,,! ,,contempor>y ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,havelock ,,ellis4 ,,evolution ,,9 ,,art4 ,,evolution ,,9 ,,art3 ,,z ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,life-,,hi/ories ,,( ,,designs4 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,dubl91 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,italian ,society ( ,an?ropology1 etc4 ,) #h ,plates1 & #acj ,figures 9 ! ,text4 ,,london3 ,,walt] ,,scott1 ,,ltd41 ,,pat]no/] ,,squ>e4 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons1 #aec-aeg ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york4 #ahie4 ,,! ,,walt] ,,scott ,,press1 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne4 ,,preface4 ,i w\ld l to take ! opportunity :i* a ,preface af=ds to ?ank ^? fri5ds :o h help$ me 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is little book4 ,mo/ ( !m w f9d _! names m5tion$ some:]e 9 ! text4 ,x is also my pleasant duty to he>tily ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ,i h ev]y:]e exp]i5c$ :5 collect+ ! mat]ials on :i* ^! /udies are bas$4 ,on _m occasions ,i h ent]$ a museum 9 ,brita9 or abroad1 n kn[+ any "o on ! /aff4 ,on expla9+ my object e facility 0 at once (f]$1 cases 7 op5$1 specim5s 7 h&$ to me1 & v>i\s conv5i5ces arrang$2 (t51 too1 help 0 r5d]$ me at ! "t1 n only by curators & assi/ants1 b also by museum port]s & g5d>mes4 ,x is p>ticul>ly gratify+ = a /rang] to be receiv$ z a colleague1 & to f9d t museum au?orities ev]y:]e recognise t ! collections put "u _! *>ge s]ve _! end be/ :5 !y are utilis$ by /ud5ts4 ,a ^w ( apology may be ne$$ = ! copi\s extracts :i* h be5 made f ! works ( o!r writ]s4 ,my object 9 ?is has be5 to %[ t !re has be5 q a consid]able numb] ( inve/igators :o h approa*$ ! subject ( decorative art f a simil> po9t ( view to t elaborat$ 9 ! pres5t essay4 ,a quotation br+s "o m face to face ) ! au?or ?an does a m]e ab/ract1 & p]sonally ,i l to feel ! comrade%ip ( simil> /udies4 ,we all contribute our mites1 & ! only pity is we _c all be p]sonally kn[n to "o ano!r4 ,x w\ld af=d me great pleasure if ?is book leads to new /ud5ts ent]+ ^u ?is important & int5sely int]e/+ field ( inquiry1 & ,i %all always be pleas$ to correspond ) ^? :o are or :o desire to be fell[-work]s4 ,,alfr$ ,c4 ,,haddon4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction #a ,,! ,,decorative ,,art ,,( ,,briti% ,,new ,,gu9ea3 ,,z ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy #aa ,i4 ,torres ,/raits & ,daudai #ac ,,ii4 ,! ,fly ,riv] #bf ,,iii4 ,! ,papuan ,gulf #bi ,,iv4 ,! ,c5tral ,di/rict #db ,v4 ,! ,massim ,di/rict #dg ,,vi4 ,relation ( ! ,decorative ,art to ! ,e?nology ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea #ei ,,vii4 ,note on ! ,scroll ,designs ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea #fg ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,:i* ,,patt]ns ,,are ,,made #gd ,i4 ,! ,decorative ,trans=mation & ,transf]5ce ( ,artificial ,objects 7,skeuomorphs7 #ge #a4 ,trans=mation ( a ,solit>y ,object #gf #b4 ,transf]5ce ( ,fa/5+s #hd #c4 ,skeuomorphs ( ,textiles #hi #d4 ,skeuomorphic ,pott]y #ig #e4 ,/one ,skeuomorphs ( ,wood5 ,build+s #aad #f4 ,skeuomorphic ,inappropriat5ess #aaf ,,ii4 ,! ,decorative ,trans=mation ( ,natural ,objects #aah #a4 ,physicomorphs #aah #b4 ,biomorphs2 ,a4 ,repres5tation ( ,ab/ract ,ideas ( ,life2 ,b4 ,phyllomorphs3 ,! ,lotus & its ,w&]+s2 ,c4 ,zoomorphs2 ,d4 ,an?ropomorphs2 ,e4 ,biomorphic ,pott]y #abf #c4 ,het]omorphs #aib ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,:i* ,,objects ,,are ,,decorat$ #bjj ,i4 ,art #bjj ,,ii4 ,in=mation #bjc ,,iii4 ,weal? #bbb ,,iv4 ,magic & ,religion #bce #a4 ,sympa!tic ,magic #bce #b4 ,totemism #bej #c4 ,religion #bfg #d4 ,religi\s ,symbolism2 ,a4 ,! ,mean+ & ,di/ribution ( ! ,fylfot2 ,b4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,symbolism #bge ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,decorative ,,art #cjf ,i4 ,application ( ,biological ,d$uctions to ,designs #cjh ,,ii4 ,! ,geographical ,di/ribution ( ,animals & ( ,designs #cai ,,iii4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks on ! ,me?od ( ,/udy #cca ,,index #ceg ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,figs4 #a4 ,bamboo tobacco-pipes2 "o-t5? natural size4 ,torres ,/raits4 ,drawn by ! au?or f specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #b4 ,rubb+ ( ! h&le ( a wood5 comb2 "o-half natural size4 ,torres ,/raits4 ,9 ! au?or's possession4 7,orig9al47 #c4 ,draw+s ( animals by ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits2 ab\t "o-qu>t] natural size4 7,orig9al47 ,a4 ,jelly-fi%2 ,b4 ,/>-fi%2 ,c4 ,hamm] head$ %>k 7,zygna72 ,d4 ,gr\p ( two %>ks 7,*>c>odon7 & a turtle2 ,e4 ,eagle-ray 7,atobatis72 ,f4 ,suck]-fi% 7,e*9eis naucrates72 ,g4 ,tree-frog 7,hyla crulea72 ,h4 ,two snakes on a tobacco-pipe1 betwe5 !m is ! hole 9 :i* ! b[l is ins]t$2 ,i4 ,crocodile 7,crocodilus porosus71 ) footpr9ts2 ,k4 ,cass[>y 7,casu>ius7 peck+ at a se$1 & footpr9ts1 cf4 ,fig4 #d2 ,l4 ,dolph9 7,delph9us72 ,m4 ,dugong 7,halicore au/ralis7 sp\t+1 & indications ( waves2 ,n4 ,native dog 7,canis d+o72 ,o4 ,man ) a l>ge mack]el-l fi%4 ,a1 ,b1 ,g1 ,h1 ,l1 occur on bamboo tobacco-pipes2 ,c1 ,e1 ,i1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 on drums2 ,d1 ,f1 on pe>l %ells4 ,a1 ,b1 ,h1 ,i1 ,l1 ,n1 ,o1 ,briti% ,museum2 ,c1 ,e1 ,k1 ,cambridge2 ,g4 ,ox=d2 ,d1 ,f1 ,b]l94 #d4 ,drum f ,daudai2 #cg in*es long4 ,sket*$ by ! au?or f a specim5 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum4 7,orig9al47 #e4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a bamboo tobacco-pipe1 probably f ! m\? ( ! ,fly ,riv]2 "o-?ird natural size1 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum4 ,9 ! orig9al ! l9es %[ d>k on a light gr\nd4 #f4 ,s]ies ( arr[s f ,torres ,/raits1 collect$ & sket*$ by ! au?or1 & pres5t$ by him to ! ,cambridge ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 7,orig9al47 #g4 ,snake arr[ f ,torres ,/raits 7cf4 ,fig4 #f74 7,orig9al47 #h4 ,rubb+ ( "o side ( ! decoration ( a drum f ! ,fly ,riv]1 9 ! museum at ,rome2 "o-f\r? natural size4 7,orig9al47 #i4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! c>v$ bord] along a canoe f ne> ,cape ,blackwood4 ,tak5 by ,r4 ,bruce1 #ahid4 ,"o-six? natural size4 #aj-ai4 ,rubb+s ( c>v$ wood5 belts f ! ,papuan ,gulf2 "o-f\r? natural size--#aj4 ,cambridge ,museum2 #aa4 ,glasg[ ,museum2 #ab4 ,k]rama1 ,b]l9 ,museum2 #ac4 ,briti% ,museum2 #ad4 ,briti% ,museum2 #ae4 ,to>ipi 7,au?or's ,collection72 #af4 ,b]l9 ,museum2 #ag4 ,maiva1 ,b]l9 ,museum2 #ah4 ,ed9burgh ,museum2 #ai4 ,museum ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society4 #bj4 ,a4 ,draw+ ( ,tabuta1 a ,motu girl1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,y4 ,turn]1 ,m4,d4 7f ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 vii41 #ahgh1 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #dhj74 ,b4 ,back view ( ! same4 7,! hair ( ?is girl is incorrectly drawn1 x %\ld be frizzly & n wavy47 #ba4 ,a4 ,design on a lime g\rd f ,k]epunu2 ,b4 ,"p ( ! decoration ( a pipe f ,maiva2 ,c4 ,detail on a pipe f ,kupele1 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum2 ,d-,i4 ,designs on pipes--,g4 f ,kupele 7,b]l972 ,h1 ,i4 f ,koi>i 7,b]l974 ,all ! ,figs4 are to diff]5t scales4 7,orig9al47 #bb4 ,"p ( ! decoration ( a pipe 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum2 "o-six? natural size4 7,orig9al47 #bc4 ,clay pot1 ) an incis$ patt]n f ,w>i 7,te/e ,isl&71 aft] a sket* by ,dr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes4 #bd4 ,rubb+ ( ! half ( "o side ( ! h&le ( a spatula 9 ! au?or's collection2 "o-?ird natural size4 #be4 ,rubb+s ( bo? sides ( a float = a fi%+-net2 "o-half natural size4 #bf4 ,rubb+ ( upp] two-?irds ( ! decoration ( a club 9 ! ,glasg[ ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 #bg-cj4 ,rubb+s ( "p ( ! decoration ( clubs2 "o-?ird natural size4 #bg1 #bh1 ,d',entreca/eaux1 ,ed9burgh ,museum2 #bi1 #cj1 ,cambridge ,museum4 #ca4 ,rubb+ ( ! patt]n r\nd ! upp] m>g9 ( a betel-pe/le 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 #cb4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! c>v$ rim ( a wood5 b[l f ! ,d',entreca/eaux ,isl&s2 "o-?ird natural size4 #cc4 ,rubb+ ( ! h&le ( a turtle-%ell spatula f ! ,l\isiades1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 #cd4 ,rubb+ ( ! decoration ( "o side ( a club2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! block is turn$ r\nd to %[ ! patt]n m cle>ly1 ! zigzag b&s 9 reality run across ! club4 #ce4 ,rubb+ ( ! h&le ( a spatula 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 #cf4 ,rubb+s ( ! ?ree sides ( ! h&le ( a spatula f ! d',entreca/eaux1 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 #cg4 ,a4 ,b4 ,sket*es ( two /ages ( ! 8bird bracket0 ( two spatulas1 probably f ! ,woodl>ks1 9 ! au?or's collection2 ,c1 ,d1 analog\s details f canoe c>v+s--,c4 f a photograph2 ,d4 f a specim5 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum4 7,orig9al47 #ch4 ,rubb+ ( ! decoration ( a club 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 #ci4 ,rubb+ ( ! decoration ( a club 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 #dj4 ,rubb+ ( ! c5tral longitud9al b& ( a club f ! d',entreca/eaux 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 #da4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a club f ! d',entreca/eaux 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 #db4 ,bird & crocodile designs1 ,massim ,ar*ipelago4 ,a4 ,canoe c>v+ f ,w>i 7,te/e ,isl&71 ab\t two-n9?s natural size2 ,b4 ,h&le ( a paddle 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum1 "o-half natural size2 ,c4 ,h&le ( a spatula 9 ! ,leid5 ,museum1 ?ree-sev5?s natural size2 ,d4 ,h&le ( a spatula f ,tubutubu 7,eng9e] ,gr\p7 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum1 ?ree-sev5?s natural size2 ,e4 ,h&le ( a paddle 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum1 ?ree-sev5?s natural size4 7,orig9al47 #dc4 ,rubb+ ( ! decoration ( a ,maori flute 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,belfa/2 "o-half natural size4 7,orig9al47 #dd4 ,turtle-%ell ornam5ts worn 9 ,torres ,/raits4 ,! ratio ( size ( ! illu/rations to ! orig9als is z #d 3 #ae2 ,a4 ,ord9>y fi%-hook1 made ( turtle-%ell2 ,b-,l4 ,s]ies ( ornam5ts1 probably d]iv$ f fi%-hooks1 made ( turtle-%ell4 ,all 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f a photograph by ,mr4 ,h4 ,oldl&1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #de4 ,sket*es ( two axes f ! ,s\?-ea/ ,p59sula ( ,new ,gu9ea1 9 ! possession ( ! au?or2 ab\t "o-t5? natural size4 7,orig9al47 #df4 ,mangaian symbolic adze 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum2 f ,dr4 ,c4 ,m>*4 #dg4 ,an erect drum1 ,ka>a1 surm\nt$ by ! head ( a god f ,java1 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum2 f ,dr4 ,c4 ,m>*4 #dh4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,tongan club 9 ! ,norwi* ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 7,orig9al47 #di4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,tongan club 9 ! ,norwi* ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 7,orig9al47 #ej4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,tongan club 9 ! ,norwi* ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 7,orig9al47 #ea4 ,sket*es ( tapa belts f ,k]epunu1 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea2 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s natural size4 7,orig9al47 #eb4 ,designs d]iv$ f uluri 7wom5's cov]+72 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,bakari tribe1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 ,d1 ,auet tribe1 ,c5tral ,brazil4 ,aft] ,von d5 ,/e952 greatly r$uc$4 #ec4 ,iroquois b>k vessel2 aft] ,cu%+4 #ed4 ,rectangul> or ,iroquois type ( e>!n vessel2 aft] ,cu%+4 #ee4 ,clay nucleus 9 base m\ld1 ) beg9n+ ( spiral build+2 a /age 9 ! =mation ( a ,zui vessel2 aft] ,cu%+4 #ef1 #eg4 ,v>iations 9 a motive ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( =m4 ,pueblo pott]y2 aft] ,holmes4 #eh4 ,a4 ,freeh& =m2 ,b4 ,=m impos$ by fabric4 ,=ms ( ! same motive express$ 9 diff]5t arts2 aft] ,holmes4 #ei4 ,design ( ,fig4 #fj2 aft] ,holmes1 f ,mason4 #fj4 ,anci5t ,pueblo vase1 ,prov9ce ( ,tusayan4 ,! height & wid? ( ! vase are f\rte5 in*es2 aft] ,holmes1 f ,mason4 #fa4 8,unit ( ! ,design0 ( ,fig4 #fj2 aft] ,holmes1 f ,mason4 #fb4 ,mod]n ,moki ra9 symbol2 aft] ,holmes4 #fc4 ,decorative detail f an anci5t ,pueblo m$ic9e-j>2 aft] ,holmes4 #fd4 ,ra9-cl\d tile ( ! ,s\? ,h\se 9 a ,tusayan c]emony2 aft] ,fewkes4 #fe4 ,zui pray]-meal-b[l2 aft] ,cu%+4 #ff4 ,trac+ ( a l&scape et*$ on a bamboo tobacco-pipe 9 ,b]l92 ?ree-eigh?s natural size4 7,orig9al47 #fg4 ,sket* ( ,m] 7,murray ,isl&7 by ! au?or1 f ! s\?-we/-by-we/1 %[+ ! hill ,gelam4 #fh4 ,pueblo wat]-j>2 aft] ,cu%+4 #fi4 ,design bas$ on a palmito leaf1 ,bakari tribe1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 aft] ,von d5 ,/e954 #gj4 ,r\gh sket* ( ! ,egyptian lotus 7,nympha lotus72 aft] orig9al draw+s by ,pr(essor ,goodye>4 #ga4 ,sket* ( ! ,indian lotus 7,nelumbium speciosum72 aft] ,description de l',egypt3 ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 f ,goodye>4 #gb4 ,lotus fl[]s & bud pa9t$ on ! c(f9 ( a mummy f ! ,necropolis ( ,!bes1 ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y2 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 #gc4 ,lotus fl[] ) two leaves1 on a vase1 f ! ,necropolis ( ,memphis1 ,f\r? to ,fif? ,dyna/ies2 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 #gd4 ,lotus bord]2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 #ge4 ,lotus scroll detail on a ,melian vase2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,conze4 #gf4 ,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( a tomb1 ,necropolis ( ,!bes4 ,eighte5? ,dyna/y2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 #gg4 ,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( a tomb1 ,necropolis ( ,!bes1 ,eighte5? to ,n9ete5? ,dyna/ies2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 #gh4 ,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( tomb ,no4 #cc1 ,abd-el-,k\rneh1 ,!bes2 ,sev5te5? to ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes & ,goodye>4 #gi4 ,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( a tomb f ,!bes1 ,sev5te5? to ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 #hj4 ,an!mion & a/ragal m\ld+ f ! ,lt at ,allahabad2 f ,birdwood1 aft] ,f]gusson4 #ha4 ,s>ac5ic ,alg]ian detail2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,ravoisi4 #hb4 ,ionic capital ( ! ea/]n portico ( ! ,ere*!ium4 #hc4 ,e>ly =m ( ,ionic capital f ,ne&reia2 aft] ,cl>ke4 #hd4 ,lotus design f a 8geometric0 vase f ,cyprus2 aft] ,goodye>4 #he4 ,lotus d]ivative on a vase ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 f ,melos2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,conze4 #hf4 ,comp\nd fl[] bas$ on ! lotus1 ,!bes1 ,eighte5? to ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 #hg4 ,lotus p5dant f an ,egyptian necklace ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y2 f ,goodye>4 #hh4 ,an!mion f ! ,p>!non4 #hi4 ,hypo!tical d]ivation ( ! 8egg-&-d>t0 m\ld+1 f a lotus patt]n accord+ to ,goodye>4 ,a4 ,lotus an!mion on a vessel f ,rhodes1 aft] ,salzmann2 ,b1 ,c4 ,lotus an!mia on pott]y f ,naukratis1 aft] ,fl9d]s ,petrie2 ,d4 ,egg-&-d>t m\ld+ f ! ,ere*!ium2 ,e4 ,degrad$ egg-&-d>t patt]n pa9t$ on a ,grecian vase4 #ij4 ,horses et*$ on an antl] f ,la ,madela9e2 f ,taylor4 #ia4 ,conv5tional alligator f ! 8lo/ col\r0 w>e ( ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ib4 ,simplifi$ figure ( an alligator f ! 8alligator0 w>e ( ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ic4 ,alligator design1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #id4 ,alligator del9eation1 greatly modifi$1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ie4 ,highly conv5tionalis$ alligator d]ivative1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #if4 ,s]ies ( d]ivatives ( ! alligator1 %[+ /ages ( simplification1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ig4 ,s]ies ( alligator d]ivatives %[+ modification ?r\gh use 9 n>r[ zones1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ih4 ,scroll d]iv$ f ! body-l9e ( ! alligator1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ii4 ,fret d]iv$ f ! body-l9e ( ! alligator1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ajj4 ,s]ies ( alligator d]ivatives %[+ modification ?r\gh use )9 a circul> area1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #aja4 ,patt]n compos$ ( alligator d]ivatives f a clay drum pa9t$ 9 ! /yle ( ! 8lo/ col\r gr\p10 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 #ajb4 ,patt]ns ( ! ,k>aya1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 aft] ,ehr5rei*1 ,a4 ,liz>ds2 ,b4 ,fly+ bats2 ,c4 ,a rattlesnake2 ,d4 ,a snake1 ,a4 ,incis$ on a grave-po/2 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,plait$ on ! h&les ( combs4 #ajc4 ,patt]ns f ,c5tral ,brazil2 aft] ,von d5 ,/e954 ,a4 ,bakari paddle2 ,b-,e4 ,m]es*u 7fi%7 patt]ns ( ! ,auet2 ,f4 ,locu/ design1 ,bakari2 ,g4 ,fi%-%ap$ bull-ro>]1 ,nahuqu2 ,h4 ,sukuri 7snake7 & ray patt]ns2 ,i4 ,jiboya 7snake72 ,k4 ,agau 7snake72 ,h-,i4 ,bakari tribe4 #ajd4 ,patt]ns d]iv$ f bats2 aft] ,von d5 ,/e951 ,a4 ,bakari2 ,b1 ,c4 ,auet4 #aje4 ,bird design1 ,bakari1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 aft] ,von d5 ,/e954 #ajf4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! c>v$ rim ( a wood5 b[l 9 ! au?or's collection4 ,probably f ! ,woodl>ks or ,trobri&s1 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 #ajg4 ,g\rd2 aft] ,holmes4 #ajh4 ,clay vessel made 9 imitation ( a g\rd1 f a m\nd 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,miss\ri2 aft] ,holmes4 #aji4 ,clay vessels imitat$ f %ells1 f ! m\nds & graves ( ! ,mississippi ,valley2 aft] ,holmes4 #aaj1 #aaa4 ,modifi$ human figures on ! %aft ( a cross at ,ilam1 ne> ,a%b\rne2 aft] ,br[ne4 #aab4 ,pictograph ( a lasso1 ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nt1 #ahab-ac2 aft] ,mall]y4 #aac4 ,alaskan notice ( a hunt2 f ,mall]y1 aft] ,h(fman4 #aad4 ,pictograph ( />v+ hunt]s1 ,alaska2 aft] ,mall]y4 #aae4 ,lean-,wolf's ,map1 ,hidatsa2 aft] ,mall]y4 #aaf4 ,ivory c>v+ ) records1 ,alaska2 aft] ,mall]y4 #aag4 ,blossom ( an ,ixora2 f ,/ev5s4 #aah1 #aai4 ,magic combs ( ! ,orang ,smang2 f ,/ev5s4 #abj4 ,diagram ( ! upp]mo/ patt]n ( ,fig4 #aai1 ) rectification ( t patt]n2 f ,/ev5s4 #aba4 ,magical pictograph ( ! ,orang-htan aga9/ ! sl+s ( scorpions & c5tip$es2 size ( orig9al1 #i in*es2 f ,/ev5s4 #abb4 ,magical device ( ! ,orang ,bl5das aga9/ a sk9 disease2 size ( orig9al1 #ai in*es2 f ,/ev5s4 #abc4 ,ra9-*>m ( ! ,orang ,bl5das2 size ( ! orig9al1 #aj in*es2 f ,/ev5s4 #abd4 ,/ret*+-cleat ( a drum f ,mangaia1 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum2 f ,m>*1 aft] ,/olpe3 two-?irds natural size4 #abe4 ,rubb+s f ! h&les ( symbolic adzes f ! ,h]vey ,isl&s4 ,a4 ,free ,libr>y ,museum1 ,belfa/2 ,b1 ,c4 ,belfa/ ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 7,orig9al47 #abf4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,mangaian symbolic paddle1 ,norwi* ,museum2 natural size4 7,orig9al47 #abg4 ,rubb+ ( "p ( ! c>v+ ( ! h&le ( a symbolic paddle f ! ,h]vey ,isl&s 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,belfa/2 "o-half natural size4 7,orig9al47 #abh4 ,rubb+ ( 8"p ( ! t]m9al ( a paddle-%ap$ implem5t 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum02 f ,m>*1 aft] ,/olpe2 two-?irds natural size4 #abi4 ,hut-%ap$ ossu>y2 f ,i4 ,taylor1 ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans4 #acj4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ,fylfot or ,sva/ika4 ,a4 ,:orl f ,hiss>lik 7#aihg71 #g m41 ?ird city1 ,! ,burnt ,city or ,ilios2 ,b4 ,d4 7#ahfa71 #c m41 fif? city2 ,c4 ,d4 7#aiij71 #d m41 fif? city2 ,d4 ,d4 7#ahgc72 ,e4 ,detail f :orl 7#aiic71 #e m41 f\r? city2 ,f4 ,lotus d]ivative on a l>ge amphora1 ) 8geometric0 decoration1 ,cyprus2 ,g4 ,sol> goose & lotus design on a ,rhodian vase1 f ,salzmann1 ,ncropole de ,camire2 ,h4 ,co9 f ,selge1 ,pamphylia2 ,i4 ,symbols on ,lycian co9s2 ,k4 ,triskelion on a ,celtib]ian co92 ,l4 ,on a silv] b[l1 ,etruria2 also on ,*9ese w>e2 ,m4 ,co9 f ,cnossus1 ,crete2 ,n4 ,anci5t ,indian co92 ,o4 ,on co9 f ,ujjan1 ,c5tral ,india2 ,p4 ,foot-pr9t ( ,buddha 7s-call$71 ,am>vati ,tope1 ,india2 ,r4 ,?ibetian symbol2 ,s4 ,roman alt> at ,high ,ro*e/]1 d$icat$ to ,m9]va1 by ,lucius ,ccilius ,optatus2 ,t4 ,roman alt> at ,high ,ro*e/]1 d$icat$ to ! /&>ds ( ! fai?ful ( ! ,v>duli by ,titus ,lic9ius ,val]ianus2 ,u4 ,celto-,roman alt> at ,birdoswald1 d$icat$ to ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus 7,,iom71 app>5tly by ,dacians g>rison$ 9 ,ambloganna2 ! f\r-ray$ :eels 7 sol> symbols among ! ,gauls2 ,w4 ,ogham /one1 ,agli%1 ,c\nty ,k]ry2 ,x4 ,anci5t ,sc&9avian symbols2 ,y4 ,leg5d on *ur* bell1 ,ha!rsage1 ,d]by%ire1 #afag4 ,a-,e1 ,p4 ,h4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios2 ,f1 ,g4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus2 ,h1 ,l1 ,o1 ,x4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg2 ,ar*ologia1 xlviii41 #ahhe2 ,i1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,r4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 ,! ,migrations & ,symbols2 ,s1 ,t1 ,u1 ,w1 ,y4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 ,trans4 ,lanc4 & ,*e%ire ,ant4 ,soc41 #ahhf4 ,= fur!r details ! read] is ref]r$ to ^! au?ors4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,illu/rations ,,figs4 #i-ai1 #bd-cj1 #cc-cf1 #ch-da1 #fg 7 g5]\sly plac$ at my disposal by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,all ! ,figures f #a to #da 7except ,figs4 #c1 #ba1 #cg71 & ,figs4 #db1 #dd1 #ea1 #ff1 #fg1 #ajf1 are ei!r ! orig9als or copies ( illu/rations :i* h appe>$ 9 ! au?or's 8,! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea10 ,cunn+ham ,memoir1 x41 ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 #ahid4 #bj1 #df1 #dg1 #abd1 #abh 7 k9dly l5t by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 7,fig4 #bj is f ! ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 vii41 #ahgh1 p4 #dhj1 & ! o!rs f loc4 cit4 xxii41 #ahic1 ,plate ,,xxiii47 #eb1 #fi1 #ajc-aje are copi$ by ! k9d p]mission ( ! au?or & publi%] f ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s1 by ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,k>l von d5 ,/e954 ,b]l91 #ahid1 ,dietri* ,reim]4 #ec-fc1 #fe1 #fh1 #ajg-aji1 #aab-aaf are copi$ by p]mission f ! ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhf1 & ,figs4 #ia-aja f ! ,six? ,annual ,report1 #ahhd-he 7#ahhh74 #ei-fa are f ,otis ,t4 ,mason1 ,! ,orig9s ( ,inv5tions1 #ahie2 aft] ,holmes4 #fd is f ! ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,e?nol4 & ,ar*41 ii41 #ahib1 p4 #aab4 #gj1 #ga1 #gd1 #ge1 #ha1 #he-hg are copi$ f ,pr(essor ,goodye>'s ,! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus4 ,special p]mission 0 k9dly grant$ by ,messrs4 ,gilb]t & ,riv+ton to copy ,figs4 #hg1 #acj ,f1 :i* are orig9al illu/rations 9 ! ,gramm>4 #gb1 #gc are trac$ f ,prisse d',av5nes1 ,hi/oire de l',art ,egypti5 d'aprs les ,monum5ts1 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 #gf-gi are f trac+s k9dly l5t by ,mr4 ,g4 ,c(fey 7,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ant41 ,irel&1 ,dec4 #ahid2 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes74 #hj is f ,sir ,g4 ,birdwood's ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india1 ii41 ,fig4 #bj1 p4 #afg4 #hb is f ,ryley's ,antiquities ( ,a!ns1 #ahcg2 aft] ,/u>t4 #hd is f ,! ,ar*itectural ,record1 iii41 #ahid4 8,! ,loti=m ,orig9 ( ! ,greek ,an!mion10 p4 #bgd4 #ij1 #abi are f ,canon ,isaac ,taylor's ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans4 #ajb is copi$ by p]mission f ,dr4 ,p4 ,ehr5rei*4 #aaj1 #aaa are f "s plates specially prep>$ to illu/rate ! ,disney ,lectures ( ,pr(essor ,c4 ,r4 ,br[ne1 ,l5t ,t]m1 ,cambridge1 #ahhi4 #aag1 #abj-abc are f ! orig9al draw+s :i* illu/rat$ ,pr(essor ,grnw$el's acc\nt ( ,h4 ,vaughan ,/ev5's inve/igations4 ,zeits*r4 fr ,e?nol41 xxv41 #ahic1 xxvi41 #ahid4 ,^! 7 c\rte\sly l5t to me by ,pr(essor ,grnw$el & ! ,r$actions ,commission4 ,figs4 #aah1 #aai are f ,plate ,,ii41 vol4 xxv4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella 0 good en\gh to p]mit me to copy ! table on p4 #bii1 f ! ,engli% edition ( ,! ,migration ( ,symbols1 #ahid1 ,a4 ,con/able ,co41 ,we/m9/]4 ,all ! figures n m5tion$ above are orig9al4 ,plates ,i4-,,viii4 7 v g5]\sly plac$ at my s]vice by my fri5d ,dr4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>*2 !y previ\sly illu/rat$ 8,! ,mean+ ( ,ornam5t1 or its ,ar*ology & its ,psy*ology10 ,trans4 ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,ant4 ,soc41 #ahhi4 ,,evolution ,,9 ,,art4 ,,introduction4 ,not)/&+ ! imm5se numb] ( books1 diss]tations1 & pap]s :i* h be5 writt5 on pictorial & decorative art1 ,i v5ture to add "o m to _! numb]4 ,i pr(ess to be nei!r an arti/ nor an art critic1 b simply a biologi/ :o has _h 8 att5tion turn$ to ! subject ( decorative art4 ,"o ( my objects is to %[ t del9eations h an individuality & a life-hi/ory :i* c be /udi$ q irrespectively ( _! arti/ic m]it4 ,we are n n[ conc]n$ ) ! /hetic aspect ( ! arts ( design1 nor ) ^? !ories ( art :i* arti/s & art critics l to discuss1 & conc]n+ :i* ,john ,colli]1 9 8 ma/]ly little ,prim] ( ,art1 has express$ himself 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or1 art may1 speak+ broadly1 be def9$ z 8a creative op]ation ( ! intellig5ce1 ! mak+ ( some?+ ei!r ) a view to utility or pleasure40 ,z a matt] ( fact ! t]m 8art0 n[ has a t5d5cy to be conf9$ to designate ! ,f9e ,arts z oppos$ to ! ,useful ,arts2 n only s1 b in/ead ( includ+ p]sonal decoration1 ornam5tation1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 danc+1 poetry1 music1 & ! drama1 ! t]m is v (t5 limit$ to ornam5tation1 pa9t+1 & sculpture4 ,x is ) ^! ?ree t we are n[ m imm$iately conc]n$1 & m p>ticul>ly ) ! fir/ ( !m1 or decorative art4 8,9 ?is n>r[] s5se art may be def9$ z ! mak+ ( some?+ to please ! eye4444 ,z to :at is pleas+1 t ea* p]son mu/ decide = himself40 ,art has also a physical & a physiological aspect1 su* z 8! que/ions ( h>mony ( l9e & col\r1 :i* lie at ! root ( all art40 ,) ,dr4 ,colli]1 we may leave ^! 8unt\*$1 n because !y are unimportant1 b because1 n en\gh is kn[n ab\t !m to make _! discussion 9 ! lea/ pr(itable40 ,! scope1 !n1 ( ! foll[+ pages is to deal ) ! arts ( design f a biological or natural hi/ory po9t ( view4 ,:5 difficult problems h to be inve/igat$ ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( proc$ure is to r$uce !m to _! simple/ elem5ts1 & to deal ) ! latt] be=e /udy+ _! m complex aspects4 ,! physiology ( ! highe/ animals is be+ elucidat$ l>gely by inve/igations ^u ! physiology ( l[] =ms1 & t ( ! latt] 9 _! turn by a k ( ! activities ( ! l[e/ organisms4 ,x is among ^! t ! ph5om5a ( life are display$ 9 _! lea/ complex manife/ations2 & !y1 s to speak1 give ! key to a "r appreh5sion ( ! o!rs4 ,s1 too1 9 /udy+ ! arts ( design4 ,! arti/ic expression ( a highly civilis$ community is a v complex matt]1 & its complete unravelm5t w\ld be an exce$+ly difficult & p]haps impossible task4 ,9 ord] to ga9 "s insight into ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! evolution ( decorative art1 x is necess>y to conf9e "o's att5tion to less specialis$ conditions2 ! less ! complication1 ! great] ! facility = a compreh5sive survey4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to und]/& civilis$ art we mu/ /udy b>b>ic art1 & to elucidate ?is savage art mu/ be inve/igat$4 ,( c\rse x mu/ be und]/ood t no h>d & fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5 any two ( ^! /ages ( culture2 ,i employ !m m]ely z conv5i5t g5]al t]ms4 ,^! are ! reasons :y ,i %all conf9e myself v l>gely to ! decorative art ( savage peoples4 ,!re are two me?ods ( /udy+ ! art ( savages2 ! "o is to take a comp>ative view ( ! art ( div]se backw>d peoples2 ! o!r is to limit ! att5tion to a p>ticul> di/rict or p4 ,! =m] is extremely sugge/ive2 b "o is v liable at times to be l$ a/ray by resemblances1 z ,i %all h frequ5t occasion to po9t out 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,! latt] is 9 "s respects mu* m c]ta9 9 its conclusions1 & is ! only way by :i* c]ta9 problems c be solv$4 ,9 ! fir/ "p ( ?is book ,i %all adopt ! latt] plan 9 ord] to indicate its p>ticul> value1 & to af=d data = subsequ5t discussion4 ,9 ! rema9+ p>ts ( ! book ,i %all draw my illu/rations f ! mo/ conv5i5t s\rces1 irrespective ( race or locality4 ,9 my fir/ section ! decorative art ( a p>ticul> region has be5 /udi$ mu* 9 ! same way z a zoologi/ w\ld /udy a gr\p ( its fauna1 say ! birds or butt]flies4 ,naturally1 ! me?ods ( ! purely sy/ematic zoologi/ nei!r c nor %\ld be entirely foll[$1 = ! aim 9 life ( ! analytical zoologi/ is to record ! fauna ( a di/rict & to classify ! specim5s 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,to ! m syn!tically-m9d$ zoologi/ ! problems ( ! geographical di/ribution ( animals h a peculi> fasc9ation1 & he takes pleasure 9 mapp+ out ! geographical v>iations ( a p>ticul> species & 9 endeav\r+ to acc\nt = ! div]sity ( =m & col\r :i* obta9s1 z well z to asc]ta9 ! place ( its evolution & ! migrations :i* h subsequ5tly tak5 place4 ,! philosophical /ud5t also /udies ! developm5t ( animals & s le>ns some?+ ( ! way 9 :i* !y h come to be :at !y are1 & at ! same "t light is %$ ^u g5ealogies & relation%ips4 ,! beautify+ ( any object is due to impulses :i* are common to all m51 & h exi/$ z f> back z ! p]iod :5 m5 inhabit$ caves & hunt$ ! re9de] & mammo? 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! crav+ = decorative art hav+ be5 common to mank9d = _m ?\s& ye>s1 x w\ld be a v difficult task to det]m9e its actual orig94 ,all we c d is to /udy ! art ( ! mo/ backw>d peoples1 9 ! hope ( ga9+ suffici5t light to ca/ a glimm] d[n ! gloomy p]spective ( ! pa/4 ,!re are c]ta9 ne$s ( man :i* appe> to h con/ra9$ him to arti/ic ef=t2 ^! may be conv5i5tly gr\p$ "u ! f\r t]ms ( ,art1 ,in=mation1 ,weal?1 & ,religion4 ,art4--/hetics is ! /udy or practice ( art = art's sake1 = ! s5su\s pleasure ( =m1 l9e1 & col\r4 ,in=mation4--,x is n easy to f9d a t]m :i* w express all t %\ld be dealt ) 9 ?is section4 ,9 ord] to convey in=mation f "o man to ano!r1 :5 oral or ge/ure language is impossible1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to pictorial signs ( "o =m or ano!r4 ,x is ! hi/ory ( "s ( ^! t w be dealt ) "u ?is t]m4 ,weal?4--,x is difficult to di/+ui% among savages betwe5 ! love ( weal? or p[]4 ,9 m organis$ societies1 p[]1 irrespective ( weal?1 may dom9ate m5's m9ds2 & x is probable t1 :]eas money is at fir/ s\ght aft] 9 ord] to feel ! p[] :i* weal? c comm&1 lat] x (t5 deg5]ates into ! mis]'s gre$ = ga94 ,! desire = p]sonal prop]ty1 & lat] = enhanc+ its value1 has l$ to ! production ( p]sonal ornam5ts ap>t f ! purely /hetic t5d5cy 9 ! same direction4 ,!re are also emblems ( weal?1 & besides ^!1 o!rs ( p[] or au?ority4 ,! practice ( b>t] has l$ to ! fixation ( a unit ( value1 & ?is 9 "t became repres5t$ by symbols--i4e41 money4 ,religion4--,! ne$ ( man to put himself into sympa!tic relation ) unse5 p[]s has always express$ itself 9 visual =m1 & x has ga!r$ unto x ! =ego+ secul> triad4 ,repres5tation & symbolism convey in=mation or sugge/ ideas4 /hetics br+s h] tra9$ eye & skill$ h&4 ,fe>1 cu/om1 or devotion h caus$ individual or secul> weal? to be direct$ into o!r *annels1 & h !reby entirely alt]$ its "*4 ,! spiritual & temporal p[] & au?ority ( religion has also _h imm5se & direct influ5ce on art4 ,9 a v l>ge numb] ( cases :at ,i h t]m$ ! f\r ne$s ( man act & react ^u "o ano!r1 s t x is (t5 difficult or impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 !m1 nor d ,i pr(ess to d s 9 e case4 ,x is suffici5t = our pres5t purpose to ackn[l$ge _! exi/5ce & to see h[ !y may affect ! =m1 decoration1 or repres5tation ( objects4 ,hav+ /at$ ! objects = :i* ^! repres5tations are made1 we mu/ pass to a few o!r g5]al consid]ations4 ,x is probable t sugge/ion 9 "s cases fir/ turn$ ! human m9d t[>ds repres5tation4 ,a *ance =m or cont\r sugge/$ a resemblance to some?+ else4 ,f :at we "k ( ! work+ ( ! m9d ( savages1 a m]e resemblance is suffici5t to indicate an actual aff9ity4 ,^! *ance resemblances h occupi$ a v important place 9 :at has be5 t]m$ sympa!tic magic1 & natural objects :i* sugge/ o!r objects are frequ5tly slightly c>v$1 engrav$1 or pa9t$ 9 ord] to increase ! fanci$ resemblance4 ,a l>ge numb] ( examples ( ?is c be cull$ f ! writ+s ( mission>ies & o!rs1 or se5 9 l>ge e?nographical collections4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,balf\r#a has also giv5 "o or two int]e/+ illu/rations ( ?is process4 ,= example1 a /one :i* sugge/s a human face is not$ by a native & ! features are slightly emphasis$1 & ultimately ! object may become a feti* or a *>m4 ,! m&rake 7,m&ragora7 is v important 9 sympa!tic magic1#b & its human attributes h be5 sugge/$ by ! two roots :i* div]ge f a common und]gr\nd portion1 & :i* recall ! body & legs ( a man2 a slight am\nt ( c>v+ w consid]ably assi/ nature & a vegetable man results4 #a ,h4 ,balf\r1 ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art1 #ahic4 #b ,p4 ,j4 ,ve?1 8,de ,m&ragora10 ,int]nat4 ,ar*4 fr ,e?nogr41 vol4 vii41 #ahid1 p4 #aii 7) ref]5ces to ! lit]ature74 ,sugge/ion does n op]ate only at ! inception ( a repres5tation or design1 b x acts cont9u\sly1 & may at v>i\s times cause /range modifications to occur4 ,expectancy1 z ,dr4 ,colley ,m>* has po9t$ out2 has be5 a v important factor 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,?is is intimately connect$ ) ! association ( ideas4 ,if a p>ticul> =m or m>k+ 0 natural to a manufactur$ object1 ! same =m & analog\s m>k+ w\ld be giv5 to a simil> object made 9 a diff]5t mann]1 & :i* 0 n condition$ by ! limitations ( ! =m]4 ,= beautiful & conv9c+ illu/rations ( ! op]ation ( ?is m5tal attitude ( expectancy ! read] is ref]r$ to ! section on skeuomorphic pott]y 7p4 #ig74 ,we may reg>d sugge/ion & expectancy z ! dynamic & /atic =ces op]at+ on ! arts ( design2 ! =m] initiates & modifies1 ! latt] t5ds to cons]ve :at already exi/s4 ,x is ! play betwe5 ^! two op]ations :i* gives rise to :at may be t]m$ a di/9ctive 8life-hi/ory0 ( arti/ic repres5tations4 ,a life-hi/ory consi/s ( ?ree p]iods3 bir?1 gr[?1 dea?4 ,! middle p]iod is "o :i* is usually m>k$ by modifications :i* may conv5i5tly be gr\p$ "u ! t]m ( evolution1 z !y imply a gradual *ange or metamorphosis1 or ev5 a s]ies ( metamorphoses4 ,= our pres5t purpose we may recognise ?ree /ages ( arti/ic developm5t--orig91 evolution1 & decay4 ,! va/ bulk ( arti/ic expression owes its bir? to realism2 ! repres5tations 7 meant to be life-l1 or to sugge/ real objects2 t !y may n h be5 s 0 ow+ to ! apa?y or incapacity ( ! arti/ or to ! unsuitability ( 8 mat]ials4 ,once born1 ! design 0 act$ ^u by con/ra9+ & re/ra9+ =ces :i* gave x1 s to speak1 an individuality ( its own4 ,9 ! great majority ( repres5tations ! life-hi/ory ran its c\rse ?r\gh v>i\s /ages until x settl$ d[n to unev5tful s5ility2 9 "s cases ! repres5tation ceas$ to be--9 fact x di$4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i %all endeav\r to trace ! life-hi/ory ( a few arti/ic ideas z m\ld$ by sugge/ion & expectancy along ! l9es ( ! f\r ne$s1 & ,i h attempt$ 9 ! accompany+ diagram to visualise ?is me?od ( /udy+ art4 ,x w be f\nd t ! decorative art ( primitive folk is directly condition$ by ! environm5t ( ! arti/s2 & 9 ord] to und]/& ! designs ( a di/rict1 ! physical conditions1 climate1 flora1 fauna1 & an?ropology1 all h to be tak5 into acc\nt2 ?us furni%+ ano!r example ( ! fact t x is impossible to /udy any "o subject compreh5sively )\t t\*+ _m o!r bran*es ( k4 ,all human h&iwork is subject to ! same op]ation ( ext]nal =ces1 b ! mat]ial on :i* ^! =ces act is also inf9itely v>i$4 ,! div]se races & p ( mank9d h diff]5t ideas & ideals1 unequal skill1 v>i$ mat]ial to "w ^u1 & dissimil> tools to "w )4 ,ev]y:]e ! environm5t is diff]5t4 ,s we get t bewild]+ confusion ( ideas :i* cr[d ^u u :5 inspect+ a l>ge e?nographical collection or a museum ( ! decorative arts4 ,,/ages ,,( ,,developm5t4 --------------------------------------- _/ ,,orig94 ,,evolution4 ,,decay4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,deg5]ation ( ,pictorial ,pictures4 ,art ?r\gh incompet5t ,copy+4 ------------------------------ ,conv5tional ,treatm5t ,gr\ps4 = ,decorative ,solit>y ,purposes4 ,decorative ------------------------------ ,,art4 ,figures4 ,s]ies ,simplification or ?r\gh ,patt]ns4 repeat$ ,copy+4 ------------------------------ ,degradation ,comb9ations result+ or f ! ,het]omorphs4 ,mon/r\s 9 ,art4 _/ ,,realism4 ,phonograms4 ,alphabetical ,signs4 ------------------------------ ,conv5tionalis$ ,ari?metical ,pictographs4 or ,abbreviat$ ,signs4 ,,in=mation ,pictographs4 ------------------------------ ,p]sonal & ,emblems4 ,tribal ,signs or ,symbols4 _/ ,p]sonal ,ornam5t$ ,ornam5ts ,useful & ,objects ,objects4 emblematic ( ,p[] or ,useful ,/atus4 ,,weal?4 ,objects4 ------------------------------ ,m or less ,conv5tionalis$ ,money4 ,models ( ,useful ,ornam5ts4 _/ ,realism4 ,symbolism & ,auspici\s & ,,religion4 ,conv5tionalism4,magical ,signs4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,! conclusion t =c$ itself ^u me is t ! decorative art ( a p does1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 reflect _! "*4 ,a poor1 mis]able p h poor & mis]able art4 ,ev5 among savages leisure f ! c>es ( life is ess5tial = ! culture ( art4 ,x is too (t5 suppos$ t all savages are lazy1 & h an abundance ( sp>e "t1 b ?is is by no means always ! case4 ,savages d all t is necess>y = life2 any?+ extra is = excitem5t1 /hetics1 or religion2 & ev5 if !re is abundance ( "t = ^! latt]1 x does n foll[ t !re is an equival5t sup]fluity ( en]gy4 ,! :ite man1 :o has tra9$ faculties & ov]fl[s ) en]gy1 is apt to br& z lazy ^? :o are n s end[$4 ,9 ! case ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea x appe>s pretty evid5t t art fl\ri%es :]e food is abundant4 ,"o is p]haps ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ ! g5]al /atem5t t ! f9] ! man ! bett] ! art1 & t ! arti/ic skill ( a p is dep5d5t ^u ! fav\rabl5ess ( _! environm5t4 ,! relation ( art to e?nology is an important problem4 ,s f> z our in=mation goes1 x appe>s t ! same processes op]ate on ! art ( decoration :atev] ! subject1 :]ev] ! c\ntry1 :5ev] ! age--ano!r illu/ration ( ! ess5tial solid>ity ( mank9d4 ,b !re are1 at ! same "t1 num]\s & (t5 /rik+ idiosyncrasies :i* h to be expla9$4 ,_m w be f\nd to be due to :at may be t]m$ ! accid5ts ( locality4 ,natural =ms c only be intellig5tly repres5t$ :]e !y occur1 & ! mat]ials at ! disposal ( ! arti/ condition 8 art4 ,! e?nological aspect ( decorative art is too complex a problem to be solv$ at pres5t1 z suffici5t data h n yet be5 collect$4 ,s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,/olpe ( ,/ockholm 0 ! fir/ to s]i\sly attack ?is subject4 ,x 0 n until ,i _h def9itely ent]$ on ! same l9e ( rese>* t ,i f\nd ,i 0 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,sw$i% savant2 =tunately1 our "w did n really ov]lap4 ,i h else:]e#c ?r[n out ! foll[+ sugge/ion3--8,x w (t5 be f\nd t ! m pure or ! m homog5e\s a p are1 ! m uni=mity w be f\nd 9 _! art "w1 & t floresc5ce ( decorative art is a frequ5t result ( race mixture40 ,= al?\gh prolific art "w may be dep5d5t1 to "s ext5t1 ^u leisure due to an abundance ( food1 ?is w n acc\nt = arti/ic aptitude1 ?\gh 9 process ( "t ! latt] may be a result ( ! employm5t ( ! leisure2 /ill less w x acc\nt = ! arti/ic motives or = ! te*nique4 #c ,illu/rat$ ,ar*ologi/1 vol4 i1 #ahic1 p4 #ajh4 ,! art ( a p mu/ also be judg$ by :at !y ne$ n d & yet accompli%4 ,! res\rces at _! comm&1 & ! limitations ( _! mat]ials1 are v important factors2 b we mu/ n1 at ! same "t1 ignore :at !y w\ld d if !y c\ld1 nor %\ld we project our own s5tim5t too mu* into _! "w4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r bran*es ( e?nographical inquiry1 we %\ld endeav\r to le>n all we c ab\t !m f _! own po9t ( view be=e x is too late4 ,at ! pres5t /age k w n be advanc$ mu* by look+ at lagg>d peoples ?r\gh ! spectacles ( old-_w civilisation4 ,,decorative ,,art ,,( ,,briti% ,,new ,,gu9ea4 ,z /at$ 9 ! ,introductory section1 we w comm5ce our /udies ( ! art ( exi/+ savages by a brief acc\nt ( ! decorative art ( a limit$ area r ?an w&] ov] ! e>?'s surface 9 ord] to cull r&om examples ( ornam5tation4 ,x is n suffici5t to collect patt]ns or designs 9 illu/ration ( a !ory2 9 pursu+ su* a c\rse "o is1 s to speak1 z likely to ga!r t>es z :eat1 & !y may become inextricably mix$4 ,9 my /udies ,i h pref]r$ to limit myself = a "t to "o p>ticul> di/rict1 & to ga!r toge!r all ! available mat]ial f t locality4 ,! region select$ 0 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,by putt+ toge!r all ! objects 9 our possession kn[n to come f any "o locality1 ,i f\nd t ! te*nique ( ! decoration & ! /yle ( ! ornam5tation 7 *>act]i/ic4 ,x soon became app>5t t ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea c\ld be divid$ into sev]al arti/ic regions2 & s x became possible to allocate to a def9ite di/rict objects 9 museums ^: exact locality 0 unrecord$4 ,b ?is is n suffici5t2 x is "o ?+ to allocate a p>ticul> patt]n or gr\p ( patt]ns & designs to _! place ( orig91 b q a diff]5t matt] to trace out ! hi/ory or significance ( ! ornam5tation4 ,9 "s cases ! orig9 ( a design is obvi\s on ! face ( x2 9 mo/ x is easy to sugge/ an orig92 9 o!rs ev5 ! mo/ f]tile imag9ation is at fault4 ,9 /udies su* z ^! ! inve/igator %\ld re/ra9 f !oris+ z f> z possible2 x is a dang]\s game1 = m ?an "o c play at x1 & ! explanation is z likely to be wrong z "r4 ,! mo/ satisfactory plan is to ga!r toge!r z mu* mat]ial z possible1 & x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! objects tell _! own tale1 & all t has to be done is to record x4 ,:5 ! mean+ is n pla91 ! fault lies 9 ! imp]fection ( ! s]ies1 unless v great conv5tionalisation has already occurr$1 & x is wis] to wait = au?oritative in=mation ?an to !orise4 ,"o great advantage 9 ! me?od ( conf9+ att5tion to a limit$ area is t simil> designs v probably h a g5etic connection1 :]eas ?is is by no means ! case if objects f diff]5t regions are comp>$ toge!r4 ,i h rec5tly#d publi%$ a some:at detail$ /udy ( ! decorative art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 to :i* ,i may ref] ! read] :o desires to ent] into m m9ute details4 ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt ,i %all fir/ sket* ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! art ( ea* /hetic region1 & f9ally ,i %all discuss ! influ5ces :i* act on ! decorative art ( ^! & o!r di/ricts ( ,new ,gu9ea4 #d ,! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,papuan ,e?nography1 ,cunn+ham ,memoir1 ,no4 x41 ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 #ahid4 ,i4--,,torres ,,/raits ,,& ,,daudai4 ,! natives :o inhabit ! isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits are a black1 frizzly-hair$1 excitable p1 & !re=e belong to ! ,papuan1 z oppos$ to ! ,au/ralian /ock4 ,daudai is ! native "n = ! contigu\s coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & x =ms ) ! isl&s "o e?nographical prov9ce4 ,betwe5 _! respective inhabitants 0 a regul> trade1 *iefly 9 canoes1 b[s & arr[s f ! ma9l&1 & 9 turtle-%ell1 pe>l %ell1 & o!r m>9e %ells f ! isl&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,bamboo tobacco-pipes2 "o-t5? natural size4 ,torres ,/raits4 ,drawn by ! au?or f specim5s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,unless o!rwise /at$1 ! foll[+ description applies to objects f ! ,torres ,/raits isl&s1 ! natives ( :i* appe> to be r m arti/ic ?an ^? ( ,daudai4 ,!re are two me?ods ( decorat+ smoo? surfaces--7#a7 by c>v+ ! patt]n1 ! intaglio portion ( :i* is (t5 fill$ up ) p[d]$ lime 7,fig4 #b72 or 7#b7 ! design is engrav$ on ! surface ( ! object by means ( f9e punctate or m9utely zigzag l9es 7,fig4 #e74 ,! =m] me?od is alone appli$ to wood5 objects1 & also ma9ly to ^? made ( turtle-%ell 78tortoise-%ell072 ! latt] is t employ$ on bamboo pipes & on _m turtle-%ell objects4 ,unbrok5 l9es are v r>ely engrav$4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is di/rict t ! patt]ns are inscrib$ )9 p>allel l9es1 :e!r x be a comb 7,fig4 #b7 or a bamboo pipe 7,fig4 #a7 :i* is to be decorat$4 ,! p>allel l9es are fir/ drawn1 & !n ! patt]n is del9eat$4 ,a noticeable peculi>ity is ! prepond]ance ( /raight or angl$ l9es to ! exclusion ( curv$ l9es4 ,simple semicircul> curves & circles are common1 x is true1 b !y are n comb9$ into curv$ patt]ns2 rev]s$ or loop$ coils & complex curv$ l9es1 su* z scrolls1 are completely abs5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,rubb+ ( ! h&le ( a wood5 comb2 "o-half natural size4 ,torres ,/raits4 ,9 ! au?or's possession4 ,! mo/ common patt]n is ! ubiquit\s zigzag1 & ?is is pre-em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ?is region4 ,! zigzag may appe> z an angul> wavy l9e1 or ea* alt]nate triangle may be left 9 relief or emphasis$ by p>allel l9es1 ?us =m+ a s]ies ( alt]nate light & d>k triangles1 or :at is sometimes t]m$ a too? patt]n4 ,x is obvi\s t :5 sev]al r[s ( ?is patt]n are drawn1 a triangle ( "o r[ w s co9cide ) t ( ! contigu\s r[ z to =m a diamond or loz5ge4 ,/range z x may seem1 x appe>s t ?is is ! actual way 9 :i* ev5 su* a simple =m z ! loz5ge 0 discov]$ 9 ?is di/rict4 ,ev5 n[1 aft] g5]ations ^u g5]ations ( design]s c>v+ ! same simple patt]ns1 ! loz5ge is v frequ5tly made by draw+ a m$ian horizontal l9e p>allel to ! b\nd>y l9es & !n cutt+ a m or less symmetrical triangle on ea* side ( x 7,fig4 #b1 ?ird & fif? b&s74 ,a h]r+-bone patt]n 7,fig4 #b1 f\r? b&7 & a few simple comb9ations ( /raight or angl$ l9es complete ! decorative attempts ( ^! p4 ,we (t5 f9d t a feel+ = symmetry prompts ! arti/ to m or less design 8 patt]ns ) reg>d to ! middle-l9e1 al?\gh ! latt] may n be indicat$ z su*4 ,! same comb (f]s examples ( ?is4 ,x mu/ n be imag9$ t ^! p d n employ curv$ l9es 9 _! patt]ns because !y _c draw !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 !y wi% to repres5t animals1 !y c d s ) _s & tru?fulness4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #c7 demon/rates a fair am\nt ( skill & a faculty = seiz+ ^u ! sali5t features ( ! animal to be drawn4 ,! div]sity ( animals is also notewor?y4 ,ne>ly e great gr\p ( animals is repres5t$ 9 native art1 & (t5 s fai?fully t x is possible = ! naturali/ to give ! animals _! sci5tific names4 ,fig4 #c illu/rates "s ( ! animals del9eat$ by ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,on look+ ov] ! rubb+s & trac+s ( animal draw+s f ?is di/rict :i* ,i h collect$1 ,i f9d t ov] tw5ty diff]5t k9ds ( animals are repres5t$4 ,l ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 !y h n disda9$ to copy jelly-fi% 7,a7 & />-fi%es 7,b72 ! =m] appe>s to be a m$usoid belong+ to ! ,leptom$us4 ,! rem>kable hamm]-head$ %>k 7,c7 is (t5 repres5t$ by ^! p2 ! gr\p ( two %>ks & a turtle 7,d7 occurs on "o ( a s]ies ( pe>l %ells :i* are fa/5$ to a b&2 7,e7 is probably an eagle-ray2 ! /range suck]-fi%1 :i* is us$ 9 fi%+1 is %[n 9 7,f71 ! m\?1 h[ev]1 is on ! opposite side ( ! body to ! dorsal-suck]2 7,g7 is a gre5 tree-frog1 ! suck]-be>+ toes are indicat$ 9 a g5]alis$ mann]2 ?is is "o ( two frogs :i* are plac$ 9 ! same position on a bamboo tobacco-pipe1 z are ! two snakes 7,h7 on ano!r pipe 7cf4 ,fig4 #a72 ! black disc betwe5 !m indicates ! hole 9 :i* ! b[l is ins]t$4 ,a crocodile is se5 walk+ along ! gr\nd at 7,i71 & a cass[>y 7,k7 is peck+ at a se$2 its ?ree-ray$ tracks are also %[n 7cf4 ,fig4 #d72 7,l7 is a clev]ly drawn dolph91 & 7,m7 is a dugong sp\t+1 & bel[ x ! waves are indicat$4 ,! native dog1 or d+o1 is %[n at 7,n71 & 7,o7 is a man :o has caught a l>ge mack]el-l fi%2 8 belt1 arm- & leg-b&s are indicat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,draw+s ( animals by ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits2 "o-qu>t] natural size4 ,a4 ,jelly-fi%2 ,b4 ,/>-fi%2 ,c4 ,hamm]-head$ %>k 7,zygna72 ,d4 ,gr\p ( two %>ks 7,*>c>odon7 & a turtle2 ,e4 ,eagle-ray 7,atobatis72 ,f4 ,suck]-fi% 7,e*9eis naucrates72 ,g4 ,tree-frog 7,hyla crulea72 ,h4 ,two snakes on a tobacco-pipe1 betwe5 !m is ! hole 9 :i* ! b[l is ins]t$2 ,i4 ,crocodile 7,crocodilus porosus71 ) foot-pr9ts2 ,k4 ,cass[>y 7,casu>ius7 peck+ at a se$ ! latt] is un=tunately omitt$ 9 ! figure1 & footpr9ts1 cf4 ,fig4 #d2 ,l4 ,dolph9 7,delph9us72 ,m4 ,dugong 7,halicore au/ralis7 sp\t+1 & indications ( waves2 ,n4 ,native dog 7,canis d+o72 ,o4 ,man ) a l>ge mack]el-l fi%4 ,a1 ,b1 ,g1 ,h1 ,l1 occur on bamboo tobacco-pipes2 ,c1 ,e1 ,i1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 on drums2 ,d1 ,f1 on pe>l %ells4 ,a1 ,b1 ,h1 ,i1 ,l1 ,n1 ,o1 ,briti% ,museum2 ,c1 ,e1 ,k1 ,cambridge2 ,g1 ,ox=d2 ,d1 ,f1 ,b]l94 ,z is to be expect$ among an insul> p :o are cont9ually on ! sea1 !re is a prepond]ance ( m>9e =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,drum f ,daudai2 #cg in*es long4 ,sket*$ by au?or f a specim5 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum4 ,x is some:at rem>kable t no case is kn[n ( ! del9eation ( animals 9 a l9e> s]ies1 or gr\p$ 9 any way4 ,!y are all scatt]$ ab\t on ! objects decorat$ ) !m4 ,! only exceptions to ?is rule are 9 ! cases ( ! drums1 pipes1 or 9 a few o!r objects2 9 ^! two precisely simil> animals are symmetrically dispos$ ) reg>d to ! middle l9e4 ,= example1 9 ! l[] pipe ( ,fig4 #a a snake w be se5 ne> ! left-h& end1 imm$iately bel[ ! orifice1 = ! ins]tion ( ! b[l ( ! pipe1 & !re is a correspond+ snake on ! opposite side4 ,i h also notic$ a simil> pair$ arrangem5t on ! backs ( f\r old wom54 ,two wom5 _h sc>ifi$ ^u !m a pair ( dugong1 "o a pair ( snakes1 & ! f\r? a pair ( objects1 :i* ,i believe indicat$ ! /+-ray2 n[ ^! are ?ree ( _! totem animals1 & ! sc>s ^u ! wom5's backs indicat$ ! clans to :i* !y sev]ally belong$4 ,z ! pair$ animals on ! drums 7,fig4 #d7 & pipes 7,fig4 #a1 ,b71 etc4 7,fig4 #c71 are kn[n to be totem animals1 x appe>s probable t ! symmetrical disposition ( two animals among ^! p indicate t !y are totem animals1 & m>ks ! object1 or r its own]1 z belong+ to a p>ticul> clan4 ,?is pair$ arrangem5t /rangely recalls ! 8support]s0 ( our armorial be>+s1 & !re is reason to believe t ^! p]petuate 9 "s in/ances ! totem animals ( our savage =efa!rs4 ,ano!r po9t is wor? m5tion+4 ,_m ( ! drums h engrav$ on ea* ( _! sides ! repres5tation ( a cass[>y 7,fig4 #d74 ,i und]/ood t 9 ,m] 7,murray ,isl&7 only c]ta9 p c\ld beat ! drum2 ?us x w\ld appe> t ?r\gh\t ?is di/rict ! m5 ( ! cass[>y clan1 at all ev5ts1 7 ! musicians4 ,l _m o!r savages1 ^! p are m exp]t 9 depict+ animals ?an m51 & ! human =m is r>ely copi$4 ,human faces are1 h[ev]1 v frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! wood5 & turtle-%ell masks = :i* ! ,torres ,/raits natives are fam\s1 & small wood5 human figures 7 c>v$ on arr[s f ! ma9l&1 or z wood5 or /one images to act z *>ms4 ,= analog\s purposes models ( dugong & turtle 7 c>v$ 9 wood1 & _m ( ^! are really skilfully execut$ works ( art1 :ile o!rs are m]ely conv5tional r5d]+s1 ) a m9imum am\nt ( lab\r exp5d$ ^u !m4 ,! great dance-masks1 to :i* m5tion has j be5 made1 are sometimes v elaborate objects1 & ! animal =ms1 :i* are (t5 us$ 9 comb9ation ) ! human face1 are d\btless symbolic1 b ( _! mean+ we are ignorant4 ,v>i\s %>ks1 su* z ! hamm]-head$ %>k & ! saw-fi%1 ! crocodile & a sea-bird1 are v commonly repres5t$4 ,! association ( a human be+ & crocodile is %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 :i* is tak5 f a rubb+ ( a bamboo tobacco-pipe 7! :ite spot 9 ! c5tre indicates ! hole = ! ins]tion ( ! b[l74 ,only ! face & arms ( ! man are repres5t$4 ,?is design is repeat$ f\r times on ! same object4 ,! figure also illu/rates a conc5tric treatm5t ( designs :i* appe>s to be *>act]i/ic ( ! ma9l& ne> ! m\? ( ! ,fly ,riv]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a bamboo tobacco-pipe1 probably f ! m\? ( ! ,fly ,riv]2 "o-?ird natural size1 9 ! ,liv]pool ,museum4 ,9 ! orig9al ! l9es %[ d>k on a light gr\nd4 ,f ab\t ! same di/rict :]e ! la/ object came f are made ! c>v$ wood5 arr[s1 :i* are trad$ by ! natives to ! isl&]s ( ,torres ,/raits1 & :i* may be f\nd 9 _m ( our e?nographical museums4 ,all ! arr[s =m]ly us$ 9 ,torres ,/raits 7 import$ f ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,( ^! !re 7 _m k9ds3 "s 7 q pla91 o!rs _h simple wood5 b>bs1 :ile o!rs aga9 _h bone b>bs2 x is only ) ^! latt] t ,i am n[ deal+4 ,no two ( ^! arr[s are precisely alike1 b !y fall into f\r ma9 gr\ps--7#a7 undecorat$1 or ) an occasional simple b& patt]n bel[ ! b>bs2 7#b7 ^? ) ! figure ( a man c>v$ ^u !m2 7#c7 ^? ) a repres5tation ( a crocodile2 & f9ally 7#d7 ^? ) simple patt]ns1 :i* usually h a longitud9al direction4 ,i w conf9e myself to ! ?ird gr\p1 & w illu/rate only a few ( ! num]\s v>iations :i* occur2 ^! w suffice to indicate :at sort ( modifications take place1 & w enable any "o to int]pret ! c>v+ on ! majority ( arr[s belong+ to ?is class :i* may be met ) 9 a museum4 ,! ,crocodile ,arr[ & its ,d]ivatives4--,?is class ( arr[s =ms a v int]e/+ s]ies1 z x becomes greatly modifi$4 ,at "o end ( ! s]ies we h an easily recognisable crocodile2 at ! o!r we h a liz>d1 or a well-m>k$ snake2 & possibly ev5 ?is may deg5]ate into ! simple/ patt]ns4 7a47 ,! ,crocodile & its ,deg5]ate ,=ms4--,9 front ( ! ma9 design !re are usually a few b>bs1 mu* z 9 ! 8man-arr[10 b ^! b>bs may be consid]ably increas$ 9 numb] 9 ! m deg5]ate type1 or !y may be altoge!r abs5t4 ,x is desirable to fir/ describe a typical crocodile-arr[2 & x w be necess>y to call att5tion to c]ta9 well-m>k$ divisions ( ! total repres5tation3 ^! are ! sn\t1 ! head & neck 7f ! eyes1 inclusive1 to ! =e-limbs71 ! =e-limbs1 ! trunk1 ! h9d-limbs1 & ! tail4 7#a47 ,! sn\t is pla92 above1 at ! ant]ior extremity1 are two elevations1 :i* are meant = ! prom95t valvul> no/rils ( ! crocodile4 ,occasionally "o is plac$ beh9d ! o!r 7,fig4 #f1 ,a71 in/ead ( _! be+ side by side1 or ev5 b "o may be pres5t4 ,lat]ally ! jaws & tee? are usually *>act]i/ically r5d]$4 ,9 "o arr[ 7,fig4 #f1 ,b71 ! tee? ( ! upp] jaw on "o side h1 by an easy transition1 be5 trans=m$ into a zigzag l9e4 ,! und]side ( ! sn\t & head is ornam5t$ ) l9es & dots :i* may h a longitud9al or transv]se arrangem5t1 or bo? may occur1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,b4 7#b47 ,! head & neck1 l ! sn\t1 are pla9 above1 except = an occasional repres5tation ( scales on ! neck 7,fig4 #f1 ,c71 & ! v5tral ornam5tation is a cont9uation ( t ( ! und]side ( ! sn\t4 ,! eye is triangul>1 ) ! apex beh9d1 r>ely oval1 z 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,c2 a b&-patt]n1 usually a zigzag1 :i* is always di/+ui%able f ! v5tral ornam5tation1 ext5ds f ! eye to ! =e-limb4 7#c47 ,! region ( ! =e-limb has g5]ally ! greate/ ?ickness ( ! :ole arr[4 ,! limbs (t5 arise f an ornam5tal b& 7,fig4 #f1 ,a71 :i* repres5ts ! prom95t scutes 9 ?is region ( ! real animal4 ,! =e-limbs fir/ project backw>dly1 & !n run =w>ds t[>ds ! middle v5tral l9e4 ,! toes are usually indicat$ by transv]se l9es4 7#d47 ,! trunk has usually a r[ ( *evrons or diamonds runn+ along ! dorsal & v5tral m$ian l9es2 ! lat]al ornam5tation usually consi/s ( transv]se l9es1 sep>at$ by r[s ( spots2 sometimes ^! run longitud9ally4 7#e47 ,! h9d-limbs may be sep>at$ dorsally by a triangul> area 7,fig4 #f1 ,a71 or by a r[ ( tub]cles 7,fig4 #f1 ,e74 ,! limbs inv>iably b5d =w>ds1 & !n backw>ds4 ,! enclos$ angle conta9s a r[ ( spots or r>ely a pla9 ridge4 7#f47 ,typically ! tail is ornam5t$ ) ?ree1 occasionally two1 dorsal r[s ( tub]cles4 ,! m$ian r[ is a cont9uation ( ! m$ian s]ies1 or ! triangul> area above not$2 sometimes ! m$ian r[ is directly cont9u\s ) ! c5tral s]ies on ! back ( ! trunk4 ,! lat]al r[s />t f ! ins]tions ( ! h9d-limbs 7,fig4 #f1 ,a1 ,e1 ,d74 ,b5ea? !re is a l>ge quadrangul> plate1 ornam5t$ ) conc5tric l9es1 ! sides ( :i* (t5 ext5d up to ! dorso-lat]al angle ( ! tail4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,s]ies ( arr[s f ,torres ,/raits1 collect$ & sket*$ by ! au?or1 & pres5t$ by him to ! ,cambridge ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,on comp>+ a numb] ( crocodile-arr[s ) ! animal itself1 "o is /ruck ) ! num]\s reali/ic details :i* h surviv$ ! decorative treatm5t ( ! design4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t "o is deal+ ) a "w ( decorative art1 & n an attempt at reali/ic c>v+4 ,9 "o arr[ sev]al anatomical *>act]i/ics ( ! crocodile w be sugge/ively r5d]$2 9 a second o!r details w be m accurately c>v$2 b 9 ! great majority ( arr[s belong+ to ?is s]ies1 v>iation has occurr$ to su* an ext5t t ! crocodile becomes almo/ unrecognisable z su*4 ,a v typical crocodile arr[ is to be se5 9 ,fig4 #f1 ,a2 ! *ief v>iation 9 ?is is ! plac+ ( "o no/ril beh9d ! o!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #f1 ,b1 ! no/rils are side by side1 & ! tee? ( ! upp] jaw are repres5t$ by a zigzag l9e4 ,! h9d-limbs & ! tail are entirely abs5t4 ,fig4 #f1 ,c1 is important 9 sev]al respects4 ,! no/ril is s+le1 ! m\? is p>tially clos$2 b ! tee? h n1 z yet1 entirely disappe>$ f ! h9d] clos$ moiety4 ,! eye is oval1 a r>e feature1 & ! dorsal scales ( ! neck are repres5t$2 ?is is also r>e4 ,! =e-limbs h be5 conv]t$ into a rais$ zigzag b&1 :i* encircles ! arr[4 ,! h9d-limbs d ! same1 except t ! patt]n is int]rupt$ 9 ! m$ian dorsal l9e by a d\ble r[ ( tub]cles1 :i* repres5t ! prom95t dorsal scutes ( ?is region 9 ! liv+ animal4 ,! ?igh is c>v$ ) a curv$ upp] bord] & a /raight l[] bord]4 ,!re is r a gap 9 ! s]ies betwe5 ,fig4 #f1 ,c & ,d2 b x is easy to see t ! h9d] "p ( ! m\? is clos$1 & ! tee? ( bo? jaws are repres5t$ by diff]5t patt]ns2 ! front "p ( ! m\? is widely op51 b ed5tul\s4 ,! no/ril is s+le4 ,! eye has become enorm\sly enl>g$1 & con/itutes :at ,i propose to t]m an eye-panel2 x ext5ds backw>dly to ! =e-limb4 ,! pla9 upp] surface ( ! head & neck has become mu* r$uc$1 ow+ to ! encroa*m5t ( a d\ble r[ ( spots on ea* side4 ,! arti/ mi/ook ! upp] = ! l[] surface :5 he c>v$ ! =e-limbs1 = x w be se5 t ! toes are above & ! dorsal scutes are plac$ bel[4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ is ! replac+ ( ! c5tral r[ ( caudal scutes by a pla9 ridge2 s f> z ,i am aw>e ?is is unique4 ,fig4 #f1 ,e1 is a type ( a l>ge numb] ( arr[s4 ,! front op5 "p ( ! m\? is q small1 & ! surfaces ( ! jaws are scor$ by oblique l9es4 ,! m$ian dorsal pla9 b& ( ! sn\t is no wid] ?an ! lat]al b&s :i* indicate ! clos$ h9d] "p ( ! m\?4 ,9 ! gape ( ! m\? an elongat$ triangle is v g5]ally pres5t2 ?is is d\btless int5d$ to repres5t a tongue4 ,sometimes x is not*$4 ,! eye-panels are elongat$ & n>r[1 & ! dorsal m$ian b& ( ! head & neck extremely r$uc$4 ,! re/ ( ! body 9 ?is arr[ calls = no special m5tion4 ,sometimes eyes are c>v$ on ! dorsal surface ( ! gap+ end ( ! upp] jaw4 ,9 ! la/ arr[ 7,fig4 #f1 ,f7 ( ! s]ies :i* ,i figure1 ! front "p ( ! m\? has disappe>$2 b ! h9d] "p ( ! head is mu* ! same z 9 ! la/ arr[4 ,! =e-limbs & body are abs5t4 ,! h9d-limbs are n>r[1 b reta9 _! *>act]i/ic =w>d b5d2 ! dorsal caudal scutes are replac$ by num]\s p>allel transv]se l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,snake-arr[ f ,torres ,/raits 7cf4 ,fig4 #f74 ,two features ( ! innum]able modifications ( ?is design are wor?y ( special allusion1 ! "o is ! rem>kable ret5tion ( ! project+ no/ril1 :i* may (t5 be f\nd z a slight prom95ce 9 v degrad$ arr[s2 & ! o!r is ! /ill great] p]si/5ce ( ! tail & h9dqu>t]s ( ! crocodile4 ,i suspect t ! /rik+ decorative effect ( ! conc5trically m>k$ cloacal plate has l$ n only to ! ret5tion ( t "p1 b also to t ( ! neighb\r+ organs4 7b47 ,! ,snake ,v>iety4--,we n[ pass on to a small gr\p 9 :i* ! op5 front "p ( ! m\? ( su* an arr[ z ,fig4 #f1 ,e1 has sugge/$ a complete head1 & s eyes are add$ 7,fig4 #g72 ! re/ ( ! sn\t1 ! head & =e-limbs are omitt$2 ! body is mu* elongat$1 b ! h9d legs & tail are usually q normal1 or subject to m]ely m9or v>iations2 ! patt]ns may run transv]sely z 9 ! figure1 or longitud9ally4 ,su* a c>v+ irresi/ibly calls to m9d a snake2 ! natives !mselves told me x 0 a snake4 ,! tail & h9dqu>t]s1 h[ev]1 proclaim ! crocodilian orig9al4 ,9 ?is gr\p ( arr[s we h a v int]e/+ example ( ! transition f "o k9d ( animal into ano!r2 b hi!rto ,i h n se5 a snake-arr[ :i* has lo/ all trace ( its saurian ance/ry4 7c47 ,! ,liz>d ,v>iety4--,a few arr[s are kn[n to me :i* pretty closely resemble ,fig4 #f1 ,e1 except t ! h9d-limbs are elongat$ & sl5d]1 & ! tail is n crocodilian4 ,! body is depress$ & loz5ge-%ap$ 9 section4 ,9 o!r words1 ! body1 h9d legs1 & tail are lac]tilian 9 "*4 ,9 ^! arr[s1 ! crocodile has be5 conf\nd$ ) a liz>d4 ,o!r illu/rations ( ! decorative art ( ^! p w be f\nd 9 ,figs4 #dd1 #ff2 b z ^! examples illu/rate o!r aspects ( ! subject1 ,i h describ$ !m 9 ! relat+ sections ( ?is book & refra9 f repeat+ !m "h4 ,,ii4--,,! ,,fly ,,riv]4 ,! ,fly ,riv] is ! l>ge/ riv] 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,x rises f ab\t ! area :]e ! ,dut*1 ,g]man1 & ,briti% t]ritories abut1 & fl[s into ! we/]n side ( ! ,gulf ( ,papua4 ,= a great "p ( its c\rse x fl[s ?r\gh l[-ly+ & (t5 swampy c\ntry1 :i* is b sp>sely inhabit$1 except 9 ! delta region4 ,= our pres5t purpose we ne$ only consid] ! delta & ! middle region ( ! riv]4 ,ow+ to ! c>elessness ( collectors1 x is v difficult to det]m9e f :at exact di/rict _m objects labell$ 8,fly ,riv]0 actually come4 ,! l>ge/ isl& 9 ! delta ( ! ,fly ,riv] is ,kiwai1 & ?is conta9s sev]al villages4 ,almo/ ! only objects :i* c be safely ref]r$ to ,kiwai are ! tubul> drums ) 8jaws0 at "o end4 ,!re c be b little d\bt t ! c>v+ repres5ts ! head ( ! crocodile1 j z 9 ! l>ge ,torres ,/raits & ,daudai drum ! 8jaws0 probably are d]iv$ f ! same reptile4 ,! c>v+ on ! ,kiwai drums is boldly execut$1 & usually fill$ 9 ) r$ & :ite pigm5t4 ,s f> z ,i c discov]1 ! et*+ on ! bamboo tobacco-pipes is simil> 9 _m respects to t on ^? f ! previ\s di/rict1 b ! zigzag l9es are usually mu* co>s]1 & ! punctate l9e is ei!r r>e or abs5t4 ,9 "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! delta ( ! ,fly ,riv]1 at ,daumori = example1 c>v$ wood5 slabs1 m or less ovoid 9 cont\r1 are susp5d$ on ! front ( a h\se = good luck2 "s ( ^! are also employ$ z figure-heads = canoes to ensure successful voyages4 ,!y h c>v$ ^u !m conv5tional human faces1 & occasionally :ole figures1 accompani$ by simple patt]ns4#e #e ,i hope to publi% %ortly a pap] 9 ! ,int]nationales ,ar*iv fr ,e?nographie1 on ! designs :i* are incis$ on ! sk9 ( ^! natives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,rubb+ ( "o side ( ! decoration ( a drum f ! ,fly ,riv]1 9 ! ,museum at ,rome2 "o-f\r? natural size4 ,middle ,di/rict ( ! ,fly ,riv]4--,! mo/ ext5sive collection ( objects at pres5t 9 ,europe f ! int]ior ( ,new ,gu9ea along ! ,fly ,riv] is t 9 ! museum 9 ,rome4 ,^! 7 8collect$0 by ,signor d',alb]tis1 ma9ly at :at he nam$ 8,villaggio dei coc*i10 :i* is probably ! same place rea*$ by ,sir ,william ,mac,gregor on ,janu>y #g?1 #ahij2 x is situat$ ab\t #chj miles f ! m\? ( ! riv]4 ,! drums f ?is di/rict diff] 9 %ape f ^? f o!r p>ts ( ! ,possession1 & a some:at elaborate ornam5tation is c>v$ on !m 9 l[ relief4 ,! means d n at pres5t exi/ = elucidat+ ! significance ( ^! designs 7,fig4 #h71 :i* are comp\nd$ ( cresc5tic l9es1 leaf-l & triradiate elem5ts & spirals4 ,"s ( ! figures c]ta9ly look z if !y 7 int5d$ to repres5t leaves2 if ?is is ! case1 x may be due to "s influ5ce f ! nor?1 = we f9d t leaf-designs are employ$ 9 ! nor? ( ,ne!rl&s ,new ,gu9ea4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,uhle#f /ates t 8! influ5ce ( ! plant ornam5tation ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago is also f\nd 9 ,we/ ,new ,gu9ea4 ,al?\gh x is ess5tially *>act]i/ic ( ! we/]n portion ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 isolat$ examples are n want+ 9 ! ornam5tation ( ! ea/]n40 ,he ?9ks he c trace ! plant motive 9 ,s\?-,we/ ,new ,gu9ea z f> z ,wamuka ,riv]4 #f 8,holz- und ,bambus-,g]! aus ,nord ,we/ ,neu ,gu9ea10 ,publication5 aus dem ,knigli*5 ,e?nographisc5 ,museum zu ,dresd51 vi41 #ahhf4 ,! bamboo pipes are also decorat$ 9 a *>act]i/ic mann]1 ! patt]n be+ caus$ by a local removal ( ! sk9 ( ! bamboo1 s t x %[s d>k] aga9/ a light backgr\nd4 ,!re is usually consid]ably m regul>ity 9 ! decoration ?an occurs on ! drums4 ,,iii4--,,! ,,papuan ,,gulf4 ,we h no in=mation conc]n+ ! decorative art ( ! great] portion ( ! littoral ( ! ,papuan ,gulf1 b f two rubb+s s5t to me by my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,bruce1 9 #ahid1 x appe>s t ! human face is l>gely repres5t$4 ,9 ,fig4 #i we see t simplifi$ faces con/itute a patt]n :i* adorns a canoe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,rubb+ ( "p ( a c>v$ patt]n1 along a canoe f ne> ,cape ,blackwood4 ,tak5 by ,r4 ,bruce1 #ahid4 ,"o-six? natural size4 ,at ! ea/]n side ( ! bight ( ! ,gulf ( ,papua !re is a v en]getic1 boi/]\s p ( d>k complexion1 :o inhabit ! vic9ity ( ,fre%wat] ,bay4 ,_! be/ kn[n village is ,to>ipi 7,motu ,motu72 ! t]m ,elema includes ?is & o!r tribes 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! di/rict is f]tile1 wood$1 & well-wat]$4 ,sago is abundant1 & fleets ( trad+ canoes sail annually to & f ! ,motu tribe ( ,port ,moresby to ex*ange pott]y = sago4 ,! decorative art ( ?is di/rict is s *>act]i/ic t x is impossible to mi/ake x4 ,objects ( wood are cut 9 flat relief1 & ^? made ( bamboo are simil>ly treat$1 ! design be+ emphasis$ by ! col\r+ ( ! intaglio4 ,! va/ majority ( ! designs are d]iv$ f ! human figure1 & mo/ p>ticul>ly ! face4 ,!re are v few designs :i* _c be trac$ to ?is orig92 occasionally a crocodile or a liz>d may be introduc$4 ,! employm5t ( masks dur+ sacr$ c]emonies1 :i* 0 su* a notable feature ( ,torres ,/raits1 recurs "h also to an equal degree1 b in/ead ( ! masks be+ made 9 wood or turtle-%ell1 !y are con/ruct$ ( a light framework on :i* is /it*$ ! inn] b>k ( a tree4 ,! device is outl9$ by cloissons ( ! midrib ( a leaf1 & ! figures are pick$ out 9 r$ & black1 & ! backgr\nd is usually pa9t$ :ite4 ,?is cloissone te*nique is peculi> to ?is di/rict1 & x appe>s to h affect$ also ! me?od ( c>v+ patt]ns 9 wood4 ,! =m & decoration ( ^! masks is s v>i$ t x w\ld be t$i\s to describe !m4 ,9 ! majority ( !m a human face is readily recognisable1 b 9 "s ( ! l>g] examples x has practically become lo/4 ,9 ne>ly all1 in/ead ( a human m\?1 ! mask is provid$ ) a long sn\t1 ! jaws ( :i* are usually num]\sly too!d4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is repres5ts a crocodile's sn\t4 ,almo/ :]ev] x occurs1 ! crocodile or alligator1 z ! case may be1 ent]s into ! religion ( p1 d\btless1 prim>ily1 on acc\nt ( its size & pr$atory habits4 ,x is v frequ5tly a totem1 z1 = example1 9 ,torres ,/raits1 & x is v probable t "h also its pres5ce 9 conjunction ) ! human =m is symbolic ( a totemi/ic relation betwe5 ! man & ! reptile4 ,we "k extremely little ab\t ! use1 & no?+ ( ! significance1 ( ! masks ( ?is region1 b x appe>s t _! use is 9 connection ) ! initiation ( ! lads into manhood1 & a common feature ( initiation is ! association ( ! totem ) ! individual4 ,"s masks repres5t :at appe>s to be int5d$ = a pig's head2 a bird & o!r =ms may also be introduc$4 ,occasionally a human head may be giv5 to a grotesque animal =m4 ,! %ields are oblong or ovoid 9 %ape1 & h a c5tral slit cut out at ! top4 ,mo/ ( ! =m] are decorat$ ) an easily recognisable human face2 sometimes ! face is d\bl$1 b 9 ^! cases x is only ! nose & m\? t are repeat$1 a s+le pair ( eyes hav+ to d duty = ! two faces4 ,! faces are subject to consid]able modification1 ! two eyes1 or ev5 only a s+le eye may alone be recognisable4 ,*>act]i/ic ( typical ,new ,gu9ea villages are l>ge h\ses :i* m5 alone may ent]4 ,"h ! lads :o are be+ initiat$ into manhood are lodg$1 "h ! masks & o!r sacr$ objects are kept2 !y comb9e ! (fices ( clubs1 gue/-h\ses1 & religi\s edifices4 ,9 ?is di/rict1 z well z 9 ! ,fly ,riv] delta1 !y are usually decorat$ ) human & animal c>v+s1 & 9 !m are susp5d$ wood5 slabs ( an elongat$ oval %ape1 :i* are c>v$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! %ields4 ,^! tablets appe> to be employ$ z *>ms = good-luck1 b we d n "k :e!r !y are also us$ 9 ! initiation c]emonies2 !y are decorat$ ) extremely conv5tional repres5tations ( ! human =m1 or may be only a face2 sometimes mon/r\s comb9ations ( a man & animal may be c>v$4 ,:5 m5 h pass$ ?r\gh all ! /ages ( initiation1 !y are entitl$1 s ,mr4 ,*alm]s in=ms u1 to we> broad1 c>v$ wood5 belts4 ,^! belts encircle ! body ?rice1 & l _m o!r symbols ( di/9ction mu/ be extremely inconv5i5t to we>4 ,i h made rubb+s ( q a consid]able numb] ( ^! belts1 & h come across only a few 9 :i* human faces c\ld n be di/+ui%$4 ,! design is s engrav$ t ! patt]n is 9 flat relief2 ?is is kept d>k 9 col\r1 & %[s up aga9/ ! :it5$ backgr\nd4 ,c]ta9 details ( ! design are (t5 pick$ out 9 r$1 ! expos$ unc>v$ portion ( ! belt & mo/ usually ! n>r[ pla9 bord] above & bel[ ! patt]n are pa9t$ r$4 ,! design comm5ces at "o end ( ! belt1 & t]m9ates :5 "o circumf]5ce is ne>ly atta9$4 ,!re is a wond]ful div]sity ( patt]n 9 ^! belts1 yet1 at ! same "t1 !re is a fundam5tal simil>ity 9 ! /yle ( ! designs :i* cle>ly indicates a community ( orig94 ,a v consid]able proportion ( ! belts kn[n to me exhibit a true decorative ta/e on ! "p ( arti/s1 & 9 "s cases pleas+ & +5i\s patt]ns h be5 evolv$4 ,x may n be sup]flu\s to po9t out t1 :]eas 8eye-spots0 are usually int5d$ = eyes1 !y are sometimes employ$ z an appropriate decorative device2 simil>ly too!d l9es may repres5t human tee?1 r>ely hair1 & n infrequ5tly !y are purely ornam5tal4 ,i h made a selection ( t5 ( ^! belts :i* suffici5tly illu/rate _! "* & ! sort ( modification :i* occurs4 ,figs4 #aa to #ai are photograph$ f rubb+s ( "p ( ! decoration ( wood5 belts f ! ,papuan ,gulf4 ,fig4 #aj repres5ts ! :ole ( ! ornam5tation4 ,all are "o-f\r? natural size4 ,,classification ,,( ,,c>v$ ,,patt]ns ,,on ,,wood5 ,,belts ,,f ,,! ,,gulf ,,( ,,papua4 ,human ,face ,d]ivatives4 ,,s]ies ,i4--,,unis]ial1 ,,v]tical4 #a4 ,faces look+ ! same way4 #b4 ,faces alt]nately look+ up & d[n4 ,,s]ies ,,ii4--,,unis]ial1 ,,horizontal4 #a4 ,faces look+ ! same way4 #b4 ,faces alt]nately look+ t[>ds & away f "o ano!r4 7a7 ,all faces sep>ate4 7b7 ,faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r gr\p$ toge!r4 7c7 ,faces look+ away f "o ano!r gr\p$ toge!r4 ,,s]ies ,,iii4--,,bis]ial1 ,,v]tical4 #a4 ,faces only look+ t[>ds "o ano!r4 #b4 ,faces only look+ away f "o ano!r4 #c4 ,faces alt]nately look+ t[>ds & away f "o ano!r4 7,a7 ,all faces ( equal size4 7,b7 ,faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r mo/ prom95t4 7,c7 ,faces look+ away f "o ano!r mo/ prom95t4 ,,s]ies ,,iv4--,,bis]ial1 ,,horizontal4 ,,s]ies ,v4--,,tris]ial 7,,ii4 ,,iii474 ,i4 ,v]tical faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r4 #a4 ,horizontal faces look+ ! same way4 #b4 ,horizontal faces alt]nately look+ t[>ds or away f "o ano!r4 7,a7 ,all faces ( equal size4 7,b7 ,v]tical faces monopolis+ patt]n4 7a7 ,horizontal faces sep>ate4 7b7 ,horizontal faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r gr\p$ toge!r4 7c7 ,horizontal faces look+ away f "o ano!r gr\p$ toge!r4 7,c7 ,horizontal faces monopolis+ patt]n4 7a7 ,horizontal faces sep>ate4 7b7 ,horizontal faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r gr\p$ toge!r4 7c7 ,horizontal faces look+ away f "o ano!r gr\p$ toge!r4 ,,ii4 ,v]tical faces look+ away f "o ano!r4 ,i4 ,s+le r[ ( faces dispos$ v]tically1 ! faces alt]nately look+ up & d[n4 ,fig4 #aj is a r$uc$ rubb+ ( ! :ole ( ! ornam5tation ( a belt2 to ! left w be se5 a face ) two eyes1 a nose1 & a l>ge r$ m\? beset ) tee?4 ,! next face has only "o eye1 :ile ! o!r two faces are eyeless1 & !re is no?+ di/9ctive ab\t _! noses4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,cambridge ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,glasg[ ,museum4 ,,ii4 ,s+le r[ ( faces dispos$ horizontally4 7#a47 ,! faces look+ ! same way4--,! belt ( ,fig4 #aa has f\r faces1 :i* are z deg5]ate z ^? 9 ! la/ example2 ?ree ( ^! look "o way1 & ! f\r?1 :i* is at "o end ( ! patt]n1 looks 9 ! opposite direction4 ,x is n unusual = a face to be c>v$ at ea* end ( ! decorat$ portion ( a belt1 & z ^! faces almo/ always look t[>ds ! patt]n1 ! anomaly ( "o face 9 ?is belt look+ a diff]5t way f ! rema9d] is app>5t r ?an real4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ feature 9 ?is belt is ! me&] or fret patt]n4 ,! extremely deg5]ate face appe>s to be1 z 94 ,fig4 #aj1 a r$ m\? conta9+ an eye-spot2 ! c5tral *evron also occurs 9 ,fig4 #ai1 :]e x repres5ts ! nose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,k]rama1 ,b]l9 ,museum4 7#b47 ,! faces alt]nately look+ t[>ds & away f "o ano!r4--,i w omit examples 9 :i* 7a7 all ! faces are sep>ate1 & 7b7 ! faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r are gr\p$ toge!r1 & pass on to 7c7 ! faces look+ away f "o ano!r are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,an elegant example ( ?is is se5 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! two pairs ( eyes ( ! two faces :i* are turn$ away f ea* o!r are repres5t$ by a s+le eye f :i* a horizontal l9e ext5ds on ei!r side to ! two m\?s2 ea* l9e repres5ts a nose1 ! no/rils ( :i* are plac$ q close to ! eye4 ,! eyes are surr\nd$ by simple r$ areas4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! m\?s1 above & bel[ ! eye 7speak+ 9 t]ms ( ! belt1 & n ( ! faces71 are occupi$ by additional m\?s1 :i* are evid5tly ins]t$ f a s5se ( symmetry2 t !y are supplem5t$1 & n ess5tial1 is prov$ by ! abs5ce ( any nasal l9e connect+ !m ) ! eye4 ,! spirals bel[ ea* m\? occur on sev]al %ields4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,briti% ,museum4 ,an int]e/+ belt 7,fig4 #ac7 exhibits q a diff]5t modification ( ! same motive4 ,! patt]n consi/s ( a s]ies ( eight-ray$ figures ) b5t arms1 & a c5tral eye-spot4 ,a comp>ison ( ^! figures ) ! eyes on masks1 & o!r objects f ?is di/rict1 proves t ! six rays are b a symmetrical coalesc5ce ( two pairs ( eye-areas4#g ,! angl$ d\ble l9es are cle>ly ^? prolongations ( ! eye-area :i* 9 _m cases t5d to enclose ! m\?1 & :i* probably repres5t ! *eek-folds2 & ?us !y demon/rate ! int]pretation t ea* /> is d]iv$ f two horizontal faces :i* are look+ away f ea* o!r1 & ( :i* no?+ rema9s b a conflu5t eye-area1 enclos+ a s+le eye4 ,! t]m9al faces are suffici5tly normal2 b if two su* faces 7 plac$ back to back1 & ! eye-areas 7 conflu5t1 & ! f\r eyes fus$ into "o1 & f9ally ! nose & m\? 7 elim9at$1 we %\ld h />-l figures resembl+ ^? :i* d occur4 ,if a reflector is plac$ across ! eyes 9 ! t]m9al face 9 ,fig4 #ac 7at "r angles to ! plane ( ! pap]1 & across ! long axis ( ! belt7 a />-l figure c be se51 :i* is v simil> to ^? 9 ! re/ ( ! belt4 ,?is is "o ( ! few belts t h no bord] patt]n4 #g ,i h adopt$ ! t]m 8eye-area0 to d5ote ! eye device1 :i* includes ! eye1 ! eye-la%es1 & (t5 ! *eek-fold ( t side4 ,,iii4 ,d\ble r[ ( faces dispos$ v]tically4 7#a47 ,! faces only look+ t[>ds "o ano!r4--,9 ! belt repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ad !re is a d\ble r[ ( faces :i* are plac$ vis--vis4 ,! figure illu/rates v>y+ degrees ( deg5]acy 9 ! faces2 ea* space betwe5 a pair ( faces is occupi$ by a l>ge r$ /> ) a c5tral eye-spot4 ,! repres5tation ( a liz>d on ?is belt is notewor?y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,briti% ,museum4 7#b47 ,! faces only look+ away f "o ano!r4--,9 ,fig4 #ae x is evid5t t we h a d\ble s]ies ( faces :i* are plac$ back to back2 ! two pairs ( eyes are repres5t$ by a c5tral eye4 ,! noses & m\?s ( ! diff]5t faces are jo9$ toge!r & con/itute a fairly regul> patt]n4 7#c47 ,! faces alt]nately look+ t[>ds & away f "o ano!r4--,9 ?is s]ies ! faces may all be equally develop$1 or ^? fac+ "o ano!r may be mo/ prom95t1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? look+ away f "o ano!r may monopolise ! design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,to>ipi 7,au?or's ,collection74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,b]l9 ,museum4 ,a simple modification ( ! subdivision 9 :i* ! faces are all equal is to be f\nd 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,9 ?is case ! two eyes ( ea* face h amalgamat$1 & a %ort l9e repres5ts ! nose2 b _! disposition is /ill typical4 ,! oblique l9es unit+ ! noses are evid5tly ! rema9s ( ! m\?s ( _! respective faces2 a too?-patt]n may be pres5t or abs5t4 ,! *evrons m]ely fill up ! vacant angles4 ,! t]m9al face is repres5t$ by a r$ ?ree-ray$ area1 conta9+ an eye-spot4 ,,iv4 ,d\ble r[ ( faces dispos$ horizontally4 ,no example ( ?is arrangem5t is kn[n to me4 ,v4 ,treble r[ ( faces4 ,?is is a composite s]ies :i* is compos$ ( ,s]ies ,,ii4 & ,,iii4 ,x resolves itself into two ma9 gr\ps1 ! second ( :i*1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 is repres5t$ by only a s+le specim54 7,i47 ,v]tical faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r4--,ow+ to ! v>iety ( _! compon5t elem5ts ! patt]ns 9 ?is s]ies ( belts are liable to consid]able v>iation1 b !re is no ne$ to ent] into an analysis ( ! possible modifications4 ,9 ,fig4 #ag we h an example ( ! prepond]ance ( ! horizontal faces1 :ile "s ( ! v]tical faces are extremely degrad$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,maiva1 ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,fig4 #ah repres5ts a condition 9 :i* ! v]tical faces are monocul>2 ! l9e b5ea? ! eye is evid5tly ! sugge/ion ( a nose1 & ! angl$ d5tate l9e indicates ! m\? ) its tee?4 ,all ^! faces are equally develop$4 ,! horizontal s]ies ( faces belong to ,s]ies ,,ii41 #b1 b1 z ! faces look+ t[>ds "o ano!r are gr\p$ toge!r4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ea* space betwe5 a pair ( v]tical faces is a m\? :i* has to d duty = two horizontal faces2 on ea* side ( ?is is a horizontal l9e :i* is a ve/igial nose1 ! arr[-head figure on :i* indicates ! no/rils4 ,! eye betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! v]tical faces repres5ts two pairs ( eyes ( ! horizontal s]ies4 7,,ii47 ,v]tical faces look+ away f "o ano!r4--,! only belt ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ :i* probably belongs to ?is subdivision ( ! s]ies is t reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! design is m regul> & su/a9$ ?an is usually ! case on ^! belts4 ,! v]tical s]ies ( faces is repres5t$ by a m$ian s]ies ( fus$ m\?s & eyes2 ! *evron b& indicates ! nose1 on :i* no/rils may be locat$ close to ! m\? or close to ! eye4 ,! eyes ( ! v]tical s]ies ( faces are enclos$ )9 conflu5t eye-areas2 ! m$ian nose-l9e runs to ! bord] patt]n ( ! belt1 b !re is no trace ( a m\?4 ,! bord] patt]n is1 ,i believe1 unique on belts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,ed9burgh ,museum4 ,! bamboo tobacco-pipes are ornam5t$ by scrap+ away "s ( ! r9d ( ! bamboo & col\r+ ! intaglio portions ) br[n pigm5t2 9 ^! also ! designs are bas$ on human faces & _! d]ivatives2 sometimes ! human =m is employ$1 & occasionally zoomorphs are depict$4 ,x w\ld be t$i\s to describe all ! objects :i* are decorat$ by ^! arti/ic p2 en\gh examples h be5 giv5 to illu/rate ! /yle ( _! art4 ,we _c at pres5t say :y an?ropomorphs %\ld pr$om9ate 9 s m>k$ a degree4 ,i suspect x has some?+ to d ) ! importance ( initiation c]emonies comb9$ ) ! ance/or cult1 :i* is a m>k$ feature ( ! true ,papuans4 ,i w\ld also haz>d ! conjecture t animal totemism is n ( su* prom95ce among/ ^! p z x 0 rec5tly 9 ,torres ,/raits1 & /ill is on ! neighb\r+ coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea & 9 ,au/ralia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,museum ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society4 ,,iv4--,,! ,,c5tral ,,di/rict4 ,9 ,yule ,isl&1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,hall ,s\nd1 & "r away d[n ! coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea z f> z ,cl\dy ,bay1 we come across a fairly uni=m & r un9t]e/+ type ( decorative art4 ,! designs are burnt into bamboo tobacco-pipes or g\rds1 8) a gl[+ slice ( ! %ea?+ leaf ( ! coco-nut kept almo/ at a :ite heat by ! native arti/ bl[+ ^u x4 ,! end ( ! gl[+ emb] =ms a f9e po9t1 :i* on be+ sl[ly mov$ along ! desir$ l9es leaves indelible tracks40 7,l9dt1 ,picturesque ,new ,gu9ea1 #ahhh1 p4 #cd47 ,9 ,cl\dy ,bay ! natives scrat* ! design on ! r9d ( ! bamboo be=e *>r+ x2 ?is t5ds to limit ! burn+1 & to give a h>d edge to ! l9es4 ,"h also ! designs run along ! l5g? ( ! pipes 9 di/9ct b&s2 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,c5tral ,di/rict longitud9al b&s are brok5 by encircl+ b&s1 & are (t5 replac$ by panels4 ,! employm5t ( isolat$1 rectangul> panels is v *>act]i/ic ( ?is di/rict4 ,on su* objects z tobacco-pipes ! panels mu/ f necessity foll[ "o ano!r m or less s]ially1 b !y ne$ n be co-ord9at$ into a def9ite patt]n4 ,:5 l>g] surfaces are ornam5t$1 z1 = example1 ! bodies ( wom5 7,fig4 #bj1 ,a1 ,b71 ! panels may also be some:at irregul>ly dispos$2 b !re is a t5d5cy1 at all ev5ts 9 "s places 7z 9 ! figure71 = ! designs to h an ord]ly & symmetrical arrangem5t1 b 9 no case is !re absolute symmetry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj1 ,a4--,draw+ ( ,tabuta1 a ,motu girl1 by ,rev4 ,w4 ,y4 ,turn]1 ,m4,d4 7f ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 vii41 #ahgh1 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #dhj74 ,b4--,back view ( ! same4 7,! hair ( ?is girl is incorrectly drawn1 x %\ld be frizzly & n wavy47 ,a common =m ( panel is ! ,maltese cross 7,fig4 #ba1 ,h1 ,i72 p]haps x w\ld be m accurate to describe x z a light ,/4 ,&rew's cross on a d>k rectangul> panel4 ,a comb9ation ( light ,/4 ,george's & ,/4 ,&rew's crosses on d>k fields is v frequ5t2 ! arms ( ! latt] cross (t5 become leaf-l1 & may monopolise ! field4 7,fig4 #ba1 ,e1 ,f47 ,"s travell]s h sugge/$ t ^! designs are d]iv$ f ! ,union ,jack1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,ano!r k9d ( panel is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 ,g4 ,fig4 #ba1 ,d1 illu/rates "o =m ( a common type ( b& patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,a4 ,design on a lime-g\rd f ,k]epunu2 ,b4 ,"p ( ! decoration ( a pipe f ,maiva2 ,c4 ,detail on a pipe f ,kupele1 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum2 ,d-,i4 ,designs on pipes--,g f ,kupele 7,b]l971 ,h1 ,i1 f ,koi>i 7,b]l974 ,all ! ,figs4 are to diff]5t scales4 ,"o ( ! mo/ widespread ( ! isolat$ designs is t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba1 ,a1 ,b1 & ,fig4 #bb1 b x is subject to _m v>iations4 ,simil> designs are tattoo$ on p bel[ ! armpit or on ! %\ld]4 ,n[ t att5tion has be5 call$ to ?is & o!r designs1 we %all probably le>n :at significance is atta*$ to !m4 ,occasionally we f9d :at appe> to be und\bt$ plant motives on pipes & o!r objects f ?is di/rict1 z1 = example1 on a pipe f ,kupele 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum 7,fig4 #ba1 ,c71 & x is probable t ! designs j allud$ to are also plant d]ivatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,"p ( ! decoration ( a pipe 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum2 "o-six? natural size4 ,?r\gh\t ?is di/rict1 especially along ! coa/1 ! wom5 are tattoo$1 & 9 "s localities !y are entirely cov]$ ) tattoo m>ks4 ,! m5 are mu* less tattoo$ ?an ! wom54#h ,! designs employ$ are = ! mo/ "p ! same z ^? us$ to decorate pipes & g\rds4 ,! angl$ design tattoo$ on ! *e/s ( wom5 7,fig4 #bj1 ,a1 ,b7 is f\nd on a pipe 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum4 7,fig4 #bb47 #h ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,engli%1 ,gov]nm5t ,ag5t = ! ,rigo ,di/rict1 among ! ,s9augolo tribe1 ! design ,fig4 #ba1 ,d1 is call$ mulavapuli1 & is tattoo$ on bo? sexes z a di/9ction = tak+ life2 ,fig4 #ba1 ,h1 ,i1 biubiu1 h a simil> value2 ! angl$ *e/-m>ks 7,fig4 #bj1 ,a1 ,b7 are call$ bo>oko4 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #ahic-id1 pp4 #fh1 #fi47 ,noticeable features 9 ! decorative art ( ?is di/rict are ! prepond]ance ( /raight l9es ov] curv$ l9es2 z well z ! occurr5ce ( dott$ l9es & ( v %ort l9es1 :i* =m a k9d ( fr+e to _m ( ! l9es4 7,figs4 #ba1 #bb1 #ea47 ,v rem>kable also is ! abs5ce ( ! del9eation ( ! human or ( animal =ms4 ,b\nd$ on ! nor?-we/ by a luxuriant art bas$ on human faces & =ms1 & limit$ to ! s\?-ea/ by bird-scrolls & bird & crocodile d]ivatives1 n to m5tion human effigies & repres5tations ( v>i\s animals1 ^! c5tral folk are unaffect$ by ^! two v di/9ct =ms ( arti/ic activity4 ,! only exceptions1 s f> z my evid5ce goes1 is 9 ! transitional c\ntry nor? ( ,hall ,s\nd1 & a few c>v+s ( crocodiles 9 c]ta9 tabu h\ses or dubus4 ,! rigid cons]vatism ( ! native m9d is ! %eet-an*or ( ! e?nograph]2 no bett] example ( ?is m5tal rigidity is ne$$ ?an is suppli$ by ! ,motu p :o live 9 ! vic9ity ( ,port ,moresby4 ,! wom5 make l>ge quantities ( pott]y1 :i* ! m5 trade = sago up ! ,papuan ,gulf ev5 to a di/ance ( two hundr$ miles4 ,?ree or m canoes la%$ toge!r & fitt$ ) crates con/itute a trad+ canoe or lakatoi4 ,a fleet ( tw5ty lakatoi c>ry+ ab\t six hundr$ m51 ea* ( :om w\ld take ab\t fifty pots1 has be5 kn[n to sail f ,port ,moresby4 ,! #bj1jjj or #cj1jjj export$ pots w br+ 9 ex*ange a c>go ( #aej tons1 or m1 ( sago4 ,not)/&+ ?is great annual trad+1 ! decorative art ( ! ,motu is absolutely unt\*$ by t ( ! ,gulf natives1 or vice v]s2 ! arti/ic motives1 s*eme ( decoration1 & te*nique are entirely diff]5t4 ,x seems probable t _m ( ! decorat$ objects t are labell$ 9 ,european museums z com+ f ?is di/rict are ! "w ( ! hill tribes1 or ( t coa/ population :i* does n belong solely to ! ,motu & alli$ tribes4 ,v4--,,! ,,massim ,,di/rict4 ,! c\ntry at ! extreme s\?-ea/ end ( ,new ,gu9ea r\nd ,milne ,gulf1 toge!r ) ! neighb\r+ gr\ps ( isl&s1 con/itutes a natural prov9ce to :i* ,i h propos$ to ext5d ! "n ,massim4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ?is t]m ! read] is ref]r$ to ,pr(essor ,hamy's pap]1 8tude sur les ,pap\as de la ,m] d',entreca/eaux0 7,rev4 d',e?nogr41 vii41 #ahhh1 p4 #ejc74 ,! v>i\s ar*ipelagoes :i* collectively con/itute ?is di/rict are--7#a7 ,! ,moresby ,gr\p1 includ+ all ! isl&s betwe5 ,milne ,gulf & ,w>i 7,te/e ,isl&72 7#b7 ! ,l\isiade ,gr\p1 includ+ ,misima1 ,tagula 7,sude/71 & all neighb\r+ isl&s2 7#c7 ! ,d',entreca/eaux ,gr\p1 includ+ ,duau 7,normanby ,isl&71 ,good5\gh1 & ! o!r isl&s2 7#d7 ! ,trobri& ,gr\p1 ! l>ge/ isl& 9 :i* is ,kiriw9a2 & 7#e7 ! ,woodl>k ,gr\p 7,murua1 etc471 & includ+ ,nada 7! ,laughlan ,isl&s74 ,!re is a consid]able am\nt ( indig5\s trade betwe5 ^! isl&s4 ,= example1 ! ,nada folk make annual trad+ voyages to ,murua to ex*ange coco-nuts = t>o4 ,dr4 ,f9s* says 7,samoafahrt51 #ahhh1 pp4 #bjg-bji71 8,a great _m objects 7su* z ! beautiful lime calaba%es7 are b>t]$ f ! ,woodl>k ,isl&s1 ! inhabitants ( :i* ) _! l>ge sea-go+ canoes und]take ext5sive trad+ voyages4444 ,at all ev5ts ,trobri& is visit$ f ,normanby1 ,welle a small isl& close by ! latt] & ,woodl>k ,isl&s1 = ! ,trobri&]s !mselves probably d n und]take trad+ voyages40 ,9 describ+ ! manufacture ( e>!n pots at ,w>i 7,te/e ,isl&71 ,f9s* says 7,samoafahrt51 p4 #bha7 ! upp] bord] ( ^! pots 8exhibits v>i\s simple b& patt]ns :i* are scrat*$ ) =k-l bamboo in/rum5ts1 & :i* s]ve n = ornam5t b z trade m>ks4 ,?us "h also ea* woman has h] own m>k ) :i* %e signs h] fabrication4 ,! pott]y has an ext5d$ sale z f> z ! ,d',entreca/eaux & to ,*ads ,bay1 ,s\? ,cape1 ,woodl>k ,isl&1 & p]haps also to ! ,l\isiades40 ,9 my ,memoir 7p4 #bbc7 ,i h includ$ a ,,ms4 description ( ! manufacture ( pott]y 9 ! same isl&1 :i* 0 k9dly plac$ at my disposal by ,dr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes1 & ,i also copi$ ,dr4 ,=bes' sket*es4 7,fig4 #bc47 ,! ,w>i p h to import wood = _! h\ses1 & also1 l ! natives ( ! ,eng9e] ,gr\p1 :o are great trad]s1 !y procure canoes f ,pannaet 7,deboyne ,isl&74 ,ow+ to ! trad+ :i* occurs among/ ^! isl&s & ) ! ma9l&1 x is v difficult to det]m9e f specim5s ( native "w 9 ,european collections :at /yle ( "w is *>act]i/ic ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 especially z comp>atively few specim5s are prop]ly labell$4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 b little d\bt t ea* gr\p has *>act]i/ic designs & =ms1 & possibly 9 "s cases ^! may be peculi> to !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,clay pot ) an incis$ patt]n1 f ,w>i 7,te/e ,isl&71 aft] a sket* by ,dr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is di/rict "o f9ds lime-spatulas1#i wood5 clubs1 canoe c>v+s1 & o!r objects ornam5t$ ) scrolls4 ,n[h]e else 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea d we f9d ! cont9u\s loop coil patt]n1 ! guillo*e1 or loop coils4 ,! spiral is abs5t f ! ,torres ,/raits & ,daudai1 b pres5t up ! ,fly ,riv] & 9 ! ,papuan ,gulf4 ,x is abs5t aga9 9 ! ,c5tral ,di/rict1 b reappe>s 9 ! ,massim ,ar*ipelagoes4 ,x is only 9 ! la/ di/rict t we meet ) a weal? ( curv$ l9es4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ?is8 #i ,s\?w>d ( ! ,papuan ,gulf1 & 9 all ! isl&s ( ! s\?-ea/]n extremity ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! natives *ew ! betel-nut1 & :5 *ew+ transf] quick-lime f g\rds 78lime-g\rds07 to _! m\?s by means ( flat c>v$ /icks 78lime-spatulas074 ,^! v>y greatly 9 =m & 9 ! "* ( _! c>v+4 ,! intaglio is fill$ 9 ) lime1 s t ! design appe>s :ite on ! poli%$ ebony h&les4 ,^! objects are (t5 call$ 8*unam spoons10 b !y are nev] spoon-%ap$1 & !re is no ne$ to introduce an ,anglo-,tamil ^w = lime4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,rubb+ ( ! half ( "o side ( ! h&le ( a spatula 9 ! au?or's collection2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,rubb+s ( bo? sides ( a float = a fi%+-net2 "o-half natural size4 ,all ov] ?is di/rict we f9d decorative art p]meat$ ) ! influ5ce ( ! frigate bird4 ,?is beautiful bird is ! sacr$ bird ( ! ,we/ ,pacific4 ,i %all allude to x aga9 9 a lat] section4 ,! bird1 or its head only1 is (t5 c>v$ m or less 9 ! r\nd1 especially = ! decoration ( canoes4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t su* repres5tations are conv5tional & n /rictly reali/ic4 ,! same head is repeat$ on ! h&le ( a spatula 7,fig4 #bd71 ! curv$ tip ( ! beak ( "o bird =m+ ! head ( ! bird imm$iately 9 front ( x4 ,f ?is simple orig9 ! v>i$ & beautiful scroll patt]ns h be5 develop$4 ,"o important factor 9 ! evolution ( ?is patt]n has be5 ! conf9+ ( ! design )9 n>r[ b&s4 ,:5 a b& happ5s to be exceptionally broad1 "o (t5 f9ds t ! patt]n becomes erratic4 ,que] contort$ designs also result f ! attempt to cov] a relatively broad area1 z 9 ,fig4 #be4 ,"h !re is no?+ to guide or re/ra9 ! arti/1 except ! b\nd>y ( ! float2 b on canoe c>v+s & "s o!r objects !re are usually /ructural or ve/igial features1 r\nd :i* ! design may be said to cry/allise1 & 9 ^! cases ! patt]n is approximately or entirely symmetrical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,rubb+ ( upp] two-?irds ( ! decoration ( a club1 9 ! ,glasg[ ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,rubb+s ( "p ( ! decoration ( clubs2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,figs4 #bg & #bh1 ,d',entreca/eaux1 ,ed9burgh ,museum2 ,figs4 #bi & #cj1 ,cambridge ,museum4 ,! triangul> spaces left above & bel[ ! beaks 9 ! bird-scroll patt]n are usually m or less fill$ up ) cresc5tic l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #bf4 ,sometimes !y are blank1 & 9 ?is case ! triangles may be col\r$ r$ in/ead ( ! :ite lime :i* is rubb$ into ! c>v+4 ,! eyes ( ! birds are1 z (t5 z n1 omitt$ altoge!r4 7,figs4 #bg-cj47 ,_! pres5ce seems to h a cons]vative effect on ! design1 = :]e abs5t ! elem5ts ( ! design may slip ^u or run into "o ano!r4 ,9 ,fig4 #bg we h a good example ( :at ,i mean by ! slipp+ ( ! elem5ts ( ! design1 ) ! result t a guillo*e is arriv$ at4 ,x w be notic$ 9 ?is figure t ! ends ( ! curv$ l9es are mo/ly jo9$ by an oblique b>4 ,^! oblique b>s h become emphasis$ 9 ,fig4 #bh1 & a deg5]ation ( ! curv$ l9es results 9 a simple patt]n4 ,an example ( ! elem5ts ( ! design runn+ into "o ano!r is %[n 9 ,fig4 #bi1 :i*1 l ! la/ two figures1 is a r$uc$ rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a sword-%ap$ wood5 club4 ,! b&1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #cj1 is on ! h&le ( ! same club2 ! c5tral patt]n is cle>ly a simplification ( t on ! blade ( ! club1 & x passes naturally into ! zigzag c>v$ bel[ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,rubb+ ( ! patt]n r\nd ! upp] m>g9 ( a betel-pe/le 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,9 a c>v$ bord] r\nd ! top ( a betel-pe/le 7,fig4 #ca7 ! bird's-head scroll has become simplifi$1 & at ! same "t develop$ into a m convolute scroll4 ,a v degrad$ example is se5 9 ! upp] b& ( ,fig4 #cb4 ,x w\ld be easy to multiply examples ( simple & complex d]ivatives ( ! bird's-head motive1 b ^! few w s]ve to demon/rate ! k9d ( modifications :i* occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! c>v$ rim ( a wood5 b[l f ! ,d',entreca/eaux ,isl&s2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,rubb+ ( ! h&le ( a turtle-%ell spatula1 f ! ,l\isiades1 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 ,in/ead ( only ! head ) its beak1 ! neck ( ! bird may be introduc$4 ,fig4 #cc is f a rubb+ ( a beautiful spatula 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 c>v$ 9 turtle-%ell 7tortoise-%ell72 9 x w be se5 ! int]lock+ ( birds' beaks & ( birds' necks4 ,if ! int]lock+ beaks 7 isolat$ we %\ld get ! b& patt]n :i* runs along ! concavity ( ! cresc5tic h&le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,rubb+ ( ! decoration ( "o side ( a club2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! block is turn$ r\nd to %[ ! patt]n m cle>ly1 ! zigzag b&s 9 reality run across ! blade ( ! flat club4 ,! birds' heads & necks are usually conf9$ to b&s1 & ! design becomes subject to a new set ( influ5ces4 ,a c>eful inspection ( ,fig4 #cd w give ! key to _m details t may be f\nd 9 c>v$ objects f ?is di/rict4 ,9 ! b& imm$iately bel[ ! c5tral b& are se5 ! heads & necks ( ?ree birds :i* h already und]gone a slight trans=mation4 ,9 ! correspond+ b& above ! c5tral b& a bird is readily recognisable1 b ^? on ea* side ( x h deg5]at$ into loop$ coils4 ,! o!r designs c easily be recognis$ z bird d]ivatives4 ,! birds' heads & necks may be s arrang$ 9 a l9e> s]ies t int]lock+ takes place4 ,9 "s cases "o c di/+ui% betwe5 ! beaks & ! necks2 9 o!rs1 z1 = example1 9 ! out] b&s ( ,fig4 #ce1 ?is is impossible4 ,! int]lock+ ( ! beaks or necks1 z ! case may be1 & ! isolation ( ! involv$ p>ts1 has giv5 rise to ! c5tral patt]n on ?is spatula4 ,simple or complex coils l ! la/ are ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 decorat$ objects f ^! isl&s4 ,bo? k9ds ( coil are f\nd 9 ,fig4 #cd1 & by f> ! great] numb] ( !m c be prov$ to be bird d]ivatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,rubb+ ( ! h&le ( a spatula 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,! eyes ( ! heads 9 su* a patt]n z ! two out] b&s ( ,fig4 #ce may disappe>1 & "h also ! elem5ts ( ! design may fuse ) ea* o!r4 ,^! two phases ( decad5ce h ov]tak5 ! patt]n %[n 9 ,fig4 #cf1 ,a1 :i* is ! decoration ( a spatula ) a ?ree-sid$ h&le2 on ano!r side 7,b7 ! deg5]ation has advanc$ a /age1 & on ! ?ird side 7,c7 x has run its c\rse1 & aga9 ! bird-motive has deg5]at$ into a zigzag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,rubb+s ( ! ?ree sides ( ! h&le ( a spatula f ! ,d',entreca/eaux1 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,a1 ,b4 ,sket*es ( two /ages ( ! 8bird bracket0 ( two spatulas1 probably f ! ,woodl>ks1 9 ! au?or's collection1 ,c1 ,d4 ,analog\s details f canoe c>v+s--,c4 ,f a photograph2 ,d4 ,f a specim5 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum4 ,n drawn to ! same scale4 ,"s spatulas h small lat]al adjuncts or 8brackets10 z ,i h else:]e t]m$ !m4 ,9 spatulas :i* come1 ,i believe1 f ! ,trobri&s & ,woodl>ks1 ^! brackets are (t5 c>v$ to repres5t two birds' heads1 ^: necks are unit$ toge!r ov] _! heads 7,fig4 #cg1 ,a74 ,i h examples ( ^! %[+ a deg5]ation into a simple scroll 7,fig4 #cg1 ,b74 ,! same is tak+ place on a club 7,fig4 #ch71 :]e sev]al phases ( modification are illu/rat$1 "o result ( :i* is t ! beaks break away f _! respective heads2 ! design 9 ! left-h& l[] corn] is cle>ly an extreme /age1 :]e ea* beak is repres5t$ by two small m>ks4 ,?is c be comp>$ ) ! design 9 ! "r-h& l[] corn] ( ,fig4 #ci1 :]e fur!r simplification has occurr$4 ,! m>k 9 ! c5tre ( ! design is ! relic ( ! f\r :i* occur 9 ! la/ figure1 & ^! are ! disrupt$ rema9s ( ! beaks ( ! two birds4 ,! o!r spirals 9 ?is figure are s]ial repetitions ( ! involv$ bird's eye ( ! l[] design2 ! limitation ( ^! )9 n>r[ b&s causes _! elongation1 & f ^! we are l$ to ! conc5tric ovals4 ,all ! conc5tric ovals met ) 9 ?is di/rict may n h be5 arriv$ at 9 ?is mann]1 b ^? 9 ,fig4 #ci appe> to h _h ?is orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ch & #ci4--,rubb+s ( ! decorations ( clubs 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,to return aga9 to ,fig4 #cg1 9 ,a & ,b we h two phases ( ! bird-bracket on spatulas2 ,c & ,d are analog\s designs 9 :i* ! birds' beaks are also unit$2 ^! are details f canoe c>v+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,rubb+ ( ! c5tral longitud9al b& ( a club f ! ,d',entreca/eaux1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a club f ! ,d',entreca/eaux1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,a simplifi$ type ( bird's head & neck is se5 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,probably1 ow+ to ! n>r[ space at 8 disposal1 ! arti/ omitt$ ! typical curvature ( ! beak4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! b& a loop$ arrangem5t is to be se54 ,x is v tempt+ to imag9e t ! c5tral b& ( ,fig4 #da has _h a simil> orig94 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t x may be an ab]rant modification ( ! s]ial bird's head design4 ,i h no d\bt t x is a bird d]ivative4 ,9 ?is di/rict1 b pr9cipally1 ,i believe1 on ! ma9l& & 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s1 we f9d c>v+s :i* repres5t a bird & a crocodile2 (t5 ?is design =ms ! h&les ( paddles1 spatulas1 & axes 7,fig4 #de1 ,a74 ,i h n at pres5t direct pro( t ! animal is a crocodile1 b ,i h suffici5t evid5ce to w>rant ! assumption4 ,) b v few exceptions ! bird has a hook$ beak2 (t5 x is provid$ ) a cre/4 ,normally x has a body & w+s1 b nev] any legs4 ,only ! head ) ! eye1 jaws1 & tongue ( ! crocodile are c>v$4 ,! bird is und\bt$ly bas$ on ! frigate-bird1 b ! cre/ is a gratuit\s addition2 9 a few in/ances x seems z if ! arti/ _h a hornbill 9 8 m9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--;,bird & ,crocodile designs1 ,massim ,ar*ipelago4 ,a4 ,canoe c>v+ f ,w>i 7,te/e ,isl&72 ab\t two-n9?s natural size4 ,b4 ,h&le ( a paddle 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 ,c4 ,h&le ( a spatula 9 ! ,leid5 ,museum2 ?ree-sev5?s natural size4 ,d4 ,h&le ( a spatula f ,tubutubu 7,eng9e] ,gr\p71 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum2 ?ree-sev5?s natural size4 ,e4 ,h&le ( a paddle 9 ! ,cambridge ,museum2 ?ree-sev5?s natural size4 ,! body & w+s ( ! bird are frequ5tly omitt$1 !n ! neck disappe>s2 9 "s examples only ! eye & hook$ beak p]si/ 7,fig4 #db1 ,b1 ,d71 & 9 "o or two examples kn[n to me ! eye alone rema9s ( ! vani%$ bird4 ,! eye ( ! crocodile may develop into a groov$ sigmoid curve1 or deg5]ate into a simple loop4 ,"o or bo? jaws may t]m9ate 9 a loop2 ! tee? are m (t5 abs5t ?an pres5t2 9 "o spatula !y occur on ! tongue only 7,fig4 #db1 ,c74 ,! tongue usually rea*es ! bird1 b x may be q %ort2 ?\gh g5]ally /raight1 x may be c>v$ & may t]m9ate 9 a small bird's head2 inde$1 ei!r jaw may occasionally h a simil> t]m9ation4 ,= a selection ( *>act]i/ic modifications ( ?is motive ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,plate ,,xii4 ( my ,memoir1 f :i* ,i h borr[$ ! examples se5 9 ,fig4 #db4 ,( ^! ,a is a conv5tional b readily recognisable repres5tation ( bo? ! bird & ! crocodile2 ,b1 ,c1 ,d are v>ieties :i* pres5t no difficulty ( int]pretation1 & ,e is a slightly c>v$ h&le ( a paddle 9 :i* ! design is v greatly simplifi$4 ,! decorative art ( ! outly+ ,trobri&s 7,kiriw9a7 & ,woodl>k 7,murua7 ,gr\ps appe>s to diff] 9 _m respects f t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! o!r gr\ps ( ?is di/rict2 ?is is especially noticeable 9 ! lime-g\rds1 & on ! oval-pa9t$ %ields4 ,! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea is n[ be+ op5$ up by ! ,adm9i/rator1 ,sir ,william ,mac,gregor1 b z yet no specim5s ( its decorative art h f\nd _! way to ,briti% museums4 ,,vi4--,,relation ,,( ,,! ,,decorative ,,art ,,to ,,! ,,e?nology ,,( ,,briti% ,,new ,,gu9ea4 ,a g5]al survey ( ! decorative art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea cle>ly reveals ! fact t !re are di/9ct /hetic s*ools1 if ! t]m may be p]mitt$1 9 ea* ( :i* !re is a *>act]i/ic set ( motives & also ( =ms & te*nique4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ^! di/ricts are n %>ply def9$1 b1 al?\gh our k is /ill imp]fect1 !y c 9 mo/ cases be trac$ ) suffici5t exactitude4 ,i expect t ! ,papuan ,gulf di/rict w be f\nd to ext5d f ! ,fly ,riv] to ,cape ,possession 7long4 #adf #be ,e471 & t ! ,fly ,riv] di/rict prop] mu/ be conf9$ to :at ,i h t]m$ its ,middle ,region1 & p]haps ! upp] rea*es ( t riv] z well4 ,we may !n take ^! five di/ricts = grant$4 ,! "q n[ pres5ts itself3 ,:at is ! mean+ ( _! di/9ctness8 ,i d n ?9k we h at pres5t suffici5t evid5ce to enable u to d m ?an make sugge/ions z to possible causes1 & naturally e?nology is fir/ appeal$ to4 ,are ^! diff]5ces due to e?nic div]sity8 ,_m ( ^? :o h writt5 on ! natives ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea h n suffici5tly di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! num]\s tribes 9 our ,possession1 & !y speak 9 vague t]ms ( ! ,papuans z if !y 7 all alike4 ,n[ ?is is by no means ! case1 & be=e we c ga9 an adequate compreh5sion ( ,papuan e?nography & e?nology we mu/ cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s tribes1 _! cu/oms1 languages1 & h&icrafts4 ,!re is /ill mu* discussion conc]n+ ! limitation ( ! t]m ,papuan z appli$ to p1 & ev5 :e!r x %\ld n be dropp$ altoge!r1 z ,pr(essor ,s]gi sugge/s4 ,! ,italian an?ropologi/ ext5ds ! t]m ,melanesian n only to comprise ! natives ( all ! ,we/]n ,oceanic isl&s1 includ+ ,new ,gu9ea & ! adjac5t isl&s1 b also ,au/ralia4 ,at pres5t ,i adh]e to :at ,mr4 ,ray & myself#aj h consid]$ to be ! mo/ conv5i5t c\rse1 & to employ ! t]m ,papuan = :at appe> to be ! autoc?ones ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,by ,melanesians we und]/& ! pres5t inhabitants ( ! great *a9 ( isl&s (f ! ea/ ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & ext5d+ d[n to ,new ,cal$onia4 ,^! t]ms are us$ to designate peoples1 n races2 nei!r are pure races1 & at pres5t we are unable to gauge ! am\nt ( race mixture 9 ei!r1 or ev5 to /ate precisely :at are _! compon5ts4 #aj ,s4 ,h4 ,ray & ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 8,a ,/udy ( ! ,languages ( ,torres ,/raits10 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,iri% ,acad41 #ahic1 p4 #eji4 ,f ! b\nd>y ( ,ne!rl&s ,new ,gu9ea to ,cape ,possession on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,papuan ,gulf1 & inl& f ^! coa/s1 ! natives are d>k1 frizzly-hair$ ,papuans2 typically !y are a doli*ocephalic p1 & r %ort 9 /ature4 ,! ,papuans also occupy ! great] "p ( ! s\?-ea/ p59sula ( ,new ,gu9ea2 b along ! s\!rn coa/-l9e1 almo/ un9t]rupt$ly f ,cape ,possession to ! f>!/ isl& ( ! ,l\isiades1 is an immigrant ,melanesian population1 ab\t :om ,i %all h m to say pres5tly4 ,i w n[ enum]ate a few facts :i* w cle>ly br+ out ! ess5tial di/9ction betwe5 ^! two peoples4 ,we h n at pres5t a suffici5t am\nt ( data on ! physical *>act]s ( ! two peoples by skill$ obs]v]s to enable u to =mulate :at diff]5ces !re may be betwe5 !m4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,papuans are m uni=mly d>k ?an are ! ,melanesians 7,i am n[ ref]r+ solely to ! ,melanesians 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea71 & _! hair is z con/antly frizzly4 ,among ! ,melanesians light-col\r$ p are con/antly met )1 z are also individuals ) curly & occasionally /raight hair4 ,_! skulls exhibit _m v>iations1 & are occasionally bra*ycephalic4 ,judg+ f my exp]i5ce ( ! ,we/]n ,papuans1 ! ,papuan m5 usually sit ) _! legs cross$ "u !m l a tailor1 :]eas ! ,melanesians squat1 l a ,malay1 usually ) _! haun*es j (f ! gr\nd4 ,i d n "k :e!r ?is rule holds good = ! ,papuans ( ! s\?-ea/ p59sula4 ,! ,we/]n ,papuans may or may n sc>ify _! sk91 z 9 ,torres ,/raits1 b !y d n tattoo2 ! ,melanesians tattoo !mselves1 especially ! wom54 ,tattoo+ has1 h[ev]1 spread to a c]ta9 ext5t among ! ,papuan hill tribes ( ! p59sula2 ! ,koitapu wom5 appe> to h ?or\ghly foll[$ ! fa%ion ( _! ,motu neighb\rs2 among/ ! ,koi>i & o!r hill tribes x occurs only occasionally4 ,! ,v-%ap$ *e/ m>k gado 7,fig4 #bj7 occurs among ! ,motu & ,loyalupu1 b n ea/ ( ,keppel ,bay4 ,among ! two =m] ! tattoo+ lacks symmetry1 b 9 ,aroma curv$ l9es become m frequ5t & asymmetrical figures h a bilat]al symmetry ) reg>d to ! body4 ,! h\ses ( ! ,gulf & ,we/]n ,papuans are (t5 ( great size & conta9 num]\s families1 & !re appe>s to be m club-life among ! m54 ,! h\ses ( ! ,melanesians are small]1 ea* family possess+ "o2 ^? 9 ! ,trobri& ,gr\p are n built on piles4 ,v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,papuans are ! h\ses :i* are conf9$ to ! use ( ! m54 ,^! h\ses are ! focus ( ! social life ( ! m51 & z religion among savages is l>gely social usage1 x is also 9 connection ) ^! /ructures t mo/ ( _! religi\s obs]vances are held4 ,! initiation ( lads into manhood is accompani$ ) sacr$ c]emonies 9 "s ( ! ,papuan tribes1 b1 s f> z is kn[n1 by none ( ! ,melanesians 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,masks are usually1 p]haps inv>iably1 worn at ^! c]emonies1 & ! bull-ro>] is swung & %[n to ! lads4 ,!re is no record ( a bull-ro>] among ! ,melanesian folk4 ,masks are employ$ by _m peoples dur+ c]ta9 c]emonies2 _! di/ribution 9 ,new ,gu9ea is int]e/+1 z x w be f\nd t 9 ! ,briti% ,possession !y *>act]ise ! ,papuan z oppos$ to ! ,melanesian elem5ts4 ,!y 7 common 9 ,torres ,/raits1 h be5 obta9$ 9 ,daudai1 & are v abundant 9 ! ,papuan ,gulf f ,maclat*ie ,po9t to ,cape ,possession4 ,danc+ may be a secul> amusem5t or a c]emonial ex]cise2 9 bo? aspects x is l>gely practis$ by ! ,papuans prop]4 ,we h v few acc\nts ( dances among ! ,melanesians1 & ^! d n appe> to be ( a specially int]e/+ "*4 ,( _! weapons ! /one-club is alone common to all ! tribes4 ,! use ( ! b[ & arr[ is conf9$ to ! ,papuans1 & is univ]sally employ$ to ! we/ & 9 ! ,papuan ,gulf4 ,heavy1 sword-l1 wood5 clubs & wood5 spe>s are common among ! ,melanesians1 & ! sl+ is employ$ 9 ! ,d',entreca/eaux ,isl&s4 ,only ! ,melanesians make pott]y4 ,! ,papuans e>li] adopt$ tobacco1 & grew _! own tobacco be=e ! :ite man came1 b !y d n *ew ! betel to any great ext5t2 q ! rev]se is ! case ) ! ,melanesians4 ,i h n[ enum]at$ a suffici5t body ( evid5ce to demon/rate t two gr\ps ( p inhabit ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,we h n[ to see :e!r a fur!r analysis is possible4 ,our k ( ! ,we/]n ,papuans is too imp]fect = any def9ite g5]alisations to be made at pres5t1 b ,i v5ture to pres5t ! foll[+ t5tative sugge/ions3-- ,! mo/ typical ,papuans 9 ! ,briti% ,protectorate are probably ! bu% tribes f ! ,dut* b\nd>y to ! back ( ! ,gulf ( ,papua4 ,!y are gradually be+ pu%$ inw>ds by ! coa/ p4 ,macf>lane contra/s ! high & broad skull ( ! latt] ) ! 8long1 n>r[ skull1 ) its l[ =ehead & prom95t zygomatic bones10 ( ! =m]1 :om he also /ates are 8greatly inf]ior1 bo? m5tally & physically40 ,! obs]vations ( d',alb]tis ( a racial mixture 9 ?is region are support$ by de ,quatrefages & ,hamy4 ,! ,torres ,/raits isl&]s are also a mix$ p4 ,i d n ?9k we h suffici5t evid5ce be=e u to decide :at are ! compon5t races ( ^! ,we/]n ,papuans4 ,i suspect t ! ,fly ,riv] is to a slight ext5t :at may be t]m$ a 8culture r\te10 & t ! natives ( ! high] rea*es h indirect communication ) ^? ( ! nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea2 = example1 ! rattan arm\r collect$ by d',alb]tis high up ! riv] is simil> to t obta9$ by ,f9s* f ,angriffs ,hav51 ne> ,humboldt ,bay1 & recalls ! coir arm\r ( ,micronesia2 x is probable t ?is 0 ! r\te by :i* tobacco f\nd its way to ,torres ,/raits & ! ,gulf di/rict1 & !nce to ! s\?-ea/4 ,! ,papuans also ext5d d[n ! s\?-ea/ p59sula & into ! adjac5t isl& gr\ps4 ,on ! ma9l& !y h be5 conqu]$ 9 c]ta9 places by ,melanesian immigrants1 & a mixture ( ^! two peoples has tak5 place to a v>iable ext5t4 ,9 ! isl&s ! amalgamation has be5 m complete4 ,! immigrant p are by ! majority ( writ]s spok5 ( z ,polynesians4 ,?is id5tification is app>5tly bas$ solely on ! light] col\r ( "s ( ! =m] ?an t ( ! ,papuans prop]1 & on num]\s words common to !m & ! ,polynesians4 ,! light col\r ( ! sk9 & ! occasional pres5ce ( curly or ev5 /raight hair among "s ( ! p ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea c]ta9ly proves a racial mixture1 al?\gh ,comrie & ,f9s* d n lay mu* /ress on ^! po9ts4 ,! latt] 7,samoafahrt51 p4 #bcd7 writes3--8,! natives ( ,b5tley ,bay1 z at ,ea/ ,cape1 are ( a tol]ably light sk9 col\r & belong to :at ! ignorant w\ld expla9 z a ,malay mixture4 ,b wrongly1 = !y are true ,papuans1 among/ :om ! individual occurr5ce ( curly1 ev5 ( smoo? hair1 is ( no consequ5ce40 ,! craniology ( ! natives ( ! s\?-ea/]n p59sula & neighb\r+ isl&s has be5 /udi$ by ,comrie1 ,fl[]1 ,mikl\*o-,maclay1 de ,quatrefages1 ,hamy1 & ,s]gi1 mo/ ( :om admit ) ,fl[] 8a consid]able mixture ( races among ! inhabitants ( ?is region ( ! _w40 ,z at pres5t an?ropography _c speak ) precision conc]n+ ! racial elem5ts 9 ?is immigrant p1 we mu/ turn to o!r bran*es ( an?ropology1 & we w see :at light e?nography & l+ui/ics c ?r[ on ?is e?nological problem4 ,a comp>ison ( ,papuan & ,melanesian cu/oms & h&icrafts w prove t !re is little ( real importance 9 common1 say1 betwe5 ! ,motu or ! ,s\? ,cape natives & ! ,samoans4 ,i ne$ only allude to ! almo/ total abs5ce ( a sy/em ( cosmogony or ( a pan!on ) a def9ite my?ology2 associat$ ) ?is lack ( a !ology is ! abs5ce ( an organis$ prie/craft4 ,! democratic ,papuans & ,melanesians h no h]$it>y *iefta9%ip1 & ! p[] ( tabu is mu* m limit$ ?an 9 ,polynesia4 ,/rangely en\gh1 ^! s-call$ 8,polynesians0 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,new ,gu9ea make pott]y & d n dr9k kava4 ,!re is also a well-m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 ! weapons1 implem5ts1 etc41 & ! decorative art ( ! ,new ,gu9ea p & ^? ( ! ,polynesians4 ,= ! l+ui/ic evid5ce ,i h consult$ my fri5d & colleague1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,ray1 :o is our great au?ority on ! languages ( ,we/]n ,oceania4 ,9 an essay 9 my ,memoir#aa he discusses ?is "q1 & z mo/ is kn[n ab\t ! ,motu language ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,port ,moresby1 he takes ?is z a basis = comp>ison2 :at is prov$ = ?is applies1 9 all probability1 to ! o!r ,melanesian languages ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 8,mu* c\ld be writt5 to %[ t x is ) ! ,melanesian tongues t ! ,motu ( ,new ,gu9ea %\ld be includ$ & n ) ! ,polynesian4 ,! same me?od appli$ to ! ,k]epunu1 ! ,aroma1 ,suau1 & o!r dialects ak9 to ! ,motu1 po9ts to ! same relation%ip4 ,! ,motu gramm> is entirely ,melanesian & non-,polynesian4 ,su* words z are common to x & ! ,ea/]n ,polynesian are equally common to ! :ole ( ,melanesia4 ,melanesian words :i* are non-,polynesian are also f\nd 9 ,motu & ! alli$ languages ( ,new ,gu9ea40 #aa ,! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #bfc4 ,i _h long be5 puzzl$ by c]ta9 diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,motu & alli$ tribes on ! coa/ ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea & ! natives r\nd ,milne ,gulf & ( ! neighb\r+ gr\ps ( isl&s1 all ( :om ,i speak ( collectively z ! ,massim4 ,!re is a diff]5ce 9 _! physiognomy4 ,! ,motu & alli$ tribes are rem>kably de/itute ( a religion1 & are 7or 77 at ! m]cy ( ! sorc]]s ( ! indig5\s hill tribes1 &1 :at is m rem>kable1 !re is no trace ( ! cult ( ! sacr$ frigate-bird or ( t ( any o!r animal4 ,!y make _! pott]y by beat+ a lump ( clay into a pot1 :]eas1 accord+ to ! only descriptions we h1 ! ,massim wom5 build up _! pots ) b&s ( clay laid 9 spirals4 ,a /udy ( my ,memoir on ! decorative art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea w cle>ly br+ out ! enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,motu & ! ,massim 9 arti/ic feel+ & execution4 ,my k ( ,melanesia 0 too slight to enable me to proce$ fur!r ) ?is problem1 b 9 a rec5tly publi%$ pap] ,mr4 ,ray says#ab3--8,) reg>d to ! place ( orig9 ( ! ,melanesian population ( ,new ,gu9ea x does n seem possible to asc]ta9 ! exact qu>t] f :i* x has come4 ,!re is at fir/ sight mu* dissimil>ity betwe5 ! languages we/ & ea/1 betwe5 ! ,motu & ,k]epunu on ! "o side & ! ,suau ( ,s\? ,cape on ! o!r4 ,?\gh ?is dissimil>ity disappe>s on clos] exam9ation1 x may be /at$ t ! language ( ,suau appe>s v simil> to ^? ( ,san ,cri/oval 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 :i* lies almo/ due ea/ ( ,s\? ,cape4 ,! ,motu & ,k]epunu agree m ) ! languages ( ! ,efate di/rict 9 ! ,c5tral ,new ,hebrides40 #ab ,s4 ,h4 ,ray1 8,! ,languages ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea10 ,j\r4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xxiv41 #ahid1 p4 #cb4 ,fur!r evid5ce mu/ be collect$ be=e ,mr4 ,ray's sugge/ion c be def9itely accept$4 ,! decorative employm5t ( ! frigate-bird 9 ! ,massims & ,solomon ,isl&s supports 8 fir/ proposition2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 inlay+ ) %ell & nacre is v *>act]i/ic ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 & ?is is abs5t f ! ,massims2 !re are besides _m o!r po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,s f> z ,i am acqua9t$ ) photographs ( natives f ! ,new ,hebrides ,i d n see any resemblance betwe5 !m & ! ,motu1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !re c be culture-drift )\t appreciable actual mixture1 ?\gh among/ savage peoples ! latt] mu/ to a c]ta9 ext5t be concurr5t4 ,to return to ! ,papuan peoples ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,x is probable t ^! are also a mix$ p1 & n a race 9 ! e?nological s5se ( ! t]m4 ,ow+ to cont9ual int]-tribal w>f>e1 or at lea/ mutual di/ru/1 !re has n be5 mu* int]c\rse betwe5 ! inhabitants ( diff]5t di/ricts2 ?is may p>tly acc\nt = su* di/9ct /yles ( art z occur 9 ,daudai & ! ,papuan ,gulf4 ,i h already h9t$ t influ5ces f ,nor?-,we/]n ,new ,gu9ea may h p5etrat$ d[n ! ,fly ,riv]1 b a discussion ( ! latt] "q op5s up complicat$ problems ( ,malaysian e?nography into :i* ,i _c n[ ent]4 ,,vii4--,,note ,,on ,,! ,,scroll ,,designs ,,( ,,briti% ,,new ,,gu9ea4 ,! occurr5ce ( scrolls & spirals 9 ,s\?-,ea/ ,new ,gu9ea1 & _! g5]al resemblance to c]ta9 ,maori patt]ns1 h l$ sev]al obs]v]s to believe t !re may h be5 int]c\rse betwe5 ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,zeal&4 ,z ?is problem raises "s int]e/+ que/ions ,i h ?\ght x desirable to discuss x1 b to d s adequately w\ld take f> m room ?an c "h be sp>$4 ,mr4 ,goodye> makes out a good case = ! view t "s1 at lea/1 ( ! spiral scroll motives 9 ,malaysia are due to ,mohamm$an influ5ce2 b he probably goes too f> 9 ascrib+ all ! scrolls ( ! decorative art ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago to t s\rce4 8,! ornam5tal sy/em ( ,india 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 z kn[n to u1 ,buddhi/1 "u ,greek influ5ces2 second1 ,arab-,mohamm$an4 ,! spiral scroll ornam5t ( mod]n ,india is a mixture & survival ( ! two4 7,! m =mal classic /yle ( old ,buddhi/ ornam5t has disappe>$ 9 ,india47 ,?is is ! ornam5tal sy/em ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4444 ,! pres5t ornam5tal sy/em ( ,malaysia is ma9ly ! ,mohamm$an-,arab1 :i* is d]iv$ f ,byzant9e ,greek4 ,! ,malay alphabet1 ! ,malay ornam5t1 ! ,malay religion1 & ! ,malay culture are all d]iv$ f ,india4444 ,! spiral scroll is absolutely =eign to ! ornam5tal sy/ems ( ,polynesia4 8,!re only rema9s ! case ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,new ,zeal&4 ,n only does ,new ,gu9ea bord] directly on ! ,malay ,isl&s1 b x is geographically "p ( ,malaysia4 ,mr4 ,goodye> is wrong 9 ?is /atem5t1 z 9 its geology1#ac fauna1 & flora ,new ,gu9ea is ess5tially ,au/ralian4 ,! pr9ces ( ! ,isl& ( ,tidore h actually be5 ! pot5tates ( ! ,nor!rn ,coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! ,new ,gu9ea ornam5tal sy/em %[s degrad$ & b>b>ic =ms ( ! ,mohamm$an spiral scrolls ( ,malaysia4 ,f ^! once m are d]iv$ ! spiral scroll ornam5ts ( ,new ,zeal&40#ad #ac ,haddon1 ,sollas1 & ,cole1 8,on ! ,geology ( ,torres ,/raits10 ,trans4 ,royal ,iri% ,acad41 vol4 xxx41 #ahid1 p4 #dai4 #ad ,ar*itectural ,record1 ii41 #ahic1 p4 #dab4 ,! problem is by no means s simple z ! read] might inf] f ,mr4 ,goodye>'s rem>ks4 ,x does n appe> t he suffici5tly all[s = e?nic influ5ce 9 decorative art4 ,my cont5tion is t we mu/ fir/ try to obta9 a def9ite conception ( ! racial elem5ts 9 a giv5 p be=e we c expect to ?or\ghly compreh5d _! art4 ,accord+ to my exp]i5ce1 ! m backw>d ! p1 ! less !y borr[ arti/ic motives4 ,:y %\ld !y8 ,_! ornam5t has to !m a significance & associations :i* =eign decoration lacks2 ! latt] appeals to !m no m ?an does ,mexican or ,mangaian ornam5t to u4 ,f _! m5tal attitude !y are f> less likely to copy =eign designs ?an are we4 ,i h already 7p4 #fe7 adduc$ an int]e/+ example ( ?is :5 ,i comp>$ ! art ( ! ,motu folk ) t ( ! ,gulf ,papuans4 ,malaysia is peopl$ by v>i\s races1 ( :i* ! ,malay /ock is und\bt$ly pr$om9ant1 b ! latt] is reg>d$ z hav+ be51 comp>atively speak+1 a late wave ( migration1 & probably ! adv5t ( ! ,malay 0 ! di/urb+ cause :i* initiat$ ! w&]+s ( ! ,polynesians 7or ,sawaiori1 z ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,keane t]ms !m74 ,ev5 9 ,oceania ! problem is complicat$ by ! n[ g5]ally receiv$ fact ( an e>li] population ( _m ( ! isl&s by ,melanesians4 ,p]sonally1 ,i believe we c f9d di/9ct traces ( _! arti/ic skill 9 ! decorative art :i* we are accu/om$ to put d[n z 8,polynesian02 inde$1 ,i suspect t mo/ ( ! ,oceanic wood-c>v+ is due to ,melanesian influ5ce1 al?\gh x n[ illu/rates ,sawaiori my?ology4 ,i h n yet /udi$ ! decorative art ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago2 b z my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,hickson1 has1 ,i w quote :at he has said on ! subject3--8,f collections 9 museums x might be suppos$ t ! ,malays are v arti/ic2 ?is is p]haps due to ! fact t collectors frequ5tly w only obta9 implem5ts & ! l t are ornam5t$ ) curi\s col\r$ designs & figures1 & leave beh9d all ! spe>s1 %ields1 & ! l t are n s ornam5t$2 ! result be+ t an unfair proportion ( ornam5t$ ?+s appe> 9 ! cab9ets ( ! museum4 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! ,malays are n arti/ic1 & t ! few ornam5t$ designs ( _! own are v poor & primitive40#ae ,aft] allud+ to ! ru9$ temples 9 ,sumatra & ,java1 & ! complicat$ patt]ns on ! p's co/umes1 he cont9ues1 8b ?is is n ,malay art4 ,x is ! art t 0 br\ght by ,buddhi/ prie/s 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 accord+ to ,fa-hi51 ! ,*9ese pilgrim f ,fur!r ,india4 #ae ,! ,academy1 #cj? ,may #ahia1 ,no4 #iie1 p4 #eai2 also ,j\rnal ( ! ,cambridge ,ant4 ,soc41 vii41 p4 #bic4 8,nor %\ld we judge ( ,malay art f ! specim5s obta9$ 9 ,timor1 ,aru1 ,timor ,laut1 & ,c]am1 = 9 ^! isl&s !re is und\bt$ly a v great influ5ce f ! mixture ( ! race ) ! ,papuans4 ,9 ,celebes1 ,s\? ,borneo1 & ! ,moluccas1 !re is v little art2 & ?is is due1 ,i believe1 to ! fact t !re has be5 v little ,buddhi/ influ5ce & v little ,papuan influ5ce4 8,! *ief "* ( ,malay art1 if x c be s call$1 is ! abs5ce ( any good curves4 ,ne>ly all _! designs are angul>1 & ^? t !y h copi$ f o!r races h a t5d5cy to become angul>40 ,! implem5ts1 weapons1 clo?s1 etc41 8( ! p are frequ5tly1 if n usually1 unornam5t$1 9 /rik+ contra/ to simil> ?+s among ! ,papuans4 ,no?+ c\ld be m impressive ?an ! contra/ 9 ?is respect betwe5 a ,malay & a ,papuan village40 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! decorative art ( ,nor?-,we/ ,new ,gu9ea has be5 affect$ by influ5ces f ,malaysia2 b x is v d\btful :e!r ?is has p5etrat$ v f> inl&1 or ev5 v f> d[n ! coa/4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,papuans1 & ,melanesians g5]ally1 are a fi]ce p1 & !re is1 z a rule1 v little int]c\rse inde$ betwe5 v>i\s tribes1 9 fact !re is an almo/ cont9ual condition ( int]-tribal w>4 ,9 a c\ntry conta9+ great m\nta9 ranges1 d5se jungles1 or ext5sive swamps1 ) no roads1 & innum]able tribes speak+ diff]5t languages1 & at enmity ) "o ano!r1 x is difficult to see h[ arti/ic motives c\ld readily travel4 ,!re are only two possible r\tes1 riv]s & ! coa/-l9e4 ,i h else:]e#af /at$ t ! ,fly ,riv] 8has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t :at may be t]m$ a #8culture r\te1' & t ! natives ( ! high] rea*es h indirect communication ) ^? ( ! nor? coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea40 #af ,! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #ahid1 p4 #bef4 ,if any "o w take ! tr\ble to /udy ! evid5ce ,i h collect$1 x w1 ,i ?9k1 be inconte/able t ! scroll designs ( ! extreme s\?-ea/ po9t ( ,new ,gu9ea & ( ! adjac5t isl&s c\ld n h come ov]l&4 ,) ! possible exception ( ! c5tral region ( ! ,fly ,riv]1 ab\t :i* we at pres5t "k v little1 ,i c see no traces ( 8,malayan0 culture 9 ! decorative art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! evid5ce at our disposal c]ta9ly po9ts to ! conclusion t ! bulk1 at all ev5ts1 ( ! natives ( ! ,l\isiades1 ,d',entreca/eaux1 & neighb\r+ isl&s & ma9l& are sea-borne immigrants4 ,& if _! scroll designs h n be5 develop$ 9 ! di/rict :]e !y n[ reside1 we mu/ seek = _! orig9 9 ! ance/ral home ( ^! travell]s4 ,i h discuss$ ?is "q 9 my ,memoir 7pp4 #beh-bfi71 & h /at$ x 9 a m concise =m 9 ,sci5ce ,progress1 vol4 ii4 7#ahid71 pp4 #ia-ie1 & h come to ! conclusion1 :i* is %>$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,h4 ,ray1 on l+ui/ic gr\nds1 t no ,malay influ5ce c be %[n1 b t ! p came f ! great *a9 ( ,melanesian isl&s :i* /ret*es f ! ,admiralty ,isl&s to ,new ,cal$onia1 & possibly f ! ,solomon gr\p4 ,n[h]e 9 ! ,melanesian ,ar*ipelago d we f9d scroll designs comp>able ) ^? ( ! di/rict ( ,new ,gu9ea n[ "u consid]ation4 ,! conclusion1 !n1 seems inevitable1 t until fur!r evid5ce is adduc$ we mu/ reg>d ^! scroll designs z hav+ orig9at$ 9 ?is di/rict1 & 9 ! mann] ,i h demon/rat$--i4e41 f birds' heads4 ,to pass on to ,new ,zeal&4 ,al?\gh we h innum]able specim5s ( ! beautiful & v *>act]i/ic wood-c>v+ ( ,new ,zeal& 9 our museums & 9 private collections1 yet no "o has s]i\sly /udi$ ! art1 or has (f]$ a satisfactory explanation ( x4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t !re 0 a ,melanesian population on ! gr\p be=e ! ,maoris arriv$ "s six hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! latt] probably came f "s ( ! isl&s betwe5 ,samoa & ,tahiti1 probably ma9ly f ,r>otonga4 ,! scroll designs h no resemblance to ! patt]ns f ! ,r>otongan region ( ,oceania4 ,! only examples ( ?is p>ticul> te*nique occur 9 "o or two weapons f ,fiji2 ^! are ( typical ,fijian %apes1 b ! c>v+ is 9 ! ,new ,zeal& mann]4 ,"o ( ^! is 9 ,b>on von ,hgel's collection 9 ,cambridge1 & ano!r is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,i h no explanation to (f] = ^! facts t is satisfactory to myself4 ,ap>t f "o or two isolat$ ,fijian specim5s1 ! wood-c>v+ ( ,new ,zeal& is unique4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,rubb+ ( ! decoration ( a ,maori flute1 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,belfa/2 "o-half natural size4 ,"s ( ! ,new ,zeal& patt]ns 7,fig4 #dc1 & ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #ab7 c]ta9ly h a sup]ficial resemblance to ! m typical scroll patt]ns f ! ,s\?-,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago ( ,new ,gu9ea1 b !re is no gr\nd = comp>+ !m except = ?is casual resemblance4 ,! bird elem5t is entirely lack+1 & !re is f> less int]lock+ 9 ! ,maori ?an 9 ! ,papuan scrolls2 !re are also noticeable te*nical diff]5ces4 ,my impression is t ! c>v$ designs h be5 d]iv$ ma9ly f tattoo+1 & possibly also p>tly f ! dismemb]m5t :i* s (t5 befalls ! conv5tionalis$ c>v+s ( _! ance/ral figures4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #aa47 ,:5 "o looks at tattoo$ ,maori heads or c>v+s ( human figures "o f9ds t r\nd$ surfaces1 su* z ! w+s ( ! nose1 ! *eeks1 ! %\ld]s & ?ighs are usually decorat$ ) spiral designs2 ?is is 9 su* places an appropriate device1 z x acc5tuates ! features :i* are ornam5t$1 & p]sonally ,i am incl9$ to believe t arti/ic fitness is ! explanation ( ?is employm5t ( ! spiral1 & t x has be5 transf]r$ to o!r objects z be+ a pleas+ design1 & t connect+ l9es h be5 made to give coh]5ce to ! decoration4 ,x is wor? not+ t 9 e>ly ,european art ! %\ld]s & haun*es ( animals are (t5 decorat$ ) spirals4#ag #ag ,see1 = example1 ,plate ,,vii41 ,figs4 #b1 #e4 ,,! ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,:i* ,,patt]ns ,,are ,,made4 ,hav+ sket*$ ! ma9 features ( ! decorative art ( a def9ite locality1 ,i n[ pass on to a diff]5t field1 & w select examples f e age & clime1 9 ord] to illu/rate ! life-hi/ories ( a numb] ( designs4 ,9 ?is ,i h a tw(old object4 ,fir/1 ,i wi% to indicate 9 ?is section ! mat]ial out ( :i* designs & patt]ns are =m$--! objective orig9als :i* become gradually trans=m$ into /hetic conceptions2 &1 secondly1 ,i also wi% to illu/rate ! fact t ?is process ( trans=mation is conf9$ to no "o p4 ,we %all see t ! orig9als ( decorative art are ma9ly ei!r natural or artificial objects1 & ! latt] w fir/ claim our att5tion4 ,i4--,,! ,,decorative ,,trans=mation ,,& ,,transf]5ce ,,( ,,artificial ,,objects4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>* has introduc$ ! t]m 8,skeuomorph0#ah = ! =ms ( ornam5t demon/rably due to /ructure4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,semp]#ai 80 ! fir/ to %[ t ! basket-mak]1 ! weav]1 & ! pott] orig9at$ ^? comb9ations ( l9e & col\r :i* ! ornam5ti/ turn$ to 8 own use :5 he _h to decorate walls1 cornices1 & ceil+s40 ,s write ,,mm4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez2#bj b ?is /atem5t is too sweep+4 ,a consid]able am\nt ( ornam5tation is d\btless due to te*nique1 b 9 ,europe1 ,we/]n ,asia1 & ,nor? ,africa plant =ms h _h a great influ5ce 9 ! orig9 ( designs1 "s ( :i* h be5 modifi$ by pass+ ?r\gh a textile te*nique4 #ah ,f 1 implem5ts1 ut5sils1 tools1 baggage1 tackle1 dresses4 #ai ,g4 ,semp]1 ,d] ,/il 9 d5 te*nis*5 und tektonis*5 ,kn/5 od] praktis*e ,ae/hetik4 ,muni*1 #ahfj-fc1 #b vols4 7,second ,edition1 #ahgh-gi47 #bj ,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,anci5t ,egypt1 ii4 p4 #cef1 #ahhc4 ,giv5 any object1 two =ces1 s to speak1 attack x--! utilit>ian & ! /hetic4 ,! resultant may be an implem5t :i* is solely useful & has little or no beauty to recomm5d x2 or :ile reta9+ a full measure ( utility1 x may be beautifi$ 9 =m or 9 surface decoration2 or1 la/ly1 ! object may become s glorifi$ by ! arti/ z to be translat$ f e>?ly use into ! realm ( /hetics4 #a4 ,trans=mation ( a ,solit>y ,object4 ,!re are num]\s examples ( ! annihilation ( ! useful by ! beautiful4 ,"o in/ance came "u my notice at ! ,murray ,isl&s1 9 ,torres ,/raits4 ,=m]ly :5 a girl 0 engag$ to be m>ri$1 9 addition to num]\s petticoats %e wore a numb] ( ornam5ts susp5d$ f h] neck & hang+ d[n h] back4 ,! m important ( ^! 7 :ite triangul> pieces ( %ell1 o1 cut out ( ,conus millepunctatus2 turtle-%ell 78tortoise-%ell07 bodk9s 7t]71 us$ = %r$d+ ! leaves ( :i* _! petticoats 7 made1 & = pi]c+ ! septum ( ! nose ( infants2 turtle-%ell fi%-hooks1 & curi\s turtle-%ell ornam5ts :i* are call$ sabagor>4 ,^! latt] v>y consid]ably 9 size1 =m1 & am\nt ( decoration2 b by plac+ a numb] ( !m toge!r a sequ5ce c be obta9$ :i* illu/rates ! evolution ( ! sabagor> f ! fi%-hook 7,fig4 #dd74 ,"s hook-l objects are slightly ornam5t$ ) incis$ l9es1 & !y might v well s]ve z fi%-hooks2 o!rs are cle>ly totally unfitt$ = practical use1 & may be q pla9 or decorat$4 ,fi%-hooks 7,fig4 #dd1 ,a7 are us$ 9 pairs1 be+ fa/5$ at ea* end ( a piece ( f9e /r+1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is ti$ at its middle to ! fi%+-l9e prop]4 ,:5 ! piece ( tw9e ) its hooks 0 ?r[n r\nd a girl's neck1 ! two hooks w\ld (t5 hang d[n h] back %ank to %ank4 ,two sabagor> simil>ly arrang$ occur 9 ! ,briti% ,museum collections4 ,:at m natural ?an t ?is %\ld be notic$1 & to save ! tr\ble ( mak+ two sabagor> a d\ble "o %\ld be cut out ( "o piece ( turtle-%ell4 ,! m remotely f ! fi%-hook did ! sabagor> v>y1 ! l>g] x became1 & 9 "s in/ances ! d\ble =m became ( consid]able size1 & ! hook portion acquir$ a slight spiral curvature 7,fig4 #dd1 ,k74 ,9 "o modifi$ specim5 ! hooks are actually fus$ ) ! %ank 7,fig4 #dd1 ,l74 ,x w be also se5 t div]g5t -l processes (t5 occur on ! sabagor>1 b are nev] f\nd on ! fi%-hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,turtle-%ell ornam5ts worn 9 ,torres ,/raits4 ,! ratio ( size ( ! illu/rations to ! orig9als is z #d3ae4 ,a4 ,ord9>y fi%-hook1 made ( turtle-%ell4 ,b-,l4 ,s]ies ( ornam5ts1 probably d]iv$ f fi%-hooks1 made ( turtle %ell4 ,all 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 f a photograph by ,mr4 ,h4 ,oldl&1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! betro?al equipm5t ( a girl ?us consi/$ 9 ! ma9 ( objects ( utility :i* _h ref]5ce to h] future condition4 ,! turtle-%ell objects be+ easily cut1 af=d$ a conv5i5t field = ornam5tation1 & mo/ ( ! t] implem5ts exhibit a little decoration4 ,! comp>atively sl5d] fi%-hooks provid$ insuffici5t surface = ornam5tation2 ! broad5+ ( !m = decorative purposes r$uc$ _! effici5cy1 s t 9 "t ! latt] 0 sacrific$ & a m]e ornam5t result$4 ,9 ! *a9 ( isl&s :i* /ret* away f ! s\?-ea/]n end ( ,new ,gu9ea1 "o f9ds an int]e/+ metamorphosis ( ! /one axe4 ,! /one axe 0 v preci\s among ^! p1 to :om ! art ( work+ 9 metals is /ill unkn[n4 ,a l>ge f9e axe w\ld h v consid]able value1 & ! exhibition ( x w\ld be a symbol ( weal?1 & consequ5tly ( p[]4 ,! desire to be recognis$ z weal?y has result$ 9 ! developm5t ( a /one axe ( :i* ! /one is v l>ge1 (t5 rem>kably ?9 & beautifully poli%$1 & is haft$ to an unwieldy h&le :i* may be c>v$ & decorat$ ) %ell-money & o!r ornam5ts4 ,! value ( su* an object seems to dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( "w requir$ to produce x2 its inutility enhances ! reputation ( ! weal? ( its possessor2 ?us we appe> to arrive at c]ta9 primitive conceptions4 ,"w done gives own]%ip or prop]ty4 ,"o =m ( weal? is ! possession ( unnecess>y or useless prop]ty2 ! exhibition ( ?is gives p[] to ! own]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,sket*es ( two axes f ! ,s\?-ea/ ,p59sula ( ,new ,gu9ea 9 ! possession ( ! au?or2 ab\t "o-t5? natural size4 ,i h made sket*es 7,fig4 #de7 ( two axes 9 my possession4 ,! fir/ 7,a7 is decorat$ ) *>act]i/ic ornam5tation1 consi/+ 9 ! upp] "p ( birds' heads & at ! h&le ( ! bird & crocodile design2 b x is /ill a useful implem5t4 ,! second axe 7,b7 has a l>ge ?9 /one1 & is an unwieldy & probably q useless object4 ,! late ,mr4 ,h4 ,h4 ,romilly#ba tells u t at ,utian 7,brook] ,isl&71 9 ! ,l\isiades1 8,! /one implem5ts made "h are v f9e4 ,i got "s axes ( enorm\s size1 :i* ,i am sure c\ld n be int5d$ = use4 ,!y seem$ r to be a common possession2 p]haps two or ?ree belong$ to ! village1 & 7 exhibit$ on /ate occasions40 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,wyatt ,gill1#bb at ,s\? ,cape1 saw 8two axes solemnly c>ri$ by ! *iefs z a prelim9>y to peace 444 a glance at ! slight arti/ic haft+ w conv9ce any "o t !y are n int5d$ = cleav+ timb]40 ,?is is all ! in=mation we h conc]n+ ^! axes4 ,x appe>s t !y h come to be recognis$ z symbols ( au?ority1 b x is extremely d\btful :e!r !y are any:]e held z a common possession4 #ba ,! ,we/]n ,pacific & ,new ,gu9ea1 #ahhf1 p4 #ach4 #bb ,*alm]s & ,gill1 ,"w & ,adv5ture 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 #ahhe1 p4 #ccd4 ,a /ill m wond]ful *ange has affect$ c]ta9 adzes 9 ! ,h]vey ,isl&s4 7,fig4 #df47 ,! /one blade is a c>efully cut & poli%$ piece ( basalt1 & x has e appe>ance ( be+ p]fectly s]viceable2 b ! elaborately c>v$ h&les preclude ! idea t 9 _! pres5t /ate !y c\ld be us$ = practical purposes4 ,9 =m ! h&les may be quadrangul>1 gradually dim9i%+ f ! base to ! blade1 or conical1 or polygonal or cyl9drical4 ,:5 %ort ! h&les are ?ick1 ev5 to ! ext5t t !y c sc>cely be grasp$ by ! two h&s2 ^! =ms too are (t5 p]=at$ by quadrangul> holes4 ,"o specim5 9 ! ,ar*ological & ,e?nological ,museum at ,cambridge is six feet ?ree in*es 9 l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,mangaian symbolic adze 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum2 f ,dr4 ,c4 ,m>*4 ,lat] on 7p4 #hc7 ,i %all describe ! ornam5tation on ^! adzes2 at pres5t we are m]ely conc]n$ ) ! fact t = "s reason or ano!r !y h become functionless ?r\gh increase 9 ! size ( ! h&le1 & by reason ( ! weakness caus$ by deep c>v+4 ,we h n[ to trace ! mean+ ( ?is vag>y4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,wyatt ,gill1 :o resid$ = tw5ty-two ye>s 9 ! ,h]vey ,isl&s1 & :o has be5 a v c>eful obs]v] & record] ( ,polynesian cu/oms & beliefs1 in=ms u t 8,! adzes ( ! ,h]vey ,isl&]s are frequ5tly haft$ ) c>v$ #8pua' wood4 ,! c>v+1 :i* is (t5 admirable1 0 =m]ly execut$ ) %>ks' tee?1 & 0 prim>ily int5d$ = ! adorn+ ( _! gods4 ,! f9e-po9t$ patt]n is kn[n z #8! %>ks' tee? patt]n' 7#8nio mango'74 ,o!r figures are ea* suppos$1 by a /ret* ( ! imag9ation1 to repres5t a man squatt+ d[n 7#8tikitiki tangata'74 ,"s patt]ns are ( rec5t introduction1 & be+ m]e imitations ( ,european designs1 are de/itute ( ! significations :i* inv>iably are atta*$ to anci5t ,polynesian c>v+4 ,! l>ge squ>e holes are kn[n z #8eel-bor+s' 7#8ai tuna'72 ! lat]al op5+s are naturally en\gh call$ #8clefts' 7#8kavava'74 ,to c>ve 0 ! employm5t ( sacr$ m540 ,dr4 ,hjalm> ,/olpe1 ( ,/ockholm1 :o has made a special /udy#bc ( ! ornam5tal art ( ^! p1 f\nd 9 ! museum 9 ,*ambry an adze ( ?is k9d2 accord+ to ! acc\nt on ! label ! /one _h belong$ to a *ief1 & x 0 aft] ! own]'s dea? %aft$ 9 ?is mann] t x might be pres]v$ by 8 family z a remembrance4 ,dr4 ,/olpe cont9ues1 8,! int]nal probability ( ! /ory confirms ! tru? ( ! acc\nt4 ,ance/or wor%ip is a *>act]i/ic feature ( ,polynesian religion4 ,! s\ls ( ! dep>t$ become ! gu>dian spirits ( ! survivors4 ,_! wor%ip dem&$ a visible =m1 "u :i* (f]+s c\ld be enjoy$ by !m1 & ?is 0 f\nd sometimes 9 ! skull itself ( ! deceas$1 :i* 0 pres]v$ 9 ! h\se1 sometimes 9 "s article ( 8 prop]ty4 ,9 ! latt] case sc>cely any?+ c\ld be m suitable ?an ! /one adze1 :i* 0 ! deceas$'s mo/ important implem5t1 & :i* x requir$ s mu* toil to make4 ,on ! ,h]vey ,isl&s ! transition 0 easi]1 z !re ! /one adze itself is consid]$ z a god4 ,ev5 ! f9e plait ( coco-nut fibre ) :i* ! adze is fa/5$ to ! %aft 0 a god1 & ! me?od ( b9d+ x _h1 9 ,mangaia1 be5 taught by ! gods4 ,bo? dur+ ! op]ation ( plait+ & dur+ ! decoration ( ! adze-%aft songs 7 sung 9 a l[ voice to ! gods1 t !y might fur!r ! "w4 ,! #8pua' wood 7,fagra ,b]t]iana7 ( :i* ! c>v$ adze-%afts are made may also h a religi\s significance1 = ,gill speaks ( #8its long bran*es be+ reg>d$ z ! road by :i* ! spirits ( ! dead desc5d$ to ,hades4'0 #bc ,h4 ,/olpe1 8,utveckl+sfreteels] i ,naturfolk5s ,ornam5tik0 7,ym] #ahij71 translat$ by ,mrs4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m>*1 8,evolution 9 ! ,ornam5tal ,art ( ,savage ,peoples10 ,trans4 ,ro*dale ,lit4 & ,sci4 ,soc41 #ahia4 ,! foll[+ conclusions ( ,dr4 ,/olpe's appe> to be w>rant$3--8,f ^! rese>*es x appe>s to me to foll[ t ! peculi>ly %aft$ /one adzes ( ! ,h]vey ,isl&s h a religi\s signification1 t !y are especially connect$ ) ance/or wor%ip1 & t !y 7 probably ! v symbols "u :i* ?is wor%ip 0 p]=m$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,an erect drum 7,ka>a71 surm\nt$ by ! head ( a god f ,java1 9 ! ,cop5hag5 ,museum2 f ,dr4 ,c4 ,m>*4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>*#bd has gone a /ep fur!r1 & tries to acc\nt = ! v rem>kable =m ( ! h&le ( ! sacr$ adze4 ,he says1 8,x is rem>kable t ! typical ,mangaian axe adze 0 exclusively associat$ ) #8,tane1 ! royal-visag$4' ,?is god 0 widely v5]at$ ov] ! ,pacific2 9 ,mangaia he 0 especially ! drum-god & ! axe-god2 he presid$ ov] ! erotic dance z well z ov] ! w> dance 444 x is evid5t t ! drum 0 n only associat$ ) a ,tane cult 9 ! erotic dance1 b 0 reg>d$ z ,tane's embodim5t2 :5 ! drum 0 beat51 x 0 ,tane t 0 /ruck1 & f ! fissure 9 ! drum x 0 ,tane's voice t issu$40 ,dr4 ,m>* quotes a numb] ( extracts f e>ly voyag]s1 etc41 descriptive ( v>i\s ,polynesian drums1 & he comes to ! conclusion t ! upright drums1 :i* 7 holl[$ out ( a s+le piece ( wood1 7 orig9ally d]iv$ f bamboo in/rum5ts4 ,he figures a drum 7,fig4 #dg7 said to h come f ,java1 :i*1 ) ! exception ( ! t]m9al head1 corresponds closely ) ! drum call$ naffa :i* ,capta9 ,cook describes at ,tonga4 ,he concludes t aft] ! drum 8_h pass$ f bamboo to wood1 ! horizontal in/rum5t assum$ ! erect =m1 m appropriate to ! god1 & 0 !n surm\nt$1 z 9 ! s-call$ ,javan example1 by ,tane's head1 :i* subsequ5tly gave place to ,tane's adze4 ,z ! cult diff]5tiat$1 ! symbolism diff]5tiat$ too40 ,)\t go+ into fur!r detail1 9 ! %ort ?ick =m ( ! ,mangaian adze1 su* z ,fig4 #df1 ! upp] portion ( ! h&le is usually cyl9drical4 ,! l[] portion is usually quadrangul>1 or may be polygonal1 & looks z if x might be a p$e/al = ! =m]4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,m>*'s int]pretation1 ! /one implem5t repres5ts ! head ( ,tane2 ! upp] cyl9drical "p ( ! h&le is 8 neck4 ,! l[] "p ( ! h&le is an arti/ic analogue ( ! sacr$ drum2 8! useless transv]se clos+s repres5t ! orig9al bamboo jo9ts1 z well z ! solid ends ( ! wood5 drum4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t _! pres5ce increas$ ! difficulty ( holl[+ out ! %aft1 !y 7 reproduc$ 9 ob$i5ce to a well-recognis$ law4 ,! squ>e & oblong rectangul> op5+s h an analog\s explanation4 ,!y indicate ! orig9al ap]ture1 :e!r ! slit 9 ! bamboo1 or ! s+le or d\ble *9k 9 ! wood5 drum :i* 0 excavat$ ?r\gh ! drum 9 ord] to secure its resonance4 ,! great increase 9 ! numb] ( ap]tures1 help$ by rectangul> designs on horizontal in/rum5ts1 took place z an evolution ( ornam5t t l>gely consi/s 9 a multiplication ( functionless details40 #bd 8,polynesian ,ornam5t a ,my?ography2 or a ,symbolism ( ,orig9 & ,desc5t10 ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xxii41 #ahic1 p4 #cjg4 ,x is possible t ! adzes f ! ,h]vey ,isl&s1 ) long1 unp]=at$ c>v$ h&les1 may h a diff]5t hi/ory f ! =m illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #df2 !y may m]ely be decorat$ b useless adze h&les4 ,9 any case1 ! above-quot$ conclusions ( ,dr4 ,/olpe may be accept$4 ,9 ! ?ree examples ( ! metamorphosis ( a practical object into an unpractical "o j record$1 we h an illu/ration ( ! effects ( ?ree dom9ant human =ces on ^! sev]al implem5ts1 art1 display or weal?1 & religion4 ,! result is practically ! same 9 all cases1 b ! motive lead+ to x is diff]5t4 ,analog\s modifications are ev]y:]e to be met )4 #b4 ,transf]5ce ( ,fa/5+s4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ h&icrafts 0 to fa/5 two ?+s toge!r4 ,to quote f ,dr4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1#be 8,z soon z man began to make ?+s1 to fa/5 a h&le to a /one implem5t1 to con/ruct a wattl$ ro(1 to weave a mat1 skeuomorphs became an insep>able "p ( 8 bra91 & ultimately occasion$ a m5tal crav+ or expectancy40 #be ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 8,! ,mean+ ( ,ornam5t1 or its ,ar*ology & its ,psy*ology10 ,trans4 ,lanc4 & ,*e%ire ,ant4 ,soc41 #ahhi4 ,9 ord] to securely fa/5 two objects toge!r1 su* z splic+ wood or fa/5+ a h&le to a /one implem5t1 a la%+ is necess>y1 & ! nature ( ! latt] v>ies m or less accord+ to ! conditions "u :i* ! artific]s live4 ,:]e mammals are abundant1 _! s9ews af=d a readily procur$ & v /rong1 f9e la%+1 b x occurs only 9 %ort l5g?s4 ,! hide ( a newly-kill$ animal is pliant1 /rong1 & c be s cut z to produce long ?ongs4 ,ow+ to ! r>ity ( mammals 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 & _! abs5ce f ! ,great ,ocean1 ! ,papuans1 ,melanesians1 & ,polynesians make no use ( sk9s or ?ongs2 s9ews may be employ$1 b ! great bulk ( all fa/5+ is accompli%$ by ! employm5t ( vegetable fibres4 ,! inn] b>k ( v>i\s trees supplies ba/ & tapa1 sev]al vegetables h long fibres :i* are utilis$1 b ! mo/ widespread & important ( all la%+s 9 ,oceania is ! twi/$ or plait$ /r+ made f ! fibres ( ! husk coco-nut4 ,! latt] is kn[n z s9net1 & !re are _m degrees ( excell5ce 9 its manufacture2 = r\gh "w x is co>sely plait$1 b no?+ c exce$ ! delicacy & beauty ( ! f9e/ s9net "w1 su*1 = example1 z occurs on ! symbolic adzes ( ! ,h]vey ,isl&s1 :]e x 0 ev5 reg>d$ z a god4 ,mo/ ( ! /one implem5ts ( primitive man 7 fa/5$ 9 v>i\s ways into h&les1 & an inspection ( almo/ any e?nological collection w demon/rate ! div]se me?ods ( la%+ employ$ by ev5 ! mo/ backw>d peoples4 ,= example1 we h 9 ,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #a1 an illu/ration ( ! fa/5+ ( ! /one axe ( ,montezuma ,,ii41 n[ 9 ! ,ambras ,museum at ,vi5na1#bf b analog\s figures w be f\nd 9 num]\s books ( travel1 or 9 e?nographical j\rnals & treatises4 #bf ,copi$ f ,j4 ,evans1 ,bronze ,implem5ts1 p4 #adh4 ,! ev5 s]v+ ( ! la%+ gives rise to geometrical figures4 ,"o might 9 "s cases describe !m z patt]ns1 ^: symmetrical disposition gives a pleas+ effect4 ,9 process ( "t ! /one spe> po9ts ( our ance/ors 7 replac$ by bronze1 & dur+ ! evolution ( ! pal/ave1 or socket$ bronze celt 7,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #d1 #aj1 #aa71 f ! flat bronze celt1 ! me?od ( fa/5+ also *ang$4 ,b by ?is "t ! old /yle ( b9d+ _h become s associat$ 9 m5's m9d ) ! implem5t1 t x 0 engrav$ on ! socket ( ! bronze head z a patt]n4 ,h5ce mo/ ( ! ornam5tation ( bronze implem5ts4 7,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #b-d47 ,on socket$ bronze celts "o frequ5tly f9ds 7,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa7 two1 ?ree1 or m ridges runn+ f ! base to "s di/ance t[>ds ! end2 ?ree is ! mo/ common numb] ( ^! ridges4 ,!y may fade away at _! ends1 or t]m9ate 9 slight knobs or annul> prom95ces4 ,! mean+ ( ^! *>act]i/ic m>k+s is at pres5t obscure1 b !y appe> to be skeuomorphs ( la%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,tongan club 9 ! ,norwi* ,museum2 "o-?ird natural size4 ,:at are kn[n z 8beads0 h frequ5tly ! same orig92 t is1 !y are rem9isc5ces ( fa/5+s4 ,?is is especially evid5t :5 ! bead is decorat$ ) a twi/$ design1 z occurs 9 ! zonal decoration ( a bronze vessel f a ,swiss lake-dwell+4 7,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #e47 ,!re is no reason to believe t la%+ 0 actually employ$ on old] =ms ( ,assyrian combs1 or prehi/oric bone ne$les or bronze knives1 nev]!less ! patt]ns %[n 9 ,plate ,i41 ,figs4 #f1 #h1 & #i1 h d\btless be5 d]iv$ f ligatures2 m f ! fact t su* patt]ns 7 famili>1 & a feel+ = a ne$ ( decoration1 ?an = any special appropriat5ess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,tongan club 9 ! ,norwi* ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 ,"o frequ5tly f9ds designs 9 ! ornam5tation ( objects f ,oceania :i* are evid5tly bas$ ^u s9net la%+s4 ,to take a few out ( _m examples n[ be=e me1 9 ,fig4 #dh we h a r$uc$ rubb+ ( a c>v$ cyl9drical club1 said to come f ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s 7,tonga72 ! same k9d ( club also occurs 9 ,fiji4 ,! decoration ( ?is club irresi/ibly sugge/s b&s ( plait$ s9net irregul>ly b\nd r\nd ! club4 ,9 ^! two gr\ps ( isl&s s9net is (t5 work$ into a design t is also copi$ on ! upp] "p ( a c>v$ wood5 club4 7,fig4 #di47 ,! same k9d ( la%+ is se5 9 ,plate ,i41 ,fig4 #a4 ,occasionally1 in/ead ( be+ angul>1 ?is patt]n is c>v$ 9 curv$ l9es1 & s gives rise to an imbricate patt]n1 :i* might be mi/ak5 = a scale patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,tongan club 9 ! ,norwi* ,museum2 "o-half natural size4 ,o!r s9net patt]ns p]haps occur 9 ! l[] "p ( ! decoration ( a ,tongan club4 7,fig4 #ej47 ,! design on ! upp] left-h& corn] is evid5tly copi$ f matt+1 & x frequ5tly occurs on ^! clubs4 ,?is figure also illu/rates ! ,tongan peculi>ity ( ins]t+ little figures into designs1 9 ?is case a man & probably a frigate-bird4 ,i d n wi% to sugge/ t all zigzags includ$ )9 p>allel l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #dh1 or su* simple designs z ^? ( ,fig4 #ej1 are ev]y:]e s9net d]ivatives1 or o!rwise skeuomorphic2 "s1 at lea/1 9 ! ,pacific c]ta9ly are4 ,we h se5 t birds' head designs may deg5]ate into zigzags 7,figs4 #cj1 #cf71 & we %all see t frogs' legs 7,fig4 #abb1 ,b71 snakes 7,fig4 #ajc1 ,g1 ,h1 ,k71 alligators 7,fig4 #ig1 ,e1 ,f71 & ev5 ! human =m 7,fig4 #abe1 ,a7 may pass into zigzags4 ,!re are _m o!r possible orig9s ( ! zigzag1 b 9 _m cases x is probably only a purely decorative motive ( no fur!r significance4 ,! simple zigzag c be trac$ 9 anci5t ,egyptian art z f> back z #djjj ,b4,c41 &1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 x cont9u$ popul> ) a few modifications = ab\t #bjjj ye>s1 :5 spots 7 associat$ ) x1 b ^! 7 adopt$ f =eign art4 ,ab\t ! eighte5? dyna/y ! use ( ! zigzag 0 disc>d$ 9 fav\r ( ! wavy l9e & v>i\s scroll designs4 ,9 all cases x is necess>y to /udy ea* patt]n locally4 #c4 ,skeuomorphs ( ,textiles4 ,9 ,europe a v e>ly =m ( fabric 0 wattle-"w1 =m$ by ! int]lac+ ( flexible b\ghs & w&s4 ,! mo/ anci5t huts 7 d\btless made ( wattle-"w daub$ ov] ) clay4 ,only v exceptionally are traces ( ^! /ructures f\nd1 z1 = example at ,eb]sb]g1 :]e ,dr4 ,kell]#bg f\nd1 among ! dbris ( a lake-village :i* _h be5 de/roy$ by fire1 fragm5ts ( ! clay daub+1 8smoo? on "o side1 & m>k$ on ! o!r1 ) deep depressions ( ! basket-"w40 ,! patt]n ?us impress$ on ! clay is "o ( repeat$ /raight l9es cross$ by a contra/$ s]ies ( curv$ ones4 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #a47 ,?us ! fire :i* consum$ ! h\se bak$ its clayey coat+1 & 9 ?is way pres]v$ = u a record ( :at x de/roy$4 #bg ,f4 ,kell]1 ,! ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,switz]l& & o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,second edition1 #ahgh1 p4 #efe4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! wattle-"w has be5 p]petuat$ on any object z a skeuomorph1 b x is possible t ! %ape ( simil>ly con/ruct$ huts has be5 cont9u$1 z ,mr4 ,*>les de ,kay sugge/s1#bh into ! r\nd t[]s ( ,irel&4 ,he says1 8,see+ h[ ! ,iri% kept hea!n ideas 9 o!r ?+s1 we c p]ceive h[ ! r\nd wick] h\se ( ! ,kelt1 su* z we see x c>v$ on ! column ( ,anton9us at ,rome1 develop$ into ! wood & wick] outlook t[] & beacon1 & 9 skilful h&s became ! ,iri% r\nd t[]4 ,*ri/ian 9 usage1 !y are pagan 9 design40 #bh 8,pagan ,irel&10 ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 xxxvii41 #ahhi1 p4 #cfh4 ,! pr$atory exp$itions ( ! ,sc&9avians creat$ a dem& = wat*-t[]s & places ( tempor>y refuge2 ! patt]n = ^! 0 suppli$ by ! traditional erections ( ! ,gauls1 b _! translation into 8t[]s m durable1 useful1 simple yet /ately1 ?an any?+ ,irel& _h se5 be=e or has se5 s9ce10 0 due to ! skill & exp]i5ce ( 8,byzant9e craftsm5 driv5 f ! ,ea/ by ! bigotry ( ! image-break+ emp]ors40 ,mr4 de ,kay also calls att5tion to ! encircl+ /one b&s1 or 8/r+-c\rses10 z 9 ! r\nd t[] at ,ardmore1 8:i* repeat1 )\t any useful object 9 /one1 ! horizontal b&s t /r5g!n$ ! tall wick] h\se ( ! ,gauls4 ,su* app>5tly trivial po9ts weigh heavily 9 fav\r ( ! indig5\s "* ( ! r\nd t[] ( ,irel&40 ,! int]lac+ ( flexible b&s1 su* z /rips ( ba/1 entire leaves z ( grass1 or %r$s ( l>ge leaves1 is kn[n to almo/ e p1 & is employ$ 9 mak+ mats4 ,:5 ! elem5ts employ$ are all ( "o size1 & :5 ! plait+ is /raight1 ! int]sections =m regul> equilat]al rectangles or squ>es4 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #c1 & comp>e ! transf]r$ design 9 ,fig4 #ej47 ,if ! mat]ial consi/s ( two col\rs simple patt]ns are readily produc$1 b ( necessity ! patt]ns mu/ consi/ ( /raight1 slant+1 or zigzag l9es2 curves are an impossibility4 ,! same holds good = ne>ly all =ms ( matt+ & basketry :i* is made ( /rips ( "o mat]ial1 b ! con/ructional surface m>k+ may be rectangles ( v>i\s %apes & sizes in/ead ( simple squ>es4 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #d47 ,:5 "o s]ies ( ! compon5ts is twi/$1 z 9 ,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #e1 !re is a k9d ( fl[ effect 9 ! int]sections4 ,! mak+ ( baskets by lay+ d[n ! mat]ial 9 a spiral gives rise to diff]5t effects1 especially :5 col\r$ /rips are int]wov5 = decorative purposes--z1 = example1 9 "s ,african baskets & ! baskets made by ! natives ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,adelaide4 ,dr4 ,kell] f\nd 9 ! ,lake ( ,rob5haus5 a k9d ( basketry =m$ by ba/1 ! fibre ( ! lime-tree1 int]twi/$ among a s]ies ( will[ rods1 ! /rips 8runn+ conc5trically 9 su* a way t bo? toge!r =m a /ructure l t call$ #8h]r+-bone4'0#bi 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #b47 ,x is possible t ! patt]n 9 ! middle b& ( ,fig4 #di1 & "s ( ^? 9 ,fig4 #ej1 may h be5 sugge/$ by basketry or plait$ fans4 #bi ,f4 ,kell]1 ,! ,lake ,dwell+s1 etc1 p4 #efe4 ,an e>ly type ( basket is se5 9 ! ,roman corbula 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #f71 9 :i* ! osi] rods are plac$ rectangul>ly2 ano!r1 9 an ivory plaque f ,b\lak 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #g71 9 :i* !re is a *evron arrangem5t4 ,! latt] is ! m common skeuomorph on ,european prehi/oric pott]y1 b ! rectangul> type (t5 occurs1 & x may be se5 on a ,dani% food-vessel ( ! ,/one ,age4 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #h47 ,! bottom ( a basket1 ) a cruci=m arrangem5t ( ! b&s1 due to ! me?od ( weav+1 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,kell] 9 ! ,t]ram>a m>l-pits ( ,nor!rn ,italy 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #i72 & a piece ( pott]y f ! same deposit is ornam5t$ ) a correspond+ skeuomorph 7,plate ,,ii41 ,fig4 #aj74 ,dr4 ,colley ,m>* has fur!r develop$ ?is subject1 &1 :ile ,i _c commit myself to sev]al ( 8 conclusions1 ,i d n hesitate to give an exposition ( 8 +5i\s views1 z !y are v sugge/ive1 & ev5 if !y are n f9ally accept$1 !y w lead to a fur!r exam9ation ( ! problems3-- 8,! p]petual conc5tration ( att5tion1 ! /ra9 ( h& & eye & bra9 ^u ! =ms ( wattle-"w & basketry produc$ an important decorative result4 ,! m9d acquir$ an expectancy ( a special mode ( curv$ repetitions4 ,?is p>ticul> skeuomorph is compos$ ( a b& t w9ds 9 & out among a r[ ( rods or discs40 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 ,a47 ,! 8discs0 are naturally ! cross sections ( ! v]tical elem5ts ( ! wattle-"w--t is ! 8rods40 8,! device und]w5t a *ange 9 opposite directions4 ,! discs grew1 or !y vani%$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! b& left by itself is ! me&]1 & may be call$ a curvil9e> zigzag4 ,9 ! =m] case ! discs (t5 became ! seat ( phyllomorphic invasion1 & 7 trans=m$ into leaves or fl[]s4 8,examples may be se5 on ! m>g9 ( a bronze %ield f ,cyprus 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #b72 on a vessel ( t]ra-cotta f ! ?ird sepul*re ( ,myc5 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #h72 & on an enamell$ ,roman vase f\nd on ,b>tl[ ,hill 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #e72 :il/ a tw9-=m1 :i* pres5ts bo? contra/ & repetition1 occurs on ano!r bronze %ield f ! ,m$it]ranean 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #a7 & is ! basis ( ! ,assyrian ornam5t & its ,greek v>iant call$ ! guillo*e4 7,plate ,,iii41 ,figs4 #d1 #c47 8,a diff]5t skeuomorph is d]iv$ f a diff]5t me?od ( basketry1 9 :i* a s+le fibre is turn$ r\nd a r[ ( osi]-/icks1 s z to produce a wave repetition 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 ,b71 z may be se5 on ! pott]y ( ! anci5t ,pueblos 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #f74 ,:5 ^! discs disappe>1 ! fibre by itself resembles ! ,vitruvian scroll1 & may be call$ a curvil9e> fret4 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 ,b47 8,:5ev] ! patt]n has a /epp$ =m1 z on _m ( ! ,pueblo vases 7,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #g71 x indicates t ! me?ods ( textile manufacture _h already influ5c$ ! eye & m9d ( ! race be=e ! inv5tion or introduction ( pott]y40 ,! scroll-patt]ns illu/rat$ by ,dr4 ,m>* may at "o "t & place h _h ! orig9 suppos$ by ,dr4 ,m>*1 b x does n appe> to me to be probable t !y w\ld h aris5 9 ?is way bo? 9 ,s\? ,europe & 9 ,mexico4 ,i h %[n 7p4 #ea1 ,fig4 #bg7 h[ a simple guillo*e has aris5 f int]lock+ birds' heads4 ,! ,vitruvian scroll design occurs among ! ,tug]i head-hunt]s ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & x is mo/ improbable t x owes its orig9 to basketry4 ,x is probable t ! ,pueblo pott]y ) curvil9e> patt]ns1 su* z ,plate ,,iii41 ,fig4 #f1 is m rec5t ?an t ) angul> designs2 b ,i %all return to ?is lat] on4 ,9 fact1 ,i w\ld feel incl9$ to /ate t ,dr4 ,m>*'s view is possible = ! orig9 ( ! patt]ns 9 "q1 once & 9 a re/rict$ locality1 b highly improbable = wide application4 ,!re is a great t5d5cy = spirals to deg5]ate into conc5tric circles2 examples c\ld be giv5 f ,new ,gu9ea1 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & else:]e4 ,9 fact1 "o usually f9ds ! two figures associat$ toge!r1 & ! sequ5ce is "o ( decad5ce1 nev] ! evolution ( spirals f circles4 ,! int]m$iate /age has be5 aptly t]m$ a 8ba/>d spiral0 by ,dr4 ,montelius1 8t is to say1 conc5tric circles to :i* ! recurv$ junction-l9es give1 to a casual glance1 ! appe>ance ( true spirals40#cj #cj ,o4 ,montelius1 8,sur les ,poignes des ,epes et des ,poign>ds en ,bronze10 ,congr4 prehi/4 ,/ockholm1 #ahgd1 ii4 p4 #hia4 8,! /range/ skeuomorph ( all10 writes ,dr4 ,m>*1 80 t common to ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,!y 7 adepts 9 basketry1 & 9 wattle-"w = walls & ramp>ts4 ,moreov]1 ! pliant b>k ( ! bir* 0 ev] ready to ! h& = a ?\s& purposes ( life4 ,! ,norwegian /ill makes h+es = gates & loops = ! o> out ( ! entwi/$ fibre4 ,! old ,norseman spoke ( ! rudd] )y1 = ! e>lie/ rudd] 0 an o>2 & lea!r ?ongs 7 also us$ to keep ! o> aga9/ ! ?ole-p94 ,! skeuomorph consi/s ( a )y w\nd ^u itself4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #aa47 ,?is device1 wrongly call$ a rope-patt]n1 ga9$ su* an asc5d5cy ov] ! nor!rn m9d t x 0 employ$ sometimes z a symbol 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #ab71 l ! reef+ knot on ,roman alt>s4 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #ac47 ,x 0 us$ also by ! anci5t ,hittites4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #a47 8,x is evid5t t ! )y skeuomorph 7,plate ,,iv41 ,figs4 #b1 #c71 ! ,sc&9avian worm-knot1 e/abli%$ itself z a necessity ( ! m9d be=e ^? m5 :o 7 dom9at$ by x _h disc>d$ a cov]+ ( sk9s = "o ( clo?2 = its type is antagoni/ic to ! regul> int]sections & ! /epp$ designs ( textile fabrics1 & no trace ( ^! appe>s on _! e>ly pott]y4 8,:5 weav+ 0 at la/ introduc$1 s z to be practis$ by ^! p1 x 0 probably along ) ! introduction ( metals4 ,b = a :ile ! use ( metal only increas$ ! numb] ( twi/$ ?+s4 ,! words1 wire1 wick]1 & )y are all f ! root ,,wi1 to plait1 & ! ,teutonic ,,wira means filigree1 an ornam5t ( twi/$ filam5ts ( metal2 & z ! simple/ mann] ( t]m9at+ a wire is to coil its end1 ! e>lie/ filigree is prepond]antly spiral4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,figs4 #e1 #f1 #g47 ,?us 0 ! way prep>$10 concludes ,dr4 ,m>*1 8= ! adv5t ( ! s]p5t zoomorph1 s mu* affect$ by ,teutons & ,sc&9avians40 ,9 e>ly times wood5 b&s 7 int]wov5 to =m flat surfaces1 z1 = example1 9 ! floor ( a lake-dwell+ at ,ni$]wyl1 9 ,switz]l& 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #h71 b few traces ( ! art ( 8fasc9+10 z ,dr4 ,m>* po9ts out1 rema9 to u f antiquity1 s9ce wood-"w rapidly p]i%es by decay1 & is easily de/roy$ by fire4 ,?is art produces a bold decorative effect :i* appe>s to h be5 p]petuat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,among/ o!rs may be m5tion$ ! int]ior decoration ( an e>!n vessel f ,ueb]l+5 ,see 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #i71 a cresc5t ( r$ s&/one f ,eb]sb]g 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #aj71 & an incis$ /one f ,hadrian's ,wall1 9 ,nor?umb]l&4 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #aa47 ,s f> we h only consid]$ ! type ( ornam5tation :i* occurs on plait$ or wov5 objects1 & ^! are se5 to be condition$ by t p>ticul> te*nique4 ,we h n[ to see :at occurs :5 a new mat]ial is sub/itut$ = ! old4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( tapa 9 ! ,pacific1 "s ( :i* are co>se & o!rs ( extreme f95ess & s(tness4 ,! process ( mak+ & decorat+ tapa has (t5 be5 describ$2 sometimes ! tapa is ribb$1 hav+ be5 beat5 ) m or less f9ely corrugat$ wood5 mallets1 occasionally x is m>k$ ) squ>es :i* give x an appe>ance ( hav+ be5 /amp$ by a simply plait$ mat1 b _m pieces are q smoo?4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! texture or manufacture ( tapa to prev5t its be+ ornam5t$ ) intricate & involv$ patt]ns4 ,z a g5]al rule1 all ov] ! ,pacific we f9d t tapa patt]ns are l>gely geometrical--t is1 !y are =m$ ( /raight & angl$ l9es2 b[$ l9es1 :i* are gr\p$ into leaf-l designs1 are n infrequ5t1 b d\bly curv$ l9es & scroll-l designs are extremely r>e4 ,! evid5ce cle>ly po9ts to a "t ant]ior to ! employm5t ( tapa1 & :5 mats & o!r textiles 7 ! only fabrics2 ! decoration ( ^! 0 necess>ily angul> 9 /yle4 ,:5 tapa became g5]al ! old] designs 7 transf]r$ to ! new mat]ial1 & q irrespective ( its capabilities4 ,only gradually has x be5 f\nd t ! smoo? surface ( tapa l5ds itself to a m elaborate decorative treatm5t4 ,! ess5tial cons]vatism ( ! savage precludes rapid emancipation f long exi/5t ?ralls1 especially z ! /hetic m9d has1 s to speak1 become set 9 angul>ities4 ,x is probable t ! practice ( beat+ tapa ) wood5 mallets l$ to ! discov]y ( pr9t+ 9 col\rs4 ,! transitions are slight betwe5 f9d+ ! natural gra9+ ( wood impress+ itself on ! s(t tapa1 ( s cutt+ ! mallets z to produce a regul>ly groov$ surface1 & ( col\r+ ! blocks1 & la/ly ( mak+ ! great pr9t+ blocks on :i* ! patt]n /&s up 9 relief1 :i* 7 made 9 ,fiji4 ,sometimes ! l9es 9 relief ( pr9t+ blocks are made by fa/5+ ! mid ribs ( palm leaves on to a /\t piece ( tapa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,sket*es ( tapa belts f ,k]epunu1 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea2 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s natural size4 ,9 c]ta9 isl&s x has be5 discov]$ t f]n fronds cov]$ ) pigm5t c be us$ = pr9t+1 & ?us :at is kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry z 8nature-pr9t+0 has be5 indep5d5tly arriv$ at4 ,:at has happ5$ 9 ! ,great ,ocean app>5tly also took place 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 ! s\?-ea/]n p59sula ! m5 we> tapa belts :i* are (t5 pa9t$4 ,ab\t ! di/rict ( ,k]epunu1 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 tapa belts are worn by ! m5 :i* are pa9t$ 9 a peculi> mann] ) grey & orange pigm5ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #ea we h two typical patt]ns4 ,x is obvi\s t ! int]lac$ design w\ld be easily arriv$ at 9 a plait$ belt1 b x is highly improbable t x is1 s to speak1 indig5\s to ! tapa4 ,9 all ! o!r examples ( pa9t$ tapa kn[n to me f ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 angul> designs alone occur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,designs d]iv$ f uluri 7wom5's cov]+72 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,bakari tribe1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 ,d1 ,auet tribe1 ,c5tral ,brazil4 ,aft] ,von d5 ,/e952 greatly r$uc$4 ,pr(essor von d5 ,/e95 discov]$ 9 ,c5tral ,brazil "s patt]ns1 :i* mo/ p w\ld designate z 8geometrical10 pa9t$ on pieces ( b>k :i* =m$ a frieze r\nd a *ief's h\se4 ,^! patt]ns 7,fig4 #eb7 are d]iv$ f s]ial repetitions ( ! m9ute triangul> g>m5t :i* con/itutes ! sole clo?+ ( ! wom54 ,?is is a good example ( ! necessity = local in=mation conc]n+ ! significance ( designs4 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to lat] pages = fur!r examples ( analog\s patt]ns f ! same di/rict4 #d4 ,skeuomorphic ,pott]y4 ,p]haps no manufacture is ( su* importance to an?ropologi/s z pott]y4 ,9 ,europe pott]y fir/ appe>$ 9 :at is t]m$ by ar*ologi/s ! ,neoli?ic ,age1 or t p]iod ( human hi/ory :5 man _h le>nt to neatly *ip & to poli% 8 /one implem5ts1 b _h n z yet discov]$ metal4 ,among/ liv+ p ! ,au/ralians & ! ,polynesians are ! only great gr\ps among :om pott]y is unkn[n4#ca ,!re c be little d\bt t ! c]amic art has be5 indep5d5tly discov]$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & ,mr4 ,cu%+ believes t ?is has be5 ! case ev5 9 ,am]ica4 #ca ,9 ,oceania pott]y is unkn[n save 9 ! ,we/1 & !re only sporadically4 ,x is abs5t 9 ,polynesia except 9 ! ,tonga ,isl&s1 :]e x is d\btless due to ,fiji influ5ce4 ,its di/ribution 9 ,melanesia is erratic2 = example1 x occurs 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & ! ,loyalty ,isl&s4 ,rude1 unglaz$ di%es are made 9 ,espiritu ,santo 7,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 #ahia1 p4 #cae71 b n ,aurora1 9 ,p5teco/ & ,lep]s' ,isl& 9 ! ,new ,hebrides1 nor 9 ,banks' ,isl&s1 ,torres ,isl&s1 ,santa ,cruz ,gr\p1 & mo/ ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s4 ,:ile want+ 9 ! ,bism>ck ,ar*ipelago1 x occurs 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,b ev5 :]e pott]y is made x is v local & conf9$ to c]ta9 tribes4 ,= example1 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea 7,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 #ahid1 pp4 #adi1 #bbb-bbd7 x is made only 9 ! s\?-ea/ p59sula & 9 "s ( ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,9 scatt]$ villages1 or ev5 9 p>ts ( villages1 f ,yule ,isl& to ,maopa 9 ,aroma1 pott]y is made f clay 9 ! lump2 b 9 ! ,eng9e] ,gr\p1 & especially 9 ,w>i 7or ,te/e ,isl&71 ! clay is laid d[n 9 a spiral1 & no /one & beat] are us$1 b x is smoo!d by a ,tell9a %ell4 ,?is me?od is describ$ & figur$ by ,dr4 ,f9s* 7,o4 ,f9s*1 ,samoafahrt51 #ahhh1 p4 #bhj2 ,e?nological ,atlas1 #ahhh1 ,plate ,,iv474 ,! upp] bord] ( ^! pots1 he says1 8exhibits v>i\s simple b& patt]ns1 :i* are scrat*$ ) =k-l bamboo in/rum5ts1 & :i* s]ve n z ornam5tation b z trade-m>ks4 ,?us "h also 7z at ,bilibili7 ea* woman has h] own m>k1 ) :i* %e signs h] fabrication40 ,i h else:]e 7cf4 ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 p4 #bbc7 pr9t$ an extract f ! unpubli%$ j\rnal ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,o4 ,=bes1 9 :i* he gives an acc\nt ( ! me?od ( mak+ pott]y at ,w>i4 ,fig4 #bc is a copy ( ,dr4 ,=bes' sket*es ( ^! slightly decorat$ vessels4 ,9 ,g]man ,new ,gu9ea 7,kais] ,wilhelm's ,l&7 pott]y is made f ! lump1 z among ! ,motu ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 at ,se*/roh ,riv] 7,humboldt ,bay71 ,goose ,bay 7,dallmann ,h>b\r71 ! isl& ( ,bilia 7,eick/$t ,isl& 9 ,pr9ce ,h5ry ,h>b\r71 & m especially at ! isl& ( ,bilibili 9 ,a/rolabe ,bay4 ,dr4 ,f9s* claims t ?is pott]y is ( bett] quality & bett] decorat$ ?an t ( ! s\?-ea/ coa/4 ,"s ( ! vessels are ornam5t$ ) small bosses4 ,b ! insignificant patt]ns1 frequ5tly made ) ! f+]-nail1 are probably int5d$1 z 9 ,port ,moresby1 = trade-m>ks1 & n m]ely = ornam5t4 ,f _! extremely local & scatt]$ di/ribution x is evid5t t ! pott]y mak]s ( ,new ,gu9ea are n autoc?ones1 b belong to ! waves ( ,melanesian immigration t h wa%$ ! coa/ & neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,9 speak+ ( ,new ,cal$onia ,b>on ,l4 de ,vaux 7,l4 de ,vaux1 8,les ,canaques de la ,n\velle-,caldonie10 ,rev4 d',e?nog41 ii41 #ahhc1 p4 #cdj7 says1 8=m]ly ! wom5 ( ,p\bo1 ,oubat*e1 & ,pam _h ! monopoly2 n[ ! art t5ds m & m to disappe> z ! natives f9d x m practical to buy trade vessels4 ,!y succe$$ 9 mak+ pots to ! height ( two feet1 & v (t5 decorat$ ext]nally ) liz>ds & frogs 9 relief4 ,! base be+ ready1 !y sup]impose r+s ( well-prep>$ clay ! "o above ! o!r1 hold+ !m & jo9+ !m f ! int]ior ) ! left h&1 :il/ !y smoo? _! "w ext]nally by means ( ! "r h& & ( a little beat] ( smoo?1 h>d wood40 ,mr4 ,atk9son 7,j4 ,j4 ,atk9son1 8,notes on ,po9t$ ,=ms ( ,pott]y among ,primitive ,peoples10 ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xxiii41 #ahic1 p4 #ij7 also describes ! ,new ,cal$onian me?od ( mak+ pott]y1 & draws att5tion to ! fact t ! occasional traces ( fa9t horizontal m>ks occasion$ by ! te*nique 8imitate ! m>ks left by pott]y made on ! sy/em ( pla/]+ wick]work employ$ by "s p10 & !refrom he sugge/s a necess>y w>n+ n to take ! latt] me?od z hav+ be5 ( univ]sal occurr5ce4 ,e>!n vessels are comp>atively easy to make1 & ?\gh !y are brittle1 _! fragm5ts1 :5 prop]ly bak$1 are almo/ inde/ructible4 ,! hi/ory ( man is unconsci\sly writt5 l>gely on %>ds1 & ! elucidation ( ^! unwritt5 records is z int]e/+ & important z ! deciph]+ ( ! cunei=m inscriptions on ! clay tablets ( ,assyria4 ,! ,book ( ,pots has yet to be writt51 b mat]ials = its compilation lie scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! great lit]ature ( ar*ology1 an?ropology1 & c]amics1 & 9 ! specim5s 9 a multitude ( museums & collections4 ,! sci5tific treatm5t ( ! subject has be5 sket*$ out ma9ly by ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes & ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 & ,i h n hesitat$ to borr[ l>gely f ! publications ( ^! ,am]ican an?ropologi/s4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal me?ods ( mak+ clay vessels--#a1 by coil+2 #b1 by modell+2 or #c1 by ca/+4 ,9 ! fir/ me?od long] or %ort] rope-l pieces ( clay are =m$4 ,^! are laid d[n 9 a spiral1 & ! vessel is built up by a cont9uation ( ! same process4 ,9 modell+1 or m\ld+1 a lump ( clay is tak51 & ?is is fir/ work$ ) ! h&s1 & !n ! clay is gradually beat5 into ! desir$ %ape & ?ickness by means ( a wood5 mallet1 :i* hits aga9/ a /one or o!r object t is held inside ! incipi5t vessel4 ,! ?ird me?od1 by ca/+1 is v r>ely employ$ except by q civilis$ peoples4 ,x 0 a comp>atively late discov]y t clay vessels c\ld be ca/ )9 holl[ m\lds if ! pa/e 0 made ?9 en\gh4 ,! coil+ & m\ld+ processes are 9 "s places employ$ side by side1 & a vessel may be comm5c$ 9 ! latt] me?od & f9i%$ by coil+4 7,fig4 #ee47 ,?is is done by ! ,nicob>ese1#cb ,pueblo ,indians1 & o!r peoples4 #cb ,e4 ,h4 ,man1 8,nicob> ,pott]y10 ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xxiii41 #ahic1 p4 #ba4 ,! subject ( ! =ms & decoration ( pott]y is s important = our /udy t x w be advisable to quote at consid]able l5g? "s ( ! ,am]ican inve/igations :i* be> ^u x4 ,n[h]e ?an 9 t cont95t are conditions m fav\rable to a sci5tific /udy ( ! evolution ( c]amics1 & our ,am]ican colleagues happily are fully alive to ?is fact4 ,_! rese>*es af=d valuable sidelights ^u ! probable hi/ory ( ,european prehi/oric c]amics4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,hunt]1#cc writ+ ( ! ,mississippi tribes 9 #ahbc1 says t !y spread ! clay 8ov] blocks ( wood1 :i* h be5 =m$ into %apes to suit _! conv5i5ce or fancy4 ,:5 suffici5tly dri$ !y are remov$ f ! m\lds1 plac$ 9 prop] situations1 & burn$ to a h>dness suitable to _! int5d$ uses4 ,ano!r me?od practis$ by !m is to coat ! inn] surface ( baskets1 made ( ru%es or will[s1 ) clay1 to any requir$ ?ickness1 & :5 dry1 to burn !m z above describ$40 #cc ,j4 ,d4 ,hunt]1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( sev]al ,indian ,tribes locat$ we/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,philadelphia1 #ahbc1 p4 #bif4 ,messrs4 ,squi] & ,davis1#cd ref]r+ to ! vessels ( ! ,gulf ,indians1 say3--8,9 ! con/ruction ( ^? ( l>ge size1 x 0 cu/om>y to model !m 9 baskets ( will[ or spl9ts1 :i* at ! prop] p]iod 7 burn$ (f1 leav+ ! vessel p]fect 9 =m1 & reta9+ ! some:at ornam5tal m>k+s ( _! m\lds4 ,"s ( ^? f\nd on ! ,ohio seem to h be5 modell$ 9 bags or nett+s ( co>se ?read or twi/$ b>k4 ,^! practices are /ill reta9$ by "s ( ! remote we/]n tribes40 #cd ,squi] & ,davis1 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 #ahdh1 p4 #ahg4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes#ce po9ts out t 8clay has no inh]5t qualities ( a nature to impose a giv5 =m or class ( =ms ^u its products1 z h wood1 b>k1 bone1 or /one4 ,x is s mobile z to be q free to take =m f surr\nd+s4444 ,9 e>ly /ages ( culture ! processes ( art are closely ak9 to ^? ( nature1 ! human ag5t h>dly rank+ z m ?an a "p ( ! environm5t4 ,! primitive arti/ does n proce$ by me?ods id5tical ) our own4 ,he does n delib]ately & freely exam9e all dep>tm5ts ( nature or art1 & select = models ^? ?+s mo/ conv5i5t or mo/ agreeable to fancy2 nei!r does he exp]im5t ) ! view ( inv5t+ new =ms4 ,:at he attempts dep5ds almo/ absolutely ^u :at happ5s to be sugge/$ by prec$+ =ms4 #ce ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 8,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,=m & ,ornam5t 9 ,c]amic ,art10 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhf4 8,! range ( models 9 ! c]amic art is at fir/ v limit$1 & includes only ^? ut5sils devot$ to ! p>ticul> use to :i* ! clay vessels are to be appli$2 lat]1 closely associat$ objects & ut5sils are copi$4 ,9 ! fir/ /ages ( art1 :5 a savage makes a weapon1 he modifies or copies a weapon2 :5 he makes a vessel he modifies or copies a vessel0 7pp4 #dde1 #ddf74 ,! discov]y ( ! art ( mak+ pott]y 0 probably 9 all cases adv5titi\s1 ! clay be+ fir/ us$ = "s o!r purpose4 8,! use ( clay z a cem5t 9 repair+ ut5sils1 9 protect+ combu/ible vessels f injury by fire1 or 9 build+ up ! walls ( %all[ vessels1 may also h l$ to ! =mation ( discs or cups1 aft]w>ds indep5d5tly con/ruct$4 ,9 any case ! objects or ut5sils ) :i* ! clay 0 associat$ 9 its e>lie/ use w\ld impress _! =ms ^u x4 ,?us1 if clay 7 us$ 9 deep5+ or m5d+ vessels ( /one by a giv5 p1 x w\ld1 :5 us$ indep5d5tly by t p1 t5d to assume %apes sugge/$ by /one vessels4 ,! same may be said ( its use 9 connection ) wood & wick]1 or ) vessels ( o!r mat]ials4 ,=ms ( vessels s d]iv$ may be said to h an adv5titi\s orig91 yet !y are ess5tially copies1 al?\gh n s by design0 7p4 #dde74 ,9 o!r words1 su* pott]y is primitively skeuomorphic4 ,c]amic biomorphs w be dealt ) 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,mr4 ,holmes fur!r po9ts out t ! %apes fir/ assum$ by vessels 9 clay dep5d ^u ! %ape ( ! vessels employ$ at ! "t ( ! introduction ( ! art1 & ^! dep5d1 to a great ext5t1 ^u ! k9d & grade ( culture ( ! p acquir+ ! art1 & ^u ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y live4 ,a few examples w suffice4 ,mr4 ,holmes 7loc4 cit41 pp4 #chc1 #ddh7 figures an oblong wood5 vessel ) a project+ rim1 :i* is n>r[ at ! sides b broad at ! ends2 x is 9 fact a sort ( w+$ tr\gh2 ?is is sometimes copi$ 9 clay4 ,x is evid5t t ! elongat$ t]m9al %elf-l projections are m suit$ to a wood5 ?an to an e>!n vessel4 ,9 ,fig4 #ec we h an ,iroquois b>k-vessel4 ,mr4 ,cu%+#cf in=ms u t 9 ord] to produce ?is =m ( ut5sil f a s+le piece ( b>k1 x is necess>y to cut pieces out ( ! m>g9 & fold x4 ,ea* fold1 :5 /it*$ toge!r 9 ! %ap+ ( ! vessel1 =ms a corn] at ! rim4 ,^! corn]s1 & ! bord]s :i* !y =m1 are decorat$ ) %ort l9es & comb9ations ( l9es1 compos$ ( co>se embroid]ies ) dy$ porcup9e quills4 ,clay vessels 7,fig4 #ed71 :i* /rik+ly resemble ! %ape & decoration ( ^! bir* or l9d5 b>k vessels1 are ( common occurr5ce 9 ! lake regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re c be b little d\bt t ! clay vessels are directly d]iv$ f ! b>k vessels4 #cf ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 8,a ,/udy ( ,pueblo ,pott]y z illu/rative ( ,zui ,culture ,gr[?10 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,iroquois b>k vessel2 aft] ,cu%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,rectangul>1 or ,iroquois1 type ( e>!n vessel2 aft] ,cu%+4 ,mr4 ,cu%+'s long & intimate k ( ! ,zui ,indians has enabl$ him to speak ) au?ority on matt]s :i* might be m]ely happy sugge/ions by o!r an?ropologi/s4 ,any "o c guess at orig9s & mean+s1 b !re are few :o "k at fir/-h&1 & :o !re=e c act z int]pret]s to ! /ud5t at home4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ,zui pott]y is tak5 f ,mr4 ,cu%+'s pap]1 entitl$ 8,a ,/udy ( ,pueblo ,pott]y z illu/rative ( ,zui ,culture ,gr[?40 ,s f> z language indicates1 ! e>lie/ ,zui wat] vessels 7 tubes ( wood or sections ( cane4 ,! latt] mu/ spe$ily h giv5 way to ! use ( g\rds4 ,:ile ! g\rd 0 l>ge & conv5i5t 9 =m1 x 0 difficult ( transportation1 ow+ to its fragility4 ,to ov]come ?is x 0 encas$ 9 a co>se sort ( wick]-"w4 ,( ?is !re is evid5ce among ! ,zuis1 9 ! %ape ( a s]ies ( rudely encas$ g\rd vessels into :i* ! sacr$ wat] is said to h be5 transf]r$ f ! tubes4 ,?is crude beg9n+ ( ! wick]-art 9 connection ) wat] vessels po9ts t[>ds ! developm5t ( ! wond]ful wat]-tight baskets ( ! s\?-we/1 expla9+1 too1 ! resemblance ( _m ( its typical =ms to ! %apes ( g\rd vessels4 ,! "n = ^! vessels also supports ?is view4 ,mr4 ,cu%+ sugge/s t wat]-tight osi]y1 once kn[n1 h[ev] difficult ( manufacture1 w\ld displace ! g5]al use ( g\rd vessels4 ,:ile ! gr[? ( ! g\rd 0 re/rict$ to limit$ areas1 ! mat]ials = basketry 7 any:]e at h&4 ,basket vessels 7 f> /rong] & m durable ?an g\rds4 8,we may conclude1 !n10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,cu%+1 8t s long z ! ,pueblo ance/ry 7 semi-nomadic1 basketry suppli$ ! place ( pott]y1 z x /ill does = ! less advanc$ tribes ( ! s\?-we/1 except 9 cook]y40 ,?us ! ,ha va su pa1 or ,coon9os ( ,cat>act ,caon1 ,arizona1 9 #ahha1 8_h n yet =gott5 h[ to boil food 9 wat]-tight basketry1 by means ( hot /ones1 & cont9u$ to roa/ se$s1 crickets1 & bits ( meat 9 wick]-trays1 coat$ inside ) gritty clay4 ,a r\nd basket-tray1 ei!r loosely or closely wov51 is ev5ly coat$ inside ) clay1 into :i* has be5 knead$ a v l>ge proportion ( s&1 to prev5t contraction & consequ5t crack+ f dry+4 ,?is l9+ ( clay is press$1 :ile /ill s(t1 into ! basket z closely z possible ) ! h&s1 & !n all[$ to dry4 ,! tray ?us made is ready = use4 ,! se$s or o!r sub/ances to be p>*$ are plac$ inside ( x1 toge!r ) a quantity ( gl[+ wood coals20 ^! are made to rapidly revolve4 8,t ?is clay l9+ %\ld gr[ h>d f cont9ual heat+1 & 9 "s in/ances sep>ate f its matrix ( osi]s1 is app>5t4 ,! clay =m ?us deta*$ w\ld itself be a p]fect roa/+ vessel0 7pp4 #dhd1 #dhe74 ,! mod]n ,zui "n = a p>*+ pan indicates t ! %all[ vessel ( twigs coat$ ) clay = roa/+ _h giv5 bir? to ! p>*+ pan ( e>!nw>e4 ,9 ! anci5t ,zui c\ntry are f\nd vessels ( ! same =m z ! basket-pot or boil+ basket1 /ill surviv+ among ! ,havasupa4 ,^! baskets are good examples ( ! spirally-coil$ type ( basket4 8,seiz+ ! sugge/ion af=d$ by ! rude tray-m\ld$ p>*+-b[ls1 p>ticul>ly aft] x 0 discov]$ t if well burn$ !y resi/$ ! effects ( wat] z well z ( heat1 ! anci5t pott] w\ld naturally attempt 9 "t to reproduce ! boil+-basket 9 clay4 ,%e w\ld f9d t to accompli% ?is %e c\ld n use z a m\ld ! inside ( ! boil+-basket1 z %e _h ! inside ( ! tray1 because its neck 0 small] ?an its body4 ,nor c\ld %e =m ! vase by pla/]+ ! clay outside ( ! vessel1 n only = ! same reason1 b also because ! clay 9 dry+ w\ld contract s mu* t x w\ld crack or scale (f4 ,naturally1 !n1 %e pursu$ ! process %e 0 accu/om$ to 9 ! manufacture ( ! basket-bottle4 ,t is1 %e =m$ a ?9 rope ( s(t clay1 :i*1 l ! wisp ( ! basket1 %e coil$ ar\nd & ar\nd a c5tre to =m ! bottom1 !n spirally ^u itself1 n[ wid5+ ! diamet] ( ea* coil m & m1 !n contract+ z %e progress$ upw>d until ! desir$ height & =m 7 atta9$4 ,z ! clay 0 adhesive1 ea* coil 0 atta*$ to ! "o already =m$ by p9*+ or press+ toge!r ! connect+ edges at %ort int]vals z ! wid5+ w5t on4 ,?is produc$ corrugations or ind5tations m>vell\sly resembl+ ! /it*es ( basket-"w4 ,h5ce accid5tally ! vessels ?us built up appe>$ s simil> to ! basket :i* _h s]v$ = its model t evid5tly x did n seem complete until ?is feature _h be5 height5$ by art4 ,at any rate1 ! majority ( specim5s belong+ to ?is type ( pott]y1 especially ^? ( ! old] p]iods dur+ :i* x 0 pr$om9ant1 are di/+ui%$ by an ind5t$ or incis$ decoration exactly reproduc+ ! zigzags1 s]rations1 *evrons1 t]races1 & o!r *>act]i/ic devices ( wat]-tight basketry4 ,evid5tly1 ) a l int5tion1 two little cone-l projections 7 atta*$ to ! neck ne> ! rim ( ! vessel1 :i* may h5ce be reg>d$ z survivals ( ! loops :]eby ! ends ( ! /rap-h&le 7 atta*$ to ! boil+-basket4 ,al?\gh v>i$ 9 lat] times to =m scrolls1 rosettes1 & o!r ornate figures1 !y cont9u$ ev] aft] q fai?ful features ( ! spiral type ( pot1 & may ev5 sometimes be se5 on ! cook+ vessels ( mod]n ,zui40 ,corroborative evid5ce ( ! connection betwe5 ! two k9ds ( receptacles is f\nd 9 _! names1 ! translation be+ 8coil$ cook+-basket0 & 8coil$ e>!nw>e cook+-basket0 7pp4 #dhi-dia74 ,o!r e>!nw>e vessels _h a some:at diff]5t evolution>y hi/ory1 b !y _h = _! />t+-po9t ! food-tr5*] ( coil$ wick]-"w4 ,:5 by a p]fectly natural sequ5ce ( ev5ts ornam5tation by pa9t+ came to be appli$ to ! surface ( ! b[ls a smoo? surface 0 f\nd pref]able to a corrugat$ "o1 n only because x took pa9t m readily1 b because x =m$ a f> h&som] ut5sil = h\sehold use ?an if simply decorat$ by ! old] me?ods4 ,lat] ! build+ up ( l>ge vessels 0 no long] accompli%$ by ! spiral me?od exclusively4 8,a lump ( clay1 holl[$ out1 0 %ap$ h[ rudely s ev] on ! bottom ( ! basket or 9 ! h&1 !n plac$ inside ( a hemisph]ical basket-b[l1 & /rok$ until press$ outw>d to con=m ) ! %ape1 & to project a little above ! edges ( its tempor>y m\ld1 :5ce x 0 built up spirally 7,fig4 #ee7 until ! desir$ =m _h be5 atta9$1 aft] :i* x 0 smoo!d by scrap+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,clay nucleus 9 base m\ld1 ) beg9n+ ( spiral build+2 a /age 9 ! =mation ( a ,zui vessel2 aft] ,cu%+4 ,) reg>d to ! employm5t ( textile supports by ! anci5t peoples ( ,nor? ,am]ica = ! clay vessels dur+ ! process ( manufacture1 ,mr4 ,holmes#cg writes3--8,nets or sacks ( pliable mat]ials h be5 almo/ exclusively employ$4 ,^! h be5 appli$ to ! surface ( ! vessel1 sometimes cov]+ ! ext]ior entirely1 & at o!rs only ! body or a "p ( ! body4 ,! nets or o!r fabrics us$ h g5]ally be5 remov$ be=e ! vessel 0 burn$ or ev5 dri$4444 ,i h obs]v$ 9 _m cases t h&les & ornam5ts h be5 add$1 & t impress$ & incis$ designs h be5 made 9 ! s(t clay aft] ! removal ( ! wov5 fabric4 ,!re w\ld be no ne$ ( ! support ( a net aft] ! vessel _h be5 fully f9i%$ & slightly h>d5$4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i h no d\bt t ^! textilia 7 employ$ z mu* = ! purpose ( enhanc+ ! appe>ance ( ! vessel z = support+ x dur+ ! process ( con/ruction4 ,9 support ( ! idea t ornam5t 0 a lead+ consid]ation 9 ! employm5t ( ^! co>se fabrics1 we h ! well-kn[n fact t simple cord-m>k+s1 arrang$ to =m patt]ns1 h be5 employ$ by _m peoples = embelli%m5t alone4 ,?is 0 a common practice ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,great ,brita90#ch 7p4 #cih74 #cg ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 8,prehi/oric ,textile ,fabrics ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates d]iv$ f ,impressions on ,pott]y10 ,?ird ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ,e?nol4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhd4 #ch ,a v int]e/+ collat]al l9e ( /udy has sprung f ,mr4 ,holmes' inve/igations ( ! impressions on pott]y4 ,by ! simple exp$i5t ( tak+ impressions 9 clay f anci5t pott]y1 & s ?r[+ into high relief ! r obscure intaglio impressions 9 ! orig9als1 he has be5 able to re/ore a consid]able numb] ( div]se fabrics :i* 7 us$ = ! purposes j /at$4 8,! p]fect mann] 9 :i* ! fabric 9 all its details ( plait+ & weav+ c be br\ght out is a matt] ( a/oni%m5t2 ! clo? itself c\ld h>dly make all ! p>ticul>s ( its con/ruction m manife/40 ,! p]i%able mat]ial s impress$ ! clay t :5 x _h long s9ce crumbl$ into du/ ! latt] 0 enabl$ to transmit ! details ( ! /ructure ( a fabric ! v exi/5ce ( :i* w\ld o!rwise nev] h be5 kn[n4 ,! value ( ! be>+ ( su* obs]vations z ! =ego+ on ! /udy ( ! prehi/oric pott]y ( ,europe is obvi\s4 ,9 ,am]ica ! record is unbrok52 ) u1 l ! great majority ( our ar*ological f9ds1 we are deal+ ) fragm5ts1 & x is only by c>eful piec+ toge!r t a symmetrical :ole c be re/or$4 ,dr4 ,klemm1#ci "s half-c5tury ago1 wrote3--8,! imitation 7( natural vessels7 9 clay presupposes num]\s trials4 ,9 ! ,fri5dly ,isl&s ,tonga#dj we f9d vessels :i* are /ill 9 an e>ly /age2 !y are made ( clay1 slightly burnt1 & enclos$ 9 plait$ "w2 s also ! olde/ ,g]man vessels seem to h be51 = we obs]ve on ^? :i* rema9 an ornam5tation 9 :i* plait+ is imitat$ by incis$ l9es4 ,:at 0 no long] want$ z a necessity 0 kept up z an ornam5t40 #ci ,g4 ,klemm1 ,allgeme9e ,cultur-,ges*i*te d] ,m5s*heit1 vol4 i4 p4 #ahh4 #dj ,pott]y is made 9 ,fiji1 b n 9 ,tonga4 ,dr4 ,daniel ,wilson#da says t ! e>ly ,briti% urns may h be5 8/r5g!n$ at fir/ by be+ surr\nd$ ) a plait+ ( cords or ru%es4444 ,x is c]ta9 t v _m ( ! ind5t$ patt]ns on ,briti% pott]y h be5 produc$ by ! impress ( twi/$ cords on ! wet clay--! int5tional imitation x may be ( undesign$ ind5tations orig9ally made up by ! plait$ network on rud] sun-dri$ urns40 #da ,d4 ,wilson1 ,prehi/oric ,annals ( ,scotl& 7#bnd ed471 #ahfc1 i4 p4 #dcj4 ,pr(essor ,tylor#db ref]s to ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,fr5*'s exp]im5ts4#dc 8,he coat$ baskets ) clay1 & f\nd ! wick] patt]ns came out on all ! e>!n vessels ?us made2 & he seems to ?9k t "s anci5t urns /ill pres]v$ 7 actually m\ld$ 9 ?is way1 judg+ f ! lip be+ m>k$ z if ! wick]-"w _h be5 turn$ 9 ov] ! clay coat+ inside40 #db ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d 7#crd edit471 #ahgh1 p4 #bgc4 #dc ,g4 ,j4 ,fr5*1 ,an ,attempt1 etc41 #aheh4 8,on ! surface ( a few anci5t vases or urns f\nd 9 ,g]many10 ,mr4 ,*>les ,rau#dd says1 8,i notic$ ^? m>k+s :i* pres5t ! appe>ance ( basket-"w2 ,i 01 h[ev]1 9 d\bt :e!r !y 7 impressions produc$ by ! inside ( baskets1 or simply ornam5tal l9es trac$ on ! wet clay4 ,yet1 ev5 9 ! latt] case1 x w\ld seem t ?is k9d ( ornam5tation 0 sugge/$ by ! =m] practice ( modell+ vessels 9 baskets40 #dd ,*>les ,rau1 8,indian ,pott]y10 ,smi?sonian ,report1 #ahff1 p4 #cdf1 & #ahhb1 p4 #di4 ,x may be tak5 z prov$ t 9 a numb] ( cases ! =ms ( pots are tak5 f natural objects1 or f receptacles made ( diff]5t mat]ials4 ,we _c demon/rate ?is 9 all cases1 nor %\ld we expect to1 = ev5 assum+ ?is to h be5 ! univ]sal orig91 we _c hope to h ! e>li] /ages pres]v$ to u4 ,! record is imp]fect1 ! evid5ce ( orig9 is cle> 9 "s cases1 & probable 9 o!rs2 9 "s ! evid5ce is lack+4 ,:at applies to ! =m ( pott]y applies equally to its decoration2 (t5 x is impossible to disassociate !m4 ,! actual or primitive te*nique ( manufacture1 too1 may exhibit itself 9 & z an ornam5t1 z1 = example1 ! spiral m>k+s 9 pott]y made 9 ! coil me?od4 ,we h se5 t 9 "s places plait$ or wov5 fabrics h be5 us$ to support ! s(t clay1 & ^! h left _! impress4 ,if n previ\sly de/roy$1 ^! m>ks become indelible aft] ! burn+ ( ! pott]y4 ,^! m>k+s be+ due to ! process ( manufacture1 are repeat$ 9 ! manufacture ( e vessel1 & if n purposely smoo!d out1 expectancy comes into op]ation1 & !y may be imitat$ 9 a slightly conv5tional mann] ev5 :5 !y may no long] occur 9 con/ruction1 z1 = example1 :5 ! supports are no long] employ$1 or 9 pott]y turn$ on a :eel4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( plait+1 int]tw9+1 nett+1 & s =? may ?us be transf]r$ z skeuomorphic decoration to pott]y4 ,^! are at fir/ produc$ by means ( incisions1 puck]+s ( ! clay by ! f+]s1 application ( accessory coils or pieces ( clay1 etc4 ,ev5 ! accid5tal impr9ts ( nails or f+]-tips1 or ( implem5ts1 may h sugge/$ c]ta9 decoration4 ,lat] on1 :5 pott]y 0 decorat$ by pa9t+1 ! same k9d ( ornam5tation 0 reproduc$ 9 ! new m$ium1 & z ! *ang$ conditions evok$ fre] treatm5t1 ! designs und]w5t v>i\s trans=mations4 ,mr4 ,holmes#de discusses ! modification ( ornam5t 7#a7 ?r\gh mat]ial1 7#b7 ?r\gh =m1 7#c7 ?r\gh me?ods ( realisation 7p4 #deh74 #de ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 8,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,=m & ,ornam5t 9 ,c]amic ,art10 ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ,e?nol4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhf4 7#a47 ,! mat]ial ( :i* an object is made mu/ h a v def9ite effect ^u its decoration1 & ! mat]ial is to a v l>ge ext5t dep5d5t ^u ! locality4 ,metal1 /one1 clay1 wood1 bone1 sk9s1 & textiles are s v>i$ 9 _! /ructure t !y require diff]5t arti/ic treatm5t1 & x has usually tak5 a consid]able "t = a p to discov] :at is ! mo/ suitable =m ( decoration = an object made ( a p>ticul> sub/ance4 7#b47 ,! =ms ( decorat$ objects ex]cise a /rong influ5ce ^u ! decorative designs employ$4 ,an ornam5t1 z ,mr4 ,holmes rem>ks1 appli$ orig9ally to a vessel ( a giv5 =m1 accommodates itself to t =m pretty mu* z a co/ume becomes adju/$ to ! individual4 ,:5 x came to be requir$ = ano!r =m ( vessel1 v decid$ *anges might be necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #ef & #eg4--,v>iations 9 a motive ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( =m4 ,pueblo pott]y2 aft] ,holmes4 ,! anci5t ,pueblo peoples 7 v fond ( rectil9e> =ms ( me&] patt]ns1 & _m e>!n vessels are f\nd girdl$ ) a beautiful angul> patt]n4 7,fig4 #ef47 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! arti/ has to decorate a vessel :i* has r\nd$ prom95ces 9 its c5tral zone1 he f9ds x v difficult to apply 8 fav\rite device1 & he is practically compell$ to conv]t 8 angl$ into a spiral me&]4 7,fig4 #eg47 7#c47 ,ornam5t is modifi$ by ! me?od ( its execution1 :e!r by incis+1 modell+1 pa9t+1 or /amp+2 closely associat$ ) ^! are ! peculi>ities ( con/ruction4 ,ne>ly all wov5 fabrics enc\rage1 ev5 to compulsion1 ! use ( /raight l9es 9 _! decoration4 ,curv$ l9es are r5d]$ z /epp$ or brok5 l9es4 ,fig4 #eh illu/rates1 9 a diagrammatic mann]1 two =ms ( ! same motive z express$ 9 diff]5t arts4 ,! curvil9e> freeh& scroll1 :i* is readily pa9t$1 incis$1 or m\ld$ 9 relief1 is =c$ by ! con/ructional "* ( textiles into squ>e =ms1 & a rectangul> me&] or fret w result4 ,brickwork1 mosaics1 or :ole-col\r$ tiles also lead to simil> results4 ,9 ! small panel to ! left ( ,fig4 #ei x w be obs]v$ t c>eless or hurri$ "w has result$ 9 ! r\nd+ ( an angul> hook1 :i* has be5 transmitt$ to pott]y f a textile s\rce4 ,i h notic$ ! angul>isation ( spirals occurr+ 9 ,new ,gu9ea2 ?is 0 due1 n to *ange 9 ! mat]ial employ$1 b to ! pref]5ce :i* ! natives ( ! ,papuan ,gulf h to /raight & angl$ l9es4 7,cf4 ,figs4 #aa1 #ab47 ,primitive spirals h be5 copi$ by ^! p1 & h gradually become angul>is$ into a rectil9e> me&]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,a1 ,freeh& =m2 ,b1 ,=m impos$ by fabric4 ,=ms ( ! same motive express$ 9 diff]5t arts2 aft] ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,design ( ,fig4 #fj2 aft] ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,anci5t ,pueblo vase1 prov9ce ( ,tusayan4 ,! height & wid? ( ! vase are #ad in*es2 aft] ,holmes4 ,fig4 #fj is a draw+ ( ! pa9t$ design ( a l>ge e>!n vessel f ! prov9ce ( ,tusayan1 9 ! di/rict ( ! ,colorado ,*iquito4 ,f ! occurr5ce ( an isolat$ /epp$ l9e 9 ! decoration1 ,mr4 ,holmes sugge/s t ! ornam5tation _h a textile ance/ry4 ,! design is made by leav+ ! :ite col\r ( ! pot & pa9t+ a black backgr\nd4 ,! 8unit ( ! design10 z int]pret$ by ,mr4 ,holmes1 is giv5 9 black 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,judg+ f ,fig4 #fj1 :i* is a repres5tation ( ! vessel itself1 ,fig4 #ei is a fairly fai?ful copy ( ! design2 b !re is no w>rant on ?is vase = 8 jo9+ ! scroll patt]n at ea* end ) its enclos+ l9e1 z 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,x is obvi\s t if ?is design 7 logically work$ out1 x w\ld appe> z 9 ! la/ figure2 x may be s on o!r vases1 b ,mr4 ,holmes app>5tly is conc]n$ ) ?is "o4 ,pr(essor ,grnw$el#df has drawn att5tion to ! mi/ake ( rectify+ aborig9al draw+s1 z we are !reby prev5t+ ourselves f /udy+ ! psy*ology ( ! natives4 ,accord+ to ! me?od we are employ+1 we are conc]n$ ) :at actually occurs1 & n ) :at might be4 #df ,cf4 p4 #ccd1 :i* is an ab/ract ( :at t au?or says4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--8,unit ( ! design0 ( ,fig4 #fj2 aft] ,holmes4 #e4 ,/one ,skeuomorphs ( ,wood5 ,build+s4 ,sir ,c4 ,fell[s1#dg 9 8 int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 travels 9 ,asia ,m9or1 draws att5tion to ! rem>kable rock-tombs :i* he discov]$ 9 ,lycia1 & :i* cle>ly prove t ^! tombs 7 models 9 /one ( wood5 dwell+s4 ,at ,antiphellus 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #a7 ! timb]+ is reproduc$ to e detail ( mortise & t5on4 ,! /ems ( trees1 laid horizontally to cov] ! *amb]1 are imitat$ 9 masonry4 ,!y project beyond ! wall1 & %[ _! ends1 z a r[ ( circul> sections1 9 ! middle ( ! entablature4 ,! tree trunk at ea* extremity ( ! r[ 0 l>g] ?an ! re/1 & has be5 squ>$4 ,sometimes all ! trunks are squ>$1 z may be se5 at ,xan?us 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #b72 & we witness1 z ,dr4 ,m>* po9ts out1 ! orig9 ( ! well-kn[n ,greek ornam5t call$ 8gutt40 ,he also calls att5tion to ! fact t skeuomorphs ( timb]+ 7 mu* affect$ by ! ,normans1 z 9 _! v>i\s billet patt]ns2 :il/ _! capitals (t5 %[ sections1 n alone ( bran*es spr++ f a tree trunk1 b ( ! envelop+ b>k also4 7,plate ,i41 ,fig4 ,b47 #dg ,c4 ,fell[s1 ,a ,j\rnal writt5 dur+ an ,excursion 9 ,asia ,m9or1 #ahci4 ,ano!r rock tomb at ,antiphellus 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #c7 %[s a r[ ( squ>$ trunks project+ beyond ! side ( ! build+1 z w\ld be a natural arrangem5t 9 any wood5 h\se t _h a l5g? great] ?an its wid?4 ,9 ! same build+ are ext]nal indications ( a second /ory4 ,!y are indications only1 = ! /ory does n exi/4 ,! device is a skeuomorph1 because x is functionless4 8,b we und]/&10 to aga9 quote f ,dr4 ,m>*1 8! orig9 ( our #8/r+-c\rse1' & we recognise "o ( ! _m reasons1 9 ! ance/ral tra9+ ( ! eye ( our race1 :y ! sight ( a l>ge unbrok5 surface produces 9 ! m9d a s5se ( disappo9tm5t1 a feel+ ( unsatisfi$ expectancy1 ! angui% t ,hood s+s-- 8#8,a wall s blank ,t my %ad[ ,i ?ank ,= sometimes fall+ !re6'0 ,! gables ( ! ro( ( ! old-"t h\ses 7 (t5 =m$ by ! b5t b\ghs ( trees cross+ ea* o!r at ! ridge1 z witness$ by an ,etruscan hut-urn f ,monte ,albano 7,plate ,i41 ,fig4 ,c71 & ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #d47 ,a f9i%$ treatm5t ( ! b5t b\gh gable is se5 9 a tomb at ,antiphellus4 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #c47 ,9 ! wood5 orig9als ( ! rock-tombs ( ,asia ,m9or 7,plate ,v41 ,figs4 #b1 #c7 "o sees ! bir? ( ! gable :i*1 aris+ z a /ructural necessity1 0 p]petuat$ 9 /one z ! cr[n+ glory ( ,grecian temples1 & ev] s9ce has rema9$ z a decorative adjunct to build+s1 or ! functionless adornm5t ( ! humble/ h\sehold furniture4 7,plate ,i41 ,figs4 ,d-,f47 #f4 ,skeuomorphic ,inappropriat5ess4 ,we h se5 t z ! bronze implem5t replac$ ! neoli?ic celt1 s ! la%+ ( ! latt] became a skeuomorphic decoration on ! =m]4 ,z tapa replac$ matt+ ! condition$ ornam5tation ( ! e>ly fabric 0 transmitt$ to a mat]ial :i* 9 itself impos$ few arti/ic limitations4 ,! same also ) pott]y :5 x 0 d]iv$ f or sugge/$ by baskets2 basketry impress$ itself on ! clay1 lit]ally or figuratively z ! case may be1 & !nce=w>d pots 7 doom$ to basket-l ornam5tation until ! possibilities ( clay work$ out ! fre$om ( ! pot f ! limitations ( ! basket4 ,9 all ! above we h a cont9uity 9 function1 & x is n v surpris+ t indications ( /ructure /ubbornly p]si/$4 ,ev]y:]e ! human m9d has become accu/om$ to c]ta9 local patt]ns1 designs1 & /ructures4 ,^! are b\nd up ) ! sacr$ associations ( family & religion1 ) ! gre5 memories ( *ildhood1 & h become z x 7 ind5t$ into ! consci\sness ( ! individual4 ,to _m m9ds new designs are unvalu$2 !y awak5 no sympa?y1 !y are devoid ( associations2 l ali5 plants1 !y p9e away & die4 ,! pleasure :i* p take 9 beauty prompts !m to ornam5t almo/ ev]y?+ :i* admits ( decoration1 & x is ! old patt]ns & designs :i* are mo/ frequ5tly copi$4 ,s x comes ab\t t ^! are scatt]$ ) an imp>tial h&1 & (t5 )\t any reg>d to appropriat5ess4 ,by inappropriat5ess ,i d n wi% to imply t ! ornam5t may n be suitable1 b m]ely t x has no mean+ s f> z ! decorat$ object is conc]n$4 ,z a rule ! decorative art ( ! less advanc$ peoples is f> m appropriate#dh ?an t ( civilis$4 ,we may n h ! clue1 b ! m we d "k ! m suitable d we f9d ! decoration to be4 ,! symbols ( religi\s c]emonies are usually depict$ on ! ut5sils employ$ 9 t rite2 ! transf]5ce ( su* symbols to purely secul> objects w\ld cle>ly be inappropriate decoration4 ,our k ( ! precise use ( objects 9 e?nological collections1 & ! significance ( _! =m & decoration is 9 _m cases s imp]fect t we are n 9 a position to criticise _! appropriat5ess2 b we h only to look ar\nd u at ! objects ( ev]yday life to see t ornam5tation is q z (t5 inappropriate z appropriate4 ,x w af=d cont9ual pleasure to attempt to trace ! skeuomorphic 7or 8te*nical10 z x is sometimes call$7 orig9 ( _m patt]ns :i* h w&]$ f>1 & h at la/ f\nd !mselves 9 /range company4 #dh ,a rem>kable example ( inappropriate skeuomorphic decoration occurs among "s ( ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,brazil1 :]e ! small triangul> cov]+ ( ! wom5 is copi$ & made into patt]ns 7,fig4 #eb7 on v>i\s objects1 "s be+ on ! b>k tablets :i* run z a frieze r\nd a *ief's h\se 7pp4 #ig1 #age74 ,,ii4--,,! ,,decorative ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,natural ,,objects4 ,f ?+s made by h&s ,i n[ pass to natural objects1 t we may see h[ ^! too are seiz$ ^u & modifi$ by primitive folk4 ,natural objects fall naturally into two ma9 classes--inanimate & animate subjects2 9 o!r words1 physical ph5om5a & liv+ be+s4 #a4 ,physicomorphs4 ,"u ! t]m ( 8physicomorph0#di ,i propose to describe any repres5tation ( an object or op]ation 9 ! physical _w4 ,! heav5s & all ! p[]s !re9 h be5 depict$ 9 e age & by div]se peoples--usually1 b n inv>iably1 ) "s my/ical or religi\s significance4 #di --( or conc]n+ ! ord] ( ext]nal nature2 natural1 physical4 ,*ief ( ! dread$ p[]s ( ! air 7 ! ?und]-/orm1 ) its concomitants1 ! ?und] & lightn+4 ,^! h impress$ !mselves ^u ! imag9ation ( man1 n only on acc\nt ( _! maje/y1 b also because ( man's impot5ce4 ,! ?und] is ! voice ( ! god1 ! lightn+ 8 de/ructive & bla/+ en]gy4 ,! mo/ obvi\s sign = lightn+1 a zigzag l9e1 is practically ubiquit\s4 ,simil>ly ! sun is v>i\sly depict$ z a /> ) few or _m rays2 z a circle1 ) a cross or /> inscrib$ )9 x1 or ) rays project+ f its p]iph]y4 ,a pla9 disc1 or m (t5 a cresc5t1 /&s = ! moon4 ,z ! heav5ly p[]s are s g5]ally associat$ ) ! heav5s1 ! cele/ial ph5om5a & bodies come to repres5t ^! cosmical deities1 & symbolism is born4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ,i t\* ^u "s ( ! symbolism ( physicomorphs 9 ,am]ica2 lat]1 9 deal+ ) religion & its symbolism1 ,i %all discuss simil> symbols 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,mod]n ,moki ra9 symbol2 aft] ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,decorative detail f an anci5t ,pueblo m$ic9e-j>2 aft] ,holmes4 ,! symbolism ( _! autoc?ones has be51 & is /ill actively & sympa!tically /udi$ by ,am]ican an?ropologi/s1 z 9 a valuable pap]#ej by ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 :o rem>ks3--8,! semi-circle is class$ z emblematic ( ! ra9b[2 ! obtuse angle z ( ! sky2 ! zigzag z lightn+2 t]races z ! sky horizons1 & modifications ( ! latt] z ! my?ic #8anci5t sacr$ place ( ! spaces1'0 & s on4 #ej ,a ,/udy ( ,pueblo ,pott]y1 etc41 #ahhf4 ,by comb9+ sev]al ( ^! elem5t>y symbols 9 a s+le device1 sometimes a my?ic idea 0 beautifully express$4 ,= example1 ,fig4 #fb is ! totem-badge ,major ,j4 ,w4 ,p[ell receiv$ f ! ,moki ,pueblos ( ,arizona z a tok5 ( 8 induction into ! ra9 g5s ( t p4 ,an e>li] & simpl] =m ( ?is occurs on a v anci5t sacr$ m$ic9e j>4 7,fig4 #fc47 ,! sky 7,a71 ! anci5t place ( ! spaces--region ( ! sky gods--7,b71 ! cl\d-l9es 7,c71 & ! fall+ ra9 7,d71 are comb9$1 & depict$ to symbolise ! /orm1 :i* 0 ! objective ( ! exhortations1 rituals1 & c]emonials to :i* ! j> 0 an appurt5ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,ra9-cl\d tile ( ! ,s\? ,h\se 9 a ,tusayan c]emony2 aft] ,fewkes4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,walt] ,fewkes1 9 a m rec5t pap] entitl$ 8,a few ,summ] ,c]emonials at ! ,tusayan ,pueblos10#ea gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,flute ,c]emony4 ,sev]al anci5t ra9-cl\d tiles are describ$2 "o ( !m 7,fig4 #fd7 0 9 ! room ( ! ,s\? ,h\se1 :i* conta9$ ! alt>4 8,l its fell[1 ?is tile _h an ,o'-m[-uh cl\d symbol1 ) fall+ ra9 & ! two lightn+ snakes depict$ ^u x4 ,!re 7 also f\rte5 broad black p>allel l9es on a :ite gr\nd repres5t+ fall+ ra94 ,?ree ra9-cl\d semi-circles 7 outl9$ by a broad black b& above ! fall+ ra94 ,! field ( ! cl\ds 0 br[n1 & ! middle cl\d1 :i* 0 ! l>ge/1 _h a conv5tionalis$ half-e> ( corn1#eb consi/+ ( two p>allel r[s ( rectangul> k]nels1 ea* ) a dot 9 ! middle4 ,a field ( gre5 occupi$ ! :ole face ( ! tile above ! figures ( ! ra9-cl\ds4 ,on ?is region1 ris+ f ! depression :i* sep>ates ! lat]al f ! m$ial ra9-cl\d1 "o on ea* side1 !re 0 a br[n zigzag lightn+ figure outl9$ 9 black4 ,ea* ( ^! bore a simple t]rac$ n'k-tci a t]rac$ tablet plac$ on ! head ( c]ta9 figures on ! head0 7p4 #aba74 #ea 8,a few ,summ] ,c]emonials at ! ,tusayan ,pueblos10 ,j\rnal ( ,am]ican ,e?nology & ,ar*ology1 ii41 #ahib4 #eb ,maize or ,indian corn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,zui pray]-meal-b[l2 aft] ,cu%+4 ,mr4 ,cu%+#ec has drawn att5tion to a b[l ( :i* ! =m z well z its decoration is symbolic4 ,he says1 8,?us1 ^u all sacr$ vessels1 f ! drums ( ! esot]ic m$ic9e societies ( ! prie/hood & all vases p]ta9+ to !m1 to ! k]amic appurt5ances ( ! sacr$ dance or ,k'k1 all decorations 7 int5tionally emblematic4 ,( ?is num]\s class ( vessels ,i w *oose b "o = illu/ration--! pray]-meal-b[l ( ! ,k'k4 7,fig4 #fe47 ,9 ?is bo? =m & ornam5tation are significant4 ,9 expla9+ h[ ! =m ( ?is vessel is held to be symbolic1 ,i w quote a passage f ! #8creation my?1' z ,i r5d]$ x 9 an article on ! orig9 ( corn1 belong+ to a s]ies on #8,zui ,bread-/uff1' publi%$ ?is ye> 8#ahhb 9 ! ,mill/one ( ,indianapolis1 ,indiana4 #8,is n ! b[l ! emblem ( ! e>? our "m8 ,= f h] we draw bo? food & dr9k1 z a babe draws n\ri%m5t f ! brea/ ( its "m2 & r\nd1 z is ! rim ( a b[l1 s is ! horizon1 t]rac$ ) m\nta9s1 :5ce rise ! cl\ds4' ,?is alludes to a m$ic9e b[l1 n to "o ( ! h&l$ k9d1 b ,i w apply x z f> z x goes to ! latt]4 ,! two t]races on ei!r side ( ! h&le are 9 repres5tation ( ! #8anci5t sacr$ place ( ! spaces1' ! h&le be+ ! l9e ( ! sky1 & sometimes pa9t$ ) ! ra9b[ figure4 ,n[ ! decorations are a trifle m complex4 ,we may readily p]ceive t !y repres5t tadpoles1 dragon-flies1 ) also ! frog or toad4 ,all ?is is ( easy int]pretation4 ,z ! tadpole frequ5ts ! pools ( spr+time he has be5 adopt$ z ! symbol ( spr+ ra9s2 ! dragon-fly hov]s ov] pools 9 summ]1 h5ce typifies ! ra9s ( summ]2 & ! frog1 matur+ 9 !m lat]1 symbolises ! ra9s ( ! lat] seasons2 = all ^! pools are due to ra9fall4 ,:51 sometimes1 ! figure ( ! sacr$ butt]fly replaces t ( ! dragon-fly1 or alt]nates ) x1 x symbolises ! b5efic5ce ( summ]2 s9ce1 by a rev]se ord] ( reason+1 ! ,zuis ?9k t ! butt]flies & migratory birds br+ ! w>m season f ! #8,l& ( ev]la/+ summ]4' #ec ,loc4 cit41 p4 #eag4 8,^u vessels ( special function1 l ^! we h j notic$1 peculi> figures may be reg>d$ z emblematic4 ,on o!r classes1 no matt] h[ evid5tly conv5tional & expressive decorations may seem 7except+ always totemic designs71 x is wise to use great caution 9 _! int]pretation z int5tional & n m]ely imitative40 ,! /udy ( symbols is a peculi>ly difficult "o1 & !re is no bran* ( our subject :i* conta9s s _m pitfalls = ! unw>y4 ,! two foll[+ p>agraphs1 respectively by ,messrs4 ,holmes & ,cu%+1#ed af=d a useful w>n+3-- #ed ,annual ,report ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 iv4 8,!re are ^? :o1 see+ ^! =ms already end[$ ) symbolism1 beg9 at :at ,i conceive to be ! wrong end ( ! process4 ,!y d]ive ! =m ( ! symbol directly f ! ?+ symbolis$4 ,?us ! curr5t scroll is1 ) _m races1 f\nd to be a symbol ( wat]1 & its orig9 is attribut$ to a lit]al r5d]+ ( ! sweep & curl ( ! waves4 ,x is m probable t ! scroll became ! symbol ( ! sea long aft] its developm5t ?r\gh ag5cies simil> to ^? describ$ above1 & t ! association result$ f ! obs]vation ( incid5tal resemblances4 ,?is same figure1 9 use by ! ,indians ( ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 is reg>d$ z symbolic ( ! :irlw9d1 & x is probable t any symbol-us+ p w f9d 9 ! features & ph5om5a ( _! environm5t1 :atev] x may be1 suffici5t resemblance to any ( _! decorative devices to lead to a symbolic association0 7p4 #dfj74 8,to bo? ! scroll or volute & ! fret1 & modifications ( !m ages lat]1 ! ,pueblo has atta*$ mean+s4 ,^? :o h visit$ ! ,s\?-we/ & ridd5 ov] ! wide1 b>r5 pla9s dur+ late autumn or e>ly spr+ h be5 a/oni%$ to f9d trac$ on ! s&1 by no visible ag5cy1 p]fect conc5tric circles & scrolls or volutes y>ds long1 & z regul> z ?\gh drawn by a skill$ arti/4 ,! circles are made by ! w9d driv+ p>tly brok5 we$-/alks ar\nd & ar\nd _! places ( atta*m5t until ! fibres by :i* !y are an*or$ sev] & ! /alks are bl[n away4 ,! volutes are =m$ by ! /ems ( r$-top grass & ( a r\nd-topp$ v>iety ( ! ,*5opodium drift$ onw>d by ! :irlw9d1 yet ar\nd & ar\nd _! bu%y adhesive tops4 ,! ,pueblos1 obs]v+ ^! m>ks1 especially t !y are abundant aft] a w9d /orm1 h wond]$ at _! simil>ity to ! pr9t$ scrolls on ! pott]y ( _! ance/ors4 ,ev5 to-day !y believe ! s& m>ks to be ! tracks ( ! :irlw9d1 :i* is a god 9 _! my?ology ( su* di/9ctive p]sonality t ! circl+ eagle is suppos$ to be relat$ to him4 ,!y h naturally1 !re=e1 expla9$ ! analogy above not$ by ! inf]5ce t _! ance/ors1 9 pa9t+ ! volute1 _h int5d$ to symbolise ! :irlw9d by repres5t+ 8 tracks4 ,!nce=w>d ! scroll 0 drawn on c]ta9 classes ( pott]y to repres5t ! :irlw9d & modifications ( x 7= in/ance1 by ! col\r-sign belong+ to any "o ( ! #8six regions'7 to signify o!r p]sonifi$ w9ds0 7p4 #eae74 ,x is int]e/+ to note t col\rs are (t5 symbolic4 ,?us 9 a footnote to p4 #aaa1 loc4 cit41 ,dr4 ,fewkes says3--8,r$ is ! col\r ( ! s\?1 yell[ ( ! nor?1 blue ( ! we/1 & :ite ( ! ea/4 ,= ! we/ ! available pigm5t us$ has1 h[ev]1 a gre5 col\r1 al?\gh blue is ! col\r correspond+ to we/40 ,a correspond5ce on ! col\rs ( ! w9ds 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! ,academy 9 #ahhc4 ,dr4 ,:itley ,/okes po9ts out 7p4 #aad7 t among ! ,mayas ( ,yucatan r$ 0 associat$ ) ! ea/1 :ite ) ! nor?1 black ) ! we/1 & yell[ ) ! s\?4 7,cf4 ,br9ton1 ,folk-,lore ,j\rnal1 i4 p4 #bdf47 ,9 ,irel&1 ea/ 0 purple2 s\?1 :ite2 nor?1 black2 & we/1 dun2 ! sub-w9ds betwe5 ,s4 & ,e4 7 r$ & yell[ respectively2 betwe5 ,s4 & ,w41 gre5 & blue2 betwe5 ,n4 & ,w41 grey & d>k br[n2 betwe5 ,n4 & ,e41 d>k grey & speckl$4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] 7p4 #cjb7 notes t among ! ,navajos ,e4 is d>k2 ,s41 blue2 ,w41 yell[2 ,n41 :ite 7cf4 ,ma!ws1 ,am]4 ,an?41 ,april #ahhc72 & 9 ! ,v$a ,e4 0 r$2 ,s41 :ite2 ,w41 d>k or d>k blue2 & ,n41 v d>k4 ,la/ly1 ,mr4 ,hild]ic ,fri5d 7p4 #cah7 says t 9 ,*9a & anci5t ,java !re 7 five deities or rules--7#a7 black1 wat]1 ,n42 7#b7 r$1 fire1 ,s42 7#c7 gre51 wood1 ,e42 7#d7 :ite1 metal1 ,w42 7#e7 yell[1 e>?1 middle4 ,colonel ,g>rick ,mall]y has also "s notes on ?is subject1 ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ,e?nol41 ,wa%+ton1 p4 #ec1 & ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #fah4 ,x is v r>ely t l&scapes are drawn by savages purely = decorative purposes4 ,maps or plans1 or diagrams :i* are virtually a k9d ( elevation section1 or ev5 a sort ( bird's-eye view1 may be limn$ = mnemonic or directive purposes 7p4 #bji72 b pictorial views are s r>e t x is wor? :ile giv+ an illu/ration ( "o 7,fig4 #ff7 :i* ,i f\nd et*$ on a bamboo tobacco-pipe1 f ,torres ,/raits1 9 ! ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 9 ,b]l94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,trac+ ( a l&scape et*$ on a bamboo tobacco-pipe1 9 ,b]l92 ?ree-eigh?s natural size4 ,i h little d\bt t ! isl& ( ,m] is "h int5d$1 on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! hill & ! pres5ce ( dome-%ap$ /ructures1 :i* ,i take to be ! beehive huts :i* *>act]ise ! ea/]n tribe ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,i add = comp>ison a r\gh sket* 7,fig4 #fg7 ,i took ( ?is isl&1 z se5 f ! s\?-we/ by we/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,sket* ( ,m] 7,murray ,isl&71 by ! au?or1 f ! s\?-we/-by-we/1 %[+ ! hill ,gelam4 ,! natives h a leg5d t ?is hill1 8,gelam10 0 orig9ally a dugong2 & ,i believe ! eye-m>k 9 ! native's draw+ is int5d$ = ! eye ( ,gelam1 8,gelam dan10 & ! projection to ! extreme left to indicate ,gelam's nose1 8,gelam pit10 a small jutt+ rocky esc>pm5t at ! head end ( ! isl&1 :i* is enorm\sly exagg]at$ 9 ! draw+4 ,i take x t ! break 9 ! gr\nd ( ,fig4 #ff1 bel[ ! fir/ bird1 indicates ! hill 8,korkor10 :i* =ms ! tail ( ! dugong 9 my sket*1 & :i* is "o end ( ! horse-%oe %ap$ crat] ( a volcano4 ,! "p ext5d+ beyond ?is is ! lava-fl[ :i* =ms ! nor?-ea/]n half ( ! isl&4#ee ,! vegetation is sugge/$ 9 a v p]functory mann]4 ,i d n "k :at ! l9es t /ream f ! apex ( ! hill are int5d$ =4 ,i %\ld add t to make x approximately topographically accurate1 ! native picture %\ld be rev]s$1#ef assum+ my id5tification to be correct4 ,:at ,i imag9e to h occurr$ is z foll[s3--,! arti/ int5d$ to repres5t ,m] 7,murray ,isl&71 & he drew ! peak ( ! pr9cipal hill1 ,gelam1 f a v *>act]i/ic po9t ( view 7,i h sket*es ( my own simil> to ?is72 9 ord] to give a reali/ic t\* he ins]t$ ! eye1 :i* is a prom95t block ( volcanic a%1 & add$ ! nose4 ,! view is sugge/ive1 b x is an impossible "o1 & x appe>s to me t ?is is *>act]i/ic ( a great deal ( ! pictorial art ( savages4 #ee ,cf4 map by au?or 9 a pap] 8,on ! ,geology ( ,torres ,/raits10 by ,pr(essors ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,w4 ,j4 ,sollas1 & ,g4 ,a4 ,j4 ,cole4 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,iri% ,acad41 xxx41 #ahid1 pp4 #dai-dgj4 #ef ,an int]e/+ example ( rev]sal is f\nd on a bamboo tobacco-pipe :i* ,i obta9$ on ! isl& ( ,mabuiag 9 ,torres ,/raits1 & :i* ,i h giv5 to ! ,national ,museum at ,wa%+ton1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,on "o side ( ! pipe 0 cut ,a,i1 & on ! o!r ,m,,rap2 ! latt] is ! "n = a bamboo pipe1 & ! =m] ,i und]/ood 0 ! "n ( ! place 9 ,daudai :]e ! own] _h cut ! bamboo f :i* he made ! pipe2 possibly x 0 8 own "n4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is "n1 :i* is really ,,rirau1 is pr9t$ backw>ds1 & ! f9al ,u is upside d[n4 ,i suspect t ! occasional rev]sal ( words is due to ! me?od ( c\nt+ on ! f+]s :i* ^! p employ4 ,!y always beg9 ) ! little f+] ( ! left h&1 & pass f ! ?umb ( ! left h& to t ( ! "r4 ,if a man 0 spell+ out a ^w lett] by lett] z if he 7 c\nt+ he might readily fall into ! error ( putt+ d[n ! fir/ lett] 9 a place correspond+ to ! little f+] ( ! left h&1 & s on4 ,if ! man :o c>v$ ! pipe began ) ,,rirau1 t ^w w\ld utilise all ! digits ( ! left h&1 & s ,m,,rap w\ld come "r end =emo/ on ! "r h&4 #b4 ,biomorphs4 ,! t]ms 8zoomorph0 & 8phyllomorph0 h be5 employ$ = ! repres5tations 9 art ( plants & animals4 ,al?\gh man is1 zoologically consid]$1 only a high] animal1 x is conv5i5t to reta9 ! t]m 8an?ropomorph10 :i* has be5 us$ by "s writ]s to express repres5tations ( ! human =m4 ,all ?ree t]ms h ref]5ce to liv+ be+s1 h5ce ! appropriat5ess ( class+ !m "u ! g5]al designation ( 8biomorph40 ,! biomorph is ! repres5tation ( any?+ liv+ 9 contradi/9ction to ! skeuomorph1 :i*1 z we h se51 is ! repres5tation ( any?+ made1 or ( ! physicomorph :i* is ! repres5tation ( an object or op]ation 9 ! physical _w4 ,! fact t !re is life 9 ! orig9al ( ! biomorph appe>s 9 mo/ cases to ex]t an influ5ce on ! biomorph itself1 s t x comes to h :at might almo/ be describ$ z a borr[$ vitality4 ,! di/9ctive activities or qualities ( any liv+ be+1 m especially 9 ! case ( animals1 v (t5 cause !m to be tak5 z symbolic ( t p>ticul> quality4 ,= example1 ! h>mless1 g5tle1 & affectionate dove1 :i* only busies itself ) p>5tal c>es1 has come to be symbolic ( peace4 ,!re are o!r reasons to :i* allusion w be made :i* h conspir$ to r5d] biomorphs v important 9 decorative art4 ,biomorphs p>take ( "o *>act]i/ic ( _! orig9als4 ,!y h a life-hi/ory4 ,all organisms are born1 !y gr[1 !y die4 ,dur+ _! gr[? !y all pass ?r\gh great] or less *anges4 ,sometimes ^! *anges1 z 9 ! metamorphoses ( mo/ insects1 h attract$ ! att5tion ( ! lea/ obs]vant1 & h appe>$ to be ( su* significance z to h be5 utilis$ = ! illu/ration ( religi\s doctr9es4 ,:e!r tak+ place 9 full daylight1 op5 to casual obs]vation1 or hidd5 9 obscurity1 or encapsul$ )9 an egg-%ell1 m>vell\s trans=mations inv>iably accompany ! e>li] /ages ( ! developm5t ( animals1 f ! egg /age4 ,! developm5t records an evolution1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is be+ work$ out 9 detail by ! pati5t inve/igators ( "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( all bran*es ( /udy--embryology4 ,we h n[ to trace ! bir?1 ! evolution1 & ! decay ( biomorphs1 & we %all f9d t ! subject is sc>cely less sugge/ive & int]e/+ ?an t ( ! v animals !mselves4 ,biomorphs are repres5t$ = v>i$ purposes1 & ) o!r repres5tations may be classifi$ accord+ to ! diagram giv5 9 ! introductory section 7p4 #h74 ,a4 ,repres5tation ( ,ab/ract ,ideas ( ,life4 ,ev5 su* an ab/ract idea z ! ,pr9ciple ( ,life1 or ,vital ,en]gy1 has be5 indicat$ 9 decorative art4 8,on e class ( food- & wat]-vessels1 9 collections ( bo? anci5t & mod]n ,pueblo pott]y 7except on pit*]s & "s sacr$ receptacles71 x may be obs]v$ z a s+ul>1 yet almo/ con/ant feature1 t encircl+ l9es1 (t5 ev5 ornam5tal zones1 are left op5 or n1 z x 71 clos$ at ! ends10 writes ,cu%+#eg 7p4 #eaj71 :o adds1 8,i ask$ ! ,indian wom51 :5 ,i saw !m mak+ ^! little spaces ) great c>e1 :y !y took s mu* pa9s to leave !m op54 ,!y repli$ t to close !m 0 #8fe>ful6'--t ?is little space ?r\gh ! l9e or zone on a vessel 0 ! #8exit trail ( life or be+4' ,h[ x came to be fir/ left op51 & :y reg>d$ z ! #8exit trail1' !y c\ld n tell4 ,:5 a woman has made & pa9t$ a vessel %e w tell y ) an air ( relief t x is a #8,made ,be+'2 z %e places ! vessel 9 ! kiln1 %e also places 9 & beside x food4 ,! noise made by a pot :5 /ruck or :5 simm]+ on ! fire is suppos$ to be ! voice ( its associat$ be+4 ,! clang ( a pot :5 x breaks or sudd5ly cracks 9 burn+ is ! cry ( ?is be+ z x escapes or sep>ates f ! vessel4 ,t x has dep>t$ is argu$ f ! fact t ! vase :5 crack$ nev] res\nds z x did :5 :ole4 ,?is vague exi/5ce nev] cries out viol5tly unprovok$2 b x is suppos$ to acquire ! p[] ( do+ s by imitation2 h5ce1 no "o s+s1 :i/les1 or makes o!r /range or musical s\nds resembl+ ^? ( e>!nw>e "u ! circum/ances above describ$ dur+ ! smoo?+1 poli%+1 pa9t+1 or o!r processes ( f9i%+4 ,! be+ ?us incit$1 !y ?9k1 w\ld surely /rive to come out1 & w\ld break ! vessel 9 s do+40 ,9 _! native philosophy & wor%ip ( wat]1 ! latt] is suppos$ to conta9 ! s\rce ( cont9u$ life1 h5ce life also dwells 9 a vessel conta9+ wat]1 & hav+ once held wat]1 & 9 virtue ( hav+ done s1 x conta9s ! s\rce ( life4 8,if ! encircl+ l9es inside ( ! eat+ b[l1 outside ( ! wat] j>1 7 clos$1 !re w\ld be no exit trail = ?is invisible s\rce ( life1 or = its influ5ce or brea?40 ,9 attempt+ to arrive at ! orig9 ( ?is1 ,cu%+ po9ts out t x is v 8difficult to smoo?ly jo9 a l9e incis$ ar\nd a clay pot :ile /ill s(t1 & t ?is difficulty is great] :5 ! ornam5tal b& is laid on 9 relief4 ,x w\ld be a natural outgr[? ( ?is pr$icam5t to leave ! ends unjo9$1 :i* inde$ ! savage (t5 did4 ,:5 pa9t in/ead ( incision or relief come to be ! decorative ag5t1 ! l9es or b&s w\ld be left unjo9$ 9 imitation4 ,z ^? acqua9t$ ) ,tylor's ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d w realise1 a #8my? ( obs]vation' l ! above w\ld come to be assign$ 9 aft] ages40 #eg ,f4 ,h4 ,cu%+1 8,a ,/udy ( ,pueblo ,pott]y z illu/rative ( ,zui ,culture ,gr[?10 ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ,e?nol41 #ahhb-hc4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,pueblo wat]-j>2 aft] ,cu%+4 ,! s\l or _s z x is suppos$ to em]ge f a p]son at dea? is (t5 repres5t$ 9 ,*ri/ian art z a m9iature man or z a w+$ mon/rosity1 z a butt]fly by ! anci5t ,greeks1 or 9 v>i\s ways by diff]5t peoples4 ,s\ls ( deceas$ p]sons may be en%r9$ 9 liv+ fruit-eat+ bats1#eh frigate-birds1#ei crocodiles1#fj liz>ds1#fa %>ks1#fb or o!r animals4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions ! repres5tation ( any ( ^! =ms w\ld be emblematic ( ! s\l4 #eh ,accord+ to a leg5d collect$ by ! au?or 9 ,torres ,/raits4 #ei ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #abf4 #fj ,m4 ,uhle1 8,holz- und ,bambus-,g]! aus ,n4,w4 ,neu ,gu9ea10 ,k4 ,e?4 ,mus41 ,dresd51 vi41 #ahhf1 p4 #f4 #fa ,m4 ,d',e/rey1 8tude e?nographique sur le ,lz>d *ez les ,peuples ,malais et ,polynsi5s10 ,l',an?ropologie1 iii41 #ahib1 p4 #gaa4 #fb ,dr4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #abf4 ,! dove1 flames 7or tongues7 ( fire1 w9d1 & o!r emblems are symbolic ( _s 9 ,*ri/ian art4 ,b4 ,phyllomorphs4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly rem>k$ t plant =ms are r>ely repres5t$ by savages4 ,a possible explanation may be f\nd 9 ! fact t plant life is s passive1 x does no?+ actively or aggressively z comp>$ ) ! irrepressible vitality ( animals4 ,?us x does n impress itself on ! imag9ation ( backw>d peoples4 ,ano!r explanation has be5 sugge/$ to me by ,dr4 ,colley ,m>*4 ,! ne$ ( ornam5t is bas$ on expectancy4 ,! eye is s accu/om$ to some?+ 9 a c]ta9 association1 t :5 ?is is n se5 !re is exp]i5c$ a s5se ( loss4 ,among savage peoples ! eye is accu/om$ to dwell on vegetal =ms :i* are always pres5t4 ,x is only :5 !y cease to be pres5t1 z 9 ! exceptional circum/ances ( des]t places1 or wall$ t[ns1 t ! s5se ( loss c arise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,design bas$ on a palmito leaf1 ,bakari tribe1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 aft] ,von d5 ,/e954 ,x is v probable t ! reput$ paucity ( ornam5tation d]iv$ f ! vegetable _w among/ primitive folk may be p>tly due to our n recognis+ x z su*4 ,_! conv5tions are n ! same z ours1 & !y are (t5 satisfi$ ) :at appe>s to u to be a v imp]fect realism4 ,:o1 = example1 w\ld recognise 9 ,fig4 #fi ! leaves ( a small 8cabbage0-be>+ wild palm8 ,yet ! patt]n on ?is pa9t$ b>k-tablet ( ! ,bakari tribe ( ,c5tral ,brazil has ?is significance1 accord+ to ,pr(essor von d5 ,/e95 7cf4 p4 #age74 ,backw>d p h to be taught to see beauty 9 nature1 & x is v d\btful if ! elegance ( ! =m ( fl[] or leaf appeals to !m4 ,bright col\rs we "k please all1 & x is ! col\r or sc5t ( fl[]s & leaves :i* causes !m to be worn or us$ 9 decoration4 ,"o ( ! v few in/ances kn[n to me 9 :i* vegetable =ms are employ$ 9 ornam5tation by ! natives ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea occurs along ! ,fly ,riv] 7,figs4 #d1 #h74 ,^! natives are fond ( decorat+ _! drums ) leaves1 h5ce x may happ5 t1 on ! pr9ciple ( expectancy1 leaves become m5tally associat$ ) drum decoration1 & 9 consequ5ce (t5 c>v$ ^u drums1 & !nce1 by ! con/ra9t ( ! feel+ ( expectancy transf]r$ to pipes & o!r objects2 ! casual decoration becomes an engrav$ ornam5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,fly ,riv] appe>s to h be5 a culture r\te 7pp4 #bh1 #gj71 & ! employm5t ( plant motives 7if ! majority ( ^! devices are really su*7 may be p>tly due to influ5ce f ,malaysia4 ,dr4 ,m4 ,uhle#fc po9ts out t 8,! influ5ces ( ! plant ornam5tation ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago are also f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,new ,gu9ea4 ,al?\gh ess5tially peculi> to ! we/]n portion ( ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago x is n want+ 9 isolat$ cases 9 ! ea/]n4 ,plant ornam5tations 9 p]=at$ c>v+ are kn[n f ,halmah]a :i* =m a precise p>allel ) ! c>v+s f ,geelv9k ,bay4 ,fur!r1 ! plant ornam5tation occurs 9 ,geelv9k ,bay also 9 isolat$ f\r-petall$ fl[]s1 z 9 ,celebes1 ,halmah]a1 ,timor1 & ,borneo4 ,plant g>l&s are f\nd on objects f ! neighb\rhood ( ,geelv9k & ,humboldt ,bays4 ,a complete t5dril ) f\r-ray$ leaves or fl[]s occurs z a patt]n on a pott]y-beat] f ,humboldt ,bay4#fd ,tru/wor?y examples f fur!r ea/ 9 ,nor? ,new ,gu9ea are ei!r abs5t or are z yet unrecord$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! we/]n plant ornam5t is also felt 9 ,s\?-we/ ,new ,gu9ea 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ,kamrao & ,etna ,bays4 ,! =mation ( a cruci=m patt]n ?r\gh ! arrangem5t ( f\r ,nassa %ells1 :i* occurs n only 9 ,geelv9k ,bay b also 9 ,s\?-we/ ,new ,gu9ea at ,wamuka ,riv]1 appe>s to be due to ! influ5ce ( a plant patt]n1 ! frequ5t f\r-petall$ fl[]40 #fc 8,holz- und ,bambus-,g]! aus ,nord ,we/ ,neu ,gu9ea10 ,dresd5 ,e?nograph4 ,mus41 #ahhf4 #fd ,p4 ,mantegazza1 8,/udii antrop4 ed etnogr4 sulla ,nuova ,gu9ea10 ,ar*4 p] l',antrop4 e la ,etnol41 vii41 #ahgg1 ,pl4 ,x41 ,no4 #iad4 ,9 ! c5tral di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea plant =ms appe> to be aga9 met ) 7,fig4 #ba74 ,i say 8appe>10 z unless !re is direct in=mation f natives x is always risky to haz>d a guess z to ! mean+ ( a p>ticul> design4 ,! reason = ^! designs is at pres5t q obscure1 b !re c be no d\bt t !re is a reason = !m1 & a good "o too4 ,:]e plants are repres5t$ by savage peoples we %all probably f9d t z a rule _! employm5t is prim>ily due to o!r causes ?an ! selection ( beautiful =ms & graceful curves = _! own sakes4 ,a v good example ( ?is is f\nd among ! magic patt]ns on ! combs ( ! ,negritos ( ,malacca1 & ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! section on ,sympa!tic ,magic 7p4 #bce71 :]e ?is is dealt ) at consid]able l5g?4 ,x may be t ?is f\r-ray$ fl[] :i* is cr$it$ ) magical prop]ties is ! same :i*1 z ,dr4 ,uhle has po9t$ out1 is s widely spread 9 ! decorative art ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ,nor!rn ,new ,gu9ea4 ,few plants h p5etrat$ into ! psy*ical life ( man to ! same ext5t z ! lotus4 ,! food-plants1 :i* af=d su/5ance to 8 body1 r>ely1 z su*1 ent] ! portals ( art4 ,ev5 ^? us$ 9 f]m5tation d n necess>ily f>e mu* bett]4 ,! *ief exception is ! v9e1 :i* f its graceful habit ( gr[? & its decorative leaves & clu/]s ( grapes readily l5ds itself to arti/ic treatm5t1 b 9 ?is case x 0 probably on acc\nt ( ! 8w9e t make? glad ! he>t ( man10 r ?an ! beauty ( ! v9e1 t ?is creep] became a fav\rite motive 9 decorative art4 ,hav+ once effect$ an entrance by appeal+ to ! l[] s5ses1 ! v9e reta9$ its position by gratify+ ! high]4 ,?is *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( art has1 h[ev]1 yet to be writt54 ,nei!r m]e utility nor intr9sic beauty appe> to be a necess>y qualification = ! e/abli%+ ( plant-life 9 decorative art4 ,x is only1 s to speak1 :5 plants are provid$ ) a s\l1 :5 an inn] mean+ is read into !m1 t !y become immortalis$4 ,! be/ example ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! lotus 9 decorative art4 ,religion introduc$ x1 symbolism e/abli%$ x1 & habit or expectancy reta9$ x4 ,! ,lotus & its ,w&]+s4 ,z _m mi/akes h aris5 f ! confusion ( ! ,egyptian lotus ) ! rose wat]-lily x is necess>y to cle>ly di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,! ,:ite lotus 7,nympha lotus7 & ! ,blue lotus 7,n4 crulea71 :i* is only a col\r v>iety ( ! =m]1 h a disc-l leaf1 cleft ne>ly to its c5tre1 :i* floats on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! calyx has only f\r co>se sepals :i* are d>k gre5 9 col\r1 & :i* entirely encase ! bud until x beg9s to op54 ,z x exp&s ! delicate :ite or sapphire blue petals (f] a m>k$ contra/ to ! sepals4 ,f f\r po9ts ( view ( ! op5 fl[] a c5tral & two lat]al sepals w be evid5t1 (t5 :5 ! fl[] beg9s to fade ! sepals b5d d[nw>ds1 b ! petals d n exp& to a great] ext5t ?an is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #gj71 9 :i* w also be se5 ! *>act]i/ic se$-capsule ) its rosette-l apex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,r\gh sket* ( ! ,egyptian lotus 7,nympha lotus72 aft] orig9al draw+s by ,pr(essor ,goodye>4 ,! rose wat]-lily1 or wat]-bean 7,nelumbium speciosum71 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,goodye>1#fe is n repres5t$ 9 ,egyptian patt]n ornam5t4 ,its leaves 7,fig4 #ga71 /&+ erect out ( ! wat]1 are bell-%ap$ & n slit4 ,! calyx has num]\s1 ov]-lapp+1 scale-l sepals4 ,! fl[] op5s widely & ! broad petals disappe> f view by ! expansion ( ! blossom4 ,! se$-pod resembles ! sp\t ( a wat]+-pot4 ,sir ,j4 ,g4 ,wilk9son says1#ff 8,! ,nelumbium1 common 9 ,india1 gr[s no long] 9 ,egypt1 & ! c>e tak5 9 plant+ x =m]ly seems to %[ x 0 n indig5\s 9 ,egypt40 #fe ,w4 ,h4 ,goodye>1 ,! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 #ahia4 #ff ,j4 ,g4 ,wilk9son1 ,! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ii4 7#crd edition71 p4 #djg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,sket* ( ! ,indian lotus 7,nelumbium speciosum72 aft] ,description de l',egypt3 ,hi/oire ,naturelle1 f ,goodye>4 ,9 e book deal+ ) ,anci5t ,egypt num]\s figures ( ! lotus w be notic$ ei!r 9 sc5es illu/rat+ ! cult ( "s div9ity & z sacr$ symbols1 or 9 lat] times employ$ m]ely = decorative effect4 ,! same rem>k applies1 ?\gh to a less ext5t1 to ! art ( ,*aldea1 ,assyria1 ,p]sia1 ,india1 ,phnicia1 & sev]al ( ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries4 ,:y %\ld ?is motive be s widely spread8 ,! mo/ obvi\s answ] has already be5 sugge/$4 ,religion introduc$ ! lotus to art4 ,we h already notic$ ! e>?ly orig9al1 n[ allusion mu/ be briefly made to its symbolism2 !n its orig9al home mu/ be s\ght2 & f9ally1 "s ( its w&]+s trac$1 & a few ( its v>iations & trans=mations not$4 ,x appe>s t 9 ,anci5t ,egypt ! lotus 0 symbolic ( ! sun2 a text at ,d5d]ah says1 8,! ,sun1 :i* 0 f ! beg9n+1 rises l a hawk f ! mid/ ( its lotus bud4 ,:5 ! doors ( its leaves op5 9 sapphire-col\r$ brilliancy1 x has divid$ ! night f ! day40#fg ,at ,d5d]ah a k+ makes an (f]+ ( ! lotus to ! ,sun-god1 ,horus1 ) ! words1 8,i (f] !e ! fl[] :i* 0 9 ! beg9n+1 ! glori\s lily ( ! ,great ,wat]40#fh #fg ,brugs*1 ,religion und ,my?ologie d] ,alt5 gypt]1 i4 p4 #ajc2 cf4 ,goodye>1 p4 #f4 #fh ,brugs*1 ,religion1 etc41 i4 p4 #aba2 loc4 cit41 p4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,lotus fl[]s & bud1 pa9t$ on ! c(f9 ( a mummy f ! ,necropolis ( ,!bes1 ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y2 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 ,fig4 #gb is a detail tak5 f a plate 9 ! second volume ( ! magnific5t atlas by ,prisse d',av5nes2#fi x is "p ( ! (f]+s on an alt> be=e ,osiris1 :o is cr[n$ ) ! sol> disc4 ,osiris is ! sun 9 ! ,l[] ,_w--i4e41 dur+ ! night1 & ! fa!r ( ,horus4 ,horus is sometimes depict$ seat$ on a lotus4 #fi ,hi/oire de l',art ,egypti5 d'aprs les ,monum5ts1 #ahgh4 ,! v>i\s animals :i* 7 symbolic ( ! sun or associat$ ) sun-div9ities are also plac$ 9 direct connection ) ! lotus1 z if to emphasise its sol> significance2 = example-- ,! sol>-bull is well recognis$ 9 ,egyptian my?ology1 ! ,bull-god ,apis be+ an inc>nation ( ,osiris1 & an (fspr+ ( ! ,sun-god1 ,ptah ( ,memphis4 ,simil>ly also = ,assyria1 ,m]oda*1 8! ,bull ( ,light10 0 orig9ally a ,sun-god2 8 ,syrian equival5t 0 ,baal4 ,! ,phnician ,moon-goddess1 ,a/>te1 _h ! bull z h] symbol1 & ! bull ( ,europa 0 its c\nt]p>t4 ,! ,taurus ( ! ,*aldean ,zodiac comm5c$ ! ye>4 ,! lion 0 ano!r sun-animal bo? 9 ,egypt & 9 ,*aldea & ,assyria4 ,among birds ! hawk & ! eagle 7 sun symbols1 especially ! =m]1 & x is sometimes depict$ /&+ on a lotus4 ,! sol>-goose is also important 9 its association ) ! lotus4 7,fig4 #abi1 ,g47 ,9 e>ly ,cyprian pott]y we f9d lotus d]ivatives gr\p$ ) ! sol> cross & o!r symbols ( ! sun4 7,fig4 #abi1 ,f47 ,! association ( ! lotus ) ! sun probably l$ to its o!r symbolic relations1 & ^! latt] h r drawn att5tion away f :at is "h reg>d$ z ! m primitive symbol4 ,! lotus 0 a well recognis$ symbol ( life1 resurrection1 & immortality4 ,x 0 l>gely employ$ 9 fun]al rites 9 ,egypt1 & is con/antly associat$ ) mummies1 & also symbolis$ ! resurrection1 b ?is latt] idea 0 associat$ 9 ! ,egyptian m9d ) reproductive p[]1 & h5ce ! relation ( ?is also to ! lotus4 ,pr(essor ,masp]o says3#gj 8,! assimilation & occasional complete id5tity ( ! ,supreme ,god ) ! sun be+ once admitt$1 ! assimilation & complete id5tity ( ! second>y div9e be+s ) ,ra 7! sun7 7 a matt] ( c\rse4 ,amon1 ,osiris1 ,horus1 ,ptah1 7 reg>d$ sometimes z ! liv+ s\l ( ,ra1 sometimes z ,ra himself40 ,f ?is w\ld result a m+l+ & ext5sion ( symbolism2 b ^u ^! tr\bl$ wat]s ! lotus calmly rides supreme4 ,its association ) ! sun1 its connection ) reproductive en]gy1 its desc5t into ! grave1 & its symbolism ( a resurrection h giv5 to ! lotus t immortality :i* x symbolis$4 #gj ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t1 p4 #ca1 cf4 ,goodye>1 p4 #aa4 ,al?\gh lotus designs are pr(usely scatt]$ up & d[n 9 ,egyptian art !re is no reason = believ+ t ! ,egyptians reg>d$ x z a national emblem1 b x 0 a univ]sally recognis$ symbol4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> x spr\t$ f its slimy b$ & float$ beautiful & pure on ! surface ( ! wat]s4 ,at sunrise ! buds op5$ & /udd$ ! wat] ) :ite or c]ulean a/]s1 :i* clos$ :5 night fell4 ,e autumn x di$ its annual dea? only z prelude to ! v]nal resurrection4 ,! int5sely religi\s m9d ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians 0 p]meat$ ) ! problems ( dea? & elevat$ by ! prospect ( immortality4 ,resurrection & future bliss 7 articles ( firm fai?1 n m]ely a pi\s hope4 ,:at wond] !n1 ) ?is religi\s saturation ( immortality1 t ! fl[] :i* symbolis$ ! resurrection %\ld be depict$ 9 su* pr(usion 9 _! tombs & else:]e6 ,if ! read] w take ! tr\ble to comp>e lotus repres5tations 9 books on ,egyptology x w be beyond dispute t x is ! :ite or blue lotus 7,nympha71 & n ! rose wat]-lily 7,nelumbium71 :i* is s ubiquit\sly del9eat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,lotus fl[] ) two leaves1 on a vase f ! ,necropolis ( ,memphis1 ,f\r? to ,fif? ,dyna/ies2 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 ,a slightly conv5tionalis$ lotus ) two ( its leaves 7,fig4 #gc7 is drawn on a vase contemporane\s ) ! pyramids1 f ! ,necropolis ( ,memphis 7,f\r? & ,fif? ,dyna/ies1 #ciih-cejc ,b4,c474 ,! same lotus fl[] 7,fig4 #gb7 appe>s "s two ?\s& ye>s lat] 9 a repres5tation ( an (f]+ to ,osiris f ! ,necropolis ( ,!bes belong+ to ! ,tw5tie? ,dyna/y4 ,inde$1 x 0 pa9t$ & c>v$ s frequ5tly = ?\s&s ( ye>s t x w\ld be impossible to describe its v>iations & applications4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 p]mit myself to allude to "o or two examples :i* are int]e/+ f o!r po9ts ( view4 ,9 ,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #ab1 we see s+le lotus fl[]s employ$ 9 an isolat$ mann] 9 a bord] patt]n1 & alt]nat+ ) ^! is ano!r device4 ,! sep>ation ( ! elem5ts ( a bord] patt]n is by no means univ]sal 9 ,egyptian decorative art2 = example1 ! scroll patt]n 7,fig4 #gd7 f ! ,necropolis ( ,!bes is a good example ( a patt]n :i* gives an idea ( fl[1 b ev5 "h !re is a lack ( cont9uity 9 ! spiral b& :i* creates a feel+ ( dissatisfaction :5 "o attempts to trace out ! con/ruction ( ! design4 ,x is evid5t t 9 su* patt]ns ! spiral is q a second>y motive1 & x ?us has n be5 work$ out logically2 ! lotus fl[]s & ! rosettes are ! ess5tial elem5ts ( ! patt]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,lotus bord]2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 ,) ! la/ figure we may comp>e ! scroll detail 7,fig4 #ge7 f a ,melian vase1 ! lotus fl[] be+ repres5t$ by f\r black m>ks1 & ! scroll has acquir$ t developm5t :i* is s *>act]i/ic ( gean art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,lotus scroll detail on a ,melian vase2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,conze4 ,v>i\s causes may lead to ! evolution ( a recognis$ s*eme ( decoration ( c]ta9 objects1 b :5 a new class ( objects is to be decorat$ ! arti/ has a *ance to exhibit 8 orig9ality2 ev5 s ?is is ab\t ! la/ ?+ :i* decorative arti/s d manife/4 ,! con/ra9t ( cu/om appe>s to ex]t an influ5ce too pot5t to be readily snapp$1 & s ! ,egyptian decorator1 be+ fur!r ti$ by religi\s s5tim5t1 ornam5t$ ev5 ext5sive areas1 su* z ! ceil+s ( tombs1 ) lotus designs1 ! ma9 elem5ts ( :i* _h be5 elaborat$ else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( a tomb1 ,necropolis ( ,!bes1 ,eighte5? ,dyna/y2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 ,9 ,fig4 #gf we h a ceil+ design 9 :i* ! lotus is v app>5t bo? 9 fl[] & bud2 ! rosettes1 l spid]s' webs1 may possibly repres5t ! leaves ( ! lotus 7,fig4 #gj71 & we h ! same int]lock+ b discont9u\s spirals t occur 9 ,fig4 #gd4 ,a diff]5t treatm5t ( ! same motive is se5 9 ,fig4 #gg1 b "h only ! lotus fl[]s & ! int]lock+ scrolls are employ$4 ,bel[ ea* fl[] is a fan-l portion app>5tly ti$ on to ! =m]2 ?is may h "s significance or x may be m]ely a conv5i5t me?od ( f9i%+ (f ! fl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( a tomb1 ,necropolis ( ,!bes1 ,eighte5? to ,n9ete5? ,dyna/ies2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 ,9 ^! old ,egyptian designs ! rosette is (t5 associat$ ) ! lotus & lotus d]ivatives1 z 9 ,fig4 #gd2 & x may happ51 z 9 ,fig4 #gh1 t ! =m] is ! mo/ prom95t motive4 ,! lotus is "h repres5t$ solely by ! black triangles :i* occupy ! angles ( ! quadrangul> spaces :i* conta9 ! rosettes2 at all ev5ts !re is good evid5ce to support ?is view4 ,! angul>isation ( ! la/ patt]n gives u ,fig4 #gi1 :i* _m p w\ld imag9e to be ,greek1 al?\gh1 z a matt] ( fact1 x is anci5t ,egyptian4 ,! rosettes & ! angl$ scrolls alone p]si/4 ,we _c speak ) c]ta9ty z to ! reason = ! modification ( ! scrolls1 b x is probable t x result$ f an attempt to copy su* a pa9t$ design z ,fig4 #gh 9 textiles1 & ! patt]n metamorphos$ by ! new conditions 0 pa9t$ on ! tomb ceil+s along ) its m fl[+ prog5itor4 ,= fur!r examples ( analog\s transf]5ce ( designs f "o te*nique to ano!r1 & _! consequ5t trans=mation1 ! read] is ref]r$ to p4 #aab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( tomb ,no4 #cc1 ,abd-el-,k\rneh1 ,!bes1 ,sev5te5? to ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes & ,goodye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,patt]n f ! ceil+ ( a tomb f ,!bes1 ,sev5te5? to ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies2 f ,c(fey1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie has /at$ t ! scroll or spiral 0 "o ( ! greate/ factors 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ornam5t1 & only second to ! lotus 9 ! "p x play$ 9 ! decorative ideas ( ! anci5t _w4 ,:at x symbolis$1 if symbolise any?+ x did1 we "k n4 ,"s affect to see 9 x a repres5tation ( ! w&]+s ( ! s\l1 b :y1 z ,pr(essor ,petrie sugge/s1 "s s\ls %\ld come to ! end ( _! w&]+s 9 a spiral & o!rs 9 an oval is n expla9$4 ,its olde/ use 0 on ! sc>abs1 :]e x 0 cle>ly us$ fir/ z 8fill+-90 ornam5t4 ,we c fir/ trace x ab\t #c1ejj ,b4,c4 ,at fir/ 9 loose unconnect$ 8,c0 & 8,s0 l9ks1 & aft]w>ds 9 e v>iety ( comb9ation1 cont9u\s z well z unconnect$1 ! scroll l9e w9ds its way = ages ?r\gh ! records ( ,egyptian decoration4 ,yet !re is a cle> m>g9 ( #ajjj ye>s at lea/ betwe5 any ,egyptian date ( its use & its appe>ance 9 ! art ( o!r anci5t c\ntries4 ,f ! fact t x is g5]ally col\r$ yell[ 9 ,egyptian designs1 ,pr(essor ,petrie inf]s t gold 0 us$ 9 ^! =ms to enclose gems1 cloisonn & col\r$ /ones2 inde$ ,s*liemann f\nd su* "w 9 8 explorations at ,myc54 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans rem>ks3#ga--8,on ! twelf? dyna/y ab\t betwe5 #bggh & #befe ,b4,c4 sc>abs ! return+ spiral motive1 z is well kn[n to ,egyptologi/s1 0 develop$ to an extraord9>y degree4 ,^! purely spiral types1 l ! twelf? dyna/y motives1 7 also copi$ by ! native ,cretan engrav]s4 ,f ,crete1 :]e we f9d ^! ,aegean =ms 9 actual juxtaposition ) _! ,egyptian prototypes1 we c trace !m to ! e>ly cemet]ies ( ,amorgos1 & "h & 9 o!r ,aegean isl&s l ,melos c see !m tak+ be=e our eyes m elaborate developm5ts4 ,re9=c$ a ?\s& ye>s lat] by r5ew$ intimacy ( contact betwe5 ! ,aegean peoples & ! ,egypt ( ,am5ophis ,,iii41 ! same sy/em 0 to rega9 a fre% vitality z ! pr9cipal motive ( ! ,myc5an goldsmi?'s "w4 ,b ?\gh ?is lat] influ5ce react$ on ,myc5an art ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 z c be se5 by ! ,or*om5os ceil+1 ! root ( its spiral decoration is to be f\nd 9 ! e>li] #8,aegean' sy/em engraft$ long be=e1 9 ! days ( ! twelf? dyna/y4 #ga ,a4 ,j4 ,evans1 8,primitive ,pictographs & a ,prae-,phnician ,script1 f ,crete & ! ,peloponnese10 ,j\rn4 ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xiv41 #ahid1 p4 #cbh4 8,9 ! wake ( e>ly comm]ce ! same spirali=m motives 7 to spread /ill fur!r afield to ! ,danubian bas91 & !nce 9 turn by ! valley ( ! ,elbe to ! ,amb] ,coa/ ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 !re to supply ! ,sc&9avian ,bronze ,age population ) _! lead+ decorative designs4 ,adopt$ by ! ,celtic tribes 9 ! ,c5tral ,european area1 !y took at a some:at lat] date a we/]ly turn1 rea*$ ,brita9 ) ! invad+ ,belgae1 & f9ally surviv$ 9 ,iri% ,art40#gb #gb ,cf4 also ,g4 ,c(fey1 8,! ,orig9s ( ,prehi/oric ,ornam5t 9 ,irel&10 ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ant4 ,irel&1 #ahid1 #ahie4 ,among ! mo/ frequ5t ( ! decorative designs employ$ by ! ,assyrians are ! knop 7or bud7 & fl[] patt]n & ! rosette1 & usually ^! are f\nd 9 comb9ation4 ,= ! =m] design ,i %all employ ! ,greek t]m 8,an!mion40 8,t fl[]10 write ,,mm4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1#gc 8has be5 recognis$ z ! ,egyptian lotus1 b ,lay>d believes its type to h be5 furni%$1 p]haps1 by a sc>let tulip :i* is v common t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( spr+ 9 ,mesopotamia4#gd ,we ourselves believe r 9 ! imitation ( a motive f ! /uffs1 ! jewels1 ! furniture1 & ! pott]y t ,mesopotamia drew f ,egypt at a v e>ly date ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( ! ,phnicians4 ,! ,phnicians !mselves appropriat$ ! same motive & introduc$ x ) _! own manufactures1 n only into ,mesopotamia b into e c\ntry wa%$ by ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,our conjecture is to "s ext5t confirm$ by an obs]vation ( ,sir ,h4 ,lay>d's4 ,?is lotus fl[] is only to be f\nd1 he says1 9 ! mo/ rec5t ( ,assyrian monum5ts1 9 ^?1 namely1 t date f ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies ,b4,c41 c5turies dur+ :i* ! ,assyrian k+s m ?an once invad$ ,phnicia & occupi$ ,egypt4#ge ,9 ! m anci5t bas-reliefs1 fl[]s ) a v diff]5t aspect--copi$ 9 all probability direct f nature--are alone to be f\nd4 #gc ,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 #ahhd1 i4 p4 #cjc4 #gd ,a4 ,h4 ,lay>d1 ,discov]ies 9 ! ,ru9s ( ,n9eveh & ,babylon1 i4 p4 #ahd1 note4 #ge ,n9eveh & its ,rema9s1 ii4 p4 #bab1 note4 8,! lotus fl[] is to be f\nd1 moreov]1 9 monum5ts mu* old] ?an ^? ( ! ,s>gonids1 b t does n 9 any way disprove ! hypo!sis ( a direct plagi>ism4 ,! comm]cial relations betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,nile & ! ,euphrates date f a mu* m remote epo*1 & ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? dyna/y ! ,egyptians seem to h occupi$ 9 =ce ! bas9 ( ! ,khab\r1 ! pr9cipal afflu5t ( ! ,euphrates4 ,lay>d f\nd _m traces ( _! passage ov] & soj\rn 9 t di/rict1 among !m a s]ies ( sc>abs1 _m ( :i* bore ! sup]scription ( ,?o?mes ,,iii4 #adha-addi ,b4,c44 ,s t ! po9ts ( contact 7 num]\s en\gh1 & ! mutual int]c\rse suffici5tly intimate & prolong$1 to acc\nt = ! assimilation by ,mesopotamian arti/s ( a motive tak5 f ! flora ( ,egypt1 & to be se5 on almo/ e object import$ f ! ,nile ,valley4 ,?is imitation appe>s all ! m probable z 9 ! pa9t+s ( ,!ban tombs1 dat+ f a mu* m remote p]iod ?an ! olde/ ,n9evite rema9s1 ! patt]n ) its alt]nate bud & fl[] is complete 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #ab74 8,! ,assyrians borr[$ _! motive f ,egypt1 b !y gave x m ?an ,egyptian p]fection4 ,!y gave x ! def9ite %apes t ev5 ,greece did n disda9 to copy4 ,9 ! ,egyptian frieze ! cones & fl[]s are disjo9t$2 _! isolation is unsatisfactory bo? to ! eye & ! reason4 ,9 ! ,assyrian patt]n !y are atta*$ to a cont9u\s undulat+ /em1 ^: s9u\s l9es add greatly to ! elegance ( ! composition40 ,:ile admitt+ t ! lotus motive ov]ran ,assyrian art1 !re is reason to believe t x did s only because !re 0 an antec$5t /yle ^u :i* x c\ld be engraft$4 ,! patt]n %[n 9 ,fig4 #aj1 ,plate ,,viii41 is an example ( an ,assyrian an!mion engrav$ on an ivory panel 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ( purely ,assyrian workman%ip4 ,x is wor? :ile attempt+ to trace ?is back z f> z possible4 ,9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,viii41 we h a patt]n pa9t$ 9 r$1 blue1 :ite1 & yell[ ^u pla/]1 discov]$ by ,sir ,h5ry ,lay>d 9 ,nebu*adnezz>'s palace 9 ,n9eveh4 ,9 ?is !re is a s]ial repetition ( a disc1 or sph]e1 :i* is p5dant2 all ! p5dants are connect$ by a s+le cord1 :i* appe>s z if x 7 drawn into loops by _! weight4 ,9 ,fig4 #g1 ,plate ,,viii41 we h a repres5tation f a /one c>v+ ( an ,assyrian pavilion1 & 9 ,fig4 #b a 8tab]nacle0 f ! fam\s bronze gates ( ,balawat1 :i* 7 made = ,%almanes] ,,ii41 & are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,yet m simple is ! tassell$ canopy 7,fig4 #f7 f an enamell$ brick f ,nimr\d1 a k+ :o is /&+ "u ?is canopy has a fr+e 7,fig4 #e7 to 8 robe :i* is compos$ ( alt]nate :ite & yell[ tassels4 ,k+ ,s>gon 7ab\t #gbb ,b4,c47 is also repres5t$ on a relief f ,khorsabad 9 ! ,l\vre1 ) a simil> fr+e 7,fig4 #a7 to ! hem ( 8 robe4 ,any "o :o has done any plait+ 9 b&s ( two col\rs kn[s t if ! int]sections be truly alt]nate ! fr+e along ! opposite bord]s w all be ( ! same col\r z 9 ,a1 ,plate ,,viii41 b if ! col\rs run 9 /ripes ! fr+e all r\nd w be compos$ ( alt]nate pat*es ( col\r4 ,:5 b&s compos$ ( sev]al ?reads are employ$1 x is necess>y to knot ! /r&s toge!r at ! edge to prev5t fray+4 ,a m pleas+ bord] is =m$ by tak+ half ! /r&s ( "o b& & ty+ !m to half ! /r&s ( ! next b& ( ! same col\r1 & s on 7,b1 ,plate ,,viii474 ,by ?is means we naturally obta9 a /ructural root-l orig9 = ea* tassel 9 ! fr+e1 :i* may be t]m$ ! connect+ /r&4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 ! common me?od ( f9i%+ (f ! edge ( ,assyrian textiles4 ,!re is ?us no difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = a fr+e ( tassels 7,figs4 #a1 #e1 ,plate ,,viii474 ,awn+s 7,fig4 #f7 z a protection f ! blaz+ sun 7 a v common feature 9 ,assyrian life4 ,:5 ! k+ w5t out on w>like or hunt+ exp$itions he took ) him a l>ge royal t5t or pavilion made ( 8sl5d] columns ) ri* capitals & a dom$ ro(1 made1 no d\bt1 ( sev]al sk9s sewn toge!r1 & kept 9 place by metal weights4#gf ,! pavilion 7,fig4 #g7 0 a civil edifice1 ! tempor>y re/+-place ( ! sov]eign4 ,! same mat]ials 7 employ$ 9 ! same _s 9 ! erection ( religi\s tab]nacles0 7,fig4 #b74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t brightly-wov5 rugs or mats 7 employ$ = ! small] canopies2 ^! w\ld ev5 m require ! employm5t ( weights to prev5t ! w9d f bl[+ ab\t ! cov]+4 ,"o c h>dly int]pret ! p5dants on ! royal pavilion 7,fig4 #g7 9 any o!r mann] ?an z weights to /eady ! awn+4 ,! p5dants w\ld 9 ! case ( textiles be fa/5$ on to ! tassels1 probably !y w\ld sometimes be plac$ on alt]nate tassels4 ,9 ! pavilion s (t5 ref]r$ to ! weight p5dants are ( two %apes1 9 ?is also c>ry+ out t alt]nate arrangem5t :i* manife/s itself /ructurally 9 mo/ textiles1 & :i* consequ5tly gives rise to ! feel+ ( expectancy 9 o!r objects4 ,ano!r example ( ?is is se5 9 ! repres5tation ( ! v9e 9 ,assyrian art1 = ! decorative s5tim5t has s possess$ ! arti/s z to cause !m to depict ! bran*es ) a leaf & a bun* ( grapes 9 regul> succession4 #gf ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,assyria1 i4 p4 #aid4 ,!re is no ne$ to g fur!r ?an ?is = ! orig9 ( ! ,assyrian an!mion4 ,we f9d a fr+e ( tassels 9 alt]nate col\rs1 we f9d a fr+e ( canopy weights ( alt]nate design1 we assume an occasional alt]nation ( fr+e & weight4 ,9 all cases ^! mu/ be s]ially unit$ by ! 8connect+ /r&40 ,h[ c ! /one-c>v] or ! wall-decorator repres5t ^! ?ree alt]natives8 ,cle>ly !y w\ld indicate r ?an imitate !m4 ,:at great] realism c\ld we expect ?an t :i* we h8 ,!re are _m ways ( mak+ tassels--= example1 ea* "o may be all[$ to splay out fan-wise1 or x may be tightly ti$ r\nd ! middle1 or b\nd r\nd s z to =m a k9d ( cone or sp9dle4 ,:e!r z v>i\sly ti$1 or diff]5tly col\r$ tassels1 or z alt]nate tassel & weight1 a bord] ( alt]nate memb]s organically spr++ f a common base 0 con/antly be=e ! sight ( ! arti/s ( ?is great textile manufactur+ p4 ,! conv5tionalis+ t5d5cy ( decorative art did ! re/1 & ! v>i\s =ms ( ,assyrian an!mion w\ld easily foll[4 ,a triple alt]nation 7,fig4 #i1 ,plate ,,viii47 occurs on an enamell$ brick tile f ,nimr\d 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is *>act]i/ically ,assyrian 9 /yle1 b x does n give t effect ( repose & satisfi$ expectancy :i* we dem& f a patt]n1 & 9 ?is respect we _c reg>d x z em95tly successful4 ,if ?is hypo!sis ( ,dr4 ,m>*'s ( ! evolution ( ! ,assyrian an!mion be correct1 ?is patt]n is ess5tially a skeuomorph1 b at ! same "t c]ta9 local plant-=ms 7 probably associat$ ) x4 ,let u n[ turn to ! bord] patt]n 7,fig4 #h1 ,plate ,,viii47 ( ! c>v$ /one ?re%olds1 :i* are occasionally f\nd 9 a m>vell\s /ate ( pres]vation4 ,"h we h a 8knop & fl[] patt]n0 :i* diff]s z mu* f ! ,assyrian /yle z x resembles t ( ,egypt4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is figure ) ,fig4 #ab1 ,plate ,,viii41 w conv9ce mo/ p t borr[+ has tak5 place4 ,x is n always easy to det]m9e h[ f> ! ,assyrian an!mion has be5 influ5c$ by native foliage or by conv5tional designs d]iv$ f ! local flora4 ,9 ^! ?re%old bord]s1 h[ev]1 ! ,egyptian phyllomorph has gr[n1 z ,dr4 ,m>* po9ts out1 l a floral p>asite on a skeuomorphic basis4 ,z introduc$ plants frequ5tly ov]run a new c\ntry & cr[d out native =ms1 s ! lu/y lotus invad$ ! field ( ,assyrian art1 & l>gely supplant$ pre-exi/+ phyllomorphs4 ,to return = a mom5t to ! ,egyptian patt]n1 ! 8proto-an!mion10 z "o may t]m x1 is *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( a connect+ /r&1 ! buds & fl[]s spr++ f a basal l9e4 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,m>*1 ) 8 usual +5uity1 has sugge/$ to me a v plausible explanation ( ?is fact4 ,! ,egyptian patt]n 0 phyllomorphic f ! beg9n+1 orig9at+ 9 symbolism x 0 primitively a reali/ic repres5tation ( an erect wat]-plant4 ,masp]o says ! decoration ( ea* "p ( ! ,egyptian temple 0 9 consonance ) its position4 ,! l[] p>ts ( ! walls 7 adorn$ ) long /ems ( lotus or papyrus--b\quets ( wat]-plants em]g+ f ! wat]4 ,?is !n is ! solution ( ! difficulty4 ,! ,egyptian an!mion1 d]iv$ f plants em]g+ f ! wat]1 has z a rule no connect+ /r&4 ,! ,assyrian v>iety1 d]iv$ f a tassel-skeuomorph1 is nev] )\t its loop$ base l9e1 is prim>ily p5dant1 & consi/s 9 ! e>lie/ /age ( plants t are non-aquatic4 ,! rosette 7,plate ,,viii41 ,figs4 #d1 #h1 #aj7 is usually /at$ to be an ess5tially ,mesopotamian device1 b x is scatt]$ up & d[n 9 ,egyptian & ,m$it]ranean art4 7,figs4 #gd1 #gh1 #gi1 #hd47 ,x may be *>act]i/ic ( ,assyria1 b x is by no means peculi> to x4 ,! rosette 9 ,egypt is probably ma9ly a lotus-motive2 ! upp] end ( ! yell[-ray$ se$-vessel may be reg>d$ z ! *ief orig9al1 b "s are und\bt$ly fully exp&$ lotus fl[]s se5 f above or bel[1 or a gr\p ( buds or ( fl[]s arrang$ radially4 ,h[ev] conv5tionalis$ x may become1 ! rosette is mo/ con/antly associat$ ) ! lotus 9 ,egypt1 ! l& ( its bir?4 ,_! association else:]e is only to be expect$1 z !re w\ld naturally be a t5d5cy = ! rosette to accompany ! knop & fl[] 9 _! migrations4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie1#gg x is ev5 d\btful :e!r ! rosette 0 truly ( vegetable orig94 ,! use ( lea!r-"w seem$ to h greatly modifi$ ! rosette4 ,its primitive =m did n look floral at all1 m]ely a circle ) :ite dott$ l9es radiat+ across4 ,lat]1 !re 7 conc5tric r+s ( col\rs1 ) ! same :ite dott$ l9es4 ,! /it*$ lea!r !ory expla9$ a :ole ho/ ( peculi> ornam5ts t c\ld h>dly o!rwise be und]/ood4 #gg ,newspap] ,report ( a ,lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itution 9 ,may #ahid4 ,goodye>#gh po9ts out 7p4 #aja7 t no dat$ example ( ! rosette is kn[n 9 ,assyria or ,*aldea be=e ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c4--i4e41 on ! dress ( ,m]oda*-id9-akhi1 ,k+ ( ,babylon4 ,x occurs ) o!r lotuses 9 ,egypt on ! head-dress ( ,nef]t1 a /atue ( ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 #ciih-cgba ,b4,c4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! e>li] ,egyptian k+s ( ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y conqu]$ ,assyria4 ,! reign ( ,?o?mes ,,iii41 :o1 accord+ to a contempor>y expression1 8drew 8 fronti]s :]e he pleas$10 is plac$ by ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie#gi f #adha-addi ,b4,c4 ,! ,egyptian empire !n compris$ ,abyss9ia1 ! ,s\dan1 ,nubia1 ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 "p ( ,arabia1 ,khurdi/an1 & ,arm5ia4#hj #gh ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus4 #gi ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,egypt1 i41 #ahid1 p4 #bea4 #hj ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,egypt1 i4 p4 #ai4 ,9 answ] to ! "q1 ,h[ is x t ! fact has be5 ov]look$ t ! rosette is z famili> a feature ( ,egyptian ornam5t z ! e>lie/ dat$ rema9s ( o!r ornam5ts8 ,goodye> 7p4 #ajb7 says t ! answ] app>5tly is t ! rosette is v abundantly kn[n on c>v$ slabs f ,n9eveh1 :ile ! ar*itectural surface c>v+s 9 ,egypt are almo/ absolutely de/itute ( rosette ornam5t1 b x is v frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 tomb pa9t+s4 ,^? :o h argu$ = ! ,assyrian orig9 ( ! rosette appe> to h only comp>$ ! /one c>v+s ( ! two c\ntries 9 "q1 b x is well kn[n t no borr[+ ( ar*itecture took place4 ,!re is evid5ce t portable objects 7 trad$ f ,egypt to ,mesopotamia1 & !re is no d\bt t ! purely decorative mural pa9t+s ( ,egyptian tombs 7 analog\s to ! patt]ns on ,egyptian textiles1 & ^! 7 trad$ to ! ,ea/4 ,! ?re%olds f ,assyria 7 und\bt$ly c>v$ 9 imitation ( rugs2 f ! monum5ts we may suppose t ! walls 7 (t5 decorat$ ) wov5 /uffs1 ! ornam5tation ( :i* 0 transf]r$ to /one & glaz$ bricks4 ,we may !n come to ! conclusion t ! mural decoration ( ,assyria 0 affect$ by ! designs ( textiles & o!r portable articles ( m]*&ise1 ! idiosyncrasy ( ?is c\ntry mak+ itself felt 9 ! selection & adaptation ( ,egyptian orig9als4 ,9 deal+ ) rosettes we mu/ be v c>eful n to fall into ! common error ( imag9+ t ?+s :i* are simil> are necess>ily ! same4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is book !re are sev]al examples ( ! facility ) :i* su* a mi/ake c\ld arise1 & sometimes has aris54 ,patt]ns & designs mu/ prim>ily be /udi$ 9 situ1 & ! w&]+ 8f ,dan to ,be]%eba0 is to be deprecat$ z a me?od4 ,x is only :5 ! indig5\s mat]ial is insuffici5t1 or fails 9 its results1 t ! comp>ative me?od %\ld be employ$1 & !n only :5 hi/ory1 tradition1 or o!r l9es ( evid5ce w>rant its use4 ,rosettes und\bt$ly occur 9 ,egyptian decoration z well z 9 ,assyrian4 ,goodye> makes a special plead+ = ! d]ivation ( ! latt] f ! =m]4 ,! "q really is--,are all ,assyrian rosettes lotus-motives :i* orig9ally _h _! s\rce 9 ,egypt8 ,few w d\bt t ,egyptian rosettes may h travell$ ) o!r lotus d]ivatives to ,assyria1 b x is improbable t a :olly =eign ornam5t %\ld /ud itself s pr(usely & ubiquit\sly ov] ,assyrian ar*itecture & manufactures4 ,i d n pr(ess to be able to sugge/ :at may be ! orig9al1 or orig9als1 ( ! primitive ,assyrian rosette2 b x does seem z if its vitality 0 increas$ & its employm5t fur!r p]petuat$ by ! cross-f]tilisation1 to speak figuratively1 ( ! immigrant ,egyptian v>iety4 ,9 /udy+ ! influ5ce ( ! lotus 9 decorative art we h to travel f> afield1 z x has left its trace ev5 9 ,india4 ,! art ( mod]n ,india is1 s to speak1 a m$ley compos$ ( =eign motives & influ5ces associat$ ) native designs & religion4 ,"u ! t]m 8native0 mu/ be includ$ all ! arti/ic influ5ces :i* h be5 af=d$ by ! mix$ races ( t va/ p59sula4 ,a v brief & limit$ survey ( "s ( ! hi/orical aspects ( ! "q mu/ suffice4 ,9 v e>ly days 8! ,*aldeans1 ^: cry is 9 _! %ips10 voyag$ to ,india = comm]cial purposes4 ,pro( ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! discov]y ( teak wood among ! ru9s ( ,mugheir4 ,x is agre$ also t !re are di/9ct traces ( ,assyrian influ5ces 9 ,indian art4 ,sir ,george ,birdwood#ha 7ii4 p4 #afb7 says1 8,! rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,f]gusson h %[n t /one ar*itecture 9 ,india does n beg9 be=e ! end ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c420 & aga9 7i4 p4 #ii71 8,!re is no kn[n ,h9du temple old] ?an ! six? or fif? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 & all ! e>li] /one build+s are ,buddhi/40 #ha ,g4 ,c4 ,m4 ,birdwood1 ,! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india1 #ahhj4 ,! same au?or has come to ! conclusion 7i4 p4 #adf7 8t ! rem>kable ,european "* ( ! ,buddhi/ic sculptures 9 ! ,panjab & ,afghani/an is due1 n to ,byzant9e1 b to ,greek influ5ce4 ,!y are unmi/akably ,buddhi/ic sculptures1 & may !re=e date f ,b4,c4 #bej to ab\t ,a4,d4 #gjj2 & any ( !m :i* are lat] ?an ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 may h be5 execut$ "u ,byzant9e influ5ce4444 ,dr4 ,leitn] 0 ! fir/ to insi/ on describ+ 7! ,buddhi/ic rema9s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pe%aw> 9 ! ,panjab7 z ,grco-,buddhi/ic sculptures4444 ,_! resemblance is probably due to _! hav+ be5 execut$ by ,indian workm5 f ,greek designs or models40 ,goodye> rem>ks1 8,at a lat] date ,h9du art became saturat$ ) ,mahomm$an lotus patt]ns4 ,^! 7 all orig9ally borr[$ 9 ! c\ntries conqu]$ by ! ,mohamm$an ,arabs1 dur+ ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d41 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,nor? ,africa1 & ,p]sia40 ,islam swept into h] net ! decorative art ( ! c\ntries %e conqu]$1 & z realism 0 d5i$ to h] ow+ to ! ,prophet's injunction aga9/ depict+ human or animal =ms1 %e _h to fall back on patt]ns1 b1 unkn[n to h]1 _m ( ^! 7 lotus d]ivatives4 ,x 0 ^! patt]ns t ! ,arabs br\ght ) !m to ,india4#hb #hb ,i h a note to ! foll[+ effect1 ! orig9 ( :i* ,i _c n[ trace3--,art "u ! ,mahomm$ans 9 ! fir/ c5turies appe>s to h be5 mu* enc\rag$1 z _m draw+s & pictures are %[n1 ?us upsett+ ! g5]al belief t ! ,koran =bade ! repres5tation ( human & animal figures4 ,! picture ( a rid] belong+ to ! p]iod ( ,arab civilisation is rem>kably spirit$1 ! folds ( ! rid]'s g>m5ts1 z well z ! figure itself1 be+ admirably portray$4 8,! hi/ory ( ,india10 cont9ues ,goodye>1 8?us expla9s :y its app>5tly fav\rite wat]-lily ! ,nelumbium has _h s little influ5ce on its ornam5tal patt]ns4 ,al?\gh naturali/ic r5d]+ ( ! rose wat]-lily is f\nd 9 anci5t & mod]n ,ori5tal art1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is has no?+ to d ) ! dom9ance ( a patt]n1 :i* is a matt] ( te*nical tradition4 ,x appe>s t ! fam\s ,indian wat]-lily ex]cis$ no visible influ5ce on ! art ( ,egypt1 & t ,egyptian patt]ns h invad$ its own home by _m pa?s1 at _m times1 borne by waves ( hi/oric influ5ce :i* are admitt$ to h det]m9$ ! "* ( ,h9du art s9ce ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c41 :i* is ! fir/ c5tury 9 :i* ?is art is kn[n to u40 ,examples ( ,indian =ms ( ! an!mion w be f\nd on ,s9dh pott]y 7,plate ,,viii41 ,fig4 #aa71 on ,delhi & ,ca%m]e %awls1 & on innum]able o!r objects & temple c>v+s4 ,if "o comp>es ! an!mion comb9$ ) an 8a/ragal0 m\ld+ 9 ,fig4 #hj1 :i* is f ! ,lt at ,allahabad1 ) ,figs4 #g & #e1 ,plate ,v41 :i* are purely ,greek1 x w be evid5t t borr[+ has tak5 place4 ,"o _c foll[ ,sir ,george ,birdwood#hc :5 he says ?is 8neck+ imm$iately bel[ ! capital repres5ts ) consid]able purity ! honeysuckle ornam5t ( ! ,assyrians1 :i* ! ,greeks borr[$ f !m ) ! ,ionic ord]4 ,its =m is d]iv$ orig9ally f ! ,date ,hom1 b x really repres5ts1 conv5tionally1 a fl[]y lotus1 z ! ,bh>hut sculptures enable u to det]m9e4 ,! #8reel & bead' patt]n runn+ along ! l[] bord] ( ! neck+ repres5ts ! lotus /alks40 ,?is au?or does n /ate :i* lotus he ref]s to1 probably x is ! ,nelumbium or ,rose wat]-lily1 b ! /alk$ fl[]s add$ on ea* side ( ! c5tral an!mion h no di/9ctive "*1 nor c ,i see t ! figures he gives ( ! ,bh>hut sculptures are any m def9ite4 #hc ,g4 ,c4 ,m4 ,birdwood1 ,! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india1 ii41 #ahhj1 p4 #afg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,an!mion & a/ragal m\ld+ f ! ,lt 7/one column7 at ,allahabad2 f ,birdwood1 aft] ,f]gusson4 ,! ,buddhi/ mission>ies c>ri$ ?is patt]n ) !m to ,*9a1 :]e on "s ( ! pott]y unmi/akable lotus d]ivatives occur1 & ^? too ( ! an!mion s]ies4 ,f ! ,ori5t we mu/ retrace our /eps we/w>d4 ,p]sian art may be left on "o side1 z x 0 l>gely a legacy ( ,assyrian4 ,among ! ,m$it]ranean peoples ! ,phnicians claim fir/ att5tion on acc\nt ( _! e>ly assum$ rle ( middle-m54 ,b z ,p]rot & ,*ipiez rem>k1 8,9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w we c h>dly say t ,phnicia _h a national art4 ,%e built mu* & sculptur$ mu*1 s we _c say %e _h no art at all2 b if we attempt to def9e x1 x eludes u4 ,l an un/able *emical comp\nd x dissolves into its elem5ts1 & we recognise "o z ,egyptian1 ano!r z ,assyrian1 & yet ano!r1 9 its lat] ye>s1 z purely ,greek4 ,! only ?+ t ! ,phnicians c claim z _! own is ! recipe1 s to speak1 = ! mixture40 ,h]odotus tells u t ! ,phnicians _h 9 _! %ip 8,egyptian & ,assyrian goods40#hd #hd ,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 ,art 9 ,phnicia & its ,dep5d5cies1 #ahhe1 ii4 p4 #dbg4 ,n only did ! ,phnicians b>t] 9 =eign objects1 b !y manufactur$ articles = trade1 & 7 exp]t craftsm54 ,at ! fun]al games 9 hon\r ( ,patroklos 8! son ( ,peleus set =? o!r prizes = fleetness ( foot2 a mix+-b[l ( silv]1 *as$2 six measures x held1 & 9 beauty x 0 f> ! be/ 9 all ! e>?1 = artific]s ( ,sidon wr\ght x cunn+ly1 & m5 ( ! ,phnicians br\ght x ov] ! mi/y sea40#he ,z _! home-made goods 7 int5d$ = =eign m>kets1 !y probably copi$ m or less exactly f ,egyptian & ,assyrian s\rces4 ,!y 7 artific]s r ?an orig9al arti/s1 _! object 0 ga94 #he ,iliad1 xxiii4 7,lang1 ,leaf1 ,my]s47 ,on ! :ole x appe>s t ! ,egyptian influ5ce 0 m pat5t on ,phnician art ?an t ( ,assyrian1 b on ! o!r h&1 ! ,phnician religion 0 ,semitic1 & by ?is !y 7 f> m closely alli$ to ,*aldea & ,assyrian ?an to ,egypt4 ,?r\gh f> w&]+s & endless traffick+ ! 8,phnician1 practis$ 9 deceit1 a gre$y knave10 z ,hom] dubs him1 introduc$ numb]less objects into ! ,m$it]ranean littoral :i* 7 ornam5t$ ) lotus designs or ) patt]ns ( lotus orig94 ,! great skill ( ! ,*aldeans & ,assyrians 9 weav+ & embroid]y enabl$ !m to produce textiles :i* 7 highly valu$ :]ev] !y f\nd _! way4 ,! appropriation ( 8a goodly ,babyloni% g>m5t0 f ! loot ( ,j]i*o by ! un=tunate ,a*an %[s h[ mu* ^! fabrics 7 priz$4 ,we "k t ! decoration ( ^! beautiful & preci\s commodities react$ on ! designs ( ,phnician manufactur]s1 & directly or indirectly _h "s effect 9 guid+ ! nasc5t art ( ,europe4 ,:5 ! ,greeks 7 a "y & gr[+ p !y1 l mo/ ( _! neighb\rs1 7 =c$ to trade ) ! ,phnicians !y s despis$1 & 7 ?us acqua9t$ ) trade goods f ,mesopotamia & ,egypt4 ,! ,ionic ,greeks 7 m p>ticul>ly influ5c$ by ,ori5tal art4 ,! designs f e>ly ,greek tombs & ! spoils recov]$ by ! spade 9 rec5t excavations cle>ly %[ ! nationality ( ! fo/]-mo!rs ( ,greek art4 ,! lessons le>nt 9 *ildhood are h>d to =get1 & s1 foll[+ ! traditions ( _! fa!rs1 ! decorators cont9u$ to employ ! same g5]al patt]ns & designs t !y saw ar\nd !m & :i* !y _h inh]it$4 ,= c5turies we see ! an!mion reproduc$ 9 ar*itecture 7,fig4 #hb & ,pl4 ,v41 ,fig4 #g71 pa9t+1 pott]y1 v>i$ x may be 9 detail1 b ess5tially ! same patt]n4 ,r>ely go+ direct to nature = inspiration1 ! ,greeks 7 cont5t ) endless repetitions ( slight v>iants ( ! "o et]nal & highly unconv5tional design4 ,! m5tal unre/ ( ! ,greeks1 :i* 0 always seek+ some?+ new1 0 9 m>k$ contra/ to _! decorative cons]vatism4 ,:5 ! trade ( ,europe 0 tak5 up by ,greeks !y fur!r dissem9at$ ?is dom9ant motive4 ,9 less *a/e =m we f9d x 9 ,roman art4 ,! ,r5aissance gave x1 ) o!r matt]s classical1 a new lease ( life4 ,b ,europe 0 n dep5d5t on ,greek & ,roman influ5ces alone = ! spread ( ! an!mion4 ,! ,crusad]s br\ght away ) !m _m ,ori5tal goods1 & t1 too1 f ! meet+-place ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,lat] ! ,moors invad$ ,spa91 & left z ! jetsam ( _! retreat a weal? ( mat*less decorative art1 among/ :i* our old patt]ns may also be trac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,s>ac5ic ,alg]ian detail2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,ravoisi4 ,by ?is "t x is (t5 flamboyant4 7,fig4 #ha47 ,! isolat$ elem5ts ( ! design may h be5 ! orig9 ( ! fleur de lis1 ( :i* ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales' ,fea!rs appe> to be a v>iant4#hf #hf ,! read] is also ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,e4 ,bonavia's /udies 7,! ,flora ( ! ,assyrian ,monum5ts & its ,outcomes1 #ahid7 = ano!r !oretical orig9 ( ^! designs4 ,he lays /ress on ! practice ( fix+ horns on trees1 & o!r places1 by ! ,assyrians4 ,we n only see horns & modifications ( horns symmetrically us$ on ! /em ( _! sacr$ trees1 b we meet ) !m z decorative t]m9ations on ! poles ( ! royal t5ts 7,plate ,,viii41 ,figs4 #b & #g74 8,!y 7 symbols ( p[] aga9/ ! evil eye & evil spirits0 7p4 #bje74 ,soon] or lat] !y 7 sure 8to h be5 tak5 up by arti/s1 & modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways into decorations = walls ( temples1 palaces1 etc4 ,& s1 9 tru?1 we see ^! horns1 at fir/ probably us$ solely f sup]/iti\s reasons1 pass+ aft]w>ds into motives = v>i\s decorative purposes0 7p4 #ada74 8,:at is call$ ! honeysuckle patt]n1 or an!mion1 is no?+ b ! date-tree head support$ by horns4444 ,?is s-call$ honeysuckle patt]n is n1 ,i ?9k1 ! only outcome ( ! sup]/ition ( ty+ horns on trees1 = ,i believe ! fleur-de-lys1 s mu* us$ 9 h]aldry z a royal emblem1 & on _m coats-(-arms1 seems b a modifi$ imitation ( ! real horns ti$ on trees or po/s0 7p4 #adb74 ,dr4 ,bonavia discusses ! hi/ory ( ! latt] motive4 ,x appe>s probable t x 0 introduc$ to ,fr5* h]aldry by ,l\is ,,vii4 on 8 return f ! ,crusades1 & x is also likely t ! device 0 indep5d5tly associat$ ) ! lily & ! iris 9 v>i\s c\ntries aft] its real orig9 _h be5 =gott54 7,?is applies equally to ,goodye>'s or to ,bonavia's !ory47 8,! top ( ! ,assyrian sacr$ date-tree1 ) its support+ horns1 0 probably tak5 up by ! ,greeks & modifi$ into ornam5ts = friezes40 ,9 support ( ?is proposition ,dr4 ,bonavia illu/rates an an!mion f ! ,ere*!ium 7,fig4 #hb74 8,!re are num]\s ar*itectural & decorative designs :i*1 ,i ?9k1 are traceable to ! ,assyrian date-tree & its horns4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,wales' fea!rs are p]haps also a desc5dant ( ! same motive4 ,!re are 9 x ?ree elem5ts held toge!r by means ( a cr[n1 :i* may be a modification ( ! ligature0 7p4 #aed74 ,! trid5t & ! caduceus are also suppos$ by ?is au?or to be 8luck-horns0 atta*$ to a w&4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ligatures are usually v di/9ct 9 ,assyrian an!mia 7,plate ,,viii41 ,figs4 #i & #aj71 & !y require an explanation z mu* z any o!r detail ( ! design4 ,dr4 ,bonavia reg>ds !m z ! la%+s ( luck-horns :i* h become modifi$ into volutes4 ,dr4 ,colley ,m>*1 z we h se51 attributes !m to a textile orig94 ,on ! o!r h&1 we f9d ligatures 9 ,egyptian lotus designs1 z 9 ,fig4 #gg1 :]e !re is no suspicion ( ,assyrian influ5ce2 future rese>* w d\btless %[ :e!r ! c5tral ligatures 9 ,figs4 #he & #hi ,a are ,assyrian1 ,egyptian1 or local 9 orig94 ,?r\gh\t ! art ( ! civilis$ _w ( to-day we f9d repeat$1 aga9 & aga91 ! misnam$ honeysuckle patt]n1 or ! an!mion1 z x is pref]able to call x4 ,mo/ ( our mod]n examples c be trac$ to ,anci5t ,greece1 b ev5 !re x _h a ho>y antiquity & probably a multiple ance/ry4 ,x is n improbable t future rese>* w demon/rate t ! hi/ory ( ?is patt]n is f> m complex ?an t :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to sket* out4 ,its amaz+ longevity may be due to ! fact t x arose f v>i\s radicles1 & :5 ! bran*es met _! diff]5ces 7 n too great to c\nt]balance _! resemblances1 & s a fusion or m+l+ ( elem5ts c\ld easily & naturally result4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,ionic capital ( ! ea/]n portico ( ! ,ere*!ium4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--;,e>ly =m ( ,ionic capital f ,ne&reia2 aft] ,cl>ke4 ,mr4 ,goodye> has an elaborate /udy ( ! evolution ( ! ,ionic capital 7,fig4 #hb7 f ! an!mion4 ,a ,g]man ar*itect & critic1 ,semp]1#hg appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ to d]ive ! ,ionic capital f ! volutes ( ! ,assyrian palmette 7,pl4 ,,viii41 ,figs4 #i1 #aj7 by a process ( gradual suppression ( ! leafy portion & increase ( ! scroll4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,cl>ke#hh support$ & elaborat$ ?is !ory4 ,at ,ne&reia1 ne> ,assos1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 he discov]$ an ,ionic capital 7,fig4 #hc7 :i* is a valuable 8miss+ l9k40 ,b1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,goodye>1 !re is no ne$ to seek an ,assyrian orig9 = ?is capital :5 all ! int]m$iate /ages c be f\nd 9 ,egypt & 9 ! ,greek ,isl&s4 #hg ,g4 ,semp]1 ,d] ,/il 9 d5 te*nis*5 und tektonis*5 ,kn/5 7#bnd ed471 #ahgh4 #hh ,j4 ,t4 ,cl>ke1 8,a ,proto-,ionic ,capital f ! ,site ( ,ne&reia10 ,am]ican ,j\r4 ( ,ar*ol41 #ahhf1 ii4 p4 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,lotus design f a geometric vase f ,cyprus2 aft] ,goodye>4 ,9 ,fig4 #hd & ,fig4 #acj1 ,f1 we h a lotus ) curl+ sepals on pots f ,cyprus2 no "o c dispute t ^! are really lotuses4 ,! curl+ sepals become m spiral 9 ,rhodian 7,fig4 #acj1 ,g71 & especially 9 ,melian pott]y 7,fig4 #he74 ,! c5tral rosette has n[ become m leaf-l1 b !re are num]\s true ,egyptian examples ( ?is1 z 9 a comp\nd fl[] 7,fig4 #hf7 f a tomb ceil+1 or aga9 7,fig4 #hg71 on a blue-glaz$ lotus p5dant f a necklace 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y4 ,9 ! ,ow5s ,college ,museum1 ,man*e/]1 !re is a some:at simil> enamel tomb amulet ( ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y 7#bggh-befe ,b4,c474 ,! transition f ^! to ! /one or t]ra-cotta an!mion ( ! ,p>!non 7,fig4 #hh7 is v gradual4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,lotus d]ivative on a vase ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 f ,melos2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,conze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,comp\nd fl[]1 bas$ on ! lotus1 ,!bes1 ,eighte5? to ,tw5tie? ,dyna/ies2 f ,goodye>1 aft] ,prisse d',av5nes4 ,?us1 accord+ to ?is view1 ! volute ( ! ,ionic capital is m]ely a droop+ lotus sepal1 :i* became spiral 9 ! ,grecian ,ar*ipelago4 ,_m ( ! ,ionic capitals1 especially ! e>li] ones1 exhibit di/9ct traces ( ! c5tral palmette1 b ev5tually only ! spirals p]si/$1 & ! cleft betwe5 ! curl+ sepals 0 gradually r$uc$ s t _! /ems came to appe> z a transv]se b& end+ 9 volutes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,lotus p5dant f an ,egyptian necklace ( ! ,n9ete5? ,dyna/y2 aft] ,goodye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,an!mion f ! ,p>!non4 ,9 foll[+ ?is view ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,ionic capital we h practically trav]s$ t ( ! an!mion4 ,! m typical examples ( ?is patt]n n only pres5t u ) ! elem5t :i* we h already briefly /udi$1 b alt]nat+ ) x is a trefoil4 ,= ?is aga9 !re are any numb] ( ,egyptian orig9als 9 :i* ! trefoil indicates a lotus fl[]2 9 ?is case all ! petals h be5 elim9at$ & only ! sepals p]si/4 ,lack ( "t prev5ts me f attempt+ to foll[ ! fasc9at+ evolution ( v>i\s patt]ns & designs :i* adorn ,grecian temples & vases2 b ,i mu/ p]mit myself to indicate a probable orig9 ( an exce$+ly common patt]n :i* has also ov]run our own art4 ,i ref] to ! s-call$ egg-&-d>t m\ld+ ( ,greek entablatures 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #e71 & ! same motive pa9t$ on vases or m\ld$ on ! lat] ,samian w>e 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #f74 ,9 ^! two figures ! patt]n is drawn 9 its usual position1 b1 ! bett] to foll[ ! argum5t1 a typical v>iety is figur$ 7,fig4 #hi7 rev]s$4 ,!re are _m v>ieties1 f a s]ies ( ,u-%ap$ figures ) alt]nat+ dots1 z _m ,greek vases 7,fig4 #hi1 ,e71 ?r\gh ! ,samian device 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #f7 & ,ere*!ium v>iety 7,fig4 #hb & ,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #e71 to o!rs 9 :i* !re is great] complexity & m floral =ms 7,fig4 #hi1 ,d74 ,) any giv5 s]ies ( designs x is possible to beg9 at ei!r end--9 ! "o case !re is an asc5d+ evolution1 9 ! o!r a deg5]ation4 ,/ud5ts ( ! biological me?od ( treat+ decorative art w recognise t ! latt] is by f> ! mo/ g5]al ord] 9 ! evolution ( patt]ns1 & by adopt+ x 9 ?is case ,pr(essor ,goodye> has be5 able to demon/rate ! life-hi/ory ( ?is patt]n to ! satisfaction ( _m /ud5ts4 ,9 ,fig4 #hi1 ,a1 we h a typical lotus fl[] & bud patt]n or ,greek patt]n f ,rhodes2 ! same design occurs 9 a simplifi$ =m on a fragm5t ( ,greek pott]y f ,naukratis 7,fig4 #hi1 ,b71#hi 9 :i* ! lotus fl[] is n[ a lotus trefoil2 & 9 ,fig4 #hi1 ,c1 ! patt]n is disrupt$4 #hi ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,naukratis1 i41 #ahhd-he2 ,egyptian ,exploration ,fund1 #ahhf1 ,plate ,,vii41 ,figs4 #a1 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--;,hypo!tical d]ivation ( ! 8egg-&-d>t0 m\ld+ f a lotus patt]n2 accord+ to ,goodye>4 ,a4 ,lotus an!mion on a vessel f ,rhodes2 aft] ,salzmann4 ,b1 ,c4 ,lotus an!mia on pott]y f ,naukratis2 aft] ,fl9d]s ,petrie4 ,d4 ,egg-&-d>t m\ld+ f ! ,ere*!ium4 ,e4 ,degrad$ egg-&-d>t patt]n pa9t$ on a ,grecian vase4 ,9 ,greek vases we usually f9d t decoration has be5 made ) a f9e feel+ = appropriat5ess2 ?us ! erect an!mion occurs :5 ! vase is swell+1 b :]e x is contract+ an inv]t$ an!mion is plac$1 because ! decorative l9es ?us wid5 to correspond ) ! expansion ( ! vase4 ,aga91 9 ,egyptian tomb ceil+s ! bord]+ lotus patt]n is inv]t$1 z ! base l9e ( ! design naturally is made to correspond ) ! p]iph]al l9e ( ! ceil+--9 o!r words1 ! lotus an!mion 0 inv]t$4 ,we h !n a pa9t$ lotus bud & trefoil patt]n :i* 0 (t5 inv]t$ & z (t5 a simple design4 ,accord+ to ?is view1 ! egg ( ! egg-&-d>t patt]n is simply a semi-oval left betwe5 two lotus trefoils1 ! d>t be+ ! c5tral sepal4 ,:5 ?is design came to be incis$ 9 /one1 ! new te*nique v slightly modifi$ ! patt]n1 & ! flat oval areas necess>ily came to be c>v$ z r\nd$ or leaf-%ap$ projections4 ,on ^! latt] occasionally appe> rem9isc5ces ( ! int]v5+ buds1 z on ! ,ere*!ium leaf-&-d>t m\ld+4 ,_m v>iants occur 9 ?is device1 especially 9 ,roman sculpture4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> po9ts out t ! egg-&-d>t m\ld+ z su* is unkn[n to ,egyptian patt]ns1 ow+ to ! almo/ entire abs5ce 9 ,egyptian art ( c>v$ or incis$ lotus bord]s ( any k9d1 a pref]5ce = flat ornam5t 9 col\r be+ ! rule4 ,/one c>v$ patt]ns ( any k9d 9 ,egyptian art are q r>e be=e ! ,ptolemaic p]iod4 ,9 ,greek art ! abs5ce ( patt]ns 9 project$ c>v+ is also a g5]al rule d[n to ! "t ( ! ,ere*!ium4 ,9 ,greek art also col\r decoration on flat surfaces 0 ! rule 9 ar*itecture = e>li] p]iods2 = example1 a leaf-&-d>t patt]n 0 pa9t$ on a ,doric capital 9 g9a4#ij #ij ,w4 ,h4 ,goodye>1 8,orig9 ( ! ,acan?us motive & ,egg-&-,d>t ,m\ld+10 ,! ,ar*itectural ,record1 iv41 #ahid1 p4 #hh4 8,! ,ionic capital1 ! #8honey-suckle1' ! egg-&-d>t m\ld+1 ! me&]1 ! v>i\s =ms ( spiral ornam5t1 ! guillo*e & ! rosette1 & "s few o!r motives1 belong to "o ornam5tal sy/em1 & h nev] be5 us$ 9 ,europe1 ap>t f hi/oric connections ) _! orig9al sy/em1 s9ce ! ,greeks1 & h nev] be5 us$ 9 ,europe s9ce prehi/oric ages1 )\t di/9ct dep5dance on ! ,greeks4 ,z f\nd ) ! ,greeks !y c all be trac$ back to ,egyptian s\rces2 except ! guillo*e1 :i* is only ! lat] v>iant ( ! spiral scroll4 ,! guillo*e patt]n has be5 f\nd 9 ,egypt on pott]y dat$ to ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y 7#bgjj ,b4,c471 :i* 0 probably made by =eign]s resid5t 9 ! c\ntry1 b x may easily be an ,egyptian patt]n :i* has n yet be5 specifi$ z su*4 8,! ,egyptian rosette c be dat$ to ! ,f\r? ,dyna/y1 #ciih-cgba ,b4,c4 ,s9ce t "t its hi/ory has be5 cont9u\s4 ,s9ce its fir/ transmission to ,europe x has nev] be5 re9v5t$ 9 ,europe1 = !re 0 nev] an occasion or a *ance to re9v5t x !re4 8,! spiral scroll is dat$ to ! ,fif? ,dyna/y1 & ! me&] 7at pres5t7 to ! ,?irte5? ,dyna/y1 ab\t #bejj-bjjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,egyptian ,ionic capital is dat$ to ! ,eighte5? ,dyna/y1 #aehg-acbg ,b4,c4 ,! ,egyptian an!mion 7#8honey-suckle' orig9al7 is dat$ to ! ,twelf? ,dyna/y 7#bggh-befe ,b4,c474 ,a consid]ably high] antiquity ?an ! giv5 date mu/ be assum$ 9 all cases40#ia #ia ,w4 ,h4 ,goodye>1 8,are ,conv5tional ,patt]ns ,spontane\sly ,g5]at$10 ,! ,ar*itectural ,record1 ii41 #ahic1 p4 #bia4 ,?is 9 brief is ,pr(essor ,goodye>'s !ory2#ib x is +5i\s1 b "t w %[ h[ f> x w conv9ce /ud5ts ( ?is subject4 ,x is q possible t ! egg-&-d>t patt]n may h _h a multiple orig94 ,dr4 ,colley ,m>* is /ill incl9$ to see 9 x a k9d ( arti/ic rem9isc5ce ( ! ends ( beams 7,plate ,v41 ,fig4 #a7 ( e>li] wood5 build+s2 b x is highly improbable t ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,mr4 ,hulme is ! correct "o4 ,he says3 8,! e*9us1 or horse-*e/nut1 is also call$ ! egg-&-tongue or egg-&-d>t m\ld+1 a v>iety ( names t may be tak5 z conclusive ( ! fact t x be>s no great resemblance to any?+ at all1 b is a purely arbitr>y =m40#ic ,! v>iety ( names is conclusive only ( ! ignorance ( ! "n-giv]s z to :at ! patt]n orig9at$ f4 ,9 future ^? :o write on decorative art w h to prove t any patt]n or design is a purely arbitr>y =m2 t assumption is no long] p]missible4 #ib ,pr(4 ,goodye> ackn[l$ges 7,gramm> ( ,lotus7 t ,p4 ,e4 ,newb]ry _h indep5d5tly arriv$ at a simil> conclusion 9 #ahhe1 & t ,ow5 ,jones 9 #ahef & ,lon de ,vesley 9 #ahgj _h sugge/$ a lotus orig9al = ! egg-&-d>t patt]n4 #ic ,f4 ,e4 ,hulme1 ,! ,bir? & ,developm5t ( ,ornam5t1 #ahic1 p4 #hf4 ,we h left ! lotus f> beh9d1 & ?\gh x is h>d to believe t ! multitud9\s designs ( s _m ages & ( su* div]se c\ntries are all d]iv$ f ! sacr$ fl[] ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 yet x may well be t ! olde/ /ock 0 a lotus d]ivative1 & t ! symbolism ( t fl[] gave to x suffici5t vitality to spread & multiply & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,c4 ,zoomorphs4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t our *ildr5 v e>ly take delight 9 pictures ( animals & 9 mak+ del9eations ( !m4 ,x is fur!r noticeable t ! quality ( ! draw+ makes no diff]5ce to *ildr51 & !y are z pleas$ ) ! crude/ repres5tation ( an animal z _! eld]s are ) a life-l portrait4 ,9 all ?is ! *ild closely resembles ! folk1 :e!r !y be ! backw>d classes among ourselves or ! less advanc$ peoples4 ,all ^! agree 9 be+ satisfi$ ) diagrammatic realism4 ,savages1 h[ev]1 v>y greatly 9 _! p[] ( repres5t+ animal =ms4 ,9 ,fig4 #c we h a numb] ( outl9es ( animals :i* 7 et*$ on bamboo pipes or c>v$ on wood5 drums by ! ,papuan natives ( ! isl&s ( ,torres ,/raits or ( ! adjac5t coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! figures are all r$uc$ to ! same scale by photography f trac+s ( ! orig9al del9eations1 & are !re=e fai?ful copies ( ! orig9als4 ,a glance at ! figure w %[ t ! animals are drawn ) a v fair degree ( accuracy1 s t 9 mo/ cases x is p]fectly easy to id5tify ! g5us ( ! animal int5d$4 ,!re are num]\s little t\*es :i* appeal to ! eye ( ! naturali/ z indicat+ ke5 obs]vation on ! "p ( ! arti/s2 = example1 ! %>ks 7,c1 ,d7 are always drawn ) unequally lob$ tails1 ! tail ( ! dugong 7,m7 is accurately r5d]$2 sev]al *>act]i/ic details are1 z a rule1 well br\ght out 9 ! draw+s ( ! cass[>ies 7,k74 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are sev]al anatomical mi/akes1 z = in/ance1 giv+ %>k-l gill-slits to a bony-fi%1 or ev5 to a crocodile4 ,! m\? is repres5t$ 9 a suck]-fi% 7,f7 z be+ on ! upp] side ( ! head1 :]eas x %\ld be und]nea?1 & ! view ( t fi%'s tail w\ld be impossible f t p>ticul> po9t ( view2 b ^! & num]\s o!r simil> examples :i* ,i c\ld "n are m]ely due to a desire to express sev]al sali5t features1 )\t reg>d to ! possibility ( _! be+ all se5 at once4 ,! arti/s' aim 0 to give a recognisable repres5tation ( animals1 & 9 ?is !y h z a rule succe$$ p]fectly2 x is capti\s to expect m f !m4 ,on o!r p>ts ( ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea "o r>ely meets ) repres5tations s life-l z ^!1#id & n[h]e else on t l>ge/ ( isl&s are s _m k9ds ( animals drawn4 ,animals are (t5 depict$ by ! ,au/ralians1 b usually ^! are v poor z works ( art2 !y are also employ$ 9 pictography4 #id ,o4 ,s*ellong1 8,notiz5 b] das ,zei*n5 d] ,melanesi]10 ,int]nat4 ,ar*4 fr ,e?nogr41 viii41 #ahie1 p4 #eg4 7,plates ,,viii41 ,,ix47 ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 ,! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,al?\gh animals are s frequ5tly drawn by ! ,torres ,/raits ,isl&]s1 !y nev] arrange !m 9 gr\ps or 9 s]ies4 ,!y are pictures ( individuals1 drawn = decorative effect1 b !y h no /ory to tell4 ,! only exception to ?is rule occurs 9 ! case ( c]ta9 animals1 two ( :i* are sometimes plac$ symmetrically on ! decorat$ object4 ,repres5tations ( animals are n uncommon 9 ,melanesia1 b !y are di/9ctly ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ,polynesia4 ,!y occur 9 great pr(usion 9 ,am]ica f nor? to s\?1 b "h !y are pr$om9antly religi\s or pictographic 9 significance4 ,animal =ms are n *>act]i/ic ( ,african art1 except among ! ,bu%m51 & !re we f9d pictures ( animals :i* are comp>able ) ^? ( ! ,eskimo or ! natives ( ,torres ,/raits4 ,z f> back z ! "t :5 m5 hunt$ ! re9de] & wild horse 9 ,we/]n ,europe d we f9d draw+s ( animals4 ,?is 0 at ! "t p]iod :5 ! glacial cold 0 abat+ & :5 m5 liv$ 9 caves1 us$ *ipp$1 unpoli%$ /one implem5ts1 & 7 unacqua9t$ ) pott]y4 ,9 ar*ological nom5clature ?is is kn[n z ! ,epoque ,magdalni5ne ( ! ,cave ,p]iod 9 ! ,paloli?ic ,age4 ,! figures ( ! mammo?1 re9de]1 horse 7,fig4 #ij71 etc41 are usually clev]ly et*$ on bone or ivory1 & sometimes !y are wond]fully life-l & accurate2 ! repres5tation ( human be+s are z a rule v weak inde$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,horses et*$ on an antl] f ,la ,madela9e2 f ,taylor4 8,! wild horse roam$ 9 imm5se h]ds ov] ,europe1 & =m$ ! *ief food ( ! paloli?ic hunt]s4 ,9 "s ( ! cav]ns 9 ,france ! rema9s ( ! horse are m abundant ?an ^? ( any o!r animal1 m ev5 ?an ^? ( ! wild ox4 ,?us at ,solutr1 ne> ,macon1 ! bones ( horses1 :i* _h =m$ ! food ( ! inhabitants ( ?is /ation1 =m a deposit ne>ly #aj feet 9 dep? & m ?an #cjj feet 9 l5g?1 ! numb] ( skeletons repres5t$ be+ e/imat$ at f #bj1jjj to #dj1jjj4 ,?is primitive horse 0 a dim9utive animal1 n mu* l>g] ?an an ass1 /&+ ab\t #ac h&s high1 ! l>ge/ specim5s n exce$+ #ad h&s4 ,b ! head 0 ( disproportionate size1 & ! tee? 7 v p[]ful4 ,he resembles ! t>pan or wild horse ( ! ,caspian /eppes4 ,a spirit$ repres5tation ( two ( ^! wild horses is engrav$ on an antl] f\nd at ! /ation ( ,la ,madela9e 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,dordogne40#ie #ie ,isaac ,taylor1 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans1 p4 #aeh4 ,x is impossible = me to d m ?an j t\* on ! subject ( ! relation ( animals to decorative & pictorial art2 ! few examples ,i c (f] w1 h[ev]1 demon/rate its importance4 ,:]ev] x occurs ! crocodile or ! alligator1 z ! case may be1 almo/ inv>iably f9ds its way into ! decorative art ( ! di/rict4 ,f nor? to s\? ! crocodile ass]ts itself 9 ! decorative art ( ,new ,gu9ea2 = fur!r in=mation ! read] is ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,uhle1#if :o has made an elaborate /udy ( ! crocodile 9 ,malayo-,papuan art1 has not$ ! /range metamorphoses to :i* x is subject$ 9 nor?-we/ ,new ,gu9ea2 he also draws att5tion to ! cult ( ! reptile 9 ^! p>ts4 ,! belief ( a relation%ip betwe5 ! crocodile & man occurs among ! ,malays ( ,sumatra1 ,batta1 ,java1 ,makass> & ! ,bugis1 ,tagals1 9 ,banka1 ,timor1 ,b\ru1 ,aru1 & ! s\?-we/]n isl&s4 ,! ,javanese h no fe> ( ! crocodile :5 ba?+1 !y believe t _! 8gr&fa!rs0 & 8fa!rs0 c\ld d !m no h>m4 ,! crocodile is rev]5c$ 9 ,borneo & kill$ only :5 ! blood-rev5ge dem&s x2 _! tee? are us$ z talismans all ov] ! isl&4 ,! inhabitants ( ,kupang & ,timor h an unconqu]able fe> ( ! kill+ ( crocodiles & pray by dead ones4 ,ev5 ! ,malays 7,hovas7 ( ,madagasc> are afraid to kill crocodiles1 s9ce !y w\ld rev5ge !mselves4 #if ,m4 ,uhle1 8,holz- und ,bambus-,g]! aus ,n4,w4 ,neu ,gu9ea10 ,k4 ,e?4 ,mus41 ,dresd51 vi41 #ahhf1 p4 #f4 ,f ,melanesia we w pass to ,c5tral ,am]ica & take advantage ( ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes's ma/]ly /udy ( ! anci5t art ( ! prov9ce ( ,*iriqui 9 ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4#ig #ig ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 8,anci5t ,art ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,*iriqui1 ,colombia10 ,six? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhd-he4 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh4 ,:]ev] x occurs1 ! crocodile or ! alligator1 z ! case may be1 almo/ inv>iably f9ds its way into ! decorative art ( ! di/rict4 ,f nor? to s\? ! crocodile ass]ts itself 9 ! decorative art ( ,new ,gu9ea2 &1 al?\gh associat$ ) o!r animals1 ! alligator pr$om9ates among ! zoomorphs ( ! ,*iriqui4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,conv5tional alligator f ! 8lo/ col\r0 w>e ( ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,9 ,fig4 #ia1 we h a highly conv5tionalis$ repres5tation ( an alligator4 ,! scutes 7or scales7 are repres5t$ by spott$ triangles & run along ! entire l5g? ( ! back2 a r[ ( da%es 9 ! m\? indicates ! tee?4 ,9 ano!r class ( w>e ! treatm5t is q diff]5t1 m clumsy1 b prom95ce is giv5 to a numb] ( correspond+ features2 ! /rong curve ( ! back1 ! triangles1 dots1 ! muzzle1 & m\?4 ,9 ,fig4 #ib all ! lead+ features are recognisable1 b are v mu* simplifi$1 & ! body is )\t indication ( scales1 ! head is )\t eyes1 ! jaws are )\t tee?1 & ! upw>d curve ( ! tip ( ! upp] jaw 9 ! la/ figure is greatly exagg]at$1 b ?is is a common feature 9 ^! repres5tations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--,simplifi$ figure ( an alligator f ! 8alligator0 w>e ( ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,! spaces to be decorat$ also l>gely det]m9e ! l9es ( modification4 ,9 ,fig4 #ic we h an example cr[d+ an elongat$ figure into a %ort rectangul> space4 ,! head is turn$ back ov] ! body1 ! sunk5 curve ( ! back is enorm\sly exagg]at$1 & ! tail is ?r[n d[n along ! side ( ! panel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,alligator design1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! animal =m1 lit]ally r5d]$1 does n fill ! panels satisfactorily4 ,! head & tail d n correspond1 & !re is a lack ( balance4 ,9 su* cases1 z ,mr4 ,holmes po9ts out1 two heads h be5 pref]r$4 ,! body is giv5 a uni=m d\ble curve & ! heads are turn$ d[n1 z 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,?is figure 8is extremely int]e/+ on acc\nt ( its complexity & ! novel treatm5t ( ! v>i\s features4 ,! two feet are plac$ close toge!r ne> ! middle ( ! curv$ body1 & on ei!r side ( ^! are ! "u jaws turn$ back & arm$ ) d5tal projections = tee?4 ,! *>act]i/ic scale symbols occur at int]vals along ! back2 & v curi\sly at "o place1 :]e !re is scant room1 simple dots are employ$1 %[+ ! id5tity ( ^! two *>act]s4 ,"s curi\s auxili>y devices1 ! orig9 ( :i* is obscure1 are us$ to fill 9 m>g9al spaces40 ,judg+ f "s ( ! figures 9 ,fig4 #ajj we may reg>d ! upp] supplem5t>y device z ano!r alligator d]ivative4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--;,alligator del9eation1 greatly modifi$1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,fig4 #ie is an extreme =m ( conv5tionalis$ alligator :i* has become metamorphos$ into an app>5tly mean+less design :i* is int5d$ to be symmetrical4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,highly conv5tionalis$ alligator d]ivative1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,9 ,fig4 #if we h a s]ies %[+ ! deg5]ation ( ! alligator into a curv$ l9e & a spot4 ,! s]ies %[n 9 ,fig4 #ig illu/rate ! t5d5cy ( l9e> b&s n only to cramp ! orig9al 9 a v]tical direction1 b to =ce x into a s]ial patt]n4 ,fig4 #ig1 ,a1 is a simplification ( su* a two-head$ =m z ,fig4 #id4 ,"o might be tempt$ to reg>d x z a d\bly tail$ =m1 b su* d n appe> to h be5 recognis$ by ,mr4 ,holmes4 ,! transition f ?is und\bt$ alligator d]ivative to ! broad *evron ( ,fig4 #ig1 ,e1 is q obvi\s1 ! conv5tional scutes1 dott$ triangles1 toge!r ) ! zigzag body alone =m+ ! patt]n1 & 9 ,fig4 #ig1 ,f1 ! latt] has disappe>$4 ,mr4 ,holmes /ates 8!re is little d\bt t ! s]ies cont9ues fur!r1 end+ ) simple curv$ l9es & ev5 ) /raight l9es unaccompani$ by auxili>y devices40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,s]ies ( d]ivatives ( ! alligator1 %[+ /ages ( simplification1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,s]ies ( alligator d]ivatives1 %[+ modification ?r\gh use 9 n>r[ zones1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,mr4 ,holmes also po9ts out t ! ,*iriqui h arriv$ at ! scroll & fret by way ( ! alligator4 ,i c "h illu/rate only two ( ^! 7,figs4 #ih1 #ii72 9 ^! ! body ( ! reptile is ! elem5t ( ! design4 ,9 o!r cases ,mr4 ,holmes f9ds t p>ts ( ! creature1 su* z head1 feet1 eye1 or scales1 assume ! role ( radicles1 & pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( modification end+ 9 purely geometrical devices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,scroll d]iv$ f ! body-l9e ( ! alligator1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,fret d]iv$ f ! body-l9e ( ! alligator1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,! designs 9 ,fig4 #ajj are pa9t$ ^u l[ r\nd$ prom95ces on vases1 & h5ce are enclos$ 9 circles4 ,9 ,fig4 #ajj1 ,a1 ! alligator is coil$ up1 b /ill pres]ves "s ( ! well-kn[n *>act]s ( t reptile4 ,9 ,b1 we h ! d\ble hook modification ( ! alligator's body1 b ! triangles are plac$ sep>ately aga9/ ! encircl+ l9e4 ,9 ! next figure ! body-l9e is omitt$1 & ?ree dott$ scutes alone repres5t ! animal4 ,! f\r scutes ( ! next designs assume a symmetrical position1 & ! c5tral cross$ l9e may repres5t ! alligator's body4 ,9 ! la/ figure ( ?is s]ies ! cross has become ! pr$om9at+ feature1 & ! spots h migrat$ into x1 s t ! triangles h become m]e int]spaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,s]ies ( alligator d]ivatives1 %[+ modification ?r\gh use )9 a circul> area1 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,f9ally1 ,fig4 #aja is a zone patt]n1 pa9t$ on an e>!n drum1 ! c5tral zigzag l9e repres5ts ! body ( ! alligator1 & ! not*$ hooks its extremities2 ^! are "h arrang$ ) p]fect regul>ity1 b sometimes only ! latt] occur 9 patt]ns1 & !n !y are (t5 some:at irregul>ly dispos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,patt]n compos$ ( alligator d]ivatives1 f a clay drum pa9t$ 9 ! /yle ( ! 8lo/ col\r gr\p10 ,*iriqui2 aft] ,holmes4 ,f 8 prolong$ /udy ( anci5t ,am]ican art1 ,mr4 ,holmes =mulates ! foll[+ g5]alisation3--8,! ag5cies ( modification inh]5t 9 ! art 9 its practice are su* t any p>ticul> animal =m ext5sively employ$ 9 decoration is capable ( *ang+ into or giv+ rise to any or to all ( ! highly conv5tional decorative devices ^u :i* our lead+ ornam5ts1 su* z ! me&]1 ! scroll1 ! fret1 ! *evron1 & ! guillo*e1 are bas$0 7p4 #ahg74 ,! importance ( ! foll[+ conclusion is obvi\s3--8,we are absolutely c]ta9 t no race1 no art1 no motive or elem5t 9 nature or 9 art c claim ! exclusive orig9ation ( any "o ( ! well-kn[n or /&>d conv5tional devices1 & t any race1 art1 or individual motive is capable ( giv+ rise to any & to all su* devices4 ,no?+ c be m absurd ?an to suppose t ! signification or symbolism atta*+ to a giv5 =m is uni=m ! _w ov]1 z ! ideas associat$ ) ea* mu/ v>y ) ! *annels ?r\gh :i* !y 7 develop$0 7p4 #ahc74 ,! inve/igations ( ,dr4 ,p4 ,ehr5rei* & ,pr(essor ,k>l von d5 ,/e95 on ! decorative art ( v>i\s tribes 9 ,c5tral ,brazil h l$ to results :i* may1 )\t exagg]ation1 be t]m$ />tl+4 ,! patt]ns employ$ by ^! p typically belong to ! class :i* is popul>ly describ$ z geometrical4 ,on page #agf ,i h select$ examples ( ^! patt]ns :i* w give a fair idea ( ! /yle ( design4 ,dr4 ,ehr5rei*#ih in=ms u t 9 ! ,bakari *iefs' huts a frieze ( black5$ b>k tablets run along ! wall :i* are pa9t$ 9 :ite clay ) v *>act]i/ic figures & patt]ns ( fi%4 ,all ! geometric figures are 9 reality diagrammatic repres5tations ( concrete objects1 mo/ly animals4 8,?us a wavy l9e ) alt]nat+ spots d5otes a l>ge1 d>k-spott$ colossal snake1 ! ,anaconda 7,eunectes mur9us72 a rhomboidal m>k signifies a lagoon-fi%1 :]eas a triangle does n by any means indicate t simple geometrical figure1 b ! small1 ?ree-corn]$ article ( wom5's clo?+0 7p4 #ih74 #ih 8,mit!ilung5 b] die zweite ,x+u-,exp$ition 9 ,brasili510 ,zeits*rift fr ,e?nologie1 xxii41 #ahij1 p4 #hi4 ,! foll[+ quotation is also translat$ f ,dr4 ,ehr5rei*#ii3--8,! ornam5ts ( ! ,k>aya consi/ ( patt]ns ( zigzag l9es1 crosses1 dots1 loz5ges1 & peculi> int]rupt$ me&]s1 :]eas ! quadrate & triangle occur only incid5tally 7t is1 ow+ to ! fill+ up ( o!r figures71 & circles are entirely abs5t4 ,z 9 ! ornam5tation ( ! ,x+us tribes1 s also "h occur ^? app>5tly entirely arbitr>y geometrical comb9ations fundam5tally ( :olly def9$ concrete pres5tm5ts1 ( :i* ! mo/ *>act]i/ic traits are !re9 reproduc$4 ,un=tunately x is n always possible to correctly asc]ta9 ! respective natural objects4 ,! frequ5tly occurr+ cross 7,fig4 #ajb1 ,a71 :i* 9 ,am]ica has s (t5 giv5 occasion = amus+ hypo!ses1 is "h no?+ b a k9d ( liz>d4444 ,also peculi>ly *>act]i/ic are ! ext5sive w+s ( a bat 7,fig4 #ajb1 ,b71 z well z ! frequ5tly occurr+ snake patt]n1 su* z ,fig4 #ajb1 ,c1 :i* repres5ts ! rattlesnake1 :ile ano!r snake is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ajb1 ,d4 ,accurate repres5tations ( m5 & animals1 z we "k !m to be done s excell5tly by ! ,bu%m5 & ,eskimo1 d n appe> to be =?com+ among ! ,k>aya40 #ii 8,beitrge zur ,vlk]kunde ,brasili5s10 ,v]ff5tli*ung5 aus dem knigli*5 ,museum fr ,vlk]kunde1 ,b]l91 ii41 #ahia1 pp4 #bd1 #be4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,patt]ns ( ! ,k>aya1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 aft] ,ehr5rei*4 ,a4 ,liz>ds2 ,b4 ,fly+ bats2 ,c4 ,a rattlesnake2 ,d4 ,a snake4 ,a4 ,incis$ on a grave-po/2 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 ,plait$ on ! h&les ( combs4 ,pr(essor von d5 ,/e95#ajj describes ! above-m5tion$ frieze m fully4 ,! pieces ( b>k1 :i* 7 f #ae cm4 to #dj cm4 7#f to #af in*es7 broad1 7 black5$ ) soot1 & ! :ite or yell[i% lime appli$ ) ! f+]s4 ,! frieze itself 0 ov] #ef m4 7ov] #ahd feet7 9 l5g?4 #ajj ,unt] d5 ,naturvlk]n ,z5tral-,brasili5s3 ,reises*ild]ung und ,ergebnisse d] ,zweit5 ,s*+-,exp$ition1 #ahhg-hh4 ,b]l91 #ahid4 ,i w\ld ask ! read] to ref] back to ,fig4 #eb1 p4 #ig1 al?\gh ?is motive is n a zoomorph1 9 ord] to %[ t triangul> designs1 or result+ zigzags1 may h v>i\s orig9s4 ,only "o tablet repres5t$ a plant4 7,fig4 #fi47 ,x indicates ! leaves ( a small 8cabbage0-be>+ wild palm4 ,! bulk ( ! motives = ! decorative art ( ^! p1 ! ,s*+ tribes 7! ,x+u tribes ( ,ehr5rei*71 are drawn f ! animal _w2 ,fig4 #ajc ,a1 ,h1 ,i1 ,k1 are ,bakari patt]ns1 & ,figs4 #ajc ,b-,f ^? ( ! ,auet4 ,! patt]n to ! "r 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,h1 indicates a k9d ( ray1 ! *>act]i/ic r+s & dots :i* ornam5t ! sk9 ( ?is fi% are "h repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,patt]ns f ,c5tral ,brazil1 aft] ,von d5 ,/e954 ,a4 ,bakari paddle2 ,b-,e4 ,m]es*u 7fi%7 patt]ns ( ! ,auet2 ,f4 ,locu/ design1 ,bakari2 ,g4 ,fi%-%ap$ bull-ro>]1 ,nahuqu2 ,h4 ,sukuri 7snake7 & ray patt]ns2 ,i4 ,jiboya 7snake72 ,k4 ,agau 7snake72 ,h-,i4 ,bakari tribe4 ,common to all ! tribes ( ! ,s*+ /ock is ! employm5t ( conv5tionalis$ repres5tations ( ! m]es*u4 ,?is is a small compress$ lagoon-fi%1 ab\t #ai cm4 7#g in*es7 long1 & #i4e cm4 7#c in*es7 deep2 its col\r is silv]-grey ) br[n spots4 ,! m]es*u belongs to ! g5us ,s]rasalmo or ,myletes2 ! figure on p4 #bfj1 giv5 by ,von d5 ,/e951 looks z if x 7 drawn f a badly-pres]v$ _s specim51 & "o fails to see h[ ,fig4 #ajc1 ,c1 = example1 c\ld by any /ret* ( ! imag9ation be consid]$ to sugge/ t fi%4 ,on p4 #fac ( ,dr4 ,gn!r's ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,fi%es 7,ed9burgh1 #ahhj7 is an outl9e figure ( ,s]rasalmo scapul>is2 ! cont\r ( ?is fi% is approximately rhomboidal1 ! head1 ! dorsal f91 & ! tail f9 occupy ?ree ( its angles1 & ! anal f9 practically runs up to ! f\r? angle4 ,von d5 ,/e95 po9ts out t 9 mo/ cases repres5tations ( ^! animal-=ms are incisions1 n pa9t+s1 & ! diagrammatic r5d]+ ( curv$ l9es by angles is due to ?is fact4 ,! patt]ns :i* ,i am ab\t to describe are common to num]\s alli$ tribes1 & ev]y:]e ^! patt]ns be> ! "n by :i* ?is k9d ( fi% is locally kn[n4 ,sometimes ! m]es*u fi% is employ$ s+ly1 b mo/ frequ5tly a numb] ( !m are ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! decorat$ surface1 & betwe5 ! fi%es s+le1 d\ble1 or ev5 sev]al l9es may be drawn1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,b1 ,c1 ,e2 ^! latt] repres5t ! net by means ( :i* ^! fi% are caught4 ,?us we may h a fi%-patt]n or a fi%es-9-net patt]n4 ,^! patt]ns are del9eat$ on masks1 po/s1 sp9n+-:orls1 & o!r objects4 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,b1 is a patt]n ( ! m]es*u fi%es-9-net gr\p1 b ! fi%es !mselves are entirely fill$ up ) black1 & n _! angles only4 ,! ,auet patt]n drawn 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,f1 is int5d$ = a mail$- or armadillo-fi%4 ,on a ,bakari paddle 7,fig4 #ajc1 ,a7 are incis$ f\r circles1 :i* are ! r+-m>k+s ( a ray1 p9uki1 on ! o!r side ( a transv]se l9e foll[ two m]es*u 9 ! me%es ( a net1 !n a pak1 & f9ally sev]al kumi fi%4 ,pr(essor von d5 ,/e95 believes t ! object ( ?is decoration is simply to br+ fi% close to ! paddle4 8,b x is extremely in/ructive to see10 he cont9ues1#aja 8t conc]n+ ^! scribbl+s1 ?\gh !y c]ta9ly d n d5ote any?+ 9 _! ord] ( arrangem5t1 consequ5tly are n picture-writ+2 h[ev]1 e s+le "o is by no means a casual fl\ri%1 b ! diagram ( a well-def9$ object1 & consequ5tly1 9 fact1 repres5ts ! elem5t ( a picture-writ+40 #aja ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bfi4 ,zigzags & wav$ l9es are snakes4 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,k1 repres5ts common l&-snake1 ! agau1 or cobra ( ,brazil2 to ! left is ! tail1 ! head is simply r5d]$1 & z ! sk9 ( ! snake is m>k$ ! arti/ *>act]is$ x by add+ spots4 ,v simil> is ! sukuri wat]-snake or anaconda 7,boa scytale71 drawn to ! left ( ,fig4 #ajc1 ,h4 ,a boa-con/rictor is indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,i2 ! r[ ( diamonds left on ! d>k backgr\nd1 betwe5 ! two r[s ( triangles1 repres5ts ! m>k+ ( ! snake's sk94 ,! l>g] t]m9al diamond to ! left is probably ! boa's head4 ,a snake is also pa9t$ on a ,nahuqu bull-ro>] 7,fig4 #ajc1 ,g74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,patt]ns d]iv$ f bats2 aft] ,von d5 ,/e954 ,a4 ,bakari2 ,b1 ,c4 ,auet4 ,we h se5 t r[s ( horizontal triangles are uluris1 wom5's triangles1 b :5 !y are m>g9$ above by a l9e1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 ,b1 !y are bats2 b r[s ( triangles v]tically dispos$1 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 ,c1 are hang+ bats2 ,fig4 #ajd1 ,a1 is also a bat device4 ,ano!r triangul> ornam5t 7,fig4 #aje7 repres5ts small birds1 call$ by ! ,bakari natives y>itamze1 t is1 !y are a p>ticul> k9d ( bird1 n birds 9 g5]al4 ,f9ally1 "o w\ld naturally consid] t ! ornam5t engrav$ on ! po/1 ,fig4 #ajc1 ,d1 is simply ! fav\rite m]es*u patt]n2 b ,von d5 ,/e95 assures u t ! c5tral design is n compos$ ( m]es*u1 9 :i* ! angles are only slightly fill$ up1 b t x is a locu/1 ! l9es aris+ f ! angles ( ! loz5ge be+ ! legs4 ,?is locu/ patt]n is1 h[ev]1 associat$ ) true m]es*us1 :i* may be se5 betwe5 ! legs ( ! locu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--;,bird design1 ,bakari1 ,c5tral ,brazil2 aft] ,von d5 ,/e954 ,9 ,europe & 9 our own c\ntry we c /udy analog\s trans=mations4 ,m or less recognisable animals break out1 z x 7 into scrolls & floral devices1 z on ,samian vases 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #a71 on ,gauli% swords 7,fig4 #b71 on ,pompeian walls 7,fig4 #c71 & on ! gold ornam5ts ( ,tuscany 7,fig4 #e74 ,9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,vi41 we h on an anci5t pot f ,new ,mexico a decorative treatm5t ( birds :i* recalls t ( ! mural pa9t+s ( ,pompeii4 ,(t5 9 ,greece & ,italy symmetrical scrolls are associat$ ) a head4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #f47 ,! scrolls !mselves may1 9 "s cases1 be an animal =m :i* has end$ 9 a fl\ri%1 z is tak+ place 9 ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #e2 or 9 o!rs !y may be ! remnants ( plant motive4 ,dr4 ,colley ,m>* calls att5tion to old b5*-ends ( ,engli% *ur*es1 notably ^? 9 ,cornwall1 :i* are frequ5tly surm\nt$ by a cr\*+ quadrup$2 at a lat] p]iod ?is appe>s to be conv]t$ into a s+le scroll l t :i* adorn$ ! old pews 9 ,ormskirk ,*ur*4 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #g47 ,an anci5t silv] plate 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #h71 f\nd 9 a tumulus at ,l>go1 ,fife%ire1 is decorat$ ) ! di/ort$ =e-half ( an animal4 ,! trans=mation is advanc$ to flamboyant curves 9 ! zoomorph ( ! ,dunni*5 ,/one 7,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #i72 b ! head & e> & legs c /ill be di/+ui%$4 ,x is n q c]ta9 :at animal ?is is int5d$ to repres5t4 ,e>l ,s\!sk#ajb believes x to be ! horse1 :i* 0 sacr$ to ,frey1 & is a special symbol ( ! sun4 ,! second figure is v rem>kable1 b x seems to be an extreme & foliat$ =m ( ! same zoomorph4 #ajb ,orig9s ( ,picti% ,symbolism1 #ahic4 ,!re are num]\s examples ( l9e> s]ies ( animals 9 ! e>ly art ( ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,greece1 & o!r arti/ic c5tres1 b ^! d n appe> to h develop$ into patt]ns1 possibly because ! units 7 readily recognisable1 on ! o!r h&1 s]ially repeat$ conv5tionalis$ zoomorphs frequ5tly metamorphose into patt]ns4 ,^! patt]ns by repeat$ copy+ t5d to become simplifi$ till f9ally n only is all trace ( ! orig9al long lo/1 b ! resultant patt]n may s resemble o!r simple patt]ns z to be indi/+ui%able f !m4 ,?is may easily lead to confusion & cause ! designs to be class$ z "o4 ,we ?us come to ! conclusion t be=e any patt]n c be t]m$ ! same z ano!r1 its life-hi/ory mu/ be /udi$1 o!rwise analogy may be confus$ ) homology1 & false relation%ips erect$4 ,?+s :i* are simil> are n necess>ily ! same4 ,at ! extreme s\?-ea/ end ( ,new ,gu9ea & 9 ! adjac5t ar*ipelago ! mo/ frequ5t designs are beautiful scroll patt]ns1 :i* are subject to _m v>iations4 ,i h already#ajc describ$ _m ( ^!1 & s !re is no ne$ to aga9 repeat :at ,i h said1 except to rem9d ! read] t all ^! patt]ns are v>iations ( s]ially repeat$ conv5tionalis$ heads ( ! frigate-bird4 ,i %all aga9 allude to ?is bird :5 ,i deal ) ! relation ( religion to art4 #ajc ,pp4 #di-ef1 & at great] l5g? 9 my ,memoir on ! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 ! same di/rict "o occasionally meets ) a patt]n 7,fig4 #ajf7 :i* 9 "s respects resembles ! =m] & appe>s 9 "s cases to h be5 conf\nd$ ) x4 ,?is "o cle>ly arises f ! s]ial repetition ( conv5tionalis$ heads ( crocodiles4 ,! illu/ration is "p ( ! c>v$ rim ( a wood5 b[l 9 my possession1 :i* probably came f ! ,trobri&s or ! ,woodl>ks4 ,! triangles above ! crocodiles' sn\ts are col\r$ black1 ^? b\nd$ by _! jaws are pa9t$ r$4 ,!re is yet ano!r me?od ( repres5t+ animals :i* consi/s 9 gr\p+ !m s z to tell a /ory1 or1 9 o!r words1 to make a picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! c>v$ rim ( a wood5 b[l 9 ! au?or's collection4 ,probably f ! ,woodl>ks or ,trobri&s1 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,"o ?ird natural size4 ,gr\p$ animals r>ely occur by !mselves 9 decorative art2 m51 h\ses1 implem5ts1 & ev5 vegetation are frequ5tly associat$ ) !m4 ,! ,arctic peoples1 su* z ! ,lapps1 ,eskimo1 etc41 greatly affect ?is =m ( art4 ,! bulk ( ^! pictures are repres5tations ( hunt+ sc5es1 & _m incid5ts 9 ! lives ( ^! hyp]boreans are depict$ on bone & ivory4 ,!re is reason = reg>d+ ^! z records ( p>ticul> ev5ts 7cf4 p4 #bjg72 b !y are also v useful to u z illu/rations ( native life & indu/ry4 ,animals are sometimes drawn =e%ort5$1 & confus$ h]ds ( re9de] are (t5 figur$2 b ! gr\p+ is ma9ly l9e>1 )\t effects ( p]spective be+ attempt$4 ,?is k9d ( art is extremely r>e among/ savage peoples1 9 fact its pres5ce may be reg>d$ z "o ( ! pro(s t ! p practis+ x h pass$ f a purely savage condition1 & h made "s advance t[>ds civilisation4 ,x has rea*$ its highe/ po9t 9 ! works ( ! great animal pa9t]s ( ! pres5t day1 & ?us has be5 "o ( ! la/ =ms ( graphic art to be p]fect$4 ,z a g5]al rule ! inf]ior repres5tations ( animals 9 gr\ps1 & ( animal pictures g5]ally1 are n due to ! process ( decay4 ,!y are ! bad workman%ip ( inf]ior craftsm54 ,x is ! imp]fection ( immaturity1 n ! symptom ( decad5ce4 ,! la/ /age ( ! life-cycle ( ?is class ( zoomorphs occurs :5 incompet5t draughtsm5 copy ! "w ( a ma/]2 :51 = example1 we see on ! walls ( c\ntry inns *eap & badly-drawn copies ( ,l&se]'s pictures4 ,animals also play a l>ge "p 9 my?ology1 & x is (t5 v difficult to det]m9e ! limits ( totemism 9 ?is direction4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 numb]less in/ances ( leg5d>y communications & relation%ips1 ( fri5dl9ess & enmity betwe5 animals & m51 :i* h no connection ) totemism1 & ^! (t5 =m ! subject ( decorative art4 ,sometimes ! animal alone is repres5t$1 at o!r times bo? man & animal are depict$1 & accord+ to _! arti/ic treatm5t we may h pictures1 or %\ld ! zoomorph & an?ropomorph be r5d]$ s*ematically1 het]omorphism may result4 ,at pres5t we h to deal ) repres5tations ( animals :i* illu/rate "s belief1 my?1 or folk-tale4 ,! sacr$ art ( ! ,hebrews 0 almo/ free f zoomorphs1 & t ( ,islam totally s2 ) ^! exceptions !re has sc>cely be5 a religion 9 :i* zoomorphs h n play$ a great] or less "p4 ,i ne$ only rem9d ! read] ( ! num]\s examples 9 :i* animals are depict$ 9 illu/ration (1 or z a k9d ( mnemonic ( a folk-tale1 a leg5d1 or my?1 & ( "s sacr$ tradition or belief4 ,!re are s _m int]m$iate /ages betwe5 ^! diff]5t phases t x is (t5 impossible to draw ! l9e betwe5 !m4 ,! religi\s belief1 ) its sacr$ tradition ( "o age1 becomes ! my? or ! leg5d ( a lat] p]iod1 subsequ5tly x is p]petuat$ z a folk-tale2 lat] x may s]ve to amuse *ildr51 & la/ly x becomes ! object ( sci5tific /udy4 ,:at ,i h t]m$ ! /hetic life-hi/ory may occur to ! zoomorph at any or all ( ^! /ages ( religi\s decad5ce4 ,!re is no correlation betwe5 an extreme or m$ium phase 9 ! /hetic cycle & a correspond+ /age 9 ! religi\s s]ies4 ,to take a homely example1 ! illu/rations ( ! mo/ rec5tly publi%$ fairy-tales are z a :ole ( great] arti/ic m]it ?an has be5 ! av]age illu/ration ( sacr$ n>ratives dur+ any p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,d4 ,an?ropomorphs4 ,z a g5]al rule1 savages are less skilful 9 ! del9eation ( ! human =m ?an !y are ) repres5tations ( animals1 nor is x usually employ$ s frequ5tly z might be expect$4 ,x is = religi\s purposes t ! human =m is mo/ frequ5tly repres5t$1 & ,i ref] ! read] to ! section 9 :i* religion is dealt ) = illu/rations ( ?is fact4 ,i employ ! t]m 8human =m0 advis$ly1 z ?is includes ! images ( bo? gods & m54 ,at "o /age ( its evolution 9 ! human m9d1 deity1 l ! ,spectre ( ,brock51 is ! %ad[y image ( man project$ on ! cl\ds4 ,s ! gods are mo/ naturally repres5t$ z m51 b (t5 ) special attributes4 ,n[1 ^! attributes are wor?y ( special /udy z be+ ! mile/ones :i* indicate ! di/ance :i* any giv5 religi\s conception has trav]s$4 ,9 ! di/ant vi/a ( "t we c dimly p]ceive ! trans=mation ( ! totem animal into ! god4 ,9 ! highe/ p]iod ( ,greek sculpture ! evolution 01 = example1 p]fect$ 9 8ox-ey$ lady ,h]a10 consort ( ,olympian ,zeus1 & 9 ! ,cnidian /atue ( ,demet]1 8,"m-,e>?10 ^: ar*aic repres5tation 0 a wood5 image ( a woman ) a m>e's head & mane4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ! ,egyptian pan!on 0 peopl$ by gods arre/$ 9 ! process--gorgonis$ tadpoles ( div9ity4 ,/ill e>li] /ages may ev5 n[ be not$ among savage peoples4 ,i "k ( no example ( ! prepond]at+ employm5t ( ! human face = decorative purposes to be comp>$ ) :at ,i h e/abli%$ = ! natives ( ! ,papuan ,gulf4 ,illu/rations ( ?is w be f\nd 9 ,figs4 #aj-ai1 & 9 my ,memoir on ,papuan ,art1 b only an exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( objects f ?is di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea w br+ home to ! /ud5t ! rem>kable ubiquity ( ! motive4 ,we h no in=mation conc]n+ ! reason = copy+ human faces2 my impression is t x is relat$ to ! initiation c]emonies1 :i* we "k f ! acc\nts ( ! ,rev4 ,james ,*alm]s to be v prolong$ & important4 ,"o w\ld expect to f9d m animal repres5tations among ^! p ?an appe> on objects 9 our e?nographical collections4 ,possibly ^! p are pass+ f ! totemi/ic into ! an?ropomorphic phase ( religion1 & ! latt] f9ds mo/ expression 9 _! art4 ,h[ev]1 su* speculations are futile until we obta9 f> m detail$ & ext5d$ in=mation ( _! religion ?an we at pres5t possess4 ,human be+s are comp>atively r>ely repres5t$ m]ely = decorative purposes4 ,9 pictographs !y h no pr$om9at+ position4 ,b :5 we come to portraiture ! matt] is v diff]5t2 "h we h an adequate motive = ! del9eation ( ! human =m & face2 x is1 h[ev]1 v notewor?y t portraiture1 z su*1 only occurs among/ civilis$ communities4 ,possibly ! explanation ( ?is may be f\nd 9 ! widespread savage philosophy ( sympa!tic magic4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em a portrait has a v vital connection ) ! subject1 & any damage done to ! c\nt]feit w\ld be exp]i5c$ by ! orig9al4 ,portraiture !n w\ld be too haz>d\s to heal?1 or ev5 life1 to be lightly und]tak54 ,:at we h se5 happ5+ to plants & animals is also ! fate ( m5 9 decorative art4 ,a few examples "h w suffice4 ,new ,zeal& is "o ( ! places :]e an?ropomorphs ab\nd1 due 9 ?is case to ance/or cult4 ,! %ort s]ies ( ?ree clubs 7,plate ,,vi41 ,figs4 #aj-ab7 illu/rates ! metamorphosis ( ! limbs into curvil9e> =ms4 ,9 deal+ ) ! religion ( ,polynesia ,i give examples 7,figs4 #abd-abh7 ( ! degradation ( ! human =m into 8geometrical0 patt]ns4 ,9 ! v>i\s illu/rations :i* h be5 giv5 repres5tations ( ! human =m may be isolat$1 z 9 ,melanesia 7,fig4 #c1 ,o71 ,mangaia 7,fig4 #abd71 & ,new ,zeal& 7,plate ,,vi41 ,figs4 #aj1 #ab71 or !y may be d\ble2 = example1 "o frequ5tly f9ds 9 ,polynesia two god-figures plac$ back to back1 & ^! may /rangely deg5]ate1 z 9 ! examples giv5 by ,/olpe#ajd & ,read4#aje ,human =ms plac$ 9 l9e> s]ies are frequ5t 9 ,mangaian wood-c>v+ 7,figs4 #abg & #abe1 ,a74 ,fig4 #abf illu/rates ! decoration ( a broad] area4 #ajd ,h4 ,/olpe1 ,evolution 9 ! ,ornam5tal ,art ( ,savage ,peoples4 ,figs4 #c1 #cd4 #aje ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 8,on ! ,orig9 & ,sacr$ ,"* ( c]ta9 ,ornam5ts ( ! ,s4,e4 ,pacific10 ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xxi41 #ahia1 ,plate ,,xii4 ,we get examples ( ! selection ( "o portion ( ! man 9 ! face patt]ns ( ! ,papuan ,gulf4 7,figs4 #aj-ai47 ,^! are und\bt$ly consci\s selections f ! v comm5cem5t1 b we f9d v>i\s p>ts ( ! body come to be p]petuat$1 ) ! elim9ation ( ! rema9d]1 ow+ to diff]+ causes4 ,! reason = ! simplification ( ! body & ! disappe>ance ( ! head 9 ! ,mangaian art is probably p>tly due to ! fact t savage peoples are usually q cont5t ) sugge/ions ( objects1 !y d n dem& :at we t]m realism4 ,by conv5tionalis+ _! repres5tations ! ,mangaians 7 bett] able to multiply !m1 & at ! same "t to appropriately decorate ! object ) :i* !y 7 conc]n$4 ,x c\ld n be ) a view ( economis+ "t or lab\r4 8,"t10 z ,/olpe says1 8is = !m ( no importance1 !y h pl5ty ( x1 & usually !y are n able ev5 to reckon x40 ,judg+ by ! skill exhibit$ by ^! clev] c>v]s 9 wood1 we _c put d[n ! simplification ( ! human body to c>eless copy+4 ,we h se5 t ! face may be repres5t$ to ! exclusion ( any o!r "p ( ! body1 b !re are examples ( p>ts ( ! face becom+ pr$om9ant4 ,pr(essor ,moseley#ajf 01 ,i believe1 ! fir/ to indicate ! evolution :i* occurr$ 9 ! images ( gods 9 ! ,hawaian gr\p4 ,9 "s in/ances ! holl[ cresc5t =m1 :i* came to repres5t a face1 seems to h be5 arriv$ at by an enorm\s increase 9 ! size ( ! m\?2 9 o!rs1 z 9 ! case ( "s wick] images1 by a holl[+ out ( ! face altoge!r2 ! m\? 9 ! latt]1 ?\gh l>ge1 n be+ wid5$ s z to encroa* ^u ! :ole area ( ! face4 ,s9ce1 9 ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 food 0 plac$ 9 ! m\?s1 ! m\?s may h be5 gradually enl>g$ z ! developm5t ( ! religion proce$$1 9 ord] to conta9 l>g] & l>g] (f]+s1 & ! head 9 ! wick]-"w image may h be5 holl[$ out = a simil> purpose4 ,moseley trac$ ! deg5]ation ( ! human 7or god's7 face d[n to a hook-%ap$ ornam5t cut out ( a sp]m :ale's too?4 #ajf ,h4 ,n4 ,moseley1 ,notes by a ,naturali/ on ! 8,*all5g]10 #ahgi1 pp4 #ejd-eaa4 ,"s ( ! c>v+s ( ! human face f ,new ,zeal& be> a g5]al resemblance to ^? f ,hawaii2 b a v noticeable feature 9 ! art ( ! =m] isl& is ! protrud+ tongue4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ developm5t ( ?is memb] occurs 9 ! ,maori hani1 or /aff ( (fice4 ,at ! upp] end is :at appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 to be a spe>-po9t4 8,?is portion1 h[ev]1 does n s]ve ! purpose ( (f5ce1 b is simply a conv5tional repres5tation ( ! human tongue1 :i*1 :5 ?ru/ =? to its utmo/ conveys1 accord+ to ,maori ideas1 ! mo/ bitt] insult & defiance4 ,:5 ! *ief wi%es to make w> aga9/ any tribe1 he calls 8 own p toge!r1 makes a fi]y oration1 & repeat$ly ?ru/s 8 hani 9 ! direction ( ! enemy1 ea* su* ?ru/ be+ accept$ z a putt+ =? ( ! tongue 9 defiance4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ! po9t ( ! hani is really int5d$ to repres5t ! human tongue1 ! rema9d] ( x is c>v$ into a grotesque & f>-fet*$ resemblance ( ! human face1 ! *ief features ( :i* are two enorm\s circul> eyes made ( haliotis %ell40#ajg #ajg ,j4 ,g4 ,wood1 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,man1 ii41 #ahgj1 p4 #afa4 ,my fri5d1 ,s4 ,tsuboi1 has made a special /udy#ajh ( ! protrud+ tongue 9 ,new ,zeal& art4 ,he gives illu/rations ( ?irty-"o specim5s1 & ) *>act]i/ic ,japanese +5uity he has drawn figures ( half-a-doz5 models :i* he has con/ruct$ :i* illu/rate ! v>i\s possible v>iations1 & ! l9es !y may h tak54 ,he has also made num]ical tables ( possible v>ieties4 ,i allude to1 ?is pap] 9 ord] to draw ! att5tion ( /ud5ts to graphic me?ods4 ,i regret t my ignorance ( ! ,japanese language precludes my giv+ ! results ( ?is inve/igation4 #ajh ,s4 ,tsuboi1 8,on ! ,deg5]ation ( ,tongue-?ru/+ ,figures 9 ,new ,zeal& ,c>v+s10 ,ty ,gakugei ,zas%i 7,ori5tal ,sci5tific ,magaz9e71 ,no4 #aab1 ,jan4 #be?1 #ahia4 ,9 ,anci5t ,egypt ! eye 0 symbolic1 & numb]less amulets are f\nd :i* exhibit "o1 two1 or num]\s eyes 9 v>y+ /ages ( deg5]acy1 or 9 /range modifications4 ,^!1 too1 h be5 /udi$ & describ$ by ,tsuboi4#aji #aji ,ori5tal ,sci5tific ,magaz9e1 ,nov4 #be?1 #ahhi4 ,e4 ,biomorphic ,pott]y4 ,9 ! description ( ! primitive me?ods ( pott]y manufacture1 allusion 0 made to ! fact t vegetable & animal =ms 7 copi$ by ! e>ly artific]s4 ,al?\gh ! imm$iate orig9als ( _m k9ds ( clay vessels 7 baskets ( v>i\s k9ds1 we mu/ n =get t ^! also 7 (t5 textile imitations ( natural objects4 ,g\rds :i* are ( almo/ ubiquit\s occurr5ce und\bt$ly 7 e>ly & indep5d5tly utilis$ z vessels4 ,= ! m conv5i5t port]age ( !m !y w\ld be enclos$ 9 nett+ or basketry4 ,! bett] ! accessories became1 ! less ne$ = ! orig9al f\ndations1 especially z ! latt] 7 brittle4 ,f ! fact t ! %ape ( c]ta9 baskets 9 a di/rict resemble ^? ( ! g\rds ( t di/rict1 we may assume t ?is process ( evolution has op]at$ spontane\sly 9 div]se places4 ,clay vessels :i* 7 modell$ f ! sugge/ion ( su* baskets w\ld ?us remotely be phyllomorphs b hav+ an int]m$iate skeuomorphic /age4 ,in/ead ( ?is indirect mode ( orig9 a m direct "o has (t5 occurr$4 ,messrs4 ,squi] & ,davis#aaj record3 8,9 "s ( ! s\!rn /ates 7( ,nor? ,am]ica71 x is said1 ! kilns1 9 :i* ! anci5t pott]y 0 bak$1 are n[ occasionally to be met )4 ,"s are repres5t$ /ill to conta9 ! w>e1 p>tially burn$1 & reta9+ ! r9ds ( ! g\rds1 etc41 ov] :i* !y 7 modell$1 & :i* _h n be5 entirely remov$ by ! fire40 ,!y also /ate t ! ,indians along ! ,gulf m\ld$ _! vessels 8ov] g\rds & o!r models & bak$ !m 9 ov5s40 #aaj ,squi] & ,davis1 ,anci5t ,monum5ts ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 #ahdh1 p4 #aie4 ,x is n necess>y to believe t ?is has ev]y:]e be5 ! orig9al c]amic g\rd-d]ivatives1 ev5 among savage peoples4 ,once ! p[] ( work+ 9 clay 0 acquir$1 int5tional copy+ ( g\rds 7,figs4 #ajg1 #ajh71 or o!r vegetable vessels1 may v well h occurr$4 ,?is is r5d]$ all ! m probable f ! fact t animal =ms are modell$ z e>!n vessels4 ,i am n "h allud+ to figures ( m5 or ( totem1 sacr$1 or famili> animals :i* may belong to a some:at high] /age ( culture ?an t :i* we are n[ m p>ticul>ly consid]+2 b to clay ut5sils :i* are copi$ f receptacles :i* are ! %ells or o!r p>ts ( animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,g\rd2 aft] ,holmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,clay vessel1 made 9 imitation ( a g\rd1 f a m\nd 9 ,s\?-ea/]n ,miss\ri2 aft] ,holmes4 ,:]ev] %ells ( suffici5t size are f\nd !y are utilis$ z food & wat] vessels1 & !re are num]\s in/ances 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w ( vessels be+ modell$ s z to repres5t ! anci5t & famili> ut5sils4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,clay vessels imitat$ f %ells1 f ! m\nds & graves ( ! ,mississippi ,valley2 aft] ,holmes4 ,clay vessels imitat+ bo? m>9e & fre%-wat] %ells are occasionally obta9$ f ! m\nds & graves ( ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,! con*-%ell appe>s to h be5 a fav\rite model 7,fig4 #aji1 ,a & ,b74 ,a clam %ell is imitat$ 9 ,c & ,d4 ,! m conv5tional =ms ( ^! vessels are exce$+ly int]e/+1 z !y po9t out ! t5d5cies & possibilities ( modification4 ,! b[l 7,e7 has f\r rosettes1 ea* consi/+ ( a l>ge c5tral boss ) f\r or five small] ones surr\nd+ x4 ,! c5tral boss1 z 9 a1 is d]iv$ f ! spire ( ! con* %ell1 & ! encircl+ knobs f ! nodulat$ rim ( ! out] :orl ( ! %ell4 ,mr4 ,holmes sugge/s t 9 ?is case ! conception is t ( f\r con* %ells unit$ 9 "o vessel1 ! sp\ts be+ turn$ inw>ds & ! spires outw>ds4 ,) all possible respect to ,mr4 ,holmes1 ,i v5ture to demur to ?is int]pretation4 ,! fusion ( elem5ts :i* are ess5tially isolat$ is r>e among/ primitive peoples2 x is difficult to imag9e h[ !y c\ld conceive ( ! /ructural union & fusion ( f\r con* %ells4 ,?is is v diff]5t f ! amalgamation ( ! clay imitations ( su* vessels z g\rds or coco-nuts1 = ^! are frequ5tly fa/5$ 9 pairs or 9 small gr\ps to a common /r+ h&le1 & !re is already ! idea ( multiplicity & ! apposition ( ! vessels4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,holmes does n pres5t u ) any int]m$iate /ages ( ?is or simil> clay vessels2 until su* evid5ce is =?com+ x w\ld be saf] to reg>d ?is z an example ( transf]5ce4 ,accord+ to my int]pretation1 ! rosette d]iv$ f ! spire ( a con* %ell 0 a pleas+ motive1 & x 0 appli$ to & repeat$ ^u a circul> b[l1 :i* may1 z ,mr4 ,holmes else:]e#aaa sugge/s1 be d]iv$ f ! l[] half ( a g\rd4 ,a s+le con* d]ivative w\ld be entitl$ to "o rosette only1 & ! association ( ideas w\ld op]ate 9 fav\r ( only "o be+ m\ld$1 at all ev5ts until a v extreme /age ( deg5]ation _h be5 atta9$2 b 9 ! case ( transf]5ce !re w\ld be no cont9uity ( cu/om to control ! pott]1 & consequ5tly m scope c\ld be giv5 to 8 fancy4 #aaa ,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 8,pott]y ( ! ,anci5t ,pueblos10 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 p4 #bga4 ,a highly conv5tionalis$ =m is %[n 9 ,f 7,fig4 #aji74 ,! cup is unsymmetrical 9 outl9e1 & has a few imp]fect bosses ne> "o corn]1 b its resemblance to a %ell w\ld h>dly be recognis$ by "o unacqua9t$ ) m reali/ic r5d]+s ( simil> subjects4 ,9 ,g we h an imitation ( a %ell cup plac$ )9 a pla9 cup4 ,! sk9s1 bladd]s1 & /oma*s ( animals are v frequ5tly employ$ z wat]-c>ri]s4 ,! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ^! may (t5 be trac$ 9 ! pott]y ( ! same di/ricts1 odd details ( =m or ( surface m>k+ usually p]si/ to a surpris+ degree4 ,9 ,fiji & else:]e ! image ( a turtle has be5 modell$ 9 clay1 d\btless because ! c>apace is (t5 us$ z a vessel4 ,:ile ! use ( an animal or ! "p ( an animal z a vessel has (t5 l$ to ! imitation ( t animal 9 clay or o!r mat]ial1 ow+ to an association ( ideas1 we mu/ be v c>eful n to run to ! extreme & to say t !re 0 a primitively utilit>ian orig9 = all zoomorphic vessels4 ,sympa!tic magic & religion are responsible = _m1 & we mu/ admit t m]e fancy mu/ sometimes come into play1 & :5 ?is is ! case !oris+ is necess>ily at fault4 #c4 ,het]omorphs4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ,i propose to adopt ! t]m ,het]omorph = a confusion ) "o ano!r ( two or m diff]5t skeuomorphs1 or ) ! amalgamation ( any two or m biomorphs1 or ) ! comb9ation ( any skeuomorph ) any biomorph4 ,we may ?us h 7#a7 ,het]omorphs ( skeuomorphs1 7#b7 ,het]omorphs ( biomorphs1 & 7#c7 ,het]omorphs ( skeuo-biomorphs4 ,to speak some:at figuratively1 het]omorphism is a sort ( disease t may attack ! skeuomorph or ! biomorph4 ,:]eas ! f9al t]m ( ! life-hi/ory ( ! biomorph is1 s to speak1 s5ile decay1 ! result ( het]omorphism is a t]atological trans=mation4 ,accept+ ?is view ( ! subject1 ! pres5t section might be entitl$ 8,! ,pa?ology ( ,decorative ,art40 ,any /age ( ! life-hi/ory ( a biomorph1 :e!r x is ! expression ( decorative or religi\s art1 is liable to be infect$ by het]omorphism4 ,! only section ( graphic art :i* mu/ f ! nature ( ! case be free f x is pictorial art4 ,:]e het]omorphs are introduc$ into pictures !y =m "o ( ! subjects ( ^? pictures1 ! picture itself is n subject to ?is modify+ influ5ce2 = example1 ! introduction ( ! repres5tation ( a sph9x or a gryphon into a picture does n con/itute ! latt] a het]omorph4 ,a4 ,het]omorphs ( ,skeuomorphs4 ,! comb9ation ( two diff]5t k9ds ( skeuomorphs does n appe> to be ( v frequ5t occurr5ce1 or1 at all ev5ts1 we h n yet tra9$ ourselves to appreciate !m4 ,9 ,fig4 #ej we h an example1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n p>ticul>ly satisfactory4 ,x w be notic$ t v>i\s k9ds ( plait+ are indicat$ on ?is ,tongan club2 z a matt] ( fact1 if x _h really be5 cov]$ ) plait$ "w1 ! latt] w\ld h be5 uni=m 9 its "*1 al?\gh div]se patt]ns might h be5 work$ into x4 ,if ?is club _h be5 decorat$ 9 a consi/5t mann] ! simple 9-&-out plait+ ( ! broad b&1 z 9 ! middle ( ! figure to ! left1 c\ld n occur along ) ! f9] oblique plait+ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! object4 ,b4 ,het]omorphs ( ,biomorphs4 ,:]ev] two or m animals or plants are repres5t$ 9 association !re is a t5d5cy = !m to amalgamate 9 process ( "t4 ,i h %[n num]\s examples ( ?is 9 ! bird & crocodile motive 9 ,papuan art1 & x w\ld be easy to multiply illu/rations4 ,het]omorphism is especially *>act]i/ic ( t /yle ( decoration :i* we call arabesque1 or grotesque4 ,?is is said to h be5 ! inv5tion ( a pa9t] nam$ ,ludius 9 ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us4 ,t sov]eign is said by ,pl9y to h be5 ! fir/ :o ?\ght ( cov]+ :ole walls ) pictures & l&scapes4 ,! fa%ion = ! grotesque spread rapidly1 = all ! build+s ( ab\t t date :i* h be5 f\nd 9 good pres]vation af=d num]\s & beautiful examples ( x4 ,vitruvius 0 entirely out ( conceit ) ?is sort ( ornam5t1 & decl>es t su* fanciful pa9t+s z are n f\nd$ 9 tru? _c be beautiful2 b ! g5]al voice1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 has pron\nc$ a v diff]5t op9ion4 ,x 0 f ! pa9t+s f\nd 9 ! ba?s ( ,rome t ,raphael d]iv$ ! idea ( ^? fam\s frescoes 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,vatican4 ,8 example 0 imm$iately foll[$ by o!r di/+ui%$ arti/s4 ,?is /yle d]iv$ its "n grotesque f ! subt]ranean rooms 7grotte7 9 :i* ! orig9als 7 usually f\nd--rooms n built bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 b buri$ by ! gradual accumulation ( soil & ru9$ build+s4 ,a typical example ( ,pompeian treatm5t is se5 9 ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #c1 :]e a bird's tail passes into a floral scroll4 ,! repres5tations ( su* my?ical mon/]s ( antiquity z ! ,sph9x1 ,*imra1 ! ,h>pies1 & s =?1 are famili> to all4 ,orig9ally ^! embodi$ di/9ct conceptions :i* 7 famili> to ! initiat$1 if n to all4 ,!y 7 symbols & _! orig9 9 art 0 religi\s2 _! ret5tion 0 due to _! decorative quality4 ,c4 ,complex ,het]omorphs4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! complications aris+ f a comb9ation ( skeuomorphs & biomorphs4 ,aga9 ,i h rec\rse to ,dr4 ,colley ,m>*'s sugge/ive essay4 ,he po9ts out t 9 ! nor? ( ,europe animals 7 /rangl$ by ! )y-b&1 z occurs on an incis$ /one f ,gos=? 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #c74 ,mr4 ,hildebr& endeav\rs to %[ t ! s-call$ ,sc&9avian sun-snake 0 produc$ by ! break+ d[n into curves ( ! figure ( a lion rampant1 copi$ by a succession ( artific]s1 all ignorant ( ! appe>ance ( a lion4 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 po9ts out ,dr4 ,m>*1 ! ,norse ,wurm is f\nd long ago 9 prehi/oric rock-sculptures4 ,9 ! next place1 ! s]p5t ( ! nor? 0 symbolic ( ! sea & n ( ! sun4 ,& !n1 x 0 n ! unfamili> lion t alone broke up into s]p5t9e =ms2 ! skeuomorph assail$ ! /ag1 z on ,k+ ,gorm's /one 9 ,d5m>k 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #b74 ,eik?ysnir1 ! /ag ( ! sun1 :o 0 an att5dant & attribute ( ,frey1 is "h se5 be+ /rangl$ by ! 8laidly worm0 ( ,sc&9avia4 ,dr4 ,m>* sugge/s t p]haps we may recognise ! walrus 9 rock-sculptures at ,cri*ie 9 ,scotl& 7,plate ,,vii41 ,figs4 #f1 #g74 ,t ! walrus 0 well kn[n to ! ,nor?m51 & highly priz$ bo? = its hide1 f :i* %ips' ropes 7 made 7,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #d71 & = its tusks1 :i* 7 a s\rce ( ivory1 is prov$ by ! ,orosian /ory 7,i4 ,orosius1 i4 #ad74 8,he w5t ?i!r *iefly = walruses1 because !y h noble bone 9 _! tee?1 & _! sk9 is v good = %ips' ropes40 ,! ,e>l ( ,s\!sk1#aab h[ev]1 br+s =w>d a consid]able body ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! view t ?is 8elephant0 symbol1 z x has be5 absurdly t]m$1 is ! sun-bo>--a symbol ( ,frey4 ,no animal held a high] place 9 ,sc&9avia1 & at an e>ly p]iod x 0 adopt$ z ! national emblem 9 ,d5m>k1 & borne on ! /&>d4 #aab ,orig9s ( ,picti% ,symbolism1 #ahic4 ,"o frequ5tly f9ds on e>ly ,*ri/ian sculptur$ /ones t ! field on ea* side ( ! c5tral cross is occupi$ by a wri?+ animal2 ( ^! num]\s examples occur 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 :]e !y are und\bt$ly due to ,sc&9avian influ5ce4 ,?is animal may be recognis$ 9 "s cases z be+ a wolf1 z on a cross at ,mi*ael 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #e74 ,two skeuomorphs attack ! wolf4 ,! influ5ce ( ?ong-"w is se5 9 ,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #a2 ?is may be comp>$ ) ,plate ,,iv41 ,fig4 #d1 :i* is copi$ f a sculptur$ /one at ,malew1 also 9 ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,! latt] is "o ( sev]al ,manx skeuomorphs ( lea!r or /rap-"w4 ,! )y-b& is ev5 m frequ5tly depict$1 & on a cross at ,gos=? 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #c7 ! wolf is be+ /rangl$ by x4 ,! s]p5t or dragon also is frequ5tly repres5t$1 inde$ x seems z if ! wolf & ! s]p5t pass$ ins5sibly into "o ano!r1 & no?+ is easi] ?an to conf\nd ! latt] ) twi/$ b&s4 ,s ! animal fades away1 till f9ally ! skeuomorph triumphs1 & only ! gho/ ( a zoomorph rema9s 9 :at1 to ord9>y eyes1 is only an entwi/$ fibre 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #aa74 ,:at !n is ! significance ( ?is rem>kable cycle8 ,! explanation mu/ be s\ght 9 ! pagan-,*ri/ian ov]lap1 at ! "t :5 ! symbols ( ,norse my?ology 7 be+ homologis$ ) ^? ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 8,?ree mighty *ildr5 to my fa!r ,lok ,did ,ang]bode1 ! giantess1 br+ =?-- ,f5ris ! wolf1 ! s]p5t huge1 & me4 ,( ^! ! s]p5t 9 ! sea ye ca/1 ,:o s9ce 9 y\r despite ha? wax'd ama91 ,& n[ ) gleam+ r+ enfolds ! _w4 ,me on ?is *e]less ne!r _w he ?rew1 ,& gave me n9e unlight$ realms to rule4 ,:ile1 on 8 isl& 9 ! lake1 af>1 ,made fa/ to ! bor$ crag1 by wile n /r5g? ,subdu$1 ) limb] *a9s lives ,f5ris b\nd40 ,s1 9 ! words ( ,mat!w ,arnold1 spoke ,hela to ,h]mod on 8 que/ = ! re/oration ( ! sla9 ,bald]4 ,at ! crack ( doom1 ! ,ragn>oks1 ,frey1 ,wod51 ,?or1 & ,tyr1 are pr$e/9$ to p]i%4 ,a wolf %all dev\r ! sun1 & ano!r %all swall[ ! moon1 & ! />s %all vani% out ( heav54 ,wod5 %all g fir/1 & %all enc\nt] ,f5riswolf1 b ! wise1 "o-ey$ god %all die4 ,! hamm] ( ! 8fri5d ( man0 %all n avail aga9/ ! sea-dragon1 & ?\gh ,?or fights ,midg>?sorm1 & %all slay him1 he himself %all fall dead f ! s]p5t's v5om4 ,g>m1 ! hell-h\nd1 %all fa/5 ^u ! "o-h&$ ,tyr1 & ea* %all kill ! o!r4 ,frey %all fall be=e ,sw>t1 ! giant ) ! flam+ sword4 ,!n %all ,vid> spr+ =w>d1 ! mighty son ( ! ,fa!r ( ,victory1 & %all r5d ! wolf asund]4 8,vid> %all inhabit ! city ( ! gods :5 all is ov]10 z ! giant said to ,wod54 8,vid>1 :o outliv$ ! e>?-fall1 became10 says ,pr(essor ,/eph5s1#aac 8a fitt+ emblem = t ,almighty ,"l :o ov]came ,s9 & ,dea?10 & he is repres5t$ on "s sculptur$ /ones z a div9e ,h>t1 trampl+ on ,f5riswolf & ,midg>?sorm4 #aac ,g4 ,/eph5s1 ,/udies on ,nor!rn ,my?ology1 #ahhc1 p4 #afg4 ,^! /rangl$ wolves & wri?+ snakes ( ,sc&9avian art repres5t ! port5t\s /ruggle ( ! p[]s ( d>kness ) ! gods :5 8! ,wolf %all dev\r ! ,sire ( ,m52 b ,vid %all av5ge him1 & %all r5d ! cold jaws ( ! ,bea/40 ,b ! new religion possess$ a some:at analog\s imag]y1 & ! symbolism ( ! "o readily pass$ into t ( ! o!r4 ,:e!r pagan or ,*ri/ian1 ! symbolic animal 0 attack$ by ! plait$ ?ong or twi/$ fibres1 & ! secul> h&icraft *ok$ ! religi\s idea4 ,su* a hold _h ?is te*nique on ! m9d ( ! p t x pr$om9at$ all _! art1 & ev5 l$ to ! ext9ction ( religi\s symbolism4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r means by :i* ! pagan dragon crept into ,*ri/ian art4 ,i ref] to ! leg5d ( ,sigurd & ,fafni1 :i* 0 introduc$ into sepul*ral & ecclesia/ical c>v+ z late z ! f\rte5? c5tury by foll[]s ( ! new fai?4 ,i _c n[ detail ! f\ndation /ory ( ! ,nibelung5 ,li$2 ! po9t :i* at pres5t conc]ns u is ! slay+ ( ,fafni 9 ! =m ( a dragon or s]p5t by ,sigurd ) 8 magic sword4 ,?is & o!r incid5ts ( ! leg5d are c>v$ on wood5 portals or door-pill>s ( *ur*es1 on fonts1 & on ,*ri/ian crosses ( /one 9 _m p>ts ( ,sw$5 & ,norway1 & also 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 z on ! ,hatton ,cross 9 ,lanca/]4 ,fafni is (t5 se5 pass+ into a maze ( beautiful scroll-"w1 & 9 ! ,hatton ,cross he is solely repres5t$ by a twi/$ knot4 ,"u monki% influ5ce1 no d\bt1 ! :ole /ory came by degrees to be look$ ^u z conta9+ types & pro(s ( ! y\ng] religion4 ,sigurd became ! ,*ri/ian soldi]1 =g+ ! sword ( ! _s1 & 8 defeat ( ! s]p5t c\ld readily be adopt$ into ,*ri/ian symbolism4#aad #aad ,= a m detail$ treatm5t ! read] is ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>*'s essay on 8,! ,pagan-,*ri/ian ,ov]lap 9 ! ,nor?10 ,trans4 ,lanc4 & ,*e%ire ,antiqu>ian ,soc41 ix41 #ahib4 8,:5 ! ,anglo-,saxon _h almo/ =gott5 ,midg>?'s ,orm1 & ! anci5t ,egyptian snake-symbol1 z old z ! ,rameside p]iod1 _h be5 introduc$ z a new design 7,plate ,,vii41 ,fig4 #h71 ?is itself fell a prey to ! dom9ant skeuomorph1 & 0 d\bl$ & entangl$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! ov]-ma/]+ expectancy ( ! day40 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aaj1 #aaa4--,modifi$ human figures on ! %aft ( a cross at ,ilam1 ne> ,a%b\rne2 aft] ,br[ne4 8,x mu/ be cle>10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,colley ,m>*1 8t su* trans=mations z ^! 7 due to some?+ m ?an ! successive copy+ ( a copy by ignorant & slov5ly artific]s1 z 9 ^? deg5]ate *anges wr\ght by ,gauli% imitators ( ! /at] ( ,philip ( ,mac$on4 ,9 t case ! orig9al co9 0 n be=e !m2 !y _h no arti/ic impulse or int5tion1 _! only object 0 to fabricate passable pieces ( money4 ,b ! m5 ^: #8ta/e' is disclos$ by ! "w we h j consid]$ 7 sway$ by an influ5ce !y c\ld n h und]/ood4 ,! expectancy t controll$ !m !y inh]it$4 ,! )y-b& _h wrapp$ itself r\nd all _! conceptions40 ,b ! result 0 enri*m5t & n degradation1 & ! curi\s designs _! art produc$ %[ u ! only portal ?r\gh :i* ! animal =m c ent] into ornam5t1 by resolv+ itself1 namely1 into ! angles1 curves1 & scrolls ( symmetrical repetition4 8,_m pauses took place ere ! process 0 complet$4 ,n[ "o "p ( ! body 0 surr5d]$ to ! skeuomorph & anon ano!r4 ,conv5tionalism e/abli%$ a tempor>y truce1 b ! w> ( /ructure aga9/ nature broke out afre%1 & ! grotesque appe>$4 ,we look ^u ! dea?-grasp ( a wri?+ quadrup$1 ! knott$ convolutions ( a s]p5t1 ! spectral gleam ( a vani%+ face4 ,& !n1 :5 all 0 ov]1 :5 ! battle on ! ornam5tal field 0 lo/ & won1 no?+ 0 left b a zoomorph ( contra/$ curves & symmetrical scrolls40 ,! human =m is n exempt f ! skeuomorphic inroad4 ,! two m5 9 ,fig4 #d1 ,plate ,,vii41 :i* is tak5 f an illum9at$ page ( ! ,gospel ( ,mac ,regol1 at ,ox=d1 are suff]+ f b a mild attack1 b ! m5 on ! ,pre-,norman font at ,*eckley1 ne> ,uttoxet]1 & simil> figures 7,figs4 #aaj1 #aaa7 on a cross at ,ilam1 five miles f ,a%b\rne1 h all b succumb$4 ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,:i* ,,objects ,,are ,,decorat$4 ,9 ! ,introduction ,i ref]r$ to :at 7 t]m$ c]ta9 ne$s :i* con/ra9$ man to arti/ic ef=t4 ,^! 7 art1 in=mation1 weal?1 & religion1 & !y w n[ be treat$ z briefly z may be1 s9ce x is impossible to deal adequately ) !m4 ,i4 ,,art4 /hetics is ! /udy & practice ( art = art's sake1 t is1 = ! pleasurable s5sations :i* are induc$ by c]ta9 comb9ations ( =m1 l9e1 & col\r4 ,x does n signify = our purpose h[ ! feel+ = art has be5 obta9$1 nor is an analysis ( ! s5sations necess>y4 ,all m5 h ?is s5se1 v>y+ f a rudim5t>y to an exalt$ ext5t4 ,?\gh x is naturally ! basis ( all art "w1 x does n foll[ t ! /hetic s5se has be5 ! sole cause ( decorative "w4 ,religion & ! desire to convey in=mation h bo? imitat$ & controll$ pictorial & decorative art1 b ! arti/ic s5se has all along ex]t$ its influ5ce to a great] or less ext5t4 ,! arti/ic feel+ has endeav\r$ to ca/ a glam\r ( beauty ov] ! crude ef=ts ( religion & sci5ce4 ,9 ! s*eme ( ! life-hi/ory ( pictorial or decorative designs giv5 on p4 #h1 ,i h consid]$ only ^? :i* h orig9at$ f v>i\s comb9ations ( orig9ally solit>y figures4 ,sep>ate portraits :e!r ( m5 or animals1 ei!r 9 ! flat or 9 ! r\nd1 h be5 omitt$ z !y rema9 9 ! l[e/ place ( developm5t1 ?\gh !y may atta9 to ! highe/ excell5ce ( art4 ,^? :o h foll[$ ! brilliant rese>*es 9 classical ar*ology w appreciate :at ,i mean by ! life-hi/ory ( repres5tations4 ,! orig91 rise1 glori\s consummation1 & decad5ce ( ,greek /atu>y is a /rik+ illu/ration ( my !me4 ,figures may be gr\p$ n only to convey a s5tim5t1 z 9 a picture1 b m]ely = decorative effect4 ,! arti/ 9 ?is case usually at once adopt$ a conv5tional treatm5t4 ,9 "s in/ances /rict realism may be appropriate1 b 9 ! great] numb] ( conditions x is mo/ inappropriate4 ,walls1 fabrics1 & platt]s h f "t immemorial be5 decorat$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,_m books h be5 writt5 illu/rat+ ?is bran* ( art & lay+ d[n pr9ciples ( design1 & ! read] is ref]r$ to ^!1 z ?is subject does n fall )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t essay4 ,i w\ld l to po9t out 9 ?is place t !re is a v in/ructive field = /udy 9 ! consid]ation ( ! decorative me?ods ( v>i\s peoples4 ,! way 9 :i* areas are decorat$1 ! idea ( symmetry1 & su*-l subjects2 = example1 ! ess5ce ( ,japanese decorative art is asymmetry1 & ! results are *>m+ to our eyes al?\gh we h be5 re>$ among/ symmetrical design+4 ,symmetry may be exhibit$ 9 ! equal balanc+ ( dissimil> designs1 z is commonly done by ,ori5tal arti/s1 or 9 ! me*anical duplication 9 relation to a m$ian l9e :i* is s de> to ,european decorators4 ,! /yle ( ! decorative art ( a savage or b>b>ic p is a legacy & its p]petuation is usually b9d+1 n m]ely by cu/om b m frequ5tly by religion4 ,:5 all ! v>i\s factors are tak5 into acc\nt1 "o f9ds t ! /hetic s5se ( a savage arti/ is n s v diff]5t aft] all f t ( 8 civilis$ fell[-craftsman1 & "o c see 9 ! disposition or ! introduction ( c]ta9 elem5ts 9 a design1 t bo? are actuat$ by ! same /hetic s5se ( :at is suitable1--bo? are1 9 fact1 arti/s4 ,9 ! section on ,physicomorphs ,i allude to ! r>ity ( l&scape draw+ among savage peoples1 & give an illu/ration 7,fig4 #ff7 ( "o1 f ,torres ,/raits1 :i* occurr$ casually on a bamboo pipe2 !re is ano!r b poor] l&scape f ! same locality 9 ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,museum4 ,e>ly attempts1 su* z ^!1 at pictures are especially int]e/+ z illu/rat+ ! work+ ( ! m9d ( ! arti/s4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is book to trace ! hi/ory ei!r ( pictorial art or ( individual pictures4 ,! g5esis ( a great picture is mo/ int]e/+1 & x may occasionally be trac$ ow+ to ! =tunate pres]vation ( ! arti/'s sket*es & /udies4 ,x (t5 happ5s t "s ( ! figures 9 ! f9i%$ picture h lo/ ! vitality :i* !y _h 9 ! sket* /age1 ev5 su* a great arti/ z ,raffael c\ld n always reproduce ! _s ( 8 own "w4 ,if ! orig9at+ arti/ lo/ some?+ out ( 8 own h&iwork1 x is no wond] t a copyi/ %\ld lose m1 especially :5 ! latt] may n h access to ! orig9al1 b base 8 reproductions on copies sev]al times remov$ f x4 ,a late /age ( deg5]ation ( pictorial art1 ?r\gh m or less incompet5t copy+1 is se5 9 ! *eap li?ographs :i* occupy1 )\t adorn+1 ! walls ( h\ses ( ! c\ntry folk1 _m ( :i*1 l ! analog\s frescoes ( ,pompeii1 are ! pictorial e*oes ( ! works ( ma/]s ( ! craft4 ,,ii4 ,,in=mation ,,or ,,communication4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! difficulty ( f9d+ a t]m :i* w express all t might be dealt ) 9 ?is section4 ,9 ord] to convey in=mation f "o man to ano!r1 :5 oral or ge/ure language are impossible1 rec\rse mu/ be _h to pictorial signs 9 "s =m or ano!r4 ,probably "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ?is ne$s 0 t ( indicat+ own]%ip1 & x may be t _m devices on primitive implem5ts & ut5sils h ?is z "o reason = _! exi/5ce1 al?\gh ! nature ( ! ornam5tation may be ow+ to q a diff]5t reason4 ,z a matt] ( fact we "k v little ab\t own]s'-m>ks1 b x is possible t :ile an object may frequ5tly be decorat$ ) a clan or tribal device1 ! p>ticul> v>iety or del9eation ( t figure w s]ve to di/+ui% ! own]%ip ( ! object4 ,alli$ to own]s'-m>ks are trade-m>ks2 on ?is subject1 too1 in=mation is lam5tably defici5t1 b we "k t ^! d occur among/ primitive folk 7p4 #dh1 ,fig4 #bc74 ,mo/ savages employ a m elaborate me?od ( convey+ in=mation1 & ?is picture-writ+1 z x is call$1 has be5 ( su* importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 especially 9 its lat] developm5ts2 t x des]ves a m detail$ treatm5t4 ,pictographs4 ,a pictograph is writ+ by means ( a picture4 ,x records & conveys a fact or an idea by graphic means1 )\t ! employm5t ( words or lett]s4 ,z pictography belongs to a l[ plane ( culture1 s f> z ! visual communication ( in=mation is conc]n$1 ! repres5tations are g5]ally v crude4 ,by no means %\ld !y be reg>d$ z typical examples ( ! arti/ic skill ( ! p :o execute !m4 ,!y are int5d$ = picture-writ+1 n = pictures4 ,an exam9ation ( pictographs %[s at once t only ess5tial or sali5t *>act]s are not$1 & :5 objects are frequ5tly repeat$ !y become conv5tionalis$1 & 9 _! lat] =ms _c be reg>d$ z 9 any s5se objective portraitures4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w are pictographs s mu* employ$ z 9 ,am]ica1 & =tunately x is possible to ga9 precise in=mation respect+ _! signification4 ,colonel ,mall]y#aae has devot$ himself to an exhau/ive /udy ( ,nor? ,am]ican pictography1 & ,i _c d bett] ?an briefly detail a few ( 8 d$uctions4 #aae ,g>rick ,mall]y1 8,on ! ,pictographs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians10 ,f\r? ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahhb-hc 7#ahhf74 ,see also ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep41 #ahhh-hi 7#ahic74 8,a g5]al d$uction1 made aft] sev]al ye>s ( /udy ( pictographs ( all k9ds f\nd among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 is t !y exhibit v little trace ( my/icism or ( esot]icism 9 any =m4 ,!y are objective repres5tations1 & _c be treat$ z ciph]s or cryptographs 9 any attempt at _! int]pretation4 ,a k ( ! cu/oms1 co/umes1 includ+ arrangem5t ( ! hair1 pa9t1 & all tribal designations1 & ( _! hi/ories & traditions1 is ess5tial to ! und]/&+ ( _! draw+s4 ,comp>atively few ( _! picture signs h become m]ely conv5tional4 ,a /ill small] proportion are ei!r symbolical or emblematic4 ,by f> ! l>g] "p ( !m are m]ely mnemonic records1 & are treat$ ( 9 connection ) mat]ial objects =m]ly &1 p]haps1 /ill us$ mnemonically4 8,x is believ$ t ! int]pretation ( ! anci5t =ms is to be obta9$1 if at all1 n by ! discov]y ( any h]m5eutic key1 b by an und]/&+ ( ! mod]n =ms1 "s ( :i* =tunately c be int]pret$ by liv+ m52 & :5 ?is is n ! case ! m rec5t =ms c be made intelligible1 at lea/ 9 "p1 by ?or\gh k ( ! hi/oric tribes1 includ+ _! sociology1 philosophy1 & arts1 su* z is n[ becom+ acquir$1 & ( _! sign language4 8,x is n believ$ t any consid]able in=mation ( value 9 an hi/orical po9t ( view w be obta9$ directly f ! int]pretation ( ! pictographs 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!y ref] g5]ally to "s insignificant fight or "s season ( pl5ty or fam9e4 8,ample evid5ce exi/s t _m ( ! pictographs1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 are connect$ ) ! my?ology & religi\s practices ( _! mak]s4 8,"s ( !m 7 m]e records ( ! visits ( individuals to important spr+s or to =ds on regul>ly e/abli%$ trails4 ,9 ?is respect !re seems to h be51 9 ! int5tion ( ! ,indians1 v mu* ! same _s z induces ! civilis$ man to record 8 initials ^u objects 9 ! neighb\rhood ( places ( g5]al resort4 8,"o v m>k$ peculi>ity ( ! draw+s ( ! ,indians is t )9 ea* p>ticul> sy/em1 su* z may be call$ a tribal sy/em1 ( pictography1 e ,indian draws 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,! figures ( a man1 ( a horse1 & ( e o!r object del9eat$1 are made by e "o :o attempts to make any su* figure ) all ! id5tity ( :i* _! me*anical skill is capable1 ?us %[+ _! conception ( motive to be ! same0 7pp4 #ae-ag2 all ! quotations are f ! ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,pictograph ( a lasso1 ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nt1 #ahab-ac2 aft] ,mall]y4 ,! purposes = :i* pictography has be5 employ$ by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians are3-- #a4 ,mnemonic4--,= ! remembrance ( ! ord] ( songs1 ! figurative or repres5tative pictures rem9d ! s+]s ( ! ord] ( ! /anzas previ\sly committ$ to memory2 z well z = traditions1 treaties1 & ! records ( ev5ts4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! latt] are ! ,dakota ,w9t] ,c\nts4 ,! ,dakotas reckon "t by w9t]s1 & apply names to !m in/ead ( numb]+ !m f an era4 ,ea* "n ref]s to "s notable occurr5ce ( ! ye> to :i* x belongs1 & ideographic records ( ^! occurr5ces 7 =m]ly pa9t$ 9 col\rs on ! hides ( animals4 ,a s+le example w suffice1 x is = ! ye> #ahab-ac4 8,_m wild horses caught10 or 8cat*+ wild-horses w9t]40 ,! wild horses 7 fir/ run & caught by ! ,dakotas4 ,! device is a lasso4 ,! date is ( value1 z %[+ :5 ! h]ds ( prairie horses1 desc5d$ f ^? animals introduc$ by ! ,spani>ds1 _h multipli$ s z to ext5d into ! f> nor!rn regions4 ,! ,dakotas und\bt$ly le>n$ ! use ( ! horse1 & p]haps also ( ! lasso1 f s\!rn tribes 444 9 only two g5]ations s9ce !y became famili> ) ! horse !y h become s revolutionis$ 9 _! habits z to be utt]ly helpless1 bo? 9 w> & ! *ase1 :5 depriv$ ( t animal0 7p4 #ajh74 #b4 ,notification4--,! pictographs ( ?is division may be gr\p$ z foll[s--7#a7 ,notice ( dep>ture1 direction1 etc42 7#b7 notice ( condition1 suff]+1 etc42 7#c7 w>n+ & guidance2 7#d7 *>ts ( geographical features2 7#e7 messages or communications2 7#f7 record ( exp$ition1 & s =?4 ,! foll[+ 7,fig4 #aac7 is an example ( a notice ( dep>ture on a hunt+ exp$ition4#aaf ,simil> ones are made by ! natives to in=m _! visitors or fri5ds ( _! dep>ture = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,!y are depict$ ^u /rips ( wood1 :i* are plac$ 9 conspicu\s places ne> ! doors ( ! habitations4 #aaf ,orig9ally publi%$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,h(fman1 ,trans4 ,an?rop4 ,soc41 ,wa%+ton1 ii41 #ahhc1 p4 #acd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,alaskan notice ( a hunt2 f ,mall]y1 aft] ,h(fman4 #a4 ,! speak]1 ) ! "r h& indicat+ himself1 & ) ! left po9t+ 9 ! direction to be tak54 #b4 ,hold+ a boat paddle--go+ by boat4 #c4 ,! "r h& to ! side ( ! head1 to d5ote sleep1 & ! left elevat$ ) "o f+]1 to signify "o--"o night4 #d4 ,a circle ) two m>ks 9 ! middle1 signify+ an isl& ) huts ^u x4 #e4 ,same z ,no4 #a4 #f4 ,a circle to d5ote ano!r isl&4 #g4 ,same z ,no4 #c1 ) an additional f+] elevat$1 signify+ two--two nights4 #h4 ,! speak] ) 8 h>poon1 mak+ ! sign ( a sea-lion ) ! left h&4 ,! flat h& is held edgewise ) ! ?umb elevat$1 !n pu%$ outw>d f ! body 9 a slightly d[nw>d curve4 #i4 ,a sea-lion4 #aj4 ,%oot+ ) b[ & arr[4 #aa4 ,! boat ) two p]sons 9 x1 ! paddles project+ d[nw>d4 #ab4 ,! w9t]1 a p]man5t habitation ( ! speak]4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( ! native acc\nt3--8,i !re g t isl&1 "o sleep !re2 !n ,i g ano!r t isl&1 !re two sleeps2 ,i cat* "o sea-lion1 !n return place m9e40 8,hunt]s :o h be5 un=tunate1 & are suff]+ f hung]1 scrat* or draw ^u a piece ( wood *>act]s simil> to ^? figur$ 7,fig4 #aad71 & place ! l[] end ( ! /ick 9 ! gr\nd on ! trail :]e ! greate/ *ance ( its discov]y occurs4 ,! /ick is incl9$ t[>d ! locality ( ! habitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--,pictograph ( />v+ hunt]s1 ,alaska2 aft] ,mall]y4 8#a4 ,a horizontal l9e1 d5ot+ a canoe1 %[+ ! p]sons to be fi%]m54 8#b4 ,an individual ) bo? arms ext5d$1 signify+ no?+1 correspond+ ) ! ge/ure = negation4 8#c4 ,a p]son ) ! "r h& to ! m\?1 signify+ to eat1 ! left h& po9t+ to ! h\se occupi$ by ! hunt]s4 8#d4 ,! habitation4 8,! :ole signifies t !re is no?+ to eat 9 ! h\se4 ,?is is us$ by natives ( ,s\!rn ,alaska40 ,lean-,wolf1 ( ! ,hidatsa1 :o drew ! picture ( :i* ,fig4 #aae is a fac-simile1 made a trip on foot f ,=t ,b]?old to ,=t ,bu=d1 ,dakota1 to /eal a horse f ! ,dakotas encamp$ !re4 ,! return+ horse-tracks %[ t he atta9$ ! object 9 view & t he rode home4 ,! foll[+ explanation ( *>act]s 0 made to ,dr4 ,h(fman1 at ,=t ,b]?old1 9 #ahha3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--,lean-,wolf's ,map1 ,hidatsa2 aft] ,mall]y4 #a4 ,lean-,wolf1 ! head only ( a man to :i* is atta*$ ! outl9e ( a wolf4 #b4 ,hidatsa e>? lodges1 circul> 9 =m1 ! spots repres5t+ ! pill>s support+ ! ro(4 ,indian village & ,=t ,b]?old1 ,dakota4 #c4 ,human footpr9ts2 ! c\rse tak5 by ! record]4 #d4 ,! ,gov]nm5t build+s at ,=t ,bu=d 7squ>e74 #e4 ,sev]al ,hidatsa lodges 7r\nd71 ! occupants ( :i* _h int]m>ri$ ) ! ,dakotas4 #f4 ,dakota lodges4 #g4 ,a small squ>e--a :ite man's h\se--) a cross m>k$ ^u x1 to repres5t a ,dakota lodge4 ,?is d5otes t ! own]1 a :ite man1 _h m>ri$ a ,dakota woman :o dwelt !re4 #h4 ,horse-tracks return+ to ,=t ,b]?old4 #i4 ,! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 #aj-af4 ,tule ,creek1 ,little ,knife ,riv]1 ,:ite ,e>? ,riv]1 ,muddy ,creek1 ,yell[/one ,riv]1 ,little ,miss\ri ,riv]1 ,danc+ ,be>d ,creek4 #c4 ,designation4--,?is gr\p embraces tribal1 clan & p]sonal names1 m>ks1 /atus ( individual & signs ( p>ticul> a*ievem5ts4 ,! clan1 or g5tile1 designations are totems2 ^! are depict$ 9 ! fun]al pictographs to ! exclusion ( ! p]sonal names2 ! latt] are n indicative ( an ,indian's totem4 ,9 ,no4 #a ( ! la/ figure we h ! usual signature ( ,lean-,wolf4 ,dur+ 8 boyhood he _h ano!r "n4 #d4 ,religi\s4--,compris+ my?ic p]sonages1 %amanism dances & c]emonies1 mortu>y practices1 grave po/s1 *>ms1 etc4 #e4 ,cu/oms1 ,daily ,life & ,habits4--,! accompany+ figure is f a c>v+ made ( a piece ( walrus tusk & repres5ts incid5ts 9 ! life ( an ,alaskan native4 ,! special purport ( "s ( ! *>act]s & et*+s is n app>5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,ivory c>v+ ) records1 ,alaska2 aft] ,mall]y4 #a4 ,a native ) 8 left h& re/+ aga9/ a h\se4 ,to ! "r is a 8%aman /ick0 surm\nt$ by ! emblem ( a bird1 a 8good _s10 9 memory ( "s dep>t$ fri5d 78 ( 8 wife74 #b4 ,a re9de]4 #c4 ,"o man1 ! record]1 %ot & kill$ ano!r ) an arr[4 #d4 ,a trad+ exp$ition ) a dog sl$ge4 #e4 ,is a sail boat1 al?\gh ! elevat$ paddle signifies t t 0 ! mann] 9 :i* ! voyage 0 be/ made4 #f4 ,a dog-sl$ ) ! animal hit*$ up = a j\rney4 ,above is ! sun4 #g4 ,a sacr$ lodge4 ,! f\r figures at ! out] corn]s ( ! squ>e repres5t ! "y m5 plac$ on gu>d arm$ ) b[s & arr[s1 to keep away ! un9itiat$4 ,inside are ! memb]s ( ! b& danc+2 ! fire-place is 9 ! c5tre4 ,! angl$ l9es ext5d+ f ! "r side ( ! lodge to ! p>tition l9e are a plan ( ! subt]ranean entrance to ! lodge4 #h4 ,a p9e tree1 up :i* a porcup9e is climb+4 #i4 ,a p9e tree1 f :i* a woodpeck] is extract+ l>v = food4 #aj4 ,a be>4 #aa4 ,! record] 9 8 boat1 hold+ al(t 8 d\ble-blad$ paddle to drive fi% into a net4 #ab4 ,an assi/ant fi%]man driv+ fi% into ! net4 #ac4 ,! net4 ,! figure ov] ! man 7,no4 #ab7 repres5ts a :ale1 ) h>poon & l9e atta*$1 caught by ! n>rator4 #f4 ,hi/orical4--,colonel ,mall]y says3 8,x is v difficult1 if n impossible1 to di/+ui% 9 pictographs1 or inde$ orally1 betwe5 hi/orical & traditional acc\nts obta9$ f ,indians4444 ,! w9t] c\nts1 :ile hav+ _! *ief value z cal5d>s1 conta9 "s mat]ial t is absolute & v]itable tribal hi/ory40 #g4 ,biographic4--,pictographs are v common ei!r ( a cont9u\s acc\nt ( ! *ief ev5ts 9 ! life ( ! subject ( ! sket*1 or ( sep>ate acc\nts ( "s p>ticul> exploit or ev5t 9 ! life ( ! p]son ref]r$ to4 ,9 ?is & 9 ano!r memoir#aag ,colonel ,mall]y calls att5tion to ! fact t x is necess>y to di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( pictorial signs1 b ?is becomes m difficult :5 ! *>act]s h become conv5tionalis$4 ,!y may be classifi$ "u--#a4 ,pictorial ,signs2 #b4 ,emblems2 #c4 ,symbols4 #aag ,g>rick ,mall]y1 8,sign ,language among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians10 ,fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 #ahgi-hj 7#ahha74 #a4 ,! repres5tation ( any object :5 x is int5d$ to express t object is a pictorial sign2 = example1 ! figure ( a fi% 9 a pictograph w\ld usually ref] to fi% 9 g5]al or to "s p>ticul> species ( fi%4 ,! pictorial translation ( a p]sonal "n1 su* z 8,lean-,wolf0 7,fig4 #aae1 #a71 comes "u ?is head+4 #b4 ,tribal signs1 p]sonal insignia1 etc41 are emblems2 & ^! d n necess>ily require any analogy betwe5 ! objects repres5t+ & ! objects or qualities repres5t$1 b may arise f pure accid5t4 ,! repres5tation ( a totem belongs to ?is category1 s t "u c]ta9 conditions a draw+ w\ld n ref] to any actual fi% or t ! individual 0 nam$ 8fi%10 b t he belong$ to ! fi% clan2 x 0 emblematic ( 8 clan or 8 family gr\p1 l mo/ ( our armorial be>+s4 ,tribal signs among savage peoples are emblems 9 ! same way t ! rose1 ?i/le1 leek1 & %amrock are ! emblems ( ! ma9 compon5ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,z ,mall]y po9ts out1 8,aft] a scurril\s je/ ! begg>'s wallet became ! emblem ( ! conf$]at$ nobles1 ! ,gueux ( ! ,ne!rl&s2 & a sl+1 9 ! e>ly m9ority ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 0 adopt$ f ! refra9 ( a song by ! ,frondeur oppon5ts ( ,maz>940 #c4 8,symbols are less obvi\s & m artificial ?an m]e signs1 !y are usually conv5tional1 & are n only ab/ract b metaphysical1 & (t5 ne$ explanation f hi/ory1 religion1 & cu/oms4 ,!y d n depict b sugge/ objects2 d n speak directly ?r\gh ! eye to ! intellig5ce1 b presuppose 9 ! m9d k ( an ev5t or fact :i* ! sign recalls4 ,! symbols ( ! ark1 dove1 olive-bran*1 & ra9b[ w\ld be :olly mean+less to p unfamili> ) ! ,mosaic or "s simil> cosmology1 z w\ld be ! cross & ! cresc5t to ^? ignorant ( hi/ory4 ,! la/-nam$ objects appe>$ 9 ! class ( emblems :5 us$ 9 designat+ ! conflict+ p[]s ( ,*ri/5dom & ,islamism40 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 8! pipe is g5]ally ! symbol ( peace1 al?\gh 9 c]ta9 positions & connections x sometimes signifies prep>ation = w>1 & aga9 subsequ5t victory4 ,! hat*et is a common symbol = w>1 & clos$ h&s or approa*+ palms d5ote fri5d%ip4 ,! tortoise has be5 cle>ly us$ z a symbol = l&40 ,_m pictorial signs c be us$ z emblems1 & bo? c be conv]t$ into symbols or expla9$ z su* by p]v]t$ +5uity4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! la/ is se5 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian conceit ( ! portraiture ( a fi% us$ = ! "n & title ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is is bas$ on ! ,greek ^w 8an acro/ic compos$ ( ! initials ( ! sev]al ,greek words signify+ t "n & title4 ,?is orig9 be+ unkn[n to p]sons ^: religi\s en?usiasm 0 9 direct proportion to _! ignorance1 !y exp5d$ mu* rhetoric to prove t !re 0 "s true symbolic relation betwe5 an actual fi% & ! ,savi\r ( m54 ,ap>t f ?is misapplication1 ! fi% und\bt$ly became an emblem ( ,*ri/ & ( ,*ri/ianity40#aah #aah ,mall]y1 8,sign ,language10 etc41 #ahha1 p4 #chi4 ,an int]e/+ example ( ! trans=mation ( a symbol into an emblem is f\nd 9 ! case ( ! triskele or triquetra4 ,?is is n[ recognis$ to be a v>iant ( ! tetraskele1 fylfot1 gammadion1 or swa/ika1 z x is v>i\sly call$4 ,orig9ally ?is 0 a sun-symbol1 b _m o!r mean+s 7 d\btless associat$ ) x4 ,! triskelion 8fir/ appe>s on ! co9s ( ,lycia1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #dhj2 & !n on ^? ( ,sicily1 :]e x 0 adopt$ by ,aga?ocles1 ,b4,c4 #cag-cjg1 b n z a symbol ( ! morn+1 mid-day1 & aft]noon sun 7#8! ,?ree ,/eps ( ,vi%nu'71 b ( ! #8?ree-sid$' or r #8?ree-end$' or #8?ree-po9t$' 7triquetr\s7 l& ( ,tr9-akria1 i4e41 #8,?ree-,capes1' ! anci5t "n ( ,sicily2 & f9ally1 f ! sev5te5? c5tury1 on ! co9s ( ! ,isle ( ,man20#aai :]e cov]$ ) *a9 arm\r1 b )\t spurs1 x 0 introduc$ by ,alex&] ,,iii4 ( ,scotl& 9 #abff1 :5 t pr9ce took ov] ! isl& f ! ,norwegians2 he hav+ become famili> ) ! device at ! ,engli% ,c\rt ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 7#abaf-gb71 ^: son ,edmund 0 = a %ort "t /yl$ ,k+ ( ,sicily1 & :o qu>t]$ ! ,sicilian arms ) ! royal arms ( ,engl&4#abj ,! triquetra is also met ) 9 ! armorial be>+s ( sev]al noble families 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,switz]l&1 & ,pol&1 b n[ ! legs are appropriately clo!d 9 arm\r & spurs are add$2 probably ^! are relics ( ! ,crusades4 ,truly 8! ,?ree ,legs ( ,man0 h run af> n only 9 hi/orical "t & geographical space1 b also 9 ! unse5 _w ( symbolism4 #aai ,j4 ,newton1 ,a!num1 ,no4 #cche1 ,septemb] #aj1 #ahib1 p4 #cec2 & = fur!r details cf4 ,manx ,note-,book1 ,janu>y #ahhf4 #abj ,sir ,george ,birdwood1 ,introduction to ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella's ,! ,migration ( ,symbols4 ,9 ! section devot$ to ,religion ,i deal ) ! hi/ory & migration ( ! fylfot1 "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ symbols1 z ?is p>ticul> in/ance =ms a good example ( ! me?od :i* %\ld be adopt$ 9 /udy+ symbols & _! mean+4 ,pictography is s obvi\s a means = convey+ in=mation t !re is no difficulty 9 suppos+ x to h orig9at$ indep5d5tly among diff]5t peoples4 ,its use is1 & has be51 v widely spread4 ,petroglyphs are kn[n f great antiquity 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,!y are /ill employ$ 9 ,au/ralia2 !y are f\nd 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b mo/ ( ^!1 l _m ( ^? :i* scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! cont95t ( ,au/ralia1 are comp>atively anci5t4 ,!y are common 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,africa1 :]e !y are due to ! arti/ic impulses ( ! ,bu%m52 nei!r ! ,kafirs nor ! ,hott5tots pa9t human & animal =ms on ! rocks4 ,z petroglyphs are mu* m p]man5t ?an pictographs on m p]i%able mat]ials1 !y are m likely to be pres]v$ f anci5t times1 b x is probable t ! latt] 7 actually ( m frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,!re is no s+le sy/em ( pictography4 ,ev]y:]e a figure ( a man means a man1 & t ( a tree /&s = a tree1 & to ?is ext5t pictographs c be deciph]$ by any "o4 ,m precise in=mation c be glean$ :5 ! figures are provid$ ) "s unmi/akable det]m9ative1 & are 9 a reali/ic attitude4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases a native int]pret] is requir$ to expla9 ! exact significance ( ! figures1 or ( ! ev5t :i* !y commemorate4 ,once expla9$1 ! repres5tations are usually f\nd to be suffici5tly appropriate4 ,al?\gh ! mean+ ( simple pictographs may be guess$ at readily en\gh1 ! elucidation ( complex repres5tations is a v diff]5t matt]1 z !re are usually "s signs1 symbols1 or det]m9atives ( :i* ! significance is unkn[n4 ,9 attempt+ to deciph] pictographs1 n only is x necess>y to h a ?or\gh k ( ! p :o made !m1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t *>act]s sub/antially ! same1 or 8homomorphs0 7to use ,colonel ,mall]y's t]m7 made by "o set ( p1 h a diff]5t signification among o!rs4 ,fur!r1 diff]+ =ms 78symmorphs07 = ! same g5]al conception or idea may occur4 ,x is usually comp>atively easy = any "o to get a mean+ out ( a pictograph2 b x is q a diff]5t matt] :e!r t 0 ! mean+ :i* ! inscrib] int5d$ to convey4 ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? on pictographs1 or ideograms1 z !y are us$ to s l>ge an ext5t by backw>d peoples to convey ideas2 b ?is is only ! ?re%old ( a mu* l>g] & m important matt]1 ! ,art ( ,writ+4 ,^! e>ly /eps1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 h be5 trav]s$ by v>i\s peoples1 b few] h atta9$ ! next /age1 :ile ! la/ has prov$ a labori\s & t$i\s ef=t4 8,to inv5t & to br+ to p]fection ! score or s ( h&y symbols = ! expression ( spok5 s\nds :i* we call our alphabet1 has prov$ to be ! mo/ ardu\s ent]prise on :i* ! human intellect has ev] be5 engag$4 ,its a*ievem5t task$ ! g5ius ( ! ?ree mo/ gift$ races ( ! anci5t _w4 ,x 0 begun by ! ,egyptians1 cont9u$ by ! ,semites1 & f9ally p]fect$ by ! ,greeks4 ,f c]ta9 ,egyptian hi]oglyphic pictures1 :i* 7 9 use long be=e ! ,pyramids 7 erect$1 x is possible to d$uce ! actual outl9es ( almo/ e lett] ( our mod]n ,engli% alphabet40#aba #aba ,isaac ,taylor1 ,! ,alphabet1 an ,acc\nt ( ! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,lett]s1 #ahhc4 ,! /ages ?r\gh :i* alphabetic writ+ has pass$ are z foll[3-- #a4 ,pictographs4--,pictures or actual repres5tations ( objects4 #b4 ,ideograms4--,pictorial symbols1 :i* are us$ to sugge/ objects or ab/ract ideas4 ,phonograms4--,graphic symbols ( s\nds4 ,!y h usually aris5 out ( conv5tionalis$ ideograms1 :i* h be5 tak5 to repres5t s\nds in/ead ( ?+s4 #c4 7,a47 ,v]bal signs1 repres5t+ entire words4 #d4 7,b47 ,syllabic signs :i* /& = ! articulations ( :i* words are compos$4 #e4 ,alphabetic ,signs or ,lett]s1 :i* repres5t ! elem5t>y s\nds into :i* ! syllable c be resolv$4 #a4 ,! lea/ advanc$ ( m5 c convey in=mation1 t is1 !y c write by means ( ,pictographs4 #b4 ,probably all ( !m also employ m or few] symbols or ,ideograms1 su* z ! depict+ ( a turtle = 8l&0 by ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians4 ,! next /age is t 9 :i* f pictures :i* repres5t ?+s or ideas 7 d]iv$ pictures :i* repres5t s\nds or ,phonograms4 ,our *ildr51 ( _! own initiative1 to amuse !mselves1 pass ?r\gh ! two e>li] /ages ( writ+4 ,! /age we are n[ consid]+ is a common amusem5t = *ildr51 9 ! k9d ( conundrum kn[n z ! rebus4 8,9 ! rebus ! picture ( an object is tak5 to d5ote any ^w or "p ( a ^w :i* has ! same s\nd z ! "n ( ! ?+ pictur$4 ,z 9 ! well-kn[n rebus 9 :i* ! s5t5ce1 #8,i saw a boy swall[ a gooseb]ry1' is repres5t$ by pictures ( an eye1 a saw1 a boy1 a swall[1 a goose1 & a b]ry4 ,if1 = in/ance1 l ! anci5t ,egyptians1 we 7 to adopt a circle ) a c5tral dot z our ord9>y writt5 symbol = ! sun1 ?is w\ld be an ideogram4 ,b if we 7 to g on1 & aft] ! ,egyptian or ,*9ese me?od1 7 to use ! same symbol to express also ! ^w #8son1' we %\ld h a phonogram ( t primitive type :i* has repeat$ly s]v$ to bridge ov] ! gap betwe5 picture ideograms & phonetic *>act]s40 #c4 ,9 all languages !re are c]ta9 monosyllabic words :i* are pron\nc$ alike1 b :i* h diff]5t significations1 = example1 /ork1 /alk 7n\n & v]b74 ,9 ord] to indicate :i* 0 int5d$ 9 phonography1 x w\ld be necess>y to add a det]m9ative or explanatory ideogram4 ,?us1 if a figure ( ! bird repres5t$ ! fir/1 ! same figure ( a bird ) a fl[] or "s leaves by its side w\ld indicate a /alk1 & a pair ( legs by ! side ( ano!r bird w\ld det]m9ate ! action ( /alk+4 ,! ,*9ese to ! pres5t day write 9 ?is cumbr\s way1 z us$ to d ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,assyrians4 ,!re is no ne$1 h[ev]1 to inv5t a rebus to %[ :at "o is :5 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics are full ( !m4 ,i take ! foll[+ f ,dr4 ,isaac ,taylor4 ,! picture ( a lute 0 us$ symbolically by ! ,egyptian scribes to d5ote 8excell5ce40 ,x !n came to /& z a phonogram to express ! ^w nef]1 8good40 ,b 9 ! ,egyptian language ?is s\nd repres5t$ two homophonic simil>ly pron\nc$ words1 nef]1 8good10 & nef]1 8z f> z40 ,h5ce we f9d t ! "* may be us$ z a pictorial ideogram pictograph to repres5t a lute1 & z a symbolic ideogram to mean excell5ce2 !n z a phonogram = ! preposition nef]1 & la/ly z a syllabic sign to d5ote ne1 ! fir/ syllable ( ! ^w nef]4 #d4 ,! problem ( phonetic d5otation hav+ ?us be5 solv$1 ! syllabic signs 7 comb9$ s z to =m comp\nd phonograms on ! pr9ciple ( ! rebus4 ,= example1 ! "n ( lapis lazuli 0 khe/eb4 ,n[ ! ^w khesf meant to 8/op10 & ! syllable teb d5ot$ a 8pig40 ,h5ce ! rebus 8/op-pig0 0 inv5t$ to express graphically ! "n ( lapis lazuli1 & ?is is figur$ by ! picture ( a man /opp+ a pig by pull+ at its tail4 ,! ,japanese sy/em ( writ+ illu/rates ! lat] developm5t4 ,!y le>nt ! art ( writ+ f ! ,*9ese1 b z _! language is polysyllabic1 :ile ! ,*9ese is ess5tially monosyllabic1 8! ,*9ese *>act]s :i* are v]bal phonograms c\ld only be us$ = ! expression ( ! polysyllabic ,japanese words by be+ treat$ z syllabic signs4 ,a numb] ( *>act]s suffici5t to con/itute a syllab>y hav+ be5 select$ f ! num]\s ,*9ese v]bal phonograms1 x 0 f\nd t ! :ole app>atus ( det]m9atives 7or #8keys1' radicals1 or #8primitives1' z !y are t]m$ 9 describ+ ,*9ese writ+7 might be reject$1 be+ no long] indisp5sable to ! read]4 ,by ^! two *anges an almo/ incr$ible simplification ( ! ,*9ese writ+ 0 effect$4 ,b ?\gh syllabism is a great advance on a sy/em ( v]bal phonograms1 yet x is necess>ily some:at cumbr\s1 ow+ to ! consid]able numb] ( *>act]s :i* are requir$40 ,al?\gh ! ,japanese h inv5t$ "o ( ! be/ syllab>ies :i* has ev] be5 con/ruct$1 ! developm5t /opp$ %ort !re4 8,! fact t dur+ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s x %\ld nev] h occurr$ to a p s +5i\s & inv5tive z ! ,japanese to develop _! syllab>y into an alphabet1 may suffice to %[ t ! discov]y ( ! alphabetic pr9ciple ( writ+ is n su* an easy or obvi\s a matt] z might be suppos$40 #e4 ,! f9al /ep consi/s 9 employ+ a sign to repres5t a s\nd4 ,x is a m ref9$ analysis ( a ^w1 & ?is gives simple phonetic elem5ts1 few 9 numb]1 b :i* c be indef9itely comb9$4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians curi\sly j /opp$ %ort ( ! f9al /age2 !y develop$ alphabetical signs m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s ,b4,c41 b fail$ to make indep5d5t use ( !m4 ,_! innate cons]vatism appe>$ to p>alyse fur!r gr[?2 truly ! gods h n giv5 all ! gifts to any "o man1 = !y 7l ,hannibal7 did n "k h[ to make use ( _! victory4 ,:5 a ^w 0 alphabetically writt5 a phonogram 0 add$ to expla9 x1 & an ideogram 7or pictograph7 0 add$ to expla9 ! phonogram4 ,! ^w z f9ally writt5 0 an accretion ( v>i\s /ages 9 its own evolution4 ,^? :o w\ld l to trace ! processes by :i* "o alphabet has be5 develop$ mu/ be ref]r$ to ,dr4 ,taylor's great "w1 f :i* ,i h ab/ract$ s mu*4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce ,egyptian scribes develop$ a hi]atic writ+ f ! hi]oglyphics4 ,/rangely en\gh ?is 0 twice accompli%$1 ! e>ly ,hi]atic 0 truly cursive & mu* bold] ?an ! lat] & m delicate1 ?\gh less modifi$ ,hi]atic4 ,! =m] 0 inv5t$ be=e ! p]iod ( ! ,hyskos or ,%eph]d ,k+s1 & ! latt]1 or ,!ban ,hi]atic1 arose 9 ! succe$+ ,ramesidan dyna/y4 ,! ,semites1 :o dwelt 9 ! ,delta ( ,l[] ,egypt dur+ ! five or six c5turies ( ! ,hyskos dyna/y1 seiz$ on ! alphabetic symbols ( ! cursive ,hi]atic1 :i* 0 ! secul> writ+s z oppos$ to ! sacr$ hi]oglyphs4 ,_! language & mode ( ?\ght be+ diff]5t f t ( ! ,egyptian scribe1 & hav+ no sacr$ traditions to hamp] !m1 !y 7 able to break away f ! trammels ( antiquity4 ,!y 7 wise en\gh to drop ! useless lumb] ( ! phonogram & ideogram1 & s !y dissect$ out1 z x 71 ! alphabet f ! cursive ,hi]atic4 ,?is 0 done 9 ord] to h a ready & simple me?od = record+ bus9ess transactions4 ,along ) _! w>es ! ,phnicians di/ribut$ along ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean ?is f> m valuable acquisition4 ,! gift ( ! k ( lett]s ) its va/ pot5tialities m ?an c\nt]balanc$ ! %>p practices ( ^! ke5 trad]s4 ,x 0 res]v$ = yet ano!r p1 ! ,greeks1 to p]fect ! alphabet !y _h le>nt f ! ,phnicians to an ext5t :i* ! ,semites 7 unable to accompli%1 & ?is improvem5t 9 notation enabl$ !m to regi/] ?\ghts m ennobl+ ?an ! records ( comm]ce4 ,x is sc>cely conceivable t ,greece c\ld h ris5 to h] intellectual pre-em95ce if %e _h be5 %ackl$ ) phonographic writ+4 ,evolution 9 notation is necess>y = ! evolution ( m5tal processes4 ,! evolution ( ! art ( writ+ cle>ly %[s t x 0 exp$i5t = ! utilit>ian to de/roy ! /hetic1 = x mu/ be admitt$ t ! hi]oglyphics ( ,anci5t ,egypt 7 ! mo/ decorative ( all kn[n writ+ symbols4 ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 9 a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,royal ,in/itute1 9 ,may #ahid1 /at$ t 8! ,egyptian treatm5t ( ev]y?+ 0 ess5tially decorative2 ! love ( =m & draw+ 0 9 ,egypt a great] =ce ?an among/ any o!r anci5t p4 ,babylon & ,*9a1 f want ( suffici5t arti/ic ta/e1 all[$ _! pictorial writ+ to s9k into a m]e /r+ ( debas$ & conv5tional =ms2 ! ,egyptians1 on ! contr>y1 pres]ve ! purely pictorial & arti/ic "* ( _! hi]oglyphs to ! end4 ,! hi]oglyphs 7 a decoration 9 !mselves2 _! v position 9 ! s5t5ce 0 subord9at$ to ! decorative effect2 ! ,egyptian c\ld n be guilty ( ! b>b>ism se5 on "s ( ! ,assyrian sculpture1 :]e inscriptions 7 scrawl$ "r across ! "w )\t reg>d to design4 ,s f> 0 ?is idea c>ri$ t _m words or ideas 7 repres5t$ by two di/9ct *>act]s1 "o wide & ! o!r n>r[ & deep1 s t ! h>mony ( ! design %\ld n be brok5 by an unsuitable elem5t4 ,! result 0 t ! ,egyptians 7 rew>d$ by hav+ ! mo/ beautiful writ+ 9 ! _w40#abb ,! less ! picture became l :at x 0 int5d$ to repres5t ! m useful x became z a means = convey+ ?\ght4 ,b 9 ! new-f\nd me?od ( expression /hetics has va/ly ga9$1 & f our pres5t po9t ( view we may reg>d z ! f9al t]m ( ! s]ies1 vivid writt5 descriptions ( sc5es & ev5ts or ^w-pictures4 #abb ,newspap] ,report4 ,,iii4 ,,weal?4 ,:5 deal+ ) ! decorative trans=mation ( artificial objects ,i ref]r$ 7p4 #gh7 to ! l>ge axes :i* are made 9 "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! ar*ipelagoes (f ! s\?-ea/ p59sula ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,i po9t$ out h[ ! desire = a reputation = weal? appe>s to h result$ 9 ! production ( a useless article1 :i* took a great deal ( "t to fabricate4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,balf\r#abc gives a p>allel example 9 ! case ( 8! developm5t ( our own civic & /ate maces4 ,9 ^! ! end :i* 0 orig9ally ! h&le end has n[ become ! #8clubb$' end1 ?r\gh ! small cr[n1 :i* orig9ally embelli%$ ! h&le1 hav+ gradually develop$ into ! enorm\s head s *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n c]emonial mace2 ! two ends h *ang$ places1 & ! sometime #8bus9ess' end is n[ ! small]40 #abc ,h4 ,balf\r1 ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art1 #ahic1 p4 #gc4 ,an analog\s modification (t5 occurs 9 votive objects4 ,9 prehi/oric z well z 9 rec5t times objects are d$icat$ to c]ta9 %r9es4 ,sometimes ^! may be objects 9 actual use1 b frequ5tly !y are specially made1 & 9 ord] to increase _! value !y are made 9 "s m preci\s mat]ial or ) m elaborate workman%ip4 ,= example1 votive axes h ! blade decorat$ & ev5 (t5 p]=at$1 s t x comes to be an elegant fretwork axe-blade1 arti/ic & valuable b utt]ly useless = mat]ial purposes4 ,?is has happ5$ among/ _m peoples & at v>i\s times4 ,b !re is also a rev]se process :i* op]ates 9 votive (f]+s1 :i* may p>tly be due to ! idea t ! deities or p[]s to :om ! (f]+s are made c>e m = ! idea ( (f]+ ?an = ! object (f]$1 z at a lat] /age x 0 recognis$ t 8to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice1 & to he>k5 ?an ! fat ( rams0 7#a ,samuel xv4 #bb74 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be confess$ t ano!r consid]ation has probably be5 op]ative1 & t is economy1 & x is conceivable t ?is motive has l$ to ! reason be+ assign$ t ! idea ( ! gift1 or ! ess5ce ( ! gift1 0 all t 0 necess>y4 ,x is sup]flu\s to detail _m examples1 z ! foll[+ w suffice to illu/rate ?is retrograde t5d5cy4 ,x 0 =m]ly a widely-spread cu/om to sacrifice att5dants = ! dead4 8,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! practice is describ$ z prevail+ 9 ,japan1 :]e1 on ! dea? ( a nobleman1 f t5 to ?irty ( 8 s]vants put !mselves to dea?4 ,! ,japanese =m ( mod]n survival ( su* fun]al sacrifices is ! sub/itute = real m5 & animals1 images ( /one1 or clay1 or wood1 plac$ by ! corpse4#abd ,! c]emonies 79 ,*9a7 ( provid+ s$an-be>]s & an umbrella-be>] = ! dead1 & s5d+ m\nt$ horsem5 to ann\nce be=eh& 8 arrival to ! au?orities ( ,hades1 al?\gh ^! be>]s & mess5g]s are only made ( pap] & burnt1 seem to repres5t survivals ( a m murd]\s reality40#abe ,! ,*9ese1 too1 on c]ta9 occasions make mock money 9 pap] & !n burn x z an (f]+4 #abd ,e4 ,b4 ,taylor1 ,primitive ,culture 7#bnd ed471 #ahgc1 p4 #dfc4 #abe ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dfd4 ,associat$ ) weal? is ! evolution ( money4 ,money is ess5tially a symbol ( value2 co9 is always ( less intr9sic wor? ?an its nom9al value1 & z money transactions increase ! nom9al value be>s absolutely no relation to ! real value1 z 9 ! case ( pap] money4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea we f9d at ! pres5t "t a v int]e/+ int]m$iate /age betwe5 m]e b>t] & ! evolution ( money4 ,i h else:]e#abf po9t$ out t !re is no money 9 ,torres ,/raits2 b c]ta9 articles h acquir$ a g5]ally recognis$ ex*ange value4 ,"s ( ! objects necessitate a consid]able am\nt ( skill$ lab\r2 o!rs1 su* z c]ta9 %ell ornam5ts1 v>y 9 value accord+ to ! size ( ! %ell1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 ! lab\r 9 fabricat+ a small %ell is v little less ?an t exp5d$ ov] a l>ge "o4 ,i notic$ t1 z ) our preci\s /ones1 a comp>atively small increase 9 size greatly enhances ! value4 ,9 ! fir/ case x is ! lab\r t gives ! value1 9 ! second x is ! r>ity4 ,?us ^! objects _c be reg>d$ z money z !y h an intr9sic value4 ,^? mo/ g5]ally employ$ are ! dibidibi1 a r\nd poli%$ disc worn on ! *e/1 & =m$ f ! apex ( a l>ge cone %ell 7,conus millepunctatus72 ! waiwi or wauri1 a %ell armlet =m$ ( a transv]se section ( ! same %ell2 a wap or dugong h>poon1 a long elegantly %ap$ in/rum5t cut out ( a tree2 a canoe4 #abf ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 8,! ,e?nography ( ! ,we/]n ,tribe ( ,torres ,/raits10 ,j\r4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xix41 #ahij4 ,a good waiwi1 "o :i* c be worn on ! arm ( a man1 is a v valu$ possession1 ! ex*ange value is a canoe or a dugong h>poon4 ,i ga!r$ t t5 or twelve dibidibi are consid]$ ( equal value to any ( ! above4 ,! ornam5ts v>y 9 size & f9i%1 & ! value v>ies correspond+ly1 ?us no table ( equable ex*ange c be drawn up4 ,a wife 0 =m]ly rat$ at ! highe/ unit ( ex*ange1 h] value be+ a canoe1 or a wap1 or a waiwi4 ,macgillivray#abg /ates t 9 #ahdi an iron knife or a glass bottle 7:i*1 :5 brok5 into fragm5ts =m s _m knives7 0 consid]$ a suffici5t price = a wife4 ,n[ ! natives usually give trade articles to _! prospective p>5ts-9-law4 ,my fri5d ,ma9o1 ! *ief ( ,tud1 in=m$ me t he paid = 8 wife1 :o came f ! ma9l& ( ,new ,gu9ea1 a camphor-wood *e/ conta9+ sev5 bolts 7i4e41 pieces7 ( calico1 "o doz5 %irts1 "o doz5 s+lets 7j]seys71 "o doz5 tr\s]s1 "o doz5 h&k]*iefs1 two doz5 tomahawks1 "o p\nd ( tobacco1 "o long fi% spe>1 two fi%+ l9es1 "o doz5 hooks1 & two pe>l %ells1 & he f9i%$ up by say+1 8,by golly1 he too de>60 ,if ! above price 0 actually paid1 !re 0 "s f\ndation = 8 exclamation4 ,once :5 he sold me some?+ he p>ticul>ly dem&$ a tomahawk 9 ex*ange1 z he _h to give "o to 8 "m-9-law to 8pay0 = 8 la/ baby1 & he did too4 ,x appe>s t babies h to be paid = z well4 #abg ,voyage ( ! 8,rattlesnake10 #aheb4 ,at ! opposite end ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ,sir ,william ,mac,gregor in=ms u t at ,pannaet 7,deboyne ,isl&71 9 ! ,l\isiades1 ! canoes = :i* ?is isl& is fam\s are cut out ) adzes ( hoop-iron1 b 8!y sell ! canoes :5 made at f t5 to fifty /one axes4 ,!y d n use ! /one axe z a tool 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 b x /ill repres5ts ! /&>d ( curr5cy 9 great transactions su* z ! pur*ase ( a canoe1 or a pig1 or 9 obta9+ a wife4 ,! natives always c>efully expla9 t1 z conc]ns ! wife1 ! /one axes are n giv5 z a paym5t = h]1 b z a pres5t to ! fa!r ( ! girl4 ,/eel tomahawks w1 h[ev]1 n[ be accept$1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 9 paym5t ( a canoe1 & no d\bt ! days ( ! curr5cy ( ! /one axe = ^! & all o!r purposes are numb]$0 7,july #ahij74abh ,9 ,misima 7,/4 ,aignan ,isl&7 also 8!y h ent]$ ! iron age1 & appe> to h entirely giv5 up ! use ( ! /one axe except z a m$ium = pur*as+ wives0 7,octob] #ahhh74abi #abh ,annual ,report ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 ,c4,a4 #a1 #ahib4 p4 #ff4 #abi ,fur!r ,correspond5ce respect+ ,new ,gu9ea1 #ahij1 ,c4 #ehhc1 p4 #bea4 ,! evolution ( ! money symbol is a v int]e/+ hi/ory1 & ,i w\ld ref] ^? :o w\ld l to inquire fur!r into x to ! ma/]ly "w by ,pr(essor ,ridgeway4#acj ,9 ! foll[+ brief sket* ( ?is "q ,i draw l>gely f t book4 #acj ,w4 ,ridgeway1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,metallic ,curr5cy & ,weight ,/&>ds1 #ahib4 ,among ! ,bahn>s ( ,annam1 :o bord] on ,laos1 8ev]y?+10 says ,m4 ,aymoni]1 8is by b>t]1 h5ce all objects ( g5]al use h a kn[n relation%ip2 if we "k ! unit1 all ! re/ is easy40 ,aft] enum]at+ c]ta9 ex*ange values1 he cont9ues1 8#a muk #aj mats1 t is to say1 t5 ( ^? hoes :i* are manufactur$ by ! ,c$ans1 & :i* are employ$ by all ! savages ( ?is region z _! agricultural implem5t4 ,! hoe is ! smalle/ am\nt us$ by ! ,bahn>s4 ,x is wor? #aj c5times 9 ,european goods1 & is made ( iron40#aca #aca ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bc4 8,! ,*9ese likewise us$ hoes z money2 b 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! hoe became a true curr5cy1 & little hoes 7 employ$ z co9s 9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a0 7ts91 agricultural implem5ts74#acb #acb ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bb4 ,at ,ras-el-,fyk1 9 ,daf\r1 ! hoe also s]ves z curr5cy1#acc & 9 ,we/ ,africa 8axes s]ve z curr5cy2 ^! are too small to be really employ$ z an implem5t1 b are d\btless ! survival ( a p]iod n long pa/ :5 real axes s]v$ z money40#acd #acc ,loc4 cit41 p4 #de4 #acd ,loc4 cit41 p4 #dj4 ,at ! "t :5 ! ,*9ese made _! great invasion into ,s\?-,ea/]n ,asia 7#bad ,b4,c471 !y /ill 7 employ+ a bronze curr5cy "u ! =m ( knives1 :i* 7 #ace millimetres 7#e ins47 9 l5g?1 be>+ on ! blade ! "* ,m9h1 & f9i%$ ) a r+ at ! end ( ! h&le = /r++ !m4 ,"u ! n9? dyna/y 7#dgi-eja ,a4,d471 !y us$ knives ( ! same =m & metal1 b #ahj mm4 7#g ins47 9 l5g?1 furni%$ ) a l>ge r+ at ! end ( ! h&le & inscrib$ ) ! *>act]s ,tsy ,ku'-u ,hoa4 ,next ! =m ( ! knife 0 modifi$1 ! h&le disappe>$1 & ! r+ 0 atta*$ directly to ! blade2 b n[1 z weight 0 reg>d$ ( importance1 its ?ickness 0 increas$ to pres]ve ! full am\nt ( metal1 & ! r+ became a flat r\nd plate pi]c$ ) a hole = ! /r+4#ace ,lat] on ^! knives became really a conv5tional curr5cy1#acf & = conv5i5ce ! blade 0 got rid (1 & all t 0 n[ left ( ! orig9al knife 0 ! r+ 9 ! %ape ( a r\nd plate pi]c$ ) a squ>e hole4 ,?is is a brief hi/ory ( ! sapec 7m commonly kn[n to u z ca%71 ! only native co9 ( ,*9a1 & :i* is f\nd ev]y:]e f ,malaysia to ,japan4#acg #ace ,j4 ,silve/re1 8,notes p\r s]vir la re*]*e et au classem5t des monnaies et des mdailles de ,annam et de la ,co*9-,*9e ,franaise10 ,excursions et ,reconnaissances1 ,no4 #ae 7#ahhc71 p4 #cie4 #acf ,w4 ,s4 ,am5t1 8,! ,anci5t ,co9age ( ,*9a10 ,am]ican ,j\rn4 ,ar*ol41 iv41 #ahhh1 p4 #bhd1 ,pls4 ,,xii41 ,,xiii4 #acg ,h4 ,c4 ,millies1 ,re*]*es sur les ,monnaies des ,indignes de l',ar*ipel ,indi5 et de la ,pn9sule ,malaie1 #ahga4 8,among ! fi%]m5 :o dwelt along ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 f ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! s\!rn %ores ( ,h9du/an1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,maldive ,isl&s1 x w\ld appe> t ! fi%-hook1 to !m ! mo/ important ( all implem5ts1 pass$ z curr5cy4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t x became a true money1 j z did ! hoe 9 ,*9a4 ,x /ill = a "t reta9$ its anci5t =m1 b gradually became degrad$ into a s+le piece ( d\ble wire4 ,^! l>9s1 made bo? ( silv] & bronze1 7 9 use until ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury1 & be> leg5ds 9 ,arabic "*4 ,_h ! process ( degradation gone on )\t *eck1 9 c\rse ( "t ! d\ble wire w\ld probably h %runk up into a bullet-%ap$ mass ( metal1 j z ! ,siamese silv] co9s are ! outcome ( a process ( degradation f a piece ( silv] wire twi/$ into ! =m ( a r+ & d\bl$ up1 :i* probably orig9ally =m$ "s k9d ( ornam5t4 ,! bullet-%ap$ tical is n[ /ruck z a co9 ( ,european =m4 ,j z1 p]haps1 ! silv] %ells ( ,burmah became ! multiple unit ( a l>ge numb] ( real c[ries1 s ! fi%-hook made ( real silv] came into use z a multiple unit1 :5 ! bronze fi%-hook _h already become conv5tionalis$ into a true co940#ach #ach ,w4 ,ridgeway1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,metallic ,curr5cy & ,weight ,/&>ds1 #ahib1 p4 #bg4 8,e m$ium ( ex*ange ei!r has an actual m>ketable value1 or repres5ts some?+ :i* ei!r has1 or =m]ly _h1 su* a value j z a five-p\nd note repres5ts five sov]eigns1 & ! piece ( /amp$ walrus sk91 =m]ly employ$ by ,russians 9 ,alaska 9 pay+ ! native trapp]s1 repres5t$ r\bles or blankets4 ,?is is an int]e/+ p>allel to ! anci5t tradition t ! ,c>?ag9ians employ$ lea!r money0 7p4 #dg74 ,to employ ! language ( geology1 we h f\nd evid5ce po9t+ to c]ta9 g5]al laws ( /ratification4 ,9 ,fur!r ,asia we h f\nd a section :i* pres5ts u ) an almo/ complete s]ies ( /rata1 :il/ 9 o!r places :]e we h be5 only able to obs]ve two or ?ree lay]s1 we h nev]!less f\nd t c]ta9 /rata are inv>iably f\nd sup]impos$ ^u o!rs j z regul>ly z ! coal seams are f\nd ly+ ov] ! c>bonif]\s lime/one4 ,z soon z ! primitive savage has conceiv$ ! idea ( obta9+ "s article :i* he desires b does n possess1 by giv+ 9 ex*ange to its own] some?+ :i* ! latt] desires1 ! pr9ciple ( money has be5 conceiv$4 ,%ells or necklaces ( %ells are f\nd ev]y:]e to be employ$ 9 ! e>lie/ /ages4 ,:5 "s m5 began to make weapons ( sup]ior mat]ial1 z = in/ance1 axes ( jade in/ead ( common /one1 su* weapons naturally soon became m$ia ( ex*ange2 :5 ! ox & ! %eep1 ! sw9e & ! goat are tam$1 l>ge additions are made to ! circulat+ m$ia ( ! m advanc$ communities2 !n come ! metals2 ! old] ornam5ts ( %ells & implem5ts ( /one are replac$ by ^? ( gold 7& mu* lat] by silv]71 & by weapons ( bronze z 9 ,asia & ,europe1 & by ^? ( iron 9 ,africa4 ,copp] & iron circulate ei!r 9 ! =m ( implem5ts & weapons1 su* z ! axes ( ,we/ ,africa1 ! hoes ( ! e>ly ,*9ese & mod]n ,bahn>s1 & ! anci5t ,*9ese knives1 all ( :i* rem9d u ( ! axes & half-axes 9 ,hom]2 or 9 ! =m ( r+s & bracelets1 l ! manillas ( ,we/ ,africa & ! anci5t ,iri% fibul1 or else 9 ! =m ( plates or b>s ( metal1 ready to be employ$ = ! manufacture ( su* articles1 z 9 ! case ( ! iron b>s ( ,laos1 ! iron discs ( ! ,madis1 & ! brass rods ( ! ,congo4 ,aga91 we are rem9d$ ( ! mass ( pig-iron :i* ,a*illes (f]$ z a prize4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance to obs]ve t su* pieces ( copp] & iron are n weigh$1 b are apprais$ by measurem5t4 ,we %all f9d t x is only at a p]iod long subsequ5t to ! weigh+ ( gold t ! inf]ior metals are e/imat$ by weight4 ,! cu/om ( captur+ wives1 :i* prevails among ! l[e/ savages1 is succe$$ by ! cu/om ( pur*as+ wives4 ,! woman is only a *attel on ! same foot+ z ! c[ or ! %eep1 & %e is accord+ly apprais$ 9 t]ms ( ! ord9>y m$ia ( ex*ange employ$ 9 h] community1 :e!r x be 9 c[s1 horses1 beads1 sk9s1 or blankets4 ,pres5tly male captives are f\nd useful bo? to t5d flocks1 &1 z 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! mod]n ,s\dan1 to gu>d ! h>em4 ,) ! discov]y ( gold1 ornam5ts made at fir/ out ( ! r\gh nuggets sup]s$e o!r ornam5ts1 & pres5tly ei!r su* ornam5ts or portions ( gold 9 plates or lumps are add$ to ! li/ ( m$ia1 & ! same foll[s ) ! discov]y ( silv]4 ,su* ornam5ts or pieces ( gold & silv] are e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( cattle1 & ! /&>d unit ( ! b>s or +ots naturally is adju/$ to ! unit by :i* x is apprais$4 ,?us we f9d ! ,hom]ic tal5t1 ! silv] b> ( ,annam1 ! ,iri% unga all equat$ to ! c[1 & ! ,wel% libra1 ,anglo-,saxon libra1 simil>ly equat$ to ! slave4 ,) ! discov]y ( ! art ( weav+1 clo?s ( a def9ite size ev]y:]e become a m$ium1 z ! silk clo? ( anci5t ,*9a1 ! wooll5 clo?s ( ! old ,norsem51 ! t\kkiyeh ( ! ,s\dan1 & ! blanket ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is fact once m recalls ,hom] & makes u believe t ! robes & blankets & cov]lets :i* ,priam br\ght along ) ! tal5ts ( gold to be ! ransom ( ,hector's body1 all _h a def9ite place 9 ! ,hom]ic monet>y sy/em4 8,we h se5 ! ,siamese piece ( twi/$ silv] wire pass+ into a co9 ( ,european /yle1 & ! ,*9ese bronze knife end+ by becom+ ca%1 j z ! ,hom]ic tal5t ( gold appe>s1 9 weight at lea/1 z ! gold /at] ( hi/orical times4 ,?us 9 e po9t ! analogy betwe5 :at we f9d 9 ! ,hom]ic ,poems & 9 mod]n b>b>\s communities seems complete4 8,we may !re=e ) "s confid5ce assume t we are at lib]ty to fill up ! gaps 9 ! /rata ( ,greek monet>y hi/ory :i* lie betwe5 ,hom] & ! beg9n+ ( co9$ money on ! analogy ( ! correspond+ /rata 9 o!r regions4 ,?is assumption1 re/+ on a broad basis ( induction & confirm$ by a good deal ( evid5ce special to ,greece & ,italy1 w be f\nd to expla9 ! orig91 n only ( weight /&>ds 9 ^? c\ntries1 b ( ! types on ! olde/ co9s1 su* z ! c['s head ( ,samos1 ! tunny fi% ( ,olbia & ,cyzicus1 ! axe ( ,t5$os1 ! tortoise ( ,aeg9a1 ! %ield ( ,botia1 & ! silphium ( ,cyr5e0 7pp4 #di1 #ej74 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway's view is t :ile my?ological & religi\s subjects d occur on ,greek co9s1 x c be %[n t c]ta9 co9s1 ev5 9 hi/orical times1 7 reg>d$ z ! repres5tations ( ! objects ( b>t] ( m primitive times4 ,! tunny fi% cont9ually passes 9 va/ %oals ?r\gh ! sea ( ,m>mora f ! ,black ,sea to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,a repres5tation ( ?is fi% appe>s inv>iably on ! electrum co9s ( ,cyzicus4 8,we "k t ! articles :i* =m ! /aple commodities ( a community 9 ! age ( b>t] virtually =m its money4 ,9 a city l ,cyzicus1 ^: citiz5s dep5d$ = _! weal? on _! fi%]ies & trade1 r ?an on flocks & h]ds & agriculture1 ! tunny fi% s+ly or 9 c]ta9 def9$ numb]s1 z by ! score or hundr$ & ! l1 w\ld naturally =m a *ief monet>y unit1 j z ! /ock-fi% 7dri$ cod7 7 employ$ 9 m$ival ,icel&4 ,are we n !n ju/ifi$ 9 consid]+ ! tunny fi%1 :i* =ms ! inv>iable adjunct ( ! co9s ( ,cyzicus1 z an indication t ^! co9s sup]s$$ a primitive sy/em 9 :i* ! tunny =m$ a monet>y unit1 j z ! kettle & pot c\nt]m>ks on ! co9s ( ,crete po9t back to ! days :5 real kettles =m$ ! *ief m$ium ( ex*ange8 8,b f> /rong] evid5ce is at h& to %[ t ! tunny fi% 0 us$ z a monet>y unit 9 "s p>ts ( ,hellas4 ,! city ( ,olbia1 :i* lay on ! nor? %ore ( ! ,black ,sea1 0 a ,milesian colony1 & 0 ! *ief ,greek emporium 9 ?is region4 ,!re are bronze co9s ( ?is city made 9 ! %ape ( fi%es & inscrib$ 1 :i* has be5 id5tifi$ z ! abbreviation ( 1 tunny4 ,:5 we recall ! ,*9ese bronze c[ries1 ! ,burmese silv] %ells1 ! silv] fi%-hooks ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 etc41 we are con/ra9$ to believe t 9 ^? co9s ( ,olbia1 %ap$ l a fi%1 we h a di/9ct pro( ( ! influ5ce on ! ,greek m9d ( ! same pr9ciple :i* has impell$ o!r peoples to imitate 9 metal ! old] object ( b>t] :i* a metal curr5cy is replac+4 ,! inhabitants ( ,olbia 7 l>gely int]mix$ ) ! surr\nd+ b>b>ians1 & may !re=e h felt "s difficulty 9 replac+ _! b>t] unit by a r\nd piece ( metal be>+ m]ely ! impr9t ( a fi%1 :ile ! pure-blood$ ,greek ( ,cyzicus _h no hesitation 9 m5tally bridg+ ! gulf betwe5 a real fi% & a piece ( metal m]ely /amp$ ) a fi%1 & did n require ! int]m$iate /ep ( fir/ %ap+ 8 metal unit into ! =m ( a tunny4 ,! isl& ( ,t5$os1 ly+ (f ! ,troad1 /ruck at a v e>ly date silv] co9s be>+ = device a d\ble-head$ axe4 ,pausanias1 9 ! second c5tury ,a4,d41 saw at ,delphi axes d$icat$ by ,p]iclytus ( ,t5$os4 ,x is probable1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,ridgeway1 t su* d\ble axes z ^? /amp$ on ! co9s ( ,t5$os =m$ "p ( ! e>lie/ ,greek sy/em ( curr5cy4 ,! prizes (f]$ 9 ! fun]al games ( ,patroclus are ( c\rse m]ely ! usual objects ( b>t] & curr5cy1 slavewom51 ox51 tripods1 tal5ts ( gold1 & ! l4 8,b he 7,a*illes7 set = ! ar*]s d>k iron1 & he set d[n t5 axes & t5 half-axes20#aci t is1 t5 d\ble & t5 s+le-head$ axes4 ,t su* axes 7 evid5tly an important article 9 ,t5$os is prov$ by ! d$ication at ,delphi1 & may n ! axe on _! co9s repres5t ! local unit ( an e>li] epo*8 #aci 8,t5 d\ble-head$ axes he set & t5 s+le10 9 ! translation by ,e4 ,mey]s4 ,! ,iliad ( ,hom]1 xxiii4 #hej 7,macmillan ,co471 #ahhc4 ,! 8tortoise0 on ! co9s ( ,aeg9a has be5 my?ologis$ z an emblem ( ,aphrodite1 b ! connection is n v intimate4 ,accord+ to a fragm5t ( ,ephorus1 ! ,aeg9etans took to comm]ce on acc\nt ( ! b>r5ness ( _! isl&4 ,b !y mu/ h _h some?+ to give 9 ex*ange to ! p be=e !y c\ld h develop$ a c>ry+ trade1 & ,pr(essor ,ridgeway sugge/s t ! tortoise on ! co9s ( ,aeg9a simply indicates t ! old monet>y unit ( t isl& 0 ! %ell ( ! turtle 78tortoise-%ell071 :i* 0 consid]ably l>g]1 & !re=e m valuable = mak+ b[ls ?an t ( ! l& or m\nta9 tortoise4 ,! e>lie/ co9s repres5t a turtle1 = ! feet are flipp]s q di/9ct f ! legs ( ! lat] tortoises2 also ! ?irte5 plates ( ! dorsal %ield1 or c>apace1 are n s di/9ct 9 ! turtle z 9 ! tortoise1 & 9 ! old] co9s ^! plates are n repres5t$4 ,! e>lie/ co9s1 too1 h ! incuse on ! rev]se divid$ into eight triangul> comp>tm5ts1 :i* may indicate ! eight plates ( ! v5tral %ield1 or pla/ron1 ( all ^! animals4 ,! same l9e ( argum5t applies to ! ,botian %ield1 :i* has be5 confid5tly pron\nc$ to be a sacr$ emblem1 b :i* we mu/ n[ reg>d z a numismatic symbol ( a real %ield4 ,on ! rev]se ( ^! co9s ! incuse =ms a rude ,x1 b\nd$ by a circle ( dots1 :i* probably repres5ts ! back ( ! %ield1 z ! frame ( an ox-hide %ield consi/s ( a circul> rod ) two crossb>s4 8,! idea ( mak+ ! incuse repres5t ! o!r side ( ! object giv5 9 relief on ! obv]se seems to be j ! /age betwe5 a complete repres5tation ( ! object1 z 9 ! tunny ( ,olbia1 & t ev9c$ by ! e>ly co9s ( ,magna ,grcia1 on :i* ! rev]se gives 9 ! incuse exactly ! same =m z t 9 relief on ! obv]se40 ,! silphium plant ( ,cyr5e1 :i* yield$ a salubri\s b some:at unpleasant m$ic9e1 has also be5 held to h a my?ological symbolism1 & )\t any evid5ce x has be5 foi/$ on to ! h]o ,ari/acus1 8! protector ( ! corn-field & ! v9e & all gr[+ crops1 & bees & flocks & %eph]ds1 & ! av]t] ( ! scor*+ bla/s ( ! ,sah>a40 8,x seems f> m reasonable to treat x on ! same pr9ciple z ! o!rs j discuss$4 ,! silphium =m$ ! mo/ important article produc$ 9 t region1 & x is p]fectly 9 accordance ) all analogy t c]ta9 quantities ( ?is plant1 & ( ! juice extract$ f x1 %\ld be employ$ z money4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t tea is s employ$ on ! bord]s ( ,tibet & ,*9a1 & raw cotton 9 ,d>fur40 ,pr(essor ,ridgeway argues t ! same holds good = repres5tations ( cattle on co9s--! image ( ! c[ or ! ox indicates t ! gold piece s m>k$ is a sub/itute = t animal4 ,^! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,ridgeway's h ?r[n a new light on "s ( ! images on ,greek co9s4 ,he has transf]r$ ! symbolism ( ?is class ( co9age f ! doma9 ( religion to t ( m]*&ise--f god to mammon4#adj #adj ,pr(4 ,d',arcy ,w4 ,?ompson1 jun41 has publi%$ a pap] 78,on ,bird & ,bea/ 9 ,anci5t ,symbolism10 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed9b41 xxxviii4 pt4i41 #ahie1 p4 #agi71 9 :i* he combats ,pr(4 ,ridgeway's !ory1 z be+ =eign to all we "k ( anci5t symbolism4 8,we mu/ see fallacy 9 any !ory :i* treats z nasc5t & primitive ! civilisation ( a p]iod ( exalt$ poetry1 ! (fspr+ ( ages ( antec$5t culture2 :i* sees b a small advance on rec5t b>b>ism 9 ways ( life simple 9 "s respects1 b ri* 9 develop$ art & /or$ ) ref9$ tradition2 t looks only = ! ways & habits & ?\ghts ( primitive man 9 races support$ by a backgr\nd ( philosophical & sci5tific culture ( an unfa?om$1 & may be unfa?omable1 antiquity4 ,beh9d e>ly ,hell5ic civilisation 0 all ! wisdom ( ,egypt & ! ,ea/1 & ! fir/ ,greeks ( :om we h k look$ ^u ! old ,heav5 & ! old ,e>? n ) ! half-op51 wond]+ eyes ( wak5+ intellig5ce1 b ) p]ceptions tra9$ 9 an anci5t inh]itance ( accumulat$ le>n+4 8,i pr9t ?is extract1 z ,i consid] t ,d',arcy ,?ompson's rem9d] is ne$$ 9 ! pres5t se>* aft] orig9s4 ,) reg>d to ! po9t at issue1 x appe>s to me t bo? may be "r4 ,"s ( ! repres5tations on ,greek co9s may h ! significance :i* ,ridgeway ascribes to !m1 :ile o!rs may be> ! int]pretation giv5 by ,d',arcy ,?ompson1 ^: !ory ,i %all ref] to lat]4 ,,iv4 ,,magic ,,& ,,religion4 ,= ! sake ( simplicity1 9 ! ,introduction ,i includ$ 9 ! t]m ,religion ! relation ( man to unse5 p[]s4 ,^! h always be5 recognis$1 & man has ev]y:]e attempt$ to put himself into sympa!tic relation ) !m4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 pref]able to di/+ui% betwe5 ,sympa!tic ,magic & ,religion prop]1 z ! =m] is imp]sonal & ! latt] is ess5tially p]sonal 9 its op]ation4 ,sympa!tic magic is1 s to speak1 ! primitive protoplasm out ( :i* natural sci5ce has be5 evolv$1 9 mu* ! same way z1 toge!r ) ance/or-wor%ip & totemism1 x lies at ! base ( mo/ religi\s sy/ems4 #a4 ,sympa!tic ,magic4 ,z ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has po9t$ out1#ada primitive man has ! g]m ( ! mod]n notion ( natural law1 or ! view ( nature z a s]ies ( ev5ts occurr+ 9 an inv>iable ord] )\t ! int]v5tion ( p]sonal ag5cy4 ,?is g]m is involv$ 9 t sympa!tic magic :i* plays a l>ge "p 9 mo/ sy/ems ( sup]/ition4 #ada ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,comp>ative ,religion1 #ahij1 p4 #i4 ,"o ( ! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic magic1 or signature lore z x is sometimes call$1 is t any effect may be produc$ by imitat+ x4 ,if x is wi%$ to kill a p]son1 an image ( him is made & !n de/roy$2 & x is believ$ t ?r\gh a c]ta9 physical sympa?y betwe5 ! p]son & 8 image1 ! man feels ! injuries done to ! image z if !y 7 done to 8 own body1 & :5 x is de/roy$ he mu/ simultane\sly p]i%4 ,sometimes ! magic sympa?y takes effect1 n s mu* ?r\gh an act z ?r\gh a suppos$ resemblance ( qualities4 ,"s ,be*uana w>riors we> ! hair ( an ox among _! own hair & ! sk9 ( a frog on _! mantle1 because a frog is slipp]y & ! ox f :i* ! hair has be5 tak5 has no horns & is !re=e h>d to cat*2 s ! w>rior :o is provid$ ) ^! *>ms believes t he w be z h>d to hold z ! ox & ! frog4 8,?us we see10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,fraz]1 8t 9 sympa!tic magic "o ev5t is suppos$ to be foll[$ necess>ily & inv>iably by ano!r1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any spiritual or p]sonal ag5cy4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 ! mod]n conception ( physical causation2 ! conception1 inde$1 is misappli$1 b x is !re none ! less4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ano!r mode 9 :i* primitive man seeks to b5d nature to 8 wi%es4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 h>dly a savage :o does n fancy himself possess$ ( ?is p[] ( influ5c+ ! c\rse ( nature by sympa!tic magic4444 ,( all natural ph5om5a !re are p]haps none :i* civilis$ man feels himself m p[]less to influ5ce ?an ! ra91 ! sun1 & ! w9d4 ,yet all ^! are commonly suppos$ by savages to be 9 "s degree "u _! control40 ,magic practices are1 z a rule1 prim>ily a k9d ( mimetic repres5tation comb9$ ) crude symbolism1 or ! latt] alone may be employ$1 z 9 ! previ\sly m5tion$ ,be*uana cu/om4 ,we may reg>d pictorial repres5tation ( magic z probably indicat+ a high] /age ( culture4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,vaughan ,/ev5s has rec5tly made a numb] ( valuable obs]vations 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula2 ^! h be5 edit$ by ,a4 ,grnw$el1#adb & !y ?r[ a new light on ! importance ( decorative art 9 ! psy*ic life ( savages4 ,! ,smang tribes are negritto 9 orig91 t is1 !y belong to ! %ort1 d>k1 frizzly-hair$ /ock :i* probably 7 ! orig9al inhabitants ( t "p ( ! _w1 & are consequ5tly a m primitive p ?an ! ,malays4 #adb 8,die ,zaub]mu/] d] ,orang ,smang10 ,zeits*r4 fr ,e?nologie1 xxv41 #ahic1 p4 #ga2 8,die ,zaub]mu/] d] ,orang htan10 loc4 cit41 xxvi41 #ahid1 p4 #ada4 ,! ,smang tribes1 especially ! ,orang ,panggang ( ,ea/ ,malacca1 possess a k9d ( picture writ+ :i*1 on ! "o h&1 s]ves to record my?ological repres5tations1 "n-m>ks1 etc41 ^u objects made ( bamboo2 on ! o!r h& x =ms ! f\ndation ( complicat$ magic patt]ns :i* ^! tribes are accu/om$ to employ z a means ( protection aga9/ illnesses4 ,b 9 s f> z ^! patt]ns are incis$ 9 ! bamboo z prescriptions = ! heal+ h]bs to be employ$1 ap>t f ! protect+ *>m :i* lies directly 9 !m1 ^? elem5ts :i* g to make !m up c also be describ$ z a k9d ( writ+4 ,! magic patt]ns ( ! pure ,smang f ,ea/ ,malacca are f\nd on ?ree classes ( objects-- #a4 ,! bamboo combs 7tn-leig7 ( ! wom54 #b4 ,! bamboos 7gor & g>7 :i* s]ve z quiv]s = ! bl[-pipe arr[s & ! tube ( ! bl[-pipe4 ,^! are ! protective devices ( ! m54 #c4 ,! bamboos call$ gi1 :i* conta9 all ! ord9>y patt]ns4 ,) ! exception ( a remnant ^! h sunk into oblivion4 ,no example is kn[n4 ,! combs are worn ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,smang di/rict1 b on ! we/]n side ( ! m\nta9 *a9 ( ! ,p59sula1 f ,kdah to ,prak1 ^! are us$ m z ornam5t1 & ! orig9als = ! composition ( ! patt]ns are =gott54 ,! patt]ns on ! combs exhibit fl[]s1 or ! pr9cipal p>ts ( fl[]s1 :i* s]ve z simples aga9/ ! disease4 ,! combs are only us$ by wom5 aga9/ invisible sickness1 etc41 su* z fev]2 = injuries & w\nds su* z ^? caus$ by a fall+ b\gh 9 ! jungle1 or ! bite ( a c5tip$e1 o!r means are employ$4 ,! combs are n us$ = comb+ ! hair4 ,! wom5 we> eight combs1 sometimes ev5 sixte51 :i* are plac$ horizontally ) ! tee? emb$d$ 9 ! hair & ! h&les project+ outw>ds2 :5 eight are worn1 two are ins]t$ 9 ! front1 back1 & sides ( ! head4 ,! *oice ( combs dep5ds ^u--7#a7 ,! diseases :i* are rag+ ne> ! tribe2 7#b7 ! diseases :i* are mo/ fe>$2 & 7#c7 ! numb] ( wom5 !re are toge!r4 ,accord+ to ! ,smang1 ! w9ds br+ ^! sicknesses ) !m z ! puni%m5t = "s s9 :i* ,keii1 ! ?und]-god1 wi%es to rev5ge4 ,! w9d-demon1 :i* is s5t by ,keii on ?is message1 bl[s ov] ! head ( ! p]son & deposits ! sickness on ! =ehead1 f :5ce x spreads ov] ! body4 ,! god ,pl1 h[ev]1 gives to ! ,smang a magical rem$y :i* ! w9ds d>e n approa*1 & s ! imp5d+ puni%m5t is turn$ aside4 ,if a woman is protect$ by ! "r comb & ! w9d bl[s ^u h] head1 ! demon meets ! od\r ( ! ws & falls d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,if ! ws *>m fails ! pwr *>m comes to ! rescue1 s t ! demon _c get any fur!r1 & recognis+ ,pl's p[]1 x falls d[n & is c>ri$ away by ! w9d4 ,if ! illness comes f beh9d x is held back by mos1 t is ! repres5tation :i* runs across ! comb at ! ins]tion ( ! tee?4 ,! calyx ( a fl[] is call$ mos1 & exactly z ! fl[] lies emb$d$ 9 its calyx1 s ! p>ts ( ! h&le nam$ ws & pwr rea* "u ! mos l9e1 al?\gh "o _c see !m1 & are !re j z effective z above4 ,:5 sev]al wom5 meet !y we> diff]5t combs to protect !mselves & o!rs f all k9ds ( diseases4 ,diff]5t ws patt]ns are necess>y1 z ea* sickness has its own w9d1 & ! w9d does n br+ any or all diseases4 ,z a rule a ws is necess>y = ea* disease1 )\t1 h[ev]1 exclud+ o!rs1 b sometimes x does = ab\t six4 ,x does n (t5 happ5 t ! ,smang c>ves ^u a comb a patt]n = any o!r ?an ! "o object 9 view4 ,! ,smang wom5 usually possess f tw5ty to ?irty combs1 & !y l5d !m to "o ano!r4 ,:5 9 ! huts & at night !y lay !m "u ! ro(4 ,!y are buri$ ) ! own] to keep ! diseases f ! _s :i* h be5 av]t$ dur+ life4 ,z to ! orig9 ( ! cu/om1 ! ,smang unanim\sly decl>e t ! patt]ns ( ! combs 7 ! inv5tion ( ! god ,pl = !mselves1 & 7 n borr[$ f any o!r folk4 ,9 =m] times ! combs _h only ?ree tee?4 ,! tee? are m]ely a means = fa/5+4 ,! m5 we> no combs z _! hair is kept %ort4 ,_! magical rem$ies are ! gor's & g>'s4 ,!y say t 9 v anci5t times wom5 c>ri$ bamboo /icks on :i* 7 cut ! :ole sev5ty disease patt]ns4 ,! gi 7 /uck 9 ! girdle4 ,! diseases = :i* ! combs are effective attack wom5 only1 & ^!1 ! m5 say1 are mo/ly imag9>y4 ,illnesses :i* attack bo? m5 & wom5 are kept (f by ! quiv]s & bl[-pipes 7sumpit7 ( ! m51 z ! wom5 are g5]ally n v f> (f f ! m54 ,! h&le ( a typical comb is divid$ into eight transv]se b&s1 ea* ( :i* has its own "n4 ,above ! broad c5tral b& 7tn-wg7 are f\r n>r[ b&s1 :ile bel[ x are ?ree n>r[ b&s4 ,! fir/ & second b& ( ! upp] s]ies are call$ respectively ws & pwr4 ,! upp]mo/ l9e1 above ws1 is call$ tp1 ! l[e/ l9e bel[ ! eigh? b& 7nos71 & imm$iately above ! tee?1 is call$ mos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,blossom ( an ,ixora2 f ,/ev5s4 ,ws & pwr are ! protect+ figures1 ^: *>m keeps (f ! diseases4 ,tp1 pwr & mos are also p>ts ( a fl[]1 ws is ! sc5t1 ! /am5s & pi/il are call$ tp1 ! l9e 9 ! comb above ! ws b& has ! same "n1 ! l5g!n$ tube above ! gre5 calyx is kn[n z pwr & ! calyx z mos4 ,two jungle fl[]s n[ s]ve z pwr1 "o a k9d ( ,ixora1 b ! botanical "n ( ! o!r has n be5 id5tifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aah1 #aai4--,magic combs ( ! ,orang ,smang2 f ,/ev5s4 ,9 ,figs4 #aah & #aai we h two combs ( ! ,orang ,smang1 :i* illu/rate ! me?od ( decoration4 ,!y are int5d$ = two diff]5t diseases1 ! nature ( ei!r ( :i* is obscure4 ,! patt]n 9 ! tn-wg b& ( ,fig4 #aah evid5tly repres5ts ! magical fl[]4 ,! ws patt]n 9 ,fig4 #aai is faulty1 x is et*$ 9 ! orig9al comb z 9 ! upp] b& ( ,fig4 #abj3 ,:]eas ! elem5ts ,a1 ,b1 ,c %\ld h be5 engrav$1 z 9 l[] b& ( ,fig4 #abj4 ,su* slight mi/akes z ^! 9 ! decoration ( a comb may r5d] ! magic patt]n ( no avail aga9/ ! appropriate disease4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--;,diagram ( ! upp]mo/ patt]n ( ,fig4 #aai1 ) rectification ( t patt]n2 f ,/ev5s4 ,if "o looks ?r\gh ! patt]ns :i* repres5t ws & pwr "o spe$ily f9ds t _m are id5tical ) ea* o!r1 or are p>ts ( ! patt]ns 9 ! fif? b& 7tn-wg7 :i* repres5t ! illness4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is giv5 9 explanation ( ?is3 z ! magic patt]ns 7 made by ,pl1 he wi%$1 z he settl$ "o patt]n = a def9ite disease1 at ! same "t to make x kn[n :i* fl[] blooms mo/ freely at ! "t :5 ! illness rages1 & he gave to bo? a simil> =m4 ,if ws & pwr 7 oblig$ to get exactly ! same figure1 9 ord] to prev5t confusion ( ! patt]ns ) "o ano!r1 he orda9$ t diff]5tiat+ m>ks %\ld be add$ on ! comb4 ,= u1 :o d n see ! patt]ns ) ,smang eyes1 _m deviations appe> 9 ! figures4 ,"o reason = ?is is t ! patt]ns ( ! combs are mo/ly incis$ by "y m5 & n by ! old] m51 z is ! case ) ! quiv]s & bl[-pipes4 ,! "y m51 unskill$ 9 c>v+1 & n always p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! patt]ns1 cut ! combs = _! si/]s & future wives4 ,"o mi/ake 9 ! patt]n does n necess>ily d away ) ! efficacy ( a comb1 z a ,panggang man once said1 8,x is l a gap or hole 9 a bird-trap3 ! bird c hop ?r\gh x1 b x is always a "q :e!r x sees ! gap40 ,all ! figures ( ! combs1 except ! ws1 pwr1 & tn-wg mu/ be ( ! v simple/ k9d4 ,! rule is t !y are borr[$ f a ws or pwr patt]n1 b ! special *>act]s mu/ be omitt$4 ,! y\?s :o copy ! combs ov]look ?is & ins]t 9 ! neighb\r+ b&s ! complete ws & pwr patt]ns4 ,! magicians engrave v>i\s devices on pieces ( bamboo1 &1 z w be se5 f ! foll[+ examples1 ^! magic /aves are suppos$ to be effectual = a great _m difficulties & adv]sities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,magical pictograph ( ! ,orang htan aga9/ ! /+s ( scorpions & c5tip$es2 size ( orig9al #i in*es2 f ,/ev5s4 ,fig4 #aba4--,?is bamboo %[s z its middle figure an ,argus pheasant ) its two long ocellat$ tail-fea!rs4 ,! :eel-l patt]ns at ,a repres5t ^! eye-m>ks1 ! angul> m>ks at ,b are ! w+s ( ! animal4 ,left ( ! ,argus is a long1 orange-col\r$ c5tip$e4 ,! head ( ! animal is drawn 9 ! direction t[>ds ! tail ( ! ,argus4 ,! l9es ) little dots on ea* side to ! "r & left ( ! c5tip$e are ! tracks :i* t animal leaves on ! sk9 ( a man4 ,two blue scorpions are repres5t$ on ! o!r side ( ! ,argus4 ,! figure at ! end ( _! tails is a swell+ 9 ! fle% ( a p]son :o has be5 /ung by !m4 ,! female ( ?is k9d ( scorpion is m poison\s ?an ! male1 & is said to cause d\ble /+s4 ,!re=e ! m>ks ) two r[s ( po9ts at ,c d5ote ! /+ ( ! female1 t ) "o r[ at ,d t ( ! male4 ,! significance ( ?is bamboo is1 8z ! ,argus pheasant fe$s on c5tip$es & scorpions1 s its help is invok$ aga9/ !m by /rik+ ! bamboo aga9/ ! gr\nd40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,magical device ( ! ,orang ,bl5das aga9/ a sk9 disease2 size ( orig9al #ai in*es2 f ,/ev5s4 ,fig4 #abb repres5ts ! devices et*$ on a piece ( bamboo aga9/ two =ms ( a sk9 disease--! "o exhibits lepr\s :ite ulc]s1 ! o!r h>d knots on & "u ! sk94 ,! l[]mo/ m>k+1 ,a1 :5 "o holds ! bamboo ) ! op5 end upp]mo/1 repres5ts ! bank ( a riv]1 9 :i* frogs h sunk holes4 ,! dots & l9es are ^! holes impr9t$ 9 ! s(t slime1 "s be+ "u ! wat]1 o!rs be+ above x4 ,! zigzag l9es at ,b repres5t frog's legs2 ^! limbs ( ! animal are abbreviations = ! :ole animal1 :i* is always conv5tionalis$4 ,ov] ^! frogs "o sees at ,c a patt]n :i* is us$ to repres5t diff]5t ?+s2 = example3 7#a7 an ant-hill2 7#b7 a ,hantu ( an illness 9 ! human body1 ^: effect is felt l ! crawl+ & bit+ ( ants1 & inde$ ?is ,hantu lives 9 =sak5 ant-hills2 7#c7 ! sk9 m>k$ by ?is disease2 or 7#d7 ev5 ! se$s ( a melon1 cucumb]1 etc4 ,"h ! figure repres5ts an ant-hill on ! gr\nd4 ,out ( ! gr\nd !re gr[ climb+ plants 7,d71 ^: w9d+ r\nd ! trees is repres5t$ by ! l9es =m+ ! ovals2 ! little l9es betwe5 ^! egg-%ap$ figures repres5t ! body ( ! p>tially v volum9\s lianas4 ,! little l9es on ! outside ( ! twi/s :5 !y are long repres5t ?orns2 b :5 !y are m]e po9ts !y indicate ! tracks ( insects' claws on ! b>k4 ,9 our picture1 z ! l9es are midway betwe5 long /reaks & dots1 !y repres5t ants 9 two gr\ps1 :i* are runn+ up & d[n ! lianas4 ,imm$iately "u ! l9e above ,d "o sees f\r figures 7#a-d71 :i* are respectively a bird1 a butt]fly1 a cat]pill>1 & a tree-frog4 ,! b& at ,e indicates a tree4 ,! figures are to be read (f f "r to left1 comm5c+ at ! v]tical l9e x1 :i* repres5ts ! trunk ( ! tree )\t leaves2 to ! left are five simil> figures1 :i* are ! fully develop$ leaves ( ! tree4 ,to ! left is a d>k beam ) leaf-m>ks on ! "r side only1 ^! are ! undevelop$ "y leaves at ! top ( ! tree4 ,fur!r to ! left is a d>k beam1 on ea* side ( :i* are zigzags 7y y72 ^! are bran*es4 ,! black l9e to ! left at z1 z1 repres5ts ! end ( ! lianas :i* are drawn 9 ,d2 ^! hav+ sprung f ! gr\nd h rea*$ ! bran*es ( ! tree4 ,to ! left ( ?is is ! topmo/ "p ( ! tree1 ) undevelop$ leaf-%oots on ! left side4 ,! sudd5 dw9dl+ ( ?is l9e is to %[ ! tap]+ ( ! tree /em t[>ds its top4 ,above ?is ! patt]n ,c is repeat$1 & ! ?ree r[s above ! l9e %[ ! spots on ! sk91 :i* are suppos$ to look l melon se$s2 ! r[s respectively /& = ! head1 body1 & feet :i* are ?us affect$4 ,la/ly1 fi%-scales are drawn to repres5t ! lepr\s =m ( ! disease2 ^! are also 9 ?ree r[s = ! head1 body1 & feet4 ,!y increase 9 size 9 ord] to %[ t !y w gradually spread ov] ! :ole body if n cur$ 9 "s way4 ,j at ! place :]e ! diff]5t r[s ( patt]ns end 7:5 "o reads f left to "r7 !re is a gr\p ( dots on ! scales1 :i* repres5t ! la/ /age ( ! disease2 incurable holes out ( :i* blood fl[s4 ,!y are suppos$ to be l ! w\nds caus$ by ! /+s ( any k9d ( poison\s fi%4 ,^! holes seldom appe> on ! legs4 ,! :ole draw+ is ! remnant ( an anci5t patt]n :i* 0 employ$ z a *>m by ! old magicians ( ! ,orang ,bl5das4 ,! object ( ! patt]n is ev5 at ! pres5t "t kn[n to ! laity1 b ! /ory is probably lo/ z to h[ ! figures came to be put toge!r 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,ra9-*>m ( ! ,orang ,bl5das2 size ( ! orig9al #aj in*es2 f ,/ev5s4 ,fig4 #abc is a copy ( a 8toon-tong10 :i* ! man :o own$ x w\ld n sell to ,mr4 ,/ev5s4 ,its use is to produce ra9 :5 ! paddy-fields are suff]+ f an insuffici5t monsoon4 ,! oblique l9es repres5t ! ra9 driv5 by ! w9d1 ! l9es be+ ! d[np\r & ! dots are ! ra9-drops4 ,! l9es f left to "r /& = ! nor?-ea/1 & ^? f "r to left = ! s\?-we/ monsoon4 ,! curv$ l9es mean a /orm4 ,! repetition ( ! ra9-figures means 8mu* ra940 ,next to ! ra9 on ! "r is a d\ble r[ ( tortoise#adc eggs 7d\ble_m71 z indicative ( ! tortoise1 :i* is a repres5tative ( dampness1 moi/ure1 & mud4 #adc ,probably a mud-tortoise4 ,! middle r[ ( figures repres5ts "y 8piyung0 fruit4 ,! piyung has fruit :5 ! ra9y season beg9s1 & loses ! ripe fruit at its close4 ,h5ce x is drawn z symbolic ( ! ra9y season4 ,!re n[ are1 z a matt] ( fact1 piyung trees t h fruit 9 ! o!r mon?s4 ,/ev5s %[$ "s ( ^! to ! ,orang ,bl5das1 & 0 in=m$ t 9 ! "t ( _! ance/ors ! piyung trees _h ripe fruit at ! ra9y season4 ,:e!r t 0 ! case 9 _! orig9al home1 or :e!r ano!r v>iety exi/$1 has yet to be settl$4 ,probably ! tradition ( ! ,orang ,bl5das is correct1 ev5 if x _c be cle>$ up on all po9ts4 ,! decoration ( "o bamboo is a =mula to enable a man :o wi%es to build a h\se to easily f9d ! necess>y mat]ials4 ,bel[ is a b& fill$ ) cross-hat*+1 l trellis-"w1 meant = ! wall ( a h\se1 & /&+ = ! :ole h\se2 above ?is are sev]al v diagrammatic repres5tations ( burnt trees :i* h rema9$ aft] ! fir+ ( ! jungle1 a =k$ bran* ( tree :i* is us$ z a prop1 palm leaves = ?at*+1 etc4 ,! re/ ( ! bamboo is divid$ into longitud9al b&s1 mo/ ( :i* look l attempts at decorative patt]ns1 b !y really signify a liana ) _m leaves1 ! frame-"w ( ! ro( ( ! h\se1 a ladd]1 split leaves int]lac$ = ?at*+ rattans1 :ile a zigzag l9e means ! long pa? :i* goes f side to side1 & ?us indicates ! ob/acles :i* befall ! leaves = ! ?at* :il/ !y are be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh ! jungle4 ,"o design is suppos$ to protect ! h>ve/ & ! plantations r\nd ! h\se f injuri\s animals4 ,9 x is repres5t$ a v diagrammatic h\se4 ,on ! "o side are plants ) tub]s gr[+ on ! sides ( a hill1 = ! ,orang ,bl5da g5]ally cle> ! sides ( a hill = _! plantations & h\ses4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! h\se are depict$ maize1 ! kldi 7caladium7 ) its edible tub]s1 ?ree sug>-canes ) ! edible %oots at ! roots1 ano!r plant ( maize1 tapioca ) its edible roots1 a v>iety ( yam ) its tub]s1 & a banana2 9 addition !re are six immature trees1 & ! punctate backgr\nd d5otes grass4 ,! upp] "p ( ! bamboo repres5ts ^? animals :i* may de/roy ! gifts ( ! soil4 ,^! are a cat]pill>1 a rat1 two iguanas 7monitors or lace-liz>ds1 :i* g aft] h5s' eggs72 next ea* liz>d is a tree ) leaves :]e !y l to hide2 a r[ ( dots on ea* side ( ! tree-trunks d5ote ! upw>d & d[nw>d tracks ( ! animals at night4 ,!re is also a tortoise ) its "y "o1 & a pair ( cresc5tic l9es indicate ! pool :]e ! reptile lives4 ,ano!r c>v$ bamboo helps wom5 to cat* fi%1 & also protects !m f poison\s ones4 ,to ! un9itiat$ _m patt]ns w\ld appe> to be simple decorative devices1 b ,mr4 ,/ev5s has f\nd t !y h def9ite mean+s2 = example1 rattan may be conv5tionally repres5t$ by a /raight or a wav$ l9e1 or by two wav$ or zigzagg$ l9es :i*1 :5 appli$ toge!r1 =m a s]ies ( ovals or diamonds4 ,a cross-hat*$ b& may /& = a h\se1 ! m>k+ indicat+ a wall or ! floor4 ,zigzags1 l ^? 9 ,fig4 #abb1 ,b1 indicate frogs' legs1 ^! /& = frogs !mselves1 & ^! aga9 are symbolic ( wat]4 ,f ! =ego+ x is evid5t t x is only by mak+ c>eful inquiries f ! natives !mselves t ! mean+ ( mo/ ( ! devices ( savages c be elucidat$4 ,:at we are apt to consid] z m]e decoration may h a v def9ite magical or symbolic significance4 ,mr4 ,goodye> /ates#add t ,lieut5ant ,frank ,cu%+ in=m$ him t ! patt]ns :i* ! ,zuis borr[ f =eign w>e are suppos$ to end[ _! own pott]y ) ! virtues ( ! =eign mat]ial & manufacture1 & t _! use ( borr[$ patt]ns has ?is purpose4 #add ,! ,ar*itectural ,record1 iii41 #ahic1 p4 #aci4 ,! same au?or1#ade ref]r+ to ! decorative art ( ,anci5t ,egypt1 quotes z foll[s f ,pr(essor ,masp]o3--8,! object ( decoration 0 n m]ely to delight ! eye4 ,appli$ to a piece ( furniture1 a c(f91 a h\se1 a temple1 decoration possess$ a c]ta9 magical prop]ty1 ( :i* ! p[] or nature 0 det]m9$ by ea* ^w inscrib$ or spok5 at ! mom5t ( consecration4 ,e object1 !re=e1 0 an amulet z well z an ornam5t40 #ade ,page #ade4 ,! ty+ ( magic knots is a common exp$i5t 9 sorc]y1 z ! foll[+ extracts f a %ort pap] by ,dr4 ,m>*#adf w prove4 ,! malevol5t ty+ ( a knot br\ght mis*ief ^u a man1 to be av]t$ only by c\nt]-plott+ & c\nt]-knott+4 ,sickness 0 caus$ by ! invasion ( a demon1 or by spells wr\ght by an enemy2 & evil spirits _h to be exorcis$1 & ! knot ( ! spell-b\nd to be loos$4 #adf ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 8,magic ,knots10 ,trans4 ,ro*dale ,lit4 & ,sci4 ,soc4 ,! magical texts1 f\nd 9 a bilit]al =m1 writt5 9 ! ,accadian & ! ,assyrian tongues1 furni% examples ( :i* ! foll[+ are specim5s3-- ,may ! god ( h]bs ,unloose ! knot t has be5 knitt$4 ,take ! sk9 ( a suckl+ t is /ill ungr[n1 ,let ! wise woman b9d x to ! "r h& & d\ble x on ! left4 ,knit ! knot sev5 times1 ,b9d ! head ( ! sick man4 ,s may ! gu>dian prie/ cause ! ban to dep>t ,f him1 & unloose ! bond4 ,among/ ! ,f9s & ! ,norsem5 evil spells c\ld be wr\ght by malevol5tly twi/+ into a magic knot ! fibres ( c]ta9 trees1 sometimes ! bir*1 b m (t5 ! will[2 & to unloose ! knot 0 ! sure/ way ( undo+ ! mis*ief4 ,9 ! ,sigurd ,saga1 ,sigurd boa/s to ,ey/e91 8,on ! way to ,pale/9e ,i came to ,apulia1 b1 bro!r1 ,i did n see !e !re4 ,i w5t all ! way to ,jordan & swam across ! riv]4 ,on ! bank !re gr[s a bu% ( will[s1 & !re ,i twi/$ a knot ( will[s :i* is wait+ !re = !e4 ,= ?is knot ,i said ?\ %\ld/ untie1 bro!r1 or take ! curse t is b\nd up 9 x40 ,ty+ knots z a means ( wit*craft is /ill 9 =ce 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s1 z may be se5 9 ! publications ( ! ,folk-,lore ,society4#adg ,^! practices ne$ n necess>ily be ) evil int5t1 z ! lov]s' knot _h = an object ! firm b9d+ ( ! lov]s' affection to ea* o!r4 #adg ,cf4 = example1 ,folk-lore1 vi41 #ahie1 pp4 #aed1 #afj2 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,iri% ,acad4 7#c71 ii41 #ahic1 p4 #hah4 ,x is probable t _m ( ! knots c>v$ on anci5t monum5ts 9 ,nor!rn ,europe h ref]5ce to ?is magical practice1 & x is conceivable f :at is kn[n to occur else:]e t a repres5tation ( a knot might possess all ! virtue ( a real knot4 ,b knots 9 ,sc&9avian art h also a symbolic significance & may be associat$ ) ,midg>?'s ,worm & ! s]p5ts 9 ! ,norse pit ( p]dition4 ,on portals f ,veigusdal ,*ur*1 9 ,st]sdal 7n[ 9 ! ,*ri/iania ,museum71 are c>v$ incid5ts f ! fav\rite leg5d ( ,sigurd4 ,on "o ( !m1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,m>*1#adh may be se5 ! av>ici\s & ill-fat$ ,fafni sla9 & utt]ly dismemb]$1 pass+ into a maze ( beautiful scrollwork4 ,! same /ory is illu/rat$ on two sides ( ! ,halton ,cross2 "h1 h[ev]1 ! wri?+ knott$ ?roes t else:]e signify ,fafni's dea? take ! =m ( a knot1 ,fafni himself n be+ repres5t$4 #adh ,h4 ,c4 ,m>*1 8,! ,pagan-,*ri/ian ,ov]lap 9 ! ,nor?10 ,trans4 ,lanc4 & ,*e%ire ,ant4 ,soc41 ix41 #ahib4 #b4 ,totemism4 ,9 ! foll[+ brief acc\nt ( totemism ,i borr[ l>gely f a small b peculi>ly valuable book by ,dr4 ,fraz]4#adi 8,a totem is a class ( mat]ial objects :i* a savage reg>ds ) sup]/iti\s respect1 believ+ t !re exi/s betwe5 him & e memb] ( ! class an intimate & altoge!r special relation4444 ,z di/+ui%$ f a feti*1 a totem is nev] an isolat$ individual1 b always a class ( objects1 g5]ally a species ( animals or plants4 #adi ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,totemism1 #ahhg4 7,an expansion ( ! article on 8,totemism0 9 ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 n9? edition47 8,consid]$ 9 relation to m51 totems are ( at lea/ ?ree k9ds3--7#a7 ,! clan totem1 common to a :ole clan1 & pass+ by inh]itance f g5]ation to g5]ation2 7#b7 ! sex totem1 common ei!r to all ! males or to all ! females ( a tribe1 to ! exclusion 9 ei!r case ( ! o!r sex2 7#c7 ! individual totem1 belong+ to a s+le individual & n pass+ to 8 desc5dants40 ,! fir/ is by f> ! mo/ important1 & we w conf9e ourselves to x alone4 8,! clan totem is rev]5c$ by a body ( m5 & wom5 :o call !mselves by ! "n ( ! totem1 believe !mselves to be ( "o blood1 desc5dants ( a common ance/or1 & are b\nd toge!r by common obligations to ea* o!r & by a common fai? 9 ! totem4 ,totemism is ?us bo? a religi\s & a social sy/em4 ,9 its religi\s aspect x consi/s ( ! relations ( mutual respect & protection betwe5 a man & 8 totem2 9 its social aspect x consi/s ( ! relations ( ! clansm5 to ea* o!r & to m5 ( o!r clans4 ,9 ! lat] hi/ory ( totemism ^! two sides t5d to "p company20 ! social sy/em sometimes survives ! religi\s1 or ! rev]se may obta94 ,! memb]s ( a totem clan call !mselves by ! "n ( _! totem1 & commonly believe !mselves to be actually desc5d$ f x4 ,= example1 ,i f\nd t ! foll[+ animals 7 totems 9 ,torres ,/raits3 dog1 dugong1 cass[>y1 crocodile1 snake1 turtle1 k+-fi%1 %>k1 /+-ray1 giant-clam1 etc4 8,no cass[>y-man w\ld kill a cass[>y2 if "o 0 se5 do+ s 8 clansm5 w\ld #8fight him1 !y feel sorry4 ,cass[>y he all same z relation1 he belong same family4' ,! memb]s ( ! cass[>y clan 7 suppos$ to be especially good runn]s4 ,if !re 0 go+ to be a fight a cass[>y man w\ld say to himself1 #8,my leg is long & ?91 ,i c run & n feel tir$2 my legs w g quickly1 & ! grass w n entangle !m4'444 ,if a dog-man kill$ a dog 8 clansm5 w\ld #8fight' him1 b !y w\ld n d any?+ if an outsid] kill$ "o4 ,a memb] ( ?is clan 0 suppos$ to h great sympa?y ) dogs1 & to und]/& !m bett] ?an o!r m54444 ,no memb] ( any clan might kill or eat ! totem ( t clan4 ,?is prohibition did n apply to ! totem ( any clan o!r ?an t to :i* ! p]son belong$40#aej #aej ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon1 8,! ,e?nography ( ! ,we/]n ,tribe ( ,torres ,/raits10 ,j\rn4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xix41 #ahij1 p4 #cic4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,fraz]'s book = analog\s beliefs & practices among v>i\s peoples4 ,! relation betwe5 a man & 8 totem is "o ( mutual help & protection4 ,if a man respects & c>es = ! totem1 he expects t ! totem w d ! same by him4 8,9 ord]1 app>5tly1 to put himself m fully "u ! protection ( ! totem ! clansman is 9 ! habit ( assimilat+ himself to ! totem by dress+ 9 ! sk9 or o!r "p ( ! totem animal1 arrang+ 8 hair & mutilat+ 8 body s z to resemble ! totem1 & repres5t+ ! totem on 8 body by cicatrices1 tattoo+1 or pa9t0 7,fraz]1 p4 #bf74 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !re are comp>atively few def9ite /atem5ts t m>k+s on ! p]son repres5t ! totem ( t p]son1 b !re c be little d\bt t ?is is ( wide occurr5ce & probably has be5 univ]sal4 ,"s ( ! be/ au!nticat$ examples come f ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,h9ts h come f ,au/ralia4 ,i h 9 ,torres ,/raits se5 f\r old wom5 :o _h _! totems cut into ! small ( _! backs2 ^! 7 ! dugong 7#b71 snake1 & /+-ray 7871 & ,i 0 in=m$ t ! m5 us$ to sc>ify ! %\ld] or ! calf ( ! leg ) ! totem device1 or !y c>ri$ ab\t ) !m pieces ( _! totems or effigies ( !m4 ,! late/ in=mation on ?is subject is t collect$ by ,h4 ,vaughan ,/ev5s4#aea #aea 8,die ,zaub]mu/] d] ,orang hutan10 ,hrolf ,vaughan ,/ev5s1 edit$ by ,alb]t ,grnw$el1 ,zeits*r4 f4 ,e?nol41 xxvi41 #ahid1 p4 #ada4 ,! ,orang ,s9noi1 ,orang ,b]sisi1 ,orang ,k5aboi1 ,orang ,tumior decl>e t !y are desc5d$ f "o & ! same folk1 b t ea* tribe inhabit$ a sep>ate isl& be=e ! g5]al immigration into ,malacca took place "u ,b]tjanggei ,besi4 ,! ,orang ,tumior 7 an exception to ?is collective migration1 z !y _h long be=e1 indep5d5tly1 gone to ,malacca4 ,! tradition ( ?is tribe is v vague1 b x is c]ta9 t !y liv$ a long "t sep>at$ f ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,x appe>s t !y le>nt at t "t tattoo+ f ano!r p1 & conf\nd$ pa9t+ ! face ) tattoo+4 ,= ea* ( ! ?ree tribes1 ,orang ,s9noi1 ,orang ,b]sisi1 & ,orang ,k5aboi1 !re 0 a di/9ct patt]n1 :i* 0 id5tical z reg>ds ! way x 0 laid on & ! mat]ials employ$1 b :i* v>i$ 9 =m4 ,9 ea* ( ! ?ree tribes ! *ief & ! ord9>y man & woman h ! same race-m>ks4 ,only among ! ,orang ,s9noi ! wom5 & ord9>y m5 _h a p>ticul> patt]n = ! brea/4 ,! sorc]]1 or m$ic9e-man1 9 ea* ( ! ?ree tribes wore dur+ an act ( magic a pa9t+ suitable to ! occasion2 :5 n p]=m+1 he wore 8 usual pa9t+4 ,! foll[+ is giv5 z ! orig9 ( ! patt]n ( ! totem & its fur!r developm5t into ! patt]ns ( ! diff]5t families3--,9 ! old5 "t1 :5 ! p ( ! ,orang ,bl5das /ill liv$ "u _! *iefs & "u-*iefs1 pa9t+s 7 made on ! face = all assemblies1 :i* 7 ! old indig5\s patt]ns = ! p59sula4 ,b z ! gr\p became brok5 up ow+ to ! influx ( ! ,malays1 & int]m>ri$ ) =eign & weak5$ folk1 ! patt]ns fell ?r\gh & sub-divisions arose4 ,among all ! ?ree tribes 7,s9noi1 ,k5aboi1 & ,b]sisi7 !re 0 once a p[]ful clan1 :i* bore ! snake totem4 ,ow+ to ! _m *anges !y _h to und]go1 ! memb]s ( ?is totem sep>at$ f "o ano!r & f\nd$ new families 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! p59sula4 ,! totem v>i$ accord+ to ! practice ( ! folk1 ea* newly-develop$ clan modifi$ ! gr\nd patt]n1 "o took a py?on1 "o a cobra1 ano!r a hamadryas1 etc42 !y all reta9$ ! snake & v>i$ _! patt]n accord+ to ! species4 ,simil>ly arose ! sub-divisions ( ! fi% 7/+-fi%7 & leaf clans4 ,^! totem figures ( ! sep>at$ families !n became us$ only to m>k out objects app]ta9+ to !m2 !y 7 scrat*$ on ! bl[-pipes & us$ z a face-pa9t+ :5 ! :ole family assembl$ toge!r on fe/ivals or on important debates4 ,z ! great assemblies ( all ! gr\ps fell into disuse1 ! old /em-m>ks gradually became wor?less1 s t1 to-day1 b few "k ! appe>ance ( ! old /em-m>ks4 ,z reg>ds ! mat]ials us$1 all ! ,orang ,bl5das agree 9 say+ t a r$ e>? 0 employ$1 :i* is n to be f\nd on ! p59sula4 ,! s-call$ 8anatto0 7,bixa orellana7 is us$ z a sub/itute = ?is e>?1 b x is n wor? mu*1 z x fades away 9 ab\t an h\r4 ,! black col\r is made ) *>coal1 ! :ite ) lime4 ,! r$ col\r is always laid on ) ! f+]1 consequ5tly ! /ripe is n>r[] ) ! wom5 ?an ) ! m54 ,^! obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,/ev5s1 toge!r ) h9ts1 r ?an def9ite /atem5ts1 :i* h be5 made f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 sugge/ ! conclusion t ! pa9t+1 tattoo+1 or sc>ify+ ( designs on ! body is ma9ly due to totemism4 ,a good deal ( body-pa9t+ has o!r significances1 z :5 x is done = religi\s c]emonies or = inspir+ t]ror among ! enemy :5 on ! w>-pa?2 b x w\ld probably be fair to assume t ! orig9 ( :at may be t]m$ dome/ic tattoo+ or sc>ification belongs to totemism4 ,"h1 aga91 is a fasc9at+ & unwork$ field = rese>*4 ,!re is a v practical reason = ! cu/om ( m>k+ ! body ) ! totem4 ,! religi\s aspect ( totemism has be5 briefly describ$1 ?is is ! relation betwe5 a man & 8 totem2 b !re is also ! relation ( ! m5 ( a totem to ea* o!r & to m5 ( o!r totems1 or ! social aspect ( totemism1 :i* des]ves a pass+ notice4 8,all ! memb]s ( a totem clan reg>d ea* o!r z k9sm5 or bro!rs & si/]s1 & are b\nd to help & protect ea* o!r4 ,! totem bond is /rong] ?an ! bond ( blood or family 9 ! mod]n s5se4444 ,to kill a fell[-clansm5 is a he9\s (f5ce4 ,9 ,mangaia ,h]vey ,isl&s #8su* a bl[ 0 reg>d$ z fall+ ^u ! god totem himself2 ! lit]al s5se ( 8ta atua0 to kill a memb] ( ! same totem clan be+ god-/rik+ or god-kill+4'0#aeb #aeb ,w4 ,w4 ,gill1 ,my?s & ,songs ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 p4 #ch4 ,quot$ by ,fraz]1 loc4 cit41 p4 #eh4 ,p]sons ( ! same totem may n m>ry or h sexual int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,among/ "s peoples ?is rule is rigidly adh]$ to2 ! p5alty = infr++ ?is rule may be ! v5geance ( sup]natural p[]s1 b mo/ frequ5tly ! clan /eps 9 & puni%es ! (f5d]s4 ,among/ ! m primitive totemi/ic peoples ! dea? p5alty is usually en=c$1 b 9 any case ! puni%m5t is always sev]e4 ,:5 o!r social conditions modify totemism ^! sexual re/rictions are weak5$ & ! puni%m5t = (f5ces is dim9i%$4 ,!re are "s ,au/ralian tribes 9 :i* ! memb]s ( any clan are free to m>ry memb]s ( any clan b _! own2 b m frequ5tly an ,au/ralian tribe is divid$ into gr\ps ( clans1 & a p]son c m>ry only into c]ta9 ( ^! gr\ps2 an exogam\s clan-gr\p is kn[n z a phratry4 ,?us a man is a possible husb& to all ! wom5 ( "o or m phratries ( 8 tribe1 b he is bro!r to all ! wom5 ( ! rema9+ phratries4 8,a rem>kable feature ( ! ,au/ralian social organisation is t divisions ( "o tribe h _! recognis$ equival5t 9 o!r tribes1 ^: languages1 includ+ ! names = ! tribal divisions1 are q diff]5t4 ,a native :o travell$ f> & wide ?r\gh ,au/ralia /at$ t #8he 0 furni%$ ) tempor>y wives by ! v>i\s tribes ) :om he soj\rn$ 9 8 travels2 t 8 "r to ^! wom5 0 recognis$ z a matt] ( c\rse2 & t he c\ld always asc]ta9 :e!r !y belong$ to ! division into :i* he c\ld legally m>ry1 ?\gh ! places 7 "o ?\s& miles ap>t1 & ! languages q diff]5t4'0#aec #aec ,fison & ,h[itt1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 p4 #ec2 cf4 ,br\gh ,smy?1 ,! ,aborig9es ( ,victoria1 i4 p4 #ia1 quot$ by ,fraz]1 p4 #fg4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o has attempt$ to /udy ! totem & divisional body-m>ks ( ! ,au/ralian tribes4 ,?is c only be done ?r\gh c>eful & labori\s inve/igations conduct$ among ! natives2 x _c be accompli%$ 9 ! /udy or 9 museums4 ,if ,au/ralian an?ropologi/s d n be/ir !mselves )\t delay ?is in=mation w be irrevocably lo/4 ,e ye> pass$ makes x m difficult to d1 & soon x w be too late4 ,! orig9 ( tattoo+ or sc>ify+ ( ! p]son receives a fre% significance f ^! ,au/ralian cu/oms4 ,! m>ks appe> to be1 n s mu* tribal di/9ctions = political purposes1 b clan badges ( social significance ) ! object ( prev5t+ p]sons f fall+ into ! s9 ( unwitt+ clan ince/2 !y are1 9 fact1 religi\s symbols :i* make = social purity4 ,x is obvi\s t ! k ( ^! symbols has to be le>nt by ! "y p1 & h5ce ?is =ms an important "p ( ! in=mation ( lads imp>t$ dur+ ! initiation c]emonies4 ,! ma9 religi\s object ( ^! initiation c]emonies is ! assimilation ( ! y\? ) 8 totem1 & ! consequ5t =mal adoption into ! clan ( t totem4 ,!nce foll[s ! social aspect ( t adoption1 & ! newly-made man is in/ruct$ 9 8 social duties2 he is taught ! code ( sexual p]missions & prohibitions1 & ! k ( p]sonal m>ks & ge/ures by means ( :i* he c communicate 8 totem to1 or to asc]ta9 ! totems (1 /rang]s ^: language he does n und]/&4 ,x is a common1 possibly a univ]sal cu/om1 = totemi/ic peoples to decorate _! belong+s ) _! totems4 ,?is is well kn[n to occur 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,?l9kets pa9t or c>ve _! totem on %ields1 helmets1 canoes1 blankets1 h\sehold furniture1 & h\ses4 ,9 s+le combats betwe5 *os5 *ampions ( diff]5t ,?l9ket clans1 ea* we>s a helmet repres5t+ 8 totem4 ,9 front ( ! h\ses ( ! *iefs & lead+ m5 ( ! ,haidas are erect$ po/s c>v$ ) ! totems ( ! inmates4 ,z ! h\ses sometimes conta9 sev]al families ( diff]5t totems1 ! po/ (t5 exhibits a numb] ( totems1 c>v$ "o above ! o!r4 ,or ^! c>v+s "o above ! o!r repres5t ! pat]nal totems 9 ! female l9e1 :i*1 desc5t be+ 9 ! female l9e1 necess>ily *ange f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! totem is pa9t$ or c>v$ on ! clansman's tomb or grave-po/1 ! figure be+ sometimes rev]s$ to d5ote dea?4 ,x is always ! ,indian's totem "n1 n 8 p]sonal "n1 :i* is ?us record$4 ,o!r examples w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,fraz]'s valuable little book4 ,i h already 7p4 #ag7 ref]r$ to ! del9eation ( totem animals on drums1 pipes1 & o!r objects f ,torres ,/raits & ! adjo9+ coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,two repres5tations ( a totem are usually plac$ symmetrically on ! object2 ,i r suspect t ?is is ! rule4 ,! cass[>y is ! mo/ frequ5t animal on ! drums1 & ,i h reason to believe t only a c]ta9 clan1 or clans1 c beat ! drums1 9 :i* case x is evid5t t ! cass[>y m5 are ! *ief if n ! sole musicians4 ,:5 ! totem repres5tations are reali/ic 9 "* !re is no difficulty 9 recognis+ !m2 b ?is is by no means ! usual case4 ,abundant evid5ce has be5 giv5 9 ?is book ( ! deg5]ation ( animal =ms into simple decorative devices4 ,_m savages1 h[ev]1 lay no /ress ^u realism4 ,a c]ta9 simple or complex m>k repres5ts a giv5 object1 x may n 9 ! v lea/ resemble t object any m ?an ! writt5 or pr9t$ "n ( an animal be>s any relation to t animal4 ,! m>k is a sign = t object1 & if x c be recognis$1 x answ]s its purpose4 ,9 _m cases x c be %[n t ! m>k is 9 reality a degrad$ picture ( ! object1 9 a va/ numb] ( examples we h no evid5ce4 ,on look+ ?r\gh collections ( ,au/ralian weapons 9 museums1 or 9 glanc+ ov] ! illu/rations to works on ,au/ralia1 "o is /ruck by ! fact t a l>ge numb] ( objects are decorat$ ) simple devices1 & fur!r t !re is a v great deal ( uni=mity 9 ! designs4 ,consid]+ ! size ( t cont95t & ! num]\s tribes ( its sp>se native population1 ! paucity ( arti/ic motives is v rem>kable4 ,! conclusion is pretty obvi\s1 ^! designs mu/ be repres5tations ( totems4 ,at pres5t we h no pro( ( ?is1 nor are !re suffici5t data = ! collation & assignation ( ! designs4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,grosse#aed is ! sole an?ropologi/ :o has /udi$ ,au/ralian art1 b he has n be5 able to d m ?an enunciate g5]al pr9ciples1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( au?oritative in=mation f ! natives4 ,x is to be hop$ t resid5ts 9 ,au/ralia w le>n all !y c f ! natives ab\t _! art be=e ! k is lo/4 #aed ,e4 ,grosse1 ,die ,anfnge d] ,kun/1 #ahid1 p4 #aab4 ,a slight acqua9tance ) decorat$ objects f ,au/ralia w reveal ! v common occurr5ce ( angul> designs--zigzags1 *evrons1 diamonds1 & s =?4 ,z ,dr4 ,grosse truly says3#aed 8,"o is accu/om$ to describe ^! primitive ornam5ts z geometrical2 & !n x is n difficult to conf\nd ! "n ) ! ?+1 s "o quotes ! geometric patt]n occasionally z evid5ce = ! natural pr$ilection ( ! simple/ p = ! simple/ /hetic motive1 b no pro( is advanc$ = ?is peculi> pr$ilection1 because 9 ! bulk ( ! philosophy ( art ! a priori me?od rema9s un%ak54 ,all primitive ornam5ts are n :at !y seem to be4 ,we %all see t !y h at bottom no?+ :atev] 9 common ) geometric figures4444 ,x is c]ta9ly n always easy to recognise ! orig9al =m ( a primitive ornam5t4 ,:5 "o consid]s ! zigzag or ! diamond patt]n ( an ,au/ralian %ield1 x appe>s t our ass]tion is )\t d\bt t ?is is de/itute ( animal =ms1 & x w appe> d\bly c]ta9 :5 we ackn[l$ge t 9 mo/ cases we _c directly "k x4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly a wond] to u :5 we knew x4 ,! ornam5t ( ! ,au/ralians has be5 by no means sy/ematically inve/igat$4 ,ev5 9 ! compreh5sive "w ( ,br\gh ,smy? x is dismiss$ 9 "s v g5]al & v sup]ficial rem>ks4 ,9 fact1 no "o has s mu* z tak5 ! pa9s to ask ! natives ! mean+ ( ! diff]5t patt]ns40 ,dr4 ,grosse !n goes on to po9t out t 8mo/ ( ! ornam5t ( ! l[] folk1 z f> z x has be5 inve/igat$ & z ! ,au/ralian %\ld be /udi$1 is kn[n to be imitations ( animal or human =ms4 ,n[h]e has ornam5t s m>k$ly a geometrical "* z among ! ,brazilian tribes4 ,_! rectil9e> patt]ns sugge/ to a ,european1 :o contemplates !m 9 a museum1 any?+ else r ?an natural =ms4 ,b ,ehr5rei*1 :o has /udi$ !m on ! spot1 has irrefutably demon/rat$ t !y repres5t nei!r m nor less ?an animals or p>ts ( animals40 ,9 ! section :i* deals ) zoomorphs ,i describe "s ( ^! rem>kable patt]ns1 & to avoid repetition ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to t description4 ,we mu/ n[ review all ! evid5ce :i* is be=e u1 & sl5d] ?\gh x is1 !re is suffici5t to ju/ify ,dr4 ,grosse 9 arriv+ at 8 g5]al conclusions4 ,p4 ,*auncy1 9 ,app5dix ,a4 to ,br\gh ,smy?'s "w 7ii4 p4 #bea71 writes3 8,"s ( ! anci5ts took mu* delight 9 ornam5t+ _! %ields ) all sorts ( figures--birds1 bea/s1 & ! inanimate works ( ,nature4 ,9 l mann]1 ! natives ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia--at lea/ "s tribes nor? f ,p]?--adorn _! n>r[ %ields40 ,br\gh ,smy? 7i4 p4 #bid7 says3 8,9 ornam5t+ _! rugs !y copi$ f nature4 ,"o man told ,mr4 ,bulm]#aee t he got 8 ideas f ! obs]vation ( natural objects4 ,he _h copi$ ! m>k+s on a piece ( wood made by ! grub kn[n z ,krang2 & f ! scales ( snakes & ! m>k+s ( liz>ds he d]iv$ new =ms4 ,! natives nev]1 9 adorn+ _! rugs or weapons1 z f> z ,mr4 ,bulm] kn[s1 imitate ! =ms ( plants or trees40 ,on p4 #bhd he says3 8,on a few ( ! weapons appe> rude figures ( m5 & f\r-foot$ animals4 ,"o figure ( a man %[n by l9es on a club is 9 ! dress & attitude ( a native danc+ 9 a corroborree4 ,! c>v+s are conf9$ to _! weapons ( wood4 ,n "o ( ! bone implem5ts 9 my possession has a s+le l9e engrav5 on x4 ,!re are peculi>ities 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! l9es on ! ornam5t$ %ields ( ! ,we/ ,au/ralian natives :i* sugge/ t "s mean+--und]/ood only by ! w>riors !mselves--is convey$ by su* repres5tations4 ,! natives ( ,victoria (t5 us$ =ms ! mean+ ( :i* is discov]able n[4444 ,9 l mann]1 ! natives ( ! ,upp] ,d>l+ repres5t$ on _! %ields figures 9 imitation ( ! totems ( _! tribes4 ,"o 9 my possession has engrav5 on x ! figure ( an iguana4 ,coll9s#aef /ates t 9 ornam5t+ _! weapons & in/rum5ts1 ea* tribe us$ "s peculi> =m by :i* x 0 kn[n to :at "p ( ! c\ntry !y belong$40 ,9 ! ,introduction 7p4 liv47 we read1 8,!re are1 among/ "s tribes1 conv5tionalis$ =ms1 evid5tly2 & x is ( ! utmo/ importance to asc]ta9 to :at ext5t ^! are us$1 & by :at tribes !y are und]/ood40 ,^! rem>ks are z applicable to ! designs on weapons & o!r objects z to ! message-/icks to :i* our au?or 0 !n m p>ticul>ly ref]r+4 ,aft] contra/+ ! draw+s ( ! native human figure by ! ,au/ralians ) ! rude draw+s ( m5 made by ,european *ildr51 he cont9ues 7i4 p4 #bhe73 8,9 l mann] ! natives h conv5tional =ms = trees1 lakes1 & /reams2 & 9 transmitt+ in=mation to fri5ds 9 remote tribes !y use ! conv5tional =ms1 b 9 _m cases modifi$1 & 9 "s cases s simplifi$ z to be 9 reality r symbols ?an diagrams or pictures40 8,!y (t5 record ev5ts deem$ wor?y ( note on _! ?r[+-/icks0 7ii4 p4 #bei74 #aee ,! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,bulm]1 ( ,lake ,ty]s 9 ,gippsl&4 #aef ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,engli% ,colony 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #ahjd1 p4 #cgg4 ,br\gh ,smy? describes ! v>i\s k9ds ( angul> patt]ns del9eat$ by ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 & conc]n+ ! figures cut on c]ta9 boom]angs & o!r missiles f ,que5sl&1 he says 7i4 p4 #bhe71 8,all ^! =ms h a mean+ intelligible to ! blacks ( t "p ( ! cont95t40 8,! in=mation :i* ,bulm] has pres]v$10 writes ,dr4 ,grosse1 8solves ! problem ( ,au/ralian ornam5t4 ,x does n tell u h[ we c int]pret x1 b x does tell u :y we c "k next to no?+ ab\t x4 ,if ! :ole =m ( an animal is repres5t$ z an ornam5tal motive1 x is possible to recognise x ev5 9 a diagrammatic di/ort$ repres5tation1 = ?is at lea/1 z a rule1 approa*es ! orig9al =m2 b 9 mo/ ,au/ralian patt]ns only portions ( animals occur1 & ! natives mo/ frequ5tly del9eate _! signs = sk9s2 9 ?is case x is next to impossible = a ,european to elucidate _! signification1 especially z ! implicat$ natural =ms are almo/ always conv5tionally r5d]$4 ,our explanation is1 z we previ\sly /at$1 n /rictly prov$2 b ! old doctr9e1 :i* takes primitive ornam5t = freely con/ruct$ geometrical figures1 is j z little s40 ,dr4 ,grosse ma9ta9s t 8 int]pretation is 9 h>mony ) :at is kn[n ( ! nature ( primitive folk1 & rem9ds u t ,ehr5rei* has %[n u t appe>ances may be deceptive4 ,he !n goes on to sugge/ t ! decoration on a c]ta9 %ield t he figures is an imitation ( a snake's sk91 t on ano!r %ield ! repres5tation ( a bird1 & ! diamonds & zigzags scor$ on o!r %ields z conv5tional repres5tations ( fea!rs1 hairs1 or scales4 ,^? int]pretations may or may n be correct1 & ! read] %\ld be on 8 gu>d n to take suppositions = facts4 ,dr4 ,grosse may h m evid5ce ?an he has be5 able to pres5t to 8 read]s2 b1 :ile adopt+ 8 ma9 !sis1 ,i d n ?9k t1 )\t su* evid5ce1 we c id5tify ! orig9als ( ! designs4 8,besides su* sk9-patt]ns10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,grosse1 8,au/ralian ornam5t makes use ( repres5tations ( entire m5 & animals4 ,on clubs & ?r[+-/icks "o frequ5tly f9ds ! engrav$ outl9es ( kang>oos1 liz>ds1 snakes1 & fi%1 & especially frequ5tly ! figure ( a corroborree-danc] 9 a *>act]i/ic attitude4 ,! del9eation ( ^! figures is ma9ly crude & conv5tional2 b 9 spite ( ?is _! mean+ is ne>ly always q intelligible40 8,! ,au/ralian w>rior /&s 9 ! same relation to 8 kobong totem animal z ! ,european knight did t[>ds 8 h]aldic animal 444 & z ! ,european w>rior pa9ts a be> or an eagle on 8 %ield1 s ! ,au/ralian ornam5ts 8 ) a repres5tation ( a kang>oo or a snake's sk94 ,! k t ! ornam5ts on ,au/ralian weapons are to a l>ge ext5t h]aldic designs1 cle>s up at ! same "t two po9ts :i* we h already m5tion$1 b h n yet elucidat$--! frequ5t employm5t ( animal sk9-patt]ns1 & _! peculi> conv5tional r5d]+4 ,! native ^: kobong totem is p]haps a v l>ge animal--& 9 ?is position mo/ f9d !mselves--manife/ly c decorate 8 %ield ) no m suitable clan-m>k & no m efficaci\s feti* ?an ! sk9 ( 8 h]aldic animal4 ,! actual sk9 may or may n h be5 employ$1 & 9 ?is latt] case an engrav$ or pa9t$ repres5tation 0 sub/itut$4 ,^! repres5tations are sc>cely ev] true to nature1 mo/ ( !m rem9d "o 9 _! angul> & /iff regul>ity m ( a plait-"w ?an ( a pelt or plumage40 ,dr4 ,grosse goes on to po9t out t ?is conv5tional treatm5t is int5tional on ! "p ( ! ,au/ralian native1 & is n due to lack ( skill ei!r 9 ! del9eation ( animals or 9 wood-c>v+4 8,! fact is ^! sk9-m>k+s are h]aldic designs2 b h]aldic draw+ aims at tru? to nature z little 9 ,au/ralia z 9 ,europe4 ,x !re=e by no means happ5s t ! actual patt]n ( a kang>oo or ( a snake %\ld be drawn true to nature1 b x comes ab\t t a kang>oo or snake-patt]n repres5ts a def9ite clan40 ,al?\gh ! great] "p ( ,au/ralian decorative art is probably totemi/ic 9 orig91 !re is a residue1 ! elucidation ( :i* mu/ be s\ght 9 o!r directions1 b ^! d n at pres5t conc]n u4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang has turn$ 8 att5tion to _m an?ropological subjects1 & t ( 8! art ( savages0#aeg has n be5 pass$ ov] by him2 b he has p]haps plung$ into x )\t due consid]ation4 ,d\btless he himself w\ld n[ modify ! /atem5t t 8! abs5ce ( ! rude imitative art ( h]aldry among a race :i* possesses all ! social conditions t produce ?is art is a fact wor? notic+1 & itself proves t ! native art ( "o ( ! mo/ backw>d races we "k is n ess5tially imitative40 ,in/ead ( 8! patt]ns on ,au/ralian %ields & clubs1 ! sc>s :i* !y raise on _! own fle%10 be+ 8v r>ely imitations ( any objects 9 nature10 we may n[ reg>d mo/ ( !m z probably indicat+ su* objects4 #aeg ,a4 ,lang1 ,cu/om & ,my?1 #ahhd1 p4 #bgf4 ,x is1 p]haps1 sc>cely go+ too f> to ass]t t a v consid]able "p ( ! decorative & glyptic art ( _m primitive peoples has be5 inspir$ by totemism2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t we h no positive evid5ce ( totemism among a v consid]able numb] ( peoples4 ,z animals are ! mo/ frequ5t totems1 s zoomorphs & _! d]ivatives are z con/antly 9 evid5ce 9 ! art ( ^! p4 ,! arti/ic repres5tations become modifi$ z totemism itself becomes modifi$4 ,i c only v briefly allude to "s ( ! probable /ages 9 ! lat] evolution ( totemism4 ,! attribution ( human qualities to ! totem is ! ess5ce ( totemism1 & ! tribal totem t5ds to pass into an an?ropomorphic god4 ,mr4 ,fraz] po9ts out t !re are (t5 num]\s sub-totems associat$ ) ea* ( ! ma9 totems1 & sugge/s t !re is a sort ( life-hi/ory ( totems1 8z sub-totems !y are gr[+2 z clan totems !y are gr[n2 z sub-phratric & phratric totems !y are 9 successive /ages ( decay40 ,he also puts =w>d ! view t ^! subord9ate totems are reg>d$ z inc>nations ( ! gods or god 9 process ( evolution1 & z ! latt] rise m & m into human =m1 s ! =m] 8s9k f ! dignity ( inc>nations into ! humbl] "* ( fav\rites & cli5ts2 until1 at a lat] age1 ! l9ks :i* b\nd !m to ! god hav+ :olly fad$ f memory1 a g5]ation ( my?ologi/s arises :o seek to pat* up ! brok5 *a9 by ! *eap me?od ( symbolism4 ,b symbolism is only ! decor\s ?\gh transp>5t veil :i* a ref9$ age loves to ?r[ ov] its own ignorance ( ! pa/40 ,s f> ,i h ma9ly ref]r$ to ! employm5t ( ! repres5tation ( totem animals z badges1 b !y are also made use ( to indicate desc5t4 ,ance/or wor%ip is an important elem5t 9 ! religion ( _m peoples1 & ! art :i* illu/rates ?is naturally v>ies accord+ to ! plane ( culture at :i* a giv5 p h arriv$4 ,:5 a p are 9 a totemi/ic plane ( culture _! ance/ors w usually be repres5t$ z animals1 ! same holds good = ^? t h b rec5tly em]g$ f ?is phase4 ,?is we "k is ! explanation ( "s ( ! well-kn[n totem-po/s & animal c>v+s ( ! natives ( ,briti% ,columbia1 & x probably holds good = _m ( ! intricate grotesque c>v+s f ,new ,irel&4 ,:5 ! totem has be5 evolv$ into an an?ropomorphic god1 human 7i4e4 god7 =ms are repres5t$ 9 ! g5ealogy1 z occurs on ! decorat$ adzes ( ! ,h]vey ,isl&s 7pp4 #bgj-bgd74 ,x is incorrect to t]m all wor%ip ( or att5tion paid to animals z 8,totemism40 ,9 a great numb] ( cases ?is may h be5 ! orig9 ( a cult1 b x is a mi/ake to apply ! l[] t]m :5 ! cult is sublimat$ into a high] =m ( religion4 ,t a consid]able "p ( ! religion ( anci5t ,greece _h its orig9 9 ,totemism is g5]ally admitt$2 b ! animal attributes ( mo/ ( _! deities w\ld n *>act]ise ! religion ( ! mo/ cultur$ ,greeks z totemi/ic4#aeh ,! ox1 ! be>1 ! m\se1 wild bea/s & birds1 & simil> associates ( ! ,olympian hi]>*y1 :atev] !y 7 to ! anci5ts1 are to u mile/ones :i* m>k$ ! road trav]s$ by ,hell5ic religion2 ! ,egyptian _h be5 petrifi$ at an e>li] phase4 #aeh ,cf4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 8,animal ,wor%ip 9 ! ,myc5an ,age10 ,j\rn4 ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xiv41 #ahid1 p4 #ha4 ,mr4 ,cook says3 8,on ! :ole1 ,i ga!r t ! ,myc5an wor%ipp]s 7 n totemi/s pure & simple1 b t ! mode ( ! wor%ip po9ts to its hav+ be5 develop$ out ( /ill e>li] totemism0 7p4 #aeh74 ,9 ! sacr$ bird ( ,we/]n ,oceania1 we c probably trace ! comm5cem5t ( totemi/ic sublimation4 ,! cult ( ! frigate-bird is *>act]i/ic ( ,melanesia1 & app>5tly also ext5ds to ! ,pelew ,isl&s4 ,dr4 ,codr+ton 7,! ,melanesians1 #ahia1 p4 #ade7 in=ms u t at ,florida 9 ! ,solomon ,gr\p !y pray z foll[s to 8,daula1 a t9dalo g5]ally kn[n & connect$ ) ! frigate-bird a t9dalo is ! gho/ or _s ( a man end[$ ) mana1 t is sup]human p[] or influ5ce3 #8,d ?\ draw ! canoe1 t x may rea* ! l&2 spe$ my canoe1 gr&fa!r1 t ,i may quickly rea* ! %ore :i!r ,i am b\nd1' etc4 ,daula is invok$ to aid 9 fi%+ 444 aft] a good cat* he is prais$40 ,on p4 #ahj we read1 8,! sacr$ "* ( ! frigate-bird is c]ta92 ! figure ( x1 h[ev] conv5tional1 is ! mo/ common ornam5t employ$ 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s1 & is ev5 cut ^u ! h&s ( ! ,bugotu p2 ! oa? by its "n ( daula is solemn & b9d+ 9 ,florida2 :]e ,daula is a t9dalo1 _m & p[]ful to aid at sea are ! gho/s :i* abide 9 ^! birds40 ,:o ,daula 01 :5 he 0 a liv+ man1 has 8pass$ f> away f any hi/orical remembrance0 7p4 #abf74 ,9 8 int]e/+ little book on ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,balf\r gives illu/rations ( conv5tional repres5tations ( ! frigate-bird 9 ! ,solomon ,isl&s 7,figs4 #aa1 #bf74 ,9 ,figs4 #bf1 #bg1 #be1 he %[s a gradation betwe5 a 8bird-l canoe *>m10 ?r\gh a 8human-head$ bird canoe-*>m10 to a 8canoe feti*10 ! latt] hav+ a v progna?\s human head4#aei ,! m]g5ce ( a frigate-bird's into a human head may be due1 z ,mr4 ,balf\r sugge/s1 to "o design act+ ^u ! o!r1 or x may be ! arti/ic expression ( ! cult describ$ by ,dr4 ,codr+ton4 #aei ,9 a lett] ,dr4 ,codr+ton writes3 8,i d n ?9k t ! v progna?\s human head has any?+ to d ) a bird4 ,if y look at ! v excell5t col\r$ frontispiece to ,br5*ley's ,voyage ( ! ,curaoa1 repres5t+ a canoe on a voyage1 y w see t all ! m5 are excessively progna?\s4 ,! orig9al is 9 ! ,maid/one ,museum4 ,i h look$ at my few ,solomon ,isl& ?+s--a common b[l support$ by two human figures1 :i* are j ! same4 ,a c>v$ bit ( s(t /one & ! head ( a betel lime /ick1 ?+s j cut = amusem5t1 h ! same progna?ism4 ,9 fact ,i believe t ! ord9>y repres5tation ( ! human head is su*1 ! m progna?\s ! bett] x is lik$40 ,! canoes ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s (t5 h z a figure-head ! c>v$ repres5tation ( ! upp] "p ( a man :o holds 9 8 h&s ano!r human head4#afj ,! human figure is possibly an image ( ! t9dalo 9 ,daula4 7,dr4 ,codr+ton /ates t a t9dalo is always ! _s ( a real deceas$ man4#afj7 ,! c>v+s ( birds on ! b[ ( a canoe are practically invocations to ! sacr$ & p[]ful frigate-bird4 #afj 8,x is c]ta9 t1 accord+ to ! ,florida p 7& _! neighb\rs :o use ! ^w71 a t9dalo 0 once a man2 b !re are "s ^: names !y "k & ( :om !y "k no?+ z m54 ,i am by no means ( op9ion t !re 0 once a man nam$ ,daula4 ,! "n ( ! frigate-bird be+ kaula 9 ,ulawa is aga9/ t 7ktd74 ,r daula is ! "n ( ! bird1 & ! birds are vehicles ( t9dalos4 ,s z e t9dalo :o takes up 8 abode 9 a %>k is ,bagea 9 ,florida 7a common %>k be+ bagea71 s e t9dalo 9 a frigate-bird is ,daula40--,,dr4 ,,codr+ton 9 a lett] to ! au?or4 ,! face or head c>ri$ 9 ! h&s ( ! human figure-heads 78canoe god10 8*>m10 or 8feti*07 8repres5ts t tak5 :5 ! canoe 0 fir/ us$40 ,a canoe ( importance 8requir$ a life = its inauguration40 ,dr4 ,codr+ton 7loc4 cit41 p4 #bif7 alludes to o!r adjuncts to ! b[ ( canoes :i* give protection & success4 #c4 ,religion4 ,! op5+ rem>ks 9 ! section deal+ ) sympa!tic magic 7 l>gely borr[$ f ,dr4 ,fraz]1 & ,i aga9 h rec\rse to t au?or = ! foll[+ sket* ( ! incipi5t religion ( primitive folk4 ,! savage fails to recognise ^? limitations to 8 p[] ov] nature :i* seem s obvi\s to u4 ,9 a society :]e e man is suppos$ to be end[$ m or less ) p[]s :i* we %\ld call sup]natural1 x is pla9 t ! di/9ction betwe5 gods & m5 is some:at blurr$1 or r has sc>cely em]g$4 ,! conception ( gods z sup]natural be+s entirely di/9ct f & sup]ior to man1 & wield+ p[]s to :i* he possesses no?+ comp>able 9 degree & h>dly ev5 9 k9d1 has be5 sl[ly evolv$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,at fir/ ! _w is reg>d$ z a great democracy2 b ) ! gr[? ( 8 k man realises m cle>ly ! va/ness ( nature & 8 own feebl5ess2 ?is1 h[ev]1 enhances 8 conception ( ! p[] ( ^? sup]natural be+s ) :i* 8 imag9ation peoples ! univ]se4 ,if he feels himself to be s frail & slight1 h[ va/ & p[]ful mu/ he deem ! be+s :o control ! gigantic ma*9]y ( nature6 ,?us1 z 8 old s5se ( equality ) gods sl[ly vani%es1 he resigns at ! same "t ! hope ( direct+ ! c\rse ( nature by 8 own unaid$ res\rces1 t is1 by magic1 & looks m & m to ! gods z ! sole repositories ( ^? sup]natural p[]s :i* he once claim$ to %>e ) !m4 ,) ! fir/ advance ( k1 !re=e1 pray] & sacrifice assume ! lead+ place 9 religi\s ritual2 & magic1 :i* once rank$ ) !m z a legitimate equal1 is gradually relegat$ to ! backgr\nd1 & s9ks to ! level ( a black art4 ,x is n[ reg>d$ z an encroa*m5t1 at once va9 & impi\s1 on ! doma9 ( ! gods1 & z su* enc\nt]s ! /eady opposition ( ! prie/s1 ^: reputation & influ5ce ga9 or lose ) ^? ( _! gods4 ,h5ce1 :5 at a late p]iod ! di/9ction betwe5 religion & sup]/ition has em]g$1 we f9d t sacrifice & pray] are ! res\rce ( ! pi\s & enlight5$ portion ( ! community1 :ile magic is ! refuge ( ! sup]/iti\s & ignorant4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ?is sl[ evolution ornam5tal art has attempt$ to visualise ! religi\s conceptions ( ! p]iod4 ,x w\ld probably be m correct to reg>d ! pictorial repres5tations ( religion z usually illu/rat+ a pa/ r ?an a pres5t aspect ( belief4 ,= a draw+1 l a cre$1 fixes a type1 & ! =m has a t5d5cy to be repeat$ unconsci\s ( ! fact t ! _s may h bur/ its bonds & so>$ into a high] region4 ,n only does ! motive ( religi\s art v>y accord+ to ! /age ( evolution ( ! religion :i* x illu/rates1 b ! art itself is subject to modification z x ent]s into new phases ( :at ,i h t]m$ its life-hi/ory4 ,totemism is "o phase ( religion1 b ow+ to its great importance 9 ! economy ( primitive peoples ,i h treat$ x 9 an indep5d5t section4 ,z totemism gradually %ades (f into god-wor%ip s its arti/ic symbolism is m]g$ into t ( div9ities1 b x (t5 p]si/s to an unexpect$ ext5t4 ,x is only possible = me to t\* lightly on a few ( ! aspects ( religi\s art f ! an?ropologi/'s po9t ( view4 ,z ! gods 7 be+ evolv$ x 0 v important = m5 to reta9 ! remembrance ( ^? family ties betwe5 !m & mank9d :i* 7 9 dang] ( be+ snapp$ ?r\gh ! l5g? to :i* !y 7 drawn & ! degree ( att5uation :i* consequ5tly ensu$4 ,! /atem5ts ( tradition z to ! desc5t ( mortals f gods are re-en=c$ by ! repres5tations ( arti/s ( ! unlett]$ races1 j z !y are en%r9$ 9 ! writt5 cosmogonies ( m cultur$ folk2 ! ma9 diff]5ce be+ t any "o may und]/& ! "o if he kn[s ! writt5 *>act]s1 :]eas ! o!r is practically a pictograph1 & requires ! int]pretation ( ! natives :o h ! traditional k ( ! symbols4 ,we are probably ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t v e>ly 9 "t 7& x is /ill widely spread among backw>d peoples7 0 ! cu/om ( c>v+ or pa9t+ ! p$igree ( ! man f ! god--( ! human f ! div9e4 ,z ! god is lo/ d[n ! ages 9 ! totem s too 8 eikon is m]g$ into ! resemblance ( "s animal-=m4 ,9 ! int]m$i>y /age we h ^? mon/r\s =ms :i* ! enlight5$ pagans endeav\r$ to rationalise & ev5 to spiritualise4 8,yet half a bea/ is ! great god ,pan40 ,! beautiful wood-c>v+ =m]ly execut$ by ! natives ( ! ,h]vey ,gr\p 9 ! ,s\? ,pacific af=ds an excell5t example ( ! relation ( religion to decorative art4 ,! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,wyatt ,gill /ates t a significance is 8inv>iably atta*$ to anci5t ,polynesian c>v+10 & he & a few o!r mission>ies h giv5 sugge/ive h9ts1 b )\t ref]5ce to ! actual designs4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,/olpe1 ( ,/ockholm1 0 ! fir/ e?nograph] to /udy ,polynesian art f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 & 8 pap]#afa on ,evolution 9 ! ,ornam5tal ,art ( ,savages is a model ( ?is p>ticul> k9d ( rese>*4 ,he ass]ts 8,t ! c>v$ ornam5t 9 ,polynesia always _h a mean+4444 ,polynesians cl+ t5aci\sly to anci5t cu/oms1 ?\gh (t5 !y are no long] capable ( acc\nt+ = _! orig9al mean+4444 ,if "o asks ! reason ( a device or a cu/om1 "o usually gets no satisfactory in=mation4444 ,%\ld any "o1 !re=e1 to-day1 ask a native ( ^! isl&s :e!r ! ornam5tation "h del9eat$ has any significance1 & ! reply %\ld be #8no1' ,i c\ld n recognise 9 x any decisive evid5ce4 ,our previ\s inve/igations suffice ( !mselves to prove t ! =ms ( developm5t ( ! old primitive images1 highly conv5tionalis$1 mu/ h a symbolic significance4 ,!y symbolise1 !y /& 9 place (1 ! primitive image4 ,!y are to be consid]$ z a sort ( cryptograph4 ,by means ( p]petual reit]ation ( c]ta9 ornam5tal elem5ts1 !y sugge/ ! div9ity to ^: s]vice ! decorat$ implem5t 0 9 "s way d$icat$40 ,a doz5 ye>s ago ,dr4 ,/olpe /at$ t ! l9e> ornam5ts on ! c>v$ ,mangaian adzes 7 = ! mo/ "p to be reg>d$ z trans=m$ figures ( human be+s1 or especially z div9e be+s4 7,fig4 #abd47 #afa ,h4 ,/olpe1 ,utveckl+sfreteels] i ,naturfolk5s ,ornam5tik4 ,ym]1 #ahij4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,mrs4 ,m>*1 8,evolution 9 ! ,ornam5tal ,art ( ,savage ,p10 ,trans4 ,ro*dale ,lit4 & ,sci4 ,soc41 #ahib2 & into ,g]man1 ,mit!il4 ,an?4 ,gesell4 ,wi51 #ahib1 xxii4 p4 #dc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--,/ret*+-cleat ( a drum f ,mangaia1 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum2 f ,m>*1 aft] ,/olpe4 ,two-?irds natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,rubb+s f ! h&les ( symbolic adzes f ! ,h]vey ,isl&s4 ,a1 ,free ,libr>y ,museum1 ,belfa/2 ,b1 ,c1 ,belfa/ ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,mus4 ,"o-?ird natural size4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 indep5d5tly#afb arriv$ at a simil> conclusion to ,dr4 ,/olpe's1 & ,dr4 ,m>*#afc has c>ri$ ! argum5t a /ep fur!r4 ,dr4 ,/olpe prov$ t a design g5]ally kn[n z ! ,k patt]n1 b :i* x is bett] to call ! tiki-tiki patt]n1 sometimes int]rupt$1 b g5]ally cont9u\s1 is 9 reality a /r+ ( human figures1 ! two horizontal zigzags be+ limbs1 & ! v]tical b>s t jo9 !m be+ ! headless bodies4 7,fig4 #abe1 ,a47 #afb ,c4 ,h4 ,read1 8,on ! ,orig9 & ,sacr$ ,"* ( c]ta9 ,ornam5ts ( ! ,s4,e4 ,pacific10 ,j\r4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xxi41 #ahia1 p4 #aci4 #afc ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 8,polynesian ,ornam5t a ,my?ography2 or a ,symbolism ( ,orig9 & ,desc5t10 ,j\r4 ,an?4 ,in/41 xxii41 #ahic1 p4 #cjg4 ,^! figures1 :i* almo/ cov] ! h&le ( a ,mangaian paddle or adze1 are obvi\sly relat$ to ! female =ms t are c>v$ on ! t]m9al ( its %aft 7,figs4 #abg1 #abh71 & are morphologically d]iv$ f !m by a process ( evolution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! decoration ( a ,mangaian symbolic paddle1 ,norwi* ,museum4 ,natural size4 ,! headless figures are q recognisable 9 ,fig4 #abe1 ,a1 b ! =e-arms & %anks ( ea* ( !m are abs5t1 _! places be+ tak5 by ! upp] arms & ?ighs ( ! contigu\s figures4 ,9 ,b ! s]ial individuals are sep>at$ by n>r[ v]tical clefts2 ! latt] p]si/ 9 ,c1 b ! two b\nd>y l9es betwe5 ! r[s ( figures are fus$ into a s+le l9e4 ,9 ,fig4 #abf we h a l>ge area 7! blade ( a paddle7 divid$ into a numb] ( p>allel l9es betwe5 :i* are diamonds1 :i* may or may n be connect$ by horizontal l9es4 ,a c>eful inspection w %[ t ! v]tical l9es are cont9u\s body-l9es2 ! horizontal l9es are ! same z ^? 9 ,fig4 #abe1 ,a1 b ! two l9es are fus$ into "o2 ! zigzags are cle>ly limbs4 ,! abs5ce ( ! horizontal l9es simplifies ! patt]n1 & s ea* diamond consi/s 9 its upp] "p ( ! leg1 & 9 its l[] "p ( ! arms ( human figures ^: bodies are repres5t$ by ! v]tical l9es4 ,! patt]n 9 ! l[] half ( ,fig4 #abg c be d]iv$ f ! la/ by ! introduction ( an int]m$iate s]ies ( v]tical l9es4 ,curvil9e> patt]ns1 z 9 ! l[] "p ( ,fig4 #abh1 are common on objects f ^! isl&s2 !y are evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ?ighs ( s]ial human =ms1 z 9 ,fig4 #abg1 & ,plate ,,vi41 ,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,rubb+ ( "p ( ! c>v+ ( ! h&le ( a symbolic paddle f ! ,h]vey ,isl&s1 9 ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum1 ,belfa/4 ,"o-half natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,rubb+ ( 8"p ( ! t]m9al ( a paddle-%ap$ implem5t 9 ! ,vi5na ,museum02 f ,m>*1 aft] ,/olpe4 ,two-?irds natural size4 8,x is abundantly c]ta910 adds ,dr4 ,m>*1 8t ! =ms t cr[n ! %aft are ^? ( wom51 = !y are inv>iably di/+ui%$ by p5dant-po9t$ brea/s4 ,! solit>y exception t ,dr4 ,/olpe has be5 able to f9d is "o 9 appe>ance only1 = 9 8 ,fig4 #bc ! brea/s are really fus$ into a s+le cone1 exactly z are ! legs 9 8 ,fig4 #bd0 7p4 #cbb74 ,dr4 ,m>*'s contribution is t ^! c>v$ %afts ( sacr$ paddles & adzes 7 p$igree-/icks4 ,desc5t is trac$ ?r\gh ! male l9e z a rule among ! ,polynesians1 b x is c]ta9 t "s tribes trac$ _! desc5t ?r\gh ! female l9e4 ,dr4 ,gill /ates t ?is 0 9 "s places simply a matt] ( arrangem5t4 ,dr4 ,gill tells u t ! designs on ^! %afts 7 call$ 8tiki-tiki-tangata20 tangata means a man1 or 9 ?is comb9ation connotes human1 = 9 a ,polynesian ^w comp\nd$ ( two n\ns1 t :i* comes la/ has a second>y1 explanatory1 or adjectival =ce4 ,tiki 0 ! fir/ man1 & :5 he di$1 rul$ ! entrance ( ! "u-_w4 ,! "n signifies a 8fet*$0 s\l2 ! _s ( a dead man ! frequ5tative or plural tiki-tiki mu/ mean spirits 9 succession1 or 8ance/ors40 8,! conclusion n[ drawn is t tiki-tiki-tangata 7 ! multitud9\s human l9ks betwe5 ! div9e ance/or & ! *ief ( ! liv+ tribe4 ,b to :at ance/ry did ^! p$igrees ( female l9eage ass]t a claim8 ,f :at goddess 0 x ! pride ( ,mangaians to be desc5d$1 unless f ! "m1 ! wife & ! daught]-wife ( ,rongo--f ,tu-metua1 ,taka1 & ,tavake4 8,9 ,mangaia all ! gods 7 call$ ! *ildr5 ( ,vatea1 & ( ^! ,tane 0 "o4 ,8 "n indicates ! g5]ative pr9ciple 9 ,nature4 ,9 ,mangaia he 0 especially ! drum-god & ! axe#afd-;god2 he presid$ ov] ! erotic dance z well z ov] ! w>-dances4 ,gill obs]ves#afe t #8,tane mata ariki1' ,tane ) ! royal face1 0 en%r9$ 9 a sacr$ triple axe1#afd :i* symbolis$ ! ?ree prie/ly families on ! isl& ( ,mangaia4 ,?is axe 0 buri$ 9 a cave1 & has disappe>$4 ,! ,k patt]n :i* cov]s ! %afts ( ! sacr$ ,mangaian axe1#afd is an ass]tion ( a ,tane p$igree1 ! tiki-tiki-tangata ( ! clan4 #8,awake ,tane6' 0 ! invocation1#aff #8,awake unnumb]$ prog5y ( ,tane6'0 7,m>*1 p4 #cca74 #afd ,probably an adze1 n an axe4 #afe ,w4 ,wyatt ,gill1 ,jott+s f ! ,pacific1 #ahhe1 p4 #bbd4 #aff ,w4 ,ellis1 ,polynesian ,rese>*es1 #ahdj1 i4 p4 #cdc4 #d4 ,religi\s ,symbolism4 ,! /udy ( religi\s symbols#afg is n only a v ext5sive & extremely attractive und]tak+1 b x is "o ( peculi> difficulty1 = ) x is comb9$1 n a dang]1 b a c]ta9ty ( fall+ into errors4 ,!re is h>dly a subject ^u :i* su* div]se views c be propos$ & ev5 ma9ta9$ ) a fair am\nt ( presumptive evid5ce4 #afg ,cf4 pp4 #aai1 #abb1 #bac4 ,! dang] ( mak+ mi/akes is1 h[ev]1 consid]ably less5$ if a sci5tific me?od ( /udy is adopt$1 & if speculation is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,no bett] example ( ! me?od ( su* a /udy is to be f\nd ?an 9 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella's book on ,! ,migration ( ,symbols4#afh ,x is ^u ?is valuable book t ,i h l>gely drawn 9 compil+ ! foll[+ acc\nt4 #afh ,! ,migration ( ,symbols1 #ahid4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]m ,symbol1 l ! objects we connote by x1 has und]gone a trans=mation f a concrete reality to an ab/raction4 ,orig9ally appli$ among/ ! ,greeks to ! two halves ( ! tablet !y divid$ betwe5 !mselves z a pl$ge ( hospitality1 9 ! mann] ( our contract =m1 deta*$ along a l9e ( p]=ations f ! c\nt]foil record1 x 0 gradually ext5d$ to ! engrav$ %ells by :i* ^? initiat$ 9 ! my/]ies made !mselves kn[n to ea* o!r1 & ev5 to ! m or less esot]ic =mulas & sacram5tal rites t may be said to h con/itut$ ! visible bond ( _! fell[%ip4 ,!n ! mean+ became amplifi$1 & 8! t]m came to gradually mean ev]y?+ t1 :e!r by g5]al agreem5t or by analogy1 conv5tionally repres5t$ some?+ or somebody40#afi #afi ,loc4 cit41 p4 #a4 ,i h previ\sly 7p4 #bab7 giv5 ,colonel ,g>rick ,mall]y's def9ition ( ! ^w1 :i* suffici5tly indicates ! mean+ g5]ally appli$ to x4 ,a pictorial symbol has ! foll[+ life-hi/ory3-- ,fir/1 x is simply a repres5tation ( an object or a ph5om5on1 t is1 a pictograph4 ,?us ! zigzag 0 ! m>k or sign ( lightn+4 ,secondly1 8! sign ( ! concrete grew to be ! symbol ( ! ab/ract4 ,! zigzag ( lightn+1 = example1 became ! emblem ( p[]1 z 9 ! ?und]bolts grasp$ by ,jupit]2 or x /ood alone = ! supreme ,god2 & ?us ! sign develop$ into ! ideograph40#agj #agj ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 8,! ,fylfot & ! ,fu?orc ,tir10 ,trans4 ,lanca%ire & ,*e%ire ,ant4 ,soc41 #ahhf4 ,?irdly1 retrogression set 9 :5 new religions & new ideas _h sapp$ ! vitality ( ! old conceptions1 & ! ideograph came to h no m ?an a my/ical mean+4 ,a religi\s or sacr$ sav\r1 s to speak1 /ill clung ab\t x1 b x 0 n a liv+ =ce )9 x2 ! diff]5ce is z great z betwe5 ! dri$ petals ( a rose & ! bloom+ fl[] itself4 8,! zigzag1 = in/ance1 0 no long] us$ z a symbol ( ! deity1 b 0 appli$ auspici\sly1 or z we %\ld say1 = luck40#agj ,! la/ /age is rea*$ :5 a sign ceases to h ev5 a my/ical or auspici\s significance1 & is appli$ to an object z a m]ely ornam5tal device4 8,by symbolism10 writes ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 8! simple/1 ! commone/ objects are trans=m$1 idealis$1 & acquire a new &1 s to say1 an illimitable value4 ,9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies1 ! au?or ( ,philosoph\m5a relates t1 at ! initiation to ! high] degree1 #8!re 0 exhibit$ z ! great1 ! admirable1 ! mo/ p]fect object ( my/ic contemplation1 an e> ( corn t _h be5 reap$ 9 sil5ce2 & two cross$ l9es suffice to recall to millions ( ,*ri/ians ! r$emption ( ! _w by ! volunt>y sacrifice ( a god4'0 ,z t au?or po9ts out1 8,we live 9 ! mid/ ( symbolic repres5tations1 f ! c]emonies celebrat+ a bir? to ! fun]al emblems adorn+ ! tomb2 f ! %ak+ ( h&s all r\nd ( a morn+ to ! applause ) :i* we gratify ! actor1 or lectur]1 ( ! ev5+4 ,we write z we speak 9 symbols4 8,x is s5tim5t1 & above all1 religi\s s5tim5t1 t resorts l>gely to symbolism2 & 9 ord] to place itself 9 m intimate communication ) ! be+1 or ab/raction1 x desires to approa*4 ,to t end m5 are ev]y:]e se5 ei!r *oos+ natural or artificial objects to rem9d !m ( ! ,great ,hidd5 ,"o1 or !mselves imitat+ 9 a sy/ematic mann] ! acts & de$s !y attribute to ,him--:i* is a way ( p>ticipat+ 9 ,8 life40 ,! symbols ) :i* we w "h occupy ourselves are n ^? ( acts or rites1 b ^? ( objects or emblems4 ,9 all b ! la/ /ages ( its c>e] a symbol is a liv+ sign1 n[ ?is vitality is v real1 & by virtue ( x1 /range modifications take place4 ,= example1 :5 a nation t employ$ a p>ticul> symbol came into contact ) ano!r nation t _h a some:at simil> symbol1 ! two symbols1 if q alike1 7 indi/+ui%able1 & "o pass$ = ! o!r2 b if !re 7 slight diff]5ces betwe5 ! symbols a process ( amalgamation took place1 & !y approximat$ m & m t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,9 ei!r case ! mean+s ( bo? w\ld d\btless comm+le1 & a m en]getic vitality w\ld ensue f ! cross-f]tilisation4 ,/4 ,an?ony's cross1 ,t 7croix pot5ce1 8gibbet-cross071 is f\nd1 ) almo/ ! same symbolic signification1 9 ,pale/9e1 9 ,gaul1 & 9 anci5t ,g]many1 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,catacombs1 & among/ ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,among ! ,phnicians & k9dr$ peoples ?is cross 0 an alphabetical sign1 tau1 & x 0 also us$ sep>ately z a symbol4 ,f a passage 9 ,ezekiel#aga we le>n t x 0 acc\nt$ a sign ( pres]vation1 & 0 m>k$ ^u ! =ehead1 l its correspond+ ,indian symbol4#agb ,! symbolic signification ( ! tau is expla9$ by its resemblance to ! ,key ( ,life1 or crux ansata ( ,egypt1 s widely diffus$ ?r\gh\t all ,we/]n ,asia4 #aga ,ezekiel ix4 #d-f4 #agb ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 p4 #cej4 8,?is tau 0 unque/ionably ! emblem ( life1 &1 !re=e1 ( ! greate/ virtue4 ,m4 ,letronne1 9 8 rese>*es on ! ,*ri/ian monum5ts ( ,egypt1 has %[n 9 ! mo/ conclusive mann] t ! fir/ ,*ri/ians ( t c\ntry adopt$ ?is sign1 possibly to e/abli% t ,*ri/ 0 pre-em95tly ! s\rce ( life1 or z a prophetic sign4 ,all ! gods ( ! anci5t ,egyptian my?ology bore 9 _! h& ! sign ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! monogram ( ,*ri/2 !y 71 accord+ to ! fir/ ,*ri/ians ( ,egypt1 suppos$ to ann\nce ! com+ ( ,jesus40#agc #agc ,g4 ,f]r]o1 ,les ,lois ,psy*ologiques du ,symbolisme1 #ahie1 p4 #adb4 ,! ,d\ble ,hamm] ( ! ,celtic ,t>ann & ( ! ,teutonic & ,sc&9avian ,?or is a symbol ( ! lightn+4 8,?or 0 ! sun-god prop]2 god ( ! sun 9 its active aspect2 ! ?und]-god likewise1 & ?us ! wield] ( ! hamm] or axe 7nam$ ,mjolnir1 #8! cru%]'7 repres5tative ( ! ?und]bolt1 r5d]$ 9 ! =m ,t4 ,?or 0 also "l ( ! ,"u-,_w1 & gu>dian aga9/ ! mon/]s t infe/$ its prec9cts2 he 0 likewise a protector aga9/ sickness1 & 0 mu* wor%ipp$ by ! frankl9 & peasant classes40#agd #agd ,! ,e>l ( ,s\!sk1 ,orig9s ( ,picti% ,symbolism1 #ahic1 p4 #ab4 8,to ?is day a repres5tation ( ! hamm] ( ! ,god ( ,?und] may be f\nd on ! b>ns & /able-doors ( "s ,g]man villages4 ,x is /at$ t 9 ! nor!rn1 midl&1 & ea/]n c\nties ( ?is c\ntry--:]ev]1 9 fact1 ! ,teutonic elem5t has made its /ronge/ impr9t--"s old *ur* bells /ill be> ! same sign z a *>m aga9/ ! tempe/4 8,z appli$ to ,?or1 ?is tree-%ap$ cross symbol su/a9s 8 d\ble quality z ! fi]y ,cleav] ( ! ,cl\ds1 :o ev5 z su* repres5ts ! pr9ciple ( f]tility & ! ,sanctifi] ( ! fruitful union ( he>ts40#age #age ,k>l ,bl9d1 8,discov]y ( ,od9ic ,songs 9 ,%etl&10 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahgi1 pp4 #ajig1 #ajih4 ,k>l ,bl9d has also drawn att5tion to a m$ival ,g]man *ur* leg5d :i* af=ds a good example ( ! p]si/5ce ( pagan ideas & ( ! pagan-*ri/ian ov]lap4 8,?us ,trau5lob makes ! ,virg9 ,m>y say ( ,god ! ,fa!r--#8,! ,smi? f ! ,upp]-,l& 7,heav57 ?rew 8 hamm] into my lap 7s*z74'0#agf #agf ,k>l ,bl9d1 8,troy f\nd aga910 ,antiqu>y1 #ahhd1 p4 #bjj4 ,among/ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians x 0 a =m sometimes giv5 to ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 itself call$ ! ,tree ( ,life2 b if !y made ( x a symbol ( life1 x 0 spiritual life t x typifi$ to !m2 & if !y sometimes gave x ! =m ( ! patibulum 7gall[s71 x 0 because su* 0 ! in/rum5t employ$ among ! ,romans 9 ! puni%m5t by crucifixion4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :]e1 accord+ to ,m4 ,alb]t ,rville1 ! ,cross 0 surnam$ ! ,tree ( ,pl5ty1 x assum$ also ! =m ( ! tau4 ,?is pre-,columbian ,am]ican ,cross1 ,t1 0 a symbol ( f]tility because x repres5t$ ! ra9-god2 x is1 9 fact1 an abbreviat$ ra9-%[] 7z w be se5 on ref]5ce to ,figs4 #fb-fd74 ,simil>ly ! f\r-ray$ cross repres5t$ ! f\r qu>t]s :5ce comes ! ra91 or r ! f\r ma9 w9ds :i* br+ ra91 & x ?us became ! symbol ( ! ,tlaloc1 god ( ra9 & wat]s1 f]tilis] ( e>? & "l ( p>adise1 & la/ly1 ( ! my?ical p]sonage kn[n by ! "n ( ,quetzacoatl4 ,f ,nor? to ,s\? ,am]ica ! ,lat9 cross symbolises 8! ,fa!r ( ! f\r w9ds0 7,arg5t9e ,republic71 8! old man 9 ! sun :o rules ! w9ds0 7,blackfeet ,indians71 or simil> p]sonages4 ,b all crosses are n ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! w9d1 z w be se5 on ref]5ce to ,figs4 #ajj ,d1 ,e1 #ajb ,a4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,am]ican cross1 ,colonel ,mall]y %\ld be consult$1 ,t5? ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #gbd4 ,mr4 ,beal1 9 ! same numb] ( ! ,indian ,antiqu>y1 :i* conta9s ,mr4 ,?omas's rem>ks on ! ,sva/ika 7,m>* #ahhj71 has %[n t 9 ,*9ese is ! symbol = an enclos$ space ( e>?1 & t ! simple cross occurs z a sign = e>? 9 c]ta9 ideographic gr\ps4#agg #agg ,max ,mll] 9 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios1 #ahhj1 ,eng4 edn41 p4 #cdi4 ,! f\r-ray$ cross1 sep>ate or inscrib$ )9 a circle1 is a v common symbol ( ! sun 9 prehi/oric ,europe4 ,z diff]5t waves ( culture drift$ across ,europe1 z new religions p]meat$ ! mass ( ! p1 ! /ream-borne symbols f\nd physical & spiritual analogues among ! indig5\s symbolism1 & union naturally took place4 ,9 "s cases1 at all ev5ts1 ! cross f]tilisation1 z ,i h t]m$ x1 result$ 9 a high] or m spiritual mean+ animat+ ! old symbols2 ?us ! symbol ( ! ,av5g]1 ! cru%+ ,hamm] ( ,god1 became t ( ! ,god ,r$eem] ( ! _w4 ,:5 symbols become m]ely ! dry-bones ( defunct religions !y may reta9 a c]ta9 magical quality1 b !n !y pass out ( religion & ent] ! doma9 ( magic1 :]e 9 fulness ( "t !y may be born anew & />t a fre% c>e] z ! symbols ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,besides ?is natural approximation ( analog\s symbols & symbolism1 !re is a m consci\s & complex amalgamation1 a het]omorphism4 ,z ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella says1#agh 8,at o!r times ! symbolic syncretism is int5tional & prem$itat$2 :e!r x be 9 ! desire to unite = ! sake ( great] efficacy1 ! attributes ( sev]al div9ities 9 a s+le figure1 z is %[n 9 c]ta9 pan!i/ic figures ( ,gno/ic orig92 or a wi% to /ate1 by ! fusion ( symbols1 ! unity ( ! gods & ! id5tity ( cre$s1 z 9 ! my/ic monogram :]e9 ! ,brahmai/s ( contempor>y ,india h te/ifi$ to _! religi\s eclecticism by int]weav+ ! ,om ( ! ,h9dus ) ! ,trid5t1 ! ,cresc5t1 & ! ,cross4 #agh ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bfd4 8,sometimes1 too1 ! sac]dotal int]e/ mu/ h t5d$ t[>ds acc5tuat+ ! analogies r ?an ! dissimil>ities ( symbols1 9 ord] to assi/ ! absorption or unification ( ! doctr9es :i* !y repres5t$4 ,f9ally1 we mu/ take into consid]ation ! popul> t5d5cy t[>ds syncretism1 :i*1 :5 n held 9 *eck by a rigor\s or?odoxy1 acts ^u symbols1 z well z ^u cre$s1 by introduc+ into ! new =m ( wor%ip ! images consecrat$ by a long v5]ation4 ,or else x is ! innovators !mselves :o take advantage ( symbolism 9 ord] to disguise1 ?r\gh borr[+ f antique =ms1 ! newness ( _! doctr9e &1 if ne$ be1 to trans=m into allies ! emblems or traditions :i* !y are unable to boldly extirpate4 8,ne$ ,i recall to m9d ,con/ant9e *oos+ z a /&>d t lab>um :i* might be claim$ bo? by ! religion ( ,*ri/ & ! wor%ip ( ! sun8 ,! ,abb ,ansault has %[n1 fir/ly1 t hea!n nations us$ z religi\s emblems ,greek1 ,lat91 ,maltese1 pattes1 gammes1 pot5ces1 anses1 trfles1 & o!r crosses2 &1 secondly1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has always accept$ ^! diff]5t =ms ( ! cross z ! repres5tation ( its own symbol4 8,buddhism 0 ev5 less scrupul\s4 ,9 "s ( its sanctu>ies x did n hesitate to pres]ve ! images ( ! wor%ip paid by ! natives ( ,india to ! sun1 to fire1 or to s]p5ts1 :il/ ascrib+ ^! rites to its own traditions4 ,! ,sol> ,:eel ?us became easily ! ,:eel ( ! ,law2 ! ,cosmic ,tree repres5t$ ! ,tree ( ,k1 "u :i* ,sakya ,muni atta9$ ! p]fect illum9ation2 ! sev5-head$ s]p5t ,naga 0 trans=m$ into ! gu>dian ( ! impression left by ! ,feet ( ,vi%nu1 itself to be attribut$ h5ce=? to ,buddha1 & s on40 ,! le>n$ au?or f :om ,i h borr[$ s mu* gives num]\s examples ( ?is process ( ! transf]5ce & amalgamation ( symbols1 & ,i mu/ ref] ! read] = ^! details to ! book itself4 ,a4 ,! ,mean+ & ,di/ribution ( ! ,fylfot4 ,! fylfot1 or 8fully- or _m-foot$0 cross1 is ! ,anglo-,saxon "n = t =m ( cross ^: extremities are b5t back at "r angles 7,fig4 #acj74 ,x is o!rwise kn[n z ! 8gammadion10 8tetraskele10 8croix gamme10 8croix cramponne10 n to m5tion v>i\s o!r names1 & 9 ,india 8sva/ika02 b :5 ! feet are turn$ to ! left x is call$ 8sauva/ika02 bo? ^! words h mu* ! same mean+1 & signify 8x is well40 ,at ! pres5t day 9 ,asia1 ?is 8my/ical m>k made on p]sons or ?+s to d5ote good-luck0 7z ,moni] ,williams describes x 9 8 ,sanscrit diction>y7 is cle>ly 9 ! ?ird /age ( its life-hi/ory1 & its mean+ mu/ h be5 introduc$ aft] its prim>y significance 0 lo/4 ,at ! risk ( be+ some:at t$i\s ,i w give a brief acc\nt ( ! di/ribution ( ?is anci5t symbol1 ?an :i* !re are v few o!rs s widely di/ribut$4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd x repres5t$ exce$+ num]\sly on objects 7,fig4 #acj1 ,a1 ,e7 f ! 8second0 or 8burnt city0 ( ! m\nd at ,hiss>lik4 ,9 ,greece1 z 9 ,cyprus & at ,rhodes1 x fir/ appe>s on pott]y ) pa9t$ 8geometrical0 ornam5tation 7,fig4 #acj1 ,f71 t is 9 ! second p]iod ( ,greek c]amics4 ,lat] x is f\nd on ! vases1 ) decorations tak5 f liv+ objects 7,fig4 ,g7 :i* appe> to co9cide ) ! developm5t ( ,phnician influ5ces on ! %ores ( ,greece4 ,la/ly1 x became a fav\rite symbol on co9s n only ( ,greece prop] & ! ,ar*ipelago1 b also ( ,mac$on1 ,?race1 ,crete 7,fig4 #acj1 ,m71 ,lycia 7,fig4 #acj1 ,i71 & ,paphlagonia 7,fig4 #acj1 ,h74 ,f ,cor9?1 :]e x figures among/ ! mo/ anci5t m9t m>ks1 x pass$ to ,syracuse "u ,timoleon1 to be aft]w>ds spread abroad on ! co9s ( ,sicily & ( ,magna ,grcia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--;,hut-%ap$ ossu>y2 ,i4 ,taylor1 ,orig9 ( ! ,aryans1 p4 #agf4 ,9 ,nor!rn ,italy x 0 kn[n ev5 be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,etruscans1 = x has be5 met ) on pott]y dat+ f ! t]ram>a civilisation4 ,x appe>s also on ! ro( ( "s ( ^? ossu>ies 9 ! =m ( a hut 7,pl4 ,i41 ,fig4 ,c71 :i* reproduce on a small scale ! wick] huts ( ! p ( t epo*4 ,9 ! ,villanova p]iod x adorns vases ) geometrical decoration f\nd at ,cre1 ,*iusi1 ,albano1 & at ,cum4 ,f9ally1 x appe>s 9 ,roman mosaics4 ,x is s+ul> t at ,rome itself x has n be5 met )1 s ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella in=ms u1 on any monum5t prior to ! ?ird1 or p]haps ! f\r? c5tury ( our era4 ,ab\t t p]iod ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ,catacombs _h no hesitation 9 includ+ x among/ _! repres5tations ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/1 & !y us$ x to ornam5t prie/ly g>m5ts4 ,at ,milan x =ms a r[ ( curv$ crosses r\nd ! pulpit ( ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,x 0 widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! prov9ces ( ! ,roman ,empire 7,fig4 #acj1 ,s1 ,t71 especially among ! ,celts1 f ! ,danubian c\ntries to ! ,we/ ( ,irel& 7,fig4 #acj1 ,k1 ,u72 b 9 _m cases x is difficult to decide :e!r x is connect$ ) import$ civilisation or ) indig5\s tradition4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--,v>i\s =ms ( ! ,fylfot or ,sva/ika4 ,a4 ,:orl f ,hiss>lik 7#aihg71 #g m41 ?ird city1 ,! ,burnt ,city or ,ilios2 ,b4 ,d4 7#ahfa71 #c m41 fif? city2 ,c4 ,d4 7#aiij71 #d m41 fif? city2 ,d4 ,d4 7#ahgc72 ,e4 ,detail f :orl 7#aiic71 #e m41 f\r? city2 ,f4 ,lotus d]ivative on a l>ge amphora1 ) 8geometric0 decoration1 ,cyprus2 ,g4 ,sol> goose & lotus design on a ,rhodian vase1 f ,salzmann1 ,ncropole de ,camire2 ,h4 ,co9 f ,selge1 ,pamphylia2 ,i4 ,symbols on ,lycian co9s2 ,k4 ,triskelion on a ,celtib]ian co92 ,l4 ,on a silv] b[l1 ,etruria2 also on ,*9ese w>e2 ,m4 ,co9 f ,cnossus1 ,crete2 ,n4 ,anci5t ,indian co92 ,o4 ,on co9 f ,ujjan1 ,c5tral ,india2 ,p4 ,footpr9t ( ,buddha 7s-call$71 ,am>vati ,tope1 ,india2 ,r4 ,?ibetian symbol2 ,s4 ,roman alt> at ,high ,ro*e/]1 d$icat$ to ,m9]va by ,lucius ,ccilius ,optatus2 ,t4 ,roman alt> at ,high ,ro*e/]1 d$icat$ to ! /&>ds ( ! fai?ful ( ! ,v>duli by ,titus ,lic9ius ,val]ianus2 ,u4 ,celto-,roman alt> at ,birdoswald1 d$icat$ to ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus 7,,iom71 app>5tly by ,dacians g>rison$ 9 ,ambloganna2 ! f\r-ray$ :eels 7 sol> symbols among ! ,gauls2 ,w4 ,ogham /one1 ,agli%1 ,c\nty ,k]ry2 ,x4 ,anci5t ,sc&9avian symbols2 ,y4 ,leg5d on *ur* bell1 ,ha!rsage1 ,d]by%ire1 #afag4 ,a-,e1 ,p4 ,h4 ,s*liemann1 ,ilios2 ,f1 ,g4 ,goodye>1 ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus2 ,h1 ,l1 ,o1 ,x4 ,r4 ,p4 ,greg1 ,ar*ologia1 xlviii41 #ahhe2 ,i1 ,k1 ,m1 ,n1 ,r4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 ,! ,migration ( ,symbols2 ,s1 ,t1 ,u1 ,w1 ,y4 ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 ,trans4 ,lanc4 & ,*e%ire ,ant4 ,soc41 #ahhf4 ,= fur!r details ! read] is ref]r$ to ^! au?ors4 ,9 ,engl& x n unfrequ5tly occurs on ,roman votive alt>s4 ,9 ,irel&1 h[ev]1 & 9 ,scotl&1 ! fylfot seems to h m>k$ ,*ri/ian sepul*res4 ,= example1 a fylfot occurs on ei!r side ( an arr[ on an ogham /one 7,fig4 #acj1 ,w7 9 an ab&on$ gravey>d at ,agli%1 ,c\nty ,k]ry1 :i* is believ$ to belong to ! six? c5tury4 ,9 ,pagan ,sc&9avia x occurs ) o!r symbols 7,fig4 #acj1 ,x71 b x !re end$ by comb9+ )1 d\btless 7z ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella po9ts out7 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,lat9 ,cross4 ,x ornam5ts e>ly ,dani% baptismal fonts1 & accord+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,hjaltal91 x 80 /ill us$ a few ye>s s9ce z a magic sign1 b ) an obscur$ or corrupt$ mean+10 9 ,icel&4 ,x arriv$ 9 t isl& 9 ! n9? c5tury1 ,a4,d4#agi #agi ,k>l ,bl9d1 8,discov]y ( ,od9ic ,songs 9 ,%etl&10 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahgi1 p4 #ajih4 8,among/ ! ,slavs & ,f9s x has n yet be5 f\nd save 9 a sporadic /ate1 & ab\t ! p]iod ( _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity only4 ,we may rem>k1 by ! way1 t x is v difficult to det]m9e ! age & nationality ( ! t]ra-cotta or bronze objects on :i* x has be5 obs]v$ 9 c\ntries ( mix$ or sup]pos$ races1 su* z ,hung>y1 ,pol&1 ,li?uania1 & ,bohemia4 8,9 ! ,caucasus1 ,m4 ,*antre has met ) x on e>-drops1 ornam5tal plates1 sword-hilts1 & o!r objects f\nd 9 burial-places dat+ back to ! bronze p]iod & ! fir/ iron age4 8,among/ ! ,p]sians its pres5ce has be5 po9t$ out on "s ,arsacian & ,sassanian co9s only4 8,! ,phnicians d n seem to h kn[n1 or1 at lea/1 to h us$ x1 except on "s ( ! co9s :i* !y /ruck 9 ,sicily 9 imitation ( ,greek pieces4 8,x is n met ) ei!r 9 ,egypt1 9 ,assyria1 or 9 ,*alda40#ahj #ahj ,goblet d',alviella1 loc4 cit41 p4 #dj4 ,! sva/ika is ( common occurr5ce 9 ,india1 & is employ$ alike by ,h9dus & ,buddhi/s4 ,x 0 us$ = e>-m>k+ cattle1 appe>s on ! olde/ kn[n ,indian co9 7,fig4 #acj1 ,n71 on :i* are o!r int]e/+ symbols1 & occurs frequ5tly at ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! mo/ anci5t ,buddhi/ inscriptions2 simil>ly x initials ! leg5d ,,sca4 ,,ma4 ,,ria4 ,o4,p4,n4 at ,appleby1 9 ,l9coln%ire2 & at ,ha!rsage1 ,d]by%ire1 a fylfot occurs on a *ur* bell 9 ! initial ,g ( ! leg5d ,gloria 9 ,excelsis ,deo1 #afag4 7,fig4 #acj1 ,y47 ,! sva/ika repres5ts1 accord+ to ,buddhi/ tradition1 ! fir/ ( ! sixty-five m>ks :i* di/+ui%$ ! ,ma/]'s feet1 & ! sauva/ika is ! f\r? & ! ?ird1 a k9d ( labyr9? :i* is ak9 to ! latt]4 ,x is inscrib$ ?rice on ea* sole & on ea* digit ( ! fam\s sculptur$ footpr9ts ( ,gautama at ,am>vati4 7,fig4 #acj1 ,p47 8,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,taylor1 ! ,h9dus1 at ! "t ( ! new ye>1 pa9t a sva/ika 9 r$ at ! comm5cem5t ( _! acc\nt books1 & 9 _! w$d+s & o!r c]emonies !y sket* x 9 fl\r on ! floors ( _! h\ses4 ,x also figures at ! end ( manuscripts ( a rec5t p]iod--at lea/ "u a =m :i*1 accord+ to ,m4 ,k]n1 is a developm5t ( ! tetraskele0#aha 7i4e41 a v>iety ) r\nd$ angles74 #aha ,loc4 cit41 p4 #db4 ,! ,buddhi/ wom5 ( ,?ibet ornam5t _! skirts ) x1 & x is plac$ on ! brea/ ( ! dead4 ,a ,?ibetian =m is se5 9 ,fig4 #acj1 ,r4 ,! ,buddhi/s introduc$ x into ,*9a 7,fig4 #acj1 ,l7 & ,japan1 :]e x adorns vases1 caskets1 & ! repres5tations ( div9ities2 x is ev5 figur$ ^u ! brea/s ( c]ta9 /atues ( ,buddha4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,g4 ,dum\ti]1 x is no?+ else ?an ! anci5t ,*9ese "* *e1 :i* implies ! idea ( p]fection1 ( excell5ce1 & w\ld seem to signify ! r5ewal & ! endless duration ( life4 ,?is sugge/s t ! symbol 0 br\ght by ! ,*9ese across ,asia 9 _! w&]+ f ! ,we/ to _! pres5t home2 b aga9/ ?is view mu/ be put ! fact ( its abs5ce 9 ,*aldea & ,assyria2 & we "k x has be5 introduc$ by ! ,buddhi/ mission>ies4 ,9 ,japan1 accord+ to ,m4 de ,mill\1 x repres5ts ! numb] #aj1jjj1 :i* symbolises t :i* is inf9ite1 p]fect1 excell5t1 & is employ$ z a sign ( felicity4 ,s*liemann#ahb also records ! fylfot 9 ,africa1 on bronzes br\ght f ,coomassie by ! ,engli% ,a%antee exp$ition 9 #ahgd4 ,x is kn[n f ,s\? ,am]ica1 on a calaba% f ! ,l5guas tribe2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 on pott]y f ! m\nds2 & f ,yucatan1 on ,zui pott]y1 z also on ! rattles made f a g\rd :i* ! ,pueblos ,indians use 9 _! religi\s dances4 ,i h he>d t bronze repres5tations ( ! fylfot h be5 obta9$ f excavations 9 ,ohio1 ! details ( :i* w %ortly be publi%$4 #ahb ,ilios1 #ahhj1 ,eng4 edn41 p4 #cec4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! fylfot ?r\gh\t ,eur-,asia _h a symbolic significance1 :i* 9 _m places x /ill reta9s4 ,its longevity is due to ?is cause alone2 occasionally1 :5 x 0 copi$ by peoples :o did n und]/& or appreciate its symbolism1 x deg5]at$ into a m]e ornam5tal device4 ,al?\gh all phases ( symbolic mean+ are int]e/+1 ,i mu/ re/rict myself to orig9s & to a few ( ! lat] developm5ts ( ?is p>ticul> symbol4 ,! int]pretations ( ! fylfot h be5 p>ticul>ly v>i$1 & ^! h be5 fur!r complicat$ by ?is sign hav+ be5 conf\nd$ ) ! crux ansata ( ! ,egyptians1 ! tau ( ! ,phnicians1 ! vajra ( ,india1 ! ,hamm] ( ,?or1 or ! ,arr[ ( ,p]kun4 ,all ^! h a cle>ly def9$ =m & mean+1 & ev5 if ! fylfot 8ev] replac$ "o ( !m--z 9 ! catacombs x sometimes takes ! place ( ! ,cross ( ,*ri/--x only did s z a sub/itute1 z ! symbol ( a symbol40#ahc #ahc ,goblet d',alviella1 loc4 cit41 p4 #de4 ,"s ar*ologi/s h ascrib$ a phallic import to ! fylfot1 o!rs recognise 9 x ! symbol ( ! female sex2 8b x may v well h furni%$ a symbol ( fecundity1 z else:]e a common symbol ( prosp]ity & ( salvation1 )\t !re=e be+ necess>ily a phallic sign40#ahd ,^! are probably second>y mean+s sup]add$ to a primitive & less ab/ract conception4 #ahd ,loc4 cit41 p4 #de4 ,x has be5 held to indicate wat]1 /orm1 lightn+1 fire1 or ev5 ! ,indian fire-drill1 ! 8my/ic d\ble arani10 m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! ,v$ic hymns to ,agni1 ! fire-god4 ,^! views h be5 combat$ by ,greg1#ahe ,colley ,m>*1#ahf & ,goblet d',alviella4#ahg ,mr4 ,greg cont5ds t ! fylfot is a symbol ( ! air or sky1 or r ( ! god :o rules ! ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e1 by :atev] "n m5 may call him4 ,dr4 ,m>*'s !ory is t x symbolises axial rotation1 & n m]ely gyratory motion2 9 fact1 ! axis ( ! heav5s1 ! cele/ial pole1 r\nd :i* revolve all ! />s ( ! firmam5t once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is appe>ance ( rotation is especially impressive 9 ! ,great ,be>1 ! l>ge/ & brighte/ ( ! ,nor!rn con/ellations4444 ,ab\t f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! app>5t pivot ( rotation 0 n :]e x is n[1 b occupi$ a po9t at a ,draconis mu* ne>] to ! ,great ,be>1 ^: rapid circul> sweep mu/ !n h be5 f> m /rik+ ?an x is at pres5t4 ,9 addition to ! "n ,ursa ,major1 ! ,lat9s call$ ?is con/ellation ,sept5triones1 #8! sev5 pl\gh+ ox5' t dragg$ ! />s r\nd ! pole1 & ! ,greeks call$ x 1 f its va/ spiral movem5t40#ahh #ahe ,r4,p4 ,greg1 8,! ,fylfot & ! ,swa/ika10 ,ar*ologia1 #ahhe1 p4 #bic4 #ahf ,h4 ,colley ,m>*1 8,! ,fylfot & ! ,fu?orc ,tir10 ,trans4 ,lanc4 & ,*es4 ,ant4 ,soc41 #ahhf4 #ahg ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #dd et seq4 #ahh ,we read 9 ! fif? book ( ! ,odyssey 7v4 #bgj7 h[ ,odysseus 8sate & cunn+ly guid$ ! craft ) ! helm1 nor did sleep fall ^u 8 eyelids1 z he view$ ! ,pleiads & ,botes1 t sette? late1 & ! ,be>1 :i* !y likewise call ! ,wa91 :i* turne? ev] 9 "o place1 & keepe? wat* ^u ,orion1 & alone ha? no "p 9 ! ba?s ( ,ocean40 ,!re is no ne$ to foll[ ,dr4 ,m>* 9 8 explanation1 & we mu/ n[ turn to ! view :i* has be5 support$ by ! greate/ numb] ( inve/igators1 :o 8h succe$$1 by _! /udies ( ,h9du1 ,greek1 ,celtic1 & anci5t ,g]man monum5ts1 9 e/abli%+ ! fact t ! gammadion has be51 among all ^! nations1 a symbolic repres5tation ( ! sun or ( a sol> god40 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella re9=ces ?is !ory by ! foll[+ consid]ations3-- #a4 ,! =m ( ! fylfot4--,to be conv9c$ t ! bran*es ( ! fylfot are rays 9 motion x is only necess>y to ca/ "o's eyes on ! mann] 9 :i*1 at all times1 ! idea ( sol> movem5t has be5 graphically express$4 ,?us on a :orl f ,troy1 crook$ rays1 turn$ t[>ds ! "r1 alt]nate ) /raight & undulat+ rays1 all ( :i* proce$ f ! same disc 7,fig4 #acj1 ,e74 #b4 ,! triskele1 =m$ by ! same process z ! tetraskele1 0 an und5iable repres5tation ( ! sol> movem5t4--,on co9s f ,asia ,m9or ! triskele is frequ5tly repres5t$ z ?ree legs1 & on ,celtib]ian co9s 7,fig4 #acj1 ,k7 ! face ( ! sun appe>s betwe5 ! legs4 ,on ! co9s ( ,asp5dus 9 ,pamphylia ! ?ree legs are comb9$ ) animal repres5tations ( ! sun1 ! eagle1 ! wild bo>1 & ! lion2 & on c]ta9 co9s ( ,syracuse ! triskele p]mutes ) ! sol> disc above ! quadriga & ! w+$ horse4 ,9 v>i\s places transition occur betwe5 ! tetraskele & triskele 7,fig4 #acj1 ,i74 ,i h already 7p4 #bac7 ref]r$ to ! ultimate fate ( ! triskele4 #c4 ,! images (t5e/ associat$ ) ! fylfot are repres5tations ( ! sun & ! sol> div9ities4--,! fylfot & ! sol> disc are1 9 a way1 c\nt]p>ts1 n only among/ ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 & ! ,celts1 b also ) ! ,h9dus1 ! ,*9ese1 & ! ,japanese4 ,! two are (t5 comb9$ into "o figure1 & ! rays h be5 conv]t$ into horses' heads1 z on ,gallo-,belgic co9s1 or into cocks' heads & lions' bu/s :i* take ! place ( ! rays ( ! triskele on ,lycian co9s4 ,pr(essor ,goodye> po9ts out t ! fylfot is associat$ on ,cyprian & ,rhodian pott]y ) ! goose 7,fig4 #acj1 ,g71 de]1 antelope1 ibex1 ram1 horse1 lion1 etc4 ,all ( ^! are sol> animals4 ,x is associat$ ) ! lotus 7,fig4 #acj1 ,f71 :i* is also a sol> symbol4 #d4 ,9 c]ta9 symbolic comb9ations ! fylfot alt]nates ) ! repres5tation ( ! sun4--,among ! ,ja9s ( mod]n ,india1 a consid]able ,h9doo sect1 ! sun appe>s to be repres5t$ by ! sva/ika1 & ?is symbol & ! sol> disc con/antly replace ea* o!r on ! anci5t co9s ( ,ujja9 9 ,c5tral ,india 7,fig4 #acj1 ,o71 & ,&hra 9 ! ,deccan4 ,ano!r pro( ( ! equival5ce betwe5 ! fylfot & ! sun1 or1 at lea/1 ! light ( ! sun1 is f\nd among/ ! co9s ( ! anci5t city ( ,mesembria 9 ,?race4 ,pr(essor ,p]cy ,g>dn] /ates1 8,mesembria1 z x /&s1 is simply ! ,greek ^w = 8noon0 or mid-day 772 & !re c be no d\bt t ! ,greek inhabitants w\ld suppose _! city to be ! place ( noon2 & among ! co9s ( ,mesembria occurs 40 ,five-ray$ & ?ree-ray$ 7triskele7 sun symbols 7 associat$ ) ,apollo on co9s ( ,meg>a1 n[ ,mesembria 0 f\nd$ by a colony ( ,meg>ians4 ,sometimes ?ree sol> discs or ?ree fylfots1 or comb9ations ( bo?1 occur 7,figs4 #acj1 ,b1 ,c71 & 9 ^! ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella sees a symbolic repres5tation ( ! ?ree diurnal positions ( ! sun1 & sugge/s t :5 f\r symbols occur crosswise1 z frequ5tly happ5s 7,fig4 #acj1 ,d71 !y 8relate to f\r diff]5t positions ( ! lum9>y1 :i* w\ld1 p]haps1 sugge/ no long] its daily c\rse1 b its annual revolution m>k$ by ! sol/ices & equ9oxes40#ahi #ahi ,! importance ( a/ronomical lore 9 ! cults ( anci5t civilisations is be+ m =cibly br\ght home to u z ! rema9s ( antiquity are be+ m critically & sympa!tically inve/igat$4 ,pr(essor ,d',arcy ,w4 ,?ompson1 ,junr41 has rec5tly publi%$ a sugge/ive pap] 78,on ,bird & ,bea/ 9 ,anci5t ,symbolism10 ,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,ed941 xxxviii41 ,pt4 #a1 #ahie1 p4 #agi7 9 :i* he sugge/s t _m ( ! ,greek repres5tations ( animals on monum5t or co9 indicate n ! creatures !mselves b _! /ell> namesakes4 ,m4 ,j4 ,svoronos 78,sur la signification des types montaires des anci5s10 ,bull4 ,correspondance ,hellnique1 #ahid7 _h simultane\sly & indep5d5tly arriv$ at a simil> conclusion1 b ,d',arcy ,?ompson c>ries ! argum5t a /ep fur!r1 & attempts to %[ t ! associat$ emblems correspond to ! positions relative to "o ano!r ( ! heav5ly bodies1 9 "s cases to ! configuration ( ! sky at critical p]iods ( ! ye>1 or at ! fe/ival seasons ( ! cities to :i* ! co9s belong4 8,! /ell> symbolism t ,i "h advocate is1 ,i ma9ta91 a diff]5t ?+ f ! sun-my?s1 dawn-my?s1 & s =?1 :i* are n[ to a l>ge ext5t des]v$ly repudiat$4 ,we _c ascribe to ! civilis$ nations ( antiquity ! pu]ile conceptions ( nature t are congru5t ) a /age ( awak5+ intellig5ce & ) ! crude results ( untra9$ obs]vation4 ,r are we deal+ ) ! elaborat$ ga9 ( ages ( sci5tific k1 ) ! ?\ghts ( a p ^: v temples 7 ori5t$ to p>ticul> />s1 or to critical po9ts 9 ! j\rney ( ! sun2 ^: repres5tations ( ,art1 on frieze & p$im5t1 9 trag$y & epic1 7 gov]n$ by :at w\ld at fir/ appe> to be a tyrannical conv5tion1 :i* conv5tion1 h[ev]1 s f> f hamp]+ _! g5ius1 seems1 "u ! influ5ce ( a :olesome re/ra9t1 to h m\ld$ _! art into m beautiful1 m poetic1 & m sanctifi$ =ms4444 ,! dom9ant prie/hood1 ^: doma9 0 k1 hold+ ! keys ( treasur$ le>n+ op5$ ! lock ) *>y h&1 & veil$ pla9 spee* 9 fanta/ic allegory4 ,9 su* allegory ,egyptian prie/s spoke to ,greek travell]s1 :o came to !m z ,d]vi%-pilgrims or ,w&elnde ,/ud5t54444 ,at ,olympia1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ea* ,leap-ye> cycle1 ! noble/ y\? ( ,greece rac$1 r\nd ! symbolic pill>s1 _! horses emblematic ( ! ,horses ( ! ,sun2 !reby glorify+ a ,god :om !y ?us ignorantly wor%ipp$4 ,ev5 s1 we read 9 ! ,second ,book ( ,k+s xvii4 #af2 xxi4 #c1 #e2 xxiii4 #e h[ _! ,phnician c\s9s wor%ipp$ ) l c]emony ! same ,god4 ,& all ! :ile1 9 ! ev5+ & ! morn+1 prie/s & wat*$1 measur$1 & comp>$ ! ris+ & sett+ ( sun & />s1 9 temples t 7 a/ronomical obs]vatories1 to ! glory ( a religion ^: my/]y 0 a/ronomic sci5ce40 ,! fylfot w\ld seem to occasionally replace ! moon4 ,on co9s ( ,cnossus1 9 ,crete 7,fig4 #acj1 ,m71 ! ,lun> ,cresc5t takes ! place ( ! sol> disc 9 ! c5tre ( ! fylfot2 9 su* in/ances x may h be5 appli$ to ! revolutions or ev5 ! phases ( ! moon4 ,v>i\s sugge/ions h be5 made ) reg>d to ! rev]s$ fylfot or sauva/ika1 b x is /ill unc]ta9 :e!r ?is is ( prim>y 7,max ,mll]1 ,birdwood1 ,colley ,m>*7 or second>y importance 7,greg1 d',alviella74#aij #aij ,p4 ,g>dn]1 8,ares z a ,sun-god10 ,numismatic ,*ronicle1 xx41 ,n4,s41 #ahhj1 p4 #ei4 ,! la/ !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! fylfot t ,i ne$ m5tion is t prop\nd$ by ,pr(essor ,goodye>#aia 9 ! foll[+ words3--8,!re is no proposition 9 ar*ology :i* c be s easily demon/rat$ z ! ass]tion t ! swa/ika is orig9ally a fragm5t ( ! ,egyptian me&]1 provid$ ,greek geometric vases are call$ 9 evid5ce40 ,pr(essor ,a4,s4 ,murray long s9ce sugge/$ t ! 8crosses :i* ,dr4 ,s*liemann calls sva/ikas1 b :i*1 9 fact1 appe> to be only ! simple/ =m or elem5t ( ! me&] patt]n40#aib ,sir ,g4 ,birdwood says3 8,i believe ! ,buddhi/ swa/ika to be ! orig9 ( ! key-patt]n ornam5t ( ,*9ese decorative art40#aic ,pr(essor ,goodye> makes him say t ( ,greek decorative art z well4 #aia ,! ,gramm> ( ! ,lotus1 p4 #ceb4 #aib 8,on ! ,pott]y ( ,cyprus10 ,app5dix to ,g5]al ,l4 ,p4 di ,cesnola's ,cyprus1 #ahgg1 p4 #daj4 #aic ,! ,indu/rial ,arts ( ,india1 #ahhj1 i4 p4 #ajg4 ,x is a pity t ,mr4 ,goodye> has pl$g$ himself s fully z 9 ! /atem5t j quot$1 z x is apt to make critics m capti\s z to 8 ma9 !sis4 ,if ! fylfot is a deta*$ int]section ( ! me&] patt]n1 :y did n ! ,egyptians hit on x8 ,grant+ t ! me&] may h _h an indirect orig9 f a natural object 9 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries1 !re is no pro( t any religi\s or magical mean+ 0 atta*$ to x4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! fylfot 0 employ$ proves t x c]ta9ly _h a symbolic signification4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t adduc$ by ,pr(essor ,goodye> is 9 ! case ( "s 8geometrically0 decorat$ ,greek vases1 9 :i* betwe5 sol> geese & o!r symbols occurs a small panel1 :i* is v>i\sly decorat$ ) a fylfot1 or an elem5t or v>ietal detail ( ! me&] patt]n4#aid ,b ?is1 aft] all1 may prove to be no?+ m ?an t ! ,greeks notic$ t ! fylfot occurr$ 9 c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! me&] patt]n :i* _h be5 arriv$ at f q a diff]5t s\rce4 ,?is occurr5ce ( ! fylfot 9 ^! patt]ns 0 q accid5tal2 x w\ld be bett] to say t a fylfot design c\ld be pick$ out f ^! patt]ns r ?an to sugge/ t x 0 inh]5t 9 !m4 ,grant+ ! sacr$ associations ( ! fylfot1 ! fact t x c\ld be sep>at$ f a patt]n :i* itself may h _h a recognis$ association ) ! symbolic lotus w\ld probably appeal to a symbol-lov+ p4 ,if !y recognis$ t ! fylfot on ! "o h&1 & ! lotus on ! o!r1 7 sun-symbols1 ! isolation ( ! associate ( a sun-symbol into ano!r sun-symbol w\ld be a pleas+ ex]cise ( +5uity4 ,i d n pret5d to say t ?is has occurr$1 b x is to me q a possible alt]native4 ,! sequ5ce :i* ,pr(essor ,goodye> seeks to e/abli% appe>s to me to be no?+ m ?an ! bir? ( an analogy4 #aid ,loc4 cit41 p4 #cec4 ,be=e a judgm5t ^u ! ,*9ese me&] patt]n c be pron\nc$ x w\ld be necess>y to make a detail$ /udy ( t patt]n on objects f t "p ( ! _w1 & ,i h n access to ! requisite data4 ,we n[ come to ! int]e/+ "q ( ! bir?place ( ?is important symbol4 ,x 0 long ago rem>k$ t ! fylfot is almo/ exclusively an ,aryan symbol4 ,x is completely abs5t among ! ,egyptians1 ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,assyrians1 & ev5 ! ,phnicians1 al?\gh ^! middle-m5 trad$ useful objects & sacr$ symbols indiscrim9ately4 ,! ,semites did n employ x4 ,al?\gh widely spread & v5]at$ among ! ,tibetians 7,fig4 #acj1 ,r71 ! ,*9ese 7,fig4 #acj1 ,l71 & ! ,japanese1 x c be prov$ t ^! ,mongolian peoples h adopt$ x along ) ,buddhism f ,india4 ,z a recognis$ religi\s symbol x is unkn[n among all ! o!r peoples ( ! globe4 ,! conclusion is evid5t t ! fylfot 0 a symbol be=e ! sw>m+-(f ( ! ,aryan hordes4 ,!re seems little d\bt t x 0 orig9ally an emblem ( ! sun4 ,x may1 9 c]ta9 comb9ations1 h come to symbolise ! app>5t daily movem5t ( ! sun1 & p]haps also ! annual *ange ( seasons4 ,"s see 9 x ! symbol ( a sun-god1 o!rs believe x to be ! god ( ! sky1 or air1 :o 9 ! c\rse ( "t 0 v>i\sly kn[n z ,indra1 ,zeus1 ,jupit]1 ,?or1 etc4 ,la/ly1 x has be5 promot$ to signify 8! emblem ( ! div9ity :o compreh5d$ all ! gods1 or1 aga91 ( ! omnipot5t ,god ( ! univ]se40 ,?is latt] is c]ta9ly n a primitive conception1 & we h no evid5ce t ?is mean+ 0 ev] read into ! symbol4 ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella po9ts out t 9 ,europe ! geometric /yle ( ornam5tation embraces two p]iods1 t ( pa9t$ & t ( incis$ decoration4 8,n[ 9 ?is latt] p]iod1 :i* is ev]y:]e ! mo/ anci5t1 ! gammadion is only f\nd on ! :orls ( ,hiss>lik & ! pott]y ( ! ,t]ram>es4 ,we h1 !re=e1 two e>ly homes ( our symbol1 "o on ! %ores ( ! ,hellespont1 ! o!r 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4 8,0 x propagat$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r by ! usual m$ium ( comm]ce8 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t at ?is p]iod ! relations betwe5 ! ,troad & ! bas9 ( ! ,po 7 v d\btful4 ,etruria c]ta9ly und]w5t ,asiatic influ5ces2 b :e!r ! leg5d>y migration ( ,tyrrh5ius & ( 8 ,lydians be admitt$ or n1 ?is influ5ce 0 only felt at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! #8palafittes' pile dwell+s ( ,emilia1 if n to ! ,necropolis ( ,villanova4 8,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 ! supposition t ! gammadion might h be5 introduc$ into ! two c\ntries by ! same nation4 8,we "k ! ,trojans came orig9ally f ,?race4 ,!re is1 aga91 a v plausible tradition to ! effect t ! ance/ors1 or pr$ecessors1 ( ! ,etruscans1 &1 9 g5]al1 ! e>lie/ kn[n inhabitants ( nor!rn ,italy1 ent]$ ! p59sula f ! nor? or nor?-ea/1 aft] leav+ ! valley ( ! ,danube4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ?is latt] region t we mu/ look = ! fir/ home ( ! gammadion4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t :51 lat] on1 ! co9age reproduces ! types & symbols ( ! local religions1 ! c\ntries ne>e/ ! ,danube1 su* z ,mac$on & ,?race1 are among/ ^? ^: co9s frequ5tly exhibit ! gammadion1 ! traskele1 & ! triskele4 ,besides1 x is especially at ,a!ns t x is f\nd on ! pott]y ( ,greece prop]1 & we "k t ,attica is suppos$ to h be5 primitively colonis$ by ! ,?racians4 #8,! nations :o _h invad$ ! ,balkan p59sula & colonis$ ,?race1' writes ,m4 ,masp]o1 #8cross$1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 ! two arms ( ! sea :i* sep>at$ !m f ,asia1 & transport$ !re mo/ ( ! names :i* !y _h already introduc$ into _! ,european home4 ,!re 7 ,d>danians 9 ,mac$on1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,axios1 z 9 ! ,troad1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,ida1 ,kebr5es at ! foot ( ! ,balkans1 & a t[n1 ,kebr5e1 ne> ,ilium4'#aie ,:o w be a/oni%$ t ^! emigrants _h tak5 ) !m1 to ! opposite %ore ( ! ,hellespont1 ! symbols z well z ! rites & traditions :i* =m$ ! basis ( _! cre$ 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,danube8 #aie ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire anci5ne des peuples de l',ori5t1 #ahhf1 p4 #bda1 quot$ by ,c\nt ,g4 d',alviella4 8,ev5 :5 x occurs 9 ! nor? & we/ ( ,europe1 ) objects ( ! bronze p]iod1 x is g5]ally on pott]y recall+ ! vases ) geometric decorations ( ,greece & ,etruria1 & lat]1 on co9s reproduc+1 m or less r\ghly1 ! monet>y types ( ,greece4 ,x seems to h be5 introduc$ into ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,icel&1 9 ! same mann] z t 9 :i* ! runic writ+ 0 br\ght f ! ,danube valley to ! %ores ( ! ,baltic & ! ocean4 ,x may h p5etrat$ into ,gaul1 & f !re into ,engl& & ,irel&1 ei!r ?r\gh ,savoy1 f ! "t ( ! #8palafittes1' or ) ! pott]y & jewelry import$ by sea & by l& f ! ,ea/1 or1 la/ly1 ) ! ,mac$onian co9s :i* repres5t ! orig9 ( ,gallic co9age4 8,we h already se5 h[ x 0 br\ght among ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & into ,greece prop]1 !n f ,greece to ,sicily & ev5 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ev5 at ,rome x seems to h always be5 connect$ ) ! traditions ( ! ,ea/4 ,we mu/ n =get t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,catacombs 0 likewise a religion ( ,ori5tal orig940 ,s mu* = ! we/]n fylfot4 ,! ori5tal =m ev5 9 ! extreme ea/ ( ,asia c be trac$ )\t difficulty to ! sva/ika ( ,india4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! fylfot & ! sva/ika are g5etically alli$1 b x is n at pres5t v easy to demon/rate all ! l9ks ( ! *a94 ,"h aga9 ,i quote f ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella4 8,! sva/ika does n appe> on ! co9s /ruck 9 ,bactriana1 or 9 ,india1 by ,alex&] & 8 ,indo-,greek successors4 ,ev5 among/ ! ,indo-,scy?ians1 ^: co9age copies ! ,greek types1 x is only visible on b>b>\s imitations ( ! co9s ( ,basu ,deva4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we h %[n1 x adorns ! co9s ( ,kran&a & ! mo/ anci5t monet>y +ots ( ,india4 ,moreov]1 ,pan9a1 :o already makes m5tion ( ! sva/ika1 is sometimes consid]$ to h liv$ 9 ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x might !re=e be possible t ! ,h9dus _h kn[n ! sva/ika be=e feel+ 9 _! arts1 & ev5 9 _! symbolism1 ! influ5ce ( ! ,greek invasion4 8,yet1 = ! be/ ( reasons1 x is nei!r ! ,*aldans1 ! ,assyrians1 ! ,phnicians1 nor ev5 ! ,egyptians1 :o c h import$ ! gammadion to ,h9du/an4 8,!re only rema91 !n1 ! ,p]sians1 ^: influ5ce on ! nasc5t arts ( ,india 0 c]ta9ly felt be=e ,alex&]4 ,b 9 ,p]sia itself ! gammadion only appe>s z an exception on a few r>e co9s approa*+ our era4 8,p]haps we w\ld d well to look t[>ds ! ,caucasus1 :]e ! antique ornam5ts ) gammadions1 collect$ by ,m4 ,*antre1 lead u back to a civilisation closely en\gh alli$1 by its indu/rial & decorative types1 to t ( ,myc54 8,until new discov]ies p]mit u to decide ! "q1 ?is gap 9 ! g5ealogy ( ! sva/ika w be equally emb>rass+ = ^? :o w\ld l to make ! gammadion ! common prop]ty ( ! ,aryan race1 = x rema9s to be expla9$ :y x is want+ among/ ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,x is "r1 too1 to call att5tion to its abs5ce on ! mo/ anci5t pott]y ( ,greece & ! ,ar*ipelago1 :]e x only appe>s ) geometric decoration4 8,if ! gammadion is f\nd among/ none ( ! nations compos+ ! ,egypto-,semetic gr\p2 if1 among/ ! ,aryans ( ,p]sia1 x nev] play$ b a second>y & oblit]at$ "p1 might x n be because ! art & symbolism ( ^! diff]5t nations possess o!r figures :i* dis*>ge a simil> function1 :e!r z a phylact]y1 or else z an a/ronomical1 or a div9e symbol8 ,! real talismanic cross ( ! c\ntries /ret*+ f ,p]sia to ,lybia is ! crux ansata1 ! key ( life ( ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,z = _! pr9cipal symbol ( ! sun 9 motion1 is x n ! ,w+$ ,globe8 ,!re w\ld seem to be betwe5 ^! figures & ! gammadion1 ,i w n say a natural antipa?y1 b a repetition ( ! same idea4 ,:]e ! gammadion pr$om9ates--t is to say1 9 ! :ole ,aryan _w1 except ,p]sia--! ,w+$ ,globe & ! crux ansata h nev] succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ !mselves 9 good e>ne/4 ,ev5 9 ,india1 grant+ t ^! two la/ figures really cross$ ! ,indus ) ! ,greek1 or ! ,iranian symbolism1 !y are only met )9 an alt]$ =m1 or ) a new mean+4 8,9 brief1 ! anci5t _w might be divid$ into two zones1 *>act]is$1 "o by ! pres5ce ( ! gammadion1 ! o!r by t ( ! ,w+$ ,globe z well z ( ! crux ansata2 & ^! two prov9ces b>ely p5etrate "o ano!r at a few po9ts ( _! fronti]1 9 ,cyprus1 at ,rhodes1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & 9 ,lybia4 ,! =m] belongs to ,greek civilisation1 ! latt] to ,egypto-,babylonian culture4 8,z = ,india1 ev]y?+1 s f>1 t5ds to %[ t ! sva/ika 0 introduc$ into t c\ntry f ,greece1 ! ,caucasus1 or ,asia ,m9or1 by ways :i* we d n yet "k4 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is ow+ to its adoption by ! ,buddhi/s ( ,india t ! gammadion /ill prevails among/ a great "p ( ! ,mongolian races1 :il/1 ) ! exception ( a few isolat$ & insignificant cases :i* /ill survive among/ ! actual populations ( ,h9du/an1 &1 p]haps1 ( ,icel&1 x has completely disappe>$ f ,aryan symbolism & ev5 folk-lore40 ,,table ,,illu/rat+ ,,! ,,migrations ,,( ,,! ,,fylfot 7,,aft] ,,goblet ,d',,alviella47 8 8 8 ,c5turies ,b4,c4 ,a4,d4 4444444444444444 4 4 ,ant]ior to ,x,i,i,ith 4 ,troas 4 4 ------- 4 ,ab\t ,,xiii or ,,xii4 4 -- ,myc5 -- ----------------------- ,villanova ,greece ,f ,,xi to ,,vi4 -- 7,pott]y7 44444 ,caucasus ----------------- -- 4 ----------- 4 ,etruria 4 ,greece 7,co9s7 4 ,to ,,vi4 ----------- 4 8 ,?race & 4 ,to ,v4 ,mac$onia ,asia ,m9or 4 ---------- 4 4 ,to ,,iv4 ,sicily 4 8 4 -------- 4444444444 ,to ,,iii4 ,gaul -- 8 44 4 8 ,india -------------------- 444 4444444- ,f ,,ii4 ,b4,c4 ,sc&i- ,g]- ,briti% ,n4 444 4 to ,,ii4 ,a4,d4 navia mania ,isles ,africa444 ,p]sia ,*9a ,to ,,iii4 ,a4,d4 ,rome 7,catacombs7 - - f ,,iii to ,,viii4 - ,to ,,ix4 ,icel& ,?ibet ,japan ,b4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,symbolism4 ,signor ,g4 ,f]r]o#aif has inve/igat$ ! psy*ological laws ( symbolism1 us+ t t]m 9 its wide/ aspect4 ,aft] giv+ a sket* ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,fylfot1 :i* is l>gely borr[$ f t by ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella1 he proce$s to give its psy*ological int]pretation 9 ! foll[+ words 7p4 #adh73-- #aif ,guillaume ,f]r]o1 ,les ,lois ,psy*ologiques du ,symbolisme1 #ahie4 7,translat$ f ! ,italian47 ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,havelock ,ellis = ! ref]5ce to & loan ( ?is book4 8,i believe t ?is symbol ( ! motion ( ! sun became trans=m$ into a my/ic symbol1 precisely because x 0 a metaphorical symbol4 ,! signification ( a pictographic symbol c n be =gott51 = ! s5sation ( ! symbol directly recalls ! image or ! idea ( ! object2 !re are n 9 t case int]m$iate /ates ( consci\sness :i* c be elim9at$4 ,b :5 x conc]ns a metaphorical symbol1 ^! int]m$iate /ates ( consci\sness exi/1 = ! symbol mu/ be int]pret$1 especially if a v imp]fect & rude del9eation is 9 "q1 ^: relation to ! object repres5t$ is ( ! slighte/4 ,! figure ( a tree directly recalls to me ! idea or image ( ! tree2 b a circle drawn ) ?ree or f\r legs does n directly sugge/ to me 9 itself ! precise idea ( ! motion ( ! sun2 !re is at lea/ ! possibility ( diff]5t int]pretations1 & at all ev5ts !re mu/ be an orig9al & indep5d5t act ( int]pretation4 ,! significance ( ! symbol1 f9ally1 c only be kn[n if "o und]takes an inve/igation ( induction & int]pretation1 or if "o associates ) an inspection ( ! symbol ! remembrance ( an explanation :i* has be5 giv51 or ( an int]pretation :i* we _h =m]ly discov]$ = ourselves4 8,n[ ?is /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* s]ves = ! int]pretation ( ! symbol1 w\ld h be5 necess>y if ! symbol ( ! cross _h m9i/]$ to ! ne$s ( exi/5ce1 to comm]ce or politics1 = example2 b z x 0 a religi\s symbol ^: use did n v>y accord+ to ! tru? & ! exactness ( its int]pretation1 x is evid5t t ?is /ate ( consci\sness w\ld become useless 9 ! long run1 & ! bra9 w\ld relieve itself ( x 9 a %ort "t4 ,! croix gamme 7fylfot7 01 l g5uflexions & ! o!r mimic symbols ( c]emonial1 a symbol employ$ 9 relation ) ! div9ity2 accord+ly1 ! same cause :i* r5d]$ useless 9 ! c]emonial ! /ate ( consci\sness1 :i* we h call$ 1#aig has r5d]$ useless ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* c\ld int]pret ! sol> signification ( ! cross4 ,x 01 9 %ort1 a religi\s symbol employ$ 9 relation to ,god2 rightly or wrongly int]pret$ z x may be1 pray] & o!r propitiations t5d$ to ! same result2 ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* s]v$ = its int]pretation 0 !n n necess>y1 & ! bra9 little by little reliev$ itself f x4 ,?is /ate ( consci\sness be+ elim9at$1 x 0 =gott5 t ! sign ( ! cross repres5t$ ! sun1 because ?is 0 a metaphorical symbol too vague to directly recall ! idea ( sol> movem5t4 #aig ,see note on next page4 8,:5 ! /ate ( consci\sness :i* s]v$ = ! int]pretation ( ! design 0 gradually elim9at$1 all ! religi\s s5tim5ts :i* _h ! sun & its cult = _! object 7 address$ to ! cross2 t is :y x has become ! object ( s pr(\nd a v5]ation1 )\t any "o kn[+ its signification or orig92 ! cross reaps = its pr(it ! inh]itance ( ! sol> cult ( :i* x has ceas$ to be a symbol1 9 ord] to become almo/ a div9ity by itself4 ,! cross ?us became a my/ic symbol ( :i* ! applications became v num]\s1 & ev5 v confus$4 8,all ?is1 ,i repeat1 is only a supposition1 b x may enable u to affirm t1 :atev] may be ! orig9 ( ! cross1 its evolution1 v probably1 c only be expla9$ f ! po9t ( view ( ! !ory ( ! ideo-emotional arre/40 ,a4 ,note on ,m5tal ,in]tia4 ,signor ,g4 ,f]r]o has /udi$ :at he t]ms 8m5tal in]tia0 & 8! law ( lea/ ef=t10 z appli$ to ! m9d1 & he f9ds t ! m5tal op]ation may /op %ort at c]ta9 po9ts2 ?us he di/+ui%es 7#a7 m5tal arre/1 7#b7 emotional arre/1 & 7#c7 ideo-emotional arre/4 7#a47 ,! fir/ is due to a defici5cy 9 logic2 z1 = example1 :5 ma*9]y 0 fir/ introduc$1 ! workm5 sma%$ ! ma*9es1 reg>d+ !m z ! cause ( ! fall 9 wages1 & be+ ignorant ( ! fact t ! alt]$ conditions 7 caus$ by complicat$ economic conditions1 & n by ! ma*9es4 7#b47 ,an analog\s ph5om5on occurs 9 ! doma9 ( ! emotions4 ,an emotion is n isolat$1 x is always "o l9k ( a *a94 ,! emotions are always associat$ ) a m or less great numb] ( images or ideas :i* def9e !m4 ,b ! image or ! idea ( ! ?+ :i* %\ld def9e ! emotion sometimes dw9dles or entirely disappe>s2 x !n foll[s t ! emotion1 in/ead ( be+ associat$ ) ! image or ) ! idea ( ?is ?+1 is associat$ ) ! symbol :i* repres5ts ?is ?+2 x /ops %ort at ! symbol in/ead ( project+ itself beyond ! symbol t[>ds ! ?+ repres5t$4 ,?is is ! emotional arre/4 ,x is notori\s t 9 religion ! adoration :i* %\ld be paid to ,god 9 heav5 is (t5 arre/$ at ! images :i* repres5t ! div9ity1 z :5 ! eld]s ( ,israel said1 8,let u fet* ! ark ( ! cov5ant ( ! ,"l out ( ,%iloh unto u1 t1 :5 x come? among u1 x may save u out ( ! h& ( our enemies 444 & ! ,phili/9es 7 afraid1 = !y said1 ,god is come into ! camp40#aih #aih #a ,samuel iv4 #c1 #g4 7#c47 ,!re is yet a ?ird psy*ological process by :i* ! confusion betwe5 ! symbol & ! ?+ symbolis$ is possible2 x is ! ideo-emotional arre/4 ,9 an analysis ( ! m5tal /ate ( a man :o p]=ms acts ( social c]emonial1 ?is au?or f9ds 7p4 #acc7 t 8to ea* complet$ act !re corresponds1 9 ! _s ( man1 ?ree /ates ( consci\sness1 q di/9ct & associat$3-- 8#a4 ,! desire to cause ! man to be fav\rable to him 9 ^: pres5ce ! c]emonial act is accompli%$ 772 8#b4 ,! idea t ! c]emonial act c s]ve ?is purpose 772 8#c4 ,! idea t ! act c s]ve ?is purpose because ! suppliant und]/&s t he :o has put himself 9 ! position :]e he is unable to d h>m _c h any dang]\s int5tion 774 8,! m5tal /ate ( ^? :o entreat ! gods 01 9 ?is primitive p]iod1 compos$ ( ! same ?ree /ates ( consci\sness1 q di/9ct b int]-relat$3-- 8#a4 ,! desire to make ! div9ity fav\rable to oneself 772 8#b4 ,! idea t c]ta9 acts or practices 7pray]s1 visits1 etc41 etc47 conduce to ?is result 772 8#c4 ,! idea ( ! reason = :i* ^! acts h ?is p[]--t is to say1 ! conviction t !y are adapt$ to ! "* attribut$ to ! div9ity 774 8,x is evid5t t if we comp>e ! m5tal /ate ( m5 :o are 9 h>mony ) c]emonial obs]vances 9 ?is primitive p]iod ( c]emonial ) ! m5tal /ate ( civilis$ m5 :o /ill obs]ve c]emonial1 social1 & religi\s rules1 we f9d t 9 ! m5tal /ate ( civilis$ m5 ! ?ird /ate ( consci\sness--t is to say 1 has be5 elim9at$4 ,9 fact1 we h rem>k$ t1 among civilis$ man1 ! p]=mance ( a c]emonial act is det]m9$ by ! desire to r5d] himself fav\rable to1 or at lea/ n to (f5d ano!r p]son or a ,god 771 & f ! idea t ^! acts c produce ?is effect 772 )\t kn[+ :y 7t is to say t has be5 elim9at$74 8,we h se5 t by ! law ( m5tal in]tia1 a /ate ( consci\sness--image1 idea1 emotion--_c la/ = ev]1 aft] ! excit+ cause has ceas$ to act1 = a /ate ( consci\sness is a trans=mation ( en]gy1 & x f9i%es :5 x has exhau/$ its initial quantity ( =ce4 8,only ! /ates ( consci\sness :i*1 be+ necess>y = ! ne$s ( exi/5ce1 are pres]v$ by p]man5t excitation1--be ?is excitation simple & direct or complex & indirect--c h an app>5tly et]nal p]si/5ce2 ! duration ( useless /ates ( consci\sness is limit$4 8,?is is true = individuals or bodies ( m54 ,to ea* in/itution1 to ea* cu/om1 etc41 !re correspond 9 ! m9d ( man a c]ta9 numb] ( associat$ ideas1 :i* h det]m9$ alike its bir? & trans=mation2 b1 accord+ to ?is law1 only ! ideas :i* are necess>y %\ld be pres]v$ 9 ?is association ( ideas2 ! o!rs %\ld be gradually elim9at$4 8,?is int]e/+ psy*ological ph5om5on ( ideo-emotional arre/ concludes by pr(\ndly modify+ ideas & feel+s4 ,x modifies ideas1 = x induces :at ,i h t]m$ a m5tal arre/2 ! ideation1 9 fact1 by ! loss ( ! /ate ( consci\sness 1 is arre/$ at 2 & ! m9d is cont5t$ to "k t a c]ta9 act w produce a c]ta9 effect1 or w express a c]ta9 s5tim5t1 )\t tr\bl+ itself ) ! cause1 )\t seek+ = an explanation4 ,x modifies1 &1 s to speak1 displaces ! feel+s1 = x produces t :at ,i call an emotional arre/3 9 fact1 :5 ! idea ( ! true "* ( ! c]emonial act is lo/1 ! act is no long] a sign ( c]ta9 incl9ations ( s5tim5t1 b itself becomes an object ( v5]ation4 ,we see m5 :o pay att5tion only to c]emonial & :o neglect ! feel+s on :i* x %\ld be bas$ 444 !y believe !y h fulfill$ _! religi\s duties1 ev5 if love & devotion are want+1 if !y h n neglect$ ! c]emonies4 ,x is ! same ) ! social c]emonial2 = ! majority ( m51 social duty does n consi/ 9 loyalty1 9 mutual affection1 9 a _s ( ju/ice t[>ds o!rs1 b 9 c]emonial obs]vances2 & :5 ! c]emonial code is n violat$ !y are p]suad$ t !y h no?+ = :i* to reproa* !mselves4 ,x is a true emotional arre/1 = ! s5tim5ts ( social & religi\s duty are1 s to speak1 arre/$ midway 9 purely ext]nal acts40#aii #aii ,loc4 cit41 p4 #aci4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,decorative ,,art4 ,!re are two ways 9 :i* art may be /udi$--! /hetic & ! sci5tific4 ,! =m] deals ) all manife/ations ( art f a purely subjective po9t ( view1 & classifies objects accord+ to c]ta9 s-call$ 8canons ( art40 ,^! may be ! g5]ally recognis$ rules ( ! c\ntry or race to :i* ! critic belongs1 & may ev5 h ! sanction ( antiquity1 or !y may be due to ! idiosyncrasy ( ! w\ld-be m5tor4 ,9 criticis+ ! art ( ano!r c\ntry x mu/ be rememb]$ t racial t5d5cies may give su* a bias z to r5d] x v difficult to treat =eign art sympa!tically4 ,we/]n ,europe & ,japan are cases 9 po9t4 ,dogmatism 9 /hetics is absurd1 =1 aft] all1 ! /hetic s5se is l>gely bas$ ^u p]sonal likes & dislikes1 & x is difficult to see :at sure gr\nd !re c be :i* w\ld be common to ! majority ( p4 ,! /hetic /udy ( art may v well be left to pr(essional art critics4 ,we w n[ turn to a m promis+ field ( inquiry1 & see :at c be ga9$ f a sci5tific treatm5t ( art4 ,?is naturally falls into two categories1 ! physical & ! biological4 ,i am n aw>e t mu* has be5 done t[>ds e/abli%+ a physical basis = art4 ,! pleasurable s5sations :i* l9e1 =m1 & col\r may give rise to are d\btless analog\s to ^? caus$ by musical s\nds1 b ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! latt] are caus$ by ! ord]ly sequ5ce ( p>ticul> vibrations1 :]eas ! vibrations ( ! =m] are syn*ron\s4 ,x is possible t n only mu/ ! "* ( ^! vibrations be tak5 into acc\nt1 b t ! /ructure ( ! human eye & p]sonal equation mu/ be all[$ = 9 an analysis ( ! pleasurable s5sations caus$ by any "w ( art4 ,^! rem>ks necess>ily ref] only to ! =ms ( ?+s2 _! mean+ & ! s5sations !reby evok$ belong to ! doma9 ( psy*ology4 ,i4 ,,application ,,( ,,biological ,,d$uctions ,,to ,,designs4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 we are only conc]n$ ) ! biological treatm5t ( art4 ,nor ne$ surprise be felt if an attempt is made to deal ) art z a bran* ( biology4 ,= is n art necess>ily associat$ ) intellig5ce8 ,is n intellig5ce a function ( ! bra98 ,& is n ! bra9 compos$ ( "s =m ( protoplasm8 ,art is ?us "o only ( ! myriad results ( ! activity ( protoplasm4 ,if ?is be true1 art mu/ be subject to ! same g5]al laws :i* act on all liv+ be+s4 ,! fundam5tal law 9 biology is t express$ 9 ! well-kn[n aphorism1 ,omne vivum e vivo 78,all life f life074 ,! belief 9 abiog5esis or spontane\s g5]ation1 z n[ tak+ place1 has completely disappe>$ f biological tea*+4 ,9 /udy+ savage art we are irresi/ibly =c$ to an analog\s conclusion4 ,by c>efully /udy+ a numb] ( designs we f9d1 provid+ ! s]ies is suffici5tly ext5sive1 t a complex1 or ev5 an app>5tly simple patt]n1 is ! result ( a long s]ies ( v>iations f a q dissimil> orig9al4 ,! latt] may 9 v _m cases be prov$ to be a direct copy or repres5tation ( a natural or artificial object4 ,f ?is x is cle> t a l>ge numb] ( patt]ns c be %[n to be natural developm5ts f a reali/ic repres5tation ( an actual object1 & n to be a m5tal creation on ! "p ( ! arti/4 ,!re are c]ta9 /yles ( ornam5tation :i*1 at all ev5ts 9 p>ticul> cases1 may v well be orig9al1 tak+ t ^w 9 its ord9>y s5se1 su*1 = example1 z zigzag l9es1 cross-hat*+1 & s =?4 ,! m]e toy+ ) any implem5t :i* c\ld make a m>k on any surface might sugge/ ! simple/ ornam5tation to ! mo/ savage m9d4 ,?is may or may n h be5 ! case1 & x is entirely beyond pro( ei!r way1 & !re=e we mu/ n press our analogy too f>4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 surpris+1 & x is c]ta9ly v significant1 t ! orig9 ( s _m designs c n[ be det]m9$1 al?\gh !y are ( unkn[n age4 ,x is !re=e n too mu* to say t savages d n delib]ately inv5t patt]ns or designs2 9 o!r words1 arti/ic expression is ! result ( a pre-exi/+ visual impression4 ,great difficulty pres5ts itself :5 we apply ?is /atem5t to communities ( a high] culture2 b !re is no reason = believ+ t ! case is diff]5t = b>b>ic races f :at x is among ! m savage4 ,x is :5 we come to highly civilis$ p t ! problem becomes well-nigh insoluble4 ,p (t5 design$ly 8inv5t0 patt]ns1 & imag9e t su* designs are truly orig9al4 ,x is impossible to prove :e!r or no ! arti/ has ev] se5 ei!r a simil> patt]n1 or at all ev5ts ! elem5ts ( :i* 8 design is compos$4 ,x is v difficult to conceive t ! latt] is n ! case4 ,all t we c d is to fall back on ! simple conditions1 & we h already se5 :at obta9s !re4 ,?is argum5t is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ^? :o wi% to 8inv5t0 new designs s (t5 h rec\rse to objective assi/ance4 ,! /ud5ts 9 our s*ools ( art are in/ruct$ to /udy natural =ms1 especially plants4 ,n only h !y to manipulate ! plant z a :ole1 b ! fl[] has to be dissect$1 & ev5 su* details z ! cross-section ( ! se$ capsule are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,intellig5t selection & rejection & judici\s gr\p+ may give rise to an inf9itude ( designs & patt]ns4 ,m me*anical aids are (t5 press$ into s]vice1 & ! compasses & o!r draw+ in/rum5ts are employ$1 p]haps z (t5 on ! *ance ( a pleas+ comb9ation result+ or be+ sugge/$1 z to elaborate "s def9ite idea4 ,! well-kn[n ,japanese patt]n books af=d a good =eign example ( ?is me?od4 ,in/ructors h n ov]look$ su* optical aids z ! kaleidoscope or analog\s app>atus = patt]n-mak+4 ,once a design is />t$1 be x ! simple/ ( geometrical =ms or a repres5tation ( a def9ite object1 its subsequ5t fate is subject to vicissitudes v simil> to ^? :i* beset ! exi/5ce ( any organism4 ,organisms h (fspr+ :i* at ! same "t resemble & diff] f _! p>5ts4 ,?is is ! commone/ exp]i5ce "o meets ) 9 /udies 9 ornam5t2 c]ta9 simple patt]ns1 on acc\nt ( _! simplicity1 may be indef9itely repeat$1 & t )\t appreciable v>iation4 ,l simple *emical comp\nds1 !y are /able because !re are few comb9+ elem5ts1 & ^! are well l9k$ toge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m complex ! orig9al idea ! great] opportunity !re is = v>iation1 9 fact v>iation is inevitable4 ,j z 9 ! highly un/able molecules :i* build up protoplasm1 !re is practically no alt]native except = metabolism to take place4 ,9 no case h we a s]ies ( designs :i* are kn[n to be1 s to speak1 g5etically relat$4 ,we _c say t ?is 0 a copy ( t1 & t ( "s o!r kn[n =m1 & s on4 ,nei!r h we 9 ,palontology4 ,a /ud5t ( ! latt] sci5ce br+s toge!r z _m specim5s z he c f diff]5t geological horizons1 & f9d+ t ! =ms ( a m rec5t deposit resemble ) b slight diff]5ces ^? f an e>li] =mation1 he n unreasonably concludes t ! =m] 7 desc5d$ f ! latt]1 & t ! diff]5ces 9 ! species are to be acc\nt$ = by ! fix+ & isolat+ ( v>iations su* z are commonly to be met ) 9 memb]s ( "o family4 ,! biologi/1 recognis+ ! great importance ( ! !ory ( evolution1 n[ re>s g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( animals to see h[ f> actual exp]i5ce w be> out !oretical d$uctions1 & by ?is means def9ite facts are be+ accumulat$4 ,! cr$it ( fir/ apply+ ?is pr9ciple to art is due to ,g5]al ,pitt-,riv]s4 ,he gave a c]ta9 draw+ to "s "o 7,a7 to copy2 8 r5d]+ 0 s5t on to ano!r p]son 7,b7 to copy1 ?is copy 0 h&$ on to a ?ird individual 7,c71 & s on1 ea* copyi/ hav+ only ! prec$+ p]son's p]=mance be=e him4 ,9 ea* case fre% v>iations occur accord+ to ! great] or less imitative skill ( ! arti/4 ,! ,g5]al has collect$ "s v curi\s examples ( s]ies ( ?is k9d4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,balf\r1#bjj foll[+ ?is sugge/ion1 describes h[ he />t$ a simil> exp]im5t4 ,he says1 8,an orig9al draw+ ( my own1 repres5t+ a snail crawl+ ov] a twig1 0 giv5 out to diff]5t p to be copi$ z ,i h describ$4 ,9 a s]ies ( twelve to fifte5 copies ?us obta9$1 ! snail's %ell gradually leaves ! snail & becomes a k9d ( boss ^u ! twig1 & f9ally ! design is turn$ upside d[n2 ! arti/s at ?is /age be+ conv9c$ t ! sket* is int5d$ to repres5t a bird1 ! #8horns' ( ! snail hav+ become ! =k$ tail ( ! bird4 ,x is se5 t ! extremes ( ! s]ies are absolutely unlike ea* o!r1 b 9 no case are any two adjac5t sket*es v dissimil>40 #bjj ,h4 ,balf\r1 8,! ,orig9 ( ,decorative ,art z illu/rat$ by ! ,art ( ,mod]n ,savages10 ,midl& ,naturali/1 xiii41 #ahij2 ,! ,evolution ( ,decorative ,art1 #ahic1 p4 #bd2 8,evolution 9 ,decorative ,art10 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 ,arts1 xlii41 #ahid1 p4 #deh4 ,un=tunately1 9 ! examples giv5 9 ! e>li] pages ( ?is book1 z 9 ^? pres5t$ by o!r writ]s1 we are n 9 a position to def9itely affirm t "o p>ticul> design is g5etically relat$ to ano!r "o4 ,we h ! same difficulty 9 palontology2 b ! impossibility ( absolute pro( does n weak5 ! /rong presumptive evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,we are also br\ght face to face ) ano!r int]e/+ zoological p>allel1 & t is ! co-exi/5ce ( primitive1 int]m$iate1 & late types4 ,x is n always easy to sugge/ explanations 9 zoology :y "s =ms %\ld p]si/ & o!rs disappe>1 b ^! difficulties are no argum5t aga9/ evolution hav+ occurr$4 ,among/ savage peoples we (t5 f9d a surpris+ numb] ( int]m$iate /ages1 b "o explanation is ready to h&4 ,! orig9al is usually always be=e !m1 & all /ages 9 ! evolution ( a design are decorative2 !y are all 8fit0 en\gh to survive1 & ! majority ( !m may p]si/ = an indef9ite "t4 ,9 ! animal _w small *anges 9 ! environm5t may produce f>-rea*+ effects on organisms1 & ! p]si/5ce1 n ! *ange ( type1 is ! greate/ m>vel4 ,9 zoology x appe>s t ! m complex animals1 or p]haps r ! m complex memb]s ( a gr\p1 v>y m ?an ! simpl]4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "w out :e!r ! same occurs 9 patt]ns4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ?is w be f\nd to be v g5]ally ! case4 ,increas$ v>iation occurs because !re is m mat]ial to v>y4 ,! next /ep is to det]m9e :at directions ! v>iations take4 ,developm5t may take place 7#a7 ) a g5]al t5d5cy t[>ds complexity1 or 7#b7 t[>ds simplification1 or 7#c7 ^! two may be co9cid5t4 ,t is1 !re may be 7#a7 an upw>d or specialis+ evolution1 or 7#b7 deg5]ation1 or 7#c7 selection1 :i* implies p>tial elim9ation & a specialisation ( ! select$ details4 7#a7 ,n _m examples pres5t !mselves ( ! evolution ( a p>ticul> motive z a :ole2 z usually "o portion ( x dim9i%es & ano!r increases4 ,:at may be t]m$ symmetrical evolution mu/ necess>ily be ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,an example w be f\nd 9 ! progressive developm5t ( a fi%-hook into an ornam5t 9 ,torres ,/raits 7p4 #gf1 ,fig4 #dd74 ,occasionally "o meets ) examples ( a consid]able am\nt ( p>tial complexity )\t a degradation ( ! rema9d]4 7#b7 ,! simplification ( orig9al types is ( extremely common occurr5ce 9 decorative art4 ,?is has (t5 impress$ itself on ^? :o h int]e/$ !mselves 9 h&icrafts ( savages4 ,9 addition to ! num]\s examples ,i h br\ght toge!r 9 ?is book ,i ne$ only ref] to ! pione] obs]vations ( ,sir ,john ,evans 9 #ahdi 9 8 well-kn[n /udy#bja ( ! deg5]ation :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,gauli% & ,briti% copy+ ( ! gold /at] ( ,philip ,,ii4 ( ,mac$on4 ,lat]1#bjb he says1 8^? v>ieties appe> to h become m or less p]si/5t1 :i*1 9 ! #8/ruggle = exi/5ce1' h pres5t$ advantages ov] ! pres5t =m 9 _! relation to ext]nal conditions4 ,b 9 ! succession ( types ( ^! ,briti% co9s1 ! requirem5ts :i* new types _h to fulfil 9 ord] to become to a c]ta9 ext5t p]si/5t1 71 fir/ly1 to pres5t facility ( imitation1 & secondly1 symmetry ( =m4 ,! natural in/9cts ( uncivilis$ man seem to lead to ! adoption ( simple yet symmetrical =ms ( ornam5t1 :ile 9 all /ages ( culture ! sav+ ( tr\ble is an object ( univ]sal desire4#bjc ,! r$uction ( a complicat$ & arti/ic design into a symmetrical figure ( easy execution 0 ! object ( ea* successive engrav] ( ! dies ( ^! co9s1 ?\gh probably !y 7 !mselves unaw>e ( any undue sav+ ( tr\ble on _! "p1 or ! results :i* ensu$ f x40 #bja 8,on ! ,date ( ,briti% ,co9s10 ,numismatic ,*ronicle1 xiii41 #ahej1 p4 #abg4 #bjb ,anci5t ,briti% ,co9s1 #ahfd1 p4 #bg4 #bjc ,i v5ture1 h[ev]1 to "q :e!r ?is is 9 reality v op]ative among savages4 ,:ile deg5]ation is ( s frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( decorative art1 "o mu/ n assume t ?is mu/ inv>iably be ! case2 e s]ies mu/ be judg$ indep5d5tly4 ,"o commonly f9ds t ! e>li] repres5tations ( glyptic art 7 crude & highly conv5tional1 b !y became m life-l z ! arti/s ga9$ m comm& ov] _! mat]ial1 & p]haps at ! same "t ! fabricators or ! pur*as]s 7 gradually educat$ to pref] great] tru? to nature4 7#c7 ,! ?ird alt]native is by f> ! mo/ frequ5t4 ,typical examples are to be met ) 9 ! ri* field ( ! decorative art ( ! ,papuan ,gulf4 ,fig4 #ac1 p4 #cf1 w s]ve z an example3 "h ea* />-l figure is ! rema9s ( two human faces2 ! eye-spot is ! amalgamation ( ! two pairs ( eyes1 ! lat]al angl$ l9es repres5t ! *eek-folds1 & ! curv$ l9es next to ^! are ! l[] eye-la%es ( ea* face1 & no?+ m ( ! faces p]si/s4 ,x w\ld be absurd to endeav\r to make ! evolution ( decorative art run on all f\rs ) t ( animals1 z !re are c]ta9 art =ms :i* h no p>allel 9 zoology4 ,9 patt]ns1 = example1 ! two ess5tial elem5ts are symmetry & repetition2 ! latt] implicates n only ! :ole design b portions ( x z well4 ,?us1 if 9 an e>ly /age ( a reali/ic design !re is a blank area1 ! vacancy w usually be fill$ up by repetitions ( t detail ( ! :ole design :i* is ne>e/ to x4 ,= example1 ! scroll patt]n ( ! ,massim di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea orig9ates1 z we h se51 f s]ial repetitions ( a bird's head4 ,9 ! simple/ =ms ( ?is patt]n !re are blank triangul> areas1 b ^! are usually fill$ up by a s]ies ( cresc5tic l9es 7,fig4 #bf71 :i* are repetitions ( ! curve b\nd+ ! base ( ea* triangle4 ,9 ! ,elema di/rict ! designs h an increas+ t5d5cy t[>ds angul>ity1 s1 simil>ly1 areas unoccupi$ by ! ma9 design are v frequ5tly fill$ up ) *evrons1 z 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,! objection to ?is me?od ( treat+ art may be urg$ t ! decorat$ objects1 :atev] _! nature may be1 are inanimate1 t !y are m]ely pieces ( wood or /one1 & t !y are !re=e n to be comp>$ ) liv+ be+s4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s t e?nological objects _c *ange !mselves or develop !mselves into any?+ else4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh animals are alive !y also h no volunt>y p[] to alt] !mselves1 nor c !y develop !mselves 9 any direction4 ,!y are almo/ z passive z fabricat$ objects4 ,! small am\nt ( *ange :i* may occur 9 ! adult exi/5ce ( an animal 7,i purposely exclude all *anges :i* take place dur+ developm5t & gr[?7 are due to =ces act+ ^u ! animal1 & to :i* ! animal m or less responds2 !y are n self-induc$4 ,! zoological & e?nological specim5s1 9 ?is respect1 are 9 precisely ! same case4 ,! direction :i* evolution takes1 :e!r x makes = a m highly s5sitive be+ or = deg5]ation1 has ref]5ce to (fspr+ alone & n to _! p>5ts1 imm$iate or remote4 ,!re is no consci\s & protract$ ef=t on ! "p ( a p>ticul> gr\p ( animals to evolve 9 a det]m9ate direction1 ?is latt] is circumscrib$ by ! environm5t4 ,?us x comes ab\t t consci\sness has no "p 9 evolution :e!r ( an animal or ( a patt]n4 ,! (fspr+ ( an animal v>y m or less f ! p>5t j z copies ( designs v>y1 & bo? are alike subject to an ext]nal selection4 ,if ?is selection proce$s suffici5tly long 9 "o g5]al direction1 a di/9ct & non-relaps+ v>iation is e/abli%$1 & s on indef9itely4 ,"o di/9ction betwe5 ! evolution ( animals & t ( patt]ns mu/ n be lo/ sight (3 9 ! =m] ! survival ( ! fitte/ appe>s to be ma9ly due to an elim9ation ( ! un-fitte/1 :]eas 9 ! latt] !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( consci\s selection4 ,a fur!r argum5t aga9/ ?is view may be urg$ f ! /&po9t t h[ev] unconsci\s ! evolution ( ! l[] animals may be1 ! case is v diff]5t ) man4 ,he is consci\s & self-consci\s1 & he c direct 8 own evolution4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 8,c he d s80 & 9 ! second1 8,has he done s80 ,fir/ let u see :at has happ5$4 ,i suppose x is "o ( ! be/ e/abli%$ tea*+s ( hi/ory t ! evolution ( a nation has n be5 consci\sly direct$ by ! individuals :i* compose x4 ,a few m5 may h s\ght to guide ! c\rse ( politics or to adju/ its =eign policy2 b _! ef=ts are futile unless support$ by ! p !mselves1 & ! luxuri\sness ( liv+ ( ! majority1 ! laxity ( _! morals1 or "s o!r irresponsible factor1 may entirely wreck individual ef=t4 ,nations z a :ole h bl9dly work$ out _! own salvation or ru9 9 j ! same way z a gr\p ( animals liv+ 9 geological times may h surviv$ to ! pres5t day or may h become ext9ct4 ,! ess5tial cons]vatism ( ! human m9d is a fact ( prime importance4 ,savages1 *ildr51 & ! less intellig5t ( ! civilis$ races are simil> 9 ?is respect4 ,?is has long be5 recognis$1 & t 8!re is no new ?+ "u ! sun0 is an (t-repeat$1 widely-recognis$ truism4 ,9 proportion z *ange is r>e1 s progress is sl[4 ,x is only ! happy co9cid5ce ( c]ta9 comb9ations :i* acts z a /imulant to v>iation1 b ?is appe>s to h an increas+ t5d5cy to occur4 ,! m savage ! race ! m cons]vative x is z a rule4 ,j z ! t5d5cy to v>iability is ( necessity a /eadily increas+ factor 9 ! evolution ( animals1 s x is 9 man1 & proportionately m s z he is rais$ above ! level ( ! brute4 ,increase ( complexity leads to t in/ability :i* is ! "m ( v>iability4 ,! above-m5tion$ /atem5ts are m]ely expressions ( facts kn[n to all4 ,x w probably be admitt$ t among less civilis$ peoples _! evolution may h be5 undirect$ by !mselves2 b ) increas$ complexity comes augm5t$ m5tal p[]1 & x may be urg$ t ?is may1 s to speak1 take ! helm2 b ,i w\ld v5ture to ask1 ,is !re mu* evid5ce 9 support ( ?is view8 ,! m9d ( man is subject1 l 8 body1 to ! ord9>y op]ations ( ! univ]se1 8 individuality is app>5t r ?an real1 & j z "o may move to & fro on ! face ( ! e>? yet at ! same "t ! travell] & ! b$-ridd5 p]son are revolv+ r\nd ! axis ( ! e>? at ! same rate1 & are equally trundl+ ) ! globe ?r\gh space1 s1 too1 m9d _c escape f ! =ces :i* act on ! body4 ,x is believ$ by "s t !re 7 p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( organisms :5 evolution took place m rapidly ?an at o!r times2 p]haps ?is 0 due to v>iability occurr+ m ext5sively1 :i* aga9 may h be5 p>tly due to *anges 9 ! environm5t4 ,!re is no reason to believe t v>iation 7:i* is ! mat]ial t makes evolution possible7 occurs uni=mly4 ,!re is no ne$ to t\* fur!r ^u ^! yet unsolv$ problems ( ,biology2 at all ev5ts we f9d t 9 decorative art evolution has be5 spasmodic or discont9u\s1 t !re are p]iods ( quiesc5ce & ( activity4 ,i h already sugge/$ t ! isolation ( a p & uni=mity 9 _! exi/5ce w t5d to /agnation 9 art1 & t int]c\rse ) o!r peoples1 :e!r by trade1 w> or migration1 s]ves z a /imulus to arti/ic expression4 ,to return to our m imm$iate subject1 consci\sness ( purpose has extremely little to d ) human evolution1 nor has x mu* m to say to ! evolution ( patt]ns among primitive peoples4 ,! selection ( "o design in/ead ( ano!r1 or ( a p>ticul> "p ( a design1 is a consci\s act1 b probably 9 ! great majority ( cases an unreason+ "o4 ,& ! selection is limit$ to t individual object4 ,x is inconceivable t a savage %\ld copy or adapt a c]ta9 design because x promises to develop into a m pleas+ patt]n4 ,:ile !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( consci\s selection1 ! v>iation z a :ole ( any design is an entirely unguid$ op]ation s f> z ! intellig5ce ( ! human units is conc]n$4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,animals ,,& ,,( ,,designs4 ,no "p ( ! /udy ( ,biology is m fasc9at+ ?an t :i* deals ) ! geographical di/ribution ( organisms1 especially :5 treat$ by su* a ma/] z ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( art is z yet un9ve/igat$1 b ) c>eful & capable h&l+ we may expect x to yield results n less int]e/+ ?an ^? ( ! di/ribution ( animals4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out t ! subject is peculi>ly difficult1 b z ,john ,ray said two hundr$ ye>s ago conc]n+ ! /udy ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 8mu* might be done did we b endeav\r1 & no?+ is insup]able to pa9s & pati5ce40 ,x w n be sup]flu\s to "h indicate ! g5]al l9es ^u :i* su* an inquiry may be pr(itably made1 tak+ ! exp]i5ce ( zoologi/s z our guide 9 ?is matt]4 ,x is a matt] ( g5]al exp]i5ce t animals are n uni=mly scatt]$ ov] ! globe4 ,! abs5ce ( all l& mammals & ( snakes f ,new ,zeal&2 ! occurr5ce ( ! monotremes only 9 ,au/ralia & ,new ,gu9ea2 t ! ,am]ican opossums are ! only m>supials f\nd out ( ,au/ralia & a few adjac5t isl&s2 ! abs5ce ( be>s 9 ,africa & ( lemurs 9 ,am]ica1 are a few ( ! myriad cases 9 po9t4 ,by tabulat+ ! d5iz5s ( diff]5t c\ntries1 ! latt] c be gr\p$ accord+ to _! animals1 & 9 ?is way zoologi/s h =m$ zoological regions1 :i* may be fur!r subdivid$ into sub-regions or prov9ces4 ,all su* divisions are *>act]is$ 7#a7 by _! *>act]i/ic animals1 7#b7 by _! peculi> animals1 & 7#c7 by ! abs5ce ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( animals4 ,! negative "* 9 ?is case be+ p]haps ! mo/ valuable "o4 ,organisms may 9 a r\gh mann] be di/ribut$ into zones correspond+ ) climate1 :i* may be horizontal & l>gely dep5d5t ^u latitude1 or v]tical & directly dep5d5t ^u altitude1 :i* v>ies1 h[ev]1 accord+ to latitude4 ,su* a k9d ( di/ribution is mu* m manife/ 9 plants ?an 9 animals4 ,fur!r1 !re is a ph5om5on kn[n z 8discont9u\s di/ribution10 :i* is "o ( great importance4 ,= example1 ! tapirs are only f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ! camel gr\p 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! des]ts ( ,asia1 ! o/ri* gr\p 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,new ,zeal&4 ,x is ne$less to multiply examples4 ,! explanation is simple en\gh4 ,! tapirs are repres5tatives ( old g5]alis$ ungulates ( e>ly t]ti>y times t =m]ly liv$ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 b :i* h s9ce become ext]m9at$ 9 ! region ( _! orig9 & abundance1 & h surviv$ at only two extreme po9ts ( _! old habitat4 ,ance/ral camels are common 9 ! t]ti>y b$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! "o gr\p w&]$ s\?w>ds1 & f9d+ competition less ke5 on ! plateaux ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 7 enabl$ to develop into llamas1 alpacas1 & s =?4 ,! o!r gr\p 0 modifi$ s z to exi/ 9 ! des]ts ( ,asia1 ! less specialis$ =ms 9 ! int]m$iate c\ntries hav+ di$ out4 ,! same g5]al argum5t applies to ! o/ri* gr\p1 & 9 ! rhea ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! o/ri* ( ,africa1 ! cass[>y ( ,new ,gu9ea1 ! emu ( ,au/ralia1 ! dim9utive apt]yx & ! gigantic ext9ct moas ( ,new ,zeal& we h outli]s1 s to speak1 ( an extremely anci5t gr\p ( birds1 ! o!r memb]s ( :i* h become ext]m9at$ 9 ! int]m$iate di/ricts4 ,!n aga91 !re may be :at are t]m$ 8local types & species10 =ms :i* diff] b slightly f ! *>act]i/ic or 8c5tral0 type ( ! species1 & :i* are re/rict$ to special regions4 ,= example1 9 an isl& (f a ma9l& !re are (t5 :at are t]m$ 8insul> v>ieties10 & 9 an ar*ipelago x is ( frequ5t occurr5ce t ea* isl& is *>act]is$ by possess+ its peculi> v>ieties & ev5 peculi> species4 ,isolat$ geographical features1 su* z comm&+ & sep>at$ m\nta9s1 may h :at may equally be t]m$ 8insul> faunas10 or aga91 ! v>i\s valleys ( a m\nta9 *a9 may h appreciable fauni/ic diff]5ces4 ,! reason = ?is is n f> to seek4 ,^! v>ieties diff] f o!rs m]ely by be+ int5sifi$ by local conditions & by isolation4 ,v>iation is m widespread ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 b grant+ fre$om ( int]c\rse ov] a wide area & a /ability ( environm5t1 ! extreme v>iations are less liable to occur1 &1 fur!rmore1 x is ! av]age organism :i* is ! mo/ /able4 ,?us a fairly con/ant mean level is ma9ta9$4 ,! isolation ( portion ( su* a uni=m population introduces new factors1 & ! isolat$ individuals t5d to arrive at a condition ( /able equilibrium :i* mu/ ( necessity be diff]5t f t ( ! p>5t /em4 ,colonies are probably ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ! zoological _w4 ,by su* ,i mean ! sudd5 peopl+ ( a di/rict by an animal new to t "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,an example ( h[ ?is may occur is illu/rat$ by ! sporadic excursion into ,europe ( ,pallas' s&-gr\se4 ,x w be rememb]$ t a few ye>s ago l>ge numb]s ( ?is ,sib]ian bird made _! appe>ance 9 ,europe4 ,simil> inroads are on record = pa/ ye>s4 ,suppos+ ! conditions 7 fav\rable1 ! s&-gr\se might v well h e/abli%$ itself 9 "o or m localities1 & !n =m$ colonies 9 ! true s5se ( ! t]m4 ,artificial colonies are be+ cont9ually =m$ by man3 witness ! rabbits 9 ,au/ralia & ! pheasant 9 ,engl&4 ,! disp]sion ( animals is caus$ by ! fav\r+ conditions ( physical features1 or by ! c>ry+ p[] ( w9ds & curr5ts4 ,! isolation ( animals is also simil>ly caus$2 w9ds & curr5ts may be 9 su* a direction z to prev5t migration1 & ! physical features may be o!rwise unfav\rable to disp]sion4 ,we n[ h to apply ^! g5]al rem>ks to ! prov9ce ( art1 & to see h[ f> simil> conclusions may be drawn4 ,! conclusions ( ! syn!tical zoologi/ :o /udies ! problems ( zoogeography1 z x is sometimes call$1 are entirely dep5d5t ^u ! t$i\s lab\rs ( ! analytical or sy/ematic zoologi/4 ,g5]al conclusions are wor? no?+ if ! data ^u :i* !y are erect$ are untru/wor?y2 h5ce an accurate id5tification ( ! fauna ( a c\ntry is an absolutely necess>y precursor to any !oris+ ^u its aff9ity4 ,?is self-evid5t proposition equally applies to ! geographical di/ribution ( art-=ms4 ,x is fir/ ( all necess>y to det]m9e ! exact nature ( any giv5 patt]n or design4 ,i h (t5 call$ att5tion to ! dang] :i* !re is 9 assum+ t simil>ity is id5tity1 ! mo/ in/ructive example ( ?is be+ exhibit$ 9 ! fret-patt]n gr\p & ! alli$ scroll-patt]ns4 ,in/ances c\ld be multipli$ 7 x necess>y4 ,"o ( ! ma9 objects ( ! pres5t volume is to emphasise ?is fact1 & to demon/rate t ! signification ( a design1 t is1 :at x really is1 c only be asc]ta9$ by an exhau/ive /udy ( t p>ticul> region :]e x occurs or f :5ce x has be5 d]iv$4 ,analysis mu/ prec$e syn!sis4 ,?is has n yet be5 attempt$ on a l>ge en\gh scale1 & s x is at pres5t impossible to d$uce wide g5]alisations4 ,art is subject to two prime factors--7#a7 ! solid>ity ( ! human race1 & 7#b7 e?nic idiosyncrasy4 ,x is ! extreme difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 ^! two factors :i* complicates ! comp>ative /udy ( cu/oms & beliefs4 ,to ! second ( ^! we owe1 = example1 ! evolution ( ! v>i\s =ms ( fret & scroll patt]n1 & to ! fir/ ( !m _! _w-wide ret5tion z patt]ns4 ,x is difficult to avoid ! expectation t :atev] arti/ic prov9ces may be def9$ 9 ! future1 !y w ultimately prove to be relat$ to racial divisions4 ,possibly c]ta9 /ages ( arti/ic evolution may be det]m9$ ?r\gh :i* ! arti/ic developm5t ( all ! m cultivat$ p h pass$4 ,^! /ages1 %\ld !y be e/abli%$1 are illu/rations ( ! solid>ity ( mank9d1 b ! precise level to :i* ! art ( p>ticul> c\ntry or di/rict has atta9$1 or ! direction x has tak5 7irrespective ( ! /age ( developm5t71 ^! are e?nic idiosyncrasies4 ,be=e ! geographical di/ribution ( art c be mapp$ out x w be necess>y to accurately def9e ! v>i\s arti/ic expressions1 & to discrim9ate betwe5 designs1 :i* ?\gh app>5tly simil> are fundam5tally di/9ct4 ,n till !n w x be possible to det]m9e :e!r p>ticul> designs are _w-wide 9 di/ribution on acc\nt ( ! ess5tial id5tity ( human ?\ght1 or :e!r !y are n really diff]5t patt]ns :i* admit ( be+ gr\p$ into def9ite regions hav+ a m or less e?nic value4 ,x is n suffici5t to attempt a rapid solution ( ?is problem by assum+ t arti/ic & e?nic b\nd>ies are cot]m9\s4 ,my /udy ( ,papuan art indicates t ! arti/ic expression ( a p is m delicate ?an ! *>act]s usually utilis$ by e?nologi/s1 & t1 :]eas ! physical an?ropologi/ c at pres5t b>ely di/+ui% betwe5 ! natives ( contigu\s di/ricts1 _! art at once sugge/s di/9ctions1 & !n a fre% appeal has to be made to ! physical an?ropologi/ = a m se>*+ inve/igation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no d\bt t 9 "s c\ntries art is m uni=m1 c]ta9ly s 9 c\ntries :i* h long be5 civilis$4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! art appe>s to be v uni=m1 ?is may be *iefly due to ! fact t ! ,au/ralians1 ?\gh subdivid$ into num]\s tribes1 are nev]!less a v homog5e\s p4#bjd ,x is true t "s an?ropologi/s h s\ght to di/+ui% primitive divisions among ^! p2 b ^! endeav\rs h n yet be5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$1 & no inve/igations h z yet be5 made z to :e!r ! arts & crafts ( ! ,au/ralians support ^! conclusions4 ,ano!r factor 9 ! uni=mity ( ,au/ralian art arises f ! fact t all ! ,au/ralians are virtually on ! same level ( evolution4 ,! uni=mity ( condition ( life & environm5t induces uni=mity 9 art4 #bjd ,i by no means wi% to imply t a homog5e\s p implies a pure race2 a p compos$ ( sev]al elem5ts1 if well mix$ up & isolat$ = a long "t1 may become fairly homog5e\s4 ,?is latt] fact may acc\nt = ! g5]al resemblance 9 arti/ic treatm5t :i* yet m di/9ct peoples may exhibit :o live "u v simil> conditions2 _! e?nic idiosyncrasy may be levell$ by ! monotony ( _! environm5t4 ,la/ly1 uni=mity may be arriv$ at1 z 9 mo/ civilis$ c\ntries ( to-day1 by cont9ual & rapid int]c\rse betwe5 peoples4 ,x is j ?is condition1 toge!r ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( /ability 9 ! environm5t1 :i* makes = ! uni=mity & fixation ( species 9 ! animal _w4 ,i am incl9$ to believe 9 an e?nical feel+ = art1 b mu* m "w w h to be done to e/abli% ?is z a fact4 ,9 our detail$ /udy ( ! decorative art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea we f9d a sudd5 & v *>act]i/ic *ange 9 ,papuan art :5 we come to ! ,massim di/rict4 ,! *>act]i/ic ,papuan ornam5tation by means ( /raight l9es & angles sudd5ly gives way to a v>iety ( scrolls & loops1 /raight l9es1 except z b\nd+ a patt]n1 r>ely occur1 & angles are m r>e ?an b[$ l9es are 9 o!r p>ts ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! facies ( ! /yle ( decoration is exactly rev]s$4 ,?is surely has a deep] significance ?an tribal di/9ction1 & x 0 notic+ ?is fact :i* fir/ l$ me to /udy ,new ,gu9ea art4 ,! explanation :i* sugge/$ itself to me 0 "o :i* subsequ5t inve/igation has confirm$--namely1 t x is "o expression ( ! influ5ce ( a =eign race on ! ,papuans ( ! region 9 "q4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,t4 ,hamy has m>%all$ num]\s facts 9 support ( ?is view 9 an able pap] 78tude sur les ,pap\as de la ,m] d',entreca/eaux10 ,revue d',e?nographie1 vii41 #ahhh1 pp4 #ejc-eai71 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,s f> !n z pres5t evid5ce goes1 we may ass]t t ! ornam5tation ( ! indig5es ( ,new ,gu9ea is ess5tially compos$ ( /raight l9es & angles4 ,! *>act]i/ic fretwork & c>v+ ( ,ne!rl&s ,new ,gu9ea--notably t ( ,geelv9k ,bay--is cle>ly due to =eign influ5ce4 ,! same also applies1 z we h j se51 to ! opposite corn] ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,future rese>* mu/ det]m9e ! am\nt & geographical ext5sion ( analog\s influ5ces 9 ^! portions ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & also ext5d ?is l9e ( inquiry to o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 seek+ to e/abli% arti/ic prov9ces we mu/ note 7#a7 ! *>act]i/ic =ms & designs1 7#b7 ^? t are peculi> to ! di/rict1 & 7#c7 ! defici5cies4 ,to take examples3--7#a7 ! :ite lotus 7,nympha lotus7 is z decid$ly *>act]i/ic ( ! decorative art ( ,anci5t ,egypt z ! frigate-bird is ( t ( ! ,solomon ,isl&s or ( ! ,massim di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea2 b ^! are n peculi> to ^! di/ricts1 z bo? ! lotus & ! frigate-bird motives ext5d beyond ! regions nam$4 7#b7 ,! employm5t ( highly conv5tionalis$ & deg5]ate human figures to cov] comp>atively l>ge areas is1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 peculi> to ! ,h]vey ,gr\p1#bje z also is ! device ( nature-pr9t$ f]ns on tapa 9 c]ta9 ,polynesian isl&s4 #bje ,dr4 ,w4 ,he9 has j publi%$ a well illu/rat$ pap] on an?ropomorphic designs among ! ,dyaks 7,borneo71 ,ann4 k4k4 nat4 ,h(museums1 ,vi5na1 x41 #ahie1 p4 #id4 7#c7 ,! abs5ce ( ! frigate-bird z a decorative motive ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea is z important a fact z its pres5ce 9 a comp>atively small di/rict4 ,! abs5ce ( scroll designs1 & practically ( sigmoid l9es1 9 ,torres ,/raits & ,daudai & ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,c5tral ,di/rict ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea1 is z significant z _! occurr5ce 9 ! ,massim di/rict2 or _! g5]al abs5ce 9 ,ea/]n ,polynesia ) _! preval5ce 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,:at is kn[n z a zonal di/ribution 9 organisms only occurs 9 an?ropology :5 a di/rict is inhabit$ by diff]5t peoples t live conc5trically to "o ano!r4 ,su*1 = example1 z ! ,negritto populations :i* inhabit ! c5tre ( ! ,mollaccan ,p59sula or ! c5tre ( "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & are surr\nd$ by ,malay peoples2 "h we h a core1 s to speak1 ( "o type ( decorative art surr\nd$ by a diff]5t type4 ,discont9u\s di/ribution occurs 9 art z well z zoology1 & ! solution ( ea* problem mu/ be attempt$ f ! sci5tific /&po9t4 ,a good example ( su* a problem is to be f\nd 9 ! di/ribution ( ! fret & scroll patt]ns to :i* ,i h frequ5tly allud$4 ,fur!r /udy is necess>y be=e we c say def9itely :e!r a giv5 fret or me&] patt]n has be5 indep5d5tly evolv$1 or :e!r x has spread f else:]e4 ,9 our /udy ! problem is m complicat$ ?an 9 zoology1 = a multiple orig9 ( a giv5 design or patt]n is always possible & (t5 probable1 :]eas ?is is n kn[n to occur = a s+le species ( animal4 ,discont9uity 9 di/ribution 9 e?nography may mean ei!r t ! =m has a multiple orig9 or t x has migrat$ )\t e/abli%+ itself 9 ! int]m$iate di/ricts1 or t x has disappe>$ f ^? di/ricts4 ,x is evid5t t e patt]n or set ( patt]ns 9 ! fir/ in/ance has to be sep>ately /udi$ 9 a limit$ area1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r x is ( indig5\s or =eign orig94 ,no casual application ( g5]al pr9ciples w suffice1 = x is possible t 9 c]ta9 cases a design may be app>5tly fairly uni=mly di/ribut$ ov] a c]ta9 area1 & on ! face ( x "o might be tempt$ to reg>d ?is z a case ( uni=m di/ribution1 :]eas on a m m9ute exam9ation x may be f\nd t ! designs are analogues & n homologues1 t !y h spread f diff]5t c5tres ( orig91 & ?us ! app>5t uni=mity ( di/ribution may be ess5tially invalid4 ,i suspect ?is is l>gely ! case 9 ! me&] & scroll patt]ns4 ,we (t5 f9d t a p>ticul> type ( decoration occurs ov] a c]ta9 area1 b )9 ! limits ( t di/rict !re are sev]al di/9ct v>ieties4 ,/ud5ts at home usually h a great difficulty 9 /udy+ ?is problem ow+ to ! v imp]fect & unsatisfactory way 9 :i* objects are labell$ by collectors4 ,9 my memoir on ,! ,decorative ,art ( ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea ,i h attempt$ to "w out ! local v>ieties bo? ( =m & decoration ( ! lime spatulas ( ! ,massim di/rict4 ,accord+ to ! mat]ial at my disposal1 x does seem t c]ta9 types are *>act]i/ic (1 if n peculi> to1 p>ticul> gr\ps ( isl&s4 ,! m or less complete isolation ( tribes or peoples1 ow+ to geographical conditions or int]-tribal w>s1 is suffici5t to acc\nt = local types & insul> v>ieties1 ev5 :5 ! p all belong to ! "o /ock4 ,if t /ock is a mix$ "o1 v>iations are mu* m likely to occur ?an if x is a pure race or a p t h become homog5e\s by prolong$ isolation4 ,local types may1 h[ev]1 be due to ! pres5ce ( a colony f ano!r di/rict4 ,!re are num]\s examples ( ?is 9 ,melanesia1 :]e colonies ( ,polynesians h arriv$ f m ea/]n isl& gr\ps 9 ,oceania1 & z ,i h po9t$ out1 !re are ,melanesian colonies 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,to use a geological t]m1 ^! are e?nological outli]s4 ,z decorat$ objects mu/ be convey$ by man1 ! means = _! disp]sal & ! b>ri]s :i* militate aga9/ x are ! same z ^? :i* op]ate on human migrations2 b !re is "o diff]5ce4 ,:]e m5 g we may assume t !y c>ry _! arti/ic ef=ts & proclivities ) !m1 b decorat$ objects may be c>ri$ fur!r ?an ! actual di/ance cov]$ by ! manufactur]1 or ev5 ?an ! recognis$ middleman or trad]4 ,?is br+s u to a v important aspect ( ! subject1 & t is ! "q ( trade-r\tes4 ,trade-r\tes are culture-r\tes1 & 9 ord] to appreciate ! hi/ory ( culture x is necess>y to "k ! directions 9 :i* x fl[$4 ,until we h a m complete k ( ! anci5t trade-r\tes ( ,europe we _c recov] ! hi/ory ( pre-hi/oric ,europe4 ,! in=mation = ?is is be+ rapidly accumulat$1 & = a summ>y ( our in=mation ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,george ,c(fey's 8,orig9s ( ,pre-,hi/oric ,ornam5t 9 ,irel&40#bjf ,i w\ld support my position ) ! foll[+ quotations f ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella3-- #bjf ,j\rn4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,antiq4 ( ,irel&1 v4 7#e? s]471 #ahie1 p4 #cb2 cf4 also ! quotation f ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans1 p4 #adb1 ante4 8,:atev] ! simil>ity ( =m1 & ev5 ( mean+1 may be betwe5 two symbolic figures ( diff]5t orig91 x is prop]1 ere we ass]t _! relation%ip1 to %[ ! probability1 or at lea/ ! possibility1 ( int]national relations :i* w\ld h s]v$ z a vehicle = transport4 ,?is po9t once set at re/1 x rema9s to be se5 :o 0 ! giv] & :o ! receiv]4#bjg #bjg ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bfj4 8,:e!r we />t f ,japan1 f ,greece1 f ,india1 or ev5 f ,lybia1 f ,etruria1 or f ,gaul1 we always arrive1 aft] _m halt+-places1 at two great c5tres ( arti/ic diffusion1 p>tially irr$ucible z reg>ds "o ano!r1 ,egypt & ,*alda--) ?is diff]5ce1 t1 t[>ds ! eigh? c5tury be=e our era1 ,mesopotamia took lessons f ,egypt1 :il/ ,egypt le>nt little ( any c\ntry4#bjh ,n only did symbols foll[ ! same pa?s z purely ornam5tal s*emes1 b !y 7 also transmitt$ 9 ! same mann]1 at ! same p]iods1 & 9 ne>ly ! same proportion4 ,conc]n+ symbols z well z arti/ic products1 we ev]y:]e f9d1 by ! side ( aborig9al types1 ! deposit ( a p[]ful curr5t :i* has its m or less di/ant orig9 9 ! symbolism ( ! banks ( ! ,euphrates1 or ! ,nile4 ,9 a ^w1 ! two classes ( importations are jo9$ toge!r to su* a degree t 9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( art we write to a great ext5t ! hi/ory ( symbols1 or1 at lea/1 ( _! migrations40#bji #bjh ,cf4 pp4 #adc1 #add1 #adi ante4 #bji ,loc4 cit41 p4 #bfc4 ,^! quotations f ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella enunciate ! "r me?od ( /udy+ symbols4 ,he po9ts out1 z ,i h aga9 & aga9 insi/$ = patt]ns1 t m]e resemblance mu/ n be mi/ak5 = id5tity2 be=e two simil> symbols 9 diff]5t c\ntries c be reg>d$ z be+ ! same symbol1 x mu/ be prov$ t !re has be5 direct or indirect int]c\rse betwe5 ^? c\ntries4 ,h5ce ! prim>y importance ( ! /udy ( trade r\tes1 = ^! are also culture r\tes1 & patt]ns & symbols are ! flotsam & jetsam ( ! influ5ces t fl[ along !m4 ,we may !n recognise sev]al ma9 influ5ces :i* may make = ! di/ribution ( designs--7#a7 ! sw>m+s ( peoples2 7#b7 ! e/abli%m5t ( organis$ or adv5titi\s colonies2 7#c7 ! inroads ( armies2 7#d7 a g5]al drift :i* is s slight z to be sc>cely appreciable2 & 7#e7 trade1 :i* usually proce$s along def9ite r\tes1 & x is ^! t armies also g5]ally foll[4 ,a ^w ( caution is necess>y 9 deal+ ) trade-r\tes4 ,:]eas ! decorat$ objects pass along !m & are di/ribut$ f> & wide1 x does n always necess>ily foll[ t ! ornam5tation itself is naturalis$4 ,x is probable t 9 _m cases a c]ta9 /yle ( decoration is associat$ ) a p>ticul> k9d ( object1 & x might n occur to p to transf] t decorative /yle to o!r objects1 or at all ev5ts ! process w\ld d\btless be sl[4 ,"o v good reason is t ! indig5\s objects are already decorat$1 a type ( ornam5tation is associat$ ) a type ( object & ! feel+ ( expectancy dem&s = its satisfaction t ?is %all cont9ue to be ! case4 ,aga91 we "k t ! majority ( peoples d n appreciate new designs or patt]ns4 ,!y "k no?+ ab\t !m1 !y h no associations ) !m1 !y take no int]e/ 9 !m4 ,9 o!r words1 x may take a long "t = an exotic to become naturalis$4 ,an example ( ?is occurs 9 ,briti% ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! great annual trad+ voyages betwe5 ! ,motu & ! ,gulf tribes h n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 _h ! lea/ influ5ce on ! art ( ! two peoples2 nei!r 9 te*nique nor designs h ,i se5 any object :i* indicat$ t a borr[+ _h tak5 place4 ,i consid] ?is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! value ( art 9 e?nological inquiries4 ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy4 ,i h endeav\r$ 9 ! =ego+ pages to =mulate & illu/rate "s ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! evolution ( decorative art4 ,! subject is s va/ t x w\ld be impossible to deal ) x adequately unless a s]ies ( memoirs c\ld be devot$ to x4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 ,i h be5 m conc]n$ ) ! me?od ( /udy2 ,i h n attempt$ to s]i\sly inve/igate ev5 a s+le dep>tm5t1 & v>i\s bran*es ( ! subject h ei!r be5 m]ely h9t$ at or entirely pass$ ov]4 ,9 all /udies a "r me?od is ( fundam5tal importance1 & 9 an attempt to und]/& ! mean+ ( decorative art1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 a slight deviation f ! "r me?od ( proc$ure may lead "o f> f ! tru?4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to be l$ a/ray by sup]ficial resemblances1 & x is impossible to be too mu* on "o's gu>d 9 ?is matt]4 ,( ?is ,i h giv5 "s examples1 b ,i h refra9$ f giv+ z _m z ,i might h done1 z x is n pleasant to %[ up ! mi/akes ( pione]s1 ev5 if x be only = ! purpose ( w>n+ o!rs4 ,z ,pr(essor ,max ,mll] has said1#baj 8,id5tity ( =m does z little prove id5tity ( orig9 9 ar*ology z id5tity ( s\nd proves id5tity ( orig9 9 etymology4 ,comp>ative /udies are v useful1 s long z !y d n neglect ! old rule1 ,divide et imp]a--,di/+ui%1 & y w be ma/] ( y\r subject60 #baj ,f an essay 9 ,s*liemann's ,ilios1 p4 #cdh4 ,!re are practically b two me?ods ( "w--7#a7 ,inquiry f ! p :o employ ! designs1 or ! te/imony ( writt5 evid5ce :5 ! p no long] "k ! significance ( ! designs2 or 7#b7 an inve/igation ( induction & int]pretation :]e oral or writt5 tradition fail4 ,beyond all "q ! mo/ valuable results are obta9$ f oral in=mation4 ,i ne$ only ref] ! read] to ! inve/igations ( ,pr(essors ,ehr5rei* & ,k>l von d5 ,/e95 7p4 #agd71 & ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,vaughan ,/ev5s 7p4 #bcf71 to demon/rate t by no o!r me?od c\ld we ev] ga9 any idea z to :at 0 ! mean+ ( ^! p>ticul> patt]ns & designs4 ,9 fact1 ! obs]vations ( ^! travell]s make "o v sceptical ( any int]pretations by outsid]s4 ,?is is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important & press+ "w 9 ?is subject4 ,only ^? :o h visit$ backw>d peoples ( c]ta9 grades ( culture :o h come into contact ) ! :ite man1 c realise h[ rapidly ! old lore is pass+ away4 ,?is may or may n be advantage\s1 b no "o w d5y t x is a ?\s& pities t sc>cely any "o ?9ks x 8 duty to inquire ab\t & to put on record all t c be ga!r$ ab\t ^? peoples :i* our civilisation is ei!r modify+ or de/roy+4 ,e "o :o c w collect 8curios10 especially ^? :i* are decorat$2 b out ( ! hundr$s ( collectors1 h[ _m units h ev] ?\ght ( ask+ ! natives :at 0 ! significance ( ! ornam5tation8 ,i h already drawn att5tion to ?is ne$ = ,au/ralia1 b x is equally press+ 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,ev5 museum curators h 9 ! pa/ reg>d$ e?nographical specim5s m z 8trophies0 ?an z mat]ials = ! /udy ( a hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,!re are /ill "s 8collectors0 7t is1 pur*as]s ( 8curios07 :o ?9k t :5 !y "k :]e an object comes f1 &1 may be1 :at is its native "n1 !y "k pretty well all t is wor? kn[+ ab\t x4 ,o!rs h realis$ t !re is a hi/ory 9 e =m & patt]n4 ,:at is want$ is an int]pretation ( ! =m1 ( ! mean+ ( odd little details ( cont\r1 ( ind5tation1 or ( projection4 ,no app>5tly insignificant sup]fluity is mean+less1 !y are sil5tly eloqu5t witnesses ( a pa/ signification l ! mute lett]s 9 s _m ( our words4 ,almo/ e l9e or dot ( e ornam5t has a mean+1 b we are )\t und]/&+1 & h eyes & see n4 ,b aga91 we mu/ n /op %ort :5 we h det]m9$ :at a =m means1 or :at is ! orig9al ( a device4 ,we h to discov] :y x 0 s4 ,! reasons = a motive1 ! mean+ ( its pres5t =m1 h also to be s\ght4 ,s we come to high] & f9] analysis1 & at la/ f9d ourselves /udy+ psy*ology4 ,) s mu* to le>n1 x is evid5t t we mu/ be sure ( our premises1 & h5ce ! necessity = go+ to ! orig9al s\rces4 ,b !re is always consid]able difficulty 9 gett+ at ! tru?1 & a /atem5t made by a native mu/ nev] be accept$ z evid5ce until x has be5 indep5d5tly confirm$ f o!r s\rces4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to get unreliable in=mation4 ,?is is n ! place to ent] into ! v>i\s possible s\rces ( error1 b ,i w\ld l to w>n ^? :o h ! opportunity ( gett+ in=mation fir/ h&1 t x is impossible to take too mu* c>e1 & all sugge/ive int]rogation or lead+ que/ions %\ld be totally avoid$4 ,:5 we are deal+ ) writt5 evid5ce ! me?od is "o ( hi/orical proc$ure4 ,! means ( in=mation ( ! writ]1 8 cr$ibility1 & o!r factors h to be tak5 into acc\nt2 (t51 too1 !re is a sp>sity1 or ev5 an abs5ce ( corroborative evid5ce1 :i* t5ds to make ! te/imony unc]ta94 ,fail+ ^! direct me?ods ( obta9+ in=mation1 !re rema9s ! d$uctive & comp>ative me?od4 ,! be/ example ( ?is m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages is ,c\nt ,goblet d',alviella's inve/igation ( ! fylfot2 inde$ 8 book is a model = me?od4 ,9 ano!r field ,dr4 ,/olpe's /udy ( ! decorative art ( ! ,h]vey ,isl&s is a memorable & in/ructive piece ( "w4 ,) ! examples ( me?od :i* are "h br\ght toge!r ! /ud5t %\ld be 9 a position to prosecute rese>*es 9 ! innum]able fields :i* lay op5 to him4 ,i w\ld1 h[ev]1 l to take ?is opportunity to say a ^w or two to ^? :o wi% to comm5ce a /udy ( decorative art f ! biological /&po9t4 ,no am\nt ( tr\ble mu/ be grudg$ 9 collect+ ! data1 :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( photographs1 sket*es1 trac+s1 or rubb+s2 "r conclusions l>gely dep5d ^u a weal? ( suitable mat]ial4 ,rubb+s ( c>v$ ornam5t c be made ) great facility on t\gh1 ?9 ,japanese pap] by means ( heel-ball 7,ulla?orne's is ! be/1 & x c be obta9$ f almo/ any work+ %oemak]2 ! pap] is m difficult to obta974 ,! pap] is firmly held on to ! object1 & !n rubb$ h>d ) ! heel-ball2 x is be/ to always rub ! latt] 9 "o direction4 ,:5ev] possible x is desirable to make a rubb+ ( ! :ole ( an object1 b if only a portion is decorat$ ! outl9e ( ! rema9+ portions ne$ alone be rubb$4 ,next to photographs1 rubb+s are ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( obta9+ copies ( c>v$ objects1 z e detail & vag>y is accurately reproduc$1 & !y l5d !mselves v readily to reproduction 9 ! =m ( 8process-blocks10 b x w be f\nd t details w (t5 h to be supplem5t$ by sket*es4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m c>v$ objects ( :i* x is impossible to make rubb+s4 ,a v little exp]i5ce w soon tea* ! beg9n] z to ! be/ me?ods ( proc$ure 9 any special case4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,grnw$el#baa calls att5tion to ! necessity !re is = absolute accuracy :5 copy+ ! ornam5tation ( savages4 8,/ill m dang]\s ?an mi/ak5 int]pretation is ! attempt$ #8correct' reproduction ( aborig9al ornam5t accord+ to ! ,european1 s-call$1 feel+ = beauty1 :]eby some:at crook$ l9es are replac$ by /raight ones1 & unequal halves1 :i* are deem$ correspond+1 are made alike4 ,?is me?od causes fundam5tal error1 s9ce ?r\gh its corrections1 x r5d]s impossible a critical exam9ation ( ! visual ability ( wild races4 ,! ,orang-htan draws a curve & sees x z a /raight l9e1 he makes too _m legs1 too few f+]s1 b has1 9 spite ( ^! faults1 accord+ to our conceptions1 ! p[] ( seiz+ abbreviations ( p>ts ( ! body 9 a picturesque mann]1 ( skilfully int]pret+ cont\rs & ( prep>+ intellig5t gr\nd-plans4 ,! diagrammatic copy+ ( primitive ornam5tal =ms c !re=e h no sci5tific value40 #baa ,zeits*r4 fr ,e?nologie1 xxvi41 #ahid1 p4 #adb4 ,two mo/ important po9ts to note are ! locality :5ce an object comes1 & ! date ( its manufacture & collection4 ,! =m] is ess5tial1 & x is n suffici5t to obta9 a vague locality l 8,new ,gu9ea0 or ! 8,solomon ,isl&s10 b x is necess>y to "k ! di/rict or ! p>ticul> isl&1 &1 if possible1 ! exact spot4 ,in=mation mu/ also be obta9$ :e!r ! object 0 made !re or m]ely procur$ !re4 ,! native "n ( e object mu/ be obta9$1 also ! "n ( ! sev]al p>ts ( x z well z ( ! details ( its ornam5tation4 ,( c\rse ! mean+ %\ld1 if possible1 be asc]ta9$1 b on no acc\nt %\ld only "o explanation be accept$ z correct2 x is necess>y to *eck all su* in=mation by inquiry f indep5d5t s\rces1 z !re are num]\s ways 9 :i* error c creep 91 ev5 :5 !re is no "q ( int5tional deceit4 ,x is r>ely possible to asc]ta9 ! date ( manufacture :5 deal+ ) ord9>y e?nographical specim5s 9 museums2 z mo/ ( ^! are q rec5t no sequ5ce 9 "t c be made out4 ,ev5 :5 objects are collect$ 9 ! field x is r>ely possible to obta9 a succession ( objects f a hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,9 all inquiries relat+ to hi/orical or pre-hi/orical objects1 ! "t-elem5t is z important z ! place-elem5t1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 9 ord] to asc]ta9 dates & ! relation ( p]iods4 ,a great deal ( light c (t5 be ?r[n ^u ! mean+ ( ornam5t by a /udy ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( a p2 ?is is especially ! case = _! religion1 us+ t t]m 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,z long ago z #aheg ,mr4 ,kemble#bab urg$ t ornam5tation %\ld be tak5 8s]i\sly into consid]ation1 because x =ms "o ( ! mo/ important & *>act]i/ic crit]ions by :i* to judge ( ! t5d5cy ( a race4 ,!re is "s reason 9 e ornam5t :y x recomm5d$ itself to "s p>ticul> p4 ,we d n "k :at ! reason 01 b ! diff]5ce itself is ( ! deepe/ mom5t40 ,he po9ts out t ! _s or feel+ ( art may be made ! measure ( culture :5 ! workman is at lib]ty to impose :at =m & l9es he w ^u 8 mat]ial4 ,q rec5tly ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie said1#bac 8,art is "o ( ! mo/ important records ( a race4 ,ea* gr\p ( mank9d has its own /yle & fav\rite mann]1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! decorative arts4 ,a /ray fragm5t ( c>v+ )\t date or locality c be surely fix$ 9 its place if !re is any suffici5t k ( ! art f :i* x spr+s4 ,?is /udy ( ! art ( a p is "o ( ! highe/ bran*es ( an?ropology1 & "o ( ! mo/ important1 ow+ to its p]si/5t connection ) ea* race4 ,no physical *>act]i/ics h be5 m p]si/5t ?an ! /yle ( decoration4 ,:5 we see on ! ,celtic "w ( ! p]iod ( ,la ,tne1 or on ,iri% c>v+s1 ! same =ms z on m$ival ironwork1 & on ! flamboyant ar*itecture ( ,france1 we realise h[ innate is ! love ( /yle1 & h[ simil> expressions w blossom out aga9 f ! same p4 ,ev5 lat] we see ! hide\s ,c-curves1 :i* are nei!r foliage nor geometry1 to be id5tical on late ,celtic bronze1 on ,l\is ,,xv4 c>v+s1 & ev5 desc5d+ by imitation into mod]n furniture4 ,su* long desc5t ( "o /yle ?r\gh great *anges ( hi/ory is n only *>act]i/ic ( ,celtic art1 b is se5 equally 9 ,italy4 ,fur!r ea/1 ! long-p]si/5t /yles ( ,egypt1 ( ,babylonia1 ( ,india1 ( ,*9a1 :i* outliv$ all *anges ( gov]nm5t & hi/ory1 %[ ! same vitality ( art4 ,we mu/ recognise1 !re=e1 a pr9ciple ( #8racial ta/e1' :i* belongs to ea* p z mu* z _! language1 :i* may be borr[$1 l language1 f "o race by ano!r1 b :i* survives *anges & long eclipses ev5 m ?an language4 ,su* a means ( rese>* des]ves m sy/ematic /udy ?an x has yet receiv$40 #bab ,john ,m4 ,kemble1 ,hor ,f]ales1 or ,/udies 9 ! ,ar*ology ( ! ,nor!rn ,nations1 #ahfc1 p4 #hj4 #bac ,address to ! ,an?ropological ,section1 ,briti% ,association1 ,ipswi* ,meet+1 #ahie4 ,x may be ask$ :y ,i h s l>gely conf9$ my att5tion to ! decorative art ( savage peoples4 ,! answ] to ?is n unnatural "q w be f\nd 9 my introductory rem>ks4 ,! decorative art ( civilis$ peoples is v complex1 & ! motives :i* prompt x are obscure2 x appe>$ to me t our be/ *ance ( f9d+ out ! und]ly+ pr9ciples 0 to /udy less complex conditions4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i h be5 ma9ly conc]n$ to provide an effici5t tool = ! use ( o!r work]s1 & ,i h n be5 anxi\s to elucidate ! multitud9\s designs & =ms :i* beset u on e h&4 ,?is task ,i leave to my read]s1 & !y ne$ n conf9e !mselves to decorative designs or patt]ns1 = ! =ms & ! adjuncts ( objects are susceptible ( ! same treatm5t1 & w yield analog\s results4 ,almo/ any manufactur$ object t may fir/ meet ! read]'s eyes has a hi/ory t is b\nd up ) ! hi/ory ( man4 ,! eyes alike ( ! head & ( ! m9d require to be op5$4 ,too (t5 we envy ! travell] :o has voyag$ af>3 ,if we _h _h 8 opportunities1 if we _h se5 :at he has se5--we too might h be5 able to make discov]ies6 ,we p9e = ! unatta9able & neglect our opportunities4 ,! _w is be=e u1 & t too at our v doors4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,! ,,plates4 ,,plate ,i4--,,skeuomorphs ,,( ,,b9d+4 ,,figs4 #a4 ,"p ( ! /one axe ( ,montezuma ,,ii41 ,ambras ,museum1 ,vi5na 7,j4 ,evans1 ,! ,anci5t ,bronze ,implem5ts ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 #ahha1 ,fig4 #ahj1 p4 #adh74 #b4 ,socket ( a bronze spe>-head1 ,co4 ,galway1 ,irel& 7,evans1 loc4 cit41 ,fig4 #cic1 p4 #cbj74 #c4 ,socket ( a bronze spe>-head1 ,irel& 7,evans1 loc4 cit41 ,fig4 #djb1 p4 #cbf74 #d4 ,bronze pal/ave 7socket$ celt71 ,co4 ,mea?1 ,irel& 7,evans1 loc4 cit41 ,fig4 #agb1 p4 #adj74 #e4 ,bronze vessel1 ,lake ( ,b\rget 7,f4 ,kell]1 ,! ,lake ,dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 #bnd ed41 #ahgh1 ,plate ,,clix41 ,fig4 #a74 #f4 ,patt]n on an ebony comb1 ,assyria 7,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art 9 ,*alda & ,assyria1 ii41 #ahhd1 ,fig4 #bbg1 p4 #cej74 #g4 ,patt]n on a sculptur$ /one cornice 7,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,egyptian ,art1 ii41 #ahhc1 ,fig4 #bhh1 p4 #cfa1 f ,prisse d',av5nes74 #h4 ,patt]n on a p]=at$ bone ne$le1 ,tumulus1 ,holyhead 7,w4 ,ow5 ,/anley1 ,ar*1 ,j\rn41 xxxiii41 #ahgf1 pp4 #id1 #acc74 #i4 ,back ( a bronze knife1 ,e/avay] 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,xcvi41 ,fig4 #ab74 #aj4 ,bronze pal/ave1 ne> ,k+/on-on-,?ames 7,evans1 loc4 cit41 ,fig4 #ada1 p4 #abe74 #aa4 ,bronze pal/ave1 ,=nham1 ne> ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds 7,evans1 loc4 cit41 ,fig4 #acc1 p4 #abb74 a4 8,angul> ,me&]10 ,wolvesey ,ca/le1 ,w9*e/]1 temp4 ,/eph5 7,ar*ologia1 xvi41 #ahab1 p4 #cfa1 ,plate ,,lxii41 ,fig4 #c74 b4 ,norman capital1 8sections ( bran*es0 or billet ends1 ,pet]bor\gh ,ca!dral 7,ar*ologia1 xii41 #agif1 ,plate ,,xxxi41 ,fig4 #d1 p4 #afh74 c4 ,hut-urn1 ,etruscan1 ,monte ,albano 7,museo ,kir*]iano1 ,rome71 d-f4 ,skeuomorphs ( ! gable 7,h\sehold ,furniture74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i ,,plate ,,ii4--,,skeuomorphs ,,( ,,wattle-,,"w4 ,,figs4 #a4 ,impression ( wattle-"w on clay1 ,eb]sb]g 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,cxliv41 ,fig4 #af74 #b4 ,ba/ twi/$ among will[ rods1 ,rob5haus5 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,cxxxiv41 ,fig4 #e74 #c4 ,mat ( ba/1 ,rob5haus5 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,cxxxiv41 ,fig4 #b74 #d4 ,fabric ( flax1 ,rob5haus5 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,cxxxvi41 ,fig4 #d74 #e4 ,fabric ( ba/1 ,rob5haus5 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,cxxxv41 ,fig4 #c74 #f4 ,corbula1 ,italy 7,w4 ,smi?1 ,dict4 ,roman ,antiq41 p4 #bhe74 #g4 ,basket on ivory plaque1 ,b\lak 7,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 ,egypt1 ii41 ,fig4 #cba1 p4 #chh74 #h4 ,e>!nw>e food-vessel1 ,/one ,age1 ,d5m>k 7,worsaae1 ,dani% ,arts1 p4 #cf74 #i4 ,bottom ( a basket1 ,t]ram>a ,b$s1 ,nor!rn ,italy 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,cxvi41 ,fig4 #aa74 #aj4 ,fragm5t ( ,pott]y1 ,t]ram>a ,b$s1 ,nor!rn ,italy 7,kell]1 loc4 cit41 ,plate ,,cxiii41 ,fig4 #ac74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii ,,plate ,,iii4--,,skeuomorphs ,,( ,,basketry4 ,,figs4 ,a4 ,hypo!tical orig9 ( a scroll f basket-"w4 ,b4 ,hypo!tical orig9 ( a curvil9e> fret f basket-"w4 #a4 ,m>g9al patt]n ( a bronze buckl] f ,ama?us1 ,cyprus 7,g4 ,p]rot & ,c4 ,*ipiez1 ,hi/ory ( ,art on ,phnicia & its ,dep5d5cies1 ii41 #ahhe1 ,fig4 #cfc1 p4 #dbj74 #b4 ,patt]n on a bronze buckl] f ,dali1 ,cyprus 7,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 loc4 cit41 ,fig4 #cfj1 p4 #dah74 #c4 ,greek guillo*e 7,wornum1 ,analysis ( ,ornam5t1 #g? ed41 p4 #eh74 #d4 ,assyrian guillo*e 7,glazi]1 ,notes on ,ornam5t1 p4 #h74 #e4 ,patt]n on an enamell$ ,roman vase1 ,b>tl[ ,hills 7,ar*4 ,j\rn41 xii41 #ahee1 p4 #dah74 #f4 ,b[l ( ,anci5t ,pueblos1 ,tusayan 7,w4 ,h4 ,holmes1 ,f\r? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bureau ,e?41 ,fig4 #cjh1 p4 #cca74 #g4 ,h&l$ vase ( ,anci5t ,pueblos1 ,tusayan 7loc4 cit41 ,fig4 #ccf1 p4 #cdf74 #h4 ,t]ra-cotta vase1 ,?ird ,sepul*re ( ,myc5 7,s*liemann1 ,myc51 #ahgh1 ,no4 #cbd1 p4 #bji74 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,iii ,,plate ,,iv4--,,skeuomorphs ,,( ,,! ,,)y-,,b&4 #a4 8,! ,t>sus ,seal0 ( hmatite1 ,hittite 7,nature1 ,april #bf1 #ahhh1 p4 #faj74 ,! 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on pott]y1 #dh ,triskele or ,triquetra1 #bac1 #bad ,trobi& ,gr\p1 art (1 #eh2 h\ses1 #fa2 trade (1 #dg2 crocodile patt]n1 #aha2 spatulas (1 #ed ,troy 7see ,hiss>lik71 #bhi ,tsuboi1 ,s41 on tongue-?ru/+1 #ahg2 on eye-amulets1 #ahg ,tunny-fi% z money1 #bcj-bcb ,tusayan pott]y1 #aaa-aad ,tylor1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,b41 #aji1 #abi1 #bbc ,ueb]l+5 ,see1 #ie ,uhle1 ,dr4 ,m41 #bh1 #afg2 on plant motives1 #aca ,uluris dress patt]n1 #agd ,vaux1 ,b>on de1 #ii ,ve?1 ,r4 ,j41 on m&rake1 #f ,volute1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #afj ,votive (f]+s1 deg5]ation (1 #bbb1 #bbc ,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 #cai ,walrus symbol1 #aid ,wat] symbol1 #abb ,wattle-"w1 #ib2 huts1 #hi ,weal?1 def9ition (1 #d2 9 art1 #bbb ,:irlw9d symbolism1 #abb1 #abc ,wife1 value ( a1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbi ,wilk9son1 ,sir ,j4 ,g41 lotus1 #acd ,williams1 ,moni]1 #bhb ,wilson1 ,dr4 ,d41 on ,briti% urns1 #ajh ,w9d symbol1 #abc1 #bgi ,w+$ globe1 #bih ,wire spirals1 #id ,)y patt]ns1 #id1 #aid-aii ,wolf 9 art1 #aie ,wom5's dress patt]n1 #ig1 #agd1 #agh ,wood1 ,j4 ,g41 on 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