,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,italics h be5 transcrib$ us+ und]scores1 small capitals z ,,all ,,capitals4 ,dep5d+ on ! h>d- & s(tw>e us$ to read ?is text1 n all *>act]s may display prop]ly or at all4 ,! alignm5t ( ! tables may dep5d on ! font us$4 ,spell+ is kept z 9 ! orig9al4 ,m ,transcrib]'s ,notes may be f\nd at ! end ( ! text4 ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,! ,,m9d4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,am]ican ,,sunday-,,s*ool ,,union1 ,,no4 #adf ,,*e/nut ,,/reet4 ,,london3 ,,religi\s ,,tract ,,society4 ,,note4--,! ,am]ican ,sunday-s*ool ,union h made an arrangem5t ) ! ,london ,religi\s ,tract ,society1 to publi%1 concurr5tly ) !m1 su* ( _! valuable works z are be/ suit$ to our circulation4 ,9 mak+ ! selection1 ref]5ce w be _h to ! g5]al utility ( ! volumes1 & _! s\nd moral t5d5cy4 ,!y w occupy a di/9ct place on our catalogue1 & w con/itute a valuable addition to our /ock ( books = family & g5]al read+4 ,z !y w be1 sub/antially1 repr9ts ( ! ,london edition1 ! cr$it ( _! g5]al "* w belong to our ,engli% bre?r5 & n to u2 & we may add1 t ! republication ( !m1 "u our jo9t impr9t1 involves u 9 no responsibility beyond t ( a judici\s selection4 ,we *e]fully avail ourselves ( ?is arrangem5t = giv+ wid] influ5ce & value to ! lab\rs ( a si/] in/itution s ca?olic 9 its "* & s effici5t 9 its op]ations z ! ,london ,religi\s ,tract ,society4 ,! pres5t volume is issu$ "u ! above arrangem5t4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,*apt] ,i4 #e ,,on ,,! ,,g5]al ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,man ,,to ,,! ,,_w ,,ar\nd ,,him1 ,,& ,,8 ,,adaptation ,,to ,,! ,,planet ,,he ,,t5ants ,,*apt] ,,ii4 #de ,,man',s ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,matt] ,,obta9$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,m$ium ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses ,,*apt] ,,iii4 #fi ,,! ,,s5ses1 ,,z ,,! ,,inlets ,,to ,,k--,,sight ,,& ,,he>+ ,,*apt] ,,iv4 #aec ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,ag5cy ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses1 ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,union ,,betwe5 ,,m9d ,,& ,,matt]2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,occasional ,,imp]fection ,,( ,,! ,,bodily ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses1 ,,) ,,! ,,results ,,dep5d+ ,,!reupon ,,! ,,s5ses ,,& ,,! ,,m9d4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,! ,,g5]al ,,relation%ip ,,( ,,man ,,to ,,! ,,_w ,,ar\nd ,,him1 ,,& ,,8 ,,adaptation ,,to ,,! ,,planet ,,he ,,t5ants4 ,!re are few1 at lea/ among ! reflect+ portion ( society1 :o h n ei!r m5tally or v]bally ask$ ! "q3 ,is ! sun--is ! moon--are ! planets1 ) _! satellites--are ! />s1 ^? suns ( o!r sy/ems1 t5ant$1 z is our planet1 ! e>?1 by liv+ be+s1 :i* decl>e ! omnipot5ce ( ,god8 ,?is is "o ( _m que/ions :i* _c be answ]$4 ,! probability1 to judge f analogy1 is1 t "s1 if n all1 are inhabit$2 t "s are 9 a c\rse ( prep>ation = be+s :i* ,god w1 9 8 own "t1 call into exi/5ce2 & t 9 all1 *anges h tak5 place m or less simil> to ^? :i* h occurr$ on ! globe we t5ant1 & :i* h be5 connect$ ) ! ext9ction ( races1 & ! creation ( o!rs adapt$ & organiz$ = an alt]$ condition ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ( ! circumambi5t atmosph]e4 ,b1 grant+ ^! suppositions1 x mu/ be evid5t1 t ! liv+ be+s 9 ! sun1 ! planets1 & ! a/]oids1 mu/ n only be diff]5tly con/ruct$ f ^? :i* inhabit our planet1 ! e>?2 b1 also1 t 9 diff]5t worlds1 ! liv+ inhabitants mu/ be v div]sely con/itut$1 n only z reg>ds _! s5ses1 b also _! organization & _! p[]s ( locomotion4 ,we _c conceive ( be+s unlike ourselves1 & ! animals1 t]re/rial & aquatic1 :i*1 call$ into exi/5ce by ,almighty ,p[]1 p ! surface ( our e>?2 t1 h[ev]1 is no reason :y su* be+s %\ld n exi/1 = :at is impossible ) ,god8 ,nay1 z x is1 ! s5ses1 ! op]ations1 ! p[]s1 & economy ( insects conf\nd u1 & lead u to suspect t !y possess a s5se1 or s5ses1 :i*1 because d5i$ to u1 we _c appreciate4 ,9 our _w1 atmosph]ic air1 9 :i* oxyg5 prevails1 or wat]1 also oxyg5at$1 is ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( animal life4 ,b _c ! ,almighty con/ruct organic be+s1 indep5d5t ( our air or our wat]--vitaliz$1 9 fact1 on pr9ciples ( :i* we c =m no idea8 ,und\bt$ly4 ,if1 = example1 no aquatic wat]-brea?+ animals1 z fi%es1 cru/acea1 etc41 exi/$ on our e>?1 c\ld we conceive ( ! possibility ( _! be+8 or1 7 our race1 & all o!r animals furni%$ ) gills in/ead ( lungs1 & orda9$ to a sub-aquatic life1 mak+ ! wide ocean our home1 c\ld we =m any idea ( :at creatures c\ld be con/itut$ = liv+ 9 ! ?9 atmosph]e1 & actively enjoy+ life "u its pressure8 ,aga91 let ! attractive =ce ( ?is e>? be alt]$1 ! organization ( e liv+ ?+ mu/ 7grant+ its exi/5ce to be gu>ante$7 be alt]$ accord+ly4 ,we take ! foll[+ f ,miss ,som]ville's ,connexion ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces1 p4 #gc3--,! d5sities ( bodies are proportional to _! masses1 divid$ by _! volumes4 ,h5ce1 if ! sun & planets be assum$ to be sph]es1 _! volumes w be z ! cubes ( _! diamet]s4 ,n[1 ! app>5t diamet]s ( ! sun & e>?1 at _! mean di/ance1 are #aibb1 #h1 & #ag1 #aeeb1 & ! mass ( ! e>? is ! #ced1icf? "p ( t ( ! sun1 tak5 z ! unit4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! e>? is ne>ly f\r times z d5se z ! sun2 b ! sun is s l>ge t 8 attractive =ce w\ld cause bodies to fall ?r\gh ab\t #cce feet 9 #a2 consequ5tly1 if inhabit$ by human be+s1 !y w\ld be unable to move1 s9ce _! weight w\ld be ?irty times z great z x is "h4 ,a man ( mod]ate size w\ld weigh ab\t two tons at ! surface ( ! sun2 :]eas1 at ! surface ( ! a/]oids1 7! clu/]s betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]17 he w\ld be s light t he c\ld n /& /eadily1 s9ce he w\ld only weigh a few p\nds4 ,! d5sities1 t ( wat] be+ #a1 z f> z c be satisfactorily expla9$1 are z foll[3--,sun1 #a-b_/ae2 ,m]cury1 #i-a_/f2 ,v5us1 #e-aa_/ae2 ,moon1 #d-a_/b2 ,m>s1 #c-b_/g2 ,c]es1 #b2 ,pallas1 #b2 ,jupit]1 #a-a_/bd2 ,saturn1 #ac_/cb2 ,h]s*el1 #ii_/ajj4 ,simil> obs]vations apply to ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 9 :atev] po9t ( view we consid] x1 t is1 :e!r we reg>d its weight1 its electrical condition1 its illum9ation1 its temp]ature1 its dryness1 or humidity4 #a4 ,its ,weight4--,! weight ( ! atmosph]e 7an ela/ic1 compressible1 & expansible fluid17 is calculat$ to be f f\rte5 to fifte5 p\nds avoirdupois on e squ>e in*1 7pure wat]1 tak+ bulk = bulk1 be+ ab\t #hbh times z heavy47 ,n[1 reckon+ ! surface ( a middle-siz$ man to be f\rte5 feet1 he su/a9s ! pressure ( elev5 tons4 ,_m ( our read]s h se5 ! philosophical exp]im5t ( plac+ two holl[ metallic hemisph]es rim to rim1 ! rims be+ nicely adju/$ & sme>$ ) l>d2 ?is be+ done1 ! air1 by means ( a /op-cock on ! l[] hemisph]e1 screw$ into a p[]ful air-pump app>atus1 is drawn out or exhau/$--! /op-cock is turn$--! globe is unscrew$ f ! air-pump1 & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o may cons5t to try _! /r5g? 9 pull+ ! two hemisph]es asund]4 ,enorm\s is ! =ce requir$2 if ! diamet] ( ! circle be f\rte5 in*es1 ! lea/ =ce t w sep>ate !m w be equival5t to half a ton4 ,su*1 !n1 be+ ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 z is cle>ly prov$ by simple exp]im5ts1 x may at fir/ create "s surprise t ! human body is capable ( su/a9+ x )\t be+ cru%$2 t ! t9y insect1 ) its delicate w+s--& 9 "s ^! am\nt to sev]al squ>e in*es ( surface--is n r$uc$ to atoms4 ,b ! wond] w cease1 :5 we reflect t ?is pressure1 or a pressure little %ort ( x1 is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce1 n ( man only1 b ( all t]re/rial organic be+s4 ,dr4 ,rob9son ju/ly obs]ves1 t ! human body 7he might h said e organic body7 is a bundle ( solids mix$ ) fluids1 & !re are few or no p>ts ( x :i* are empty4 ,all communicate ei!r by vessels or by pores1 & ! entire surface is a sieve1 ?r\gh :i* ! ins5sible p]spiration is p]=m$4 ,! :ole ext5d$ surface ( ! lungs is op5 to ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e2 ev]y?+1 !re=e1 is 9 equilibrio2 & if free or spe$y access be giv5 to e "p1 ! body w n be damag$ by ! pressure1 h[ev] great1 any m ?an a wet sponge w\ld be d]ang$ by press+ x to any dep? 9 ! wat]4#a #a ,me*anical ,philosophy1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ed4 ,on ?is we w\ld rem>k1 t ! human body1 & t ( t]re/rial animals 9 g5]al1 is n adapt$ = ! pressure ( wat] at great dep?s2 ev5 c\ld man by any contrivance brea!1 su* a pressure w\ld de/roy life2 &1 inde$1 few aquatic animals are con/itut$ = oceanic exi/5ce 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea4 ,:ile ! surface is alive ) its myriads1 ! dep?s are /ill & unt5ant$2 :ile bays1 %ores1 reefs1 & s&banks1 cov]$ by _m fa?oms ( wat]1 are teem+ ) %ell$ mollusks1 fi%es1 & ?\s&s ( wondr\s creep+ ?+s1 ! pr(undity ( ocean is a comp>ative des]t2 :atev] lives !re mu/ be s con/itut$ z to su/a9 a trem5d\s am\nt ( aque\s pressure4 ,inde$1 :ales1 :i* (t5 plunge to a consid]able dep?1 & rema9 subm]g$ = tw5ty m9utes1 dur+ :i* "t respiration is susp5d$1 are provid$ by _! coat+ ( blubb]1 & by ! peculi> arrangem5t ( _! art]ial & v5\s sy/ems1 = ! pressure !y !n und]go2 b ?is pressure (t5 repeat$1 z x is :5 ! animal is w\nd$ & h>d driv51 soon produces great exhau/ion4 ,capta9 ,scoresby1 = example1 h>poon$ a :ale1 :i*1 on receiv+ ! weapon1 desc5d$ f\r hundr$ fa?oms1 at ! rate ( eight miles an h\r2 b ^! animals1 :5 suff]+ f ! torture ( ! h>poon1 (t5 desc5d to a mu* great] dep?1 & sometimes /rike s viol5tly aga9/ a h>d b$ ( ! ocean z to fracture _! jaws4 ,at ! dep? ( eight hundr$ fa?oms1 capta9 ,scoresby calculates ! pressure at #baa1bjj tons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! organization ( man 7& o!r animals7 is z ill calculat$ = a mu* light] pressure ?an t ( our atmosph]e at sea-level1 z x is = great pressure 9 ! dep?s ( ocean4 ,9 proportion z we asc5d ! alp9e elevations ( our globe1 or m\nt upw>ds 9 a balloon1 we f9d ! air m & m r>efi$4 ,^! elevations are1 h[ev]1 b trifl+2 nev]!less1 trifl+ z !y are1 :at an effect ! decrease ( pressure produces on ! human frame6 ,! he>t beats ) viol5ce1 ! lungs gasp = m air1 !y h n pressure en\gh2 ! blood beg9s to ooze out ( ! m9ute vessels ramify+ ?r\gh ! tissue ( _! delicate cells2 blood issues f ! nose1 ! eyes1 ! e>s2 ! slighte/ ex]tion becomes oppressive--a mile or two high]1 & dea? is inevitable4 ,! difficulties att5dant ^u ! asc5t ( ,mont ,blanc1 ! va/ ,himalaya *a91 & ! heights ( ! ,cordill]as1 are q z mu* connect$ ) ! /ate ( ! air z ) ! t]rible rav9es & precipices :i* ob/ruct ! way4 ,inde$1 z is well kn[n1 on ! elevat$ plateaus ( ,s\? ,am]ica or ,?ibet1 m5 & animals accu/om$ to l[ pla9s1 or ev5 to g5tly undulat+ gr\nds1 are = a long "t di/ress$ = brea?1 & incapable ( bodily ex]tion4 ,"t alone habituates !m to ! r>] & light] atmosph]e4 ,b :at is an elevation ( #ac1jjj or #ad1jjj feet1 nay ( #ae1ffh feet1 7,mont ,blanc17 ( #be1gdg feet1 or #bh1jgg feet1 7,jewahir & ,dhawalagiri1 peaks ( ! ,himalaya17 to t ( tw5ty or ?irty miles8 ,at an elevation ( tw5ty miles1 ! he>t ( a human be+ w\ld bur/1 8 lungs become gorg$ ) blood1 f e pore ( 8 body a sangu9e /ream w\ld gu% =?--he w\ld imm$iately die4 ,is n1 !n1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( man1 con/itut$ z he is = ! planet :i* he inhabits8 ,b ! atmosph]e1 ) reg>d to its relation%ip to ! solid globe x environs1 dem&s a few words4 ,?is ela/ic fluid mu/ be consid]$ z a body ( air revolv+ ) ! e>?1 :5ce x mu/ be evid5t t ! velocity ( ! /rata ( air1 if we may use ! ^w1 increases z we rec$e f ! e>?'s axis2 = example1 at ! equator1 t /ratum ( air1 7if su* !re be17 :i* is twice z di/ant f ! c5tre ( ! e>? z ! surface is1 mu/ revolve ) twice ! actual velocity ( ! air at ! surface4 ,tak+ ?is fact into consid]ation1 x results t1 h[ev] att5uat$1 h[ev] r>efi$1 ! atmosph]e _c ext5d beyond #bj1jjj miles f ! surface ( ! e>?2 f> above t elevation ! c5trifugal =ce w\ld c\nt]act ! c5tripetal1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! t5d5cy ( ! p>ticles to ! e>? w\ld cease1 &1 consequ5tly1 unless air p]vad$ ! univ]se1 :i* is n ! case1 #bj1jjj miles are )9 ! utmo/ range ( possibility4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 appe>s to be demon/rat$1 t ! limits ( our atmosph]e d n exce$ an elevation ( above =ty-five or fifty miles1 & t beyond ?is !re is no refraction or reflection ( ! sol> rays--t1 9 fact1 air ceases4 ,! f9ite ext5t ( ! atmosph]e has be5 ably discuss$ by ,dr4 ,wolla/on1#b 8 argum5ts be+ bas$ ^u ! ,atomic ,!ory ( matt]4 ,we may ?us cond5se 8 tra9 ( reason+1 z f> z x be>s m imm$iately ^u ! pres5t subject4--,if air ext5d ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 we %all be oblig$ to admit t e planet mu/ collect an atmosph]e ar\nd itself proportionate to its attractive p[]4 ,9 ?is case1 z he argues1 ,jupit]1 at ^: surface ! =ce ( gravity mu/ be mu* great] ?an t ( our e>?1 w\ld c]ta9ly collect a l>ge & d5se atmosph]e ar\nd him4 ,! effect ( ! refraction ( light ?r\gh ?is atmosph]e w\ld become visible on ! approa* ( ! satellites to ! planet1 :5 !y disappe> beh9d 8 disc1 & w\ld cause a s5sible ret>dation 9 _! rate ( approa*4 ,n[1 x is all[$ t no su* ret>dation1 ev5 9 ! m9ute/ s5sible degree1 c be obs]v$1 & h5ce x foll[s t ,jupit] has no su* atmosph]e z t ( our e>?1 nor ! means ( collect+ x2 consequ5tly1 air1 su* z t compos+ our atmosph]e1 is n diffus$ 9 any degree ( r>efaction ?r\gh ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is f9ite "* ( our atmosph]e is1 z ,dr4 ,wolla/on cont5ds1 m con=mable to ! atomic !ory ?an to t ( ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]2 s9ce1 9 ! fir/ case1 a b\nd>y is possible1 & w exi/ at ! po9t :]e ! weight ( a s+le atom is z great z ! repulsive =ce ( ! m$ium2 :ile1 9 ! latt] case1 x is difficult to see ! possibility ( any b\nd>y4 #b ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahbb4 ,by way ( note we w\ld "h add1 t ! !ory ( ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]1 :i* all ! laws ( *emi/ry seem to d5y1 has no good gr\nds = our acceptance4 ,god made matt]1 &1 z we may humbly conceive1 9 ! =m ( ultimate atoms1 :i*1 h[ev] inconceivably m9ute1 mu/ be def9ite--o!rwise :at is meant by creation8 ,t :i* is creat$ mu/ h def9ite figure1 size1 etc41 else x is no?+2 & to talk ( a creation :]e size ( figures is abs5t1 is absurd4 ,we "k t a!i/ical philosoph]s advocate ! !ory ( ! inf9ite divisibility1 & inf9ite1 ess5tially inf9ite duration ( matt]1 = ^! po9ts are /eps to ! !ory ( non-creation1 or r involve x4 ,inf9ite duration1 inf9ite divisibility1 inf9ite ext5sion1 & ! pla/ic p[] ( inf9ite "t1 toge!r ) ! innate1 ungiv5 laws ( ?is inf9ite matt]1 =m ! key-/ones to _! unholy temple entrance4 ,on ?is !ory1 worlds =m$ !mselves1 & h>moniz$ ) ea* o!r2 liv+ microscopic monads call$ !mselves into be+1 & by volunt>y ex]tion became develop$ ?r\gh v>i\s phases into man4 ,?us1 !n1 he owes no ,creator ?anks6 ,impi\s1 irrational1 debas+ doctr9e6 ,suppos+1 !n1 t our atmosph]e is n cont9u$ to an altitude exce$+ fifty miles1 =m+ a sort ( circumambi5t ocean1 at ! bottom ( :i* we live1 & :i* is creat$ = our peculi> organization1 /ill x is n altoge!r improbable t "s subtle e!real fluid1 altoge!r diff]5t f our atmosph]e1 may ext5d itself ?r\gh\t space--a fluid ( extreme att5uation1 ! nature ( :i* is to u unkn[n 9 fact--a fluid s impalpable z to cause no s5sible ret>dation to ! rate ( motion 9 ! planets4 ,we d n positively ass]t t su* a subtle fluid exi/s1 ?\gh _m a/ronom]s are 9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis2 &1 inde$1 we believe t ,encke's comet appe>s 9 successive revolutions to %[ 9 "s slight degree ! effect ( "s m$ium resi/+ its motion1 & t ! same obs]vation applies to ! comet ( ,biela4 ,b :5 we consid] ! great t5uity ( ! sub/ance ( ^! comets1 ?r\gh :i* ev5 fa9t />s may be se51 we %all be ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ?is resi/+ m$ium z be+ m subtle1 att5uat$1 & ela/ic1 ?an c be well express$ 9 words4 ,to rev]t n[ to our atmosph]e1 !re is ano!r int]e/+ po9t :i* requires our notice2 namely1 are ! con/itu5ts ( ?is atmosph]e *emically unit$ toge!r1 or only simply mix$ 9 c]ta9 proportions8 ,we believe t x consi/s ( a simple mixture only ( two ess5tial gases1 or elem5ts1 namely1 oxyg5 & nitrog51 ) a small & v>iable quantity ( c>bonic acid1 & also ) wat] 9 a /ate ( vap\r4 ,we may consid] ! la/ two z accid5tal +r$i5ts1 ess5tial z ! vap\r ( ! atmosph]e may be to ! necessities ( animals & plants1 to luxuriance ( sc5]y1 & f]tility ( soil4 ,! ess5tials ( air are unit$ 9 ! foll[+ proportions1 namely1 "o "p ( oxyg5 & two ( nitrog51 or "o atom ( oxyg5 & two atoms ( nitrog52 b z ! atomic weights ( oxyg5 are z #h to #ad1 ! proportion ( ! weights ( ! two 9 any giv5 quantity ( air w be t ( #h to #bh1 or two to sev52 9 o!r words1 n9e gra9s by weight ( air w conta9 two gra9s ( oxyg51 & sev5 ( nitrog51 suppos+ ! air to be pure4 ,b1 z we h said1 a portion ( c>bonic acid gas is usually conta9$ 9 air2 ?is gas is exhal$ f ! e>?1 & collects 9 c]ta9 localities1 r5d]+ ! air m impure ?an x o!rwise w\ld be2 z a rule1 h[ev]1 ! quantity ( ?is gas 9 int]mixture ) ! air we brea!--its l[] /rata--v>ies f ?ree to eight p>ts out ( a ?\s& 9 weight2 9 its pure /ate1 x is imm$iately de/ructive to animal life2 b ?us dilut$ is 9 ?is respect innoxi\s1 :ile to ! vegetable k+dom x is necess>y4 ,) respect to wat] 9 a /ate ( viewless vap\r1 ! quantum 9 any giv5 weight ( air seldom exce$s #a-a_/b p] c5t4 ,n[ if1 z mo/ philosoph]s ( ! pres5t day seem to consid]1 !re is no *emical union ( ! gases con/itut+ ! atmosph]e1 x may be suppos$ t1 accord+ to _! respective weights1 a p>tial sep>ation & subsid5ce ( ! heavi] w take place1 :ile ! light] w *iefly compose ! upp] portion--?us1 = example1 a /ratum ( nitrog5 w surm\nt a /ratum ( mix$ nitrog5 & oxyg51 & ?is a /ratum ( mix$ nitrog51 oxyg51 & c>bonic acid4 ,! foll[+ passage f ! ,p5ny ,magaz9e w illu/rate ?is !ory3 ,a law is f\nd to prevail 9 ! mixture ( gases & vap\rs1 z univ]sal z is t relative to _! expansion aris+ f temp]ature1 namely1 t two gases 9 a /ate ( mixture ex]cise no influ5ce "o ^u ! o!r1 except communication ( temp]ature1 b t ea* is dispos$ 9 exactly ! same way z x w\ld be if ! o!r 7 n pres5t4 ,?us x is f\nd1 entirely contr>y to all previ\s notions1 t no pressure ( dry air ^u wat] ex]ts ! lea/ influ5ce 9 prev5t+ ! =mation ( /eam1 :i* goes on exactly z if ! space above 7 a vacuum1 & cont9ues until fur!r evaporation is /opp$ by ! pressure ( ! /eam already creat$4 ,x is f\nd t no pressure ( "o gas c conf9e ano!r 9 wat]2 b t1 suppos+ a bottle p>tly full ( wat]1 ! gas conf9$ 9 ! wat] w escape to ! surface1 & di/ribute itself 9 precisely ! same way z if ! o!r gas 7 n pres5t4 ,by ?is x is n meant t ! action1 commonly call$ me*anical1 _c take place1 or t a /ream ( hydrog5 w\ld n tr\ble ! air2 b only t ! p]man5t settlem5t ( "o gas is n affect$ 9 any way by ! pres5ce ( ano!r1 s long z no *emical action is excit$4 ,f ?is pr9ciple1 ,mr4 ,dalton1#c tak+ into consid]ation ! presumptions :i* exi/ aga9/ ! *emical union ( ! +r$i5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 inf]s1 t ! atmosph]e does n altoge!r consi/ ( ! comp\nd call$ air1 b t ! nitrog5 atmosph]e is high] ?an ! oxyg5 atmosph]e4 ,9 fact1 if !re be no *emical union1 ! above law ( ! mixture ( gases requires u to all[ t ea* is an atmosph]e indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 & t ! two are mo/ probably ( unequal heights4 ,f "s consid]ations into :i* we _c "h ent]1 ,mr4 ,dalton ?9ks t ! actual pressures ex]t$ by ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 are 9 ! proportions ( ! volumes occupi$ by !m1 t is1 z "o to f\r2 & concludes t ! oxyg5 atmosph]e ext5ds to ?irty-eight miles 9 height1 t ( nitrog5 to fifty-f\r miles1 t ( c>bonic acid to t5 miles1 & t ( aque\s vap\r to fifty miles4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! /ate ( ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e is v v>iable2 t !re is n ! same quantity by night z by day1 9 moi/ wea!r z 9 dry2 & t ! high] /rata ( ! atmosph]e conta9 m ( x ?an ! l[]1 :i* may arise f a rapid absorption by ! e>?4 ,aga9/ ! hypo!sis j describ$1 x might1 p]haps1 be ass]t$1 t ! air :i* ,gay-,lussac br\ght d[n f a height ( m ?an f\r miles 0 n f\nd to diff] f t ( ! e>?'s surface 9 ! proportion ( its oxyg5 to its nitrog51 :i* w\ld be ! case if ! oxyg5 atmosph]e dim9i%$ 9 d5sity m ?an 9 proportion to ! dim9ution ( t ( ! nitrog51 or vice v]s4 #c ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahbf4 ,)\t attempt+ to settle ! "q z to :e!r ! compon5t p>ts ( ! air are 9 a /ate ( *emical union1 or only 9 a /ate ( simple mixture1 ( ?is we are sure1 t ! air is ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( all organic be+s :i* live on ! surface ( our planet1 t is to animals & plants1 ?\gh ! relation%ip ( ea* to ! air is div]se4 ,! foll[+ comp>ison betwe5 ! two great gr\ps ( organic creation1 :i* we copy f an admirable pap] on ! ,progress ( ,organic ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,companion to ! ,almanack1 #ahdi1 %[s ! respective relation%ips ( animals & plants to ! elem5ts ar\nd !m1 z well z _! mutual balance & dep5d5ce3-- ,an ,animal is an ,app>atus ,a ,vegetable is an ,app>atus ( ,combu/ion4 ( ,r$uction4 ,burns ,c>bon ,r$uces ,c>bon ,hydrog5 ,hydrog5 ,ammonium4 ,ammonium4 ,exhales ,c>bonic ,acid ,fixes ,c>bonic ,acid ,wat] ,wat] ,oxide ( ,ammonium ,oxide ( ,ammonium ,nitrog51 or ,nitrog51 or ,azote4 ,azote4 ,consumes ,oxyg5 ,produces ,oxyg5 ,prote9e ,prote9e ,fats ,fats ,/>* ,/>* ,sug> ,sug> ,gum4 ,gum4 ,produces ,heat ,absorbs ,heat4 ,electricity4 ,ab/racts ,electricity4 ,re/ores ,its elem5ts to ,d]ives ,its elem5ts ! air or f ! air or e>?4 f ! e>?4 ,trans=ms ,organiz$ matt] ,trans=ms ,m9]al matt] into m9]al into organic matt]4 matt]4 ,is n ! wisdom ( ,god "h manife/8--,! vegetable k+dom is made auxili>y to ! animal1 & vice v]s4--,yet1 h[8 by my/]i\s *anges1 appropriations1 productions1 & consumptions1 ^u :i* mod]n rese>*es are f "t to "t ?r[+ new light2 or1 9 o!r words1 unfold+ to u new revelations ( ! p[] & wisdom ( ! ,great ,et]nal1 :o has condesc5d$ to give u a spiritual directory1 a guide to our feet1 & a lamp to our pa?1 by means ( :i* we1 :o at be/ only see ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 may be l$ into t glori\s _w :]e !re are no cl\ds--:]e !re is no night--:]e !re is no ne$ ( ! sun1 nei!r ( ! moon1 to %9e 9 x3 = ! glory ( ,god do? light5 x1 & ! ,lamb is ! light !re(4 #b4 ,its ,electrical ,condition4--,) ! electrical *anges 9 ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e are connect$ v>i\s transitions f heat to cold1 dew1 ra91 hail1 sn[1 cl\ds1 w9ds1 ?und]-/orms1 auror boreales1 haloes1 p>helia1 etc4 ,9 ?is po9t ( consid]ation ! atmosph]e be>s ^u organic life4 ,! solid globe itself may be reg>d$ z a va/ electrical or galvanic app>atus1 & all ! vital functions ( animal bodies involve electric or galvanic ph5om5a4 ,magnetism appe>s to be ess5tially id5tical ) electricity2 bo? are mo/ intimately connect$ ) light & heat2 & n only electric sp>ks1 b all ! ph5om5a ( electricity1 c be obta9$ f a common magnet4 ,x is n "h our purpose to ent] into a philosophical treatise on electricity & galvanism2 a little consid]ation1 h[ev]1 w lead u to inf] t ! g5]al diffusion ( ?is subtle electric fluid1 if ! t]m fluid be at all applicable1 is ess5tial to ! ma9t5ance ( organic life1 & t electrical *anges are p]petually tak+ place 9 organic bodies4 ,?is fluid is d]iv$ f ! e>?1 or its circumambi5t atmosph]e1 & its curr5ts obey def9ite laws1 :i* h be5 elucidat$ by ! exp]im5ts ( "s ( ! mo/ pr(\nd philosoph]s ( mod]n times4 ,aft] :at we h briefly said respect+ ! electric condition ( our globe1 & ! electrical ph5om5a :i* are involv$ 9 ! processes ( ! vital functions1 to say no?+ ( electro-magnetism1 x mu/ surely be app>5t1 t ev5 z ! air is 9 itself necess>y to our exi/5ce1 s ! diffusion ( t subtle matt]1 n[ quick1 n[ sl[ly act+1 n[ en]getic1 & n[ d>t+ f ! cl\ds to ! solid e>? a vivid fla%1 creat+ a mom5t>y light 9 d>kness--is equally ess5tial2 ?is is a po9t :i*1 by ! _w at l>ge1 is b slightly tak5 into consid]ation4 ,remove ?is subtle elem5t f ! e>?1 & :at w\ld be ! result8 ,p]haps ! globe w\ld deviate f h] c\rse2 p]haps an alt]ation 9 h] pol> axis w\ld take place4 ,p]haps--b :y ent] into su* speculations8 ,?is is c]ta9--animal & vegetable life1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 c\ld n exi/3 b all is ord]$ aright2 ! organization ( matt]1 & ! s5ses ( liv+ be+s1 are involv$ 9 ! pres5ce ( an elem5t1 v>iable1 x may be1 9 its phases1 b mighty 9 its effects4 ,"h animals & plants play _! "p transv]sely1 = ea* o!r's b5efit2 animals produce electricity1 by means ( ! vital op]ations ( _! organization1 & ?is produce1 giv5 to ! e>? & air1 is ab/ract$ by plants4 ,!y antagonize ea* o!r1 & ! result is h>mony4 #c4 ,its ,illum9ation4--,light is evolv$ by & dur+ ! combu/ion ( v>i\s bodies1 z wood1 coal1 tall[1 & spirits1 or alcoholic fluids2 x is ! result ( electricity--t is1 ( ! electric sp>k or fla%2 x is evolv$ dur+ _m *emical exp]im5ts1 & by ! attrition ( two qu>tz pebbles4 ,! p]cussion ( fl9t & /eel produces lum9\s sp>ks2 ^! sp>ks consi/+1 z ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,hook h prov$1 ( m9ute ignit$ globules ( iron1 /ruck (f at ! mom5t ( p]cussion4 ,^!1 & _m o!r s\rces :5ce light proce$s1 ne$ n "h be detail$2 our object is ) t g5]al light1 ! light ( day1 :i* results f ! influ5ce ( ! sol> rays4 ,= ! reception ( pictures on ! ret9a by means ( ! rays ( light reflect$ f all ?+s )9 ! scope ( vision1 ! eyes ( animals are especially con/ruct$4 ,to "s animals a dim twilight suffices1 s f> z reg>ds _! p]sonal ma9t5ance & _! enjoym5t ( life2 to a few ! little light1 :i* ev5 9 ! d>ke/ night is n abs5t1 is all t is requir$ = _! orda9$ habits & economy4 ,9 su* in/ances1 ! ret9a is exquisitely susceptible1 & ! iris dilates to admit ! entrance ( e feeble ray reflect$ f ! objects ei!r ( _! se>* or avoidance4 ,(t5 h we se5 ! owl1 :5 twilight has melt$ into d>kness1 skimm+ ov] ! fields1 along ! lane1 & ar\nd ! b>n1 qu>t]+ ! gr\nd 9 se>* ( mice or moles1 :i*1 _h !y be5 at our feet1 w\ld to our eyes h be5 invisible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y w\ld h be5 ne>ly1 if n q invisible to ! owl 9 ! full gl>e ( sun%9e4 ,yet1 be x und]/ood1 light is z ess5tial to ! night-bird z to m51 or ! giraffe ( ! gl[+ wilds ( ,africa4 ,we "k n :at total d>kness is1 unless p]haps we be wall$ up 9 a deep dungeon und]gr\nd1 to :i* light is utt]ly d5i$ access2 su* liv+ tombs h be5 contriv$ by ! diabolical m9ds ( tyrants1 pagan & papi/ical4 ,9 ! d>ke/ night1 ev5 our eyes dimly disc]n ! =m ( ?+s obscure--?+s :i*1 to a nocturnal animal1 w\ld be boldly conspicu\s4 ,light is a /imulus bo? to ! animal & vegetable worlds4 ,x is :5 daylight breaks t man goe? =? unto 8 "w & to 8 lab\r until ! ev5+2 x is :5 light breaks t ! fea!r$ song/]s ( ! grove jo9 9 "o *orus (--:y may we n say s8--in/9ct-urg$ ?anksgiv+4 ,o man1 gift$ ) reason6 ,o man1 ! heir ( immortality6 utt]1 !n1 ?y song ( praise1 ( gratitude1 t ! light ( ano!r day is be/[$ ^u !e3 & !n be dilig5t 9 all t ,god has call$ ^u !e to p]=m1 see+ t ! night come?1 :5 no man c "w4 ,light is a /imulus1 m or less grateful to e liv+ creature4 ,read]1 h y ev] w&]$ along ! sea-%ore1 & explor$ ! masses ( rock left uncov]$ :5 ! tide is fully out2 !re1 adh]+ to ! surface ( ! /one1 9 little ponds1 mimic bays1 may be se5 scores ( sea-anemonies 7act9ia47 ,if ! sky be bright1 !re w !y be1 ) _! pa9t$ t5tacles all exp&$1 animal fl[]ets feel+ ! influ5ce ( light2 b let ! sky *ange1 let cl\ds obscure ! day1 & !y retract _! t5tacles & %r9k into repose4 ,^! animals h no eyes1 b yet !y are s5ti5t ( light4 ,we m5tion ^! sea-anemonies m]ely by way ( example2 o!r eyeless1 & we may say1 app>5tly n]veless creatures evid5tly enjoy ! influ5ce ( light1 z ! hydra1 ! m$usa1 & ! polyps ( corals4 ,if light wak5 up "s animals f _! repose--if x r\se ! cock1 & bid him s\nd 8 cl>ion %rill1 x w>ns o!rs to retire to _! obscure dormitory1 & slumb] till twilight recalls !m into activity4 ,! mo? n[ flits abroad1 & ! bat & ! f]n-owl are on ! w+1 giv+ *ase to _! insect prey4 ,! h$gehog is all al]t1 se>*+ = slugs1 worms1 & v>i\s creep+ ?+s1 :i* revel 9 ! dews ( sunset4 ,x is !n1 too1 t ! fi]ce pr[l]s ( ! =e/ issue f _! lair1 eag] = blood2 b :5 ! sun arise?1 !y ga!r !mselves toge!r1 & lay !m d[n 9 _! d5s4 ,light is n only a /imulus to animals1 9 ! s5se above notic$2 x appe>s to be ess5tial to heal? & vig\r4 ,( ?is we are ! less aw>e1 because1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 we are always subject to its influ5ce4 ,m5 h be5 conf9$ = ye>s 9 d>k dungeons1 & h reappe>$ ^u ! /age ( life1 pallid1 meagre1 weak1 & emaciat$ be+s1 l brea?+ corpses2 conf9em5t1 bad food1 ill v5tilation1 & m5tal agony1 _h no d\bt done _! "w2 b want ( light also _h "p 9 ! sad deva/ation ( ! animal frame4 ,look1 = example1 at ^? p>ts ( our bodies :i* are usually clo!d1 & comp>e ! col\r ( ! sk9 ) t ( ! h&s & face2 /rip ! arm b>e--! sk9 is act$ ^u by atmosph]ic air1 b yet h[ mu* :it] ?an t ( ! h&1 delicate z t h& may be4 ,x may be said t heat1 t is1 sol> heat1 produces ! diff]5ce4 ,p>tly s1 no d\bt1 b n altoge!r4 ,! face & h&s ( ! ,esquimaux are d>k] ?an 8 *e/2 moreov]1 suppose a sev]e & ext5sive cut happ5s1 & t ! w\nd ?us inflict$ is b\nd up = weeks by adhesive pla/]1 :at d we see on removal ( ! /raps & b&ages8--a s+ul> :it5ess ( ! sk91 ! result1 z x appe>s to u1 ( ! exclusion ( light f ! cov]$ portion4 ,plants1 z all mu/ h notic$1 h _! leaves & fl[]s drawn t[>ds ! light1 & become pallid :5 kept 9 d>k places4 ,?us1 = example1 "s fl[]s op5 only :5 ! sky is cle>1 z ! little pimp]nel1 ! index ( fair wea!r2 o!rs1 z ! sunfl[]1 turn to ! sun 9 8 c\rse f ea/ to we/2 ! eyes1 or g]m9at+ /alk ( ! potato1 ?\gh !y %oot vigor\sly 9 ! d>k1 are blan*$2 s are ! cov]$ leaves ( endive1 & ! cov]$ /alks ( cel]y & sea-kale4 ,light is a *emical ag5t2 light1 z ! apo!c>y well kn[s1 greatly impairs ! activity ( ! dri$ & p[d]$ leaves ( foxglove1 & blan*es ca/or oil4 ,light1 !re=e1 is f\nd to effect bo? *emical comb9ation & *emical decomposition4 ,9 no?+1 p]haps1 is ! *emical ag5cy ( light m cle>ly %[n ?an 9 ! photog5ic draw+s1 :i* are ! fac-simile repres5tations ( objects del9eat$ by ! action ( light on a ?9 s5sitive lay] ( ioduret ( silv]4 ,! foll[+ is ! mode ( prep>+ ! plates = ! reception ( photog5ic draw+s1 giv5 9 ! ,p5ny ,cyclopdia3--,^! draw+s are produc$ on plates ( copp]1 coat$ ov] ) silv]1 :i* are f\nd to answ] bett] ?an su* z are entirely ( ! la/-m5tion$ metal4 ,aft] be+ wa%$ ) a solution ( nitric acid1 ! plate is put into a well-clos$ box1 :]e x is expos$ to ! action ( iod9e1 a small quantity ( ! latt] be+ plac$ at ! bottom ( ! box1 ) a ?9 gauze betwe5 x & ! plate4 ,a lay] ( ioduret ( silv] is ?us =m$ on ! surface ( ! plate1 & manife/s itself by ! yell[ hue produc$ on ! silv]1 :i* %[s t ! process ( giv+ ! plate ! s5sitive coat+ on :i* ! action ( ! light del9eates objects is complet$4 ,?us prep>$1 ! plate is plac$ )9 a cam]a obscura1 ( p>ticul> con/ruction1 & ! del9eation ( ! object is !n effect$ 9 a v %ort space ( "t2 b has to be aft]w>ds br\ght out & r5d]$ di/9ct by ano!r op]ation1 namely1 submitt+ ! plate to ! action ( vap\r ( m]cury4 ,ev5 !n ! process is n complet$1 = ! plate has to be plung$ into a solution ( hyposulphate ( soda1 & aft]w>ds wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 :i* be+ done1 ! impression is fix$1 & ! plate may be expos$ to light ) p]fect safety4#d ,) reflection1 refraction1 & pol>ization ( light1 we h "h no conc]n2 !re=e1 int]e/+ z ! subjects are1 we mu/ pass !m by4 #d ,= fur!r details1 see ! ,h&book ( ,heliography1 ,london1 #ahdj2 & 7= prep>+-pap]7 ! ,visitor1 #ahci1 p4 #bij4 ,light radiates f ! sun ) almo/ inconceivable velocity2 t is1 at ! rate ( ne>ly #bjj1jjj miles 9 a second4 ,h5ce x is ab\t eight m9utes 9 trav]s+ ! int]m$iate space betwe5 our globe & its />t+ po9t or orig94 ,b "h comes a "q n easily answ]able4 ,:at is light8 ,is x matt]8 ,x is impond]able--c we conceive ( matt] )\t weight8 ,aga91 :5ce does x d]ive its velocity8 ,! t]m radiation f ! sun is conv5i5t2 b1 !n1 :at is radiation8 ,is !re light1 7& is !re heat17 above ! limits ( our atmosph]e8 ,we _c tell :at ! nature ( ! my/]i\s emanation ( light & heat f ! sun is1 nor :e!r !re are su* ph5om5a z light & heat 9 empty space4 ,aga91 by :at process is ?is enorm\s manufactory ( sol> emanation kept up8 ,we may "h lose ourselves 9 vague conjectures3 ,he alone kn[s :o said1 ,let !re be light3 & !re 0 light4 ,! few details :i* we h ?r[n toge!r1 be>+ ^u ! natural light ( our planet1 d]iv$ f ! sun1 w sugge/ to ! m9d ( ! ,*ri/ian ^? apt comp>isons1 ( ! broad light ( day to ! light ( ! gospel1 transmitt$ to our s\ls f ! ,sun ( righte\sness4 ,till illum9at$ f above1 man w&]s 9 spiritual d>kness2 he sees nei!r ! dang]s t encompass him1 nor ! road by :i* he %\ld g2 he may h ! light ( nature & ! light ( sci5ce )9 him1 b 9 spiritual affairs he is bl9d1 & w be *os5 only by ! bl9d z a lead]4 ,let1 h[ev]1 ! light ( revelation beg9 b to dawn ^u him1 & he le>ns to discov] m & m cle>ly 8 real position1 8 true "*1 & ! impossibility ( 8 f9d+ acceptance be=e ,god ^u 8 own m]its4 ,he feels himself to be a s9ful creature1 & is l$ to re/ ^u ! m]its & atonem5t ( ! ,son ( ,god1 :o di$ = our s9s1 & rose aga9 = our ju/ification4 ,?us enlight5$1 he receives /r5g? to pursue 8 j\rney to t bright & glori\s k+dom ( :i* ,god himself is ! ,sun1 & :]e !re %all no m be night1 :]e ev]la/+ day abides1 & all is glory & refulg5ce4 #d4 ,its ,temp]ature4--,heat & light are di/9ct f ea* o!r1 ?\gh 9 _m cases "o accompanies ! o!r1 & is produc$ by ! same cause1 z1 = in/ance1 by combu/ion1 electricity1 p]cussion1 ! sudd5 cond5sation ( air1 etc4 ,heat )\t light1 h[ev]1 is develop$ by ! physical or *emical *anges ( bodies1 z by ! cond5sation ( /eam1 & ! admixture ( wat] ) sulphuric acid4 ,x results1 moreov]1 f ! vital & my/]i\s op]ations :i* are con/antly tak+ place 9 organic be+s1 & especially 9 ! classes ( mammalia & birds4 ,b ! great s\rce ( heat--t ^u :i* ! temp]ature ( our atmosph]e ma9ly dep5ds--is produc$ by ! influ5ce ( ! sol> rays4 ,!re is1 inde$1 heat 9 ! body ( ! globe itself2 to say no?+ ( volcanoes1 we may /ate1 t ! deep] we p5etrate into ! e>?1 ! high] does its temp]ature become--a circum/ance :i* has l$ _m philosoph]s to inf]1 t ! c5tre ( our globe is 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce4 ,x is n "h t we ought to moot ?is !ory1 nei!r %all we ent] into any speculations relative to ! intr9sic nature ( heat2 l light1 x is a my/]i\s ag5t or product1 impond]able1 yet subject to c]ta9 laws--laws :i* belong to a bran* ( philosophy into :i* x is n n[ our prov9ce to ent]4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be p]mitt$ u to /ate a few simple facts relative to ! atmosph]ic temp]ature ( our globe1 & ! adaptation ( organic be+s to ! diff]5t degrees ( heat )9 ! int]-tropics1 9 ! temp]ate & 9 ! pol> latitudes4 ,climate v>ies n only accord+ to latitude1 b also accord+ to elevation1 ! relative proportions ( l& & wat]1 ! nature ( ! surface ( ! l&1 ! ext5t ( =e/s1 etc4 ,an isl&1 = example1 l ,engl&1 surr\nd$ by ! sea1 de/itute ( m\nta9s ( va/ elevation1 or ( ext5sive morasses or =e/s1 ?\gh l[] 9 atmosph]ic temp]ature dur+ ! summ] mon?s ?an ! p>allel portions ( ! cont95t1 has a mild] atmosph]ic temp]ature dur+ w9t]4 ,! cold ( ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ w9t] is great] ?an 9 ! same p>allels ( latitude 9 ! old _w4 ,canada1 = example1 lies p>allel to ! nor!rn half ( ,spa9 & ,france1 7betwe5 #dj & #ej ,n4 lat47 ,! sev]ity ( a ,canadian w9t] is well kn[n4 ,at ,quebec1 ! summ] is t ( ,p>is1 ! w9t] t ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,at ,new ,york1 ! summ] is t ( ,rome1 ! w9t] t ( ,cop5hag54 ,! same obs]vations apply to ! ea/]n portions ( ,asia4 ,at ,pek91 ! scor*+ heat ( summ] is great] ?an at ,cairo1 :ile ! w9t]s are z rigor\s z at ,upsal4 ,to ! diff]5t climates ( ! globe c]ta9 plants & animals are especially adapt$2 organic exi/5ce ranges f ! poles to ! equator4 ,h[ v>i$1 h[ multitud9\s1 h[ wond]ful1 are ! =ms & /ructures ( organic creation1 f ! moss or li*51 :i* creeps ^u ! surface ( ! rock1 to ! t[]+ palm or gigantic oak--f ! microscopic animalcule or puny insect1 to ! pond]\s elephant or enorm\s :ale6 ,b1 z we h said1 e di/9ct region has1 9 a g5]al s5se1 its own flora & its own fauna4 ,x is 9 tropical c\ntries1 b5ea? a f]vid sun1 t vegetation pres5ts u ) its utmo/ magnific5ce4 ,!re we see =e/s ( ev]gre5 trees1 palms1 & arboresc5t f]ns--!re bloom fl[]s ( gorge\s hue1 & lusci\s sc5t--!re rip5 fruits ( mo/ exquisite flav\r1 attractive bo? to ! sight & ! ta/e4 ,x is !re1 too1 t ! elephant1 ! hippopotamus1 & ! rh9oc]os1 ! l>ge/ ( t]re/rial quadrup$s1 roam ! pla91 or w&] 9 ! d5se =e/2 !re are ! birds conspicu\s = ! gorge\s spl5d\r ( _! metallic col\rs1 & ! insects = _! s+ul> =ms1 _! lovely pa9t+1 or dazzl+ effulg5ce4 ,rec$+ f ! int]-tropics1 we f9d vegetation on a less magnific5t scale2 ! trees are = ! mo/ "p decidu\s1 v>i\s species ( corn are cultivat$1 ! mead[s are clo!d ) grass1 & ! v9e & ! olive fl\ri%4 ,beautiful are ! fl[]s1 ri*ly t9t$ are ! insects2 "s few birds are spl5did1 b !re are no sun birds1 no humm+ birds1 no birds ( p>adise4 ,rec$+ fur!r1 we come to ! extreme limits ( ! v9e1 & pass f temp]ate to cold] latitudes1 latitudes 9 :i* p9es & firs =m woods & =e/s1 9 :i* a scanty flora greets a t>dy sun1 9 :i* ! animals are cov]$ ) fur1 increas+ 9 ?ickness on ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,beyond ?is t]ritory ! arctic regions op5 ^u u4 ,yet ev5 "h vegetable & animal life meet u2 b ! species are few 9 numb]3 ! re9de]1 ! lem+1 ! :ite h>e1 ! musk ox1 ! pol> be>1 & arctic fox1 are among ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,! birds are *iefly piscivor\s1 & all are migratory1 pass+ s\?w>ds on ! approa* ( w9t]4 ,co>se h]bage1 li*5s1 & mosses1 vegetate dur+ ! fleet+ summ]1 & lie buri$ b5ea? ! sn[ dur+ ! w9t]4 ,yet are ^! animals & plants z well adapt$ = _! dre>y realms ( sn[ & ice1 z are ! animals & plants ( ! ri* int]-tropics = _! luxuriant region4 ,take ! elephant1 ! hippopotamus1 ! bird ( p>adise1 or ! glitt]+ boa con/rictor to ,gre5l&1 & !y p]i%2 take ?i!r ! graceful palm1 palmetto1 or p&anus1 & !y cease ev5 to /ruggle = life4 ,on ! contr>y1 transport ! pol> be> & ! re9de] to ! torrid pla9s ( ! int]-tropics1 & _! fate is seal$4 ,! h>dy plants1 inde$1 :i* endure ! arctic regions1 are1 9 _m in/ances1 at lea/ id5tical ) ^? t fl\ri% 9 m temp]ate latitudes1 b !y are n to be f\nd 9 ! l[ sultry pla9s ( ! int]-tropics4 ,!y con/itute ! outskirts ( nor!rn vegetation4 ,! int]-tropical1 ! temp]ate1 & ! high nor!rn regions ( ! globe1 are *>act]is$1 !n1 by _! own flora & fauna2 b !re is a di/ribution ( organic life exclusive ( latitude1 :i* _c b claim ! att5tion ( ! naturali/4 ,= example1 ! m>supial animals are di/ribut$ betwe5 ,au/ralia & c5tral & s\!rn ,am]ica2 b ! ,am]ican =ms1 v few 9 numb]1 are ess5tially di/9ct f ^? ( ,au/ralia4 ,aga91 x is to ! w>m] regions ( ! old _w t ! l>g] pa*yd]mat\s animals are conf9$1 su* z sev]al species ( rh9oc]os1 ! hippopotamus1 a tapir1 two species ( elephant1 wild equ9e animals1 z ! dziggetai1 wild ass1 quagga1 zebra1 etc41 & v>i\s species ( wild hog4 ,! liv+ indig5\s pa*yd]mata ( ,am]ica consi/ ( two species ( tapir1 & two ( pecc>y4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,am]ica is ri* 9 ! ed5tata1 namely1 slo?s1 ant-eat]s1 armadilloes1 etc4 ,! pangol9s1 h[ev]1 7manis17 are f\nd only 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! old _w1 & ! a>d-v>k 7oryct]opus7 is a native ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,we might enl>ge greatly ^u ^! obs]vations1 & ext5d !m to birds & reptiles1 etc41 7 x our design to ent] ^u ! "q2 we %all only add1 t 9 all regions animals are expressly suit$ to ! climate ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y respectively live2 !y are con/itut$ = ! endurance ei!r ( heat or ( cold1 = self-protection aga9/ all extremes ( atmosph]ic temp]ature1 & = ! enjoym5t ( exi/5ce1 "s "u ! equ9octial l9e1 o!rs )9 ! arctic circle4 ,! =ego+ obs]vations d n apply to ! human race4 ,man 0 orda9$ to repl5i% ! e>?2 h5ce ! pliability & en]gy ( 8 physical con/itution1 :i* enables him to endure ! heat ( ! int]-tropics1 & ! cold ( ,lapl& or ,nova ,zembla--to dwell 9 ! deep valley or on ! l(ty m\nta94 ,:5 we say ?is1 we look at man z a species2 we d n apply our rem>ks to individuals1 or1 9 o!r words1 we d n ass]t t a ,samoi$e w\ld enjoy ! heat ( ,ceylon or ,sumatra1 or t ! ,ceylonese w\ld endure ! rig\rs ( arctic ,sib]ia2 we only mean1 t ! fact ( hot & cold climates be+ inhabit$ by our race1 proves t ! physical condition ( man c accommodate itself to e extreme ( natural temp]ature ^u our globe4 ,x is true1 t z a g5]al rule man modifies 8 food1 8 clo?+1 & ev5 ! nature ( 8 habitation1 accord+ to ! temp]ature & products ( ! climate4 ,! ,lapl&] clo!s 8 body 9 w>m furs1 ! ,ceylonese 9 a scanty ve/ure ( ?9 cotton4 ,yet ! wild ,indians ( "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! natives ( ! dre>y regions ( ,patagonia1 are b loosely def5d$ f ! sev]ity ( ! cold1 ei!r z x respects dress or _! huts4 ,! ,scotti% ,highl&] ( ! old5 "t1 wrapp$ 9 8 t>tan1 c\ld sleep on ! hea!r ( ! m\nta9 side dur+ a bitt] sleety night )\t injury4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 9 ! arctic regions ! ma9t5ance ( life is a /ruggle2 ! depress+ influ5ces ( cold1 *e]less skies1 & scanty food1 t5d to r5d] ! p[]s ( ! m9d & ! bodily frame alike /unt$ & undevelop$4 ,nature "h holds out ! means ( life ) a nigg>d h&1 & x is f ! sea pr9cipally t ! supply ( food & o!r necess>ies are obta9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 )9 ! tropics ! means ( exi/5ce are lavi%ly be/[$1 ! /imulus ( animal food is n requir$1 :ile ! e>? yields its vegetable productions 9 abundance2 b 9 ^! regions1 no /rong motive /imulat+ to active ex]tion1 ! m5tal p[]s become enfeebl$1 & all ^? vices insep>able f habitual indol5ce are eng5d]$4 ,x is 9 ! temp]ate regions1 :]e nature is n lavi%1 b lib]al1 & yet requires ! h& ( lab\r & ! head ( ?\ght1 t ! human race is pres5t$ to u 9 its highe/ =m1 :e!r bodily or m5tally consid]$4 ,x is 9 su* regions t arts atta9 to p]fection2 t sci5ce walks h& 9 h& ) religion4 ,a ?\s& necessities urge to ex]tion & ent]prise1 & ^! are foll[$ by a due rew>d4 ,?us1 !n1 are organic bodies1 plants1 ! l[] animals1 & man1 affect$ by atmosph]ic temp]ature2 b man has call$ 9 heat1 artificially produc$1 if we may use ! ^w 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 to 8 aid4 ,)\t heat1 ore c\ld n be smelt$1 or in/rum5ts ( metal made2 glass & e>!nw>e c\ld n be manufactur$2 h\ses c\ld nei!r be built1 nor furni%$ ) articles ( utility2 ! op]ations ( agriculture c\ld n be successively c>ri$ on1 nor %ips built1 nor /eam eng9es or ma*9]y be con/ruct$1 nor c\ld man clo! himself or cook 8 food4 ,9 %ort1 7 x to please ! ,almighty to susp5d ! laws ( caloric1 man w\ld be r5d]$ at once helpless1 & 8 s5ses useless2 he mu/ necess>ily become a completely alt]$ be+1 grant+ ev5 t 8 cont9uance z a species ^u ! face ( ! e>? 7 gu>ante$4 ,) :at wisdom1 !n1 are ! laws ( ! ,almighty fram$6 ,h[ happily d !y all conjo9 to fit ?is _w = ! ex]cise ( our s5ses & our reason6 ,yet1 h[ my/]i\s !y are6 ,we "k n ev5 :at light & caloric really are2 !y are incompreh5sible1 & yet we exp]i5ce _! influ5ce1 & daily te/ _! laws4 ,:o1 !n1 c wond] t ! fall ( man1 ! decrees ( ,god1 ! adv5t ( ,*ri/1 8 ,div9e & human nature conjo9$1 8 dea? z an atonem5t ( ine/imable value1 8 int]cession = all :o come to him ) fai?1 & ! sanctification ( ! ,holy ,_s1 are ea* & all my/]ies8 ,can/ ?\ by se>*+ f9d out ,god8 ,yet ! believ] kn[s t ,god to be 8 ,fa!r & 8 ,fri5d2 he walks by fai? & n by sight1 by fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/ unto all & ^u all !m t believe1 & are ju/ifi$ freely by 8 grace ?r\gh ! r$emption t is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,:5 we reflect ^u ! my/]ies ( nature1 let u also ?9k ^u ! my/]ies ( grace2 let ! consci\sness ( our own ignorance lead u to ?r[ aside presumption1 & tru/ to ! words dictat$ by ,him1 to :om all my/]ies are op51 & ^: wisdom & goodness h no b\nds4 #e4 ,its ,dryness or ,humidity4--,evaporation f ! wat]s ( ! globe1 f seas lakes1 riv]s1 etc41 is p]petually tak+ place1 ! ratio ( evaporation be+ det]m9$ by ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e2 t is1 x increases z ! temp]ature increases4 ,h5ce ! actual quantity ( wat] 9 a /ate ( invisible vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e w be ! greate/ :5 ! temp]ature ( ! latt] is ! highe/4 ,speak+ accord+ to our feel+s1 we !n call ! air dry1 al?\gh1 9 fact1 ! quantity ( wat] 9 solution 9 ! atmosph]e may balance ! dem&s ( ! temp]ature4#e ,b ?is invisible vap\r is liable f a ?\s& causes to cond5sation1 dep5d5t ^u "o law1 namely1 t :5 a portion ( air1 saturat$ ) invisible vap\r1 is cool$ bel[ ! po9t ( saturation1 a portion ( ! vap\r becomes cond5s$1 accord+ to ! degree ( cold1 s z to leave a due balance ( vap\r 9 ! air1 accord+ to its alt]$ temp]ature4 ,:o has n se5 ! w9d[-panes ( a heat$ room 9 cold wea!r b$ew$ ) trickl+ moi/ure8 ,! vap\r ( ! room is 9 abundance1 al?\gh invisible2 b c]ta9 /rata ( ! air ?us *>g$ come 9 contact ) ! cold panes1 & lose a portion ( _! caloric1 & ) _! caloric a portion ( _! vap\r1 7to :i*1 p]haps1 ! respiration ( a l>ge p>ty has contribut$17 & ?is becomes cond5s$ 9 ! =m ( a visible fluid4 ,if we brea! aga9/ a cold pane ( glass1 we soon r5d] x dim by moi/ure4 ,on a hot summ]'s day1 we d n p]ceive ! vap\r ( our brea?2 b on a cold1 cle>1 fro/y day1 a visible vap\r or little mi/ is exhal$4 #e ,! quantity ( wat] 9 solution 9 ! atmosph]e c nev] be great] ?an ! quantity prop] to ! temp]ature2 b x may be less4 ,f electric *anges1 f curr5ts ( air1 f sudd5 or gradual depressions ( atmosph]ic temp]ature--be ! cause :at x may--! cond5sation ( invisible vap\r 9 ! atmosph]e is p]petually tak+ place4 ,b ! ext5t & degree ( cond5sation is v v>iable4 ,sometimes1 or r v commonly1 ! quantity ( wat] sep>at$ is small1 & cond5s$ into su* m9ute p>ticles t !y float 9 ! air1 high] or l[]1 =m+ wrea?s ( mi/1 or cl\ds ( v>i\s patt]ns1 d5sity1 & ext5t2 sometimes !y appe> at a great altitude1 l silv]y waves1 or sn[y fleeces2 sometimes at a l[] altitude !y take ! %ape ( d5se irregul> masses1 pres5t+ to fancy's eye ! outl9e ( mon/r\s animals1 ( m\nta9s1 & ca/ellat$ rocks2 & sometimes ! :ole horizon is becl\d$ & d>k2 we !n "k t ! cond5sation is increas+4 ,:at is ! result8 ,a fall ( ra91 sn[1 or hail1 9 :i* latt] case ! wat] is n only cond5s$ into its ord9>y =m1 b into pellets ( ice4 ,! wat] has pass$ ?r\gh a /ratum ( air at ! freez+ po9t4 ,sudd5 hail-/orms 9 summ] may1 we ?9k1 be class$ among ph5om5a dep5d5t on electric *anges & op]ations 9 c]ta9 atmosph]ic /rata4 ,we h "h1 !n1 two processes--"o ( evaporation1 ano!r ( cond5sation2 & ^!1 by an express & admirable provision1 h a con/ant t5d5cy to limit ea* o!r's op]ations4 ,evaporation is increas$ by heat1 b x produces cold 9 proportion to ! rapidity ) :i* x is c>ri$ on4 ,cond5sation is produc$ by cold1 & at ! same "t heat is lib]at$4 ,h[ happ5s x t cl\ds & ra9 are =m$ 9 ! high] regions ( ! air1 & n closely r\nd ab\t u8 ,9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 laws1 ! air incumb5t on ! e>?'s surface1 especially 9 ! hott] latitudes1 is always "u ! po9t ( saturation1 ! air be+ really dry] ?an x is at a great elevation4 ,^! laws dep5d on ! diff]5ce 9 ! t5sion or ela/ic =ce ( vap\r at diff]5t temp]atures2 ?is ela/icity increases rapidly f ! temp]ature ( #cb to #bab1 ! increase be+ 9 a geometrical progression1 :ile ! increase ( ! temp]ature ( ! air f a high altitude to ! e>? is 9 ari?metical progression4 ,n[ ! air ( our mix$ atmosph]e is ! +r$i5t :i* controls ! :ole mixture4 ,! result is1 t ! quantity ( vap\r pres5t 9 a mix$ atmosph]e w1 at any successive dim9ution ( height above ! surface ( ! e>?1 become successively less & less ?an t :i* w\ld be requir$ to saturate ! air4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is result are mo/ important1 & are connect$ ) our g5]al well-be+1 & ! due ex]cise ( "s at lea/ ( our s5ses4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,dr4 ,pr\t's ,treatise is s p]t95t1 t we beg leave to transcribe x3 ,ov] ! great] portion ( ! e>?1 ! air :i*1 dur+ ! day at lea/1 is w>m$ by contact ) ! e>?'s surface1 & ?us becomes light]1 has a con/ant t5d5cy to rise into ! high] atmosph]e4 ,n[ if ?is air 7 saturat$ ) vap\r1 ( c\rse1 :5ev] by ris+ x became mix$ ) cold] air1 its vap\r w\ld be m or less cond5s$1 & a cl\d w\ld be =m$4 ,h5ce1 if we liv$ 9 su* an atmosph]e1 we %\ld be always envelop$ 9 a mi/1 ?r\gh :i* ! sun w\ld n be visible4 ,b1 by ! b5evol5t arrangem5t we enjoy1 ?is consequ5ce is s entirely prev5t$1 t1 unless "u peculi> circum/ances1 & always = b5eficial purposes1 ! air at ! e>?'s surface is h>dly ev] saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,! air :i* has be5 w>m$ by contact ) ! e>? c1 !re=e1 rise f ! surface )\t any cond5sation ( its moi/ure )9 ! limits ( its po9t ( saturation4 ,?us1 at ! equator1 be=e ! air rea*es ! temp]ature ( #fa1 ! presum$ po9t ( its saturation1 x mu/ asc5d to ! height ( #f1jjj or #g1jjj feet4 ,at ?is height its vap\r w be cond5s$1 & a cl\d w be =m$1 :i* may ei!r be precipitat$ on ! spot f :i* its con/itu5t vap\r _h ris51 or may be transport$ by ! curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 simil>ly to refre% a di/ant c\ntry1 or may aga9 be dissolv$ 9 ! air2 :ile1 "u all ^! cont+5cies1 ! :ole ( ! l[] portion ( ! atmosph]e is exempt f mi/1 & cont9ues p]fectly transp>5t4 ,^! op]ations are unceas+2 moreov]1 ! v cl\ds1 by giv+ out _! lat5t heat1 & %ield+ ! e>?'s surface f ! direct influ5ce ( ! sun1 h a /ill fur!r effect1 & h a con/ant t5d5cy to modify _! own =mation & exi/5ce4 ,we might "h ent] l>gely into o!r po9ts ( high int]e/ connect$ ) ! sci5ce ( meteorology1 did ! nature ( our subject all[ x4 ,we d n =get t x is ^u ! s5ses t we h to write1 & accord+ly we c g no fur!r "h ?an to %[1 9 a brief & succ9ct mann]1 a few ( ! pr9cipal arrangem5ts in/itut$ by ,almighty wisdom & p[]1 :i* r5d] our solid globe & its circumambi5t atmosph]e ! fitt+ abode ( su* =ms ( organic life z we are acqua9t$ )1 & = :i*1 9 fact1 ! _w 0 creat$4 ,to ?is _w all ! s5ses ( animals are expressly accommodat$4 ,if !re 7 no air1 !re c\ld be no organs ( he>+--grant+ ! exi/5ce ( liv+ be+s )\t respiration4 ,if !re 7 no light1 or ! laws ( light 7 o!rwise ?an :at !y are1 our eyes w\ld be useless4 ,7 our l[] /ratum ( atmosph]e always envelop$ 9 a d5se mi/1 obscur+ ! rays ( ! sun1 ! sph]e ( our vision & its accuracy w\ld be greatly circumscrib$--nay1 s\nds w\ld fall m dully on our e>s4 ,suppose ! globe closely %r\d$ by an oppressive fog2 & !n imag9e ! condition ( plants1 animals1 & man4 ,yet1 did x please our great ,creator1 x is 9 8 p[] to call into exi/5ce plants & animals fitt$ = s moi/ & obscure an atmosph]e4 ,aga91 ! atmosph]ic temp]ature1 ! v>y+ degrees ( heat & cold1 accord+ to latitude & to ! *>act]s ( l&--t is1 its elevation1 its depression1 ! nature ( its surface1 & ! arrangem5t ( adjac5t seas1 etc41 are 9 h>mony ) ! developm5t ( life1 & ! due ex]cise ( animal functions4 ,!n1 intimately connect$ ) ?is subject1 are ! laws ( caloric1 ! susp5sion ( :i* w\ld lead to ! annihilation ( all organic be+s at pres5t con/itut$4 ,nei!r c we =get ! weight ( ! atmosph]e1 its v>y+ electric conditions1 nor ! d5sity & attractive =ce ( our planet4 ,to ^!1 & _m o!r laws impress$ ^u matt]1 & ! results ( ^? laws1 are ! physical organization ( plants & animals adapt$1 ea* 9 its own way1 b yet ) a mutual relative be>+1 conducive to univ]sal ord]4 ,to ! con/itution ( ?is e>? are plants1 liv+ =ms de/itute ( feel+1 he>+1 sight1 or inde$ any s5se kn[n to u1 adapt$--yet accord+ to _! k9ds !y "k :at nutrim5t to refuse or reject2 !y are subject to ! influ5ce ( temp]ature & ( light & d>kness2 "s c\rt ! broad gl>e ( ! sun1 o!rs fl\ri% only 9 ! %ade4 ,! same obs]vations apply to c]ta9 ( ! l[e/ =ms ( animal organization1 :i* lead a vegetable life1 & appe> n to be aw>e ( _! own exi/5ce4 ,nor1 inde$1 is x until we asc5d high 9 ! scale ( animal be+1 & arrive at a po9t at :i* ! s5ses are m or less develop$1 & 9 accordance ) ?is developm5t1 t ( m9d also1 7= we c use no o!r t]m17 t we discov] a decid$ consci\sness ( exi/5ce1 z manife/$ by ang]1 fe>1 & o!r passions2 by wat*fulness1 s5sibility to pa9 & pleasure ( a m5tal k9d2 a rec\rse to artifice or to =ce z a means ( ga9+ c]ta9 ends2 & o!r pro(s ( a some?+--call x m9d1 or any o!r "n--to :i* ! s5ses appeal4 ,=1 let u rememb]1 x is only 9 a c]ta9 s5se t ! eye sees1 or ! e> he>s2 9 ! =m] in/ance1 no?+ m ?an an image ( objects is inv]sely reflect$ on ! ret9a1 & yet ! m9d recognises ^! objects 9 _! prop] position2 & :at is m1 n d\ble1 ?\gh ! same object is figur$ on ! ret9a ( ea* eye1 or1 9 ! case ( insects1 on ! ret9a ( scores ( eyes4 ,9 he>+1 ! m9ute auditory n]ves m]ely receive an impulse f ! vibrations or wavelets ( ! ela/ic atmosph]e1 & ?is con/itutes :at we call noise1 tones1 music1 voice4 ,b ^! tones or noises are 9 ! m9d only2 !y are n appreciat$ by ! ex]cise ( any o!r s5se4 ,hav+ ?us briefly endeav\r$ to %[ ! h>mony ( ! g5]al ord] ( nature1 z f> z our globe & its animal & vegetable =ms are conc]n$1 we %all proce$ to ! consid]ation ( ano!r portion ( our subject1 & comm5ce ) x a fre% *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,man',s ,,k ,,( ,,! ,,qualities ,,( ,,matt] ,,obta9$ ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,m$ium ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses4 ,if we reflect ^u man1 beg9n+ ) ! savage1 & end+ ) ! philosoph]1 we %all f9d1 t al?\gh ! m5tal diff]5ce1 or r ! ext5t ( acquir$ k possess$ by ea* respectively1 is v great1 t ! little ! "o possesses1 & all t ! o!r may boa/ (1 are bas$ ^u c]ta9 simple pr9ciples1 seiz$ ^u by ! m9d ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! s5ses1 & made m or less ! subjects ( consid]ation & rese>*4 ,if ! philosoph] c display a mass ( k ( :i* ! savage is ignorant1 ! savage c %[ to ! philosoph] t 8 m9d 9 "s ?+s is m ignorant ?an 8 own4 ,bo? h us$ _! s5ses2 bo? h exam9$ & reflect$2 bo? h accumulat$ a /ore ( in=mation1 :i* !y turn to acc\nt3 b ! savage c>es only = t :i* enables him to enjoy animal exi/5ce4 ,he1 !re=e1 inve/igates ! habits ( ! animals ar\nd him1 & ! nature ( ! plants2 he tames "s ( ! =m]1 he cultivates "s ( ! latt]2 he /ores up provisions1 he inv5ts rude weapons2 he builds kraals1 or huts2 he fa%ions boats1 kajaks1 or proas2 he employs fire2 & ?\gh he _c discuss ! laws ( caloric1 he kn[s _m ( !m practically4 ,9 fact1 8 s5ses are to him ! inlets ( ideas1 )\t any ab/ruse cogitation4 ,he _c b acquire k ?r\gh 8 s5ses1 b he lab\rs to acquire no m ?an is subs]vi5t to 8 pres5t int]e/4 ,to ! philosoph]1 ! s5ses are also ! inlets ( ideas2 b !n he is !reby l$ to ab/ruse cogitation1 to exp]im5ts1 & reit]ations ^u ^!1 =m+ !ories to be reject$ or adopt$1 z labori\s inve/igation may det]m9e4 ,& :]e=e8--,n cont5t$ ) ! vacuity ( m]e animal enjoym5ts1 he ant$ates 8 spiritual exi/5ce1 & :ile yet on e>? so>s to o!r worlds1 or dives into ! pr(\nd my/]ies ( nature4 ,betwe5 ! rude savage & ! philosoph] !re are innum]able gradations2 yet ! rude savage1 if cultivat$1 might become ! philosoph]--& :y8--,because1 ?\gh m5tal p[]s1 l bodily p[]s1 diff]1 ! m5tal anatomy1 l ! corporeal1 is on ! same plan2 &1 figuratively speak+1 ! muscles ( ! =m] may become by ex]cise z develop$ z ! muscles ( ! latt]4 ,to :at fields1 !n1 ( k are ! s5ses av5ues--& av5ues1 because !y are adapt$ to ! condition ( ! globe we inhabit1 & because ! impressions :i* !y receive are seiz$ ^u by ! m9d1 be+ !re alone made palpable2 & because ! m9d1 by a reflex action1 !nce d]ives ideas1 & comb9es & analyzes !m4 ,! high] animals possess ! same s5ses z man2 &1 x may be ask$1 ,:y d !y n ga9 a simil> k to t :i* man acquires8 ,we h already said1 t ! high] animals possess some?+ :i* _c b be t]m$ m9d1 s9ce !y h passions & affections1 memory1 etc41 :i* are qualities ( m9d1 & n ( matt]4 ,b1 !n1 _! m9d is n only inf]ior 9 degree to t ( man1 b diff]5t 9 its anatomical con/ruction4 ,c]ta9 animals1 moreov]1 are inf]ior to o!rs1 & among animals ( ! same species !re are diff]5t degrees ( m5tal z well z ( bodily =ce4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we c only g5]alize4 ,let x suffice1 !n1 t we adduce = ! purpose ( illu/ration an animal ) :i* we are all famili>--a dome/icat$ animal1 capable ( a high degree ( education1 & :i* man has tra9$ to ! mo/ v>i\s & opposite purposes--we allude to t atta*$ s]vant ( our race1 ! dog4 ,let x /& z a type ( ! high] quadrup$s4 ,t ! dog rememb]s1 & ev5 to a c]ta9 ext5t reasons1 _c1 we ?9k1 be contradict$4 ,a %eph]d's dog n only obeys its ma/]'s directions1 b ( its own accord w keep ! %eep toge!r1 prev5t !m f w&]+ out ( ! "r track1 se>* = !m :5 buri$ 9 ! sn[1 wat* ov] !m at night1 & def5d !m aga9/ ! incursions ( ! wolf4 ,! sportsman's dog1 :5 he sees 8 ma/] take d[n 8 f[l+-piece1 exam9e ! locks1 & equip himself = ! field1 is q aw>e ( ! result ( ^! proce$+s1 & manife/s unequivocal symptoms ( pleasure4 ,dogs1 moreov]1 may be taught to beg1 to fet* & c>ry1 to feign !mselves dead1 & cont9ue motionless until ! ^w ( comm& be giv51 & to take _! "p 9 a sc5ic repres5tation4 ,!re are1 inde$1 num]\s au!ntic in/ances on record ( dogs hav+ act$ ) a/oni%+ sagacity1 & :i* prove n only memory1 b a tra9 ( reason+ c>ri$ out ) s+ul> precision4 ,9 su* in/ances1 we _c say t ! animals are in/9ct-direct$1 because ! actions p]=m$ are out ( ! common c\rse ( ev5ts1 & are only occasional2 e dog1 "u ! same circum/ances1 w\ld n act 9 any?+ l ! same mann]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 b\nds beyond :i* ! mo/ intellig5t dog _c pass2 & :y8--! anatomy ( 8 m9d is diff]5t f t ( man4 ,8 s5ses1 t ( t\* except$1 are z acute z ^? ( man1 "s f> m s1 b 8 reason+ p[]s are conf9$ )9 a small circle4 ,= example1 education does n really elevate ! dog ov] ! wild packs ( 8 own species--x r rivets ! *a9 :i* b9ds him to man z 8 "l2 x enfeebles 8 in/9ct1 & r5d]s him at once m dep5d5t & m useful2 x places him 9 _m diff]5t1 & 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 unnatural sph]es ( action2 x r5d]s him a %eph]d1 a gu>d1 a hunt]1 b x adds n positively to 8 in=mation2 he has no ideas ( ! beautiful or ! sublime--( tru?1 ( virtue1 & vice--( humanity1 pity1 *>ity2 he reflects n t dea? is 8 doom1 ev5 ?\gh he sees f "t to "t 8 companions expir+ ar\nd him4 ,x is1 9 fact1 fir/1 because ! mo/ elevat$ ideas or reason+s ( ! dog are m]ely simple1 & ^? )9 a n>r[ compass2 &1 secondly1 because ! dog is utt]ly incapable ( =m+ any ab/ract idea t education _c elevate x above itself4 ,x has n man's m5tal anatomy4 ,! rude/ savage c devise ! b[1 & ! spe>1 & v>i\s o!r implem5ts2 he c fa%ion !m because he has h&s1 b 8 h&s are only ! s]vants ( 8 m9d2 _h n 8 m9d be5 :at x is1 8 bodily organization w\ld h be5 o!rwise1 b /ill 9 j h>mony4 ,9 ! savage lie ! dormant g]ms ( l(ty intellect1 & 9 8 l9e1 at "s future g5]ation1 may a ,milton1 a ,%aksp]e1 a ,newton1 arise2 sage poets1 /atesm51 & philan?ropi/s1 m5 ( :om ,engl& boa/s--,engl&1 ^: *ildr5 are ! desc5dants ( a semi-b>b>ic horde1 :i* spread ru9 9 its we/w>d progress4 ,b :at ! dog 0 9 ! e>lie/ ages1 :at x 0 9 ! times ( classic hi/ory1 t x cont9ues to be2 on ! contr>y1 man c em]ge f a savage to a civiliz$ /ate2 acquire new wants & supply !m2 improve ^u fir/ pr9ciples1 & take /ep aft] /ep 9 ! pursuit ( k2 add improvem5t to improvem5t2 beg9 by build+ a frail coracle1 & !n laun* 8 /eam-%ip on ! wat]--beg9 by erect+ a l[ kraal1 & !n erect ! palace ( ,cs>1 or ! temple ( ,a!ns4 ,reflex op]ations ( ! m9d are d5i$ to brutes--ev5 to ! dog1 an animal :i* ! ,almighty evid5tly creat$ = ! special s]vice ( man3 h5ce1 ?\gh ! av5ues to _! m9ds are ! same1 reason has b a feeble grasp ^u ! s5sations :i* !re ent]2 & t my/]i\s p[]1 quality1 or impulse1 :i* we t]m in/9ct1 rises pr$om9ant1 & leads to op]ations :i* 9 man c\ld only be ! result ( reflection & exp]i5ce4 ,yet1 z we h said1 ! actions ( ! dog1 & we may add ( ! elephant1 ! horse1 & o!r animals1 are n all in/9ctive1 nei!r d all ! actions ( man proce$ f a tra9 ( reason+1 = "s ( 81 ev51 are in/9ctive3 ! love ( (fspr+ on ! "p ( ! "m is entirely in/9ctive 9 its s\rce4 ,x is1 !n1 easy to see h[ x is t ev5 ! highe/ brute1 ) a m9d limit$ z we h describ$1 & ) in/9cts :i* guide 9 ! place ( m9d1 c nev] improve or add to any /ore ( k1 c nev] conceive "o ab/ract idea--su* z et]nity1 inf9ity1 matt]1 space1 etc4--& c nev] inve/igate ! laws ( creation--c1 9 fact1 be only :at x is4 ,! utmo/ ext5t ( some?+ l k :i* ! mo/ intellig5t & sagaci\s dog acquires1 dies ) x1 & its successor has to le>n all = itself4 ,z = language1 9 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w1 ( :at use w\ld x be to brutes8 ,among ! highe/1 z f> z ! necessity ( communication ext5ds1 cries or modulations ( tone & c]ta9 actions suffice to convey a di/9ct mean+2 among ! l[e/1 !re is no necessity ev5 = utt]ance1 & !re is no s5se ( he>+1 nor ev5 ( vision4 ,language supposes a m9d con/ruct$ l t ( man1 & z he em]ges f a rude to a cultivat$ /ate1 9 l proportion w 8 language increase 9 copi\sness & p]spicuity1 if n 9 =ce4 ,let u "h1 )\t bewild]+ our read] 9 a maze ( metaphysics1 j glance at a few ( ! *>act]i/ics or faculties ( m9d1 briefly anatomiz+ !m1 9 ord] t we may cle>ly exhibit ! m5tal di/9ction betwe5 man & ! high] ord]s ( bea/s1 by way ( %[+ :at ! m9d 9 ea* case d]ives f ! inlets ( ! s5ses4 #a4 ,a ,k ( ,self-exi/5ce1 or ,p]sonality4--,?is k appe>s to u to be r in/9ctive ?an ! result ( reflection1 z "s believe2 we "k intuitively t we exi/1 because we feel1 because we see & he>1 because we move1 because we hope & fe>2 nor w all ! argum5ts :i* ,b]keley or 8 disciples c adduce1 conv9ce any p]son t he exi/s only 9 idea4 ,t animals ( ! high] grades1 at lea/1 h ?is k is v evid5t2 greg>i\s habits1 mutual recognition1 ! wat* & w>d sy/em1 *>act]i/ic ( s _m species bo? among mammalia & birds--a ?\s& circum/ances :i* our read]s may call to m9d1 prove x4 ,we ne$ n insi/ ^u ! subject4 ,x is a feel+ r ?an a portion ( k2 x is intuitive1 & exp]i5c$ alike by ! pl\ghman at 8 "w1 by ! horses :o lab\r 9 ! furr[1 & ! busy rooks :i* foll[ 9 _! track4 ,:]e !re is fe>1 or pleasure1 or pa91 or desire1 !re mu/ self-consci\sness be--a feel+ ( self-exi/5ce4 ,we h no reason to believe t plants possess ?is feel+4 #b4 ,memory4--,memory is a m5tal ex]cise1 or faculty1 ( ! greate/ importance to man2 x is 9 con/ant requisition2 )\t x our intellectual improvem5t w\ld be conf9$ )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,our acquirem5t ( language1 & ( ! rules ( sci5ces & arts1 dep5d ^u ?is faculty1 & x is /r5g!n$ by habitual ex]cise4 ,betwe5 memory & recollection1 !re is a slight %ade ( diff]5ce4 ,a man may say1 ,i rememb] ! ev5ts ( ! ye> #ahdh--;,i recollect su* an ev5t1 n[ t y m5tion x4 ,ev5ts may be recollect$ aft] be+ =gott51 & (t5 are s 9 illness--nay1 =gott5 languages h sometimes be5 flu5tly spok54 ,x (t5 happ5s--:y s1 we _c say--t circum/ances or ev5ts1 long pass$ f ! m9d1 pres5t !mselves sudd5ly to x ) extreme vividness1 & are !nce=? rememb]$2 b (t5] does x happ51 t ! sight ( "s object1 or t a s\nd1 a note1 a tune1 a ^w1 recalls to ! m9d =gott5 ev5ts1 bygone circum/ances1 hopes pass$ away1 pleasures long fl$1 feel+s long quiesc5t4 ,?is species ( recollection has be5 call$ by "s writ]s ! p[] ( association4 ,x c]ta9ly dep5ds ^u an association ( ideas1 :i*1 on ! key-note be+ /ruck1 pass involunt>ily ?r\gh ! m9d2 a sight or s\nd w (t5 call to m9d1 ) s+ul> rapidity1 a vision ( o!r ye>s1 or ( sc5es f> di/ant1 t[>ds :i* ! he>t int5tly ye>ns4 ,witness ! effects ( ! air ( ! ,ranz de ,va*e ^u ! ,swiss soldi]s 9 ,napoleon's army4 ,recollection is (t5 ! result ( att5tion4 ,we rememb] a c]ta9 ev5t1 b =get ! ye> 9 :i* x occurr$2 we direct our ?\ghts to ! subject1 we comp>e circum/ance ) circum/ance1 date ) date1 until at la/-- ,x breaks ^u ! m9d1 & all is cle>4 ,t brutes possess memory is indisputable2 inde$1 we might fill pages ) in/ances ( ! p[] ( memory 9 animals1 "s r />tl+2 b z common e-day obs]vation en=ces ! fact ^u almo/ e "o1 we ne$ n insi/ ^u x4 ,h[ev]1 by way ( add+ int]e/ to a disquisition "s may deem dry1 we w introduce ! foll[+ anecdote1 relat$ by ,mr4 ,corse1 9 8 ,obs]vations on ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,elephant3#f ,9 ,june1 #aghg1 ,fttra ,mungul1 a male elephant1 tak5 ! ye> be=e1 0 travell+ 9 company ) o!r elephants t[>ds ,*ittagong1 lad5 ) a t5t & "s baggage = our accommodation on ! j\rney4 ,hav+ come ^u a tig]'s track1 :i* elephants discov] readily by ! smell1 he took fright & ran (f to ! woods1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( 8 driv]4 ,on ent]+ ! wood1 ! driv] sav$ himself by spr++ f ! elephant1 & cl++ to ! bran* ( a tree "u :i* he 0 pass+4 ,:5 ! elephant _h got rid ( 8 driv]1 he soon contriv$ to %ake (f 8 load4 ,z soon z he ran away1 a tra9$ female 0 dispat*$ aft] him1 b c\ld n get up 9 "t to prev5t 8 escape4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 br\ght back 8 driv]1 & ! load he _h ?r[n (f1 & we proce$$ )\t any hope ( ev] see+ him aga94 ,eighte5 mon?s aft] ?is1 :5 a h]d ( elephants _h be5 tak51 & _h rema9$ sev]al days 9 ! inclosure1 till !y 7 entic$ into ! outlet1 !re ti$ & l$ out 9 ! usual mann]1 "o ( ! driv]s1 view+ a male elephant v att5tively1 decl>$ he resembl$ ! "o :i* _h run away4 ,?is excit$ ! curiosity ( e "o to g & look at him2 b :5 any p]son came ne>1 ! animal /ruck at him ) 8 trunk1 & 9 e respect appe>$ z wild & outrage\s z any ( ! o!r elephants4 ,at l5g?1 an old hunt] com+ up1 & exam9+ him n>r[ly1 decl>$ he 0 ! v elephant t _h made 8 escape ab\t eighte5 mon?s be=e4 ,confid5t ( ?is1 he boldly rode up to him on a tame elephant1 ord]+ him to lie d[n1 & pull+ him by ! e> at ! same "t4 ,! animal seem$ q tak5 by surprise1 & in/antly obey$ ! ^w ( comm&1 ) z mu* quickness z ! ropes ) :i* he 0 ti$ p]mitt$2 utt]+ at ! same "t a peculi> %rill squeak ?r\gh 8 trunk1 z he _h =m]ly be5 kn[n to d1 by :i* he 0 imm$iately recognis$ by e p]son :o _h ev] be5 acqua9t$ ) ?is peculi>ity4 ,! same obs]v] in=ms u1 t ano!r elephant1 a female1 tak5 9 #agfe1 0 turn$ loose 9 #agfg1 & retak5 9 #aghb4 ,%e !n recollect$ ! cu/oms & words ( comm& le>n$ dur+ h] =m] bondage2 %e laid h]self d[n at ! comm& ( h] driv]1 he f$ h] f 8 seat1 gave h] 8 /ick to hold1 :i* %e took ) h] trunk1 put x into h] m\?1 & return$ x z %e 0 direct$1 & z %e _h be5 accu/om$ to d4 #f ,phil4 ,trans41 #agii4 #c4 ,att5tion4--,att5tion is an ab/raction ( ! m9d f a multif>i\s v>iety ( trifles1 or circum/ances1 & an en]getic direction ( x to "o subject1 or object4 ,9 att5tion _m1 if n all1 ! s5ses may be engag$4 ,= example1 a botani/ ga!rs a fl[]2 its beauty1 ! =m & sub/ance ( its petals1 _! col\r1 its aroma1 ! honey-dew ( its nect>y1 ! peculi>ity ( its calyx1 & o!r qualities1 appeal to ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5ses ( sight1 smell1 ta/e1 & feel+4 ,he has to describe ?is fl[]--he fixes 8 m9d ^u x1 & puts =? a graphic del9eation 9 apt & concise language4 ,! pl\ghman is at "w1 & ! s[] ( gra9 foll[s him--bo? give _! :ole m9d to _! duty4 ,! critic 7oh1 ^w ( fe>67 gives 8 att5tion to ! matt] "u 8 revision2 & s does ! cook1 :5 prep>+ a re*]* di% on ! composition ( :i* he prides himself4 ,& does n ! tig]1 cr\*+ 9 ambu%1 give att5tion to 8 object1 /imulat$ 9 ! meantime by hope8 ,:o has n obs]v$ multitudes ( cases1 af=d+ examples ( att5tion 9 brutes8 ,9 fact1 att5tion is a faculty display$ by all brutes1 especially by ^? :i* lead a life ( rap9e1 = ^u its ex]cise dep5ds _! daily support4 ,b man alone c direct 8 att5tion to ?+s intellectual1 ab/ruse1 or religi\s4 ,! reason is evid5t--! brute is incapable ( ab/ract ideas1 b q awake to its own pres5t necessities4 ,! high realms ( ?\ght belong to man alone1 ( all t]re/rial be+s2 b 9 h[ f> high] a degree to ^? spiritual exi/5ces1 ^? angels ( light1 :i* surr\nd ! ?rone ( ,god1 & :o1 contemplat+ ) amazem5t ! f9i%$ "w ( salvation1 exclaim1 ,wor?y is ! ,lamb t 0 sla9 to receive p[]1 & ri*es1 & wisdom1 & /r5g?1 & hon\r1 & glory1 & bless+6 nay1 till we m+le ) ^! transc5d5t be+s1 ! p[]s ( our m9d w be press$ d[n b5ea? a load ( clay2 !n all t 0 d>k %all be made cle>1 & ) angels we %all jo9 9 say+1 ,am53 bless+ & glory & wisdom & ?anksgiv+ & hon\r & p[] & might be unto our ,god = ev] & ev]6 ,b we are told t !re are angels :i* kept n _! fir/ e/ate1 & :i* are res]v$ unto judgm5t ( ! great day2 namely1 ,satan & 8 apo/ate subord9ates4 ,fall5 ?\gh !y be1 _! brightness has n lo/ all its orig9al spl5d\r2 b !y ex]cise _! high p[]s 9 tempt+ & s$uc+ to 8 et]nal ru9 man1 :om ,satan by 8 wiles has already cru%$1 & robb$ ( 8 orig9al innoc5ce4 ,let u /rive aga9/ ! tempt]1 ! deceiv]1 :o lays luxury1 lic5ti\sness1 gold1 fame1 p[]1 be=e 8 will+ slaves1 try+ !m on e po9t1 & induc+ too _m to fall irrecov]ably4 ,b ,god's ?\ghts are high] ?an our ?\ghts1 or ?an ! ?\ghts ( man's crafty adv]s>y2 & 9 wisdom he devis$ t mighty s*eme1 ?r\gh :i* rescue & p>don are freely grant$ to all :o accept ! invitation ( ! ,r$eem]1 ,come unto me1 all ye t lab\r & are heavy lad51 & ,i w give y re/2 ,all1 he says1 t ! ,fa!r give? me %all come to me2 & him t come? to me ,i w 9 no wise ca/ out1 ,john vi4 #cg4 ,jesus is ! ,conqu]or1 & dea? is swall[$ up 9 victory4 ,flee1 !n1 f ! city ( de/ruction2 & ?\gh ! sl\gh ( despond or ! valley ( humiliation be be=e1 press =w>d1 awak5$ s9n]1 to ! heav5ly ,j]usalem6 on t let y\r ?\ghts be plac$4 #d4 ,comp>ison4--,! direct comp>ison ( "o object ) ano!r1 ) a view t[>ds ! acquisition ( in=mation1 is ex]cis$ by man alone ( all animals2 b t sup]ficial & involunt>y comp>ison :i* leads to ! simple di/9ction ( ?+s1 z ( l& f wat]1 or trees f h\ses1 is common bo? to animals & man4 ,*oice supposes ! ex]cise ( comp>ison1 9 a l[ degree1 & ?is a bird displays 9 ! selection ( a spot = its ne/1 & ! beav] 9 t ( a site = its dam & village4 ,9 bo? ^! cases1 h[ev]1 in/9ct impels to ! lab\r1 & supplies ! place ( exp]i5ce4 #e4 ,k ( ,cause & ,effect4--,a k ( ! connexion betwe5 cause & effect is ! result ( exp]i5ce alone4 ,we ?us accumulate a numb] ( facts1 & by reason+ ^u ^? facts1 c inf] ) c]ta9ty :at w\ld be ! result "u su* or su* cont+5cies4 ,t brutes ga9 in=mation to a c]ta9 ext5t by exp]i5ce is v pla94 ,we h se5 a monkey break nuts by hamm]+ !m ^u a /one--we h se5 ! orang try to pick ! lock ( its door ) a bit ( /ick--we "k in/ances ( horses dis5gag+ !mselves f _! head/all1 unbolt+ ! /able door1 & mak+ (f to ! pa/ure2 a cat 9 our possession 0 accu/om$ to leap up & op5 ! lat* ( ! kit*5 door1 :5ev] %e wi%$ to enjoy a /roll4 ,we might multiply examples1 b s _m w sugge/ !mselves to ! read]'s m9d1 t we may sp>e ourselves ! task4 ,) a k ( ! connexion betwe5 cause & effect is associat$ t ( p[]4 ,give me :]e to /&1 said ,ar*im$es1 & ,i c\ld move ! _w4 ,man's natural p[]s are v limit$1 b 8 compreh5sive m9d enables him to ov]come ! mo/ =midable ob/acles2 to bore ?r\gh ! m\nta91 to uproot x f its base1 & scatt] its fragm5ts ov] ! pla92 to ov]-ar* riv]s & arms ( ! sea ) iron pa?ways2 to travel z rapidly z mo/ birds fly2 to upheave pond]\s masses ( /one1 & to compress light & floccul5t mat]ials until !y become solid & heavy4 ,b man accompli%es all ?is & f> m1 n by 8 own bodily p[]s1 b by ma*9]y ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ( v>i\s degrees ( simplicity or complexity2 nay1 he _c ev5 cultivate ! soil1 except by ! aid ( implem5ts1 t is1 simple ma*9es4 ,brutes entirely dep5d ^u _! own bodily p[]s1 & ga9 a k ( ! ext5t ( ^? p[]s by exp]i5ce4 ,an old hunt] w nev] attempt a leap :i* he kn[s he _c accompli%--a "y1 fi]y horse w make a da% at x1 & p]haps fail2 if he succe$1 8 dep5d5ce ^u himself w be confirm$2 on ! o!r h&1 %\ld he n succe$1 x is m ?an probable t he w lose all self-confid5ce1 & !re=e be h5ce=w>d useless = ! *ase4 ,! elephant skilfully uses its tusks z lev]s1 9 ! uproot+ ( trees2 & :5 ! mega!rium & mylodon wre/l$ ) ! noble/ productions ( _! primeval =e/s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 !y appli$ 9 ! be/ mann] _! =ces & ! means at _! comm&4 ,:at is ?is b a k 7limit$1 we all[7 ( ! relation%ip betwe5 cause & effect8 ,! camel1 :5 ov]lad51 utt]s l\d cries1 & refuses to rise at ! comm& ( ! driv]2 ?is 0 also a peculi>ity ( ! llama1 :5 t animal 0 exclusively ! c>ri] ( ! ,&es4 ,) respect to a k ( p[]1 z reg>ds ourselves p]sonally1 or z display$ by brutes1 we _c help ?9k+ t mu* dep5ds on an in/9ctive p]ception1 add$ to1 no d\bt1 by exp]i5ce4 ,all animals1 f man d[nw>ds1 apply _! =ce accord+ to _! con=mation2 ! horse kicks--! lion /rikes ) 8 t]rible paw--! hy5a seizes ) 8 jaw--man uses 8 arms2 b man also br+s art to aid him 9 8 bodily ex]tions4 ,h5ce ! /ronge/ man falls "u ! skill ( ! tra9$ wre/l]2 b ! conte/ ( brutes is t ( =ce4 ,h5ce x is t man inv5ts weapons :i* r5d] ! weak & ! /rong on a level1 & :i* give to skill ! pr$om9ance ov] =ce4 ,?is1 too1 implies a k ( ! relation%ip betwe5 cause & effect1 b a k :i* brutes1 if we except ! *impanzee1 d n display4 ,! *impanzee1 x is ass]t$1 uses a club z a weapon1 b we d n advance ?is z a fact positively e/abli%$2 inde$1 we d\bt x2 we h nev] se5 ?is animal use a /ick1 z we %\ld use x 9 /rik+4 #f4 ,"t4--,man alone c inv5t artificial me?ods ( measur+ "t2 9 an unciviliz$ condition he avails himself ( ! sun & moon1 ( ! *anges ( day & night1 ( ! tides1 ( ! seasons1 us+ !m z natural *ronomet]s4 ,! high] brutes evid5tly possess "s k ( "t1 z evid5c$ by ! migration ( birds1 ! relief ( ea* o!r1 z 9 ! case ( pigeons1 at /at$ int]vals on ! ne/1 &1 p]haps we may add1 ! /or+ up ( food = future consumption4 ,on ?is latt] po9t1 h[ev]1 we w n insi/1 = mo/ probably x is ! result ( an entirely in/9ctive impulse2 we h kn[n a cag$ squirrel make a ho>d4 ,! dog1 says ,m4 ,ebzar ,blaze1#g reasons1 calculates1 kn[s h[ to c\nt ! days ( ! week1 & ev5 ^? ( ! ye>4 ,?us1 = example1 a dog belong+ to ,m4 ,rog] w5t e ,saturday1 at two o'clock precisely1 f ,locoy>ne to ,h5nebon1 7a di/ance ( ?ree kilomtres27 x set (f 9 a /raight l9e to ! but*]'s1 because t 0 _! day = kill+1 & he 0 c]ta9 ( hav+ a good regale ^u tripe4 ,he 0 capable1 !n1 ( c\nt+ ! days1 s9ce he nev] left home except on ! ,saturday4 ,at ! h\se ( ! same ,m4 ,rog]1 family pray] 0 kept up e ev5+1 & ! dog li/5$ to ! s]vice tranquilly1 b1 z may be suppos$1 impati5tly1 = z soon z ! la/ pat]no/] 0 comm5c$1 he rose up & plac$ himself ne> ! door1 9 ord] to make 8 exit imm$iately on its be+ op5$4 #g ,hi/oire du ,*i54 ,we d n pret5d to say t all animals calculate "t1 or t any h ! p[] ( calculation :i* man has2 & z = any ab/ract idea respect+ "t or et]nity1 x is out ( ! "q4 ,h5ce !y nei!r look back ^u "t1 nor =w>d into ! future4 ,_! measure ( k is wisely allott$ to !m2 x is 9 due accordance ) _! animal wants1 & f9al de/9y2 b man1 ! heir ( immortality1 de/9$ to exi/ ?r\gh\t et]nity1 is s m5tally gift$ z to be able to ?9k & reflect ^u ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future4 ,7 he n immortal1 he w\ld nev]1 p]haps1 h be5 end[$ by 8 ,mak] ) ! idea ( a future life4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ,holy ,scriptures assure him ( a life to come1 & = :i* he mu/ prep>e himself only by "o way4 ,! hopes ( ! idolat] are false4 ,oh1 !n1 h[ desirable x is t a k ( ! true way ( salvation %\ld be spread ?r\gh\t ! _w2 t error & sup]/ition %\ld be bani%$2 & t ! light ( ! gospel %\ld ca/ its heav5ly radiance ov] ! b5ight$ regions ( ! e>?6 #g4 ,locality4--,a k or p]ception ( locality1 t is1 ( "o place z di/9ct f ano!r1 is reg>d$ by "s z a result ( ! ag5cy ( an exclusive m5tal p[]2 b = ourselves1 we see 9 x only ! ex]cise ( att5tion1 lead+ to di/9ction1 & involv+ ! aid ( memory4 ,to attempt to prove t man is end[$ ) ?is capability is useless2 s is ! dog1 s is ! cat1 s are all our dome/ic animals4 ,att5tion1 di/9ction1 & memory1 are ex]cis$ by ! c>ri]-pigeon2 :5 let free1 at a long di/ance f home1 x returns1 & re/s on its old abode4 ,b :at are we to say 9 ! case ( o!r animals1 z ! dog1 ! cat1 & ! horse1 travell+ back f a great di/ance to _! home1 )\t hav+ ga9$ ! exp]i5ce ( ! pigeon by so>+ al(t1 & survey+ a wide ext5t ( l& bel[8 ,x is well kn[n t ye> aft] ye> ! swall[ & ! m>t91 & o!r migratory birds1 return to ! same spot1 9 ord] to re> _! brood4 ,swall[s & m>t9s h be5 m>k$1 s t !re c\ld be no possibility ( mi/ake4 ,^! birds take _! dep>ture 9 autumn1 j\rney+ s\?w>ds2 !y !n trav]se ,europe1 & cross ! ,m$it]ranean2 !y w9t] 9 ! w>m] regions ( ,africa1 & on ! return ( spr+ !y comm5ce _! nor!rn flight4 ,:at directs ! c\rse ( a p>ticul> pair ( swall[s f c5tral ,africa1 ov] l& & sea1 to a p>ticul> cottage or b>n 9 ,middlesex1 ,surrey1 or ,b]k%ire8 ,aga91 ) respect to ! bee1 :i* w&]s miles away f its hive1 visit+ fields & g>d5s 9 que/ ( honey--h[ is x guid$ 9 its outw>d & homew>d flight8 ,has x l&m>ks8--does x "k ea* wall1 ea* h$ge-r[1 ea* tree1 ea* g>d5 & field ov] :i* x passes8 ,if s1 h[ d ! bees f9d _! way to & f ! float+ api>ies on ! riv]s1 ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,european cont95t1 & also 9 ,egypt1 ! re/+-place be+ cont9ually *ang$ accord+ to ! judgm5t ( _! own]s8 ,9 ,egypt x is ! practice to transport ! api>ies to di/ant places1 9 ord] to take advantage ( ! succession ( fl[]s4 ,9 ,l[] ,egypt1 = example1 ab\t ! end ( ,octob]1 ! bee-keep]s emb>k on ! ,nile1 & migrate ) !m to ,upp] ,egypt1 calculat+ to arrive !re :5 ! inundation is rapidly subsid+1 & ! fl[]s are beg9n+ to bloom4 ,hav+ /ay$ a %ort "t 9 "o place1 till !y suppose t ! bees h collect$ all ! honey & wax ( ! di/rict1 !y remove two or ?ree leagues l[] d[n1 & s on1 z ! plants come into bloom4 ,?us gradually return+ homew>ds1 !y collect ! honey ( ! adjac5t c\ntry2 & ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,febru>y1 hav+ travell$ ! :ole l5g? ( ,egypt1 arrive at ! spots :5ce !y _h set out1 & at _! habitations4 ,niebuhr saw1 betwe5 ,cairo & ,damietta1 a collection ( f\r ?\s& hives1 9 _! transit f ,upp] ,egypt to ! ,delta4#h ,h[ d ! bees1 _! locality be+ ?us *ang$ f "t to "t1 f9d _! way1 n only to ! boat ( hives1 b to _! own peculi> hives respectively8 ,!re are po9ts 9 ! economy ( animals :i* we _c fa?om1 & x is bett] to confess our ignorance ?an to attempt a pu]ile !ory4 ,to speak truly1 we _c answ] ! "q4 #h ,nat4 ,cyclop4 #h4 ,!re are c]ta9 qualities ( m9d1 c]ta9 pr9ciples :i*1 :atev] d\bt may be held respect+ our previ\s obs]vations1 at once di/+ui% man1 & elevate him f> above ! highe/ brute4 ,9 fact1 !y take him out ( ! pale ( ! brute creation1 & isolate him amid/ ! liv+ creatures by :i* he is surr\nd$4 ,he is ! only animal be+ :o c =m any idea ( ,god & 8 attributes1 ( et]nity1 ( virtue & vice1 ( ju/ice & m]cy2 9 8 brea/ alone are implant$ consci5ce1 fai? & hope1 rep5tance & spiritual peace4 ,h]e9 h we an argum5t1 to prove t man is n made to beg9 & end 8 c>e] on ?is _w1 beautiful z x is1 & fitt$ to meet all 8 animal p[]s1 s5ses1 & enjoym5ts4 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld ^! pr9ciples be implant$ 9 man--pr9ciples imm$iately be>+ ^u a future /ate ( exi/5ce1 if t future /ate 7 n orda9$8 ,:]e 9 creation c a simil> anomaly be demon/rat$8 ,e brute is gift$ ) vital functions & organization fitt$ to its de/9$ mode ( life1 & ) a k9d & degree ( m9d 7:]e ?is is ne$$7 9 exact accordance !reunto4 ,beyond ?is all is blank2 inde$1 ! mo/ wond]ful works :i* brutes p]=m1 & :i* 9 man w\ld argue great ?\ght & exp]i5ce1 are 9 !m ! result ( in/9ct alone4 ,! beautiful corals & zoophytes1 :i* we s mu* admire1 are in/9ct-built t5em5ts4 ,in/9ct tea*es ! bee h[ to arrange h] wax5 cells1 & load !m ) honey z a provision = ! w9t]1 & ! bird h[ to build h] ne/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! op]ations ( :at may be call$ m9d1 9 contradi/9ction to in/9ct1 are display$ only by ! high] brutes1 &1 m ov]1 are limit$ )9 n>r[ b\nds4 ,we h he>d p]sons ass]t1 t a dog manife/s ! work+s ( consci5ce1 because x (t5 betrays itself by its timid1 irresolute mann] aft] pilf]+1 z if consci\s t x _h done wrong4 ,! fact is1 t ! dog is consci\s ( no moral guilt2 x has be5 previ\sly puni%$ = a l (f5ce1 & fe>s a repetition ( ! puni%m5t2 ?is is ! solution ( ! :ole affair4 ,we h s f> %[n ! great sup]iority ( ! m9d ( man above t ( ev5 ! highe/ brutes1 & n ?is only1 b its ess5tial diff]5ces1 !reby r5d]+ its possessor1 inde$1 ! p>agon ( animals4 ,let u n[ endeav\r to expla9 :at in=mation is ga9$ by him f ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses4 ,9 speak+ ( ,god1 & ( cele/ial be+s1 we always use1 & _c b use1 language drawn f ! prop]ties1 qualities1 & appe>ances ( ?+s ar\nd u1 or f ! passions ( our own m9ds1 or f ! configuration & actions ( our own bodies4 ,we _c1 9 fact1 conceive ( ,god except figuratively--h5ce to ! limit ( our intellect is ! language ( ,scripture adapt$4 ,?\gh writt5 "u inspiration1 x 0 writt5 by m51 & = m52 &1 !re=e1 ! p]sonification ( ! ,almighty is unavoidable4 ,x is said1 ,?y way is 9 ! sea1 & ?y pa? 9 ! great wat]s1 & ?y foot/eps are n kn[n2#i we talk ( ! "w ( 8 h&s1 ( ! arm ( ,god1 etc41 & we "k t we are speak+ figuratively1 & x is because we "k ?is1 t we turn ) disgu/ f ! pictures1 h[ev] elaborate1 :i*1 pa9t$ by ,roman ,ca?olics1 repres5t ! ,god ( heav5 & e>? "u ! similitude ( an ag$ man1 ) a long be>d1 & :ite hair1 look+ d[n f ! cl\ds4 ,we "k t ,god is a ,_s1 b we h no conception ( :at a _s is2 we "k no?+ ( _s--nay1 we "k no?+ ( matt] ess5tially2 x is only ( "s ( its prop]ties t our s5ses af=d u in=mation1 & x may h _m prop]ties1 = ! disc]nm5t ( :i* no s5ses h be5 be/[$ ^u u4 ,well1 !n1 may x be writt51 ,can/ ?\ by se>*+ f9d out ,god8 can/ ?\ f9d out ! ,almighty unto p]fection8#aj ,we _c1 h[ev]1 d\bt1 t ! ,almighty has giv5 to u a m9d & s5ses q adequate1 n only to our animal wants1 b to our spiritual pilgrimage ?r\gh ?is transitory sc5e1 until we arrive at ^? realms ( bliss1 :]e ignorance %all be ex*ang$ = k1 & e difficulty cle>$ away4 #i ,psa4 lxxvii4 #ai4 #aj ,job xi4 #g4 ,consid]ations l ^! add int]e/ to ! inquiry--,:at v>iety & ext5t ( in=mation d we1 z intellectual1 immortal be+s1 ga9 ?r\gh our s5ses8 ,a little ?\ght w conv9ce u t1 )\t ! reflective ag5cy ( our m9ds on ! impressions receiv$ by ! s5ses1 & ! p[] ( conceiv+ ab/ract ideas1 ! simple impressions ( col\r1 solidity1 weight1 s\nd1 flav\r1 or od\r1 w\ld be b meagre s\rces ( k4 ,z x is1 !y are ! broad inlets ( k4 ,let u take !m 9 succession1 comm5c+ ) a new *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,s5ses1 ,,z ,,! ,,inlets ,,to ,,k--,,sight ,,& ,,he>+4 #a4 ,sight4--,! in=mation acquir$ by ! m9d ?r\gh ! s5se ( sight is m v>i$ ?an t communicat$ ?r\gh any o!r s5se1 s+ly tak52 b x is less accurate4 ,! s5se ( sight requires education & assi/ance1 & bo? are giv5 ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*4 ,we h already said1 t light radiates f bodies1 & =ms a picture on ! ret9a1 7a rev]s$ picture17 convey+ to ! m9d c]ta9 qualities ( matt]1 &1 fir/--col\r4 ,by v>iations 9 ! %ades ( col\r1 & by contra/s ( col\r1 our eye1 aid$ by exp]i5ce f ! s5se ( t\*1 det]m9es ! =m ( objects2 & ! b\nd>ies ( ^! =ms we t]m outl9es4 ,all t we p]ceive is ! limits ( diff]5tly col\r$ spaces4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 col\rs bl5d gradually into ea* o!r1 ! limits ( ea* space1 &1 consequ5tly1 its outl9e1 are indef9ite2 we d n see matt]1 b a quality ( matt]4 ,!re are circum/ances "u :i* ! eye is deceiv$ respect+ col\r1 two or m diff]5t col\rs produc+ a simil> effect on ! ret9a1 & be+ undi/+ui%able f ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 :5 ! ret9a is fatigu$ by a prolong$ impression f "o col\r1 its s5sibility to col\r is dim9i%$1 & we cease to judge accurately2 9 ^! in/ances1 ! ret9a receives ^? only :i* are t]m$ accid5tal1 namely1 :i* d n ent] into ! col\r /eadily gaz$ at previ\sly4 ,= example1 if we look /eadily at a :ite spot1 & aft]w>ds turn ! eye t[>ds :ite bodies1 a d>k spot w be p]ceiv$ by ! eye4 ,if we look at a r$ spot on a :ite gr\nd1 & !n direct ! eye to ano!r "p ( ! :ite gr\nd1 a gre5 spot approa*+ to blue w be p]ceiv$4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 ! ret9a 0 fatigu$ by ! :ite col\r1 & c\ld n be excit$ by any o!r col\r hav+ ! rays :i* con/itut$ x 9 its composition4 ,! accid5tal col\r1 !re=e1 0 black4 ,9 l mann]1 aft] look+ at ! r$ spot1 ! ret9a 0 ins5sible to ! impressions ( a comp\nd col\r1 hav+ r$ rays 9 its composition4 ,h5ce1 ! accid5tal col\r consi/$ ( ! o!r rays ( ! prismatic spectrum1 =m+ a col\r de/itute ( r$4 ,! eye is subject to deception1 or illusion4 ,sometimes we mi/ake ! %ad[ = ! sub/ance4 ,! rays ( light1 pass+ ?r\gh m$ia ( diff]5t d5sities1 are refract$ at diff]5t angles2 h5ce ! direction or ne>ness ( diff]5t bodies becomes app>5tly alt]$1 & exp]i5ce alone corrects ! error4 ,on putt+ a pole or /ick obliquely into cle> wat]1 ! subm]g$ portion seems to be b5t at ! surface ( ! wat]1 & to rise high] 9 ! wat] ?an x actually is4 ,! bottom ( a deep1 cle> riv]1 or pond1 seems to be ne>] to ! surface ?an x is 9 reality2 9 o!r in/ances1 ! wat] deceives by an app>5t %all[ness1 ! tru? ( :i* ! inexp]i5c$ ba!r %\ld always te/ be=e v5tur+ 94 ,if a gold or silv] co9 be put at ! bottom ( a bas91 & ! bas9 be !n fill$ ) wat]1 & ! eye be obliquely direct$1 s z n to see ! co91 hidd5 by ! rim ( ! bas91 x w become app>5t :5 ! bas9 is fill$4 ,9 spe>+ fi%1 all[ance is made by ! exp]i5c$ = ! diff]5ce ( refraction ( ! rays ( light 9 a r>e & m d5se m$ium4 ,x is probable t birds :i* prey ^u fi%1 by d>t+ at !m :ile at a c]ta9 di/ance "u ! wat]1 z1 = example1 ! fi%-hawk1 or osprey1 & ! gannet1 are taught by in/9ct to correct an app>5t error ( s5se1 or r1 an illusion1 :i* man corrects by practice & exp]i5ce4 ,! eye is delud$ by ! mirage4 ,! mirage 7a ,fr5* ^w1 adopt$ into our language7 is ! "n giv5 to a ph5om5on ( unusual attraction1 = :i* we h no specific appellative1 unless x be ! sea-t]m loom+4 ,z a g5]al def9ition1 we may say1 ! mirage is an optical illusion1 occasion$ by ! refraction ( light ?r\gh contigu\s masses ( air ( diff]5t d5sity1 su* refraction n unfrequ5tly produc+ ! same s5sible effect z direct reflection4 ,! illusions ( ! mirage diff] accord+ to circum/ances1 b !y may be all arrang$ "u "o or o!r ( ! ?ree foll[+ classes3 v]tical reflection1 horizontal or lat]al reflection1 & susp5sion4 ,9 hot1 flat regions1 z c]ta9 portions ( ,arabia1 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ! we/]n des]ts ( ,india1 etc41 ! v]tical mirage is extremely common2 x pres5ts ! illusive appe>ance ( a wide1 cle> lake1 or %eet ( wat]1 9 :i* trees1 build+s1 & o!r objects1 seem to be reflect$1 & 9 a rev]s$ position4 ,on approa*+ ?is deceptive lake1 x keeps rec$+ z we advance1 ! reflect$ images vani%1 to be succe$$ by o!rs1 z !y come 9 rotation into sight4 ,& ?us ! wayworn & ?ir/y travell] across ! des]t is fir/ *eat$ into hope1 & at l5g? mock$ into despair4 ,dur+ ! ,fr5* campaign 9 ,egypt1 "u ,napoleon1 ! soldi]s1 :o suff]$ extremely f ! torm5ts ( ?ir/1 7 cruelly tantaliz$ by ! deceptive mirage4 ,m4 ,monge1 "o ( ! savans :o accompani$ ! army1 ?us comm5ts ^u ?is ph5om5on3 ,! soil ( ,l[] ,egypt1 he obs]ves1 is a va/ pla91 p]fectly horizontal1 its uni=mity be+ int]rupt$ by a few em95ces1 on :i*1 9 ord] to secure !m f ! inundations ( ! ,nile1 ! villages are built4 ,9 ! morn+ & ! ev5+ ! aspect ( ! c\ntry pres5ts no?+ rem>kable1 all objects appe>+ 9 _! natural positions1 & at _! prop] di/ances2 b aft] ! soil has become heat$ by ! rays ( ! sun1 ! prospect seems b\nd$ by a g5]al inundation4 ,! villages at a little di/ance appe> z isl&s 9 ! mid/ ( an expansive lake1 & ! image ( ea* village is se5 inv]t$ly reflect$1 z if ! wat] 7 real4 ,z we advance1 ! mimic wat] retires1 /ill reflect+ image aft] image2 s t 9 ?is illusion ! classic fable ( ,tantalus is repres5t$2 might n ! fable h _h its orig9 9 ! ph5om5on ( ! mirage8 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 exclusively on s&y pla9s or 9 v hot climates1 t ?is mirage occurs4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by ,biot ov] ! s&y bea* ( ,dunkirk1 & is n unfrequ5t along ! coa/ ( ,calvados4 ,a /range & beautiful effect ( ! mirage 0 se5 by capta9 ,maundy1 at ! ,%all\t ,pass 9 ,india1 & is ?us describ$3 ,a deep precipit\s valley1 at ! bottom ( :i* ,i _h se5 "o or two mis]able villages 9 ! morn+1 bore 9 ! ev5+ a complete resemblance to a beautiful lake4 ,! vap\r :i* play$ ! "p ( wat]1 asc5d$ ne>ly half-way up ! sides ( ! vale1 & on its bright surface ! trees & rocks 7 di/9ctly reflect$4 ,h[ l ! vanities & pleasures ( e>? is ! mirage6 ,bright1 sp>kl+1 illusive--an appe>ance )\t a sub/ance--a mock]y :i* deceives1 attracts1 & vani%es away6 ,he :o pursues ! pleasures ( ?is _w1 & all its t9sel gratifications1 resembles ! fev]$ travell] 9 ! burn+ des]t1 :o pursues ! mirage1 :i* rec$es z he presses eag]ly t[>ds x1 till at l5g?1 discov]+ its no?+ness1 he p]i%es4 ,we may next consid] ! mirage produc$ by horizontal or lat]al reflection4 ,9 ! horizontal or lat]al reflections1 ! mirage repres5ts ! reflect$ image sideways4 ,?us1 on ! #ag? ( ,septemb]1 #ahah1 ,m4 ,jur9e & ,soret obs]v$ a lat]al mirage on ! lake ( ,g5eva4 ,a b>k1 ab\t f\r ?\s& toises di/ant1 0 se5 approa*+ ,g5eva by ! left bank ( ! lake1 & at ! same mom5t !re 0 se5 above ! wat] an image ( ! sails1 :i*1 9 place ( foll[+ ! direction ( ! b>k1 rec$$ f x1 & seem$ to approa* ,g5eva by ! "r bank ( ! lake1 ! image sail+ f ea/ to we/1 :ile ! b>k 0 sail+ f nor? to s\?4 ,?is lat]al mirage is kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ,m]oa1 :o call x ,si-kot1 7ca/le ( ! cold season27 by ^? :o live on ! pla9s wat]$ by ! ,*umbul & ! ,jumna1 x is t]m$ ,dissas]1 7progno/ic47 ,9 p>ticul> situations1 bo? ! v]tical & lat]al mirage may be obs]v$ toge!r4 ,?us ! late ,mr4 ,blackadd] has describ$ "s ph5om5a1 bo? ( v]tical & lat]al mirage1 z se5 at k+ ,george's ,ba/ion1 ,lei?1 :i* are v in/ructive4 ,! ph5om5on call$ susp5sion1 :i* is ! ?ird k9d ( mirage1 & to :i* ! t]m loom+ is mo/ /rictly appli$1 is ! pictur+ ( an object imm$iately ov] x 9 ! air1 frequ5tly )\t rev]sion ( ! image4 ,sometimes ! objects are m]ely rais$ above ! height at :i*1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 !y w\ld appe>4 ,?us sir ,r4 ,k4 ,port] m5tions a ph5om5on ( susp5sion1 or loom+1 9 ! pla9s ne> ,bagdad4 ',a little be=e morn+1' says he1 ',i obs]v$ an elevat$ /ream ( wat]1 :i*1 f its situation1 mu/ be ! ,tigris4 ,its surface 0 brilliantly illum9at$ by ! moon1 b ! long] ,i kept my eye fix$ on ?is noble riv] ( _m int]e/s1 ! m my surprise became excit$ at ! extraord9>y height ( its wat]s above ! level ( ! des]t1 till at l5g? ,i began to suspect t "s optical illusion f refraction 0 assi/+ ! app>5t elevation ( ! /ream2 b ,i _h n conceiv$ ! ext5t ( ! deception1 = z ! dawn advanc$ ! phantom riv] totally sunk f my sight4' ,! ph5om5on ( loom+ is mo/ g5]ally obs]v$ at sea1 or ne> ! %ore4 ,at ,reggio1 9 ,calabria1 ! ,fata ,morgana 7,fairy ,morgana7 is visible1 :i* = _m c5turies a/oni%$ ! vulg> & p]plex$ philosoph]s4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! ph5om5on ( ! v]tical mirage is comb9$ ) t ( susp5sion1 s z to %[ 9 ! air bo? a direct & an inv]t$ image ( ! subject1 ! latt] be+ und]mo/4 ,n[ all ^! ph5om5a1 & _! v>i\s modifications1 dep5d on ! diff]5t d5sity ( ! l[] /rata ( ! air2 & z ?is diff]5ce ( d5sity may be occasion$ bo? by heat & moi/ure1 & z heat may be rev]b]at$ f ! m\nta9's side z well z f ! horizontal surface ( ! pla9s1 f ! sea z f ! l&--&1 fur!r1 z contigu\s columns ( air1 z well z horizontal /rata1 may be ( diff]5t d5sities1 x is easy to conceive :y ! mirage may be se5 9 v diff]5t situations1 z also :y x pres5ts su* v>i$ appe>ances4 ,x w also be evid5t t any cause :i* re-e/abli%es ! equilibrium ( d5sity 9 ! diff]5t portions ( ! air1 mu/ cause ! illusions ( ! mirage to vani%4#aa #aa ,p5ny ,cyclopdia4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t ^? appe>ances1 :i* sailors call ,cape ,fly-away1 ! ,en*ant$ ,isl&1 & ! ,fly+ ,dut*man1 etc41 are ! effects ( ! mirage4 ,!y are ! objects ( sup]/ition1 & ?us has an illusive appe>ance caus$ _m a he>t to beat ) fe>1 :i* nev] s beat 9 ! tempe/ or ! sea-fight4 ,! eye assi/s u greatly1 inde$ almo/ exclusively1 9 det]m9+ ! motions ( bodies2 yet 9 ?is we require exp]i5ce1 & aft] all we are frequ5tly deceiv$4 ,:5 a body moves 9 a /raight l9e f u1 we _c tell :e!r x moves or n1 & !n only come to ! conclusion t x rec$es 9 consequ5ce ( its becom+ m obscure1 & f a *ange 9 its relative position to o!r objects :i* we "k to be /ation>y4 ,:5 we travel 9 a railway c>riage1 ! banks1 ! h$ge-r[s1 & ! fields1 seem z if glid+ ) extreme velocity away f u4 ,x is only by a c\rse ( reason+ t we "k su* is n ! fact2 x is true t ! c\rse ( reason+ is v %ort & simple1 yet /ill t reason+ is requisite2 inde$1 x has be5 ackn[l$g$ only 9 mod]n times t ! sun is /ation>y1 & t ! _w moves4 ,bodies mov+ ) extreme velocity produce a cont9u\s impression on ! eye2 ?us1 = example1 if a /ick burn+ at "o end be rapidly :irl$1 ! burn+ end produces ! appe>ance ( a fi]y circle4 ,! spokes ( a coa*-:eel1 roll+ r\nd v rapidly1 pres5t ! appe>ance ( an indi/9ct expansion4 ,on ! contr>y1 bodies mov+ ) extreme sl[ness appe> to casual obs]vation z /ation>y2 ?us ! act ( gr[+1 9 ord9>y plants & animals1 is n appreciat$1 ?\gh ! result is demon/rat$ 9 due "t4 ,! eye1 moreov]1 may be deceiv$ by artificial repres5tations1 z by pa9t+ 7take ! ,diorama z an example7 or by models4 ,we h se5 fl[]s s tru?fully modell$ 9 wax t1 by ! eye alone1 no di/9ction betwe5 !m & natural fl[]s c\ld h be5 detect$4 ,! same obs]vations apply to magnitude & di/ance4 ,objects ( gigantic magnitude1 z1 = in/ance1 ! pyramids ( ,egypt1 at fir/ appe> less ?an !y are 9 reality2 & x is only by admeasurem5t1 exam9ation1 & comp>ison1 t ! m9d becomes impress$ ) ! idea ( _! imm5sity4 ,a build+1 ! details ( :i* are 9 j h>mony1 always appe>s to be small] ?an x is1 because no discordance betrays ! va/ prepond]ance ( c]ta9 p>ts ov] ! littl5ess ( o!rs4 ,habit1 or1 9 o!r words1 education1 is ess5tially requisite to aid ! eye 9 its appreciation ( magnitude4 ,we may say ! same ) respect to di/ance4 ,an infant does n di/+ui% betwe5 ne> & di/ant objects2 its eyes h yet to become educat$1 & s h ^? ( adults plac$ 9 circum/ances to :i* !y are unaccu/om$4 ,= example1 ! walls ( a city1 re>$ 9 a va/ level pla91 & descri$ at a di/ance1 appe> to be f> ne>] ?an ! travell] w f9d !m to be2 aga91 :5 /&+ on ! bea*1 we look at a %ip 9 ! di/ance1 we are apt to ?9k x clos] to ! %ore ?an we %\ld prove x to be 7 we to trav]se ! di/ance 9 a boat4 ,a sailor w\ld judge ( ! di/ance accurately4 ,h[ mu* ! accuracy & utility ( ! eye dep5d ^u practice or education may be illu/rat$ by ! case ( a boy1 :o1 z describ$ by ,*eseld51 0 born q bl9d1 b 0 sudd5ly re/or$ to sight1 at ! age ( twelve1 by ! skilful removal ( ! cat>act4 ,at fir/1 he 0 impress$ ) ! idea t all ! objects :i* he saw ar\nd him t\*$ 8 eyes1 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! act ( t\* !y came 9 contact ) ! sk94 ,he c\ld nei!r e/imate di/ance1 nor di/+ui% "o object f ano!r1 until he _h appli$ ! te/ ( t\* z a corrective & assi/ant4 ,x may "h be ask$1 h[ ! fact is to be expla9$ t1 ?\gh images are pictur$ on ! ret9a inv]t$1 we d n see !m z su*1 b 9 _! true position8 ,:5 we say t ! eye sees1 we use popul>1 b n /rictly correct language2 ! eyes are ! organs or in/rum5ts ( vision--t is1 = transmitt+ c]ta9 qualities ( matt] to ! m9d2 x is n ! image on ! ret9a :i* ! m9d contemplates1 = we are utt]ly unconsci\s t su* an image exi/s--x is ! object itself4 ,to expect t ! impression f an inv]t$ image on ! ret9a %\ld produce ! p]ception ( a simil> position 9 ! object view$1 is to commit ! error ( mi/ak+ ^! images = ! real objects ( p]ception1 :]eas !y are only ! means :i* sugge/ ! true p]ceptions4 ,x is n ! eye :i* sees2 x is ! m9d4 ,! analogy :i* ! optical "p ( ! eye be>s to a cam]a obscura has p]haps contribut$ to ! fallacy 9 "q2 = 9 us+ t in/rum5t we really contemplate ! image :i* is receiv$ on ! pap]1 & reflect$ f x to our eyes2 b 9 our own vision no?+ ( ?is k9d takes place4 ,we sc>cely "k :e!r we c place among optical illusions ^? /range app>itions ( dep>t$ p]sons1 ( fri5ds at a di/ance1 or ( s+ul> & grotesque faces or figures1 ( :i* we h _m au!ntic n>ratives4 ,^! we take to be /rong impressions on ! m9d alone1 7= no image c !re be on ! ret9a17 ! result ( "s morbid condition ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em4 ,su* 0 ! evil g5ius :i* ,brutus saw 9 8 t5t be=e ! battle ( ,philippi1 & su* ! air-drawn dagg] ( ,macbe?--su* also 7 ! phantoms se5 by ,nicolai1 ! philosophic booksell] ( ,b]l91 :o has giv5 an admirable acc\nt ( 8 m5tal visions1 ref]r+ !m to _! true s\rce1 at ! v "t t ! illusions visit$ him4 ,9 "s /ates ( body1 we see grotesque & ludicr\s objects1 :ile our eyes are %ut1 &1 z we c te/ify1 (t5 n be=e we h %ut our eyes1 & !reby clos$ ! door ( access ?r\gh ^? organs to ! m9d4 ,:at horrible phantasms t]rify ! unhappy sleep] lab\r+ "u night-m>e6 ,:at /range ?+s does ! deliri\s suff]] m5tally behold1 & ?r\gh :at /range sc5es1 real to him1 does he pass6 ,we see1 we conv]se1 we laugh1 we m\rn1 we feel pleasure & angui%1 ev5 9 our dreams4 ,^!1 !n1 are n optical b m5tal illusions--no figure is made ^u ! ret9a appeal+ to ! m9d1 b ! m9d itself sees ?+s :i* are n1 & is delight$ or t]rifi$ by its own involunt>y creations4#ab #ab ,see ,an ,essay t[>ds a ,!ory ( ,app>itions1 by ,john ,f]ri>1 ,m4,d41 #ahac2 & ,sket*es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,app>itions2 or1 ,an ,attempt to trace su* ,illusions to _! ,physical ,causes1 by ,samuel ,hibb]t1 ,m4,d41 #ahbd4 ,9 =m] times1 craft1 "u ! "n ( religion1 avail$ h]self ( ^! m5tal illusions1 & extort$ gifts ( l&s & gold f ! t]rifi$1 p]haps mo/ guilty suff]]1 9 ord] t 8 peace ) ! *ur* 7s miscall$7 might be made1 & masses said = ! repose ( 8 s\l4 ,he 0 taught to buy 8 entrance into heav5--n ) ! ,pe>l ( great price--n by pres5t+ be=e ! ,judge ( all mank9d ! m]its & ! atonem5t ( ! ,messiah1 b by f\nd+ a mona/]y1 or by add+ to its treasures & doma9s4 ,8 fai? 0 plac$1 n on ! promises ( ,god 9 ,*ri/1 b on ! promises ( a m]e mortal at be/--yes1 a mortal1 :o knew t :ile he promis$ he 0 weak z o!r m52 ,9 conclud+ our obs]vations ^u ! s5se ( sight1 we may ref] to a few /rik+ passages 9 ,scripture1 ( great =ce1 & well calculat$ to excite reflection4 ,he t =m$ ! eye1 %all he n see8#ac ,no secrets are hidd5 f ,god2 no1 n ! secrets ( ! he>t1 = ^! are writt5 on a tablet :i* he1 & he alone1 c read4 ,may our pray] be1 ,let ! m$itation ( my he>t be acceptable 9 ?y sight1 ,o ,"l1 my /r5g?1 & my ,r$eem]6#ad ,ent] n into judgm5t ) ?y s]vant3 = 9 ?y sight %all no man liv+ be ju/ifi$4#ae ,9 ! sight ( ,god1 we speak figuratively1 all m5 are s9n]s1 & z s9n]s condemn$2 b ,god w n ent] into judgm5t ) ^? :o1 by fai? 9 ! atonem5t1 look+ to ! ,savi\r1 z ! ,israelites look$ to ! braz5 s]p5t 9 ! wild]ness1 turn away f _! wick$ness1 & become examples ( ! believ]s1 9 ^w1 9 conv]sation1 9 fai?1 9 purity4 #ac ,psa4 xciv4 #i4 #ad ,psa4 xix4 #ad4 #ae ,psa4 cxliii4 #b4 #b4 ,he>+4--,:at we call s\nd1 noise1 or tone1 is a m5tal appreciation ( ! effects ( ! tremul\s or vibratory motions ( ! p>ticles ( an ela/ic fluid1 su* z air or wat]1 on ! auditory or ac\/ic n]ves ( ! int]nal e>4 ,sonor\s vibrations are produc$ by ! concussion ( h>d bodies1 by ! bolt ( lightn+1 by ! vibrations ( /r+$ in/rum5ts ( music1 by ! =cible curr5t ( air ?r[n into ! tubes ( w9d in/rum5ts1 & by ! air driv5 f ! lungs ?r\gh ! organs ( voice 9 reptiles1 birds1 & mammalia4 ,!re are1 inde$1 few movem5ts1 few collisions1 few atmosph]ic di/urbances1 :i* d n excite ^? tremul\s wavelets ( atmosph]e1 ^? oscillations1 :i* produce 9 u ! s5sation ( s\nd4 ,9 fact1 dur+ ! day1 ! s5se ( he>+ is z p]petually employ$ z is t ( sight2 yet1 /range to say1 f ! impressions made ?r\gh ! m$ium ( bo? ^! s5ses1 we c s f> ab/ract ! m9d1 & ?r[ x ^u its own int]nal reflections & op]ations1 z to see )\t discrim9ation1 & to he> )\t att5tion or notice4 ,z s\nd is ! result ( ! tremul\s fluctuations ( air1 x w n surprise our read] to "k1 t no s\nd is convey$ f ! p]cussion ( bodies 9 a vacuum4 ,! exp]im5t ( susp5d+ a bell 9 ! exhau/$ receiv] ( ! air-pump1 & caus+ ! clapp] to /rike x z :5 rung1 has be5 v (t5 repeat$2 no s\nd is communicat$ to ! li/5]1 al?\gh ! vibrations ( ! bell are cle>ly p]ceiv$2 %\ld a little air be n[ admitt$1 a fa9t t9kl+ is he>d1 :i* becomes /rong] 9 proportion to ! admission ( air1 until x is natural2 on ! contr>y1 if ! receiv] be fill$ ) greatly cond5s$ air1 ! t9kl+ ( ! bell is l\d] ?an x is :5 9 an atmosph]e ( ! ord9>y degree ( d5sity4 ,s\nd1 or1 r1 ! wavelets ( ! atmosph]e produc+ ?is s5sation1 radiate f ! s\nd-caus+ object 9 all directions2 ^! wavelets1 h[ev]1 ext5d only to a c]ta9 di/ance1 accord+ to ! viol5ce ( ! c5tral agitation2 !y become gradually feebl] & feebl]1 & at la/ die away4 ,?und]1 ! fir+ ( cannon1 & ! clang ( trumpets1 are n he>d beyond a c]ta9 di/ance1 & ev5 at t di/ance1 :atev] x may be1 ! e> only fa9tly di/+ui%es ! report1 = ! vibratory action & reaction on ea* o!r ( ! atmosph]ic p>ticles1 become feebl] & feebl] 9 proportion to ! arial di/ance ( ! li/5]4 ,if we /& on an em95ce comm&+ a view ( a numb] ( cannon1 say a mile di/ant1 :i* ! soldi]y are f "t to "t fir+1 a decid$ diff]5ce ( "t w be p]ceiv$ betwe5 ! fla% & ! report2 ! same obs]vation applies to lightn+1 a consid]able int]val (t5 occurr+ betwe5 ! fla% & ! ?und]4 ,h5ce1 light is said to travel fa/] ?an s\nd4 ,s\nd travels at ! ratio ( ab\t twelve miles & a half 9 a m9ute1 b its velocity is great] 9 a d5s] ?an 9 a r>] m$ium1 z is also ! di/ance to :i* x is propagat$4 ,^! po9ts are illu/rat$ by a comp>ison ( wat] ) atmosph]ic air4 ,all aquatic animals are n con/itut$ = he>+2 myriads1 inde$1 h nei!r sight nor he>+4 ,by ! cuttle-fi%es 7cephalopoda7 bo? ^! s5ses are enjoy$ z well z by fi%es1 aquatic reptiles1 & we ne$ n say by su* aquatic mammalia z :ales1 grampuses1 porpoises1 etc4 ,to !m ! wat] is ! m$ium ( s\nd1 & grant+ t _! auditory n]ves h ! same s5sibility z ^? ( man1 !y w he> s\nds n only m quickly1 m di/9ctly1 b at great] di/ances4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! great] ela/icity ( ! con/itu5t p>ticles ( wat]1 )9 ! m9ute di/ance requir$ = _! action 9 propagat+ s\nd4 ,/ones /ruck toge!r "u wat] are he>d at great di/ances by a p]son "u wat]4 ,frankl9 f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 t s\nd1 aft] travell+ above a mile ?r\gh ! wat]1 loses b little ( its int5sity4 ,accord+ to ,*lad9i1 ! velocity ( wat] is ab\t f\r ?\s& n9e hundr$ feet 9 a second1 or betwe5 f\r & five times z great z x is 9 air4 ,diff]5t bodies conduct s\nd to ! e> ) m or less di/9ctness1 accord+ to _! susceptibility = vibrat+1 & also ) m or less rapidity4 ,ice1 = example1 conveys s\nd m spe$ily ?an wat]1 & f> m rapidly ?an air2 ?us1 if a cannon on ! edge ( a froz5 lake be fir$1 a p]son on ! opposite side w f9d ! fla% to be foll[$ by two reports1 ! fir/ conduct$ to him by ! ice1 ! second by ! air4 ,if a long /eel rod be appli$ to ! orifice ( ! e>1 ! g5tle/ j> giv5 to its fur!r extremity1 & :i*1 b = ! int]v5tion ( ! metal1 w\ld n h be5 audible1 produces a /rong & di/9ct impression4 ,cotton wool1 %eeps' wool1 & s(t /uffs1 g5]ally are bad conductors ( s\nd4 ,! froz5 e>? conducts s\nd f great di/ances2 ! approa* ( a horseman 9 cle>1 fro/y wea!r1 w be he>d at a f> great] di/ance ?an :5 ! gr\nd is moi/1 or n h>d5$2 9 ! =m] case1 inde$1 a d\ble s\nd may sometimes be he>d1 "o produc$ by ! vibration ( ! ice-b\nd e>?1 ! o!r1 if di/ance all[1 by t ( ! air4 ,! di/ance to :i* s\nd c be convey$ ?r\gh ! speak+-trumpet is v surpris+4 ,! inv5tion ( ! mod]n speak+-trumpet is g5]ally accord$ to sir ,samuel ,morel&1 7#afgj17 & "s ( ! l>ge brass trumpets1 made "u 8 direction1 c>ri$ ! human voice f a mile & a half to betwe5 two & ?ree miles di/ance4 ,! effici5cy ( ?is in/rum5t has be5 attribut$ to ! repeat$ reflection ( ! s\nd1 or waves ( air1 7l rays ( light17 f side to side along ! c\rse ( ! tube1 _! ultimate efflux f ! m\? ( ! in/rum5t be+ 9 su* a way1 z ei!r to cause ! rays ( s\nd to be collect$ into a focus at a di/ance1 or to be project$ =w>d 9 p>allel l9es1 in/ead ( all[+ !m to div]ge 9 all directions1 & on ^! pr9ciples v>i\s modifications 9 ! =m ( ! speak+-trumpet h be5 sugge/$4 ,! views1 h[ev]1 ( pr(essor ,leslie d n co9cide ) ?is !ory4 ,! p]=mance ( ! speak+-trumpet1 he says1 does c]ta9ly n dep5d ^u any suppos$ rep]cussion ( s\nd2 repeat$ e*oes might divide1 b c\ld n augm5t ! quantity ( impulse4 ,8 idea is1 t ! tube1 by its l5g? & n>r[ness1 deta9s ! efflux ( air1 & has ! same effect z if x dim9i%$ ! volubility ( t fluid1 or increas$ its d5sity4 ,! organs ( articulation1 he adds1 /rike ) conc5trat$ =ce2 & ! pulses ?us s vigor\sly excit$ are1 f ! reflect$ =m ( ! ap]ture1 f9ally enabl$ to escape & spread !mselves along ! atmosph]e4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,hass5fratz1 a ,fr5* philosoph]1 are cit$ 9 support ( ?is !ory4 ,he tri$ ! p[] ( a speak+-trumpet1 by measur+ ! di/ance at :i* ! tick+ ( a wat* c\ld be he>d ?r\gh x1 & f\nd ! effect ! same1 :e!r ! metal tube 7 us$ simply1 or wrapp$ r\nd 9 su* a way z to prev5t vibration4 ,x 0 also he>d at ! same di/ance :5 ! inn] surface 0 l9$ ) l951 or wooll5 clo?1 to dim9i% reflection2 & ! range ( a cyl9drical trumpet 0 ! same z t ( a conical "o4 ,9 ! e>-trumpet1 us$ by p]sons p>tially deaf1 & 9 ! /e?oscope1 x appe>s to u t we h conc5trations ( s\nd into a focus1 by repeat$ reflexions ( ! arial wavelets f side to side ( ! tube2 & we may ask1 does n ! murmur+ s\nd :i* we he>1 :5 we apply a con* %ell to our e>1 arise f ! same k9d ( p]cussion8 ,9 e*oes we h an in/ance ( ! reflection ( atmosph]ic undulations1 & ?is reflection1 z 9 _m natural situations1 may be multipli$ till ! la/ fa9t repetitions die away2 & :5 a succession ( e*oes is v rapid1 a l\d exclamation ( ! monosyllable1 ,hah6 may be ?r[n back ^u ! e> l a boi/]\s laugh4 ,! e*oes ( old halls & gall]ies1 ( vaults & dungeons1 ( cav]ns1 rocks1 & grottoes1 h s]v$ z subject-matt] = ! writ]s ( imag9ative poetry & romance4 ,x is n only to old romantic halls & gall]ies t e*oes are conf9$2 !y are n uncommon 9 mod]n public build+s1 s t ! speak] he>s 8 words repeat$4 ,! di/ribution ( s\nd 9 public edifices1 s t ! e*oes 7or reflections ( arial waves f ! walls1 etc47 may be mo/ advantage\sly br\ght to /r5g!n ! orig9al s\nd1 is a subject des]v+ ( mu* att5tion4 ,= "s obs]vations on ! errors ( ar*itects on ?is po9t we may ref] to sir ,j4 ,h]s*el's ,treatise on ,s\nd4 ,:5 our auditory n]ves receive a succession ( uni=m impulses at equal int]vals ( "t1 ! int]vals be+ at ! same "t v small1 ! impressions become s int]bl5d$ ) ea* o!r z to produce an app>5tly cont9u\s s\nd1 ev5 & equal1 except z to v>iation 9 l\dness4 ,?is s\nd we call a musical note1 produc$ by ! /r+ ( ! viol91 or piano2 if ! int]vals betwe5 ! vibrations be1 comp>atively speak+1 long1 ! note is grave2 b if )9 ! same giv5 "t ! vibrations be v num]\s1 ! note is 9 proportion acute4 ,"s notes h>monize ) ea*1 & !reby please ! m9d ?r\gh ! e>2 o!rs are discords1 & (f5d4 ,grave or acute notes dep5d ^u ! l5g? & ! t5sion ( ! /r+s ( an in/rum5t1 or ! l5g? ( a w9d in/rum5t4 ,9 ! piano1 ! l[ notes are produc$ by long1 ?ick /r+s1 ! high notes by sl5d]1 %ort wires1 9 :i* ! vibrations are excessively rapid4 ,9 ! viol91 :i* has /r+s ( equal l5g?1 ! ?9 /r+s = produc+ ! high tones are screw$ to a f> great] degree ( t5sion ?an ^? ( ! l[] tones2 & ea* /r+1 z its l5g? 7t is1 vibratory l5g?7 is %ort5$ by ! pressure ( ! f+] at due int]vals1 produces high & high] tones 9 proportion4 ,we h "h said en\gh 7= we aim n at a treatise on ac\/ics7 to %[ :at s\nd really is1 & :at are ! pr9cipal laws by :i* x is gov]n$4 ,we h also %[n1 t x is our m9d alone t takes cognizance ( ! impulses giv5 by vibratory wavelets ( ! atmosph]e to ! auditory n]ves2 consequ5tly1 t z ! m9d sees1 s ! m9d alone he>s1 = vibration _c 9 & ( itself be t s5sation :i* we call s\nd4 ,:at is ! k ga9$ ?r\gh ! e> by ! appreciation ( s\nd1 or 9 common language1 by he>+8 ,let u answ]3--,we commonly judge ( ! di/ance & position ( objects produc+ s\nd by ! s5se ( he>+1 b 9 ^! po9ts our accuracy greatly dep5ds ^u our att5tion & our exp]i5ce4 ,yet are we liable to deception2 we are ?or\ghly deceiv$ by a skilful v5triloqui/1 :o c s modulate 8 voice z to make x seem di/ant or ne>1 or to proce$ f "o qu>t] ( ! room or h\se1 or f ano!r4 ,! voice ( ! corn-crake 7,crax prat5sis7 is1 f "s cause or o!r1 v p]plex+2 sometimes x w appe> z if ! bird 7 only a few y>ds di/ant f u1 & ! next in/ant 9 "s f> "p ( ! field4 ,p]haps in/9ct leads x to alt] ! pit* ( its monoton\s cry1 9 ord] to deceive ! intrud]4 ,aga91 e*oes deceive ! e>2 n only may we mi/ake e*o = ! actual voice ( ! speak]1 b x may appe> z if close or di/ant1 fa9t or l\d1 & ?us 9 e po9t lead to errone\s conclusions4 ,t ! ord9>y animals ar\nd he> w n be d5i$1 nor c we bl9d ourselves z to ! fact1 t !y acquire a limit$ %>e ( in=mation1 be>+ ^u _! corporeal necessities1 ?r\gh ?is s5se4 ,animals h a natural language1 expressive ( pa9 or pleasure1 ( surprise1 ( fe>1 ( ang]2 & ?is language consi/s ( cries or tones1 v>i\sly modulat$1 ea* species hav+ its own range ( vocal intonations4 ,e species und]/&s ! simple in/9ctive language ( its own species4 ,"s birds1 = example1 z ! wild geese1 h s5t9els ar\nd ! flock :ile fe$+1 & rise en masse at ! w>n+ cry ( _! gu>ds4 ,:o has n m>k$ ! di/ress & agitation ( ! ewe1 :5 %e he>s ! pla9tive tremul\s bleat ( h] lamb1 =cibly sep>at$ f h]8 ,! w>n+ note ( ! cock1 8 cluck ( invitation1 8 scream ( surprise or fe>1 8 cackle ( agitation1 8 cr[ ( defiance1 are well und]/ood by 8 tra94 ,quadrup$s1 birds1 & ev5 "s insects call to ea* o!r1 & are answ]$ aga9-- ,/e$ answ]s /e$ ) l\d & boa/ful neigh+4 ,! bird invites 8 mate by a sweet /ra91 & is answ]$ by h] l[ *irp4 ,! call ( ! "y 9 _! ne/s is respond$ to by ! p>5ts2 ! p>5ts call to ea* o!r1 z if to assure !mselves ( ea* o!r's safety1 or to f9d out :]e !y mutually are1 & :at !y are do+4 ,imitation is an in/9ct2 we see x p[]ful 9 its dom9ion ov] *ildr52 x is 9 ex]cise be=e reason assumes a def9ite sway2 x prompts to ! acquisition ( ! "m-tongue1 till1 by repetition1 ! true pronunciation is acquir$1 & ! names ( all common articles kn[n3 !n reason /eps 94 ,b imitation is n conf9$ to ! human race2 monkeys imitate1 & ! grotesqu5ess ( _! imitations r5d]s !m ludicr\s2 !y d n imitate voice1 b action4 ,"s birds1 h[ev]1 imitate ! human voice1 & are easily taught to utt] words or s5t5ces1 7! p>rot1 ! m9o-bird1 ! magpie1 are examples17 nay1 ev5 to s+ musical airs ) great accuracy4 ,b1 by all ?is acquisition ?r\gh ! organ ( he>+1 !y ga9 no in=mation1 nor add to ! limit$ numb] ( _! ideas4 ,! p>rot may be1 inde$1 made by practice to associate ! s\nd ( a ^w1 say bread1 ) ! article ?us d5om9at$1 & to call = x by "n :5 want$2 b reason /eps n 9 to give fur!r assi/ance 9 ! build+ up ( idea ^u idea1 )\t :i* !re c be no def9ite language--no real spee*4 ,?\gh ! dog & ! horse _c utt] ! s\nd1 !y "k :at bread is q z well z ! p>rot1 &1 inde$1 ! e> ( ! dog is ! inlet to an in/9ctive m9d ( no mean ord]1 = ! ,almighty creat$ ! dog to be man's assi/ant & humble fri5d4 ,! "q has be5 (t5 moot$1 z to :e!r song-birds acquire _! respective w>ble or song by ! e> alone1 t is1 by li/5+ & imitat+1 z a *ild w\ld d1 or :e!r x is intuitive2 ! answ] is n v easy4 ,!re is an impulse 9 song-birds to express _! feel+s ( pleasure or enjoym5t1 by giv+ utt]ance to modulat$ s\nds1 s pleas+ to ! human e>1 t _! song leads too frequ5tly to _! fri5dly imprisonm5t4 ,"y birds1 br\ght up by _! p>5ts1 & ) a vocal pipe be/ fitt$ = ! enunciation ( ! /ra9 ( _! p>5ts1 7or r male p>5t17 rapidly acquire t /ra91 & soon beg9 to record1 or try x ov] 9 an "u tone1 & be>+ x 9 memory1 break out into full song :5 leafy spr+ returns4 ,nev]!less1 birds1 tak5 e>ly f ! ne/1 & put "u ! tuition ( o!r birds1 acquire to a c]ta9 ext5t ! song ( ! latt]1 (t51 inde$1 app>5tly p]fect2 yet1 p]haps1 c\ld our e>s cat* x1 we %\ld f9d t ! bird _h mu* ( ! p>5t acc5t 9 its acquir$ language4 ,?\gh birds receive ideas ( a simple "*1 & express simple feel+s1 und]/ood by ea* o!r1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( v>i\s s\nds1 yet no?+ f age to age is !reby add$ to _! k2 !y rema9 :at !y h be5 f ! comm5cem5t ( _! creation4 ,_! e>s are f> less ! inlets to k ?an _! eyes1 & ?is obs]vation applies g5]ally to ! l[] animals4 ,n[ let u turn to man4 ,sett+ aside mean+less s\nds & noises1 7"s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh ! association ( ideas1 are v grateful1 z ^? ( ! multif>i\s d5iz5s ( a f>m-y>d17 man d]ives bo? pleasure & k f a def9ite succession ( s\nds1 :i* appeal to 8 m9d1 z s\nd _c appeal to ! m9d ( ! l[] ord]s4 ,h[ laughable is ! fabl$ conte/ ( ! luti/ & ! night+ale1 & ( ! dea? ( ! latt] disappo9t$ ( ! victory--! luti/ might h enjoy$ ! w>bl+ ( ! bird1 b ! bird c\ld n h ent]$ z a rival into ! /ra9s ( ! luti/4 ,nev]!less1 f p]sonal obs]vation1 & f ! mo/ cr$ible au?orities1 we fe>lessly ass]t1 t _m animals are allur$ by sweet s\nds2 we h se5 rats peep+ out ( _! holes1 li/5+ to airs play$ on a flute2 & sir ,walt] ,scott says1 ,rude ,heisk>'s seals ?r\gh surges d>k1 ,w long pursue ! m9/rel's b>k4 ,a little liz>d 7! anolis7 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & snakes 9 ,nor? ,africa & ,india1 are attract$ by ! notes ( a rude pipe2 to d5y ?is is futile2 x has be5 prov$ 9 mod]n days1 & ! fact is notic$ 9 ,scripture4 ,"s animals1 :5 c]ta9 notes are /ruck1 or c]ta9 keys tri$ ov]1 are decid$ly agitat$1 & p]haps feel z we d :5 "s horrid s\nd sets our tee? on edge1--t is1 irritates by a my/]i\s sympa?y ! :ole n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 ! same way1 p]haps1 are animals pleas$ ) c]ta9 s\nds2 t is1 a sympa!tic tranquillity or pleas+ excitem5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em is produc$1 & !y yield1 in/9ctively1 to ! voice ( ! *>m]4 ,) reg>d to ourselves1 music 7we ne$ n ent] into a le>n$ explanation ( :at x is7 op]ates f> less ^u ! reason+ ?an ! in/9ctive faculties ( man4 ,tones1 modulations1 swell+s1 & cad5ces1 ?\gh no words be sung1 excite all ! emotions ( :i* our animal nature is capable4 ,b :5 words are us$--:5 music is m>ri$ to immortal v]se1 & an appeal ?r\gh language is also made to ! m9d1 !n1 inde$1 ! effect is trem5d\s4 ,a song %\t$ =? 9 ! /reets may ov]turn an empire4 ,:o kn[s n :at 0 ! effect ( ! ,jacobite songs 9 ,scotl&1 :5 ,*>lie came o'er ! wat]8 ,:o kn[s n ! effects result+ f ,caira & ! ,m>seillaise ,hymn8 ,^: bosom has n beat high :5 our own national hymn1 :5 ,rule ,britannia1 & o!r patriotic airs1 h be5 en]getically & effectively deliv]$8 ,9 f9e1 :o is !re t is n affect$ by music8 v few2 x is & has be5 a natural expression ( human feel+ appeal+ to human feel+1 s9ce ! "t ( ,jubal ev5 unto ! pres5t day2 & ,miriam's song ( triumph1 & ! songs 7h[ m\rnful67 ( ! daught]s ( ,judah on ! will[y banks ( ,babel's riv]s1 7 equally expressive ( natural emotions4 ,music1 !n1 )\t words1 appeals r to our animal feel+s ?an to our reason or m9d2 music1 ) suitable words1 appeals bo? to our animal feel+s & our m9d2 & music1 ) m]ely recollect$ words1 does ! same by concat5ation ( ideas2 & ?is also is (t5 ! result ( tones1 passages1 & cad5ces1 to :i* we h nev] he>d words appli$2 h5ce1 we talk ( a lively air1 a m]ry air1 a m>tial air1 a melan*oly air2 & h5ce a great poet wrote-- ,t /ra9 aga96 x _h a dy+ fall4 ,oh6 x came o'er my e> l ! sweet s\?1 ,t brea!s ^u a bank ( violets1 ,/eal+ & giv+ od\r4 ,"s airs1 aga91 are solemn1 & t5d to fill ! m9d ) awe1 or a feel+ ( devotion2 deep /ra9s ( melody 7 ^? :i* res\nd$ ?r\gh ! great temple1 :5 ! holy psalms ( ! %eph]d-k+ 7 *ant$1 & deeply 0 e he>t mov$ to ! wor%ip & adoration ( ! liv+ ,god4 ,oh1 su* %\ld ev] be our sacr$ music6 ,p]haps we are wrong1 b we confess t ! sweete/ air compos$ = an ord9>y song1 7h[ev] pure1 elegant1 or patriotic t song may be17 :5 introduc$ into ! h\se ( ,god grates ^u our feel+s4 ,we divide lit]ature into pr(ane & sacr$ 7mean+ no?+ (f5sive by ! t]m pr(ane7--let1 !n1 music be z /rictly divid$1 s t ! association ( ideas :i* a popul> air w1 9 spite ( ourselves1 eng5d]1 %all n creep 9 to int]tw9e ) ! sacr$ ex]cise ( praise & ?anksgiv+ to our ,creator & ,r$eem]1 :i* alone %\ld engage ! full =ce ( our m9d4 ,! p[] ( music 9 elevat+ ! m9d1 9 *e]+ x1 or1 on ! contr>y1 9 depress+ x1 has be5 felt f ! e>lie/ ages4 ,:5 ,saul 0 tr\bl$ 9 _s1 ,david took an h>p1 & play$ ) 8 h&3 s ,saul 0 refre%$1 & 0 well1 & ! evil _s dep>t$ f him4#af #af #a ,sam4 xvi4 #bc4 ,we h said1 t animals appeal to ea* o!r ?r\gh ! organs ( he>+ by cries or s\nds1 nor is man de/itute ( natural cries1 :i* are univ]sally und]/ood--! %\t ( exultation1 ! scream ( t]ror1 ! %riek ( agony1 ! moan+ ( m5tal or bodily suff]+1 & ! sobs ( sorr[1 speak to e he>t4 ,b1 besides ^! in/9ctive tones1 man acquires a def9ite language1 m or less ext5sive1 m or less capable ( express+ ab/ract or complex ideas1 & ev] 9 ^! po9ts be>+ progress ) ! advancem5t ( ! arts1 ) ! civilization & ) ! religion ( ! p4 ,!re are "s savage tribes :o _c c\nt a hundr$1 b we c c\nt to hundr$s ( millions1 till ! m9d becomes ov]:elm$ ) ! va/ness ( ! num]ical progression1 :i*1 let ea* unit /& = a million ( ye>s1 w\ld1 aft] all1 infr+e n on et]nity4 ,language is ! appeal ( def9ite s\nds1 ?r\gh ! organs ( he>+1 to ! m9d2 ^! s\nds are arbitr>y2 !y d n 9 any way repres5t ?+s1 or ! qualities1 or ! /ate ( ?+s2 =1 inde$1 language is bas$ altoge!r on a sy/em ( association--x has to be acquir$2 t is1 ! m9d has to be taught to associate c]ta9 s\nds ) c]ta9 m5tal p]ceptions2 b ^! s\nds d n mean ! same ?+ 9 e language or dialect4 ,on ?is po9t we ne$ n insi/1 nei!r ne$ we give examples1 :i* mu/ sugge/ !mselves to e read]1 if he reflects t !re are o!r tongues beside t :i* he speaks4 ,?\gh language consi/s 9 a sy/em ( s\nds utt]$ by ! m\?1 appeal+ ?r\gh ! s5se ( he>+ to ! m9d1 yet man has contriv$ to effect ! same purpose ?r\gh ! eye1 & h5ce is enabl$ to convey to o!rs at a di/ance 8 ?\ghts1 8 obs]vations1 8 wi%es1 & views--to transmit to po/]ity ! results ( 8 lab\rs & rese>*es1 or ! outp\r+s ( 8 g5ius4 ,8 plan is to employ c]ta9 m>ks or *>act]s1 drawn or impress$ on pap]1 b>k1 wood1 metal1 or o!r mat]ials1 :i* *>act]s %all be und]/ood4 ,^! *>act]s1 :i* we call an alphabet1 repres5t s\nds2 !y are made up into words1 & z our eye runs along !m ! v>y+ s\nds ( ! words are sugge/$1 & ) !m ! mean+2 ?is is t]m$ read+1 & if we utt] ! words1 read+ al\d4 ,b !re are o!r *>act]s1 n alphabetical1 :i* h be51 & /ill are1 9 use1 & :i* are symbols ( ideas1 & n ( s\nds4 ,:ile ! lett]s ( our alphabet are m]e symbols ( s\nds1 ! ,*9ese *>act]s or writt5 words are symbols ( ideas1 & alike intelligible to ! p ( ,co*9-,*9a1 ,japan1 ,loo-*oo1 & ,corea1 ) ^? ( ,*9a itself4 ,z ! be/ practical illu/ration ( a writt5 "*1 common to sev]al nations :o _c und]/& ea* o!r's spee*1 ,mr4 ,davis adduces ! ,arabic num]als1 common to all ,europe4 ,an ,engli%man1 :o c\ld n und]/& :at an ,italian meant if he said v5ti-due1 c\ld compreh5d him imm$iately if he wrote d[n tw5ty-two4 ,?is advantage1 :i* belongs to our num]als only1 p]ta9s to ! :ole language ( ! ,*9ese4 ,! uni=mity1 h[ev]1 9 ! writt5 "*1 does n prev5t ! exi/5ce ( great div]sities 9 ! oral languages ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntries & ,*9a1 & ev5 ( ! sep>ate prov9ces ( ! latt] c\ntry4 ,^! div]sities are precisely analog\s to ! diff]5t pronunciation giv5 to ! same num]ical *>act]s 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,to adduce ! =ego+ example--! numb] #bb1 :i* ! ,italian calls v5ti-due1 a ,fr5*man pron\nces v+t-deux1 & an ,engli%man tw5ty-two1 ?\gh all ?ree write !m j alike4 ,x is 9 ?is mann] t ! univ]sality ( ! ,*9ese language ext5ds only to ! writt5 "*1 & t ! natives ( ! two extremities ( ! empire1 :o read ! same books1 & und]/& ea* o!r p]fectly on pap]1 are all b mutually un9telligible 9 spee*4 ,! roots1 or orig9al *>act]s ( ! ,*9ese1 are only two hundr$ & f\rte5 9 numb]1 & might1 inde$1 be r$uc$ to a mu* small] am\nt by a little dissection & analysis4 ,^! are comb9$ ) ea* o!r to =m o!r words1 or express o!r ideas1 v mu* 9 ! same way t ! individual ,arabic num]als are comb9$ to express ! inf9ite v>ieties ( numb]s4 ,by a species ( analogy1 !y may be call$ ! alphabet ( ! language1 ) ! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 an alphabet ( ideas1 & an alphabet ( s\nds4#ag ,:5 ! ,*9ese wi% to write a ,european prop] "n1 !y h rec\rse to a contrivance :i* 9 "s respects approa*es ! phonetic hi]oglyphics ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,! ,*9ese *>act]s :5 ?us employ$ d n become alphabetic1 b repres5t ! entire syllable or s\nd :i* !y express 9 ord9>y use4 ,?us1 if we suppose ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 to /& respectively 9 ! place ( ?ree ,*9ese *>act]s1 int5d$ to give ! "n ,m>ia1 ! mode w\ld be ?us-- - ,a ,ma ,jasp] ,b ,li ,pr(it ,c ,ya ,second 9 rank4#ag - #ag ,see ,klapro?'s ,exam51 etc41 p4 #be4 ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 two modes ( writ+ 7 practis$1 namely1 ! common & ! hi]oglyphic4 ,!re 7 sev]al k9ds ( common *>act]s1 & also1 z x w\ld appe>1 ( hi]oglyphics4 ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria di/+ui%es f bo? ! hi]atic1 :i* 0 us$ by ! sacr$ regi/r>s4 ,! anci5t ,mexicans employ$ pictorial writ+2 & ( ?is nature we may consid] ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 repres5t+ ! *ief incid5ts ( ! invasion ( ,engl& by ,william ,i4 ,savages (t5 give in=mation to _! fri5ds1 or convey _! wi%es1 by cutt+ rude figures on ! b>k ( trees1 ! mean+ ( :i* is at once und]/ood by e individual ( ! tribe4 ,on ^! po9ts we h suffici5tly enl>g$4 ,our ma9 purpose is n[ to %[ h[ great an inlet to k ! e> is4 ,to ! eye speak ! writ+s ( antiquity1 ! accumulat$ wisdom ( successive g5]ations1 ! exp]i5ce ( sages1 & ^? holy records :i* conta9 ! oracles ( ,god1 ! sacr$ tru?s1 & ! revelation ( ! purposes ( ! ,almighty t[>ds a fall5 race4 ,x is by language1 z x appeals to ! eye1 t we commune ) ! mighty dead--t we receive into our m9ds ! sublime ideas ( a ,milton1 ! le>n+ ( a ,bacon1 or ! philosophy ( a ,newton4 ,b x is to ! e> t ! conv]sation ( ord9>y life is direct$2 ! directions1 ! reque/s1 ! comm&s t we cont9ually issue =? or receive--words ( congratulation1 consolation1 enc\ragem5t1 or in=mation--! eloqu5ce ( ! s5ate or ! b>--! /r5u\s admonitions or exhortations ( ! prea*]4 ,:at a wond]ful ?+ ! m9d ( man is1 t a few atmosph]ic vibrations on ! auditory n]ves1 or a few pictures on ! ret9a1 %\ld produce sorr[ or joy1 hope or fe>--%\ld communicate in/ruction or pleasure--%\ld excite sympa?y or love1 contempt or av]sion6 ,&1 aga91 h[ wond]fully is ! organic frame con/ruct$1 & adapt$ to ! conditions ( our planet1 t light & air %\ld communicate ?r\gh two ( our ext]nal s5ses ) ! m9d1 af=d+ x food = cogitation1 /ores ( k1 & intellectual gratification6 ,does ?is arise 9 any degree f ! sup]iority ( ! organs ( sight & he>+ 9 man8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,! vulture1 so>+ 9 ! upp] sky1 f> excels man 9 ! p[] ( vision4 ,yes1 & s does e bird t skims ! air1 or hov]s 9 que/ ( prey ov] ! surface ( ! great deep4 ,! dog1 ! horse1 ! antelope1 & num]\s o!r l[] animals1 h quick] e>s ?an man2 b !n ! m9d6 x is !re t ! diff]5ce lies2 ) a weak] sight ?an is usual1 ) a m imp]fect he>+ ?an is ord9>y1 sages & philosoph]s1 & hi/orians & poets1 h left to po/]ity ! brighte/ productions ( m5tal p[]4 ,hom] & ,milton 7 bl9d4 ,?r\gh ! s5se ( he>+ man communicates orally ) man1 & man utt]s 8 pray]s & praises orally to ,god1 z if ,god he>d ) e>s l ^? ( organic be+s4 ,x is natural t we %\ld ?us address ourselves to ! ,almighty1 because our conceptions ( him are necess>ily limit$ by ! measure ( our m9ds1 expansive z reg>ds ! l[] creation1 b n>r[--oh1 h[ n>r[6--comp>$ ) ! wisdom ( ! uncreate ,et]nal4 ,he t plant$ ! e>1 %all he n he>6#ah ,x matt]s n :e!r we murmur =? ) our lips1 or sil5tly ?9k !m 9 our m9d--,god he>s !m4 ,he he>s ! language ( our he>t1 ! aspirations & v[s ( our inmo/ s\l3 & he kn[s1 too1 7& he alone c "k17 :e!r we be s9c]e or ! contr>y4 ,! tongue ( ! hypocrite may deceive m51 b n ,god2 nay1 we may deceive ourselves by our own v]biage1 b ,god di/+ui%es ! pray] inspir$ by ! ,_s ( tru?1 f ! empty decl>ation ( excitem5t4 #ah ,psa4 xciv4 #i4 ,?us1 !n1 is ! e> an inlet ( a va/ am\nt ( k to ! m9d2 x conveys :at ! eye _c convey1 & x assi/s ! eye1 :ile 9 turn by ! eye x is assi/$2 &1 inde$1 t "o s5se %all support ano!r1 & be aga9 support$1 or correct$1 is orda9$ by our ,creator1 :o 9 wisdom has fa%ion$ our mortal framework1 ! t5em5t ( an undy+ s\l4 #c4 ,ta/e4--,! s5se ( ta/e conveys to ! m9d an impression f objects1 v dissimil> to t :i* is ga9$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! eye or ( ! e>2 nay1 dissimil> to t convey$ by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,! s5se ( ta/e resides 9 ! m\?2 t is1 x p]vades ! tongue1 ! palate1 & ! ph>ynx1 on :i* are di/ribut$ f9e ramifications ( ! fif?1 eigh?1 & n9? pair ( n]ves4 ,ta/e is ! appreciation ( ! sav\r ( bodies1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( c]ta9 *emical qualities1 :i*1 act+ on ! n]ves1 give to our m9d an agreeable or disagreeable s5sation2 h5ce ! t]ms sweet1 lusci\s1 acid1 v9\s1 s\r1 bitt]1 sal9e1 spicy1 aromatic1 etc4 ,"s bodies1 h[ev]1 are ta/eless--pure di/ill$ wat] is ta/eless1 & s w\ld a small globe ( glass be1 h[ev] long x 0 held 9 ! m\?2 b if we put our tongue to a piece ( brass1 or copp]1 we p]ceive at once a peculi> flav\r1 result+ f ! oxydiz$ film on its surface m+l+ ) ! saliva cov]+ ! n]v\s papill ( ! tongue4 ,! organs ( ta/e are plac$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! app>atus ( nutrition1 & _! assign$ "w is to te/ ! quality ( ! food receiv$1 !reby giv+ w>n+ le/ any noxi\s sub/ance be introduc$ into ! /oma*4 ,man1 inde$1 employs ! s5se ( ta/e f> less decid$ly 9 ?is mann] ?an d mo/ o!r animals2 he is omnivor\s2 9 ! nor? he reli%es tra9-oil & blubb]1 ! blood ( seals1 & animal food half raw1 :ile1 9 tropical regions1 he fe$s ^u boil$ rice or o!r gra91 season$ ) a little spice1 & acc\nts x a luxury4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! ta/e is 9 consonance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! sy/em1 plac$ "u opposite circum/ances4 ,man1 h[ev]1 acquires by habit an artificial ta/e1 & comes at la/ to reli% ?+s :i* he at fir/ dislik$1 & 9 _m in/ances ^! ?+s are m or less injuri\s4 ,nor is ?is artificial ta/e conf9$ only to man--we h se5 x 9 dome/ic animals--cats1 by nature exclusively c>nivor\s1 w eat boil$ cabbage ) reli%2 ! dog w acquire a p>tiality = bread & biscuit4 ,on ! contr>y1 "s ( our h]bivor\s animals may be taught to l animal food4 ,= example1 9 "s p>ts ( ,arabia1 fle%1 raw z well z cook$1 is occasionally giv5 to ! horses1 ) fragm5ts ( _! own]'s meals4 ,an inhabitant ( ,hamah assur$ ,burckh>dt1 t he _h (t5 giv5 8 horses roa/$ meat be=e ! comm5cem5t ( a fatigu+ j\rney1 t !y might be ! bett] able to endure x2 ?is same p]son1 z we le>n f ! le>n$ travell]1 fe>+ le/ ! gov]nor %\ld take f him 8 fav\rite horse1 f$ x = a =tnight exclusively ^u roa/$ pork1 :i* s excit$ its _s & mettle1 t x became absolutely unmanageable1 & no long] an object ( desire to ! gov]nor4 ,9 ! ,ed9burgh ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,hi/ory we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 ,we are assur$ by ,m4 ,yv>t1 t 9 ,auv]gne fat s\ps are giv5 to cattle1 especially :5 sick or enfeebl$1 = ! purpose ( invigorat+ !m4 ,! same practice is obs]v$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e ! c\ntry p mix1 9 w9t]1 fat bro? ) ! vegetables giv5 to _! cattle1 9 ord] to r5d] !m m capable ( resi/+ ! sev]ity ( ! wea!r4 ,^! bro?s h be5 long consid]$ efficaci\s by ! vet]9>y practition]s ( our own c\ntry1 9 re/or+ horses :i* h be5 enfeebl$ ?r\gh long illness4 ,x is said by ,peall to be a common practice 9 "s p>ts ( ,india to mix animal sub/ances ) ! gra9 giv5 to feeble horses1 & to boil ! mixture into a sort ( pa/e1 :i* soon br+s !m into good condition1 & re/ores _! vig\r4 ,pallas tells u1 t ! ,russian boors make use ( ! dri$ fle% ( ! ham/]1 r$uc$ to p[d]1 & mix$ ) oats1 & t ?is occasions _! horses to acquire a sudd5 & extraord9>y degree ( embonpo9t4 ,&]son relates1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,icel&1 t ! inhabitants fe$ _! horses ) dri$ fi%es :5 ! cold is v int5se1 & t ^! animals are extremely vigor\s1 ?\gh small4 ,we also "k1 t 9 ! ,f]o ,isl&s1 ! ,orkneys1 ! ,we/]n ,isl&s1 & 9 ,norway1 :]e ! climate is /ill v cold1 ?is practice is also adopt$2 & x is n uncommon1 9 "s v w>m c\ntries1 z 9 ! k+dom ( ,muskat1 9 ,arabia ,felix1 ne> ! ,/raits ( ,ormuz1 "o ( ! mo/ f]tile p>ts ( ,arabia2 fi% & o!r animal sub/ances are !re giv5 to ! horses 9 ! cold season1 z well z 9 times ( sc>city4 ,9 ,norway1 or at lea/ 9 "s di/ricts ( t c\ntry1 ! cattle are h\s$ dur+ ! long w9t] mon?s1 & f$ p>tially ^u hay1 b m pl5tifully on a k9d ( diet1 :i*1 /range & disgu/+ z we may ?9k x1 is said to be mu* reli%$4 ,?is consi/s ( a ?ick gelat9\s s\p1 made by boil+ ! heads ( fi%1 & mix+ horse-dung ) ! bro?2 s t ! boat ( a ,norwegian f>m] supplies n only himself & 8 family ) ! /aple portion ( w9t] subsi/5ce1 b 8 c[s also4 ,we d\bt mu* :e!r any wild h]bivor\s animals w fe$ ^u poison\s plants2 !y are con/antly 9 ! ex]cise ( _! in/9ctive faculties1 & to ^! faculties ! organs ( ta/e 7& smell7 adm9i/]4 ,h5ce !y con/antly reject all t is delet]i\s4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) dome/ic animals1 ^: in/9ct is mu* enfeebl$1 or curb$1 f ! peculi> circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,h5ce accid5ts (t5 happ51 to ! great loss ( ! f>m]2 = example1 bo? horses & horn$ cattle w crop ! foliage ( ! yew1 :i* (f]s a temptation to !m1 especially if und]f$1 or f$ almo/ exclusively on dry fodd]2 ! foliage ( ! yew is poison\s4 ,cattle (t5 p]i% f eat+ ! long-leav$ wat] hemlock1 or c[bane1 7,cicuta virosa47 ,:5 ,l9nu visit$ ,tornea1 he f\nd a t]rible malady sweep+ away ! cattle ( ! di/rict1 & :i* he at once trac$ to ! long-leav$ wat] hemlock4 ,sc>cely1 9 fact1 _h he cross$ ! riv]1 & l&$ f 8 boat on ! mead[1 be=e he felt conv9c$ ( ! orig9 ( ! mis*ief4 ,?is deadly plant grew !re 9 abundance1 & x appe>$ t z soon z ! cattle left (f _! w9t] fodd]1 & return$ to pa/urage1 !y di$ swoll5 & convuls$2 z ! summ] came on ! mortality decreas$1 & /ill m s ) ! advance ( autumn4 ,! lea/ att5tion1 says ,l9nu1 w conv9ce u t brutes reject :atev] is hurtful to !m1 & di/+ui% poison\s f salut>y plants by natural in/9ct1 s t ?is plant is n eat5 by !m 9 ! summ] & autumn1 :i* is ! reason t 9 ^? seasons s few cattle die2 namely1 su* only z ei!r by accid5t or press$ by extreme hung] eat ( x4 ,b :5 !y are let into ! pa/ures 9 spr+1 p>tly f _! gre$9ess aft] fre% h]bs1 & p>tly f ! empt9ess & hung] !y h und]gone dur+ a long w9t]1 !y dev\r e gre5 ?+ :i* comes 9 _! way4 ,x happ5s1 moreov]1 t h]bs at ?is "t are small1 & sc>cely supply food 9 suffici5t quantity4 ,!y are1 besides1 m juicy1 & cov]$ ) wat]1 & smell less /rong1 s t :at is noxi\s is n easily disc]n$ f :at is :olesome4 ,i obs]v$1 likewise1 t ! radical leaves 7 always bitt]1 ! o!r n1 :i* confirms :at ,i h j said4 ,i saw ?is plant 9 an adjo9+ mead[1 m[$ along ) grass = w9t] fodd]2 &1 !re=e1 x is n wond]ful t "s cattle1 ?\gh b a few1 %\ld die ( x 9 w9t]4 ,aft] ,i left ,tornea1 ,i saw no m ( ?is plant till ,i came to ! va/ mead[s ne> ,limm+51 :]e x appe>$ along ! road1 & :5 ,i got into ! t[n ,i he>d ! same compla9ts z at ,tornea1 ( ! annual loss ( cattle1 ) ! same circum/ances4 ,monk%ood1 mead[-sweet1 hemlock1 7,conium maculatum17 mead[-saffron1 foxglove1 etc41 are occasionally eat5 by c[s1 & prove fatal4 ,! s5se ( ta/e v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t animals2 9 granivor\s birds1 9 reptiles & fi%es g5]ally1 we _c suppose t ! impressions made on ! gu/atory n]ves are at all delicate2 !y swall[ _! food entire at a s+le gulp1 & _! tongue is cov]$ ) a ?ick or a horny cuticle4 ,among birds1 ! c>nivor\s tribes1 ! p>rots1 & ! swans1 & true ducks1 possess ! s5se ( ta/e 9 consid]able p]fection4 ,among reptiles1 tortoises & vegetable-fe$+ liz>ds1 z ! iguana1 are1 z x w\ld seem1 sup]ior to ! o!rs2 & among fi%es1 x is probable t ^? :i* fe$ on m>9e or aquatic vegetables1 are end[$ ) a high] degree ( ta/e ?an ^? :i* prey ^u o!r fi%es1 :i* !y engulph at once4 ,x _c be d5i$ t _m insects1 z bees1 wasps1 butt]flies1 ! h\se-fly1 & v>i\s o!rs1 enjoy a ke5 s5se ( ta/e1 & reli% ! sweets :i* prove s attractive to !m4 ,among ! mollusca1 "s1 at lea/1 are end[$ ) ! s5se ( ta/e 9 no l[ degree2 ! snail & ! slug are examples 9 po9t1 z ! g>d5] c readily te/ify4 ,:at in=mation d we ga9 by ! s5se ( ta/e8 ,! eye & ! e> conduce to our m5tal improvem5t1 to our /ore ( k1 to our appreciation ( ! sublime & beautiful4 ,eloqu5ce1 music1 poetry1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 sc5]y--! glory ( ! sun1 & ! moon1 & ! />s--^! appeal to our m9d ?r\gh ! organs ( sight & he>+2 b ! s5se ( ta/e adm9i/]s r to our animal ?an to our intellectual be+1 &1 d\btless1 ! pleasures ( ta/e contribute greatly to ! enjoym5ts ( our exi/5ce4 ,ta/e1 !n1 belongs to u less z spiritual1 intellectual1 immortal be+s1 ?an z corporeal1 mortal be+s2 nev]!less1 x is "p ( our nature1 implant$ 9 u by an all-wise ,god1 9 ord] t we %\ld reli% ! provisions = su/a9+ life1 :i* he has s b\ntifully provid$4 ,to pret5d t we are indiff]5t to ! pleasure or ! disgu/ result+ f ta/e is an untru?--nay1 x is to say t ,god's gifts to u are n wor? our consid]ation4 ,our ,"l & ,savi\r 0 "o ( a p>ty at a m>riage fea/1 & :5 ! w9e 0 exhau/$1 he turn$ wat] into w9e1 :i* 0 sup]ior to t previ\sly pass$ r\nd4 ,?is beg9n+ ( miracles did ,jesus 9 ,cana ( ,galilee1 & manife/$ =? 8 glory4#ai ,b :ile1 ) a heal?y appetite we reli% our food1 giv+ ?anks to ,god = 8 b\nty1 let u n be epicures or gluttons2 let our mod]ation be se52 let u use1 n abuse1 ! gifts ( our heav5ly ,fa!r4 #ai ,john ii4 #aa4 #d4 ,smell4--,on a f9e1 filmy membrane1 :i* l9es ! labyr9? ( ! nasal cavities1 are di/ribut$ ! delicate ramifications ( ! olfactory n]ves1 or ! n]ves ( smell4 ,^! n]ves are con/ruct$ = transmitt+ to ! m9d impressions aris+ f ! float+ exhalations ( odorif]\s sub/ances4 ,x is ?r\gh ^! nasal cavities1 pr9cipally1 t man & quadrup$s brea!2 h5ce ! respiration ( ! air in=ms u ( our proximity to objects disgu/+ & noxi\s1 or1 on ! contr>y1 attractive f _! fragrance4 ,surely we ne$ n adduce in/ances 9 pro( ( our position4 ,! sc5t ( putresc5t animal or vegetable matt]s is 9 itself a w>n+ to u to retire f ! locality ( mortific corruption1 & escape f ! region ( disease4 ,h[ loa?some to our s5se are ^! putresc5t effluvia6 ,!y nauseate u ev5 to sickness--nay1 sometimes almo/ to fa9t+2 inde$1 ! writ] has se5 a viol5t fit ( epilepsy produc$ by ! ov]p[]+ & horribly disgu/+ od\r ( ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! sc5t p\* ( a small quadrup$1 ! grison1 7,galictis vittata17 :i* he 0 dissect+1 ! suff]] be+ a practical zoologi/1 accu/om$ to ! dissect+-room4 ,b :5 ! voice ( ! night+ale is he>d1 & ! air is load$ ) ! p]fume ( ! haw?orn blossom1 & ( ?\s&s ( spr+ fl[]s1 are we n invit$1 z x 7 by a secret call1 to walk abroad ?r\gh woodl&s & mead[s1 contemplat+ ! works ( ,god8 ,we are ?us lur$ to b5eficial ex]cise--to inhale ,! breezy fragrance ( ! morn-- to =get ! trials ( life1 & muse ^u a /ill bright] _w1 :]e ! fl[]s p]i% n1 :]e /orms come n1 & :]e w9t] is unkn[n4 ,?us1 to our bodily heal? d our s5ses adm9i/]2 & ?us ! s5se ( smell calls u f ! close room ( ! popul\s city1 into ! fre% air ( ! c\ntry--f ! cr[d$ t[n1 ,:]e h\ses ?ick & sew]s annoy ! air1 to issue =? on a summ]'s morn1 & brea! ! pure air r$ol5t ( sweete/ od\rs4 ,:5 ov]p[]+ly (f5sive effluvia disgu/ u1 we endeav\r to /op our brea?--we brea! at protract$ int]vals1 take 9 z little air z possible1 & endeav\r to escape f ! infect$ locality2 b d we flee away f ! gale be>+ ! sc5t ( ! honey-suckle1 ! bean-field1 or ! new-m[n hay8 ,x is1 inde$1 r to our pleasures1 to our m5tal enjoym5t1 to our delight1 or to our disgu/ & abhorr5ce1 t our s5se ( smell adm9i/]s4 ,we dep5d little ^u x = our discrim9ation betwe5 ?+s act+ z poison1 & ?+s nutriti\s or :olesome4 ,h[ pleasant is ! smell ( laurel-wat] or prussic acid--h[ dull & insipid ! smell ( :eat5 fl\r6 ,we mu/ n1 !n1 always be guid$ by our s5se ( smell1 al?\gh 9 g5]al x s]ves u z a monitor4 ,! s5se ( smell is intimately comb9$ ) t ( ta/e2 inde$1 x is a p[]ful auxili>y to x1 =1 z a le>n$ writ] well obs]ves1 ta/e1 )\t ! aid ( smell1 w\ld be v vague 9 its indications1 & limit$ 9 its range4 ,nev]!less1 savage p1 9 :om ! s5se ( smell is f> m acute ?an 9 civiliz$ races1 d n appe> to possess a great] ref9em5t ( ta/e--inde$1 :at ! =m] reg>d z delicacies w\ld be reject$ by ! latt] ) abhorr5ce4 ,mo/ quadrup$s possess ! s5se ( smell 9 f> great] p]fection ?an man1 & are evid5tly influ5c$ by x 9 _! *oice or rejection ( food4 ,9 ! c>nivor\s tribes ?is s5se is1 p]haps1 at its highe/ ratio1 & _m pursue _! prey guid$ by _! olfactory organs alone4 ,c]ta9 od\rs are agreeable to "s few animals1 irrespective ( food2 b on ?is po9t our range ( in=mation is limit$4 ,! cat delights 9 ! sc5t ( val]ian1 & "s o!r h]bs1 al?\gh !y are n among ! articles ( ?is animal's diet2 yet to ! cat & ! dog1 ! od\r ( ! sweete/ fl[]s yields no pleasure4 ,birds1 9 g5]al1 are end[$ ) ! s5se ( smell 9 a f> l[] degree ?an quadrup$s1 & ! olfactory organs are f> less develop$4 ,birds ( prey are guid$ by _! ke5 p[]s ( vision1 &1 inde$1 if we are to tru/ to ! exp]im5ts ( ,audubon1 ! s5se ( smell ev5 9 ! c>rion-lov+ vulture1 contr>y to ! op9ion ( ! anci5ts1 z well z ( mod]n naturali/s1 is at a l[ ratio2 =1 z he ass]ts1 ! /uff$ sk9 ( an animal w attract a vulture f its pride ( place1 9 ! upp] regions ( ! air4 ,x is true t ?is ass]tion has be5 contradict$ by ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 b x is aga9 confirm$ by ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations ( ,mr4 ,ba*man1 :i* are record$ 9 ,l\don's ,magaz9e ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 viii4 #afg2 & ,m4 ,levuillant seems to h consid]$ t x is by ! eye *iefly1 if n exclusively1 t ! vulture obta9s its disgu/+ food4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations f ! proce$+s ( ! ,zoological ,society w be "h1 p]haps1 n unacceptable3-- ,m>* #ad?1 #ahcg4--;,a pap] 0 read on ! habits ( ! ,vultur ,aura1 by ,mr4 ,w4 ,sells1 ) notes ( ! dissections ( ! heads ( two specim5s1 by ,mr4 ,r4 ,ow54 ,! writ] /ates1 t ?is bird is f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ! isl& ( ,jamaica1 :]e x is kn[n by ! "n ( ,john ,cr[2 & s valuable are its s]vices 9 ! removal ( c>rion & animal fil?1 t ! legislature h impos$ a f9e ( #e ^u any "o de/roy+ x )9 a /at$ di/ance ( ! pr9cipal t[ns4 ,its ord9>y food is c>rion1 b :5 press$ h>d ) hung]1 x w seize ^u "y f[ls1 rats1 & snakes4 ,aft] notic+ ! highly (f5sive od\r emitt$ f ! eggs ( ?is bird :5 brok51 ,mr4 ,sells relates ! foll[+ in/ances :i* h come "u 8 own p]sonal obs]vation1 = ! purpose ( prov+ t ! ,vultur ,aura possesses ! s5se ( smell 9 a v acute degree4 ,x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r ! vulture discov]s its food by means ( ! organ ( smell or t ( sight4 ,i appreh5d t its p[]s ( vision are v consid]able1 & ( mo/ important use2 b t x is pr9cipally f highly organiz$ olfactories t x s spe$ily receives intellig5ce ( :]e ! sav\ry morsel is to be f\nd1 w pla9ly appe> by ! foll[+ facts4 ,9 hot climates1 ! burial ( ! dead commonly takes place 9 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs aft] dea?1 & t necess>ily1 s rapidly does decomposition take place4 ,on "o occasion1 ,i _h to make a po/ mortem exam9ation ( a body )9 tw5ty h\rs aft] dea?1 9 a mill-h\se completely conceal$1 & :ile s engag$ ! ro( ( ! mill-h\se 0 ?ickly /udd$ ) ^! birds4 ,ano!r in/ance 0 t ( an old pati5t & mu* valu$ fri5d1 :o di$ at midnight2 ! family _h to s5d = necess>ies = ! fun]al to ,spani% ,t[n1 di/ant ?irty miles1 s t ! int]m5t c\ld n take place until noon ( ! second day1 or ?irty-six h\rs aft] 8 decease1 long be=e :i* "t--& a mo/ pa9ful sight x 0--! ridge ( ! %+l$ ro( ( 8 h\se1 a l>ge mansion ( b "o floor1 _h a numb] ( ^! melan*oly h]alds ( dea? p]*$ !reon1 beside _m m :i* _h settl$ 9 trees 9 its imm$iate vic9ity4 ,9 ^! cases1 ! birds mu/ h be5 direct$ by smell alone1 z sight 0 totally out ( ! "q4 ,9 opposition to ! above op9ion1 x has be5 /at$ by ,mr4 ,audubon1 t vultures & o!r birds ( prey possess ! s5se ( smell 9 a v inf]ior degree to c>nivor\s quadrup$s1 & t1 s f> f guid+ !m to _! prey f a di/ance1 x af=ds !m no indication ( its pres5ce ev5 :5 at h&4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is op9ion1 he relates1 t he /uff$ ! sk9 ( a de] full ( hay1 & plac$ x 9 a field2 9 a few m9utes a vulture light$ ne> x1 & directly proce$$ to attack x1 b f9d+ no eatable food1 he at l5g? quitt$ x4 ,& he fur!r relates1 t a dead dog 0 conceal$ 9 a n>r[ rav9e1 tw5ty feet bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? ar\nd x1 & fill$ ) bri]s & high canes2 t _m vultures 7 se5 sail+ ov] ! spot1 b none discov]$ x4 ,i may rem>k ^u ! above exp]im5ts1 t1 9 ! fir/ case1 ! /ag 0 d\btless se5 by ! birds1 b x does n foll[ t !y might n also h smelt ! hide1 al?\gh inodor\s to ! human nose2 9 ! second case1 ! birds _h be5 und\bt$ly attract$ by ! smell1 h[ev] emb>rass$ !y might h be5 by ! concealm5t ( ! object :i* caus$ x4 ,i h1 9 _m hundr$ in/ances1 se5 ! vulture fe$+ ^u small objects "u rocks1 bu%es1 & 9 o!r situations1 :]e x 0 utt]ly impossible t ! bird c\ld h discov]$ !m b ?r\gh ! s5se ( smell2 & we are to recollect1 t ! habit ( ! vulture is t ( so>+ al(t 9 ! air1 & n t ( =ag+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,to ?is acc\nt are app5d$ ! details ( a m9ute comp>ison1 by pr(essor ,ow51 ( ! olfactory n]ves & ! olfactory bran* ( ! fif? pair 9 ! ,vultur ,aura1 ) ^? ( ! common turkey & ! goose4 ,! le>n$ anatomi/ concludes by say+1 ! above notes %[ t ! vulture has a well-develop$ organ ( smell1 b :e!r he f9ds 8 prey by t s5se alone1 or 9 :at degree x assi/s1 anatomy is n s well calculat$ to expla9 z exp]im5t4 ,x is f> f be+ impossible t ,mr4 ,wat]ton & ,mr4 ,wells on "o side1 & ,mr4 ,audubon & 8 p>ty on ! o!r1 may be bo? correct1 = 9 diff]5t species ( vulture ! p[] ( smell may greatly diff]2 we "k t x does among c>nivor\s quadrup$s1 :i* seek _! prey1 "s *iefly by sight1 o!rs by _! acut5ess ( sc5t4 ,among reptiles1 ! s5se ( smell appe>s to be at a l[ ratio1 nor c we suppose t x is acute 9 fi%es4 ,9 fact1 9 fi%es ! nasal cavities are rudim5tal1 & d n communicate ) ! organs ( respiration4 ,!y are no?+ m ?an bl9d sacs1 plac$ "o on ea* side 9 front ( ! head1 ) two ext]nal op5+s app]ta9+ to ea* sac4 ,! pr9cipal entrance is valvul>1 & on a curi\sly plait$ membrane 9 ! sac itself1 or on tuft$ or arboresc5t filam5ts1 are ! ramifications ( ! olfactory n]ves di/ribut$4 ,t fi%es are attract$ or repell$ by ! odor\s effluvia ( bodies1 diffus$ ei!r ?r\gh ! wat] itself or ?r\gh ! air :i* ! wat] conta9s1 is too well asc]ta9$ to be d5i$4 ,fi%es1 9 fact1 are attract$ by c]ta9 odorif]\s sub/ances1 & angl]s (t5 use baits impregnat$ ) "s volatile oil4#bj #bj ,on ?is subject see ,izaak ,walton's ,complete ,angl]4 ,we _c = a mom5t d\bt t insects smell2 t ants & bees are greatly direct$ by ?is s5se 9 _! se>* aft] food2 t c>rion-lov+ beetles are !reby guid$ f a di/ance to _! repa/2 t ! fle%-fly is l$ to putresc5t animal sub/ances2 & we "k t ! fle%-fly is sometimes deceiv$ by ! smell ( c]ta9 plants emitt+ a cadav]\s od\r1 & deposits h] eggs ^u !m1 ! l>v p]i%+ = want ( prop] food4 ,9 :at organ ! s5ses ( smell 9 insects are plac$ does n appe> v pla91 & ! l obs]vation applies to ! cru/acea1 z crabs & lob/]s1 = :i* bait$ traps are set1 & into :i* !y are allur$ by _! s5se ( smell4 ,no di/9ct organs ( smell h be5 discov]$ 9 ! mollusca1 yet x is inconte/able t "s ( ^! creatures are capable ( appreciat+ od\rs4 ,we _c suppose t 9 ! highly-organiz$ & savage cuttle-fi% ?is s5se is want+2 & we "k t snails & slugs are attract$ f a di/ance by ! od\r ( ! fav\rite plants or fruits on :i* !y fe$4 ,! g>d5 slugs are fond ( animal food1 z we c te/ify1 & !y w pick bones ) reli%2 we h se5 ! holl[ ( a m>r[-bone ?r[n into ! g>d5 fill$ ! next morn+ ) slugs1 :i* _h completely clean$ x4 ,:e!r ! bivalve mollusks1 z mussels1 oy/]s1 clams1 etc41 h any def9ite s5se ( smell1 we _c asc]ta91 b we conjecture t !y are end[$ ) ! s5se ( ta/e1 = !y "k :at to accept & :at to refuse4 ,we h said t man d]ives pleasure or disgu/ f ! ex]cise ( ! s5se ( smell1 & is greatly direct$ !reby :at to *oose & :at to avoid2 yet ?is s5se h>monizes ) ^? ( sight1 he>+1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ta/e1 to r5d] ?is _w delightful to u1 if we use ,god's gifts aright4 ,has he n scatt]$ ! lovelie/ fl[]s 9 g>d5 & mead[8 ,has he n creat$ fruits t gratify alike ! sight1 ! t\*1 ! ta/e1 & ! smell8 ,has he n spread ! beauties ( nature ar\nd u8 ,0 n ! g>d5 ( ,ed5 prep>$ = our fir/ p>5ts8 ,yes2 b s9 has ent]$ ! _w1 & ov] fl[] & fruit has be5 ! trail ( ! s]p5t4 ,a few passages f ! ,scriptures1 on :i* we ne$ n comm5t1 w s]ve to %[ ! figurative notice (1 or ref]5ce to ?is s5se by ! sacr$ writ]s1 9 ord] to influ5ce ! m9d ( man ?r\gh an appeal to 8 own s5sations4 ,an od\r ( a sweet smell1 a sacrifice acceptable1 well-pleas+ to ,god1 ,phil4 iv4 #ah4 ,works pleas+ to ! ,"l1 de$s ( *>ity & m]cy1 done by ! believ] z a te/imony ( 8 lively fai?1 & a pro( to ! _w t fai? eng5d]s good works2 su* works1 & n ^? ( ! ph>isee1 are an od\r acceptable to ,god4 ,walk 9 love1 z ,*ri/ also ha? lov$ u1 & ha? giv5 himself = u an (f]+ & a sacrifice to ,god = a sweet-smell+ sav\r1 ,eph4 v4 #b4 ,let u1 :o call ourselves ,*ri/ians1 s walk1 t our conduct be=e m5 may be aft] ! patt]n ( ,him1 :o1 9 love to a fall5 race1 (f]$ himself z a sacrifice fragrant unto ,god ! ,fa!r1 t we might escape ! sword ( ju/ice4 ,:5 ,noah (f]$ burnt-(f]+s on ! alt>1 ! ,"l smell$ a sweet sav\r1 ,g54 viii4 #ba2 & to ,him ev5 n[1 ,o read]1 w be fragrant true p5it5ce & fai? 9 t ,m$iator1 ( :om ! sacrifices "u ! primitive disp5sation 7 b types1 & 9 ?is s5se only did !y waft inc5se to ! ?rone ( ! ,almighty6 ,! language is altoge!r figurative2 b h[ p]t95t to our feel+s1 & !re=e h[ cle> to our und]/&+1 & h[ =cible6 #e4 ,t\*4--,( all ! s5ses1 n "o is s important to u z t ( tact or t\*4 ,x is ! f\ndation1 z x 71 ( all our k ( ! mat]ial _w1 & accord+ to _! elevation 9 ! scale ( be+ d animals enjoy ?is s5se 9 great] p]fection1 & possess organs 9 :i* x is m especially conc5trat$4 ,we "h di/+ui%1 betwe5 m]e feel+ & t\*4 ,we consid] ! w+s ( ! bat1 & ! ant5n ( insects1 r z feel]s ?an z organs ( exact appreciation4 ,! s5se ( feel+ is diffus$ ov] ! :ole surface ( our body2 b ! s5se ( t\*1 s f> z man is conc]n$1 resides 9 ! h&1 & especially 9 ! pulpy tips ( ! f+]s4 ,x is true t we use ! ^w feel :5 we te/ ! qualities ( bodies ) our h&s1 & 9 ?is s5se our h&s are feel]s4 ,b we d]ive a k f ! use ( our h&s1 :i* no o!r animal d]ives f ! ex]cise ( any organ ( tact x may possess4 ,nor is ?is to be wond]$ at1 = 9 all o!r animals tact or t\* adm9i/]s only to _! physical necessities4 ,= example1 ! s5se ( t\* 9 ! pulpy end ( ! beak ( ! snipe or woodcock mu/ be exquisite--multitud9\s are ! n]ves supply+ t "p--= ev5 ! s(t worm or l>va 9 ! oozy gr\nd is felt1 & ! f+] ( man w\ld mo/ probably fail "h2 b 9 man ! s5se ( t\* appeals to ! m9d1 & communicates m5tal pleasure1 m5tal in/ruction1 or ev5 m5tal disquietude4 ,ev5 z discords 9 music1 or grat+ s\nds1 su* z ! fil+ ( a saw1 or ! rubb+ ( cork aga9/ a wall1 excite ! n]v\s sy/em ?r\gh ! m9d1 s does ! s5se ( t\* di/urb ! m9d & body :5 t :i* is t\*$ is discordant4 ,a lady ( ! writ]'s acqua9tance1 by no means timid1 & by no means afraid ( snakes1 0 induc$ to let a common snake glide ?r\gh h] h&2 %e bore ! s5sation ) firmness1 b %e ne>ly fa9t$ :5 ! snake _h crept ?r\gh h] grasp1 & describ$ ! work+ ( ! reptile's ribs & abdom9al plates z communicat+ an indescribable s5sation4 ,yet t snake 0 a sort ( pet1 & %e us$ to /roke its head1 & feel its lamb5t tongue quiv] aga9/ h] h&4 ,%e 0 n afraid1 b ! s5sation j>r$ l discordant notes4 ,7 p]sons to write d[n _! exp]i5ces ( ! pleas+ & unpleas+ s5sations d]iv$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! diff]5t s5ses1 & 7 ^? notes collect$ toge!r1 we %\ld h a mass ( mo/ int]e/+ & in/ructive in=mation1 well wor?y ! /udy ( a physiologi/4 ,aft] all1 h[ev]1 ! s5se ( t\* or tact gives less pleasure to man ?an t ( sight1 he>+1 ta/e1 or smell2 x appreciates nei!r col\rs nor h>mony1 nor ! flav\r ( lusci\s vi&s1 nor ! od\r ( fl[]s & p]fumes2 b x communicates greatly to 8 /ore ( in=mation4 ,x is a matt] ( fact s5se1 & ?\gh an old poet has said-- ,h y felt ! wool ( ! beav]1 ,or swan's d[n1 ev]8 x is n "o ( ! s5ses :i* figure on ! page ( poetry or romance4 ,we discrim9ate1 !n1 betwe5 ! s5se ( t\* & t ( m]e feel+4 ,mo/ probably all animals1 ev5 ! l[e/ mollusks1 feel1--nay1 ev5 animals 9 :i* no n]ves are to be discov]$1 z ! acaleph1 or jelly fi%es2 b t\* is a ref9em5t ^u feel+1 :i* is re/rict$ )9 c]ta9 zoological b\nds4 ,a le>n$ writ] says3 ,! conditions on :i* ! p]fection ( ! s5se ( t\* dep5ds are1 fir/1 an abundant provision ( s(t papill1 suppli$ ) num]\s n]ves2 secondly1 a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess 9 ! cuticle2 ?irdly1 a s(t cu%ion ( a cellul> sub/ance b5ea? ! sk92 f\r?ly1 a h>d resi/+ basis1 su* z t :i* is provid$ 9 ! nails ( ! human f+]s2 & la/ly1 x is requisite t ! organ be s con/ruct$ z to be capable ( be+ readily appli$1 9 a v>iety ( directions1 to ! unequal surfaces ( bodies1 = ! clos] ! contact1 ! m accurate w be ! p]ceptions convey$4 ,9 =m+ an e/imate ( ! degree ( p]fection 9 :i* ! s5se is ex]cis$ 9 any p>ticul> animal1 we mu/ accord+ly take into acc\nt ! mobility1 ! capability ( flexion1 & ! figure ( ! p>ts employ$ z organs ( t\*4#ba #ba ,dr4 ,roget4 ,?is is decid$ly true z reg>ds ! high] ord]s ( creation2 b let u look at insects--d n bees1 & wasps1 & flies feel8 c we wat* a fly bru%+ its head & w+s1 & rubb+ its little paws aga9/ ea* o!r1 )\t an assurance t x enjoys ! s5se ( t\*8 & :at %all we say ( ! spid]1 t feels at ea* ?read1 & lives along its l9e8 ,surely its s5se ( t\* mu/ be suffici5tly acute2 yet x is limit$ to a c]ta9 giv5 object1 & ! spid] ga9s only t in=mation :i* be>s ^u its animal necessities4 ,b ! s5se ( t\* gives to man a numb] ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 :i* he reta9s z ab/ract ideas1 su* z dim5sion1 =m1 condition ( surface1 h>dness1 s(tness1 ela/icity1 compressibility1 fluidity1 quiesc5ce1 motion4 ,9 _m & mo/ important respects x assi/s ! eye2 &1 inde$1 ! s5ses ( sight & ( t\* appe> to be correctors & support]s ( ea* o!r4 ,z 9 ! case ( e o!r s5se1 accuracy is greatly improv$ by habit1 yet ! qualities ( matt]1 "u ! dom9ion ( t\*1 are asc]ta9$ 9 s correct a mann] t we are sc>cely ev] deceiv$ by ! k ?us acquir$4 ,dr4 ,flem+1 9 8 ,philosophy ( ,zoology1 ?us writes3 ,! s5se ( t\* appe>s 9 man to be able to obta9 ne>ly all ! in=mation1 ) reg>d to ext]nal objects1 :i* x is capable ( receiv+4 ,9 a few in/ances1 ! l[] animals surpass u 9 ! delicacy ( ! s5se1 z ! bat1 :i* is w>n$ indirectly by its aid ( ! pres5ce ( bodies previ\s to com+ 9 contact ) !m4 ,! feel]s ( insects are likewise bett] adapt$ = explor+ ! condition ( ! surface ( bodies ?an any organ :i* we possess4 ,b 9 all ^! ! s5sibility ( t\* is limit$ to p>ticul> qualities1 or conf9$ )9 n>r[ b\nds4 ,! human h&1 on ! contr>y1 by its motions1 ! pliability & /r5g? ( ! f+]s1 & _! s(tness1 is ! mo/ ext5sive & p]fect organ ( t\* possess$ by any animal4 ,! accuracy ( ! s5se ( t\* is greatly improv$ by habit2 & :5 its res\rces are 9 con/ant dem&1 z 9 ! in/ance ( p]sons depriv$ ( sight1 or born bl9d1 its discrim9at+ p[]s are wond]fully increas$4 ,! same obs]vation applies also to ! s5se ( he>+1 :i* 9 bl9d p]sons g5]ally is extremely acute & accurate 9 its p]ceptions4 ,9 a ,mon?ly ,volume1 publi%$ by ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society1 & entitl$ ,comp>isons ( ,/ructure 9 ,animals3 ! ,h& & ! ,arm1 ! read] w f9d a g5]al acc\nt ( ! /ructure & uses ( ! ant]ior limbs ( man & ! l[] animals1 & ( ! sub/itutes = ! h&1 z an organ ( t\* & preh5sion1 ) :i* _m ( ! latt] are provid$4 ,dr4 ,flem+ reg>ds ! s5se ( heat z di/9ct f t ( t\*1 &1 9 fact1 z claim+ to be "o ( ! s5ses4 ,! s5se ( t\*1 he writes1 is exclusively occupi$ ) exam9ations ( ! conditions ( resi/ance4 ,contact1 !re=e1 is indisp5sably requisite = enabl+ ! organ to act ^u ! object1 & muscul> ex]tion to exam9e its condition4 ,nei!r ( ^! is necess>y to enable ! s5se ( heat to act4 ,caloric rays emanate f a heat$ body1 ?\gh at a di/ance2 & 9 ord] to asc]ta9 _! direction & int5sity no muscul> ef=t is requir$4 ,:5 ! heat$ body happ5s to be 9 contact ) u1 we 9 l mann] exam9e its conditions 9 ref]5ce to temp]ature )\t any muscul> ex]tions1 or1 r1 we try to avoid !m4 ,?us1 :5 ,i lay my h& ^u ! table to exam9e its h>dness or smoo?ness1 ,i make an obvi\s muscul> ef=t ) my f+]s2 b :5 ,i lay my h& ^u ! table to exam9e its temp]ature1 ,i endeav\r to *eck all motion1 s z to keep my h& 9 ! same position4 ,^! qualities ( ! s5se ( heat suffici5tly di/+ui% x f t ( t\*1 ) :i* x has be5 conf\nd$1 & ju/ify its e/abli%m5t z a di/9ct p[] ( p]ception4 ,x is true t we _c te/ caloric by ! t\*1 b x does n appe> to u t an appreciation ( caloric involves any o!r s5se ?an t ( ord9>y cutane\s feel+2 ! feel+ ( heat or cold is a m]e s5sation1 agreeable or pa9ful z circum/ances may be1 & x is natural t we %\ld wi% to exp]i5ce t temp]ature :i* is mo/ cong5ial to u4 ,we say t m>ble is cold & wood w>m1 yet bo? may be ( ! same temp]ature2 b ! m>ble produces a s5sation ( coolness1 because x rapidly ab/racts caloric f ! "p appli$ to x2 ! sk9 is1 9 fact1 a v imp]fect !rmomet]1 yet suffici5t = all ord9>y purposes4 ,x conceals ! ma*9]y ( our bodies1 giv+ beauty ( outl9e & appe>ance1 & be+ provid$ ) a mo/ m9ute network ( n]ves ( s5sation1 x gives u w>n+ by ! pa9 exp]i5c$ ( :at ?+s are to be avoid$4 ,a burn$ *ild dreads ! fire is an old say+1 & a boy :o has be5 /ung by a nettle w n ra%ly m$dle ) ! plant aga94 ,all our s5ses require tra9+ & education2 !y are taught1 ev5 z we are taught language4 ,x is "s "t be=e ! infant sees di/9ctly1 or =ms any idea ( size1 proportion1 or di/ance2 long be=e x he>s accurately1 & und]/&s a ^w ( spee*2 long] /ill be=e x discrim9ates betwe5 musical notes2 x is long be=e delici\s od\rs are reli%$1 & long be=e !re is mu* di/9ction ( flav\r 9 food1 = in/9ct directs ! infant to its "m's brea/1 & = _m a ye> sweet vi&s are *iefly acceptable4 ,habit1 ex]cise1 practice1 !n improve ! p[] & acut5ess ( ! s5ses1 b simple feel+ is blunt$ by habit & ex]cise4 ,x is1 we ?9k1 ,mr4 ,lane :o tells u1 t 9 ,egypt & else:]e1 p]sons :o h ho>d$ weal? are 9 ! habit ( inflict+ ! ba/9ado on !mselves1 increas+ ! numb] ( /rokes by degrees1 9 ord] to inure !mselves to a mode ( extortion ( :i* !y are con/antly 9 dread4 ,!y hope to be able to we>y out _! torm5tors1 or conv9ce !m by endurance ( _! pov]ty1 & s pres]ve _! bags ( gold & silv]4 ,idolatr\s devotees 9 ,india accu/om !mselves to self-inflict$ torture1 & feel mu* less ?an we might suppose2 nay1 ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 9 times ( spiritual d>kness1 :5 by mortification & p5ance m5 hop$ to m]it heav51 h[ _m h worn a %irt ( horsehair till cu/om _h made x no h>d%ip6 ,! anci5t ,britons bore1 almo/ unclo!d1 ! sev]ities ( w9t]2 & we h read a /ory1 b :]e we _c recollect1 to ! foll[+ purport3--,a ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian 0 ask$1 h[1 ne>ly nak$ z he 01 he bore ) su* ease ! summ]'s heat & ! w9t]'s cold2 he ask$ ! inquir]1 h[ 8 face1 expos$ to ! wea!r1 endur$ ! *anges4 ,my face1 said ! :ite man1 is h>d5$ to x2 & ,i1 retort$ ! r$ man1 am face all ov]4 ,we h said x is long be=e an infant is 9 ! full use ( its bodily s5ses3 n[ ) reg>d to feel+ ! infant is acutely s5sitive2 b :o ev] saw a *ild ( a few mon?s old exam9e ! qualities ( objects by ! t\*8 x _c ev5 manipulate2 x _c use its h&s2 x has to le>n ! art ( t\*1 & to improve by practice & ! ex]cise ( ! m9d4 ,= example1 "s p]sons w pass a piece ( silk or clo? betwe5 _! f+]s1 & tell y its quality2 & s ) respect to o!r ?+s2 ?is is ! result ( att5tion & ex]cise4 ,no "o is born )\t ! organization necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! s5se ( t\*1 = if ! arms & h&s be defici5t1 "s o!r "p1 z ! lips or tongue1 w take up ! function1 & ?is alone %[s :at education effects2 b if a p]son be born deaf1 or bl9d1 or incapable ( ta/e & smell1 7:i* latt] appe>s to be v r>e1 if1 inde$1 ! case ev] occur17 no o!r "p c supply ! loss2 b ! loss1 z f> z ! sight at lea/ is conc]n$1 is p>tly comp5sat$ = by ! elevation ( ! s5se ( t\*2 & 9 ?is we see ! imm$iate be>+ ( ^! two s5ses on ea* o!r4 ,! boy born bl9d1 ^u :om ,*eseld5 s successfully op]at$1 believ$1 :5 fir/ he saw1 t ! objects t\*$ 8 eyes1 z ! ?+s :i* he felt t\*$ 8 sk92 consequ5tly he _h no idea ( di/ance4 ,he did n "k ! =m ( any object1 nor c\ld he di/+ui% "o object f ano!r1 h[ev] diff]5t _! figure or size might be2 :5 objects 7 %[n to him :i* he _h kn[n =m]ly by ! t\*1 he look$ at !m ) att5tion1 & obs]v$ !m c>efully1 9 ord] to "k !m aga92 b z he _h too _m objects to reta9 at once1 he =got ! great] "p ( !m1 & :5 he fir/ le>n$1 z he said1 to see & to "k objects1 he =got a ?\s& = "o t he recollect$4 ,x 0 two mon?s be=e he discov]$ t pictures repres5t$ solid bodies2 until t "t he _h consid]$ !m z planes & surfaces diff]5tly col\r$1 & div]sifi$ by a v>iety ( %ades2 b :5 he began to conceive t ^! pictures repres5t$ solid bodies1 9 t\*+ ! canvass ( a picture ) 8 h& he expect$ to f9d some?+ 9 reality solid ^u x1 & he 0 mu* a/oni%$ :51 on t\*+ ^? p>ts :i* seem$ r\nd & unequal1 he f\nd !m flat & smoo? l ! re/4 ,he ask$ :i* 0 ! s5se t deceiv$ him--! sight or ! t\*4 ,!re 0 %[n to him a little portrait ( 8 fa!r1 :i* 0 9 ! case ( 8 "m's wat*2 he said t he knew v well t x 0 ! resemblance ( 8 fa!r1 b he ask$ ) great a/oni%m5t h[ x 0 possible = s l>ge a visage to be kept 9 s small a space1 z t appe>$ to him z impossible z t a bu%el c\ld be conta9$ 9 a p9t4#bb #bb ,phil4 ,trans41 #agbh4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #ahbf w be f\nd ! acc\nt ( a case by ,mr4 ,w>drop1 :i* is v int]e/+2 x is t ( an intellig5t female ( mature age1 :o 0 born bl9d2 9 h] infancy1 op]ations 7 p]=m$ on bo? ( h] eyes1 b !y fail$1 "o eye be+ irrecov]ably de/roy$1 & ! o!r useless f closure ( ! pupil2 on ?is eye ,mr4 ,w>drop successfully op]at$3 b x 0 n ) joy t objects = ! fir/ "t 7 p]ceiv$2 %e 0 confus$ by ! appe>ance ( a new _w1 n[ = ! fir/ "t op5$ to h] s5se ( sight2 hi!rto %e _h kn[n x only ?r\gh ! s5se ( t\*1 & t\* & sight _h /ill to be reconcil$4 ,on ! six? day1 %e said t %e saw bett] ?an %e _h done on any prec$+ day1 b ,i _c tell 7said %e7 :at ,i d see2 ,i am q /upid4 ,%e seem$1 inde$1 bewild]$ f n be+ able to comb9e ! k acquir$ by ! s5ses ( sight & t\*1 & felt disappo9t$ 9 n hav+ ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ at once by h] eye1 objects :i* %e c\ld s readily di/+ui% f "o ano!r by feel+ !m4 ,! next day1 on exam9+ ) ! eye ! tea-cups & sauc]s1 & be+ ask$ :at !y 7--,i don't "k1 %e repli$2 !y look v que] to me1 b ,i c tell 9 a m9ute :5 ,i t\* !m4 ,s ) an orange :i* 0 ly+ be=e h]1 %e c\ld make no?+ ( x until %e actually t\*$ x4 ,:5 ! exp]im5t 0 made ( giv+ h] a silv] p5cil-case & a l>ge key to exam9e ) h] h&s1 %e discrim9at$ & knew ea* di/9ctly2 b :5 !y 7 plac$ on ! table side by side1 ?\gh %e di/+ui%$ ea* ) h] eye1 yet %e c\ld n tell :i* 0 ! p5cil-case & :i* ! key4 ,9 six weeks aft] ! op]ation1 %e return$ home4 ,at ?is p]iod1 %e _h le>n$ a great deal2 %e _h acquir$ a pretty accurate notion ( col\rs1 b ) reg>d to =ms & di/ance %e 0 /ill v ignorant4 ,%e _h also great difficulty 9 direct+ h] eye to an object1 s t :5 %e attempt$ to look at any?+ %e turn$ h] head 9 v>i\s directions1 until h] eye caught ! object ( :i* x 0 9 se>*4 ,%e /ill ent]ta9$1 h[ev]1 ! same hope1 :i* %e express$ soon aft] ! op]ation1 t :5 %e got home1 h] k ( ext]nal ?+s w\ld be m accurate & intelligible1 & t :5 %e came to look at ^? objects :i* _h be5 s long famili> to h] t\*1 ! confusion :i* ! multiplicity ( ext]nal objects n[ caus$ w\ld 9 a great measure subside4 ,?us1 !n1 x is f an association betwe5 ! s5ses t correctness & precision 9 any "o s5se are acquir$2 & especially d ! eye & h& support ea* o!r1 & supply ea* o!r's defici5cies till bo? h le>n$ _! p]fect lesson4 ,i c /ret* my h& out to any object be=e me ) c]ta9ty1 s truly does ! eye tell me :e!r x is )9 my rea* or n1 b ! eye fir/ le>n$ t faculty f ! h&1 aft] long discipl9e & _m trials4 ,aft]w>ds ! eye speaks a sil5t language to ! h&1 & is und]/ood4 ,"u :at m]ciful circum/ances are !y plac$ t possess all _! faculties & s5ses6 b1 alas6 h[ _m are !re t nev] dream ( ?ank+ a m]ciful ,god = 8 unb\nd$ k9dness6 nay1 !re are "s a!i/ical mat]iali/s :o believe1 or r pret5d to believe1 t man's exquisite organization1 & t ( animals & plants1 is self-develop$--h[1 !y d n condesc5d to expla92 =1 grant+ !m _! premises1 namely1 t matt] is et]nal--& :at !n8 x mu/ be in]t1 & nei!r ! laws ( vitality nor *emi/ry1 involv+ electricity & galvanism1 c\ld be tak5 on by in]t p>ticles--all w\ld be *aotic1 did n ,god gov]n1 arrange1 & ord] all4 ,x is he :o has creat$ man1 &1 fall5 z man is1 he /ill is an object ( ,god's c>e2 = he s5t 8 well-belov$ ,son into ! _w = our r$emption1 & ! "t is com+ 9 :i* all nations %all "k ! ,"l1 & adore him 9 s9c]ity & tru?4 ,l all ! organs ( our s5ses1 ! h&s are ! in/rum5t ( wick$ness to s9ful man2 8 s5se ( t\* is ! inlet ( evil4 ,h[ ref9$ t s5se 9 ! adroit pickpocket1 b to :at an ill purpose is x devot$6 ,h[ dext]\s are ! h&s ( ! %oplift]1 b to :at a wret*$ c\rse h !y be5 tra9$6 ,! h& grasps ! p52 e /roke is guid$ by its delicate s5se ( t\*2 x obeys ! m9d2 &1 oh6 :at dictations f ! deprav$ m9d h pollut$ society6 ,god has be5 revil$1 ,jesus ,*ri/ d5i$1 ! ,holy ,_s mock$1 & 9 lett]s writt5 by h&s :i* ! almighty ,mak] & ,pres]v] _h end[$ s sup]em95tly4 ,_! h&s are m\ld]+2 du/ has return$ to du/2 b :]e are ! immortal spirits :i* direct$ ^? h&s to scatt] poison abroad8 ,x is n = u to inquire or judge4 ,let u1 ourselves1 be wat*ful1 & let our h&s be clean 9 ! sight ( ,god2 let u be dilig5t 9 bus9ess1 s]v+ ! ,"l2 let u fight ! good fight ( fai?1 & lay hold on et]nal life6 ,?\gh we h describ$ ! h& z ! great & ma9 organ ( t\*1 let x be und]/ood t x is n ! fir/ call$ into op]ation4 ,! h& requires rigid discipl9e2 = a long p]iod x is useless z an organ ( tact2 yet1 :5 educat$1 h[ p]fect1 h[ precise6 ,b x is made :at x is by education4 ,our ideas co9cide exactly ) ^? ( sir ,*>les ,bell1 :o ?us writes3 ,! lips & ! tongue are fir/ ex]cis$2 ! next motion is to put ! h& to ! m\? 9 ord] to suck x2 & no soon] are ! f+]s capable ( grasp+1 ?an :atev] !y hold is c>ri$ to ! m\?2 s t ! s5sibility to t\* 9 ! lips & tongue1 & _! motions1 are ! fir/ inlets to k1 & ! use ( ! h& is a lat] acquirem5t4 ,ano!r passage f ! same gift$ writ] is z foll[s3 ,! fir/ (fice ( ! h&1 !n1 is to ex]cise ! s5sibility ( ! m\?2 & ! infant z c]ta9ly que/ions ! reality ( ?+s by t te/1 z ! dog does by its acute s5se ( smell+4 ,9 ! infant1 ! s5se ( ! lips & tongue is resign$ only 9 fav\r ( ! s5se ( vision1 :5 t s5se has improv$1 & (f]s a great] gratification1 & a bett] means ( judg+ ( ! qualities ( bodies4 ,! h& v sl[ly acquires ! s5se ( t\*2 & _m ineffectual ef=ts are se5 9 ! arms & f+]s ( ! *ild1 be=e ! direction ( objects or _! di/ance is asc]ta9$4 ,gradually ! l5g? ( ! arm1 & ! ext5t ( its motions1 become ! measure ( di/ance1 ( =m1 ( relation1 & p]haps ( "t4 ,?r\gh\t life1 ! s5sibility1 z x reg>ds tact1 ( ! tongue & lips cont9ues p>am\nt2 we c feel ! sl5d]e/ hair ) our tongue1 :i* our h&s w\ld n appreciate3 b1 on ! contr>y1 size1 =m1 di/ance1 ord]1 & ! g5]al qualities ( matt]1 c only be ga9$ ?r\gh ! h&1 aft] a p]sev]+ discipl9e4 ,a bl9d man may exam9e a /atue ) 8 h&s1 & pron\nce ^u its excell5ce2 & ?is fact sugge/s to u an idea ( sir ,*>les ,bell1 :o says3 ,! k ( ext]nal bodies1 z di/+ui%$ f ourselves1 _c be acquir$ until ! organs ( t\* 9 ! h& h become famili> ) our own limbs4 ,we _c be suppos$ capable ( explor+ any?+ by ! motion ( ! h&1 or ( judg+ ( ! =m or tangible qualities ( an object press$ aga9/ ! sk91 be=e we h a k ( our own body z di/+ui%$ f ?+s ext]nal to u4 ,f ^! rem>ks we naturally slide into a diss]tation on a s5se1 alli$ to t ( t\*1 b yet diff]5t--we mean muscul> s5se4 #f4 ,muscul> s5se4--,god 9 8 inf9ite wisdom has con/ruct$ all liv+ ?+s1 & no d\bt !re is mu* yet = ! philosoph] to discov] 9 ! organization ( animal bodies2 !re is1 moreov]1 some?+ t he nev] w und]/&1 namely1 life intr9sically consid]$1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ! immortal _s & ! dy+ body communicate ) & influ5ce ea* o!r4 ,b ?\gh ^! po9ts mu/ ev] rema9 a my/]y1 /ill !re are ^? ! obscurity ( :i* sci5ce has to a c]ta9 degree dispell$1 & x 0 res]v$ = a late sci5tific anatomi/ to prove to ! _w1 t ! n]ves ( s5sation & ! n]ves ( motion are ess5tially di/9ct1 al?\gh int]bl5d$ toge!r !y p]vade e muscle4 ,h5ce1 z ?is philosoph] obs]ves1 7we mean sir ,*>les ,bell17 we are s5sible ( ! action ( our muscles1 because ^! muscles h two classes ( n]ves2 & he f\nd t 9 excit+ "o ( ^! ! muscle contract$1 :ile on excit+ ! o!r no action took place4 ,! n]ve :i* _h no p[] to make ! muscle contract 0 ! n]ve ( s5sation4 ,cont9u+ 8 exp]im5ts1 he prov$ t !re is a n]v\s circle connect+ ! muscles ) ! bra91 t "o n]ve is n capable ( transmitt+ :at is call$ ! n]v\s spirits 9 two diff]5t directions at "o in/ant ( "t1 b t = ! regulation ( muscul> action !re is a n]ve ( s5sibility1 to convey a s5sation ( ! condition ( ! muscles to ! s5sorium1 z well z a n]ve ( motion = convey+ ! m&ate ( ! w to ! muscles4 ,he also demon/rat$1 t 9 _! di/ribution ?r\gh ! body1 ! n]ves :i* possess ^! two di/9ct p[]s ( convey+ s5sation1 & ( excit+ ! muscles to contraction1 are wrapp$ up1 or1 z x 71 wov5 toge!r 9 ! same %ea?1 & t !y pres5t to ! eye ! s+le appe>ance ( "o n]ve4 ,x 0 only by exam9+ ! n]ves at _! roots1 t is1 :]e !y arise f diff]5t tracts ( ! bra9 & sp9al m>r[1 & be=e !y coalesce1 t ?is philosophic anatomi/ succe$$ 9 demon/rat+ _! di/9ct functions4 ,9 ! face1 ! n]ve ( motion passes by a circuit\s r\te1 ap>t f ! n]ve ( s5sation1 to be di/ribut$ to ! muscles2 &1 !re=e1 ! di/9ct *>act]s ( ^! two n]ves 71 z sir ,c4 ,bell ass]ts1 m easily prov$ by exp]im5t ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,! n]ves ( s5sation !n feel1 or r recognise1 ^? actions ( ! muscles :i* are excit$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! n]ves ( contraction1 & ^! n]ves ( contraction1 z f> z ! volunt>y muscles are conc]n$1 obey ! comm&s ( an immat]ial be+--m9d1 _s1 s\l2 9 ! l[] animals1 s f> z we "k1 ?is pr9ciple is transi5t1 = !y h no ideas ( life1 or ( dea?1 or ( futurity2 b 9 man1 ! s\l is immortal1 & = ! future bliss ( ?is immortal ess5ce revelation af=ds a c]ta9 guide4 ,n[ ! s5se ( t\* & ! muscul> s5se h1 by mo/ writ]s1 be5 conf\nd$ toge!r2 h5ce1 we are told t weight is det]m9$ by t\*1 b ?is is errone\s2 x is det]m9$ by ! muscul> ag5cy & s5se1 "u ! dictation ( ! w4 ,! abb ,nollet says ( t\*1 t x n only puts x 9 our p[] to judge ( :at makes an impression ^u u1 b also ( :at resi/s our impulsions4 ,"h ! s5se ( t\* & ! muscul> s5se are conf\nd$ toge!r4 ,! ag5cy ( t\* has no?+ to d ) weight or resi/ance2 & h]e9 we diff] f ,dr4 ,flem+1 & agree ) sir ,*>les ,bell1 by :om1 inde$1 ?is muscul> s5se 0 fir/ demon/rat$4 ,to feel1 or t\*1 is n to resi/ or /ruggle4 ,laocoon1 /riv+ ) ! s]p5ts1 resi/s--8 muscul> s5se is call$ into action1 z is t ( ! wre/l] :5 engag$ 9 a trial ( skill or /r5g?2 b :at has muscul> feel+ to d ) t tact1 :i* di/+ui%es betwe5 ! texture ( tissues1 or ! smoo?ness or r\ghness ( bodies8 ,= ourselves1 we ref] ! s5sations ( h>dness & s(tness r to a muscul> s5se ?an a simple s5se ( t\*2 b1 z we h said1 ! s5se ( t\* & ! muscul> s5se1 or s5se ( resi/ance1 int]-amalgamate ) ea* o!r1 nev]!less1 !re is a def9ite muscul> s5se ( :i* e "o is consci\s1 & x is by ! education ( ?is s5se t ! infant le>ns to walk1 ! man to asc5d ! l(ty ladd]1 or trav]se ! l$ge ( ! precipice4 ,x is n connect$ ) feel+ alone1 b also ) sight2 &1 inde$1 ! s5ses ( sight1 feel+ & support1 or resi/ance1 are 9 z close relation%ip1 z are ^? ( smell & ta/e4 ,?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! f5c]1 ^: muscul> s5se obeys 8 eye1 & 9 ! arti/1 :o /rikes out ! bold outl9e ( a figure on ! canvass4 ,?is muscul> s5se is sometimes call$ ! s5se ( motion2 & rightly1 because x is a feel+ ( muscul> action2 n a feel+ ( extrane\s bodies1 b a feel+ ( :at passes )9 ourselves1 z f> z su* feel+ is p]mitt$ 7_m int]nal op]ations g on )\t our consci\sness7--a feel+ ( :at we d1 accord+ to our w1 & ! p]mission ( ,god ,almighty4 ,does ! un9/ruct$ man1 :o looks ^u & admires a lovely l&scape1 ?9k ab\t ! inv]t$ picture on 8 ret9a8 ,no4 ,does ! a?lete :o lifts a great weight ?9k ( ! biceps1 or ! deltoid1 or ! pectoral muscles8 ,no4 ,b does he n feel1 :ile he /rives1 :ile he /ruggles1 :ile he runs1 an int]nal consci\sness ( action totally di/9ct f t\*8 ,?is p]ception is t]m$ by sir ,*>les ,bell ! muscul> s5se4 ,he ?us illu/rates 8 idea3 ,:5 a bl9d man1 or a man ) 8 eyes %ut1 /&s upright1 nei!r lean+ ^u nor t\*+ aught1 by :at means is x t he ma9ta9s ! erect position8 ,! symmetry ( 8 body is n ! cause4 ,! /atue ( ! f9e/ proportions mu/ be sold]$ to its p$e/al1 or ! w9d w ca/ x d[n4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t a man su/a9s ! p]p5dicul> po/ure1 or incl9es 9 a due degree t[>ds ! w9ds t bl[ ^u him8 ,x is obvi\s1 t he has a s5se by :i* he kn[s ! incl9ation ( 8 body1 & t he has a ready aptitude to adju/ x1 & to correct any deviation f ! p]p5dicul>4 ,:at s5se1 !n1 is ?is8 = he t\*es no?+1 & sees no?+2 !re is no organ ( s5se hi!rto obs]v$ :i* c s]ve him1 or 9 any degree aid him4 ,is x n t s5se1 :i* is exhibit$ s e>ly 9 ! infant 9 ! fe> ( fall+8 ,is x n ! full developm5t ( t prop]ty :i* 0 e>ly %[n 9 ! /ruggle ( ! infant1 :ile x lay 9 ! nurse's arms8 ,x c only be by ! adju/m5t ( muscles t ! limbs are /iff5$1 ! body firmly balanc$ & kept erect4 ,!re is no o!r s\rce ( k b a s5se ( ! degree ( ex]tion 9 8 muscul> frame1 by :i* a man c "k ! position ( 8 body & limbs1 :ile he has no po9t ( vision to direct 8 ef=ts1 or ! contact ( any ext]nal body4 ,9 tru?1 we /& by s f9e an ex]cise ( ?is p[]1 & ! muscles are1 f habit1 direct$ ) s mu* precision & ) an ef=t s slight1 t we d n "k h[ we /&4 ,b if we attempt to walk on a n>r[ l$ge1 or /& 9 a situation :]e we are 9 dang] ( fall+1 or re/ on "o foot1 we become !n subject to appreh5sion2 ! actions ( ! muscles are1 z x 71 magnifi$1 & demon/rative ( ! degree 9 :i* !y are excit$4 ,we are s5sible ( ! position ( our limbs2 we "k t ! arms hang by ! sides1 or t !y are rais$ & held out1 al?\gh we t\* no?+ & see no?+4 ,x mu/ be a prop]ty int]nal to ! frame by :i* we ?us "k ! position ( ! memb]s ( our body2 & :at c x be b a consci\sness ( ! degree ( action1 & ( ! adju/m5t ( ! muscles8 ,at "o "t1 ,i ent]ta9$ a d\bt :e!r ?is proce$$ f a k ( ! condition ( ! muscles1 or f a consci\sness ( ! degree ( ef=t :i* 0 direct$ to !m 9 volition4 ,x 0 ) a view to elucidate ?is t ,i made ! obs]vations :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! discov]y t e muscle _h two n]ves2 "o = s5sation1 & "o to convey ! m&ate ( ! w1 & direct its action4 ,i _h reason$ 9 ?is mann]3 we awake ) a k ( ! position ( our limbs2 ?is _c be f a recollection ( ! action :i* plac$ !m :]e !y are2 x mu/1 !re=e1 be a consci\sness ( _! pres5t condition4 ,:5 a p]son 9 ^! circum/ances moves1 he has a det]m9$ object1 & he mu/ be consci\s ( a previ\s condition be=e he c desire a *ange1 or direct a movem5t4 ,9 walk+1 rid+1 swimm+1 & o!r bodily ex]cises2 9 writ+1 play+ on ! piano1 or any o!r in/rum5t ( music1 ! muscul> s5se is call$ into activity1 & co-op]ates ) ! s5ses ( sight1 t\*1 etc4 ,muscul> ex]tion is 9 itself pleasurable1 :5 n pu%$ too f>2 &1 inde$1 ! heal?y condition1 bo? ( ! body & m9d1 results f muscul> ex]tion1 & ! alt]nations ( activity & repose4 ,! appo9tm5t ( man1 aft] ! fall1 to a life ( lab\r1 0 a judgm5t temp]$ by m]cy4 ,man is n de/9$ to lead a life ( slo? or sup95ess1 b1 urg$ on by 8 natural wants1 he cultivates ! gr\nd1 he tames ! wild bea/ ( ! =e/ or m\nta91 he builds h\ses1 he con/ructs %ips1 he clo!s himself ) fabrics1 he surr\nds himself ) ! com=ts1 ! dec5cies1 ! luxuries ( life1 & 9 e "w :i* 8 h&s f9d to d 8 muscul> s5se is 9 requisition2 x is ?is s5se :i* appreciates resi/ance1 :i* enables u to balance our bodies1 to move ) gracefulness1 to run1 to walk1 to leap1 to ?r[ ! %uttle ) precision1 or wield ! hamm] ) skill4 ,x is improv$ by education2 ! *ild le>ns fir/ to walk1 & !n to run & leap1 & 9 due "t to "k its own /r5g?1 & also ! be/ mode ( employ+ t /r5g?1 )\t reflect+ ^u ! laws ( me*anics1 or any philosophic !ories4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t we h a p]ception ( ! condition ( ! muscles previ\s to ! ex]cise ( ! w1 & t ) respect to ! h&1 x is n m ! fre$om ( its action :i* con/itutes its p]fection1 ?an ! k :i* we h ( ^! motions1 & our consequ5t ability to direct x ) ! utmo/ precision4 ,t ! l[] animals are end[$ ) ?is muscul> s5se _c be d\bt$4 ,x enables ! tig] to spr+ ) accuracy ^u 8 prey1 ! cat ^u ! m\se1 ! greyh\nd 9 pursuit ( ! h>e :5 to make ! fatal snap1 & ! horse to leap ! f5ce1 :i* 8 eye tells him is )9 8 p[]2 x tea*es ! loris to creep ^u its victim1 z sl[ly b z surely z ! h& on ! clock-face trav]ses ! dial-plate1 & atta9s ! giv5 numb]2 x is imm$iately connect$ ) in/9ct1 & man1 :5 he /eps aside to avoid a ?reat5$ /roke1 or raises 8 arm to p>ry a bl[1 puts ! muscul> s5se into ex]cise4 ,! muscul> s5se is1 to use a homely expression1 an e-day work+ s5se2 t\* & sight are its prime support]s1 & to ^! 9 turn x l5ds its aid4 ,nev]!less1 to a c]ta9 degree x is indep5d5t ( !m2 ! infant seeks ! brea/ z x 7 by an in/9ctive impulse1 or applies ! coral to its m\?2 & 9 ! d>k z well z 9 ! light1 we transmit our food directly & precisely to ! organs ( ma/ication & deglutition1 )\t ?9k+ ^u ! mann] 9 :i* ! v>i$ actions are p]=m$1 or ev5 transi5tly not+ !m4 ,we w to p]=m an act )9 our p[] ( a*ievem5t1 & by ! complicat$ action ( muscles1 n]ves1 vessels1 & bones1 we accompli% our object1 at ! same "t1 p]*ance1 we "k n ! orig9 & ins]tion ( a s+le muscle1 ! direction ( a s+le n]ve1 ! c\rse ( a s+le art]y4 ,! muscul> s5se is1 9 fact1 9 p]petual ex]cise2 x is intimately connect$ ) self-consci\sness1 = we feel t we corporeally exi/1 t o!r bodies exi/ ar\nd u1 t !y resi/ u1 t !y lead u to calculate our own p[]s1 nor w all ! argum5ts ( ! s*ool ( ,b]keley conv9ce u t we exi/ only 9 idea4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,johnson /amp$ ^u ! gr\nd to disprove ,b]keley's idea1 he 0 "r4 ,s mu* = ! s5ses ) :i* we are end[$1 & ! in=mation :i* ! m9d receives ?r\gh _! respective *annels4 ,!y tea* u all t we "k conc]n+ ! qualities ( matt]1 & !y subs]ve _m ( our enjoym5ts--!y are ess5tial to our com=t1 our activity1 our usefulness2 b we ga9 ?r\gh _! m$ium no ab/ract tru?s1 no det]m9ate pr9ciples4 ,^! are elaborat$ 9 ! m9d itself by its own self-analysis2 b1 !n1 !y d n tea* u our own position z x respects "t & et]nity4 ,! wise/ ( ! hea!ns ( ,greece or ,rome liv$ 9 d\bt1 entangl$ 9 ! mazes ( a va9 sy/em ( philosophy2 & ?\gh !y might believe 9 a god1 or 9 gods1 d$uc+ _! argum5ts z to ! exi/5ce ( an all-p[]ful ,be+ f ! works ( nature1 & f t int]nal conviction :i* seems common to ! human race--!y knew no?+ ( ,8 attributes1 ( 8 laws1 ( 8 requirem5ts1 ( man's fall5 nature1 ( ! intr9sic s9fulness ( ! he>t1 ( ! means ( grace1 ( a hope ( glory4 ,!y c\ld write noble poems1 deep philosophic treatises1 hi/ories ( empires1 n>ratives ( ev5ts1 details ( *>act]s1 descriptions ( works ( art2 !y c\ld c>ve /atues ( mat*less p]fection1 & build temples ( surpass+ spl5d\r4 ,!y display$ an intellectual pre-em95ce1 :i* /ill %$s a lu/re ov] ! civiliz$ _w4 ,:o by se>*+ c f9d out ,god8 ,unless ,god graci\sly reveals himself to u1 a true k ( him 9 our fall5 /ate is impossible2 ! capabilities ( our m9ds are1 aft] all1 b limit$2 & ?\gh1 ?r\gh reflection on ! evid5ces ( our s5ses1 we may come to ! conclusion t !re is an omnipot5t ,p[]1 we rema9 9 ignorance z to :at t ,p[] is1 & z to our relation%ip !reunto4 ,h5ce1 !n1 ! necessity ( in=mation beyond :at ! m9d c ga9 ?r\gh ! s5ses1 or by its own reflex op]ations2 we are consci\s ( our position z respects ! l[] animals1 & we h natural long+s aft] & hopes ( immortality2 ! s\l :isp]s to itself1 ,non omnis mori>1 ,i %all n all die2 b "h1 7 x n = revelation--a revelation f ,god1 we %\ld be left 9 d>kness4 ,god gave a revelation ( 8 w to ,adam2 our fir/ p>5ts transgress$1 b !n 9 m]cy a promise 0 giv51 t ! se$ ( ! woman %\ld bruise ! s]p5t's head4 ,god gave a fur!r revelation ( 8 w to ,moses1 ) promises & comm&s1 & elect$ f among ! nations a peculi> p1 ( :om f ! l9e ( ,jesse aft] ! fle% %\ld arise ! ,messiah2 9 ,him are all ! promises & prophecies c5tr$1 & ?r\gh him ! great revelation ( ,god's purposes ( m]cy to a fall5 _w 0 orda9$ to be publi%$4 ,! ,messiah came2 ,he ( :om ,isaiah prophesi$2 ! despis$ & reject$ ( m5--,god manife/ 9 ! fle%4 ,! prophet's words 7 v]ifi$1 ,he 0 w\nd$ = our transgressions1 he 0 bruis$ = our iniquities3 ! *a/isem5t ( our peace 0 ^u him2 & ) 8 /ripes we are heal$4#bc #bc ,isa4 liii4 #e4 ,?is is ! ,*ri/ian revelation1 :i*1 :ile x %[s u our lo/ & s9ful nature1 our utt] unwor?9ess1 & ! insuffici5cy ( good works = salvation--:il/ x humbles our pride1 & self-suffici5cy1 & tea*es t our place be=e ,god is 9 ! du/1 yet x speaks ( joy & peace1 = x po9ts out :at is all-important1 ! mode ( r$emption1 ! =giv5ess ( our s9s1 our adoption z heirs ( ! k+dom ( heav54 ,9 ?is 0 manife/$ ! love ( ,god t[>d u1 because t ,god s5t 8 only begott5 ,son into ! _w1 t we might live ?r\gh him4#bd ,god reveals himself 9 8 works z a ,god ( wisdom & p[]2 b "h he discov]s himself z a ,god ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & m]cy4 ,he reveals himself z ! triune ,jehovah1 ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son1 & ! ,_s1 "o ,god = ev]more2 & he gives u a revelation ( ! plan ( salvation4 ,& :at is ?is plan8 x is "o by :i* ju/ice & m]cy are reconcil$4 ,)\t %$d+ ( blood is no remission ( s9s4 ,! ,son ( ,god1 accord+ to ! ,div9e promise1 took ^u himself our human nature1 dwelt ^u e>?1 s9less1 & (f]$ himself up z a sacrifice = s9 on ,calv>y4 ,he :o1 be+ 9 ! =m ( ,god1 ?\ght x n robb]y to be equal ) ,god3 b made himself ( no reputation1 & took ^u him ! =m ( a s]vant1 & 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( m53 & be+ f\nd 9 fa%ion z a man1 he humbl$ himself1 & became ob$i5t unto dea?1 ev5 ! dea? ( ! cross4 ,:]e=e ,god also ha? highly exalt$ him1 & giv5 him a "n :i* is above e "n3 t at ! "n ( ,jesus e knee %\ld b[1 ( ?+s 9 heav51 & ?+s 9 e>?1 & ?+s "u ! e>?2 & t e tongue %\ld confess t ,jesus ,*ri/ is ,"l1 to ! glory ( ,god ! ,fa!r4#be #bd #a ,john iv4 #i4 #be ,philippians ii4 #f-aa4 ,( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/1 ! cr[n+ sacrifice1 ^? ( ! ,mosaic ritual 7 types or emblems4 ,by 8 sacrifice ! claims ( ! law 7 satisfi$4 ,:at is requir$ ( u8 ,belief 9 ! atonem5t4 ,jesus said unto ,m>?a1 ,i am ! resurrection & ! life3 he t believe? 9 me1 ?\gh he 7 dead1 yet %all he live3 & :osoev] live? & believe? 9 me %all nev] die4#bf ,a true1 liv+1 ju/ify+ fai? is ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s1 :o sanctifies & r5ews ! he>t ( ! g5u9e believ]4 ,! c>nal m9d is enmity aga9/ ,god3 = x is n subject to ! law ( ,god1 nei!r inde$ c be2 b :5 ! m9d is enlight5$ by grace ,div9e1 ! awfulness ( s9 is p]ceiv$ & deeply felt1 true rep5tance is awak5$1 love & gratitude to ,god = e m]cy are excit$1 & ! s\l is w>m$ ) adoration4 ,!n does ! conv]t$ man become pray]ful & wat*ful2 !n is he zeal\s 9 ,god's cause1 & anxi\s = ! conv]sion ( ^? t live 9 ! d>kness ( ignorance1 & travel along ! broad road t leade? to de/ruction4 ,!n w he be pati5t & tru/ful "u trials & affliction1 & ju/ify ,god's deal+s ) man4 #bf ,john xi4 #be1 #bf4 ,su* are ! tru?s reveal$ by ,god himself1 :i* ?r\gh no?+ b direct revelation c\ld h enlight5$1 *e]$1 animat$1 & guid$ ! human affections & w4 ,man1 z an immortal be+1 has n be5 left to himself4 ,true x is1 t !re are _m nations /ill 9 d>kness1 & "s 9 ! mo/ degrad$ ignorance4 ,to ask :y ?is is s1 is to ask ! reasons :i* det]m9e ,god 9 8 purposes2 we see z 9 a glass d>kly1 & ! deep ?+s ( ,god are hidd5 f our eyes2 b we are assur$ t ! "t w come :5 all nations %all "k ! ,"l1 & ,*ri/ %all reign 9 fulness ( glory4 ,let u be ?ankful if our tru/ is 9 ,*ri/1 if he is 9 u ! hope ( glory1 = eye ha? n se51 nor e> he>d1 nei!r h ent]$ into ! he>t ( man1 ! ?+s :i* ,god ha? prep>$ = !m t love him4 ,we h suffici5tly %[n ! necessity ( a revelation to man relative to ?+s ess5tial to 8 et]nal int]e/1 b ( :i* he c\ld ga9 no k by 8 own m5tal ex]tions4 ,we "k by int]nal conviction t we are immortal be+s2 b unguid$ by revelation1 we %all look =w>d to ! future ) anxiety1 ) a sort ( vague appreh5sion1 b revelation dispels anxiety1 & fills u ) all joy & peace 9 believ+4 ,dr4 ,ab]crombie1 9 8 "w on ! ,intellectual ,p[]s1 says3 ,!re is ?us1 9 ! consci\sness ( e man1 a deep impression ( cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,! casui/ may reason aga9/ x till he bewild] himself 9 8 own sophi/ries2 b a voice )9 gives ! lie to 8 va9 speculations1 & pleads ) au?ority = a life :i* is to come4 ,! s9c]e & humble inquir] *]i%es ! impression :ile he seeks = fur!r light on a subject s mom5t\s2 & he ?us receives ) absolute conviction ! tru? :i* beams ^u him f ! revelation ( ,god1 t ! my/]i\s "p ( 8 be+1 :i* ?9ks1 & wills1 & reasons1 %all1 inde$1 survive ! wreck ( its mortal t5em5t1 & is de/9$ = immortality4 ,h[ my/]i\s is ! union betwe5 m9d & matt]6 h[ little we "k ( ourselves6 h[ %all[ is our deepe/ philosophy6 ,we "k t ! m9d is t "p ( our be+ :i* ?9ks & wills1 reasons & rememb]s1 b we "k no?+ ( x except f ^! functions4 ,by means ( ! corporeal s5ses x holds int]c\rse ) ! ?+s ( ! ext]nal _w1 & receives impressions f !m1 b ( ?is connexion also we "k no?+ b ! facts2 :5 we attempt to speculate ^u its nature & cause1 we w&] at once f ! pa? ( philosophical inquiry into conjectures1 :i* are z f> beyond ! prop] sph]e z !y are beyond ! rea* ( human faculties4 ,! object ( true sci5ce on su* a subject1 !re=e1 is simply to inve/igate ! facts or relations ( ph5om5a1 respect+ ! op]ations ( m9d itself1 & ! int]c\rse :i* x c>ries on ) ! ext]nal _w4 ,9 a philosophic po9t ( view1 all our k ( ! _w ar\nd u is ref]able to ! op]ations ( ! m9d on ! impressions convey$ to x ?r\gh ! s5ses1 t is1 p]ception4 ,nev]!less1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! k :i* is acquir$ by an individual ?r\gh p]ception & m5tal ag5cy1 z reflection1 memory1 etc41 is b a small "p ( :at he possesses2 x is to ! p]ception & m5tal lab\r ( o!rs t he owes ! great mass ( k he is gift$ )4 ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation has contribut$ to accumulate a /ore ( facts1 a treasury ( ?\ghts & reflections1 to :i* succe$+ g5]ations h add$1 leav+ !m z a legacy to g5]ations yet to come1 :o w contribute 9 _! turn to ! /ock1 & bequea? ! treasure to _! successors4 ,?us are we enri*$ by ! lab\r ( o!rs1 & n altoge!r by our own exp]i5ce4 ,h]e9 is a wide hiatus betwe5 man & ! mo/ sagaci\s ( brutes4 ,! brute ga9s all f p]sonal exp]i5ce2 no g5]ation c build ^u ! f\ndation left by a prec$+ g5]ation--b man c2 & x is no objection to allege1 t "s races rema9 9 a savage /ate = ages2 !y possess ! p[]1 ! capability1 ! m5tal con/itution1 :i* ! brute does n4 ,besides1 !y d improve "u fav\rable circum/ances4 ,:at 7 ! ,anglo-,saxon m>aud]s1 our own ance/ors8 ,savages4 ,is ,engl& n[ a savage c\ntry8 ,:at 7 ! ,celtic ,briti% 9 ,cs>'s "t8 ,savages4 ,7 !y savages :5 ! ,romans _h held possession ( ! isl& = ?ree hundr$ ye>s8 ,no2 !y _h adopt$ ! arts1 ! mann]s1 ! civilization ( _! conqu]ors4 ,h[ ?is v fact ( ! capability ( man to give & receive k demon/rates 8 sup]iority 9 creation6 ,x is true t ! human intellect is limit$1 & t !re are my/]ies into :i* he _c p5etrate2 nor is x ne$ful = 8 welf>e1 8 improvem5t1 8 happ9ess1 8 hopes ( a joyful immortality1 t he %\ld be able to d s4 ,let him rely on ! oracles ( ,god4 ,my/]ies1 inde$1 surr\nd him4 ,h[ flu5tly does he talk ab\t matt]1 yet he kn[s no?+ ab\t x1 except+ :at he ga9s ?r\gh 8 s5ses2 & ?is k is limit$ to c]ta9 qualities1 :i* may be t]m$ prim>y & second>y4 ,! prim>y qualities ( mat]ial bodies are 9 !mselves ess5tials1 namely1 solidity & ext5sion4 ,we _c conceive ( matt]1 )\t an involvem5t ( ^! two prop]ties4 ,! second>y qualities ( matt] are col\r1 texture1 temp]ature1 smell1 ta/e1 etc41 prop]ties :i* diff] 9 diff]5t bodies1 & :i* are fluctuat+1 *angeable1 unc]ta94 ,( ^!1 & o!r prop]ties ( matt]1 z motion1 s\nd1 lightness1 or heav9ess1 etc41 our s5ses are ! ext]nal te/s1 ?\gh m9d is1 9 reality1 ! discrim9ator4 ,our fir/ k ( ! exi/5ce & prop]ties ( ! mat]ial _w is evid5tly ( a complex nature4 ,x seems to arise f ! comb9$ action ( sev]al s5ses1 convey+ to u ! g5]al notion ( c]ta9 ess5ces1 :i* are solid & ext5d$1 or possess$ ( ^? prop]ties :i* *>act]ize mat]ial ?+s4 ,)\t ?is g5]al k previ\sly acquir$1 our v>i\s s5ses1 act+ individually1 c\ld convey to u no def9ite notion ( ! prop]ties ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,a smell1 t is a m]e od\r1 = example1 might be p]ceiv$ by u1 b w\ld convey no?+ m ?an ! s5sation simply4 ,x c\ld n communicate ! impression ( ?is be+ a prop]ty ( an ext]nal body1 until we _h previ\sly acquir$ a k ( ! exi/5ce ( t body1 & _h come by obs]vation to associate ! s5sation ) ! body f :i* x proce$s4 ,! same holds true ( ! o!r s5ses1 & we are ?us l$ at ! v fir/ /ep ( our inquiries to a complicat$ process ( m9d1 )\t :i* our m]e s5sations c\ld convey to u no def9ite k4#bg #bg ,ab]crombie4 ,"h1 !n1 we conclude4 ,let u give ?anks & praise to t ,god :o has made u :at we are--in/rum5ts ( c\ntless /r+s1 all 9 h>mony1 ! music ( :i* rea*es ! s\l1 & 9 ! secret recesses ( ! m9d is !re analyz$1 reflect$ ^u1 comp>$1 & /or$ up z k4 ,we feel1 we see1 we he>1 we smell1 we ta/e1 we resi/2 we are assur$ ( our own individuality2 we are consci\s ( our own exi/5ce1 & we "k t all ar\nd is ext]nal to our own individuality4 ,t s5se ( individuality is 9 ! m9d1 & we h )9 u ! assurance ( immortality4 ,let u look to ,him1 :o is ! ,savi\r f an immortality ( despair1 t at ! day ( judgm5t we may be f\nd clo!d 9 8 robe ( righte\sness1 ! g>m5t ( salvation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,ag5cy ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses1 ,,relative ,,to ,,! ,,union ,,betwe5 ,,m9d ,,& ,,matt]2 ,,& ,,on ,,! ,,occasional ,,imp]fection ,,( ,,! ,,bodily ,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,s5ses1 ,,) ,,! ,,results ,,dep5d+ ,,!reupon4 ,t ! organs ( ! s5ses communicate ) ! m9d1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( c]ta9 my/]i\s filam5ts1 or ?read-l bodies1 t]m$ n]ves1 _c be d5i$2 b ! mann] 9 :i* ?is communication takes place1 ! process by :i* m9d receives in=mation f matt]1 & ! subtle op]ations :i* enable matt] to transf] impressions to m9d1 are po9ts ar\nd :i*1 z x appe>s to u1 ! great ,au?or ( our be+ has ?r[n an imp5etrable veil4 ,x is true1 t1 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 discov]ies relative to :at ! old] writ]s t]m$ ! n]v\s fluid1 discov]ies :i* almo/ g to prove t ! fluid is ( an electric or electro-magnetic nature1 a bold !ory has be5 promulgat$1 namely1 t ^! electro-magnetic curr5ts n only give an impress to ! m9d or s\l1 b are 9 turn influ5c$ by ! ag5cy ( ! immat]ial pr9ciple1 & t ?us ! communication betwe5 m9d & matt] is c>ri$ on2 9 fact1 t ! l9k :i* unites body to m9d is a my/]i\s ag5t1 :i* 7its "n is ( little importance7 _c be recognis$ z belong+ to ! mat]ial _w4 ,:]e revelation leaves a subject unt\*$1 x is1 we humbly ?9k1 all[able to !orize f facts :i* sci5ce has laid op52 b let u rememb] t1 h[ev] we may incl9e to a !ory :i* seems consonant to sci5ce1 a k ( ! limitation ( our intellectual p[]s %\ld lead u to cultivate a _s ( humility & c&\r4 ,x is some?+ to approximate t[>ds tru?2 let u1 !n1 be cont5t to leave mu* = a future revelation :i* sci5ce on ?is e>? c nev] unfold be=e u4 ,! =ego+ obs]vations may be reg>d$ z a slight introduction to a passage on ! connexion betwe5 ! m9d & body1 well wor?y ( especial consid]ation3 ,9 consid]+ ! connexion betwe5 ! m9d & ! body1 x is ( ! highe/ importance always to rememb] t ! m9d1 or r ! be+ :i* ?9ks & wills1 is ! active ag5t4 ,! body1 ) all its beautiful & wondr\s adaptations1 only supplies ! means ( p]ception & ( act+4 ,n]ve-matt] is ! evid5t m$ium & in/rum5t ( ! be+ t p]ceives & acts ?r\gh x4 ,physiologi/s appe> to h demon/rat$ t an impond]able pr9ciple1 ak9 to electricity1 is evolv$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & t curr5ts ( ?is k9d are con/antly trav]s+ ! diff]5t sets ( n]ves1 accord+ to _! (fice & function1 ei!r z ! m$ium ( s5sation1 volition1 or ( vegetative life4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 an action go+ =w>d 9 all ! n]ves & _! c5tres simil> to ! electro-magnetic1 &1 consequ5tly1 e n]ve is pol>iz$4 ,! s\l appe>s to op]ate ^u ^! electro-magnetic curr5ts1 & to be impress$ by !m4 ,! impond]able en]gia pass+ 9 ^! curr5ts1 is app>5tly ! m$ium betwe5 ! s\l & ! m palpable mat]ials =m+ ! body4 ,?is may be inf]r$ f ! fact1 t :atev] alt]s ! =ce ( ^! curr5ts1 alt]s ! condition ( ! m9d 9 relation to ! body4 ,?us1 ! arre/ ( ! curr5t 9 a n]ve1 subs]vi5t to volunt>y muscul> action1 :e!r by *emical or me*anical means1 prev5ts ! m9d f ex]cis+ w 9 ! use ( ! muscle1 ) :i* ! n]ve exp]im5t$ on is connect$4 ,! same occurs1 also1 9 ! l case ) any n]ve ?r\gh :i* we obta9 s5sation ( ! pres5ce ( any body1 :i*1 9 a natural /ate1 w\ld s affect ! body z to produce feel+4 ,ano!r evid5ce t ! s\l acts ?r\gh ?is fluid is af=d$ 9 ! circum/ance1 t by /rongly direct+ ! att5tion to any "p1 z1 = in/ance1 ! eye1 a new s5sation is p]ceiv$ 9 ! organ2 & if ?is k9d ( att5tion be p]si/$ 91 or frequ5tly repeat$1 ! eye becomes inflam$ & pa9ful4 ,x is also evid5t1 t ^? n]ves :i* belong to p>ts1 ! natural functions ( :i* latt] are c>ri$ on )\t our consci\sness1 su* z ! /oma*1 may be r5d]$ s5sitive by a /rong action ( ! w2 & ! op]ation ( all ! reflex1 or ord9>y involunt>y sy/em1 is modifi$ by m5tal emotion4 ,9 fact1 e ?\ght *anges ! n]ve curr5t4 ,moreov]1 ! bra9 itself1 & all ! n]ves connect$ ) x1 are s f> influ5c$ by ! w ( ! individual1 z to be n only direct$ into new modes1 s z to effect an entire alt]ation 9 ! habit ( m5tal & muscul> action1 b also to su* a degree1 t ! completely organiz$ bra9 is p>tly a creation ( self-direct+ & self-repeat+ m5tal activity4 ,x is1 s to say1 develop$ by ! habits ( ! s\l4 ,h[ necess>y1 !n1 is e>ly tra9+6 z we b5d ! twig s is ! tree incl9$--a trite axiom1 b1 nev]!less1 v true4 ,! rapidity ( ! m5tal processes seems to require an electric1 or "s simil> m$ium1 by :i* !y may be effect$ 9 connexion ) ! body1 s9ce !y result s in/antane\sly1 t ! w to move1 = in/ance1 & ! motion1 are simultane\s4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one has prov$1 t electricity1 l light1 travels at ! rate ( #aib1jjj miles 9 a second1 & ?is appe>s to be an ag5cy suffici5tly subtle to answ] all ! purposes ( ! s\l z an active be+4 ,probably electricity & light are b "o ag5t1 act+ "u diff]5t relations4 ,x is int]e/+ to consid] ourselves1 by ea* act ( our w1 z op]at+ ^u embodi$ light2 b :atev] be ! imm$iate ag5cy betwe5 m9d & muscle1 x is va/ly m int]e/+ to "k1 t will+ be+ is some?+ z really & di/9ctly exi/+ z ! light itself1 b 9 its nature inf9itely m subtilely & exquisitely con/itut$1 s9ce x is indivisably & inscrut9ably associat$ ) ! ,be+ :o said1 ,let light be1 & light 06 ,if we advance fur!r 9 contemplat+ our m5tal exi/5ce ) ! body1 we %all m cle>ly p]ceive t ! body itself is n ! cause1 b ! in/rum5t ( m9d4 ,9 ord] t x %\ld be a ready in/rum5t1 x is1 z we see1 con/ruct$ on electro-magnetic pr9ciples1 s t x s]ves ! purposes ( ! m9d 9 _m spontane\s actions1 )\t ev5 awak5+ consci\sness4 ,:atev] is ess5tial to ! processes ( life is c>ri$ on 9 ! economy )\t our cons5t2 & until "s dem& is made by ! body1 requir+ our volunt>y int]f]5ce = ! removal ( inconv5i5ce1 or ! supply ( alim5t1 our att5tion is n s f> attract$ to ! body z t our desires are di/9ctly p]ceiv$ to arise f its /ate4 ,?us1 we feel hung] or ?ir/1 & use means = _! removal4 ,b our emotions & affections are at all times influ5c$ by bodily condition1 & 9 _m respects may be trac$ to a physical orig94 ,!y are s f> involunt>y1 t _! causes are 9 op]ation be=e we are aw>e1 & !y are apt to ev9ce _! p[] aga9/ our wills2 yet reason is te/$ by _! pres5ce1 & %e prevails ov] !m1 9 proportion to ! cle> p]ception & exp]i5ce ( spiritual motives1 or ^? moral convictions :i* arise f religi\s enlight5m5t4 ,7 x n t our connexion ) ! body subjects u to feel+s aga9/ :i* we are consci5ti\sly & reasonably requir$ to cont5d1 we %\ld be incapable ( t self consci\sness by :i* we di/+ui% ourselves f our bodies4 ,9 fact1 ^? :o f9d no o!r inducem5t to ?\ght & action ?an ! body af=ds1 are really incapable ( appreh5d+ any o!r ?an bodily exi/5ce1 & !y live n accord+ to spiritual b s5sual motive4#bh #bh ,dr4 ,george ,moore4 ,grant+ ! tru?1 or ! approximation to tru?1 ( ! =ego+ !ory1 x is evid5t1 n only t :atev] alt]s ! =ce ( ! electro-galvanic curr5ts ( :i* ! n]ves are conductors1 alt]s ! condition ( ! m9d 9 relation to ! body1 ?us mak+ impressions weak] or /rong]2 b t :atev] d]anges ! tone or timbre ( ! n]ves !mselves1 produces m5tal illusions :i* are sometimes ( a tempor>y1 sometimes ( a p]man5t "*4 ,= example1 9 d]angem5ts ( ! dige/ive organs1 p>tial loss ( sight 9 "o or bo? eyes1 ! appe>ance ( black motes1 specks1 or flies float+ 9 ! atmosph]e--col\r$ wavy l9es or zigzags--nay1 ev5 /range faces1 sometimes grotesque1 sometimes t]rific1 palpable to vision l ! air-drawn dagg] ( ,macbe?1 are by no means unfrequ5t ph5om5a4 ,b1 besides ^! transitory effects ( n]v\s d]angem5t1 !re are o!rs dep5d5t ^u a p]man5t condition ( ! n]ves1 :i* is n well und]/ood4 ,= example1 "s p]sons are incapable ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 c]ta9 col\rs1 :ile at ! same "t !re is no defect 9 ! con/ruction ( ! eye1 z an optical in/rum5t4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*ell exam9$ ! eyes ( a p]son affect$ ) ?is peculi>ity1 & satisfi$ himself t all ! prismatic rays _h ! p[] ( affect+ !m ) ! s5sation ( light1 & ( produc+ di/9ct vision4 ,h5ce1 !re=e1 z he obs]ves1 ! defect arises f no ins5sibility ( ! ret9a to rays ( any p>ticul> refrangibility1 nor to any col\r+ matt] 9 ! hum\rs ( ! eye prev5t+ c]ta9 rays f rea*+ ! ret9a1 z has be5 +5i\sly suppos$1 b f a defect 9 ! s5sorium1 by :i* x is r5d]$ incapable ( appreciat+ exactly ^? diff]5ces betwe5 rays on :i* _! col\r dep5ds4 ,! degree ( defect 9 ^! s+ul> cases is v>iable1 nor are ! col\rs :i* ! s5sorium _c appreciate by any means always ! same4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 r$ & gre5 are ! col\rs :i* are n disc]n$1 :ile blue & yell[ seldom fail to make a due impression4 ,seebeck1 on some:at vague gr\nds1 z we ?9k1 divides p]sons lab\r+ "u ?is defect ( vision into two classes4 ,! fir/ consi/s ( individuals :o h a v imp]fect p[] ( di/+ui%+ ! impressions ( col\rs g5]ally2 9 ^!1 at ! same "t1 ! defect is greate/ ) reg>d to r$ & gre51 ^! col\rs be+ n di/+ui%able f grey2 blue is imp]fectly di/+ui%$1 & yell[ ! mo/ p]fectly4 ,! second class consi/s ( individuals :o err ) reg>d to ! di/9ction ( r$ f blue2 & :o1 z 9 ! fir/ class1 recognise yell[ ! be/4 ,x is n1 z we h said1 to ! eye itself t we are to look = ! cause ( ?is defect1 b to "s my/]i\s peculi>ity ( ! s5sorium1 or to "s want ( h>mony betwe5 ! bra9 & ! optic n]ves2 b :e!r ! failure is 9 ! en]gia ( ! optic n]ves1 or 9 ! s5sorial p[] ( ! bra91 we pret5d n to say4 ,we h1 9 fact1 9 ?is in/ance1 z 9 s _m o!rs1 only to confess our ignorance4 ,x is sc>cely ne$ful = u to add1 t ?is visual defect is irrem$iable4 ,b !re are defects ( vision dep5d5t ^u ! /ructure ( ! eye itself1 z an optical in/rum5t2 & "u ?is head we may fir/ notice myopia1 or ne>-sight$ness4 ,myopia results f an ov]-refractive condition ( ! eye1 ! rays ( light pass+ f any object be+ br\ght to a focus 9 ! vitre\s *amb] ( t organ1 be=e rea*+ or imp++ on ! ret9a4 ,9 ?is case1 ei!r ! cornea or ! cry/all9e l5s is too convex1 or bo? are 9 ?is condition1 or ! hum\rs ( ! eye g5]ally are too d5se or too abundant1 & ! pupil is l>ge4 ,p]sons ?us affect$ see all objects indi/9ctly :i* are view$ at ! ord9>y di/ance ( di/9ct vision1 b objects held close to ! eye are se5 ) microscopic accuracy4 ,! di/ance f ! eye1 :5 9 a normal /ate1 at :i* objects are survey$ ) ! utmo/ di/9ctness1 is f fifte5 to tw5ty in*es4 ,an eye :i* _c disc]n objects ) ease & accuracy beyond t5 in*es1 may be consid]$ z myopic2 b n unfrequ5tly p]sons affect$ ) myopia _c reg>d an object ) di/9ctness :i* is beyond f\r1 ?ree1 two1 or ev5 "o in* di/ant f ! eye4 ,to myopic p]sons1 objects br\ght )9 _! sph]e ( vision appe> magnifi$2 a small type is read m easily ?an a l>ge type2 &1 inde$1 su* eyes see bett] ?r\gh a p9-hole 9 a c>d ?an :5 n ?us assi/$2 ! reason is1 t ! pupil1 f its dilatation1 admits too _m rays ( light1 b by dim9i%+ ! ap]ture ?r\gh :i* ! rays ( light are admitt$1 all b ^? :i* are ! mo/ direct are exclud$1 & ! images on ! ret9a w be1 !re=e1 ! m def9$4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 myopic p]sons1 :5 endeav\r+ to see di/ant objects1 half close ! eyelids1 7h5ce ! t]m myopia1 f 1 ,i %ut1 & 1 an eye47 ,myopic p]sons g5]ally see bett] 9 ! dusk1 or at twilight1 ?an o!rs2 & _! sight1 ?\gh %ort1 is /rong & good1 (t5 la/+4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 t z ! eye flatt5s 9 age1 ! vision ( myopic p]sons w improve z !y advance 9 life1 & ! !ory1 x mu/ be ackn[l$g$1 seems feasible1 b exp]i5ce proves t ?is is n ! case2 inde$1 x w\ld appe> t ! myopia r increases ?an dim9i%es4 ,concave glasses greatly assi/ ! myopic eye2 !y cause a div]g5ce ( ! rays ( light be=e ent]+ ! pupil1 & ?us c\nt]act ! ov]-refractive condition ( t organ4 ,! degree ( concavity be/ suit$ to p>ticul> cases c only be det]m9$ by trials4 ,f myopia we pass to its opposite1 presbyopia1 or f>-sight$ness1 71 old1 1 ! eye17 ?is be+ a /ate ( vision to :i* old age is s commonly subject4 ,9 presbyopia ! refractive p[]s ( ! eye are feeble2 t is1 ! rays ( light are conc5trat$ into a focus beyond ! ret9a1 &1 !re=e1 too f> back = ! reception by ! latt] ( a def9ite impression1 at ! ord9>y di/ance1 ( normal vision4 ,?is condition may result f flatness ( ! cornea1 f an insuffici5t convexity ( ! l5s1 or f a %ort] degree ?an natural ( ! ant]o-po/]ior axis ( ! eye itself4 ,! pupil is m or less contract$4 ,! f>-sight$ p]son ei!r removes ! object "u exam9ation fur!r ?an is usual f ! eye1 or he avails himself ( convex glasses1 ! effect ( :i* is1 to increase ! refraction1 or conv]g5ce ( ! rays ( light1 be=e !y ent] ! pupil4 ,al?\gh ?is condition ( ! eye is common 9 eld]ly or ag$ p]sons1 we are n to suppose t x is conf9$ to su* alone4 ,9 ag$ p]sons x is "o ( ^? signs :i* bid man prep>e = 8 la/ mortal *ange--a *ange1 ! premonitory w>n+s ( :i* are beautifully describ$ 9 ! twelf? *apt] ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,b ?is affection sometimes occurs 9 ! "y2 = a "t x w rema9 /ation>y2 b aft] a c]ta9 p]iod1 det]m9$ by v>i\s concomitant influ5ces1 x w greatly increase1 till at l5g?1 inde$1 x may be said1 ^? t look out ( ! w9d[s be d>k5$4 ,ano!r defect ( vision may be next notic$2 namely1 diplopia1 or d\ble vision4 ,?is arises f v>i\s causes1 "s ( !m obscure1 &1 p]haps1 connect$ ) a morbid affection ( ! base ( ! bra91 su* z a tumor press+ on ! motor oculi n]ve1 an inflammatory condition ( ! bra9 & its membranes1 or a sangu9e\s or s]\s effusion involv+ ! orig9 ( ! ?ird pair ( n]ves4 ,x is (t5 ! accompanim5t ( squ9t+ or /rabismus1 9 :i*1 al?\gh !re is a want ( correspond5ce 9 ! movem5ts or position ( ! two eyes1 ! vision ( ea* s+ly is p]fect4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 d\ble vision occurs 9 "o eye only1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !re is no di/urbance1 z f> z ! h>mony ( ! movem5ts ( ! two eyes is conc]n$2 occasionally1 bo? eyes are affect$ by diplopia4 ,9 ^! cases1 !re mu/ be "s irregul>ity ( refraction1 ei!r 9 ! cornea or ! l5s4 ,m4 ,prvo/1 :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 own case1 9 ! ,annales de ,*imie et de ,physique1 #ahcb1 ?\ght t ! diplopia "u :i* he lab\r$ might arise f a fracture1 bruise1 or p>tial flatt5+ ( ! l5s1 or f a sep>ation ( its lam94 ,pr(essor ,airy & ,mr4 ,babbage bo? exp]i5ce ! inconv5i5ce ( diplopia2 9 ! case ( ! latt]1 bo? eyes are defective1 b he c obviate ! defect by look+ ?r\gh a small hole 9 a c>d1 or ?r\gh a convex l5s4 ,pr(essor ,airy f9ds t 8 eye refracts ! rays to a ne>] focus 9 ! v]tical ?an 9 ! horizontal plane1 & he has +5i\sly contriv$ to rem$y x by ! use ( a d\ble concave l5s1 "o surface ( :i* is sph]ical & ! o!r cyl9drical4 ,! sph]ical surface is to correct ! g5]al effect ( a too convex cornea2 ! cyl9drical is to conv]ge or div]ge ^? rays at "r angles to ! axis2 :ile ! p>allelism ( ^? :i* imp+e ^u x 9 ! plane ( its axis is unaffect$4 ,?us ! focus ( ! sph]ical surface w rema9 unalt]$ 9 "o plane1 b 9 ! o!r x w be *ang$ to t ( a l5s1 =m$ by x & a sph]ical surface ( equal curvature ) ! cyl9d]4 ,) ! aid ( a glass ( ?is description1 pr(essor ,airy c\ld read ! smalle/ pr9t at a consid]able di/ance1 equally z well ) ! defective eye z ! s\nd "o4 ,he f\nd t vision 0 mo/ di/9ct :5 ! glass 0 pretty close to ! eye1 & ! cyl9drical surface turn$ f x4 ,) ^! precautions1 he obs]ves1 ,i f9d t ! eye :i* ,i once fe>$ w\ld become q useless1 c be us$ 9 almo/ e respect z well z ! o!r4 ,^! are defects 9 vision :i*1 h[ev] di/ress+1 & 9 !mselves1 t is1 z f> z ! eye itself is conc]n$1 incurable1 may be borne ) resignation or rem$i$ by sci5tific ag5cy4 ,b human be+s are (t5 call$ to /ill great] trials--to total loss ( sight--9 o!r words1 to p]fect bl9dness4 ,?is calamity results f _m causes2 = example1 ! cornea may become s opaque z to be incapable ( transmitt+ rays ( light into ! int]ior *amb] ( ! eye2 or ! cry/all9e l5s1 also1 may become opaque 7cat>act27 disease ( ! iris1 att5d$ by closure ( ! pupil1 w produce bl9dness1 z w also p>alysis1 or loss ( en]gy1 9 ! ret9a or optic n]ve1 7,amaurosis or ,gutta s]5a47 ,accid5ts may de/roy ! p[]s ( ! eye1 & a fla% ( lightn+ may produce ,amaurosis2 !re are1 besides1 o!r causes ( loss ( vision1 into :i* x is n requisite t we %\ld "h ent]4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 bl9dness is cong5ital1 t is1 ! individual 0 born bl9d1 b 9 mo/ in/ances bl9dness comes on at v>i\s p]iods ( life1 subsequ5t to ! age ( infancy4 ,great z is ! calamity ( bl9dness1 x is n1 we ?9k1 s heavy an affliction z total deafness4 ,privation ( sight does1 inde$1 close "o av5ue lead+ f matt] to m9d1 b1 p]haps1 n ! mo/ important av5ue2 we may assume ?is fact--_h ,euclid be5 bl9d he c\ld /ill h writt5 on ma!matics4 ,hom] & ,milton 7 bo? bl9d1 & _h ,%aksp]e be5 bl9d1 ! extraord9>y creations ( 8 g5ius w\ld h be5 :at !y are--! visions ( mighty intellect4 ,an admirably writt5 passage 9 "o ( our p]iodical publications may be "h introduc$2 x proves t bl9dness closes b a small inlet to ! immortal s\l3 ,we are all famili> ) _m well-au!nticat$ in/ances ( bl9d p]sons hav+ atta9$ to a di/+ui%$ position bo? 9 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,! celebrat$ ,saund]son1 :o fill$ ! *air ( ,newton 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 lo/ 8 v eye-balls by ! small-pox1 :5 only twelve ye>s old2 yet be=e he 0 ?irty1 we f9d him giv+ public lectures on optics1 expla9+ cle>ly ! !ory ( vision1 & disc\rs+ admirably on ! ph5om5a ( light & col\rs--?us furni%+ by 8 own ext5sive acquirem5ts a conv9c+ pro( ( ! extraord9>y p[]s ( language1 & ( ! full effici5cy ( ! e>1 z an av5ue to ! m9d4 ,! d>kness ( ! bl9d1 su* z in/ances l ?is suffici5tly %[1 is b a physical d>kness2 !y /ill possess a ready *annel1 ?r\gh :i* ! brighte/ beams ( intellectual light may be freely p\r$3 b ! d>kness ( ! deaf mute is a m5tal & moral d>kness2 & ?\gh he c gaze abroad ^u creation1 yet x is little m ?an m]e animal gratification t he feels2 he looks n ?r\gh nature up to nature's ,god1 nor does he p>ticipate 9 t high communion :i*1 ?r\gh ! sublimity ( h] visible language1 %e holds ) ! s\l ( an enlight5$ be+4 ,! reason :y ! bl9d usually receive f u a deep] sympa?y ?an ! deaf1 is1 p]haps1 because ! am\nt ( privation borne by ! =m] c be m accurately e/imat$4 ,we h only to close our eyes1 to %ut out = a :ile ! glori\s light ( heav51 9 ord] to conceive h[ great t privation mu/ be1 b we c nev] = a mom5t occupy ! place ( ! un$ucat$ deaf & dumb2 we _c %ut out our moral & intellectual light2 we _c dispossess our m9ds ( all t language has convey$ !re1 nor realize by any ef=t ( imag9ation ! melan*oly condition ( a be+ gr[n up 9 ! mid/ ( society1 yet depriv$ ( all p[] ( social int]c\rse2 ^: m9d has nev] be5 elevat$ by a s+le act ( devotion1 nor soo!d & com=t$ by a s+le impulse ( religi\s feel+4 ,man naturally 'looke? on ! outw>d appe>ance2' & :5 we see ! bright eye1 & ! cont5t$1 & ev5 joy\s aspect ( ! deaf mute1 we =get t we may witness all ?is 9 ! brutes t p]i%4 ,! e> has be5 happily call$ ! ve/ibule ( ! s\l1 & ! annals ( ! bl9d :o h become illu/ri\s confirm ! rem>k1 = !y %[ t few intellectual /udies are inaccessible to !m4 ,x has ev5 be5 said1 & ! ass]tion has receiv$ a k9d ( univ]sal ass5t among ^? :o h associat$ mu* ) ! bl9d1 t 9 c]ta9 in/ances !y h a facility :i* o!rs r>ely possess4 ,we w\ld n g s f> z ,hub]1 :o prais$ ! advantages ( bl9dness1 b = :i*1 z he says1 he might nev] h become celebrat$2 nor z ,holman1 :o has endeav\r$ to make x appe>1 t 9 8 bl9dness he possesses advantages ov] ^? travell]s :o h ! use ( _! eyes1 mo/ ( :om1 z he intimates1 ?\gh !y h ! use ( ^! organs 9 p]fection1 yet see n4 ,hub] & ,holman avail$ !mselves ( ! eyes ( o!rs1 & 9 ?is capability ! bl9d h great advantages ov] ! deaf1 = _! int]c\rse ) ! outw>d _w by means ( spee* is direct1 h5ce !y obta9 a k ( ?+s1 !ories1 & ev5ts1 :i* h pass$ or are pass+1 ( _! condition z m51 ( ! requirem5ts ( ,god1 & ( ! appo9t$ mode ( salvation4 ,! deaf & dumb see1 inde$1 all t passes )9 _! imm$iate sph]e1 b1 ow+ to ! imp]fect & circuit\s mode ( communication1 7by signs17 by means ( :i* alone access to _! m9d is ga9$1 little def9ite in=mation relative to ?+s1 ev5ts1 _! condition z fall5 creatures1 ! mode ( salvation1 & reg5]ation by ! influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,_s1 c be communicat$4 ,!y imitate1 z we c te/ify1 ! actions ( ^? :o attempt to enlight5 !m2 !y kneel1 !y raise ! eyes1 !y mimic a solemnity ( deportm5t1 & mu* m1 s z to p]suade "s t !y h a cle> p]ception ( spiritual tru?s2 b fai? come? by he>+1 & ?\gh we w\ld n presume to assign a limit to ,god 9 illum9at+ ! d>ke/ m9d1 yet we d\bt :e!r ! s\l c 9 ?is life become ! recipi5t ( ! tru?s & promises ( ! gospel 9 all _! glori\s fulness4 ,deaf & dumb p]sons are g5]ally irascible1 impati5t1 suspici\s1 & wat*ful2 !y creep ab\t /eal?ily1 & take y by surprise2 !y =m habits to :i* !y adh]e ) unfl9*+ p]t9acity1 & fret if any trifle mole/s !m4 ,!y may atta9 to a c]ta9 degree ( clev]ness1 z ! ^w is usually und]/ood1 b we "k n any deaf & dumb p]sons 7z f> z records g7 :o h atta9$ to any great degree ( em95ce1 ev5 "u circum/ances fav\rable to ! developm5t ( _! p[]s4 ,b ) reg>d to ! bl9d1 !y h enri*$ ! arts1 ! sci5ces1 & lit]ature1 by _! successful pursuits1 & n unfrequ5tly "u circum/ances ( extraord9>y difficulty4 ,view+ bo? ^! classes ( m5 z devoid ( education1 dep5d5t ^u !mselves = support1 & = ! enjoym5t ( life1 ! bl9d are physically great] objects ( compassion ?an ! deaf1 because1 )\t peculi> modes ( education1 suit$ to _! privation1 !y _c obta9 a livelihood2 b s f> z happ9ess is dep5d5t ^u k1 7& f ?is s\rce "s ( ! pure/ enjoym5ts arise17 !y are ne>ly on a level ) ord9>y m54 ,?r\gh ! e> !y c acquire k ( ! highe/ ord]1 b ! case ( ! deaf is ! rev]se ( ?is4 ,!y are n physically s dep5d5t z ! bl9d2 =1 hav+ ! advantage ( sight1 !y may acquire by application ! simpl] imitative arts1 & ?us e>n a subsi/5ce2 b m5tally1 _! great inf]iority1 _! ignorance ( !mselves1 ( all t be>s ^u ! conc]ns ( _! exi/5ce1 & ^u ! condition1 ord]1 *anges1 & phases ( ?+s extrane\s to !mselves1 is pa9fully palpable to e philan?ropic obs]v] ( 8 fell[-be+s4 ,! light ( ! eye is !irs1 b ! light ( ! m9d is ex*ang$ = d>kness4 ,we h already intimat$1 t ! oblit]ation ( "o organ ( s5se t5ds to ! great] p]ceptibility or acut5ess ( o!rs4 ,?is foll[s almo/ ( necessity1 because ! loss ( any giv5 organ t5ds to ! m f9i%$ education ( ^? :i* are de/9$ to aid x4 ,?us1 9 a bl9d man1 ! he>+ is g5]ally m ?an usually acute & accurate1 z is also ! s5se ( t\*2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! muscul> s5se is surpris+ly elevat$4 ,bl9d guides h be5 kn[n & celebrat$ = _! extraord9>y gifts 9 ! wilde/ moorl& & hilly di/ricts4 ,john ,metcalf1 ( ,kn>esbor\gh1 7#agag17 0 road surveyor & contractor 9 ! ,peak ( ,d]by%ire2 he built bridges ov] riv]s1 & project$ roads ov] ! ridges ( ! ,p5n9e *a91 nor 0 he less rem>kable = feats ( d>+1 su* z h>d rid+1 swimm+1 etc4 ,?is p]son 0 bl9d f infancy4 ,h[ wond]ful is ! ela/icity ( ! human m9d1 :i* c reconcile itself 9 su* an a/oni%+ mann] to ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances1 & triumph1 z x 71 ov] ! loss ( t ine/imable possession--sight6 ,_m m5 ( note1 :o 7 ei!r born bl9d1 or _h lo/ _! sight at an e>ly p]iod1 h figur$ 9 ! sci5tific1 lit]>y1 & musical worlds4 ,a few ( ^! may be "h m5tion$ 7)\t go+ back to long pa/ c5turies1 t is1 to ! days ( ,hom]1 or ,diodatus1 or ev5 to ! m rec5t "t ( ,h5ry1 ! m9/rel ( ,scotl&1 born bl9d #acfa1 or ( sir ,john ,g[]1 ( ,london1 :o di$ 9 #adjb47 ,take1 by way ( example1 ! foll[+3--,hub]1 ! naturali/ 7,g5eva1 #aghd-he72 he became bl9d at ! age ( sev5te52 he wrote on ! lab\rs & in/9cts ( bees & ants1 & also on education4 ,francis ,pott] 7,london1 di$ #afgh72 he wrote on me*anics1 !ology1 & pa9t+4 ,f4 ,c>ulhi 7,nantes1 di$ #aghi72 born bl9d2 he wrote on music4 ,rev4 ,j4 ,tr\ghton 7,cov5try1 di$ #afha72 bl9d at f\r ye>s ( age2 he wrote on !ological subjects4 ,john ,/anley 7,london1 di$ #agha72 bl9d at two ye>s old2 a musical p]=m] & compos]2 he wrote ! oratorios1 ,jeph?ah1 ,zimri1 etc4 ,john ,g\gh 7,k5dal1 #ageg72 bl9d at ! age ( ?ree ye>s2 a writ] ( sev]al communications to ! ,man*e/] ,society1 & to ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal on ,botany & ,natural ,philosophy4 ,sir ,john ,field+ 7,we/m9/]1 di$ #aghj72 bl9d f y\?2 police magi/rate1 & au?or ( ! ,univ]sal ,m5tor4 ,john ,mc,beath 7,dalkei?1 di$ #ahcd72 bl9d at an e>ly age2 he /udi$ music & ma!matics1 & wrote on ,inv5tions = ! ,bl9d4 ,he 0 a bl9d tea*] 9 ! ,ed9burgh s*ool4 ,james ,wilson1 au?or ( ! ,biography ( ! ,bl9d4 ,james ,holman1 ^: publi%$ travels ?r\gh _m portions ( ! _w h excit$ v g5]al curiosity & int]e/4 ,alex&] ,rod5back1 memb] ( ! ,belgian ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal actors 9 ! ,belgian revolution2 he 0 a support] ( ! democratic p>ty1 & (t5 made ! *amb] r+ ) 8 orig9al & eloqu5t spee*es4 ,we might add greatly to ?is li/1 b we select ! above m]ely z examples1 to %[ h[1 :5 ! acquisition ( k is deb>r$ at ! entrance ( ! eye1 ! m9d w collect x ?r\gh ! inlet ( o!r s5ses4 ,( ! num]\s s*ools ( in/ruction = ! bl9d1 ( :i* our c\ntry may well be pr\d--( ! sy/ems ( tra9+ pursu$ 9 !m--( ! lab\rs ( pi\s individuals1 "s !mselves bl9d--x is n our place "h to speak4 ,we dev\tly pray t ! bless+ ( ! all-see+ ,god may be ) !m & ^u !m6 ,bl9dness is sometimes1 b1 we are happy to say1 n v (t51 accompani$ by deafness--utt] deafness4 ,bl9dness is a sad calamity2 b :5 bl9dness & deafness meet 9 ! same object1 :at a deplorable picture pres5ts itself to e feel+ he>t6 ,bl9d1 deaf1 mute6 ,*ri/ian read]1 reflect--by :at means1 by :at process1 %all access be ga9$ to ! undy+ m9d8 ,h[ c we1 by human means1 in/il into ! s\l ! glad tid+s ( salvation1 demon/rate ! corruptness ( human nature1 ! necessity ( a new bir?1 ! efficacy ( pray]1 & ! p]fections ( ! triune ,jehovah8 ,?9k ( an immortal s\l imprison$ 9 su* a rayless1 sil5t t5em5t1 deb>r$ f all acqua9tance ) ! _w ar\nd1 except z f> z feel+ may g1 & ta/e & smell4 ,b ,god (t5 works 9 a my/]i\s way1 & p]haps communicates light to ! m9d1 :5 ! visual orbs are seal$ up 9 d>kness1 & ! invitations ( ,*ri/ _c be he>d f ! lips ( 8 pi\s m9i/]--! good %eph]d1 :o is comm&$ to c>e = ! little ones ( ! fold4 ,oh6 h[ ?ankful to our graci\s ,god ought we to be1 = ! full use ( all our s5ses--^? inlets to ! k ei!r ( good or ( evil1 nay1 ( bo?2 b let u say1 ,i & my h\se w s]ve ! ,"l6 ,! foll[+ acc\nt is cond5s$ f ! ,am]ican ,annals ( ,education1 & f capta9 ,basil ,hall's ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x ref]s to ! deeply t\*+ & mo/ int]e/+ case ( ,julia ,brace1 a deaf1 dumb1 & bl9d ,am]ican girl1 :o resides 9 ! ,in/itution = ! ,deaf & ,dumb at ,h]t=d1 ,connecticut3 ,julia ,brace 0 seiz$ ) typhus fev] at f\r ye>s ( age2 dur+ ! fir/ week ( h] illness %e became bl9d & deaf2 %e reta9$ h] spee* = ab\t a ye>1 7! tongue act+ me*anically1 accord+ to acquir$ muscul> habit17 frequ5tly repeat+ h] lett]s1 & spell+ ! names ( h] acqua9tance2 b %e gradually lo/ x1 & seems n[ condemn$ to p]petual sil5ce4 ,= ?ree ye>s %e cont9u$ to utt] a few words2 "o ( ! la/ 0 '"m' 7t ^w clung to h] tongue2 x 0 ! e>lie/ %e he>d & spoke1 & ! la/ t di$ on h] lips67 ,at fir/ %e 0 unconsci\s ( h] mis=tune1 & imag9$ t a long night _h come ^u ! _w4 ,at l5g?1 9 pass+ a w9d[1 %e felt ! sun %9+ w>m ^u h] h&1 & %e made signs indicat+ %e 0 aw>e ( x2 %e 0 gov]n$ by h] "m1 by means simil> to ^? employ$ 9 ! case ( ,mit*ell4 ,at fir/ %e 0 exce$+ly irritable1 b %e became at l5g? habitually mild1 ob$i5t1 & affectionate4 ,at n9e ye>s ( age %e 0 taught to sew1 7wond]ful ! conjunct op]ation ( ! n]ves ( s5sibility & muscul> s5se67 & s9ce t "t to knit4 ,julia ,brace1 :o is n[ ne>ly ?irty ye>s ( age1 is support$ 9 ! ,h]t=d ,asylum1 9 "p by ! contributions ( visitors1 & 9 "p by h] own lab\rs 9 sew+ & knitt+4 ,a language ( palpable signs 0 e>ly e/abli%$ z a means ( communication ) h] fri5ds2 ?is has be5 mu* improv$ by h] int]c\rse ) ! deaf & dumb1 & is n[ suffici5t = all ord9>y purposes4 ,x is obvi\s1 t h] means ( p]ceiv+ ext]nal objects are ! smell1 ! ta/e1 & ! t\*4 ,! t\* is h] *ief reliance1 & enables h] to di/+ui% e object ) :i* %e has be5 famili>1 sometimes by ! aid ( h] lips & tongue2 b h] smell also is surpris+ly acute1 & (t5 enables h] to asc]ta9 facts :i* are beyond ! rea* ( o!r p]sons4 ,h] c\nt5ance z %e sits at "w exhibits ! /ronge/ evid5ce ( an active m9d & a feel+ he>t1 & ?\ghts & feel+s seem to flit across x l ! cl\ds 9 a summ] sky4 ,a %ade ( p5siv5ess w be foll[$ by a cl\d ( anxiety or gloom2 a peaceful look w p]haps succe$2 & n unfrequ5tly a smile lights up h] c\nt5ance1 :i* seems to make "o =get h] mis=tunes4 ,b no "o yet has p5etrat$ ! d>kness ( h] prison h\se1 or f\nd an av5ue = moral or intellectual light4 ,bl9dness alone is a great calamity4 ,milton mo/ affect+ly deplores 8 deprivation3-- ------------,n to me returns ,day1 or ! sweet approa* ( ev'n or morn2 ,or sight ( v]nal bloom or summ]'s rose2 ,or flocks1 or h]ds1 or human face div9e1-- ,b cl\ds in/ead1 & ev] dur+ d>k ,surr\nd me1 f ! *e]ful ways ( m5 ,cut (f2 & = ! book ( k fair ,pres5t$ ) a univ]sal blank4 ,!re are two morbid conditions ( ! eye ( :i* we ought n "h to omit1 at lea/1 a pass+ notice2 we allude to hem]alopia1 71 ! day1 1 bl9d1 & 1 ! eye27 or1 9 o!r words1 day-bl9dness2 & to nyctalopia1 71 ! night1 & 1 ! eye17 t is to say1 night-bl9dness4 ,we may obs]ve t _m mod]n writ]s1 z ,sc>pa1 & o!rs1 h rev]s$ ! pla9 mean+ ( ^! t]ms1 & h consid]$ hem]alopia z d5ot+ sight dur+ ! day1 & bl9dness dur+ ! night2 & nyctalopia z express+ ! p[] ( vision by night1 b n dur+ ! h\rs ( daylight4 ,9 ord] to prev5t any confusion or misund]/&+1 we %all drop ! sci5tific t]ms1 :i* by "s are s /rangely miscon/ru$1 & adopt _! ,engli% equival5ts4 ,p]fect day-bl9dness1 or owl-sight1 z ! ,fr5* call x1 is ( r>e occurr5ce4 ,dr4 ,hill>y nev] met b ) two examples2 at ! same "t he notices a report1 t !re are a p 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 & also 9 ,siam1 :o are subject to ! disease ( be+ bl9d 9 ! day-"t1 yet :o see cle>ly by night4#bi #bi ,mod4 ,univ4 ,hi/4 vol4 vii4 ,day-bl9dness mo/ probably nev] occurs z a sep>ate disease2 x is imm$iately ! result ( a peculi>ly irritable /ate ( ! ret9a1 insomu* t ! /imulus ( daylight _c be borne2 & n ( ! ret9a only1 b ( ! iris also1 :i*1 9 ord] to exclude ! rays ( light1 closes ! pupil ( ! eye to a m]e po9t4 ,all h he>d ( ^? s+ul> be+s t]m$ ,alb9os4 ,alb9os are f\nd among all nations1 & are not$1 f contra/ ( col\r1 9 ,african & n unfrequ5t among ! d>k tribes ( ,africa2 inde$1 x w\ld seem t !re are families ( negroes 9 :i* !re is an h]$it>y t5d5cy to ! production ( ,alb9o *ildr54#cj #cj ,see ,dr4 ,pri*>d's ,rese>*es into ! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 vol4 i4 p4 #cff4 ,among ! l[] animals1 alb9ism appe>s to occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! race ( tame rabbits2 !y are kn[n by _! :ite fur & r$ eyes2 bre$s ( ^! may be propagat$2 ! same obs]vation applies to :ite mice4 ,human alb9os1 at lea/1 & probably alb9os 9 ! animal grade1 are affect$ by a c]ta9 degree1 m or less decid$1 ( day-bl9dness4 ,! *>act]s ( ! alb9o result f a defici5cy 9 ! col\r+ pr9ciple1 common to ! sk91 hair1 & eyes4 ,! eyes1 = example1 are entirely de/itute ( ! d>k pigm5t2 9 fact1 ! p9k1 or r$ col\r1 s obs]vable1 dep5ds on ! f9e vessels :i* are v num]\s 9 ! composition ( ! iris1 & on ! /ill great] numb] ( m9ute art]ial ramifications :i* almo/ entirely =m ! *oroid membrane1 & :i*1 "u ?is condition1 are se5 ?r\gh ! pupil4 ,to ,alb9os ! /ate ( ! eyes is _! greate/ s\rce ( inconv5i5ce4 ,! abs5ce ( ! black pigm5t1 :i* has ! important (fice ( absorb+ sup]flu\s portions ( light1 r5d]s ! eye pret]naturally s5sible ( ?is /imulus4 ,/rong lights affect ! organ pa9fully2 ev5 ! gl>e ( op5 day produces a p>tial bl9dness1 & ! admission ( light is intol]able4 ,^! evils are balanc$ 9 "s measure by sup]ior p[] ( vision 9 dusk1 or imp]fect d>kness4#ca #ca ,on ?is subject see ,buffon1 ,supplem5t1 tom4 iv4 p4 #eei2 ,pallas 9 8 ,nov ,species ,quadrup$um1 pp4 #aj1 #aa1 n41 & also ,blum5ba*1 etc4 ,let u n[ turn to night-bl9dness4 ,nocturnal bl9dness1 says ,sc>pa1 is prop]ly no?+ b a k9d ( imp]fect p]iodical amaurosis1 mo/ commonly sympa!tic ) ! /oma*4 ,its p>oxysms come on t[>ds ! ev5+1 & disappe> 9 ! morn+4 ,! disease is endemic 9 "s c\ntries1 & epidemic1 at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>1 9 o!rs4 ,at sunset1 objects appe> to p]sons affect$ ) ! compla9t1 z if cov]$ ) an a%-col\r$ veil1 :i* gradually *anges into a d5se cl\d1 int]v5+ betwe5 ! eyes & surr\nd+ objects4 ,p]sons ?us affect$ h ! pupil1 bo? 9 ! day & night-"t1 m dilat$ & less movable ?an x usually is 9 heal?y eyes4 ,! majority ( !m1 h[ev]1 h ! pupil m or less movable 9 ! day-"t1 & always exp&$ & motionless at night4 ,:5 br\ght into a room fa9tly light$ by a c&le1 :]e all ! by/&]s c see tol]ably well1 !y _c disc]n objects at all1 or at mo/ 9 a v feeble mann]1 or !y only f9d !mselves able to di/+ui% light f d>kness1 & by moonlight _! sight is /ill worse4 ,at daybreak !y recov] _! sight1 :i* cont9ues p]fect all ! re/ ( ! day till sunset4#cb #cb ,cap4 xix4 p4 #cbb4 ,ed4 #hvo4 ,mr4 ,bamfield obs]ves t ! abolition ( eyesight by night has occurr$ 9 all ages1 & is a common disease ( seam5 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 all hot & tropical c\ntries & latitudes1 & t x affects m or less ! natives likewise ( ^? regions ( ! globe4 ,x also occurs frequ5tly among soldi]s 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 b1 accord+ to ! in=mation he has receiv$1 x is by no means preval5t among/ sailors employ$ on %ipbo>d4 ,x is n an uncommon compla9t among ! ,lasc>s employ$ 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's %ips1 trad+ betwe5 ,india & ,europe4 ,celsus has rem>k$ t females 9 due heal? are exempt f ?is /range affection ( ! orbs ( vision4#cc ,x may fur!r be obs]v$1 t ! inhabitants ( nor!rly latitudes are less subject to night-bl9dness ?an are ! natives ( tropical c\ntries 9 !irs2 b t :5 ! natives ( cold climates visit ! tropics1 !y are peculi>ly susceptible to ?is morbid condition ( ! eye4 #cc ,lib4 vi4 cap4 vi4 ,b we mu/ n[ pass f ! eye to ! e>4 ,deafness f infancy1 t is1 total deafness1 involves ! loss ( spee*1 or ( ! utt]ance ( a def9ite language4 ,! deaf d1 inde$1 utt] wild cries1 &1 z if impell$ by in/9ct1 scream ) rage1 h[l ) pa9 or fe>1 & mutt] :5 pleas$2 b !y he> n ! s\nds :i* !y !mselves utt]1 & :i* are (t5 h>%1 & ev5 t]rible4 ,! gr& object = :i* ! s5se ( he>+ 0 giv5 to man 0 = und]/&+1 acquir+1 & us+ language1 or spee*1 = ! enunciation ( :i* ! lips1 ! tee?1 ! tongue1 ! palate1 9 fact1 ! :ole organization ( ! m\? & l[] "p ( ! face1 is expressly modifi$1 z is also ! con=mation ( ! l>ynx2 b1 be x obs]v$1 t )\t m9d man c\ld nev] h be5 a speak+ animal4 ,"h1 !n1 we see a design (t5 ov]look$ by ^? :o /udy ! economy ( man4 ,! ox he>s1 b x c\ld n talk or utt] language--t is1 s\nds modifi$ 9 acc5t1 9 t]m9ation1 9 l5g?--ev5 if x w\ld1 = ! organization ( ! vocal organs w\ld prev5t ! requir$ intonations2 b z ! l[] animals are n de/9$ to ?9k1 to argue1 to admoni%1 to p]suade--9 %ort1 z !y are n de/9$ = immortality--9 !m ! faculty ( spee* w\ld be out ( h>mony ) _! real condition & de/9y4 ,language is a m5tal z well z corporeal ex]cise1 = we h to le>n :at ea* s\nd utt]$ means1 till at l5g? x becomes natural to u1 if we may use a popul> expression4 ,we h already allud$ to ! pleasure :i* ! m9d d]ives f music4 ,n[1 !re are a few obs]vations reg>d+ deafness1 or ! deprivation ( he>+1 :i* _c be out ( place4 ,total deafness f v>i\s causes may take place 9 a p]son ( mature ye>s1 or aft] he has advanc$ 9 life to ye>s ( adolesc5ce2 9 su* cases language w be reta9$1 b ! voice w be "u no control1 no modulation--"o s5t5ce may be %\t$1 ano!r spok5 9 a :isp]4 ,we may adduce a case 9 po9t3 an (fic] 7a nobleman7 9 ! battle ( ,wat]loo _h 8 auditory n]ve de/roy$ by ! concussion ( ! air f ! bur/+ ( a %ell1 or f ! report ( a cannon4 ,he became totally deaf1 & consequ5tly lo/ all control ov] 8 voice1 :i* became discordant1 & difficult to be und]/ood ev5 by ^? :o 7 8 intimate associates4 ,a simil> in/ance is m5tion$ by an ,am]ican writ]1 9 :i* entire deafness1 tak+ place at ! age ( eighte51 s affect$ ! articulation1 t ! individual 0 no long] intelligible1 ev5 to 8 ne>e/ fri5ds4 ,b1 besides total loss ( he>+1 :e!r cong5ital1 7t is1 f bir?17 or occurr+ at any future p]iod1 auditory incapacity manife/s itself 9 v>i\s degrees1 & "u s+ul> modifications4 ,= example1 a fri5d ( ! writ]1 :o is extremely musical1 & plays brilliantly on ! piano1 is s deaf t %e sc>cely und]/&s a ^w ( ! conv]sation ( p]sons ar\nd h]2 yet let a discordant note be /ruck1 & %e feel+ly appreciates x4 ,ano!r lady1 ) :om ! writ] is acqua9t$1 _c he> ! %rill high-ton$ squeak ( ! %rew-m\se2 & ! writ] kn[s "s :o _c he> ! cries ( o!r %rill-ton$ animals1 z ! bat1 or m\se1 :ile to deep]1 n l\d] notes1 _! e>s are p]fectly awake4 ,dr4 ,wolla/on con/ruct$ a small organ1 ^: notes began :]e ! notes ( ord9>y in/rum5ts end2 ! notes ( 8 organ increas$ 9 %>pness till !y became inaudible1 ?\gh he 0 c]ta9 t x cont9u$ to give s\nd1 f feel+ ! vibrations equally ) ! l[] notes4 ,he ?us f\nd t "s p c\ld he> sev5 or eight notes high] ?an o!rs1 & t *ildr5 c\ld g5]ally he> two or ?ree notes high] ?an gr[n-up p4 ,9 "s p]sons1 ! accuracy ( ! e> is m]ely impair$ 9 di/+ui%+ fa9t s\nds1 & s\nds some:at simil>2 in/ances ( ?is k9d are p>ticul>ly evid5t 9 infants1 ^: fir/ attempts at spee* are a v remote simil>ity to ! s\nds !y he>1 & become m p]fect z _! e> is educat$1 & 9 "s cases rema9 imp]fect ?r\gh life1 9 consequ5ce ( defect 9 ! organs ( he>+4 ,all imp]fections ( spee* d n arise f imp]fect he>+2 an indi/9ct articulation may result f v>i\s o!r causes2 f c>elessness1 f defective organs ( spee*1 or f an imp]fect =mation ( ^? organs2 f irregul> respiration1 produc+ hesitation1 & 9 "s in/ances proce$+ f n]v\sness4#cd #cd ,see ,dr4 ,arnott's ,elem5ts ( ,physics1 #ahbg4 ,! writ] is acqua9t$ ) a lady1 ^: organs ( he>+ are 9 full activity1 b %e _c di/+ui% "o tune f ano!r2 h] e> appreciates piano1 =te1 or =tissime1 b nei!r modulation nor rhy?m4 ,! defect "h mu/ be 9 ! m9d1 7a phr5ologi/ w\ld say t ! organ ( music 9 ! bra9 0 undevelop$17 yet ?is lady is s5sible1 pi\s1 & /r5u\s 9 h] ex]tions = ! ext5sion ( ! k ( ,*ri/4 ,to rev]t1 h[ev]1 to ! deaf & dumb 7or deaf-mute7 n depriv$ ( eyesight1 we may obs]ve1 t ^! p]sons1 =m]ly neglect$ & deem$ incapable ( in/ruction1 are n n[ exclud$ f ! s*ool ( k & ( religion4 ,m5 h at l5g? confess$ t !y possess rational s\ls--t !y are capable ( receiv+ in=mation--& t ! m9d may be made ! recipi5t ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( k1 v>y+ ( c\rse accord+ to ! natural p[]s ( ! intellect4 ,n t ! am\nt ( k acquir$ by su* p]sons c ev]1 ct]is p>ibus1 equal t :i* may be acquir$ by ^? :o lab\r "u no defect2 nev]!less1 ! inf]iority is only "o ( degree1 & is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,an able writ] makes ! foll[+ p]t95t rem>ks3 ,f ! advantages :i* in/ruction has af=d$ to a c]ta9 proportion ( ! deaf & dumb = ! la/ half c5tury1 a tol]ably correct e/imate may be =m$ ( _! capabilities = improvem5t4 ,! deaf-mute1 liv+ 9 society1 b )\t in/ruction1 mu/ be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ solit>y & melan*oly ( be+s4 ,he is %ut out f all b ! mo/ imp]fect int]c\rse ) 8 species1 & ! v intellect1 by ! possession ( :i* he is rais$ above ! l[] creation1 s]ves only to height5 8 calamity1 & r5d] ! s5se ( 8 deprivation m acute4 ,8 p]ceptions ( ext]nal objects are inde$ accurate1 b sup]ficial1 & conf9$ to a v small sph]e4 ,( ! v>i\s arts by :i* ! necess>ies & conv5i5ces ( life are produc$1 he c h no k beyond t :i* is includ$ 9 ! range ( 8 own vision4 ,animal desires he feels1 & he is l$ by ! conv5tional usages ( society to ! p]=mance ( moral duties1 & ! avoidance ( op5 & flagrant crime4 ,?us he becomes exp]i5c$1 z o!r human be+s are1 9 :at is "r or wrong4 ,he sees t virtu\s actions h a c]ta9 am\nt ( rew>d 9 ! op9ions ( good m51 = he le>ns to discrim9ate betwe5 ^? ^: actions are prop]1 & ^? :o d wrong2 &1 aga91 he sees t 9 _m cases vice meets ) disapprobation & puni%m5t among mank9d4 ,h[ ?is k9d ( exp]i5ce %all affect 8 own conduct1 mu/ dep5d n only on ! circum/ances 9 :i* he is plac$1 z to example1 & ! moral influ5ce ( ^? ) :om he has to associate1 b also on 8 own natural t5d5cies4 ,! p]=mance ( moral duties implies ! ex]cise ( intellectual faculties1 & f 8 bir? ! deaf-mute makes use ( 8 reason+ p[]s4 ,he is subject to *anges ( purpose1 to *anges ( feel+1 ! pleasures & ! infirmities common to 8 species4 ,he is s5sible ( k9dness2 he gives pro( ( affection4 ,t su* is ! un$ucat$ /ate ( ! deaf & dumb might be prov$ by ! obs]vations ( _! p>5ts1 fri5ds1 & in/ructors1 9 hundr$s ( in/ances4 ,t su* mu/ necess>ily be ! case1 suppos+ !m n to be idiots1 x w\ld be easy to %[4 ,we affirm1 9 contradiction to ^? :o cont5d t deaf-mutes are naturally m debas$ ?an o!r m5 9 intellect & 9 morals1 t !re is n an individual deaf-mute1 n[ "u in/ruction1 improv+1 & !reby ev9c+ rational faculties1 :o1 previ\s to 8 in/ruction1 h[ev] disadvantage\s ! circum/ances :i* att5d$ 8 e>li] ye>s1 did n ev9ce moral s5tim5ts & intellectual op]ations4 ,we h trac$ ! hi/ory ( _m ( ?is class1 9 diff]5t ranks ( society1 d[n to ! p]iod :5 ! deprivation "u :i* !y h lab\r$ 0 fir/ asc]ta9$2 & we h inv>iably f\nd t mixture ( good & evil 9 _! actions & t5d5cies1 :i* is se5 among/ o!r *ildr54 ,we h also _h suffici5t pro(s ( ! ex]cise ( intellect ev5 :ile !y 7 9 a /ate ( *ildhood4 ,! p>5ts ( deaf & dumb *ildr5 c suffici5tly atte/ ! tru? ( ^! obs]vations4 ,! writ] c atte/ !m3 he c adduce facts )9 8 own k1 prov+ ! correctness ( ! views ent]ta9$ by ! au?or j quot$2 reasons1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly obvi\s prev5t him expatiat+ on ?is "p ( ! subject1 &1 inde$1 h influ5c$ him 9 adopt+ ! words ( ano!r1 ^: means ( obs]vation h be5 v ext5sive4 ,we _c "h ent] into ! modes ( in/ruction employ$ 9 ord] to illum9ate ! m9ds ( ! deaf-mutes2 all we ne$ say is1 t x is by a sy/em ( apt signs1 or ( hi]oglyphics1 at lea/ 9 ! comm5cem5t2 b m9ds ( capacity soon advance /ill fur!r2 read+ & writ+ are acquir$--nay1 ev5 ! p[] ( articulate spee*4 ,b we mu/ pass f ?is "p ( our subject1 on :i* inde$ mu* might be said4 ,! s5ses ( smell & ta/e require a pass+ notice4 ,we conjo9 ^! s5ses toge!r1 because ! latt] dep5ds mu* = its discrim9ation on ! functional p]fection ( ! =m]2 9 fact1 mu* ( t :i* 9 ! enjoym5t ( food is commonly attribut$ to ! s5se ( ta/e1 dep5ds on ! od\r c>ri$ f ! m\? to ! nose4 ,if1 = example1 we ma/icate any spice1 or aromatic sub/ance1 z c9namon1 :ile at ! same "t ! no/rils are /rongly compress$1 & brea?+ ?r\gh ^? *annels ob/ruct$1 we p]ceive no def9ite flav\r f ! spice1 al?\gh ! ess5tial oil express$ may /+ ! tongue & palate4 ,/oppage ( ! nasal passages1 f cat>rh1 influ5za1 or o!r affections1 & pret]natural dryness or ?ick5+ ( ! s*neid]ian membrane1 impair or de/roy bo? ! s5se ( smell & ta/e4 ,we may "h obs]ve1 t irritation ( ! s*neid]ian membrane by ammonia1 by snuff1 & o!r ?+s ( ! l nature1 has no?+ to d ) ! s5se ( smell resid+ 9 ! n]ves ( t membrane3 smell is ! appreciation ( od\rs2 any delicate membrane may be irritat$1 z1 = example1 ! conjunctiva ( ! eye4 ,) irritants1 sc5ts may be comb9$2 9 su* admixtures = ! /imulation ( ! olfactory n]ves _m p]sons eag]ly indulge1 & "u c]ta9 circum/ances !y are m$ic9ally useful2 b x is ! p]ception ( sc5t or od\r1 irrespective ( irritation1 :i* is ! prop] function ( ! olfactory n]ves4 ,) respect to ta/e1 ?is s5se resides 9 a bran* ( ! fif? c]ebral n]ve1 call$1 f its function1 gu/atory4 ,= ! s5sation ( ta/e1 moi/ure mu/ be pres5t2 an utt]ly insoluble body1 z cry/al1 is ta/eless2 we r$uce to a pulp1 by means ( ! tee? & ! saliva1 ! food :i* we eat1 except+1 inde$1 su* articles z come "u ! d5om9ation ( dr9k1 or1 9 o!r words1 vi&s 9 a fluid /ate1 su* z w9e1 ale1 c(fee1 etc4 ,p]fectly pure wat] is ta/eless4 ,! contact ( two metals 9 ! m\?1 produc+ a galvanic dis*>ge1 excites a s5sation or flav\r :i* _c be well describ$2 b ! moi/ure ( ! saliva is requisite = ! effect4 ,x is said1 t ! sup]ior flav\r ( port] drunk out ( a pewt] vessel results f a slight galvanic action go+ on4 ,mr4 ,mayo says1 v>i\s sub/ances1 aft] excit+ ! s5se ( t\* on ! fauces1 & t ( ta/e on ! tongue1 are capable ( produc+ a ?ird impression1 :i* is popul>ly ref]r$ to ! palate1 b :i* is really felt ^u ! s5ti5t membrane ( ! no/rils4 ,9 ! case ( metals tak5 into ! m\?1 ?is mode ( ! reception ( flav\r w\ld appe> to take place4 ,loss ( ta/e1 l t ( smell1 may arise f v>i\s causes2 :5 ! m\? is p>*$ up by fev] or int5se ?ir/1 ! s5se ( ta/e is greatly impair$1 or ev5 altoge!r susp5d$2 b ?is condition may be reg>d$ z tempor>y4 ,a few in/ances h come "u our own obs]vation1 9 :i*1 ?\gh ! s5ses ( smell & ta/e 7 n oblit]at$1 !y 7 extremely obtuse1 insomu* t ! mo/ nause\s m$ic9es or (f5sive od\rs creat$ no feel+ ( repugnance or disgu/1 & ! mo/ delicate vi&s1 or ! fragrance ( sweete/ fl[]s1 no pleasurable s5sation4 ,9 idiots1 ?is loss ( ta/e & smell is f> f be+ uncommon2 b x is n to su* t we "h allude1 nor is x to ^? :o h suff]$ f repeat$ p>tial /rokes ( p>alysis or apoplexy1 b to p]sons ( sane m9d & s\nd heal?4 ,9 su* cases1 ! defici5cy is ei!r 9 ! s5sitive & conduct+ p[] ( ! n]ves1 or 9 "s a loss ( tone 9 ! portion ( ! bra9 to :i* !y imm$iately lead--at all ev5ts1 a b>ri] is int]pos$ betwe5 organic /ructure & ! m9d4 ,z f> z ! op]ations ( intellect are conc]n$1 ! loss ( smell or ( ta/e is ( second>y consid]ation2 ^! s5ses adm9i/] to our animal enjoym5ts r ?an to ! spiritual "p ( our be+2 nev]!less1 m9d & body are s unit$ t ! brea? ( e>ly fl[]s1 ! inc5se ( ! fields1 ! balmy breeze1 ! ta/e ( :olesome food1 or ( ! refre%+ draught1 call =? ! feel+s ( ! m9d1 awak5 gratitude1 & lead u to (f] up our ?anks to ,him :o is ! ,giv] ( e good4 ,) respect to ! s5se ( t\*1 we h few additional obs]vations to make2 ?is s5se is tra9$ to its highe/ p]fection 9 ^? :o are born bl9d1 & :o f e>ly *ildhood h acquir$ ! habit ( supply+ by its ex]cise _! visual defici5cy1 z f> z "o s5se c comp5sate = ! loss ( ano!r4 ,9 ! educat$ bl9d1 ! faculty ( di/+ui%+ m9ute diff]5ces 9 impression1 & ( receiv+ f a giv5 surface ( s5ti5t integum5t ! l>ge/ numb] ( sep>ate s5sations ( contact1 appe>s mo/ rem>kably develop$2 9 ! bl9d1 too1 ! explor+ movem5ts ( t\* are p]=m$ ) ! mo/ skill & delicacy4 ,to s high a pit*1 inde$1 is ! s5se ( t\* elevat$1 t _m h be5 l$ to believe t ! bl9d are ev5 capable ( appreciat+ col\r2 x may be1 we admit1 t !y are able to detect by t\* c]ta9 diff]5ces ( texture1 :i* dep5d on ! *emical processes ( dye+1 or on c]ta9 modes ( prep>ation connect$ ) ! imp>tation ( col\r to ! surface ( objects1 & ?us discrim9at+ or analyz+1 may be taught to associate ! "n ( blue ) "o s5sation1 ( r$ ) ano!r1 & s on--m ?an ?is is impossible4 ,obtus5ess ( feel+1 or ( tact1 arises f v>i\s causes2 ! horny h& ( ! lab\r] is less discrim9ative ?an t ( ! man :o is n call$ to toil 9 ! field1 or "w at ! anvil4 ,z reg>ds feel+1 indep5d5t ( ! pure s5se ( t\*1 !re is mu* diff]5ce ev5 among individuals1 accord+ to ! g5]al n]v\s susceptibility ( ! frame4 ,among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ?is susceptibility is less ?an among ,europeans1 z may be conclud$ f ! horrid details giv5 by ,mr4 ,catl91 & o!rs1 :o h witness$ ! revolt+ practices ( ! r$ m5 ( ! we/]n _w4 ,loss ( feel+1 or ( tact1 9 "o or m limbs1 is ! result ( p>alysis1 & o!r morbid conditions ( ! sy/em1 to :i* our frail t5em5t is subject4 ,! same obs]vations apply to ! muscul> s5se1 :i* s5se is moreov] d]ang$1 or susp5d$1 dur+ a fit ( intoxication1 7,proh pudor67 or :5 plac$ on "s dizzy height1 "o1 unaccu/om$ to su* a situation1 is agitat$ by extreme t]ror4 ,! sailor 9 ! rigg+ ( ! topma/1 ! cragsman ( ! ,hebrides1 ! hunt] ( ! *amois1 h le>n$ to surm\nt su* a s5se ( fe>1 & are secure 9 _! place ( p]il4 ,! loss ( s5sibility1 & ! loss ( ! muscul> s5se1 c nev] p]vade ! :ole frame1 till t h\r arrives :5 ! s\l is ab\t to quit its mortal abode1 & ent] ! regions ( ano!r _w4 ,to ?is condition all are de/9$--! s5t5ce ( dea? is gone =?6 ,oh t1 :ile liv+1 :ile 9 ! enjoym5t ( our s5ses1 & ( ! en]gies ( our body1 we may lay hold ^u et]nal life1 & live z dy+ daily6 ,let u aim at be+ able to appropriate to ourselves ! expression ( ! psalmi/1 ,my fle% & my he>t faile?3 b ,god is ! /r5g? ( my he>t1 & my portion = ev]4#ce ,no "o c say ?is 9 v]ity1 :o is n e/abli%$ on ! ,rock ( ,ages4 #ce ,psa4 lxxiii4 #bf4 ,! ,almighty has n design$ t man1 ev5 9 ?is 8 probation>y /ate1 %\ld pass ?r\gh 8 pilgrimage )\t exp]i5c+ pure pleasures & delights4 ,x is to ^! t ! s5ses adm9i/]1 ea* 9 its appo9t$ way4 ,! sublimity & ! beauty ( natural sc5]y--! gr&eur ( m\nta9s1 =e/s1 & seas--! glory ( ! sun1 moon1 & />ry expanse above--! works ( art1 t[]s1 & temples--all ^!1 & m1 receiv$ into ! m9d ?r\gh vision1 produce ! mo/ delightful emotions4 ,! fl[]s t /rew our pa?way1 ! insects glitt]+ 9 ! sun1 ! wav+ cornfields1 ! graz+ cattle1 ! ru/ic cottage ( ! h>dy lab\r]--all comb9e to fill ! s\l ) pleasure & ?ankfulness4 ,c we li/5 to ! ro> ( wat]s1 to ! deep murmur ( ! w9d ru%+ ?r\gh ! =e/1 to ! song ( birds1 or ! notes ( sweet melody1 & feel no pleasure--no _s ( praise & gratitude8 ,is n food sweet to ! heal?y appetite8 ,d we n rejoice 9 our /r5g?1 9 ! use ( our limbs1 & 9 our manual address & precision8 ,are n ! p]fumes ( fl[]s1 ! sc5t ( ! bean-field1 ( ! b[] ( honey-suckle1 ( ! new-m[n hay1 delici\s8 ,is n ! e>? full ( ri*es8 ,has n ! ,creator adapt$ x to our pleasures1 z well z our necessities1 & end[$ u ) e s5se requisite = enjoym5t8 ,h[ delightful to ! ,*ri/ian--h[ d\bly enjoy$ by him is nature 9 all h] phases1 9 all h] manife/ations1 9 all h] v>iety6 ,to him no?+ is un9t]e/+1 f ! mightie/ creature to ! animalcule1 f ! c$> to ! humble we$2 & reflect+ t k /ores 8 m9d1 & pleasure gladd5s1 refre%es1 & animates him1 ?r\gh ea* respective m$ium2 & delight+ 9 life1 & life's enjoym5ts1 he praises ,god = e bodily & m5tal end[m5t1 & = all ! glori\s works :i* 8 h&s h creat$--works :i* lead him to muse ^u t inscrutable wisdom1 p[]1 love1 & consid]ation1 :i* ! ,almighty has display$ 9 fitt+ ! e>? = him z 8 tempor>y abode--glori\s 9 its m\nta9s1 its pla9s1 its seas1 & riv]s--glori\s 9 ! light ( day & ! d>kness ( night--glori\s 9 ! air & ! cl\ds1 9 ! lightn+ & ! ra9b[2 b yet an abode to be ex*ang$ by ! believ] = "o inf9itely m glori\s1 9 :i* s9 & pa9 are unkn[n1 & f :i* mortality is bani%$ = ev]4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,page #fe3 ,contr>y to ! o!r sections1 section #h4 ( ,,*apt] ,i4 has no head] 9 ! orig9al4 ,footnotes h be5 mov$ to directly "u ! text !y ref] to4 ,*anges made to ! text3 ,page #ai 7table73 ,heats 9 ! "r column *ang$ to ,heat ,page #fg_/fh3 ,add$ a 4 at ! end ( ! footnote ,page #aec3 ,! orig9al read ,,*apt] ,v4 z head+ ( ! la/ *apt]1 ?is has be5 *ang$ to ,,*apt] ,,iv4 z !re are only f\r *apt]s4 ,page #agh3 ,quotes remov$ 7orig9ally3 9 o!rs4 ,at sunset17 ,page #agi3 effects *ang$ to affects 7x affects m or less7 ,page #ahd3 ,quotes add$ 7,( ! v>i\s arts7