,,manual ,,( ,,taxid]my ,a ,complete ,guide ,,9 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,pres]v+ ,,birds ,,& ,,mammals ,,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,mayn>d ,,illu/rat$ ,,bo/on ,s4 ,e4 ,,cass9o ,,& ,,company #ahhc ,copyright1 ,,by ,s4 ,e4 ,,cass9o ,,co4 #ahhc4 ,,electrotyp$4 ,,bo/on ,,/]eotype ,,f\ndry1 ,,no4 #d ,,pe>l ,,/reet4 ,,introduction4 ,tw5ty-five or ?irty ye>s ago amateur collectors ( birds 7 r>e2 9 fact1 except+ 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( l>ge cities1 individuals :o sp5t _! leisure "t 9 ga!r+ birds = ! sole purpose ( /udy1 7 s seldom met ) t1 :5 "o did occur1 8 occupation 0 s unusual z to excite ! comm5ts ( 8 neighbors1 & he became fam\s = miles ar\nd z highly ecc5tric4 ,su* a man 0 reg>d$ z h>mless1 b z j a little crack$1 & ! l[] classes gaz$ at him ) op5-m\!d wond] z he pursu$ 8 avocations2 :ile ! m educat$ ( 8 fell[s reg>d$ him ) a k9d ( placid contempt4 ,i am speak+ n[ ( ! days :5 ! orni?ology ( ,am]ica 01 s to speak1 9 obscurity2 = ! brilliant meteor-light ( ! ,wilsonian & ,audubonian p]iod _h pass$1 & ! great public quickly =got t ! birds & _! ways _h ev] be5 fir/ 9 ! m9ds ( any "o4 ,to be sure1 m5 l ,cass91 ,lawr5ce1 ,baird1 & ,bryant 7 con/antly writ+ ( birds1 b !y did x 9 a quiet1 sci5tific way1 :i* did n rea* ! g5]al public4 ,possibly ! political tr\bles 9 :i* our c\ntry 0 involv$ _h some?+ to d ) ! great orni?ological depression :i* fell ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,/range z x may appe>1 h[ev]1 = a p]iod ( ?irty ye>s aft] ! completion ( ,audubon's great "w1 n a g5]al popul> "w ( any k9d 0 writt5 on birds 9 ,am]ica4 ,!n appe>$ ,samuels' ,birds ( ,new ,engl&1 publi%$ 9 #ahfg1 a "w :i* app>5tly did mu* t[>d turn+ ! popul> tide 9 favor ( orni?ological /udy1 = f t "t we c p]ceive a g5]al awak5+4 ,n only did ! newspap]s & magaz9es teem ) articles on birds1 b 9 ! five succe$+ ye>s we f9d ?ree important works on ,am]ican orni?ology ann\nc$ z ab\t to appe>3 ,baird1 ,brew]1 & ,ridgeway's ,hi/ory ( ,am]ican ,birds1 ( :i* ?ree volumes h appe>$1 publi%$ 9 #ahgd2 ,mayn>d's ,birds ( ,florida1 issu$ 9 p>ts1 b aft]w>ds m]g$ into ! ,birds ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 complet$ 9 #ahhb1 & ,c\es' ,key1 publi%$ 9 #ahgb4 ,o!r works quickly foll[$1 = n[ ! popul> orni?ological tide 0 sett+ /rongly t[>ds ! flood1 & x has ev] s9ce be5 ru%+ on & ga!r+ recruits z x goes1 until ! tidal wave ( popul> favor = orni?ological pursuits has rea*$ f %ore to %ore across our great cont95t2 & :]e !re 7 once only a few solit>y devotees to ?is gr& sci5ce1 we c numb] ?\s&s1 & /ill !y come2 s t high-wat] m>k is n yet rea*$1 :ile to all appe>ances ?is tidal-wave w agitate ! com+ g5]ation m /rongly ?an x does ! pres5t4 ,( all ! va/ numb]s int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( bird life1 !re are few :o d n ga!r specim5s4 ,ye>s ago1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! /udy1 :5 ! solit>y naturali/ _h no "o to sympa?ize ) him 9 8 pursuits1 birds' sk9s 7 usually made 9 :at we w\ld n[ consid] a %ock+ mann]4 ,)9 ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 h[ev]1 s9ce orni?ologi/s h become m num]\s1 & ! opportunities ( comp>ison ( workman%ip 9 pres]v+ specim5s has be5 facilitat$1 great improvem5ts are se54 ,slov5ly prep>$ collections are n[ f> f desirable2 9 fact1 ev5 r>e specim5s lose mu* ( _! value :5 poorly made up4 ,:5 !re are en\gh exp]i5c$ collectors 9 "o locality to comp>e notes z to ! v>i\s improvem5ts ea* has made 9 sk9-mak+ & m\nt+ birds1 "o aids ! o!r2 b !re is always a multitude ( beg9n]s :o live 9 isolat$ localities & :o d n numb] exp]i5c$ collectors among _! fri5ds1 & :o consequ5tly require ! aid ( writt5 in/ructions4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( books to tea* !m4 ,?is little "w1 !n1 is int5d$ to meet ! wants ( amateur orni?ological collectors1 :]ev] x may f9d !m1 = x is writt5 by "o :o has at lea/ _h ! advantage ( a v wide exp]i5ce 9 collect+ sk9s1 mak+ & m\nt+4 ,he has also _h ! advantage ( comp>+ 8 me?ods ) ^? ( _m excell5t amateurs & pr(essional collectors ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry2 & if he has n conf]r$ any b5efits on !m1 he has at lea/ ga9$ mu* useful in=mation1 & ! results ( all ?is are n[ laid be=e ! read]4 ,! art ( taxid]my is v anci5t1 & d\btless _h its orig9 among ! v e>ly races ( man1 :o n only remov$ ! sk9s ( birds & mammals = clo?+1 b also = ornam5ts4 ,birds & mammals 7 also frequ5tly reg>d$ z objects ( wor%ip1 & consequ5tly pres]v$ aft] dea?1 z among ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :o embalm$ entire birds & mammals t 7 consid]$ sacr$4 ,f ! rude me?ods ( pres]v+ sk9s1 d\btless1 arose ! idea ( m\nt+1 or plac+ ! sk9s 9 lifelike attitudes4 ,! fir/ objects select$ = ?is purpose 71 ( c\rse1 birds & mammals ( s+ul> =ms or brilliant colors1 z objects ( curiosity4 ,lat] specim5s w\ld h be5 pres]v$ = ornam5tal purposes1 b x is probable t x 0 n until ! sev5te5? c5tury t ei!r birds or mammals 7 collect$ ) any idea ( _! sci5tific value4 ,specim5s ei!r m\nt$ or 9 sk9s mu/ h be5 rudely pres]v$ at fir/1 b1 l all o!r bran*es ( art & sci5ce1 :5 p began to und]/& ! value ( well-made specim5s :5 comp>$ ) ^? poorly done1 workm5 :o became skill$ 9 _! art appe>$ & turn$ out good "w4 ,! art ( mak+ good sk9s1 h[ev]1 nev] 0 und]/ood 9 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/ until )9 ! la/ fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s1 & ev5 n[ x is r>e to f9d good workm5 :o c make sk9s well & rapidly4 ,z is natural1 _m me?ods h be5 practic$ to insure lifelike attitudes 9 birds & o!r objects ( natural hi/ory4 ,a good opportunity ( /udy+ ! v>i\s s*ools ( m\nt+ may be se5 among ! specim5s ( a l>ge museum1 :]e mat]ial is ga!r$ f v>i\s localities ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,i h se5 birds fill$ ) _m v>ieties ( mat]ial1 f cotton to pla/]1 & h ev5 se5 cases :]e ! sk9 is drawn ov] a block ( wood c>v$ to imitate ! body remov$4 ,z a rule1 ,i pref] ! s(t body fill+1 :]e all ! wires are fa/5$ toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! inside ( ! sk91 & cotton1 or "s simil> ela/ic mat]ial1 fill$ 9 ar\nd x4 ,?is me?od is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to le>n1 &1 unless "o has _h a l>ge exp]i5ce 9 h&l+ birds1 w n give satisfactory results4 ,i h !re=e recomm5d$ ! h>d body me?od1 z giv5 9 ! text1 z be+ ! be/1 z x is m easily le>n$ & always gives ! be/ results 9 ! h&s ( amateurs4 ,9 sk9-mak+1 al?\gh ,i h giv5 two me?ods1 mak+ 9 ! =m & wrapp+1 ,i pref] ! latt]1 z be+ by f> ! be/1 al?\gh x is n z easy to le>n4 ,m\nt+ mammals & reptiles & mak+ _! sk9s also v>ies z giv5 by diff]5t individuals1 b ,i h giv5 ! me?od by :i* ,i h f\nd1 by exp]i5ce1 amateurs succe$ ! be/4 ,"s may consid] ! in=mation giv5 9 ! foll[+ pages1 too meagre = practical purposes1 b ,i h purposely avoid$ giv+ l5g?y in/ructions1 consid]+ a few well-word$ s5t5ces mu* bett]1 z express+ mu* m cle>ly ! ideas ,i wi% to convey4 ,9 %ort1 ! read] has ! cond5s$ results ( my ext5d$ exp]i5ce1 & if he w foll[ ) c>e & pati5ce ! in/ructions h]e9 giv51 ,i am sure t he w obta9 satisfactory results f 8 labor4 ,i h endeavor$ to inculcate ! idea 9 ! foll[+ pages t he :o wi%es to be a successful taxid]mi/ _c accompli% 8 end )\t ! utmo/ c>e2 he mu/ ex]cise pati5ce & p]sev]ance to ! extreme2 difficulties w arise1 b he mu/ ov]come !m by sev]e application to ! /udy ( 8 art1 &1 z ye>s pass by1 exp]i5ce w tea* him mu* t he nev] knew be=e4 ,i h be5 assur$ _m times1 by m5 :o are n[ skilful workm51 t _! fir/ ideas ( pres]v+ specim5s 7 div9$ f my ,naturali/'s ,guide4 ,?us ,i tru/ ! pres5t little "w may aid o!rs :o are ent]+ ! fairy l& ( sci5ce1 to prep>e la/+ mem5toes ga!r$ by ! way4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,mayn>d4 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,explanation ,,( ,,plates ,,introduction ,,"p ,i4--,,birds4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,collect+ #a ,section ,i4 ,trapp+1 etc4 ,section ,,ii4 ,%oot+4 ,section ,,iii4 ,procur+ ,birds4 ,section ,,iv4 ,c>e ( ,specim5s4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,sk9n+ ,,birds #cc ,section ,i4 ,ord9>y ,me?od4 ,section ,,ii4 ,exceptions to ! usual ,me?od ( ,sk9n+4 ,section ,,iii4 ,asc]ta9+ ! ,sex ( ,birds4 ,section ,,iv4 ,pres]v+ ,sk9s4 ,section ,v4 ,o!r ,me?ods ( ,pres]v+ ,sk9s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,mak+ ,,sk9s #di ,section ,i4 ,clean+ ,fea!rs4 ,section ,,ii4 ,mak+ ,sk9s ( ,small ,birds4 ,section ,,iii4 ,mak+ ,sk9s ( ,long-neck$ ,birds4 ,section ,,iv3 ,mak+ ,sk9s ( ,h]ons1 ,ibises1 etc4 ,section ,v4 ,hawks1 ,owls1 ,eagles1 ,vultures1 etc4 ,section ,,vi4 ,labell+ ,specim5s4 ,section ,,vii4 ,c>e ( ,sk9s1 ,cab9ets1 etc4 ,section ,,viii4 ,measur+ ,specim5s4 ,section ,,ix4 ,mak+ ,ov] ,old ,sk9s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,m\nt+ ,,birds #fd ,section ,i4 ,in/rum5ts4 ,section ,,ii4 ,m\nt+ f ,fre% ,specim5s4 ,section ,,iii4 ,cre/$ ,birds4 ,section ,,iv4 ,m\nt+ ) ,w+s ,spread4 ,section ,v4 ,m\nt+ ,birds = ,scre5s1 etc4 ,section ,,vi4 ,m\nt+ ,dri$ ,sk9s4 ,section ,,vii4 ,prices = ,m\nt+ ,birds4 ,section ,,viii4 ,panel ,"w4--,game ,pieces1 etc4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,mak+ ,,/&s #ha ,section ,i4 ,pla9 ,/&s4 ,section ,,ii4 ,ornam5tal ,/&s4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,mammals1 ,,reptiles1 ,,etc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,collect+ ,,mammals #hd ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,mak+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,mammals #hf ,section ,i4 ,sk9n+ ,small ,mammals4 ,section ,,ii4 ,sk9n+ ,l>ge ,mammals4 ,section ,,iii4 ,mak+ ,sk9s ( ,mammals4 ,section ,,iv4 ,measur+ ,mammals4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,m\nt+ ,,mammals #ij ,section ,i4 ,small ,mammals4 ,section ,,ii4 ,l>ge ,mammals4 ,section ,,iii4 ,m\nt+ ,dri$ ,sk9s ( ,mammals4 ,section ,,iv4 ,m\nt+ ,mammals )\t any bones4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4--,,m\nt+ ,,reptiles1 ,,batra*ians1 ,,& ,,fi%es #ig ,section ,i4 ,m\nt+ ,liz>ds1 ,alligators1 etc4 ,section ,,ii4 ,m\nt+ ,turtles4 ,section ,,iii4 ,m\nt+ ,fi%es4 ,,li/ ,,& ,,explanation ,,( ,,plates4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,page #b4 ,sieve trap3 ,b1 common coal sieve1 set ) "o edge rais$ by /ick ,a1 to :i* is atta*$ ! /r+ ,c1 "o end ( :i* is held by ! bird-cat*] at a di/ance4 ,:5 ! bird1 attract$ by ! bait1 goes "u ! sieve1 ! /ick is j]k$ out & ! sieve falls4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,page #c4 ,ev]-ready bird-trap3 ,d1 body ( trap made ( nett+ ,f & ,a1 hoops support+ nett+4 ,a1 r+ to :i* are atta*$ ! wires ,c1 :i* po9t backw>ds4 ,! bait is plac$ )9 ! body ( ! trap & scatt]$ ?r\gh ! r+ ,b4 ,!n ! bird ent]s at ! entrance ,a1 goes ?r\gh ! r+ ,b1 s on pa/ ! wires ,c1 :i* are arrang$ 9 a circle to prev5t 8 egress4 ,! bird is remov$ ?r\gh an orifice 9 ! back1 drawn toge!r ) a /r+ at ,f4 ,,fig4 #c4--,,page #cc4 ,sk9n+-knife3 ,! h&le ( ?is knife %\ld be r\nd1 & ! blade does n close4 ,,fig4 #d4--,,page #cg4 ,skull ( bird 7side view73 ,dott$ l9e f ,a to ,b %[s cut to be made 9 remov+ back ( skull to give access to bra94 ,,fig4 #e4--,,page #cg4 ,skull ( bird1 "u side3 ,dott$ l9es ,a1 ,a1 ,a1 %[ cuts to be made 9 remov+ a triangul> piece ( bone & muscle1 to :i* ! :ole or a portion ( ! bra9 w adh]e4 ,,fig4 #f4--,,page #db4 ,dissection ( a song sp>r[1 %[+ male organs ( reproduction3 #a & #b1 lungs2 #c1 #c1 te/icles4 ,! f\r organs bel[ ^! are ! kidneys4 ,,fig4 #g4--,,page #dc4 ,dissection ( a song sp>r[1 %[+ female organs ( reproduction3 #d1 lungs2 #a1 #a1 small yell[ gl&s1 pres5t 9 bo? sexes2 #b1 ov>ies2 #c1 oviduct4 ,^! la/ f\r figures are m]ely diagrams1 only suffici5tly accurate 9 outl9e to convey an idea ( ! position ( ! p>ts indicat$4 ,,fig4 #h4--,,page #ej4 ,tweez]s = mak+ sk9s1 m\nt+1 etc43 ,sev]al sizes are us$1 b z a rule ! po9ts %\ld be long] ?an ^? giv5 9 ! cut4 ,,fig4 #i4--,,page #ea4 ,dry+ =ms fa/5$ to a bo>d1 ,d1 sk9 9 ! =m4 ,i n[ use ^! =ms deta*$4 ,see text4 ,also1 see page #ed = a bett] me?od ( mak+ sk9s :i* ,i n[ practise4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,page #ed4 ,=m ( a sk9 ( an oriole3 ,i n[ use ! long label giv5 on page #eh4 ,a sk9 %\ld n be made too full2 a dead bird laid on its back w convey an idea ( ! ?ickness ( ! body ( a sk94 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,page #fd4 ,/raight-nos$ pli]s3 ,us$ = b5d+ wires 9 m\nt+4 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,page #fd4 ,cutt+-pli]s3 ,us$ = cutt+ wires 9 m\nt+4 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,page #ff4 ,body ( a bird3 ,e1 neck-wire1 :i* %\ld be z long z ! neck & tongue 9 ord] to rea* into ! upp] m&ible4 ,?is wire %\ld be wrapp$ 9 cotton4 ,b1 wire be=e cl9*+2 ,g1 ,c1 wire cl9*$2 ,f1 tail wire b5t 9 ! =m ( a ,t at ,h1 a leg wire go+ ?r\gh t>sus along dott$ l9e to ,d4 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,page #fg4 ,r\ghly-drawn skeleton ( a p9nat$ gr\se1 only suffici5tly accurate to indicate ! diff]5t bones3 ,a1 skull2 ,b1 ,b1 ,b1 v]tebr2 furcula ( neck & back1 or wi%+-bone2 ,d1 =e>m2 ,f1 c>pus1 %[+ holl[ 9 bone ?r\gh :i* ! wire is to be pass$ 9 wir+ ! w+2 ,g1 end ( furcula2 ,h1 tip ( keel2 ,i1 ind5tations 9 po/]ior bord] ( /emma2 ,j1 femur2 ,k1 t>sus2 ,l1 heel2 ,m1 pelvis2 ,n1 cocyx2 ,o1 cre/ ( keel2 ,p1 side ( keel2 ,x1 wire us$ 9 m\nt+ skeleton2 ,a1 ,b1 ribs4 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,page #fi4 ,outl9e figure ( gr\se %[+ ext]nal p>ts3 ,a1 back2 ,b1 rump2 ,c1 upp] tail cov]ts2 ,d1 "u tail cov]ts2 ,e1 v5tral region2 ,f1 tibra2 ,g1 t>sus2 ,h1 brea/2 ,i1 side2 ,j1 ?roat2 ,n1 *92 ,l1 abdom52 ,m1 feet4 ,,fig4 #af4--,,page #gc4 ,outl9e draw+ ( a m\nt$ bird3 ,a1 ,a1 dott$ l9e to indicate ! relative position ( ! head & body1 ) ! p]* on :i* ! bird /&s2 ,b1 ,b1 w9d+ cotton to keep ! fea!rs 9 position2 ,c1 ,c1 indicat+ prop] position ( w+s2 ,d1 tail fea!rs plat$4 ,i d n n[ recomm5d ?is me?od4 ,e1 ,e1 tail be>+ wire2 ,f1 upright ( gl&2 ,h1 horizontal b> ( /&2 ,i1 feet ( bird on /&2 ,s1 leg-wire wrapp$ ar\nd b> aft] em]g+ f foot4 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,page #ib4 ,l[] portion ( bolt us$ 9 m\nt+ l>ge mammals3 ,a1 movable nut on screw ,c2 ,b1 immovable flat wa%]4 ,,manual ,,( ,,taxid]my4 ,,"p ,i4--,,birds4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,collect+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,section ,i43 ,,trapp+1 ,,etc4--,sev]al devices = secur+ birds = specim5s may be successfully practis$1 "o ( ! simple/ ( :i* is ! box-trap1 s famili> to e s*oolboy4 ,if ?is be bait$ ) an e> ( corn & plac$ 9 woods frequ5t$ by jays1 :5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[1 & a few k]nels ( corn scatt]$ ab\t1 z an attraction1 ^! usually w>y birds w n fail to ent] ! trap4 ,i h captur$ numb]s 9 ?is way1 9 fact1 ! fir/ bird :i* ,i ev] sk9n$ & m\nt$1 0 a blue jay1 caught 9 a box-trap4 ,i 0 only a small boy !n1 s ,i d n n[ rememb] :at fir/ sugge/$ m\nt+ ! bird1 b ! inh]5t desire to pres]ve ! specim5 mu/ h be5 fully z /rong !n z 9 lat] ye>s1 or ,i nev] c\ld h br\ght myself to ! po9t ( kill+ a bird 9 cold blood4 ,9 fact1 putt+ ! bird to dea? is ! wor/ ( trapp+2 & ) me1 unless ,i d x at once1 dur+ ! fir/ excitem5t ( f9d+ ! bird entrapp$1 ! de$ is likely nev] to be done at all4 ,sp>r[s1 sn[-bunt+s1 & 9 fact ne>ly all birds ( ?is class may be caught 9 box-traps 9 w9t]4 ,= ^! small birds1 scatt] *aff ov] ! sn[ s ?ickly z to conceal x1 !n use a sp9dle ^u :i* can>y-se$ has be5 glu$1 = bait1 scatt]+ "s ( ! se$ outside4 ,o!r traps1 h[ev]1 may be us$ m successfully = fr+ill9e birds4 ,= example1 ! clap-net trap1 :]e two w+s1 cov]$ ) a net1 close ov] ! birds1 :i* are attract$ by se$s /rewn 9 *aff1 scatt]$ 9 ! sn[4 ,?is trap1 :i* is simil> to ^? us$ by wild-pigeon cat*]s1 is sprung by means ( a long cord1 ! end ( :i* is 9 ! h&s ( a p]son :o is conceal$ 9 a neighbor+ ?icket or artificial b[]4 ,a v simple trap1 b excell5t = cat*+ sp>r[s1 may be made by tilt+ a common coal sieve on "o edge1 keep+ x up by means ( a /ick :i* has a cord atta*$ to ! middle 7see ,fig4 #a74 ,! birds w readily g "u ! sieve1 9 se>* ( food1 :5 ! trapp]1 :o is conceal$ at a %ort di/ance1 j]ks out ! /ick by means ( ! cord2 ! sieve falls & ! birds are captur$4 ,?is trap requires con/ant wat*+1 :i*1 9 cold days1 is n v pleasant2 ?us a mu* bett] trap may be f\nd 9 "o ( my own inv5tions1 :i* is call$ ! ,ev]-ready ,bird ,trap4 ,x is made ( /rong nett+ /ret*$ ov] wire1 & is plac$ on ! gr\nd or on a bo>d 9 a tree4 ,a decoy bird1 ( ! same species z ^? to be captur$1 is procur$ if possible1 & plac$ 9 ! back ( ! trap at ,fig4 #b1 & !n ! birds ent] ! front ( ! trap1 ,b2 pass ?r\gh ! way ( wires1 ,c1 :i* po9t+ backw>d aft] ! mann] ( ! well-kn[n rat-trap1 prev5t _! egress4 ,?is trap is con/antly set1 & sev]al birds are captur$ at "o "t4 ,orioles1 bobol9ks1 rose-brea/$ grosbeaks1 goldf9*es1 sn[-bunt+s1 all o!r sp>r[s & f9*es1 9 fact1 all birds :i* w come to a decoy or bait1 may be tak5 9 ?is trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,i h frequ5tly tak5 jays 9 small sn>es simil> to ^? us$ 9 captur+ rabbits4 ,quail & ruff$ gr\se 7 also tak5 9 ?is mann] be=e ! pres5t "t1 b x is n[ illegal to trap game-birds 9 ne>ly all ! ,/ates4 ,! /eel trap ( ! smalle/ size is exce$+ly useful 9 captur+ hawks1 owls1 & ev5 eagles1 z well z _m o!r l>ge birds4 ,"o way is to set x 9 ! ne/ ( ! bird1 fir/ tak+ c>e to remove ! eggs1 sub/itut+ = !m ^? ( a h54 ,almo/ all l>ge birds may be tak5 9 ?is mann]1 & x is an excell5t way to id5tify ! eggs 9 case ( "s r>e hawks or h]ons4 ,! topmo/ portion ( "s dead /ub1 :i* is a favorite roo/ ( a hawk or eagle1 is a good place to set a trap2 & small hawks & owls may be captur$ by putt+ ! trap on ! top ( a /ake1 "s eight or t5 feet high1 9 a mead[1 especially if !re are no f5ces ne>4 ,hawks & owls haunt mead[s 9 se>* ( mice1 & inv>iably light ^u a solit>y /ake1 if !y c f9d "o1 9 ord] to eat _! prey or to re/1 & ?us are v apt to put _! foot into x1 9 a mann] decid$ly agreeable to ! collector1 if n s pleas+ to !mselves4 ,/eel-traps may also be set on bo>ds nail$ to trees1 9 ! woods or on hill-tops1 b !y %\ld 9 ?is case be bait$ ) a small mammal or bird4 ,i h succe$$ 9 captur+ m>% hawks by ty+ a liv+ m\se to a /eel-trap1 & plac+ x 9 a mead[ :i* 0 frequ5t$ by ^! birds4 ,o!r hawks & also eagles may be captur$ by us+ decoys2 ! be/ ?+ = ?is purpose be+1 /rangely en\gh1 a live great horn$ owl4 ,! owl is fa/5$ to a /\t /ake 9 an op5 field or mead[ dur+ ! migration ( hawks1 9 ! spr+ or fall1 & surr\nd$ by bait$ traps4 ,! hawks pass+ ov] are attract$ by ! novel spectacle ( an owl 9 su* a peculi> position & come swoop+ d[n = a ne>] view1 :5 !y p]ceive ! bait1 & 9 try+ to eat x are caught4 ,a hawk or eagle may be us$ 9 ?is way z a decoy1 b ! great horn$ owl is by f> ! be/4 ,9 us+ /eel traps1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to wrap ! jaws ) clo?1 s z to prev5t injury to ! legs ( ! bird captur$4 ,vultures may be tak5 9 /eel traps by simply bait+ !m ) any k9d ( fle%4 ,_m species ( birds may be successfully captur$ by "o or ano!r ( ! me?ods giv54 ,9 fact1 we are 9 con/ant receipt ( trapp$ birds dur+ ! prop] seasons1 & ?us _m hawks & owls :i* w\ld h be5 difficult to procure are tak5 9 numb]s by our collectors4 ,bird-lime1 al?\gh sc>cely advisable :5 ! birds are int5d$ to be pres]v$1 may be us$ to advantage 9 captur+ birds = ! cage4 ,a small quantity ( x is spread on a twig or small /ick1 "o end ( :i* is lightly /uck 9 a not* on "s upright bran* or /em1 9 su* a position t ! bird mu/ alight on x 9 ord] to rea* ! bait4 ,! /ick %\ld be pois$ s lightly t ! slighte/ t\* ( ! bird's feet w cause x to drop1 :5 ! bird1 giv+ a d[nw>d /roke ) its w+s to save itself f fall+1 w /rike ! out] quills aga9/ ! /ick1 & ?us bo? feet & w+s become fa/5$ to x by ! adh]+ lime4 ,9 case ( a r>e specim51 ! lime may be remov$ f ! plumage by ! aid ( alcohol1 or ! bird w remove x 9 "t1 if p]mitt$ to live4 ,good bird-lime is difficult to procure2 t made f l9se$-oil & t>1 boil$ d[n1 is ! be/2 b ?is process mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 ! op5 air1 z ! mixture is exce$+ly inflammable4 ,! /icky mass ?us obta9$ mu/ be work$ ) ! h&s "u wat]1 until x assumes ! prop] consi/5cy4 ,9 spread+ lime on ! /icks1 ! f+]s %\ld be wet to prev5t ! lime /ick+ to !m4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* ,i h tak5 su* unsuspici\s birds z p9e grosbeaks1 cross-bills & r$-polls1 is by plac+ a noose ( f9e wire on ! end ( a pole1 & by approa*+ a tree cauti\sly1 9 :i* ! birds 7 fe$+1 h manag$ to slip x ov] _! heads1 :5 !y are drawn flutt]+ d[nw>d1 & ! noose remov$1 be=e any p]man5t injury is done4 ,i h ev5 tak5 p9e grosbeaks 9 an op5 field 9 ?is mann]1 & h asc5d$ a tree & captur$ !m ) only ! noose atta*$ to a /\t piece ( wire1 9 my h&4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,%oot+4--,al?\gh1 z %[n1 _m valuable species may be secur$ by trapp+1 sn>+1 etc41 yet ! collector relies ma9ly on 8 gun4 ,?is mu* be+ decid$1 x at once occurs to ! beg9n]1 ,:at k9d ( a weapon %all ,i get8 ,( c\rse1 muzzle-load]s are n[ out ( ! "q2 & among ! multitudes ( bree*-load]s 9 ! m>ket1 "o has only to consult 8 ta/e or ! l5g? ( 8 purse4 ,!re=e x is simply useless = me to recomm5d any p>ticul> make ( gun4 ,good s+le-b>rel bree*-load]s c be b\ght = f n9e doll>s to tw5ty doll>s1 :ile d\ble-b>rels co/ f fifte5 doll>s upw>d4 ,= ord9>y collect+1 a twelve-gauge is p]haps bett] ?an any o!r1 z su* birds z ducks1 hawks & cr[s c be readily kill$ ) x4 ,= w>bl]s1 wr5s1 & o!r small birds1 h[ev]1 a mu* small] gauge gun is almo/ indisp5sable1 z a l>ge gun s5ds ! %ot ) su* =ce t x n only p5etrates ! body ( ! bird1 b also goes out on ! opposite side2 ?us ea* %ot makes two holes1 :5 "o is all t is necess>y to kill4 ,?is fact %\ld !n always be kept 9 m9d1 & z a rule load lightly1 ) j en\gh p[d] to cause ! %ot to p5etrate well into ! bird )\t go+ ?r\gh x4 ,9 a twelve-gauge gun1 two dra*ms ( p[d] beh9d an ounce ( %ot is suffici5t to kill a bird l a jay or gold5-w+$ woodpeck]1 at a di/ance ( ?irty or =ty y>ds2 !n if m p5etration is necess>y1 m p[d] may be us$ ) ! same quantity ( %ot1 b ?is w cause ! %ot to scatt] m4 ,a good collect+ gun1 "o :i* w kill small birds ) a v small am\nt ( ammunition & little noise1 has long be5 a desid]atum4 ,i h tri$ _m k9ds1 b no?+ has prov$ s satisfactory z a small repeat+ gun ( my own inv5tion1 & :i* is manufactur$ by u4 ,?is gun consi/s ( two brass tubes1 a small] "o )9 a l>g]1 ) an air space betwe51 ?us greatly dead5+ ! s\nd2 & bo? are securely fa/5$ to a f9ely nickel-plat$ five-%ot revolv]4 ,we make two sizes1 a tw5ty-two gauge1 ! report ( :i* is v slight1 & a ?irty-two gauge1 :i* makes a little l\d] noise4 ,! =m] w kill w>bl]s at fifte5 y>ds1 & ! latt] at tw5ty y>ds1 :ile birds l jays1 ?ru%es1 & rob9s1 may be br\ght d[n ) ! ?irty-two gauge at a di/ance ( t5 y>ds4 ,?is gun s]v$ me well 9 ,florida la/ w9t]1 & ,i kill$ at lea/ two-?irds ( ! birds t ,i collect$ !re ) x4 ,! light report ( su* a gun does n fright5 ! birds1 :ile ! fact t "o ne>ly always has a second %ot ready 9 ! revolv+ cyl9d]1 is a great help1 9 case ( a w\nd$ bird1 or 9 ! sudd5 appe>ance ( a second specim51 z s (t5 happ5s1 aft] ! fir/ has fall54 ,! price ( ?is gun v>ies f f\r doll>s & fifty c5ts to five doll>s & sev5ty-five c5ts1 accord+ to quality & size4 ,bl[-guns1 air-guns1 catapults1 etc41 are useful only 9 cases :5 a %ot-gun _c be us$1 z !y _c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,a collector1 9 ord] to procure birds ) a c]ta9ty1 requires a good %ot-gun4 ,! ammunition us$ 9 ! small collect+ gun is copp] %ells1 prim$1 ( ?ree l5g?s = ea* size4 ,= %ot1 ,i use du/ numb]s t5 & eight1 b = a l>g] gun1 co>s] %ot is sometimes necess>y2 collectors1 h[ev]1--especially beg9n]s1--are apt to use too l>ge %ot4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i d n l to %oot too f9e %ot at l>ge birds2 ?us a hawk kill$ ) a heavy *>ge ( du/-%ot at tw5ty y>ds w\ld h ! fea!rs cut up v badly1 :]eas a w>bl] %ot at ! same di/ance w\ld be likely to make a good specim51 z x w\ld only receive a few pellets ( %ot1 :]eas a l>ge numb] w\ld /rike ! hawk4 ,z a rule1 !n1 use du/-%ot = birds up to ! size ( a c$>-bird1 !n numb] t5 to ! size ( a jay1 aft] :i* numb] eight w kill bett] & clean]1 & ,i %\ld use ?is size z long z x w br+ d[n ! birds2 & x is surpris+ to see h[ l>ge species may be kill$ ) x4 ,i h tak5 br[n pelicans1 wild geese1 & l>ge hawks ) numb] eight1 & ,i once secur$ a frigate-bird ) x1 all at good di/ances4 ,= v l>ge birds l cranes1 :ite pelicans1 or eagles ,i h us$ a rifle v successfully4 ,a ?irty-two gauge ,all5 is my favorite gun1 & ,i h kill$ birds at all di/ances f tw5ty to ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-five y>ds ) x4 ,( c\rse1 ne>ly all successful rifle %ots mu/ be made at sitt+ birds1 z ,i h met ) b few :o c\ld br+ !m d[n :5 fly+4 ,ano!r good me?od ( secur+ l>ge %y birds :i* g 9 flocks1 is to load ) buck%ot1 putt+ a /iff *>ge ( p[d]1 say ?ree to five dra*ms1 beh9d x1 !n fire into ! flock f a di/ance1 elevat+ ! gun at an angle ( "s =ty-five degrees above ! birds4 ,i h kill$ bo? species ( pelicans at two hundr$ y>ds di/ant 9 ?is way4 ,,section ,,iii43 ,,procur+ ,,birds4--,birds are to be f\nd ne>ly ev]y:]e1 9 fact1 !re is sc>cely a squ>e acre ( l& on ! face ( ! e>? :i* is n inhabit$1 at "o season or ano!r1 by "s species1 & _m are f\nd on ! bea*es1 & on ! ocean itself4 ,foll[+ are "s ( ! localities 9 :i* our ,am]ican species are to be f\nd2 &1 presumably1 =eign birds ( ! same families w occur 9 simil> places4 ,,turdid3 ,,?ru%es4--,( ^!1 ! rob9 is ! mo/ common & is f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,next among ! true ?ru%es are ! olive-back$1 h]mit1 & alli$ species4 ,^! occur usually 9 woodl&s1 & are r %y1 keep+ at a di/ance4 ,! wood ?ru% inhabits deeply-wood$ gl5s4 ,! mock+ ?ru%es pref] ?ickets 9 ! neighborhood ( dwell+s1--= example1 ! cat-bird4 ,! br[n ?ru% also inhabits ?ickets1 b are n1 z a rule1 fond ( ! society ( man1 :ile ! small] ?ru%es1 ( :i* ! gold5-cr[n$ is an example1 pref] ! woodl&s2 & ! two wat] ?ru%es are f\nd 9 swampy localities4 ,,saxicolid3 ,,/one-,,*ats4--,! blue-birds are (t5 sociable1 build+ 9 or*>ds & f>my>ds1 :ile ! we/]n species appe> to pref] m\nta9 cliffs z bre$+-places4 ,! r>e /one-*at is1 ,i ?9k1 f\nd 9 op5 sections :]e x occurs at all4 ,,c9clid3 ,,ouzel4--,! solit>y species ( ouzel f\nd ) u inhabits ! m\nta9 /reams ( ! f> we/4 ,,sylvid3 ,,true ,,w>bl]s4--,are pre-em95tly birds ( ! woodl&s1 b occasionally ! k+lets1 notably ! gold5-cr[n$1 w w&] into or*>ds dur+ mild days 9 w9t]4 ,,*am,,id3 ,,wr5tits4--,! only species f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates inhabits ! sage-bru% 9 ! f> s\?we/4 ,,p>id3 ,,titmice4--,are also f\nd 9 ! woods or ?ickets1 b "s species w&] into ! or*>ds dur+ w9t]4 ,,sittid3 ,,nu?at*es4--,are birds ( ! woodl&s z a rule1 b ! :ite & r$-belli$ nu?at*es w&] consid]ably 9 autumn1 :ile ! br[n-head$ seldom if ev] leave ! p9y woods ( ! s\?4 ,,troglodytid3 ,,wr5s4--,! creep]-wr5s are f\nd among ! cacti ( ! f> s\?we/1 :ile ! rock-wr5s occur among ?ickets 9 a simil> region4 ,! true wr5s are f\nd 9 ?ickets1 (t5 9 ! neighborhood ( dwell+s1 9 :i* !y frequ5tly build1 :ile ! two m>% wr5s occur on bo? salt & fre% wat] m>%es ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,,alaudid3 ,,true ,,l>ks4--,^! birds occur on ! f> prairies1 on ! coa/ ( ,labrador1 & 9 w9t] along ! b>r5 sea%ores ( ! nor!rn & middle section4 ,,motacilid3 ,,wagtails4--,are also birds ( ! op5 c\ntry1 & ! titl>k is f\nd 9 fields dur+ ! migrations1 especially along ! coa/ f ,ma9e to ,florida4 ,,sylvicolid3 ,,am]ican ,,w>bl]s4--,^! gems ( ! woodl& & ( wayside ?ickets ab\nd ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( our c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! migrations !y are g5]ally di/ribut$1 x n be+ uncommon1 !n1 to f9d ev5 ! ,blackburnian w>bl]1 :i*1 dur+ ! ne/+ season1 is pre-em95tly a bird ( ! deep woods1 fe$+ 9 ! op5 fields1 :ile ,i h tak5 ! ,cape ,may w>bl]1 :i* occurs 9 summ] 9 ! ?ick ev]gre5s ( ! nor?1 fe$+ among ! oranges & bananas 9 ! g>d5s ( ,key ,we/4 ,w>bl]s !n %\ld be look$ aft] ne>ly ev]y:]e1 among will[s by ! brookside1 on ! b>r5 hill-tops :i* sc>cely support a scant gr[? ( p9e or c$>s1 & on ! bloom+ trees ( or*>ds4 ,"s species are exce$+ly %y1 s z to require a heavy *>ge ( du/-%ot to rea* !m1 :ile o!rs are s tame z to pe] inquisitively into ! v face ( a collector z he makes 8 way ?r\gh _! *os5 retreats4 ,,tanagrid3 ,,tanag]s4--,^! /rik+ly color$ birds are usually f\nd 9 ! woods1 occasionally h[ev] visit+ ! op5 sections4 ,!y are r %y & retir+ 9 habits1 & _! pres5ce mu/ be usually detect$ by _! song4 ,,hirund9id3 ,,swall[s4--,are birds ( ! op5 c\ntry1 & are m common 9 ! vic9ity ( settlem5ts ?an else:]e4 ,! violet-gre5 swall[1 h[ev]1 occurs among ! cliffs ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,,ampelid3 ,,waxw+s4--,are1 z a rule1 f\nd 9 ! op5 c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity ( settlem5ts2 & ev5 ! ,bohemian waxw+s occur abundantly 9 "s ( ! cities ( ,utah 9 w9t]1 fe$+ ^u ! fruit ( ! ornam5tal trees4 ,,vireonid3 ,,vireos4--,^! widely-di/ribut$ birds are usually fond ( ! woodl&s1 b ! :ite-eye pref]s ?ickets 9 swampy places1 :ile ! w>bl+ is seldom f\nd f> f settlem5ts2 inde$1 m (t5 inhabits trees :i* gr[ 9 ! /reets ( villages ?an o!r sections4 ,,laniid3 ,,%rikes4--,are f\nd 9 op5 sections1 (t5 9 fields1 & on ! un9habit$ ,indian hunt+-gr\nds ( ,florida4 ,i f\nd ! logg]heads along ! bord]s ( ! op5 prairies4 ,,fr+illid3 ,,f9*es1 ,,sp>r[s1 ,,& ,,grosbeaks4--,^! are1 z a rule1 f\nd ma9ly 9 ! m op5 c\ntry4 ,! cross-bills1 h[ev]1 ent] ?ick woods1 especially ev]gre5s4 ,! grosbeaks1 notably ! rose-brea/1 pref] ! woodl&s4 ,! blue sp>r[s1 l ! indigo bird1 are f\nd 9 op5 fields gr[n up to bu%es4 ,! sn[-bunt+s occur 9 op5 fields & along b>r5 sections ( seabo>d1 :ile ! %>p-tail$ & sea-side f9*es inhabit ! m>%es4 ,! grass sp>r[s1 notably ! yell[-w+$1 ,h5sl['s1 & ,leconte's1 pref] grassy pla9s4 ,la/ w9t] ,i procur$ all ?ree species ( ?is g5us 7,coturniculus7 on a plantation 9 ,we/]n ,florida1 secur+ !m all 9 ?ree successive %ots1 a feat :i* has1 ,i am c]ta91 nev] be=e be5 accompli%$4 ,_m ( ^! grass-haunt+ birds h to be %ot z !y rise f ! h]bage to fly away1 b ,i f\nd1 by p]si/+ly foll[+ a specim5 f po9t to po9t1 t aft] a "t x w\ld settle 9 a bu%1 :5 ,i c\ld secure x ) my repeat+ collect+ gun4 ,,ict]id3 ,,orioles1 ,,blackbirds1 ,,etc4--,orioles pref]1 z a rule1 or*>ds & ornam5tal trees ab\t dwell+s1 b !y sometimes occur 9 ! m op5 woodl&s4 ,! m>% blackbirds1 l ! r$-w+s & yell[-head$1 pref] wet mead[s4 ,! ru/y & brew]'s are f\nd 9 swamps4 ,! cr[ blackbirds & boat-tail$ occur 9 fields & along ! bord]s ( /reams4 ,,corvid3 ,,cr[s1 ,,jays1 ,,etc4--,^! usually occur 9 ! woodl&s or ?ickets4 ,cr[s frequ5t ! sea%ore 9 numb]s 9 w9t]1 & may be secur$ by expos+ meat :i* is poison$ by /ry*n9e1 z !y w frequ5tly eat x dur+ ! inclem5t season4 ,canada & blue jays occur 9 woods1 :ile ! ,florida & ,cali=nia jays inhabit ?ickets4 ,,tyrannid3 ,,flycat*]s4--,are widely di/ribut$ species4 ,! k+-birds are f\nd 9 ! m op5 sections1 & ! same is true ( ! cre/$ flycat*]s4 ,! bridge pewee inhabits ! vic9ity ( dwell+s1 :ile ! wood pewee occurs 9 ! woods4 ,! lea/ flycat*] pref]s or*>ds1 b ! great] portions ( ! g5us ,empidonax are f\nd 9 woodl&s or ?ickets4 ,,caprimulgid3 ,,goatsuck]s4--,! :ip-poor-wills & *uck-wills-wid[ occur 9 ! ?ick wood1 em]g+ occasionally at night1 b seldom /ray+ f _! retreats4 ,a good way to secure ^! birds is to note z accurately z possible ! po9t :]e "o beg9s to s+2 !n1 on ! foll[+ ev5+1 conceal y\rself ne> ! spot1 :5 ! bird w be se5 to em]ge f its retreat & alight on "s p>ticul> rock1 po/1 or bran*1 on :i* x inv>iably p]*es1 & utt]s its song4 ,!n if ! bird be too f> away to secure at ! "t1 x may readily be tak5 ano!r ev5+ by ! collector po/+ himself ne>]4 ,^! birds may also be />t$ f _! concealm5t dur+ daylight1 & ?us be %ot4 ,! night-hawks inhabit ! m op5 sections1 b p]* on trees dur+ ! day4 ,!y may readily be secur$ :ile fly+ ov] ! fields4 ,,cypselid3 ,,swifts4--,! :ite-?roat$ swift occurs among ! clefts ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & is exce$+ly difficult to procure4 ,! well-kn[n *imney swift inhabits *imneys almo/ ev]y:]e1 b1 z x nev] alights outside ( ^! retreats1 mu/ be %ot on ! w+4 ,,tro*ilid3 ,,humm+birds4--,inhabit z a rule ! op5 c\ntry4 ,i h secur$ numb]s ( our ruby-?roats on *]ry-trees :5 !y 7 9 blossom1 & lat]1 on b$s ( fl[]s2 & ,i presume ! we/]n species may be f\nd 9 simil> situations4 ,i %oot !m ) light *>ges ( du/-%ot1 fir$ f my collect+ gun4 ,,alcid9id3 ,,k+fi%]s4--,^! noisy birds are f\nd pl5tifully 9 ! vic9ity ( /reams4 ,!y are %y & require a heavy *>ge ( numb] eight to br+ !m d[n4 ,,cuculid3 ,,cuckoos4--,! roadrunn] ( ,cali=nia1 ,texas1 & int]m$iate locality1 occurs 9 ! sage bu%1 b our species ( cuckoos1 ev5 ! mangrove1 inhabit ?ickets f :i* !y occasionally em]ge4 ,!y are usually betray$ by _! notes4 ,!y are easily kill$1 _! sk9 be+ v ?9 & t5d]4 ,,picid3 ,,woodpeck]s4--,occur1 z a rule1 9 ! woodl&s1 b ! small] species & ! gold5-w+$ inhabit or*>ds4 ,!y are all t\gh birds to kill4 ,!y are a g5]ally di/ribut$ family1 b "s species are conf9$ to c]ta9 localities1 = example1 ! great ivory-bill$ is n f\nd outside ( ,florida1 & ev5 !re1 is conf9$ to a limit$ area1 & v r>e4 ,/rickl&'s woodpeck] has z yet only be5 f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 a s+le range ( m\nta9s 9 ,arizona4 ,,psittacid3 ,,p>rots4--,our ,c>ol9a p>oquet is n[ exce$+ly r>e out ( ,florida1 & !n occurs 9 ! neighborhood ( cypress swamps1 b occasionally visits ! plantations4 ,,/rigid3 ,,owls4--,! burr[+ owl occurs 9 ! we/]n pla9s & 9 a limit$ area ( ,florida4 ,! sn[y owl inhabits s&-hills ( ! coa/ 9 w9t]1 & ! %ort-e>$ occurs 9 ! m>%es1 b all o!r species are birds ( ! deep woods1 occasionally em]g+1 h[ev]1 especially at night4 ,! great horn$ & b>r$ may be decoy$ )9 %oot+ di/ance 9 ! spr+ by imitat+ _! cries1 & ! latt]-nam$ species w also eag]ly fly t[>d ! collector :5 he produces a squeak+ s\nd simil> to t made by a m\se4 ,! small owls may be (t5 f\nd 9 holes ( trees4 ,,falconid3 ,,hawks1 ,,eagles1 ,,etc4--,m>% hawks occur 9 fields1 mead[s1 & m>%es4 ,ev]glade kites are f\nd on ! widespread savannahs ( ,florida1 :ile ! swall[-tail$ ,mississippi & :ite-%\ld]$ are f\nd on ! prairies ( ! s\? & we/4 ,! buzz>d hawks usually occur 9 ! woods1 b dur+ ! migrations pass ov] ! fields1 fly+ high4 ,! fi%-hawk is abundant on ! seacoa/1 b also visits ! ponds & lakes ( ! int]ior4 ,! duck-hawk is fond ( clefts1 & migrates along ! seacoa/4 ,! %>p-%9n$ sp>r[ & pigeon are (t5 f\nd 9 solit>y trees 9 fields1 :]e !y hunt = mice1 b !y also occur 9 op5 woods4 ,! bald eagle occurs on ! sea%ore or on l>ge bodies ( wat]1 b ! gold5 eagle pref]s ! m\nta9\s regions4 ,,ca?>tid3 ,,vultures4--,occur ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! s\?4 ,! great ,cali=nia vulture is n[ v r>e4 ,,columbid3 ,,pigeons4--,are usually f\nd 9 fields1 b ! wild pigeon is (t5 tak5 9 ! woods4 ,! gr\nd doves are f\nd 9 fields :i* are bord]$ ) ?ickets1 to :i* !y retreat :5 al>m$4 ,two or ?ree species are f\nd on ! ,florida ,keys1 & ab\t z _m m 9 ,texas4 ,,meleagrid3 ,,turkeys4--,wild turkeys occur 9 ! wild]ness ( ! s\? & we/4 ,!y inhabit op5 woods z a rule1 (t5 roo/+ at night 9 swamps4 ,,tetraonid3 ,,gr\se1 ,,quail1 ,,etc4--,! ,canada1 ruffl$1 & alli$ species ( gr\se occur 9 ! woodl&s4 ,! prairie %>p-tail & sage-h5 are f\nd on ! pla9s ( ! we/1 :ile ! pt>migans inhabit ! bleak regions ( ! nor?4 ,! common quail is widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! m op5 c\ntry1 f ,massa*usetts to ,texas1 & ! plum$ ,cali=nia & alli$ species occur 9 ! s\?we/1 frequ5t+ ! ?ickets ( ! prairies1 or along ! m\nta9-sides4 ,,*>adrid3 ,,plov]s4--,^! are1 z a rule1 m>itime birds1 especially dur+ ! s\?w>d migrations1 b _m ( ! species bre$ 9 ! int]ior1 & ! kilde] & m\nta9 plov]s are always m common on bodies ( fre% wat]4 ,none ( ! species are1 h[ev]1 f\nd f> f wat]1 b !y all alight 9 dry fields 9 se>* ( food4 ,h,,matopodid3 ,,oy/]-,,cat*]s ,,& ,,turn/ones4--,all ^! birds inhabit ! seacoa/4 ,!y occur 9 oy/]-b$s or among rocks4 ,,recurviro/rid3 ,,avocets ,,& ,,/ilts4--,bo? ^! species are birds ( ! int]ior1 be+ f\nd 9 ! s\? & we/ 9 ! vic9ity ( wat]4 ,,phal>opodid3 ,,phal>opes4--,^! s+ul> birds are f\nd (f ! coa/1 (t5 f> out at sea dur+ w9t]1 b1 oddly en\gh1 bre$ 9 ! int]ior1 ne/+ ?r\gh\t ! nor?we/ & nor?4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 occasionally f\nd on ! coa/ dur+ ! nor?w>d migration1 especially dur+ /orms4 ,,scolopacid3 ,,snipes1 ,,woodcock1 ,,etc4--,woodcock & snipes are usually f\nd 9 fre%wat] swamps1 especially 9 spr+4 ,! true s&pip]s1 l peep1 grass-birds1 etc41 haunt ! pools 9 m>%es or accompany ! s&]l+s on ! bea*es4 ,! godwits are f\nd on ! m>%es1 z are also r$-brea/$ snipe1 b ! curlews inhabit hill-tops1 especially dur+ ! autumnal migration4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 f\nd ! long-bill$ curlew on ! bea*es ( ,florida4 ,willets & yell[-legs occur on ! m>%es or on ! bord]s ( /reams4 ,,tantalid3 ,,ibises ,,& ,,spoonbills4--,occur along ! bord]s ( /reams & o!r bodies ( fre% wat]1 or on mud-flats 9 ! f> s\?4 ,,ardeid3 ,,h]ons4--,^! are widely di/ribut$ birds4 ,! true h]ons occur along ! m>g9s ( bodies ( wat]1 bo? on ! coa/ & 9 ! int]ior1 :ile ! bitt]ns g5]ally haunt only ! fre% wat]4 ,,gruid3 ,,cranes4--,are f\nd on ! prairies ( ! we/ & s\?1 frequ5t+ ! vic9ity ( wat]4 ,,aramid3 ,,c\rlan4--,! well-kn[n cry+-bird is f\nd only 9 ,florida1 inhabit+ swamps along ! riv]s & lakes ( ! int]ior4 ,,rallid3 ,,rails1 ,,gall9ules1 ,,& ,,coots4--,! true rails inhabit v wet m>%es1 bo? salt & fre%1 conceal+ !mselves 9 ! grass4 ,gall9ules & coots are f\nd on ! bord]s ( fre% wat]4 ,,pho5icopt]id3 ,,flam+oes4--,! flam+o occurs only ) u1 on ! ext5sive mud-flats 9 extreme ,s\!rn ,florida1 :]e !y are exce$+ly difficult to procure1 be+ v %y4 ,,anatid3 ,,geese1 ,,ducks1 ,,etc4--,^! are all inhabitants ( ! wat]1 be+ seldom f\nd f> f x4 ,"s species1 l ! teal1 pref] seclud$ pools 9 ! int]ior1 :ile ! wood-duck & o!rs frequ5t woodl& /reams2 & ! eid]s & m>9e ducks are abundant 9 ! wat]s ( ! ocean4 ,,sulid3 ,,gannets4--,except+ :ile bre$+1 ^! birds keep well out to sea1 & are ?us q difficult to procure4 ,all ( ! m>9e species are liable to be driv5 inl& dur+ sev]e /orms1 & ! collector %\ld n fail to take advantage ( su* circum/ances4 ,,pelecanid3 ,,pelicans4--,! br[n pelican is a resid5t ( ! extreme s\!rn coa/1 & may be f\nd on s&-b>s or p]*$ on trees 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( wat]4 ,! :ite pelican is f\nd 9 simil> localities 9 w9t]1 b migrates nor?w>d dur+ ! summ]1 bre$+ 9 ! int]ior1 f ,utah to ! ,arctic regions4 ,,graculid3 ,,cormorants4--,occur on s&-b>s 9 ! s\?1 or on rocky cliffs 9 ! nor?1 & on ! ,pacific coa/4 ,dur+ migrations !y keep well out to sea4 ,!y h ! habit1 9 common ) ! gannets & pelicans1 ( alight+ on b>r5 s&-spits :i* rise out ( ! wat]4 ,,plotid3 ,,d>t]s4--,! snake-bird ( ! s\? occurs on bodies ( fre% wat]1 & may be se5 p]*$ on trees or fly+ high 9 air4 ,!y are exce$+ly difficult to kill1 be+1 z a rule1 %y1 & v t5aci\s ( life4 ,,ta*ypetid3 ,,frigate ,,birds4--,! frigate bird is f\nd ) u only on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & among ! ,florida ,keys4 ,!y are usually se5 ^u w+1 b ,i h obs]v$ ?\s&s p]*$ on ! mangroves on ! ,keys4 ,!y roo/ on ! trees on lonely islets at night1 at :i* "t !y appe> s /upid t !y may be approa*$ q readily4 ,,ph,,tonid3 ,,tropic ,,birds4--,^! f9e birds occur only 9 tropical wat]s unless !y are accid5tally bl[n out ( _! latitude by /orms4 ,!y bre$ on ! rocky cliffs ( ! ,bahamas & ,b]mudas4 ,,l>id3 ,,gulls1 ,,t]ns1 ,,etc4--,! ,skua gulls keep well out to sea1 z a rule1 b occasionally ent] h>bors & bays 9 pursuit ( gulls & t]ns1 :i* !y rob ( _! prey4 ,gulls & t]ns ( ! v>i\s species re/ on s&-b>s or fly along ! %ore4 ,,procell>id3 ,,petrels4--,except+ :ile bre$+1 ^! birds keep well out to sea & are ?us q difficult to procure4 ,!y haunt ! wat]s :i* are frequ5t$ by fi%]m51 h[ev]1 & may be procur$ by visit+ ^! localities on "s fi%+-smack4 ,,colymbid3 ,,loons4--,are f\nd 9 bo? fre% & salt wat]s1 b are some:at difficult to procure on acc\nt ( _! habit ( div+4 ,,podicipid3 ,,grebes4--,^! birds h simil> habits to ^? ( ! loons1 b are f\nd 9 small] bodies ( wat]1 notably ! ,pi$-bill$1 "o or m specim5s ( :i* occur 9 almo/ e little pool ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 especially dur+ ! s\?w>d migration4 ,,alcid3 ,,auks1 ,,puff9s1 ,,etc4--,^! birds are f\nd (f ! coa/ dur+ migration1 b bre$ on ! rocky %ores ( bo? coa/s4 ,al?\gh ! =ego+ li/ gives ! locality 9 :i* a giv5 species may be f\nd1 z a rule1 x is always well to be> 9 m9d t birds h w+s1 & by ! use ( !m may /ray into unaccu/om$ localities f> di/ant f _! usual habitance4 ,= example1 a burr[+ owl 0 %ot on ! m>%es ( ,newburyport1 & a petrel1 :i* has hi!rto be5 kn[n to sci5ce ?r\gh a s+le specim5 :i* 0 tak5 _m ye>s ago 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 0 pick$ up1 9 an exhau/$ condition1 9 a pl\gh$ field ( ! int]ior ( ,new ,york4 ,! "y collector !n %\ld ev] be on ! al]t1 keep+ well 9 m9d ! fact t ! art :i* he is pursu+ is n lightly le>n$4 ,i h frequ5tly he>d ! inexp]i5c$ rem>k t he c\ld easily kill a hundr$ birds 9 a day2 & al?\gh ?is might be true on c]ta9 occasions1--= ,i h se5 ov] ?is numb] kill$ by "o p]son 9 two dis*>ges ( a gun1--yet1 z a rule1 a good collector w seldom br+ 9 ov] fifty birds dur+ 8 be/ days4 ,a man mu/ n only be exp]i5c$1 b w be oblig$ to "w h>d 9 ord] to av]age tw5ty-five birds 9 a day4 ,al?\gh !re are "s born collectors :o w procure birds1 ev5 if !y be provid$ ) no m =midable weapon ?an a boy's catapult1 yet ! peculi> attributes :i* make up a good collector are ma9ly to be acquir$4 ,a quick eye to detect a flutt] ( a w+ or ! flit ( a tail among wav+ foliage2 an e> ready to cat* ! slighe/ *irp he>d amid ! ru/l+ leaves1 & s skill$ z to intrepret ! simple gradations ( s\nd :i* di/+ui% ! diff]5t species2 a con/ant wide-awake al]tness1 s t no?+ escapes ! obs]vation1 & :i* gives su* nice control ov] ! muscles t ! gun comes to ! %\ld] ) a promptitude t comb9es ?\ght ) action2 & an unwe>y+ pati5ce & pluck :i* totally disreg>d m9or ob/acles1 are "s ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* mu/ be possess$ by ! individual :o wi%es to br+ toge!r a good collection ( birds by 8 own ex]tions4 ,if "o does n possess ^! traits1 :y1 !n /udy to acquire !m2 = secur+ birds is z f9e an art z is pres]v+ !m aft] !y are obta9$4 ,,section ,,iv43 ,,c>e ,,( ,,specim5s4--,j z soon z a bird is %ot1 exam9e x c>efully by bl[+ aside ! fea!rs 9 ord] to f9d ! %ot-holes2 if !y ble$1 remove ! clott$ blood ) a small /ick1 or1 bett]1 ! po9t ( a p5knife1 !n ) a po9t$ /ick1 or ! knife1 plug ! hole ) a little cotton1 & spr9kle pla/]1 or bett]1 "s ( my pres]vative1 on ! spot4 ,next plug ! m\? ) cotton1 tak+ c>e to pu% ! wad d[n f> en\gh to all[ ! bill to close1 = if ! m&ibles are left op5 ! sk9 ( ! *9 & upp] ?roat w dry1 caus+ ! fea!rs to /& upright4 ,smoo? ! specim5 lightly & place x1 head d[n1 9 a pap] cone1 :i* %\ld be long en\gh to all[ fold+ ! top )\t b5d+ ! tail fea!rs4 ,!n ! bird may be plac$ 9 a fi% basket1 :i* is ! be/ receptacle = c>ry+ birds1 z x is n only light to c>ry1 b also admits ! air4 ,nev] %ut a bird up 9 a close box 9 w>m wea!r1 z x w spoil v quickly4 ,c>e ( a bird 9 ! field w save mu* labor1 & y\r cab9et specim5s w look en\gh bett] to w>rant x4 ,blood left "u ! plumage gradually soaks ?r\gh ! fea!rs1 ?us caus+ !m to become matt$1 :5 !y are exce$+ly difficult to clean4 ,"s specim5s h[ev]1 w ble$1 & if !y are to be pres]v$ ?is blood mu/ be remov$4 ,i h always f\nd x be/ to wa% ! blood (f 9 ! fir/ wat] ,i c\ld f9d1 & !n let ! bird dry1 ei!r by c>ry+ 9 my h&1 or1 by susp5d+ x to a limb ( a tree1 :]e ,i c\ld return = x aft]w>ds4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 to wa% all ! blood (f1 & !n plug ! w\nd ) cotton1 z if any fl[s out :5 ! plumage is wet x w spread on ! fea!rs & /a9 !m4 ,9 pick+ up birds t are only w\nd$ nev] take !m by ! tail1 w+1 or any "p ( ! plumage1 b grasp !m firmly 9 ! h& 9 su* a way z to imprison bo? w+s1 !n kill !m by a firm pressure ( ! ?umb & =ef+]1 appli$ to ! sides j back ( ! w+s4 ,?is compresses ! lungs1 & ! birds die ( suffocation almo/ in/antly4 ,nev] /rike a bird1 no matt] h[ l>ge1 ) a /ick1 b 9 case ( hawks1 eagles1 etc41 ! talons ( :i* are dang]\s1 seize !m fir/ by ! tip ( "o w+1 !n by ! o!r1 "w ! h&s d[nw>d until ! back is grasp$1 !n apply ! pressure to ! lungs4 ,!re is no dang] f ! beak ( ev5 ! mo/ =midable species aft] ! pressure is put ^u ! lungs1 = ,i nev] knew a specim5 to bite :ile be+ kill$ 9 ?is way2 ! only ?+ necess>y is to keep out ( ! way ( _! talons4 ,i h frequ5tly be5 oblig$ to remove eagles f a box & kill !m1 & h done x ) my h&s alone4 ,w\nd$ doves & pigeons %\ld be grasp$ v firmly1 & n all[$ to /ruggle 9 ! lea/1 z _! fea!rs fall out v easily2 & ! same is true1 ?\gh to a less ext5t1 ) cuckoos2 9 fact1 x is always be/ to bru% ! plumage z little z possible1 h&l+ ! specim5 :5 dead by ! feet or bill4 ,9 pick+ up :ite h]ons or o!r birds :i* h fall5 9 mud or o!r dirty wat]1 take !m up by ! bill & %ake !m g5tly to remove ! ooze4 ,! fea!rs ( all birds1 especially aquatic species1 are cov]$ ) a delicate oil1 & all extrane\s matt] glides (f ! plumage if !y are n soak$ 9 wat]4 ,9 cat*+ w\nd$ h]ons1 take !m by ! beak to avoid ! dang] ( los+ an eye f a lunge ( ! %>p po9t4 ,:5 a bird is to be plac$ 9 a basket or on a b5*1 d n ?r[ x d[n1 b lay x g5tly on its back1 always be>+ 9 m9d t ! smoo!r a bird is kept be=e x is sk9n$ ! bett] x w look :5 pres]v$4 ,i h ev5 notic$ t ! true orni?ological en?usia/ always keeps 8 birds 9 good condition1 :ile o!rs :o m]ely %oot birds = ! mom5t>y pleasure ( ! ?+1 or = ga91 are v apt to h&le !m r\ghly4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ud5t ( nature possesses an innate love ( 8 pursuits1 :i* causes him to respect ev5 a dead bird4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,sk9n+ ,,birds4 ,,section ,i43 ,,ord9>y ,,me?od4--,! only in/rum5ts t ,i use 9 remov+ ! sk9 ( birds ord9>ily is a simple knife ( a peculi> =m 7see ,fig4 #c72 b ,i l to h a pair ( dissect+ scissors by me to be us$ 9 cases giv5 fur!r on4 ,i also h pl5ty ( cotton1 & ei!r ,indian meal or d]mal pres]vative at h& to absorb blood & o!r juices4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,to remove ! sk9 f ! bird1 fir/ see t ! m\? is plugg$ ) cotton1 & if x is1 note if ?is be dry1 if n remove x & sub/itute fre%4 ,x is also well to note if ! bird be flexible1 = if rigid x is extremely difficult to sk91 & x is always be/ to wait until ?is peculi> rigidity ( ! muscles1 :i* foll[s dea? 9 all v]tebrate animals1 %all h pass$4 ,?is occurs 9 w>m wea!r 9 mu* less "t ?an 9 cold1 (t5 9 "o or two h\rs1 b 9 mod]ate temp]ature a bird _h bett] lie = at lea/ six h\rs aft] x has be5 kill$4 ,take !n a specim5 9 ! prop] condition1 lay x on its back on a b5*1 on :i* clean pap] has be5 spread1 ) its head f y1 b slightly incl9$ to ! left4 ,n[ "p ! fea!rs ( ! abdom5 ) ! left h&1 &1 except+ 9 ducks & a few o!r species1 a space1 ei!r nak$ or cov]$ ) d[n1 w be se5 ext5d+ f ! l[] or co/al extremity ( ! /]num to ! v5t4 ,ins]t ! po9t ( ! knife1 :i* is held 9 ! left h&1 ) ! back d[nw>d1 "u ! sk9 ne> ! /]num1 &1 by slid+ x d[nw>d1 make an incision q to ! v5t1 tak+ c>e n to cut ?r\gh ! walls ( ! abdom54 ,?is c readily be avoid$ 9 fre% birds1 b n 9 specim5s t h be5 s(t5$ by ly+ too long4 ,! f+]s ( ! "r h& %\ld be employ$ dur+ ?is op]ation 9 hold+ ap>t ! fea!rs4 ,n[ spr9kle meal or pres]vative 9 ! incision1 especially if blood or juices fl[ out1 9 ord] to absorb !m & prev5t !m soil+ ! fea!rs4 ,next1 ) ! ?umb & f+] ( ! "r h&1 peel d[n ! sk9 on ! left side ( ! orifice1 at ! same "t press+ ! tibia on t side upw>d4 ,?is w disclose ! second jo9t ( ! leg1 or knee prop]4 ,pass ! knife "u ?is jo9t1 &1 by cutt+ aga9/ ! ?umb1 cut x completely (f1 a matt] easily accompli%$ 9 small birds2 rub a little absorb5t on ei!r side ( ! sev]$ jo9t2 !n grasp+ ! end ( ! tibia firmly betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r h&1 draw x outw>d4 ,at ! same "t1 ! sk9 ( ! leg %\ld be press$ d[nw>d by ! f+]s ( ! "r h& to prev5t te>+4 ,! leg is ?us easily expos$1 & %\ld be1 z a rule1 sk9n$ to ! t>sal jo9t4 ,) ! ?umb-nail1 nip (f ! extreme tip ( ! tibial bone1 & /rip ! fle% (f ! rema9d] ( ! bone by a d[nw>d pull2 !n give ! :ole a twi/1 & cut all ! t5drils at once4 ,( c\rse ! fle% may be remov$ f ! bone by scrap+1 etc41 b ! above is ! be/ me?od1 & 9 case ( l>ge birds1 break ! end ( ! tibia ) pli]s4 ,turn ! bird end = end1 & proce$ ! same ) ! o!r leg1 b dur+ bo? op]ations ! bird %\ld n be rais$ f ! b5*4 ,n[ peel away ! sk9 ab\t ! tail1 place ! =ef+] "u its base1 & cut d[nw>d ?r\gh ! caudal v]tebra & muscles ( ! back q to ! sk91 ! f+] be+ a guide to prev5t go+ ?r\gh ?is4 ,rub absorb5t on ! sev]$ portion4 ,grasp ! end ( ! v]tebra protrud+ f ! body1 ?us rais+ ! bird f ! b5*2 peel d[n front & back by pu%+ d[nw>d ) ! h&1 r coax+ ! sk9 (f ?an =c+ or pull+ x4 ,soon ! w+s w appe>2 sev] ^! :]e ! hum]us jo9s ! coracoid1 cutt+ ?r\gh ! muscles f above d[nw>d 9 l>ge specim5s1 ?us m readily f9d+ ! jo9ts4 ,rub on absorb5t1 & x may be well to rem>k t ?is mu/ be done :5ev] a fre% cut is made4 ,!n ! body is laid on ! b5*1 & ! sk9 is held 9 "o h&1 or1 9 l>ge specim5s1 all[$ to re/ on ! lap or on ! b5*1 b nev] to dangle4 ,keep on peel+ ov] ! neck by us+ ! tips ( z _m f+]s z c be br\ght into s]vice & soon1 ! skull w appe>4 ,! next ob/ruction w be ! e>s2 ^! %\ld be pull$ or1 bett]1 p9*$ out ) ! ?umb & =ef+] nails4 ,d n te> ! e>s1 & special c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 ?is respect 9 owls4 ,:5 ! eyes are expos$1 pass ! knife betwe5 ! lids & orbit1 close to ! =m]1 tak+ c>e t ! nyctatat+ membrane be remov$ f ! sk91 or x w be 9 ! way :5 ! eyelids are arrang$ 9 mak+ ! sk94 ,peel well d[n to ! base ( ! bill1 s t e portion ( ! sk9 may be cov]$ ) pres]vative4 ,pu% ! po9t ( ! knife "u ! eyes1 & remove !m by a s+le motion1 )\t break+ !m4 ,cut (f ! back ( ! skull at ! po9t %[n 9 ! l9e ,a1 ,fig4 #d2 turn ! head ov] & make two cuts outw>d z se5 at ,a4 ,a41 ,fig4 #e1 ?us remov+ a triangul> portion ( ! skull ,b1 ,fig4 #d1 to :i* ! bra9 w usually adh]e1 b :5 x does n1 remove x ) ! po9t ( ! knife4 ,?is leaves ! eye-cavities op5 f b5ea?4 ,draw out ! w+s by grasp+ ! end ( ! hum]us 9 ! left h&1 & press ! sk9 back ) ! "r1 to ! =e>m2 !n ) ! ?umb-nail1 or back ( ! knife1 sep>ate ! second>y quills :i* adh]e to ! l>g] bone f x1 ?us turn+ out ! w+ to ! la/ jo9t or phalanges4 ,cov] ! sk9 well ) pres]vative1 especially ! skull1 w+s1 & base ( tail2 roll up balls ( cotton ( ab\t ! size ( ! entire eye remov$1 & place 9 ! cavities 9 su* a condition t ! smoo? side ( ! ball may come outw>d s t ! eyelids may be arrang$ neatly ov] !m4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s b to turn ! sk9 back to its =m] position4 ,turn ! w+s by g5tly pull+ ! prim>ies & ! head1 by =c+ ! skull upw>d until ! bill c be grasp$2 !n by pull+ =w>d on ?is1 & work+ ! sk9 backw>d ) "o h&1 ! matt] w be accompli%$1 :5 ! fea!rs may be lightly smoo!d & arrang$4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! quick] & m lightly a sk9 is remov$ ! bett] ! specim5 w look4 ,by lightly1 ,i mean t ! sk9 %\ld n be tightly grasp$ nor /ret*$ by pull+4 ,"s workm5 w remove a sk9 f a bird :i* is ne>ly spoil$ )\t />t+ a fea!r1 :ile o!rs may sk9 a specim5 z quickly1 b ! plumage w be cru%$ & brok5 ?r\gh r\gh usage4 ,! "t = remov+ ! sk9 f a small bird %\ld n exce$ six m9utes1 & ,i h se5 x tak5 (f 9 half ?is "t4 ,( c\rse ! beg9n] w be long] ?an ?is2 & !n ! sk9 %\ld be occasionally moi/5$1 by us+ a damp sponge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,exceptions ,,to ,,! ,,usual ,,me?od ,,( ,,sk9n+4--,9 case ( birds :i* are v s(t on acc\nt ( hav+ be5 dead a long "t1 x may be advisable to op5 ei!r b5ea? ! w+1 mak+ a %ort incision along ! side or above ! w+1 cutt+ along ! fea!r tracks j above ! scapul>ies2 & "s sk9 ducks ?r\gh a hole 9 ! back j above ! rump4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 advise su* practice1 z a rule1 z ! sk9s are m difficult to make up1 & ! bird _c be m\nt$ q z readily4 ,woodpeck]s ) l>ge heads & small necks1 l ! pileat$ & ivory-bill$1 & ducks hav+ simil> *>act]i/ics1 z ! wood1 p9tail1 & a few o!r species2 also flam+oes1 s&-hill1 & :oop+ cranes1 _c be sk9n$ ov] ! head 9 ! usual mann]1 b ! neck %\ld be cut (f aft] ! sk9 has be5 remov$ z f> z possible1 & !n a slit %\ld be cut 9 ! back ( ! head1 & ! head be sk9n$ ?r\gh ?is orifice1 b an abundance ( absorb5t %\ld be us$ to prev5t ! fea!rs f becom+ soil$4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 sk9n+ cuckoos1 doves1 ?ru%es1 & "s species ( sp>r[s1 z ! sk9 is n only ?91 b ! fea!rs />t 9 ! rump & back v readily4 ,peel ! sk9 (f g5tly1 & d n fold x abruptly backw>d 9 work+ on ^! p>ts1 b hold x z ne>ly z possible 9 its orig9al position4 ,! sk9 ( ! wood duck1 & sometimes t ( ! hood$ m]gans]1 adh]es to ! fle% ( ! brea/1 b x may be sep>at$ by work+ c>efully ) ! back ( ! knife4 ,9 remov+ ! sk9s ( "y birds 9 ! d[n1 l ducks & gall9ace\s birds1 d n attempt to sk9 ! w+s4 ,if a specim5 is to be m\nt$ ) ! w+s spread1 ! second>ies %\ld n be deta*$1 b ! knife %\ld be =c$ d[n back ( ! prim>ies 9 ord] to break up ! muscles2 !n z mu* ( ! fle% z possible %\ld be remov$1 & a quantity ( pres]vative pu%$ 9 b5ea? ! sk94 ,9 l>g] birds a slit %\ld be made on ! "u side ( ! w+1 & ! muscles remov$ f ! outside )\t deta*+ ! second>ies2 & also :5 a specim5 is to be m\nt$1 ! eye cavities %\ld be fill$ ) clay well knead$ to ! consi/5cy ( putty4 ,,section ,,iii43 ,,asc]ta9+ ,,! ,,sex ,,( ,,birds4--,al?\gh ! sex ( _m birds c be asc]ta9$ ) tol]able c]ta9ty by ! plumage1 yet ?is is nev] an infallible guide1 & to make p]fectly sure ( e case ! int]nal organs %\ld be exam9$4 ,i always advise dissect+ su* pla9ly-m>k$ birds z sc>let tanag]s or r$-w+$ blackbirds1 & by practis+ ?is habit ,i 0 once =tunate en\gh to discov] a female pa9t$ bunt+ 9 full male liv]y4 ,! sex ( birds c be readily asc]ta9$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,lay ! bird's body on its left side1 ) ! head f y2 !n ) a knife or scissors1 cut ?r\gh ! ribs & abdom9al walls on ! "r side2 !n raise ! inte/9es1 & ! organs w appe>4 ,9 males1 two bodies1 ! te/icles1 m or less sph]ical1 w be se5 ly+ j bel[ ! lungs on ! upp] portion ( ! kidneys 7,fig4 #f1 #c1 #c74 ,^! v>y n only 9 color f :ite to black1 b also 9 size1 dep5d+ ^u ! season or age ( ! specim54 ,?us1 9 an adult song sp>r[1 dur+ ! beg9n+ ( ! bre$+ season1 ! te/icles w be ne>ly or q a half in* 9 diamet]1 :]eas 9 autumn !y w n exce$ a numb] eight %ot 9 size2 & 9 ne/l+s ( ! same species !y are n l>g] ?an a small pellet ( du/-%ot4 ,at ?is e>ly age1 ! sex ( birds :i* h become some:at s(t is q difficult to det]m9e1 & ! same is true at any season if ! specim5s be badly %ot up4 ,!re are o!r organs1 h[ev]1 9 ! male4 ,= example1 ! sp]m ducts are always pres5t1 appe>+ l two :ite l9es2 & 9 ! bre$+ season ! plexus ( n]ves & art]ies ab\t ! v5t becomes swoll51 =m+ two prom95t tub]cles on ei!r side 7,fig4 #f1 #c1 #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,9 ! female ! ov>ies lie on ! "r side 7,fig4 #g1 #b7 9 ab\t ! same position z is occupi$ by ! te/icles 9 ! male4 ,! ov>ies v>y 9 size f t ( half ! size ( an egg to m9ute po9ts1 dep5d+1 z 9 ! male1 on ! season ( ! ye> & age ( ! specim54 ,9 v "y birds ! ov>ies consi/ ( a small :ite body :i* "u a magnify+ glass appe>s some:at granul>4 ,9 bo? male & female are two yell[i% or :iti% bodies1 9 ! =m] sex ly+ above ! te/icles1 b fur!r =w>d1 & consequ5tly j 9 front ( ! kidneys2 & 9 ! female !y occupy ab\t ! same position4 ,9 addition to ! ov>ies 9 ! female1 ! oviduct is always pres5t 7,fig4 #g1 #c71 l>ge1 swoll51 & convolut$ dur+ ! bre$+ season1 b small] & ne>ly /raight at o!r times4 ,9 "y specim5s x appe>s z a small :ite l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,! d5ud$ brea/ & abdom5 se5 9 birds dur+ ! bre$+ season1 _c always be dep5d$ ^u z a m>k ( sex1 z ?is occasionally occurs 9 males z well z 9 females4 ,,section ,,iv43 ,,pres]v+ ,,sk9s4--,taxid]mi/s = _m ye>s h made use ( ars5ic 9 "s =m z a pres]vative2 & 9 ! fir/ edition ( my ,naturali/s' ,guide1 ,i recomm5d$ ! use ( x dry1 /at+ t ,i did n ?9k x injuri\s if n actually eat54 ,i h1 h[ev]1 s9ce _h abundant cause to *ange my op9ion 9 ?is respect1 & n[ pron\nce x a dang]\s poison4 ,n "o p]son 9 fifty c h&le ! requisite quantity ( ars5ic necess>y to pres]ve specim5s1 = any l5g? ( "t1 )\t feel+ ! effects ( x4 ,= a long "t ,i 0 poison$ by x1 b attribut$ x to ! noxi\s gases aris+ f birds t _h be5 kept too long4 ,x is possible t ! poison f ars5ic ) :i* my sy/em 0 fill$ might h be5 affect$ by ^! gases1 caus+ x to develop itself1 b ,i d n ?9k t ! gas itself is especially injuri\s1 z ,i h nev] be5 poison$ s9ce ,i discont9u$ ! use ( ars5ic4 ,:5 ,i became conv9c$ t ars5ic 0 injur+ my heal?1 & t ( o!rs1 ,i began to exp]im5t ^u o!r sub/ances1 & aft] try+ a quantity ( v>i\s ?+s1 h succe$$ 9 manufactur+ a ne>ly odorless comp\nd :i* has ! foll[+ advantages ov] ars5ic3 ,x ?or\ghly pres]ves ! sk9s ( birds1 mammals1 reptiles1 & fi%es f decay1 & also prev5ts ! attacks ( d]me/es or an?r5us1 :ile ! fea!rs ( birds & hair ( mammals are n z liable to be attack$ by mo?s z :5 ! sk9 is pres]v$ ) ars5ic4 ,?is pres]vative :5 prop]ly appli$ ab/racts ! oil f greasy sk9s1 ?us prev5t+ !m f becom+ decay$ ?r\gh c>bonization1 z ne>ly always occurs 9 ducks' sk9s aft] a few ye>s4 ,x is a deodoriz]1 all disagreeable smells leav+ ! sk9 to :i* x is appli$2 & above all x is n a poison4 ,i us$ ?is d]mal pres]vative1 z we h nam$ x1 z an absorb5t :ile sk9n+ birds1 especially small ones1 z !n ! plumage is du/$ ) x necess>ily1 :i* insures m or less protection to ! fea!rs f ! attacks ( mo?s4 ,to r5d] my pres]vative1 or inde$ any o!r1 effective1 x mu/ be ?or\ghly appli$ to ! sk92 all ! portions1 especially ^? to :i* any fle% adh]es1 mu/ be well cov]$ ) x1 & ! fibre ( ! muscles %\ld be brok5 up z mu* z possible4 ,b a small portion1 at be/1 ( ars5ic is soluble 9 ei!r wat] or alcohol1 & b a little 9 ! juices ( ! sk91 :]eas 9 my d]mal pres]vative at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( t :i* comes 9 contact ) a moi/ sk9 is absorb$1 ?us ?or\ghly pres]v+ ! specim54 ,9 ! case ( a greasy sk91 remove z mu* fat z possible by peel+ x (f or g5tly scrap+ until all ! little cells :i* conta9 ! oil are brok5 up & ! sk9 appe>s2 !n coat ! sk9 lib]ally ) ! pres]vative1 :5 x w be f\nd to absorb ! oil4 ,all[ ?is lay] to rema9 a few m9utes1 !n scrape x all (f & coat aga9 ) a fre% supply4 ,cont9ue to d ?is until all ! oil t w fl[ out is absorb$1 & !n du/ ) a f9al coat+4 ,!re are two *emical processes c>ri$ on 9 pres]v+ oily sk9s1 "o ( :i* conv]ts ! oil into soap1 & ?is is 9 turn absorb$ & dri$4 ,?us ! pres]vative :i* has be5 scrap$ f ! sk9 c be aft] a "t us$ aga91 z x has lo/ b a small portion ( its effici5cy4 ,x might be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t all ! fat cells possible mu/ be brok5 up1 z ! sk9 :i* surr\nds ^! is1 9 a measure1 imp]vi\s to ! pres]vative1 :i* mu/1 9 ord] to absorb oil1 come 9 contact ) x4 ,,section ,v43 ,,o!r ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,,sk9s4--,sk9s may be tempor>ily pres]v$ by simply us+ black pepp]1 b ! effect is n la/+4 ,! same is true ( tannic acid1 b ei!r ( ^!1 alum1 or ev5 common salt1 w d z a sub/itute = ! pres]vative until ! sk9s c be got into ! h&s ( a taxid]mi/1 or until ! collector c procure ! prop] pres]vative4 ,i w "h m5tion t ! d]mal pres]vative co/s only tw5ty-five c5ts p] s+le p\nd1 & ?is quantity w pres]ve at lea/ ?ree times z _m sk9s z ! same am\nt ( ars5ic4 ,a good me?od by :i* l>ge sk9s may be tempor>ily pres]v$ is by salt+ !m4 ,simply coat ! inside ( ! sk9 ) f9e salt1 turn x1 smoo? ! fea!rs & fold ! w+s neatly1 !n pack 9 pap]4 ,! salt prev5ts ! sk9 f q dry+1 & ?us x c be moi/5$ mu* m readily1 & made into a sk9 or m\nt$4 ,! advantage ( pack+ l>ge birds 9 s small a capacity is obvi\s to any "o4 ,two collectors :om we h _h out ! pa/ season h s5t 9 "s ?\s& l>ge sk9s 9 ?is condition2 & ^! we %all endeavor to "w up )9 six mon?s' "t1 z salt$ sk9s become q brittle if all[$ to lie too long4 ,!y %\ld be kept 9 a dry place1 z salt absorbs moi/ure1 :i* causes ! sk9 to decay4 ,!y are also liable aft] ! fir/ ye> to be attack$ by d]me/es & an?r5us4 ,birds :i* are 9 a bad condition ?r\gh hav+ be5 dead a long "t may be sometimes sk9n$1 9 case ( r>e specim5s1 by us+ great c>e4 ,spr9kle ! inside ( ! sk9 well ) pres]vative1 z ?is t5ds to set ! fea!rs1 be+ a /r+5t1 keep+ ! sk9 z /raight z possible1 z fold+ x is liable to loos5 ! fea!rs4 ,! inte/9es ( birds may be remov$ & ! cavity salt$ :5 l>ge birds are to be s5t f a di/ance4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,mak+ ,,sk9s4 ,,section ,i43 ,,clean+ ,,fea!rs4--,if a bird is bloody1 ! fea!rs may be wa%$ ei!r 9 turp5t9e or wat]4 ,saturate a rag or piece ( cotton1 & clean (f ! blood1 :i* if dry may require "s soak+4 ,try to keep ! wat] f spread+ z mu* z possible1 b be sure t e p>ticle ( clott$ blood is remov$ & ! spot wa%$ ?or\ghly4 ,!n dry by cov]+ ! spot well ) ei!r pla/] or d]mal pres]vative1 ! latt] be+ pref]able z x nev] blea*es ! plumage4 ,?is %\ld be work$ well into ! fea!rs ) a s(t bru%1 aid$ by ! f+]s1 apply+ a fre% supply con/antly until all ! moi/ure is absorb$2 !n du/ ) a s(t du/]4 ,9 case ( grease-spots1 if fre%1 use ! d]mal pres]vative alone1 b if old & yell[ use b5z9e to />t ! grease1 & !n dry ) pres]vative1 :5 x w g5]ally be f\nd t all /a9s w be remov$2 b 9 "s cases two or ?ree applications ( b5z9e may be necess>y4 ,small spots ( dri$ blood may (t5 be remov$ f d>k fea!rs by simply scrap+ ) ! ?umb-nail1 aid$ by a mod]ately /iff bru%1 mu* aft] ! mann] 9 :i* a liv+ bird removes =eign sub/ances f its plumage4 ,d n leave clott$ spots ( blood 9 ! plumage1 z ! fea!rs nev] lie well ov] !m1 & su* places are liable to be attack$ by insects1 & ev5 a spot ( blood "u ! w+ %\ld1 9 my op9ion1 always be remov$4 ,be=e any attempt is made ei!r to make a bird into a sk9 or m\nt x1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly cleans$4 ,/a9s ( dirt may be remov$ ) alcohol1 :i* dries m readily ?an wat]1 b x w n />t blood z well z turp5t9e or wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,mak+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,small ,,birds4--,! in/rum5ts = sk9-mak+ are a flat bru%1 a du/] = cleans+1 ?ree or f\r pairs ( tweez]s ( v>y+ sizes 7see ,fig4 #h71 ne$les1 curv$ or /raight z pref]r$1 silk ?read = sew+1 & s(t cotton = w9d+1 & metal =ms made ( roll$ t9 or z9c 7,fig4 #i74 ,lay ! sk9 on its back1 & pu% ! s+le bones left on ! =e>m into ! sk91 !n fa/5 !m by tak+ a /it* ?r\gh ! sk9 ne> ! base ( ! w+2 !n1 pass+ ! ?read ar\nd ! bone1 tie x firmly4 ,n[ ) ! same ?read1 uncut1 sew ! o!r bone 9 a simil> mann]1 leav+ ! two connect$ by a piece ( ?read :i* is ab\t z long z ! natural wid? ( ! body ( ! bird1 ?us ! w+s are kept ! same di/ance ap>t z !y 7 =m]ly4 ,n[ take a piece ( cotton & =m x into a r\gh body z ne> z possible 9 size to ! "o remov$1 b hav+ a tap]+ neck ( ab\t ! l5g? ( nature4 ,n[ grasp ?is firmly 9 ! tweez]s1 & place x1 neck =emo/1 9 ! sk91 tak+ c>e t ! po9t ( ! tweez]s ent]s ! bra9 cavity ( ! skull1 s t ! cotton may fill x1 & project+ d[nw>d1 =m ! ?roat2 n[ all[ ! tweez]s to op51 & slip !m out4 ,op5 ! eyelids1 arrang+ !m neatly ov] ! r\nd$ cotton b5ea?4 ,see t ! bones ( ! w+ lie along ! sides1 z !y are liable to become pu%$ =w>d 9 putt+ 9 ! cotton4 ,?is c be rem$i$ by rais+ ! cotton g5tly4 ,if ! cotton body has be5 plac$ 9 ! prop] position ! neck w be full1 b n ov] /uff$1 & ( j ! "r l5g? to =m a sk9 t has ! appe>ance & size ( a fre%ly-kill$ bird ly+ on its back ) ! head /raight4 ,! bill %\ld be horizontal ) ! b5* on :i* ! bird lies1 & f :i* ! specim5 %\ld n be rais$ :ile at "w on x4 ,n[ roll ! sk9 ov] & exam9e ! back2 see t ! w+ fea!rs1 especially ! scapul>ies1 lie 9 regul> rotation1 & t !y h n be5 pu%$ "o above ! o!r2 & ! same att5tion %\ld be giv5 to ! tail4 ,note if ! fea!rs ( ! back lie neatly ov] ! scapul>ies1 & ^! 9 turn1 %\ld be ov] ! w+-cov]ts2 9 %ort1 all %\ld bl5d neatly1 =m+ a smoo?ly r\nd$ back4 ,n[ place ! sk91 back d[n1 9 ! =m1 lift+1 by plac+ ! ?umb & =ef+] on ei!r side ( ! %\ld]s1 :i* is ! prop] way to h&le a small sk91 ev5 :5 dry4 ,9 plac+ ! sk9 9 ! =m1 c>e %\ld be us$ t ! cotton does n slip out ( ! skull1 caus+ ! head to fall d[n4 ,see if ! tip ( ! w+s are ( equal l5g?2 if n make !m s by draw+ "o w+ d[nw>d1 & pu%+ ! o!r up t[>d ! head1 b d n pull !m out ( place at ! %\ld]s4 ,be c>eful t ! w+s are plac$ high en\gh on ! back4 ,?is is easily asc]ta9$1 if ! clos$ tips ( ! prim>ies lie p]fectly flat on ! bottom ( ! =m ) _! inn] edges ne>ly d[nw>d4 ,n[ smoo? ! fea!rs ) a pair ( tweez]s1 plac+ ! fea!rs ( ! sides t come bel[ ! sp>r['s w+ inside ! w+2 above ?is !y w lie outside4 ,always be> 9 m9d t al?\gh a sk9 c be made p]fectly smoo? by an exp]t 9 f eight to fifte5 m9utes1 "o :o is n accu/om$ to ! "w w be oblig$ to occupy a mu* long] "t1 z a sk9 _c be made too smoo?4 ,arrange all spots & l9es on ! fea!rs z !y occur 9 life1 especially ab\t ! head or on ! back2 9 fact1 too mu* att5tion _c be giv5 to ^! details1 be=e & aft] a sk9 is plac$ 9 ! =m1 if "o wi%es to turn out a fir/-class specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,n[ b9d ! sk9 ) s(t cotton ?read1 us$ on bobb9s 9 ! mills1 beg9n+ at ! l[] portions ( ! w+s1 & w9d+ ! ?read ov] ! body & "u ! =m1 s t ! ?reads lie ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* ap>t1 end+ ) ! ?roat4 ,n[ arrange all ! fea!rs :i* may h become dis>rang$ "u ! ?reads1 & place ! sk9 away to dry :]e !re is no draft1 = a slight breeze w be sure to bl[ "s ( ! fea!rs out ( place4 7,= ! =m ( a sk91 see ,fig4 #aj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,ano!r me?od ( mak+ sk9s :i* may be practis$ to advantage is z foll[s3 ,aft] ! sk9 is ready to place 9 ! =m1 wrap x closely 9 a v ?9 lay] ( nice cotton batt+1 tak+ c>e t ! fea!rs lie p]fectly smoo?1 al?\gh ^! may be p>tially arrang$ ?r\gh ! cotton1 :i* mu/ be ?9 en\gh = ! fea!rs to be se5 ?r\gh x4 ,! sk9 is !n laid aside to dry )\t plac+ 9 ! =m4 ,sk9s %\ld n be expos$ to too great artificial heat1 nei!r %\ld !y be left to dry dur+ damp wea!r 9 a room )\t a fire4 ,small birds1 l w>bl]s1 w set p]fectly h>d 9 =ty-eight h\rs 9 a mod]ate temp]ature ) dry air4 ,nev] all[ a sk9 to freeze4 ,,section ,,iii43 ,,mak+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,long-,,neck$ ,,birds4--,s&pip]s1 ?9-neck$ woodpeck]s1 or any birds1 ! necks ( :i* are liable to become brok51 %\ld h a wire plac$ 9 ! neck to support & /r5g!n x4 ,proce$ 9 sew+ ! w+-bones z direct$ 9 small sk9s2 !n make a body ( cotton ar\nd ! end ( a wire t has ab\t an in* ( ! end b5t into ! =m ( a hook1 & !n ! body may be wrapp$ ab\t ! wire ) "s ( ! w9d+ cotton4 ,! neck-wire %\ld project f ! body = ab\t ! same l5g? z ! natural neck1 or a little m4 ,?is neck-wire %\ld also be wrapp$ ) cotton to ! size ( ! natural neck1 b r ?ick] :]e x jo9s ! body4 ,a small portion ( ?is wire :i* has be5 %>p5$1 z h]eaft] to be direct$1 %\ld project beyond ! body4 ,n[ place ! body 9 position inside ( ! sk91 =c+ ! po9t ( ! wire into ! skull1 up into ! base ( ! upp] m&ible z f> z x w g4 ,! heads ( long-bill$ birds may be turn$ on "o side1 b 9 ?is case ! bill w be plac$ to a great] or less angle4 ,sew up specim5 z be=e2 arrange & place 9 a long =m & b9d4 ,! legs ( su* birds z yell[-legs may be /it*$ toge!r at ! tibial jo9t1 !n b5t t[>d ! sides1 & ! toes /it*$ to ! sk94 ,9 mak+ sk9s ( all birds :]e ! back ( ! head is op5$1 ! orifice %\ld n be sew$ up until aft] ! wire has be5 ins]t$ 9 ! upp] m&ible1 z x may be necess>y to add m cotton ?r\gh "h to make ! ?roat or back ( ! head z full z 9 life4 ,sew up ?is orifice by tak+ f9e /it*es 9 only ! extreme edge ( ! sk91 & ! same caution mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 sew+ up accid5tal te>s 9 ! sk94 ,v t5d] sk9s may h te>s m5d$ by pa/+ tissue-pap] neatly ov] ! holes f ! inside4 ,9 fact x is be/ to sew up te>s f ! inside1 always us+ silk ?read = ! purpose4 ,,section ,,iv43 ,,mak+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,h]ons1 ,,ibises1 ,,etc4--,proce$ exactly z 9 long-neck$ birds1 b to make a compact sk9 lay ! bird brea/ d[n1 & turn ! head & neck on ! back1 & fa/5 ! legs to ! sides4 ,i always wire ! necks1 & = additional security1 to prev5t !m be+ /raight5$ by c>eless or inexp]i5c$ p]sons1 ,i /it* ! bill to ! sk9 ( ! back4 ,9 addition to sew+ on ! inside ( ! w+1 /it* ! w+ firmly to ! inside1 by sew+ ov] ! out] prim>y into a p9* ( sk9 on ! side1 ?us ! w+ is fa/5$ 9 two places4 ,ducks' sk9s may be made 9 a simil> mann]1 b ! fea!rs ( ! side mu/ be br\ght ov] ! w+s1 & ! webs ( ! feet may be spread ) a wire1 :i* mu/ be remov$1 h[ev]1 :5 ! feet are dry1 or x w ru/2 & galvaniz$ or brass wire is ! be/ = mak+ sk9s4 ,,section ,v43 ,,hawks1 ,,owls1 ,,eagles1 ,,vultures1 ,,etc4--,! sk9s ( ^! l>ge birds are made 9 =ms1 b ! w+s mu/ be /it*$ to ! sides1 z 9 h]ons1 etc4 ,! necks mu/ be wir$4 ,9 mak+ ! sk9s ( all l>ge birds x is be/ to use bodies made ( excelsior or grass1 r ?an cotton1 :i* does n make a firm en\gh body4 ,see rem>ks "u m\nt+ = in/ructions = mak+ bodies2 b !y d n ne$ to be q z solid = sk9s z 9 m\nt+2 9 fact1 keep !m z light z possible4 ,too mu* c>e _c be tak5 9 =m+ ! eyelids ( all birds1 especially l>ge ones4 ,h ! cavity occupi$ by ! eye r\nd1 ) ! cotton ly+ smoo?ly inside1 & n project+ 9 a ragg$ mann]4 ,,section ,,vi43 ,,labell+ ,,specim5s4--,a sk9 is ( little value unless labell$ ) date1 locality1 & sex4 ,nev] lay a bird "o side )\t a label is firmly atta*$ to "o foot or o!r "p4 ,! sex ( birds is indicat$ by ! a/ronomical signs ( ! planets2 ,m>s 7,m7 & ,v5us 7,v71 ! =m] be+1 z is obvi\s1 ! m>k = males & ! latt] = females4 ,to keep ^! 9 m9d "o has only to rememb]1 t t ( ,m>s is a conv5tionaliz$ spe> & %ield1 indications ( 8 w>like pr(ession1 :ile t ( ,v5us is suppos$ to repres5t a look+-glass1 an article s indisp5sable to fem99e ta/e4 ,i use blank =ms = labels1 & ! simpl] ! bett]2 ?us1 bel[ is "o :i* ,i us$ dur+ my la/ exp$ition to ,florida3-- ----------------------------------- ,,explorations ,,9 ,,florida1 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,mayn>d ,co41 #i ,pemb]ton ,squ>e1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,rosewood1 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahha4 ,m ----------------------------------- ,! sex ( ei!r1 male or female1 is pr9t$1 b at lea/ two-?irds z _m males z females are ne$$2 :ile any notes reg>d+ ! color ( feet1 bill1 & iris ( ea* specim5 may be writt5 on ! back4 ,! size giv5 is ! "o us$ = specim5s f ! size ( a humm+-bird to t ( a gold5-w+$ woodpeck]4 ,! labels ( ducks & h]ons may be atta*$ to ! beak by secur+ ?r\gh ! no/rils1 z !n !y are m readily f\nd4 ,x is well to keep 9 m9d t 9 ord] to h any value z a sci5tific specim51 a bird mu/ be labell$ z ne> z possible ) date1 locality1 & sex1 b nev] guess at ei!r4 ,if y h a sk9 9 y\r possession t y are n absolutely c]ta9 ab\t1 ei!r label x ) an int]rogation m>k fill+ ! "p ( :i* y are 9 d\bt1 or d n label x at all4 ,?us if y are unable to det]m9e ! sex satisfactorily1 say s by draw+ a l9e ?r\gh ! sex m>k & sub/itut+ a qu]y 7874 ,,section ,,vii43 ,,c>e ,,( ,,sk9s1 ,,cab9ets1 ,,etc4--,:5 sk9s are remov$ f ! =ms !y %\ld be du/$ ) a light fea!r-du/]1 /rik+ !m g5tly f ! head d[nw>d s z n to ruffle ! plumage4 ,al?\gh sk9s are well pres]v$ f ! attacks ( deme/es & an?r5us1 :i* fe$ ^u ! sk91 yet ! fea!rs are always liable to be attack$ by mo?s1 :ile ! sk9 on ! feet or bills is also liable to be eat54 ,?is may be prev5t$ by wa%+ ! p>ts ) a solution ( blea*$ %elac dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,by f> ! be/ way to insure absolute safety is to %ut up ! sk9s 9 insect-pro( cab9ets4 ,v>i\s me?ods h be5 tri$ to prev5t ! +ress ( mo?s1 etc41 9 cab9ets1 b ! be/ & simple/ is to h a door fitt$ to ! outside ( ! draw]s ( an o!rwise p]fectly jo9t$ cab9et4 ,?is door is provid$ ) a bead :i* surr\nds ! outside & fits 9 a groove on ! m>g9 ( ! woodwork outside ! draw]s1 :ile ! :ole door fits 9 a groove :i* ext5ds q across ! bottom4 ,ano!r me?od :i* we practise on our late/-made cab9ets is to h ea* draw] mo?-pro(1 by hav+ a m>g9 made all ar\nd x :i* fits into a groove1 !n all ! draw]s are cov]$ by clos+ a flange on ! sides4 ,,section ,,viii43 ,,measur+ ,,specim5s4--,specim5s ( all r>e birds %\ld be measur$4 ,) ! beg9n]1 x is be/ to measure e specim54 ,i measur$ "s fifte5 ?\s& birds be=e ,i made a s+le sk9 )\t s do+1 & n[ ,i am c>eful to take ! dim5sions ( all r>e specim5s4 ,! dim5sions ( a bird are tak5 z foll[s1 us+ divid]s & a rule m>k$ 9 hundr$?s ( ! in*3 ,fir/ measure ! extreme l5g? f ! tip ( bill to end ( tail2 !n ! extreme /ret* ( w+ f tip to tip2 !n ! l5g? ( "o w+ f ! scapul> jo9t to tip ( longe/ quill2 next1 ! l5g? ( tail f end ( longe/ fea!r to its base at ! ins]tion 9 ! muscles2 n[ ! l5g? ( bill along culm5 or *ord ( upp] m&ibles2 & ( t>sus f t>sal jo9t to base ( toes4 ,i h a blank %eet rul$1 & fill x out z p] sample 7page #fb74 ,,campephilus ,,pr9cipalis4 ------------------------------------ ,no4 #aicf #aicg #aich ------------------------------------ ,sex4 ,m ,f ,m ------------------------------------ ,gulf ,locality4 ,hummock1 ,fla4 ------------------------------------ ,date4 ,nov4 #bj1 #ahhb ------------------------------------ ,l5g?4 #bj4ce #ai4ge #ba4jj ------------------------------------ ,/ret*4 #ca4jj #cj4jj #cb4jj ------------------------------------ ,w+4 #i4cj #i4jj #i4fj ------------------------------------ ,tail4 #f4ce #f4be #f4ej ------------------------------------ ,bill4 #b4ge #b4fe #b4hj ------------------------------------ ,t>sus4 #a4hj #a4fj #b4jj ----------------------------------- ,eye4 ,yell[ --------------------------- ,color (,bill4 ,ivory :ite --------------------------- ,feet4,gre5i% ----------------------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,plumage1 new ------------------------------------ ,,section ,,ix43 ,,mak+ ,,ov] ,,old ,,sk9s4--,sometimes x is desirable 9 case ( r>e birds to make ov] into pres5table sk9s specim5s :i* h be5 improp]ly prep>$4 ,prep>e a damp5+ box by plac+ a quantity ( s&1 damp5$ s z to j drip wat]1 9 any metal vessel hav+ a tight-fitt+ cov]4 ,!n wrap ! specim5 to be made ov] 9 pap]1 lay x on ! s&1 & cov] ) a damp clo? fold$ sev]al times4 ,place ! cov] on ! vessel & set 9 a mod]ately w>m place = ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs if ! specim5 be small1 long] if l>ge4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! sk9 w be q pliable4 ,!n remove ! cotton & exam9e ! inside ( ! sk9 c>efully1 & if !re are any h>d places caus$ by ! sk9 be+ too ?ick1 scrape !m d[n ) a blunt knife or1 bett]1 use our sk9-rasp1 & ?us ?9 !m d[n until ! fea!rs above are z flexible z 9 any o!r portion4 ,if !re be grease on ! fea!rs or inside ( ! sk9 aft] scrap+1 wa% ) b5z9e1 & dry ) pres]vative z describ$4 ,:5 e portion ( ! specim5 is p]fectly pliable1 & all sup]flu\s dri$ fle% has be5 remov$1 sew up ! r5ts1 & make up z 9 fre% birds1 b su* sk9s g5]ally require m c>eful b9d+4 ,x is also (t5 necess>y to wire ! neck ( ev5 small birds1 especially 9 badly %att]$ & decay$ sk9s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,m\nt+ ,,birds4 ,,section ,i43 ,,in/rum5ts4--,! in/rum5ts necess>y = m\nt+ are cutt+ pli]s 7,fig4 #ab71 or t9 %e>s1 /raight-nos$ pli]s 7,fig4 #aa71 wire ( v>i\s sizes1 tweez]s1 & o!r implem5ts us$ 9 sk9-mak+2 leg awls1 = dri$ sk9s1 & awls = bor+ /&s2 also /&s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,m\nt+ ,,f ,,fre% ,,specim5s4--,be sure t a sk9 is p]fectly clean 9 e way be=e attempt+ to m\nt1 z x _c be wa%$ ne>ly z well aft]w>ds4 ,remove all ! bodies ( sk9n$ specim5s well out ( ! way1 & spread a clean %eet ( pap] :]e ! sk9n+ has be5 done1 t !re may be no dang] ( soil+ ! plumage4 ,make a body ( f9e grass1 excelsior1 or1 bett]1 ! peculi> t\gh grass :i* gr[s 9 %ady places1 9 s&y soil1 is pref]able1 by w9d+ ) ?read1 m\ld+ x s z to h x q solid1 %ap+ x 9 ! h&s until x assumes ! exact l5g? & bread? ( ! body remov$1 & z ne> its =m z possible4 ,?us see t ! back is full] ?an ! "u side1 & t !re is a well-def9$ brea/4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 n to get ?is body l>g] ?an ! natural "o2 if any?+ x %\ld be small]4 ,) ! pli]s cut a piece ( wire ( ! prop] size1 t is1 ( ab\t half ! diamet] ( ! bird's t>sus1 & ab\t ?ree times ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,9 cutt+ all wires :i* are to be %>p5$1 ! cut %\ld be made diagonally across x1 ?us =m+ a po9t4 ,pu% ?is wire ?r\gh ! body s t x w em]ge 9 ! front mu* ne>] ! back ?an ! brea/1 protrud+ s t x equals ! l5g? ( ! neck & tongue ( body remov$4 ,b5d ov] ! end rema9+ at ! back1 turn d[n ab\t half ( x & =ce x into ! body 7,fig4 #ac1 c74 ,?is w hold firmly if ! body has be5 made suffici5tly solid4 ,wrap ! wire ) cotton by tak+ a /rip & w9d+ x gradually s t x assumes a tap]+ =m ) a portion ( ! wire protrud+4 ,place ?is body 9 ! sk9 & pu% ! protrud+ wire into ! upp] m&ible4 ,cut two wires ( ab\t half ! size ( t already us$1 & twice ! l5g? ( ! out/ret*$ w+4 ,"w ^! into ! w+s1 beg9n+ at ! fle%y portion ( ! phalanges1 s on into ! body1 tak+ c>e n to all[ x to pi]ce ?r\gh ! sk9 any:]e4 ,! wire %\ld ent] ! body at ! po9t :]e ! end ( ! l[] portion ( ! =e>m t\*es x :5 ! w+ is fold$ naturally4 ,pass ! wire ?r\gh ! body diagonally until x em]ges s t x c be grasp$ ) ! pli]s some:]e ne> ! orifice1 & firmly cl5*$4 ,next f9d ! metac>pal bone1 :i* has a holl[ place 9 ! c5tre 7,fig4 #ad1 f71 & =ce ! upp] end ( ! wire ?r\gh x s t ab\t a qu>t] ( in* %all protrude on ! upp] side ( ! w+1 & b5d ?is d[n by apply+ "o jaw ( ! flat pli]s on ! side ( ! w+ opposite4 ,?is w fa/5 ! w+ firmly1 & ! spuri\s w+ w cov] ! wire1 :ile t on ! l[] side w be conceal$ by ! fea!rs4 ,! w+ %\ld be out/ret*$ :5 ?is is done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,cut wire = ! legs ( ! same size z us$ = ! neck1 & ab\t z long4 ,pass !m up ?r\gh ! t>sus1 ins]t+ 9 ! middle ( ! sole ( ! foot4 ,be sure ! wire is p]fectly /raight be=e attempt+ ?is4 ,a good way to /raight5 wire is to place a p9e-bo>d on ! floor1 /& on x1 & !n draw a long pull ( wire "u x by grasp+ ! end ) pli]s2 or a small piece ( wire may be /raight5$ by roll+ x on ! b5* ) a file4 ,if ! sk9 ( ! t>sus splits 9 bor+1 x %[s t ! wire us$ is ei!r too l>ge or crook$4 ,aft] ! wire is pu%$ up to ! heel or t>sal jo9t 7,fig4 #ae1 f71 turn ! tibial bone out until ! po9t ( ! wire appe>s1 :5 x %\ld be grasp$ & drawn up s t ! po9t protrudes slightly beyond ! tibial jo9t4 ,wrap ! tibial bone1 wire & all1 ) cotton or t[ 79 l>ge specim5s1 ! wire %\ld be b\nd to ! bone ) f9e wire or ?read7 s z to =m a natural leg1 !n draw x back into ! sk94 ,next =ce ! wire ?r\gh ! body at ! po9t :]e ! knee t\*es x1 or ab\t midway on ! side4 ,! wire w em]ge on ! opposite side4 ,turn d[n ! sk9 ( ! orifice1 draw ! wire out1 leav+ ab\t en\gh project+ out ( ! sole ( ! foot to g ?r\gh ! p]* ( a /& & cl5*2 !n fa/5 ! end firmly into ! body4 ,on l>ge birds1 l eagles1 ,i draw ! wire ?r\gh ! body twice be=e cl5*+1 to make all secure4 ,?is "w mu/ be well done if ! bird is to be m\nt$ nicely1 z x mu/ /& firmly on its feet4 ,z a rule1 use wire l>ge en\gh1 at lea/1 to support ! weight ( ! body & sk9 )\t b5d+1 b wire "o-half ! size ( ! t>sus is g5]ally l>ge en\gh to d ?is4 ,cut a tail-wire :i* is at lea/ z long z ! entire bird4 ,ins]t x "u ! tail1 s t x ent]s ! muscles 9 :i* ! fea!rs are embodi$1 tak+ c>e t x does n spread !m ap>t2 pu% ?is up ! c5tre ( ! body s t x w em]ge at an angle j at ! upp] portion ( ! orifice1 & cl5* x4 ,b5d ! rema9+ end "u ! tail twice1 s z to =m a ,t1 on :i* ! tail may re/1 & :i* %\ld1 h[ev]1 h ! top broad en\gh to spread ! tail on to ! requir$ wid?4 ,dur+ wir+ see t ! plumage is ruffl$ z little z possible2 also avoid soil+ by keep+ ! specim5 on clean pap]4 ,if by *ance ! fea!rs become greasy1 !y may be clean$ by spr9kl+ lib]ally ) ! d]mal pres]vative1 :i* is aft]w>d bru%$ (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,sew up ! orifice neatly1 tak+ c>e1 z be=e describ$1 only to take 9 ! extreme out] edge ( ! sk92 &1 if ! body be n too l>ge1 x w meet nicely4 ,if ! body has n be5 made q l>ge en\gh1 especially on ! brea/1 "s cotton may be plac$ betwe5 ! sk9 & body be=e sew+4 ,?is mu/ be done neatly1 ) tweez]s h[ev]1 n s z to =m a wad1 b spread out s z to bl5d neatly ) ! curve ( ! body4 ,n[ place ! wires :i* protrude f ! feet 9 holes bor$ 9 ! p]* ( ! /&1 :i* %\ld be ab\t z f> ap>t z ! bird naturally /&s :ile p]*+4 ,see t ! feet come well d[n on ! p]* ) ! toes arrang$ prop]ly1 rememb]+ t cuckoos1 woodpeck]s1 etc41 h two toes 9 front & two beh9d1 :ile ) hawks1 owls1 etc41 ! out] toe g5]ally /&s at "r angles ) ! o!rs1 & %\ld !re=e grasp ! end ( ! /&4 ,ei!r twi/ ! ends ( ! wire toge!r or w9d !m ar\nd ! /& v firmly4 ,n[ comes ! mo/ difficult "p ( ! task ( m\nt+4 ,hi!rto all has be5 m]ely me*anical2 c]ta9 rules _h to be obs]v$ only4 ,b n[ ! in/ructor mu/ pause = want ( words :]e) to express 8 mean+1 = :o c tell an arti/ h[ to put 9 ^? bold & ha/y /rokes ) :i* he maps out 8 picture8 ,he kn[s j :at he is ab\t1 h[ev]1 = he has be=e 8 m5tal vision ! complete picture1 & /rives to place on canvas t :i* appe>s be=e him4 ,s mu/ ! arti/ic taxid]mi/ h be=e him a vision ( ! bird he wi%es to repres5t1 ) ! comb9$ mass ( fea!rs n[ 9 h&4 ,:e!r lightly pois$ = flight or calmly sitt+ at re/1 be=e he puts 8 h& to ! "w be=e him let him fully decide :at he wi%es to produce4 ,let him see x j z cle>ly z he sees ! birds sport+ 9 _! natural elem5t4 ,! true arti/ does n copy :at ! imag9ation ( o!rs h produc$1 he inv5ts = himself or takes nature z 8 guide4 ,let u !n :o aspire to ! highe/ 9 taxid]mal art1 take infallible nature z our guide4 ,/udy c>efully e poise ( ! birds1 e uplift+ ( ! w+1 e turn ( ! head or motion ( ! eyelids4 ,i h long made a practice ( keep+ birds 9 conf9em5t 9 ord] to ?or\ghly impress on my m9d ! diff]5t attitudes :i* !y assume4 ,i h _h ne>ly all species ( our owls1 hawks1 & eagles1 & h kept h]ons1 gulls1 t]ns1 pelicans1 auks1 & almo/ c\ntless numb]s ( small] birds1 & 9 ?is way ,i h become s famili> ) !m t ,i c tell at a glance :e!r a bird is m\nt$ 9 an easy attitude4 ,well1 !re mu/ be no hesitation 9 m\nt+ birds1 or ! specim5s w dry2 & ,i w m]ely /ate 9 :at ord] ,i arrange ! diff]5t memb]s1 !n leave ! attitudes to my pupils4 ,i fir/ see t ! bird /&s correctly1 t ! legs are b5t s t ! bird w balance well 9 ! position 9 :i* ,i wi% x to be plac$4 ,z a rule1 a p]p5dicul> l9e drawn ?r\gh ! back ( ! head ( a p]*+ bird w fall ?r\gh its feet 7see ,fig4 #af1 a a74 ,n[ br+ ! bird into position1 & fold ! w+s j z ! bird does x4 ,note if ! scapul>ies1 t]ti>ies1 & second>ies lie 9 _! prop] places1 ! fir/ highe/ & ! o!rs "u !m1 :i* w give ! bird a good r\nd$ back4 ,n[ place ! bird 9 ! prop] attitude1 ) ! neck prop]ly b5t1 rememb]+ t 9 ne>ly all birds ?is ne>ly assumes ! =m ( ! lett] ,s1 especially 9 long-neck$ species4 ,i d n l to see a bird />+ /raight =w>d1 b1 z ?is is a m]e matt] ( fancy1 ,i w n presume to dictate reg>d+ attitudes1 only make ! specim5 look easy4 ,be arti/ic1 ev5 if ! specim5 is go+ into a public museum1 :]e birds too (t5 />e at ! visitors 9 grotesque attitudes4 ,"o c be int]e/+ & easy ev5 9 writ+ on ! drie/ sci5tific subject1--:y n !n give ease & grace to our museum specim5s8 ,no m room ne$ be occupi$2 a slight turn ( ! head1 a twi/ ( ! neck1 or an advance ( a foot1 w d ?is j z a bird w\ld d x if x 7 alive4 ,n[ place ! eyes 9 position1 & ^! %\ld be pu%$ well into ! clay1 & ! lids arrang$ ov] !m naturally ) a ne$le4 ,d n h ! eyes too l>ge1 z x gives ! bird a />+ expression1 nor too small1 b z ne> z possible to ! natural ones remov$4 ,x w\ld be well 9 ord]+ eyes f a deal] to give ! measurem5ts ( ! requir$ eye 9 hundr$?s ( an in*4 ,a good color$ eye %\ld n1 9 my op9ion1 h too mu* cle> or fl9t glass 9 front ( ! pupil4 ,?is %\ld be ?9n] & ?us flatt]1 z se5 9 eyes ( ,g]man manufacture4 ,9 po9t ( p]fect color+1 ,fr5* eyes are ! be/ & mo/ expressive1 b !y d n h ! requisite flatness & ! ?9ness ( fl9t :i* ! ,g]man eyes possess4 ,engli% eyes may be m5tion$ z ?ird 9 ! catalogue ( quality1 :ile ,am]ica mu/ un=tunately come la/4 ,! above rem>ks1 h[ev]1 are true only z reg>ds color$ eyes1 z black eyes are almo/ always good1 no matt] :]e manufactur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,aft] ! bird is plac$ 9 ! requir$ attitude1 smoo? ! fea!rs ) ! aid ( small tweez]s1 not+ t all l9es & spots are 9 _! prop] places4 ,! prim>y quills %\ld be kept 9 position by clamp+ ) f9e wire2 t is1 a piece ( wire %\ld be b5t on itself l a hairp9 & slipp$ ov] ! edge ( ! w+4 ,spread ! tail by lay+ x on ! cross-piece ( wire "u x1 & clamp x d[n ) a piece ( v f9e wire1 :i* is w\nd ar\nd ea* end ( ! cross-piece4 ,if ! tail is to be spread v widely !n run a wire ?r\gh ! two out] quills1 ?us keep+ !m ap>t2 ?\gh ev5 !n ! clamp %\ld be us$4 ,if a convex or concave tail is desir$1 b9d ! cross-piece 9 a correspond+ mann]4 ,i d n1 z a rule1 recomm5d b9d+ fre%ly-sk9n$ birds1 nor d ,i consid] x necess>y except+ 9 in/ances :]e fea!rs are r\gh4 ,if a bird be prop]ly m\nt$ a few m clamps on ! w+s w keep x 9 =m2 !n ! fea!rs c be made to /& out z !y d 9 nature1 n lie d[n close to ! body z if ! birds 7 badly fright5$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly noticeable ) owls2 a p]fectly happy & cont5t$ owl1 :o is pursu+ 8 vocations1 has app>5tly a body ne>ly or q twice ! diamet] ( "o t is fright5$4 ,,section ,,iii43 ,,cre/$ ,,birds4--,if a bird has a cre/ x %\ld be rais$ by g5tly pull+ =w>d ! sk91 :]e x w rema9 9 position aft] x is neatly arrang$2 b 9 case ( a dri$ sk91 x may be necess>y to prop ! cre/ up ) a piece ( cotton1 m\ld$ on ! head ( a p91 ! po9t ( :i* is sunk into ! head4 ,,section ,,iv43 ,,m\nt+ ,,) ,,w+s ,,spread4--,9 sk9n+ = spread w+s1 leave 9 ! hum]us z well z ! =e>m1 & d n deta* ! quills1 z already m5tion$4 ,wire ! w+ f ! inside1 & cl5* firmly 9 ! body2 wrap ! hum]us to ! natural size ) cotton1 aft] fa/5+ ! support+ wire to ! bone ) f9e wire or ?read4 ,pu% bo? wires into ! %\ld]s ( ! artificial body at once1 at ! same "t pu%+ ! neck-wire & body into position4 ,?is c be le>n$ by practice4 ,proce$ z be=e1 b support ! w+s :ile sett+ on ei!r side by long wire clamps4 ,be sure1 h[ev]1 t ! support+ wire is /rong en\gh to hold ! w+ 9 position )\t ^!1 & ?us :5 ! w+s are dry !y w be v /rong4 ,,section ,v43 ,,m\nt+ ,,birds ,,= ,,scre5s1 ,,etc4--,proce$ z 9 specim5s ) w+s spread1 b sometimes ! w+s %\ld be cut (f1 sew$ on on opposite sides1 s t !y may be rev]s$2 t is1 ! back ( ! w+ may be t[>d ! brea/ 9 cases :]e x is desir$ t ! back ( ! w+s & brea/ %\ld %[4 ,x is usual to /ret* ! w+s up ov] ! head1 :i* em]ges betwe5 !m4 ,! w+s _h bett] be kept 9 position ) /rips ( pa/ebo>d fa/5$ toge!r ) wire4 ,sometimes bo? sides ( ! specim5 %[2 or1 9 o!r in/ances1 ! back is cov]$ ) pap]1 silk1 velvet1 or o!r mat]ial4 ,,section ,,vi43 ,,m\nt+ ,,dri$ ,,sk9s4--,s(t5 z direct$ 9 mak+ ov] dri$ sk9s1 obs]v+ ! caution giv5 "u t section1 & h ! sk9 v pliable4 ,! cavities ( ! eyes may be fill$ f ! m\? or f ! inside ( ! sk94 ,if ! sk9 be too t5d] to turn1 rasp x d[n by work+ ?r\gh ! orifice4 ,m\nt z direct$ 9 fre% specim5s1 b dri$ sk9s almo/ always require to be b\nd ) w9d+ cotton 9 ord] to keep ! fea!rs 9 place4 ,!y also require r m h>d] fill+ ) cotton4 ,?is %\ld be wrapp$ ar\nd ! bird 9 z cont9u\s a /r+ z possible until all ! fea!rs lie smoo?ly4 ,!y may be arrang$ "u ! b9d+s ) small tweez]s4 ,avoid b9d+ too closely or too tight1 & above all ?+s b9d ev5ly1 t is1 d n make depressions nor all[ elevations to appe>1 =1 z a rule1 ^! w always rema9 aft] ! b9d+s h be5 remov$4 ,small birds %\ld be all[$ to /& at lea/ a week 9 a dry place be=e ! b9d+s are remov$4 ,birds m\nt$ f sk9s dry m quickly ?an f fre% specim5s4 ,l>ge birds %\ld /& f two weeks to a mon?1 especially if ! w+s be spread4 ,to remove ! b9d+ ?reads1 cut d[n ! back1 ?us tak+ x all (f at once4 ,,section ,,vii43 ,,prices ,,= ,,m\nt+ ,,birds4--,= ! conv5i5ce ( amateurs1 :o d n always "k :at price to put on good "w1 we give our price li/ = m\nt+ specim5s on ornam5tal /&s4 ,size f humm+-bird to rob91 "o doll> & tw5ty five c5ts2 rob9 to wild pigeon1 "o doll> & fifty c5ts2 wild pigeon to gr\se1 two doll>s2 gr\se1 ducks1 small owls1 two doll>s & fifty c5ts2 l>ge hawks & m$ium-siz$ owls1 ?ree doll>s & fifty c5ts2 loons & l>ge owls1 five doll>s2 eagles1 sev5 doll>s4 ,= birds ) spread w+s1 add ?irty-?ree & "o-?ird p] c5t4 ,,section ,,viii43 ,,panel ,,"w4--,,game ,,pieces1 ,,etc4--,panel "w is made by us+ only half ( a specim51 ! back side be+ turn$ 9 or remov$4 ,! specim5 is m\nt$ z usual & fa/5$ to ! picture or o!r design us$ z a back gr\nd1 by wires em]g+ f ! side & firmly cl5*$ 9 ! body4 ,game pieces are made by simply m\nt+ ! specim51 !n plac+ x 9 an attitude z if x 7 hang+ dead4 ,mu* skill & /udy is requir$ = "w ( ?is nature1 = if c>elessly done1 x has ! effect ( a poor pa9t+1 b if well complet$ bo? panel & game pieces produce a pleas+ effect4 ,all su* "w %\ld be usually plac$ beh9d glass1 z1 9 fact1 is true ) all m\nt$ birds1 especially light-plumag$ birds1 :i* are liable to become soil$ ?r\gh exposure to du/4 ,m\nt$ birds1 n kept 9 mo?-pro( cases1 %\ld be c>efully du/$ at lea/ twice a week to prev5t ! attacks ( mo?s4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,mak+ ,,/&s4 ,,section ,i43 ,,pla9 ,,/&s4--,! be/ /&s = ! cab9et are simple wood5 ones1 ei!r ( p9e or o!r woods1 turn$ by ma*9]y ) a simple cross-piece = p]*+ birds4 ,z a rule1 ! %aft %\ld be ab\t z high z ! cross-piece is long1 b 9 cases ( specim5s ) long tails1 ! %aft %\ld be some:at high]1 :ile ! base %\ld a little exce$ 9 diamet] ! l5g? ( ! p]*1 & %\ld be ab\t z ?ick z ! %orte/ diamet] ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,ornam5tal ,,/&s4--,papi]-ma* us$ = mak+ ornam5tal /&s is q difficult to make1 b foll[+ is ! receipt3 ,r$uce pap] to a p]fect pulp by boil+ & !n rubb+ ?r\gh a sieve4 ,to e qu>t ( ?is pulp add a p9t ( f9e wood-a%es & a half p9t ( pla/]4 ,heat ?is mass ov] ! fire1 & to e qu>t add a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( glue1 :i* has be5 ?or\ghly dissolv$ 9 a glue-pot4 ,mix well until x is ( ! consi/5cy ( putty1 :5 x is ready = use4 ,9 mak+ a twig = an ord9>y p]*1 fa/5 a mod]ately /\t wire 9 a wood5 base2 w9d x ) cotton1 l>g] at ! base1 tap]+ t[>d ! end2 b5d x 9 a position & cov] ) a lay] ( papi]-ma*1 !n ) a comb indicate ! ridges 9 ! b>k ( a tree1 & add knots & excresc5ces z desir$1 by m\ld+ small pieces ) ! f+]s4 ,set aside to dry = a few days4 ,if ! papi]-ma* cracks x does n conta9 a suffici5t quantity ( glue1 or if x %r9ks too mu*1 m a%es or pla/] %\ld be add$4 ,:5 dry pa9t ) wat]-colors1 made by add+ dry pa9t to dissolv$ :ite glue1 /irr+ until ! mixture becomes ( ! consi/5cy ( cream4 ,a qu>t] ( a p\nd ( glue w take up a p\nd ( pa9t4 ,cov] ! bottom ( ! /& ) ?is pa9t1 or ) "s o!r color1 !n spr9kle pr(usely ) smalt or mica s&4 ,:5 dry1 add artificial leaves to ! bran*es by w9d+ ! /ems ar\nd !m4 ,trim ! bottom ( ! /& ) mosses & grass fa/5$ on ) glue4 ,/&s = cases are made 9 a simil> mann]1 b x is an improvem5t to t\* ! gr\nd-"w "h & !re ) dry pa9t ( v>i\s colors4 ,a piece ( look+-glass may be us$ to imitate wat]2 & ducks f :i* ! l[] portions h be5 cut away may be plac$ on ?is ) a good effect4 ,a v good /& may be made by simply w9d+ a wire ) cotton & pa9t+ ! cotton4 ,! cotton c be made into a species ( papi]-ma* by soak+ x 9 fl\r-pa/e4 ,rock "w is made ( ei!r papi]-ma*1 cork1 blocks ( wood1 or pieces ( turf pa9t$ & s&$1 or by pa/+ /\t pap] ov] pieces ( wood1 & ! :ole /ructure pa9t$ & s&$4 ,if papi]-ma* be us$ ! effect may be height5$ by /ick+ 9 pieces ( qu>tz or o!r rock4 ,natural /umps1 bran*es1 etc41 may be manufactur$ into /&s or cases to advantage2 9 %ort1 ) ! aid ( papi]-ma*1 glue1 moss1 grasses1 smalt1 etc41 nature may be imitat$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,mammals1 ,,reptiles1 ,,etc4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,collect+ ,,mammals4 ,mammals are1 z a rule1 mu* m difficult to procure ?an birds1 especially ! small] species4 ,mice occur 9 all localities4 ,! :ite-foot$ mice are (t5 f\nd 9 ! des]t$ ne/s ( squirrels or ( cr[s 9 ! tree-tops4 ,jump+-mice are f\nd 9 ! mead[s1 "u haycocks or 9 ne/s deep 9 ! e>? dur+ w9t]1 at :i* "t !y are 9 a dormant condition4 ,field-mice ( sev]al species occur 9 ! mead[s1 :]e !y h ne/s1 :ile ! h\se-m\se & sev]al species ( mice inhabit dwell+s4 ,all ^! little rod5ts may be trapp$ by us+ a v>iety ( bait1 & ! same is true ( squirrels1 :i* are1 h[ev]1 q easy to %oot4 ,! gray1 r$1 & fly+-squirrels live 9 ne/s plac$ 9 bu%es or trees or 9 holes 9 tree-trunks4 ,%rews & moles burr[ 9 ! gr\nd1 & !y may be sn>$ by sett+ f9e wire nooses 9 _! holes4 ,cats (t5 br+ 9 ^! little mammals & leave !m ly+ ar\nd1 z !y r>ely eat !m4 ,a pit dug 9 an op5 field or a b>rel set d[n ) ! top on a level ) ! gr\nd & half fill$ ) wat] w be ! means ( captur+ _m r>e1 small mammals :i* fall into x accid5tally4 ,m9k1 weasel1 ott]1 rabbits1 skunks1 etc41 may be trapp$ or %ot4 ,a v>iety ( bait may be us$ to decoy animals ( ?is class1 & ! cont5ts ( ! sc5t-bags ( any ( ^! species are good2 z well z fi%1 birds1 or small mammals4 ,foxes1 wolves1 etc41 :i* occur 9 ! wild] sections1 may be %ot or trapp$1 & ! same is true ( wild-cats1 pumas1 & o!r l>ge mammals1 9 procur+ :i* ! hunt] mu/ be guid$ by circum/ances4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,mak+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,mammals4 ,,section ,i43 ,,sk9n+ ,,small ,,mammals4--,lay ! animal on its back1 make an incision ab\t "o-?ird ( ! l5g? ( ! body on ! "u side ( ! body f ! v5t =w>d1 peel d[n on ei!r side until ! knee-bones are expos$1 !n cut ! jo9t & draw out ! leg1 at lea/ z f> z ! heel4 ,remove ! fle%1 cov] well ) pres]vative1 & turn1 !n proce$ ?us ) ! opposite leg4 ,pull d[n to ! tail & draw out ! bone by plac+ a /ick on ! "u side ( x & press+ backw>d4 ,if ! tail bone does n readily come out1 z 9 musk-rats1 wrap ! tail 9 clo? & p\nd x ) a wood5 mallet1 & x w !n come out )\t fur!r tr\ble4 ,peel d[n on ei!r side until ! front legs appe>1 cut (f at elb[ jo9ts1 & draw ^! out2 remove ! fle%1 cov] ) pres]vative1 & turn4 ,sk9 ov] ! head1 tak+ c>e to cut (f ! e> next ! skull1 s z n to cut ?r\gh into ! ext]ior surface2 pull d[n ! edges1 cut betwe5 ! lids & eye-sockets d[n to ! lips1 cut betwe5 ^! & ! bone1 b ne> ! latt]1 ?us remov+ ! sk9 entirely f ! skull2 cov] ! sk9 well ) pres]vative1 aft] remov+ all fat & surplus bits ( fle%4 ,!n turn ! sk91 deta* ! skull f ! body1 by c>efully cutt+ betwe5 ! atlas1 ! la/ v]tebra jo9t1 & ! skull4 ,! skull %\ld be boil$ to remove all ! fle% & bra92 or1 if ?is _c readily be done1 & if ! mammal be v small1 roll x 9 pres]vative1 & lay x "o side2 if ! animal be l>ge1 cut (f all ! fle% possible1 & "w out ! bra9 ?r\gh ! op5+ 9 ! base ( ! skull4 ,x is always1 h[ev]1 be/ to remove ! fle% by boil+2 aft] :i* c>e %\ld be tak5 to tie ! l[] jaw firmly to ! upp]4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,sk9n+ ,,l>ge ,,mammals4--,l>ge mammals %\ld be sk9n$ by mak+ a cross incision d[n ! entire l5g? ( ! brea/1 betwe5 ! =e-legs to ! v5t1 !n d[n ! "u side ( ea* leg q to ! feet4 ,remove ! sk9 b leave 9 two bones & ! jo9ts 9 ea* leg4 ,9 remov+ ! horns ( a de] or o!r rum9ant1 make cross cuts betwe5 ! horns1 & !n back d[n on ! neck = a %ort di/ance4 ,! lips ( a l>ge mammal %\ld be split op5 c>efully1 & ! e>s turn$ out q to ! tip2 ?is c be done ) a little practice4 ,cov] ) pres]vative1 well rubb$ 91 & dry z quickly z possible )\t te>+4 ,,section ,,iii43 ,,mak+ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,mammals4--,remove all blood & dirt1 by ei!r wa%+ or by cont9u\s bru%+ ) a /iff bru%4 ,dry (f ) pres]vative3 rub x well into ! hair4 ,draw out ! bones ( ! leg1 wrap !m well ) cotton to ! orig9al size ( ! leg2 !n fill out ! head to ! size & =m ( life1 sew+ up ! neck1 & fill up to ! body to ! size ( nature ) cotton or t[4 ,sew up ! orifice1 !n lay ! sk91 belly d[n1 ) ! feet laid neatly2 & if ! tail is long1 lay x ov] ! back4 ,mice & o!r small mammals %\ld n h ! bone ( ! tail remov$1 z ! sk9 _c be fill$ & turn$ ov] ! back easily4 ,l>ge mammals may be also made up if !y are to be us$ = cab9ets or = sk9s4 ,,section ,,iv43 ,,measur+ ,,mammals4--,x is q z easy to measure mammals z birds4 ,! dim5sions to be tak5 may be se5 by ! accompany+ fill$ blank1 :i* is ! =m ,i always use4 ,arctomys monax4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality4 ,ipswi* ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,age4 ,adult ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,sex4 ,m ,f ,f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,date4 #ahfh4 ,aug4 #bb #bj #ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,no4 #eh #ee #dc ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,eye4 #a4ej #a4eg #a4cb ---------------------------------------- -------- ,e>4 #b4ie #b4hj #b4id ---------------------------------------- -------- ,nose to ,occiput4 #b4cj #c4de #c4de ---------------------------------------- -------- ,root ( ,tail4 #ac4jj #ae4ej #ae4be ---------------------------------------- -------- ,out/ret*$ ,h9d ,leg4 #ae4jj #bj4ae #ai4ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,end ( ,v]tebra4 #d4ih #d4ej #e4de ,tail to ---------------------------------------- -------- ,end ( ,hair4 #f4jj #f4ge #g4fj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,h9d ,leg4 #c4aj #b4hj #b4ie ---------------------------------------- -------- ,h& ,l5g?4 #b4aj #a4he #b4je ---------------------------------------- -------- ,wid?4 4#gh 4#ib 4#gj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,height ( ,e>4 4#he 4#ge 4#fe ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,muzzle4 4#bj -- 4#ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,gir?4 -- #ad4ej #i4ge ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,l5g?4 -- -- -- ,skull499 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,wid?4 -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,rem>ks4 ,light ,top ( color$4 head black4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 99 ,?is measurem5t is tak5 aft] ! animal is sk9n$2 ! wid? ( skull is measur$ on ! wide/ "p1 ! l5g? on ! longe/ "p4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,m\nt+ ,,mammals4 ,,section ,i43 ,,small ,,mammals4--,sk9 z direct$1 b ! skull %\ld n1 z a rule1 be deta*$ unless ! animal be l>ge en\gh to h ! lips split4 ,! eye cavities %\ld also be fill$ ) clay4 ,cut a piece ( wire ( ! suitable size to support ! head2 h x ab\t twice z long z ! head & body ( ! specim5 9 h&4 ,w9d up a turn or two ) ! pli]s small en\gh to ent] ! cavity 9 ! base ( ! skull1 :i* w h to be enl>g$ to admit ( ! ready removal ( ! bra9s4 ,place ! w\nd portion ( ! wire 9 ?is cavity1 & fill 9 ar\nd x ) ei!r pla/] ( p>is1 or tamp 9 excelsior1 t[1 or cotton firmly en\gh to hold ! skull p]fectly firm on ! wire4 ,w9d up a body ( excelsior or grass1 z ne>ly ! =m & size ( ! "o remov$ z possible1 tak+ c>e t ! neck be ( prop] %ape1 & t ! surface be v smoo?4 ,?is surface may be cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( clay or ( papi]-ma*1 if a v nice smoo? surface is requir$1 9 case ( %ort-hair$ mammals4 ,cut f\r wires = ! legs & "o = ! tail4 ,run ! wire up ! front legs1 & tie !m firmly to ! bone ) f9e wire1 especially at ! jo9ts4 ,n[ w9d ea* leg ) cotton1 hemp1 or t[ to ! size & =m ( ! muscles remov$4 ,9 ord] to get ! legs v exact1 "o may be w\nd be=e ! muscles ( ! o!r be remov$1 & measurem5ts may ?us be tak54 ,! legs may be also cov]$ ) papi]-ma* or a ?9 lay] ( clay 9 %ort-hair$ mammals4 ,n[ place ! body 9 position1 tak+ c>e t ! wire ( ! head goes ! entire l5g? ( ! body1 & is firmly cl9*$4 ,! wires ( ! front legs %\ld ent] ! body at ! prop] po9t on ! %\ld]4 ,! wires ( ! h9d legs %\ld also ent] ! body at ! po9t ne> ! back1 :]e !y jo9 ! natural body4 ,run a wire ! entire l5g? ( ! tail & fa/5 9 ! l[] end ( ! body4 ,see t all wires are firmly cl9*$1 & sew up ! orifice4 ,b5d ! legs into z natural a position z possible1 & ins]t ! wires protrud+ f ! soles ( ! feet into ! holes 9 ! /& or p]*2 b5d ! body 9 position1 ins]t ! eyes1 arrang+ ! lids c>efully ov] !m1 tak+ c>e ! eye has ! prop] =m 9 ! corn]s4 ,arrange ! eyelids & e>s by occasionally m\ld+ !m into =m z !y dry4 ,smoo? ! tail c>efully & att5d to all ! little details1 su* z spread+ ! toes etc41 etc41 & c>efully wat* !m f day to day1 until ! animal becomes p]fectly dry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,l>ge ,,mammals4--,9 draw+ ! l9es betwe5 mammals m\nt$ z describ$ above & ! pres5t me?od1 x may be well to rem>k t ! "o n[ giv5 is ! be/ 9 all cases1 b requires r too mu* "t to be us$ ) v small specim5s4 ,h five l>ge wires or bolts ( a suitable size to support ! mammal m\nt$1 cut to ! prop] l5g?1 & cut a screw on ei!r end = ab\t two in*es 7,fig4 #ag1 a74 ,screw a broad flat nut on 7,fig4 #ag1 b71 !n h ano!r nut ready to screw on above ! fir/4 ,prep>e a /rip ( bo>d a little %ort] ?an ! natural body ( ! mammal1 & 9 ?is bore f\r holes1 two at ea* end1 ) "o extra betwe5 ! two1 b a little back ( !m on ! front end4 ,aft] b5d+ ! bolts s z to =m ! legs1 place ! ends 9 ! holes & screw on ! nuts1 place ! l[] ends ( ! irons 9 ! holes 9 ! /& & screw on ! nuts1 ?us ! beg9n+ ( ! /ructure w /& firm4 ,fa/5 ! end ( ! fif? iron firmly 9 ! bra9 cavity by fill+ 9 ) pla/]1 or w$g+ 9 pieces ( wood1 & screw ! l[] end 9 place4 ,n[ w9d excelsior on ! legs to ! prop] size & =m2 cov] x ) a ?9 lay] ( cotton4 ,!n place on ! body 9 sections ( excelsior ( exactly ! =m & size ( life1 & cov] ) clay4 ,! neck is n[ to be =m$ 9 ! same way2 ( c\rse to get all ! p>ts accurate1 "o mu/ h ! natural body1 :i* has be5 remov$1 at h&1 or %\ld h ! correct measurem5t ( x4 ,! sk91 f :i* ! leg bones h be5 remov$ q to ! toe-nails1 may be fitt$ on occasionally to judge ! effect4 ,procure %eet lead1 &1 if too ?ick1 beat x out2 cut x 9 ! =m ( ! c>tilage remov$ f ! e>4 ,fa/5 wire into ^! pieces ( lead ) ! ends protrud+ d[nw>d2 bore holes 9 ! skull into :i* ! ends are introduc$1 ?us =m+ ! support1 & keep+ ! e>s 9 prop] position4 ,supply ! muscles ( ! skull ) excelsior & clay or papi]-ma*1 !n adju/ ! sk9 firmly & sew up4 ,fill ! lips & nose ) papi]-ma* or clay1 & m\ld into %ape4 ,! above in/ructions1 if foll[$1 w give a m\nt$ specim51 b ,i _c convey ! ideas :i* mu/ tea* ! /ud5t ! exact poise1 ! swell ( ! muscle1 ! exact %ape ( ! eye :i* w give life & beauty to ! subject 9 h&2 all ^! mu/ come f pati5ce1 /udy1 & long practice1 = skilful taxid]mi/s d n spr+ at once into exi/5ce1 b require exp]i5ce & c>eful education4 ,,section ,,iii43 ,,m\nt+ ,,dri$ ,,sk9s ,,( ,,mammals4--,sk9s ( mammals mu/ be soak$ 9 a /rong solution ( alum wat]1 & :5 p]fectly s(t see t ! p>ts above ! lips1 eyes1 etc41 are peel$ d[n q ?91 & t e portion ( ! sk9 is p]fectly pliable1 !n x %\ld be moi/5$ z describ$4 ,,section ,,iv43 ,,m\nt+ ,,mammals ,,)\t ,,any ,,bones4--,if ! skull ( a mammal be desir$ = a skeleton1 a ca/ may be tak5 ( ! entire head be=e ! fle% is remov$1 by plac+ ! head 9 a box :i* w conta9 x & leave a space ar\nd x2 p\r 9 pla/] ( p>is to ! consi/5cy ( cream1 until ! head is ab\t half cov]$--:i* %\ld be plac$ on ! bottom ( ! box1 l[] jaw d[n--let ! pla/] set2 n[ cov] ! top surface ( ! pla/] ) pa9t1 or oil1 or pa/e pap] ov] x4 ,!n fill up ! box ) fre% pla/]3 aft] ?is has set well remove ! side ( ! box & op5 ! m\ld :]e ! jo9t 0 made ) ! pa9t or pap]4 ,take out ! head1 & !n cut a hole 9 ! m\ld at ! base ( ! skull1 9 :i* ! pla/] = ! head may be p\r$4 ,pa9t or oil ! inside ( ! m\ld ev]y:]e1 fit ! pieces toge!r1 !n tie firmly & p\r 9 ! pla/] = ! m\ld2 !n ins]t ! bolt = ! head 9 ! hole1 & let ! pla/] set ar\nd x4 ,remove ! m\ld by *ipp+ (f pieces ) a *isel until ! pa9t surface is expos$4 ,if ! head be l>ge & heavy1 a l>ge ball ( excelsior1 9 :i* ! bolt is firmly fa/5$1 may be plac$ 9 ! c5tre1 b ?is mu/ be cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( clay to make x imp]vi\s to pla/]4 ,! lips & o!r nak$ spaces mu/ be pa9t$ ! color ( life1 ) pa9t mix$ ) v>ni%1 fir/ fill+ out ! imp]fections ) p>aff9e wax4 ,ca/s may be tak5 ( ! l>g] 9 wax1 mak+ a m\ld 9 pla/]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,m\nt+ ,,reptiles1 ,,batra*ians1 ,,& ,,fi%es4 ,m\nt+ reptiles1 batra*ians1 & fi%es z collect$ 9 ?is dep>tm5t is sc>cely a "p ( taxid]my4 ,i %all only give g5]al in/ructions reg>d+ m\nt+ "s species4 ,snakes may be readily sk9n$ by cutt+ a longitud9al ins]tion ab\t a f\r? ( ! di/ance d[n f ! head on ! l[] side :]e ! body beg9s to enl>ge1 ne> its greate/ diamet]2 !n ! sk9 may be spe$ily tak5 (f bo? ways4 ,:5 ! v5t is rea*$ ! sk9 comes away h>d]1 b 9 ord] to make a p]fect piece ( "w x mu/ be sk9n$ q to ! end ( ! tail1 ev5 if x splits op52 ! eyes mu/ be remov$ f ! inside ( ! head4 ,! sk9 on ! top ( ! head _c be remov$ 9 ?is class ( animals1 leav+ ! jaw & skull4 ,cov] well ) pres]vative1 & turn ! sk94 ,to m\nt1 two ways are practis$1 "o ) pla/]1 9 :i* ! orifice on ! inside & ! v5t are sew$ up1 & ! pla/] p\r$ into ! m\? until ! snake is fill$4 ,x is well1 h[ev]1 to place a copp] wire ! entire l5g? ( ! animal to /r5g!n x2 !n be=e ! pla/] is set1 place ! snake 9 ! prop] attitude4 ,?is k9d ( "w requires practice1 z y mu/ be c>eful ( ! attitude 9 :i* y wi% to place ! animal1 z ! pla/] beg9s to set q quickly2 to make x set m sl[ly1 h[ev]1 mix 9 a little salt4 ,! m\? %\ld be fill$ up ) clay or pla/]4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t wat] does n accumulate 9 any portion ( ! sk91 & x %\ld be p]=at$ ) an awl occasionally to all[ ! wat] to escape4 ,! sk9 ( a snake may be fill$ ) papi]-ma* by work+ small pieces d[nw>d2 !n ins]t a wire & place into position4 ,! sk9 requires "s "t to dry1 & 9 bo? cases place ! m\nt$ reptile 9 a dry place1 :]e x w rapidly dry1 z ! sk9 is liable to decay if kept 9 a damp place4 ,,section ,i43 ,,m\nt+ ,,liz>ds1 ,,alligators1 ,,etc4--,reptiles ( ?is description %\ld be sk9n$ l mammals1 ?r\gh a longitud9al ins]tion made 9 ! abdom54 ,! sk9 f ! top ( ! head _c be remov$ h[ev]4 ,9 m\nt+1 proce$ exactly z 9 mammals1 b z !re is no hair to hide defects1 all cotton1 excelsior1 etc41 w\nd on ! bones mu/ be v smoo?4 ,! attitudes ( all ?is class ( animals are apt to be /iff & unga9ly ev5 9 life2 b by putt+ a b5d or two into ! tail1 turn+ ! head1 or slightly curv+ ! body1 too mu* rigidness may be avoid$4 ,,section ,,ii43 ,,m\nt+ ,,turtles4--,to remove ! sk9 f a turtle1 cut away a squ>e portion ( ! "u %ell1 us+ a small saw = ?is purpose4 ,!n remove ! s(t] portion ?r\gh ?is hole1 & draw out ! legs & head z 9 mammals2 b ! top ( ! head _c be sk9n$ ov]4 ,9 m\nt+ proce$ z ne>ly z possible z 9 mammals1 only ! legs may be fill$ ) clay or pla/] 9 small specim5s4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to fill ! sk9 too full2 b let ! wr9kles %[1 z se5 9 life1 & imitat$ z ne>ly z possible4 ,! %ell ( ! s(t-%ell$ turtle1 l ! lea!r-back1 is q difficult to keep 9 good condition--is apt to become di/ort$ 9 dry+4 ,! only me?od :i* has occurr$ to me is to cov] ! body1 & expos$ "u portions1 ) lay]s ( pla/]1 :i* w keep ! %ell 9 position until x is dry1 :5 x may be remov$4 ,,section ,,iii43 ,,m\nt+ ,,fi%es4--,fi%es are q difficult to sk91 especially ^? ) scales4 ,9 flat fi%es ,i remove a portion ( "o side1 sk9n+ ! o!r2 !n1 9 m\nt+1 lay ! animal on its side4 ,m\nt+ 9 ?is case means fill+ ! fi% to its natural life-size ) cotton1 t[1 or o!r available mat]ial4 ,pla/] or clay w also answ]4 ,! f9s may be p9n$ out flat aga9/ pa/ebo>d1 or put 9 place ) f9e wire4 ,9 sk9n+ l>g] fi%es1 or ^? :i* h no scales1 or scal$ fi%es :i* h cyl9drical %ap$ bodies1 op5 f b5ea? by cutt+ ne>ly ! :ole l5g? ( ! body4 ,! sk9 f "s fi%es comes (f easily1 :ile 9 o!rs x is m difficult to remove4 ,9 m\nt+ l>ge fi%es use a h>d core to ! body1 made ( ei!r wire or wood4 ,! f9s %\ld be wir$ f ! inside2 c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! sk9 lies smoo?ly ov] ! surface b5ea?1 z x %[s consid]ably 9 dry+1 & all imp]fections ar\nd x4 ,9 pres]v+ ! sk9s ( all reptiles & fi%es ! d]mal w be f\nd excell5t1 especially 9 remov+ ! oil f ! sk9s1 etc4 ,cov] well ) ! pres]vative1 & no?+ m w be necess>y4 ,sk9s ( ?is class ( animals may be kept = future m\nt+ by simply coat+ ) ! pres]vative1 & kept turn$ wrong side out )\t fill+4 ,:5 !y are to be m\nt$ ?r[ !m into wat]1 9 :i* a small quantity ( d]mal has be5 dissolv$4 ,:5 !y are s(t turn & m\nt z 9 fre% sk9s4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,alaudid1 #ad ,alcid1 #bf ,alcid9id1 #ae ,alligators1 #ih ,am]ican w>bl]s1 #ad ,ammunition = repeat+ guns1 #aj ,ampelid1 #ae ,anatid1 #bd ,aramid1 #bc ,ardeid1 #bc ,ars5ic a dang]\s poison1 #di ,asc]ta9+ ! sex ( birds1 #dc ,auks1 #bf ,avocets1 #bb ,b4 ,batra*ians1 #ig ,basket = collect+ birds1 #bi ,bird lime1 #f ,birds1 #a ,box-trap1 #a ,blackbirds1 #af ,bree*-load+ guns1 #h ,burr[+ owl1 ,newburyport1 ,mass1 #bg ,c4 ,cab9ets1 #ei ,caprimulgid1 #ag ,c>e ( sk9s1 #ei ,c>e ( specim5s1 #bh ,cat*+ w\nd$ birds1 #ca ,ca?>tid1 #ba ,*>adrid1 #bb ,*amid1 #ac ,c9clid1 #ac ,clap-net1 #b ,cypselid1 #ah ,collect+ birds1 #a ,collect+ mammals1 #hd ,collectors1 #bg ,columbid1 #ba ,colymbid1 #bf ,coots1 #bd ,cormorant1 #be ,corvid1 #ag ,coturniculus1 #af ,c\rlans1 #bc ,cranes1 #bc ,cre/$ birds--m\nt+1 #gf ,cr[s1 #ag ,cuckoos1 #ai ,cuculid1 #ai ,cuts ( ! skull1 #cg ,cutt+-pli]s1 #fd ,d4 ,d>t]s1 #be ,d]mal pres]vative1 #de ,dri$ sk9s1 m\nt+1 #gh ,dry+ =ms1 #ea ,ducks1 #bd ,ducks' sk9s1 #eg ,du/+ birds1 #hj ,e4 ,eagle z decoy1 #f ,eagles1 #bj ,ev]-ready bird-trap1 #c ,exceptions to ! usual me?od ( sk9n+1 #ci ,f4 ,falconid1 #bj ,falcons1 #bj ,f9*es1 #af ,fi%es1 #ig ,=m = measurem5ts ( mammals1 #hi ,flycat*]s1 #ag ,frigate birds1 #be ,fr+illid1 #af ,g4 ,gall9ules1 #bd ,gannets1 #bd ,game pieces1 #gi ,geese1 #bd ,goatsuck]s1 #ag ,graculid1 #ge ,grebes1 #bf ,grosbeaks1 #af ,gr\se1 #ba ,gruid1 #bc ,gulls1 #bf ,h4 ,hmatopodid1 #bb ,hawk z decoy1 #e ,hawks1 #bj ,h]ons1 #bc ,h]ons' sk9s1 #bd ,hirund9id1 #ae ,humm+ birds1 #ah ,i4 ,ibis1 #bc ,ibis' sk9s1 #ef ,ict]id1 #af ,in/rum5ts = m\nt+1 #fd ,j4 ,jays1 #ag ,k4 ,kill+ w\nd$ birds1 #cj ,k+fi%]s1 #ai ,l4 ,labell+ specim5s1 #eh ,label1 sample1 #eh ,laniid1 #ae ,l>ge birds1 m\nt+1 #gf ,l>ge mammals1 m\nt+1 #ib ,l>ge mammals' sk9s1 #hh ,l>id1 #bf ,liz>ds1 #ih ,load+ %ells1 #h ,loons1 #bf ,m4 ,mak+ ov] old sk9s1 #fa ,mak+ sk9s1 #di ,mak+ sk9s ( long-neck$ birds1 #ee ,mak+ sk9s ( mammals1 #hf ,mak+ sk9s ( small birds1 #ej ,mak+ /&s1 #hd ,mammals1 #hd ,mayn>d's d]mal pres]vative1 #di ,measurem5ts ( birds record$1 #fb ,measur+ birds1 #eh ,measur+ mammals1 #hh ,meleagrid1 #ba ,motacilid1 #ad ,m\nt+ birds1 #fd ,m\nt+ dri$ sk9s1 birds1 #gh ,m\nt+ dri$ sk9s1 mammals1 #id ,m\nt+ fi%es1 #ii ,m\nt+ fre% specim5s1 birds1 #fd ,m\nt+ fre% specim5s1 mammals1 #ij ,m\nt+ liz>ds1 alligators1 etc41 #ih ,m\nt+ mammals1 #hh ,m\nt+ mammals )\t any bones1 #ie ,m\nt+ ) w+s spread1 #gf ,m\nt+ reptiles1 batra*ians1 & fi%es1 #ig ,m\nt+ scre5s1 #gf ,m\nt+ turtles1 #ii ,n4 ,naturali/s' guide1 #dd ,nu?at*es1 #ac ,o4 ,old sk9s1 mak+ ov]1 #fa ,o!r me?ods ( prep>+ sk9s1 #dg ,ord9>y me?od ( sk9n+ birds1 #dc ,orioles1 #af ,ouzels1 #ac ,owl z decoy1 #e ,owls1 #bj ,oy/]-cat*]s1 #bb ,p4 ,panel "w1 #gj ,papi]-ma*1 #hb ,p>id1 #ac ,p>rots1 #ba ,"p ,i41 #a ,"p ,,ii41 #hd ,pelecanid1 #bd ,pelicans1 #bd ,petrels1 #bf ,phtonid1 #be ,phal>opodid1 #bb ,phal>ops1 #bb ,pho5icopt]id1 #bd ,picid1 #ai ,pla9 /&s1 #ha ,pli]s1 #fd ,pigeons1 #bb ,plov]s1 #bb ,plotid1 #be ,plugg+ m\?s ( birds1 #cc ,podicipid1 #bf ,pres]vative1 #de ,pres]v+ sk9s1 #dd ,prices = m\nt+ birds1 #gi ,procell>id1 #bf ,procur+ birds1 #aa ,psittacid1 #ai ,puff9s1 #bf ,q4 ,quail1 #ba ,r4 ,rails1 #bd ,rallid1 #bd ,recurviro/rid1 #bb ,repeat+ collect+ gun1 #i ,s4 ,sample label = birds1 #eh ,saxicolid1 #ab ,scre5s1 #gg ,sex ( birds1 #dc ,%oot+ birds1 #g ,%ot = birds1 #aa ,sieve trap1 #b ,sittid1 #ac ,sk9n+ birds1 #cc ,sk9n+-knife1 #cc ,sk9n+ l>ge mammals1 #hg ,sk9n+ small mammals1 #hf ,sk9s ( birds1 #ed ,sk9s ( hawks1 #eg ,sk9s ( h]ons1 ibises1 etc41 #ef ,sk9s ( long-neck$ birds1 #ee ,sk9s ( owls1 #eg ,sk9s ( small birds1 #eb ,sk9s ( vultures1 #eg ,small mammals1 #hh ,snipe1 #bc ,scolopacid1 #bc ,sp>r[s1 #af ,spoonbills1 #bc ,/eel traps1 #d ,/ilts1 #bc ,/one-*ats1 #ab ,/rigid1 #bb ,sulid1 #bd ,swall[s1 #ae ,swifts1 #ah ,sylvid1 #ac ,sylvicolid1 #ad ,t4 ,ta*ypetid1 #be ,tanag]s1 #ae ,tanagrid1 #ae ,tantalid1 #bc ,t]ns1 #bf ,tetraonid1 #ba ,?ru%es1 #ab ,titmice1 #ac ,trapp+ birds1 #a ,tro*ilid1 #ah ,troglodytid1 #ac ,tropic birds1 #be ,true l>ks1 #ad ,true w>bl]s1 #ac ,turdid1 #ab ,turn/ones1 #bb ,tweez]s1 #ej ,tyrannid1 #ag ,v4 ,vireonid1 #ae ,vireos1 #ae ,vultures1 #ba ,w4 ,wagtails1 #ad ,w>bl]s1 ,am]ican1 #ad ,w>bl]s1 true1 #ac ,waxw+s1 #ae ,w+s spread1 m\nt+1 #gf ,woodpeck]s1 #ah ,wr5s1 #ac ,wr5tits1 #ac ,c4 ,j4 ,,mayn>d ,,co41 ,no4 #i ,pemb]ton ,squ>e1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,deal]s ,,9 ,,naturali/s' ,,supplies ,birds' ,eggs1 ,ne/s1 ,sk9s1 c41 c4 -------- ,we make a ,specialty ( ,,naturali/s' & ,,taxid]mi/s' ,,supplies1 su* z ,in/rum5ts = ,egg-,bl[+1 ,sk9n+1 ,m\nt+1 etc4 ,also1 ,,artificial1 ,,eyes1 ,,leaves1 ,,grasses1 ,,mosses1 & 9 fact all ,supplies ne$$ by ! ,collector & ,taxid]mi/4 -------- ,s5d = ,catalogue1 address+ z above4 ,a4 ,l4 ,,ellis ,,co4 ,,import]s ,,( ,,artificial ,,glass ,,eyes ,,= ,,taxid]mi/s1 ,,jewell]s ,,& ,,fancy ,,"w ,,pawtugket1 ,r4,i4 ,,tools4 ,,anvils1 ,,egg ,,drills1 ,,spr+ ,,=ceps1 ,,wire ,,cutt]s1 ,,egg ,,bl[]s1 ,,insect ,,=ceps1 ,,ply]s1 ,,embryo ,,hooks1 ,,curv$ ,,ne$les1 ,,bitts1 ,,bra9 ,,spoons1 ,,scalpels1 ,,mallets1 ,,pocket ,,cases1 ,,/uff]s4 ,,supplies4 ,,ars5ical ,,soap1 ,,artificial ,,leaves1 ,,t[1 ,,%ades1 ,,icicles1 ,,?read1 ,,moss1 ,,/&s1 ,,glasses1 ,,glue1 ,,fl[]s1 ,,wire1 ,,clay1 ,,cops1 ,,grasses1 ,,smalt1 ,,cork1 ,,labels1 ,,clunelle1 ,,fro/+1 ,,p9s1 ,,tags4 ,,mica1 ,,books1 ,,glass ,,eyes4 ,we c>ry ! mo/ complete assortm5t t c be obta9$4 ,= ,,humm]s ,,to ,,eagles1 ,,mice ,,to ,,elephants1 ,,monkeys ,,to ,,m51 ,,s5d ,,= ,,detail ,,catalogue4 ,,indian ,,arr[ ,,heads4 -------- ,! ,be/1 ,mo/ ,p]fect1 ,smalle/ & ,nice/ ,color$ ,arr[ ,po9ts 9 ! _w4 ,,= ,,sale ,,9 ,,lots ,,to ,,suit4 -------- ,a ,f9e1 ,p]fect ,po9t1 s5t regi/]$1 on receipt ( #a4jj4 -------- ,f4 ,m4 ,,gilham1 #bda ,batt]y ,/reet1 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal4 ,,new ,,books ,,= ,,naturali/s4 ,,9 ,,press4 ,h&book ( ,entomology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,c4 ,v4 ,,riley4 ,?is "w w be an introduction to ! /udy ( ,entomology1 & z su* w f9d a place occupi$ by no ,am]ican book4 ,x w be ?or\ghly illu/rat$4 #a vol4 #hvo4 ,clo?1 #c4jj4 ,manual ( ! ,mosses ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,) copp]-plates illu/rat+ ! ,g5]a4 ,by ,,leo ,,lesqu]eux & ,,?omas ,p4 ,,james4 ,x is p>ticul>ly desir$ t botani/s wi%+ copies %\ld notify ! publi%]s at an e>ly day1 t ! edition may be decid$ on4 ,! price has n yet be5 fix$1 b probably w be #c4ej4 ,botanical ,micro-,*emi/ry4 ,an introduction to ! /udy ( ,vegetable ,hi/ology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,v4 ,a4 ,,p\ls54 ,translat$ by ,,william ,,trelease4 #a vol4 #abmo4 ,clo?1 #a4jj4 ,s4 ,e4 ,,cass9o ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 ,,bo/on1 ,,mass4 ,,new ,,"w ,,on ,,sea ,,mosses4 ,we %all issue 9 a few days an elegantly illu/rat$ ,,manual ,,( ,,am]ican ,,sea ,,mosses1 prep>$ by ,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,h]vey4 ,x is j su* a "w z has long be5 ne$$ & mu* call$ =3 a h&y1 conv5i5t book = sea-side use4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d has be5 publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 ,h>vey's great "w1 complet$ #be ye>s ago1 9 ?ree pond]\s qu>tos1 be+ too exp5sive & too cumb]some = g5]al & popul> use4 ,x is a complete ,collector's ,guide1 giv+ practical in=mation z to ! be/ times1 places & me?ods ( collect+ ! necess>y app>atus1 & ! details ( float+ out1 press+1 dry+1 pres]v+1 & m\nt+ ^! beautiful plants4 ,full directions are also giv5 ( ! be/ me?ods ( /udy+ & id5tify+ ^! plants4 ,full keys are giv51 at ! head ( ea* gr\p1 by :i* ! mo/ inexp]i5c$ may be easily guid$ to ! g5us to :i* ! plant he is /udy+ belongs4 ,:ile 9 ! description ( species ! me?od ( treatm5t is popul>1 & especially adapt$ to ! ne$ ( amateur botani/s & sea-side collectors1 all ! /atem5ts are made ) sci5tific accuracy & c>efulness4 ,all ! common species belong+ to ! ?ree great gr\ps ( ,gre51 ,olive ,color$ & ,r$ ,alg1 are tak5 up 9 ord]1 & s describ$ 9 detail1 t x is believ$ !y may be easily id5tifi$ :5ev] f\nd4 ,! book is ?us made a complete guide to all ! common & beautiful =ms ( our ,atlantic flora1 nor? ( ! ,c>ol9as1 includ+ ne>ly all ! *>act]i/ic =ms ( ! ,pacific coa/1 = ,cali=nia1 ,oregon & ! ,nor?4 ,! plates1 tw5ty 9 numb]1 are drawn & color$ f nature1 & repres5t tw5ty-f\r ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 beautiful & *>act]i/ic species1 9 n less ?an n9ete5 g5]a4 ,! "w is issu$ 9 elegant b9d+1 #ab mo41 ov] #cjj pages1 & is pr9t$ on f9e1 heavy pap]1 ) #bj full-pag$ color$ plates4 ,price1 po/paid1 #b4jj4 ,= sale by all booksell]s1 or s5t1 po/paid1 on receipt ( price1 by ! publi%]4 ,s4 ,e4 ,,cass9o ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #da ,ar* ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,important ,,books ,,= ,,! ,,naturali/4 -------- ,h&book ( ,inv]tebrate ,zoology4 ,= ,,laboratories & ,,seaside ,,"w4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,brooks1 ,ph4 ,d41 ,director ,*esapeake ,zoological ,laboratory ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,price1 #c4jj ,?is "w is publi%$ 9 "o l>ge #hvo volume ( #djj pages4 ,illu/rat$ ) #bjj entirely new cuts1 f draw+s by ! au?or1 or made "u 8 direct sup]vision4 ,h&book ( ,entomology4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,*>les ,v4 ,,riley1 ,u4 ,s4 ,entomologi/1 ,*ief ( ,entomological ,commission1 ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,mo41 etc41 etc4 ,9 press4 ,clo?4 #hvo4 ,price1 #c4jj ,int]national ,sci5ti/s' ,directory4 ,conta9+ ! ,names1 ,special ,dep>tm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 etc41 etc41 ( ,amateur & ,pr(essional ,naturali/s1 ,*emi/s1 ,physici/s1 ,a/ronom]s1 etc41 etc41 9 ,am]ica1 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,oceanica4 ,ready ,jan41 #ahhc4 #abmo4 ,price1 pap]1 #b4jj2 clo?1 #b4ej ,sea ,mosses4 ,by ,rev4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,h]vey4 ,new edition4 #bj ,color$ ,plates4 #abmo4 ,price1 #b4jj ,*eck ,li/ ( ,coleopt]a4 ,*eck ,li/ ( ,coleopt]a ( ,am]ica1 ,nor? ( ,mexico4 ,by ,g4 ,r4 ,,crot*1 ,m4 ,a4 #hvo4 ,new edition1 ) supplem5t4 ,price1 #a4be ,m9ot's ,birds ( ,new ,engl&4 ,l& ,birds & ,game ,birds ( ,new ,engl&1 ) descriptions ( ,birds1 _! ,ne/s & ,eggs1 _! ,habits & ,mates4 ,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,m9ot1 ,illu/rat$ by outl9e cuts4 #def pages4 #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,price1 #c4jj ,f]ns ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,text by ,pr(4 ,,daniel ,c4 ,,eaton1 ( ,yale ,college4 ,illu/rations by ,messrs4 ,j4 ,h4 ,em]ton & ,*>les ,e4 ,faxon4 ,complete 9 two volumes4 ,l>ge #dto4 ,clo?1 gilt top4 ,price1 #cj4jj ,life on ! ,sea-,%ore2 ,,or1 ,,animals ,,( ,,our ,,coa/s ,,& ,,bays4 ,) illu/rations & descriptions by ,james ,h4 ,em]ton4 #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,price1 #a4ej ,primative ,indu/ry2 ,,or1 ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,! ,,h&iwork ,,9 ,,/one1 ,,bone ,,& ,,clay1 ,,( ,,! ,,native ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,atlantic ,,sea-,,bo>d4 ,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,abbott1 ,m4 ,d4 #efj pages4 #hvo4 #dbi cuts4 ,price1 #c4jj ,h[ to ,m\nt ,birds & ,animals2 ,,or1 ,,! ,,taxid]mi/',s ,,guide4 ,by ,c4 ,j4 ,,mayn>d4 #abmo4 ,clo?4 ,illu/rat$4 ,price1 #a4ej ,?is is an entirely new "w1 j issu$1 & %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 our birds & animals4 ,) its aid ! tyro c soon prep>e sk9s 9 z good %ape z ! mo/ exp]i5c$ taxid]mi/4 -------- ,any book m5tion$ s5t by mail on receipt ( price4 ,books import$ f all ,european c5tres at l[e/ rates4 ,s4 ,e4 ,,cass9o ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #da ,ar* ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,,h&book ,,( ,,inv]tebrate ,,zoology1 ,,= ,,laboratories ,,& ,,seaside ,,/udy4 ,,by ,w4 ,k4 ,,brooks1 ,associate ,pr(essor ( ,zoology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 & ,director ( ! ,m>9e ,laboratory ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity3 =m]ly ,assi/ant 9 ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! book conta9s directions = /udy+ ! g5]al anatomy1 ! microscopic /ructure1 & ! developm5t ( select$ types ( animal life2 & x also describes ! me?od ( collect+ & pres]v+ ! =ms :i* are describ$4 ,! foll[+ are "s ( ! subjects treat$3 ,! /ructure ( ,vorticell1 ,! reproduction ( ,vorticell1 ,! /ructure ( a ,sponge1 ,! /ructure & gr[? ( a ,campanul>ian ,hydroid1 ,! /ructure & developm5t ( a ,hydro-,m$usa1 ,! g5]al anatomy ( a ,/>fi%1 ,! microscopic anatomy ( a ,/>fi%1 ,! g5]al anatomy ( a ,sea ,ur*91 ,! embryology & metamorphosis ( ! ,sea ,ur*9 & ,/>fi%1 ,! g5]al anatomy ( ! ,e>?worm1 ,! microscopic /ructure ( ! ,e>?worm1 ,! anatomy ( ! ,lee*1 ,! anatomy ( a ,crab4 ,! metamorphosis ( a ,crab1 ,! /ructure & developm5t ( ,cyclops1 ,! anatomy ( a ,gras%opp]1 ,! g5]al anatomy ( ,unio1 ,! microscopic anatomy ( ,unio1 ,! embryology & metamorphosis ( ,unio1 ,! anatomy & embryology ( ! ,squid4 ,illu/rat$ by ne>ly two hundr$ cuts f ! au?or's draw+s1 or f draw+s made f nature "u 8 direction4 ,s4 ,e4 ,,cass9o ,,co41 ,publi%]s1 #da ,ar* ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,naturali/s' ,in/rum5ts4 ,we keep con/antly on h& an assortm5t ( ,in/rum5ts us$ by ,naturali/s1 su* z ,,scalpels1 ,,bird-,,/uff+ ,,=ceps1 ,,scissors 7curv$ & /raight7 ,,egg ,,bl[]s1 ,,egg ,,drills1 ,,insect ,,p9s1 ,,insect ,,p9 ,,=ceps1 c4 ,,scalpels1 ,ebony ,h&le 4#ge ,,bird-,,/uff+ ,,=ceps1 4#ge1 #a4be1 #a4ge1 #b4jj1 #b4be1 #b4ge ,accord+ to l5g?4 ,,scissors1 ,/raight 4#ge1 #a4jj ,,scissors1 ,curv$ #a4be1 #a4cg1 #a4ej ,,egg ,,drills 4#be to #a4ej ,,syr+es #d4jj to #be4jj ,,egg ,,bl[]s1 ,nickel$ 4#ej ,,naturali/s' ,,cases4 ,,pr(4 ,,m>ks' ,,case ,,in/rum5ts #f4jj ,,pr(4 ,,wild]',s ,,case ,,in/rum5ts #aj4jj ,s4 ,e4 ,,cass9o ,,co4 ,publi%]s ( ,sci5tific ,works4 ,,supplies ,,furni%$4 #da ,ar* ,/reet1 ,bo/on4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,! a/ronomical symbols = ,m>s & ,v5us on page #eh are repres5t$ 9 ?is text v]sion by ,m & ,v respectively4