,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,9 text1 italic is d5ot$ by und]scores ar\nd ! ^w_/phrase4 ,! italic m>kup = s+le italicis$ lett]s 7su* z p\nds & p5ce symbols & 9 numb]$ li/s7 are delet$ = easi] read+4 ,small capitals 9 ! pr9t$ works h be5 transcrib$ z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,9 *emical equations1 und]scores be=e bracket$ numb]s d5ote a subscript1 e4g4 ,,co#b 7c>bon dioxide74 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ?is text4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,me*anical ,,sculptor ,! l[] illu/ration %[s ! ,w5zel ,sculptur+ ,ma*9e at "w on two blocks ( /one rang$ "o on ea* side ( a model4 ,?is ma*9e c make f\r copies simultane\sly f "o orig9al4 ,! upp] illu/ration %[s ! quality ( "w done by ! automatic sculptor4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,) ,,int]e/+ ,,descriptions ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,,( ,,wond]ful ,,ma*9]y ,,& ,,me*anical ,,devices ,,& ,,m>vell\sly ,,delicate ,,sci5tific ,,in/rum5ts1 c41 c4 ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a41 ,,oxon41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion1 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m9+1 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+1 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration1 c4 c4 ,,) ,,?irty ,,illu/rations ,,london ,,seeley ,,& ,,co4 ,,limit$ #ch ,,great ,,russell ,,/reet #aiaj ,,uni=m ,,) ,,?is ,,volume ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m illu/rations4 #es4 ea* ,spl5did volumes4--,! ,outlook4 ,?is s]ies has n[ won a consid]able & well des]v$ reputation4--,! ,gu>dian4 ,ea* volume treats its allott$ !me ) accuracy1 b at ! same "t ) a *>m t w comm5d itself to read]s ( all ages4 ,! root idea is excell5t1 & x is excell5tly c>ri$ out1 ) full illu/rations & v prettily design$ cov]s4--,! ,daily ,telegraph4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life ,by ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sieges ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,bird ,,life ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a41 ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts ,by ,,sidney ,,wright ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m9+ ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,philip1 ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry ,,seeley ,,co41 ,,limit$ ,,introduction ,9 ! beg9n+ a man dep5d$ = 8 subsi/5ce entirely ^u 8 own ef=ts1 or ^u ^? ( 8 imm$iate relations & fri5ds4 ,life 0 v simple 9 ^? days3 luxury be+ unkn[n1 & necessity ! factor :i* guid$ man's actions at e turn4 ,) inf9ite lab\r he gr\nd a fl9t till x assum$ ! %ape ( a r\gh arr[-head1 to be atta*$ to a re$ & %ot into ! he>t ( "s wild bea/ z soon z he _h approa*$ close en\gh to be c]ta9 ( 8 qu>ry4 ,! meat ?us obta9$ he season$ ) su* roots & h]bs z nature provid$--a poor & scanty *oice4 ,pres5tly he discov]$ t c]ta9 gra9s support$ life mu* bett] ?an roots1 & he became an agriculturi/4 ,b ! gra9 mu/ be gr\nd2 s he inv5t$ a simple mill--a small /one work$ by h& ov] a l>ge "o2 & :5 ?is me?od prov$ too t$i\s he s %ap$ ! /ones' surfaces t !y t\*$ at all po9ts1 & add$ h&les by :i* ! upp] /one c\ld be revolv$4 ,) ! discov]y ( bronze1 &1 _m c5turies lat]1 ( iron1 8 work%op equipm5t rapidly improv$4 ,he became an exp]t boat- & h\se-build]1 & multipli$ weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce4 ,gradually sep>ate crafts arose4 ,"o man no long] dep5d$ on 8 individual ef=ts1 b 0 cont5t to b>t] 8 own "w = ! products ( ano!r man's lab\r1 because x became evid5t t specialisation promot$ excell5ce ( manufacture4 ,a second great /ep 9 advance 0 ! employm5t ( ma*9]y1 :i*1 :5 once fa%ion$ by h&1 sav$ an enorm\s am\nt ( "t & tr\ble--! pump1 ! bl[+ bell[s1 ! sp9n+-:eel1 ! loom4 ,b all _h to be op]at$ by human ef=t1 sometimes replac$ by animal p[]4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! /eam-eng9e all indu/ry b\nd$ =w>d aga94 ,fir/ h>ness$ by ,watt1 ,giant ,/eam has become a comm]cial & political p[]4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 mill & factory1 locomotive1 %ip1 x has increas$ ! products :i* l5d ease & com=t to mod]n life2 x is ! great ally ( inv5tion1 & ! ultimate ag5t = transport+ m5 & mat]ial f "o po9t on ! e>?'s surface to ano!r4 ,try z we may1 we _c escape f our environm5t ( me*anism1 unless we are cont5t to rev]t to ! lo9clo? & spe> ( ! savage4 ,society has become s complicat$ t ! utmo/ ef=ts ( an individual are1 aft] all1 conf9$ to a v n>r[ groove4 ,! days ( ! ,jack-(-all-trades are ov]4 ,success 9 life1 ev5 b>e subsi/5ce1 dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( "o's faculties ^u a v limit$ daily r\t9e4 ,let ! cobbl] /ick to 8 la/ is a maxim :i* c>ries an ev]-increas+ =ce4 ,! bett] to realise h[ dep5d5t we are on ! me*anisms controll$ by ! ?\s& & "o classes ( workm51 let u consid] ! surr\nd+s1 possessions1 & movem5ts ( ! av]age1 well-to-d bus9ess man4 ,at sev5 o'clock he wakes1 & in/9ctively feels b5ea? 8 pill[ = 8 wat*1 a mo/ m>vell\s assemblage ( delicate p>ts %ap$ by wond]ful ma*9]y4 ,be=e /epp+ into 8 ba? he mu/ turn a tap1 itself a triumph ( me*anical skill4 ,! razor he %aves )1 ! mirror :i* helps him 9 ! op]ation1 ! v bru% & soap1 all are ma*9e-made4 ,) 8 clo!s he adds to ! burd5 ( 8 indebt$ness to me*anism4 ,! p[]-loom span ! l95 = 8 %irts1 ! clo? = 8 out] g>m5ts4 ,%irts & coll>s are glossy f ! treatm5t ( ! /eam laundry1 :]e ma*9]y is rampant4 ,8 boots1 kept %apely by ma*9e-made la/s1 %\ld rem9d him t me*anical devices h play$ a l>ge "p 9 _! manufacture1 v possibly ! human h& has sc>cely _h a s+le duty to p]=m4 ,he goes d[n/airs1 & presses an electric button4 ,me*anism aga94 ,:ile wait+ = 8 breakfa/ 8 eye roves c>elessly ov] ! knives1 spoons1 =ks1 table1 tableclo?1 wall-pap]1 engrav+s1 c>pet1 cruet-/&--all ma*9e-made 9 a l>g] or less degree4 ,! v coals blaz+ 9 ! grate 7 won by ma*9]y2 ! m>ble ( ! mantelpiece 0 %ap$ & poli%$ by ma*9]y2 also ! fire-irons1 ! *airs1 ! hiss+ kettle4 ,ma*9]y />es at him f ! loaf on its ma*9e-made bo>d4 ,ma*9es prep>$ ! l&1 s[$1 h>ve/$1 ?re%$1 gr\nd1 & probably o!rwise prep>$ ! gra9 = bak+4 ,ma*9es gr\nd 8 salt1 8 c(fee4 ,ma*9]y aid$ ! capture ( ! tempt+ sole2 help$ to cure ! ra%] ( bacon2 %ap$ ! di%es1 ! plates1 ! c(fee-pot4 ,:irr-r-r6 ,! motor-c> is at ! door1 ?robb+ ) ! impulses ( its conceal$ ma*9]y4 ,our fri5d !re=e puts on 8 ma*9e-made gloves & hat & sallies =?4 ,t wond]ful motor1 ! product ( ! mo/ up-to-date1 sci5tific1 & me*anical appliances1 be>s him swiftly ov] roads pav$ ) ma*9e-cru%$ /one & flatt5$ out by a /eam-roll]4 ,a book might be res]v$ to ! motor alone2 b we mu/ refra91 = a few m9utes' travel has br\ght ! horseless c>riage to ! railway /ation4 ,mr4 ,smi?1 be+ ! hold] ( a season ticket1 does n tr\ble ! cl]k :o is /amp+ pa/ebo>ds ) a mo/ +5i\s contrivance = automatically impress+ dates & numb]s on !m4 ,he /rolls out on ! plat=m & buys ! morn+ pap]1 :i*1 a few h\rs be=e1 0 be+ batt]$ ab\t by "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ma*9es t ev] 0 devis$ by ! bra9 ( man4 ,mr4 ,smi? doesn't bo!r 8 head ) ?\ghts ( ! pr9t+-press4 ,its products are all r\nd him1 9 timetables & adv]tisem5ts4 ,nor does he pond] ^u ! giant ma*9]y :i* cru%$ /eel +ots into ! gleam+ rails t /ret* into ! f> di/ance2 nor ^u ! m>vell\s int]lock+ me*anism ( ! signal-box at ! plat=m-end2 nor ^u ! electric wires ?rumm+ ov]head4 ,no6 he _h se5 all ^! ?+s a ?\s& times be=e1 & probably feels little ( ! romance :i* lies s ?ickly ^u !m4 ,a :i/le bl[s4 ,! local is approa*+1 ) its maje/ic locomotive--a v orgy ( me*anism--its automatic brakes1 its ?\s& p>ts all %ap$ by me*anical devices1--/eam saws1 planes1 la!s1 drills1 hamm]s1 presses4 ,9 ob$i5ce to a little lev] ! huge mass comes quickly to re/2 ! /eam pump on ! eng9e comm5ces to gasp2 a m9ute lat] ano!r lev] moves1 & ,mr4 ,smi? is fairly on 8 way to bus9ess4 ,arriv$ at ! metropolis1 he presses electricity into 8 s]vice1 ei!r on an electric tram or on a subt]ranean tra94 ,9 ! latt] case he uses an electric lift1 :i* l[]s him into ! b[els ( ! e>?1 to pass him on to ! curr5t-propell$ c>s1 driv5 by p[] g5]at$ 9 f>-away /ations4 ,8 (fice is /amp$ all ov] ) ! seal ( me*anism4 ,9 ! lobby are girls hamm]+ on m>vell\s typewrit]s2 on 8 desk re/s a telephone1 connect$ ?r\gh wires & mo/ elaborately equipp$ ex*anges ) all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,to get at 8 private & valuable pap]s ,mr4 ,smi? mu/ h rec\rse to 8 bun* ( keys1 :i*1 ) _! correspond+ locks1 repres5t +5uity ( a high degree4 ,all day long he is 9 ! grasp ( me*anism2 n ev5 at lun* "t c he escape x1 = ! food set be=e him at ! re/aurant has be5 cook$ by ! aid ( special kit*5 ma*9]y4 ,& :5 ! ev5+ draws on ,mr4 ,smi? t\*es a swit* to turn 8 d>kness into light1 wrung ?r\gh _m wond]ful processes f ! /or$ illum9ation ( coal4 ,7 we to trace ! daily r\nd ( ! cl]k1 artisan1 sci5ti/1 eng9e]1 or manufactur]1 we %\ld be br\ght into contact ) a ?\s& o!r me*anical appliances4 ,space =bids su* a t\r ( inspection2 b 9 ! foll[+ pages we may rove "h & !re ?r\gh ! work%ops ( ! _w1 glean+ :at seems to be ( special int]e/ to ! g5]al public1 & weav+ r\nd x1 ) a ma*9e-made p51 "s ( ! romance :i* is apt to be lo/ sight ( by ! mo/ m>vell\s ( all creations--,man4 ,,au?or',s ,,note ,,! au?or desires to express 8 indebt$ness to ! foll[+ g5tlem5 = ! k9d help !y h af=d$ him 9 connection ) ! ga!r+ ( mat]ials = ! lett]press & illu/ration ( ?is book3-- ,! proprietors ( ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e1 ,! ,magaz9e ( ,comm5ce1 ,! ,_w's ,"w1 ,! ,motor ,boat2 ,! ,rex] ,automatic ,ma*9e ,gun ,co42 ,! ,diesel ,oil ,eng9e ,co42 ,! ,cambridge ,sci5tific ,in/rum5t ,co42 ,! ,m>coni ,wireless ,telegraphy ,co42 ,! ,temp]ley ,transport] ,co42 ,messrs4 de ,dion1 ,b\ton & ,co42 ,messrs4 ,m]rywea!r & ,sons2 ,mr4 ,a4 ,crosby ,lockwood2 ,mr4 ,dan ,albone2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,diplock2 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,oatway2 ,! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,co42 ,! ,w5zel ,sculptur+ ,ma*9e ,co42 ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,gaz2 ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong1 ,:itwor? & ,co42 ,! ,int]national ,h>ve/] ,co4 & ,messrs4 ,gwynne & ,co4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction v ,,au?or',s ,,note xi ,,*apt] ,i ,,delicate ,,in/rum5ts--,,wat*es ,,& ,,*ronomet]s--,,! ,,microtome--,,! ,,divid+ ,,eng9e--,,measur+ ,,ma*9es #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,calculat+ ,,ma*9es #db ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,work%op ,,ma*9]y--,,! ,,la!--,,plan+ ,,ma*9es--,,! ,,/eam ,,hamm]--,,hydraulic ,,tools--,,electrical ,,tools ,,9 ,,! ,,%ipy>d #ei ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,portable ,,tools #ij ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,p$rail3 ,a ,,walk+ ,,/eam-,,eng9e #ig ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9es--,,oil ,,eng9es--,,eng9es ,,work$ ,,) ,,produc] ,,gas--,,bla/ ,,furnace ,,gas ,,eng9es #aab ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,motor-,,c>s--,,! ,,motor ,,omnibus--,,railway ,,motor-,,c>s #acj ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,motor ,,afloat--,,pleasure ,,boats--,,motor ,,lifeboats--,,motor ,,fi%+ ,,boats--,a ,,motor ,,fire ,,float--,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,boat--,,! ,,two-,,/roke ,,motor--,,motor ,,boats ,,= ,,! ,,navy #aej ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,motor ,,cycle #age ,,*apt] ,x ,,fire ,,eng9es #ahe ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fire-,,al>ms ,,& ,,automatic ,,fire ,,ext+ui%]s #aia ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,a ,,%ip--,,! ,,rev]s+ ,,eng9e--,,m>9e ,,eng9e ,,spe$ ,,gov]nors--,,! ,,/e]+ ,,eng9e--,,bl[+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,app>atus--,,pumps--,,fe$ ,,heat]s--,,fe$-,,wat] ,,filt]s--,,di/ill]s--,,refrig]ators--,, ! ,,se>*-,,light--,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,in/rum5ts--,,safety ,,devices--,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[] ,,on ,a ,,%ip #bjc ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,nurse ,,( ,,! ,,navy #bcf ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,div+ #bdj ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,app>atus ,,= ,,rais+ ,,sunk5 ,,%ips ,,& ,,treasure #bdh ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,gra9--,,! ,,elevator--,,! ,,suction ,,pneumatic ,,gra9-,,lift]--,,! ,,pneumatic ,,bla/ ,,gra9-,,lift]--,,! ,,comb9$ ,,sy/em #beb ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,me*anical ,,transport]s ,,& ,,convey]s--,,ropeways--,,cableways--,,t elph]age--,,coal+ ,,w>%ips ,,at ,,sea #beh ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,automatic ,,weigh]s #bgd ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,transport] ,,bridges #bgg ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,boat- ,,& ,,%ip-,,rais+ ,,lifts #bhc ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,a ,,self-,,mov+ ,,/aircase #bie ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,pneumatic ,,mail ,,tubes #cja ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,an ,,electric ,,po/al ,,sy/em #cae ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,agricultural ,,ma*9]y--,,pl\ghs--,,drills ,,& ,,se$]s--,,reap+ ,,ma*9es--,,?re%+ ,,ma*9es--,,petrol-,,driv5 ,,field ,,ma*9]y--,,electrical ,,f>m+ ,,ma*9]y #cah ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,dairy ,,ma*9]y--,,milk+ ,,ma*9es--,,cream ,,sep>ators--,a ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,dry+ ,,milk #ccj ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,sculptur+ ,,ma*9es #cce ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,an ,,automatic ,,rifle--,a ,,ball-,,be>+ ,,rifle #cde ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,page ,a ,,c>v+ ,,ma*9e ,frontispiece ,,measur+ ,,ma*9es #cd ,a ,,ca% ,,regi/] #de ,,la! ,,turn+ ,a ,,big ,,gun #ei ,,la! ,,= ,,bor+ #af-;,,in* ,,gun #fe ,a ,,/eam ,,hamm] #gb ,a ,,huge ,,hydraulic ,,press #hb ,a ,,p$rail ,,traction ,,eng9e #ajh ,,great ,,gas ,,eng9e ,,= ,,bla/ ,,furnaces #abh ,,motor-,,c> ,,& ,,motor-,,boat #aea ,a ,,motogodille #aef ,a ,,motor ,,lawn ,,m[] #ahb ,,up-,,to-,,date ,,fire ,,brigade ,,eng9es #ahf ,,hoi/+ ,a ,,heavy ,,gun ,,on ,,bo>d ,,man-,,(-,,w> #bjd ,,fix+ ,a ,,ram ,,to ,a ,,battle%ip #bbh ,a ,,tripod ,,crane #bcg ,,mod]n ,,div+ ,,app>atus #bde ,,coal+ ,,at ,,sea #bga ,a ,,transport] ,,bridge ,,at ,,biz]ta #bgh ,a ,,canal ,,lift #bhi ,,an ,,am]ican ,,cutt] ,,& ,,b9d] #cbb ,a ,,motor ,,pl\gh #cbg ,,girl ,,c>v+ ,,by ,,ma*9]y #cdc ,,! ,,rex] ,,gun #ceb ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,*apt] ,i ,,delicate ,,in/rum5ts ,,wat*es ,,& ,,*ronomet]s--,,! ,,microtome--,,! ,,divid+ ,,eng9e--,,measur+ ,,ma*9es ,ow+ to ! univ]sal use ( wat*es1 result+ f _! *eapness1 ! possessor ( a pocket timepiece soon ceases to take a pride 9 ! delicate me*anism :i* at fir/ add$ an in* or two to 8 /ature4 ,at night x is w\nd up me*anically1 & ?ru/ "u ! pill[1 to be safe f imag9>y burgl>s & h&y :5 ! morn+ comes4 ,! awak5$ sleep] feels small gratitude to 8 fai?ful little s]vant1 :i* all night long has be5 beat+ out ! seconds s t its ma/] may "k j :]e he is ) reg>d to ! enemy on ! morr[4 ,at la/ a h& is slipp$ "u ! fea!r-bag1 & ! wat* is dragg$ f its snug hid+-place4 ,bo!r x1 says ! sleepy own]1 half-pa/ eight2 ought to h be5 up an h\r ago6 & out he tumbles4 ,dress+ conclud$1 ! wat* passes to its day qu>t]s 9 a d>ksome wai/coat pocket1 to be haul$ out _m times = its op9ion to be tak54 ,! real usefulness ( a wat* is be/ le>nt by be+ )\t "o = a day or two4 ,!re are pl5ty ( clocks ab\t1 b n always 9 sight2 & "o gradually exp]i5ces a mild irritation at hav+ to /ep r\nd ! corn] to f9d out :at ! h&s are do+4 ,a truly wond]ful piece ( ma*9]y is a wat*--ev5 a *eap "o4 ,an exp5sive1 high-class article is wor?y ( our admiration & respect4 ,"h is "o t has be5 9 con/ant use = fifty ye>s4 ,twice a second its little balance-:eel revolves on its jewell$ be>+s4 ,all[+ a few days = repairs1 we f9d by calculation t ! wat* has made no less ?an ?ree ?\s& million movem5ts 9 ! half-c5tury6 ,& /ill x goes tick+ on1 ready to d ano!r fifty ye>s' "w4 ,h[ beautifully temp]$ mu/ be ! spr+s & ! /eel faces :i* are con/antly rubb+ aga9/ jewel or metal6 ,h[ p]fectly cut ! tee? :i* h engag$ "o ano!r times innum]able )\t %[+ appreciable we>6 ,! *ief value ( a good wat* lies 9 its accuracy z a "t-keep]4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 easy to correct x by /&>d clocks 9 ! railway /ations or public build+s2 b "o may =get to d ?is1 & 9 a week or two a loss ( a few m9utes may lead to "o miss+ a tra91 or be+ late = an important engagem5t4 ,happy1 !re=e1 is ! man :o1 hav+ set 8 wat* to ,london "t1 c rely on its n v>y+ f accuracy a m9ute 9 a week--a feat a*iev$ by _m wat*es4 ,! old-fa%ion$ wat* 0 a bulky affair1 protect$ by an out] case ( ample proportions4 ,f ye> to ye> ! size has gradually dim9i%$1 until we c n[ pur*ase a reliable article no ?ick] ?an a five-%ill+ piece1 :i* w n (f5d ! mo/ fa/idi\s d&y by dis>rang+ ! fit ( 8 clo!s4 ,into ! space ( a small fraction ( an in* is cr[d$ all ! usual me*anism1 r$uc$ to ! utmo/ f95ess4 ,wat*es h ev5 be5 con/ruct$ small en\gh to =m "p ( a r+ or e>r+1 )\t los+ _! "t-keep+ prop]ties4 ,= practical purposes1 h[ev]1 x is advantage\s to h a timepiece ( z l>ge a size z may be conv5i5t1 s9ce ! difficulties ( adju/m5t & repair increase ) decreas+ proportions4 ,! %ip's *ronomet]1 !re=e1 ?\gh ( wat* con/ruction1 is a big affair z comp>$ ) ! pocket timepiece2 = above all ?+s x mu/ be accurate4 ,! ne$ = ?is arises f ! fact t nautical reckon+s made by ! obs]vation ( ! heav5ly bodies include an elem5t ( "t4 ,we w suppose a vessel to be at sea out ( sight ( l&4 ,! capta91 by ref]r+ to ! dial ( ! me*anical log1 t[$ a/]n1 c reckon pretty accurately h[ f> ! vessel has travell$ s9ce x left port2 b ow+ to w9ds & curr5ts he is n c]ta9 ( ! position on ! globe's surface at :i* 8 %ip has arriv$4 ,to locate ?is exactly he mu/ le>n 7a7 8 longitude1 i4e4 di/ance ,e4 or ,w4 ( ,gre5wi*1 7b7 8 latitude1 i4e4 di/ance ,n4 or ,s4 ( ! ,equator4 ,!re=e1 :5 noon approa*es1 8 *ronomet]s & sextant are got out1 & at ! mom5t :5 ! sun crosses ! m]idian ! "t is tak54 ,if ?is mom5t happ5s to co9cide ) f\r o'clock on ! *ronomet]s he is z f> we/ ( ,gre5wi* z is repres5t$ by f\r tw5ty-f\r?s ( ! #cfj into :i* ! e>?'s circumf]5ce is divid$2 t is1 he is 9 longitude #fj ,w4 ,! sextant gives him ! angle made by a l9e drawn to ! sun ) ano!r drawn to ! horizon1 & f t he calculates 8 latitude4 ,!n he adj\rns to ! *>t-room1 :]e1 by f9d+ ! po9t at :i* ! l9es ( longitude & latitude int]sect1 he e/abli%es 8 exact position also4 ,:5 ! %ip leaves ,engl& ! *ronomet] is set by ,gre5wi* "t1 & is nev] t\*$ aft]w>ds except to be w\nd once a day4 ,9 ord] t any error may be r$uc$ to a m9imum a m]*ant %ip c>ries at lea/ two *ronomet]s1 a man-(-w> at lea/ ?ree1 & a survey+ vessel z _m z a doz54 ,! av]age read+ ( ! *ronomet]s is tak5 to "w by4 ,tak+ ! case ( a s+le *ronomet]1 x has (t5 to be reli$ on = mon?s at a "t1 & dur+ t p]iod has probably to enc\nt] _m *anges ( temp]ature4 ,if x ga9s or loses f day to day1 & t consi/5tly1 x may /ill be acc\nt$ reliable1 z ! am\nt ( error w be all[$ = 9 all calculations4 ,b %\ld x ga9 "o day & lose ano!r1 ! accumulat$ errors w\ld1 on a voyage ( sev]al mon?s1 become s consid]able z to imp]il s]i\sly ! safety ( ! vessel if navigat+ dang]\s wat]s4 ,z long ago z #agad ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t recognis$ ! importance ( a really reliable *ronomet]1 & 9 t ye> pass$ an ,act (f]+ rew>ds ( #aj1jjj1 #ae1jjj1 & #bj1jjj to anybody :o %\ld produce a *ronomet] t w\ld fix longitude )9 sixty1 =ty1 & ?irty miles respectively ( accuracy4 ,john ,h>rison1 ! son ( a ,york%ire c>p5t]1 :o _h already inv5t$ ! +5i\s gridiron p5dulum = comp5sat+ clocks1 took up ! *all5ge4 ,by #agfa he _h made a *ronomet] ( s p]fect a nature t dur+ a voyage to ,jamaica t ye>1 & back ! next1 x lo/ only #a m94 #ed-a_/b sec4 ,z ?is w\ld enable a capta9 to f9d 8 longitude )9 eighte5 miles 9 ! latitude ( ,gre5wi*1 ,h>rison claim$1 & ultimately receiv$1 ! maximum rew>d4 ,x 0 n till ne>ly a c5tury lat] t ,?omas ,e>n%aw produc$ ! comp5sation balance1 n[ g5]ally us$ on *ronomet]s & high-class wat*es4 ,9 *eap wat*es ! balance is usually a little ?ree-spok$ :eel1 :i* at e tick revolves "p ( a turn & !n flies back aga94 ,?is w n suffice = v accurate "w1 because ! mom5t ( in]tia v>ies at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,to expla9 ?is t]m let u suppose t a man has a p\nd ( metal to make into a :eel4 ,if ! :eel be ( small diamet]1 y w be able to turn x fir/ "o way & !n ! o!r on its axle q easily4 ,b %\ld x be melt$ d[n & remade into a :eel ( f\r times ! diamet]1 ) ! same am\nt ( metal z be=e 9 ! rim1 ! difficulty ( sudd5ly rev]s+ its motion w be mu* increas$4 ,! weight is ! same1 b ! spe$ ( ! rim1 & consequ5tly its mom5tum1 is great]4 ,x is evid5t f ?is t1 if a :eel ( c]ta9 size be driv5 by a spr+ ( con/ant /r5g?1 its oscillations w be equal 9 "t2 b if a rise ( temp]ature %\ld l5g!n ! spokes ! spe$ w\ld fall1 because ! spr+ w\ld h m "w to d2 &1 conv]sely1 ) a fall ( temp]ature ! spe$ w\ld rise4 ,e>n%aw's problem 0 to con/ruct a balance :eel t %\ld be able to keep its mom5t ( in]tia con/ant "u all circum/ances4 ,he !re=e us$ only two spokes to 8 :eel1 & to ! out] extremity ( ea* atta*$ an almo/ complete semicircle ( rim1 "o end be+ atta*$ to ! spoke1 ! o!r all b meet+ ! o!r spoke4 ,! rim-pieces 7 built up ( an out] /rip ( brass1 & an inn] /rip ( /eel weld$ toge!r4 ,brass exp&s m rapidly ?an /eel1 ) ! result t a b> comp\nd$ ( ^! two metals w\ld1 :5 heat$1 b5d t[>ds ! holl[ side4 ,to ! rim-pieces 7 atta*$ slid+ weights1 adju/able to ! position f\nd by exp]im5t to give ! be/ results4 ,we c n[ foll[ ! action ( ! balance :eel4 ,x runs p]fectly correctly at1 say1 a temp]ature ( #fj4 ,hold x ov] a c&le4 ,! spokes l5g!n1 & c>ry ! rim-pieces outw>ds at _! fix$ ends2 b1 z ! pieces !mselves b5d inw>ds at _! free ends1 ! balance is re/or$4 ,if ! balance 7 plac$ 9 a refrig]at+ ma*9e1 ! spokes w\ld %ort51 b ! rim-pieces w\ld b5d outw>ds4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! mom5t ( in]tia _c be kept q con/ant by ?is me?od1 because ! v>iation ( expansion is m rapid 9 cold ?an 9 heat2 s t1 ?\gh a balance might be q reliable betwe5 #fj & #ajj1 x w\ld fail betwe5 #cj & #fj4 ,s ! mak]s fit _! balances ) :at is call$ a second>y comp5sation1 ! effect ( :i* is to act m quickly 9 high ?an 9 l[ temp]atures4 ,?is c\ld n well be expla9$ )\t diagrams1 s a m]e m5tion mu/ suffice4 ,ano!r detail ( *ronomet] mak+ :i* requires v c>eful treatm5t is ! me?od ( transmitt+ p[] f ! ma9 spr+ to ! works4 ,z ! spr+ uncoils1 its p[] mu/ decrease1 & ?is loss mu/ be c\nt]balanc$ someh[4 ,?is is manag$ by us+ ! drum & fusee action1 :i* may be se5 9 "s clocks & 9 _m old wat*es4 ,! drum is cyl9drical1 & conta9s ! spr+4 ,! fusee is a tap]+ %aft1 9 :i* a spiral groove has be5 cut f end to end4 ,a v f9e *a9 connects ! two p>ts4 ,! key is appli$ to ! fusee1 & ! *a9 is w\nd (f ! drum on to ! l>g] end ( ! fusee fir/4 ,by ! "t t ! spr+ has be5 fully w\nd1 ! *a9 has rea*$ ! fusee's small] extremity4 ,if ! fusee has be5 turn$ to ! correct tap]1 ! driv+ p[] ( ! spr+ w rema9 con/ant z x unw9ds1 = x gets lea/ lev]age ov] ! fusee :5 x is /ronge/1 & mo/ :5 x is weake/1 ! int]m$iate /ages be+ prop]ly proportion$4 ,to te/ ?is1 a weight$ lev] is atta*$ to ! key sp9dle1 ) ! weight s adju/$ t ! fully w\nd spr+ has j suffici5t p[] to lift x ov] ! topmo/ po9t ( a revolution4 ,x is !n all[$ a second turn1 b if ! weight n[ proves excessive some?+ mu/ be wrong1 & ! fusee ne$s its diamet] r$uc+ at t po9t4 ,s ! te/ goes on f turn to turn1 & alt]ations are made until e revolution is manag$ ) exactly ! same ease4 ,! complete *ronomet] is s5t to ,gre5wi* obs]vatory to be te/$ aga9/ ! ,/&>d ,clock1 :i*1 at #aj a4m41 fla%es ! h\r to o!r clocks all ov] ,great ,brita94 ,9 a special room set ap>t = ! purpose are hundr$s ( in/rum5ts1 "s hang+ up1 o!rs ly+ flat4 ,assi/ants make _! r\nds1 not+ ! errors on ea*4 ,! temp]ature te/ is !n appli$ 9 special ov5s1 & f9ally ! article goes back to ! mak] ) a c]tificate sett+ =? its p]=mances "u diff]5t conditions4 ,if ! error has be5 consi/5t ! in/rum5t is sold1 ! buy] be+ in=m$ exactly :at to all[ = ea* day's error4 ,at ! end ( ! voyage he br+s 8 *ronomet] to be te/$ aga91 &1 if necess>y1 put "r4 ,"h are ! actual v>iations ( a *ronomet] dur+ a n9ete5-day te/1 be=e be+ us$3-- ,ga9 9 t5?s ,day4 ( seconds4 #a/ #a_/b #bnd #c #crd #d #d? #d #e? #a_/b #f? #c #g? #j #h? #j #i? #d-a_/b #aj? #c #aa? #d #ab? #c #ac? #c #ad? #d #ae? #e #af? #b #ag? #c #ah? #e #ai? #a ,an av]age ga9 ( j ov] "o qu>t] ( a second p] diem6 ,q extraord9>y feats ( "t-keep+ h be5 record$ ( *ronomet]s on long voyages4 ,?us a *ronomet] :i* _h be5 to ,au/ralia vi ! ,cape & back vi ! ,r$ ,sea 0 only fifte5 seconds out2 & ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica quotes ! p]=mance ( ! ?ree in/rum5ts ( ,s4,s4 ,orellana1 :i* betwe5 !m accumulat$ an error ( b #bc seconds dur+ a sixty-?ree-day trip4 ,an in/rum5t :i* w cut a blood corpuscle into sev]al p>ts--t's ! ,,microtome1 ! small-cutt]1 z ! "n implies4 ,= ! exam9ation ( animal tissues x is necess>y t !y %\ld be slic$ v f9e be=e !y are subject$ to ! microscope4 ,p]haps a t9y muscle is be+ inve/igat$ & cross sections ( x are ne$$4 ,well1 "o _c pick up ! muscle & cut slices (f x z y w\ld (f a ,g]man sausage4 ,to beg9 )1 x is difficult ev5 to pick ! object up2 & ev5 if pieces "o-hundr$? ( an in* long 7 deta*$ !y w\ld /ill be f> too l>ge = exam9ation4 ,s1 z is usually ! case :5 our unaid$ p[]s prove unequal to a task1 we h rec\rse to a ma*9e4 ,!re are sev]al types ( microtomes1 ea* pref]able = c]ta9 purposes4 ,b z 9 ord9>y laboratory "w ! ,cambridge ,rock+ ,microtome is us$1 let u give our special att5tion to ?is p>ticul> in/rum5t4 ,x is m\nt$ on a /rong ca/-iron b$1 a foot or s 9 l5g? & f\r to five in*es wide4 ,t[>ds "o end rise a c\ple ( supports t]m9at+ 9 knife-edges1 :i* c>ry a cross-b>1 itself provid$ ) knife-edges top & bottom1 ^? on ! top support+ a second transv]se b>4 ,bo? b>s h a long leg at "r angles1 giv+ !m ! appe>ance ( two l>ge ,t's sup]impos$ "o on ! o!r2 b ! top ,t is conv]t$ into a cross by a f\r? memb]--a slid+ tube :i* projects =w>d t[>ds a frame 9 :i* is clamp$ a razor1 edge upw>ds4 ,! tail ( ! l[] ,t t]m9ates 9 a circul> disc1 pi]c$ ) a hole to accommodate ! end ( a v]tical screw1 :i* has a l>ge circul> head ) mill$ edges4 ,! upp] ,t is rock$ up & d[n by a cord & spr+1 ! h&le actuat+ ! cord also %ift+ on ! mill$ screw-head a v small di/ance e "t x is rock$ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,z ! screw turns1 x gradually raises ! tail ( ! l[] memb]1 & by giv+ its cross-b> a tilt br+s ! tube ( ! upp] memb] appreciably ne>] ! razor4 ,! am\nt ( twi/ giv5 to ! screw at ea* /roke c be easily regulat$ by a small cat*4 ,:5 ! microscopi/ wi%es to cut sections he fir/ m\nts 8 object 9 a lump ( h>d p>aff9 wax1 coat$ ) s(t] wax4 ,! :ole is /uck on to ! face ( ! tube1 s z to be j cle> ( ! razor4 ,! op]ator !n seizes ! h&le & works x rapidly until ! fir/ slice is deta*$ by ! razor4 ,successive slices are /uck toge!r by _! s(t edges s z to =m a cont9u\s ribbon ( wax1 :i* c be pick$ up easily & laid on a glass slide4 ,! slide is !n w>m$ to melt ! p>aff91 :i* is dissolv$ away by alcohol1 leav+ ! atoms ( tissue unt\*$4 ,^!1 aft] be+ /a9$ ) "s suitable m$ium1 are ready = ! microscope4 ,a skilful us] c1 "u fav\rable conditions1 cut slices "o tw5ty-five ?\s&? ( an in* ?ick4 ,to ga!r "s idea ( :at ?is means we w imag9e t a cucumb] "o foot long & "o & a-half in*es 9 diamet] is pass$ ?r\gh ?is wond]ful guillot9e4 ,x w\ld require no less ?an #gjj d9n]-plates n9e in*es across to spread ! pieces on6 ,if ! slices 7 "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick1 ! cucumb]1 to keep a proportionate total size1 w\ld be #bfj feet long4 ,aft] consid]+ ^! figures we %all lose "s ( ! respect we hi!rto felt = ! m5 :o cut ! ham to put inside lun*eon-b> s&wi*es4 ,9 ! prec$+ pages frequ5t ref]5ce has be5 made to index screws1 exactly graduat$ to a conv5i5t numb] ( divisions4 ,:5 su* screws h to be manufactur$ 9 quantities x w\ld be f> too exp5sive a matt] to measure ea* "o sep>ately4 ,!re=e ma*9]y1 itself v c>efully graduat$1 is us$ to enable a workman to transf] measurem5ts to a disc ( metal4 ,if ! index-circle ( an a/ronomical telescope--to take an in/ance--has to be divid$1 x is c5tr$ on a l>ge horizontal disc1 ! circumf]5ce ( :i* has be5 ind5t$ ) a l>ge numb] ( tee?4 ,a worm-screw engages ^! tee? tang5tially 7i4e4 at "r angles to a l9e drawn f ! c5tre ( ! plate to ! po9t ( engagem5t74 ,on ! %aft ( ! screw is a rat*et p9ion1 9 pr9ciple ! same z ! bicycle free-:eel1 :i*1 :5 turn$ "o way1 also twi/s ! screw1 b has no effect on x :5 turn$ ! o!r way4 ,/ops are put on ! screw1 s t x %all rotate ! l>ge disc only ! di/ance requir$ betwe5 any two graduations4 ,! divisions are scrib$ on ! index-circle by a knife atta*$ to a c>riage ov] & p>allel to ! disc4 ,! ,,divid+ ,,eng9e us$ = ! graduation ( c]ta9 a/ronomical in/rum5ts probably con/itutes ! mo/ p]fect ma*9e ev] made4 ,9 an address to ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1#a ! ,presid5t1 ,mr4 ,william ,h5ry ,maw1 us$ ! foll[+ words3 ,! mo/ rec5tly con/ruct$ ma*9e ( ! k9d ( :i* ,i am aw>e--namely1 "o made by ,messrs4 ,w>n] & ,swasey1 ( ,clevel&1 ,u4,s4,a4--is capable ( automatically cutt+ ! graduations ( a circle ) an error 9 position n exce$+ "o second ( arc4 7,a second ( an arc is approximately ! angle subt5d$ by a halfp5ny at a di/ance ( ?ree miles47 ,?is means t on a #bj-;in* circle ! error 9 position ( any "o graduation %all n exce$ #a_/bj1jjj in*4 ,n[1 ! f9e/ l9e :i* w\ld be ( any s]vice = read+ purposes on su* a circle w\ld probably h a wid? equal to q t5 seconds ( arc2 & x foll[s t ! m9ute ,v-%ap$ cut =m+ ?is l9e mu/ be s absolutely symmetrical ) its c5tre l9e ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 t ! position ( ?is c5tre may be det]m9$ )9 ! limit ( error j /at$ by obs]vations ( its edges1 made by aid ( ! read+ micromet] & microscope4 ,i may say t aft] ! ma*9e j m5tion$ _h be5 made1 x took ov] a ye>'s h>d "w to r$uce ! maximum error 9 its graduations f "o & a-half to "o second ( arc4 ,! same address conta9s a ref]5ce to ! great ,y]kes telescope1 :i* ?\gh irrelevant to our pres5t *apt]1 af=ds s int]e/+ an example ( mod]n me*anical p]fection t x des]ves p>5!tic m5tion4 ,! diamet] ( a /> ( ! sev5? magnitude z x appe>s 9 ! focus ( ?is huge telescope is #a_/b1ejj in*4 ,! spid]s' webs /ret*$ across ! object glass are ab\t #a_/f1jjj in* 9 diamet]4 ,! problem ?us is1 says ,mr4 ,maw1 to move ?is tw5ty-two ton mass 7! telescope7 ) su* /ead9ess 9 opposition to ! motion ( ! e>?1 t a /> disc #a_/b1ejj in* 9 diamet] c be kept ?read$1 z x 71 ^u a spid]'s web #a_/f1jjj in* 9 diamet]1 c>ri$ at a radius ( ?irty-two feet f ! c5tre ( motion4 ,i ?9k t y w agree t ?is is a problem 9 me*anical eng9e]+ dem&+ no slight skill to solve2 b x has be5 solv$1 & ) ! mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! motions are controll$ electrically2 & respect+ !m ,pr(essor ,b>n>d1 "o ( ! *ief obs]v]s ) ?is telescope1 "s "t ago wrote z foll[s3 ,x is a/oni%+ to see ) :at p]fect in/antane\sness ! clock takes up ! tube4 ,! electric sl[ motions are controll$ f ! eye end4 ,s exact are !y t a /> c be br\ght f ! edge ( ! field & /opp$ in/antane\sly beh9d ! micromet] wire4 ,divid+ eng9es are us$ = rul+ p>allel l9es on glass & metal1 to aid 9 ! measurem5ts ( microscopical objects or ! wave-l5g?s ( light4 ,a diffraction grat+1 us$ = measur+ ! latt]1 has ! l9es s close toge!r t !y w\ld be visible only "u a p[]ful microscope4 ,glass be+ too brittle1 a special alloy ( s-call$ speculum metal is fa%ion$ into a highly poli%$ plate1 & ?is is plac$ 9 ! ma*9e4 ,a delicate screw arrangem5t gradually fe$s ! plate =w>ds "u ! diamond po9t1 :i* is automatically drawn across ! plate betwe5 e two movem5ts4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,r[l&s has con/ruct$ a p>allel divid+ eng9e :i* has rul$ z _m z #abj1jjj l9es to ! in*4 ,to get a conception ( ^! figures we mu/ once aga9 resort to comp>ison4 ,let u !re=e take a furr[ z a l9e1 & imag9e a pl\ghman go+ up & d[n a field #abj1jjj times4 ,if ea* furr[ be eight in*es wide1 ! field w\ld require a bread? ( ne>ly f\rte5 miles to accommodate all ! furr[s6 ,aga91 suppos+ t a plate six in*es squ>e 7 be+ rul$1 ! l9es plac$ end to end w\ld ext5d = sev5ty miles6 ,pr(essor ,r[l&s' ma*9e does ! f9e/ "w ( ?is k9d4 ,ano!r v p]fect in/rum5t has be5 built by ,"l ,bly?swood1 & z "s p>ticul>s ( x h be5 k9dly suppli$1 !y may fitly be app5d$4 ,if a fir/-class draughtsman 7 ask$ h[ _m p>allel /raight l9es he w\ld rule )9 ! space ( "o in*1 x is d\btful :e!r he w\ld und]take m ?an #aej to #bjj l9es4 ,"l ,bly?swood's ma*9e c rule f\rte5 p>allel l9es on a space equival5t to ! edge ( ! f9e/ tissue pap]4 ,s delicate are ! movem5ts ( ! ma*9e t x mu/ be protect$ f v>iations ( temp]ature1 :i* w\ld contract or exp& its p>ts2 s ! room 9 :i* x /&s is kept at an ev5 heat by automatic app>atus1 & to make ?+s d\bly sure ! eng9e is fur!r %elt]$ 9 a l>ge case hav+ d\ble walls int]-pack$ ) cotton wool4 ,9 con/ruct+ ! ma*9e x 0 f\nd impossible1 ) ! mo/ sci5tific tools1 to cut a too!d :eel suffici5tly accurate to drive ! me*anism1 b ! errors discov]$ by microscopes 7 made good by ! inv5tion ( a small electro-plat+ bru%1 :i* add$ ! ?9ne/ imag9able lay] ( metal to any too? f\nd defici5t4 ,dur+ ! process ( rul+ a grat+ ( only a few squ>e in*es area1 ! ma*9e mu/ be left sev]ely alone 9 its clos$ case4 ,! slighte/ j> w\ld cause unp>allelism ( a few l9es1 & ! ru9 ( ! :ole grat+4 ,s = sev]al days ! diamond po9t has its own way1 mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds unceas+ly ov] ! h>d metal1 9 :i* x *ases t9y grooves4 ,at ! end ! plate has ! appe>ance ( "m-(-pe>l1 :i* is1 9 fact1 "o ( nature's diffraction grat+s1 break+ up :ite light into ! col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,y w be able to und]/& t ^! me*anical grat+s are exp5sive articles4 ,sometimes ! diamond po9t breaks half-way ?r\gh ! rul+1 & a week's "w is spoilt4 ,also ! creation ( a reliable ma*9e is a v t$i\s bus9ess4 ,t5 p\nds p] squ>e in* ( grat+ is a l[ price to pay4 ,! greate/ difficulty met ) 9 ! manufacture ( ! divid+ eng9e is t ( obta9+ a ma!matically correct screw4 ,turn+ on a la! produces a v r\gh spiral1 judg$ sci5tifically4 ,"s ?reads w be deep] ?an o!rs1 & diff]5tly spac$4 ,! screw mu/1 !re=e1 be gr\nd ) em]y & oil introduc$ betwe5 x & a long nut :i* is made 9 f\r segm5ts1 & provid$ ) coll>s = tight5+ x up aga9/ ! screw4 ,p]haps a =tnight may be exp5d$ ov] ! gr9d+4 ,!n ! screw mu/ und]go rigid te/s1 a nut mu/ be made = x1 & x has to be m\nt$ 9 prop] be>+s4 ,! explanation ( ! me?od ( elim9at+ errors be+ v te*nical1 x is omitt$2 b an idea ( ! c>e requir$ may be glean$ f ,pr(essor ,r[l&s' /atem5t t an uncorrect$ error ( #a_/cjj1jjj ( an in* is q suffici5t to ru9 a grat+6 ,9 ! ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t !re is kept at an ev5 temp]ature a bronze rod1 ?irty-eight in*es long & an in* squ>e 9 section4 ,ne> ! ends are two wells1 r m ?an half an in* deep1 & at ! bottom ( ! wells are gold /uds1 ea* engrav$ ) a delicate cross l9e on _! poli%$ surfaces4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es is ! imp]ial y>d ( ?irty-six in*es4 ,! b> 0 made 9 #ahdd to replace ! ,/&>d de/roy$ 9 #ahcd1 :5 bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t 7 burn$4 ,! orig9al ,/&>d 0 ! "w ( ,bird1 :o produc$ x 9 #agfj4 ,9 ,june1 #ahbd1 an ,act _h be5 pass$ legalis+ ?is ,/&>d4 ,x says3-- ,! same ,/raight ,l9e or ,di/ance betwe5 ! ,c5t]s ( ! said ,two ,po9ts 9 ! said ,gold ,/uds 9 ! said ,brass ,rod1 ! ,brass be+ at ! temp]ature ( ,sixty-two ,degrees by ,fahr5heit's ,!rmomet]1 %all be & is h]eby d5om9at$ ! ',imp]ial ,/&>d ,y>d4' ,to provide = accid5ts to ! b>1 ! ,act cont9ues3 ,& :]eas x is exp$i5t t ! said ,/&>d ,y>d1 if lo/1 de/roy$1 defac$1 or o!rwise injur$1 %\ld be re/or$ to ! same ,l5g? by ref]5ce to "s inv>iable natural ,/&>d3 ,& :]eas x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ! ,commission]s appo9t$ by ,8 ,maje/y to inquire into ! subject ( ,weights & ,measures1 t ! ,y>d h]eby decl>$ to be ! ,imp]ial ,/&>d ,y>d1 :5 comp>$ ) a ,p5dulum vibrat+ ,seconds ( ,mean ,"t 9 ! ,latitude ( ,london 9 a ,vacuum at ! ,level ( ! ,sea1 is 9 ! proportion ( ,?irty-six ,in*es to ,?irty-n9e ,in*es & "o ?\s& ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-?ree t5-?\s&? ,p>ts ( an ,in*4 ,! new b> 0 made1 h[ev]1 n by ?is me?od1 b by comp>+ sev]al copies ( ! orig9al & /rik+ _! av]age l5g?4 ,f\r accurate duplicates ( ! new /&>d 7 secur$1 "o ( :i* is kept 9 ! ,m9t1 "o 9 ! *>ge ( ! ,royal ,society1 "o at ,we/m9/] ,palace1 & ! f\r? at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory1 ,gre5wi*4 ,9 addition1 =ty copies 7 di/ribut$ among ! v>i\s =eign gov]nm5ts1 all ( ! same metal z ! orig9al4 ,! ,fr5* metre has also be5 /&>dis$1 be+ equal to "o t5-million? "p ( a quadrant ( ! e>?'s m]idian 7i4e4 ( ! di/ance f ! ,equator to ei!r ( ! ,poles71 t is1 to #cicgjghh in*es4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,a4 ,mi*elson has %[n t any /&>d ( l5g? may be re/or$ by ref]5ce to ! measurem5t ( wave l5g?s ( light1 ) an error n exce$+ "o t5-million? "p ( ! :ole4 ,x might be ask$ ,:y %\ld /&>ds ( su* great accuracy be requir$8 ,9 r\gh "w1 su* z c>p5try1 x does n1 inde$1 matt] if measurem5ts are ! hundr$? ( an in* or s out4 ,b :5 we h to deal ) sci5tific in/rum5ts1 telescopes1 measur+ ma*9es1 eng9es = divid+ di/ances on a scale1 or ev5 ) metal turn+1 ! utmo/ accuracy becomes ne$ful2 & a numb] ( in/rum5ts w be mu* m alike 9 all dim5sions if comp>$ individually ) a common /&>d ?an if !y 7 only comp>$ ) "o ano!r4 ,suppos+1 = in/ance1 a b> ( exact diamet] is copi$2 ! copy itself copi$2 & s on a doz5 times2 ! la/ w probably v>y consid]ably f ! correct measurem5ts4 ,h5ce x became necess>y to /&>dise ! foot & ! in* by accurate subdivisions ( ! y>d4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor?1 :o 9 #ahcd obta9$ two /&>d y>ds 9 ! =m ( measure b>s1 & by ! aid ( microscopes transf]r$ ! di/ance betwe5 ! engrav$ l9es to a rectangul> end-measure b>1 i4e4 "o ( :i* ! end faces are exactly a y>d ap>t4 ,he next con/ruct$ 8 fam\s ma*9e :i* is capable ( detect+ l5g? diff]5ces ( "o million? ( an in*4 ,two b>s are advanc$ t[>ds ea* o!r by screw ge>+3 "o by a screw hav+ tw5ty ?reads to ! in*1 & c>ry+ a graduat$ h&-:eel ) #bej divisions on its rim2 ! o!r by a simil> screw1 itself driv5 by a worm-screw1 work+ on ! rim1 :i* c>ries #bjj tee?4 ,! worm-screw has a h&-:eel ) a micromet] graduation into #bej divisions ( its circumf]5ce4 ,s t1 if ?is be turn$ "o division1 ! second screw is turn$ only #a_/bej #a_/bjj ( a division1 & ! b> x drives advances only #a_/bj #a_/bjj #a_/bej #a_/a1jjj1jjj ( an in*4 ,! screw at ! o!r end ( ! ma*9e 7:i* 9 appe>ance some:at resembles a metal la!7 is us$ = rapid adju/m5t only4 ,illu/ration3 ,,delicate ,,measur+ ,,ma*9es ,! upp] illu/ration %[s a ,pratt-,:itney ,measur+ ,ma*9e 9 op]ation to decide ! ?ickness ( a cig>ette pap]1 :i* is "o-?\s&? ( an in* ?ick4 ,?is ma*9e w measure v>iations ( l5g? or ?ickness z m9ute z "o hundr$?-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,! l[] illu/ration %[s a ,:itwor? ,measur+ ,ma*9e :i* is s5sitive to v>iations ( "o-million? ( an in*4 ,he 7,sir ,j4 ,:itwor?7 obta9$ ! subdivision ( ! y>d by mak+ ?ree foot pieces z ne>ly alike z 0 possible1 & work+ ^! foot pieces d[n until ea* 0 equal to ! o!rs1 & plac+ !m end to end 9 8 million? measur+ ma*9e2 ! total l5g? ( ! ?ree foot pieces 0 !n comp>$ ) a /&>d end-measure y>d4 ,^! ?ree foot pieces 7 gr\nd until !y 7 exactly equal to ea* o!r1 & ! ?ree add$ toge!r are equal to ! /&>d y>d4 ,! subdivision ( ! foot into in* pieces 0 made 9 ! same way4#b ,a d\bt may h aris5 9 ! read]'s m9d z to ! possibility ( det]m9+ :e!r ! measur+ ma*9e is screw$ up to ! exact tightness4 ,w\ld ! measur+ b>s n compress a body a little be=e x appe>$ tight8 ,workm51 :5 measur+ a b> ) callip]s1 (t5 judge by ! s5se ( t\* :e!r ! jaws ( ! callip]s pass ! b> ) ! prop] am\nt ( resi/ance2 b :5 "o has to deal ) million?s ( an in*1 su* a me?od w\ld n suffice4 ,s ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor? introduc$ a feel+-piece1 or gravity-piece4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,m4 ,goodeve ?us describes x 9 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,me*anism3 ,! gravity-piece consi/s ( a small plate ( /eel ) p>allel plane sides1 & hav+ sl5d] arms1 "o = its p>tial support1 & ! o!r = re/+ on ! f+] ( ! obs]v]4 ,"o arm ( ! piece re/s on a "p ( ! b$ ( ! ma*9e1 & ! o!r arm is tilt$ up by ! =ef+] ( ! op]ator4 ,! plane surfaces are !n br\ght toge!r1 "o on ea* side ( ! feel+-piece1 until ! pressure ( contact is suffici5t to hold x support$ j z x rema9$ :5 "o end re/$ on ! f+]4 ,?is degree ( tightness is p]fectly def9ite1 & dep5ds on ! weight ( ! gravity-piece1 b n on ! e/imation ( ! obs]v]4 ,9 ?is way ! expansion due to heat :5 a #cf-;in* b> has be5 t\*$ = an in/ant ) ! f+]-nail may be detect$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful measur+ ma*9es comm]cially us$ comes f ! factories ( ! ,pratt-,:itney ,co41 ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 ! well-kn[n mak]s ( ma*9e tools & gauges ( all k9ds4 ,x is made 9 diff]5t sizes1 ! l>ge/ admitt+ an #hj-;in* b>4 ,v>iations ( #a_/ajj1jjj ( an in* are readily det]m9$ by ! use ( ?is ma*9e4 ,x !re=e s]ves = orig9at+ gauge sizes1 or = duplicat+ exi/+ /&>ds4 ,! adju/+ screw has fifty ?reads to ! in*1 & its index-:eel is graduat$ to #djj divisions1 giv+ an advance ( #a_/bj1jjj in* = ea* division3 :ile by e/imation ?is may be fur!r subdivid$ to indicate "o-half or ev5 "o-qu>t] ( ?is small am\nt4 ,delicacy ( contact betwe5 ! measur+ faces is obta9$ by ! use ( auxili>y jaws hold+ a small cyl9drical gauge by ! pressure ( a light helical spr+ :i* op]ates ! slid+ sp9dle to :i* "o ( ^! auxili>y jaws is atta*$4 ,on "o side ( ! head ( ! ma*9e is a v]tical microscope direct$ d[nw>ds on to a b> on ! b$-plate1 9 :i* are a numb] ( poli%$ /eel plugs grav$ ) v f9e c5tral cross l9es1 ea* exactly an in* di/ant f ei!r ( its neighb\rs4 ,a cross wire 9 ! microscope tells :5 x is accurately abrea/ ( ! l9e bel[ x4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t a /&>d b> ?ree in*es 9 diamet] has to be te/$4 ,! head is slid along until ! microscope is exactly ov] ! z]o plug l9e1 & ! divid$ index-:eel is turn$ until ! two jaws press ea* o!r ) ! m9imum =ce t w hold up ! feel+-piece4 ,!n ! head is mov$ back & c5tr$ on ! #c-;in* l9e1 & ! b> to be te/$ is pass$ betwe5 ! jaws4 ,if ! feel+-piece drops out x is too l>ge1 & ! :eel is turn$ back until ! jaws h be5 op5$ en\gh to let ! b> ?r\gh )\t mak+ ! feel+-piece fall4 ,an exam9ation ( ! index-:eel %[s 9 hundr$-?\s&?s ( an in* :at ! excess diamet] is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! b> 7 too small1 ! jaws w\ld ne$ to be clos$ a trifle3 ?is am\nt be+ simil>ly reckon$4 ,we h n[ got into a region ( v practical politics1 namely1 ! subject ( gauges4 ,all l>ge eng9e]+ works :i* turn out ma*9]y ) int]*angeable p>ts1 e4g4 screws & nuts1 mu/ keep _! dim5sions v con/ant if pur*as]s are n to be disgu/$ & disappo9t$4 ,! small motor ma*9]y s mu* 9 evid5ce to-day dem&s t errors %\ld be kept )9 ! t5-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,an eng9e] !re=e possesses a set ( /&>d gauges to te/ ! diamet] & pit* ( 8 screw ?reads & nuts2 ! size ( tubes1 wires2 ! circumf]5ce ( :eels1 etc4 ,great inconv5i5ce hav+ be5 exp]i5c$ by ,am]ican railroad-c> build]s on acc\nt ( ! v>y+ sizes ( ! screws & bolts :i* 7 us$ on ! diff]5t tracks--?\gh all 7 suppos$ to be ( /&>d dim5sions--! ma/]s det]m9$ to put ?+s "r2 & accord+ly ,pr(essors ,rog] & ,bond & ! ,pratt-,:itney ,co4 7 engag$ to "w 9 collaboration 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( tools = m9ute measurem5ts1 viz4 to #a_/ej1jjj in*4 ,to give an idea ( :at is impli$ by ?is1 let x be suppos$ t a p]son %\ld take a pair ( divid+ compasses & lay (f #ej1jjj prick-m>ks #a_/h in* ap>t 9 a /raight l9e4 ,to d ?is ! l9e w\ld require to be ov] #ebj feet1 or ne>ly a t5? ( a mile long4 ,imag9e t _m prick-m>ks compress$ into ! space ( an in*1 & y h an imp]fect idea ( ! m9ut5ess ( ! measurem5ts :i* c n[ be made by ! ,pratt & ,:itney ,co4#c ,! /&>d taps & dies 7 suppli$ to tool-mak]s & eng9e]s1 :o c\ld ?us det]m9e :e!r articles suppli$ to !m 7 ( ! prop] dim5sions4 ,no?+ m 0 !n he>d ( nuts be+ a trifle small or bolts a leetle l>ge4 ,& s beautifully temp]$ 7 ! dies made f ! /&>ds t "o manufactur] claim$ to h cut #ah1hjj cold-press$ nuts )\t any diff]5ce be+ p]ceptible 9 _! sizes4 ,to appreciate :at ! diff]5ce ( a ?\s&? ( an in* makes 9 a true fit1 y %\ld h&le a set ( plug & r+ gauges2 ! r+ a true half-in* int]nally1 ! plugs half-in*1 half an in* less "o t5-?\s&? ( an in*1 & half an in* less "o-?\s&?1 9 diamet]4 ,! true half-in* plug ne$s to be =cibly driv5 into ! r+ on acc\nt ( ! friction betwe5 ! surfaces4 ,! next1 if oil$1 w slide 9 q easily1 b if left /ation>y a mom5t w seize1 & h to be driv5 out4 ,! ?ird w wobble v p]ceptibly1 & w\ld be at once disc>d$ by a good workman z a bad fit4 ,= extremely accurate measurem5ts ( rods1 callip] gauges1 %ap$ some:at l ! lett] ,y1 are us$1 ! horns t]m9at+ 9 poli%$ p>allel jaws4 ,su* a gauge w detect a diff]5ce ( #a_/bj1jjj in* q easily4 ,s accurately c plug gauges be made by ref]5ce to a measur+ ma*9e1 t a gold leaf #a_/cj1jjj in* ?ick w\ld be ?ree times too ?ick to ins]t betwe5 ! gauge & ! jaws ( ! ma*9e6 ,y mu/ rememb] t 9 high-class workman%ip ^! gauges are con/antly be+ us$4 ,z "t goes on1 ! limit ( error all[$ 9 _m classes ( ma*9e p>ts is gradually less5$1 :i* %[s ! simultane\s improvem5t ( all ma*9]y us$ 9 ! h&l+ ( metal4 ,james ,watt 0 t]ribly hamp]$1 :5 develop+ 8 /eam-eng9e1 by ! difficulty ( procur+ a true cyl9d] = 8 pi/ons to "w 9 ) any approa* to /eam-tightness4 ,8 fir/ cyl9d] 0 made by a smi? ( hamm]$ iron sold]$ toge!r4 ,! next 0 ca/ & bor$1 b /uff+ x ) pap]1 cork1 putty1 pa/ebo>d1 & old hat prov$ useless to /em ! leakage ( /eam4 ,no wond]1 consid]+ t ! f9i%$ cyl9d] 0 "o-eigh? ( an in* l>g] 9 diamet] at "o end ?an at ! o!r4 ,watt 0 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,nei!r ma*9]y nor workman%ip _h progress$ suffici5tly to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,to-day an eng9e] w\ld confid5tly und]take to bore a cyl9d] five feet 9 diamet] ) a v>iation f tru? ( n m ?an "o five-hundr$? ( an in*4 ,be=e pass+ f ! subject ( measur+ ma*9es1 :i* play s important a "p 9 mod]n me*anism1 we may j glance at ! electrical me?od ( ,dr4 ,p4 ,e4 ,%aw4 ,he discov]$ rec5tly t two clean metal surfaces c1 by means ( an electric curr5t1 feel "o ano!r on t\*+ ) a delicacy t f> transc5ds t ( ! purely me*anical ma*9e4 ,! me*anism he employs is ?us devis$3 ,a f9ely cut v]tical screw hav+ fifty ?reads to ! in* has a disc graduat$ into #ejj p>ts4 ,! screw c be turn$ by means ( a pulley /r+ f a di/ance1 & x is ?us possible to give ! top end ( ! screw a movem5t ( #a_/be1jjj in*1 :5 a movem5t correspond+ to "o graduation is made4 ,?is small movem5t is r$uc$ by a tra9 ( six lev]s1 ! long arm ( ea* be>+ on ! %ort arm ( ! "o be=e x4 ,! movem5t ( ! la/ lev] ( ! tra9 is ?us r$uc$ to #a_/d1jjj ( t ( ! screw po9t1 s a movem5t ( #a_/d1jjj #a_/be1jjj in* #a_/ajj1jjj1jjj in* is obta9$6 ,h[ c su* a movem5t be judg$8 ,a telephone & voltaic cell are jo9$ to ! la/ lev] ( ! tra9 & to ! object ^: movem5t is "u exam9ation4 ,if !y t\*1 ! telephone s\nds4 ,an obs]v] li/5s 9 ! telephone1 & if ! object moves = any reason he c f9d out h[ mu* x moves by turn+ ! screw until contact is made aga94 ,out ( ! _m applications ( ?is app>atus ?ree may be giv54 7#a7 ,a %ort b> ( iron :5 magnetis$ elongates ab\t #a_/a1jjj1jjj ( its l5g?4 ,if fur!r magnetis$ x contracts4 ,^! *anges c readily be measur$ ) ! in/rum5t4 7#b7 ,! smalle/ s\nd audible 9 ! telephone is due to a movem5t ( ! diaphragm ( ! telephone by ab\t #a_/ej1jjj1jjj ( an in*4 ,?is has be5 actually measur$ by ,dr4 ,%aw & is by f> ! smalle/ di/ance ev] directly record$4 ,x is ab\t twice ! diamet] ( ! molecules ( matt]4 7#c7 ,disp5s+ ) lev]s1 ! screw alone is us$ = r\gh] "w4 ,dr4 ,%aw has %[n t "o hundr$-?\s&? ( an in* is ! smalle/ dim5sion visible "u a microscope4 ,by fitt+ an electric measur+ app>atus to ! microscope c>riage x becomes q easy to measure m9ute di/ances4 ,! microscope conta9s a cross wire :i*1 :5 ! object has be5 laid on ! microscope /age1 is c5tr$ on "o side ( ! object4 ,! electric contact screw is !n advanc$ till x makes contact ) ! /age & a s\nd arises 9 ! telephone4 ,a read+ ( ! screw disc hav+ be5 tak51 ! screw is drawn 9 & ! microscope /age is trav]s$ suffici5tly to br+ ! wire 9 l9e ) ! o!r side ( ! object4 ,once m ! op]ator makes electrical contact & gets a second read+1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two be+ ! diamet] ( ! object4 ,9 ?is mann] ! bacillus ( tub]culosis has be5 prov$ to h an av]age diamet] ( #ca_/bej1jjj ( an in*4 ,! same me?od is employ$ to gauge ! di/ance betwe5 ! l9es on a diffraction grat+4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,april #ai?1 #aija4 #b ,g4 ,m4 ,bond 9 a lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,febru>y #bi?1 #ahhd4 #c ,report on ,/&>d ,screw ,?reads1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhd4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,calculat+ ,,ma*9es ,! simple/ =m ( calculat+ ma*9e 0 ! ,abacus1 on :i* ! s*oolboys ( anci5t ,greece did _! sums4 ,x consi/$ ( a smoo? bo>d ) a n>r[ rim1 on :i* 7 arrang$ r[s ( pebbles1 bits ( bone or ivory1 or silv] co9s4 ,by replac+ ^! little c\nt]s by s&1 /rewn ev5ly all ov] its surface1 ! abacus 0 trans=m$ into a slate = writ+ or geometrical lessons4 ,! ,romans took ! abacus1 along ) _m o!r spoils ( conque/1 f ! ,greeks & improv$ x1 divid+ x by means ( cross-l9es1 & assign+ a multiple value to ea* l9e ) reg>d to its neighb\rs4 ,f _! me?od ( us+ ! calculi1 or pebbles1 we d]ive our ,engli% v]b1 to calculate4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! abacus /ill fl\ri%$1 & x has left a fur!r m>k on our language by giv+ its "n to ! ,c\rt ( ,ex*equ]1 9 :i* 0 a table divid$ into *equ]$ squ>es l ?is simple s*ool appliance4 ,/ep by /ep fur!r improvem5ts 7 made1 mo/ important among !m be+ ^? ( ,napi] ( ,m]*i/on1 ^: log>i?ms vex ! heads ( our y\?1 & save _m an h\r's calculation to p :o und]/& h[ to h&le !m4 ,sir ,samuel ,morl&1 ,gunt]1 & ,lamb inv5t$ o!r contrivances suitable = trigonometrical problems4 ,g]/5 & ,pascal h>ness$ tra9s ( :eels to _! ready-reckon]s1 some:at simil> to ! well-kn[n cyclomet]4 ,all ^! devices fad$ into insignificance :5 ,mr4 ,*>les ,babbage came on ! sc5e ) 8 fam\s calculator1 :i* is probably ! mo/ +5i\s piece ( me*anism ev] devis$ by ! human bra94 ,to describe ! ,diff]5ce ,eng9e1 z x is call$1 w\ld be impossible1 s complicat$ is its "*4 ,dr4 ,l>dn]1 :o _h a wond]ful comm& ( language1 & c\ld expla9 details 9 a mann] s lucid t 8 words c\ld almo/ always be und]/ood 9 ! abs5ce ( diagrams1 occupi$ tw5ty-five pages ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review 9 ! endeav\r to describe its work+1 b gave sev]al features up z a bad job4 ,ano!r clev] writ]1 ,dr4 ,samuel ,smiles1 frankly %uns ! task1 & satisfies himself ) ! foll[+ brief description3-- ,"s p>ts ( ! app>atus & modes ( action are inde$ extraord9>y--&1 p]haps1 none m s ?an t = ensur+ accuracy 9 ! calculat$ results--! ma*9e actually correct+ itself1 & rubb+ itself back into accuracy1 by ! friction ( ! adjac5t ma*9]y6 ,:5 an error is made ! :eels become lock$ & refuse to proce$2 ?us ! ma*9e mu/ g rightly or n at all--an arrangem5t z ne>ly resembl+ volition z any?+ t brass & /eel are likely to accompli%4#d ,mr4 ,babbage1 9 #ahbb1 ent]$ ^u ! task ( sup]9t5d+ ! con/ruction ( a ma*9e = calculat+ & pr9t+ ma!matical & a/ronomical tables4 ,he began by build+ a model1 :i* produc$ =ty-f\r figures p] m9ute4 ,! next ye> ! ,royal ,society report$ ^u ! inv5tion1 :i* appe>$ s promis+ t ! ,lords ( ! ,treasury vot$ ,mr4 ,babbage #a1ejj to help him p]fect 8 app>atus4 ,he look$ ab\t = a fir/-rate me*anician ( high intellig5ce z well z ( extreme manual skill4 ,! man he want$ appe>$ 9 ,mr4 ,joseph ,clem5t1 :o _h already made 8 "n z ! inv5tor ( a draw+ in/rum5t1 a self-act+ la!1 a self-c5tr+ *uck1 & flut$ taps & dies4 ,mr4 ,clem5t soon produc$ special tools = %ap+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,s elaborate 0 ! latt]1 t1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,smiles1 ! draw+s = ! calculat+ ma*9]y alone--n to m5tion ! pr9t+ ma*9]y1 :i* 0 almo/ equally elaborate--cov]$ n less ?an f\r hundr$ squ>e feet ( surface6 ,y w easily imag9e1 especially if y h ev] _h a special piece ( app>atus made = y by a me*anic1 t ! bills m\nt$ up at an al>m+ rate2 s fa/1 inde$1 t ! ,gov]nm5t began to ask1 ,:y ?is great exp5se1 & s little visible result8 ,aft] sev5 ye>s' "w ! eng9e]s' acc\nt _h rea*$ #g1bjj1 & ,mr4 ,babbage _h disburs$ an additional #g1jjj out ( 8 own pocket4 ,mr4 ,clem5t qu>rell$ ) 8 employ]--possibly because he h>b\r$ suspicions t !y 7 bo? (f on a wild-goose *ase--& )drew1 tak+ all 8 valuable tools ) him4 ,! ,gov]nm5t soon foll[$ 8 example1 & poor ,babbage 0 left ) 8 half-f9i%$ inv5tion1 a beautiful fragm5t ( a great "w4 ,x _h be5 design$ to calculate z f> z tw5ty figures1 b 0 complet$ only suffici5tly to g to five figures4 ,9 #ahfb x occupi$ a prom95t place among ! me*anical exhibits at ! ,great ,exhibition4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,me*anical ,,ca%i] ,! pr9t+ app>atus ( a ,national ,ca% ,regi/]4 ,x impresses on a pap] /rip ! am\nt & nature ( e money transaction2 & also pr9ts a date1 numb]1 adv]tisem5t1 money value1 & nature ( bus9ess done on a ticket = ! cu/om]4 ,we le>n1 ) "s satisfaction1 t all ?is ef=t 0 n fat$ to be fruitless4 ,two sci5ti/s ( ,/ockholm--,s*eutz by "n--7 s impress$ by ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s acc\nt ( ?is calculat+ ma*9e t !y c>ri$ ,babbage's s*eme ?r\gh1 & aft] tw5ty ye>s ( h>d "w complet$ a ma*9e :i* seem$ to be almo/ capable ( ?9k+4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t sp5t #a1bjj on a copy1 :i* at ,som]set ,h\se ent]$ ^u ! r\t9e duty ( work+ out annuity & o!r tables = ! ,regi/r>-,g5]al4 ,f ,babbage's wond]fully & fe>fully made ma*9e we pass to a calculator :i* to-day may be se5 at "w 9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( %ops & (fices4 ,x is ! mo/ mod]n sub/itute = ! op5 till2 &1 by ! aid ( m>vell\s int]ior works1 acts z acc\nt-keep] & g5]al detective to ! money transactions ( ! e/abli%m5t 9 :i* x is employ$4 ,!re are v _m types ( ,ca% ,regi/]1 & z x w\ld be impossible to enum]ate !m all1 we w pass at once to ! mo/ p]fect type ( all1 kn[n to ! mak]s & v5dors z ,numb] #ie4 ,?is regi/] has at ! top an oblong w9d[4 ,dott$ ab\t ! surface confront+ ! op]ator are1 9 ! p>ticul> ma*9e "u notice1 fifty-sev5 keys2 six be>+ ! lett]s ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,e1 ,h1 ,k2 ?ree ! words ,paid out1 ,*>ge1 ,receiv$ on ,acc\nt2 & ! o!rs money values rang+ f #i to #a_/d;d4 ,^! are arrang$ 9 v]tical r[s4 ,at ! left end ( ! in/rum5t is a pr9t+ app>atus1 kept lock$ by ! proprietor2 at ! "r end a h&le & a small lev]4 ,bel[ ! regi/] are six draw]s1 ea* labell$ ) an initial4 ,a cu/om] ent]s ! %op1 & buys goods to ! value ( #fs4 #aa;d4 ,an assi/ant1 to :om belongs ! lett] ,h1 receives a sov]eign 9 paym5t4 ,he goes to ! regi/]1 & aft] mak+ sure t 8 draw] is pu%$ 9 till x is lock$1 fir/ presses d[n ! key ,h1 & !n ! keys labell$ #fs4 & #aa;d4 ,sudd5ly1 l two ,jacks-9-!-box1 up fly into ! w9d[ two tablets1 ) #fs4 #aa;d4 on bo? _! faces1 s t cu/om] & assi/ant c see ! figures4 ,simultane\sly a bell ( a c]ta9 tone r+s1 draw] ,h flies op5 7s t he may place ! money 9 x & give *ange1 if necess>y71 & a rotat+ arm 9 ! w9d[ %[s ! ^w ca%4 ,! assi/ant n[ revolves ! h&le & presses ! little lev]4 ,f a slot on ! left side out flies a ticket1 on ! front ( :i* is pr9t$ ! date1 a consecutive numb]1 ! assi/ant's lett]1 & ! am\nt ( ! sale4 ,! back has also be5 cov]$ ) an adv]tisem5t ( "s k9d4 ,! ticket & *ange are h&$ ov] to ! cu/om]1 ! draw] is %ut1 & ! transaction is at an end1 except = an entry 9 ! %op's books ( ! article sold4 ,a c>ri] next comes 9 ) a p>cel on :i* five-p5ce mu/ be paid = transport4 ,mr4 ,a4 receives ! goods1 goes to ! regi/]1 presses 8 lett]1 ! key ) ! words paid out on x1 & ! key c>ry+ #e;d41 takes out ! am\nt want$1 & gives x to ! c>ri]4 ,aga91 a g5tleman ent]s1 & asks = *ange = half a sov]eign4 ,mr4 ,b4 obliges him1 press+ d[n 8 lett]1 b no figures4 ,f\r?ly1 a debtor to ! %op pays five %ill+s to meet an acc\nt t has be5 aga9/ him = "s "t4 ,mr4 ,k4 receives ! money & plays ) ! keys ,k1 ,receiv$ on acc\nt1 & #es41 giv+ a ticket receipt4 ,la/ly1 a cu/om] buys a pair ( boots on cr$it4 ,mr4 ,d4 att5ds to him1 & ?\gh no ca% is h&l$1 uses ! regi/]1 press+ ! lett] ,*>ge1 &1 say1 #afs4 #f;d4 ,n[ :at has be5 go+ on inside ! ma*9e all ?is "t8 ,let u lift up ! cov]1 take (f ! case ( ! pr9t+ app>atus1 & see4 ,a /rip ( pap] f$ ?r\gh ! pr9t+ me*anism has on x five r[s ( figures1 lett]s1 etc41 ?us-- s4 d4 ,h #f #aa ,pd4 ,a #j #e ,b #j #j ,rc4 ,k #e #j ,*4 ,d #af #f ,! proprietor is1 !re=e1 enabl$ to see at a glance 7#a7 :o s]v$ or att5d$ to a cu/om]1 7#b7 :at k9d ( bus9ess he did ) him1 7#c7 ! monet>y value ( ! transaction4 ,at ! end ( ! day ea* assi/ant s5ds 9 8 sep>ate acc\nt1 :i* %\ld tally exactly ) ! record ( ! ma*9e4 ,simultane\sly ) ! /rip pr9t+1 special c\nt+ app>atus has be5 7a7 add+ up ! total ( all money tak5 = goods1 7b7 record+ ! numb] ( times ! draw] has be5 op5$ = ea* purpose4 ,"h1 aga91 is a *eck ^u ! records4 ,?is +5i\s ma*9e n only protects ! proprietor aga9/ c>elessness or di%one/y on ! "p ( 8 employs1 b also protects ! latt] aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,if only "o draw] & lett] 7 us$ 9 common1 x w\ld be impossible to trace an error to ! guilty p>ty4 ,! lett]+ sy/em also s]ves to %[ :i* assi/ant does ! mo/ bus9ess4 ,:]e a ca% regi/] ( ?is type is employ$ e transaction mu/ pass ?r\gh its h&s--or r me*anism4 ,x w\ld be risky = an assi/ant n to use ! ma*9e1 z eyes may be wat*+ him4 ,he _c op5 8 draw]s )\t mak+ a record2 nor c he make a record )\t fir/ clos+ ! draw]s2 s t he mu/ give a reason = ea* use ( ! regi/]4 ,if he us$ somebody else's lett]1 ! e> ( ! rightful own] w\ld at once be attract$ by ! note ( 8 p>ticul> gong4 ,:5 go+ away = lun*1 or on bus9ess1 a lett] c be lock$ by means ( a special key1 :i* fits none ( ! o!r five locks4 ,! pr9t+ me*anism is p>ticul>ly +5i\s4 ,e morn+ ! date is set by means ( index-screws3 & a consecutive numb]+ tra9 is put back to z]o4 ,a ?ird division accommodates a circul> electro block = pr9t+ ! adv]tisem5ts1 & a f\r? division ! figure :eels4 ,! turn giv5 to ! h&le passes a l5g? ( ! ticket /rip ?r\gh1 a slot--pr9ts ! date1 ! numb] ( ! ticket1 an adv]tisem5t on ! back1 ! assi/ant's lett]1 ! nature ( ! bus9ess done1 & fe$s ! pap] on to ! figures :i* give ! f9i%+ t\*4 ,a knife cuts (f ! ticket1 & a special lev] %oots x out ( ! slot4 ,! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,company1 = prud5tial reasons1 d n wi% ! details ( ! int]nal ma*9]y to be describ$2 nor w\ld x be an easy task ev5 7 ! p]mission grant$4 ,s we mu/ imag9e ! extreme intricacy ( ! lev]s & :eels :i* p]=m all ! tasks enum]at$1 & turn aside to consid] ! orig9 & manufacture ( ! regi/]1 :i* are bo? ( int]e/4 ,! orig9 ( ! ca% regi/] is r nebul\s1 because tw5ty-five ye>s ago sev]al m5 7 work+ on ! same idea4 ,x fir/ appe>$ z a practical ma*9e 9 ! (fices ( ,john & ,james ,ritty1 :o own$ /ores & coalm9es at ,dayton1 ,ohio4 ,james ,ritty help$ & l>gely paid = ! fir/ exp]im5ts4 ,he ne$$ a me*anical ca%i] = 8 own bus9ess1 & says t1 :ile on an ocean /eam] en r\te to ,london ! revolv+ ma*9]y gave him ! sugge/ion work$ out1 on 8 return to ,dayton1 9 ! fir/ dial-ma*9e4 ,?is gave way to ! key-ma*9e ) its display tablet1 or indicator1 held up by a support+ b> mov$ back by knuckles on ! v]tical tablet rod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,! cut 7,fig4 #a7 %[s ! "r side ( ?is key regi/]1 ! action ( :i* is ?us describ$ by ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,company4 ,! key ,a1 :5 press$ ) ! f+] at its ord9>y position--m>k$ #a--w5t d[n to ! po9t m>k$ #b4 ,be+ a lev] & pivot$ to its c5tre1 press+ d[n a key elevat$ its extreme po9t ,b4 ,?is pu%$ up ! tablet-rod ,c1 hav+ on its upp] "p ! knuckle ,d4 ,?is knuckle ,d1 pu%$ up1 took ! position at ,e2 t is1 ! knuckle pu%$ back ! support+-b> ,f1 & 0 pu%$ pa/ x & held above x4 ,if ! same op]ation 7 p]=m$ on ano!r key1 ! knuckle on its v]tical rod1 go+ up1 w\ld aga9 pu% ! support+ b> back1 :i* w\ld release ! fir/ knuckl$ rod1 & leave ! la/ "o 9 its place4 ,?is knuckl$ rod _h on its upp] end ! display tablet1 or indicator ,g4 ,james & ,john ,ritty claim$ & prov$ t !y inv5t$ ?is1 b ! attorney = ! ,dayton ,company 7=m$ by !m7 9 ! ,supreme ,c\rt 0 compell$ to admit t ?is me*anism 0 old4 ,yet if ma*9es built l ?is 7 exhibit$ else:]e1 !y 7 at mo/ only exp]im5tal models1 & none ( !m _h ev] gone into practical or comm]cial use4 ,9 fact1 at ?is "t no?+ _h be5 really contribut$ :i* 0 useful to ! public or us$ by ! public4 ,! tr\ble 0 t ! knuckles1 be+ necess>ily oil$1 held du/ & dirt :i* int]f]$ ) _! free movem5t4 ,& aga91 a five-c5t or t5-c5t key w\ld be us$ m ?an o!rs1 & h5ce w\ld become m worn4 ,z a practical result ! tablets did n drop :5 want$1 & ! :ole op]ation 0 ?r[n into confusion4 ,:5 "o tablet w5t up ! o!r tablet /ay$ up1 leav+ a false indication4 ,! mo/ valuable modification n[ made by ^! ,dayton inv5tors 0 to cease to rely on ! knuckle to move back ! support+ b>1 & to supply ! place ( ?is function by :at became kn[n z connect+ me*anism1 especially design$ = ?is purpose4 ,?is 0 plac$ at ! o!r1 or say ! left1 side ( ! ma*9e z y fac$ x4 ,cut ,no4 #b %[s ?is new connect+ me*anism4 ,! keys1 :5 press$1 p]=m$ ! functions z be=e1 on ! "r side ( ! ma*9e1 viz4 to r+ an al>m-bell1 etc42 b on ! o!r1 or left1 side ! key1 :5 press$1 op]at$ ! connect+ me*anism m>k$ ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 & ,q4 ,! key press$ d[n by its lev]age pu%$ back a little lev] 7,q71 ! fur!r end ( :i* press$ back ! support+ b> ,f1 & releas$ ! previ\sly expos$ indicator ,g1 )\t rely+ on ! knuckle to p]=m ?is function4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates said t ! sugge/ion or idea to correct ! old tr\ble & to drop ! display tablet ) c]ta9ty1 & to accompli% ?is by divid+ ! =ce us$1 & apply+ a portion ( x to ! new connect+ me*anism on ! left side ( ! ma*9e1 0 f9e inv5tion1 & t ! results are s important1 & ! +5uity display$ to br+ !m ab\t is su* t we are n dispos$ to d5y ! pat5tees ! m]it ( inv5tion4 ,! comb9ation describ$ 9 ! fir/ claim 0 cle>ly new4 ,to rev]t = a mom5t to ! orig9 ( ! inv5tion4 ,mr4 ,john ,ritty gives an acc\nt diff]+ f t ( 8 bro!r2 b ! two c probably be reconcil$ by suppos+ t ! fir/ ideas occurr$ simultane\sly & 7 work$ out 9 common4 ,late "o summ] night1 be=e disp]s+ home1 a gr\p ( m5 7 9 8 /ore4 ,"o ( !m said to ! proprietor1 ,if y _h a ma*9e !re to regi/] ! ca% receiv$1 y w\ld get m ( x1 & to ! /atem5t bo? own] & 8 cl]ks ass5t$4 ,?is rais$ a laugh4 ,b ,ritty :o1 9 spite ( a l>ge bus9ess1 :i* rang$ ov] ev]y?+ f a ne$le to a hay/ack1 did n make mu* pr(it by 8 sales1 took ! sugge/ion s]i\sly1 & put on 8 ?9k+-cap1 ) ! result t ! fir/ ma*9e 0 pat5t$1 & pr(its became v greatly increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b ,be=e 8 ma*9e _h be5 p]fect$ a rival 0 9 ! field4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,c>ney1 a man :o _h se5 mu* life z a lumb] m]*ant1 capta9 dur+ ! ,civil ,w>1 explor]1 & railroad promot]1 settl$ d[n 9 #ahhd1 at ,*icago1 to ! manufacture ( co9-*ang]s4 ,:5 9 v>i\s bus9esses1 he says1 we us$ gold & silv] only1 & x seem$ to be a %e] necessity to h some?+ ( a money-*ang] to assi/ u 9 h&l+ x & mak+ *ange4 ,! cu/om !n 0 to ?r[ ! diff]5t co9s into a special receptacle m>k$ = ea*4 ,i inv5t$1 & 9 my own %op built ?is co9-*ang]1 ! keys ( :i*1 :5 t\*$1 w\ld1 ?r\gh ! tube1 drop ! co9 into ! h& z want$4 ,at ,*icago we made five or six hundr$ ( ^! co9-*ang]s1 b by mi/ake plac$ ! price too l[1 & aft] "s conf]5ce ,i became assur$ t !re 0 n en\gh money 9 x4 ,a ri* ,*icago manufactur] _h become famili> ) ! urg5t ne$ ( a ca% regi/]1 & ! losses :i* foll[$ 9 bus9ess )\t "o4 ,! ,national1 at ,dayton1 _h !n be5 inv5t$1 b _h n !n be5 p]fect$ z x has be5 s9ce4 ,p>ties at ,*icago agre$ to put up ! money if ,i w\ld inv5t :at w\ld answ] ! purpose ( a ca% regi/] & make a m>ketable ma*9e4 ,i w5t home & gave ! matt] "s h>d ?9k+1 & talk+ ) my son ab\t ! matt] "o night1 ,i look$ up at ! clock & said1 ',:y1 ,h>ry1 !re is ! "r ?+4 ,sixty m9utes make an h\r2 "o hundr$ c5ts make a doll>4 ,all ,i h got to d is to *ange ! :eels a little1 put "s keys into x1 & !re w be a ?+ :i* w regi/] c5ts1 dimes1 & doll>s1 j z t clock w regi/] "t 9 m9utes & h\rs4' ,9 clocks ! m9ute :eel1 :5 x has revolv$ to its sixty po9t1 ?r[s its add$ result ( sixty m9utes ov] on to ano!r :eel1 :i* takes up ! /ory1 ) "o h\r 9 place ( ! old sixty m9utes4 ,! fir/ :eel !n beg9s aga9 & goes its r\nd4 ,a second complete revolution ( ! m9ute :eel ?r[s ano!r sixty m9utes on to ! h\r1 & gives "o m h\r regi/]$1 mak+ two h\rs1 & s on4 ,i took "s :eels1 & ) pa/ebo>d made h&s & a ma*9e4 ,x 0 v r\gh1 b ,i took x to my fri5ds & expla9$ x to !m4 ,we w5t on1 b enc\nt]+ difficulties & ob/acles1 we m]g$ our :ole ent]prise 9 ! ,national4 ,i foll[$ x1 & h s9ce inv5t$1 work$1 & help$ along 9 ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] s]vice4 ,i develop$ ! ,no4 #ce ma*9e :i* ! company began on & uses yet4 ,x is n[ 9 use 9 e civilis$ c\ntry1 = x c be made to regi/] ,engli% money & any decimal curr5cy4 ,9 #ahhc ,dayton conta9$ five families4 ,! foll[+ ye> ,colonel ,rob]t ,patt]son b\ght a l>ge prop]ty 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & help$ to develop a small t[n1 :i* has s9ce gr[n into a ?riv+ manufactur+ c5tre4 ,8 two sons1 ,john ,h4 ,patt]son & ,frank ,j4 ,patt]son1 b\ght out all ! orig9al proprietors ( ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/]1 greatly improv$ ! ma*9e's me*anism1 & built ! huge factory :i* employs ab\t #d1jjj m51 wom51 & girls1 & is "o ( ! be/-equipp$ e/abli%m5ts 9 ! _w to promote bo? an economical output & ! com=t ( ! employs4 ,! ,company's build+s at ,dayton cov] #hib1add squ>e feet ( floor-space1 & utilise #adj acres ( gr\nd4 ,9 conv5i5ce & attractiv5ess1 & = light1 heat1 & v5tilation1 & all sanit>y ?+s1 ^! /ructures are design$ to be models ( any us$ = factory purposes4 ,a ma*9e is made & sold e #b-a_/b m9utes 9 ! ,dayton1 ,b]l91 & ,toronto factories collectively4 ,accord+ to its de/9ation1 x records doll>s1 %ill+s1 m>ks1 kron51 korona1 francs1 kron]1 guild5s1 pesetas1 pesos1 milreis1 rupees1 or r\bles4 ,regi/]s are also made to meet ! ne$s ( ! ,cele/ials & ! ,japanese4 ,s necess>y is x = ^! ma*9es to be ev] improv+1 t ! ,company1 ) a wisdom t prevails m l>gely1 p]haps1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an else:]e1 (f] sub/antial rew>ds to ! employ :o records 9 a book kept specially = ! purpose any sugge/ion :i* ! committee1 aft] due exam9ation1 consid] likely to improve "s detail ( me*anism or manufacture4 ,five dep>tm5ts are entirely devot$ to exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by a corps ( inv5tors work+ ) a special body ( skill$ me*anics4 ,new pat5ts accrue s fa/ z a result ( ?is organis$ rese>* t ! ,national ,company n[ owns #ecg lett]s pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & #cid 9 =eign c\ntries4 ,_m ideas come f outside4 ,if !y appe> pr(itable !y are b\ght & turn$ ov] to ! ,pat5ts ,dep>tm5t1 :i* h&s !m on to ! exp]im5t]s4 ,^! build an exp]im5tal model1 :i* diff]s 9 _m respects f ! types hi!rto manufactur$4 ,a ca% regi/] mu/ be above all ?+s /rong1 s t x c be> a heavy bl[ )\t gett+ out ( ord]1 & mu/ reta9 its accuracy "u all conditions4 ,! model f9i%$1 x goes be=e ! inspectors1 :o ?ump x1 hamm] x1 almo/ turn x inside out1 & s5d x back to ! ,factory ,committee ) reports on any defects t may h come to light4 ,if ! inspectors c only knock ! ma*9e out ( "t !y consid] t !y h done _! duty2 = !y argue t1 if weaknesses ?us develop$ are put "r1 no pur*as] w ev] be able to dislocate ! ma*9]y if he /ops %ort ( an actual brutal assault ) viol5ce4 ,next comes ! build+ ( ! comm]cial type1 :i* w be sold by ! ?\s&4 ,! ma*9e goes d[n to ! tool-mak]s1 a select bo>d ( sev5ty-five memb]s1 :o li/ all ! p>ts1 & say h[ _m drill-jigs1 mills1 fixtures1 gauges1 etc41 are necess>y to make e "p4 ,!n !y draw out an approximate e/imate ( ! co/ ( produc+ ! tools1 & aft] !y h li/$ ! p>ts1 !y turn !m ov] to ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts1 su* z ! draft+-room1 blacksmi?s' %op1 patt]n %op1 f\ndry1 etc41 aft] :i* ! v>i\s p>ts are ma*9$ up4 ,!n ! tool-mak] assembles toge!r ! v>i\s tools1 & makes a numb] ( ! p>ts t ea* tool is design$ =2 s t :5 all ! tools h done _! prelim9>y "w1 ! mak]s possess ab\t fifty ma*9es 9 bits4 ,^! are assembl$1 to prove :e!r ! tools d _! bus9ess effici5tly4 ,if any "p %[s an incl9ation to jam1 or o!rwise misbehave itself1 ! tool responsible is alt]$ till its products are satisfactory4 ,!n1 & only !n--a p]iod ( p]haps two ye>s may h elaps$ s9ce ! model 0 fir/ put 9 h&--! ,company beg9s to ent]ta9 a prospect ( gett+ back "s ( ! money--any sum up to #ej1jjj--sp5t 9 prep>ations4 ,b !y "k t if p w only buy1 !y won't h mu* fault to f9d ) _! pur*ase4 ,prep>ations br+s success is ! motto ( ! ,n4,c4,r4 ,s ! ,company sp>es no money1 & is cont5t to h #be1jjj lock$ up 9 its automatic screw-mak+ ma*9es alone6 ,human z well z inanimate ma*9]y is well t5d$ "u ! ro( ( ! ,n4,c4,r4 ,! committee believe t a heal?y1 com=table employ means good--& !re=e pr(itable--"w2 & t to "w well1 employs mu/ eat & play well4 ,!y !re=e provide _! boys ) g>d5s1 #aj feet wide by #agj feet 9 l5g?2 & pay an exp]i5c$ g>d5] to direct _! ef=ts4 ,to enc\rage a />t1 bulbs1 se$s1 slips1 etc41 are suppli$ free2 :ile prizes ( consid]able value help to /imulate competition4 ,"o day1 t5 ye>s or m ago1 ,mr4 ,patt]son saw a factory girl try+ to w>m h] t9 bucket ( cold c(fee at ! /eam heat] 9 ! work%op4 ,he is a humane man1 & act+ on ! un9t5tional h9t he built a lun*-room :i* conta9s1 besides accommodation = #dee p1 a piano & sew+-ma*9e :i* ! wom5 c use dur+ _! noon recess ( eighty m9utes4 ,a cook+ s*ool1 danc+ classes1 & lit]>y club are all available to memb]s4 ,! ,company enc\rages its work]s to own ! h\ses !y inhabit1 & to make !m z beautiful z _! leisure w p]mit4 ,mr4 ,mosely1 :o took ov] to ,am]ica an ,indu/rial ,commission ( ,exp]ts 9 #aijb1 & an ,educational ,commission 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 paid visits on bo? occasions to ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,works4 ,9 a spee* to ! ,committee he said3 ,i d n "k ( any in/itution 9 ! _w :i* (f]s s beautiful an illu/ration ( ! prop] work+ conditions z ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,company4 ,y\r ,presid5t has ask$ me to criticise4 ,i _c f9d any?+ to criticise 9 ?is factory4 ,i h nev] se5 su* conditions 9 any o!r factory 9 ! _w1 nor h ,i ev] se5 s _m bright & intellig5t faces z we h se5 at lun*eon 9 bo? ! m5's & wom5's d9+ rooms4 ,i believe ?is factory is z ne>ly p]fect z social conditions w p]mit4 ,,note4--,! au?or desires to express 8 ?anks to ! ,national ,ca% ,regi/] ,company = ! k9d help giv5 him 9 ! %ape ( mat]ials = writ+ & illu/rat+ ?is *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,! ,sph]e4 ,! jacket ( a #ab-;in* gun be+ turn$ 9 a mon/] la! at ,messrs4 ,vick]s ,maxim's works4 ,notice ! long spiral /rip com+ (f ! edge ( ! cutt+ tool4 ,,footnote3 #d ,indu/rial ,biographies1 *ap4 xiii4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,work%op ,,ma*9]y ,,! ,,la!--,,plan+ ,,ma*9es--,,! ,,/eam ,,hamm]--,,hydraulic ,,tools--,,electrical ,,tools ,,9 ,,! ,,%ipy>d ,:5 ,i fir/ ent]$ ?is city1 said ,mr4 ,william ,fairbairn1 9 an inaugural address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,man*e/] 9 #ahfa1 ! :ole ( ! ma*9]y 0 execut$ by h&4 ,!re 7 nei!r plan+1 slott+1 nor %ap+ ma*9es1 & ) ! exception ( v imp]fect la!s & a few drills1 ! prep>atory op]ations ( con/ruction 7 effect$ entirely by ! h&s ( ! workm54 ,n[1 ev]y?+ is done by ma*9e tools1 ) a degree ( accuracy :i* ! unaid$ h& c\ld nev] accompli%4 ,! automaton1 or self-act+1 ma*9e tool has )9 itself an almo/ creative p[]2 9 fact1 s great are its p[]s ( adaptation1 t !re is no op]ation ( ! human h& t x does n imitate4 ,if su* ?+s c\ld be said ) ju/ice =ty-five ye>s ago1 :at w\ld ,mr4 ,fairbairn ?9k c\ld he see ! wond]ful ma*9]y ) :i* ! pres5t-day work%op is equipp$--ma*9]y z relatively sup]ior to ! devices he speaks ( z !y 7 sup]ior to ! unaid$ ef=ts ( ! human h&8 ,inv5tion nev] /&s /ill4 ,! wond] ( "o ye> is on ! scrap-heap ( ab&on$ ma*9es almo/ be=e ano!r twelve mon?s h pass$4 ,"s important detail has be5 improv$1 to secure ease or economy 9 work+1 & a m effici5t successor /eps into its place4 ,9 8 curi\s & orig9al ,ere:on1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,butl] depicts a community :i*1 f ! fe> t ma*9]y %\ld become too +5i\s1 & ev5tually dra9 away man's capacity = muscul> & m5tal action1 has ris5 9 revolt aga9/ ! automaton1 brok5 up all ma*9es :i* _h be5 9 use = less ?an #bgj ye>s--) ! exception ( specim5s res]v$ = ! national museums--& rev]t$ to h& lab\r4 ,8 treatm5t ( ! dang]s att5d+ ! increas$ employm5t ( lifeless me*anisms z a sub/itute = physical ef=t does n1 h[ev]1 %[ sympa?y ) ! ,ere:onians2 s9ce _! ab&onm5t ( inv5tion _h obvi\sly plac$ !m at ! m]cy ( any o!r race reta9+ ! devices s labori\sly p]fect$ dur+ ! ages4 ,& we1 on our "p1 %\ld be extremely sorry to "p ) ! inanimate help]s :i* 9 e pa? ( life r5d] ! act ( liv+ m com=table & less toilsome4 ,s dep5d5t are we on ma*9]y1 t we owe a d\ble debt to ! ma*9es :i* create ma*9es4 ,a big factory h\ses ! p>5ts :i* s5d out _! *ildr5 to c>e]s ( usefulness ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we (t5 =get1 9 our admiration ( ! (fspr+1 ! s\rce f :i* !y orig9at$4 ,our bicycles1 s admirably adapt$ to easy locomotion1 owe _! exi/5ce to a hundr$ delicate ma*9es4 ,! express eng9e1 hurry+ =w>d ov] ! iron way1 is b an assemblage ( p>ts :i* h be5 beat51 cut1 twi/$1 plan$1 & o!rwise h&l$ by mighty ma*9es1 ea* z wond]ful z ! locomotive itself4 ,b !n1 we don't see ^!4 ,?is & foll[+ *apt]s w !re=e be devot$ to a few peeps at ! great tools employ$ 9 ! _w's work%ops4 ,if y consid] a mom5t1 y w soon build up a =midable li/ ( objects 9 :i* circul>ity is a necess>y or desirable feature--:eels1 %afts1 plates1 legs ( tables1 walk+-/icks1 pill>s1 p>ts ( in/rum5ts1 wire1 & s on4 ,! ,h9du turn]1 ^: assi/ant revolves ) a /r+ a wood5 block c5tr$ betwe5 two %ort spik$ po/s let into ! gr\nd1 :ile he himself applies ! tool1 is at "o end ( ! scale ( la! us]s2 at ! o!r1 we h ! workman :o t5ds ! giant ma*9e sl[ly %ap+ ! ext]ior ( a #ab-;in* gun1 a propell] %aft1 or a m>ble column4 ,all aim at ! same object--p]fect rotundity ( surface4 ,! artisans ( ! ,middle ,ages h left u1 9 beautiful balu/]s & ca!dral scre5s1 ample pro(s t !y 7 skill$ workm5 ) ! ,,turn+-,,la!4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,hugu5ot p]secutions l>ge numb]s ( ,fr5* artific]s cross$ ! ,*annel to ,engl&1 br++ ) !m la!s :i* c\ld cut intricate figures by means ( :eels1 ecc5trics & o!r devices ( a comp>atively complicat$ k9d4 ,! ,fr5* _h und\bt$ly got f> ahead ( ! ,engli% 9 ?is bran* ( ! me*anical arts1 ow+1 no d\bt1 to ! fact t ! ,fr5* noblesse _h condesc5d$ to include turn]y among _! ari/ocratic hobbies4 ,) ! l>g] employm5t ( metal 9 all indu/ries ! ne$ = h&l+ x easily is increas$4 ,mu* great] accuracy g5]ally di/+ui%es metal z comp>$ ) woodwork4 ,9 turn+ a piece ( "w on ! old-fa%ion$ la!1 ! workman appli$ & guid$ 8 tool by means ( muscul> /r5g?4 ,! "w 0 made to revolve1 & ! turn]1 hold+ ! cutt+ tool firmly ^u ! long1 /raight1 guid+ edge ( ! re/1 along :i* he c>ri$ x1 & press+ its po9t firmly aga9/ ! article to be turn$1 0 ?us enabl$ to r$uce its surface to ! requir$ size & %ape4 ,"s dext]\s turn]s 7 able1 ) practice & c>efulness1 to execute v clev] pieces ( "w by ?is simple means4 ,b :5 ! article to be turn$ 0 ( consid]able size1 & especially :5 x 0 ( metal1 ! exp5diture ( muscul> /r5g? 0 s great t ! workman soon became exhau/$4 ,! slighte/ v>iation 9 ! pressure ( ! tool l$ to an irregul>ity ( surface2 & ) ! utmo/ c>e on ! workman's "p1 he c\ld n avoid occasionally cutt+ a little too deep1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* he mu/ necess>ily g ov] ! surface aga9 to r$uce ! :ole to ! level ( t accid5tally cut too deep1 & ?us possibly ! job w\ld be altoge!r spoil$ by ! diamet] ( ! article "u op]ation be+ made too small = its int5d$ purpose4#e ,any mod]n work] is sp>$ ?is lab\r & worry by ! device kn[n z ! ,,slide-,,re/4 ,its "n implies t x at once af=ds a rigid support = ! tool1 & also ! means ( trav]s+ ! tool 9 a /raight l9e p>allel to ! metal face on :i* "w is be+ done4 ,! introduction ( ! slide-re/ is due to ! +5uity ( ,mr4 ,h5ry ,maudslay1 :o1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 a =eman 9 ! work%op ( ,mr4 ,joseph ,bramah1 inv5tor ( ! fam\s hydraulic press & locks :i* be> 8 "n4 ,8 re/ c\ld be mov$ along ! b$ ( ! la! by a screw1 & clamp$ 9 any position desir$4 ,fell[-workm5 at fir/ spoke d]isively ( ,maudslay's g-c>t2 b m5 compet5t to judge its real value _h m k9dly words to say conc]n+ x1 :5 x _h be5 adapt$ to ma*9es ( v>i\s types = plan+ z well z turn+4 ,mr4 ,james ,nasmy? w5t s f> z to /ate t its influ5ce 9 improv+ & ext5d+ ! use ( ma*9]y has be5 z great z t produc$ by ! improvem5t ( ! /eam-eng9e 9 respect to p]fect+ manufactures & ext5d+ comm]ce1 inasmu* z )\t ! aid ( ! va/ accession to our p[] ( produc+ p]fect me*anism :i* x at once suppli$1 we c\ld nev] h work$ out into practical & pr(itable =ms ! conceptions ( ^? ma/] m9ds :o1 dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 h s successfully pione]$ ! way = mank9d4 ,! /eam-eng9e itself1 :i* supplies u ) su* unb\nd$ p[]1 owes its pres5t p]fection to ?is mo/ admirable means ( giv+ to metallic objects ! mo/ precise & p]fect geometrical =ms4 ,h[ c\ld we1 = in/ance1 h good /eam-eng9es if we _h n ! means ( bor+ out a true cyl9d]1 or turn+ a true pi/on-rod1 or plan+ a valve face8 ,x is ?is alone :i* has furni%$ u ) ! means ( c>ry+ into practice ! accumulat$ results ( sci5tific inve/igation on me*anical subjects4 ,! screw-cutt+ la! is s arrang$ t ! slide-re/ is mov$ along ) its tool at a uni=m spe$ by ge> :eels actuat$ by ! me*anism rotat+ ! object to be turn$4 ,by *ang+ ! :eels ! rate ( fe$ may be v>i$1 s t at e revolution ! tool travels f #a_/fd ( an in* upw>ds along ! surface ( its "w4 ,?is regul>ity ( action adds greatly to ! value ( ! slide-re/2 & ! screw device also enables ! workman to *ase a ?read ( absolutely con/ant pit* on a metal b>2 s t a screw-cutt+ la! is n only a %ap+ ma*9e b also ! equival5t ( a :ole arm\ry ( /ocks & dies4 ,"s la!s h re/s :i* c>ry sev]al tools held at diff]5t di/ances f its axis1 ! cuts foll[+ "o ano!r deep] & deep] into ! metal 9 a mann] exactly simil> to ! h>ve/+ ( a field ( corn by a succession ( reap+ ma*9es4 ,! rec5t improvem5ts 9 tool-/eel r5d] x possible to get a mu* deep] cut ?an =m]ly1 )\t fe> ( injury to ! tool f ov]heat+4 ,?is results 9 a huge sav+ ( "t4 ,= ! bor+ ( l>ge cyl9d]s an upright la! is g5]ally us$1 z ! weight ( ! metal might cause a dang]\s sag 7 ! cyl9d] atta*$ horizontally by "o end to a fac+-plate4 ,huge :eels c also be turn$ 9 ?is type ( ma*9e up to #bj feet or m 9 diamet]2 & :]e ! cross-b> c>ry+ ! tools is fitt$ ) sev]al tool-boxes1 two or m op]ations may be conduct$ simultane\sly1 su* z ! turn+ ( ! flange1 ! bor+ ( ! axle hole1 & ! fac+ ( ! rim sides4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,gun ,la!4 #aed feet long betwe5 c5tres1 = bor+ & turn+ guns :i*1 ) _! m\nt+s1 weigh #afe tons :5 complete4 ,! mak]s are ! ,niles-,bem5t-,pond ,co4 ( ,new ,york4 ,p]haps ! mo/ impos+ ( all la!s are ^? :i* h&le l>ge cannon & propell] %afts1 su* z may be se5 9 ! works ( ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong1 ,:itwor?1 & ,company2 ( ,messrs4 ,vick]s1 ,sons & ,maxim2 & ( o!r armam5t & %ipbuild+ firms4 ,! ,midvale ,/eel ,company h 9 _! %ops at ,hamilton1 ,ohio1 a mon/] bor+ la! :i* w take 9 a %aft #fj feet long1 #cj in*es 9 diamet]1 & bore a hole f "o end to ! o!r #ad in*es 9 diamet]4 ,to d ?is1 ! la! mu/ attack ! %aft at bo? ends simultane\sly1 z a s+le bor+ b> ( #fj feet w\ld n be /iff en\gh to keep ! hole cyl9drical4 ,! %aft is plac$ 9 a revolv+ *uck 9 ! c5tral portion ( ! la!--:i* has a total l5g? ( ov] #agj feet--& support$ fur!r by two revolv+ r+ re/s on ea* side t[>ds ! extremities4 ,) "w s heavy1 ! fe$+ up ( ! tool to its surface _c be done conv5i5tly by h& control1 & ! bor+ b>s are !re=e advanc$ by hydraulic pressure1 a v +5i\s arrangem5t ensur+ t ! pressure %all nev] become excessive4 ,p]haps ! type ( la! mo/ int]e/+ to ! layman is ! turret la!1 g5]ally us$ = ! manufacture ( articles turn$ out 9 great numb]s4 ,! head/ock--i4e4 ! revolv+ "p :i* grips ! object to be turn$--is holl[1 s t a rod may be pass$ "r ?r\gh x into ! vic9ity ( ! tools1 :i* are held 9 a hexagon turret1 "o tool project+ f ea* ( its sides4 ,:5 "o tool has be5 f9i%$ )1 ! workman does n h ! tr\ble ( tak+ x out ( ! re/ & putt+ ano!r 9 its place2 he m]ely turns ! turret r\nd1 & br+s ano!r in/rum5t opposite ! "w4 ,if ! object--say a wat]-cock--requires five op]ations p]=m+ on x 9 ! la!1 ! correspond+ tools are arrang$ 9 _! prop] ord] r\nd ! turret4 ,/ops are arrang$ s t z soon z any tool has advanc$ z f> z is necess>y a trip-action *ecks ! motion ( ! turret1 :i* is pull$ back & giv5 a turn to make x ready = ! next attack4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( ! turret la!1 p>ticul>ly ( ! automatic =m :i* %ifts r\nd ! tool-box )\t human int]v5tion1 is its p[] ( reliev+ ! op]ator ( ! purely me*anical "p ( 8 "w4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ! inside ( "s ( our l>ge work%ops w h notic$ m5 & boys :o make ! same ?+ all day & e day1 & are !mselves n f> remov$ f ma*9es4 ,! articles !y make are g5]ally small & v rapidly produc$1 & ! endless repetition ( ! same movem5ts on ! "p ( ! op]ator is v t$i\s to wat*1 & mu/ be inf9itely m s to p]=m4 ,su* an occupation is n elevat+1 & ^? engag$ 9 x _c take mu* int]e/ 9 _! "w1 or become fitt$ = a bett] position4 ,:5 ?is "w is done by an automatic la! ! ma*9e p]=ms ! necess>y op]ations1 & ! man supplies ! intellig5ce1 &1 by ex]cis+ 8 ?9k+ p[]s1 becomes m valuable to 8 employ]s & himself4 ,! introduction ( new ma*9es & me?ods g5]ally has a /imulat+ effect on ! :ole %op1 :atev] ! ,ere:onians might say4 ,! hubs & sp9dles ( bicycles are cut f ! solid b> by ^! automata2 ! t5d] has m]ely to fe$ !m ) metal1 & !y g on smoo?+1 %ap+1 & cutt+ (f until ! mat]ial is all us$ up4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* la!s l>gely acc\nts = ! l[ price ( our useful metal /e$s at ! pres5t "t4 ,a great am\nt ( %ap+ is n[ done by mill+ cutt]s 9 pref]5ce to firmly-fix$ edg$ tools4 ,! cutt] is a rod or disc :i* has its sides1 end1 or circumf]5ce s]rat$ ) deep tee?1 %ap$ to ! section ( ! cut ne$$4 ,revolv+ at a trem5d\s spe$1 x quickly bites its way into any?+ x meets j s f> z a /op all[s x to g4 ,"o ( ! mo/ +5i\s ma*9es to :i* ! mill+ tool has be5 fitt$ is ! well-kn[n ,blan*>d la!1 :i* copies1 g5]ally 9 wood1 repetitive "w1 su* z ! /ocks = guns & rifles4 ,! la! has two sets ( c5tres--"o = ! copy1 ! o!r = ! model--p>allel on ! same b$1 & turn$ at equal spe$s & 9 ! same direction by a tra9 ( ge> :eels4 ,! mill+ cutt] is atta*$ to a frame1 f :i* a disc projects1 & is press$ by a spr+ aga9/ ! model4 ,z ! latt] revolves1 its irregul> %ape causes ! disc1 frame1 & cutt] to move t[>ds or away f its c5tre1 & !re=e t[>ds or away f ! c5tre ( ! copy1 :i* has all sup]fluities :isk$ (f by ! cutt]4 ,! frame is gradually mov$ along ! model1 reproduc+ 9 ! r\gh block a section simil> to ! "p ( ! model :i* x has rea*$4 ,! self-c5tr+ *uck is an accessory :i* has prov$ invaluable = sav+ "t4 ,x may mo/ easily be describ$ z a circul> plate :i* screws on to ! inn] end ( ! m&rel 7! sp9dle imp>t+ motion to ! object be+ ma*9$7 & has 9 its face ?ree slots radiat+ f ! c5tre at angles ( #abj4 ,9 ea* slot slides a /epp$ jaw1 ! "u side ( :i* is scor$ ) conc5tric grooves engag+ ) a helical scroll turn$ by a key & worm ge> act+ on its circumf]5ce4 ,! jaws approa* or rec$e f ! c5tre symmetrically1 s t if a circul> object is gripp$1 its c5tre w be 9 l9e ) ! axis ( ! la!4 ,:e!r = gripp+ a t9y drill or a l>ge :eel1 ! self-c5tr+ *uck is indisp5sable4 ,,plan+-,,ma*9es ,n less important 9 eng9e]+ ?an ! truly curv$ surface is ! true plane1 9 :i*1 z ,euclid w\ld say1 any two po9ts be+ tak51 ! /raight l9e betwe5 !m lies :olly 9 t sup]ficies4 ,! la! dep5ds = its effici5cy on ! p]fect flatness ( all areas :i* %\ld be flat--! guides1 ! surface plates1 ! bottom & sides ( ! head/ock1 &1 above all1 ( ! slide re/4 ,= mak+ plane metal sup]ficies1 a ma*9e mu/ fir/ be con/ruct$ :i* itself is above suspicion2 b :5 once built x creates ma*9es l itself1 capable ( reproduc+ o!rs ad inf9itum4 ,_m amateur c>p5t]s pride !mselves on ! beautiful smoo?ness ( ! bo>ds ov] :i* !y h run _! jack planes4 ,yet1 z comp>$ ) ! b$ ( a la!1 _! be/ "w w appe> v inaccurate4 ,! eng9e]'s plan+-ma*9e 9 no way resembles its wood5 relative4 ,9 ! place ( a blade project+ j a little way ?r\gh a surface :i* prev5ts x f cutt+ too deep into ! sub/ance ov] :i* x is mov+1 we h a /eel *isel v simil> to ! cutt+ tools ( a la! atta*$ to a frame pass+ up & d[n ov] a b$ to :i* ! memb] hold+ ! *isel is p]fectly p>allel4 ,! article to be plan$ is rigidly atta*$ to ! b$ & travels ) x4 ,betwe5 e two /rokes ! tool is automatically mov$ sideways1 s t no two cuts %all be 9 ! same l9e4 ,aft] ! :ole surface has be5 r\gh$1 a f9i%+ cutt] is br\ght 9 action1 & ! process is repeat$ ) ! bus9ess edge ( ! tool r ne>] to ! b$4 ,joseph ,clem5t1 a contempor>y ( ,babbage1 ,maudslay1 & ,nasmy?1 is usually reg>d$ z ! inv5tor ( ! plan+-ma*9e4 ,by #ahbe he _h f9i%$ a plan]1 9 :i* ! tool 0 /ation>y & ! "w mov+ "u x on a roll+ b$4 ,two cutt]s 7 atta*$ to ! ov]head cross rail1 s t travel 9 ei!r direction might be utilis$4 ,! b$ ( ! ma*9e1 on :i* ! "w 0 laid1 pass$ "u ! cutt]s on p]fectly true roll]s or :eels1 lodg$ & held 9 _! be>+s z accurately z ! be/ m&rel c\ld be1 & hav+ set screws act+ aga9/ _! ends1 totally prev5t+ all end-motion4 ,! ma*9e 0 b$d$ on a massive & solid f\ndation ( masonry 9 heavy blocks1 ! support at all po9ts be+ s complete z effectually to de/roy all t5d5cy to vibration1 ) ! object ( secur+ full1 r\nd1 & quiet cuts4 ,! roll]s on :i* ! plan+-ma*9e travell$ 7 s true1 t ,clem5t himself us$ to say ( !m1 ,if y 7 to put a pap] %av+ "u "o ( ! roll]s x w\ld at once /op ! re/4 ,nor 0 ?is an exagg]ation--! entire me*anism1 not)/&+ its great size1 be+ z true & accurate z a wat*4#f ,mr4 ,clem5t next made a revolv+ atta*m5t = ! b$1 9 :i* bodies c\ld be revolv$ "u ! cutt]1 on an axis p>allel to ! direction ( travel4 ,accord+ to ! wi% ( ! op]ator1 ! object 0 conv]t$ into a cyl9d]1 cone1 or prism by its movem5ts "u ! plan+-tool4 ,s effici5t 0 ! ma*9e t x e>n$ its mak] upw>ds ( t5 p\nds a day1 at ! rate ( ab\t eighte5 %ill+s a squ>e foot1 until rivals appe>$ 9 ! field & f9ally r$uc$ ! co/ ( plan+ to a few p5ce = ! same area4 ,!re are two ma9 patt]ns ( planes n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,! fir/ foll[s ! orig9al design ( ,clem5t2 ! second has a fix$ b$ b a mov+ tool4 ,:]e ! "w is v heavy1 z 9 ! case ( arm\r-plates = battle%ips1 ! p[] requir$ to sudd5ly rev]se ! motion ( a va/ mass ( metal is enorm\s1 _m times great] ?an ! en]gy exp5d$ on ! actual plan+4 ,= ?is reason ! mov+-b$ ma*9es h _h to be greatly improv$2 & 9 "s cases replac$ by fix$-b$ plan]s4 ,x is an impressive sight to wat* "o ( ^! huge me*anisms r$uc+ a r\gh plate1 weigh+ tw5ty tons or m1 to a smoo?ness :i* w\ld %ame ! be/ billi>d table4 ,! ma*9e1 :i* t[]s ?irty feet into ! air & completely dw>fs ! att5dant1 :o has x z ?or\ghly "u control z if x 7 a small file1 bites great %9+ /rips =ty feet long1 maybe1 (f ! surface ( ! passive metal1 & leaves a s]ies ( grooves z truly p>allel z ! art ( man c make !m4 ,!re is no fuss1 no /ick+1 no /op1 no noise2 ! =ce ( electricity or /eam1 transmitt$ ?r\gh wond]fully cut & arrang$ ge>-:eels1 is irresi/ible4 ,! tool1 s h>d t a j\rney ?r\gh _m miles ( /eel has no appreciable effect on its edge1 %e>s its way remorselessly ov] ! surface :i* pres5tly may be temp]$ to a t\ghness resembl+ its own4 ,if y want to re%>p5 ! tool1 x w be no good to attack x ) any kn[n metal4 ,b some:]e 9 ! works !re is a ma*9e ^: buzz+ em]y-:eels are m ?an a mat* = x1 & rapidly gr9d ! blunt$ edge into its =m] %ape1 s t x is ready to flay ano!r plate1 "o sk9 at a "t4 ,plan+-ma*9es are ( _m %apes4 ,"s h an upright on ea* side ( ! b$ limit+ ! wid? ( ! "w !y c take2 o!rs are op5-sid$1 "o support ( extra /r5g? replac+ ! two1 enabl+ ! introduction ( a plate twice z broad z ! b$4 ,o!rs1 aga91 are built on ! v]ge ( a pit1 s t !y may cut ! edges ( an up-end$ plate1 & make x fit aga9/ its fell[s s truly t y c\ld n slip a %eet ( pap] edgeways betwe5 !m4 ,?us has man1 s frail & delicate 9 himself1 %ap$ metal till x c torture its k9d to suit 8 w1 :i* he makes kn[n to x by op5+ ?is valve or pull+ on t lev]4 ,n only does he flay x1 b pi]ces x ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 twi/s x into all mann] ( %apes2 hacks masses (f z easily z he w\ld cut slices f a loaf2 squeezes x 9 t]rible presses to a fraction ( its orig9al ?ickness2 & o!rwise s treats x t we are glad t our sci5tific obs]vations h z yet discov]$ no s5ti5ce 9 ! sub/ances r$uc$ to our s]vice4 ,,! ,,/eam ,,hamm] ,! ,sc&9avian god ,?or 0 a m>vell\s blacksmi?4 ,?ursday %\ld rem9d u weekly ( ,od9's son1 f ^: hamm] fla%$ ! lightn+2 &1 ?r\gh him1 ( ,vulcan1 toil+ at 8 smi?y 9 ! crat] ( ,vesuvius4 ,9 spite ( ! pictures drawn = u by pagan my?ologi/s ( _! god-smi?s1 we are left ) ! d\bt :e!r ^! be+s1 if mat]ialis$1 might n !mselves be some:at al>m$ by ! /eam hamm] :i* m]e mortals wield s easily4 ,! =ge is )\t dispute ! %[-place ( a big factory1 :]e huge blocks ( metal feel ! heavy h& ( /eam4 ,z *ildr5 we wat*$ ! blacksmi? at 8 anvil1 attract$ & yet half-t]rifi$ by ! sp>k-%[]s fly+ f a :ite-hot horse%oe4 ,& ev5 ! adult1 long us$ to />tl+ sights1 might well be fasc9at$ & dismay$ by ! t]rific bl[s dealt on gl[+ +ots by ! me*anical sl$ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,a /eam hamm] at "w 9 ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 =g+ a /eel +ot = ! inn] tube ( a big gun4 ,x deliv]s a bl[ equival5t to ! mom5tum ( a fall+ mass weigh+ #djjj tons4 ,z spee* is inaudible1 ! =eman gives h& signals to direct 8 m51 :o we> l>ge canvas f+]less gloves to protect _! h&s f ! int5se heat4 ,james ,nasmy?1 ! inv5tor ( ?is useful ma*9e1 0 ! son ( a l&scape pa9t]1 :o f 8 e>lie/ y\? _h tak5 great int]e/ 9 sci5tific & me*anical subjects ( all k9ds4 ,at fifte5 he made a /eam-eng9e to gr9d 8 fa!r's pa9ts1 & five ye>s lat] a /eam c>riage t ran _m a mile ) eight p]sons on x4 ,aft] keep+ x 9 action two mon?s1 he says 9 an acc\nt ( 8 e>ly life1 to ! satisfaction ( all :o 7 int]e/$ 9 x1 my fri5ds all[$ me to dispose ( x1 & ,i sold x--a great b>ga9--aft] :i* ! eng9e 0 us$ 9 driv+ a small factory4 ,i may m5tion t 9 t eng9e ,i employ$ ! wa/e /eam to cause an increas$ draught by its dis*>ge up ! *imney4 ,?is important use ( wa/e /eam _h be5 introduc$ by ,george ,/eph5son "s ye>s be=e1 ?\gh entirely unkn[n to me4 ,?is int]e/+ peep at ! infancy ( ! motor c>riage reveals me*anical capabilities ( no mean ord] 9 "y ,james4 ,he soon ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,mr4 ,jo%ua ,field1 ,h5ry ,maudslay's p>tn]1 & 9 #ahcd set up a bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt at ,man*e/]4 ,at ?is date ! ne>e/ approa* to ! mod]n /eam hamm] 0 ! tilt hamm]1 op]at$ by horse-1 wat]-1 or /eam-p[]4 ,x resembl$ an ord9>y h& hamm] on a v l>ge scale1 b z x c\ld be rais$ only a small di/ance above its anvil1 x became less effective z ! size ( ! "w increas$1 ow+ to ! fall be+ gagg$4 ,9 #ahcg ,mr4 ,nasmy? int]view$ ! directors ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,/eam%ip ,company ) reg>d to ! manufacture ( "s unusually p[]ful tools :i* !y ne$$ = =g+ ! paddle-%aft ( ! ,great ,brita94 ,z ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e _h dem&$ ! improvem5t ( turn+ me?ods1 s n[ ! increase 9 ! size ( /eamboats %[$ ! insuffici5cy ( =g+ ma*9]y4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? put on 8 ?9k+-cap4 ,evid5tly ! ?+ ne$$ 0 a me?od = rais+ a v heavy mass ( metal easily to a good height1 s t its great weight might fall ) cru%+ =ce on ! object betwe5 x & ! anvil4 ,h[ to raise x8 ,brilliant idea6 ,/eam6 ,9 a mom5t ,nasmy? _h m5tally pictur$ an inv]t$ /eam cyl9d] re/$ on a solid upright ov]hang+ ! anvil & a block ( iron atta*$ to its pi/on-rod4 ,all t w\ld !n be necess>y 0 to admit /eam to ! "u side ( ! pi/on until ! block _h ris5 to its full height1 & to sudd5ly op5 a valve :i* w\ld cut (f ! /eam supply & all[ ! vap\r already 9 ! cyl9d] to escape4 ,by ! next po/ he s5t a sket* to ! company1 :o approv$ 8 design he>tily1 b 7 unable to use x1 s9ce ! ne$ = ! paddle-%aft _h already be5 nullifi$ by ! sub/itution ( a screw z ! motive p[] ( _! %ip4 ,poor ,nasmy? knew t he _h discov]$ a good ?+1 b ,briti% =ge-ma/]s1 ) a want ( orig9ality t am\nt$ to %e] bl9d /upidity1 refus$ to look at ! innovation4 ,we h n ord]s en\gh to keep 9 "w ! =ge-hamm]s we h1 !y wrote1 & we don't want any new ones1 h[ev] improv$ !y may be4 ,8 inv5tion1 !re=e1 appe>$ doom$ to failure4 ,help1 h[ev]1 came f ,france 9 ! p]son ( ,mr4 ,s*neid]1 f\nd] ( ! fam\s ,creusot ,iron ,works1 notori\s aft]w>ds z ! bir?place ( ! ,bo] ,long ,toms4 ,mr4 ,nasmy? happ5$ to be away :5 ,mr4 ,s*neid] & a fri5d call$ at ! ,man*e/] works1 b 8 p>tn]1 ,mr4 ,gaskell1 %[$ ! ,fr5* visitors r\nd ! works1 & also told !m ( ! propos$ /eam hamm]4 ,! designs 7 br\ght out1 s t its details might be cle>ly expla9$4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds ,nasmy? return$ ! visit1 & saw 9 ! ,creusot ,works a crank-%aft s l>ge t he ask$ h[ x _h be5 =g$4 ,by means ( y\r /eam hamm]1 came ! reply4 ,y may imag9e ,nasmy?'s surprise on f9d+ ! v ma*9e at "w 9 ,france :i* 8 own c\ntrym5 _h s despis$1 & 8 delight ov] its obvi\s success4 ,on return+ home he at once rais$ money en\gh to secure a pat5t1 protect$ 8 inv5tion1 & began to manufacture :at has be5 describ$ z "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( artificial ma*9es & noble/ triumphs ( m9d ov] matt] t mod]n ,engli% eng9e]s h develop$4 ,a few weeks saw ! fir/--a #cj-;cwt4--hamm] at "w4 ,p flock$ to wat* its precision1 its beauty ( action1 & ! complet5ess ( control :i* c\ld arre/ x at any po9t ( its desc5t s in/antane\sly z to crack )\t sma%+ a nut laid on ! anvil4 ,its advantages 7 s obvi\s t its adoption soon became g5]al1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s ,nasmy? /eam hamm]s 7 to be f\nd 9 e well-appo9t$ work%op bo? at home & abroad4#g ,nasmy?'s inv5tion 0 improv$ ^u 9 #ahec by ,mr4 ,rob]t ,wilson1 8 p>tn] & successor4 ,he add$ an automatic arrangem5t :i* rais$ ! tup1 or head1 automatically f ! metal x /ruck1 s t "t 0 sav$ & loss ( heat to ! +ot 0 also avoid$4 ,! beauty ( ! balance valve1 z x 0 call$1 w be m cle>ly und]/ood if we rememb] t ! travel ( ! hamm] is con/antly increas+ z ! piece on ! anvil becomes ?9n] "u successive bl[s4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ?is v +5i\s valve e v>iety ( bl[ c\ld be dealt4 ,by simply alt]+ ! position ( a tappet lev] by means ( two screws1 a bl[ ( ! exact =ce requir$ c\ld be repeat$ an indef9ite numb] ( times4 ,x became a fav\rite amusem5t to place a w9e-glass conta9+ an egg ^u ! anvil1 & let ! block desc5d ^u x ) its quick motion2 & s nice 0 its adju/m5t1 & s delicate its me*anism1 t ! great block1 weigh+ p]haps sev]al tons1 c\ld be he>d play+ tap1 tap ^u ! egg )\t ev5 crack+ ! %ell1 :51 at a signal giv5 to ! man 9 *>ge1 d[n w\ld come ! great mass1 & ! egg & glass w\ld be app>5tly1 z ,walt] ,savage ,l&or has x1 'bla/$ into space4'#h ,lat] on ,mr4 ,wilson add$ an equally important feature 9 ! %ape ( a d\ble-action h&-ge>1 :i* caus$ ! /eam to act on ! top z well z ! bottom ( ! pi/on1 ?us m ?an d\bl+ ! effect ( ! hamm]4 ,! l>ge/ hamm] ev] made 0 t erect$ by ! ,be?lehem ,iron ,company ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,! tup weigh$ #abe tons4 ,aft] be+ 9 use = ?ree ye>s ! own]s consign$ x to ! scrap-heap1 z inf]ior to ! hydraulic press = ! manufacture ( arm\r-plate1 ?\gh x _h co/ !m #ej1jjj4 ,!y !n erect$ 9 its /ead1 = an equal sum ( money1 a #ad1jjj-ton pressure hydraulic press1 :i* fitly succe$s x z ! mo/ p[]ful ( its k9d 9 ! _w4 ,! *ange 0 made = ?ree reasons4 ,fir/1 t ! impact ( s huge a block ( metal necessitates ! anvil be+ _m times z heavy1 & ev5 !n ! %ock to surr\nd+ ma*9]y may be v sev]e4 ,secondly1 ! l>g] ! =g+ to be hamm]$1 ! less is ! reaction ( ! anvil1 s t all ! =ce ( ! bl[ t5ds to be absorb$ by ! side fac+ ! hamm]2 :]eas ) a small b> ! anvil's in]tia w\ld h almo/ z mu* effect z ! actual bl[4 ,?irdly1 ! bl[ ( ! hamm] is s in/antane\s t ! metal has n "t to fl[ prop]ly1 & ?is leads to imp]fect =g+s1 ! surface ( :i* may h be5 crack$4 ,= v l>ge "w1 !re=e1 ! hamm] is go+ out ( fa%ion & ! press com+ 91 ?\gh = light] jobs x is /ill widely us$4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject we may glance at ! d\ble-head$ horizontal hamm]1 su* z is to be f\nd 9 ! =ge-%op ( ! ,horwi* ,railway ,works4 ,two hamm]s1 c>ri$ on rails & roll]s1 advance 9 unison f ea* side & p\nd "w laid on a support betwe5 !m4 ,ea* acts z anvil to ! o!r1 :ile do+ its full %>e ( ! "w4 ,s t n only is a great deal ( weight sav$1 b %ocks are almo/ entirely absorb$2 :ile ! fact t ea* hamm] ne$ make a bl[ ( only half ! l5g? ( :at w\ld be requir$ f a s+le hamm]1 enables twice z _m bl[s to be deliv]$ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,,hydraulic ,,tools ,be=e discuss+ ^! 9 detail we %all d well to trace ! hi/ory ( ! ,bramah press1 :i* may be said to be _! p>5t1 s9ce ! pr9ciple employ$ 9 mo/ hydraulic devices = ! work%op1 z also ! idea ( us+ wat] z a means ( transmitt+ p[] "u pressure1 are ju/ly attribut$ to ,joseph ,bramah4 ,if y take a dive into ! sea & fall flat on ! surface in/ead ( ent]+ at ! graceful angle y int5d$1 y w feel = "s "t aft]w>ds z if an enemy _h slapp$ y viol5tly on ! *e/ & /oma*4 ,y h le>nt by sad exp]i5ce t wat]1 :i* seems to (f] s little resi/ance to a body drawn sl[ly ?r\gh x1 is rem>kably h>d if /ruck viol5tly4 ,9 fact1 if enclos$1 x becomes m incompressible ?an /eel1 )\t 9 any way los+ its fluidity4 ,we possess 9 wat]1 !re=e1 a v useful ag5t = transmitt+ en]gy f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,%ove "o end ( a column ( wat]1 & x gives a pu% to any?+ at its o!r end2 b !n x mu/ be enclos$ 9 a tube to guide its op]ation4 ,by a natural law all fluids press ev5ly on e unit ( a surface t conf9es !m4 ,y may put s& into a bucket ) a bottom ( c>dbo>d & beat h>d ^u ! surface ( ! s& )\t knock+ out ! bottom4 ,! friction betwe5 ! s& p>ticles & ! bucket's sides entirely absorbs ! bl[4 ,b if wat] 7 sub/itut$ = s& & /ruck ) an object t j fitt$ ! bucket s z to prev5t ! escape ( liquid1 ! bottom1 & sides1 too1 w\ld be ripp$ op54 ,! writ] ( ?is book once fir$ a c&le out ( a gun at a h]metically seal$ t9 ( wat] to see :at ! effect w\ld be4 7,ano!r c&le _h already be5 fir$ ?r\gh an iron plate #a_/d ( an in* ?ick47 ,! impact slightly compress$ ! wat] 9 ! t91 :i* gave back all ! en]gy 9 a recoil :i* split ! %eet metal op5 & flung portions ( x _m feet into ! air4 ,b ! c&le nev] got ?r\gh ! side4 ,?is af=ds a v good idea ( ! almo/ absolute incompressibility ( a liquid4 ,we may n[ return to hi/ory4 ,joseph ,bramah 0 born 9 #agdh at ,b>nsley1 9 ,york%ire4 ,z ! son ( a f>m lab\r] 8 lot 9 life w\ld probably h be5 to foll[ ! pl\gh _h n an accid5t to 8 "r ankle compell$ him to e>n 8 liv+ 9 "s o!r way4 ,he !re=e turn$ c>p5t] & develop$ su* an aptitude = me*anics t we f9d him1 :5 =ty ye>s old1 manufactur+ ! locks ) :i* 8 "n is associat$1 & six ye>s lat] exp]im5t+ ) ! hydraulic press4 ,?is may be describ$ simply z a l>ge cyl9d] 9 :i* works a solid pi/on ( a diamet] almo/ equal to t ( ! bore1 connect$ to a =ce pump4 ,e /roke ( ! pump drives a little wat] into ! cyl9d]1 & z ! wat] pressure is ! same ?r\gh\t1 ! total /ress on ! pi/on end is equal to t on ! pump plung] multipli$ by ! numb] ( times t ! "o exce$s ! o!r 9 area4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! plung] is "o in* 9 diamet] & ! pi/on "o foot1 & t a man drives d[n ! plung] ) a =ce ( #a1jjj lbs41 !n ! total pressure on ! pi/on end w be #add #a1jjj lbs42 b = e in* t ! plung] has travell$ ! pi/on moves only #a_/add ( an in*1 ?us illu/rat+ ! law t :at is ga9$ 9 "t is lo/ 9 p[]1 & vice v]s4 ,! great difficulty enc\nt]$ by ,bramah 0 ! prev5tion ( leakage betwe5 ! pi/on & ! cyl9d] walls4 ,if he pack$ x s tightly t no wat] c\ld pass1 !n ! pi/on jamm$2 if ! pack+ 0 eas$1 !n ! leak recomm5c$4 ,bramah tri$ all mann] ( exp$i5ts )\t success4 ,at la/ 8 =eman1 ,h5ry ,maudslay--already m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! la! slide-re/--conceiv$ an idea :i* %[$ real g5ius by reason ( its v simplicity4 ,:y n1 he said1 let ! wat] itself give suffici5t tightness to ! pack+1 :i* mu/ be a coll> ( /\t lea!r ) an inv]t$ ,u-%ap$ section8 ,?is sugge/ion sav$ ! situation4 ,a recess 0 turn$ 9 ! neck ( ! cyl9d] at ! po9t =m]ly occupi$ by ! /uff+-box1 & into ?is ! coll> 0 set1 ! edges po9t+ d[nw>ds4 ,:5 wat] ent]$ "u pressure x =c$ ! edges 9 diff]5t directions1 "o aga9/ ! pi/on1 ! o!r aga9/ ! wall ( ! recess1 ) a degree ( tightness proportion$ to ! pressure4 ,z soon z ! pressure 0 remov$ ! coll> collaps$1 & all[$ ! pi/on to pass back into ! cyl9d] )\t friction4 ,a simil> device1 to turn to small] ?+s = a mom5t1 is employ$ 9 a cycle tyre inflat]1 a cup-%ap$ lea!r be+ atta*$ to ! re> end ( ! pi/on to seal x dur+ ! pressure /roke1 ?\gh act+ z an inlet valve = ! suction /roke4 ,:at we owe to ,joseph ,bramah & ,h5ry ,maudslay = _! jo9t inv5tion--! hon\r mu/ be divid$1 l t ( design+ ! /eam hamm] betwe5 ,nasmy? & ,wilson--x w\ld inde$ be h>d to e/imate4 ,:]ev] /eady b enorm\s ef=t is requir$ = lift+ huge gird]s1 h\ses1 %ips2 = =c+ :eels (f _! axles2 = elevators2 = advanc+ ! bor+ %ield ( a tunnel2 = compress+ hay1 wool1 cotton1 wood1 ev5 metal2 = rivet+1 b5d+1 drill+ /eel plates--!re y w f9d "s modification ( ! hydraulic press useful1 if n indisp5sable4 ,h[ev]1 z we are n[ prep>$ = a consid]ation ( details1 we may return to our work%op1 & see :at wat] is do+ !re4 ,outside /&s a cyl9drical object _m feet broad & high1 :i* c move up & d[n 9 v]tical guides4 ,if y peep und]nea?1 y notice ! %9+ /eel %aft :i* supports ! entire weight ( ?is tank or c(f] fill$ ) heavy articles--/ones1 scrap iron1 etc4 ,! %aft is ! pi/on-plung] ( a v long cyl9d] connect$ by pipes to pump+ eng9es & hydraulic ma*9es4 ,x & ! mass x be>s up s]ves z a res]voir ( en]gy4 ,if ! pump+ eng9es 7 c\pl$ up directly to ! hydraulic tools1 :5ev] a workman desir$ to use a press1 drill1 or /amp1 z ! case might be1 he w\ld h to s5d a signal to ! eng9e-man to />t ! pumps1 & ano!r signal to tell him :5 to /op4 ,?is w\ld lead to great wa/e ( "t1 & a dang] ( injur+ ! tackle f ov] driv+4 ,b ) an accumulator !re is always a supply ( wat] "u pressure at comm&1 = z soon z ! ram is ne>ly d[n1 ! eng9es are automatically />t$ to pump x up aga94 ,9 %ort1 ! accumulator is to hydraulic ma*9]y :at _! bag is to bagpipes1 or ! air res]voir to an organ4 ,9 l>ge t[ns high-pressure wat] is di/ribut$ ?r\gh special ma9s by companies :o make a bus9ess ( supply+ factories1 eng9e]+ works1 & o!r places :]e !re is ne$ = x1 ?\gh n suffici5t ne$ to ju/ify ! occupi]s 9 lay+ d[n special pump+ plant4 ,london c boa/ five c5tral di/ribut+ /ations1 :]e eng9es ( #f1ejj h4p4 are engag$ 9 keep+ n9e l>ge accumulators full to fe$ #abj miles ( pipes v>y+ 9 diamet] f sev5 in*es d[nw>ds4 ,! pressure is #gjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,liv]pool has tw5ty-?ree miles ( pipes "u #hej lbs4 pressure2 ,man*e/] sev5te5 miles "u #a1ajj lbs4 ,to ^! may be add$ ,glasg[1 ,hull1 ,birm+ham1 ,g5eva1 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 ,antw]p1 & _m o!r l>ge cities 9 bo? ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= v special purposes1 su* z mak+ metal =g+s1 pressures up to twelve tons to ! squ>e in* may be requir$4 ,to produce ?is int5sifi]s are us$1 i4e4 presses work$ f ! ord9>y hydraulic ma9s :i* pump wat] into a cyl9d] ( l>g] diamet] connect$ ) ! =g+ press4 ,! l>ge/ ,engli% =g+ press is to be f\nd 9 ! ,op5%aw ,works ( ,sir ,w4 ,g4 ,arm/rong1 ,:itwor?1 & ,company4 ,its duty is to consolidate arm\r-plate +ots by squeez+1 prep>atory to _! pass+ ?r\gh ! roll+ mills4 ,x has "o huge ram #gh in*es 9 diamet]1 into ! cyl9d] ( :i* wat] is pump$ by eng9es ( #d1jjj h4p41 "u a pressure ( #f1gbj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 :i* gives a total ram =ce ( #ab1jjj tons4 ,x has a total height ( #cc feet1 is #bb feet wide1 & #age feet long1 & weighs #a1bhj tons4 ,on ea* side ( ! anvil is a tr5* fitt$ ) plat=ms & ma*9]y = mov+ ! +ot across ! +ot block4 ,two #ajj-ton electric cranes ) hydraulic lift+ cyl9d]s s]ve ! press4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,huge ,,hydraulic ,,press ,! #ab1jjj-ton pressure ,:itwor? ,hydraulic ,press1 us$ = consolidat+ /eel +ots = arm\r-plat+4 ,wat] is =c$ into ! ram cyl9d] at a pressure ( ?ree tons to ! squ>e in*4 ,notice ! man to ! left ( ! press4 ,! ,be?lehem ,works squeez] has two rams1 ea* ( mu* small] diamet] ?an ! ,arm/rong-,:itwor?1 b op]at$ by a #aj-a_/b tons pressure to ! squ>e in*4 ,x h&les +ots ( ov] #abj tons weight = arm\r-plat+4 ,9 #ahie ,mr4 ,william ,corey1 ( ,pittsburg1 took out a pat5t = t\gh5+ nickel /eel plates by subject+ !m1 :ile heat$ to a temp]ature ( #b1jjj ,f41 to great compression1 :i* elongates !m only slightly1 ?\gh r$uc+ _! ?ickness consid]ably4 ,! heat+ ( a l>ge plate takes f t5 to tw5ty h\rs2 x is !n ready to be plac$ betwe5 ! jaws ( ! big press1 :i* are ab\t a foot wide4 ,! plate is mov$ =w>d betwe5 ! jaws aft] ea* /roke until ! entire surface has be5 treat$4 ,at "o /roke a #ag-;in* plate is r$uc$ to #af in*es1 & subsequ5t squeez+s give x a f9al ?ickness ( #ad in*es4 ,its l5g? has mean:ile increas$ f #af to #ah-a_/b feet1 or 9 t proportion1 :ile its bread? has rema9$ practically unalt]$4 ,a simple sum %[s t metal :i* orig9ally occupi$ #cb-b_/c cubic in*es has n[ be5 compress$ into #ca cubic in*es4 ,?is alt]ation be+ effect$ )\t any injury to ! surface1 a plate v t\gh inside & v h>d outside is made4 ,! plate is next reheat$ to #a1cej ,f41 & all[$ to cool v gradually to a l[ temp]ature to anneal x4 ,!n once aga9 ! furnaces are />t$ to br+ x back to #a1cej1 :5 cold wat] is squirt$ all ov] ! surface to give x a prop] temp]4 ,if x b5ds & w>ps at all dur+ ?is process1 a slight reheat+ & a second treatm5t 9 ! press re/ores its %ape4 ,! hydraulic press is also us$ = b5d+ or /amp+ plates 9 all mann]s ( =ms4 ,y may see #h-;in* /eel slabs be+ quietly squeez$ 9 a pair ( huge dies till !y h atta9$ a semicircul> %ape1 to fit !m = ! protection ( a man-(-w>'s big-gun turret2 or ?9n] /uff hav+ its ends turn$ ov] to make a flange2 or /ill sl5d]] metal /amp$ into ! %ape ( a complete /eel boat1 z easily z ! t9smi? /amps t>tlet m\lds4 ,9 ano!r work%op a pair ( massive jaws work$ by wat] p[] are break+ up iron pigs into pieces suitable = ! melt+ furnace4 ,! manufacture ( munitions ( w> also calls = ! aid ( ?is p[]ful ally4 ,take ! field-gun & its ammunition4 ,! gun itself is a /eel b>rel1 hydraulically =g$1 & aft]w>ds wire-w\nd2 ! c>riage is built up ( /eel plates1 flang$ & %ap$ 9 hydraulic presses2 ! :eels h _! naves compos$ ( hydraulically flang$ & corrugat$ /eel discs1 & ev5 ! tyres are =c$ on cold by hydraulic tyre-sett]s1 ! rams ( :i* are p[]ful en\gh to r$uce ! diamet] ( ! weld$ tyre until ! latt] tightly nips ! :eel4 ,! %ells = ! gun are pun*$ & drawn by p[]ful hydraulic presses1 & ! copp] driv+-b&s are fix$ on ! projectiles 9 special hydraulic presses4 ,quick-fir+ c>tridge-cases are capp$1 drawn1 & head$ by an hydraulic press1 ^: huge mass always impresses ! un9itiat$ z absurdly out ( proportion to ! small size ( ! f9i%$ case1 & f9ally ! cordite fir+ *>ge is dep5d5t on hydraulic presses = its d5sity & %ape4#i ,! press = plac+ ! driv+-b& on a %ell is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,aft] ! %ell has be5 %ap$ & its ext]ior turn$ smoo? & true1 a groove is cut r\nd x ne> ! re> end4 ,into ?is groove a b& ( copp] is =c$ to prev5t ! leakage ( gas f ! fir+ *>ge pa/ ! %ell1 & also to bite ! rifl+ :i* imp>ts a rotatory motion to ! %ell4 ,! press = p]=m+ ! op]ation has six cyl9d]s & rams arrang$ spoke-wise inside a massive /eel r+2 ! rams c>ry+ concave heads :i*1 :5 ! full /roke is made1 meet at ! c5tre s z to =m a complete circle4 ,pressure is admitt$1 says ,mr4 ,pet*1 to ! cyl9d]s by copp] pipes connect$ up to a circul> di/ribut+ pipe4 ,! press takes wat] f ! #gjj-p\nds ma9 = ! fir/ #c_/h-;in* ( ! /roke1 & = ! la/ #a_/h-;in* wat] pressure at #c tons p] squ>e in* is us$4 ,! total pressure on all ! rams to b& a #f-;in* %ell is only #fjj tons1 b = a #ab-;in* %ell no less ?an #b1hjj tons is necess>y4 ,,electric ,,tools ,,9 ,a ,,%ipy>d ,( late ye>s electricity has tak5 a v prom95t "p 9 work%op equipm5t1 on acc\nt ( ! ease ) :i* x c be appli$ to a ma*9e1 ! fre$om f belt+ & ov]head ge> :i* x gives1 & its great] economy4 ,9 a la!-%op1 :]e only half ! la!s may be 9 motion at a "t1 ! %aft+ & ! belts = ! total numb] is con/antly :irl+1 absorb+ uselessly a lot ( p[]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a sep>ate motor be fitt$ to ea* la!1 ! workman c swit* x on & (f at 8 pleasure4 ,! ,new ,york ,%ipbuild+ ,company1 a v mod]n ent]prise1 dep5ds ma9ly on electrical p[] = driv+ its ma*9]y1 9 pref]5ce to belt+1 compress$ air1 or wat]4 ,let u /roll ?r\gh ! v>i\s %ops1 & note ! uses to :i* ! curr5t has be5 h>ness$4 ,be=e ent]+1 our att5tion is arre/$ by a huge gantry crane1 borne by two columns :i* travel on rails4 ,f ! cross gird]1 or bridge1 #hh feet long1 hang two lift+ magnets1 work$ by #be h4p4 motors1 :i* raise ! load at ! rate ( #bj feet p] m9ute4 ,motors ( equal p[] move ! :ole gantry along its rails ov] ! great piles ( /eel plates & gird]s f :i* x selects victims to fe$ ! maw ( ! %ops4 ,! ma9 build+ is ( enorm\s size1 cov]+ ) its s+le ro( no less ?an eighte5 acres6 ,j imag9e f\r acres ( skylights & two acres ( w9d[s1 & y may be able to calculate ! little glazi]'s bill t might result f a bad hail/orm4 ,9 ?is imm5se *amb] are includ$ ! ma*9e1 boil]1 blacksmi?1 plate1 frame1 pipe1 & m\ld %ops1 ! g5]al /or]ooms1 ! build+ ways1 & outfitt+ slips4 ,! mat]ial :i* ent]s ! plate & /orage rooms at "o end1 does n leave ! build+ until x goes out z a "p ( ! complet$ %ip = :i* x 0 int5d$1 :5 ! vessel is ready to ent] s]vice2 !re are in/all$ 9 "o ma9 build+1 & "u "o ro(1 all ! mat]ial & ma*9]y necess>y = ! con/ruction ( ! l>ge/ %ip kn[n to comm]ce1 & eight sets ( %ip-ways1 built ^u masonry f\ndations1 cov]$ by ro(s ( /eel & glass1 & spann$ by cranes up to #ajj tons lift+ capacity1 are practically z mu* a "p ( ! imm5se ma9 build+ z ! boil] %op or ma*9e %op4#aj ,a huge #ajj-ton crane ( #aba-;foot span dom9ates ! ma*9e-%op & %ip-ways at a height ( #abj feet4 ,x toys ) a big eng9e or boil]1 pick+ x up :5 ! rivet]s1 caulk]s1 & fitt]s h done _! "w1 & dropp+ x g5tly into ! b[els ( a p>tly-f9i%$ vessel4 ,a numb] ( small] cranes run ab\t ) _! loads4 ,^? :i* h&le plates are1 l ! big gantry already ref]r$ to1 equipp$ ) p[]ful electro-magnets :i* fix l lee*es on ! metal1 & w n let g _! hold until ! curr5t is brok5 by ! press+ ( a button some:]e on ! bridge4 ,sometimes sev]al plates are pick$ up at once1 & !n x is pretty to see h[ ! man 9 *>ge drops !m 9 succession1 "o "h1 ano!r !re1 by m]ely op5+ & clos+ ! swit* v quickly1 s t ! plate fur!/ f ! magnets falls be=e ! magnetism has pass$ out ( ! ne>] plates4 ,ano!r int]e/+ type is ! ext5sion-arm crane1 :i* %oots out an arm betwe5 two pill>s1 grips some?+1 & pulls x back into ! ma9 aisle1 d[n :i* x travels )\t imp$im5t4 ,on e side are fre% wond]s4 ,"h is an imm5se roll+ ma*9e1 f$ ) plates #bg feet wide1 :i* b5ds ! #a-a_/h-;in* ?ick metal z if x 7 s mu* pa/ry2 or turns ov] ! edges neatly at ! comm& ( a #ej h4p4 motor4 ,!re we h an electric plate-plan] scrap+ ! surface ( a %eet half ! l5g? ( a cricket pit*4 ,z soon z a /roke is f9i%$ ! b$ rev]ses automatically1 :ile ! tool turns ov] to (f] its edge to ! metal approa*+ f ! o!r side4 ,all s quietly1 yet irresi/ibly done6 ,n[ m>k ^! pun*es z !y bite #a-a_/d-;in* holes ?r\gh /eel plates ov] an in* ?ick1 "o e two seconds4 ,a man cutt+ wads out ( c>dbo>d c\ld h>dly p]=m 8 "w s quickly & well4 ,almo/ z horribly resi/less is ! circul> saw :i* eats its way q unconc]n$ly ?r\gh b>s six in*es squ>e1 or snips l5g?s (f /eel beams4 ,:at is t /range-look+ ma*9e ov] !re8 ,x has ?ree columns :i* move on circul> rails r\nd a table 9 ! c5tre4 ,up & d[n ea* column passes a /age c>ry+ ) x a workman & an electric drill work+ f\r sp9dles4 ,look6 "h comes a crane ) a boil] %ell1 ! plates ( :i* h be5 bolt$ 9 position4 ,! crane lets d[n its load1 end-up1 on to ! table1 & trots (f1 :ile ! ?ree workm5 move _! columns r\nd till ! twelve drills are opposite _! "w4 ,!n :irr6 a doz5 twi/$ /eel po9ts1 rang$ 9 ?ree sets ( f\r1 "o drill above ! o!r1 bite into ! boil] plates1 op5+ out holes at ma!matically correct int]vals all d[n ! ov]lapp+ seam-plates4 ,?is job done1 ! columns move r\nd ! boil]1 & _! drills pi]ce x fir/ ne> ! l[] edge1 !n ne> ! upp]4 ,! crane returns1 grips ! cyl9d]1 & be>s x (f to ! rivet]s1 :o are wait+ ) _! hydraulic presses to squeeze ! rivets into ! holes j made1 & %ape _! heads into neat hemisph]es4 ,z x sw+s ?r\gh ! air ! size ( ! boil] is dw>f$ by its surr\nd+s2 b if y _h put a rule to x on ! table y w\ld h f\nd t x measur$ #bj feet 9 diamet] & z _m 9 l5g?4 ,a few mon?s h5ce furnaces w rage 9 its /oma*1 & cause x to =ce tons ( /eam into ! mighty cyl9d]s driv+ "s maje/ic vessel across ! ,atlantic4 ,we pass giant la!s busy on ! propell] %afts1 huge bor+ mills :i* sl[ly smoo? ! int]ior ( a cyl9d]1 plan]s :i* face ! valve slides2 & we arrive1 eye-we>y1 at ! laun*+-ways :]e an ocean l9] is be+ giv5 h] f9i%+ t\*es4 ,!n we beg9 to moralise4 ,t #fjj-;foot float+ palace is a concretion ( p>ts1 %ap$1 pun*$1 cut1 plan$1 bor$1 fix$ by electricity4 ,:]e does man come 98 ,well1 he h>ness$ ! curr5t1 he guid$ x1 he said ,d ?is1 & x did x4 ,does n t seem to be 8 fair %>e ( ! "w8 ,,footnotes3 #e ,indu/rial ,biographies1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,smiles4 #f ,indu/rial ,biographies4 #g ,indu/rial ,biographies4 #h ,*amb]s's ,encyclopdia4 #i ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,pet* 9 ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e4 #aj ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,portable ,,tools ,if ! m\nta9 won't come to ,mahomet1 says ! prov]b1 ,mahomet mu/ g to ! m\nta94 ,?is is z true 9 ! work%op z outside2--,mahomet be+ ! tool1 ! m\nta9 ! "w on :i* x mu/ be us$4 ,) ! increase 9 size ( ma*9]y & eng9e]+ mat]ial1 me?ods half a c5tury old d n1 9 _m cases1 suffice2 especially at a "t :5 comm]cial competition has greatly r$uc$ ! m>g9 ( pr(its =m]ly expect$ by ! manufactur]4 ,to take ! case ( a l>ge %aft1 :i* mu/ h a slot cut along x on "o side to accommodate ! key-w$ge1 :i* holds an ecc5tric = mov+ ! /eam valves ( a cyl9d]1 or a screw-propell]1 s t x _c slip4 ,! mass weighs1 p]haps1 tw5ty tons4 ,"o way ( do+ ! job is to transport ! %aft "u a drill t w cut a hole at ea* end ( ! slot area1 & !n to turn x ov] to ! plan] = ! int]m$iate metal to be scrap$ out4 ,?is is a v toilsome & exp5sive bus9ess1 entail+ ! use ( co/ly ma*9]y :i* might be do+ m useful "w1 & ! sacrifice ( mu* valuable "t4 ,inv5tors h !re=e produc$ portable tools :i* c p]=m "w on big bodies j z effici5tly z if x _h be5 done by l>g] ma*9]y1 9 a fraction ( ! "t & at a greatly r$uc$ co/4 ,to quote an example1 ! cutt+ ( a key-way ( ! k9d j describ$ by big ma*9es w\ld consume p]haps a :ole day1 :]eas ! light1 portable1 easily atta*$ mill]1 n[ g5]ally us$1 bites x out 9 n9ety m9utes4 ,,pneumatic ,,tools ,! be/ kn[n ( ^! is ! pneumatic hamm]4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9d]1 inside :i* moves a solid pi/on hav+ a /roke ( f half an in* to six in*es4 ,air is suppli$ ?r\gh flexible tub+ f a compress+ pump work$ by /eam4 ,! pi/on beats on a loose block ( metal c>ri$ 9 ! end ( ! tool1 :i* does ! actual /rik+4 ,! pi/on sudd5ly decreases 9 diamet] at ab\t ! c5tre ( its l5g?1 leav+ a %\ld] on :i* air c "w to effect ! )drawal /roke4 ,by a v simple arrangem5t ( air-ports ! pi/on is made to act z its own valve4 ,z ! plane side ( ! pi/on has a great] area ?an t into :i* ! pi/on-rod fits1 ! /rik+ movem5t is mu* m viol5t ?an ! return4 ,"u a pressure ( sev]al hundr$s ( p\nds to ! squ>e in* a pneumatic hamm] deliv]s upw>ds ( #g1jjj bl[s p] m9ute2 ! quick succession ( comp>atively g5tle taps hav+ ! effect ( a mu* small] numb] ( heavi] bl[s4 ,= ! flat hamm] head c be sub/itut$ a curv$ die = rivet+1 or a *ipp+ *isel1 or a caulk+ iron1 to close ! seams ( boil]s4 ,! rivet] is peculi>ly useful = %ip & bridge-build+ "w :]e x is impossible to apply an hydraulic tool4 ,a skill$ workman w close ! rivet heads z fa/ z 8 assi/ant c place !m 9 _! holes2 c]ta9ly 9 less ?an half ! "t ne$$ = sw+-hamm] clos+4 ,ev5 m effective proportionately is ! pneumatic *ipp]4 ,! writ] has se5 "o cut a /rip (f ! edge ( a half-in* /eel plate at ! rate ( sev]al in*es a m9ute4 ,to ! un9itiat$ behold] x w\ld seem impossible t a tool weigh+ less ?an two /one c\ld ?us =ce its way ?r\gh solid metal4 ,! spe$ ( ! pi/on is s high t1 ?\gh x scales b a few p\nds1 its mom5tum is great en\gh to advance ! *isel a fraction ( an in*1 & ! individual advances1 foll[+ "o ano!r ) inconceivable rapidity1 soon total up into a big cut4 ,automatic *isels are v popul> ) ornam5tal masons1 z !y l5d !mselves to ! sculptur+ ( elaborate designs 9 /one & m>ble4 ,_! pr9ciple1 modifi$ to suit "w ( ano!r "*1 is se5 9 p]cussive rock drills1 su* z ! ,+]soll ,s]geant4 ,9 ?is case ! pi/on & tool are solid1 & ! air is let into ! cyl9d] by means ( slide valves op]at$ by tappets :i* ! pi/on /rikes dur+ its movem5ts4 ,"s types ( ! rock-drill are controllable z to ! l5g? ( _! /roke1 s t x c be %ort5$ :ile ! entry ( ! hole is be+ made & gradually increas$ z ! hole deep5s4 ,= p]p5dicul> bor+ ! drill is m\nt$ on a heavily weight$ tripod1 ! in]tia ( :i* effectively damps all recoil f ! %ock ( /rik+2 = horizontal "w1 & sometimes = v]tical1 ! support is a pill> w$g$ betwe5 ! walls ( ! tunnel1 or %aft4 ,an +5i\s detail is ! rifl$ b> :i* causes ! drill to rotate slightly on its axis betwe5 e two /rokes1 s t x may n jam4 ,! drills are light en\gh to be easily erect$ & dismantl$1 & compact1 s t !y c be us$ 9 re/rict$ & out-(-! way places1 :ile _! simplicity entails little special tra9+ on ! "p ( ! workman4 ,) pneumatic & o!r p[]-drills ! co/ ( pi]c+ holes = explosive *>ges is r$uc$ to less ?an "o-qu>t] ( t ( jump+ ) a cr[b> & sl$gehamm]s4 ,) ! h& me?od two m5 are requir$1 usually m2 "o man to hold1 guide1 & turn ! drill2 & ! o!r1 or o!rs1 to /rike ! bl[s ) hamm]s4 ,! ma*9e1 /rik+ a bl[ f> m rapidly ?an c be done by h&1 r$uces ! numb] ( op]ators to "o man1 & p]haps 8 help]4 ,s durable is ! metal ( ^! wond]ful little me*anisms t ! deliv]y ( #cfj1jjj bl[s daily = mon?s1 ev5 ?\gh ea* is giv5 ) a =ce ( p]haps half a ton1 fails to we> !m out2 or at ! mo/ only necessitates ! r5ewal ( "s m9or & *eap "p4 ,! debt t civilisation owes to ! sub/itution ( me*anical = h& lab\r w be fully und]/ood by anyone :o is conv]sant ) ! hi/ory ( tunnel-driv+ & m9+4 ,ano!r application ( pneumatics is se5 9 ! device = cutt+ (f ! ends ( /ay bolts ( locomotive boil]s4 ,x consi/s ( a cyl9d] ab\t fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]1 ! pi/on ( :i* op]ates a pair ( l>ge nipp]s capable ( %e>+ half-in* b>s4 ,! :ole app>atus weighs b ?ree-qu>t]s ( a hundr$weight1 yet its p[] is su* t x c trim bolts =ty times z fa/ z a man work+ ) hamm] & cold-*isel1 & m ?or\ghly4 ,!n !re is ! ma*9e = break+ ! %ort bolts :i* hold toge!r ! out] & inn] %ells ( ! wat]-jacket r\nd a locomotive furnace4 ,a ?read$ b>1 along :i* travels a nut1 has a hook on its end to cat* ! bolt4 ,! nut is screw$ up to make ! prop] adju/m5t1 & a pneumatic cyl9d] pulls on ! hook ) a =ce ( _m tons1 easily %e>+ ?r\gh ! bolt4 ,we mu/ n =get ! pneumatic bor] = cutt+ holes 9 wood or metal1 or enl>g+ holes already exi/+4 ,! head ( ! bor] conta9s ?ree little cyl9d]s1 set at an angle ( #abj1 to rotate ! drill1 ! valves op5+ automatically to admit air at v high pressures beh9d ! pi/ons4 ,any c>p5t] c imag9e ! advantage ( a drill :i* has m]ely to be =c$ aga9/ its "w1 ! movem5t ( a small lev] by ! ?umb do+ ! re/6 ,next on ! li/ comes ! pneumatic pa9t]1 :i* acts on mu* ! same pr9ciple z ! sc5t-spray4 ,me*anical pa9t+ fir/ came to ! =e 9 #ahic1 :5 ! huge ,*icago ,exposition provid$ _m acres ( surfaces :i* _h to be protect$ f ! wea!r or hidd5 f sight4 ,! foll[+ description ( "o ( ! ma*9es us$ to replace h&-"w is giv5 9 ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e3 ,! pa9t is atomiz$ & spray$ on to ! "w by a /ream ( compress$ air4 ,f a small air-compressor ! air is l$1 ?r\gh flexible hose1 to a pa9t-tank1 :i* is provid$ ) an air-tight cov] & clamp+ screws4 ,! pa9t is conta9$ 9 a pot :i* c be readily remov$ & replac$ by ano!r :5 a diff]5t col\r is requir$4 ,?is arrangem5t ( int]*angeable t9s is also important z facilitat+ easy clean+4 ,! conta9] is furni%$ ) a semi-rot>y /irr]1 ! sp9dle pass+ ?r\gh a /uff+-box 9 ! cov]1 & end+ 9 a h&le by :i* ! :ole ?+ complete may be c>ri$ ab\t4 ,! compressor is necess>ily fix$ or /ation>y1 b ! pa9t-tank1 connect$ to x by ! s+le air-hose1 c be mov$ close to ! "w1 :ile ! l5g? ( hose f ! tank to ! nozzle gives ! fre$om ( movem5t necess>y4 ,air-pressure is admitt$ to ! tank by a bottom valve1 & =ces ! pa9t up an int]nal pipe & along a hose f ! tank to ! spray+ nozzle1 to :i* air-pressure is also l$ by a second hose4 ,! nozzle is practically an injector ( special =m4 ,! fl[ ( pa9t at ! nozzle is controll$ by a small plug valve & spr+ lev]1 on :i* ! op]ator keeps 8 ?umb :ile work+1 & :i*1 on release1 closes automatically4 ,:5 x is requir$ to *ange f "o col\r to ano!r1 or to use a diff]5t mat]ial1 su* z v>ni%1 ! c1 previ\sly 9 use1 is remov$1 & air1 or1 if necess>y1 p>aff9 oil1 is bl[n ?r\gh ! l5g? ( hose :i* supplies ! pa9t until x is completely clean4 ,! writ] !n m5tions z an in/ance ( ! ma*9e's effici5cy t x has cov]$ a #cj feet by #h feet boil] 9 less ?an an h\r1 & t at "o l>ge bridge y>d a #gj feet by #f feet gird] ) all its project+ p>ts 0 coat$ ) boil$ oil 9 two h\rs--a job :i* w\ld h occupi$ a man ) a bru% a :ole day to execute4 ,ap>t f sav+ "t1 ! ma*9e produces a surface q free f bru% m>ks1 & easily rea*es surfaces 9 intricate m\ld+s :i* are difficult to get at ) a bru%4 ,! pneumatic s&-jet is us$ = a v>iety ( purposes3 = clean+ (f old pa9t1 or ! wea!r$ surface ( /onework2 = poli%+ up ca/+s & =g+s aft] !y h be5 braz$4 ,at ! cycle factory y w f9d ! s&-jet h>d at "w on ! jo9ts ( cycle frames1 :i* mu/ be cle>$ ( all r\ghness be=e !y are fit = ! enamell]4 ,! writ]1 a few days be=e p5n+ ^! l9es1 wat*$ a jet remov+ ,london grime f ! face ( a l>ge hotel4 ,d[n a side /reet /ood a /eam-eng9e busily compress+ air1 :i* 0 l$ by long pipes to ! jet1 situat$ on "s l(ty scaffold+4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ! fly+ gra9s sc\r$ (f smoke deposits attract$ ! notice ( a l>ge cr[d1 :i* gaz$ ) upturn$ heads at ! :it5$ /ones4 ,a peculi>ity ab\t ! jet is t x proves mu* m effective on h>d mat]ial ?an on s(t1 z ! latt]1 by (f]+ an ela/ic surface1 robs ! s& ( its cutt+ p[]4 ,aft] m]ely m5tion+ ! pneumatic ramm] = =c+ s& into f\ndry m\lds1 we pass to ! pneumatic s&-pap]+ ma*9e1 :i* may be describ$ briefly z a revolv+ disc c>ry+ a circle ( s&-pap] on its face revolv$ betwe5 gu>ds :i* keep x flat to its "w4 ,! disc flies r\nd _m hundr$s ( times p] m9ute1 rapidly we>+ d[n ! fibr\s surface ( ! wood x t\*es4 ,:5 ! co>se pap] has done its "w a f9ely-gra9$ clo? is sub/itut$ to produce ! f9i% ne$ful = pa9t+4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,p$rail3 ,a ,,walk+ ,,/eam-,,eng9e ,h y ev] wat*$ c>efully a /eam-roll]'s action on ! road :5 x is work+ on newly laid /ones8 ,if y h1 y notic$ t ! /ones1 gravel1 etc41 9 front ( ! roll] mov$ ) a wave-l motion1 s t ! eng9e 0 practically climb+ a nev]-end+ hill4 ,no wond] !n t ! me*anism ( su* a ma*9e ne$s to be v /rong1 & its p[] multipli$ by means ( suitable ge>+4 ,aga91 suppose t an iron-tyr$ vehicle1 travell+ at a rapid pace1 meets a l>ge /one1 :at happ5s8 ,ei!r ! /one is =c$ into ! gr\nd or ! :eel mu/ rise ov] x4 ,9 ei!r case !re w be a j> to ! vehicle & a loss ( propulsive p[]4 ,d n all cycli/s "k ! fatigue ( rid+ ov] a bumpy road--fatigue to bo? muscles & n]ves8 ,z reg>ds motors & cycles ! vibration tr\ble has be5 l>gely r$uc$ by ! employm5t ( pneumatic tyres1 :i* lap ov] small objects1 & :5 !y /rike l>ge ones m9imise ! %ock by _! buff]-l nature4 ,yet !re is /ill a great loss ( p[]1 & if pneumatic-tyr$ vehicles suff]1 :at mu/ happ5 to ! solid1 snort+1 inela/ic traction-eng9e8 ,on h>d roads x rattles & bumps along1 pulv]is+ /ones1 cru%+ ! surface4 ,:5 s(t gr\nd is enc\nt]$1 9 s9k ! :eels1 because _! be>+ surface mu/ be increas$ until x is suffici5t to c>ry ! eng9e's weight4 ,b by ! "t t !y are six in*es bel[ ! surface !re w be a cont9u\s v]tical belt ( e>? six in*es deep to be cru%$ d[n incessantly by _! advance4 ,h[ mu* m fav\rably situat$ is ! railway locomotive or truck4 ,_! :eels t\* metal at a po9t b a fraction ( an in* 9 l5g?2 consequ5tly !re is no?+ to hamp] _! progression4 ,s great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! rail & ! road t exp]im5t has %[n t1 :]eas a pull ( f #h to #aj lbs4 w move a ton on rails1 an equal weight requires a tractive =ce ( #ej to #ajj lbs4 on ! ord9>y turnpike4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is great wa/age ( p[]1 v>i\s attempts h be5 made to provide a road locomotive ) means = lay+ its own rail track z x proce$s4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago ,mr4 ,boydell con/ruct$ a :eel :i* took its own rail ) x1 ! rails be+ arrang$ ab\t ! :eel l a hexagon r\nd a circle1 s t z ! :eel mov$ x always re/$ on "o ( ! hexagon's sides1 itself flat on ! gr\nd4 ,?is device _h two s]i\s drawbacks4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! plates made a rattl+ noise :i* has be5 comp>$ to ! reports ( a ,maxim gun2 secondly1 ?\gh ! contrivance act$ fairly well on level gr\nd1 x fail$ :5 unev5 surfaces 7 enc\nt]$4 ,?us1 if a brick lay across ! pa?1 "o end ( a plate re/$ on ! brick1 ! o!r on ! gr\nd beh9d1 & ! unsupport$ c5tre _h to c>ry a sudd51 sev]e /ra94 ,fur!rmore1 ! plates1 be+ connect$ at ! angles ( ! hexagon1 c\ld n tilt sideways1 ) ! result t breakages 7 frequ5t4 ,( late ye>s ano!r inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,diplock1 has come =w>d ) an inv5tion :i* bids fair to revolutionise heavy road traffic4 ,at pres5t1 ?\gh x has rea*$ a practical /age & und]gone _m te/s satisfactorily1 x has n be5 made absolutely p]fect1 = ! simple reason t no great inv5tion jumps to f9ality all at once4 ,are n eng9e]s /ill improv+ ! locomotive8 ,! ,p$rail1 z x has be5 nam$1 signifies a rail mov+ on feet4 ,mr4 ,diplock1 obs]v+ t a horse has = its weight a tractive =ce mu* 9 excess ( ! traction-eng9e1 took a h9t f nature1 & conceiv$ ! idea ( copy+ ! horse's foot action4 ,! read] mu/ n imag9e t "h is a return to ! abortive & r ludicr\s attempts at a walk+ locomotive made _m ye>s ago1 :5 "s eng9e]s consid]$ x prop] t a railway eng9e %\ld be propell$ by legs4 ,mr4 ,diplock's device n m]ely propels1 b also /eps1 i4e4 selects ! spot on ! gr\nd :i* %all be ! mom5t>y po9t at :i* propulsive =ce %all be ex]t$4 ,to make ?is cle>]1 consid] ! action ( a :eel4 ,fir/1 we w suppose t ! spokes1 any numb] y please1 are connect$ at _! out] ends by flat plates4 ,z ea* angle is pass$ ! :eel falls flop on to ! next plate4 ,! great] ! numb] ( ! spokes1 ! less w be ea* successive j> 7or /ep72 & consequ5tly ! p]fect :eel is !oretically "o 9 :i* ! sides h be5 s mu* multipli$ z to be inf9itely %ort4 ,a horse has practically two :eels1 its front legs "o1 its back legs ! o!r4 ,! %\ld] & hip jo9ts =m ! axles1 & ! legs ! spokes4 ,z ! animal pulls1 ! leg on ! gr\nd advances at ! %\ld] pa/ ! v]tical position1 & ! horse w\ld fall =w>ds 7 x n = ! o!r leg :i* has be5 advanc$ simultane\sly4 ,ea* /ep corresponds to our _m-sid$ :eel fall+ on to a flat side--& ! hamm]1 hamm]1 hamm] on ! h>d high road is ! horsey c\nt]p>t ( ! metallic rattle4 ,on r\gh gr\nd a horse has a great advantage ov] a :eel$ tractor1 because x c put its feet d[n on ! top ( objects ( diff]5t elevations1 & /ill pull4 ,a :eel _c d ?is1 &1 z we h se51 a loss ( p[] results4 ,our inv5tor1 !re=e1 creat$ 9 8 p$rail a compromise betwe5 ! railway smoo?ness & ease ( runn+ & ! selective & accommodat+ p[]s ( a quadrup$4 ,we mu/ n[ plunge into ! me*anical details ( ! p$rail1 :i* is1 /rictly speak+1 a t]m conf9$ to ! :eel alone4 ,our illu/ration w aid ! read] to foll[ ! work+ ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,9 a railway we h 7a7 sleep]s1 on ! gr\nd1 7b7 rails atta*$ to ! sleep]s1 7c7 :eels roll+ ov] ! rails4 ,9 ! p$rail ! ord]1 reckon+ upw>ds1 is alt]$4 ,on ! gr\nd is ! p$1 or movable sleep]1 c>ry+ :eels1 ov] :i* a rail atta*$ to ! mov+ vehicle glides cont9u\sly4 ,! pr9ciple is us$ by anyone :o puts wood5 roll]s d[n to help him move heavy furniture ab\t4 ,( c\rse1 ! p$s _c be put on ! gr\nd & left beh9d2 !y mu/ accompany _! roll]s & rails4 ,we w endeav\r to expla9 9 simple words h[ ?is is effect$4 ,to ! axles ( ! locomotive is atta*$ firmly a flat1 v]tical plate1 p>allel to ! sides ( ! fire-box4 ,pivot$ to x1 top & bottom1 at _! c5tres1 are two horizontal rock+ arms2 & ^! h _! extremities connect$ by two b[-%ap$ b>s1 or cams1 _! convex edges po9t+ outw>ds1 away f ! axle4 ,p[]ful spr+s also jo9 ! rock+ arms1 & t5d to keep !m 9 a horizontal position4 ,?us we h a p[]ful frame1 :i* c oscillate up & d[n at ei!r end4 ,! bottom arm is ! rail on :i* ! :ole weight ( ! axle re/s4 ,! rotat+ & mov+ p>ts consi/ ( a l>ge1 flat1 circul> case1 ! sides ( :i* are a few in*es ap>t4 ,its circumf]5ce is pi]c$ by f\rte5 op5+s1 provid$ ) guides1 to accommodate z _m %ort slid+ spokes1 :i* are 9 no way atta*$ to ! ma9 axle4 ,ea* spoke is %ap$ some:at l a tun+-=k4 ,9 ! ,v is a roll]-:eel1 & at ! tip is a p$1 or foot4 ,z ! case revolves1 ! tun+-=k spokes pass1 z x 71 ) a leg on ea* side ( ! framework ref]r$ to above2 ! :eel ( ea* spoke be+ ! only "p :i* comes into contact ) ! frame4 ,/rong spr+s hold ! spokes & roll]s normally at an equal di/ance f ! :eel's c5tre4 ,x mu/ n[ be /at$ t ! object ( ! framework is to ?ru/ ! roll]s outw>ds z !y approa* ! gr\nd1 & slide !m bel[ ! rail4 ,! side-pieces ( ! frame are1 z w be notic$ 7see ,fig4 #c71 ecc5tric1 i4e4 po9ts on _! surfaces are at diff]5t di/ances f ! axle c5tre4 ,?is is to meet ! fact t ! di/ance f ! axle to ! gr\nd is great] 9 an oblique direction ?an x is v]tically1 & !re=e = ?ree spokes to be c>ry+ ! weight at once1 two ( !m mu/ be m ext5d$ ?an ! ?ird4 ,s !n a spoke is mov$ outw>d by ! frame till its roll] gets "u ! rail1 & z x passes (f x x gradually slides inw>ds aga94 ,x w be obvi\s to ! read] t1 if ! p$s 7 atta*$ inflexibly to ! ends ( _! spokes !y w\ld /rike ! gr\nd at an angle1 &1 ( c\rse1 be badly /ra9$4 ,n[1 ,mr4 ,diplock meant 8 p$s to be z l feet z possible1 & come d[n flat4 ,he !re=e furni%$ !m ) ankles1 t is1 ball-&-socket jo9ts1 s t !y c\ld move loosely on _! spokes 9 all directions2 & z su* a contrivance mu/ be protect$ f du/ & dirt1 ! inv5tor produc$ :at has be5 call$ a cru/acean jo9t1 on acc\nt ( ! resemblance x be>s to ! ov]lapp+ arm\r-plates ( a lob/]'s tail4 ,! plates1 :i* sugge/ v ?9 quoits1 are made ( copp]1 & c be r5ew$ at small co/ :5 badly worn4 ,an ela/ic spr+ coll> at ! top takes up all we> automatically1 & r5d]s ! plates noiseless4 ,?is detail co/ its inv5tor mu* "w4 ,! fir/ jo9t made repres5t$ an exp5diture ( #f2 b n[1 ?anks to automatic ma*9]y1 any numb] c be turn$ out at #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,a ^w ab\t ! feet4 ,a :eel has f\rte5 ( ^!4 ,!y are elev5 in*es 9 diamet] at ! tread1 & sol$ ) rubb] 9 eight segm5ts1 ) /rips ( wood betwe5 ! segm5ts to prev5t suction 9 clay soil4 ,! segm5ts are held toge!r by a malleable ca/-iron r+ ar\nd ! p]iph]y ( ! feet & a tight5+ core 9 ! c5tre4 ,^! we>+ p>ts1 be+ sep>ate f ! re/ ( ! foot1 are easily & *eaply r5ew$1 & repairs c be quickly effect$1 if necess>y1 :5 on ! road4 ,! surface 9 contact ) ! gr\nd be+ compos$ ( ! ?ree sub/ances--metal1 wood1 & rubb]1 :i* all take a be>+1 provides a comb9ation ( mat]ials adapt$ to ! be/ adhesion & we> on any class ( road1 or ev5 on no road at all4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c ,motive p[] is transmitt$ by ! ma*9]y to ! :eel axle1 f t to ! cas+1 f ! cas+ to ! slid+ spokes4 ,z !re are alt]nately two & ?ree feet simultane\sly 9 contact ) ! gr\nd1 ! p[] ( adhesion is v great--mu* great] ?an t ( an ord9>y traction-eng9e4 ,?is is :at ,pr(essor ,hele-,%aw says 9 a report on a p$rail tractor3 ,! weight ( ! eng9e is spread ov] no less ?an twelve feet1 ea* "o ( :i* presses ^u ! gr\nd ) an area imm5sely great]--probably z mu* z t5 times great]--?an t ( all ! :eels 7( an ord9>y traction-eng9e7 tak5 toge!r on a h>d road4 ,^u a s(t road all comp>ison betwe5 :eels & ! action ( ^! feet ceases4 ,! contact ( ea* ( ! feet ( ! ,p$rail is absolutely free f all slipp+ action1 & atta9s ! absolute ideal ( work+1 be+ m]ely plac$ 9 position )\t slid+ to take up ! load1 & !n lift$ up aga9 )\t any slid+ to be c>ri$ to a new position on ! road4 ,x is necess>y t ! feet %\ld come d[n flat on ! gr\nd4 ,if !y /ruck x at all edgeways !y w\ld spra9 _! ankles2 o!rwise1 probably break (f at ! ball jo9t4 ,me*anism 01 !re=e1 introduc$ by :i* ! feet w\ld be turn$ ov] z !y approa*$ ! gr\nd1 & be held at ! prop] angle ready = ! /ep4 ,)\t ! aid ( a special diagram x w\ld be difficult to expla9 9 detail h[ ?is is manag$2 & x mu/ suffice to say t ! *ief feature is a friction-clut* work$ by ! roll] ( ! foot's spoke4 ,to ! onlook] ! mann] 9 :i* ! p$rail crawls ov] ob/acles is almo/ weird4 ,! writ] 0 %[n a small work+ model ( a p$rail1 propell$ along a bo>d cov]$ ) bits ( cork1 wood1 etc4 ,! axle ( ! :eel sc>cely mov$ upw>ds at all1 & _h he n actually se5 ! ob/acles he w\ld h be5 incl9$ to d\bt _! exi/5ce4 ,an ord9>y :eel ( equal diamet] took ! ob/ructions ) a s]ies ( bumps & b\nds t made ! contra/ v /rik+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d ,an extreme in/ance ( ! p$rail's capacity w\ld be af=d$ by ! asc5t ( a flight ( /eps 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,9 su* a case ! ?ree p$s c>ry+ ! weight ( an axle w\ld n be on ! same level4 ,t makes no diff]5ce1 because ! frame m]ely tilts on its top & bottom pivots1 ! front ( ! rail ris+ to a high] level ?an ! back end1 & ! back spokes be+ project$ by ! rail mu* fur!r ?an ^? 9 front1 s t ! eng9e is simply lev]$ ov] its roll]s up an incl9$ plane4 ,simil>ly1 9 desc5d+1 ! front spokes are ?ru/ out ! fur!/1 & ! rev]se action takes place4 ,) s _m mov+ p>ts ev]y?+ mu/ be well lubricat$1 or ! we> w\ld soon become s]i\s4 ,! feet are kept prop]ly greas$ by be+ fill$ ) a mixture ( blacklead & grease ( suitable quality1 :i* requires r5ewal at long int]vals only4 ,! slid+ spokes1 roll]s1 & friction-clut*es are all lubricat$ f "o c5tral oil-*amb]1 ?r\gh a beautiful sy/em ( oil-tubes1 :i* provides a circulation ( ! oil ?r\gh\t all ! mov+ p>ts4 ,! c5tral oil-*amb] is fill$ f "o orifice1 & holds a suffici5t supply ( oil = a long j\rney4 ,we may n[ turn = a mom5t f ! p$rail itself to ! vehicles to :i* x is atta*$4 ,"h1 aga91 we are met by novelties1 = 9 8 eng9es ,mr4 ,diplock has s arrang$ matt]s1 t n only c bo? front & back pairs ( :eels be us$ z driv]s1 b bo? also take "p 9 ! /e]+4 ,z may be imag9$1 _m difficulties _h to be surm\nt$ be=e ?is innovation 0 complete4 ,b t x 0 wor? :ile is evid5t f ! small space 9 :i* a d\ble-/e]+ tractor c turn1 ?anks to bo? its axles be+ movable1 & f ! increas$ p[]4 ,ano!r important feature mu/ also be notic$1 viz4 t ! axles c bo? tip v]tically1 s t :5 ! front left :eel is high] ?an its fell[1 ! left back :eel may be l[] ?an ! "r back :eel4 ,9 %ort1 flexibility & p[] are ! ideals :i* ,mr4 ,diplock has /riv5 to rea*4 ,h[ f> he has be5 successful may be ga!r$ f ! reports ( exp]ts4 ,pr(essor ,hele-,%aw1 ,f4,r4,s41 says3 ,! ,p$rail con/itutes1 9 my belief1 ! successful solution ( a walk+ ma*9e1 :i*1 :il/ obviat+ ! *ief objections to ! ord9>y :eel runn+ ^u ! road1 c be made to travel any:]e :]e an ord9>y :eel c g1 & 9 _m places :]e x _c4 ,at ! same "t x has ! me*anical advantages :i* h made ! railway sy/em su* a ph5om5al success4 ,x con/itutes1 9 my belief1 ! solution ( "o ( ! mo/ difficult me*anical problems1 & des]ves to be consid]$ z an inv5tion q ap>t f any p>ticul> means by :i* x is actuat$1 :e!r x is plac$ ^u a self-propell$ c>riage or a vehicle drawn by any ag5cy1 me*anical or o!rwise4444 ,! way 9 :i* all f\r :eels are driv5 simultane\sly s z to give ! maximum pull+ effect by means ( ela/ic connection is 9 itself suffici5t to m>k ! eng9e z a mo/ valuable dep>ture f common practice4 ,hi!rto ?is driv+ ( f\r :eels has nev] be5 successfully a*iev$1 p>tly because ( ! difficulty ( turn+ ! /e]+-:eels1 & p>tly because1 until ! pres5t inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,diplock1 ! front & h9d :eels w\ld act aga9/ ea* o!r1 a defect at fir/ exp]i5c$ & ov]come by ! inv5tor 9 8 fir/ eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,p$rail ,,tractor ,,engag$ ,,9 ,,w> ,,(fice ,,trials ,! inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,diplock1 is /&+ on ! left ( ! gr\p4 ,obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i* ! feet gradually assume a horizontal position z !y approa* ! gr\nd4 ,on ,janu>y #h?1 #aijb1 ,mr4 ,diplock tri$ an eng9e fitt$ ) two ord9>y :eels beh9d & two p$rails 9 front4 ,! au?ority quot$ above 0 pres5t at ! trials1 & 8 op9ion w !re=e be int]e/+4 ,! po9ts :i* /ruck me imm$iately 7 7#a7 ! m>vell\s ease ) :i* x />t$ into action1 7#b7 ! little noise ) :i* x work$4444 ,ano!r ?+ :i* ,i notic$ 0 ! diff]5ce 9 ! behavi\r ( ! feet & :eels4 ,! feet did n 9 any way seem to affect ! surface ( ! road4 ,?r[+ d[n l>ge /ones ! size ( ! fi/ into _! pa?1 ! feet simply set !mselves to an angle 9 pass+ ov] ! /ones1 & did n cru% !m2 :]eas1 ! :eel com+ aft] inv>iably cru%$ ! /ones1 &1 moreov]1 di/ort$ ! road surface4 ,com+ to ! top ( ! hill1 ,i made ! ,p$rail walk fir/ ov] #c-;in* planks1 !n #f-;in*1 & f9ally ov] a #i-;in* balk4444 ,"o c\ld sc>cely believe1 on witness+ ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! :ole /ructure 0 n p]man5tly di/ort$ & /ra9$1 :]eas x 0 evid5tly )9 ! limits ( play all[$ by ! me*anism4 ,z a pro( ( ?is ! ,diplock eng9e walk$ d[n to ! works1 & ,i !n witness$ its asc5t ( a lane1 beside ! eng9e]+ works1 :i* _h ruts eight or t5 in*es deep1 & 0 a /eep slope4 ,?is lane 0 compos$ 9 places ( ! s(te/ mud1 & :]eas ! :eels squeez$ out ! gr\nd 9 all directions1 ! feet ( ! ,p$rails set !mselves at ! angles ( ! rut :]e x 0 h>d1 or walk$ ?r\gh ! s(t & yield+ mud )\t mak+ ! slighte/ di/urbance ( ! surr\nd+ gr\nd4444 ,i came away f t trial ) ! firm conviction t ,i _h se5 :at ,i believe to be ! dawn ( a new era 9 me*anical transport4 ,mr4 ,diplock does n reg>d ! p$rail z an end 9 itself s mu* z a means to an end1 viz4 ! developm5t ( road-borne traffic4 ,= v long di/ances :i* mu/ be cov]$ 9 a m9imum ( "t ! railway w hold its own4 ,b !re is a gr[+ feel+ t unless ! railways c be f$ by subsidi>y me?ods ( transport m effectively ?an at pres5t1 & unless remote c\ntry di/ricts1 :i!r x w\ld n pay to c>ry ev5 a light railway1 are br\ght into clos] t\* ) ! busi] p>ts1 our communications _c be consid]$ satisfactory1 & we are n gett+ ! be/ value out ( our roads4 ,= _m classes ( goods *eapness ( transportation is ( m importance ?an spe$2 witness ! fact t coal is s (t5 s5t by canal r ?an by rail4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! *ance = ! p$rail tractor & its long tra9 ( vehicles fitt$ ) p$rail :eels1 :i* w t5d to improve ! road surfaces !y travel ov]4 ,mr4 ,diplock sets out 9 8 int]e/+ book1 ,a ,new ,sy/em ( ,heavy ,goods ,transport on ,common ,roads1 a s*eme = collect+ goods f bran* r\tes on to ma9 r\tes1 :]e a numb] ( c>s w be c\pl$ up & t[$ by p[]ful tractors4 ,) ord9>y f\r-:eel$ trucks x is difficult to take a numb] r\nd a %>p corn]1 s9ce ea* truck describes a m sudd5 circle ?an its pr$ecessor1 ! la/ (t5 endeav\r+ to climb ! pavem5t4 ,f\r-:eel$ w\ld !re=e be replac$ by two-:eel$ trucks1 provid$ ) special c\pl+s to prev5t ! c>s tilt+1 :ile all[+ !m to turn4 ,c>s s connect$ w\ld foll[ ! same track r\nd a curve4 ,! body ( ! c> w\ld be removable1 & ( a /&>d size4 ,x c\ld be atta*$ to a simple horse frame = transport into ! fields4 ,!re ! f>m] w\ld load 8 produce1 & :5 ! body 0 full x w\ld be return$ to ! road1 pick$ up by a crane atta*$ to ! tractor1 swung on to its c>riage & :eels1 & tak5 away to jo9 o!r c>s4 ,by mak+ ! bodies ( su* dim5sions z to fit ?ree into an ord9>y railway truck1 !y c\ld be entra9$ easily4 ,on rea*+ _! de/9ation ano!r tractor w\ld lift !m out1 fit !m to :eels1 & trundle !m (f to ! consum]4 ,by ?is me?od !re w\ld be no break+ bulk ( goods requir$ f ! "t x 0 fir/ load$ till x 0 expos$ 9 ! m>ket = sale4 ,^! ?+s are1 ( c\rse1 9 ! future4 ,( m pres5t importance is ! fact t ! ,w> ,(fice has f ! fir/ tak5 great int]e/ 9 ! new inv5tion1 :i* promises to be ( value = milit>y transport ov] gr\nd ei!r r\gh or boggy4 ,trials h be5 made by ! au?orities ) enc\rag+ results4 ,t d>+ writ]1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells1 has 9 8 ,l& ,ironclads pictur$ ! p$rail tak+ an (f5sive "p 9 w>f>e4 ,huge /eel-plat$ =ts1 m\nt$ on p$rails1 & full ( heavy artill]y & ma*9e guns1 sweep sl[ly across ! c\ntry t[>ds :]e ! enemy has entr5*$ himself4 ,! =ts are imp]vi\s alike to %ell & bullet1 b z !y cross dit* or hillock 9 _! gigantic /ride1 _! artill]y works havoc among _! oppon5ts1 :o are f9ally =c$ to an unconditional surr5d]4 ,ev5 if ! p$rail is n made to c>ry weapons ( de/ruction1 we c1 aft] our exp]i5ces ) horsefle% 9 ! ,bo] ,w>1 und]/& h[ important x may become = commiss>iat purposes4 ,! feats :i* x has already p]=m$ m>k x z j ! locomotive to tackle ! r\gh c\ntry 9 :i* baggage tra9s (t5 f9d !mselves4 ,to conclude ) a m peaceful use = x4 ,:5 fre% c\ntry is op5$ up1 ye>s mu/ (t5 pass be=e a prop] high road c be made1 yet !re is great ne$ ( an organis$ sy/em ( transport4 ,:i!r ord9>y traction-eng9es1 or c>ts1 ev5 horses1 c\ld sc>cely p5etrate1 ! p$rail tractor1 ?anks to its big1 flat feet1 :i* give x1 z someone has rem>k$1 ! appe>ance ( a cross betwe5 a traction-eng9e & an elephant1 w be able to pu% its way at ! =efront ( advanc+ civilisation4 ,at home we %all h good reason to welcome ! p$rail if x frees u f ^? t]rible corrugat$ tracks s dread$ by ! cycli/1 & to bless x if x actually beats our roads d[n into a great] smoo?ness ?an !y n[ c boa/4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,int]nal ,,combu/ion ,,eng9es ,,oil ,,eng9es--,,eng9es ,,work$ ,,) ,,produc] ,,gas--,,bla/ ,,furnace ,,gas ,,eng9es ,if c>bon & oxyg5 be made to comb9e *emically1 ! process is accompani$ by ! ph5om5on call$ heat4 ,if heat be appli$ to a liquid or gas 9 a conf9$ space x causes a viol5t sep>ation ( its molecules1 & p[] is develop$4 ,9 ! case ( a /eam-eng9e ! fuel is coal 7c>bon 9 a m or less pure =m71 ! fluid1 wat]4 ,by burn+ ! fuel "u a boil]1 a gas is =m$ :i*1 if conf9$1 rapidly increases ! pressure on ! walls ( ! conf9+ vessel4 ,if all[$ to pass into a cyl9d]1 ! molecules ( /eam1 /ruggl+ to get z f> z possible f "o ano!r1 w d useful "w on a pi/on connect$ by rods to a revolv+ crank4 ,we "h see ! combu/ion ( fuel ext]nal to ! cyl9d]1 i4e4 "u ! boil]1 & ! fuel & fluid kept ap>t out ( actual contact4 ,9 ! gas or oil-vap\r eng9e ! fuel is br\ght into contact ) ! fluid :i* does ! "w1 mix$ ) x1 & burnt inside ! cyl9d]4 ,!re=e ^! eng9es are t]m$ int]nal combu/ion eng9es4 ,suppos+ t a little gunp[d] 7 plac$ 9 a cyl9d]1 ( :i* ! pi/on _h be5 pu%$ almo/ z f> 9 z x w\ld g1 & t ! p[d] 7 fir$ by electricity4 ,! *>coal w\ld unite ) ! oxyg5 conta9$ 9 ! saltpetre & =m a l>ge volume ( gas4 ,?is gas1 be+ heat$ by ! ignition1 w\ld in/antane\sly exp& & drive out ! pi/on viol5tly4 ,a v simil> ?+ happ5s at ea* explosion ( an int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,into ! cyl9d] is drawn a *>ge ( gas1 conta9+ c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog51 & also a proportion ( air4 ,?is *>ge is squeez$ by ! inw>d movem5t ( ! pi/on2 its temp]ature is rais$ by ! compression1 & at ! prop] mom5t x is ignit$4 ,! oxyg5 & c>bon seize on "o ano!r & burn 7or comb9e71 ! heat be+ increas$ by ! combu/ion ( ! hydrog54 ,! air atoms are exp&$ by ! heat1 & "w is done on ! pi/on4 ,b ! explosion is mu* g5tl] ?an 9 ! case ( gunp[d]4 ,dur+ rec5t ye>s ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e has be5 mak+ rapid progress1 ou/+ /eam p[] f _m positions 9 :i* x once reign$ supreme4 ,we see x propell+ vehicles along roads & rails1 driv+ boats ?r\gh ! wat]1 & do+ duty 9 g5]at+ /ations & smelt+ works to turn dynamos or drive air-pumps--n to m5tion ! ?\s& o!r =ms ( usefulness :i*1 7 !y enum]at$ "h1 w\ld fill sev]al pages4 ,a decade ago an int]nal combu/ion eng9e ( #ajj h4p4 0 a wond]2 to-day s+le eng9es are built to develop #c1jjj h4p41 & 9 a few ye>s ev5 ?is enorm\s capacity w d\btless be increas$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ! rival sy/ems--gas & /eam--7 be+ exp]im5t$ ) at ! same "t by ,rob]t ,/reet & ,james ,watt respectively4 ,:ile ,watt appli$ 8 g5ius to ! useful developm5t ( ! p[] lat5t 9 boil+ wat]1 ,/reet1 9 #agid1 took out lett]s pat5t = an eng9e to be work$ by ! explosions caus$ by vaporis+ spirits ( turp5t9e on a hot metal surface1 mix+ ! vap\r ) air 9 a cyl9d]1 explod+ ! mixture1 & us+ ! explosion to move a pi/on4 ,9 81 & subsequ5t designs1 ! mixture 0 pump$ 9 f a sep>ate cyl9d] "u slight pressure4 ,l5oir1 9 #ahfj1 conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ ! pi/on suck 9 ! *>ge1 s aboli%+ ! ne$ ( a sep>ate pump2 & _m eng9es built "u 8 pat5ts 7 long 9 use1 ?\gh1 if judg$ by mod]n /&>ds1 !y 7 v wa/eful ( fuel4 ,two ye>s lat] ,alphonse ,beau de ,ro*as propos$ ! fur!r improvem5t ( utilis+ ! cyl9d]1 n only z a suction pump1 b also z a compressor2 s9ce he saw t a compress$ mixture w\ld ignite v mu* m readily ?an "o n "u pressure4 ,ro*as held ! secret ( success 9 8 grasp1 b fail$ to turn x to practical acc\nt4 ,! ,otto cycle1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,otto 9 #ahgf1 is really only ,ro*as's sugge/ion mat]ialis$4 ,! l>ge majority ( int]nal combu/ion eng9es employ ?is cycle ( op]ations1 s we may /ate its exact mean+3-- 7#a7 ,a mixture ( explosive gas & air is drawn into ! cyl9d] by ! pi/on z x passes outw>ds 7i4e4 9 ! direction ( ! crank71 ?r\gh ! inlet valve4 7#b7 ,! valve closes1 & ! return+ pi/on compresses ! mixture4 7#c7 ,! mixture is fir$ z ! pi/on comm5ces its second j\rney outw>ds1 & gives ! p[] /roke4 7#d7 ,! pi/on1 return+ aga91 ejects ! explod$ mixture ?r\gh ! outlet or exhau/ valve1 :i* began to op5 t[>ds ! end ( ! ?ird /roke4 ,briefly /at$1 ! cycle is--suction1 compression1 explosion1 expulsion2 "o impulse be+ giv5 dur+ ea* cycle1 :i* occupies two complete revolutions ( ! fly-:eel4 ,s9ce ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird op]ations all absorb en]gy1 ! :eel mu/ be heavy en\gh to /ore suffici5t mom5tum dur+ ! p[] /roke to c>ry ! pi/on ?r\gh all its ?ree o!r duties4 ,ye> by ye>1 ! compression ( ! mixture has be5 increas$1 & improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! me?ods ( gov]n+ ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 s t x may be suitable = "w 9 :i* ! load is con/antly v>y+4 ,by d\bl+1 trebl+1 & quadrupl+ ! cyl9d]s ! drive is r5d]$ m & m /eady1 & ! ela/icity ( a /eam-eng9e m ne>ly approa*$4 ,! int]nal combu/ion eng9e has arriv$ s late because 9 ! e>li] "p ( la/ c5tury conditions 7 n fav\rable to its developm5t4 ,illum9at+ gas _h n come into g5]al use1 & su* coal gas z 0 made 0 exp5sive4 ,! great oil-fields ( ,am]ica & ,russia _h n be5 discov]$4 ,b :ile ! prop] fuels = ?is type ( motor 7 abs5t1 coal1 ! food ( ! /eam-eng9e1 lay ready to h&1 & 9 =ms :i*1 ?\gh useless = _m purposes1 c\ld be advantage\sly burnt "u a boil]4 ,n[ ! situation has alt]$4 ,gas is abundant2 & oil ( ! "r sort co/s only a few p5ce a gallon4 ,inv5tors & manufactur]s h grasp$ ! opportunity4 ,to-day ov] #c1jjj1jjj h4p4 is develop$ cont9u\sly by ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e4 ,/eam w\ld n h met s =midable a rival _h n t rival _h "s great advantages to (f]4 ,:at are ^!8 ,well1 fir/ ent] a factory driv5 by /eam p[]1 & c>efully note :at y see4 ,!n visit a l>ge gas- or oil-eng9e plant4 ,y w conclude t ! latt] scores on _m po9ts4 ,!re are no /ok]s requir$4 ,no boil]s ?reat5 possible explosions4 ,! heat is less4 ,! du/ & dirt are less4 ,! space occupi$ by ! eng9es is less4 ,!re is no noisome smoke to be l$ away ?r\gh tall & exp5sive *imneys4 ,if "w is /opp$ = an h\r or a day1 !re are no fires to be bank$ or drawn--involv+ wa/e 9 ei!r case4 ,above all1 ! gas eng9e is m effici5t1 or1 if y l to express ! same ?+ 9 o!r words1 m economical4 ,if y use only "o horse-p[] = "o h\r a day1 x doesn't mu* matt] :e!r t horse-p[]-h\r co/s #d;d4 or #e;d4 ,b 9 a factory :]e a ?\s& horse-p[] is requir$ all day long1 ! extra p5ce make a big total4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! proprietor f9ds t a %ill+'s-wor? ( gas or oil does a qu>t] z mu* "w aga9 z a %ill+'s-wor? ( coal1 & t ei!r =m ( fuel is easily obta9$1 y may be sure t1 s f> z economy is conc]n$1 he w make up 8 m9d )\t difficulty z to ! class ( eng9e to be employ$4 ,a p\nd ( coal burnt "u ! be/ type ( /eam-eng9e gives b #aj p] c5t4 ( its heat+ value 9 useful "w4 ,a good oil-eng9e gives #bj-be p] c5t41 & 9 special types ! figures are said to rise to #ce-dj p] c5t4 ,we may notice ano!r po9t1 viz4 t1 :ile a /eam-eng9e mu/ be kept z hot z possible to be effici5t1 an int]nal combu/ion eng9e mu/ be cool$4 ,9 ! =m] case no advantage1 beyond increas$ effici5cy1 results4 ,b 9 ! latt] ! wat] pass$ r\nd ! cyl9d]s to take up ! surplus heat has a value = w>m+ ! build+ or = manufactur+ processes4 ,putt+ "o ?+ ) ano!r1 exp]ts agree t ! explosion eng9e is ! prime mov] ( ! future4 ,/eam has app>5tly be5 develop$ almo/ to its limit4 ,its rival is b half-gr[n1 ?\gh already a giant4 ,"s int]nal combu/ion eng9es use petroleum z _! fuel1 conv]t+ x into gas be=e x is mix$ ) air to =m ! *>ge2 o!rs use coal-gas drawn f ! light+ ma9s2 poor gas made 9 special plants = p[] purposes2 or natural gas issu+ f ! gr\nd4 ,natural gas occurs 9 v l>ge quantities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is convey$ ?r\gh pipes "u pressure = hundr$s ( miles1 & di/ribut$ among factories & h\ses = driv+ ma*9]y1 heat+1 & cook+4 ,9 ,engl& & ,europe ! petroleum eng9e & coal-gas eng9e h be5 mo/ utilis$2 b ( late ! employm5t ( smelt+-furnace gases--=m]ly bl[n into ! air & wa/$--& ( produc] gas has come into great fav\r ) manufactur]s4 ,! late/ developm5t is ! suction gas eng9e1 :i* makes its own gas by draw+ /eam & air ?r\gh gl[+ fuel dur+ ! suction /roke4 ,we w consid] ! v>i\s types "u sep>ate head+s devot$ 7#a7 ,to ! oil-fuel eng9e1 7#b7 ,! produc]-gas eng9e & ! suction-gas eng9e1 7#c7 ,bla/-furnace gas eng9es1 ) ref]5ce to ! in/allations us$ 9 connection ) ! la/ two4 ,all explosion eng9es 7except+ ! v small types employ$ on motor cycles7 h a wat]-jacket r\nd ! cyl9d]s to absorb "s ( ! heat ( combu/ion1 :i* w\ld o!rwise r5d] ! metal s hot z to make prop] lubrication impossible1 & also w\ld unduly exp& ! incom+ *>ge ( gas & air be=e compression4 ,! ideal eng9e w\ld take 9 a full *>ge ( cold mixture1 :i* w\ld receive no heat f ! walls ( ! cyl9d]1 & dur+ ! explosion w\ld pass no heat ?r\gh ! walls4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ideal metal = ! cyl9d]s w\ld be "o absolutely non-receptive ( heat4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is1 eng9e]s are oblig$ to make a compromise1 & to keep ! cyl9d] at su* a temp]ature t x c be lubricat$ fitt+ly1 :ile n becom+ s cold z to absorb too mu* ( ! heat ( explosion4 ,,oil ,,eng9es ,^! fall into two ma9 classes3-- 7a7 ,^? us+ light1 volatile1 m9]al oils--su* z petrol & b5zol9e--& alcohol1 a vegetable product4 7b7 ,^? us+ heavy oils1 su* z p>aff9 oil 7k]os5e7 & ! d5s] con/itu5ts ( rock-oil left 9 ! /ills aft] ! k]os5e has be5 driv5 (f4 ,am]ican petroleum is ri* 9 burn+-oil & petrol2 ,russian 9 ! v heavy residue1 call$ a/akti4 ,giv5 ! prop] app>atus = vaporisation1 m9]al oils ( any d5sity c be us$ 9 ! explosion eng9e4 ,! fir/ class is s well kn[n z ! mov] ( motor vehicles & boats t we ne$ n l+] "h on x4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be rem>k$ t eng9es us+ ! easily-vaporis$ oils are n ( l>ge p[]s1 s9ce ! fuel is too exp5sive to make !m valuable = in/allations :]e l>ge units ( p[] are ne$$4 ,!y h be5 adopt$ = locomotives on acc\nt ( _! lightness1 & ! ease ) :i* !y c be />t$4 ,petrol vaporises at ord9>y temp]atures1 s t air m]ely pass$ ov] ! _s absorbs suffici5t vap\r to =m an explosive mixture4 ,! jet c>burett]1 n[ g5]ally employ$1 makes ! mixture m positive by atomis+ ! _s z x passes ?r\gh a v f9e nozzle into ! mix+ *amb] "u ! suction f ! cyl9d]4 ,on acc\nt ( _! small size _s eng9es "w at v high spe$s z comp>$ ) ! l>ge oil or gas eng9e4 ,?us1 :ile a #b1jjj h4p4 ,krt+ gas eng9e develops full p[] at eighty-five revolutions a m9ute1 ! t9y cycle motor mu/ be driv5 at #b1jjj to #c1jjj revolutions4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 z ! size increases ! spe$ decreases4 ,( heavy oil eng9es !re are "s doz5s ( well-tri$ types4 ,!y diff] 9 _! me?ods ( effect+ ! foll[+ op]ations4 #a4 ,! fe$+ ( ! oil fuel to ! eng9e4 #b4 ,! conv]sion ( ! oil into vap\r4 #c4 ,! ignition ( ! *>ge4 #d4 ,! gov]n+ ( spe$4 ,all ^! eng9es h a vaporis]1 or *amb] :]e9 ! oil is conv]t$ into gas by ! action ( heat4 ,:5 />t+-up ! eng9e1 ?is *amb] mu/ be heat$ by a specially design$ lamp1 simil> 9 pr9ciple to t us$ by h\se pa9t]s = burn+ old pa9t (f wood or metal4 ,let u n[ consid] ! op]ations enum]at$ above 9 "s detail4 #a4 ,! oil supply4 ,fuel is transf]r$ f ! /orage tank to ! vaporis] ei!r by ! action ( gravity ?r\gh a regulat+ device to prev5t flood+1 or by means ( a small pump1 or by ! suction ( ! pi/on1 :i* lifts ! liquid4 ,9 "s eng9es ! air & gas ent] ! cyl9d] ?r\gh a s+le valve2 9 o!rs ?r\gh sep>ate valves4 #b4 ,vaporisation4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! vaporis+ *amb] mu/ be heat$ to />t ! eng9e4 ,:5 "w has begun ! lamp may be remov$ if ! eng9e is s design$ t ! *amb] /ores up suffici5t heat 9 its walls f ea* explosion to vaporise ! *>ge = ! next p[] /roke4 ,! ,crossley eng9e has a lamp cont9u\sly burn+2 ! ,hornsby-,ackroyd dep5ds ^u ! /orage ( heat f explosions 9 a *amb] op5+ into ! cyl9d]4 ,! be/ designs are fairly equally divid$ betwe5 ! two sy/ems4 #c4 ,ignition ( ! compress$ *>ge is effect$ 9 "o ( f\r ways3 by br++ ! *>ge1 at ! end ( ! compression /roke1 into contact ) a clos$ tube project+ f ! cyl9d] & heat$ outside by a cont9u\sly burn+ lamp2 by ! heat /or$ 9 "s "p ( ! combu/ion *amb] 7i4e4 t portion ( ! cyl9d] n swept by ! pi/on72 by an electric sp>k2 or by ! m]e heat ( compression4 ,! second & ?ird me?ods are conf9$ to comp>atively few makes2 & ! ,diesel ,oil ,eng9e 7( :i* m pres5tly7 has a monopoly ( ! f\r?4 #d4 ,gov]n+4 ,all eng9es :i* turn ma*9]y do+ int]mitt5t "w--su* z t ( a sawmill1 or electric g5]at+ plant connect$ ) a numb] ( motors--mu/ be v c>efully gu>d$ f ov]runn+4 ,imag9e ! effect on an eng9e :i* is putt+ out its :ole /r5g? & gett+ full *>ges ( fuel1 if ! belt sudd5ly slipp$ (f & x 7 all[$ its head4 ,a bur/ fly-:eel w\ld be only "o ( ! results4 ,! /eam-eng9e is easily controll$ by ! c5trifugal action ( a ball-gov]nor1 :i*1 z ! spe$ increases1 gradually spreads its balls & lifts a lev] connect$ ) a valve 9 ! /eam supply pipe4 ,ow+ to its ela/ic nature1 /eam w d useful "w if admitt$ 9 small quantities to ! cyl9d]4 ,b a difficulty arises ) ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e if ! supply ( mixture is simil>ly ?rottl$1 because a loss ( quantity means loss ( compression & bad ignition4 ,_m oil eng9es are !re=e gov]n$ by app>atus :i*1 :5 ! spe$ exce$s a c]ta9 limit1 cuts (f ! supply altoge!r1 ei!r by ?r[+ ! oil-pump tempor>ily out ( action1 or by lift+ ! exhau/ valve s t ! movem5t ( ! pi/on causes no suction--! hit-&-miss me?od1 z x is call$4 ,! means adopt$ dep5ds on ! design ( ! eng9e2 & x mu/ be said t1 ?\gh all ! devices commonly us$ effect _! purpose1 none are p]fect2 ?is be+ due r to ! nature ( an int]nal explosion eng9e ?an to any lack ( +5uity on ! "p ( inv5tors4 ,! /eadie/ runn+ is probably giv5 ) ! ?rottle control1 :i* dim9i%es ! supply4 ,on motor c>s ?is me?od has practically ou/$ ! hit-&-miss gov]n$ exhau/ valve2 b 9 /ation>y eng9es we m commonly f9d ! spe$ controll$ by robb+ ! mixture ( ! explosive gas 9 inv]se proportion to ! am\nt ( ! "w requir$ f ! eng9e4 ,,! ,,diesel ,,oil ,,eng9e1 on acc\nt ( "s features peculi> to x1 is treat$ sep>ately4 ,9 #aija an exp]t wrote ( x t ! eng9e has n atta9$ any comm]cial position4 ,h]r ,rudolph ,diesel1 ! inv5tor1 has1 h[ev]1 won a high place = 8 prime-mov] among ^? :i* consume liquid fuel1 on acc\nt ( its extraord9>y economy4 ,! mak]s claim--z ! result ( _m te/s--t ) ! crude rock-oil 7co/+ 9 bulk ab\t #b;d4 a gallon7 :i* x uses1 a horse-p[] c be develop$ = "o h\r by ?is eng9e = "o-t5? ( a p5ny4 ,! daily fuel bill = a #ajj h4p4 eng9e runn+ t5 h\rs p] day w\ld !re=e be #hs4 #d;d4 ,to compete ) ! ,diesel eng9e a /eam in/allation w\ld h to be ( ! v highe/ class ( triple-expansion type1 ( n less ?an #djj h4p41 & us+ e h\r p] horse-p[] only #a-c_/d lbs4 ( coal at #is4 p] ton4 ,v few l>ge /eam-eng9es "w "u conditions s fav\rable1 & ) small sizes #c-d lbs4 ( coal w\ld be burnt = e horse-p[]-h\r4 ,! ,diesel diff]s f o!r int]nal combu/ion eng9es 9 ! foll[+ respects3-- #a4 ,x works ) v mu* high] compression4 #b4 ,! ignition is spontane\s1 result+ f ! high compression ( ! *>ge alone4 #c4 ,! fuel is n admitt$ into ! cyl9d] until ! p[]-/roke beg9s1 & ent]s 9 ! =m ( a f9e spray4 #d4 ,! combu/ion ( ! fuel is mu* sl[]1 & !re=e gives a m cont9u\s & ela/ic pu% to ! pi/on4 ,! eng9e works on ! ord9>y ,otto cycle4 ,to />t x1 air compress$ 9 a sep>ate vessel is inject$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on flies out1 & on its return squeezes ! air to ab\t #ejj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 ?us r5d]+ x inc&esc5t4#aa ,j z ! pi/on beg9s to move out aga9 a valve 9 ! cyl9d]-head op5s1 & a jet ( pulv]is$ oil is squirt$ 9 by air compress$ to #ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in* m ?an ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,! vap\r1 meet+ ! hot air1 burns1 b comp>atively sl[ly3 ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] dur+ ! /roke decreas+ mu* m gradually ?an 9 o!r eng9es4 ,gov]n+ is effect$ by regulation ( ! am\nt ( oil admitt$ into ! cyl9d]4 ,9 spite ( its high compression ?is eng9e runs ) v little vibration4 ,! writ] saw a p5ny /& unmov$ on its edge on ! top ( a cyl9d] 9 :i* ! pi/on 0 reciprocat+ #ejj times a m9ute6 ,,eng9es ,,work$ ,,by ,,produc]-,,gas ,^! eng9es are work$ by a special gas g5]at$ 9 an app>atus call$ a produc]4 ,if air is =c$ ?r\gh inc&esc5t c>bon 9 a clos$ furnace its oxyg5 unites ) ! c>bon & =ms c>bonic acid gas1 kn[n *emically z ,,co#b1 because e molecule ( ! gas conta9s "o atom ( c>bon & two ( oxyg54 ,?is gas1 be+ ! product ( combu/ion1 _c burn 7i4e4 comb9e ) m oxyg571 b z x passes up ?r\gh ! gl[+ coke1 coal1 or o!r fuel1 x absorbs ano!r c>bon atom into e molecule1 & we h ,c#b,o#b1 or #b ,,co1 :i* we "k z c>bon monoxide4 ,?is gas may be se5 burn+ on ! top ( an op5 fire ) a v pale blue flame1 z x once m comb9es ) oxyg5 to =m c>bonic acid gas4 ,! c>bon monoxide is valuable z a heat+ ag5t1 & :5 mix$ ) air =ms an explosive mixture4 ,if along ) ! air s5t into our furnace !re goes a proportion ( /eam1 fur!r *emical action results4 ,! oxyg5 ( ! /eam comb9es ) c>bon to =m c>bon monoxide1 & sets free ! hydrog54 ,! latt] gas1 :5 x comb9es ) oxyg5 9 combu/ion1 causes int5se heat2 s t if f ! furnace we c draw (f c>bon monoxide & hydrog51 we %all be able to get a mixture :i* dur+ combu/ion w set up great heat 9 ! cyl9d] ( an eng9e4 ,9 #ahgh ,mr4 ,em]son ,d[son inv5t$ an app>atus = manufactur+ a gas suitable = p[] plant1 ! gas be+ kn[n z ,produc] or ,poor ,gas1 ! la/ t]m ref]r+ to its poorness 9 hydrog5 z comp>$ ) coal & o!r gases4 ,:ile ! hydrog5 is a desirable +r$i5t 9 an explosive *>ge1 x mu/ n =m a l>ge proportion1 s9ce "u compression x r5d]s ! mixture 9 :i* x takes "p dang]\sly combu/ible1 & liable to spontane\s ignition be=e ! pi/on has f9i%$ ! compression /roke4 ,wat]-gas1 v ri* 9 hydrog51 & made by a v simil> process1 is !re=e n suitable = int]nal combu/ion eng9es4 ,!re are _m types ( produc]s1 b !y fall "u two ma9 heads1 i4e4 ! pressure & ! suction4 ,! pressure produc] conta9s ! foll[+ ess5tial p>ts3-- ,! g5]ator1 a v]tical furnace f$ f ! top ?r\gh an air-tight trap1 & %ut (f bel[ f ! outside atmosph]e by hav+ its foot imm]s$ 9 wat]4 ,any fuel or a%es :i* fall ?r\gh ! b>s into ! wat] c be ab/ract$ )\t spoil+ ! draught4 ,air & /eam are =c$ into ! g5]ator1 & pass up ?r\gh ! fuel ) ! *emical results already describ$4 ,! gases !n fl[ into a cool]1 enclos$ 9 a wat]-jacket1 ?r\gh :i* wat] circulates1 & on into a scrubb]1 :]e !y mu/ f9d _! way upw>ds ?r\gh coke kept dripp+ ) wat] f ov]head jets4 ,! wat] collects impurities ( all sorts1 & ! gas is !n ready = /orage 9 ! gas-hold]s or = imm$iate use 9 ! eng9es4 ,a p\nd ( an?racite coal ?us burnt w yield en\gh gas to develop #a h4p4 = "o h\r4 ,suction ,gas ,plants4--,) ^! gas is n /or$ 9 l>g] quantities ?an are ne$$ = ! imm$iate "w ( ! eng9e4 ,9 fact1 ! eng9e itself dur+ its suction /rokes draws air & /eam ?r\gh a v small furnace1 cool]s1 & scrubb]s direct into ! cyl9d]4 ,! furnace is !re=e f$ ) air & wat]1 n by pressure f outside1 b by suction f inside1 h5ce ! "n suction produc]4 ,at ! pres5t "t suction gas eng9es are be+ built = use on %ips1 s9ce a p\nd ( fuel ?us consum$ w drive a vessel fur!r ?an if burnt "u a /eam boil]4 ,v possibly ! big ocean l9]s ( tw5ty ye>s h5ce may be fitt$ ) su* eng9es 9 ! place ( ! triple & quadruple expansion /eam ma*9]y n[ do+ ! "w4 ,,bla/-,,furnace ,,gas ,,eng9es ,e iron bla/-furnace is v simil> 9 con/ruction & action to ! g5]ator ( a produc]-gas plant4 ,into x are f$ ?r\gh a hopp]1 situat$ 9 ! top1 lay]s ( ore1 coal or coke1 & lime/one4 ,at ! bottom ent]s a bla/ ( air heat$ by pass+ ?r\gh a /ove ( firebrick rais$ to a high temp]ature by ! c>bon monoxide gas com+ (f f ! furnace4 ,:5 ! /ove has be5 well heat$ ! gas supply is %ut (f f x & swit*$ to ! eng9e-h\se to create p[] = driv+ ! huge bl[]s4 ,! gas conta9s practically no hydrog51 z ! air s5t ?r\gh ! furnace is dry2 b s9ce x w /& high compression1 x is v suitable = use 9 l>ge eng9es4 ,=m]ly all ! gas f ! furnace 0 expell$ into ! op5 air & absolutely wa/$2 !n x 0 utilis$ to heat ! =c$ draught to ! furnace2 next1 to burn "u boil]s2 & la/ ( all1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,?waite1 to op]ate int]nal combu/ion eng9es = bl[+ purposes4 ,?us1 9 ! fitness ( ?+s1 we n[ see ! bigge/ gas eng9es 9 ! _w in/all$ :]e gas is creat$ 9 ! l>ge/ quantities1 & an int]e/+ cycle ( actions results4 ,! eng9e pumps ! air2 ! air bl[s ! furnace & melts ! iron out ( ! ore2 ! furnace creates ! gas2 ! gas heats ! air or works ! eng9es to pump m air4 ,s eng9es & furnace mutually help ea* o!r1 in/ead ( all ! obligation be+ on ! "o side4 ,:51 a few ye>s ago1 ! me?od 0 fir/ introduc$1 eng9es 7 damag$ by ! pres5ce ( du/ c>ri$ ) ! gas f ! furnace4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,?waite has1 h[ev]1 p]fect$ means = ! sep>ation ( injuri\s matt]1 & bla/-furnace gas is com+ into g5]al use 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,"s idea ( ! p[] :i* has be5 go+ to wa/e 9 ironworks = decades pa/ may be ga!r$ f a report ( ,pr(essor ,hub]t aft] exp]im5ts made 9 #aijj4 ,he says t eng9es ( l>ge size d n use m ?an #ajj cubic feet ( av]age bla/-furnace gas p] effective horse-p[]-h\r1 :i* is less ?an "o-f\r? ( ! consumption ( gas requir$ to develop ! same p[] f boil]s & good mod]n cond5s+ /eam-eng9es1 s t !re is an imm5se surplus ( p[] to be obta9$ f a bla/-furnace if ! bl[+ eng9es are work$ by ! gas x g5]ates1 a surplus :i* c be /ill fur!r increas$ if ! gas is prop]ly clean$4 ,x is e/imat$ t = e #ajj tons ( coke us$ 9 an ord9>y ,clevel& bla/-furnace1 aft] mak+ ample all[ance = gas = ! /oves & p[] = ! lifts1 pumps1 etc41 & = gas = work+ ! necess>y bl[+ eng9es1 !re is a surplus ( at lea/ #a1ejj h4p42 s t by economis+ gas by clean+1 & develop+ ! necess>y p[] by gas eng9es1 e furnace own] w\ld h a v l>ge surplus ( p[] = 8 /eel or o!r works1 or = sell+ 9 ! =m ( electricity or o!rwise4 ,yet all ?is gas _h be5 =m]ly turn$ loose = ! breezes to w>m _! f+]s at6 ,truly1 z an obs]vant writ] has record$1 ! sight ( a special plant be+ put up ne> a bla/ furnace to manufacture gas = ! bl[+ eng9es sugge/s ! pump+ ( wat] uphill 9 ord] to get wat]-p[]6 ,messrs4 ,we/g>? & ,ri*>dson1 ( ,middlesbr\gh2 ! ,john ,cock]ill ,company1 ( ,s]a+1 ,belgium2 & ! ,de la ,v]gne ,company1 ( ,new ,york1 are among ! *ief mak]s ( ! l>ge/ gas eng9es 9 ! _w1 rang+ up to #c1gej h4p4 ea*4 ,^! imm5se ma*9es1 "s ) fly-:eels #cj feet 9 diamet]1 & cyl9d]s spaci\s en\gh = a man to /& erect 91 "w bl[]s = furnaces or drive dynamos4 ,at ! works ( ! manufactur]s m5tion$ ! eng9es help$ to make ! /eel1 & turn ! ma*9]y = ! creation ( bro!r mon/]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gigantic ,,gas ,,eng9es ,five ( sixte5 #b1jjj h4p4 ,krt+ ,gas ,eng9es built by ! ,de la ,v]gne ,company ( ,new ,york ,city = bl[+ ! bla/ furnaces ( ! ,lackawanna ,/eel ,company4 ,! gas-eng9e plant at ^! works is ! l>ge/ 9 ! _w4 ,notice ! man to ! left4 ,?is use ( a bye-product ( indu/ry is rem>kable1 b x c be p>allel$4 ,furnace slag1 once ca/ away z useless1 is n[ recognis$ to be a valuable manure1 or is conv]t$ into bricks1 tiles1 cem5t1 & o!r build+ mat]ials4 ,aga91 ! =m] wa/e f ! coal-gas purifi] assumes importance z ! orig9 ( anil9e dyes1 creosote1 sac*>9e1 ammonia1 & oils4 ,we really appe> to be )9 sight ( ! happy "t :5 wa/e w be unkn[n4 ,& x !re=e is curi\s t we /ill burn gas z an illum9ant1 :5 ! same1 if made to "w an eng9e1 w\ld give m light+ p[] 9 ! %ape ( electric curr5t supply+ inc&esc5t lamps4 ,,footnote3 #aa ,! fact t air is heat$ to combu/ion po9t by compression has long be5 kn[n to ! ,*9ese4 ,9 ,! ,riv] ( ,gold5 ,s&1 ,capta9 ,gill writes3 ,! natives h an app>atus by :i* !y /rike a light by compress$ air4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a wood5 cyl9d] #b-a_/b in*es long by #c_/d in* 9 diamet]4 ,?is is clos$ at "o end2 ! bore be+ ab\t ! size ( a /\t quill p51 an air-tight pi/on fits into ?is ) a l>ge flat knob at ! top4 ,! o!r end ( ! pi/on is slightly holl[$ out1 & a v small piece ( t9d] is plac$ on ! top ?us =m$4 ,! cyl9d] is held 9 "o h&1 ! pi/on ins]t$ & pu%$ ab\t half-way d[n2 a v %>p bl[ is !n deliv]$ ) ! palm ( ! h& on to ! top ( ! knob2 ! h& mu/ at ! same "t close on ! knob1 & in/antly )draw ! pi/on1 :5 ! t9d] w be f\nd alight4 ,! compression ( ! air produces heat en\gh to light ! t9d]2 b ?is w g out aga9 unless ! pi/on is )drawn v %>ply4 ,i tri$ a great _m times1 b cov]$ myself ) confusion 9 fruitless ef=ts to get a light1 = ! natives nev] miss x4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,motor-,,c>s ,,! ,,motor ,,omnibus--,,railway ,,motor-,,c>s ,! developm5t ( ! motor-c> has be5 ph5om5al4 ,e>ly 9 #ahif ! only me*anically mov$ vehicles to be se5 on our roads 7 ! traction-eng9e1 prec$$ by a man be>+ a r$ flag1 ! /eam-roll]1 &1 9 ! t[ns1 a few trams4 ,to-day ! motor is app>5t ev]y:]e1 dodg+ ?r\gh /reet traffic1 or rais+ ! du/ ( ! c\ntry roads & lanes1 or lumb]+ along ) its load ( m]*&ise at a /eady gait4 ,z a purely spe$ ma*9e ! motor-c> has practically rea*$ its limit4 ,) #ajj h4p4 or m cr[d$ into a vehicle scal+ only a ton1 ! record rate ( travel has approa*$ two miles 9 a m9ute on specially prep>$ & peculi>ly suitable tracks4 ,ev5 up /eep hills su* a mon/] w c>e] at ne>ly eighty miles an h\r4 ,next to ! rac+ c> comes ! t\r+ c>1 eng9$ to give sixty miles an h\r on ! level 9 ! m p[]ful types1 or a mu* l[] spe$ 9 ! c> int5d$ = quiet] travel1 & = p :o are n prep>$ to face a big bill = upkeep4 ,! luxury ( ! age has invad$ ! design ( automobiles till ! gorge\sly decorat$ & com=tably furni%$ ,pullman ( ! railway has f\nd a c\nt]p>t 9 ! motor c>avan ) its accommodation = sleep+ & fe$+4 ,:ile ! t[n dwell] rolls along 9 electric l&aulet1 scre5$ f w9d & wea!r1 ! t\ri/ may explore ! roads ( ! _w well h\s$ & loll+ at ease beh9d ! w9d[s ( 8 #b1jjj-;gu9ea ma*9e1 on :i* ! eng9e] & c>riage build] h lavi%$ _! utmo/ skill4 ,! taunt ( unreliability once levell$--& ) ju/ice--at ! motor-c>1 is fa/ los+ its =ce1 ow+ to ! va/ improvem5ts 9 design & details :i* manufactur]s h be5 /imulat$ to make4 ,! motor-c> indu/ry has a great future be=e x1 & ! prizes !re9 are su* z to tempt bo? inv5tor & eng9e]4 ,e week scores ( pat5ts are grant$ = devices :i* aim at ! p]fection ( "s "p ( a c>1 its tyres1 its :eels1 or its eng9es4 ,until /&>d types = all grades ( motor vehicles h be5 e/abli%$1 ?is re/less fl[ ( ideas w cont9ue4 ,its volume is ! mo/ /rik+ pro( ( ! vitality ( ! indu/ry4 ,! uses to :i* ! motor vehicle has be5 put are legion4 ,on railways ! motor c>riage is cat]+ = local traffic4 ,on ! roads ! motor omnibus is /eadily increas+ its numb]s4 ,tradesm5 ( all sorts1 & p]sons conc]n$ ) ! di/ribution ( commodities1 f9d t ! petrol- or /eam-mov$ c> or lorry has v decid$ advantages ov] horse traction4 ,our po/al au?orities h adopt$ ! motor mail van4 ,! ,w> ,(fice looks to ! motor to solve "s ( its transportation difficulties4 ,9 %ort1 ! motor age has arriv$1 :i* w1 relatively to ! railway age1 play mu* ! same "p z t epo* did to ! horse age4 ,at ! ultimate effects ( ! *ange we c only guess2 b we see already1 9 ! great accel]ation ( travel :]ev] ! motor is employ$1 t _m social in/itutions are ab\t to be revolutionis$4 ,b = ! det]m9$ opposition 9 ! '?irties ( la/ c5tury to ! /eam omnibus we %\ld d\btless live to-day 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,our population w\ld be scatt]$ m broadca/ ov] ! c\ntry in/ead ( be+ h]d$ 9 huge t[ns4 ,_m railways w\ld h rema9$ unbuilt1 b our roads w\ld be kept 9 mu* bett] condition1 special tracks hav+ be5 built = ! rapid travel ( ! motor4 ,we h only to look to a c\ntry n[ 9 c\rse ( developm5t to see t ! road1 :i* leads ev]y:]e1 w1 9 comb9ation ) ! motor vehicle1 ev5tually supplant1 or at any rate r5d] unnecess>y1 ! co/ly network ( railways :i* mu/ be a network ( v f9e me% to meet ! ne$s ( a civilis$ community4 ,9 ! scope ( a few pages x is impossible to cov] ev5 a ti! ( ! field occupi$ by ! ubiquit\s motor-c>1 & we mu/1 !re=e1 re/rict ourselves to a glance at ! manufacture ( its me*anism1 & a few %ort excursions into ^? developm5ts :i* promise mo/ to alt] our modes ( life4 ,we w beg9 ) a trip ov] "o ( ! l>ge/ motor factories 9 ! _w1 select+ t ( ,messrs4 ,dion & ,b\ton1 ^: names are insep>able f ! hi/ory ( ! mod]n motor-c>4 ,!y may ju/ly claim t to deal ) ! orig91 rise1 & progress ( ! huge bus9ess :i* !y h built up w\ld be to give an acc\nt1 9 its g5]al l9es1 ( all ! phases ?r\gh :i* ! motor1 especially ! petrol motor1 has pass$ f its crude/ %ape to its pres5t /ate ( comp>ative p]fection4 ,! ,c\nt ,alb]t de ,dion 01 9 8 e>li] days1 little conc]n$ ) ?+s me*anical4 ,he turn$ r to ! fa%ionable pursuit ( duell+1 9 :i* he seems to h made a "n4 ,b he 0 n ! man to wa/e 8 life 9 su* inanities1 & :51 "o day1 he 0 walk+ d[n ! ,p>is b\lev>ds1 8 att5tion 0 rivet$ by a little clockwork c>riage expos$ = sale among o!r ,new ,ye>'s gifts4 ,t mom5t 0 fraught ) great consequ5ces1 = an inv5tive m9d _h f\nd a prop] scope = its en]gy4 ,:y1 ?\ght he1 c\ld n real c>s be made to run by "s bett] =m ( motive p[]8 ,on inquir+ he le>nt t a workman nam$ ,b\ton _h produc$ ! c>4 ,! ,c\nt1 !re=e1 s\ght ! artisan2 ) :om he work$ out ! problem :i* _h n[ become 8 aim 9 life4 ,h5ce x is t ! names ,dion--,b\ton are f\nd on ?\s&s ( eng9es all ov] ! _w4 ,! p>tn]s scor$ _! fir/ successes ) /eam- & petrol-driv5 tricycles1 built 9 a small work%op 9 ! ,av5ue ,malak(f 9 ,p>is4 ,! works 7 !n transf]r$ to ,puteaux1 :i* has s9ce develop$ into ! great automobile c5tre ( ! _w1 & aft] two m *anges f\nd a re/+-place on ! ,quai ,national4 ,"h close ^u #c1jjj h&s are engag$ 9 supply+ ! _w's requirem5ts 9 motors & c>s4 ,let u ent] ! huge block ( build+s & wat* !m at "w4 ,! draw+-(fice is ! bra9 ( ! factory4 ,)9 its walls new ideas are be+ put into practical %ape by skill$ draughtsm54 ,! draw+s are s5t to ! model-mak+ %op1 :]e ! p>ts are fir/ fa%ion$ 9 wood4 ,! %op conta9s doz5s ( big b5*es1 circul> saws1 & plan+ ma*9es1 "o ( !m 9 ! =m ( a revolv+ drum c>ry+ a numb] ( planes1 :i* turns ?\s&s ( times a m9ute1 & %apes (f ! r\gh surface ( ! blocks ( h>d wood z if x 7 s mu* clay4 ,^! blocks are cut1 plan$1 & turn$1 & !n put into ! h&s ( a rem>kably skill$ class ( workm51 :o1 ) rule1 callip]1 & *isel1 %ape out cyl9d]s & o!r p>ts to ! draw+s be=e !m ) wond]ful pati5ce & exactness4 ,aft] ! model has be5 fa%ion$1 ! next /ep is to make a clay m\ld f ! same1 ) a hole 9 ! top ?r\gh :i* ! molt5 metal is p\r$4 ,! f\ndry is mo/ picturesque 9 a lurid1 ,rembr&tesque fa%ion3 ,x is black ev]y:]e4 ,! floor1 walls1 & ro( are black1 & ! f\ndry h&s look l unwa%$ p5it5ts 9 sackclo? & a%es4 ,at ! end ( ! build+ !re is a rais$ brickwork1 & :5 ! visitor is able to see 9 ! d>kness1 he di/+ui%es a numb] ( rais$ lids along ! top1 :ile "h & !re are /rewn ab\t huge iron ladles l buckets4 ,on ! =eman giv+ ! ^w1 a man /eps up on ! brickwork & removes ! lid1 :5 a column ( int5se :ite light /rikes upw>ds4 ,x gives "o ! impression ( com+ f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 l a hole op5+ out 9 a volcano4 ,! man be/rides ! ap]ture1 d[n :i* he drops ! ladle at ! end ( a long pole1 & !n pull+ x up aga9 full ( a /raw-col\r$1 %9+ liquid1 s close to him t we %udd] at ! idea ( its spill+ ov] 8 legs & feet1 he p\rs ! molt5 metal into a big ladle1 :i* is seiz$ by two m5 :o p\r ! liquid into ! m\lds4 ,! "w is m difficult ?an x looks1 = x requires a lot ( practice to fill ! m\lds 9 su* a way z to avoid bl[-holes & flaws t prove su* a s]i\s item 9 f\ndry practice4 ,9 ! case-h>d5+ dep>tm5t1 next door1 !re are six huge ov5s ) slid+ fronts4 ,!re9 are set p>ts :i* h be5 =g$ or ma*9$1 & are subject$ to a high temp]ature :ile cov]$ 9 *>coal1 s t ! sk9 ( ! metal may absorb c>bon at high temp]atures & become extremely t\gh4 ,all %afts1 ge>s1 & o!r mov+ p>ts ( a c> are subject$ to ?is treatm5t1 :i* p]mits a consid]able r$uction 9 ! weight ( metal us$1 & greatly increases its resi/ance to we>4 ,aft] be+ c>bonis$1 ! mat]ial is temp]$ by imm]sion 9 wat] :ile ( a c]ta9 heat1 judg$ by ! col\r ( ! hot metal4 ,we n[ pass to ! turn+-%op1 :]e ! cyl9d]s are bor$ out by a gr9d+ disc rapidly rotat+ on an ecc5tric %aft1 :i* is gradually advanc$ ?r\gh ! cyl9d] z x revolves4 ,! utmo/ accuracy1 to ! #a_/aj1jjj "p ( an in*1 is necess>y 9 ?is op]ation1 s9ce ! bore mu/ be p]fectly cyl9drical1 & also ( a /&>d size1 s t any /&>d pi/on may exactly fit x4 ,aft] be+ bor$1 or r gr\nd1 ! walls ( ! cyl9d] are highly poli%$1 & ! article is ready = te/+4 ,! workman entru/$ ) ?is task h]metically closes ! ends by ins]t+ ! cyl9d] betwe5 ! plates ( an hydraulic press1 & pumps 9 wat] to a requir$ pressure4 ,if !re be ! slighte/ crack1 crevice1 or hole1 ! wat] f9ds its way ?r\gh1 & ! piece is condemn$ to ! rubbi% heap4 ,9 ! motor-room are scores ( cyl9d]s1 crank-cases1 & ge>s ready = f9i%+4 ,"h ! outside ( bor$ cyl9d]s is t\*$ up by files to remove any m>ks & r\gh projections left by ! m\lds4 ,! crank-cases ( alum9ium are tak5 9 h& by m5 :o *isel ! edges :]e ! two halves fit1 *ipp+ (f ! metal ) wond]ful skill & precision4 ,! edges are !n gr\nd smoo?1 & aft] ! halves h be5 accurately fitt$1 ! holes = ! bolts connect+ !m are drill$ 9 a special ma*9e1 :i* pres5ts a drill to ea* hole 9 succession4 ,hav+ se5 ! v>i\s op]ations :i* a cyl9d] has to g ?r\gh1 we pass into ano!r %op giv5 up to long l9es ( b5*es :]e v>i\s motor p>ts are be+ complet$4 ,ea* piece1 h[ev] small1 is treat$ z ( ! utmo/ importance1 s9ce ! failure ( ev5 a t9y p9 may br+ ! l>ge/ c> to a /&/ill4 ,we see a man te/+ pump discs aga9/ a /&>d template to prove _! absolute accuracy4 ,close by1 ano!r man is f9i%+ a fly-:eel1 *ipp+ (f specks ( metal to make ! balance true4 ,we n[ und]/& t ma*9e tools _c utt]ly displace ! human h& & eye4 ,! fitt]s1 ) t\*es ( ! file1 remove matt] 9 su* m9ute quantities t its removal might seem ( no consequ5ce4 ,b matt] 9 ! wrong place is ! cause ( _m breakd[ns4 ,we %\ld naturally expect t eng9es ca/ f ! same patt]n1 h&l$ by ! same ma*9es1 f9i%$ by ! same m51 w\ld give id5tical results4 ,b z two bicycles ( simil> make w run diff]5tly1 s d eng9es ( "o type develop peculi>ities4 ,! motors are !re=e tak5 into a te/+-room & bolt$ to two r[s ( b5*es1 =ty at a "t4 ,"h !y run "u p[] = long p]iods1 creat+ a deaf5+ upro>1 until all p>ts "w sweetly4 ,! p[] ( ! eng9es is te/$ by h>ness+ !m to dynamos & not+ ! am\nt ( curr5t develop$ at a c]ta9 spe$4 ,we might l+] 9 ! dep>tm5ts :]e accumulators1 sp>k+ plugs1 & o!r p>ts ( ! electrical app>atus ( a c> are made1 or 9 ! laboratory :]e *emi/s pry into ! results ( a new alloy1 aid$ by p[]ful microscopes & m>vell\sly delicate scales4 ,b we w /op only to note ! p[]ful ma*9e :i* is /ret*+ & cru%+ metal to asc]ta9 its t\ghness4 ,no c>e 9 exp]im5t+ is sp>$4 ,! *emi/1 por+ ov] 8 te/ tubes1 plays z important a "p 9 ! con/ruction ( a c> z ! f\ndry man or ! turn]4 ,! ma*9e-%op is an object-lesson among ! tools notic$ 9 previ\s *apt]s ( ?is book4 ,"h is a huge plan+ ma*9e travell+ to & fro ov] a copp] b>4 ,a crank %aft has be5 cut out ( solid /eel by bor+ holes close toge!r ?r\gh a ?ick plate1 & ! two sides ( ! plate h be5 brok5 (f1 leav+ ! r\gh %aft ) its edges compos$ ( a consid]able numb] ( semicircles4 ,! %aft is sl[ly rotat$ on a la!1 & t9y cl\ds ( smoke arise z ! tool nicks (f pieces ( metal to r$uce ! %aft to a circul> %ape4 ,o!r ma*9es1 ) high-spe$ tool /eel1 are f9i%+ ge> %afts4 ,fly-:eels are be+ turn$ & worm %afts cut4 ,all ^! labori\s op]ations are c>ri$ out by ! ma*9es1 ea* "u ! control ( "o man ^: m9d is int5t ^u ! "w1 ready to /op ! ma*9e or adju/ ! mat]ial z may be requir$4 ,z a contra/ to ! heavy ma*9es we w pass to ! light automatic tools :i* are gr\p$ 9 a gall]y4444 ,! eye is bewild]$ by ! mov+ mass1 b ! :irl+ ( ! pulley %afts & ! click+ ( ! cap/an la!s is soo?+ to ! e>1 :ile ! m9d is greatly impress$ by ! +5uity ( man 9 suppress+ lab\r by means ( ma*9es1 ( :i* half a doz5 c be easily look$ aft] by "o h&1 :o has no?+ to d b to see t !y are f$ ) mat]ial4 ,a rod ( /eel is put into ! ma*9e1 & ! turret1 ) half a doz5 diff]5t tools1 pres5ts fir/ "o & !n ! o!r to ! end ( ! rod ba!d 9 ?ick oil1 s t x is rapidly turn$1 bor$1 & %ap$ into caps1 nuts1 bolts1 & ! scores ( o!r little accessories requir$ 9 fitt+ up a motor-c>4 ,on see+ h[ all ?is "w is done me*anically & me?odically1 ) sc>cely any o!r exp5se b ! capital requir$ 9 ! upkeep ( ! ma*9es & 9 driv+ !m1 "o wond]s h[ ! automobile indu/ry c\ld be c>ri$ on )\t ?is lab\r-sav+ me*anism4 ,9 any ev5t1 if all ^! little pieces _h to be turn$ out by h&1 x is c]ta9 t ! co/ ( ! motor-c> w\ld be consid]ably m ?an x is1 ev5 if x did n rea* to su* a figure z to make x prohibitive to all b weal?y buy]s4 ,d[n "o side ( ! gall]y ! ma*9es are engag$ 9 cutt+ ge>s ) s mu* precision t1 :5 te/$ by turn+ !m toge!r on p9s on a b5* at ! end ( ! gall]y1 x is v r>e inde$ t any "o ( !m is f\nd defective4 ,?is in/allation ( automatic tools is "o ( ! l>ge/ ( its k9d 9 a motor-c> works1 if n 9 any eng9e]+ %op1 & ea* "o has be5 c>efully select$ 9 view ( its effici5cy = p>ticul> classes ( "w1 s t we see ma*9es f ,am]ica1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many4 ,9 ! fitt+-%ops ! multitude ( p>ts are assembl$ to =m ! *assis or me*anical c>riage ( ! c>1 to :i*1 9 a sep>ate %op1 is add$ ! body = ! accommodation ( pass5g]s4 ,! :ole is pa9t$ & c>efully v>ni%$ aft] x has be5 out on ! road = trials to discov] any weak spot 9 its anatomy4 ,!n ! c> is ready = sale4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! racket+ t a high-p[]$ c> has to /&1 & ! high spe$ ( its mov+ p>ts1 "o c und]/& :y ^? p>ts mu/ be made s c>efully & precisely1 & also h[ ?is c>e mu/ conduce to ! exp5se ( ! f9i%$ article4 ,x has be5 said t x is easy to make a good wat*1 b difficult to make a good motor2 = ?\gh !y bo? require an equal am\nt ( exactitude & skill1 ! latt] has to /& mu* m we> 9 proportion4 ,:5 y look at a fir/-grade c> be>+ a great mak]'s "n1 y h "u y\r eyes "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful pieces ( me*anism ! _w c %[4 ,we w n leave ! de ,dion-,b\ton ,works )\t a fur!r glance at ! human elem5t4 ,! company nev] h a slack "t1 & consequ5tly c employ ! same numb] ( p all ! ye> r\nd4 ,!y pride !mselves on ! fact t ! great majority ( ! m5 h be5 9 _! employ = sev]al ye>s1 ) ! result t !y h ar\nd !m a class ( workm5 :o are /eady1 reliable &1 above all1 skilful 9 ! p>ticul> "w !y are engag$ ^u4 ,!re are m ?an #b1fjj m5 & ab\t #ajj wom51 ^! latt] be+ employ$ *iefly 9 ! manufacture ( sp>k+ plugs & 9 o!r dep>tm5ts :]e !re is no night "w4 ,!y are mo/ly ! wives or wid[s ( old workm51 & 9 ?us f9d+ employm5t = !m ! firm provides = ^? :o w\ld o!rwise be left )\t res\rce1 & at ! same "t e>ns ! gratitude ( _! employs4 ,,note4--,! au?or gratefully ackn[l$ges ! help giv5 by ,messrs4 de ,dion-,b\ton1 ,ltd41 9 provid+ mat]ials = ?is acc\nt ( _! works4 ,,! ,,motor ,,omnibus ,prior to ! emancipation ( ! road automobile 9 #ahif1 p]mission _h be5 grant$ to corporations to run trams driv5 by me*anical p[] ?r\gh t[ns4 ,! /eam tram1 its eng9e protect$ by a case :i* hid ! ma*9]y f ! view ( re/ive horses1 pant$ up & d[n our /reets1 draw+ "o or m vehicles beh9d x4 ,! electric tram pres5tly came ov] f ,am]ica & soon e/abli%$ its sup]iority to ! /eam] ) respect to spe$1 fre$om f smell & smoke1 & noiselessness3 ! sy/em g5]ally adopt$ 0 t inv5t$ 9 #ahhg by ,frank ,j4 ,sprague1 9 :i* an ov]head cable support$ on po/s or slung f wires spann+ ! track c>ries curr5t to a trolley arm project+ f ! vehicle4 ,! return curr5t passes ?r\gh ! rails1 :i* are made electrically cont9u\s by hav+ _! individual l5g?s ei!r weld$ toge!r or jo9$ by metal /rips4 ,9 ,am]ica1 :]e wide /reets & rapidly gr[+ cities are ! rule1 ! electric tramway s]ves v useful ends2 ! be/ pro( ( its utility be+ ! total mileage ( ! tracks4 ,/ati/ics = #aijb %[ t s9ce #ahij ! mileage _h increas$ f #a1bfa to #ba1ibj miles2 & ! numb] ( pass5g]s c>ri$ f #b1jbc1jaj1bjb to #d1hac1dff1jja1 or an increase ( #acgid p] c5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t electricity has 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates almo/ completely ou/$ /eam & animal traction s f> z /reet c>s are conc]n$2 s9ce ! #e1ffa miles once s]v$ by animal p[] h dw9dl$ to #bei1 & /eam c claim only #afi miles ( track4 ,next to ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes ,g]many z a us] ( electricity = tractive purposes2 ?\gh %e is a v bad second ) only ab\t #f1jjj miles ( track2 & ,engl& takes ?ird place ) ab\t #c1jjj miles4 ,t ! ,briti% ,isles1 s well provid$ ) railways1 %\ld be s poorly equipp$ ) tramways is compreh5sible :5 we consid] ! n>r[ness ( ! /reets ( h] l>ge/ t[ns1 :]e a good s]vice ( public vehicles is mo/ ne$$4 ,! in/allation ( a tram-l9e necessitates ! te>+ up ( a /reet1 & 9 _m cases ! clos+ ( t /reet to traffic4 ,we c h>dly imag9e ! dislocation ( bus9ess t w\ld result f su* a blockage (1 say1 ! ,/r& & ,high ,holborn2 b s9ce x has be5 calculat$ t no less ?an five millions ( p\nds /]l+ are lo/ to our great metropolis ye>ly by ! ob/ructions ( gas1 wat]1 telegraph1 & telephone op]ations1 :i* only p>tially close a ?or\ghf>e1 or by ! relay+ ( ! road surface1 :i* is n a v l5g?y matt] if prop]ly conduct$1 we might reckon ! f9ancial loss result+ f ! lay+ ( tram-rails at _m millions4 ,ev5 7 !y laid1 ! tr\ble w\ld n cease1 = a tram is conf9$ to its track1 & _c make way = o!r traffic4 ,?is inadaptability has be5 ! cause ( ! great outcry lately rais$ aga9/ ! way 9 :i* tram-l9e companies h monopolis$ ! ma9 /reets & approa*es to _m ( our l>ge/ t[ns4 ,:ile ! electric tram is b5eficial to a l>ge class ( p1 z a *eap me?od ( locomotion betwe5 home & bus9ess1 x sadly h&icaps all own]s ( vehicles vexati\sly delay$ by ! tram4 ,at ,br5t=d1 to take a notori\s example1 ! d\ble tram-l9e s completely fills ! ,high ,/reet t x is at places impossible = a c>t or c>riage to rema9 at ! k]b/one4 ,ano!r *>ge levell$ ) ju/ice at ! tram-l9e is t ! rails & _! sett+ are dang]\s to cycli/s1 motori/s1 & ev5 heavy vehicles1 especially 9 wet wea!r1 :5 ! side-slip demon becomes a real t]ror4 ,engli% municipalities are !re=e fac$ by a s]i\s problem4 ,improv$ locomotion is necess>y2 h[ c x be/ be provid$8 ,by smoo?-runn+1 luxuri\s1 well-light$ electric trams1 travell+ ov] a track laid at great exp5se1 & a cont9ual nuisance to a l>ge section ( ! community2 or by vehicles indep5d5t ( a c5tral s\rce ( p[]1 & free to move 9 any direction accord+ to ! ne$s ( ! traffic8 ,:]e tramways exi/1 ^? responsible = lay+ !m at ! rate ( sev]al ?\s& p\nds p] mile are naturally reluctant to ab&on !m4 ,b :]e ! fix$ track has n yet arriv$ an alt]native me?od ( transport is op51 viz4 ! automobile omnibus4 ,q rec5tly we h se5 9 ,london & o!r t[ns a great increase 9 ! numb] ( motor buses1 :i* (t5 ply f> out into ! c\ntry4 ,f ! po9t ( spe$ !y are v sup]ior to ! hors$ vehicle1 & /ati/ics %[ t !y are also less co/ly to run 9 proportion to ! f>es c>ri$1 :ile pass5g]s w unanim\sly ackn[l$ge _! great] com=t4 ,to *ange f ! anci5t1 rattl+ two-horse conveyance1 :i* jolts u on r\gh roads1 & occasionally s5ds a ?rill up ! sp9e :5 ! brakes are appli$1 to ! roomy /eam- or petrol-driv5 bus1 :i* ov]takes & ?reads its way ?r\gh ! sl[] traffic1 is a pleasant exp]i5ce4 ,s ! motor buses are cr[d$1 :ile ! hors$ rivals on ! same r\te trundle along half empty4 ,s9ce ! "o class ( vehicles c travel at an av]age pace ( t5 miles an h\r1 z aga9/ ! f\r miles an h\r ( ! o!r1 no wond] t ?is %\ld be s4 ,ev5 if ! runn+ co/s ( a motor bus = a giv5 di/ance exce$ t ( an electric tram1 we mu/ rememb] t1 :]eas a bus runs on already exi/+ roads1 an imm5se am\nt ( capital mu/ be sunk 9 lay+ ! track = ! tram1 & ! int]e/ on ?is sum has to be add$ to ! total runn+ co/s4 ,! next decade w probably decide :e!r automobiles or trams are to s]ve ! ne$s ( ! community 9 di/ricts :]e at pres5t no effici5t s]vice ( any k9d exi/s4 ,9 ,london motor buses are be+ plac$ on ! roads by scores1 & ! day _c be f> di/ant :5 ! horse w disappe> f ! bus z x is already fa/ vani%+ f ! front ( ! tram4 ,bo? petrol & /eam1 & 9 "s cases a comb9ation ( petrol & electricity1 are us$ to propel ! motor bus4 ,x has n yet be5 decid$ :i* =m ( p[] yields ! be/ results4 ,petrol is probably ! *eap] fuel1 b /eam gives ! quiet] runn+2 & c\ld electric /orage batt]ies be made suffici5tly light & durable !y w\ld h a /rong claim to prec$5ce4 ,!re has lately appe>$ a new =m ( accumulator--! von ,ro?mund--:i* promises well1 s9ce weight = weight x f> exce$s 9 capacity any o!r type1 & is s con/ruct$ t x w /& a lot ( r\gh usage4 ,a c> fitt$ ) a von ,ro?mund batt]y scal+ ab\t #a1ejj lbs4 has run #bjj miles on "o *>ge1 & x is anticipat$ t ) improvem5ts 9 motors a #a1ajj-lb4 batt]y w readily be run #aej miles z aga9/ ! #ej miles 9 ! case ( a lead batt]y ( equal weight4 ,!re is a l>ge sph]e op5 to ! motor bus outside di/ricts :]e ! electric tram w\ld ent] into s]i\s competition ) x4 ,we h be=e u a sket*-map ( ! ,great ,we/]n ,railway1 "o ( ! mo/ ent]pris+ sy/ems ) reg>d to its use ( motors to fe$ its rails4 ,no less ?an ?irty road s]vices are 9 op]ation1 & _! numb] is be+ /eadily augm5t$4 ,9 fact1 x looks z if 9 ! ne> future ! motor s]vice w l>gely supplant ! bran* railway1 bless$ ) v few tra9s a day4 ,a motor bus s]vice ply+ e half-h\r betwe5 a t[n & ! ne>e/ important ma9-l9e /ation w\ld be m valuable to ! inhabitants ?an half a doz5 tra9s a day1 especially if ! pass5g] vehicles 7 supplem5t$ by lorries = ! c>riage ( luggage & heavy goods4 ,9 ?is connection we may notice an inv5tion ( ,m4 ,r5>d--a motor tra9 ( sev]al vehicles t[$ by a s+le eng9e4 ,we h all se5 ! traction-eng9e puff+ along ) its tail ( trucks1 & be5 impress$ by ! weight ( ! locomotive1 & also by ! mann] 9 :i* ! tra9 occupies a road :5 pass+ a corn]4 ,! weight is necess>y to give suffici5t grip to move ! :ole tra91 :ile ! spread+ ( ! vehicles across ! ?or\ghf>e on a curve arises f ! fact t ea* vehicle does n foll[ ! pa? ( t prec$+ x1 b describes "p ( a small] circle4 ,m4 ,r5>d has1 9 8 motor tra91 evad$ ! ne$ = a heavy tractor by provid+ e vehicle ) a pair ( driv+ :eels1 & transmitt+ ! p[] to ^? :eels by a special flexible propell] %aft :i* passes f ! p[]ful motor on ! lead+ vehicle "u all ! o!r vehicles1 engag+ 9 succession ) me*anism atta*$ to all ! driv+ axles4 ,9 ?is mann] ea* c> yields its quotum ( adhesion = its own propulsion1 & ! necessity = great weight is obviat$4 ,special c\pl+s ensure t ! pa? tak5 by ! tractor %all be fai?fully foll[$ by all its foll[]s4 ,a motor tra9 ( ?is description has travell$ f ,p>is to ,b]l9 & drawn to itself a great deal ( att5tion4 ,w x1 asks a writ] 9 ,! ,_w's ,"w1 ultimately displace ! conv5tional traction-eng9e & its heavy trail+ waggons8 ,e municipality & ,c\nty ,c\ncil is only too pa9fully cognisant ( ! dire effects ^u ! roads ex]cis$ by ! cumbr\s :eels ( ^! unwieldy locomotives & tra9s4 ,) ! ,r5>d tra91 h[ev]1 ! trail+ coa*es c be ( light con/ruction1 c>ri$ on ord9>y :eels :i* d n cut up or o!rwise damage ! roadway surface4 ,_m o!r advantages inh]5t 9 su* a tra9 might be enum]at$4 ,! mo/ important1 h[ev]1 are ! flexibility ( ! :ole tra92 its complete control2 fa/] spe$ )\t any att5dant dang]2 its rem>kable brak+ arrangem5ts z af=d$ by ! cont9u\s propell] %aft ge>+ directly ) ! driv+-:eels ( ea* c>riage2 its l[ co/ ( ma9t5ance1 s]viceability1 & in/ant use2 & ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( m5 requisite = ! att5tion ( ! tra9 :ile on a j\rney4 ,7 ! sy/em a success1 x w\ld f9d pl5ty ( scope to convey pass5g]s & commodities ?r\gh di/ricts too sp>sely populat$ to r5d] a railway pr(itable4 ,p w\ld talk ab\t travell+ or s5d+ goods by ! t5-?irty motor tra91 j z n[ we speak ( ! elev5-fifte5 to t[n4 ,z a c>ri] & di/ribut] ( mails1 ! motor van has already e/abli%$ a position4 ,to quote b a c\ple ( in/ances1 !re are ! s]vices betwe5 ,london & ,brighton1 & ,liv]pool & ,man*e/]4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,wight motor omnibuses connect all ! pr9cipal t[ns & villages4 ,ea* bus is a travell+ po/-(fice 9 :i*1 by an arrangem5t ) ! ,po/ma/]-,g5]al1 anybody may po/ lett]s at ! recognis$ /opp+-places or :5ev] ! vehicle has halt$ = any purpose4 ,9 ,p>is1 ,london1 ,b]l91 ! motor mail van is a common sight4 ,x has ev5 p5etrat$ ! int]ior ( ,india1 :]e ! ,mah>ajah ( ,gwalior uses a specially fitt$ /eam c> = ! deliv]y ( 8 private mails4 ,&1 z ?\gh to %[ t man alone %all n pr(it by ! new mode ( locomotion1 ,p>is owns a motor-c> :i* conveys lo/ dogs f ! diff]5t police-/ations to ! ,dogs' ,home6 ,9 fact1 !re seems to be no purpose to :i* a horse-drawn vehicle c be put1 :i* ei!r has n be51 or %ortly w be1 invad$ by ! motor4 ,,railway ,,motor-,,c>s ,9 ! e>ly days ( railway con/ruction vehicles 7 us$ :i* comb9$ a /eam locomotive ) an ord9>y pass5g] c>riage4 ,aft] be+ ab&on$ = _m ye>s1 ! /eam c>riage 0 reviv$1 9 #aijb1 by ! ,london & ,s\? ,we/]n & ,great ,we/]n railways = local s]vice & ! h&l+ ( pass5g] traffic on bran* l9es4 ,s9ce t ye> rail motor-c>s h multipli$2 "s be+ run by /eam1 o!rs by petrol eng9es1 & o!rs1 aga91 by electricity g5]at$ by petrol eng9es4 ,! fir/ class we ne$ n describe 9 any detail1 z x pres5ts no features ( peculi> int]e/4 ,! ,nor? ,ea/]n has _h 9 use two rail-motors1 ea* fifty-two feet long1 ) a comp>tm5t at ea* end = ! driv]1 & a c5tral saloon to c>ry fifty-two pass5g]s4 ,an #hj h4p4 f\r-cyl9d]$ ,wolseley petrol motor drives a ,we/+h\se electric g5]ator1 :i* s5ds curr5t into a c\ple ( #ee h4p4 electric motors ge>$ to ! runn+-:eels4 ,an air compressor fitt$ to ! re> bogie supplies ! ,we/+h\se air brakes1 :ile 9 addition a p[]ful electric brake is fitt$1 act+ on ! rails z well z ! :eels4 ,! coa* scales ?irty-five tons4 ,! *ief advantage ( ?is composite sy/em ( p[] transmission is t ! eng9e is kept runn+ at a con/ant spe$1 :ile ! p[] x develops at ! electric motors is regulat$ by swit*es :i* control ! action ( ! armature & field magnets4 ,:5 heavy "w mu/ be done ! eng9e is suppli$ ) m gase\s mixture1 & ! g5]ators are s op]at$ z to develop full p[]4 ,9 ?is mann] all ! v>iable spe$ ge>s & clut*es necess>y :5 ! petrol motor is connect$ to ! driv+-:eels are done away )4 ,! latt] sy/em gives1 h[ev]1 great] economy ( fuel1 & ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway has adopt$ x 9 pref]5ce to ! petrol-electric4 ,?is railway has _m small bran* l9es runn+ ?r\gh ?9ly populat$ di/ricts1 :i*1 ?\gh important z fe$]s ( ! ma9 tracks1 are (t5 work$ at a loss4 ,a satisfactory type ( automobile c>riage w\ld n only avoid ?is loss1 b also l>gely prev5t ! competition ( road motors4 ,! c> %\ld be p[]ful en\gh to draw an extra van or two on occasion1 s9ce horses & heavy luggage may sometimes accompany ! pass5g]s4 ,messrs4 ,dick1 ,k]r1 & ,company h built a c>1 :i*1 :5 load$ ) its complem5t ( pass5g]s1 weighs ab\t sixte5 tons4 ,! motive p[] is suppli$ by two f\r-cyl9d] petrol eng9es ( ! ,daiml] type1 ea* giv+ #cf h4p4 ,^! are susp5d$ on a special frame1 indep5d5t ( t :i* c>ries ! coa* body1 s t ! pass5g]s are n tr\bl$ by ! vibration ( ! eng9es1 ev5 :5 ! vehicle is at re/4 ,! great feature ( ! c> is ! lightness ( ! ma*9]y--only two tons 9 weight--?\gh x develops suffici5t p[] to move ! c>riage at fifty miles p] h\r4 ,aft] travell+ #b1jjj miles ! ma*9]y %[$ no appreciable signs ( we>2 s t ! company consid]s t x has f\nd a reliable type ( motor = ! work+ ( ! %ort l9e betwe5 ,hatfield & ,h]t=d4 ,s9ce "o man c drive a petrol c>1 :ile two--a driv] & a /ok]--are necess>y on a /eam c>1 a consid]able r$uction 9 wages w result f ! employm5t ( ^! vehicles4 ,eng9e]s f9d motor-trolleys v conv5i5t = inspect+ ! l9es "u _! c>e4 ,on ! ,london & ,s\? ,we/]n ,railway a trolley driv5 by a #f-h h4p4 eng9e1 & provid$ ) a *ange-ge> giv+ six1 fifte51 & ?irty miles p] h\r 9 ei!r direction1 is at "w4 ,x seats f\r p]sons4 ,9 ! colonies1 notably 9 ,s\? ,africa1 :]e coal & wood fuel is sc>ce or exp5sive1 ! motor-trolley1 capable ( c>ry+ petrol = #cjj miles' travel1 is rapidly ga9+ gr\nd among railway inspectors4 ,mak]s are turn+ _! att5tion to petrol %unt+ eng9es1 useful 9 goods y>ds1 m9es1 sew]age works4 ,firms su* z ,messrs4 ,maudslay & ,company1 ( ,cov5try2 ! ,wolseley ,tool & ,motor ,c> ,company2 ,messrs4 ,panh>d & ,levassor2 ,messrs4 ,k]r1 ,/u>t1 & ,company h br\ght out locomotives ( ?is k9d :i* w draw loads up to sixty tons4 ,! fact t a petrol eng9e is ready = "w at a mom5t's notice1 & :5 idle is n eat+ its head (f1 & has no furnace or boil] to require att5tion1 is v mu* 9 its fav\r :]e comp>atively light loads h to be haul$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,motor ,,afloat ,,pleasure ,,boats--,,motor ,,lifeboats--,,motor ,,fi%+ ,,boats--,a ,,motor ,,fire ,,float--,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,boat--,,! ,,two-,,/roke ,,motor--,,motor ,,boats ,,= ,,! ,,navy ,hav+ made su* conque/s on l&1 & r5d]$ possible a]ial feats :i* c\ld sc>cely h be5 p]=m$ by /eam1 ! explosion motor fur!r v9dicates its v]satility by its f9e exploits 9 ! wat]4 ,at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahhi ,gottlieb ,daiml]1 ! inv5tor :o made ! petrol eng9e comm]cially valuable z an aid to locomotion1 %[$ a small gas-driv5 boat1 :i* by mo/ visitors to ! ,exhibition 0 mi/ak5 = an ord9>y /eam laun*1 & attract$ little int]e/4 ,n det]r$ by ?is want ( appreciation1 ,mr4 ,daiml] cont9u$ to p]fect ! idea = :i*1 ) a prophet's eye1 he saw great possibilities2 & soon motor laun*es became a fairly common sight on ,g]man riv]s4 ,!y 7 receiv$ ) "s en?usiasm 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z be+ p>ticul>ly suitable = ! inl& lakes & wat]ways ) :i* t c\ntry is s abundantly bless$2 b met ) small recognition f ! ,engli%1 :o might reasonably h be5 expect$ to take great int]e/ 9 any new nautical inv5tion4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ,engli% manufactur]s h awak$ fully to _! error2 & on all sides we see boats built by firms compet+ = ! lead 9 an indu/ry :i* 9 a few ye>s' "t may rea* colossal proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,mod]n ,,c> ,,& ,,boat ,9 ! backgr\nd is ! rac+ motor boat ,napi] ,,ii41 :i* on a trial trip travell$ ov] ! measur$ mile at #cjic miles p] h\r4 ,9 ! =egr\nd is a ,napi] rac+ c>1 :i* has atta9$ a spe$ ( #ajdh miles p] h\r4 ,until q rec5tly ! m>9e motor 0 a small affair1 develop+ only a few horse-p[]4 ,b because ! gas-eng9e = automobile "w _h be5 s va/ly improv$ 9 ! la/ decade1 x attract$ notice z a rival to /eam = driv+ laun*es & pleasure boats1 & soon ass]t$ itself z a reliable mov] ( vessels ( consid]able size4 ,to promote ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry1 to te/ ! endurance ( ! ma*9e1 & to %[ ! weak spots ( me*anical design1 trials & races 7 organis$ on mu* ! same l9es z ^? :i* h kept ! motor-c> s prom95tly be=e ! public--races 9 ! ,sol5t1 across ! ,*annel1 & across ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! spe$1 z 9 ! case ( c>s1 has ris5 v rapidly ) ! motor boat4 ,:51 9 ,febru>y1 #aije1 a ,napi] rac] did "s trial sp9s ov] ! measur$ mile 9 ! ,?ames at ,long ,rea*1 %e atta9$ #bheg miles p] h\r on ! fir/ run4 ,on turn+1 ! tide 0 fav\rable1 & ! figures rose to #cjic m4p4h41 :ile ! ?ird improv$ on ?is by ov] a mile4 ,h] mean spe$ 0 #biibe m4p4h41 or ab\t #b_/c m4p4h4 bett] ?an ! previ\s record--/&+ to ! cr$it ( ! ,am]ican ,*all5g]4 ,! latt] _h1 h[ev]1 ! /ill wat]s ( a lake = h] v5ue1 s t ! ,napi]'s p]=mance 0 actually ev5 m cr$itable ?an ! m]e figures w\ld seem to imply4 ,at a lun*eon :i* conclud$ ! trial1 ,mr4 ,y>r[1 :o _h built ! /eel hull1 said3 ,to give an idea ( :at an advance ! adoption ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e really repres5ts1 ,i %\ld l to /ate t1 if we 7 ask$ to gu>antee ! be/ spe$ we c\ld ) a boat ( ! size ( ,napi] ,,ii41 fitt$ ) ! late/ =m ( /eam ma*9]y ( z reliable a "* z ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e 9 ! pres5t boat1 we %\ld n l to "n m ?an sixte5 knots4 ,s t x may be tak5 t ! adoption ( ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 9 place ( ! /eam-eng9e1 = a vessel ( ?is size1 really repres5ts an additional spe$ ( t5 knots an h\r4 ,i %\ld "h po9t out t ! spe$ ( a vessel increases rapidly ) its size4 ,= example3 9 :at is t]m$ a second-class torp$o boat1 sixty feet 9 l5g?1 ! be/ spe$ we c\ld obta9 w\ld be tw5ty knots2 b = a vessel (1 say1 #bjj feet 9 l5g?1 ) simil> b proportionately l>g] ma*9]y1 a spe$ ( ?irty knots c\ld be obta9$4 ,!re=e1 ! obta9+ ( a spe$ ( practically tw5ty-six knots 9 ! ,y>r[-,napi] boat1 only =ty feet 9 l5g?1 po9ts to ! possibility1 9 ! n f>-di/ant future1 ( propell+ a vessel #bbj feet 9 l5g? at ev5 =ty-five knots p] h\r4 ,all t rema9s to be done is to p]fect ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 s z to enable l>ge sizes to be successfully made4 ,boats ( #cjj h4p4 & upw>ds are be+ built2 & ! project has be5 moot$ ( hold+ a transatlantic race1 op5 to motor boats ( all sizes1 :i* %\ld be q self-conta9$ & able to c>ry suffici5t fuel to make ! passage )\t tak+ 9 fre% supplies4 ,9 view ( ! p]ils t w\ld be risk$ by all b l>ge craft1 & 9 consid]ation ( ! prejudice t motor boats might incur 9 ev5t ( any fatalities1 ! ,automobile ,club ( ,france set its face aga9/ ! v5ture1 & x fell ?r\gh4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! s*eme may be reviv$ z soon z l>g] motor boats are afloat1 s9ce ! ,atlantic has actually be5 cross$ by a craft ( #ab h4p41 measur+ only =ty feet at ! wat]-l9e4 ,?is happ5$ 9 #aijb1 :5 ,capta9 ,newman & 8 son1 a boy twelve ye>s old1 />t$ f ,new ,york1 & made ,falm\? ,h>b\r aft] ?irty days ( anxi\s travel ov] ! unc]ta9 & sometimes tempe/u\s ocean4 ,! boat1 nam$ ! ,abiel ,abbot ,l[1 c>ri$ auxili>y sails ( small size1 & 0 n by any means built = su* a voyage4 ,! eng9e--a two-cyl9d]--burn$ k]os5e4 ,capta9 ,newman receiv$ #a1jjj f ! ,new ,york ,k]os5e ,oil ,eng9e ,company = 8 feat4 ,! money 0 well e>n$4 ,?\gh provid$ ) prop] navigat+ in/rum5ts--:i* he knew h[ to use well--,newman _h a h>d "t ( x to keep 8 craft afloat1 8 wat*es sometimes la/+ two days on end :5 ! wea!r 0 bad4 ,yet ! brave pair won ?r\gh2 & probably ev5 m welcome ?an ! s5se ( success a*iev$ & ! rew>d ga9$ 0 ! long two-days' sleep :i* !y 7 able to get on rea*+ ,falm\? ,h>b\r4 ,,pleasure ,,boats ,we may n[ consid] ! pleasure & comm]cial uses ( ! motor boat & m>9e motor4 ,z a means ( recreation a small d+hy driv5 by a l[-p[]$ eng9e (f]s great possibilities4 ,its co/ is l[1 its upkeep small1 & its h&9ess v great4 ,already a numb] ( su* craft are furr[+ ! surface ( ! ,?ames1 ,se9e1 ,rh9e1 & _m o!r riv]s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,:ile rac+ craft are = ! weal?y alone1 _m individuals ( ! class kn[n z ! man ( mod]ate means d n m9d putt+ d[n #gj to #ajj = a neat boat1 ! ma9t5ance ( :i* is n ne>ly s s]i\s a matt] z t ( a small c>4 ,tyre tr\bles h no c\nt]p>t afloat4 ,! m>9e motor disp5ses ) *ange ge>s4 ,wat] be+ a mu* m yield+ m$ium ?an ,"m ,e>?1 ! %ocks ( />t+ & /opp+ are n su* z to /ra9 ma*9]y4 ,!n aga91 ! cool+ ( ! cyl9d]s is a simple matt] ) an unlimit$ am\nt ( wat] almo/ wa%+ ! eng9e4 ,& z ! surface ( wat] does n run uphill1 a small motor w %[ to bett] advantage on a riv] ?an on a road4 ,?us1 a #e h4p4 c> w n conv5i5tly c>ry m ?an two p if x is expect$ to climb slopes at m ?an a crawl4 ,affix a motor ( equal p[] to a boat :i* accommodates half a doz5 p]sons1 & x w move !m all along at a sm>t pace z comp>$ ) ! rate ( travel giv5 by o>s4 ,aft] all1 on a riv] "o does n want to travel fa/--r to avoid ! h>d lab\r :i* r[+ und\bt$ly does become ) a craft roomy en\gh to be com=table = a p>ty4 ,! m>9e motor also scores "u ! head+ ( adaptability4 ,a wagonette c\ld n be conv]t$ into a motor-c> ) any success4 ,b a good-siz$ r[-boat may easily blossom out z a useful self-propell$ boat4 ,y may buy complete app>atus--motor1 tanks1 screw1 batt]ies1 etc4--= clamp+ direct on to ! /]n1 & !re y are--a motor boat :ile y wait6 ,ev5 m sudd5 /ill is ! conv]sion effect$ by ! ,motogodille1 :i* may be describ$ z a motor screw & rudd] 9 "o4 ,! mak]s are ! ,bu*et ,company1 a well-kn[n ,fr5* firm4 ,eng9e & c>burett]1 petrol tank1 coil1 accumulator1 lubricat+ oil res]voir1 exhau/ box1 propell] %aft1 & propell] ) gu>d are all provid$1 s t ! outfit requires no additional accessories4 ,= m\nt+ 9 position at ! /]n ( ! boat1 ! complete set is balanc$ on a /&>d1 & c>ries a /e]+ arm1 on :i* ! tanks are m\nt$2 & also ! /]n tube & propell] gu>d1 :i* are 9 "o solid piece1 9 addition to ! eng9e4 ,9 ord] t no balanc+ feats %all be requir$ ( ! p]son 9 *>ge1 !re is1 on ! support+ /&>d1 a quadrant1 9 ! not*es ( :i* a lev] on ! eng9e frame engages1 ?us all[+ ! rigid framework1 & !re=e ! propell] %aft1 to be ma9ta9$ at any angle to ! v]tical )\t tr\ble4#ab ,! #b h4p4 eng9e drives a boat #af feet long by #d feet #f in*es beam at #f-a_/b miles p] h\r ?r\gh /ill wat]4 ,z ! ,motogodille c be sw]v$ to "r or left on its /&>d1 x acts z a v effici5t rudd]1 :ile its action takes no way (f ! boat4 ,= p :o l an easy life on hot summ] days1 recl9+ on s(t cu%ions1 & peep+ up ?r\gh ! bran*es :i* ov]hang picturesque /reams1 !re is ! motor punt1 :i* c move 9 wat] s %all[ t x w\ld /r& ev5 a r[-boat4 ,! ,ox=d und]graduate ( to-morr[ w explore ! leafy recesses ( ! ,*]1 n ) ! long pole labori\sly rais$ & pu%$ aft1 b by ! p[] ( a snug little motor ?robb+ g5tly at ! /]n4 ,& on ! op5 riv] we %all see ! /eam laun* replac$ by craft hav+ mu* bett] accommodation = pass5g]s1 :ile free f ! dirt & smells :i* are insep>able f ! use ( /eam-p[]4 ,! petrol laun* w rival ! electric 9 spaci\sness1 & ! /eam] 9 its spe$ & p[]1 size = size4 ,"s p h an antipa?y to ?is new =m ( riv] locomotion on acc\nt ( ! risks :i* accompany ! pres5ce ( petrol4 ,7 a motor laun* to ignite 91 say1 ,b\lt]'s ,lock on a summ] ,sunday1 or at ! ,h5ley ,regatta1 !re might inde$ be a cata/rophe4 ,! same dang] has be=e n[ be5 flaunt$ 9 ! face ( ! automobili/ on l&2 yet cases ( ! accid5tal ignition ( c>s are v1 v r>e1 & on ! wat] w\ld be m r>e /ill1 because ! tanks c be m easily exam9$ = leaks4 ,/ill1 x behoves e own] ( a laun* to keep 8 eye v widely op5 = leakage1 because any escap+ liquid w\ld create a collection ( gas 9 ! bottom ( ! boat1 f :i* x c\ld n escape l ! gas =m+ f drops spill$ on ! road4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,brang] ,cie1 ,p>is4 ,,! ,,motogodille ,! ,motogodille1 or ,motor ,rudd]1 consi/s ( a screw propell] fitt$ to a small ,bu*et motor4 ,! :ole app>atus is m\nt$ on a /&>d 9 ! /]n1 & ! op]ator1 by mov+ ! inbo>d arm to "r or left1 c /e] ! boat z he wi%es4 ,a #b-;h4p4 motor gives a spe$ ( #e to #f miles an h\r4 ,! future popul>ity ( ! motor boat is assur$4 ,! wat]side dwell] w f9d x invaluable z a means ( c>ry+ him to o!r p>ts ( ! /ream4 ,! long%oreman w be able to v5ture mu* fur!r out to sea ?an he c\ld :ile he dep5d$ on muscles or w9d alone1 & ) mu* great] c]ta9ty ( return+ up to "t4 ,a :ole network ( wat]ways int]sects civilis$ c\ntries--(t5 f> bett] kept ?an ! roads--(f]+ fre% fields = ! t\ri/ to conqu]4 ,riv] sc5]y & beautiful sc5]y m (t5 ?an n g toge!r4 ,! c> or cycle may be able to foll[ ! c\rse ( a /ream f s\rce to m\?2 yet ?is is ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,we %oot ov] ! /ream 9 ! tra9 or on our ma*9es2 note t x looks picturesque2 wond] vaguely :i!r x fl[s & :5ce x comes2 & cont9ue our j\rney1 reck+ little ( ! *>m+ sights to be se5 by anyone :o w\ld tru/ himself to ! wat]4 ,hi!rto ! great difficulty has be5 "o ( locomotion4 ,9 a n>r[ /ream sail+ is g5]ally out ( ! "q2 haulage by man or bea/ becomes t$i\s1 ev5 if possible2 & r[+ day aft] day presupposes a good physical condition4 ,9 ! motor boat ! holiday mak] has an ideal craft4 ,x occupies little room2 c c>ry fuel suffici5t = long di/ances2 is unwe>y+2 & is economical z reg>ds its runn+ exp5ses4 ,we ought n to be surpris$1 !re=e1 if 9 a few ye>s ! jad$ bus9ess man turns z naturally to a sp9 or trip on ! riv]s & canals ( 8 c\ntry z he n[ turns to 8 c> & a ru% ov] ! du/y highway4 ,!n w beg9 ano!r era = ! disus$ canal1 ! vegetation-*ok$ /ream2 & our maps w pay m att5tion to ! pa?s :i* ,nature has wat]-worn 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages4 ,to ! sci5tific explor] also ! motor af=ds valuable help4 ,_m c\ntries1 9 :i* roads are practically non-exi/5t1 c boa/ f9e riv]s f$ by innum]able /reams4 ,:at fields ( adv5ture1 sport1 & sci5ce w\ld be op5 to ! possessor ( a fa/ laun* on ! ,amazon1 ! ,congo1 ! ,mack5zie1 or ! ,or9oco1 provid$ only t he c\ld occasionally repl5i% 8 fuel tanks6 ,,motor ,,lifeboats ,turn+ to ! m s]i\s side ( life1 we f9d ! m>9e motor /ill mu* 9 evid5ce4 ,on acc\nt ( its comp>atively %ort exi/5ce x is at pres5t only 9 ! exp]im5tal /age 9 _m applications1 & "t mu/ pass be=e its position is fully e/abli%$4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! motor lifeboat lately built = ! ,royal ,national ,lifeboat ,in/itution4 ,"h are enc\nt]$ difficulties ( a k9d v diff]5t f ^? ( a rac+ craft4 ,a lifeboat is mo/ valuable 9 r\gh wea!r1 :i* means m or less wat] (t5 com+ abo>d4 ,if ! wat] rea*$ ! ma*9]y1 tr\bles ) ! electrical ignition app>atus w\ld result4 ,s ! motor mu/ be enclos$ 9 a wat]-tight comp>tm5t4 ,& if s enclos$ x mu/ be specially reliable4 ,also1 s9ce a lifeboat sometimes upsets1 ! ma*9]y ne$s to be s dispos$ z n to int]f]e ) h] self-right+ qualities4 ,! li/ might easily be ext5d$4 ,an acc\nt ( ! fir/ motor life-sav] w int]e/ read]s1 s we once aga9 h rec\rse to ! *ief au?ority on su* topics--! ,motor ,boat--= p>ticul>s4 ,! boat select$ = exp]im5t 0 an old "o =m]ly /ation$ at ,folke/one1 measur+ ?irty-eight feet long by eight feet beam1 pull+ twelve o>s1 d\ble-bank$1 & ( ! usual self-right+ type1 rigg$ ) jib1 =e-lug1 & mizz54 ,aft] %e _h be5 haul$ up 9 ,mr4 ,guy's y>d1 :]e "s ( ! air-cases "u ! deck amid%ips 7 tak5 out1 a /rong mahogany case1 measur+ f\r feet long by ?ree feet wide & z high z ! gunwales1 l9$ ) %eet copp] s z to be wat]-tight1 ) a close-fitt+ lid :i* c\ld be easily remov$ on %ore1 0 fitt$ 9 place1 & ! :ole ( ! vital p>ts ( ! ma*9]y1 compris+ a two-cyl9d] motor ( #aj h4p41 toge!r ) all ! necess>y pumps1 c>burett]1 electric equipm5t1 etc41 7 fitt$ inside ?is case4 ,! eng9e drives a ?ree-blad$ propell] ?r\gh a long %aft ) a disconnect+ clut* betwe51 s t = />t+ or /opp+ tempor>ily ! screw c be disconnect$ f ! eng9e4 ,! petrol1 :i* s]ves z fuel = ! eng9e1 is c>ri$ 9 a metal tank /or$ away inside ! =w>d end box1 :]e x is beyond any possibility ( accid5tal damage4 ,suffici5t fuel = a cont9u\s run ( ov] t5 h\rs is c>ri$4 ,! eng9e is />t$ by a h&le fitt$ on ! =e side ( ! case1 :i* c be work$ by two m54 ,! position & size ( ! eng9e-case is su* t only two o>s are int]f]$ )1 b x does n foll[ t ! propell+ p[] ( ! two displac$ m5 is entirely lo/1 because !y c d\ble bank "s ( ! o!r o>s :5 necess>y4 ,fitt$ ?us1 ! lifeboat 0 te/$ 9 all sorts ( wea!r dur+ ! mon? ( ,april1 & x 0 f\nd t %e c\ld be driv5 fairly well aga9/ a sea by means ( ! motor alone2 b :5 x 0 us$ to assi/ ! sails ! true use ( ! motor z an auxili>y became app>5t1 & ! boat w\ld "w to w9dw>d 9 a way previ\sly unatta9able4 ,nei!r ! pit*+ or roll+ 9 a seaway1 9 any wea!r !n obta9able1 int]f]$ at all ) ! prop] work+ or />t+ ( ! motor1 :i* work$ /eadily & well ?r\gh\t4 ,hav+ be5 ?r\gh ^! prelim9>y te/s1 %e 0 m sev]ely tri$4 ,runn+ ov] ! measur$ mile ) full crew & /ores on bo>d1 %e develop$ ov] six knots an h\r4 ,! m5 7 !n replac$ by equival5t weights la%$ to ! ?w>ts1 & %e 0 capsiz$ by a crane f\r times1 h] sails set & ! %eets made fa/1 yet %e right$ h]self )\t difficulty4 ,an int]e/+ feature ( ! capsize 0 t ! motor /opp$ automatically :5 ! boat _h p>tly turn$ ov]4 ,?is arrangem5t prev5ts h] f runn+ away f ! crew if !y %\ld be pit*$ out4 ,! motor />t$ aga9 aft] a few turns ( ! h&le1 s prov+ t ! protect+ comp>tm5t _h kept ! wat] at bay4 ,f ?is acc\nt x is obvi\s t a valuable aid to life-sav+ at sea has be5 f\nd4 ,! /eam lifeboat1 propell$ by a jet ( wat] squirt$ out by pumps bel[ ! wat] l9e1 is satisfactory s long z ! boat keeps upright4 ,b 9 ev5t ( an upset ! fires mu/ necess>ily be ext+ui%$4 ,no su* disability att5ds ! petrol-driv5 craft1 & we %all be glad to ?9k t ! brave fell[s :o risk _! lives 9 ! cause ( humanity w be sp>$ ! int5se physical toil :i* a long r[ to w9dw>d 9 a heavy sea entails4 ,! g5]al adoption ( ?is new ally w take "t1 & mu/ dep5d l>gely on ! lib]ality ( subscrib]s to ! f9e in/itution responsible = lifeboat ma9t5ance2 b x is satisfactory to le>n t ! ,committee has giv5 ! boat 9 "q a practical *ance 9 ! op5 sea by /ation+ h] at ,ne:av51 ,sussex1 z a unit 9 ! lifeboat fleet4 ,,motor ,,fi%+ ,,boats ,x is a pretty sight to wat* a fi%+ fleet ent] ! h>b\r ) its cat*1 tak5 f> away on ! wat]s beyond ! horizon :ile l&sm5 slept4 ,! sails1 "s :ite1 "s br[n1 "s wondr\sly pat*$ & be>+ ! visible m>ks ( _m a h>d fight ) ! w9d1 belly out 9 graceful l9es z ! boats slip pa/ ! h>b\r entrance4 ,no wond] t ! pa9t] has s (t5 f\nd subjects = 8 canvas & bru%es among ! toil]s ( ! deep4 ,b und]ly+ ! romance & picturesqu5ess ( ! craft !re is /]n bus9ess4 ,^? boats may be return+ ) full c>goes1 su* z w yield good pr(its to own] & crew2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! hold may be empty1 & _m hone/ he>ts be heavy at ! ?\ght ( wa/$ days4 ,a few ye>s ago ! ,y>m\? h]r+ fleet is said to h return$ on "o occasion ) b a s+le fi% to ! cr$it ( ! :ole fleet6 ,?is might h be5 a m]e figure ( spee*2 x /&s1 at any rate1 = _m ?\s&s ( p\nds lo/ by ! h>dy fi%]m54 ,:5 ! boats h be5 made fa/1 ! fi%1 if already dis5tangl$ f ! nets1 is usually sold at once by auction1 ! price dep5d+ l>gely on ! individual size & fre%ness ( ! cat*4 ,n[1 ) ! increase 9 ! numb] ( boats & f o!r causes1 ! wat]s ne> home h be5 s well fi%$ ov] t mu* long] j\rneys mu/ be made to ! gr\nds ?an 7 =m]ly necess>y4 ,trawl+1 t is1 dragg+ a l>ge bag-net--its m\? kept op5 by a beam & weights--along ! bottom ( ! sea = flatfi%1 has long be5 p]=m$ by p[]ful /eam vessels1 :i* may any day be se5 leav+ or ent]+ ,hull or ,grimsby 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,surface fi%+1 :]e9 a long drift-net1 weight$ at its l[] edge & buoy$ at ! upp] edge to enable x to keep a p]p5dicul> position1 is us$ = h]r+ & mack]el1 & 9 ?is indu/ry w9d p[] alone is g5]ally us$ by ,briti% fi%]m54 ,! h]r+-boat sets sail = ! gr\nds 9 ! morn+1 & at sund[n %\ld be at ! sc5e ( action4 ,h] nets1 aggregat+1 p]haps1 a mile 9 l5g?1 are !n %ot1 & ! boat drifts along t[+ ! l9e beh9d h]4 ,if fi% appe>1 ! nets are haul$ 9 soon aft] daybreak by ! aid ( a cap/an4 ,! lab\r ( br++ a mile ( nets abo>d is v sev]e--s sev]e1 9 fact1 t ! l>g] boats 9 _m cases employ ! help ( a small /eam-eng9e4 ,dur+ ! return voyage ! fi% is fre$ f ! me%es1 & ?r[n into ! hold ready = sale z soon z l& is rea*$4 ,fi%1 :e!r = salt+ or imm$iate consumption1 %\ld be fre%4 ,no class ( human food seems to det]iorate s quickly :5 life is ext9ct z ! d5iz5s ( ! deep1 s t x is ( prim>y importance to fi%]m5 t _! homew>d j\rney %\ld be p]=m$ 9 ! %orte/ possible "t4 ,if w9ds are contr>y or abs5t !re may be su* delay z to ne$ ! lib]al use ( salt1 & ev5 t useful commodity w n /ave (f a fall 9 value4 ,x !re=e (t5 happ5s t a really f9e cat* arrives at its m>ket 9 a condition :i* spells heavy loss to ! cat*]s4 ,a sl[ return also means miss+ a day's fi%+1 :i* may repres5t #bjj to #cjj4 ,= ?is reason ! ,dogg] ,bank fi%+ fleet is s]v$ by /eam t5d]s1 :i* c>ry (f ! cat*es z !y are made1 & ?us obviate ! necessity = a boat's return to port :5 its hold is full4 ,su* a sy/em w n1 h[ev]1 be pr(itable to boats own$ by individuals1 & work+ )9 a comp>atively %ort di/ance ( l&4 ,ea* boat mu/ dep5d on its p>ticul> p[]s1 ! fir/ to return gett+ r bett] prices ?an ^? :i* come ) ! cr[d4 ,s /eam p[] is 9 "s cases in/all$ z an auxili>y to ! sails1 ?\gh x may entail ! outlay ( #b1jjj z fir/ co/1 & a big bill = upkeep & managem5t4 ,small m5 _c af=d ?is exp5se1 & !y w\ld be doom$ to wat* _! ri*] bre?r5 slip into ! m>ket be=e !m _h n ! explosion motor come to _! aid4 ,?is j meets _! case2 x is n ne>ly s exp5sive to in/all z /eam1 occupies mu* less room1 is easi] to h&le1 & !re=e saves ! exp5se ( tra9$ att5dants4 ,fi%]m5 are notori\sly cons]vative4 ,to !m a *ange f me?ods sanction$ by _m ye>s ( practice is abhorr5t4 ,:at suffic$ = _! fa!rs1 !y say1 %\ld suffice = !m4 ,_! trade is s unc]ta9 t a bad season w\ld see no return = ! co/ ( ! motor1 s9ce1 :]e no fi% are caught1 x makes little diff]5ce :e!r ! j\rney to port be quick or sl[4 ,h[ev]1 ! motor is b\nd to come4 ,x has be5 appli$ to fi%+ boats ) m>k$ success4 ,:ile ! nets are out1 ! motor is /opp$1 & co/s n a p5ny m till ! "t comes = haul+ 94 ,!n x is ge>$ up ) a cap/an1 & saves ! crew mu* ( _! h>de/ "w4 ,:5 all is abo>d1 ! cap/an h&s ov] ! p[] to ! screw1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! sails1 propels ! vessel homew>ds at a sm>t pace4 ,! skipp] is c]ta9 ( mak+ l& 9 good "t = ! m>ket2 & he w be ready = ! out voyage next morn+4 ,ano!r po9t 9 fav\r ( ! motor is t1 :5 /orms bl[ up1 ! fleet w be able to run = %elt] ev5 if ! w9d be adv]se2 & we %\ld he> less ( ! sacrifice ( life :i* makes sad read+ aft] e sev]e gale4 ,z to ! ma*9]y to be employ$1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,mill]1 ( ,oulton ,broad1 :o fir/ appli$ ! gas-motor to a fi%+ smack--! ,pione]--consid]s t a #ab h4p4 eng9e w\ld suffice z an auxili>y = small craft ( ! class f\nd 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ,norfolk boats w\ld require a #cj h4p42 & a full-p[]$ boat--i4e4 "o t c\ld dep5d on ! motor entirely--%\ld c>ry a ?ree-cyl9d] eng9e ( #hj h4p4 ,9 any case1 ! ma*9]y mu/ be enclos$ & well protect$2 :ile ! lubrication arrangem5ts %\ld be su* z to be und]/ood easily by unskill$ p]sons1 & absolutely reliable4 ,ow+ to ! moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e ! ord9>y high-t5sion coil ignition1 su* z is us$ on mo/ motor-c>s1 w\ld n prove effici5t1 & x is !re=e replac$ by a l[-t5sion type :i* makes & breaks ! prim>y circuit by means ( a rock+ arm work+ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! cyl9d]4 ,la/ly1 all p>ts :i* require occasional exam9ation or adju/m5t mu/ be easily accessible1 s t !y may receive prop] att5tion at sea1 & n s5d ! vessel home a lame duck "u sail4 ,! advantages ( ! motor are s great t ! ,scot* au?orities h tak5 ! matt] up s]i\sly1 appo9t+ an exp]t to make inquiries4 ,x is !re=e q possible t be=e _m ye>s h elaps$ ! motor w play an important "p 9 ! task ( supply+ our breakfa/ tables ) ! da9ty sole or too?some h]r+4 ,a ,,motor ,,fire ,,float ,z a good in/ance ( ?is p>ticul> adaptation ( ! explosion eng9e to fire-ext9ction "w1 we may quote ! app>atus n[ 9 att5dance on ! huge factory ( ,messrs4 ,huntley & ,palm]1 ! fam\s ,read+ biscuit mak]s4 ,! factory lies along ! banks ( ! riv] ,k5net1 :i* are jo9$ by bridges s close to ! wat] t a /eam] c\ld n pass "u !m4 ,messrs4 ,m]rywea!r accord+ly built ! motor float1 #cb feet long1 #i-a_/b feet beam1 & draw+ #bg in*es4 ,two eng9es1 ea* hav+ f\r cyl9d]s ( a total ( #cj h4p41 drive two sets ( ?ree-cyl9d] ,hatfield pumps1 :i* give a cont9u\s fe$ to ! hose4 ,eng9es & pumps are m\nt$ on a s+le b$-plate1 & are work$ sep>ately1 unless x be f\nd advisable to ,siamese ! hoses to fe$ a s+le #a-a_/b-;in* jet1 :i* c be flung to a great height4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( ! float is ! me?od ( propulsion4 ,z its movem5ts are limit$ to a few hundr$ y>ds1 ! fitt+ ( a screw 0 consid]$ unnecess>y1 its place be+ tak5 by f\r jets1 two at ea* end1 ?r\gh :i* wat] is =c$ aga9/ ! outside wat] by ! ext+ui%+ pumps4 ,^! w move ! float ei!r =w>d or a/]n1 /e] h]1 or turn h] r\nd4 ,s "h once aga9 petrol has trodd5 ^u ! toes ( ,giant ,/eam3 & v effectively1 too4 ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,motor ,,boat ,9 _m po9ts ! m>9e motor reproduces ! ma*9]y built into c>s4 ,! valve arrangem5ts1 gov]nors1 design ( cyl9d]s & wat]-jackets are practically ! same4 ,small boats c>ry "o cyl9d] or p]haps two1 j z a small c> is cont5t ) ! same numb]2 b a rac+ or heavy boat employs f\r1 six1 &1 9 "o case at lea/1 twelve cyl9d]s1 :i* aboli% all dead po9ts & enable ! screw to "w v sl[ly )\t eng9e vibration1 z ! drive is cont9u\s4 ,! l>ge m>9e motor is design$ to run at a sl[] rate ?an ! l& motor1 & its cyl9d]s are1 !re=e1 ( great] size4 ,"s ( ! cyl9d]s exhibit$ 9 ! ,automobile ,%[ at ! ,london ,olympia seem$ enorm\s :5 comp>$ ) ^? do+ duty on ev5 high-p[]$ c>s2 be+ m sugge/ive ( ! p>ts ( an electric light+ plant ?an ( a ma*9e :i* has to be tuck$ away 9 a boat4 ,except = ! rev]s+ ge>1 ge>+ is g5]ally abs5t on ! motor boat4 ,! *auffeur has n to keep *ang+ 8 spe$ lev] f "o not* to ano!r accord+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,on ! sea conditions are m consi/5tly fav\rable or unfav\rable1 &1 z 9 a /eamboat1 spe$ is controll$ by op5+ or clos+ ! ?rottle4 ,! screw w always be turn$ by ! ma*9]y1 b its effect on ! boat mu/ dep5d on its size & ! =ces act+ 9 opposition to x4 ,s9ce wat] is yield+1 x does n (f] a p>allel to ! road4 ,%\ld a c> meet a hill too /eep = its climb+ p[]s1 ! eng9es mu/ come to re/4 ,! :eel does n slip on ! road1 & s long z !re is suffici5t p[] x w =ce ! c> up ! sev]e/ incl9e2 z soon z ! p[] proves too small = ! task 9 h& ! c> lies d[n4 ,9 a motor boat1 h[ev]1 ! eng9e may keep ! screw mov+ )\t do+ m aga9/ w9d & tide ?an prev5t ! boat f advanc+ backw>ds4 ,! only way to make ! boat effici5t to meet all possible conditions w\ld be to increase ! size or alt] ! pit* ( ! screw1 & to in/all m p[]ful eng9es4 ,ge>+ d[n--z 9 a motor-c>--be+ useless1 ! only me*anism ne$$ on a motor boat 9 connection ) ! transmission ( p[] f cyl9d]s to screw is ! rev]s+ ge>4 ,?\gh eng9es h be5 design$ ) devices = rev]s+ by means ( ! cams op]at+ ! valves1 ! rev]sal ( ! screw's movem5t is g5]ally effect$ ?r\gh ge>s on ! transmission app>atus4 ,! simple/ arrangem5t1 ?\gh n ! mo/ p]fect me*anically1 is a rev]sible screw1 ! blades ( :i* c be made to fea!r ?is way or t by ! movem5t ( a lev]4 ,sometimes two screws are employ$1 ) opposite twi/s1 ! "o do+ duty :ile ! o!r revolves idly4 ,b = fa/ & heavy boats a s+le solid screw ) immovable blades is und\bt$ly pref]able2 its rev]sal be+ effect$ by means ( friction clut*es4 ,! inela/icity ( ! explosion motor r5d]s x necess>y t ! *ange be made gradually1 or ! kick ( ! screw aga9/ ! motor might cause breakages4 ,! clut*1 gradually engag+ ) a disc revolv$ by ! propell] %aft1 fir/ /ops ! antagoni/ic motion1 & !n conv]ts x into simil> motion4 ,_m devices h be5 inv5t$ to br+ ?is ab\t1 b z a description ( !m w\ld n be int]e/+1 we pass on to a consid]ation ( ! fuel us$ 9 ! motor boat4 ,petrol has ! upp] h& at pres5t1 yet heavi] oil mu/ ev5tually prevail1 on acc\nt bo? ( its *eapness & ( its great] safety4 ,! only objection to its use is ! difficulty att5d+ ! />t+ ( ! eng9e ) k]os5e2 & ?is is met by us+ petrol till ! eng9e & c>burett] are hot1 & !n swit*+ on ! petroleum4 ,:5 once ! c>burett] has be5 w>m$ by exhau/ gases to ab\t #bgj ,fahr5heit x w "w z well ) ! heavy z ) ! light fuel4 ,s9ce any oil or _s may leak f its tanks & cause dang]1 an ef=t has be5 made to sub/itute solid = liquid fuel4 ,! sub/ance select$ is naph?al5e--well kn[n z a protector ( clo!s aga9/ mo?s4 ,at ! ,olympia ,automobile ,exhibition ( #aije ! writ] saw an eng9e--! ,*5i] ,leon--:i* _h be5 run ) balls ( ?is *emical1 f$ to ! c>burett] ?r\gh a melt+-pot4 ,= a description ( ?is eng9e we mu/ once aga9 h rec\rse to ! ,motor ,boat4 ,! inv5tors _h decid$ to te/ its p]=mance ) petrol1 p>aff91 & naph?al5e respectively4 ,! motor1 screw$ to a te/+ b5*1 0 connect$ by ! usual belt to a dynamo1 s t ! p[] develop$ "u ea* v>iety ( fuel might be electrically measur$1 & 0 !n />t$ up on petrol4 ,z soon z ! p>ts 7 suffici5tly w>m$ up by ! exhau/ heat1 ! petrol 0 turn$ (f1 & ! motor run = "s "t on p>aff91 until suffici5t naph?al5e 0 ?or\ghly melt$ to ! consi/5cy ( a ?ick syrup4 ,! naph?al5e 0 !n f$ to its mix+ valve ?r\gh a small pipe dipp+ into ! bottom ( ! melt+-pot1 & !nce spray$ into ! induction *amb] to c>burate ! air !re94 ,hi!rto1 ! motor _h giv5 an av]age ( #ab electrical h4p4 at #a1jjj revolutions p] m9ute1 & x 0 notic$ t z soon z ! *ange 0 made1 ?is 0 fully ma9ta9$4 ,?is te/1 :5 cont9u$1 bore out o!rs :i* _h previ\sly be5 made by ! firm1 & %[$ ! consumption ( ea* ( ! ?ree fuels to be a little ov] #ab lbs4 p] h\r = ! #ab electrical h4p4 giv5 by ! motor4 ,/ill1 ! p>aff9 & naph?al5e work$ out ab\t equal z to co/1 & consid]+ t ! latt] 0 9 its pure/ =m1 z sold = a clo!s pres]vative1 we h yet to see h[ mu* bett] its comm]cial %[+ w be ) l[] grades1 assum+ be=eh& t its !rmal effici5cy & behavi\r are z good4 ,on ! gr\nd ( conv5i5ce naph?al5e1 z a solid1 is a v long way 9 front ( its liquid rival1 k]os5e4 ,its exhau/1 too1 0 mu* fre] f od\r1 & x appe>s t1 unlike p>aff91 x =ms nei!r t>1 soot1 nor /icky matt]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 has a t5d5cy to bright5 all valves1 cyl9d]s1 walls1 etc41 any little deposit be+ a light p[d] :i* w\ld be c>ri$ into ! exhau/4 ,,! ,,two-,,/roke ,,motor ,9 ! ord9>y ,otto-cycle motor an explosion occurs once 9 e two revolutions ( ! crank4 ,) a s+le cyl9d] ! en]gy ( ! explosion mu/ be /or$ up 9 a heavy fly-:eel to c>ry ! eng9e ?r\gh ! ?ree o!r op]ations ( scav5g+1 suck+ 9 a fre% *>ge1 & compress+ x prep>atory to ! next explosion4 ,) two cyl9d]s ! fly-:eel c be made light]1 z an explosion occurs e revolution2 & 9 a f\r-cyl9d] eng9e we might almo/ disp5se ) ! :eel altoge!r1 s9ce ! drive is cont9u\s1 j z 9 a d\ble-cyl9d]$ /eam-eng9e4 ,! two-/roke motor1 i4e4 "o :i* makes an explosion = e revolution1 is an attempt to unite ! advantages ( a two-cyl9d]$ eng9e ( ! ,otto type ) ! lightness ( a s+le-cyl9d]$ eng9e4 ,z x has be5 l>gely us$ = motor boats1 especially 9 ,am]ica1 a %ort description ( its work+ may be giv5 "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all mov+ cyl9d] valves are done away )1 _! functions be+ p]=m$ by op5+s cov]$ & op5$ by ! movem5ts ( ! pi/on4 ,! crank *amb] is q gas-tight1 & has 9 x a non-return valve ?r\gh :i* vap\r is drawn f ! c>burett] e "t ! pi/on moves away f ! c5tre4 ,!re is also a pipe connect+ x ) ! l[] "p ( ! cyl9d]1 b ! o!r end ( ?is is cov]$ by ! pi/on until x has all b f9i%$ its /roke4 ,let u suppose t an explosion has j tak5 place4 ,! pi/on ru%es d[nw>ds1 compress+ ! gas 9 ! crank *amb] to "s ext5t4 ,:5 ! /roke is ?ree-p>ts p]=m$ a second hole1 on ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d] f ! ap]ture already ref]r$ to1 is uncov]$ by ! pi/on1 & ! explod$ gases p>tly escape4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ! second hole is uncov]$ also1 & ! fre% *>ge ru%es 9 f ! crank case1 be+ deflect$ upw>ds by a plate on ! top ( ! pi/on1 s z to help drive out ! exhau/ products4 ,! return+ pi/on cov]s bo? holes & compresses ! *>ge till ! mom5t ( explosion1 :5 ! process is repeat$4 ,x may be said 9 fav\r ( ?is type ( eng9e t x is v simple & free f vibration2 aga9/ x t1 ow+ to ! imp]fect scav5g+ ( explod$ *>ges1 x does n develop s mu* p[] z an ,otto-cycle eng9e ( equal cyl9d] dim5sions2 also t x is apt to ov]heat1 :ile x uses d\ble ! am\nt ( electric curr5t4 ,,motor ,,boats ,,= ,,! ,,navy ,a c\ntry :i*1 l ,engl&1 dep5ds on ! comm& ( ! sea = its v exi/5ce may well keep a %>p eye on any inv5tion t t5ds to r5d] t comm& m c]ta94 ,9 rec5t ye>s we h he>d a lot said1 & read a lot writt51 ab\t ! importance ( swift boats :i* 9 w> "t c\ld be laun*$ aga9/ a ho/ile fleet1 arm$ ) ! deadly torp$o4 ,! ,russo-,japanese ,w> has giv5 u a f9e example ( :at c be accompli%$ by d>+ m5 & swift torp$o craft4 ,= "s reason or o!r ! ,briti% ,navy has n kept abrea/ ( ,france 9 ! numb] ( h] torp$o vessels4 ,ref]5ce to (ficial figures %[s t1 :ile our neighb\rs c boa/ #bhj hornets1 we h to our cr$it only #bbe4 ,9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 on ,augu/ #aj?1 #aijd1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,norman1 ,m4,p41 ask$ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,admiralty :e!r1 9 view ( ! pro(s rec5tly af=d$ ( tru/wor?9ess1 spe$1 simplicity1 & comp>atively l[ co/ ( small vessels propell$ by petrol motors1 he w\ld consid] ! advisability ( te/+ ?is class ( vessel 9 ,8 ,maje/y's ,navy4 ,! ,secret>y repli$ t ! ,admiralty _h kept a wat* on ! rec5t trials & meant to make practical te/s ) motor p9naces4 ,9 view ( ! dang] t w\ld accompany ! /orage ( petrol on bo>d %ip1 ! p>aff9 motor 0 pref]able = naval purposes2 & an #hj h4p4 f\r-cyl9d]$ motor ( ?is type has be5 ord]$ f ,messrs4 ,vosp]1 ( ,portsm\?4 ,mr4 ,norman1 writ+ 9 ,! ,_w's ,"w on ! subject1 says3 ,!re c be no "q t su* high spe$ & *eap con/ruction 7#hj h4p4 giv+ 9 ! little boat z mu* spe$--to consid] t only--z eight ?\s& 9 ! big boat7 po9t to ! use ( motor boats = naval purposes 9 ! ne> future4 ,a torp$o boat exi/s only to c>ry "o or two torp$oes )9 laun*+ di/ance ( ! enemy4 ,! small] & *eap] %e c be1 & ! few] m5 %e c>ries1 provid$ always %e be able to face a fairly r\gh sea1 ! bett]4 ,n[ ! ord9>y /eam torp$o boat c>ries p]haps tw5ty m51 & co/s any?+ f #ej1jjj to #ajj1jjj4 ,a motor boat ( equal or great] spe$ c\ld probably be built = #ae1jjj1 & w\ld c>ry a crew ( two m54 ,six motor boats1 !re=e1 c\ld be built = ! co/ ( "o /eamboat1 & _! total crews w\ld n numb] s _m z ! crew ( ! "o4 ,moreov]1 !y c\ld all be slung on bo>d a s+le vessel1 & only set afloat ne> ! sc5e ( action4 ,a prophetic fri5d ( m9e decl>es t ! mo/ dang]\s w>%ip ( ! future w be a big vessel1 un>m\r$ & only lightly arm$1 b ( ! utmo/ possible spe$1 c>ry+ tw5ty or m motor torp$o boats slung on davits4 ,%e w rely on h] great] spe$ = h] own safety1 if attack$2 %e w approa* z ne> ! sc5e ( action z possible1 & w drop all h] little boats into ! wat]1 & !y w make a simultane\s attack4 ,_! hulls w\ld be clean1 _! ma*9]y 9 p]fect ord]1 _! crews fre% & full ( en]gy1 & x w\ld be /range if "o ( ! tw5ty did n /rike home4 ,& ! de/ruction ( a battle%ip or great cruis] at ! co/ ( a score ( ^! little wasps1 mann$ by two-score m51 w\ld be a v f9e naval b>ga94 ,mr4 ,norman omits "o recomm5dation t mu/ 9 active s]vice c\nt heavily 9 fav\r ( ! motor boat1 & t is its practical invisibility 9 ! day or at night "t4 ,! de/roy]1 :5 travell+ at high spe$1 betrays its pres5ce by cl\ds ( smoke or r$-hot funnels4 ,! motor boat is entirely free f su* dang]\s accompanim5ts2 ! exhau/ f ! cyl9d]s is invisible 9 e way4 ,! v abs5ce ( funnels mu/ also be 9 itself a great advantage4 ,! eye1 rov+ ov] ! wat]s1 might easily pick up a s]ies ( /umpy1 black objects ( h>d outl9e2 b ! motor boat1 rid+ l[ & flatly on ! waves1 w\ld probably escape notice1 especially :5 a se>*-light alone c detect its approa*4 ,x may reasonably be said t ! ,admiralty kn[s its own bus9ess be/1 & t ! outsid]'s op9ion is n want$4 ,! man 9 ! /reet has become notori\s = 8 pap] g5]al%ip & /rategy1 & fall5 some:at into disrepute z an advis] on milit>y & naval matt]s4 ,yet we mu/ n =get ?is3 t _m--we might say mo/--( ! advances 9 naval me*anisms1 arm\r1 & weapons ( def5ce h n be5 evolv$ by naval m51 b by ! highly educat$ & +5i\s civilian :o1 unbl9d$ by prec$5t or pr(essional cons]vatism1 c wat* ! game ev5 bett] 9 "s respects ?an ! play]s !mselves1 & see :at ! next move %\ld be4 ,t move may be r unor?odox--l ! application ( /eam to m5-o'-w>--b none ! less ! correct "o "u ! circum/ances4 ,we all[$ o!r nations to lead u 9 ! matt] ( bree*-load+ cannon1 arm\r-plate1 subm>9es1 ! abolition ( combu/ible mat]ial on w>%ips4 ,%all we also all[ !m to get ahead ) motor boats1 & beg9 to consid] t !re may be some?+ 9 motor auxili>ies = ! fleet :5 !y are already well suppli$8 ,if !re is a c\ntry :i* %\ld above all o!rs lose no "t 9 add+ ! motor to h] means ( def5ce1 t c\ntry is ,great ,brita94 ,,footnote3 #ab ,! ,motor ,boat1 ,m>* #af?1 #aije4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,motor ,,cycle ,9 #ahhd ! ,c\nt de ,dion1 work+ 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,messrs4 ,b\ton & ,trp>d\x1 produc$ a practical /eam tricycle4 ,two ye>s lat] appe>$ a some:at simil> vehicle by ! same mak]s :i* atta9$ ! rem>kable spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r4 ,mr4 ,s]pollet1 n[ fam\s = 8 /eam c>s1 built at ab\t ! same "t a ?ree-:eel$ /eam tricycle1 :i* also prov$ successful4 ,b ! cont9u\s /ok+ ( ! m9iature boil]s1 & ! difficulty ( keep+ !m prop]ly suppli$ ) wat]1 prev5t$ ! /eam-driv5 cycle f becom+ popul>2 & :5 ! petrol motor _h prov$ its value on heavy vehicles1 inv5tors soon saw t ! explosion eng9e 0 v mu* bett] suit$ = a light automobile ?an _h be5 ! cumbr\s fitt+s insep>able f ! employm5t ( /eam4 ,by #ahie a neat petrol tricycle 0 on ! m>ket2 & aft] ! de ,dion ma*9es _h giv5 pro( 9 races ( _! capabilities1 !y at once sprang into popul> fav\r4 ,= ! next five ye>s ! motor tricycle 0 a common sight 9 ,france1 :]e ! excell5t roads & ! fre$om f ! re/rictions prevail+ on ! o!r side ( ! ,*annel recomm5d$ x to cycli/s :o wi%$ = a m spe$y me?od ( locomotion ?an unaid$ legs c\ld give1 yet c\ld n af=d to pur*ase a c>4 ,! motor bicycle soon appe>$ 9 ! field4 ,! e>li] types ( ! two-:eel$ motor 7 naturally clumsy & ineffici5t4 ,! ne$ ( a lamp con/antly burn+ to ignite ! *>ges 9 ! cyl9d] prov$ a mu* great] nuisance on ! bicycle ?an on ! tricycle1 :i* c>ri$ its driv+ ge> beh9d ! saddle4 ,! writ] well rememb]s try+ an e>ly patt]n ( ! ,w]n] motor bicycle 9 ! ,*amps ,elyses 9 #ahig1 & 8 al>m :5 ! own]1 :ile />t+ ! bl[lamp on ! /e]+ pill>1 0 sudd5ly envelop$ 9 flames1 :i* play$ havoc ) 8 hair1 & might easily h caus$ m s]i\s injuries4 ,rid]s 7 naturally n]v\s at c>ry+ a flame ne> ! h&le-b>s1 s close to a tank ( inflammable petrol liable to leak & cat* fire4 ,! adv5t ( electrical ignition = ! gase\s *>ges op5$ ! way = great improvem5ts1 & ! motor bicycle sl[ly b surely ou/$ its heavi] ?ree-:eel$ rival4 ,designs 7 alt]$2 ! eng9e 0 plac$ 9 or bel[ ! frame in/ead ( ov] ! front :eel1 & made to drive ! back :eel by means ( a lea!r belt4 ,9 ! e>lie/ types ! motive =ce _h ei!r be5 transmitt$ by belt to ! front :eel1 or directly to ! re> :eel by ! pi/on rods work+ cranks on its sp9dle4 ,! progress ( ! motor bicycle has1 s9ce #aijj1 be5 rapid1 & _m ?\s&s ( ma*9es are n[ 9 use4 ,! fact t ! eng9es mu/ necess>ily be v small compels all possible sav+ 9 weight1 & an ability to run cont9u\sly at v high spe$s )\t %[+ s]i\s we> & te>4 ,details h !re=e be5 p]fect$1 & ?\gh at ! pres5t day no motor cycli/ ( wide exp]i5ce c claim immunity f tr\ble ) 8 spe$y little m\nt1 a really well-design$ & well-built ma*9e proves wond]fully effici5t1 & op5s possibilities ( locomotion to ! man ( mod]ate means :i* 7 beyond ! rea* ( ! rid] ( a p$al-driv5 bicycle4 ,9 its way ! motor cycle may claim to be "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s products ( human me*anical skill4 ,weight has be5 r$uc$ until a p[] equal to t ( ?ree horses c be h>ness$ to a vehicle :i*1 :5 /or$ ) suffici5t petrol & electricity to c>ry x & rid] #aej miles1 scales ab\t a hundr$weight4 ,x w pursue its ev5 c\rse up & d[n hill at an av]age ( tw5ty or m miles an h\r1 ! only att5tion x requires be+ an occasional *>ge ( oil squirt$ into ! air-tight case 9 :i* ! crank & fly-:eels revolve4 ,! consumption ( fuel is ridicul\sly small1 s9ce an economical eng9e w cov] fifte5 miles on a p9t ( _s1 :i* co/s ab\t ?ree-halfp5ce4 ,practically all motor-cycle eng9es "w on ! ,otto-cycle pr9ciple4 ,motors :i* give an impulse e revolution by compress+ ! *>ge 9 ! crank-case or 9 a sep>ate cyl9d]1 s t x may ent] ! work+ cyl9d] "u pressure1 h be5 tri$1 b hi!rto ) b mod]ate success4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a gr[+ t5d5cy to compass an explosion e revolution by fitt+ two cyl9d]s1 & f "t to "t f\r-cyl9d]$ cycles h appe>$4 ,! disadvantages att5d+ ! c>e & adju/m5t ( s _m mov+ p>ts has be5 ! cause ( f\r-cyl9d]$ cycle motors be+ unsuccessful f a comm]cial /&po9t1 ?\gh rid]s :o are prep>$ to risk extra tr\ble & exp5se may f9d comp5sation 9 ! quiet1 vibrationless drive ( a motor :i* gives two impulses = e turn ( ! fly-:eel4 ,! acme ( lightness 9 proportion to p[] develop$ has be5 atta9$ by ! ,b>ry eng9e1 9 :i* ! cyl9d]s & _! atta*m5ts are made to revolve ab\t a fix$ crank1 & p]=m !mselves ! function ( a fly-:eel4 ,s great is ! sav+ ( weight t ! mak]s claim a horse-p[] = e f\r p\nds scal$ by ! eng9es2 ?us1 a #c-a_/b h4p4 motor w\ld only j tip ! beam aga9/ "o /one4 ,z ! writ] has p]sonally inspect$ a ,b>ry eng9e1 he is able to give a brief acc\nt ( its action4 ,x has two cyl9d]s1 arrang$ to face "o ano!r on opposite sides ( a c5tral air-tight crank-case1 ! inn] end ( ea* cyl9d] op5+ into ! case4 ,bo? pi/ons advance t[>ds1 & rec$e f1 ! c5tre ( ! case simultane\sly4 ,! air-&-gas mixture is admitt$ into ! crank-case ?r\gh a hole 9 ! fix$ crank-sp9dle1 communicat+ ) a pipe lead+ f ! c>burett]4 ,! inlet is controll$ by a valve1 :i* op5s :ile ! pi/ons are p>t+1 & closes :5 !y approa* "o ano!r4 ,we w suppose t ! eng9e is j />t+4 ,! pi/ons are 9 a position ne>e/ to ! crank-case4 ,z !y sep>ate !y draw a *>ge--equal 9 volume to d\ble ! cubical cont5ts ( "o cyl9d]--into ! crank-case ?r\gh its inlet valve4 ,dur+ ! return /roke ! *>ge is squeez$1 & passes ?r\gh a valve into a *amb] :i* =ms1 z x 71 ! f\r? spoke ( a f\r-spok$ :eel1 ( :i* ! o!r ?ree spokes are ! cyl9d]s & ! sil5c]4 ,?is *amb] is connect$ by pipes to ! inlet valves ( ! cyl9d]s1 :i* are me*anically op5$ alt]nately by ! action ( special cams on ! crank-%aft4 ,! cyl9d] :i* gets ! cont5ts ( ! compression *amb] receives consid]ably m mixture ?an w\ld fl[ 9 "u natural suction1 & ! compression is !re=e great] ?an 9 ! ord9>y type ( cycle motor1 & ! explosion m viol5t4 ,h5ce x comes ab\t t ! cyl9d]s1 :i* h a bore ( only #b 94 & a #b-;94 /roke = ! pi/on1 develop ne>ly #b h4p4 ea*4 ,x may at fir/ appe> r my/]i\s h[1 if ! cranks are rigidly atta*$ to ! cycle frame1 any motion c be imp>t$ to ! driv+-:eel4 ,! explanation is simple en\gh3 a belt pulley is affix$ to "o side ( ! crank-case1 & revolves ) ! cyl9d]s1 ! sil5c]1 & compression *amb]4 ,! rotation is caus$ by ! ef=t ( ! pi/on to get z f> z possible away f ! clos$ end ( ! cyl9d] aft] an explosion4 ,:]e a crank is movable b ! cyl9d] fix$1 ! =m] w\ld be turn$ r\nd2 :]e ! crank is immovable b ! cyl9d] movable1 ! travel ( ! pi/on is possible only if ! cyl9d] moves r\nd ! crank4 ,a s]ies ( explosions foll[+ "o ano!r 9 rapid succession gives ! mov+ p>ts ( ! ,b>ry eng9e suffici5t mom5tum to suck 9 *>ges1 compress !m1 & eject ! burnt gases4 ,! plan is +5i\s1 & z ! ma*9e into :i* ?is type ( eng9e is built weighs altoge!r only ab\t #gj lbs41 ! sport ( motor cycl+ is op5 to ^? p ^: age or want ( /r5g? w\ld preclude !m f ! use ( ! heavy m\nts :i* are /ill to be se5 ab\t ! roads4 ,9 ! future we may expect to f9d motor cycles approa* v closely to a half-hundr$weight /&>d )\t sacrific+ ! rigidity ne$ful = fa/ locomotion ov] second-class roads4 ,= pace-mak+ on rac+ tracks1 motor cycles rang+ up to #bd h4p4 h be5 us$2 b ^! are ess5tially freak ma*9es ( no practical value = ord9>y purposes4 ,ev5 #c-d h4p4 cycles h set up wond]ful records1 exce$+ fifty miles 9 ! h\r1 a spe$ equal to t ( a good express tra94 ,9 comp>ison ) ! feats ( motor-c>s1 _! a*ievem5ts may n appe> v />tl+2 b :5 we consid] ! small size & weight1 & ! simplicity ( ! me*anisms :i* propel cycle & rid] at ne>ly a mile a m9ute1 ! result seems m>vell\s en\gh4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ! tricycle has aga9 come into fav\r1 b ) ! arrangem5t ( its :eels alt]$2 two /e]+-:eels be+ plac$ 9 front1 & a s+le driv+-:eel beh9d4 ,! ma9 advantage ( ?is inv]sion is t x p]mits ! fix+ ( a seat 9 front ( ! driv]1 9 :i* a pass5g] c be com=tably accommodat$4 ,! mod]n tric>1 ) its high-p[]$1 d\bl$-cyl9d]$ eng9es1 its *ange-spe$ ge>s1 its friction clut* = br++ ! eng9es gradually into action1 its =c$ wat] circulation = cool+ ! cyl9d]s1 & its spr+-hung frame1 is 9 reality m a c> ?an a cycle1 & escapes f ! =m] category only on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( its :eels4 ,to ! t\ri/1 or to ! p]son :o does n f9d pleasure 9 solit>y rid+1 ! tric> (f]s _m advantages1 &1 ?\gh decid$ly m exp5sive to keep up ?an a motor bicycle1 entails only v mode/ bills 9 comp>ison ) ^? :i* affect _m own]s ( c>s4 ,! developm5t ( ! motor cycle has be5 ha/5$ & fo/]$ by frequ5t spe$ & reliability conte/s1 9 :i* ! nimble little motor has acquitt$ itself wond]fully4 ,a hill a mile long1 ) v /eep gradi5ts1 has be5 asc5d$ 9 consid]ably less ?an two m9utes by a #c-a_/d h4p4 motor4 ,we read ( motor cycles travell+ f ,l&'s ,end to ,john-o'-,groats2 f ,calcutta to ,bombay2 f ,sydney to ,melb\rne2 f ,p>is to ,rome--all 9 ph5om5al times consid]+ ! physical difficulties ( ! v>i\s r\tes4 ,su* te/s prove ! endurance ( ! motor cycle1 & pave ! way to its use 9 m pr(itable employm5ts4 ,volunte] cycl+ corps (t5 include a motor or two1 :i* 9 active s]vice w\ld be mo/ valuable = sc\t+ purposes1 especially if p[]ful en\gh to t[ a light ma*9e-gun4 ,comm]cial travell]s1 fitt+ a box to ! front ( a tric>1 are able to sc\r ! c\ntry quickly & inexp5sively 9 que/ ( ord]s = ! firms !y repres5t4 ,! police f9d ! motor helpful = patroll+ ! roads4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 & especially 9 ,g]many1 t[n & c\ntry po/m5 collect & deliv] p>cels & lett]s ) ! aid ( ! petrol-driv5 tricycle1 & !reby save mu* "t1 :ile improv+ ! s]vice4 ,be=e long1 ,h>k 'tis ! twang+ horn w once aga9 h]ald ! po/man's approa* 9 a ?\s& rural di/ricts1 b ! horn w n hang f ! belt ( a horseman1 su* z ! poet ,c[p] describes1 b w be secur$ to ! h&le-b>s ( a neat tric>4 ,?us hi/ory repeats itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,cribb1 ,s\?sea4 ,a ,,motor ,,lawn-,,m[] ,a ma*9e ( ?is k9d w cut sev]al acres a day1 & also acts z an effici5t roll]4 ,! op]ator is able to empty ! cont5ts ( ! cat*-box )\t leav+ 8 seat4 ,t ! motor cycle is /ill f> f p]fect almo/ goes )\t say+2 b e ye> sees a decid$ advance 9 its design & effici5cy4 ,! messy1 tr\blesome accumulator w ev5tually give way to a neat little dynamo1 :i* is driv5 by ! eng9e & creates curr5t = explod+ ! cyl9d] *>ges z ! ma*9e travels4 ,:5 ! cycle is at re/ !re w\ld !n be no fe> ( electricity leak+ away ?r\gh "s secret %ort circuit1 s9ce ! curr5t ceases ) ! ne$ = x1 b />ts aga9 :5 its pres5ce is requir$4 ,! prop] cool+ ( ! cyl9d]s has be5 made an easi] matt] ?an =m]ly by ! introduction ( fans :i* direct a /ream ( cold air on to ! cyl9d] head4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,call5d> has %[n 9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts t a fan1 :i* absorbs only #b to #c p] c5t4 ( an eng9e's p[]1 w increase ! eng9e's effici5cy imm5sely :5 a l[ ge> is be+ us$ = hill climb+1 & ! rate ( motion ?r\gh ! air has fall5 bel[ t requisite to c>ry (f ! surplus heat ( ! motor4 ,if an eng9e ma9ta9s a good work+ temp]ature :5 x progresses ?r\gh space two feet = e explosion1 x w\ld ov]heat if ! am\nt ( progression 71 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a *ange-ge> atta*m5t1 r$uc$ to "o foot1 a *ange :i* w\ld be advisable on a /eep hill4 ,! fan !n supplies ! defici5cy by imitat+ ! natural ru% ( air4 ,z ,pr(essor ,call5d> says3 ,! mo/ important po9t = ! motor cycli/ is to secure ! maximum ( p[] ) ! m9imum ( weight4 ,) ?is object1 ! fir/ ess5tials are a v>iable spe$ ge> ( wide range1 & "s effici5t me?od ( cool+ to prev5t ov]heat+ at l[ ge>s4444 ,x is unsci5tific to d\ble ! weight & p[] ( ! ma*9e 9 ord] to climb a few hills1 :5 ! same result c be secur$ ) a v>iable ge>4 ,x is unnecess>y to resort to ! weight & complication ( wat] cool+ :5 a light fan w d all t is requir$4 ,?us1 ) ! aid ( a fan & a ge> :i* w give at lea/ two spe$s1 ! motor cycli/ c1 ) an eng9e ( #b h4p41 climb almo/ any hill1 ev5 )\t resort+ to ! help ( ! p$als4 ,8 motion is !re=e practically cont9u\s4 ,to be com=table1 he desires immunity f ! vibration :i* quick movem5t ov] any b fir/-class roads sets up 9 ! ma*9e1 especially 9 its =w>d p>ts4 ,sev]al successful spr+ =ks & pneumatic devices h be5 inv5t$ to combat ! vibration bogy2 & ^!1 9 conjunction ) a spr+ pill> = ! saddle1 :i* c itself be made mo/ resili5t1 relieve ! rid] almo/ entirely ( ! jolt+ :i* at ! end ( a long day's ride is apt to induce a feel+ ( exhau/ion4 ,! motor tricycle1 :i* once _h a r bad "n = its r\gh treatm5t ( ! n]ves1 is also n[ furni%$ ) spr+s to all :eels1 & approximates to ! c> 9 ! smoo?ness ( its progression4 ,assum+1 !n1 t we h motor vehicles s light z to be v manageable1 suffici5tly p[]ful to climb sev]e gradi5ts1 reliable1 com=table to ride1 & economical 9 _! consumption ( fuel & oil1 we are able to =esee t !y w modify ! conditions ( social exi/5ce4 ,! ord9>y p$al-driv5 cycle has made x possible = ! work] to live mu* fur!r f 8 "w ?an =m]ly4 ,to-morr[1 ) a motor bicycle1 8 home may be fifte5 miles away1 & ^? extra miles w make a great diff]5ce 9 r5t1 & 9 ! heal? ( 8 family4 ,9 fact1 x almo/ promises to reconcile ! ,g>d5 ,city ideal ) ! indu/rial conditions ( to-day1 by enabl+ a man to "w 9 ! t[n1 & h 8 home 9 ! c\ntry4 ,?is advantage applies1 ( c\rse1 less to ,london ?an to o!r great cities1 on acc\nt ( ! seem+ly endless miles ( /reets to be trav]s$ be=e ! c\ntry is rea*$4 ,9 mo/ manufactur+ c5tres1 h[ev]1 ! motor+ workman c\ld get to 8 cottage home by a j\rney ( a few miles4 ,ev5 9 ,london1 moreov]1 ?is disadvantage w be ov]come to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! future1 = x is z c]ta9 z any?+ ( ! k9d c be t we mu/ ultimately h special highways1 smoo?1 du/less1 res]v$ = motor traffic1 lead+ out ( ,london 9 ! pr9cipal directions4444 ,my own conviction is t motor cycl+1 ! simple/1 ! quicke/1 ! *eape/ indep5d5t locomotion t has ev] be5 kn[n1 is de/9$ to enjoy enorm\s developm5t4 ,i believe t )9 a few ye>s ! motor bicycle & tricycle w be sold by hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 & t _m ( ! social & indu/rial conditions ( our "t w be greatly & b5eficially affect$ by !m4#ac ,,footnote3 #ac ,h5ry ,norman1 ,esq41 ,m4,p41 9 ,! ,_w's ,"w4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,fire ,,eng9es ,a good motto to blazon ov] ! doors ( a fire-brigade /ation w\ld be ,he gives help twice :o gives help quickly4 ,! _s ( x is c]ta9ly %[n by ! brave m5 :o1 z soon z ! w>n+ signal comes1 spr+ to ! eng9es & 9 a few m9utes are c>e]+ at full spe$ to ! sc5e ( op]ations4 ,spe$ & sm>tness h = _m ye>s pa/ be5 associat$ ) our fire brigades4 ,we read h[ horses are always kept ready to be l$ to ! eng9es2 h[ _! h>ness is dropp$ on to !m & deft f+]s set ! buckles "r 9 a tw9kl+1 s t almo/ be=e an onlook] has "t to realise :at is happ5+ ! /urdy animals are beat+ ! gr\nd ) fly+ ho(s4 ,& few dwell]s 9 l>ge cities h n he>d ! cry ( ! firem51 z x rises f an indi/9ct murmur into a l\d %\t1 be=e :i* ! traffic1 h[ev] d5se1 melts away to ! side ( ! road & leaves a cle> passage = ! eng9es1 driv5 at high spe$ & yet ) su* skill t accid5ts are ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,! noise1 ! gleam ( ! poli%$ helmets1 ! ef=ts ( ! noble animals1 :i* seem z ke5 z ! m5 !mselves to rea* ! fire1 comb9e to pa9t a sc5e :i* l+]s long 9 ! memory4 ,b effici5t z ! hors$ eng9e is1 x has its limitations4 ,animal /r5g? & endurance are n an indef9ite quantity2 :ile ! fireman grudges ev5 ! few %ort mom5ts :i* are occupi$ by ! inspann+ ( ! team4 ,9 _m t[ns1 !re=e1 we f9d ! me*anically propell$ fire eng9e com+ into fav\r4 ,! p[] = work+ ! pumps is n[ giv5 a second duty ( turn+ ! driv+-:eels4 ,a p>allel c be f\nd 9 ! /eam-eng9e us$ = ?re%+-ma*9es1 :i* once _h to be t[$ by horses1 b n[ travels ( itself1 dragg+ ma*9e & o!r vehicles beh9d x4 ,! e>li] types ( automobile fire eng9es us$ ! boil]'s /eam to move !m ov] ! road4 ,liv]pool1 a v ent]pris+ city z reg>ds ! ext9ction ( fire1 has = "s "t pa/ own$ a p[]ful /eam]1 :i* c be turn$ out )9 a m9ute ( ! call1 c travel at any spe$ up to ?irty miles an h\r1 & c pump #ejj gallons p] m9ute cont9u\sly4 ,its success has l$ to ! pur*ase ( o!r motor eng9es1 "s fitt$ ) a *emical app>atus1 :i*1 by ! action ( acid on a solution ( soda 9 clos$ cyl9d]s1 is enabl$ to fl+ wat] impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid gas on to ! fire ! mom5t x arrives )9 work+ di/ance ( ! conflagration1 & gives v valuable fir/ aid :ile ! pump+ app>atus is be+ got into ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,two ,motor ,fire-eng9es built by ,messrs4 ,m]rywea!r1 ,london4 ,t on ! left is driv5 by petrol1 & 9 addition to pump+-ge> c>ries a :eel$ fire-escape4 ,t on ! "r is driv5 by /eam4 ,bo? types are mu* fa/] ?an horses1 be+ able to travel at a rate ( ov] #bj miles an h\r4 ,z might reasonably be expect$1 ! petrol motor has f\nd a f9e field = its en]gies 9 connection ) fire ext9ction4 ,s9ce x occupies comp>atively little space1 m accommodation c be all[$ = ! firem5 & ge>4 ,fur!rmore1 a petrol eng9e c be />t$ 9 a few seconds by a turn ( a h&le1 :]eas a /eam] is delay$ until /eam has be5 g5]at$4 ,messrs4 ,m]rywea!r h built a f\r-cyl9d]$1 #cj h4p4 petrol fire eng9e capable ( a spe$ ( =ty miles an h\r4 ,x has two sy/ems ( ignition--! magneto 7or small dynamo7 & ! ord9>y accumulator & coil--s t electrical breakd[ns are n likely to occur4 ,a fa/ motor ( ?is k9d1 ) a pump+ capacity ( #cjj gallons p] m9ute1 is peculi>ly suit$ = l>ge c\ntry e/ates1 :]e x c be made to p]=m h\sehold or f>m duties :5 n requir$ = its prim>y purpose4 ,consid]+ ! great numb] ( c\ntry mansions1 hi/orically int]e/+1 & full ( arti/ic treasures1 :i* ,engl& boa/s1 x is a matt] = regret t su* an eng9e is n always includ$ among ! appliances ) :i* e su* prop]ty is furni%$4 ,h[ (t5 we read ,old mansion totally de/roy$ by fire1 :i* usually means t 9 a few %ort h\rs priceless pictures1 furniture1 & o!r objects ( art h be5 de/roy$1 because help1 :5 x did come1 arriv$ too late4 ,own]s are1 h[ev]1 m ke5ly alive to _! responsibilities n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,! small h&-work$ eng9e1 or ! hydrant ( mod]ate pressure1 is n consid]$ a suffici5t gu>d = ! h\se & its cont5ts4 ,9 _m e/abli%m5ts ! electric light+ eng9es are design$ to "w ei!r ! dynamo or a set ( pumps z occasion may dem&2 or ! motor is m\nt$ on :eels s t x may be easily dragg$ by h& to any desir$ spot4 ,! late/ ?+ 9 motor fire eng9es is "o :i* c>ries a fire-escape ) x1 9 addition to wat]-fl++ ma*9]y4 ,an eng9e ( ?is type is to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! ,london suburbs4 ,a *emical cyl9d] lies "u ! driv]'s seat1 :]e x is well out ( ! way1 & coil$ beside x is its reel ( hose4 ,! escape re/s on ! top ( ! vehicle1 ! :eels hang+ ov] ! re> end1 :ile ! top projects "s di/ance 9 front ( ! /e]+ :eels4 ,! ladd]1 ( telescopic design1 c be ext5d$ to fifty feet z soon z x has be5 l[]$ to ! gr\nd4 ,s9ce ! sav+ ( life is ev5 m important ?an ! sav+ ( prop]ty1 x is v desirable t a means ( escape %\ld be at h& at ! e>lie/ possible mom5t aft] an outbreak4 ,?is comb9ation app>atus enables ! brigade to nip a fire 9 ! bud1 if x is /ill a comp>atively small affair1 & also to rescue any p ^: exit may h be5 cut (f by ! fire hav+ />t$ on or ne> ! /aircases4 ,! ,wolseley ,motor-,c> ,company has e/abli%$ a type ( *emical motor fire eng9e :i* promises to be v successful4 ,a #bj h4p4 motor is plac$ =w>d "u ! frame to keep ! c5tre ( gravity l[4 ,:5 fully lad51 x c>ries a crew ( eight m51 two #i-;foot ladd]s1 two portable *emical ext+ui%]s1 a #ej-;gallon *emical cyl9d]1 & a reel on :i* is w\nd a hose fifty-?ree y>ds long4 ,! :eels are a comb9ation ( ! wood5 artill]y & ! wire spid]1 wires be+ /rung f ! out] end ( ! hub to ! out] ends ( ! wood5 spokes to give !m increas$ p[] to resi/ ! /ra9 ( sudd5 turns or collisions4 ,an artill]y :eel1 n ?us re9=c$1 is apt to buckle sideways & snap its spokes :5 twi/$ at all4 ,engl& has always l$ ! way 9 matt]s relat+ to fire ext9ction1 & to h] is due ! cr$it ( fir/ h>ness+ me*anical motive p[] to ! fire eng9e4 ,o!r c\ntries are foll[+ h] example1 & consequ5tly we f9d fire app>atus mov$ by ! petrol motor 9 places s f> ap>t z ,cape ,t[n1 ,valp>aiso1 ,mauritius1 ,sydney1 ,b]l91 ,new ,york1 ,montreal4 ,!re c be no d\bt b t 9 a v few ye>s horse-traction w be ab&on$ by ! brigades ( our l>ge t[ns4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! fire-pump ( ! future w be driv5 by electricity drawn f swit*es on ! /reet ma9s2 en\gh curr5t be+ /or$ 9 accumulators to move ! pump f /ation to fire4 ,9 su* a case x w\ld be possible to use v p[]ful pumps1 z an electric motor is extremely vigor\s = its size & weight4 ,ev5 to-day /eam fire eng9es c fl+ #b1jjj gallons p] m9ute1 & fire floats 7= use on ! wat]7 consid]ably m4 ,possibly ! eng9e ( to-morr[ w p\r #e1jjj gallons a m9ute on ! flames if x c get t am\nt f ! wat] ma9s1 & s r5d] x unnecess>y to summon 9 a l>ge numb] ( eng9es to quell a big conflagration4 ,?ree hundr$ ?\s& gallons an h\r ought to *eck a v consid]able blaze4 ,! =ce ) :i* a jet ( wat] leaves ! huge nozzle ( a p[]ful eng9e is s great t x w\ld s]i\sly injure a spectator at a di/ance ( fifty y>ds4 ,! kick-back ( ! wat] on ! nozzle is sometimes suffici5t to ov]come ! p[] ( "o man to hold ! nozzle 9 position ) 8 h&s1 & x becomes ne$ful to provide supports ) po9t$ ends to /ick into ! gr\nd1 or hooks :i* c be atta*$ to ! rungs ( a ladd]4 ,= an attack on ! upp] /oreys ( a h\se a special wat] t[] is mu* us$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x consi/s ( a lattice-"w iron frame1 ab\t tw5ty-five feet long1 inside :i* slides an ext5sible iron tube five in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! t[] is atta*$ to "o end ( a wagon ( unusual l5g? & bread?1 & is rais$ to a v]tical position by a rack ge>+ ) a quadrant built into its base bel[ ! trunnions or pivots on :i* x sw+s4 ,c>bonic acid gas1 g5]at$ 9 a cyl9d] c>ri$ on ! wagon1 works a pi/on connect$ ) ! racks1 & on a tap be+ turn$ sl[ly br+s ! t[] to ! p]p5dicul>1 :5 x is lock$4 ,! telescopic tube1 c>ry+ ! hose inside x1 is !n pull$ up by w9dlasses1 until ! #b-a_/b-;in* nozzle is ne>ly fifty feet f ! gr\nd4 ,! nozzle itself c be rotat$ f bel[ by rods & ge>+1 & ! angle ( ! /ream regulat$ by a rope4 ,if sev]al eng9es simultane\sly deliv] _! wat] to ! t[] hoses #a1jjj gallons a m9ute c be conc5trat$ 9 a cont9u\s #b-a_/b-;in* jet on to ! fire4 ,! ord9>y hors$ fire eng9e is simple 9 its design & p>ts4 ,! v]tical boil] conta9s a numb] ( ne>ly horizontal wat] tubes1 :i* (f] a great surface to ! furnace gases1 s t x may raise /eam v quickly4 ,! actual wat] capacity ( ! boil] is small1 & !re=e x mu/ be f$ cont9u\sly by a special pump4 ,! pumps1 two or ?ree 9 numb]1 usually h pi/on rods work+ direct f ! /eam cyl9d]s on ! plung]s ( ! pumps4 ,betwe5 cyl9d]s & pumps are slots 9 ! rods 9 :i* rotate cranks connect$ ) "o ano!r & ) a fly-:eel :i* helps to keep ! runn+ /eady4 ,aft] leav+ ! pumps ! wat] ent]s a l>ge air vessel1 :i* r$uces ! sudd5 %ocks ( deliv]y by ! cu%ion+ effect ( ! air1 & causes a /eady pressure on ! wat] 9 ! hoses4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,fire-,,al>ms ,,& ,,automatic ,,fire ,,ext+ui%]s ,assum+ t a t[n has a well-appo9t$ fire brigade1 equipp$ ) ! mo/ up-to-date eng9es1 x /ill _c be consid]$ effici5tly protect$ aga9/ ! ravages ( ! fire-fi5d unless ! outbreak ( a fire c be notifi$ imm$iately to ! /ations1 & local me*anical means ( suppression come into action almo/ simultane\sly ) ! comm5cem5t ( ! conflagration4 ,:at y d1 d quickly is ! keynote ( successful fire-suppression2 & its importance has be5 practically recognis$ 9 ! inv5tion ( hundr$s ( devices1 "s ( :i* we w glance at 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! electric circuit is ! mo/ valuable s]vant t we h to w>n u ( dang]4 ,dott$ ab\t ! /reets are po/s c>ry+ at ! top a circul> box1 :i* conta9s a knob4 ,z soon z a fire is obs]v$1 anyone may run to su* a po/1 sma% ! glass scre5+ ! knob1 & pull out ! latt]4 ,?is action fla%es ! al>m to ! ne>e/ fire-/ation1 & a few m9utes lat] an eng9e is da%+ to ! rescue4 ,help may also be summon$ by means ( ! ord9>y telephone ex*anges or f police-/ations 9 direct telephonic communication ) ! brigade depts4 ,all devices dep5d+ = _! ultimate value on human initiative leave a good deal to be desir$4 ,!y presuppose conditions :i* may be abs5t4 ,= in/ance1 an electric wire 9 a l>ge factory ignites "s combu/ible mat]ial dur+ ! night4 ,a pass]-by may happ5 to see flames :ile ! fire is 9 an e>ly /age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally probable t ! conflagration may be well e/abli%$ be=e ! al>m is giv51 ) ! result t ! fire brigade arrives too late to d mu* good4 ,:at we ne$1 !re=e1 is a me*anical means ( call+ att5tion to ! dang] automatically1 ) a quickness :i* w give ! brigade or p close at h& a *ance ( /rangl+ ! mon/] almo/ z soon z x is born1 & ) a precision z to locality t w save ! preci\s "t wa/$ 9 hunt+ = ! exact po9t to be attack$4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,oatway1 ,m4,i4,e4,e41 9 a valuable pap] read be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,fire ,brigades 9 ,london 9 #aijc1 says t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! damage result+ f a fire signall$ 9 its e>ly /age1 & ! same fire report$ :5 x has spread to two or ?ree floors1 is (t5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a nom9al loss & a burn out4 ,! re=m]1 he cont9ues1 :o aims at r$uc+ fire wa/e mu/ turn 8 att5tion prim>ily to ha/5+ ! al>m4 ,! true cure ( ! matt] is1 n :at quantity ( ge> x takes to deal ) huge conflagrations1 b h[ to conc5trate at ! e>lie/ /age ^u ! outbreaks z !y occur1 & to *eck !m be=e !y h gr[n beyond control4 ,he cites ! fire record ( ,glasg[ ( #aijb1 f :i* x appe>s t ?ree fires alone acc\nt$ = #dj p] c5t4 ( ! ye>'s total loss1 t5 fires = #gc p] c5t41 & ! o!r #gjf = only #bg p] c5t41 or an av]age ( #gb p] fire4 ,_h ! fir/ ?ree fires only be5 notifi$ at an e>li] /age1 ne>ly #gb1jjj w\ld h be5 sav$4 ,capta9 ,sir ,e4 ,m4 ,%aw1 late ,*ief ( ! ,london ,fire ,brigade1 has put ! foll[+ on record3 ,hav+ devot$ a v l>ge portion ( ! active p]iod ( my work+ life 9 br++ into g5]al use me*anical & hydraulic appliances = deal+ ) fires aft] !y h be5 discov]$1 ,i nev]!less give & h always giv5 ! highe/ place to ! e>ly discov]y & indication ( fire1 & n by any means to ! /eam1 ! hydraulic1 or ! num]\s o!r me*anical appliances on :i* ! pr9cipal lab\rs ( my life h be5 be/[$4 ,a fire giv5 fifte5 m9utes' />t is (t5 h>d to ov]take4 ,imag9e a w>eh\se alight on ?ree floors be=e ! al>m is rais$6 ,eng9es may come "o aft] ano!r & p\r deluges ( wat] on ! flames1 yet z likely z n we read next morn+ ( total de/ruction4 ,no /it* 9 "t has sav$ n9e6 ,! sad "p ab\t fires is t !y repres5t s mu* absolute wa/e4 ,9 comm]cial transactions1 if "o p>ty loses ! o!r ga9s2 weal? is m]ely transf]r$1 & /ill rema9s 9 ! community4 ,b 9 ! matt] ( fire ?is is n ! case4 ,suppos+ t a huge cotton mill is burnt d[n4 ,! re-erection w1 x is true1 cause a lot ( money to *ange h&s2 b :at has result$ f ! money t has already be5 put into ! mill8 ,no?+4 ,s _m hundr$ ?\s&s ( p\nds h be5 demat]ialis$ & left no?+ beh9d to repres5t !m4 ,! great ,ottawa fire ( a few ye>s ago may be rememb]$ z a t]rible example ( su* total loss ( human ef=t4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,fire-,,al>ms ,! fir/ record$ specification = an automatic detect+ device be>s ! date #agfc4 ,9 t ye> a ,mr4 ,john ,gre5e pat5t$ an arrangem5t ( cords1 weights1 & pulleys1 :i*1 :5 ! cord burnt ?r\gh1 caus$ ! movem5t ( an indicat+ semaphore arm4 ,z ?is action appeal$ only to ! eye1 x might easily pass unnotic$1 & we c imag9e t ,mr4 ,gre5e did n f9d a gold m9e 9 8 inv5tion4 ,tw5ty-f\r ye>s lat] an advance 0 made :5 ,william ,/$man introduc$ a philosophical fire al>um4 ,8 app>atus consi/$ ( a pivot$ bulb hav+ an op5 neck1 & conta9+ m]cury1 _s or o!r liquid4 ,z ! heat ( ! room increas$1 ! expansion ( ! fluid caus$ x to spill ov]1 release a trigg]1 & all[ a me*anical gong to run d[n4 ,?is arrangem5t1 :il/ an advance ^u ! fir/ ref]r$ to1 is q impracticable4 ,evaporation ( fluid1 expansion ( m]cury1 a /iff crank1 or o!r causes :i* w readily occur to y1 & ! ?+ is useless4#ad ,9 #ahjf an automatic me?od = spr9kl+ wat] ov] a fire appe>$4 ,! idea 0 simplicity itself3 a network ( wat] ma9s1 ) taps controll$ by cords1 :i* burnt ?r\gh & turn$ on ! wat]4 ,william ,congreve pat5t$1 ?ree ye>s lat]1 a spr9kl] :i* 0 an improvem5t1 9 t x indicat$ ! position ( ! fire 9 a build+ by dropp+ "o ( a numb] ( weights4 ,b /r+ is n to be reli$ ^u4 ,x may p]i% & break :5 no fire is ab\t1 & any sy/em ( ext9ction dep5d+ on x might prove a d\ble-edg$ weapon4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury produc$ hundr$s ( devices = al>m+ & ext+ui%+ automatically4 ,all dep5d$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! expansion or melt+ ( metal 9 ! increas$ temp]ature aris+ f a fire4 ,at "o "t ! circuit-clos+ !rmomet] 0 popul> on acc\nt ( its simplicity4 ,its drawback1 says ,mr4 ,oatway1 is ! smallness ( its heat-collect+ surface1 its isolation1 &1 la/ & wor/ ( all1 its fixity ( op]ation4 ,9 !rmomet] or fuse-al>m practice x is usual to place ! detectors at int]vals ( ab\t t5 feet or s1 s t a room ( any size w conta9 a numb]4 ,if a fire breaks out1 ! ceil+ is blanket$ ) heat1 & e detector feels its influ5ce4 ,ea* is affect$1 b none c give ! al>m until "s "o ( ! numb] absolutely rea*es ! set po9t or melts out4 ,hav+ no means ( v>y+ ! composition ( ! sold] or %ift+ ! wire1 an actuat+ po9t mu/ be select$ :i* is high en\gh to give a good work+ m>g9 ov] ! maximum indu/rial or seasonal heat ( ! ye>2 & ?us x comes ab\t t if ! fire breaks out 9 w9t]1 or :5 ! room is at its l[e/ temp]ature1 ! am\nt ( loss is consid]ably & q unnecess>ily increas$4 ,9 a device set to fuse at #aej ,fahr5heit1 x w be cle> to e "o t ! measure ( ! damage w dep5d ^u ! normal temp]ature ( ! room at ! "t ( ! outbreak4 ,if ! m]cury is 9 ! n9eties1 !re is only "s sixty degrees ( a rise to wait =2 :il/ if x happ5s to be a w9t]'s night1 ! al>m is held back = a rise ( p]haps #abj4 ,:at *ance is !re 9 ?is case = a good /op8 ,mr4 ,oatway has exam9$ ! fuses "u diff]5t conditions1 & 8 conclusions are drawn f practical te/s4 ,great intellig5ce w n be requir$ to appreciate ! =ce ( 8 argum5ts4 ,inasmu* z ! rise ( temp]ature caus$ by a fire is relative1 dur+ ! e>ly /ages at lea/1 to ! g5]al heat ( ! atmosph]e1 x becomes obvi\s t an automatic fire-al>m %\ld be "o :i* w keep p>allel1 z x 71 ) fluctuations ( natural heat4 ,?us1 if ! dang] rise be fix$ at #ajj1 ! al>m %\ld be giv5 on a cold night z c]ta9ly z at midday 9 summ]4 ,x 0 ! failure ( e>ly patt]ns 9 ?is respect t l$ to _! be+ discr$it$ by ! fire-brigade au?orities4 ,! writ] already quot$ has laid d[n ! functions ( a p]fect al>m3-- 7a7 ,to detect ! fire at a uni=mly e>ly p]iod1 "u all atmosph]ic & indu/rial conditions4 7b7 ,to give ! al>m ^u ! premises1 & simultane\sly to ! brigade1 by a def9ite & unmi/akable message4 7c7 ,to facilitate ! "w ( ext9ction by indicat+ ! position ( ! outbreak 9 ! build+ attack$4 ,! ,may ,oatway al>m has got r\nd ! fir/ difficulty 9 a mo/ +5i\s mann] by adapt+ ! pr9ciple ( ! comp5sation me?ods already describ$ 9 connection ) wat*es4 ,! al>m consi/s ( a /eel rod ( a section f\nd to be mo/ suitable = ! purpose4 ,to ! side is atta*$ by screws ent]+ ! rod ne> ! ends a copp] wire1 :i* is long en\gh to sag slightly at its c5tre1 f :i* dep5ds a silv] *a9 c>ry+ a c>bon contact-piece4 ,a %ort di/ance bel[ ! c>bon are ! two t]m9als ( ! electric circuit :i*1 :5 complet$ by ! l[]+ ( ! c>bon1 gives ! al>m4 ,n[ if !re be a v gradual *ange ( temp]ature ! /eel rod l5g!ns sl[ly1 & s does ! copp] wire1 s t ! am\nt ( sag rema9s practically :at x 0 be=e4 ,b 9 ev5t ( a fire ! copp] exp&s mu* m quickly ?an ! /eel1 & sags until ! c>bon completes ! circuit4 ,! :ole ?+ is beautifully simple1 v durable1 q consi/5t1 & reliable4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature dim9i%es1 on ! ext9ction ( ! fire1 ! al>m automatically returns to its normal position1 ready = fur!r "w4 ,n[ = ! second function1 t ( giv+ ! al>m 9 _m places at once4 ,! clos$ circuit does n itself directly cause bells to r+3 x works a relay1 t is1 a second & m p[]ful circuit4 ,9 fact1 x is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! eng9e driv]1 :o does n himself make ! locomotive move1 b m]ely turns on ! /eam4 ,an in/allation has be5 introduc$ 9 ! ,popl> ,workh\se--to quote an in/ance4 ,7 a fire to break out1 "o ( ! #bgf detectors w\ld soon set tw5ty-five bells 9 action1 "o 9 ea* (fic]'s room4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! ,w>eh\sem5's ,orphanage at ,*eadle ,hulme1 e dormitory w\ld be ar\s$1 & e (fic]1 includ+ ! ,pr9cipal 9 8 h\se "s di/ance away4 ,messrs4 ,ar?ur & ,company1 ( ,glasg[1 h a w>eh\se =tifi$ ) #fjj ( ^! n]ve c5tres1 all yok$ to f\r position indicators1 ?ree ( :i* actuate a ma/] indicator connect$ ) ! c5tral fire-/ation4 ,!re is no hole or corn] 9 ?is huge e/abli%m5t :]e ! fire-demon c\ld essay 8 fell "w )\t be+ at once spi$ ^u by a detector4 ,we may glance = a mom5t at ! me*anism :i* s5ds an unmi/akable message = help4 ,at ! brigade /ation !re is a numb] ( small tablets1 ea* protect$ by a flap1 on ! outside ( :i* is ! ^w ,,safe1 on ! inside ,,fire4 ,normally ! flap is clos$4 ,z soon z ! circuit is complet$1 a magnet releases ! flap1 & a bell beg9s to r+4 ,n[1 x is possible t ! circuit might be clos$ accid5tally by contact some:]e betwe5 ! premises x s]ves & ! fire-/ation4 ,s t ! (ficial on gu>d1 see+ ,j4 ,br[n & ,company on ! uncov]$ tablet1 might despat* ! eng9es to ! place indicat$ on a wild-goose *ase4 ,to prev5t su* false al>ms ! transmitt] n only r+s ! /ation up1 b automatically s5ds an unmi/akable message4 ,:5 a fire occurs an automatic pr9t+ ma*9e is set 9 motion to despat* a ciph] 9 ! ,morse code f\r times to ! /ation4 ,an accid5tal circuit c\ld n d ?is2 !re=e1 :5 ! (fic] sees on ! receiv+ tape ! well-kn[n ciph]1 he turns out 8 m5 ) all spe$4 ,on arriv+ at _! de/9ation ! firem5 receive valuable help f ! position indicator1 :i* guides !m to _! "w4 ,on a special bo>d is se5 a r[1 or r[s1 ( %utt]s simil> to ^? already m5tion$4 ,ea* r[ belongs to a floor2 ea* unit ( ! r[ to a room4 ,a glance suffices to tell t ! tr\ble is1 say1 9 ! mo/ s\!rly room ( ! second floor4 ,no notice is !re=e tak5 ( smoke roll+ out ( o!r p>ts ( ! build+1 until ! dang] spot has be5 attack$4 ,t ! firem5 appreciate su* an ally goes )\t say+4 ,e fire ext+ui%$ is a po9t to _! cr$it4 ,also1 ! risks !y run are greatly dim9i%$1 :ile ! we> & te> ( tackle is proportionately r$uc$4 ,! fireman is not$ = 8 c\rage & unfl9*+ p]=mance ( duty4 ,! discom=ts ( 8 pr(ession are sometimes sev]e1 & its dang]s z c]ta9 z !y are at times appall+4 ,!re=e we welcome any me*anical me?od :i* at once %ort5s 8 "w1 less5s 8 p]il1 & protects prop]ty f damage4 ,mr4 ,oatway draws special att5tion to ! ne$ = simultane\s w>n+ on ! premises & at ! fire-/ation4 ,i rememb]1 he says1 _m cases1 b p]haps no bett] illu/ration ne$ be look$ = ?an ! case ( a cotton mill 9 ,lanca%ire ab\t two ye>s ago 7#aija74 ,! fire 0 se5 to />t at a few m9utes pa/ sev52 a fuse blew out1 & sp>k$ "s cotton2 b x look$ su* a simple job t ! op]atives elect$ to deal ) x4 ,at tw5ty m9utes to eight x dawn$ ^u somebody t ! brigade _h bett] be s5t =1 because ! fire 0 gett+ away2 & 9 due c\rse !y arriv$2 b ! mill1 already doom$1 became a total loss4 ,9 e c5tre simil> in/ances c be quot$4 ,!re is no?+ 9 any automatic sy/em to disc\rage individual ef=t4 ,inmates c put ! fire out1 if able2 b 9 any case ! brigade gets timely & def9ite notice1 & if on _! arrival !y f9d ! fire ext+ui%$1 z ,*ief ,sup]9t5d5t ,?omas put x :5 we op5$ ! ,d+le ,/ation aft] ! fatal tra9-burn+1 ',s mu* ! bett]1 we %all get to our b$s all ! quick]4' ,?is is ! common-s5se view ( x4 ,help]s "w none ! less intellig5tly because !y "k ! brigade is com+2 & x is necess>y to provide "s automatic me?od ( call+ !m1 because y c nev] rely ^u anybody :o is unfamili> ) fire do+ ! "r ?+ at ! prop] "t4 ,messrs4 ,may & ,oatway1 :o give _! "n to ! al>m describ$ above1 fir/ introduc$ _! app>atus 9 ,new ,zeal&1 f :i* c\ntry x has spread ov] ! ,briti% ,empire4 ,! l>ge/ in/allation is at ,messrs4 ,cl>k & ,company's ,an*or ,mills1 ,paisley4 ,! :ole ( ! imm5se block ( build+s1 ! great] "p ( :i* 0 previ\sly protect$ by spr9kl]s only1 is n[ electrically protect$ also2 & connect$ up ) ! fire brigade1 & ?r\gh _! /ation ) ! sleep+ qu>t]s ( e fireman4 ,"s figures w be int]e/+ "h4 ,!re are #aai miles ( int]nal al>m circuits2 #e-a_/d miles ( und]gr\nd cable betwe5 build+s2 #ai automatic telegraphs2 #ba automatic position indicators2 #bj al>m gongs a foot 9 diamet]4 ,e>ly 9 ,janu>y1 #aije1 a fire broke out 9 ^! build+s dur+ ! d9n] h\r1 :5 mo/ ( ! works' firem5 7 at _! midday meal4 ,! al>m s\nd$ simultane\sly at ! works' fire-/ation & at ! firem5's h\ses1 :i* are situat$ on ! o!r side ( ! /reet f ! mill4 ,! firem5 7 on ! spot imm$iately1 & 7 enabl$ to subdue ! flames1 :i* _h brok5 out 9 ! build+ occupi$ z w>eh\se & (fice1 be=e x _h got a firm hold ( ! inflammable mat]ial1 al?\gh n be=e "o ( ! l>ge /acks ( f9i%$ ?read 0 ablaze4 ,! brigade1 h[ev]1 7 soon ma/]s ( ! situation1 & ! damage done 0 "u #ajj4 ,!re is little d\bt1 _h ! al>m be5 left to ! ord9>y c\rse1 ! build+ w\ld h be5 totally de/roy$4#ae ,9 ^? few m9utes ! in/allation sav$ its entire co/ _m times ov]4 ,truly ,a little fire is quickly trodd5 out1 ,:i*1 be+ suff]$1 riv]s _c qu5*4 ,"h1 9 a ,%akespe>ean nut%ell1 is ! :ole sci5ce ( fire protection4 ,,automatic ,,spr9kl]s ,z ^! h be5 ref]r$ to sev]al times a %ort description may appropriately be giv54 ,! build+ :i* !y protect is fitt$ ) a network ( ma9s & bran*es ramify+ into ea* room4 ,at ! end ( ea* bran* is a nozzle1 ! m\? ( :i* is bridg$ ov] by a metal ar* c>ry+ a small plate4 ,betwe5 ! bridge & a glass plug clos+ ! nozzle is a b> ( easily fusible sold]4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has ris5 to dang] po9t ! sold] melts1 & ! plug is driv5 out by ! wat]1 :i* /rikes ! plate & scatt]s 9 all directions4 ,?is device has prov$ v valuable on _m occasions4 ,! ,encyclopdia ,britannica 7,t5? ,edition7 /ates t1 9 ! record ( ! ,am]ican ,associat$ ,factory ,mutual companies = ! #e-a_/b ye>s end+ ,janu>y #a1 #aijj1 x appe>s t out ( #efc fires :]e spr9kl]s came into play #abi 7 ext+ui%$ by "o jet2 #hc by two jets2 #fa by ?ree2 #dd by f\r2 #dj by five4 ,! fire-bucket is ! simple/ device we h z a fir/ aid2 & v effective x (t5 proves4 ,insurance /ati/ics %[ t m fires are put out by pails ?an by all o!r appliances put toge!r4 ,! important po9t to be rememb]$ 9 connection ) !m is t !y %\ld always be kept full2 s t1 at ! critical mom5t1 !re may be no hurri$ ru%+ ab\t to f9d ! two gallons ( liquid :i* ea* is suppos$ to conta9 p]man5tly4 ,9 ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e 7vol4 xx4 p4 #he7 is giv5 an acc\nt ( ! mann] 9 :i* an +5i\s mill sup]9t5d5t ensur$ ! pails on ! premises be+ ready = duty4 ,! hooks c>ry+ ! pails 7 fitt$ up ) pieces ( spr+ /eel /rong en\gh to lift ! pail :5 ne>ly empty1 b n suffici5tly s to lift a full pail4 ,j ov] ea* spr+1 9 su* a position z to be out ( ! way ( ! h&le ( ! pail1 0 set a metal po9t1 connect$ ) a wire f an op5-circuit batt]y4 ,s long z ! pails 7 full1 _! weight1 :5 hung on _! hooks1 kept ! spr+s d[n1 b z soon z "o 0 remov$1 or lo/ a consid]able "p ( its cont5ts by evaporation or o!rwise1 ! spr+ on its hook w\ld rise1 come into contact ) ! metal po9t1 ?us close ! batt]y circuit & r+ a bell 9 ! manag]'s (fice1 at ! same "t %[+ :i* 0 ! bucket at fault4 ,! bell cont9u$ to r+ till ! defici5cy _h be5 made "r2 & by ?is simple contrivance ! buckets 7 protect$ f misuse or lack ( att5tion4 ,,footnotes3 #ad ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,oatway4 #ae ,glasg[ ,ev5+ ,news4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,a ,,%ip ,,! ,,rev]s+ ,,eng9e--,,m>9e ,,eng9e ,,spe$ ,,gov]nors--,,! ,,/e]+ ,,eng9e--,,bl[+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,app>atus--,,pumps--,,fe$ ,,heat]s--,,fe$-,,wat] ,,filt]s--,,di/ill]s--,,refrig]ators--,, ! ,,se>*-,,light--,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,in/rum5ts--,,safety ,,devices--,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[] ,,on ,a ,,%ip ,) _m travell]s by sea ! fir/ impulse1 aft] bunks h be5 visit$ & baggage has be5 safely /or$ away1 is to saunt] (f to ! hat*es ov] ! eng9e-room & pe] d[n into ! %9+ ma*9]y :i* =ms ! he>t ( ! vessel4 ,"s eng9e is sure to be at "w to rem9d !m ( ! great p[] /or$ d[n !re bel[1 & to give a =eta/e ( :at to expect :5 ! eng9e-room gong s\nds & ! man 9 *>ge op5s ! huge ?rottle controll+ "s ?\s&s ( horse-p[]4 ,by cran+ =w>d ov] ! edge ( ! %ip1 a jet ( wat] may be se5 spurt+ f a hole 9 ! side j above ! wat]-l9e1 d5ot+ ei!r t a pump is empty+ ! bilge1 or t ! cond5s]s are be+ cool$ ready = ! "w be=e !m4 ,t[>ds ! =eca/le a busy little donkey eng9e is lift+ bun*es ( luggage (f ! quay by means ( a rope pass+ ov] a sw++ sp> atta*$ to ! ma/1 & l[]+ x into ! ne!r regions :]e /ev$ores pack x neatly away4 ,9 a small comp>tm5t on ! upp] deck is "s my/]i\s1 & n v important-look+1 ge>3 yet1 z x op]ates ! rudd]1 x claims a place ( hon\r equall+ t ( ! ma9 eng9es :i* turn ! screw4 ,to ! ord9>y pass5g] ! v exi/5ce ( mu* o!r ma*9]y--! rev]s+ eng9es1 ! air-pumps1 ! cond5s]s1 ! fe$ heat]s1 ! filt]s1 ! evaporators & refrig]ators1 & ! v5tilators--is mo/ probably unsuspect$4 ,! electric light he w\ld1 f 8 exp]i5ce ( ?+s a%ore1 vaguely connect ) an eng9e some:]e4 ,b ! app>atus ref]r$ to ei!r works s unobtrusively or is s seque/]$ f ! public eye t "o might travel = weeks )\t ev5 he>+ m5tion ( x4 ,on a w>%ip ! am\nt ( ma*9]y is va/ly increas$4 ,9 fact1 e w> vessel1 f ! fir/-class battle%ip to ! smalle/ de/roy]1 is practically a cong]ies ( ma*9es2 accommodation = human be+s tak+ a v second>y place4 ,big guns mu/ be tra9$1 f$1 & clean$ by ma*9]y2 & ^! processes1 simple z !y s\nd1 ne$ mo/ elaborate devices4 ,! diff]5ce 9 respect ( me*anism betwe5 ! ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii4 & ,nelson's ,victory is z great z t betwe5 a motor-c> & a f>m]'s c>t4 ,x w\ld n be too mu* to say t ! me*anical k ( any p]iod is v adequately gaug$ f its fight+ vessels4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,cribb1 ,s\?sea4 ,a gigantic %e]-legs us$ = l[]+ boil]s1 big guns1 turrets1 etc41 into m5-(-w>4 ,! legs rise to a height ( #adj feet1 & w h&le weights up to #aej tons4 ,dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s m>9e eng9es h be5 enorm\sly improv$4 ,b ! advance ( auxili>y appliances has be5 ev5 m m>k$4 ,9 e>li] times ! matt] consid]$ ( prim>y importance 0 ! propulsion ( ! vessel2 & eng9e]s turn$ _! att5tion to ! problem ( cr[d+ ! greate/ possible am\nt ( p[] into ! lea/ possible am\nt ( space4 ,?is 0 effect$ ma9ly by ! comp\nd+ ( eng9es--us+ ! /eam ov] & ov] aga9 9 cyl9d]s ( increas+ size--& by improv+ ! design ( boil]s4 ,z soon z ?is bus9ess _h be5 well =w>d$1 auxili>y ma*9]y1 :i*1 ?\gh n absolutely necess>y = movem5t1 greatly affect$ ! ease1 com=t1 & economy ( work+ a %ip1 got its %>e ( notice1 ) ! result t a t\r r\nd ! works ( a mod]n battle%ip or l9] is a gr[+ wond] & a lib]al education 9 itself4 ,?is *apt] w deal ) ! auxili>ies to be f\nd 9 l>ge vessels design$ = peaceful or w>like uses4 ,_m devices are common to %ips ( bo? classes1 & "s are conf9$ to "o type only1 ?\gh ! /eel wall c]ta9ly has ! advantage ) reg>d to multiplicity4 ,we may beg9 ) ,,! ,,rev]s+ ,,eng9e ,all m>9e eng9es %\ld be fitt$ ) "s app>atus :i* enables ! eng9e] to rev]se !m f full spe$ ahead to full spe$ a/]n 9 a few seconds4 ,! ef=t requir$ to p]=m ! op]ation ( %ift+ ov] ! valves is su* z to necessitate ! help ( /eam4 ,!re=e y w f9d a special device 9 ! eng9e-room :i*1 :5 ! eng9e] moves a small lev] ei!r way f ! normal position1 lets /eam into a cyl9d] & moves rods rev]s+ ! ma9 eng9e4 ,by a l9k action 7:i* c\ld n be expla9$ )\t a special diagram7 ! valves ( ! auxili>y are clos$ automatically z soon z ! task has be5 p]=m$2 s t !re is no con/ant pressure on ! "o or ! o!r side ( its pi/on4 ,to prev5t ! rev]sal be+ too sudd51 ! auxili>y's pi/on-rod is prolong$1 & fitt$ to a second pi/on work+ 9 a second cyl9d] full ( glyc]9e or oil4 ,?is pi/on is pi]c$ ) a small hole1 ?r\gh :i* ! incompressible liquid passes z ! pi/on moves4 ,s9ce its passage is gradual1 ! eng9es are rev]s$ delib]ately en\gh to protect _! valves f any sev]e /ra9s4 ,^! rev]s+ eng9es c1 if ! /eam s]v+ !m fails1 be work$ by h&4 ,,m>9e ,,eng9e ,,spe$ ,,gov]nors ,:5 a %ip is pass+ ?r\gh a /rong sea & pit*es z %e crosses ! waves1 ! screw is f "t to "t lift$ cle> ( ! wat]1 & ! eng9es :i* a mom5t be=e _h be5 do+ _! utmo/1 sudd5ly f9d _! load tak5 (f !m4 ,! result is rac+ ( ! ma*9]y1 :i* makes itself v unpleasantly felt f "o end ( ! %ip to ! o!r4 ,!n ! screw1 revolv+ at a spe$ mu* above ! normal1 sudd5ly plunges into ! wat] aga91 & enc\nt]s great resi/ance to its revolution4 ,a s]ies ( *anges f full to no load1 z eng9e]s t]m x1 mu/ be h>mful to any eng9es1 ev5 ?\gh ! evil effects are n %[n at once4 ,great /ra9s are set up :i* %ake bolts loose1 or may crack ! heavy /&>ds 9 :i* ! cranks & %aft "w1 & ev5 s]i\sly tax ! %aft itself & ! screw4 ,on l& e /ation>y eng9e set to d tasks 9 :i* ! load v>ies--:i* practically means all /ation>y eng9es--are fitt$ ) a gov]nor1 to cut (f ! /eam directly a c]ta9 rate ( revolution is exce$$4 ,^! eng9es are ! m easily gov]n$ because !y c>ry heavy fly-:eels1 :i* pick up or lose _! velocity gradually4 ,a m>9e eng9e1 on ! o!r h&1 has only ! screw to /eady x1 & ?is is extremely light 9 proportion to ! p[] :i* drives x2 9 fact1 has sc>cely any controll+ influ5ce at all z soon z x leaves ! wat]4 ,m>9e eng9e]s1 !re=e1 ne$ "s me*anical means ( re/ra9+ _! eng9es f runn+ away4 ,! device mu/ be v s5sitive & quick act+1 s9ce ! eng9es w\ld increase _! rate ?reefold 9 a second if left ungov]n$ :5 runn+ free2 :ile on ! o!r h& x mu/ n ?rottle ! /eam supply a mom5t aft] ! "w has begun aga9 :5 ! screw takes ! wat]4 ,_m me*anisms h be5 inv5t$ to curb ! m>9e eng9e4 ,"s h prov$ fairly successful1 o!rs practically useless2 & ! fact rema9s t1 ow+ to ! great] difficulty ( ! task1 m>9e gov]n+ is n s delicate z t ( l& eng9es4 ,a great numb] ( /eam%ips are n fitt$ ) gov]nors1 = ! simple reason t ! eng9e]s are sceptical ab\t su* devices z a class & w\ld r n be bo!r$ ) !m4 ,b :atev] may h be5 its record 9 ! pa/1 ! m>9e gov]nor is at ! pres5t "t suffici5tly develop$ to =m an item 9 ! eng9e-rooms ( _m ( our l>ge/ %ips4 ,we select z "o ( ! be/ devices yet produc$ t kn[n z ,&rews' ,pat5t ,gov]nor2 & app5d a %ort description4 ,x consi/s ( two ma9 p>ts--! pumps & ! ram clos+ ! ?rottle4 ,! pumps1 two 9 numb]1 are work$ alt]nately by "s mov+ "p ( ! eng9e1 su* z ! air-pump lev]4 ,!y inject wat] ?r\gh a small pipe into a cyl9d]1 ! pi/on-rod ( :i* op]ates a ?rottle valve 9 ! ma9 /eam supply to ! eng9es4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is cyl9d] is a by-pass1 or artificial leak1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] fl[s back to ! pumps4 ,! size ( ! fl[ ?r\gh ! by-pass is controll$ by a screw adju/m5t4 ,we w suppose t ! gov]nor is set to p]mit "o hundr$ revolutions a m9ute4 ,z long z t rate is n exce$$ ! by-pass w let out z mu* wat] z ! pumps c inject into ! cyl9d]1 & ! pi/on is n mov$4 ,b z soon z ! eng9es beg9 to race1 ! pumps s5d 9 an excess1 & ! pi/on imm$iately beg9s to rise1 clos+ ! ?rottle4 ,z ! spe$ falls1 ! leak gets ! upp] h& aga91 & ! pi/on is pu%$ d[n by a p[]ful spr+1 op5+ ! ?rottle4 ,x might be suppos$ t1 :5 ! screw races1 ! pumps w\ld n only close ! ?rottle1 b also press s h>d on x z to cause damage to "s "p ( ! app>atus be=e ! spe$ _h fall5 aga94 ,?is is prev5t$ by ! pres5ce ( a second control valve 7or leak7 work$ by a connect+-rod ris+ along ) ! pi/on-rod ( ! ram4 ,! two rods are held 9 engagem5t by a p[]ful spr+ :i* presses !m toge!r1 s t a holl[ 9 ! fir/ engages ) a projection on ! second4 ,imm$iately ! pressure increases & ! pi/on rises1 ! second valve is %ut by ! lift+ ( its rod1 & s f>!r augm5ts ! pressure 9 ! cyl9d] & quick5s ! clos+ ( ! ?rottle valve4 ,?is pressure increase mu/1 h[ev]1 be *eck$1 or ! pi/on w\ld ov]run & /op ! eng9es4 ,s :5 ! pi/on has ne>ly f9i%$ its /roke ! connect+-rod comes into contact ) a /op :i* dis5gages x f ! pi/on-rod & all[s ! second control valve to be fully op5$ by ! spr+ pull+ on its rod4 ,! pi/on at once s9ks to su* a position z ! pressure all[s1 & ! action is repeat$ "t aft] "t4 ,! gov]n+ is practically in/antane\s1 ?\gh )\t %ock1 & is said to keep ! eng9e )9 #c p] c5t4 ( ! normal rate4 ,t is1 if #ajj be ! prop] numb] ( revolutions1 x w\ld n be all[$ to exce$ #ajc or drop bel[ #ig4 ,su* gov]n+ is1 9 te*nical language1 v close4 ,! idea is v +5i\s3 pumps work+ aga9/ a leak1 & z soon z !y h ma/]$ x1 be+ aid$ by a second>y valve :i* r$uces ! size ( ! leak s z to r5d] ! effect ( ! pumps increas+ly rapid until ! ?rottle has be5 clos$4 ,!n ! second>y valve is sudd5ly ?r[n out ( action1 gives ! leak full play1 & causes ! ?rottle to op5 quickly s t ! /eam may be cut (f only = a mom5t4 ,by ! turn+ ( a small mill$ screw-head a c\ple ( in*es 9 diamet] ! pace ( #e1jjj h4p4 eng9es is z fully regulat$ z if a p[]ful brake 7 appli$ ! mom5t !y exce$$ ! legal limit4 ,,/e]+ ,,eng9es ,! un9itiat$ may ?9k t ! man on ! bridge1 revolv+ a spok$-:eel ) app>5tly small ex]tion1 is directly mov+ ! rudd] to port or to />bo>d z he wi%es4 ,b ! helm ( a l>ge vessel1 travell+ at high spe$1 c\ld n be s easily deflect$ 7 n "s giant at "w d[n bel[ 9 ob$i5ce to ! easy motions ( ! :eel4 ,sometimes 9 a special little cab9 on deck1 b m (t5 9 ! eng9e-room1 :]e x c be t5d$ by ! /aff1 !re is ! /e]+ eng9e1 usually work$ by /eam-p[]4 ,two little cyl9d]s turn a worm-screw :i* revolves a worm-:eel & a tra9 ( cogs1 ! la/ ( :i* moves to "r or left a quadrant atta*$ to ! *a9s or cables :i* "w ! rudd]4 ,all t ! /e]sman has to d ) 8 :eel is to put ! eng9e 9 =w>d1 backw>d1 or middle ge>4 ,! /eam be+ admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s quickly moves ! helm to ! position requir$4 ,a p>ticul>ly +5i\s /eam ge> is t made by ,messrs4 ,h>field & ,company1 ( ,london4 ,its *ief feature is ! arrangem5t :]eby ! p[] to move ! rudd] into any position rema9s con/ant4 ,if y h ev] /e]$ a boat1 y w rememb] t1 :5 a sudd5 curve mu/ be made1 y h to put f> m /r5g? into ! till] ?an w\ld suffice = a slight *ange ( direction4 ,n[1 if a /eam-eng9e & ge> 7 s built z to give suffici5t pressure on ! helm 9 all positions1 x w\ld1 if p[]ful en\gh to put ! %ip h>d-a-port1 evid5tly be ov]p[]$ = ! g5tl] movem5ts1 & w\ld wa/e /eam4 ,! ,h>field ge> has ! la/ ( ! cog-tra9--! "o :i* engages ) ! rack op]at+ ! till]--m\nt$ ecc5trically4 ,! rack itself is n "p ( a circle1 b almo/ flat c5trally1 & %>ply b5t at ! ends4 ,9 %ort1 ! curve is su* t ! rack tee? engage ) ! ecc5tric cog at all po9ts ( ! latt]'s revolution4 ,:5 ! helm is normal ! longe/ radius ( ! ecc5tric is turn$ t[>ds ! rack4 ,9 ?is position x ex]ts lea/ p[]2 b lea/ p[] is !n ne$$4 ,z ! helm goes ov]1 ! radius ( ! cogs gradually decreases1 & its lev]age proportionately increases4 ,s t ! eng9e is tax$ uni=mly all ! "t4 ,"s w> vessels1 includ+ ! ill-fat$ ,russian cruis] ,v>iag1 h be5 fitt$ ) electric /e]+ ge>1 op]at$ by a motor 9 :i* ! direction ( ! curr5t c be v>i$ at ! w ( ! helmsman4 ,all p[] ge>s are s arrang$ t1 9 case ( a breakd[n ( ! p[]1 a h&-:eel c be quickly br\ght into play4 ,,bl[+ ,,& ,,v5tilat+ ,,app>atus ,a railway locomotive s5ds ! exhau/ /eam up ! funnel ) suffici5t =ce to expel all air f ! same & to create a vacuum4 ,! only passage = ! air fly+ to fill ?is empty space lies ?r\gh ! fire-box & tubes trav]s+ ! boil] f end to end4 ,7 x n = ! induc$ draught--! inv5tion ( ,george ,/eph5son--no locomotive w\ld be able to draw a tra9 at a high] spe$ ?an a few miles an h\r4 ,on %ipbo>d ! fre% wat] us$ 9 ! boil]s is f> too preci\s to be wa/$ by us+ x z a fire-excit]4 ,salt wat] to make good ! loss w\ld soon corrode ! boil]s & cause t]rible explosions4 ,!re=e ! necess>y draught is creat$ by =c+ air ?r\gh ! furnaces in/ead ( by draw+ x4 ,! /oke-hold is entirely sep>at$ f ! out] air1 except = ! v5tilators1 d[n :i* air is =c$ by c5trifugal pumps at consid]able pressure4 ,?is draught s]ves two purposes4 ,x l[]s ! temp]ature ( ! /oke-hold1 :i* o!rwise w\ld be unbe>able1 & also fe$s ! fires ) pl5ty ( oxyg54 ,! air =c$ 9 c escape 9 "o way only1 viz4 by pass+ ?r\gh ! furnaces4 ,:5 ! %ip is sl[$ d[n ! =c$ draught is turn$ (f1 & !n y see ! poor /ok]s com+ up = a brea? ( fre% air4 ,9 ! ,r$ ,sea or o!r tropical latitudes ^! grimy b useful m5 h a v h>d "t ( x4 ,:ile pass5g]s up above are grumbl+ at ! heat1 ! /ok] bel[ is almo/ fa9t+1 al?\gh clad 9 no?+ b ! ?9ne/ ( tr\s]s4 ,9 ! eng9e-room also ?+s at times become uncom=tably w>m4 ,take ! case ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates monitor ,amphitrite1 :i* w5t into commission 9 #ahie = a trial run4 ,bo? /oke-hold & eng9e-room 7 v insuffici5tly v5tilat$4 ,! vessel />t$ f ,hampton ,roads = ,brunswick1 ,georgia4 ,! trip ( ab\t #ejj miles occupi$ five days 9 ! latt] "p ( ,july1 &1 = %e] suff]+1 has p]haps seldom be5 equall$ 9 our naval hi/ory4 ,! fire-room 7/oke-hold7 temp]ature 0 nev] bel[ #aej1 & (t5 above #agj1 :ile ! eng9e-room rang$ closely ab\t #aej4 ,= ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs ! m5 /ood x well1 b on ! second day sev5 succumb$ to ! heat & 7 put on ! sick li/1 "o ( !m ne>ly dy+2 be=e ! voyage 0 end$1 tw5ty-eight _h be5 driv5 to seek m$ical att5dance4 ,! gaps ?us creat$ 7 p>tially fill$ ) inexp]i5c$ m5 f ! deck =ce1 until !re 0 only a lifeboat's crew left 9 ea* wat*4444 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! f\r? day out our m5 _h lit]ally f\ght ! fire to a f9i% & _h be5 vanqui%$2 ! wat* on duty broke d[n "o by "o1 & ! eng9es1 aft] lumb]+ along sl[] & sl[]1 actually /opp$ = want ( /eam4444 ,at daybreak ! next morn+ we got "u way & /eam$ at a v cons]vative rate to our de/9ation1 =tunately only ab\t t5 miles di/ant4 ,! sc5e 9 ! fire-room t morn+ 0 n ( ?is e>?1 & f> beyond description4 ,! heat 0 almo/ de/ructive to life2 /eam 0 bl[+ f _m defective jo9ts & wat] columns2 tools1 ladd]s1 doors1 & all fitt+s 7 too hot to t\*2 & ! place 0 d5se ) smoke escap+ f furnace doors1 = !re 0 absolutely no draught4 ,! m5 collect$ to build up ! fires 7 ! be/ ( ^? rema9+ fit = duty1 b !y 7 worn out physically1 7 n]v\s1 appreh5sive1 & dispirit$4 ,r\gh ,iri% firem51 :o w\ld /& 9 a fair fight till kill$ 9 _! tracks1 7 cry+ l *ildr51 & begg+ to be all[$ to g on deck1 s completely 7 !y unmann$ by ! cruel ordeal !y _h endur$ s long4 ',hell afloat' is a nautical figure ( spee* (t5 idly us$1 b !n we saw x4 ,= a mon? !reaft] ! %ip 0 actively employ$ on ! s\!rn coa/1 drill+ militia at diff]5t ports1 & swelt]+ 9 ! new dock at ,port ,royal4 ,"o trip ( tw5ty-n9e h\rs broke ! record = heat1 ! fire-room be+ frequ5tly above #ahj4 ,all fire-room temp]atures 7 tak5 9 ! actual spaces :]e ! m5 _h to "w1 & n f hot corn]s or ov]head pockets4#af ,! v5tilators 7 subsequ5tly alt]$1 & ! m5 enjoy$ comp>ative com=t4 ,! words quot$ w suffice to e/abli% ! importance ( a prop] curr5t ( air :]e m5 h to "w4 ,"o ( ! greate/ difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 deep m9+ is t1 :ile ! temp]ature approa*es & sometimes passes t ( a /oke-hold1 ! task ( s5d+ d[n a cool curr5t f above is1 ) dep?s ( #d1jjj ft4 & ov]1 a v awkw>d "o to c>ry out4 ,on pass5g] %ips ! fans v5tilat+ ! cab9s & saloons are con/antly at "w1 ei!r suck+ out f\l air or driv+ 9 fre%4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! fan is v simil> to t ( ! c5trifugal wat] pump--vanes rotat+ 9 a case op5 at ! c5tre1 ?r\gh :i* ! air ent]s1 to be flung by ! blades aga9/ ! sides ( ! case & driv5 out ( an op5+ 9 its circumf]5ce4 ,sometimes an ord9>y screw-%ap$ fan1 su* z we (t5 see 9 public build+s1 is employ$4 ,,pumps ,e /eam%ip c>ries sev]al v>ieties ( pump4 ,fir/1 !re are ! l>ge pumps1 g5]ally ( a simple type1 = empty+ ! bilge or any comp>tm5t ( ! %ip :i* may h sprung a leak4 ,all h&s to ! pumps6 is n[ seldom he>d on a /eam]1 = ! op5+ ( a /eam-cock sets ma*9]y 9 motion :i* w successfully fight any b a v sev]e brea*4 ,x is ne$less to say t ^! pumps =m a v important "p ( a %ip's equipm5t1 )\t :i* _m a f9e vessel w\ld h sunk :i* has /ruggl$ to l&4 ,! pumps = ! cond5s]s =m ano!r class4 ,^! are c5trifugal =ce pumps2 _! duty is to circulate cold sea-wat] r\nd ! ne/s ( tubes ?r\gh :i* /eam fl[s aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s4 ,x is ?us conv]t$ once m into wat]1 ready = use aga9 9 ! boil]4 ,e atom ( ! wat] is evaporat$1 cond5s$1 & pump$ back into ! boil] once 9 a p]iod rang+ f fifte5 m9utes to an h\r1 accord+ to ! type ( boil] & ! size ( ! supply tanks4 ,"s cond5s]s h ! cool+ wat] pass$ ?r\gh ! tubes1 & ! /eam circulat$ r\nd ^! 9 an air-tight *amb]4 ,9 any case1 ! cond5s] %\ld be s design$ z to (f] a l>ge am\nt ( cold surface to ! hot vap\r4 ,a breakd[n ( ! cond5s] pumps is a s]i\s mi%ap1 s9ce /eam w\ld !n be wa/$1 :i* repres5ts s mu* fre% wat]--h>d to replace 9 ! op5 sea4 ,x w\ld be comp>able to ! dis>rangem5t ( ! circulat+ pump on a motor-c>1 ?\gh ! effects are diff]5t4 ,we mu/ n =get ! fe$-pumps = ! boil]s4 ,on _! effici5t action dep5ds ! safety ( ! %ip & h] pass5g]s4 ,wat] mu/ be ma9ta9$ at a c]ta9 level 9 ! boil]1 s t all tube & o!r surfaces 9 direct contact ) ! furnace gases may be cov]$4 ,! disa/r\s explosions we sometimes he> ( are (t5 caus$ by ! failure ( a pump1 ! burn+ ( a tube or plate1 & ! inevitable collapse ( ! same4 ,! firms ( ,weir & ,wor?+ton are among ! be/-kn[n mak]s ( ! special high-pressure pumps us$ = ?r[+ l>ge quantities ( wat] into ! boil]s ( m]cantile & w> vessels4 ,,fe$ ,,heat]s ,z ! fuel supply ( a vessel _c easily be repl5i%$ on ! high seas1 economy 9 coal consumption is v desirable4 ,if y put a cold spoon into a boil+ saucepan ebullition is *eck$ at once1 ?\gh only = a mom5t1 :ile ! spoon takes 9 ! temp]ature ( ! wat]4 ,simil>ly1 if cold wat] be f$ into a boil] ! /eam pressure at once falls4 ,!re=e ! hott] ! fe$ wat] is ! bett]4 ,! fe$ heat] is ! rev]se ( ! cond5s]4 ,9 ! latt]1 cold wat] is us$ to cool hot /eam2 9 ! =m]1 hot /eam to heat cold wat]4 ,!re are _m patt]ns ( heat]s4 ,"o type1 l>gely us$1 sprays ! cold wat] ?r\gh a valve into a *amb] ?r\gh :i* /eam is pass$ f ! eng9es4 ,! spray1 fall+ ?r\gh ! hot vap\r1 p>tially cond5ses x & takes up "s ( its heat4 ,! surplus /eam travels on to ! cond5s]s4 ,a float 9 ! l[] "p ( ! *amb] gov]ns a valve admitt+ /eam to ! boil] pumps1 s t z soon z a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat] has accumulat$ ! pumps are />t$1 & ! hot liquid is =c$ into ! boil]4 ,ano!r type1 ! ,hampson fe$]1 s5ds /eam ?r\gh pipes ( a wavy =m surr\nd$ by ! fe$ wat]1 !re be+ no actual contact betwe5 liquid & vap\r4 ,an ally ( ! heat] is ! ,,fe$-,,wat] ,,filt]1 :i* removes susp5d$ matt] :i*1 if x ent]$ ! boil]1 w\ld =m a deposit r\nd ! tubes1 & :ile decreas+ _! effici5cy1 make !m m liable to burn+4 ,! mo/ dang]\s elem5t caught by ! filt]s is fatty matt]--oil :i* has ent]$ ! cyl9d]s & be5 c>ri$ (f by ! exhau/ /eam4 ,! filt] is ei!r high pressure1 i4e4 situat$ betwe5 ! pump & ! boil]2 or l[ pressure1 i4e4 betwe5 ! pump & ! res]voir f :i* x draws its wat]4 ,! second class mu/ h l>ge areas1 s z n to ?rottle ! supply unduly4 ,_m k9ds ( filt]+ m$ia h be5 tri$--fabrics ( silk1 calico1 cocoanut fibre1 t[ell+1 sawdu/1 cork du/1 *>coal1 coke2 b ! ideal sub/ance1 at once *eap1 easily obta9able1 durable1 & completely effective1 yet rema9s to be f\nd4 ,a filt] %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! filt]+ sub/ance is v accessible = cleans+ or r5ewal4 ,,di/ill]s ,we n[ come to a "p ( a %ip's plant v necess>y = bo? ma*9es & human be+s4 ,_m a "t h p be5 9 ! position ( ! ,anci5t ,m>9]1 :o exclaim$3-- ,wat]1 wat]1 ev]y:]e1 ,b n a drop to dr9k6 ,wat] is s weighty t a %ip _c c>ry m ?an a v limit$ quantity1 & t = ! imm$iate ne$s ( h] pass5g]s4 ,! boil]s1 9 spite ( _! cond5s]s1 wa/e a good deal ( /eam at safety valves ?r\gh leak+ jo9ts & pack+s1 & 9 o!r ways4 ,?is loss mu/ be made good1 =1 z already rem>k$1 salt wat] spells ! spe$y ru9 ( any boil] x ent]s4 ,! di/ill] 9 its simple/ =m comb9es a boil] = *ang+ wat] into vap\r1 ) a cond5s] = reconv]t+ x to liquid4 ,solids 9 impure wat] d n pass (f ) ! /eam1 s t ! latt]1 if cond5s$ 9 clean vessels1 is fit = dr9k+ or = use 9 ! eng9e boil]s4 ,a p\nd ( /eam w1 "u ?is sy/em1 give a p\nd ( wat]4 ,b z su* proc$ure w\ld be extravagant ( fuel1 comp\nd cond5s]s are us$1 :i* act 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,high-pressure /eam is pass$ f ! eng9e boil]s into ! tubes ( an evaporator1 & conv]ts ! salt wat] surr\nd+ x into /eam4 ,! boil] /eam !n travels into its own cond5s] or into ! fe$ wat] heat]1 :ile ! /eam x g5]at$ passes into ! coils ( a second evaporator1 conv]ts wat] !re into /eam1 & itself goes to a cond5s]4 ,! /eam g5]at$ 9 ! second evaporator does simil> duty 9 a ?ird evaporator4 ,s t "o p\nd ( high-pressure /eam is directly reconv]t$ to wat]1 & also indirectly produces betwe5 two & ?ree p\nds ( fre% wat]4 ,! cond5s]s us$ are simil> to ^? already describ$ 9 connection ) ! eng9es1 & ne$ no fur!r comm5t4 ,ab\t ! evaporators1 x may be said t !y are s con/ruct$ t !y c be clean$ out easily z soon z ! accumulation ( salt & o!r matt] r5d]s ! op]ation necess>y4 ,usually "o side is h+$1 & provid$ ) a numb] ( bolts all r\nd ! edges :i* are quickly remov$ & replac$4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy includes a %ip1 ! ,iris1 ^: sole duty is to supply ! fleet %e att5ds ) pl5ty ( fre% wat]4 ,%e 0 built 9 #ahhe by ,messrs4 ,r4 & ,w4 ,haw?orn1 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 & measures #caj feet 9 l5g?1 #ch-a_/b feet beam4 ,= h] size %e has rem>kable bunk] capacity1 & c accommodate ne>ly #b1ejj tons ( coal4 ,=e & aft are huge /orage tanks to hold betwe5 !m ab\t #agj1jjj gallons ( fre% wat]4 ,h] /ills c produce a maximum ( #fj1jjj gallons a day4 ,x has be5 reckon$ t ea* ton ( wat] di/ill$ co/s only #ah c5ts2 or1 /at$ o!rwise1 t #dj gallons co/ "o p5ny4 ,at _m ports fre% wat] co/s ?ree or f\r times ?is figure2 & ev5 :5 procur$ is ( d\btful purity4 ,dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> ! ,iris & a si/] %ip1 ! ,ra9b[1 prov$ mo/ useful4 ,,refrig]ators ,( late ye>s ! froz5-meat trade has increas$ by leaps & b\nds4 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,arg5t9a1 ,canada1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates s5d millions ( p\nds' wor? ( mutton & beef across ! wat] e ye> to help fe$ ! populations ( ,engl& & ,europe4 ,9 pa/ times ! live animals 7 s5t1 to be ei!r kill$ :5 disemb>k$ or fatt$ up = ! m>ket4 ,?is practice 0 exp5sive1 & att5d$ by mu* suff]+ ( ! un=tunate creatures if bad wea!r knock$ ! vessel ab\t4 ,refrig]at+ ma*9]y has alt]$ ! traffic mo/ fundam5tally4 ,n only c m meat be s5t at l[] rates1 b ! v>iety is increas$2 & _m o!r sub/ances ?an fle% are (t5 f\nd 9 ! cold /ores ( a %ip--butt] & fruit be+ important items4 ,c]ta9 /eam%ip l9es1 su* z ! ,%aw1 ,savill1 & ,albion--ply+ betwe5 ,engl& & ,au/ralasia--include vessels specially built = ! transport ( va/ numb]s ( c>cases4 ,upw>ds ( a million c>cases h be5 pack$ into ! hull ( a s+le %ip & kept p]fectly fre% dur+ ! long six weeks' voyage across ! ,equator4 ,e pass5g]-c>ry+ /eam] is provid$ ) refrig]at+ rooms = ! /orage ( p]i%able provisions2 & z ! com=t ( ! pass5g]s1 n to say _! luxury1 is b\nd up ) ^! comp>tm5ts1 x w be int]e/+ to glance at ! me?od employ$ = creat+ local fro/ amid surr\nd+ heat4 ,! big pr9ciple und]ly+ ! refrig]ator is ?is--t a liquid :5 turn$ into gas absorbs heat 7?us1 to conv]t wat] into /eam y mu/ fe$ x ) heat f a fire71 & t z soon z ! gas loses a c]ta9 am\nt ( its heat x rev]ts to liquid =m4 ,n[ take ammonia gas4 ,! spirits ( h>t%orn we buy at ! *emi/'s is wat] impregnat$ ) ?is gas4 ,at ord9>y liv+ temp]atures ! wat] gives out ! gas1 z a sniff at ! bottle proves 9 a mo/ effective mann]4 ,if ?is gas 7 cool$ to #cgc bel[ z]o x w\ld assume a liquid /ate1 i4e4 t temp]ature m>ks its boil+ po9t4 ,simil>ly /eam1 cool$ to #bab ,fahr41 becomes wat]4 ,boil+ po9t1 !re=e1 m]ely means ! temp]ature at :i* ! *ange occurs4 ,ammonia liquid1 :5 gasify+1 absorbs a great am\nt ( heat f its surr\nd+s--air1 wat]1 or :atev] !y may be4 ,s t if we put a tumbl] full ( ! liquid into a bas9 ( wat] x w\ld rob ! wat] ( en\gh heat to cause ! =mation ( ice4 ,! refrig]at+ ma*9e1 g5]ally employ$ on %ips1 is "o :i* con/antly turns ! ammonia liquid into gas1 & ! gas back into liquid4 ,! fir/ process produces ! cold us$ 9 ! freez+-rooms4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( ?ree ma9 p>ts3-- 7#a7 ,! compressor1 = squeez+ ammonia gas4 7#b7 ,! cond5s]1 = liquefy+ ! gas4 7#c7 ,! evaporator1 = gasify+ ! liquid4 ,! compressor is a pump4 ,! cond5s]1 a tube or s]ies ( tubes outside :i* cold wat] is circulat$4 ,! evaporator1 a spiral tube or tubes pass+ ?r\gh a vessel full ( br9e4 ,betwe5 ! cond5s] & evaporator is a valve1 :i* all[s ! liquid to pass f ! "o to ! o!r 9 prop] quantities4 ,we c n[ wat* ! cycle ( op]ations4 ,! compressor sucks 9 a *>ge ( v cold gas f ! evaporator1 & squeezes x into a fraction ( its orig9al volume1 !reby heat+ x4 ,! heat$ gas n[ passes into ! cond5s] coils &1 z x exp&s1 enc\nt]s ! *ill+ effects ( ! wat] circulat+ outside1 :i* robs x ( heat & causes x to liquefy4 ,x is next sl[ly admitt$ ?r\gh ! expansion valve into ! evaporator4 ,"h x gradually picks up ! heat necess>y = its gase\s =m3 tak+ x f ! br9e outside ! coils1 :i* has a v l[ freez+-po9t4 ,! br9e is circulat$ by pumps ?r\gh pipes l9+ ! walls ( ! freez+-room1 & robs ! air !re ( its heat until a temp]ature some:at bel[ ! freez+-po9t ( wat] is rea*$4 ,! room is well protect$ by lay]s ( *>coal or silicate cotton1 :i* are v bad conductors ( heat4 ,h[ ! *amb] /rikes a novice c be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ description ( a ,cun>d l9]'s refrig]at+ room4 ,x is a curi\s & int]e/+ sight4 ,x may be a hot day on deck1 ne>+ ,new ,york1 & ev]yone is go+ ab\t 9 sun hats & light clo!s4 ,we desc5d a c\ple ( flights ( /airs1 turn a key1 & "h is w9t]1 sp>kl+ 9 glassy fro/ ^u ! pale c>cases ( f[ls & game1 & ruddy jo9ts ( meat1 cry/allis+ ! yell[ apples & black grapes to ! lik5ess ( sweetmeats 9 a groc]'s %op1 ga!r+ on ! wall-pipes 9 sc9tillat+ coats ( sn[ ne>ly an in* deep4 ,y c make a sn[ball d[n "h1 if y l1 & c>ry x up on deck to a/oni% ! languid l\ng]s %elt]+ f ! sun "u ! protection ( ! prom5ade-deck ro(4 ,su* is ! mod]n sub/itute = ! old-"t salt-beef cask & bags ( dri$ pease6 ,! l>d] is s ne> ! kit*5 t :ile bel[ decks we may j peep into ! kit*5s1 :]e a :ite-capp$ *ef presides ov] an army ( assi/ants4 ,inside a huge ov5 are doz5s ( jo9ts turn+ r\nd & r\nd by ! ag5cy ( an invisible electric-motor4 ,b :at mo/ tickles ! imag9ation is an electrical egg-boil+ app>atus1 :i* ensures ! correct am\nt ( cook+ to any egg4 ,a r[ ( metal dipp]s1 ) p]=at$ bottoms1 is susp5d$ ov] a tr\gh ( boil+ wat]4 ,ea* dipp] is m>k$ = a c]ta9 "t--"o m9ute1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & s on4 ,! dipp]s1 fill$ ) eggs1 are pu%$ d[n into ! wat]4 ,no ne$ to worry le/ !y %\ld be done to a bullet1 = at ! expiry ( a m9ute up spr+s ! "o-m9ute dipp]2 & aft] ea* succe$+ m9ute ! o!rs foll[ 9 due rotation4 ,:]e #b1jjj eggs or m are dev\r$ daily ?is +5i\s automatic device plays no mean "p4 ,,! ,,se>*-,,light ,all l9]s & w> vessels n[ c>ry app>atus :i* w enable !m to detect dang] at night "t1 :e!r rocks or an enemy's fleet1 iceb]gs or a wat]-logg$ d]elict4 ,on ! bridge1 or on "s o!r comm&+ "p ( ! vessel's /ructure1 is a circul>1 glass-front$ case1 back$ ) a mirror ( peculi> %ape4 ,inside are two c>bon po9ts almo/ t\*+1 across :i*1 at ! turn ( a h&le1 leaps a %[] ( sp>ks s cont9u\s z to =m a dazzl+ light4 ,! rays f ! electric arc1 z x is call$1 ei!r pass directly ?r\gh ! glass l5s1 or are caught by ! p>abolic reflector & %ot back ?r\gh x 9 an almo/ p>allel p5cil ( wond]ful int5sity1 :i* illum9es ! d>kness l a ray ( sun%9e slant+ ?r\gh a crack 9 ! %utt] ( a room4 ,! se>*-light draws its curr5t f special dynamos1 :i* absorb _m horse-p[] 9 ! case ( ! p[]ful app>atus us$ on w>%ips4 ,at a di/ance ( sev]al miles a page ( pr9t may be easily read by ! beams ( ^! scrut9is]s ( ! night4 ,! f9e/ se>*-lights are to be f\nd a%ore at naval ports1 :]e1 9 case ( w>1 a %>p look-out mu/ be kept = ho/ile vessels4 ,portsm\? boa/s a light ( ov] a million c&le-p[]1 b ev5 ?is is q eclips$ by a mon/] light built by ! ,s*uck]t ,company1 ( ,nuremb]g1 ,g]many1 :i* gives ! effect ( #haf1jjj1jjj c&les4 ,an in/rum5t ( su* p[] w\ld be useless on bo>d %ip1 ow+ to ! great am\nt ( curr5t x dev\rs1 b 9 a port1 connect$ ) ! light+ plant ( a l>ge t[n1 x w\ld s]ve to illum9e ! c\ntry r\nd = _m miles4 ,9 addition to its value z an eye1 ! se>*-light c be utilis$ z an e>4 ,ern/ ,ruhm]1 a ,g]man sci5ti/1 has discov]$ a me?od ( telephon+ along a beam ( light f a naval projector4 ,! am\nt ( curr5t pass+ into ! arc is regulat$ by ! pulsations ( a telephone batt]y & transmitt]4 ,if ! beam be caught by a p>abolic reflector1 9 ! focus ( :i* is a sel5ium cell connect$ ) a batt]y & a pair ( s5sitive telephone receiv]s1 ! effect ( ^! pulsations ( light is he>d4 ,sel5ium be+ a metal :i* v>ies its resi/ance to an electric circuit 9 proportion to ! int5sity ( light %9+ ^u x1 any fluctuations ( ! se>*-light's beams cause electric fluctuations ( equal rapidity 9 ! telephone circuit2 & s9ce ^! waves arise f ! vibrations ( spee*1 ! electric vibrations !y cause 9 ! sel5ium circuit are retrans=m$ at ! receiv] into ! s\nds ( spee*4 ,?is ,g]man app>atus makes x possible to s5d messages n9e or t5 miles ov] a p[]ful projector beam4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 & 9 o!r navies z well1 night signals are fla%$ by ! electric light4 ,! patt]n ( lamp us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy is divid$ transv]sely into two comp>tm5ts1 ! upp] hav+ a :ite1 ! l[] a r$1 l5s4 ,f\r ( ^! lamps are hung "o above ! o!r f a ma/4 ,a swit*-bo>d connect$ ) ! eight inc&esc5t lamps 9 ! s]ies enables ! op]ator to s5d any requir$ signal1 "o lett] or figure be+ fla%$ at a "t4 ,dur+ ! ,spani%-,am]ican ,w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates fleet made great use ( ?is simple sy/em1 :i* on a cle> night is v effective up to di/ances ( f\r miles4 ,l>ge arc-lamps slung on y>ds ov] ! deck give great help = coal+ & unload+ vessels at night "t4 ,! t\* ( a swit* lights up ! deck ) ! brilliancy ( a well-equipp$ railway /ation4 ,! day ( ! lant]n1 dimly burn+1 has long pass$ away f ! big l9]1 c>go boat1 & w>%ip4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,in/rum5ts ,solitude is be+ rapidly bani%$ f ! e>?'s surface4 ,by solitude we mean entire sep>ation f news ( ! _w1 & ! inability to get into t\* ) p f> away4 ,on ! remote ran*es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 seque/]$ ,norwegian fiords1 9 ! folds ( ! et]nal hills :]e ! only o!r liv+ creature is ! eagle1 man may /ill be z conv]sant ) :at is go+ on 9 ,*9a or ,p]u z if he 7 liv+ 9 ! busy /reets ( a capital t[n4 ,! electric wire is ! magic news-br+]4 ,:]ev] man c g x c g too1 & also into _m places besides4 ,we mu/ make "o exception--! surface ( ! sea4 ,cables re/ on ocean's b$1 b !y w\ld be useless if float$ on its surface to act z m>9e telegraph (fices4 ,w9ds & waves w\ld soon batt] !m to pieces1 ev5 if !y c\ld be moor$1 :i* 9 a ?\s& fa?oms may be consid]$ impracticable4 ,s until a few ye>s back ! occupants ( a %ip 7 truly isolat$ f ! "t t !y left port until !y rea*$ l& aga91 except = ! r>e occasions :5 a pass+ vessel might give !m a fragm5t ( news4 ,?is has all be5 *ang$4 ,/roll into ! saloon ( "o ( our l>ge ,atlantic l9]s & y w see telegram =ms ly+ on ! tables4 ,9 ! 'n9eties !y w\ld h be5 ab\t z useful abo>d %ips z a mack9to% coat 9 ! ,sah>a4 ,a glance1 h[ev]1 at pamphlets scatt]$ ar\nd in=ms y t ! %ip c>ries a ,m>coni wireless in/allation1 & t a ,m>coni telegram1 h&$ 9 at ! %ip's telegraph (fice1 w be despat*$ on ! w+s ( e!r waves to ! l& f> ov] ! horizon4 ,inside ! cab9 /reams ( sp>ks sc9tillate ) a crack+ noise1 & y\r message %oots into space f a wire susp5d$ on insulators f "o ( ! ma/ heads4 ,if circum/ances fav\r1 y may receive a reply f ! ,unse5 be=e ! /eam] has got out ( range ( ! coa/ /ations4 ,! imm5se in/allations at ,poldhu1 ,cornwall1 & 9 ,newf\ndl&1 c\ld be us$ to fla% ! words to a %ip at any po9t ( ! transatlantic j\rney4 ,ow+ to lack ( space1 & consequ5tly p[]1 ! /eam]'s transmitt+ app>atus has a limit$ capacity4 ,! fir/ %ipp+ company to grasp ! possibilities ( ! comm]cial work+ ( ! ,m>coni sy/em 0 ! ,nord-,deuts*]-,lloyd1 ^: mail /eam]1 ,kais] ,wilhelm d] ,grosse1 0 fitt$ 9 ,m>*1 #aijj4 ,at ! pres5t "t _m ( ! l>ge ,atlantic /eam%ip companies c>ry a wireless in/allation z a matt] ( c\rse1 rank+ x among necess>y ?+s4 ,! ,cun>d1 ,am]ican ,atlantic ,transport1 ,allan1 ,compagnie ,transatlantique1 ,hamburg-,am]ican1 & ,nord-,deuts*]-,lloyd l9es make full use ( ! sy/em1 z ! conv5i5ces x gives f> outweigh any exp5se4 ,a %ort "t s9ce m>itime signall+ 0 extremely limit$ 9 its range1 be+ effect$ by flags1 semaphores1 lights1 & s\nds1 :i* 9 /ormy wea!r became unc]ta9 ag5ts1 & 9 foggy1 useless4 ,also ! op]ations ( transmitt+ & receiv+ 7 s sl[ t _m a message _h to rema9 uncomplet$4 ,! foll[+ p>agraph1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,! ,times ( ,decemb] #aa?1 #aijc1 is significant ( ! v practical value ( m>9e wireless telegraphy4 ,! ,am]ican /eam] ,kroonl&1 f ,antw]p = ,new ,york1 :i*1 z report$ ye/]day1 disabl$ h] /e]+ ge> :5 we/ ( ! ,fa/net1 & _h to put back1 arriv$ ye/]day morn+ at ,que5/[n4 ,! saloon pass5g]s speak 9 ! highe/ t]ms ( praise ( ! utility ( ! ,m>coni wireless telegraphy ) :i* ! l9] is fitt$1 & ( ! facility ) :i*1 :5 ! accid5t occurr$1 ! pass5g]s 7 able to communicate ) _! fri5ds1 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ! ,cont95t1 & ev5 ,am]ica1 & get replies be=e ! ,iri% coa/ 0 sight$4 ,! accid5t occurr$ on ,tuesday ab\t noon1 :5 ! l9] 0 #acj miles we/ ( ! ,fa/net1 & communication 0 at once made ) ! ,m>coni /ation at ,crookhav54 ,capta9 ,doxrud 0 enabl$ accord+ly to s5d messages to ! *ief ag5ts ( ! ,am]ican l9e1 at ,antw]p1 /at+ ! nature ( ! damage to ! /e]+ ge> ( ! /eam]1 & t he w\ld h to ab&on ! idea ( prosecut+ ! we/]n voyage4 ,)9 an h\r & a half a message 0 receiv$ by ! capta9 f ! ag5ts in/ruct+ him :at to d1 & at once ! ,kroonl& 0 head$ = ,que5/[n4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! total numb] ( ! saloon pass5g]s & a goodly numb] ( ! second cab9 s5t messages to _! fri5ds 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & replies 7 receiv$ ev5 f ! ,cont95t be=e ! ,fa/net 0 sight$4 ,sev5 or eight pass5g]s telegraph$ to relatives = money1 & replies 7 receiv$ 9 f\r in/ances1 au?oris+ ! purs] to advance ! am\nts requir$1 & ! money 0 paid ov] 9 ea* case to ! pass5g]s4 ,! possibility ( ?us communicat+ betwe5 vessel & l&1 or vessel & vessel1 removes mu* ( ! anxiety att5d+ a sea voyage4 ,bus9ess m51 = :om ev5 a few days' want ( t\* ) ! m]cantile m>kets may be a s]i\s matt]1 c s5d long messages 9 code or o!rwise in/ruct+ _! ag5ts :at to d2 :ile !y c receive in=mation to %ape _! actions :5 !y rea* l&4 ,! uncomm]cial travell] also is pleas$ & grateful on receiv+ a message f home4 ,! feel+ ( lonel9ess is elim9at$4 ,! ocean has lo/ its "r to ! t]m be/[$ by ,horace--dissociabilis1 ! sep>ator4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,cribb1 ,s\?sea4 ,,fix+ ,a ,,battle-,,ram ,! ram ( a battle%ip be+ plac$ 9 position ) ! aid ( a huge crane4 ,! size ( ! ram w be appreciat$ f ! dw>f+ effect x has on t ( ! man p]*$ ne> ! lift+ tackle4 ,/eam%ip companies vie ) "o ano!r 9 _! ef=ts to keep _! pass5g]s well po/$ 9 ! late/ news4 ,bullet9s1 or small newspap]s1 are issu$ daily dur+ ! voyage1 :i* give1 9 v cond5s$ =m1 acc\nts ( ev5ts int]e/+ to ^? on bo>d4 ,! am\nt ( fre% news a /eam] ga!rs dur+ a passage is consid]able1 & is greatly reli%$ by ! pass5g]s1 :o are inv>iably rav5\s = signs ( ! busy life !y left beh9d1 m especially :5 !y h dep>t$ on ! v]ge ( "s important ev5t tak+ place2 & ! bullet9s are eag]ly s\ght = :5 x is ann\nc$ t an inw>d-b\nd %ip is 9 communication4 ,! %ip[n]s realise ! importance & usefulness ( be+ able to communicate ) _! comm&]s be=e ! huge vessels ent] n>r[ wat]s1 & issue in/ructions conc]n+ _! movem5ts4 ,! /ations1 :i* are plac$ at c>efully-select$ po9ts at well-adapt$ di/ances ar\nd ! coa/1 are connect$ ) ei!r ! l& telegraph or telephone l9e1 or are close to a telegraph (fice4 ,!y are kept op5 night & day1 z ! times ( ! %ips pass+ are1 ( c\rse1 greatly dep5d5t on ! wea!r enc\nt]$ dur+ ! voyage4 ,= ^? on %ore :o are anxi\s to greet _! fri5ds on arrival--) good or bad news1 z ! case may be--?is arrangem5t enables !m to be in=m$ ( ! exact "t ( ! %ip's expect$ arrival1 & !y are left free to _! own devices1 in/ead ( endur+ long waits on draughty pi]s & docks--:i*1 on a wet or w9dy day1 are almo/ en\gh to damp ! w>me/ & mo/ en?usia/ic welcome4 ,cases h occurr$ :]e a telegram1 s5t f ! ,am]ican side to an outly+ ,engli% l&-/ation two days aft] a %ip has left1 has be5 transmitt$ to an outgo+ /eam]1 :i* 9 turn has re-transmitt$ x to ! a/oni%$ pass5g] two days prior to 8 arrival (f ! ,engli% coa/2 & x has n[ become q a common ?+ = compet+ teams on vessels _m miles ap>t1 & out ( sight ( ea* o!r1 to arrange *ess mat*es ) ea* o!r1 "s ( ^! int]e/+ ev5ts tak+ two or m days to be play$ to a f9i%4#ag ,= naval purposes1 wireless telegraphy has assum$ an importance :i* c h>dly be ov]e/imat$1 z ! :ole effici5cy ( a f9e fleet may dep5d ^u a s+le message fla%$ ?r\gh space4 ,all navies are fitt+ in/rum5ts1 ! ,briti% ,admiralty be+ well to ! =e4 ,ev5 9 manoeuvres & dur+ ! execution ( tactical =mations ! app>atus is con/antly at "w4 ,! admiral gives ! ^w1 & a doz5 pap] tapes mov+ j]kily ?r\gh ,morse ma*9es1 pass ! message r\nd ! fleet4 ,! ,japanese naval successes h1 d\btless1 be5 l>gely due to _! up-to-date employm5t ( ?is late/ developm5t ( ,we/]n electrical sci5ce4 ,no "o kn[s h[ soon ! "t may come :5 ! fate ( a nation may dep5d on ! prop] work+ ( a ma*9e cov]+ a few squ>e feet ( a cab9 table2 =1 rapid z has be5 ! gr[? ( wireless telegraphy1 x is yet 9 its infancy4 ,,safety ,,devices ,a %ip is usually divid$ into comp>tm5ts by cross bulkheads ( /eel4 ,9 ev5t ( a collision or damage by torp$oes or %ell1 ! wat] ru%+ ?r\gh ! break c be prev5t$ f swamp+ ! %ip by clos+ ! bulkhead doors4 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,/one & ,company1 ( ,dept=d1 h pat5t$ a sy/em ( hydraulically op]at$ bulkhead doors1 :i* is f9d+ great fav\r among %ipbuild]s on acc\nt ( its v]satility4 ,ea* door is clos$ by an hydraulic cyl9d] plac$ above x4 ,! valves ( ! cyl9d] are op5$ automatically by a float :5 ! wat] rises 9 ! comp>tm5t1 & e cyl9d] is also controllable indep5d5tly f ! bridge & o!r /ations 9 ! %ip1 & by sep>ate h& lev]s alongside ! bulkhead4 ,! doors c !re=e be clos$ collectively or individually4 ,%\ld x happ5 t1 :5 a door has be5 clos$1 someone is imprison$1 ! prison] c op5 ! door by depress+ a lev] inside ! comp>tm5t1 & make 8 escape4 ,b ! door is clos$ beh9d him by ! action ( ! float4 ,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,p[] ,,on ,a ,,%ip ,!re are f\r p[] ag5ts available on bo>d %ip1 all d]iv$ directly or indirectly f ! /eam boil]s4 ,!y are3-- 7#a7 ,/eam4 7#b7 ,high-pressure wat]4 7#c7 ,compress$ air4 7#d7 ,electricity4 ,on "s %ips we may f9d all f\r work+ side by side to drive ! multif>i\s auxili>ies1 s9ce ea* has its peculi> advantages & disadvantages4 ,at ! same "t1 m>9e eng9e]s pref] to r$uce ! numb] z f> z possible1 s9ce ea* class ( transmission ne$s specially tra9$ me*anics1 & introduces its special complications4 ,let u take ! f\r ag5ts 9 ord] & briefly consid] _! value4 ,/eam is s l>gely us$ 9 all dep>tm5ts ( eng9e]+ t its work+ is bett] und]/ood by ! bulk ( av]age me*anics ?an hydraulic p[]1 compress$ air1 or electricity4 ,b = m>9e "w x has v s]i\s drawbacks1 especially on a w> vessel4 ,imag9e a %ip :i* conta9s a network ( /eam-pipes runn+ f end to end1 & f side to side4 ,! pipes mu/1 on acc\nt ( ! _m ob/acles !y enc\nt]1 twi/ & turn ab\t 9 a mann] :i* might be avoid$ on l&1 :]e room is m available4 ,e b5d means friction & loss ( p[]4 ,aga91 ! cond5sation ( /eam 9 long pipes is notori\s4 ,ev5 if !y are well jacket$1 a great deal ( heat w radiate f ! ducts into ! bel[-deck atmosph]e1 :i* is g5]ally too close & hot to be pleasant )\t any su* fur!r w>m+4 ,s t1 :ile p[] is lo/1 discom=t increases1 ) a decid$ l[]+ ( human effici5cy4 ,we mu/ n =get1 ei!r1 ! risk att5d+ ! pres5ce ( a /eam-pipe4 ,7 x brok51 by accid5t or 9 a naval engagem5t1 a great loss ( life might result1 or1 at lea/1 ! ab&onm5t ( all neighb\r+ ma*9]y4 ,= ^! reasons !re is1 !re=e1 a t5d5cy to aboli% ! direct use ( /eam 9 ! auxili>y ma*9]y ( a mod]n vessel4 ,high-pressure wat] is free f heat+ & dang] tr\bles1 & consequ5tly is us$ = mu* heavy "w1 su* z tra9+ guns1 rais+ a%es & ammunition1 & /e]+4 ,"o ( its great advantages is its inela/icity1 :i* prev5ts ! ov]runn+ ( ge> work$ by x4 ,wat]1 be+ incompressible1 gives a positive drive2 ?us1 if ! pump deliv]s a p9t at ea* /roke 9 ! eng9e-room a p9t mu/ pass into ! motor1 assum+ t all jo9ts are tight1 & ! "w due f ! passage ( "o p9t is done4 ,air & /eam--& electricity too1 if n v delicately controll$--are apt to "w 9 fits & />ts :5 op]at+ aga9/ v>y+ resi/ance1 & run away f ! eng9e]4 ,an objection to hydraulic p[] is1 t all leakage f ! sy/em mu/ be replac$ by fre% wat] manufactur$ on bo>d1 :i*1 z we h se51 is no easy task4 ,compress$ air1 l /eam1 may cause explosions2 b :5 x escapes 9 small quantities only x has a b5eficial effect 9 cool+ & fre%5+ ! air bel[ decks4 ,! exhau/ f an air-driv5 motor is welcome = ! same reason1 t x aids v5tilation4 ,on a fight+ %ip x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! p]sonnel %\ld be 9 good physical condition2 & :5 ! battle-hat*es h be5 batt5$ d[n = an engagem5t any supply ( fre% oxyg5 means an increas$ /ay+ p[] = (fic]s & crew4 ,poison$ air br+s m5tal slackness1 & weak5+ ( resolve2 s t if ! motive p[] ( heavy ma*9]y c be made to d a second duty1 s mu* ! bett] = all conc]n$4 ,compress$ air also proves useful z a wat]-exclud]4 ,if a vessel conta91 z x %\ld1 a numb] ( wat]-tight comp>tm5ts1 any wat] ru%+ into "o ( ^! c be expell$ by inject+ air until ! pressure inside is equal to t ( ! draught ( wat] ( ! vessel outside4 ,on l& compress$-air in/allations include res]voirs ( l>ge size 9 :i* air c be /or$ till ne$$1 & :i* take ! place ( ! accumulator us$ ) hydraulic p[]4 ,on %ipbo>d want ( space r$uces su* res]voirs to m9imum dim5sions1 s t ! compressors mu/ squirt _! air almo/ directly into ! cyl9d]s :i* d ! "w4 ,:5 ! load1 or "w1 is con/antly v>y+1 ?is direct drive proves some:at ( a nuisance1 s9ce ! compressors1 if work$ cont9u\sly at _! maximum capacity1 mu/ wa/e l>ge quantities ( air1 :ile if run spasmodically1 z occasion dem&s1 !y require mu* m att5tion4 ,x is !re=e consid]$ advisable by "s m>9e eng9e]s to make compress$ air p]=m z _m functions z possible :5 x is pres5t on a vessel4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates monitor ,t]ror is an in/ance ( a w>%ip :i* dep5ds on ?is ag5cy = work+ h] guns & turrets1 h&l+ ammunition1 &--a some:at unusual practice--controll+ ! helm4 ,! la/ op]ation is p]=m$ by two l>ge cyl9d]s plac$ face to face a?w>t ! %ip4 ,!y h a common pi/on-rod1 9 ! middle ( :i* is a slot = ! till] to pass ?r\gh4 ,air is admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s by a valve :i* is controll$ by wires pass+ ov] a tra9 ( :eels f diff]5t /ations on ! %ip4 ,an +5i\s device automatically prev5ts ! till] f mov+ ov] too fa/1 & also helps to less5 ! %ocks giv5 to ! rudd] by a heavy sea4 ,we n[ come to electricity1 ! f\r? & mo/ mod]n =m ( transmission4 ,its *ief recomm5dation is t ! wires ?r\gh :i* x fl[s l5d !mselves readily to a tortu\s c\rse )\t 9 any way ?rottl+ ! passage ( p[]4 ,& z e %ip mu/ c>ry a g5]at+ plant = light+ purposes1 ! same /aff w s]ve to t5d a second plant = auxili>y ma*9]y4 ,electric motors "w ) practically no vibration1 are light = _! p[]1 & c be v easily controll$ f a di/ance4 ,!y !re=e enjoy increas+ fav\r2 & are f\nd 9 deck-w9*es1 an*or-cap/ans1 ammunition hoi/s1 v5tilation bl[]s1 & cranes4 ,!y also control ! movem5ts ( gun-turrets1 hav+ be5 f\nd mo/ suitable = ?is "w4 ,if ! curr5t 7 to get loose 9 a %ip x w\ld und\bt$ly cause m damage ?an an escape ( compress$ air or wat]4 ,electricity1 ev5 :5 e kn[n means ( keep+ x )9 b\nds has be5 tri$1 is suspect$ ( caus+ det]ioration to ! metalwork ( %ips4 ,b ^! disadvantages are n s]i\s en\gh to hamp] ! progress ( electrical sci5ce z appli$ to m>9e eng9e]+2 & ! und\bt$ economy ( ! electric motor1 its noiselessness1 its manageabl5ess1 & comp>atively small size w1 no d\bt1 9 ! future lead to its mu* m ext5sive use on bo>d our float+ palaces & float+ =ts4 ,,footnotes3 #af ,f4 ,m4 ,b5nett1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,society ( ,naval ,eng9e]s4 #ag ,*>les ,v4 ,daly1 9 ,! ,magaz9e ( ,comm]ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,nurse ,,( ,,! ,,navy ,j z a navy requires float+ di/ill]ies1 float+ coal /ores & float+ docks1 s does x f9d v important uses = a float+ work%op1 :i* c accompany a fleet to sea & execute su* repairs z might o!rwise entail ! return ( a %ip to port4 ,! ,briti% ,navy has a valuable ally ( ?is k9d 9 ! torp$o dept %ip ,vulcan1 :i* conta9s s mu* ma*9]y1 9 addition to ! auxili>ies already describ$1 t a %ort acc\nt ( ?is vessel w be int]e/+4 ,! ,vulcan1 kn[n z ,! ,nurse ( ! ,navy1 0 laun*$ 9 #ahhi4 ,%e measures #cej feet 9 l5g?1 #eh feet 9 beam1 & has a displacem5t ( #f1hcj tons4 ,h] bunk]s1 ( :i* !re are tw5ty-"o1 hold #a1jjj tons ( coal1 indep5d5tly ( an extra #cjj tons :i* c be /[$ 9 o!r neighb\r+ comp>tm5ts4 ,:5 fully coal$ %e c cruise = #g1jjj miles at a spe$ ( #aj knots2 or travel at fir/-class cruis] spe$ = %ort] di/ances4 ,! mo/ /rik+ objects on ! ,vulcan are two huge hydraulic cranes1 plac$ almo/ amid%ips abrea/ ( "o ano!r4 ,!y h a total height ( #fe feet1 & ov]hang #ce feet1 s z to be able to lift boats :5 ! torp$o-nets are out & ! sides ( ! vessel _c be approa*$4 ,! feet ( ! cranes s9k #cj feet ?r\gh ! %ip to secure rigidity1 & ! upp] deck1 :i* be>s mo/ ( ! /ra91 is /rongly re9=c$4 ,inside ! pill> ( ea* crane is ! lift+ ma*9]y1 an hydraulic ram #ag-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] & ( #aj-;foot /roke4 ,by means ( f\rfold pulleys ! lift is increas$ to #dj feet4 ,:5 work+ "u ! full pressure ( #a1jjj lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 ! cranes h a hoi/+ p[] ( tw5ty tons4 ,9 addition to ! ma9 ram !re is a mu* small] "o1 ! function ( :i* is to keep ! sl+s 7or cables by :i* ! boat is hoi/$7 taut aft] a boat has be5 hook$ until ! actual mom5t ( lift+ comes4 ,b = ?is arrangem5t !re w\ld be a dang] ( ! sl+s slack5+ z ! boat rises & falls 9 a seaway4 ,! small ram controls ! l>g]1 & ! latt] _c come into action until its auxili>y has tight5$ up ! sl+s1 s t no dang]\s j]k c occur :5 ! hoi/+ beg9s4 ,! cranes are revolv$ by two sets ( hydraulic rams1 :i* op]ate *a9s pass+ r\nd drums at ! feet ( ! cranes1 & turn !m ?r\gh ?ree-qu>t]s ( a circle4 ,on ! ,vulcan's deck lie six torp$o boats & ?ree despat* boats4 ,! =m] are #fj feet long1 & c atta9 a spe$ ( #af knots an h\r4 ,:5 an enemy is sight$ ^! w\ld be s5t (f to worry ! ho/ile vessels ) _! deadly torp$oes1 & on _! return w\ld be quickly pick$ up & re/or$ to _! b]?s1 ready = fur!r use4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,cribb4 ,a #ab-;in* gun be+ l[]$ into its place 9 ! turret ( a w>%ip by a gigantic %e]-leg crane1 "o leg ( :i* is p>tly visible on ! left ( ! picture4 ,! cranes also s]ve to lift on bo>d heavy pieces ( ma*9]y f o!r vessels = repair4 ,d[n bel[ decks is ! work%op1 :]e9 jobs are done on ! high seas4 ,x has q a respectable equipm5t3 five la!s1 rang+ f #ae feet to #c-a_/b feet 9 l5g?2 drill+1 plan+1 slott+1 %ap+1 pun*+ ma*9es2 a c>p5t]'s b5*2 fitt]s' b5*es2 & a furnace = melt+ /eel4 ,!re is also a blacksmi?'s %op ) an hydraulic =g+ press & a =ge bl[n by ma*9]y2 n to m5tion a l>ge array ( tools ( all k9ds4 ,special eng9es are in/all$ to op]ate ! repairs dep>tm5t4 ,! ,vulcan also c>ries se>*-lights ( #be1jjj c&le-p[]2 bilge pumps :i* w deliv] ov] #e1jjj tons ( wat] p] h\r2 two sets ( eng9es = supply+ ! hydraulic ma*9]y2 air-compress+ eng9es to fe$ ! ,:itehead torp$oes2 a di/ill+ plant2 & la/1 b by no means lea/1 ma9 eng9es ( #ab1jjj h4p4 draw+ /eam f f\r huge cyl9drical boil]s #ag feet long & #ad feet 9 diamet]4 ,altoge!r1 ! ,vulcan is a v complete float+ work%op1 suffici5tly spe$y to keep up ) a fleet1 & ev5 to d sc\t+ "w4 ,h] guns & h] torp$o craft w\ld r5d] h] a v tr\blesome cu/om] 9 a fight1 ?\gh1 be+ practically un>m\r$1 %e w\ld keep z cle> ( ! conflict z possible1 act+ on ! (f5sive ?r\gh ! proxy ( h] hornets4 ,%e con/itutes ! fir/ ( a type ( vessel :i* has be5 sugge/$ by exp]ts1 viz4 "o ( high spe$ & un>m\r$1 b capable ( c>ry+ a sw>m ( torp$o boats :i* c\ld be laun*$ 9 pursuit ( ! foe4 ,ev5 if #ej p] c5t4 ( ! craft 7 de/roy$1 ! price w\ld be small if a s+le torp$o 7 successfully fir$ at a battle%ip4 ,! naval motor boat1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made1 w\ld j fill ! bill = su* a cruis]2 & 9 ! ev5t ( a score ( !m be+ dropp$ into ! wat] at a critical mom5t1 !y might easily turn ! scale 9 fav\r ( _! side4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,me*anism ,,( ,,div+ ,div+ be+ a pr(ession :i* c be c>ri$ on 9 its simple/ =m ) ! simple/ possible app>atus--m]ely a rope & a /one--its hi/ory rea*es back into ! dim & inexplorable pa/4 ,we may well believe t ! fir/ man :o explor$ ! dep?s ( ! sea = treasure liv$ z long ago z ! fir/ seek] = m9]als 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?4 ,ev5 :5 we come to ! v>i\s appliances :i* h be5 gradually develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 our records are v imp]fect4 ,alex&] ! ,great is said to h desc5d$ 9 a ma*9e :i* kept him dry1 :ile he s\ght = fre% worlds to conqu] bel[ ! waves4 ,ari/otle m5tions a device enabl+ m5 to rema9 "s "t "u wat]4 ,?is is all ! in=mation1 & a v meagre total1 too1 t we get f classical times4 ,/epp+ across #a1ejj ye>s we rea* ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ab\t ! middle ( :i* ,rog] ,bacon is said to h inv5t$ ! div+-bell4 ,b l "s o!r discov]ies attribut$ to t ,middle-,age physici/1 ! au!nticity ( ?is re/s on v sl5d] f\ndations4 ,9 a book publi%$ e>ly 9 ! sixte5? c5tury !re appe>s an illu/ration ( a div] we>+ a cap or helmet1 to :i* is atta*$ a lea!r tube float$ on ! surface ( ! wat] by an inflat$ bag4 ,?is is evid5tly ! div+ dress 9 its crude/ =m2 & :5 we read h[1 9 #aech1 two ,greeks made a subm>9e trip "u a huge inv]t$ *amb]1 :i* kept !m dry1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! great ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 & "s #ab1jjj spectators1 we recognise ! div+-bell1 n[ s well kn[n4 ,! latt] device did n rea* a really practical =m till #agag1 :5 ,dr4 ,halley1 a memb] ( ! ,royal ,society1 built a bell ( wood l9$ ) lead4 ,! div]s 7 suppli$ ) air by hav+ casks-full l[]$ to !m z requir$4 ,to quote 8 own words3 ,to supply air to ?is bell "u wat]1 ,i caus$ a c\ple ( b>rels ( ab\t ?irty gallons ea* to be cas$ ) lead1 s z to s9k empty1 ea* ( !m hav+ a bunghole 9 its l[e/ p>ts to let 9 ! wat]1 z ! air 9 !m cond5s$ on _! desc5t1 & to let x out aga9 :5 !y 7 drawn up full f bel[4 ,& to a hole 9 ! upp]mo/ p>ts ( ^! b>rels ,i fix$ a lea!rn hose1 long en\gh to fall bel[ ! bunghole1 be+ kept d[n by a weight app5d$1 s t ! air 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! b>rels c\ld n escape1 unless ! l[] ends ( ^! hose 7 fir/ lift$ up4 ,! air-b>rels be+ ?us prep>$1 ,i fitt$ !m ) tackle prop] to make !m rise & fall alt]nately1 aft] ! mann] ( two buckets 9 a well2 & 9 _! desc5t !y 7 direct$ by l9es fa/5$ to ! "u edge ( ! bell1 :i* pass$ ?r\gh r+s on bo? sides ( ! lea!rn hose 9 ea* b>rel1 s t1 slid+ d[n by ^! l9es1 !y came readily to ! h& ( a man1 :o /ood on purpose to receive !m1 & to take up ! ends ( ! hose into ! bell4 ,?r\gh ^! hose1 z soon z _! ends came above ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! b>rels1 all ! air t 0 includ$ 9 ! upp] p>ts ( !m 0 bl[n ) great =ce into ! bell1 :il/ ! wat] ent]$ at ! bungholes bel[ & fill$ !m1 & z soon z ! air ( "o b>rel _h be5 ?us receiv$1 ^u a signal giv5 t 0 drawn up1 & at ! same "t ! o!r desc5d$1 & by an alt]nate succession1 provid$ air s quick & 9 su* pl5ty t ,i myself h be5 "o ( five :o h be5 toge!r at ! bottom1 9 n9e to t5 fa?oms wat]1 = above an h\r & a half at a "t1 )\t any sort ( ill-consequ5ce1 & ,i might h cont9u$ !re s long z ,i pleas$ = any?+ t appe>$ to ! contr>y4 ,aft] ref]r+ to ! fact t1 :5 ! sea 0 cle> & ! sun %9+1 he c\ld see to read or write 9 ! subm]g$ bell1 ?anks to a glass w9d[ 9 x1 ! ,doctor goes on to say3 ,?is ,i take to be an inv5tion applicable to v>i\s uses1 su* z fi%+ = pe>ls1 div+ = coral or sponges & ! l1 9 f> great] dep?s ?an has hi!rto be5 ?\ght possible2 also = ! fitt+ & plac+ ( ! f\ndations ( moles1 bridges1 etc41 9 rocky bottoms1 & = clean+ & scrubb+ %ips' bottoms :5 f\l1 9 calm wea!r at sea4 ,i %all only intimate t1 by an additional contrivance1 ,i h f\nd x n impracticable = a div] to g out ( an eng9e to a good di/ance f x1 ! air be+ convey$ to him ) a cont9u$ /ream by small flexible pipes1 :i* pipes may s]ve z a clue to direct him back aga9 :5 he w\ld return to ! bell4 ,we h italicis$ c]ta9 words to draw att5tion to ! fact t ,dr4 ,halley _h inv5t$ n only ! div+ bell1 b also ! div+ dress4 ,?\gh he =esaw practically all ! uses to :i* div+ me*anism c\ld be put1 ! abs5ce ( a means = =c+ air "u pressure into ! bell or dress greatly limit$ ! utility ( 8 contrivances1 s9ce ! deep] !y sank bel[ ! wat] ! fur!r w\ld ! latt] rise inside !m4 ,x 0 left = ,john ,smeaton1 ( ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se fame1 to introduce ! air-pump z an auxili>y1 :i*1 by mak+ ! pressure ( ! air inside ! bell equal to t ( ! wat] outside1 kept ! bell q free ( wat]4 ,smeaton replac$ ,halley's tub by a squ>e1 solid ca/-iron box1 #ej cwt4 9 weight1 l>ge en\gh to accommodate two m5 at a "t4 ,! mod]n bell is m]ely an enl>g$ edition ( ?is type1 furni%$ ) telephones1 electric lamps1 &1 9 "s cases1 ) a special air-lock1 into :i* ! m5 may pass :5 ! bell is rais$4 ,! pressure 9 ! air-lock is v gradually decreas$ aft] ! bell has rea*$ ! surface1 if "w has be5 conduct$ at great dep?s1 s t ! evil effects sometimes att5d+ a sudd5 *ange ( pressure on ! body may be avoid$4 ,div+ bells are v useful = lay+ subm>9e masonry1 usually consi/+ ( huge /one blocks set 9 hydraulic cem5t4 ,helmet div]s explore & prep>e ! surface on :i* ! blocks are to be plac$4 ,!n ! bell1 slung ei!r f a crane on ! masonry already built above wat]-level1 or f a specially fitt$ b>ge1 comes into action4 ,! block is l[]$ by its own crane on to ! bottom4 ,! bell desc5ds ^u x & ! crew seize x ) tackle susp5d$ inside ! bell4 ,in/ructions are s5t up z to ! direction 9 :i* ! bell %\ld be mov$ ) its burd51 & z soon z ! exact spot has be5 rea*$ ! signal = l[]+ is giv51 & ! /one settles on to ! cem5t laid ready = x4 ,! mod]n div] is n s5t out f a bell1 b has 8 sep>ate & indep5d5t app>atus4 ,! fir/ practical div+ helmet 0 t ( ,kle+]t1 a ,g]man4 ,?is enclos$ ! div] z f> z ! wai/1 & con/itut$ a small div+ bell1 s9ce ! bottom 0 op5 = ! escape ( vitiat$ air4 ,tw5ty ye>s lat]1 or j a c5tury aft] ! inv5tion ( ,halley's bell1 ,augu/us ,siebe1 ! f\nd] ( ! pres5t great ,london firm ( ,siebe1 ,gorman1 & ,company1 produc$ a m conv5i5t op5 dress1 consi/+ ( a copp] helmet & %\ld]-plate 9 "o piece1 atta*$ to a wat]pro( jacket rea*+ to ! hips4 ,! disadvantage ( ! op5 dress 01 t ! div] _h to ma9ta9 an almo/ upright position1 or ! wat] w\ld h invad$ 8 helmet4 ,mr4 ,siebe !re=e add$ a necess>y improvem5t1 & ext5d$ ! dress to ! feet1 giv+ 8 div] a close protection f ! wat]4 ,we may pass ov] ! gradual developm5t ( ! close dress & glance at ! mo/ up-to-date equipm5t 9 :i* ! toil]s ( ! deep explore ! b$ ( ,old ,ocean4 ,! dress--legg+1 body1 & sleeves--is all 9 "o piece1 ) a l>ge-en\gh op5+ at ! %\ld]s = ! body to pass ?r\gh4 ,! helmet1 ) front & side w9d[s1 is atta*$ by a bayonet jo9t to ! %\ld]-plate1 itself made fa/ to ! upp] edge ( ! dress by screws :i* press a metal r+ aga9/ ! l[] edge ( ! plate s z to p9* ! edge ( ! dress4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo ,cribb4 ,,! ,,div] ,,at ,,"w ,note ! telephone atta*m5t1 ! wires ( :i* are emb$d$ 9 ! life-l9e held by ! bluejacket on ! left4 ,by means ( ! telephone ! div] c give & receive full in/ructions ab\t 8 "w4 ,at ! back are an inlet & an outlet valve4 ,betwe5 ! front & a side w9d[ is ! transmitt] ( a l\d-s\nd+ telephone1 & 9 ! cr[n ! receiv] & ! button ( an electric bell4 ,! telephone wires1 & also ! wires = a p[]ful electric light1 work+ on a ball-&-socket jo9t 9 front ( ! dress1 are emb$d$ into ! life-l9e4 ,! air-tube1 ( canvas & rubb]1 has a /iff5+ ( wire to prev5t its be+ ?rottl$ on com+ into contact ) any object4 ,a pair ( weight$ boots1 ea* scal+ #ag lbs41 two #dj-lb4 lead weights slung ov] ! %\ld]1 & a knife worn at ! wai/-belt1 complete ! outfit ( ! div]1 :i*1 n includ+ ! sev]al lay]s ( und]clo?+ necess>y to exclude ! cold f\nd at great dep?s1 totals ne>ly #adj lbs4 ,( ?is ! copp] helmet acc\nts = #cf lbs4 ,on ! surface are ! air-pumps1 :i* may be ( sev]al types--s+le-cyl9d]1 d\ble-act+2 d\ble-cyl9d]1 d\ble-act+2 or ?ree or f\r cyl9d]1 s+le-act+--accord+ to ! nature ( ! "w4 ,all patt]ns are s con/ruct$ t ! valves may be easily remov$ & exam9$4 ,! pressure on a div] increases 9 ! ratio ( ab\t #d-a_/d lbs4 = e t5 feet he desc5ds bel[ ! surface4 ,a novice exp]i5ces sev]e pa9s 9 ! e>s & eyes at a few fa?oms' dep?1 :i*1 h[ev]1 pass (f :5 ! pressures bo? inside & outside ( ! v>i\s organs h become equalis$4 ,on ris+ to ! surface aga9 ! pa9s recur1 s9ce ! ext]nal pressure on ! body falls m quickly ?an ! int]nal4 ,! rule = all div]s1 !re=e1 is sl[ d[n1 sl[ up4 ,m5 ( good con/itution & res\rcefulness are ne$$ = ! pr(ession ( div+4 ,only a few c "w at extreme dep?s1 ?\gh an old h& is able to rema9 = sev]al h\rs at a "t 9 sixty feet ( wat]4 ,! record dep? rea*$ by a div] is claim$ by ,james ,hoop]1 :o1 :5 remov+ ! c>go ( ! ,cape ,horn1 wreck$ (f ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 made sev5 desc5ts to #bja feet1 "o ( :i* la/$ =ty-two m9utes4 ,9 spite ( ! dang]s & inconv5i5ces atta*$ to 8 call+1 ! div] f9ds 9 x comp5sations1 & ev5 fasc9ations1 :i* outweigh its disadvantages4 ,! pay is good--#a to #b a day--& 9 deep-sea salvage he (t5 gets a sub/antial p]c5tage ( all ! treasure recov]$1 ! p]c5tage ris+ z ! dep? increases4 ,?us ! div] ,alex&] ,lamb]t1 :o p]=m$ "s plucky feats dur+ ! driv+ ( ! ,sev]n ,tunnel1#ah receiv$ #d1jjj = ! recov]y ( #gj1jjj wor? ( gold f ! ,alphonso ,,xii41 sunk (f ,gr& ,can>y4 ,div]s ,ridy>d & ,p5k recov]$ #ej1jjj f ! ,hamilla ,mit*ell1 :i* lay 9 #afj feet ( wat] (f ,%anghai1 aft] ne>ly be+ captur$ by ,*9ese pirates2 & we c\ld add _m o!r in/ances 9 :i* treasure has be5 rescu$ f ! maw ( ! sea4 ,! mo/ useful sph]e = a div] is und\bt$ly connect$ ) ! h>b\r "w & ! clean+ ( %ips' bottoms4 ,= ! latt] purpose e l>ge w>%ip 9 ! ,briti% ,navy c>ries at lea/ "o div]4 ,aft] %ips h be5 long 9 ! wat] b>nacles & m>9e gr[?s accumulate on ! bel[-wat] plates 9 su* quantities z to s]i\sly dim9i% ! %ip's spe$1 :i* means a great wa/e ( fuel1 & w\ld entail a loss ( effici5cy 9 case ( w> break+ out4 ,arm$ ) ! prop] tools1 a gang ( div]s w soon clean ! f\l bottom1 at a mu* small] co/ ( "t & money ?an w\ld be incurr$ by dry-dock+ ! vessel4 ,! ,navy has at ,portsm\?1 ,%e]ness1 & ,devonport s*ools :]e div+ is taught to pick$ m51 ! dep? 9 :i* !y "w be+ gradually increas$ to #abj feet4 ,messrs4 ,siebe & ,gorman employ hundr$s ( div]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 on all k9ds ( subm>9e "w1 & !y are able to boa/ t nev] has a defect 9 _! app>atus be5 responsible = a s+le dea?4 ,?is is due bo? to ! v c>eful te/s to :i* e article is subject$ be=e x leaves _! works1 & also to ! ?or\gh tra9+ giv5 to _! employs4 ,9 ! sponge & pe>l-fi%+ indu/ries ! div+ dress is gradually ou/+ ! unaid$ p[]s ( ! nak$ div]4 ,"o man equipp$ ) a /&>d dress c d ! "w ( tw5ty natural div]s1 & d x m effici5tly1 z he c pick & *oose 8 mat]ial4 ,?is *apt] may conclude ) a ref]5ce to ! app>atus n[ us$ 9 explor+ or rescue "w 9 m9es1 :]e deadly fumes h ov]come ! m9]s4 ,x consi/s ( an air-tight mask connect$ by tubes to a *amb] full ( oxyg5 & to a bag conta9+ mat]ials :i* absorb ! c>bonic acid ( exhal$ air4 ,! we>] uses ! same air ov] & ov] aga91 & is able to rema9 indep5d5t ( ! out] atmosph]e = m ?an an h\r4 ,! app>atus is also useful = firem5 :5 !y h to pass ?r\gh ?ick smoke4 ,,footnote3 #ah ,vide ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,eng9e]+1 p4 #bab4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,app>atus ,,= ,,rais+ ,,sunk5 ,,%ips ,,& ,,treasure ,x is some:at curi\s t1 :ile ! sci5ces connect$ ) ! build+ ( %ips h progress$ ) giant /rides1 little att5tion has be5 paid to ! art ( rais+ vessels :i* h f\nd wat]y graves 9 comp>atively %all[ dep?s4 ,! total %ipp+ losses ( a s+le ye> make t]rible read+1 s9ce !y repres5t ! ext9ction ( _m brave sailors & ! disappe>ance ( huge masses ( ! _w's weal?4 ,a life lo/ is lo/ = ev]1 b c>goes c be recov]$ if n sunk 9 wat] deep] ?an #ahj feet4 ,yet ) all our mod]n ma*9]y ! p]c5tage ( vessels rais$ f ev5 %all[ dep?s is small4 ,!re are practically only two me?ods ( rais+ a f\nd]$ %ip3 fir/1 to caulk up all leaks & pump h] dry2 & secondly1 to pass cables "u h]1 & lift h] bodily by ! aid ( pontoons1 or camels4 ,! second me?od is t m g5]ally us$1 especially 9 ! e/u>ies ( big riv]s :]e !re is a consid]able tide4 ,! pontoons1 hav+ a unit$ displacem5t great] ?an t ( ! vessel to be rais$1 are br\ght ov] h] at l[ tide4 ,div]s pass "u h] bottom huge /eel cables1 :i* are atta*$ to ! camels4 ,z ! tide fl[s ! pontoons s9k until !y h displac$ a weight ( wat] equal to t ( ! vessel1 & !n !y beg9 to raise h]1 & c be t[$ into %all[] wat]1 to repeat ! process if necess>y next tide4 ,z soon z ! deck is above wat] ! vessel may be pump$ empty1 :5 all leaks h be5 /opp$4 ,9 wat] :]e !re is no tide ! natural lift mu/ be replac$ by artificial p[]4 ,"u su* circum/ances ! salvage firms use light]s provid$ ) p[]ful w9*es1 ea* able to lift up to #hjj tons on huge /eel cables ne>ly a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! w9*es c be mov$ across a light]1 ! cables fall+ p]p5dicul>ly1 ?r\gh transv]se wells almo/ divid+ ! light] into sep>ate l5g?s1 s z to get a direct pull4 ,if ! wreck has only half ! displacem5t ( ! light]s1 ! cables c be pass$ ov] roll]s on ! inn] edges ( ! pontoons1 ! weight ( ! rais+ vessel be+ c\nt]act$ by wat] let into comp>tm5ts 9 ! out] side ( ! pontoons4 ,!re are t5 great salvage companies 9 ! ,briti% ,isles & ,europe4 ,! be/ equipp$ ( ^! is ! ,neptune ,company1 ( ,/ockholm1 :i* has rais$ #a1ejj vessels1 wor? ov] #e1jjj1jjj /]l+ ev5 9 _! damag$ condition1 among !m ! ill-fat$ subm>9e ,a#a4 ,yet ?is total repres5ts b a small "p ( ! weal? t has gone to ! bottom )9 a %ort di/ance ( our coa/s4 ,turn+ f ! salvage ( wrecks to ! salvage ( preci\s metal & bulky objects t are kn[n to /rew ! sea-floor 9 _m places1 we mu/ notice ! ,hydroscope1 ! inv5tion ( ,cavali]e ,p9o1 an ,italian4 ,9 #agjb !re sank 9 ,vigo ,bay1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,spa91 tw5ty-five galleons lad5 ) treasure f ,am]ica1 z ! result ( an attack by ,engli% & ,dut* m5-(-w>4 ,gold repres5t+ #bh1jjj1jjj 0 on ^? vessels4 ,d[n x w5t to ! bottom1 & !re x is /ill4 ,s ri* a prize has naturally n fail$ to attract d>+ spirits1 among :om 0 ,giuseppe ,p9o4 ,?is inv5tor has produc$ _m devices1 ! mo/ notable among !m ! hydroscope1 :i* may be/ be describ$ z a huge telescope = pe]+ into ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,a l>ge circul> tank floats on ! top ( ! wat]4 ,f ! c5tre ( its bottom hangs a s]ies ( tubes fitt+ "o into ! o!r1 s t ! :ole s]ies c be %ort5$ or l5g!n$ at w4 ,?r\gh ! tubes a man c desc5d to ! *amb] at _! l[] extremity1 9 ! sides ( :i* are twelve l5ses specially made by ,sa9t ,goba91 ( ,p>is1 :i* act z subm>9e telescopes4 ,p9o's hydroscope has be5 at "w = "s "t 9 ,vigo ,bay1 its op]ations closely wat*$ by a ,spani% w> vessel1 :i* w exact #bj p] c5t4 ( all treasure recov]$4 ,:ile ! hydroscope acts z an eye1 ! lift+ ( an object is accompli%$ by atta*+ to x l>ge canvas bags furni%$ ) air-tight int]nal rubb] bladd]s4 ,^! h air pump$ into !m till its pressure ov]comes t ( ! wat] outside1 & ! bag !n rises l a cork1 c>ry+ its load ) x4 ,an elevator--n9e sacks fix$ to "o frame--w raise tw5ty-five to ?irty tons4 ,s f> ,cavali]e ,p9o has salvag$ old ,spani% guns1 cannon-balls1 & pieces ( valuable old wood2 & pres5tly he may alight on ! specie :i* is ! ma9 object ( 8 se>*4 ,ano!r ,spani% wreck1 ! ,florida1 :i* 0 a unit ( ! ,spani% ,armada1 & sank 9 ,tob]mory ,bay1 ! ,isle ( ,mull1 has _m times be5 attack$ by div]s4 ,! la/ attempt made to recov] ! treasure :i* t ill-fat$ vessel 0 reput$ to be> is t ( ! /eam light] ,sealight1 :i* employ$ a v p[]ful s& pump to suck up any objects :i* x might enc\nt] on ! sea-bottom4 ,_m int]e/+ relics h be5 rais$ by ! pumps & att5dant div]s--co9s1 bones1 jewels1 timb]s1 cannon1 muskets1 pi/ols1 swords1 & a compass1 :i* is s con/ruct$ t pressure on ! top causes ! legs to spread4 ,"o ( ! cannon1 fifty-f\r in*es long1 has a sep>ate p[d] *amb]1 ! %ot & wad /ill 9 ! gun1 & traces ( p[d] 9 ! *amb]4 ,x is curi\s t :at we usually consid] s mod]n an inv5tion z ! bree*-load+ cannon %\ld be f\nd side by side ) /one balls4 ,! heavi] objects 71 ( c\rse1 rais$ by div]s4 ,9 ?is que/ also ! treasure deposit has n yet be5 tapp$4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,h&l+ ,,( ,,gra9 ,,! ,,elevator--,,! ,,suction ,,pneumatic ,,gra9-,,lift]--,,! ,,pneumatic ,,bla/ ,,gra9-,,lift]--,,! ,,comb9$ ,,sy/em ,,! ,,elevator ,on or ne> ! quays ( our l>ge seaports1 ,london1 ,liv]pool1 ,man*e/]1 ,bri/ol1 ,hull1 ,lei?1 ,dubl91 may be se5 huge build+s ( sev]e & ugly outl9e1 utt]ly devoid ( any attempt at decoration4 ,yet we %\ld view !m ) respect1 = !y are to ! inhabitants ( ! ,briti% ,isles :at ! inl& gran>ies ( ,egypt 7 to ! dwell]s by ! ,nile 9 ! "t ( ,joseph4 ,c\ld we /rip (f ! ro(s & walls ( ^! /ructures1 we %\ld see va/ b9s full ( :eat1 or spaci\s floors deeply /rewn ) ! mat]ial = c\ntless loaves4 ,! gra9 w>eh\ses ( ,brita9--! ,am]icans w\ld t]m !m elevators--h a total capacity ( #aj1jjj1jjj qu>t]s4 ,multiply ^? figures by eight1 & y h ! numb] ( bu%els1 ea* ( :i* w yield ! fl\r = ab\t =ty #b-lb4 loaves4 ,9 ^! gran>ies is /or$ ! gra9 :i* comes f abroad4 ,) ! op5+ up ( new l&s 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! exploitation ( ! great :eat-gr[+ /eppes ( ,russia1 ,engli% agriculture has decl9$1 & we are cont5t to import five-six?s ( our bread/uffs1 & an ev5 l>g] proportion ( gra9 foods = dome/ic animals4 ,x arrives f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,india1 ,russia1 ,arg5t9a1 ,canada1 & ,au/ralia 9 vessels (t5 built specially = gra9 transport2 & z x _c be imm$iately di/ribut$1 mu/ be /or$ 9 bulk 9 prop]ly design$ build+s4 ,^! conta9 ei!r _m /oreys1 ov] :i* ! gra9 is spread to get rid ( sup]flu\s moi/ure :i* might cause dang]\s heat+2 or huge b9s1 or silos1 9 :i* x c be kept f contact ) ! air4 ,exp]im5ts h prov$ t :eat is m successfully pres]v$ if ! air is exclud$ ?an if left 9 ! op51 provid$ t x is dry4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians us$ brick gran>ies1 fill$ f ! top1 & tapp$ at ! bottom1 9 :i*1 to judge by ! acc\nt ( a griev\s fam9e giv5 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 _! :eat 0 pres]v$ = at lea/ sev5 ye>s4 ,dur+ la/ c5tury ! silo fell into disrepute2 b n[ we h gone back to ! ,egyptian plan ( clos$ b9s1 :i* are con/ruct$ ( wood1 brick1 f]ro-concrete1 or iron1 & are ( squ>e1 hexagonal1 or r\nd section4 ,!y are set close toge!r1 _m "u "o ro(1 to economise space2 z _m z #b1ihe1jjj bu%els be+ provid$ = 9 ! l>ge/ ,engli% /oreh\se4 ,su* va/ quantities ( gra9 require well-devis$ ma*9]y = _! transport f %ip to b9 or floor1 weigh+1 cle>+1 & = _! transf]5ce to b>ges1 coa/+ vessels1 or railway trucks4 ,! ,alex&] ,gra9 ,w>eh\se ( ,liv]pool may be tak5 z a typical example ( a well-equipp$ silo gran>y4 ,x measures #bdj by #agb feet1 & conta9s #bej hexagonal b9s ( brickwork1 ea* #hj feet deep & #ab feet 9 diamet]4 ,! gra9 is lift$ f b>ges by f\r elevators plac$ at int]vals along ! edge ( ! quay4 ,! elevator is a wood5 case1 #dj or #ej feet high1 9 :i* an endless b& furni%$ ) buckets travels ov] two roll]s plac$ at ! top & bottom4 ,^! are let d[n into ! hold & scoop up ! gra9 at ! rate ( f #ge to #aej tons p] h\r1 accord+ to _! size4 ,z soon z a bucket rea*es ! top roll] x empties its *>ge into a sp\t1 :i* deliv]s ! gra9 into a b91 :5ce x is lift$ aga9 #cb feet by a second elevator to a b9 f :i* x fl[s by gravity to a weigh+ hopp] b5ea?2 & z soon z two tons has collect$1 ! cont5ts are empti$ automatically into a di/ribut+ hopp]4 ,aft] all ?is1 ! gra9 /ill has a long j\rney be=e x2 = x is n[ %ot out on to an endless1 flat convey] belt mov+ at a rate ( #i to #aj feet p] second4 ,x is c>ri$ horizontally by ?is = "s di/ance along ! quay1 & falls on to a second belt mov+ at "r angles to ! fir/1 :i* :isks x (f to ! receiv+ elevators ( ! /oreh\se4 ,once m x is lift$1 ?is "t #acb feet1 to ! top floor ( ! build+1 & dropp$ on to a ?ird belt1 :i* runs ov] a movable ?r[+-(f c>riage4 ,?is c be plac$ at any po9t ( ! belt's travel1 to transf] ! gra9 to any ( ! sp\ts lead+ to ! #bej b9s4 ,"h x re/s = a "t4 ,:5 ne$$ = ! m>ket x fl[s out at ! bottom ( a b9 on to belts lead+ to deliv]y elevators1 f :i* x may be ei!r pass$ back to a /orage b9 aft] be+ well air$1 or %ot into wagons or vessels4 ,f fir/ to la/ a s+le gra9 may h to travel ?ree miles betwe5 ! %ip & ! truck )\t be+ t\*$ once by a human h&4 ,! v]tical transport ( gra9 is g5]ally effect$ by an endless belt1 to :i* buckets are atta*$ at %ort int]vals4 ,! gra91 f$ to ! buckets ei!r by h& or by me*anical means1 is scoop$ up1 :irl$ al(t1 & :5 x has pass$ ! topmo/ po9t ( its travel1 & j z ! bucket is comm5c+ ! desc5t1 x flies by c5trifugal =ce into a hopp] :i* guides x to ! travell+ belt1 z already describ$4 ,( late ye>s1 h[ev]1 mu* att5tion has be5 paid to pneumatic me?ods ( elevat+1 by :i* a c>go is transf]r$ f %ip to /oreh\se1 or f %ip to %ip1 ?r\gh flexible tubes1 ! motive p[] be+ ei!r ! pressure ( atmosph]ic air ru%+ 9 to fill a vacuum1 or high-pressure air :i* bl[s ! gra9 ?r\gh ! tube 9 mu* ! same way z a /eam injector =ces wat] into a boil]4 ,sometimes bo? sy/ems are us$ 9 comb9ation4 ,we w fir/ consid] ^! me?ods sep>ately4 ,,! ,,suction ,,pneumatic ,,gra9-,,lift] is ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,fr$ ,e4 ,duckham1 eng9e] ( ! ,millwall ,docks1 ,london4 ,! %ips 9 :i* gra9 is br\ght to ,engl& (t5 conta9 a mix$ c>go z well2 & t ! unload+ ( ?is may proce$ simultane\sly ) ! mov+ ( ! :eat x is necess>y to keep ! hat*es cle>4 ,z long z ! gra9 is directly "u a hat*way1 a bucket elevator c rea* x2 b all t is n s conv5i5tly situat$ mu/ be br\ght )9 range ( ! buckets4 ,?is means a l>ge bill = lab\r1 ev5 if ma*9]y is employ$ to help ! trimm+4 ,mr4 ,duckham !re=e design$ an elevator :i* c\ld easily rea* any corn] ( a %ip's int]ior4 ,! pr9cipal p>ts are a l>ge cyl9drical air-tight tank1 an eng9e to exhau/ air f ! same1 & long hoses1 arm\r$ inside ) a /eel l9+1 connect$ at "o end to ! tank1 & furni%$ at ! o!r ) a nozzle4 ,^! hoses ext5d f ! receiv+ tank to ! gra91 :i*1 :5 ! air has be5 exhau/$ to five or six p\nds to ! squ>e in*1 flies up ! tubes into ! tank4 ,at ! bottom ( ! tank are +5i\s air-locks1 to all[ ! gra9 to pass into a b9 bel[ )\t admitt+ air to spoil ! vacuum4 ,! locks are automatic1 & z soon z a c]ta9 quantity ( gra9 has collect$1 tip sideways1 clos+ ! port ?r\gh :i* x fl[$1 & all[+ x to drop ?r\gh a h+$ door4 ,two locks are atta*$ toge!r1 ! "o dis*>g+ :ile ! o!r is fill+4 ,an elevator ( ?is k9d w %ift #aej tons or m an h\r4 ,mr4 ,duckham claims = 8 inv5tion t x has no limit 9 capacity4 ,x is practically indep5d5t ( ev]y?+ b its own /eam p[]2 & ! lab\r ( "o man suffices to keep its flexible suck]s buri$ 9 gra94 ,no corn] is inaccessible to ! nozzle4 ,! pipes occupy only a v small "p ( ! hat*way4 ,!y c be set to "w imm$iately a vessel comes alongside4 ,z _m z a qu>t] ( a million bu%els are h&l$ daily by "o ( ^! ma*9es4 ,! pneumatic elevator is (t5 in/all$ on a float+ base1 s t x may be mov$ ab\t 9 a dock4 ,,! ,,pneumatic ,,bla/ ,,gra9-,,lift] diff]s f ! sy/em j describ$ 9 t ! gra9 is driv5 ?r\gh ! pipes or hoses by air compress$ to sev]al p\nds above atmosph]ic pressure4 ,a small tube atta*$ to ! ma9 hose conveys compress$ air to ! nozzle ?r\gh :i* gra9 ent]s ! tube4 ,! nozzle consi/s ( a %ort l5g? ( metal pip+ :i* is buri$ 9 ! gra94 ,"o half ( x is encas$ by a jacket into :i* ! compress$ air ru%es4 ,z ! air escapes at high spe$ pa/ ! inn] end ( ! pip+ into ! ma9 hose1 x causes a vacuum 9 ! pip+ & draws 9 gra91 :i* is %ot up ! hose by ! pressure beh9d x4 ,z already rem>k$1 ! action ( ?is pneumatic elevator is simil> to t ( a /eam injector4 ,,! ,,comb9$ ,,sy/em ,"u "s conditions x is f\nd conv5i5t to employ bo? suction & bla/ 9 comb9ation3 suction to draw ! gra9 f a vessel's hold into elevators1 f :i* x is transf]r$ to ! w>eh\se by bla/4 ,special boats are built = ?is "w1 e4g4 ! ,g>ry[51 :i* has on bo>d suction plant = transf]r+ gra9 f a %ip to b>ges1 & also bl[+ app>atus = elevat+ x into /oreh\ses or into ano!r %ip4 ,! ,g>ry[5 has ! hull & eng9es ( an ord9>y screw /eam]1 s t x c ply up & d[n ! ,%annon & p>tly unload a vessel to r$uce its draught suffici5tly to all[ x to rea* ,lim]ick ,docks4 ,float+ elevators ( ?is k9d are able to h&le upw>ds ( #aej tons ( gra9 p] h\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,me*anical ,,transport]s ,,& ,,convey]s ,,me*anical ,,convey]s--,,ropeways--,,cableways--,,t elph]age--,,coal+ ,,w>%ips ,,at ,,sea ,a man c>ry+ a sack ( coal ov] a plank laid f ! :>f to ! %ip's side1 a bricklay]'s lab\r] mov+ sl[ly up a ladd] ) 8 hod ( mort>--^! illu/rate ! mo/ primitive me?ods ( %ift+ mat]ial f "o spot to ano!r4 ,:5 ! :eelb>r[ is us$ 9 ! "o case1 & a rope & pulley 9 ! o!r1 an advance has be5 made1 b ! ef=t is /ill great 9 proportion to ! "w accompli%$2 & 7 su* processes univ]sal 9 ! great indu/ries connect$ ) m9+ & manufacture1 ! lab\r bill w\ld be ru9\s4 ,! developm5t ( me?ods ( transportation has gone on simultane\sly ) ! improvem5t ( ma*9]y ( all k9ds4 ,to be successful1 an indu/ry mu/ be conduct$ economically ?r\gh\t4 ,?us1 to foll[ ! hi/ory ( :eat f ! "t t x is select$ = s[+ till x =ms a loaf1 we see x me*anically plac$ 9 ! gr\nd1 me*anically reap$1 ?re%$1 & dress$1 me*anically haul$ to ! elevator1 me*anically transf]r$ to ! b9s ( ! same1 me*anically %ot into trucks or a %ip1 me*anically rais$ into a fl\r-mill1 :]e x is clean$1 gr\nd1 weigh$1 pack$1 & truck$ by ma*9]y1 me*anically mix$ ) yea/ & bak$1 & possibly di/ribut$ by me*anically op]at$ vehicles4 ,z a result we get a #b-lb4 loaf = less ?an ?ree-p5ce4 ,anyone :o ?9ks t ! price is regulat$ m]ely by ! am\nt ( :eat gr[n is greatly mi/ak51 = ! *eapness ( h&l+ & transportation conduces at lea/ equally to ! *eapness ( ! f9i%$ article4 ,! same may be said ( ! metal articles ) :i* e h\se is furni%$4 ,a f5d] w\ld be de>] ?an x is 7 n ! iron ore *eaply transport$ f m9e to rail1 f rail to ! smelt+ furnace1 f ! gr\nd to ! top ( ! furnace4 ,9 %ort1 to :atev] indu/ry we look1 9 :i* l>ge quantities ( raw or f9i%$ mat]ial h to be mov$1 /or$1 & di/ribut$1 ! me*anical convey] has supplant$ human lab\r to su* an ext5t t 9 lack ( su* devices we c sc>cely conceive h[ ! indu/ry c\ld be conduct$ )\t ei!r prov+ ru9\s to ! p :o control x or enhanc+ prices enorm\sly4 ,! types ( elevators & convey]s n[ commonly us$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w are s num]\s t 9 ! foll[+ pages only "s select$ examples c be treat$4 ,speak+ broadly1 ! me*anical transport] c be classifi$ "u two ma9 heads--7#a7 ^? :i* h&le mat]ials cont9u\sly1 z 9 ! case ( belt convey]s1 pneumatic gra9 dis*>g]s1 etc42 & 7#b7 ^? :i* "w int]mitt5tly1 su* z ! telph]1 :i* c>ries skips on an a]ial ropeway4 ,! fir/ class are mo/ useful = %ort di/ances2 ! latt] = long] di/ances1 or :]e ! conditions are su* t ! mat]ial mu/ be transport$ 9 l>ge masses at a "t by p[]ful grabs4 ,"s transport]s "w only 9 a v]tical direction2 o!rs only horizontally2 :ile a ?ird l>ge section comb9e ! two movem5ts4 ,aga91 :ile "s are m]e convey]s ( mat]ial %ot into or atta*$ to !m1 o!rs scoop up _! loads z !y move4 ,! di/9ctions 9 detail are num]\s1 & w be br\ght out 9 ! *apt]s devot$ to ! v>i\s types4 ,,me*anical ,,convey]s ,we h already notic$ b& convey]s 9 connection ) ! transportation ( gra94 ,!y are also us$ = h&l+ coal1 coke1 diamond dirt1 gold ore1 & o!r m9]als1 & = mov+ fill$ sacks4 ,! belts are sometimes made ( rubb] or ( balata fac$ ) rubb] on ! upp] surface1 :i* has to /& mo/ ( ! we> & te>--sometimes ( metal plates jo9$ toge!r by h+es at ! ends4 ,a modification ( ! belt is ! cont9u\s tr\gh1 ) slop+ or v]tical sides4 ,?is is built ( op5-end$ sections jo9t$ s t !y may pass r\nd ! t]m9al roll]s4 ,:ile travell+ 9 a /raight l9e ! sides ( ! sections t\*1 prev5t+ any escape ( ! mat]ial c>ri$1 b at ! roll]s ! ends op5 9 a ,v-%ape4 ,ano!r =m ( convey] has a /ation>y tr\gh ?r\gh :i* ! sub/ance to be h&l$ is pull$ along by plates atta*$ to cables or endless *a9s runn+ on roll]s4 ,or ! mov+ ag5cy may be plates dragg$ backw>ds & =w>ds p]iodically1 ! plates hang+ 9 "o direction only1 l flap valves1 s z to pass ov] ! mat]ial dur+ ! backw>d /roke1 & bite x dur+ ! =w>d /roke4 ,! vibrat+ convey] is a tr\gh :i* moves bodily backw>ds & =w>ds on h+$ supports1 ! oscillation gradually %ak+ its cont5ts along4 ,z no dragg+ or pu%+ plates are "h ne$$1 ?is =m ( convey] is v suitable = mat]ials :i* are liable to be injur$ by r\gh treatm5t4 ,,ropeways ,a c]ta9 p]son on ask+ :at 0 ! di/ance f ,x to ,y1 receiv$ ! reply1 ,x is t5 miles z ! cr[ flies4 ,! c\ntry be+ m\nta9\s1 ! answ] did n satisfy him1 & he said1 ,oh6 b y see1 ,i am n a cr[4 ,eng9e]s lay+ out a railway c sympa?ise ) ?is g5tleman1 = !y "k f sad exp]i5ce t places only a few miles ap>t 9 a /raight l9e (t5 require a track _m miles long to connect !m if gradi5ts are to be kept mod]ate4 ,n[ a locomotive1 a railway c>riage1 or a goods truck is v heavy1 & mu/ run on ! firm bosom ( ,"m ,e>?4 ,b = comp>atively light bodies a pa? may be made :i* mu* m ne>ly resembles ! prov]bial flight ( ! cr[1 or1 z our ,am]ican c\s9s w\ld say1 a bee-l9e4 ,if y h travell$ 9 ,norway & ,switz]l& y probably h notic$ "h & !re /eel wire ropes spann+ a torr5t or hang+ across a n>r[ valley4 ,ov] ^! ropes ! peasants %oot _! hay crops or wood faggots f ! m\nta9-side to _! homes1 or to a po9t ne> a road :]e ! mat]ial c be transf]r$ to c>ts4 ,adv5tur\s folk ev5 d>e to entru/ _! own bodies to ! seem+ly frail /eel ?read1 us+ a brake to control ! velocity ( ! desc5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! mod]n ropeway & cableway dates f ! '?irties1 :5 ! inv5tion ( wire rope suppli$ a flexible c>ry+ ag5t ( great /r5g? 9 proportion to its weight1 & ( suffici5t h>dness to resi/ mu* we> & te>1 & too inela/ic to /ret* "u repeat$ /resses4 ,to prev5t confusion1 we may at once /ate t a ropeway is an a]ial track us$ only = ! conveyance ( mat]ial2 :]eas a cableway hoi/s z well z conveys4 ,a fur!r di/9ction--?\gh x does n hold good 9 all cases--may be se5 9 ! fact t1 :ile cableways are ( a s+le span1 ropeways are c>ri$ = di/ances rang+ up to tw5ty miles ov] t[]s or poles plac$ at conv5i5t int]vals4 ,ropeways fall into two ma9 classes3 fir/1 ^? 9 :i* ! rope support+ ! weight ( ! ?+ c>ri$ moves2 secondly1 ^? 9 :i* ! c>ri] rope is /ation>y1 & ! skips1 or tubs1 etc41 are dragg$ along x by a second rope4 ,! mov+ rope sy/em is be/ adapt$ = light loads1 n exce$+ six hundr$weight or s2 b ov] ! second class bodies scal+ five or six tons h (t5 be5 mov$4 ,9 bo? sy/ems ! l9e may be s+le or d\ble1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( traffic :i* x has to accommodate4 ,! *ief advantage ( ! d\ble ropeway is t x p]mits a cont9u\s s]vice & an economy ( p[]1 s9ce 9 cases :]e mat]ial has to be deliv]$ at a l[] level ?an ! po9t at :i* x is %ipp$1 ! weight ( ! desc5d+ full trucks c be utilis$ to haul up asc5d+ empty trucks4 ,spans ( #b1jjj feet or two-fif?s ( a mile are n at all unusual 9 v r\gh c\ntry :]e ! spots on :i* supports c be erect$ are few & f> betwe52 b eng9e]s naturally endeav\r to make ! span z %ort z possible1 9 ord] to be able to use a small size ( rope4 ,glanc+ at "s int]e/+ ropeways1 we may fir/ notice t us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! new ,bea*y ,head ,ligh?\se1 rec5tly erect$ on ! =e%ore bel[ ! head on :i* ! orig9al /ructure /&s4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 ! work%ops1 /orage y>ds1 etc41 7 plac$ on ! cliffs1 #djj feet above ! sea & "s #hjj feet 9 a direct l9e f ! site ( ! new ligh?\se4 ,betwe5 ! cliff summit & a /ag+ 9 ! sea 7 /ret*$ two huge /eel ropes1 ! "o1 six in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 = ! track ov] :i* ! f\r-ton blocks ( granite us$ 9 ! build+1 ma*9]y1 tools1 etc41 %\ld be l[]$2 ! o!r1 #e-a_/b in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 = ! return ( ! c>ri]s & trucks conta9+ workm54 ,! ropes _h a break+ /ra9 ( #abj & #ajj tons respectively2 t is to say1 if put 9 an hydraulic te/+ ma*9e !y w\ld h )/ood pulls equal to ^? ex]t$ by masses ( ^! weights hung on !m4 ,_! top ends 7 an*or$ 9 solid rock2 _! l[] ends to a mass ( concrete built up 9 ! *alk =m+ ! sea-bottom4 ,:5 a granite block 0 atta*$ to ! c>ri] travell+ on ! rope1 its weight 0 gradually transf]r$ to ! rope by l[]+ ! truck on :i* x _h arriv$ until ! latt] 0 cle> ( ! block4 ,z soon z ! /one />t$ on its j\rney ! truck 0 lift$ aga9 to ! level ( ! rails & trundl$ away4 ,a brakesman1 /ation$ at a po9t :5ce he c\ld comm& ! :ole ropeway1 _h "u 8 h& ! brake :eels regulat+ ! movem5ts ( ! trail+ ropes = l[]+ & haul+ on ! two tracks4 ,ano!r int]e/+ ropeway is t at ,hong-,kong1 :i* transports ! workm5 9 a sug> factory on ! l[1 fev]-bre$+ levels to _! homes 9 ! hills :]e !y may sleep secure f noxi\s microbes4 ,! c>ri]s accommodate six m5 at a "t1 & move at ! rate ( eight miles an h\r4 ,! s5sation ( be+ haul$ ?r\gh mid-air mu/ be an exhil>at+ "o1 & "s ( u w\ld n m9d *ang+ places ) ! workm5 = a trip or two1 reassur$ by ! fact t ?is ropeway has be5 9 op]ation = sev]al ye>s )\t any accid5t4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india1 9 ! ,anamalai ,hills1 a ropeway is us$ = deliv]+ sawn timb] f ! =e/s to a po9t #a-a_/d miles bel[4 ,prior to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?is ropeway ! logs 7 s5t d[n a circuit\s m\nta9 track on bullock c>ts4 ,its erection 0 a matt] ( great difficulty1 on acc\nt ( ! /eep gradi5ts & ! d5se & unheal?y =e/ ?r\gh :i* a pa? _h to be cut2 n to m5tion ! dragg+ uphill ( a cable :i*1 ) ! reel on :i* x 0 w\nd1 weigh$ f\r tons4 ,= ?is la/ op]ation ! comb9$ /r5g? ( n9e elephants & a numb] ( coolies _h to be requisition$1 s9ce ! friction ( ! rope dragg+ on ! gr\nd 0 enorm\s4 ,h[ev]1 ! eng9e]s soon _h ! cable /ret*$ ov] its supports1 & ! w9d+ ma*9]y 9 place at ! top ( ! grade4 ,! s+le rope s]ves = bo? up & d[n traffic2 a c5tral cross+ /ation be+ provid$ at :i* ! desc5d+ c pass ! asc5d+ c>ri]4 ,sev5 sleep]s at a "t are s5t fly+ d[n ! track at a rate ( tw5ty miles an h\r3 a load dep>t+ e half-h\r4 ,! sav+ ( lab\r1 "t1 & exp5se is said to be v great1 & :5 ! saw mills h a l>g] output ! economy ( work+ w be /ill m rem>kable4 ,! longe/ pass5g] ropeway ev] built is probably t ov] ! ,*ilkoot ,pass 9 ,alaska1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ 9 #ahig & #ahih to transport m9]s f ,dyea to ,crat] ,lake on _! way to ! ,yukon goldfields4 ,f ,crat] ,lake to ! ,klondike ! ,yukon ,riv] s]ves z a natural road1 b ! climb to its head wat]s 0 a matt] ( great difficulty1 especially dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & accompani$ by mu* suff]+4 ,b :5 ! tre/les _h be5 erect$ = ! fix$ ropes1 two 9 numb]1 m9]s & _! kits 7 haul$ ov] ! sev5 miles at little physical co/1 ?\gh naturally ! *>ges = transportation rul$ high] ?an 9 less rugg$ regions4 ,! op5+ ( ! ,:ite ,pass ,railway f ,skagway has l>gely aboli%$ ! ne$ = ?is cable track1 :i* has nev]!less done v useful "w4 ,! ,*ilkoot ropeway has at lea/ two spans ( ov] #a1ejj feet4 ,z an eng9e]+ ent]prise x claims our consid]ation1 s9ce ! conveyance ( ropes1 timb]1 eng9es1 etc41 into s inhospitable a region1 & ! piec+ ( !m toge!r1 dem&$ great p]si/5ce on ! "p ( ! eng9e]s & _! employs4 ,,cableways ,= remov+ ! ov]-burd5 ( surface m9es & dump+ x 9 suitable places1 = excavat+ canals1 = dr$g+1 & = _m o!r op]ations 9 :i* matt] has to be mov$ comp>atively %ort di/ances1 ! cableway is l>gely employ$4 ,we h already notic$ t x diff]s f ! ropeway 9 t x has to hoi/ & dis*>ge its burd5s z well z convey !m4 ,! cableway g5]ally consi/s ( a s+le span betwe5 two t[]s1 :i* are ei!r fix$ or movable on rails accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! "w to be done4 ,9 addition to ! ma9 cable :i* be>s ! weight1 & ! rope :i* moves ! skips along x1 ! cableway has ! fall rope1 :i* l[]s ! skip to ! gr\nd & raises x2 ! dump+ rope1 :i* dis*>ges x2 & ! button rope1 :i* pulls blocks (f ! horn ( ! skip truck at int]vals z ! latt] moves1 to support ! fall rope f ! ma9 cable4 ,if ! fall rope sagg$ its weight w\ld1 aft] a c]ta9 am\nt _h be5 paid out1 ov]come ! weight ( ! skip1 & r5d] x impossible to l[] ! skip to ! fill+ po9t4 ,s a s]ies ( fall-rope c>ri]s are1 at ! comm5cem5t ( a j\rney f "o end ( ! cableway1 rid+ on an arm 9 front ( ! skip c>riage4 ,! button-rope1 pass+ "u a pulley on ! top ( ! skip c>riage1 is furni%$ at int]vals ) buttons ( a size increas+ t[>ds ! po9t at :i* ! skip mu/ be l[]$4 ,! holes 9 ! c>ri]s are simil>ly graduat$ s z to pass ov] any button b ! "o int5d$ to arre/ !m4 ,if we wat*$ a skip travell+ to ! l[]+ po9t1 we %\ld notice t ! c>ri]s 7 successively pull$ (f ! skip c>riage by ! buttons1 & /rung along ov] ! ma9 cable & "u ! fall rope4 ,:5 ! skip has be5 l[]$ & fill$ ! fall & haul+ ropes are w\nd 92 ! skip rises to ! ma9 cable1 & beg9s to travel t[>ds ! dump+ po9t4 ,z long z ! dump+ rope is also haul$ 9 at ! same rate z ! haul+ rope x has no effect on ! skip1 b :5 its rate ( travel is increas$ by mov+ x on to a l>g] w9d+ drum1 ! skip is tipp$ or op5$1 z ! case may be1 )\t be+ arre/$4 ,! skip may be fill$ by h& or made self-fill+ :]e circum/ances p]mit4 ,! cableway is s economical 9 its work+ t x has greatly advanc$ ! process ( op5-pit m9+4 ,:]e ore lies ne> ! surface x is desirable to remove ! useless ov]ly+ matt] 7call$ ov]-burd57 bodily1 & to convey x "r away1 9 pref]5ce to s9k+ %all[ %afts ) _! att5dant drawbacks ( timb]+ & pump+4 ,an incl9$ railway is h&icapp$ by ! fact t x mu/ occupy "s ( ! surface to be uncov]$1 :ile liable to blockage by ! dbris ( bla/+ op]ations4 ,! susp5d$ cableway nei!r ob/ructs any?+ nor c be ob/ruct$1 & is pr(itably employ$ :5 a ton ( ore is laid b>e = e f\r tons ( ov]-burd5 remov$4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,tilly ,fo/] ,m9e1 ,new ,york1 :]e ! removal ( #cjj1jjj tons ( rock expos$ #fjj1jjj tons ( ore f an excavation #dej ft4 long by #cjj ft4 wide1 ! sav+ effect$ by ! cableway 0 enorm\s4 ,aga91 ref]r+ to ! ,*icago ,dra9age ,canal1 ! records %[ t :ile lab\r]s1 sl$g+ & fill+ into c>s1 av]ag$ only #g to #h-a_/b cubic y>ds p] man p] day1 9 fill+ into skips = ! cable ways ! lab\r]s av]ag$ f #ab to #ag cubic y>ds p] day4#ai ,! fir/ cableway erect$ by ! ,lidg]wood ,manufactur+ ,company = ! prosecution ( ?is eng9e]+ "w h&l$ #aj1hba cubic y>ds a mon?1 & prov$ s successful t n9ete5 simil> plants 7 add$4 ,! cableways are susp5d$ 9 ?is in/ance f two t[]s mov+ on p>allel tracks on ea* bank ( ! canal1 ! t[]s be+ heavily balla/$ on ! out] sides ( _! bases to c\nt]act ! pull ( ! cable4 ,f "t to "t1 :5 a l5g? _h be5 cle>$1 ! t[]s 7 mov$ =w>d by eng9es haul+ on fix$ an*ors4 ,! cableway is mu* us$ 9 ! erection ( masonry pi]s = bridges across riv]s or valleys4 ,mat]ials are convey$ by x rapidly & easily to po9ts ov] ! pi]s & l[]$ into position4 ,spans ( ov] #a1ejj feet h be5 exce$$ = su* purposes2 & if ne$ be1 spans ( #b1jjj feet c\ld be made to c>ry loads ( tw5ty-five tons at a rate ( tw5ty miles an h\r4 ,,telph]age ,on mo/ ropeways ! skips or o!r conveyances are mov$ along ! fix$ ropes by trail+ ropes work+ r\nd drums driv5 by /eam & controll$ by brakes4 ,b ! employm5t ( electricity has provid$ a sy/em call$ telph]age1 9 :i* ! vehicle c>ries its own motor1 f$ by curr5t f ! rope on :i* x runs & f auxili>y cables susp5d$ a %ort di/ance above ! ma9 rope4 ,telph] is a t]m d]iv$ f two ,greek words signify+ a f> c>ri]1 s9ce ! motor s nam$ w move any di/ance s long z a track & curr5t is suppli$ to x4 ,! c>ri]--= ore1 coal1 e>?1 b>rels1 sacks1 timb]1 etc4--is susp5d$ f ! telph] by ! usual hook-%ap$ support common to ropeways1 to enable ! load to pass ! arms ( ! po/s or tre/les be>+ ! rope4 ,! telph] usually has two motors1 "o plac$ on ea* side ( a two-:eel$ c>riage s z to balance2 b sometimes only a s+le motor is employ$4 ,j above ! runn+ cable is ! trolley cable1 f :i* ! telph] picks up curr5t ?r\gh a h+$ arm1 aft] ! mann] ( an electric tram4 ,! c>ri]s are controll$ on /eep grades by an electric brak+ device1 :i* acts automatically1 its effect v>y+ ) ! spe$ at :i* ! telph] runs4 ,! c>ri] :eels1 driv5 by ! motors1 adh]e to ! cable )\t slipp+ on grades z sev]e z ?ree 9 t51 ev5 :5 ! surface has be5 moi/5$ by ra94 ,9 ord] to /op ! telph] at any desir$ po9t1 ! trolley wire is divid$ into a numb] ( sections1 ea* controll$ by a swit* conv5i5tly locat$4 ,by op5+ a swit* ! curr5t is cut (f f ! correspond+ section1 & ! telph] w /op :5 x rea*es ?is po9t4 ,x is aga9 />t$ by clos+ ! swit*4 ,at curves a section ( ! trolley wire 7i4e4 ov]head cable = curr5t7 is connect$ to ! s\rce ( curr5t ?r\gh a 'resi/ance' :i* l[]s ! voltage 7pressure ( ! curr5t7 across ! motors at ?is po9t4 ,?us1 ^u approa*+ a curve1 ! telph] automatically sl[s d[n1 runs sl[ly ar\nd ! curve until x passes ! resi/ance section1 & is !n automatically accel]at$4#bj ,! telph] l9e is v useful 7= transport+ mat]ial consid]able di/ances7 9 di/ricts :]e x w\ld n pay to con/ruct a surface railway4 ,on plantations x s]ves admirably to %ift gra91 fruits1 tobacco1 & o!r agricultural products4 ,!n1 aga91 a wide field is op5 to x = transmitt+ light articles1 su* z ca/+s & p>ts ( ma*9]y1 f "o "p ( a f\ndry or manufactory to ano!r1 or f factory to vessel or truck = %ipm5t4 ,:5 coal has to be h&l$1 ! buckets are dump$ automatically into b9s4 ,! telph] has mu* ! same advantages ov] ! /eam-work$ ropeway t an electric tram has ov] "o mov$ by an endless cable4 ,its control is easi]2 !re is less friction2 & ! spe$ is high]4 ,& 9 common ) ropeways x c claim indep5d5ce ( ob/ructions on ! gr\nd1 & ! ability to cross rav9es ) ease1 :i* 9 ! case ( a railway w\ld h to be bridg$ at great exp5se4 ,,coal+ ,,w>%ips ,,at ,,sea ,! w> betwe5 ,russia & ,japan has br\ght prom95tly be=e ! public ! necessity ( be+ able to keep a w> vessel well suppli$ ) coal3 a task by no means easy :5 coal+ /ations are few & f> betwe54 ,! voyage ( ,admiral ,rojde/v5sky f ,russia to ,ea/]n wat]s 0 m>k$ by occasions on :i* he ent]$ neutral ports to draw supplies = 8 furnaces1 ?\gh we "k t colli]s sail$ ) ! w>%ips to repl5i% _! exhau/$ bunk]s4 ,9 ! old days ( sail+ vessels1 _! motive p[]1 ev5 if fitful1 0 inexhau/ible4 ,b n[ t /eam reigns supreme z ! mov] ( ! _w's float+ =ts1 ! problem ( keep+ ! sea has become 9 "o way v mu* m complicat$4 ,! radius ( a vessel's action is limit$ by ! capacity ( h] coal bunk]s4 ,h] capta9 9 w> "t w\ld be p]petually p]plex$ by ! "q ( fuel1 s9ce movem5t is ess5tial to naval success1 :ile any misjudg$ fa/ /eam+ 9 pursuit ( ! enemy might r5d] 8 %ip an in]t mass1 incapable ( motion1 because ! coal supplies _h giv5 out2 or at lea/ might compel him to return = supplies to ! ne>e/ port at a sl[ spe$1 los+ valuable "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,temp]ley-,,mill] ,,m>9e ,,cableway ,,coal+ ,h4,m4,s4 ,,trafalg> ,,at ,,sea ,a c>ri]1 f :i* are slung ! sacks ( coal1 is haul$ backw>ds & =w>ds by /eel ropes /ret*+ betwe5 ! =ema/ ( ! transport & a ma/ rigg$ on ! w>%ip4 ,j z a competitor 9 a long-di/ance race takes 8 n\ri%m5t )\t halt+1 s %\ld a battle%ip be able to coal on ! w+4 ,! task ( transf]r+ s _m tons ( ! m9]al f "o %ip's hold to t ( ano!r may seem easy en\gh to ! inexp]i5c$ critic1 & "u fav\rable conditions x might n be att5d$ by great difficulty4 ,:y1 someone may say1 y h only to br+ ! colli] alongside ! w>%ip1 make h] fa/1 & heave out ! coals4 ,9 a p]fect calm ?is might be feasible2 b let ! slighte/ swell arise1 & !n h[ ! sides ( ! two craft w\ld bump toge!r1 ) dire results to ! weak] p>ty6 ,actual te/s h %[n ?is4 ,at pres5t broadside coal+ is consid]$ impracticable1 b ! f b[ to /]n me?od has pass$ ?r\gh its initial /ages1 & aft] _m failures has rea*$ a po9t ( consid]able effici5cy4 ,! difficulties 9 transf]r+ coal f a colli] to a w>%ip by :i* %e is be+ t[$ w be app>5t aft] v little reflection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! dang] ( ! cableway & its load dipp+ into ! wat]1 %\ld ! di/ance betwe5 ! two vessels be sudd5ly dim9i%$1 & ! correspond+ dang] ( ! cable snapp+ %\ld ! pit*+ ( ! vessels increase ! di/ance betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! cableway4 ,^! difficulties h made x impossible to m]ely %oot coals d[n a rope atta*$ high up a ma/ ( ! colli] & to ! deck ( ! w>%ip4 ,:at is evid5tly ne$$ is "s sy/em :i* %all pay ! cableway out or take x 9 automatically1 s z to c\nt]balance any l5g!n+ or %ort5+ movem5t ( ! vessels4 ,! ,lidg]wood ,manufactur+ ,company ( ,new ,york1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] ,mill]1 h br\ght out a cableway specially adapt$ = m>9e "w4 ,! two vessels conc]n$ are atta*$ by a /\t t[-l9e1 ! colli]1 ( c\rse1 be+ 9 ! re>4 ,to c>ry ! load1 a s+le endless wire rope1 #c_/h in* 9 diamet] & #b1jjj feet long1 is employ$4 ,x spans ! di/ance betwe5 colli] & %ip twice1 giv+ an inw>d track = full sacks1 & an outw>d track = _! return to ! colli]4 ,on "o vessel are two w9*es1 ! drums ( :i* bo? turn 9 ! same direction2 b :ile "o drum is rigidly atta*$ to its axle1 ! o!r slips "u a /ress great] ?an t ne$$ to keep ! rope suffici5tly taut4 ,s9ce ! rope passes r\nd a pulley at ! o!r t]m9al1 pressure plac$ at any po9t on ! rope w t5d to tight5 bo? tracks1 :ile a slack5+ at any po9t w\ld simil>ly ease !m4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t ! %ips sudd5ly approa*1 !re w be a c]ta9 am\nt ( slack at once w\nd 92 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! %ips draw ap>t1 ! slipp+ drum w pay out rope suffici5t to supply ! ne$4 ,! con/ant slipp+ ( ?is drum sets up great heat1 :i* is dissipat$ by curr5ts ( air4 ,z ! sacks ( coal arrive on ! man-(-w> !y are automatically deta*$ f ! cable1 & fall d[n a *ute into ! hold4 ,9 ! ,temp]ley ,mill] ,m>9e ,cableway ! load is c>ri$ on a ma9 cable kept taut by a friction drum1 & ! haul+ is done by an endless rope :i* has its own sep>ate w9*es4 ,9 actual te/s made at sea 9 r\gh wea!r sixty tons p] h\r h be5 transf]r$1 ! vessels mov+ at f f\r to eight miles an h\r4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e4 #bj ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,automatic ,,weigh]s ,sc>cely less important ?an ! rapid transf]5ce ( mat]ials f "o place to ano!r is ! quick & accurate weigh+ ( ! same4 ,if a pneumatic gra9 elevator 7 us$ 9 conjunction ) an ord9>y set ( scales su* z are to be f\nd at a corn deal]'s !re w\ld be great delay1 & ! advantage ( ! elevator w\ld l>gely be lo/4 ,simil>ly a me*anical transport] ( coal or ore %\ld automatically regi/] ! tonnage ( ! m9]al h&l$1 to prev5t undue wa/e ( "t4 ,!re are 9 exi/5ce _m types ( automatic weigh+ ma*9es1 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( :i* v>y ) ! nature ( ! commodity to be weigh$4 ,f9ely divid$ sub/ances1 su* z gra91 se$s1 & sug>1 are usually h&l$ by hopp] weigh]s4 ,! gra91 etc41 is pass$ into a b91 f ! bottom ( :i* x fl[s into a l>ge pan4 ,:5 ! prop] unit ( weight--a hundr$weight or a ton--has ne>ly be5 atta9$1 ! fl[ is automatically ?rottl$1 s t x may be m exactly controll$1 & z soon z ! full am\nt has pass$1 ! ma*9e closes ! hopp] door & tips ! pan ov]4 ,! latt] deliv]s its cont5ts & returns to its orig9al position1 :ile ! door above is simultane\sly op5$ = ! op]ation to be repeat$4 ,a c\nt+ app>atus records ! numb] ( tips1 s t a glance suffices to le>n h[ mu* mat]ial has pass$ ?r\gh ! weigh]1 :i* may be lock$ up & all[$ to look aft] itself = h\rs toge!r4 ,! ,*ronos automatic gra9 scale is built 9 _m sizes = *>ges ( f #ab to #c1cjj lbs4 ( gra91 & tips five times a m9ute4 ,av]y's gra9 weigh] takes up to #e-a_/b tons at a "t4 ,= mat]ials ( a lumpy nature1 su* z coal & ore1 a diff]5t me?od is g5]ally us$4 ,! hopp] process w\ld n be absolutely accurate1 s9ce ! rate ( fe$ _c be exactly controll$ :5 du/ & l>ge lumps weigh+ half a hundr$weight or m are all jumbl$ toge!r4 ,!re=e in/ead ( a pan :i* tips automatically z soon z x has receiv$ a fix$ weight1 we f9d a b9 :i*1 :5 a quantity r\ghly equal to ! correct am\nt has be5 let 91 s9ks on to a weigh] & has its cont5ts regi/]$ by an automatic c\nt]1 :i* cont9u\sly adds up ! total ( a numb] ( weigh+s & displays x on a dial4 ,s t if !re be #aj lbs4 9 excess ( a ton at ! fir/ *>ge1 ! dial records "o ton1 & keeps ! #aj lbs4 up its sleeve aga9/ ! next weigh+1 to :i* ! excess is add$4 ,av]y's m9]al scale works1 h[ev]1 on mu* ! same pr9ciple z t = gra9 already notic$1 a special device be+ fitt$ to r5d] ! fe$ to ! weigh+ pan z regul> z possible4 ,8 weigh] is us$ to fe$ me*anical furnace /ok]s4 ,! quantity ( coal us$ c ?us be *eck$1 :ile an automatic app>atus prev5ts ! /ok] bunk]s f be+ ov]fill$4 ,cont9u\s weigh]s regi/] ! am\nt c>ri$ by a convey] :ile 9 motion4 ,! record+ app>atus comes into action at fix$ int]vals1 e4g4 z soon z ! convey] has mov$ t5 feet4 ,! weigh+ me*anism is practically "p ( ! convey]1 & takes ! weight ( t5 feet4 ,! /eely>d is adju/$ to exactly c\nt]balance ! unload$ belt or skips ( its l5g?1 b rises 9 proportion to ! load4 ,z soon z ! convey] has travell$ t5 feet ! weight on ! ma*9e is imm$iately record$1 & ! /eely>d returns to z]o4 ,int]mitt5t weigh]s record ! weight ( trucks or tubs pass+ ov] a railway or ! cables ( a]ial track1 ! weigh] =m+ "p ( ! track & com+ into play z soon z a load is fully on x4 ,"s ma*9es n only weigh mat]ial1 b also /[ & pack x4 ,we f9d a good in/ance 9 ,timewell's sack+ app>atus1 :i* weighs corn1 *aff1 fl\r1 oatmeal1 rice1 c(fee1 etc41 transf]s x to sacks1 & sews ! sack up automatically4 ,! am\nt ( "t sav$ by su* a ma*9e mu/ be v great4 ,,note4--,! au?or desires to express 8 indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,george ,f4 ,zimm]'s ,! ,me*anical ,h&l+ ( ,mat]ial = "s ( ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! above *apt]2 & to ! publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,a4 ,crosby ,lockwood & ,son1 = p]mission to make use ( ! same4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,transport] ,,bridges ,:5 ! writ] 0 9 ,r\51 9 #ahih1 two l(ty iron t[]s 7 be+ con/ruct$ by ! ,se9e3 ! "o on ! ,quai du ,havre1 ! o!r on ! ,quai ,capeli]1 :i* bord]s ! riv] on ! side ( ! suburb ,/4 ,sev]4 ,! t[]s rose s f> t[>ds ! sky t "o _h to ?r[ "o's head v f> back to wat* ! workm5 p]*$ on ! summit ( ! framework4 ,:at 7 ! t[]s =8 ,!y seem$ mu* too sl5d] = ! pi]s ( an ord9>y susp5sion bridge fit to c>ry heavy traffic4 ,an inquiry produc$ ! in=mation t !y 7 ! fir/ in/alm5t ( a transbordeur1 or transport] bridge4 ,:at is a bridge ( ?is k9d8 ,well1 x may be/ be describ$ z a v l(ty susp5sion bridge1 ! gird] ( :i* is f> above ! wat] to all[ ! passage ( ma/$ %ips4 ,! susp5d$ gird] s]ves only z ! run-way = a truck f :i* a travell+ c> hangs by /\t /eel ropes1 ! bottom ( ! c> be+ b a few feet above ! wat]4 ,! truck is c>ri$ across f t[] to t[]1 ei!r by electric motors or by cables op]at$ by /eam-p[]4 ,! transport] bridge 9 a primitive =m has exi/$ = "s c5turies1 b its pres5t design is ( v mod]n gr[?4 ,) ! increase ( population has come an increas$ ne$ = un9t]rupt$ communication4 ,:]e riv]s int]v5e !y mu/ be bridg$1 & we see a /eady gr[? 9 ! numb] ( bridges 9 ,london1 ,p>is1 ,new ,york1 & o!r l>ge t[ns4 ,un=tunately a bridge1 :ile jo9+ l& to l&1 sep>ates wat] f wat]1 & ! dislocation ( riv] traffic might n be comp5sat$ by ! conv5i5ces giv5 to l& traffic4 ,! ,=?1 ,brooklyn1 ,salta%1 & o!r bridges h1 !re=e1 be5 built ( su* a height z to leave suffici5t head-room "u ! gird]s = ! ma/s ( ! talle/ %ips4 ,b :at money !y h co/6 ,& ev5 ! ,t[] ,bridge1 ) its h+$ bascules1 or leaves1 & bridges ) c5tres revolv+ horizontally1 dev\r l>ge sums4 ,want$1 !re=e1 an effici5t means ( transport across a riv] :i*1 ?\gh n co/ly to in/all1 %all (f] a good s]vice & n imp$e riv] traffic4 ,?irty ye>s ago ,mr4 ,*>les ,smi?1 a ,h>tlepool eng9e]1 design$ a bridge ( ! transport] type = cross+ ! ,tees at ,middlesbr\gh4 ,! bridge 0 n built1 because p fe>$ t ! t[]s w\ld n /& ! buffets ( ! nor?-ea/]ly gales4 ,! idea promulgat$ by an ,engli%man 0 tak5 up by =eign eng9e]s1 :o h erect$ bridges 9 ,spa91 ,tunis1 & ,france4 ,s successful has ?is type ( f]ry-bridge prov$1 t x is n[ receiv+ recognition 9 ! l& ( its bir?1 & at ! pres5t "t transport] bridges are ne>+ completion 9 ,wales & on ! ,m]sey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,late/ ,,type ,,( ,,bridge ,! ,transport] ,bridge at ,biz]ta1 ,tunis4 ,x has a span ( #ejj feet1 & ! susp5sion gird] is #abj feet above high wat]1 s t ! l>ge/ vessels may pass "u x f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! inl& lakes4 ,! c> is se5 ne> ! bottom ( ! "r-h& t[]4 ,! fir/ transbordeur built 0 t spann+ ! ,n]vion1 a riv] fl[+ into ! ,bay ( ,biscay ne> ,bilbao1 a ,spani% t[n fam\s = ! great deposits ( iron ore close by4 ,a pair ( t[]s rises on ea* bank to a height ( #bdj feet1 & c>ry a susp5d$ truss$ gird] #ecj feet long at a level ( #aej feet above high-wat] m>k4 ,! c>1 giv+ accommodation = #bjj pass5g]s 7x does n h&le vehicles71 hangs on ! end ( cables #acj feet long1 & is propell$ by a /eam-eng9e situat$ 9 "o ( ! t[]s4 ,motion is controll$ by ! c>-conductor1 :o is connect$ electrically ) ! eng9e-room4 ,! l(ty t[]s are support$ on ! l&w>d side by /\t /eel ropes firmly an*or$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,^! ropes are c>ri$ ov] ! gird] 9 ! famili> curve ( ! susp5sion bridge1 & atta*$ to x at regul> int]vals by v]tical /eel braces4 ,! co/ ( ! bridge--#cb1jjj--;comp>es fav\rably ) t ( any alt]native non-traffic-block+ s*eme1 & ! graceful1 airy l9es ( ! erection are by no means a blot on ! l&scape4 ,! second transbordeur is t ( ,r\51 already ref]r$ to4 ,its span is r less--#dfg feet--b ! susp5sion gird] lies high] by #ad feet4 ,! c> is #db feet long by #cf broad1 & weighs1 ) a full load1 #fj tons4 ,a passage1 :i* occupies #ee seconds1 co/s "o p5ny fir/ class1 "o halfp5ny second class2 :ile a vehicle & horses pay #b-a_/b;d4 to #d;d41 accord+ to weight4 ,! c> is propell$ by electricity1 "u ! control ( a man 9 ! conn+-t[] p]*$ on ! ro(4 ,at ,biz]ta we f9d ! ?ird fly+-f]ry1 :i* connects t t[n ) ,tunis1 ov] a n>r[ *annel betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea & two inl& lakes4 ,x replac$ a /eam-f]ry :i* _h done duty = ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,! lakes be+ an an*orage = w> vessels1 x 0 imp]ative t any bridge ov] ! /raits %\ld n int]rupt free +ress & egress4 ,?is bridge has a span ( #ejj feet1 & l t at ,bilbao is work$ by /eam4 ,light z ! /ructure appe>s1 x has )/ood a cyclone :i* did great damage 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x is report$ t ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t has decid$ to remove ! bridge to "s o!r port1 because its prom95ce w\ld make x s]ve z a range-f9d] = an enemy's cannon 9 "t ( w>4 ,its place w\ld be tak5 ei!r by a float+-bridge or by a subm>9e tunnel4 ,! ,nantes transport] ov] ! ,loire diff]s f its fell[s 9 "o respect1 viz4 t x is built on ! cantilev] or balance pr9ciple4 ,in/ead ( a s+le gird] spann+ ! space betwe5 ! t[]s1 x has ?ree gird]s1 ! two end ones be+ balanc$ on ! t[]s & an*or$ at _! l&w>d extremities by v]tical cables4 ,! gap betwe5 !m is bridg$ by a ?ird gird] ( b[ %ape1 :i* is /iff en\gh 9 itself to ne$ no c5tral support4 ,! motive p[] is electricity4 ,all ^! /ructures w soon be eclips$ by two ,engli% bridges3 ! "o ov] ! ,usk at ,newport1 ,monm\?%ire2 ! o!r ov] ! ,m]sey & ,man*e/] ,%ip ,canal at ,runcorn ,gap1 :]e ! riv] n>r[s to #a1bjj feet4 ,! fir/ ( ^! has t[]s #bej feet high & #fhe feet ap>t4 ,! gird]s w give #agj feet head-room above high-wat] m>k4 ,five hundr$ pass5g]s w be able to travel at "o "t on ! c>1 besides a numb] ( road vehicles1 & z ! passage is calculat$ to take only "o m9ute1 ! av]age velocity w exce$ eight miles an h\r4 ,! co/ has be5 set d[n at #fe1jjj1 or ab\t "o-?irtie? t ( a susp5sion bridge1 & "o-?ird t ( a bascule bridge4 ,! bridge is be+ built by ! ,fr5* eng9e]s responsible = ! ,r\5 transbordeur4 ,com+ to ! mu* m impos+ ,runcorn bridge we f9d ev5 ^! figures exce$$4 ,?is span is #a1jjj feet 9 l5g?4 ,! design]1 ,mr4 ,john ,j4 ,web/]1 has already made a "n ) ! ,great ,:eel :i*1 at ,e>l's ,c\rt1 ,london1 has giv5 _m ?\s&s ( pleasure-seek]s an a]ial trip above ! ro(s ( ! metropolis4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt by ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,ar*] 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,comm]ce describes ?is mammo? ( its k9d 9 "s detail3-- ,! two ma9 t[]s c>ry+ ! cables & ! /iff5+ gird]s are built1 "o on ! s\? side ( ! ,%ip ,canal1 & ! o!r on ! =e%ore on ! nor? bank ( ! riv]2 & ! approa*es consi/ ( new roadways1 ne>ly flat1 built betwe5 /one & concrete reta9+ walls z f> z ! wat]'s edge1 & a corrugat$ /eel floor+1 ^u :i* are laid ! timb] blocks on concrete1 re/+ on /eel elliptical gird]s & ca/-iron columns4 ,! roadway 9 front ( ! t[]s is wid5$ out to #gj feet1 = m>%all+ ! traffic1 & = provid+ space = wait+-rooms1 etc4 ,! t[]s are con/ruct$ :olly ( /eel1 rise #aij feet above high-wat] level1 & are bolt$ firmly to ! ca/-iron cyl9d]s bel[4 ,ea* t[] consi/s ( f\r legs1 spac$ #cj feet ap>t at ! base1 & ea* pair ( t[]s are #gj feet ap>t1 & are brac$ toge!r ) /rong horizontal & diagonal frames4 ,ea* ( ! two ma9 cables consi/s ( #ai /eel ropes b\nd toge!r1 ea* rope be+ built up ( #abg wires #jaf in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! ends ( ! cable back/ays are an*or$ into ! solid rock on ea* side ( ! riv]1 ab\t #cj feet f ! rock surface4 ,! weight ( ! ma9 cables is ab\t #bdc tons1 & f !m are susp5d$ two longitud9al /iff5+ gird]s1 #ah feet deep1 & plac$ #ce feet ap>t horizontally1 ! und]side ( ! gird]s be+ #hb feet above ! level ( high wat]4444 ,^u ! l[] flange ( ! /iff5+ gird]s are fix$ ! rails ^u :i* runs ! travell]1 f :i* is susp5d$ ! c>4 ,! travell] is #gg feet long1 & is c>ri$ by sixte5 :eels on ea* rail4 ,x is propell$ by two electric motors ( ab\t #ce horse-p[] ea*4444 ,! c> w be capable ( hold+ at "o "t f\r l>ge wagons & #cjj pass5g]s1 ! latt] be+ protect$ f ! wea!r by a glaz$ %elt]4444 ,! "t occupi$ by ! c> 9 cross+ w be #b-a_/d m9utes1 s1 all[+ = ! "t sp5t 9 load+ & unload+1 x w be capable ( mak+ n9e or t5 trips p] h\r4 ,?is bridge1 :5 complet$1 w h ! l>ge/ span ( any bridge 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom design$ = c>ry+ road traffic1 ! cle> space ov] ! ,m]sey & ,%ip ,canal be+ #a1jjj feet4444 ,! total co/ ( ! /ructure1 includ+ ,p>liam5t>y exp5ses1 w be ab\t #aej1jjj4 ,mr4 ,ar*] adds t1 9 spite ( prophecies ( disa/r\s collisions betwe5 transport] c>s & pass+ %ips1 !re has up to date be5 no accid5t ( any k9d4 ,to ^? 9 se>* ( a new s5sation ! exp]i5ce ( skimm+ swiftly a few feet above ! wat] may be recomm5d$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,boat ,,& ,,%ip ,,rais+ ,,lifts ,9 mod]n locomotion1 :e!r by l& or wat]1 x becomes increas+ly necess>y to keep ! way unob/ruct$ :]e traffic is conf9$ to ! n>r[ limits ( a pair ( rails1 a road1 or a canal *annel4 ,we wid5 our roads2 we d\ble & quadruple our rails4 ,canals are1 z a rule1 n alt]able except at imm5se co/2 & if1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 !y 7 n built broad en\gh = ! "w t !y are aft]w>ds call$ ^u to d1 mu* ( _! bus9ess mu/ pass to rival me?ods ( transportation4 ,mod]n canals1 su* z ! ,man*e/] & ,kiel canals1 7 giv5 g5]\s proportions to />t )1 z _! purpose 0 to pass ocean-go+ %ips1 & = _m ye>s x w n be necess>y to enl>ge !m4 ,! ,suez ,canal has be5 wid5$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 by means ( dr$g]s1 :i* easily scoop out ! s&y soil ?r\gh :i* x runs & deposit x on ! banks4 ,b ! ,cor9? ,canal1 cut ?r\gh solid rock1 _c be ?us economically exp&$1 & z a result x has prov$ a comm]cial failure4 ,ev5 if a canal be ( full capacity 9 its *annel-way !re are po9ts at :i* its traffic is ?rottl$4 ,h[ev] g5tly ! c\ntry x trav]ses may slope1 !re mu/ occur at int]vals ! necessity ( mak+ a lock = transf]r+ vessels f "o level to ! o!r4 ,sometimes ! asc5t or desc5t is effect$ by a s]ies ( /eps1 or flight ( locks1 on acc\nt ( ! magnitude ( ! fall2 & 9 su* cases ! loss ( "t becomes a s]i\s addition to ! co/ ( transport4 ,9 sev]al in/ances eng9e]s h got ov] ! difficulty by +5i\s hydraulic lifts1 :i* 9 a few m9utes pass a boat ?r\gh a p]p5dicul> di/ance ( _m feet4 ,at ,&]ton1 :]e ! ,tr5t & ,m]sey ,canal meets ! ,weav] ,navigation1 b>ges up to #ajj tons displacem5t are rais$ fifty feet4 ,two tr\ghs1 ea* weigh+ ) _! cont5ts #bdj tons1 are c>ri$ by two ca/-iron rams plac$ "u _! c5tres1 ! cyl9d]s ( :i* are connect$ by pip+4 ,:5 bo? tr\ghs are full ! pressure on ! rams is equal1 & no movem5t results2 b if six in*es ( wat] be transf]r$ f ! "o to ! o!r1 ! heavi] at once =ces up ! light]4 ,at ,font9ettes1 on ! ,neufosse ,canal1 9 ,france1 at ,la ,l\vire1 9 ,belgium1 & at ,pet]bor\gh1 9 ,canada1 simil> in/allations are f\nd2 ! la/ h&l+ vessels ( #djj tons ?r\gh a rise ( #fe feet4 ,f9e eng9e]+ feats z ^! are1 !y d n equal ! canal-lift on ! ,dortmund-,ems ,canal1 :i* puts ,dortmund 9 direct wat] communication ) ! ,elbe1 & op5s ! coal & iron deposits ( ! ,rh9e & ,upp] ,silesia to ! busy manufactur+ di/rict ly+ betwe5 ^! two localities4 ,ab\t t5 miles f its ea/]n extremity ! ma9 rea* ( ! canal =ks (f at ,he9ri*5burg1 f ! nor?w>d bran* runn+ to ,dortmund1 its level be+ on ! av]age "s #di feet l[] ?an ! bran*4 ,= ! transf]5ce ( boats an up & d[n l9e ( f\r locks ea* w\ld h be5 ne$$2 & ap>t f ! inevitable two h\rs' delay = lock+1 ?is me?od w\ld h entail$ ! loss ( a great quantity ( preci\s wat]4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,g]dau1 a prom95t eng9e] ( ,dsseldorf-,graf5burg1 !re=e sugge/$ an hydraulic lift1 :i* %\ld accommodate boats ( #gjj tons1 & pass !m f ! "o level to ! o!r 9 five m9utes4 ,?is s*eme 0 approv$1 & has rec5tly be5 complet$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! lift is z foll[s3--,a tr\gh1 #bcc feet long1 re/s on five v]tical supports1 !mselves c>ri$ by z _m holl[ cyl9drical floats mov+ up & d[n 9 deep wells full ( wat]4 ,! buoyancy ( ! five floats is j equal to ! comb9$ weight ( ! tr\gh & its load1 s t a comp>atively small =ce causes ! latt] to rise or fall1 z requir$4 ,by lett+ (f wat] f ! tr\gh--:i* is1 ( c\rse1 furni%$ ) doors to seal its ends--x w\ld be made to asc5d2 :ile ! addition ( a few tons w\ld cause a desc5t4 ,b ?is w\ld mean wa/e ( wat]2 &1 7 ! tr\gh n o!rwise gov]n$1 a s]i\s accid5t might happ5 if a float sprang a leak4 ,motion is !re=e imp>t$ to ! tr\gh by f\r huge v]tical screws1 re/+ on solid masonry pi]s1 & turn+ 9 l>ge coll>s atta*$ to ! tr\gh ne> its corn]s4 ,all ! screws "w 9 unison ?r\gh ge>+1 z !y are suffici5tly /\t to be> ! :ole load2 ev5 7 ! floats remov$1 no tilt+ or sudd5 fall is possible4 ,! screws are driv5 by an electric motor ( #aej horse-p[]1 p]*$ on ! gird]s jo9+ ! tops ( f\r /eel t[]s :i* act z guides = ! tr\gh to move 91 :ile !y absorb all w9d-pressure4 ,"u normal circum/ances ! tr\gh rises or s9ks at a spe$ ( f\r in*es p] second4 ,! total mass 9 motion--tr\gh1 wat]1 boat1 & floats--is #c1ajj tons4 ,our ideas ( a float d n ord9>ily rise above ! small cork :i* we take ) u :5 we g a-fi%+1 or at ! mo/ above ! buoy :i* bobs up & d[n to m>k a fair-way4 ,^! five floats--s call$--belong to a v mu* l>g] class ( creations4 ,ea* is #cj feet across inside & #df-a_/b feet high4 ,_! wells1 #ach feet deep1 are l9$ ) concrete ne>ly a y>d ?ick1 to ensure absolute wat]-tightness1 inside ! /\t iron cas+s1 :i* rise #hb feet above ! bottom4 ,9 view ( ! imm5se weight :i* !y h to c>ry1 ! pi]s "u ! screw-sp9dles are extremely solid4 ,at its base ea* measures #ad feet by #ab feet #d in*es1 & tap]s upw>ds = #cf feet till ^! dim5sions h contract$ to #h feet #aj in*es by #f feet #f in*es4 ,! sp9dles1 #hj feet long & #aa in*es 9 diamet]1 mu/ be f\r ( ! l>ge/ screws 9 exi/5ce4 ,to make x absolutely c]ta9 t !y conta9$ no flaws1 a #d-;in* c5tral hole 0 drill$ ?r\gh !m longitud9ally--ano!r consid]able work%op feat4 ,if %afts ( su* l5g? 7 left unsupport$ :5 ! tr\gh 0 at its highe/ po9t1 !re w\ld be dang] ( _! b5d+ & break+2 & !y are1 !re=e1 provid$ ) f\r slid+ coll>s ea*1 connect$ ea* to its fell[ by a rod4 ,:5 ! tr\gh has ris5 a fif? ( its travel ! fir/ rod lifts ! fir/ coll>1 :i* moves 9 ! guide-pill>s4 ,?is 9 turn raises ! second2 ! second ! ?ird2 & s on4 ,s t by ! "t ! tr\gh is fully rais$ ea* sp9dle is kept 9 l9e by f\r int]m$iate supports4 ,! tr\gh1 #bcc feet long by #cd-a_/b feet wide1 w receive a vessel #bbc feet long betwe5 p]p5dicul>s4 ,x has a rectangul> section1 & is built up ( /\t plates laid on /rong cross-gird]s1 all c>ri$ by a s+le huge longitud9al gird] re/+ on ! float columns4 ,"o ( ! mo/ difficult problems insep>able f a /ructure ( ?is k9d is ! provision ( a wat]-tight jo9t betwe5 ! tr\gh & ! upp] & l[] rea*es ( ! canal4 ,at ea* end ( ! tr\gh is a slid+ door fac$ on its out] edges ) indi>ubb]1 :i* ! pressure ( ! wat] inside holds tightly aga9/ flanges :5 pressure on ! outside is remov$4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! canal rea*es h simil> doors2 b z x w\ld be impossible to arrange ?+s s accurately t ! two sets ( flanges %\ld be wat]-tight1 a w$ge1 %ap$ l a big ,u1 & fac$ on bo? sides ) rubb]1 is int]pos$4 ,! w$ge at ! l[] rea* gate is ?icke/ at ! bottom2 ! upp] w$ge ! rev]se2 s t ! tr\gh 9 bo? cases jams x tight z x comes to re/4 ,! w$ges c be rais$ or l[]$ 9 accordance ) ! fluctuations ( ! canals4 ,aft] ?us briefly outl9+ ! ma9 con/ructional features ( ! lift1 let u wat* a boat pass ?r\gh f ! l[] to ! upp] level4 ,x is a /eam] ( #fjj tons burd51 q a =midable craft to meet s f> inl&2 :ile "s di/ance away x bl[s a w>n+ :i/le1 & ! motor-man at 8 po/ moves a lev] :i* sets ! screw 9 motion4 ,! tr\gh s9ks until x has rea*$ ! prop] level1 :5 ! curr5t is automatically brok51 & x s9ks no fur!r4 ,its travel is ?us controllable to )9 #c_/af ( an in*4 ,an int]lock+ arrangem5t makes x impossible to op5 ! tr\gh or rea* gates until ! tr\gh has settl$ or ris5 to ! level ( ! wat] outside4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! motor driv+ ! lift+ screws _c be />t$ until ! gates h be5 clos$1 s t an accid5tal flood+ ( ! c\ntryside is amply provid$ aga9/4 ,a man n[ turns ! crank ( a w9* on ! canal bank & unlocks ! canal gate4 ,a second twi/ c\ples ! gates betwe5 ! canal & ! tr\gh toge!r & />ts ! lift+-motors ov]head1 :i* raise ! tw5ty-eight ton mass tw5ty-?ree feet cle> ( ! wat]-level4 ,! boat ent]s2 ! doors are l[]$ & unc\pl$2 ! rea* gate is lock$4 ,! sp9dle-motor n[ />ts2 up %e goes1 & ! process ( c\pl+ & rais+ gates is repeat$ be=e %e is releas$ into ! upp] rea*4 ,f />t to f9i% ! transf] occupies ab\t five m9utes4 ,if a boat is n self-propell$1 electric cap/ans help x to ent] & leave ! tr\gh4 ,su* a vessel c\ld n be pass$ ?r\gh 9 less ?an tw5ty m9utes4 ,putt+ on "o side ! %ip dry docks1 :i* c raise a #ae1jjj ton vessel cle> ( ! sea1 ! ,dortmund hydraulic lift is ! l>ge/ lift 9 ! _w1 & ! novelty ( its design w1 x is hop$1 r5d] ! above acc\nt acceptable to ! read]4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ano!r canal lift may be notic$--t on ! ,gr& ,junction ,canal at ,foxton1 ,leice/]%ire--:i* has replac$ a sy/em ( t5 locks1 to raise b>ges ?r\gh a height ( #ge feet4 ,! new me?od is ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,g4 & ,c4 ,b4 ,j4 ,?omas4 ,9 pr9ciple x consi/s ( an incl9$ railway1 hav+ eight rails1 f\r = ! up & z _m = ! d[n traffic4 ,on ea* set ( f\r rails runs a tank m\nt$ on eight :eels1 :i* is connect$ ) a simil> tank on ! o!r set by #g-;in* /eel-wire ropes pass+ r\nd w9d+ drums at ! top ( ! incl9e4 ,! tanks are ?us balanc$4 ,at ! foot ( ! incl9e a b>ge :i* has to asc5d is float$ into :i*ev] tank may be ready to receive x1 & ! end gate is clos$4 ,an eng9e is !n />t$1 & ! lad5 tank slides broadside on up ! #cjj-;foot slope4 ,! summit be+ rea*$1 ! tank gates are br\ght into regi/] ) ^? ( ! upp] rea*1 & z soon z !y h be5 op5$ ! boat floats out into ! upp] canal4 ,boats ( #gj tons c be ?us transf]r$ 9 ab\t twelve m9utes1 at a co/ ( b a few p5ce ea*4 ,on a busy day #f1jjj tons are h&l$4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,mr4 ,gordon ,?omas4 ,a ,,boat ,,lift ,a canal b>ge lift :i* has sup]s$$ t5 locks at ,foxton1 ,leice/]%ire4 ,two tanks1 balanc+ "o ano!r1 run on sep>ate tracks up & d[n an incl9e4 ,at ! bottom & top ( ! incl9e ! tank is subm]g$ s t a b>ge may float 9 or out4 ,a ,,%ip-,,rais+ ,,lift ,! writ] has treat$ "o =m ( lift = rais+ %ips out ( ! wat]--! float+ dry dock--else:]e1#ba s 8 rem>ks 9 ?is place w be conf9$ to me*anism :i*1 hav+ its f\ndations on ,"m ,e>?1 heaves mighty vessels out ( _! prop] elem5t by ! =ce ( hydraulic pressure4 ,look+ r\nd = a good example ( an hydraulic %ip-lift1 we select t ( ! ,union ,ironworks1 ,san ,francisco4 ,"s ye>s ago ! works 7 mov$ f ! he>t ( ! city to ! edge ( ,mission ,bay1 ) ! object ( c>ry+ on a l>ge bus9ess 9 m>9e eng9e]+ & %ipbuild+4 ,= su* a purpose a dry dock1 :i* 9 a %ort "t w lift a vessel cle> ( ! wat] = clean+ or repairs1 is ( great importance to bo? own]s & workm54 ,by ! c\rtesy ( ! proprietors ( ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e we are all[$ to app5d ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ?is int]e/+ lift4 ,! site available = a dock at ! ,union ,ironworks 0 a mud-flat4 ,! dep? ( s(t mud be+ f #hj to #ij feet1 w\ld r5d] ! work+ ( a grav+ dock 7i4e4 "o dug out ( ! gr\nd & pump$ dry :5 ! entrance doors h be5 clos$7 v disagreeable2 z su* docks1 :]e mu* mud is c>ri$ 9 ) ! wat]1 require a long "t to be clean$ & to dry out4 ,plans 7 !re=e prep>$ by ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,dickie = an hydraulic dock1 includ+ an automatic control1 :i* ! design] felt confid5t w\ld meet all ! requirem5ts ( ! situation1 & :i*1 aft] c>eful consid]ation1 ! ,union ,ironworks decid$ to build4 ,"w 0 begun 9 ,janu>y1 #ahhf1 & ! dock 0 op5$ = bus9ess on ,june #ae?1 #ahhg--;a v f9e record4 ,?is dock consi/s ( a plat=m built ( cross & longitud9al /eel gird]s1 #fb feet wide & #ddj feet long1 hav+ keel blocks & slid+ bilge blocks ^u :i* ! %ip to be lift$ re/s4 ,! lift+ p[] is g5]at$ by a set ( f\r /eam-driv51 s+le-act+ horizontal plung] pumps1 ! diamet] ( ! plung]s be+ #c-a_/b in*es & ! /roke #cf in*es4 ,=ty /rokes p] m9ute is ! regul> spe$4 ,!re is a weight$ accumulator1 or regulator1 connect$ ) ! pumps1 ! ?rottle valve ( ! eng9es be+ controll$ by ! accumulator4#bb ,! load on ! accumulator consi/s ( a numb] ( flat discs ( metal1 ! fir/ "o ab\t #ad in*es ?ick & ! o!rs ab\t #d in*es ?ick1 ! diamet] be+ ab\t #d feet4 ,! fir/ disc gives a pressure ( #cjj lbs4 p] squ>e in*4 ,?is is suffici5t to lift ! dock plat=m )\t a %ip1 & is always kept on4 ,9 lift+ a %ip1 z %e comes out ( ! wat] & gets heavi] on ! plat=m1 additional discs are tak5 on by ! accumulator ram z requir$4 ,! discs are susp5d$ by p9s on ! side cat*+ into l9ks ( a *a94 ,! eng9e]1 to take on ano!r disc1 unhooks ! ?rottle f ! accumulator rod1 runs ! eng9e a little above ! normal spe$1 ! accumulator rises & takes ! weight ( ! disc to be add$2 ! l9k c>ry+ t disc is ?us reliev$ & is )drawn4 ,! eng9e] aga9 hooks ! accumulator rod to ! eng9e ?rottle1 & ! :ole is self-act+ aga9 until ano!r weight is requir$4 ,:5 all ! discs are on ! ram ! full pressure ( #a1ajj lbs4 p] squ>e in* is rea*$1 :i* enables a %ip ( #d1jjj tons weight to be rais$4 ,!re are eighte5 hydraulic rams on ea* side ( ! dock4 ,^! rams are ea* #cj in*es 9 diamet] & h a /roke ( #af feet2 & z ! plat=m rises #b feet = #a foot movem5t ( ! rams1 ! total v]tical movem5t ( ! plat=m is #cb feet4 ,:5 l[]$ to ! l[e/ limit !re are #bb feet ( wat] ov] ! keel blocks at high tide4 ,! f\ndations consi/ ( sev5ty-two cyl9d]s ( iron1 :i* ext5d f ! top gird]s to sev]al feet bel[ ! mud l9e4 ,^! cyl9d]s are driv5 full ( piles1 no pile be+ %ort] ?an #ij feet4 ,! cyl9d]s are to protect ! piles f ! t]$o 7! timb]-bor+ worm71 :i* is v de/ructive 9 ,san ,francisco ,h>b\r4 ,a heavy ca/-iron cap completes ea* ( ! f\ndation pi]s1 & two heavy /eel gird]s ext5d ! full l5g? ( ! dock on ea* side1 re/+ on ! f\ndation pi]s & unit+ !m all longitud9ally4 ,! hydraulic cyl9d]s are c>ri$ by l>ge ca/+s re/+ on ! gird]s1 ea* hav+ a c5tral op5+ to receive a cyl9d]1 :i* passes d[n betwe5 ! pi]s4 ,!re are ?irty-six f\ndation pi]s1 & eighte5 hydraulic cyl9d]s on ea* side ( ! dock4 ,on ! top ( ea* hydraulic ram is a heavy %eave or pulley1 #f feet 9 diamet]1 ov] :i* pass eight /eel cables1 #b in*es 9 diamet]1 mak+ 9 all #bhh cables4 ,"o end ( ea* cable is an*or$ 9 ! b$-plates support+ ! hydraulic cyl9d]s1 :ile ! o!r end is secur$ to ! side gird]s ( ! plat=m4 ,ea* ( ! cables has be5 te/$ ) a load ( #hj tons1 s t ! total te/ load = ! ropes has be5 #ba1jjj tons4 ,9 lift+ a %ip ! load is nev] ev5ly di/ribut$ on ! plat=m4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 (t5 m ?an "o %ip on ! plat=m at once4 ,"s rams1 !re=e1 may h a full load & o!rs mu* less4 ,"u ^! conditions1 to keep ! plat=m a true plane1 irrespective ( ! irregul> di/ribution ( ! load1 ,mr4 ,dickie design$ a special valve ge> to make ! action ( ! dock p]fectly automatic4 ,d[n ea* side ( ! dock a %aft is c>ri$1 op]at$ by a special eng9e 9 ! p[] h\se4 ,at ea* hydraulic ram ?is %aft c>ries a worm1 ge>+ ) a worm-:eel on a v]tical screw ext5d+ ! full height rea*$ by ! /roke ( ! ram4 ,?is screw works 9 a nut on ! end ( a lev]1 ! o!r end ( :i* is atta*$ to ! ram4 ,betwe5 ! two po9ts ( support a rod1 work+ ! valves--also c>ri$ by ! ram--engages ) ! lev]4 ,if at a giv5 mom5t ! screw-end is rais$1 say1 six in*es1 ! lev] op5s ! valve4 ,z ! ram rises1 ! lev]1 hav+ its o!r end simil>ly lift$ by ! rise1 gradually assumes a horizontal position1 & ! valve closes4 ,to lift ! dock ! eng9e work+ ! valve %aft is />t$1 & ) x ! op]at+ screws4 ,^!1 ?r\gh ! lev]s1 op5 ! inlet valves4 ,! rams n[ beg9 to move up3 if any "o has a light load x w move up ahead ( ! o!r1 b 9 do+ s x lifts ! o!r end ( ! lev] & closes ! valve4 ,9 fact1 ! screws are cont9ually op5+ ! valves1 :ile ! motion ( ! rams is cont9ually clos+ !m1 s t no ram c move ahead ( its screw1 & ! spe$ ( ! screw det]m9es ! rate ( movem5t ( ! lift+ plat=m4 ,to l[] ! dock1 ! eng9e op]at+ ! valve %aft is rev]s$1 & ! screws & lev]s !n control ! outlet valves z !y controll$ ! inlet valves 9 rais+4 ,:5 ! plat=m has rea*$ ! limit ( its movem5t1 a l9e ( locks on top ( ! f\ndation gird]s1 ?irty-six on ea* side1 are pu%$ "u ! plat=m by an hydraulic cyl9d]1 & ! plat=m is l[]$ on to !m1 :]e x re/s until ! "w is done on ! %ip2 !n ! plat=m is aga9 lift$1 ! locks are drawn back1 & ! plat=m ) its load is l[]$ until ! %ip floats out4 ,all ! op]ations are automatic4 ,s9ce ! dock 0 op5$ well ov] a ?\s& %ips h be5 lift$ 9 x )\t any accid5t :atev]2 ! total regi/] tonnage approa*+ #b1jjj1jjj4 ,! great fav\r 9 :i* ! dock is held by %ip[n]s & capta9s is p>tly due to ! fact already m5tion$1 t ! %ip is lift$ above ! level ( tide wat]1 :]e ! air c circulate freely "u ! bottom1 ?us quickly tak+ up all ! moi/ure1 & :]e ! workm5 c c>ry on op]ations ) great] com=t4 ,:5 ext5sive repairs h to be und]tak5 on iron or /eel vessels1 ! fact t ?is dock =ms "p ( an ext5sive %ipbuild+ plant1 & is locat$ "r 9 ! y>d1 enables su* repairs to be execut$ ) despat* & economy4 ,sev]al l>ge /eam%ips h _h ! "u-wat] portions ( _! hulls practically rebuilt 9 ?is dock4 ,! /eam%ip ,columbia1 ( ! ,oregon ,l9e1 _h practically a new bottom1 includ+ ! :ole ( ! keel1 complet$ 9 tw5ty-six days4 ,?is is possible1 because e facility is alongside ! dock & ! bottom ( ! vessel is on a level ) ! y>d4 ,?is be+ ! only hydraulic dock controll$ automatically 79 #ahig71 x has attract$ a l>ge am\nt ( att5tion f eng9e]+ exp]ts 9 ?is class ( "w4 ,engli%1 ,fr5*1 ,g]man1 & ,russian eng9e]s h visit$ ! ,union ,iron ,works to /udy its work+1 & _! reports h done mu* to br+ ! facilities (f]$ to %ipp+ = repairs by ! ,union ,iron ,works to ! notice ( %ip[n]s all ! _w ov]4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,eng9e]+1 pp4 #chc foll4 #bb ,= explanation ( ! accumulator1 see ! *apt] on ,hydraulic ,tools 7p4 #ha74 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,a ,,self-,,mov+ ,,/aircase ,at ! ,am]ican ,exhibition1 held 9 ! ,cry/al ,palace 9 #aijb1 !re 0 %[n a /aircase :i*1 on paym5t ( a p5ny1 transport$ any suffici5tly d>+ p]son f ! gr\nd-floor to ! gall]y above4 ,all t ! exp]im5t]s _h to d 0 to /ep boldly on1 take hold ( ! balu/rade1 :i* mov$ at an equal pace ) ! /airs1 & /ep (f :5 ! upp] level 0 rea*$4 ,! escalator 7,lat9 scalae flight ( /airs7 hails f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is prov+ a s]i\s rival to ! elevator4 ,9 pr9ciple1 x is a cont9u\sly work+ lift1 ! sl[ travel ( :i* is m ?an comp5sat$ by ! fact t x is always available4 ,! ord9>y elevator is v useful 9 a l>ge bus9ess or comm]cial h\se1 :]e x saves ! legs ( p :o1 if !y _h to tramp up flight aft] flight ( /airs1 w\ld probably n sp5d s mu* money z !y w\ld be ready to "p ) if _! v]tical travel f "o floor to ano!r 0 entirely free ( ef=t4 ,b ! ord9>y lift is1 l a railway1 int]mitt5t4 ,we all "k :at x means to /& at ! grille & wat* ! cage slide d[nw>ds on its j\rney (1 p]haps1 f\r floors1 :5 we want to g to a floor high] up4 ,r ?an face ! delay we use our legs4 ,!oretically1 !re=e1 a l>ge emporium %\ld conta9 at lea/ two lifts4 ,if ! numb] be fur!r increas$1 ! w\ld-be pass5g] w h a /ill bett] *ance ( gett+ (f at once4 ,?us at ! /ation ( ! ,c5tral ,london ,railway we h to wait b a v few seconds be=e a grille is ?r[n back & an att5dant invites u to ,hurry up !re1 please6 ,yet !re is delay :ile ! cage is be+ fill$4 ,! actual j\rney occupies b a small fraction ( ! "t :i* elapses betwe5 ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ pass5g] ent]s ! lift at ! "o end ( ! trip & ! mom5t :5 ! la/ p]son leaves x at ! o!r end4 ,9 a build+ :]e ! lift /ops e fifte5 feet or s to take p on or put !m (f1 ! wa/e ( "t is /ill m acc5tuat$4 ,! escalator is always ready4 ,y /ep on & are transport$ "o /age4 ,a second /aircase takes y on at once if y desire x4 ,!re is no delay4 ,fur!rmore1 ! room occupi$ by a s+le escalator is mu* less ?an t occupi$ by ! numb] ( lifts requir$ to give any?+ l an equally effici5t s]vice4 ,9 l>ge ,am]ican /ores1 !n1 x is com+ into fav\r1 & also on ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railway ( ,new ,york4 ,:5 once ! little n]v\sness accompany+ ! fir/ use has worn (f1 x eclipses ! lift4 ,a writ] 9 ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e says3 ,9 "o l>ge retail /ore dur+ ! holiday season m ?an #f1jjj p]sons p] h\r h be5 c>ri$ ^u ! escalator = five h\rs ( ! day1 & ! aggregate = an entire day is believ$ to be #ej1jjj4 ,9 ! same /ore on an ord9>y day ! pass5g]s alight+ at ! second floor f ! eight l>ge lifts1 :i* run f ! basem5t to ! fif? floor1 7 c\nt$1 likewise ! numb] at ! escalator4 ,?is latt] 0 f\nd to be #hei p] c5t4 ( ! numb] deliv]$ by ! eight lifts4 ,9 ano!r e/abli%m5t1 9 a v busy h\r1 ! numb] tak5 f ! fir/ floor by ! escalator 0 f\r times ! numb] tak5 f ! fir/ floor by ! f\rte5 lifts1 :i* 7 runn+ at _! maximum capacity4 ,to ! m]*ant ?is spells opportunity = bus9ess4 ,! exp]i5ce at ! ,tw5ty-?ird ,/reet & ,six? ,av5ue /ation ( ! ,manhattan ,elevat$ ,railway 9 ,new ,york1 dur+ a rec5t %ut-d[n ( ! escalator1 :i* has be5 9 s]vice = "s "t1 is int]e/+ z %[+ ! attitude ( ! public1 ( :i* _m millions h be5 c>ri$ by ! in/allation dur+ ! sev]al ye>s ( its op]ation4 ,! daily traffic receipts ( ?is /ation = a p]iod beg9n+ sev]al weeks be=e ! %ut-d[n & ext5d+ z _m aft]1 = ! ye>s #aijc & #aijb1 & receipts ( ! adjac5t /ations = ! same p]iod 7 c>efully plott$ 444 & ! loss area dur+ ! p]iod ( %ut-d[n 0 det]m9$4 ,! loss area 0 f\nd to embrace #fd1fde f>es4 ,x 01 fur!rmore1 daily a matt] ( obs]vation t numb]s ( p1 f9d+ t ! escalator 0 n runn+1 refus$ to climb ! /airs1 & turn$ away f ! /ation4 ,9 ! case ( a great /ore1 ! escalator may be con/ruct$ z "o cont9u\s ma*9e1 ) l&+s at ea* floor1 & s arrang$ t /eps :i* c>ry pass5g]s up may p]=m a l s]vice 9 c>ry+ o!rs d[n2 or sep>ate ma*9es may be in/all$ 9 v>i\s locations af=d+ ! be/ opportunity = display+ m]*&ise to ! cu/om] :o may be proce$+ f ! l[] to ! upp] floor4 ,9 ! case ( a six-/orey build+ s equipp$ ) escalator s]vice 9 bo? directions1 or 9 all t5 escalator flights1 x is obvi\s t ! facilities are equal to an impossible numb] ( elevators2 & z facility ( access has a direct be>+ ^u opportunities = bus9ess1 x may well be argu$ t ! relative value1 measur$ by r5t1 ( ! ma9 & upp] floors is greatly *ang$4 ,ea* /ep 9 a /aircase has two p>ts--! tread or horizontal bo>d on :i* ! foot is plac$1 & ! v]tical ris] :i* acts bo? z a support to ! tread above & also prev5ts ! foot f slipp+ "u ! tread4 ,9 ! escalator ea* tread is atta*$ rigidly to its ris]1 & ! two toge!r =m an indep5d5t unit4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( pass5g]s 9 /epp+ on or (f at ! upp] & l[] l&+s1 ! treads 9 ^! places are all 9 ! same horizontal plane4 ,z !y approa* ! incl9e ! ris]s gradually appe>1 & ! treads sep>ate v]tically4 ,at ! top ( ! incl9e ! process is gradually rev]s$1 ! ris]s disappe>+ until ! treads once m =m a horizontal belt4 ,! means ( effect+ ?is *ange is mo/ +5i\s4 ,ea* tread & its ris] is c>ri$ on a c\ple ( v]tical triangul> brackets1 "o at ea* side ( ! /aircase4 ,! base ( ! bracket is upp]mo/1 to engage ) ! tread1 & its apex has a hole ?r\gh :i* passes a transv]se b>1 :i* 9 its c5tral "p =ms a p9 9 ! l9k-*a9 by :i* p[] is transmitt$ to ! escalator4 ,naturally1 ! /ep w\ld tip ov]4 ,?is is prev5t$ by a yoke atta*$ to ea* end ( ! b>1 at "r angles to x & p>allel to ! tread4 ,! yoke has at ea* extremity a small :eel runn+ on its own rail--!re be+ two rails = ea* side ( ! /aircase4 ,s9ce /ep1 brackets1 b>1 & yoke are all rigidly jo9$ toge!r1 ! /ep is unable to leave ! horizontal1 b its relation to ! /eps above & bel[ is det]m9$ by ! arrangem5t ( ! rails on :i* ! yoke :eels run4 ,:5 ^! are 9 ! same plane1 all ! yokes1 & consequ5tly ! treads1 w also be 9 ! same plane4 ,b at ! incl9e1 :]e ! inn] rail gradually s9ks l[] ?an its fell[1 ! front :eel ( "o tread is l[] ?an ! front :eel ( ! next1 & ! ris]s appe>4 ,x may be add$ t1 ow+ to ! d\ble track at ea* side ( ! /aircase1 ! back :eel ( "o tread does n int]f]e ) ! front :eel ( t bel[2 & t on ! level !y come abrea/ )\t jo/l+1 z ! yoke is b5t4 ,! *a91 ( :i* ! /ep-b>s =m p9s1 travels "u ! c5tre ( ! /aircase4 ,x is made up ( l9ks eighte5 in*es long1 hav+1 9 addition to ! b>s1 a numb] ( /eel cross-p9s #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet]1 _! axes ?ree in*es ap>t1 s t ! *a9 z a :ole has a ?ree-in* pit*4 ,! hubs ( ! l9ks are bu%$ ) bronze1 & h a graphite inlay1 :i* makes !m self-lubricat+4 ,e jo9t is turn$ to )9 #a_/a1jjj in* ( absolute accuracy4 ,! tracks are ( /eel & h>dwood1 insulat$ f ! ironwork :i* supports !m by %eets ( rubb]4 ,! :eels are s con/ruct$ z to be practically noiseless1 s t z a :ole ! escalator works v quietly4 ,x has be5 obs]v$1 says ! au?ority already quot$1 t beg9n]s take pa9s to /ep ^u a s+le tread1 & t aft] a little exp]i5ce no att5tion :atev] is giv5 to ! foot+1 ow+ to ! facility ( adapt+ oneself to ! situation4 ,! upp] l&+ is some:at long]1 !reby af=d+ an int]val = /epp+ (f at ei!r side ( suffici5t duration to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ag$ & infirm4 ,! sole function ( ! travell+ l&+ is to provide a "t int]val to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! sl[e/-act+ pass5g]1 & n ( ! al]t4 ,! t]m9al ( ! exit l&+1 be x top or bottom 7= ! escalator op]ates equally well = ei!r asc5t or desc5t71 is a b>ri]1 call$ ! %unt1 ( :i* ! l[] memb] travels horizontally 9 a plane oblique to ! direction ( movem5t ( ! /eps1 & at a spe$ proportionately great]1 !reby imp>t+ a "r-angle resultant to ! p]son or ob/acle on ! /ep :i* may come 9 contact ) ! %unt4 ,by reason ( ?is resultant motion1 ! p]son or ob/acle is g5tly pu%$ (f ! end ( ! /ep ^u ! floor1 )\t %ock or injury 9 ! slighte/ degree4 ,! motion ( ! escalator is s smoo? & con/ant t x does n int]pose ! lea/ ob/acle to ! free movem5t ( ! pass5g]1 :o may walk 9 ei!r direction or assume any attitude to ! same degree z ^u a /ation>y /aircase4 ,at ,clevel&1 ,u4,s4,a41 !re has be5 erect$ a roll+ roadway1 consi/+ ( an incl9$ endless belt & plat=m made ( planks eight feet long1 plac$ transv]sely across ! roadway4 ,! timb]s are fa/5$ toge!r 9 trucks ( two planks ea*1 adjo9+ trucks be+ jo9$ by heavy l9ks to =m a mov+ roadway1 :i* runs on #d1jjj small :eels4 ,at ea* end ! roadway1 :i* is cont9u\s1 passes r\nd enorm\s roll]s4 ,its total l5g? is #dbj feet1 & ! rise #fe feet4 ,f\r electric motors plac$ at regul> int]vals along its l5g?1 & all controll$ by "o man at ! head ( ! incl9e1 drive x at ?ree miles an h\r4 ,x c accommodate six wagons at a "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,pneumatic ,,mail ,,tubes ,y put y\r money on ! c\nt]4 ,! %op assi/ant makes out a bill2 & y wond] :at he w d ) x next4 ,^! l>ge /ores "k no?+ ( an op5 till4 ,yet !re are no ca%i]s' desks visible2 nor any ov]head wires to :isk a c>ri] (f to "s corn] :]e a "y lady1 en?ron$ 9 a box1 controls all ! pecuni>y affairs ( t dep>tm5t4 ,:ile y are wond]+ ! assi/ant has wrapp$ ! co9 9 ! bill & put ! two into a dumb-bell-%ap$ c>ri]1 :i* he drops into a hole4 ,a few seconds lat]1 flop6 & ! c>ri] has return$ into a basket "u ano!r op5+4 ,!re is some?+ s my/]i\s ab\t ! op]ation t y ask que/ions1 & x is expla9$ to y t !re are pneumatic tubes runn+ f e c\nt] 9 ! build+ to a c5tral pay-desk on ! fir/ or second floor2 & t an eng9e some:]e 9 ! basem5t is h>d at "w all day compress+ air to %oot ! c>ri]s ?r\gh _! tubes4 ,c]ta9ly a great improvem5t on ^? croquet-ball receptacles :i* progress$ ) a delib]ation madd5+ to anyone 9 a hurry along a wood5 susp5d$ railway6 ,n[1 imag9e tubes ( ?is sort1 only ( mu* l>g] diamet]1 9 "s cases1 pass+ = miles "u ! /reets & h\ses1 & y w h an idea ( :at ! ,pneumatic ,mail ,despat* means3 ! ca% & bill be+ replac$ by lett]s1 telegrams1 & possibly small p>cels4 ,swift z ! w9d is a phrase (t5 9 our m\?s1 :5 we wi% to emphasise ! cel]ity ( an individual1 an animal1 or a ma*9e 9 gett+ f "o spot ( ! e>?'s surface to ano!r4 ,m]cury1 ! mess5g] ( unc]ta9-temp]$ ,jove1 0 pictur$ ) w+s on 8 feet to convey1 symbolically1 ! same notion ( spe$4 ,! mod]n human mess5g] is s poor a c\nt]p>t ( ! god1 & 8 feet are s f> f be+ w+$1 t = c]ta9 purposes we h fall5 back on elem5tal air-curr5ts1 n unre/ra9$ l ! breezes1 b conf9$ to ! n>r[ & c]ta9 pa?s ( ! metal tube4 ,! pneumatic despat*1 :i* at ! pres5t day is by no means univ]sal1 has be5 tri$ 9 v>i\s =ms = sev]al decades4 ,its fir/ public in/allation dates f #ahec1 :5 a tube ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & #bbj y>ds long 0 laid 9 ,london to connect ! ,int]national ,telegraph ,company ) ! ,/ock ,ex*ange4 ,a vacuum 0 creat$ artificially 9 front ( ! c>ri]1 :i* ! ord9>y pressure ( ! atmosph]e =c$ ?r\gh ! tube4 ,soon aft] ?is ! po/-(fice au?orities took ! matt] up1 z ! pneumatic sy/em promis$ to be useful = ! transmission ( lett]s2 b refus$ to face ! initial exp5se ( lay+ ! tube l9es4 ,:51 9 #aheh1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,v>ley introduc$ ! high pressure me?od1 pneumatic despat* receiv$ an impetus comp>able to t giv5 to ! /eam-eng9e by ! employm5t ( high-pressure /eam4 ,x 0 n[ possible to use a d\ble l9e ( tubes economically1 ! air compress$ = s5d+ ! c>ri]s ?r\gh ! "o l9e be+ pump$ out ( a *amb] :i* suck$ !m back ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,tubes = po/al "w 7 soon in/all$ 9 _m l>ge t[ns 9 ,great ,brita91 ,europe1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 includ+ ! ?irty-in* pneumatic railway betwe5 ! ,nor?-,we/]n ,di/rict po/ (fice 9 ,ev]%olt ,/reet & ,eu/on ,/ation1 :i* = "s mon?s ( #ahfc transport$ ! mails betwe5 ^! two po9ts4 ,! air 0 exhau/$ 9 front ( ! c>riage by a l>ge fan4 ,enc\rag$ by its success1 ! company built a mu* l>g] tube1 ne>ly #d-a_/b feet 9 diamet]1 to connect ,eu/on ,/ation ) ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice4 ,?is c>ri$ f\rte5 tons ( po/-(fice matt] f "o end to ! o!r 9 a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,!re 0 an int]m$iate /ation 9 ,holborn1 :]e ! eng9es = exhau/+ _h be5 in/all$4 ,b ow+ to ! difficulty ( prev5t+ air leakage r\nd ! c>riages ! und]tak+ prov$ a comm]cial failure1 & = ye>s ! v r\te ( ?is pneumatic railway c\ld n be f\nd2 s quickly are failures =gott56 ,! m useful small tube grew mo/ vigor\sly 9 ,am]ica & ,france4 ,91 or ab\t1 ! ye> #ahge ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company laid tubes 9 ,new ,york to despat* telegrams f "o "p ( ! city to ! o!r1 because !y f\nd x quick] to s5d !m ?is way ?an ov] ! wires4 ,eighte5 ye>s lat] fifte5 miles ( tubes 7 in/all$ 9 ,*icago to connect ! ma9 (fices ( ! same company ) ! newspap] (fices 9 ! t[n1 & ) v>i\s important public build+s4 ,messages :i* =m]ly took an h\r or m 9 deliv]y are n[ flipp$ f end to end 9 a few seconds4 ,! ,philadelphia p mean:ile _h be5 busy ) a d\ble l9e ( six-in* tubes1 #c1jjj feet long1 laid by ,mr4 ,b4 ,c4 ,bat*ell] betwe5 ! ,b\rse & ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice1 = ! c>riage ( mails4 ,! fir/ ?+ to pass ?r\gh 0 a ,bible wrapp$ 9 ! ,/>s & ,/ripes4 ,a #cj horse-p[] eng9e is kept busy exhau/+ & compress+ ! air ne$$ = ! s]vice1 :i* am\nts to ab\t #hjj cubic feet p] m9ute4 ,philadelphia c also boa/ an eight-in* s]vice1 connect+ ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice ) ! ,union ,railway ,/ation1 a mile away4 ,"o & a half m9utes suffice = ! transit ( ! l>ge c>ri]s pack$ tightly ) lett]s & circul>s1 ne>ly half a million ( :i* are h&l$ by ^! tubes daily4 ,new ,york is equally well s]v$4 ,tubes run f ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice to ! ,produce ,ex*ange1 to ,brooklyn1 & to ! ,gr& ,c5tral ,/ation4 ,! la/ is #c-a_/b miles di/ant2 b sev5 m9utes only are ne$$ = a tube j\rney :i* =m]ly occupi$ ! mail vans = ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,p>is is ! city ( ! petit bleu1 s important an in/itution 9 ! gay capital4 ,"h a network ( tubes connects e po/ (fice 9 ! urban area ) a c5tral bureau1 act+ ! "p ( a telephone ex*ange4 ,if y want to s5d an express message to a fri5d any:]e 9 ,p>is1 y buy a petit bleu1 i4e4 a v ?9 lett]-c>d n exce$+ #a_/d oz4 9 weight1 at ! ne>e/ po/ (fice1 & po/ x 9 a special box4 ,x :irls away to ! ex*ange1 & is deliv]$ f !re if its de/9ation be close at h&2 o!rwise x makes a second j\rney to ! (fice mo/ conv5i5tly situat$ = deliv]y4 ,ev]ybody uses ! voie pneumatique ( ,p>is1 s mu* *eap] ?an1 & q z exp$iti\s z1 ! telegraph2 ) ! additional advantage t all messages are transmitt$ 9 ! s5d]'s own h&writ+4 ,! sy/em has be5 in/itut$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & ! ,p>isians w\ld feel lo/ )\t x4 ,london is by no means tubeless1 = x has ov] =ty miles ( #a-a_/b1 #b-a_/d1 & #c-;in* l9es radiat+ f ! po/al n]ve-c5tre ( ! metropolis1 ( l5g?s rang+ f #ajj to #b1jjj y>ds4 ,! tubes are 9 all cases compos$ ( lead1 enclos$ 9 a protect+ iron pip+4 ,to make a jo9t great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$1 s z to avoid any irregul>ity ( bore4 ,:5 a l5g? ( pip+ is add$ to ! l9e1 a *a9 is fir/ pass$ ?r\gh x1 :i* has at ! end a bright /eel m&rel j a %ade l>g] ?an ! pipe's int]nal diamet]4 ,?is is heat$ & pu%$ half-way into ! pipe already laid2 & ! new l5g? is =c$ on to ! o!r half till ! ends t\*4 ,a plumb]'s jo9t hav+ be5 made1 ! m&rel is drawn by ! *a9 ?r\gh ! new l5g?1 oblit]at+ any d5ts or mal=mations 9 ! int]ior4 ,! ma9 l9es are d\bl$--an up & a d[n track2 %ort bran*es h "o tube only to "w ! inw>d & ! outw>d despat*es4 ,! c>ri]s are made ( gutta-p]*a cov]$ ) felt4 ,"o end is clos$ by felt discs fitt+ ! tube accurately to prev5t ! passage ( air1 ! o!r is op5 = ! introduction ( messages4 ,z !y fly ?r\gh ! tube1 ! c>ri]s "w an automatic signall+ app>atus1 :i* tells h[ f> !y h progress$ & :5 x w be safe to despat* ! next c>ri]4 ,! ,london po/-(fice sy/em is work$ by six l>ge eng9es situat$ 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,g5]al ,po/ ,(fice4 ,s useful has ! pneumatic tube prov$ t a ,bill has be5 be=e ,p>liam5t = supply+ ,london ) a #ab-;in* network ( tubes1 totall+ #ajj miles ( d\ble l9e4 ,9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ,! ,times1 ,april #ai1 #aije1 ! promot]s ( ! s*eme give a succ9ct acc\nt ( _! int5tions1 & ( ! b5efits :i* !y expect to accrue f ! s*eme if br\ght to completion4 ,! ,bat*ell] sy/em1 !y write1 ) :i* x is propos$ to equip ,london1 is n a developm5t ( ! m9iature sy/ems us$ = telegrams or s+le lett]s "h or 9 ,p>is1 ,b]l91 & o!r cities4 ,su* sy/ems deal ) a felt c>ri] weigh+ a few ounces1 :i* is /opp$ by be+ bl[n into a box4 ,! ,bat*ell] sy/em deals ) a load$ /eel c>ri] weigh+ sev5ty p\nds travell+ ) a v high mom5tum4 ,! diff]5ce is fundam5tal4 ,9 ?is s5se pneumatic tubes are a rec5t inv5tion1 & absolutely new to ,europe4 ,! ,bat*ell] sy/em is ! response to a press+ ne$4 ,c>eful obs]vations %[ t m ?an #cj p] c5t4 ( ! /reet traffic is occupi$ ) p>cels & mails4 ,^! =m a di/9ct class1 diff]5tiat$ f pass5g]s on ! "o h& & f heavy goods on ! o!r4 ,! ,bat*ell] sy/em w d = p>cels & mails :at ! und]gr\nd electric railways d = pass5g]s4 ,x has be5 9 use = twelve ye>s 9 ,am]ica = mail purposes1 & :]e us$ has come to be reg>d$ z indisp5sable4 ,! plan = ,london provides = ne>ly "o hundr$ miles ( d\ble tubes ) ab\t twice t numb] ( /ations = receiv+ & deliv]y4 ,! sy/em w cov] practically ! ,c\nty ( ,london1 & no po9t )9 t area c be m ?an "o-qu>t] ( a mile f a tube /ation4 ,beyond ! ,c\nty ( ,london deliv]ies w be made by a c>efully organis$ suburban motor-c>t s]vice4 ,?irty ( ! receiv+ /ations are to be e/abli%$ 9 ! l>ge /ores4 ,! diamet] ( ! tube is to be ( a size t w accommodate #hj p] c5t4 ( ! p>cels1 z n[ wrapp$1 & #ij p] c5t4 ) slight adaptation4 ,! rema9+ #aj p] c5t4--furniture1 pianos1 & o!r heavy goods--are to be dealt ) by a supplem5t>y motor s]vice4 ,if ! tubes 7 enl>g$ _! object w\ld be p>tially defeat$1 = ) ! increas$ size w\ld g increas$ co/1 great surplus ( capacity1 less frequ5t despat*1 & l[] effici5cy g5]ally4 ,! unsuccessful ,eu/on ,tunnel ( =ty ye>s ago--practically an und]gr\nd railway--is an extreme illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 ?\gh 9 t case !re 7 grave me*anical defects z well4 ,f a me*anical po9t ( view ! sy/em has be5 br\ght to su* p]fection t x is no m exp]im5tal ?an a locomotive or an electric tramc>4 ,! unique value ( tube s]vice is due to imm$iate despat*1 high velocity ( transit1 immunity f traffic int]ruption1 & economy4 ,! greate/ ob/acle to rapid int]communication is ! delay result+ f accumulations due to "t s*$ules4 ,! function ( tube s]vice is to aboli% "t s*$ules & all consequ5t delays4 ,! numb] ( trades p>cels annually deliv]$ 9 ,london is e/imat$ at m ?an #bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,a c>eful canvass has be5 made ( #a1jjj %ops only1 :i* repres5t a v small fraction ( ! total numb] 9 ! c\nty4 ,z a result x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ^! #a1jjj %ops deliv] no few] ?an #fj1jjj1jjj p>cels ye>ly1 a fact t seems to m ?an ju/ify ! =ego+ e/imate2 on ! o!r h&1 x is kn[n f (ficial data t ! p>cel po/ 9 ,london is repres5t$ by less ?an #be1jjj1jjj1 or "o-n9? ( ! total p>cel traffic4 ,) a tube sy/em 9 op]ation1 e p>cel1 in/ead ( wait+ = ! next deliv]y1 w\ld leave ! %op imm$iately4 ,aft] be+ despat*$ by ! tube x w\ld be deliv]$ at a tube /ation )9 a qu>t] ( a mile at lea/ ( its de/9ation1 & !nce by mess5g]4 ,! entire "t consum$ = an ord9>y p>cel w\ld be n ov] an h\r1 & = a special p>cel fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes4 ,!y require f ?ree to six h\rs or long] at pres5t4 ,! advantages ( ! tube sy/em to ! public w\ld be manifold4 ,cu/om]s w\ld f9d _! pur*ases at home ^u _! return1 or1 if !y pref]r$1 c\ld d _! %opp+ by telephone1 mak+ _! selections f goods s5t on approval by tube4 ,! %opman w\ld f9d himself reliev$ f a va/ am\nt ( confusion & annoyance1 less ( 8 %op space giv5 up to deliv]y1 & 8 exp5ses r$uc$4 ,small %ops w\ld be able to draw ^u :olesale h\ses = goods n 9 /ock1 :ile ! cu/om] wait$4 ,su* delay & confusion z are frequ5tly occasion$ by fogs w\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,:ile ! success ( ! project is n dep5d5t on ,po/ ,(fice support1 ! ,po/ ,(fice %\ld be "o ( ! greate/ ga9]s by x4 ,! "t ( deliv]y ( local lett]s w\ld be r$uc$ f an av]age ( ?ree h\rs & six m9utes to "o h\r4 ,express lett]s w\ld be deliv]$ m quickly ?an telegrams4 ,?is has be5 demon/rat$ conclusively aga9 & aga9 9 ,new ,york & o!r ,am]ican cities :]e ! tubes h be5 9 op]ation = ye>s4 ,! late/ "t ( po/+ c\ntry lett]s w\ld be def]r$ f "o-half to "o h\r1 & incom+ lett]s w\ld be advanc$ by a simil> p]iod4 ,! p>cels po/ w\ld ga9 9 precisely ! same way1 b to an ev5 l>g] ext5t4 ,if ! ,po/ ,(fice *oose to avail !mselves ( ! opportunity1 e po/ (fice w become a tube /ation & e tube /ation a po/ (fice4 ,?us ! same numb] ( po/m5 cov]+ b a ti! ( ! pres5t di/ances c\ld make deliv]ies )\t "t s*$ules at int]vals ( a few m9utes ) a h&ful in/ead ( a bagful ( lett]s4 ,! sort+ ( mails w\ld be p]=m$ at e /ation in/ead ( at a few4 ,incom+ c\ntry mails w\ld be tak5 f ! bags at ! railway t]m9i1 & ! same bags refill$ ) outgo+ c\ntry mails1 ?us avoid+ ne$less c>riage to ! ,po/ ,(fice & back4 ,no bags at all w\ld be us$ = local mails1 ! /eel c>ri]s !mselves answ]+ t purpose4 ,at e tube t]m9al a po/-(fice cl]k w\ld be /ation$1 s t ! mails w\ld nev] = an in/ant be out ( po/-(fice control4 ,its absolute security w\ld be fur!r ensur$ by a sy/em ( lock+1 s t ! c>ri]s c\ld only be op5$ by au?oris$ p]sons at ! /ation to :i* !y 7 direct$4 ,^! safegu>ds (f] a /rik+ contra/ to ! pres5t me?od t entru/s mail bags to ! sole cu/ody ( van driv]s 9 ! employ ( private contractors4 ,if ! mails 7 h&l$ by tube1 bus9ess m5 w\ld be able to communicate ) ea* o!r & receive replies sev]al times 9 "o day1 & c\ntry & =eign lett]s c\ld always be answ]$ ^u ! day ( receipt4 ,! effect w\ld be felt all ov] ! ,empire4 ,w\ld ! lay+ ( ! tubes s]i\sly imp$e traffic8 ,! promot]s assure u t ! inconv5i5ce w\ld n be comp>able to t caus$ by lay+ a gas1 wat]1 or telephone sy/em4 ,:5 "o ( ^? has be5 laid ! annoyance1 !y urge1 has only begun4 ,! /reets mu/ be p]iodically reop5$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ?\s&s ( h\se connections1 ext5sions1 & repairs4 ,:5 a pneumatic tube is once d[n x is good = a g5]ation at lea/4 ,x is n subject to recurr5t alt]ations incid5tal to h\se connections & repairs4 ,9 ?ree ,am]ican cities ! tubes h be5 t\*$ b ?ree times 9 twelve ye>s1 & 9 ^? cases ! causes 7 a bur/+ wat] ma9 & faulty adjac5t electric in/allations4 ,! repairs 7 effect$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,f a g5]al consid]ation ( ! s*eme we may n[ turn to "s me*anical details4 ,! pipes w\ld be ( #a foot int]nal diamet]1 made 9 #ab-;foot l5g?s4 ,/raight sections1 writes an eng9e]+ correspond5t ( ,! ,times1 w\ld be ( ca/-iron1 bor$1 c\nt]-bor$1 & turn$ to a slight tap] at "o end1 to fit a recess at ! o!r end 7( ! next tube71 to =m ! jo9ts1 :i* c\ld be caulk$4 ,jo9ts made 9 ?is way are e/imat$ to p]mit ( a deflection ( #b in*es f ! /raight1 s t ! lay+ & b$d+ ne$ n be exact4 ,b5t sections are to be ( seamless brass2 ^! are bor$ true be=e b5d+4 ,! p]missible curvature is det]m9$ ^u ! basis ( a maximum b5d ( #a foot radius = e #a in* ( diamet]2 ! #a foot diamet] ( ! ,london tubes w\ld consequ5tly be all[$ a maximum curvature ( #ab foot radius4 ,measur$ at ! enl>g$ end1 ! ov]-all diamet] ( ea* pipe is #ag in*es1 & z two su* pipes are to be laid side by side1 ) #ah in*es betwe5 c5tres1 ! cle> wid? w be #ce in*es4 ,! tr5*es are !re=e to be cut #cf in*es wide1 & 9 ord] to h a comp>atively free run = ! sections1 x is propos$ to cut ! tr5*es #f feet deep4 ,:5 ! hundr$ miles ( pip+ h be5 laid1 ! entire sy/em w be te/$ to a pressure ( #be lbs4 to ! squ>e in*1 or ab\t two & a half times ! work+ pressure4 ,eng9es ( #aj1jjj h4p4 w be requir$ to fe$ ! l9es ) air1 = ! propulsion ( ! c>ri]s1 ea* #c feet #aj in*es long1 & weigh+ #gj lbs4 ,9 ord] to ensure ! deliv]y ( a c>ri] at its prop] de/9ation1 :e!r a t]m9us or an int]m$iate /ation1 ,mr4 ,bat*ell] has made a mo/ +5i\s provision4 ,on ! front ( a c>ri] is fix$ a metal plate ( a c]ta9 diamet]4 ,at ea* /ation two electric wires project into ! tube1 & z soon z a plate ( suffici5t diamet] to %ort-circuit ^! wires arrives1 ! curr5t op]ates deliv]y me*anism1 & ! c>ri] is swit*$ (f into ! /ation box4 ,! despat*]1 kn[+ ! exact size ( disc = ea* /ation1 c !re=e make c]ta9 t ! c>ri] %all n g a/ray4 ,x may occur to ! read] t1 %\ld a c>ri] accid5tally /ick any:]e 9 ! tubes1 x w\ld be a matt] ( great difficulty to locate x4 ,evid5tly "o c\ld n feel = x ) a long rod 9 half a mile ( tub+--! di/ance betwe5 e two /ations--) mu* hope ( f9d+ x4 ,b sci5ce has evolv$ a simple1 & at ! same "t q reliable1 me?od ( cop+ ) ! problem4 ,m4 ,bontemps is ! inv5tor4 ,he locat$ tr\bles 9 ! ,p>is tubes by fir+ a pi/ol1 & exactly measur+ ! "t :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! report & its e*o4 ,z ! rate ( s\nd travel is def9itely kn[n1 in/rum5ts ( great delicacy enable ! necess>y calculations to be made ) great accuracy4 ,:5 a breakd[n occurr$ on ! ,philadelphia tube l9e1 ,mr4 ,bat*ell] employ$ ?is me?od ) great success1 = a /reet excavation1 made on ! /r5g? ( r\gh measurem5ts ) ! tim+ app>atus1 came )9 a few feet ( ! actual break 9 ! pipe1 caus$ by a subsid5ce1 :ile ! c>ri]s !mselves 7 f\nd almo/ exactly at ! po9t :]e ! workm5 _h be5 told to beg9 digg+4#bc ,!re is no d\bt t1 7 su* a sy/em z t propos$ e/abli%$1 an enorm\s am\nt ( "t w\ld be sav$ to ! community4 ,a lett] f ,*>+ ,cross to ,liv]pool ,/reet1 says ,! ,_w's ,"w1 occupies by po/ ?ree h\rs2 by tube transit x w\ld occupy tw5ty to =ty m9utes1 or by an express sy/em ( tube transit t5 to fifte5 m9utes4 ,express messages c>ri$ by ! ,po/ ,(fice 9 ,london la/ ye> 7#aijc7 numb]$ ab\t a million & a half1 b ! co/ sometimes seems v heavy4 ,to s5d a special message by h& f ,hamp/ead to ,fleet ,/reet1 = example1 co/s #as4 #c;d41 & takes ab\t an h\r4 ,x is claim$ t x c\ld be s5t by pneumatic tube at a co/ ( #c;d4 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty m9utes1 & t = local s]vice ! tube w\ld be f> quick] ?an ! telegraph1 & _m times *eap]4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t f "o-six? to "o-qu>t] ( ! :eel$ traffic ( ,london is occupi$ ) ! di/ribution ( mails & p>cels2 & if ! tubes reliev$ ! /reets to ?is ext5t1 ?is fact alone w\ld be a /rong argum5t 9 _! fav\r4 ,x is impossible to believe t tube transmission on a gigantic scale w n come4 ,hi!rto its developm5t has be5 h9d]$ by me*anical difficulties4 ,b ^! h be5 mo/ly remov$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! adage "t is money is liv$ up to 9 a mann] sc>cely kn[n on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic1 ! device has be5 welcom$ = public libr>ies1 w>eh\ses1 railway depts1 factories--9 %ort1 = all purposes :]e ! employm5t ( human mess5g]s means delay & unc]ta9ty4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ,b]li] propos$ to connect ,london & ,p>is by tubes ( a diamet] equal to t ( ! pipes contemplat$ 9 ! s*eme n[ be=e ,p>liam5t4 ,our desc5dants may see ! tubes laid2 = :5 once a sy/em ( transportation has be5 prov$ effici5t on a l>ge scale its developm5t soon assumes huge proportions4 ,& ev5 ! pres5t g5]ation may witness ! tubes ( our big cities l5g!n _! octopus arms till t[n & t[n are 9 direct communication4 ,aft] all x is m]ely a "q ( ,w x pay8 ,we h ! means ( unit+ ,ed9burgh & ,london by tube z effectually z by telephone or telegraph4 ,& s9ce ! g5]al tr5d ( mod]n comm]ce is to br+ ! article to ! cu/om] r ?an to give ! cu/om] ! tr\ble ( go+ to select ! article 9 situ--?is applies1 ( c\rse1 to small portable ?+s only--%opp+ f a di/ance w come into great] fav\r1 & ! pneumatic tube w be recognis$ z a valuable ally4 ,we c imag9e t ,mrs4 ,rob9son (1 say1 ,read+1 w be glad to be sp>$ ! fatigue ( a j\rney to ,reg5t ,/reet :5 a %ort conv]sation ov] ! telephone wires is suffici5t to br+ to h] door1 )9 an h\r1 a selection ( silv] w>e f :i* to *oose a w$d+ pres5t4 ,& h] husb&1 ^: c> has p]haps brok5 a rod at ,newbury1 w be equally glad ( ! quick deliv]y ( a duplicate "p f ! mak]s4 ,^! are only two possible in/ances1 :i* d n claim to be typical or p>ticul>ly /rik+4 ,if y sit d[n & consid] :at an imm5se am\nt ( "t & exp5se c\ld be sav$ to y 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> by a lightn+ despat*1 y w soon come to ! conclusion t ! pneumatic tube has a great future be=e x4 ,,footnote3 #bc ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e1 xiii1 #def4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,an ,,electric ,,po/al ,,sy/em ,f> swift] ?an ! movem5ts ( air are ^? ( ! electric curr5t1 :i* travels _m ?\s&s ( miles 9 a second ( "t4 ,?irty miles an h\r is ! spe$ propos$ = ! pneumatic tube sy/em m5tion$ 9 our la/ *apt]4 ,an ,italian1 ,c\nt ,rob]to ,taeggi ,piscicelli1 has elaborat$ an electric po/ :i*1 if realis$1 w make su* a velocity z t seem v sl[ motion inde$4 ,cable railways1 = ! transmission ( m9]als1 are 9 v common use all ov] ! _w4 ,at ,hong-,kong & else:]e !y d good s]vice = ! transport ( human be+s4 ,! c> or truck is haul$ along a /\t /eel cable1 support$ at int]vals on /rong poles ( wood or metal1 by an endless rope w\nd (f & on to a /eam-driv5 drum at "o end ( ! l9e1 or motion is imp>t$ to x by a motor1 :i* picks up curr5t z x goes f ! cable itself & o!r wires ) :i* contact is made4 ,c\nt ,piscicelli's electric po/ is an adaptation ( ! electric cableway to ! ne$s ( p>cel & lett] di/ribution4 ,at pres5t ! mail s]vice betwe5 t[ns is entirely dep5d5t on ! railway = consid]able di/ances1 & on motors & hors$ vehicles 9 cases :]e only a comp>atively few miles int]v5e4 ,london & ,birm+ham1 to take an in/ance1 are s]v$ by sev5 despat*es ea* way e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a lett] s5t f ,london 9 ! morn+ w\ld1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions1 n br+ an answ] ! same day--at lea/1 n dur+ bus9ess h\rs4 ,s t urg5t correspond5ce mu/ be conduct$ ov] ei!r ! telephone or ! telegraph wires4 ,c\nt ,piscicelli proposes a network ( light cableways--f\r l9es on a s+le set ( supports--betwe5 ! great t[ns ( ,brita94 ,ea* l9e--or r track--consi/s ( f\r wires1 two above & two bel[1 ea* pair on ! same level4 ,! upp] pair =m ! run-way = ! two ma9 :eels ( ! c>ri]2 ! l[] pair are = ! trail+ :eels4 ,?ree ( ! wires supply ! ?ree-phase curr5t :i* drives ! c>ri]2 ! f\r? op]ates ! automatic swit*es in/all$ e ?ree or f\r miles = trans=m+ ! high-t5sion #e1jjj-volt curr5t into l[-t5sion #ejj-volt curr5t 9 ! section j be+ ent]$4 ,! c>ri]s w\ld be suitable = lett]s1 book-p>cels1 & light packages4 ,! spe$ at :i* !y w\ld move--#aej miles p] h\r to beg9 )--w\ld r5d] possible a t5-m9ute s]vice betwe51 say1 ! t[ns already m5tion$4 ,! inv5tor has hopes ( increas+ ! spe$ to #bej m4p4h41 a velocity :i* w\ld appe> vision>y _h we n already be=e u ! fact t an electric c>1 weigh+ _m tons1 has already be5 s5t ov] ! ,b]l9-,zoss5 ,railway at #aca-a_/b miles p] h\r4 ,at any rate1 ! electric po/ c reasonably be expect$ to out/rip ! ord9>y express tra94 ,%\ld su* spe$s z ,c\nt ,piscicelli confid5tly discusses1 says ,! ,_w's ,"w1 be atta9$1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly conf] imm5se b5efits ^u ! m]cantile & agricultural community--^u ! agricultural community because 9 ?is sy/em is to be f\nd t av5ue ( transmission to big c5tres ( population ( ! products ( la petite culture1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,rid] ,hagg>d1 = example1 9 8 invaluable book on ,rural ,engl&1 sees help = ! f>m] & = all connect$ ) ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,c\nt ,piscicelli proposes to obviate ! delays at despat*+ & receiv+ t[ns by an int]-urban po/al sy/em1 9 :i* ! pr9cipal (fices ( any city w\ld be connect$ ) ! head-(fice & ) ! pr9cipal railway t]m9i4 ,f ea* ( ! sub-(fices w\ld radiate fur!r l9es1 along :i* po/-collect+ pill>s are erect$1 & ov] :i* light] motors & collect+ boxes 7simil> to ! despat* boxes7 travel4 ,! lett] is put 9 ?r\gh a slot & ! /amp cancell$ by an automatic app>atus ) ! "n ( ! di/rict1 numb] ( ! po/1 & "t ( po/+4 ,! lett] !n falls into a box at ! foot ( ! column4 ,on ! approa* ( a collect+-box ! lett] slot w\ld be clos$1 & by means ( an electric motor ! receptacle conta9+ ! lett]s lift$ to ! top ( ! column & its cont5ts deposit$ 9 ! collect+-box1 :i* travels alone pa/ o!r po/-collect+ poles1 tak+ f ea* its toll1 & s on to ! di/rict (fice4 ,"h1 9 a m]cantile c5tre1 a fir/ sort+ takes place1 local lett]s be+ reta9$ = di/ribution by po/m51 & o!r boxes c>ry _! respective loads to ! diff]5t railway t]m9i1 or c5tral (fice4 ,7 su* an ord] ( ?+s e/abli%$1 !re w\ld be a good excuse = ! old c\ntry woman :o sat wat*+ ! telegraph wire = ! passage ( a pair ( boots %e 0 s5d+ to h] son 9 f> away ,lunnon6 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,agricultural ,,ma*9]y ,,pl\ghs--,,drills ,,& ,,se$]s--,,reap+ ,,ma*9es--,,?re%+ ,,ma*9es--,,petrol-,,driv5 ,,field ,,ma*9]y--,,electrical ,,f>m+ ,,ma*9]y ,agriculture is at once ! olde/ & mo/ important ( all national indu/ries4 ,man be+ a gram9ivor\s animal--witness 8 mol>1 or gr9d+1 d\ble tee?--has1 s9ce ! e>lie/ times1 be5 oblig$ to obs]ve ! seasons1 plant+ 8 crops :5 ! gr\nd is moi/1 & reap+ !m :5 ! wea!r is w>m & dry4 ,ap>t f ! nomad races ( ! des]ts & /eppes1 :o f9d _! *ief subsi/5ce 9 ! products ( ! date-palm & ( _! flocks & h]ds1 all nations cultivate a l>ge portion ( ! c\ntry :i* !y inhabit4 ,anci5t monum5ts1 ! olde/ inscriptions & writ+s1 be> witness to ! prime importance ( ! pl\gh & reap+-hook2 & x may be reasonably assum$ t ! progress ( civilisation is prov$ by ! increas$ use ( c]eal foods1 & bett] me?ods ( g>n]+ & prep>+ !m4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! sickle1 :i* ,greek & ,roman arti/s plac$ 9 ! h& ( _! ,goddess ( ! ,h>ve/1 & ! rude pl\gh1 consi/+ (1 p]haps1 only a crook$ b\gh ) a po9t$ end1 7 practically ! only implem5ts kn[n to ! husb&man besides 8 spade & mattock4 ,:]e lab\r is abundant & ea* h\sehold] has "t to cultivate ! little plot :i* suffices = ! ma9t5ance ( 8 own family1 & :ile !re is little inducem5t to take "p 9 o!r ?an agricultural indu/ries--t$i\s & "t-wa/+ me?ods h held _! own4 ,b 9 highly civilis$ communities c>ry+ on manufactures ( all sorts x is difficult = ! f>m] to secure an abundance ( human help1 & yet x is recognis$ t a spe$y prep>ation & s[+ ( ! l&1 & a prompt ga!r+ & ?re%+ ( ! h>ve/1 is all 9 fav\r ( produc+ a successful & well-condition$ crop4 ,9 ,engl&1 eighty ye>s ago1 ?ree m5 liv$ 9 ! c\ntry = e "o :o liv$ 9 ! t[n4 ,n[ ! proportion has be5 rev]s$2 & t n 9 ! ,briti% ,isles alone4 ,! _w does n mean to />ve2 b civilisation dem&s t z few p z possible %\ld be devot$ to procur+ ! /aff ( life = bo? man & bea/4 ,we %\ld reasonably expect1 !re=e1 t ! imm5se advance made 9 me*anical sci5ce dur+ ! la/ c5tury %\ld h left a deep m>k on agricultural appliances4 ,su* an expectation is m ?an ju/ifi$2 = are !re n _m among u :o h se5 ! sickle & ! flail at "w :]e n[ ! self-b9d] & ?re%+ ma*9e p]=m ! same duties 9 a fraction ( ! "t =m]ly requir$8 ,! pl\ghman1 plodd+ /urdily d[n ! furr[ beh9d 8 clev] team1 is inde$ /ill a common sight2 b 9 ! till+ season d we n he> ! snort ( ! /eam-eng9e1 z its /eel rope te>s a six-furr[ pl\gh ?r\gh ! mell[ e>?8 ,:5 ! h>ve/ comes we realise ev5 m cle>ly h[ l>gely ma*9]y has supplant$ man2 :ile 9 ! processes ( sep>at+ ! gra9 f its /raw ! human elem5t plays an ev5 small] "p4 ,x w\ld n be too mu* to say t1 7 we to rev]t next ye> to ! practices ( our gr&fa!rs1 we %\ld />ve 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,?is *apt] w be conf9$ to a consid]ation ( ma*9]y op]at$ by horse1 /eam1 or o!r p[]1 :i* falls "u f\r ma9 head+s1--pl\ghs1 drills1 reap]s1 & ?re%]s4 ,,pl\ghs ,! firm ( ,messrs4 ,john ,f[l] & ,company1 ( ,le$s1 is mo/ intimately connect$ ) ! introduction ( ! /eam pl\gh & cultivator4 ,_! fir/ type ( outfit includ$ "o eng9e only1 ! trav]s+ ( ! pl\gh across ! field be+ effect$ by means ( cables pass+ r\nd a pulley on a l[1 f\r-:eel$ truck1 mov$ along ! opposite edge ( ! field by ropes dragg+ on an an*or4 ,ano!r me?od 0 to h ! eng9e /ation>y at "o corn] ( ! field1 & an an*or at ea* ( ! ?ree o!r corn]s1 ! two at ! ends ( ! furr[ be+ mov$ = e j\rney ( ! pl\gh4 ,91 or ab\t1 ! ye> #ahfe ?is arrangem5t succumb$ to ! simple &1 z x n[ seems to u1 obvi\s improvem5t ( introduc+ a second eng9e to progress vis--vis ) ! fir/1 & d its %>e ( ! pull+4 ,! mod]n eight-furr[ /eam pl\gh w turn t5 acres a day q easily1 at a mu* l[] co/ ?an t ( horse lab\r4 ,= te>+ up l& aft] a crop cultivators are sometimes us$4 ,!y h arr[head-%ap$ c\lt]s1 :i* cut v deep & br+ l>ge quantities ( fre% e>? to ! surface4 ,! gr\nd is n[ pulv]is$ by h>r[s ( v>i\s %apes1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! crop to be s[n4 ,engli% f>m]s g5]ally employ ! spike h>r[2 b ,yankee agriculturi/s make great use ( ! spr+-too? =m1 :i* may be/ be describ$ z an arrangem5t ( v /rong spr+s mu* resembl+ 9 outl9e ! spr+s ( h\se bells4 ,! %ort] arm is atta*$ to ! frame1 :ile ! long] & po9t$ arm te>s ! e>?4 ,,drills ,,& ,,se$]s ,9 highly civilis$ c\ntries ! man c>ry+ a basket f :i* he fl+s se$s broadca/ is a v r>e sight inde$4 ,! primitive me?od may h be5 effective--a good s[] c\ld cov] an acre ev5ly ) half a p9t ( turnip se$--b v sl[4 ,we n[ use a long b9 m\nt$ on :eels1 :i* revolves discs inside ! b91 furni%$ ) t9y spoons r\nd ! p]iph]y to scoop small quantities ( se$ into tubes t]m9at+ 9 a c\lt]4 ,! f>m] is ?us c]ta9 ( hav+ ev5ly plant$ & p>allel r[s ( gra91 :i* 9 ! e>ly spr+1 :5 ! spr\t+ beg9s1 make s pleasant an addition to ! l&scape4 ,! corn1 or maize1 crop ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is s important t x dem&s special s[+ ma*9]y1 :i* plants s+le gra9s at int]vals ( ab\t eighte5 in*es4 ,a some:at simil> device is us$ = plant+ potatoes4 ,pass+ ov] ! we$+ ma*9es1 :i* (f] no features ( p>ticul> int]e/1 we come to ! ,,reap+ ,,ma*9es1 on :i* a va/ am\nt ( +5uity has be5 exp5d$4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,great ,brita9 (f]$ a prize = ! introduction ( a really useful ma*9e :i* %\ld replace ! scy! & sickle4 ,sev]al ma*9es 7 br\ght out1 b !y did n prove practical en\gh to attract mu* att5tion4 ,cyrus ,h4 ,mc,cormick inv5t$ 9 #ahca ! reap]1 :i*1 ) v _m improvem5ts add$1 is to-day employ$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! mo/ noticeable po9t ( ?is ma*9e 0 ! b> furni%$ ) a r[ ( triangul> blades :i* pass$ v rapidly to & fro ?r\gh slots 9 an equal numb] ( %>p /eel po9ts1 aga9/ :i* !y cut ! gra94 ,! to-&-fro action ( ! cutt]-blade 0 produc$ by a connect+-rod work+ on a crank rotat$ by ! :eels c>ry+ ! ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,:eat-,,cutt] ,a head+ reap] be+ pu%$ ov] a :eat crop by six mules4 ,x cuts (f ! e>s only1 leav+ ! /raw /&+4 ,! l>ge/ ma*9es ( ?is type us$ 9 ,cali=nia take swa!s #ej feet broad4 ,! fir/ ,mc,cormick reap] did wond]s on a ,virg9ian f>m2 o!r inv5tors 7 /imulat$2 & 9 #ahcc !re appe>$ ! ,hussey reap]1 built on some:at simil> l9es4 ,= twelve ye>s or s ^! two ma*9es compet$ aga9/ "o ano!r all ov] ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & !n ,mc,cormick add$ a rak] atta*m5t1 :i*1 :5 suffici5t gra9 _h accumulat$ on ! plat=m1 enabl$ a second man on ! ma*9e to sweep x (f to be ti$ up into a %eaf4 ,at ! ,great ,exhibition held 9 ,london 9 #ahea1 ! judges aw>d$ a special m$al to ! inv5tor1 report+ t ! :ole exp5se ( ! ,exhibition w\ld h be5 well rec\p$ if only ! reap] 7 introduc$ into ,engl&4 ,f ,france ,mc,cormick receiv$ ! decoration ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r = hav+ done m = ! cause ( agriculture ?an any man !n liv+4 ,x w\ld be reasonable to expect t1 aft] ?is public recognition1 ! me*anical reap] w\ld h be5 imm$iately valu$ at its true wor?4 ,yet no man _h m difficulty 9 introduc+ 8 ma*9es ?an t pione] inv5tor ( agricultural implem5ts4 ,f>m]s ev]y:]e 7 sl[ to accept x1 & manufactur]s 7 unwill+ to und]take its manufacture4 ,ev5 aft] ! value ( ! ma*9e _h be5 demon/rat$1 ev]yone seem$ to fe> t x w\ld break d[n on rocky & unev5 fields2 & ! inv5tor _h to demon/rate 9 p]son to ! f>m]s ! practicability ( ! reap]s1 & !n ev5 gu>antee !m be=e ! money c\ld be obta9$4 ,?r\gh all ^! try+ disc\ragem5ts ! p]si/5t inv5tor pass$ be=e he saw any rew>d = ! "w t he _h sp5t half a lifetime 9 p]fect+4 ,! ultimate triumph ( ! inv5tor may be suffici5t rew>d = 8 lab\rs & disc\ragem5ts1 b ^? :o w\ld begrudge him ! weal? t he subsequ5tly made f 8 inv5tion %\ld consid] "s ( ! difficulties & ob/acles he _h to ov]come 9 ! beg9n+4#bd ,9 #aheh an atta*m5t 0 fitt$ to replace ! second pass5g] on ! ma*9e4 ,f\r m5 foll[$ beh9d to tie up ! gra9 z x 0 %ot (f ! ma*9e4 ,inv5tors tri$ to aboli% ! ne$ = ^! extra h&s by means ( a self-b9d+ device4 ,a practical me?od1 employ+ wire1 appe>$ 9 #ahfj2 b s great 0 ! tr\ble caus$ by /ray pieces ( ! wire gett+ into ?re%+ & o!r ma*9]y ?r\gh :i* ! gra9 subsequ5tly pass$ t f>m]s w5t back to h& "w1 until ! ,appleby pat5t ( #ahgc replac$ wire by tw9e4 ,words alone w\ld convey little idea ( h[ ! corn is collect$ & encircl$ ) tw9e2 h[ ! knot is ti$ by an +5i\s %uttle me*anism2 & h[ x is ?r[n out into a set ( arms :i* collect suffici5t %eaves to =m a /ook be=e x lets !m fall4 ,s we w\ld advise our read]s to take ! next *ance ( exam9+ a mod]n self-b9d]1 & to p]suade ! man 9 *>ge to give z lucid an explanation z he c ( ! way 9 :i* ?+s are done4 ,popul> prejudice hav+ once be5 conqu]$1 ! success ( ! reap]s 0 assur$4 ,! ye> #ahgj saw #fj1jjj 9 use2 by #ahhe ! output _h increas$ to #bej1jjj2 & to-day ! manufacture ( agricultural lab\r-sav+ ma*9es gives employm5t to ov] #bjj1jjj p2 an equal numb] be+ occupi$ 9 _! transport & sale 9 all p>ts ( ! globe4 ,9 ,cali=nia1 p]haps m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 p[] agricultural ma*9]y is se5 at its be/4 ,great traction-eng9es "h take ! place ( human lab\r to an extraord9>y ext5t4 ,! l>ge/1 ( #ej h4p4 & upw>ds1 ) driv+-:eels #fj in*es 9 diamet] & flanges ( g5]\s wid?1 travel ov] ! unev5 surface ( ! gra9 fields1 cross+ dit*es & l[ places1 & asc5d+ ! sides ( /eep hills1 ) z mu* app>5t ease z a locomotive rolls along its /eel rails4 ,su* p[]ful traction-eng9es1 or 'automobiles' z !y are commonly call$ by ! ,am]ican f>m]s1 are capable ( dragg+ beh9d !m sixte5 #aj-;in* pl\ghs1 f\r #f-;foot h>r[s1 & a drill & se$]4 ,! l& is ?us pl\gh$1 drill$1 & se$$ all at "o "t4 ,f fifty to sev5ty-five acres ( virg9 soil c ?us be pl\gh$ & plant$ 9 a s+le day4 ,:5 ! h>ve/ comes ! eng9es are aga9 br\ght into s]vice1 & ! fields t w\ld ord9>ily defy ! be/ ef=ts ( an army ( workm5 are g>n]$ quickly & easily4 ,! giant h>ve/] is hit*$ to ! traction-eng9e 9 place ( ! pl\ghs & h>r[s1 & cuts1 b9ds1 & /acks ! gold5 :eat f sev5ty-five acres 9 a s+le day4 ,! cutt]s are #bf feet wide1 & !y make a cle> swa! across ! field4 ,"s ( !m ?re%1 clean1 & sack ! :eat z fa/ z x is cut & b\nd4 ,o!r traction-eng9es foll[ to ga!r up ! sack$ :eat1 & :ole tra9-loads ( x ?us move across ! field to ! gran>ies or railways ( ! seabo>d or int]ior4 ,= dead ripe crops ! head] is (t5 us$ 9 ,cali=nia4 ,in/ead ( be+ pull$ x is pu%$ by mules1 & m]ely cuts (f ! heads1 leav+ ! /raw to be trampl$ d[n by ! animals s9ce x has no value4 ,swa!s z wide z #ej feet are ?us treat$1 ! gra9 be+ ?re%$ out :ile ! ma*9e moves4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful1 & at ! same "t useful1 crops 9 ! _w is t ( maize1 :i* fe$s n only va/ numb]s ( human be+s1 b also c\ntless flocks & h]ds1 ! latt] eat+ ! gre5 /alks z well z ! rip5$ gra94 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates alone produc$ no less ?an #b1ebc1fdh1cab bu%els ( ?is c]eal 9 #aijb1 z aga9/ #ihg1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat1 & #fgj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( b>ley4 ,n[1 maize has a v t\gh /alk1 (t5 #aj feet high & an in* ?ick1 :i* _c be cut ) ! ease ( :eat or b>ley4 ,s a special ma*9e has be5 devis$ to h&le x4 ,! r[ ( corn is pick$ up1 if fall51 by *a9s furni%$ ) project+ spikes work+ at an angle to ! p]p5dicul>1 s z to lift & simultane\sly pull back ! /alks1 :i* pass into a horizontal ,v-%ap$ frame4 ,?is has a broad op5+ 9 front1 b n>r[s t[>ds its re> end1 :]e /ation>y sickles fix$ on ei!r side give ! /alk a draw+ cut be=e x rea*es ! s+le knife mov+ to "r & left 9 ! angle ( ! ,v1 :i* sev]s ! /alk completely4 ,! ,mc,cormick ma*9e ga!rs ! corn 9 v]tical bundles1 & ties !m up ready = ! %ock]s4 ,,?re%+ ,,ma*9es ,9 pr9ciple ^! are simple en\gh4 ,! /raw & gra9 is f$ into a slot & pull$ d[n betwe5 a too!d rotat+ drum & a fix$ too!d concave4 ,^! te> out ! gra9 f ! e>4 ,! =m] falls into ! hopp] ( a w9n[+ & riddl+ ma*9e1 :i* cle>s x f du/ & husks1 & all[s x to pass to a hopp]4 ,an endless *a9 ( buckets c>ries x to ! deliv]y b9s1 hold+ j "o sackful ea*1 :i* :5 full dis*>ge ! gra9 ?r\gh sp\ts into ! receptacles wait+ bel[ _! m\?s4 ,an automatic c\nt] records ! numb] ( sackfuls ( corn t h be5 dis*>g$1 s t di%one/y on ! "p ( employs becomes practically an impossibility4 ,:ile ! gra9 is ?us treat$1 oscillat+ rakes h arrang$ ! /raw & %ak5 x out beh9d 9 a =m conv5i5t = b9d+1 & ! *aff has pass$ to its prop] heap1 to be us$ z fuel = ! eng9e or z food = cattle4 ,,petrol-,,driv5 ,,field ,,ma*9]y ,on wat]1 rail1 & road ! petrol eng9e has ent]$ into rivalry ) /eam--v successfully too4 ,& n[ x bids fair to *all5ge bo? /eam-eng9e & horse z ! motive p[] = agricultural op]ations4 ,probably ! be/-kn[n ,engli% petrol-driv5 f>m]'s help is t made by ,mr4 ,dan ,albone1 ( ,biggleswade1 :o 9 pa/ times did mu* to introduce ! safety bicycle to ! public4 ,! ,ivel motor is n beautiful to look ^u2 its sides are slab1 its outl9es r sugge/ive ( an inv]t$ punt4 ,b x is a will+ & p[]ful work]2 requires no fe$+ 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+2 no c>eful bru% d[n aft] ! day's "w2 no halts to ease we>i$ muscles4 ,9 "o tank is petrol1 9 ano!r lubricat+ oil1 9 a ?ird wat] to keep ! cyl9d]s cool4 ,a d\ble-cyl9d] motor ( #ah h4p4 transmits its en]gy ?r\gh a l>ge clut* & tra9 ( cogs to ! road :eels1 made extra wide & well corrugat$ s t !y %all n s9k into s(t gr\nd or slip on h>d4 ,!re is a broad pulley-:eel peep+ out f "o side ( ! ma*9e1 :i* is ready to drive *aff-cutt]s or ?re%]s1 pump1 gr9d corn1 or turn a dynamo at a mom5t's notice4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,motor ,,pl\gh ,! ,ivel ,agricultural ,motor pull+ a ?ree-furr[ pl\gh4 ,a motor ?us h>ness$ w pl\gh six acres a day at a total co/ p] acre ( five %ill+s4 ,x is also available = reap+1 ?re%+1 *aff-cutt+1 & o!r duties on a f>m4 ,hit* ! ,ivel on to a c\ple ( reap]s or a ?ree-furr[ pl\gh1 & x soon %[s its sup]iority to man's fri5d4 ,"h are "s records3-- ,elev5 acres1 "o rood1 ?irte5 poles ( wet loam l& pl\gh$ 9 #ag-a_/b h\rs1 at a co/ p] acre ( #es4 ,n9ete5 acres ( :eat reap$ & b\nd 9 #aj h\rs1 at a co/ ( #as4 #i;d4 p] acre4 ,fifte5 acres1 ?ree roods ( heavy grass cut 9 #c-a_/b h\rs1 co/1 #as4 p] acre4 ,) horses ! av]age co/ ( pl\gh+ is ab\t #ajs4 an acre2 ( reap+ #es4 ,s t ! motor does at lea/ twice ! "w = ! same money4 ,we may quote a p>agraph f ! p5 ( ,home ,c\nties1 a well-kn[n & p]spicaci\s writ] on agricultural topics4 ,x is because motor-f>m+ is likely to result 9 a m ?or\gh cultivation ( ! l& & a m skilful & m enlight5$ practice ( agriculture1 & n 9 a fur!r ext5sion ( ^? deplorable l&-scrat*+ & acre-grasp+ me?ods ( :i* s _m pitiful examples may be se5 on our clay soils1 t its beg9n+s are be+ sympa!tically wat*$ by _m p :o h ! be/ int]e/s ( ! rural di/ricts & ! prosp]ity ( agriculture at he>t4#be ,w our f>m]s give ! same welcome to ! agricultural motor t 0 =m]ly accord$ to ! me*anical reap]8 ,prophecy is risky1 b if1 be=e a decade has elaps$1 ! horse has n be5 l>gely replac$ by petrol on l>ge f>ms & light l&1 ! writ] ( ^! l9es w be mu* surpris$4 ,,electrical ,,f>m+ ,,ma*9]y ,9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! electric motor has be5 turn$ to agricultural uses4 ,:]e wat]-p[] is available x is peculi>ly suitable = /ation>y "w1 su* z ?re%+1 *aff-cutt+1 root-slic+1 gr9d+1 etc4 ,! curr5t c be easily di/ribut$ all ov] a l>ge f>m & h>ness$ to portable motors4 ,ev5 pl\gh+ has be5 done ) electricity3 ! en]gy be+ d]iv$ ei!r f a /eam-eng9e plac$ ne> by1 or f an ov]head supply pass+ to ! pl\gh ?r\gh trolley arms simil> to ^? us$ on electric trams4 ,! great advances made rec5tly 9 electrical p[] transmission1 & 9 ! effici5cy ( ! electric motor1 br+ ! day 9 sight :5 on l>ge prop]ties ! fields w be girt ab\t by cables & poles z p]man5t fixtures4 ,all ! usual agricultural op]ations ( pl\gh+1 drill+1 & reap+ w !n be indep5d5t ( horses1 or ( /eam-eng9es pant+ labori\sly on ! headl&s4 ,9 fact1 ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ) success 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:i*ev] way we look1 ,giant ,/eam is b[+ be=e a sup]ior p[]4 ,,footnotes3 #bd ,cassi]'s ,magaz9e4 #be ,! ,_w's ,"w1 vol4 iii4 #dii4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,dairy ,,ma*9]y ,,milk+ ,,ma*9es--,,cream ,,sep>ators--,a ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,dry+ ,,milk ,,milk+ ,,ma*9es ,! f>m lab\r]1 p]*$ on a ?ree-legg$ /ool1 8 head lean+ aga9/ ! s(t flank ( a c[ z he squirts ! milk 9 sn[y jets into ! fro?+ pail1 is1 l ! blacksmi?'s =ge ?r[+ out its fi]y sp>k-%[]1 "o ( ^? sights :i* f *ildhood up ex]cise a mild fasc9ation ov] ! onlook]4 ,possibly he or %e may be an int]e/$ p]son 9 m s5ses ?an "o1 if ! cont5ts ( ! pail are ultimately to provide a refre%+ dr9k1 = milk nev] looks s tempt+ z :5 x c>ries its natural fro?4 ,mod]n me?ods ( dairy+ dem& ! mo/ scrupul\s cleanl9ess 9 all processes4 ,pails1 pans1 & *urns %\ld be sc\r$ until _! %9+ surfaces sugge/ t on !m ! t9ie/ microbe c\ld n f9d a foot+4 ,build+s mu/ be well air$1 scrubb$1 & treat$ occasionally ) dis9fectants4 ,ev5 !n dang] may lurk unse51 & ! milk is !re=e = c]ta9 purposes /]ilis$ by heat+ x to a temp]ature approa*+ boil+-po9t & simultane\sly agitat+ x me*anically to prev5t ! =mation ( a scum on ! surface4 ,x is !n p\r$ into seal$ bottles :i* bid defiance to ext]ior noxi\s g]ms4 ,! human h&1 ev5 if wa%$ frequ5tly1 is a difficult ?+ to keep sci5tifically clean4 ,! milkman has to put 8 h& n[ on ! c['s side1 n[ on 8 /ool2 9 %ort1 he is con/antly t\*+ surfaces :i* _c be gu>ante$ g]mless4 ,he may1 !re=e1 infect ! teats1 :i* 9 turn infect ! milk4 ,s t1 = heal?'s sake z well z to m9imise ! lab\r & exp5se ( milk+1 v>i\s devices h be5 tri$ = me*anically extract+ ! fluid f ! udd]4 ,_m ( ^! h di$ quick dea?s1 on acc\nt ( _! practical imp]fections4 ,b "o1 at lea/1 may be pron\nc$ a success--! ,lawr5ce-,k5n$y c[-milk]1 :i* is work$ by electricity1 & supplies ano!r pro( ( ! adaptability ( ! my/]i\s fluid to ! s]vice ( man4 ,on ! ,isle de la ,loge 9 ! ,se9e is a dairy f>m :i* is mo/ up-to-date 9 its employm5t ( lab\r-sav+ appliances1 includ+ t j m5tion$4 ,"h a turb9e g5]ates p[] to "w vacuum pumps ( l>ge capacity4 ,! pumps are connect$ to tubes t]m9at+ 9 cone-%ap$ rubb] caps t c be easily slipp$ on to ! teat2 f\r caps bran*+ out f a s+le suction *amb]4 ,z soon z !y h be5 adju/$1 ! milkman--n[ %orn ( a great "p ( 8 rights to t title--turns on ! vacuum cock1 & ! pulsator1 a device to imitate ! p]iodic action ( h& milk+1 comm5ces to "w4 ,! numb] ( pulsations p] m9ute c be regulat$ to a nicety by adju/+ screws4 ,on its way to ! pail ! milk passes ?r\gh a glass tube1 s t ! op]ator may see :5 ! milk+ is complet$4 ,?is me?od elim9ates ! dang] ( h& contam9ation4 ,x also protects ! milk entirely f ! air1 & x has be5 /at$ t1 :5 ?us extract$1 milk keeps sweet = a mu* long] "t ?an "u ! old sy/em4 ,! c[s app>5tly d n object to ma*9]y replac+ man1 n ev5 ! ,j]sey bre$1 :i* are ! mo/ fidgety ( all ! tribe4 ,"u ! head+ ( economy ! us] scores heavily1 = a s+le att5dant c adju/ & wat* a numb] ( me*anical milk]s1 :]eas "o man1 "o c[ mu/ be ! rule :]e ! h& is us$4 ,f ! po9t ( romance1 ! _w may lose2 ! vacuum pump _c vie ) ! pretty milkmaid ( ! songs4 ,practical p w1 h[ev]1 re/ cont5t ) pure milk m9us ! beauty1 9 pref]5ce to milk plus ! microbe & ! milkmaid1 :o--especially :5 %e is a man--is n always s v beautiful aft] all4 ,,cream ,,sep>ators ,9 ! matt] ( sep>at+ ! fatty f ! wat]y elem5ts ( milk ma*9]y also plays a "p4 ,! cu/om ( all[+ ! cream to rise 9 op5 pans suffices = small dairies :]e spe$ & ?or\ghness ( sep>ation are n ( prim>y importance4 ,b :5 cream is requir$ 9 :olesale quantities = ! m>kets ( l>ge t[ns1 or = conv]sion into butt]1 mu* great] exp$ition is ne$$4 ,! me*anical cream sep>ator takes advantage ( ! laws ( c5trifugal =ce4 ,milk is p\r$ into a b[l rotat+ at high spe$ on a v]tical axis4 ,! heavi]--wat]y--portions climb up ! sides ( ! b[l 9 _! endeav\r to get z f> away z possible f ! c5tre ( motion2 :ile ! light] p>ticles ( cream1 n hav+ s mu* mom5tum1 are compell$ to rema9 at ! bottom4 ,by a simple me*anical arrangem5t1 !--v--skim milk is =c$ out ( "o tube1 & ! cream out ( ano!r4 ,an effici5t sep>ator removes up to #ii p] c5t4 ( ! butt] fat4 ,small sizes1 work$ by h&1 treat f #aj to #ajj gallons ( milk p] h\r2 :ile ! l>ge ma*9es1 ext5sively us$ 9 cream]ies1 & turn$ by horse1 /eam1 electric1 or o!r p[]1 h a capacity ( #dej gallons p] h\r4 ,! sav+ effect$ by me*anical me?ods ( sep>ation is s great t dairy-f>m]s c n[ make a good pr(it on butt] :i* =m]ly sc>cely cov]$ out-(-pocket exp5ses incurr$ 9 its manufacture4 ,a ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,dry+ ,,milk ,milk conta9s #hg p] c5t4 ( wat] & ab\t #ab p] c5t4 ( nutritive matt]4 ,milk :i* has _h ! wat] evaporat$ f x becomes a highly conc5trat$ food1 v valuable = _m purposes :i* c\ld n be s]v$ by ! natural fluid4 ,until lately ! process ( sep>at+ ! solid & liquid con/itu5ts 0 too co/ly to r5d] ! manufacture ( dri$ milk a pr(itable indu/ry4 ,b n[ !re is on ! m>ket a dry+ app>atus1 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,james ,milnes & ,son1 ( ,ed9burgh1 :i* almo/ in/antane\sly drives (f ! wat]4 ,! ma*9e us$ = ?is--! ,j-,hatmak]--process is simple4 ,x consi/s ( two l>ge metal drums1 #bh in*es 9 diamet] & #e feet long1 m\nt$ horizontally 9 a framework ) a space ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* betwe5 !m4 ,high-pressure /eam1 admitt$ to ! drums ?r\gh axial pipes1 raises _! surfaces to a temp]ature ( #bbj ,fahr4 ,! milk is all[$ to fl[ 9 ?9 /reams ov] ! revolv+ drums1 ! heat ( :i* quickly evaporates ! wat]4 ,a coat+ ( solid matt] gradually =ms1 & ?is is scrap$ (f by a knife & falls into a receptacle4 ,! milk is n boil$ nor *emically alt]$ 9 any way1 ?\gh completely /]ilis$ by ! heat4 ,?is ma*9e promises to revolutionise ! milk trade1 z f>m]s w n[ be able to conv]t ! v p]i%able product ( _! dairies into an easily h&l$ & imp]i%able p[d] ( great use = cook+ & ! manufacture ( sweetmeats4 ,explor]s & soldi]s c h _! milk supply r$uc$ to tabloid =m1 & a p\nd t9 ( ! loz5ges w temp] _! tea or c(fee ov] _m a camp fire f> remov$ f ! dome/ic c[4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,sculptur+ ,,ma*9es ,! savage :o1 ) a fl9t po9t or bone spl9t]1 labori\sly scrat*$ rude figures on ! walls ( 8 cave dwell+1 did ! be/ he 0 capable ( to express ! emotions :i* affect ! spl5didly equipp$ sculptor ( to-day2 he wi%$ to record p]man5tly "s %ape 9 :i* = ! "t he 0 int]e/$1 religi\sly or o!rwise4 ,! sun1 moon & />s figure l>gely 9 primitive religions z objects ( wor%ip4 ,!y c\ld be easily sugge/$ by a few /rokes ( a tool4 ,b :5 mortals turn$ f cele/ial to t]re/rial bodies1 & to ! wor%ip ( human or animal =ms--! grav5 images ( ! ,bible--a mu* high] level ( art 0 rea*$ by ! sculptor1 :o endeav\r$ to give fai?ful repres5tations 9 m>ble ( ! great m5 ( ! "t & ( ! gods :i* 8 nation ackn[l$g$4 ,! ,egyptians1 ^: colossal monum5ts /rew ! banks ( ! ,nile1 work$ 9 ! mo/ /ubborn mat]ials--basalt1 porphyry & granite--:i* w\ld turn ! edge ( highly temp]$ /eel1 & !re=e raise wond] 9 our m9ds z to ! nature ( ! tools :i* ! subjects ( ! ,ph>aohs mu/ h possess$4 ,only "o *isel1 ( a bronze s s(t t its edge turn$ at ! fir/ /roke aga9/ ! rock "u :i* x 0 f\nd1 has s f> come to light4 ,( /eel tools !re is no trace1 & we are left to ! surmise t ! anci5ts possess$ "s =gott5 me?od ( h>d5+ o!r metals--includ+ bronze--to a pit* q unatta9able to-day4 ,:atev] 7 _! implem5ts1 !y did magnific5t "w2 witness ! spl5did sculptures ( va/ proportions to be f\nd 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 & ! yet hug] /atues1 su* z ^? ( ,memnon & ^? at ,k>nak1 :i* attract t\ri/s ye>ly to ,egypt4 ,! ,egyptians admir$ magnitude2 ! ,greeks p]fection ( outl9e4 ,! human =m 9 its mo/ ideal developm5t1 s (t5 f\nd among a nation ) :om a?leticism 0 almo/ a religion1 inspir$ _m ( ! great classical sculptors1 ^: "w nev] has be51 & probably nev] w be1 surpass$4 ,great hon\r await$ ! w9n] 9 ! ,olympian games2 b ! mo/ covet$ prize ( all 0 ! p]mission giv5 him--?is aft] a succession ( victories only--to erect a /atue ( himself 9 ! sacr$ grove ne> ! %r9e ( ,olympian ,jove4 ,happy ! man :o knew t succe$+ g5]ations w\ld gaze ^u a m>ble repres5tation ( "s *>act]i/ic attitude assum$ by him dur+ 8 /ruggle = ! laurel cr[n4 ,until rec5tly ! me?ods ( sculpture h rema9$ practically unalt]$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! arti/ fir/ models 8 idea 9 clay or wax1 on a small scale4 ,he !n1 if he designs a life-size or colossal /atue1 erects a k9d ( iron skeleton to c>ry ! clay ( ! full-siz$ model1 copi$ proportionately f ! small] "o4 ,:5 ?is is f9i%$1 a piece-m\ld is =m$ f x by apply+ wet lumps ( pla/] ( ,p>is all ov] ! surface 9 su* a mann] t !y c be remov$ piecemeal1 & fitt$ toge!r to =m a complete m\ld4 ,into ?is liquid pla/] is run1 = a holl[ ca/ ( ! :ole figure1 :i* is smoo!d & giv5 its f9i%+ t\*es by ! ma/] h&4 ,?is ca/ has next to be reproduc$ 9 m>ble4 ,bo? ! ca/ & ! block ( m>ble are set up on scale-/ones1 revolv+ on v]tical pivots4 ,an +5i\s in/rum5t1 call$ a po9t+ ma*9e1 n[ comes into play4 ,x has two arms end+ 9 f9e metal po9ts1 movable 9 ball-&-socket jo9ts4 ,^! arms are fir/ appli$ to ! model1 ! l[] be+ adju/$ to t\* a m>k on ! scale-/one1 ! upp] to j rea* a m>k on ! figure4 ,! op]ator !n clamps ! arms & revolves ! ma*9e t[>ds ! block ( m>ble1 ! scale-/one ( :i* has be5 m>k$ simil>ly to its fell[4 ,! bottom arm is n[ set to re/ on ! correspond+ m>k ( ! scale-/one2 b ! upp]1 :i* c slide back telescopically1 is prev5t$ f assum+ its relative position by ! unremov$ portions ( ! block4 ,! workman !re=e m]ely notices ! po9t on ! block at :i* ! ne$le is direct$1 & drills a hole into ! m>ble on ! l9e ( ! ne$le's axis1 to a dep? suffici5t to all[ ! arm to be fully ext5d$4 ,?is process is repeat$1 9 "s cases _m ?\s&s ( times1 until ! block has be5 honeycomb$ ) small holes4 ,! c>v] c n[ /rike (f ! sup]flu\s m>ble1 nev] go+ beyond ! dep? ( a hole2 & a r\gh outl9e ( ! /atue appe>s4 ,a m skill$ workman foll[s him to %ape ! mat]ial to a close copy ( ! ca/2 & ! sculptor himself adds ! f9i%+ t\*es :i* /amp 8 p]sonality on ! complet$ "w4 ,only a select few ( ! _w's greate/ sculptors h v5tur$ to /rike _! /atues direct f ! m>ble1 )\t rec\rse to a prelim9>y model4 ,su* a "o 0 ,mi*elangelo1 :o1 z ?\gh seiz$ by a creative fr5zy1 w\ld hew & hack a block s furi\sly t ! *ips flew (f l a %[]1 cont9u+ 8 attack = h\rs1 yet nev] mak+ ! s+le false /roke t 9 ! case ( o!r ma/]s has ru9$ ! "w ( mon?s4 ,he truly 0 a g5ius1 & mu/ h possess$ an almo/ sup]natural faculty ( kn[+ :5 he _h rea*$ ! exact dep? at any po9t 9 ! great block ( m>ble f :i* 8 design gradually em]g$4 ,! =mation ( arti/ic models w always require ! ma/]'s h&2 b ! reproduction ( ! ca/ 9 m>ble or /one c n[ be p]=m$ mu* m exp$iti\sly ?an is possible ) ! po9t+ ma*9e4 ,we h already two successful me*anisms :i* 9 an almo/ incr$ibly %ort "t w eat a /atue out ( a block 9 fai?ful ob$i5ce to ! movem5t ( a po9t] ov] ! surface ( a f9i%$ design4 ,!y are ! ,w5zel ,ma*9e ,sculptor & ,signor ,augu/o ,bontempi's ,meccanegl(o4 ,,! ,,w5zel ,,sculptur+ ,,ma*9e ,9 ! basem5t ( a l>ge ,london bus9ess h\se we f\nd1 "o d>k ,novemb] aft]noon1 two m5 at "w ) curi\s-look+ frameworks1 :i* !y sway$ backw>ds & =w>ds1 up & d[n1 to ! accompanim5t ( a cont9u\s clatt]+ ( metal ^u /one4 ,approa*+ ne>]1 we saw1 ly+ horizontally 9 ! c5tre ( ! ma*9e1 a small m>ble /atue1 its feet clamp$ to a plate ) deep not*es 9 ! circumf]5ce4 ,on ei!r side1 at equal di/ances1 7 two horizontal blocks ( m>ble simil>ly atta*$ to simil> plates4 ,! workman _h 8 eyes glu$ on a blunt-nos$ po9t] project+ f ! middle ( a balanc$ frame4 ,?is he pass$ sl[ly ov] ! surface ( ! /atue1 & simultane\sly two :irr+ drills also atta*$ to ! frame ate into ! /one blocks j s f> z ! movem5t ( ! frame w\ld p]mit4 ,! drills 7 driv5 by electric p[] & made "s ?\s&s ( revolutions p] m9ute1 ?r[+ (f ! /one !y bit away 9 ! =m ( an exce$+ly f9e :ite du/4 ,x 0 mo/ fasc9at+ to wat* ! almo/ s5ti5t p]=mance ( ! drills4 ,j z a p5cil 9 an arti/'s h&s weaves l9e into l9e until !y all sudd5ly spr+ into life & %[ _! mean+1 s did ! drills *ase app>5tly arbitr>y grooves :i* unit$1 spread1 & f9ally reveal$ ! r\gh-hewn limb4 ,e n[ & !n ! ma*9i/ twi/$ ! footplates r\nd "o not*1 & snick$ ! reta9+ bolts into !m4 ,?is expos$ a fre% area ( ! /atue & ( ! blocks to ! po9t] & ! drills4 ,! l>ge1 co>se drills us$ to cle> away ! sup]flu\s mat]ial dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( ! "w 7 replac$ by f9] po9ts4 ,! l[ relief 0 scoop$ out1 ! limbs m\ld$1 ! delicate curves ( *eek & ! p5cill+ ( eyebr[s & lips trac$1 & 9 a few h\rs ! copies 7 ready = ! usual smoo?+ & f9i%+ at ! h&s ( ! human sculptor4 ,accord+ to ! capacity ( ! ma*9e two1 f\r1 or six duplicates c be made at ! co/ ( a little m p[] & "t4 ,nor is x necess>y to conf9e op]ations to /one & m>ble1 = we 7 %[n "s admirable examples ( wood5 /atues copi$ f a delicate little bronze1 &1 7 special drills provid$1 ! relations c\ld be rev]s$1 bronze becom+ passive to motions controll$ by a wood5 orig9al4 ,sculptur+ made easy w\ld be a tempt+ leg5d to write ov] ! ,w5zel ma*9e4 ,b x w\ld n repres5t ! tru?4 ,aft] all1 ! me*anism only copies1 x _c orig9ate1 :i* is ! function ( ! sculptor4 ,x /&s to sculptur+ 9 ! same relation z ! pr9t]'s process block to ! arti/'s orig9al sket*1 or ! li?ographic plates to ! pa9t]'s col\r$ picture4 ,!re=e prejudice aga9/ ma*9e-made /atues is z unreasonable z objection to ! c>efully-execut$ replica ( a celebrat$ pa9t+4 ,! sculptor himself has n produc$ x at fir/ h&1 yet 8 p]sonality has be5 /amp$ ev5 on ! copy1 = ! ma*9e c d no?+ except :at has already be5 done = x4 ,! ma*9e m]ely displaces ! old & imp]fect po9t+ by h&1 sub/itut+ a me?od :i* is *eap]1 quick]1 & m accurate 9 its int]pretation ( ! model4 ,x is obvi\s t1 ap>t f sculpture prop]1 ! indu/rial arts af=d a wide field = ?is inv5tion4 ,9 ar*itecture1 = in/ance1 c>v$ wood & /onework = int]iors & ext]iors ( build+s h be5 reg>d$ hi!rto z exp5sive luxuries1 yet 9 spite ( _! co/ !y are increas+ly indulg$ 94 ,! ar*itect n[ has at 8 disposal an economical me?od ( c>v+ :i* w enable him to utilise ornam5tal /onework to almo/ any degree4 ,sculptur$ friezes1 cornices1 & capitals1 :i*1 "u ! old rgime1 w\ld repres5t mon?s ( highly paid h& lab\r1 may n[ be reproduc$ rapidly & 9 any quantity by ! ma*9e1 :i* c\ld be adapt$ to "w on ! scaffold+ itself4 ,:at w become ( ! /onemasons8 ,won't !y all be ?r[n out ( "w1 or at lea/ a l>ge numb] ( !m8 ,! be/ answ] to ^! que/ions w be f\nd 9 a consid]ation ( indu/ries 9 :i* ma*9]y has replac$ h& "w4 ,has ,engl&1 z a cotton-sp9n+ nation1 b5efit$ because ! p[]-loom 0 introduc$8 ,does %e employ m op]atives ?an %e w\ld o!rwise h done1 & are ^! bett] paid ?an ! old h& weav]s8 ,all ^! qu]ies mu/ h ,yes6 writt5 aga9/ !m4 ,9 l mann]1 if /atu>y & decoration becomes inexp5sive1 tw5ty p w be able to af=d :at hi!rto 0 )9 ! rea* ( b "o2 & an indu/ry w arise beside :i* ! output ( ! pres5t-day monum5tal mason w appe> v insignificant4 ,! sculptur+ ma*9e und\bt$ly br+s u "o /ep ne>] ! univ]sal ,h\se ,beautiful4 ,a complete li/ ( ! ?+s :i* ! v]satile ,w5zel c p]=m w\ld be t$i\sly long4 ,let x !re=e suffice to m5tion boot-la/s1 gun-/ocks1 m\lds1 eng9e]+ patt]ns1 num]al lett]s1 & o!r articles ( irregul> %ape1 z "s ( ! m prosaic productions :i* gr[ "u ! buzz+ metal po9ts4 ,"s read]s may be glad to he> t ! ,w5zel promises ano!r hobby = ! individual :o likes to use 8 h&s1 s9ce m9iature ma*9es are pur*asable :i* treat subjects ( a size n exce$+ six in*es 9 diamet]4 ,no previ\s k ( c>v+ is necess>y1 & z soon z ! elem5t>y pr9ciples h be5 ma/]$ ! possessor ( a small copi] c take advantage ( wet days to turn out /atuettes1 bu/s1 & ornam5tal patt]ns = 8 own or fri5ds' mantelpieces4 ,& surely a c>efully f9i%$ copy 9 :ite m>ble ( "s da9ty classic figure or gr\p w be a gift well wor? receiv+6 ,! amateur photograph]1 ! fret-sawy]1 & ! *ip-c>v] w h to write ,i*abod ov] _! work%ops6 ,! ,w5zel has left its exp]im5tal /age f> beh9d4 ,! ,g]man ,emp]or1 aft] wat*+ ! creation ( a m9iature bu/ ( ,bee?ov51 express$ 8 delight 9 a ma*9e t c\ld call a musician f lifeless /one4 ,! :ole ( ! int]ior decoration ( ! magnific5t ,ra?aus1 ,*>lott5burg1 (f]s a spl5did example ( me*anical wood c>v+1 :i* t\ri/s w\ld d well to inspect4 ,we may n[ pass to ,,! ,,bontempi ,,sculptur+ ,,ma*9e1 = su* is ! translation ( ! =midable ^w ,meccanegl(o4 ,?is ma*9e is ! inv5tion ( ,signor ,augu/o ,bontempi1 a native ( ,p>ma1 :o comm5c$ life z a soldi] 9 ! ,italian army1 & :ile /ill "y has won di/9ction z a clev] eng9e]4 ,8 ma*9e diff]s 9 mo/ con/ructional details f ! ,w5zel4 ,to beg9 )1 ! pressure ( ! drills on ! m>ble is imp>t$ by wat] in/ead ( by ! h&2 secondly1 ! block to be cut is arrang$ v]tically in/ead ( horizontally2 ?irdly1 ! index-po9t] is n rigidly connect$ to ! drill frame1 b m]ely controls ! valves ( hydraulic me*anism :i* guides ! drills 9 any requir$ direction4 ,! drills are rotat$ by electricity1 b all _! o!r movem5ts come f ! pressure ( wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,small ,,w5zel ,,automatic ,,sculptur+ ,,ma*9e ,?is cuts /atuettes1 two at a "t1 out ( /one or wood1 ! cutt]s be+ guid$ by a po9t] pass$ ov] ! surface ( ! model by ! girl4 ,und\bt$ly ! mo/ +5i\s feature ( ! ,bontempi app>atus is ! po9t]'s hydraulic valve1 :i* gives ! drills a =w>d1 lat]al1 or upw>d movem5t1 or a comp\nd ( two or ?ree movem5ts4 ,:5 ! po9t] is n t\*$ all ! valve orifices rema9 clos$1 & ! ma*9e ceases to "w4 ,%\ld ! op]ator pull ! po9t] =w>ds a wat]-way is op5$1 & ! liquid passes "u great pressure to a cyl9d] :i* pu%es ! drill frame =w>d4 ,if ! po9t] be also press$ sideways1 a second *annel op5s & br+s a second cyl9d] into action1 & ! frame z a :ole is mov$ correspond+ly1 :ile an upw>d twi/ op]ates yet a ?ird set ( cyl9d]s1 & ! workman himself rises ) ! drills4 ,z soon z ! s5sitive tip ( ! po9t] t\*es an object x telescopes1 & imm$iately closes ! valves1 s t ! drills bore no fur!r 9 t direction4 ,! orig9al & copies are turn$ ab\t f "t to "t on _! bases 9 a mann] simil> to t already describ$ 9 treat+ ! ,w5zel4 ,z _m z tw5ty copies c be made on ! l>ge/ ma*9es4 ,q rec5tly !re has be5 in/all$ 9 ,s\?w>k1 ,london1 a gigantic ,bontempi :i* /&s #bg feet high1 & h&les blocks #e feet #f in*es squ>e by #aj feet high1 & "s #bj tons 9 weight4 ,ow+ to ! huge masses to be work$ only "o copy c be made at a "t2 ?\gh1 d\btless1 if circum/ances w>rant$ ! exp5se1 a ma*9e c\ld be built to d d\ble1 triple1 or quadruple duty4 ,! proprietors h discov]$ an abrasive to gr9d granite--ord9>y /eel *isels w\ld be useless--& !y expect a great dem& = columns & monum5tal "w 9 ?is /ubborn mat]ial1 z _! ma*9es turn out f9i%$ /uff a doz5 times fa/] ?an ! mason4 ,an int]e/+ /ory is told ab\t ! e>ly days ( ,signor ,bontempi's inv5tion4 ,:5 he set up 8 exp]im5tal ma*9e at ,flor5ce1 ! workm51 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,luddites1 rose 9 a body & ?reat5$ bo? him & 8 app>atus ) de/ruction4 ,! police _h to be call$ 9 to protect ! inv5tor1 :o ?\ght x prud5t to move 8 work%op to ,naples1 :]e ! populace _h broad]-m9d$ views4 ,! ,flor5t9es are n[ sorry t !y drove ,signor ,bontempi away1 = !y f9d t in/ead ( depress+ ! lab\r m>ket1 ! me*anical sculptor is a v good fri5d to bo? proprietor & employ4 ,,note4--,= in=mation & illu/rations ! au?or has to ?ank ,mr4 ,w4 ,hanson ,boorne1 ( ! ,ma*9e ,sculpture ,company1 ,ald]m>y ,h\se1 ,london1 ,e4,c41 & ,mr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,gaz1 secret>y ( ! ,automatic ,sculpture ,syndicate1 ,sumn] ,/reet1 ,s\?w>k4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii ,,an ,,automatic ,,rifle ,:ile sci5ce works ceaselessly to cure ! ills t human fle% is heir to1 inv5tion z p]si/5tly devises weapons = man's de/ruction4 ,ye/]day x 0 ! discov]ies ( ,pa/eur & ! ,maxim gun2 to-day x is ! ,f9s5 rays & ! ,rex] automatic rifle4 ,?\gh "o _c re/ra9 a sigh on exam9+ a new contrivance1 ! sole function ( :i* is to deal out dea? & desolation--sadly wond]+ :y su* +5uity might n h be5 direct$ to ! p]fect+ ( a ma*9e :i* w\ld r5d] life m easy & m pleasant2 yet f a book :i* deals ) mod]n me*anisms we may n entirely exclude ref]5ce to a class ( eng9es on :i* man has exp5d$ s mu* ?\ght ev] s9ce gunp[d] fir/ ent]$ ! ar5a ( human /rife4 ,we !re=e *oose z our subject = ?is *apt] a weapon hail+ f ,d5m>k1 a c\ntry :i*1 ?\gh small 9 area1 conta9s _m inv5tors ( no mean repute4 ,9 a ,london (fice1 )9 sight ( ! monum5t rais$ to ,engl&'s great sailor h]o1 ! writ] fir/ made acqua9tance ) ! ,rex] gun1 :i*1 v5om\s device t x is1 c spit =? dea? #cjj times a m9ute1 ?\gh x weighs only ab\t #ah lbs4 ,its =m is t ( an ord9>y rifle ( some:at clumsy build4 ,! eye at once picks out a pair ( supports :i* project f a r+ encircl+ x ne> ! muzzle4 ,ev5 a /rong man w\ld f9d #ah lbs4 too mu* to hold to 8 %\ld] = any l5g? ( "t2 s ! ,rex] is prim>ily int5d$ = /ation>y "w4 ,! us] lies prone1 re/s ! muzzle on its supports1 presses ! butt to 8 %\ld]1 & blazes away4 ,hi/ory repeats itself 9 ! *ronicles ( fire>ms1 ?\gh x is a v long way f ! old mat*lock support$ on a =k$ /ick to ! late/ ?+ 9 rifles propp$ up by two /eel legs4 ,ma*9e-guns1 su* z ! ,maxim & ,hot*kiss1 weigh #fj lbs4 & upw>ds1 & h to be c>ri$ on a :eel$ c>riage1 drawn ei!r by horses or by a numb] ( m54 ,9 v r\gh c\ntry !y mu/ be load$ on pack-horses or mules4 ,:5 requir$ = action1 ! gun1 its supports & appliances1 sep>at$ = pack+1 mu/ be hurri$ly reassembl$4 ,?is means loss ( valuable "t4 ,! ,rex] rifle c be c>ri$ almo/ z easily z a ,lee-,met=d or ,maus]1 & fires ! ord9>y small-bore ammunition4 ,:]ev] infantry or cavalry c g1 x c g too1 )\t entail+ any appreciable am\nt ( extra haulage4 ,be=e deal+ ) its actual use z a fight+ arm we w notice ! lead+ features ( its con/ruction4 ,! gun comprises ! /ock1 ! cas+ & trigg]-plate :i* enclose ! bree* me*anism1 ! b>rel1 & ! p]=at$ b>rel cov]1 to :i* are atta*$ ! =k$ legs on :i* ! muzzle end is support$ :5 fir+1 & :i* fold up "u ! cov] :5 n 9 use4 ,! p[] = work+ ! me*anism is obta9$ f ! recoil1 :i*1 :5 ! gun is fir$1 drives ! b>rel1 toge!r ) ! bree* & ! o!r mov+ p>ts1 "s two in*es backw>ds1 ?us compress+ ! p[]ful recoil-spr+ :i* lies beh9d ! bree*1 enclos$ 9 ! front "p ( ! /ock1 & :i*1 aft] ! =ce ( ! recoil is sp5t1 exp&s1 & ?us drives ! b>rel =w>d aga9 into ! fir+ position4 ,! recoil & return ( ! bree* op]ate a set ( lev]s & o!r work+ p>ts )9 ! cas+1 :i*1 by _! comb9$ actions foll[+ "o ano!r 9 fix$ ord]1 op5 ! bree*1 eject ! empty c>tridge-case1 ins]t a new c>tridge into ! *amb]1 & close ! bree*2 & :5 ! gun is set = automatic action1 & ! gunn] keeps 8 f+] press$ on ! trigg]1 ! p]cussion arm /rikes ! hamm] & ! c>tridge is fir$2 ! r\nd ( op]ations repeat+ itself till ! magaz9e is empti$1 or until ! gunn] releases ! trigg] & !reby int]rupts ! fir+4 ,a noticeable feature is ! /eel tube surr\nd+ ! b>rel4 ,x is pi]c$ ) a numb] ( op5+s to p]mit a circulation ( air to cool ! b>rel1 :i* is furni%$ ) f9s simil> to ^? on ! cyl9d] ( an air-cool$ petrol motor to help dissipate ! heat caus$ by ! frequ5t explosions4 ,ne> ! ends ( ! cov] are ! guides1 9 :i* ! b>rel moves backw>ds & =w>ds "u ! influ5ce ( ! recoil & ! recoil-spr+4 ,! supports are atta*$ to ! cas+ 9 su* a way t ! /ock ( ! gun c be elevat$ or depress$ & trav]s$ ?r\gh consid]able angles )\t alt]+ ! position ( ! supports on ! gr\nd4 ,! re> end ( ! b>rel cov] is firmly fix$ to ! cas+ ( ! bree* me*anism1 & =ms ) ?is & ! /ock ! rigid "p ( ! gun 9 :i* ! mov+ portions "w1 _! motions be+ guid$ & controll$ by cams & /uds work+ 9 grooves & not*es & on blocks atta*$ to ! rigid p>ts4 ,)\t ! aid ( special diagrams x is r h>d to expla9 ! work+ ( ev5 a simple me*anism2 b ! writ] hopes t ! foll[+ v]bal description1 = :i* he has to ?ank ! ,rex] ,company1 w at lea/ g "s way t[>ds elucidat+ ! action ( ! bree* compon5ts4 ,inside ! cas+ is ! bree*1 ! front end ( :i* is atta*$ rigidly to ! b>rel1 ! re> end be+ 9 contact ) ! recoil arm1 :i* is directly op]at$ by ! recoil spr+ ly+ 9 a recess 9 ! /ock4 ,9 ! bree* is ! bree*-block1 :i* has ?ree functions3 fir/ to guide ! new c>tridges f ! di/ribut]1 :i* passes !m f ! magaz9e "o by "o into ! cas+1 to ! fir+ position 9 ! *amb] 7i4e4 ! exp&$ "p ( ! bore at ! re> end ( ! b>rel72 secondly1 to hold ! c>tridge firmly fix$ 9 ! *amb]1 & to act z an abutm5t or support to ! back ( ! c>tridge :5 x is fir$1 & ?us transmit ! backw>d =ce ( ! explosion to ! recoil spr+2 ?irdly1 to all[ ! sp5t c>tridges to be dis*>g$ f ! *amb] by ! extractor1 & to direct !m by means ( a guide curv$ d[nw>ds f ! *amb]1 s t !y may be flung ?r\gh an op5+ provid$ = t purpose 9 ! trigg]-plate 9 front ( ! trigg]1 & out ( ! way ( ! gunn]4 7,?is op5+ is clos$ by a cov] :5 ! gun is n 9 use1 & op5s automatically be=e ! %ot c be fir$47 ,9 ord] to effect ?is ?reefold object1 ! bree*-block is pivot$ 9 ! re> to ! re> ( ! bree*1 & has a v]tical angul> motion )9 x1 s t ! =e end ( ! block c move into ?ree diff]5t positions 9 relation to ! *amb]3 "o1 bel[ ! *amb] to guide ! c>tridge into x2 "o1 directly 9 l9e ) ! *amb]1 to back ! c>tridge2 & "o1 above ! *amb]1 to all[ ! ejection ( ! sp5t c>tridge-case by ! extractor4 ,! c>tridge is fir$ by a long p9 ?r\gh ! bree*-block1 /ruck beh9d by a hamm] op]at$ by a special spr+4 ,! fir/ function ( ! bree*-block is1 z we h said1 to act z a guide = ! c>tridge into ! *amb] ready = fir+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! old ,m>t9i-,h5ry bree*-block4 ,! actual pu%+ =w>d ( ! c>tridge is p]=m$ by a lev] slid+ on ! top ( ! block4 ,aft] ! explosion a small v]tical lev] j]ks out ! c>tridge-case aga9/ ! block1 & causes x to cannon d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! ap]ture 9 ! trigg]-plate already m5tion$4 ,on ! left-h& side ( ! bree* cas+ is a small *amb]1 op5 at ! top & on ! side next ! bree*4 ,to ! top is clipp$ ! magaz9e1 fill$ ) tw5ty-five c>tridges4 ,! magaz9e is %ap$ some:at l a slice ( melon1 only t ! curv$ back & front are p>allel4 ,! sides conv]ge t[>ds ! inn] edge4 ,x is clos$ at ! l[] end by a spr+ secur$ by a cat*4 ,:5 a magaz9e is atta*$ to ! op5 top ( ! *amb] ! cat* is releas$ s z to put *amb] & magaz9e 9 direct communication4 ,! c>tridges w\ld !n be able to drop /raight into ! bree* *amb] ?r\gh ! side slot1 7 ! latt] n protect$ by a curv$ horizontal %utt]1 call$ ! di/ribut]4 ,its action is su* t :5 a c>tridge is be+ pass$ ?r\gh into ! bree* cas+1 ! %utt] closes1 & holds ! rema9+ c>tridges 9 ! magaz9e2 & :5 ! c>tridge has pass$ x op5s & lets ! next into position 9 ! side cas+4 ,z soon z a c>tridge ent]s ! bree* x is pu%$ =w>d into ! *amb] ready = fir+ by ! fe$] lev]4 ,! magaz9e & ! hold] are s arrang$ t :5 ! la/ c>tridge has pass$ f ! magaz9e to ! di/ribut]1 ! motion ( ! mov+ p>ts ( ! gun is arre/$ till ! magaz9e is remov$1 :5 ! motion is resum$ s f> z to pu% ! rema9+ c>tridge into ! *amb] & br+ ! bree*-block into ! fir+ position4 ,:5 ano!r magaz9e has be5 fix$ 9 ! hold]1 fir+ c be resum$ by pull+ ! trigg]2 b if ano!r magaz9e is n fix$ 9 ! hold] ! la/ c>tridge _c be fir$ by pull+ ! trigg]1 & only by pull+ a h&le :i* w be pres5tly describ$4 ,?is arrangem5t secures ! cont9uance ( ! automatic fir+ be+ int]rupt$ only by ! v brief int]val requir$ = *>g+ ! app>atus4 ,! gun is fir$1 z usual1 by pull+ a trigg]4 ,if a /eady pull be kept on ! trigg] ! :ole cont5ts ( ! magaz9e w be fir$ automatically 7! la/ c>tridge except$72 b if su* cont9u\s fir+ is n desir$1 a few %ots at a "t may be fir$ automatically by alt]nately pull+ & releas+ ! trigg]4 ,if x is desir$ to fire %ot by %ot f ! magaz9e1 a small swivel on ! trigg]-gu>d is mov$ s z to limit ! movem5t ( ! trigg]4 ,by mov+ ?is swivel out ( ! way1 automatic fir+ is resum$4 ,! gun may also be fir$ )\t a magaz9e by simply fe$+ c>tridges by h& into ! magaz9e hold]4 ,9 front ( ! trigg]-gu>d is a safety cat*1 & if ?is is set to safe ! gun _c be fir$ until ! cat* is mov$ to fire4 ,x is obvi\s t ! recoil _c come into action until a %ot has be5 fir$4 ,a h&le is !re=e provid$ on ! "r-h& side outside ! cas+1 by means ( :i* ! bolt =m+ ! axis ( ! recoil & p]cussion arms may be turn$ s z to imitate ! action ( ! recoil4 ,?is h&le mu/ be turn$ to br+ ! fir/ c>tridge into ! *amb]1 b ?is hav+ be5 done1 ! h&le returns to its normal position1 & ne$ n be mov$ aga94 ,we may n[ wat* a gunn] at "w4 ,he *ooses 8 position1 op5s out ! supports1 & pu%es !m into ! gr\nd s z to give ! muzzle end a firm be>+4 ,he !n takes a magaz9e f ! box he c>ries ) him1 & fixes x by a rapid motion into ! magaz9e hold]1 !n1 re/+ 8 left h& on ! /ock to /eady x1 he pulls ov] ! h&le ) 8 "r s z to br+ ! b>rel & all ! mov+ me*anism into ! backw>d position4 ,he !n releases ! h&le1 & ! recoil spr+ comes into action & drives ! bree* =w>d1 :5 ! controll+ ge> br+s ! front end ( ! bree*-block into its d[nw>d position1 admits ! fir/ c>tridge into ! bree* & pu%es x =w>d by ! c>tridge-fe$] into ! b>rel *amb]4 ,! bree*-block !n rises to its c5tral position at ! back ( ! c>tridge1 & ! gun is ready = fir+4 ,if automatic fir+ is requir$1 ! gunn] sets ! swivel at ! back ( ! trigg] 9 ! "r position1 sights ! object at :i* he has to fire1 & pulls ! trigg]1 !reby explod+ ! fir/ c>tridge4 ,! recoil !n drives back ! b>rel & ! bree*4 ,! bree*-block is mov$ into its highe/ position1 mak+ room = ! ejection ( ! empty c>tridge-case1 :i* is !n eject$ by ! extractor4 ,at ! end ( ! recoil ! block falls into its l[e/ position1 ! c>tridge-fe$] hav+ !n arriv$ at ! back ( ! bree*-block4 ,! recoil-spr+ n[ drives ! bree* =w>d1 admits ! new c>tridge on to ! bree*-block & drives x =w>d by ! fe$] into ! *amb]4 ,! bree*-block rises to its position beh9d ! c>tridge & is lock$ 9 t position4 ,! p]cussion arm is !n releas$ automatically1 /rikes ! hamm]1 & fires ! second c>tridge1 ! cycle ( op]ations repeat+ itself till ! la/ c>tridge b "o has be5 fir$1 :5 ! magaz9e is *>g$ & ! cycle ( op]ations is aga9 r5ew$ & cont9u$ till ! second set ( c>tridges has be5 fir$4 ,! op]ations foll[ "o ano!r ) su* rapidity t ! tw5ty-five c>tridges conta9$ 9 ! magaz9e c be fir$ 9 less ?an two seconds4 ,at ! same "t1 ! rate ( fir+ rema9s "u ! control ( ! gunn]1 :o c int]rupt x at any mom5t by simply releas+ ! trigg]4 ,he c also alt] 8 aim at any "t & keep x direct$ on a mov+ object & fire at any suitable mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,rex] ,,automatic ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,x only weighs #ag-a_/b lb41 & c fire #cjj %ots p] m9ute4 ,! cresc5t-%ap$ clips hold #be c>tridges ea*1 & z soon z "o has be5 empti$ ano!r c be affix$ 9 a mom5t4 ,9 s]vice x is n int5d$ t e man %\ld be arm$ ) a ,rex]1 b only #c to #e p] c5t41 con/itut+ a sep>ate deta*m5t :i* w\ld act indep5d5tly ( ! artill]y & o!r ma*9e-guns4 ,! latt] w\ld1 z at pres5t1 cov] ! infantry's advance up to )9 "s #ejj y>ds ( ! enemy1 b at ?is po9t w\ld h to cease fir+ = fe> ( hitt+ _! own m54 ,?is p]iod1 :5 ! artill]y c nei!r %oot ov] ! heads ( _! infantry1 nor br+ up ! guns = fe> ( los+ ! teams1 af=ds ! gold5 opportunity = ! ,rex]1 :i* is advanc$ ) ! fir+ l9e4 ,if ! fire ( ! deta*m5t 7 conc5trat$ on a "p ( ! enemy's l9e1 t portion w\ld be unable to reply :ile ! attack+ =ce ru%$ up to close qu>t]s4 ,"o hundr$ m5 arm$ ) ,rex]s w\ld be z valuable z sev]al hundr$ c>ry+ ! ord9>y s]vice weapon1 :ile !y w\ld be mu* m easily dispos$1 advanc$1 or )drawn4 ,a squadron ( cavalry w\ld be accompani$ by ?ree troop]s arm$ ) ,rex]s & by "o lead+ a pack-horse lad5 ) extra magaz9es4 ,ea* gunn] w\ld h on 8 horse #djj c>tridges1 & ! pack-horse #b1djj r\nds1 di/ribut$ 9 lea!r cases ov] a specially design$ saddle4 ,:5 a squadron1 n provid$ ) ma*9e-guns1 has to op5 a heavy fire1 a consid]able proportion mu/ rema9 beh9d ! fir+ l9e to hold ! horses ( ! fir+ p>ty4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ,rex]s are pres5t1 only a few m5 w\ld dism\nt1 leav+ ! ma9 body ready to *>ge at ! opportune mom5t2 &1 %\ld ! attack fail1 !y c\ld cov] ! retreat4 ,a use w also be f\nd = ! ,rex] 9 =tresses & on w> vessels2 9 fact1 ev]y:]e :]e ! ma*9e-gun c take a "p4 ,aft] exhau/ive trials1 ! ,dani% ,gov]nm5t has adopt$ ?is weapon = bo? army & navy2 & x d\btless w pres5tly be includ$ 9 ! armam5t ( o!r gov]nm5ts4 ,!re are signs t ! mo/ deadly arm ( ! future w be ! automatic rifle4 ,p]haps a patt]n ev5 light] ?an ! ,rex] may appe>4 ,if e unit ( a l>ge =ce c\ld fire #cjj r\nds a m9ute1 & ammunition 7 pl5tiful1 we c\ld h>dly imag9e an assault 9 :i* ! attack+ p>ty w\ld n be wip$ out1 ev5 if simil>ly arm$2 = ) ! p]fection ( fire>ms ! man beh9d cov] gets an ev]-increas+ advantage ov] 8 adv]s>y advanc+ across ! op54 ,a ,,ball-,,be>+ ,,rifle ,rapidity ( fire is only "o ( ! desirable features 9 a fire>m4 ,its range--or p]haps we _h bett] say its muzzle velocity--is ( almo/ equal importance4 ,! great] ?is is1 ! flatt] is ! trajectory or curve describ$ by ! bullet1 & ! m ext5d$ ! po9t blank range & ! dang] zone4 ,take ! case ( two rifles capable ( fl++ a bullet "o mile & two miles respectively4 ,riflem5 seldom fire at objects fur!r (f ?an1 say1 #a1bjj y>ds2 s t y might ?9k t1 giv5 correct sight+ 9 ! weapon & a positive k ( ! range1 bo? rifles w\ld h equal *ances ( mak+ a hit4 ,?is is n ! fact1 h[ev]1 = ! m p[]ful rifle s5ds its bullet on a c\rse mu* m ne>ly p>allel to ! gr\nd ?an does ! o!r4 ,!re=e an object six feet high w\ld evid5tly run great] risks ( be+ hit some:]e by ! two-mile rifle ?an by ! "o-mile4 ,?us1 if at #a1bjj y>ds ! bullet _h fall5 to )9 six feet ( ! gr\nd1 x might n actually /rike e>? till x _h travell$ #a1djj y>ds2 :]eas ) a less] velocity & high] curve1 ! po9t ( impact might be only fifty y>ds beh9d4 ,evid5tly a six-foot man w\ld be 9 dang] any:]e 9 a belt #bjj y>ds broad 7 ! high-velocity rifle 9 op]ation1 ?\gh ! dang] zone ) ! o!r weapon w\ld be contract$ to fifty y>ds4 ,at close qu>t]s a flat trajectory is ev5 m valuable1 s9ce x dim9i%es ! ne$ = alt]+ ! sights4 ,if a rifle's po9t-blank range is up to #fjj y>ds1 y c fire at a man's head any:]e )9 t di/ance ) a good *ance ( hitt+ him4 ,! f>!r he is away1 ! l[] he w be hit4 ,a high trajectory w\ld necessitate an alt]ation ( ! sights = e fifty y>ds beyond1 say1 two hundr$4 ,! velocity ( a projectile is increas$--7#a7 by increas+ ! weight ( ! driv+ *>ge2 7#b7 by decreas+ ! friction betwe5 ! b>rel & ! projectile4 ,an ,am]ican inv5tor1 ,mr4 ,orlan ,c4 ,cull51 has adopt$ a means already well tri$ 9 me*anical eng9e]+ to decrease friction4 ,he has produc$ a rifle1 ! b>rel ( :i* has 9 its walls eight spiral grooves ( almo/ circul> section1 a small arc ( ! circle be+ cut away s z to put ! groove 9 cont9u\s communication ) ! bore ( ! b>rel4 ,^! grooves are fill$ ) /eel balls1 "o-t5? ( an in* 9 diamet]1 :i* are a good fit1 & on ! slot side ( ! groove project a v t9y di/ance into ! b>rel4 ,! bullet--( h>d /eel--z x is driv5 ?r\gh ! b>rel does n come into contact ) ! walls1 b runs ov] ! balls1 :i* grip x ) suffici5t =ce to give x a sp9n+ motion4 ,! inv5tor claims t !re is no appreciable escape ( gas r\nd ! bullet1 z ! space betwe5 x & ! b>rel is s m9ute4 ,! ball races1 or grooves1 ext5d back to ! p[d] *amb] & =w>d to ! muzzle4 ,_! twi/ ceases a %ort di/ance f ! muzzle to p]mit ! ins]tion ( recoil cu%ions1 :i* break ! =ces ( ! balls z !y are dragg$ =w>d by ! bullet4 ,mr4 ,cull5 holds t a rifle built on ?is pr9ciple gives #dj p] c5t4 great] velocity ?an "o ) fix$ rifl+--to be exact1 has a po9t-blank range ( #fej y>ds z comp>$ ) #dhj y>ds ( ! ,lee-,met=d1 & w p5etrate #aaf planks #a in* ?ick ea*4 ,! abs5ce ( friction br+s abs5ce ( heat1 :i* 9 ! case ( ma*9e-guns has always prov$ a difficulty4 ,x also m9imises ! recoil1 & r$uces ! weight ( m\nt+s = l>ge guns4 ,:e!r ^! advantages suffici5tly outweigh ! disadvantages ( complication & clean+ difficulties to r5d] ! weapon acceptable to milit>y au?orities rema9s to be se54 ,we c only say t1 if ! ball be>+ proves z valuable 9 balli/ics z x has 9 ma*9]y1 !n its adoption = fire>ms c be only a matt] ( "t4 ,,plym\?3 ,w4 ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd41 ,,pr9t]s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,inconsi/5t acc5ts1 punctuation1 & hyph5ation are z 9 ! orig9al text unless not$ bel[4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts & misspell+s are not$ or h be5 correct$ 9 ! text4 ,page #ch3 ,sup]script #a *ang$ to an inl9e fraction #a_/h 7#ej1jjj prick-m>ks #a_/h in* ap>t74 ,page #ee3 corp *ang$ to corps 7a corps ( inv5tors74 ,page #ade3 populsion *ang$ to propulsion 7= its own propulsion74 ,page #agc3 se>*light *ang$ to se>*-light to make ! latt] usage consi/5t ?r\gh\t ! book 7:5 a se>*-light alone74 ,page #bjf3 two *ang$ to too 7! rev]sal be+ too sudd574 ,page #bdd3 ,accord+ to ! #aiaa ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 ,kle+]t is ! correct spell+ ( ! "n ( ! ,g]man :o inv5t$ ! fir/ practical div+ helmet4 ,m mod]n books1 h[ev]1 use a diff]5t spell+1 ref]r+ to 7,k>l ,he9ri*7 ,kl+]t4 ,page #bej3 ,sa9t ,g\b9 *ang$ to ,sa9t ,goba9 7by ,sa9t ,goba91 ( ,p>is74 ,page #bff3 ov]burd5 *ang$ to ov]-burd5 to make ! latt] usage consi/5t ?r\gh\t ! book 7'remov+ ! ov]-burd5 ( surface m9es'74 ,o!r *anges to ! text4 ,footnotes h be5 relabel$ us+ numb]s !n collect$ toge!r at ! end ( ! *apt] 9 :i* !y appe>4 ,?is has ! consequ5ce t1 :]e ! same ref]5ce is cit$ 9 m ?an "o footnote 9 a *apt]1 x c result 9 a sequ5ce ( footnotes ) id5tical text4 ,t is n a transcription error4