,,h[ ,,to ,,ski ,,& ,,h[ ,,n ,,to ,,by ,,vivian ,,caulfeild ,,photographs ,,by ,k4 ,,delap ,,?ird ,,& ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,new ,,york ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #eig-eii ,,fif? ,,av5ue #aiad ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 at ! ,ballantyne ,press1 ,ed9burgh ,,r&all',s ,,ski ,,boots ,,special ,,features3 ,,select$ ,,moor ,,calf ,,upp]s4 ,wat]tight ,tongues1 d\ble ?ickness ( lea!r r\nd sides4 ,,/\t ,,engli% ,,b>k ,,tann$ ,,soles4 ,,wat]pro(3 ,yet flexible z a danc+-%oe4 ,! new ,,belmont ,,heel4 ,,sup]ior ,,to ,,all ,,makes ,,r&all',s ,,ski ,,boots alone comb9e all ! above excell5t qualities1 & are made = ,g5tlem51 ,ladies1 & ,*ildr54 ,illu/ration ,,r&all',s ,= ,high-,grade ,footwe> ,h4 ,e4 ,,r&all1 ,,ltd4 #bd ,haym>ket1 ,london1 ,s4,w4 #ci1 #dj #da ,p\ltry1 ,london1 ,e4,c4 #aj ,gr& ,hotel ,build+s1 ,*>+ ,cross1 ,london1 ,w4,c4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,photographic ,,plates ,frontispiece4 ,! ,adelbod5 ,jump+-hill4 ,photo by ,miss ,e4 ,frisby4 ,i4 ,on ! level4 ,,ii4 ,/opp+ a back-slip4 ,,iii4 ,be=e kick-turn4 ,,iv4 ,kick-turn4 ,v4 ,kick-turn4 ,,vi4 ,kick-turn4 ,,viia4 ,kick-turn4 ,,viib4 ,kick-turn3 wrong position4 ,,viii4 ,kick-turn3 f9i%$4 ,,ix4 ,h]r+-bon+4 ,x4 ,side-/epp+4 ,xa4 ,h4,b41 ,h]r+-bon+2 ,k41 ,kick-turn2 ,s41 ,side-/epp+2 ,h4,s41 ,half-side-/epp+4 ,,xi4 ,scrap+ "r ski4 ,,xii4 ,scrap+ left ski4 ,,xiii4 ,/>t+ a run on hillside4 ,,xiv4 ,/raight-runn+3 normal position4 ,,xv4 ,/raight-runn+3 normal position4 ,,xvi4 ,/raight-runn+3 h[ n to d x4 ,,xvii4 ,/raight-runn+3 ,telem>k position4 ,,xviii4 ,/raight-runn+3 ,telem>k position4 ,,xix4 ,/raight-runn+3 ,telem>k position4 ,,xx4 ,sn[-pl\gh+ 7/emm+ ) bo? skis74 ,,xxi4 ,brak+ ) ! /icks4 ,,xxii4 ,/emm+ ) "o ski1 or />t ( a d[nhill turn to left4 ,,xxiii4 ,d[nhill /emm+-turn to left3 halfway r\nd4 ,,xxiv4 ,f9i% ( /emm+-turn to left4 ,,xxv4 ,unsuccessful /emm+-turn to left3 result ( wrong balance or position4 ,,xxvi4 ,track ( d[nhill /emm+-turns4 ,,xxvii4 ,d[nhill /emm+-turn to left 9 s(t sn[ 7note wide /ride & edg$ skis74 ,,xxviii4 ,h[ n to make a /emm+-turn4 ,,xxix4 ,uphill ,telem>k sw+ to left4 ,,xxx4 ,uphill ,telem>k sw+ to left3 wrong balance & position ( skis4 ,,xxxi4 ,uphill ,telem>k sw+ to left 7se5 f above74 ,,xxxii4 ,d[nhill ,telem>k sw+ to left4 ,,xxxiii4 ,track ( d[nhill ,telem>k sw+s4 ,,xxxiv4 ,/>t+ an uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to ! "r f trav]s+4 ,,xxxv4 ,/>t+ an uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to ! "r f a direct desc5t4 ,,xxxvi4 ,f9i% ( uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r4 ,,xxxvii4 ,bad f9i% ( uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r4 ,,xxxviii4 ,/>t ( a d[nhill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r4 ,,xxxix4 ,bad f9i% ( uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r4 ,,xl4 ,uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r 7se5 f above74 ,,xli4 ,f9i% ( uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r 7se5 f above74 ,,xlii4 ,track ( d[nhill ,*ri/iania sw+s4 ,,xliii4 ,d[nhill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r3 halfway r\nd4 ,photo by ,l4 ,bttn]4 ,,xliv4 ,j]k$ ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r 7note position ( arms & %\ld]s74 ,,xlv4 ,d[nhill ,telem>k sw+ to left 7se5 f above74 ,,xlvi4 ,uphill ,telem>k sw+ to "r4 ,,xlvii4 ,jump+ r\nd to ! left3 bad position ( skis4 ,,xlviii4 ,jump+ r\nd to ! "r4 ,,xlix4 ,jump+4 ,photo by ,l4 ,bttn]4 ,l4 ,jump+4 ,photo by ,l4 ,bttn]4 ,,li4 ,jump+4 ,,lii4 ,prep>+ = ! ,sats4 ,,liii4 ,mak+ ! ,sats4 ,,liv4 ,hans ,klopf5/e9 jump+ 7w9n] ( int]-,swiss ,*ampion%ip1 #aiaj74 ,,lv4 ,l&+ f a ,jump4 ,,lvi4 ,jump] j cle> ( ! plat=m 7se5 f above74 ,,lvii4 ,h>ald ,smi? jump+ at ,adelbod51 #aiji 7photograph$ f "u ! plat=m74 ,,lviii4 ,h[ to c>ry ! skis4 ,,lix4 ,h[ to c>ry ! skis4 7,! /ick re/+ on ! "r %\ld] takes "s weight (f ! o!r47 ,,preface ,,to ,,revis$ ,,edition ,! alt]ations & additions to ?is book 9 its pres5t =m are due p>tly to fre% practical exp]i5ce2 p>tly to adv]se criticism ( :i* ,i n[ see ! ju/ice2 & p>tly1 z ,i freely admit1 to ! pick+ ( o!r p's bra9s4 ,s9ce ?is book 0 publi%$ ,i h read = ! fir/ "t books on ski-+ by ,zd>sky1 ,bilg]i1 ,lu!r1 & ,arnold ,lunn1 & h re-read ^? ( ,ri*>dson1 ,rickm]s1 ,paulcke1 & ,hoek4 ,z a result ,i h _h to alt] a good deal ( my !ory & "s ( my practice1 & to alt] & enl>ge ?is book accord+ly4 ,to all ! above-nam$ au?ors1 !re=e1 ,i am m or less indebt$1 & feel correspond+ly grateful4 ,9 adopt+ an idea "o c seldom help alt]+ x m or less1 & if 9 ! body ( ! book ,i h made few direct ackn[l$gm5ts1 x has be5 f no lack ( gratitude1 b r f a d\bt :e!r ! orig9ator ( ! idea w\ld be gratifi$ at its developm5t or indignant at its di/ortion4 ,i mu/ h[ev] make special ackn[l$gm5ts to ,ob]-,leutnant ,bilg]i4 ,f 8 excell5t book ,i h ga9$ mu* fre% k ( ! !ory & practice ( ski-+4 ,?is book1 moreov]1 :ile confirm+ me 9 my op9ion ( ! vices ( ! ,lili5feld sy/em ( ski-runn+1 has giv5 me a fre% insight into ! virtues ( ! ,lili5feld sy/em ( tea*+1 & consequ5tly a fre% s5se ( my indebt$ness to ! *ief apo/le ( ?is sy/em1 my fir/ tea*]1 ,mr4 ,rickm]s4 ,if ,h]r ,bilg]i has ev] happ5$ to read my book1 c]ta9 resemblances betwe5 x & 8 own--! analogy ( ! bicycle & tricycle ) ! s+le & d\ble-track runn]1 = in/ance--may1 s9ce 8 book 0 publi%$ fir/1 h /ruck him z rem>kable4 ,i take ?is opportunity ( assur+ him t :5 ,i wrote ?is book ,i _h n read 81 nor = t matt] any ( 8 writ+s1 & t1 if ,i _h1 ! resemblances w\ld h be5 n only fully ackn[l$g$1 b consid]ably m num]\s4 ,to ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,ri*>dson ,i mu/ return special ?anks = criticism t has %[n me ! error ( "s ( my ways ( ?9k+2 ,i h also to ?ank ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,ri*>dson = new ideas ga9$ f an article by him on ,knee ,action 9 ,ski-+4 ,f9ally1 ,i wi% to express my gratitude to ev]yone ^: sugge/ions ,i h adopt$1 or :o1 ei!r by precept or example1 has taught me any?+ new & s has _h a h& 9 ! revision ( ?is book1 b to :om ,i h n ref]r$ individually4 ,?is heavy li/ ( ackn[l$gm5ts makes me realise m ?an ev] h[ difficult x is n[adays = a writ] on ski-+ te*nique--or at any rate = ?is writ]--to say any?+ new4 ,i am afraid t ev5 a succs de sc&ale z ! fanatical prophet ( complete /icklessness w soon be out ( my rea*1 if x is n already1 = we are all agre$ n[ t ! /ick %\ld be us$ z little z possible1 & !re=e t n to use x at all is1 if possible1 be/4 ,x is a %ort /ep f ?is to f9d+ out by practical exp]i5ce t1 s long z "o is travell+ on sn[1 n ice1 & has a little m ?an room en\gh to place ! skis horizontally across ! slope1 "o c move j z freely1 quickly1 & easily1 & ) j z p]fect control1 )\t ! /ick z ) x4 ,e4 ,v4 ,s4 ,c4 ,decemb] #aiab4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introductory-- ,,! ,,engli%man ,,z ,a ,,ski-,,runn] #a ,,equipm5t-- ,,! ,,ski #bc ,,clo?+ #da ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,skis-- ,,on ,,! ,,level ,,& ,,uphill #eb ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,/e]+1 ,c4 #ge ,,/raight-,,runn+ #ig ,,brak+ #abj ,,! ,,/emm+ ,,turn #acf ,,! ,,telem>k ,,sw+ #aei ,,! ,,*ri/iania ,,sw+ #age ,,jump+ ,,r\nd #baj ,,skat+ #bad ,,jump+ #bag ,,h[ ,,to ,,run ,,across ,,c\ntry #beb ,,app5dix-- ,,h[ ,,to ,,practise #bhj ,,h[ ,,to ,,ski ,,introductory ,,! ,,engli%man ,,z ,a ,,ski-,,runn] ,probably e "o likely to read ?is book kn[s t a ski is a sn[-%oe or skate1 & t x is a long n>r[ plank turn$ up 9 front1 b he may n h a v cle> idea ( ! use ( x4 ,x may n h occurr$ to him1 = in/ance1 t 9 a c\ntry :i* is deeply cov]$ ) s(t sn[ 7! surface ( sn[ is sometimes a h>d cru/7 a man )\t sn[-%oes ( "s k9d is n m]ely unable to move quickly1 b is unable to move at all outside ! cle>$ roads & beat5 tracks4 ,m]ely to prev5t s9k+ into ! sn[ ! ski is j z useful z a sn[-%oe ( ! racquet =m1 su* z ! ,canadian1 & x is nev] less useful ?an ! o!r ev5 :5 x seems mo/ likely to be4 ,= mov+ ?r\gh d5se und]wood1 = in/ance1 :5 its l5g? w\ld appe> likely to be awkw>d1 or = haul+ sl$ges1 :5 its slipp]9ess w\ld seem a disadvantage1 exp]i5ce %[s t ! ski is fully z useful z ! o!r type4 ,z a means ( locomotion x is altoge!r sup]ior4 ,ov] level op5 c\ntry a man c slide along on skis a great deal fa/] ?an he c walk 7or run7 on ,canadian sn[-%oes4 ,9 hilly c\ntry ! ski-runn] has a fur!r advantage4 ,if a hill is n /eep a man may walk /raight up x on racquets r m quickly ?an a man on skis c climb x by zigzagg+ 7z he is oblig$ to d on all b ! mo/ gradual slopes72 b on ! desc5t ! ski-runn] m ?an makes up ! "t he has lo/2 =1 help$ by gravity1 he slides d[n ! hill at lea/ ?ree1 p]haps z mu* z ?irty1 times z fa/ z he climb$ x1 accord+ to 8 exp]tness & ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 :ile ! o!r takes almo/ z long to walk d[n z he did to walk up4 ,on v /eep gr\nd ! ski-runn] has a /ill great] advantage1 = "h ! n>r[ness ( ! ski all[s him to move across ! /eepe/ sn[ slopes ) little or no discom=t to 8 ankles1 :ile on a /eep slope ! man on racquets is practically helpless1 =1 on acc\nt ( _! %ape1 x is only ) ! utmo/ difficulty1 if at all1 t he c move ei!r up1 d[n1 or across ! hill4 ,a mod]ately exp]t ski-runn] c manoeuvre on any sort ( gr\nd :i* is cov]$ ) sn[1 provid$ t ! surface ( ! sn[ be n s h>d t ! edges ( 8 skis c make absolutely no impression 9 x4 ,! /eepness ( a slope1 no matt] h[ great1 is 9 itself no ob/acle to 8 manoeuvr+ ) p]fect fre$om2 x ne$ only be reckon$ ) 9 s f> z x relates to ! dang] ( avalan*e4 ,?is %\ld give "s idea ( ! scope ( ski-runn+ consid]$ m]ely z a means ( locomotion4 ,) reg>d to ! possibilities ( ski-runn+ consid]$ purely z a sport1 x may be said t a good runn]1 desc5d+ a /eep hill :]e ! gr\nd is op51 w (t5 cov] a consid]able di/ance at an av]age rate ( #de miles an h\r3 t :5 mov+ at half t spe$ he c ?read 8 way among ob/acles or /op sudd5ly2 & t ! pres5t record = a jump on skis is ab\t #aed feet4 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 !re=e1 t ! opportunities af=d$ by ! sport = ! ex]cise n only ( ! runn]'s n]ve1 b ( 8 skill & judgm5t are almo/ unlimit$4 ,n[ x is only by le>n+ ! be/ me?ods & /yle at ! v outset 7or by *ang+ !m if he has />t$ ) bad ones7 t a man c develop to ! utmo/ :atev] lat5t capacity = ski-runn+ he may possess1 & only 9 ?is way t he is ev] likely to become exp]t en\gh to h any "r to ! title ( a good runn]4 ,at ?is po9t ,i _h bett]1 = ! b5efit ( ^? read]s :o h already us$ skis1 give "s sort ( def9ition ( good ski-runn+ z ,i und]/& x4 ,x is n q easy to d s1 b ,i take x t ! be/ judges w\ld h>dly call a man a good runn] unless he c\ld run /eadily1 quickly1 & easily d[n any hill on :i* ski-+ 0 possible at all--no matt] h[ difficult ! gr\nd might be z reg>ds ob/acles1 gradi5t1 & condition ( sn[--)\t ev] us+ 8 /ick z an aid to ! balance or = /e]+1 or1 except on ! v r>e/ occasions1 = help+ him to sl[ up or /op2 & unless he c\ld1 on an ord9>y jump+ hill1 make jumps ( fair l5g? )\t fall+ v (t54 ,su* a man w\ld probably be able to make1 9 t k9d ( sn[ :i* is appropriate to ea*1 all ! sw+s & turns to ei!r "r or left :ile runn+ at a good spe$1 & w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly bo? run & jump 9 really good /yle4 ,a good runn]1 inde$1 c ne>ly always be recognis$ by 8 /yle1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 a man _c be call$ a bad runn]1 h[ev] bad 8 /yle1 if he is really fa/ & /eady d[nhill1 & c make long jumps ) c]ta9ty4 ,b a ski-runn] ) a bad /yle is bel[ 8 prop] =m2 if1 ) a bad /yle1 he is fairly fa/ & /eady1 & is good at jump+1 he w\ld ) a good /yle be exceptionally s4 ,among ! ,sc&9avians or ! be/ cont95tal runn]s1 no "o w\ld be consid]$ at all good on skis unless he m or less fulfill$ ! above def9ition4 ,among ,engli% runn]s1 ,i am sorry to say1 ! /&>d1 n only ( p]=mance1 b ( criticism1 is f> l[]1 & al?\gh !re are by ?is "t _m ,engli%m5 :o are capable t\ri/s & m\nta9e]s on skis1 !re are almo/ none :o c be call$ good runn]s 9 ! above s5se1 or :o c be comp>$ ) ! be/ cont95tal runn]s ev51 :ile to comp>e !m ) ! be/ ,sc&9avians w\ld be ludicr\s4 ,among ! ,engli% at ,swiss w9t]-places a man is (t5 spok5 ( z good at ski-+ = no bett] reason ?an t he sp5ds mo/ ( 8 "t on skis & has climb$ sev]al hills on !m1 or has cross$ sev]al passes2 :ile if x is kn[n t1 z a rule1 he gets ?r\gh a day's run )\t fall+1 he is sure to be consid]$ a mo/ accompli%$ ski-runn]4 ,q z reasonably might a man ga9 a reputation = f9e horseman%ip simply ?r\gh be+ able to make long j\rneys on horseback )\t fall+ (f or gett+ exhau/$4 ,j z ! latt] may easily be a poor horseman1 s may ! =m] be a v poor ski-runn]2 ! fact t he may happ5 to be a great m\nta9e] gives him no m claim to ! title ( a f9e ski-runn] ?an does ! fact ( 8 be+ a f9e ski-runn] to ! title ( a great m\nta9e]4 ,if ask$ 8 op9ion ( "s su* *ampion1 a good ,swiss runn] w usually answ] tactfully1 ,he is good1 = an ,engli%man4 ,! full value ( ?is complim5t c only be appreciat$ by "s "o :o1 l myself1 has ov]he>d ,swiss runn]s criticise an exhibition ( unusual awkw>dness & timidity on ! "p ( "o ( _! own c\ntrym5 9 ! words1 ,he runs l an ,engli%man4 ,x w\ld be v nice to ?9k t jeal\sy ( our pr[ess 9 ski-+ made !m talk l ?is1 b t1 un=tunately1 is out ( ! "q4 ,! fact is t mo/ ,engli% runn]s seem to be p]fectly cont5t$ ) j s mu* skill z w enable !m to get up & d[n a hill at a mod]ate spe$ & )\t _m falls4 ,hav+ acquir$ ?is1 !y give up practis+ altoge!r1 & devote ! re/ ( _! ski-+ lives to mak+ t\rs1 nev] attempt+ to become really fa/ or skilful runn]s or to g 9 = jump+1 ev5 9 its milde/ =m4 ,x is r curi\s t ?is %\ld be ! case1 = mo/ ,engli% ski-runn]s are "y & active m51 accu/om$ to o!r sports & games1 :o1 ,i suppose1 take up ski-runn+ at lea/ z mu* = its own sake z ) ! object ( us+ x z an aid to m\nta9-climb+ & t\r+4 ,surely1 !n1 "o might reasonably expect t a fair numb] ( !m w\ld become really f9e runn]s1 t ne>ly all ( !m w\ld try to1 & t ev5 ^? :o _h no ambition to excel 9 ! sport = its own sake w\ld be anxi\s to increase _! effici5cy z m\nta9e]s or t\ri/s1 & w\ld !re=e1 at ! v lea/1 try to run 9 good /yle2 = good /yle1 9 ski-runn+ z 9 e o!r game or a?letic sport1 means economy ( muscul> =ce1 :i* is surely an important consid]ation to ! m\nta9e]4 ,mo/ good ,swiss runn]s1 ,i am sure1 ?9k t ! ,engli%man is con/itutionally incapable ( becom+ really good on skis4 ,to me1 at any rate1 x is by no means surpris+ t !y %\ld ?9k s1 =1 tak+ any av]age pair ( ski-runn]s1 ,swiss & ,engli%1 :o are ab\t equally mat*$ 9 age1 physique1 & ski-+ exp]i5ce1 ev5 if !re be little to *oose betwe5 !m 9 ! matt] ( skill1 !re is 9 "o respect a v m>k$ diff]5ce--! ,engli%man ne>ly always runn+ m sl[ly & cauti\sly & altoge!r ) less da% ?an ! ,swiss4 ,9 fact1 n to put too f9e a po9t ^u x1 ! ,engli%man1 z comp>$ ) ! ,swiss1 g5]ally %[s :at an unsympa!tic critic might call a di/9ct t5d5cy to funk4 ,h[ ,engli% & ,swiss ski-runn]s comp>e1 9 ?is respect1 ) ^? ( o!r c\ntries ,i h _h no opportunity ( judg+1 b t1 :5 comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m mu/ be obvi\s to any imp>tial obs]v]4 ,if ! ,engli%man's lack ( da% arises entirely f poorness ( n]ve1 he is1 ( c\rse1 v heavily h&icapp$1 ?\gh n1 p]haps1 hopelessly s1 = pati5ce1 det]m9ation1 & c>eful tra9+ w d wond]s 9 ! improvem5t ( bad n]ve4 ,i %\ld l1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t !re may be "s m flatt]+ explanation ( ?is ph5om5on--,i h1 = in/ance1 he>d x said t ! fact t mo/ ,engli%m5 are unaccu/om$ to /eep slopes may h some?+ to d ) x--b ,i mu/ confess t1 s f>1 ,i h n hit ^u "o t entirely satisfies me4 ,i h he>d two excuses giv5 7by ,engli%m57 = ! l[ /&>d ( ,engli% ski-+ z comp>$ ) ,swiss4 ,"o is t ! ,engli%man gets less practice ?an ! ,swiss4 ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,! av]age ,engli% runn] p]haps gets only ?ree or f\r weeks ea* w9t]1 b ! av]age ,swiss gets no m1 = he has 8 "w to d1 & ?\gh he sp5ds 8 w9t] 9 ! sn[ he usually only goes ski-+ on ,sundays4 ,! be/ ,swiss runn]s no d\bt are usually guides1 or m5 :o sp5d mo/ ( _! "t 9 ! w9t] on skis2 b ?is is n always s1 & ,i "k m ?an "o fir/-class ,swiss runn] :o gets little m ?an "o day a week4 ,among ,engli% runn]s ! proportion ( ^? :o sp5d mo/ ( _! w9t] on skis is mu* great] ?an among ! ,swiss2 yet !re are n[ _m really fir/-rate ,swiss runn]s1 b1 z ,i h said1 h>dly any ,engli% ones4 ,! o!r excuse is t mo/ ,engli% ski-runn]s h tak5 up ! sport comp>atively late 9 life4 ,no d\bt !y h1 & s1 = t matt]1 h _m ( ! cont95tal runn]s--& a few ( ! be/ ( !m4 ,b to beg9 late is mu* less ( a h&icap ?an might be imag9$1 = a man may become a skilful ski-runn] )\t possess+ any ( ! *>act]i/ics ( extreme y\?4 ,t is to say t1 provid$ he has a fair /ock ( intellig5ce1 pati5ce1 & n]ve 7& a good tea*]71 he ne$ h no special aptitude = pick+ up ! knack ( unaccu/om$ movem5ts1 nor ne$ he h m ?an ord9>y /r5g? & activity4 ,! games & sports :i* are mo/ difficult to le>n late 9 life are ^? :i* call = knack--9 o!r words1 ! ability to p]=m easily a rapid & accurate co-ord9at$ movem5t ( a numb] ( muscles4 ,if ?is movem5t is an unaccu/om$ "o1 ! ability to p]=m x prop]ly is only atta9able by long practice4 ,! action ( ?r[+1 = in/ance1 requires knack4 ,x is ?is :i* makes x s difficult to le>n to ?r[ ) ! left h&1 ev5 ?\gh "o already has ! ability to move ! left arm ) q suffici5t /r5g? & spe$1 & n only kn[s h[ ! movem5t %\ld be made1 b ev5 h[ x feels to make x ) ! o!r h&4 ,writ+ is ano!r excell5t example ( knack4 ,9 ski-runn+ no?+ :i* c /rictly be call$ knack comes into play4 ,9 ?is sport ! volunt>y muscul> movem5ts 7z di/+ui%$ f ! involunt>y ones us$ 9 keep+ ! balance7 are nei!r complicat$ nor unusual1 &1 except 9 jump+1 !y ne$ seldom be rapid4 ,any difficulty 9 le>n+ !m is due p>tly to ! di/urb+ effect on "o's cle>-head$ness ( ! spe$ at :i* "o is travell+1 & p>tly to ! fact t "s ( ! movem5ts1 ?\gh simple 9 !mselves1 are almo/ ! rev]se ( ^? "o's natural in/9ct w\ld prompt "o to make 9 ! circum/ances4 ,?is difficulty1 ( c\rse1 dim9i%es ) practice1 b an ef=t ( w goes j z f> z1 or ev5 f>!r ?an practice t[>ds ov]com+ x4 ,7 x n = ?is difficulty1 a man :o _h be5 told ! "r way to p]=m ! v>i\s manoeuvres employ$ 9 ski-+ might v well d !m fairly correctly ! fir/ "t he tri$ 7z _m p actually d71 :ile no am\nt ( /r5g?1 activity1 intellig5ce1 or confid5ce w\ld enable him1 if "r-h&$1 to ?r[ or to write prop]ly ) 8 left h& )\t long practice4 ,! balanc+ difficulty is f> less s]i\s ?an is usually suppos$4 ,x is ! unexpect$ movem5ts ( ! skis :i* g5]ally upset ! balance2 & if "o has a cle> compreh5sion ( ! way 9 :i* v>i\s comb9ations ( gradi5t1 spe$1 quality ( sn[1 c41 affect _! motion 7see p4 #gd1 c471 "o w seldom be tak5 by surprise4 ,any "o :o c /& /eadily on "o leg1 :5 n on skis1 = a qu>t] ( a m9ute1 )\t wav+ 8 o!r limbs ab\t1 has suffici5t s5se ( balance to become a fir/-rate ski-runn]4 ,intellig5ce & n]ve--! latt] includ+ bo? coolness & da%--are ! ma9 factors 9 good runn+4 ,x is h>d to say :i* is ! m important4 ,mo/ ( "o's mi/akes 9 ski-+ c p]haps be trac$ to want ( n]ve1 b ! mo/ p]fect n]ve w n comp5sate = lack ( intellig5ce4 ,! intellig5t man w soon see t !re is v little to be afraid (1 t ! risk ( injury f fall+ 7on sn[71 ev5 :5 runn+ fa/ or alight+ aft] a long jump1 is v slight1 & t to run ) confid5ce & da% w less5 ! dang] r ?an increase x4 ,:5 he has ?or\ghly realis$ ?is1 ! intellig5t man1 ?\gh 8 n]ve may be none ( ! be/1 w probably1 if he has any det]m9ation1 soon beat ! absolutely intrepid b /upid "o4 ,unless1 !n1 we are to believe t a man loses mo/ ( 8 n]ve1 intellig5ce & w-p[] ) 8 fir/ y\?1 !re is no?+ to prev5t him f le>n+ to ski well :5 no long] v "y4 ,my own belief is t ! be/ excuse = ! l[ /&>d ( ,briti% ski-runn+ is ignorance & bad tuition4 ,a few ,engli% runn]s h le>nt a good sy/em ( ski-+2 b ^! h g5]ally _h bad tea*]s--,swiss guides1 v likely1 :o1 ?\gh fir/-rate runn]s !mselves1 _h m in/9ct ?an sci5ce1 & 7 q incapable ( imp>t+ cle>ly to a beg9n] :atev] k !y possess$4 ,! majority ( ,engli% ski-runn]s h le>nt a ?or\ghly bad sy/em1 & h v likely le>nt at ! same "t to believe t x is an exceptionally s\nd "o4 ,! memb]s ( bo? ^! classes are1 z a rule1 pr(\ndly ignorant ( :at an exp]t c d on skis1 ( ! real advantage ( becom+ an exp]t--or1 at any rate1 z skilful z possible--& ( ! be/ way to set ab\t do+ s4 ,!re is no reason :atev] :y1 ) practice & good tea*+1 any man %\ld n become a fairly skilful runn]2 ev5 if he _c run ) great da% & spe$1 he c1 at lea/1 le>n to d s 9 good /yle1 )\t--or practically )\t--any help f 8 /ick4 ,v few ,engli%m5 try to d ?is2 inde$1 next to caution1 ! mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ic ( ,engli% ski-runn+ is bad /yle4 ,n[ ne>ly all ! cont95tal runn]s--c]ta9ly all ! be/ ( !m--h tak5 ! ,norwegians z _! model1 & h1 9 consequ5ce1 aim$ n only at runn+ z fa/ & /eadily1 b also1 9 "o s5se1 z easily z possible2 t is to say1 ) ! lea/ muscul> ef=t compatible ) a p]fect control ( _! skis1 or1 to put x m simply1 9 ! be/ /yle4 ,mo/ ,engli%m51 h[ev]1 h le>nt a v diff]5t me?od ( ski-+4 ,?is sy/em also tea*es ! beg9n] to run z easily z possible1 b 9 q ano!r s5se4 ,! :ole aim ( ! sy/em is to disp5se z f> z possible ) skill r ?an ) ef=t4 ,t is to say1 x directly enc\rages bad /yle4 ,! sy/em is ! inv5tion ( an ,au/rian1 ,h]r ,zd>sky1 :o1 hav+ nev] se5 a ski-runn] & kn[+ no?+ ab\t skis or _! managem5t1 got a pair f ,norway1 & reason$ out a me?od ( us+ !m1 ev5tually alt]+ !m to suit 8 me?od4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly a v surpris+ a*ievem5t1 z e "o w agree :o realises n only ! practical difficulty ( ski-runn+1 b ! complication ( its dynamics4 ,:at is less surpris+1 :5 "o rememb]s ! orig9 ( ,zd>sky's sy/em1 is t x tea*es n "o simple me?od ( controll+ ! skis t _h n be5 discov]$ long be=e1 & b few ( ^? t _h be54 ,x mu/ 9 fact be reg>d$1 n z a new & diff]5t sy/em1 b z a small "p ( an old "o--! :ole ,norwegian sy/em ( ski-runn+4 ,! di/+ui%+ features ( ,zd>sky's sy/em are an almo/ exclusive reliance on ! sn[-pl\gh position 7or an approximation to x71 = ei!r brak+1 turn+1 or /opp+1 a delib]ate use ( ! /ick to assi/ ^! manoeuvres & to help ! balance on all occasions1 an extreme dislike to go+ fa/1 &1 9 g5]al1 a pron\nc$ t5d5cy to avoid difficulties ( balance r ?an to ov]come !m1 & to enc\rage timidity z well z clums9ess4 ,! ma9 object ( ,zd>sky's sy/em is to enable a beg9n] to run safely on /eep & difficult gr\nd ) ! lea/ possible prelim9>y practice2 & s f>1 no d\bt1 x is successful4 ,b its v weakness is :at makes x successful1 = x turns out ski-runn]s quickly by all[+ !m to run badly4 ,x is ! v wor/ s*ool = a beg9n] :o takes up ski-+ no less = its own sake ?an z a means to an end1 = if he beg9s 9 ?is way1 soon] or lat] he w h to alt] 8 me?ods entirely1 & get rid ( a lot ( bad habits :i* he w\ld nev] h acquir$ if he _h1 f ! outset1 le>nt 8 ski-+ 9 ! ,norwegian mann]4 ,to become a fairly pr(ici5t /ick-rid+ & zigzagg+ crawl] is a v simple matt]2 b to get beyond ?is po9t1 &1 disc>d+ ! help ( ! /ick1 to le>n an equally safe b consid]ably quick] & m com=table /yle ( runn+1 is impossible )\t devot+ "s "t & pa9s to practis+1 ?\gh f> less ( bo? ?an is usually suppos$4 ,e "o1 ( c\rse1 has a p]fect "r to *oose ! /yle ( ski-+ t suits him be/4 ,if a man looks ^u ski-runn+ simply z a means ( locomotion1 or if he dislikes ! tr\ble ( practis+1 or has exceptionally poor n]ve1 or is extraord9>ily clumsy1 he w v likely be p]fectly satisfi$ ) a sl[ /ick-rid+ sy/em1 & w q reasonably refuse to try any?+ else4 ,s f> !re is no h>m done4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 _m ( ^? :o *oose ?is primitive me?od ( ski-+ make ! absurd mi/ake ( ?9k+ t _! me?od is a p>ticul>ly s\nd & practical "o1 & delude ! innoc5t novice into ?9k+ ! same4 ,realis+ t )\t ! /ick !y !mselves w\ld be helpless1 !y say t its help is indisp5sable = safe runn+4 ,any?+ :i* !y _c d !mselves1 su* z runn+ ) ! skis toge!r s z to leave a s+le track2 turn+ or /opp+ by a free use ( ! diff]5t sw+s1 c41 in/ead ( by _! own dreadful imitation ( ! ,/emm+ turn & ,*ri/iania2 fa/ /raight-runn+2 jump+1 & s on1 !y condemn z %[y1 unsafe1 & ( no practical use1 & class "u ! g5]al head+ ( fancy tricks4 ,! absurdity ( ?is /&po9t w be pat5t to any "o :o kn[s ! imm5se sup]iority ( good runn+ to bad1 z reg>ds ease1 sur5ess1 & spe$4 ,let u comp>e ski-runn+ ) horseman%ip4 ,j z ! ski-runn] und\bt$ly f9ds x easi] at fir/ to run ) ! aid ( ! /ick ?an )\t1 s ! man :o m\nts a horse = ! fir/ "t w c]ta9ly f9d x a good deal easi] to keep 9 ! saddle if he holds on to x by ! pommel or cantle4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t !re is no s*ool ( horseman%ip :i* advocates ?is me?od ( rid+ z be+ p>ticul>ly practical4 ,! reasons aga9/ ! use ( ! /ick z an aid to ! balance 9 ski-runn+ are mu* ! same z ^? aga9/ us+ ! saddle = ! same purpose 9 rid+4 ,!re is a wa/e ( en]gy 9 ea* case1 = x is do+ clumsily by brute =ce :at c be done m com=tably1 gracefully1 & effectively by skill4 ,moreov]1 ! balance1 :5 help$ 9 ?is way1 nev] improves1 b rema9s p]man5tly bad4 ,correct position1 n>r[ track1 complete comm& ( ! diff]5t sw+s--all ^? ?+s1 9 fact1 :i* di/+ui% good /yle f bad--mean economy ( =ce1 & are !re=e em95tly practical4 ,to say t jump+ is a useless accompli%m5t may at fir/ sight appe> ju/ifiable4 ,9 "o s5se !re is n mu* practical use 9 jump+1 = occasions are n v (t5 met ) 9 ! c\rse ( a t\r :]e a jump is ! only way1 or ev5 ! safe/ way1 out ( a difficulty4 ,b 9 ano!r s5se jump+ is extremely practical4 ,x accu/oms a runn] to mov+ at ! highe/ possible spe$1 & %[s him t he ne$ n m9d tak+ a fall at ?is spe$2 moreov]1 to quote f ,mr4 ,ri*>dson's excell5t jump+ *apt] 9 ,! ,ski-,runn]1 ! fir/ ?+ :i* a jump] has to le>n is h[ to keep calm & collect$ & to make up 8 m9d in/antly :at to d next :5 travell+ at top spe$--j ! v ?+s1 9 fact1 :i* he mu/ le>n if he wants to be a good cross-c\ntry runn]4 ,= ^! reasons x is ! v be/ & quicke/ way ( g5]ally improv+ a man's runn+4 ,a v common attitude ( ,engli%m5 t[>ds ski-jump+ is to treat x z a %[y & dang]\s acrobatic display1 all v well = reckless & a?letic y\?s1 b out ( ! "q = any "o else4 ,yet ,i suppose t among ! m5 :o take up ?is attitude !re are _m :o ride to h\nds1 & v few :o1 ?\gh !y may n !mselves hunt1 w\ld dream ( attribut+ to m5 or ev5 wom5 :o d s ei!r undue recklessness or unusual acrobatic ability4 ,?\gh !re may be a d\bt z to :e!r mak+ a jump ( mod]ate l5g? on skis or rid+ a horse ov] a f5ce is ! m difficult feat1 !re c be none :atev] z to :i* is ! m dang]\s4 ,ski-jump+1 inde$1 is s safe t p]haps x c\ld h>dly lay claim to ! title ( a great sport b = ! fact t x is n only difficult1 b also exce$+ly1 if unreasonably1 al>m+--at all ev5ts to ! beg9n]4 ,x seems /range t s _m able-bodi$ ,engli% ski-runn]s nev] s mu* z give jump+ a trial1 unless !y h an altoge!r wrong idea ( its dang]4 ,i spoke j n[ ( ! ignorance :i* made _m bad runn]s condemn a bett] /yle ( ski-+ ?an _! own4 ,x is n easy1 at fir/ sight1 to see :y ?is ignorance z to ! comp>ative advantages ( good & bad runn+ %\ld be s common z x is1 = at mo/ ( ! ,swiss w9t] places !re are among ! natives "s really good p]=m]s4 ,! ,engli%1 h[ev]1 get few opportunities ( wat*+ ! ,swiss runn]s1 except on ! jump+ hill1 & seldom see !m do+ _! be/ across c\ntry1 = ^! m51 unless !y happ5 to be guides1 d mo/ ( _! ski-+ ) _! own c\ntrym51 ! memb]s ( _! own local ski-club4 ,moreov]1 a good ski-runn] is n se5 at 8 be/ :5 act+ z a guide1 = he has to g sl[ly1 & look aft] ! weak] memb]s ( ! p>ty1 & !re is no elem5t ( competition to put him on 8 mettle4 ,:atev] may be ! reason1 ! fact rema9s t ! av]age ,briti% ski-runn] has little or no idea ( ! sup]iority ( good runn+ to bad z reg>ds safety1 com=t1 & spe$--to say no?+ ( int]e/ or beauty4 ,he w\ld probably be surpris$ & some:at sceptical if told t by le>n+ a good /yle ( ski-+ he w\ld f9d x possible to d ! d[nhill portion ( 8 t\rs 9 ab\t half ! "t 7or less71 ) half ! fatigue1 ) j z few falls 7if he wi%$ to avoid !m71 & ) f> less *ance ( hurt+ himself :5 he did fall--= bad /yle means awkw>d falls2 t he w\ld ?us get inf9itely m pleasure1 int]e/1 & excitem5t out ( 8 ski-+1 & t1 moreov]1 by go+ 9 = jump+ he w\ld /ill fur!r increase all ^! b5efits )\t increas+ 8 risks4 ,i hope t by means ( ?is r rambl+ disc\rse ,i may h manag$1 n only to %[ :at1 9 my op9ion1 are ! reasons = ! l[ /&>d ( ,engli% ski-+1 b at ! same "t to implant a conviction ( s9 9 ! consci5ce ( ! av]age ,engli% ski-runn]4 ,! object ( ! re/ ( ?is book is to %[ him :at1 to my ?9k+1 is ! way ( salvation1 & to place ! innoc5t novice 9 ! pa? ( virtue at ! v outset4 ,,equipm5t ,,! ,,ski ,! ,wood4--,skis are usually made ( a%1 :i* is1 p]haps1 on ! :ole1 a m suitable wood ?an any o!r4 ,hickory is excell5t1 b is said to be m brittle ?an a%1 & is also heavi]4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 b little heavi] ?an ! be/ a%1 = 9 ! latt] wood lightness means bad quality4 ,! wood mu/ be well season$1 & z free z possible f knots1 especially ne> ! b5d & ! b9d+1 ?\gh small knots :i* d n ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole ?ickness ( ! ski _c d mu* h>m4 ,! gra9 ( ! wood %\ld be wide & well m>k$4 ,! way x runs 9 ! ski is mo/ important2 x %\ld run p>allel ) ! long axis ( ! ski ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 above all at ! front b5d & ! b9d+2 = if ! gra9 run out at ^! po9ts1 ! ski w be v liable to break !re4 ,if any:]e else ! gra9 runs out at all1 see t x does s 9 su* a way t ! l9es on ! side ( ! ski run backw>ds & d[nw>ds 7,fig4 #a1 ,a71 n =w>ds & d[nw>ds 7,fig4 #a1 ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,cross-gra92 9 ,a x does n mu* matt]1 z x only occurs at "s di/ance f ! b9d+ & po9ts backw>ds2 ,b is v bad4 ,if ! l9es ( gra9 on ! sole ( ! ski run across at all in/ead ( p>allel to ! sides1 ! ski1 :5 x gets r worn1 w n run /raight4 ,if1 ( a pair ( skis1 "o runs to ! "r & "o to ! left1 x does n mu* matt]1 = 9 t case ! =m] c be put on ! left foot & ! latt] on ! "r2 !y w !n m]ely keep toge!r & hold ea* o!r /raight4 ,b if bo? skis run (f to ! same side !re is no?+ to be done1 s look c>efully at ! gra9 ( ! sole :5 *oos+ !m1 to see t !re is no *ance ( ?is 7,fig4 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,cross-gra9 on runn+ surface3 ,a conv]g+1 n v s]i\s2 ,b p>allel1 v bad4 ,!re is "o m po9t to be notic$ ab\t ! arrangem5t ( ! gra9 9 ! ski4 ,if y look at ! heel end ( ! ski1 y w g5]ally see ! gra9 dispos$ 9 v]tical l9es1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 ,b4 ,! ski w n only be /rong] & m spr+y1 b w we> bett] & run fa/] if cut s t ! gra9 lies horizontally 7,fig4 #c1 ,c74#a ,fig4 #c1 ,a %[s a disposition ( ! gra9 :i* is likely to weak5 ! ski & %\ld be avoid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,a bad1 ,b good1 ,c /ill bett]4 ,! col\r ( a ski is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,d>k col\rs h ! disadvantage ( caus+ ! sn[ :i* collects on ! top ( ! ski to melt m readily2 x may !n refreeze & accumulate1 =m+ an unnecess>y load ( ice4 ,a d>k col\r also makes x m difficult to detect faults 9 ! gra91 & x is wis] = ?is reason to buy pla9 v>ni%$ skis1 & col\r !m aft]w>ds if y want !m d>k]4 ,new skis %\ld be giv5 sev]al coats ( boil$ l9se$ oil1 ea* be+ all[$ to s9k 9 be=e ! next is appli$4 ,:5 at la/ ! wood w absorb no m1 give x a coat ( raw l9se$ oil2 ?is dries h>d1 ) a surface j r\gh en\gh = easy climb+1 b slipp]y en\gh to make wax+ unnecess>y1 except = ! v /ickie/ sn[4 ,! m (t5 skis are oil$1 ev5 :5 9 use1 ! bett]4 ,dim5sions4--,:5 y are /&+ ) y\r arm /ret*$ at full l5g? above y\r head1 ! ski1 plac$ upright1 %\ld be at lea/ long en\gh = its tip to rea* ! roots ( y\r f+]s2 x may well rea* a few in*es beyond ! f+]-ends4 ,! long] ! ski ! pleasant] y w f9d x = /raight-runn+4 ,on a long ski y keep y\r balance m easily1 run m smoo?ly on r\gh gr\nd1 & keep a /raight c\rse ) less tr\ble4 ,a %ort ski is slightly easi] = turn+1 b if y le>n correct me?ods ( turn+1 ! diff]5ce is insignificant2 & 9 any case1 h[ev] mu* y may twi/ & turn1 y are b\nd = ! great] "p ( ! "t to be runn+ /raight1 & y might z well d s z com=tably z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! ski %\ld be z n>r[ z possible1 h>dly m ?an #b-c_/d in*es 7#g c5timetres7 at ! n>r[e/ "p--i4e4 :]e ! foot re/s on x--ev5 = ! bigge/ man4 ,if x measures #b-c_/d in*es 9 wid? at ! n>r[e/ "p1 x %\ld be ab\t #c-c_/d in*es wide at ! front b5d1 & j ov] #c in*es at ! heel4 ,a n>r[ ski is 9 e way bett] ?an a wide "o2 ! only object ( increas+ ! wid? ( a ski is to make its be>+ surface on ! sn[ proportionate to ! weight ( a heavi] man1 & s to prev5t x f s9k+ m deeply & !re=e runn+ m sl[ly4 ,b ?is %\ld be done by increas+ ! l5g? r ?an ! wid?4 ,! beg9n] usually imag9es t ! wid] ! ski ! m easily he w be able to balance on x4 ,?is is a great mi/ake4 ,a n>r[ ski is f> /eadi] ?an a wide "o = /raight runn+2 x is easi] = turn+1 & inf9itely m com=table = mov+ across a /eep slope ( h>d sn[1 ! dim9i%$ lev]age putt+ less /ra9 on ! ankles1 z ! diagram %[s4#b ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ski is proportionate to its ela/icity & ! weight ( ! runn]1 be+ ab\t #a-a_/d in*es at ! b9d+ & #c_/h in* at ! front b5d & ! heel4 ,a /iff ski runs r less com=tably ?an a ?9n] & m flexible "o1 b x is saf] to *oose a ski ( ample ?ickness ne> ! b9d+1 especially if x is to be us$ = jump+4 ,! turn up at ! front ( ! ski %\ld beg9 at ab\t "o-fif? ( ! di/ance f ! tip to ! heel end4 ,x %\ld be v gradual1 = a sudd5 b5d makes ! ski run m sl[ly & f> less smoo?ly4 ,! "u side ( ! tip ne$ n be m ?an five in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,!re is a slight upw>d ar* betwe5 ! front b5d & ! heel4 ,x %\ld be no m ?an #c_/d ( an in* high at its highe/ po9t1 bel[ ! heel ( ! boot1 only j suffici5t to prev5t ! ski :5 re/+ on s(t sn[ f b5d+ d[nw>ds 9 ! middle "u ! weight ( ! runn]4 ,! height ( ?is ar* %\ld !re=e v>y slightly accord+ to ! l5g? & /iffness ( ! ski1 & to ! runn]'s weight4 ,( c\rse any twi/ 9 ! ski w prev5t x f runn+ true4 ,a simple way ( mak+ sure t a ski is free f any su* twi/ is z foll[s3 draw a few l9es across its sole1 at "r angles to a l9e d[n ! middle ( x1 &1 hold+ ! ski s t a v mu* =e-%ort5$ view ( ! sole is obta9$1 see if all ^! l9es are p>allel4 ,no?+ is m uncom=table & difficult to run on ?an a ski :i* has become w>p$ & has a d[nw>d b5d 9 ! middle4 ,to prev5t ?is happ5+ & to pres]ve ! upw>d ar*1 a pair ( skis1 :5 n 9 use1 %\ld be plac$ sole to sole & b\nd toge!r at ! front b5d & ! heel1 ) a block ( wood ab\t #a-c_/d in*es ?ick put betwe5 !m #h in*es or s beh9d ! b9d+1 j :]e ! boot-heel re/s on ! ski4 ,mo/ skis are made ) a groove runn+ along ! middle ( ! sole f ! front b5d to ! heel4 ,?is groove greatly increases ! ski's /ead9ess 9 /raight-runn+1 & on no acc\nt %\ld be omitt$4 ,a smoo?-sol$ ski makes turn+ easi] = ! runn] :o has n le>nt ! "r way to d x1 b ?is slight advantage by no means comp5sates = ! wobbl9ess 9 /raight-runn+ :i* x entails4 ,if y want easy /e]+1 *oose extra-flexible skis1 b n grooveless or extra-%ort ones4 ,mo/ ( ! ord9>y foot-b9d+s are fix$ to ! ski by means ( a hole bor$ f side to side ?r\gh its ?icke/ "p4 ,see t ?is hole is made almo/ entirely 9 ! upp] half ( ! ski's ?ickness1 well away f ! sole4 ,:5 lift$ by a /rap pass$ ?r\gh ?is hole1 ! ski %\ld po9t d[nw>ds at an angle ( ab\t #de degrees4 ,9 ord] t !y %all be /rong] 9 relation to _! weight & less flexible1 skis are sometimes made ) a convex1 in/ead ( a flat upp]-surface4 ,! increas$ /iffness makes !m less com=table = ord9>y runn+ b saf] = jump+4 ,! convexity %\ld always /op %ort ( ! beg9n+ ( ! front b5d4 ,fig4 #f %[s t x dep5ds on h[ ?is convexity is obta9$ z to :e!r & h[ x is an advantage or o!rwise4 ,suppos+ ! wood 9 ea* case to be ( exactly ! same quality1 ,b w obvi\sly be n only /iff] b heavi] ?an ,a1 ,c w be /iff] b no heavi]1 ,d w be equally /iff b light]4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t "o _c say (f-h& t ! convex %ape is ei!r bett] or worse ?an ! flat1 b only t1 weight = weight1 ! convex %ape gives great] /iffness & /r5g?1 ! flat gives m ela/icity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! ,b9d+4--,! "q ( ! b9d+1 by :i* ! ski is fa/5$ to ! foot1 is a v vex$ "o2 ,i %all treat x z %ortly z ,i c4 ,! b9d+ %\ld1 if possible1 fulfil ! foll[+ conditions3-- 7#a7 ,x %\ld be light2 7#b7 %\ld be easily adju/$ to fit ! boot2 7#c7 %\ld admit ( be+ quickly & easily fa/5$ & unfa/5$2 7#d7 %\ld be difficult to break & easy to m5d2 7#e7 %\ld all[ fairly free v]tical movem5t ( ! foot1 b limit its lat]al movem5t en\gh to make /e]+ easy2 7#f7 %\ld be com=table1 & n likely to injure ! runn] 9 case ( a fall4 ,!re are innum]able =ms ( b9d+ on ! m>ket1 n "o ( :i* is absolutely satisfactory 9 e respect2 ! *oice ( a b9d+ is l>gely a matt] ( ta/e4 ,b1 ?\gh x is n possible to say t any "o b9d+ is ! be/1 x is possible to say t c]ta9 =ms are m g5]ally popul> ?an o!rs4 ,! read] :o is n a novice probably kn[s all !re is to be said = & aga9/ ! m common =ms2 :ile to give a long description ( sev]al k9ds ( b9d+s1 sett+ =? _! v>i\s good & bad po9ts1 w\ld be m likely to confuse a novice ?an to help him to *oose "o t suit$ him4 ,i %all !re=e describe "o b9d+ only1 ! ,huitfeldt1 :i* is by f> ! mo/ g5]ally popul> "o1 especially 9 ,norway1 & %all %[ h[ x answ]s to ! above-m5tion$ requirem5ts4 ,! ,huitfeldt b9d+ 7,fig4 #g7 consi/s ( an iron1 lea!r-l9$ toe-piece :i* is pass$ ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! ski & b5t up at ea* side2 a %ort /rap pass+ ov] ! toes & connect+ ! ends ( ! metal toe-piece2 & a long /rap :i* passes ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! ski & r\nd ! heel ( ! boot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,huitfeldt b9d+1 ) ,ellefs5 clamp ,x 7left foot74 ,a ?ird /rap1 :i* passes "u ! wai/ ( ! boot1 prev5ts ! heel-/rap f slipp+ up ! side ( ! foot1 z x is sometimes incl9$ to d :5 ! heel is mu* rais$2 & a f\r? /rap1 cross+ ! foot beh9d ! toe-/rap1 prev5ts ! heel-/rap f slipp+ "u ! boot sole at ! side4 ,! heel-/rap1 h[ev]1 w (t5 be f\nd to keep 9 place p]fectly )\t ^! two /raps1 or1 at any rate1 )\t ! latt]1 & 9 t case !re is no object 9 keep+ !m on ! b9d+4 ,! ski is fa/5$ on & tak5 (f )\t buckl+ or unbuckl+ ! /raps :5 once !y h be5 prop]ly adju/$4 ,9 ord] to put on ! ski1 simply pu% ! foot well home betwe5 ! toe-irons1 & !n pull ! heel-/rap up ov] ! boot-heel4 ,! toe-/rap may be q loose2 ! heel-/rap mu/ be s tight t x is only j possible to =ce x ov] ! boot-heel4 ,! toe-irons mu/ be hamm]$ or b5t 7a heavy screw-wr5* is useful = ?is7 to fit ! sole ( ! boot exactly1 s t :5 ! boot is pu%$ home betwe5 !m ! c5tre ( ! heel lies 9 ! v middle ( ! ski4 ,?is means t = boots ( an ord9>y %ape ! inside toe-iron mu/ be m ne>ly p>allel to ! side ( ! ski ?an ! outside "o1 z 9 diagram2 o!rwise ! boot-heel w re/ on ! inn] side ( ! ski 7,fig4 #h74 ,if ! toe-irons %[ any t5d5cy to wobble1 small wood5 w$ges may be driv5 betwe5 !m & ! side ( ! cavity 9 ! ski1 b by ! sides ( ! toe-irons1 n bel[ !m1 or ! ski may split4 ,! toe-irons %\ld be s adju/$ t :5 ! boot is pu%$ "r home ! toe only projects a little way beyond ! toe-/rap 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,if ! toe-/rap crosses ! foot too f> back1 x does n all[ a free en\gh movem5t :5 ! heel is rais$1 & 9 a fall =w>d may spra9 ! foot4 ,if ! fa/5+ fits prop]ly !re %\ld be en\gh fre$om to all[ ! knee j to t\* ! front ( ! ski4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,a ,a "r1 ,b ,b wrong positions = toe-irons 7left ski74 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! heel-/rap f slipp+ (f ! boot1 ! heel ( ! boot %\ld be made to project at ! back1 bo? top & bottom ( ! projection be+ r\nd$ to all[ ( ! /rap be+ easily pull$ on & (f 7see ,fig4 #i1 p4 #da74 ,?is is a bett] & a simpl] arrangem5t ?an ! /rap & buckle at ! back ( ! heel ) :i* ski-boots are (t5 fitt$4 ,! heel-/rap %\ld be b5t fir/ d[nw>ds & !n backw>ds on ea* side ( ! ski1 s t ! side ( x :i* is upp]mo/ )9 ! cavity ( ! ski becomes out]mo/ r\nd ! foot4 ,?is arrangem5t increases ! t5sion :5 ! heel rises4 ,x is mo/ important t ! heel-/rap %\ld be v tight1 = its t5sion n only limits ! v]tical movem5t ( ! foot1 & s makes x possible to lift ! heel ( ! ski1 b also1 by keep+ ! boot firmly jamm$ betwe5 ! toe-irons1 prev5ts ne>ly all lat]al movem5t1 & s makes /e]+ easy4 ,! heel-/rap consi/s ( two p>ts2 ! back "p %\ld be fitt$ ) a metal lev] call$ ,! ,ellefs5 ,%ort5+ ,clamp 7,fig4 #g1 ,x74 ,op5+ & clos+ ?is lev] l5g!ns & %ort5s ! heel-/rap2 ! /rap is buckl$ s t ) ! lev] op5 x w j pass ov] ! projection on ! boot-heel2 x c be ?or\ghly tight5$ up1 :5 on1 by ! clos+ ( ! lev]4 ,?is lev] %\ld be s fitt$ on ! heel-/rap t x comes on ! outside ( ! heel ne> ! back4 ,! advantages ( ! ,huitfeldt b9d+ are z foll[s3-- ,x is v light4 ,if fitt$ ) ! %ort5+ lev] x c be put on & tak5 (f 9 a second or two4 ,x is n easily brok51 & is n difficult to m5d4 ,if prop]ly fitt$1 x limits ! movem5t ( ! foot en\gh to give ample /e]+ p[]4 ,x is q com=table1 & is mo/ unlikely to injure ! foot ev5 9 ! wor/ fall4 ,its disadvantages are t great c>e is ne$$ to adju/ ! toe-irons s z exactly to fit ! boot1 & keep x 9 ! middle ( ! ski2 & t ! heel-/rap is r quickly worn at ! po9ts :]e x rubs aga9/ ! edges ( ! toe-irons4 ,?is we>+1 h[ev]1 c be dim9i%$ by fil+ d[n ! %>p edges ( ! toe-iron :]e !y t\* ! /rap1 & by occasionally pull+ ! /rap ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! ski f> en\gh to expose ano!r "p ( x to ! friction4 ,ano!r slight drawback lies 9 ! fact t ! heel-/rap1 :]e x projects on ea* side ( ! ski1 dim9i%es ! spe$ some:at by bru%+ aga9/ ! sn[2 b ?is is h>dly wor? m5tion+4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ! ,huitfeldt b9d+ has m good po9ts ?an bad ones1 & is j z likely to suit ! beg9n] p]man5tly z any ( ! o!r b9d+s1 if he is oblig$ to buy 8 skis at ! outset4 ,if he is able to try two or ?ree diff]5t b9d+s be=e mak+ 8 *oice1 he no d\bt w d s2 b x is n likely t he w fully und]/& ! pros & cons ( any good b9d+ until he has giv5 x a longi% trial1 & has a fair practical k ( ski-runn+4 ,9 any case1 ,i /rongly advise him n to worry too mu* on ! subject ( b9d+s4 ,) all1 except ! v wor/ & lea/ widely us$ b9d+s1 x is possible to le>n to ski well1 provid$ !y fit prop]ly4 ,he %\ld be c>eful to see t ! middle ( ! heel re/s naturally on ! middle ( ! ski2 t ! foot has en\gh v]tical fre$om to all[ ! knee j to t\* ! ski 9 front1 b n en\gh to all[ x to t\* )\t consid]able t5sion2 & t ! lat]al movem5t ( ! foot is v limit$4 ,if ^! conditions are fulfill$1 ! b9d+ w be com=table1 safe1 & w give ample /e]+ p[]4 ,9 ! ,huitfeldt b9d+ & sev]al o!rs ( ! same type1 ! /e]+ p[] & control ( ! ski is obta9$ by ! t5sion betwe5 ! heel-/rap & toe-irons4 ,!re is ano!r type 9 :i* ?is p[] is obta9$ by a false sole1 g5]ally made ( driv+-belt+1 :i* is fix$ to ! ski "u ! toe ( ! boot & is free at ! heel end4 ,?is sy/em gives great]1 or ev5 absolute lat]al rigidity1 & is !re=e m likely to injure ! foot4 ,! mo/ widely us$ =ms ( ?is type ( b9d+ are ! ,ellefs51 a v good b9d+2 ! ,black ,=e/ or ,balata b9d+1 9 :i* ! false sole is fitt$ ) a socket = ! heel1 a great fav\rite ) %opkeep]s :o hire out skis1 because1 )\t adju/m5t1 x w fit anyone someh[--g5]ally badly2 & ! ,lili5feld b9d+1 an ,au/rian inv5tion1 made almo/ completely ( metal1 & giv+ absolute lat]al rigidity1 b unsuitable = jump+ & dislik$ by mo/ good runn]s4#c ,absolute lat]al rigidity is n only dang]\s1 b is q unnecess>y = a runn] :o has le>nt1 or :o means to le>n1 correct me?ods4 ,= 9 brak+ or /e]+1 :5 prop]ly done1 ! effect is produc$ by ! di/ribution ( ! weight1 & by v]tical pressure on ! ski r ?an by =cibly twi/+ or pu%+ x sideways4 ,) any b9d+ on ! ,huitfeldt pr9ciple x is necess>y to we> a boot ) a wide-welt$ sole :i* is d\ble ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 9 ord] t x may n buckle at ! wai/ ( ! foot "u ! /ra9 ( ! heel-/rap4 ,! "p ( ! ski on :i* ! foot re/s %\ld be cov]$ by a ?9 plate ( "s su* metal z brass or t91 :i* does n oxidise readily4 ,?is protects ! ski if nail$ boots are worn1 & prev5ts sn[ f accumulat+ 9 an uncom=table lump "u ! foot4 ,if ! boots h no nails1 or if ! b9d+ has a false sole1 a plate ( celluloid or l9oleum is suffici5t4 ,! ,/ick4--,! ski-runn] c>ries ei!r "o or two /icks4 ,he uses !m to increase 8 pace on level gr\nd1 or :5 runn+ d[n a g5tle slope2 to help him 9 walk+ uphill2 to /eady him :5 turn+ :ile /&+ on a slope2 & possibly1 on v r>e occasions1 to help to *eck 8 pace4 ,to use !m :ile on ! move1 ei!r z a help to ! balance or = /e]+1 is ! m>k ( a bad runn]4 ,! /icks 7= two are m useful ?an "o7 %\ld be light2 cane or hazel is ! usual wood4 ,!y %\ld be long en\gh to rea* two or ?ree in*es above ! elb[1 :5 re/+ on ! sn[4 ,at ! top ! /ick is provid$ ) a lea!r loop to support ! h& :ile punt+4 ,at ! o!r end x is %od ) a metal spike1 a few in*es above :i* a movable disc1 g5]ally made ( wick]1 is atta*$ to prev5t ! /ick f s9k+ into ! sn[4 ,*oose "s disc atta*m5t :i* does n involve ! pass+ ( a ?ong ?r\gh a hole 9 ! /ick1 = "o ( t sort we>s out v soon4 ,,clo?+ ,boots4--,9 ord] to avoid fro/-bite1 to ! risk ( :i* ! ski-runn] is (t5 expos$1 ! boots mu/ be /\t1 flexible1 wat]pro(1 & exce$+ly loose--l>ge en\gh1 9 fact1 to hold two pairs1 at any rate1 ( ! v ?icke/ /ock+s )\t ! lea/ pressure1 especially on ! toes4 ,boots made on ! ,norwegian ,laup> pr9ciple are p>ticul>ly good only 9 ! respect ( giv+ ! toes p]fect fre$om4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,boot %[+ r\nd$ projection on heel2 sole ( uni=m ?ickness f toe to beg9n+ ( heel2 & metal plates 7,x7 to prev5t we> ( toe-iron4 ,! heel mu/ be v l[1 &1 z expla9$ above1 x %\ld be made to project at ! back to prev5t ! heel-/rap f slipp+ (f1 if ! b9d+ has "o4 ,= a b9d+ ( ! ,huitfeldt type ! sole mu/ be ?ick1 n only at ! ball ( ! foot1 b at ! wai/2 x %\ld h a widi% welt to prev5t ! toe-irons f press+ aga9/ ! foot4#d ,:]e ! toe-irons t\* ! side ( ! sole1 !y are apt to we> a holl[1 & ! boot !n works gradually =w>ds4 ,?is c be prev5t$ by screw+ ?9 plates ( metal to ! side ( ! sole at ?is po9t4 ,to enable ! toe-irons to hold ! boot z /eady z possible1 x is bett] t ! sides ( ! sole %\ld be r /raight 7?\gh n p>allel7 ?an curv$4 ,! boots %\ld be greas$ or oil$ (t5 en\gh to keep !m q s(t & flexible4 ,"s =m ( felt or canvas boot-cov] is a great safegu>d aga9/ fro/-bite1 :i* is a dang] t c by no means be ov]rat$4 ,:e!r ! boots %all be nail$ or n is a matt] ( ta/e4 ,nails cut ! skis & make ! sn[ ball betwe5 !m & ! boots4 ,boots ) no nails at all make climb+ an icy pa? on foot r tr\blesome4 ,if no nails are worn1 climb+ irons c be c>ri$ to /rap on to ! boot = walk+ on icy places4 ,mo/ p we> a few small nails1 ?\gh _m 7myself includ$7 we> none4 ,a complete rubb] sole 7:i* grips on ice b picks up no sn[7 might "w ev5 bett] ?an ! ,scafe rubb] /uds2 b ,i "k ^! are good4 ,/ock+s4--,z ,i h said1 two or ?ree pairs ( /ock+s %\ld be worn4 ,h[ev] wat]pro( ! boot1 x is impossible to keep ! /ock+s p]fectly dry ow+ to ! cond5sation ( wat] vap\r f ! foot :i* takes place on ! inn] surface ( ! boot4 ,9 sev]e cold ?is wet lay] freezes1 & %\ld !re=e be kept z f> z possible f ! foot4 ,x is useless1 h[ev]1 to fill ! boot ) /ock+s to su* an ext5t z to cause pressure on ! foot & *eck ! circulation1 = ?is is ev5 m likely to cause fro/-bite ?an is insuffici5t cov]+4 ,mo/ ski-runn]s we> a pair ( ! ?icke/ ord9>y /ock+s1 or socks1 & ov] ?is a pair ( goat's-hair socks :i* are m ?an twice z ?ick4 ,^! goat's-hair socks 7or :at are g5]ally sold z su*7 we> badly1 & a pair ( socks ( ! same ?ickness1 b made ( wool1 seem j z w>m4 ,sp>e socks %\ld always be c>ri$ on long exp$itions 9 case ! pair next ! feet %\ld get wet ?r\gh4 ,gloves4--,^! are an important item4 ,!y %\ld be ( mitt5-%ape1 ) a bag = ! f+]s1 & %\ld h a gauntlet-%ap$ arm long en\gh to pull well ov] ! sleeve4 ,l ! boots1 !y mu/ be roomy4 ,felt or wool is ! usual mat]ial4 ,a canvas out] cov]+ makes !m less liable to get wet ?r\gh1 = ! sn[ /icks to x less4 ,x is always difficult1 h[ev]1 to keep !m dry1 & a sp>e pair is (t5 z necess>y z sp>e socks4 ,cap4--,"s k9d ( cap :i* c at lea/ be pull$ d[n ov] ! e>s1 if n ov] ! neck & *91 is indisp5sable4 ,z an addition or sub/itute1 an ample sc>f or muffl] is useful1 especially1 p]haps1 = wom54 ,no hat-brim protects ! eyes suffici5tly to be ! lea/ safegu>d aga9/ sn[-bl9dness4 ,d>k glasses %\ld always be c>ri$1 especially above ! tree-l9e1 & %\ld be put on ! in/ant t any discom=t is felt f ! gl>e4 ,out] ,clo?+4--,?is %\ld be z ne>ly w9dpro( z possible1 & %\ld h a smoo? surface1 = if x be hairy ! sn[ w /ick to x1 &1 :5 t melts1 ! clo!s w become soak$4 ,= ?is reason a sweat] is n satisfactory z ! out]mo/ g>m5t on a long exp$ition4 ,any clo?+ :i* _c be remov$ dur+ a climb %\ld be fairly light & n too hot1 = climb+ is (t5 excessively hot "w4 ,a mod]ately /\t :ipcord is p]haps z good a mat]ial z any?+4 ,9 ord] to keep out ! sn[ ! coll> ( a coat %\ld be made to button close r\nd ! neck1 & ! sleeves r\nd ! wri/s4 ,! pockets %\ld h l>ge flaps to button4 ,mo/ ,engli% runn]s clo! !mselves1 z to ! legs1 9 bree*es & puttees1 :i* are a v effici5t means ( keep+ out ! sn[4 ,lea!r gait]s are useless4 ,until rec5tly mo/ ,norwegians us$ to we> r close-fitt+ tr\s]s :i* button$ tightly r\nd ! ankles inside ! boots1 & a sort ( v %ort puttee r\nd ! tops ( ! boots !mselves4 ,= w>m?1 com=t1 & simplicity ?is sy/em seems h>d to beat4 ,all ! =ego+ rem>ks z to boots1 /ock+s1 gloves1 caps1 & mat]ial1 ( c\rse1 apply equally to wom5's clo?+4 ,:e!r 9 addition to sn[pro( knick]bock]s & puttees a woman %all we> a skirt is1 ( c\rse1 a matt] ( ta/e or /r5g? ( m9d4 ,9 ,g]many & ,au/ria mo/ lady ski-runn]s disp5se ) x4 ,if a skirt is worn x is p>ticul>ly important t bo? x & ! knick]bock]s %all be ( v smoo? texture1 o!rwise ! sn[ :i* works up betwe5 !m 9 a fall w n %ake out aga91 b w accumulate 9 l>ge quantities & soak ! clo!s 9 melt+4 ,! %ort] ! skirt1 ! bett] z reg>ds com=t4 ,ev5 a skirt :i* only j cov]s ! knees w t\* ! sn[ dur+ manoeuvres :i* involve a semi-kneel+ position4 ,z to appe>ance1 ,i c assure any "o :o is di/ress$ at ! app>5t size ( h] feet & ankles :5 prop]ly clad t a longi% skirt makes !m f> m conspicu\s ?an a v %ort "o2 a skirt long en\gh to hide !m completely is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 ,if ! ?ick goat's-hair or wooll5 ov]sock goes "s way up ! leg in/ead ( /opp+ %ort j above ! boot1 & if ! puttee is ?9 & smoo? in/ead ( be+ ab\t half an in* ?ick & woolly1 a less gloomy outlook on life w p]haps be induc$4 ,und]clo?+4--,climb+ a hill on skis is g5]ally v hot "w1 b "o is (t5 expos$ to ! mo/ bitt] cold on ! top1 especially :5 ! sun is hidd51 or :5 w9d & sun%9e come f ! same qu>t]1 & x is impossible to take %elt] f ! =m] )\t los+ ! latt]4 ,?is makes x v difficult to regulate satisfactorily ! ?ickness ( "o's clo?+4 ,on ! :ole1 x is p]haps bett] to we> fairly light und]clo?+1 & to rely = w>m? ma9ly on out] g>m5ts :i* c be c>ri$1 in/ead ( worn1 dur+ ! climb4 ,if light clo?+ is worn1 two extra sweat]s or c>digans may well be c>ri$4 ,9 ?is case !y mu/ nev] be =gott51 b mu/ be c>ri$ always1 no matt] :at ! wea!r may be1 = x may *ange quickly )\t ! lea/ w>n+1 &1 9 any case1 !re is (t5 a bitt] w9d high up :5 ! heat is almo/ tropical 9 ! valley4 ,a w9dpro( coat ( ?9 oil-silk or ( a k9d ( pap]-clo? made by a ,p>is firm1 is a v good sub/itute = a sp>e sweat]4 ,x is w>m]1 light]1 & takes up h>dly any space4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ ?+s are v useful1 "s ( !m indisp5sable on a long exp$ition4 ,!y c mo/ly be b\ght ready made1 & ,i %all n attempt a description :]e _! application is obvi\s4 ,wax1 ei!r 9 a block or a collapsible tube1 :i* is us$ to prev5t wet sn[ f /ick+ to ! ski4 ,x is sme>$ on ! ski & rubb$ 9 ) a rag4 ,x is bett]1 if possible1 to d ?is be=e />t+ out2 or1 at any rate1 to dry ! ski fir/4 ,a good knife4 ,"s blunt in/rum5t = scrap+ ice (f ! ski )\t injur+ ! wood4 ,a metal ski-tip to fit on ! ski1 if ! po9t is brok5 (f & lo/4 ,a few tools = m5d+ a brok5 ski--gimlet1 screw-driv]1 & pun* 7unless ! knife is fitt$ ) ^!72 p]haps also a hamm]1 saw1 & file4 ,small cases ( tools ) a common h&le c be b\ght4 ,"o or two small /eel plates & pieces ( %eet brass or z9c ) holes bor$ 9 !m1 & a few screws to fit !m2 or a clamp#e consi/+ ( two metal plates connect$ by two bolts ) w+-nuts4 ,fig4 #aj %[s h[ ^! may be us$ to m5d a brok5 ski4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,ski m5d$ ) 7,a7 metal plates1 7,b7 clamp4 ,sp>e p>ts ( ! b9d+ itself may be c>ri$ 9 case x breaks1 & a ?ong ( raw hide ab\t two y>ds long1 ) a loop at "o end1 is (t5 useful4 ,?is ?ong1 :5 us$ z a sub/itute = ! ,huitfeldt heel-/rap1 con/itutes :at is kn[n z ! ,lapp b9d+4 ,?is is a mo/ firm & com=table b9d+1 especially = jump+1 b s9ce x _c be adju/$ quickly nor ) glov$ h&s1 is unsuitable = occasions :i* involve frequ5t tak+ (f & putt+ on ( ! skis1 or exposure to extreme cold4 ,fig4 #aa expla9s ! arrangem5t ( ! ?ong4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,:5 arrang$ z above s t x passes twice r\nd ! heel ( ! boot1 ! ?ong is haul$ p]fectly taut & made fa/4 ,?is c be done 9 slightly diff]5t ways2 ,i f9d ! foll[+ a satisfactory "o4 ,arrange ! ?ong s t1 :5 x is pull$ tight1 ! po9ts ,a ,b are ab\t an in* 9 front ( ! heel ( ! boot1 ! loop ,a be+ on ! outside ( ! foot4 ,!n pass ! free end "u ! wai/ ( ! foot1 up across ! ?ongs on ! inn] side1 ov] ! in/ep1 & back to ,a1 f9i%+ ) a half-hit* r\nd bo? p>ts ( ! ?ong at ,a4 ,if ?is half-hit* is made ) ! end ( ! ?ong pu%$ ?r\gh x 9 a bight1 x c be pull$ undone l a b[1 :i* is an advantage :5 ! ?ong is froz5 h>d4 ,a few y>ds ( /rong cord1 "s /r+1 & "s brass wire are (t5 useful4 ,a ski may be prev5t$ f slipp+ backw>ds 9 hill-climb+ by ty+ "o end ( a piece ( cord to its tip1 pass+ a few half hit*es r\nd x at int]vals1 haul+ all taut1 & ty+ ! o!r end ( ! cord to ! b9d+4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 makes x necess>y to lift ! ski =w>d at ea* /ep in/ead ( slid+ x4 ,! only satisfactory prev5tive ( back-slip is a /rip ( sealsk9 fa/5$ und]nea? ! ski2 ?is also prev5ts wet sn[ f /ick+ to ! ski1 z x sometimes does 9 masses almo/ too heavy to lift4 ,to prev5t back-slip a /rip half ! l5g? ( ! ski is suffici5t2 = /icky sn[1 h[ev]1 x is ( c\rse bett] = ! ski to be q cov]$4 ,:i* ( ! _m =ms ( deta*able sealsk9 9 ! m>ket "w ! be/ ,i am n compet5t to say1 hav+ s f> manag$ to d )\t x4 ,!re is no d\bt t sealsk9 is a great lab\r sav]4 ,) its help x is possible to climb s mu* m quickly ?an )\t1 t = long m\nta9 t\rs x is almo/ indisp5sable4 ,moreov]1 :5 x is us$ = ! climb1 ! soles ( ! skis c be kept poli%$ or v>ni%$ to a degree ( slipp]9ess t prev5ts ev5 ! wor/ ( /icky sn[ f be+ mu* h9drance dur+ ! run d[n4 ,! rucksack1 9 :i* ^! ?+s1 sp>e clo?+1 food1 c41 are c>ri$1 %\ld be v l>ge1 sn[pro( & /rong1 b n heavy4 ,its /raps %\ld be wide at ! %\ld] & long4 ,ab\t food1 or ! special equipm5t necess>y = m\nta9e]+1 or any o!r special application ( ski-runn+1 ,i %all n attempt to speak1 ?is book be+ only conc]n$ ) :at is absolutely necess>y to ! ski-runn] qu ski-runn]4 ,^? :o wi% = fur!r in=mation w f9d x 9 a va/ numb] ( books on m\nta9e]+ prop]1 9 ,rickm]s' ,ski-+ = ,beg9n]s & ,m\nta9e]s1 ,ri*>dson's ,! ,ski-,runn]1 ,arnold ,lunn's ,alp9e ,ski ,club ,guide-books1 & 9 _m books 9 o!r languages on ski-runn+ & k9dr$ subjects2 = in/ance1 ,d] ,ski-lauf1 by ,paulcke 7( :i* a ,fr5* translation1 ,manuel de ,ski1 is publi%$71 & ,bilg]i's ,alp9e ,ski-lauf4 ,,! ,,managem5t ,,( ,,! ,,skis ,,on ,,! ,,level ,,& ,,uphill ,putt+ on ,skis4--,lay ! skis side by side on ! sn[4 ,9 ord] to put on ! "r ski1 place ! left foot on x j beh9d ! b9d+ z 9 ,fig4 #ab1 ! toe ( ! boot be+ on ! left side ( ! ski & ! heel on ! "r4 ,y\r weight !n holds ! ski /eady :ile y pu% ! "r foot well home & fa/5 ! b9d+4 ,n[ lift ! "r foot & ski1 /& !m on ! left ski 9 a simil> way1 & fa/5 t to ! foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,on a hillside lay ! skis across ! slope2 /& bel[ !m1 & put on ! l[] ski fir/1 br++ ! foot to x across ! front ( ! o!r leg4 ,on ! ,level4--,! ski-runn] moves on ! level ) an action mu* l t ( ord9>y walk+1 except t he does n lift 8 skis f ! sn[1 b slides !m along x4 ,hold y\r skis exactly p>allel & z close toge!r z possible--n m ?an two in*es ap>t--& take a long1 easy1 lung+ /ep1 keep+ ! knee ( ! advanc+ leg well ov] ! foot1 & lean+ ! body well =w>ds 7,plate ,i474 ,move ! /ick1 or /icks1 9 "t ) ! opposite leg1 giv+ a pu% at ea*1 or at e alt]nate /ride1 accord+ z y c>ry two /icks or "o4 ,slide z f> z y c aft] ! advanc$ foot has receiv$ ! weight1 & don't be 9 a hurry to br+ =w>d ! o!r "o4 ,! body mu/ be sway$ slightly f side to side ) ea* /ep 9 ord] to balance x well ov] ! ski :i* c>ries ! weight4 ,if y wi% to get up ! greate/ possible spe$ on ! level ) two /icks1 take ?ree runn+--n slid+--/eps1 sw++ ! /icks =w>ds ) ! fir/ two1 &1 at ! ?ird1 giv+ a pu% ) bo? /icks1 foll[$ by a long slide4 ,!n d ! same aga91 />t+ ) ! o!r foot4 ,uphill4--,if ! gradi5t is v slight1 y c slide /raight uphill 9 j ! same way z on ! level4 ,at a r /eep] gradi5t 7! angle dep5d+ on ! slipp]9ess ( ! sn[ & ! skis7 y w /ill be able to move 9 ! same way1 b )\t ! extra =w>d slide aft] ! weight has come on to ! advanc$ ski4 ,if ! slope becomes /ill /eep] y w f9d t ! friction is h>dly en\gh to make ! skis hold4 ,! mom5t y feel !y h a t5d5cy to slip backw>ds z ! weight comes on !m1 walk z upright z possible1 ev5 lean+ slightly backw>ds1 s z to br+ ! weight on ! heels & ?r[ a little t5sion on ! toe-/rap4 ,%ort5 y\r /ride1 &1 in/ead ( slid+ ! skis along ! sn[1 lift _! po9ts six in*es or s into ! air z y move !m =w>ds 7b d n let _! heel ends leave ! sn[71 & br+ !m d[n aga9 9 front ( y ) a g5tle b decid$ /amp4 ,9 mak+ ?is /amp+ movem5t1 take c>e1 z y br+ ! foot to ! gr\nd1 to /amp x 9 a direction exactly at "r angles to ! surface ( ! slope4 ,! lea/ suspicion ( paw+ backw>ds1 or lung+ =w>ds1 z ! ski t\*es ! sn[ is sure to make x slip4 ,by mov+ /eadily & c>efully 9 ?is way x is possible to walk up an appreciably /eep] gradi5t ?an ! "o at :i* ! skis fir/ %[ a t5d5cy to slip back4 ,b x is no use attempt+ to /ruggle or hurry2 no am\nt ( ef=t w help y1 & if y _c d x easily y _c d x at all4 ,if ! gradi5t becomes any /eep] ?an ?is--& except 9 ! wor/ conditions ( /icky sn[1 ! slope w /ill be q g5tle1 ! skis w slip backw>ds 9 spite ( all y\r c>e4 ,at ! fir/ sudd5 & unexpect$ back-slip in/9ct w prompt y to ?r[ y\rself =w>d1 /rike out ) ! back foot1 & make a sort ( paw+ movem5t ) ! advanc$ "o4 ,if y d ?is1 y\r skis w slip f "u y & y w fall on y\r nose4 ,d no?+ ( ! sort1 !re=e1 b ! mom5t ! ski slips lean "r backw>ds1 ) a free sw+ ( ! body1 at ! same "t lift+ ! slipp+ ski quickly r\nd beh9d ! heel (1 & to "r angles )1 ! o!r ski1 to /op y 7,plate ,,ii4 p4 #ed74 ,to proce$ z be=e be+ n[ impossible1 y h ! *oice ( ?ree diff]5t me?ods3 zigzagg+1 h]r+-bon+1 & side-/epp+4 ,zigzagg+4--,turn m or less sideways to ! hill & !n move =w>ds at a gradi5t j easy en\gh to prev5t back-slipp+4 ,! skis are held z close toge!r z possible1 & mov$ j z be=e2 b n[1 in/ead ( be+ flat to ! surface ( ! sn[1 !y are edg$ 7cutt+ m deeply into x ) ! edges :i* are ne>e/ ! hill7 & "o ski is m or less above ! o!r1 accord+ to ! /eepness ( ! slope4 ,if ! surface is v h>d & icy1 & ! skis cut 9 v little1 less ?an half _! wid? may re/ on ! sn[4 ,9 ord] to less5 ! muscul> ef=t !n ne$$ to hold ! ankles v]tical 7see p4 #bh7 press bo? knees1 especially ! l[] "o1 well ov] t[>ds ! hill4 ,hold ! /icks 9 ea* h&1 & use !m j z be=e1 no matt] h[ /eep ! slope4 ,if ! slope be v /eep1 ! /ick on ! uphill side c be held %ort]1 b ! two /icks %\ld nev] 7except on a dang]\s slope7 be put toge!r & held across ! body ) bo? h&s1 z a climb] holds 8 ice-axe4 ,to d s w only get y into a bad habit ( lean+ t[>ds ! hill & support+ y\rself ) ! /ick1 & w prev5t y f balanc+ y\rself prop]ly & walk+ freely4 ,if only "o /ick be us$1 x %\ld be c>ri$ 9 ! h& :i* is ne>e/ ! hill4 ,if a /eep slope is s h>d & slipp]y t no?+ w make ! edges ( ! skis grip1 hold ! po9t ( ea* /ick close aga9/ ! d[nhill side ( ea* foot1 move ! /icks exactly 9 unison ) ! feet1 & dig _! po9ts h>d into ! cru/ at ea* /ep4 ,?is gives a p]fectly firm support = ! skis & answ]s ! purpose ( climb+-irons4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 v seldom necess>y4 ,hav+ f\nd ! /eepe/ gradi5t :i* y c negotiate )\t back-slipp+1 s adju/ y\r c\rse across ! hill t ?is gradi5t rema9s con/ant4 ,t is to say1 if y come to a spot :i* is /eep]--no matt] h[ slightly1 or = h[ %ort a di/ance--don't dream ( try+ to move on to x )\t alt]+ y\r c\rse2 b in/antly turn m sideways to ! hill1 s t al?\gh ! direction ( y\r c\rse is alt]$ its gradi5t rema9s ! same z be=e4 ,by ?is means only w y avoid fall+ on y\r nose1 or1 at any rate1 /ruggl+ & slipp+ uselessly4 ,no?+ is m common ?an to see a beg9n] mak+ frantic ef=ts to cross a %ort bit ( /eep] gr\nd )\t alt]+ 8 c\rse4 ,he c\ld attempt no?+ m hopeless4 ,x is amaz+ h[ _m exhau/+ /ruggles & falls are usually ne$$ to impress on a le>n] ! fact t x is utt]ly impossible = him to advance ev5 "o s+le /ep on /eep] gr\nd--h[ev] slight ! diff]5ce 9 gradi5t may be--)\t alt]+ 8 c\rse4 ,( c\rse if ! slope becomes less /eep1 y turn less sideways to ! hill & m\nt x m directly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! diagram w1 p]haps1 help to expla9 ! prop] way ( mov+ uphill across gr\nd ( v>y+ gradi5t4 ,x repres5ts a slope ) a /eep-sid$ gully runn+ d[n x4 ,! con=mation ( ! gr\nd is indicat$ by cont\r l9es1 z 9 a map--i4e4 imag9>y horizontal l9es runn+ along ! side ( ! hill1 ) ! same v]tical di/ance betwe5 ea* pair4 ,:]e1 !n1 ! cont\r l9es 9 ! plan are f> ap>t ! slope is gradual1 & vice v]sa4 ,s9ce ! direction ( ! fall ( ! slope is ev]y:]e at "r angles ) t ( ! cont\r l9es1 its g5]al direction only is %[n by ! arr[2 at ei!r side ( ! gully its local direction is1 ( c\rse1 ne>ly at "r angles to ?is4 ,,ab is ! track ( an exp]i5c$ ski-runn]4 ,obs]ve t 7i7 9 g5]al %ape ! l9e ,,ab resembles ! cont\r l9es2 7ii7 x nev] cuts ! same cont\r twice2 7iii7 :5 ! cont\rs are f> ap>t x cuts !m at a blunt] angle ?an :5 !y are close toge!r4 ,9 o!r words1 ! exp]t 7i7 makes a dt\r at ! gully2 7ii7 nev] loses any height t he has once ga9$2 7iii7 moves /eadily uphill at a con/ant gradi5t1 fac+ ! hill m directly :]e x is less /eep1 & vice v]sa4 ,,ac is ! track ( a beg9n]4 ,try+ to cut across directly t[>ds ,b he runs d[nhill into ! gully1 b1 be+ ( c\rse unable to climb /raight up ! /eep slope on ! f> side 9 ! direction ( ,b1 he has to be> away to ! "r2 & at ,c1 :5 8 track f ,a is q z long z ! exp]t's at ,b1 he is n ne>ly s f> up ! hill4 ,rememb] t ! v>iation ( cont\r ne$s j z c>eful att5tion 9 its smalle/ details z 9 its ma9 features1 & mu/ be negotiat$ 9 exactly ! same way4 ,9 climb+ 9 ?is way x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to g on cont9ually keep+ ! same side to ! slope 7unless ! hill is p]fectly conical 9 %ape & q free f ob/acles1 all[+ "o to w9d r\nd x to ! top 9 a spiral74 ,hav+ mov$ 9 "o direction = a "t1 y w ev5tually h to turn r\nd & beg9 a fre% tack4 ,to %uffle r\nd1 z y might d on ! level1 is obvi\sly impossible2 =1 :e!r y d s fac+ up or d[nhill1 ! skis w at a c]ta9 angle beg9 to run away4 ,! usual proc$ure is to make :at is kn[n z a kick-turn4 ,! ,kick-,turn4--,suppose t y h be5 trav]s+ ! slope ) ! hill on y\r "r side & wi% to make a fre% tack4 ,/op ) y\r skis po9t+ uphill at ! angle at :i* !y h j be5 mov+1 & y\r /icks re/+ close to ea* foot4 ,!n put y\r weight on ! l[] ski1 & draw back ! o!r1 slightly b5d+ ! upp] knee & rais+ ! heel 7,plate ,,iii474 ,n[ sw+ y\r "r leg f ! hip vigor\sly =w>ds & upw>ds1 /raight5+ x completely z x rises1 & turn+ up ! toe z h>d z y c1 z ?\gh try+ to make a v high kick4 ,! leg mu/ be swung freely1 n m]ely lift$4 ,! result ( ?is movem5t1 if made ) confid5ce1 w be to br+ ! ski to an upright position ) its heel re/+ 9 ! sn[ close to ! b5d ( ! o!r 7,plate ,,iv474 ,if !re is any hesitation1 ! knee is sure to rema9 b5t1 & ! toe to po9t =w>d1 ! result ( :i* w be t ! heel ( ! ski w cat* 9 ! sn[ be=e x has mov$ f> en\gh to ! front4 ,! position 9 ,plate ,,iv4 is only mom5t>y4 ,z soon z ! ski is /&+ on end 9 ! sn[ sw+ its po9t r\nd to ! "r & d[nw>ds1 until ! :ole ski aga9 re/s on ! sn[1 po9t+ uphill 9 ! opposite direction1 b at ! same angle z be=e 7,plate ,v474 ,dur+ ?is movem5t ! heel ( ! "r ski rema9s 9 ! sn[ :]e x 0 plac$ at fir/1 & acts z a pivot4 ,! /eep] & m slipp]y ! slope1 & ! less directly y h !re=e be5 climb+ x1 ! n>r[]1 obvi\sly1 w h to be ! angle betwe5 ! skis 9 ! position ( ,plate ,v41 b1 if y\r jo9ts are normally supple1 x is only on v /eep or icy slopes1 :5 ! skis h to be br\ght ne>ly p>allel1 t y w f9d x mu* ( a /ra9 to turn y\r feet & knees f> en\gh outw>ds4 ,next %ift ! :ole weight ov] on to ! upp] leg1 at ! same "t /raight5+ x & lett+ ! o!r hang slightly b5t2 ?is movem5t w lift ! l[] ski & /ick j (f ! sn[ 7,plate ,,vi474 ,!n /raight5+ ! left knee & turn+ up ! toe z h>d z possible 7,plate ,,vii41 ,a71 face t[>ds ! po9t ( ! "r ski & br+ ! left ski r\nd to ! side ( x 7,plate ,,viii474 ,?is "t1 h[ev]1 make no attempt to kick or sw+ ! leg1 z y did 9 turn+ ! "r ski1 b keep ! left foot q close to ! "r z x moves r\nd x4 ,! only difficulty "h is to keep ! po9t ( ! ski f cat*+ 9 ! slope above y z x turns4 ,on a v /eep slope1 9 ord] to avoid ?is1 y w h to *ange f ! position ( ,plate ,,vi4 to t ( ,plate ,,viii4 v quickly1 /raight5+ ! left knee & turn+ up ! toe ) a sudd5 j]k z y d s1 & also lift+ ! left hip z mu* z y c4 ,?is w = a mom5t ?r[ up ! po9t ( ! left ski mu* high] ?an if ! movem5t 7 made sl[ly4 ,b if y try to lift ! :ole ski high above ! sn[ ) knee b5t & toe dropp$1 or to sw+ ! left leg away f ! o!r1 ! po9t is ne>ly c]ta9 to cat* 7,plate ,,vii41 ,b74 ,! left /ick is mov$ r\nd ) ! left ski1 b ! po9t ( ! o!r /ays 9 ! same place ?r\gh\t ! turn2 :5 only "o /ick is c>ri$ x %\ld1 !re=e1 be held 9 ! h& :i*1 be=e ! turn1 is ! uphill "o4 ,! /icks ( c\rse help to /eady y1 b y %\ld be able to turn )\t any /ick 9 y\r h&1 & %\ld le>n to d s z soon z y c4 ,hav+ rea*$ ! position ( ,plate ,,viii41 y c1 ( c\rse1 beg9 a fre% tack1 at ! end ( :i* y c make ano!r kick-turn by rev]s+ ! words "r & left 9 ^! directions4 ,! kick-turn1 z ,i h describ$ x1 is made ) ?ree di/9ct pauses at ! positions ( ,plates ,,iv41 ,v41 & ,,vi4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( />t+ ! turn by /&+ ! upp] ski on end & us+ its heel z a pivot1 x is q possible to d s by j lift+ x f> en\gh = its heel to cle> ! front ( ! /&+ leg1 turn+ x 9 ! air1 & br++ x directly to its f9al position on ! sn[ 9 "o cont9u\s movem5t4 ,by !n lift+ ! l[] ski ! in/ant ! o!r comes to re/1 & turn+ x )\t any prelim9>y pause1 y c make ! :ole kick-turn s quickly t y h>dly come to a /&/ill betwe5 "o tack & ! next4 ,on a /eep slope1 h[ev]1 x is always saf] to beg9 by /&+ ! upp] ski on end be=e turn+ x1 z o!rwise its po9t is apt to cat* 9 ! sn[ be=e x has rea*$ ! prop] new position4 ,!re is ano!r v conv5i5t modification ( ! kick-turn :i* c be p]=m$ )\t com+ to a /&/ill at all4 ,z y come to ! end ( a tack )1 say1 y\r left side to ! hill1 take a long /ep =w>d ) y\r "r foot1 plac+ ! "r ski 9 front ( ! o!r "o1 po9t+ x uphill z mu* z y c & edg+ x inw>ds 7,fig4 #ad1 #a74 ,!n1 ?r[+ ! weight mom5t>ily aga9/ ! "r ski r ?an on x 7= if y actually /& on x x w slip backw>ds71 take a wide /ep r\nd to ! left ) ! left ski1 putt+ x d[n s t x po9ts z ne>ly z possible 9 ! direction ( ! new tack y are ab\t to />t1 ) its heel q close to ! heel ( ! o!r ski 7,fig4 #ad1 #b74 ,z ! left ski comes to ! sn[1 br+ ! "r ski r\nd beside x 7,fig4 #ad1 #c7 & walk on 9 ! new direction4 ,! :ole process mu/ be c>ri$ out quickly & accurately1 = if !re is any hesitation ab\t ! fir/ two /eps y are almo/ sure to slip backw>ds & fall on y\r nose4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 really v easy1 except on ! /eepe/ slopes1 & is a great sav+ ( "t4 ,! position 9 ! middle ( ! turn is mu* ! same z 9 ,h]r+-bon+1 describ$ lat] 7see ,plate ,,ix474 ,! /icks mu/ be held up out ( ! way ( ! skis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,ano!r way ( mak+ ! kick-turn is to g backw>ds ?r\gh ! :ole process fir/ describ$4 ,aft] f9i%+ a tack to ! "r1 = in/ance1 y c move successively ?r\gh ! positions ( ,plates ,,vii41 ,a1 ,,vi41 & ,v41 & !n lift ! upp] ski r\nd to ! position ( ,plate ,,iii4 ,by turn+ 9 ?is way1 h[ev]1 y lose a little height in/ead ( ga9+ x2 ?is me?od is1 !re=e1 r m suitable = desc5d+ a hill 9 zigzags ?an = climb+ x4 ,all ! above ways ( turn+ are kn[n z uphill turns because "o faces ! hill dur+ ! process2 x is also possible to make ! kick-turn fac+ d[nhill by turn+ ! l[] ski fir/4 ,9 ord] to prev5t /ra9 9 ! int]m$iate position1 ?is d[nhill turn %\ld be bo? />t$ & f9i%$ ) ! skis po9t+ d[nw>ds z mu* z possible 7,fig4 #ae72 ?is makes x p>ticul>ly conv5i5t = jo9+ two d[nhill tacks4 ,x c also1 ( c\rse1 be made backw>ds z well z =w>ds1 ) a slight consequ5t ga9 in/ead ( a loss ( height4 ,9 a d[nhill kick-turn ! skis h m room to move freely1 b ! balance is mu* less /eady ?an if "o faces ! hill4 ,on ! :ole1 ! =w>d uphill turn fir/ describ$ is f> ! mo/ useful1 b :5 y want to turn 9 cramp$ corn]s1 among trees & ! l1 y w f9d x a great help to "k sev]al ways ( do+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,d[nhill kick-turn4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 ! skis ne$ nev] be q p>allel at ! middle /age ( ! turn1 y mu/ take great c>e to br+ ! fir/ ski f> en\gh r\nd to prev5t ! lea/ *ance ( its slipp+4 ,on a /eep or icy slope1 :]e ! skis at ?is /age mu/ be br\ght ne>ly p>allel1 ! kick-turn becomes difficult = ! /iff-jo9t$2 ,i h ev5 kn[n two cases 9 :i* x 0 app>5tly impossible4 ,if1 z is highly unlikely1 y\r case is simil>1 y c always roll r\nd on y\r back ) y\r skis 9 ! air--a simple b sn[y process4 ,if y dislike ?is1 & if1 ?\gh ! jo9ts ( y\r legs are /iff1 ! muscles are /rong & active 7a n unusual comb9ation71 y c z a la/ res\rce jump r\nd1 fac+ d[nhill z y turn4 ,! ma9 difficulty 9 ?is is to prev5t ! heels ( ! skis f cat*+ 9 ! slope :5 halfway r\nd1 & ! be/ way to prev5t !m do+ s is to jump z h>d z possible n directly upw>ds1 b out f ! hill1 s z to l& bel[ :]e y take (f4 ,9 ord] to br+ r\nd ! skis close beside ea* o!r1 press ! knees toge!r ?r\gh\t ! jump4 ,hold ! /icks ne> _! middles1 & jump f ! toes1 n ! flat ( ! foot1 ) a free sw++ action1 n a hurri$ j]ky "o4 ,?is jump ne$s little skill & is easy en\gh on a mod]ate slope1 b on a /eep "o becomes v h>d "w1 = !re ! skis h less room to turn1 & a p[]ful spr+ is necess>y4 ,! jump r\nd1 !re=e1 be+ mo/ difficult "u ! same conditions z ! kick-turn1 & mu* m tir+1 is h>dly a satisfactory sub/itute = x2 ,i only m5tion x z a p]fectly possible "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,zigzagg+ )\t turn+4 ,! accompany+ diagram1 :i* is practically ! same z "o 9 ,mr4 ,ri*>dson's book1 ,! ,ski-,runn]1 %[s h[1 by walk+ alt]nately backw>ds & =w>ds1 "o c climb a /eep passage1 j wide en\gh to all[ zigzagg+1 )\t wa/+ "t 9 turn+ at ! end ( ea* tack4 ,a description is unnecess>y4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to make ! tacks ( any l5g?1 b ! numb] ( /eps 9 ea* mu/ always be an ev5 "o1 z ! tack mu/ be />t$ ) ! upp] foot & f9i%$ ) ! l[]4 ,half ,side-/epp+4--,9 tack+ uphill among ob/acles y may want to trav]se at an angle s /eep t ! skis w\ld back-slip if y tri$ to move /raight =w>d 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,y w !n h to /ep sideways z well z =w>ds ) ea* ski1 ! upp] "o />t+ ! process & ! l[] "o be+ drawn up to x1 & !n advanc$4 ,fig4 #ag1 ,a1 %[s ! track t w be left4 ,?is mu/ ( c\rse be done )\t po9t+ ! skis uphill m /eeply ?an ! angle at :i* !y c\ld trav]se 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,9 lift+ ! upp] ski sideways y are sure at fir/ to po9t x uphill too mu* 7,fig4 #ag1 ,b #c71 :51 if x does n slip back at once1 y w tread on x ) ! heel ( ! l[] ski at ! next /ep 7,fig4 #ag1 ,b #d74 ,to avoid ?is1 d y\r be/ at fir/ to place ! upp] ski horizontally across ! slope1 lift+ its heel well upw>ds & away f ! o!r1 po9t+ ! foot d[nw>ds & inw>ds1 & turn+ y\r body s z to face a little d[nhill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,half side-/epp+2 ,a "r1 ,b wrong4 ,on op5 gr\nd1 if ! sn[ is s slipp]y t ! gradi5t ( an ord9>y /raight=w>d trav]se has to be v slight inde$1 ?is half side-/epp+ c be us$ simply to save "t4 ,especial c>e mu/ !n be tak5 to place ! upp] ski ne>ly horizontally4 ,half side-/epp+ c be kept up = a long "t )\t difficulty2 b x is m tir+ ?an ord9>y /raight=w>d trav]s+1 & ,i ?9k x is a wa/e ( en]gy to employ x con/antly :5 !re is no special reason = x1 z "s runn]s are fond ( do+4 ,side-/epp+4--,x is1 ( c\rse1 also possible to side-/ep directly uphill ) ! skis q horizontal1 z 9 ,fig4 #ah1 b ?is1 ?\gh v easy1 is su* a tiresome process t x is seldom us$ except 9 n>r[ passages :]e !re is room = no?+ else1 or = climb+ %ort slopes t are v /eep & icy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,side-/epp+4 ,h]r+-bon+ 7,plate ,,ix474--,?is is ! quicke/ b f> ! mo/ tir+ way ( go+ /raight up a /eep slope4 ,/& ) skis toge!r po9t+ z mu* uphill z !y c )\t slipp+4 ,lift ! upp] ski1 &1 keep+ ! feet close toge!r1 turn x until x po9ts across ! hill 9 ! opposite direction1 b at ! same angle z be=e1 ) its heel across t ( ! o!r4 ,!n slide x =w>ds until x j cle>s ! l[] "o2 /& up on x & draw up ! l[] foot s t ! skis are aga9 cross$ at ! back at ! same angle z be=e1 b ) ! hi!rto l[] ski upp]mo/4 ,y c n[ take a new /ep 9 ! o!r direction1 & s on4#f ,fig4 #ai %[s ! track4 ,! /eep] ! slope ! wid] mu/ be ! angle betwe5 ! skis to prev5t !m f slipp+ back1 b y c always1 if y f9d x difficult to turn ! feet en\gh outw>ds1 po9t ! skis uphill m /eeply ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible1 by simply ?r[+ ! weight mom5t>ily aga9/ r ?an on to ea* ski 7see p4 #fe71 & keep+ ! feet well ap>t ! :ole "t in/ead ( br++ !m toge!r betwe5 ea* /ep4 ,b ?\gh ?is is a quick] me?od1 x is a /ill m tir+ "o ?an ! fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,h]r+-bon+4 ,if ! slope is /eep1 h]r+-bon+ is too exhau/+ to be kept up = m ?an a %ort "t by anyone b a tra9$ a?lete1 b on a gradi5t :i* w all[ ! skis to div]ge at only a slight angle x is easy en\gh4 ,gett+ up f a ,fall4--,if dur+ any ( ^! manoeuvres y %\ld fall d[n1 y may f9d "s difficulty 9 gett+ up aga94 ,! fir/ problem is to dis5tangle ! skis1 if !y h become jamm$ 9 a complicat$ position4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is g5]ally to beg9 by mov+ y\r body z f> away f !m z possible4 ,if1 = in/ance1 y h fall5 ) y\r head d[nhill1 wriggle y\rself /ill f>!r d[nhill4 ,next lift y\r skis into ! air1 ei!r by roll+ on y\r back & rais+ ! legs f ! hips1 or by roll+ on to y\r face & b5d+ ! legs backw>ds f ! knees4 ,x is g5]ally possible to free ! skis 9 ?is way1 b occasionally "o _c move )\t unfa/5+ !m fir/4 ,hav+ fre$ !m1 place !m p>allel 9 ! air1 & roll r\nd on y\r side s z to br+ !m to ! sn[ on ! d[nhill side ( y & exactly at "r angles to ! fall ( ! slope4 ,?is is important1 =1 if !y are po9t+ ei!r up or d[n hill1 !y w1 ( c\rse1 beg9 to slip ! mom5t y put y\r weight on !m4 ,if !y are q level1 & y\r feet are exactly bel[ y\r body1 y h m]ely to pu% y\rself up ) ! arm :i* is und]nea? y & /& erect4 ,if y want to help y\rself up ) y\r /ick1 d n poke x v]tically into ! sn[ & try to climb up x1 = if ! sn[ is deep & s(t y w only plunge x f>!r 9 )\t gett+ any resi/ance4 ,lay x horizontally on ! sn[1 & x w !n give y en\gh pur*ase to pu% up f4 ,on level gr\nd x is h>d] to get up aga9 ?an on a hill side1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( gett+ ! skis und]nea? "o 9 ord] to get to "o's feet4 ,aft] free+ !m & plac+ !m p>allel1 lie on y\r side1 draw y\r knees z close to y\r *e/1 & y\r feet z close to y\r ?ighs z y c1 lay y\r /ick flat "u y\r side1 &1 ) a vigor\s pu% on x1 y ought to be able to get y\r weight ov] ! skis & /& up4 ,nev] hurry1 or try to /ruggle frantically to y\r feet )\t any def9ite me?od4 ,y w m]ely exhau/ y\rself4 ,x is impossible1 z a rule1 to get up )\t go+ ?r\gh ! v>i\s manoeuvres t ,i h describ$1 b ^! take a v %ort "t if !y are p]=m$ sm>tly & accurately4 ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,/e]+1 ,,etc4 ,?is *apt] is mildly !oretical1 & may be skipp$ by ! read] :o believes 9 no?+ t is n1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 practical2 = 9 x he w f9d no def9ite in/ructions1 b only a description ( ! behavi\r1 "u diff]5t conditions1 ( ! skis :5 9 motion1 & an attempt at an explanation ( x4 ,i advise him1 h[ev]1 to try to read x1 = ,i ?9k t :at ,i h to say "h is1 9 a broad s5se1 /rictly practical4 ,i am conv9c$ at any rate1 t if1 :5 ,i began ski-+1 "s "o _h giv5 me ! in=mation :i* ,i am ab\t to try to imp>t1 & :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 ,i h sl[ly collect$ = myself1 ,i c\ld h rea*$ 9 a mon? ! v mod]ate degree ( skill :i* x has tak5 me five seasons or s to arrive at4 ,if ! read] c ?or\ghly grasp ! few facts ) :i* ?is *apt] is conc]n$--& he c take my ^w = ! facts1 :atev] he may ?9k ab\t my comm5ts on !m--he w1 ,i ?9k1 f9d x f> easi] to und]/&1 rememb]1 & put into practice ! in/ructions :i* he w f9d 9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s1 z to ! v>i\s sw+s1 turns1 & o!r manoeuvres = controll+ & /e]+ ! skis1 & keep+ ! balance :ile runn+ d[nhill4 ,be=e proce$+ any fur!r1 ,i _h bett]1 9 ord] to avoid any *ance ( be+ misund]/ood1 expla9 c]ta9 t]ms ( :i* ,i %all con/antly make use ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! book4 ,^! t]ms are ! edg+ & flatt5+ ( ! skis1 & ! inside & outside ( a curve4 ,if any read] feels t an explanation ( ^! t]ms is an insult to 8 intellig5ce1 ,i c only assure him t su* an explanation has be5 necess>y 9 ! case ( _m ( my pupils4 ,! t]ms edg+ & flatt5+ simply h ref]5ce to ! relation ( ! plane ( ! ski's sole ) t ( ! g5]al surface on :i* x is re/+1 & d n ref] to its relation ) a horizontal plane1 or1 9 o!r words1 to its position 9 space4 ,?us a ski is flat :5 /&+ 9 ! normal position on level gr\nd2 b1 :5 /&+ 9 ! normal position on ! side ( a slope1 x is n flat1 b edg$1 = 9 ?is case ! edge ne>e/ ! hill cuts deep] into ! sn[ ?an ! o!r al?\gh ! plane ( ! sole is /ill horizontal4 7,fig4 #bj1 ,a & ,b47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,edg+ & flatt5+4 ,! case is alt]$ :5 ! ski is incl9$ sideways2 on level gr\nd a ski t is incl9$ sideways is edg$ 7,c & ,e72 b on ! side ( a hill a ski :5 incl9$ sideways s t ! plane ( its sole becomes p>allel ) t ( ! surface ( ! slope1 is n edg$ b flat 7,d74 ,:5 incl9$ to ! opposite side1 h[ev]1 x is1 ( c\rse1 edg$ ev5 m /rongly ?an 9 ! normal position 7,f74 ,! inside & outside ( a curve mean1 respectively1 ! sides ne>e/ to1 & f>!/ f1 ! c5tre ( ! circle ( :i* t curve is an arc2 t is to say1 t 9 speak+ ( a sw+ or a turn to ! "r1 ! "r ski1 foot1 & s =? are ! inside1 & ! left ! outside ones1 :ile 9 ! case ( a turn to ! left x is j ! rev]se4 ,?is is simple en\gh4 ,a %ade ( ambiguity1 h[ev]1 may lie 9 ! fact t ! edges ( a ski are g5]ally call$ inside & outside ) ref]5ce to _! relation to ! foot1 9 ! same way z ^? ( a skate4 ,9 speak+1 !n1 ( sw+s or turns1 ! "r edge1 say1 ( ! "r ski may be ref]r$ to z its outside edge1 ev5 :5 ! "r ski itself1 & ! "r leg1 %\ld]1 & s on are all ! inn] ones 9 relation to ! curve ( ! sw+4 ,n[ = ! facts ref]r$ to above4 ,:5 a ski is po9t$ directly d[nhill & is made to slide ) its sole held flat on ! sn[1 x runs1 if prop]ly con/ruct$1 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e4 ,if x is !n edg$ to "o side x runs r\nd gradually to t side1 ! curv$ po9t act+ aga9/ ! sn[ l a b[ rudd] & draw+ x to t side4 ,! /e]+ effect1 9 !ory1 increases ) ! edg+ until x rea*es its maximum :5 ! ski is edg$ to a "r angle4 ,:at happ5s 9 practice is t ?\gh ! edg+ & ! /e]+ effect d increase toge!r1 !re is no use 9 edg+ ! ski beyond a c]ta9 angle--less ?an #de--;z1 if t angle is exce$$1 ! ski s9ks deeply into ! sn[ & refuses to slide4 ,if t angle is n exce$$1 h[ev]1 ! deep] ! ski s9ks into ! sn[ 7ow+ to ! s(tness ( ! latt]7 ! great] is ! /e]+ effect1 = !n a l>g] & m %>ply curv$ surface ( ! po9t comes into action z a rudd]4 ,if :5 go+ /raight d[nhill ! runn] edges 8 ski--we w suppose he has only "o--by simply lean+ sideways1 he w equally simply fall d[n2 b if he edges x )\t lean+--if he edges x 9 relation to himself1 s to speak--x w beg9 to turn2 t he !n leans sideways 9 ord] to keep 8 balance does n make ! turn %>p]4 ,if ! runn] trav]ses ! slope ) 8 ski held normally1 z 9 ,fig4 #bj1 ,b1 x w run /raight1 = al?\gh x is !n edg$ 9 relation to ! slope x is n edg$ 9 relation to him4 ,if he edges x 9 relation to himself x w turn m or less accord+ z ! gradi5t ( its previ\s trav]se has be5 /eep or gradual4 ,:5 a ski runn+ /raight d[nhill is made to turn by edg+1 ! fur!r x turns1 & ! less directly !re=e x po9ts d[nhill1 ! less abrupt becomes ! curve ( its c\rse4 ,?is curve1 inde$1 ev5tually becomes s gradual t be=e ! ski has turn$ f> en\gh to po9t horizontally across ! slope & come to a /&/ill1 ! l9e ( its track is practically /raight4 ,:51 !re=e1 a ski1 trav]s+ directly at a mod]ate gradi5t1 is simply edg$ t[>ds ! slope1 !re is no p]ceptible turn+ effect1 ev5 if ! runn] does n lean inw>ds4 ,at fir/ sight x might appe> t ! movem5t ( a ski :5 edg$ & travell+ 9 a curve w\ld be precisely simil> to t ( a skate1 & s x is 9 a way4 ,s9ce ! edge ( a skate is1 9 %ape1 ! arc ( a circle1 a skate1 :5 edg$1 cuts cleanly r\nd )\t side-slip1 & s 9 a s5se does a ski1 :5 simply edg$1 = its heel !n foll[s 9 ! track ( its po9t4 ,an edg$ ski1 moreov]1 l a skate1 turns m or less gradually1 accord+ to ! angle at :i* x is edg$4 ,b :ile a skate1 ! edge ( :i* is curv$ ?r\gh\t1 t\*es ! ice ) only a v small "p ( ?is edge1 & is able to make a curve ( v small radius1 a ski t\*es ! sn[ ) ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( its edge1 ! great] "p ( :i* is q /raight4 ,?is /raight "p s f> neutralises ! turn+ action ( ! curv$ po9t1 t a ski made to turn simply by edg+ is unable to make any?+ b a v long & gradual curve--s gradual1 inde$1 t = practical purposes ( /e]+ ! edg+ ( ! ski1 unaid$1 is absolutely useless4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,b ?\gh1 contr>y to :at "o might expect1 ! edg+ or flatt5+ ( ! skis may practically be disreg>d$ z prim>y factors 9 a turn1 !y are1 z we %all see1 ( ! greate/ importance z second>y ones4 ,be=e a ski c be made to turn at all %>ply1 its heel mu/ be got out ( ! track ( its po9t & made to travel fa/] on a curve ( its own 7z 9 ,fig4 #ba1 ,b74 ,! ski z a :ole1 9 fact1 mu/ be made to side-slip m or less z well z move =w>d4 ,! fir/ "q1 !n1 is h[ ! ski-heel is to be got out ( ! track ( ! po9t 9 ord] t ! side-slip may />t4 ,if ! ski is po9t+ ne>ly directly d[nhill1 :e!r flat & runn+ /raight1 or mov+ edg$ 9 a long curve1 !re is--ap>t f ! help ( ! o!r ski1 :i* we w leave out ( ! "q = ! pres5t--only "o possible way ( do+ x4 ,! runn]1 by means ( sudd5--?\gh n necess>ily m ?an a v slight--muscul> ef=t mu/ j]k x m or less broadside on4 ,h[ he makes ?is ef=t ne$ n be consid]$ "h2 we w also def] ! consid]ation ( ! o!r ways 9 :i* ! side-slip may be />t$4 ,suppos+ x has be5 />t$1 x mu/ !n1 by edg+ or flatt5+1 be enc\rag$ to cont9ue1 if ! ski is to g on turn+4 ,x dep5ds on ! quality ( ! sn[ z to :e!r a ski side-slips m freely :5 flat or :5 m or less edg$4 ,if ! surface ( ! sn[ is h>d & icy1 or if !re is a m]e %all[ lay] ( loose sn[ on a h>d cru/1 a ski w slip sideways ei!r :5 q flat or :5 slightly or ev5 /rongly edg$ on ! side f :i* x is mov+4 ,! flat position w\ld 9 ?is case be ! m fav\rable if ! h>d surface 7 p]fectly smoo?2 ?is1 h[ev]1 x seldom is2 x usually has small projections :i*1 :5 ! ski is q flat1 /rike its side & *eck or /op x1 :ile1 if ! edge is rais$1 !y /rike its sole obliquely & affect its motion b little4 ,! flat position1 !n1 is n advisable z an aid to side-slip ev5 9 ! case ( h>d sn[2 on sn[ ( any o!r k9d x is /ill less advisable1 = if ! ski s9ks deeply into loose s(t sn[1 or ev5 b a little way into d5se s(t sn[ or into a ?9 cru/1 x c h>dly be induc$ to side-slip at all :5 held q flat1 :ile :5 m or less edg$1 x c usually 7if already 9 motion7 be made to d s )\t mu* difficulty4 ,! reason is n q obvi\s1 = at fir/ glance x w\ld appe> t ! ski w\ld meet m resi/ance f ! sn[ 9 ! edg$ position ?an 9 ! flat1 b ?is is n ! case1 =1 :5 ! ski is edg$1 mo/ ( ! resi/ance is ex]t$ obliquely aga9/ its sole1 & s t5ds to make ! ski rise to ! surface ( ! sn[ & relieves ! pressure4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ski is flat1 ! resi/ance acts directly aga9/ ! side ( x1 & !re is no lift+ t5d5cy to dim9i% ! rapidity ) :i* ?is resi/ance increases z ! sn[ is compress$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,moreov]1 s9ce dur+ a turn ! runn] mu/ lean inw>ds to keep 8 balance1 ! ski _c rema9 9 its normal position 9 relation to ! leg unless x is m or less edg$ inw>ds 7,fig4 #bb1 ,a74 ,t ! leg & ski %\ld rema9 z ne>ly z possible 9 _! normal relative positions is an advantage1 = ! m ne>ly !y d s ! less is ! /ra9 on ! ankle4 ,if ! weight$ ski is held q flat dur+ a turn 9 :i* x is out]mo/1 t ankle is plac$ 9 a v un/able position 7,fig4 #bb1 ,b71 & is liable to give way & s edge ! ski on t side t[>ds :i* x is mov+ 7,fig4 #bb1 ,c72 x w !n cut m deeply into ! sn[ & be br\ght in/antly to a /&/ill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,9 all t ,i h said s f> ab\t side-slip1 ,i h assum$ t ! ski is mov+ m or less broadside on1 ) its heel travell+ outside ! track ( its tip & its pivot+ po9t well =w>d1 & ?is is :at ei!r "o or bo? skis actually d dur+ ! great] "p ( any sw+ or turn2 =1 9 turn+1 a ski usually passes ?r\gh ! positions ( ei!r ,b or ,c1 ,fig4 #bc4 ,a ski may also1 z1 = in/ance1 9 turn+ d[nw>ds f a sl[ trav]se1 move s t ! curve 9 :i* its po9t travels is outside t ( ! heel 7,fig4 #bc1 ,d7 & its pivot+ po9t is ne> ! heel4 ,9 ea* ( ^! cases1 ?\gh "o end is side-slipp+ fa/] ?an ! o!r1 bo? ends are slipp+ to ! same side1 & ! ski1 z ,i h said1 has !re=e to be edg$ to ! opposite side4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ski beg9s to turn z 9 ,d1 & f9i%es z 9 ,b or ,c1 x mu/ ( c\rse be edg$ fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r1 z 9 ,e1 & = a mom5t be flat4 ,at ?is mom5t ! pivot+ po9t ( ! ski is at its c5tre1 & its heel is side-slipp+ 9 "o direction z mu* z its po9t is 9 ! o!r1 z 9 ,a4 ,if ev]1 !re=e1 a ski1 9 turn+1 cont9ues to pivot on its c5tre 7,fig4 #bc1 ,a7 in/ead ( only do+ s = a mom5t1 x mu/ obvi\sly be held q flat1 z o!rwise ei!r "o end or ! o!r w cut bel[ ! surface ( ! sn[ & be *eck$ sudd5ly4 ,n[ ! pivot+ po9t ( a ski is nev] beh9d its c5tre except dur+ a d[nw>d turn1 & ! fa/] ! runn] is mov+ be=e ! turn1 & ! %>p] ! turn is made1 ! m quickly ?is po9t moves to ! front2 ! only case1 ,i believe1 9 :i* x rema9s ne> ! c5tre = an appreciable "t1 & :51 !re=e1 ! ski has to be held delib]ately flat1 be+ t ( ! out] ski dur+ a /e]$ ,*ri/iania sw+4 ,9 ord] to facilitate side-slip1 !re=e1 ! out] edge ( ! ski mu/ usually be rais$ z x turns or1 ev5 if at fir/ ! inn] edge mu/ be rais$1 a *ange ( edge mu/ usually take place almo/ imm$iately4 ,! flat position1 9 fact1 mu/ nev] be su/a9$--except1 z ,i h said1 dur+ a ,*ri/iania /e]$ sw+1 & ev5 !n only = a %ort "t--x is simply a necess>y incid5t 9 a *ange ( edge4 ,9 ea* figure 9 ,diagram #bc ! dott$ l9e ) arr[s %[s ! av]age direction ( ! ski's c\rse at ea* po9t1 & :e!r1 !re=e1 x mu/ be edg$ or flat4 ,! =ego+ rem>ks are an explanation ( h[ ! edg+ or flatt5+ ( ! ski c be made to help ! side-slip2 ! next ?+ is to und]/& h[ ! side-slip c be made to help ! ski to turn %>ply4 ,if1 :5 ei!r /&+ /ill on ! side ( a slope or runn+ across x 9 ! normal1 edg$ position1 a ski is p>tially flatt5$1 x w beg9 to slip sideways--9 ! fir/ case mov+ directly d[nhill1 & 9 ! second obliquely1 i4e4 =w>ds z well z sideways4 ,n[ ! foot /&s on ! ski at ab\t halfway betwe5 ! front b5d & ! heel--t is to say1 ab\t ! middle ( t "p ( ! blade :i* re/s on ! sn[2 & z long z ! runn]'s weight is plac$ equally on toe & heel1 a ski 9 side-slipp+ w cont9ue to po9t 9 a direction p>allel to t 9 :i* x 0 po9t+ :5 ! side-slip began4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! runn]'s weight is plac$ on ! heel1 t end ( ! ski w side-slip fa/] ?an ! o!r1 & ! f>!r ! ski slips ! m x w po9t uphill2 :ile :5 ! weight is plac$ on ! toe ! rev]se w happ54 ,fig4 #bd %[s :at w happ5 if a ski1 :5 7,a1 ,b1 ,c7 at re/ on1 or 7,d1 ,e1 ,f7 runn+ across a slope1 is made to side-slip ) ! runn]'s weight v>i\sly di/ribut$4 ,9 ?is & succe$+ diagrams ! black5$ portions ( ! skis are ^? on :i* ! runn]'s weight is put4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,9 ,a ! ski slips broadside on d[nhill4 ,9 ,b x gradually revolves z x slips1 & w\ld f9i% by runn+ d[nhill backw>ds if its %ape did n prev5t x f do+ s4 ,9 ,c its rotation is rev]s$1 & x f9ally runs /raight d[nhill4 ,9 ,d x runs slightly sideways1 b ! direction ( its c\rse is a /raight l9e4 ,9 ,e x turns uphill & at a c]ta9 po9t /ops4 ,9 ,f x at fir/ turns & f9ally runs /raight d[nhill4 ,! side-slip c be /opp$ m or less quickly at any /age by ! runn] /rongly edg+ ! ski & at ! same "t aga9 equalis+ ! di/ribution ( 8 weight on x4 ,:e!r ! ski !n runs on 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is po9t+1 or comes to a /&/ill1 ( c\rse dep5ds on :e!r x is po9t+ d[nhill or n4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t :5 a ski is 9 motion across a slope ! runn]1 by means ( ! side-slip1 c make x turn 9 ei!r direction & to any ext5t up to a c]ta9 limit1 & c 9 ?is way ei!r come to a /&/ill1 slightly alt] 8 direction1 or run /raight d[nhill4 ,x is equally obvi\s t no matt] :at means are employ$ = />t+ a turn 7!re are m ways ( do+ s ?an ,i h yet describ$71 ! di/ribution ( ! runn]'s weight on ! ski or skis :i* c>ry x may make all ! diff]5ce to ! success or failure ( ! manoeuvre4 ,i h already said t :5 a ski is runn+ /raight d[nhill x may be made to turn by ! runn] j]k+ x some:at broadside on4 ,he c ( c\rse d ! same ) ! two skis1 b a simpl] plan is = him to /& on "o1 po9t ! o!r m or less 9 ! direction 9 :i* he wants to g1 & hold x s = a mom5t4 ,x is ?us ( c\rse made to /em--9 o!r words1 to side-slip--&1 if ! runn] !n ?r[s 8 weight on to its heel1 x c1 z we h j se51 be made to turn /ill fur!r1 ! previ\sly weight$ "o be+ aga9 br\ght p>allel ) x z x does s4 ,a turn c also be />t$ f a trav]se 9 ! same way4 ,:5 "o ski is held at an angle ) ! o!r 9 ord] to />t a turn 9 ! above way1 ! relative position ( ! two usually produces "s /e]+ effect2 ! two skis 9 fact act toge!r some?+ l a boat & rudd]4 ,to say t "o ski may be look$ ^u z ! boat & ! o!r z ! rudd] is h>dly accurate1 = ! /e]+ effect is at its greate/ :51 z ! runn]'s weight is %ift$ f ! ski t is runn+ /raight ahead to ! "o t is held sideways1 x re/s equally on bo?2 at :i* mom5t1 s9ce _! area is equal1 ei!r ( ! skis may equally well be look$ ^u z ! rudd] or z ! boat4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is rememb]$ t ! boat /e]s ! rudd] no less ?an ! rudd] /e]s ! boat1 & t if ! rudd] is fix$ 9 a c]ta9 position1 x & ! boat toge!r may be consid]$ z "o solid object ^: %ape det]m9es :e!r & h[ x is able to turn1 "o may1 by comp>+ ! skis ) a boat & rudd]1 und]/& :e!r & h[1 :5 held 9 v>i\s relative positions1 !y are able to turn4 ,! diagram %[s ! skis z !y are held at ! beg9n+ (--,a1 a ,telem>k1 ,b1 a ,/emm+ turn1 & ,c1 a ,*ri/iania4 ,x also %[s a boat turn+ to ! left /e]$ by bo? a b[ & a /]n rudd]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,! d>k5$ ski ( ea* pair is ! weight$ "o4 ,! /e]+ action ( ! skis may be be/ und]/ood by consid]+ ! black5$ p>ts ( ea* pair 79 :i* ! /e]+ effect is neutral7 z ! sides ( a boat1 & ! light po9t & heel ( ea* pair z a b[ & /]n rudd] respectively4 ,x w !n be se5 t ! boat is 9 ea* case help$ to turn to ! left by ! action ( bo? rudd]s1 or t if x c 9 "s way be made to turn to ! left )\t ! help ( ! rudd]s1 !y w at lea/ n h9d] x--?an :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 little m c be said 9 ! case ( ! ,telem>k2 ?\gh 9 ! ,/emm+ turn !re is a /rong /e]+ action :ile ! skis rema9 9 ?is position1 & a di/9ct1 if weak1 "o 9 ! ,*ri/iania4 ,! pr9cipal factors1 !n1 9 ! control & /e]+ ( ! skis are ! edg+ or flatt5+ ( !m1 ! di/ribution ( ! weight on !m1 & ! plac+ ( !m 9 c]ta9 positions 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,h[ ^! v>i\s factors int]act dur+ ! diff]5t sw+s1 turns1 c41 w be expla9$ m fully 9 subsequ5t *apt]s1 b be=e clos+ ?is "o ,i want to give "s explanation ( h[ a turn on skis dep5ds z to its "* on :e!r ! ski at ! mom5t ( beg9n+ ! turn is runn+ /raight d[n ! hill or across x1 on :e!r ! spe$ is high or l[1 & ! slope /eep or g5tle1 & also on ! quality ( ! sn[4 ,! accompany+ diagram %[s ! successive positions assum$ by a ski 7! lead+ "o1 ! o!r is n %[n7 dur+ a turn to ! "r1 "u v>i\s conditions4 ,! l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! middle ( ! skis %[s ! curve on :i* ! runn] himself travels dur+ ! turn2 ! l9e end+ 9 a d\ble arr[ %[s ! sort ( curve on :i* he w\ld travel if ! ski 7 able to cut r\nd )\t side-slip z a skate does4 ,x w be se5 t if !re 7 no side-slip he w\ld 9 e case move /eadily to ! "r ( ! l9e ( 8 orig9al c\rse 7%[n by a dott$ l9e 9 ! diagram71 b t1 on acc\nt ( ! side-slip1 ! l9e on :i* he travels sometimes moves only slightly to ! "r ( t l9e1 ev5 :5 ! turn itself is a %>p "o1 t sometimes x moves to ! left ( x & !n recrosses x1 & t sometimes x rema9s entirely on ! left ( x ?r\gh\t ! turn4 ,to und]/& h[1 accord+ to ! conditions1 ! curve ( ! runn]s actual c\rse v>ies1 is a great help to ! balance1 = at fir/ "o's in/9ct is to balance ! body z if ! ski 7 cutt+ r\nd l a skate1 i4e4 to lean inw>ds too mu*1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 inevitably results 9 a fall4 ,9 e case ! turn is suppos$ to be made z %>ply z ! conditions all[4 ,x w be se5 t on h>d sn[ ! runn]1 :5 travell+ fa/1 w skid almo/ directly sideways = "s di/ance f ! spot :]e he actually f9i%es turn+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d are turns made :ile ! runn] is travell+ /raight d[nhill1 or1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+1 :ile he is runn+ on ! level at ! end ( a d[nhill slide4 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h are turns made :ile ! runn] is desc5d+ a slope obliquely4 ,a to ,f are :at are kn[n z uphill turns1 :i* br+ ! runn] to a /&/ill2 ,g & ,h are d[nhill ones1 :i* enable him to jo9 "o tack to ano!r :5 desc5d+ a hill 9 zigzags4 ,if anyone :o has done no ski-+ at all reads ?is *apt]1 he w1 no d\bt1 ?9k x v complicat$2 b if1 :ile actually le>n+ to ski1 & especially :ile le>n+ ! turns1 he looks ?r\gh x f "t to "t1 ,i ?9k he w soon und]/& :atev] is n q cle>1 & w1 ,i hope1 f9d t x helps him to correct 8 mi/akes & to und]/& & rememb] 8 in/ructions4 ,,/raight-,,runn+ ,clean+ ,skis4--,be=e attempt+ to />t1 y mu/ make sure t y\r skis w slide4 ,9 ?awy wea!r1 or v /rong sun%9e1 ! sn[ may /ick to _! "u surfaces--s badly1 sometimes1 t slid+ is out ( ! "q4 ,b x is seldom q impossible to slide1 & "u conditions :i* seem hopeless to a beg9n] "o c g5]ally get />t$1 if "o kn[s h[ to set ab\t x4 ,:5 once "u weigh ! great ?+ is to keep mov+1 = ! mom5t ! skis /op slid+ ! sn[ w /ick aga91 & ! :ole clean+ process describ$ bel[ mu/ be repeat$4 ,9 sn[ :i* is only slightly /icky y ne$ m]ely /amp y\r skis h>d once or twice1 & rub !m firmly backw>ds & =w>ds on ! h>d5$ sn[ until y c feel t !y are q slipp]y4 ,!n slide (f at once4 ,if ! sn[ /icks badly1 ! skis mu/ be scrap$ on ea* o!r 7unless !re are any bran*es or h>d objects ly+ ab\t :i* w d z well74 ,to d ?is on level gr\nd is easy2 on ! side ( a hill r less s4 ,suppose y are oblig$ to />t y\r run on ! hillside & wi% to scrape y\r skis4 ,fir/ /& ) y\r skis po9t+ across ! slope1 &1 by vigor\sly /amp+ or jump+1 make z h>d a place to /& 9 z possible4 ,if y are /&+ ) y\r "r side to ! hill1 & want to scrape ! "r ski1 re/ y\r left ski on its "r 7inside7 edge1 lift r\nd ! "r ski1 & put x across ! o!r "o1 at "r angles to x1 j beh9d ! left foot & po9t+ directly uphill4 ,!n scrape x h>d up & d[n across ! rais$ out] edge ( ! left ski1 b5d+ ! left knee well & cr\*+ d[n s z to get a long scrape f ! heel "r up to ! b5d ( ! "r ski 7,plate ,,xi474 ,:5 ! ski feels p]fectly smoo?1 lift x r\nd aga9 p>allel to ! o!r ski1 & )\t re/+ x on ! sn[ = an in/ant /amp & rub x backw>ds & =w>ds until x is z slipp]y z possible & ! sn[ b5ea? x z h>d & smoo? z y c make x4 ,!n1 & n until !n1 y c re/ ! ski on ! sn[1 plac+ x on its "r 7out]7 edge & do+ y\r be/ to prev5t its sole f t\*+ ! sn[4 ,n[1 ) y\r weight on ! "r ski1 b /ill hold+ x well on its edge1 face d[nhill1 lift r\nd ! left ski1 put x across ! heel ( ! o!r "o1 po9t+ d[nhill1 &1 cr\*+ well d[n z be=e1 scrape x clean on ! inside edge ( ! o!r 7,plate ,,xii472 ?is "t x is ! heel ( ! ski :i* x is difficult to get at4 ,!n br+ x r\nd to ! side ( ! "r ski1 repeat ! /amp+ & rubb+ process1 & place x c>efully on its inside edge4 ,n[ />t in/antly4 7,h[ to d s is expla9$ lat]47 ,if ! sn[ is v bad inde$1 x is be/1 :5 on t\r1 be=e beg9n+ ! desc5t1 to take (f ! skis1 scrape & wipe !m absolutely clean1 & dry !m ?or\ghly 9 ! sun or air--b n1 if y c help x1 by /&+ !m upright 9 ! sn[1 = if !y are wet ! wat] w run d[n & =m ice at ! heel ends4 ,!n wax & poli% !m well1 let _! soles cool 9 ! %ade if !y are w>m f ! sun1 & put !m on4 ,y w probably be able to slide (f )\t tr\ble2 or1 if x is /ill necess>y to scrape & rub !m1 !y w become clean m easily4 ,?is scrap+ s\nds an elaborate & we>isome process1 & s x is4 ,=tunately x is n (t5 necess>y2 b1 :5 ! sn[ is really bad1 x is an enorm\s sav+ ( "t & tr\ble 9 ! end to att5d m9utely to e detail1 & may be ! only means ( gett+ a run at all4 ,x is n unusual to see a beg9n] refuse to get 8 skis ?or\ghly clean1 "u ! impression t ! sl[] pace w make ?+s easi] = him4 ,he c\ld n make a great] mi/ake4 ,if he leaves any sn[ /ick+ to 8 skis !y w c]ta9ly move sl[ly 7unless !y refuse to slide altoge!r71 b !y w d s ) an irregul>1 j]ky motion :i* is t5 times m upsett+ ?an ! fa/e/ movem5t ( poli%$ skis4 ,/>t+4--,to />t f ! top ( a hill is a simple matt]4 ,y walk to ! edge & slide ov] 9 any direction y *oose4 ,on ! side ( a slope1 h[ev]1 !re is a difficulty 9 />t+ a run /raight d[nhill ow+ to ! fact t1 z y move ! skis r\nd1 !y beg9 to slide be=e y are fac+ ! way y wi% to g4 ,"o way to ov]come ?is difficulty is z foll[s3 ,suppose y are /&+ at "r angles to ! fall ( ! slope1 ) ! hill on y\r "r1 & wi% to />t to run /raight d[nhill4 ,fir/ move bo? skis r\nd a little way1 s t1 l ! left ski 9 ,plate ,,xiii41 !y po9t d[nhill z directly z possible )\t actually slipp+4 ,!n1 putt+ all ! weight on ! left ski1 lift ! "r ski & place x on ! sn[1 po9t+ /raight d[nhill1 its tip be+ j 9 front ( & bel[ ! tip ( ! o!r "o1 z 9 ! photograph4 ,! weight %\ld /ill be on ! left ski4 ,if !re is any sign ( slipp+1 y c /op x by turn+ ! skis on to _! inside edges & press+ outw>ds aga9/ !m ) ! legs4 ,y are n[ q /eady & ready to />t4 ,9 ord] to d s y m]ely h to ?r[ all y\r weight on to ! "r foot & to lean well =w>d1 d[nhill4 ,! "r ski w at once slide (f1 ! "r foot w /rike & pu% =w>d ! po9t ( ! left ski1 :i* w1 if left to itself1 come r\nd1 & fall into :at1 z w appe> lat]1 is its prop] position close to ! side ( ! o!r4 ,ano!r simple & frequ5tly us$ me?od ( />t+ d[nhill f ! horizontal position is to jump r\nd4 ,! same po9ts are to be notic$ z :5 us+ a jump 9 ! place ( a kick-turn4 ,br+ ! feet level1 spr+ f ! ball ( ! foot1 press ! knees z well z ! feet toge!r1 hold ! skis p>allel1 & don't let _! heels drop4 ,y mu/ l& lean+ well =w>d1 s t ! g5]al direction ( ! body & legs is at "r angles to ! slope1 n v]tical1 o!rwise ! skis w run f "u y4 ,?is jump r\nd is easi] ?an ! fir/ "o describ$1 be+ only a qu>t]-turn1 :ile ! o!r is a half-turn4 ,/raight-runn+4--,z y beg9 to slide1 place y\rself 9 ! position ( ,plates ,,xiv4 & ,,xv41 :i* is ! normal "o = runn+ d[nhill--skis held 9 contact1 s t !y leave a s+le track2 "o ski ab\t a foot 9 advance ( ! o!r2 ! advanc$ leg almo/ /raight at ! knee1 ! o!r m b5t2 ne>ly all ! weight on ! back foot2 ! inside ( ! front knee press$ aga9/ ! kneecap ( ! o!r2 body erect2 arms hang+ easily by ! sides2 /ick1 or /icks1 if c>ri$1 held cle> ( ! sn[4 ,hold y\rself p]fectly easily & )\t /iffness1 especially at ! knees1 :i* %\ld give to ! inequalities ( ! gr\nd4 ,x is f> bett] to /& too loosely1 & sway ab\t some:at1 ?an to keep e muscle t5se4 ,y c keep ! skis toge!r )\t ef=t by b5d+ ! knees & ankles well inw>ds1 s z to place ! skis slightly on _! inside edges2 !y w !n t5d to run toge!r r ?an to sep>ate4 ,take ! greate/ c>e to avoid any approa* to a b[-legg$ position1 :i* w\ld edge ! skis outw>ds4 ,!re %\ld be no daylight visible betwe5 y\r knees to a p]son /&+ 9 front ( y4 ,if y %\ld f9d ! skis runn+ wide ap>t ) ! weight equally on bo?1 don't try to =ce !m toge!r1 b ?r[ all y\r weight on to "o ski1 & !n y w be able to move back ! o!r q easily to its prop] position4 ,c>ry ! /ick1 or /icks1 z %[n 9 ! photographs 7,plates ,,xiv4 & ,,xv474 ,on no acc\nt hold a s+le /ick 7or ! two /icks plac$ toge!r7 9 bo? h&s4 ,if y feel ! smalle/ t5d5cy to d s1 practise at fir/ ) no?+ 9 y\r h&s4 ,?is w save y f acquir+ ! habit ( fall+ into ! deplorable attitude %[n 9 ,plate ,,xvi41 or ! almo/ equally bad "o 9 :i* ! /ick is held out 9 front transv]sely l a balanc+ pole1 ready = ! tee? ( its own] if he happ5s to pit* =w>ds4 ,if _! weight or l5g? makes x difficult to keep ! /icks cle> ( ! sn[ :5 held by ! ends1 hold !m r ne>] ! middle1 b n mu* ne>] or !y w be m likely to hurt y if y fall4 ,don't hold out ! arms horizontally f ! %\ld]s1 = t is tir+ & ungraceful4 ,! knees1 z ,i said1 %\ld give to small inequalities ( ! gr\nd2 b z y are almo/ sure in/9ctively to /iff5 !m a little :5 y f9d y\rself approa*+ a bump or holl[ :i* looks likely to upset y\r balance1 x is z well to b5d or /raight5 !m volunt>ily accord+ to circum/ances4 ,z y g ov] a m\nd1 = in/ance1 b5d ! knees & let ! body s9k2 if x is necess>y to s9k l[1 raise ! heel ( ! back foot & let m weight fall on ! advanc$ "o4 ,z y cross a holl[1 /raight5 ! knees & rise z high z y c4 ,9 ?is way ! pressure ( ! skis on ! sn[ w v>y b little & ! unev5ness ( ! gr\nd w sc>cely be felt4 ,! feel+ w be t ( mov+ /eadily & smoo?ly along1 lift+ ! skis ov] ! hillocks1 & press+ !m d[n into ! holl[s4 ,a spectator :o c only see y\r head & body %\ld h>dly "k t ! gr\nd ov] :i* y are mov+ is n p]fectly smoo?4 ,9 ?is way y c negotiate %ort v>iations ( gradi5t :]e ! g5]al angle ( ! slope rema9s con/ant4 ,9 ! case ( l>g] inequalities1 or :]e ! g5]al angle ( ! slope *anges1 y mu/ alt] y\r proc$ure4 ,! l9e f y\r c5tre ( gravity to its po9t ( support mu/ always be at "r angles to ! surface ( ! slope1 s1 :]e ! gr\nd becomes /eep]1 y w h to lean m =w>d1 & less s :]e x becomes less /eep4 ,b ?\gh y w h to tilt y\rself =w>d consci\sly z y pass on to a /eep] slope1 y may safely leave to unconsci\s in/9ct ! backw>d lean 9 ! opposite case4 ,if y try to lean backw>d consci\sly1 y are almo/ c]ta9 to ov]do x & to sit d[n4 ,!re is a fur!r safegu>d 9 ! case ( sudd5 *anges ( gradi5t1 v r\gh gr\nd1 sn[ ( v>y+ consi/5cy :i* alt]nately *ecks & accel]ates ! spe$1 &1 9 fact1 any?+ :i* makes x difficult to keep ! balance-t is1 to drop into :at is g5]ally kn[n z ! ,telem>k position 7,plates ,,xvii41 ,,xviii41 ,,xix471 because x is ! "o held dur+ ! sw+ ( t "n4 ,to assume ?is attitude1 y %ift ! weight f ! back foot to ! advanc$ "o1 & !n s9k d[n1 lean+ ! body =w>ds1 b5d+ bo? knees1 & slid+ ! back ski /ill f>!r back until its b5d is level ) ! lead+ ankle4 ,practically all y\r weight %\ld !n be ^u ! lead+ foot1 & ^u its heel1 no less ?an its toes4 ,to make sure ( ?is1 ! advanc$ leg mu/ be b5t at ! knee almo/ to a "r angle1 & ! knee mu/ be kept well =w>d1 s t ! leg1 f ! knee d[nw>ds1 w be at "r angles to ! ski1 no matt] h[ /eep may be ! slope4 ,if ! front foot is ?ru/ =w>d 9 advance ( ! knee1 too mu* weight w fall on ! toe 7unlikely z x may appe>7 &1 moreov]1 "s weight w be ?r[n on ! back foot1 :i* %\ld c>ry next to none4 ,let ! back knee drop until q close to ! ski 7:5 cross+ unev5 gr\nd x w v likely t\* x7 & raise ! heel ( ! back foot z f> z possible4 ,t leg %\ld !n be p]fectly relax$ & easy4 ,keep ! skis close toge!r z be=e1 s t !y leave a s+le track1 by edg+ !m a trifle inw>ds & press+ bo? knees1 especially ! back "o1 well inw>ds s t1 se5 f 9 front or beh9d1 !y ov]lap4 ,practise runn+ 9 ?is position ) ei!r foot lead+1 tak+ c>e to keep ! weight well on ! front foot4 ,x is an indisp5sable accompli%m5t2 & al?\gh at fir/ x may n seem s easy a position z ! normal "o1 x is su* a help to ! balance t lat] on y mu/ be on y\r gu>d or y may contract ! bad habit ( runn+ con/antly 9 ?is position :5 !re is no real ne$ = x4 ,9 ?is position n only is ! c5tre ( gravity l[]$1 b ! base ( support is consid]ably l5g!n$1 & ! =e & aft /ability is ?us enorm\sly increas$4 ,by means ( x y w be able to move ) p]fect /ead9ess ov] gr\nd :i* w\ld almo/ inevitably upset y if y 7 to /& up 9 ! normal position4 ,9 ?is1 j z 9 ! normal position1 y c consci\sly raise & l[] y\rself to all[ = unev5 gr\nd1 by b5d+ or /raight5+ ! advanc$ leg2 b ?is w seldom be necess>y1 except = v abrupt inequalities4 ,ev5 sudd5 *anges ( spe$ h little p[] to di/urb y\r balance :5 y are runn+ 9 ?is attitude4 ,if ! gradi5t sudd5ly becomes mu* /eep]1 z 9 ,plates ,,xviii4 & ,,xix41 y %\ld give a det]m9$ plunge =w>ds1 z ?\gh try+ to get ahead ( y\r skis4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are tak5 by surprise1 & run sudd5ly on to an invisible icy pat* or ov] a /eep drop 9 bad light1 y w probably at ! wor/ only f9d y\r weight ?r[n on to ! back foot1 & w be able to recov] y\rself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! spe$ is *eck$ & y are ?r[n =w>ds1 ! back foot w t5d to rise into ! air1 &1 receiv+ ! weight ( ! ski1 w mo/ likely j save y4 ,if ! *eck is s abrupt z to ?r[ y "r (f y\r balance =w>ds1 y c (t5 save y\rself by br++1 ) a quick /ride1 ! dis5gag$ back foot to ! front to receive y\r weight4 ,inde$ y are almo/ sure to d s in/9ctively4 ,ano!r position1 :i* is employ$ by "s runn]s "u circum/ances su* z ,i h j describ$1 is z foll[s3-- ,! runn] cr\*es z l[ z possible1 almo/ sitt+ on ! rais$ heel ( ! back foot2 ! front leg1 f ! knee d[nw>ds1 is p]p5dicul> to ! ski1 b its foot is n mu* f>!r ahead ?an 9 ! normal runn+ position2 ! back knee is press$ aga9/ ! inside ( ! front leg1 j above ! ankle4 ,?is attitude is less tir+ to hold ?an ! ,telem>k position1 b is1 ,i ?9k1 less ( a safegu>d to ! balance :5 ! spe$ *anges sudd5ly or ! gr\nd is v r\gh4 ,all t ,i h j said has ref]5ce only to ! pres]vation ( ! balance 9 a =e & aft direction4 ,! "q ( lat]al /ability is f> simpl]2 on all ord9>y occasions x is suffici5tly secur$ by keep+ ! skis z close toge!r1 & s mak+ z n>r[ a track z possible4 ,! reason = ?is is n q self-evid5t1 b is easily expla9$4 ,if a bicycle be ridd5 on bumpy gr\nd1 x w n be tilt$ sideways z x crosses ! side ( an undulation1 & w h no t5d5cy to upset unless x actually side-slips4 ,a tricycle1 on ! o!r h&1 or any vehicle ) a wide :eel-base1 w "u simil> circum/ances be m or less tilt$ accord+ to ! angle ( ! gr\nd1 & w1 unless x has a v wide :eel-base & a l[ c5tre ( gravity1 be easily upset by a sudd5 transv]se v>iation 9 ! angle ( ! gr\nd1 especially :5 mov+ fa/4 ,! diagram %[s h[ a ski-runn] :5 hold+ 8 skis ap>t may be comp>$ ) a tricycle1 :5 hold+ !m toge!r ) a bicycle4 ,?is is n q a fair simile1 =1 :ile ! cases ( ! bicycle & ( ! ski-runn] 9 ! s+le-track position are exactly analog\s1 a man ) 8 skis ap>t is n a rigid con/ruction l a tricycle1 b1 by lett+ 8 knees give & by sway+ 8 body1 c adapt himself to ! *ange ( gradi5t4 ,/ill1 ! t5d5cy is always1 especially 9 ! case ( ! beg9n]1 = ! legs to /iff5 :5 !y ought to yield1 & on ?is acc\nt alone ! s+le-track position is ! saf]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 two fur!r objections--& v /rong ones--to sep>at+ ! skis4 ,"o is t x is impossible to run ) ! skis ap>t )\t hold+ ! feet ab\t level1 in/ead ( keep+ "o well ahead ( ! o!r4 ,) ! feet level ! runn] has f> less /ability 9 a =e & aft direction1 &1 )\t support f 8 /ick1 c h>dly hope to keep 8 balance 9 ! ev5t ( a v sudd5 *ange ( spe$4 ,! o!r objection is t :5 ! skis are sep>at$ ea* "o has to be kept /raight indep5d5tly4 ,at a l[ spe$ x is p]haps n v difficult to d ?is1 b at a high spe$ x is by no means easy1 &1 ( c\rse1 any div]g5ce or conv]g5ce ( ! skis is almo/ c]ta9 to cause a fall be=e x c be *eck$4 ,:5 held aga9/ ea* o!r1 h[ev]1 ! skis1 if prop]ly made1 w run p]fectly /raight & ne$ no att5tion at all4 ,obvi\sly !y _c conv]ge1 & ! lea/ inw>d pressure or edg+ w prev5t !m f runn+ ap>t4 ,! s+le-track position1 !n1 has _m advantages4 ,! only ?+ aga9/ x is its un/ead9ess 9 ! ev5t ( side-slip4 ,b "u ord9>y conditions ( sn[1 a ski1 :5 mov+ /raight ahead1 ei!r directly d[n ! slope or obliquely across x1 w %[ no t5d5cy to side-slip1 n ev5 :51 9 ! latt] case1 ! slope is v /eep 7provid$1 ( c\rse1 ! ski be held normally1 i4e4 edg$74 ,"u su* conditions y c always run ) ! skis held close toge!r 9 ei!r ! normal or ! ,telem>k position1 & !re c be no excuse = delib]ately sep>at+ !m4 ,:5 runn+ on a h>d icy cru/1 h[ev]1 x is sometimes impossible to prev5t ! skis f side-slipp+4 ,!y are1 ( c\rse1 mu* m apt to side-slip :5 mov+ across a slope 7especially a /eep "o7 ?an :5 runn+ /raight d[n x2 inde$ :5 trav]s+ a /eep slope !y may side-slip ev5 9 s(t sn[ if t is %all[ & re/s on a slipp]y cru/4 ,b ?\gh !y w g5]ally run /raight d[nhill ) absolute /ead9ess on sn[ t makes !m side-slip badly :5 trav]s+1 ! surface may be s extremely slipp]y t !y w side-slip ev5 9 a direct desc5t ow+ to small lat]al undulations ( ! gr\nd4 ,z soon1 9 ei!r case1 z ! t5d5cy to side-slip becomes s pron\nc$ t y are really hopelessly un/eady 9 ! s+le-track position1 y w1 if y /ill want to run at full spe$1 h to sep>ate ! feet m or less & hold !m ab\t level4 ,d n sep>ate ! feet m ?an j en\gh to /eady y1 & d n d x at all until y are q sure x is absolutely necess>y2 try m]ely to sep>ate !m a little = a mom5t :5 ! side-slip un/eadies y & to recov] ! normal position in/antly2 "s runn]s seem able to hold ! s+le-track position at any spe$ on ! mo/ slipp]y sn[--possibly by mak+ imp]ceptible jumps to "o side or ano!r z !y feel ! slip beg94 ,:5 runn+ ) y\r feet level & ap>t1 y\r =e & aft balance w1 ( c\rse1 be m prec>i\s ?an 9 ! normal position2 y _h bett]1 !re=e1 l[] y\r c5tre ( gravity by cr\*+ z l[ z y c ) /ead9ess1 i4e4 n s l[ t all y\r weight comes on ! heels or t !y h to be rais$ at all4 ,9 ! level-foot$ position y\r be/ safegu>d 9 case ( sudd5 *anges ( gradi5t or sn[ consi/5cy is n to lean backw>ds or =w>ds1 b to move ! feet =w>ds or backw>ds1 :i* am\nts to exactly ! same ?+ b is a mu* quick] process4 ,?is may n be q cle>4 ,let me try to expla94 ,z ,i h already said1 ! l9e f y\r c5tre ( gravity to y\r po9t ( support mu/ always be ab\t at "r angles to ! slope4 ,suppose !n t y are runn+ fa/ d[n a slope ) an abrupt m\nd 9 front ( y1 in/ead ( try+ to readju/ y\r balance z y pass on to ! m\nd by lean+ sudd5ly backw>ds1 d s by /ill m sudd5ly d\bl+ =w>ds a bit at ! hips &1 s to speak1 lift+ y\r feet =w>ds & plac+ !m ,,aga9/ ! m\nd to receive y\r weight4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 y sudd5ly run (f a g5tle slope on to a /eep "o1 quickly holl[ y\r back a little1 &1 by /raight5+ y\rself at ! hips & b5d+ y\r knees m1 lift y\r feet backw>ds & place !m aga9/ ! slope beh9d y4 ,by lift+ ! skis ,i d n mean actually rais+ !m f ! sn[1 b only tak+ ! weight (f !m a trifle1 & slid+ !m4 ,^! movem5ts are exactly ! same z ^? y w\ld make if1 :5 /&+ ) y\r feet ti$ toge!r1 y 7 pu%$ (f y\r balance ei!r =w>ds or backw>ds & 7 !n to save y\rself by a little jump 9 ! correspond+ direction4 ,lean+ backw>ds & =w>ds1 :i* z x is done pr9cipally on ! h+e ( ! ankles _c be done quickly1 may be us$ z a prev5tive ( loss ( balance1 b is practically useless z a cure2 ?is mov+ ( ! feet1 h[ev]1 is p>ticul>ly useful = ! latt] purpose4 ,if y try ! two me?ods :5 runn+ quickly d[n a v undulat+ icy pa?1 y w soon decide 9 fav\r ( ! latt]4 ,y c1 ( c\rse1 d ! same ?+ :5 runn+ 9 /eady sn[ ) ! skis toge!r 9 ! normal position1 b x is !n simpl] & quick] to move "o foot backw>ds or =w>ds in/ead ( mov+ bo?4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 side-slip occurs m readily :5 y are trav]s+ a slope1 y w !n f9d x f> less upsett+ ?an :5 y are runn+ /raight d[nhill4 ,:5 trav]s+ 9 normal position ) ! skis toge!r1 ! upp] foot %\ld lead & ! weight be on ! l[]2 ) ! l[] foot weight$ x w take a v sudd5 & pron\nc$ side-slip to upset y1 = z ! l[] ski slips ! upp] w receive ! weight1 & ! sudd5 pressure w probably make its edge hold long en\gh = y to recov] y\r balance4 ,moreov]1 y w g5]ally1 :5 trav]s+1 be runn+ pretty sl[ly 7y c1 ( c\rse1 g z sl[ly z y l by mak+ ! angle ( y\r trav]se a v gradual "o71 :i* makes side-slip /ill less likely to upset y4 ,x is1 !re=e1 h>dly ev] necess>y to trav]se ) y\r skis m ?an a few in*es ap>t4 ,if y wi% to run a trav]se at high spe$ :]e ! t5d5cy to side-slip is v pron\nc$1 d n make viol5t ef=ts to prev5t x by edg+ y\r skis extra h>d1 b simply keep !m normally edg$ ) y\r ankles1 & especially y\r knees1 well ov] t[>ds ! hill1 & !n let !m side-slip if !y want to4 ,make no attempt to lean t[>ds ! slope1 b keep y\r weight well outw>ds & =w>ds1 imag9e t y are mak+ = a spot r bel[ :]e y\r skis are po9t+1 & run z lightly z possible1 cultivat+1 if y c1 a sort ( semi-sideways float+ feel+1 :i* is h>dly describable b :i* y w c]ta9ly recognise if y d z ,i h told y4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! h>d] & slipp]i] ! sn[ ! m lightly y %\ld try to run1 ! s(t] ! sn[ ! m heavily y %\ld try to drive y\r skis into x4 ,y c entirely disreg>d ! h>d ruts ( ski tracks unless y are oblig$ to cross !m at a n>r[ angle4 ,if y _c help do+ ?is 7:i* y %\ld try to if runn+ fa/7 be ready1 if "o ( ! skis or bo? get turn$ (f _! c\rse1 to lift "o quickly & put x /raight aga9 be=e y lose y\r balance4 ,y %\ld nev] be afraid ( lift+ y\r skis1 especially on h>d sn[2 by /epp+ ab\t quickly y c n only keep y\r balance ev5 :5 runn+ fa/1 b c alt] y\r c\rse1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] case y mu/ be c>eful z y put ! fir/-lift$ ski to ! sn[ aga9 to lift ! o!r in/antly1 or !y w run ap>t = a mom5t & probably upset y4 ,! great] y\r spe$1 ! less ( c\rse w be ! *ange ( direction t y c make safely 9 "o /ep1 b by patt]+ r\nd quickly y c turn fairly %ort :5 go+ at a good rate4 ,:5 runn+ /raight d[nhill 9 ei!r normal or ,telem>k position ei!r foot may lead1 & y %\ld *ange ab\t1 :5 practis+1 until y f9d y c lead z easily ) "o z ) ! o!r4 ,:5 trav]s+ 9 normal position ! upp] foot %\ld lead1 9 ,telem>k position1 ! l[] foot--t is to say1 t 9 trav]s+ ! weight$ foot %\ld always be ! l[] "o4 ,! m weight is c>ri$ by ! l[] ski1 ! less difficulty w y f9d 9 keep+ ! o!r "o close to ! side ( x4 ,%\ld ! upp] ski %[ a t5d5cy to run uphill1 away f ! o!r1 put no m weight on x1 b m]ely turn its inn] edge slightly d[nw>ds1 & press on ! toe1 :5 x w run back to its prop] position4 ,if y h any difficulty 9 prev5t+ x f runn+ d[nw>ds1 & cross+ ! o!r1 y c slide x to ! re>1 & drop into ,telem>k position1 l[] foot lead+4 ,al?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 y %\ld avoid all ef=t & hold y\rself easily & loosely1 y mu/1 :5 y\r balance is di/urb$1 make e ef=t 9 y\r p[] to keep x4 ,"o v (t5 falls simply ?r\gh expect+ to fall1 & do+ no?+ to save oneself1 :5 a det]m9ation n to fall w\ld c>ry "o ?r\gh4 ,don't be afraid ( runn+ /raight d[n ! /eepe/ slope1 provid$ ! gr\nd is op5 & fairly smoo?1 ! sn[ easy & safe1#g & ! *ange ( gradi5t at ! bottom n sudd54 ,rememb] t ! pace does n g on increas+1 b atta9s its maximum 9 a second or two4 ,x is only :ile y are ga!r+ way t ! s5sation is at all al>m+2 :5 full spe$ is rea*$--provid$ ! gr\nd be smoo?--a /eep slope feels no m difficult ?an a gradual "o4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re are any undulations--h[ev] small--y _h bett] run d[n a /eep slope 9 ! ,telem>k position4 ,= ?\gh on a mod]ate slope y might h>dly notice !m1 or c\ld all[ = !m z direct$ above1 on a /eep slope ! high spe$ w v mu* increase _! effect1 & to run ov] a small m\nd may %oot y into ! air if y\r legs happ5 to be rigid at ! mom5t4 ,:5ev] y are actually runn+ freely & n try+ to put on ! brake1 or /op 7expla9$ lat]71 ! v be/ safegu>d to ! balance is a desire to g fa/]4 ,%\ld y n happ5 to want to g fa/]1 pret5d y d1 if y are n above su* *ildi%ness4 ,no am\nt ( want+1 ( c\rse1 w affect y\r spe$1 b ?is m5tal attitude w enorm\sly increase y\r /ead9ess by remov+ ! fatal t5d5cy to lean backw>ds4 ,simil>ly1 to wi% to g sl[] w n make y d s1 b w v likely be ! sole cause ( a fall4 ,"s su* s5t5ce z ,?is is v sl[1 repeat$ to oneself z "o goes ov] any difficult gr\nd1 is a m pot5t spell ?an might be imag9$4 ,,brak+ ,if y wi% to r$uce y\r spe$ or /op1 y c1 z a rule1 if y are n go+ fa/--& sometimes ev5 if y are--d s )\t alt]+ y\r c\rse1 by mak+ "o or bo? skis move m or less broadside on4 ,al?\gh ,i am only n[ ab\t to describe ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ?is may be done1 y %\ld beg9 to le>n !m at ! v outset--or ev5 be=e y try /raight-runn+1 if y are v n]v\s--& %\ld c]ta9ly n attempt to run v fa/ until y c brake p]fectly by e me?od describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & are fairly pr(ici5t 9 ! turns to be describ$ lat] on4 ,s+le-,/emm+ or ,half-,sn[-,pl\gh4--,= ?is f9d a mod]ate slope on :i* ! sn[ is nei!r v s(t nor s h>d t y _c possibly trav]se x )\t side-slipp+--an ord9>y practice-gr\nd 9 its normal /ate is j ! ?+4 ,/& ) y\r skis horizontally across ! slope2 weight ! l[] "o2 lift ! upp]1 & place x po9t+ /eeply en\gh d[nhill to slide p]fectly freely1 ) its tip q close to ! o!r's1 b f> en\gh beh9d x = ! upp] foot to be exactly above ! l[] "o 7,fig4 #bh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,s+le-/emm+ or half-sn[-pl\gh4 ,/opp+4 ,l4 ,weight$ & edg$4 ,go+4 ,r4 ,weight$ & edg$4 ,l4 ,unweight$ & flatt5$4 ,n[ lean t[>ds ! upp] leg1 & b5d x until y\r weight is on x1 fac+ t[>ds ! po9t ( ! upp] ski & edg+ x4 ,!n1 keep+ ! l[] leg 9 exactly ! same position1 b5d its ankle outw>ds1 & almo/1 b n q 7see p4 #hc71 flatt5 ! ski4 ,! flatt5+ ( ! ski w release y1 & y w slide (f 9 ! direction ( ! upp] ski's po9t1 pu%+ ! l[] ski1 :i* mu/ /ill rema9 horizontal1 =w>ds & sideways ?r\gh ! sn[--/emm+ ) x 9 fact4 ,y c g z sl[ly z y l1 or z fa/ z ! conditions p]mit1 accord+ z y keep ! /emm+ ski m edg$ & weight$ or less4 ,y c /op sudd5ly by ?r[+ y\r :ole weight on to ! /emm+ ski1 fac+ r\nd t[>ds its po9t1 & quickly br++ ! upp] ski beside x & =w>d to ! normal position4 ,n[ make a kick turn 7a d[nhill "o = *oice71 & repeat ! process 9 ! o!r direction1 /emm+ ) ! o!r foot4 ,practise ?is 9 bo? directions until y h complete control ( y\r spe$1 & c /op y\rself almo/ in/antly :5 mov+ at a fair rate1 rememb]+ always to face r\nd & br+ ! upp] ski sm>tly into ! normal position z y /op4 ,!n practise x ) ! upp] ski po9t+ m & m /eeply d[nhill4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible to />t /emm+ 9 ?is way :5 runn+ freely across ! slope ) ! skis toge!r1 & :5 accu/om$ to do+ x f a /&/ill y %\ld also practise ?is1 b only :5 runn+ at a mod]ate pace1 z !re are /eadi] & easi] ways ( /opp+ :5 runn+ fa/4 ,y mu/1 z ,i h said1 hold ! l[] foot exactly bel[ ! upp] "o1 because 9 t position y c pu% along ! /emm+ ski ) lea/ ef=t1 & mo/ quickly ?r[ ! weight on x if ! o!r ski side-slips or y want to /op sudd5ly4 ,?is means t ! m directly d[nhill y g ! f>!r =w>d y w h to hold ! l[] foot1 & ! m1 consequ5tly1 y w h to b5d ! upp] leg 79 ord] /ill to keep ! weight on ! upp] ski71 ev5tually hav+ to lift its heel & f9ally to sit on x1 if y are to /em almo/ or q directly d[nhill1 z x is q possible to d4 ,if y f9d y c d all ?is fairly com=tably1 by all means d s2 if1 h[ev]1 y f9d t at a c]ta9 angle y\r position on ! upp] leg becomes v tir+ or un/eady1 leave ?is manoeuvre & try /emm+ ) bo? skis1 :i* is also call$ ,sn[-pl\gh+4--,/>t /raight d[nhill1 :]e ! slope is q g5tle1 9 ! normal runn+ position4 ,! mom5t y are mov+ br+ y\r feet level1 put ! weight on bo?1 raise ! out] edges ( ! skis by b5d+ y\r knees inw>ds a little1 &1 )\t lett+ ! ski-tips sep>ate1 pu% _! heels z wide ap>t z y possibly c4 ,! legs mu/ n[ be absolutely /raight at ! knees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,d\ble-/emm+ or sn[-pl\gh4 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,if y keep y\r knees /raight & ankles relax$ ! skis w travel ne>ly flat--!y %\ld nev]1 z ,i h said1 be q flat or _! out] edges w cat* & trip y--& !re w be b little brak+ effect4 ,if y b5d y\r knees inw>ds a little1 & edge y\r skis /rongly1 y w1 if ! slope is mod]ate1 r$uce y\r pace gradually & /op4 ,on v icy sn[1 unless ! slope is v g5tle1 y _c /op by sn[-pl\gh+1 h[ev] h>d y edge1 b c only r$uce y\r spe$ m or less4 ,! ,v position is !n1 h[ev]1 a v useful alt]native to ! position ) ! skis slightly ap>t & p>allel z a safegu>d to ! balance 9 case ( side-slip4 ,x ( c\rse gives ! utmo/ lat]al /ability 7if ! /raddle is v wide1 z x always %\ld be71 & ! /raight knees prev5t x f be+ 9 ! lea/ tir+1 :ile1 :5 ! skis are flatt5$1 ! r$uction ( spe$ is h>dly wor? consid]+4 ,x is !re=e usually pref]able to ! o!r position1 ) its tir+ cr\*1 unless ! slope is /eep 7& ! spe$ !re=e v high7 or ! gr\nd r\gh1 :5 x becomes unsafe on acc\nt1 n only ( its rigidity1 b ( its great] =e & aft in/ability1 = ) ! legs 9 ?is position "o _c move ! feet quickly backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! way describ$ on p4 #aac4 ,on gr\nd nei!r /eep nor r\gh en\gh to make x un/eady1 "o c1 if ! sn[ is h>d1 safely take ! sn[-pl\gh position q sudd5ly :5 runn+ at full spe$4 ,?is is v conv5i5t if :5 runn+ 9 normal position "o sudd5ly runs on to an icy pat*4 ,on h>d sn[1 !n1 sn[-pl\gh+ is only effective = brak+ purposes "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,9 s(t sn[1 if t is at all deep1 x is almo/ useless--except = ^? :o c make an abnormally wide /raddle--= if 9 s(t sn[ ! skis are put 9 ! ,v position1 ! inw>d pressure ( ! sn[ aga9/ !m is s great t unless ! legs c resi/ x almo/ directly !y are =c$ toge!r at once1 or1 at ! be/1 h to let ! skis run almo/ p>allel1 9 :i* case !re is n mu* object 9 hold+ !m ap>t at all4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y are "o ( ! =tunate few :o c /raddle m ?an ?ree qu>t]s ( _! height & po9t _! feet almo/ directly inw>ds1 y w f9d t sn[-pl\gh+ gives y p]fect control1 ev5 9 s(t sn[1 on all b ! /eepe/ slopes1 & t ev5 !re y may be able to manage by ?r[+ mo/ ( ! weight on "o ski & mak+ x slide ne>ly broadside on :ile ! o!r po9ts almo/ /raight d[nhill1 ! l9e ( y\r c\rse be+ /ill directly d[n ! slope1 & ! legs /ill /raddl$ z widely z possible1 & /raight at ! knees4 ,y w1 h[ev]1 only be able to d ?is by pay+ p>ticul> att5tion to ! edg+ ( ! weight$ ski1 = if x is edg$ ei!r too mu* or too little x w n slide at all :5 y try to move along sl[ly1 & w *eck y sudd5ly & ?r[ y d[n :5 y try to /op4 ,x is important to rememb] 9 sn[-pl\gh+ t1 :e!r y want to brake h>d or only slightly1 ! /raddle mu/ always be z wide z possible2 ! spe$ %\ld dep5d on ! flatt5+ or edg+ ( ! skis1 n on ! angle betwe5 !m4 ,moreov]1 if :5 runn+ free ) skis toge!r y want to take ! ,v position1 y mu/ always--ev5 if runn+ fa/--d s z quickly z possible 7n =gett+ j to lift ! out] edges ( ! skis be=e y pu% !m out74 ,rememb] also t x is no use putt+ ! feet wide ap>t unless ! tips ( ! skis are close toge!r 7clos] ?an ,plate ,,xx41 p4 #aci74 ,y c />t sn[-pl\gh+ f a /&/ill on a /eep slope ei!r by tak+ ! position ( ,plate ,,xiii4 & pu%+ ! upp] ski r\nd to ! prop] angle z y ?r[ y\r weight on to x1 or simply by ?ru/+ bo? /icks into ! sn[ bel[ y & lean+ on !m :ile y put ! skis 9 position4 ,if1 = /ructural reasons1 y h only be5 able to take an academic int]e/ 9 ! in/ructions = sn[-pl\gh+ 9 s(t sn[1 y c n[ le>n a manoeuvre :i* w enable y 9 s(t sn[ ( any dep? to /em z gradually or z /eeply z y *oose d[n a slope ( any /eepness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,telem>k-/emm+4 ,/opp+4 ,r4 ,unweight$4 ,l4 ,weight$ & edg$4 ,go+4 ,r4 ,weight$4 ,l4 ,unweight$ & flatt5$4 ,telem>k ,/emm+4--,f9d a /eepi% slope :i* is s(t en\gh to prev5t ! lea/ t5d5cy to side-slip4 ,/& ) ! skis horizontal4 ,weight ! l[]1 & place ! upp] "o at an angle :i* w let x slide freely1 z y did 9 le>n+ ord9>y /emm+1 b ?is "t ) its front b5d t\*+ ! l[] ankle1 & its tip r across ! l[] in/ep4 ,edge x normally1 kneel d[n on ! front ( x1 & slide (f by flatt5+ ! o!r 7,fig4 #cj74 ,y are n[ /emm+ 9 :at is practically ,telem>k position2 ! object ( actually kneel+ on ! upp] ski is to save ef=t1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 x does completely4 ,x also gives ! utmo/ /ead9ess4 ,! c5tre ( gravity be+ s l[1 y c 9 ?is position /op y\rself mu* m sudd5ly ) safety ?an y c 9 ei!r sn[-pl\gh+ or ord9>y /emm+1 & c also m safely take up ! /emm+ position :ile runn+ freely--if1 ( c\rse1 y !n take ! ord9>y ,telem>k position & kneel "r d[n fir/4 ,9 ord] to /em /raight d[nhill y mu/ place ! upp] ski at "r angles to ! horizontal l[] ski 7y may h to get x 9 position ) y\r h& be=e />t+ f a /&/ill on a /eep slope72 its po9t w !n be "r across ! front in/ep4 ,! front leg w be q /raight & ! foot1 ( c\rse1 turn$ "r inw>ds--a position :i* may s\nd awkw>d1 b :i* mo/ p f9d surpris+ly easy1 especially on a /eep slope4 ,if y want to /op sudd5ly1 /raight5--or r1 dim9i% ! b5d (--! upp] leg1 lift+ its knee f ! ski & ?r[+ y\rself well =w>d on to ! l[] "o4 ,& always rememb] to face r\nd quickly t[>ds its po9t z y d s1 & to br+ ! o!r ski sm>tly to normal position by its side4 ,telem>k-/emm+ /raight d[nhill is n only easy 9 ! s(te/ sn[1 b also on ev]y?+ b ! v h>de/1 no matt] h[ /eep ! slope4 ,?is manoeuvre1 9 fact1 is an extremely useful "o 7?\gh nei!r ,i nor1 ,i believe1 any o!r writ] on ski-+ _h ! s5se to realise its value until ,h]r ,bilg]i po9t$ x out71 & y %\ld lose no "t 9 ma/]+ x--n t x takes mu* ma/]+1 = ! av]age beg9n] c d x ) ease at ! fir/ attempt4 ,x is no use1 h[ev]1 = trav]s+1 ei!r /eeply or gradually1 on h>d sn[1 = ! upp] ski is !n v apt to side-slip & upset ! runn]4 ,nor on v h>d & slipp]y sn[ is x suitable ev5 = a direct desc5t1 z x is !n difficult to hold en\gh weight on ! /emm+ ski to keep ! pace d[n4 ,on ?is sort ( sn[1 h[ev]1 z long z x gives any grip at all--&1 :5 x does n1 x is no long] sn[1 b ice1 = :i* skis are n int5d$--y c desc5d ! /eepe/ slopes ei!r directly or obliquely ) y\r spe$ "u p]fect control by ,side-,slipp+4--,9 ord] to side-slip /raight d[nhill y simply /& ) y\r skis horizontal & r ap>t1 & />t by flatt5+ !m a little & ?r[+ y\r weight well outw>ds1 z if y want$ to g fa/ d[n ! hill1 n sl[ly4 ,y w !n n g fa/1 b w keep y\r weight ov] y\r skis & be able by edg+ !m aga9 to *eck y\r pace or /op :5 y want to4 ,if y want to /op sudd5ly1 give a little jump & /amp ! ski edges h>d into ! sn[4 ,d n be too anxi\s to g sl[ly1 or 9 ! ef=t to edge ! skis extra h>d y w probably lean t[>ds ! slope1 pu% !m f "u y1 & fall d[n4 ,! skis mu/ rema9 horizontal z !y slip2 if !y beg9 to turn upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 put weight on ! toes or heels respectively4 ,if by weight+ ! toes y make ! skis po9t d[nw>ds a little !y w slide =w>ds z well z sideways1 & ! m !y are !n edg$ ! m !y w move =w>ds 9 comp>ison ) _! sideway motion4 ,by side-slipp+1 !re=e1 y c trav]se sl[ly at any angle y *oose if ! slope is fairly /eep4 ,y c also /op y\rself by side-slipp+ if y wi% to :5 runn+ a free trav]se 9 normal position4 ,y m]ely h to make ! skis side-slip & in/antly put y\r weight on ! heels until !y turn uphill a little1 :5 y c aga9 edge & /op !m4 ,a little practice w make ! :ole manoeuvre almo/ in/antane\s2 x is !n really a ,*ri/iania sw+ 7see p4 #age71 &1 if ! sn[ is n v s(t1 is a f> quick] & easi] way ?an ord9>y /emm+ or /opp+ or *eck+ ! pace = a mom5t4 ,?r[ y\r weight well outw>ds to keep x ov] y\r skis z !y side-slip2 y\r t5d5cy at fir/ w be to fall t[>ds ! hill4 ,if y ev] wi% to make a /emm+ trav]se at a /eep angle on a mod]ate slope :]e ! sn[ ?\gh h>d is n q slipp]y en\gh = y to side-slip d[n x1 y may be some:at at a loss4 ,9 ! ,telem>k position y w f9d a t5d5cy to side-slip1 & y may1 9 ! ord9>y /emm+ position1 ) ! l[] ski held horizontally & ! weight on ! upp] "o1 be unable to manage ! necess>y squatt+ attitude com=tably4 ,y c !n trav]se 9 some?+ betwe5 ! ord9>y /emm+ & ! sn[-pl\gh positions ) ! upp] ski edg$ outw>ds & po9t+ ! way y are go+1 b ) ! weight almo/ equally di/ribut$ betwe5 x & ! l[]1 :i* po9ts some:at d[nhill in/ead ( horizontally & is held ) its tip level ) ! o!r's1 n ahead4 ,! upp] knee mu/ be b5t1 ! l[] /raight4 ,we h s f> talk$ only ( h>d & s(t sn[1 b ! sn[ surface is sometimes a breakable cru/1 into :i* ! skis cut1 & 9 :i* no sort ( /emm+ is possible4 ,y\r only way ( go+ sl[ly 9 ?is is to trav]se at a v slight angle2 if y !n want to /op1 y mu/ /ep r\nd--t is1 y mu/ lift ! upp] ski1 put x d[n aga9 po9t+ horizontally across ! slope1 & in/antly lift ! l[] & br+ x d[n p>allel ) ! fir/4 ,be c>eful to ?r[ y\r weight well upw>ds & =w>ds z y put d[n ! upp] ski1 & n to let ! l[] rema9 on ! sn[ = a mom5t aft] ! fir/ has be5 br\ght to x aga92 x is safe/ to give a little jump f "o to ! o!r4 ,ei!r by /epp+ r\nd1 or by any sort ( /emm+1 y c ( c\rse make a *ange ( direction :5 trav]s+ if ! gradi5t ( ! slope v>ies2 z y pass on to /eep] gr\nd1 = in/ance1 y c weight ! heel ( ! /emm+ ski = a mom5t until x is aga9 horizontal1 at ! same "t flatt5+ ! runn+ ski a little & lett+ x slip d[n to ! angle at :i* x 0 po9t+ be=e4 ,?is is really an embryo sw+1 z y w see lat]2 "o important reason1 9 fact1 = le>n+ all ! me?ods ( brak+ ?or\ghly is t !y are ! elem5ts ( :i* ! sw+s are compos$1 ea* v>iety ( sw+ or turn be+ ei!r a developm5t ( "o me?od ( brak+1 or a comb9ation ( "o ) ano!r4 ,:5 y become m exp]t y w n (t5 h to /em :ile trav]s+ if ! gr\nd is op51 ?\gh ev5 !n y w (t5 f9d x conv5i5t to brake 9 "o way or o!r :5 go+ /raight d[nhill4 ,9 ?ick wood1 h[ev]1 y w f9d x indisp5sable to be able to g at a mod]ate spe$ 9 all sorts ( sn[ & at any gradi5t4 ,x is also wor? rememb]+ t to /em /raight d[nhill at an ord9>y pace is a comp>atively fa/ process4 ,x is n s pretty & ne$s mu* less skill1 b x is quick] ?an runn+ freely 9 tacks ( an ord9>y gradi5t & connect+ !m by d[nhill turns 7expla9$ lat]74 ,:5 runn+ d[n a n>r[ pa? or ! l x is sometimes impossible to brake effectually1 z !re is n room to put ! skis 9 a wide ,v position or to ,telem>k-/em2 x may !n be p]missible to use ! /ick or /icks z an aid4 ,plate ,,xxi4 %[s a way ( do+ ?is4 ,! arm support$ aga9/ ! ?igh gives a firm pur*ase--firm en\gh1 9 my exp]i5ce1 to hurt ! wri/ a good deal if ! po9ts ( ! /icks cat* some?+ h>d4 ,?is manoeuvre is h>dly ev] necess>y unless ! pa? is v icy2 if !re is mu* ( ?is1 & y want to g sl[ly1 y may j z well walk ) y\r skis on y\r %\ld]4 ,:5 y c d all t has be5 expla9$ s f>1 y may 7if y h /eadily refra9$ f us+ y\r /ick except z ,i h direct$7 consid] y\rself q a respectable ski-runn] 9 a small way4 ,!re w be no?+ to prev5t y f go+ = any exp$ition ( :i* ! uphill climb is )9 y\r p[]s1 = :e!r y are go+ uphill or d[nhill1 !re is no sort ( gr\nd t _c be negotiat$ by "o or o!r ( ! manoeuvres t ,i h describ$4 ,b1 ?\gh a p]fectly effici5t t\ri/1 y w n be a v fa/ "o d[nhill until y h le>nt h[ to /op & /e] y\rself 9 any sort ( sn[1 :5 runn+ fa/1 & w tire y\rself unnecess>ily on /eep or difficult gr\nd until y c run 9 zigzags )\t com+ to a /&/ill betwe5 ea* tack4 ,! diff]5t ways ( do+ ^! ?+s are describ$ 9 ! foll[+ sections4 ,,! ,,/emm+ ,,turn ,i mu/ "h apologise = ! extreme ambiguity ( ski-+ t]m9ology1 :i*1 h[ev]1 z ,i did n inv5t x1 ,i h n ! moral c\rage to try to improve4 ,! t]m /emm+ may be us$ 9 sev]al diff]5t s5ses4 ,9 its n>r[e/ s5se x means hold+ ! skis 9 ! ,v position & brak+ ) "o ( !m4 ,m broadly x means brak+ ) bo? 9 ! ,v position4 ,x also means brak+ ) ! skis 9 ,telem>k position4 ,9 fact 9 its broade/ s5se x means any sort ( brak+ except side-slipp+ ) ! skis p>allel4 ,9 ?is s5se almo/ any me?od ( turn+ on skis might1 z we %all see lat]1 be call$ a /emm+ turn4 ,! expression /emm+ turn1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally us$ 9 a special s5se to d5ote a turn dur+ :i* ! skis are held 9 ! ,v position ) ! feet ne>ly level4 ,by means ( a /emm+ turn y c1 z y already "k1 turn uphill or /op :5 trav]s+2 y c also d s f a direct desc5t4 ,y c1 moreov]1 turn d[nhill f a trav]se until y face 9 ! opposite direction & run (f on a new tack4 ,?is turn is effect$ by putt+ ! skis 9 a m or less wide ,v position1 & ei!r simultane\sly or imm$iately aft]w>ds weight+ & slightly advanc+ ! "o t is to be out]mo/ 9 turn+4 ,to %[ h[ 9 ?is z 9 all turns ! v>i\s factors ( side-slipp+1 ) ! weight v>i\sly di/ribut$1 comb9$ /e]+ action ( bo? skis1 edg+1 c41 come into play accord+ to circum/ances1 x w be necess>y to describe 9 detail ! two diff]5t uses ( ! turn4 ,= practis+ ^! turns f9d a mod]ate slope & sn[ 9 :i* x is easy to /em :5 runn+ /raight d[nhill2 a mu* trodd5 practice-gr\nd is ! v ?+4 ,uphill ,turn to ! ,left4--,y already "k h[ to turn uphill f a trav]se by /emm+2 ! foll[+ way ( do+ x is slightly simpl]4 ,trav]se to ! left at an easy gradi5t 9 normal position1 weight on "r foot4 ,:5 y want to turn1 draw ! upp] ski a little to ! re> 7,fig4 #ca1 #a7 & !n pu% ! heels wide ap>t1 /raight5+ bo? legs & putt+ all ! weight on ! l[] heel 7,fig4 #ca1 #b & #c74 ,z ! l[] ski beg9s to turn uphill1 br+ ! o!r "o sm>tly to its side aga9 9 normal position4 ,?is is mu* ! same ?+ z /opp+ :5 /emm+ ) ! l[] ski1 z describ$ above 7page #aba71 b is r simpl]1 = ! uncom=table cr\*+ position necess>y :5 /emm+ ) ! l[] ski is avoid$1 !re is no %ift+ ( ! weight f "o ski to ! o!r1 & ! prep>atory movem5t ( draw+ back ! upp] ski c p]fectly well be made simultane\sly ) ! actual turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,uphill /emm+ turn to left4 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,to make an uphill /emm+ turn :5 runn+ across a slope 9 normal position is r a clumsy process1 & x is q unnecess>y to sp5d mu* "t 9 practis+ x1 = an uphill turn f a trav]se c be made m easily & effectively by ! ,*ri/iania sw+1 9 ! way already expla9$1 or ! ,telem>k1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,j make sure1 h[ev]1 t y c turn uphill 9 ?is way f a trav]se 9 ei!r direction1 & !n try ! turn f a direct desc5t1 z foll[s4 ,run /raight d[nhill 9 ! /emm+ position ) ! weight equally on bo? skis & ! feet z wide ap>t z possible1 tak+ c>e t ! legs are q /raight at ! knee1 & rigid 7,fig4 #cb1 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,uphill /emm+ turn to left4 ,9 ord] to turn to ! left 7mo/ p f9d x easie/ to le>n to turn to ?is side fir/7 y h simply to ?r[ all ! weight on to ! heel ( ! "r foot & turn ! body to face ! po9t ( ! "r ski4 ,y w beg9 to turn to ! left1 & z y d s ! left foot w involunt>ily fall slightly to ! re> 7#b71 :5 ! /e]+ action due to ! relative position ( ! skis w help ! turn4 ,if y keep all ! weight on ! heel ( ! "r foot y w g on turn+ until ! "r ski po9ts slightly uphill1 :5 y w come to a /&/ill 7#c74 ,z y d s1 be sure to br+ ! inn] ski quickly to ! normal position4 ,?is is extremely simple1 &1 if y keep bo? legs q /raight & ! feet wide ap>t1 y c h>dly fail to d x correctly4 ,! mi/ake y are mo/ likely to make is t ( lett+ ! left knee b5d z y beg9 to come r\nd4 ,if x does s ! left ski w get on its outside edge1 &1 in/ead ( cont9u+ to skid r\nd1 w only run 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is po9t+1 s t if x does n run across ! o!r 7,plate ,,xxv471 & ?r[ y d[n1#h y w f9d y\rself runn+ obliquely across ! slope1 /emm+ ) ! "r ski only in/ead ( turn+ uphill & /opp+4 ,x is n suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to keep ! inn] leg /raight1 = unless at ! same "t y keep ne>ly all weight (f x1 ei!r ! left ski w get 9 front & y w beg9 to face d[nhill aga91 or x w get too mu* on to its inside edge1 & w at lea/ prev5t y f f9i%+ ! turn1 ev5 if x does n trip y up4 ,z soon z y c turn to ! left 9 ?is way1 le>n to turn to ! "r1 ( c\rse sub/itut+ "r = left & left = "r 9 ! directions4 ,if1 :ile runn+ /raight d[nhill1 y turn & come to a /&/ill 9 ! way ,i h describ$1 y w1 :5 y h /opp$1 f9d y\rself a c]ta9 di/ance to "o side or ! o!r ( y\r orig9al c\rse4 ,?is may n always be conv5i5t2 y may1 = in/ance1 want to /op :ile runn+ d[n an icy road1 f5c$ on ea* side1 & s n>r[ t y h only j room en\gh to /em1 & w\ld run into ! f5ce if y swung to "o side 9 /opp+4 ,9 a case ( ?is sort y c turn sudd5ly & /op 9 y\r tracks 9 ! foll[+ way3-- ,suppose y are runn+ /raight d[nhill 9 ! d\ble-/emm+ position2 :5 y want to /op1 give a vigor\s pu% ) "o foot--say ! left--& s ?r[ all y\r weight sudd5ly "r outw>ds on to ! heel ( ! "r foot1 turn+ ! body quickly well r\nd to ! left z y d s4 ,if ?is is done ) =ce & decision ! "r ski skids r\nd quickly to a horizontal position1 & z x does s1 ! left ski comes into ! air1 is lift$ sm>tly r\nd1 & br\ght d[n p>allel ) & close to ! o!r "o4 ,y !n f9d y\rself at a /&/ill1 fac+ to ! left across y\r orig9al track1 b )\t hav+ mov$ to "o side ( x 7,fig4 #cc74 ,j at fir/ y may fail to d ?is prop]ly ?r\gh giv+ a timid1 j]ky pu% ) ! left foot in/ead ( a /eady ?ru/4 ,?is w prev5t y\r weight f go+ suffici5tly outw>ds ov] ! "r ski1 & ! left ski w come to ! sn[ aga9 be=e y h _h "t to lift x r\nd to ! side ( ! o!r "o & be=e t "o has _h "t to skid r\nd to "r angles ) y\r c\rse4 ,aft] a v few trials1 h[ev]1 y %\ld be able to d x correctly1 & y w !n f9d t no great =ce is necess>y1 & t ! movem5t ne$ n ev5 be made p>ticul>ly quickly provid$ x be done ) a free sw+4 ,9 ord] to give ! pu% y mu/1 ( c\rse1 b5d ! inside knee slightly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,uphill /emm+ turn to left4 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,provid$ ! inn] ski is br\ght p>allel to ! out] "o1 x does n matt] if x comes to ! sn[ aga9 be=e ! latt] has skidd$ r\nd to "r angles1 = !n ! turn c be f9i%$ ) bo? skis side-slipp+ toge!r--t is to say1 ! turn c beg9 z a /emm+ turn & f9i% z a ,*ri/iania1 a mo/ useful comb9ation :i* is beg9n+ to be kn[n by ! dreadful "n ,/emmiania1 :i* ,i only quote 9 ord] to record my dislike = x4 ,?is way ( mak+ ! turn is practically in/antane\s1 & is s conv5i5t t :5 y h once le>nt x y w h>dly ev] use ! "o ,i describ$ fir/4 ,by means ( x y c /op sudd5ly :5 mov+ at a v fair rate1 especially if y /em h>d ) bo? skis well edg$ inw>ds j be=e mak+ ! turn4 ,practise ?is movem5t )\t skis at fir/1 & !n at a /&/ill ) skis1 on ! mo/ slipp]y sn[ y c f9d1 try+ to make ! out] ski sp9 "r r\nd to "r angles4 ,^! uphill /emm+ turns enable y to /op y\rself :]ev] ! quality ( ! sn[ & ! gradi5t all[ y to hold ! d\ble-/emm+ position :ile runn+ /raight d[nhill4 ,x is no use attempt+ to make !m on v /eep slopes or 9 sn[ into :i* ! skis s9k deeply2 9 ei!r ( ^! cases y w h to /op y\rself by means ( ! ,telem>k or ,*ri/iania sw+s1 describ$ lat]4 ,i ne$ h>dly say t if y m]ely wi% to alt] y\r c\rse & n to /op y\rself1 y c f9i% ! turn at any po9t4 ,y ei!r wait until ! out]1 weight$ ski is po9t+ 9 ! direction y want to g1 & !n br+ ! o!r ski p>allel to x 9 ! normal position & run on at full spe$2 or1 if y /ill wi% to brake1 y turn r f>!r until ! inn] ski is 9 l9e ) y\r int5d$ c\rse1 & !n %ift ! weight p>tly or entirely to t "o & run on /emm+4 ,d[nhill ,turn to ! ,left4--,a turn made 9 a d[nw>d direction 9 ord] to jo9 "o tack to ano!r :5 desc5d+ a hill 9 zigzags is (t5 call$ an ,s turn1 on acc\nt ( ! %ape ( ! track left by a numb] ( ^! turns made 9 alt]nate directions 7,plates ,,xxvi41 ,,xxxiii41 ,,xlii474 ,any d[nhill turn1 !re=e1 :e!r made by ! /emm+ turn or by any o!r means1 c be call$ an ,s turn4 ,a good _m p1 h[ev]1 hav+ nev] se5 a d[nhill turn made by any o!r means ?an ! /emm+ turn--or at lea/ ! awkw>d manoeuvre :i* ! av]age runn] imag9es to be ! /emm+ turn--believe ,s turn & /emm+ turn to be synonym\s4 ,z w be se5 lat] on1 a d[nhill or ,s turn c q well be made by means ( ! ,telem>k or ,*ri/iania sw+s1 ! ,s hav+ no ref]5ce :atev] to /emm+4 ,to avoid confusion1 ,i %all n use ! t]m ,s turn at all1 b only speak ( a d[nhill turn4 ,! be/ way to practise ! turn at fir/ is to run1 z be=e1 /raight d[nhill 9 ! d\ble /emm+ position = a few y>ds1 !n ?r[ ! weight on ! left ski z if y meant to turn uphill to ! "r & /op 7,fig4 #cd1 #a & #b71 b j be=e ! left ski po9ts horizontally across ! hill1 transf] ! weight to ! heel ( ! "r foot1 & face r\nd to ! left a little4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,d[nhill /emm+ turn to left 7#c1 #d1 & #e74 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,y w f9d y\rself beg9n+ to turn d[nhill aga9--! left ski fall+ a little beh9d ! o!r z y d s--& by keep+ ! weight on ! "r foot y w g r\nd until y face across ! slope 9 ! opposite direction 7,fig4 #cd1 #c1 #d1 & #e71 :5 y c %ift ! weight to ! left foot & rev]se ! process4 ,by repeat+ ?is y w desc5d ! hill 9 %ort zigzags4 ,! important po9ts are--7#a7 to hold ! /emm+ position unalt]$ ) ! knees /raight1 ! heels ( ! skis wide ap>t1 & ! tips close toge!r2 7#b7 to ?r[ ! weight well on to ! out] ski2 & 7#c7 n to let ! inn] ski get 9 front4 ,! la/ half ( ! turn1 f ! po9t at :i* y are fac+ /raight d[nhill1 is1 ( c\rse1 really an uphill "o1 id5tical ) :at y h already le>nt1 & c be f9i%$ at any po9t 9 any ( ! ways already describ$4 ,y c />t a d[nhill turn1 l an uphill "o1 f ! normal position :ile runn+ across a slope1 & "u ^! conditions ! turn is1 z 9 ! case ( ! uphill "o1 r less easy2 ?is "t1 h[ev]1 x is extremely important to be able to d x1 = ?is is by f> ! mo/ useful application ( ! /emm+ turn1 & y c 9 ?is way1 provid$ ! sn[ be suitable1 jo9 "o tack to ano!r on a slope ( any /eepness1 :]e x w\ld be impossible to run /raight d[nhill 9 d\ble /emm+ position4 ,suppose y wi% to />t a d[nhill turn to ! left :ile runn+ at a g5tle gradi5t across a slope 9 ! normal position 7i4e4 ) ! weight on ! left foot & ! "r foot 9 front71 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to turn ! "r knee & ankle inw>ds s z to lift ! out] edge ( ! ski z mu* z possible4 ,!n1 keep+ ! po9t ( ! "r ski ahead ( ! o!r1 pu% its heel uphill & out to ! position ( #b1 ,fig4 #ce1 ,b1 at ! same "t weight+ ! toe ( ! left foot & slightly flatt5+ t ski1 :i* w !n beg9 to po9t d[nw>ds & give ! o!r m room to turn4 ,z !y turn d[nw>ds pu% _! heels wide ap>t & ?r[ y\r weight quickly outw>ds s t a f9al ?ru/ ( ! left leg s5ds x full on to ! "r heel j z y face /raight d[nhill4 ,almo/ simultane\sly lift ! left ski r\nd to ! side ( ! o!r & f9i% ! turn ) ! skis p>allel4 ,z y lift ! inn] ski turn 7n lean7 ! body inw>ds j en\gh to face squ>ely t[>ds ! po9t ( ! out] ski4 ,if y turn sl[ly !re w be an int]val betwe5 ! pu%+ r\nd ( ! out] ski & ! f9al ?ru/ ( ! inn] leg dur+ :i* ! skis w be equally weight$4 ,if y turn %>ply :ile runn+ fa/ ! *eck+ ( ! out] ski's spe$ z x comes broadside on w ?r[ ! weight on x at once & lift ! inn] ski )\t an ef=t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,d[nhill /emm+ turn to left 7two me?ods74 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,x is also possible to make ! turn by putt+ ! weight on ! out] ski be=e x beg9s to /em at all1 & mak+ x turn d[nhill by press+ on ! toe 7z 9 ,fig4 #ce1 ,a74 ,i us$ to ?9k ?is me?od ! easi] ( ! two1 b h *ang$ my m9d ab\t x1 & c only apologise = lead+ p a/ray4 ,up to ?is po9t y h be5 practis+ on mod]ate slopes only1 b x is on /eep slopes t y w g5]ally h to use ! d[nhill /emm+ turn1 & x is on /eep slopes t y %\ld practise x ! in/ant t y c d x neatly on a g5tle "o4 ,y w !n f9d a difficulty t has probably n bo!r$ y mu* s f>4 ,on a /eep slope1 z y beg9 to turn d[nhill1 ! increase ( spe$ is sudd5 & consid]able1 & if y d n comp5sate = ?is by ?r[+ ! weight m & m =w>ds1 ! skis w %oot f "u y1 & y w sit d[n4 ,don't1 h[ev]1 beg9 lean+ d[nhill too soon1 :ile /ill fac+ across ! slope1 = t w ?r[ ! weight on to ! inside 7l[]7 ski4 ,simply lean z f> =w>ds ov] ! front ( y\r skis z possible1 s t z !y turn d[nhill y\r weight w be well ov] !m4 ,! difficulty ( lean+ =w>d suffici5tly on a /eep slope is p>tly due to ! t5d5cy to /& ) ! weight v]tically above ! feet1 z "o w\ld d :5 walk+ d[nhill4 ,! v be/ plan = ov]com+ ?is difficulty1 & "o :i* w make x inf9itely easi] = y to p]=m ! turn quickly & correctly1 is to keep y\r eyes fix$ on ! gr\nd at y\r feet :ile y are turn+1 & to imag9e t x is almo/ or q level4 ,y w !n naturally hold y\rself at "r angles to ! slope no matt] h[ /eep t may be4 ,y w f9d ?is d[nhill turn ( v little practical use on a /eep slope until y c make x q %ortly & %>ply2 = if y make a long curve1 ! pace increases s mu* 9 ! middle ( x t y are almo/ sure to lose control1 & fail to f9i% ! turn1 ev5 if y d n fall d[n4 ,! reason :y to lift r\nd ! inn] ski at ! middle ( ! turn is saf] ?an to keep x on ! sn[ ?r\gh\t is because ! curve is ?us consid]ably %ort5$4 ,! act ( sudd5ly ?r[+ y\rself v f> =w>d ov] ! front ( y\r skis z y face d[nhill w make !m hang back a little = an in/ant--all ! m s = ! fact t at ?is po9t ! /emm+ action ( bo? is at its maximum--& at ?is mom5t x is easy to give a pu% )1 & !n to lift r\nd1 ! inn] ski4 ,be c>eful1 9 lift+ ! ski r\nd1 to br+ x d[n aga9 exactly p>allel to ! out] ski2 = ! inn] "o1 if x comes d[n po9t+ t[>ds ! out] "o1 w in/antly run across x & upset y2 :ile if po9t+ away1 x w run uphill & draw y\r feet ap>t ) a j]k t w probably h ! same result4 ,al?\gh1 z ,i h said1 y %\ld turn ! body a little 9 ?r[+ ! weight outw>ds1 x is no use attempt+ to lean or sw+ x ! way y want to g4 ,y mu/ simply ?r[ x =w>ds & outw>ds--t is1 r away f :]e y want to g4 ,if y lean ! way y want to g y w simply put weight on ! inn] ski1 :i* w !n ei!r trip y up or make y run away /raight d[nhill in/ead ( f9i%+ ! turn4 ,inde$1 p>adoxical z x may s\nd1 y %\ld1 9 a s5se1 try n to turn2 manoeuvre y\r skis z ,i h direct$1 & try to keep a /raight c\rse1 turn+ sideways z y d s1 & y w probably come r\nd )\t difficulty4 ,! fa/] y are runn+ at ! mom5t ( beg9n+ ! turn1 ! m difficulty y w at fir/ h 9 mak+ x4 ,y _h bett]1 !re=e1 :5 le>n+ x1 run at a gradi5t :i* w only j all[ y to keep mov+ smoo?ly 7,i am speak+ ( ! gradi5t ( y\r c\rse across ! slope1 n ( ! gradi5t ( ! slope itself71 o!rwise1 be=e beg9n+ ! turn1 y may be incl9$ to /em ) ! l[] ski 9 ord] to *eck ! pace1 &1 :5 ! l[] ski is put 9 /emm+ position be=e ! o!r is pu%$ r\nd1 !re is a t5d5cy = ! weight to get too f> back 9 ! ef=t ( />t+ ! turn1 :i* !n misses fire4 ,if y are b\nd to sl[ up be=e y beg9 ! turn1 d s by side-slipp+ ) bo? skis & turn+ a little uphill 7i4e4 make a slight ,*ri/iania sw+7 z describ$ 9 ! la/ section1 p4 #aca4 ,on an icy & /eep slope x is1 ( c\rse1 especially necess>y to make ! turn v %>ply if y are n to lose control 9 ! middle ( x4 ,y c d ?is by runn+ v sl[ly be=e turn+1 & !n quickly putt+ ! upp] ski f> r\nd1 & simultane\sly weight+ x by means ( :at is practically a jump f ! o!r ski1 :i* comes into ! air almo/ be=e ! fir/ is weight$1 & is br\ght d[n p>allel ) x almo/ in/antly4 ,?is is well wor? practis+ assidu\sly1 = x makes all ! diff]5ce to ! safety ( a turn on v /eep & icy gr\nd4 ,d n be cont5t$ until y c make a %ort1 %>p turn 7bo? to "r & left1 ( c\rse7 ) p]fect /ead9ess1 on ! /eepe/ slope y c f9d4 ,= al?\gh on /eep slopes a ,telem>k or ,*ri/iania sw+ is ! be/ way ( mak+ an uphill turn1 !re is no means s reliable z ! /emm+ turn = turn+ d[nhill1 no matt] h[ /eep ! slope1 provid$ ! sn[ is h>d1 or t1 if s(t1 x is %all[4 ,x is almo/ useless1 ?\gh1 to attempt x 9 deep s(t sn[4 ,at ! be/ y w probably only get halfway r\nd ) an uncom=table ef=t1 & !n ! inn] ski w be =c$ back1 & come r\nd aft] ! o!r 9 ,telem>k position1 9 :i*1 z y w f9d lat]1 x might j z well h />t$4 ,at ! wor/ y may be tempt$ to drag y\rself r\nd ) ! /ick 9 ! position %[n 9 ! photograph 7,plate ,,xxviii474 ,?is position1 :i*1 ,i hope1 is becom+ less fa%ionable1 is ! v ess5ce ( incorrectness & awkw>dness1 & is an infallible sign ei!r ( poor n]ve or ( bad tea*+4 ,"h ! weight falls pr9cipally on ! inside ski & ! /ick1 in/ead ( entirely on ! out] ski1 :ile ! skis are held p>allel1 or ne>ly s1 in/ead ( 9 ! ,v position4 ,! g5]al position is a cr\*+ "o ) ! knees b5t1 in/ead ( an erect "o ) /raight & rigid legs2 except = a feeble /emm+ action ( ! out] ski1 :i* is too mu* edg$1 ! turn+ effect is entirely due to ! drag ( ! /ick4 ,^? :o make use ( ?is me?od g5]ally ref] to x z a /emm+ turn1 ,s turn1 or ,alp9e curve1 us+ ei!r ( ^! t]ms 9 contradi/9ction to ! t]ms ,telem>k & ,*ri/iania1 evid5tly "u ! impression t an ,s curve c only be made by /emm+1 & t by means ( ! ,telem>k or ,*ri/iania x is only possible to turn uphill & /op4 ,! only correct title = ?is manoeuvre is /ick turn4 ,:5 ,i say t ?is me?od is awkw>d & incorrect1 ,i d n m]ely mean t x is ugly1 = ,i suppose t to ! unsophi/icat$ eye its attitude is no m ugly ?an ! exagg]at$ /raddle ( ! correct /emm+ position4 ,!re are two /rong reasons = consid]+ x execrable 9 /yle & utt]ly to be avoid$4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is a wa/e ( en]gy1 because x takes a consid]able muscul> ef=t to make a turn 9 ?is way1 ev5 :5 ! sn[ is easy1 & an exhau/+ "o :5 x is n2 :ile by sub/itut+ correct me?ods "o c always turn )\t ! smalle/ /ra94 ,! second objection to x is t x is ineffici5t1 = by turn+ 9 ?is way x is impossible to make a %ort curve1 especially 9 deep s(t sn[2 & until a runn] c turn %>ply 9 sn[ ( any quality & on a slope ( any /eepness 7,i d n say at any spe$71 he by no means c be said to h prop] control ( 8 skis4 ,i d n = a mom5t d5y t x is ! easie/ way ( turn+1 9 ! s5se t x is ! "o requir+ ! lea/ skill4 ,b any "o :o kn[s :at c be done by correct me?ods1 :o has ord9>y n]ve1 & :o does n look on ski-runn+ solely z a means ( locomotion1 = :i* a te*nique dem&+ ! m9imum ( skill is ! "o to be pref]r$1 w %un ! /ick turn z he w\ld ! pe/il5ce4 ,f9ally1 let me rem9d y once m t 9 /emm+--& ?is holds equally good :e!r y are turn+ or go+ /raight ahead--! skis %\ld nev] be q flat2 _! out] edges mu/ be lift$ a little ev5 :5 ! sn[ is easy1 r m s :5 x is n 7see p4 #hc74 ,to be q accurate ,i ought to h said ! skis mu/ n be kept flat1 = obvi\sly !y mu/ dur+ a d[nhill turn ea* pass ?r\gh ! flat position1 s9ce _! edg+1 on ! tack be=e ! turn1 is ! rev]se ( :at x is on ! tack t foll[s x4 ,?is *ange ( edge1 z a matt] ( fact1 con/itutes "o ( ! difficulties ( ! turn4 ,! out] ski makes ! *ange easily en\gh1 = ! out] ankle 7:i* is b5t inw>ds 9 ord] to />t ! turn7 does n h to alt] its position :ile ! *ange ( edge takes place4 ,b ! inn] ski1 if kept on ! sn[ ?r\gh\t ! turn1 is by no means easy to manage at ! mom5t t ! *ange has to be made4 ,?is ski rema9s on its inside edge until ne>ly ! end ( ! turn1 & if all[$ to rema9 s = a mom5t too long is v apt to cat* on ?is edge & run across ! o!r or refuse to come r\nd1 especially on a /eep slope1 if 7z he %\ld h done7 ! runn] has made a v wide /raddle :5 fac+ /raight d[nhill4 ,?is difficulty is entirely avoid$ :5 ! turn is f9i%$ by ! lift+ ( ! inn] ski 7! *ange ( edge !n tak+ place1 s to speak1 9 ! air74 ,inde$1 al?\gh ?is lift+ ( ! ski may s\nd some:at acrobatic to any "o :o has n tri$ x1 x is really q ! rev]se4 ,x ne$s f> less adroitness ?an does a neat & /eady f9i% ( ! turn ) ! ski kept on ! sn[1 & is1 9 fact1 n only ! quick] & m effective1 b also consid]ably ! easi] & saf] ( ! two me?ods4 ,! runn] c only make a true /emm+ turn :5 go+ at a mod]ate pace4 ,by f9i%+ x z a ,*ri/iania1 h[ev]1 he c turn ei!r uphill or d[nhill :5 go+ mu* fa/]4 ,9 fact ! soon] ! skis are br\ght p>allel1 ! great] ! pace at :i* ! turn c be />t$2 at v high spe$s only a trifl+ prelim9>y /em be+ ei!r necess>y or safe4 ,%ort ,directions = a ,d[nhill ,/emm+ ,turn to ! ,left ,f normal runn+ position1 "r foot lead+1 left weight$4 ,b5d+ & turn+ inw>ds "r knee1 ankle1 & foot1 pu% heel ( "r ski outw>ds & =w>ds to ! wide/ possible /emm+ position--its tip close to b ahead ( ! o!r's--at ! same "t slightly flatt5+ ! left ski & press+ on its toe4 ,z ! skis turn d[nw>ds pu% _! heels wide ap>t1 quickly %ift y\r weight =w>ds & outw>ds1 &1 ) a pu% f ! inn] ski1 ?r[ x full on ! "r heel z y face /raight d[nhill--at ! same "t lift+ ! left ski quickly r\nd to ! side ( ! o!r & f9i%+ ! turn ) ! skis p>allel4 ,:5 mov+ sl[ly ?is is to be done 9 two motions2 :5 mov+ fa/1 9 "o cont9u\s "o4 ,fix ! eyes on ! tips ( ! skis & try to lean 9 t direction only1 n inw>ds4 ,n4,b4--,! latt] half ( ?is turn is1 ( c\rse1 really an uphill "o1 sep>ate directions = :i* are !re=e unnecess>y4 ,,! ,,telem>k ,,sw+ ,al?\gh by /emm+ y c make ei!r up or d[nhill turns ) p]fect ease ei!r on a h>d icy surface or 9 %all[ loose sn[1 y w f9d x v difficult1 if n impossible1 to make a /emm+ turn 9 loose sn[ ( m ?an a c]ta9 dep? or d5sity--unless y drag y\rself r\nd ) ! /ick4 ,by means ( ! ,telem>k sw+1 h[ev]1 y c easily make turns 9 any sort ( loose sn[1 & c d s on any slope1 no matt] h[ /eep x may be4 ,if y c already bo? run & /em 9 ! ,telem>k position1 ) ei!r foot lead+1 y w f9d x a v simple matt] to le>n ! sw+4 ,9 fact y may be said to h le>nt x aft] a fa%ion1 = to /op by ,telem>k /emm+ is to make a clumsy ,telem>k uphill turn4 ,= practis+ ?is sw+1 f9d a mod]ate slope :]e ! sn[ is s(t &1 = *oice1 deep or d5se en\gh to make a /emm+ turn difficult4 ,uphill ,turn to ! ,left4--,run at a g5tle gradi5t across ! slope ) ! hill on y\r left & ! weight on ! l[] 7"r7 foot1 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! normal position1 ) ! left foot advanc$1 b 9 ! ,telem>k position1 ) ! "r foot lead+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,uphill ,telem>k sw+s to left 7,a f a trav]s+1 ,b f a direct desc5t74 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,! left ski %\ld !n be s f> back t its b5d is level ) ! "r ankle1 ! left heel %\ld be rais$1 & ! left leg p]fectly relax$1 ) ! knee ne>ly t\*+ ! ski4 ,! "r knee %\ld be p]p5dicul>ly ov] ! foot1 & bo? knees be press$ inw>ds4 ,?is is only prep>atory1 & y %\ld1 9 ?is position1 be able to run directly across ! slope at :atev] gradi5t y *oose4 ,z soon z y are fairly "u weigh1 make ! sw+ z foll[s3 ,turn ! "r knee & foot a little inw>ds1 plac+ ! front ski slightly at an angle ) ! o!r2 at ! same "t edge ! "r ski inw>ds & put ! :ole weight on ! "r heel1 press+ x d[n & try+ to lift ! toes4 ,y w at once beg9 to turn uphill4 ,! mom5t y />t turn+ lean m =w>ds & face full t[>ds ! po9t ( ! front ski4 ,z y /op mov+ weight ! toe ( ! front foot1 press ! back knee inw>ds1 & s br+ ! skis p>allel4 ,unless y are on ! look-out = x1 y w f9d a t5d5cy1 z y beg9 ! turn1 to lean inw>ds 7t[>ds ! hill71 or backw>ds1 putt+ weight on ! left foot1 & at ! same "t to /raight5 ! "r knee & relax ! "r ankle1 m or less flatt5+ ! ski 7,plate ,,xxx474 ,z a result y w1 if y d n fall inw>ds at once1 probably f9i% ! sw+ 9 an awkw>d /raddl$ position1 ! "r ski po9t+ uphill1 almo/ at "r angles to ! o!r ski1 :i* w n h alt]$ its direction1 & ! weight on bo? feet4 ,or else y w f9d t ! weight on ! left ski w make x run up level ) ! o!r aga91 :i* w prev5t y f turn+1 or across x1 :i* w ?r[ y d[n4 ,x w help y to avoid ?is inw>d lean if y rememb] t1 z expla9$ on p4 #hb1 y\r "r ski 9 turn+ does n cut r\nd directly z a skate does1 b slips sideways z well z =w>ds1 & t1 !re=e1 dur+ ! sw+ y\r "r foot1 in/ead ( mov+ m & m to ! left ( y\r orig9al l9e ( progress1 w at fir/ move to ! "r (1 or bel[ x2 &1 if ! hill is /eep or ! sn[ %all[1 w h>dly be above x ev5 at ! end ( ! sw+4 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t if y are to rema9 prop]ly balanc$ on y\r "r ski1 v little inw>d lean is necess>y1 & ! usual directions = lean+ ! body inw>ds :ile mak+ ! sw+ are mo/ mislead+4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh "o really has to lean inw>ds :5 ! turn has begun1 ! in/9ct to avoid an outw>d fall makes "o ov]do ?is to su* an ext5t t at fir/ x is bett] to try to ?r[ ! weight r to ! "r & outw>ds1 d[nhill 7b well =w>ds71 9 ord] to get ! prop] balance4 ,9 ! ,telem>k sw+ ! edg+ ( ! lead+ ski is an important factor 9 ! turn1 & !re is m =w>d motion 9 proportion to ! side-slip ?an 9 ! /emm+ turn1 :i* is almo/ entirely a skidd+ turn4 ,inde$1 :5 ! sw+ is made :ile runn+ fa/ 9 deep s(t sn[ 7:i* r$uces ! side-slip to a m9imum71 ! runn]1 z he comes at "r angles to 8 orig9al c\rse at ! end ( ! sw+1 may f9d x necess>y to lean consci\sly inw>ds1 b only at ! end--nev] "u any circum/ances at ! beg9n+ ( ! sw+4 ,9 ?is sw+1 z 9 ! /emm+ turn1 x is a mi/ake1 :5 practis+1 to look ! way y want to g1 z is sometimes advis$4 ,y mu/ only look ! way y are actually go+ at ! mom5t--i4e4 r to ! outside ( ! po9t ( ! lead+ ski4 ,x is also useless to try to =ce ! turn by sw++ ! body or 9 any o!r way2 &1 z 9 ! /emm+ turn1 x is bett] to ?9k no?+ at all ab\t turn+1 simply conf9+ y\r att5tion to ! weight+ & position ( ! skis1 & try+1 9 a s5se1 to g /raight on4 ,! great ?+ at fir/ is to prev5t ! weight gett+ back on ! back foot4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no real necessity = runn+ 9 ! ,telem>k position be=e beg9n+ ! sw+1 b to d s :il/ le>n+ x gives y less to ?9k ab\t :5 />t+ ! turn4 ,z soon z y get a little accu/om$ to x y c run 9 normal position ) ! upp] foot lead+ until y wi% to turn1 & c !n drop into ,telem>k position1 l[] foot lead+1 & beg9 ! sw+ simultane\sly4 ,:5 y c make ! sw+ to ! left1 run across ! slope 9 ! opposite direction1 & le>n to make x to ! "r 9 ! same way 7( c\rse sub/itut+ left = "r & "r = left 9 ! directions74 ,:5 y c d ?is1 practise x to ! left aga91 ?is "t runn+ m directly d[nhill ?an at fir/1 & !n 9 ! same way to ! "r1 until y c at la/ sw+ to a /&/ill ei!r "r or left :5 runn+ /raight d[nhill 7,fig4 #cf1 ,b74 ,b d n1 at any /age1 run f> be=e beg9n+ to sw+2 get fairly "u weigh & make ! sw+1 !n run on & d x aga91 & s on until y h gone z f> z y wi%4 ,9 ?is way y w get less climb+ uphill 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( practice4 ,x is at ! end ( a sw+ made :5 runn+ /raight d[nhill t y are almo/ sure to f9d x necess>y to lean inw>ds if ! sn[ is deep & ! spe$ high1 b till y f9d a di/9ct t5d5cy to fall outw>ds y ne$ n conc]n y\rself ab\t x4 ,( c\rse1 in/ead ( com+ to a /&/ill at ! end ( a sw+1 y c1 if y wi%1 /op turn+ be=e ! lead+ ski comes to a horizontal position1 & c run on obliquely d[n ! hill4 ,9 ord] to d ?is y h only1 z soon z ! lead+ ski is po9t+ ! way y want to g1 to %ift ! weight f ! heel to ! toe1 /& erect1 & br+ ! back ski to ! front 9 ! normal position4 ,z soon z y c sw+ bo? to left & "r :5 runn+ /raight d[nhill1 le>n to make a d[nhill turn 7,s turn71 :i* w enable y to jo9 "o tack to ano!r :5 desc5d+ a slope 9 zigzags4 ,d[nhill ,turn to ! ,left4--,9 ?is use ( ! sw+ ! skis are held z be=e1 & weight$ 9 mu* ! same way1 b !re are "o or two po9ts to be notic$4 ,run across ! slope at a mod]ate gradi5t ) ! hill on y\r "r1 9 ,telem>k position ) ! "r foot lead+ 7or />t 9 normal position1 & :5 y mean to turn1 %ift ! weight f left foot to "r & drop back ! left ski74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,d[nhill ,telem>k sw+ to left at v>i\s /ages4 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,!n1 lift+ ! out] edge ( ! "r ski1 turn ! "r foot & knee inw>ds1 & s place ! ski at a slight angle ) ! o!r1 z 9 />t+ an uphill sw+4 ,b1 :ile 9 an uphill sw+ ?is angle %\ld be v slight inde$ & ! body %\ld imm$iately turn t[>ds ! po9t ( ! front ski1 9 a d[nhill sw+ ! angle mu/ be a trifle wid]1 & ! body mu/ rema9 fac+ ! po9t ( ! back ski until bo? h turn$ f> en\gh = ! front "o to po9t ne>ly /raight d[nhill4 ,! /emm+ ( ! front ski1 9 fact1 & ! comb9$ /e]+ action ( bo?1 :i* 9 an uphill turn %\ld h>dly be p]ceptible1 %\ld 9 a d[nhill "o be m pron\nc$4 ,! weight1 moreov]1 mu/ j at fir/ be plac$ on ! toe ( ! front foot to help t ski to turn d[nw>ds4 ,! mom5t y are fairly head+ d[nhill1 ?r[ ! :ole weight on to ! heel ( ! front ski1 face t[>ds its po9t1 & f9i% ! sw+ z be=e 7,fig4 #cg74 ,! fa/] y are runn+ at ! mom5t ( beg9n+ ! sw+1 ! soon] y c transf] ! weight f ! toe to ! heel1 & face 9 ! direction ( ! lead+ ski2 9 fact1 f a v fa/ trav]se1 a d[nhill ,telem>k sw+ is practically made 9 exactly ! same way z an uphill "o1 ! prelim9>y /em ( ! front ski & ! weight+ ( ! toe be+ b>ely p]ceptible4 ,9 putt+ ! weight on ! toe at ! beg9n+ ( ! sw+1 take great c>e n to poke ! foot =w>d1 b to keep ! knee well ov] x2 o!rwise y are sure to take ! weight "r (f x4 ,be on y\r gu>d also aga9/ ! t5d5cy to try to />t ! sw+ by lean+ to ! left1 =1 if y d ?is1 y w ei!r fall d[nhill or get ! skis ap>t4 ,simply lean well =w>d1 look 9 t direction only1 & don't ?9k ( try+ to turn1 b r try to g on across ! slope1 lett+ y\r skis c>ry y r\nd4 ,z y turn d[nw>ds ( c\rse ! pace increases1 & y mu/ lean m =w>d1 b y w f9d x less difficult to d ?is suffici5tly dur+ ! ,telem>k sw+ ?an dur+ a /emm+ turn4 ,! great secret is to keep ! "r knee well =w>d ov] ! foot1 to try to lean ov] ! front ( ! ski1 & to keep y\r eyes on ! gr\nd at y\r feet1 try+ to imag9e x flat1 z ,i advis$ 9 ! case ( ! /emm+ turn4 ,! ,telem>k sw+1 :5 execut$ correctly1 at high spe$1 requires no su/a9$ muscul> ef=t except t ( hold+ ! lead+ ski on its inside edge & press+ d[n ! heel4 ,9 deep s(t sn[ ?is is easy en\gh1 if ! knee is well ov] ! lead+ foot & all ! weight on t ski1 b 9 %all[ sn[ x is sometimes difficult1 at a high spe$1 to prev5t ! ankle f b5d+ outw>ds1 :i* flatt5s ! ski & makes x skid outw>ds ) an irregul>1 j]ky movem5t1 leav+ ! weight on ! back foot4 ,to prev5t ?is1 press ! knee 9 well1 turn ! outside ( ! foot h>d upw>ds1 & press ! toe upw>ds aga9/ ! toe-/rap4 ,?is w give ! s5sation ( gr9d+ ! inn] side ( ! heel into ! sn[1 & y %\ld try to increase ! pressure z ! sw+ proce$s4 ,/rictly speak+1 a v slight flatt5+ ( ! front ski ha/5s ! />t ( an uphill sw+ f a trav]se4 ,b ?is flatt5+ %\ld be m]ely mom5t>y1 & x is s difficult to make x s & in/antly to edge ! ski aga9 t x is saf] to leave x out altoge!r4 ,nei!r all[ ! back ski to come =w>d to ! normal position1 nor weight x until ! sw+ is q f9i%$ & y are ei!r /&+ /ill or runn+ (f 9 a new direction4 ,x may seem t1 ow+ to ! position1 ! ,telem>k sw+ calls = m delicate balanc+ ?an ! o!r me?ods ( turn+4 ,!re is really n s mu* diff]5ce1 = 9 ei!r ! /emm+ turn or1 z w be se5 lat]1 9 "o =m ( ! ,*ri/iania sw+1 :5 ^! are prop]ly execut$1 ! weight mu/ = a "t be balanc$ almo/ entirely on "o ski4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m difficult to avoid a fall 9 case ( an error ( balance or ( unexpect$ side-slip 9 ! ,telem>k sw+ ?an 9 ! ,*ri/iania or /emm+ turns1 = 9 ! two latt] ! unweight$ foot is 9 a position to receive ! weight & help ! balance1 :ile 9 ! =m] x c only d s 9 a v slight degree4 ,moreov]1 x is especially at ! f9i% ( ! sw+ 7:5 balanc+ is mo/ difficult71 9 ! ,telem>k1 t ! weight mu/ be entirely on ! "o ski1 :ile bo? ! ,*ri/iania & /emm+ turn c1 & %\ld1 be f9i%$ ) ! weight equally on bo?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,telem>k is only employ$ 9 s(t sn[ ( fair dep?1 ! side-slip w be slight & p]fectly regul>1 & = t reason w n di/urb ! balance mu*4 ,on an icy surface1 or 9 %all[ loose sn[1 al?\gh x is easy en\gh to come r\nd ) a ,telem>k sw+1 ! irregul> side-slip z ! sw+ ends makes x difficult to keep ! balance2 b on sn[ ( ?is k9d1 :i* is p>ticul>ly suitable = ! /emm+ turn or ,*ri/iania1 !re is no necessity to use ! ,telem>k at all4 ,practise ?is sw+ at fir/ on a mod]ate slope1 & !n on /eep] ones1 until y c f9ally make %ort d[nhill turns on ! /eepe/ slope y c f9d4 ,b d n1 at any rate at fir/1 wa/e "t 9 try+ to le>n x :]e ! quality ( sn[ makes x difficult4 ,if at fir/1 ?r\gh n]v\sness or bad balance1 y h mu* difficulty ) ! ,telem>k1 y c le>n x by easy /ages ei!r 7#a7 f a /&/ill1 7#b7 f ! sn[-pl\gh position1 or 7#c7 f ,telem>k /emm+4 7#a7 ,place y\rself 9 ! />t+ position ( ,plate ,,xiii4 ,?r[ y\r weight full on to ! heel ( ! "r ski1 pu%+ x a trifle f>!r outw>ds z y d s1 & s9k+ into ,telem>k position z x slides (f4 ,if y almo/ simultane\sly face r\nd t[>ds its po9t & br+ ! o!r ski to its side by press+ ! left knee inw>ds1 y w sw+ r\nd to ! left to a /&/ill almo/ be=e y h mov$4 ,or1 hold+ y\rself back ) y\r /icks1 y c place y\r skis 9 ,telem>k position1 bo? po9t+ /raight d[nhill4 ,!n lett+ y\r /icks g1 y c sw+ r\nd in/antly to a /&/ill4 7#b7 ,:ile sn[-pl\gh+ /raight d[nhill1 ?r[ ! :ole weight out on to ! heel ( "o ski1 turn+ t[>ds its po9t z y d s1 & dropp+ ! o!r back into ,telem>k position4 ,a d[nhill turn1 9 ! same way1 c1 z ,i h already said1 be />t$ by sn[-pl\gh+ & f9i%$ z a ,telem>k4 7#c7 ,to le>n a d[nhill sw+1 trav]se v sl[ly 9 ,telem>k position1 upp] ski lead+1 b kneel+ d[n on & fully weight+ ! l[] ski1 !n turn ! upp] ski /eadily z f> r\nd z possible into ,telem>k /emm+ position po9t+ d[nhill1 imm$iately aft]w>ds %ift+ ! weight gradually =w>ds on to x1 b n lett+ ! angle betwe5 ! skis dim9i% until y are fac+ /raight d[nhill1 :5 y c turn t[>ds ! front ski's po9t & br+ ! o!r r\nd p>allel4 ,i m5tion ^! k9d]g>t5 me?ods ( le>n+ ! sw+ because ,i h f\nd !m really valuable = giv+ a n]v\s beg9n] confid5ce1 b1 if y try !m1 y mu/ rememb] t to />t ! sw+ ei!r f sn[-pl\gh+ or pron\nc$ ,telem>k /emm+ is an exce$+ly clumsy way ( do+ x1 & only possible at v l[ spe$s4 ,!re is always a suspicion ( /emm+ at ! />t ( ev5 an exp]t's sw+1 & !re=e1 to be q accurate1 ! weight is nev] entirely on ! front ski at ! outset1 = x is ( c\rse impossible to place ! front ski at an angle ) ! o!r )\t us+ ! latt] z a pur*ase1 & s weight+ x slightly4 ,b ! :ole ess5ce ( a good sw+1 :i* c be made1 /eadily & easily1 at top spe$1 is t ! prelim9>y /em & consequ5t weight+ ( ! back ski is r$uc$ to a m9imum--is 9 fact imp]ceptible1 ! runn]'s weight com+ on to ! heel ( ! front ski at ! v outset & be+ practically ! sole factor 9 ! turn4 ,by means ( ?is sw+ x is ev5 possible to make turns 9 a breakable cru/1 if t is n v ?ick1 & if great c>e is tak5 to hold & weight ! skis correctly4 ,! b5d ( ! back ski mu/ always be 9 contact ) ! front ankle4 ,! back knee mu/ !re=e be press$ slightly inw>ds ev5 :5 ! skis are at an angle ) ea* o!r4 ,%ort ,directions = an ,uphill ,telem>k ,sw+ to ! ,left ,prep>atory4--,) ! "r foot lead+ & weight$ s9k to a semi-kneel+ position1 ! "r knee p]p5dicul>ly above ! foot1 ! left leg relax$1 ! left heel rais$1 & ! left knee almo/ t\*+ ! ski1 bo? knees press$ a little inw>ds1 ! b5d ( ! left ski level ) ! ankle ( ! "r foot1 & close aga9/ x4 ,turn4--,turn "r knee & foot inw>ds a little1 plac+ front ski at slight angle ) ! o!r4 ,z y d s 7n lat]7 lift out] edge ( "r ski & put ! :ole weight on "r heel4 ,z turn beg9s face t[>ds po9t ( front ski4 ,lean m & m =w>ds ?r\gh\t turn & edge front ski h>d]4 ,at f9i% weight toe ( front foot & press back knee inw>ds1 br++ skis p>allel4 ,fix y\r eyes on ! front ( ! "r ski1 & try to lean 9 t direction only1 n inw>ds4 ,n4,b4--,a d[nhill turn is made 9 ! same way1 except t1 to />t ! sw+1 ! toe ( ! "r foot mu/ be weight$ = a mom5t4 ,,! ,,*ri/iania ,,sw+ ,a ,*ri/iania is any turn 9 :i* ! out] ski does n lead1 & ! skis are n held conv]g5tly1 i4e4 ! skis may be ei!r p>allel or div]g5t1 & ei!r held level or ) ! inn] lead+4 ,?is sw+ is1 accord+ to ! purpose = :i* x is us$1 & ! /ate ( ! sn[1 ei!r an extremely difficult or ! v easie/ way ( turn+ or /opp+4 ,x is easie/ on a h>d icy cru/ 7n a breakable "o7 ei!r ) or )\t a %all[ cov]+ ( loose sn[1 & !re=e = le>n+ x "o %\ld f9d sn[ ( ?is sort4 ,mo/ practice-gr\nds1 trodd5 h>d by ski-tracks1 are j ! ?+4 ,! gradi5t is n s important1 = x is q z easy to le>n ?is sw+ on a /eepi% slope z on a mod]ate "o4 ,i h already %[n 7p4 #ach7 h[ an uphill ,*ri/iania may be />t$ f a trav]se by side-slipp+1 & also h[ a /emm+ turn may be f9i%$ z a ,*ri/iania 7p4 #adc74 ,! foll[+ me?od is m g5]ally useful1 & a /eadi] way ( mak+ ! sw+ at a high spe$4 ,uphill ,turn to ! ,"r4--,9 ! normal position1 run across ! slope at a g5tle gradi5t ) ! hill on y\r "r1 y\r weight on ! left ski1 ! "r ski ab\t a foot 9 advance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ to "r 7,a f a trav]se1 ,b f a direct desc5t47 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,:5 fairly "u weigh lean well =w>ds1 b5d ! front knee1 %ift mo/ ( ! weight f ! left foot to ! "r heel1 & slide ! left ski ab\t six in*es f>!r to ! re>1 turn+ its po9t slightly outw>ds1 i4e4 d[nhill1 s t x takes ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch1 ,a1 #a1 & at ! same "t flatt5+ x by b5d+ ! left knee & ankle well outw>ds 7,plate ,,xxxiv474 ,ow+ p>tly to ! /e]+ effect produc$ by ! relative position ( ! two skis & p>tly to ! pressure on ! heel ( ! "r ski 7a v slight mom5t>y flatt5+ ( :i* w help ! turn to />t if x hangs fire at all71 y w in/antly beg9 to turn uphill4 ,imm$iately aft] beg9n+ to turn press ! left ski quickly inw>ds & =w>ds aga9 to ! normal position4 ,z x aga9 comes p>allel to ! o!r x may be edg$ & its left heel receive half ! weight2 until !n x mu/ be kept flat4 ,if y d all ?is correctly y %\ld come to a /&/ill ) ! skis po9t+ m or less uphill1 9 ! normal position1 "r ski lead+ 7,fig4 #ch1 ,a1 #c74 ,! difficulty 9 ?is1 z 9 all ! turns1 is1 at ! />t1 to keep mo/ ( ! weight on "o ski only4 ,:51 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sw+1 ! weight has once be5 %ift$ on to ! "r ski1 x mu/ be kept !re until ! skis are br\ght p>allel aga94 ,x is 9 ord] to ensure do+ ?is t x is necess>y to lean =w>ds1 & keep ! "r knee well ov] ! foot4 ,?is may appe> likely to ?r[ ! weight on ! toes1 b ! t5d5cy = t to happ5 is really less :5 ! leg is 9 ?is position ?an :5 x is /raight]4 ,a slight lift+ ( ! left heel w less5 ! t5d5cy to ?r[ weight on t foot4 ,if mu* weight is put on ! left foot x w be difficult to hold ! skis at ! n>r[ angle %[n 9 ! diagram1 especially if ! left ski has n be5 flatt5$1 b is /ill on its inside edge4 ,! skis1 !n1 in/ead ( turn+ toge!r1 w probably run ap>t 9 ! directions 9 :i* !y are po9t+ 7,plate ,,xxxvii474 ,9 ?is sw+1 z 9 ! ,telem>k1 ! t5d5cy ( ! beg9n] is to lean too mu* inw>ds1 t[>ds ! hill4 ,:at ,i said 9 ?is connection :5 describ+ ! ,telem>k sw+ is equally applicable "h1 & to save y f ref]r+ back ,i w repeat x4 ,z expla9$ on page #hb1 a ski c nev] cut r\nd l a skate1 b slips sideways1 9 turn+1 z well z =w>ds2 & ! %all[] ! sn[1 ! /eep] ! hill1 & ! high] ! spe$1 ! great] is ?is side-slip4 ,9 mak+ ?is turn to ! "r1 !re=e1 y\r "r foot1 in/ead ( mov+ at once to ! "r ( ! l9e ( y\r previ\s c\rse1 w at fir/ move to ! left (1 & bel[ x2 &1 if ! hill is /eep or ! sn[ %all[1 may /ill be on its left ev5 at ! end ( ! sw+1 ?\gh ! fact t ! po9ts ( ! skis rema9 on ! o!r side ( ! l9e prev5ts ?is f be+ app>5t at fir/ 7,fig4 #ch74 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 t if y are to rema9 prop]ly balanc$ on y\r "r ski1 v little inw>d lean is necess>y1 & ! usual directions z to lean+ ! body inw>ds :ile mak+ ! sw+ are mo/ mislead+4 ,9 fact1 al?\gh "o really has to lean inw>ds :5 ! turn has begun1 ! in/9ct to avoid an outw>d fall makes "o ov]do x to su* an ext5t t at fir/ x is bett] to try to ?r[ ! weight r to ! left & d[nhill--b =w>ds1 n backw>ds1 on to ! left ski--9 ord] to get ! prop] balance4 ,"o mu/ try to enc\rage ! side-slip1 n to *eck x2 & ! only way to d ?is is to try to ?r[ ! weight slightly outw>ds1 or1 at any rate1 to gu>d aga9/ ! lea/ t5d5cy to lean 91 z "o in/9ctively is incl9$ to d :5 ! side-slip beg9s4 ,at ! end ( ! sw+ ! edg+ ( ! skis /ops ! side-slip1 r sudd5ly if "o makes a %>p turn 9 s(t sn[1 & x is only !n t any consci\s ef=t %\ld be made to lean inw>ds1 nev] at ! beg9n+ ( ! sw+4 ,x is useless to try to ha/5 ! sw+ by turn+1 lean+1 or sw++ ! body2 9 fact1 z ,i h said be=e1 if y try to turn at all y are almo/ c]ta9 to fall4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y try to g /raight on1 simply hold+ ! skis1 & di/ribut+ ! weight z ,i h direct$1 y w probably turn )\t difficulty4 ,:5 y c make ! sw+ to ! "r1 le>n to make x to ! left 9 ! same way1 ( c\rse sub/itut+ left = "r1 & "r = left 9 ! directions4 ,:5 y c d ?is1 practise x to ! "r aga91 ?is "t runn+ m /eeply d[nhill ?an at fir/1 & !n 9 ! same way to ! left1 until y c at la/ turn to "r or left :5 runn+ /raight d[nhill 7,fig4 #ch1 ,b74 ,b d n1 at any /age1 run f> be=e beg9n+ to sw+2 get fairly "u weigh & make ! sw+1 !n run on & d x aga91 & repeat ?is until y get to ! bottom ( y\r practice slope4 ,to run f> betwe5 ea* sw+ only gives y m climb+ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( practice4 ,!re is "o ?+ to be notic$ ab\t mak+ ! sw+ :5 runn+ /raight d[nhill4 ,:5 runn+ across ! hill ! skis are edg$ 9 ! normal position1 & ! inn] ski1 :i* has to be slightly edg$ at ! />t ( ! sw+1 is !re=e already ab\t "r4 ,9 runn+ /raight d[nhill bo? skis are flat 9 ! normal position2 x is !re=e necess>y1 :5 turn+ to ! "r1 to edge ! "r ski a trifle 9 ord] to beg9 ! sw+ 7,plate ,,xxxv474 ,! left ski is already flat2 b to make sure t x keeps s z ! turn beg9s1 slightly b[ ! legs1 turn+ bo? knees--especially ! left--r outw>ds4 ,:5 runn+ /raight d[nhill prep>atory to sw++1 always lead ) ! ski ( ! side to :i* y mean to turn4 ,d[nhill ,turn to ! ,"r4--,s f> y h us$ ! sw+ to make an uphill turn1 9 ord] to br+ y\rself to a /&/ill4 ,:5 us+ ! sw+ 9 ord] to make a d[nhill turn1 ! skis are held 9 exactly ! same relative positions z be=e1 & weight$ 9 mu* ! same way1 b x is necess>y to notice c>efully "o or two details4 ,suppose y are runn+ across ! slope ) ! hill on y\r left & wi% to turn d[nw>ds to ! "r & make a fre% tack4 ,y\r weight 9 ! normal runn+ position is !n on ! "r ski1 & ! left ski is advanc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,d[nhill ,*ri/iania sw+ to ! "r at v>i\s /ages4 ,! black5$ p>ts are ^? :i* %\ld be weight$4 ,9 ord] to />t ! turn x is n necess>y to %ift ! weight1 :i* is already on ! "r ski2 y h m]ely to turn ! "r knee & ankle slightly outw>ds z be=e1 & to put ! weight on ! toe ( ! "r foot1 at ! same "t slid+ ! left ski to ! re>4 ,! "r ski w n[ beg9 to po9t away f ! o!r & turn d[nhill 7,fig4 #ci1 ,a1 #a1 #a74 ,take c>e to b5d ! "r ankle only slightly outw>ds1 s t ! ski is n actually edg$ outw>ds1 b only p>tially or completely flatt5$1 accord+ z ! slope is /eep or g5tle2 if !re is any outw>d edg+--or if ! weight is on ! heel--y w fail to />t ! turn4 ,z ! "r ski beg9s to turn d[nw>ds1 take c>e t ! angle betwe5 x & ! o!r "o does n become too wide1 b t ! left ski also beg9s to turn d[nhill 7press+ on x ) ! toes & p>tially flatt5+ x by b5d+ ! ankle inw>ds w enable x to d s7 be=e ! "r has assum$ ! position ( #b 9 ! diagram4 ,if y put mu* weight on ! left ski x w refuse to foll[ ! o!r "o r\nd1 & w ei!r get across ! heel ( x1 or run away f x & upset y4 ,! "r knee & ankle are held 9 ! same position ?r\gh\t ! sw+1 & ?is w br+ ! "r ski on to its outside edge z soon z x is po9t+ directly d[nhill 79 a s5se1 inde$1 ! "r ski may be said to be edg$ ?r\gh\t ! sw+ if t expression is m]ely us$ to signify ! depression ( its out] edge & n its relation to ! surface ( ! sn[74 ,! left ankle1 h[ev]1 aft] be+ b5t a trifle inw>ds1 to />t ! sw+1 mu/1 ) ! knee1 be b5t m & m outw>ds z ! sw+ proce$s1 9 ord] to keep ! left ski p]fectly flat until x c be br\ght back to ! side ( ! o!r "o & edg$ inw>ds z ! sw+ ends4 ,z soon z y h turn$ s f> t y are fac+ /raight d[nhill1 %ift ! weight f ! toe ( ! "r foot to ! heel & f9i% ! sw+ z be=e4 ,if y make a d[nhill turn v %>ply :ile runn+ fa/ y c %ift ! weight f toe to heel be=e y are fac+ d[nhill--9 fact almo/ imm$iately aft] ! turn has begun4 ,9 try+ to put ! weight on ! toe at ! beg9n+ ( ! sw+1 take great c>e n to poke ! foot =w>d1 b to keep ! knee well ov] x1 o!rwise y are sure to put "s weight back on ! left foot4 ,be on y\r gu>d also aga9/ try+ to />t ! sw+ by lean+ to ! "r1 =1 if y d ?is1 y w ei!r fall d[nhill1 or w f9d t ! "r ski refuses to turn d[nw>ds4 ,simply lean1 z be=e1 t[>ds ! tip ( ! "r ski1 look 9 t direction only1 & don't ?9k ( try+ to turn1 b r try to g on across ! slope4 ,z y turn d[nw>ds1 ( c\rse1 ! pace increases1 & y mu/ !re=e lean m =w>ds2 ! great ?+ is to keep ! "r knee well =w>d ov] ! foot1 to try to lean ov] ! front ( ! ski1 & to keep y\r eyes on ! gr\nd at y\r feet1 endeav\r+ to imag9e x flat1 z ,i advis$ 9 ! case ( ! ,telem>k & /emm+ turns4 ,y w f9d ?is d[nhill turn ( v little practical use on a /eep slope until y c make x q %ortly & %>ply1 =1 if y make a long curve1 ! pace increases s mu* 9 ! middle ( x t y are almo/ sure to lose control & fail to f9i% ! sw+1 ev5 if y d n fall d[n4 ,:5 p]=m$ 9 ?is way ! ,*ri/iania sw+ c be us$ = mak+ ei!r up or d[nhill turns on practically any slope & 9 any k9d ( sn[ except breakable cru/4 ,! deep]1 h[ev]1 ! skis s9k into ! sn[1 ! great] is ! difficulty1 n only because !y skid r\nd less readily1 b because x !n ne$s m =ce to hold ! out]1 back ski at a n>r[ angle ) ! o!r ow+ to ! increas$ outw>d pressure ( ! sn[4 ,unless ?is ski is !n held p]fectly flat x w in/antly run ap>t f ! o!r4 ,9 ! me?od j describ$ ! turn is />t$ by slid+ back ! ski :i* is to be ! out] "o & po9t+ x away f ! side to :i* "o is ab\t to turn4 ,ano!r way ( />t+ ! turn is to slide =w>d ! ski :i* is to be ! inn] "o & po9t x t[>ds ! side "o means to turn to4 ,?is practically am\nts to ! same ?+ look$ at f ano!r view2 ! relative position ( ! skis is exactly ! same1 & !re is v little practical diff]5ce 9 ! mak+ ( ! turn4 ,z ,i f9d t beg9n]s le>n ! sw+ m easily if told to d x 9 ! fir/ way1 ,i h giv5 ^! directions fir/1 b ,i %\ld h ?\ght myself t ! sw+ 0 easi] to und]/&1 & !re=e to p]=m1 :5 consid]$ f ?is second po9t ( view4 ,be=e go+ any fur!r let me w>n ! read]1 if he is a beg9n]1 t ! next ?ree pages or s are n /rictly practical1 b are r meant to elucidate ! !ory ( ! sw+4 ,if aft] glanc+ at !m ! read] does n feel v hopeful ( enlight5m5t1 he may safely skip !m4 ,i h s f> talk$ ab\t /e]+ action />t+ ! turn4 ,:5 ! sw+ is look$ at f ?is second /&po9t1 "o c say t /emm+ action />ts x--or r prep>es = x4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y are trav]s+ to ! "r at a g5tle gradi5t1 & wi% to turn uphill 9 ?is way4 ,y are 9 ! normal position1 left foot weight$1 & "r foot lead+2 9 ord] to prep>e = ! turn keep ! left ski edg$ normally & weight$1 slide ! "r a little f>!r =w>d1 turn x r away f ! o!r1 i4e4 po9t x ab\t horizontally across ! slope 7! gradi5t ( y\r c\rse be+ v slight71 & ne>ly flatt5 x by keep+ ! "r knee & ankle a little inw>ds4 ,:at y are n[ do+ is actually /emm+--div]g5t /emm+1 n conv]g5t l ord9>y or ,telem>k /emm+1 b /ill /emm+2 ,*ri/iania /emm+ if y l to call x s4 ,z long z y hold ?is position ) ! left ski edg$ & weight$ & ! body fac+ t[>ds its po9t y w g /raight ahead at a r$uc$ pace4 ,y c n[ /op ei!r by /emm+ alone or by /emm+ & turn+4 7#a7 ,keep ! left 7runn+7 ski normally edg$1 & gradually edge & weight ! "r /emm+ ski m & m until y come to a /&/ill )\t a *ange ( front--a true /emm+ /op1 b awkw>d1 because ! skis t5d to run ap>t z ! upp] ski receives ! weight4 7#b7 ,y c /op m neatly by %ift+ ! weight all at once to ! /emm+ ski1 fac+ t[>ds its po9t z y d s & in/antly br++ r\nd ! l[] ski--lift+ x if y l1 or at any rate flatt5+ x--to ! side ( ! upp]4 ,?is is some?+ betwe5 /opp+ by /emm+ & /opp+ by a /ep r\nd4 ,!re is no sw+ ab\t ei!r process1 & al?\gh ! la/ may be call$ a turn because !re is a *ange ( front1 x _c be m ?an a slight "o1 because "o _c safely po9t away ! upp] ski at m ?an a slight angle4 ,ap>t f ! "q ( spe$1 ) ! increase ( :i* ! insecurity ( any sort ( /emm+ always increases1 y _c1 ( c\rse1 /op 9 ei!r ( ^! ways if trav]s+ /eeply en\gh = ! div]g5t upp] ski to be no long] po9t+ q horizontally4 ,y mu/ !n d s ei!r 7#c7 by flatt5+ ! l[] ski1 putt+ half ! weight on ! upp]1 hold+ ! div]g5t position until ! consequ5t /e]+ action br+s ! upp] ski horizontal aga91 & only !n putt+ ! :ole weight on x & br++ ! o!r p>allel to x--a pure /e]$ turn1 ) ! inevitable accompany+ drawback ( ! t5d5cy ( ! skis to run ap>t2 or 7#d7 by %ift+ ! weight all at once to ! /emm+ ski--fac+ t[>ds its po9t z y d s1 br++ ! o!r 7flatt5$7 quickly p>allel to x1 & in/antly weight+ ! heels ( bo? 7see p4 #aca71 :5 !y w turn upw>ds 9 side-slipp+ & come to a /&/ill4 ,if be=e y make ! turn y only po9t ! /emm+ ski at a v slight angle away f ! o!r1 & if y ?r[ y\r weight on x & face t[>ds its po9t z1 & n aft]1 y po9t x outw>ds1 y w1 by ! me?od j describ$1 make :at1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 may be call$ ! /e]$ ,*ri/iania 9 ! be/ way t x is possible to make x4 ,9 com+ to a /&/ill on a g5tle slope f a sl[ trav]se by any ( ! me?ods j describ$1 y w f9d t ! practical diff]5ces betwe5 !m are v small inde$2 b if runn+ v fa/ y w\ld f9d t ! fir/ two 7 impossible1 & ! ?ird awkw>d & unsafe1 b t by ! la/ 7:i*1 z ,i h said1 is practically ! same z ! me?od describ$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt]7 y c\ld1 if y\r balance 7 good1 turn & /op ) p]fect ease & /ead9ess4 ,:at ,i h call$ ,*ri/iania /emm+1 ?\gh possible1 is ( s little practical use t1 9 t respect1 x is h>dly wor? consid]+2 b to und]/& h[ x may be done1 & its exact relation to /e]+1 side-slipp+1 c41 makes x s mu* easi] to ma/] ! difficulties ( ! sw+1 t ,i h risk$ exasp]at+ ! read] by describ+ x at l5g?4 ,! up%ot ( all ?is is t :5 ! ,*ri/iania is made 9 ei!r ( ! ways s f> describ$ 9 ?is *apt]1 :atev] /e]+ or div]g5t /emm+ !re is 9 x %\ld be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,9 ?is turn1 by :atev] me?od x is made1 ! ma9 difficulty--ap>t f ! "q ( balance--is 9 gett+ ! turn />t$4 ,if once ! heel ( ! lead+ ski c be got fairly outside ! track ( its po9t1 x is easy en\gh to keep ! turn go+4 ,x is ! />t+ ( ! turn t is ! ma9 object ( ! div]g5t position ( ! skis2 9 fact1 al?\gh ?is position produces "s /e]+ effect z long z !re is any =w>d motion at all1 x produces less & less z ! skis move m & m broadside on1 & is only really effici5t z ! turn beg9s4 ,?is div]g5t position1 inde$1 al?\gh on ! :ole1 ,i ?9k1 ! be/ possible way ( />t+ ! sw+1 becomes m h9drance ?an help z ! turn proce$s1 ow+ to ! accompany+ t5d5cy1 if mo/ ( ! weight is on ! inn] ski1 = ! out] "o to run away f x2 or1 if ! out] ski is mo/ weight$1 = ! inn] "o to :ip r\nd at "r angles & cross ! o!r's heel 7,plate ,,xxxix474 ,y %\ld be c>eful1 !re=e1 n to let ! skis po9t mu* ap>t1 & n to let !m d s at all = a mom5t long] ?an y c help1 b z soon z y are sure ! /e]+ has done its "w ?or\ghly1 & ! heel ( ! front ski has fairly begun to side-slip1 %\ld quickly br+ ! skis p>allel1 & c>ry ?r\gh ! re/ ( ! turn simply by weight+ bo? heels4 ,9 ! case ( an uphill turn made :ile runn+ fa/1 y w g5]ally f9d t ! skis c be br\ght toge!r aga9 almo/ in/antly4 ,! sep>ation ( ! skis is !n almo/ imp]ceptible1 & no d\bt _m runn]s d x q unconsci\sly4 ,! skis m]ely make1 z x 71 a quick snip1 l a pair ( scissors4 ,9 ord] to get ! skis p>allel1 "s p f9d x easi]1 in/ead ( keep+ ! out] ski unweight$ & press+ its po9t inw>ds aga91 to %ift mo/ ( ! weight back & out on to x1 & s ?ru/ its heel outw>ds4 ,! latt] me?od puts ! skis p>allel a little m quickly ?an ! =m]1 b is apt to get !m r wide ap>t 9 do+ s4 ,! two me?ods j describ$ are1 z ,i h said1 id5tical 9 pr9ciple2 ! div]g5t position ( ! skis1 ) its accompany+ /e]+ effect1 be+ ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ea*4 ,9 ea* me?od1 moreov]--ap>t f ! "q ( balance--! only muscul> ef=t necess>y 7:i* %\ld be v slight7 is t ( *eck+ & r$uc+ ! div]g5ce ( ! skis2 ! runn]1 z soon z ! skis are p>allel1 be+ c>ri$ r\nd )\t any ef=t :atev]4 ,a ?ird me?od--! "o usually taught--is q diff]5t 9 pr9ciple1 be+ precisely simil> to a skat+ turn2 t is to say1 ! runn] uses ! in]tia1 or r mom5tum1 ( 8 upp] body z a pur*ase f :i*1 by a muscul> ef=t--?\gh n necess>ily a great "o--he ?r[s bo? skis simultane\sly m or less a?w>t ! l9e ( 8 c\rse2 ! skis rema9+ p>allel ?r\gh\t & act+ practically z "o4 ,i said a muscul> ef=t--,i ought r to h said two muscul> ef=ts1 = ! movem5t :i* causes ! skis to turn1 ?\gh x may be v slight1 & may !n appe> to ! onlook]--& ev5 feel to ! exp]t p]=m]--q simple1 is really a comp\nd "o t consi/s ( two di/9ct p>ts1 & %\ld be le>nt z su*4 ,suppos+ y are runn+ /raight d[nhill & want to make a turn to ! "r 9 ?is way1 ! prep>ation is z foll[s3 ei!r slightly advance ! "r ski1 or hold bo? skis level1 place ! weight equally on bo?1 edg+ !m v slightly to ! "r1 b5d+ ! knees a little1 keep+ bo? !m & ! skis 9 close contact1 & lean+ well =w>ds4 ,^! relative positions ( ! skis & legs are1 if possible1 held unalt]$ ?r\gh\t ! sw+4 ,y c n[ make ! d\ble movem5t t produces ! turn4 7#a7 ,)\t lett+ y\r head turn or /raight5+ y\rself up1 sw+ ! arms1 %\ld]s1 & upp] body well r\nd to ! "r4 ,?is sw++ movem5t %\ld be easy yet decid$1 />t+ g5tly & increas+ 9 =ce z x proce$s--9 fact1 z ,mr4 ,ri*>dson says1 x %\ld be made cresc5do1 n s=z&o4 ,x %\ld br+ y to ! position ( ,fig4 #dj1 ,a1 "r arm well back & left well across ! front ( ! body1 :i* %\ld be lean+ m to its "r ?an 9 ! draw+1 ) ! hips1 !re=e 7to keep ! c5tre ( gravity exactly ov] ! skis71 project+ m to _! left4 ,at ! in/ant t ! sw++ movem5t ( ! arms & %\ld]s br+s y into ! above position--i4e4 j be=e ! movem5t rea*es its extreme limit & :ile its =ce is /ill increas+--make a sudd5 ef=t to rev]se x--t is1 simultane\sly make a vigor\s /roke to ! left ) ! arms1 & j]k ! hips & knees r\nd to ! "r by sudd5ly twi/+ ! body at ! wai/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,j]k$ ,*ri/iania sw+1 ,a be=e1 ,b aft] turn4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,?is rev]se twi/ ( ! body has practically no effect ^u ! %\ld]s--be+ !re neutralis$ 7?\gh ?is may n be obvi\s at fir/ sight7 by ! back-/roke ( ! arms--b acts almo/ entirely on ! hips1 turn+ !m until !y face ev5 f>!r to ! "r ?an did ! %\ld]s at ! end ( _! previ\s sw+4 ,! result1 !re=e1 ( ! :ole d\ble movem5t1 if made ) =ce & precision1 %\ld be t y f9d y\rself 9 ! position ( ,fig4 #dj1 ,b1 or ,plate ,,xliv4--! skis hav+ :ipp$ r\nd to "r angles1 or !reab\ts1 ) _! orig9al direction--& t1 aft] m or less side-slip1 accord+ to y\r spe$ & ! quality ( ! sn[1 y come to a /&/ill4 ,9 say+ t ?is d\ble movem5t %\ld be made ) =ce1 ,i d n mean t x %\ld be made viol5tly4 ,if ! turn is to be made v sudd5ly1 s t ! skis :ip r\nd in/antly to "r angles1 "s =ce is c]ta9ly necess>y1 = !n ! :ole ( ! turn+ movem5t ( ! skis is c>ri$ out by ! d\ble muscul> ef=t ( ! body & arms4 ,b ?is d\ble ef=t--! sw+ ( ! %\ld]s & ! imm$iately foll[+ j]k ( ! hips--may be1 & inde$ usually is1 us$ m]ely to />t ! turn by gett+ ! heels ( ! skis outside ! track ( _! po9ts2 ! re/ ( ! turn be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! weight+ ( ! heels1 9 ! same way t1 z ,i h already expla9$1 ! great] "p ( a /e]$ ,*ri/iania c s be c>ri$ ?r\gh4 ,9 ?is case ! sw+-&-j]k1 :i* takes ! place ( ! snip ( ! skis 9 ! o!r me?od1 may be an almo/ imp]ceptible ef=t1 ! mo/ obvi\s "p ( :i* is a slight twi/+ ( ! hips4 ,z abs5ce ( ef=t is ( ! greate/ importance 9 ski-+1 "o may p]haps say t 9 a s5se ?is is ! be/ way ( mak+ ! turn4 ,b ev5 ?\gh y may seldom want to make ! turn fully & in/antane\sly x is extremely useful to be able to d s 9 case ( ne$1 & if y h le>nt to complete a turn =cibly y w f9d x all ! easi] to />t "o g5tly4 ,if1 h[ev]1 y nev] try to d m ?an />t ! turn ) a g5tle sw+-&-j]k1 x is q likely t y w nev] d ev5 t ) real c]ta9ty--! subtlety ( a g5tle movem5t mak+ x m difficult to le>n correctly ?an a =cible "o4 ,y are /ill m likely to be unsuccessful if y leave out half ! movem5t1 z is sometimes direct$1 & only try to sw+ ! %\ld]s1 or to twi/ ! hips1 or if y try to move bo? r\nd simultane\sly1 or if1 z ,i myself us$ wrongly to direct1 y treat ! d\ble movem5t z two q sep>ate ones--a m]ely prep>atory turn ( ! %\ld]s ) a pause betwe5 x & ! hip-j]k4 ,n t ! turn _c be made 9 ei!r ( ^! ways2 x c 9 all1 b only awkw>dly ) ! help ( a good deal m =ce ?an w\ld o!rwise be necess>y4 ,an exp]t mak+ a j]k$ ,*ri/iania--z ?is sort may p]haps be call$1 s9ce ! j]k r\nd ( ! hips & consequ5t ?ru/+ =w>d ( ! ski-heels is ! crucial "p ( x--:e!r he makes x p[]fully or g5tly1 w d s ) j ! =ce ne$$ & no m2 9 o!r words1 he w d x gracefully4 ,! ess5tial po9ts ( ! movem5t s made are--7#a7 t x is a d\ble "o1 7#b7 t ! second "p ( ! movem5t foll[s ! fir/ )\t ! lea/ pause1 7#c7 t ! =ce us$1 h[ev] small1 is gradually increas+ 9 ! fir/ "p1 sudd5 9 ! second1 7#d7 t ea* "p ( ! movem5t is made ) ab\t ! same /r5g?2 = feebl5ess 9 ! "o "p has to be comp5sat$ = by undue viol5ce 9 ! o!r4 ,if ^! f\r conditions are compli$ ) ! movem5t w usually ne$ v little =ce4 ,y _h bett] try ?is sw+-&-j]k movem5t1 fir/ )\t skis1 on a smoo? floor1 !n ) skis1 b at a /&/ill1 on ! slipp]ie/ bit ( h>d sn[ y c f9d--slightly convex1 = *oice1 s t only ! middles ( ! skis re/ on x--be=e try+ x :ile actually runn+4 ,! fir/ "t y try x y w probably f9d t1 9 spite ( ! _m words ,i h manag$ to use on x1 x is j :at y w\ld d by ! light ( nature if ask$1 )\t lett+ y\r face turn1 to hold y\r feet toge!r & make !m turn sudd5ly z f> r\nd to ! "r z possible4 ,y w also f9d t 9 ord] to d x quickly y w be incl9$ to make ! movem5t ) a bit ( a jump1 & ?is1 9 fact1 is ! be/ way to d x :5 on skis4 ,!re %\ld always be "s dipp+ ( ! knees ) ! sw+ & ! lea/ suspicion ( a spr+ ) ! j]k1 j suffici5t to take mo/ ( ! weight (f ! skis = a mom5t & enable !m to come r\nd ) less ef=t f ! body4 ,?is spr+ may1 if ! sn[ makes x difficult to />t ! turn1 be made /rongly en\gh to lift ! skis cle> ( x4 ,?is is ! only turn on skis 9 :i* ! arms are us$ z an aid to turn+4 ,9 ! /emm+ turn1 ! ,telem>k1 & ! o!r v>iety ( ! ,*ri/iania1 ! arms w v likely wave ab\t involunt>ily to help ! balance1 b z f> z possible !y %\ld hang quietly by ! sides1 a mod]ately exp]t runn] be+ able to make ei!r ( ^! turns ) 8 h&s 9 8 pockets or clasp$ beh9d 8 back4 ,9 ?is =m ( ! ,*ri/iania1 h[ev]1 ! d\ble sw+ ( ! arms--especially _! back-/roke--is ! greate/ help1 = x practically holds ! %\ld]s at ! end ( _! sw+1 & enables ! body muscles to use !m z a pur*ase f :i* to pull ! hips r\nd4 ,y c easily conv9ce y\rself ( ! value ( free & correct arm-action 9 ?is turn if1 aft] mak+ x z ,i h direct$1 y try to turn ei!r ) y\r arms tightly fold$1 or clasp$ beh9d y\r back1 or by sw++ !m to ! "r only & !n hold+ !m 9 ! position ( ,fig4 #dj1 ,a1 in/ead ( br++ !m back aga94 ,x is naturally f> easie/ to make a turn 9 ?is way on a h>d smoo? surface :i* all[s ! skis to skid r\nd freely4 ,x is only on ?is sort ( sn[1 9 fact1 t ! :ole turn c be j]k$2 9 deep s(t sn[ x is h>dly possible to d m ?an j />t ! turn by sw+-&-j]k+2 ! heel-weight+ mu/ !n d ne>ly all ( x4 ,if ?is heel-weight+ is n tim$ & adju/$ q nicely1 or if ! skis are edg$ at all h>d be=e !y h made a consid]able *ange ( direction1 ! turn is apt to miss fire altoge!r2 x is !re=e1 ,i ?9k1 a f> less useful "o to ! av]age p]=m] ?an ! /e]$ v>iety1 :i* w almo/ always get him r\nd someh[1 ev5 if clumsily4 ,= anyone :o c make bo? k9ds p]fectly1 ! /e]$ turn involves j z little ef=t z ! j]k$1 & ,i c]ta9ly advise ! beg9n] to get ?or\ghly accu/om$ to />t+ 8 turns by /e]+ be=e he le>ns to j]k !m4 ,i h only giv5 directions = mak+ ! j]k$ turn f a direct desc5t2 j]k$ turns1 ei!r uphill or d[nhill1 c ( c\rse be made f a trav]se 9 j ! same way4 ,d[nhill turns are always r m difficult ?an uphill turns1 :atev] be ! me?od ( turn+2 d[nhill j]k$ turns h ! add$ difficulty t if1 z is g5]ally ! case1 ! angle betwe5 ! two tacks is a small "o1 ! skis h to be j]k$ r\nd f>!r ?an w\ld usually be necess>y 9 an uphill turn1 & ! j]k !re=e takes m ef=t4 ,9 sn[ :i* all[s y to make a complete j]k$ turn y c1 if n runn+ v fa/1 practically /op dead1 or *ange y\r c\rse in/antane\sly1 by mak+ ! ,*ri/iania 9 ?is way1 = ! edg+ ( ! skis1 aft] ! turn has be5 made1 /ops ! side-slip almo/ be=e x has _h "t to beg94 ,if1 on h>d sn[1 y make a ,*ri/iania 7( any k9d7 %>ply :ile travell+ at a high spe$1 y w (t5 f9d t1 aft] y h come r\nd1 ! side-slip1 :i* w !n be v great1 w be too irregul> to all[ y to keep y\r balance )\t hold+ ! skis at "s di/ance ap>t4 ,ev5 a good runn] is sometimes compell$ to sep>ate 8 skis 9 ?is way1 b y %\ld n d x if y c possibly help x1 & if compell$ to1 %\ld always br+ ! skis toge!r z ! side-slip gr[s less1 n = ! look ( ! ?+1 b because1 ?\gh possible1 x is difficult1 if ! skis are ap>t1 to />t a sw+ in/antly 9 ! o!r direction1 z y may (t5 wi% to d4 ,! ,*ri/iania c also be />t$1 z ,bilg]i & 8 s*ool advise1 & z ,i h practically said already1 f a v undevelop$ ord9>y /emm+ turn4 ,9 ord]1 = in/ance1 to make a sw+ to ! left1 "o c advance ! "r ski1 pu% out its heel a little1 ?r[ ! weight on x1 & face t[>ds its po9t1 & c !n1 by in/antly br++ ! left ski p>allel & to ! front & weight+ its heel z well z ! o!r's1 f9i% ! turn z a ,*ri/iania4 ,?is is v easy to le>n1 &1 if ! prelim9>y /em is r$uc$ to a m9imum1 is q effective2 b x is a mu* less /eady way ( turn+ at a v high spe$ ?an a ,*ri/iania />t$ ) ! inside ski lead+1 & high spe$ is ! real te/4 ,hav+ said t a j]k$ ,*ri/iania is l a skat+ turn1 ,i ?9k ,i _h bett] ins]t ! foll[+ quotation f ,mr4 ,ri*>dson's ,%ill+ ,ski-runn]1 ) ! s5tim5t ( :i* ,i he>tily agree4 ,! beg9n] %\ld rememb] t turns are only a means to an end1 & n1 z 9 figure skat+1 an end 9 !mselves4 ,! real object ( all ski-+ te*nique is to enable ! runn] to cross ! sn[ z fa/ z possible1 ) z little ef=t z possible1 & z safely z possible4 ,any beg9n] :o has foll[$ me ?r\gh ?is *apt] on ! ,*ri/iania sw+ w probably ?9k t a manoeuvre :i* takes s mu* description mu/ be appall+ly difficult4 ,i c assure him t x is no?+ ( ! sort4 ,inde$ ! exp]t1 :o does x in/9ctively1 w no d\bt wond] :y on e>? ,i h made su* a fuss ab\t x4 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ,i c\ld h said mu* less & yet h giv5 a really complete explanation ( h[ x may be done4 ,! only au?orities1 z f> z ,i "k1 :o h said t !re is m ?an "o way ( mak+ ! sw+1 are ,ri*>dson & ,hoek 9 ,d] ,ski-lauf2 !y d n expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 ! mak+ ( x1 b only 9 its results1 giv+ a diagram ( ! tracks ( two sw+s1 "o g]iss51 & ! o!r gezog51 i4e4 torn & drawn1 :i*1 ,i suppose1 are equival5t to j]k$ & swung4 ,"s writ]s hav+ giv5 directions = "o v>iety ( ! sw+ & "s = ! o!r2 _! in/ructions at fir/ sight appe> s extraord9>ily contradictory t ,i am almo/ afraid ( confess+ t ,i agree ) !m all1 le/ ! read] :o kn[s some?+ ab\t ski-+ %\ld set me d[n z an amiable idiot4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z "o und]/&s ! cause ( x1 ?is contradictor9ess is se5 to be m app>5t ?an actual4 ,! difficulty 9 realis+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! v>iations ( ! sw+ is1 no d\bt1 due to ! fact t betwe5 ! pure j]k$ ,*ri/iania at "o end ( ! scale1 & ! pure swung1 /e]$1 drawn1 or :atev] "o likes to call x1 ,*ri/iania at ! o!r1 !re are an inf9ite numb] ( gradations1 "o ( !m be+ a =m ( ! sw+ t is (t5 se51 9 :i* ! turn is />t$ by a slight j]k & a slight sep>ation ( ! ski-po9ts1 & is c>ri$ ?r\gh by ! weight+ ( ! heels4 ,:5 "o is runn+ across ! hill an uphill ,*ri/iania ( any k9d c be made ) p]fect ease on any sort ( sn[ %ort ( breakable cru/2 :5 "o is runn+ /raight d[nhill x is less easy1 if ! sn[ is v loose & deep2 :ile to make a d[nhill turn 9 deep loose sn[ by means ( a ,*ri/iania is decid$ly difficult1 especially if ! slope is /eep1 ?\gh on h>d sn[ & a mod]ate slope ?is d[nhill turn is easy en\gh & saf] ?an a /emm+ turn1 if ! spe$ is at all high4 ,b al?\gh at fir/1 :5 out on a run1 y w be wise if y only use ! ,*ri/iania = mak+ uphill turns1 & t on sn[ :i* is easy = x1 y %\ld :5 practis+ keep on try+ x 9 deep] & deep] loose sn[1 & %\ld turn d[nhill z well z uphill1 n be+ satisfi$ until y c make fairly %ort d[nhill turns 9 deep loose sn[ on a really /eep slope1 z x is p]fectly possible to d4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,telem>k1 ! beg9n] c ( c\rse le>n to make an uphill /e]$ ,*ri/iania f a /&/ill by hold+ himself back ) 8 /icks :ile he places ! skis 9 ! div]g5t position1 & !n lett+ himself g & sw++ r\nd imm$iately4 ,?is is 9 fact a v good way = him to beg9 to le>n x1 = he c ?us f9d out 9 a v %ort "t exactly h[ to hold 8 skis & di/ribute 8 weight2 nor ne$ he be afraid ( contract+ any bad habit by le>n+ ! sw+ 9 ?is way1 = ?\gh he may f9d x r easi] to le>n ! ,telem>k by mak+ x clumsily at fir/1 he w f9d no?+ ( ! sort 9 ! case ( ! ,*ri/iania4 ,be=e leav+ ! subject ( ! sw+s1 let me impress ^u ! read] t 9 e sw+ or turn ! runn] at fir/ />ts ! side-slip by /emm+ or /e]+ ) "o ski held at an angle ) ! o!r or by mov+ bo? ) a j]k--9 %ort1 by a muscul> ef=t1 h[ev] slight a "o--& t hav+ />t$ ! side-slip he lets 8 weight d ! re/1 & is c>ri$ r\nd )\t any ef=t at all4 ,x is ! ef=tless side-slipp+ t gives a well-made sw+ its *>act]i/ic feel+ & appe>ance4 ,! :ole diff]5ce betwe5 a novice's turn & an exp]t's is t 9 ! =m]'s ! prep>atory /emm+ or /e]+ prepond]ates1 9 ! latt]'s ! f9i%+ side-slip2 & t1 moreov]1 9 ! novice's sw+ ! initial & f9al movem5ts are se5 7& felt7 to be di/9ct & sep>ate1 :ile 9 ! exp]t's sw+ ! prep>atory movem5t m]ges imp]ceptibly into ! f9al side-slip4 ,! m ! prep>atory /e]+1 /emm+1 or j]k+ is elim9at$1 ! m com=table--,i w n say ! easi]--is ! sw+1 & ! /eadi] ! balance if ! sw+ is made at high spe$4 ,9 ! prep>atory /emm+ or /e]+ ! weight is = a mom5t m equally di/ribut$ on bo? skis ?an ,i h int5d$ ! beg9n] to suspect f ! previ\s directions4 ,ev5 9 ! ,telem>k1 9 :i* ! weight is app>5tly entirely on ! lead+ ski bo? be=e & ?r\gh\t ! sw+1 x is actually1 at ! mom5t ! front ski is turn$ inw>ds1 half support$ by ! back "o4 ,! same ?+ happ5s at ! mom5t ! skis are made to div]ge 9 />t+ a /e]$ ,*ri/iania4 ,b if ! beg9n] makes any consci\s ef=t to put ! weight back--unless1 inde$1 he tries to keep x well =w>d--he w almo/ inevitably put x entirely on ! back ski1 & 9 mov+ x on to ! lead+ ski z ! sw+ proce$s w f9d t 8 balance is liable to be di/urb$4 ,! fact t ! weight is always f>!r back ?an he imag9es is "o :i* ! beg9n] mu/ cont9ually rem9d himself4 ,9 e uphill turn ! weight1 :i* is at fir/1 z ,i h j said1 ab\t equally on bo? skis1 is almo/ imm$iately mov$ to ! heel ( ! front foot--t is1 x is ?r[n =w>d1 & z ! sw+ f9i%es x is ?r[n /ill m =w>d to prev5t ! ski f turn+ too f> uphill4 ,9 ! directions = ! sw+s1 !re=e1 ! beg9n] %\ld rememb] t to weight fir/ ! heel & !n ! toe does n1 z a rule1 mean to ?r[ ! weight fir/ backw>ds & !n =w>ds1 b to ?r[ x fir/ =w>ds & !n /ill m =w>ds4 ,%ort ,directions = an ,uphill ,*ri/iania ,sw+ to ! ,"r4--#a4 7,/e]$7 = any k9d ( sn[ except breakable cru/4 ,lean =w>ds & put all ! weight on heel ( "r foot1 "r knee r b5t & well =w>d ov] foot1 "r ankle b5t slightly outw>ds1 s z to lift ! inn] edge ( "r ski2 left ski ab\t #ah in*es to ! re>1 po9t$ slightly away f ! o!r1 & flat4 ,?is position />ts ! sw+2 z x proce$s press ! left ski sm>tly inw>ds & =w>ds1 s t x returns z soon z possible to ! normal position aga91 p>allel to & t\*+ ! "r ski4 ,z x does s1 b n be=e1 x may be edg$ & receive half ! weight2 unless p>allel ) ! o!r1 x mu/ be absolutely flat & almo/ unweight$4 ,fix y\r eyes on ! po9t ( ! "r ski & try to lean 9 t direction only1 n inw>ds4 ,n4,b4--,a d[nhill turn is made 9 ! same way1 except t to />t ! sw+ ! toes ( bo? feet mu/ be weight$ = a mom5t4 #b4 7,j]k$7 = h>d sn[1 or %all[ loose sn[4 ,prep>ation4--,press bo? knees & skis toge!r & 7except be=e a d[nhill turn7 edge ! latt] slightly to ! "r2 weight on bo? & well =w>ds2 knees r b5t1 feet level1 or ! "r a little ahead4 ,turn4--7#a7 ,/ill /oop+ slightly1 move arms1 %\ld]s1 & upp] body--n ! head--well r\nd to ! "r ) an easy b decid$ sw+4 7#b7 ,)\t ! lea/ pause simultane\sly rev]se ! twi/ ( ! body1 make a vigor\s /roke to ! left ) ! arms1 & j]k hips & knees r\nd to ! "r4 ,! movem5t ( 7#a7 %\ld be gradual1 ( 7#b7 sudd51 b ! =ce ab\t ! same 9 ea*4 ,! skis %\ld :ip r\nd to "r angles1 or ne>ly s1 ) _! previ\s c\rse4 ,,jump+ ,,r\nd ,if y c make ! /emm+ turn & ! ,telem>k & ,*ri/iania sw+s1 y w1 "u mo/ ord9>y conditions ( sn[1 be able to turn or /op ) ease "u any circum/ances4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 y w enc\nt] sn[1 ! surface ( :i* is cov]$ by a cru/1 n ?ick en\gh to be> ! runn]'s weight )\t break+1 b suffici5tly s to make x impossible = him to %e> r\nd ?r\gh x ev5 ) a ,telem>k sw+ 7= :5 ! skis cut into a ?ick cru/ !y w only run 9 a /raight l9e74 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! only neat & quick way ( turn+ or /opp+ is to d s by means ( a jump :i* places ! skis m or less broadside on to _! orig9al c\rse1 & ?is is n su* a difficult matt] z p]haps x s\nds4 ,?is jump is made ) ! feet level1 & ! skis close toge!r & p>allel1 9 j ! same way z a jump us$ = />t+ on ! side ( a hill or z a sub/itute = ! kick-turn4 ,pay ! same att5tion to ! po9ts ( gett+ ! weight well on ! toes be=e mak+ ! spr+1 & ( !n cr\*+ l[ & jump+ ) a free1 sw++ action1 n a timid1 j]ky "o1 & be sure to press ! knees toge!r4 ,! skis %\ld rema9 ab\t p>allel ) ! surface ( ! sn[ ?r\gh\t ! jump2 if ! jump is us$ = mak+ an uphill turn1 ! po9ts ( ! skis mu/ be well lift$1 if = a d[nhill "o1 _! heels4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,y w f9d x f> easi] to keep y\r balance on l&+1 if y rememb] n to jump to "o side ( y\r c\rse 7,fig4 #db1 ,a71 b to come to ! gr\nd ) y\r feet z ne>ly z possible on y\r orig9al l9e ( progress--?\gh1 ( c\rse1 po9t+ across x1 in/ead ( along x1 &1 accord+ to ! spe$ at :i* y 7 runn+1 m or less ahead ( ! place :]e y took (f 7,fig4 #db1 ,b74 ,! secret ( us+ ! jump r\nd successfully lies1 n 9 ! actual mak+ ( ! jump1 b 9 kn[+ ! safe/ & mo/ effective way ( apply+ x4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 y are runn+ ei!r across a slope or /raight d[n x1 at a v mod]ate spe$1 & wi% to /op1 y c easily d s by means ( a jump r\nd t[>ds ! hill1 :i* w br+ y almo/ or q at "r angles to y\r orig9al c\rse 7,plates ,,xlvii4 & ,,xlviii474 ,z y l& y w naturally h to lean inw>ds to comp5sate = ! outw>d ?r[4 ,! am\nt ( inw>d lean necess>y v>ies ) ! spe$ at :i* y are runn+ be=e ! jump4 ,:5 ! spe$ is at all high ! incl9ation at :i* y w\ld be safe f an outw>d fall is s great t on l&+ aft] ! jump1 if y 7 to make "o1 ! skis w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly skid1 & y w\ld fall inw>ds2 :ile1 if ! skis did happ5 to hold1 y\r legs w\ld n h en\gh /r5g? to )/& ! %ock1 b w\ld collapse "u y4 ,:5 runn+ at all fa/1 !re=e1 x is impossible to /op ) "o jump4 ,y mu/ fir/ jump a little way r\nd1 s t y face less directly d[nhill1 & *eck y\r pace2 y c !n jump aga9 & /op y\rself 7,fig4 #db1 ,c74 ,9 ! same way1 if y wi% to jump r\nd in/ead ( mak+ a d[nhill turn1 y mu/ ei!r make y\r tacks at a gradi5t :i* w keep d[n y\r spe$ suffici5tly to all[ y to make ! complete turn 9 "o jump1 or y mu/ *eck y\r pace be=e mak+ ! d[nhill jump by turn+ slightly uphill ) a prelim9>y jump4 ,?is is exactly equival5t to *eck+ ! pace by mak+ a slight uphill sw+ be=e mak+ a d[nhill "o4 ,! high] ! spe$1 ! slight] ! *ange ( direction t "o c safely make 9 "o jump1 & at a v high spe$ x w\ld1 = ?is reason1 be impossible to /op ev5 9 two jumps4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t a runn] f /opp+ or mak+ a d[nhill turn at ! highe/ possible spe$ by means ( a s]ies ( jumps1 b a turn s made cov]s s mu* gr\nd t x is practically useless4 ,?is does n mu* matt]1 h[ev]1 = ! k9d ( sn[ :i* makes jump+ r\nd necess>y is n su* z to tempt "o to run v fa/4 ,,skat+ ,x is possible on a g5tle slope1 if ! sn[ is %all[1 to use ! skis l skates1 /rik+ out ) ea* alt]nately4 ,?is ne$s little explanation4 ,y h m]ely1 :ile runn+ /raight d[nhill1 to lift "o ski--say1 ! "r--& put x d[n aga9 po9t+ outw>ds f ! o!r at a widi% angle1 _! heels be+ close toge!r4 ,! mom5t ! "r ski t\*es ! sn[1 give a vigor\s pu% backw>ds & to ! left ) ! left ski1 at ! same "t ?r[+ ! weight ( ! body well =w>ds & to ! "r ov] ! "r foot4 ,:ile slid+ on ! "r ski1 br+ ! left =w>d & hold x close to ! o!r1 b cle> ( ! sn[4 ,y are !n ready to make a fre% /roke by putt+ d[n ! left ski & pu%+ ) ! "r4 ,a s]ies ( su* movem5ts leaves a track z 9 ,fig4 #dc1 ,a4 ,y w f9d x difficult at fir/ to ?r[ ! weight suffici5tly =w>d & outw>d at ea* /roke1 especially if1 in/ead ( putt+ d[n ! ski on :i* y are ab\t to slide exactly level ) ! o!r1 z y %\ld d 7,fig4 #dc1 ,b71 y put x f>!r =w>d 7,c74 ,?is difficulty w cause ea* /roke to become %ort] & %ort] until x is impossible to cont9ue ! movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,9 practis+1 hold ! ski :i* is (f ! sn[ p>allel ) & close to ! o!r "o until y are ready to make ! next /roke1 & slide on ea* foot at lea/ f> en\gh to make sure t y\r balance is p]fectly /eady on x4 ,x has already be5 expla9$ h[1 by /rik+ out to "o side only1 "o c *ange "o's direction--=1 ( c\rse1 ! action ( /epp+ r\nd is precisely ! same z t ( skat+--& h[ "o c 9 ?is way /e] or /op oneself 9 breakable cru/4 ,skat+1 moreov]1 is "o ( ! be/ possible ex]cises = ! balance1 = x tea*es "o to run /eadily on "o foot )\t ! support ( ! o!r1 & on ?is acc\nt alone y %\ld by no means omit to le>n x4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t by skat+ d[n a g5tle slope x is possible to increase ! spe$1 b ,i ?9k ?is is v d\btful4 ,a skat+ track is a zigzag "o1 & is !re=e n su* a %ort way ov] a giv5 di/ance z a direct slide4 ,!n1 aga91 al?\gh ea* /roke t5ds to increase ! spe$1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! :ole weight ( ! runn] re/s on "o ski1 caus+ x to s9k deep] & travel sl[]1 & also t ! skis are travell+ slightly across ! slope in/ead ( /raight d[n x1 :i* r$uces ! spe$ /ill m4 ,besides ?is1 ! /roke itself is n directly 9 ! l9e ( motion1 s9ce x is impossible to place "o ski at "r angles ) ! o!r "o4 ,a bett] way ( increas+ ! spe$ d[nhill is probably to lunge directly d[nhill ) ea* foot alt]nately1 keep+ ! skis close toge!r--an exactly simil> action to t ( mov+ on level gr\nd4 ,pu%+ ) ! /icks w1 ( c\rse1 make y g fa/] /ill4 ,,jump+ ,ski-jump+ no d\bt arose f ! discov]y t a slight inequality ( ! surface w\ld sometimes cause a ski-runn] mov+ fa/ d[nhill to leave ! gr\nd involunt>ily = a mom5t4 ,"s abnormal p]son hav+ lik$ ! feel+ & want$ m ( x1 x is easy to see h[ 8 endeav\r to acc5tuate ! inequality1 & s l5g!n ! jump1 w\ld lead him to con/ruct a horizontal plat=m project+ f ! hillside4 ,a competition jump+-hill at ! pres5t day is *os51 z to %ape1 & s arrang$ t ! jumps may be z long z possible & ! jump] may h a m9imum ( difficulty 9 keep+ 8 feet on l&+4 ,fig4 #dd %[s ! usual =m ( ! hill & position ( ! plat=m4 7,see ,frontispiece47 ,! jump] />ts at ,a & runs (f ! edge ( ! plat=m ,b into ! air2 l&+ on ! slope bel[ at ,c1 he runs d[n x & out on ! level1 :]e he sw+s to a /&/ill at ,d4 ,! gradi5t ( ! hill above ! plat=m is pref]ably n m ?an #bj or s1 = ! jump] mu/ above all ?+s be p]fectly /eady z he leaves ! plat=m1 & if ! upp] "p ( ! hill is v /eep ! sudd5 *ange ( gradi5t z he runs on to ! plat=m is likely to upset 8 balance4 ,! impetus c !re=e be obta9$ m safely f a long run at a mod]ate gradi5t ?an f a %ort /eep "o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,! /eep] ! slope bel[ ! plat=m1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! long] obvi\sly w ! jump be1 & also ! less w be ! %ock to ! jump] z he l&s1 on acc\nt ( ! n>r[] angle betwe5 ! gr\nd & 8 c\rse ?r\gh ! air4 ,= ?is reason a /eep gradi5t bel[ ! plat=m is an advantage1 & on big jump+-hills ! angle ( ?is "p ( ! slope is f #be to #ce4 ,! dott$ l9e 9 ! diagram %[s h[1 if ! plat=m 7 plac$ j at ! po9t :]e ! slope becomes /eep]1 ! l5g? ( ! jump w\ld be great] ?an if1 z is usually ! case1 ! plat=m 7 built f>!r back2 at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 ! %ock to ! jump] on l&+ w\ld be increas$ also1 = 8 c\rse ?r\gh ! air ! mom5t be=e alight+ w\ld !n be m directly d[nw>ds1 & :5 9 ! air he w\ld1 at 8 highe/ po9t1 be f>!r f ! gr\nd4 ,?is is "o reason :y ! plat=m is usually plac$ f>!r back4 ,!re is sometimes ano!r reason4 ,! gradi5t mu/ rema9 ! same = a suffici5t di/ance bel[ ! po9t :]e ! jump] l&s to enable him to get a /eady balance on l&+1 & unless ! /eep "p ( ! slope is v long1 x may only be possible by putt+ ! plat=m f>!r back to ensure t ! jump] %all n l& too ne> ! bottom ( ! hill4 ,= ! same reason 7( mak+ ?+s easi] = ! jump]7 ! *ange ( angle betwe5 ! top "p ( ! hill & ! plat=m1 & also betwe5 ! l[] "p & ! level outrun1 %\ld take place z gradually z possible4 ,! prec$+ description %[s :at =m ( hill is mo/ desirable1 & is always *os5 = competition purposes :]e big jumps are to be made4 ,x is by no means on a hill ( ?is %ape alone t a jump c be made2 & = le>n+1 :5 y w only jump a %ort di/ance1 almo/ any hill w d1 provid$ ! gr\nd be fairly smoo? & ! slope bel[ ! plat=m & ! level outrun beyond x be long en\gh4 ,if ! %ape ( ! hill 9 section is convex1 z 9 ! diagram1 ! be/ place = ! plat=m1 z already expla9$1 is at or ne> ! po9t :]e ! angle *anges1 provid$ always t ! /eep] "p ( ! hill is fully t5 y>ds long] ?an ! longe/ jump y w make4 ,if x is a little less ?an ?is1 build ! plat=m f>!r back2 if mu* less1 *oose a slope :]e !re is no *ange ( gradi5t4 ,! slope bel[ ! plat=m1 or1 at any rate1 all ( x except ! "p :i* ! jump] w\ld be c]ta9 to cle>1 mu/ be free f irregul>ities1 h a good cov]+ ( sn[ 7at lea/ a foot :5 beat5 d[n71 & fall at a /eady gradi5t ( n less ?an #bj = *oice--if possible ( m4 ,! plat=m itself may be built 9 diff]5t ways2 ! high plat=ms us$ 9 competitions are g5]ally built ( planks support$ at ! out] corn]s by po/s4 ,?is is unnecess>y 9 ! case ( a l[ plat=m1 su* z y w use at fir/4 ,a simple way ( mak+ x1 if ! mat]ials are h&y1 is to lay two or ?ree planks on top ( an old pack+ case1 & !n to %ovel sn[ ov] !m4 ,ano!r way is to /& two %ort /icks upright 9 ! sn[ at ! same level1 & a y>d or s ap>t1 accord+ to ! int5d$ wid? ( ! plat=m4 ,/ack fir bran*es aga9/ !m on ! uphill side1 & !n build a plat=m ( sn[1 or alt]nately sn[ & bran*es1 pil+ x high en\gh to rise well above ! tops ( ! upright /icks4 ,beat x d[n ) ! spade & /amp x ) ! skis until x is q solid4 ,= le>n+1 ! plat=m %\ld at fir/ be q l[--n mu* m ?an a foot high at its front edge4 ,= big competitions1 ! plat=m is g5]ally #f or #h feet high1 or ev5 m1 ?\gh ,huitfeldt1 a ,norwegian au?ority1 says x %\ld h>dly exce$ #c feet4 ,rais+ ! plat=m1 :ile increas+ ! l5g? ( ! jump1 also increases ! %ock ( l&+1 & !re=e ! difficulty ( ! jump4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 dep5ds f> less on ! height ( ! plat=m 7:i* may1 s to speak1 be m]ely a negative quantity1 = ( c\rse x is possible to make ! plat=m look high by cutt+ away ! hillside bel[ x )\t affect+ ! nature ( ! jump7 ?an ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! angle ( its surface & t ( ! slope bel[1 ! mo/ difficult k9d ( plat=m to jump f be+ t call$ by ! ,norwegians a ,spraet ,hop 7squirt jump71 :i* is high] at its front edge ?an :]e x jo9s ! hillside4 ,at fir/1 !re=e1 make ! plat=m at almo/ ! same angle z ! slope bel[1 & jo9 x gradually to ! slope above1 s t !re is no sudd5 *ange ( gradi5t4 ,! l5g? ( ! jump dep5ds n only on ! height1 position1 & angle ( ! plat=m 9 relation to ! slope1 b also on its absolute angle 9 space4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 a plat=m slop+ d[nw>ds at an angle ( betwe5 five & t5 degrees p]mits ! longe/ jumps4 ,x w\ld be easy to f9d by exp]im5t exactly ! mo/ fav\rable angle1 &1 = all ,i "k1 ?is may already h be5 done4 ,! plat=m's wid?1 = practice1 ne$ be no m ?an a y>d3 = competitions1 :5 ! jump] may wi% to take a fre% track1 x is ab\t #d y>ds4 ,its l5g? ( c\rse dep5ds on its height1 & on ! angle t x makes ) ! slope above x4 ,r\ghly speak+1 = a small jump ! plat=m w\ld be #b or #c y>ds long2 = a big competition "o at lea/ #f y>ds4 ,! top ( ! plat=m mu/1 ( c\rse1 be horizontal 9 transv]se section2 take c>e to build x up well at ! sides 9 ord] to prev5t any convexity 9 ! middle :i* might cause ! jump] to side-slip :ile tak+ (f4 ,c>efully /amp d[n ! sn[ n only on ! plat=m1 b also up ! track above x = #aj or #ae y>ds f ! plat=m's edge4 ,?is /amp+ %\ld leave ! sn[ z firm & smoo? z possible1 b on ! surface !re %\ld be j en\gh loose sn[ to give /e]age way & prev5t side-slip4 ,/amp+ ) ! edges ( ! skis on ! h>d trodd5 sn[ w g5]ally loos5 ! surface suffici5tly1 o!rwise x w be necess>y to spr9kle loose sn[ ov] x1 or to scrat* x ) a rake4 ,accord+ to ,huitfeldt1 ! ,telem>k+s pile up ! sn[ at ! edge ( ! plat=m s z to =m a %all[ ridge4 ,he says t by wait+ until !y feel ! fronts ( _! skis t\* ?is1 !y "k :5 to make _! spr+1 & t x helps ! =w>d tilt ( ! body :i* is necess>y4 ,! latt] seems q likely1 b a man :o tim$ 8 spr+ 9 ?is way :5 runn+ fa/ w\ld h>dly ev5 beg9 x be=e leav+ ! plat=m1 f> less f9i% mak+ x1 z he actually ought to d4 ,! same prep>ation ( ! track is necess>y bel[ ! plat=m f ! ne>e/ po9t to x at :i* ! jump] c\ld possibly l& to a po9t sev]al y>ds bel[ ! longe/ possible jump4 ,pay p>ticul> att5tion "h to /amp+ d[n ! sn[ until x is absolutely firm1 & make ?is trodd5 track a good deal wid] ?an ! plat=m1 to avoid any possibility ( ! jump] l&+ outside x1 = if ! skis s9k deeply into ! sn[ on l&+1 a v bad fall may be ! result4 ,aft] ea* jump sn[ %\ld be ?r[n into any holes made 9 ! track by ! jump] himself or 8 skis1 & %\ld !n be /amp$ firm & smoo?2 any natural holl[s likely to upset ! jump] c also be fill$ up 9 ! same way4 ,if1 9 ord] to prev5t side-slip1 x is necess>y to spr9kle ! track ) loose sn[ ( a diff]5t quality to t on ! track itself1 x mu/ be ?r[n ov] ! :ole track2 = a small pat* ( new /icky sn[1 or ( old & fa/ granul> sn[1 w\ld sudd5ly alt] ! runn]'s spe$ & di/urb 8 balance4 ,x is bett] to /amp d[n too mu* ( ! track ?an too little1 = a fall on h>d sn[ is q h>mless1 if ! slope is /eep en\gh1 :ile 9 s(t sn[ x may easily be dang]\s4 ,x is sometimes advisable to /amp d[n ! :ole ( ! outrun to :]e ! jump] sw+s to a /&/ill4 ,equipm5t4--,skis = jump+ %\ld be long1 /rong1 & fairly heavy1 & mu/ be groov$ und]nea?4 ,!y %\ld be b little ar*$1 & %\ld n be flexible1 o!rwise ! %ock ( l&+ aft] a big jump w make !m b5d d[nw>ds 9 ! middle s mu* z to *eck ! pace & pit* ! jump] =w>ds4 ,wax or poli% _! "u surfaces z mu* z y l2 !y _c be too slipp]y = jump+4 ,only ^? b9d+s are suitable = jump+ by means ( :i* ! heel end ( ! ski c easily be drawn up close to ! foot :5 t is held cle> ( ! gr\nd4 ,to c>ry a /ick :ile jump+ is useless1 &1 except = an exp]t on an easy jump1 is exce$+ly dang]\s4 ,h[ to ,jump4--,/& f> en\gh up ! track to get up a mod]ate spe$1 & n less ?an #ae y>ds f ! edge ( ! plat=m4 ,by no means risk runn+ (f ! plat=m s sl[ly t y\r skis simply tip ov] ! edge & bury _! po9ts 9 ! sn[4 ,clean y\r skis & />t (f 9 any way y l4 ,if ! />t is on ! side ( ! hill1 & n on a level place1 ! jump] (t5 ?ru/s 8 /icks into ! sn[ on ea* side ( ! track1 & /&s a little above !m1 fac+ /raight d[nhill1 hold+ himself back by re/+ 8 weight on !m4 ,he c !n1 by m]ely lett+ g ! /icks1 />t q /eadily )\t alt]+ ! position ( 8 skis4 ,run 9 normal position until ab\t #ae y>ds be=e ! edge ( ! plat=m2 !n br+ ! feet level1 & cr\* d[n until y rea* ! position ( ,plate ,,lii4 ,take c>e t ! knees z well z ! feet are press$ tightly toge!r1 t ! weight is well =w>d1 & t ! h&s hang z l[ z possible1 i4e4 ) ! f+]-tips level ) ! ankles4 ,unless y pay p>ticul> att5tion to ?is la/ po9t1 & try to get z l[ z y possibly c1 x is probable t y\r position1 :ile feel+ to y\rself a decid$ cr\*1 w only appe> to a spectator z a r half-he>t$ /oop at ! knees & hips4 ,:5 ?is l[ cr\* has become me*anical1 y _h bett] hold y\r arms backw>ds 9 a horizontal position1 b to t\* y\r ankles fir/ is ! be/ way ( mak+ sure t y\r position is correct4 ,i believe t ,norwegian au?orities are n agre$ z to :e!r ! feet %\ld be held level or 9 ! normal position at ?is /age4 ,huitfeldt1 = in/ance1 :om ,i h already quot$1 says t ! ,telem>k+s1 :o inv5t$ jump+1 always jump ) ! feet 9 ! normal position4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 mo/ good jump]s take ! level position1 & y c safely d ! same1 b be sure1 z y br+ ! feet level1 t !y d n get ap>t4 ,! ,sats4--,take ! above cr\*+ position soon en\gh to be runn+ /eadily 9 x ) e detail correct by ! "t y rea* ! plat=m1 = be=e y rea* ! edge ( ?is y mu/ h y\r :ole att5tion free to be conc5trat$ on ! actual take (f1 or1 z ! ,norwegians call x1 ! ,sats4 ,?is movem5t1 :i*1 if tim$ prop]ly1 is complet$ at ! in/ant t ! jump]'s feet come to ! edge ( ! plat=m1 has two objects--to increase ! l5g? ( ! jump1 & to br+ ! jump]'s body into a position at "r angles ) ! slope bel[ at ! mom5t ( l&+4 ,! latt] is ! m important1 = unless x is effect$1 ! jump] is ( c\rse b\nd to fall4 ,n[1 if ! surface ( ! plat=m 7 incl9$ at ! same angle z t "p ( ! slope bel[ x on :i* ! jump] l&s1 he might run d[n to ! plat=m & into ! air )\t ev] mov+ f ! normal position1 & ?\gh he w\ld n increase ! l5g? ( 8 jump1 he w\ld h e *ance ( keep+ 8 feet on l&+1 = 8 body w\ld be at ! correct angle 7,fig4 #de1 ,a74 ,b ! plat=m itself1 no matt] h[ l[ x may be1 & no matt] h[ /eep ! slope above x1 is ne>ly always less /eep ?an ! slope bel[ x1 (t5 a good deal less4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 means t ! jump] 9 mak+ ! ,sats mu/ n only spr+1 b mu/ ?r[ 8 body =w>d1 or he w l& z 9 ,b & ,c1 & fall in/antly on 8 back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,x dep5ds almo/ entirely on ! angle ( ! jump]'s body on l&+ z to :e!r he %all fall or keep 8 balance1 & t angle dep5ds absolutely on ! way he makes ! ,sats4 ,inde$1 at ! mom5t ( leav+ ! plat=m & complet+ ! ,sats1 ! jump] usually is almo/ c]ta9 :e!r he w /& or fall4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! correct execution ( ! ,sats is ! mo/ important "p ( ! jump4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ difficult1 & ,i ?9k y w f9d x mu* easi] to ov]come its difficulty if y realise at ! outset t ! necess>y =w>d tilt may be effect$ 9 two p]fectly di/9ct ways4 ,! jump] may make ! ,sats ei!r s t he leaves ! plat=m tilt$ at exactly ! angle at :i* he w l&1 or s t he is at "r angles to ! plat=m :5 leav+ x & *anges ! angle ( 8 body by degrees dur+ 8 flight ?r\gh ! air4 7,see ,fig4 #df47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,^! two me?ods are none ! less di/9ct = ! fact t ! ,sats1 z made by mo/ jump]s1 is a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,by us+ ! fir/ me?od y w be f> m c]ta9 ( l&+ at ! prop] angle1 b w b>ely increase ! l5g? ( y\r jump2 by ! second y w be able to l5g!n y\r jump to ! utmo/ possible ext5t1 b w f9d x exce$+ly difficult at fir/ to regulate ! =w>d tilt accurately4 ,y _h bett]1 !re=e1 beg9 by practis+ ! fir/ me?od only1 & keep to t until y c jump ) accuracy & c]ta9ty1 :5 y c little by little ex*ange x = ! second "o4 ,9 ord] to make ! ,sats by ! fir/ me?od1 y h1 f ! cr\*+ position ( ! fir/ pair ( figures1 m]ely to br+ y\r body & ?ighs into l9e ) ! legs f ! knees d[nw>ds2 = 9 ! cr\*+ position ?is l[] "p ( ! legs is already incl9$ =w>d at ab\t ! angle at :i* y w h to l&4 ,9 /raight5+ up1 !re=e1 be mo/ c>eful to keep y\r legs bel[ ! knees1 & also y\r feet1 absolutely motionless4 ,:5 9 ! cr\*+ position make sure t y\r knees are =c$ =w>ds to _! utmo/ ext5t1 !n try to imag9e t !y are be+ held immovably 9 ?is position1 & t y\r heels are fa/5$ firmly d[n to ! skis4 ,?is w ensure y\r mak+ ! /raight5+ movem5t ( ! ,sats f ! knees upw>ds only1 &1 if y br+ y\r ?ighs & body exactly into l9e ) ! motionless l[] "p ( ! legs1 w also ensure y\r l&+ at ab\t ! correct angle1 or ev5 slightly m =w>d1 :i* w n matt]4 ,z y /raight5 up1 sw+ y\r arms =w>ds & upw>ds to help ! movem5t1 :i*1 :5 y are us$ to x1 y mu/ try to make s sm>tly1 & ev5 viol5tly1 z to be almo/ in/antane\s4 ,! s5sation1 h[ev]1 w be q diff]5t to t ( an ord9>y /&+ long jump1 9 :i* ! heels leave ! gr\nd z ! jump] cr\*es1 & ! spr+ is made f ! toes4 ,9 ?is =m ( ! ,sats x is v important t "s ( ! weight %\ld rema9 on ! heels1 :i* %\ld n be all[$ to rise f ! skis 9 ! smalle/ degree4 ,y w f9d t any pressure on ! toes & lift+ ( ! heels w1 ?\gh x may seem unlikely1 almo/ c]ta9ly t5d to make y f9i% ! ,sats 9 an erect in/ead ( an incl9$ position4 ,! accurate tim+ ( ! ,sats is naturally mo/ important4 ,if x is made too late & ! knees are /ill some:at b5t z ! jump] leaves ! plat=m 7see ,plate ,,liii471 ! completion ( ! movem5t 9 ! air w pu% ! skis bel[ _! natural l9e ( flight1 & ! jump w be %ort5$--n a v s]i\s matt] = ! beg9n]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,sats be made too soon1 & ! jump]'s weight comes on 8 skis aga9 be=e !y h left ! plat=m1 he w h a na/y fall =w>d4 ,?is ne$ n tr\ble y1 = y are c]ta9 to f9d ! greate/ difficulty 9 manag+ to make ! ,sats soon en\gh4 ,! m sl[ly y make ! movem5t1 ! soon] y w h to beg9 x1 & ! m difficulty y w h 9 tim+ x accurately1 b at fir/ if y try to make x quickly y w probably n d x correctly4 ,i /rongly advise y !re=e to g ?r\gh ! sl[ & c>eful practis+ /age1 n on ! jump+-hill at all1 b )\t skis1 9 y\r b$room or any:]e else4 ,practise ?is movem5t at any odd mom5t2 x w soon become me*anical1 & if1 be=e y />t jump+1 y h le>nt to make ?is movem5t quickly & accurately1 y w h made ?+s enorm\sly easi] = y\rself4 ,:5 practis+ ! ,sats )\t skis y w1 ( c\rse1 f9d t1 z y\r weight comes on y\r feet aga9 at ! end ( ! /raight5+ movem5t1 y w be 9 ! act ( fall+ =w>ds4 ,y c prev5t do+ s by mak+ a quick /ride =w>d ) "o foot & dropp+ into ! ,telem>k position2 b don't d ?is until ! la/ possible mom5t1 fir/ mak+ q sure t y are p]fectly /raight f head to heels & incl9$ at a suffici5t angle4 ,see also t y\r feet are held q p>allel & t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,s mu* = ! fir/ me?od ( mak+ ! ,sats4 ,! second is z foll[s4 ,f ! prep>atory cr\*+ position spr+ /raight into ! air ) a free1 sw++ action1 b z /rongly z possible1 at ! same "t giv+ ! body a slight tilt =w>d1 s t x becomes m & m incl9$ dur+ its flight ?r\gh ! air4 ,! spr+ is made f ! toes ?is "t1 b in/ead ( ! legs be+ drawn up z 9 ord9>y jump+1 !y %\ld be q /raight & 9 l9e ) ! body z !y leave ! gr\nd1 & ! feet %\ld be po9t$ d[nw>ds1 exactly p>allel & close toge!r4 ,?is movem5t 7! arms are swung z be=e7 is mu* l t ( a dive f a spr+bo>d2 b :ile ! div]'s body has to make half a revolution1 or pass ?r\gh an angle ( #ahj dur+ its flight ?r\gh ! air1 ! ski-jump]1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ exagg]at$ squirt jump on ! /eepe/ hill1 c\ld h>dly h to *ange 8 angle by m ?an #de4 ,! ski-jump] !n w\ld seem to h ! easi] task4 ,! difficulty is t1 :]eas ! div] wants to l& 787 head fir/1 ! ski-jump] w\ld r n1 & in/9ctively %r9ks f ! slight ef=t 9 t direction :i* is necess>y4 ,! rem>ks 9 ! description ( ! fir/ me?od z to tim+1 c41 hold good "h1 & x is equally possible & advisable 9 ?is case to practise )\t skis4 ,:5 do+ s y %\ld1 aft] y\r spr+ into ! air1 l& on ! gr\nd on tiptoe1 tilt$ z mu* =w>d z possible1 ) y\r feet j :]e !y left ! gr\nd1 & absolutely p>allel to & t\*+ ea* o!r4 ,a fall is avoid$ z be=e by dropp+ into ! ,telem>k position4 ,:5 ! ,sats is made v sudd5ly & en]getically 9 ?is way1 ! jump] may notice a t5d5cy n m]ely to give an insuffici5t =w>d tilt to 8 body z he spr+s1 b ev5 to tilt x slightly backw>ds1 s t he l&s on 8 back ) 8 skis 9 ! air2 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t he may q h ov]come 8 n]v\sness & desire to %r9k back4 ,i ?9k x may be wor? :ile to expla9 ?is4 ,a man 9 mak+ a /&+ jump1 or a dive1 raises 8 heels & ?r[s 8 weight on 8 toes z he cr\*es = ! spr+1 i4e4 be=e he beg9s ! upw>d movem5t ( ! spr+ itself4 ,9 ?is way 8 c5tre ( gravity is br\ght exactly above ! po9t f :i* he w pu% (f4 ,a ski-jump] z he cr\*es = ! spr+ keeps 8 foot flat on ! ski & 8 c5tre ( gravity ov] ! middle ( 8 foot1 in/ead ( ov] ! toes4 ,if1 !n1 f ?is position he sudd5ly spr+s directly upw>ds1 ! f9al pressure ( ! toes1 :i* are f>!r =w>d ?an 8 c5tre ( gravity1 w t5d to tilt him backw>ds4 ,to avoid ?is t5d5cy1 try1 9 ! cr\*+ position1 to keep y\r weight z f> =w>d z possible 7n1 h[ev]1 rais+ ! heels1 :i* w\ld make y too un/eady7 & make y\r spr+ slightly =w>ds z well z upw>ds4 ,:5 practis+1 )\t skis1 ei!r me?od ( mak+ ! ,sats1 always />t ! movem5t f ! cr\*+ position ( ,plate ,,lii41 & be sure t x is correct 9 e detail be=e y make ! spr+4 ,rememb] t x is impossible to increase ! l5g? ( a jump on skis by spr++ =w>d z y w\ld = a /&+ long jump1 = y c1 ( c\rse1 get no pur*ase = ! backw>d pu%4 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ me?od ( mak+ ! ,sats1 al?\gh ! body %\ld %oot =w>ds1 ! pu% ( ! feet is almo/ entirely d[nw>ds4 ,! ,sats1 9 fact1 :5 x is a jump at all1 is a high jump only4 ,any pron\nc$ attempt to make x a long jump w result 9 a fall4 ,position 9 ! ,air 7,plate ,l41 c474--,hav+ complet$ ! movem5t ( ! ,sats1 d n alt] ! position ( y\r body & legs1 b hold y\rself p]fectly erect dur+ y\r flight ?r\gh ! air1 y\r feet & skis be+ p]fectly level 7i4e4 nei!r ahead ( ! o!r71 close toge!r1 & exactly p>allel4 ,! skis mu/ z soon z possible be br\ght p>allel to ! slope bel[ y1 & !re=e y\r feet mu/ be po9t$ d[nw>ds1 if !y are n s already1 & ! toes mu/ be press$ d[n to prev5t ! heels ( ! skis f dropp+1 z !y are v apt to d4 ,a jump] :5 9 ! air g5]ally sw+s 8 arms r\nd & r\nd4 ,n[ ! dog _c wag its tail mu* )\t ! tail wagg+ its dog a little1 & z ! jump] is mov+ freely ?r\gh space 8 %\ld]-muscles _c sw+ 8 arms r\nd 9 "o direction )\t at ! same "t sw++ him--i4e4 8 body & legs z a :ole--r\nd 9 ! o!r1 ?\gh ! movem5t ( 8 body & legs w be mu* sl[]1 z _! mass is mu* great]1 ?an t ( ! arms4 ,if1 !n1 he is n tilt$ f> en\gh =w>d1 ! jump] c1 by sw++ 8 arms 9 a =w>d-upw>d-backw>d-d[nw>d direction1 make ! re/ ( himself revolve sl[ly 9 ! opposite direction on ! axis ( 8 %\ld]-jo9ts1 & s tilt himself gradually =w>d2 or1 if 8 =w>d tilt is too great--:i* is n v likely--he c r$uce x by sw++ 8 arms r\nd ! o!r way4 ,l&+4--,y %\ld l& 9 ! above position1 ) ! feet level1 close toge!r1 & po9t$ well d[n1 s t ! skis /rike ! gr\nd ) _! :ole surface simultane\sly1 n ) _! heels fir/4 ,al?\gh ! legs %\ld be kept /raight dur+ mo/ ( ! flight ?r\gh ! air1 !y %\ld be b5t slightly j be=e y t\* ! sn[4 ,9 b5d+ !m be sure to press ! knees toge!r1 = to d s w ensure t1 on l&+1 ! skis are level1 close toge!r1 & p>allel2 & also1 :i* is equally important1 t !y /rike ! sn[ flat1 & n edg$ slightly outw>ds1 z !y are apt to d if ! feet only are held toge!r4 ,?is br++ toge!r ( ! knees is !re=e ! greate/ help to l&+ /eadily1 & if y rememb] to d x y ne$ n ?9k ab\t b5d+ ! legs1 = :5 8 knees are t\*+ & 8 feet p>allel x is impossible = a man ( normal build to keep 8 legs /raight4 ,i /rongly advise y to include ?is movem5t 9 y\r practice ( ! ,sats 7#bnd me?od7 )\t skis4 ,z y feel ! gr\nd1 b n be=e1 drop sm>tly into ,telem>k position1 ) ! weight well =w>d4 ,?is helps to dim9i% ! %ock1 & also1 ( c\rse1 ! *ance ( a fall backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,x is su* a help to ! balance t :5 y h got into ! habit ( x1 y w be incl9$ to beg9 ! =w>d /ride 9 ! air4 ,be c>eful to avoid do+ s1 =1 if y d1 y may /rike ! sn[ ) "o ski soon] ?an ) ! o!r1 :i* w v likely upset y4 ,!re is ! same dang] if y l& ) y\r skis ap>t in/ead ( close toge!r4 ,z ! skis /rike ! sn[1 !y b5d 9 ! middle & ea* makes a depression 9 ! sn[4 ,f ! deepe/ "p ( ! h9dmo/ ( ^! depressions to ! edge ( ! plat=m is ! measure ( ! jump4 ,! record /&s at pres5t at #dg metres 7#aed feet72 y w d well if y jump a t5? ( ?is di/ance )\t fall+ by ! end ( y\r fir/ day's practice4 ,z y drop into ! ,telem>k position1 keep ! ankles & knees well inw>ds & let ! pressure be r on ! inside ( ! foot1 or y\r skis may run ap>t & upset y4 ,only run 9 ,telem>k position until y are c]ta9 t y h y\r balance4 ,y %\ld1 if possible1 make a m]ely mom5t>y dip & !n /raight5 up sm>tly & f9i% y\r run 9 ! normal position1 /opp+ y\rself on ! level by a sw+ or a jump r\nd z soon z y c4 ,,g5]al ,,h9ts ,ski-jump+ to ! ord9>ily con/itut$ p]son :o tries x = ! fir/ "t is extremely al>m+4 ,al?\gh :5 ! :ole ( ! hillside is ( ! same /eepness he may f ! />t+-po9t see some?+ ( ! l[] "p ( ! slope1 ! exact spot on :i* he w l& is ne>ly always hidd5 f ! jump] until j be=e he rea*es ! edge ( ! plat=m1 & ev5 f t po9t x is /ill invisible if ! plat=m is built back f ! edge ( a /eep slope4 ,:5 ! l[] "p ( ! jump+-hill is /eep] ?an ! upp]1 z x ne>ly always is1 ! plat=m1 se5 f above1 appe>s to be project+ ov] ! edge ( a cliff4 ,?is at fir/ gives all b exceptionally bold spirits an irresi/ible desire to %r9k back on approa*+ x1 & x usually takes "o "s "t to ov]come ?is desire1 ev5 aft] realis+ t !re is practically no dang] at all4 ,ev5 :5 ! jump] feels no fe> 8 natural dis9cl9ation to make 8 spr+ until he c see :]e he is go+ to l& w = "s "t t5d to make him def] ! ,sats until too late4 ,! in/9ct to %r9k back is1 at any rate at fir/1 ! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ski-jump+1 & ,i ?9k y w f9d t ! be/ way to ov]come x is1 9 a s5se1 to give way to x--t is1 to />t "u conditions :i* are z little al>m+ z possible & to increase ! difficulty by v sl[ degrees4 ,beg9 by mak+ v %ort jumps on a q mod]ate slope1 no /eep] bel[ ?an above ! plat=m1 :i* mu/ be q l[ & long4 ,! fact ( ! slope be+ a g5tle "o does actually add to ! difficulty ( /&+1 b only to a v slight ext5t if ! plat=m is q l[2 & ?is =m ( hill is s mu* ! lea/ al>m+1 t ,i advise y to *oose x = y\r fir/ attempts4 ,!n make ! same k9d ( jump on a fairly /eep slope4 ,!n build y\r plat=m1 /ill q l[1 r back f ! edge ( z /eep a slope z y c f9d1 ! slope above x be+ a mod]ate "o4 ,beg9 "h ) q small jumps1 & gradually />t f>!r & f>!r back until y c make1 ) fair c]ta9ty ( /&+1 z long a jump z ! =m ( ! hill & plat=m w p]mit2 tak+ c>e1 ( c\rse1 t ! l[] slope is ( ample l5g?1 & t !re is no sudd5 *ange ( angle :]e x jo9s ! level1 = ?is causes really bad falls4 ,aft] ?is y c make ?+s m difficult = y\rself 9 v>i\s ways1 su* z increas+ ! height ( ! plat=m1 or build+ x at ! v edge ( a /eep slope in/ead ( r back f x1 or mak+ x po9t upw>ds s z to =m a squirt jump4 ,a squirt jump on a mod]ate slope is excell5t practice4 ,! consid]able diff]5ce 9 angle betwe5 ! plat=m & ! alight+ gr\nd makes x necess>y = ! le>n] to ?r[ himself well =w>d 9 mak+ ! ,sats1 & ! fact t he drops f a good height on to comp>atively flat gr\nd makes ! %ock suffici5t to compel him to b5d 8 knees & take ! ,telem>k position on l&+4 ,only jumps ( a few y>ds %\ld be made 9 ?is way1 h[ev]4 ,! %ock is too great = safety if ! drop is a really long "o4 ,on no acc\nt all[ y\rself to =sake easy hills = m difficult ones until on ! =m] y c make y\r jumps 9 p]fect /yle1 correct to ! smalle/ detail4 ,x is only by acquir+ an absolutely p]fect /yle t y c make any?+ b ! smalle/ & easie/ jumps ) any c]ta9ty ( /&+1 & = ?is reason ! only way to ga9 confid5ce is to improve y\r /yle4 ,x may be a f9e moral discipl9e to =ce y\rself ov] jumps ( an al>m+ size f ! v fir/1 b x w n make y a bett] jump]2 = if y are v n]v\s y w be able to ?9k ( no?+ until ! jump is f9i%$1 & s w le>n no?+ & h no bett] prospect ( /&+ at ! tw5tie? jump ?an at ! fir/4 ,aft] a c\rse ( ?is x is n unlikely t ! la/ /ate ( y\r n]ve w be worse ?an ! fir/4 ,x is a good ?+ to jump occasionally on big hills almo/ f ! fir/ if y c d s )\t feel+ v n]v\s1 b d n give up small jumps until y\r /yle is p]fect1 o!rwise x nev] w be4 ,9 ,norway ! /yle ( ! jump is consid]$ z important z1 if n m s ?an1 its l5g?4 ,at a competition a jump] receives m>ks accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* he p]=ms ea* /age ( ! jump--! approa*1 ! ,sats1 ! flight ?r\gh ! air1 ! l&+1 ! re/ ( ! run1 & ! sw+ at ! f9i%4 ,"u c]ta9 circum/ances ev5 a fall is n consid]$ greatly to a jump]'s discr$it4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a man makes a jump 9 good /yle & is evid5tly /eady on l&+1 b1 aft] runn+ a few y>ds1 loses 8 balance on a bad bit ( gr\nd1 he may score high] ?an a man :o jumps r f>!r & f9i%es )\t fall+1 b does s 9 v bad /yle4 ,i d n mean to say t m]ely dribbl+ ov] ! edge 9 a graceful attitude is enc\rag$1 = to jump z h>d z possible is "p ( good /yle1 & to receive any consid]ation a jump mu/1 z to l5g?1 be )9 reasonable di/ance ( ! maximum all[$ by ! =m ( ! hill & plat=m4 ,^? :o jump f>!/1 h[ev]1 almo/ inv>iably jump 9 ! be/ /yle1 & a v long /&+ jump 9 really bad /yle is sure to be a fluke2 s t 9 rew>d+ ! mo/ accurate jump]s ! ,norwegians probably rew>d ^? :o 9 ! aggregate h jump$ ! greate/ di/ances1 :atev] _! p]=mance on any s+le occasion may be4 ,i agree1 h[ev]1 ) ,mr4 ,ri*>dson 9 ?9k+ t ?is sy/em is likely to lead to too mu* /ress be+ laid on ! purely ornam5tal side ( /yle1 & t on ! :ole x w\ld be mu* bett] to consid] only ! l5g? ( ! jump & :e!r ! jump] /&s or falls on l&+4 ,always be>+ 9 m9d1 !n1 t x is only a means to ! end ( jump+ z f> & ( l&+ z /eadily z possible1 d y\r utmo/ to improve y\r /yle1 wat* = faults1 & get o!r p to criticise y z well4 ,*eck at ! outset any t5d5cy to acquire any ( ! foll[+ bad habits3-- ,9 ! cr\*+ position be=e ! ,sats3 ,sep>at+ y\r feet or knees2 only b5d+ slightly1 in/ead ( cr\*+ q l[4 ,9 ! ,sats3 ,mak+ a feeble1 timid ef=t1 & n /raight5+ out completely1 in/ead ( spr++ sm>tly & vigor\sly to an erect position1 ) body & legs 9 a p]fectly /raight l9e4 ,9 ! air3 ,b5d+ at ! hips or knees2 sep>at+ ! skis1 n keep+ !m p>allel & 9 ! same plane2 lett+ _! heels drop2 n keep+ ! feet level2 n br++ ! knees toge!r be=e l&+4 ,l&+3 ,l&+ ) ! skis ap>t1 or edg$ outw>ds1 or n p>allel1 or ) "o m ahead ?an ! o!r2 lett+ _! heels t\* ! sn[ fir/2 l&+ ) /raight legs 7or v b5t ones72 n dropp+ into ,telem>k position4 ,!re is a me?od ( jump+ kn[n 9 ,norway z ! traekke op1 9 :i*1 dur+ ! flight ?r\gh ! air1 ! feet are drawn up z close z possible to ! body1 :i* is b5t =w>d4 ,?is dim9i%es ! resi/ance ( ! air & p]haps slightly increases ! l5g? ( ! jump1 b is consid]ably m difficult ?an ! upright me?od1 because x has a great] t5d5cy to make ! jump] l& lean+ backw>ds1 or ) ! knees & feet sep>at$ s t ! skis are po9t$ ap>t1 or ) ! legs s mu* b5t t !y are liable to collapse f ! %ock4 ,9 ,norway ?is me?od is g5]ally consid]$ less good /yle ?an ! o!r4 ,if y wi% to try x y _h bett] make ! ,sats 9 ! ord9>y way1 /raight5+ out completely be=e y beg9 to draw up ! legs1 & almo/ completely aga9 be=e l&+4 ,be sure also1 9 lift+ ! feet1 to raise ! toes well 9 ord] to avoid any risk ( plung+ ! po9ts ( y\r skis into ! sn[ on l&+4 ,x is v good practice = ! balance to make jumps 9 ?is way :5 y cross small undulations 9 ! c\rse ( a run1 or ev5 :5 ! gr\nd is q smoo?4 ,y w !n1 ( c\rse1 h to draw up y\r feet ! mom5t y leave ! gr\nd4 ,be c>eful1 by hold+ y\r knees toge!r1 to keep y\r skis f po9t+ outw>ds z y l&4 ,an exp]t :5 runn+ fa/ c 9 ?is way jump a l[ f5ce or1 to be precise1 an ob/acle #b feet or s high4 ,9 spite ( all t ,i h said ab\t ! necessity = tak+ x gradually1 & keep+ (f big hills at fir/1 y ne$ n be afraid ( hurt+ y\rself mu*1 no matt] h[ f> y may jump1 provid$ ! hill & plat=m be prop]ly arrang$1 = 9 t case an accid5t is almo/ impossible4 ,y are f> m likely to meet ) "o :5 runn+ at a comp>atively l[ spe$ on t\r1 if ! sn[ is s(t & deep4 ,to be able to jump ev5 mod]ately well w enorm\sly improve y\r runn+ g5]ally1 & w give y a confid5ce & da% t c h>dly be acquir$ 9 any o!r way4 ,x is an excell5t plan = ! beg9n] to practise all ! motions ( jump+ :ile runn+ d[n a slope1 )\t any plat=m1 & at fir/ )\t ev5 a *ange ( gradi5t4 ,make a m>k on ! gr\nd2 run t[>ds x1 cr\*+2 make ! ,sats z y rea* x1 spr++ into ! air if possible2 drop into ,telem>k position1 & /raight5 up aga94 ,practise ?is until on a slope :]e !re is a slight *ange ( gradi5t y c make a jump ( #c or #d y>ds /eadily1 & y w f9d ?+s come mu* easi] :5 y try f a plat=m4 ,f9ally1 let me rem9d y ( ! *ildi% plan t ,i h already advocat$1 ( pret5d+ t y want to g fa/] ?an y are actually mov+4 ,y c n[ pret5d t y want to /ay 9 ! air z long z possible--unless y really want to1 :i* is unlikely at fir/4 ,! man :o wants to make a long jump is mu* m likely to /& ?an ! "o :o m]ely wants n to fall4 ,%ort ,directions = ! ,jump4--,run 9 normal position until )9 ab\t #ae y>ds ( ! plat=m's edge 7n s close if runn+ v fa/71 !n br+ y\r feet level &1 keep+ y\r knees press$ toge!r & well =w>ds1 cr\* d[n z l[ z possible4 ,:5 ! h&s c t\* ! ankles draw !m "r back4 ,j be=e rea*+ ! edge ( ! plat=m make ! ,sats by ei!r ( ! foll[+ me?ods3-- #a4 ,)\t rais+ ! heels or mov+ ! feet or legs bel[ ! knees1 sw+ y\r arms =w>d & upw>d & /raight5 y\rself sm>tly until y\r body & ?ighs are 9 a l9e ) ! l[] "p ( ! legs4 ,y w !n1 if y h mov$ f ! knees only1 be lean+ well =w>d4 #b4 ,sw++ ! arms z be=e1 spr+ vigor\sly almo/ /raight upw>ds f ! plat=m1 giv+ ! body a slight =w>d tilt+ motion z y d s1 & /raight5+ out completely f head to foot1 b ?is "t rais+ ! heels & f9i%+ ! spr+ f ! toes4 ,on complet+ ! ,sats1 hold ! erect position dur+ ! flight ?r\gh ! air1 keep+ ! feet level & close toge!r & ! skis p>allel to ea* o!r & to ! slope bel[4 ,j be=e l&+ press ! knees toge!r1 &1 z y feel y\r skis t\* ! sn[1 b n until !n1 drop into ,telem>k position4 ,! mom5t y feel /eady /raight5 up aga91 f9i% y\r run 9 ! normal position1 & sw+ or jump r\nd4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,run ,,across ,,c\ntry ,z soon z y h acquir$ a mod]ate pr(ici5cy 9 ! v>i\s manoeuvres t h be5 describ$1 y %\ld h little difficulty 9 gett+ ?r\gh a run quickly & com=tably )\t feel+ any temptation to use y\r /ick :5 once ! desc5t has begun4 ,! foll[+ h9ts may help y :5 y g = an exp$ition3-- ,9 ! fir/ place1 be sure1 especially if y are go+ f>1 t y are tak+ ev]y?+ y c possibly want--sp>e clo?+1 food1 d>k glasses1 wax & rag1 knife1 sealsk91 climb+-irons1 repair outfit1 map1 compass1 lant]n1 mat*es1 c41 if y decide t any or all ( ^! ?+s are necess>y4 ,if ! fir/ "p ( ! climb is along a beat5 pa?1 x w probably save "t to cov] t on foot4 ,y c !n ei!r drag ! skis aft] y by a /r+ ti$ to ! holes 9 _! tips1 or c c>ry !m4 ,mo/ p ev5tually pref] ! latt] me?od4 ,! be/ way ( c>ry+ ! skis is to place !m sole to sole 7tie !m s if y l71 & !n ei!r to re/ !m almo/ horizontally on ! %\ld]1 po9ts =w>d1 & hold !m ne> ! b5d1 or to lean !m ne>ly upright aga9/ ! %\ld]1 po9ts up1 &1 ) ! arm hang+ almo/ /raight1 to hold !m by ! heel ends 7,plates ,,lviii4 & ,,lix474 ,!y c also be c>ri$ by a sl+ f ! %\ld]1 a conv5i5t plan if any scrambl+ is to be done4 ,if y are climb+ ! hill by ! r\te t y mean to foll[ dur+ ! run d[n1 y %\ld take e opportunity ( mak+ obs]vations :i* w be useful to y lat] on1 & w enable y to make ! desc5t z quickly & easily z possible4 ,try to plan out exactly h[ y w take ! run d[n4 ,notice all ! peculi>ities ( ! gr\nd & sn[1 & fix 9 y\r head ! pr9cipal l&m>ks4 ,b rememb] t ! gr\nd w look v diff]5t :5 approa*$ f above1 & !re=e keep on look+ backw>ds at :at y h pass$4 ,pay p>ticul> att5tion to ! po9ts :]e ! angle ( ! slope *anges1 9 ord] t :5 f above y are runn+ t[>ds an invisible piece ( /eep] gr\nd1 y may h ! cle>e/ possible idea ( :at to expect4 ,! actual climb+ w at fir/ give y a good deal to ?9k (4 ,! ord9>y proc$ure1 :5 sev]al ski-runn]s are climb+ a hill1 is = "o to lead & ! re/ to walk 9 8 track 9 s+le file4 ,if ! sn[ is s(t & deep ! lead]'s "w may be v exhau/+1 & ea* ( ! p>ty w h to take 8 turn4 ,if y are lead+1 make y\r tacks z long z possible to avoid wa/+ "t 9 kick-turns4 ,rememb] all t has be5 said ab\t adju/+ y\r c\rse to ! cont\r ( ! hill s t y m\nt at a /eady gradi5t :i* is too /eep = no "o 9 ! p>ty1 ab\t n side-/epp+ unnecess>ily1 & s on4 ,& nev]1 )\t good reason1 attempt to hurry4 ,if y are n lead+1 & if ! lead] is a compet5t p]son1 y w n h mu* to ?9k (4 ,if he is n1 y may f9d foll[+ him a tiresome bus9ess4 ,if x is really difficult to d s 7n m]ely irritat+71 don't dream ( suff]+ 9 sil5ce1 b compla9 at once1 & if he is s /upid or inconsid]ate z to p]si/ 9 8 misde$s1 make a new track = y\rself4 ,don't be at all di/urb$ if y f9d y\rself be+ left beh9d1 b keep on /eadily at y\r own pace4 ,if y make a halt & take y\r skis (f1 clean !m ?or\ghly at once1 & see t _! soles are nei!r wet nor w>m :5 y put !m on aga94 ,if y are likely to feel cold 7& y are likely z a rule71 put on sp>e clo?+ z soon z y /op1 n aft] y feel *illy4 ,wax y\r skis ?or\ghly be=e />t+ ! run d[n if ! sn[ is /icky1 or is likely to be s l[] d[n2 & rememb] to button up y\r pockets1 or y may f9d at ! bottom ( ! hill t sn[ has ei!r tak5 ! place (1 or ru9$ _! cont5ts4 ,i h s f> attempt$ no description ( ! sn[ itself4 ,x v>ies inf9itely 9 consi/5cy1 b consid]ably less s 9 appe>ance1 & = ?is reason x is (t5 impossible = ! runn] to be sure ( ! quality ( ! sn[ 9 front ( him until 8 skis actually t\* x4 ,?is latt] fact adds consid]ably to ! difficulty ( ski-runn+ :5 pat*es ( diff]5t slipp]9ess occur at %ort int]vals4 ,! wor/ k9d ( pat*y sn[ consi/s ( a h>d & slipp]y ice-cru/ 9 ! holl[s ( :i* f9ely p[d]$ w9d-bl[n sn[ has accumulat$2 =tunately 9 ?is case ! diff]5ce is g5]ally visible1 ! sl[ p[d]y sn[ be+ p]fectly :ite & ! ice-cru/ r grey]4 ,! safe/ way ( negotiat+ sn[ ( ?is sort :ile runn+ /raight has already be5 expla9$4 ,= practical purposes ! ski-runn] may consid] ! sn[ to be ( ?ree di/9ct v>ieties accord+ to ! consi/5cy ( its surface3 viz4 s(t sn[1 h>d sn[1 & breakable cru/4 ,!re is no real division betwe5 ^! v>ieties1 ea* melt+ into ! o!r by imp]ceptible gradations2 b1 :]e ! quality ( ! sn[ falls cle>ly "u "o ( ^! head+s1 ! runn] w be oblig$ to use c]ta9 def9ite me?ods ( turn+ & /opp+1 unless he is ei!r a ?or\gh exp]t1 or a /ick-rid] ( ! wor/ k9d4 ,=1 z ,i h already said1 ! =m] c make any k9d ( sw+ 9 almo/ any k9d ( sn[1 :ile ! latt] has only "o me?od ( turn+1 viz4 t ( dragg+ himself to "o side or ! o!r by means ( 8 /ick1 c>efully pres]v+ :ile he does s 8 normal runn+ position1 ) ! knees well b5t & ! skis level1 p>allel1 & a y>d or s ap>t1 :i* manoeuvre he calls mak+ a /emm+ curve or a ,*ri/iania sw+1 accord+ z ! turn has be5 a d[nhill or an uphill "o4 ,assum+1 !n1 t y belong to nei!r ( ^! classes1 y w h to "k h[ to adapt ! means ( turn+ to ! quality ( ! sn[4 ,x %\ld be fairly obvi\s f ! descriptions ( ! diff]5t sw+s h[ ?is is to be done4 ,9 deep loose sn[ make all y\r turns1 :e!r d[nhill or uphill1 by means ( ! ,telem>k sw+4 ,on h>d sn[1 :e!r q b>e or cov]$ by a v %all[ lay] ( loose sn[1 make y\r d[nhill curves by means ( ! /emm+ turn1 & use ! ,*ri/iania sw+ = turn+ uphill4 ,9 breakable cru/1 if x is v ?91 y may f9d x possible to turn or /op ) ! ,telem>k4 ,if ?is is out ( ! "q y w h to jump or /ep r\nd4 ,( c\rse s(t sn[ may be s d5se t ! ski s9ks into x b little 7z 9 ! case ( wat]y spr+ sn[72 y w f9d x j z easy to make /emm+ turns & ,*ri/ianias 9 ?is z to make ,telem>ks--p]haps ev5 easi]4 ,9 ! same way ! lay] ( loose sn[ on a cru/ may be deep en\gh to all[ ,telem>ks to be made z /eadily z ! o!r turns4 ,a breakable cru/1 too1 may be s ?9 z to be h>dly p]ceptible1 or s ?ick t only "s extra pressure 7:i* occurs :5 a sw+ is made7 w make x give way2 b1 g5]ally speak+1 y w f9d t y are limit$ to "o me?od or ! o!r--if y want to run ) ! maximum ( /ead9ess4 ,evid5tly1 !n1 ! ,telem>k is at lea/ z g5]ally useful z ! o!r two turns to ! mod]ately skilful runn] :o does n rely on ! help ( 8 /ick4 ,yet mo/ ,engli% runn]s und\bt$ly look ^u x z a pretty trick ( no practical value1 & nev] attempt x dur+ a run4 ,x is q c]ta91 h[ev]1 t a man :o c make a ,telem>k sw+ ) fair /ead9ess on a h>d & slipp]y practice-gr\nd 7& ! av]age runn] c d ?is7 w f9d x f> easi] to d s 9 ! s(t loose sn[ :i* is1 =tunately1 ! v>iety mo/ commonly met ) dur+ a run4 ,& if he c make ! sw+ to ! left1 he is c]ta9ly capable ( le>n+ to make x to ! "r1 & ( turn+ d[nhill ) x z well z uphill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,s1 ,/emm+ ,turn2 ,t1 ,telem>k2 ,c1 ,*ri/iania2 ,j1 ,jump r\nd4 ,b if ! runn] only le>ns ! ,telem>k to ! left & ! ,*ri/iania to ! "r1 z mo/ p are cont5t to d1 x w be a long "t be=e he c rely on !m dur+ a run2 = only ! ?or\gh exp]t c make bo? ^! sw+s ) /ead9ess & c]ta9ty 9 any k9d ( sn[1 especially if 8 spe$ be high or ! slope /eep4 ,) ! ,*ri/iania 9 p>ticul> x is exce$+ly difficult1 if ! sn[ is unsuitable1 to make a d[nhill turn1 & by no means easy to make an uphill "o4 ,! /emm+ turn1 :i* is ! only "o attempt$ dur+ a run by ! av]age runn] 7,i say attempt$ advis$ly1 = an exam9ation ( 8 track w seldom reveal mu* trace ( actual /emm+71 is ev5 m difficult to make 9 unsuitable sn[ ?an ! ,*ri/iania4 ,! mo/ important ?+ = y to rememb] :5 y fir/ beg9 to make practical use ( ! sw+s1 c41 :ile on a run1 is t if y wi% to fall z little z possible1 y %\ld nev] attempt to turn or /op :ile runn+ at all fa/4 ,if y run ) judgm5t y c always avoid hav+ to d ?is4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 t y f9d y\rself approa*+ ! edge ( a /eep slope2 if y\r c\rse is cle> & ! slope has an easy outrun on to level or ne>ly level gr\nd1 by all means run /raight d[n2 = at ! bottom y w ei!r run to a /&/ill or w sl[ up en\gh to be able to turn easily if necess>y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !re is no cle> outrun at ! bottom ( ! slope1 or if !re are ob/acles 9 y\r pa?1 don't dream ( da%+ /raight ov] ! edge & try+ to turn (f l[] d[n1 :i* y w c]ta9ly fail to d1 b ei!r /em1 sn[-pl\gh1 or side-slip /raight d[n ! slope1 or turn (f at once & take x 9 zigzags1 mak+ a d[nhill turn at ! end ( ea* tack by :atev] me?od ! quality ( ! sn[ dem&s4 ,& unless y run ea* tack at a v g5tle gradi5t inde$1 y %\ld take ! fur!r precaution ( sl[+ up by turn+ slightly uphill be=e beg9n+ ea* d[nhill turn4 ,to *eck ! pace by mak+ an uphill sw+ is a mu* neat] & easi] way ( do+ x ?an by /emm+ ) ! l[] foot2 ! latt] is a process :i*1 :5 ! gr\nd is op51 y ne$ seldom use if y h a mod]ate comm& ( ! sw+s1 ?\gh among ob/acles--9 d5se wood & ! l--y may (t5 f9d x necess>y to h rec\rse to x4 ,! means y use = mak+ ?is prelim9>y uphill turn w dep5d1 ( c\rse1 on ! quality ( ! sn[1 j z 9 ! case ( ! d[nhill "o4 ,fig4 #dg %[s :at turns to use 9 ord] to run 9 zigzags ?r\gh sn[ ( ! ?ree diff]5t qualities4 ,! d[nhill turns %\ld be made z %ortly & %>ply z possible1 9 ord] to prev5t ! pace f becom+ unmanageable 9 ! middle ( !m4 ,if on acc\nt ( ! nature ( ! gr\nd y decide to run /raight d[n a /eep slope in/ead ( tak+ x 9 zigzags1 y mu/1 ( c\rse1 be ready to drop into ,telem>k position = any sudd5 undulations or difficult sn[4 ,rememb] t ! quality ( ! sn[ dep5ds to a great ext5t on ! direction 9 :i* ! slope faces4 ,on slopes ) a nor? aspect1 especially if !y are /eep1 ! sn[ gets little or no sun1 & is g5]ally s(t & easy1 ?\gh ev5 "h x may sometimes get cru/$ by v /rong w9ds or by fro/ aft] a w>m w9d or ra94 ,on slopes :i* face s\? ! sn[ is expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun--m or less directly accord+ to ! /eepness ( ! slope & ! "t ( ye>4 ,dur+ ! day1 !re=e1 ! surface ( ! sn[ melts1 freez+ at night into a cru/1 & :5 ! sun goes (f ^! s\? slopes !y are1 z a rule1 p]fectly h>d & icy1 ?\gh :5 ! sun is full on !m !y may become s s(t t y w f9d x difficult to use any turn except ! ,telem>k4 ,! mo/ difficult sn[ occurs on slopes :i* face a little s\? ( ea/ or we/1 & on due s\? slopes :5 ! sun is j beg9n+ to /rike !m1 or is go+ (f !m2 = !n ! h>d cru/ g5]ally becomes m or less breakable4 ,if y get ^! facts ab\t ! sn[ well into y\r head1 x w be a great help to y dur+ a run4 ,y w v likely f9d t "o k9d ( turn comes easi] ?an ano!r1 & at fir/1 :5 y\r pr9cipal object is to run /eadily & avoid falls z f> z y c1 y\r safe/ plan w be to %ape y\r c\rse s z to make mo/ ( y\r turns by ! me?od t y f9d easie/4 ,if y ?or\ghly und]/& ! conditions :i* affect ! quality ( ! sn[1 y w "k :]e to look = t k9d ( sn[ :i* suits y\r fav\rite me?od ( turn+1 & :at places to avoid = ! probable unsuitability ( _! surface4 ,d n =get t :at is true ( ! ma9 slopes is also true ( _! m9or features4 ,on slopes fac+ ea/ or we/1 = in/ance1 ea* small undulation has its nor? & s\? side1 ! surface ( :i* is affect$ by sun & fro/ 9 j ! same way z ! ma9 slopes fac+ 9 t direction4 ,if y rememb] ?is y w (t51 :5 runn+ across a slope ^: g5]al surface is difficult1 be able to f9d small pat*es ( sn[ on ! sides ( ! undulations 9 :i* y c turn q easily4 ,:5 beg9n+ ! run d[n always make up y\r m9d be=e y />t h[ y mean to negotiate t "p ( ! hill :i* is visible4 ,if "s way ahead ! gr\nd becomes /eep]1 s z to be invisible1 & y d n "k :at x is l1 don't run at a high spe$ to :]e ! slope *anges1 b approa* x 9 zigzags1 or at any rate sl[ly1 9 case y %\ld f9d x necess>y to turn (f or /op at ! edge ( ! /eep] slope4 ,by do+ ?is y w preclude ! possibility ( dropp+ ov] a precipice on unkn[n gr\nd4 ,z soon z y c see :at 0 hidd5 f y1 plan out1 )\t /opp+ if possible1 ! next visible piece ( y\r c\rse 9 ! same way4 ,!re is "o difficulty ab\t /e]+ among ob/acles :i* x may be z well to m5tion4 ,suppose y are runn+ d[n or across a slope ) a tree /raight ahead ( y :i* y mean to avoid :5 fairly close to x1 by sw++1 say1 to ! left4 ,z y already "k1 y mu/1 at ! beg9n+ ( any turn1 lean =w>ds1 p]haps ev5 a little outw>ds1 nev] inw>ds4 ,n[1 if !re 7 no tree 9 front ( y1 y w\ld probably h no difficulty :atev] 9 mak+ ! turn1 b ! fe> ( runn+ into ! tree w at fir/ be almo/ c]ta9 to make y lean away f x z y beg9 ! turn--t is1 backw>ds & to ! left4 ,y w !n1 if y don't fall d[n at once1 at any rate fail to turn %>ply1 & s w probably d exactly :at y 7 try+ to avoid1 viz4 run into ! tree4 propos ( trees1 let me rem9d y t turns are ma9ly = /e]+1 & t !re=e1 except j at fir/1 !y %\ld be practis$ :]e /e]+ is necess>y--i4e4 among trees or o!r ob/acles4 ,unless y take e opportunity ( practis+ !m !re1 !y w be ( little real use to y4 ,y %\ld soon be able to make d[nhill turns on any op5 slope ) ease1 & w soon aft]w>ds cease to f9d mu* fun 9 do+ s1 b !re is no end to ! difficulty & !re=e ! int]e/ ( turn+ quickly among ob/acles1 & anyone :o is or wi%es to be a good ski-er w n be happy unless he gets pl5ty ( wood-runn+4 ,nor1 = mu* ! same reasons1 w he be cont5t$ )\t pl5ty ( bad & difficult sn[1 a fact :i* y %\ld lay to he>t at ! outset4 ,i h already said t :5 runn+ fa/ on gr\nd t is cov]$ ) h>d ski-tracks1 y %\ld try to avoid cross+ !m at a n>r[ angle4 ,y w sometimes f9d t y want to run a trav]se on a slope closely cov]$ ) h>d p>allel tracks1 lead+ exactly ! way y want to g & /eeply en\gh to make runn+ 9 !m extremely un/eady4 ,y\r be/ plan "h is to run almo/ or q directly d[nhill across !m = a %ort di/ance1 & !n to turn upw>ds ) a ,*ri/iania & make a longi% trav]se at a less /eep angle ?an ! tracks2 y\r l[ spe$ !n enabl+ y to cross !m at a n>r[ angle 9 safety4 ,by repeat+ ?is process y w rea* ! po9t to :i* ! tracks lead almo/ z quickly & f> m com=tably ?an by foll[+ !m4 ,to make alt]nate direct desc5ts & gradual trav]ses 9 ?is way is also conv5i5t :5 y w\ld o!rwise h to run a /eep /emm+ trav]se4 ,by pay+ c>eful att5tion to all ! above po9ts y %\ld soon be able to run safely & /eadily1 & to get d[n any ord9>y hill ) few or no falls4 ,?is also means t y w accompli% ! desc5t 9 pretty quick "t1 provid$ t y nev] /op if y c possibly help x1 & t aft] a fall y get up )\t ei!r hurry+ or dawdl+4 ,?is k9d ( runn+ makes no great dem&s on y\r skill1 & /ill less on y\r n]ve4 ,its ma9 object is ! avoidance ( falls1 & at fir/ ?is %\ld c]ta9ly be y\r sole aim4 ,b if y wi% to become a really good runn] y %\ld n all[ x to rema9 s = long4 ,! fir/-rate runn] has absolute comm& ( ! v>i\s sw+s1 c41 & c /op sudd5ly or dodge among ob/acles at a pretty high spe$ ) p]fect /ead9ess 7at v high spe$s x is impossible to turn or /op sudd5ly2 ! curve ( ! sw+ is !n b\nd to be m or less long & gradual74 ,he nev] turns or /ops if he c help x1 h[ev]1 b runs ev]y?+ z /raight z he c1 & at ! highe/ possible spe$4 ,!re is n ! lea/ d\bt t to take a hill 9 ?is way n only dem&s ! utmo/ skill1 b gives ! greate/ pleasure t ski-runn+1 pure & simple1 c af=d4 ,x is n unusual to he> a man :o nev] takes ! easie/ slope )\t con/ant zigzagg+1 say t he does s because he pref]s go+ sl[ly & sp9n+ out ! run to da%+ d[n 9 a qu>t] ( ! "t4 ,he inf]s1 if he does n actually say1 t ! fe> ( spe$ has no?+ to d ) 8 *oice4 ,y may be ne>ly sure t ! man :o talks 9 ?is way is inf]r+1 if n tell+1 a lie1 ?\gh v likely unconsci\sly4 ,i us$ to say ! same myself1 & did n realise = "s "t t e ski-runn]1 :atev] he may say or ?9k1 runs j z fa/ z he d>es4 ,i don't = a mom5t mean to say t !re is any?+ to be a%am$ ( 9 be+ afraid ( go+ fa/4 ,inde$1 ! man :o realises & op5ly admits t he is afraid1 & :o refuses to attempt any?+ :i* puts a great /ra9 on 8 n]ve1 is v likely a m reasonable & admirable p]son ?an ! "o :o gradually becomes a bett] runn] simply ?r\gh be+ a%am$ ( admitt+ 8 c[>dice ev5 to himself4 ,i only want to impress ^u y t ! s9e qua non ( f9e ski-runn+ is spe$1 & t if y want to become a f9e runn]1 y mu/ be always try+ to take ?+s fa/] & fa/]4 ,"o reason :y jump+ is su* an excell5t tra9+ = ! ski-runn] is t x accu/oms him to runn+ at ! greate/ possible spe$1 & to fall+ occasionally :ile do+ s4 ,to pay no p>ticul> att5tion to any?+ b /raight runn+ & spe$ f ! fir/ is ( c\rse absurd1 = if y d ?is y w fall ab\t hopelessly :5 any /e]+ is necess>y1 & ! mo/ mis]able /ick-rid+ zigzagg] w be d[n a hill long be=e y4 ,fir/ ( all1 practise all ! turns until y c make !m ) /ead9ess1 = ! special purposes & on ! p>ticul> sn[ to :i* !y are be/ adapt$4 ,if y are weak 9 any turn1 practise t "o especially1 n only on ! practice-gr\nd1 b dur+ a run4 ,to d ! latt] w1 ( c\rse1 add consid]ably to ! numb] ( y\r falls dur+ a run1 b x is ! only way to improve1 & y %\ld nev]1 except at ! v outset1 or = "s special reason1 be too anxi\s n to fall4 ,! boa/ ( hav+ accompli%$ a run )\t a s+le fall is usually suffici5t to /amp ! utt]] ( x z ei!r a novice or a n]v\s p]son1 :o has negotiat$ 8 :ole run 9 ! easie/ possible way4 ,a v mod]ate runn]1 if he *ooses1 c ?us avoid fall+ easily en\gh2 b if he wi%es to become a bett] "o1 he is b\nd to take *ances1 :]e an unambiti\s or timid "o w\ld play = safety4 ,d n =get1 h[ev]1 t if to boa/ ( n fall+ lays y op5 to suspicion 9 "o way1 to boa/ ( fall+ /amps y infallibly 9 ano!r4 ,aft] y c make all ! turns pretty well 9 ! sn[ :i* is easie/ = ea*1 beg9 to practise !m 9 difficult sn[4 ,:5 y c make !m :ile runn+ at a mod]ate spe$1 try to d s at high] & high] spe$s4 ,y c !n practise runn+ ) ! same foot lead+ ! :ole "t1 & make only ,telem>ks "o way & ,*ri/ianias ! o!r2 if y f9d ?is easi] ) ! "r foot lead+1 run always ) ! left foot lead+ until t comes j z easy4 ,d y\r utmo/1 9 %ort1 to improve y\r /e]+ 9 e possible way1 & !n try to run ev]y?+ z /raight & fa/ z ev] y c4 ,i don't1 ( c\rse1 mean t y are to become a pa/ ma/] at sw++ & turn+ be=e y try to run /raight & fa/1 = ! two ?+s c be practis$ toge!r4 ,b /e]+ mu/ come fir/1 & until y c /e] z well ) y\r long groov$ ski & )\t ! help ( ! /ick z ! mo/ r$\btable ,lili5feld /ick-rid] ) 8 %ort smoo? skis1 y mu/ give mu* m att5tion to t ?an to spe$4 ,y\r ultimate aim mu/1 z ,i h already said1 be to run 9 ! utmo/ safety1 ) ! utmo/ skill 7i4e4 ) ! lea/ ef=t7 & at ! utmo/ spe$2 b if ev]1 z 9 a race1 spe$ is almo/ y\r sole object1 rememb] ! foll[+ facts3-- ,ap>t f ! "q ( ob/acles1 ! quicke/ way to get d[n a hill is ( c\rse to run freely /raight d[n x4 ,! second quicke/ way is a free direct desc5t *eck$ at int]vals by uphill sw+s1 s t ! spe$ nev] becomes high en\gh to be difficult4 ,! ?ird quicke/ way is a direct /emm+ 7,telem>k1 sn[-pl\gh1 or side-slip7 desc5t1 & n1 z mo/ p imag9e1 a free desc5t by tacks & d[nhill turns4 ,! latt] me?od takes m skill & less ef=t1 b is a great deal sl[]4 ,to sum up1 let me advise y to take 9 succession ea* ( ! foll[+ s]ies ( ,don'ts z y\r guid+ maxim :5 le>n+ cross-c\ntry runn+3-- 7#a7 ,don't fall 7b /em1 kick-turn1 & /op ad lib474 7#b7 ,don't /op 7i4e4 /em ad lib41 b make no kick-turns74 7#c7 ,don't /em 7b make z gradual tacks z y l1 & *eck ! pace :5 necess>y by uphill sw+s74 7#d7 ,don't sl[ up be=e turn+ d[nhill4 7#e7 ,don't--if y c safely avoid x--turn at all4 ,:5 y c accompli% a run )\t fall+ or /opp+1 y may consid] y\rself a ?ird-rate cross-c\ntry runn]1 be+ q safe & n too sl[4 ,:5 y c d s )\t fall+1 /opp+1 or /emm+1 y\r runn+ w be suffici5tly safe1 fa/1 & 9 p>ticul> ef=tless1 to be call$ second-rate4 ,:5 y c manage mo/ ( y\r run )\t ei!r fall+1 /opp+1 /emm+1 or turn+1 y may be q pleas$ ) y\rself4 ,! la/ s5t5ce sugge/s a fur!r ^w ( advice4 ,x is seldom reasonable to feel v pr\d ( "o's runn+1 b x is (t5 ! greate/ help to pret5d to d s4 ,if aft] tak+ all possible pa9s to le>n any manoeuvre y /ill f9d a difficulty 9 do+ x1 try ! effect ( imag9+ y\rself r a desp]ate fell[--a c>eless1 skilful1 da%+ p]son :o has done ?is sort ( ?+ all 8 life & ?9ks no?+ ( x4 ,y w v likely f9d t ?is acts l a *>m1 & t x 0 only ! /iffness t comes f ov]-c>efulness :i* prev5t$ y f succe$+ be=e4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( side1 9 fact--:e!r natural or assum$--is really an excell5t ?+4 ,mo/ good p]=m]s talk ( _! runn+--p]haps s9c]ely--) becom+ mode/y1 b !y seldom %[ mu* sign ( ?is mode/y 9 _! actions :5 ski-+--ev9c+1 z a rule1 a heal?y self-confid5ce :i* might almo/ be mi/ak5 = a desire to %[ (f4 ,9 ! above s]ies ( ,don'ts ,i h n includ$ ,don't use ! /ick1 because ,i tru/ x w\ld nev] ent] y\r head to d s4 ,i might h[ev] h said1 ,don't be afraid ( leav+ y\r /icks at home1 = unless y want to race uphill or on ! level y c easily disp5se ) !m1 & to d s occasionally w prev5t y f gett+ into ! slov5ly habit ( prodd+ ) ! inn] /ick at ! end ( e sw+4 ,n t ?is prodd+ ne$ be consid]$ a v s]i\s crime1 = z long z a /ick is us$ ) "o h& = pu%+ & n ) bo? = pull+1 no great h>m w be done to ! /yle4 ,b ?is prodd+ is a slight wa/e ( en]gy1 & !re=e ! t5d5cy to d x %\ld be *eck$4 ,to g )\t a /ick at all occasionally is ! be/ possible way to cultivate a p]fectly free & ef=tless /yle1 n only ( runn+ d[n a hill1 b ( climb+ up x4 ,"o sometimes he>s ! absurd /atem5t t to t\r )\t a /ick is unnatural1 & !re=e n p]missible4 ,all ski-+ is unnatural4 ,if x is natural to c>ry a /ick1 x is /ill m natural to lean on x h>d ! :ole "t4 ,! only real & se>*+ te/ ( ! skill & ease ( a man's runn+ is to take away 8 /ick altoge!r & see if he c run fa/ & /eadily across any sort ( c\ntry )\t x2 & ,i /rongly advise y to te/ y\r own runn+ 9 ?is way f "t to "t4 ,x is a curi\s co9cid5ce1 if no?+ m1 t 9 ,canada x is ! regul> ?+ = ski-ers to d _! cross-c\ntry runn+ )\t /icks1 & t 9 ,canada1 & n[h]e else1 an ,anglo-,saxon 7,b>ney ,reilly7 has already done "s fir/-rate jump+4 ,ab\t ! special dang]s ( ski-runn+ a ^w or two may be useful4 ,! risk ( injury f fall+ on sn[ is n v great1 & !re is n mu* dang] ( any "o b a lunatic dropp+ ov] a precipice 9 an unkn[n c\ntry1 or da%+ at full spe$ into a solid ob/acle1 in/ead ( adopt+ ! simple device ( fall+ d[n be=e he rea*es x1 if he _c manage to turn4 ,i h nev] he>d ( any?+ worse ?an a brok5 leg 7:i* is no d\bt q bad en\gh7 result+ f a fall 9 sn[4 ,! k9d ( sn[ mo/ likely to lead to injury is n h>d1 icy sn[1 z ! beg9n] g5]ally fancies1 b deep s(t sn[1 especially if cov]$ by a breakable cru/2 = 9 ?is ! skis may plunge b5ea? ! surface1 &1 gett+ jamm$1 may ?r[ a /ra9 on ! foot or leg4 ,b ev5 "h ! runn] ^: /yle is good is n v likely to hurt himself1 ev5 :5 go+ fa/1 if 8 b9d+ fits prop]ly2 x is ! /ick-rid] ) 8 feet level & skis ap>t :o gets ! mo/ awkw>d falls4 ,9 jump+1 ow+ to ! firmness ( ! surface1 !re is h>dly any dang] at all4 ,! real dang] ( injury 9 ski-runn+ does n consi/ s mu* 9 ! nature ( ! injury itself z 9 ! fact t x may leave ! runn] incapable ( movem5t 9 a dang]\s situation4 ,if he is f> f %elt] he may be badly fro/-bitt5 be=e he c be got home--!re=e ! m sp>e clo?+ he c>ries ! bett]4 ,if he is alone1 he w be lucky if he gets home at all--& any "o :o ?or\ghly realises ?is w ?9k twice be=e he goes ski-+ by himself )\t say+ :]e he is go+4 ,! advantage ( c>ry+ a map & compass1 & ( kn[+ h[ to use !m 9 case ( los+ "o's way1 is obvi\s4 ,x is n only ! m\nta9e] b ! ord9>y t\ri/ :o is expos$ to ?is dang]1 = ev5 ! latt] %\ld rememb] t :5 once he is above ! tree-l9e a sn[-/orm or a fog may make x impossible = him to f9d 8 way = t5 y>ds by eye alone4 ,9 ?ick sn[ or fog no?+ is visible except a blank :it5ess4 ,:5 ! fog or fall+ sn[ are ?91 objects :i* are d>k] ?an ! sn[ 7rock1 trees1 c47 may be visible = "s di/ance1 b all light & %ade disappe>s 9 ! sn[ itself1 all tracks1 holes1 & irregul>ities 9 its surface become q invisible1 & x is !n impossible1 9 a b>e tract ( sn[1 = ! runn] to tell :e!r ! gr\nd 9 front ( him goes d[nhill1 uphill1 or level4 ,ev5 an ov]ca/ sky causes ?is curi\s abs5ce ( light & %ade2 & !n1 ?\gh ! ma9 l&m>ks may be visible1 & !re may be no dang] ( gett+ lo/1 runn+ becomes exce$+ly difficult & uncom=table1 p]haps ev5 dang]\s1 = ! sn[ on ! edge ( a precipice or /eep drop1 :5 se5 f above1 is app>5tly cont9u\s ) ! sn[ at ! foot ( x4 ,9 ! description ( equipm5t ,i h already m5tion$ ! necess>y safegu>ds aga9/ fro/-bite & sn[ bl9dness4 ,any?+ m ?an an allusion to ! dang] f avalan*e is q beyond ! scope ( ?is book4 ,x is an intricate subject1 ab\t :i* :ole books h be51 & no d\bt w yet be1 writt54 ,i believe t ev5 n[ ! conditions :i* produce w9t] avalan*es are n fully und]/ood4 ,on any op5 slope ( m ?an c]ta9 /eepness--#bc or s--an avalan*e may />t1 especially aft] a ?aw1 or be=e ! sn[ ( a rec5t fall has _h "t to settle d[n4 ,an avalan*e1 once />t$1 c ( c\rse travel ov] a less /eep slope1 or ev5 level gr\nd4 ,lose no "t 9 collect+ all ! in=mation y c on ! subject2 =1 al?\gh ! ord9>y t\ri/ 7n ! climb]7 c usually avoid x1 ! dang] is a v s]i\s "o1 & y %\ld nev] will+ly expose y\rself to ! smalle/ risk ( x4 ,if ! risk is unavoidable1 make sure t y c get y\r skis (f y\r feet 9 a mom5t1 = if y are caught 9 an avalan*e ?is is ! fir/ ?+ to d4 ,! next is1 if possible1 to keep y\r head above ! surface ( ! sn[4 ,! anci5t quip ab\t pres5ce ( m9d & abs5ce ( body is p>ticul>ly applicable 9 a case ( ?is sort4 ,i h said some?+ ab\t ! special discom=ts & dang]s ( ! m\nta9s & ! sn[1 b no?+ ab\t _! extraord9>y beauty & fasc9ation4 ,if ,i 7 bett] fitt$ = ! task ?an ! ord9>y guide-book writ]1 ,i might attempt a description ( !m2 z ,i am n1 ,i w sp>e ! read]4 ,to "s ski-runn]s ^! beauties may be ( second>y importance to ! sport itself4 ,! ski-runn] may ev5 exi/ :o looks ^u climb+ a m\nta9 z an altoge!r exasp]at+1 b un=tunately inevitable1 prep>ation = a run d[n1 & ^: ideal is an artificial jump+-hill 9 8 g>d5 provid$ ) a lift4 ,i h nev] met him4 ,,app5dix ,,h[ ,,to ,,practise ,broadly speak+1 y\r object 9 practis+ %\ld be to le>n to run fir/ safely1 !n easily1 & !n quickly4 ,?is is m or less equival5t to say+ t y %\ld fir/ le>n brak+1 !n turn+1 & only !n free /raight-runn+1 & t y %\ld practise on slopes ( gradually increas+ /eepness z well z 9 all sorts ( sn[4 ,y %\ld1 moreov]1 by v easy /ages1 le>n jump+ f ! v outset4 ,y w h>dly be able to foll[ ! fir/ "p ( ?is advice q lit]ally1 = to le>n to brake )\t le>n+ some?+ ab\t turn+1 or to d ei!r )\t le>n+ to run /raight at all is ne>ly impossible & q unnecess>y4 ,! foll[+ s*eme = five days' practice is "o way ( sett+ to "w4 ,if x does n suit y1 by all means v>y x1 b /ick to ! pr9ciple ( le>n+ e manoeuvre 9 its easie/ =m pretty ?or\ghly be=e pass+ to m difficult ones1 = ?is is ! be/ way to ga9 confid5ce if y are n]v\s1 & to /eady y\rself & avoid bad habits if y are incl9$ to be reckless4 ,nev] ?9k ( le>n+ to d a ,telem>k or any?+ else = its own sake alone1 & nev] look on jump+ z an extra4 #a/ ,morn+4--,h>d sn[ on a g5tle slope 7#aj to #ae7 ) level outrun4 ,ab\t #ae m9utes4--7#a7 ,level go+4 ,hill-climb+ 7kick-turns1 side-/epp+ & half side-/epp+1 h]r+-bon+1 c474 ,?is w1 ( c\rse1 be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! morn+ practice4 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#b7 ,brak+ by s+le-/emm+ 7half sn[-pl\gh72 at fir/ f a /&/ill 9 /emm+ position1 !n f a trav]se 9 normal runn+ position4 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#c7 ,brak+ by sn[-pl\gh+2 at fir/ ne>ly f a /&/ill on ! hillside1 !n on ! level aft] a direct desc5t 9 normal runn+ position4 ,ab\t #aj m9utes4--7#d7 ,uphill /ep r\nd to /&/ill f sl[ trav]se 9 normal runn+ position4 ,ab\t #ae m9utes4--7#e7 ,uphill /emm+ turns f trav]se 9 normal runn+ position4 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#f7 ,uphill /emm+ turns 7sn[-pl\gh & lift r\nd inn] ski7 on level f direct desc5t 9 normal runn+ position4 ,total1 #b h\rs4 #a/ ,aft]noon4--,%all[ s(t sn[ on g5tle slope ) level outrun4 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#a7 ,telem>k-/emm+ :ile trav]s+2 at fir/ f a /&/ill1 !n f a trav]se 9 ,telem>k runn+ position4 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#b7 ,telem>k-/emm+ /raight d[nhill2 at fir/ f a /&/ill1 !n on ! level aft] direct free desc5t 9 ,telem>k position4 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#c7 ,uphill ,telem>k sw+s f trav]se4 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#d7 ,uphill ,telem>k sw+s f direct desc5t4 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#e7 ,zigzag desc5t 9 sn[-pl\gh position4 ,total1 #b h\rs4 #bnd ,morn+4--,h>d sn[ on mod]ate slope 7#bj or s74 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#a7 ,repeat 7#b7 & 7#c7 ( fir/ morn+'s practice4 7,if slope /eep en\gh to make sn[-pl\gh+ at all difficult1 sub/itute ,telem>k-/emm+47 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#b7 ,uphill ,*ri/iania sw+ f trav]se2 fir/ f a /&/ill1 !n :ile runn+ 9 normal position4 ,on g5tle slope4 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#c7 ,d[nhill /emm+ turns f a trav]se 9 normal position4 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#d7 ,uphill ,*ri/iania sw+s f direct desc5t--at fir/ f a /&/ill4 ,ab\t #aj m9utes4--7#e7 ,uphill jump r\nd to /&/ill f sl[ trav]se4 ,total1 #b h\rs4 #bnd ,aft]noon4--,s(t sn[ on mod]ate slope4 ,ab\t #ej m9utes4--7#a7 ,repeat 7#a7 to 7#c7 ( fir/ aft]noon's practice1 runn+ fir/ 9 ,telem>k1 !n 9 normal position :5 practis+ ! sw+4 ,ab\t #ae m9utes4--7#b7 ,uphill ,*ri/ianias f direct desc5t4 ,ab\t #e m9utes4--7#c7 ,uphill jump r\nd to /&/ill f trav]se4 ,on g5tle slope4 ,ab\t #dj m9utes4--7#d7 ,d[nhill ,telem>ks4 ,ab\t #aj m9utes4--7#e7 ,practise positions ( jump+ 7,sats1 c47 dur+ a direct desc5t4 ,total1 #b h\rs4 #crd ,morn+4--,h>d sn[ on /eep slope 7#cj74 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#a7 ,side-slipp+ 7bo? trav]s+ at v>i\s angles & /raight d[n ! slope74 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#b7 ,uphill ,*ri/ianias f trav]se4 ,on mod]ate slope4 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#c7 ,uphill ,*ri/ianias f direct desc5t4 ,ab\t #fj m9utes4--7#d7 ,d[nhill /emm+ turns4 ,repeat 7#c7 & 7#d7 on /eep slope if y c4 ,total1 #b h\rs4 #crd ,aft]noon4--,s(t sn[ on /eep slope4 ,ab\t #aj m9utes4--7#a7 ,telem>k-/emm+ trav]ses & direct desc5ts4 ,ab\t #cj m9utes4--7#b7 ,uphill ,telem>ks & ,*ri/ianias f trav]se 9 normal position4 ,on mod]ate slope4 ,ab\t #bj m9utes4--7#c7 ,uphill ,telem>ks f direct desc5t4 ,ab\t #fj m9utes4--7#d7 ,d[nhill ,telem>ks4 ,repeat 7#c7 & 7#d7 on /eep slope if possible4 ,total1 #b h\rs4 #d? ,morn+4--,jump+4 ,practise ! positions fir/ ( all :ile runn+ d[n a slope ( #bj or s1 n m]ely /raight5+ up :5 mak+ ! ,sats1 b spr++ into ! air 7legs /raight74 ,!n d ! same at ! po9t :]e an upp] slope ( ab\t #bj jo9s a l[] "o (1 say1 #be4 ,!n build a l[ plat=m at ! same po9t & practise on t4 #d? ,aft]noon4 ,%ort practice run--say1 #ajjj-;ft4 climb4 #e? ,day4 ,practice exp$ition--ab\t #bjjj-;ft4 climb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i d n expect = a mom5t t a s+le "o ( my read]s w "w ?r\gh ?is c\rse 9 detail exactly z ,i h set x d[n1 b ^! sugge/ions may at lea/ give him some?+ to disagree ) & re>range4 ,"s fur!r explanation ( ! arrangem5t ( ! fir/ ?ree days' practice may be a help4 ,! idea is t on ea* day ! beg9n] %all practise bo? on h>d & s(t sn[ 7by all means let him f9d breakable cru/1 too1 = 8 /epp+ & jump+ r\nd if he wants to be v ?or\gh72 t on ! fir/ day he le>ns brak+ & ! elem5ts ( uphill turn+ on g5tle slopes1 t next day on /eep] slopes he le>ns brak+1 uphill turns1 & ! elem5ts ( d[nhill turn+1 & t on ! ?ird he le>ns to brake & turn uphill &1 if he c manage x1 d[nhill on really /eep slopes4 ,incid5tally he ought to le>n q en\gh ab\t /raight-runn+ to f9d t ! lea/ difficult "p ( 8 fir/ practice-run4 ,! jump+ & %ort-exp$ition day might v well--p]haps bett]--be tak5 aft] ! second day's ord9>y practice in/ead ( aft] ! ?ird1 :]e ,i h put x4 ,by cutt+ ! d[nhill turns out ( ! ?ree days' practice & le>n+ !m lat]1 or by cutt+ out ev]y?+ b ! v>i\s me?ods ( brak+1 ! beg9n] c m quickly make himself effici5t & safe 7?\gh ( c\rse sl[7 z a t\ri/ if he is 9 a great hurry to become "o4 ,b h[ev] he v>ies 8 proc$ure1 let him practise on diff]5t sorts ( sn[ & slopes ( e /eepness up to #cj or s f ! v fir/4 ,"o mi/ake t ne>ly all beg9n]s make is t !y nev] practise on any?+ l a really /eep slope1 ! result be+ t ! great] "p ( _! practice is pure wa/e ( "t1 & utt]ly useless to !m :5 !y g = an exp$ition4 ,f9ally1 let me once m urge ! beg9n] to d ev]y?+ he c to make ?+s easi] = himself4 ,"o excell5t plan if he is v n]v\s--or ev5 if he is n--is1 z ,lieut5ant ,bilg]i sugge/s1 to le>n ! manoeuvres ( ! desc5t on ! level at fir/1 by gett+ "u way ) a few runn+ /eps & !n /emm+ or turn+ be=e he loses impetus4 ,ano!r plan 7:i* %\ld always be foll[$7 is to try ! position = e manoeuvre at a /&/ill1 & to make sure t x is accurate 9 e detail be=e attempt+ t manoeuvre :ile runn+4 ,?is c1 ( c\rse1 also be done )\t skis1 indoors4 ,indoor ex]cises be+ a pet fad ( m9e1 ,i h]e) sugge/ a few z m or less direct aids to ski-+--if ,i _h n be5 actually ask$ to d s1 fe> ( ridicule w\ld h prev5t$ me4 7#a7 ,place heels toge!r & knees t\*+1 & try to turn toes outw>ds until feet are 9 a /raight l9e 7kick-turn74 7#b7 ,make z wide a /raddle z possible1 !n try to make x wid]4 ,turn toes 9 z f> z possible 7sn[-pl\gh74 7#c7 ,place y\rself 9 ,telem>k position1 "r foot lead+1 knees press$ inw>ds4 ,*ange ) a jump to same position1 left foot lead+4 ,repeat quickly1 br++ y\r feet to exactly ! same places on ! floor t !y occupi$ be=e1 & n lett+ !m po9t outw>ds4 7#d7 ,/& on tiptoe1 feet p>allel & t\*+4 ,squat & /raight5 up aga9 repeat$ly4 7#e7 ,/& on "o foot1 hold+ ! o!r cle> ( ! floor2 sit on ! heel & rise aga94 7#f7 ,/& on "o leg & move ! o!r ab\t 9 all directions4 7#g7 ,/& ) feet p>allel & t\*+4 ,let y\rself sl[ly fall =w>ds1 sav+ y\rself at ! la/ possible mom5t by a jump ) ! feet toge!r4 ,repeat ?is 9 all directions4 7#h7 ,/& ) feet 9 /raight l9e1 "o 9 front ( ! o!r4 ,jump z high z y c1 l&1 /eadily balanc$1 on ! spot y left4 7#i7 ,practise ! ,sats1 bo? me?ods1 also draw+ up y\r legs 9 ! air1 sav+ y\rself f a =w>d fall 9 ea* case ei!r by dropp+ into ,telem>k position or by a jump =w>d ) bo? feet toge!r4 7#aj7 ,/& ) feet p>allel & t\*+1 knees toge!r & b5t1 body slightly /oop+4 ,sw+ arms & %\ld]s1 & turn head z f> r\nd to ! "r z y c4 ,rev]se position %>ply ) a jump1 s t feet !n po9t to ! "r1 %\ld]s & head full to left4 ,repeat ?is quickly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if y f9d any ( ! balanc+ ex]cises too easy1 try !m ) y\r eyes %ut4 ,numb] 7#aj7 may n tea* y ! j]k$ ,*ri/iania1 b is highly b5eficial to ! liv]4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,unless1 h[ev]1 ?is horizontal gra9 runs v /raight ?r\gh\t ! ski1 ! v]tical arrangem5t is ! bett]4 #b ,if h[ev] ) a v n>r[ ski a v wide-sol$ boot is worn1 trav]s+ a /eep1 h>d slope becomes uncom=table1 z ! project+ sole is !n apt to cat* 9 ! cru/ & trip ! runn]4 #c ,! ,bilg]i b9d+1 a developm5t ( ! ,lili5feld1 is light] & less rigid4 #d ,no wid] a welt1 h[ev]1 ?an is absolutely necess>y4 ,see note1 p4 #bh4 #e ,sold z griffe ,norvgi5ne4 #f ,= ! above me?od ( h]r+-bon+ ,i am indebt$1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,rickm]s1 to ,h]r ,zd>sky4 #g ,s(t en\gh to give /e]age way1 & free f breakable cru/ or v s(t pat*es t *eck ! skis sudd5ly4 #h ,if1 :5 "o ski crosses ! o!r1 y put 7or keep7 all y\r weight on ! "o t is und]mo/1 y c easily )draw ! o!r & save y\rself f fall+4