,illustration3 ,,lemnian ,,athena ,,the ,,classic ,,myths ,,in ,,english ,,literature ,,and ,,in ,,art ,,based ,,originally ,,on ,,bulfinch',s ,,age ,,of ,,fable 7#ahee7 ,,accompanied ,,by ,,an ,,interpretative ,,and ,,illustrative ,,commentary ,,by ,,charles ,,mills ,,gayley1 ,,litt4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,professor ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,language ,,and ,,literature ,,in ,,the ,,university ,,of ,,california ,,new ,,edition ,,revised ,,and ,,enlarged ,,ginn ,,and ,,company ,,boston ,,new ,,york ,,chicago ,,london ,,atlanta ,,dallas ,,columbus ,,san ,,francisco ,,copyright1 #ahic1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,charles ,,mills ,,gayley ,,entered ,,at ,,stationers' ,,hall ,,all ,,rights ,,reserved #hag4f ,the ,athenum ,press ,,ginn ,,and ,,company ,,proprietors ,,boston ,u4,s4,a4 ,,to ,,the ,,muses ,whether on ,ida's shady brow1 ,or in the chambers of the ,east1 ,the chambers of the sun1 that now ,from ancient melody have ceas'd2 ,whether in ,heav'n ye wander fair1 ,or the green corners of the earth1 ,or the blue regions of the air1 ,where the melodious winds have birth2 ,whether on crystal rocks ye rove1 ,beneath the bosom of the sea1 ,wandering in many a coral grove1 ,fair ,nine1 forsaking ,poetry2 ,how have you left the ancient love ,that bards of old enjoyed in you6 ,the languid strings do scarcely move1 ,the sound is forc'd1 the notes are few6 ,,william ,,blake ,o antique fables6 beautiful and bright ,and joyous with the joyous youth of yore2 ,o antique fables6 for a little light ,of that which shineth in you evermore1 ,to cleanse the dimness from our weary eyes1 ,and bathe our old world with a new surprise ,of golden dawn entrancing sea and shore4 ,,james ,,thomson ,,preface ,in this new edition of ,the ,classic ,myths in ,english ,literature the former order of materials has been altered in accordance with the advice of the teachers who have had longest experience with the use of the book2 the old material has been thoroughly revised2 and much new material has been added4 ,since most people prefer to begin a story at its beginning1 and not with the career of its author and his genealogy1 ,i have reserved the history of the myths for the conclusion of the text4 ,some of the myths have been restated in more careful form4 ,some short narratives1 before omitted1 have been included4 ,the sketches of the ,iliad and the ,odyssey have been considerably expanded2 and an outline--which1 ,i hope1 will be deemed adequate--of ,wagner's version of the ,ring of the ,nibelung has been appended to the account of ,norse and ,german mythology4 ,that version is1 of course1 not ,english literature2 but it has come to be received as the classic modern version of the story2 and the story is needed1 at some time or other1 by every lover of music4 ,fresh examples of the employment of myth in ,english verse have1 where practicable1 been incorporated in the text2 and some new references will be found in the ,commentary4 ,i have thoroughly revised the list of illustrative cuts1 have interpreted the more difficult of the ancient figures1 and indicated the sources4 ,the pictures themselves are a decided improvement upon those in the former edition4 ,in the determination of sources for reproduction1 ,i have had the valuable assistance of ,dr4 ,e4 von ,mach1 the author of more than one well-known work on ancient art2 and to him ,i am indebted1 in addition1 for the section on ,the ,classic ,myths in ,art1 which is included in my ,introduction4 ,with this new equipment the book should prove more useful to those who here make their first acquaintance with art1 especially the art of the ancients1 as well as to those who have been in the habit of using it as a guide to paintings and sculptures of mythological subjects in foreign galleries4 ,much of our best ,english poetry lies beyond the imaginative reach of many readers because of their unfamiliarity with the commonplaces of literary allusion1 reference1 and tradition4 ,of such commonplaces few are more frequently recurrent than those furnished by the literature of myth4 ,in view of this consideration1 the ,academic ,council of the ,university of ,california1 some twenty years ago1 introduced into its requirements for entrance in ,english the subject of ,classical ,mythology in its relation to ,english ,literature1 and recommended1 as a textbook for preparation1 ,bulfinch's ,age of ,fable4 ,the experience of ,english and classical teachers in the schools of the state attested the wisdom of the requirement2 but the demand for some textbook adapted to the needs of the classroom made necessary the preparation of this volume4 ,for while ,the ,age of ,fable offered a tempting collection of ,greek1 ,norse1 and ,oriental narratives1 it was designed neither as a schoolbook nor as a systematized presentation and interpretation of the myths that have most influenced ,english literature4 ,at the request of my publishers ,i undertook at that time such a revision and rearrangement of the materials of ,the ,age of ,fable as might adapt it to the purposes of teacher and pupil1 and to the taste of readers somewhat more advanced in years than those addressed by the original work or by the edition which bore the name of the ,reverend ,edward ,everett ,hale4 ,but after a year's work ,i found that half my material for copy was new1 and that the remainder differed in many important respects from the book upon which it was based4 ,consequently1 while the obligation to ,the ,age of ,fable was acknowledged in full1 a different title was selected for the resulting volume4 ,for neither my publishers nor ,i desired that the scholarship or the taste of ,mr4 ,bulfinch should be held accountable for liberties that were taken with his work4 ,in ,the ,classic ,myths in ,english ,literature and in ,art1 ,chapters ,,xxiii-,,xxvii1 containing sketches of the ,fall of ,troy1 the ,odyssey1 the neid1 and of certain ,norse lays1 are a revision of corresponding chapters in ,the ,age of ,fable4 ,chapters ,,vii-,,xx1 and ,,xxii1 comprising ,myths of the ,greater ,divinities of ,heaven1 ,earth1 the ,underworld1 and the ,waters1 ,myths of the ,lesser ,divinities of the same regions1 ,myths of the ,older ,heroes and ,myths of the ,younger ,heroes1 and the outline of the ,trojan ,war1 represent a total rearrangement and recomposition of the original material1 section by section1 and frequently paragraph by paragraph1--such portions of ,the ,age of ,fable as have been retained being abridged or rewritten1 and1 in places too frequent to enumerate1 supplemented by new and necessary sentences1 paragraphs1 and sections4 ,the ,introduction1 the first six chapters 7on the ,greek ,myths of the ,creation1 and the attributes of ,greek and ,roman divinities71 ,chapters ,,xxi and ,,xxviii-,,xxxii 7on the ,houses concerned in the ,trojan ,war1 the ,saga of the ,volsungs1 the ,lay of the ,nibelungs1 ,wagner's ,ring of the ,nibelung1 and on the origin1 elements1 distribution1 and preservation of myth71 the choice of poetic and artistic illustration1 the footnotes referring to sources1 and the ,commentary are wholly1 or essentially1 my own4 ,in fact1 there is little but the scaffolding of ,the ,age of ,fable now remaining in the book4 ,although in the ,index of ,mythological ,subjects and their ,sources the more common myths of some other nations are briefly stated1 no myths save those known to the ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,norsemen1 or ,germans have been included in the body of the text4 ,the scope of selection has been thus confined for three reasons3 first1 the regard for necessary limits2 second1 the desirability of emphasizing only such myths as have actually acclimated themselves in ,english-speaking lands and have influenced the spirit1 form1 and habit of ,english imaginative thought2 third1 the necessity of excluding all but the unquestionably classic4 ,the term classic1 however1 is1 of course1 not restricted to the products of ,greece and ,rome2 nor is it employed as synonymous with ,classical or as antithetical to ,romantic4 ,from the extreme ,classical to the extreme ,romantic is a far cry2 but as human life knows no divorce of necessity from freedom1 so genuine art knows neither an unrelieved ,classical nor an unrestrained ,romantic4 ,classical and ,romantic are relative terms4 ,the ,classical and the ,romantic of one generation may merit equally to be the classics of the next4 ,therefore certain ,hellenic myths of romantic spirit or construction have been included in this work1 and certain ,norse and ,german myths have not been excluded4 ,whatever is admitted1 is admitted as first-class3 first-class1 because simple1 spontaneous1 and beautiful2 because fulfilling the requirements of perennial freshness1 of sthetic potency1 and of ideal worth4 ,in the matter of illustrative ,english and ,american poems the principle of selection has been that the verses shall translate a myth from the classic original1 or exemplify the poetic idealization and embellishment of the subject1 or suggest the spirit and mien of ancient art4 ,but in each case regard has been had to the sthetic value of the poem or the citation4 ,in the search for suitable examples ,i have derived valuable assistance from ,mr4 ,e4,c4 ,guild's ,bibliography of ,greek ,mythology in ,english ,poetry of the ,nineteenth ,century 7,bowdoin ,college1 ,library ,bulletin ,no4 #a74 ,the student is also referred to ,a4,e4 ,sawtelle's ,sources of ,spenser's ,mythology1 ,c4,g4 ,osgood's' ,classical ,mythology of ,milton1 and ,r4,k4 ,root's ,classical ,mythology in ,shakespeare 7,holt1 #ahif1 #aijj1 and #aijc1 respectively74 ,in the ,commentary four things have been attempted3 first1 an explanation1 under each section1 of ordinary textual difficulties2 second1 an unpretentious exposition of the myth or a brief statement of the more evident interpretations advanced by philologists or ethnologists2 third1 an indication of certain additional poems or verses that illustrate the myth2 fourth1 special mention of such masterpieces of ancient and modern sculpture and painting as may serve to introduce the student or the general reader to a field of sthetic profit neglected by the great mass of our people4 ,for the poetic conception of most of the myths contained in ,chapters ,i-,,xxiv1 we are indebted to the ,greek imagination2 but since this book is intended for students of ,english poetry1 and since in ,english poetry ,latin names of mythological characters are much more frequently employed than ,greek1 the ,latin designations or ,latinized forms of ,greek names have been1 so far as possible1 retained2 and such variations as ,jupiter1 ,jove--,proserpina1 ,proserpine1 freely used4 ,in the chapters1 however1 on the attributes of the ,greek gods1 names exclusively ,greek have been placed in parentheses after the usual ,roman equivalents1 ,latin appellations1 or designations common to both ,greek and ,roman usage4 ,in the transliteration of ,greek names ,i have followed1 also1 the prevalent practice of our poets1 which is1 generally speaking1 the practice of the ,romans4 ,the diphthong ei1 for instance1 is transliterated according to the accepted ,english pronunciation1 which in individual words perpetuates the preference of the ,latins for the e sound or the i sound respectively4 ,so ,atreids becomes ,atrides2 ,iphimedeia1 ,iphimedia4 ,but1 on the other hand1 ,kythereia becomes ,cytherea2 ,pneios1 ,peneus2 and ,mdeia1 ,medea2 while owing to purely popular ,english custom1 such a name as ,pheidias has become1 not ,pheidias nor even ,phidias1 but--,ph7idias4 ,a few names of islands1 towns1 persons1 etc41 that even in ,latin retain their ,greek forms1--such as ,delos1 ,naxos1 ,argos1 ,aglauros1 ,pandrosos1--have been transferred without modification4 ,so also has ,poseidon1 because that is the common ,english spelling4 ,in short1 the practice aimed at has been not that of scientific uniformity1 but of acknowledged poetic usage4 ,in the titles of the illustrative cuts1 ,greek names have been used for works of ,greek origin1 ,latin for the ,roman4 ,for the benefit of readers who do not know the fundamental rules for the pronunciation of ,greek and ,latin proper names in ,english1 a brief statement of rules is prefixed to the ,index2 and in the ,index of ,mythological ,subjects and their ,sources names are not only accented1 but1 when necessary1 diacritically marked4 ,in the preparation of the ,text and ,commentary more or less use has been made of3 ,roscher's ,ausfhrliches ,lexikon der griechischen und rmischen ,mythologie 7,lieferungen #a-ba1 ,teubner1 ,leipzig72 ,preller's ,griechische ,mythologie 7#b ,bde41 ,berlin1 #ahfa72 ,max ,mller's ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 ,science of ,religion 7,london1 #ahgc71 ,science of ,language 7#gth ed41 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahgc71 ,oxford ,essays 7#ahef72 ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox's ,mythology of the ,aryan ,nations 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahgh72 ,frazer's ,golden ,bough2 ,w4 ,warde ,fowler's ,roman ,festivals 7,london1 #ahii72 ,welcker's ,griechische ,gtterlehre2 ,baumeister's ,denkmler des klassischen ,alterthums2 ,murray's ,manual of ,mythology 7,new ,york1 #ahhj72 ,smith's ,dictionary of ,greek and ,roman ,biography and ,mythology2 ,duruy's ,histories of ,rome and ,greece2 ,keightley's ,greek and ,roman ,mythology2 ,kelsey's ,outline of ,greek and ,roman ,mythology 7,boston1 #ahhi72 ,horn's ,geschichte der ,literatur des skandinavischen ,nordens 7,leipzig1 #ahhj72 ,cleasby and ,vigfusson's ,icelandic ,dictionary2 ,lning's ,die ,edda 7,zrich1 #ahei72 ,vigfusson and ,powell's ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale 7#b vols41 ,oxford1 #ahhc72 ,paul's ,grundriss der germanischen ,philologie1 #a ,bd41 #e ,lfg4 7article ,mythologie1 by ,e4 ,mogk72 ,grimm's ,teutonic ,mythology 7translated by ,stallybrass1 #c vols472 ,werner ,hahn's ,das ,nibelungenlied2 ,lang's ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahhg71 and ,mythology 7,encyc4 ,brit41 ,vol4 #i72 ,tylor's ,anthropology 7,new ,york1 #ahha7 and ,primitive ,culture 7#b vols472 ,j4 ,w4 ,powell's ,annual ,reports of the ,bureau of ,ethnology 7#g vols41 beginning #ahgi-ahhj1 ,washington1 ,d4,c472 ,keary's ,outlines of ,primitive ,belief2 ,fiske's ,myths and ,myth-makers 7,boston72 ,whitney's ,oriental and ,linguistic ,studies2 ,w4 ,p4 ,johnston's ,the ,origin of ,myth2 and of other works to which due reference is made in the footnotes and ,commentary4 ,the student is also referred to ,f4 ,b4 ,jevons' edition of ,plutarch's ,romane ,questions1 translated by ,philemon ,holland 7,london1 #ahib7 7introduction on ,roman ,mythology72 and to ,c4,g4 ,leland's ,etruscan-,roman ,remains in ,popular ,tradition 7,london1 #ahib74 ,the ,maps1 furnished by ,messrs4 ,ginn and ,company from other of their publications1 have1 with the kind consent of the authors of those works1 in some instances been adapted by me to suit the present purpose4 ,the principal authorities used in the selection of the illustrations of this new edition are3 ,baumeister1 ,denkmler des klassischen ,alterthums 7#c vols41 ,munich1 #ahhh72 ,furtwngler1 ,masterpieces of ,greek ,sculpture 7,london1 #aije72 ,ernest ,gardner1 ,ancient ,athens 7,new ,york and ,london1 #aijb72 ,percy ,gardner1 ,a ,grammar of ,greek ,art 7,new ,york and ,london1 #aije72 and ,sculptured ,tombs of ,hellas 7,london1 #ahif72 ,percy ,gardner and ,jevons1 ,a ,manual of ,greek ,antiquities 7,london1 #ahie72 ,gerhard1 ,auserlesene griechische ,vasenbilder 7#ahdj-aheh72 ,gusman1 ,pompeii 7,london1 #aijj72 ,harrison and ,maccoll1 ,greek ,vase ,paintings 7,london1 #ahid72 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,handbook of ,greek and ,roman ,sculpture 7,boston1 #aije72 and ,greek ,sculpture1 ,its ,spirit and ,principles 7,boston1 #aijc72 ,a4 ,s4 ,murray1 ,handbook of ,greek ,archology 7,london1 #ahib72 ,history of ,greek ,sculpture 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahhc72 and ,sculptures of the ,parthenon 7,london1 #aijc72 ,a4 ,s4 ,murray and ,c4 ,a4 ,hutton1 ,greek ,bronzes and ,terra ,cotta ,statuettes 7,london1 #ahih72 ,c4 ,o4 ,mller1 ,denkmler der alten ,kunst 7,gttingen1 #ahcb72 ,overbeck1 ,griechische ,kunstmythologie 7#ahga ----72 ,emil ,presuhn1 ,pompeii1 #ahgd-ahha 7,leipzig1 #ahhb72 ,salomon ,reinach1 ,peintures de vases antiques 7including the collections of ,millin1 #ahjh1 and ,millingen1 #ahac 7,paris1 #ahia771 and ,apollo 7,paris1 #aijg72 ,h4 ,roux ,ain1 ,herculaneum and ,pompeii2 ,roscher1 ,ausfhrliches ,lexikon der griechischen und rmischen ,mythologie 7#ahhd ----7 7,lieferungen #a-ag in ,vol4 ,i1 #ah on in ,vol4 ,,ii72 ,anton ,springer1 ,handbuch der ,kunstgeschichte 7,i ,alterthum1 ,leipzig1 #aijd72 ,charles ,waldstein1 ,the ,argive ,herum 7#b vols472 and the archological periodicals as cited in the ,list of ,illustrations4 ,the acknowledgment of assistance made in the former edition is here renewed4 ,,charles ,,mills ,,gayley ,,contents ,,page ,,introduction xxix ,,part ,i ,,myths ,,of ,,divinities ,,and ,,heroes ,,chapter ,i4 ,,greek ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,creation #a ,purpose of the ,study4 ,the ,fable and the ,myth4 ,origin of the ,world4 ,origin of the ,gods4 ,the ,rule of ,cronus4 ,the ,war of the ,titans4 ,the ,division of ,empire4 ,the ,reign of ,jupiter4 ,the ,origin of ,man4 ,prometheus1 a ,creator4 ,the ,age of ,gold4 ,the ,silver ,age4 ,prometheus1 ,champion of ,man4 ,pandora4 ,prometheus ,bound4 ,longfellow's ,prometheus4 ,the ,brazen ,age4 ,the ,iron ,age4 ,the ,flood4 ,deucalion and ,pyrrha4 ,the ,demigods and ,heroes4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,heaven #ah ,olympus4 ,the ,great ,gods4 ,jupiter 7,zeus74 ,conceptions of ,jupiter4 ,juno 7,hera74 ,minerva 7,athene or ,athena74 ,mars 7,ares74 ,vulcan 7,hephstus74 ,apollo4 ,shelley's ,hymn of ,apollo4 ,diana 7,artemis74 ,jonson's ,hymn to ,cynthia4 ,venus 7,aphrodite74 ,the ,venus of ,milo4 ,mercury 7,hermes74 ,vesta 7,hestia74 ,the ,lesser ,divinities of ,heaven4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,earth #db ,conception of the ,world4 ,ceres 7,demeter74 ,ga 7,ge74 ,bacchus 7,dionysus74 ,the ,lesser ,divinities of ,earth4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,the ,,underworld #dg ,the ,underworld4 ,tartarus and the ,elysian ,fields4 ,the ,islands of the ,blest4 ,pluto 7,hades74 ,proserpina 7,persephone74 ,the ,lesser ,divinities of the ,underworld4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,the ,,waters #ee ,the ,older ,dynasty4 ,the ,younger ,dynasty4 ,the ,lesser ,divinities of the ,waters4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,the ,,roman ,,divinities #ei ,gods ,common to ,greece and ,italy4 ,italian ,gods4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,divinities ,,of ,,heaven #fd ,myths of ,jupiter and ,juno4 ,love ,affairs of ,jupiter4 ,io4 ,callisto4 ,europa4 ,semele4 gina4 ,antiope4 ,jupiter1 a ,friend of ,man4 ,juno's ,best ,gift4 ,myths of ,minerva4 ,arachne4 ,myths of ,mars4 ,mars and ,diomede4 ,mars and ,minerva4 ,the ,fortunes of ,cadmus4 ,myths of ,vulcan4 ,myths of ,apollo4 ,the ,wanderings of ,latona4 ,apollo1 the ,light ,triumphant4 ,hyacinthus4 ,phathon4 ,the ,plague sent upon the ,greeks before ,troy4 ,the ,punishment of ,niobe4 ,the ,lamentation for ,linus4 sculapius4 ,apollo in ,exile4 ,lowell's ,shepherd of ,king ,admetus4 ,admetus and ,alcestis4 ,apollo1 the ,musician4 ,apollo1 ,pan1 and ,midas4 ,shelley's ,hymn of ,pan4 ,marsyas4 ,the ,loves of ,apollo4 ,daphne4 ,marpessa4 ,clytie4 ,myths of ,diana4 ,the ,flight of ,arethusa4 ,shelley's ,arethusa4 ,the ,fate of ,acton4 ,the ,fortunes and ,death of ,orion4 ,the ,pleiads4 ,endymion4 ,myths of ,venus4 ,adonis4 ,cupid and ,psyche4 ,keats' ,ode to ,psyche4 ,atalanta's ,race4 ,hero and ,leander4 ,pygmalion and the ,statue4 ,pyramus and ,thisbe4 ,phaon4 ,the ,vengeance of ,venus4 ,myths of ,mercury4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,divinities ,,of ,,earth #aeb ,myths of ,bacchus4 ,the ,wanderings of ,bacchus4 ,the ,story of ,acetes4 ,the ,choice of ,king ,midas4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,from ,,the ,,earth ,,to ,,the ,,underworld #aei ,myths of ,ceres1 ,pluto1 and ,proserpine4 ,the ,rape of ,proserpine4 ,the ,wanderings of ,ceres4 ,triptolemus and the ,eleusinian ,mysteries4 ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,myths ,,of ,,neptune1 ,,ruler ,,of ,,the ,,waters #afi ,lord of the ,sea4 ,lord of ,streams and ,fountains4 ,pelops and ,hippodamia4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,lesser ,,divinities ,,of ,,heaven #agb ,myths of ,stars and ,winds4 ,cephalus and ,procris4 ,dobson's ,the ,death of ,procris4 ,ceyx and ,halcyone4 ,aurora and ,tithonus4 ,tennyson's ,tithonus4 ,memnon4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,lesser ,,divinities ,,of ,,earth1 ,,etc4 #aha ,pan1 and the ,personification of ,nature4 ,stedman's ,pan in ,wall ,street4 ,other ,lesser ,gods of ,earth4 ,echo and ,narcissus4 ,echo1 ,pan1 ,lyde1 and the ,satyr4 ,the ,naiads4 ,the ,dryads1 or ,hamadryads4 ,erysichthon4 ,dryope4 ,rhoecus4 ,pomona and ,vertumnus4 ,the ,cranes of ,ibycus4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,,myths ,,of ,,lesser ,,divinities ,,of ,,the ,,waters #aih ,galatea and ,polyphemus4 ,glaucus and ,scylla4 ,nisus and ,scylla4 ,leucothea4 ,proteus and ,aristus4 ,achelos and ,hercules4 ,milton's ,sabrina ,fair4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,older ,,heroes3 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,dana,s1 ,,and ,,its ,,connections #bjf ,the ,older and the ,younger ,heroes4 ,the ,genealogy of ,danas4 ,the ,danads4 ,the ,doom of ,king ,acrisius4 ,perseus and ,medusa4 ,perseus and ,atlas4 ,perseus and ,andromeda4 ,bellerophon and the ,chimra4 ,hercules 7,heracles73 ,his ,youth4 ,his ,labors4 ,his ,later ,exploits4 ,the ,loss of ,hylas4 ,the ,rescue of ,daphnis4 ,the ,expedition against ,laomedon4 ,the ,death of ,hercules4 ,,chapter ,,xv4 ,,the ,,family ,,of ,,olus #bbi ,descendants of ,deucalion4 ,the ,quest of the ,golden ,fleece4 ,the ,return of the ,argonauts4 ,medea and son4 ,pelias4 ,,chapter ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,family ,,of ,,tolus ,,and ,,its ,,connections #bcg ,the ,calydonian ,hunt4 ,merope4 ,castor and ,pollux4 ,the ,twin ,brethren among the ,romans4 ,,chapter ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,minos #bdf ,minos of ,crete4 ,ddalus and ,icarus4 ,,chapter ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,cecrops ,,and ,,erichthonius #bdi ,from ,cecrops to ,philomela4 ,matthew ,arnold's ,philomela4 ,theseus4 ,theseus and ,ariadne4 ,bacchus and ,ariadne4 ,the ,amazons4 ,theseus and ,pirithos4 ,phdra and ,hippolytus4 ,,chapter ,,xix4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,labdacus #bfa ,the ,misfortunes of ,thebes4 ,,oedipus and the ,sphinx4 ,,oedipus1 the ,king4 ,,oedipus at ,colonus4 ,,chapter ,,xx4 ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,younger ,,heroes3 ,,the ,,seven ,,against ,,thebes #bfe ,their ,exploits4 ,the ,seven against ,thebes4 ,antigone4 ,the ,epigoni4 ,,chapter ,,xxi4 ,,houses ,,concerned ,,in ,,the ,,trojan ,,war #bfi ,three ,families4 ,peleus4 ,achilles1 ,son of ,peleus4 ,atreus4 ,tyndareus4 ,,chapter ,,xxii4 ,,the ,,trojan ,,war #bgg ,its ,origin4 ,iphigenia in ,aulis4 ,protesilas and ,laodamia4 ,homer's ,iliad4 ,the ,wrath of ,achilles4 ,the ,enlistment of the ,gods4 ,thetis intercedes for ,achilles4 ,agamemnon calls a ,council4 ,paris plays the ,champion4 ,helen surveys the ,grecian ,host4 ,menelas defeats ,paris4 ,the ,two ,days' ,battle4 ,hector and ,andromache4 ,neptune aids the ,discouraged ,greeks4 ,jupiter inspirits the ,trojans4 ,achilles and ,patroclus4 ,patroclus in the ,armor of ,achilles4 ,the ,deaths of ,sarpedon and ,patroclus4 ,the ,remorse of ,achilles4 ,the ,reconciliation of ,agamemnon and ,achilles4 ,the ,death of ,hector4 ,achilles drags the ,body of ,hector4 ,priam in the ,tent of ,achilles4 ,,chapter ,,xxiii4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,troy #cjg ,the ,fall of ,troy4 ,the ,death of ,achilles4 ,contest for the ,arms of ,achilles4 ,paris and ,,oenone4 ,the ,palladium4 ,the ,wooden ,horse4 ,laocon and the ,serpents4 ,the ,death of ,priam4 ,the ,survivors4 ,helen1 ,menelas1 and ,agamemnon4 ,electra and ,orestes4 ,orestes pursued by the ,furies4 ,his ,purification4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,wanderings ,,of ,,ulysses #cah ,from ,troy to ,phacia4 ,the ,lotos-eaters4 ,the ,cyclopes4 ,the ,bag of ,winds4 ,the ,lstrygonians4 ,the ,isle of a4 ,ulysses visits ,hades4 ,the ,sirens4 ,scylla and ,charybdis4 ,the ,cattle of the ,sun4 ,calypso's ,island4 ,the ,land of the ,phacians4 ,fate of the ,suitors4 ,tennyson's ,ulysses4 ,,chapter ,,xxv4 ,,adventures ,,of ,,neas #cdf ,from ,troy to ,italy4 ,the ,departure from ,troy4 ,the ,promised ,empire4 ,the ,harpies4 ,epirus4 ,the ,cyclopes ,again4 ,the ,resentment of ,juno4 ,the ,sojourn at ,carthage4 ,dido4 ,palinurus4 ,italy at ,last4 ,the ,sibyl of ,cum4 ,the ,infernal ,regions4 ,the ,elysian ,fields4 ,the ,valley of ,oblivion4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,war ,,between ,,trojans ,,and ,,latins #cfb ,the ,fulfillment of ,prophecy4 ,the ,gates of ,janus ,opened4 ,camilla4 ,alliance with ,evander4 ,the ,site of ,future ,rome4 ,turnus attacks the ,trojan ,camp4 ,nisus and ,euryalus4 ,the ,death of ,mezentius4 ,the ,deaths of ,pallas and ,camilla4 ,the ,final ,conflict4 ,,chapter ,,xxvii4 ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,norse ,,gods #cgc ,the ,creation4 ,yggdrasil4 ,odin and his ,valhalla4 ,the ,valkyries4 ,thor and the ,other ,gods4 ,loki and his ,progeny4 ,the ,conflict with the ,mountain ,giants4 ,the ,recovery of ,thor's ,hammer4 ,thor's ,visit to ,jtunheim4 ,the ,sword of ,freyr4 ,the ,death of ,balder4 ,the ,funeral of ,balder4 ,the ,elves4 ,ragnarok4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii4 ,,myths ,,of ,,norse ,,and ,,old ,,german ,,heroes #cih ,the ,saga of the ,volsungs4 ,the ,lay of the ,nibelungs4 ,,chapter ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,the ,,nibelung #daj ,wagner's ,tetralogy4 ,the ,rhine-gold4 ,the ,valkyrie4 ,siegfried4 ,the ,twilight of the ,gods4 ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,myth ,,chapter ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,elements ,,of ,,myth #dca ,kinds of ,myth4 ,divisions of ,inquiry4 ,elements of the ,myth4 ,reasonable ,myths4 ,unreasonable ,myths4 ,theory of ,deterioration4 ,theory of ,progress4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi4 ,,the ,,distribution ,,of ,,myths #ddg ,theories of ,resemblance4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii4 ,,the ,,preservation ,,of ,,myths #dej ,traditional ,history4 ,in ,greece4 ,roman ,poets of ,mythology4 ,records of ,norse ,mythology4 ,records of ,german ,mythology4 ,records of ,oriental ,mythology3 ,egyptian4 ,indian ,records4 ,persian ,records4 ,,commentary #dfe ,,rules ,,for ,,pronunciation #eda ,,index ,,of ,,mythological ,,subjects ,,and ,,sources #edc ,,index ,,of ,,modern ,,authors ,,and ,,artists #ehb ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,,figure ,,page #a4 ,jupiter surveying the ,world4 ,roman ,wall ,painting1 ,naples3 ,herculaneum and ,pompeii1 by ,h4 ,roux ,ain #c #b4 ,athena and ,giant4 ,greek ,bronze1 ,mus4 ,kircherianum3 ,journal of ,hellenic ,studies1 #d1 #ij #g #c4 ,zeus and ,giants4 ,ancient ,gem3 ,baumeister #c1 #agia #h #d4 ,prometheus making ,man4 ,roman ,sarcophagus in the ,capitoline3 ,baumeister #c1 #aefh #i ,upper row1 from left to right3 ,oceanus1 the ,sun-god1 ,clotho1 ,lachesis1 etc4 ,lower row3 ,cupid and ,psyche1 ,ga 7,tellus71 ,prometheus1 the newly created ,man to whom ,minerva gives life 7the butterfly74 ,death1 ,cupid with down-turned torch1 the first man dead1 ,atropos1 ,mercury4 #e4 ,poseidon 7,neptune71 ,dionysus 7,bacchus7 and ,goddess4 ,east ,frieze1 ,parthenon1 in the ,british ,museum3 ,photograph #ag #f4 ,two ,hours4 ,greek ,vase ,painting1 ,st4 ,petersburg3 ,roscher #a1 #bgbg #ah #g4 ,zeus from ,dodona4 ,greek ,bronze3 ,photograph #bj #h4 ,zeus after ,phidias4 ,coin of ,elis3 ,a4 ,s4 ,murray1 ,greek ,bronzes1 opp4 p4 #ha #ba #i4 ,hera of ,argos4 ,greek ,marble3 ,argive ,herum1 #a #bb #aj4 ,athena ,velletri4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,louvre3 ,photograph #bc #aa4 ,ares ,ludovisi4 ,ancient ,marble in ,rome3 ,photograph #bd #ab4 ,ares 7,mars74 ,painting by ,raphael3 ,photograph #be #ac4 ,the ,forge of ,vulcan4 ,roman ,relief3 ,baumeister #c1 #afdj #be #ad4 ,apollo 7so-called ,adonis74 ,ancient ,marble in the ,vatican3 ,photograph #bf #ae4 ,apollo ,belvedere4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,vatican3 ,photograph #bg #af4 ,apollo4 ,greek ,bronze from ,thessaly1 ,british ,museum3 ,murray1 ,greek ,bronzes1 ,fig4 #bh #bh #ag4 ,diana4 ,painting by ,correggio3 ,photograph #bi #ah4 ,diana 7,artemis7 of ,versailles4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,louvre3 ,photograph #cj #ai4 ,artemis ,knagia4 ,ancient ,silver ,medallion from ,herculaneum3 ,roscher #a1 #eff #ca #bj4 ,hermes ,psychopompos4 ,greek ,stele of ,myrrhina3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,sculptured ,tombs1 ,fig4 #gb #cd ,hermes 7,mercury7 leading to the underworld the spirit of a lady1 ,myrrhina1 who has just died4 ,from a relief on her tomb4 #ba4 ,eros 7,cupid74 ,ancient ,marble1 ,naples3 ,photograph #cf #bb4 ,rape of ,ganymede4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,vatican3 ,baumeister #b1 #hia #cg #bc4 ,polyhymnia4 ,ancient ,marble1 ,berlin3 ,baumeister #b1 #aahe #cg #bd4 ,the ,three ,fates4 ,painting attributed to ,michelangelo1 but recently conjectured to be by ,rosso ,fiorentino4 ,florence3 ,photograph #ch #be4 ,boreas4 ,greek ,reliefs1 ,athens3 ,baumeister #c1 #bcgj #ci #bf4 ,zephyros4 ,greek ,reliefs1 ,athens3 ,baumeister #c1 #bcgj #ci #bg4 ,boreas carrying off ,orithyia4 ,greek ,vase ,painting1 ,munich3 ,baumeister #a1 #cgc #dj #bh4 ,iris carrying ,child4 ,vase ,painting3 ,gerhard1 ,auserlesene ,vasenbilder1 #b1 #hc #da #bi4 ,demeter of ,knidos4 ,greek ,marble in the ,british ,museum3 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,handbook of ,greek and ,roman ,sculpture1 ,plate #bdg #db #cj4 ,ceres4 ,roman ,wall ,painting3 ,i4 ,weir1 ,greek ,painting1 p4 #cdc #dc #ca4 ,dionysus and the ,vine4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,british ,museum3 ,roscher #a1 #bib #dd #cb4 ,pan the ,hunter4 ,ancient ,terra ,cotta3 ,murray and ,hutton1 ,plate ,,vi #de #cc4 ,a ,satyr with ,grafting ,materials4 ,ancient ,gem3 ,pine's ,virgil #df #cd4 ,the ,greek ,underworld4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting from ,canusium3 ,baumeister #c1 #bjdb ,b #dh ,center3 ,hades and ,persephone4 ,above1 left3 ,megara1 wife of ,heracles1 and two of her children1 slain by ,heracles when mad4 ,above1 right3 a ,fury guarding ,pirithos and ,theseus4 ,middle1 left3 ,orpheus playing and dancing1 and an unknown family group4 ,middle1 right3 the three judges of the dead4 ,below3 ,sisyphus1 a ,fury1 ,hermes1 ,heracles with ,cerberus1 a ,fury1 ,tantalus4 #ce4 ,hermes conducting a ,soul to ,charon4 ,ancient ,terra ,cotta3 ,archologische ,zeitung1 ,berlin #di #cf4 ,hypnos 7,somnus1 ,sleep74 ,murray1 ,greek ,bronzes1 opp4 p4 #gb #ej #cg4 ,a ,fury4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,roscher #a1 #accd #ea #ch4 ,hades4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,villa ,borghese1 ,rome3 ,baumeister #a1 #fij #ec #ci4 ,death1 ,sleep1 and ,hermes laying a ,body in the ,tomb4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,sculptured ,tombs1 ,fig4 #e #ed #dj4 ,poseidon from ,dodona4 ,greek ,bronze in the ,british ,museum3 ,murray1 ,greek ,bronzes1 ,fig4 #cb #ee #da4 ,wedding of ,poseidon and ,amphitrite4 ,ancient ,marble ,frieze1 ,munich3 ,baumeister #c1 #agdd ,b #ef #db4 ,triton carrying off a ,nymph4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,vatican3 ,baumeister #c1 #aifd #eg #dc4 ,bearded ,janus4 ,roman ,coin3 ,baumeister #b1 #aaff ,a #fj #dd4 ,genius ,loci4 ,wall ,painting from ,herculaneum in the ,naples ,museum3 ,gusman1 ,pompeii1 p4 #ajg #fb #de4 ,ganymede feeding the ,eagle4 ,ancient ,relief3 ,pietro ,santi ,bartoli1 ,gli4 ,antichi ,sepolcri #fd #df4 ,hermes 7,mercury7 kills ,argus in presence of ,zeus4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,roscher #b1 #bgi #fe #dg4 ,io1 ,argus1 and ,mercury4 ,wall ,painting from ,herculaneum in the ,naples ,museum3 ,baumeister #a1 #hjb #ff #dh4 ,europa on the ,bull4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,iv #fi #di4 ,nereds on ,sea ,beasts4 ,ancient ,marble ,frieze in ,munich3 ,baumeister #c1 #agdd ,a #gj #ej4 ,youthful ,bacchus embracing ,semele in presence of ,apollo and a ,satyr4 ,etruscan ,mirror1 ,berlin3 ,baumeister #a1 #eeg #ga #ea4 ,amphion and ,zethus4 ,ancient ,relief in the ,palazzo ,spada1 ,rome3 ,roscher #b1 #caa #gf #eb4 ,contest of ,athena and ,poseidon for the ,supremacy of ,athens4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting1 ,st4 ,petersburg3 ,baumeister #c1 #aedb #hc #ec4 ,athena4 ,ancient ,marble in ,hope ,collection3 ,furtwngler1 ,masterpieces1 ,fig4 #bg #he #ed4 ,cadmus slaying the ,dragon4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting1 ,naples3 ,baumeister #b1 #hbb #hg ,athena counseling4 ,above3 river-god ,ismenos1 fountain-nymph ,krene1 and personification of ,thebes4 #ee4 ,harmonia in ,company of ,deities4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,ephemeris1 #ahig-ahih1 ,plate ,x #hi ,aphrodite1 ,eros1 ,harmonia standing1 ,peitho 7,persuasion7 sitting1 and ,kor1 ,hebe1 ,himeros 7,desire74 #ef4 ,the ,forge of ,vulcan4 ,painting by ,velasquez3 ,photograph #ij #eg4 ,a ,sacrifice to ,apollo4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,gardner-,jevons ,manual1 p4 #bdi1 ,fig4 #af #ia #eh4 ,apollo with ,hyacinthus4 ,ancient ,marble in ,hope ,collection3 ,roscher #af-ag1 #bgfe #ic #ei4 ,the ,fall of ,phathon4 ,roman ,relief in the ,louvre3 ,baumeister #c1 #addi #ig ,upper left-hand corner3 ,phathon making his request of ,helios 7,phoebus74 ,below3 the ,heliades turning into trees4 ,center3 the maddened horses1 one chariot wheel1 and ,phathon falling into the arms of ,eridanus4 ,the horsemen left and right of the four horses are ,castor and ,pollux4 ,earth-gods1 sea-gods1 and other figures4 #fj4 ,a ,son of ,niobe4 ,ancient ,marble in ,florence3 ,baumeister #c1 #agea #ajj #fa4 ,the ,children of ,niobe4 ,ancient ,relief1 ,st4 ,petersburg3 ,baumeister #c1 #agei #aja #fb4 ,niobe and her ,youngest ,daughter4 ,ancient ,marble1 ,florence3 ,baumeister #c1 #agdf #ajb #fc4 sculapius 7,asklepios74 ,ancient ,marble1 ,florence3 ,furtwngler1 ,masterpieces1 ,fig4 #hg #ajd #fd4 ,admetus must ,die4 ,wall painting from ,herculaneum in ,naples3 ,baumeister #a1 #ec #ajf #fe4 ,heracles4 ,ancient ,marble in ,lansdowne ,house3 ,photograph #ajh #ff4 ,the ,palatine ,apollo4 ,ancient ,marble in ,vatican3 ,baumeister #a1 #ajd #aaj #fg4 ,daphne4 ,ancient ,marble3 ,springer1 ,kunstgeschichte1 #a1 #ccf #aac #fh4 ,artemis 7,diana74 ,ancient ,marble1 ,dresden3 ,furtwngler1 ,masterpieces1 p4 #cbe #aag #fi4 ,arethusa4 ,ancient ,coin3 ,baumeister #b1 #aadj #aah #gj4 ,a ,young ,river-god4 ,ancient ,bronze ,head3 ,roscher #i1 #adhi #aai #ga4 ,acton4 ,ancient ,marble ,relief3 ,baumeister #a1 #da #aba #gb4 ,the ,pleiades4 ,painting by ,elihu ,vedder3 ,photograph #abc #gc4 ,endymion4 ,ancient ,relief in the ,capitoline1 ,rome3 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,handbook of ,greek and ,roman ,sculpture1 ,plate #cjf #abd #gd4 ,the ,death of ,adonis4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,louvre3 ,baumeister #a1 #ag #abg ,right3 ,adonis leaves ,venus4 ,center3 he is wounded4 ,left3 he is cared for by ,venus1 ,cupid1 and attendants4 #ge4 ,psyche at the ,couch of ,cupid4 ,painting by ,thumann3 ,photograph #acj #gf4 ,psyche and ,cupid on ,mount ,olympus4 ,painting by ,thumann3 ,photograph #acf #gg4 ,artemis of ,gabii4 ,ancient ,marble in the ,louvre3 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,handbook of ,greek and ,roman ,sculpture1 ,plate #bjg #aci #gh4 ,atalanta's ,race4 ,painting by ,poynter3 ,photograph #adj #gi4 ,hero and ,leander4 ,painting by ,keller3 ,photograph #add #hj4 ,thisbe4 ,painting by ,edward ,burne-,jones3 ,photograph #adh #ha4 ,hermes and ,dog disguised as ,pig4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting1 ,vienna3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,x,x,x,i,i,ia #aea #hb4 ,silenus taking ,dionysus 7,bacchus7 to ,school4 ,ancient ,terra ,cotta3 ,murray and ,hutton1 ,fig4 #cf #aeb #hc4 ,bearded ,dionysus on ,mule1 attended by ,satyr4 ,old ,greek ,terra ,cotta ,relief3 ,baumeister #a1 #dha #aec #hd4 ,satyr and ,mnad with ,child ,dionysus4 ,ancient ,relief3 ,baumeister #b1 #icb #aed #he4 ,dionysus at ,sea4 ,greek ,vase ,painting in the ,pinakothek1 ,munich3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,i #aee #hf4 ,bacchic ,procession4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,arch4 ,zeit4 #aef #hg4 ,dionysus visiting a ,poet4 ,ancient ,relief1 ,naples3 ,baumeister #c1 #ahdi #aeg #hh4 ,rape of ,proserpina4 ,ancient ,relief3 ,baumeister #a1 #dfa #aei #hi4 ,hades and ,persephone4 ,ancient ,terra ,cotta3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,sculptured ,tombs1 ,fig4 #bi #afa #ij4 ,sacrifice to ,demeter and ,persephone4 ,greek ,relief in ,paris3 ,baumeister #a1 #deg #afb #ia4 ,triptolemus and the ,eleusinian ,deities4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #c1 #aieh #afd ,demeter behind the chariot and ,persephone and the nymph ,eleusis in front4 #ib4 ,demeter 7,ceres71 ,triptolemus1 and ,proserpina4 ,greek ,relief3 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,handbook of ,greek and ,roman ,sculpture1 ,plate #agh #afe #ic4 ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 ,painting by ,lord ,leighton3 ,photograph #aff #id4 ,farewell of ,orpheus and ,eurydice 7,mercury ready to lead her away74 ,ancient ,marble ,relief in ,villa ,albani1 ,rome3 ,photograph #afg #ie4 ,isthmian ,poseidon4 ,ancient ,marble in ,lateran3 ,springer1 ,kunstgeschichte1 #a1 ,fig4 #die #afi #if4 ,pelops winning the ,race2 ,hippodamia looking on4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #b1 #acie #aga #ig4 ,phosphor1 ,eos1 and ,helios 7the ,sun7 rising from the ,sea4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,gerhard1 ,akademische ,abhandlungen #agb #ih4 ,sun1 rising1 preceded by ,dawn4 ,painting by ,guido ,reni3 ,photograph #agc #ii4 ,sunrise2 ,eos 7,dawn7 pursuing ,cephalus4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,grammar of ,greek ,art1 ,fig4 #ga #agd ,the young stars descending2 to the left1 the moon 7,selene7 riding over the hills4 #ajj4 ,the ,god of ,sleep4 ,ancient ,relief3 ,baumeister #a1 #ggj #agf #aja4 ,the ,death of ,memnon 7,aurora lifting his body74 ,greek ,vase ,painting in the ,louvre3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xviii #ahj #ajb4 ,pan blowing his ,pipe1 ,echo answering4 ,ancient ,earthenware ,lamp3 ,baumeister #a1 #ead #ahb #ajc4 ,the ,music ,lesson 7,pan teaching a ,boy74 ,ancient ,marble1 ,florence3 ,baumeister #b1 #acdj #ahd #ajd4 ,bacchic ,dance 7,nymph and ,satyrs74 ,ancient ,relief3 ,baumeister #c1 #aica #ahd #aje4 ,silenus4 ,from an ancient candelabrum in ,munich3 ,baumeister #b1 #hie #ahe #ajf4 ,satyr 7,marble ,faun74 ,ancient ,marble in the ,capitoline1 ,rome3 ,photograph #ahf #ajg4 ,satyr swinging ,maiden4 ,greek ,vase ,painting in ,berlin3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xxxii #ahf #ajh4 ,satyr drinking from ,amphora4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting in ,baltimore3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,ix #ahg #aji4 ,narcissus gazing at his ,reflection4 ,wall ,painting from ,pompeii1 ,naples3 ,baumeister #b1 #abac #ahh #aaj4 ,a ,rustic4 ,wall ,painting from ,herculaneum #aie #aaa4 ,a ,rustic4 ,wall ,painting from ,herculaneum #aif #aab4 ,galatea and ,polyphemus4 ,wall ,painting in ,house of ,germanicus1 ,rome3 ,roscher #i1 #aehg #aii #aac4 ,a ,sea-god1 perhaps ,glaucus4 ,ancient ,marble in ,vatican3 ,baumeister #b1 #ihg #bjj #aad4 ,nereds and ,sea ,monsters4 ,ancient ,relief3 ,baumeister #b1 #abaf #bjd #aae4 ,the ,danads4 ,ancient ,marble ,relief in ,vatican3 ,roscher #f1 #iea #bjg #aaf4 ,dana and ,perseus and the ,chest4 ,greek ,vase ,painting in ,st4 ,petersburg3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xxxiv #bjh #aag4 ,medusa ,rondanini 7,front ,view74 ,ancient ,marble in ,munich3 ,furtwngler1 ,masterpieces1 ,fig4 #fc #bji #aah4 ,medusa ,rondanini 7,profile74 ,ancient ,marble in ,munich3 ,furtwngler1 ,masterpieces1 ,fig4 #fc #bji #aai4 ,perseus4 ,marble by ,cellini in ,florence3 ,photograph #baj #abj4 ,perseus with the ,head of ,medusa4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,gerhard #baa #aba4 ,perseus finds ,andromeda4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting in ,museum1 ,berlin3 ,jahrbuch des ,d4 ,arch4 ,instituts ,,xi 7#ahif71 ,plate ,,ii #bab ,right3 ,aphrodite holding wreath over ,perseus' head4 ,left3 ,cepheus seated1 ,hermes with his wand1 and an thiopian inhabitant4 #abb4 ,bellerophon and ,pegasus4 ,ancient ,relief3 ,baumeister #a1 #cag #bae #abc4 ,heracles strangling the ,nemean ,lion4 ,greek ,vase ,painting in ,british ,museum3 ,baumeister #a1 #gbb #bag ,left3 ,iolaiis and the local nymph ,nemea4 ,right3 ,athena and ,hermes4 #abd4 ,heracles killing the ,hydra 7behind him ,athena and ,iolaiis74 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #a1 #gbd #bag #abe4 ,heracles bringing ,home the ,boar 7,eurystheus hiding in a wine jar74 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xii #bah #abf4 ,heracles with the ,bull3 ,metope of the ,temple of ,zeus at ,olympia3 ,baumeister #b1 #abhe #bai #abg4 ,heracles and ,cerberus4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #a1 #gcj #bbj ,left3 ,athena and ,hermes4 ,right3 ,goddess of the ,underworld4 #abh4 ,heracles and ,antus4 ,greek ,vase ,painting in ,athens3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xxiv #bba #abi4 ,hercules and ,nessus 7,dejanira in ,chariot74 ,wall ,painting from ,pompeii3 ,baumeister #a1 #gcc #bbf #acj4 ,the ,building of the ,argo1 ,athene directing4 ,ancient ,terra ,cotta ,relief in the ,british ,museum3 ,baumeister #a1 #abg #bbi #aca4 ,jason conquers the ,bulls and steals the ,fleece4 ,ancient ,relief in ,vienna3 ,baumeister #b1 #iha #bca ,center3 etes seated4 ,right3 ,medea assists her lover4 #acb4 ,medea deliberating upon the ,murder of her ,children4 ,wall ,painting from ,herculaneum3 ,baumeister #b1 #idh #bcd #acc4 ,medea and ,daughters of ,pelias preparing the ,caldron4 ,ancient ,marble ,relief1 ,berlin3 ,photograph #bce #acd4 ,meleager on the ,boar ,hunt4 ,roman ,relief3 ,baumeister #b1 #iij #bch ,atalanta appears twice1--as before the hunt to the left of the central figures1 as during the hunt in front of ,meleager1 and shooting an arrow into the boar4 #ace4 ,the ,death of ,meleager4 ,roman ,sarcophagus in the ,louvre3 ,baumeister #b1 #iia #bda ,right3 the contest between ,meleager and his uncles4 ,left3 ,altha putting the fateful brand into the fire2 behind her a ,fury whose torch has lighted the fire4 ,center3 the dying ,meleager1 and ,atalanta seated mourning4 #acf1 #acg4 ,castor and ,pollux capturing the ,giant ,talus4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #c1 #ahjd #bdd1 #bde ,pollux on foot in front of ,medea4 ,seated ,deities on right1 ,poseidon and ,amphitrite4 #ach4 ,ddalus and ,icarus4 ,ancient ,relief in the ,villa ,albani1 ,rome3 ,roscher #f1 #icd #bdg #aci4 ,so-called ,theseus4 ,greek ,marble in the ,parthenon3 ,baumeister #b1 #acgj #bdi #adj4 thra caresses ,theseus and sends him forth with his ,father's ,sword4 ,greek ,vase ,painting1 ,st4 ,petersburg3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xxii #bea #ada4 ,theseus receiving ,thanks from the ,rescued after killing the ,minotaur4 ,campanian ,wall ,painting in ,naples3 ,baumeister #c1 #ahgf #beb #adb4 ,the ,sleeping ,ariadne4 ,ancient ,marble in ,vatican3 ,baumeister #a1 #acj #bed #adc4 ,head of ,dionysus4 ,ancient ,marble1 ,leyden3 ,roscher #g1 #aabh #bef #add4 ,the ,revels of ,bacchus and ,ariadne4 ,roman ,sarcophagus3 ,baumeister #a1 #dib #beg ,large figures from left to right3 ,priest1 ,satyr1 ,mnad1 ,mercury1 ,bacchus and ,ariadne seated1 ,satyr1 ,mnad1 priest4 ,small figures3 ,desire 7,himeros7 and ,love leading ,pan captive1 followed by ,silenus4 #ade4 ,lapith and ,centaur fighting4 ,greek ,metope from the ,parthenon1 ,british ,museum3 ,photograph #bei #adf4 ,,oedipus and the ,sphinx4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,grammar of ,greek ,art1 ,fig4 #gj #bfa #adg4 ,eteocles and ,polynices kill each other4 ,etruscan ,relief1 ,florence3 ,baumeister #c1 #ahda #bff #adh4 ,the ,gods bring ,wedding ,gifts4 ,ancient ,relief from the ,villa ,albani1 ,rome3 ,baumeister #a1 #gei #bga ,from right to left1 married couple1 ,vulcan1 ,minerva1 the four seasons 7,winter1 ,spring1 ,summer1 ,autumn7 ,hymen with torch1 ,comus1 ,amor pushing jealous deity away4 #adi4 ,map of the ,troad and the ,hellespont #bgc #aej4 ,helen persuaded by ,aphrodite2 ,paris 7,alexander7 held by ,love4 ,ancient ,relief in ,naples3 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,handbook1 ,plate #cab #bgg #aea4 ,achilles taken from ,scyros by ,ulysses 7to the right7 and ,diomedes 7to the left74 ,pompeian ,wall ,painting1 ,naples3 ,roscher #a1 #bg #bgi #aeb4 ,the ,sacrifice of ,iphigenia4 ,pompeian ,wall ,painting1 ,naples3 ,baumeister #a1 #hjg #bha #aec4 ,the ,surrender of ,brises4 ,relief by ,thorwaldsen3 ,photograph #bhd #aed4 ,hector's ,farewell4 ,relief by ,thorwaldsen3 ,photograph #bia #aee1 #aef4 ,the ,embassy to ,achilles4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,grammar of ,greek ,art1 ,fig4 #gb #bid1 #bie ,left section3 ,brises is led away4 ,right section3 ,ajax and ,ulysses1 leaning on staff1 plead with ,achilles2 at the right1 ,phoenix4 #aeg4 ,the ,battle by the ,ships4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #a1 #ghc #bif ,perhaps the moment when ,ajax retreats4 ,hector presses upon him followed by a youth with a torch4 ,at the extreme right1 ,paris drawing a bow4 #aeh4 ,supposed ,menelas with the ,body of ,patroclus4 ,ancient ,marble1 ,florence3 ,baumeister #a1 #ghe #bih #aei4 ,contest of ,achilles and ,hector4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #a1 #ghh #cjb ,left3 ,athene4 ,right3 ,apollo4 #afj4 ,achilles over the ,body of ,hector at the ,tomb of ,patroclus 7whose shade is running above the tomb74 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,sculptured ,tombs1 ,fig4 #dj #cjc #afa4 ,priam's ,visit to ,achilles 7under whose couch lies the body of ,hector74 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #a1 #gia #cjd ,achilles has been taking his dinner4 ,servants bear gifts behind ,priam4 #afb4 ,achilles and the ,amazon ,penthesilea4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #c1 #babc #cjg #afc4 ,,oenone warning ,paris not to sail for ,greece4 ,ancient ,relief1 in the ,villa ,ludovisi1 ,rome3 ,baumeister #b1 #acfj #cji #afd4 ,the ,wooden ,horse4 ,ancient ,gem3 ,baumeister #a1 #gid #caj #afe1 #aff4 ,the ,sack of ,troy4 ,greek ,vase ,painting1 ,naples3 ,baumeister #a1 #gie #cab1 #cac ,priam on altar1 ,astyanax on his lap1 and ,polites1 whom ,pyrrhus has just killed1 at his feet4 ,pyrrhus is about to strike ,priam4 ,behind him rushes ,andromache to strike a kneeling soldier4 ,below1 under the palm tree1 sits ,hecuba facing the statue of ,minerva 7a ,palladium7 behind which ,helen is seen to cower4 ,in front ,cassandra clings to the statue1 while ,ajax1 striding over the body of her dead lover1 tries to drag her away by the hair4 ,to the left1 neas1 with ,anchises in his arms1 and little ,ascanius are hastening away4 #afg4 ,orestes and ,electra at the ,tomb of ,agamemnon4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #c1 #aici #cae #afh4 ,orestes pursued by ,furies4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #b1 #acac #caf #afi4 ,orestes and ,pylades before the ,king of the ,tauri 7,iphigenia as a priestess on the steps of the temple74 ,wall ,painting from ,pompeii1 ,naples3 ,springer1 ,kunstgeschichte1 #a1 #ebi #caf #agj4 ,ulysses offering the ,cyclops ,wine4 ,ancient ,statuette in the ,vatican3 ,baumeister #b1 #abea #cah #aga4 ,boring out the ,cyclops' ,eye4 ,from an ,attic ,vase3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,grammar of ,greek ,art1 p4 #bbe #cbb #agb4 ,ulysses and ,two ,companions under the ,rams4 ,greek ,vase ,painting3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xxix #cbc #agc4 ,the ,castle of ,circe4 ,sicilian ,vase ,painting3 ,baumeister #b1 #hci #cbe #agd4 ,ulysses and the ,sirens4 ,greek ,vase ,painting in the ,british ,museum3 ,p4 ,gardner1 ,grammar of ,greek ,art1 p4 #bbg1 ,fig4 #gh #cbi #age4 ,ulysses and ,scylla4 ,etruscan ,relief3 ,baumeister #c1 #agfb #ccj #agf4 ,penelope at the ,loom1 and ,telemachus4 ,greek ,vase ,painting in ,museum1 ,chiusi3 ,harrison-,maccoll1 ,plate ,,xli #cci #agg4 ,ulysses recognized by ,euryclea 7behind him ,eumus74 ,ancient ,terra ,cotta ,relief3 ,baumeister #b1 #abeg #cda #agh1 #agi4 ,ulysses kills the ,suitors4 ,greek ,vase ,painting1 ,berlin3 ,baumeister #c1 #baci #cdb1 #cdc ,it will be seen that the suitors are defending themselves4 #ahj4 ,the ,nike 7,victory7 of ,samothrace4 ,greek ,statue in the ,louvre3 ,von ,mach1 ,greek ,sculpture1 ,plate facing p4 #cj #cde #aha4 neas1 ,anchises1 and ,iulus4 ,ancient ,gem1 ,uffizi1 ,florence #cdg #ahb4 ,scylla 7carved end of ancient table74 ,chefs d',,oeuvres de l',art ,antique1 ,paris1 #ahfg #cdi #ahc4 ,the ,cuman ,sibyl4 ,painting by ,michelangelo in the ,vatican3 ,photograph #cec #ahd4 ,ixion on the wheel4 ,ancient ,vase ,painting1 ,berlin3 ,baumeister #a1 ,fig4 #hba #ceh ,below1 right3 ,vulcan looking at his handiwork2 a ,fury and ,hermes4 ,above3 winged forms1 perhaps the ,hours1 to see that the motion is perpetual4 ,one is even now shoving the wheel2 the other has just taken off her hand to point your turn4 #ahe4 ,amazon4 ,ancient ,marble ,statue3 ,guhl and ,koner #cfd #ahf4 ,valkyrie bearing a ,hero to ,valhalla4 ,painting by ,dielitz3 ,photograph #cge #ahg4 ,loki and ,siguna4 ,painting by ,gebhardt3 ,photograph #cic #ahh4 ,gunther and ,brunhild4 ,fresco by ,julius ,schnorr von ,carolsfeld3 ,photograph #djf #ahi4 ,siegfried and ,kriemhild4 ,fresco by ,julius ,schnorr von ,carolsfeld3 ,photograph #djg ,,full-,,page ,,illustrations ,,and ,,maps ,,page ,lemnian ,athena ,frontispiece ,statue1 possibly after ,phidias1 reconstructed by ,furtwngler from torso in ,dresden and head in ,bologna3 ,photograph4 ,hera of the ,vatican #bb ,ancient ,marble in the ,vatican3 ,photograph4 ,venus 7,aphrodite7 of ,melos #cb ,greek ,marble in the ,louvre3 ,photograph4 ,greece in the ,fifth ,century ,b4,c4 #fd ,the ,farnese ,bull ,group3 ,amphion1 ,zethus1 ,dirce1 and ,antiope #gd ,ancient ,marble in ,naples3 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,handbook1 ,fig4 #dd4 ,apollo and ,daphne #aab ,marble ,group by ,bernini1 ,villa ,borghese1 ,rome3 ,photograph4 ,aphrodite 7,petworth ,head7 #abf ,ancient ,marble in ,london3 ,furtwngler1 ,masterpieces1 ,plate ,,xvii4 ,eros with ,bow #acf ,ancient ,marble in the ,capitoline ,museum3 ,baumeister #a1 #eci4 ,hermes of ,praxiteles #aej ,greek ,marble in ,olympia3 ,photograph4 ,perseus freeing ,andromeda #bab ,ancient ,relief in the ,capitoline ,museum3 ,roscher #b1 #cdf4 ,the ,wedding of ,hercules and ,hebe #bbf ,ancient ,apulian ,vase ,painting in ,berlin3 ,baumeister #a1 #gjj4 ,amazon #cjf ,ancient ,marble in ,lansdowne ,house3 ,photograph4 ,laocon #caj ,greek ,marble in the ,vatican3 ,photograph4 ,the ,outer ,geography of the ,odyssey #cah ,flying ,mercury #ccj ,statue by ,giovanni di ,bologna in ,florence3 ,photograph4 ,italy before the ,growth of the ,roman ,empire #cdf ,the ,victory 7,nike7 of ,brescia #cgb ,ancient ,bronze ,statue3 ,e4 von ,mach1 ,greek ,sculpture1 ,plate ,,xxxv1 ,no4 #d4 ,,introduction ,,the ,,study ,,of ,,mythology ,,in ,,connection ,,with ,,english ,,poetry ,,and ,,with ,,art ,our ,american educational methods too frequently seek to produce the effect of polish upon a kind of sandstone information that will not stand polishing4 ,with such fatuity many of our teachers in the secondary schools exercise their pupils in the study of ,english masterpieces and in the critical estimate of sthetic qualities before acquainting them with the commonplace facts and fables that1 transmitted through generations1 are the material of much of our poetry because the material of daily converse1 imagination1 and thought4 ,these commonplaces of tradition are to be found largely in the literature of mythology4 ,of course the evil would be neither so widespread nor so dangerous if more of the guardians and instructors of our youth were at home even among the ,greek and ,latin classics4 ,but for various reasons1--some valid1 as1 for instance1 the importance of increased attention to the modern languages and the natural sciences2 others worthless1 as the so-called utilitarian protest against the cultivation of dead languages1--for various reasons the study of the classics is at present considerably impaired4 ,it is1 therefore1 incumbent upon our universities and schools1 recognizing this fact and deploring it1 to abate so far as possible the unfortunate consequences that proceed therefrom1 until1 by a readjustment of subjects of instruction and of the periods allotted them1 the ,greek and ,latin classics shall be reinstated in their proper place as a means of discipline1 a humanizing influence1 the historic background against which our present appears4 ,for1 cut off from the intellectual and imaginative sources of ,greece and ,rome1 the state and statesmanship1 legislation and law1 society and manners1 philosophy1 religion1 literature1 art1 and even artistic appreciation1 run readily shallow and soon dry4 ,now1 one evident means of tempering the consequence of this neglect of the classics is the study of them through translations and summaries4 ,such secondhand study must indeed be ever a makeshift2 for the literature of a people inheres in its language1 and loses its seeming and often its characteristic when caparisoned in the trappings of another speech1--an utterance totally dissimilar1 the outcome of diverse conditions of physical environment1 history1 social and intellectual tradition4 ,but in dealing with the purely imaginative products of antiquity1 the inefficacy of translation may be somewhat offset if those products be reproduced1 so far as possible1 not in the prosaic but in the poetic atmosphere and in the imaginative garb of art4 ,for though the phenomena of plastic art are not the same in one continent as in another1 or from one century to the next1 and though the fashion of poetry itself varies from age to age and from clime to clime1 the genesis of imagination is universal1 its products are akin1 and its process is continuous4 ,for this reason the study of the imaginative thought of the ancients through the artistic creations of the moderns is commended to students and readers as feasible and profitable4 ,the study of the classic myths stimulates to creative production1 prepares for the appreciation of poetry and other kinds of art1 and furnishes a clew to the spiritual development of the race4 #a4 ,classic mythology has been for succeeding poetry1 sculpture1 and painting1 a treasure house replete with golden tales and glimmering thoughts1 passions in the rough and smooth1 and fancies rich bejeweled4 ,like ,virgil's ,shadows that flit by the ,lethean stream until at beck of ,fate they revisit upper day and the ever-tranquil stars1 these ghosts of far-off things and battles long ago1 peopling the murmurous glades of myth1 await the artist who shall bestow on each his new and predetermined form and restore them1 purified and breathing of ,elysian air1 to the world of life and ever-young mankind4 #b4 ,for the reader the study of mythology does1 in this respect1 as much as for poet1 sculptor1 or painter4 ,it assists him to thrid the labyrinth of art1 not merely with the clew of tradition1 but with a thread of surer knowledge whose surest strand is sympathy4 ,the knowledge of mythic lore has led men in the past broadly to appreciate the motives and conditions of ancient art and literature1 and the uniform and ordered evolution of the sthetic sense4 ,and1 beside enriching us with heirlooms of fiction and pointing us to the sources of imaginative joy from which early poets of ,hellenic verse1 or ,norse1 or ,english1 drank1 the classic myths quicken the imaginative and emotional faculties to-day1 just as of old4 ,how many a man held by the sorrows of the ,labdacid or the love of ,alcestis1 by some curious wonder in ,pausanias1 or some woe in ,hyginus1 has waked to the consciousness of artistic fancy and creative force within himself6 ,how many1 indifferent to the well-known round1 the trivial task1 the nearest care of home1 have read the ,farewell to ,andromache and lived a new sympathy1 an unselfish thrill1 a purified delight6 ,and not only as an impulse toward artistic output1 or patriotic devotion1 or domestic altruism1 but as a restraining influence1 a chastener of sthetic excess1 a moderator of the unchartered freedom that knows no mean between idolatry and loathing1 of the foolish frenzy that affects new things1 abnormal and sensational1 in literature1 music1 and the plastic arts1--as such a tutor and governor is the study of beautiful myths invaluable4 ,long familiarity with the sweet simplicity1 the orderly restraint1 the severe regard1 the filial awe that pervade the myths of ,greece and ,rome1--or with the newness of life and fullness and wonder of it1 the navet and the romance1 of ,eddic lore1--cannot but graciously temper our modern estimate of artistic worth4 ,the study1 when illustrated by masterpieces of literature and art1 should lead to the appreciation of concrete artistic productions of both these kinds4 ,it goes without saying that a rational series of somewhat consecutive stories is more serviceable to the reader than a congeries of data acquired by spasmodic consultation of the classical dictionary1--a mass of information bolted1 as it were1 but by no means digested4 ,if1 moreover1 these stories are narrated in genealogical and realistic sequence and are illustrated by lyric1 narrative1 and descriptive passages of modern literature1 there is furnished not only that material of allusion and reference for which the student nowadays trusts to meager and disjointed textbook notes1 but a potentiality that should render the general reading of belles-lettres more profitable4 ,for a previous acquaintance with the material of literary tradition heightens the appreciation of each allusive passage as it is encountered2 it enables the reader to sympathize with the mood and to enter into the purpose of the poet1 the essayist1 the novelist1 the orator2 it expands the intellectual lungs for the atmosphere breathed by the artist1 at any rate for a literary and social atmosphere less asthmatic than that to which so many of us are unconsciously habituated4 ,of course all this advantage would far better result from the first-hand nutriment and discipline of the ,greek and ,latin classics2 of course direct familiarity with the writers of ,greece and ,rome is the sine qua non of level-headed criticism and broad evaluation of modern literature2 and1 of course1 a sympathy with the imaginings of old is the best incentive to an sthetic estimate not only of art but of nature to-day2 but if our ,american pupils and many of their teachers cannot quaff ,massic and ,falernian1 they do well to scent the bouquet4 ,in time a sense of flavor may perchance be stimulated1 and ultimately a desire for nearer acquaintance with the literatures that we inherit4 ,the study of these ancient tales serves1 then1 much more than the purpose of special information4 ,it refines the sthetic judgment in general1 and heightens the enjoyment of such works of literature as1 not treating of mythical or classical subjects1 still possess the characteristics of the classic3 the unconscious simplicity1 the inevitable charm1 and the noble ideality4 ,the ,lycidas1 the ,adonais1 the ,thyrsis1 the ,in ,memoriam1 the ,ode to ,duty1 the ,bothie of ,tober-na-,vuolich1 the ,hymn of ,man1 ,love is ,enough1 ,prospice1 ,festus1 the ,ode of ,life1 the ,dream of ,gerontius1 ,lying in the ,grass1 and ,simmenthal must mean little to one devoid of the spirit of classicism4 ,in respect of art a similar inspiration1 aid1 instruction1 are afforded by the study4 ,this volume is liberally supplied with cuts of famous paintings and sculptures of mythical subjects4 ,familiarity with specimens of ancient art1 even through the medium of photography and engraving1 must not only cultivate the historic sense but stimulate the sthetic4 ,the cruder efforts of the ancients1 no less than the more refined1 are windows through which we view the ancient mind4 ,the frequent contemplation of their nobler efforts and of the modern masterpieces here reproduced may avail to lift some from the level of apathy or provinciality in matters of imagination2 some it may spur to a study of the originals1 some to artistic creation4 ,a public which1 from year to year1 displays a deeper interest in the art of foreign lands will despise no auxiliary to a more intelligent appreciation of that art4 ,a country whose future in artistic achievement cannot be prophesied in a paragraph will more and more truly recognize the value of a study that is an introduction to much that is best in art as it exists4 #c4 ,furthermore1 it must be borne in mind that the myths of the ancients1 as the earliest literary crystallization of social order and religious fear1 record the incipient history of religious ideals and of moral conduct4 ,for though ethnologists may insist that to search for truth in mythology is vain1 the best of them will grant that to search for truth through mythology is wise and profitable4 ,if we accept the statement 7often stretched beyond its proper limit7 that mythology is primitive philosophy1 and the other statement that an ancient philosophy never dies1 but by process of internal growth1 of modification1 and of accretion acquires a purer spirit and a new and higher form1--then1 since truth was never yet conceived of error 7ex nihilo nihil fit71 the truth now recognized1 while it did not exist in that fraction of myth which happens to be irrational1 existed as an archetypal impulse1--set the myth in motion1 and1 as a process refining the mind of man1 tended steadily to eliminate from primitive philosophy 7that is1 from the myths that embodied primitive philosophy7 the savage1 ephemeral1 and irrational element4 ,for all myths spring from the universal and inalienable desire to know1 to enjoy1 to teach4 ,these impulses of knowledge1 of imaginative relaxation1 of conduct1 are the throbbing of the heart of reason2 the first or the second is the primal pulse of every myth1 and to the life of every myth each impulse may be1 at some period1 contributory4 ,this study has led men to trace soberly the progress of their kind from the twilight of gray conjecture to the dawn of spiritual conviction and rational individuality2 to discern a continuity of thought1 an outward reach of imagination1 an upward lift of moral and religious ideas2 to confess the brotherhood of humanity and an inspiring purpose which holds good for every race and through all time4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,teachers #a4 ,of the ,classic ,myths in their ,relation to ,literature4 ,it is essential that the teacher of mythology1 no matter what textbook or system he uses or what classic epic he proposes to present1 should first make himself acquainted with the meaning of myth1 its origin and elements2 the difference between myth and fable1 between myths explanatory and myths sthetic1 myths reasonable and myths unreasonable1 the theories of myth-making as a process of deterioration or as a process of development4 ,he should also inform himself concerning the ways in which the leading myths have been disseminated1 and how the survivors have been preserved4 ,materials for this preparation he will find in ,chapters ,,xxx-,,xxxii of this book as readily1 perhaps1 as elsewhere2 but no matter where he obtains this information he should in a simple and interesting talk pass on the cream of it to the pupils about to begin the study of the stories themselves4 ,he will in that way bring them to a reasonable appreciation of the value of myths and their relation to our civilization1 and awaken in them anticipatory interest in the proposed reading4 ,it is a great mistake to plunge students of high-school age1 without preliminary orientation and a justification of the study1 into a world which may otherwise appear to them unreasonable in conception and unrelated in experience4 ,pupils may1 if time permits1 read these concluding chapters1 and so obtain a systematic outlook upon the subject1 during a brief review in the senior year1 but not earlier4 ,this book should be studied for its materials and the inspiration that it affords1--not word by word for its style1 or as a dictionary or scientific authority2 nor paragraph by paragraph with a painful committing to memory of each myth and each episode in the myth4 ,discrimination must be made4 ,some of these myths1 and especially the episodes from the epics 7,chapters ,,xxii-,,xxix71 are to be read rapidly and in large assignments1 sometimes at home with reports in class1 sometimes in class and at sight1 but always for the enjoyment4 ,others are to be studied in detail1 but solely when they are of special and vital significance1 historically1 morally1 or sthetically4 ,emphasis should be laid only occasionally and sparingly upon interpretations of mythical materials4 ,what both teacher and student should aim at is the picture--manners1 morals1 ideals1 heroic figures1 epic events1 broad and vivid against the canvas of antiquity3 that1 and the reality of classic order1 grandeur1 and restraint4 ,the myths are here presented in a logical and genealogical arrangement2 and they should be studied in this order1 so that the pupil may carry away1 not a jumble of sporadic recollections1 but some conception of the systems of creative imagination which obtained in earlier civilizations4 ,the knowledge of the myths and the proper perspective of their relation1 one to another1 may further be fixed by the study of the family ties that motivate many of the incidents of mythical adventure1 and that must have been commonplaces of information to the inventors and narrators of these stories4 ,the myths may well be reproduced as exercises in narration1 comparison1 description2 and they may be regarded as stimulus for imaginative invention concerning local wonders and beauties of nature4 ,pupils may also be encouraged to consider1 and to comment upon1 the moral qualities of the heroes and heroines of mythology4 ,thus they may be led to recognize the difference between ancient and modern standards of right and wrong4 ,to this end1 and for the supply of further nutriment1 it is important that teachers collect from their reading of the classic originals1 or from translations of the ,iliad1 the ,odyssey1 the ,greek dramatists1 the neid1 the ,metamorphoses1 etc41 material supplementary to the text1 and give it freely to their classes4 ,to facilitate this practice the sources of the myths have been indicated in the footnotes of this volume1 and a few of the best translations have been mentioned in the ,commentary4 ,instructors should also read to the classes illustrative ,english poems1 or portions of them based upon the myths under consideration2 and they should encourage the pupils to collect from their ,english reading additional examples of the literary survival or adaptation of ancient story4 ,for this purpose special sections of the ,commentary have been prepared1 indicating some of the best known literary applications of each myth4 ,the ,commentary is numbered in sections corresponding to those of the text4 ,the ,textual ,notes should be studied in connection with each lesson1 the ,interpretative more sparingly1 as ,i have said4 ,they should not be suffered to spoil the interest in the stories as such4 ,they are of interest in themselves only to maturer minds4 ,allusions and interpretations which the younger pupil does not appreciate will1 if the book is used for purposes of reference in his further ,english1 ,latin1 or ,greek studies1 be clear before the end of his course4 ,from the outset care should be taken that pupils give to the classical names their proper accent1 and that they anglicize both vowels and consonants according to the recognized rules laid down in the ,latin grammars1 the ,english dictionaries1 and the pages preceding the ,index of this book4 ,mythological and classical geography should not be neglected4 ,the maps accompanying this volume will be serviceable2 but there should be in the classroom one of ,kiepert's maps of the ,world as ,known to the ,ancients 7,orbis ,veteribus ,notus71 or maps of ,ancient ,italy1 ,greece1 and ,asia ,minor4 ,the teacher will find the ,international ,atlas 7,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons1 ,new ,york71 ,a4 ,keith ,johnston's ,school and ,college ,atlas of ,ancient ,geography1 or the new edition of the same by ,james ,cranstoun1 issued as ,ginn and ,company's ,classical ,atlas1 indispensable in the prosecution of general reading4 ,when it is the intention to study1 in connection with the book1 an ,homeric epic or a portion of it1 the teacher should first make sure that the class has an adequate preliminary training in general mythology 7such1 for instance1 as may be provided by the first twenty-one chapters72 he should then outline rapidly and entertainingly the epic as a whole1 emphasizing its position in the literature of the world and its relation to the world of its own times1 before proceeding to read it in detail with the class4 ,excellent suggestions as to this method of study are offered in the ,introduction to ,maxwell ,chubb's ,pope's ,homer's ,iliad1 ,books ,i1 ,,vi1 ,,xxii1 and ,,xxiv 7,longmans71 and in the ,introduction to the ,riverside ,edition of the ,odyssey3 ,ulysses among the ,phacians 7,houghton ,mifflin ,company74 ,the more important myths and the best illustrative poems should provide not only nutriment for thought1 but material for memory4 ,our youth in the push for hasty achievement bolt their meals2 they masticate little1 swallow everything1 digest nothing1--and having agonized1 forget4 ,if fewer things were dispatched1 especially in the study of literature1 and if more were intrusted to the memory1 there would be something to assimilate and time to assimilate it2 there would be less dyspepsia and more muscle4 ,teachers and parents are over-considerate1 nowadays1 of the memory in children3 they approach it gingerly2 they have feared so much to wring its withers that in most children the memory has grown too soft for saddling4 ,in our apprehension lest pupils may turn out parrots1 we have too often turned them out loons4 ,it is better that a few of the facts in their heads be wrong than that no facts be there at all4 ,with all our study of children and our gabble about methods of teaching them1 while we insist1 properly enough1 that youth is the seedtime of observation1 we seem to have forgotten that it is also the harvest-time of memory4 ,it is easy for children to remember what they learn1 it is a delight for them to commit to memory2 we act criminally when we send them forth with hardly a fact or a date or a glorious verse in the memory of one out of ten of them4 ,such1 unfortunately1 is the case in many of our schools2 and such was not the case in the day of our fathers4 ,pupils should be encouraged to recite memoriter the best poems and verses that accompany the myths here given2 and they should not be allowed to pass allusions already explained without recalling verses that contain them4 ,but above all things should be cultivated1 by means of this study1 the spiritual capabilities of our youth4 ,pabulum for thought1 accurate habits of memory1 critical judgment1 simplicity and directness of oral and written expression1 may all be furnished or developed by other educative agencies2 but what stimulus to fancy1 to poetic sensitiveness and reflection1 to a near kinship with the spirit of nature humanized1 can be found more cogent than the contemplation of the poetic traditions that abide in verse8 ,mythology1 fraught with the fire of imagination1 kindles the present from the past4 ,in this new world of ours1 shall slopes and mountains1 gorges1 caons1 flowery fields and forests1 rivers1 bays1 ,titanic lakes1 and shoreless reach of ocean be seen of eyes that lack insight1 be known of men for whom nature does not live8 ,surely the age of myth is not wholly past2 surely the beauties and the wonders of nature are a fable of things never fully revealed2 surely this new republic of ours1 no less than her prototypes by ,tyrrhenian and gean seas1 utters1 in her queenly form and flowing robes1 a spirit1 a truth1 a potential poetry1 and a beauty of art1 the grace of which we ,americans1 with deeper imaginative training and sympathy and awe1 may yet more highly value and more clearly comprehend4 #b4 ,of the ,classic ,myths in their ,relation to ,art4#a ,the illustration of a book on ancient mythology offers great difficulties1 because the modern reader expects one thing and the ancient artist1 on whose works one must rely1 intentionally offers a very different thing4 ,we have grown to be a reading people1 forming our ideas largely on the written word1 while in antiquity the spoken word opened the door to understanding4 ,a story which has been committed to writing is fixed for all time1 having lost its power of growth2 whereas a tale that passes from mouth to mouth1 with no record by which to check its accuracy in particulars1 is free to expand4 ,it changes with the moods of those who tell it1 and the intellectual and moral standards of those who listen4 ,people to-day are unimaginative and literal4 ,they also expect that the pictures which illustrate their books shall follow the individual conceptions of the author closely4 ,when the story is dramatized a certain latitude is granted to the actor2 the artist1 however1 who illustrates the book has no such freedom4 ,he is expected to take precisely the author's view of a fictitious character1 and1 consequently1 his individuality may show itself only in the technique4 ,in antiquity there were no standard books of fiction or of myths4 ,when writing came into use with the sixth century before ,christ1 the individual versions of this or that great epic poem or drama were preserved2 but the great mass of the people knew them1 not because they had read the manuscripts1 but because they had heard them acted or recited4 ,book illustrations1 therefore1 were unknown4 ,yet so powerful was the impression which the myths made on the people that most of the artists drew their inspiration from them4 ,artists and poets alike wished to make real the powerful characters of ,greek tradition4 ,to make a literally true illustration of any one version of a great myth was not the aim of a classic artist4 ,another difficulty is found in the fact that few ancient myths continued to be equally interesting to the people all the time4 ,it is therefore necessary for us1 in choosing illustrations1 to draw on all periods of ancient art1 the crude beginning and the decline as well as the brief span of fine art4 ,the comparatively meager store of genuinely classic works of art acts as one of the greatest obstacles to the compilation of a continuous record of classic myths in classic art4 ,to give such a record1 however1 rather than to illustrate his book1 must be the aim of the author who publishes to-day a version of ancient mythology together with such pictures or reliefs or statues as are preserved4 ,the modern reader of such a book should therefore appreciate this fact3 he must make allowance for the gradual development of ancient art4 ,the picture is not there for the sake of strengthening the written work1 but for its own sake4 ,it often offers an independent version of the myth which he reads1 and at all times may give him an insight into the mental make-up of the classic people4 ,sculpture was the finest art of the ,greeks1 if one may judge by the remains4 ,in this province the artists worked according to the best principles of art1 making their appeal directly to the nobler side of man4 ,before an ancient statue one feels the power of an idea immediately1 and not by the circuitous route of remembering a sequence of words which may have aimed to suggest a similar idea4 ,the ,greeks were the least literal in their sculpture4 ,their marbles1 therefore1 cannot yield illustrations which the modern editor can use1 except when they embody1 like the ,demeter of ,knidos 7,fig4 #bi7 or the ,athena of ,velletri 7,fig4 #aj71 a well-defined character-conception4 ,the modern reader1 on the other hand1 cannot fail to notice that this conception never does justice to the character of the goddess as it appears in all the myths1 and very rarely even to that characteristic which may dominate the particular version of any one myth4 ,if such pictures1 however1 were entirely omitted from the book1 the best means of appreciating the essential nobility of the ,greek mind would be lost4 ,none of the ,greek masterpieces of painting are extant4 ,their attenuated influence1 however1 may be traced in the ,italian wall paintings from ,pompeii and elsewhere4 ,painting permits greater literalness than sculpture4 ,the picture from ,herculaneum1 for instance1--,io1 ,argus1 and ,mercury 7,fig4 #dg71--tells a definite story and one which is also told by the poets4 ,but the painter has considered the making of a pleasing picture first1 and given only a secondary thought to accuracy of tradition4 ,this must be so2 for while we may without displeasure listen to the description of a monster1 we cannot see his actual representation without discomfort4 ,when we hear how the companions of ,ulysses were turned into swine1 the tragic note is never lost4 ,to paint this scene1 however1 and not to border on the ridiculous or the burlesque is given only to the greatest artist--if it is at all possible4 ,fortunately for our purposes of illustration1 there was a class of secondary artists in ,greece which did not always shrink from selecting subjects ill adapted for art1 and from rendering them with slight variations so that they are neither bad to look at nor altogether untrue4 ,these were the painters of vases4 ,some of them were masters of their craft 7cf4 ,fig4 #aaf71 others were of only mediocre skill4 ,all1 however1 like their nobler brethren1 were primarily concerned with the decorative and technical side of their art and but secondarily with their subject4 ,if the story1 for instance1 called for four persons and their space for five1 they unhesitatingly added the fifth person1 and1 vice versa1 removed one without compunction if they had place for fewer figures than the story demanded4 ,being1 moreover1 commercial people1 they painted according to fashion4 ,whatever version of a myth happened to be popular1 that they selected1 so that it has been possible to trace by their vases the changes which several myths underwent from the sixth century onward4 ,a careful student notices the similarity of types in many of these pictures and realizes that the ancient painter of vases started out with a certain stock-in-trade which he altered as little as possible1 adding something new only where it was absolutely necessary4 ,from these observations it is clear that the works of men who were least gifted artistically are the best adapted for the purposes of book illustrations2 for a painter is literal in the inverse ratio of his worth as artist4 ,nothing1 therefore1 could be less fair than to judge ,greek vase painting by the collection of pictures here offered4 ,only paintings like ,figures #he and #aja1 for instance1 can give a hint of the best that these men produced4 ,going gradually down the scale of artists one finally comes to the level of the makers of ,roman sarcophagi1 in whose honor it can only be said that to descend lower is impossible4 ,several myths1 however1--the story of the fall of ,phathon 7,fig4 #ei71 for instance1--are not illustrated in art before the decadent period of imperial ,roman sculpture4 ,it is therefore necessary to draw also upon this source4 ,of course unity of art or school or excellence cannot be preserved in a set of pictures which groups the ,demeter of ,knidos 7,fig4 #bi71 the blinding of ,polyphemus 7,fig4 #aga71 and the fall of ,phathon 7,fig4 #ei74 ,but individually the pictures help to fix in memory the particular stories that they are chosen to illustrate2 and collectively they show how strongly the myths here retold influenced the noblest fancy of the great artists as well as the receptive minds of mediocre artisans4 ,the suggestive power of classic myths1 moreover1 was not confined to antiquity4 ,when learning and culture returned to the world in the ,renaissance1 this power also returned4 ,raphael 7see ,fig4 #ab7 and ,michelangelo 7see ,fig4 #ahc7 were under its sway1 and so are many modern artists 7see ,figs4 #gb and #aed74 ,they did not all understand the classic spirit equally1 therefore some of their pictures are modern in everything save the title1 while others have caught the truth with singular accuracy and are modern only in technique4 ,adding these ,italian and more recent pictures to the collection further destroys mere unity1 but it insures1 on the other hand1 a full appreciation of the abiding and ennobling power of ancient mythology4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,preface4 ,,the ,,classic ,,myths ,,part ,i ,,myths ,,of ,,divinities ,,and ,,heroes ,,chapter ,i ,,greek ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,creation #a4 ,purpose of the ,study4 ,interwoven with the fabric of our ,english literature1 of our epics1 dramas1 lyrics1 and novels1 of our essays and orations1 like a golden warp where the woof is only too often of silver1 are the myths of certain ancient nations4 ,it is the purpose of this work to relate some of these myths1 and to illustrate the uses to which they have been put in ,english literature1 and1 incidentally1 in art4 #b4 ,the ,fable and the ,myth4 ,careful discrimination must be made between the fable and the myth4 ,a fable is a story1 like that of ,king ,log1 or the ,fox and the ,grapes1 in which characters and plot1 neither pretending to reality nor demanding credence1 are fabricated confessedly as the vehicle of moral or didactic instruction4 ,dr4 ,johnson narrows still further the scope of the fable3 ,it seems to be1 in its genuine state1 a narrative in which beings irrational1 and sometimes inanimate1 are1 for the purpose of moral instruction1 feigned to act and speak with human interests and passions4 ,myths1 on the other hand1 are stories of anonymous origin1 prevalent among primitive peoples and by them accepted as true1 concerning supernatural beings and events1 or natural beings and events influenced by supernatural agencies4 ,fables are made by individuals2 they may be told in any stage of a nation's history1--by a ,jotham when the ,israelites were still under the ,judges1 #abjj years before ,christ1 or by ,christ himself in the days of the most critical ,jewish scholarship2 by a ,menenius when ,rome was still involved in petty squabbles of plebeians and patricians1 or by ,phdrus and ,horace in the ,augustan age of ,roman imperialism and ,roman letters2 by an sop1 well-nigh fabulous1 to fabled fellow-slaves and ,athenian tyrants1 or by ,la ,fontaine to the ,grand ,monarch and the most highly civilized race of seventeenth-century ,europe4 ,fables are vessels made to order into which a lesson may be poured4 ,myths are born1 not made4 ,they are born in the infancy of a people4 ,they owe their features not to any one historic individual1 but to the imaginative efforts of generations of story-tellers4 ,the myth of ,pandora1 the first woman1 endowed by the immortals with heavenly graces1 and of ,prometheus1 who stole fire from heaven for the use of man2 the myth of the earthborn giants that in the beginning contested with the gods the sovereignty of the universe2 of the moon-goddess who1 with her buskined nymphs1 pursues the chase across the azure of the heavens1 or descending to earth cherishes the youth ,endymion1--these myths1 germinating in some quaint and childish interpretation of natural events or in some fireside fancy1 have put forth unconsciously1 under the nurture of the simple folk that conceived and tended them1 luxuriant branches and leaves of narrative1 and blossoms of poetic comeliness and form4 ,the myths that we shall relate present wonderful accounts of the creation1 histories of numerous divine beings1 adventures of heroes in which magical and ghostly agencies play a part1 and where animals and inanimate nature don the attributes of men and gods4 ,many of these myths treat of divinities once worshiped by the ,greeks and the ,romans1 and by our ,norse and ,german forefathers in the dark ages4 ,myths1 more or less like these1 may be found in the literatures of nearly all nations2 many are in the memories and mouths of savage races at this time existent4 ,but the stories here narrated are no longer believed by any one4 ,the so-called divinities of ,olympus and of ,asgard have not a single worshiper among men4 ,they dwell only in the realm of memory and imagination2 they are enthroned in the palace of art4 ,the stories of ,greek1 ,roman1 ,norse1 and ,german mythology that have most influenced our ,english literature will follow in the order named4 ,the ,romans1 being by nature a practical1 not a poetic1 people1 incorporated in their literature the mythology of the ,greeks4 ,we shall1 however1 append to our description of the ,greek gods a brief account of the native ,latin divinities that retained an individuality in ,roman literature4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,jupiter ,,surveying ,,the ,,world #c4 ,origin of the ,world4#b ,there were among the ,greeks several accounts of the beginning of things4 ,homer tells us that ,river ,ocean1 a deep and mighty flood1 encircling land and sea like a serpent with its tail in its mouth1 was the source of all4 ,according to other myths ,night and ,darkness were the prime elements of ,nature1 and from them sprang ,light4 ,still a third theory1 attributed to ,orpheus1 asserts that ,time was in the beginning1 but had himself no beginning2 that from him proceeded ,chaos1 a yawning abyss wherein brooded ,night and ,mist and fiery air1 or ther2 that ,time caused the mist to spin round the central fiery air till the mass1 assuming the form of a huge world egg1 flew1 by reason of its rapid rotation1 into halves4 ,of these1 one was ,heaven1 the other ,earth4 ,from the center of the egg proceeded ,eros 7,love7 and other wondrous beings4 ,but the most consistent account of the origin of the world and of the gods is given by the poet ,hesiod1 who tells us that ,chaos1 the yawning abyss1 composed of ,void1 ,mass1 and ,darkness in confusion1 preceded all things else4 ,next came into being broad-bosomed ,earth1 and beautiful ,love who should rule the hearts of gods and men4 ,but from ,chaos itself issued ,erebus1#c the mysterious darkness that is under ,earth1--and ,night1 dwelling in the remote regions of sunset4 ,from ,mother ,earth proceeded first the starry vault of ,heaven1 durable as brass or iron1 where the gods were to take up their abode4 ,earth brought forth next the mountains and fertile fields1 the stony plains1 the sea1 and the plants and animals that possess them4 #d4 ,origin of the ,gods4 ,so far we have a history of the throes and changes of the physical world2 now begins the history of gods and of men4 ,for in the heart of creation ,love begins to stir1 making of material things creatures male and female1 and bringing them together by instinctive affinity4 ,first ,erebus and ,night1 the children of ,chaos1 are wedded1 and from them spring ,light and ,day2 then ,uranus1 the personified ,heaven1 takes ,ga1 the ,earth1 to wife1 and from their union issue ,titans and hundred-handed monsters and ,cyclopes4 ,the ,titans#d appear to be the personification of mighty convulsions of the physical world1 of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes4 ,they played a quarrelsome part in mythical history2 they were instigators of hatred and strife4 ,homer mentions specially two of them1 ,iapetus and ,cronus2 but ,hesiod enumerates thirteen4 ,of these1 the more important are ,oceanus and ,tethys1 ,hyperion and ,thea1 ,cronus and ,rhea1 ,iapetus1 ,themis1 and ,mnemosyne4 ,the three ,cyclopes represented the terrors of rolling thunder1 of the lightning-flash1 and of the thunderbolt2 and1 probably1 for this reason1 one fiery eye was deemed enough for each4 ,the hundred-handed monsters1 or ,hecatonchires1 were also three in number4 ,in them1 probably1 the ,greeks imaged the sea with its multitudinous waves1 its roar1 and its breakers that seem to shake the earth4 ,these lightning-eyed1 these hundred-handed monsters1 their father ,uranus feared1 and attempted to destroy by thrusting them into ,tartarus1 the profound abysm of the earth4 ,whereupon ,mother ,earth1 or ,ga1 indignant1 called for help upon her elder children1 the ,titans4 ,none dared espouse her cause save ,cronus1 the crafty4 ,with an iron sickle he lay in wait for his sire1 fell upon him1 and drove him1 grievously wounded1 from the encounter4 ,from the blood of the mutilated ,uranus leaped into being the ,furies1 whose heads writhe with serpents2 the ,giants1 a novel race of monsters2 and the ,melic ,nymphs1 invidious maidens of the ashen spear4 #e4 ,the ,rule of ,cronus4 ,now follows the reign of ,cronus1 lord of ,heaven and ,earth4 ,he is1 from the beginning1 of incalculable years4 ,in works of art his head is veiled1 to typify his cunning and his reserve2 he bears the sickle not only as memento of the means by which he brought his father's tyranny to end1 but as symbol of the new period of growth and golden harvests that he ushered in4 ,for unknown ages ,cronus and ,rhea1 his sister-queen1 governed ,heaven and ,earth4 ,to them were born three daughters1 ,vesta1 ,ceres1 and ,juno1 and three sons1 ,pluto1 ,neptune1 and ,jupiter4 ,cronus1 however1 having learned from his parents that he should be dethroned by one of his own children1 conceived the well-intentioned but ill-considered device of swallowing each as it was born4 ,his queen1 naturally desirous of discouraging the practice1--when it came to the turn of her sixth child1 palmed off on the insatiable ,cronus a stone carefully enveloped in swaddling clothes4 ,jupiter 7or ,zeus71 the rescued infant1 was concealed in the island of ,crete1 where1 nurtured by the nymphs ,adrastea and ,ida1 and fed on the milk of the goat ,amalthea1 he in due season attained maturity4 ,then1 assisted by his grandmother ,ga1 he constrained ,cronus to disgorge the burden of his cannibal repasts4 ,first came to light the memorable stone1 which was placed in safe keeping at ,delphi2 then the five brothers and sisters of ,jupiter1 ardent to avenge themselves upon the unnatural author of their existence and their captivity4 #f4 ,the ,war of the ,titans4 ,in the war which ensued ,iapetus and all the ,titans1 except ,oceanus1 ranged themselves on the side of their brother ,cronus against ,jupiter and his recently recovered kinsfolk4 ,jupiter and his hosts held ,mount ,olympus4 ,for ages victory wavered in the balance4 ,finally ,jupiter1 acting again under the advice of ,ga1 released from ,tartarus1 where ,uranus had confined them1 the ,cyclopes and the ,hecatonchires4 ,instantly they hastened to the battle-field of ,thessaly1 the ,cyclopes to support ,jupiter with their thunders and lightnings1 the hundred-handed monsters with the shock of the earthquake4 ,provided with such artillery1 shaking earth and sea1 ,jupiter issued to the onslaught4 ,with the gleam of the lightning the ,titans were blinded1 by the earthquake they were laid low1 with the flames they were well-nigh consumed3 overpowered and fettered by the hands of the ,hecatonchires1 they were consigned to the yawning cave of ,tartarus4 ,atlas1 the son of ,iapetus1 was doomed to bear the heavens on his shoulders4 ,but a more famous son of the same ,titan1 ,prometheus1 who had espoused the cause of ,jove1 acquired dignity hereafter to be set forth4 #g4 ,the ,division of ,empire4 ,in the council of the gods that succeeded1 ,jupiter was chosen ,sovereign of the ,world4 ,he delegated to his brother ,neptune 7or ,poseidon7 the kingdom of the sea and of all the waters2 to his brother ,pluto 7or ,hades71 the government of the underworld1 dark1 unseen1 mysterious1 where the spirits of the dead should dwell1 and of ,tartarus1 wherein were held the fallen ,titans4 ,for himself ,jupiter retained ,earth and the ,heaven1 into whose broad and sunny regions towered ,olympus1 the favored mountain of the greater gods4#e #h4 ,the ,reign of ,jupiter4 ,new conflicts1 however1 awaited this new dynasty of ,heaven--conflicts1 the subject of many a tale among the ancients4 ,ga1 though she had aided her grandson ,jupiter in the war against ,cronus1 was soon seized with compunctions of conscience2 and contemplating the cruel fate of her sons the ,titans1 she conceived schemes of vengeance upon their conqueror4 ,another son was born to her--,typhon1 a monster more awful than his predecessors--whose destiny it was to dispute the sway of the almighty ,zeus4 ,from the neck of ,typhon dispread themselves a hundred dragon-heads2 his eyes shot fire1 and from his black-tongued chaps proceeded the hissing of snakes1 the bellowing of bulls1 the roaring of lions1 the barking of dogs1 pipings and screams1 and1 at times1 the voice and utterance of the gods themselves4 ,against ,heaven this horror lifted himself2 but quailing before the thunderbolt of ,jove1 he too descended to ,tartarus1 his own place and the abode of his brethren4 ,to this day1 however1 he grumbles and hisses1 thrusts upward a fiery tongue through the crater of a volcano1 or1 breathing siroccos1 scorches trees and men4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,athena ,,and ,,giant ,later still1 the ,giants1 offspring of the blood that fell from the wounded ,uranus1 renewed the revolt against the ,olympian gods4 ,they were creatures nearer akin to men than were the ,titans1 or the ,cyclopes1 or ,typhon4 ,they clothed themselves in the skins of beasts1 and armed themselves with rocks and trunks of trees4 ,their bodies and lower limbs were of snakes4 ,they were awful to encounter or to look upon4 ,they were named1 like men1 the earthborn2 and their characteristics would suggest some prehistoric brutish race1 hotheaded1 not amenable to reason4#f ,of the ,giants1 the more mighty were ,alcyoneus of the winter storms and icebergs1 ,pallas1 and ,enceladus1 and ,porphyrion the fire-king1--leader of the crew4 ,in the war against them1 ,juno and ,minerva1 divinities of the new dynasty of ,heaven1 took active part1--and ,hercules1 an earthly son of ,jupiter1 whose arrows aided in their defeat4 ,it was from the overthrow of ,pallas that ,athena 7or ,minerva7 derived1 according to certain records1 her proud designation of ,pallas-,athena4#g ,in due course1 like the ,titans and ,typhon1 the ,giants were buried in the abyss of eternal darkness4 ,what other outcome can be expected when mere physical or brute force joins issue with the enlightened and embattled hosts of heaven8 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,zeus ,,and ,,giants #i4 ,the ,origin of ,man was a question which the ,greeks did not settle so easily as the ,hebrews4 ,greek traditions do not trace all mankind to an original pair4 ,on the contrary1 the generally received opinion was that men grew out of trees and stones1 or were produced by the rivers or the sea4 ,some said that men and gods were both derived from ,mother ,earth1 hence both autochthonous2 and some1 indeed1 claimed an antiquity for the human race equal to that of the divinities4 ,all narratives1 however1 agree in one statement1--that the gods maintained intimate relations with men until1 because of the growing sinfulness and arrogance of mankind1 it became necessary for the immortals to withdraw their favor4 #aj4 ,prometheus1 a ,creator4 ,there is a story which attributes the making of man to ,prometheus1 whose father ,iapetus had1 with ,cronus1 opposed the sovereignty of ,jupiter4 ,in that conflict1 ,prometheus1 gifted with prophetic wisdom1 had adopted the cause of the ,olympian deities4 ,to him and his brother ,epimetheus was now committed the office of making man and providing him and all other animals with the faculties necessary for their preservation4 ,prometheus was to overlook the work of ,epimetheus4 ,epimetheus proceeded to bestow upon the different animals the various gifts of courage1 strength1 swiftness1 sagacity2 wings to one1 claws to another1 a shelly covering to a third4 ,but ,prometheus himself made a nobler animal than these4 ,taking some earth and kneading it with water1 he made man in the image of the gods4 ,he gave him an upright stature1 so that while other animals turn their faces toward the earth1 man gazes on the stars4 ,then since ,epimetheus1 always rash1 and thoughtful when too late1 had been so prodigal of his gifts to other animals that no blessing was left worth conferring upon the noblest of creatures1 ,prometheus ascended to heaven1 lighted his torch at the chariot of the sun1 and brought down fire4 ,with fire in his possession man would be able to win her secrets and treasures from the earth1 to develop commerce1 science1 and the arts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,,prometheus ,,making ,,man #aa4 ,the ,age of ,gold4 ,whether in this or in other ways the world was furnished with inhabitants1 the first age was an age of innocence and happiness4 ,truth and right prevailed1 though not enforced by law1 nor was there any in authority to threaten or to punish4 ,the forest had not yet been robbed of its trees to yield timbers for vessels1 nor had men built fortifications round their towns4 ,there were no such things as swords1 spears1 or helmets4 ,the earth brought forth all things necessary for man1 without his labor in plowing or sowing4 ,perpetual spring reigned1 flowers sprang up without seed1 the rivers flowed with milk and wine1 and yellow honey distilled from the oaks4 ,this ,golden ,age had begun in the reign of ,cronus4#h ,and when these heroes fell asleep in death1 they were translated in a pleasant dream to a spiritual existence1 in which1 unseen by mortal eyes1 they still attended men as monitors and guardians4 #ab4 ,the ,silver ,age came next1 inferior to the golden4 ,jupiter shortened the spring1 and divided the year into seasons4 ,then1 first1 men suffered the extremes of heat and cold1 and houses became necessary4 ,caves were their dwellings1--and leafy coverts of the woods1 and huts woven of twigs4 ,crops would no longer grow without planting4 ,the farmer was constrained to sow the seed1 and the ox to draw the plow4 ,this was a race of manly men1 but insolent and impious4 ,and when they died1 ,jupiter made them ghosts of the underworld1 but withheld the privilege of immortal life4 #ac4 ,prometheus1 ,champion of ,man4 ,during this age when1 as ,hesiod says1 the altars of the blessed were neglected1 and the gods were denied their due1 ,prometheus stood forth--the champion of man against the ,olympians4#i ,for the son of ,cronus had grudged mortals the use of fire1 and was1 in fact1 contemplating their annihilation and the creation of a new race4 ,therefore1 once upon a time1 when gods and men were in dispute at ,sicyon concerning the prerogatives of each1 ,prometheus1 by an ingenious trick1 attempted to settle the question in favor of man4 ,dividing into two portions a sacrificial bull1 he wrapped all the eatable parts in the skin1 cunningly surmounted with uninviting entrails2 but the bones he garnished with a plausible mass of fat4 ,he then offered ,jupiter his choice4 ,the king of ,heaven1 although he perceived the intended fraud1 took the heap of bones and fat1 and1 forthwith availing himself of this insult as an excuse for punishing mankind1 deprived the race of fire4 ,but ,prometheus regained the treasure1 stealing it from ,heaven in a hollow tube4 #ad4 ,pandora4 ,doubly enraged1 ,jupiter1 in his turn1 had recourse to stratagem4 ,he is declared to have planned for man a curse in the shape of woman4 ,how the race had persisted hitherto without woman is a mystery2 but that it had done so1 with no slight degree of happiness1 the experience of the ,golden ,age would seem to prove4 ,however1 the bewitching evil was fashioned1--in ,heaven1 properly enough1--and every god and goddess contributed something to her perfection4 ,one gave her beauty1 another persuasive charm1 a third the faculty of music4 ,and they named her ,pandora1 the gift of all the gods4 ,thus equipped1 she was conveyed to earth and presented to ,epimetheus1 who1 without hesitation1 accepted the gift1 though cautioned by his brother to beware of ,jupiter and all his ways4 ,and the caution was not groundless4 ,in the hand of ,pandora had been placed by the immortals a casket or vase which she was forbidden to open4 ,overcome by an unaccountable curiosity to know what this vessel contained1 she one day lifted the cover and looked in4 ,forthwith there escaped a multitude of plagues for hapless man--gout1 rheumatism1 and colic for his body2 envy1 spite1 and revenge for his mind--and scattered themselves far and wide4 ,pandora hastened to replace the lid2 but one thing only remained in the casket1 and that was hope4 #ae4 ,prometheus ,bound4 ,because of his unselfish devotion to the cause of humanity1 ,prometheus drew down on himself the anger of ,olympian ,jove1 by whose order he was chained to a rock on ,mount ,caucasus1 and subjected to the attack of an eagle 7or a vulture7 which1 for ages1 preyed upon his liver1 yet succeeded not in consuming it4 ,this state of torment might have been brought to an end at any time by ,prometheus1 if he had been willing to submit to his oppressor2 for he possessed a secret which involved the stability of ,jove's throne4 ,this was that by a certain woman ,jove would beget a son who should displace him and end the sway of the ,olympians4 ,the god naturally desired more accurate information of this decree of ,fate4 ,but to reveal the secret ,prometheus disdained4 ,in this steadfastness the ,titan was supported by the knowledge that in the thirteenth generation there should arrive a hero1--sprung from ,jove himself1--to release him4#aj ,and in fullness of time the hero did arrive3 none other than the mighty ,hercules desirous of rendering the highest service to mankind4 ,no higher service1 thinks this radiant and masterful personage1--who1 as we shall see1 had already cleared the world of many a monster1--remains to be performed than to free the champion of mankind1 suffering through the ages because he had brought light into the world4 ,the soul of man1 says ,hercules to the ,titan-- ,the soul of man can never be enslaved ,save by its own infirmities1 nor freed ,save by its very strength and own resolve ,and constant vision and supreme endeavor6 ,you will be free8 ,then1 courage1 ,o my brother6 ,o let the soul stand in the open door ,of life and death and knowledge and desire ,and see the peaks of thought kindle with sunrise6 ,then shall the soul return to rest no more1 ,nor harvest dreams in the dark field of sleep-- ,rather the soul shall go with great resolve ,to dwell at last upon the shining mountains ,in liberal converse with the eternal stars4#aa ,and he kills the vulture2 and sets ,jove's victim free4 ,by his demeanor ,prometheus has become the ensample of magnanimous endurance1 and of resistance to oppression4 ,titan6 to whose immortal eyes ,the sufferings of mortality1 ,seen in their sad reality1 ,were not as things that gods despise1 ,what was thy pity's recompense8 ,a silent suffering1 and intense2 ,the rock1 the vulture1 and the chain1 ,all that the proud can feel of pain1 ,the agony they do not show1 ,the suffocating sense of woe1 ,which speaks but in its loneliness1 ,and then is jealous lest the sky ,should have a listener1 nor will sigh ,until its voice is echoless4444 ,thy godlike crime was to be kind1 ,to render with thy precepts less ,the sum of human wretchedness1 ,and strengthen man with his own mind4 ,but1 baffled as thou wert from high1 ,still1 in thy patient energy1 ,in the endurance and repulse ,of thine impenetrable spirit1 ,which earth and heaven could not convulse1 ,a mighty lesson we inherit#ab4444 #af4 ,longfellow's ,prometheus4 ,a happy application of the story of ,prometheus is made by ,longfellow in the following verses3#ac ,of ,prometheus1 how undaunted ,on ,olympus' shining bastions ,his audacious foot he planted1 ,myths are told1 and songs are chanted1 ,full of promptings and suggestions4 ,beautiful is the tradition ,of that flight through heavenly portals1 ,the old classic superstition ,of the theft and the transmission ,of the fire of the ,immortals6 ,first the deed of noble daring1 ,born of heavenward aspiration1 ,then the fire with mortals sharing1 ,then the vulture1--the despairing ,cry of pain on crags ,caucasian4 ,all is but a symbol painted ,of the ,poet1 ,prophet1 ,seer2 ,only those are crowned and sainted ,who with grief have been acquainted1 ,making nations nobler1 freer4 ,in their feverish exultations1 ,in their triumph and their yearning1 ,in their passionate pulsations1 ,in their words among the nations1 ,the ,promethean fire is burning4 ,shall it1 then1 be unavailing1 ,all this toil for human culture8 ,through the cloud-rack1 dark and trailing1 ,must they see above them sailing ,o'er life's barren crags the vulture8 ,such a fate as this was ,dante's1 ,by defeat and exile maddened2 ,thus were ,milton and ,cervantes1 ,nature's priests and ,corybantes1 ,by affliction touched and saddened4 ,but the glories so transcendent ,that around their memories cluster1 ,and1 on all their steps attendant1 ,make their darkened lives resplendent ,with such gleams of inward lustre6 ,all the melodies mysterious1 ,through the dreary darkness chanted2 ,thoughts in attitudes imperious1 ,voices soft1 and deep1 and serious1 ,words that whispered1 songs that haunted6 ,all the soul in rapt suspension1 ,all the quivering1 palpitating ,chords of life in utmost tension1 ,with the fervor of invention1 ,with the rapture of creating6 ,ah1 ,prometheus6 heaven-scaling6 ,in such hours of exultation ,even the faintest heart1 unquailing1 ,might behold the vulture sailing ,round the cloudy crags ,caucasian6 ,though to all there is not given ,strength for such sublime endeavor1 ,thus to scale the walls of heaven1 ,and to leaven with fiery leaven ,all the hearts of men forever2 ,yet all bards1 whose hearts unblighted ,honor and believe the presage1 ,hold aloft their torches lighted1 ,gleaming through the realms benighted1 ,as they onward bear the message6 #ag4 ,the ,brazen ,age4 ,next to the ,age of ,silver came that of brass1#ad more savage of temper and readier for the strife of arms1 yet not altogether wicked4 #ah4 ,the ,iron ,age4 ,last came the hardest age and worst1--of iron4 ,crime burst in like a flood2 modesty1 truth1 and honor fled4 ,the gifts of the earth were put only to nefarious uses4 ,fraud1 violence1 war at home and abroad were rife4 ,the world was wet with slaughter2 and the gods1 one by one1 abandoned it1 ,astra1 following last1 goddess of innocence and purity4 #ai4 ,the ,flood4 ,jupiter1 observing the condition of things1 burned with anger4 ,he summoned the gods to council4 ,obeying the call1 they traveled the ,milky ,way to the palace of ,heaven4 ,there1 ,jupiter set forth to the assembly the frightful condition of the earth1 and announced his intention of destroying its inhabitants1 and providing a new race1 unlike the present1 which should be worthier of life and more reverent toward the gods4 ,fearing lest a conflagration might set ,heaven itself on fire1 he proceeded to drown the world4 ,not satisfied with his own waters1 he called his brother ,neptune to his aid4 ,speedily the race of men1 and their possessions1 were swept away by the deluge4 #bj4 ,deucalion and ,pyrrha4 ,parnassus alone1 of the mountains1 overtopped the waves2 and there ,deucalion1 son of ,prometheus1 and his wife ,pyrrha1 daughter of ,epimetheus1 found refuge--he a just man and she a faithful worshiper of the gods4 ,jupiter1 remembering the harmless lives and pious demeanor of this pair1 caused the waters to recede1--the sea to return to its shores1 and the rivers to their channels4 ,then ,deucalion and ,pyrrha1 entering a temple defaced with slime1 approached the unkindled altar and1 falling prostrate1 prayed for guidance and aid4 ,the oracle#ae answered1 ,depart from the temple with head veiled and garments unbound1 and cast behind you the bones of your mother4 ,they heard the words with astonishment4 ,pyrrha first broke silence3 ,we cannot obey2 we dare not profane the remains of our parents4 ,they sought the woods1 and revolved the oracle in their minds4 ,at last ,deucalion spoke3 ,either my wit fails me or the command is one we may obey without impiety4 ,the earth is the great parent of all2 the stones are her bones2 these we may cast behind us2 this1 ,i think1 the oracle means4 ,at least1 to try will harm us not4 ,they veiled their faces1 unbound their garments1 and1 picking up stones1 cast them behind them4 ,the stones began to grow soft and to assume shape4 ,by degrees they put on a rude resemblance to the human form4 ,those thrown by ,deucalion became men2 those by ,pyrrha1 women4 ,it was a hard race that sprang up1 and well adapted to labor4 #ba4 ,the ,demigods and ,heroes4 ,as preceding the ,age of ,iron1 ,hesiod mentions an ,age of ,demigods and ,heroes4 ,since1 however1 these demigods and heroes were1 many of them1 reputed to have been directly descended from ,deucalion1 their epoch must be regarded as subsequent to the deluge4 ,the hero1 ,hellen1 son of ,deucalion and ,pyrrha1 became the ancestor of the ,hellenes1 or ,greeks4 ,the olians and ,dorians were1 according to legend1 descended from his sons olus and ,dorus2 from his son ,xuthus1 the ,achans and ,ionians derived their origin4 ,another great division of the ,greek people1 the ,pelasgic1 resident in the ,peloponnesus or southern portion of the peninsula1 was said to have sprung from a different stock of heroes1 that of ,pelasgus1 son of ,phoroneus of ,argos and grandson of the river-god ,inachus4 ,the demigods and heroes were of matchless worth and valor4 ,their adventures form the subject of many of the succeeding chapters4 ,the ,older ,heroes1 especially1 were endowed with godlike qualities1 which they devoted to the service of mankind in the destruction of monsters1 the founding of cities1 or the introduction of civilization4 ,such were ,perseus1 the hero of ,argos and his descendant ,hercules1 who came to be worshiped as the national hero of the ,greeks4 ,such1 too1 ,cadmus1 the founder of ,thebes1 and ,cecrops of ,athens1 and one of his successors1 ,theseus1 a second ,hercules4 ,each city of ,greece had its patron hero1 to whom it accorded the honors of divinity4 ,the ,younger ,heroes were chieftains in the ,theban and the ,trojan wars and in numerous other military or predatory expeditions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,poseidon1 ,,dionysus1 ,,and ,,goddess ,,footnotes3 #b ,supplementary information concerning many of the myths may be found in the corresponding sections of the ,commentary4 ,for the pronunciation of names see ,index1 and ,rules preceding the ,index4 #c ,so far as possible1 ,latin designations1 or ,latinized forms of ,greek names1 are used4 #d ,on the ,titans1 etc41 ,preller's ,griech4 ,mythol4 #a1 #cg4 #e ,on signification of ,uranus1 ,cronus1 ,zeus1 see ,preller1 #a1 #cg1 #ch1 and ,commentary1 #d1 #bd4 #f ,roscher1 ,ausf4 ,lex41 ,article ,giganten ,j4 ,ilberg4 #g ,the name more probably signifies ,brandisher of the ,lance4 #h ,consequently the creation of these men could not be assigned to ,prometheus1--unless they were made by him before the war of the ,titans4 #i ,there is uncertainty as to the mythical period of these events4 ,the order here given seems to me well grounded4 ,hes4 ,works and ,days1 #ahj2 ,theog4 #gij-iaj4 #aj #aef1 #afa1 #aia and ,commentary1 #aj4 #aa ,from ,herakles1 a drama by ,george ,cabot ,lodge4 #ab ,from ,byron's ,prometheus4 ,see also his translation from the ,prometheus ,vinctus of schylus1 and his ,ode to ,napoleon ,buonaparte4 #ac ,prometheus1 or ,the ,poet's ,forethought4 ,see ,commentary4 #ad ,compare ,byron's political satire1 ,the ,age of ,bronze4 #ae ,oracles1 see #bd1 #cj1 and ,commentary4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,heaven#af ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,two ,,hours #bb4 ,olympus4 ,the heaven of the ,greek gods was the summit of an ideal mountain called ,olympus4#ag ,a gate of clouds1 kept by goddesses1 the ,hours or ,seasons1 opened to permit the passage of the ,celestials to earth1 and to receive them on their return4 ,the gods had their separate dwellings2 but all1 when summoned1 repaired to the palace of ,jupiter1--even the deities whose usual abode was the earth1 the waters1 or the underworld4 ,in the great hall of the ,olympian king the gods feasted each day on ambrosia and nectar4 ,here they conversed of the affairs of heaven and earth2 and as they quaffed the nectar that ,hebe poured1 ,apollo made melody with his lyre and the ,muses sang in responsive strain4 ,when the sun was set1 the gods withdrew to their respective dwellings for the night4 ,the following lines from the ,odyssey express the conception of ,olympus entertained by ,homer3 ,so saying1 ,minerva1 goddess1 azure-eyed1 ,rose to ,olympus1 the reputed seat ,eternal of the gods1 which never storms ,disturb1 rains drench1 or snow invades1 but calm ,the expanse and cloudless shines with purest day4 ,there the inhabitants divine rejoice ,forever4#ah #bc4 ,the ,great ,gods4 ,the gods of ,heaven were the following3#ai ,jupiter 7,zeus74#bj ,his daughter1 ,minerva 7,athena71 who sprang from his brain1 full-grown and full-armed4 ,his sister and wife1 ,juno 7,hera74 ,his children by ,juno1--,mars 7,ares71 ,vulcan 7,hephstus71 and ,hebe4 ,his children by ,latona1--,apollo1 or ,phoebus1 and ,diana 7,artemis74 ,his daughter by ,dione1--,venus 7,aphrodite74#ba ,his son by ,maia1--,mercury 7,hermes74 ,his sister1 ,vesta 7,hestia71 the oldest born of ,cronus and ,rhea4 ,of these all were deities of the highest order save ,hebe1 who must be ranked with the lesser gods4 ,with the remaining ten ,great ,gods are sometimes reckoned the other sister of ,jupiter1 ,ceres 7,demeter71 properly a divinity of earth1 and ,neptune 7,poseidon71 ruler of the sea4 #bd4 ,jupiter#bb 7,zeus74 ,the ,greek name signifies the radiant light of heaven4 ,jupiter was the supreme ruler of the universe1 wisest of the divinities and most glorious4 ,in the ,iliad he informs the other gods that their united strength would not budge him3 that1 on the contrary1 he could draw them and earth and the seas to himself1 and suspend all from ,olympus by a golden chain4 ,throned in the high1 clear heavens1 ,jupiter was the gatherer of clouds and snows1 the dispenser of gentle rains and winds1 the moderator of light and heat and the seasons1 the thunderer1 the wielder of the thunderbolt4 ,bodily strength and valor were dear to him4 ,he was worshiped with various rites in different lands1 and to him were sacred everywhere the loftiest trees and the grandest mountain peaks4 ,he required of his worshipers cleanliness of surroundings and person and heart4 ,justice was his2 his to repay violation of duty in the family1 in social relations1 and in the state4 ,prophecy was his2 and his will was made known at the oracle of ,dodona1 where answers were given to those who inquired concerning the future4 ,this oracular shrine was the most ancient in ,greece4 ,according to one account two black doves had taken wing from ,thebes in ,egypt4 ,one flew to ,dodona in ,epirus1 and1 alighting in a grove of oaks1 proclaimed to the inhabitants of the district that they should establish there an oracle of ,jupiter4 ,the other dove flew to the temple of ,jupiter ,ammon in the ,libyan oasis1 and delivered a similar command4 ,according to another account1 these were not doves but priestesses who1 carried off from ,thebes by the ,phoenicians1 set up oracles at ,oasis and ,dodona4 ,the responses of the oracle were given by the rustling of the oak trees in the wind4 ,the sounds were interpreted by priests4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,zeus ,that ,jupiter himself1 though wedded to the goddess ,juno1 should be charged with numerous other love affairs1 not only in respect of goddesses but of mortals1 is1 in part1 explained by the fact that to the supreme divinity of the ,greeks have been ascribed attributes and adventures of numerous local and foreign divinities that were gradually identified with him4 ,it is1 therefore1 not wise to assume that the love affairs of ,jupiter and of other divinities always symbolize combinations of natural or physical forces that have repeated themselves in ever-varying guise4 ,it is important to understand that the more ideal ,olympian religion absorbed features of inferior religions1 and that ,jupiter1 when represented as appropriating the characteristics of other gods1 was sometimes1 also1 accredited with their wives4 ,beside the children of ,jupiter already enumerated1 there should here be mentioned1 as of peculiar consequence1 ,bacchus 7,dionysus71 the god of wine1 a deity of earth1--,proserpine1 the wife of ,pluto and queen of the underworld1--and ,hercules1 the greatest of the heroes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,,zeus ,,after ,,phidias #be4 ,conceptions of ,jupiter4 ,the ,greeks usually conceived the ,jupiter of war as riding in his thunder-car1 hurling the thunderbolt or lashing his enemies with a scourge of lightning4 ,he wore a breastplate or shield of storm-cloud like the skin of a gray goat 7the gis71 fearful to behold1 and made by the god of fire4 ,his special messenger was the eagle4 ,it was1 however1 only with the passage of generations that the ,greeks came to represent their greatest of the gods by the works of men's hands4 ,the statue of ,olympian ,jove by ,phidias was considered the highest achievement of ,grecian sculpture4 ,it was of colossal dimensions and1 like other statues of the period1 chryselephantine1 that is1 composed of ivory and gold4 ,for the parts representing flesh were of ivory laid on a framework of wood1 while the drapery and ornaments were of gold4 ,the height of the figure was forty feet1 of the pedestal twelve4 ,the god was represented as seated on his throne4 ,his brows were crowned with a wreath of olive2 he held in his right hand a scepter1 and in his left a statue of ,victory4 ,the throne was of cedar1 adorned with gold and precious stones4 ,the idea which the artist essayed to embody was that of the supreme deity of the ,hellenic race1 enthroned as a conqueror1 in perfect majesty and repose1 and ruling with a nod the subject world4 ,phidias informs us that the idea was suggested by ,homer's lines in the first book of the ,iliad3 ,jove said1 and nodded with his shadowy brows2 ,waved on th' immortal head th' ambrosial locks1-- ,and all ,olympus trembled at his nod4#bc ,unfortunately1 our knowledge of this famous statue is confined to literary descriptions1 and to copies on coins4 ,other representations of ,jove have been obtained from ,greek bronze statuettes1 or the wall-paintings of ,herculaneum and ,pompeii4 #bf4 ,juno#bd 7,hera71 sister and wife of ,jupiter4 ,according to some1 the name ,hera means ,splendor of ,heaven1 according to others1 the ,lady4 ,some think it approves her goddess of earth2 others1 goddess of the air2 still others1 for reasons by no means final1 say that it signifies ,protectress1 and applies to ,juno in her original function of moon-goddess1 the chosen guardian of women1 their aid in seasons of distress4 ,juno's union with ,jupiter was the prototype of earthly marriages4 ,she is the type of matronly virtues and dignity4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,,hera ,,of ,,argos ,she was the daughter of ,cronus and ,rhea1 but was brought up by ,oceanus and ,tethys in their dwelling in the remote west beyond the sea4 ,without the knowledge of her parents1 she was wedded to ,jupiter in this garden of the gods where ambrosial rivers flowed1 and where ,earth sent up in honor of the rite a tree of life1 heavy with apples golden like the sunset4 ,juno was the most worthy of the goddesses1 the most queenly2 ox-eyed1 says ,homer2 says ,hesiod1 golden-sandaled and golden-throned4 ,glorious beyond compare was her presence1 when she had harnessed her horses1 and driven forth the golden-wheeled chariot that ,hebe made ready1 and that the ,hours set aside4 ,fearful1 too1 could be her wrath4 ,for she was of a jealous disposition1 which was not happily affected by the vagaries of her spouse2 and she was1 moreover1 prone to quarrels1 self-willed1 vengeful1 proud1 even on occasion deceitful4 ,once1 indeed1 she conspired with ,minerva and ,neptune to bind the cloud-compeller himself4 ,more than once she provoked him to blows2 and once to worse than blows1--for her lord and master swung her aloft in the clouds1 securing her wrists in golden handcuffs and hanging anvils to her feet4 ,the cities that the ox-eyed goddess favored were ,argos1 ,sparta1 and ,mycen4 ,to her the peacock and the cow were dear1 and many a grove and pasture rejoiced her sacred herds4 ,illustration3 ,,hera ,,of ,,the ,,vatican ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,,athena ,,velletri #bg4 ,minerva 7,athene or ,athena71 the virgin goddess4 ,she sprang from the brain of ,jove1 agleam with panoply of war1 brandishing a spear and with her battle-cry awakening the echoes of heaven and earth4 ,she is goddess of the lightning that leaps like a lance from the cloud-heavy sky1 and hence1 probably1 the name ,athene4#be ,she is goddess of the storms and of the rushing thunderbolt1 and is1 therefore1 styled ,pallas4 ,she is the goddess of the thundercloud1 which is symbolized by her tasseled breastplate of goatskin1 the gis1 whereon is fixed the head of ,medusa1 the ,gorgon1 that turns to stone all beholders4 ,she is also the goddess of war1 rejoicing in martial music and protecting the war horse and the warship4 ,on the other hand1 she is of a gentle1 fair1 and thoughtful aspect4 ,her ,latin name ,minerva is connected with the ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 and ,latin words for mind4 ,she is eternally a virgin1 the goddess of wisdom1 of skill1 of contemplation1 of spinning and weaving1 of horticulture and agriculture4 ,she is protectress of cities1 and was specially worshiped in her own ,athens1 in ,argos1 in ,sparta1 and in ,troy4 ,to her were sacrificed oxen and cows4 ,the olive tree1 created by her1 was sacred to her1 and also the owl1 the cock1 the serpent1 and the crow4 #bh4 ,mars 7,ares71#bf the war-god1 son of ,jupiter and ,juno4 ,the meaning of the name ,ares is uncertain2 the most probable significations are the ,slayer1 the ,avenger1 the ,curse4 ,the ,roman god of war1 ,mars1 is the bright and burning one4 ,homer1 in the ,iliad1 represents ,ares as the insatiable warrior of the heroic age1 who1 impelled by rage and lust of violence1 exults in the noise of battle1 revels in the horror of carnage4 ,strife and slaughter are the condition of his existence4 ,where the fight is thickest1 there he rushes in without hesitation1 without question as to which side is right4 ,in battle array he is resplendent1--on his head the gleaming helmet and floating plume1 on his arm the leathern shield1 in his hand the redoubtable spear of bronze4 ,well-favored1 stately1 swift1 unwearied1 puissant1 gigantic1 he is still the foe of wisdom1 the scourge of mortals4 ,usually he fights on foot1 sometimes from a chariot drawn by four horses1--the offspring of the ,north ,wind and a ,fury4 ,in the fray his sons attend him1--,terror1 ,trembling1 ,panic1 and ,fear1--also his sister ,eris1 or ,discord 7the mother of ,strife71 his daughter ,enyo1 ruiner of cities1 and a retinue of bloodthirsty demons4 ,as typifying the chances of war1 ,mars is1 of course1 not always successful4 ,in the battles before ,troy1 ,minerva and ,juno bring him more than once to grief2 and when he complains to ,jupiter1 he is snubbed as a renegade most hateful of all the gods4#bg ,his loved one and mistress is the goddess of beauty herself4 ,in her arms the warrior finds repose4 ,their daughter ,harmonia is the ancestress of the unquiet dynasty of ,thebes4 ,the favorite land of ,mars was1 according to ,homer1 the rough1 northerly ,thrace4 ,his emblems are the spear and the burning torch2 his chosen animals are haunters of the battle field1--the vulture and the dog4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,,ares ,,ludovisi #bi4 ,vulcan 7,hephstus71 son of ,jupiter and ,juno1 was the god of fire1 especially of terrestrial fire1--volcanic eruption1 incendiary flame1 the glow of the forge or the hearth4 ,but as the fires of earth are derived from that of heaven1 perhaps the name ,hephstus 7burning1 shining1 flaming7 referred originally to the marvelous brilliance of the lightning4 ,vulcan was the blacksmith of the gods1 the finest artificer in metal among them4 ,his forge in ,olympus was furnished not only with anvils and all other implements of the trade1 but with automatic handmaidens of silver and gold1 fashioned by ,vulcan himself4 ,poets later than ,homer assign to ,vulcan workshops under various volcanic islands4 ,from the crater of ,mount tna poured forth the fumes and flames of his smithy4 ,he built the dwellings of the gods2 he made the scepter of ,jove1 the shields and spears of the ,olympians1 the arrows of ,apollo and ,diana1 the breastplate of ,hercules1 the shield of ,achilles4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,ares 7,,mars7 ,he was lame of gait1--a figurative suggestion1 perhaps1 of the flickering1 unsteady nature of fire4 ,according to his own story1#bh he was born halt2 and his mother1 chagrined by his deformity1 cast him from ,heaven out of the sight of the gods4 ,yet1 again1#bi he says that1 attempting once to save his mother from ,jupiter's wrath1 he was caught by the foot and hurled by the son of ,cronus from the heavenly threshold3 ,all day ,i flew2 and at the set of sun ,i fell in ,lemnos1 and little life was left in me4 ,had he not been lame before1 he had good reason to limp after either of these catastrophes4 ,he took part in the making of the human race1 and in the special creation of ,pandora4 ,he assisted also at the birth of ,minerva1 to facilitate which he split ,jupiter's head open with an ax4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,,the ,,forge ,,of ,,vulcan ,his wife1 according to the ,iliad and ,hesiod's ,theogony1 is ,aglaia1 the youngest of the ,graces2 but in the ,odyssey it is ,venus4 ,he is a glorious1 good-natured god1 loved and honored among men as the founder of wise customs and the patron of artificers2 on occasion1 as a god of healing and of prophecy4 ,he seems to have been1 when he chose1 the cause of inextinguishable laughter to the gods1 but he was by no means a fool4 ,the famous god of the strong arms could be cunning1 even vengeful1 when the emergency demanded4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,,apollo ,,in ,,the ,,vatican #cj4 ,apollo1 or ,phoebus ,apollo1 the son of ,jupiter and ,latona1 was preminently the god of the sun4 ,his name ,phoebus signifies the radiant nature of the sunlight2 his name ,apollo1 perhaps1 the cruel and destructive heat of noonday4 ,soon after his birth1 ,jupiter would have sent him to ,delphi to inculcate righteousness and justice among the ,greeks2 but the golden god ,apollo chose first to spend a year in the land of the ,hyperboreans1 where for six continuous months of the year there is sunshine and spring1 soft climate1 profusion of herbs and flowers1 and the very ecstasy of life4 ,during this delay the ,delphians sang pans1--hymns of praise1--and danced in chorus about the tripod 7or three-legged stool71 where the expectant priestess of ,apollo had taken her seat4 ,at last1 when the year was warm1 came the god in his chariot drawn by swans1--heralded by songs of springtide1 of nightingales and swallows and crickets4 ,then the crystal fount of ,castalia and the stream ,cephissus overflowed their bounds1 and mankind made grateful offerings to the god4 ,but his advent was not altogether peaceful4 ,an enormous serpent1 ,python1 had crept forth from the slime with which1 after the flood1 the ,earth was covered2 and in the caves of ,mount ,parnassus this terror of the people lurked4 ,him ,apollo encountered and after fearful combat slew1 with arrows1 weapons which the god of the silver bow had not before used against any but feeble animals1--hares1 wild goats1 and such game4 ,in commemoration of this illustrious conquest1 he instituted the ,pythian games1 in which the victor in feats of strength1 swiftness of foot1 or in the chariot race1 should be crowned with a wreath of beech leaves4 ,apollo brought not only the warm spring and summer1 but also the blessings of the harvest4 ,he warded off the dangers and diseases of summer and autumn2 and he healed the sick4 ,he was patron of music and of poetry4 ,through his oracle at ,delphi1 on the slopes of ,parnassus in ,phocis1 the ,pythian god made known the future to those who consulted him4 ,he was a founder of cities1 a promoter of colonization1 a giver of good laws1 the ideal of fair and manly youth1--a pure and just god1 requiring clean hands and pure hearts of those that worshiped him4 ,but though a god of life and peace1 the far-darter did not shun the weapons of war4 ,when presumption was to be punished1 or wrong righted1 he could bend his bow and slay with the arrows of his sunlight4 ,as in the days of his youth he slew the ,python1 so1 also1 he slew the froward ,tityus1 and so the children of ,niobe4 ,while ,phoebus ,apollo is the ,olympian divinity of the sun1 fraught with light and healing1 spiritual1 creative1 and prophetic1 he must not be confounded with a god of the older dynasty1 ,helios 7offspring of ,hyperion1 ,titanic deity of light71 who represented the sun in its daily and yearly course1 in its physical rather than spiritual manifestation4 ,the bow of ,apollo was bound with laurel in memory of ,daphne1 whom he loved4 ,to him were sacred1 also1 many creatures1--the wolf1 the roe1 the mouse1 the he-goat1 the ram1 the dolphin1 and the swan4#cj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,,apollo ,,belvedere #ca4 ,shelley's ,hymn of ,apollo4 ,the sleepless ,hours who watch me as ,i lie1 ,curtained with star-inwoven tapestries1 ,from the broad moonlight of the sky1 ,fanning the busy dreams from my dim eyes1-- ,waken me when their mother1 the gray ,dawn1 ,tells them that dreams and that the moon is gone4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,,apollo ,then ,i arise1 and climbing ,heaven's blue dome1 ,i walk over the mountains and the waves1 ,leaving my robe upon the ocean foam2 ,my footsteps pave the clouds with fire2 the caves ,are filled with my bright presence1 and the air ,leaves the green earth to my embraces bare4 ,the sunbeams are my shafts1 with which ,i kill ,deceit1 that loves the night and fears the day2 ,all men who do or even imagine ill ,fly me1 and from the glory of my ray ,good minds and open actions take new might1 ,until diminished by the reign of night4 ,i feed the clouds1 the rainbows1 and the flowers ,with their ethereal colors2 the moon's globe ,and the pure stars in their eternal bowers ,are cinctured with my power as with a robe2 ,whatever lamps on ,earth or ,heaven may shine1 ,are portions of one power1 which is mine4 ,i stand at noon upon the peak of ,heaven1 ,then with unwilling steps ,i wander down ,into the clouds of the ,atlantic even2 ,for grief that ,i depart they weep and frown3 ,what look is more delightful than the smile ,with which ,i soothe them from the western isle8 ,i am the eye with which the universe ,beholds itself and knows itself divine2 ,all harmony of instrument or verse1 ,all prophecy1 all medicine1 are mine1 ,all light of art or nature2--to my song1 ,victory and praise in their own right belong4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,,diana4 ,after ,correggio #cb4 ,diana 7,artemis71 twin sister of ,apollo1 was born on ,mount ,cynthus in the island of ,delos4 ,latona1 the future mother of ,diana and ,apollo1 flying from the wrath of ,juno1 had besought1 one after another1 the islands of the gean to afford her a place of rest2 but they feared too much the potent queen of heaven4 ,delos alone consented to become the birthplace of the future deities4 ,this isle was then floating and unstable2 but on ,latona's arrival1 ,jupiter fastened it with adamantine chains to the bottom of the sea1 that it might be a secure resting-place for his beloved4 ,the daughter of ,latona is1 as her name ,artemis indicates1 a virgin goddess1 the ideal of modesty1 grace1 and maidenly vigor4 ,she is associated with her brother1 the prince of archery1 in nearly all his adventures1 and in attributes she is his feminine counterpart4 ,as he is identified with sunlight1 so is she1 his fair-tressed sister1 with the chaste brilliance of the moon4 ,its slender arc is her bow2 its beams are her arrows with which she sends upon womankind a speedy and painless death4 ,in her prerogative of moon-goddess she is frequently identified with ,selene1 daughter of ,hyperion1 just as ,apollo is with ,helios4 ,despising the weakness of love1 ,diana imposed upon her nymphs vows of perpetual maidenhood1 any violation of which she was swift and severe to punish4 ,graceful in form and free of movement1 equipped for the chase1 and surrounded by a bevy of fair companions1 the swift-rushing goddess was wont to scour hill1 valley1 forest1 and plain4 ,she was1 however1 not only huntress1 but guardian1 of wild beasts1--mistress withal of horses and kine and other domestic brutes4 ,she ruled marsh and mountain2 her gleaming arrows smote sea as well as land4 ,springs and woodland brooks she favored1 for in them she and her attendants were accustomed to bathe4 ,she blessed with verdure the meadows and arable lands1 and from them obtained a meed of thanks4 ,when weary of the chase she turned to music and dancing2 for the lyre and flute and song were dear to her4 ,muses1 ,graces1 nymphs1 and the fair goddesses themselves thronged the rites of the chorus-leading queen4 ,but ordinarily a woodland chapel or a rustic altar sufficed for her worship4 ,there the hunter laid his offering--antlers1 skin1 or edible portions of the deer that ,artemis of the golden arrows had herself vouchsafed him4 ,the holy maid1 however1 though naturally gracious1 gentle1 and a healer of ills1 was1 like her brother1 quick to resent injury to her sacred herds or insult to herself4 ,to this stern temper ,agamemnon1 ,orion1 and ,niobe bore regretful testimony4 ,they found that the fair-crowned queen of the echoing chase1 though blithe and gracious1 was by no means a frivolous personage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,,diana 7,,artemis7 ,,of ,,versailles ,diana was mistress of the brute creation1 protectress of youth1 patron of temperance in all things1 guardian of civil right4 ,the cypress tree was sacred to her2 and her favorites were the bear1 the boar1 the dog1 the goat1 and specially the hind4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,,artemis #cc4 ,jonson's ,hymn to ,cynthia 7,diana74 ,queen and ,huntress1 chaste and fair1 ,now the sun is laid to sleep1 ,seated in thy silver chair ,state in wonted manner keep3 ,hesperus entreats thy light1 ,goddess excellently bright4 ,earth1 let not thy envious shade ,dare itself to interpose2 ,cynthia's shining orb was made ,heaven to clear when day did close3 ,bless us then with wishd sight1 ,goddess excellently bright4 ,lay thy bow of pearl apart1 ,and thy crystal-shining quiver2 ,give unto the flying hart ,space to breathe1 how short soever3 ,thou that mak'st a day of night1 ,goddess excellently bright4#ca #cd4 ,venus 7,aphrodite71 goddess of love and beauty1 was1 according to the more ancient ,greek conception1 a daughter of ,jupiter and ,dione2#cb but ,hesiod says that she arose from the foam of the sea at the time of the wounding of ,uranus1 and therefore was called1 by the ,greeks1 ,aphrodite1 the foam-born4#cc ,wafted by the west wind1 and borne upon the surge1 she won first the island of ,cythera2 thence1 like a dream1 she passed to ,cyprus1 where the grace and blossom of her beauty conquered every heart4 ,everywhere1 at the touch of her feet the herbage quivered into flower4 ,the ,hours and ,graces surrounded her1 twining odorous garlands and weaving robes for her that reflected the hues and breathed the perfume of crocus and hyacinth1 violet1 rose1 lily1 and narcissus4 ,to her influence is ascribed the fruitfulness of the animal and of the vegetable creation4 ,she is goddess of gardens and flowers1 of the rose1 the myrtle1 and the linden4 ,the heaths and slumberous vales1 pleasant with spring and vernal breezes1 are hers4 ,in her broidered girdle lurk love and desire1 and loving converse that steals the wits even of the wise4 ,for she is the mistress of feminine charm and beauty1 the golden1 sweetly smiling ,aphrodite1 who rules the hearts of men4 ,she lends to mortals seductive form and fascination4 ,to a few1 indeed1 her favor is a blessing2 but to many her gifts are treacherous1 destructive of peace4 ,her various influence is exemplified in the stories of ,pygmalion and ,adonis1 ,paris and neas1 ,helen1 ,ariadne1 ,psyche1 ,procris1 ,pasipha1 and ,phdra4 ,her power extended over sea as well as land1 and her temples rose from many a shore4 ,on the waters swan and dolphin were beloved of her2 in air1 the sparrow and the dove4 ,she was usually attended by her winged son ,cupid1 of whom much is to be told4 ,especially dear to her were ,cyprus1 ,cnidos1 ,paphos1 ,cythera1 ,abydos1 ,mount ,eryx1 and the city of ,corinth4 #ce4 ,the ,venus of ,milo4 ,of artistic conceptions of ,aphrodite1 the most famous are the statues called the ,venus of ,melos and the ,venus of the ,medici4#cd ,a comparison of the two conceptions is instituted in the following poem4#ce ,the worshiper apostrophizes the ,venus of ,melos1 that inner beauty of the world1 whose tranquil smile he finds more fair than ,the ,medicean's sly and servile grace3 ,illustration3 ,,venus ,,of ,,melos ,from our low world no gods have taken wing2 ,even now upon our hills the twain are wandering3#cf ,the ,medicean's sly and servile grace1 ,and the immortal beauty of thy face4 ,one is the spirit of all short-lived love ,and outward1 earthly loveliness3 ,the tremulous rosy morn is her mouth's smile1 ,the sky1 her laughing azure eyes above2 ,and1 waiting for caress4 ,lie bare the soft hill-slopes1 the while ,her thrilling voice is heard ,in song of wind and wave1 and every flitting bird4 ,not plainly1 never quite herself she shows3 ,just a swift glance of her illumined smile ,along the landscape goes2 ,just a soft hint of singing1 to beguile ,a man from all his toil2 ,some vanished gleam of beckoning arm1 to spoil ,a morning's task with longing1 wild and vain4 ,then if across the parching plain ,he seek her1 she with passion burns ,his heart to fever1 and he hears ,the west wind's mocking laughter when he turns1 ,shivering in mist of ocean's sullen tears4 ,it is the ,medicean3 well ,i know ,the arts her ancient subtlety will show1-- ,the stubble field she turns to ruddy gold2 ,the empty distance she will fold ,in purple gauze2 the warm glow she has kissed ,along the chilling mist3 ,cheating and cheated love that grows to hate ,and ever deeper loathing1 soon or late4 ,thou1 too1 ,o fairer spirit1 walkest here ,upon the lifted hills3 ,wherever that still thought within the breast ,the inner beauty of the world hath moved2 ,in starlight that the dome of evening fills2 ,on endless waters rounding to the west3 ,for them who thro' that beauty's veil have loved ,the soul of all things beautiful the best4 ,for lying broad awake1 long ere the dawn1 ,staring against the dark1 the blank of space ,opens immeasurably1 and thy face ,wavers and glimmers there and is withdrawn4 ,and many days1 when all one's work is vain1 ,and life goes stretching on1 a waste gray plain1 ,with even the short mirage of morning gone1 ,no cool breath anywhere1 no shadow nigh ,where a weary man might lay him down and die1 ,lo6 thou art there before me suddenly1 ,with shade as if a summer cloud did pass1 ,and spray of fountains whispering to the grass4 ,oh1 save me from the haste and noise and heat ,that spoil life's music sweet3 ,and from that lesser ,aphrodite there-- ,even now she stands ,close as ,i turn1 and ,o my soul1 how fair6 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,,hermes ,,psychopompos #cf4 ,mercury 7,hermes71 born in a cave of ,mount ,cyllene in ,arcadia1 was the son of ,jupiter and ,maia 7the daughter of ,atlas74 ,according to conjecture1 his name ,hermes means the ,hastener4 ,mercury1 swift as the wind1 was the servant and herald of ,jupiter and the other gods4 ,on his ankles 7in plastic art71 and his low-crowned1 broad-brimmed petasus1 or hat1 were wings4 ,as messenger of ,heaven1 he bore a wand 7caduceus7 of wood or of gold1 twined with snakes and surmounted by wings1 and possessed of magical powers over sleeping1 waking1 and dreams4 ,he was beautiful and ever in the prime of youthful vigor4 ,to a voice sweet-toned and powerful1 he added the persuasiveness of eloquence4 ,but his skill was not confined to speech2 he was also the first of inventors--to him are ascribed the lyre and the flute4 ,he was the forerunner1 too1 of mathematicians and astronomers4 ,his agility and strength made him easily prince in athletic pursuits4 ,his cunning rendered him a dangerous foe2 he could well play the trickster and the thief1 as ,apollo found out to his vexation1 and ,argus1 and many another unfortunate4 ,his methods1 however1 were not always questionable2 although the patron of gamblers and the god of chance1 he1 at the same time1 was the furtherer of lawful industry and of commerce by land and sea4 ,the gravest function of the ,messenger was to conduct the souls of the dead1 that gibber like bats as they fare1 down the dank ways1 past the streams of ,oceanus1 past the gates of the sun and the land of dreams1 to the mead of asphodel in the dark realm of ,hades1 where dwell the souls1 the phantoms of men outworn4#cg #cg4 ,vesta 7,hestia71 goddess of the hearth1 public and private1 was the first-born child of ,cronus and ,rhea and1 accordingly1 the elder sister of ,jupiter1 ,juno1 ,neptune1 ,pluto1 and ,ceres4 ,vesta was an old maid by choice4 ,averse to ,venus and all her ways1 she scorned the flattering advances of both ,neptune and ,apollo1 and resolved to remain single4 ,whereupon ,jupiter gave her to sit in the middle of his palace1 to receive in ,olympus the choicest morsels of the feast1 and1 in the temples of the gods on earth1 reverence as the oldest and worthiest of ,olympian divinities4 ,as goddess of the burning hearth1 ,vesta is the divinity of the home3 of settled1 in opposition to nomadic1 habits of life4 ,she was worshiped first of the gods at every feast4 ,before her shrine in city and state the holy flame was religiously cherished4 ,from her altars those of the other gods obtained their fires4 ,no new colony1 no new home1 was duly consecrated till on its central hearth there glowed coals from her ancestral hearth4 ,in her temple at ,rome a sacred fire1 tended by six virgin priestesses called ,vestals1 was kept religiously aflame4 ,as the safety of the city was held to be connected with its conservation1 any negligence1 by which it might go out1 was severely punished4 ,whenever the fire did die1 it was rekindled from the rays of the sun4 #ch4 ,of the ,lesser ,divinities of ,heaven the most worthy of mention are3 #a4 ,cupid 7,eros71 small but mighty god of love1 the son of ,venus and her constant companion4 ,he was often represented with eyes covered because of the blindness of his actions4 ,with his bow and arrows1 he shot the darts of desire into the bosoms of gods and men4 ,another deity named ,anteros1 reputed the brother of ,eros1 was sometimes represented as the avenger of slighted love1 and sometimes as the symbol of reciprocal affection4 ,venus was also attended at times by another brother of ,eros1 ,himeros1 or ,longing1 and by ,hymen1 a beautiful youth of divine descent1 the personification of the wedding feast and leader of the nuptial chorus4 ,of ,eros the poet ,gosse writes3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,,eros ,within a forest1 as ,i strayed ,far down a somber autumn glade1 ,i found the god of love2 ,his bow and arrows cast aside1 ,his lovely arms extended wide1 ,a depth of leaves above1 ,beneath o'erarching boughs he made ,a place for sleep in russet shade4 ,his lips1 more red than any rose1 ,were like a flower that overflows ,with honey pure and sweet2 ,and clustering round that holy mouth1 ,the golden bees in eager drouth ,plied busy wings and feet2 ,they knew1 what every lover knows1 ,there's no such honey-bloom that blows4#ch #b4 ,hebe1 daughter of ,jupiter and ,juno1 goddess of youth and cupbearer to the gods4 ,according to one story1 she resigned that office on becoming the wife of ,hercules4 ,according to another1 ,hebe was dismissed from her position in consequence of a fall which she met with one day when in attendance on the gods4 ,her successor was ,ganymede1 a ,trojan boy whom ,jupiter1 in the disguise of an eagle1 seized and carried off from the midst of his playfellows on ,mount ,ida1 bore up to ,heaven1 and installed in the vacant place4 #c4 ,the ,graces1 daughters of ,jove by ,eurynome1 daughter of ,oceanus4 ,they were goddesses presiding over the banquet1 the dance1 all social pleasures1 and polite accomplishments4 ,they were three in number1--,euphrosyne1 ,aglaia1 and ,thalia4 ,spenser describes the office of the ,graces thus3 ,these three on men all gracious gifts bestow ,which deck the body or adorn the mind1 ,to make them lovely or well-favored show2 ,as comely carriage1 entertainment kind1 ,sweet semblance1 friendly offices that bind1 ,and all the complements of courtesy2 ,they teach us how to each degree and kind ,we should ourselves demean1 to low1 to high1 ,to friends1 to foes2 which skill men call civility4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,rape ,,of ,,ganymede #d4 ,the ,muses1 daughters of ,jupiter and ,mnemosyne 7,memory74 ,they presided over song and prompted the memory4 ,they are ordinarily cited as nine in number2 and to each of them was assigned patronage in some department of literature1 art1 or science4 ,calliope was the muse of epic poetry1 ,clio of history1 ,euterpe of lyric poetry1 ,melpomene of tragedy1 ,terpsichore of choral dance and song1 ,erato of love poetry1 ,polyhymnia of sacred poetry1 ,urania of astronomy1 ,thalia of comedy4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,polyhymnia #e4 ,themis1 one of the ,titans1 a daughter of ,uranus4 ,she sat1 as goddess of justice1 beside ,jupiter on his throne4 ,she was beloved of the father of gods and men1 and bore him the ,hours1 goddesses who regulated the seasons1 and the ,fates4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,the ,,three ,,fates ,from the painting by ,michelangelo787 #f4 ,the ,fates1 three in number1--,clotho1 ,lachesis1 and ,atropos4 ,their office was to spin the thread of human destiny1 and they were provided with shears with which they cut it off when they pleased4#ci ,according to ,hesiod1 they were daughters of ,night4 #g4 ,nemesis1 daughter of ,night4 ,she represented the righteous anger and vengeance of the gods1 particularly toward the proud1 the insolent1 and breakers of the law4 #h4 sculapius1 son of ,apollo4 ,by his skill in medicine he restored the dead to life4 ,being killed by the lightning of ,jove1 he was translated to the ranks of ,heaven4 ,his function was the art of healing4 #i4 ,the ,winds1--,boreas1 or ,aquilo1 the north wind2 ,zephyrus1 or ,favonius1 the west2 ,notus1 or ,auster1 the south2 and ,eurus1 the east4 ,the first two1 chiefly1 have been celebrated by the poets1 the former as the type of rudeness1 the latter of gentleness4 ,it is said that ,boreas loved the nymph ,orithyia and tried to play the lover's part1 but met with poor success2 for it was hard for him to breathe gently1 and sighing was out of the question4 ,weary at last of fruitless endeavors1 he acted out his true character1 seized the maiden and bore her off4 ,their children were ,zetes and ,calas1 winged warriors1 who accompanied the ,argonautic expedition and did good service in an encounter with those monstrous birds1 the ,harpies4 ,zephyrus was the lover of ,flora 7,chloris74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,,boreas ,here1 too1 may be mentioned olus1 the king of the winds1 although he is not a lesser divinity of ,heaven4 ,his palace was on the precipitous isle of olia1 where1 with his six sons and six daughters1 he kept eternal carouse4 ,the winds1 which he confined in a cavern1 he let loose as he saw fit or as he was bidden by superior deities4 ,he is sometimes called ,hippotades4#dj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,,zephyros #aj4 ,helios1 ,selene1 and ,eos1 children of the ,titan ,hyperion4 ,helios and ,selene were the more ancient ,greek divinities of ,sun and ,moon respectively4 ,helios1 the charioteer of the sun1 is1 as has been already said1 frequently identified with his successor1 ,apollo4 ,the attributes and adventures of ,selene were merged in those of the more modern ,diana4 ,eos1 or1 in ,latin nomenclature1 ,aurora1 the rosy-fingered goddess of the ,morn1 was mother of the stars and of the morning and evening breezes4 ,saffron-robed she rises from the streams of ,ocean1 to bring light to gods and men4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,,boreas ,,carrying ,,off ,,orithyia #aa4 ,phosphor1 the morning-star1 the star of ,venus1 son of ,aurora and the hunter ,cephalus4 ,hesper1 the evening-star1 was sometimes identified with ,phosphor4 ,he was king of the ,western ,land1 and1 say some1 father of the ,hesperides1 who guarded the golden apples of the sunset4 ,the ,spirit in ,milton's ,comus tells of 444 the gardens fair ,of ,hesperus1 and his daughters three ,that sing about the golden tree4 ,along the crispd shades and bowers ,revels the spruce and jocund ,spring2 ,the ,graces and the rosy-bosomed ,hours ,thither all their bounties bring4 ,there eternal ,summer dwells1 ,and west winds with musky wing ,about the cedarn alleys fling ,nard and cassia's balmy smells4 ,iris there with humid bow ,waters the odorous banks1 that blow ,flowers of more mingled hue ,than her purfled scarf can shew4 ,and ,tennyson taking the lines as a text has written the melodious and mystic song of the ,hesperides1 beginning-- ,the golden apple1 the golden apple1 the hallowed fruit1 ,guard it well1 guard it warily1 ,singing airily1 ,standing about the charmd root4 ,round about all is mute1 ,as the snowfield on the mountain-peaks1 ,as the sandfield at the mountain-foot4 ,crocodiles in briny creeks ,sleep and stir not3 all is mute4 ,if ye sing not1 if ye make false measure1 ,we shall lose eternal pleasure1 ,worth eternal want of rest4 ,laugh not loudly3 watch the treasure ,of the wisdom of the ,west4 ,readers of this poem will notice that ,tennyson follows the tradition by which a sleepless dragon is introduced among the guardians of the ,hesperian fruit4 ,still other versions substitute for ,hesperus1 the ,titan ,atlas4 #ab4 ,various ,other ,personifications4 ,the constellation ,orion1 whose story will be narrated2 ,victoria 7,nike71 the goddess of ,victory2 ,discors 7,eris71 the goddess of ,strife2 and ,iris1 goddess of the rainbow1 who is represented frequently as a messenger of the gods4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,iris ,,carrying ,,child ,,footnotes3 #af ,consult1 in general1 corresponding sections of the ,commentary4 #ag ,symbolized on earth by ,mount ,olympus in ,thessaly4 #ah ,cowper's translation4 #ai ,see ,commentary1 #bc1 for ,gladstone's latest utterance on the number of the ,olympians4 #bj ,the names included in parentheses represent the ,greek1 the others being ,roman equivalents1 ,latin names1 or names common to both ,greek and ,roman usage4 #ba ,see ,commentary1 #cd4 #bb ,on the ,latin name1 see ,commentary1 #bd4 #bc ,iliad1 ,i1 #fbb-fbe1 ,earl of ,derby's translation4 ,see also the passage in ,chapman's translation4 #bd ,on the name ,juno1 see ,commentary4 #be ,for the names ,athene and ,minerva1 see ,commentary4 #bf ,see ,commentary4 #bg ,iliad1 #e1 #eij4 ,see also #ba1 #cie4 #bh ,iliad1 #ah1 #cie4 #bi ,iliad1 #a1 #cij4 #cj ,on the birth of ,apollo1 his adventures1 names1 festivals1 oracles1 and his place in literature and art1 see ,commentary4 ,for other particulars1 see sections on ,myths of ,apollo4 #ca ,from ,cynthia's ,revels4 #cb ,iliad1 #e1 #cgj1 etc4 #cc ,a popular etymology4 #cd ,for ,venus in poetry and art1 see ,commentary4 #ce ,from the ,venus of ,milo1 by ,e4 ,r4 ,sill1 formerly professor of ,english ,literature in the ,university of ,california4 #cf ,the references are to the ,berkeley ,hills1 the ,bay of ,san ,francisco1 and the glimpses of the ,pacific4 #cg ,lang1 ,odyssey1 #bd1 #a2 adapted4 #ch ,eros1 by ,edmund ,gosse4 ,for verses on the blindness of ,cupid1 see ,lyly's ,cupid and ,campaspe in ,commentary4 #ci ,for description of their spinning1 see translation of ,catullus1 ,,lxiv1 in #aia4 #dj ,see ,commentary4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,earth#da ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,,demeter ,,of ,,knidos #ci4 ,conception of the ,world4 ,the ,greek poets believed the earth to be flat and circular4 ,in their opinion their own country occupied the middle of it1 and the central point was either ,mount ,olympus1 the abode of the gods1 or ,delphi1 famous for its oracle4 ,the circular disk of the earth was crossed from west to east and divided into two equal parts by the ,sea1 as they called the ,mediterranean and its continuation the ,euxine1 the only seas with which they were acquainted4 ,around the earth flowed ,river ,ocean1 from south to north on the western side1 in a contrary direction on the eastern4 ,it flowed in a steady1 equable current1 unvexed by storm or tempest4 ,the sea and all the rivers on earth received their waters from it4 ,the northern portion of the earth was inhabited by the ,hyperboreans1 dwelling in bliss and everlasting spring beyond the mountains whose caverns sent forth the piercing blasts of the north wind4 ,their country was inaccessible by land or sea4 ,they lived exempt from disease or old age1 from toils and warfare4 ,i come sings one of them1#db-- ,i come from a land in the sun-bright deep1 ,where golden gardens glow1 ,where the winds of the north1 becalmed in sleep1 ,their conch-shells never blow4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,,ceres ,on the south side of the earth1 close to the stream of ,ocean1 dwelt the thiopians1 whom the gods held in such favor that they left at times the ,olympian abodes to partake of the thiopian sacrifices and banquets4 ,on the western margin of the earth1 by the stream of ,ocean1 lay the ,elysian ,plain1 where certain mortals enjoyed an immortality of bliss4 ,the ,dawn1 the ,sun1 and the ,moon were supposed to rise out of ,ocean on the eastern side and to drive through the air1 giving light to gods and men4 ,the stars1 also1 except those forming the ,wain or ,bear and others near them1 rose out of and sank into the stream of ,ocean4 ,there the sun-god embarked in a winged boat1 which conveyed him by the northern part of the earth back to his place of rising in the east4 #dj4 ,ceres 7,demeter71 the goddess of sowing and reaping1 of harvest festivals1 and of agriculture in general1 was sister of ,jupiter and daughter of ,cronus and ,rhea4 ,she is connected through her daughter ,proserpine1 queen of ,hades1 with the holy ceremonies and rites of death and of the lower world4 ,of the institutions founded or favored by her the most important were the mysteries celebrated at ,eleusis1 concerning which we know that1 in the presence of individuals initiated in the secret ritual and perhaps with their coperation1 scenes were enacted which represented the alternation of death and life in nature and1 apparently1 forecast the resurrection and immortality of man4 ,sacred to ,ceres and to ,proserpine were golden sheaves of corn and soporific poppies2 while1 among animals1 cows1 sheep1 and pigs were acceptable to them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,dionysus ,,and ,,the ,,vine #da4 ,ga 7,ge71 the ,mother ,earth1 wife of ,uranus1 belongs to the older order of gods2 so also1 another goddess of the earth1 ,rhea1 the wife of ,cronus and mother of ,jupiter4 ,in ,phrygia1 ,rhea became identified with ,cybele1 whose worship1 as mother of the gods1 was at a later period introduced into ,rome4 ,the ,greek mother1 ,rhea1 was attended by the ,curetes2 the ,phrygian mother by the ,corybantes1 who celebrated her orgies with enthusiastic din of trumpets1 drums1 and cymbals4 ,cybele presided over mountain fastnesses and fortified places4 #db4 ,bacchus 7,dionysus71 the god of wine1 was the son of ,jupiter and ,semele1 daughter of ,cadmus of ,thebes4 ,he was especially the god of animal life and vegetation4 ,he represented not only the intoxicating power of wine but its social and beneficent influences1 and was looked upon as a promoter of civilization1 a lawgiver1 and a lover of peace4 ,his forehead was crowned with vine leaves or ivy4 ,he rode upon the tiger1 the panther1 or the lynx1 or was drawn by them in a car4 ,his worshipers were ,bacchanals1 or ,bacchantes4 ,he was attended by ,satyrs and ,sileni and by women called ,mnads1 who1 as they danced and sang1 waved in the air the thyrsus1 a staff entwined with ivy and surmounted by a pine cone4 ,ordinarily1 as in the following verses by ,dryden1 the convivial qualities of the god overshadow all the rest3 ,the praise of ,bacchus then the sweet musician sung1 ,of ,bacchus ever fair1 and ever young4 ,the jolly god in triumph comes2 ,sound the trumpets1 beat the drums2 ,flushed with a purple grace ,he shows his honest face3 ,now give the hautboys breath2 he comes1 he comes4 ,bacchus1 ever fair and young1 ,drinking joys did first ordain2 ,bacchus' blessings are a treasure1 ,drinking is the soldier's pleasure2 ,rich the treasure1 ,sweet the pleasure1 ,sweet is pleasure after pain4#dc ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,,pan ,,the ,,hunter #dc4 ,the ,lesser ,divinities of ,earth were3 #a4 ,pan1 son of ,mercury and a wood-nymph or ,dryad4 ,he was the god of woods and fields1 of flocks and shepherds4 ,he dwelt in caves1 wandered on the mountains and in valleys1 amused himself with the chase1 led the dances of the ,dryads1 and made love to them4 ,but his suit was frequently of no avail1 for though good-natured he was not prepossessing2 his hoofs and horns did not enhance his comeliness4 ,he was fond of music and was himself inventor of the syrinx1 or shepherd's pipe1 which he played in a masterly manner4 ,like other gods who dwelt in forests1 he was dreaded by those whose occupations caused them to pass through the woods by night2 for gloom and loneliness oppress and appall the mind4 ,hence sudden unreasonable fright was ascribed to ,pan and called a ,panic terror4 #b4 ,the ,nymphs4 ,pan's partners in the dance1 the ,dryads1 were but one of several classes of nymphs4 ,there were1 beside them1 the ,oreads1 nymphs of mountains and grottoes2 and the ,water-,nymphs1 who are mentioned in later sections4 #c4 ,the ,satyrs1 deities of the woods and fields4 ,in early art they appear as bearded creatures with snub noses1 goats' ears1 and horses' tails4 ,later they resemble youths1 sometimes with sprouting horns4 ,the goat-legged satyr is found in ,roman poetry4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,a ,,satyr ,,footnotes3 #da ,for references to poetry and works of art1 see corresponding sections in ,commentary4 #db ,according to ,thomas ,moore's ,song of a ,hyperborean4 #dc ,from ,alexander's ,feast4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,the ,,underworld#dd #dd4 ,the ,underworld was the region of darkness inhabited by the spirits of the dead and governed by ,pluto 7,hades7 and ,proserpina1 his queen4 ,according to the ,iliad1 this realm lay beneath the secret places of the earth4#de ,and from the ,odyssey we gather that it is not in the bowels of the earth1 but on the under side at the limits of the known world1 across the stream ,oceanus1 where is a waste shore1 the land of the ,cimmerians1 shrouded in mist and cloud1 never lighted by the sun neither when he climbs up the starry heavens nor when again he turns earthward from the firmament4#df ,from that land one goes beside the stream till he reaches the dank house of ,hades4 ,the realm of darkness is bounded by awful rivers3 the ,styx1 sacred even among the gods1 for by it they sealed their oaths1 and the ,acheron1 river of woe1--with its tributaries1 ,phlegethon1 river of fire1 and ,cocytus1 river of wailing4 ,hither past the ,white ,rock1 which perhaps symbolizes the bleaching skeletons of the dead1 and past the gates of the sun1 it is the duty of ,hermes 7,mercury7 to conduct the outworn ghosts of mortals4 ,one of the ,greek dramatists1 ,sophocles1 tells us that this shore of death is down in the darkling west4#dg ,in later poems we read that ,charon1 a grim boatman1 received the dead at the ,river of ,woe1 and ferried them across1 if the money requisite for their passage had been placed in their mouths and their bodies had been duly buried in the world above4#dh ,otherwise he left them gibbering on the hither bank4 ,the abode of ,pluto is represented as wide-gated and thronged with guests4 ,at the gate ,cerberus1 a three-headed1 serpent-tailed dog1 lay on guard1--friendly to the spirits entering1 but inimical to those who would depart4 ,the palace itself is dark and gloomy1 set in the midst of uncanny fields haunted by strange apparitions4 ,the groves of somber trees about the palace1--the meads of ,asphodel1 barren or1 at best1 studded with futile bushes and pale-flowered weeds1 where wander the shades1--and the woods along the waste shore of tall poplars and willows that shed their fruit before the season are1 without any particular discrimination1 celebrated by the poets as the ,garden of ,proserpine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,,the ,,greek ,,underworld ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,,hermes ,,conducting ,a ,,soul ,,to ,,charon ,here life has death for neighbor1 ,and far from eye or ear ,wan waves and wet winds labor1 ,weak ships and spirits steer2 ,they drive adrift1 and whither ,they wot not who make thither2 ,but no such winds blow hither1 ,and no such things grow here4 ,no growth of moor or coppice1 ,no heather-flower or vine1 ,but bloomless buds of poppies1 ,green grapes of ,proserpine1 ,pale beds of blowing rushes1 ,where no leaf blooms or blushes ,save this whereout she crushes ,for dead men deadly wine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pale1 beyond porch and portal1 ,crowned with calm leaves1 she stands ,who gathers all things mortal ,with cold immortal hands2 ,her languid lips are sweeter ,than love's1 who fears to greet her1 ,to men that mix and meet her ,from many times and lands4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,hypnos ,she waits for each and other1 ,she waits for all men born2 ,forgets the earth her mother1 ,the life of fruits and corn2 ,and spring and seed and swallow ,take wing for her and follow ,where summer song rings hollow1 ,and flowers are put to scorn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are not sure of sorrow1 ,and joy was never sure2 ,to-day will die to-morrow2 ,time stoops to no man's lure2 ,and love1 grown faint and fretful1 ,with lips but half regretful ,sighs1 and with eyes forgetful ,weeps that no loves endure4 ,from too much love of living1 ,from hope and fear set free1 ,we thank with brief thanksgiving ,whatever gods may be ,that no life lives forever2 ,that dead men rise up never2 ,that even the weariest river ,winds somewhere safe to sea4 ,then star nor sun shall waken1 ,nor any change of light2 ,nor sound of waters shaken1 ,nor any sound or sight2 ,nor wintry leaves nor vernal1 ,nor days nor things diurnal3 ,only the sleep eternal ,in an eternal night4#di ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,a ,,fury #de4 ,tartarus and the ,elysian ,fields4 ,with the ghosts of ,hades the living might but rarely communicate1 and only through certain oracles of the dead1 situate by cavernous spots and sheer abysms1 deep and melancholy streams1 and baleful marshes4 ,these naturally seemed to afford access to the world below1 which with the later poets1 such as ,virgil1 comes to be regarded as under the ground4 ,one of these descents to the ,underworld was near ,tnarum in ,laconia2 another1 near ,cum in ,italy1 was ,lake ,avernus1 so foul in its exhalations that1 as its name portends1 no bird could fly across it4#ej ,before the judges of the lower world1--,minos1 acus1 and ,rhadamanthus1--the souls of the dead were brought to trial4 ,the condemned were assigned to regions where all manner of torment awaited them at the hands of monsters dire1--the fifty-headed ,hydra and the avenging ,furies4 ,some evildoers1 such as the ,titans of old1 were doomed to languish in the gulf of ,tartarus immeasurably below4 ,but the souls of the guiltless passed to the ,elysian ,fields1 where each followed the chosen pursuit of his former life in a land of spring1 sunlight1 happiness1 and song4 ,and by the ,fields there flowed the river ,lethe1 from which the souls of those that were to return to the earth in other bodies drank oblivion of their former lives4 #df4 ,the ,islands of the ,blest4 ,homer mentions1 elsewhere1 an ,elysium of the western seas1 which is a happy land1 where life is easiest for men3 no snow is there1 nor yet great storm1 nor any rain2 but always ocean sendeth forth the breeze of the shrill ,west to blow cool on men4#ea ,hither favored heroes pass without dying1 and live under the happy rule of ,rhadamanthus4 ,the ,elysium of ,hesiod and ,pindar is likewise in the ,western ,ocean1 on the ,islands of the ,blessed1 the ,fortunate ,isles4 ,from this dream of a western ,elysium may have sprung the legend of the island ,atlantis4 ,that blissful region may have been wholly imaginary4 ,it is1 however1 not impossible that the myth had its origin in the reports of storm-driven mariners who had caught a glimpse of occidental lands4 ,in these ,islands of the ,blest1 the ,titans1 released from ,tartarus after many years1 dwelt under the golden sway of the white-haired ,cronus4#eb ,there was no heavy heat1 no cold1 ,the dwellers there wax never old1 ,nor wither with the waning time1 ,but each man keeps that age he had ,when first he won the fairy clime4 ,the night falls never from on high1 ,nor ever burns the heat of noon2 ,but such soft light eternally ,shines1 as in silver dawns of ,june ,before the sun hath climbed the sky6 99 99 99 99 99 ,all these their mirth and pleasure made ,within the plain ,elysian1 ,the fairest meadow that may be1 ,with all green fragrant trees for shade1 ,and every scented wind to fan1 ,and sweetest flowers to strew the lea2 ,the soft winds are their servants fleet ,to fetch them every fruit at will ,and water from the river chill2 ,and every bird that singeth sweet1 ,throstle1 and merle1 and nightingale1 ,brings blossoms from the dewy vale1-- ,lily1 and rose1 and asphodel1-- ,with these doth each guest twine his crown ,and wreathe his cup1 and lay him down ,beside some friend he loveth well4#ec #dg4 ,pluto 7,hades7 was brother of ,jupiter4 ,to him fell the sovereignty of the lower world and the shades of the dead4 ,in his character of ,hades1 the viewless1 he is hard and inexorable4 ,by virtue of the helmet or cap given him by the ,cyclopes1 he moved hither and yon1 dark1 unseen1--hated of mortals4 ,he was1 however1 lord not only of all that descends to the bowels of the earth1 but of all that proceeds from the earth2 and in the latter aspect he was revered as ,pluto1 or the giver of wealth4 ,at his pleasure he visited the realms of day1--as when he carried off ,proserpina2 occasionally he journeyed to ,olympus2 but otherwise he ignored occurrences in the upper world1 nor did he suffer his subjects1 by returning1 to find them out4 ,mortals1 when they called on his name1 beat the ground with their hands and1 averting their faces1 sacrificed black sheep to him and to his queen4 ,among the ,romans he is known also as ,dis1 ,orcus1 and ,tartarus4 ,but ,orcus is rather ,death1 or the ,underworld1 than ruler of the shades4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,,hades #dh4 ,proserpina 7,persephone7 was the daughter of ,ceres and ,jupiter4 ,she was queen of ,hades1--a name applied both to the ruler of the shades and to his realm4 ,when she is goddess of spring1 dear to mankind1 ,proserpina bears a cornucopia overflowing with flowers1 and revisits the earth in duly recurring season4 ,but when she is goddess of death1 sitting beside ,pluto1 she directs the ,furies1 and1 like her husband1 is cruel1 unyielding1 inimical to youth and life and hope4 ,in the story of her descent to ,hades will be found a further account of her attributes and fortunes4 #di4 ,the ,lesser ,divinities of the ,underworld were3 #a4 acus1 ,rhadamanthus1 and ,minos1 sons of ,jupiter and judges of the shades in the lower world4 acus had been during his earthly life a righteous king of the island of gina4 ,minos had been a famous lawgiver and king of ,crete4 ,the life of ,rhadamanthus was not eventful4 #b4 ,the ,furies 7,erinyes or ,eumenides71 ,alecto1 ,tisiphone1 and ,megra1 born of the blood of the wounded ,uranus4 ,they were attendants of ,proserpina4 ,they punished with the frenzies of remorse the crimes of those who had escaped from or defied public justice4 ,the heads of the ,furies were wreathed with serpents4 #c4 ,hecate1 a mysterious divinity sometimes identified with ,diana and sometimes with ,proserpina4 ,as ,diana represents the moonlight splendor of night1 so ,hecate represents its darkness and terrors4 ,she haunted crossroads and graveyards1 was the goddess of sorcery and witchcraft1 and wandered by night1 seen only by the dogs whose barking told of her approach4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,,death1 ,,sleep1 ,,and ,,hermes ,,laying ,a ,,body ,,in ,,the ,,tomb #d4 ,sleep1 or ,somnus 7,hypnos71 and ,death 7,thanatos71 sons of ,night4#ed ,they dwell in subterranean darkness4 ,the former brings to mortals solace and fair dreams1 and can lull the shining eyes of ,jove himself2 the latter closes forever the eyes of men4 ,dreams1 too1 are sons of ,night4#ee ,they dwell beside their brother ,death1 along the ,western ,sea4 ,their abode has two gates1--one of ivory1 whence issue false and flattering visions2 the other of horn1 through which true dreams and noble pass to men4#ef ,,footnotes3 #dd ,for interpretation and illustration1 see corresponding sections of ,commentary4 #de ,iliad1 #bb1 #dhb2 #i1 #efh2 #bj1 #fa4 #df ,odyssey1 #aj1 #ejh2 #aa1 #bj2 #bd1 #a4 #dg ,sophocles1 ,,oedipus ,rex1 #agg4 #dh neid1 #f1 #bie4 #di ,from ,the ,garden of ,proserpine1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,swinburne4 #ej neid1 #f4 #ea ,odyssey1 #d1 #efa4 #eb ,hes4 ,works and ,days1 #afi4 #ec ,from ,the ,fortunate ,islands1 by ,andrew ,lang4 #ed ,iliad1 #ad1 #bca2 #af1 #fgb4 #ee ,odyssey1 #bd1 #ab2 #ai1 #efj4 neid1 #f1 #hic4 ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aa1 #eib4 #ef ,for genealogical table1 see ,commentary4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,gods ,,of ,,the ,,waters#eg ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,,poseidon #ej4 ,the ,older ,dynasty4 ,there were two dynasties of the sea4 ,the ,older1 which flourished during the rule of ,cronus1 was founded by the ,titans1 ,oceanus and ,tethys1 from whom sprang three thousand rivers and ocean-nymphs unnumbered4 ,the palace of ,oceanus was beyond the limits of the bountiful earth1#eh surrounded by gardens and all things fair4 ,from ages immemorial another dweller in the glimmering caves of ,ocean was ,pontus 7the deep sea or the waterway71 who became1 by ,mother ,earth1 father of ,nereus4 ,this ,nereus1 a genial old man of the sea1 was distinguished for his prophetic gifts1 his knowledge1 his love of truth and justice4 ,taking to wife one of the daughters of ,oceanus1 the nymph ,doris1 he was blessed with a family of fifty fair daughters1 the ,nereds4#ei ,of these daughters the most famous are ,panope1 ,galatea1 ,thetis1 and ,amphitrite2 the last of whom gave her hand to ,neptune 7,poseidon71 brother of ,jove1 and thus united the ,older and the ,younger dynasties of the sea4 #ea4 ,of the ,younger ,dynasty of the waters ,neptune and ,amphitrite were the founders4 ,neptune's palace was in the depths of the sea1 near g in ,euboea2 but he made his home on ,olympus when he chose4 ,the symbol of his power was the trident1 or three-pronged spear1 with which he could shatter rocks1 call forth or subdue storms1 and shake the shores of earth4 ,he created the horse and was the patron of horse races4 ,his own steeds were brazen-hoofed and golden-maned4 ,they drew his chariot over the sea1 which became smooth before him1 while dolphins and other monsters of the deep gamboled about his path4 ,in his honor black and white bulls1 white boars1 and rams were sacrificed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,,wedding ,,of ,,poseidon ,,and ,,amphitrite #eb4 ,the ,lesser ,divinities of the ,waters#fj were3 #a4 ,triton1 the son of ,neptune and ,amphitrite1 trumpeter of ,ocean4 ,by his blast on the sea-shell he stirred or allayed the waves4 #b4 ,proteus1 an attendant and1 according to certain traditions1 a son of ,neptune4 ,like ,nereus1 he was a little old man of the sea4 ,he possessed the prophetic gift and the power of changing his shape at will4 #c4 ,the ,harpies1 foul creatures1 with heads of maidens1 bodies1 wings1 and claws of birds1 and faces pale with hunger4 ,they are the offspring of ,thaumas1 a son of ,pontus and ,ga4 #d4 ,the uncanny offspring of ,phorcys and ,ceto1--children of ,pontus1--who rejoiced in the horrors of the sea3 a4 ,the ,gr1 three hoary witches1 with one eye between them which they used in turn4 b4 ,the ,gorgons1 whose glance was icy death4 c4 ,the ,sirens1 muses of the sea and of death1 who by their sweet singing enticed seafarers to destruction4 d4 ,scylla1 also destructive to mariners1 a six-headed monster whose lower limbs were serpents and ever-barking dogs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,,triton ,,carrying ,,off ,a ,,nymph #e4 ,atlas1 who stood in the far west1 bearing on his shoulders the vault of heaven4 ,he was once regarded as a divinity of the sea1 but later as a mountain4 ,he was the son of ,iapetus and the father of three classes of nymphs1--the ,pleiads1 the ,hyads1 and1 according to some stories1 the ,hesperids4 ,the last-mentioned1 assisted by their mother ,hesperis and a dragon1 guarded the golden apples of the tree that had sprung up to grace the wedding of ,jove and ,juno4 ,the daughters of ,atlas were not themselves divinities of the sea4 #f4 ,the ,water-,nymphs4 ,beside the ,oceanids and the ,nereds1 who have already been mentioned1 of most importance were the ,naiads1 daughters of ,jupiter4 ,they presided over brooks and fountains4 ,other lesser powers of the ,ocean were ,glaucus1 ,leucothea1 and ,melicertes1 of whom more is said in another section4 ,in the following statement of the difference between ancient and modern conceptions of nature1 the poet lends new charm to the fabled rulers of the sea4 ,the world is too much with us2 late and soon1 ,getting and spending1 we lay waste our powers3 ,little we see in ,nature that is ours2 ,we have given our hearts away1 a sordid boon6 ,this sea that bares her bosom to the moon2 ,the winds that will be howling at all hours1 ,and are upgathered now like sleeping flowers2 ,for this1 for everything1 we are out of tune2 ,it moves us not4--,great ,god6 ,i'd rather be ,a ,pagan suckled in a creed outworn2 ,so might ,i1 standing on this pleasant lea1 ,have glimpses that would make me less forlorn2 ,have sight of ,proteus rising from the sea2 ,or hear old ,triton blow his wreathd horn4#fa ,,footnotes3 #eg ,for references to poetry and works of art1 see corresponding sections of ,commentary4 #eh ,iliad1 #ad1 #cjc4 #ei ,iliad1 #ah1 #cj-ej4 #fj ,for genealogical table1 see ,commentary4 #fa ,wordsworth1 ,miscellaneous ,sonnets4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,the ,,roman ,,divinities #ec4 ,gods ,common to ,greece and ,italy4 ,of the deities already mentioned1 the following1 although they were later identified with certain ,greek gods and goddesses#fb whose characteristics and adventures they assumed1 had developed an independent worship in ,italy3 ,jupiter 7,zeus72 ,juno 7,hera72 ,minerva 7,athene72 ,diana 7,artemis72 ,mars 7,ares72 ,venus 7,aphrodite72 ,vulcanus1 or ,mulciber 7,hephstus72 ,vesta 7,hestia72 ,mercurius 7,hermes72 ,neptunus 7,poseidon72 ,ceres 7,demeter72 ,liber 7,bacchus72 ,libera 7,persephone72 ,magna ,mater1 the great mother of the gods 7,rhea1 ,cybele72 ,orcus 7,pluto1 ,hades72 ,tellus1 the ,earth 7,ga74 #ed4 ,italian ,gods4 ,there were also divinities always peculiar to ,roman mythology4#fc ,of these the more important are3 #a4 ,saturn1 an ancient ,italian deity 7as his name indicates7 of seeds and sowing1 the introducer of agriculture4 ,fanciful attempts were made to identify him with the ,grecian god ,cronus2 and it was fabled that after his dethronement by ,jupiter he fled to ,italy1 where he reigned during the ,golden ,age4 ,in memory of his dominion1 the feast of ,saturnalia was held every year in the winter season4 ,then all public business was suspended2 declarations of war and criminal executions were postponed2 friends made presents to one another2 and even slaves were indulged with great liberties4 ,a feast was given them at which they sat at table while their masters served1 to show the natural equality of men1 and that all things belonged equally to all in the reign of ,saturn4 ,the wife of ,saturn was ,ops1 goddess of sowing and harvest 7later confounded with ,rhea74 ,another ,roman deity of earth was ,consus1 whose name means the keeper of the stores4 ,he is the god of the stored-up harvest2 and his altar is said to have been discovered underground by ,romulus4 ,it was in the ,circus ,maximus and was uncovered only on the days of his festivals1 the harvest home of ,august and the granary feast of ,december4 ,the underground altar is a reminiscence of the ancient custom of storing corn underground or at any rate of burying the sacrifices offered to deities of the earth4 ,the harvest festival was celebrated with horse races1 which1 originating in a very simple way with the primitive farmers1 became in time the distinctive feature of the ,circus ,maximus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,,bearded ,,janus #b4 ,janus1 whose name is derived from the ,latin root which means going and is connected with janua1 a passage or door1 is the most distinctive and most important of the native ,italic deities4 ,he is not only the god of doors1 or material openings1 but more truly of beginnings1--especially of good beginnings which insure good endings4 ,hence undoubtedly he is represented as facing both ways2 for the ,romans very properly believed that beginning and ending were of the same piece1 and that an undertaking ill begun could not achieve success4 ,his temple1 or covered passage1 in the ,forum had doors facing east and west for the beginning and ending of the day2 and between stood his two-faced statue4 ,in every home the morning prayer was addressed to him2 in every domestic enterprise his assistance was implored4 ,he was the god1 also1 of the opening year2 hence his month1 ,january1 on the first day of which words only of good omen were uttered1 and gifts were given 7strenae1 a name still preserved in the ,french word for ,new ,year's presents1 trennes71 and1 for good luck1 some stroke of work was bestowed on every undertaking planned for the year4 ,he was publicly invoked not only on ,new ,year's day1 but on the first day of each month1 by priests and people alike2 and in these prayers his name was mentioned even before that of ,jupiter4 ,he is the god of civilization1 and is sometimes called ,consivius1 or the ,sower4#fd ,of course he was invoked when wars were commenced4 ,and during their progress the doors of his temple stood always open4 ,in peace they were closed2 but they were shut only once between the reign of ,numa and that of ,augustus4 ,it was natural that his worship should gradually absorb that of ,sol1 the ,sun1 who opens the day and completes the year and blesses with his rays the seeds that are sown2 and such was the case4 ,but ,janus and his wife ,jana were not originally connected even in name with ,dianus 7,sol1 ,apollo7 and ,diana 7the moon74 #c4 ,quirinus1 a war-god1 said to be no other than ,romulus1 the founder of ,rome1 exalted after his death to a place among the immortals4 #d4 ,bellona1 a war-goddess4 #e4 ,lucina1 the goddess who brings to light1 hence the goddess of childbirth3 a title bestowed upon both ,juno and ,diana4 #f4 ,terminus1 the god of landmarks4 ,his statue was a rude stone or post1 set in the ground to mark the boundaries of fields4 #g4 ,faunus1 the grandson of ,saturn4 ,he was worshiped as a god of fields and shepherds and also of prophecy4 ,his name in the plural1 ,fauni1 expressed a class of gamesome deities1 like the ,satyrs of the ,greeks4 ,there was also a goddess called ,fauna1 or ,bona ,dea 7good goddess74 ,to ,maia1 wife of ,vulcan1 this designation1 ,bona ,dea1 was sometimes applied4 #h4 ,sylvanus1 presiding over forest-glades and plowed fields4 #i4 ,pales1 the goddess presiding over cattle and pastures4 ,flora1 the goddess of flowers4 ,pomona1 presiding over fruit trees4 ,vertumnus1 the husband of ,pomona1 was guardian of fruit trees1 gardens1 and vegetables4 ,pomona loves the orchard1 ,and ,liber loves the vine1 ,and ,pales loves the straw-built shed ,warm with the breath of kine2 ,and ,venus loves the whisper ,of plighted youth and maid ,in ,april's ivory moonlight1 ,beneath the chestnut shade4#fe #aj4 ,the ,penates1 gods who were supposed to attend to the welfare and prosperity of the family4 ,their name is derived from ,penus1 the storehouse or inner chamber1 which was sacred to them4 ,every master of a family was the priest to the ,penates of his own house4 ,the ,lares1 or ,lars1 were also tutelary deities1 but they differed from the ,penates since they were regarded as the deified spirits of ancestors1 who watched over and protected their descendants4 ,the ,lares were more particularly divinities presiding over the household or family2 but there were also public ,lares1 or guardian spirits of the city1 ,lares of the precincts1 ,lares of the fields1 ,lares of the highways1 and ,lares of the sea4 ,to the ,penates1 to the domestic ,lares 7whose images were preserved in a private shrine71 and to the ,manes 7shades that hovered over the place of burial71 the family prayers of the ,romans were addressed4 ,other spirits1 the ,lemures and ,larv1 more nearly correspond to our ghosts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,,genius ,,loci ,the ,romans believed that every man had his ,genius and every woman her ,juno2 that is1 a spirit who had given them being and was regarded as a protector through life4 ,on birthdays men made offerings to their ,genius1 women to their ,juno4 #aa4 ,other ,italian deities were the gods of the rivers1 such as ,father ,tiber1 and the goddesses of the springs and brooks1 such as ,juturna1 whose pool in the ,forum was sacred4 ,this nymph was also a goddess of healing and1 according to later tradition1 was beloved by ,jupiter4 ,earlier stories1 however1 make her the wife of ,janus and the mother of ,fontus1 the god of flowing waters1 who had an altar on the ,janiculan hill and was worshiped at an annual festival called the ,fontinalia1 when the wells were wreathed with garlands4 ,held in especial honor were the ,camen1 fountain-nymphs1 goddesses of prophecy and healing 7later identified with the ,muses74 ,the leader of them was ,carmenta1 who sang both the future and the past4 ,with her is sometimes associated the nymph ,egeria1 from whom the ,roman king ,numa is said to have received instruction concerning the forms of worship which he introduced4 #ab4 ,the ,romans worshiped1 also1 ,sol1 the ,sun2 ,luna1 the ,moon2 ,mater ,matuta1 the ,dawn2 ,juventus1 ,youth2 ,fides1 ,honesty2 ,feronia1 goddess of groves and freedmen2 and a great number of personified abstractions of conduct and experience1 such as ,fortune and ,health4 ,many of these ,latin divinities were derived from the earlier cult and ritual of the ,etruscan inhabitants of ,italy4 ,,footnotes3 #fb ,names of the corresponding ,greek divinities are in parentheses4 #fc ,for illustrative material1 see ,commentary4 #fd ,gellius1 #e1 #ab4 ,ovid1 ,fasti1 #a1 #agi4 ,macrobius1 ,sat4 #a1 #i-ae4 #fe ,from ,macaulay's ,prophecy of ,capys4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,divinities ,,of ,,heaven #ee4 ,myths of ,jupiter and ,juno4 ,not a few of the adventures of ,jupiter turn upon his love affairs4 ,among the immortals his queen had rivals in his affection2 for instance1 ,latona1 a goddess of darkness1 daughter of the ,titans ,coeus and ,phoebe4 ,this goddess became1 as we have already seen1 the mother of ,apollo and ,diana4 ,the ire of ,juno against her was never appeased4 ,in consequence of it1 numerous trials were visited upon ,latona1 some of which find a place among the adventures of her children4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,,ganymede #ef4 ,love ,affairs of ,jupiter4 ,not only with immortals but with mortals were ,jupiter's relations sometimes of a dubious character4 ,his devotion to the beautiful daughters of men involved him in frequent altercations with his justly jealous spouse4 ,of his fondness for ,dana1 whom he approached in a shower of gold1 particulars are given in the story of her son ,perseus2 of his love for ,alcmene1 the granddaughter of that ,perseus1 we are informed in the myths of her son ,hercules2 and of his attentions to ,leda1 whom he wooed in guise of a swan1 we learn in the accounts of their children ,pollux and ,helen4 ,other love passages1 upon which narratives depend1 concern ,io1 ,callisto1 ,europa1 ,semele1 gina1 and ,antiope4 ,illustration3 ,,greece ,,in ,,the ,,fifth ,,century ,b4,c4 #eg4 ,io#ff was of divine ancestry4 ,her father was the river-god ,inachus1 son of ,oceanus4 ,it is said that ,juno one day1 perceiving the skies suddenly overcast1 surmised that her husband had raised a cloud to hide some escapade4 ,she brushed away the darkness and saw him on the banks of a glassy river with a beautiful heifer standing near4 ,juno suspected1 with reason1 that the heifer's form concealed some fair nymph of mortal mold4 ,it was ,io1 whom ,jupiter1 when he became aware of the approach of his wife1 had changed into that form4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,,hermes ,,kills ,,argus ,the ox-eyed goddess joined her husband1 noticed the heifer1 praised its beauty1 and asked whose it was and of what herd4 ,jupiter1 to stop questions1 replied that it was a fresh creation from the earth4 ,juno begged it as a gift4 ,what could the king of gods and men do8 ,he was loath to surrender his sweetheart to his wife2 yet how refuse so trifling a present as a heifer8 ,he could not1 without exciting suspicion1 and he therefore consented4 ,the goddess delivered the heifer to ,argus1 to be strictly watched4 ,now ,argus had a hundred eyes in his head1 and never went to sleep with more than two at a time1 so that he kept watch of ,io constantly4 ,he suffered her to graze through the day and at night tied a rope round her neck4 ,she would have stretched out her arms to implore freedom of ,argus1 but that she had no arms to stretch out and her voice was a bellow4 ,she yearned in vain to make herself known to her father4 ,at length she bethought herself of writing1 and inscribed her name--it was a short one--with her hoof on the sand4 ,inachus recognized it1 and1 discovering that his daughter whom he had long sought in vain was hidden under this disguise1 mourned over her4 ,while he thus lamented1 ,argus1 observing1 drove her away and took his seat on a bank from whence he could see in every direction4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,io1 ,,argus1 ,,and ,,mercury ,jupiter1 grieved by the sufferings of his mistress1 sent ,mercury to dispatch ,argus4 ,mercury took his sleep-producing wand and presented himself on earth as a shepherd driving his flock4 ,as he strolled1 he blew upon his syrinx or ,pandean pipes4 ,argus listened with delight4 ,young man1 said he1 come and take a seat by me on this stone4 ,there is no better place for your flock to graze in than hereabouts1 and here is a pleasant shade such as shepherds love4 ,mercury sat down1 talked1 told stories till it grew late1 and played upon his pipes his most soothing strains1 hoping to lull the watchful eyes to sleep1 but in vain2 for ,argus still contrived to keep some of his eyes open1 though he shut the rest4 ,but among other stories1 ,mercury told him how the instrument on which he played was invented4 ,there was a certain nymph1 said he1 whose name was ,syrinx1--much beloved by the satyrs and spirits of the wood4 ,she would have none of them1 but was a faithful worshiper of ,diana and followed the chase4 ,pan1 meeting her one day1 wooed her with many compliments1 likening her to ,diana of the silver bow4 ,without stopping to hear him she ran away4 ,but on the bank of the river he overtook her4 ,she called for help on her friends1 the water-nymphs4 ,they heard and consented4 ,pan threw his arms around what he supposed to be the form of the nymph and found he embraced only a tuft of reeds4 ,as he breathed a sigh1 the air sounded through the reeds and produced a plaintive melody4 ,whereupon the god1 charmed with the novelty and with the sweetness of the music1 said1 ',thus1 then1 at least1 you shall be mine4' ,taking some of the reeds of unequal lengths and placing them together1 side by side1 he made an instrument and called it ,syrinx1 in honor of the nymph4 ,before ,mercury had finished his story he saw the eyes of ,argus all asleep4 ,at once he slew him and set ,io free4 ,the eyes of ,argus ,juno took and scattered as ornaments on the tail of her peacock1 where they remain to this day4 ,but the vengeance of ,juno was not yet satiated4 ,she sent a gadfly to torment ,io1 who1 in her flight1 swam through the sea1 named after her1 ,ionian4 ,afterward1 roaming over many lands1 she reached at last the banks of the ,nile4 ,then ,jupiter interceded for her2 and upon his engaging not to pay her any further attention1 ,juno consented to restore her to her form4 ,in a poem dedicated to ,leigh ,hunt1 by ,keats1 the following allusion to the story of ,pan and ,syrinx occurs3 ,so did he feel who pulled the boughs aside1 ,that we might look into a forest wide1 444 ,telling us how fair trembling ,syrinx fled ,arcadian ,pan1 with such a fearful dread4 ,poor nymph--poor ,pan--how he did weep to find ,nought but a lovely sighing of the wind ,along the reedy stream2 a half-heard strain1 ,full of sweet desolation1 balmy pain4 #eh4 ,callisto of ,arcadia was another maiden who excited the jealousy of ,juno4 ,her the goddess changed into a bear4 ,often1 frightened by the dogs1 ,callisto1 though lately a huntress1 fled in terror from the hunters4 ,often1 too1 she fled from the wild beasts1 forgetting that she was now a wild beast herself2 and1 bear as she was1 she feared the bears4 ,one day a youth espied her as he was hunting4 ,she saw him and recognized him as her son ,arcas1 grown to manhood4 ,she stopped and felt inclined to embrace him4 ,he1 alarmed1 raised his hunting spear and was on the point of transfixing her1 but ,jupiter arrested the crime and1 snatching away both of them1 placed them in the heavens as the ,great and ,little ,bear4 ,juno1 enraged at seeing her rival so set in honor1 hastened to ancient ,tethys and ,oceanus and1 complaining that she was supplanted in ,heaven1 cried1 ,so do my punishments result--such is the extent of my power6 ,i forbade her to wear human form1--she and her hateful son are placed among the stars4 ,better that she should have resumed her former shape1 as ,i permitted ,io to do4 ,perhaps my husband means to take her to wife1 and put me away6 ,but you1 my foster parents1 if you feel for me1 and see with displeasure this unworthy treatment of me1 show it1 ,i beseech you1 by forbidding this guilty couple from coming into your waters4 ,the powers of the ,ocean assented1 and consequently the two constellations of the ,great and ,little ,bear move round and round in the neighborhood of the pole1 but never sink1 as do the other stars1 beneath the ,ocean4#fg #ei4 ,europa was the daughter of ,agenor1 king of ,phoenicia1 son of the god ,neptune4 ,the story of ,jupiter's love for her is thus told by the idyllic poet1 ,moschus3 ,to ,europa1 princess of ,asia1 once on a time1 a sweet dream was sent by ,cypris4444 ,then she beheld two continents at strife for her sake1 ,asia and the further shore1 both in the shape of women4 ,of these one had the guise of a stranger1 the other of a lady of that land1 and closer still she clung about her maiden1 and kept saying how she was her mother1 and herself had nursed ,europa4 ,but that other with mighty hands1 and forcefully1 kept haling the maiden1 nothing loth2 declaring that1 by the will of gis-bearing ,jupiter1 ,europa was destined to be her prize4 ,but ,europa leaped forth from her strown bed in terror1 with beating heart1 in such clear vision had she beheld the dream4444 ,and she said1 ,ah6 who was the alien woman that ,i beheld in my sleep8 ,how strange a longing for her seized my heart1 yea1 and how graciously she herself did welcome me1 and regard me as it had been her own child6 ,ye blessed gods1 ,i pray you1 prosper the fulfillment of the dream6 ,therewith she arose1 and began to seek the dear maidens of her company1 girls of like age with herself1 born in the same year1 beloved of her heart1 the daughters of noble sires1 with whom she was always wont to sport1 when she was arrayed for the dance1 or when she would bathe her bright body at the mouths of the rivers1 or would gather fragrant lilies on the leas4444 ,now the girls1 so soon as they were come to the flowering meadows1 took great delight in various sorts of flowers1 whereof one would pluck sweet-breathed narcissus1 another the hyacinth1 another the violet1 a fourth the creeping thyme2 and on the ground there fell many petals of the meadows rich with spring4 ,others1 again1 were emulously gathering the fragrant tresses of the yellow crocus2 but in the midst of them all the princess culled with her hand the splendor of the crimson rose1 and shone preminent among them all like the foam-born goddess among the ,graces4 ,verily1 she was not for long to set her heart's delight upon the flowers4444 ,for of a truth1 the son of ,cronus1 so soon as he beheld her1 was troubled1 and his heart was subdued by the sudden shafts of ,cypris1 who alone can conquer even ,jupiter4 ,therefore1 both to avoid the wrath of jealous ,juno1 and being eager to beguile the maiden's tender heart1 he concealed his godhead1 and changed his shape1 and became a bull4444 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,,europa ,,on ,,the ,,bull ,he came into the meadow1 and his coming terrified not the maidens1 nay1 within them all wakened desire to draw nigh the lovely bull1 and to touch him1 and his heavenly fragrance was scattered afar1 exceeding even the sweet perfume of the meadows4 ,and he stood before the feet of fair ,europa1 and kept licking her neck1 and cast his spell over the maiden4 ,and she still caressed him1 and gently with her hands she wiped away the deep foam from his lips1 and kissed the bull4 ,then he lowed so gently1 ye would think ye heard the ,mygdonian flute uttering a dulcet sound4 ,he bowed himself before her feet1 and bending back his neck1 he gazed on ,europa1 and showed her his broad back4 ,then she spake among her deep-tressed maidens1 saying1-- ,come1 dear playmates1 maidens of like age with me1 let us mount the bull here and take our pastime1 for1 truly1 he will bear us on his back1 and carry all of us6 ,and how mild he is1 and dear1 and gentle to behold1 and no whit like other bulls6 ,a mind as honest as a man's possesses him1 and he lacks nothing but speech4 ,so she spake1 and smiling1 she sat down on the back of the bull1 and the others were about to follow her4 ,but the bull leaped up immediately1 now he had gotten her that he desired1 and swiftly he sped to the deep4 ,the maiden turned1 and called again and again to her dear playmates1 stretching out her hands1 but they could not reach her4 ,the strand he gained1 and forward he sped like a dolphin1 faring with unwetted hooves over the wide waves4 ,and the sea1 as he came1 grew smooth1 and the sea monsters gamboled around1 before the feet of ,jupiter2 and the dolphin rejoiced1 and rising from the deeps1 he tumbled on the swell of the sea4 ,the ,nereds arose out of the salt water1 and all of them came on in orderly array1 riding on the backs of sea beasts4 ,and himself1 the thunderous shaker of the world1 appeared above the sea1 and made smooth the wave1 and guided his brother on the salt sea path1 and round him were gathered the ,tritons1 these hoarse trumpeters of the deep1 blowing from their long conchs a bridal melody4 ,meanwhile1 ,europa1 riding on the back of the divine bull1 with one hand clasped the beast's great horn1 and with the other caught up the purple fold of her garment1 lest it might trail and be wet in the hoar sea's infinite spray4 ,and her deep robe was swelled out by the winds1 like the sail of a ship1 and lightly still did waft the maiden onward4 ,but when she was now far off from her own country1 and neither sea-beat headland nor steep hill could now be seen1 but above1 the air1 and beneath1 the limitless deep1 timidly she looked around1 and uttered her voice1 saying1-- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,,nere,,ds ,,on ,,sea ,,beasts ,whither bearest thou me1 bull god8 ,what art thou8 ,how dost thou fare on thy feet through the path of the sea beasts1 nor fearest the sea8 ,the sea is a path meet for swift ships that traverse the brine1 but bulls dread the salt sea ways4 ,what drink is sweet to thee1 what food shalt thou find from the deep8 ,nay1 art thou then some god1 for godlike are these deeds of thine4 444 ,so spake she1 and the horned bull made answer to her again3 ,take courage1 maiden1 and dread not the swell of the deep4 ,behold1 ,i am ,jupiter1 even ,i1 though1 closely beheld1 ,i wear the form of a bull1 for ,i can put on the semblance of what thing ,i will4 ,but 'tis love of thee that has compelled me to measure out so great a space of the salt sea1 in a bull's shape4 ,so ,crete shall presently receive thee1 ,crete that was mine own foster-mother1 where thy bridal chamber shall be4#fh ,according to tradition1 from this princess the continent of ,europe acquired its name4 ,her three sons are famous in ,greek myth3 ,minos1 who became king of ,crete1 and after his death a judge in the lower world2 ,rhadamanthus1 who also was regarded as king and judge in the world of ghosts2 and ,sarpedon1 who was ancestor of the ,lycians4 ,the adventures of ,europa's brother ,cadmus1 who by the command of his father went forth in quest of the lost maiden1 fall under the myths of ,mars4#fi ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,,bacchus ,,embracing ,,semele #fj4 ,semele was the daughter of ,cadmus1 founder of ,thebes4 ,she was descended1 through both parents1 from the gods2 for her mother ,harmonia was daughter to ,mars and the laughter-loving ,venus4 ,to ,semele ,jupiter had appeared1 and had paid court in unostentatious manner and simple guise4 ,but ,juno1 to gratify her resentment against this new rival for her lord's affections1 contrived a plan for her destruction4 ,assuming the form of ,bero1 the aged nurse of ,semele1 she insinuated doubts whether it was indeed ,jove himself who came as a lover4 ,heaving a sigh1 she said1 ,i hope it will turn out so1 but ,i can't help being afraid4 ,people are not always what they pretend to be4 ,if he is indeed ,jove1 make him give some proof of it4 ,ask him to come arrayed in all his splendors1 such as he wears in ,heaven4 ,that will put the matter beyond a doubt4 ,semele was persuaded to try the experiment4 ,she asks a favor1 without naming what it is4 ,jove gives his promise1 and confirms it with the irrevocable oath1 attesting the river ,styx1 terrible to the gods themselves4 ,then she made known her request4 ,the god would have stopped her as she spake1 but she was too quick for him4 ,the words escaped1 and he could neither unsay his promise nor her request4 ,in deep distress he left her and returned to the upper regions4 ,there he clothed himself in his splendors1 not putting on all his terrors1 as when he overthrew the giants1 but what is known among the gods as his lesser panoply4 ,with thunders and lightnings he entered the chamber of ,semele4 ,her mortal frame could not endure the splendors of the immortal radiance4 ,she was consumed to ashes4#gj ,her son was the god ,bacchus4#ga ,semele1 in the blissful seats of ,heaven1 whither she was transported by the sorrowful ,jove1 has been represented as recounting thus the story of her doom3 ,what were the garden-bowers of ,thebes to me8 ,what cared ,i for their dances and their feasts1 ,whose heart awaited an immortal doom8 ,the ,greek youths mocked me1 since ,i shunned in scorn ,them and their praises of my brows and hair4 ,the light girls pointed after me1 who turned ,soul-sick from their unending fooleries4444 ,there came a change3 a glory fell to me4 ,no more 'twas ,semele1 the lonely girl1 ,but ,jupiter's ,beloved1 ,semele4 ,with human arms the god came clasping me3 ,new life streamed from his presence2 and a voice1 ,that scarce could curb itself to the smooth ,greek1 ,now and anon swept forth in those deep nights1 ,thrilling my flesh with awe2 mysterious words-- ,i knew not what2 hints of unearthly things ,that ,i had felt on solemn summer noons1 ,when sleeping ,earth dreamed music1 and the heart ,went crooning a low song it could not learn1 ,but wandered over it1 as one who gropes ,for a forgotten chord upon a lyre4 ,yea1 ,jupiter6 ,but why this mortal guise1 ,wooing as if he were a milk-faced boy8 ,did ,i lack lovers8 ,was my beauty dulled1 ,the golden hair turned dross1 the lithe limbs shrunk8 ,the deathless longings tamed1 that ,i should seethe ,my soul in love like any shepherd girl8 ,one night he sware to grant whate'er ,i asked3 ,and straight ,i cried1 ,to know thee as thou art6 ,to hold thee on my heart as ,juno does6 ,come in thy thunder--kill me with one fierce ,divine embrace6--,thine oath6--,now1 ,earth1 at last6 ,the ,heavens shot one swift sheet of lurid flame2 ,the world crashed3 from a body scathed and torn ,the soul leapt through1 and found his breast1 and died4 ,died8--,so the ,theban maidens think1 and laugh1 ,saying1 ,she had her wish1 that ,semele6 ,but sitting here upon ,olympus' height1 ,i look down1 through that oval ring of stars1 ,and see the far-off ,earth1 a twinkling speck-- ,dust-mote whirled up from the ,sun's chariot wheel-- ,and pity their small hearts that hold a man ,as if he were a god2 or know the god-- ,or dare to know him--only as a man6 ,o human love6 art thou forever blind8#gb #fa4 gina4 ,the extent to which those who were concerned only indirectly in ,jupiter's love affairs might yet be involved in the consequences of them is illustrated by the fortunes of gina4 ,this maiden1 the daughter of ,asopus1 a river-god1 attracted the attention of ,jupiter1 who straightway ran off with her4 ,now1 on the one hand1 ,sisyphus1 king of ,corinth1 having witnessed the intrigue1 was indiscreet enough to disclose it4 ,forthwith the vengeance of the king of gods and men fell upon him4 ,he was condemned to ,hades and1 attempting to escape thence1 had resort to a series of deceptions that resulted in his eternal punishment4#gc ,on the other hand1 the inhabitants of the island that had the misfortune to bear gina's name incurred the displeasure of ,juno1 who devastated their land with a plague4 ,the following account of this calamity is placed in the mouth of acus1 king of the island3#gd ,at the beginning the sky seemed to settle down upon the earth and thick clouds shut in the heated air4 ,for four months together a deadly south wind prevailed4 ,the disorder affected the wells and springs4 ,thousands of snakes crept over the land and shed their poison in the fountains4 ,the force of the disease was first spent on the lower animals1--dogs1 cattle1 sheep1 and birds4 ,the oxen fell in the midst of their work4 ,the wool dropped from the bleating sheep4 ,the horse groaned at his stall and died an inglorious death4 ,everything languished2 dead bodies lay in the roads1 the fields1 and the woods2 the air was poisoned by them4 ,next the disease attacked the country people1 and then the dwellers in the city4 ,at first the cheek was flushed and the breath drawn with difficulty4 ,the tongue grew rough and swelled1 and the dry mouth stood open1 with its veins enlarged1 and gasped for the air4 ,men could not bear the heat of their clothes or their beds1 but preferred to lie on the bare ground4 ,nor could the physicians help1 for the disease attacked them also4 ,at last men learned to look upon death as the only deliverer from disease4 ,all restraint laid aside1 they crowded round the wells and fountains1 and drank1 without quenching thirst1 till they died4 ,on all sides lay my people strewn like over-ripened apples beneath the tree1 or acorns under the storm-shaken oak4 ,you see yonder a temple on the height4 ,it is sacred to ,jupiter4 ,often1 while the priest made ready for sacrifice1 the victim fell1 struck down by disease without waiting for the blow4 ,at length all reverence for sacred things was lost4 ,bodies were thrown out unburied1 wood was wanting for funeral piles1 men fought with one another for the possession of them4 ,finally there were none left to mourn2 sons and husbands1 old men and youths1 perished alike unlamented4 ,illustration3 ,,farnese ,,bull ,standing before the altar1 ,i raised my eyes to ,heaven4 ',o ,jupiter1' ,i said1 'if thou art indeed my father1 give me back my people1 or take me also away6' ,at these words a clap of thunder was heard4 ',i accept the omen1' ,i cried4 ,by chance there grew by the place where ,i stood an oak with wide-spreading branches1 sacred to ,jupiter4 ,i observed on it a troop of ants busy with their labor4 ,observing their numbers with admiration1 ,i said1 ',give me1 ,o father1 citizens as numerous as these1 and replenish my empty city4' ,the tree shook1 and the branches rustled1 though no wind agitated them4 ,night came on4 ,the tree stood before me in my dreams1 with its numerous branches all covered with living1 moving creatures1 which1 falling to the ground1 appeared to gain in size1 and by and by to stand erect1 and finally to assume the human form4 ,then ,i awoke4 ,my attention was caught by the sound of many voices without4 ,while ,i began to think ,i was yet dreaming1 ,telamon1 my son1 throwing open the temple gates1 exclaimed1 ',father1 approach1 and behold things surpassing even your hopes6' ,i went forth2 ,i saw a multitude of men1 such as ,i had seen in my dream4 ,while ,i gazed with wonder and delight1 they approached and1 kneeling1 hailed me as their king4 ,i paid my vows to ,jove1 and proceeded to allot the vacant city to the new-born race4 ,i called them ,myrmidons from the ant 7myrmex71 from which they sprang4 ,they are a diligent and industrious race1 eager to gain1 and tenacious of their gains4 ,the ,myrmidons were the soldiers of ,achilles1 the grandson of ,king acus1 in the ,trojan ,war4 #fb4 ,antiope was1 according to the ,odyssey1 another daughter of ,asopus1 therefore a sister of gina4 ,but later poets make this darling of ,jove daughter of ,nycteus1 king of ,thebes4 ,while she was engaged in the ,mnad dances1 ,jupiter as a satyr wooed and won her4 ,she bore him two sons1 ,amphion and ,zethus1 who1 being exposed at birth on ,mount ,cithron1 grew up among the shepherds1 not knowing their parentage4 ,after various adventures ,antiope fell into the hands of her uncle ,lycus1 the usurping king of ,thebes1 who1 egged on by his wife ,dirce1 treated her with extreme cruelty4 ,finally1 when doomed by ,dirce to be dragged to death behind a bull1 ,antiope found means to inform her children of her kinship to them4 ,as it happened1 they had been ordered to execute the cruel sentence upon their mother4 ,but with a band of their fellow herdsmen1 they attacked and slew ,lycus instead1 and1 tying ,dirce by the hair of her head to a bull1 let her perish by her own device4#ge ,while among the herdsmen1 ,amphion had been the special care of ,mercury1 who gave him a lyre and taught him to play upon it4 ,his brother ,zethus had occupied himself in hunting and tending the flocks4 ,amphion himself is one of the most famous of mythical musicians4 ,having become king of ,thebes1 it is said that when he played on his lyre1 stones moved of their own accord and took their places in the wall with which he was fortifying the city4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,,amphion ,,and ,,zethus 444 ',tis said he had a tuneful tongue1 ,such happy intonation1 ,wherever he sat down and sung ,he left a small plantation2 ,wherever in a lonely grove ,he set up his forlorn pipes1 ,the gouty oak began to move1 ,and flounder into hornpipes4 ,the mountain stirred its bushy crown1 ,and1 as tradition teaches1 ,young ashes pirouetted down ,coquetting with young beeches2 ,and briony-vine and ivy-wreath ,ran forward to his rhyming1 ,and from the valleys underneath ,came little copses climbing4 ,the linden broke her ranks and rent ,the woodbine wreaths that bind her1 ,and down the middle1 buzz6 she went ,with all her bees behind her3 ,the poplars1 in long order due1 ,with cypress promenaded1 ,the shock-head willows1 two and two1 ,by rivers gallopaded4 ,came wet-shot alder from the wave1 ,came yews1 a dismal coterie2 ,each plucked his one foot from the grave1 ,poussetting with a sloe-tree3 ,old elms came breaking from the vine1 ,the vine streamed out to follow1 ,and1 sweating rosin1 plumped the pine ,from many a cloudy hollow4 ,and wasn't it a sight to see1 ,when1 ere his song was ended1 ,like some great landslip1 tree by tree1 ,the country-side descended2 ,and shepherds from the mountain-eaves ,looked down1 half-pleased1 half-frightened1 ,as dashed about the drunken leaves ,the random sunshine lightened4#gf ,the musician's life was1 however1 not all harmony and happiness4 ,owing to the pride of his wife ,niobe1 daughter of ,king ,tantalus1 there befell him and his house a crushing calamity1 which is narrated among the exploits of ,apollo and ,diana4 #fc4 ,jupiter1 a ,friend of ,man4 ,the kindly interest evinced by the ,thunderer toward mortals is displayed in the story of ,baucis and ,philemon4 ,once on a time ,jupiter1 in human shape1 visited the land of ,phrygia1 and with him ,mercury1 without his wings4 ,they presented themselves as weary travelers at many a door1 seeking rest and shelter1 but found all closed2 for it was late1 and the inhospitable inhabitants would not rouse themselves to open for their reception4 ,at last a small thatched cottage received them1 where ,baucis1 a pious old dame1 and her husband ,philemon had grown old together4 ,not ashamed of their poverty1 they made it endurable by moderate desires and kind dispositions4 ,when the two guests crossed the humble threshold and bowed their heads to pass under the low door1 the old man placed a seat1 on which ,baucis1 bustling and attentive1 spread a cloth1 and begged them to sit down4 ,then she raked out the coals from the ashes1 kindled a fire1 and prepared some pot-herbs and bacon for them4 ,a beechen bowl was filled with warm water1 that their guests might wash4 ,while all was doing1 they beguiled the time with conversation4 ,the old woman with trembling hand set the table4 ,one leg was shorter than the rest1 but a piece of slate put under restored the level4 ,when it was steady she rubbed the table down with sweet-smelling herbs4 ,upon it she set some of chaste ,minerva's olives1 some cornel berries preserved in vinegar1 and added radishes and cheese1 with eggs lightly cooked in the ashes4 ,the meal was served in earthen dishes2 and an earthenware pitcher1 with wooden cups1 stood beside them4 ,when all was ready the stew1 smoking hot1 was set on the table4 ,some wine1 not of the oldest1 was added1 and for dessert1 apples and wild honey4 ,now while the repast proceeded1 the old folks were astonished to see that the wine1 as fast as it was poured out1 renewed itself in the pitcher of its own accord4 ,struck with terror1 ,baucis and ,philemon recognized their heavenly guests1 fell on their knees1 and with clasped hands implored forgiveness for their poor entertainment4 ,there was an old goose1 which they kept as the guardian of their humble cottage1 and they bethought them to make this a sacrifice in honor of their guests4 ,but the goose1 too nimble for the old folk1 with the aid of feet and wings eluded their pursuit and at last took shelter between the gods themselves4 ,they forbade it to be slain1 and spoke in these words3 ,we are gods4 ,this inhospitable village shall pay the penalty of its impiety2 you alone shall go free from the chastisement4 ,quit your house and come with us to the top of yonder hill4 ,they hastened to obey4 ,the country behind them was speedily sunk in a lake1 only their own house left standing4 ,while they gazed with wonder at the sight1 that old house of theirs was changed4 ,columns took the place of the corner posts1 the thatch grew yellow and appeared a gilded roof1 the floors became marble1 the doors were enriched with carving and ornaments of gold4 ,then spoke ,jupiter in benignant accents3 ,excellent old man1 and woman worthy of such a husband1 speak1 tell us your wishes4 ,what favor have you to ask of us8 ,philemon took counsel with ,baucis a few moments1 then declared to the gods their common wish4 ,we ask to be priests and guardians of this thy temple1 and that one and the same hour may take us both from life4 ,their prayer was granted4 ,when they had attained a great age1 as they stood one day before the steps of the sacred edifice and were telling the story of the place1 ,baucis saw ,philemon begin to put forth leaves1 and ,philemon saw ,baucis changing in like manner4 ,while still they exchanged parting words1 a leafy crown grew over their heads4 ,farewell1 dear spouse1 they said together1 and at the same moment the bark closed over their mouths4 ,the ,tyanean shepherd still shows the two trees1--an oak and a linden1 standing side by side4#gg ,the story of ,baucis and ,philemon has been imitated by ,swift in a burlesque style1 the actors in the change being two wandering saints1 and the house being changed into a church1 of which ,philemon is made the parson3 444 ,they scarce had spoke1 when1 fair and soft1 ,the roof began to mount aloft2 ,aloft rose every beam and rafter2 ,the heavy wall climbed slowly after4 ,the chimney widened and grew higher1 ,became a steeple with a spire4 ,the kettle to the top was hoist1 ,and there stood fastened to a joist1 ,but with the upside down1 to show ,its inclination for below2 ,in vain1 for a superior force1 ,applied at bottom1 stops its course2 ,doomed ever in suspense to dwell1 ',tis now no kettle1 but a bell4 ,a wooden jack1 which had almost ,lost by disuse the art to roast1 ,a sudden alteration feels1 ,increased by new intestine wheels2 ,and1 what exalts the wonder more1 ,the number made the motion slower2 ,the flier1 though 't had leaden feet1 ,turned round so quick you scarce could see 't2 ,but slackened by some secret power1 ,now hardly moves an inch an hour4 ,the jack and chimney1 near allied1 ,had never left each other's side4 ,the chimney to a steeple grown1 ,the jack would not be left alone2 ,but up against the steeple reared1 ,became a clock1 and still adhered2 ,and still its love to household cares ,by a shrill voice at noon declares1 ,warning the cook-maid not to burn ,that roast meat which it cannot turn4 ,the groaning chair began to crawl1 ,like a huge snail1 along the wall2 ,there stuck aloft in public view1 ,and with small change1 a pulpit grew4 ,a bedstead of the antique mode1 ,compact of timber many a load1 ,such as our ancestors did use1 ,was metamorphosed into pews1 ,which still their ancient nature keep ,by lodging folks disposed to sleep4 #fd4 ,juno's ,best ,gift4 ,what the queen of heaven deemed the greatest blessing reserved for mortals is narrated in the beautiful myth of ,biton and ,cleobis4 ,one ,cydippe1 an ancient priestess of the white-armed goddess1 had desired to behold the famous new statue of ,hera at ,argos4 ,her sons testified their affection for their mother by yoking themselves1 since no oxen were at hand1 to her chariot1 and so dragging her through heat and dust many a weary league till they reached the temple1 where stood the gold and ivory masterwork of ,polyclitus4 ,with admiration the devoted priestess and her pious sons were received by the populace crowding round the statue4 ,the priest officiating in the solemn rites thought meet that so reverend a worshiper should herself approach the goddess1--ay1 should ask of ,hera some blessing on her faithful sons3 444 ,slowly old ,cydippe rose and cried3 ,hera1 whose priestess ,i have been and am1 ,virgin and matron1 at whose angry eyes ,zeus trembles1 and the windless plain of heaven ,with hyperborean echoes rings and roars1 ,remembering thy dread nuptials1 a wise god1 ,golden and white in thy new-carven shape1 ,hear me6 and grant for these my pious sons1 ,who saw my tears1 and wound their tender arms ,around me1 and kissed me calm1 and since no steer ,stayed in the byre1 dragged out the chariot old1 ,and wore themselves the galling yoke1 and brought ,their mother to the feast of her desire1 ,grant them1 ,o ,hera1 thy best gift of gifts6 ,whereat the statue from its jeweled eyes ,lightened1 and thunder ran from cloud to cloud ,in heaven1 and the vast company was hushed4 ,but when they sought for ,cleobis1 behold1 ,he lay there still1 and by his brother's side ,lay ,biton1 smiling through ambrosial curls1 ,and when the people touched them they were dead4#gh #fe4 ,myths of ,minerva4 ,minerva1 as we have seen1#gi presided over the useful and ornamental arts1 both those of men--such as agriculture and navigation--and those of women--spinning1 weaving1 and needlework4 ,she was also a warlike divinity1 but favored only defensive warfare4 ,with ,mars' savage love of violence and bloodshed she1 therefore1 had no sympathy4 ,athens1 her chosen seat1 her own city1 was awarded to her as the prize of a peaceful contest with ,neptune1 who also aspired to it4 ,in the reign of ,cecrops1 the first king of ,athens1 the two deities had contended for the possession of the city4 ,the gods decreed that it should be awarded to the one who produced the gift most useful to mortals4 ,neptune gave the horse2 ,minerva produced the olive4 ,the gods awarded the city to the goddess1 and after her ,greek appellation1 ,athena1 it was named4 #ff4 ,arachne4 ,in another contest1 a mortal dared to come into competition with the gray-eyed daughter of ,jove4 ,this was ,arachne1 a maiden who had attained such skill in the arts of carding and spinning1 of weaving and embroidery1 that the ,nymphs themselves would leave their groves and fountains to come and gaze upon her work4 ,it was not only beautiful when it was done1 but beautiful also in the doing4 ,to watch her one would have said that ,minerva herself had taught her4 ,but this she denied1 and could not bear to be thought a pupil even of a goddess4 ,let ,minerva try her skill with mine1 said she4 ,if beaten1 ,i will pay the penalty4 ,minerva heard this and was displeased4 ,assuming the form of an old woman1 she appeared to ,arachne and kindly advised her to challenge her fellow mortals if she would1 but at once to ask forgiveness of the goddess4 ,arachne bade the old dame to keep her counsel for others4 ,i am not afraid of the goddess2 let her try her skill1 if she dare venture4 ,she comes1 said ,minerva1 and dropping her disguise1 stood confessed4 ,the ,nymphs bent low in homage and all the bystanders paid reverence4 ,arachne alone was unterrified4 ,a sudden color dyed her cheek1 and then she grew pale2 but she stood to her resolve and rushed on her fate4 ,they proceed to the contest4 ,each takes her station and attaches the web to the beam4 ,then the slender shuttle is passed in and out among the threads4 ,the reed with its fine teeth strikes up the woof into its place and compacts the web4 ,wool of ,tyrian dye is contrasted with that of other colors1 shaded off into one another so adroitly that the joining deceives the eye4 ,and the effect is like the bow whose long arch tinges the heavens1 formed by sunbeams reflected from the shower1#hj in which1 where the colors meet they seem as one1 but at a little distance from the point of contact are wholly different4 ,minerva wove the scene of her contest with ,neptune 7,poseidon74 ,twelve of the heavenly powers were represented1 ,jupiter1 with august gravity1 sitting in the midst4 ,neptune1 the ruler of the sea1 held his trident and appeared to have just smitten the earth1 from which a horse had leaped forth4 ,the bright-eyed goddess depicted herself with helmed head1 her gis covering her breast1 as when she had created the olive tree with its berries and its dark green leaves4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,,contest ,,of ,,athena ,,and ,,poseidon ,amongst these leaves she made a ,butterfly1 ,with excellent device and wondrous slight1 ,fluttering among the olives wantonly1 ,that seemed to live1 so like it was in sight2 ,the velvet nap which on his wings doth lie1 ,the silken down with which his back is dight1 ,his broad outstretchd horns1 his hairy thighs1 ,his glorious colors1 and his glistering eyes4 ,which when ,arachne saw1 as overlaid ,and masterd with workmanship so rare1 ,she stood astonished long1 ne aught gainsaid2 ,and with fast-fixd eyes on her did stare4#ha ,so wonderful was the central circle of ,minerva's web2 and in the four corners were represented incidents illustrating the displeasure of the gods at such presumptuous mortals as had dared to contend with them4 ,these were meant as warnings from ,minerva to her rival to give up the contest before it was too late4 ,but ,arachne did not yield4 ,she filled her web with subjects designedly chosen to exhibit the failings and errors of the gods4 ,one scene represented ,leda caressing the swan2 and another1 ,dana and the golden shower4 ,still another depicted ,europa deceived by ,jupiter under the disguise of a bull4 ,its appearance was that of a real bull1 so naturally was it wrought and so natural the water in which it swam4 ,with such subjects ,arachne filled her canvas1 wonderfully well done but strongly marking her presumption and impiety4 ,minerva could not forbear to admire1 yet was indignant at the insult4 ,she struck the web with her shuttle and rent it in pieces2 then1 touching the forehead of ,arachne1 she made her realize her guilt4 ,it was more than mortal could bear2 and forthwith ,arachne hanged herself4 ,live1 guilty woman1 said ,minerva1 but that thou mayest preserve the memory of this lesson continue to hang1 both thou and thy descendants1 to all future times4 ,then1 sprinkling her with the juices of aconite1 the goddess transformed her into a spider1 forever spinning the thread by which she is suspended4#hb #fg4 ,myths of ,mars4 ,the relations of ,mars to other deities may be best illustrated by passages from the ,iliad1 which1 generally speaking1 presents him in no very favorable light4 #fh4 ,mars and ,diomede4 ,in the war of the ,greeks and the ,trojans1#hc the cause of the former was espoused by ,minerva1 of the latter by ,mars4 ,among the chieftains of the ,greeks in a certain battle1 ,diomede1 son of ,tydeus1 was prominent4 ,now when ,mars1 scourge of mortals1 beheld noble ,diomede1 he made straight at him4 444 ,and when they were come nigh in onset on one another1 first ,mars thrust over the yoke and horses' reins with spear of bronze1 eager to take away his life4 ,but the bright-eyed goddess ,minerva with her hand seized the spear and thrust it up over the car1 to spend itself in vain4 ,next ,diomede of the loud war cry attacked with spear of bronze2 and ,minerva drave it home against ,mars' nethermost belly1 where his taslets were girt about him4 ,there smote he him and wounded him1 rending through his fair skin1--and plucked forth the spear again4 ,then brazen ,mars bellowed loud as nine thousand warriors or ten thousand cry in battle as they join in strife and fray4 ,thereat trembling gat hold of ,achans and ,trojans for fear1 so mightily bellowed ,mars insatiate of battle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,athena ,even as gloomy mist appeareth from the clouds when after heat a stormy wind ariseth1 even so to ,tydeus' son ,diomede brazen ,mars appeared amid clouds1 faring to wide ,heaven4 ,swiftly came he to the gods' dwelling1 steep ,olympus1 and sat beside ,jupiter1 son of ,cronus1 with grief at heart1 and showed the immortal blood flowing from the wound1 and piteously spake to him winged words3 ,father ,jupiter1 hast thou no indignation to behold these violent deeds8 ,for ever cruelly suffer we gods by one another's devices1 in showing men grace4 ,with thee are we all at variance1 because thou didst beget that reckless maiden and baleful1 whose thought is ever of iniquitous deeds4 ,for all the other gods that are in ,olympus hearken to thee1 and we are subject every one2 only her thou chaste-nest not1 neither in deed nor word1 but settest her on1 because this pestilent one is thine own offspring4 ,now hath she urged on ,tydeus' son1 even overweening ,diomede1 to rage furiously against the immortal gods4 ,the ,cyprian first he wounded in close fight1 in the wrist of her hand1 and then assailed he me1 even me1 with the might of a god4 ,howbeit my swift feet bare me away2 else had ,i long endured anguish there amid the grisly heaps of dead1 or else had lived strengthless from the smitings of the spear4 ,then ,jupiter the cloud-gatherer looked sternly at him1 and said3 ,nay1 thou renegade1 sit not by me and whine4 ,most hateful to me art thou of all gods that dwell in ,olympus2 thou ever lovest strife and wars and battles4 ,truly thy mother's spirit is intolerable1 unyielding1 even ,juno's2 her can ,i scarce rule with words4 ,therefore ,i deem that by her prompting thou art in this plight4 ,yet will ,i no longer endure to see thee in anguish2 mine offspring art thou1 and to me thy mother bare thee4 ,but wert thou born of any other god unto this violence1 long ere this hadst thou been lower than the sons of ,heaven4 ,so spake he and bade ,pan heal him4 ,and ,pan laid assuaging drugs upon the wound1 and healed him1 seeing he was in no wise of mortal mold4 ,even as fig juice maketh haste to thicken white milk1 that is liquid but curdleth speedily as a man stirreth1 even so swiftly healed he impetuous ,mars4 ,and ,hebe bathed him and clothed him in gracious raiment1 and he sate down by ,jupiter1 son of ,cronus1 glorying in his might4 ,then fared the twain back to the mansion of great ,jupiter1 even ,juno and ,minerva1 having stayed ,mars1 scourge of mortals1 from his man-slaying4#hd #fi4 ,mars and ,minerva4 ,it would seem that the insatiate son of ,juno should have learned by this sad experience to avoid measuring arms with the gis-bearing ,minerva4 ,but he renewed the contest at a later period in the fortunes of the ,trojan ,war3 444 ,jupiter knew what was coming as he sat upon ,olympus1 and his heart within him laughed pleasantly when he beheld that strife of gods4 ,then no longer stood they asunder1 for ,mars1 piercer of shields1 began the battle and first made for ,minerva with his bronze spear1 and spake a taunting word3 ,wherefore1 ,o dogfly1 dost thou match gods with gods in strife1 with stormy daring1 as thy great spirit moveth thee8 ,rememberest thou not how thou movedst ,diomede1 ,tydeus' son1 to wound me1 and thyself didst take a visible spear and thrust it straight at me and pierce through my fair skin8 ,therefore deem ,i now that thou shalt pay me for all that thou hast done4 ,thus saying1 he smote on the dread tasseled gis that not even the lightning of ,jupiter can overcome--thereon smote blood-stained ,mars with his long spear4 ,but she1 giving back1 grasped with stout hand a stone that lay upon the plain1 black1 rugged1 huge1 which men of old time set to be the landmark of a field2 this hurled she1 and smote impetuous ,mars on the neck1 and unstrung his limbs4 ,seven roods he covered in his fall1 and soiled his hair with dust1 and his armor rang upon him4 ,and ,minerva laughed1 and spake to him winged words exultingly3 ,fool1 not even yet hast thou learnt how far better than thou ,i claim to be1 that thus thou matchest thy might with mine4 ,thus shalt thou satisfy thy mother's curses1 who deviseth mischief against thee in her wrath1 for that thou hast left the ,achans and givest the proud ,trojans aid4 ,thus having said1 she turned from him her shining eyes4 ,him did ,venus1 daughter of ,jupiter1 take by the hand and lead away1 groaning continually1 for scarce gathered he his spirit back to him4#he #gj4 ,the ,fortunes of ,cadmus4 ,toward mortals ,mars could show himself1 on occasion1 as vindictive as his fair foe1 the unwearied daughter of ,jove4 ,this fact not only ,cadmus1 who slew a serpent sacred to ,mars1 but all the family of ,cadmus found out to their cost4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,cadmus ,,slaying ,,the ,,dragon ,when ,europa was carried away by ,jupiter in the guise of a bull1 her father ,agenor commanded his son ,cadmus to go in search of her and not to return without her4 ,cadmus sought long and far2 then1 not daring to return unsuccessful1 consulted the oracle of ,apollo to know what country he should settle in4 ,the oracle informed him that he would find a cow in the field1 should follow her wherever she might wander1 and where she stopped should build a city and call it ,thebes4 ,cadmus had hardly left the ,castalian cave1 from which the oracle was delivered1 when he saw a young cow slowly walking before him4 ,he followed her close1 offering at the same time his prayers to ,phoebus4 ,the cow went on till she passed the shallow channel of ,cephissus and came out into the plain of ,panope4 ,there she stood still4 ,cadmus gave thanks1 and stooping down kissed the foreign soil1 then lifting his eyes1 greeted the surrounding mountains4 ,wishing to offer a sacrifice to his protecting deity1 ,minerva1 he sent his servants to seek pure water for a libation4 ,near by there stood an ancient grove which had never been profaned by the ax1 in the midst of which was a cave thick covered with the growth of bushes1 its roof forming a low arch from beneath which burst forth a fountain of purest water4 ,but in the cave lurked a serpent with crested head1 and scales glittering like gold2 his eyes shone like fire2 his body was swollen with venom2 he vibrated a triple tongue and showed a triple row of teeth4 ,no sooner had the ,tyrians dipped their pitchers in the fountain and the in-gushing waters had made a sound1 than the monster1 twisting his scaly body in a huge coil1 darted upon them and destroyed some with his fangs1 others in his folds1 and others with his poisonous breath4 ,cadmus1 having waited for the return of his men till midday1 went in search of them4 ,when he entered the wood and saw their lifeless bodies and the dragon with his bloody jaws1 not knowing that the serpent was sacred to ,mars1 scourge of mortals1 he lifted a huge stone and threw it with all his force at the monster4 ,the blow made no impression4 ,minerva1 however1 was present1 unseen1 to aid her worshiper4 ,cadmus next threw his javelin1 which penetrated the serpent's scales and pierced through to his entrails4 ,the monster attempted to draw out the weapon with his mouth1 but broke it off1 leaving the iron point rankling in his flesh4 ,his neck swelled with rage1 bloody foam covered his jaws1 and the breath of his nostrils poisoned the air around4 ,as he moved onward1 ,cadmus retreated before him1 holding his spear opposite to the serpent's opened jaws4 ,at last1 watching his chance1 the hero thrust the spear at a moment when the animal's head thrown back came against the trunk of a tree1 and so succeeded in pinning him to its side4 ,while ,cadmus stood over his conquered foe1 contemplating its vast size1 a voice was heard 7from whence he knew not1 but it was ,minerva's7 commanding him to take the dragon's teeth and sow them in the earth4 ,scarce had he done so when the clods began to move and the points of spears to appear above the surface4 ,next1 helmets with their nodding plumes came up2 next1 the shoulders and breasts and limbs of men with weapons1 and in time a harvest of armed warriors4 ,cadmus prepared to encounter a new enemy1 but one of them said to him1 ,meddle not with our civil war4 ,with that he who had spoken smote one of his earthborn brothers with a sword1 and he himself fell pierced with an arrow from another4 ,the latter fell victim to a fourth1 and in like manner the whole crowd dealt with each other till all but five fell slain4 ,these five joined with ,cadmus in building his city1 to which they gave the name appointed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,,harmonia ,,in ,,company ,,of ,,deities ,as penance for the destruction of this sacred serpent1 ,cadmus served ,mars for a period of eight years4 ,after he had been absolved of his impiety1 ,minerva set him over the realm of ,thebes1 and ,jove gave him to wife ,harmonia1 the daughter of ,venus and ,mars4 ,the gods left ,olympus to honor the occasion with their presence2 and ,vulcan presented the bride with a necklace of surpassing brilliancy1 his own workmanship4 ,of this marriage were born four daughters1 ,semele1 ,ino1 ,autono1 and ,agave1 and one son1 ,polydorus4 ,but in spite of the atonement made by ,cadmus1 a fatality hung over the family4 ,the very necklace of ,vulcan seemed to catch the spirit of ill luck and convey a baleful influence to such as wore it4 ,semele1 ,ino1 ,acton the son of ,autono1 and ,pentheus the son of ,agave1 all perished by violence4 ,cadmus and ,harmonia quitted ,thebes1 grown odious to them1 and emigrated to the country of the ,enchelians1 who received them with honor and made ,cadmus their king4 ,but the misfortunes of their children still weighing upon their minds1 ,cadmus one day exclaimed1 ,if a serpent's life is so dear to the gods1 ,i would ,i were myself a serpent4 ,no sooner had he uttered the words than he began to change his form4 ,harmonia1 beholding it1 prayed the gods to let her share his fate4 ,both became serpents4 ,it is said that1 mindful of their origin1 they neither avoid the presence of man nor do they injure any one4 ,but the curse appears not to have passed from their house until the sons of their great-great-grandson ,,oedipus had by fraternal strife ended themselves and the family4#hf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,the ,,forge ,,of ,,vulcan ,from the painting by ,velasquez #ga4 ,myths of ,vulcan4 ,the stories of ,vulcan are few1 although incidents illustrating his character are sufficiently numerous4 ,according to an account already given1 ,vulcan1 because of his lameness1 was cast out of ,heaven by his mother ,juno4 ,the sea-goddesses ,eurynome and ,thetis took him mercifully to themselves1 and for nine years cared for him1 while he plied his trade and gained proficiency in it4 ,in order to revenge himself upon the mother who had so despitefully used him1 he fashioned in the depths of the sea a throne of cunning device1 which he sent to his mother4 ,she1 gladly accepting the glorious gift1 sat down upon it1 to find out that straightway all manner of invisible chains and fetters wound and clasped themselves about her so that she could not rise4 ,the assistance of the gods was of no avail to release her4 ,then ,mars sought to bring ,vulcan to ,heaven by force that he might undo his trickery2 but before the flames of the fire-god1 the impetuous warrior speedily retreated4 ,one god1 however1 the jovial ,bacchus1 was dear to the blacksmith4 ,he drenched ,vulcan with wine1 conducted him to ,olympus1 and by persuasion caused him to set the queen of gods and men at liberty4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,a ,,sacrifice ,,to ,,apollo ,that ,vulcan was not permanently hostile to ,juno is shown by the services that on various occasions he rendered her4 ,he forged the shield of her favorite ,achilles2 and1 at her instance1 he undertook a contest against the river ,xanthus4 ,homer#hg describes the burning of elms and willow trees and tamarisks1 the parching of the plains1 the bubbling of the waters1 that signalized the fight1 and how the eels and other fish were afflicted by ,vulcan till ,xanthus in anguish cried for quarter4 #gb4 ,myths of ,apollo4 ,the myths which cluster about the name of ,phoebus ,apollo illustrate1 first1 his birth and the wanderings of his mother1 ,latona2 secondly1 his victory over darkness and winter2 thirdly1 his gifts to man1--youth and vigor1 the sunshine of spring1 and the vegetation of early summer2 fourthly1 his baleful influence1--the sunstroke and drought of midsummer1 the miasma of autumn2 fifthly1 his life on earth1 as friend and counselor of mankind1--healer1 soothsayer1 and musician1 prototype of manly beauty1 and lover of beautiful women4 #gc4 ,the ,wanderings of ,latona4 ,persecuted by the jealousy of the white-armed ,juno1 ,latona fled from land to land4 ,at last1 bearing in her arms the infant progeny of ,jove1 she reached ,lycia1 weary with her burden and parched with thirst4 ,there the following adventure ensued4 ,by chance the persecuted goddess espied in the bottom of the valley a pond of clear water1 where the country people were at work gathering willows and osiers4 ,she approached and kneeling on the bank would have slaked her thirst in the cool stream1 but the rustics forbade her4 ,why do you refuse me water8 said she4 ,water is free to all4 ,yet ,i ask it of you as a favor4 ,i have no intention of washing my limbs in it1 weary though they be1 but only of quenching my thirst4 ,a draft of water would be nectar to me1 and ,i would own myself indebted to you for life itself4 ,let these infants move your pity1 who stretch out their little arms as if to plead for me4 ,but the clowns persisted in their rudeness2 they added jeers1 and threatened violence if she did not leave the place4 ,they waded into the pond and stirred up the mud with their feet1 so as to make the water unfit to drink4 ,enraged1 the goddess no longer supplicated the clowns1 but lifting her hands to ,heaven exclaimed1 ,may they never quit that pool but pass their lives there6 ,and it came to pass accordingly4 ,they still live in the water1 sometimes totally submerged1 then raising their heads above the surface or swimming upon it2 sometimes coming out upon the bank1 but soon leaping back again into the water4 ,their voices are harsh1 their throats bloated1 their mouths distended by constant railing2 their necks have shrunk up and disappeared1 and their heads are joined to their bodies4 ,their backs are green1 their disproportioned bellies white4 ,they dwell as frogs in the slimy pool4#hh #gd4 ,apollo1 the ,light ,triumphant4 ,soon after his birth the sun-god spent a year among the ,hyperboreans1 whose shining land has been already described4#hi ,on his return1 slaying with his golden arrows the ,python that had infested the slopes near ,delphi1 he sang for the first time that song of victory which1 as the ,pan1 is still among all nations synonymous with jubilation1 praise1 and thanksgiving4 ,in his conflict with another monster of darkness and winter1 the god of the silver bow had the assistance of his sister ,diana4 ,by their unerring fiery darts they subdued the giant ,tityus1 who not only had obstructed the peaceful ways to the oracle of ,delphi1 but had ventured to insult the mother of the twin deities4 ,they overthrew also the ,aload1 ,otus and ,ephialtes1 sons of ,iphimedia and ,neptune4 ,these monsters1 the reputed sons of ,aloeus1 represent1 perhaps1 the unregulated forces of vegetation2 they were renowned for their strength1 stature1 and courage4 ,they grew at the rate of three cubits in height and one in breadth every year2 and1 when nine years of age1 they attempted1 by piling ,mount ,ossa upon ,olympus1 and ,mount ,pelion on top1 to scale the skies and dethrone the immortals4 ,it is reported that not ,apollo and ,diana1 but ,jupiter himself with his lightning slew them4 ,they atoned for their presumption in ,hades1 where1 bound by serpents to a pillar1 they were tormented by the perpetual hooting of a screech owl4#ij ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,apollo ,,with ,,hyacinthus #ge4 ,hyacinthus4 ,the fiery force of the ,far-darter was not felt by the monsters of darkness alone4 ,his friendship for the young and the vigorous was frequently as dangerous as it was dear to the objects of it4 ,he was1 for instance1 passionately fond of a youth named ,hyacinthus4 ,the god of the silver bow accompanied the lad in his sports1 carried the nets when he went fishing1 led the dogs when he went to hunt1 followed him in his excursions in the mountains1 and neglected for him both lyre and arrows4 ,one day they played a game of quoits2 ,apollo1 heaving aloft the discus with strength mingled with skill1 sent it high and far4 ,hyacinthus1 excited with the sport and eager to make his throw1 ran forward to seize the missile2 but it bounded from the earth and struck him in the forehead4 ,he fainted and fell4 ,the god1 as pale as himself1 raised him and tried all his art to stanch the wound and retain the flitting life1 but in vain4 ,as when one has broken the stem of a lily in the garden it hangs its head and turns its flowers to the earth1 so the head of the dying boy1 as if too heavy for his neck1 fell over on his shoulder4 ,thou diest1 ,hyacinth1 spake ,phoebus1 robbed of thy youth by me4 ,would that ,i could die for thee6 ,but since that may not be1 my lyre shall celebrate thee1 my song shall tell thy fate1 and thou shalt become a flower inscribed with my regret4 ,while the golden god spoke1 the blood which had flowed on the ground and stained the herbage ceased to be blood2 and a flower of hue more beautiful than the ,tyrian sprang up1 resembling the lily1 save that this is purple and that silvery white4 ,phoebus then1 to confer still greater honor1 marked the petals with his sorrow1 inscribing ,ai6 ai6 upon them4 ,the flower bears the name of ,hyacinthus1 and with returning spring revives the memory of his fate4#ia ,it was said that ,zephyrus 7the west wind71 who was also fond of ,hyacinthus and jealous of his preference of ,apollo1 blew the quoit out of its course to make it strike ,hyacinthus4 ,while this youth met his death by accident1 another of ,apollo's favorites1 his own son1 brought death upon himself by presumption4 ,the story is as follows3 #gf4 ,phathon#b was the son of ,apollo and the nymph ,clymene4 ,one day ,epaphus1 the son of ,jupiter and ,io1#ib scoffed at the idea of ,phathon's being the son of a god4 ,phathon complained of the insult to his mother ,clymene4 ,she sent him to ,phoebus to ask for himself whether he had not been truly informed concerning his parentage4 ,gladly ,phathon traveled toward the regions of sunrise and gained at last the palace of the ,sun4 ,he approached his father's presence1 but stopped at a distance1 for the light was more than he could bear4 ,phoebus ,apollo1 arrayed in purple1 sat on a throne that glittered with diamonds4 ,beside him stood the ,day1 the ,month1 the ,year1 the ,hours1 and the ,seasons4 ,surrounded by these attendants1 the ,sun beheld the youth dazzled with the novelty and splendor of the scene1 and inquired the purpose of his errand4 ,the youth replied1 ,oh1 light of the boundless world1 ,phoebus1 my father--if thou dost yield me that name--give me some proof1 ,i beseech thee1 by which ,i may be known as thine6 ,he ceased4 ,his father1 laying aside the beams that shone around his head1 bade him approach1 embraced him1 owned him for his son1 and swore by the river ,styx#ic that whatever proof he might ask should be granted4 ,phathon immediately asked to be permitted for one day to drive the chariot of the sun4 ,the father repented of his promise and tried to dissuade the boy by telling him the perils of the undertaking4 ,none but myself1 he said1 may drive the flaming car of day4 ,not even ,jupiter1 whose terrible right arm hurls the thunderbolts4 ,the first part of the way is steep and such as the horses when fresh in the morning can hardly climb2 the middle is high up in the heavens1 whence ,i myself can scarcely1 without alarm1 look down and behold the earth and sea stretched beneath me4 ,the last part of the road descends rapidly and requires most careful driving4 ,tethys1 who is waiting to receive me1 often trembles for me lest ,i should fall headlong4 ,add to this that the heaven is all the time turning round and carrying the stars with it4 ,couldst thou keep thy course while the sphere revolved beneath thee8 ,the road1 also1 is through the midst of frightful monsters4 ,thou must pass by the horns of the ,bull1 in front of the ,archer1 and near the ,lion's jaws1 and where the ,scorpion stretches its arms in one direction and the ,crab in another4 ,nor wilt thou find it easy to guide those horses1 with their breasts full of fire that they breathe forth from their mouths and nostrils4 ,beware1 my son1 lest ,i be the donor of a fatal gift2 recall the request while yet thou canst4 ,he ended2 but the youth rejected admonition and held to his demand4 ,so1 having resisted as long as he might1 ,phoebus at last led the way to where stood the lofty chariot4 ,it was of gold1 the gift of ,vulcan1--the axle of gold1 the pole and wheels of gold1 the spokes of silver4 ,along the seat were rows of chrysolites and diamonds1 reflecting the brightness of the sun4 ,while the daring youth gazed in admiration1 the early ,dawn threw open the purple doors of the east and showed the pathway strewn with roses4 ,the stars withdrew1 marshaled by the ,daystar1 which last of all retired also4 ,the father1 when he saw the earth beginning to glow and the ,moon preparing to retire1 ordered the ,hours to harness up the horses4 ,they led forth from the lofty stalls the steeds full fed with ambrosia1 and attached the reins4 ,then the father1 smearing the face of his son with a powerful unguent1 made him capable of enduring the brightness of the flame4 ,he set the rays on the lad's head1 and1 with a foreboding sigh1 told him to spare the whip and hold tight the reins2 not to take the straight road between the five circles1 but to turn off to the left2 to keep within the limit of the middle zone and avoid the northern and the southern alike2 finally1 to keep in the well-worn ruts and to drive neither too high nor too low1 for the middle course was safest and best4#id ,forthwith the agile youth sprang into the chariot1 stood erect1 and grasped the reins with delight1 pouring out thanks to his reluctant parent4 ,but the steeds soon perceived that the load they drew was lighter than usual2 and as a ship without ballast is tossed hither and thither on the sea1 the chariot1 without its accustomed weight1 was dashed about as if empty4 ,the horses rushed headlong and left the traveled road4 ,then1 for the first time1 the ,great and ,little ,bears were scorched with heat1 and would fain1 if it were possible1 have plunged into the water2 and the ,serpent which lies coiled round the north pole1 torpid and harmless1 grew warm1 and with warmth felt its rage revive4 ,botes1 they say1 fled away1 though encumbered with his plow and unused to rapid motion4 ,when hapless ,phathon looked down upon the earth1 now spreading in vast extent beneath him1 he grew pale1 and his knees shook with terror4 ,he lost his self-command and knew not whether to draw tight the reins or throw them loose2 he forgot the names of the horses4 ,but when he beheld the monstrous forms scattered over the surface of heaven1--the ,scorpion extending two great arms1 his tail1 and his crooked claws over the space of two signs of the zodiac1--when the boy beheld him1 reeking with poison and menacing with fangs1 his courage failed1 and the reins fell from his hands4 ,the horses1 unrestrained1 went off into unknown regions of the sky in among the stars1 hurling the chariot over pathless places1 now up in high heaven1 now down almost to the earth4 ,the moon saw with astonishment her brother's chariot running beneath her own4 ,the clouds began to smoke4 ,the forest-clad mountains burned1--,athos and ,taurus and ,tmolus and ,,oete2 ,ida1 once celebrated for fountains2 the ,muses' mountain ,helicon1 and ,hmus2 tna1 with fires within and without1 and ,parnassus1 with his two peaks1 and ,rhodope1 forced at last to part with his snowy crown4 ,her cold climate was no protection to ,scythia2 ,caucasus burned1 and ,ossa and ,pindus1 and1 greater than both1 ,olympus1--the ,alps high in air1 and the ,apennines crowned with clouds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,pha,,thon ,phathon beheld the world on fire and felt the heat intolerable4 ,then1 too1 it is said1 the people of thiopia became black because the blood was called by the heat so suddenly to the surface2 and the ,libyan desert was dried up to the condition in which it remains to this day4 ,the ,nymphs of the fountains1 with disheveled hair1 mourned their waters1 nor were the rivers safe beneath their banks2 ,tanas smoked1 and ,cacus1 ,xanthus1 and ,mander2 ,babylonian ,euphrates and ,ganges1 ,tagus1 with golden sands1 and ,ca3yster1 where the swans resort4 ,nile fled away and hid his head in the desert1 and there it still remains concealed4 ,where he used to discharge his waters through seven mouths into the sea1 seven dry channels alone remained4 ,the earth cracked open1 and through the chinks light broke into ,tartarus and frightened the king of shadows and his queen4 ,the sea shrank up4 ,even ,nereus and his wife ,doris with the ,nereds1 their daughters1 sought the deepest caves for refuge4 ,thrice ,neptune essayed to raise his head above the surface and thrice was driven back by the heat4 ,earth1 surrounded as she was by waters1 yet with head and shoulders bare1 screening her face with her hand1 looked up to heaven1 and with husky voice prayed ,jupiter1 if it were his will that she should perish by fire1 to end her agony at once by his thunderbolts1 or else to consider his own ,heaven1 how both the poles were smoking that sustained his palace1 and that all must fall if they were destroyed4 ,earth1 overcome with heat and thirst1 could say no more4 ,then ,jupiter1 calling the gods to witness that all was lost unless some speedy remedy were applied1 thundered1 brandished a lightning bolt in his right hand1 launched it against the charioteer1 and struck him at the same moment from his seat and from existence4 ,phathon1 with his hair on fire1 fell headlong1 like a shooting star which marks the heavens with its brightness as it falls1 and ,eridanus1 the great river1 received him and cooled his burning frame4 ,his sisters1 the ,heliades1 as they lamented his fate1 were turned into poplar trees on the banks of the river2 and their tears1 which continued to flow1 became amber as they dropped into the stream4 ,the ,italian ,naiads reared a tomb for him and inscribed these words upon the stone3 ,driver of ,phoebus' chariot1 ,phathon1 ,struck by ,jove's thunder1 rests beneath this stone4 ,he could not rule his father's car of fire1 ,yet was it much so nobly to aspire4#ie #gg4 ,the ,plague sent upon the ,greeks before ,troy4 ,it was not1 however1 only by accident1 or by the ill-advised action of those whom he loved1 that ,apollo's gifts of light and heat were turned into misfortunes4 ,mortals who offended him were leveled by the cruel sunstroke1 by arrows of malarial venom1 of manifold sickness and death4 ,when the host of the ,achans was encamped before ,troy1 the king of men1 ,atrides1 unjustly declined to restore his captive1 ,chryses of the fair cheeks1 to her father ,chryses1 the priest of far-darting ,apollo4 ,then the aged ,chryses went apart and prayed aloud1 ,hear me1 god of the silver bow1 444 let the ,danaans pay by thine arrows for my tears6 ,so spake he in prayer2 and ,phoebus ,apollo heard him1 and came down from the peaks of ,olympus wroth at heart1 bearing on his shoulders his bow and covered quiver4 ,and the arrows clanged upon his shoulders in his wrath1 as the god moved2 and he descended like to night4 ,then he sate him aloof from the ships1 and let an arrow fly2 and there was heard a dread clanging of the silver bow4 ,first did he assail the mules and fleet dogs1 but afterward1 aiming at the men his piercing dart1 he smote2 and the pyres of the dead burnt continually in multitude4 ,nor until ,agamemnon had sent back his winsome captive to her father did ,apollo remove from the ,danaans the loathsome pestilence4#if #gh4 ,the ,punishment of ,niobe is another illustration of the swift and awful vengeance of ,apollo1 and also of his sister ,diana4 ,this ,niobe was the daughter of a certain ,tantalus1 king of ,phrygia1 who had been received at the table of the gods by his father ,jupiter4 ,but there was a strain of ingratitude and conceit in both father and daughter4 ,the father not only betrayed the secrets of the gods1 but1 to ridicule their reputed omniscience1 attempted at a banquet to deceive them into eating the roasted flesh of his own son ,pelops4 ,the gods were not deceived4 ,pelops was restored to life1--,tantalus consigned to ,tartarus4 ,the daughter ,niobe1 although she owed her happy marriage with ,jupiter's son ,amphion1 and her seven stalwart sons and seven blooming daughters1 to the favor of the gods and of ,latona in particular1 boasted of her birth1 her marriage1 and her offspring1 bragged of her superiority to ,latona1 and1 on one occasion1 scoffed at the annual celebration in honor of the goddess and her two children4 ,surveying the people of ,thebes with haughty glance1 she said1 ,what folly to prefer beings whom you have never seen to those who stand before your eyes6 ,will you prefer to me this ,latona1 the ,titan's daughter1 with her two children8 ,i have seven times as many4 ,were ,i to lose some of my children1 ,i should hardly be left as poor as ,latona with her two only4 ,put off the laurel from your brows1--have done with this worship6 ,the people left the sacred services uncompleted4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,a ,,son ,,of ,,niobe ,the goddess was indignant4 ,on the ,cynthian mountain top she thus addressed her son and daughter3 ,my children1 ,i who have been so proud of you both and have been used to hold myself second to none of the goddesses except ,juno alone1 begin now to doubt whether ,i am indeed a goddess4 ,i shall be deprived of my worship altogether unless you protect me4 ,she was proceeding in this strain1 but ,apollo interrupted her4 ,say no more1 said he2 speech only delays punishment4 ,so said ,diana also4 ,darting through the air1 veiled in clouds1 they alighted on the towers of the city4 ,spread out before the gates was a broad plain where the youth of the city pursued their warlike sports4 ,the sons of ,niobe were there with the rest1--some mounted on spirited horses richly caparisoned1 some driving gay chariots4 ,ismenos1 the first-born1 as he guided his foaming steeds was struck by an arrow from above4 ,ah me6 he cried1--dropped the reins and fell lifeless4 ,another1 hearing the sound of the bow1 gave the rein to his horses and attempted to escape4 ,the inevitable arrow overtook him as he fled4 ,two others1 younger1 stood wrestling breast to breast3 one arrow pierced them both4 ,alphenor1 an elder brother1 hastened to the spot to render assistance1 but fell in the act of brotherly duty4 ,one only was left1 ,ilioneus4 ,spare me1 ye gods6 he cried1 addressing all of them1 in his ignorance that all needed not his supplication2 and ,apollo would have spared him1 but the arrow had already left the string1 and it was too late4 ,illustration3 ,,fig #fa4 ,,the ,,children ,,of ,,niobe ,when ,niobe was acquainted with what had taken place1 she was indignant that the gods had dared1 and amazed that they had been able to do it4 ,her husband ,amphion1 overwhelmed with the blow1 destroyed himself4 ,but the mother knelt over the lifeless bodies and kissed them4 ,raising her pallid arms to heaven1 ,cruel ,latona1 said she1 satiate thy hard heart while ,i follow to the grave my seven sons4 ,yet where is thy triumph8 ,bereaved as ,i am1 ,i am still richer than thou1 my conqueror4 ,scarce had she spoken1 when the bow sounded and struck terror into all hearts except ,niobe's alone4 ,she was brave from excess of grief4 ,her daughters stood in garments of mourning over the biers of their dead brothers4 ,one after another they fell1 struck by arrows1 beside the corpses that they were bewailing4 ,only one remained1 whom the mother held clasped in her arms and covered1 as it were1 with her whole body4 ,spare me one and that the youngest6 ,oh1 spare me one of so many6 she cried2 and while she spoke1 that one fell dead4 ,desolate she sat among sons1 daughters1 husband1 all dead1 and seemed torpid with grief4 ,the breeze moved not her hair1 no color was on her cheek1 her eyes glared fixed and immovable1 there was no sign of life about her4 ,her very tongue cleaved to the roof of her mouth and her veins ceased to convey the tide of life4 ,her neck bent not1 her arms made no gesture1 her foot no step4 ,she was changed to stone1 within and without4 ,yet tears continued to flow2 and borne on a whirlwind to her native mountain1 she still remains1 a mass of rock from which a trickling stream flows1 the tribute of her never-ending grief4#ig ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,niobe ,,and ,,her ,,youngest ,,daughter ,amid nine daughters slain by ,artemis ,stood ,niobe2 she rais'd her head above ,those beauteous forms which had brought down the scath ,whence all nine fell1 rais'd it1 and stood erect1 ,and thus bespake the goddess enthroned on high3 ,thou heardest1 ,artemis1 my daily prayer ,that thou wouldst guide these children in the pass ,of virtue1 through the tangling wilds of youth1 ,and thou didst ever guide them3 was it just ,to smite them for a beauty such as thine8 ,deserv'd they death because thy grace appear'd ,in ever modest motion8 'twas thy gift1 ,the richest gift that youth from heaven receives4 ,true1 ,i did boldly say they might compare ,even with thyself in virgin purity3 ,may not a mother in her pride repeat ,what every mortal said8 ,one prayer remains ,for me to offer yet4 ,thy quiver holds ,more than nine arrows3 bend thy bow2 aim here6 ,i see1 ,i see it glimmering through a cloud4 ,artemis1 thou at length art merciful3 ,my children will not hear the fatal twang4#ih #gi4 ,the ,lamentation for ,linus4 ,how the people of ,argos fell under the displeasure of ,apollo is told in the story of ,linus1 a beautiful son of ,apollo and ,psamathe4 ,in fear of her father the king1 ,psamathe exposed the child on the mountains where1 brought up by shepherds among the lambs1 he was in tender youth torn to pieces by dogs4 ,meanwhile1 ,psamathe herself was driven from her father's home2 wherefore ,apollo sent against the land of the ,argives a monster that for a season destroyed the children1 but at last was slain by a noble youth named ,coroebus4 ,to appease the wrathful deity1 a shrine was erected midway between ,argos and ,delphi2 and every year ,linus and his mother were bewailed in melancholy lays by the mothers and children of ,argos1 especially by such as had lost by death their own beloved4 ,the fate of ,linus1 like that of ,hyacinthus and others who succumb in the springtime of life under the excessive love of some shining deity1#ii typifies the sudden withering of herbs and flowers and of animal life1--the calves and lambs1 young children too1 under the fierce shafts of summer4 ,the very name of ,linus is taken from the refrain ai-linon1 or woe is me1 of the lament anciently sung by the country people when thus afflicted by the unhealthy heats1 because of which the crops fail and the dogs go mad and tear the little lambs to pieces4 ,in the ,iliad there is a beautiful picture which shows us that the song was not reserved completely for the dog days4 ,it is of a vineyard teeming plenteously with clusters3 ,and there was a pathway through it by which the vintagers might go4 ,and maidens and striplings in childish glee bare the sweet fruit in plaited baskets4 ,and in the midst of them a boy made pleasant music on a clear-toned viol1 and sang thereto a sweet ,linos-song with delicate voice2 while the rest with feet falling together kept time with the music and song4#ajj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,,sculapius #hj4 sculapius4 ,the ,thessalian princess ,coronis 7or the ,messenian1 ,arsino7 bore to ,apollo a child who was named sculapius4 ,on his mother's death the infant was intrusted to the charge of ,chiron1 most famous of the ,centaurs1 himself instructed by ,apollo and ,diana in hunting1 medicine1 music1 and the art of prophecy4 ,when the sage returned to his home bearing the infant1 his daughter ,ocyrrho came forth to meet him1 and at sight of the child burst into a prophetic strain1 foretelling1 the glory that he should achieve4 sculapius1 when grown up1 became a renowned physician2 in one instance he even succeeded in restoring the dead to life4 ,pluto resented this1 and1 at his request1 ,jupiter struck the bold physician with lightning and killed him1 but after his death received him into the number of the gods4#aja #ha4 ,apollo in ,exile4 ,apollo1 indignant at the destruction of this son1 wreaked his vengeance on the innocent workmen who had made the thunderbolt4 ,these were the ,cyclopes1 who had their workshop under ,mount tna1 from which the smoke and flames of their furnaces are constantly issuing4 ,apollo shot his arrows at the ,cyclopes1 a deed which so incensed ,jupiter that he condemned him to serve a mortal for the space of one year4 ,accordingly1 ,apollo went into the service of ,admetus1 king of ,thessaly1 and pastured his flocks for him on the verdant banks of the river ,amphrysus4 ,how the god lived among men1 and what they thought of him1 is well told in the following verses4 #hb4 ,lowell's ,shepherd of ,king ,admetus4 ,there came a youth upon the earth1 ,some thousand years ago1 ,whose slender hands were nothing worth1 ,whether to plow1 or reap1 or sow4 ,upon an empty tortoise-shell ,he stretched some chords1 and drew ,music that made men's bosoms swell ,fearless1 or brimmed their eyes with dew4 ,then ,king ,admetus1 one who had ,pure taste by right divine1 ,decreed his singing not too bad ,to hear between the cups of wine3 ,and so1 well pleased with being soothed ,into a sweet half-sleep1 ,three times his kingly beard he smoothed1 ,and made him viceroy o'er his sheep4 ,his words were simple words enough1 ,and yet he used them so1 ,that what in other mouths was rough ,in his seemed musical and low4 ,men called him but a shiftless youth1 ,in whom no good they saw2 ,and yet1 unwittingly1 in truth1 ,they made his careless words their law4 ,they knew not how he learned at all1 ,for idly1 hour by hour1 ,he sat and watched the dead leaves fall1 ,or mused upon a common flower4 ,it seemed the loveliness of things ,did teach him all their use1 ,for1 in mere weeds1 and stones1 and springs ,he found a healing power profuse4 ,men granted that his speech was wise1 ,but1 when a glance they caught ,of his slim grace and woman's eyes1 ,they laughed1 and called him good-for-naught4 ,yet after he was dead and gone ,and e'en his memory dim1 ,earth seemed more sweet to live upon1 ,more full of love1 because of him4 ,and day by day more holy grew ,each spot where he had trod1 ,till after-poets only knew ,their first-born brother as a god4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,,admetus ,,must ,,die #hc4 ,admetus and ,alcestis4#ajb ,admetus was a suitor1 with others1 for the hand of ,alcestis1 the daughter of ,pelias1 who promised her to him who should come for her in a chariot drawn by lions and boars4 ,this task ,admetus performed by the assistance of his divine herdsman1 and was made happy in the possession of ,alcestis4 ,but ,admetus falling ill and being near to death1 ,apollo prevailed on the ,fates to spare him on condition that some one should consent to die in his stead4 ,admetus1 in his joy at this reprieve1 thought little of the ransom1 and1 perhaps remembering the declarations of attachment which he had often heard from his courtiers and dependents1 fancied that it would be easy to find a substitute4 ,but it was not so4 ,brave warriors1 who would willingly have periled their lives for their prince1 shrunk from the thought of dying for him on the bed of sickness2 and old servants who had experienced his bounty and that of his house from their childhood up were not willing to lay down the scanty remnant of their days to show their gratitude4 ,men asked1 ,why does not one of his parents do it8 ,they cannot in the course of nature live much longer1 and who can feel like them the call to rescue the life they gave from an untimely end8 ,but the parents1 distressed though they were at the thought of losing him1 shrunk from the call4 ,then ,alcestis1 with a generous self-devotion1 proffered herself as the substitute4 ,admetus1 fond as he was of life1 would not have submitted to receive it at such a cost2 but there was no remedy4 ,the condition imposed by the ,fates had been met1 and the decree was irrevocable4 ,as ,admetus revived1 ,alcestis sickened1 rapidly sank1 and died4 ,just after the funeral procession had left the palace1 ,hercules1 the son of ,jupiter and ,alcmena1 arrived4 ,he1 to whom no labor was too arduous1 resolved to attempt her rescue4 ,said he3 ,i will go lie in wait for ,death1 black-stoled ,king of the corpses6#ajc ,i shall find him1 sure1 ,drinking1 beside the tomb1 o' the sacrifice3 ,and if ,i lie in ambuscade1 and leap ,out of my lair1 and seize--encircle him ,till one hand join the other round about-- ,there lives not who shall pull him out from me1 ,rib-mauled1 before he let the woman go6 ,but even say ,i miss the booty1--say1 ,death comes not to the boltered blood1--why1 then1 ,down go ,i1 to the unsunned dwelling-place ,of ,kor#ajd and the king there1--make demand1 ,confident ,i shall bring ,alkestis back1 ,so as to put her in the hands of him ,my host1 that housed me1 never drove me off3 ,though stricken with sore sorrow hid the stroke1 ,being a noble heart and honoring me6 ,who of ,thessalians1 more than this man1 loves ,the stranger8 ,who that now inhabits ,greece8 ,wherefore he shall not say the man was vile ,whom he befriended1--native noble heart6 ,so1 one look upward1 as if ,zeus might laugh ,approval of his human progeny1-- ,one summons of the whole magnific frame1 ,each sinew to its service1--up he caught1 ,and over shoulder cast the lion-shag1 ,let the club go1--for had he not those hands8 ,and so went striding off1 on that straight way ,leads to ,larissa and the suburb tomb4 ,gladness be with thee1 ,helper of our world6 ,i think this is the authentic sign and seal ,of ,godship that it ever waxes glad1 ,and more glad1 until gladness blossoms1 bursts ,into a rage to suffer for mankind1 ,and recommence at sorrow3 drops like seed ,after the blossom1 ultimate of all4 ,say1 does the seed scorn earth and seek the sun8 ,surely it has no other end and aim ,than to drop1 once more die into the ground1 ,taste cold and darkness and oblivion there3 ,and thence rise1 tree-like grow through pain to joy1 ,more joy and most joy1--do man good again4 ,so to the struggle off strode ,herakles4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,,heracles ,long time the ,thessalians waited and mourned4 ,as for ,herakles1 no doubt they supposed him dead4 ,when--but can it be8 444 ,ay1 he it was advancing6 ,in he strode1 ,and took his stand before ,admetos1--turned ,now by despair to such a quietude1 ,he neither raised his face nor spoke1 this time1 ,the while his friend surveyed him steadily4 ,that friend looked rough with fighting3 had he strained ,worst brute to breast was ever strangled yet8 ,somehow1 a victory--for there stood the strength1 ,happy1 as always2 something grave1 perhaps2 ,the great vein-cordage on the fret-worked front1 ,black-swollen1 beaded yet with battle-dew ,the golden hair o' the hero6--his big frame ,a-quiver with each muscle sinking back ,into the sleepy smooth it leaped from late4 ,under the great guard of one arm1 there leant ,a shrouded something1 live and woman-like1 ,propped by the heartbeats 'neath the lion-coat4 ,when he had finished his survey1 it seemed1 ,the heavings of the heart began subside1 ,the helpful breath returned1 and last the smile ,shone out1 all ,herakles was back again1 ,as the words followed the saluting hand4 ,admetus1 said he1 take and keep this woman1 my captive1 till ,i come thy way again4 ,but ,admetus would admit no woman into the hall that ,alcestis had left empty4 ,then cried ,herakles1 ,take hold of her4 ,see now1 my friend1 if she look not somewhat like that wife thou hast lost4 ,ah1 but the tears come1 find the words at fault6 ,there is no telling how the hero twitched ,the veil off2 and there stood1 with such fixed eyes ,and such slow smile1 ,alkestis' silent self6 ,it was the crowning grace of that great heart1 ,to keep back joy3 procrastinate the truth ,until the wife1 who had made proof and found ,the husband wanting1 might essay once more1 ,hear1 see1 and feel him renovated now-- ,able to do now all herself had done1 ,risen to the height of her3 so1 hand in hand1 ,the two might go together1 live and die4 ,beside1 when he found speech1 you guess the speech4 ,he could not think he saw his wife again3 ,it was some mocking ,god that used the bliss ,to make him mad6 ,till ,herakles must help3 ,assure him that no specter mocked at all2 ,he was embracing whom he buried once1 ,still1--did he touch1 might he address the true1 ,true eye1 true body of the true live wife8 444 ,and ,herakles said little1 but enough-- ,how he engaged in combat with that king ,o' the dmons3 how the field of contest lay ,by the tomb's self3 how he sprang from ambuscade1 ,captured ,death1 caught him in that pair of hands4 ,but all the time1 ,alkestis moved not once ,out of the set gaze and the silent smile2 ,and a cold fear ran through ,admetos' frame3 ,why does she stand and front me1 silent thus8 ,herakles solemnly replied1 ,not yet ,is it allowable thou hear the things ,she has to tell thee2 let evanish quite ,that consecration to the lower ,gods1 ,and on our upper world the third day rise6 ,lead her in1 meanwhile2 good and true thou art1 ,good1 true1 remain thou6 ,practice piety ,to stranger-guests the old way6 ,so1 farewell6 ,since forth ,i fare1 fulfill my urgent task ,set by the king1 the son of ,sthenelos4#aje ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,,the ,,palatine ,,apollo #hd4 ,apollo1 the ,musician4 ,not only in ,arcadia1 ,laconia1 and ,thessaly did ,apollo care as a herdsman for the cattle of a mortal master2 in ,mount ,ida1 too1 by the order of ,jupiter he herded for a year the shambling1 crook-horned kine of ,king ,laomedon1 and1 playing on the lyre1 aided ,neptune to build the walls of ,troy1 just as ,amphion1 in his turn1 had aided in the building of ,thebes4 ,apollo's life as herdsman was spent in establishing wise laws and customs1 in musical contests on the flute and the lyre1 or in passages of love with nymphs and maidens of mortal mold4 #he4 ,apollo1 ,pan1 and ,midas4#ajf ,it is said that on a certain occasion ,pan had the temerity to compare his music with that of ,apollo and to challenge the god of the lyre to a trial of skill4 ,the challenge was accepted1 and ,tmolus1 the mountain-god1 was chosen umpire4 ,the senior took his seat and cleared away the trees from his ears to listen4 ,at a given signal ,pan blew on his pipes1 and with his rustic melody gave great satisfaction to himself and his faithful follower ,midas1 who happened to be present4 ,then ,tmolus turned his head toward the sun-god1 and all his trees turned with him4 ,apollo rose1 his brow wreathed with ,parnassian laurel1 while his robe of ,tyrian purple swept the ground4 ,in his left hand he held the lyre and with his right hand struck the strings4 ,tmolus at once awarded the victory to the lyric god1 and all but ,midas acquiesced in the judgment4 ,he dissented and questioned the justice of the award4 ,apollo promptly transformed his depraved pair of ears into those of an ass4 ,king ,midas tried to hide his misfortune under an ample turban4 ,but his hair-dresser found it too much for his discretion to keep such a secret2 he dug a hole in the ground and1 stooping down1 whispered the story1 and covered it up4 ,but a thick bed of reeds springing up in the meadow began whispering the story1 and has continued to do so from that day to this1 every time a breeze passes over the place4 #hf4 ,shelley's ,hymn of ,pan4 ,in the following verses ,pan taunts ,apollo as he might have done when ,midas was sitting contentedly by3 ,from the forests and highlands ,we come1 we come2 ,from the river-girt islands1 ,where loud waves are dumb1 ,listening to my sweet pipings4 ,the wind in the reeds and the rushes1 ,the bees on the bells of thyme1 ,the birds on the myrtle bushes1 ,the cicale above in the lime1 ,and the lizards below in the grass1 ,were as silent as ever old ,tmolus was ,listening to my sweet pipings4 ,liquid ,penes was flowing1 ,and all dark ,tempe lay1 ,in ,pelion's shadow1 outgrowing ,the light of the dying day1 ,speeded by my sweet pipings4 ,the ,sileni1 and ,sylvans1 and ,fauns1 ,and the ,nymphs of the woods and waves1 ,to the edge of the moist river-lawns1 ,and the brink of the dewy caves1 ,and all that did then attend and follow ,were silent with love1 as you now1 ,apollo1 ,with envy of my sweet pipings4 ,i sang of the dancing stars1 ,i sang of the ddal ,earth1 ,and of ,heaven--and the giant wars1 ,and ,love1 and ,death1 and ,birth1-- ,and then ,i changed my pipings1-- ,singing how down the vale of ,menalus ,i pursued a maiden1 and clasp'd a reed3 ,gods and men1 we are all deluded thus6 ,it breaks in our bosom and then we bleed3 ,all wept1 as ,i think both ye now would1 ,if envy or age had not frozen your blood1 ,at the sorrow of my sweet pipings4 #hg4 ,marsyas also was unfortunate enough to underrate ,apollo's musical ability4 ,it seems that the flute1 an invention of ,minerva's1 had been thrown away by that goddess because ,cupid laughed at the grimaces which she made while playing it4 ,marsyas found the instrument1 blew upon it1 and elicited such ravishing sounds that he was tempted to challenge ,apollo himself to a musical contest4 ,the god1 of course1 triumphed1 and he punished ,marsyas by flaying him alive4 #hh4 ,the ,loves of ,apollo4 ,beside ,psamathe of ,argos1 ,coronis of ,thessaly1 and the nymph ,clymene1 who have been already mentioned1 ,apollo loved the muse ,calliope1 who bore him ,orpheus1#ajg and the nymph ,cyrene1 whose son was ,aristus4#ajh ,of his relations with other maidens the following myths exist4 #hi4 ,daphne4#aji ,the lord of the silver bow was not always prosperous in his wooing4 ,his first love1 which1 by the way1 owed its origin to the malice of ,cupid1 was specially unfortunate4 ,it appears that ,apollo1 seeing the boy playing with his bow and arrows1 had tauntingly advised him to leave warlike weapons for hands worthy of them and content himself with the torch of love4 ,whereupon the son of ,venus had rejoined1 ,thine arrows may strike all things else1 ,apollo1 but mine shall strike thee4 ,illustration3 ,,apollo ,,and ,,daphne ,so saying1 he took his stand on a rock of ,parnassus1 and drew from his quiver two arrows of different workmanship1--one to excite love1 the other to repel it4 ,the former was of gold and sharp pointed1 the latter blunt and tipped with lead4 ,with the leaden shaft he struck the nymph ,daphne1 the daughter of the river-god ,penes1 and with the golden one ,apollo1 through the heart4 ,forthwith the god was seized with love for the maiden1 but she1 more than ever1 abhorred the thought of loving4 ,her delight was in woodland sports and in the spoils of the chase4 ,spurning all lovers1 she prayed her father that she might remain always unmarried1 like ,diana4 ,he consented1 but1 at the same time1 warned her that her beauty would defeat her purpose4 ,it was the face of this huntress maiden that ,apollo saw4 ,he saw the charming disorder of her hair1 and would have arranged it2 he saw her eyes bright as stars2 he saw her lips1 and was not satisfied with only seeing them4 ,he longed for ,daphne4 ,he followed her2 she fled swifter than the wind1 nor delayed a moment at his entreaties4 ,stay1 said he1 daughter of ,penes2 ,i am not a foe4 ,it is for love ,i pursue thee4 ,i am no clown1 no rude peasant4 ,jupiter is my father4 ,i am lord of ,delphi and ,tenedos4 ,i know all things1 present and future4 ,i am the god of song and the lyre4 ,my arrows fly true to the mark2 but alas6 an arrow more fatal than mine has pierced my heart6 ,i am the god of medicine and know the virtues of all healing plants4 ,alas6 ,i suffer a malady that no balm can cure4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,daphne ,the nymph continues her flight and leaves his plea half-uttered4 ,but even as she flies she charms him4 ,the wind catches her garments1 and her unbound hair streams loose behind her4 ,the god1 sped by ,cupid1 gains upon her in the race4 ,his panting breath blows upon her hair4 ,her strength begins to fail1 and1 ready to sink1 she calls upon her father1 the river-god3 ,help me1 ,penes6 open the earth to inclose me1 or change my form1 which has brought me into this danger6 ,scarcely had she spoken when a stiffness seized her limbs2 and little by little she took on the appearance of a laurel tree4 ,apollo embraced the branches and lavished kisses on the wood4 ,the branches shrank from his lips4 ,since thou canst not be my wife1 said he1 thou shalt assuredly be my tree4 ,i will wear thee for my crown4 ,i will decorate with thee my harp and my quiver4 ,when the ,roman conquerors conduct the triumphal pomp to the ,capitol1 thou shalt be woven into wreaths for their brows4 ,and1 as eternal youth is mine1 thou also shalt be always green1 and thy leaf know no decay4 ,the laurel tree bowed its head in grateful acknowledgment4 ,the delicious humor of ,lowell's extravaganza upon the story amply justifies the following citation3 ,phoebus1 sitting one day in a laurel tree's shade1 ,was reminded of ,daphne1 of whom it was made1 ,for the god being one day too warm in his wooing1 ,she took to the tree to escape his pursuing2 ,be the cause what it might1 from his offers she shrunk1 ,and1 ,ginevra-like1 shut herself up in a trunk2 ,and1 though 't was a step into which he had driven her1 ,he somehow or other had never forgiven her2 ,her memory he nursed as a kind of a tonic1 ,something bitter to chew when he'd play the ,byronic1 ,and ,i can't count the obstinate nymphs that he brought over ,by a strange kind of smile he put on when he thought of her4 ,my case is like ,dido's1 he sometimes remarked2 ,when ,i last saw my love1 she was fairly embarked ,in a laurel1 as she thought--but 7ah1 how ,fate mocks67 ,she has found it by this time a very bad box2 ,let hunters from me take this saw when they need it1-- ,you're not always sure of your game when you've treed it4 ,just conceive such a change taking place in one's mistress6 ,what romance would be left8--who can flatter or kiss trees8 ,and1 for mercy's sake1 how could one keep up a dialogue ,with a dull wooden thing that will live and will die a log1-- ,not to say that the thought would forever intrude ,that you've less chance to win her the more she is wood8 ,ah6 it went to my heart1 and the memory still grieves1 ,to see those loved graces all taking their leaves2 ,those charms beyond speech1 so enchanting but now1 ,as they left me forever1 each making its bough6 ,if her tongue had a tang sometimes more than was right1 ,her new bark is worse than ten times her old bite4#aaj #ij4 ,marpessa4 ,another maiden who declined ,apollo's love was ,marpessa4#a ,she is called by ,homer the fair-ankled daughter of ,evenus4 ,the god ,apollo from the heaven of heavens ,her mortal sweetness through the air allured2#b but ,idas1 that was strongest of men that were then on earth1#aaa carried her off1 assisted by ,poseidon who gave him a winged chariot4 ,her father ,evenus vainly tried to catch up with the fleeing lovers2 but ,apollo found them in ,messene1 and wrested the maiden away4 ,then ,jupiter1 while the lovers were engaged in combat1 separated them1 saying1 ,let her decide4 ,they three together met2 on the one side1 ,fresh from diffusing light on all the world ,apollo2 on the other without sleep ,idas1 and in the midst ,marpessa stood4 ,just as a flower after drenching rain1 ,so from the falling of felicity ,her human beauty glowed1 and it was new2 ,the bee too near her bosom drowsed and dropped4#b ,according to the story as romantically told by the ,english poet ,phillips1 first spoke ,apollo4 ,the god told her that he dreaded that one so fair should ever taste of sorrow and death2 how1 if she lived with him1 she should bide ,in mere felicity above the world ,in peace alive and moving1 where to stir ,is ecstasy1 and thrilling is repose1#aab immortal1 scattering joy without intermission1 lighting the world1 bringing bliss to struggling men and sorrowing women1 dispelling shadows and shadowy fear4 ,then ,idas1 humbly1-- ,after such argument what can ,i plead8 ,or what pale promise make8 ,yet since it is ,in women to pity rather than to aspire1 ,a little will ,i speak4 ,and he tells her simply that he loves her1--loves her not only for her beauty1 but ,because ,infinity upon thee broods2 ,and thou art full of whispers and of shadows2-- and because her voice is music1 her face mystery beyond his power to comprehend2 ,o beauty lone and like a candle clear ,in this dark country of the world6 ,thou art ,my woe1 my early light1 my music dying4 ,and ,marpessa8-- ,as he was speaking1 she with lips apart ,breathed1 and with dimmer eyes leaned through the air ,as one in dream1 and now his human hand ,took in her own2 and to ,apollo spoke1-- saying that she knew how sweet it might be forever with a god to aid suffering men and women and gild the face that from its dead looks up2 but still she feared immortality1 for1 though dying not1 she must grow old1 and her god lover would tire of her when once her youth was faded4 ,and as for that existence without tears for evermore which he promised1-- ,yet ,i being human1 human sorrow miss4 ,the half of music1 ,i have heard men say1 ,is to have grieved4 ,to sorrow she was born4 ,it is out of sadness that men have made this world beautiful4 ,if she chooses ,idas1 then they two will prosper together1 grow old together1 and last descend into the natural ground1 and leave behind a wholesome memory on the earth4 ,when she had spoken1 ,idas with one cry ,held her1 and there was silence2 while the god ,in anger disappeared4 ,then slowly they1 ,he looking downward1 and she gazing up1 ,into the evening green wandered away4 #ia4 ,clytie4#aac ,in the story of ,clytie the conditions are reversed4 ,she was a water-nymph and in love with ,apollo1 who made her no return4 ,so she pined away1 sitting all day long upon the cold ground with her unbound tresses streaming over her shoulders4 ,nine days she sat1 and tasted neither food nor drink1--her own tears and the chilly dew her only sustenance4 ,she gazed on the sun when he rose2 and as he passed through his daily course to his setting1 she saw no other object1--her eyes fixed constantly on him4 ,at last1 they say1 her limbs took root in the ground and her face became a flower1 turning on its stem to follow the journeying sun4 ,in the following lines1 ,thomas ,moore uses the flower as an emblem of constancy3 ,the heart that has truly loved never forgets1 ,but as truly loves on to the close2 ,as the sunflower turns on her god when he sets ,the same look that she turned when he rose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,,artemis #ib4 ,myths of ,diana4 ,in company with her radiant brother1 we find ,diana subduing ,tityus and the ,python and assisting in the punishment of ,niobe4 ,the speedy transformation of ,daphne has been attributed to this goddess1 the champion of maidenhood4 ,according to some1 it was she1 too1 that changed ,callisto into a bear1 when for love of ,jupiter that nymph deserted the huntress-band4 ,numerous are the myths that celebrate the severity of the goddess of the unerring bow toward those who offended her4 ,how she served ,agamemnon for slaying one of her hinds is told in the story of ,troy2#aad how she punished ,,oeneus for omitting a sacrifice to her is narrated in the episode of the ,calydonian hunt4#aae ,similar attributes of the goddess are exemplified in the myths of ,arethusa1 ,acton1 and ,orion4 ,it is only when she is identified with ,selene1 the peaceful moonlight1 that we perceive a softer side of character1 such as that displayed in her relations with ,endymion4 #ic4 ,the ,flight of ,arethusa4#aaf ,a woodland nymph of ,elis was this ,arethusa2 she delighted not in her comeliness1 but in the joys of the chase4 ,one day1 returning from the wood heated with exercise1 she descended to a stream silently flowing1 so clear that you might count the pebbles on the bottom4 ,she laid aside her garments2 but while she sported in the water1 she heard an indistinct murmur rising as out of the depths of the stream4 ,she made haste to reach the nearest bank4 ,a voice followed her1 ,why flyest thou1 ,arethusa8 ,alphes am ,i1 the god of this stream4 ,the nymph ran1 the god pursued4 ,arethusa1 at last exhausted1 cried for help to ,diana1 who1 hearing1 wrapped her votary in a thick cloud4 ,perplexed1 the river-god still sought the trembling maiden4 ,but a cold sweat came over her4 ,in less time than it takes to tell1 she had become a fountain4 ,alphes attempted then to mingle his stream with hers4 ,but the ,cynthian queen cleft the ground1 and ,arethusa1 still endeavoring to escape1 plunged into the abyss and1 passing through the bowels of the earth1 came out in ,sicily1 still followed by the passionate river-god4 ,illustration3 ,,fig #fi4 ,,arethusa #id4 ,shelley's ,arethusa4 ,in the following version of the pursuit1 ,arethusa was already a river when ,alphes espied her4 ,arethusa arose ,from her couch of snows ,in the ,acroceraunian mountains1-- ,from cloud and from crag1 ,with many a jag1 ,shepherding her bright fountains1 ,she leapt down the rocks1 ,with her rainbow locks ,streaming among the streams2-- ,her steps paved with green ,the downward ravine ,which slopes to the western gleams3 ,and gliding and springing ,she went1 ever singing1 ,in murmurs as soft as sleep2 ,the ,earth seemed to love her1 ,and ,heaven smiled above her1 ,as she lingered towards the deep4 ,then ,alphes bold ,on his glacier cold1 ,with his trident the mountain strook ,and opened a chasm ,in the rocks2--with the spasm ,all ,erymanthus shook4 ,and the black south wind ,it concealed behind ,the urns of the silent snow1 ,and earthquake and thunder ,did rend in sunder ,the bars of the springs below2 ,the beard and the hair ,of the ,river-god were ,seen through the torrent's sweep1 ,as he followed the light ,of the fleet nymph's flight ,to the brink of the ,dorian deep4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,a ,,young ,,river-,,god ,oh1 save me6 ,oh1 guide me6 ,and bid the deep hide me1 ,for he grasps me now by the hair6 ,the loud ,ocean heard1 ,to its blue depth stirred1 ,and divided at her prayer2 ,and under the water ,the ,earth's white daughter ,fled like a sunny beam2 ,behind her descended ,her billows unblended ,with the brackish ,dorian stream3-- ,like a gloomy stain ,on the emerald main1 ,alphes rushed behind1-- ,as an eagle pursuing ,a dove to its ruin ,down the streams of the cloudy wind4 ,under the bowers ,where the ,ocean ,powers ,sit on their pearld thrones1 ,through the coral woods ,of the weltering floods1 ,over heaps of unvalued stones2 ,through the dim beams ,which amid the streams ,weave a network of colored light2 ,and under the caves1 ,where the shadowy waves ,are as green as the forest's night3 ,outspeeding the shark1 ,and the swordfish dark1 ,under the ocean foam1 ,and up through the rifts ,of the mountain clifts ,they past to their ,dorian home4 ,and now from their fountains ,in ,enna's mountains1 ,down one vale where the morning basks1 ,like friends once parted ,grown single-hearted1 ,they ply their watery tasks4 ,at sunrise they leap ,from their cradles steep ,in the cave of the shelving hill2 ,at noontide they flow ,through the woods below ,and the meadows of ,asphodel3 ,and at night they sleep ,in the rocking deep ,beneath the ,ortygian shore2-- ,like spirits that lie ,in the azure sky ,when they love but live no more4 #ie4 ,the ,fate of ,acton4#aag ,diana's severity toward young ,acton1 grandson of ,cadmus whose kindred fell under the curse of ,mars1 is thus narrated4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,,act,,on ,one day1 having repaired to a valley inclosed by cypresses and pines1 where gushed a fountain of sparkling water1 the chaste ,diana handed her javelin1 her quiver1 and her bow to one nymph1 her robe to another1 while a third unbound the sandals from her feet4 ,then ,crocale1 the most skillful of them1 arranged her hair1 and ,nephele1 ,hyale1 and the rest drew water in capacious urns4 ,while the huntress queen was thus employed in the labors of the toilet1 ,acton1 the son of ,autono and ,aristus1 having quitted his companions of the chase and rambling without any especial object1 came to the place1 led thither by his destiny4 ,as he presented himself at the entrance of the cave1 the nymphs1 seeing a man1 screamed and rushed towards the goddess to hide her with their bodies4 ,but she was taller than the rest and overtopped them all by a head4 ,such a color as tinges the clouds at sunset or at dawn came over the countenance of ,diana1 thus taken by surprise4 ,surrounded as she was by her nymphs1 she yet turned half away and sought with a sudden impulse for her arrows4 ,as they were not at hand1 she dashed the water into the face of the intruder1 saying1 ,now go and tell1 if you can1 that you have seen ,diana unappareled4 ,immediately a pair of branching stag's horns grew out of the huntsman's head1 his neck gained in length1 his ears grew sharp-pointed1 his hands became feet1 his arms1 his long legs1 and his body were covered with a hairy spotted hide4 ,fear took the place of his former boldness1 and the hero fled4 ,what should he do8--go home to the palace or lie hid in the woods8 ,while he hesitated his dogs saw him4 ,over rocks and cliffs1 through mountain gorges that seemed impracticable1 he fled1 and they followed4 ,the air resounded with the bark of the dogs4 ,presently one fastened on his back1 another seized his shoulder2 the rest of the pack came up and buried their teeth in his flesh4 ,his friends and fellow-huntsmen cheered on the dogs1 and1 looking everywhere for ,acton1 called on him to join the sport4 ,at the sound of his name1 he turned his head and heard them regret that he should be away4 ,he earnestly wished he was4 ,but ,diana had no pity for him1 nor was her anger appeased till the dogs had torn his life out4 #if4 ,the ,fortunes and ,death of ,orion4 ,orion1 the son of ,neptune1 was a giant and a mighty hunter1 whose prowess and manly favor gained for him the rare good will of ,diana4 ,it is related that he loved ,merope1 the daughter of ,,oenopion1 king of ,chios1 and sought her in marriage4 ,he cleared the island of wild beasts and brought the spoils of the chase as presents to his beloved2 but as ,,oenopion constantly deferred his consent1 ,orion attempted to gain possession of the maiden by violence4 ,her father1 incensed at his conduct1 made ,orion drunk1 deprived him of his sight1 and cast him out on the seashore4 ,the blinded hero1 instructed by an oracle to seek the rays of morning1 followed the sound of a ,cyclops' hammer till he reached ,lemnos1 where ,vulcan1 taking pity on him1 gave him ,cedalion1 one of his men1 to be his guide to the abode of the sun4 ,placing ,cedalion on his shoulders1 ,orion proceeded to the east1 and there meeting the sun-god1 was restored to sight by his beam4#aah ,after this he dwelt as a hunter with the queen of the echoing chase2 and it was even hinted that she loved him4 ,her brother1 highly displeased1 often chid her1 but to no purpose4 ,one day1 therefore1 observing ,orion as he waded through the sea with his head just above the water1 ,apollo pointed out the black object to his sister1 and maintained that she could not hit it4 ,the archer goddess discharged a shaft with fatal aim3 the waves rolled the dead body of ,orion to the land4 ,then bewailing her fatal error with many tears1 ,diana placed him among the stars1 where he appears as a giant1 with a girdle1 sword1 lion's skin1 and club4 ,sirius1 his dog1 follows him1 and the ,pleiads fly before him4#aai ,in the beginning of winter1 all through the night1 ,orion follows the chase across the heavens2 but with dawn he sinks toward the waters of his father ,neptune4 ,in the beginning of summer1 he may be seen with daybreak in the eastern sky1 where1 beloved by ,aurora1 he remains gradually paling before the light of day till1 finally1 ,diana1 jealous of his happiness1 draws her gentle darts and slays him4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,,the ,,pleiades ,from the painting by ,vedder #ig4 ,the ,pleiads1#abj who still fly before ,orion in the heavens1 were daughters of ,atlas1 and nymphs of ,diana's train4 ,one day ,orion saw them in ,boeotia1 became enamored of them1 and gave pursuit4 ,in their distress they prayed to the gods to change their form4 ,jupiter1 accordingly1 turned them into pigeons1 and made them a constellation4 ,though their number was seven1 only six stars are visible2 for ,electra1 it is said1 left her place that she might not behold the ruin of ,troy1 which had been founded by her son ,dardanus4 ,the sight had such an effect on her sisters that they blanched1 and have been pale ever since4 ,but ,electra became a comet2 her hair floating wildly behind her1 she still inconsolably ranges the expanse of heaven4 ,according to some1 the lost ,pleiad is ,merope1 who was vested with mortality in consequence of her marriage with the mortal ,sisyphus1 king of ,corinth4 ,tennyson's reference to the ,pleiads1 in ,locksley ,hall1 is of course familiar to all readers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,,endymion #ih4 ,endymion4 ,the frequent absence of ,diana from her duties in heaven is said to have awakened suspicion among the deities of ,olympus1 who doubted whether she actually occupied these intervals with hunting4 ,it is easy to imagine the satisfaction with which ,venus1 who so often had been reproached by ,diana with her undue fondness of beautiful youths1 would welcome news of a corresponding weakness on the part of the cold-hearted and apparently unyielding huntress queen4 ,and such satisfaction ,venus once enjoyed1 if we may trust the later classical and the modern poets who have identified ,diana with ,selene1 the more ancient goddess of the moon4 ,for1 one calm1 clear night ,selene looked down upon the beautiful ,endymion1 who fed his flock on ,mount ,latmos1 and saw him sleeping4 ,the heart of the goddess was unquestionably warmed by his surpassing beauty4 ,she came down to him2 she kissed him2 she watched over him while he slept4 ,she visited him again and again4 ,but her secret could not long be hidden from the company of ,olympus4 ,for more and more frequently she was absent from her station in the sky1 and toward morning she was ever paler and more weary with her watching4 ,when1 finally1 her love was discovered1 ,jupiter gave ,endymion1 who had been thus honored1 a choice between death in any manner that was preferable1 or perpetual youth united with perpetual sleep4 ,endymion chose the latter4 ,he still sleeps in his ,carian cave1 and still the mistress of the moon slips from her nocturnal course to visit him4 ,she takes care1 too1 that his fortunes shall not suffer by his inactive life3 she yields his flock increase1 and guards his sheep and lambs from beasts of prey4#aba ,keats1 whose ,endymion journeys on a mission under sea1 thus describes a meeting of the goddess and her lover3 ,on gold sand impearled ,with lily shells and pebbles milky white1 ,poor ,cynthia greeted him1 and soothed her light ,against his pallid face3 he felt the charm ,to breathlessness1 and suddenly a warm ,of his heart's blood3 'twas very sweet2 he stayed ,his wandering steps1 and half-entrancd laid ,his head upon a tuft of straggling weeds1 ,to taste the gentle moon1 and freshening beads1 ,lashed from the crystal roof by fishes' tails4 ,and so he kept1 until the rosy veils1 ,mantling the east1 by ,aurora's peering hand ,were lifted from the water's breast1 and fanned ,into sweet air2 and sobered morning came ,meekly through billows3--when like taper-flame ,left sudden by a dallying breath of air1 ,he rose in silence1 and once more 'gan fare ,along his fated way4#abb #ii4 ,myths of ,venus4 ,round the goddess of love cluster romances of her own tender passion1 of the affairs of the winged ,cupid1 and of the loves of the worshipers at her shrine4 ,of the affection of ,venus for ,mars and of her relations with ,anchises1#abc the father of neas1 mention is elsewhere made4 ,the following is the myth of ,venus and ,adonis4 #ajj4 ,adonis4#abd ,the sweetly smiling goddess1 playing one day with her boy ,cupid1 wounded her bosom with one of his arrows4 ,before the wound healed1 she looked upon ,adonis1 the son of ,cinyras and ,myrrha1 and was captivated by him4 ,she no longer took any interest in her favorite resorts1--,paphos1 and ,cnidos1 and ,amathus1 rich in metals4 ,she absented herself even from ,olympus1 for ,adonis was dearer to her than heaven4 ,him she followed and bore him company4 ,she who loved to recline in the shade1 with no care but to cultivate her charms1 now rambled through the woods and over the hills1 girt like the huntress ,diana4 ,she chased game that is safe to hunt1 but kept clear of the wolves and bears4 ,she charged ,adonis1 too1 to beware of dangerous animals4 ,be brave toward the timid1 she would say1 courage against the courageous is not safe4 ,having thus1 on one occasion1 warned him1 she mounted her chariot drawn by swans and drove away through the air4 ,but ,adonis was too noble to heed such counsels4 ,the dogs had roused a wild boar from his lair1 and the youth threw his spear and wounded the animal with a sidelong stroke4 ,the beast drew out the weapon with his jaws1 and1 rushing after ,adonis1 buried his tusks in the lad's side1 and stretched him dying upon the plain4 ,the rest of the story is thus recounted3 ,,the ,,lament ,,for ,,adonis#abe 444 ,low on the hills is lying the lovely ,adonis1 and his thigh with the boar's tusk1 his white thigh with the boar's tusk1 is wounded2 and sorrow on ,cypris he brings1 as softly he breathes his life away4 ,his dark blood drips down his skin of snow2 beneath his brows his eyes wax heavy and dim2 and the rose flees from his lip1 and thereon the very kiss is dying1 the kiss that ,cypris will never forego4 ,illustration3 ,,petworth ,,aphrodite 444 ,she hath lost her lovely lord1 with him she hath lost her sacred beauty4 ,fair was the form of ,cypris while ,adonis was living1 but her beauty has died with ,adonis6 ,woe1 woe for ,cypris1 the mountains all are saying4 ,and the oak trees answer1 ,woe for ,adonis6 ,and the rivers bewail the sorrows of ,aphrodite1 and the wells are weeping ,adonis on the mountains4 ,the flowers flush red for anguish1 and ,cytherea through all the mountain-knees1 through every dell1 doth shrill the piteous dirge3 ,woe1 woe for ,cytherea1 he hath perished1 the lovely ,adonis6 444 ,when she saw1 when she marked the unstanched wound of ,adonis1 when she saw the bright red blood about his languid thigh1 she cast her arms abroad1 and moaned1 ,abide with me1 ,adonis1 hapless ,adonis1 abide6444 ,awake1 ,adonis1 for a little while1 and kiss me yet again1 the latest kiss6444 ,this kiss will ,i treasure1 even as thyself1 ,adonis1 since1 ah1 ill-fated1 thou art fleeing me1 thou art fleeing far1 ,adonis1 and art faring to ,acheron1 to that hateful king and cruel1 while wretched ,i yet live1 being a goddess1 and may not follow thee6 ,persephone1 take thou my lover1 my lord1 for thyself art stronger than ,i1 and all lovely things drift down to thee4 ,but ,i am ill-fated1 inconsolable is my anguish2 and ,i lament mine ,adonis1 dead to me1 and ,i have no rest for sorrow4 ,thou diest1 oh1 thrice-desired1 and my desire hath flown away as a dream6 ,nay1 widowed is ,cytherea1 and idle are the ,loves along the halls6 ,with thee has the girdle of my beauty perished4 ,for why1 ah1 overbold1 didst thou follow the chase1 and being so fair1 why wert thou thus overhardy to fight with beasts8 ,so ,cypris bewailed her1 the ,loves join in the lament3 ,woe1 woe for ,cytherea1 he hath perished1 the lovely ,adonis6 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,adonis ,a tear the ,paphian sheds for each blood-drop of ,adonis1 and tears and blood on the earth are turned to flowers4 ,the blood brings forth the rose2 the tears1 the wind-flower4 ,woe1 woe for ,adonis1 he hath perished1 the lovely ,adonis6 444 ,cease1 ,cytherea1 from thy lamentations1 to-day refrain from thy dirges4 ,thou must again bewail him1 again must weep for him another year4 #aja4 ,cupid and ,psyche4#abf ,a certain king and queen had three daughters4 ,the charms of the two elder were more than common1 but the beauty of the youngest was such that the poverty of language is unable to express its praise4 ,in fact1 ,venus found her altars deserted1 while men paid their vows to this virgin4 ,when ,psyche passed1 the people sang her praises and strewed her way with chaplets and flowers4 ,this perversion of homage gave great offense to ,venus1 who complained that ,paris might just as well not have yielded her the palm of beauty over ,pallas and ,juno1 if a mortal were thus to usurp her honors4 ,wherefore she called ,cupid and1 pointing out ,psyche to him1 bade him infuse into the bosom of that haughty girl a passion for some low1 unworthy being4 ,there were in ,venus's garden two fountains1--one of sweet waters1 the other of bitter4 ,cupid filled two amber vases1 one from each fountain1 and suspending them from the top of his quiver1 hastened to the chamber of ,psyche1 whom he found asleep4 ,he shed a few drops from the bitter fountain over her lips1 though the sight of her almost moved him to pity2 and then he touched her side with the point of his arrow4 ,she awoke1 and opening her eyes upon ,cupid 7himself invisible71 so startled him that in his confusion he wounded himself with his arrow4 ,heedless of his wound1 his thought now was to repair the mischief he had done4 ,he poured1 at once1 the waters of joy over her silken ringlets4 ,but ,psyche1 henceforth frowned upon by ,venus1 derived no benefit from her charms4 ,her two elder sisters had long been married to princes2 but ,psyche's beauty failed to awaken love4 ,consequently her parents1 afraid that they had unwittingly incurred the anger of the gods1 consulted the oracle of ,apollo4 ,they received answer1 ,the virgin is destined for the bride of no mortal lover4 ,her husband awaits her on the top of the mountain4 ,he is a monster whom neither gods nor men can resist4 ,this dreadful decree of the oracle filled the people with dismay2 but1 at ,psyche's request1 preparations for her fate were made4 ,the royal maid took her place in a procession1 which more resembled a funeral than a nuptial pomp1 and with her parents1 amid the lamentations of their subjects1 ascended the mountain1 where she was left alone4 ,while ,psyche stood there1 panting with fear and with eyes full of tears1 the gentle ,zephyr lifted her and1 with an easy motion1 bore her to a flowery dale4 ,by degrees her mind became composed1 and she laid herself down on the grassy bank to sleep4 ,when she awoke refreshed with sleep1 she beheld near by a pleasant grove of tall and stately trees4 ,entering1 she discovered in the midst a fountain1 and fast by a palace whose august front showed that it was not the work of mortal hands1 but the happy retreat of some god4 ,she approached the building and entered4 ,every object she met filled her with pleasure and amazement4 ,golden pillars supported the vaulted roof1 and the walls were enriched with carvings and paintings that represented beasts of the chase and rural scenes4 ,other apartments were filled with still other beautiful and precious productions of nature and art4 ,while her eyes were thus occupied1 the voice of an invisible being addressed her3 ,sovereign lady1 all that thou beholdest is thine4 ,we whose voices thou dost hear are thy servants4 ,retire1 we pray thee1 to thy chamber1 repose on thy bed of down1 and when it may please thee repair to the bath4 ,food awaits in the adjoining alcove4 ,after repose and the refreshment of the bath1 ,psyche seated herself in the alcove1 where1 without any visible aid1 a table immediately presented itself1 covered with delicacies and nectareous wines4 ,her ears1 too1 were delighted with music from invisible performers4 ,for a long time she did not see her husband4 ,he came in the hours of darkness and fled before the dawn of morning2 but his accents were full of love and inspired a like passion in her4 ,often she begged him to stay and let her behold him1 but he would not consent4 ,having looked upon me1 he said1 mayhap thou wouldst fear1 mayhap adore1 me2 but all ,i ask of thee is love4 ,i would rather thou shouldst love me as an equal than adore me as a god4 ,this reasoning somewhat quieted ,psyche for a time4 ,but the thought of her parents and of her sisters1 left in ignorance of her fate1 preyed on her mind to such a degree that at last1 telling her distress to her lord1 she drew from him an unwilling consent that her sisters should be brought to see her4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,psyche ,,at ,,the ,,couch ,,of ,,cupid ,from the painting by ,thumann ,zephyr1 promptly obedient1 soon brought them across the mountain down to their sister's valley4 ,they embraced her4 ,she returned their caresses1 and then committed them to the care of her attendant voices1 who should refresh them in her bath and at her table1 and show them her treasures4 ,the view of these delights caused envy to enter their bosoms4 ,they plied their fortunate sister with questions about her husband4 ,psyche replied that he was a beautiful youth1 who generally spent the daytime in hunting upon the mountains4 ,the sisters1 not satisfied with this reply1 soon made her confess that she had never seen him4 ,then they proceeded to fill her bosom with dark suspicions4 ,probably her husband was a dreadful monster1 such as the ,pythian oracle had prophesied4 ,probably he was a direful serpent1 who nourished her now to devour her by and by4 ,they advised her to provide herself against the night with a lamp and a sharp knife1 told her what to do if her husband turned out the monster that they surmised1 and1 so saying1 departed4 ,these persuasions ,psyche resisted as well as she could1 but they did not fail to have their effect on her mind4 ,she prepared a lamp and a sharp knife1 and hid them out of sight of her husband4 ,that night1 when he had fallen into his first sleep1 she silently rose and uncovering her lamp-- ,scarce kept back a cry ,at what she saw2 for there before her lay ,the very ,love brighter than dawn of day2 ,and as he lay there smiling1 her own name ,his gentle lips in sleep began to frame1 ,and1 as to touch her face1 his hand did move2 ,o then1 indeed1 her faint heart swelled for love1 ,and she began to sob1 and tears fell fast ,upon the bed4--,but as she turned at last ,to quench the lamp1 there happed a little thing ,that quenched her new delight1 for flickering ,the treacherous flame cast on his shoulder fair ,a burning drop2 he woke1 and seeing her there ,the meaning of that sad sight knew full well1 ,nor was there need the piteous tale to tell4#abg ,without a word1 ,cupid spread his white wings1 and flew out of window4 ,psyche1 in vain endeavoring to follow1 fell to the earth4 ,for but an instant ,cupid1 staying1 reproached her with distrust of him4 ,no other punishment inflict ,i than to leave thee forever4 ,love cannot dwell with suspicion4 ,and so he flew away4 ,when ,psyche had recovered some degree of composure1 she looked around her4 ,the palace and gardens had vanished4 ,she found herself not far from the city where her sisters dwelt4 ,thither she repaired1 and told them the story of her misfortunes1 whereat they inwardly rejoiced4 ,for now1 thought they1 he will perhaps choose one of us4 ,with this idea1 they rose early the next morning and1 ascending the mountain1 each called upon ,zephyr to receive her and bear her to his lord2 then1 leaping up1 failed of the support of ,zephyr1 fell down the precipice1 and was dashed to pieces4 ,psyche1 meanwhile1 wandered day and night1 without food or repose1 in search of her husband4 ,but he was lying heartsick in the chamber of his mother2 and that goddess was absent upon her own affairs4 ,then the white sea gull which floats over the waves dived into the middle deep1 ,and rowing with his glistening wings arrived ,at ,aphrodite's bower beneath the sea4 ,she1 as yet unaware of her son's mischance1 was joyously consorting with her handmaidens2 but he1 the sea gull1 ,but he with garrulous and laughing tongue ,broke up his news2 how ,eros fallen sick ,lay tossing on his bed1 to frenzy stung ,by such a burn as did but barely prick3 ,a little bleb1 no bigger than a pease1 ,upon his shoulder 'twas1 that killed his ease1 ,fevered his heart1 and made his breathing thick4 ,for which disaster hath he not been seen ,this many a day at all in any place3 ,and thou1 dear mistress1 said he1 hast not been ,thyself among us now a dreary space3 ,and pining mortals suffer from a dearth ,of love2 and for this sadness of the earth ,thy family is darkened with disgrace4444 ',tis plain that1 if thy pleasure longer pause1 ,thy mighty rule on earth hath seen its day3 ,the race must come to perish1 and no cause ,but that thou sittest with thy nymphs at play1 ,while on the ,cretan hills thy truant boy ,has with his pretty mistress turned to toy1 ,and1 less for pain than love1 now pines away4#abh ,and ,venus cried angrily1 ,my son1 then1 has a mistress6 ,and it is ,psyche1 who witched away my beauty and was the rival of my godhead1 whom he loves6 ,therewith she issued from the sea1 and1 returning to her golden chamber1 found there the lad sick1 as she had heard1 and cried from the doorway1 ,well done1 truly6 to trample thy mother's precepts under foot1 to spare my enemy that cross of an unworthy love2 nay1 unite her to thyself1 child as thou art1 that ,i might have a daughter-in-law who hates me6 ,i will make thee repent of thy sport1 and the savor of thy marriage bitter4 ,there is one who shall chasten this body of thine1 put out thy torch1 and unstring thy bow4 ,not till she has plucked forth that hair1 into which so oft these hands have smoothed the golden light1 and sheared away thy wings1 shall ,i feel the injury done me avenged4 ,and with this she hastened in anger from the doors4 ,and ,ceres and ,juno met her1 and sought to know the meaning of her troubled countenance4 ,ye come in season1 she cried2 ,i pray you1 find for me ,psyche4 ,it must needs be that ye have heard the disgrace of my house4 ,and they1 ignorant of what was done1 would have soothed her anger1 saying1 ,what fault1 ,mistress1 hath thy son committed1 that thou wouldst destroy the girl he loves8 ,knowest thou not that he is now of age8 ,because he wears his years so lightly must he seem to thee ever to be a child8 ,wilt thou forever thus pry into the pastimes of thy son1 always accusing his wantonness1 and blaming in him those delicate wiles which are all thine own8 ,thus1 in secret fear of the boy's bow1 did they seek to please him with their gracious patronage4 ,but ,venus1 angry at their light taking of her wrongs1 turned her back upon them1 and with hasty steps made her way once more to the sea4#abi ,and soon after1 ,psyche herself reached the temple of ,ceres1 where she won the favor of the goddess by arranging in due order the heaps of mingled grain and ears and the carelessly scattered harvest implements that lay there4 ,the holy ,ceres then counseled her to submit to ,venus1 to try humbly to win her forgiveness1 and1 mayhap1 through her favor regain the lover that was lost4 ,obeying the commands of ,ceres1 ,psyche took her way to the temple of the golden-crowned ,cypris4 ,that goddess received her with angry countenance1 called her an undutiful and faithless servant1 taunted her with the wound given to her husband1 and insisted that for so ill-favored a girl there was no way of meriting a lover save by dint of industry4 ,thereupon she ordered ,psyche to be led to the storehouse of the temple1 where was laid up a great quantity of wheat1 barley1 millet1 vetches1 beans1 and lentils prepared for food for her pigeons1 and gave order1 ,take and separate all these grains1 putting all of the same kind in a parcel by themselves1--and see that thou get it done before evening4 ,this said1 ,venus departed and left the girl to her task4 ,but ,psyche1 in perfect consternation at the enormous task1 sat stupid and silent2 nor would the work have been accomplished had not ,cupid stirred up the ants to take compassion on her4 ,they separated the pile1 sorting each kind to its parcel and vanishing out of sight in a moment4 ,at the approach of twilight1 ,cytherea returned from the banquet of the gods1 breathing odors and crowned with roses4 ,seeing the task done1 she promptly exclaimed1 ,this is no work of thine1 wicked one1 but his1 whom to thine own and his misfortune thou hast enticed1--threw the girl a piece of black bread for her supper1 and departed4 ,next morning1 however1 the goddess1 ordering ,psyche to be summoned1 commanded her to fetch a sample of wool gathered from each of the golden-shining sheep that fed beyond a neighboring river4 ,obediently the princess went to the riverside1 prepared to do her best to execute the command4 ,but the god of that stream inspired the reeds with harmonious murmurs that dissuaded her from venturing among the golden rams while they raged under the influence of the rising sun4 ,psyche1 observing the directions of the compassionate river-god1 crossed when the noontide sun had driven the cattle to the shade1 gathered the woolly gold from the bushes where it was clinging1 and returned to ,venus with her arms full of the shining fleece4 ,but1 far from commending her1 that implacable mistress said1 ,i know very well that by the aid of another thou hast done this2 not yet am ,i assured that thou hast skill to be of use4 ,here1 now1 take this box to ,proserpine and say1 ',my mistress ,venus entreats thee to send her a little of thy beauty1 for in tending her sick son she hath lost some of her own4' ,psyche1 satisfied that her destruction was at hand1 doomed as she was to travel afoot to ,erebus1 thought to shorten the journey by precipitating herself at once from the summit of a tower4 ,but a voice from the tower1 restraining her from this rash purpose1 explained how by a certain cave she might reach the realm of ,pluto2 how she might avoid the peril of the road1 pass by ,cerberus1 and prevail on ,charon to take her across the black river and bring her back again4 ,the voice1 also1 especially cautioned her against prying into the box filled with the beauty of ,proserpine4 ,so1 taking heed to her ways1 the unfortunate girl traveled safely to the kingdom of ,pluto4 ,she was admitted to the palace of ,proserpine1 where1 contenting herself with plain fare instead of the delicious banquet that was offered her1 she delivered her message from ,venus4 ,presently the box1 filled with the precious commodity1 was restored to her2 and glad was she to come out once more into the light of day4 ,but having got so far successfully through her dangerous task1 a desire seized her to examine the contents of the box1 and to spread the least bit of the divine beauty on her cheeks that she might appear to more advantage in the eyes of her beloved husband4 ,therewith down by the wayside did she sit ,and turned the box round1 long regarding it2 ,but at the last1 with trembling hands1 undid ,the clasp1 and fearfully raised up the lid2 ,but what was there she saw not1 for her head ,fell back1 and nothing she rememberd ,of all her life1 yet nought of rest she had1 ,the hope of which makes hapless mortals glad2 ,for while her limbs were sunk in deadly sleep ,most like to death1 over her heart 'gan creep ,ill dreams2 so that for fear and great distress ,she would have cried1 but in her helplessness ,could open not her mouth1 or frame a word4#acj ,but ,cupid1 now recovered from his wound1 slipped through a crack in the window of his chamber1 flew to the spot where his beloved lay1 gathered up the sleep from her body and inclosed it again in the box1 then waked ,psyche with the touch of an arrow4 ,again1 said he1 hast thou almost perished by thy curiosity4 ,but now perform the task imposed upon thee by my mother1 and ,i will care for the rest4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,psyche ,,and ,,cupid ,,on ,,mount ,,olympus ,from the painting by ,thumann ,then ,cupid1 swift as lightning penetrating the heights of heaven1 presented himself before ,jupiter with his supplication4 ,jupiter lent a favoring ear and pleaded the cause of the lovers with ,venus4 ,gaining her consent1 he ordered ,mercury to convey ,psyche to the heavenly abodes4 ,on her advent1 the king of the immortals1 handing her a cup of ambrosia1 said1 ,drink this1 ,psyche1 and be immortal4 ,thy ,cupid shall never break from the knot in which he is tied2 these nuptials shall indeed be perpetual4 ,thus ,psyche was at last united to ,cupid2 and in due season a daughter was born to them whose name was ,pleasure4 ,the allegory of ,cupid and ,psyche is well presented in the following lines3 ,they wove bright fables in the days of old1 ,when reason borrowed fancy's painted wings2 ,when truth's clear river flowed o'er sands of gold1 ,and told in song its high and mystic things6 ,and such the sweet and solemn tale of her ,the pilgrim-heart1 to whom a dream was given1 ,that led her through the world1--,love's worshiper1-- ,to seek on earth for him whose home was heaven6 ,illustration3 ,,eros ,,with ,,bow ,in the full city1--by the haunted fount1-- ,through the dim grotto's tracery of spars1-- ',mid the pine temples1 on the moonlit mount1 ,where silence sits to listen to the stars2 ,in the deep glade where dwells the brooding dove1 ,the painted valley1 and the scented air1 ,she heard far echoes of the voice of ,love1 ,and found his footsteps' traces everywhere4 ,but never more they met6 since doubts and fears1 ,those phantom-shapes that haunt and blight the earth1 ,had come 'twixt her1 a child of sin and tears1 ,and that bright spirit of immortal birth2 ,until her pining soul and weeping eyes ,had learned to seek him only in the skies2 ,till wings unto the weary heart were given1 ,and she became ,love's angel bride in heaven6#aca ,the story of ,cupid and ,psyche first appears in the works of ,apuleius1 a writer of the second century of our era4 ,it is therefore of much more recent date than most of the classic myths4 #ajb4 ,keats' ,ode to ,psyche4 ,to this fact allusion is made in the following poem3 ,o ,goddess6 hear these tuneless numbers1 wrung ,by sweet enforcement and remembrance dear1 ,and pardon that thy secrets should be sung ,even into thine own soft-conchd ear3 ,surely ,i dreamt to-day1 or did ,i see ,the wingd ,psyche with awakened eyes8 ,i wandered in a forest thoughtlessly1 ,and1 on the sudden1 fainting with surprise1 ,saw two fair creatures1 couchd side by side ,in deepest grass1 beneath the whispering roof ,of leaves and tumbled blossoms1 where there ran ,a brooklet1 scarce espied6 ',mid hushed1 cool-rooted flowers1 fragrant-eyed1 ,blue1 silver-white1 and budded ,tyrian1 ,they lay calm-breathing on the bedded grass2 ,their arms embracd1 and their pinions1 too2 ,their lips touched not1 but had not bade adieu1 ,as if disjoind by soft-handed slumber1 ,and ready still past kisses to outnumber ,at tender eye-dawn of ,aurorean love3 ,the wingd boy ,i knew3 ,but who wast thou1 ,o happy1 happy dove8 ,his ,psyche true6 ,o latest born and loveliest vision far ,of all ,olympus' faded hierarchy6 ,fairer than ,phoebe's sapphire-regioned star1 ,or ,vesper1 amorous glowworm of the sky2 ,fairer than these1 though temple thou hast none1 ,nor altar heaped with flowers2 ,nor virgin-choir to make delicious moan ,upon the midnight hours2 ,no voice1 no lute1 no pipe1 no incense sweet ,from chain-swung censer teeming2 ,no shrine1 no grove1 no oracle1 no heat ,of pale-mouthed prophet dreaming4 ,o brightest6 though too late for antique vows ,too1 too late for the fond believing lyre1 ,when holy were the haunted forest boughs1 ,holy the air1 the water1 and the fire2 ,yet even in these days so far retired ,from happy pieties1 thy lucent fans1 ,fluttering among the faint ,olympians1 ,i see1 and sing1 by my own eyes inspired4 ,so let me be thy choir1 and make a moan ,upon the midnight hours2 ,thy voice1 thy lute1 thy pipe1 thy incense sweet ,from swingd censer teeming1 ,thy shrine1 thy grove1 thy oracle1 thy heat ,of pale-mouthed prophet dreaming4 ,yes1 ,i will be thy priest1 and build a fane ,in some untrodden region of my mind1 ,where branchd thoughts1 new grown with pleasant pain1 ,instead of pines shall murmur in the wind3 ,far1 far around shall those dark clustered trees ,fledge the wild-ridgd mountains steep by steep2 ,and there by zephyrs1 streams1 and birds and bees1 ,the moss-lain ,dryads shall be lulled to sleep2 ,and in the midst of this wide quietness ,a rosy sanctuary will ,i dress ,with the wreathd trellis of a working brain1 ,with buds1 and bells1 and stars without a name1 ,with all the gardener ,fancy e'er could feign1 ,who breeding flowers1 will never breed the same2 ,and there shall be for thee all soft delight ,that shadowy thought can win1 ,a bright torch1 and a casement ope at night1 ,to let the warm ,love in6 ,the loves of the devotees of ,venus are as the sands of the sea for number4 ,below are given the fortunes of a few3 ,hippomenes1 ,hero1 ,pygmalion1 ,pyramus1 and ,phaon4 ,the favor of the goddess toward ,paris1 who awarded her the palm of beauty in preference to ,juno and ,minerva1 will occupy our attention in connection with the story of the ,trojan ,war4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,artemis ,,of ,,gabii #ajc4 ,atalanta's ,race4#acb ,atalanta1 the daughter of ,schoeneus of ,boeotia1 had been warned by an oracle that marriage would be fatal to her happiness4 ,consequently she fled the society of men and devoted herself to the sports of the chase4 ,fair1 fearless1 swift1 and free1 in beauty and in desire she was a ,cynthia1--of mortal form and with a woman's heart4 ,to all suitors 7for she had many7 she made answer3 ,i will be the prize of him only who shall conquer me in the race2 but death must be the penalty of all who try and fail4 ,in spite of this hard condition some would try4 ,of one such race ,hippomenes was to be judge4 ,it was his thought1 at first1 that these suitors risked too much for a wife4 ,but when he saw ,atalanta lay aside her robe for the race with one of them1 he changed his mind and began to swell with envy of whomsoever seemed likely to win4 ,the virgin darted forward4 ,as she ran she looked more beautiful than ever4 ,the breezes gave wings to her feet2 her hair flew over her shoulders1 and the gay fringe of her garment fluttered behind her4 ,a ruddy hue tinged the whiteness of her skin1 such as a crimson curtain casts on a marble wall4 ,her competitor was distanced and was put to death without mercy4 ,hippomenes1 not daunted by this result1 fixed his eyes on the virgin and said1 ,why boast of beating those laggards8 ,i offer myself for the contest4 ,atalanta looked at him with pity in her face and hardly knew whether she would rather conquer so goodly a youth or not4 ,while she hesitated1 the spectators grew impatient for the contest and her father prompted her to prepare4 ,then ,hippomenes addressed a prayer to ,cypris3 ,help me1 ,venus1 for thou hast impelled me4 ,venus heard and was propitious4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,,atalanta',s ,,race ,from the painting by ,poynter ,she gathered three golden apples from the garden of her temple in her own island of ,cyprus and1 unseen by any1 gave them to ,hippomenes1 telling him how to use them4 ,atalanta and her lover were ready4 ,the signal was given4 ,they both started2 he1 by one stride1 first1 ,for she half pitied him so beautiful1 ,running to meet his death1 yet was resolved ,to conquer3 soon she near'd him1 and he felt ,the rapid and repeated gush of breath ,behind his shoulder4 ,from his hand now dropt ,a golden apple3 she lookt down and saw ,a glitter on the grass1 yet on she ran4 ,he dropt a second2 now she seem'd to stoop3 ,he dropt a third2 and now she stoopt indeed3 ,yet1 swifter than a wren picks up a grain ,of millet1 rais'd her head3 it was too late1 ,only one step1 only one breath1 too late4 ,hippomenes had toucht the maple goal ,with but two fingers1 leaning pronely forth4 ,she stood in mute despair2 the prize was won4 ,now each walkt slowly forward1 both so tired1 ,and both alike breathed hard1 and stopt at times4 ,when he turn'd round to her1 she lowered her face ,cover'd with blushes1 and held out her hand1 ,the golden apple in it4 ,leave me now1 ,said she1 ,i must walk homeward4 ,he did take ,the apple and the hand4 ,both ,i detain1 ,said he1 the other two ,i dedicate ,to the two ,powers that soften virgin hearts1 ,eros and ,aphrodite2 and this one ,to her who ratifies the nuptial vow4 ,she would have wept to see her father weep2 ,but some ,god pitied her1 and purple wings 7,what ,god's were they87 hovered and interposed4#acc ,but the oracle was yet to be fulfilled4 ,the lovers1 full of their own happiness1 after all1 forgot to pay due honor to ,aphrodite1 and the goddess was provoked at their ingratitude4 ,she caused them to give offense to ,cybele4 ,that powerful goddess took from them their human form3 the huntress heroine1 triumphing in the blood of her lovers1 she made a lioness2 her lord and master a lion1--and yoked them to her car1 where they are still to be seen in all representations in statuary or painting of the goddess ,cybele4 #ajd ,hero and ,leander were star-crossed lovers of later classical fiction4#acd ,although their story is not of supernatural beings1 or of events necessarily influenced by supernatural agencies1 and therefore not mythical in the strict sense of the word1 it deserves to be included here both because of its pathetic beauty and its long literary tradition4 ,the poet ,marlowe puts the story into ,english thus3 ,on ,hellespont1 guilty of true love's blood1 ,in view and opposite two cities stood1 ,sea-borderers1 disjoin'd by ,neptune's might ,the one ,abydos1 the other ,sestos hight4 ,at ,sestos ,hero dwelt2 ,hero the fair1 ,whom young ,apollo courted for her hair1 ,and offer'd as a dower his burning throne1 ,where she should sit1 for men to gaze upon4444 ,some say1 for her the fairest ,cupid pin'd1 ,and1 looking in her face1 was strooken blind4 ,but this is true3 so like was one the other1 ,as he imagined ,hero was his mother2 ,and oftentimes into her bosom flew1 ,about her naked neck his bare arms threw1 ,and laid his childish head upon her breast1 ,and1 with still panting rockt1 there took his rest4 ,in ,abydos dwelt the manly ,leander1 who1 as luck would have it1 bethought himself one day of the festival of ,venus in ,sestos1 and thither fared to do obeisance to the goddess4 ,on this feast-day1--,o cursd day and hour6-- ,went ,hero through ,sestos1 from her tower ,to ,venus' temple1 where unhappily1 ,as after chanc'd1 they did each other spy4 ,so fair a church as this had ,venus none2 ,the walls were of discolored jasper-stone1 444 ,and in the midst a silver altar stood3 ,there ,hero1 sacrificing turtle's blood1 ,vail'd to the ground1 veiling her eyelids close2 ,and modestly they opened as she rose3 ,thence flew ,love's arrow with the golden head2 ,and thus ,leander was enamourd4 ,stone-still he stood1 and evermore he gaz'd1 ,till with the fire1 that from his countenance blaz'd1 ,relenting ,hero's gentle heart was strook3 ,such power and virtue hath an amorous look4 ,it lies not in our power to love or hate1 ,for will in us is overrul'd by fate4 ,when two are stript long e'er the course begin1 ,we wish that one should lose1 the other win2 ,and one especially do we affect ,of two gold ingots1 like in each respect3 ,the reason no man knows2 let it suffice1 ,what we behold is censur'd by our eyes4 ,where both deliberate1 the love is slight3 ,who ever lov'd1 that lov'd not at first sight8 ,he kneel'd2 but unto her devoutly prayed3 ,chaste ,hero to herself thus softly said1 ,were ,i the saint he worships1 ,i would hear him2 ,and1 as she spake those words1 came somewhat near him4 ,he started up2 she blush'd as one asham'd2 ,wherewith ,leander much more was inflam'd4 ,he touch'd her hand2 in touching it she trembled3 ,love deeply grounded1 hardly is dissembled4444 ,so they conversed by touch of hands1 till ,leander1 plucking up courage1 began to plead with words1 with sighs and tears4 ,these arguments he us'd1 and many more2 ,wherewith she yielded1 that was won before4 ,hero's looks yielded1 but her words made war3 ,women are won when they begin to jar4 ,thus having swallow'd ,cupid's golden hook1 ,the more she striv'd1 the deeper was she strook3 ,yet1 evilly feigning anger1 strove she still1 ,and would be thought to grant against her will4 ,so having paus'd awhile1 at last she said1 ,who taught thee rhetoric to deceive a maid8 ,ay me6 such words as these should ,i abhor1 ,and yet ,i like them for the orator4 ,with that ,leander stoop'd to have embrac'd her1 ,but from his spreading arms away she cast her1 ,and thus bespake him3 ,gentle youth1 forbear ,to touch the sacred garments which ,i wear4 444 ,then she told him of the turret by the murmuring sea where all day long she tended ,venus' swans and sparrows3 ,come thither4 ,as she spake this1 her tongue tripp'd1 ,for unawares1 ,come thither1 from her slipp'd2 ,and suddenly her former color chang'd1 ,and here and there her eyes through anger rang'd2 ,and1 like a planet moving several ways ,at one self instant1 she1 poor soul1 assays1 ,loving1 not to love at all1 and every part ,strove to resist the motions of her heart3 ,and hands so pure1 so innocent1 nay1 such ,as might have made ,heaven stoop to have a touch1 ,did she uphold to ,venus1 and again ,vow'd spotless chastity2 but all in vain2 ,cupid beats down her prayers with his wings4444 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,hero ,,and ,,leander ,from the painting by ,keller ,for a season all went well4 ,guided by a torch which his mistress reared upon the tower1 he was wont of nights to swim the strait that he might enjoy her company4 ,but one night a tempest arose and the sea was rough2 his strength failed and he was drowned4 ,the waves bore his body to the ,european shore1 where ,hero became aware of his death1 and in her despair cast herself into the sea and perished4 ,a picture of the drowning ,leander is thus described by ,keats3#ace ,come hither all sweet maidens soberly1 ,down looking aye1 and with a chasten'd light1 ,hid in the fringe of your eyelids white1 ,and meekly let your fair hands joind be1 ,as if so gentle that ye could not see1 ,untouch'd1 a victim of your beauty bright1 ,sinking away to his young spirit's night1 ,sinking bewilder'd 'mid the dreary sea3 ',tis young ,leander toiling to his death2 ,nigh swooning he doth purse his weary lips ,for ,hero's cheek1 and smiles against her smile4 ,o horrid dream6 see how his body dips ,dead-heavy2 arms and shoulders gleam awhile2 ,he's gone2 up bubbles all his amorous breath6 #aje4 ,pygmalion and the ,statue4#acf ,pygmalion saw so much to blame in women1 that he came at last to abhor the sex and resolved to live unmarried4 ,he was a sculptor1 and had made with wonderful skill a statue of ivory1 so beautiful that no living woman was to compare with it4 ,it was indeed the perfect semblance of a maiden that seemed to be alive and that was prevented from moving only by modesty4 ,his art was so perfect that it concealed itself1 and its product looked like the workmanship of nature4 ,pygmalion at last fell in love with his counterfeit creation4 ,oftentimes he laid his hand upon it as if to assure himself whether it were living or not1 and could not even then believe that it was only ivory4 ,the festival of ,venus was at hand1--a festival celebrated with great pomp at ,cyprus4 ,victims were offered1 the altars smoked1 and the odor of incense filled the air4 ,when ,pygmalion had performed his part in the solemnities1 he stood before the altar and1 according to one of our poets1 timidly said3 ,o ,aphrodite1 kind and fair1 ,that what thou wilt canst give1 ,oh1 listen to a sculptor's prayer1 ,and bid mine image live6 ,for me the ivory and gold ,that clothe her cedar frame ,are beautiful1 indeed1 but cold2 ,ah1 touch them with thy flame6 ,oh1 bid her move those lips of rose1 ,bid float that golden hair1 ,and let her choose me1 as ,i chose1 ,this fairest of the fair6 ,and then an altar in thy court ,i'll offer1 decked with gold2 ,and there thy servants shall resort1 ,thy doves be bought and sold6#acg ,according to another version of the story1 he said not1 bid mine image live1 but one like my ivory virgin4 ,at any rate1 with such a prayer he threw incense on the flame of the altar4 ,whereupon ,venus1 as an omen of her favor1 caused the flame to shoot up thrice a fiery point into the air4 ,when ,pygmalion reached his home1 to his amazement he saw before him his statue garlanded with flowers4 ,yet while he stood1 and knew not what to do ,with yearning1 a strange thrill of hope there came1 ,a shaft of new desire now pierced him through1 ,and therewithal a soft voice called his name1 ,and when he turned1 with eager eyes aflame1 ,he saw betwixt him and the setting sun ,the lively image of his lovd one4 ,he trembled at the sight1 for though her eyes1 ,her very lips1 were such as he had made1 ,and though her tresses fell but in such guise ,as he had wrought them1 now was she arrayed ,in that fair garment that the priests had laid ,upon the goddess on that very morn1 ,dyed like the setting sun upon the corn4 ,speechless he stood1 but she now drew anear1 ,simple and sweet as she was wont to be1 ,and once again her silver voice rang clear1 ,filling his soul with great felicity1 ,and thus she spoke1 ,wilt thou not come to me1 ,o dear companion of my new-found life1 ,for ,i am called thy lover and thy wife8444 ,my sweet1 she said1 as yet ,i am not wise1 ,or stored with words aright the tale to tell1 ,but listen3 when ,i opened first mine eyes ,i stood within the niche thou knowest well1 ,and from my hand a heavy thing there fell ,carved like these flowers1 nor could ,i see things clear1 ,but with a strange1 confusd noise could hear4 ,at last mine eyes could see a woman fair1 ,but awful as this round white moon o'erhead1 ,so that ,i trembled when ,i saw her there1 ,for with my life was born some touch of dread1 ,and therewithal ,i heard her voice that said1 ',come down and learn to love and be alive1 ,for thee1 a well-prized gift1 to-day ,i give4'#ach ,a fuller account of ,venus' address to the statue is the following3 ,o maiden1 in mine image made6 ,o grace that shouldst endure6 ,while temples fall1 and empires fade1 ,immaculately pure3 ,exchange this endless life of art ,for beauty that must die1 ,and blossom with a beating heart ,into mortality6 ,change1 golden tresses of her hair1 ,to gold that turns to gray2 ,change1 silent lips1 forever fair1 ,to lips that have their day6 ,oh1 perfect arms1 grow soft with life1 ,wax warm1 ere cold ye wane2 ,wake1 woman's heart1 from peace to strife1 ,to love1 to joy1 to pain6#aci ,the maiden was called ,galatea4 ,venus blessed the nuptials1 and from the union ,paphos was born1 by whose name the city1 sacred to ,venus1 is known4 #ajf4 ,pyramus and ,thisbe4#adj ,pyramus was the handsomest youth and ,thisbe the fairest maiden in ,babylonia1 where ,semiramis reigned4 ,their parents occupied adjoining houses4 ,propinquity brought the young people together1 and acquaintance ripened into love4 ,they would gladly have married1 but their parents forbade4 ,one thing1 however1 parents could not forbid 7for ,venus and ,cupid favored the match71--that love should glow with equal ardor in the bosoms of both4 ,they conversed by signs and glances1 and the fire burned the more intensely that it was covered4 ,in the wall between the two houses there was a crack1 caused by some fault in the structure4 ,it afforded a passage to the voice2 and tender messages passed back and forth through the gap4 ,when night came and they must say farewell1 the lovers pressed their lips upon the wall1 she on her side1 he on his4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,,thisbe ,from the painting by ,edward ,burne-,jones ,one morning1 when ,aurora had put out the stars and the sun had melted the frost from the grass1 they met at the accustomed spot and arranged a meeting for that night at a well-known edifice1 standing without the city's bounds1--the ,tomb of ,ninus4 ,the one who first arrived should await the other at the foot of a white mulberry tree near a cool spring4 ,evening came4 ,thisbe1 arriving first1 sat alone by the monument in the dim light of the evening4 ,suddenly she descried a lioness1 her jaws reeking with recent slaughter1 approaching the fountain to slake her thirst4 ,the maiden fled at the sight1 dropping her veil as she ran4 ,the lioness1 after drinking at the spring1 turned toward the woods1 and1 seeing the veil on the ground1 tossed and rent it with her bloody mouth4 ,now ,pyramus approached the place of meeting4 ,he saw in the sand the footsteps of the lion4 ,he found the veil all rent and bloody4 ,o1 hapless girl1 cried he1 ,i have been the cause of thy death2 but ,i follow thee6 ,so saying1 he drew his sword and plunged it into his heart4 ,the blood spurted from the wound and tinged the white mulberries of the tree all red1 and1 sinking into the earth1 reached the roots1 so that the sanguine hue mounted through the trunk to the fruit4 ,by this time ,thisbe1 still trembling with fear1 yet wishing not to disappoint her lover1 stepped cautiously forth1 looking anxiously for the youth1 eager to tell him the danger she had escaped4 ,when she came to the spot and saw the changed color of the mulberries1 she doubted whether it was the same place4 ,while she hesitated1 she saw the form of her lover struggling in the agonies of death4 ,she screamed and beat her breast1 she embraced the lifeless body1 poured tears into its wounds1 and imprinted kisses on the cold lips4 ,o1 ,pyramus1 she cried1 what has done this8 ,it is thine own ,thisbe that speaks4 ,at the name of ,thisbe ,pyramus opened his eyes1 then closed them again4 ,she saw her veil stained with blood and the scabbard empty of its sword4 ,thine own hand has slain thee1 and for my sake1 she said4 ,i1 too1 can be brave for once1 and my love is as strong as thine4 ,but ye1 unhappy parents of us both1 deny us not our united request4 ,as love and death have joined us1 let one tomb contain us4 ,and thou1 tree1 retain the marks of slaughter4 ,let thy berries still serve for memorials of our blood4 ,so saying1 she plunged the sword into her breast4 ,the two bodies were buried in one sepulcher1 and the tree henceforth produced purple berries4 #ajg4 ,phaon ferried a boat between ,lesbos and ,chios4 ,one day the queen of ,paphos and ,amathus1#ada in the guise of an ugly crone1 begged a passage1 which was so good-naturedly granted that in recompense she bestowed on the ferryman a salve possessing magical properties of youth and beauty4 ,as a consequence of the use made of it by ,phaon1 the women of ,lesbos went wild for love of him4 ,none1 however1 admired him more than the poetess ,sappho1 who addressed to him some of her warmest and rarest love-songs4 #ajh4 ,the ,vengeance of ,venus4 ,venus did not fail to follow with her vengeance those who dishonored her rites or defied her power4 ,the youth ,hippolytus who1 eschewing love1 preferred ,diana to her1 she brought miserably to his ruin4 ,polyphonte she transformed into an owl1 ,arsino into a stone1 and ,myrrha into a myrtle tree4#adb ,her influence in the main was of mingled bane and blessing1 as in the cases of ,helen1 ,,oenone1 ,pasipha1 ,ariadne1 ,procris1 ,eriphyle1 ,laodamia1 and others whose stories are elsewhere told4#adc #aji4 ,myths of ,mercury4 ,according to ,homer1#add ,maia bore ,mercury at the peep of day1--a schemer subtle beyond all belief4 ,he began playing on the lyre at noon2 for1 wandering out of the lofty cavern of ,cyllene1 he found a tortoise1 picked it up1 bored the life out of the beast1 fitted the shell with bridge and reeds1 and accompanied himself therewith as he sang a strain of unpremeditated sweetness4 ,at evening of the same day he stole the oxen of his half brother ,apollo from the ,pierian mountains1 where they were grazing4 ,he covered their hoofs with tamarisk twigs1 and1 still further to deceive the pursuer1 drove them backward into a cave at ,pylos4 ,there rubbing laurel branches together1 he made fire and sacrificed1 as an example for men to follow1 two heifers to the twelve gods 7himself included74 ,then home he went and slept1 innocent as a new-born child6 ,to his mother's warning that ,apollo would catch and punish him1 this innocent replied1 in effect1 ,i know a trick better than that6 ,and when the puzzled ,apollo1 having traced the knavery to this babe in swaddling clothes1 accused him of it1 the sweet boy swore a great oath by his father's head that he stole not the cows1 nor knew even what cows might be1 for he had only that moment heard the name of them4 ,apollo proceeded to trounce the baby1 with scant success1 however1 for ,mercury persisted in his assumption of ignorance4 ,so the twain appeared before their sire1 and ,apollo entered his complaint3 he had not seen nor ever dreamed of so precocious a cattle-stealer1 liar1 and full-fledged knave as this young rascal4 ,to all of which ,mercury responded that he was1 on the contrary1 a veracious person1 but that his brother ,apollo was a coward to bully a helpless little new-born thing that slept1 nor ever had thought of lifting cattle4 ,the wink with which the lad of ,cyllene accompanied this asseveration threw ,jupiter into uncontrollable roars of laughter4 ,consequently1 the quarrel was patched up3 ,mercury gave ,apollo the new-made lyre2 ,apollo presented the prodigy with a glittering whiplash and installed him herdsman of his oxen4 ,nay even1 when ,mercury had sworn by sacred ,styx no more to try his cunning in theft upon ,apollo1 that god in gratitude invested him with the magic wand of wealth1 happiness1 and dreams 7the caduceus71 it being understood1 however1 that ,mercury should indicate the future only by signs1 not by speech or song as did ,apollo4 ,it is said that the god of gain avenged himself for this enforced rectitude upon others3 upon ,venus1 whose girdle he purloined2 upon ,neptune1 whose trident he filched2 upon ,vulcan1 whose tongs he borrowed2 and upon ,mars1 whose sword he stole4 ,illustration3 ,,hermes ,,of ,,praxiteles ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,,hermes ,,and ,,dog ,the most famous exploit of the ,messenger1 the slaughter of ,argus1 has already been narrated4 ,,footnotes3 #ff ,ovid1 ,metam4 ,i1 #gjj et seq4 #fg ,ovid1 ,metam4 #b1 #daj et seq4 #fh ,translated by ,andrew ,lang3 ,theocritus1 ,bion1 and ,moschus1 ,london1 #ahhj4 #fi #gj4 #gj ,ovid1 ,metam4 #c1 #bfj et seq4 #ga #db1 #aaj-aac4 #gb ,from ,e4 ,r4 ,sill's ,semele4 #gc ,commentary1 #aah1 #bee4 #gd ,ovid1 ,metam4 #g1 #agb et seq4 #ge ,roscher1 ,ausf4 ,lex4 ,lfg4 #c1 #cgi ,schirmer4 ,originals in ,pausanias1 ,apollodorus1 and ,hyginus4 #gf ,from ,tennyson's ,amphion4 ,see ,horace1 ,ars ,poet4 #cid4 #gg ,ovid1 ,metam4 #h1 #fbj-gbd4 #gh ,from ,the ,sons of ,cydippe1 by ,edmund ,gosse in his ,on ,viol and ,flute4 #gi #bg1 and ,commentary4 #hj ,from ,ovid4 #ha ,from ,spenser's ,muiopotmos4 #hb ,ovid1 ,metam4 #f1 #a-ade4 #hc #bjj4 #hd ,iliad1 #e1 #hej et seq4 7,lang1 ,leaf1 and ,myers' translation74 ,in accordance with the system of nomenclature adopted in this work1 ,latin equivalents are given1 wherever possible1 for ,greek names4 #he ,iliad1 #ba1 #cij 7,lang1 ,leaf1 and ,myers' translation74 #hf ,ovid1 ,metam4 #c1 #a-acg2 #d1 #efc-fad4 #hg ,iliad1 #b1 #acce4 #hh ,ovid1 ,metam4 #f1 #cac-cha4 #hi #cj4 #ij ,roscher1 ,ausf4 ,lex4 ,lfg4 #b1 #bed1 ,article ,aload ,schultz4 #ia ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aj1 #afb-bai4 #ib ,ovid1 ,metam4 #b1 #a-djj4 #ic #dd4 #id ,medio tutissimus ibis4--,,ovid4 #ie ,hic situs est ,phathon1 currus auriga paterni1 ,quem si non tenuit1 magnis tamen excidit ausis4--,,ovid4 #if ,iliad1 #a1 #dc-eb 7,lang1 ,leaf1 and ,myers' translation74 #ig ,ovid1 ,metam4 #f1 #afe-cab4 #ih ,from ,w4 ,s4 ,landor's ,niobe4 #ii ,see ,commentary1 #fd1 #hj4 #ajj ,iliad1 #ah1 #efd 7,lang1 ,leaf1 and ,myers' translation74 #aja ,cicero1 ,natura ,deorum1 #c1 #bb4 #ajb ,see ,commentary4 #ajc ,from ,browning's ,balaustion's ,adventure4 ,the ,greek form of the proper names has been retained4 #ajd ,proserpine4 #aje ,for the originals1 see ,iliad1 #b1 #gae1 and the ,alcestis of ,euripides4 #ajf ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aa1 #adf-aic4 #ajg #aah4 #ajh #ade4 #aji ,ovid1 ,metam4 #a1 #deb-efg4 #aaj ,from the ,fable for ,critics4 #aaa ,iliad1 #i1 #efa2 ,apollodorus1 #a1 #g1 #h4 #aab ,stephen ,phillips1 ,marpessa4 #aac ,ovid1 ,metam4 #d1 #bef-bgj4 #aad #aif4 #aae #afh4 #aaf ,ovid1 ,metam4 #e1 #ehe-fda4 #aag ,ovid1 ,metam4 #c1 #ach-beb4 #aah ,apollodorus1 #a1 #d1 #c4 #aai ,ovid1 ,fasti1 #e1 #ecg2 ,iliad1 #ah1 #dhf1 and #bb1 #bi2 ,odyssey1 #e1 #aba1 #bgd4 #abj ,the story is told by ,hyginus in his ,fables1 and in his ,poetical ,astronomy4 #aba ,authorities are ,pausanias1 #e1 #a1 #b-d2 ,ovid1 ,ars4 ,am4 #c1 #hc2 ,tristia1 #b1 #bii2 ,apollonius1 and ,apollodorus4 #abb ,from the ,endymion1 ,bk4 #c4 #abc #aid4 #abd ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aj1 #ejc-eei1 #gjh-gci4 #abe ,from an elegy intended to be sung at one of the spring celebrations in memory of ,adonis4 ,translated from ,bion by ,andrew ,lang4 ,cypris1 ,cytherea1 and the ,paphian refer to ,venus4 ,see ,commentary4 ,this elegy is also translated by ,mrs4 ,browning and by ,sir ,edwin ,arnold4 #abf ,apuleius1 ,metam4 ,golden ,ass1 #d1 #bh1 etc4 #abg ,william ,morris1 ,the ,story of ,cupid and ,psyche1 in ,the ,earthly ,paradise4 #abh ,robert ,bridges1 ,eros and ,psyche4 #abi ,the last three paragraphs are from ,pater's version in ,marius the ,epicurean4 #acj ,william ,morris1 ,the ,earthly ,paradise4 #aca ,by ,t4 ,k4 ,hervey4 #acb ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aj1 #efj-fhj4 #acc ,from ,w4 ,s4 ,landor's ,hippomenes and ,atalanta4 #acd ,the poetical passages are from ,marlowe's ,hero and ,leander1 ,first ,sestiad4 ,marlowe's narrative was completed by ,chapman4 ,see ,musus of ,alexandria1 ,de ,amore ,herois et ,leandri2 ,virg4 ,georg4 #c1 #beh2 ,ovid1 ,her4 #ah1 #ai2 ,stat4 ,theb4 #f1 #ggj4 #ace ,sonnet1 ,on a ,picture of ,leander4 #acf ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aj1 #bdc-big4 #acg ,andrew ,lang1 ,the ,new ,pygmalion4 #ach ,from ,william ,morris1 ,pygmalion and the ,image1 in ,the ,earthly ,paradise4 #aci ,andrew ,lang1 ,the ,new ,pygmalion1 or ,the ,statue's ,choice4 ,a witty and not unpoetic bit of burlesque4 #adj ,ovid1 ,metam4 #d1 #ee-aff4 #ada #ajj1 and ,commentary4 #adb ,murray1 ,manual of ,mythology1 p4 #hg2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aj1 #bih-ejb4 #adc ,see ,index for sections4 #add ,hymn to ,mercury 7,hermes74 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,great ,,divinities ,,of ,,earth #aaj4 ,myths of ,bacchus4 ,since the adventures of ,ceres1 although she was a goddess of earth1 are intimately connected with the life of the underworld1 they will be related in the sections pertaining to ,proserpine and ,pluto4 ,the god of vernal sap and vegetation1 of the gladness that comes of youth or of wine1 the golden-curled1 sleepy-eyed ,bacchus 7,dionysus71--his wanderings1 and the fortunes of mortals brought under his influence 7,pentheus1 ,acetes1 ,ariadne1 and ,midas71 here challenge our attention4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,,silenus ,,taking ,,dionysus ,,to ,,school #aaa4 ,the ,wanderings of ,bacchus4 ,after the death of ,semele1#ade ,jove took the infant ,bacchus and gave him in charge to the ,nysan nymphs1 who nourished his infancy and childhood and for their care were placed by ,jupiter1 as the ,hyades1 among the stars4 ,another guardian and tutor of young ,bacchus was the pot-bellied1 jovial ,silenus1 son of ,pan and a nymph1 and oldest of the ,satyrs4 ,silenus was probably an indulgent preceptor4 ,he was generally tipsy and would have broken his neck early in his career1 had not the ,satyrs held him on his ass's back as he reeled along in the train of his pupil4 ,after ,bacchus was of age1 he discovered the culture of the vine and the mode of extracting its precious juice2 but ,juno struck him with madness and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth4 ,in ,phrygia the goddess ,rhea cured him and taught him her religious rites2 and then he set out on a progress through ,asia1 teaching the people the cultivation of the vine4 ,the most famous part of his wanderings is his expedition to ,india1 which is said to have lasted several years4 ,returning in triumph1 he undertook to introduce his worship into ,greece1 but was opposed by certain princes who dreaded the disorders and madness it brought with it4 ,finally1 he approached his native city ,thebes1 where his own cousin1 ,pentheus1 son of ,agave and grandson of ,harmonia and ,cadmus1 was king4 ,pentheus1 however1 had no respect for the new worship and forbade its rites to be performed4#adf ,but when it was known that ,bacchus was advancing1 men and women1 young and old1 poured forth to meet him and to join his triumphal march4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,,bearded ,,dionysus ,,and ,,satyr ,fauns with youthful ,bacchus follow2 ,ivy crowns that brow1 supernal ,as the forehead of ,apollo1 ,and possessing youth eternal4 ,round about him fair ,bacchantes1 ,bearing cymbals1 flutes1 and thyrses1 ,wild from ,naxian groves or ,zante's ,vineyards1 sing delirious verses4#adg ,it was in vain ,pentheus remonstrated1 commanded1 and threatened4 ,his nearest friends and wisest counselors begged him not to oppose the god4 ,their remonstrances only made him the more violent4 #aab4 ,the ,story of ,acetes4 ,soon the attendants returned who had been dispatched to seize ,bacchus4 ,they had succeeded in taking one of the ,bacchanals prisoner1 whom1 with his hands tied behind him1 they brought before the king4 ,pentheus1 threatening him with death1 commanded him to tell who he was and what these new rites were that he presumed to celebrate4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,,satyr ,,and ,m,,nad ,,with ,,child ,,dionysus ,the prisoner1 unterrified1 replied that he was ,acetes of ,monia2 that his parents1 being poor1 had left him their fisherman's trade1 which he had followed till he had acquired the pilot's art of steering his course by the stars4 ,it once happened that he had touched at the island of ,dia and had sent his men ashore for fresh water4 ,they returned1 bringing with them a lad of delicate appearance whom they had found asleep4 ,judging him to be a noble youth1 they thought to detain him in the hope of liberal ransom4 ,but ,acetes suspected that some god was concealed under the youth's exterior1 and asked pardon for the violence done4 ,whereupon the sailors1 enraged by their lust of gain1 exclaimed1 ,spare thy prayers for us6 and1 in spite of the resistance offered by ,acetes1 thrust the captive youth on board and set sail4 ,then ,bacchus 7for the youth was indeed he71 as if shaking off his drowsiness1 asked what the trouble was and whither they were carrying him4 ,one of the mariners replied1 ,fear nothing2 tell us where thou wouldst go1 and we will convey thee thither4 ,naxos is my home1 said ,bacchus2 take me there1 and ye shall be well rewarded4 ,they promised so to do2 but1 preventing the pilot from steering toward ,naxos1 they bore away for ,egypt1 where they might sell the lad into slavery4 ,soon the god looked out over the sea and said in a voice of weeping1 ,sailors1 these are not the shores ye promised me2 yonder island is not my home4 ,it is small glory ye shall gain by cheating a poor boy4 ,acetes wept to hear him1 but the crew laughed at both of them and sped the vessel fast over the sea4 ,all at once it stopped in mid-sea1 as fast as if it were fixed on the ground4 ,the men1 astonished1 pulled at their oars and spread more sail1 but all in vain4 ,ivy twined round the oars and clung to the sails1 with heavy clusters of berries4 ,a vine laden with grapes ran up the mast and along the sides of the vessel4 ,the sound of flutes was heard1 and the odor of fragrant wine spread all around4 ,the god himself had a chaplet of vine leaves and bore in his hand a spear wreathed with ivy4 ,tigers crouched at his feet1 and forms of lynxes and spotted panthers played around him4 ,the whole crew became dolphins and swam about the ship4 ,of twenty men ,acetes alone was left4 ,fear not1 said the god2 steer towards ,naxos4 ,the pilot obeyed1 and when they arrived there1 kindled the altars and celebrated the sacred rites of ,bacchus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,,dionysus ,,at ,,sea ,so far had ,acetes advanced in his narrative1 when ,pentheus1 interrupting1 ordered him off to his death4 ,but from this fate the pilot1 rendered invisible by his patron deity1 was straightway rescued4 ,meanwhile1 the mountain ,cithron seemed alive with worshipers1 and the cries of the ,bacchanals resounded on every side4 ,pentheus1 angered by the noise1 penetrated through the wood and reached an open space where the chief scene of the orgies met his eyes4 ,at the same moment the women saw him1 among them his mother ,agave1 and ,autono and ,ino1 her sisters4 ,taking him for a wild boar1 they rushed upon him and tore him to pieces1--his mother shouting1 ,victory6 ,victory6 the glory is ours6 ,so the worship of ,bacchus was established in ,greece4 ,it was on the island of ,naxos that ,bacchus afterward found ,ariadne1 the daughter of ,minos1 king of ,crete1 who had been deserted by her lover1 ,theseus4 ,how ,bacchus comforted her is related in another section4 ,how the god himself is worshiped is told by ,edmund ,gosse in the poem from which the following extracts are taken3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,,bacchic ,,procession ,behold1 behold6 the granite gates unclose1 ,and down the vales a lyric people flows2 ,dancing to music1 in their dance they fling ,their frantic robes to every wind that blows1 ,and deathless praises to the vine-god sing4 ,nearer they press1 and nearer still in sight1 ,still dancing blithely in a seemly choir2 ,tossing on high the symbol of their rite1 ,the cone-tipped thyrsus of a god's desire2 ,nearer they come1 tall damsels flushed and fair1 ,with ivy circling their abundant hair2 ,onward1 with even pace1 in stately rows1 ,with eye that flashes1 and with cheek that glows1 ,and all the while their tribute-songs they bring1 ,and newer glories of the past disclose1 ,and deathless praises to the vine-god sing4 444 ,but oh6 within the heart of this great flight1 ,whose ivory arms hold up the golden lyre8 ,what form is this of more than mortal height8 ,what matchless beauty1 what inspird ire6 ,the brindled panthers know the prize they bear1 ,and harmonize their steps with stately care2 ,bent to the morning1 like a living rose1 ,the immortal splendor of his face he shows1 ,and where he glances1 leaf and flower and wing ,tremble with rapture1 stirred in their repose1 ,and deathless praises to the vine-god sing4444#adh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,,dionysus ,,visiting ,a ,,poet #aac4 ,the ,choice of ,king ,midas4#adi ,once ,silenus1 having wandered from the company of ,bacchus in an intoxicated condition1 was found by some peasants1 who carried him to their king1 ,midas4 ,midas entertained him royally and on the eleventh day restored him in safety to his divine pupil4 ,whereupon ,bacchus offered ,midas his choice of a reward4 ,the king asked that whatever he might touch should be changed into gold4 ,bacchus consented4 ,midas hastened to put his new-acquired power to the test4 ,a twig of an oak1 which he plucked from the branch1 became gold in his hand4 ,he took up a stone2 it changed to gold4 ,he touched a sod with the same result4 ,he took an apple from the tree2 you would have thought he had robbed the garden of the ,hesperides4 ,he ordered his servants1 then1 to set an excellent meal on the table4 ,but1 to his dismay1 when he touched bread1 it hardened in his hand2 when he put a morsel to his lips1 it defied his teeth4 ,he took a glass of wine1 but it flowed down his throat like melted gold4 ,he strove to divest himself of his power2 he hated the gift he had lately coveted4 ,he raised his arms1 all shining with gold1 in prayer to ,bacchus1 begging to be delivered from this glittering destruction4 ,the merciful deity heard and sent him to wash away his fault and its punishment in the fountainhead of the river ,pactolus4 ,scarce had ,midas touched the waters1 before the gold-creating power passed into them1 and the river sands became golden1 as they remain to this day4 ,thenceforth ,midas1 hating wealth and splendor1 dwelt in the country and became a worshiper of ,pan1 the god of the fields4 ,but that he had not gained common sense is shown by the decision that he delivered somewhat later in favor of ,pan's superiority1 as a musician1 over ,apollo4#aej ,,footnotes3 #ade #fj4 #adf ,ovid1 ,metam4 #c1 #eaa-gcc4 #adg ,longfellow1 ,drinking ,song4 #adh ,from ,the ,praise of ,dionysus4 #adi ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aa1 #he-ade4 #aej ,see #he4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,,rape ,,of ,,proserpina ,,chapter ,,ix ,,from ,,the ,,earth ,,to ,,the ,,underworld #aad4 ,myths of ,ceres1 ,pluto1 and ,proserpine4 ,the search of ,ceres for ,proserpine1 and of ,orpheus for ,eurydice1 are stories pertaining both to ,earth and ,hades4 #aae4 ,the ,rape of ,proserpine4#aea ,when the giants were imprisoned by ,jupiter under ,mount tna1 ,pluto 7,hades7 feared lest the shock of their fall might expose his kingdom to the light of day4 ,under this apprehension1 he mounted his chariot drawn by black horses1 and made a circuit of inspection to satisfy himself of the extent of the damage4 ,while he was thus engaged1 ,venus1 who was sitting on ,mount ,eryx playing with her boy ,cupid1 espied him and said1 ,my son1 take thy darts which subdue all1 even ,jove himself1 and send one into the breast of yonder dark monarch1 who rules the realm of ,tartarus4 ,dost thou not see that even in heaven some despise our power8 ,minerva and ,diana defy us2 and there is that daughter of ,ceres1 goddess of earth1 who threatens to follow their example4 ,now1 if thou regardest thine own interest or mine1 join these two in one4 ,the boy selected his sharpest and truest arrow1 and sped it right to the heart of ,pluto4 ,in the vale of ,enna is a lake embowered in woods1 where ,spring reigns perpetual4 ,here ,proserpine 7,persephone7 was playing with her companions1 gathering lilies and violets1 and singing1 one may imagine1 such words as our poet ,shelley puts into her mouth3 ,sacred ,goddess1 ,mother ,earth1 ,thou from whose immortal bosom1 ,gods1 and men1 and beasts1 have birth1 ,leaf and blade1 and bud and blossom1 ,breathe thine influence most divine ,on thine own child1 ,proserpine4 ,if with mists of evening dew ,thou dost nourish these young flowers ,till they grow1 in scent and hue1 ,fairest children of the hours1 ,breathe thine influence most divine ,on thine own child1 ,proserpine4#aeb ,pluto saw her1 loved her1 and carried her off4 ,she screamed for help to her mother and her companions2 but the ravisher urged on his steeds and outdistanced pursuit4 ,when he reached the river ,cyane1 it opposed his passage1 whereupon he struck the bank with his trident1 and the earth opened and gave him a passage to ,tartarus4 #aaf4 ,the ,wanderings of ,ceres4#aec ,ceres 7,demeter7 sought her daughter all the world over4 ,bright-haired ,aurora1 when she came forth in the morning1 and ,hesperus1 when he led out the stars in the evening1 found her still busy in the search4 ,at length1 weary and sad1 she sat down upon a stone1 and remained nine days and nights in the open air1 under the sunlight and moonlight and falling showers4 ,it was where now stands the city of ,eleusis1 near the home of an old man named ,celeus4 ,his little girl1 pitying the old woman1 said to her1 ,mother1--and the name was sweet to the ears of ,ceres1--why sittest thou here alone upon the rocks8 ,the old man begged her to come into his cottage4 ,she declined4 ,he urged her4 ,go in peace1 she replied1 and be happy in thy daughter2 ,i have lost mine4 ,but their compassion finally prevailed4 ,ceres rose from the stone and went with them4 ,as they walked1 ,celeus said that his only son lay sick of a fever4 ,the goddess stooped and gathered some poppies4 ,then1 entering the cottage1 where all was in distress1--for the boy ,triptolemus seemed past recovery1--she restored the child to life and health with a kiss4 ,in grateful happiness the family spread the table and put upon it curds and cream1 apples1 and honey in the comb4 ,while they ate1 ,ceres mingled poppy juice in the milk of the boy4 ,when night came1 she arose and1 taking the sleeping boy1 molded his limbs with her hands1 and uttered over him three times a solemn charm1 then went and laid him in the ashes4 ,his mother1 who had been watching what her guest was doing1 sprang forward with a cry and snatched the child from the fire4 ,then ,ceres assumed her own form1 and a divine splendor shone all around4 ,while they were overcome with astonishment1 she said1 ,mother1 thou hast been cruel in thy fondness2 for ,i would have made thy son immortal4 ,nevertheless1 he shall be great and useful4 ,he shall teach men the use of the plow and the rewards which labor can win from the soil4 ,so saying1 she wrapped a cloud about her and mounting her chariot rode away4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,hades ,,and ,,persephone ,ceres continued her search for her daughter till at length she returned to ,sicily1 whence she first had set out1 and stood by the banks of the river ,cyane4 ,the river nymph would have told the goddess all she had witnessed1 but dared not1 for fear of ,pluto2 so she ventured merely to take up the girdle which ,proserpine had dropped in her flight1 and float it to the feet of the mother4 ,ceres1 seeing this1 laid her curse on the innocent earth in which her daughter had disappeared4 ,then succeeded drought and famine1 flood and plague1 until1 at last1 the fountain ,arethusa made intercession for the land4 ,for she had seen that it opened only unwillingly to the might of ,pluto2 and she had also1 in her flight from ,alphes through the lower regions of the earth1 beheld the missing ,proserpine4 ,she said that the daughter of ,ceres seemed sad1 but no longer showed alarm in her countenance4 ,her look was such as became a queen1--the queen of ,erebus2 the powerful bride of the monarch of the realms of the dead4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,,sacrifice ,,to ,,demeter ,,and ,,persephone ,when ,ceres heard this1 she stood awhile like one stupefied2 then she implored ,jupiter to interfere to procure the restitution of her daughter4 ,jupiter consented on condition that ,proserpine should not during her stay in the lower world have taken any food2 otherwise1 the ,fates forbade her release4 ,accordingly1 ,mercury was sent1 accompanied by ,spring1 to demand ,proserpine of ,pluto4 ,the wily monarch consented2 but alas6 the maiden had taken a pomegranate which ,pluto offered her1 and had sucked the sweet pulp from a few of the seeds4 ,a compromise1 however1 was effected by which she was to pass half the time with her mother1 and the rest with the lord of ,hades4 ,of modern poems upon the story of the maiden seized in the vale of ,enna1 none conveys a lesson more serene of the beauty of that dark lover of all fair life1 ,death1 than the ,proserpine of ,woodberry1 from which we quote the three following stanzas4 ,i pick1 says the poet wandering through the vale of ,enna1 ,i pick the flowers that ,proserpine let fall1 ,sung through the world by every honeyed muse3 ,wild morning-glories1 daisies waving tall1 ,at every step is something new to choose2 ,and oft ,i stop and gaze ,upon the flowery maze2 ,by yonder cypresses on that soft rise1 ,scarce seen through poppies and the knee-deep wheat1 ,juts the dark cleft where on her came the fleet ,thunder-black horses and the cloud's surprise ,and he who filled the place4 ,did marigolds bright as these1 gilding the mist1 ,drop from her maiden zone8 ,wert thou last kissed1 ,pale hyacinth1 last seen1 before his face8 99 99 99 99 99 ,oh1 whence has silence stolen on all things here1 ,where every sight makes music to the eye8 ,through all one unison is singing clear2 ,all sounds1 all colors in one rapture die4 ,breathe slow1 ,o heart1 breathe slow6 ,a presence from below ,moves toward the breathing world from that dark deep1 ,whereof men fabling tell what no man knows1 ,by little fires amid the winter snows1 ,when earth lies stark in her titanic sleep ,and doth with cold expire2 ,he brings thee all1 ,o ,maiden flower of earth1 ,her child in whom all nature comes to birth1 ,thee1 the fruition of all dark desire4 99 99 99 99 99 ,o ,proserpine1 dream not that thou art gone ,far from our loves1 half-human1 half-divine2 ,thou hast a holier adoration won ,in many a heart that worships at no shrine4 ,where light and warmth behold me1 ,and flower and wheat infold me1 ,i lift a dearer prayer than all prayers past3 ,he who so loved thee that the live earth clove ,before his pathway unto light and love1 ,and took thy flower-full bosom1--who at last ,shall every blossom cull1-- ,lover the most of what is most our own1 ,the mightiest lover that the world has known1 ,dark lover1 ,death1--was he not beautiful8#aed ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,,triptolemus ,,and ,,the ,,eleusinian ,,deities #aag4 ,triptolemus and the ,eleusinian ,mysteries4 ,ceres1 pacified with this arrangement1 restored the earth to her favor4 ,now she remembered1 also1 ,celeus and his family1 and her promise to his infant son ,triptolemus4 ,she taught the boy the use of the plow and how to sow the seed4 ,she took him in her chariot1 drawn by winged dragons1 through all the countries of the earth2 and under her guidance he imparted to mankind valuable grains and the knowledge of agriculture4 ,after his return ,triptolemus built a temple to ,ceres in ,eleusis and established the worship of the goddess under the name of the ,eleusinian mysteries1 which in the splendor and solemnity of their observance surpassed all other religious celebrations among the ,greeks4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,,demeter1 ,,triptolemus1 ,,and ,,proserpina #aah4 ,orpheus and ,eurydice4#aee ,of mortals who have visited ,hades and returned1 none has a sweeter or sadder history than ,orpheus1 son of ,apollo and the ,muse ,calliope4 ,presented by his father with a lyre and taught to play upon it1 he became the most famous of musicians1 and not only his fellow mortals but even the wild beasts were softened by his strains4 ,the very trees and rocks were sensible to the charm4 ,and so also was ,eurydice1--whom he loved and won4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,,orpheus ,,and ,,eurydice ,from the painting by ,lord ,leighton ,hymen was called to bless with his presence the nuptials of ,orpheus with ,eurydice1 but he conveyed no happy omens with him4 ,his torch smoked and brought tears into the eyes4 ,in keeping with such sad prognostics1 ,eurydice1 shortly after her marriage1 was seen by the shepherd ,aristus1 who was struck with her beauty and made advances to her4 ,as she fled she trod upon a snake in the grass1 and was bitten in the foot4 ,she died4 ,orpheus sang his grief to all who breathed the upper air1 both gods and men1 and finding his complaint of no avail1 resolved to seek his wife in the regions of the dead4 ,he descended by a cave situated on the side of the promontory of ,tnarus1 and arrived in the ,stygian realm4 ,he passed through crowds of ghosts and presented himself before the throne of ,pluto and ,proserpine4 ,accompanying his words with the lyre1 he sang his petition for his wife4 ,without her he would not return4 ,in such tender strains he sang that the very ghosts shed tears4 ,tantalus1 in spite of his thirst1 stopped for a moment his efforts for water1 ,ixion's wheel stood still1 the vulture ceased to tear the giant's liver1 the daughters of ,danas rested from their task of drawing water in a sieve1 and ,sisyphus sat on his rock to listen4#aef ,then for the first time1 it is said1 the cheeks of the ,furies were wet with tears4 ,proserpine could not resist and ,pluto himself gave way4 ,eurydice was called4 ,she came from among the new-arrived ghosts1 limping with her wounded foot4 ,orpheus was permitted to take her away with him on condition that he should not turn round to look at her till they should have reached the upper air4 ,under this condition they proceeded on their way1 he leading1 she following4 ,mindful of his promise1 without let or hindrance the bard passed through the horrors of hell4 ,all ,hades held its breath4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,,farewell ,,of ,,orpheus ,,and ,,eurydice 444 ,on he slept1 ,and ,cerberus held agape his triple jaws2 ,on stept the bard4 ,ixion's wheel stood still4 ,now1 past all peril1 free was his return1 ,and now was hastening into upper air ,eurydice1 when sudden madness seized ,the incautious lover2 pardonable fault1 ,if they below could pardon3 on the verge ,of light he stood1 and on ,eurydice 7,mindless of fate1 alas6 and soul-subdued7 ,lookt back4 ,there1 ,orpheus6 ,orpheus6 there was all ,thy labor shed1 there burst the ,dynast's bond1 ,and thrice arose that rumor from the lake4 ,ah1 what6 she cried1 what madness hath undone ,me6 and1 ah1 wretched6 thee1 my ,orpheus1 too6 ,for lo6 the cruel ,fates recall me now2 ,chill slumbers press my swimming eyes4444 ,farewell6 ,night rolls intense around me as ,i spread ,my helpless arms 444 thine1 thine no more 444 to thee4 ,she spake1 and1 like a vapor1 into air ,flew1 nor beheld him as he claspt the void ,and sought to speak2 in vain2 the ferry-guard ,now would not row him o'er the lake again1 ,his wife twice lost1 what could he8 whither go8 ,what chant1 what wailing1 move the ,powers of ,hell8 ,cold in the ,stygian bark and lone was she4 ,beneath a rock o'er ,strymon's flood on high1 ,seven months1 seven long-continued months1 'tis said1 ,he breath'd his sorrows in a desert cave1 ,and sooth'd the tiger1 moved the oak1 with song4#aeg ,the ,thracian maidens tried their best to captivate him1 but he repulsed their advances4 ,finally1 excited by the rites of ,bacchus1 one of them exclaimed1 ,see yonder our despiser6 and threw at him her javelin4 ,the weapon1 as soon as it came within the sound of his lyre1 fell harmless at his feet2 so also the stones that they threw at him4 ,but the women1 raising a scream1 drowned the voice of the music1 and overwhelmed him with their missiles4 ,like maniacs they tore him limb from limb2 then cast his head and lyre into the river ,hebrus1 down which they floated1 murmuring sad music to which the shores responded4 ,the ,muses buried the fragments of his body at ,libethra1 where the nightingale is said to sing over his grave more sweetly than in any other part of ,greece4 ,his lyre was placed by ,jupiter among the stars2 but the shade of the bard passed a second time to ,tartarus and rejoined ,eurydice4 ,other mortals who visited the ,stygian realm and returned were ,hercules1 ,theseus1 ,ulysses1 and neas4#aeh ,,footnotes3 #aea ,ovid1 ,metam4 #e1 #cda-cdg4 #aeb ,song of ,proserpine1 while gathering flowers on the plain of ,enna4 #aec ,ovid1 ,metam4 #e4 #ddj1 #fdb2 ,apollodorus1 #a1 #e1 #b2 ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #adg4 #aed ,from ,proserpine1 stanzas written by ,lake ,pergusa2 by ,george ,e4 ,woodberry 7,century ,magazine1 ,july1 #aiji74 #aee ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aj1 #a-gg4 #aef ,see ,commentary #aeg ,from ,w4 ,s4 ,landor's ,orpheus and ,eurydice in ,dry ,sticks4 #aeh ,see ,index4 ,,chapter ,x ,,myths ,,of ,,neptune1 ,,ruler ,,of ,,the ,,waters ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,,poseidon #aai4 ,lord of the ,sea4 ,neptune 7,poseidon7 was lord both of salt waters and of fresh4 ,the myths that turn on his life as lord of the sea illustrate his defiant invasions of lands belonging to other gods1 or his character as earth shaker and earth protector4 ,of his contests with other gods1 that with ,minerva for ,athens has been related4 ,he contested ,corinth with ,helios1 ,argos with ,juno1 gina with ,jove1 ,naxos with ,bacchus1 and ,delphi with ,apollo4 ,that he did not always make encroachments in person upon the land that he desired to possess or to punish1 but sent some monster instead1 will be seen in the myth of ,andromeda#aei and in the following story of ,hesione1#afj the daughter of ,laomedon of ,troy4 ,neptune and ,apollo had fallen under the displeasure of ,jupiter after the overthrow of the giants4 ,they were compelled1 it is said1 to resign for a season their respective functions and to serve ,laomedon1 then about to build the city of ,troy4 ,they aided the king in erecting the walls of the city but were refused the wages agreed upon4 ,justly offended1 ,neptune ravaged the land by floods and sent against it a sea monster1 to satiate the appetite of which the desperate ,laomedon was driven to offer his daughter ,hesione4 ,but ,hercules appeared upon the scene1 killed the monster1 and rescued the maiden4 ,neptune1 however1 nursed his wrath2 and it was still warm when the ,greeks marched against ,troy4 ,of a like impetuous and ungovernable temper were the sons of ,neptune by mortal mothers4 ,from him were sprung the savage ,lstrygonians1 ,orion1 the ,cyclops ,polyphemus1 the giant ,antus whom ,hercules slew1 ,procrustes1 and many another redoubtable being whose fortunes are elsewhere recounted4#afa #abj4 ,lord of ,streams and ,fountains4 ,as earth shaker1 the ruler of the deep was known to effect convulsions of nature that made ,pluto leap from his throne lest the firmament of the underworld might be falling about his ears4 ,but as god of the streams and fountains1 ,neptune displayed milder characteristics4 ,when ,amymone1 sent by her father ,danas to draw water1 was pursued by a satyr1 ,neptune gave ear to her cry for help1 dispatched the satyr1 made love to the maiden1 and boring the earth with his trident called forth the spring that still bears the ,danad's name4 ,he loved the goddess ,ceres also1 through whose pastures his rivers strayed2 and ,arne the shepherdess1 daughter of ,king olus1 by whom he became the forefather of the ,boeotians4 ,his children1 ,pelias and ,neleus1 by the princess ,tyro1 whom he wooed in the form of her lover ,enipeus1 became keepers of horses--animals especially dear to ,neptune4 ,perhaps it was the similarity of horse-taming to wave-taming that attracted the god to these quadrupeds2 perhaps it was because they increased in beauty and speed on the pastures watered by his streams4 ,it is said1 indeed1 that the first and fleetest of horses1 ,arion1 was the offspring of ,neptune and ,ceres1 or of ,neptune and a ,fury4 #aba4 ,pelops and ,hippodamia4#afb ,to ,pelops1 brother of ,niobe1 ,neptune imparted skill in training and driving horses1--and with good effect4 ,for it happened that ,pelops fell in love with ,hippodamia1 daughter of ,,oenomas1 king of ,elis and son of ,mars1--a girl of whom it was reported that none could win her save by worsting the father in a chariot race1 and that none might fail in that race and come off alive4 ,since an oracle1 too1 had warned ,,oenomas to beware of the future husband of his daughter1 he had provided himself with horses whose speed was like the cyclone4 ,but ,pelops1 obtaining from ,neptune winged steeds1 entered the race and won it1--whether by the speed of his horses or by the aid of ,hippodamia1 who1 it is said1 bribed her father's charioteer1 ,myrtilus1 to take a bolt out of the chariot of ,,oenomas1 is uncertain4 ,at any rate1 ,pelops married ,hippodamia4 ,he was so injudicious1 however1 as to throw ,myrtilus into the sea2 and from that treachery sprang the misfortunes of the house of ,pelops4 ,for ,myrtilus1 dying1 cursed the murderer and his race4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,,pelops ,,winning ,,the ,,race1 ,,hippodamia ,,looking ,,on ,,footnotes3 #aei #aed4 #afj ,iliad1 #e1 #fdi2 ,apollodorus1 #c1 #ab1 #g4 #afa ,see ,index4 #afb ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #hd1 #bec2 ,pindar1 ,olymp4 #a1 #aad4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,lesser ,,divinities ,,of ,,heaven #abb4 ,myths of ,stars and ,winds4 ,the tales of ,stars and ,winds and the other lesser powers of the celestial regions are closely interwoven4 ,that the winds which sweep heaven should kiss the stars is easy to understand4 ,the stories of ,aurora 7,eos7 and of ,aura1 of ,phosphor and of ,halcyone1 form1 therefore1 a ready sequence4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,,phosphor1 ,,eos1 ,,and ,,helios 7,,the ,,sun7 ,,rising ,,from ,,the ,,sea #abc4 ,cephalus and ,procris4#afc ,aurora1 the goddess of the dawn1 fell in love with ,cephalus1 a young huntsman4 ,she stole him away1 lavished her love upon him1 tried to content him1 but in vain4 ,he cared for his young wife ,procris more than for the goddess4 ,finally1 ,aurora dismissed him in displeasure1 saying1 ,go1 ungrateful mortal1 keep thy wife2 but thou shalt one day be sorry that thou didst ever see her again4 ,cephalus returned and was as happy as before in his wife4 ,she1 being a favorite of ,diana1 had received from her for the chase a dog and a javelin1 which she handed over to her husband4 ,of the dog it is told that when about to catch the swiftest fox in the country1 he was changed with his victim into stone4 ,for the heavenly powers1 who had made both and rejoiced in the speed of both1 were not willing that either should conquer4 ,the javelin was destined to a sad office4 ,it appears that ,cephalus1 when weary of the chase1 was wont to stretch himself in a certain shady nook to enjoy the breeze4 ,sometimes he would say aloud1 ,come1 gentle ,aura1 sweet goddess of the breeze1 come and allay the heat that burns me4 ,some one1 foolishly believing that he addressed a maiden1 told the secret to ,procris4 ,hoping against hope1 she stole out after him the next morning and concealed herself in the place which the informer had indicated4 ,cephalus1 when tired with sport1 stretched himself on the green bank and summoned fair ,aura as usual4 ,suddenly he heard1 or thought he heard1 a sound as of a sob in the bushes4 ,supposing it to proceed from some wild animal1 he threw his javelin at the spot4 ,a cry told him that the weapon had too surely met its mark4 ,he rushed to the place and raised his wounded ,procris from the earth4 ,she1 at last1 opened her feeble eyes and forced herself to utter these words3 ,i implore thee1 if thou hast ever loved me1 if ,i have ever deserved kindness at thy hands1 my husband1 grant me this last request2 marry not that odious ,breeze6 ,so saying1 she expired in her lover's arms4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,,sun1 ,,rising1 ,,preceded ,,by ,,dawn ,from the painting by ,guido ,reni ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,,sunrise2 ,,eos ,,pursuing ,,cephalus #abd4 ,dobson's ,the ,death of ,procris4 ,a different version of the story is given in the following3 ,procris1 the nymph1 had wedded ,cephalus2-- ,he1 till the spring had warmed to slow-winged days ,heavy with ,june1 untired and amorous1 ,named her his love2 but now1 in unknown ways1 ,his heart was gone2 and evermore his gaze ,turned from her own1 and even farther ranged ,his woodland war2 while she1 in dull amaze1 ,beholding with the hours her husband changed1 ,sighed for his lost caress1 by some hard god estranged4 ,so1 on a day1 she rose and found him not4 ,alone1 with wet1 sad eye1 she watched the shade ,brighten below a soft-rayed sun that shot ,arrows of light through all the deep-leaved glade2 ,then1 with weak hands1 she knotted up the braid ,of her brown hair1 and o'er her shoulders cast ,her crimson weed2 with faltering fingers made ,her golden girdle's clasp to join1 and past ,down to the trackless wood1 full pale and overcast4 ,and all day long her slight spear devious flew1 ,and harmless swerved her arrows from their aim1 ,for ever1 as the ivory bow she drew1 ,before her ran the still unwounded game4 ,then1 at the last1 a hunter's cry there came1 ,and1 lo6 a hart that panted with the chase4 ,thereat her cheek was lightened as with flame1 ,and swift she gat her to a leafy place1 ,thinking1 ,i yet may chance unseen to see his face4 ,leaping he went1 this hunter ,cephalus1 ,bent in his hand his cornel bow he bare1 ,supple he was1 round-limbed and vigorous1 ,fleet as his dogs1 a lean ,laconian pair4 ,he1 when he spied the brown of ,procris' hair ,move in the covert1 deeming that apart ,some fawn lay hidden1 loosed an arrow there2 ,nor cared to turn and seek the speeded dart1 ,bounding above the fern1 fast following up the hart4 ,but ,procris lay among the white wind-flowers1 ,shot in the throat4 ,from out the little wound ,the slow blood drained1 as drops in autumn showers ,drip from the leaves upon the sodden ground4 ,none saw her die but ,lelaps1 the swift hound1 ,that watched her dumbly with a wistful fear1 ,till1 at the dawn1 the hornd wood-men found ,and bore her gently on a sylvan bier1 ,to lie beside the sea1--with many an uncouth tear4 #abe4 ,ceyx and ,halcyone4 ,the son of ,aurora and ,cephalus was ,phosphor1 the ,star of ,morning4 ,his son ,ceyx1 king of ,trachis in ,thessaly1 had married ,halcyone1 daughter of olus4#afd ,their reign was happy until the brother of ,ceyx met his death4 ,the direful prodigies that followed this event made ,ceyx feel that the gods were hostile to him4 ,he thought best therefore to make a voyage to ,claros in ,ionia to consult the oracle of ,apollo4 ,in spite of his wife's entreaties 7for as daughter of the god of winds she knew how dreadful a thing a storm at sea was71 ,ceyx set sail4 ,he was shipwrecked and drowned4 ,his last prayer was that the waves might bear his body to the sight of ,halcyone1 and that it might receive burial at her hands4 ,in the meanwhile1 ,halcyone counted the days till her husband's promised return4 ,to all the gods she offered frequent incense1 but more than all to ,juno4 ,the goddess1 at last1 could not bear to be further pleaded with for one already dead4 ,calling ,iris1 she enjoined her to approach the drowsy dwelling of ,somnus and bid him send a vision to ,halcyone in the form of ,ceyx1 to reveal the sad event4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,,the ,,god ,,of ,,sleep ,iris puts on her robe of many colors1 and tinging the sky with her bow1 seeks the cave near the ,cimmerian country1 which is the abode of the dull god1 ,somnus4 ,here ,phoebus dare not come4 ,clouds and shadows are exhaled from the ground1 and the light glimmers faintly4 ,the cock never there calls aloud to ,aurora1 nor watchdog nor goose disturbs the silence4 ,no wild beast1 nor cattle1 nor branch moved with the wind1 nor sound of human conversation breaks the stillness4 ,from the bottom of the rock the river ,lethe flows1 and by its murmur invites to sleep4 ,poppies grow before the door of the cave1 from whose juices ,night distills slumbers which she scatters over the darkened earth4 ,there is no gate to creak on its hinges1 nor any watchman4 ,in the midst1 on a couch of black ebony adorned with black plumes and black curtains the god reclines1 his limbs relaxed in sleep4 ,around him lie dreams1 resembling all various forms1 as many as the harvest bears stalks1 or the forest leaves1 or the seashore sand grains4 ,brushing away the dreams that hovered around her1 ,iris lit up the cave and delivered her message to the god1 who1 scarce opening his eyes1 had great difficulty in shaking himself free from himself4 ,then ,iris hasted away from the drowsiness creeping over her1 and returned by her bow as she had come4 ,but ,somnus called one of his sons1 ,morpheus1 the most expert in counterfeiting forms of men1 to perform the command of ,iris2 then laid his head on his pillow and yielded himself again to grateful repose4 ,morpheus flew on silent wings to the ,hmonian city1 where he assumed the form of ,ceyx4 ,pale like a dead man1 naked and dripping1 he stood before the couch of the wretched wife and told her that the winds of the gean had sunk his ship1 that he was dead4 ,weeping and groaning1 ,halcyone sprang from sleep and1 with the dawn1 hastening to the seashore1 descried an indistinct object washed to and fro by the waves4 ,as it floated nearer she recognized the body of her husband4 ,in despair1 leaping from the mole1 she was changed instantly to a bird1 and poured forth a song of grief as she flew4 ,by the mercy of the gods ,ceyx was likewise transformed4 ,for seven days before and seven days after the winter solstice1 ,jove forbids the winds to blow4 ,then ,halcyone broods over her nest2 then the way is safe to seafarers4 olus confines the winds that his grandchildren may have peace4 #abf4 ,aurora and ,tithonus4#afe ,aurora seems frequently to have been inspired with the love of mortals4 ,her greatest favorite1 and almost her latest1 was ,tithonus1 son of ,laomedon1 king of ,troy4 ,she stole him away and prevailed on ,jupiter to grant him immortality2 but forgetting to have youth joined in the gift1 after some time she began to discern1 to her great mortification1 that he was growing old4 ,when his hair was white she left his society2 but he still had the range of her palace1 lived on ambrosial food1 and was clad in celestial raiment4 ,in time he lost the power of using his limbs2 and then she shut him up in his chamber1 whence his feeble voice might at times be heard4 ,finally1 she turned him into a grasshopper4 #abg4 ,tennyson's ,tithonus4 ,the following is1 according to a fine poetic conception1 the lament of the old man when but a white-haired shadow3 ,the woods decay1 the woods decay and fall1 ,the vapors weep their burthen to the ground1 ,man comes and tills the field and lies beneath1 ,and after many a summer dies the swan4 ,me only cruel immortality ,consumes3 ,i wither slowly in thine arms1 ,here at the quiet limit of the world1 ,a white-haired shadow roaming like a dream ,the ever silent spaces of the ,east1 ,far-folded mists1 and gleaming halls of morn4 ,alas6 for this gray shadow1 once a man-- ,so glorious in his beauty and thy choice1 ,who madest him thy chosen1 that he seem'd ,to his great heart none other than a ,god6 ,i ask'd thee1 ,give me immortality4 ,then didst thou grant mine asking with a smile1 ,like wealthy men who care not how they give2 ,but thy strong ,hours indignant work'd their wills1 ,and beat me down and marr'd and wasted me1 ,and tho' they could not end me1 left me maim'd ,to dwell in presence of immortal youth1 ,immortal age beside immortal youth1 ,and all ,i was1 in ashes4 ,can thy love1 ,thy beauty1 make amends1 tho' even now1 ,close over us1 the silver star1 thy guide1 ,shines in those tremulous eyes that fill with tears ,to hear me8 ,let me go3 take back thy gift3 ,why should a man desire in any way ,to vary from the kindly race of men1 ,or pass beyond the goal of ordinance ,where all should pause1 as is most meet for all8 ,a soft air fans the cloud apart2 there comes ,a glimpse of that dark world where ,i was born4 ,once more the old mysterious glimmer steals ,from thy pure brows1 and from thy shoulders pure1 ,and bosom beating with a heart renew'd4 ,thy cheek begins to redden thro' the gloom1 ,thy sweet eyes brighten slowly close to mine1 ,ere yet they blind the stars1 and the wild team ,which love thee1 yearning for thy yoke1 arise1 ,and shake the darkness from their loosen'd manes1 ,and beat the twilight into flakes of fire4 ,lo6 ever thus thou growest beautiful ,in silence1 then before thine answer given ,departest1 and thy tears are on my cheek4 ,why wilt them ever scare me with thy tears1 ,and make me tremble lest a saying learnt ,in days far-off1 on that dark earth1 be true8 ,the gods themselves cannot recall their gifts4 ,ay me6 ay me6 with what another heart ,in days far-off1 and with what other eyes ,i used to watch--if ,i be he that watched-- ,the lucid outline forming round thee2 saw ,the dim curls kindle into sunny rings2 ,changed with thy mystic change1 and felt my blood ,glow with the glow that slowly crimson'd all ,thy presence and thy portals1 while ,i lay1 ,mouth1 forehead1 eyelids1 growing dewy-warm ,with kisses balmier than half-opening buds ,of ,april1 and could hear the lips that kiss'd ,whispering ,i knew not what of wild and sweet1 ,like that strange song ,i heard ,apollo sing1 ,while ,ilion like a mist rose into towers4 ,yet hold me not forever in thine ,east3 ,how can my nature longer mix with thine8 ,coldly thy rosy shadows bathe me1 cold ,are all thy lights1 and cold my wrinkled feet ,upon thy glimmering thresholds1 when the steam ,floats up from those dim fields about the homes ,of happy men that have the power to die1 ,and grassy barrows of the happier dead4 ,release me1 and restore me to the ground2 ,thou sest all things1 thou wilt see my grave3 ,thou wilt renew thy beauty morn by morn2 ,i earth in earth forget these empty courts1 ,and thee returning on thy silver wheels4 #abh4 ,memnon1 the son of ,aurora and ,tithonus1 was king of the thiopians4 ,he went with warriors to assist his kindred in the ,trojan ,war1 and was received by ,king ,priam with honor4 ,he fought bravely1 slew ,antilochus1 the brave son of ,nestor1 and held the ,greeks at bay until ,achilles appeared4 ,before that hero he fell4 ,then ,aurora1 seeing her son's fate1 directed his brothers1 the ,winds1 to convey his body to the banks of the river sepus in ,mysia4 ,in the evening ,aurora1 accompanied by the ,hours and the ,pleiads1 bewept her son4 ,night spread the heaven with clouds2 all nature mourned for the offspring of the ,dawn4 ,the thiopians raised his tomb on the banks of the stream in the grove of the ,nymphs1 and ,jupiter caused the sparks and cinders of his funeral pile to be turned into birds1 which1 dividing into two flocks1 fought over the pile till they fell into the flame4 ,every year at the anniversary of his death they celebrated his obsequies in like manner4 ,aurora remained inconsolable4 ,the dewdrops are her tears4#aff ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,memnon ,the kinship of ,memnon to the ,dawn is certified even after his death4 ,on the banks of the ,nile are two colossal statues1 one of which is called ,memnon's2 and it was said that when the first rays of morning fell upon this statue1 a sound like the snapping of a harp-string issued therefrom4#afg ,so to the sacred ,sun in ,memnon's fane ,spontaneous concords choired the matin strain2 ,touched by his orient beam responsive rings ,the living lyre and vibrates all its strings2 ,accordant aisles the tender tones prolong1 ,and holy echoes swell the adoring song4#afh ,,footnotes3 #afc ,ovid1 ,metam4 #g1 #cid et seq4 #afd ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aa1 #ehc-gdh4 #afe ,homeric ,hymn to ,venus2 ,horace1 ,odes1 #a1 #bb2 #b1 #af2 ,apollodorus1 #c1 #ab1 #d4 #aff ,ovid1 ,metam4 #ac1 #fbb1 etc4 ,odyssey1 #d1 #ahh2 #aa1 #ebb4 ,pindar1 ,pyth4 #f1 #cj4 #afg ,pausanias1 #a1 #db1 #b4 #afh ,darwin1 ,botanic ,garden4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,lesser ,,divinities ,,of ,,earth1 ,,etc4 #abi4 ,pan1 and the ,personification of ,nature4 ,it was a pleasing trait in the old paganism that it loved to trace in every operation of nature the agency of deity4 ,the imagination of the ,greeks peopled the regions of earth and sea with divinities1 to whose agency it attributed the phenomena that our philosophy ascribes to the operation of natural law4 ,so ,pan1 the god of woods and fields1#afi whose name seemed to signify all1 came to be considered a symbol of the universe and a personification of ,nature4 ,universal ,pan1 says ,milton in his description of the creation3 ,universal ,pan1 ,knit with the ,graces and the ,hours in dance1 ,led on the eternal ,spring4 ,later1 ,pan came to be regarded as a representative of all the ,greek gods and of paganism itself4 ,indeed1 according to an early ,christian tradition1 when the heavenly host announced to the shepherds the birth of ,christ1 a deep groan1 heard through the isles of ,greece1 told that great ,pan was dead1 that the dynasty of ,olympus was dethroned1 and the several deities sent wandering in cold and darkness4 ,the lonely mountains o'er1 ,and the resounding shore1 ,a voice of weeping heard and loud lament2 ,from haunted spring and dale1 ,edged with poplar pale1 ,the parting ,genius is with sighing sent2 ,with flower-inwoven tresses torn1 ,the nymphs in twilight shade of tangled thickets mourn4#agj ,many a poet has lamented the change4 ,for even if the head did profit for a time by the revolt against the divine prerogative of nature1 it is more than possible that the heart lost in due proportion4 ,his sorrow at this loss of imaginative sympathy among the moderns ,wordsworth expresses in the sonnet1 already cited1 beginning ,the world is too much with us4 ,schiller1 also1 by his poem1 ,the ,gods of ,greece1 has immortalized his sorrow for the decadence of the ancient mythology4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,,pan ,,blowing ,,his ,,pipe1 ,,echo ,,answering ,ah1 the beauteous world while yet ye ruled it1-- ,yet--by gladsome touches of the hand2 ,ah1 the joyous hearts that still ye governed1 ,gods of ,beauty1 ye1 of ,fable-land6 ,then1 ah1 then1 the mysteries resplendent ,triumphed4--,other was it then1 ,i ween1 ,when thy shrines were odorous with garlands1 ,thou1 of ,amathus the queen4 ,then the gracious veil1 of fancy woven1 ,fell in folds about the fact uncouth2 ,through the universe life flowed in fullness1 ,what we feel not now was felt in sooth3 ,man ascribed nobility to ,nature1 ,rendered love unto the earth he trod1 ,everywhere his eye1 illuminated1 ,saw the footprints of a ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lovely world1 where art thou8 ,turn1 oh1 turn thee1 ,fairest blossom-tide of ,nature's spring6 ,only in the poet's realm of wonder ,liv'st thou1 still1--a fable vanishing4 ,reft of life the meadows lie deserted2 ,ne'er a godhead can my fancy see3 ,ah1 if only of those living colors ,lingered yet the ghost with me6#aga 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was the poem from which these stanzas are taken that provoked the well-known reply of ,elizabeth ,barrett ,browning1 contained in ,the ,dead ,pan4 ,her argument may be gathered from the following stanzas3 ,by your beauty which confesses ,some chief ,beauty conquering you1 ,by our grand heroic guesses ,through your falsehood at the ,true1 ,we will weep not6 earth shall roll ,heir to each god's aureole1 ,and ,pan is dead4 ,earth outgrows the mythic fancies ,sung beside her in her youth2 ,and those debonair romances ,sound but dull beside the truth4 ,phoebus' chariot course is run6 ,look up1 poets1 to the sun6 ,pan1 ,pan is dead4 #acj4 ,stedman's ,pan in ,wall ,street4#agb ,that ,pan1 however1 is not yet dead but alive even in the practical atmosphere of our western world1 the poem here appended1 written by one of our recently deceased ,american poets1 would indicate4 ,just where the ,treasury's marble front ,looks over ,wall ,street's mingled nations2 ,where ,jews and ,gentiles most are wont ,to throng for trade and last quotations2 ,where1 hour by hour1 the rates of gold ,outrival1 in the ears of people1 ,the quarter chimes1 serenely tolled ,from ,trinity's undaunted steeple1-- ,even there ,i heard a strange1 wild strain ,sound high above the modern clamor1 ,above the cries of greed and gain1 ,the curbstone war1 the auction's hammer2 ,and swift1 on ,music's misty ways1 ,it led1 from all this strife for millions1 ,to ancient1 sweet-do-nothing days ,among the kirtle-robed ,sicilians4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,,the ,,music ,,lesson ,and as it still'd the multitude1 ,and yet more joyous rose1 and shriller1 ,i saw the minstrel where he stood ,at ease against a ,doric pillar3 ,one hand a droning organ play'd1 ,the other held a ,pan's pipe 7fashioned ,like those of old7 to lips that made ,the reeds give out that strain impassioned4 ',t was ,pan himself had wandered here1 ,a-strolling through the sordid city1 ,and piping to the civic ear ,the prelude of some pastoral ditty6 ,the demigod had cross'd the seas1-- ,from haunts of shepherd1 nymph1 and satyr1 ,and ,syracusan times1--to these ,far shores and twenty centuries later4 ,a ragged cap was on his head3 ,but--hidden thus--there was no doubting ,that1 all with crispy locks o'erspread1 ,his gnarld horns were somewhere sprouting2 ,his club-feet1 cased in rusty shoes1 ,were cross'd1 as on some frieze you see them4 ,and trousers1 patched of divers hues1 ,conceal'd his crooked shanks beneath them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,,bacchic ,,dance ,he filled the quivering reeds with sound1 ,and o'er his mouth their changes shifted1 ,and with his goat's-eyes looked around ,where'er the passing current drifted2 ,and soon1 as on ,trinacrian hills ,the nymphs and herdsmen ran to hear him1 ,even now the tradesmen from their tills1 ,with clerks and porters1 crowded near him4 ,the bulls and bears together drew ,from ,jauncey ,court and ,new ,street ,alley1 ,as erst1 if pastorals be true1 ,came beasts from every wooded valley2 ,the random passers stay'd to list1-- ,a boxer gon1 rough and merry1-- ,broadway ,daphnis1 on his tryst ,with ,nas at the ,brooklyn ,ferry4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,,silenus ,a one-eyed ,cyclops halted long ,in tatter'd cloak of army pattern1 ,and ,galatea joined the throng1-- ,a blowsy1 apple-vending slattern2 ,while old ,silenus stagger'd out ,from some new-fangled lunch-house handy ,and bade the piper1 with a shout1 ,to strike up ,yankee ,doodle ,dandy6 ,a newsboy and a peanut girl ,like little ,fauns began to caper3 ,his hair was all in tangled curl1 ,her tawny legs were bare and taper4 ,and still the gathering larger grew1 ,and gave its pence and crowded nigher1 ,while aye the shepherd-minstrel blew ,his pipe1 and struck the gamut higher4 ,o heart of ,nature6 beating still ,with throbs her vernal passion taught her1-- ,even here1 as on the vine-clad hill1 ,or by the ,arethusan water6 ,new forms may fold the speech1 new lands ,arise within these ocean-portals1 ,but ,music waves eternal wands1-- ,enchantress of the souls of mortals6 ,so thought ,i1--but among us trod ,a man in blue with legal baton2 ,and scoff'd the vagrant demigod1 ,and push'd him from the step ,i sat on4 ,doubting ,i mused upon the cry-- ,great ,pan is dead6--and all the people ,went on their ways3--and clear and high ,the quarter sounded from the steeple4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,satyr #aca4 ,other ,lesser ,gods of ,earth4 ,of the company of the lesser gods of earth1 besides ,pan1 were the ,sileni1 the ,sylvans1 the ,fauns1 and the ,satyrs1 all male2 the ,oreads and the ,dryads or ,hamadryads1 female4 ,to these may be added the ,naiads1 for1 although they dwelt in the streams1 their association with the deities of earth was intimate4 ,of the nymphs1 the ,oreads and the ,naiads were immortal4 ,the love of ,pan for ,syrinx has already been mentioned1 and his musical contest with ,apollo4 ,of ,silenus we have seen something in the adventures of ,bacchus4 ,what kind of existence the ,satyr enjoyed is conveyed in the following soliloquy3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,,satyr ,,swinging ,,maiden ,the trunk of this tree1 ,dusky-leaved1 shaggy-rooted1 ,is a pillow well suited ,to a hybrid like me1 ,goat-bearded1 goat-footed2 ,for the boughs of the glade ,meet above me1 and throw ,a cool1 pleasant shade ,on the greenness below2 ,dusky and brown'd ,close the leaves all around2 ,and yet1 all the while1 ,thro' the boughs ,i can see ,a star1 with a smile1 ,looking at me4444 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,,satyr ,,drinking ,why1 all day long1 ,i run about ,with a madcap throng1 ,and laugh and shout4 ,silenus grips ,my ears1 and strides ,on my shaggy hips1 ,and up and down ,in an ivy crown ,tipsily rides2 ,and when in doze ,his eyelids close1 ,off he tumbles1 and ,i ,can his wine-skin steal1 ,i drink--and feel ,the grass roll--sea high2 ,then with shouts and yells1 ,down mossy dells1 ,i stagger after ,the wood-nymphs fleet1 ,who with mocking laughter ,and smiles retreat2 ,and just as ,i clasp ,a yielding waist1 ,with a cry embraced1 --,gush6 it melts from my grasp ,into water cool1 ,and--bubble6 trouble6 ,seeing double6 ,i stumble and gasp ,in some icy pool6#agc #acb4 ,echo and ,narcissus4#agd ,echo was a beautiful ,oread1 fond of the woods and hills1 a favorite of ,diana1 whom she attended in the chase4 ,but by her chatter she came under the displeasure of ,juno1 who condemned her to the loss of voice save for purposes of reply4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,,narcissus ,subsequently having fallen in love with ,narcissus1 the beautiful son of the river-god ,cephissus1 ,echo found it impossible to express her regard for him in any way but by mimicking what he said2 and what he said1 unfortunately1 did not always convey her sentiments4 ,when1 however1 he once called across the hills to her1 ,let us join one another1 the maid1 answering with all her heart1 hastened to the spot1 ready to throw her arms about his neck4 ,he started back1 exclaiming1 ,hands off6 ,i would rather die than thou shouldst have me6 ,have me1 said she2 but in vain4 ,from that time forth she lived in caves and among mountain cliffs1 and faded away till there was nothing left of her but her voice4 ,but through his future fortunes she was constant to her cruel lover4 ,this ,narcissus was the embodiment of self-conceit4 ,he shunned the rest of the nymphs as he had shunned ,echo4 ,one maiden1 however1 uttered a prayer that he might some time or other feel what it was to love and meet no return of affection4 ,the avenging goddess heard4 ,narcissus1 stooping over a river brink1 fell in love with his own image in the water4 ,he talked to it1 tried to embrace it1 languished for it1 and pined until he died4 ,indeed1 even after death1 it is said that when his shade passed the ,stygian river it leaned over the boat to catch a look of itself in the waters4 ,the nymphs mourned for ,narcissus1 especially the water-nymphs2 and when they smote their breasts1 ,echo smote hers also4 ,they prepared a funeral pile and would have burned the body1 but it was nowhere to be found4 ,in its place had sprung up a flower1 purple within and surrounded with white leaves1 which bears the name and preserves the memory of the son of ,cephissus4 #acc4 ,echo1 ,pan1 ,lyde1 and the ,satyr4 ,another interesting episode in the life of ,echo is given by ,moschus3#age ,pan loved his neighbor ,echo2 ,echo loved ,a gamesome ,satyr2 he1 by her unmoved1 ,loved only ,lyde2 thus through ,echo1 ,pan1 ,lyde1 and ,satyr1 ,love his circle ran4 ,thus all1 while their true lovers' hearts they grieved1 ,were scorned in turn1 and what they gave received4 ,o all ,love's scorners1 learn this lesson true3 ,be kind to love1 that he be kind to you4 #acd4 ,the ,naiads4 ,these nymphs guarded streams and fountains of fresh water and1 like the ,naiad who speaks in the following verses1 kept them sacred for ,diana or some other divinity4 ,dian white-arm'd has given me this cool shrine ,deep in the bosom of a wood of pine3 ,the silver-sparkling showers ,that hive me in1 the flowers ,that prink my fountain's brim1 are hers and mine2 ,and when the days are mild and fair1 ,and grass is springing1 buds are blowing1 ,sweet it is1 'mid waters flowing1 ,here to sit and know no care1 ',mid the waters flowing1 flowing1 flowing1 ,combing my yellow1 yellow hair4 ,the ounce and panther down the mountain side ,creep thro' dark greenness in the eventide2 ,and at the fountain's brink ,casting great shades1 they drink1 ,gazing upon me1 tame and sapphire-eyed2 ,for1 awed by my pale face1 whose light ,gleameth thro' sedge and lilies yellow ,they1 lapping at my fountain mellow1 ,harm not the lamb that in affright ,throws in the pool so mellow1 mellow1 mellow1 ,its shadow small and dusky-white4 ,oft do the fauns and satyrs1 flusht with play1 ,come to my coolness in the hot noonday4 ,nay1 once indeed1 ,i vow ,by ,dian's truthful brow1 ,the great god ,pan himself did pass this way1 ,and1 all in festal oak-leaves clad1 ,his limbs among these lilies throwing1 ,watch'd the silver waters flowing1 ,listen'd to their music glad1 ,saw and heard them flowing1 flowing1 flowing1 ,and ah6 his face was worn and sad6 ,mild joys like silvery waters fall2 ,but it is sweetest1 sweetest far of all1 ,in the calm summer night1 ,when the tree-tops look white1 ,to be exhaled in dew at ,dian's call1 ,among my sister-clouds to move ,over the darkness1 earth bedimming1 ,milky-robed thro' heaven swimming1 ,floating round the stars above1 ,swimming proudly1 swimming proudly1 swimming1 ,and waiting on the ,moon ,i love4 ,so tenderly ,i keep this cool1 green shrine1 ,deep in the bosom of a wood of pine2 ,faithful thro' shade and sun1 ,that service due and done ,may haply earn for me a place divine ,among the white-robed deities ,that thread thro' starry paths1 attending ,my sweet ,lady1 calmly wending ,thro' the silence of the skies1 ,changing in hues of beauty never ending1 ,drinking the light of ,dian's eyes4#agf #ace4 ,the ,dryads1 or ,hamadryads1 assumed at times the forms of peasant girls1 shepherdesses1 or followers of the hunt4 ,but they were believed to perish with certain trees which had been their abode and with which they had come into existence4 ,wantonly to destroy a tree was therefore an impious act1 sometimes severely punished1 as in the cases of ,erysichthon and ,dryope4 #acf4 ,erysichthon1#agg a despiser of the gods1 presumed to violate with the ax a grove sacred to ,ceres4 ,a venerable oak1 whereon votive tablets had often been hung inscribed with the gratitude of mortals to the nymph of the tree1--an oak round which the ,dryads hand in hand had often danced1--he ordered his servants to fell4 ,when he saw them hesitate1 he snatched an ax from one1 and boasting that he cared not whether it were a tree beloved of the goddess or not1 addressed himself to the task4 ,the oak seemed to shudder and utter a groan4 ,when the first blow fell upon the trunk1 blood flowed from the wound4 ,warned by a bystander to desist1 ,erysichthon slew him2 warned by a voice from the nymph of the tree1 he redoubled his blows and brought down the oak4 ,the ,dryads invoked punishment upon ,erysichthon4 ,the goddess ,ceres1 whom they had supplicated1 nodded her assent4 ,she dispatched an ,oread to ice-clad ,scythia1 where ,cold abides1 and ,fear and ,shuddering and ,famine4 ,at ,mount ,caucasus1 the ,oread stayed the dragons of ,ceres that drew her chariot2 for afar off she beheld ,famine1 forespent with hunger1 pulling up with teeth and claws the scanty herbage from a stony field4 ,to her the nymph delivered the commands of ,ceres1 then returned in haste to ,thessaly1 for she herself began to be an hungered4 ,the orders of ,ceres were executed by ,famine1 who1 speeding through the air1 entered the dwelling of ,erysichthon and1 as he slept1 enfolded him with her wings and breathed herself into him4 ,in his dreams the caitiff craved food2 and when he awoke1 his hunger raged4 ,the more he ate1 the more he craved1 till1 in default of money1 he sold his daughter into slavery for edibles4 ,neptune1 however1 rescued the girl by changing her into a fisherman2 and in that form she assured the slave-owner that she had seen no woman or other person1 except herself1 thereabouts4 ,then1 resuming her own appearance1 she was again and again sold by her father2 while by ,neptune's favor she became on each occasion a different animal1 and so regained her home4 ,finally1 increasing demands of hunger compelled the father to devour his own limbs2 and in due time he finished himself off4 #acg4 ,dryope1 the wife of ,andrmon1 purposing with her sister ,iole to gather flowers for the altars of the nymphs1 plucked the purple blossoms of a lotus plant that grew near the water1 and offered them to her child4 ,iole1 about to do the same thing1 perceived that the stem of the plant was bleeding4 ,indeed1 the plant was none other than a nymph1 ,lotis1 who1 escaping from a base pursuer1 had been thus transformed4 ,dryope would have hastened from the spot1 but the displeasure of the nymph had fallen upon her4 ,while protesting her innocence1 she began to put forth branches and leaves4 ,praying her husband to see that no violence was done to her1 to remind their child that every flower or bush might be a goddess in disguise1 to bring him often to be nursed under her branches1 and to teach him to say ,my mother lies hid under this bark1--the luckless woman assumed the shape of a lotus4 #ach4 ,rhoecus4#agh ,the ,hamadryads could appreciate services as well as punish injuries4 ,hear now this fairy legend of old ,greece1 ,as full of freedom1 youth1 and beauty still1 ,as the immortal freshness of that grace ,carved for all ages on some ,attic frieze4#agi ,rhoecus1 happening to see an oak just ready to fall1 propped it up4 ,the nymph1 who had been on the point of perishing with the tree1 expressed her gratitude to him and bade him ask what reward he would4 ,rhoecus boldly asked her love1 and the nymph yielded to his desire4 ,at the same time charging him to be mindful and constant1 she promised to expect him an hour before sunset and1 meanwhile1 to communicate with him by means of her messenger1--a bee3 ,now1 in those days of simpleness and faith1 ,men did not think that happy things were dreams ,because they overstepped the narrow bourn ,of likelihood1 but reverently deemed ,nothing too wondrous or too beautiful ,to be the guerdon of a daring heart4 ,so ,rhoecus made no doubt that he was blest1 ,and all along unto the city's gate ,earth seemed to spring beneath him as he walked1 ,the clear1 broad sky looked bluer than its wont1 ,and he could scarce believe he had not wings1 ,such sunshine seemed to glitter through his veins ,instead of blood1 so light he felt and strange4 ,but the day was past its noon4 ,joining some comrades over the dice1 ,rhoecus forgot all else4 ,a bee buzzed about his ear4 ,impatiently he brushed it aside3 ,then through the window flew the wounded bee1 ,and ,rhoecus1 tracking him with angry eyes1 ,saw a sharp mountain peak of ,thessaly ,against the red disk of the setting sun1-- ,and instantly the blood sank from his heart4444 444 ,quite spent and out of breath he reached the tree1 ,and1 listening fearfully1 he heard once more ,the low voice murmur1 ,rhoecus6 close at hand3 ,whereat he looked around him1 but could see ,naught but the deepening glooms beneath the oak4 ,then sighed the voice1 ,o ,rhoecus6 nevermore ,shalt thou behold me or by day or night1 ,me1 who would fain have blessed thee with a love ,more ripe and bounteous than ever yet ,filled up with nectar any mortal heart3 ,but thou didst scorn my humble messenger ,and sent'st him back to me with bruisd wings4 ,we spirits only show to gentle eyes1 ,we ever ask an undivided love1 ,and he who scorns the least of ,nature's works ,is thenceforth exiled and shut out from all4 ,farewell6 for thou canst never see me more4 ,then ,rhoecus beat his breast1 and groaned aloud1 ,and cried1 ,be pitiful6 forgive me yet ,this once1 and ,i shall never need it more6 ,alas6 the voice returned1 'tis thou art blind1 ,not ,i unmerciful2 ,i can forgive1 ,but have no skill to heal thy spirit's eyes2 ,only the soul hath power o'er itself4 ,with that again there murmured1 ,nevermore6 ,and ,rhoecus after heard no other sound1 ,except the rattling of the oak's crisp leaves1 ,like the long surf upon a distant shore1 ,raking the sea-worn pebbles up and down4 ,the night had gathered round him3 o'er the plain ,the city sparkled with its thousand lights1 ,and sounds of revel fell upon his ear ,harshly and like a curse2 above1 the sky1 ,with all its bright sublimity of stars1 ,deepened1 and on his forehead smote the breeze3 ,beauty was all around him and delight1 ,but from that eve he was alone on earth4 ,according to the older tradition1 the nymph deprived ,rhoecus of his physical sight2 but the superior insight of ,lowell's interpretation is evident4 #aci4 ,pomona and ,vertumnus4#ahj ,pomona was a ,hamadryad of ,roman mythology1 guardian especially of the apple orchards1 but presiding also over other fruits4 ,bear me1 ,pomona1 sings one of our poets1-- ,bear me1 ,pomona1 to thy citron groves1 ,to where the lemon and the piercing lime1 ,with the deep orange1 glowing through the green1 ,their lighter glories blend4 ,lay me reclined ,beneath the spreading tamarind that shakes1 ,fanned by the breeze1 its fever-cooling fruit4#aha ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,a ,,rustic ,this nymph had scorned the offers of love made her by ,pan1 ,sylvanus1 and innumerable ,fauns and ,satyrs4 ,vertumnus1 too1 she had time and again refused4 ,but he1 the deity of gardens and of the changing seasons1 unwearied1 wooed her in as many guises as his seasons themselves could assume4 ,now as a reaper1 now as haymaker1 now as plowman1 now as vinedresser1 now as apple-picker1 now as fisherman1 now as soldier1--all to no avail4 ,finally1 as an old woman1 he came to her1 admired her fruit1 admired especially the luxuriance of her grapes1 descanted on the dependence of the luxuriant vine1 close by1 upon the elm to which it was clinging2 advised ,pomona1 likewise1 to choose some youth--say1 for instance1 the young ,vertumnus--about whom to twine her arms4 ,then he told how the worthy ,iphis1 spurned by ,anaxarete1 had hanged himself to her gatepost2 and how the gods had turned the hard-hearted virgin to stone even as she gazed on her lover's funeral4 ,consider these things1 dearest child1 said the seeming old woman1 lay aside thy scorn and thy delays1 and accept a lover4 ,so may neither the vernal frosts blight thy young fruits1 nor furious winds scatter thy blossoms6 ,when ,vertumnus had thus spoken1 he dropped his disguise and stood before ,pomona in his proper person1--a comely youth4 ,such wooing1 of course1 could not but win its just reward4 #adj4 ,the ,cranes of ,ibycus4#ahb ,the ,furies1 called also ,dir 7the terrible ones71 ,erinyes 7the persecutors1 or the angered ones71 and finally1 by way of euphemism1 ,eumenides 7the well-meaning71 though they were spirits of the underworld1 visited earth to punish filial disobedience1 irreverence to old age1 perjury1 murder1 treachery to guests1 even unkindness toward beggars4 ,they avenged the ghosts of such as1 dying violent deaths1 possessed on earth no representatives either by law or by kindred to avenge them4 ,therefore1 as we shall see1 they persecuted ,orestes1 who had slain his mother4 ,therefore1 like the accusing voice of conscience1 they marshaled to punishment the murderers of ,ibycus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,a ,,rustic ,this poet1 beloved of ,apollo1 was1 while journeying to the musical contest of the ,isthmus at ,corinth1 attacked by two robbers in the ,corinthian grove of ,neptune4 ,overcome by them1 he commended his cause as he fell to a flock of cranes that happened to be screaming hoarsely overhead4 ,but when his body was found1 all ,greece1 then gathered at the festival1 demanded vengeance on the murderer4 ,soon afterward1 the vast assemblage in the amphitheater sat listening to a play in which the ,chorus personated the ,furies4 ,the ,choristers1 clad in black1 bore in their fleshless hands torches blazing with a pitchy flame4 ,advancing with measured step1 they formed ranks in the orchestra4 ,their cheeks were bloodless1 and in place of hair writhing serpents curled around their brows4 ,forming a circle1 these awful beings sang their hymn4 ,high it swelled1 overpowering the sound of the instruments3 ,happy the man whose heart is pure from guilt and crime6 ,him we avengers touch not2 he treads the path of life secure from us4 ,but woe6 woe6 to him who has done the deed of secret murder4 ,we1 the fearful brood of ,night1 fasten ourselves upon him1 soul and flesh4 ,thinks he by flight to escape us8 ,fly we still faster in pursuit1 twine our snakes around his feet1 and bring him to the ground4 ,unwearied we pursue2 no pity checks our course2 still on1 still on to the end of life1 we give no peace1 no rest4 ,stillness like the stillness of death sat over the assembly4 ,suddenly a cry burst from one of the uppermost benches1--,lo1 comrade1 the avengers of ,ibycus6 ,a flock of cranes crossed the sky4 ,the murderer has informed against himself1 shouted the assemblage4 ,the inference was correct4 ,the criminals1 straightway seized1 confessed the crime and suffered the penalty4 ,,footnotes3 #afi ,his name is not derived from the ,greek pan1 all1 but from the root p7a1 to feed1 to pasture 7i4e4 the flocks and herds74 #agj ,milton1 ,hymn on the ,nativity4 #aga ,translated by ,c4 ,m4 ,gayley4 #agb ,by ,edmund ,clarence ,stedman4 #agc ,from ,the ,satyr1 by ,robert ,buchanan4 #agd ,ovid1 ,metam4 #c1 #cci-eaj4 #age ,idyl ,,vi 7,lang's translation74 ,for ,moschus1 see ,commentary1 #bih4 #agf ,from ,the ,naiad1 by ,robert ,buchanan4 #agg ,ovid1 ,metam4 #h1 #gch-hhd4 #agh ,see note 7,scholium7 on the ,argonautics of ,apollonius1 ,b #dgg4 ,keil's edition1 p4 #dae1 l4 #cb4 #agi ,j4 ,r4 ,lowell1 ,rhoecus4 ,the student should read the whole poem4 #ahj ,ovid1 ,metam4 #ad1 #fbc-gga4 #aha ,thomson1 ,seasons4 #ahb ,cf4 ,cicero1 ,tusculan ,disputations1 #d4 #cc1 #ga2 and ,statius1 ,silv1 #e4 #c1 #aeb4 ,,chapter ,,xiii ,,myths ,,of ,,lesser ,,divinities ,,of ,,the ,,waters #ada4 ,galatea and ,polyphemus4 ,the water-gods may be roughly classed as dwellers in the sea and dwellers in the streams4 ,of the former1 daughters of ,nereus and ,doris1 none was fairer than ,galatea1 sister of ,amphitrite and ,thetis4 ,she loved ,acis1 the son of ,faunus by a ,naiad1 and was loved in return2 but her happiness was disturbed and finally ruined by the persistent and jealous attentions of the ,cyclops ,polyphemus4 ,for the first time in his life the ,cyclops began to care for his appearance2 he harrowed his coarse locks with a currycomb1 mowed his beard with a sickle1 and1 looking into the sea when it was calm1 soliloquized1 ,beautiful seems my beard1 beautiful my one eye1--as ,i count beauty1--and the sea reflects the gleam of my teeth whiter than the ,parian stone4#ahc 444 ,he loved1 not with apples1 not roses1 nor locks of hair1 but with fatal frenzy2 and all things else he held but trifles by the way4 ,many a time from the green pastures would his ewes stray back1 self-shepherded1 to the fold4 ,but he was singing of ,galatea2 and pining in his place1 he sat by the seaweed of the beach from the dawn of day with the direst hurt beneath his breast of mighty ,cypris' sending1--the wound of her arrow in his heart6 ,yet this remedy he found1 and sitting on the crest of the tall cliff and looking to the deep1 'twas thus he would sing3 ,oh1 milk-white ,galatea1 why cast off him that loves thee8 ,more white than is pressed milk to look upon1 more delicate than the lamb art thou1 than the young calf wantoner1 more sleek than the unripened grape6 ,here dost thou resort1 even so1 when sweet sleep possesses me1 and home straightway dost thou depart when sweet sleep lets me go1 fleeing me like an ewe that has seen the gray wolf4 ,i fell in love with thee1 maiden1 ,i1 on the day when first thou camest1 with my mother1 and didst wish to pluck the hyacinths from the hill1 and ,i was thy guide on the way4 ,but to leave loving thee when once ,i had seen thee1 neither afterward1 nor now at all1 have ,i the strength1 even from that hour4 ,but to thee all this is as nothing1 by ,zeus1 nay1 nothing at all6 ,i know1 thou gracious maiden1 why it is that thou dost shun me4 ,it is all for the shaggy brow that spans my forehead1 from this to the other ear1 one long1 unbroken eyebrow4 ,and but one eye is on my forehead1 and broad is the nose that overhangs my lip4 ,yet ,i 7even such as thou seest me7 feed a thousand cattle1 and from these ,i draw and drink the best milk in the world4 ,and cheese ,i never lack1 in summer time or autumn1 nay1 nor in the dead of winter1 but my baskets are always overladen4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,,galatea ,,and ,,polyphemus ,also ,i am skilled in piping1 as none other of the ,cyclopes here1 and of thee1 my love1 my sweet apple1 and of myself1 too1 ,i sing1 many a time1 deep in the night4 ,and for thee ,i tend eleven fawns1 all crescent browed1 and four young whelps of the bear4 ,nay1 come thou to me and thou shalt lack nothing that now thou hast4444 ,but if thou dost refuse because my body seems shaggy and rough1 well1 ,i have faggots of oak-wood1 and beneath the ashes is fire unwearied1 and ,i would endure to let thee burn my very soul1 and this my one eye1 the dearest thing that is mine4 ,ah me1 that my mother bore me not a finny thing1 so would ,i have gone down to thee1 and kissed thy hand1 if thy lips thou would not suffer me to kiss6 ,and ,i would have brought thee either white lilies or the soft poppy with its scarlet petals4 ,nay1 these are summer's flowers1 and those are flowers of winter1 so ,i could not have brought thee them all at one time4 ,now1 verily1 maiden1 now and here will ,i learn to swim1 if perchance some stranger come hither1 sailing with his ship1 that ,i may see why it is so dear to thee to have thy dwelling in the deep4 ,come forth1 ,galatea1 and forget as thou comest1 even as ,i that sit here have forgotten1 the homeward way6444 ,oh1 ,cyclops1 ,cyclops1 whither are thy wits wandering8 ,ah1 that thou wouldst go and weave thy wickerwork and gather broken boughs to carry to thy lambs3 in faith1 if thou didst this1 far wiser wouldst thou be6 ,milk the ewe that thou hast2 why pursue the thing that shuns thee8 ,thou wilt find1 perchance1 another1 and a fairer1 ,galatea4 ,many be the girls that bid me stay with them1 and softly they all laugh1 if perchance ,i answer them4 ,on land it is plain that ,i1 too1 seem to be somebody6#ahd ,having1 one day1 in such wise sung1 ,polyphemus wandered1 beside himself for passion1 into the woods4 ,on a sudden he came in sight of ,galatea and ,acis in the hollow of a rock1 where they had hearkened to the strains of the ,cyclops4 ,the monster1 infuriate1 crying that this should be the last of their love-meetings1 overwhelmed his rival with a tremendous rock4 ,purple blood spirted from under the stone1 by degrees grew paler1 and finally became the stream that still bears the name of the unfortunate youth4 ,but ,galatea remained inconsolable4#ahe ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,a ,,sea-,,god #adb4 ,glaucus and ,scylla4#ahf ,another deity of the sea was ,glaucus1 the son of that ,sisyphus who was punished in ,hades for his treachery to the gods4 ,glaucus had been a comely young fisherman2 but having noticed that a certain herb revived fishes after they were brought to land1 he ate of it and suffered metamorphosis into something new and strange1 half man1 half fish1 and after the fashion of a sea-god4 ,of his experience during this sea change the following is an account3 ,i plunged for life or death4 ,to interknit ,one's senses with so dense a breathing stuff ,might seem a work of pain2 so not enough ,can ,i admire how crystal-smooth it felt1 ,and buoyant round my limbs4 ,at first ,i dwelt ,whole days and days in sheer astonishment2 ,forgetful utterly of self-intent1 ,moving but with the mighty ebb and flow4 ,then like a new-fledged bird that first doth show ,his spreaded feathers to the morrow chill1 ,i tried in fear the pinions of my will4 ',twas freedom6 and at once ,i visited ,the ceaseless wonders of this ocean bed4#ahg ,he became guardian of fishes and divers and of those who go down to the sea in ships4 ,later1 being infatuated of the fair virgin ,scylla 7daughter of the sea-god ,phorcys and granddaughter of ,pontus71 he paid his court to her1 but the maiden rejected him4 ,whereupon1 in desperation1 ,glaucus sought the aid of ,circe1 an enchantress4 ,she1 because she coveted for herself the handsome sea-green god1 transformed her rival into a monster hideously fashioned of serpents and barking dogs4#ahh ,in this shape ,scylla thereafter infested the shore of ,sicily and worked evil to mariners1#ahi till finally she was petrified as a reef1 none the less perilous to all seafarers4 ,a modern version of the fate of ,glaucus and ,scylla is given by ,keats in the ,endymion4 ,glaucus consents to ,circe's blandishments for a season1 but becoming disgusted with her treachery and cruelty1 he endeavors to escape from her4 ,the attempt proving unsuccessful1 he is brought back and sentenced to pass a thousand years in decrepitude and pain4 ,consequently1 returning to the sea1 he there discovers the body of ,scylla1 whom the goddess has not transformed1 but drowned1 and learns that if he passes his thousand years in collecting the bodies of drowned lovers1 a youth beloved of the gods will1 in time1 appear and help him4 ,this prophecy is fulfilled by ,endymion1 who aids in restoring ,glaucus to youth1 and ,scylla and the drowned lovers to life4 #adc4 ,nisus and ,scylla4#aij ,the daughter of ,phorcys is frequently confounded with another ,scylla1 daughter of ,king ,nisus of ,megara4 ,scylla of ,megara betrayed her father to his enemy1 ,minos ,,ii of ,crete1 with whom1 although the kings were at war1 she had fallen violently in love4 ,it seems that ,nisus had on his head a purple lock of hair1 upon which depended his fortune and his life4 ,this lock his daughter clipped and conveyed to ,minos4 ,but recoiling from the treacherous gift1 that king1 after he had conquered ,megara1 bound ,scylla to the rudder of his ship and so dragged her through the waves toward ,crete4 ,the girl was ultimately transformed into the monster of the barking dogs1 or1 according to another authority1 into a bird continually the prey of the sea eagle1 whose form her father ,nisus had assumed4 #add4 ,leucothea4#aia ,another sea change was that of ,ino1 the daughter of ,cadmus and wife of ,athamas1 who1 flying from her frantic husband1 sprang1 with her child ,melicertes in her arms1 from a cliff into the sea4 ,the gods1 out of compassion1 made her a goddess of the sea under the name of ,leucothea1 and her son a god under that of ,palmon4 ,both were held powerful to save from shipwreck and were invoked by sailors4 ,palmon was usually represented as riding on a dolphin4 ,in his honor the ,isthmian games were celebrated4 ,by the ,romans he was called ,portumnus1 and had jurisdiction of ports and shores4 #ade4 ,proteus and ,aristus4#aib ,though ,aristus1 the lover of ,eurydice1 was son of ,apollo and guardian himself of herds and flocks1 protector of vine and olive1 and keeper of bees1 still he was son of ,cyrene1 a water-nymph1 and his most interesting adventure brought him into contact with another deity of the sea4 ,his bees having perished1 ,aristus resorted for aid to his mother4 ,she1 surrounded by her maidens in the crystalline abode under her river1 overheard his complaints and ordered that he should be brought into her presence4 ,the stream at her command opened itself and let him enter1 while it stood heaped like a mountain on either side4 ,cyrene and her nymphs1 having poured out libations to ,neptune1 gave the youth to eat and listened to his complaint1 then informed him that an aged prophet named ,proteus1 who dwelt in the sea and pastured the sea calves of ,neptune1 could explain the cause of the mortality among the bees and how to remedy it2 but that the wizard would have to be chained and compelled to answer1 and that even when chained1 he would try to escape by assuming a series of dreadful forms4 ,still1 thou hast but to keep him fast bound1 concluded ,cyrene1 and at last1 when he finds his arts of no avail1 he will obey thy behest4 ,the nymph then sprinkled her son with nectar1 whereupon an unusual vigor filled his frame and courage his heart4 ,cyrene led her son to the prophet's cave1 which was in the island of ,pharos1 or of ,carpathos1#aic and concealed him4 ,at noon issued ,proteus from the water1 followed by his herd of sea calves1 which spread themselves along the shore4 ,he1 too1 stretched himself on the floor of the cave and went to sleep4 ,aristus immediately clapped fetters on him and shouted at the top of his voice4 ,proteus1 finding himself captured1 resorted to his craft1 becoming first a fire1 then a flood1 then a horrible wild beast1 in rapid succession2 nor did he succumb till all schemes had failed to set him free4 ,then he resumed his old form and1 in response to the questioning of ,aristus1 said3 ,thou receivest the merited reward of thy deed1 by which ,eurydice met her death4 ,to avenge her1 the nymphs have sent this destruction on thy bees4 ,their anger thou must appease4 ,four bulls shalt thou select1 of perfect form and size1 and four cows of equal beauty2 and four altars shalt thou build to the nymphs1 and shalt sacrifice the animals1 leaving their carcasses in the leafy grove4 ,to ,orpheus and ,eurydice thou shalt pay such funeral honors as may allay their resentment4 ,returning after nine days1 examine the bodies of the cattle slain and see what has befallen4 ,aristus faithfully obeyed these directions4 ,returning to the grove on the ninth day he found that a swarm of bees had taken possession of one of the carcasses and were pursuing their labors there as in a hive4#aid #adf4 ,achelos and ,hercules4#aie ,a similar contest took place between ,hercules and the river-god ,achelos4 ,the cause of the strife was ,dejanira of ,calydon1 whom both heroes loved4 ,hercules boasted his divine descent4 ,achelos1 not content with advancing his claim as lord of the mightiest and most ancient river of ,greece1 insinuated suspicions with regard to the value of ,hercules' pretensions4 ,then began a mighty struggle4 ,finding he was no match for ,hercules in the wrestler's art1 ,achelos glided away in the form of a serpent4 ,hercules1 remarking that it was the labor of his infancy to strangle snakes1#aif clasped the neck of ,achelos and choked him4 ,then ,achelos assumed the seeming of a bull4 ,whereupon ,hercules1 seizing him by the horns1 dragged his head to the ground1 overthrew him1 and rent one horn away4 ,this trophy the ,naiads consecrated and filled with flowers for the goddess of ,plenty1 who1 adopting it as her symbol1 named it ,cornucopia4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,,nere,,ds ,,and ,,sea ,,monsters #adg4 ,milton's ,sabrina ,fair4 ,no writer in modern times has made more graceful poetic use of the divinities of the streams than has ,milton4 ,the following song1 chanted by a ,spirit in invocation of the gentle nymph 7of the poet's invention7 that with moist curb sways the smooth ,severn stream1 is but one refrain of many caught by the poet from the far-echoing chorus of classical verse3 ,sabrina fair1 ,listen where thou art sitting ,under the glassy1 cool1 translucent wave1 ,in twisted braids of lilies knitting ,the loose train of thy amber-dropping hair2 ,listen for dear honor's sake1 ,goddess of the silver lake1 ,listen and save4 ,listen and appear to us ,in name of great ,oceanus4 ,by th' earth-shaking ,neptune's mace1 ,and ,tethys' grave1 majestic pace1 ,by hoary ,nereus' wrinkled look1 ,and the ,carpathian wizard's hook1 ,by scaly ,triton's winding shell1 ,and old soothsaying ,glaucus' spell1 ,by ,leucothea's lovely hands1 ,and her son that rules the strands1 ,by ,thetis' tinsel-slippered feet1 ,and the songs of ,sirens sweet1 ,by dead ,parthenope's#a dear tomb ,and fair ,ligea's#aig golden comb1 ,wherewith she sits on diamond rocks1 ,sleeking her soft1 alluring locks1 ,by all the nymphs that nightly dance ,upon thy streams with wily glance2 ,rise1 rise1 and heave thy rosy head ,from thy coral-paven bed1 ,and bridle in thy headlong wave1 ,till thou our summons answered have4 ,listen and save4#aih ,,footnotes3 #ahc ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,,vi4 ,see ,andrew ,lang's translation4 #ahd ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,,xi 7,lang's translation74 #ahe ,ovid1 ,metam4 #ac1 #gej-hfg4 #ahf ,ovid1 ,metam4 #ac1 #hih2 #ad1 #gd2 ,tibullus1 #c1 #d-hi4 #ahg ,from ,keats' ,endymion4 #ahh #ej1 #eb1 and ,commentary4 #ahi ,see #bci1 #bej1 ,adventures of ,ulysses and neas4 #aij ,apollodorus1 #c1 #ae1 #h4 #aia ,ovid1 ,metam4 #d1 #dcb-edb4 #aib ,cf4 ,odyssey1 #d1 #daj2 ,ovid1 ,fasti1 #a1 #cfi2 ,virgil1 ,georgics1 #d1 #cag4 #aic ,cf4 #adg1 ,milton's ,carpathian ,wizard4 #aid ,see ,commentary4 #aie ,ovid1 ,metam4 #i1 #a-ajj4 #aif #aef4 #aig ,see ,commentary4 #aih ,milton1 ,comus1 #hei-hhi4 ,,chapter ,,xiv ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,older ,,heroes3 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,dana,s1 ,,and ,,its ,,connections #adh4 ,the ,older and the ,younger ,heroes4 ,we have already narrated the adventures of certain demigods and heroes1 such as ,prometheus1 ,deucalion1 ,cadmus1 ,amphion1 ,orpheus4 ,others of importance were ,perseus1 ,hercules1 ,minos1 ,,oedipus1 ,theseus1 ,jason1 ,meleager1 ,peleus1 ,pelops1 ,castor and ,pollux4 ,these and their contemporaries may be called the ,older ,heroes4 ,they are renowned either for individual exploits or for the part played by them in one or more of three great expeditions1--the ,war against ,laomedon of ,troy1 the ,voyage for the ,golden ,fleece1 and the ,hunt of the ,calydonian ,boar4 ,the ,younger ,heroes were of a later generation1 which was concerned in four important enterprises1--the ,war of the ,seven against ,thebes1 the ,trojan ,war1 the ,wanderings of ,ulysses1 and the ,adventures of neas4 ,the exploits of the ,older ,heroes may be arranged in respect of their probable sequence in time1 and of their grouping according to families of heroes4 ,if we observe the principle of genealogy1 one race1 that of ,inachus of ,argos1 attracts our notice in the heroes descended from ,pelasgus1#aii ,belus1 and ,agenor4 ,the family of ,belus gives us the famous ,house of ,danas1 the family of ,agenor the ,houses of ,minos and ,labdacus4 ,another race1 that of ,deucalion1 gives us the heroes of the ,hellenic branch1 most notably those descended from olus4 ,with these families most of the ,older ,heroes are1 by blood or by adventure1 to some extent connected4 ,bearing this fact in mind and at the same time observing the chronological sequence of adventures1 we obtain an arrangement of myths as illustrating the races1 families1 or houses--7#a7 of ,danas of ,argos1 7#b7 of olus of ,thessaly1 7#c7 of tolus1 7#d7 of ,minos of ,crete1 7#e7 of ,cecrops and of ,erichthonius of ,attica1 7#f7 of ,labdacus of ,thebes4#bjj #adi4 ,the ,genealogy of ,danas4 ,as the ,hellenes1 in the north1 traced their descent from ,deucalion and ,pyrrha of ,thessaly1 so the ,pelasgic races of the south from the river-god ,inachus1 son of ,oceanus4 ,the son of ,inachus1 ,phoroneus1 lived in the ,peloponnesus and founded the town of ,argos4 ,this ,phoroneus conferred upon the ,argives the benefits attributed by other ,greeks to ,prometheus4 ,he was succeeded by his son ,pelasgus1 from whom a division of the ,greek people derive their name4 ,with the love of ,jupiter for the sister of ,phoroneus1 the fair ,io1 we are already acquainted4 ,her son was ,epaphus1 king of ,egypt1 from whom were descended 7#a7 ,agenor of ,phoenicia1 father of ,europa and ,cadmus1 and 7#b7 ,belus of ,egypt1 father of gyptus and ,danas4 ,to the family of ,agenor we shall return in the history of ,minos1 son of ,europa1 and of ,,oedipus1 descendant of ,cadmus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,,the ,,dana,,ds #aej4 ,the ,danads4#bja gyptus and his fifty sons drove ,danas and his fifty daughters back to ,argos1 the ancestral home of the race4 ,finally1 a reconciliation was arranged by means of a fiftyfold marriage between the sons of gyptus and the ,danads4 ,but in accordance with a treacherous command of ,danas1 all his daughters save ,hypermnestra slew their husbands on the wedding night4 ,for this crime the forty-nine ,danads were condemned to spend eternity in ,tartarus1 trying to fill with water a vessel full of holes4 ,from ,hypermnestra and her husband1 ,lynceus1 was sprung the royal house of ,argos4 ,their son was ,abas1 their grandson1 ,acrisius1--of whom the following narrative is told4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,,dana ,,and ,,perseus ,,and ,,the ,,chest #aea4 ,the ,doom of ,king ,acrisius4#bjb ,the daughter of ,acrisius was ,dana1 of surpassing loveliness4 ,in consequence of an oracle which had prophesied that the son of ,dana would be the means of his grandfather's death1 the hapless girl was shut in an underground chamber1 that no man might love or wed her4 ,but ,jupiter1 distilling himself into a shower of gold1 flooded the girl's prison1 wooed1 and won her4 ,their son was ,perseus4 ,king ,acrisius1 in dismay1 ordered mother and child to be boxed up in a chest and set adrift on the sea4 ,the two unfortunates were1 however1 rescued at ,seriphus by a fisherman1 who conveyed the mother and infant to ,polydectes1 king of the country1 by whom they were treated at first with kindness1 but afterwards with cruelty4 #aeb4 ,perseus and ,medusa4#bjc ,when ,perseus was grown up1 ,polydectes sent him to attempt the conquest of the ,gorgon ,medusa1#bjd a terrible monster who had laid waste the country4 ,she had once been a maiden whose hair was her chief glory1 but as she dared to vie in beauty with ,minerva1 the goddess deprived her of her charms and changed her ringlets into hissing serpents4 ,she became a monster of so frightful an aspect that no living thing could behold her without being turned into stone4 ,all around the cavern where she dwelt might be seen the stony figures of men and animals that had chanced to catch a glimpse of her and had been petrified at the sight4 ,perseus1 favored by ,minerva and ,mercury1 set out against the ,gorgon1 and approached first the cave of the three ,gr3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,,medusa ,there sat the crones that had the single eye1 ,clad in blue sweeping cloak and snow-white gown2 ,while o'er their backs their straight white hair hung down ,in long thin locks2 dreadful their faces were1 ,carved all about with wrinkles of despair2 ,and as they sat they crooned a dreary song1 ,complaining that their lives should last so long1 ,in that sad place that no one came anear1 ,in that wan place desert of hope and fear2 ,and singing1 still they rocked their bodies bent1 ,and ever each to each the eye they sent4#bje ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,,medusa ,snatching the eye1 ,perseus compelled the ,gr1 as the price of its restoration1 to tell him how he might obtain the helmet of ,hades that renders its wearer invisible1 and the winged shoes and pouch that were necessary4 ,with this outfit1 to which ,minerva added her shield and ,mercury his knife1 ,perseus sped to the hall of the ,gorgons4 ,in silence sat two of the sisters1-- ,but a third woman paced about the hall1 ,and ever turned her head from wall to wall ,and moaned aloud1 and shrieked in her despair2 ,because the golden tresses of her hair ,were moved by writhing snakes from side to side1 ,that in their writhing oftentimes would glide ,on to her breast1 or shuddering shoulders white2 ,or1 falling down1 the hideous things would light ,upon her feet1 and crawling thence would twine ,their slimy folds about her ankles fine4#bjf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,,perseus ,from the sculpture by ,cellini ,this was ,medusa4 ,her1 while she was praying the gods to end her misery1 or1 as some say1 while she was sleeping1 ,perseus approached1 and1 guided by her image reflected in the bright shield which he bore1 cut off her head1 and so ended her miserable existence4 ,thus are described the horror and the grace of her features in death3 ,it lieth1 gazing on the midnight sky1 ,upon the cloudy mountain peak supine2 ,below1 far lands are seen tremblingly2 ,its horror and its beauty are divine4 ,upon its lips and eyelids seems to lie ,loveliness like a shadow1 from which shine1 ,fiery and lurid1 struggling underneath1 ,the agonies of anguish and of death4 ,yet it is less the horror than the grace ,which turns the gazer's spirit into stone2 ,whereon the lineaments of that dead face ,are graven1 till the characters be grown ,into itself1 and thought no more can trace2 ',tis the melodious hue of beauty thrown ,athwart the darkness and the glare of pain1 ,which humanize and harmonize the strain4#bjg444 #aec4 ,perseus and ,atlas4 ,from the body of ,medusa sprang the winged horse ,pegasus1 of whose rider1 ,bellerophon1 we shall presently be informed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,,perseus ,,with ,,head ,,of ,,medusa ,after the slaughter of ,medusa1 ,perseus1 bearing with him the head of the ,gorgon1 flew far and wide1 over land and sea4 ,as night came on1 he reached the western limit of the earth1 and would gladly have rested till morning4 ,here was the realm of ,atlas1 whose bulk surpassed that of all other men4 ,he was rich in flocks and herds1 but his chief pride was his garden of the ,hesperides1 whose fruit was of gold1 hanging from golden branches1 half hid with golden leaves4 ,perseus said to him1 ,i come as a guest4 ,if thou holdest in honor illustrious descent1 ,i claim ,jupiter for my father2 if mighty deeds1 ,i plead the conquest of the ,gorgon4 ,i seek rest and food4 ,but ,atlas1 remembering an ancient prophecy that had warned him against a son of ,jove who should one day rob him of his golden apples1 attempted to thrust the youth out4 ,whereupon ,perseus1 finding the giant too strong for him1 held up the ,gorgon's head4 ,atlas1 with all his bulk1 was changed into stone4 ,his beard and hair became forests1 his arms and shoulders cliffs1 his head a summit1 and his bones rocks4 ,each part increased in mass till the giant became the mountain upon whose shoulders rests heaven with all its stars4 #aed4 ,perseus and ,andromeda4 ,on his way back to ,seriphus1 the ,gorgon-slayer arrived at the country of the thiopians1 over whom ,cepheus was king4 ,his wife was ,cassiopea-- ,that starred thiope queen that strove ,to set her beauty's praise above ,the sea-nymphs1 and their powers offended4#bjh ,these nymphs had consequently sent a sea monster to ravage the coast4 ,to appease the deities1 ,cepheus was directed by the oracle to devote his daughter ,andromeda to the ravening maw of the prodigy4 ,as ,perseus looked down from his arial height1 he beheld the virgin chained to a rock4 ,drawing nearer he pitied1 then comforted her1 and sought the reason of her disgrace4 ,at first from modesty she was silent2 but when he repeated his questions1 for fear she might be thought guilty of some offense which she dared not tell1 she disclosed her name and that of her country1 and her mother's pride of beauty4 ,before she had done speaking1 a sound was heard upon the water1 and the monster appeared4 ,the virgin shrieked2 the father and mother1 who had now arrived1 poured forth lamentations and threw their arms about the victim4 ,but the hero himself undertook to slay the monster1 on condition that1 if the maiden were rescued by his valor1 she should be his reward4 ,the parents consented4 ,perseus embraced his promised bride2 then-- ,loosing his arms from her waist he flew upward1 awaiting the sea beast4 ,onward it came from the southward1 as bulky and black as a galley1 ,lazily coasting along1 as the fish fled leaping before it2 ,lazily breasting the ripple1 and watching by sand bar and headland1 ,listening for laughter of maidens at bleaching1 or song of the fisher1 ,children at play on the pebbles1 or cattle that passed on the sand hills4 ,rolling and dripping it came1 where bedded in glistening purple ,cold on the cold seaweeds lay the long white sides of the maiden1 ,trembling1 her face in her hands1 and her tresses afloat on the water4#bji ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,,perseus ,,finds ,,andromeda ,illustration3 ,,perseus ,,freeing ,,andromeda ,the youth darted down upon the back of the monster and plunged his sword into its shoulder1 then eluded its furious attack by means of his wings4 ,wherever he could find a passage for his sword1 he plunged it between the scales of flank and side4 ,the wings of the hero were finally drenched and unmanageable with the blood and water that the brute spouted4 ,then alighting on a rock and holding by a projection1 he gave the monster his deathblow4 ,the joyful parents1 with ,perseus and ,andromeda1 repaired to the palace1 where a banquet was opened for them4 ,but in the midst of the festivities a noise was heard of warlike clamor1 and ,phineus1 who had formerly been betrothed to the bride1 burst in1 demanding her for his own4 ,in vain1 ,cepheus remonstrated that all such engagements had been dissolved by the sentence of death passed upon ,andromeda1 and that if ,phineus had actually loved the girl1 he would have tried to rescue her4 ,phineus and his adherents1 persisting in their intent1 attacked the wedding party and would have broken it up with most admired disorder1 but ,mid the fabled ,libyan bridal stood ,perseus in stern tranquillity of wrath1 ,half stood1 half floated on his ankle plumes ,out-swelling1 while the bright face on his shield ,looked into stone the raging fray4#baj ,leaving ,phineus and his fellows in merited petrifaction1 and conveying ,andromeda to ,seriphus1 the hero there turned into stone ,polydectes and his court1 because the tyrant had rendered ,dana's life intolerable with his attentions4 ,perseus then restored to their owners the charmed helmet1 the winged shoes1 and the pouch in which he had conveyed the ,gorgon's head4 ,the head itself he bestowed upon ,minerva1 who bore it afterward upon her gis or shield4 ,of that ,gorgon shield no simpler moral interpretation can be framed than the following3 ,what was that snaky-headed ,gorgon shield ,that wise ,minerva wore1 unconquered virgin1 ,wherewith she freezed her foes to congealed stone1 ,but rigid looks of chaste austerity1 ,and noble grace that dashed brute violence ,with sudden adoration and blank awe6#baa ,with his mother and his wife ,perseus returned to ,argos to seek his grandfather4 ,but ,acrisius1 still fearing his doom1 had retired to ,larissa in ,thessaly4 ,thither ,perseus followed him1 and found him presiding over certain funeral games4 ,as luck would have it1 the hero took part in the quoit throwing1 and hurled a quoit far beyond the mark4 ,the disk1 falling upon his grandfather's foot1 brought about the old man's death1 and in that way the prophecy was fulfilled4 ,of ,perseus and ,andromeda three sons were born1 through one of whom1 ,electryon1 they became grandparents of the famous ,alcmene1 sweetheart of ,jove and mother of ,hercules4 #aee4 ,bellerophon and the ,chimra4#bab ,the horse ,pegasus1 which sprang from the ,gorgon's blood1 found a master in ,bellerophon of ,corinth4 ,this youth was of the ,hellenic branch of the ,greek nation1 being descended from ,sisyphus and through him from olus1 the son of ,hellen4#bac ,his adventures should therefore be recited with those of ,jason and other descendants of olus in the next chapter1 but that they follow so closely on those of ,perseus4 ,his father1 ,glaucus1 king of ,corinth1 is frequently identified with ,glaucus the fisherman4 ,this ,glaucus of ,corinth was noted for his love of horse racing1 his fashion of feeding his mares on human flesh1 and his destruction by the fury of his horses2 for having upset his chariot1 they tore their master to pieces4 ,as to his son1 ,bellerophon1 the following is related3 ,in ,lycia a monster1 breathing fire1 made great havoc4 ,the fore part of his body was a compound of the lion and the goat2 the hind part was a dragon's4 ,the king1 ,iobates1 sought a hero to destroy this ,chimra1 as it was called4 ,at that time ,bellerophon arrived at his court4 ,the gallant youth brought letters from ,proetus1 the son-in-law of ,iobates1 recommending ,bellerophon in the warmest terms as an unconquerable hero1 but adding a request to his father-in-law to put him to death4 ,for ,proetus1 suspecting that his wife ,antea looked with too great favor on the young warrior1 schemed thus to destroy him4 ,iobates accordingly determined to send ,bellerophon against the ,chimra4 ,bellerophon accepted the proposal1 but before proceeding to the combat1 consulted the soothsayer ,polyidus1 who counseled him to procure1 if possible1 the horse ,pegasus for the conflict4 ,now this horse had been caught and tamed by ,minerva and by her presented to the ,muses4 ,polyidus1 therefore1 directed ,bellerophon to pass the night in the temple of ,minerva4 ,while he slept1 ,minerva brought him a golden bridle4 ,when he awoke1 she showed him ,pegasus drinking at the well of ,pirene4 ,at sight of the bridle1 the winged steed came willingly and suffered himself to be taken4 ,bellerophon mounted him1 sped through the air1 found the ,chimra1 and gained an easy victory4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,,bellerophon ,,and ,,pegasus ,after the conquest of this monster1 ,bellerophon was subjected to further trials and labors by his unfriendly host1 but by the aid of ,pegasus he triumphed over all4 ,at length ,iobates1 seeing that the hero was beloved of the gods1 gave him his daughter in marriage and made him his successor on the throne4 ,it is said that ,bellerophon1 by his pride and presumption1 drew upon himself the anger of the ,olympians2 that he even attempted to fly to heaven on his winged steed2 but the king of gods and men sent a gadfly1 which1 stinging ,pegasus1 caused him to throw his rider1 who wandered ever after lame1 blind1 and lonely through the ,aleian field1 and perished miserably4 #aef4 ,hercules 7,heracles73 ,his ,youth4#bad ,alcmene1 daughter of ,electryon and granddaughter of ,perseus and ,andromeda1 was beloved of ,jupiter4 ,their son1 the mighty ,hercules1 born in ,thebes1 became the national hero of ,greece4 ,juno1 always hostile to the offspring of her husband by mortal mothers1 declared war against ,hercules from his birth4 ,she sent two serpents to destroy him as he lay in his cradle1 but the precocious infant strangled them with his hands4 ,in his youth he passed for the son of his stepfather ,amphitryon1 king of ,thebes1 grandson of ,perseus and ,andromeda1 and son of ,alcus4 ,hence his patronymic1 ,alcides4 ,rhadamanthus trained him in wisdom and virtue1 ,linus in music4 ,unfortunately the latter attempted one day to chastise ,hercules2 whereupon the pupil killed the master with a lute4 ,after this melancholy breach of discipline1 the youth was rusticated1--sent off to the mountains1 where among the herdsmen and the cattle he grew to mighty stature1 slew the ,thespian lion1 and performed various deeds of valor4 ,to him1 while still a youth1 appeared1 according to one story1 two women at a meeting of the ways1--,pleasure and ,duty4 ,the gifts offered by ,duty were the ,choice of ,hercules4 ,soon afterward he contended with none other than ,apollo for the tripod of ,delphi2 but reconciliation was effected between the combatants by the gods of ,olympus1 and from that day forth ,apollo and ,hercules remained true friends1 each respecting the prowess of the other4 ,returning to ,thebes1 the hero aided his half brother ,iphicles and his reputed father ,amphitryon in throwing off the yoke of the city of ,orchomenus1 and was rewarded with the hand of the princess ,megara4 ,a few years later1 while in the very pride of his manhood1 he was driven insane by the implacable ,juno4 ,in his madness he slew his children1 and would have slain ,amphitryon1 also1 had not ,minerva knocked him over with a stone and plunged him into a deep sleep1 from which he awoke in his right mind4 ,next1 for expiation of the bloodshed1 he was rendered subject to his cousin ,eurystheus and compelled to perform his commands4 ,this humiliation1 ,juno1 of course1 had decreed4 #aeg4 ,his ,labors4 ,eurystheus enjoined upon the hero a succession of desperate undertakings1 which are called the twelve ,labors of ,hercules4 ,the first was the combat with the lion that infested the valley of ,nemea1 the skin of which ,hercules was ordered to bring to ,mycen4 ,after using in vain his club and arrows against the lion1 ,hercules strangled the animal with his hands and returned1 carrying its carcass on his shoulders2 but ,eurystheus1 frightened at the sight and at this proof of the prodigious strength of the hero1 ordered him to deliver the account of his exploits1 in future1 outside the town4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,,heracles ,,and ,,the ,,nemean ,,lion ,his second labor was the slaughter of the ,hydra1 a water serpent that ravaged the country of ,argos and dwelt in a swamp near the well of ,amymone4 ,it had nine heads1 of which the middle one was immortal4 ,hercules struck off the heads with his club2 but in the place of each dispatched1 two new ones appeared4 ,at last1 with the assistance of his faithful nephew ,iolas1 he burned away the other heads of the ,hydra and buried the ninth1 which was immortal1 under a rock4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,,heracles ,,and ,,the ,,hydra ,his third labor was the capture of a boar that haunted ,mount ,erymanthus in ,arcadia4 ,the adventure was1 in itself1 successful4 ,but on the same journey ,hercules made the friendship of the centaur ,pholus1 who1 receiving him hospitably1 poured out for him without stint the choicest wine that the centaurs possessed4 ,as a consequence1 ,hercules became involved in a broil with the other centaurs of the mountain4 ,unfortunately his friend ,pholus1 drawing one of the arrows of ,hercules from a brother centaur1 wounded himself therewith and died of the poison4 ,the fourth labor of ,hercules was the capture of a wonderful stag of golden antlers and brazen hoofs1 that ranged the hills of ,cerynea1 between ,arcadia and ,achaia4 ,his fifth labor was the destruction of the ,stymphalian birds1 which with cruel beaks and sharp talons harassed the inhabitants of the valley of ,stymphalus1 devouring many of them4 ,his sixth labor was the cleaning of the ,augean stables4 ,augeas1 king of ,elis1 had a herd of three thousand oxen1 whose stalls had not been cleansed for thirty years4 ,hercules1 bringing the rivers ,alphes and ,penes through them1 purified them thoroughly in one day4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,,heracles ,,bringing ,,home ,,the ,,boar ,his seventh labor was the overthrow of the ,cretan bull1--an awful but beautiful brute1 at once a gift and a curse bestowed by ,neptune upon ,minos of ,crete4#bae ,this monster ,hercules brought to ,mycen4 ,his eighth labor was the removal of the horses of ,diomedes1 king of ,thrace4 ,these horses subsisted on human flesh1 were swift and fearful4 ,diomedes1 attempting to retain them1 was killed by ,hercules and given to the horses to devour4 ,they were then delivered to ,eurystheus2 but1 escaping1 they roamed the hills of ,arcadia1 till the wild beasts of ,apollo tore them to pieces4 ,his ninth labor was of a more delicate character4 ,admeta1 the daughter of ,eurystheus1 desired the girdle of the queen of the ,amazons1 and ,eurystheus ordered ,hercules to get it4 ,the ,amazons were a nation dominated by warlike women1 and in their hands were many cities4 ,it was their custom to bring up only the female children1 whom they hardened by martial discipline2 the boys were either dispatched to the neighboring nations or put to death4 ,hippolyta1 the queen1 received ,hercules kindly and consented to yield him the girdle2 but ,juno1 taking the form of an ,amazon1 persuaded the people that the strangers were carrying off their queen4 ,they instantly armed and beset the ship4 ,whereupon ,hercules1 thinking that ,hippolyta had acted treacherously1 slew her and1 taking her girdle1 made sail homeward4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,,heracles ,,with ,,the ,,bull ,the tenth task enjoined upon him was to capture for ,eurystheus the oxen of ,geryon1 a monster with three bodies1 who dwelt in the island ,erythea 7the red71--so called because it lay in the west1 under the rays of the setting sun4 ,this description is thought to apply to ,spain1 of which ,geryon was king4 ,after traversing various countries1 ,hercules reached at length the frontiers of ,libya and ,europe1 where he raised the two mountains of ,abyla and ,calpe as monuments of his progress1--the ,pillars of ,hercules2 or1 according to another account1 rent one mountain into two and left half on each side1 forming the ,strait of ,gibraltar4 ,the oxen were guarded by the giant ,eurytion and his two-headed dog1 but ,hercules killed the warders and conveyed the oxen in safety to ,eurystheus4 ,one of the most difficult labors was the eleventh1--the robbery of the golden apples of the ,hesperides4 ,hercules did not know where to find them2 but after various adventures1 arrived at ,mount ,atlas in ,africa4 ,since ,atlas was the father of the ,hesperides1 ,hercules thought he might through him obtain the apples4 ,the hero1 accordingly1 taking the burden of the heavens on his own shoulders1#baf sent ,atlas to seek the apples4 ,the giant returned with them and proposed to take them himself to ,eurystheus4 ,even so1 said ,hercules2 but1 pray1 hold this load for me a moment1 while ,i procure a pad to ease my shoulders4 ,unsuspectingly the giant resumed the burden of the heavens4 ,hercules took the apples4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abg ,,heracles ,,and ,,cerberus ,his twelfth exploit was to fetch ,cerberus from the lower world4 ,to this end he descended into ,hades1 accompanied by ,mercury and ,minerva4 ,there he obtained permission from ,pluto to carry ,cerberus to the upper air1 provided he could do it without the use of weapons4 ,in spite of the monster's struggling he seized him1 held him fast1 carried him to ,eurystheus1 and afterward restored him to the lower regions4 ,while in ,hades1 ,hercules also obtained the liberty of ,theseus1 his admirer and imitator1 who had been detained there for an attempt at abducting ,proserpine4#bag ,after his return from ,hades to his native ,thebes1 he renounced his wife ,megara1 for1 having slain his children by her in his fit of madness1 he looked upon the marriage as displeasing to the gods4 ,two other exploits not recorded among the twelve labors are the victories over ,antus and ,cacus4 ,antus1 the son of ,poseidon and ,ga1 was a giant and wrestler whose strength was invincible so long as he remained in contact with his mother ,earth4 ,he compelled all strangers who came to his country to wrestle with him1 on condition that if conquered1 they should suffer death4 ,hercules encountered him and1 finding that it was of no avail to throw him1--for he always rose with renewed strength from every fall1--lifted him up from the earth and strangled him in the air4 ,later writers tell of an army of ,pygmies which1 finding ,hercules asleep after his defeat of ,antus1 made preparations to attack him1 as if they were about to attack a city4 ,but the hero1 awakening1 laughed at the little warriors1 wrapped some of them up in his lion's skin1 and carried them to ,eurystheus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,,heracles ,,and ,,ant,,us ,cacus was a giant who inhabited a cave on ,mount ,aventine and plundered the surrounding country4 ,when ,hercules was driving home the oxen of ,geryon1 ,cacus stole part of the cattle while the hero slept4 ,that their footprints might not indicate where they had been driven1 he dragged them backward by their tails to his cave4 ,hercules was deceived by the stratagem and would have failed to find his oxen1 had it not happened that while he was driving the remainder of the herd past the cave where the stolen ones were concealed1 those within1 beginning to low1 discovered themselves to him4 ,hercules promptly dispatched the thief4 ,through most of these expeditions ,hercules was attended by ,iolas1 his devoted friend1 the son of his half brother ,iphicles4 #aeh4 ,his ,later ,exploits4 ,on the later exploits of the hero we can dwell but briefly4 ,having1 in a fit of madness1 killed his friend ,iphitus1 he was condemned for the offense to spend three years as the slave of ,queen ,omphale4 ,he lived effeminately1 wearing at times the dress of a woman and spinning wool with the handmaidens of ,omphale1 while the queen wore his lion's skin4 ,but during this period he contrived to engage in about as many adventures as would fill the life of an ordinary hero4 ,he rescued ,daphnis from ,lityerses and threw the bloodthirsty king#bah into the river ,mander2 he discovered the body of ,icarus#bai and buried it2 he joined the company of ,argonauts1 who were on their way to ,colchis to secure the golden fleece1 and he captured the thievish gnomes1 called ,cercopes4 ,two of these grotesque rascals had made off with the weapons of ,hercules while he was sleeping4 ,when he had caught them he strapped them1 knees upward1 to a yoke and so bore them away4 ,their drollery1 however1 regained them their liberty4 ,it is said that some of them having once deceived ,jupiter were changed to apes4 #aei4 ,the ,loss of ,hylas4#bbj ,in the ,argonautic adventure ,hercules was attended by a lad1 ,hylas1 whom he tenderly loved and on whose account he deserted the expedition in ,mysia2 for ,hylas had been stolen by the ,naiads4 444 ,never was ,heracles apart from ,hylas1 not when midnoon was high in heaven1 not when ,dawn with her white horses speeds upwards to the dwelling of ,zeus1 not when the twittering nestlings look towards the perch1 while their mother flaps her wings above the smoke-browned beam2 and all this that the lad might be fashioned to his mind1 and might drive a straight furrow1 and come to the true measure of man4444 ,and ,hylas of the yellow hair1 with a vessel of bronze in his hand1 went to draw water against supper-time for ,heracles himself and the steadfast ,telamon1 for these comrades twain supped ever at one table4 ,soon was he ware of a spring in a hollow land1 and the rushes grew thickly round it1 and dark swallowwort1 and green maidenhair1 and blooming parsley1 and deer grass spreading through the marshy land4 ,in the midst of the water the nymphs were arranging their dances1--the sleepless nymphs1 dread goddesses of the country people1 ,eunice1 and ,malis1 and ,nycheia1 with her ,april eyes4 ,and now the boy was holding out the wide-mouthed pitcher to the water1 intent on dipping it2 but the nymphs all clung to his hand1 for love of the ,argive lad had fluttered the soft hearts of all of them4 ,then down he sank into the black water1 headlong all1 as when a star shoots flaming from the sky1 plumb in the deep it falls2 and a mate shouts out to the seamen1 ,up with the gear1 my lads1 the wind is fair for sailing4 ,then the nymphs held the weeping boy on their laps1 and with gentle words were striving to comfort him4 ,but the son of ,amphitryon was troubled about the lad1 and went forth1 carrying his bended bow in ,scythian fashion1 and the club that is ever grasped in his right hand4 ,thrice he shouted1 ,hylas6 as loud as his deep throat could call1 and thrice again the boy heard him1 and thrice came his voice from the water1 and1 hard by though he was1 he seemed very far away4 ,and as when a bearded lion1 a ravening lion on the hills1 hears the bleating of a fawn afar off and rushes forth from his lair to seize it1 his readiest meal1 even so the mighty ,heracles1 in longing for the lad1 sped through the trackless briars and ranged over much country4 ,reckless are lovers3 great toils did ,heracles bear1 in hills and thickets wandering2 and ,jason's quest was all postponed to this4444 ,thus loveliest ,hylas is numbered with the ,blessed2 but for a runaway they girded at ,heracles--the heroes--because he roamed from ,argo of the sixty oarsmen4 ,but on foot he came to ,colchis and inhospitable ,phasis4 #afj4 ,the ,rescue of ,daphnis4#bba ,daphnis was the ideal ,sicilian shepherd and to him was ascribed the invention of pastoral story and song4 ,his father was ,hermes 7,mercury72 his mother1 a nymph who laid him when an infant in a charming valley in a laurel grove from which he received his name1#bbb and on account of which ,apollo loved him and endowed him with the gift of idyllic verse4 ,he was brought up by nymphs and shepherds1 and1 avoiding the noisy haunts of men1 he tended his flocks on ,mount tna1 winter and summer4 ,he loved a maiden named ,piplea1 but she was borne away by robbers4 ,he followed them to ,phrygia1 and there found his sweetheart in the power of the king of that realm1 ,lityerses4 ,this ,lityerses had a pleasant custom of making strangers try a contest with him in reaping corn4 ,if he overcame them1 he cut off their heads in the evening and concealed their bodies in the sheaves1 singing a comfortable song meanwhile4 ,in order to win back ,piplea1 ,daphnis entered upon the reaping contest with the king and made himself comfortable1 too1 by singing a harvest song meanwhile4 ,but ,lityerses surpassed him at the work and was about to put him to death1 singing no doubt a comfortable song of the reaper1 ,death1 meanwhile1--when suddenly ,hercules appeared upon the scene4 ,he doesn't seem to have spent much time singing3 he assured ,daphnis of his head by cutting off that of the pleasant king2 and then he threw the body into the river ,mander4 ,daphnis regained his ,piplea and one would suppose that they lived happy ever after4 ,another story1 unfortunately1 relates events in which ,piplea's name does not occur4 ,a ,naiad fell in love with the handsome shepherd and made him promise eternal fidelity to her1 threatening him with blindness if he violated his vow4 ,it was hard for poor ,daphnis1 for nearly every lass he met made love to him4 ,at last a princess intoxicated him and he forgot his vow4 ,immediately the ,naiad showed the quality of her love by striking him blind4 ,he consoled himself for a while by singing his songs and playing the flute as he wandered from place to place4 ,then weary1 he called on his father for aid4 ,mercury accordingly transported him to heaven and caused a well to gush forth on the spot from which he ascended4 ,here the ,sicilians offered yearly sacrifice in his honor4 ,theocritus gives us a ,lityerses song as he undoubtedly used to hear it sung by the harvesters of the country-side in ,sicily3#bbc ,demeter1 rich in fruit and rich in grain1 may this corn be easy to win and fruitful exceedingly6 ,bind1 ye binders1 the sheaves1 lest the wayfarer should cry1 ,men of straw were the workers here2 aye1 and their hire was wasted6 ,see that the cut stubble faces the ,north wind1 or the ,west2--'tis thus that the grain waxes richest4 ,they that thresh corn should shun the noonday sleep2 at noon the chaff parts easiest from the straw4 ,as for the reapers1 let them begin when the crested lark is waking1 and cease when he sleeps1 but take holiday in the heat4 ,lads1 the frog has a jolly life3 he is not cumbered about a butler to his drink2 for he has liquor by him unstinted6 ,boil the lentils better1 thou miserly steward2 take heed lest thou chop thy fingers1 when thou'rt splitting cummin seed4 ,when ,matthew ,arnold is writing of the death of his dear friend1 the poet1 ,arthur ,hugh ,clough1 who died in ,italy1#bbd he says3 ,and now in happier air1 ,wandering with the great ,mother's train divine4444 ,within a folding of the ,apennine1 ,thou hearest the immortal chants of old6 ,putting his sickle to the perilous grain ,in the hot cornfield of the ,phrygian king1 ,for thee the ,lityerses song again ,young ,daphnis with his silver voice doth sing2 ,sings his ,sicilian fold1 ,his sheep1 his hapless love1 his blinded eyes3-- ,and how a call celestial round him rang1 ,and heavenward from the fountain-brink he sprang1-- ,and all the marvel of the golden skies6 #afa4 ,the ,expedition against ,laomedon4 ,after his servitude under ,omphale was ended1 ,hercules sailed with eighteen ships against ,troy4 ,for ,laomedon1 king of that realm1 had refused to give ,hercules the horses of ,neptune1 which he had promised in gratitude for the rescue of his daughter ,hesione from the sea-monster4#bbe ,the hero1 overcoming ,troy1 placed a son of ,laomedon1 ,priam1 upon the throne1 and gave ,hesione to ,telamon1 who1 with ,peleus1 ,ocles1 and other ,greek heroes1 had accompanied him4 ,also worthy of mention among the exploits of ,hercules were his successful expeditions against ,pylos and ,sparta1 his victory over the giants1 his struggle with ,death for the body and life of ,alcestis1#bbf and his delivery1 according to prophecy1 of ,prometheus1 who until that time had remained in chains upon the ,caucasian ,mountains4#bbg #afb4 ,the ,death of ,hercules4 ,finally1 the hero married ,dejanira1 daughter of ,,oeneus of ,calydon and sister of ,meleager of the ,calydonian hunt4 ,with her he lived three prosperous years4 ,but on one occasion1 as they journeyed together1 they came to a river across which the centaur ,nessus carried travelers for a stated fee4 ,hercules proceeded to ford the river and gave ,dejanira to ,nessus to be carried across4 ,nessus1 however1 attempted to make off with her2 whereupon ,hercules1 hearing her cries1 shot an arrow into his heart4 ,the centaur1 as he died1 bade ,dejanira take a portion of his blood and keep it1 saying that it might be used as a charm to preserve the love of her husband4 ,dejanira did so4 ,before long1 jealous of ,hercules' fondness for ,iole of ,,oechalia1 a captive maiden1 she steeped a sacrificial robe of her husband's in the blood of ,nessus4 ,as soon as the garment became warm on the body of ,hercules1 the poison penetrated his limbs4 ,in his frenzy he seized ,lichas1 who had brought him the fatal robe1 and hurled him into the sea2 then tried to wrench off the garment1 but it stuck to his flesh and tore away whole pieces of his body4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,,hercules ,,and ,,nessus ,alcides1 from ,,oechalia crowned ,with conquest1 felt the envenomed robe1 and tore1 ,through pain1 up by the roots ,thessalian pines1 ,and ,lichas from the top of ,,oeta threw ,into the ,euboic ,sea4#bbh ,illustration3 ,,the ,,wedding ,,of ,,hercules ,,and ,,hebe ,in this state he embarked on board a ship and was conveyed home4 ,dejanira1 on seeing what she had unwittingly done1 hanged herself4 ,hercules1 prepared to die1 ascended ,mount ,,oeta1 where he built a funeral pile of trees1 gave his bow and arrows to ,philoctetes1#bbi and laid himself upon the pile1 his head resting on his club and his lion's skin spread over him4 ,with a countenance as serene as if he were taking his place at a festal board1 he commanded ,philoctetes to apply the torch4 ,the flames spread apace1 and soon invested the whole mass4#bcj ,the gods themselves grieved to see the champion of the earth so brought to his end4 ,but ,jupiter took care that only his mother's part in him should perish by the flames4 ,the immortal element1 derived from ,jupiter himself1 was translated to heaven2 and by the consent of the gods--even of reluctant ,juno--,hercules was admitted as a deity to the ranks of the immortals4 ,the white-armed queen of heaven was finally reconciled to the offspring of ,alcmene4 ,she adopted him for her son and gave him in marriage her daughter ,hebe4 ,deep degraded to a coward's slave1 ,endless contests bore ,alcides brave1 ,through the thorny path of suffering led2 ,slew the ,hydra1 crushed the lion's might1 ,threw himself1 to bring his friend to light1 ,living1 in the skiff that bears the dead4 ,all the torments1 every toil of earth1 ,juno's hatred on him could impose1 ,well he bore them1 from his fated birth ,to life's grandly mournful close4 ,till the god1 the earthly part forsaken1 ,from the man in flames asunder taken1 ,drank the heavenly ether's purer breath4 ,joyous in the new unwonted lightness1 ,soared he upwards to celestial brightness1 ,earth's dark heavy burden lost in death4 ,high ,olympus gives harmonious greeting ,to the hall where reigns his sire adored2 ,youth's bright goddess1 with a blush at meeting1 ,gives the nectar to her lord4#bca ,in the tragedy called ,the ,maidens of ,trachis1 ,sophocles describes this hero as ,the noblest man of all the earth1 of whom thou ne'er shalt see the like again4 ,to some of us the manner of his earthly end may seem unworthy2 but the ,greek poets teach that1 in the unabated vigor of one's powers1 serenely to meet and accept one's doom is the happiest death4 ,this view is well expressed by ,matthew ,arnold in the following fragment of a ,greek chorus sung with reference to the death of ,hercules3 ,o frivolous mind of man1 ,light ignorance1 and hurrying1 unsure thoughts6 ,though man bewails you not1 ,how ,i bewail you6444 ,for you will not put on ,new hearts with the inquirer's holy robe1 ,and purged1 considerate minds4 ,and him on whom1 at the end ,of toil and dolor untold1 ,the ,gods have said that repose ,at last shall descend undisturb'd-- ,him you expect to behold ,in an easy old age1 in a happy home2 ,no end but this you praise4 ,but him1 on whom1 in the prime ,of life1 with vigor undimm'd1 ,with unspent mind1 and a soul ,unworn1 undebased1 undecay'd1 ,mournfully grating1 the gates ,of the city of death have forever closed-- ,him1 ,i count him1 well-starr'd4#bcb ,here we take leave for a time of the descendants of ,inachus4 ,we shall revert to them in the stories of ,minos of ,crete and of the house of ,labdacus4 ,,footnotes3 #aii #ba1 and ,commentary1 #eg4 #bjj ,for references to genealogical tables1 see ,commentary1 #adh4 #bja ,apollodorus1 #b1 #a1 #e1 etc42 ,pausanias2 ,ovid1 ,heroides1 #ad2 ,horace1 ,odes1 #c2 #aa2 #bc4 #bjb ,simonides of ,ceos1 also ,apollodorus1 ,pausanias1 and ,hyginus 7,fables74 #bjc ,ovid1 ,metam4 #d1 #fjh-gci2 #e1 #a-bdi4 #bjd ,for ,gorgons and ,gr1 see #eb4 #bje ,william ,morris1 ,the ,doom of ,king ,acrisius1 in ,the ,earthly ,paradise4 #bjf ,william ,morris1 ,the ,doom of ,king ,acrisius1 in ,the ,earthly ,paradise4 #bjg ,from ,shelley's lines ,on the ,medusa of ,leonardo ,da ,vinci in the ,florentine ,gallery4 #bjh ,milton1 ,il ,penseroso1 l4 #ai4 #bji ,from ,charles ,kingsley's ,andromeda4 #baj ,milman1 ,samor4 #baa ,milton1 ,comus4 #bab ,iliad1 #f1 #aee-bjb2 ,apollodorus1 #a1 #i1 #c2 ,horace1 ,odes1 #d2 #aa2 #bf4 #bac ,see ,commentary1 #ajc1 #aee4 #bad ,authorities are ,homer1--,iliad and ,odyssey2 ,theocritus #bd2 #be1 etc42 ,apollodorus1 #b1 #d1 #g1 etc42 ,sophocles1 ,women of ,trachis2 ,euripides1 ,hercules ,furens2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 #i1 #ajb-bgb2 ,seneca1--,hercules ,furens and ,,oetus2 ,hyginus1 etc4 #bae #agb4 #baf ,atlas and the heavens1 #aec4 #bag #ahj4 #bah #afj4 #bai #agc4 #bbj ,theocritus4 ,idyl ,,xiii 7,lang's translation74 #bba ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,x1 #da1 and the ,scholia2 ,virgil1 ,bucol4 #e2 #h2 #aj2 and ,comments4 #bbb ,see the story of ,daphne4 #bbc ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,x 7,lang's translation74 #bbd ,thyrsis4 #bbe #aai4 #bbf #hc4 #bbg #ae4 #bbh ,milton4 #bbi ,see #bbj4 ,according to ,sophocles1 ,philoctetes' father ,poeas applied the torch4 #bcj ,see the spirited poems1 ,deaneira and ,herakles1 in the classical1 but too little read1 ,epic of ,hades1 by ,lewis ,morris4 #bca ,schiller's ,ideal and ,life4 ,translated by ,s4 ,g4 ,bulfinch1 brother of ,thomas ,bulfinch4 #bcb ,from ,fragment of ,chorus of a ,dejaneira4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,,the ,,building ,,of ,,the ,,argo ,,chapter ,,xv ,,the ,,family ,,of ,,olus #afc4 ,descendants of ,deucalion4 ,athamas1 brother of ,sisyphus1 was descended from olus1 whose father1 ,hellen1 was the son of ,deucalion of ,thessaly4 ,athamas had by his wife ,nephele two children1 ,phrixus and ,helle4 ,after a time1 growing indifferent to his wife1 ,athamas put her away and took ,ino1 the daughter of ,cadmus4 ,the unfortunate sequel of this second marriage we have already seen4#bcc ,nephele1 apprehending danger to her children from the influence of their stepmother1 took measures to put them out of her reach4 ,mercury gave her a ram with a golden fleece1 on which she set the two children4 ,vaulting into the air1 the animal took his course to the east2 but when he was crossing the strait that divides ,europe and ,asia1 the girl ,helle fell from his back into the sea1 which from her was afterward called the ,hellespont--now the ,dardanelles4 ,the ram safely landed the boy ,phrixus in ,colchis1 where he was hospitably received by etes1 the king of that country4 ,phrixus sacrificed the ram to ,jupiter1 but the fleece he gave to etes1 who placed it in a consecrated grove under the care of a sleepless dragon4#bcd #afd4 ,the ,quest of the ,golden ,fleece4#bce ,another realm in ,thessaly1 near to that of ,athamas1 was ruled over by his nephew son4 son1 although he had a son ,jason1 surrendered the crown to a half brother1 ,pelias1#bcf on condition that he should hold it only during the minority of the lad4 ,this young ,jason was1 by the way1 a second cousin of ,bellerophon and of the ,atalanta who ran against ,hippomenes1 and a first cousin of ,admetus1 the husband of ,alcestis4#bcg ,when1 however1 ,jason1 being grown up1 came to demand the crown1 his uncle ,pelias with wily intent suggested to him the glorious quest of the golden fleece4 ,jason1 pleased with the thought1 forthwith made preparations for the expedition4 ,at that time the only species of navigation known to the ,greeks consisted of small boats or canoes hollowed out from trunks of trees2 when1 accordingly1 ,jason employed ,argus to build a vessel capable of containing fifty men1 it was considered a gigantic undertaking4 ,the vessel was named ,argo1 probably after its builder4 ,jason soon found himself at the head of a bold band of comrades1 many of whom afterward were renowned among the heroes and demigods of ,greece4 ,from every region of gea's shore ,the brave assembled2 those illustrious twins ,castor and ,pollux2 ,orpheus1 tuneful bard2 ,zetes and ,calas1 as the wind in speed2 ,strong ,hercules and many a chief renowned4 ,on deep ,iolcos' sandy shore they thronged1 ,gleaming in armor1 ardent of exploits1-- ,and soon1 the laurel cord and the huge stone ,uplifting to the deck1 unmoored the bark2 ,whose keel of wondrous length the skillful hand ,of ,argus fashioned for the proud attempt2 ,and in the extended keel a lofty mast ,upraised1 and sails full swelling2 to the chiefs ,unwonted objects4 ,now first1 now they learned ,their bolder steerage over ocean wave1 ,led by the golden stars1 as ,chiron's art ,had marked the sphere celestial4#bch ,theseus1 ,meleager1 ,peleus1 and ,nestor were also among these ,argonauts1 or sailors of the ,argo4 ,the ship with her crew of heroes left the shores of ,thessaly1 and touching at the island of ,lemnos1 thence crossed to ,mysia and thence to ,thrace4 ,here they found the sage ,phineus1 who instructed the ,argonauts how they might pass the ,symplegades1 or ,clashing ,islands1 at the entrance of the ,euxine ,sea4 ,when they reached these islands they1 accordingly1 let go a dove1 which took her way between the rocks and passed in safety1 only losing some feathers of her tail4 ,jason and his men1 seizing the favorable moment of the rebound1 plied their oars with vigor and passed safe through1 though the islands closed behind them and actually grazed the stern of the vessel4 ,they then rowed along the shore till they arrived at the eastern end of the sea1 and so landed in the kingdom of ,colchis4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,,jason ,,conquers ,,the ,,bulls ,,and ,,steals ,,the ,,fleece ,jason made known his message to the ,colchian king1 etes1 who consented to give up the golden fleece on certain conditions1 namely1 that ,jason should yoke to the plow two fire-breathing bulls with brazen feet1 and that he then should sow the teeth of the dragon that ,cadmus had slain4 ,jason1 although it was well known that a crop of armed men would spring up from the teeth1 destined to turn their weapons against their producer1 accepted the conditions1 and a time was set for the undertaking4 ,the hero1 however1 wisely spent the interval in wooing ,medea1 the daughter of etes2 and with such success that they plighted troth before the altar of ,hecate4 ,the princess then furnished her hero with a charm which should aid him in the contest to come4 ,accordingly1 when the momentous day was arrived1 ,jason with calmness encountered the fire-breathing monsters and speedily yoked them to the plow4 ,the ,colchians stood in amazement2 the ,greeks shouted for joy4 ,next1 the hero proceeded to sow the dragon's teeth and plow them in4 ,up sprang1 according to prediction1 the crop of armed men1 brandished aloft their weapons1 and rushed upon ,jason4 ,the ,greeks trembled for their hero4 ,medea herself grew pale with fear4 ,the hero himself for a time1 with sword and shield1 kept his assailants at bay2 but he surely would have been overwhelmed by the numbers1 had he not resorted to a charm which ,medea had taught him3 seizing a stone1 he threw it in the midst of his foes4 ,immediately they turned their arms against one another1 and soon there was not one of the dragon's brood alive4 ,it remained only to lull to sleep the dragon that guarded the fleece4 ,this was done by scattering over him a few drops of a preparation which1 again1 ,medea had supplied4 ,jason then seized the fleece1 and1 with his friends and his sweetheart accompanying1 hastened to the vessel4 ,it is said that1 in order to delay the pursuit of her father etes1 ,medea tore to pieces her young brother ,absyrtus and strewed fragments of him along the line of their flight4 ,the ruse succeeded4 #afe4 ,the ,return of the ,argonauts4 ,on their way home the ,argonauts beat a devious course1 sailing after other dangers had been overcome1 by the island that the ,sirens infested4 ,and here the heroes would have hung their halsers and remained1 had not ,orpheus vanquished the seductive strains of the sea-muses with his own more melodious and persuasive song4#bci ,oh1 happy seafarers are ye ,and surely all your ills are past1 ,and toil upon the land and sea1 ,since ye are brought to us at last2 chanted the ,sirens1 promising long rest and the kingdoms of sleep4 ,but now1 but now1 when ye have lain ,asleep with us a little while ,beneath the washing of the main1 ,how calm shall be your waking smile6 ,then ,orpheus replied1 encouraging his men3 ,a little more1 a little more1 ,o carriers of the ,golden ,fleece6 ,a little labor with the oar1 ,before we reach the land of ,greece4 ,e'en now1 perchance1 faint rumors reach ,men's ears of this our victory1 ,and draw them down upon the beach ,to gaze across the empty sea4 ,again the ,sirens3 ,alas6 and will ye stop your ears1 ,in vain desire to do aught1 ,and wish to live 'mid cares and fears1 ,until the last fear makes you nought8 ,but ,orpheus1 reminding the rowers of home and love and joy3 ,is not the ,may-time now on earth1 ,when close against the city wall ,the folks are singing in their mirth1 ,while on their heads the ,may flowers fall8 carried them past triumphant4 ,the ,argonauts arrived safe in ,thessaly4 ,jason delivered the fleece to ,pelias1 and dedicated the ,argo to ,neptune4 #aff4 ,medea and son4#bdj ,medea's career as a sorceress was1 by no means1 completed4 ,at ,jason's request she undertook next to restore his aged father son to the vigor of youth4 ,to the full moon she addressed her incantations1 to the stars1 to ,hecate1 to ,tellus1 the goddess of the earth4 ,in a chariot borne aloft by dragons she traversed the fields of air to regions where flourished potent plants1 which only she knew how to select4 ,nine nights she employed in her search1 and during that period shunned all intercourse with mortals4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,,medea ,next she erected two altars1 the one to ,hecate1 the other to ,hebe1 and sacrificed a black sheep1--pouring libations of milk and wine4 ,she implored ,pluto and his stolen bride to spare the old man's life4 ,then she directed that son be led forth2 and throwing him into a deep sleep1 she laid him on a bed of herbs1 like one dead4 ,no eye profane looked upon her mysteries4 ,with streaming hair thrice she moved round the altars1 dipped flaming twigs in the blood1 and laid them thereon to burn4 ,meanwhile1 the caldron with its contents was preparing4 ,in it she put magic herbs1 with seeds and flowers of acrid juice1 stones from the distant ,east1 and sand from the shore of all-surrounding ocean1 hoar-frost gathered by moonlight1 a screech owl's head and wings1 and the entrails of a wolf4 ,she added fragments of the shells of tortoises and the liver of stags--animals tenacious of life--and the head and beak of a crow1 which outlives nine generations of men4 ,these1 with many other things without a name1 she boiled together for her purposed work1 stirring them with a dry olive branch4 ,the branch1 when taken out1 instantly was green and erelong was covered with leaves and a plentiful growth of young olives2 and as the liquor boiled and bubbled and sometimes bubbled over1 the grass wherever the sprinklings fell leaped into verdure like that of spring4 ,seeing that all was ready1 ,medea cut the throat of the old man1 let out his blood1 and poured into his mouth and his wound the juices of her caldron4 ,as soon as he had completely imbibed them1 his hair and beard lost their whiteness and assumed the color of youth2 his paleness and emaciation were gone2 his veins were full of blood1 his limbs of vigor and robustness2 and son1 on awakening1 found himself forty years younger4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,,medea ,,and ,,daughters ,,of ,,pelias #afg4 ,pelias4#bda ,in another instance1 ,medea made her arts the instrument of revenge4 ,pelias1 the usurping uncle of ,jason1 still kept him out of his heritage4 ,but the daughters of ,pelias wished ,medea to restore their father also to youth4 ,medea simulated consent1 but prepared her caldron for him in a new and singular way4 ,she put in only water and a few simple herbs4 ,in the night she persuaded the daughters of ,pelias to kill him4 ,they at first hesitated to strike1 but ,medea chiding their irresolution1 they turned away their faces and1 giving random blows1 smote him with their weapons4 ,starting from his sleep1 the old man cried out1 ,my daughters1 would you kill your father8 ,whereat their hearts failed them1 and the weapons fell from their hands4 ,medea1 however1 struck the fatal blow4 ,they placed him in the caldron1 but1 as might be expected1 with no success4 ,medea herself had taken care to escape before they discovered the treachery4 ,she had1 however1 little profit of the fruits of her crime4 ,jason1 for whom she had sacrificed so much1 put her away1 for he wished to marry ,cresa1 princess of ,corinth4 ,whereupon ,medea1 enraged at his ingratitude1 called on the gods for vengeance2 then1 sending a poisoned robe as a gift to the bride1 killing her own children1 and setting fire to the palace1 she mounted her serpent-drawn chariot and fled to ,athens4 ,there she married ,king geus1 the father of ,theseus2 and we shall meet her again when we come to the adventures of that hero4#bdb ,the incantation of ,medea readily suggests that of the witches in ,macbeth3 ,round about the caldron go2 ,in the poison'd entrails throw4-- ,toad1 that under cold stone ,days and nights has thirty-one ,swelter'd venom sleeping got1 ,boil thou first i' the charmd pot4444 ,fillet of a fenny snake ,in the caldron boil and bake2 ,eye of newt and toe of frog1 ,wool of bat and tongue of dog1 ,adder's fork and blind-worm's sting1 ,lizard's leg and howlet's wing1-- ,for a charm of powerful trouble ,like a hell-broth boil and bubble4444 ,scale of dragon1 tooth of wolf1 ,witches' mummy1 maw and gulf ,of the ravin'd salt-sea shark1 ,root of hemlock digged i' the dark4444 ,make the gruel thick and slab4#bdc ,,footnotes3 #bcc #add4 #bcd ,apollodorus1 #a1 #i1 #a2 ,apollonius ,rhodius1 #a1 #ibg4 #bce ,ovid1 ,metam4 #f1 #ffg2 #g1 #adc4 ,the ,argonautica of ,apollonius of ,rhodes4 #bcf ,see #abj4 #bcg ,see ,table ,g1 ,commentary1 #ajc4 #bch ,dyer1 ,the ,fleece4 #bci ,william ,morris1 ,life and ,death of ,jason4 #bdj ,ovid1 ,metam4 #g1 #adc-bic4 #bda ,ovid1 ,metam4 #g1 #big-cec4 #bdb #agf4 #bdc ,macbeth1 ,,iv1 i4 ,consult4 ,,chapter ,,xvi ,,the ,,family ,,of ,,tolus ,,and ,,its ,,connections #afh4 ,the ,calydonian ,hunt4#bdd ,one of the heroes of the ,argonautic expedition had been ,meleager1 a son of ,,oeneus and ,altha1 rulers of ,calydon in tolia4 ,his parents were cousins1 descended from a son of ,endymion named tolus1 who had colonized that realm4 ,by ties of kinship and marriage they were allied with many historic figures4 ,their daughter ,dejanira had become1 as we have already noted1 the wife of ,hercules2 while ,leda1 the sister of ,altha1 was mother of ,castor and ,pollux1#bde and of ,clytemnestra and ,helen1 intimately concerned in the ,trojan ,war4 ,when her son ,meleager was born1 ,altha had beheld the three ,destinies1 who1 as they spun their fatal thread1 foretold that the life of the child should last no longer than a certain brand then burning upon the hearth4 ,altha seized and quenched the brand1 and carefully preserved it while ,meleager grew to boyhood1 youth1 and man's estate4 ,it chanced1 then1 that ,,oeneus1 offering sacrifices to the gods1 omitted to pay due honors to ,diana2 wherefore she1 indignant at the neglect1 sent a boar of enormous size to lay waste the fields of ,calydon4 ,meleager called on the heroes of ,greece to join in a hunt for the ravenous monster4 ,theseus and his friend ,pirithos1#bdf ,jason1 ,peleus the father of ,achilles1 ,telamon the father of ,ajax1 ,nestor1 then a youth1 but who in his age bore arms with ,achilles and ,ajax in the ,trojan ,war1#bdg--these and many more joined in the enterprise4 ,with them came1 also1 ,atalanta1 the daughter of ,iasius1 of the race of ,callisto1-- ,arcadian ,atalanta1 snowy-souled1 ,fair as the snow and footed as the wind4#bdh ,a buckle of polished gold confined her vest1 an ivory quiver hung on her left shoulder1 and her left hand bore the bow4 ,her face blended feminine beauty with the graces of martial youth4 ,meleager saw and1 with chivalric reverence1 somewhat thus addressed her3 ,for thy name's sake and awe toward thy chaste head1 ,o holiest ,atalanta6 no man dares ,praise thee1 though fairer than whom all men praise1 ,and godlike for thy grace of hallowed hair ,and holy habit of thine eyes1 and feet ,that make the blown foam neither swift nor white1 ,though the wind winnow and whirl it2 yet we praise ,gods1 found because of thee adorable ,and for thy sake praiseworthiest from all men3 ,thee therefore we praise also1 thee as these1 ,pure1 and a light lit at the hands of gods4#bdi ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,,meleager ,,on ,,the ,,boar ,,hunt ,but there was no time then for love2 on to the hunt they pushed4 ,to the hunt went also ,plexippus and ,toxeus1 brothers of ,queen ,altha1 braggarts1 envious of ,meleager4 ,speedily the hunters drew near the monster's lair4 ,they stretched strong nets from tree to tree2 they uncoupled their dogs2 they sought the footprints of their quarry in the grass4 ,from the wood was a descent to marshy ground4 ,here the boar1 as he lay among the reeds1 heard the shouts of his pursuers and rushed forth against them4 ,one and another is thrown down and slain4 ,jason1 ,nestor1 ,telamon open the attack1 but in vain4 444 ,then all abode save one1 ,the ,arcadian ,atalanta3 from her side ,sprang her hounds1 laboring at the leash1 and slipped1 ,and plashed ear-deep with plunging feet2 but she ,saying1 ,speed it as ,i send it for thy sake1 ,goddess1 drew bow and loosed2 the sudden string ,rang1 and sprang inward1 and the waterish air ,hissed1 and the moist plumes of the songless reeds ,moved as a wave which the wind moves no more4 ,but the boar heaved half out of ooze and slime1 ,his tense flank trembling round the barbd wound1 ,hateful2 and fiery with invasive eyes1 ,and bristling with intolerable hair1 ,plunged1 and the hounds clung1 and green flowers and white ,reddened and broke all round them where they came4#a ,it was a slight wound1 but ,meleager saw and joyfully proclaimed it4 ,the attack was renewed4 ,peleus1 ,amphiaras1 ,theseus1 ,jason1 hurled their lances4 ,ancus was laid low by a mortal wound4 ,but ,meleager1-- ,rock-rooted1 fair with fierce and fastened lips1 ,clear eyes and springing muscle and shortening limb-- ,with chin aslant indrawn to a tightening throat1 ,grave1 and with gathered sinews1 like a god1-- ,aimed on the left side his well-handled spear1 ,grasped where the ash was knottiest hewn1 and smote1 ,and with no missile wound1 the monstrous boar ,right in the hairiest hollow of his hide1 ,under the last rib1 sheer through bulk and bone1 ,deep in2 and deeply smitten1 and to death1 ,the heavy horror with his hanging shafts ,leapt1 and fell furiously1 and from raging lips ,foamed out the latest wrath of all his life4#bej ,then rose a shout from those around2 they glorified the conqueror1--crowded to touch his hand4 ,but he1 placing his foot upon the head of the slain boar1 turned to ,atalanta1 and bestowed on her the head and the rough hide--trophies of his success4 ,thereat she laughed-- ,lit with a low blush to the braided hair1 ,and rose-colored and cold like very dawn1 ,golden and godlike1 chastely with chaste lips1 ,a faint grave laugh2 and all they held their peace1 ,and she passed by them4 ,then one cried1 ,lo now1 ,shall not the ,arcadian shoot out lips at us1 ,saying all we were despoiled by this one girl8 ,and all they rode against her violently ,and cast the fresh crown from her hair1 and now ,they had rent her spoil away1 dishonoring her1 ,save that ,meleager1 as a tame lion chafed1 ,bore on them1 broke them1 and as fire cleaves wood1 ,so clove and drove them1 smitten in twain2 but she ,smote not nor heaved up hand2 and this man first1 ,plexippus1 crying out1 ,this for love's sake1 ,sweet1 ,drove at ,meleager1 who with spear straightening ,pierced his cheek through2 then ,toxeus made for him1 ,dumb1 but his spear shake2 vain and violent words1 ,fruitless2 for him1 too1 stricken through both sides ,the earth felt falling4444 444 ,and these being slain1 ,none moved1 nor spake4#bea ,of this fearful sequel to the hunt1 ,altha has heard nothing4 ,as she bears thank offering to the temples for the victory of her son1 the bodies of her murdered brothers meet her sight4 ,she shrieks1 and beats her breast1 and hastens to change the garments of joy for those of mourning4 ,but when the author of the deed is known1 grief gives way to the stern desire of vengeance on her son4 ,the fatal brand1 which the ,destinies have linked with ,meleager's life1 she brings forth4 ,she commands a fire to be prepared4 ,four times she essays to place the brand upon the pile2 four times draws back1 shuddering before the destruction of her son4 ,the feelings of the mother and the sister contend within her4 ,now she is pale at the thought of the purposed deed1 now flushed again with anger at the violence of her offspring4 ,finally1 the sister prevails over the mother3--turning away her face1 she throws the fatal wood upon the burning pile4 ,meleager1 absent and unconscious of the cause1 feels a sudden pang4 ,he burns2 he calls upon those whom he loves1 ,atalanta and his mother4 ,but speedily the brand is ashes1 and the life of ,meleager is breathed forth to the wandering winds4 ,when at last the deed was done1 the mother laid violent hands upon herself4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,,the ,,death ,,of ,,meleager #afi4 ,merope4 ,a heroine connected by blood with ,atalanta was ,merope1#beb daughter of king ,cypselus of ,arcadia1 and descended from ,arcas1 the son of ,callisto and ,jupiter4 ,on account of her relationship to ,atalanta her story may be told here1 though she is not a member of the family of tolus4 ,her husband1 ,cresphontes the ,heraclid1 king of ,messenia1 had been slain with two of his sons by rebellious nobles2 and one ,polyphontes1 leader of the revolt1 reigned in his stead and took ,merope to wife4 ,but her third son by ,cresphontes1 pytus1 had been concealed by her in ,arcadia4 ,thence1 in due season1 he returned unknown to her1 with the purpose of wreaking vengeance on the murderers of his sire4 ,he pretended to have slain pytus1 and so as a stranger won the favor of ,polyphontes1 but came near losing his life at his mother's hands4 ,a recognition being happily effected1 pytus1 aided by his mother1 put ,polyphontes to death and took possession of the kingdom4 ,this story has been frequently dramatized1 first by ,euripides in a lost play called ,cresphontes1 and most recently by ,matthew ,arnold1 whose ,merope is a masterpiece of classical invention and of poetic execution4 #agj4 ,castor and ,pollux4 ,leda1 the sister of ,altha and aunt of ,meleager1 bore to ,tyndareus1 king of ,sparta1 ,castor and ,clytemnestra4 ,to ,jove she bore ,pollux and ,helen4 ,pollux and ,castor--one1 the son of a god and immortal1 the other1 of mortal breed and destiny--are famous for their fraternal affection4 ,endowed with various manly virtues1--,castor a horse-tamer1 ,pollux a boxer1--they made all expeditions in common4 ,together they joined the ,calydonian hunt4 ,together they accompanied the ,argonauts4 ,during the voyage to ,colchis it is said that1 a storm arising1 ,orpheus prayed to the ,samothracian gods and played on his harp1 and that when the storm ceased1 stars appeared on the heads of the brothers4 ,hence they came to be honored as patrons of voyagers4 ,they rendered1 indeed1 noteworthy service to the ,argonauts returning from ,colchis with ,medea and the ,golden ,fleece4 ,for when the voyagers attempted a landing at ,crete they were confronted by the gigantic warder of the island4 ,this was ,talus1 a form of living brass1 fashioned by ,hephstus 7,vulcan7 and presented to ,king ,minos1 about whose ,cretan domain he made his rounds three times a day4 ,ordinarily when ,talus saw voyagers nearing the coast he fired himself red-hot and embraced them as they landed4 ,for some reason he did not welcome the ,argonauts in this warm fashion1 but ,whirling with resistless sway ,rocks sheer uprent1 repels them from the bay4#a ,medea1 objecting to the volley of stones1 resorts to necromantic spells3 ,thrice she applies the power of magic prayer1 ,thrice1 hellward bending1 mutters charms in air2 ,then1 turning toward the foe1 bids ,mischief fly1 ,and looks ,destruction as she points her eye4#bec ,maddened1 as might be surmised1 by so insidious and unaccustomed a form of attack1 the ,man of ,brass tears up whole hills to crush his foes2 then fleeing in sudden panic1 he is overcome by the stupor of the enchantment and taken captive by ,castor and ,pollux4 ,he had in his body only one vein1 and that plugged on the crown of his head with a nail4 ,medea drew out the stopper4 ,at a later period when ,theseus and his friend ,pirithos had carried off ,helen from ,sparta1 the youthful heroes1 ,castor and ,pollux1 with their followers hasted to the rescue4 ,theseus being absent from ,attica1 the brothers recovered their sister4 ,later still1 we find ,castor and ,pollux engaged in a combat with ,idas and ,lynceus of ,messene1 some say over the daughters of ,leucippus1 others1 over a herd of oxen4 ,castor was slain2 but ,pollux1 inconsolable for the loss of his brother1 besought ,jupiter to be permitted to give his own life as a ransom for him4 ,jupiter so far consented as to allow the two brothers to enjoy the boon of life alternately1 each spending one day under the earth and the next in the heavenly abodes4 ,according to another version1 ,jupiter rewarded the attachment of the brothers by placing them among the stars as ,gemini1 the ,twins4 ,they received heroic honors as the ,tyndarid 7sons of ,tyndareus72 divine honors they received under the name of ,dioscuri 7sons of ,jove74#bed #aga4 ,the ,twin ,brethren among the ,romans4 ,in ,rome they were honored with a temple in the ,forum and made the patrons of knighthood because of the assistance they rendered in the battle of ,lake ,regillus4 ,in the moment of dire distress they had appeared1 a princely pair3 ,so like they were1 no mortal ,might one from other know2 ,white as snow their armor was1 ,their steeds were white as snow4 ,never on earthly anvil ,did such rare armor gleam1 ,and never did such gallant steeds ,drink of an earthly stream4 ,and all who saw them trembled1 ,and pale grew every cheek2 ,and ,aulus the ,dictator ,scarce gathered voice to speak3 ,say by what name men call you8 ,what city is your home8 ,and wherefore ride ye in such guise ,before the ranks of ,rome8 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,,castor ,,and ,,pollux ,,capturing ,,the ,,giant ,,talus 7,left portion7 ,by many names1 they answered1-- ,by many names men call us2 ,in many lands we dwell3 ,well ,samothracia knows us2 ,cyrene knows us well2 ,our house in gay ,tarentum ,is hung each morn with flowers2 ,high o'er the masts of ,syracuse ,our marble portal towers2 ,but by the brave ,eurotas ,is our dear native home2 ,and for the right we come to fight ,before the ranks of ,rome4 ,after the battle was won they were the first to bear the tidings to the city4 ,with joy the people acclaimed them1-- ,but on rode these strange horsemen1 ,with slow and lordly pace2 ,and none who saw their bearing ,durst ask their name or race4 ,on rode they to the ,forum1 ,while laurel boughs and flowers1 ,from housetops and from windows1 ,fell on their crests in showers4 ,when they drew nigh to ,vesta1 ,they vaulted down amain1 ,and washed their horses in the well ,that springs by ,vesta's fane4 ,and straight again they mounted1 ,and rode to ,vesta's door2 ,then1 like a blast1 away they passed1 ,and no man saw them more4444 ,and ,sergius the ,high ,pontiff ,alone found voice to speak3 ,the gods who live forever ,have fought for ,rome to-day6 ,these be the ,great ,twin ,brethren ,to whom the ,dorians pray4 ,back comes the chief in triumph ,who1 in the hour of fight1 ,hath seen the ,great ,twin ,brethren ,in harness on his right4 ,safe comes the ship to haven1 ,through billows and through gales ,if once the ,great ,twin ,brethren ,sit shining on the sails4444 ,here1 hard by ,vesta's temple1 ,build we a stately dome ,unto the ,great ,twin ,brethren ,who fought so well for ,rome6#bee ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 ,,castor ,,and ,,pollux ,,capturing ,,the ,,giant ,,talus 7,right portion7 ,for many a year the procession1 in which the knights1 olive-wreathed and purple-robed1 marched in honor of the ,twin ,brethren1 continued to be held2 and still there stand three columns of their temple above the pool of ,juturna and ,vesta's ruined shrine4 ,,footnotes3 #bdd ,ovid1 ,metam4 #h1 #bfj-edf4 #bde #agj4 #bdf #ahj4 #bdg ,chapter ,,xxi4 #bdh ,from ,swinburne's ,atalanta in ,calydon4 #bdi ,from ,swinburne's ,atalanta in ,calydon4 #bej ,from ,swinburne's ,atalanta in ,calydon4 #bea ,from ,swinburne's ,atalanta in ,calydon4 #beb ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #ahd2 ,apollodorus1 #b1 #h2 ,pausanias1 #b1 #ah2 #d1 #c1 etc42 ,aristotle1 ,poetics1 #ad1 #i4 #bec ,apollonius ,rhodius1 #d1 #afbi 7,broome's translation74 ,see also ,apollodorus1 #a2 #i1 #bf4 #bed ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #hj2 ,ovid1 ,fasti1 #ajj4 ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,,xxii1 gives a different version4 #bee ,macaulay1 ,lays of ,ancient ,rome1 ,the ,battle of ,lake ,regillus4 ,,chapter ,,xvii ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,minos #agb4 ,minos of ,crete was a descendant of ,inachus in the sixth generation4 ,a son of ,jupiter and ,europa1 he was1 after death1 transferred1 with his brother ,rhadamanthus and with ,king acus1 to ,hades1 where the three became judges of the ,shades4 ,this is the ,minos mentioned by ,homer and ,hesiod1--the eminent lawgiver4 ,of his grandson1 ,minos ,,ii1 it is related that when aiming at the crown of ,crete1 he boasted of his power to obtain by prayer whatever he desired1 and as a test1 he implored ,neptune to send him a bull for sacrifice4 ,the bull appeared1 but ,minos1 astonished at its great beauty1 declined to sacrifice the brute4 ,neptune1 therefore incensed1 drove the bull wild1--worse still1 drove ,pasipha1 the wife of ,minos1 wild with love of it4 ,the wonderful brute was finally caught and overcome by ,hercules1 who rode it through the waves to ,greece4 ,but its offspring1 the ,minotaur1 a monster bull-headed and man-bodied1 remained for many a day a terror to ,crete1 till finally a famous artificer1 ,ddalus1 constructed for him a labyrinth1 with passages and turnings winding in and about like the river ,mander1 so that whoever was inclosed in it might by no means find his way out4 ,the ,minotaur1 roaming therein1 lived upon human victims4 ,for it is said that1 after ,minos had subdued ,megara1#bef a tribute of seven youths and seven maidens was sent every year from ,athens to ,crete to feed this monster2 and it was not until the days of ,theseus of ,athens that an end was put to both tribute and ,minotaur4#beg #agc4 ,ddalus and ,icarus4#beh ,ddalus1 who abetted the love of ,pasipha for the ,cretan bull1 afterwards lost the favor of ,minos and was imprisoned by him4 ,seeing no other way of escape1 the artificer made1 out of feathers1 wings for his son ,icarus and himself1 which he fastened on with wax4 ,then poising themselves in the air1 they flew away4 ,icarus had been warned not to approach too near the sun1 and all went well till they had passed ,samos and ,delos on the left and ,lebynthos on the right4 ,but then the boy1 exulting in his career1 soared upward4 ,the blaze of the torrid sun softened the waxen fastening of his wings4 ,off they came1 and down the lad dropped into the sea which after him is named ,icarian1 even to this day4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,d,,dalus ,,and ,,icarus 444 ,with melting wax and loosened strings ,sunk hapless ,icarus on unfaithful wings2 ,headlong he rushed through the affrighted air1 ,with limbs distorted and disheveled hair2 ,his scattered plumage danced upon the wave1 ,and sorrowing ,nereds decked his watery grave2 ,o'er his pale corse their pearly sea flowers shed1 ,and strewed with crimson moss his marble bed2 ,struck in their coral towers the passing bell1 ,and wide in ocean tolled his echoing knell4#bei ,the story1 save for its tragic conclusion1 reads like a remarkable anticipation of the exploits of the ,wright brothers1 ,blriot1 and ,latham with the aroplane to-day1 or of ,count ,zeppelin with his airships4 ,ddalus1 mourning his son1 arrived finally in ,sicily where1 being kindly received by ,king ,cocalus1 he built a temple to ,apollo and hung up his wings1 an offering to the god4 ,but ,minos1 having learned of the hiding place of the artificer1 followed him to ,sicily with a great fleet2 and ,ddalus would surely have perished1 had not one of the daughters of ,cocalus disposed of ,minos by scalding him to death while he was bathing4 ,it is said that ,ddalus could not bear the idea of a rival4 ,his sister had placed her son ,perdix under his charge to be taught the mechanical arts4 ,he was an apt scholar and gave striking evidences of ingenuity4 ,walking on the seashore1 he picked up the spine of a fish1 and1 imitating it in iron1 invented the saw4 ,he invented1 also1 a pair of compasses4 ,but ,ddalus1 envious of his nephew1 pushed him off a tower and killed him4 ,minerva1 however1 in pity of the boy1 changed him into a bird1 the partridge1 which bears his name4 ,to the descendants of ,inachus we shall again return in the account of the house of ,labdacus4 ,,footnotes3 #bef #adc4 #beg #agg4 ,apollodorus1 #c1 #a1 #c2 #ae1 #h2 ,pausanias1 #a1 #bg1 #i1 etc42 ,ovid1 ,metam4 #g1 #def4 #beh ,virgil1 neid1 #f1 #ad-cf2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 #h1 #aeb-bei2 ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #dj1 #dd4 #bei ,erasmus ,darwin4 ,,chapter ,,xviii ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,cecrops ,,and ,,erichthonius ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,,theseus #agd4 ,from ,cecrops#bfj to ,philomela4 ,cecrops1 half-snake1 half-man1 came from ,crete or ,egypt into ,attica1 founded ,athens1 and chose ,minerva rather than ,neptune as its guardian4 ,his successor was ,erichthonius1#bfa or ,erechtheus1 a snake-formed genius of the fertile soil of ,attica4 ,this ,erichthonius#bfb was a special ward of the goddess ,minerva1 who brought him up in her temple4 ,his son ,pandion had two daughters1 ,procne and ,philomela1 of whom he gave the former in marriage to ,tereus1 king of ,thrace 7or of ,daulis in ,phocis74 ,this ruler1 after his wife had borne him a son ,itys 7or ,itylus71 wearied of her1 plucked out her tongue by the roots to insure her silence1 and1 pretending that she was dead1 took in marriage the other sister1 ,philomela4 ,procne by means of a web1 into which she wove her story1 informed ,philomela of the horrible truth4 ,in revenge upon ,tereus1 the sisters killed ,itylus and served up the child as food to the father2 but the gods1 in indignation1 transformed ,procne into a swallow1 ,philomela into a nightingale1 forever bemoaning the murdered ,itylus1 and ,tereus into a hawk1 forever pursuing the sisters4#bfc #age4 ,matthew ,arnold's ,philomela4 ,hark6 ah1 the nightingale-- ,the tawny-throated6 ,hark1 from that moonlit cedar what a burst6 ,what triumph6 hark6--what pain6 ,o wanderer from a ,grecian shore1 ,still1 after many years in distant lands1 ,still nourishing in thy bewilder'd brain ,that wild1 unquench'd1 deep-sunken1 old-world pain-- ,say1 will it never heal8 ,and can this fragrant lawn ,with its cool trees1 and night1 ,and the sweet1 tranquil ,thames1 ,and moonshine1 and the dew1 ,to thy rack'd heart and brain ,afford no calm8 ,dost thou to-night behold1 ,here1 through the moonlight on this ,english grass1 ,the unfriendly palace in the ,thracian wild8 ,dost thou again peruse1 ,with hot cheeks and sear'd eyes1 ,the too clear web1 and thy dumb sister's shame8 ,dost thou once more assay ,thy flight1 and feel come over thee1 ,poor fugitive1 the feathery change ,once more1 and once more seem to make resound ,with love and hate1 triumph and agony1 ,lone ,daulis1 and the high ,cephissian vale8 ,listen1 ,eugenia-- ,how thick the bursts come crowding through the leaves6 ,again--thou hearest8 ,eternal passion6 ,eternal pain6 ,according to another version of this story1 it was ,philomela who was robbed of her tongue and who wove the web by means of which the queen ,procne learned the truth4 #agf4 ,theseus4#bfd ,a descendant of ,erechtheus1 or of ,cecrops1 was geus1 king of ,athens4 ,by thra1 granddaughter of ,pelops1 he became the father of the ,attic hero1 ,theseus4 geus1 on parting from thra1 before the birth of the child1 had placed his sword and shoes under a large stone and had directed her to send the child to him if it should prove strong enough to roll away the stone and take what was under4 ,the lad ,theseus was brought up at ,troezen1 of which ,pittheus1 thra's father1 was king4 ,when thra thought the time had come1 she led ,theseus to the stone4 ,he removed it with ease and took the sword and shoes4 ,since at that time the roads were infested with robbers1 his grandfather ,pittheus pressed him earnestly to take the shorter and safer way to his father's country1 by sea2 but the youth1 feeling in himself the spirit and soul of a hero and eager to signalize himself like ,hercules1 determined on the more perilous and adventurous journey by land4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,,thra ,,and ,,theseus ,his first day's journey brought him to ,epidaurus1 where dwelt ,periphetes1 a son of ,vulcan4 ,this ferocious savage always went armed with a club of iron1 and all travelers stood in terror of his violence2 but beneath the blows of the young hero he speedily fell4 ,several similar contests with the petty tyrants and marauders of the country followed1 in all of which ,theseus was victorious4 ,most important was his slaughter of ,procrustes1 or the ,stretcher4 ,this giant had an iron bedstead on which he used to tie all travelers who fell into his hands4 ,if they were shorter than the bed1 he stretched them till they fitted it2 if they were longer than the bed1 he lopped off their limbs4 ,in the course of time ,theseus reached ,athens1 but here new dangers awaited him4 ,for ,medea1 the sorceress1 who had fled from ,corinth after her separation from ,jason1#bfe had become the wife of geus4 ,knowing by her arts who the stranger was1 and fearing the loss of her influence with her husband if ,theseus should be acknowledged as his son1 she tried to poison the youth2 but the sword which he wore discovered him to his father and prevented the fatal draft4 ,medea fled to ,asia1 where the country afterwards called ,media is said to have received its name from her4 ,theseus was acknowledged by his sire and declared successor to the throne4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ada4 ,,theseus ,,and ,,the ,,minotaur #agg4 ,theseus and ,ariadne4#bff ,now the ,athenians were at that time in deep affliction on account of the tribute of youths and maidens which they were forced to send to the ,minotaur1 dwelling in the labyrinth of ,crete1--a penalty said to have been imposed by ,minos upon the ,athenians because geus had sent ,androges1 the son of ,minos1 against the ,marathonian bull and so had brought about the young man's death4 ,from this calamity ,theseus resolved to deliver his countrymen or to die in the attempt4 ,he1 therefore1 in spite of the entreaties of his father1 presented himself as champion of ,athens and of her fair sons and daughters1 to do battle against the ,minotaur1 and departed with the victims in a vessel bearing black sails1 which he promised his father to change for white in the event of his returning victorious4 ,so1-- ,rather than cargo on cargo of corpses undead should be wafted#bfg ,over the ravening sea to the pitiless monster of ,creta1-- ,leaving the curvd strand ,piran1 and wooing the breezes1 ,theseus furrowed the deep to the dome superb of the tyrant4 ,then as the maid ,ariadne beheld him with glances of longing1-- ,princess royal of ,creta ,minoan1 tender1 sequestered1-- ,locked in a mother's embrace1 in seclusion virginal1 fragrant1 ,like some myrtle set by streaming ways of ,eurotas1 ,like to the varied tints that ,spring invites with her breezes1-- ,then1 as with eager gaze she looked her first upon ,theseus1 ,never a whit she lowered her eyes nor ceased to consume him1 ,ere to the core profound her breast with love was enkindled4 --,god-born boy1 thou pitiless heart1 provoker of madness1 ,mischievous1 mingling care with the fleeting pleasure of mortals1-- ,goddess of ,golgi1 thou1 frequenter of coverts ,idalian1 ,in what wildering seas ye tossed the impassionate maiden ,ever a-sighing1--aye for the fair-haired stranger a-sighing6 ,ah1 what ponderous fears oppressed her languishing bosom1 ,how1 more pallid than gold her countenance flashed into whiteness1 ,what time ,theseus marched unto death or to glory undying1 ,manful1 minded to quell the imbruted might of the monster6 ,not unaided1 however1 did he undertake the task2 for ,ariadne1 apprehensive lest he might lose his way in the ddalian labyrinth1 furnished him with a thread1 the gift of ,vulcan1 which1 unrolled by ,theseus as he entered the maze1 should enable him on his return to retrace his former path4 ,meanwhile-- ,offering artless bribes1 ,ariadne invoked the ,immortals1 ,kindled voiceless lip with unvoicd tribute of incense1 ,suppliant1 not in vain3 for1 like to an oak upon ,taurus1 ,gnarld1 swinging his arms1--like some cone-burthend pine tree ,oozing the life from his bark1 that1 riven to heart by the whirlwind1 ,wholly uprooted from earth1 falls prone with extravagant ruin1 ,perishes1 dealing doom with precipitate rush of its branches1-- ,so was the ,cretan brute by ,theseus done to destruction1 ,e'en so1 tossing in vain his horns to the vacuous breezes4 ,then with abundant laud he turned1 unscathed from the combat1 ,theseus1--guiding his feet unsure by the filament slender1 ,lest as he threaded paths circuitous1 ways labyrinthine1 ,some perverse1 perplexing1 erratic alley might foil him4 ,why should ,i tarry to tell how1 quitting her sire1 ,ariadne ,quitting the sister's arms1 the infatuate gaze of the mother1-- ,she whose sole delight1 whose life1 was her desperate daughter1-- ,how ,ariadne made less of the love of them all than of ,theseus8 ,why should ,i sing how sailing they came to the beaches of ,dia1-- ,white with the foam1--how thence1 false-hearted1 the lover departing ,left her benighted with sleep1 the ,minod1 princess of ,creta8 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adb4 ,,the ,,sleeping ,,ariadne ,gazing amain from the marge of the flood-reverberant ,dia1 ,chafing with ire1 indignant1 exasperate1--lo1 ,ariadne1 ,lorn ,ariadne1 beholds swift craft1 swift lover retreating4 ,nor can be sure she sees what things she sees of a surety1 ,when upspringing from sleep1 she shakes off treacherous slumber1 ,lone beholds herself on a shore forlorn of the ocean4 ,carelessly hastens the youth1 meantime1 who1 driving his oar-blades ,hard in the waves1 consigns void vows to the blustering breezes4 ,but as1 afar from the sedge1 with sad eyes still the ,minod ,mute as a ,mnad in stone unmoving stonily gazes-- ,heart o'erwhelmed with woe--ah1 thus1 while thus she is gazing1-- ,down from her yellow hair slips1 sudden1 the weed of the fine-spun ,snood1 and the vesture light of her mantle down from the shoulders ,slips1 and the twisted scarf encircling her womanly bosom2 ,stealthily gliding1 slip they downward into the billow1 ,fall1 and are tossed by the buoyant flood at the feet of the fair one4 ,nothing she recks of the coif1 of the floating garment as little1 ,cares not a moment then1 whose care hangs only on ,theseus1-- ,wretched of heart1 soul-wrecked1 dependent only on ,theseus1-- ,desperate1 woe-unselfed with a cureless sorrow incessant1 ,frantic1 bosoming torture of thorns ,erycina had planted4444 ,then1 they say1 that at last1 infuriate out of all measure1 ,once and again she poured shrill-voicd shrieks from her bosom2 ,helpless1 clambered steeps1 sheer beetling over the surges1 ,whence to enrange with her eyes vast futile regions of ocean2-- ,lifting the folds1 soft folds of her garments1 baring her ankles1 ,dashed into edges of upward waves that trembled before her2 ,uttered1 anguished then1 one wail1 her maddest and saddest1-- ,catching with tear-wet lips poor sobs that shivering choked her3-- ,thus is it far from my home1 ,o traitor1 and far from its altars-- ,thus on a desert strand1--dost leave me1 treacherous ,theseus8 ,thus is it thou dost flout our vow1 dost flout the ,immortals1-- ,carelessly homeward bearest1 with baleful ballast of curses8 ,never1 could never a plea forfend thy cruelly minded ,counsel8 ,never a pity entreat thy bosom for shelter8444 ,hence1 let never a maid confide in the oath of a lover1 ,never presume man's vows hold aught trustworthy within them6 ,verily1 while in anguish of heart his spirit is longing1 ,nothing he spares to assever1 nor aught makes scruple to promise3 ,but1 an his dearest desire1 his nearest of heart be accorded-- ,nothing he recks of affiance1 and reckons perjury1--nothing4 ,oh6 what lioness whelped thee8 ,oh6 what desolate cavern8 ,what was the sea that spawned1 that spat from its churning abysses1 ,thee1--what wolfish ,scylla1 or ,syrtis1 or vasty ,charybdis1 ,thee1--thus thankful for life1 dear gift of living1 ,i gave thee8444 ,had it not liked thee still to acknowledge vows that we plighted1 ,mightest thou homeward1 yet1 have borne me a damsel beholden1 ,fain to obey thy will1 and to lave thy feet like a servant1 ,fain to bedeck thy couch with purple coverlet for thee4 ,but to the hollow winds why stand repeating my quarrel1-- ,i1 for sorrow unselfed1--they1 but breezes insensate1-- ,potent neither voices to hear nor words to re-echo8444 ,yea1 but where shall ,i turn8 ,forlorn1 what succor rely on8 ',haste to the ,gnossian hills8' ,ah1 see how distantly surging ,deeps forbid1 distending their gulfs abhorrent before me6 ',comfort my heart1 mayhap1 with the loyal love of my husband8' ,lo1 the reluctant oar1 e'en now1 he plies to forsake me6-- ,nought but the homeless strand of an isle remote of the ocean6 ,no1 no way of escape1 where the circling sea without shore is1-- ,no1 no counsel of flight1 no hope1 no sound of a mortal2 ,all things desolate1 dumb1 yea1 all things summoning deathward6 ,yet mine eyes shall not fade in death that sealeth the eyelids1 ,nor from the frame outworn shall fare my lingering senses1 ,ere1 undone1 from powers divine ,i claim retribution-- ,ere ,i call--in the hour supreme1 on the faith of ,immortals6 ,come1 then1 ,righters of ,wrong1 ,o vengeful dealers of justice1 ,braided with coil of the serpents1 ,o ,eumenides1 ye of ,brows that blazon ire exhaling aye from the bosom1 ,haste1 oh1 haste ye1 hither and hear me1 vehement plaining1 ,destitute1 fired with rage1 stark-blind1 demented for fury6-- ,as with careless heart yon ,theseus sailed and forgot me1 ,so with folly of heart1 may he slay himself and his household6 444 ,then with a nod supreme ,olympian ,jupiter nodded3 ,quaked thereat old ,earth1--quaked1 shuddered the terrified waters1 ,ay1 and the constellations in ,heaven that glitter were jangled4 ,straightway like some cloud on the inward vision of ,theseus ,dropped oblivion down1 enshrouding vows he had cherished1 ,hiding away all trace of the solemn behest of his father4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adc4 ,,head ,,of ,,dionysus ,for1 as was said before1 geus1 on the departure of his son for ,creta1 had given him this command3 ,if ,minerva1 goddess of our city1 grant thee victory over the ,minotaur1 hoist on thy return1 when first the dear hills of ,attica greet thy vision1 white canvas to herald thy joy and mine1 that mine eyes may see the propitious sign and know the glad day that restores thee safe to me4 444 ,even as clouds compelled by urgent push of the breezes ,float from the brow uplift of a snow-envelopd mountain1 ,so from ,theseus passed all prayer and behest of his father4 ,waited the sire meanwhile1 looked out from his tower over ocean1 ,wasted his anxious eyes in futile labor of weeping1 ,waited expectant1--saw to the southward sails black-bellied-- ,hurled him headlong down from the horrid steep to destruction1-- ,weening hateful ,fate had severed the fortune of ,theseus4 ,theseus1 then1 as he paced that gloom of the home of his father1 ,insolent ,theseus knew himself what manner of evil ,he with a careless heart had aforetime dealt ,ariadne1-- ,fixed ,ariadne that still1 still stared where the ship had receded1-- ,wounded1 revolving in heart her countless muster of sorrows4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #add4 ,,the ,,revels ,,of ,,bacchus ,,and ,,ariadne #agh4 ,bacchus and ,ariadne4 ,but for the deserted daughter of ,minos a happier fate was yet reserved4 ,this island1 on which she had been abandoned1 was ,naxos1 loved and especially haunted by ,bacchus1 where with his train of reeling devotees he was wont to hold high carnival4 444 ,sweeping over the shore1 lo1 beautiful1 blooming ,iacchus1-- ,chorused of ,satyrs in dance and of ,nysian-born ,sileni1-- ,seeking fair ,ariadne1--afire with flame of a lover6 ,lightly around him leaped ,bacchants1 strenuous1 frenzied1 ,nodding their heads1 ,euhoe6 to the cry1 ,euhoe1 ,o ,bacchus6 ,some--enwreathd spears of ,iacchus madly were waving2 ,some--ensanguined limbs of the bullock1 quivering1 brandished2 ,some--were twining themselves with sinuous snakes that twisted2 ,some--with vessels of signs mysterious1 passed in procession-- ,symbols profound that in vain the profane may seek to decipher2 ,certain struck with the palms--with tapered fingers on timbrels1 ,others the tenuous clash of the rounded cymbals awakened2-- ,brayed with a raucous roar through the turmoil many a trumpet1 ,many a stridulous fife went1 shrill1 barbarian1 shrieking4#bfh ,so the grieving1 much-wronged ,ariadne was consoled for the loss of her mortal spouse by an immortal lover4 ,the blooming god of the vine wooed and won her4 ,after her death1 the golden crown that he had given her was transferred by him to the heavens4 ,as it mounted the ethereal spaces1 its gems1 growing in brightness1 became stars2 and still it remains fixed1 as a constellation1 between the kneeling ,hercules and the man that holds the serpent4 #agi4 ,the ,amazons4 ,as king of ,athens1 it is said that ,theseus undertook an expedition against the ,amazons4 ,assailing them before they had recovered from the attack of ,hercules1 he carried off their queen ,antiope2 but they in turn1 invading the country of ,athens1 penetrated into the city itself2 and there was fought the final battle in which ,theseus overcame them4 #ahj4 ,theseus and ,pirithos4 ,a famous friendship between ,theseus and ,pirithos of ,thessaly1 son of ,jupiter1 originated in the midst of arms4 ,pirithos had made an irruption into the plain of ,marathon and had carried off the herds of the king of ,athens4 ,theseus went to repel the plunderers4 ,the moment the ,thessalian beheld him1 he was seized with admiration1 and stretching out his hand as a token of peace1 he cried1 ,be judge thyself1--what satisfaction dost thou require8--,thy friendship1 replied the ,athenian2 and they swore inviolable fidelity4 ,their deeds corresponding to their professions1 they continued true brothers in arms4 ,when1 accordingly1 ,pirithos was to marry ,hippodamia1 daughter of ,atrax1 ,theseus took his friend's part in the battle that ensued between the ,lapith 7of whom ,pirithos was king7 and the ,centaurs4 ,for it happened that at the marriage feast1 the ,centaurs were among the guests2 and one of them1 ,eurytion1 becoming intoxicated1 attempted to offer violence to the bride4 ,other ,centaurs followed his example2 combat was joined2 ,theseus leaped into the fray1 and not a few of the guests bit the dust4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ade4 ,,lapith ,,and ,,centaur ,later1 each of these friends aspired to espouse a daughter of ,jupiter4 ,theseus fixed his choice on ,leda's daughter ,helen1 then a child1 but afterwards famous as the cause of the ,trojan ,war2 and with the aid of his friend he carried her off1 only1 however1 to restore her at very short notice4 ,as for ,pirithos1 he aspired to the wife of the monarch of ,erebus2 and ,theseus1 though aware of the danger1 accompanied the ambitious lover to the underworld4 ,but ,pluto seized and set them on an enchanted rock at his palace gate1 where fixed they remained till ,hercules1 arriving1 liberated ,theseus but left ,pirithos to his fate4 #aha4 ,phdra and ,hippolytus4 ,after the death of ,antiope1 ,theseus married ,phdra1 sister of the deserted ,ariadne1 daughter of ,minos4 ,but ,phdra1 seeing in ,hippolytus1 the son of ,theseus1 a youth endowed with all the graces and virtues of his father and of an age corresponding to her own1 loved him4 ,when1 however1 he repulsed her advances1 her love was changed to despair and hate4 ,hanging herself1 she left for her husband a scroll containing false charges against ,hippolytus4 ,the infatuated husband1 filled1 therefore1 with jealousy of his son1 imprecated the vengeance of ,neptune upon him4 ,as ,hippolytus one day drove his chariot along the shore1 a sea monster raised himself above the waters and frightened the horses so that they ran away and dashed the chariot to pieces4 ,hippolytus was killed1 but by sculapius was restored to life1 and then1 removed by ,diana from the power of his deluded father1 was placed in ,italy under the protection of the nymph ,egeria4 ,in his old age1 ,theseus1 losing the favor of his people1 retired to the court of ,lycomedes1 king of ,scyros1 who at first received him kindly1 but afterwards treacherously put him to death4 ,,footnotes3 #bfj ,ovid1 ,metam4 #b1 #eee2 ,apollodorus1 #c1 #ad1 #a2 ,pausanias2 and ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #dh4 #bfa ,ovid1 ,metam4 #b1 #eed2 #f1 #fgf2 ,homer1 ,iliad1 #b1 #edg2 ,odyssey1 #g1 #ha2 ,hyginus1 ,poet4 ,astr4 #b1 #ac4 #bfb ,for ,ruskin's interpretation1 see ,queen of the ,air1 #ch4 #bfc ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #de2 ,apollodorus1 #c1 #ad1 #h2 ,ovid1 ,metam4 #f1 #dab-fgf4 ,see ,commentary4 #bfd ,ovid1 ,metam4 #g1 #cej-dbd2 ,plutarch1 ,theseus4 #bfe #afg4 #bff ,odyssey1 #aa1 #cba2 ,plutarch1 ,theseus2 ,catullus1 ,,lxiv4 #bfg ,catullus1 ,,lxiv4 ,from ,the ,wedding of ,peleus and ,thetis4 ,a ,translation in ,hexameters1 by ,charles ,mills ,gayley4 #bfh ,catullus1 ,,lxiv 7,charles ,mills ,gayley's translation74 ,,chapter ,,xix ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,labdacus ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adf4 ,,oe,,dipus ,,and ,,the ,,sphinx #ahb4 ,the ,misfortunes of ,thebes4 ,returning to the descendants of ,inachus1 we find that the curse which fell upon ,cadmus when he slew the dragon of ,mars followed nearly every scion of his house4 ,his daughters1 ,semele1 ,ino1 ,autono1 ,agave1--his grandsons1 ,melicertes1 ,acton1 ,pentheus1--lived sorrowful lives or suffered violent deaths4 ,the misfortunes of one branch of his family1 sprung from his son ,polydorus1 remain to be told4 ,the curse seems to have spared ,polydorus himself4 ,his son ,labdacus1 also1 lived a quiet life as king of ,thebes and left a son1 ,laus1 upon the throne4 ,but erelong ,laus was warned by an oracle that there was danger to his throne and life if his son1 new-born1 should reach man's estate4 ,he1 therefore1 committed the child to a herdsman with orders for its destruction2 but the herdsman1 moved with pity yet not daring entirely to disobey1 pierced the child's feet1 purposing to expose him to the elements on ,mount ,cithron4 #ahc4 ,,oedipus and the ,sphinx4#bfi ,in this plight the infant was given to a tender-hearted fellow-shepherd1 who carried him to ,king ,polybus of ,corinth and his queen1 by whom he was adopted and called ,,oedipus1 or ,swollen-foot4 ,many years afterward1 ,,oedipus1 learning from an oracle that he was destined to be the death of his father1 left the realm of his reputed sire1 ,polybus4 ,it happened1 however1 that ,laus was then driving to ,delphi1 accompanied only by one attendant4 ,in a narrow road he met ,,oedipus1 also in a chariot4 ,on the refusal of the youthful stranger to leave the way at their command1 the attendant killed one of his horses4 ,,oedipus1 consumed with rage1 slew both ,laus and the attendant1 and thus unknowingly fulfilled both oracles4 ,shortly after this event1 the city of ,thebes1 to which ,,oedipus had repaired1 was afflicted with a monster that infested the high-road4 ,she was called the ,sphinx4 ,she had the body of a lion and the upper part of a woman4 ,she lay crouched on the top of a rock and1 arresting all travelers who came that way1 propounded to them a riddle1 with the condition that those who could solve it should pass safe1 but those who failed should be killed4 ,not one had yet succeeded in guessing it4 ,,oedipus1 not daunted by these alarming accounts1 boldly advanced to the trial4 ,the ,sphinx asked him1 ,what animal is it that in the morning goes on four feet1 at noon on two1 and in the evening upon three8 ,,oedipus replied1 ,man1 who in childhood creeps on hands and knees1 in manhood walks erect1 and in old age goes with the aid of a staff4 ,the ,sphinx1 mortified at the collapse of her riddle1 cast herself down from the rock and perished4 #ahd4 ,,oedipus1 the ,king4 ,in gratitude for their deliverance1 the ,thebans made ,,oedipus their king1 giving him in marriage their queen1 ,jocasta4 ,he1 ignorant of his parentage1 had already become the slayer of his father2 in marrying the queen he became the husband of his mother4 ,these horrors remained undiscovered till1 after many years1 ,thebes being afflicted with famine and pestilence1 the oracle was consulted1 and1 by a series of coincidences1 the double crime of ,,oedipus came to light4 ,at once1 ,jocasta put an end to her life by hanging herself4 ,as for ,,oedipus1 horror-struck1-- ,when her form ,he saw1 poor wretch6 with one wild fearful cry1 ,the twisted rope he loosens1 and she fell1 ,ill-starred one1 on the ground4 ,then came a sight ,most fearful4 ,tearing from her robe the clasps1 ,all chased with gold1 with which she decked herself1 ,he with them struck the pupils of his eyes1 ,with words like these3 ,because they had not seen ,what ills he suffered1 and what ills he did1 ,they in the dark should look1 in time to come1 ,on those whom they ought never to have seen1 ,nor know the dear ones whom he fain had known4 ,with suchlike wails1 not once or twice alone1 ,raising his eyes he smote them1 and the balls1 ,all bleeding1 stained his cheek4#bgj #ahe4 ,,oedipus at ,colonus4 ,after these sad events ,,oedipus would have left ,thebes1 but the oracle forbade the people to let him go4 ,jocasta's brother1 ,creon1 was made regent of the realm for the two sons of ,,oedipus4 ,but after ,,oedipus had grown content to stay1 these sons of his1 with ,creon1 thrust him into exile4 ,accompanied by his daughter ,antigone1 he went begging through the land4 ,his other daughter1 ,ismene1 at first stayed at home4 ,cursing the sons who had abandoned him1 but bowing his own will in submission to the ways of ,god1 ,,oedipus approached the hour of his death in ,colonus1 a village near ,athens4 ,his friend ,theseus1 king of ,athens1 comforted and sustained him to the last4 ,both his daughters were also with him3 ,and then he called his girls1 and bade them fetch ,clear water from the stream1 and bring to him ,for cleansing and libation4 ,and they went1 ,both of them1 to yon hill we look upon1 ,owned by ,demeter of the fair green corn1 ,and quickly did his bidding1 bathed his limbs1 ,and clothed them in the garment that is meet4 ,and when he had his will in all they did1 ,and not one wish continued unfulfilled1 ,zeus from the dark depths thundered1 and the girls ,heard it1 and shuddering1 at their father's knees1 ,falling they wept2 nor did they then forbear ,smiting their breasts1 nor groanings lengthened out2 ,and when he heard their bitter cry1 forthwith ,folding his arms around them1 thus he spake3 ,my children1 on this day ye cease to have ,a father4 ,all my days are spent and gone2 ,and ye no more shall lead your wretched life1 ,caring for me4 ,hard was it1 that ,i know1 ,my children6 ,yet one word is strong to loose1 ,although alone1 the burden of these toils1 ,for love in larger store ye could not have ,from any than from him who standeth here1 ,of whom bereaved ye now shall live your life4#bga ,there was sobbing1 then silence4 ,then a voice called him1--and he followed4 ,god took him from his troubles4 ,antigone returned to ,thebes1--where1 as we shall see1 her sisterly fidelity showed itself as true as1 aforetime1 her filial affection4 ,her brothers1 ,eteocles and ,polynices1 had meanwhile agreed to share the kingdom between them and to reign alternately year by year4 ,the first year fell to the lot of ,eteocles1 who1 when his time expired1 refused to surrender the kingdom to his brother4 ,polynices1 accordingly1 fled to ,adrastus1 king of ,argos1 who gave him his daughter in marriage and aided him with an army to enforce his claim to the kingdom4 ,these causes led to the celebrated expedition of the ,seven against ,thebes1 which furnished ample materials for the epic and tragic poets of ,greece4 ,and here the younger heroes of ,greece make their appearance4 ,,footnotes3 #bfi ,sophocles1 ,,oedipus ,rex1 ,,oedipus ,coloneus1 ,antigone2 ,euripides1 ,phoeniss2 ,apollodorus1 #c1 #e1 #g1 #h4 #bgj ,sophocles1 ,,oedipus1 the ,king 7,e4 ,h4 ,plumptre's translation74 #bga ,sophocles1 ,,oedipus at ,colonus1 ll4 #afjj1 etc4 7,e4 ,h4 ,plumptre's translation74 ,,chapter ,,xx ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,younger ,,heroes3 ,,the ,,seven ,,against ,,thebes #ahf4 ,their ,exploits4 ,the exploits of the sons and grandsons of the chieftains engaged in the ,calydonian ,hunt and the ,quest of the ,golden ,fleece are narrated in four stories1--the ,seven against ,thebes1 the ,siege of ,troy1 the ,wanderings of ,ulysses1 and the ,adventures of neas4 #ahg4 ,the ,seven against ,thebes4#bgb ,the allies of ,adrastus and ,polynices in the enterprise against ,thebes were ,tydeus of ,calydon1 half brother of ,meleager1 ,parthenopus of ,arcadia1 son of ,atalanta and ,mars1 ,capaneus of ,argos1 ,hippomedon of ,argos1 and ,amphiaras1 the brother-in-law of ,adrastus4 ,amphiaras opposed the expedition for1 being a soothsayer1 he knew that none of the leaders except ,adrastus would live to return from ,thebes2 but on his marriage to ,eriphyle1 the king's sister1 he had agreed that whenever he and ,adrastus should differ in opinion1 the decision should be left to ,eriphyle4 ,polynices1 knowing this1 gave ,eriphyle the necklace of ,harmonia and thereby gained her to his interest4 ,this was the selfsame necklace that ,vulcan had given to ,harmonia on her marriage with ,cadmus2 ,polynices had taken it with him on his flight from ,thebes4 ,it seems to have been still fraught with the curse of the house of ,cadmus4 ,but ,eriphyle could not resist so tempting a bribe4 ,by her decision the war was resolved on1 and ,amphiaras went to his fate4 ,he bore his part bravely in the contest1 but still could not avert his destiny4 ,while1 pursued by the enemy1 he was fleeing along the river1 a thunderbolt launched by ,jupiter opened the ground1 and he1 his chariot1 and his charioteer were swallowed up4 ,it is unnecessary here to detail all the acts of heroism or atrocity which marked this contest4 ,the fidelity1 however1 of ,evadne stands out as an offset to the weakness of ,eriphyle4 ,her husband1 ,capaneus1 having in the ardor of the fight declared that he would force his way into the city in spite of ,jove himself1 placed a ladder against the wall and mounted2 but ,jupiter1 offended at his impious language1 struck him with a thunderbolt4 ,when his obsequies were celebrated1 ,evadne cast herself on his funeral pile and perished4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adg4 ,,eteocles ,,and ,,polynices ,,kill ,,each ,,other ,it seems that early in the contest ,eteocles consulted the soothsayer ,tiresias as to the issue4 ,now1 this ,tiresias in his youth had by chance seen ,minerva bathing1 and had been deprived by her of his sight1 but afterwards had obtained of her the knowledge of future events4 ,when consulted by ,eteocles1 he declared that victory should fall to ,thebes if ,menoeceus1 the son of ,creon1 gave himself a voluntary victim4 ,the heroic youth1 learning the response1 threw away his life in the first encounter4 ,the siege continued long1 with varying success4 ,at length both hosts agreed that the brothers should decide their quarrel by single combat4 ,they fought1 and fell each by the hand of the other4 ,the armies then renewed the fight2 and at last the invaders were forced to yield1 and fled1 leaving their dead unburied4 ,creon1 the uncle of the fallen princes1 now became king1 caused ,eteocles to be buried with distinguished honor1 but suffered the body of ,polynices to lie where it fell1 forbidding any one1 on pain of death1 to give it burial4 #ahh4 ,antigone1#bgc the sister of ,polynices1 heard with indignation the revolting edict which1 consigning her brother's body to the dogs and vultures1 deprived it of the rites that were considered essential to the repose of the dead4 ,unmoved by the dissuading counsel of her affectionate but timid sister1 and unable to procure assistance1 she determined to brave the hazard and to bury the body with her own hands4 ,she was detected in the act4 ,when ,creon asked the fearless woman whether she dared disobey the laws1 she answered3 ,yes1 for it was not ,zeus who gave them forth1 ,nor justice1 dwelling with the gods below1 ,who traced these laws for all the sons of men2 ,nor did ,i deem thy edicts strong enough1 ,that thou1 a mortal man1 should'st overpass ,the unwritten laws of ,god that know no change4 ,they are not of to-day nor yesterday1 ,but live forever1 nor can man assign ,when first they sprang to being4 ,not through fear ,of any man's resolve was ,i prepared ,before the gods to bear the penalty ,of sinning against these4 ,that ,i should die ,i knew 7how should ,i not871 though thy decree ,had never spoken4 ,and before my time ,if ,i shall die1 ,i reckon this a gain2 ,for whoso lives1 as ,i1 in many woes1 ,how can it be but he shall gain by death8 ,and so for me to bear this doom of thine ,has nothing fearful4 ,but1 if ,i had left ,my mother's son unburied on his death1 ,in that ,i should have suffered2 but in this ,i suffer not4#bgd ,creon1 unyielding and unable to conceive of a law higher than that he knew1 gave orders that she should be buried alive1 as having deliberately set at nought the solemn edict of the city4 ,her lover1 ,hmon1 the son of ,creon1 unable to avert her fate1 would not survive her1 and fell by his own hand4 ,it is only after his son's death and as he gazes upon the corpses of the lovers1 that the aged ,creon recognizes the insolence of his narrow judgment4 ,and those that stand beside him say3 ,man's highest blessedness ,in wisdom chiefly stands2 ,and in the things that touch upon the gods1 ',t is best in word or deed1 ,to shun unholy pride2 ,great words of boasting bring great punishments1 ,and so to gray-haired age ,teach wisdom at the last4#bge #ahi4 ,the ,epigoni4#bgf ,such was the fall of the house of ,labdacus4 ,the bane of ,cadmus expires with the family of ,,oedipus4 ,but the wedding gear of ,harmonia has not yet fulfilled its baleful mission4 ,amphiaras had1 with his last breath1 enjoined his son ,alcmon to avenge him on the faithless ,eriphyle4 ,alcmon engaged his word1 but before accomplishing the fell purpose1 he was ordered by an oracle of ,delphi to conduct against ,thebes a new expedition4 ,thereto his mother ,eriphyle1 influenced by ,thersander1 the son of ,polynices1 and bribed this time by the gift of ,harmonia's wedding garment1 impelled not only ,alcmon but her other son1 ,amphilochus4 ,the descendants 7,epigoni7 of the former ,seven thus renewed the war against ,thebes4 ,they leveled the city to the ground4 ,its inhabitants1 counseled by ,tiresias1 took refuge in foreign lands4 ,tiresias himself perished during the flight4 ,alcmon1 returning to ,argos1 put his mother to death but1 in consequence1 repeated in his own experience the penalty of ,orestes4 ,the outfit of ,harmonia preserved its malign influence until1 at last1 it was devoted to the temple at ,delphi and removed from the sphere of mortal jealousies4 ,,footnotes3 #bgb schylus1 ,seven against ,thebes2 ,euripides1 ,phoeniss2 ,apollodorus1 #c4 #f and #g2 ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #fi1 #gj2 ,pausanias1 #h and #i2 ,statius1 ,thebaid4 #bgc ,sophocles1 ,antigone2 ,euripides1 ,suppliants4 #bgd ,sophocles1 ,antigone1 ll4 #dej-dgj 7,e4 ,h4 ,plumptre's translation74 #bge ,sophocles1 ,antigone1 closing chorus4 #bgf ,pausanias1 #i1 #i1 #b1 #c2 ,herodotus1 #e1 #fa2 ,apollodorus4 ,,chapter ,,xxi ,,houses ,,concerned ,,in ,,the ,,trojan ,,war #aij4 ,three ,families4 ,before entering upon the causes of the war against ,troy1 we must notice the three ,grecian families that were principally concerned1--those of ,peleus1 ,atreus1 and ,tyndareus4 #aia4 ,peleus#bgg was the son of acus and grandson of ,jove4 ,it was for his father acus1 king of ,phthia in ,thessaly1 that1 as we have seen1 an army of ,myrmidons was created by ,jupiter4 ,peleus joined the expedition of the ,argonauts1 and on that journey beheld and fell in love with the sea-nymph ,thetis1 daughter of ,nereus and ,doris4 ,such was the beauty of the nymph that ,jupiter himself had sought her in marriage2 but having learned from ,prometheus1 the ,titan1 that ,thetis should bear a son who should be greater than his father1 the ,olympian desisted from his suit and decreed that ,thetis should be the wife of a mortal4 ,by the aid of ,chiron1 the ,centaur1 ,peleus succeeded in winning the goddess for his bride4 ,in this marriage1 to be productive of momentous results for mortals1 the immortals manifested a lively interest4 ,they thronged with the ,thessalians to the wedding in ,pharsalia2 they honored the wedding feast with their presence and1 reclining on ivory couches1 gave ear while the three ,sisters of ,fate1 in responsive strain1 chanted the fortunes of ,achilles1--the future hero of the ,trojan ,war1--the son that should spring from this union of a goddess with a mortal4 ,the following is from a translation of the famous poem1 ,the ,wedding of ,peleus and ,thetis3#bgh 444 ,now1 on the day foreset1 ,aurora forsaking the ocean ,crimsons the orient sky3 all ,thessaly1 seeking the palace1 ,fares to the royal seat1 in populous muster exultant1 ,heavy of hand with gifts1 but blithesome of cheer for the joyance4 ,scyros behind they leave1 they leave ,phthiotican ,tempe1 ,crannon's glittering domes and the battlements ,larissan1 ,cumber ,pharsalia1 throng the abodes and the streets of ,pharsalus4 ,fields1 meanwhile are untilled1 grow tender the necks of the oxen1 ,none with the curving teeth of the harrow cleareth the vineyard1 ,none upturneth the glebe with bull and the furrowing plowshare1 ,none with gardener's knife lets light through the branches umbrageous2 ,squalid the rust creeps up o'er plows forgotten of plowmen4 ,bright is the palace1 ay1 through far retreating recesses ,blazing for sheen benign of the opulent gold and the silver3 ,ivory gleams on the thrones1 great goblets glint on the tables1 ,glitters the spacious home1 made glad with imperial splendor1-- ,ay1 but most--in the hall midmost--is the couch of the goddess1 ,glorious1 made of the tusk of the ,indian elephant--polished-- ,spread with a wonder of quilt empurpled with dye of the sea-shell4 ,on this coverlet of purple were embroidered various scenes illustrating the lessons of heroism and justice that the poet would inculcate3 to the good falleth good2 to the evil1 evil speedily4 ,therefore1 the story of ,theseus and ,ariadne1 which has already been recounted1 was here displayed in cunning handiwork4 ,for ,theseus1 the false lover1 bold of hand but bad of heart1 gained by retributive justice undying ruth and misery2 whereas ,ariadne1 the injured and innocent1 restored to happiness1 won no less a reward than ,bacchus himself4 ,gorgeously woven with such antique and heroic figures was the famous quilt upon the couch of ,thetis4 ,for a season the wedding guests feasted their eyes upon it4 ,then when ,thessaly's youth1 long gazing1 had of the wonder ,their content1 they gan give place to the lords of ,olympus4 ,as when ,zephyr awakes the recumbent billows of ocean1 ,roughens the placid deep with eager breath of the morning1 ,urges the waves1 and impels1 to the threshold of journeying ,phoebus1-- ,they1 at first1 blown outward unroughly when ,dawn is a-rising1 ,limp slow-footed1 and loiter with laughter lightsomely plashing1 ,but1 with the freshening gale1 creep quicker and thicker together1 ,till on horizon they float refulgent of luminous purple1-- ,so from the portal withdrawing the pomp ,thessalian departed ,faring on world-wide ways to the far-off homes of their fathers4 ,now when they were aloof1 drew nigh from ,pelion's summit ,chiron bearing gifts from copses and glades of the woodland-- ,gifts that the meadows yield3 what flowers on ,thessaly's mountains1 ,or1 by waves of the stream1 the prolific breath of the ,west ,wind1 ,warming1 woos to the day1 all such in bunches assorted ,bore he4 ,flattered with odors the whole house brake into laughter4 ,came there next ,penes1 abandoning verdurous ,tempe-- ,tempe embowered deep mid superimpendent forests4 ,and after the river-god1 who bore with him nodding plane trees and lofty beeches1 straight slim laurels1 the lithe poplar1 and the airy cypress to plant about the palace that thick foliage might give it shade1 followed ,prometheus1 the bold and cunning of heart1 wearing still the marks of his ancient punishment on the rocks of ,caucasus4 ,finally the father of the gods himself came1 with his holy spouse and his offspring1--all1 save ,phoebus and his one sister1 who naturally looked askance upon a union to be productive of untold misfortune to their favored town of ,troy4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adh4 ,,the ,,gods ,,bring ,,wedding ,,gifts 444 ,when now the gods had reclined their limbs on the ivory couches1 ,viands many and rare were heaped on the banqueting tables1 ,whilst the decrepit ,sisters of ,fate1 their tottering bodies ,solemnly swayed1 and rehearsed their soothfast vaticination4 --,lo1 each tremulous frame was wrapped in robe of a whiteness1 ,down to the ankles that fell1 with nethermost border of purple1 ,while on ambrosial brows there rested fillets like snowflakes4 ,they1 at a task eternal their hands religiously plying1 ,held in the left on high1 with wool enfolded1 a distaff1 ,delicate fibers wherefrom1 drawn down1 were shaped by the right hand-- ,shaped by fingers upturned1--but the down-turned thumb set a-whirling1 ,poised with perfected whorl1 the industrious shaft of the spindle4 ,still1 as they span1 as they span1 was the tooth kept nipping and smoothing1 ,and to the withered lip clung morsels of wool as they smoothed it-- ,filaments erstwhile rough that stood from the twist of the surface4 ,close at their feet1 meantime1 were woven baskets of wicker ,guarding the soft white balls of the wool resplendent within them4 ,thus then1 parting the strands1 these ,three with resonant voices ,uttered1 in chant divine1 predestined sooth of the future-- ,prophecy neither in time1 nor yet in eternity1 shaken4 ,thou that exaltest renown of thy name with the name of thy valor1 ,bulwark ,emathian1 blest above sires in the offspring of promise1 ,hear with thine ears this day what oracles fall from the ,sisters ,chanting the fates for thee2--but you1 ye destiny-drawing ,spindles1 hasten the threads of the destinies set for the future6 ,rideth the orb upon high that heralds boon unto bridegrooms-- ,hesperus1--cometh anon with star propitious the virgin1 ,speedeth thy soul to subdue--submerge it with love at the flood tide4 ,hasten1 ye spindles1 and run1 yea1 gallop1 ye thread-running spindles6 ,erstwhile1 never a home hath roofed like generous loving1 ,never before hath ,love conjoind lovers so dearly1-- ,never with harmony such as endureth for ,thetis and ,peleus4 ,hasten1 ye spindles1 and run1 yea1 gallop1 ye thread-running spindles6 ,born unto you shall be the undaunted heart of ,achilles1 ,aye by his brave breast known1 unknown by his back to the foeman1-- ,victor in onslaught1 victor in devious reach of the race-course1 ,fleeter of foot than feet of the stag that lighten and vanish1-- ,hasten1 ye spindles1 and run1 yea1 gallop1 ye thread-running spindles6 #aib4 ,achilles1 ,son of ,peleus4 ,so the sisters prophesied the future of the hero1 ,achilles1--from his father called ,pelides2 from his grandfather1 acides4 ,how by him the ,trojans should fall1 as fall the ears of corn when they are yellow before the scythe2 how because of him ,scamander should run red1 warm with blood1 choked with blind bodies1 into the whirling ,hellespont2 how finally he himself1 in his prime1 should fall1 and how on his tomb should be sacrificed the fair ,polyxena1 daughter of ,priam1 whom he had loved4 ,so1 says ,catullus1 sang the ,fates4 ,for those were the days before piety and righteous action were spurned by mankind1 the days when ,jupiter and his immortals deigned to consort with zealous man1 to enjoy the sweet odor of his burnt-offering1 to march beside him to battle1 to swell his shout in victory and his lament in defeat1 to smile on his peaceful harvests1 to recline at his banquets1 and to bless the weddings of fair women and goodly heroes4 ,but now1 alas1 concludes ,catullus1 godliness and chastity1 truth1 wisdom1 and honor have departed from among men3 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adi ,wherefore the gods no more vouchsafe their presence to mortals1 ,suffer themselves no more to be touched by the ray of the morning4 ,but there were gods in the pure1--in the golden prime of the ,ages4 ,the hero of the ,trojan ,war1 here prophesied1 ,achilles1 fleet of foot1 the dauntless1 the noble1 the beloved of ,zeus1 the breaker of the ranks of men1 is the ideal hero of the ,greeks1--the mightiest of the ,achans far4 ,of his youth many interesting stories are told3 how his mother1 endeavoring to make him invulnerable1 plunged him in the river ,styx1 and succeeded save with regard to his ankles by which she held him2 and how he was educated in eloquence and the arts of war by his father's friend ,phoenix1 and by his father's other friend ,chiron1 the centaur1 in riding and hunting and music and the art of healing4 ,one of the most ,greek-minded of our ,english poets1 ,matthew ,arnold1#bgi singing of a beauteous dell by ,etna1 tells how ,in such a glen1 on such a day1 ,on ,pelion1 on the grassy ground1 ,chiron1 the aged ,centaur1 lay1 ,the young ,achilles standing by4 ,the ,centaur taught him to explore ,the mountains2 where the glens are dry ,and the tired ,centaurs come to rest1 ,and where the soaking springs abound ,and the straight ashes grow for spears1 ,and where the hill goats come to feed ,and the sea eagles build their nest4 ,he showed him ,phthia far away4 ,and said1 ,o boy1 ,i taught this lore ,to ,peleus1 in long distant years6 ,he told him of the gods1 the stars1 ,the tides2--and then of mortal wars1 ,and of the life which heroes lead ,before they reach the ,elysian place ,and rest in the immortal mead2 ,and all the wisdom of his race4 ,upon the character of ,achilles1 outspoken1 brave1 impulsive2 to his friends passionately devoted1 to his foes implacable2 lover of war and lover of home2 inordinately ambitious but submissive to divine decree2--upon this handsome1 gleaming1 terrible1 glooming1 princely warrior of his race1 the poet of the ,iliad delights to dwell1 and the world has delighted in the portraiture from that day to this4 #aic4 ,atreus was the son of ,pelops and ,hippodamia and grandson of ,tantalus1 therefore great-grandson of ,jove4 ,both by blood and by marriage he was connected with ,theseus4 ,he took to wife ,arope1 granddaughter of ,minos ,,ii1 king of ,crete1 and by her had two sons1 ,agamemnon1 the general of the ,grecian army in the ,trojan ,war1 and ,menelas1 at whose solicitation the war was undertaken4 ,of ,atreus it may be said that with cannibal atrocity like that of his grandsire1 ,tantalus1 he on one occasion wreaked his vengeance on a brother1 ,thyestes1 by causing him to eat the flesh of two of his own children4 ,a son of this ,thyestes1 gisthus by name1 revived in due time against ,agamemnon the treacherous feud that had existed between their fathers4 #aid4 ,tyndareus was king of ,lacedmon 7,sparta74 ,his wife was ,leda1 daughter of ,thestius of ,calydon1 and sister of ,altha1 the mother of ,meleager and ,dejanira4 ,to ,tyndareus ,leda bore ,castor and ,clytemnestra2 to ,jove she bore ,pollux and ,helen4 ,the two former were mortal2 the two latter1 immortal4 ,clytemnestra was married to ,agamemnon of ,mycen1 to whom she bore ,electra1 ,iphigenia1 ,chrysothemis1 and ,orestes4 ,helen1 the fair immediate cause of the ,trojan ,war1 became the wife of ,menelas1 who with her obtained the kingdom of ,sparta4 ,of the families of ,peleus1 ,atreus1 and ,tyndareus1 the genealogies will be found in the ,commentary corresponding with these sections of the story2 also the genealogy of ,ulysses1 one of the leaders of the ,greek army during the war and the hero of the ,odyssey1 which narrates his subsequent adventures2 and that of the royal family of ,troy against whom the war was undertaken4 ,a slight study of these family trees will reveal interesting relationships between the principal participants in the war4 ,for instance3 that the passionate ,achilles and the intolerant ,ajax1 second only to ,achilles in military prowess1 are first cousins2 and that the family of ,ajax is connected by marriage with that of the ,trojan ,hector1 whom he meets in combat4 ,that ,ulysses is a distant cousin of his wife ,penelope and of ,clytemnestra1 the wife of ,agamemnon2 and that he is a kinsman of ,patroclus1 the bosom friend of ,achilles4 ,in the family of ,tyndareus we note most the tragic and romantic careers of the women1--,clytemnestra1 who murdered her husband and married his cousin gisthus2 ,helen1 whose beauty provoked war between her two husbands and their races2 ,penelope1 whose fidelity to her absent lord is the marvel of the ,odyssey4 ,it will be noticed1 too1 that the daughter of ,helen1 ,hermione1 is strangely enough married first by the son of ,achilles and1 afterwards1 by the son of ,agamemnon1 and so becomes sister-in-law to her noble cousins1 ,electra and ,iphigenia4 ,the kinsmen and descendants of ,peleus--,telamon1 ,ajax1 ,teucer1 ,achilles1 ,neoptolemus--are characterized by their personal valor1 their intolerant and resentful temper4 ,in the family of ,atreus1 the men are remarkable for their kingly attributes2 the principal women for their unwavering devotion to religious duty4 ,the members of the royal family of ,troy are of richly varied and most unusual individuality3 like ,tithonus and ,memnon1 ,paris1 ,hesione1 ,cassandra and ,polyxena1 poetic and pathetic2 like ,laomedon1 ,priam1 ,hector and ,troilus1 patriotic1 persistent in the face of overwhelming odds2 but all fated to a dolorous end4 ,of those engaged in the ,trojan ,war1 neas and his aged father1 ,anchises1 beloved of ,venus1 are practically the only survivors to a happier day4 ,,footnotes3 #bgg ,ovid1 ,metam4 #aa1 #bba-bfe2 ,catullus1 ,,lxiv2 ,hyginus1 ,fab4 #ad2 ,apollonius ,rhodius4 ,argon4 #a1 #eeh2 ,valerius ,flaccus1 ,argon42 ,statius1 ,achilleid4 #bgh ,catullus1 ,,lxiv 7,charles ,mills ,gayley's translation74 #bgi ,empedocles on ,etna4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aej4 ,,helen ,,persuaded ,,chapter ,,xxii ,,the ,,trojan ,,war 444 ,at length ,i saw a lady within call1 ,stiller than chisel'd marble1 standing there3 ,a daughter of the gods1 divinely tall1 ,and most divinely fair4 ,her loveliness with shame and with surprise ,froze my swift speech3 she turning on my face ,the starlike sorrows of immortal eyes1 ,spoke slowly in her place4 ,i had great beauty2 ask thou not my name3 ,no one can be more wise than destiny4 ,many drew swords and died4 ,where'er ,i came ,i brought calamity4#bhj #aie4 ,its ,origin4 ,at the nuptials of ,peleus and ,thetis all the gods had been invited with the exception of ,eris1 or ,discord4 ,enraged at her exclusion1 the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests1 with the inscription1 ,for the fairest4 ,thereupon ,juno1 ,venus1 and ,minerva each claimed the apple4 ,not willing to decide so delicate a matter1 ,jupiter sent the goddesses to ,mount ,ida where ,paris1 son of ,priam1 king of ,troy1 was tending his flocks4 ,till that moment the shepherd-prince had been happy4 ,he was young and beautiful and beloved1--,white-breasted like a star1 says ,,oenone1 the nymph whom he had wedded3 ,white-breasted like a star ,fronting the dawn he moved2 a leopard skin ,dropp'd from his shoulder1 but his sunny hair ,cluster'd about his temples like a god's3 ,and his cheek brighten'd as the foam-bow brightens ,when the wind blows the foam1 and all my heart ,went forth to embrace him coming ere he came4#a ,but to him was now committed the judgment between the goddesses4 ,they appeared3 ,and at their feet the crocus brake like fire1 ,violet1 amaracus1 and asphodel1 ,lotos and lilies3 and a wind arose1 ,and overhead the wandering ivy and vine1 ,this way and that1 in many a wild festoon ,ran riot1 garlanding the gnarld boughs ,with bunch and berry and flower thro' and thro'4#bha ,juno promised him power and riches1 ,minerva glory and renown in war1 ,venus the fairest of women for his wife1--each attempting to bias the judge in her own favor4 ,paris1 forgetting the fair nymph to whom he owed fealty1 decided in favor of ,venus1 thus making the two other goddesses his enemies4 ,under the protection of the goddess of love1 he soon afterwards sailed to ,greece4 ,here he was hospitably received by ,menelas1 whose wife1 ,helen1 as fairest of her sex1 was unfortunately the prize destined for ,paris4 ,this fair queen had in time past been sought by numerous suitors2 but before her decision was made known1 they all1 at the suggestion of ,ulysses1 son of ,lartes1 king of ,ithaca1 had taken an oath that they would sustain her choice and avenge her cause if necessary4 ,she was living happily with ,menelas when ,paris1 becoming their guest1 made love to her1 and then1 aided by ,venus1 persuaded her to elope with him1 and carried her to ,troy4 ,from this cause arose the famous ,trojan ,war1--the theme of the greatest poems of antiquity1 those of ,homer and ,virgil4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aea4 ,,achilles ,,taken ,,from ,,scyros ,menelas called upon the chieftains of ,greece to aid him in recovering his wife4 ,they came forward with a few exceptions4 ,ulysses1 for instance1 who had married a cousin of ,helen's1 ,penelope1 daughter of ,icarius1 was happy in his wife and child1 and loth to embark in the troublesome affair4 ,palamedes was sent to urge him4 ,but when ,palamedes arrived at ,ithaca1 ,ulysses pretended madness4 ,he yoked an ass and an ox together to the plow and began to sow salt4 ,the ambassador1 to try him1 placed the infant ,telemachus before the plow1 whereupon the father1 turning the plow aside1 showed that his insanity was a mere pretense4 ,being himself gained for the undertaking1 ,ulysses lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs1 especially ,achilles1 son of ,peleus and ,thetis4 ,thetis being herself one of the immortals1 and knowing that her son was fated to perish before ,troy if he went on the expedition1 endeavored to prevent his going4 ,she1 accordingly1 sent him to the court of ,king ,lycomedes of the island of ,scyros1 and induced him to conceal himself in the garb of a maiden among the daughters of the king4 ,hearing that the young ,achilles was there1 ,ulysses went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments1 among which had been placed some arms4 ,forgetting the part he had assumed1 ,achilles handled the weapons and thereby betrayed himself to ,ulysses1 who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother's counsels and join his countrymen in the war4 ,it seems that from early youth ,paris had been reared in obscurity1 because there were forebodings that he would be the ruin of the state4 ,these forebodings appeared1 at last1 likely to be realized2 for the ,grecian armament now in preparation was the greatest that had ever been fitted out4 ,agamemnon1 king of ,mycen and brother of ,menelas1 was chosen commander in chief4 ,preminent among the warriors was the swift-footed ,achilles4 ,after him ranked his cousin ,ajax1 the son of ,telamon1 gigantic in size and of great courage1 but dull of intellect2 ,diomede1 the son of ,tydeus1 second only to ,achilles in all the qualities of a hero2 ,ulysses1 famous for sagacity2 and ,nestor1 the oldest of the ,grecian chiefs1 to whom they all looked up for counsel4 ,but ,troy was no feeble enemy4 ,priam the king1 son of ,laomedon and brother of ,tithonus and ,hesione1 was now old2 but he had been a wise prince and had strengthened his state by good government at home and powerful alliances with his neighbors4 ,by his wife ,hecuba he had a numerous family2 but the principal stay and support of his throne was his son ,hector1 one of the noblest figures of antiquity4 ,the latter had1 from the first1 a presentiment of the ruin of ,troy1 but still he persevered in heroic resistance1 though he by no means justified the wrong which brought this danger upon his country4 ,he was united in marriage with the noble ,andromache1 and as husband and father his character was not less admirable than as warrior4 ,the principal leaders on the side of the ,trojans1 beside ,hector1 were his relative1 neas1 the son of ,venus and ,anchises1 ,deiphobus1 ,glaucus1 and ,sarpedon4 #aif4 ,iphigenia in ,aulis4 ,after two years of preparation1 the ,greek fleet and army assembled in the port of ,aulis in ,boeotia4 ,here ,agamemnon1 while hunting1 killed a stag that was sacred to ,diana4 ,the goddess in retribution visited the army with pestilence and produced a calm which prevented the ships from leaving the port4 ,thereupon1 ,calchas the soothsayer announced that the wrath of the virgin goddess could only be appeased by the sacrifice of a virgin1 and that none other but the daughter of the offender would be acceptable4 ,agamemnon1 however reluctant1 submitted to the inevitable and sent for his daughter ,iphigenia1 under the pretense that her marriage to ,achilles was to be at once performed4 ,but1 in the moment of sacrifice1 ,diana1 relenting1 snatched the maiden away and left a hind in her place4 ,iphigenia1 enveloped in a cloud1 was conveyed to ,tauris1 where ,diana made her priestess of her temple4#bhb ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4 ,,the ,,sacrifice ,,of ,,iphigenia ,iphigenia is represented as thus describing her feelings at the moment of sacrifice3 ,i was cut off from hope in that sad place1 ,which men call'd ,aulis in those iron years3 ,my father held his hand upon his face2 ,i1 blinded with my tears1 ,still strove to speak3 my voice was thick with sighs ,as in a dream4 ,dimly ,i could descry ,the stern black-bearded kings1 with wolfish eyes ,waiting to see me die4 ,the high masts flicker'd as they lay afloat2 ,the crowds1 the temples1 waver'd1 and the shore2 ,the bright death quiver'd at the victim's throat2 ,touch'd2 and ,i knew no more4#bhc #aig4 ,protesilas and ,laodamia4 ,the wind now proving fair1 the fleet made sail and brought the forces to the coast of ,troy4 ,the ,trojans opposed their landing1 and at the first onset one of the noblest of the ,greeks1 ,protesilas1 fell by the hand of ,hector4 ,this ,protesilas had left at home his wife ,laodamia 7a niece of ,alcestis71--who was most tenderly attached to him4 ,the story runs that when the news of his death reached her1 she implored the gods for leave to converse with him if but for three hours4 ,the request was granted4 ,mercury led ,protesilas back to the upper world2 and when the hero died a second time ,laodamia died with him4 ,it is said that the nymphs planted elm trees round his grave1 which flourished till they were high enough to command a view of ,troy1 then withered away1 giving place to fresh branches that sprang from the roots4 ,wordsworth has taken the story of ,protesilas and ,laodamia for a poem invested with the atmosphere of the classics4 ,the oracle1 according to the tradition1 had declared that victory should be the lot of that party from which should fall the first victim in the war4 ,the poet represents ,protesilas1 on his brief return to earth1 relating to ,laodamia the story of his fate3 ,the wished-for wind was given3--,i then revolved ,the oracle1 upon the silent sea2 ,and1 if no worthier led the way1 resolved ,that1 of a thousand vessels1 mine should be ,the foremost prow in pressing to the strand1-- ,mine the first blood that tinged the ,trojan sand4 ,yet bitter1 ofttimes bitter1 was the pang ,when of thy loss ,i thought1 belovd ,wife6 ,on thee too fondly did my memory hang1 ,and on the joys we shared in mortal life1-- ,the paths which we had trod--these fountains1 flowers1 ,my new-planned cities1 and unfinished towers4 ,but should suspense permit the foe to cry1 ',behold they tremble6--haughty their array1 ,yet of their number no one dares to die'8 ,in soul ,i swept the indignity away3 ,old frailties then recurred3--but lofty thought1 ,in act embodied1 my deliverance wrought4444 444 ,upon the side ,of ,hellespont 7such faith was entertained7 ,a knot of spiry trees for ages grew ,from out the tomb of him for whom she died2 ,and ever1 when such stature they had gained ,that ,ilium's walls were subject to their view1 ,the trees' tall summits withered at the sight2 ,a constant interchange of growth and blight6 #aih4 ,homer's ,iliad4 ,the war continued without decisive result for nine years4 ,then an event occurred which seemed likely to prove fatal to the cause of the ,greeks1--a quarrel between ,achilles and ,agamemnon4 ,it is at this point that the great poem of ,homer1 the ,iliad1 begins4 ,of this and the other epics from which the story is drawn an account will be found in ,chapter ,,xxxii below2 and a list of the best ,english translations1 in the corresponding sections of the ,commentary4 ,what delight one may derive from reading the ,greek epics even in translation is nowhere better expressed than in the following sonnet of ,john ,keats1 ,on ,first ,looking into ,chapman's ,homer3 ,much have ,i travel'd in the realms of gold1 ,and many goodly states and kingdoms seen2 ,round many western islands have ,i been ,which bards in fealty to ,apollo hold4 ,oft of one wide expanse had ,i been told ,that deep-brow'd ,homer ruled as his demesne3 ,yet did ,i never breathe its pure serene ,till ,i heard ,chapman speak out loud and bold3 --,then felt ,i like some watcher of the skies ,when a new planet swims into his ken2 ,or like stout ,cortez when with eagle eyes ,he stared at the ,pacific--and all his men ,look'd at each other with a wild surmise-- ,silent1 upon a peak in ,darien4 #aii4 ,the ,wrath of ,achilles4 ,the ,greeks1 though unsuccessful against ,troy1 had taken the neighboring and allied cities2 and in the division of the spoil a female captive1 by name ,chryses1 daughter of ,chryses1 priest of ,apollo1 had fallen to the share of ,agamemnon4 ,chryses came bearing the sacred emblems of his office and begged the release of his daughter4 ,agamemnon refused4 ,thereupon ,chryses implored ,apollo to afflict the ,greeks till they should be forced to yield their prey4 ,apollo granted the prayer of his priest and sent such pestilence upon the ,grecian camp1 that a council was called to deliberate how to allay the wrath of the gods and avert the plague4 ,achilles boldly charged the misfortunes upon ,agamemnon as caused by his withholding ,chryses4 ,agamemnon1 in anger1 consented1 thereupon1 to relinquish his captive1 but demanded that ,achilles should yield to him in her stead ,brises1 a maiden who had fallen to that hero's share in the division of the spoil4 ,achilles submitted1 but declared that he would take no further part in the war1--withdrew his forces from the general camp and avowed his intention of returning to ,greece4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aec4 ,,the ,,surrender ,,of ,,brise,s ,from the relief by ,thorwaldsen #bjj4 ,the ,enlistment of the ,gods4 ,the gods and goddesses interested themselves as much in this famous siege as did the parties themselves4 ,it was well known in heaven that fate had decreed the fall of ,troy1 if her enemies only persevered4 ,yet there was room for chance sufficient to excite by turns the hopes and fears of the powers above who took part with either side4 ,juno and ,minerva1 in consequence of the slight put upon their charms by ,paris1 were hostile to the ,trojans2 ,venus for the opposite cause favored them2 she enlisted1 also1 her admirer ,mars on the same side4 ,neptune favored the ,greeks4 ,apollo was neutral1 sometimes taking one side1 sometimes the other4 ,jove himself1 though he loved ,priam1 exercised a degree of impartiality1--not1 however1 without exceptions4 #bja4 ,thetis intercedes for ,achilles4 ,resenting the injury done by ,agamemnon to her son1 ,thetis1 the silver-footed1 repaired to ,jove's palace1 and besought him to grant success to the ,trojan arms and so make the ,greeks repent of their injustice to ,achilles4 ,the father of the gods1 wavering at first1 finally sighed and consented1 saying1 ,go thou now1 but look to it that ,juno see thee not1 for oft she taunts me that ,i aid the ,trojan cause4 ,vain precaution3 the jealous queen had seen only too well1 and quickly she confronted the ,thunderer with her suspicions1-- ,fateful favor to ,achilles1 hast thou granted now ,i trow6 said she4 ,zeus that rolls the clouds of heaven1 her addressing answered then3 ,moonstruck6 thou art ever trowing2 never ,i escape thy ken4 ,after all1 it boots thee nothing2 leaves thee of my heart the less1-- ,so thou hast the worser bargain4 ,what if ,i the fact confess8 ,it was done because ,i willed it4 ,hold thy place--my word obey1 ,lest if ,i come near1 and on thee these unconquered hands ,i lay1 ,all the gods that hold ,olympus naught avail thee here to-day4#bhd #bjb4 ,agamemnon calls a ,council4 ,in the events which immediately follow we are introduced to the more important human personages on both sides4 ,to begin with1 ,agamemnon1 king of men1 deceived by a dream sent by ,jupiter1 calls a council of the ,greeks in which1 desiring to arouse them to fresh onslaught upon the ,trojans1 he tests their patience first by depicting the joys of the return home to ,greece1 and nearly overreaches himself in his cunning2 for had it not been for the wise ,nestor1 king of sandy ,pylos1 and ,ulysses of many devices1 peer of ,jove in wisdom1 the common soldiers1 fired with hope of viewing their dear native land and wives and little children once more1 would have launched the ships and sailed forthwith4 ,among the murmuring host of those who clamor for retreat the leader is ,thersites1 uncontrolled of speech1 full of disorderly words1 striving idly against the chieftains1 aiming ever to turn their authority into ridicule4 ,he is the one ludicrous character of the ,iliad1 this boaster and scandalmonger1 sneering and turbulent of tongue3 ,his figure such as might his soul proclaim2 ,one eye was blinking1 and one leg was lame2 ,his mountain shoulders half his breast o'erspread1 ,thin hairs bestrewed his long misshapen head4 ,spleen to mankind his envious heart possest1 ,and much he hated all1 but most the best4 ,ulysses or ,achilles still his theme2 ,but royal scandal his delight supreme4#a ,him ,ulysses hearing rebukes1 raising his scepter to strike3 ,peace1 factious monster1 born to vex the state1 ,with wrangling talents formed for foul debate4444 ,have we not known thee1 slave of all our host1 ,the man who acts the least1 upbraids the most8444 ,he said1 and cowering as the dastard bends1 ,the weighty scepter on his back descends3 ,on the round bunch the bloody tumors rise2 ,the tears spring starting from his haggard eyes3 ,trembling he sat1 and1 shrunk in abject fears1 ,from his wild visage wiped the scalding tears4#bhe ,the revolt is thus stayed4 ,a banquet of the ,greek chieftains is then held1 merely of the greatest--,nestor1 ,idomeneus of ,crete1 ,ajax the son of ,telamon and cousin of ,achilles1 and ,ajax the less1 son of ,oleus1 ,ulysses1 also1 and ,agamemnon himself4 ,menelas comes1 unbid but not unwelcome4 ,sacrifices are offered1 but in vain2 ,jove heeds them not4 ,finally1 a muster of the ,greek troops1 by nations and by kings1 is determined upon2 and so the army is set in array4 #bjc4 ,paris plays the ,champion4 ,likewise the army of the ,trojans2 and battle is about to be joined when forth from the ,trojan ranks steps ,paris himself to challenge some champion of the opposing host to single combat1--the beauteous ,paris1 ,in form a god6 ,the panther's speckled hide ,flowed o'er his armor with an easy pride1-- ,his bended bow across his shoulders flung1 ,his sword beside him negligently hung1 ,two pointed spears he shook with gallant grace1 ,and dared the bravest of the ,grecian race4#a ,him1 ,menelas whom he had betrayed1 ,menelas loved of ,mars1 raging like a lion1 swift espies and1 leaping from his chariot1 hastens to encounter4 ,but ,paris1 smitten with a sense of his own treachery1 fearful1 trembling1 pale at sight of the avenger1 betakes himself to his heels and hides in the thick of the forces behind4 ,upbraided1 however1 by the generous ,hector1 noblest of ,priam's sons1 the handsome ,trojan recovers his self-possession and consents to meet ,menelas in formal combat between the opposing hosts3 ,helen and the wealth she brought to be the prize2 and1 thus1 the long war to reach its termination4 ,the ,greeks accept the proposal1 and a truce is agreed upon that sacrifices may be made on either side for victory1 and the duel proceed4 #bjd4 ,helen surveys the ,grecian ,host4 ,meantime1 ,iris1 the goddess of the rainbow1 summons ,helen to view the impending duel4 ,at her loom in the ,trojan palace the ill-starred daughter of ,leda is sitting1 weaving in a golden web her own sad story4 ,at memory of her former husband's love1 her home1 her parents1 the princess drops a tear2 then1 softly sighing1 turns her footsteps to the ,scan gate4 ,no word is said of her matchless beauty1 but what it was ,homer shows us by its effect4 ,for as she approaches the tower where aged ,priam and his gray-haired chieftains sit1 these cry1-- ,no wonder such celestial charms ,for nine long years have set the world in arms2 ,what winning graces6 what majestic mien6 ,she moves a goddess1 and she looks a queen4 ,yet hence1 oh ,heaven6 convey that fatal face1 ,and from destruction save the ,trojan race4#bhf --,words rechoed by our ,english ,marlowe1 two thousand years later3 ,was this the face that launched a thousand ships1 ,and burnt the topless towers of ,ilium8 ,sweet ,helen1 make me immortal with a kiss4-- ,her lips suck forth my soul3 see1 where it flies6 ,come1 ,helen1 come1 give me my soul again6 ,here will ,i dwell1 for heaven is in these lips1 ,and all is dross that is not ,helena4444 ,oh1 thou art fairer than the evening air ,clad in the beauty of a thousand stars2 ,brighter art thou than flaming ,jupiter ,when he appeared to hapless ,semele2444 ,and none but thou shalt be my paramour6#bhg ,priam1 receiving his daughter-in-law tenderly1 inquires of her the names of one and another of the ,greeks moving on the plain below4-- ,who1 that ,around whose brow such martial graces shine1 ,so tall1 so awful1 and almost divine8#b ,the son of ,atreus1 answers she1 shamefacedly4 ,agamemnon1 king of kings1 my brother once1 before my days of shame4 ,what's he whose arms lie scattered on the plain8 ,broad is his breast1 his shoulders larger spread1 ,though great ,atrides overtops his head4 ,nor yet appear his care and conduct small2 ,from rank to rank he moves and orders all4#b ,that is ,ulysses1 replies ,helen1 of the barren isle of ,ithaca2 but his fame for wisdom fills the earth4 ,old ,antenor1 seated by ,priam's side1 thereupon recalls the modesty and the restrained but moving eloquence of the wondrous son of ,lartes4 ,the king then asked1 as yet the camp he viewed1 ,what chief is that1 with giant strength endued2 ,whose brawny shoulders1 and whose swelling chest1 ,and lofty stature1 far exceed the rest8#bhh ,that is ,ajax the great1 responds the beauteous queen1 himself a host1 bulwark of the ,achans4 ,and she points out ,idomeneus1 also1 the godlike king of ,crete2 then scans the array for her own dear brothers ,castor and ,pollux2--in vain1 for them the life-giving earth held fast there in ,lacedmon1 their native land4 #bje4 ,menelas defeats ,paris4 ,now from both sides sacrifices have been made to ,jove1 avenger of oaths1 with prayer for victory and vow of fidelity to the contract made4 ,but ,jove vouchsafes not yet fulfillment4 ,the lists are measured out by ,hector and ,ulysses4 ,the duel is on4 ,paris throws his spear3 it strikes1 but fails to penetrate the shield of ,menelas4 ,menelas then breaks his blade upon the helmet of the ,trojan1 seizes him by the horsehair crest1 and drags him toward the ,grecian lines4 ,but ,aphrodite touches the chin strap of ,paris' headpiece so that it breaks and leaves the futile helmet in the victor's hand4 ,then1 wrapping her favorite in a mist1 the goddess bears him from the pursuit of the furious ,menelas1 and1 laying him safe in ,helen's chamber1 summons his mistress1 who first upbraids1 then soothes him with her love4 ,the ,greeks claim the victory1 and with justice4 ,the ,trojans1 then and there1 would have yielded ,helen and her wealth1 and the fate of ,troy might have been averted1 had it not been for the machinations of the goddesses1 ,juno and ,minerva4 ,these could not bear that the hated city should thus escape4 ,prompted by the insidious urging of ,minerva1 one of the ,trojans1 ,pandarus1 breaks the truce2 he shoots his arrow full at the heart of the unsuspecting ,menelas4 ,minerva1 of course1 deflects the fatal shaft4 ,but the treachery has accomplished its purpose2 the war is reopened with fresh bitterness4 #bjf4 ,the ,two ,days' ,battle4 ,the battle which then begins lasts for two whole days4 ,in its progress we witness a series of single combats4 ,pandarus the archer wounds ,diomede1 the son of ,tydeus4 ,he in turn1 raging over the plain1 fells ,pandarus with his spear and crushes neas1 ,priam's valiant kinsman1 to his knees with a great stone4 ,venus shrouds her fallen son in her shining veil and will rescue him4 ,but ,diomedes1 clear of vision1 spies her out and drives his pointed spear against her hand1 grazing the palm of it4 ,out leaps the ichor1 life-stream of the blessed gods1 and the goddess shrieking drops her burden and flees from the jeering ,diomede2--nay1 mounts even to ,olympus where1 sobbing in the arms of her mother1 ,dione1 she finds solace of her pain1 and straightway turns to hopes of vengeance4 neas1 meantime1 is wrapped by ,phoebus ,apollo in a dusky cloud and borne aloft to that god's temple1 where ,diana and ,latona heal him4 ,to ,diomede still breathing slaughter1 the god of war himself1 ,mars1 now appears in form of a ,thracian captain1 opposing him and stirring ,hector and the swiftly recovered neas and the godlike ,sarpedon against the ,greeks4 ,and the ,greeks give back1 but the keen eye of ,diomede pierces the disguise of the ,war-god1 and he shouts a warning to his comrades4 ,then ,minerva descends to where ,diomede1 the son of ,tydeus1 is resting beside his chariot1 and she spurs him afresh to the fray4 ,thou joy of my heart1 says she1 fear thou neither ,mars nor any other of the immortals1 for ,i shall help thee mightily4 ,so she takes the place of his charioteer1 and together they drive upon the ,war-god4 ,and that one cannot come at the son of ,tydeus to strike him down1 because of the ward that ,minerva vouchsafes4 ,but1 for his part1 ,diomede strikes his spear against the nethermost belly of ,mars and wounds him1 rending his fair skin2 and he plucks forth the spear again4 ,then brazen ,mars bellows loud as nine or ten thousand soldiers all at once2 and1 like ,venus before him1 betakes himself to ,olympus4 ,there1 complaining to ,jove1 he receives stern reprimand for his intolerant and hateful spirit1 stirring men ever to strife1--like thine own mother ,juno1 after whom1 not after me1 thou takest4 ,thus1 the father of the gods2 and he makes an end1 and bids ,pan1 the family physician1 heal him4 ,diomedes1 still bearing down upon the ,trojans1 is about to fight with a young warrior when1 struck by his appearance1 he inquires his name4 ,it is ,glaucus1 and the youth is grandson of the noble ,bellerophon4 ,then ,diomede of the loud war cry is glad and strikes his spear into the earth and declines to fight4 ,for lo1 says he1 our grandfathers were guest-friends1 and guest-friends are we4 ,why slay each other8 ,there are multitudes of ,trojans for me to slay1 and for thee ,achans in multitude1 if thou canst4 ,let us twain rather exchange arms as a testimony of our good faith4 ,and this they do2 and ,diomede gets the best of the bargain1 his armor being worth but nine oxen1 and young ,glaucus' five score4 #bjg4 ,hector and ,andromache4 ,the ,trojans being still pushed nearer to their own walls1 ,hector1 bravest of ,priam's sons1 returns to the city to urge the women to prayer1 and to carry the loitering ,paris back with him to the defense4 ,here he meets his brave mother ,hecuba1 and then the fair ,helen2 but most to our purpose and his1 his wife1 the white-armed ,andromache1 the noblest of the women of the ,iliad1 for whom he has searched in vain4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aed4 ,,hector',s ,,farewell ,from the relief by ,thorwaldsen ,but when he had passed through the great city and was come to the ,scan gates1 whereby he was minded to issue upon the plain1 then came his dear-won wife1 running to meet him1 even ,andromache1 daughter of great-hearted ,etion4444 ,so she met him now2 and with her went the handmaid bearing in her bosom the tender boy1 the little child1 ,hector's loved son1 like unto a beautiful star4 ,him ,hector called ,scamandrius1 but all the folk ,astyanax1 defender of the city4 ,so now he smiled and gazed at his boy silently1 and ,andromache stood by his side weeping1 and clasped her hand in his1 and spake and called upon his name4 ,dear my lord1 this thy hardihood will undo thee1 neither hast thou any pity for thine infant boy1 nor for hapless me that soon shall be thy widow2 for soon will the ,achans all set upon thee and slay thee4 ,but it were better for me to go down to the grave if ,i lose thee2 for nevermore will any comfort be mine1 when once thou1 even thou1 hast met thy fate1--but only sorrow4 ,moreover ,i have no father1 now1 nor lady mother4444 ,and the seven brothers that were mine within our halls1 all these on the selfsame day went within the house of ,hades2 for fleet-footed1 goodly ,achilles slew them all amid their kine of trailing gait and white-faced sheep4444 ,nay1 ,hector1 thou art to me father and lady mother1 yea and brother1 even as thou art my goodly husband4 ,come now1 have pity and abide here upon the tower1 lest thou make thy child an orphan and thy wife a widow4 444 ,then great ,hector of the glancing helm answered her3 ,surely ,i take thought for all these things1 my wife2 but ,i have very sore shame of the ,trojans and ,trojan dames with trailing robes1 if like a coward ,i shrink away from battle4 ,moreover mine own soul forbiddeth me1 seeing ,i have learnt ever to be valiant and fight in the forefront of the ,trojans1 winning my father's great glory and mine own4 ,yea of a surety1 ,i know this in heart and soul2 the day shall come for holy ,ilios to be laid low1 and ,priam and the folk of ,priam of the good ashen spear4 ,yet doth the anguish of the ,trojans hereafter not so much trouble me1 neither ,hecuba's own1 neither king ,priam's1 neither my brethren's1 the many and brave that shall fall in the dust before their foemen1 as doth thine anguish in the day when some mail-clad ,achan shall lead thee weeping1 and rob thee of the light of freedom4444 ,but me in death may the heaped-up earth be covering1 ere ,i hear thy crying and thy carrying into captivity4#bhi ,so spoke the great-hearted hero1 and stretched his arms out to take his little boy4 ,but ,the babe clung crying to his nurse's breast1 ,scared at the dazzling helm1 and nodding crest4 ,with secret pleasure each fond parent smiled1 ,and ,hector hasted to relieve his child1-- ,the glittering terrors from his brows unbound ,and placed the beaming helmet on the ground4 ,then kissed the child1 and1 lifting high in air1 ,thus to the gods1 preferred a father's prayer3 ,o thou6 whose glory fills the ethereal throne1 ,and all ye deathless powers6 protect my son6 ,grant him1 like me1 to purchase just renown1 ,to guard the ,trojans1 to defend the crown1 ,against his country's foes the war to wage4 ,and rise the ,hector of the future age6 ,so when1 triumphant from successive toils ,of heroes slain1 he bears the reeking spoils1 ,whole hosts may hail him with deserved acclaim ,and say1 ',this chief transcends his father's fame'3 ,while1 pleased1 amidst the general shouts of ,troy1 ,his mother's conscious heart o'erflows with joy4#bij ,so prayed he1 the glorious ,hector1 foreboding of the future1 but little thinking that1 when he himself was slain and the city sacked1 his starlike son should be cast headlong to death from ,troy's high towers1 and his dear wife led into captivity as he had dreaded1 indeed1 and by none other than ,neoptolemus1 the son of his mortal foe1 ,achilles4 ,but now ,hector laid the boy in the arms of his wife1 and she1 smiling tearfully1 gathered him to her fragrant bosom2 and her husband pitied her1 and caressed her with his hand1 and bade her farewell1 saying3 ,andromache6 my soul's far better part1 ,why with untimely sorrows heaves thy heart8 ,no hostile hand can antedate my doom1 ,till fate condemns me to the silent tomb4 ,fixed is the term to all the race of earth2 ,and such the hard condition of our birth1 ,no force can then resist1 no flight can save2 ,all sink alike1 the fearful and the brave4 ,no more--but hasten to thy tasks at home1 ,there guide the spindle1 and direct the loom2 ,me glory summons to the martial scene1 ,the field of combat is the sphere for men4 ,where heroes war1 the foremost place ,i claim1 ,the first in danger1 as the first in fame4#bia ,he took up his horsehair crested helmet2 and she departed to her home1 oft looking back and letting fall big tears1 thinking that he would no more come back from battle4 #bjh4 ,neptune aids the ,discouraged ,greeks4 ,but the end was not to be so soon4 ,hector1 returning to the field1 challenged the bravest of the ,greeks to combat4 ,nine accepted the challenge2 but the lot fell upon ,ajax1 the son of ,telamon4 ,the duel lasted till night1 with deeds of valor on both sides2 and the heroes parted1 each testifying to his foeman's worth4 ,the next day a truce was declared for the burning of the dead2 but1 soon after1 the conflict was renewed1 and before the might of ,hector and his troops the ,greeks were driven back to their trenches4 ,then ,agamemnon1 king of men1 called another council of his wisest and bravest chiefs and1 grievously discouraged1 proposed1 this time in earnest1 that they rembark and sail home to ,greece4#bib ,in the debate that ensued ,nestor advised that an embassy should be sent to ,achilles persuading him to return to the field2 and that ,agamemnon should yield the maiden1 the cause of dispute1 with ample gifts to atone for the wrong he had done4 ,agamemnon assented2 and ,ulysses1 ,ajax1 and ,phoenix were sent to carry to ,achilles the penitent message4 ,they performed that duty1 but ,achilles was deaf to their entreaties4 ,he positively refused to return to the attack and persisted in his determination to embark for ,greece without delay4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aee4 ,,the ,,embassy ,,to ,,achilles 7,left section7 ,meanwhile the ,greeks1 having constructed a rampart around their ships1 were now1 instead of besieging ,troy1 in a manner themselves besieged1 within their rampart4 ,the next day after the unsuccessful embassy to ,achilles1 another battle was fought1 in which ,agamemnon raged mightily with his spear till1 wounded1 he was forced to retire to the hollow ships2 and ,ulysses1 too1 bravely warring1 had a narrow escape with life4#bic ,then the ,trojans1 favored by ,jove1 succeeded in forcing a passage through the ,grecian rampart and were about to set fire to the ships4 ,but ,neptune1 seeing the ,greeks hard pressed1 came to their rescue4#bid ,appearing in the form of ,calchas the prophet1 he raised the ardor of the warriors to such a pitch that they forced the ,trojans to give way4 ,here ,ajax1 son of ,telamon1 performed prodigies of valor4 ,bearing his massy shield and shaking his far-shadowing spear1 he encountered ,hector4#bie ,the ,greek shouted defiance1 to which ,hector replied1 and hurled his lance at the huge warrior4 ,it was well aimed and struck ,ajax where the belts that bore his sword and shield crossed each other on the breast1 but the double guard prevented its penetrating1 and it fell harmless4 ,then ,ajax1 seizing a huge stone1 one of those that served to prop the ships1 hurled it at ,hector4 ,it struck him near the neck and stretched him on the plain4 ,his followers instantly seized him and bore him off stunned and wounded4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aef4 ,,the ,,embassy ,,to ,,achilles 7,right ,section7 #bji4 ,jupiter inspirits the ,trojans4 ,while ,neptune was thus aiding the ,greeks and driving back the ,trojans1 ,jupiter saw nothing of what was going on1 for his attention had been drawn from the field by the wiles of ,juno4#bif ,that goddess had arrayed herself in all her charms1 and to crown all had borrowed of ,venus her girdle1 the ,cestus1 which enhanced the wearer's charms to such a degree that they were irresistible4 ,so prepared1 ,juno had joined her husband1 who sat on ,olympus watching the battle4 ,when he beheld her1 the fondness of his early love revived and1 forgetting the contending armies and all other affairs of state1 he gave himself up to her and let the battle go as it would4 ,but this oblivion did not continue long4 ,when1 upon turning his eyes downward1 the cloud-compeller beheld ,hector stretched1 almost lifeless1 on the plain1 he angrily dismissed ,juno1 commanding her to send ,iris and ,apollo to him4#big ,the former bore a peremptory message to ,neptune1 ordering him to quit the contest4 ,apollo was dispatched to heal ,hector's bruises and to inspirit his heart4 ,these orders were obeyed with such speed that while the battle was still raging1 ,hector returned to the field and ,neptune betook himself to his own dominions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4 ,,the ,,battle ,,by ,,the ,,ships #baj4 ,achilles and ,patroclus4 ,an arrow from the bow of ,paris had wounded ,machaon1 son of sculapius1 a brave warrior1 who1 having inherited his father's art1 was of great value to the ,greeks as their surgeon4 ,nestor1 taking ,machaon in his chariot1 conveyed him from the field4 ,as they passed the ships of ,achilles1 that hero1 looking over the battle1 saw the chariot of ,nestor1 and recognized the old chief1 but could not discern who the wounded warrior was4 ,calling ,patroclus1 his companion and dearest friend1 he sent him to ,nestor's tent to inquire4 ,patroclus1 performing the behest1 saw ,machaon wounded and1 having told the cause of his coming1 would have hastened away1 but ,nestor detained him to tell him the extent of the ,grecian calamities4 ,he reminded him also how1 at the time of the departure for ,troy1 ,achilles and himself had been charged by their respective sires3 the one to aspire to the highest pitch of glory2 the other1 as the elder1 to keep watch over his friend and to guide his inexperience4 ,now1 said ,nestor1 is the time for such guidance4 ,if the gods so please1 thou mayest win ,achilles back to the common cause2 but if not1 let him at least send his soldiers to the field1 and come thou1 ,patroclus1 clad in his armor4 ,perhaps the very sight of it may drive back the ,trojans4#bih #baa4 ,patroclus in the ,armor of ,achilles4 ,patroclus1 strongly moved by this address1 hastened to his friend1 revolving in his mind what he had seen and heard4#bii ,he told the prince the sad condition of affairs at the camp of their late associates2 ,diomede1 ,ulysses1 ,agamemnon1 ,machaon1 all wounded1 the rampart broken down1 the enemy among the ships preparing to burn them and thus to cut off all means of return to ,greece4 ,while they spoke1 the flames burst forth from one of the ships4 ,achilles1 at the sight1 relented so far as to intrust ,patroclus with the ,myrmidons for the onslaught and to lend him his armor that he might thereby strike the more terror into the minds of the ,trojans4 ,without delay the soldiers were marshaled1 ,patroclus put on the radiant armor1 mounted the chariot of ,achilles1 and led forth the men ardent for battle4 ,but before his friend went1 ,achilles strictly charged him to be content with repelling the foe4 ,seek not1 said he1 to press the ,trojans without me1 lest thou add still more to the disgrace already mine4 ,then exhorting the troops to do their best1 he dismissed them full of ardor to the fight4 ,patroclus and his ,myrmidons at once plunged into the contest where it raged hottest4 ,at the sight of them the joyful ,grecians shouted1 and the ships rechoed the acclaim2 but the ,trojans1 beholding the well-known armor1 struck with terror1 looked everywhere for refuge4 ,first those who had got possession of the ship and set it on fire allowed the ,grecians to retake it and extinguish the flames4 ,then the rest fled in dismay4 ,ajax1 ,menelas1 and the two sons of ,nestor performed prodigies of valor4 ,hector was forced to turn his horses' heads and retire from the enclosure1 leaving his men encumbered in the fosse to escape as they could4 ,patroclus drove all before him1 slaying many2 nor did one dare to make a stand against him4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4 ,,menela,s ,,with ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,patroclus #bab4 ,the ,deaths of ,sarpedon and ,patroclus4 ,at last the grandson of ,bellerophon1 ,sarpedon1 son of ,jove and ,laodamia1 ventured to oppose the ,greek warrior4 ,the ,olympian looked down upon his son and would have snatched him from the fate impending1 but ,juno hinted that if he did so1 the other inhabitants of heaven might be induced to interpose in like manner whenever any of their offspring were endangered1--an argument to which ,jove yielded4 ,sarpedon threw his spear1 but missed ,patroclus2 the spear of the ,greek1 on the other hand1 pierced ,sarpedon's breast1 and he fell1 calling to his friends to save his body from the foe4 ,then a furious contest arose for the corpse4 ,the ,greeks succeeded in stripping ,sarpedon of his armor1 but ,jove would not suffer the body to be dishonored4 ,by his command ,apollo snatched it from the midst of the combatants and committed it to the care of the twin brothers ,death and ,sleep4 ,by them it was transported to ,lycia1 ,sarpedon's native land1 and there received due funeral rites4 ,thus far ,patroclus had succeeded to the utmost in repelling the foe and relieving his countrymen1 but now came a change of fortune4 ,hector1 borne in his chariot1 confronted him4 ,patroclus threw a vast stone at the ,trojan1 which missed its aim1 but smote ,cebriones1 the charioteer1 and felled him from the car4 ,hector leaped from the chariot to rescue his friend1 and ,patroclus also descended to complete his victory4 ,thus the two heroes met face to face4 ,at this decisive moment the poet1 as if reluctant to give ,hector the glory1 records that ,phoebus ,apollo1 taking part against ,patroclus1 struck the helmet from his head and the lance from his hand4 ,at the same moment an obscure ,trojan wounded him in the back1 and ,hector pressing forward pierced him with his spear4 ,he fell mortally wounded4 ,then arose a tremendous conflict for the body of ,patroclus2 but his armor was at once taken possession of by ,hector1 who1 retiring a short distance1 divested himself of his own mail1 put on that of ,achilles1 then returned to the fight4#cjj ,ajax and ,menelas defended the body1 and ,hector and his bravest warriors struggled to capture it4 ,the battle still raged with equal fortune1 when ,jove enveloped the whole face of heaven in a cloud4 ,the lightning flashed1 the thunder roared1 and ,ajax1 looking round for some one whom he might dispatch to ,achilles to tell him of the death of his friend and of the imminent danger of his remains falling into the hands of the enemy1 could see no suitable messenger4 ,in desperation he exclaimed3 ,father of heaven and earth6 deliver thou ,achaia's host from darkness2 clear the skies2 ,give day2 and1 since thy sovereign will is such1 ,destruction with it2 but1 oh1 give us day6#cja ,jupiter heard the prayer and dispersed the clouds4 ,ajax sent ,antilochus to ,achilles with the intelligence of ,patroclus' death and of the conflict raging for his remains2 and the ,greeks at last succeeded in bearing off the body to the ships1 closely pursued by ,hector and neas and the rest of the ,trojans4 #bac4 ,the ,remorse of ,achilles4 ,achilles heard the fate of his friend with such distress that ,antilochus feared for a while lest he might destroy himself4#cjb ,his groans reached the ears of ,thetis1 far down in the deeps of ocean where she abode1 and she hastened to inquire the cause4 ,she found him overwhelmed with self-reproach that he had suffered his friend to fall a victim to his resentment4 ,his only consolation was the hope of revenge4 ,he would fly instantly in search of ,hector4 ,but his mother reminded him that he was now without armor and promised1 if he would but wait till the morrow1 to procure for him a suit of armor from ,vulcan more than equal to that he had lost4 ,he consented1 and ,thetis immediately repaired to ,vulcan's palace4 ,she found him busy at his forge1 making tripods for his own use1 so artfully constructed that they moved forward of their own accord when wanted1 and retired again when dismissed4 ,on hearing the request of ,thetis1 ,vulcan immediately laid aside his work and hastened to comply with her wishes4 ,he fabricated a splendid suit of armor for ,achilles2 first a shield adorned with elaborate devices1 of which a noble description is given by ,homer1 then a helmet crested with gold1 then a corselet and greaves of impenetrable temper1 all perfectly adapted to the hero's form1 and of consummate workmanship4 ,the suit was made in one night1 and ,thetis1 receiving it1 descended to earth and laid it at ,achilles' feet at the dawn of day4 #bad4 ,the ,reconciliation of ,agamemnon and ,achilles4 ,the first glow of pleasure that ,achilles had felt since the death of ,patroclus was at the sight of this splendid armor4#cjc ,and now arrayed in it1 he went forth to the camp1 calling the chiefs to council4 ,when the leaders were assembled1 ,achilles addressed them4 ,renouncing his displeasure against ,agamemnon and bitterly lamenting the miseries that had resulted from it1 he called on them to proceed at once to the field4 ,agamemnon made a suitable reply1 laying the blame on ,ate1 the goddess of infatuation2 and thereupon complete reconcilement took place between the heroes4 ,then ,achilles went forth to battle1 heartened by the inspiration of ,minerva and filled with a rage and thirst for vengeance that made him irresistible4 ,as he mounted his chariot1 one of his immortal coursers was1 strange to say1 endowed suddenly with speech from on high and1 breaking into prophecy1 warned the hero of his approaching doom4 ,but1 nothing daunted1 ,achilles pressed upon the foe4 ,the bravest warriors fled before him or fell by his lance4#cjd ,hector1 cautioned by ,apollo1 kept aloof2 but the god1 assuming the form of one of ,priam's sons1 ,lycaon1 urged neas to encounter the terrible warrior4 neas1 though he felt himself unequal1 did not decline the combat4 ,he hurled his spear with all his force against the shield1 the work of ,vulcan4 ,the spear pierced two plates of the shield1 but was stopped in the third4 ,achilles threw his spear with better success4 ,it pierced through the shield of neas1 but glanced near his shoulder and made no wound4 ,then neas1 seizing a stone1 such as two men of modern times could hardly lift1 was about to throw it1--and ,achilles1 with sword drawn1 was about to rush upon him1--when ,neptune1 looking out upon the contest1 had pity upon neas1 who was sure to have the worst of it4 ,the god1 consequently1 spread a cloud between the combatants and1 lifting the ,trojan from the ground1 bore him over the heads of warriors and steeds to the rear of the battle4 ,achilles1 when the mist cleared away1 looked round in vain for his adversary1 and acknowledging the prodigy1 turned his arms against other champions4 ,but none dared stand before him2 and ,priam from his city walls beheld the whole army in full flight toward the city4 ,he gave command to open wide the gates to receive the fugitives1 and to shut them as soon as the ,trojans should have passed1 lest the enemy should enter likewise4 ,but ,achilles was so close in pursuit that that would have been impossible if ,apollo had not1 in the form of ,agenor1 ,priam's son1 first encountered the swift-footed hero1 then turned in flight1 and taken the way apart from the city4 ,achilles pursued1 and had chased his supposed victim far from the walls before the god disclosed himself4#cje #bae4 ,the ,death of ,hector4 ,but when the rest had escaped into the town ,hector stood without1 determined to await the combat4 ,his father called to him from the walls1 begging him to retire nor tempt the encounter4 ,his mother1 ,hecuba1 also besought him1 but all in vain4 ,how can ,i1 said he to himself1 by whose command the people went to this day's contest where so many have fallen1 seek refuge for myself from a single foe8 ,or shall ,i offer to yield up ,helen and all her treasures and ample of our own beside8 ,ah no6 even that is too late4 ,he would not hear me through1 but slay me while ,i spoke4 ,while he thus ruminated1 ,achilles approached1 terrible as ,mars1 his armor flashing lightning as he moved4 ,at that sight ,hector's heart failed him and he fled4 ,achilles swiftly pursued4 ,they ran1 still keeping near the walls1 till they had thrice encircled the city4 ,as often as ,hector approached the walls ,achilles intercepted him and forced him to keep out in a wider circle4 ,but ,apollo sustained ,hector's strength and would not let him sink in weariness4 ,then ,pallas1 assuming the form of ,deiphobus1 ,hector's bravest brother1 appeared suddenly at his side4 ,hector saw him with delight1 and thus strengthened1 stopped his flight1 and1 turning to meet ,achilles1 threw his spear4 ,it struck the shield of ,achilles and bounded back4 ,he turned to receive another from the hand of ,deiphobus1 but ,deiphobus was gone4 ,then ,hector understood his doom and said1 ,alas6 it is plain this is my hour to die6 ,i thought ,deiphobus at hand1 but ,pallas deceived me1 and he is still in ,troy4 ,but ,i will not fall inglorious4 ,so saying he drew his falchion from his side and rushed at once to combat4 ,achilles1 secure behind his shield1 waited the approach of ,hector4 ,when he came within reach of his spear1 ,achilles1 choosing with his eye a vulnerable part where the armor leaves the neck uncovered1 aimed his spear at that part1 and ,hector fell1 death-wounded4 ,feebly he said1 ,spare my body6 ,let my parents ransom it1 and let me receive funeral rites from the sons and daughters of ,troy4 ,to which ,achilles replied1 ,dog1 name not ransom nor pity to me1 on whom you have brought such dire distress4 ,no6 trust me1 nought shall save thy carcass from the dogs4 ,though twenty ransoms and thy weight in gold were offered1 ,i should refuse it all4#cjf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aei4 ,,contest ,,of ,,achilles ,,and ,,hector #baf4 ,achilles drags the ,body of ,hector4 ,so saying1 the son of ,peleus stripped the body of its armor1 and1 fastening cords to the feet1 tied them behind his chariot1 leaving the body to trail along the ground4 ,then mounting the chariot he lashed the steeds and so dragged the body to and fro before the city4 ,no words can tell the grief of ,priam and ,hecuba at this sight4 ,his people could scarce restrain the aged king from rushing forth4 ,he threw himself in the dust and besought them each by name to let him pass4 ,hecuba's distress was not less violent4 ,the citizens stood round them weeping4 ,the sound of the mourning reached the ears of ,andromache1 the wife of ,hector1 as she sat among her maidens at work2 and anticipating evil she went forth to the wall4 ,when she saw the horror there presented1 she would have thrown herself headlong from the wall1 but fainted and fell into the arms of her maidens4 ,recovering1 she bewailed her fate1 picturing to herself her country ruined1 herself a captive1 and her son1 the youthful ,astyanax1 dependent for his bread on the charity of strangers4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afj4 ,,achilles ,,over ,,the ,,body ,,of ,,hector ,,at ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,patroclus ,after ,achilles and the ,greeks had thus taken their revenge on the slayer of ,patroclus1 they busied themselves in paying due funeral rites to their friend4#cjg ,a pile was erected1 and the body burned with due solemnity4 ,then ensued games of strength and skill1 chariot races1 wrestling1 boxing1 and archery4 ,later1 the chiefs sat down to the funeral banquet1 and finally retired to rest4 ,but ,achilles partook neither of the feast nor of sleep4 ,the recollection of his lost friend kept him awake1--the memory of their companionship in toil and dangers1 in battle or on the perilous deep4 ,before the earliest dawn he left his tent1 and joining to his chariot his swift steeds1 he fastened ,hector's body to be dragged behind4 ,twice he dragged him round the tomb of ,patroclus1 leaving him at length stretched in the dust4 ,but ,apollo would not permit the body to be torn or disfigured with all this abuse2 he preserved it free from taint or defilement4#cjh ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afa4 ,,priam',s ,,visit ,,to ,,achilles ,while ,achilles indulged his wrath in thus disgracing ,hector1 ,jupiter in pity summoned ,thetis to his presence4 ,bidding her prevail on ,achilles to restore the body of ,hector to the ,trojans1 he sent ,iris to encourage ,priam to beg of ,achilles the body of his son4 ,iris delivered her message1 and ,priam prepared to obey4 ,he opened his treasuries and took out rich garments and cloths1 with ten talents in gold and two splendid tripods and a golden cup of matchless workmanship4 ,then he called to his sons and bade them draw forth his litter and place in it the various articles designed for a ransom to ,achilles4 ,when all was ready1 the old king with a single companion as aged as himself1 the herald ,idus1 drove forth from the gates1 parting there with ,hecuba his queen1 and all his friends1 who lamented him as going to certain death4 #bag4 ,priam in the ,tent of ,achilles4#cji ,but ,jupiter1 beholding with compassion the venerable king1 sent ,mercury to be his guide and protector4 ,assuming the form of a young warrior1 ,mercury presented himself to the aged couple2 and1 when at the sight of him they hesitated whether to fly or yield1 approaching he grasped ,priam's hand and offered to be their guide to ,achilles' tent4 ,priam gladly accepted his service1 and ,mercury1 mounting the carriage1 assumed the reins and conveyed them to the camp4 ,then having cast the guards into a heavy sleep1 he introduced ,priam into the tent where ,achilles sat1 attended by two of his warriors4 ,the aged king threw himself at the feet of ,achilles and kissed those terrible hands which had destroyed so many of his sons4 ,think1 ,o ,achilles1 he said1 of thine own father1 full of days like me1 and trembling on the gloomy verge of life4 ,even now1 mayhap1 some neighbor chief oppresses him and there is none at hand to succor him in his distress4 ,yet1 knowing that ,achilles lives1 he doubtless still rejoices1 hoping that one day he shall see thy face again4 ,but me no comfort cheers1 whose bravest sons1 so late the flower of ,ilium1 all have fallen4 ,yet one ,i had1 one more than all the rest the strength of my age1 whom fighting for his country thou hast slain4 ,his body ,i come to redeem1 bringing inestimable ransom with me4 ,achilles6 reverence the gods6 recollect thy father6 for his sake show compassion to me6 ,these words moved ,achilles1 and he wept1 remembering by turns his absent father and his lost friend4 ,moved with pity of ,priam's silver locks and beard1 he raised him from the earth and spake3 ,priam1 ,i know that thou hast reached this place conducted by some god1 for without aid divine no mortal even in his prime of youth had dared the attempt4 ,i grant thy request1 for ,i am moved thereto by the manifest will of ,jove4 ,so saying he arose1 went forth with his two friends1 and unloaded of its charge the litter1 leaving two mantles and a robe for the covering of the body4 ,this they placed on the litter and spread the garments over it1 that not unveiled it should be borne back to ,troy4 ,then ,achilles dismissed the old king1 having first pledged himself to a truce of twelve days for the funeral solemnities4 ,as the litter approached the city and was descried from the walls1 the people poured forth to gaze once more on the face of their hero4 ,foremost of all1 the mother and the wife of ,hector came1 and at the sight of the lifeless body renewed their lamentations4 ,the people wept with them1 and to the going down of the sun there was no pause or abatement of their grief4 ,the next day1 preparations were made for the funeral solemnities4 ,for nine days the people brought wood and built the pile2 and on the tenth they placed the body on the summit and applied the torch1 while all ,troy1 thronging forth1 encompassed the pyre4 ,when it had completely burned1 they quenched the cinders with wine1 and1 collecting the bones1 placed them in a golden urn1 which they buried in the earth4 ,over the spot they reared a pile of stones4 ,such honors ,ilium to her hero paid1 ,and peaceful slept the mighty ,hector's shade4#caj ,,footnotes3 #bhj ,from ,tennyson's ,dream of ,fair ,women4 #bha ,from ,tennyson's ,,oenone4 #bhb ,euripides1 ,iphigenia at ,aulis1 ,iphigenia among the ,tauri4 #bhc ,from ,tennyson's ,dream of ,fair ,women4 #bhd ,gladstone's ,translations from the ,iliad4 #bhe ,iliad1 #b 7,pope's translation74 #bhf ,iliad1 #c 7,pope's translation74 #bhg ,christopher ,marlowe1 ,doctor ,faustus4 #bhh ,iliad1 #c 7,pope's translation74 #bhi ,iliad1 #f1 #cij et seq4 7,lang1 ,leaf1 and ,myers' translation74 #bij ,iliad1 #f1 #dgj-dij 7,pope's translation74 #bia ,iliad1 #f 7,pope's translation74 #bib ,iliad1 #i4 #bic ,iliad1 #aa4 #bid ,iliad1 #ac4 #bie ,iliad1 #ad1 #djj-ddj4 #bif ,iliad1 #ad1 #aej-cej4 #big ,iliad1 #ae4 #bih ,iliad1 #aa4 #bii ,iliad1 #af4 #cjj ,iliad1 #ag4 #cja ,cowper's translation4 ,the lines are often quoted4 #cjb ,iliad1 #ah4 #cjc ,iliad1 #ai4 #cjd ,iliad1 #bj4 #cje ,iliad1 #ba4 #cjf ,iliad1 #bb1 #cej4 #cjg ,iliad1 #bc4 #cjh ,iliad1 #bd1 #ae4 #cji ,iliad1 #bd1 #ccj-hjd4 #caj ,iliad1 #bd1 #hjd 7,pope's translation74 ,illustration3 ,,amazon ,,chapter ,,xxiii ,,the ,,fall ,,of ,,troy ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afb4 ,,achilles ,,and ,,penthesilea #bah4 ,the ,fall of ,troy4 ,the story of the ,iliad ends with the death of ,hector1 and it is from the ,odyssey and later poems that we learn the fate of the other heroes4 ,after the death of ,hector1 ,troy did not immediately fall1 but receiving aid from new allies1 still continued its resistance4 ,one of these allies was ,memnon1 the ,ethiopian prince1 whose story has been already told4#caa ,another was ,penthesilea1 queen of the ,amazons1 who came with a band of female warriors4 ,all the authorities attest the valor of these women and the fearful effect of their war cry4 ,penthesilea1 having slain many of the bravest ,greeks1 was at last slain by ,achilles4 ,but when the hero bent over his fallen foe and contemplated her beauty1 youth1 and valor1 he bitterly regretted his victory4 ,thersites1 the insolent brawler and demagogue1 attempting to ridicule his grief1 was in consequence slain by the hero4#cab #bai4 ,the ,death of ,achilles4 ,but ,achilles himself was not destined to a long life4 ,having by chance seen ,polyxena1 daughter of ,king ,priam1--perhaps on occasion of the truce which was allowed the ,trojans for the burial of ,hector1--he was captivated with her charms2 and to win her in marriage1 it is said 7but not by ,homer7 that he agreed to influence the ,greeks to make peace with ,troy4 ,while the hero was in the temple of ,apollo negotiating the marriage1 ,paris discharged at him a poisoned arrow1#cac which1 guided by ,apollo1 fatally wounded him in the heel4 ,this was his only vulnerable spot2 for ,thetis1 having dipped him when an infant in the river ,styx1 had rendered every part of him invulnerable except that by which she held him4#cad #bbj4 ,contest for the ,arms of ,achilles4 ,the body of ,achilles so treacherously slain was rescued by ,ajax and ,ulysses4 ,thetis directed the ,greeks to bestow her son's armor on that hero who of all survivors should be judged most deserving of it4 ,ajax and ,ulysses were the only claimants4 ,a select number of the other chiefs were appointed to award the prize4 ,by the will of ,minerva it was awarded to ,ulysses1--wisdom being thus rated above valor4 ,ajax1 enraged1 set forth from his tent to wreak vengeance upon the ,atrid and ,ulysses4 ,but the goddess robbed him of reason and turned his hand against the flocks and herds of the ,argives1 which he slaughtered or led captive to his tent1 counting them the rivals who had wronged him4 ,then the cruel goddess restored to him his wits4 ,and he1 fixing his sword in the ground1 prepared to take his own life3 ,come and look on me1 ,o ,death1 ,o ,death1--and yet in yonder world ,i shall dwell with thee1 speak enough with thee2 ,and thee ,i call1 thou light of golden day1 ,thou ,sun1 who drivest on thy glorious car1 ,thee1 for this last time1--never more again6 ,o ,light1 ,o sacred land that was my home2 ,o ,salamis1 where stands my father's hearth1 ,thou glorious ,athens1 with thy kindred race2 ,ye streams and rivers here1 and ,troa's plains1 ,to you that fed my life ,i bid farewell2 ,this last1 last word does ,ajax speak to you2 ,all else1 ,i speak in ,hades to the dead4#c ,then1 falling upon his sword1 he died4 ,so1 in the words of his magnanimous foe1 ,ulysses1 passed to the god that ruleth in gloom ,the best and bravest of the ,argive host1 ,of all that came to ,troa1 saving one1 ,achilles' self4#cae ,on the spot where his blood sank into the earth a hyacinth sprang up1 bearing on its leaves the first two letters of his name1 ,ai1 the ,greek interjection of woe4#caf ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afc4 ,,oe,,none ,,warning ,,paris ,it was now discovered that ,troy could not be taken but by the aid of the arrows of ,hercules4 ,they were in possession of ,philoctetes1 the friend who had been with ,hercules at the last and had lighted his funeral pyre4 ,philoctetes#cag had joined the ,grecian expedition against ,troy2 but he accidentally wounded his foot with one of the poisoned arrows1 and the smell from the wound proved so offensive that his companions carried him to the isle of ,lemnos and left him there4 ,diomede and ,ulysses1 or ,ulysses and ,neoptolemus 7son of ,achilles71 were now sent to induce him to rejoin the army4 ,they succeeded4 ,philoctetes was cured of his wound by ,machaon1 and ,paris was the first victim of the fatal arrows4 #bba4 ,paris and ,,oenone4 ,in his distress ,paris bethought him of one whom in his prosperity he had forgotten4 ,this was the nymph ,,oenone1 whom he had married when a youth and had abandoned for the fatal beauty of ,helen4 ,,oenone1 remembering the wrongs she had suffered1 refused to heal the wound2 and ,paris went back to ,troy and died4 ,,oenone quickly repented and hastened after him with remedies1 but came too late1 and in her grief hanged herself4 #bbb4 ,the ,palladium4 ,there was in ,troy a celebrated statue of ,minerva called the ,palladium4 ,it was said to have fallen from heaven1 and the belief was that the city could not be taken so long as this statue remained within it4 ,ulysses and ,diomede entered the city in disguise and succeeded in obtaining the ,palladium1 which they carried off to the ,grecian camp4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afd4 ,,the ,,wooden ,,horse #bbc4 ,the ,wooden ,horse4 ,but ,troy still held out4 ,the ,greeks began to despair of subduing it by force1 and by advice of ,ulysses they resorted to stratagem4#cah ,they pretended to be making preparations to abandon the siege2 and a number of the ships were withdrawn and concealed behind a neighboring island4 ,they then constructed an immense wooden horse1 which they gave out was intended as a propitiatory offering to ,minerva2 but it was1 in fact1 filled with armed men4 ,the rest of the ,greeks then betook themselves to their ships and sailed away1 as if for a final departure4 ,the ,trojans1 seeing the encampment broken up and the fleet gone1 concluded that the enemy had abandoned the siege4 ,the gates of the city were thrown open1 and the whole population issued forth1 rejoicing at the long-prohibited liberty of passing freely over the scene of the late encampment4 ,the great horse was the chief object of curiosity4 ,some recommended that it be taken into the city as a trophy2 others felt afraid of it4 ,while they hesitated1 ,laocon1 the priest of ,neptune1 exclaimed1 ,what madness1 citizens1 is this6 ,have you not learned enough of ,grecian fraud to be on your guard against it8 ,for my part1 ,i fear the ,greeks even when they offer gifts4#cai ,so saying1 he threw his lance at the horse's side4 ,it struck1 and a hollow sound reverberated like a groan4 ,then perhaps the people might have taken his advice and destroyed the fatal horse with its contents1 but just at that moment a group of people appeared dragging forward one who seemed a prisoner and a ,greek4 ,stupefied with terror1 the captive was brought before the chiefs4 ,he informed them that he was a ,greek1 ,sinon by name2 and that in consequence of the malice of ,ulysses1 he had been left behind by his countrymen at their departure4 ,with regard to the wooden horse1 he told them that it was a propitiatory offering to ,minerva1 and had been made so huge for the express purpose of preventing its being carried within the city2 for ,calchas the prophet had told them that if the ,trojans took possession of it1 they would assuredly triumph over the ,greeks4 ,illustration3 ,,laoco,n #bbd4 ,laocon and the ,serpents4 ,this language turned the tide of the people's feelings1 and they began to think how they might best secure the monstrous horse and the favorable auguries connected with it1 when suddenly a prodigy occurred which left no room for doubt4 ,there appeared advancing over the sea two immense serpents4 ,they came upon the land and the crowd fled in all directions4 ,the serpents advanced directly to the spot where ,laocon stood with his two sons4 ,they first attacked the children1 winding round their bodies and breathing pestilential breath in their faces4 ,the father1 attempting to rescue them1 was next seized and involved in the serpent's coils4 444 ,vain ,the struggle2 vain1 against the coiling strain ,and gripe1 and deepening of the dragon's grasp1 ,the old man's clinch2 the long envenomed chain ,rivets the living links1--the enormous asp ,enforces pang on pang1 and stifles gasp on gasp4#cbj ,he struggled to tear them away1 but they overpowered all his efforts and strangled him and the children in their poisonous folds4 ,the event was regarded as a clear indication of the displeasure of the gods at ,laocon's irreverent treatment of the wooden horse1 which they no longer hesitated to regard as a sacred object and prepared to introduce with due solemnity into the city4 ,they did so with songs and triumphal acclamations1 and the day closed with festivity4 ,in the night the armed men who were inclosed in the body of the horse1 being let out by the traitor ,sinon1 opened the gates of the city to their friends who had returned under cover of the night4 ,the city was set on fire2 the people1 overcome with feasting and sleep1 were put to the sword1 and ,troy completely subdued4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afe4 ,,the ,,sack ,,of ,,troy 7,left half7 #bbe4 ,the ,death of ,priam4 ,priam lived to see the downfall of his kingdom and was slain at last on the fatal night when the ,greeks took the city4 ,he had armed himself and was about to mingle with the combatants1#cba but was prevailed on by ,hecuba to take refuge with his daughters and herself as a suppliant at the altar of ,jupiter4 ,while there1 his youngest son1 ,polites1 pursued by ,pyrrhus1 the son of ,achilles1 rushed in wounded and expired at the feet of his father2 whereupon ,priam1 overcome with indignation1 hurled his spear with feeble hand against ,pyrrhus and was forthwith slain by him4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aff4 ,,the ,,sack ,,of ,,troy 7,right half7 #bbf4 ,the ,survivors4#cbb ,queen ,hecuba and her daughter ,cassandra were carried captives to ,greece4 ,cassandra had been loved by ,apollo1 who gave her the gift of prophecy2 but afterwards offended with her1 he had rendered the gift unavailing by ordaining that her predictions should never be believed4 ,polyxena1 another daughter1 who had been loved by ,achilles1 was demanded by the ghost of that warrior and was sacrificed by the ,greeks upon his tomb4 ,of the fate of the white-armed ,andromache we have already spoken4 ,she was carried off as the wife of ,neoptolemus1 but he was faithful to her for only a short time4 ,after he had cast her aside she married ,helenus1 a brother of ,hector1 and still later returned to ,asia ,minor4 #bbg4 ,helen1 ,menelas1 and ,agamemnon4 ,on the fall of ,troy1 ,menelas recovered possession of his wife1 who1 it seems1 had not ceased to love him1 though she had yielded to the might of ,venus and deserted him for another4#cbc ,after the death of ,paris1 she aided the ,greeks secretly on several occasions3 in particular when ,ulysses and ,diomede entered the city in disguise to carry off the ,palladium4 ,she then saw and recognized ,ulysses1 but kept the secret and even assisted them in obtaining the image4 ,thus she became reconciled to ,menelas1 and they were among the first to leave the shores of ,troy for their native land4 ,but having incurred the displeasure of the gods1 they were driven by storms from shore to shore of the ,mediterranean1 visiting ,cyprus1 ,phoenicia1 and ,egypt4 ,in ,egypt they were kindly treated and presented with rich gifts1 of which ,helen's share was a golden spindle and a basket on wheels4 444 ,many yet adhere ,to the ancient distaff at the bosom fixed1 ,casting the whirling spindle as they walk4 444 ,this was of old1 in no inglorious days1 ,the mode of spinning1 when the ,egyptian prince ,a golden distaff gave that beauteous nymph1 ,too beauteous ,helen2 no uncourtly gift4#cbd ,milton also alludes to a famous recipe for an invigorating draft1 called ,nepenthe1 which the ,egyptian queen gave to ,helen3 ,not that ,nepenthes which the wife of ,thone ,in ,egypt gave to ,jove-born ,helena1 ,is of such power to stir up joy as this1 ,to life so friendly or so cool to thirst4#cbe ,at last1 arriving in safety at ,sparta1 ,menelas and ,helen resumed their royal dignity1 and lived and reigned in splendor2 and when ,telemachus1 the son of ,ulysses1 in search of his father1 arrived at ,sparta1 he found them celebrating the marriage of their daughter ,hermione to ,neoptolemus1 son of ,achilles4 ,agamemnon#cbf was not so fortunate in the issue4 ,during his absence his wife ,clytemnestra had been false to him2 and when his return was expected1 she with her paramour1 gisthus1 son of ,thyestes1 laid a plan for his destruction4 ,cassandra warned the king1 but as usual her prophecy was not regarded4 ,while ,agamemnon was bathing previous to the banquet given to celebrate his return1 the conspirators murdered him4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afg4 ,,orestes ,,and ,,electra ,,at ,,the ,,tomb ,,of ,,agamemnon #bbh4 ,electra and ,orestes4 ,it was the intention of the conspirators to slay his son ,orestes also1 a lad not yet old enough to be an object of apprehension1 but from whom1 if he should be suffered to grow up1 there might be danger4 ,electra1 the sister of ,orestes1 saved her brother's life by sending him secretly to his uncle ,strophius1 king of ,phocis4 ,in the palace of ,strophius1 ,orestes grew up with the king's son ,pylades1 and formed with him a friendship which has become proverbial4 ,electra frequently reminded her brother by messengers of the duty of avenging his father's death2 he1 too1 when he reached maturity1 consulted the oracle of ,delphi1 which confirmed him in the design4 ,he therefore repaired in disguise to ,argos1 pretending to be a messenger from ,strophius1 who would announce the death of ,orestes4 ,he brought with him what purported to be the ashes of the deceased in a funeral urn4 ,after visiting his father's tomb and sacrificing upon it1 according to the rites of the ancients1 he met by the way his sister ,electra4 ,mistaking her for one of the domestics1 and desirous of keeping his arrival a secret till the hour of vengeance should arrive1 he produced the urn4 ,at once his sister1 believing ,orestes to be really dead1 took the urn from him1 and1 embracing it1 poured forth her grief in language full of tenderness and despair4 ,soon a recognition was effected1 and the prince1 with the aid of his sister1 slew both gisthus and ,clytemnestra4#cbg ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afh4 ,,orestes ,,pursued ,,by ,,furies #bbi4 ,orestes pursued by the ,furies4#cbh ,this revolting act1 the slaughter of a mother by her son1 though extenuated by the guilt of the victim and the express command of the gods1 did not fail to awaken in the breasts of the ancients the same abhorrence that it does in ours4 ,the ,eumenides seized upon ,orestes and drove him frantic from land to land4 ,in these wanderings ,pylades accompanied him and watched over him4 ,at length in answer to a second appeal to the oracle1 ,orestes was directed to go to the temple of the ,tauri in ,scythia and to bring thence a statue of ,diana which was believed to have fallen from heaven4 ,accordingly the friends went to the ,tauric ,chersonese4 ,since there the barbarous people were accustomed to sacrifice to the goddess all strangers who fell into their hands1 the two friends were seized and carried bound to the temple to be made victims4 ,but the priestess of ,diana of the ,tauri was no other than ,iphigenia1 the sister of ,orestes1 who had been snatched away by ,diana at the moment when she was about to be sacrificed4 ,ascertaining from the prisoners who they were1 ,iphigenia disclosed herself to them2 and the three made their escape with the statue of the goddess1 and returned to ,mycen4#cbi ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #afi4 ,,orestes ,,and ,,pylades ,,before ,,the ,,king ,,of ,,the ,,tauri #bcj4 ,his ,purification4 ,but ,orestes was not yet relieved from the vengeance of the ,erinyes4 ,finally1 he took refuge with ,minerva at ,athens4 ,the goddess afforded him protection and appointed the court of ,areopagus to decide his fate4 ,the ,erinyes brought their accusation1 and ,orestes pleaded the command of the ,delphic oracle as his excuse4 ,when the court voted and the voices were equally divided1 ,orestes was acquitted by the command of ,minerva4 ,he was then purified with plentiful blood of swine4 ,,footnotes3 #caa #abh4 #cab ,pausanias1 #e1 #aa1 #b2 and ,sophocles1 ,philoctetes1 #dde4 #cac ,virgil1 neid1 #f1 #eg4 #cad ,statius1 ,achilleid1 #a1 #bfi4 #cae ,sophocles1 ,ajax4 #caf ,see ,commentary4 #cag ,servius ,honoratus1 ,commentary on neid 7#c1 #djb74 ,according to ,sophocles 7,philoctetes71 the wound was occasioned by the bite of a serpent that guarded the shrine of the nymph ,chryse1 on an islet of the same name near ,lemnos4 #cah ,virgil1 neid1 #b4 #cai ,timeo ,danaos et dona ferentes4--neid4 #b1 #di4 #cbj ,byron1 ,childe ,harold4 #cba ,hecuba's exclamation1 ,not such aid nor such defenders does the time require1 has become proverbial4 ,non tali auxilio nec defensoribus istis ,tempus eget4--neid1 #b1 #eba4 #cbb ,euripides1--,troades1 ,hecuba1 ,andromache4 #cbc ,according to ,euripides 7,helen71 and ,stesichorus1 it was a semblance of ,helen that ,paris won2 the real ,helen went to ,egypt4 #cbd ,dyer1 ,the ,fleece4 #cbe ,milton1 ,comus4 #cbf schylus1 ,agamemnon4 #cbg schylus1 ,chophori2 ,sophocles1 ,electra2 ,euripides1--,electra1 ,orestes4 #cbh schylus1 ,eumenides4 #cbi ,euripides1 ,iphigenia among the ,tauri4 ,,chapter ,,xxiv ,,the ,,wanderings ,,of ,,ulysses ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agj4 ,,ulysses ,as one that for a weary space has lain ,lulled by the song of ,circe and her wine ,in gardens near the pale of ,proserpine1 ,where that an isle forgets the main1 ,and only the low lutes of love complain1 ,and only shadows of wan lovers pine1-- ,as such an one were glad to know the brine ,salt on his lips1 and the large air again1 ,so1 gladly1 from the songs of modern speech ,men turn and see the stars1 and feel the free ,shrill wind beyond the close of heavy flowers2 ,and1 through the music of the languid hours1 ,they hear like ocean on a western beach ,the surge and thunder of the ,odyssey4#ccj #bca4 ,from ,troy to ,phacia4 ,the ,odyssey of ,homer narrates the wanderings of ,ulysses 7,odysseus7 in his return from ,troy to his own kingdom1 ,ithaca4#cca ,from ,troy the vessels first made land at ,ismarus1 city of the ,ciconians1 where1 in a skirmish with the inhabitants1 ,ulysses lost six men from each ship4#ccb ,illustration3 ,,the ,,outer ,,geography ,,of ,,the ,,odyssey ,,according ,,to ,,gladstone4 #bcb4 ,the ,lotus-eaters4 ,sailing thence they were overtaken by a storm which drove them for nine days till they reached the country of the ,lotos-eaters4 ,here1 after watering1 ,ulysses sent three of his men to discover who the inhabitants were4 ,these men on coming among the ,lotos-eaters were kindly entertained by them and were given some of their own food1 the lotos plant1 to eat4 ,the effect of this food was such that those who partook of it lost all thought of home and wished to remain in that country4 ,it was by main force that ,ulysses dragged these men away1 and he was even obliged to tie them under the benches of his ship4 ,tennyson in ,the ,lotos-eaters has fittingly expressed the dreamy1 languid feeling which the lotus-food is said to have produced4 444 ,how sweet it were1 hearing the downward stream1 ,with half-shut eyes ever to seem ,falling asleep in a half-dream6 ,to dream and dream1 like yonder amber light ,which will not leave the myrrh-bush on the height2 ,to hear each other's whisper'd speech2 ,eating the ,lotos1 day by day1 ,to watch the crisping ripples on the beach1 ,and tender curving lines of creamy spray2 ,to lend our hearts and spirits wholly ,to the influence of mild-minded melancholy2 ,to muse and brood and live again in memory1 ,with those old faces of our infancy ,heap'd over with a mound of grass1 ,two handfuls of white dust1 shut in an urn of brass6 ,dear is the memory of our wedded lives1 ,and dear the last embraces of our wives ,and their warm tears3 but all hath suffer'd change2 ,for surely now our household hearths are cold3 ,our sons inherit us3 our looks are strange3 ,and we should come like ghosts to trouble joy4 444 ,but1 propt on beds of amaranth and moly1 ,how sweet 7while warm airs lull us1 blowing lowly7 ,with half-dropt eyelid still1 ,beneath a heaven dark and holy1 ,to watch the long bright river drawing slowly ,his waters from the purple hill-- ,to hear the dewy echoes calling ,from cave to cave thro' the thick-twined vine-- ,to watch the emerald-color'd water falling ,thro' many a wov'n acanthus-wreath divine6 ,only to hear and see the far-off sparkling brine1 ,only to hear were sweet1 stretch'd out beneath the pine4 ,the ,lotos blooms below the barren peak3 ,the ,lotos blows by every winding creek3 ,all day the wind breathes low with mellower tone3 ,thro' every hollow cave and alley lone ,round and round the spicy downs the yellow ,lotos-dust is blown4 ,we have had enough of action1 and of motion we1 ,roll'd to starboard1 roll'd to larboard1 when the surge was seething free1 ,where the wallowing monster spouted his foam-fountains in the sea4 ,let us swear an oath1 and keep it with an equal mind1 ,in the hollow ,lotos-land to live and lie reclined ,on the hills like ,gods together1 careless of mankind4444 #bcc4 ,the ,cyclopes4 ,they next arrived at the country of the ,cyclopes4 ,the ,cyclopes#ccc inhabited an island of which they were the only possessors4 ,they dwelt in caves and fed on the wild productions of the island and on what their flocks yielded1 for they were shepherds4 ,ulysses left the main body of his ships at anchor1 and with one vessel went to the ,cyclopes' island to explore for supplies4 ,he landed with his companions1 carrying with them a jar of wine for a present4 ,coming to a large cave they entered it1 and1 finding no one within1 examined its contents4 ,they found it stored with the riches of the flock1 quantities of cheese1 pails and bowls of milk1 lambs and kids in their pens1 all in good order4 ,presently arrived the master of the cave1 ,polyphemus1 bearing an immense bundle of firewood1 which he threw down before the cavern's mouth4 ,he then drove into the cave the sheep and goats to be milked1 and1 entering1 rolled to the cave's mouth an enormous rock1 that twenty oxen could not draw4 ,next he sat down and milked his ewes1 preparing a part for cheese and setting the rest aside for his customary drink4 ,then turning round his one huge eye he discerned the strangers1 and growled out at them1 demanding who they were and where from4 ,ulysses replied most humbly1 stating that they were ,greeks from the great expedition that had lately won so much glory in the conquest of ,troy1 that they were now on their way home1 and finished by imploring his hospitality in the name of the gods4 ,polyphemus deigned no answer1 but reaching out his hand seized two of the men1 whom he hurled against the side of the cave and dashed out their brains4 ,he proceeded to devour them with great relish1 and having made a hearty meal1 stretched himself on the floor to sleep4 ,ulysses was tempted to seize the opportunity and plunge his sword into him as he slept1 but recollected that it would only expose them all to certain destruction1 as the rock with which the giant had closed up the door was far beyond their power to remove1 and they would therefore be in hopeless imprisonment4 ,next morning the giant seized two more of the men and dispatched them in the same manner as their companions1 feasting on their flesh till no fragment was left4 ,he then moved away the rock from the door1 drove out his flocks1 and went out1 carefully replacing the barrier after him4 ,when he was gone ,ulysses planned how he might take vengeance for his murdered friends and effect his escape with his surviving companions4 ,he made his men prepare a massive bar of wood cut by the ,cyclops for a staff1 which they found in the cave4 ,they sharpened the end of the staff and seasoned it in the fire1 and hid it under the straw on the cavern floor4 ,then four of the boldest were selected1 with whom ,ulysses joined himself as a fifth4 ,the ,cyclops came home at evening1 rolled away the stone1 and drove in his flock as usual4 ,after milking them and making his arrangements as before1 he seized two more of ,ulysses' companions1 dashed their brains out1 and made his evening meal upon them as he had on the others4 ,after he had supped1 ,ulysses approaching him handed him a bowl of wine1 saying1 ,cyclops1 this is wine2 taste and drink after thy meal of man's flesh4 ,he took and drank it1 and was hugely delighted with it1 and called for more4 ,ulysses supplied him once and again1 which pleased the giant so much that he promised him as a favor that he should be the last of the party devoured4 ,he asked his name1 to which ,ulysses replied1 ,my name is ,noman4 ,after his supper the giant sought his repose1 and was soon sound asleep4 ,then ,ulysses with his four select friends held the end of the stake in the fire till it was one burning coal1 then poising it exactly above the giant's only eye1 they plunged it deep into the socket1 twirling it round as a carpenter does his auger4 ,the howling monster with his outcry filled the cavern1 and ,ulysses with his aids nimbly got out of his way and concealed themselves in the cave4 ,he1 bellowing1 called aloud on all the ,cyclopes dwelling in the caves around him1 far and near4 ,they1 on his cry1 flocked round the den1 and inquired what grievous hurt had caused him to sound such an alarm and break their slumbers4 ,he replied1 ,o friends1 ,i die1 and ,noman gives the blow4 ,they answered1 ,if no man hurts thee1 it is the stroke of ,jove1 and thou must bear it4 ,so saying1 they left him groaning4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aga4 ,,boring ,,out ,,the ,,cyclops' ,,eye ,next morning the ,cyclops rolled away the stone to let his flock out to pasture1 but planted himself in the door of the cave to feel of all as they went out1 that ,ulysses and his men should not escape with them4 ,but ,ulysses had made his men harness the rams of the flock three abreast1 with osiers which they found on the floor of the cave4 ,to the middle ram of the three one of the ,greeks suspended himself1 so protected by the exterior rams on either side4 ,as they passed1 the giant felt of the animals' backs and sides1 but never thought of their bellies2 so the men all passed safe1 ,ulysses himself being on the last one that passed4 ,when they had got a few paces from the cavern1 ,ulysses and his friends released themselves from their rams and drove a good part of the flock down to the shore to their boat4 ,they put them aboard with all haste1 then pushed off from the shore2 and when at a safe distance ,ulysses shouted out1 ,cyclops1 the gods have well requited thee for thy atrocious deeds4 ,know it is ,ulysses to whom thou owest thy shameful loss of sight4 ,the ,cyclops1 hearing this1 seized a rock that projected from the side of the mountain1 and rending it from its bed1 he lifted it high in the air1 then exerting all his force1 hurled it in the direction of the voice4 ,down came the mass1 just forward of the vessel4 ,the ocean1 at the plunge of the huge rock1 heaved the ship toward ,polyphemus2 but a second rock which he hurled1 striking aft1 propelled them fortunately in the direction that they desired to take4 ,ulysses was about to hail the giant again1 but his friends besought him not to do so4 ,he could not forbear1 however1 letting the giant know that they had escaped his missile1 but waited till they had reached a safer distance than before4 ,the giant answered them with curses1 while ,ulysses and his friends1 plying their oars vigorously1 regained their companions4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agb4 ,,ulysses ,,and ,,two ,,companions ,,under ,,rams #bcd4 ,the ,bag of ,winds4 ,ulysses next arrived at the island of olus4#ccd ,he treated ,ulysses hospitably1 and at his departure gave him1 tied up in a leathern bag with a silver string1 such winds as might be hurtful and dangerous1 commanding fair winds to blow the barks toward their country4 ,nine days they sped before the wind1 and all that time ,ulysses had stood at the helm without sleep4 ,at last quite exhausted he lay down to sleep4 ,while he slept1 the crew conferred together about the mysterious bag1 and concluded it must contain treasures given by the hospitable ,king olus to their commander4 ,tempted to secure some portion for themselves1 they loosed the string1 when immediately the winds rushed forth4 ,the ships were driven far from their course and back again to the island they had just left4 olus1 indignant at their folly1 refused to assist them further1 and they were obliged to labor over their course once more by means of their oars4 #bce4 ,the ,lstrygonians4 ,their next adventure was with the barbarous tribe of ,lstrygonians4 ,the vessels all pushed into the harbor1 tempted by the secure appearance of the cove1 completely landlocked2 only ,ulysses moored his vessel without4 ,as soon as the ,lstrygonians found the ships completely in their power1 they attacked them1 heaving huge stones which broke and overturned them1 while with their spears they dispatched the seamen as they struggled in the water4 ,all the vessels with their crews were destroyed1 except ,ulysses' own ship which had remained outside4 ,he1 finding no safety but in flight1 exhorted his men to ply their oars vigorously2 and they escaped4 #bcf4 ,the ,isle of a4 ,with grief for their slain companions mixed with joy at their own escape1 they pursued their way till they arrived at the an isle1 where ,circe dwelt1 the daughter of the sun4 ,landing here1 ,ulysses climbed a hill and1 gazing round1 saw no signs of habitation except in one spot at the center of the island1 where he perceived a palace embowered with trees4 ,he sent forward one half of his crew1 under the command of ,eurylochus1 to see what prospect of hospitality they might find4 ,as they approached the palace1 they found themselves surrounded by lions1 tigers1 and wolves1 not fierce1 but tamed by ,circe's art1 for she was a powerful magician4 ,these animals had once been men1 but had been changed by ,circe's enchantments into the forms of beasts4 ,the sounds of soft music were heard from within1 and a sweet female voice singing4 ,eurylochus called aloud1 and the goddess came forth and invited them in2 they all gladly entered except ,eurylochus1 who suspected danger4 ,the goddess conducted her guests to a seat1 and had them served with wine and other delicacies4 ,when they had feasted heartily1 she touched them one by one with her wand1 and they became immediately changed into swine1 in head1 body1 voice1 and bristles1 yet with their intellects as before4 ,she shut them in her styes and supplied them with acorns and such other things as swine love4 ,eurylochus hurried back to the ship and told the tale4 ,ulysses thereupon determined to go himself and try if by any means he might deliver his companions4 ,as he strode onward alone1 he met a youth who addressed him familiarly1 appearing to be acquainted with his adventures4 ,he announced himself as ,mercury1 and informed ,ulysses of the arts of ,circe and of the danger of approaching her4 ,as ,ulysses was not to be dissuaded from his attempt1 ,mercury provided him with a sprig of the plant ,moly1 of wonderful power to resist sorceries1 and instructed him how to act4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agc4 ,,the ,,castle ,,of ,,circe ,meanwhile the companions of ,ulysses made mournful plaint to their cruel mistress3 ,huddling they came1 with shag sides caked of mire1-- ,with hoofs fresh sullied from the troughs o'er-turned1-- ,with wrinkling snouts1--yet eyes in which desire ,of some strange thing unutterably burned1 ,unquenchable2 and still where'er ,she turned ,they rose about her1 striving each o'er each1 ,with restless1 fierce importuning that yearned ,through those brute masks some piteous tale to teach1 ,yet lacked the words thereto1 denied the power of speech4444 444 ,if swine we be1--if we indeed be swine1 ,daughter of ,pers1 make us swine indeed1 ,well-pleased on litter-straw to lie supine1-- ,well-pleased on mast and acorn-shales to feed1 ,stirred by all instincts of the bestial breed2 ,but ,o ,unmerciful6 ,o ,pitiless6 ,leave us not thus with sick men's hearts to bleed6-- ,to waste long days in yearning1 dumb distress1 ,and memory of things gone1 and utter hopelessness6 444 ,make thou us men again1--if men but groping ,that dark ,hereafter which th' ,olympians keep2 ,make thou us men again1--if men but hoping ,behind death's doors security of sleep2-- ,for yet to laugh is somewhat1 and to sleep2-- ,to feel delight of living1 and to plow ,the salt-blown acres of the shoreless deep2-- ,better1--yea better far all these than bow ,foul faces to foul earth1 and yearn--as we do now6 ,so they in speech unsyllabled4 ,but ,she1 ,the fair-tressed ,goddess1 born to be their bane1 ,uplifting straight her wand of ivory1 ,compelled them groaning to the styes again2 ,where they in hopeless bitterness were fain ,to rend the oaken woodwork as before1 ,and tear the troughs in impotence of pain1-- ,not knowing1 they1 that even at the door ,divine ,odysseus stood1--as ,hermes told of yore4#cce ,ulysses1 reaching the palace1 was courteously received by ,circe1 who entertained him as she had done his companions1 but after he had eaten and drunk1 touched him with her wand1 saying1 ,hence1 seek the stye and wallow with thy friends4 ,but he1 instead of obeying1 drew his sword and rushed upon her with fury in his countenance4 ,she fell on her knees and begged for mercy4 ,he dictated a solemn oath that she would release his companions and practice no further harm against him or them2 and she repeated it1 at the same time promising to dismiss them all in safety after hospitably entertaining them4 ,she was as good as her word4 ,the men were restored to their shapes1 the rest of the crew summoned from the shore1 and all magnificently entertained day after day1 till ,ulysses seemed to have forgotten his native land and to have reconciled himself to an inglorious life of ease and pleasure4 #bcg4 ,ulysses visits ,hades4 ,at length his companions recalled him to nobler sentiments1 and he received their admonition gratefully4 ,circe1 won over by his prayers1 consented to send him on his homeward way4 ,but she warned him that first he must perform another journey1 must visit the ,underworld and there learn from the shade of ,tiresias1 the blind prophet of ,thebes1 the way and measure of his path1 and how to proceed to ,ithaca over the teeming deep4 ,but who will guide us8 queried ,ulysses in amaze2 for no man ever yet sailed to hell in a black ship4 ,son of ,lartes1 replied the ,goddess1 ,ulysses of many devices1 nay1 trouble not thyself for want of a guide1 by thy ship abiding1 but set up the mast and spread abroad the white sails and sit thee down2 and the breeze of the ,north ,wind will bear thy vessel on her way4 ,but when thou hast now sailed in thy ship across the stream ,oceanus where is a waste shore and the groves of ,persephone1 even tall poplar trees and willows that shed their fruit before the season1 there beach thy ship by deep-eddying ,oceanus1 but go thyself to the dank house of ,hades4 ,thereby into ,acheron flows ,pyriphlegethon1 and ,cocytus1 a branch of the water of the ,styx2 and there is a rock1 and the meeting of the two roaring waters4 ,there dig a trench and pour a drink offering to all the dead1 mead and sweet wine and water1 sprinkling white meal thereon4 ,and when thou hast prayed to them1 offer up a ram and a black ewe4 ,then will many spirits come to thee of the dead that be departed2 but thou shalt draw thy sharp sword and suffer them not to approach the blood1 ere thou hast word of ,tiresias4#ccf ,so ,ulysses and his companions did as they were bid4 ,and the ship came to the limits of the world1 to the deep-flowing ,oceanus4 ,there is the land and city of the ,cimmerians1 where no ray of sunshine ever falls1 but deadly night is outspread over miserable mortals4 ,and there ,ulysses and those with him performed the drink offering and the prayer and the sacrifice2 and ,ulysses fended off the spirits of the dead from the blood until the soul of the ,theban prophet arrived4 ,and that one1 having drunk of the dark blood1 declared unto ,ulysses the future of his way3 how the ,earthshaker1 god of the waters1 should oppose him1 but how he should win home without further disaster if1 when passing the isle ,thrinacia1 he would but restrain the spirit of his men so that they should do no injury to the cattle of the ,sun grazing thereon4 ,if1 however1 these cattle were not respected but hurt1 then there should follow ruin for both ship and men2 and ,ulysses himself on the ship of strangers should return late in time to his home1 to find sorrows there1 proud men wasting his patrimony and wooing his godlike wife to wed her4 ,but that he should avenge their violence1 and settle his affairs at home1 and then betake himself again to wandering2 and that from the sea should his own death come1--the gentlest death that may be1 which shall end thee fordone with smooth old age2 and the folk shall dwell happily around thee4 ,in the land of ,hades1 ,ulysses saw also the shade of his mother1 and spoke with her of his father and of ,penelope1 his wife1 and of his son ,telemachus4 ,and he saw also the shades of ,antiope and ,alcmene and ,phdra and ,procris2 and of ,agamemnon1 and ,achilles1 and ,ajax1 the son of ,telamon1 and of many others1 and spoke with them of their own fates and of the affairs of the upper world4 #bch4 ,the ,sirens4 ,returning from the abode of the shades1 ,ulysses revisited the an isle and recounted to ,circe his adventures and the wondrous visions and the laws of ,hell4 ,she in return speeded his homeward voyage1 instructing him particularly how to pass safely by the coast of the ,sirens4#ccg ,these nymphs had the power1 as has been already said1 of charming by their song all who heard them1 so that mariners were impelled to cast themselves into the sea to destruction4 ,circe directed ,ulysses to stop the ears of his seamen with wax1 so that they should not hear the strain2 to have himself bound to the mast1 and to enjoin his people1 whatever he might say or do1 by no means to release him till they should have passed the ,sirens' island4 ,ulysses obeyed these directions4 ,as they approached the ,sirens' island1 the sea was calm1 and over the waters came notes of music so ravishing and attractive that ,ulysses struggled to get loose and1 by cries and signs to his people1 begged to be released2 but they1 obedient to his previous orders1 sprang forward and bound him still faster4 ,they held on their course1 and the music grew fainter till it ceased to be heard1 when with joy ,ulysses gave his companions the signal to unseal their ears2 and they relieved him from his bonds4 ,it is said that one of the ,sirens1 ,parthenope1 in grief at the escape of ,ulysses drowned herself4 ,her body was cast up on the ,italian shore where now stands the city of ,naples1 in early times called by the ,siren's name4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agd4 ,,ulysses ,,and ,,the ,,sirens #bci4 ,scylla and ,charybdis4 ,ulysses had been warned by ,circe of the two monsters ,scylla and ,charybdis4 ,we have already met with ,scylla in the myth of ,glaucus4 ,she dwelt in a cave high up on the cliff1 from whence she was accustomed to thrust forth her long necks 7for she had six heads71 and in each of her mouths to seize one of the crew of every vessel passing within reach4 ,the other terror1 ,charybdis1 was a gulf nearly on a level with the water4 ,thrice each day the water rushed into a frightful chasm1 and thrice was disgorged4 ,any vessel coming near the whirlpool when the tide was rushing in must inevitably be engulfed2 not ,neptune himself could save it4 ,on approaching the haunt of the dread monsters1 ,ulysses kept strict watch to discover them4 ,the roar of the waters as ,charybdis engulfed them gave warning at a distance1 but ,scylla could nowhere be discerned4 ,while ,ulysses and his men watched with anxious eyes the dreadful whirlpool1 they were not equally on their guard from the attack of ,scylla1#cch and the monster1 darting forth her snaky heads1 caught six of his men and bore them away shrieking to her den4 ,ulysses was unable to afford any assistance4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #age4 ,,ulysses ,,and ,,scylla #bdj4 ,the ,cattle of the ,sun4 ,both ,tiresias and ,circe had warned him of another danger4 ,after passing ,scylla and ,charybdis the next land he would make was ,thrinacia1 an island whereon were pastured the cattle of ,helios1 the ,sun1 tended by his daughters ,lampetia and ,phathusa4 ,these flocks must not be violated1 whatever the wants of the voyagers might be4 ,if this injunction were transgressed1 destruction was sure to fall on the offenders4 ,ulysses would willingly have passed the island of the ,sun without stopping1 but his companions so urgently pleaded for the rest and refreshment that would be derived from anchoring and passing the night on shore1 that ,ulysses yielded4 ,he made them swear1 however1 not to touch the sacred flocks and herds1 but to content themselves with what provision they yet had left of the supply which ,circe had put on board4 ,so long as this supply lasted the people kept their oath2 but contrary winds detained them at the island for a month1 and after consuming all their stock of provisions1 they were forced to rely upon the birds and fishes they could catch4 ,famine pressed them1 and at last1 in the absence of ,ulysses1 they slew some of the cattle1 vainly attempting to make amends for the deed by offering from them a portion to the offended powers4 ,ulysses1 on his return to the shore1 was horror-struck at perceiving what they had done1 and the more so on account of the portentous signs which followed4 ,the skins crept on the ground1 and the joints of meat lowed on the spits while roasting4 ,illustration3 ,,flying ,,mercury ,the wind becoming fair1 they sailed from the island4 ,they had not gone far when the weather changed1 and a storm of thunder and lightning ensued4 ,a stroke of lightning shattered their mast1 which in its fall killed the pilot4 ,at last the vessel itself went to pieces4 ,the keel and mast floating side by side1 ,ulysses formed of them a raft to which he clung2 and1 the wind changing1 the waves bore him to ,calypso's island4 ,all the rest of the crew perished4 #bda4 ,calypso's ,island4 ,calypso1 a sea-nymph1 received ,ulysses hospitably1 entertained him magnificently1 became enamored of him1 and wished to retain him forever1 offering him immortality4 ,he remained with her seven long years4 ,but he persisted in his resolution to return to his country and his wife and son4#cci ,calypso at last received the command of ,jove to dismiss him4 ,mercury brought the message to her and found her in her grotto4 ,a garden vine1 luxuriant on all sides1 ,mantled the spacious cavern1 cluster-hung ,profuse2 four fountains of serenest lymph1 ,their sinuous course pursuing side by side1 ,strayed all around1 and everywhere appeared ,meadows of softest verdure1 purpled o'er ,with violets2 it was a scene to fill ,a god from heaven with wonder and delight4#cdj ,calypso1 with much reluctance1 proceeded to obey the commands of ,jupiter4 ,she supplied ,ulysses with the means of constructing a raft1 provisioned it well for him1 and gave him a favoring gale4 ,he sped on his course prosperously for many days1 till at last1 when in sight of land1 a storm arose that broke his mast and threatened to rend the raft asunder4 ,in this crisis he was seen by a compassionate sea-nymph1 ,leucothea1 who1 in the form of a cormorant1 alighted on the raft and presented him with a girdle1 directing him to bind it beneath his breast1 that1 if he should be compelled to trust himself to the waves1 it might buoy him up and enable him to reach the land4 #bdb4 ,the ,land of the ,phacians4 ,ulysses clung to the raft so long as its timbers held together1 and when it no longer yielded him support1 binding the girdle around him1 he swam4 ,minerva smoothed the billows before him and sent him a wind that rolled the waves towards the shore4 ,the surf beat high on the rocks and seemed to forbid approach2 but at length finding calm water at the mouth of a gentle stream1 he landed1 spent with toil1 breathless and speechless and almost dead4 ,reviving after some time1 he kissed the soil1 rejoicing1 yet at a loss what course to take4 ,at a short distance he perceived a wood1 to which he turned his steps4 ,there finding a covert sheltered by intermingling branches alike from the sun and the rain1 he collected a pile of leaves and formed a bed1 on which he stretched himself1 and1 heaping the leaves over him1 fell asleep4 ,the land where he was thrown was ,scheria1 the country of the ,phacians4#cda ,these people dwelt originally near the ,cyclopes2 but1 being oppressed by that savage race1 they migrated to the isle of ,scheria under the conduct of ,nausithos1 their king4 ,they were1 the poet tells us1 a people akin to the gods1 who appeared manifestly and feasted among them when they offered sacrifices1 and did not conceal themselves from solitary wayfarers when they met them4 ,they had abundance of wealth and lived in the enjoyment of it undisturbed by the alarms of war2 for as they dwelt remote from gain-seeking man1 no enemy ever approached their shores1 and they did not even require to make use of bows and quivers4 ,their chief employment was navigation4 ,their ships1 which went with the velocity of birds1 were endued with intelligence2 they knew every port and needed no pilot4 ,alcinos1 the son of ,nausithos1 was now their king1 a wise and just sovereign1 beloved by his people4 ,now it happened that the very night on which ,ulysses was cast ashore on the ,phacian island1 and while he lay sleeping on his bed of leaves1 ,nausicaa1 the daughter of the king1 had a dream sent by ,minerva1 reminding her that her wedding day might not be far distant1 and that it would be but a prudent preparation for that event to have a general washing of the clothes of the family4 ,this was no slight affair1 for the fountains were at some distance and the garments must be carried thither4 ,on awaking1 the princess hastened to her parents to tell them what was on her mind1--not alluding to her wedding day1 but finding other reasons equally good4 ,her father readily assented and ordered the grooms to furnish forth a wagon for the purpose4 ,the clothes were put therein1 and the queen1 her mother1 placed in the wagon likewise an abundant supply of food and wine4 ,the princess took her seat and plied the lash1 her attendant virgins following her on foot4 ,arrived at the riverside they turned out the mules to graze1 and unlading the carriage1 bore the garments down to the water1 and1 working with cheerfulness and alacrity1 soon dispatched their labor4 ,then having spread the garments on the shore to dry1 and having themselves bathed1 they sat down to enjoy their meal2 after which they rose and amused themselves with a game of ball1 the princess singing to them while they played4 ,but when they had refolded the apparel and were about to resume their way to the town1 ,minerva caused the ball thrown by the princess to fall into the water1 whereat they all screamed1 and ,ulysses awaked at the sound4 ,utterly destitute of clothing1 he discovered that only a few bushes were interposed between him and a group of young maidens1 whom1 by their deportment and attire1 he discovered to be not mere peasant girls1 but of a higher class4 ,breaking off a leafy branch from a tree1 he held it before him and stepped out from the thicket4 ,the virgins at sight of him fled in all directions1 ,nausicaa alone excepted1 for her ,minerva aided and endowed with courage and discernment4 ,ulysses1 standing respectfully aloof1 told his sad case1 and besought the fair object 7whether queen or goddess he professed he knew not7 for food and clothing4 ,the princess replied courteously1 promising present relief and her father's hospitality when he should become acquainted with the facts4 ,she called back her scattered maidens1 chiding their alarm and reminding them that the ,phacians had no enemies to fear4 ,this man1 she told them1 was an unhappy wanderer1 whom it was a duty to cherish1 for the poor and the stranger are from ,jove4 ,she bade them bring food1 and the garments of some of her brothers that were among the contents of the wagon4 ,when this was done1 and ,ulysses retiring to a sheltered place had washed his body free from the sea-foam1 and clothed himself1 and eaten1 ,pallas dilated his form and diffused grace over his ample chest and manly brows4 ,the princess1 seeing him1 was filled with admiration and scrupled not to say to her damsels that she wished the gods would send her such a husband4 ,to ,ulysses she recommended that he repair to the city1 following herself and her train so far as the way lay through the fields2 but when they should approach the city1 she desired that he no longer be seen in her company1 for she feared the remarks which rude and vulgar people might make on seeing her return accompanied by such a gallant stranger4 ,to avoid this she directed him to stop at a grove adjoining the city1 in which were a farm and garden belonging to the king4 ,after allowing time for the princess and her companions to reach the city1 he was then to pursue his way thither1 and should be easily guided by any he might meet to the royal abode4 ,ulysses obeyed the directions and in due time proceeded to the city1 on approaching which he met a young woman bearing forth a pitcher for water4#cdb ,it was ,minerva who had assumed that form4 ,ulysses accosted her and desired to be directed to the palace of ,alcinos1 the king4 ,the maiden replied respectfully1 offering to be his guide2 for the palace1 she informed him1 stood near her father's dwelling4 ,under the guidance of the goddess and1 by her power1 enveloped in a cloud which shielded him from observation1 ,ulysses passed among the busy crowd and with wonder observed their harbor1 their ships1 their forum 7the resort of heroes71 and their battlements1 till they came to the palace1 where the goddess1 having first given him some information of the country1 king1 and people he was about to meet1 left him4 ,ulysses1 before entering the courtyard of the palace1 stood and surveyed the scene4 ,its splendor astonished him4 ,brazen walls stretched from the entrance to the interior house1 of which the doors were gold1 the doorposts silver1 the lintels silver ornamented with gold4 ,on either side were figures of mastiffs wrought in gold and silver1 standing in rows as if to guard the approach4 ,along the walls were seats spread through all their length with mantles of finest texture1 the work of ,phacian maidens4 ,on these seats the princes sat and feasted1 while golden statues of graceful youths held in their hands lighted torches which shed radiance over the scene4 ,full fifty female menials served in household offices1 some employed to grind the corn1 others to wind off the purple wool or ply the loom4 ,for the ,phacian women as far exceeded all other women in household arts as the mariners of that country did the rest of mankind in the management of ships4 ,without the court a spacious garden lay1 four acres in extent4 ,in it grew many a lofty tree1 pomegranate1 pear1 apple1 fig1 and olive4 ,neither winter's cold nor summer's drought arrested their growth4 ,the languid sunset1 mother of roses1#cdc ,lingers1 a light on the magic seas1 ,the wide fire flames1 as a flower uncloses1 ,heavy with odor1 and loose to the breeze4 ,the red rose clouds1 without law or leader1 ,gather and float in the airy plain2 ,the nightingale sings to the dewy cedar1 ,the cedar scatters his scent to the main4 ,the strange flowers' perfume turns to singing1 ,heard afar over moonlit seas3 ,the ,siren's song1 grown faint in winging1 ,falls in scent on the cedar-trees4 ,as waifs blown out of the sunset1 flying1 ,purple1 and rosy1 and gray1 the birds ,brighten the air with their wings2 their crying ,wakens a moment the weary herds4 ,butterflies flit from the fairy garden1 ,living blossoms of flying flowers2 ,never the nights with winter harden1 ,nor moons wax keen in this land of ours4 ,great fruits1 fragrant1 green and golden1 ,gleam in the green1 and droop and fall2 ,blossom1 and bud1 and flower unfolden1 ,swing and cling to the garden wall4 ,deep in the woods as twilight darkens1 ,glades are red with the scented fire2 ,far in the dells the white maid hearkens ,song and sigh of the heart's desire4 ,ulysses stood gazing in admiration1 unobserved himself1 for the cloud which ,minerva spread around him still shielded him4 ,at length having sufficiently observed the scene1 he advanced with rapid step into the hall where the chiefs and senators were assembled1 pouring libation to ,mercury1 whose worship followed the evening meal4 ,just then ,minerva dissolved the cloud and disclosed him to the assembled chiefs4 ,advancing to the place where the queen sat1 he knelt at her feet and implored her favor and assistance to enable him to return to his native country4 ,then withdrawing1 he seated himself in the manner of suppliants1 at the hearth-side4 ,for a time none spoke4 ,at last an aged statesman1 addressing the king1 said1 ,it is not fit that a stranger who asks our hospitality should be kept waiting in suppliant guise1 none welcoming him4 ,let him1 therefore1 be led to a seat among us and supplied with food and wine4 ,at these words the king1 rising1 gave his hand to ,ulysses and led him to a seat1 displacing thence his own son to make room for the stranger4 ,food and wine were set before him and he ate and refreshed himself4 ,the king then dismissed his guests1 notifying them that the next day he would call them to council to consider what had best be done for the stranger4 ,when the guests had departed and ,ulysses was left alone with the king and queen1 the queen asked him who he was and whence he came1 and 7recognizing the clothes which he wore as those which her maidens and herself had made7 from whom he received those garments4 ,he told them of his residence in ,calypso's isle and his departure thence2 of the wreck of his raft1 his escape by swimming1 and of the relief afforded by the princess4 ,the parents heard approvingly1 and the king promised to furnish a ship in which his guest might return to his own land4 ,the next day the assembled chiefs confirmed the promise of the king4#cdd ,a bark was prepared and a crew of stout rowers selected1 and all betook themselves to the palace1 where a bounteous repast was provided4 ,after the feast the king proposed that the young men should show their guest their proficiency in manly sports1 and all went forth to the arena for games of running1 wrestling1 and other exercises4 ,after all had done their best1 ,ulysses being challenged to show what he could do1 at first declined1 but being taunted by one of the youths1 seized a quoit of weight far heavier than any the ,phacians had thrown1 and sent it farther than the utmost throw of theirs4 ,all were astonished and viewed their guest with greatly increased respect4 ,after the games they returned to the hall1 and the herald led in ,demodocus1 the blind bard1-- ,dear to the ,muse1 ,who yet appointed him both good and ill1 ,took from him sight1 but gave him strains divine4 ,he took for his theme the ,wooden ,horse1 by means of which the ,greeks found entrance into ,troy4 ,apollo inspired him1 and he sang so feelingly the terrors and the exploits of that eventful time that all were delighted1 but ,ulysses was moved to tears4 ,observing which1 ,alcinos1 when the song was done1 demanded of him why at the mention of ,troy his sorrows awaked4 ,had he lost there a father1 or brother1 or any dear friend8 ,ulysses replied by announcing himself by his true name1 and1 at their request1 recounted the adventures which had befallen him since his departure from ,troy4 ,this narrative raised the sympathy and admiration of the ,phacians for their guest to the highest pitch4 ,the king proposed that all the chiefs should present him with a gift1 himself setting the example4 ,they obeyed1 and vied with one another in loading the illustrious stranger with costly gifts4 ,the next day ,ulysses set sail in the ,phacian vessel1 and in a short time arrived safe at ,ithaca1 his own island4#cde ,when the vessel touched the strand he was asleep4 ,the mariners1 without waking him1 carried him on shore1 and landed with him the chest containing his presents1 and then sailed away4 ,neptune was so displeased at the conduct of the ,phacians in thus rescuing ,ulysses from his hands1 that1 on the return of the vessel to port1 he transformed it into a rock1 right opposite the mouth of the harbor4 #bdc4 ,fate of the ,suitors4 ,ulysses had now been away from ,ithaca for twenty years1 and when he awoke he did not recognize his native land3 ,some god hath cast me forth upon this land1 ,and ,o6 what land8 ,so thick is the sea mist1 ,all is phantasmal4 ,what king ruleth here8 ,what folk inhabit8--cruel unto strangers1 ,or hospitable8 ,the gods have lied to me ,when they foretold ,i should see ,ithaca4 ,this is some swimming and ,cimmerian isle1 ,with melancholy people of the mist4 ,ah6 ,ithaca1 ,i shall not see thee more6#cdf ,but ,minerva1 appearing in the form of a young shepherd1 informed him where he was1 and told him the state of things at his palace4 ,more than a hundred nobles of ,ithaca and of the neighboring islands had been for years suing for the hand of ,penelope1 his wife1 imagining him dead1 and lording it over his palace and people as if they were owners of both4 ,penelope was one of those mythic heroines whose beauties were not those of person only1 but of character and conduct as well4 ,she was the niece of ,tyndareus1--being the daughter of his brother ,icarius1 a ,spartan prince4 ,ulysses1 seeking her in marriage1 had won her over all competitors4 ,but1 when the moment came for the bride to leave her father's house1 ,icarius1 unable to bear the thoughts of parting with his daughter1 tried to persuade her to remain with him and not accompany her husband to ,ithaca4 ,ulysses gave ,penelope her choice1 to stay or go with him4 ,penelope made no reply1 but dropped her veil over her face4 ,icarius urged her no further1 but when she was gone erected a statue to ,modesty on the spot where they had parted4 ,ulysses and ,penelope had not enjoyed their union more than a year when it was interrupted by the events which called ,ulysses to the ,trojan ,war4 ,during his long absence1 and when it was doubtful whether he still lived1 and highly improbable that he would ever return1 ,penelope was importuned by numerous suitors1 from whom there seemed no refuge but in choosing one of them for her husband4 ,she1 however1 employed every art to gain time1 still hoping for ,ulysses' return4 ,one of her arts of delay was by engaging in the preparation of a robe for the funeral canopy of ,lartes1 her husband's father4 ,she pledged herself to make her choice among the suitors when the web was finished4 ,during the day she worked at it1 but in the night she undid the work of the day4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agf4 ,,penelope ,,and ,,telemachus ,that ,ulysses on returning might be able to take vengeance upon the suitors1 it was important that he should not be recognized4 ,minerva accordingly metamorphosed him into an unsightly beggar1 and as such he was kindly received by ,eumus1 the swineherd1 a faithful servant of his house4#cdg ,telemachus1 his son1 had for some time been absent in quest of his father1 visiting the courts of the other kings who had returned from the ,trojan expedition4 ,while on the search1 he received counsel from ,minerva to return home4#cdh ,he arrived at this juncture1 and sought ,eumus to learn something of the state of affairs at the palace before presenting himself among the suitors4 ,finding a stranger with ,eumus1 he treated him courteously1 though in the garb of a beggar1 and promised him assistance4 ,eumus was sent to the palace to inform ,penelope privately of her son's arrival1 for caution was necessary with regard to the suitors1 who1 as ,telemachus had learned1 were plotting to intercept and kill him4 ,when the swineherd was gone1 ,minerva presented herself to ,ulysses and directed him to make himself known to his son4 ,at the same time she touched him1 removed at once from him the appearance of age and penury1 and gave him the aspect of vigorous manhood that belonged to him4 ,telemachus viewed him with astonishment1 and at first thought he must be more than mortal4 ,but ,ulysses announced himself as his father1 and accounted for the change of appearance by explaining that it was ,minerva's doing4 ,then threw ,telemachus ,his arms around his father's neck and wept4 ,desire intense of lamentation seized ,on both2 soft murmurs uttering1 each indulged ,his grief4#cdi ,the father and son took counsel together how they should get the better of the suitors and punish them for their outrages4 ,it was arranged that ,telemachus should proceed to the palace and mingle with the suitors as formerly2 that ,ulysses should also go as a beggar1 a character which in the rude old times had different privileges from what we concede to it now4 ,as traveler and storyteller1 the beggar was admitted in the halls of chieftains and often treated like a guest2 though sometimes1 also1 no doubt1 with contumely4 ,ulysses charged his son not to betray1 by any display of unusual interest in him1 that he knew him to be other than he seemed1 and even if he saw him insulted or beaten1 not to interpose otherwise than he might do for any stranger4 ,at the palace they found the usual scene of feasting and riot going on4 ,the suitors pretended to receive ,telemachus with joy at his return1 though secretly mortified at the failure of their plots to take his life4 ,the old beggar was permitted to enter and provided with a portion from the table4 ,a touching incident occurred as ,ulysses entered the courtyard of the palace4 ,an old dog lay in the yard almost dead with age1 and seeing a stranger enter1 raised his head1 with ears erect4 ,it was ,argus1 ,ulysses' own dog1 that he had in other days often led to the chase4 ,soon as he perceived ,long-lost ,ulysses nigh1 down fell his ears ,clapped close1 and with his tail glad sign he gave ,of gratulation1 impotent to rise1 ,and to approach his master as of old4 ,ulysses1 noting him1 wiped off a tear ,unmarked4 444 ,then his destiny released ,old ,argus1 soon as he had lived to see ,ulysses in the twentieth year restored4#cej ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agg4 ,,ulysses ,,recognized ,,by ,,euryclea ,as ,ulysses sat eating his portion in the hall1 the suitors soon began to exhibit their insolence to him4 ,when he mildly remonstrated1 one of them raised a stool and with it gave him a blow4 ,telemachus had hard work to restrain his indignation at seeing his father so treated in his own hall2 but1 remembering his father's injunctions1 said no more than what became him as master of the house1 though young1 and protector of his guests4 ,once again was the wanderer all but betrayed2--when his aged nurse ,euryclea1 bathing his feet1 recognized the scar of a wound dealt him by a boar1 long ago4#cea ,grief and joy overwhelmed the crone1 and she would have revealed him to ,penelope had not ,ulysses enjoined silence upon her4 ,penelope had protracted her decision in favor of any one of her suitors so long that there seemed to be no further pretense for delay4 ,the continued absence of her husband seemed to prove that his return was no longer to be expected4 ,meanwhile her son had grown up and was able to manage his own affairs4 ,she therefore consented to submit the question of her choice to a trial of skill among the suitors4 ,the test selected was shooting with the bow4#ceb ,twelve rings were arranged in a line1 and he whose arrow was sent through the whole twelve was to have the queen for his prize4 ,a bow that one of his brother heroes had given to ,ulysses in former times was brought from the armory and with its quiver full of arrows was laid in the hall4 ,telemachus had taken care that all other weapons should be removed1 under pretense that in the heat of competition there was danger1 in some rash moment1 of putting them to an improper use4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agh4 ,,ulysses ,,kills ,,the ,,suitors 7,left half7 ,all things being prepared for the trial1 the first thing to be done was to bend the bow in order to attach the string4 ,telemachus endeavored to do it1 but found all his efforts fruitless2 and modestly confessing that he had attempted a task beyond his strength1 he yielded the bow to another1 ,he tried it with no better success1 and1 amidst the laughter and jeers of his companions1 gave it up4 ,another tried it1 and another2 they rubbed the bow with tallow1 but all to no purpose2 it would not bend4 ,then spoke ,ulysses1 humbly suggesting that he should be permitted to try2 for1 said he1 beggar as ,i am1 ,i was once a soldier1 and there is still some strength in these old limbs of mine4 ,the suitors hooted with derision and commanded to turn him out of the hall for his insolence4 ,but ,telemachus spoke up for him1 and1 merely to gratify the old man1 bade him try4 ,ulysses took the bow and handled it with the hand of a master4 ,with ease he adjusted the cord to its notch1 then fitting an arrow to the bow he drew the string and sped the arrow unerring through the rings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #agi4 ,,ulysses ,,kills ,,the ,,suitors 7,right half7 ,without allowing them time to express their astonishment1 he said1 ,now for another mark6 and aimed direct at ,antinos1 the most insolent of the suitors4#cec ,the arrow pierced through his throat and he fell dead4 ,telemachus1 ,eumus1 and another faithful follower1 well armed1 now sprang to the side of ,ulysses4 ,the suitors1 in amazement1 looked round for arms1 but found none1 neither was there any way of escape1 for ,eumus had secured the door4 ,ulysses left them not long in uncertainty2 he announced himself as the long-lost chief1 whose house they had invaded1 whose substance they had squandered1 whose wife and son they had persecuted for ten long years2 and told them he meant to have ample vengeance4 ,all but two were slain1 and ,ulysses was left master of his palace and possessor of his kingdom and his wife4 #bdd4 ,tennyson's ,ulysses4 ,tennyson's poem of ,ulysses represents the old hero1--his dangers past and nothing left but to stay at home and be happy1--growing tired of inaction and resolving to set forth again in quest of new adventures4 ,it little profits that an idle king1 ,by this still hearth1 among these barren crags1 ,match'd with an agd wife1 ,i mete and dole ,unequal laws unto a savage race1 ,that hoard1 and sleep1 and feed1 and know not me4 ,i cannot rest from travel3 ,i will drink ,life to the lees3 all times ,i have enjoy'd ,greatly1 have suffer'd greatly1 both with those ,that loved me1 and alone2 on shore1 and when ,thro' scudding drifts the rainy ,hyades ,vext the dim sea3 ,i am become a name2 ,for always roaming with a hungry heart ,much have ,i seen and known3 cities of men1 ,and manners1 climates1 councils1 governments1 ,myself not least1 but honor'd of them all2 ,and drunk delight of battle with my peers1 ,far on the ringing plains of windy ,troy4 ,i am a part of all that ,i have met2 ,yet all experience is an arch wherethro' ,gleams that untravel'd world1 whose margin fades ,forever and forever when ,i move4 ,how dull it is to pause1 to make an end1 ,to rust unburnish'd1 not to shine in use6 ,as tho' to breathe were life4 ,life piled on life ,were all too little1 and of one to me ,little remains3 but every hour is saved ,from that eternal silence1 something more1 ,a bringer of new things2 and vile it were ,for some three suns to store and hoard myself1 ,and this gray spirit yearning in desire ,to follow knowledge like a sinking star1 ,beyond the utmost bound of human thought4 ,this is my son1 mine own ,telemachus1 ,to whom ,i leave the scepter and the isle-- ,well-loved of me1 discerning to fulfil ,this labor1 by slow prudence to make mild ,a rugged people1 and thro' soft degrees ,subdue them to the useful and the good4 ,most blameless is he1 centered in the sphere ,of common duties1 decent not to fail ,in offices of tenderness1 and pay ,meet adoration to my household gods1 ,when ,i am gone4 ,he works his work1 ,i mine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4 ,,the ,,nike ,,of ,,samothrace ,there lies the port3 the vessel puffs her sail3 ,there gloom the dark broad seas4 ,my mariners1 ,souls that have toil'd1 and wrought1 and thought with me-- ,that ever with a frolic welcome took ,the thunder and the sunshine1 and opposed ,free hearts1 free foreheads--you and ,i are old2 ,old age has yet his honor and his toil2 ,death closes all3 but something ere the end1 ,some work of noble note1 may yet be done1 ,not unbecoming men that strove with ,gods4 ,the lights begin to twinkle from the rocks3 ,the long day wanes3 the slow moon climbs3 the deep ,moans round with many voices4 ,come1 my friends1 ',tis not too late to seek a newer world4 ,push off1 and sitting well in order smite ,the sounding furrows2 for my purpose holds ,to sail beyond the sunset1 and the baths ,of all the western stars1 until ,i die4 ,it may be that the gulfs will wash us down3 ,it may be we shall touch the ,happy ,isles1 ,and see the great ,achilles1 whom we knew4 ,tho' much is taken1 much abides2 and tho' ,we are not now that strength which in old days ,moved earth and heaven1 that which we are1 we are2 ,one equal temper of heroic hearts1 ,made weak by time and fate1 but strong in will ,to strive1 to seek1 to find1 and not to yield4 ,,footnotes3 #ccj ,sonnet by ,andrew ,lang4 #cca ,for the authorship of the ,odyssey1 see #bih 7#c72 and for translations1 see corresponding section of the ,commentary4 #ccb ,odyssey1 #i4 #ccc #ada4 #ccd ,odyssey1 #aj4 #cce ,from ,austin ,dobson's ,prayer of the ,swine to ,circe4 #ccf ,odyssey1 #aj2 adapted from ,butcher and ,lang's translation4 ,so the following from ,odyssey1 #aa4 #ccg ,odyssey1 #ab4 #cch ,incidit in ,scyllam1 cupiens vitare ,charybdim4 #cci ,odyssey1 #a1 #aj4 #cdj ,odyssey1 #e1 #fd 7,cowper's translation74 #cda ,odyssey1 #f4 #cdb ,odyssey1 #g4 #cdc ,andrew ,lang1 ,a ,song of ,phacia4 #cdd ,odyssey1 #h4 #cde ,odyssey1 #ac4 #cdf ,stephen ,phillips1 ,ulysses4 #cdg ,odyssey1 #ad4 #cdh ,odyssey1 #ae4 #cdi ,odyssey #af1 #bab 7,cowper's translation74 #cej ,odyssey1 #ag1 #bij 7,cowper's translation74 #cea ,odyssey1 #ai4 #ceb ,odyssey1 #ba4 #cec ,odyssey1 #bb4 ,,chapter ,,xxv ,,adventures ,,of ,,neas ,roman ,virgil1 thou that singest ,ilion's lofty temples robed in fire1 ,ilion falling1 ,rome arising1 wars1 and filial faith1 and ,dido's pyre2 ,landscape lover1 lord of language more than he that sang the ,works and ,days1 ,all the chosen coin of fancy flashing out from many a golden phrase2444 ,light among the vanish'd ages2 star that gildest yet this phantom shore2 ,golden branch amid the shadows1 kings and realms that pass to rise no more2444 ,now the ,rome of slaves hath perish'd1 and the ,rome of freemen holds her place1 ,i1 from out the ,northern ,island sunder'd once from all the human race1 ,i salute thee1 ,mantovano1 ,i that loved thee since my day began1 ,wielder of the stateliest measure ever molded by the lips of man4#ced ,illustration3 ,,italy ,,before ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,empire #bde4 ,from ,troy to ,italy4 ,homer tells the story of one of the ,grecian heroes1 ,ulysses1 in his wanderings on his return home from ,troy4 ,virgil in his neid#cee narrates the mythical fortunes of the remnant of the conquered people under their chief neas1 the son of ,venus and the ,trojan ,anchises1 in their search for a new home after the ruin of their native city4 ,on that fatal night when the wooden horse disgorged its contents of armed men1 and the capture and conflagration of the city were the result1 neas made his escape from the scene of destruction1 with his father and his wife and young son4 ,the father1 ,anchises1 was too old to walk with the speed required1 and neas took him upon his shoulders4 ,thus burdened1 leading his son and followed by his wife1 he made the best of his way out of the burning city2 but in the confusion his wife1 ,cresa1 was swept away and lost4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aha4 ,,neas1 ,,anchises1 ,,and ,,iulius #bdf4 ,the ,departure from ,troy4 ,on arriving at the place of rendezvous1 numerous fugitives of both sexes were found1 who put themselves under the guidance of neas4 ,some months were spent in preparation1 and at length they embarked4 ,they first landed on the neighboring shores of ,thrace1 and were preparing to build a city1 but neas was deterred by a prodigy4 ,preparing to offer sacrifice1 he tore some twigs from one of the bushes4 ,to his dismay the wounded part dropped blood4 ,when he repeated the act1 a voice from the ground cried out to him1 ,spare me1 neas2 ,i am thy kinsman1 ,polydore1 here murdered with many arrows1 from which a bush has grown1 nourished with my blood4 ,these words recalled to the recollection of neas that ,polydore was a young prince of ,troy1 whom his father had sent with ample treasures to the neighboring land of ,thrace1 to be there brought up1 at a distance from the horrors of war4 ,the king to whom he was sent had murdered him and seized his treasures4 neas and his companions1 considering the land accursed by the stain of such a crime1 hastened away4 #bdg4 ,the ,promised ,empire4 ,they next landed on the island of ,delos4 ,here neas consulted the oracle of ,apollo1 and received an answer1 ambiguous as usual1--,seek thy ancient mother2 there the race of neas shall dwell1 and reduce all other nations to their sway4 ,the ,trojans heard with joy and immediately began to ask one another1 ,where is the spot intended by the oracle8 ,anchises remembered that there was a tradition that their forefathers came from ,crete1 and thither they resolved to steer4 ,they arrived at ,crete and began to build their city2 but sickness broke out among them1 and the fields that they had planted1 failed to yield a crop4 ,in this gloomy aspect of affairs1 neas was warned in a dream to leave the country and seek a western land called ,hesperia1 whence ,dardanus1 the true founder of the ,trojan race1 was reported to have migrated4 ,to ,hesperia1 now called ,italy1 they therefore directed their future course1 and not till after many adventures1 and the lapse of time sufficient to carry a modern navigator several times round the world1 did they arrive there4 #bdh4 ,the ,harpies4 ,their first landing was at the island of the ,harpies4 ,these were disgusting birds1 with the heads of maidens1 with long claws1 and faces pale with hunger4 ,they were sent by the gods to torment a certain ,phineus1 whom ,jupiter had deprived of his sight in punishment of his cruelty2 and whenever a meal was placed before him1 the harpies darted down from the air and carried it off4 ,they were driven away from ,phineus by the heroes of the ,argonautic expedition1 and took refuge in the island where neas now found them4 ,when the ,trojans entered the port they saw herds of cattle roaming over the plain4 ,they slew as many as they wished1 and prepared for a feast4 ,but no sooner had they seated themselves at the table than a horrible clamor was heard in the air1 and a flock of these odious harpies came rushing down upon them1 seizing in their talons the meat from the dishes and flying away with it4 neas and his companions drew their swords and dealt vigorous blows among the monsters1 but to no purpose1 for they were so nimble it was almost impossible to hit them1 and their feathers were1 like armor1 impenetrable to steel4 ,one of them1 perched on a neighboring cliff1 screamed out1 ,is it thus1 ,trojans1 ye treat us innocent birds1 first slaughter our cattle and then make war on ourselves8 ,she then predicted dire sufferings to them in their future course1 and1 having vented her wrath1 flew away4 #bdi4 ,epirus4 ,the ,trojans made haste to leave the country1 and next found themselves coasting along the shore of ,epirus4 ,here they landed and to their astonishment learned that certain ,trojan exiles1 who had been carried there as prisoners1 had become rulers of the country4 ,andromache1 the widow of ,hector1 had borne three sons to ,neoptolemus in ,epirus4 ,but when he cast her off for ,hermione1 he left her to her fellow-captive1 ,helenus1 ,hector's brother4 ,now that ,neoptolemus was dead she had become the wife of ,helenus2 and they ruled the realm4 ,helenus and ,andromache treated the exiles with the utmost hospitality1 and dismissed them loaded with gifts4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4 ,,scylla #bej4 ,the ,cyclopes ,again4 ,from hence neas coasted along the shore of ,sicily and passed the country of the ,cyclopes4 ,here they were hailed from the shore by a miserable object1 whom by his garments tattered1 as they were1 they perceived to be a ,greek4 ,he told them he was one of ,ulysses' companions1 left behind by that chief in his hurried departure4 ,he related the story of ,ulysses' adventure with ,polyphemus1 and besought them to take him off with them1 as he had no means of sustaining his existence where he was1 but wild berries and roots1 and lived in constant fear of the ,cyclopes4 ,while he spoke ,polyphemus made his appearance1--terrible1 shapeless1 vast1 and1 of course1 blind4#cef ,he walked with cautious steps1 feeling his way with a staff1 down to the seaside1 to wash his eye-socket in the waves4 ,when he reached the water he waded out towards them1 and his immense height enabled him to advance far into the sea1 so that the ,trojans in terror took to their oars to get out of his way4 ,hearing the oars1 ,polyphemus shouted after them so that the shores resounded1 and at the noise the other ,cyclopes came forth from their caves and woods1 and lined the shore1 like a row of lofty pine trees4 ,the ,trojans plied their oars and soon left them out of sight4 neas had been cautioned by ,helenus to avoid the strait guarded by the monsters ,scylla and ,charybdis4 ,there ,ulysses1 the reader will remember1 had lost six of his men1 seized by ,scylla while the navigators were wholly intent upon avoiding ,charybdis4 neas1 following the advice of ,helenus1 shunned the dangerous pass and coasted along the island of ,sicily4 #bea4 ,the ,resentment of ,juno4 ,now ,juno1 seeing the ,trojans speeding their way prosperously towards their destined shore1 felt her old grudge against them revive1 for she could not forget the slight that ,paris had put upon her in awarding the prize of beauty to another4 ,in heavenly minds can such resentment dwell6#ceg ,accordingly she gave orders to olus1 who sent forth his sons1 ,boreas1 ,typhon1 and the other winds1 to toss the ocean4 ,a terrible storm ensued1 and the ,trojan ships were driven out of their course towards the coast of ,africa4 ,they were in imminent danger of being wrecked1 and were separated1 so that neas thought that all were lost except his own vessel4 ,at this crisis1 ,neptune1 hearing the storm raging1 and knowing that he had given no orders for one1 raised his head above the waves and saw the fleet of neas driving before the gale4 ,understanding the hostility of ,juno1 he was at no loss to account for it1 but his anger was not the less at this interference in his province4 ,he called the winds and dismissed them with a severe reprimand4 ,he then soothed the waves1 and brushed away the clouds from before the face of the sun4 ,some of the ships which had got on the rocks he pried off with his own trident1 while ,triton and a sea-nymph1 putting their shoulders under others1 set them afloat again4 ,the ,trojans1 when the sea became calm1 sought the nearest shore1--the coast of ,carthage1 where neas was so happy as to find that one by one the ships all arrived safe1 though badly shaken4 #beb4 ,the ,sojourn at ,carthage4 ,dido4 ,carthage1 where the exiles had now arrived1 was a spot on the coast of ,africa opposite ,sicily1 where at that time a ,tyrian colony under ,dido1 their queen1 were laying the foundations of a state destined in later ages to be the rival of ,rome itself4 ,dido was the daughter of ,belus1 king of ,tyre1 and sister of ,pygmalion1 who succeeded his father on the throne4 ,her husband was ,sichus1 a man of immense wealth1 but ,pygmalion1 who coveted his treasures1 caused him to be put to death4 ,dido1 with a numerous body of friends and followers1 both men and women1 succeeded in effecting their escape from ,tyre1 in several vessels1 carrying with them the treasures of ,sichus4 ,on arriving at the spot which they selected as the seat of their future home1 they asked of the natives only so much land as they could inclose with a bull's hide4 ,when this was readily granted1 the queen caused the hide to be cut into strips1 and with them inclosed a spot on which she built a citadel1 and called it ,byrsa 7a hide74 ,around this fort the city of ,carthage rose1 and soon became a powerful and flourishing place4 ,such was the state of affairs when neas with his ,trojans arrived there4 ,dido received the illustrious exiles with friendliness and hospitality4 ,not unacquainted with distress1 she said1 ,i have learned to succor the unfortunate4#ceh ,the queen's hospitality displayed itself in festivities at which games of strength and skill were exhibited4 ,the strangers contended for the palm with her own subjects on equal terms1 the queen declaring that whether the victor were ,trojan or ,tyrian should make no difference to her4#cei ,at the feast which followed the games1 neas gave at her request a recital of the closing events of the ,trojan history and his own adventures after the fall of the city4 ,dido was charmed with his discourse and filled with admiration of his exploits4 ,she conceived an ardent passion for him1 and he for his part seemed well content to accept the fortunate chance which appeared to offer him at once a happy termination of his wanderings1 a home1 a kingdom1 and a bride4 ,months rolled away in the enjoyment of pleasant intercourse1 and it seemed as if ,italy and the empire destined to be founded on its shores were alike forgotten4 ,seeing which1 ,jupiter dispatched ,mercury with a message to neas recalling him to a sense of his high destiny1 and commanding him to resume his voyage4 neas parted from ,dido1 though she tried every allurement and persuasion to detain him4 ,the blow to her affection and her pride was too much for her to endure1 and when she found that he was gone1 she mounted a funeral pile which she had caused to be prepared1 and having stabbed herself was consumed with the pile4 ,the flames rising over the city were seen by the departing ,trojans1 and1 though the cause was unknown1 gave to neas some intimation of the fatal event4 #bec4 ,palinurus4 ,italy at ,last4 ,after touching at the island of ,sicily1 where ,acestes1 a prince of ,trojan lineage1 bore sway1 and gave them a hospitable reception1 the ,trojans rembarked and held on their course for ,italy4 ,venus now interceded with ,neptune to allow her son at last to attain the wished-for goal and find an end of his perils on the deep4 ,neptune consented1 stipulating only for one life as a ransom for the rest4 ,the victim was ,palinurus1 the pilot4 ,as he sat watching the stars with his hand on the helm1 ,somnus1 sent by ,neptune1 approached in the guise of ,phorbas1 and said1 ,palinurus1 the breeze is fair1 the water smooth1 and the ship sails steadily on her course4 ,lie down awhile and take needful rest4 ,i will stand at the helm in thy place4 ,palinurus replied1 ,tell me not of smooth seas or favoring winds1--me who have seen so much of their treachery4 ,shall ,i trust neas to the chances of the weather and the winds8 ,and he continued to grasp the helm and to keep his eyes fixed on the stars4 ,but ,somnus waved over him a branch moistened with ,lethan dew1 and his eyes closed in spite of all his efforts4 ,then ,somnus pushed him overboard1 and he fell2 but as he kept his hold upon the helm1 it came away with him4 ,neptune was mindful of his promise1 and held the ship on her track without helm or pilot till neas discovered his loss and1 sorrowing deeply for his faithful steersman1 took charge of the ship himself4 ,under his guidance the ships at last reached the shores of ,italy1 and joyfully the adventurers leaped to land4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4 ,,the ,,cum,,an ,,sibyl ,from the painting by ,michelangelo #bed4 ,the ,sibyl of ,cum4 ,while his people were employed in making their encampment1 neas sought the abode of the ,sibyl4 ,it was a cave connected with a temple and grove1 sacred to ,apollo and ,diana4 ,while neas contemplated the scene1 the ,sibyl accosted him4 ,she seemed to know his errand1 and1 under the influence of the deity of the place1 burst forth in a prophetic strain1 giving dark intimations of labors and perils through which he was destined to make his way to final success4 ,she closed with the encouraging words which have become proverbial3 ,yield not to disasters1 but press onward the more bravely4#cfj neas replied that he had prepared himself for whatever might await him4 ,he had but one request to make4 ,having been directed in a dream to seek the abode of the dead in order to confer with his father ,anchises to receive from him a revelation of his future fortunes and those of his race1 he asked her assistance to enable him to accomplish the task4 ,the ,sibyl replied3 ,the descent to ,avernus is easy2 the gate of ,pluto stands open night and day2 but to retrace one's steps and return to the upper air1 that is the toil1 that the difficulty4#cfa ,she instructed him to seek in the forest a tree on which grew a golden branch4 ,this branch was to be plucked off and borne as a gift to ,proserpine1 and if fate was propitious1 it would yield to the hand and quit its parent trunk1 but otherwise no force could rend it away4 ,if torn away1 another would succeed4 neas followed the directions of the ,sibyl4 ,his mother1 ,venus1 sent two of her doves to fly before him and show him the way1 and by their assistance he found the tree1 plucked the branch1 and hastened back with it to the ,sibyl4 #bee4 ,the ,infernal ,regions4 ,the region where ,virgil locates the entrance to the infernal regions is1 perhaps1 the most strikingly adapted to excite ideas of the terrific and preternatural of any on the face of the earth4 ,it is the volcanic region near ,vesuvius1 where the whole country is cleft with chasms from which sulphurous flames arise1 while the ground is shaken with pent-up vapors1 and mysterious sounds issue from the bowels of the earth4 ,the lake ,avernus is supposed to fill the crater of an extinct volcano4 ,it is circular1 half a mile wide and very deep1 surrounded by high banks1 which in ,virgil's time were covered with a gloomy forest4 ,mephitic vapors rise from its waters1 so that no life is found on its banks1 and no birds fly over it4 ,here neas offered sacrifices to the infernal deities1 ,proserpine1 ,hecate1 and the ,furies4 ,then a roaring was heard in the earth1 the woods on the hilltops were shaken1 and the howling of dogs announced the approach of the deities4 ,now1 said the ,sibyl1 summon thy courage1 for thou shalt need it4 ,she descended into the cave of ,avernus1 and neas followed4 ,before the threshold of hell they passed through a group of beings who are enumerated as ,griefs and avenging ,cares1 pale ,diseases1 and melancholy ,age1 ,fear and ,hunger that tempt to crime1 ,toil1 ,poverty1 and ,death1--forms horrible to view4 ,the ,furies spread their couches there1 and ,discord1 whose hair was of vipers tied up with a bloody fillet4 ,here also were the monsters1 ,briareus1 with his hundred arms1 ,hydras hissing1 and ,chimras breathing fire4 neas shuddered at the sight1 drew his sword and would have struck1 but the ,sibyl restrained him4 ,they then came to the black river ,cocytus1 where they found the ferryman ,charon1 old and squalid1 but strong and vigorous1 who was receiving passengers of all kinds into his boat1 stout-hearted heroes1 boys and unmarried girls1 as numerous as the leaves that fall at autumn or the flocks that fly southward at the approach of winter4 ,they stood pressing for a passage and longing to touch the opposite shore4 ,but the stern ferryman took in only such as he chose1 driving the rest back4 neas1 wondering at the sight1 asked the ,sibyl1 ,why this discrimination8 ,she answered1 ,those who are taken on board the bark are the souls of those who have received due burial rites2 the host of others who have remained unburied are not permitted to pass the flood1 but wander a hundred years1 and flit to and fro about the shore1 till at last they are taken over4 neas grieved at recollecting some of his own companions who had perished in the storm4 ,at that moment he beheld ,palinurus1 his pilot1 who fell overboard and was drowned4 ,he addressed him and asked him the cause of his misfortune4 ,palinurus replied that the rudder was carried away1 and he1 clinging to it1 was swept away with it4 ,he besought neas most urgently to extend to him his hand and take him in company to the opposite shore4 ,the ,sibyl rebuked him for the wish thus to transgress the laws of ,pluto1 but consoled him by informing him that the people of the shore where his body had been wafted by the waves should be stirred up by prodigies to give it due burial1 and that the promontory should bear the name of ,cape ,palinurus1--and so it does to this day4 ,leaving ,palinurus consoled by these words1 they approached the boat4 ,charon1 fixing his eyes sternly upon the advancing warrior1 demanded by what right he1 living and armed1 approached that shore4 ,to which the ,sibyl replied that they would commit no violence1 that neas' only object was to see his father1 and finally exhibited the golden branch1 at sight of which ,charon's wrath relaxed1 and he made haste to turn his bark to the shore and receive them on board4 ,the boat1 adapted only to the light freight of bodiless spirits1 groaned under the weight of the hero4 ,they were soon conveyed to the opposite shore4 ,there they were encountered by the three-headed dog ,cerberus1 with his necks bristling with snakes4 ,he barked with all three throats till the ,sibyl threw him a medicated cake1 which he eagerly devoured1 and then stretched himself out in his den and fell asleep4 neas and the ,sibyl sprang to land4 ,the first sound that struck their ears was the wailing of young children who had died on the threshold of life2 and near to these were those who had perished under false charges4 ,minos presides over them as judge and examines the deeds of each4 ,the next class was of those who had died by their own hand1 hating life and seeking refuge in death4 ,how willingly would they now endure poverty1 labor1 and any other infliction if they might but return to life6 ,next were situated the regions of sadness1 divided off into retired paths1 leading through groves of myrtle4 ,here roamed those who had fallen victims to unrequited love1 not freed from pain even by death itself4 ,among these neas thought he descried the form of ,dido1 with a wound still recent4 ,in the dim light he was for a moment uncertain1 but approaching1 perceived it was indeed she4 ,tears fell from his eyes1 and he addressed her in the accents of love4 ,unhappy ,dido6 was then the rumor true that thou hadst perished8 ,and was ,i1 alas6 the cause8 ,i call the gods to witness that my departure from thee was reluctant and in obedience to the commands of ,jove2 nor could ,i believe that my absence would have cost thee so dear4 ,stop1 ,i beseech thee1 and refuse me not a last farewell4 ,she stood for a moment with averted countenance and eyes fixed on the ground1 and then silently passed on1 as insensible to his pleadings as a rock4 neas followed for some distance1 then with a heavy heart rejoined his companion and resumed his route4 ,they next entered the fields where roam the heroes who have fallen in battle4 ,here they saw many shades of ,grecian and ,trojan warriors4 ,the ,trojans thronged around him and could not be satisfied with the sight4 ,they asked the cause of his coming and plied him with innumerable questions4 ,but the ,greeks1 at the sight of his armor glittering through the murky atmosphere1 recognized the hero1 and1 filled with terror1 turned their backs and fled1 as they used to do on the plains of ,troy4 neas would have lingered long with his ,trojan friends1 but the ,sibyl hurried him away4 ,they next came to a place where the road divided1 the one way leading to ,elysium1 the other to the regions of the condemned4 neas beheld on one side the walls of a mighty city1 around which ,phlegethon rolled its fiery waters4 ,before him was the gate of adamant that neither gods nor men can break through4 ,an iron tower stood by the gate1 on which ,tisiphone1 the avenging ,fury1 kept guard4 ,from the city were heard groans1 and the sound of the scourge1 the creaking of iron1 and the clanking of chains4 neas1 horror-stricken1 inquired of his guide what crimes were those whose punishments produced the sounds he heard4 ,the ,sibyl answered1 ,here is the judgment hall of ,rhadamanthus1 who brings to light crimes done in life which the perpetrator vainly thought impenetrably hid4 ,tisiphone applies her whip of scorpions and delivers the offender over to her sister ,furies4 ,at this moment with horrid clang the brazen gates unfolded1 and within1 neas saw a ,hydra with fifty heads guarding the entrance4 ,the ,sibyl told him that the gulf of ,tartarus descended deep1 so that its recesses were as far beneath their feet as heaven was high above their heads4 ,in the bottom of this pit the ,titan race1 who warred against the gods1 lie prostrate2 ,salmoneus also1 who presumed to vie with ,jupiter1 and built a bridge of brass over which he drove his chariot that the sound might resemble thunder1 launching flaming brands at his people in imitation of lightning1 till ,jupiter struck him with a real thunderbolt and taught him the difference between mortal weapons and divine4 ,here also is ,tityus1 the giant1 whose form is so immense that1 as he lies1 he stretches over nine acres1 while a vulture preys upon his liver1 which as fast as it is devoured grows again1 so that his punishment will have no end4 neas saw groups seated at tables loaded with dainties1 while near by stood a ,fury who snatched away the viands from their lips as fast as they prepared to taste them4 ,others beheld suspended over their heads huge rocks1 threatening to fall1 keeping them in a state of constant alarm4 ,these were they who had hated their brothers1 or struck their parents1 or defrauded the friends who trusted them1 or who1 having grown rich1 kept their money to themselves and gave no share to others1--the last being the most numerous class4 ,here also were those who had violated the marriage vow1 or fought in a bad cause1 or failed in fidelity to their employers4 ,here was one who had sold his country for gold1 another who perverted the laws1 making them say one thing to-day and another to-morrow4 ,ixion was there1 fastened to the circumference of a wheel ceaselessly revolving2 and ,sisyphus1 whose task was to roll a huge stone up to a hilltop2 but when the steep was well-nigh gained1 the rock1 repulsed by some sudden force1 rushed again headlong down to the plain4 ,again he toiled at it1 while the sweat bathed all his weary limbs1 but all to no effect4 ,there was ,tantalus1 who stood in a pool his chin level with the water1 yet he was parched with thirst and found nothing to assuage it2 for when he bowed his hoary head1 eager to quaff1 the water fled away1 leaving the ground at his feet all dry4 ,tall trees1 laden with fruit1 stooped their heads to him1--pears1 pomegranates1 apples1 and luscious figs2 but when1 with a sudden grasp1 he tried to seize them1 winds whirled them high above his reach4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4 ,,ixion ,,on ,,the ,,wheel #bef4 ,the ,elysian ,fields4 ,the ,sibyl now warned neas that it was time to turn from these melancholy regions and seek the city of the blessed4 ,they passed through a middle tract of darkness and came upon the ,elysian ,fields1 the groves where the happy reside4 ,they breathed a freer air and saw all objects clothed in a purple light4 ,the region had a sun and stars of its own4 ,the inhabitants were enjoying themselves in various ways1 some in sports on the grassy turf1 in games of strength or skill1 others dancing or singing4 ,orpheus struck the chords of his lyre and called forth ravishing sounds4 ,here neas saw the founders of the ,trojan state1 great-hearted heroes who lived in happier times4 ,he gazed with admiration on the war chariots and glittering arms now reposing in disuse4 ,spears stood fixed in the ground1 and the horses1 unharnessed1 roamed over the plain4 ,the same pride in splendid armor and generous steeds which the old heroes felt in life accompanied them here4 ,he saw another group feasting and listening to the strains of music4 ,they were in a laurel grove1 whence the great river ,po has its origin and flows out among men4 ,here dwelt those who fell by wounds received in their country's cause1 holy priests also1 and poets who have uttered thoughts worthy of ,apollo1 and others who have contributed to cheer and adorn life by their discoveries in the useful arts1 and have made their memory blessed by rendering service to mankind4 ,they wore snow-white fillets about their brows4 ,the ,sibyl addressed a group of these and inquired where ,anchises was to be found4 ,they were directed where to seek him1 and soon found him in a verdant valley1 where he was contemplating the ranks of his posterity1 their destinies and worthy deeds to be achieved in coming times4 ,when he recognized neas approaching1 he stretched out both hands to him1 while tears flowed freely4 ,dost thou come at last1 said he1 long expected1 and do ,i behold thee after such perils past8 ,o my son1 how have ,i trembled for thee1 as ,i have watched thy course6 ,to which neas replied1 ,o father6 thy image was always before me to guide and guard me4 ,then he endeavored to infold his father in his embrace1 but his arms inclosed only an unsubstantial shade4 #beg4 ,the ,valley of ,oblivion4 neas perceived before him a spacious valley1 with trees gently waving to the wind1 a tranquil landscape1 through which the river ,lethe flowed4 ,along the banks of the stream wandered a countless multitude1 numerous as insects in the summer air4 neas1 with surprise1 inquired who were these4 ,anchises answered3 ,they are souls to which bodies are to be given in due time4 ,meanwhile they dwell on ,lethe's bank and drink oblivion of their former lives4 ,o father6 said neas1 is it possible that any can be so in love with life as to wish to leave these tranquil seats for the upper world8 ,anchises replied by explaining the plan of creation4 ,the ,creator1 he told him1 originally made the material of which souls are composed1 of the four elements1 fire1 air1 earth1 and water1 all which when united took the form of the most excellent part1 fire1 and became flame4 ,this material was scattered like seed among the heavenly bodies1 the sun1 moon1 and stars4 ,of this seed the inferior gods created man and all other animals1 mingling it with various proportions of earth1 by which its purity was alloyed and reduced4 ,thus the more earth predominates in the composition1 the less pure is the individual2 and we see that men and women with their full-grown bodies have not the purity of childhood4 ,so in proportion to the time which the union of body and soul has lasted1 is the impurity contracted by the spiritual part4 ,this impurity must be purged away after death1 which is done by ventilating the souls in the current of winds1 or merging them in water1 or burning out their impurities by fire4 ,some few1 of whom ,anchises intimates that he is one1 are admitted at once to ,elysium1 there to remain4 ,but the rest1 after the impurities of earth are purged away1 are sent back to life endowed with new bodies1 having had the remembrance of their former lives effectually washed away by the waters of ,lethe4 ,some souls1 however1 there still are1 so thoroughly corrupted that they are not fit to be intrusted with human bodies1 and these pass by metempsychosis into the bodies of brute animals4 ,anchises1 having explained so much1 proceeded to point out to neas individuals of his race who were hereafter to be born1 and to relate to him the exploits they should perform in the world4 ,after this he reverted to the present1 and told his son of the events that remained to him to be accomplished before the complete establishment of himself and his followers in ,italy4 ,wars were to be waged1 battles fought1 a bride to be won1 and1 in the result1 a ,trojan state founded1 from which should rise the ,roman power1 to be in time the sovereign of the world4 ,as neas and the ,sibyl pursued their way back to earth1 he said to her3 ,whether thou be a goddess or a mortal beloved by the gods1 by me thou shalt always be held in reverence4 ,when ,i reach the upper air1 ,i will cause a temple to be built to thy honor1 and will myself bring offerings4 ,i am no goddess1 said the ,sibyl2 ,i have no claims to sacrifice or offering4 ,i am mortal1 yet1 could ,i but have accepted the love of ,apollo1 ,i might have been immortal4 ,he promised me the fulfillment of my wish1 if ,i would consent to be his4 ,i took a handful of sand and1 holding it forth1 said1 ',grant me to see as many birthdays as there are sand-grains in my hand4' ,unluckily ,i forgot to ask for enduring youth4 ,this also he would have granted could ,i have accepted his love1 but1 offended at my refusal1 he allowed me to grow old4 ,my youth and youthful strength fled long ago4 ,i have lived seven hundred years1 and to equal the number of the sand-grains ,i have still to see three hundred springs and three hundred harvests4 ,my body shrinks up as years increase1 and in time ,i shall be lost to sight1 but my voice will remain1 and future ages will respect my sayings4 ,these concluding words of the ,sibyl alluded to her prophetic power4 ,in her cave she was accustomed to inscribe on leaves gathered from the trees the names and fates of individuals4 ,the leaves thus inscribed were arranged in order within the cave1 and might be consulted by her votaries4 ,but if1 perchance1 at the opening of the door the wind rushed in and dispersed the leaves1 the ,sibyl gave no aid to restoring them again1 and the oracle was irreparably lost4 ,,footnotes3 #ced ,from ,tennyson's ,to ,virgil4 #cee ,for ,virgil1 see #bii2 for translations of his neid1 see corresponding section in ,commentary4 #cef ,monstrum horrendum1 informe1 ingens1 cui lumen ademptum4--neid1 #c1 #feh4 #ceg ,tantaene animis coelestibus irae8--neid1 #a1 #aa4 #ceh ,haud ignara mali1 miseris succurrere disco4--neid1 #a1 #fcj4 #cei ,tros ,tyriusve mihi nullo discrimine agetur4--neid1 #a1 #egd4 #cfj ,tu ne cede malis1 sed contra audentior ito4--neid1 #f1 #ie4 #cfa ,facilis descensus ,averno2 ,noctes atque dies patet atri janua ,ditis2 ,sed revocare gradum1 superasque evadere ad auras1 ,hoc opus1 hic labor est4--neid1 #f1 #abf-abi4 ,,chapter ,,xxvi ,,the ,,war ,,between ,,trojans ,,and ,,latins #beh4 ,the ,fulfillment of ,prophecy4 neas1 having parted from the ,sibyl and rejoined his fleet1 coasted along the shores of ,italy and cast anchor in the mouth of the ,tiber4 ,the poet1 having brought his hero to this spot1 the destined termination of his wanderings1 invokes his ,muse to tell him the situation of things at that eventful moment4 ,latinus1 third in descent from ,saturn1 ruled the country4 ,he was now old and had no male descendant1 but had one charming daughter1 ,lavinia1 who was sought in marriage by many neighboring chiefs1 one of whom1 ,turnus1 king of the ,rutulians1 was favored by the wishes of her parents4 ,but ,latinus had been warned in a dream by his father1 ,faunus1 that the destined husband of ,lavinia should come from a foreign land4 ,from that union should spring a race destined to subdue the world4 ,our readers will remember that in the conflict with the harpies1 one of those half-human birds had threatened the ,trojans with dire sufferings4 ,in particular1 she predicted that before their wanderings ceased they should be pressed by hunger to devour their tables4 ,this portent now came true2 for as they took their scanty meal1 seated on the grass1 the men placed their hard biscuit on their laps and put thereon whatever their gleanings in the woods supplied4 ,having dispatched the latter1 they finished by eating the crusts4 ,seeing which1 the boy ,iulus said playfully1 ,see6 we are eating our tables4 neas caught the words and accepted the omen4 ,all hail1 promised land6 he exclaimed1 this is our home1 this our country6 ,he then took measures to find out who were the present inhabitants of the land and who their rulers4 ,a hundred chosen men were sent to the village of ,latinus1 bearing presents and a request for friendship and alliance4 ,they went and were favorably received4 ,latinus immediately concluded that the ,trojan hero was no other than the promised son-in-law announced by the oracle4 ,he cheerfully granted his alliance1 and sent back the messengers mounted on steeds from his stables and loaded with gifts and friendly messages4 ,juno1 seeing things go thus prosperously for the ,trojans1 felt her old animosity revive1 summoned ,alecto from ,erebus1 and sent her to stir up discord4 ,the ,fury first took possession of the queen1 ,amata1 and roused her to oppose in every way the new alliance4 ,alecto then sped to the city of ,turnus and1 assuming the form of an old priestess1 informed him of the arrival of the foreigners and of the attempts of their prince to rob him of his betrothed4 ,next she turned her attention to the camp of the ,trojans4 ,there she saw the boy ,iulus and his companions amusing themselves with hunting4 ,she sharpened the scent of the dogs and led them to rouse up from the thicket a tame stag1 the favorite of ,silvia1 the daughter of ,tyrrheus1 the king's herdsman4 ,a javelin from the hand of ,iulus wounded the animal1 which had only strength left to run homeward and die at its mistress's feet4 ,her cries and tears roused her brothers and the herdsmen1 and they1 seizing whatever weapons came to hand1 furiously assaulted the hunting party4 ,these were protected by their friends1 and the herdsmen were finally driven back with the loss of two of their number4 ,these things were enough to rouse the storm of war1 and the queen1 ,turnus1 and the peasants all urged the old king to drive the strangers from the country4 ,he resisted as long as he could1 but1 finding his opposition unavailing1 finally gave way and retreated to his retirement4 #bei4 ,the ,gates of ,janus ,opened4 ,it was the custom of the country1 when war was to be undertaken1 for the chief magistrate1 clad in his robes of office1 with solemn pomp to open the gates of the temple of ,janus1 which were kept shut as long as peace endured4 ,his people now urged the old king to perform that solemn office1 but he refused to do so4 ,while they contested1 ,juno herself1 descending from the skies1 smote the doors with irresistible force and burst them open4 ,immediately the whole country was in a flame4 ,the people rushed from every side1 breathing nothing but war4 ,turnus was recognized by all as leader2 others joined as allies1 chief of whom was ,mezentius1 a brave and able soldier1 but of detestable cruelty4 ,he had been the chief of one of the neighboring cities1 but his people drove him out4 ,with him was joined his son ,lausus1 a generous youth worthy of a better sire4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4 ,,amazon #bfj4 ,camilla4 ,camilla1 the favorite of ,diana1 a huntress and warrior after the fashion of the ,amazons1 came with her band of mounted followers1 including a select number of her own sex1 and ranged herself on the side of ,turnus4 ,this maiden had never accustomed her fingers to the distaff or the loom1 but had learned to endure the toils of war and in speed to outstrip the wind4 ,it seemed as if she might run over the standing corn without crushing it1 or over the surface of the water without dipping her feet4 ,camilla's history had been singular from the beginning4 ,her father1 ,metabus1 driven from his city by civil discord1 carried with him in his flight his infant daughter4 ,as he fled through the woods1 his enemies in hot pursuit1 he reached the bank of the river ,amasenus1 which1 swelled by rains1 seemed to debar a passage4 ,he paused for a moment1 then decided what to do4 ,he tied the infant to his lance with wrappers of bark1 and poising the weapon in his upraised hand1 thus addressed ,diana3 ,goddess of the woods6 ,i consecrate this maid to thee2 then hurled the weapon with its burden to the opposite bank4 ,the spear flew across the roaring water4 ,his pursuers were already upon him1 but he plunged into the river1 and swam across1 and found the spear with the infant safe on the other side4 ,thenceforth he lived among the shepherds and brought up his daughter in woodland arts4 ,while a child she was taught to use the bow and throw the javelin4 ,with her sling she could bring down the crane or the wild swan4 ,her dress was a tiger's skin4 ,many mothers sought her for a daughter-in-law1 but she continued faithful to ,diana and repelled the thought of marriage4 #bfa4 ,alliance with ,evander4 ,such were the formidable allies that ranged themselves against neas4 ,it was night1 and he lay stretched in sleep on the bank of the river under the open heavens4 ,the god of the stream1 ,father ,tiber1 seemed to raise his head above the willows and to say3 ,o goddess-born1 destined possessor of the ,latin realms1 this is the promised land2 here is to be thy home1 here shall terminate the hostility of the heavenly powers1 if only thou faithfully persevere4 ,there are friends not far distant4 ,prepare thy boats and row up my stream2 ,i will lead thee to ,evander1 the ,arcadian chief4 ,he has long been at strife with ,turnus and the ,rutulians1 and is prepared to become an ally of thine4 ,rise6 offer thy vows to ,juno and deprecate her anger4 ,when thou hast achieved thy victory1 then think of me4 neas woke and paid immediate obedience to the friendly vision4 ,he sacrificed to ,juno1 and invoked the god of the river and all his tributary fountains to lend their aid4 ,then for the first time a vessel filled with armed warriors floated on the stream of the ,tiber4 ,the river smoothed its waves and bade its current flow gently1 while1 impelled by the vigorous strokes of the rowers1 the vessel shot rapidly up the stream4 ,about the middle of the day they came in sight of the scattered buildings of the infant town where in after times the proud city of ,rome grew1 whose glory reached the skies4 ,by chance the old king1 ,evander1 was that day celebrating annual solemnities in honor of ,hercules and all the gods4 ,pallas1 his son1 and all the chiefs of the little commonwealth stood by4 ,when they saw the tall ship gliding onward through the wood1 they were alarmed at the sight and rose from the tables4 ,but ,pallas forbade the solemnities to be interrupted and1 seizing a weapon1 stepped forward to the river's bank4 ,he called aloud1 demanding who the strangers were and what their object4 neas1 holding forth an olive branch1 replied3 ,we are ,trojans1 friends to you and enemies to the ,rutulians4 ,we seek ,evander and offer to join our arms with yours4 ,pallas1 in amaze at the sound of so great a name1 invited them to land1 and when neas touched the shore1 he seized his hand and held it long in friendly grasp4 ,proceeding through the wood they joined the king and his party1 and were most favorably received4 ,seats were provided for them at the tables1 and the repast proceeded4 #bfb4 ,the ,site of ,future ,rome4 ,when the solemnities were ended1 all moved towards the city4 ,the king1 bending with age1 walked between his son and neas1 taking the arm of one or the other of them1 and with much variety of pleasing talk shortening the way4 neas with delight looked and listened1 observing all the beauties of the scene and learning much of heroes renowned in ancient times4 ,evander said3 ,these extensive groves were once inhabited by fauns and nymphs1 and a rude race of men who sprang from the trees themselves and had neither laws nor social culture4 ,they knew not how to yoke the cattle1 nor raise a harvest1 nor provide from present abundance for future want1 but browsed like beasts upon the leafy boughs or fed voraciously on their hunted prey4 ,such were they when ,saturn1 expelled from ,olympus by his sons1 came among them and drew together the fierce savages1 formed them into society1 and gave them laws4 ,such peace and plenty ensued that men ever since have called his reign the ,golden ,age2 but by degrees far other times succeeded1 and the thirst of gold and the thirst of blood prevailed4 ,the land was a prey to successive tyrants till fortune and resistless destiny brought me hither1 an exile from my native land1 ,arcadia4 ,having thus said1 he showed him the ,tarpeian rock1 and the rude spot1 then overgrown with bushes1 where in after times the ,capitol was to rise in all its magnificence4 ,he next pointed to some dismantled walls and said1 ,here stood ,janiculum1 built by ,janus1 and there ,saturnia1 the town of ,saturn4 ,such discourse brought them to the cottage of ,evander1 whence they saw the lowing herds roaming over the plain where soon should stand the proud and stately ,forum4 ,they entered1 and a couch1 well stuffed with leaves and covered with the skin of a ,libyan bear1 was spread for neas4 ,next morning1 awakened by the dawn and the shrill song of birds beneath the eaves of his low mansion1 old ,evander rose4 ,clad in a tunic1 and a panther's skin thrown over his shoulders1 with sandals on his feet and his good sword girded to his side1 he went forth to seek his guest4 ,two mastiffs followed him1--his whole retinue and bodyguard4 ,he found the hero attended by his faithful ,achates1 and ,pallas soon joining them1 the old king spoke thus3 ,illustrious ,trojan1 it is but little we can do in so great a cause4 ,our state is feeble1 hemmed in on one side by the river1 on the other by the ,rutulians4 ,but ,i propose to ally thee with a people numerous and rich1 to whom fate has brought thee at the propitious moment4 ,the ,etruscans hold the country beyond the river4 ,mezentius was their king1 a monster of cruelty1 who invented unheard-of torments to gratify his vengeance4 ,he would fasten the dead to the living1 hand to hand and face to face1 and leave the wretched victims to die in that dreadful embrace4 ,at length people cast him out1 him and his house4 ,they burned his palace1 and slew his friends4 ,he escaped and took refuge with ,turnus1 who protects him with arms4 ,the ,etruscans demand that he shall be given up to deserved punishment1 and would ere now have attempted to enforce their demand2 but their priests restrain them1 telling them that it is the will of heaven that no native of the land shall guide them to victory and that their destined leader must come from across the sea4 ,they have offered the crown to me1 but ,i am too old to undertake such great affairs1 and my son is native-born1 which precludes him from the choice4 ,thou1 equally by birth and time of life and fame in arms pointed out by the gods1 hast but to appear to be hailed at once as their leader4 ,with thee ,i will join ,pallas1 my son1 my only hope and comfort4 ,under thee he shall learn the art of war and strive to emulate thy great exploits4 ,then the king ordered horses to be furnished for the ,trojan chiefs1 and neas1 with a chosen band of followers and ,pallas accompanying1 mounted and took the way to the ,etruscan city1#cfb having sent back the rest of his party in the ships4 neas and his band safely arrived at the ,etruscan camp and were received with open arms by ,tarchon and his countrymen4 #bfc4 ,turnus attacks the ,trojan ,camp4 ,in the meanwhile ,turnus had collected his bands and made all necessary preparations for the war4 ,juno sent ,iris to him with a message inciting him to take advantage of the absence of neas and surprise the ,trojan camp4 ,accordingly the attempt was made2 but the ,trojans were found on their guard1 and having received strict orders from neas not to fight in his absence1 they lay still in their intrenchments and resisted all the efforts of the ,rutulians to draw them into the field4 ,night coming on1 the army of ,turnus1 in high spirits at their fancied superiority1 feasted and enjoyed themselves1 and finally stretched themselves on the field and slept secure4 #bfd4 ,nisus and ,euryalus4 ,in the camp of the ,trojans things were far otherwise4 ,there all was watchfulness and anxiety1 and impatience for neas' return4 ,nisus stood guard at the entrance of the camp1 and ,euryalus1 a youth distinguished above all in the army for graces of person and fine qualities1 was with him4 ,these two were friends and brothers in arms4 ,nisus said to his friend3 ,dost thou perceive what confidence and carelessness the enemy display8 ,their lights are few and dim1 and the men seem all oppressed with wine or sleep4 ,thou knowest how anxiously our chiefs wish to send to neas and to get intelligence from him4 ,now ,i am strongly moved to make my way through the enemy's camp and to go in search of our chief4 ,if ,i succeed1 the glory of the deed will be reward enough for me1 and if they judge the service deserves anything more1 let them pay it thee4 ,euryalus1 all on fire with the love of adventure1 replied3 ,wouldst thou then1 ,nisus1 refuse to share thy enterprise with me8 ,and shall ,i let thee go into such danger alone8 ,not so my brave father brought me up1 nor so have ,i planned for myself when ,i joined the standard of neas and resolved to hold my life cheap in comparison with honor4 ,nisus replied3 ,i doubt it not1 my friend2 but thou knowest the uncertain event of such an undertaking1 and whatever may happen to me1 ,i wish thee to be safe4 ,thou art younger than ,i and hast more of life in prospect4 ,nor can ,i be the cause of such grief to thy mother1 who has chosen to be here in the camp with thee rather than stay and live in peace with the other matrons in ,acestes' city4 ,euryalus replied1 ,say no more4 ,in vain dost thou seek arguments to dissuade me4 ,i am fixed in the resolution to go with thee4 ,let us lose no time4 ,they called the guard and1 committing the watch to them1 sought the general's tent4 ,they found the chief officers in consultation1 deliberating how they should send notice to neas of their situation4 ,the offer of the two friends was gladly accepted1 themselves loaded with praises and promised the most liberal rewards in case of success4 ,iulus especially addressed ,euryalus1 assuring him of his lasting friendship4 ,euryalus replied3 ,i have but one boon to ask4 ,my aged mother is with me in the camp4 ,for me she left the ,trojan soil and would not stay behind with the other matrons at the city of ,acestes4 ,i go now without taking leave of her4 ,i could not bear her tears nor set at naught her entreaties4 ,but do thou1 ,i beseech thee1 comfort her in her distress4 ,promise me that and ,i shall go more boldly into whatever dangers may present themselves4 ,iulus and the other chiefs were moved to tears and promised to do all his request4 ,thy mother shall be mine1 said ,iulus1 and all that ,i have promised thee shall be made good to her1 if thou dost not return to receive it4 ,the two friends left the camp and plunged at once into the midst of the enemy4 ,they found no watch1 no sentinels posted1 but1 all about1 the sleeping soldiers strewn on the grass and among the wagons4 ,the laws of war at that early day did not forbid a brave man to slay a sleeping foe1 and the two ,trojans slew1 as they passed1 such of the enemy as they could without exciting alarm4 ,in one tent ,euryalus made prize of a helmet brilliant with gold and plumes4 ,they had passed through the enemy's ranks without being discovered1 but now suddenly appeared a troop directly in front of them1 which1 under ,volscens1 their leader1 were approaching the camp4 ,the glittering helmet of ,euryalus caught their attention1 and ,volscens hailed the two and demanded who and whence they were4 ,they made no answer1 but plunged into the wood4 ,the horsemen scattered in all directions to intercept their flight4 ,nisus had eluded pursuit and was out of danger1 but1 since ,euryalus was missing1 he turned back to seek him4 ,he again entered the wood and soon came within sound of voices4 ,looking through the thicket he saw the whole band surrounding ,euryalus with noisy questions4 ,what should he do2 how extricate the youth2 or would it be better to die with him8 ,raising his eyes to the moon which now shone clear1 he said1 ,goddess1 favor my effort6 and1 aiming his javelin at one of the leaders of the troop1 struck him in the back and stretched him on the plain with a deathblow4 ,in the midst of their amazement another weapon flew1 and another of the party fell dead4 ,volscens1 the leader1 ignorant whence the darts came1 rushed sword in hand upon ,euryalus4 ,thou shalt pay the penalty of both1 he said1 and would have plunged the sword into his bosom1 when ,nisus1 who from his concealment saw the peril of his friend1 rushed forward exclaiming1 ',t was ,i6 't was ,i6 ,turn your swords against me1 ,rutulians4 ,i did it2 he only followed me as a friend4 ,while he spoke the sword fell and pierced the comely bosom of ,euryalus4 ,his head fell over on his shoulder1 like a flower cut down by the plow4 ,nisus rushed upon ,volscens and plunged his sword into his body1 and was himself slain on the instant by numberless blows4 #bfe4 ,the ,death of ,mezentius4 neas1 with his ,etrurian allies1 arrived on the scene of action in time to rescue his beleaguered camp2 and now the two armies being nearly equal in strength1 the war began in good earnest4 ,we cannot find space for all the details1 but must simply record the fate of the principal characters4 ,the tyrant ,mezentius1 finding himself engaged against his revolted subjects1 raged like a wild beast4 ,he slew all who dared withstand him1 and put the multitude to flight wherever he appeared4 ,at last he encountered neas1 and the armies stood still to see the issue4 ,mezentius threw his spear1 which1 striking neas' shield1 glanced off and hit ,antores1--a ,grecian by birth who had left ,argos1 his native city1 and followed ,evander into ,italy4 ,the poet says of him1 with simple pathos which has made the words proverbial1 ,he fell1 unhappy1 by a wound intended for another1 looked up to the skies1 and1 dying1 remembered sweet ,argos4#cfc neas now in turn hurled his lance4 ,it pierced the shield of ,mezentius and wounded him in the thigh4 ,lausus1 his son1 could not bear the sight1 but rushed forward and interposed himself1 while the followers pressed round ,mezentius and bore him away4 neas held his sword suspended over ,lausus and delayed to strike1 but the furious youth pressed on1 and he was compelled to deal the fatal blow4 ,lausus fell1 and neas bent over him in pity4 ,hapless youth1 he said1 what can ,i do for thee worthy of thy praise8 ,keep those arms in which thou gloriest1 and fear not but that thy body shall be restored to thy friends and have due funeral honors4 ,so saying1 he called the timid followers and delivered the body into their hands4 ,mezentius meanwhile had been borne to the riverside1 and had washed his wound4 ,soon the news reached him of ,lausus' death1 and rage and despair supplied the place of strength4 ,he mounted his horse and dashed into the thickest of the fight1 seeking neas4 ,having found him1 he rode round him in a circle1 throwing one javelin after another1 while neas stood fenced with his shield1 turning every way to meet them4 ,at last after ,mezentius had three times made the circuit1 neas threw his lance directly at the horse's head4 ,the animal fell with pierced temples1 while a shout from both armies rent the skies4 ,mezentius asked no mercy1 but only that his body might be spared the insults of his revolted subjects and be buried in the same grave with his son4 ,he received the fatal stroke not unprepared1 and poured out his life and his blood together4 #bff4 ,the ,deaths of ,pallas and ,camilla4 ,while these things were doing in one part of the field1 in another ,turnus encountered the youthful ,pallas4 ,the contest between champions so unequally matched could not be doubtful4 ,pallas bore himself bravely1 but fell by the lance of ,turnus4 ,the victor almost relented when he saw the brave youth lying dead at his feet1 and spared to use the privilege of a conqueror in despoiling him of his arms4 ,the belt only1 adorned with studs and carvings of gold1 he took and clasped round his own body4 ,the rest he remitted to the friends of the slain4 ,after the battle there was a cessation of arms for some days to allow both armies to bury their dead4 ,in this interval neas challenged ,turnus to decide the contest by single combat1 but ,turnus evaded the challenge4 ,another battle ensued1 in which ,camilla1 the virgin warrior1 was chiefly conspicuous4 ,her deeds of valor surpassed those of the bravest warriors1 and many ,trojans and ,etruscans fell pierced with her darts or struck down by her battle-ax4 ,at last an ,etruscan named ,aruns1 who had watched her long1 seeking for some advantage1 observed her pursuing an enemy whose splendid armor offered a tempting prize4 ,intent on the chase she observed not her danger1 and the javelin of ,aruns struck her and inflicted a fatal wound4 ,she fell and breathed her last in the arms of her attendant maidens4 ,but ,diana1 who beheld her fate1 suffered not her slaughter to be unavenged4 ,aruns1 as he stole away glad but frightened1 was struck by a secret arrow1 launched by one of the nymphs of ,diana's train1 and he died ignobly and unknown4 #bfg4 ,the ,final ,conflict4 ,at length the final conflict took place between neas and ,turnus4 ,turnus had avoided the contest as long as he could2 but at last1 impelled by the ill success of his arms and by the murmurs of his followers1 he braced himself to the conflict4 ,the outcome could not be doubtful4 ,on the side of neas were the expressed decree of destiny1 the aid of his goddess-mother in every emergency1 and impenetrable armor fabricated by ,vulcan1 at her request1 for her son4 ,turnus1 on the other hand1 was deserted by his celestial allies1 ,juno having been expressly forbidden by ,jupiter to assist him any longer4 ,turnus threw his lance1 but it recoiled harmless from the shield of neas4 ,the ,trojan hero then threw his1 which1 penetrating the shield of ,turnus1 pierced his thigh4 ,then ,turnus' fortitude forsook him1 and he begged for mercy2 neas1 indeed1 would have spared his opponent's life1 but at the instant his eye fell on the belt of ,pallas1 which ,turnus had taken from the slaughtered youth4 ,instantly his rage revived1 and exclaiming1 ,pallas immolates thee with this blow1 he thrust him through with his sword4 ,here the poem of the neid closes1 and we are left to infer that neas1 having triumphed over his foes1 obtained ,lavinia for his bride4 ,tradition adds that he founded a city and called it ,lavinium1 after her name4 ,his son ,iulus founded ,alba ,longa1 which became the birthplace of ,romulus and ,remus and the cradle of ,rome4 ,,footnotes3 #cfb ,the poet here inserts a famous line which is thought to imitate in its sound the galloping of horses3 ,quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum4--neid1 #h1 #eif4 #cfc ,sternitur infelix alieno volnere1 caelumque ,aspicit1 et dulcis moriens reminiscitur ,argos4--neid #aj1 #gha4 ,illustration3 ,,nike ,,of ,,brescia ,,chapter ,,xxvii ,,myths ,,of ,,the ,,norse ,,gods#cfd #bfh4 ,the ,creation4 ,according to the ,eddas there was once no heaven above nor earth beneath1 but only a bottomless deep1 ,ginungagap1 and a world of mist1 ,niflheim1 in which sprang a fountain4 ,twelve rivers issued from this fountain1 ,vergelmir1 and when they had flowed far from their source1 they froze into ice1 and one layer accumulating over another1 the great deep was filled up4 ,southward from the world of mist was the world of light1 ,muspelheim4 ,from this proceeded a warm wind upon the ice and melted it4 ,the vapors rose in the air and formed clouds1 from which sprang ,ymir1 the rime-cold giant and his progeny1 and the cow ,audhumbla1 whose milk afforded nourishment and food to the giant4 ,the cow got nourishment by licking the hoar frost and salt from the ice4 ,while she was one day licking the salt stones there appeared at first the hair of some being1 on the second day his whole head1 and on the third the entire form endowed with beauty1 agility1 and power4 ,this new being was a god1 ,bori1 from whom and his wife1 a daughter of the giant race1 sprang ,bor1 the father of ,odin1 ,vili1 and ,ve4 ,these three slew the giant ,ymir1 and out of his body formed the earth1 of his blood the seas1 of his bones the mountains1 of his hair the trees1 of his skull the heavens1 and of his brain clouds1 charged with hail and snow4 ,of ,ymir's eyebrows the gods built a fence around the ,midgard or mid-earth between ,niflheim and ,muspelheim1 destined to become the abode of man4 ,odin then regulated the periods of day and night and the seasons by placing in the heavens the sun and moon1 and appointing to them their respective courses4 ,as soon as the sun began to shed its rays upon the earth1 it caused the vegetable world to bud and sprout4 ,shortly after the gods 7the ,anse-race1 ,anses1 sir1 or ,asa-folk7 had created the world1 they walked by the side of the sea1 pleased with their new work1 but found that it was still incomplete1 for it was without human beings4 ,they therefore took an ashen spar and made a man out of it2 woman they made out of a piece of elm2 and they called the man ,ask and the woman ,embla4 ,odin then gave them life and soul1 ,vili reason and motion1 and ,ve bestowed upon them the senses1 expressive features1 and speech4 ,midgard was given them as their residence1 and they became the progenitors of the human race4 #bfi4 ,yggdrasil4 ,the mighty ash tree1 ,yggdrasil1 was supposed to support the whole universe4 ,it sprang from the body of ,ymir1 and had three immense roots1 extending one into ,midgard 7the dwelling of mortals71 another into ,jtunheim 7the abode of the giants71 and the third below ,niflheim1 into the region of ,death4 ,by the side of each of these roots is a spring1 from which it is watered4 ,the root that extends into ,midgard is carefully tended by the three ,norns1--goddesses who are regarded as the dispensers of fate4 ,they are ,urd 7the past71 ,verdandi 7the present71 ,skuld 7the future74 ,the spring at the ,jtunheim side is ,mimir's well1 in which wisdom and wit lie hidden1 but that below ,niflheim refreshes also the dark dragon of despair1 ,nidhogg 7the back-biter71 which perpetually gnaws at the root4 ,four harts run across the branches of the tree and nip the buds2 they represent the four winds4 ,under the tree lies ,ymir1 and when he tries to shake off its weight the earth quakes4 ,the boughs overshadow the earth1 and the top rises into ,asgard in the zenith4 #bgj4 ,odin and his ,valhalla4 ,to ,asgard1 the abode of the gods1 access is gained only by crossing the bridge1 ,bifrost 7the rainbow74 ,asgard--,gladsheim for the gods1 ,vingolf for the goddesses--consists of golden and silver palaces2 but the most beautiful of these is ,valhalla1 the great hall of ,odin4 ,when seated on his throne he overlooks heaven and earth4 ,beside him sits ,frigga 7or ,fricka71 his wife1 who knows all things4 ,upon his shoulders are the ravens1 ,hugin and ,munin1--,thought and ,memory1--who fly every day over the whole world1 and on their return report to him what they have seen and heard4 ,at his feet lie his two wolves1 ,geri and ,freki1 to whom ,odin gives the meat that is set before him1 for he himself stands in no need of food4 ,mead is for him both food and drink4 ,he invented the ,runic characters2 the decrees of fate1 inscribed therein1 it is the business of the ,norns to engrave upon a metal shield4 ,from ,odin's name1 spelt ,woden1 as it sometimes is1 comes our ,english word1 ,wednesday4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4 ,,valkyrie ,,bearing ,a ,,hero ,,to ,,valhalla ,from the painting by ,dielitz ,odin is frequently called ,alfadur 7,allfather71 but this name is sometimes used in a way that shows that the ,scandinavians had an idea of a deity superior to ,odin1 uncreated and eternal4 ,in ,valhalla ,odin feasts with his chosen heroes1 all those who have fallen bravely in battle1 for all who die a peaceful death are excluded4 ,the flesh of the boar ,serimnir is served up to them and is abundant for all4 ,for although this boar is cooked every morning1 he becomes whole again every night4 ,for drink the heroes are supplied abundantly with mead from the she-goat ,heidrun4 ,when the heroes are not feasting1 they amuse themselves with fighting4 ,every day they ride out into the court or field and fight until they cut each other in pieces4 ,this is their pastime2 but when mealtime comes1 they recover from their wounds and return to feast in ,valhalla4 #bga4 ,the ,valkyries4 ,the ,valkyries are warlike virgins1 mounted upon horses and armed with helmets1 shields1 and spears4 ,odin is desirous of gathering many heroes in ,valhalla that he may gloriously meet the giants in the day of the final contest2 he therefore sends to every battle field for the bravest of those who shall be slain4 ,the ,valkyries1 ,choosers of the ,slain1 are his messengers4 ,later they are called his daughters4 ,when they ride forth on their errand1 their armor sheds a weird flickering light over the northern skies1 making what men call the ,aurora ,borealis4#cfe #bgb4 ,thor and the ,other ,gods4 ,of the following1 ,thor1 ,vidar1 ,bragi1 ,balder1 and ,hder are sons of ,odin4 ,thor1 the thunderer1 ,odin's eldest son1 is the strongest of gods and men1 and possesses three precious things4 ,the first is a hammer1 which both the ,frost and the ,mountain giants 7,hrim-thursar and ,berg-risar7 know to their cost1 when they see it hurled against them in the air1 for it has split many a skull of their fathers and kindred4 ,when thrown1 it returns to his hand of its own accord4 ,the second rare thing he possesses is the belt of strength4 ,when he girds it about him his divine might is doubled4 ,the third is his iron gloves1 which he puts on whenever he would use his mallet efficiently4 ,from ,thor's name is derived our word ,thursday4 ,vidar comes next in strength to ,thor4 ,bragi is the god of poetry1 and his song records the deeds of warriors4 ,his wife1 ,iduna1 keeps in a box the apples which the gods1 when they feel old age approaching1 have only to taste of to become young again4 ,balder1 dearest of the ,anses1 is the god of sunlight1 spring1 and gladness4 ,hder1 his opposite1 is the blind god of winter4 ,of other gods1 ,freyr presides over rain and sunshine and all the fruits of the earth4 ,his sister ,freya 7,freia7 is the most propitious of the goddesses4 ,she loves music1 spring1 and flowers1 and the fairies of ,elfheim4 ,she is the goddess of love4 ,her day is ,friday4 ,tyr 7,ziu or ,tiw71 from whose name is derived our ,tuesday1 is the wrestler among the gods2 and preminently the god of battles4 ,heimdall is the watchman of the gods1 and is therefore placed on the borders of heaven to prevent the giants from forcing their way over the bridge ,bifrost4 ,he requires less sleep than a bird1 and sees by night as well as by day a hundred miles around him4 ,so acute is his ear that no sound escapes him1 for he can even hear the grass grow1--and the wool on a sheep's back4 #bgc4 ,loki and his ,progeny4 ,loki 7or ,loge7 is described as the calumniator of the gods and the contriver of all fraud and mischief4 ,he is the son of ,farbauti1 the ,charon of ,norse mythology4 ,he is handsome and well made1 but of fickle mood and evil disposition4 ,although of the demon race1 he forced himself into the company of the gods1 and seemed to take pleasure in bringing them into difficulties1 and in extricating them out of the danger by his cunning1 wit1 and skill4 ,loki has three children4 ,the first is the wolf ,fenris1 the second the ,midgard ,serpent1 the third ,hela 7,death74 ,the gods were not ignorant that these monsters were maturing and that they would one day bring much evil upon gods and men4 ,so ,odin deemed it advisable to send one to bring them to him4 ,when they came he threw the serpent in that deep ocean by which the earth is surrounded4 ,but the monster has grown to such an enormous size that1 holding his tail in his mouth1 he encircles the whole earth4 ,hela he hurled below ,niflheim and gave her power over nine worlds or regions1 in which she distributes those who are sent to her1--that is1 all who die of sickness or old age4 ,her hall is called ,eliudnir1 or ,sleet-den4 ,hunger is her table1 ,starvation her knife1 ,delay her man1 ,slowness her maid1 ,pale ,woe her door1 ,stumbling-stone her threshold1 ,care her bed2 and ,falling-peril forms the hangings of her apartments4 ,she may easily be recognized1 for her body is half flesh color and half blue1 and she presents a stern and forbidding countenance4 ,the wolf ,fenris gave the gods a great deal of trouble before they succeeded in chaining him4 ,he broke the strongest fetters as if they were made of cobwebs4 ,finally the gods sent a messenger to the mountain spirits1 who made for them the chain called ,gleipnir4 ,it is fashioned of six things1--the noise made by the footfall of a cat1 the beards of women1 the roots of stones1 the breath of fishes1 the nerves 7sensibilities7 of bears1 and the spittle of birds4 ,when finished it was as smooth and soft as a silken string4 ,but when the gods asked the wolf to suffer himself to be bound with this apparently slight ribbon1 he suspected their design1 fearing that it was made by enchantment4 ,he therefore consented to be bound with it only upon condition that one of the gods put his hand in his 7,fenris'7 mouth as a pledge that the band was to be removed again4 ,tyr alone had courage enough to do this4 ,but when the wolf found that he could not break his fetters and that the gods would not release him1 he bit off ,tyr's hand4 ,tyr1 consequently1 has ever since remained one-handed4 #bgd4 ,the ,conflict with the ,mountain ,giants4 ,when the gods were constructing their abodes and had already finished ,midgard and ,valhalla1 a certain artificer came and offered to build them a residence so well fortified that they should be perfectly safe from the incursions of the ,frost giants and the giants of the mountains4 ,but he demanded for his reward the goddess ,freya1 together with the sun and moon4 ,the gods yielded to the terms1 provided that the artificer would finish the whole work without any one's assistance1 and all within the space of one winter4 ,but if anything remained unfinished on the first day of summer1 he should forfeit the recompense agreed on4 ,on being told these terms1 the artificer stipulated that he be allowed the use of his horse ,svadilfari1 and this request1 by the advice of ,loki1 was conceded4 ,he accordingly set to work on the first day of winter1 and during the night let his horse draw stone for the building4 ,the enormous size of the stones struck the gods with astonishment1 and they saw clearly that the horse did one half more of the toilsome work than his master4 ,their bargain1 however1 had been concluded and confirmed by solemn oaths1 for without these precautions a giant would not have thought himself safe among the gods1--still less1 indeed1 if ,thor should return from the expedition he had then undertaken against the evil demons4 ,as the winter drew to a close the building was far advanced1 and the bulwarks were sufficiently high and massive to render the place impregnable4 ,in short1 when it wanted but three days to summer1 the only part that remained to be finished was the gateway4 ,then sat the gods on their seats of justice and entered into consultation1 inquiring of one another who among them could have advised the rest to surrender ,freya1 or to plunge the heavens in darkness by permitting the giant to carry away the sun and the moon4 ,they all agreed that no one but ,loki1 the author of so many evil deeds1 could have given such counsel1 and that he should be put to a cruel death unless he contrived some way to prevent the artificer from completing his task and obtaining the stipulated recompense4 ,they proceeded to lay hands on ,loki1 who in his fright promised upon oath that1 let it cost him what it might1 he would so manage matters that the man should lose his reward4 ,that night when the man went with ,svadilfari for building-stone1 a mare suddenly ran out of a forest and began to neigh4 ,the horse thereat broke loose and ran after the mare into the forest1 obliging the man also to run after his horse2 thus1 therefore1 between one and another the whole night was lost1 so that at dawn the work had not made the usual progress4 ,the man1 seeing that he must fail of completing his task1 resumed his own gigantic stature1 and the gods now clearly perceived that it was in reality a mountain giant who had come amongst them4 ,feeling no longer bound by their oaths1 they called on ,thor1 who immediately ran to their assistance and1 lifting up his mallet1 paid the workman his wages1 not with the sun and moon1 and not even by sending him back to ,jtunheim1 for with the first blow he shattered the giant's skull to pieces and hurled him headlong into ,niflheim4 #bge4 ,the ,recovery of ,thor's ,hammer4 ,soon afterward it happened that ,thor's hammer fell into the possession of the giant ,thrym1 who buried it eight fathoms deep under the rocks of ,jtunheim4 ,thor sent ,loki to negotiate with ,thrym1 but he could only prevail so far as to get the giant's promise to restore the weapon if ,freya would consent to be his bride4 ,loki returned and reported the result of his mission1 but the goddess of love was horrified at the idea of bestowing her charms on the king of the ,frost giants4 ,in this emergency ,loki persuaded ,thor to dress himself in ,freya's clothes and accompany him to ,jtunheim4 ,thrym received his veiled bride with due courtesy1 but was greatly surprised at seeing her eat for her supper eight salmon and a full-grown ox besides other delicacies1 washing the whole down with three tuns of mead4 ,loki1 however1 assured him that she had not tasted anything for eight long nights1 so great was her desire to see her lover1 the renowned ruler of ,jtunheim4 ,thrym had at last the curiosity to peep under his bride's veil1 but started back in affright1 and demanded why ,freya's eyeballs glistened with fire4 ,loki repeated the same excuse1 and the giant was satisfied4 ,he ordered the hammer to be brought in and laid on the maiden's lap4 ,thereupon ,thor threw off his disguise1 grasped his redoubted weapon1 and slaughtered ,thrym and all his followers4 #bgf4 ,thor's ,visit to ,jtunheim4 ,one day ,thor1 with his servant ,thialfi and accompanied by ,loki1 set out for the giants' country4 ,thialfi was of all men the swiftest of foot4 ,he bore ,thor's wallet containing their provisions4 ,when night came on they found themselves in an immense forest1 and searched on all sides for a place where they might pass the night4 ,at last they came to a large hall1 with an entrance that took the whole breadth of one end of the building4 ,here they lay down to sleep1 but towards midnight were alarmed by an earthquake which shook the whole edifice4 ,thor1 rising up1 called on his companions to seek with him a place of safety4 ,on the right they found an adjoining chamber into which the others entered1 but ,thor remained at the doorway with his mallet in his hand1 prepared to defend himself whatever might happen4 ,a terrible groaning was heard during the night1 and at dawn of day ,thor went out and found lying near him a huge giant1 still snoring in the way that had alarmed them4 ,for once ,thor was afraid to use his mallet1 and as the giant soon waked up1 ,thor contented himself with simply asking his name4 ,my name is ,skrymir1 said the giant1 but ,i need not ask thy name1 for ,i know that thou art the god ,thor4 ,but what has become of my glove8 ,thor then perceived that what they had taken overnight for a hall was the giant's glove1 and the chamber where his two companions had sought refuge was the thumb4 ,skrymir then proposed that they should travel in company1 and ,thor consenting1 they sat down to eat their breakfast4 ,when they had done1 ,skrymir packed all the provisions into one wallet1 threw it over his shoulder1 and strode on before them1 taking such tremendous strides that they were hard put to it to keep up with him4 ,so they traveled the whole day1 and at dusk ,skrymir chose a place for them to pass the night in under a large oak tree4 ,skrymir then told them he would lie down to sleep4 ,but take ye the wallet1 he added1 and prepare your supper4 ,skrymir soon fell asleep and began to snore strongly1 but when ,thor tried to open the wallet1 he found the giant had tied it up so tight he could not untie a single knot4 ,at last ,thor became wroth1 and grasping his mallet with both hands1 he struck a furious blow on the giant's head4 ,skrymir1 awakening1 merely asked whether a leaf had not fallen on his head1 and whether they had supped and were ready to go to sleep4 ,thor answered that they were just going to sleep1 and so saying went and laid himself down under another tree4 ,but sleep came not that night to ,thor1 and when ,skrymir snored again so loud that the forest rechoed with the noise1 he arose1 and1 grasping his mallet1 launched it with such force at the giant's skull that it made a deep dint in it4 ,skrymir1 awakening1 cried out3 ,what's the matter8 ,are there any birds perched on this tree8 ,i felt some moss from the branches fall on my head4 ,how fares it with thee1 ,thor8 ,but ,thor went away hastily1 saying that he had just then awoke1 and1 that as it was only midnight1 there was still time for sleep4 ,he1 however1 resolved that if he had an opportunity of striking a third blow1 it should settle all matters between them4 ,a little before daybreak he perceived that ,skrymir was again fast asleep1 and again grasping his mallet1 he dashed it with such violence that it forced its way into the giant's skull up to the handle4 ,but ,skrymir sat up1 and1 stroking his cheek1 said3 ,an acorn fell on my head4 ,what6 ,art thou awake1 ,thor8 ,methinks it is time for us to get up and dress ourselves2 but you have not now a long way before you to the city called ,utgard4 ,i have heard you whispering to one another that ,i am not a man of small dimensions1 but if you come to ,utgard1 you will see there many men much taller than ,i4 ,wherefore ,i advise you1 when you come there1 not to make too much of yourselves2 for the followers of ,utgard-,loki will not brook the boasting of such little fellows as you are4 ,you must take the road that leads eastward2 mine lies northward1 so we must part here4 ,hereupon he threw his wallet over his shoulders and turned away from them into the forest1 and ,thor had no wish to stop him or to ask for any more of his company4 ,thor and his companions proceeded on their way1 and towards noon descried a city standing in the middle of a plain4 ,it was so lofty that they were obliged to bend their necks quite back on their shoulders in order to see to the top of it4 ,on arriving they entered the city1 and seeing a large palace before them with the door wide open1 they went in and found a number of men of prodigious stature1 sitting on benches in the hall4 ,going further1 they came before the king ,utgard-,loki1 whom they saluted with great respect4 ,the king1 regarding them with a scornful smile1 said1 ,if ,i do not mistake me1 that stripling yonder must be the god ,thor4 ,then addressing himself to ,thor1 he said3 ,perhaps thou mayst be more than thou appearest to be4 ,what are the feats that thou and thy fellows deem yourselves skilled in8--for no one is permitted to remain here who does not1 in some feat or other1 excel all other men4 ,the feat that ,i know1 said ,loki1 is to eat quicker than any one else1 and in this ,i am ready to give a proof against any one here who may choose to compete with me4 ,that will indeed be a feat1 if thou performest what thou promisest1 said ,utgard-,loki1 and it shall be tried forthwith4 ,he then ordered one of his men1 who was sitting at the farther end of the bench and whose name was ,logi1 to come forward and try his skill with ,loki4 ,a trough filled with meat having been set on the hall floor1 ,loki placed himself at one end and ,logi at the other1 and each of them began to eat as fast as he could1 until they met in the middle of the trough4 ,but it was found that ,loki had only eaten the flesh1 while his adversary had devoured both flesh and bone1 and the trough to boot4 ,all the company therefore adjudged that ,loki was vanquished4 ,utgard-,loki then asked what feat the young man who accompanied ,thor could perform4 ,thialfi answered that he would run a race with any one who might be matched against him4 ,the king observed that skill in running was something to boast of1 but if the youth would win the match1 he must display great agility4 ,he then arose and went1 with all who were present1 to a plain where there was good ground for running on1 and calling a young man named ,hugi1 bade him run a match with ,thialfi4 ,in the first course ,hugi so much outstripped his competitor that he turned back and met him not far from the starting-place4 ,then they ran a second and a third time1 but ,thialfi met with no better success4 ,utgard-,loki then asked ,thor in what feats he would choose to give proofs of that prowess for which he was so famous4 ,thor answered that he would try a drinking-match with any one4 ,utgard-,loki bade his cupbearer bring the large horn which his followers were obliged to empty when they had trespassed in any way against the law of the feast4 ,the cupbearer having presented it to ,thor1 ,utgard-,loki said1 ,whoever is a good drinker will empty that horn at a single draft1 though most men make two of it2 but the most puny drinker can do it in three4 ,thor looked at the horn1 which seemed of no extraordinary size1 though somewhat long2 however1 as he was very thirsty1 he set it to his lips and1 without drawing breath1 pulled as long and as deeply as he could1 that he might not be obliged to make a second draft of it2 but when he set the horn down and looked in1 he could scarcely perceive that the liquor was diminished4 ,after taking breath1 ,thor went to it again with all his might1 but when he took the horn from his mouth1 it seemed to him that he had drank rather less than before1 although the horn could now be carried without spilling4 ,how now1 ,thor1 said ,utgard-,loki1 thou must not spare thyself2 if thou meanest to drain the horn at the third draft1 thou must pull deeply2 and ,i must needs say that thou wilt not be called so mighty a man here as thou art at home if thou showest no greater prowess in other feats than methinks will be shown in this4 ,thor1 full of wrath1 again set the horn to his lips and did his best to empty it2 but on looking in found the liquor was only a little lower1 so he resolved to make no further attempt1 but gave back the horn to the cupbearer4 ,i now see plainly1 said ,utgard-,loki1 that thou art not quite so stout as we thought thee2 but wilt thou try any other feat8--though methinks thou art not likely to bear any prize away with thee hence4 ,what new trial hast thou to propose8 said ,thor4 ,we have a very trifling game here1 answered ,utgard-,loki1 in which we exercise none but children4 ,it consists in merely lifting my cat from the ground2 nor should ,i have dared to mention such a feat to the great ,thor if ,i had not already observed that thou art by no means what we took thee for4 ,as he finished speaking a large gray cat sprang on the hall floor4 ,thor put his hand under the cat's belly and did his utmost to raise him from the floor1 but the cat1 bending his back1 had1 notwithstanding all ,thor's efforts1 only one of his feet lifted up1 seeing which ,thor made no further attempt4 ,this trial has turned out1 said ,utgard-,loki1 just as ,i imagined it would4 ,the cat is large1 but ,thor is little in comparison to our men4 ,little as ye call me1 answered ,thor1 let me see who among you will come hither now that ,i am in wrath and wrestle with me4 ,i see no one here1 said ,utgard-,loki1 looking at the men sitting on the benches1 who would not think it beneath him to wrestle with thee2 let somebody1 however1 call hither that old crone1 my nurse ,elli1 and let ,thor wrestle with her if he will4 ,she has thrown to the ground many a man not less strong than this ,thor is4 ,a toothless old woman then entered the hall1 and was told by ,utgard-,loki to take hold of ,thor4 ,the tale is shortly told4 ,the more ,thor tightened his hold on the crone the firmer she stood4 ,at length1 after a very violent struggle1 ,thor began to lose his footing1 and was finally brought down upon one knee4 ,utgard-,loki then told them to desist1 adding that ,thor had now no occasion to ask any one else in the hall to wrestle with him1 and it was also getting late2 so he showed ,thor and his companions to their seats1 and they passed the night there in good cheer4 ,the next morning1 at break of day1 ,thor and his companions dressed themselves and prepared for their departure4 ,utgard-,loki ordered a table to be set for them1 on which there was no lack of victuals or drink4 ,after the repast ,utgard-,loki led them to the gate of the city1 and on parting asked ,thor how he thought his journey had turned out and whether he had met with any men stronger than himself4 ,thor told him that he could not deny but that he had brought great shame on himself4 ,and what grieves me most1 he added1 is that ye will call me a person of little worth4 ,nay1 said ,utgard-,loki1 it behooves me to tell thee the truth1 now thou art out of the city1 which so long as ,i live and have my way thou shalt never enter again4 ,and1 by my troth1 had ,i known beforehand that thou hadst so much strength in thee1 and wouldst have brought me so near to a great mishap ,i would not have suffered thee to enter this time4 ,know then that ,i have all along deceived thee by my illusions2 first in the forest1 where ,i tied up the wallet with iron wire so that thou couldst not untie it4 ,after this thou gavest me three blows with thy mallet2 the first1 though the least1 would have ended my days had it fallen on me1 but ,i slipped aside and thy blows fell on the mountain1 where thou wilt find three glens1 one of them remarkably deep4 ,these are the dints made by thy mallet4 ,i have made use of similar illusions in the contests ye have had with my followers4 ,in the first1 ,loki1 like hunger itself1 devoured all that was set before him1 but ,logi was in reality nothing else than ,fire1 and therefore consumed not only the meat but the trough which held it4 ,hugi1 with whom ,thialfi contended in running1 was ,thought1 and it was impossible for ,thialfi to keep pace with that4 ,when thou1 in thy turn1 didst attempt to empty the horn1 thou didst perform1 by my troth1 a deed so marvelous that had ,i not seen it myself ,i should never have believed it4 ,for one end of that horn reached the sea1 which thou wast not aware of1 but when thou comest to the shore thou wilt perceive how much the sea has sunk by thy drafts4 ,thou didst perform a feat no less wonderful by lifting up the cat1 and to tell thee the truth1 when we saw that one of his paws was off the floor1 we were all of us terror-stricken1 for what thou tookest for a cat was in reality the ,midgard serpent that encompasseth the earth1 and he was so stretched by thee that he was barely long enough to inclose it between his head and tail4 ,thy wrestling with ,elli was also a most astonishing feat1 for there was never yet a man1 nor ever will be1 whom ,old ,age1 for such in fact was ,elli1 will not sooner or later lay low4 ,but now1 as we are going to part1 let me tell thee that it will be better for both of us if thou never come near me again1 for shouldst thou do so1 ,i shall again defend myself by other illusions1 so that thou wilt only lose thy labor and get no fame from the contest with me4 ,on hearing these words ,thor1 in a rage1 laid hold of his mallet and would have launched it at him1 but ,utgard-,loki had disappeared1 and when ,thor would have returned to the city to destroy it1 he found nothing around him but a verdant plain4 #bgg4 ,the ,sword of ,freyr4 ,freyr also possessed a wonderful weapon1 a sword which would of itself spread a field with carnage whenever the owner desired it4 ,freyr parted with this sword1 but was less fortunate than ,thor and never recovered it4 ,it happened in this way3 ,freyr once mounted ,odin's throne1 from whence one can see over the whole universe1 and looking round1 saw far off in the giant's kingdom a beautiful maid1 at the sight of whom he was struck with sudden sadness1 insomuch that from that moment he could neither sleep nor drink nor speak4 ,at last ,skirnir1 his messenger1 drew his secret from him1 and undertook to get him the maiden for his bride1 if he would give him his sword as a reward4 ,freyr consented and gave him the sword1 and ,skirnir set off on his journey and obtained the maiden's promise that within nine nights she would come to a certain place and there wed ,freyr4 ,skirnir having reported the success of his errand1 ,freyr exclaimed3 ,long is one night1 ,long are two nights1 ,but how shall ,i hold out three8 ,shorter hath seemed ,a month to me oft ,than of this longing time the half4 ,so ,freyr obtained ,gerda1 the most beautiful of all women1 for his wife1 but he lost his sword4 #bgh4 ,the ,death of ,balder4 ,balder the ,good1 having been tormented with terrible dreams indicating that his life was in peril1 told them to the assembled gods1 who resolved to conjure all things to avert from him the threatened danger4 ,then ,frigga1 the wife of ,odin1 exacted an oath from fire and water1 from iron and all other metals1 from stones1 trees1 diseases1 beasts1 birds1 poisons1 and creeping things1 that none of them would do any harm to ,balder4 ,odin1 not satisfied with all this1 and feeling alarmed for the fate of his son1 determined to consult the prophetess ,angerbode1 a giantess1 mother of ,fenris1 ,hela1 and the ,midgard serpent4 ,she was dead1 and ,odin was forced to seek her in ,hela's dominions4 ,but the other gods1 feeling that what ,frigga had done was quite sufficient1 amused themselves with using ,balder as a mark1 some hurling darts at him1 some stones1 while others hewed at him with their swords and battle-axes1 for do what they would1 none of them could harm him4 ,and this became a favorite pastime with them1 and was regarded as an honor shown to ,balder4 ,but when ,loki beheld the scene1 he was sorely vexed that ,balder was not hurt4 ,assuming1 therefore1 the shape of a woman1 he went to ,fensalir1 the mansion of ,frigga4 ,that goddess1 when she saw the pretended woman1 inquired of her if she knew what the gods were doing at their meetings4 ,she replied that they were throwing darts and stones at ,balder1 without being able to hurt him4 ,ay1 said ,frigga1 neither stones1 nor sticks1 nor anything else can hurt ,balder1 for ,i have exacted an oath from all of them4 ,what1 exclaimed the woman1 have all things sworn to spare ,balder8 ,all things1 replied ,frigga1 except one little shrub that grows on the eastern side of ,valhalla and is called ,mistletoe1 which ,i thought too young and feeble to crave an oath from4 ,as soon as ,loki heard this he went away and1 resuming his natural shape1 cut off the mistletoe and repaired to the place where the gods were assembled4 ,there he found ,hder standing apart1 without partaking of the sports on account of his blindness1 and going up to him said1 ,why dost thou not also throw something at ,balder8 ,because ,i am blind1 answered ,hder1 and see not where ,balder is1 and have1 moreover1 nothing to throw4 ,come1 then1 said ,loki1 do like the rest and show honor to ,balder by throwing this twig at him1 and ,i will direct thy arm toward the place where he stands4 ,hder then took the mistletoe and1 under the guidance of ,loki1 darted it at ,balder1 who1 pierced through and through1 fell down lifeless4 ,never was there witnessed1 either among gods or men1 a more atrocious deed4 ,so on the floor lay ,balder dead2 and round#cff ,lay thickly strewn swords1 axes1 darts1 and spears1 ,which all the gods in sport had idly thrown ,at ,balder1 whom no weapon pierced or clove2 ,but in his breast stood fixt the fatal bough ,of mistletoe1 which ,lok the accuser gave ,to ,hder1 and unwitting ,hder threw-- ',gainst that alone had ,balder's life no charm4 ,and all the gods and all the heroes came1 ,and stood round ,balder on the bloody floor1 ,weeping and wailing2 and ,valhalla rang ,up to its golden roof with sobs and cries2 ,and on the tables stood the untasted meats1 ,and in the horns and gold-rimmed skulls the wine4 ,and now would night have fall'n and found them yet ,wailing2 but otherwise was ,odin's will4 ,he bade them not to spend themselves in unavailing grief1 for ,balder1 though the brightest god of heaven and best beloved1 had but met the doom ordained at his birth by the ,norns4 ,rather let the funeral pile be prepared1 and let vengeance on ,loki be left to ,odin himself4 ,so speaking1 ,odin mounted his horse ,sleipnir and rode away to ,lidskialf1 and the gods in ,valhalla returned to the feast3 ,and before each the cooks1 who served them1 placed ,new messes of the boar ,serimnir's flesh1 ,and the ,valkyries crowned their horns with mead4 ,so they1 with pent-up hearts and tearless eyes1 ,wailing no more1 in silence ate and drank1 ,while twilight fell1 and sacred night came on4 ,but the blind ,hder1 leaving the gods1 went by the sea to ,fensalir1 the house of ,frigga1 mother of the gods1 to ask her what way there might be of restoring ,balder to life and heaven4 ,might ,hela perchance surrender ,balder if ,hder himself should take his place among the shades8 ,nay1 replied ,frigga1 no way is there but one1 that the first god thou meetest on the return to ,asgard take ,sleipnir1 ,odin's horse1 and ride o'er the bridge ,bifrost where is ,heimdall's watch1 past ,midgard fortress1 down the dark1 unknown road to ,hel1 and there entreat the goddess ,hela that she yield ,balder back to heaven4 ,hder1 returning cityward1 met ,hermod1 swiftest of the gods1-- ,nor yet could ,hermod see his brother's face1 ,for it grew dark2 but ,hder touched his arm4 ,and as a spray of honeysuckle flowers ,brushes across a tired traveler's face ,who shuffles through the deep dew-moisten'd dust ,on a ,may evening1 in the darken'd lanes1 ,and starts him1 that he thinks a ghost went by1 ,so ,hder brush'd by ,hermod's side1 and said3 ,take ,sleipnir1 ,hermod1 and set forth with dawn ,to ,hela's kingdom1 to ask ,balder back2 ,and they shall be thy guides who have the power4 ,he spake1 and brush'd soft by and disappear'd4 ,and ,hermod gazed into the night1 and said3 ,who is it utters through the dark his hest ,so quickly1 and will wait for no reply8 ,the voice was like the unhappy ,hder's voice4 ,howbeit ,i will see1 and do his hest2 ,for there rang note divine in that command4 ,so speaking1 the fleet-footed ,hermod came ,home1 and lay down to sleep in his own house2 ,and all the gods lay down in their own homes4 ,and ,hder1 too1 came home distraught with grief1 ,loathing to meet1 at dawn1 the other gods2 ,and he went in1 and shut the door1 and fixt ,his sword upright1 and fell on it1 and died4 ,but from the hill of ,lidskialf ,odin rose1 ,the throne1 from which his eye surveys the world2 ,and mounted ,sleipnir1 and in darkness rode ,to ,asgard4 ,and the stars came out in heaven1 ,high over ,asgard1 to light home the king4 ,but fiercely ,odin gallop'd1 moved in heart3 ,and swift to ,asgard1 to the gate he came1 ,and terribly the hoofs of ,sleipnir rang ,along the flinty floor of ,asgard streets1 ,and the gods trembled on their golden beds ,hearing the wrathful father coming home-- ,for dread1 for like a whirlwind ,odin came4 ,and to ,valhalla's gate he rode1 and left ,sleipnir2 and ,sleipnir went to his own stall1 ,and in ,valhalla ,odin laid him down4 ,that night in a vision appeared ,balder to ,nanna his wife1 comforting her3 ,yes1 and ,i fain would altogether ward ,death from thy head1 and with the gods in heaven ,prolong thy life1 though not by thee desired-- ,but right bars this1 not only thy desire4 ,yet dreary1 ,nanna1 is the life they lead ,in that dim world1 in ,hela's moldering realm2 ,and doleful are the ghosts1 the troops of dead1 ,whom ,hela with austere control presides4 ,for of the race of gods is no one there ,save me alone1 and ,hela1 solemn queen2 ,for all the nobler souls of mortal men ,on battle field have met their death1 and now ,feast in ,valhalla1 in my father's hall2 ,only the inglorious sort are there below-- ,the old1 the cowards1 and the weak are there1 ,men spent by sickness1 or obscure decay4 ,but even there1 ,o ,nanna1 we might find ,some solace in each other's look and speech1 ,wandering together through that gloomy world1 ,and talking of the life we led in heaven1 ,while we yet lived1 among the other gods4 ,he spake1 and straight his lineaments began ,to fade2 and ,nanna in her sleep stretch'd out ,her arms towards him with a cry1 but he ,mournfully shook his head and disappear'd4 ,and as the woodman sees a little smoke ,hang in the air1 afield1 and disappear1 ,so ,balder faded in the night away4 ,and ,nanna on her bed sank back2 but then ,frea1 the mother of the gods1 with stroke ,painless and swift1 set free her airy soul1 ,which took1 on ,balder's track1 the way below2 ,and instantly the sacred morn appear'd4 ,with the morn ,hermod1 mounting ,sleipnir1 set out on his mission4 ,for the space of nine days and as many nights he rode through deep glens so dark that he could not discern anything1 until he arrived at the river ,gyoll1 which he passed over on a bridge covered with glittering gold4 ,the maiden who kept the bridge asked him his name and lineage1 telling him that the day before five bands of dead persons had ridden over the bridge1 and did not shake it as much as he alone4 ,but1 she added1 thou hast not death's hue on thee2 why then ridest thou here on the way to ,hel8 ,i ride to ,hel1 answered ,hermod1 to seek ,balder4 ,hast thou perchance seen him pass this way8 ,she replied1 ,balder hath ridden over ,gyoll's bridge1 and yonder lieth the way he took to the abodes of death4 ,hermod pursued his journey until he came to the barred gates of ,hel4 ,here he alighted1 girthed his saddle tighter1 and remounting clapped both spurs to his horse1 which cleared the gate by a tremendous leap without touching it4 ,hermod then rode on to the palace1 where he found his brother ,balder occupying the most distinguished seat in the hall1 and passed the night in his company4 ,the next morning he besought ,hela to let ,balder ride home with him1 assuring her that nothing but lamentations were to be heard among the gods4 ,hela answered that it should now be tried whether ,balder was so beloved as he was said to be4 ,if1 therefore1 she added1 all things in the world1 both living and lifeless1 weep for him1 then shall he return to life2 but if any one thing speak against him or refuse to weep1 he shall be kept in ,hel4 ,hermod then rode back to ,asgard and gave an account of all he had heard and witnessed4 ,the gods upon this dispatched messengers throughout the world to beg everything to weep in order that ,balder might be delivered from ,hel4 ,all things very willingly complied with this request1 both men and every other living being1 as well as earths1 and stones1 and trees1 and metals1 just as we have all seen these things weep when they are brought from a cold place into a hot one4 ,then the messengers returned1-- 444 ,and they rode home together1 through the wood ,of ,jarnvid1 which to east of ,midgard lies ,bordering the giants1 where the trees are iron2 ,there in the wood before a cave they came1 ,where sate in the cave's mouth a skinny hag1 ,toothless and old2 she gibes the passers-by4 ,thok is she called1 but now ,lok wore her shape2 ,she greeted them the first1 and laughed and said3 ,ye gods1 good lack1 is it so dull in heaven ,that ye come pleasuring to ,thok's iron wood8 ,lovers of change1 ye are1 fastidious sprites4 ,look1 as in some boor's yard1 a sweet-breath'd cow1 ,whose manger is stuffed full of good fresh hay1 ,snuffs at it daintily1 and stoops her head ,to chew the straw1 her litter at her feet-- ,so ye grow squeamish1 gods1 and sniff at heaven6 ,she spake1 but ,hermod answered her and said1 ,thok1 not for gibes we come2 we come for tears4 ,balder is dead1 and ,hela holds her prey1 ,but will restore1 if all things give him tears4 ,begrudge not thine6 to all was ,balder dear4 ,then1 with a louder laugh1 the hag replied3 ,is ,balder dead8 and do ye come for tears8 ,thok with dry eyes will weep o'er ,balder's pyre4 ,weep him all other things1 if weep they will-- ,i weep him not6 let ,hela keep her prey4 ,she spake1 and to the cavern's depth she fled1 ,mocking2 and ,hermod knew their toil was vain4#cfg ,so was ,balder prevented from returning to ,asgard4 #bgi4 ,the ,funeral of ,balder4 ,the gods took up the dead body and bore it to the seashore1 where stood ,balder's ship ,hringham1 which passed for the largest in the world4 ,balder's dead body was put on the funeral pile1 on board the ship2 and the body of ,nanna was burned on the same pile with her husband's4 ,there was a vast concourse of various kinds of people at ,balder's obsequies4 ,first came ,odin accompanied by ,frigga1 the ,valkyries1 and his ravens2 then ,freyr in his car drawn by ,gullinbursti1 the boar2 ,heimdall rode his horse ,gulltopp1 and ,freya drove in her chariot drawn by cats4 ,there were also a great many ,frost giants and giants of the mountain present4 ,balder's horse was led to the pile fully caparisoned1 and was consumed in the same flames with his master4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4 ,,loki ,,and ,,siguna ,from the painting by ,gebhardt ,but ,loki did not escape his merited punishment4 ,when he saw how wroth the gods were1 he fled to the mountain and there built himself a hut with four doors1 so that he could see every approaching danger4 ,he invented a net to catch the fishes1 such as fishermen have used since his time4 ,but ,odin found out his hiding place and the gods assembled to take him4 ,he1 seeing this1 changed himself into a salmon and lay hid among the stones of the brook4 ,but the gods took his net and dragged the brook1 and ,loki1 finding he must be caught1 tried to leap over the net2 but ,thor caught him by the tail1 and compressed it so that salmon ever since have had that part remarkably fine and thin4 ,they bound him with chains and suspended a serpent over his head1 whose venom falls upon his face drop by drop4 ,his wife1 ,siguna1 sits by his side and catches the drops as they fall1 in a cup2 but when she carries it away to empty it1 the venom falls upon ,loki1 which makes him howl with horror and writhe so that the whole earth shakes4 #bhj4 ,the ,elves4 ,the ,edda mentions another class of beings1 inferior to the gods1 but still possessed of great power2 these were the ,elves4 ,the white spirits1 or ,elves of ,light1 were exceedingly fair1 more brilliant than the sun1 and clad in garments of a delicate and transparent texture4 ,they loved the light1 were kindly disposed to mankind1 and generally appeared as fair and lovely children4 ,their country was called ,elfheim1 and was the domain of ,freyr1 in whose sunlight they always sported4 ,the black elves1 ugly1 long-nosed dwarfs1 of a dirty brown color1 appeared only at night4 ,they avoided the sun as their most deadly enemy1 because his beams changed them immediately into stones4 ,their language was the echo of solitudes1 and their dwelling places subterranean caves and clefts4 ,they were supposed to have come into existence as maggots produced by the decaying flesh of ,ymir's body4 ,they were afterwards endowed by the gods with a human form and great understanding4 ,they were particularly distinguished for a knowledge of the mysterious powers of nature1 and for the runes which they carved and explained4 ,they were the most skillful artificers of all created beings1 and worked in metals and in wood4 ,among their most noted works were ,thor's hammer1 and the ship ,skidbladnir1 which they gave to ,freyr4 ,this vessel was so large that it could contain all the deities with their war and household implements1 but so skillfully was it wrought that when folded together it could be put into a side pocket4 #bha4 ,ragnarok4 ,it was a firm belief of the ,northern nations that a time would come when all the visible creation1 the gods of ,valhalla and ,niflheim1 the inhabitants of ,jtunheim1 ,elfheim1 and ,midgard1 together with their habitations1 would be destroyed4 ,the fearful day of destruction will not however be without warning4 ,first will come a triple winter1 during which snow will fall from the four corners of the heavens1 the frost be severe1 the wind piercing1 the weather tempestuous1 and the sun impart no gladness4 ,three such winters will pass without being tempered by a single summer4 ,three other like winters will follow1 during which war and discord will spread over the universe4 ,the earth itself will be afraid and begin to tremble1 the sea leave its basin1 the heavens tear asunder2 men will perish in great numbers1 and the eagles of the air feast upon their still quivering bodies4 ,the wolf ,fenris will now break his bands1 the ,midgard serpent rise out of his bed in the sea1 and ,loki1 released from his bonds1 will join the enemies of the gods4 ,amidst the general devastation the sons of ,muspelheim will rush forth under their leader ,surter1 before and behind whom are flames and burning fire4 ,onward they ride over ,bifrost1 the rainbow bridge1 which breaks under the horses' hoofs4 ,but they1 disregarding its fall1 direct their course to the battle field called ,vigrid4 ,thither also repair the wolf ,fenris1 the ,midgard serpent1 ,loki1 with all the followers of ,hela1 and the ,frost giants4 ,heimdall now stands up and sounds the ,giallar horn to assemble the gods and heroes for the contest4 ,the gods advance1 led on by ,odin1 who1 engaging the wolf ,fenris1 falls a victim to the monster4 ,fenris is1 in turn1 slain by ,vidar1 ,odin's son4 ,thor wins great renown by killing the ,midgard serpent1 but1 recoiling1 falls dead1 suffocated with the venom which the dying monster vomits over him4 ,loki and ,heimdall meet and fight till they both are slain4 ,the gods and their enemies having fallen in battle1 ,surter1 who has killed ,freyr1 darts fire and flames over the world1 and the universe is consumed4 ,the sun grows dim1 the earth sinks into the ocean1 the stars fall from heaven1 and time is no more4 ,after this ,alfadur 7not ,odin but the ,almighty7 will cause a new heaven and a new earth to arise out of the sea4 ,the new earth1 filled with abundant supplies1 will produce its fruits without labor or care4 ,wickedness and misery will no more be known1 but the gods and men will live happily together4 ,this twilight of the gods is aptly described in a conversation held between ,balder and ,hermod1 after ,hermod has a second time ridden to ,hel3 ,and the fleet-footed ,hermod made reply3#cfh-- ,thou hast then all the solace death allows1 ,esteem and function2 and so far is well4 ,yet here thou liest1 ,balder1 underground1 ,rusting for ever2 and the years roll on1 ,the generations pass1 the ages grow1 ,and bring us nearer to the final day ,when from the south shall march the fiery band ,and cross the bridge of heaven1 with ,lok for guide1 ,and ,fenris at his heel with broken chain2 ,while from the east the giant ,rymer steers ,his ship1 and the great serpent makes to land2 ,and all are marshal'd in one flaming square ,against the gods1 upon the plains of heaven4 ,i mourn thee1 that thou canst not help us then4 ,he spake2 but ,balder answered him1 and said3-- ,mourn not for me6 ,mourn1 ,hermod1 for the gods2 ,mourn for the men on earth1 the gods in heaven1 ,who live1 and with their eyes shall see that day6 ,the day will come1 when fall shall ,asgard's towers1 ,and ,odin1 and his sons1 the seed of ,heaven2 ,but what were ,i1 to save them in that hour8 ,if strength might save them1 could not ,odin save1 ,my father1 and his pride1 the warrior ,thor1 ,vidar the silent1 the impetuous ,tyr8 ,i1 what were ,i1 when these can nought avail8 ,yet1 doubtless1 when the day of battle comes1 ,and the two hosts are marshal'd1 and in heaven ,the golden-crested cock shall sound alarm1 ,and his black brother-bird from hence reply1 ,and bucklers clash1 and spears begin to pour-- ,longing will stir within my breast1 though vain4 ,but not to me so grievous as1 ,i know1 ,to other gods it were1 is my enforced ,absence from fields where ,i could nothing aid2 ,for ,i am long since weary of your storm ,of carnage1 and find1 ,hermod1 in your life ,something too much of war and broils1 which make ,life one perpetual fight1 a bath of blood4 ,mine eyes are dizzy with the arrowy hail2 ,mine ears are stunn'd with blows1 and sick for calm4 ,inactive1 therefore1 let me lie in gloom1 ,unarm'd1 inglorious2 ,i attend the course ,of ages1 and my late return to light1 ,in times less alien to a spirit mild1 ,in new-recover'd seats1 the happier day4 ,he spake2 and the fleet ,hermod thus replied3-- ,brother1 what seats are these1 what happier day8 ,tell me1 that ,i may ponder it when gone4 ,and the ray-crownd ,balder answered him3-- ,far to the south1 beyond the blue1 there spreads ,another heaven1 the boundless--no one yet ,hath reach'd it2 there hereafter shall arise ,the second ,asgard1 with another name4 ,thither1 when o'er this present earth and heavens ,the tempest of the latter days hath swept1 ,and they from sight have disappear'd and sunk1 ,shall a small remnant of the gods repair2 ,hder and ,i shall join them from the grave4 ,there reassembling we shall see emerge ,from the bright ocean at our feet an earth ,more fresh1 more verdant than the last1 with fruits ,self-springing1 and a seed of man preserved1 ,who then shall live in peace1 as now in war4 ,but we in heaven shall find again with joy ,the ruin'd palaces of ,odin1 seats ,familiar1 halls where we have supp'd of old1 ,renter them with wonder1 never fill ,our eyes with gazing1 and rebuild with tears4 ,and we shall tread once more the well-known plain ,of ,ida1 and among the grass shall find ,the golden dice wherewith we played of yore2 ,and that shall bring to mind the former life ,and pastime of the gods--the wise discourse ,of ,odin1 the delights of other days4 ,o ,hermod1 pray that thou may'st join us then6 ,such for the future is my hope2 meanwhile1 ,i rest the thrall of ,hela1 and endure ,death1 and the gloom which round me even now ,thickens1 and to inner gulf recalls4 ,farewell1 for longer speech is not allow'd4 ,,footnotes3 #cfd ,for ,records of ,norse ,mythology1 see #cjj1 and ,commentary1 #bfh1 #bhb1 and #cjj4 #cfe ,gray's ode1 ,the ,fatal ,sisters1 is founded on this superstition4 #cff ,from ,matthew ,arnold's ,balder ,dead4 #cfg ,from ,matthew ,arnold's ,balder ,dead4 #cfh ,from ,matthew ,arnold's ,balder ,dead4 ,,chapter ,,xxviii ,,myths ,,of ,,norse ,,and ,,old ,,german ,,heroes #bhb4 ,the ,saga of the ,volsungs4#cfi ,sigi1 son of ,odin1 was a mighty king of the ,huns whom ,odin loved and prospered exceedingly4 ,rerir1 also1 the son of ,sigi1 was a man of valor and one who got lordship and land unto himself2 but neither ,sigi nor ,rerir were to compare with ,volsung1 who ruled over ,hunland after his father ,rerir went home to ,odin4 ,to ,volsung were born ten sons and one daughter1--,signy by name2 and of the sons ,sigmund was the eldest and the most valiant4 ,and the ,volsungs abode in peace till ,siggeir1 king of ,gothland1 came wooing ,signy1 who1 though loath to accept him1 was1 by her father's desire1 betrothed to him4 ,now on the night of the wedding great fires were made in the hall of the ,volsungs1 and in the midst stood ,branstock1 a great oak tree1 about which the hall had been built1 and the limbs of the tree spread over the roof of the hall2 and round about ,branstock they sat and feasted1 and sang of ancient heroes and heard the music of the harp that went from hand to hand4 ,but e'en as men's hearts were hearkening some heard the thunder pass#cgj ,o'er the cloudless noontide heaven2 and some men turned about ,and deemed that in the doorway they heard a man laugh out4 ,then into the ,volsung dwelling a mighty man there strode1 ,one-eyed and seeming ancient1 yet bright his visage glowed2 ,cloud-blue was the hood upon him1 and his kirtle gleaming-gray ,as the latter morning sun-dog when the storm is on the way2 ,a bill he bore on his shoulder1 whose mighty ashen beam ,burnt bright with the flame of the sea1 and the blended silver's gleam4 ,and such was the guise of his raiment as the ,volsung elders had told ,was borne by their fathers' fathers1 and the first that warred in the wold4 ,so strode he to the ,branstock1 nor greeted any lord1 ,but forth from his cloudy raiment he drew a gleaming sword1 ,and smote it deep in the tree-bole1 and the wild hawks overhead ,laughed 'neath the naked heaven as at last he spake and said3 ,earls of the ,goths1 and ,volsungs1 abiders on the earth1 ,lo there amid the ,branstock a blade of plenteous worth6 ,the folk of the war-wand's forgers wrought never better steel ,since first the burg of heaven uprose for man-folk's weal4 ,now let the man among you whose heart and hand may shift ,to pluck it from the oak-wood e'en take it for my gift4 ,then ne'er1 but his own heart falter1 its point and edge shall fail ,until the night's beginning and the ending of the tale4 ,be merry1 ,earls of the ,goth-folk1 ,o ,volsung ,sons be wise1 ,and reap the battle-acre that ripening for you lies3 ,for they told me in the wild wood1 ,i heard on the mountain-side ,that the shining house of heaven is wrought exceeding wide1 ,and that there the ,early-comers shall have abundant rest ,while ,earth grows scant of great ones1 and fadeth from its best1 ,and fadeth from its midward1 and groweth poor and vile3-- ,all hail to thee1 ,king ,volsung6 farewell for a little while6 ,so sweet his speaking sounded1 so wise his words did seem ,that moveless all men sat there1 as in a happy dream ,we stir not lest we waken2 but there his speech had end ,and slowly down the hall-floor1 and outward did he wend2 ,and none would cast him a question or follow on his ways1 ,for they knew that the gift was ,odin's1 a sword for the world to praise4 ,then all made trial1 ,siggeir and his earls1 and ,volsung and his people1 to draw forth the sword from ,branstock1 but with no success1 till ,sigmund1 laying his hand carelessly on the precious hilt1 drew forth the naked blade as though it were loose in the oak4 ,whereupon ,siggeir offered money for the sword1 but ,sigmund scorned the offer4 ,but in time ,siggeir had his vengeance4 ,inviting ,king ,volsung and his sons to ,gothland1 he fell upon them1 slew the king1 and suffered the sons1 fastened under a log1 to be devoured in succession by a she-wolf--all but ,sigmund1 who through the wile of his sister ,signy was rescued4 ,he1 driven to the life of an outlaw1 sought means to avenge his father1 and ,signy1 on her part1 strove to aid him1--without avail1 however1 till ,sinfiotli1 the son of herself and ,sigmund1 was grown to manhood4 ,this youth bore ,sigmund company4 ,for a season1 as wolves1 they scoured the woods2 finally resuming the form of men1 they slew the children of ,siggeir and burned him in his hall4 ,signy1 having helped to avenge her father1 died with her husband4 ,sigmund1 thereupon1 became king1 and took to himself a wife4 ,but she1 suffering injury at the hands of ,sinfiotli1 poisoned him with a horn of ale4 ,then ,sigmund sorrowed nigh to death over his son1 and drove away that queen1 and soon after she died4 ,he then married ,hiordis the fair2 but before long1 doing battle against ,lyngi1 the son of ,hunding1--a chieftain who also had loved the fair ,hiordis1--he got his death wound3 ,for lo1 through the hedge of the war-shafts a mighty man there came1 ,one-eyed and seeming ancient1 but his visage shone like flame2 ,gleaming-gray was his kirtle1 and his hood was cloudy-blue2 ,and he bore a mighty twibil1 as he waded the fight-sheaves through1 ,and stood face to face with ,sigmund1 and upheaved the bill to smite4 ,once more round the head of the ,volsung fierce glittered the ,branstock's light1 ,the sword that came from ,odin2 and ,sigmund's cry once more ,rang out to the very heavens above the din of war4 ,then clashed the meeting edges with ,sigmund's latest stroke1 ,and in shivering shards fell earthward that fear of worldly folk4 ,but changed were the eyes of ,sigmund1 and the war-wrath left his face2 ,for that gray-clad mighty helper was gone1 and in his place ,drave on the unbroken spear-wood 'gainst the ,volsung's empty hands3 ,and there they smote down ,sigmund1 the wonder of all lands1 ,on the foemen1 on the death-heap his deeds had piled that day4 ,to ,hiordis1 after ,sigmund's death1 was born ,sigurd1 like whom was never man for comeliness and valor and great-heartedness and might4 ,he was the greatest of the ,volsungs4 ,his foster-father was ,regin1 the son of ,rodmar1 a blacksmith1 who taught him the lore of runes and many tongues2 and1 by means of a story of ancient wrongs1 incited him to the destruction of the dragon ,fafnir4 ,for ,regin told that while the gods1 ,odin and ,hoenir1 were wandering with ,loki near ,rodmar's house1 ,loki slew one of ,rodmar's sons1 ,otter4 ,whereupon ,rodmar demanded that the gods should fill the ,otter-skin with gold and cover it with gold4 ,now ,loki1 being sent to procure the gold1 caught ,andvari the dwarf1 and from him procured by force a hoard of the precious metal and with it a magic ring1 whose touch bred gold4 ,but ,andvari cursed the ring and the gold and all that might possess either4 ,the gods forthwith filled ,otter with the dwarf's gold1 and surrendered both gold and ring to ,rodmar4 ,immediately the curse began to work4 ,fafnir1 brother of ,regin and ,otter1 slew ,rodmar and seized the treasure and1 assuming a dragon's form1 brooded upon the hoard4 ,with this tale ,regin egged on ,sigurd to the undoing of ,fafnir4 ,he welded him1 too1 a resistless sword out of the shards of ,sigmund's sword1 ,gram 7the wrath74 ,then ,sigurd swore that he would slay the dragon4 ,but first1 riding on his horse1 ,greyfell1 of the blood of ,odin's ,sleipnir1 he avenged upon the sons of ,hunding the death of his father4 ,this done1 ,sigurd rode to ,glistenheath and slew ,fafnir1 the dragon1 and eating of his heart1 learned the language of the birds2 and at their advice he slew ,regin also1 who plotted against him4 ,so1 setting the ring of ,andvari on his finger and bearing the gold before him on his horse1 ,greyfell1 ,sigurd comes to the ,hill of ,hindfell3 ,and sitteth awhile on ,greyfell on the marvelous thing to gaze3 ,for lo1 the side of ,hindfell inwrapped by the fervent blaze1 ,and naught 'twixt earth and heaven save a world of flickering flame1 ,and a hurrying1 shifting tangle1 where the dark rents went and came4444 ,now ,sigurd turns in his saddle1 and the hilt of the ,wrath he shifts1 ,and draws a girth the tighter2 then the gathered reins he lifts1 ,and crieth aloud to ,greyfell1 and rides at the wildfire's heart2 ,but the white wall wavers before him and the flame-flood rusheth apart1 ,and high o'er his head it riseth1 and wide and wild is its roar ,as it beareth the mighty tidings to the very heavenly floor2 ,but he rideth through its roaring as the warrior rides the rye1 ,when it bows with the wind of the summer and the hid spears draw anigh2 ,the white-flame licks his raiment and sweeps through ,greyfell's mane1 ,and bathes both hands of ,sigurd and the hilts of ,fafnir's bane1 ,and winds about his war-helm and mingles with his hair1 ,but naught his raiment dusketh or dims his glittering gear2-- ,then it falls and fades and darkens till all seems left behind1 ,and dawn and the blaze is swallowed in mid-mirk stark and blind4444 ,then before him ,sigurd sees a shield-hung castle1 surmounted by a golden buckler1 instead of a banner1 which rings against the flagstaff4 ,and he enters and finds the form of one asleep1 in armor cap-a-pie4 ,so he draweth the helm from the head1 and1 lo1 the brow snow-white1 ,and the smooth unfurrowed cheeks1 and the wise lips breathing light2 ,and the face of a woman it is1 and the fairest that ever was born1 ,shown forth to the empty heavens and the desert world forlorn3 ,but he looketh1 and loveth her sore1 and he longeth her spirit to move1 ,and awaken her heart to the world1 that she may behold him and love4 ,and he toucheth her breast and her hands1 and he loveth her passing sore2 ,and he saith1 ,awake6 ,i am ,sigurd1 but she moveth never the more4444 ,then with his bright blade ,sigurd rends the ring-knit mail that incloses her1 till naught but the rippling linen is wrapping her about1-- ,then a flush cometh over her visage and a sigh upheaveth her breast1 ,and her eyelids quiver and open1 and she wakeneth into rest2 ,wide-eyed on the dawning she gazeth1 too glad to change or smile1 ,and but little moveth her body1 nor speaketh she yet for a while2 ,and yet kneels ,sigurd1 moveless1 her wakening speech to heed1 ,while soft the waves of the daylight o'er the starless heavens speed1 ,and the gleaming vines of the ,shield-burg yet bright and brighter grow1 ,and the thin moon hangeth her horns dead-white in the golden glow4 ,then she turned and gazed on ,sigurd1 and her eyes met the ,volsung's eyes4 ,and mighty and measureless now did the tide of his love arise1 ,for their longing had met and mingled1 and he knew of her heart that she loved1 ,as she spake unto nothing but him and her lips with the speech-flood moved4 ,brynhild1 it was1--the ,valkyrie1--who long time had lain in that enchanted sleep that ,odin1 her father1 had poured over her1 dooming her to mortal awakening and to mortal love1 for the evil she had wrought of old when she espoused the cause in battle of those whom the ,norns had predestined to death4 ,her might none but the fearless awaken2 and her had ,sigurd awakened2 and she loved him1 for he was without fear and godlike4 ,and she taught him many wise sayings2 and they plighted troth1 one to the other1 both then and again2 and ,sigurd gave her the ring of ,andvari4 ,but they were not destined to dwell together in wedlock1 and ,brynhild1 foreseeing the future1 knew even this4 ,sigurd was to wed with another than ,brynhild1 and it fell in this wise4 ,in the land of the ,nibelungs 7,niblungs1 ,nibelungen7 dwelt ,gudrun1 daughter of ,giuki1 the ,nibelung king4 ,and ,gudrun dreamed a dream in which a fair hawk feathered with feathers of gold alighted upon her wrist4 ,she went to ,brynhild for the interpretation of the dream4 ,the hawk1 said ,brynhild1 is ,sigurd4 ,and so it came to pass4 ,sigurd1 visiting the court of the ,nibelungs1 was kindly entreated by ,king ,giuki and his three sons1 ,gunnar1 ,hogni1 and ,guttorm2 and he performed deeds of valor such that they honored him4 ,but after many days1 ,grimhild1 the mother of ,gudrun1 administered to ,sigurd a magic potion that removed from him all memory of ,brynhild4 ,so ,sigurd loved and wedded the fair ,gudrun4 ,indeed he soon joined others in urging his wife's brother ,gunnar1 a doughty warrior1 to sue for the hand of ,brynhild herself4 ,but ,brynhild would have no one that could not ride through the flames drawn up around her hall4 ,after ,gunnar had made two unsuccessful attempts1 ,sigurd1 assuming the form of ,king ,gunnar1 mounted ,greyfell and rode for the second time through the flames of ,hindfell4 ,then1 still wearing the semblance of ,gunnar1 he gained the consent of ,brynhild to the union1 and exchanged rings with her1--she giving him none other than the ancient ring of ,andvari back again4 ,but even this did not recall to ,sigurd's memory his former ride and his former love4 ,returning to the land of the ,nibelungs1 he announced the success of his undertaking and told all things to ,gudrun1 giving her the fatal ring that he had regained from ,brynhild4 ,in ten days came ,brynhild by agreement to the ,hall of the ,nibelungs1 and though she knew well the deceit that had been practiced on her1 she made no sign2 nay1 was wedded1 according to her promise1 to ,king ,gunnar4 ,but as they sat at the wedding-feast1 the charm of ,grimhild was outworn1--,sigurd looked upon ,gunnar's bride and knew the ,brynhild of old1 the ,valkyrie1 whom he had loved2 and ,brynhild's face drew near him with eyes grown stern and strange4 ,but1 apparently1 all went well till the young queens1 one day bathing in the ,water of the ,nibelungs1 fell into contention on a matter of privilege4 ,brynhild claimed precedence in entering the river on the ground that ,gunnar was the liege lord of ,sigurd4 ,gudrun1 white with wrath1 flashed out the true story of the ride through the flames1 and thrust in ,brynhild's face the ,andvari ring4 ,consumed with jealousy1 ,brynhild plotted revenge4 ,she loved ,sigurd still1 and he1 since he had regained his memory1 could not overcome his love for her4 ,but the insult from ,gudrun ,brynhild would not brook4 ,by her machinations1 ,guttorm1 the brother of ,gudrun1 was incited to slay ,sigurd4 ,he1 accordingly1 stabbed the hero while asleep1 but ,sigurd1 throwing ,gram at the assassin1 cut him in twain before he could escape4 ,woe me6 how the house of the ,niblungs by another cry was rent1 ,the awakening wail of ,gudrun1 as she shrank in the river of blood ,from the breast of the mighty ,sigurd3 he heard it and understood1 ,and rose up on the sword of ,guttorm1 and turned from the country of death1 ,and spake words of loving-kindness as he strove for life and breath2 ,wail not1 ,o child of the ,niblungs6 ,i am smitten1 but thou shalt live1 ,in remembrance of our glory1 mid the gifts the gods shall give6444 ,it is ,brynhild's deed1 he murmured1 and the woman that loves me well2 ,nought now is left to repent of1 and the tale abides to tell4 ,i have done many deeds in my life-days1 and all these1 and my love1 they lie ,in the hollow hand of ,odin till the day of the world go by4 ,i have done and ,i may not undo1 ,i have given and ,i take not again2 ,art thou other than ,i1 ,allfather1 wilt thou gather my glory in vain8 ,so ended the life of ,sigurd4 ,brynhild1 overcome with sorrow1 dealt herself a mortal wound and was burned on the funeral pyre beside ,sigurd the ,volsung4 ,in time ,gudrun became the queen of ,atli1 the ,budlung4 ,he1 in order to obtain the hoard of ,sigurd1 which had passed into the hands of the ,nibelungs1--,gudrun's brothers1--bade them visit him in ,hunland4 ,fully warned by ,gudrun1 they still accepted the invitation and1 arriving at the hall of ,atli1 were after a fearful conflict slain4 ,but they did not surrender the hoard--that lay concealed at the bottom of the ,rhine4 ,gudrun with the aid of ,nibelung1 her brother ,hogni's son1 in the end slew ,atli1 set fire to his hall1 and brought ruin on the ,budlung folk4 ,then leaping into the sea1 she was borne with ,swanhild1 her daughter by ,sigurd1 to the realm of ,king ,jonakr1 who became her third husband4 ,swanhild1 fairest of all women1 eager-eyed as her father1 so that few durst look under the brows of her1 met1 by stress of love and treachery1 a foul end in a foreign land1 trampled under foot of horses4 ,finally ,gudrun sent her sons by ,jonakr to avenge their half-sister's death2 and so1 bereft of all her kin and consumed with sorrow1 she called upon her ancient lover1 ,sigurd1 to come and look upon her1 as he had promised1 from his abiding-place among the dead4 ,and thus had the words of her sorrow an end4 ,her sons slew ,jormunrek1 the murderer of ,swanhild1 but were themselves done to death by the counsel and aid of a certain warrior1 seeming ancient and one-eyed1--,odin the forefather of the ,volsungs1--the same that had borne ,sigi fellowship1 and that struck the sword into ,branstock of ,volsung's hall1 and that faced ,sigmund and shattered ,gram in the hour of ,sigmund's need1 and that brought to ,sigurd the matchless horse ,greyfell1 and oft again had appeared to the kin of the ,volsungs2--the same god now wrought the end of the ,nibelungs4 ,the hoard and the ring of ,andvari had brought confusion on all into whose hands they fell4 #bhc4 ,the ,lay of the ,nibelungs4#cga ,in the ,german version of this story--called the ,nibelungenlied--certain variations of name1 incident1 and character appear4 ,sigurd is ,siegfried1 dwelling in ,xanten near the ,rhine1 the son of ,siegmund and ,siegelind1 king and queen of the ,netherlands4 ,gudrun is ,kriemhild1 sister of ,gunther 7,gunnar71 king of the ,burgundians1 and niece of ,hagen 7,hogni71 a warrior of dark and sullen mien1 cunning1 but withal loyal and brave1 the foe of the glorious ,siegfried4 ,siegfried weds ,kriemhild1 takes her to the ,netherlands and lives happily with her1 enjoying the moneys of the ,nibelungen hoard1 which he had taken not from a dwarf1 as in the ,norse version1 but from two princes1 the sons of ,king ,nibelung4 ,meanwhile ,gunther dwells in peace in the ,burgundian land1 husband of the proud ,brunhild1 whom ,siegfried had won for him by stratagem not altogether unlike that of the ,norse story4 ,for the ,brunhild of the ,yssel-land had declared that she would marry no man save him who should surpass her in athletic contest4 ,this condition ,siegfried1 wearing the ,tarnkappe1 a cloak that rendered him invisible1 had fulfilled for ,gunther4 ,he had also succored poor ,gunther after his marriage with ,brunhild4 ,for that heroine1 in contempt of ,gunther's strength1 had bound him hand and foot and suspended him from a nail on their bedroom wall4 ,by agreement ,siegfried had again assumed ,gunther's form and1 after a fearful tussle with the queen1 had reduced her to submission1 taking from her the ring and girdle which were the secret sources of her strength1 and leaving her to imagine that she had been conquered by her bridegroom1 ,gunther4 ,the ring and girdle ,siegfried had bestowed upon ,kriemhild1 unwisely telling her at the same time the story of ,brunhild's defeat4 ,although the ,nibelungenlied offers no explanation1 it is evident that the injured queen of ,yssel-land had recognized ,siegfried during this ungallant intrigue2 and we are led to infer that there had been some previous acquaintance and passage of love between them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahh4 ,,gunther ,,and ,,brunhild4 ,from the fresco by ,julius ,schnorr von ,carolsfeld ,at any rate1 ,siegfried and ,kriemhild1 retiring to the ,netherlands1 were ruling happily at ,xanten by the ,rhine2 and all might have continued in peace had not ,brunhild resented the lack of homage paid by ,siegfried1 whom she had been led to regard as a vassal1 to ,gunther1 his reputed overlord4 ,in her heart this thought she fostered1 deep in its inmost core2#cgb ,that still they kept such distance1 a secret grudge she bore4 ,how came it that their vassal to court declined to go1 ,nor for his land did homage1 she inly yearned to know4 ,she made request of ,gunther1 and begged it so might be1 ,that she the absent ,kriemhild yet once again might see1 ,and told him1 too1 in secret1 whereon her thoughts were bent1-- ,then with the words she uttered her lord was scarce content4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4 ,,siegfried ,,and ,,kriemhild ,from the fresco by ,julius ,schnorr von ,carolsfeld ,but ,gunther yielded1 and ,siegfried and ,kriemhild were invited to ,worms1 nominally to attend a high festival4 444 ,with what joy and gladness welcomed were they there6 ,it seemed when came dame ,brunhild to ,burgundy whilere1 ,her welcome by dame ,kriemhild less tender was and true2 ,the heart of each beholder beat higher at the view4444 ,received was bold ,sir ,siegfried1 as fitted well his state1 ,with the highest honors2 no man bore him hate4 ,young ,giselher and ,gernot proffered all courtly care2 ,never met friend or kinsman reception half so fair4 ,one day at the hour of vespers certain knights proved themselves at tilting in the regal courtyard4 ,conspicuous among these was ,siegfried4 ,and the proud queens sitting together were thinking each on the good knight that she loved full well4 ,then outspoke fair ,kriemhild1 ,my husband is of such might that surely he should rule these realms2 ,brunhild answered1 ,so long as ,gunther lives that can never be4 444 ,thereto rejoined fair ,kriemhild1 ,see'st thou how proud he stands1 ,how proud he stalks1 conspicuous among those warrior bands1 ,as doth the moon far-beaming the glimmering stars outshine8 ,sure have ,i cause to pride me when such a knight is mine4 ,thereto replied queen ,brunhild1 ,how brave soe'er he be1 ,how stout soe'er or stately1 one greater is than he4 ,gunther1 thy noble brother1 a higher place may claim1 ,of knights and kings the foremost in merit and in fame4 ,so began the altercation4 ,it attained its climax the same day1 when each queen attempted to take precedence of the other in entering the cathedral for the celebration of the mass4 ,both met before the minster in all the people's sight2 ,there at once the hostess let out her deadly spite4 ,bitterly and proud she bade fair ,kriemhild stand2 ,no vassaless precedeth the lady of the land4 ,then1 full of wrath1 ,kriemhild1 in terms anything but delicate1 acquainted her haughty sister-in-law with the deception that had twice been practiced upon her by ,siegfried and ,gunther2 nay1 worse1 corroborated her statement by displaying both ring and girdle that ,brunhild had lost4 ,the altercation came to the ears of the kings4 ,gunther made complaint to ,siegfried4 ,then1 444 ,women must be instructed1 said ,siegfried1 the good knight1 ,to leave off idle talking and rule their tongues aright4 ,keep thy fair wife in order1 ,i'll do by mine the same4 ,such overweening folly puts me indeed to shame4 ,but it was too late to mend the matter4 ,with devilish intent ,brunhild plotted vengeance4 ,siegfried1 the author of her mortification1 must die the death4 ,the foes of ,siegfried persuaded his wife1 unaware of their design1 to embroider in his vesture a silken cross over the one spot where the hero was vulnerable4 ,then the crafty ,hagen1 who had been suborned by ,brunhild to the baleful deed1 bided his time4 ,one day1 ,gunther1 ,hagen1 and ,siegfried1 heated in running1 stayed by a brook to drink4 ,hagen saw his chance4 444 ,then1 as to drink1 ,sir ,siegfried down kneeling there he found1 ,he pierced him through the crosslet1 that sudden from the wound ,forth the life-blood spurted1 e'en o'er his murderer's weed4 ,nevermore will warrior dare so foul a deed4444 444 ,with blood were all bedabbled the flowerets of the field4 ,some time with death he struggled as though he scorned to yield ,e'en to the foe whose weapon strikes down the loftiest head4 ,at last prone in the meadow lay mighty ,siegfried dead4 ,brunhild glories in the fall of ,siegfried and exults over the mourning widow4 ,kriemhild1 sitting apart1 nurses schemes of vengeance4 ,her brothers affect to patch up the breach in order that they may obtain the hoard of the ,nibelungs4 ,but this treasure1 after it has been brought to ,worms1 is sunk1 for precaution's sake1 by ,hagen1 in the ,rhine4 ,although in time ,kriemhild becomes the wife of ,king ,etzel 7,atli1 ,attila7 of ,hunland1 still she does not forget the injury done her by her kin4 ,after thirteen years she inveigles her brothers and their retainers1 called now ,nibelungs because of their possession of the hoard1 to ,etzel's court1 where1 after a desperate and dastardly encounter1 in which their hall is reduced to ashes1 they are all destroyed save ,gunther and ,hagen4 ,immediately1 thereafter1 ,gunther's head is cut off at her orders2 and she herself1 with ,siegfried's sword ,balmung1 severs the head of the hated ,hagen from his body4 ,with these warriors the secret of the hidden hoard passes4 ,kriemhild1 having wreaked her vengeance1 falls by the hand of one of her husband's knights1 ,hildebrand1 who1 with ,dietrich of ,bern1 had played a prominent part among the associates of ,king ,etzel4 ,i cannot say you now what hath befallen since2 ,the women all were weeping1 and the ,ritters and the prince1 ,also the noble squires1 their dear friends lying dead3 ,here hath the story ending2 this is the ,nibelungen's ,need4#cgc ,,footnotes3 #cfi ,for the ,sagas1 see #cjj2 and for translations1 etc41 see #bhb of the ,commentary4 #cgj ,the extracts in verse are from ,william ,morris' ,sigurd the ,volsung4 #cga ,for ,records of ,german ,mythology1 see #cja1 below2 for literature and translations1 see #bhc and #cja of the ,commentary4 #cgb ,the extracts in verse are1 unless otherwise stated1 from the translation by ,w4 ,n4 ,lettsom1 ,london1 #ahij4 ,werner ,hahn's ,uebersetzung has also been used4 #cgc ,from ,carlyle's translation of fragments of the poem4 ,,chapter ,,xxix ,,the ,,ring ,,of ,,the ,,nibelung #bhd4 ,wagner's ,tetralogy4 ,in his famous ,ring of the ,nibelung the ,german composer1 ,richard ,wagner1 returns to the ,norse version of the stories recounted in the chapter preceding this4 ,he is responsible not only for the musical score of the four operas of which the ,ring consists1 but for the text and scenic arrangement as well4 ,as musical dramas the four plays constitute the grandest series of the kind that the world possesses4 ,but even if they were not wedded to such music1 the ,rhine-gold1 the ,valkyrie1 the ,siegfried1 and the ,twilight 7or ,dusk7 of the ,gods would be entitled1 for creative invention1 imaginative insight and power1 and poetic diction1 to rank with notable dramas1 ancient or modern4 ,the tetralogy 7or series of four7 presents the whole story of the accursed ,nibelung gold1 from that dawn when it was wrested from the daughters of the ,rhine to that dusk when it was restored1 having wrought meanwhile the doom of ,nibelungs1 ,volsungs1 and the gods themselves4 #bhe4 ,the ,rhine-gold4 ,we are at the bottom of the ,rhine3 a greenish twilight1 and moving water1 and everywhere sharp points of rocks jutting from the depths4 ,around the central rock three ,rhine-daughters swim1 guarding it carefully1 but laughing and playing1 and chasing one the other as they guard4 ,to them from a chasm climbs ,alberich1 the ,nibelung1 he who in the old ,norse lay was known as ,andvari4 ,he views the maidens with increasing pleasure4 ,he addresses them1 he clambers after them1 he strives to catch them2 they lure him on1 they mock him and escape his grasp2 he woos them each in turn1 all unsuccessfully4 ,he gazes upward--,could ,i but catch one2 then once more failing1 remains in speechless rage4 ,rage soon transformed to wonder3 for through the water from above there filters a brightening glow1 a magical light1 streaming from the summit of the central rock where in the splendor of the morning sun the ,rhine-gold laughs a-kindle4 ,what is it1 ye sleek ones1 ,that there doth gleam and glow8#cgd ,has he never heard of the ,rhine-gold8 they ask4 ,of the wondrous star whose glory lightens the waves8 ,he has not4 ,he scorns it4 ,the golden charm1 cries one of the maidens1-- ,the golden charm ,wouldst thou not flout ,knewest thou all of its wonders4 ,the world's wealth1 jeers another1 ,could be won by a man ,if out of the ,rhine-gold ,he fashioned the ,ring ,that measureless might can bestow444 ,he who the sway ,of love forswears1 ,he who delight ,of love forbears1 ,only he can master the magic ,that forces the gold to a ring6 ,but we fear not thee--oh1 no--for thou burnest in love for us4 ,so1 lightly sing the ,rhine-daughters2 but ,alberich1 with his eyes on the gold1 has heeded well their chatter4 ,the world's wealth1 he mutters2 might ,i win that by the spell of the gold8 ,nay1 though love be the forfeit1 my cunning shall win me delight4 ,then terribly loud he cries1 ,mock ye1 mock on6 ,the ,nibelung neareth your toy2-- then1 clambering with haste to the summit1 ,my hand1 it quenches your light2 ,i wrest from the rock your gold2 ,i fashion the ring of revenge2 ,now1 hear me1 ye floods-- ,accursd be love henceforth4 ,tearing the gold from the rock1 he plunges into the depths and disappears4 ,after him dive the maidens4 ,in vain4 ,far1 far below1 from ,nibelheim rises the mocking laughter of ,alberich1 ,lord of the ,gold4 ,the scene changes4 ,an open space on a mountain height becomes visible4 ,the dawning day lights up a castle1 glittering with pinnacles1 on the top of a cliff4 ,below flows silent the ,rhine4 ,at one side1 on a flowery bank1 ,wotan 7,odin71 king of the gods1 lies sleeping1 and ,fricka 7,frigga7 his wife4 ,they wake4 ,wotan turns toward his castle1 new-built by the giants1 and exults2 but ,fricka reminds him of the terrible price that is yet to be paid for its building1--none other1 forsooth1 than the person of ,freia1 the fair one1 the goddess of spring and love1 she who tends the garden of the gods1 and whose apples1 eaten from day to day1 confer eternal youth1--she is the wage that the giants will claim4 ,i mind me well of the bargain1 returns ,wotan1 but ,i give no thought to fulfill it4 ,my castle stands2 for the wage--fret not thyself4 ,oh1 laughing1 impious lightness1 reproves him ,fricka1 thy bargain is fast1 and is still to rue4 ,nay1 on the moment rushes ,freia to them1 pleading1 pursued by the giants4 ,give her to us6 they cry1--,fasolt and ,fafner1 mighty twain that unslumbering had reared the walls of ,wotan's castle1 to win them a woman1 winsome and sweet4 ,now pay us our wage6 ,nay1 coolly answers ,wotan1 other guerdon ask4 ,freia may ,i not grant6 ,but the giants insist4 ,they accuse the god of faithlessness4 ,he jests with them1 temporizing1 awaiting anxiously the arrival of ,loge 7,loki71 spirit of cunning1 at whose suggestion that bargain had been struck4 ,for even then ,loge had secretly assured ,wotan that ,freia should in the emergency be ransomed4 ,the giants1 indignant at the delay1 press on ,freia4 ,she calls on her brothers1 ,froh 7,freyr7 and ,donner 7,thor74 ,they rush to her rescue3 ,froh clasps the fair one2 ,donner plants himself before the importunates4 ,know ye the weight of my hammer's blow8 thunders he4 ,there is battle in the air4 ,then enters ,loge1 demon of fire1 mischief-maker1 traitor1 and thief1 whom long ago ,wotan had lifted from his evil brood and of him made a friend and counselor4 ,now hear1 crabbd one2 keep thy word1 says ,wotan1 sharply4 ,loge appears to be nonplussed4 ,he has restlessly searched to the ends of the world to find a ransom for ,freia2 but naught is so rich that giant or man will take it as price for a woman's worth and delight4 ,he has sought amid the forces of water and earth and air2 but naught is so mighty that giant or man will prefer it above a woman's worth and delight6 ,and yet1--slyly ,loge lets fall the word1--there is the ruddy ,gold3 ,yea1 one ,i looked on1 but one1 who love's delights forswore1 for ruddy gold renouncing the wealth of woman's grace4 ,and he recounts the marvels of the ,rhine-gold4 ,the giants offer to take it in lieu of ,freia2 nay1 gods and goddesses as well are held by the charm of the glittering hoard2 by the lure1 and the dread too1 of the ,ring that1 once fashioned1 gives measureless might to its lord4 ,even now1 doubtless1 he who has forsworn love has muttered the magic rune and rounded the sovereign circlet of gold4 ,if so1 the gods themselves shall be his slaves1--slaves of the ,nibelung ,alberich4 ,the ring ,i must win me1 decides ,wotan4 ,but at the cost of love8 queries ,froh4 ,loge counsels the theft of the gold from ,alberich and its restoration to the daughters of the ,rhine4 ,but the gods are not thus far-sighted1 and the giants insist upon the hoard as their due4 ,they seize ,freia1 and bear her away as pledge till that ransom be paid4444 ,alack1 what aileth the gods8 ,it is ,loge who speaks4 ,a pale mist falls upon the scene1 gradually growing denser4 ,the light of the heavenly abodes is quenched4 ,wotan and all his clan become increasingly wan and aged4 ,freia of the ,garden is departed3 the apples of youth are decaying2 old and gray1 worn and withered1 the scoff of the world1 dies out the godly race6 ,up1 ,loge1 calls ,wotan1 dismayed1 descend with me4 ,to ,nibelheim go we together4 ,to win back our youth1 the golden ransom must ,i gain4 ,the scene changes to ,nibelheim1 the subterranean home of the ,nibelungs4 ,wotan and ,loge find ,mime1 ,alberich's brother1 bewailing the fate of the ,nibelungs--for ,alberich has fashioned the ,ring and all below groan under his tyranny4 ,even now1 reluctantly indeed1 ,mime is forging the ,tarnhelm for his tyrant brother1--a wishing-cap by whose magic the wearer may transfer himself through space and assume whatever form he please1 or make himself invisible1 at will4 ,alberich1 in the flush of power1 enters1 driving before him with brandished whip a host of ,nibelungs from the caverns4 ,they are laden with gold and silver handiwork4 ,at ,alberich's command they heap it in a pile4 ,he draws the ,ring from his finger2 the vanquished host trembles and1 shrieking1 cowers away4 ,what seek ye here8 demands he1 looking long and suspiciously at ,wotan and ,loge4 ,they have heard strange tidings1 says ,wotan1 and they come to see the wonders that ,alberich can work4 ,then ,loge induces the ,nibelung lord to exhibit the virtues of the ,tarnhelm4 ,readily beguiled1 he displays his necromantic power4 ,first he transforms himself into a loathly dragon4 ,the gods pretend dismay3--he can make himself great2 can he make himself small1 likewise8 ,pah1 nothing simpler6 ,look at me now6 ,he dons the ,tarnhelm1 and lo1 a toad6 ,there1 grasp quickly1 says ,loge4 ,wotan places his foot on the toad1 and ,loge seizes the ,tarnhelm4 ,alberich becomes visible in his own form1 writhing under ,wotan's foot4 ,the gods bind him and drag him to the chasm by which they had descended4 ,the scene changes to the open space before ,valhalla4 ,alberich1 dragged in by ,loge1 is forced to deliver up the hoard and the ,tarnhelm and the ,ring4 ,wotan contemplates the ,ring and puts it on4 ,alberich is set at liberty4 ,am ,i now free8 cries he1 free in sooth8 ,thus greets you then my freedom's foremost word3 ,as by curse it came to me1 accursed forever be this ,ring6 ,as its gold gave measureless might1 let now its magic deal death to its lord4 ,its wealth shall yield pleasure to none4 ,care shall consume him who doth hold it4 ,all shall lust after its delights2 yet naught shall it boot him who wins the prize6 ,to its lord no gain let it bring2 and forever be murder drawn in its wake1 till again once more in my hand1 rewon1 ,i hold it6 ,so the baffled ,nibelung curses1 and departs4 ,then enter ,fricka1 ,donner1 and ,froh1 followed soon by the giants1 who bring ,freia back4 ,they refuse1 ,fasolt and ,fafner1 to release the fair goddess until she is fully redeemed2 and they claim not only ,tarnhelm and gold1 but ,ring as well4 ,with the ,ring ,wotan refuses to part4 ,in that moment rises from a rocky cleft the goddess of the earth1 ,erda1 the beloved of heaven's god1 and mother by him of the ,valkyries4 ,yield it1 ,wotan1 yield it1 she cries warningly4 ,flee the ,ring's dread curse4 ,what woman warneth me thus8 ,all that e'er was1 know ,i1 pronounces ,erda3 ,how all things are2 ,how all things shall be4 ,hear me6 hear me6 hear me6 ,all that e'er was1 endeth3 ,a darksome day ,dawns for your godhood6 ,be counseled2 give up the ,ring4 ,she vanishes1 the all-wise one2 and ,wotan surrenders the ,ring4 ,freia is redeemed1 and the gods glow again with youth4 ,no sooner have the giants gained possession of the ,ring than they proceed to quarrel over it4 ,fafner strikes out with his staff and stretches ,fasolt on the ground4 ,from the dying man he hastily wrests the ,ring1 puts it into his sack1 and goes on quietly packing the gold4 ,in a solemn silence the gods stand horrified4 ,care and fear fetter the soul of ,wotan4 ,that he may shake himself free of them he determines to descend to ,erda2 she yet can give him counsel4 ,but first1--for ,donner has cleared with his thunder and lightning the clouds that had overspread the scene1--he will enter ,valhalla1 his castle1 golden-gleaming in the evening sunlight4 ,what meaneth the name1 then8 asks ,fricka1 as they cross the rainbow bridge4 ,wotan evades the question1 for he still dreads the curse pronounced by the ,nibelung upon all who have owned the ,ring2 and that name1 ,valhalla1 indicates just the means by which he hopes to escape the curse4 ,he has thought to avert the doom of the gods by gathering in this ,valhalla1 or ,hall of the ,slain1 the spirits of heroes fallen in battle--especially of heroes of a race that shall spring from himself1 the ,volsungs 7or ,wlsungs7 yet to be born4 ,they shall do battle for the gods when sounds the crack of doom4 ,but of all this ,wotan says naught4 ,he will say in the hour of his triumph4 ,as the gods enter ,valhalla the plaints of the ,rhine-maidens for the loss of their gold arise from the river below4 #bhf4 ,in ,the ,valkyrie ,wotan proceeds with his plan4 ,during his wanderings on earth1 under the name of ,wlse1 he has become the father of twin children1 ,siegmund and ,sieglinde4 ,these have1 in early youth1 been separated by the murderous turmoil of warring clans1 but now they are to be reunited2 and ,wotan1 with a primitive disregard of the fact that they are brother and sister1 intends to make them man and wife1 in order that from them may issue the heroic race that1 in the latter days1 shall defend ,valhalla from the onslaught of the powers of evil4 ,the play opens with the interior of a woodland lodge4 ,in the center rises the stem of a mighty ash tree1 about which has been built an apartment of roughly hewn logs4 ,it is toward evening and a violent thunderstorm is just subsiding4 ,this is the home of ,hunding1 chieftain of the ,neiding clan4 ,the door opens1 and ,siegmund1 flying from his enemies1 wounded and weaponless1 enters4 ,seeing no one1 he closes the door1 strides toward the fire1 and throws himself wearily down on a bearskin3 ,whoe'er own this hearth1 ,here must ,i rest me4 ,he remains stretched out motionless4 ,a woman enters from an inner chamber4 ,it is ,sieglinde4 ,she takes compassion on the helpless fugitive1 admires his noble bearing1 gives him drink1 and bids him tarry till her husband be home4 ,they gaze upon each other with ever-increasing interest and emotion4 ,suddenly ,siegmund starts up as if to go4 ,who pursues thee8 she inquires4 ,ill fate pursues where'er ,i go4 ,to thee1 wife1 may it never come4 ,forth from thy house ,i fly4 ,she calls him back4 ,then bide thou here4 ,thou canst not bring ill fate where ill fate already makes its home4 ,he leans against the hearth4 ,again the eyes of the twain meet4 ,hunding enters1 regards the stranger with suspicion1 notes the resemblance between him and ,sieglinde2 but he consents to harbor him for the night4 ,thy name and fortune8 ,wehwalt1 says ,siegmund1 for woe still waits on my steps2 ,wehwalt1 the son of ,wolfe4 ,and thus concealing his race1 he tells a story in other respects true3 how in his childhood a cruel host had laid waste his home and killed his mother and carried away the sister who was his twin1 and how he and his father1 the ,wolf1 for years had battled in the woodlands against the ,neidings4 ,the ,neidings6 ,they are ,hunding's clan4 ,my house holds thee1 ,wlfing1 to-night4 ,to-morrow defend thee2 with death thou shalt pay for this life6 ,and ,hunding withdraws1 ,sieglinde with him4 ,siegmund is weaponless4 ,the firelight sends a sudden glow upon the ash tree1 and a sword-hilt there sends back an answering gleam4 ,but ,siegmund knows not what it means4 ,clad in white1 ,sieglinde steals from the inner room4 ,she has left ,hunding asleep1 overcome by a slumberous draft4 ,thy coming is life1 cries ,siegmund4 ,a weapon1 now1 let me show thee1 she replies4 ,and she tells how1 on the day of her unhappy wedding1 a stranger1 all in gray1 low-hatted and one-eyed1 had entered the ,hunding hall and struck into the ash stem a sword that none but the bravest of heroes could win1 and how all in turn had tried in vain to draw forth the sword4 ,now she knows for whom it was ordained1-- ,it was for thee1 my deliverer1 my hero held in my arms6 ,they embrace4 ,he declares his lineage4 ,he is son of him whose eye proudly glistened from under the low-brimmed hat1--son of ,wlse1 the wanderer4 ,he is ,siegmund1 the ,victorious4 ,for him1 the sword ,nothung4--,and he draws it easily forth4 ,art thou ,siegmund8 she cries2 ,sieglinde am ,i4 ,thine own twin sister thou winnest at once with the sword4 ,bride and sister be to thy brother2 then nourish the ,wlsungs for aye6 ,so the twain make their compact4 ,in the second act we are transported to a wild and rocky place4 ,before ,wotan1 fully armed and carrying his spear1 stands ,brnnhilde1 the warrior maid1 likewise fully armed4 ,she is one of the nine ,valkyries1 daughters of ,wotan and ,erda1 fostered for battle that they might forfend the doom foretold by ,erda herself1--the shameful defeat of the gods4 ,well have the ,valkyrs1 choosers of the slain1 performed their task1 stirring mortal hearts to battle and riding through the air above to designate the bravest for death1 and with their spirits to fill the halls on ,valhalla's height4 ,now1 however1 ,wotan is ordering ,brnnhilde to haste to the fray1--not on death's errand but on errand of life1--to shield ,siegmund the ,wlsung in the fight4 ,the ,valkyrie springs shouting from rock to rock1 and disappears behind the mountain crags4 ,all seems to be arranged4 ,but lo1 ,fricka1 in her ram-drawn car6 ,she descends and strides toward her scheming spouse4 ,the goddess has heard the cry of ,hunding1 calling for vengeance on the twinborn pair who have rashly wrought him wrong2 and as guardian of wedlock she demands the death of ,siegmund in the coming conflict4 ,wotan tries to persuade her that ,siegmund's success is needful to the gods1--the warrior band of mortal souls gathered by the ,valkyries in the heights of ,valhalla cannot alone suffice to avert the onslaught of the powers of darkness4 ,needed is one who1 free from help of godhood1 fights free of the godhead's control4 ,only such an one is meet for the deed which is denied to a god to achieve4 ,but ,fricka is not to be deceived nor thwarted in her aim4 ,she brushes aside the plea of ,wotan and his subterfuge1--who has ever heard that heroes can accomplish what the gods cannot8 ,and as for heroes unaided--none such is ,siegmund4 ,who was it1 she asks1 that brought him his conquering sword8 and whose shield is ordained to cover him in the fight8 ,i cannot o'erthrow him1 breaks out ,wotan2 he has found my sword4 ,destroy its magic then1 retorts the implacable queen4 ,give word to thy shouting war-maid that ,siegmund fall6 ,wotan is conquered4 ,sadly he revokes the order given to ,brnnhilde4 ,then takest thou from ,siegmund thy shield8 cries that one in amazement4 ,and the god3 ,yea6 though ,alberich's host threaten our downfall2 though again the ,ring be won by the ,nibelung1 and ,valhalla be lost forever4 ,by bargains bound myself1 ,i may not wrest the ,ring from the foeman1 from ,fafner the giant4 ,therefore1 to fulfill my purpose1 ,i had thought to create a ,free ,one who for me should fight4 ,now1 with loathing1 ,i find ever myself in all my hand has created4 ,the ,other for whom ,i have longed1 that ,other ,i never shall find4 ,himself must the ,free ,one create him2 my hand shapes nothing but slaves4 ,for when this hand of mine touched ,alberich's ,ring1 my heart grew greedy of gold4 ,i fled from the curse1 but the curse flies not from me4 ,what ,i love best must ,i surrender2 whom most ,i cherish1 ,i must slay4 ,one thing awaits me yet--the downfall6 ,yea1 that portended ,erda1--,erda1 the all-wise4 ',when the dusky foe1' she said1-- ',when the dusky foe of love ,grimly getteth a son1 ,the doom of the gods ,delays not long6' ,and of late ,i have heard that the ,nibelung has bought him a wife4 ,their son shall inherit1--their son1 the child of spite1 shall inherit the empty pomp of the gods6 ,it was of ,hagen1 yet unborn1 the baleful curse of the ,volsungs1 of ,hagen1 the traitor1 that ,erda had prophesied4 ,and thus dimly is foreshadowed the ,twilight of the ,gods4 ,but ,brnnhilde8 ,siegmund thou hast taught me to love1 murmurs the ,valkyrie4 ,then boldly1-- ,for his sake thy wavering word ,i defy6 ,the war-father turns in wrath upon this new rebellion1 and on pain of eternal penalty enjoins upon his daughter her new duty3 ,fight truly for ,fricka6 ,siegmund strike thou6 ,such be the ,valkyrie's task6 ,the war-maid seeks out ,siegmund and announces to him his approaching death4 ,but that hero's distress at the thought of parting from ,sieglinde stirs her to the quick4 ,and1 in the moment of battle1 ,brnnhilde disobeys the ,all-father's injunction2--she shields the warrior whom she loves4 ,then suddenly appears ,wotan1 standing over ,hunding and holding his spear across in front of ,siegmund4 ,go back from the spear6 ,in splinters the sword6 shouts the god4 ,in terror ,brnnhilde sinks back4 ,siegmund's sword breaks on the outstretched spear1 and ,hunding pierces the ,volsung's breast4 ,brnnhilde hastily gathers the bits of the broken sword1 lifts ,sieglinde to horse1 and escapes through the gorges behind4 ,the scene changes to the ,valkyries' rocky home4 ,through the drifting clouds come riding the eight sisters of ,brnnhilde1 in full armor each1 and each bearing before her the body of some slain hero4 ,they await ,brnnhilde4 ,she1 fleeing from ,wotan's pursuit1 at last arrives4 ,she implores them to shield ,sieglinde from the wrath of the god1 but unsuccessfully2 and then she urges ,sieglinde to fly4 ,at first1 benumbed by despair1 the widowed woman refuses2 but when ,brnnhilde mentions the child that is to be born--the world's most glorious hero--she consents4 ,him thou shalt bear1 thy son and ,siegmund's4 ,for him ward thou well these mighty splinters of his father's sword4 ,he shall weld them anew and swing the victorious blade6 ,his name from me let him take--',siegfried'2 for ,siegfried in triumph shall live6 ,comforted and hopeful1 ,sieglinde betakes herself to that forest far to the east1 where the ,nibelung's hoard had been borne by ,fafner4 ,there1 in dragon's form1 he guarded the gold and the ,ring2 and thither ,wotan is not likely to pursue4 ,it thunders and lightens4 ,wotan1 raging terribly1 strides from crag to crag4 ,the other ,valkyries are driven from the scene4 ,brnnhilde hears her doom3 ,the heavenly host ,no more shall know thee2 ,outcast art thou ,from the clan of the gods3 ,the bond by thee has been broken2 ,henceforth from sight of my face art thou banned6 ,immortal1 she had followed the might of love2 mortal1 now she shall sleep1 and that sleep shall endure till one comes to awaken her2 and to him1 whosoe'er it may be1 she shall be subject thenceforth4 ,the ,valkyrie drops to her knees3 ,ah1 let no craven awake me6 she cries4 ,surround me with horrors1 with fires that shall fright3 that none but the most fearless of heroes may find me here on the fell6 ,wotan accedes to her petition4 ,he kisses her on both eyes and lays her unconscious1 asleep1 in the shade of a broad-branching fir tree4 ,then1-- ,appear6 ,come1 waving fire1 ,and wind thee in flames round the fell6 ,loge1 ,loge1 appear6 ,a sea of flames encircles the spot1 and ,wotan proclaims3 ,he who my spear-point's ,sharpness feareth ,shall cross not this flaming fire6 ,alone1 under her long steel shield1 sleeps the ,valkyrie4 #bhg4 ,siegfried4 ,the drama of ,siegfried opens in the cavern of ,mime1 in the forest far to the east to which ,sieglinde had fled4 ,mime1 the dwarf1 is he whom erstwhile his ,nibelung brother1 ,alberich1 then lord of the ,ring1 had held in thrall at the bottom of the ,rhine4 ,some years before the events represented in this play1 the dwarf had found ,sieglinde dying in the woods1 and had received from her ,siegfried1 her new-born son1 and with him the pieces of ,siegmund's broken sword1 ,nothung4 ,young ,siegfried1 noble1 proud1 and strong1 has been nurtured in ignorance of his lineage and destiny1 as ,mime's son4 ,but of that lineage and destiny the cunning dwarf is well aware2 and while he trains ,siegfried to doughty deeds1 he ceaselessly forges at the splinters of the sword1 hoping to reweld them himself and through ,siegfried's might to win victory over ,fafner1 the present lord of the ,ring1 and so achieve unmeasured wealth and the mastery of the world4 ,but ,siegfried despises his foster-father and seeks ever to discover the story of his own descent4 ,the attempts of ,mime to shape anew the pieces of ,nothung fail2 and he daily forges other swords1 which ,siegfried scorns and breaks at the first trial4 ,in the course of time1 however1 there comes to ,mime's cave a ,wanderer--it is ,wotan himself--and tells the dwarf that only one1 a man who knows not fear1 can remake the all-conquering sword4 ,he tells him1 too1 of the mighty spear1 fashioned of the world ash tree's hallowed branches1 with which he1 ,wotan1 rules the earth4 ,but no word he says of the doom that is to befall that spear at the blow of the conquering sword1--the doom1 forsooth1 of the gods themselves4 ,mime1 after trying in vain to arouse in ,siegfried the sense of fear1 suggests to the youth that he try to reforge ,nothung4 ,siegfried seizes the splinters1 pounds them1 and files them to powder2 melts them over the charcoal of the ash tree's stem1 and1 singing at his work1 refashions the sword4 ,while this is doing1 through the pauses of ,siegfried's song can be heard the voice of ,mime1 muttering3 ,the sword will be forged 444 and ,fafner vanquished4444 ,when ,siegfried has slain that dragon 444 he will be athirst4444 ,i will brew him a drink4444 ,one drop will lay him in sleep4444 ,with the sword that he forges ,i'll kill him4444 ,mine1 then1 the ,ring and the hoard6 ,at last the sword is shaped and sharpened4 ,siegfried swings it before him3 ,nothung1 ,nothung1 conquering sword2 again to life have ,i woke thee6 ,strike at the traitor1 cut down the knave6 ,see1 ,mime1 thou smith2 so sunders ,siegfried's sword6 and he strikes the anvil in twain from top to bottom4 ,it falls asunder with a great noise1 and the dwarf drops with terror to the ground4 ,the scene changes to the forest in front of ,fafner's cave4 ,alberich is watching gloomily by1 and the ,wanderer rides in to taunt him with false hope of the ,ring4 ,a hero nears to set free the hoard1 says the ,wanderer4 ,fafner will fall4 ,perchance if ,alberich warn the dragon1 he may win the ,ring in token of gratitude4 ,alberich makes the approaches4 ,fafner yawns3 ,i have and ,i hold2 let me slumber6 ,with scornful laughter the ,wanderer rides away4 ,but one day1 snarls ,alberich1--one day shall ,i see you all fade1 ye light-hearted eternals4 ,the wise one keepeth his watch and surely worketh his spite6 ,as the day breaks ,siegfried and ,mime enter1 ,siegfried wearing his sword hung in a girdle of rope1 and blithely blowing a horn4 ,fafner1 in the shape of a huge lizardlike dragon1 comes out of his cave and forward to the stream for water4 ,at sight of the nonchalant youth piping his wood-notes gay1 the monster emits a snort that serves his need of a laugh1--,i came for drink2 now1 too1 ,i find food4 ,the conflict is speedily joined4 ,more than once ,siegfried is well-nigh lost2 but his chance comes4 ,the dragon exposes his heart1 and ,siegfried sinks his sword into it up to the hilt4 ,in the moment of death1 ,fafner warns the young hero to beware of him who stirred him to the fight4 ,but ,siegfried pays little heed4 ,the blood of the dragon bespatters his hand2 it burns4 ,siegfried involuntarily carries his hand to his lips4 ,there is a wood bird singing4 ,siegfried regards him with astonishment4 ,almost1 he says1 it seems as wood birds were speaking to me1 and he hearkens4 ,hei6 sings the wood bird2 now ,siegfried owns all the ,nibelung's hoard4 ,let him but search the cavern1 and hoard1 ,tarnhelm1 and ,ring will make him the lord of the world6 ,thanks1 dearest birdling1 ,siegfried replies1 and possesses himself of ,tarnhelm and ,ring4 ,the hoard he leaves where it was4 ,hei6 sings the wood bird2 ,ring and ,tarnhelm ,siegfried has won4 ,now let him not trust the treacherous tongue of the falsest of friends6 ,no sooner is that warning given than ,mime1 who has meanwhile been wrangling with ,alberich over the division of the spoils1 creeps forward4 ,see1 thou art weary2 drink of the broth ,i have brewed1 and take rest1 he says smilingly to ,siegfried4 ,but under his breath he is muttering1 ,drink1 and choke thee to death1 as he pours the draft into the drink horn and offers it4 ,taste thou my sword1 loathsome babbler6 cries the young hero1 and strikes him dead at a blow2 then pitches his body on top of the hoard and stops up the mouth of the cave with the grinning corpse of the dragon4 ,thanks1 friendliest birdling6 ,but happiness yet have ,i not4 ,brothers and sisters hast thou2 but ,i--am so alone2 nor brother nor sister1 nor father nor mother4 ,one comrade had ,i2 he laid out to catch me1 and now ,i have slain him1 perforce4 ,ah1 birdling1 find me a comrade true6 ,hei6 chatters the wood bird2 a glorious bride for ,siegfried have ,i4 ,on a rocky fastness she sleeps1 and guarded by fire is her home4 ,who fighteth the flames wakens the maid2 ,brnnhilde1 ,brnnhilde1 he wins for his own6 ,where'er thou fliest1 follows my foot1 shouts ,siegfried1 bubbling with joy4 ,the scene changes4 ,in a wild spot at the foot of a rocky mountain ,wotan1 the ,wanderer1 desiring the success of ,siegfried and still knowing that that success involves the doom of the gods1 seeks counsel from ,erda4 ,the all-wise one refuses to answer1--refers him to the ,norns4 ,the ,norns are waking1 they wind the rope4 ,the ,norns will give thee answer6 ,ah1 no6 replies the ,wanderer4 ,their weaving is ever in thrall to fate4 ,to thee ,i come that ,i may learn how to stay the wheel that is already rolling4 ,ask ,brnnhilde6 ,in vain1 ,all-wise ,one2 the piercing sting of care was planted by thee4 ,ruin and downfall were foretold by thee4 ,say to me1 now1 how a god may conquer his care6 ,thou art--not what thou hast said4 ,no more will ,erda vouchsafe4 ,not what he has said6 ,then1 surely1 the gods are beyond redemption4 ,but not even so shall the harvest be reaped by the ,nibelungs4 ,nay1 to the ,volsung shall be my heritage1 decrees ,wotan3 to him who has known me never1 though chosen by me2 to the lad of dauntless daring1 though untaught by my counsel4 ,pure from greed1 gladdened by love-dreams1 he has won the ,nibelung's ,ring4 ,against him the curse of ,alberich cannot avail4 ,while yet the ,wanderer is speaking1 ,erda descends to endless sleep4 ,dawn illumines the scene4 ,siegfried's bird comes fluttering to the foreground1 but1 frighted by vision of the god1 takes wing and disappears4 ,siegfried presses on4 ,my birdling has flown from my eyes1 he remarks4 ,i needs must find out the rock for myself4 ,the way that the wood bird pointed1 announces ,wotan1 encountering him1 shalt thou not pass6 ,ho ho6 ,wouldst thou stay me8 ,who art thou1 then1 that here withstandest8 ,fear the fell's defender6 ,by my might the slumbering maid is held enchained4 ,he who should wake her1 he who should win her1 mightless would make me forever4 ,go back1 then1 foolhardy boy6 ,as the ,wanderer speaks1 the splendor spreads from the flame-girdled rock above4 ,go back thyself1 thou babbler6 ,there where the fires are blazing1--to ,brnnhilde now must ,i hie6 ,and ,siegfried pushes forward4 ,the ,wanderer bars the way to the mountain3 ,once already that sword of thine1 ,nothung1 has broken on the haft of this sacred spear6 ',tis1 then1 my father's slayer6 thinks ,siegfried2 and nothing loath to face that foe1 he raises the new-forged sword and strikes to pieces the ,all-father's spear6 ,fare on1 says ,wotan1 quietly picking up the fragments1 ,i cannot withstand thee4 ,the god vanishes in darkness4 ,the hero1 light-hearted1 blowing his horn1 scales the cliffs1 passes the fire1--wakes ,brnnhilde4 ,she1 at first1 with maidenly might struggles against his passion for her and her growing tenderness for him4 ,she deplores the byrnie1 shield and helm1 symbols of her godhead1 that he has torn from her4 ,but1 mortal now1 she surrenders to a mortal's love3 ,o ,siegfried1 ,siegfried1 child of delight1 ,love thyself1--and turn thee from me2 ,oh1 bring not thine own to naught6 ,and ,siegfried3 ,i--love thee3 didst thou but love me6 ,mine am ,i no more3 oh1 would that thou wert mine6444 ,waken1 ,o maid2 live in laughter3 ,sweetest delight1 be mine1 be mine6 ,then she1 with a joyful cry3 ,oh1 child of delight6 ,oh1 glorious hero6 ,thou foolish lord of loftiest deeds6 ,laughing must ,i love thee1 ,laughing welcome my blindness2 ,laughing let us be lost1 ,with laughter go down to death4444 ,farewell1 ,valhalla's light-giving world3 ,thy stately towers let fall in dust6 ,farewell1 ,o glittering pomp of the gods6 ,complete your bliss1 eternal host6 ,now rend1 ye ,norns1 your rope of runes3 ,dusk of ,gods in darkness arise2 ,night of downfall dawn in mist6 ,and thus1 turning their backs on ,valhalla1 and radiant with the light of human love1 the twain1 laughing1 face toward death4 #bhh4 ,the ,twilight of the ,gods4 ,the play opens with a prelude4 ,by the ,valkyrie's rock sit the three ,norns and sing of past1 present1 and future1 weaving through the night their rope of runes4 ,as they foretell the burning of ,valhalla and the end of the gods1 the rope breaks1 and the ,norns disappear into the earth4 ,the sun rises1 and in the first act of the play ,siegfried and ,brnnhilde enter from their cave4 ,she sends him forth in quest of heroic adventures in the world1 giving him her horse1 ,grane1 and receiving from him the ,ring as a pledge of his love4 ,the scene changes1 and we behold the interior of the ,gibichungs' hall on the ,rhine4 ,gunther and ,gutrune1 his sister1 are in converse with ,hagen1 their half brother1--dark and treacherous son of ,grimhilde1 their mother1 and of ,alberich the ,nibelung1 erstwhile owner of the ,ring4 ,hagen alone knows1 it would seem1 that ,siegfried has already ridden through the flames and won ,brnnhilde4 ,the others know merely that that hero has slain ,fafner and is lord of the ,tarnhelm1 hoard1 and ,ring4 ,hagen1 anxious to regain the heritage of the ,nibelungs1 urges marriage on ,gunther1 naming ,brnnhilde as a fitting bride for him4 ,as1 however1 ,siegfried alone can pass through the fire to come at her1 he proposes that ,gutrune shall win ,siegfried's love and induce him to serve ,gunther4 ,siegfried's horn is heard1 and he presently enters and is made welcome4 ,gutrune1 at the instigation of ,hagen1 brings ,siegfried a potion which causes him to love her1 and drives clean out of his mind all memory of ,brnnhilde4 ,in the madness of his passion for ,gutrune1 ,siegfried swears blood-brotherhood with ,gunther1 and promises by the aid of the ,tarnhelm to make ,brnnhilde ,gunther's wife1 if only in return ,gutrune shall be his4 ,the newly sworn brothers depart for ,brnnhilde's rock4 ,in the next scene we are again before the home of ,brnnhilde4 ,waltraute1 a ,valkyrie1 comes to beg ,brnnhilde to give back the ,ring to the ,rhine-maidens1 and so avert the doom of the gods4 ,what1 then1 aileth the immortals8 cries ,brnnhilde in alarm4 ,since ,wotan doomed thee1 no more hath he sent us to war1 replies ,waltraute4 ,no more hath he gathered the souls of the slain about him in ,valhalla4 ,alone he has ridden unceasing through the world4 ,but1 one day1 home he came bearing his spear all splintered in his hand4 ,wordless1 with a sign he bade ,valhalla's heroes hew the world ash tree in pieces and pile it like firewood around the ,hall of the ,blest4 ,and from that hour silent he sits on his throne1 about him the awe-struck gods and heroes1 the war-maids cowering at his knees4 ,none tastes the apples of youth4 ,to-day ,wotan remembered thee2 his eye grew soft and1 as dreaming1 he spake3 ',if once more the daughters of ,rhine ,should win from her finger the ,ring1 ,of the load of the curse ,were the world and immortals made free4' ,brnnhilde1 yield up the ,ring1 and end all the grief of the world6 ,the ,ring8 wails ,brnnhilde4 ,knowest thou what 'tis to me8 ,one flash of its fire outvalues all heaven's delight2 for the gleam of that ,ring is ,siegfried's love6 ,from love ,i never shall turn2 ,of his love they never shall rob me1 ,though into ruins ,valhalla's splendor should fall6 ,thus ,brnnhilde refuses1 and sends ,waltraute away to take her defiance to ,valhalla4 ,but retribution is swift1 for on the moment ,siegfried1 changed to ,gunther's shape by the ,tarnhelm1 comes and claims ,brnnhilde as his bride4 ,she resists and threatens him with the ,ring4 ,but now ,siegfried1 forgetful of the past1 struggles for another with his own dear wife1 overcomes her1 and wrests the ,ring from her4 ,he then commands her to go into the cave1 whither1 after drawing his sword to lay between them as symbol of his loyalty to ,gunther1 he follows her4 ,the second act is outside the ,gibichungs' hall4 ,it is early morning of the next day4 ,after a short scene in which the ever-plotting ,alberich urges ,hagen to get the ,ring1 ,siegfried returns and tells ,hagen and ,gutrune of the winning of ,brnnhilde and her approach with ,gunther4 ,hagen calls together the vassals to welcome ,gunther and his bride4 ,the royal pair presently arrive and are received with loud acclaim4 ,straightway ,brnnhilde recognizes ,siegfried 7who1 however1 does not know her7 and1 seeing the ,ring on ,siegfried's finger1 she asks ,gunther what he has done with the ring he took from her4 ,his confusion reveals the truth to her1 and she proclaims that she is wedded to ,siegfried and not to ,gunther4 ,siegfried swears on the point of ,hagen's spear that her accusation is false4 ,she repeats it1 taking the same oath4 ,siegfried1 ,gutrune1 and their vassals go out to prepare for the double wedding celebration2 ,gunther1 ,hagen1 and ,brnnhilde remaining solemnly condemn ,siegfried to death for what seems treachery to one and all4 ,hagen1 left alone1 glories in the prospect of regaining the ,ring4 ,the third act discloses an open place on the banks of the ,rhine4 ,the three ,rhine-maidens pray to the sun for the return of the ,rhine-gold4 ,siegfried1 who has strayed from his companions on a hunting expedition1 comes to the river bank4 ,the maidens unsuccessfully attempt1 by wiles and warnings of ill fate1 to get the ,ring from him1 and finally swim away1 foretelling his death that very day4 ,gunther1 ,hagen1 and their vassals come to the place1 and all sit down to rest4 ,at ,hagen's suggestion ,siegfried relates the story of his life4 ,but1 lo6 when he comes to the episode of his first passage through the fire1 a draft given him by ,hagen restores his memory1 and innocently he tells of the waking and winning of ,brnnhilde4 ,all start up in amaze2 ,hagen stabs ,siegfried in the back with his spear1 and steals away4 ,siegfried falls1 and after a few words sung to ,brnnhilde1 whom he sees as in a vision1 he dies4 ,his body is placed on a bier and borne away by the vassals with great pomp and state as the sun sets4 ,in the last scene we have the interior of the ,gibichungs' hall as before4 ,it is night4 ,gutrune comes from her chamber anxious for ,siegfried4 ,presently ,hagen's voice is heard calling for torches to light the returning hunters4 ,he enters and1 in reply to ,gutrune's questions1 tells her that ,siegfried has been slain by a wild boar4 ,then come the vassals1 bearing ,siegfried's body4 ,it is placed on a bier in the center of the hall4 ,hagen claims the ,ring as his right for slaying ,siegfried1 but ,gunther defies him to touch ,gutrune's heritage4 ,they fight and ,gunther falls4 ,as ,hagen approaches the corpse to take the ,ring1 the dead ,siegfried raises his arm threateningly4 ,all start back in horror1 and just then ,brnnhilde enters and comes down to the bier4 ,here1 after ordering a pyre to be built on the river bank1 she sings a funeral song over ,siegfried4 ,the body1 from which she has taken the ,ring1 is then placed on the pyre4 ,setting the ,ring on her own finger1 ,brnnhilde calls on the ,rhine-maidens to take it in turn from her ashes3 ,let fire1 burning this hand ,cleanse1 too1 the ,ring from its curse4 ,she applies the torch3 ,so cast ,i the brand ,on ,valhall's glittering walls4-- ,when ye see in the kindling fire1 ,siegfried and ,brnnhild' consumed2 ,when ye see the river-daughters ,bear the ,ring away to the deep3 ,to northward then ,look through the night6 ,when the heaven there gleams ,with a holy glow1 ,then know ye all ,that ,valhall's end ye behold6 ,her horse is brought4 ,she mounts it and springs into the flames1 which flare up and seize on the hall itself4 ,the river overflows and rolls over the fire4 ,the ,rhine-maidens swim up and regain the ,ring4 ,hagen rushes into the flood to get it from them1 but is dragged down to the depths by their arms as they swim away4 ,in the sky is seen a vision of ,valhalla in flames4 ,the breed of the gods is gone like breath4 ,the loveless ,ring has worked its curse4 ,each in his turn its lords have bitten the dust4 ,and ,brnnhilde reads the moral3 ,not goods nor gold ,nor glory of gods ,can fashion a blessing for weal1 ,can win a blessing from woe1-- ,but ,love alone6 ,,footnotes3 #cgd ,for the translations of the ,ring1 especially the verse1 ,i am indebted to the edition of ,frederick ,jameson 7,schott ,co41 ,london74 ,,part ,,ii ,,the ,,history ,,of ,,myth4 ,,chapter ,,xxx ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,elements ,,of ,,myth #bhi4 ,kinds of ,myth4 ,if we classify the preceding stories according to the reason of their existence1 we observe that they are of two kinds1--explanatory and sthetic4 7#a7 ,explanatory myths are the outcome of nave guesses at the truth1 of mistaken and superstitious attempts to satisfy the curiosity of primitive and unenlightened peoples1 to unveil the mysteries of existence1 make clear the facts of the universe and the experiences of life1 to account for religious rites and social customs of which the origin is forgotten1 to teach the meaning and the history of things4 ,there are certain questions that nearly every child and every savage asks3 ,what is the world and what is man8 ,who made them8 ,what else did the maker do8 and what the first men8 ,whence came the commodities of life8 ,why do we celebrate certain festivals1 practice certain ceremonials1 observe solemnities1 and partake of sacraments1 and bow to this or the other god8 ,what is death1 and what becomes of us after death8 ,the answers to such questions crystallized themselves gradually into stories of the creation1 of the gods1 and of the heroes--forefathers of men1 but magnified1 because unfamiliar1 mysterious1 and remote4 ,old literatures abound in explanatory myths of so highly imaginative a character that we moderns are tempted to read into them meanings which probably they never possessed4 ,for the diverse and contradictory significations that have in recent years been proposed for one and the same myth could not all1 at any one time1 have been entertained by the myth-makers4 ,on the other hand1 the current explanations of certain myths are sufficiently apparent to be probable4 ,to the ancients1 says ,john ,fiske1#cge the moon was not a lifeless body of stones and clods2 it was the horned huntress ,artemis1 coursing through the upper ether1 or bathing herself in the clear lake2 or it was ,aphrodite1 protectress of lovers1 born of the sea foam in the ,east1 near ,cyprus4 ,the clouds were not bodies of vaporized water2 they were cows1 with swelling udders1 driven to the milking by ,hermes1 the summer wind2 or great sheep with moist fleeces1 slain by the unerring arrows of ,bellerophon1 the sun2 or swan-maidens1 flitting across the firmament2 ,valkyries hovering over the battle field to receive the souls of falling heroes2 or1 again1 they were mighty mountains1 piled one above another1 in whose cavernous recesses the divining wand of the storm-god ,thor revealed hidden treasures4 ,the yellow-haired sun1 ,phoebus1 drove westerly all day in his flaming chariot2 or1 perhaps1 as ,meleager1 retired for awhile in disgust from the sight of men2 wedded at eventide the violet light 7,,oenone1 ,iole7 which he had forsaken in the morning2 sank as ,hercules upon a blazing funeral pyre1 or1 like ,agamemnon1 perished in a blood-stained bath2 or1 as the fish-god1 ,dagon1 swam nightly through the subterranean waters to appear eastward again at daybreak4 ,sometimes ,phathon1 his rash1 inexperienced son1 would take the reins and drive the solar chariot too near the earth1 causing the fruits to perish1 and the grass to wither1 and the wells to dry up4 ,sometimes1 too1 the great all-seeing divinity1 in his wrath at the impiety of men1 would shoot down his scorching arrows1 causing pestilence to spread over the land4 7#b7 sthetic myths have their origin in the universal desire for amusement1 in the revulsion of the mind from the humdrum of actuality4 ,they furnish information that may not be practical1 but is delightful2 they elicit emotion--sympathy1 tears1 and laughter--for characters and events remote from our commonplace experience but close to the heart of things1 and near and significant and enchanting to us in the atmosphere of imagination that embraces severed continents1 inspires the dead with life1 bestows color and breath upon the creatures of a dream1 and wraps young and old in the wonder of hearing a new thing4 ,the sthetic myth1 first1 removes us from the sordid world of immediate and selfish needs1 and then unrolls a vision of a world where men and things exist simply for the purpose of delighting us4 ,and the enduring measure of delight which the sthetic myth affords is the test of what we call its beauty4 ,a myth1 whether explanatory or sthetic1 is of unconscious growth1 almost never concocted with a view to instruction4 ,according to their subjects1 sthetic myths are either historic or romantic4 7a7 ,if historic1 they utilize events which have a skeleton of fact4 ,they supply flesh and sinew of divine or heroic adventure and character1 blood and breath of probability and imagination4 ,in historic myths the dependence of gods1 heroes1 and events upon the stern necessity of an overruling power1 of fate or providence1 is especially to be observed4 ,of this class is the ,iliad of ,homer4 7b7 ,if romantic1 the myths are characterized by bolder selection or creation of fundamental events2 indeed1 events appear to be chosen with a view to displaying or developing the character of the hero4 ,in such myths circumstances are not so important as what the hero does with circumstances4 ,the hero is more independent than in the historic myth2 his liberty1 his choice1--in judgment1 in conduct1 and in feeling1--his responsibility1 are the center of interest4 ,in romantic myths like the ,odyssey this sense of freedom does not impel the poet to capricious use of his material4 ,but lesser bards than ,homer have permitted their heroes to run riot in adventures that weary the imagination and offend the moral judgment4 #bij4 ,divisions of ,inquiry4 ,we are next led to ask how these myths came into existence1 and how it is that the same myth meets us under various forms in literatures and among peoples widely separate in time and place4 ,these are questions of the ,origin and ,distribution of myths2 and in this chapter we shall discuss the former4 #bia4 ,elements of the ,myth4 ,the myths preserved in the literatures of many civilized nations1 such as the ,greek1 present to the imaginative and the moral sense aspects fraught with contradiction4 ,in certain myths the gods display themselves as beautiful1 wise1 and beneficent beings2 in others they indulge in cruel1 foolish1 and unbeautiful practices and adventures4 ,these contradictory elements have been called the reasonable and the senseless4 ,a myth of ,mother ,earth 7,demeter7 mourning the loss of her daughter1 the ,springtide1 is reasonable2 a myth of ,demeter devouring1 in a fit of abstraction1 the shoulder of the boy ,pelops1 and replacing it with ivory1 is capricious1 apparently senseless4 ,it is this silly1 senseless1 and savage element1 as ,max ,mller says1 that makes mythology the puzzle which men have so long found it4 #bib4 ,reasonable ,myths4 ,if myths were always reasonable1 it would not be difficult to reach an agreement concerning some way by which they may have come into existence4 ,imagination4 ,if we assume that the peoples who invented these stories of supernatural beings and events had1 with due allowance for the discrepancy in mental development1 imaginations like our own1 there is nothing in the history of reasonable myths to baffle our understanding4 ,for1 at the present time1 not only children and simple-minded men1 like sailors or mountaineers1 but cultivated men of ordinary poetic sensibility1 bestow attributes of life upon inanimate things and abstract ideas4 ,the sun is nowadays thirsty1 the ship is a woman1 the clouds threaten1 charity suffereth long1 the waves are angry1 time will tell1 and death swallows all things4 ,the sun still rises1 and1 as ,mr4 ,jasper maintains1 do move4 ,by personification we1 every day1 bestow the attributes of human beings upon inanimate nature1 animals1 and abstractions4 ,by our metaphors we perpetuate and diffuse the poetic illusion2 we talk not perhaps of the arrows of ,apollo1 but of a sunstroke2 our poetry abounds in symbols of the moon1 of the swift-wingd wind1 of the ravening sea4 ,in our metonymies we use the sign for the thing signified1 the crown for the king1 the flag for the honor of the country2 and the crown and the flag are to-day possessed of attributes and individuality just as efficient as those that endowed the golden handmaids of ,vulcan or the eagle of ,jove4 ,nor is hyperbole any less in use among us than it was among the ancients2 we glorify our political heroes with superlatives1 they dignified theirs with divinity4 ,belief4 ,but this resemblance in habits of imagination1 while it may help us to appreciate the mental condition of primitive peoples1 accentuates the distinction between our imagination and theirs4 ,they1 at some time or other1 believed in these personifications4 ,we do not believe4 ,but their belief is easier to comprehend when we remember that the myths of savages are not a deliberate invention of any one individual1 but are constructed by generations of people1 and that many of them cluster about beings who were actually worshiped4 ,among primitive nations the sense of awe in the presence of magnificent objects of nature--mountains1 the sky1 the sun1 the sea--is universal4 ,it springs from the fact that savages do not deem themselves superior to nature4 ,they are not conscious of souls whose flight is higher than that of nature4 ,on the contrary1 since sun1 sea1 and winds move1 the savage invests them with free will and personality like man's4 ,in proportion1 however1 as their size is grander or their movement more tremendous1 these objects must be possessed of freedom1 personality1 and power exceeding those of man4 ,why1 then1 should not the savage believe1 of beings worthy of worship and fear and gratitude1 all and more than all that is accredited to man8 ,why not confer upon them human and superhuman passions and powers8 ,if we were living1 like the ,greek of old1 close to the heart of nature1 such personification of natural powers would be more easy for us to appreciate4 ,if for us also1 as for the ,greek1 says ,ruskin1#cgf the sunrise means daily restoration to the sense of passionate gladness and of perfect life--if it means the thrilling of new strength through every nerve1--the shedding over us of a better peace than the peace of night1 in the power of the dawn1--and the purging of evil vision and fear by the baptism of its dew2--if the sun itself is an influence1 to us also1 of spiritual good1--and becomes thus in reality1 not in imagination1 to us also1 a spiritual power1--we may then soon overpass the narrow limit of conception which kept that power impersonal1 and rise with the ,greek to the thought of an angel who rejoiced as a strong man to run his course1 whose voice1 calling to life and to labor1 rang round the earth1 and whose going forth was to the ends of heaven4 ,regarding thus the religious condition of the savage1 we may comprehend the existence of myths and his acceptance of them4 #bic4 ,unreasonable ,myths4 ,but he would maintain this attitude of acceptance only in the matter of good and beneficent gods and of righteous or reasonable myths4 ,for how could a human being believe of the god whom he worshiped and revered1 deeds and attributes more silly and more shameful than man can conceive of his fellow man8 ,when1 therefore1 we find senseless and shameless myths existing side by side with stories of the justice and righteousness of the same god1 we must conclude that1 since the worshiper could not believe both sets of attributes1 he preserved his religious attitude before the good god only by virtue of rejecting the senseless myth4 ,a man's religious belief would assist him to entertain only the reasonable myths4 ,how1 then1 did the senseless and cruel stories come into existence8 ,and were they ever believed8 ,there are many answers to these questions4 ,they may1 however1 be classified according to the theory of civilization that they assume4 ,according to the ,theory of ,deterioration1 or ,human ,depravity1 man1 although he had in the beginning knowledge of common facts1 pure moral and religious ideas1 and true poetic conceptions1 has forgotten1 with the lapse of time1 the significance of words1 facts1 men1 and events1 adopted corrupt moral and religious notions1 and given license to the diseased imagining of untrue and unlovely conceptions4 ,according to the ,theory of ,improvement1 or ,progress1 man1 beginning with crude dreams and fancies about experience1 life1 the world1 and ,god1 has gradually developed truer and higher conceptions of his own nature1 of his relation to the world about him1 of duty1 of art1 and of religion4 #bid4 ,theory of ,deterioration4 ,let us consider first the interpretations of mythology that assume a backward tendency in early civilization4 ,they are3 7#a7 ,the ,historical1 or better called after its author1 ,euhemerus 7,b4,c4 #caf71 the ,euhemeristic4 ,this explanation assumes that myths of the gods are exaggerated adventures of historic individuals1 chieftains1 medicine men1 heroes2 and that supernatural events are distortions of natural but wonderful occurrences4 ,in fact1 it attributes to our forefathers a disease of the memory which prompted them to pervert facts4 ,jupiter1 ,odin1 and ,hercules were accordingly men who1 after death1 had been glorified1 then deified1 then invested with numerous characteristics and adventures appropriate to their exalted conditions of existence4 ,the custom of worshiping ancestors1 still existent in ,china and other countries1 is adduced in support of this method of investigating myths1 and it is undoubtedly true that the method explains the origin and growth of some myths4 ,but it accounts rather for the reasonable than the senseless element of mythical adventure1 while it fails to show how savages come to exaggerate their heroes into beings entirely out of the realm of that actual experience which is the basis of the historical assumption4 7#b7 ,the ,philological ,interpretation#cgg assumes also a disease of the memory by reason of which men misunderstand and confuse the meanings of words1 and misapply the words themselves4 ,professor ,max ,mller calls this affection a disease of language4 ,in ancient languages every such word as day1 night1 earth1 sun1 spring1 dawn1 had an ending expressive of gender1 which naturally produced the corresponding idea of sex4 ,these objects accordingly became in the process of generations not only persons1 but male and female4 ,as1 also1 the phrases expressing the existence or the activity of these natural objects lost their ancient signification under new colloquial coloring1 primitive and simple statements of natural events acquired the garb and dignity of elaborate and often incongruous narratives1 no longer about natural events1 but about persons4 ,ancient language may1 for instance1 have said sunrise follows the dawn4 ,the word for sun was masculine2 the word for dawn1 feminine4 ,in time the sentence came to mean1 ,apollo1 the god of the sun1 chases ,daphne1 the maiden of the glowing dawn4 ,but the word1 ,daphne1 meant also a laurel that burned easily1 hence might readily be devoted to the god of the sun4 ,so ,daphne1 the maiden1 assuming the form of ,daphne1 the laurel1 escaped the pursuit of her ardent lover1 by becoming the tree sacred to his worship4#cgh ,the merit of the philological method is1 that1 tracing the name of a mythical character through kindred languages1 it frequently ascertains for us the family of the myth1 brings to light kindred forms of the myth1 discovers in what language the name was born1 and sometimes1 giving us the original meaning of the divine name1 throws light on the legend of the bearer of the name and on its origin and first home4#cgi ,but unfortunately there is very often no agreement among scholars about the original meaning of the names of mythical beings4 ,the same name is frequently explained in half a dozen different ways4 ,the same deity is reduced by different interpreters to half a dozen elements of nature4 ,a certain goddess represents now the upper air1 now light1 now lightning1 and yet again clouds4 ,naturally the attempts at construing her adventures must terminate in correspondingly dissimilar and unconvincing results4 ,in fine1 the philological explanation assumes as its starting point masculine and feminine names for objects of nature4 ,it does not attempt to show how an object like the ocean came to be male and not female1 or how it came to be a person at all4 ,and this latter1 in studying the origin of myths1 is what should first be ascertained4 ,we must not1 however1 fall into the error of supposing that the philologists look for the origin and growth of all myths in words and the diseases of words4 ,max ,mller grants that mythology does not always create its own heroes1 but sometimes lays hold of real history4 ,he insists that mythologists should bear in mind that there may be in every mythological riddle elements which resist etymological analysis1 for the simple reason that their origin was not etymological1 but historical4 7#c7 ,the ,allegorical ,interpretation is akin to the philological in its results4 ,it leads us to explain myths as embodiments in symbolic guise of hidden meaning3 of physical1 chemical1 or astronomical facts2 or of moral1 religious1 philosophical truth4 ,the stories would at first exist as allegories1 but in process of time would come to be understood literally4 ,thus ,cronus1 who devours his own children1 is identified with the power that the ,greeks called ,chronos 7,time71 which may truly be said to destroy whatever it has brought into existence4 ,the story of ,io is interpreted in a similar manner4 ,io is the moon1 and ,argus the starry sky1 which1 as it were1 keeps sleepless watch over her4 ,the fabulous wanderings of ,io represent the continual revolutions of the moon4 ,this method of explanation rests upon the assumption that the men who made the allegories were proficient in physics1 chemistry1 astronomy1 etc41 and clever in allegory2 but that1 for some unknown reason1 their descendants becoming stupid1 knowledge as well as wit deserted the race4 ,in some cases the myth was1 without doubt1 from the first an allegory2 but where the myth was consciously fashioned as an allegory1 in all probability it was preserved as such4 ,it is not1 however1 likely that allegories of deep scientific or philosophical import were invented by savages4 ,where the myth has every mark of great antiquity1--is especially silly and senseless and savage1--it is safe to believe that any profound allegorical meaning1 read into it1 is the work of men of a later generation1 who thus attempted to make reasonable the divine and heroic narratives which they could not otherwise justify and of whose existence they were ashamed4 ,we find1 moreover1 in some cases a great variety of symbolic explanations of the same myth1 one with as great claim to credence as another1 since they spring from the same source1--the caprice or fancy of the expounder4 ,among the ancients ,theagenes of ,rhegium1 six hundred years before ,christ1 suggested the allegorical theory and method of interpretation4 ,in modern times he has been supported by ,lord ,bacon1 whose ,wisdom of the ,ancients treats myths as elegant and instructive fables1 and by many ,germans1 especially ,professor ,creuzer4 7#d7 ,the ,theological ,interpretation4 ,this premises that mankind1 either in general or through some chosen nationality1 received from ,god an original revelation of pure religious ideas1 and that1 with the systematic and continued perversion of the moral sense1 this knowledge of truth1 morality1 and spiritual religion fell into corruption4 ,so in ,greek mythology the attributes of the various gods would be imperfect irradiations of the attributes of the one ,god4 ,a more limited conception is1 that all mythological legends are derived from the narratives of ,scripture1 though the real facts have been disguised and altered4 ,thus1 ,deucalion is only another name for ,noah1 ,hercules for ,samson1 ,arion for ,jonah1 etc4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh1 in his ,history of the ,world1 says1 ,jubal1 ,tubal1 and ,tubal-,cain were ,mercury1 ,vulcan1 and ,apollo1 inventors of pasturage1 smithing1 and music4 ,the dragon which kept the golden apples was the serpent that beguiled ,eve4 ,nimrod's tower was the attempt of the giants against heaven4 ,there are doubtless many curious coincidences like these1 but the theory cannot1 without extravagance1 be pushed so far as to account for any great proportion of the stories4 ,for many myths antedate the scriptural narratives of which they are said to be copies2 many more1 though resembling the scriptural stories1 originated among peoples ignorant of the ,hebrew ,bible4 ,the theory rests upon two unproved assumptions3 one1 that all nations have had a chance to be influenced by the same set of religious doctrines2 the other1 that ,god made his revelation in the beginning once for all1 and has done nothing to help man toward righteousness since then4 ,the theological theory has been advocated by ,voss and other ,germans in the seventeenth century1 by ,jacob ,bryant in #aggd1 and in this century most ably by ,gladstone4#chj #bie4 ,we are now ready for the explanation of myth-making based upon the ,theory of ,progress4 ,this is best stated by ,mr4 ,andrew ,lang1#cha whose argument is1 when possible1 given in his own language4 ,to the question how the senseless element got into myths1 the advocates of this theory answer that it was in the minds and in the social condition of the savages who invented the myths4 ,but since we cannot put ourselves back in history thousands of years to examine the habits of thought and life of early savages1 we are constrained to examine whether anywhere nowadays there may exist any stage of the human intellect in which these divine adventures and changes of men into animals1 trees1 stars1 this belief in seeing and talking with the dead1 are regarded as possible incidents of daily human life4 ,as the result of such scientific investigation1 numerous races of savages have been found who at this present day accept and believe just such silly and senseless elements of myth as puzzle us and have puzzled many of the cultivated ancients who found them in their inherited mythologies4 ,the theory of development is1 then1 that the savage and senseless element in mythology is1 for the most part1 a legacy from ancestors of civilized races who1 at the time that they invented the senseless stories1 were in an intellectual state not higher than that of our contemporary ,australians1 ,bushmen1 ,red ,indians1 the lower races of ,south ,america1 and other worse than barbaric people of the nineteenth century4 ,but what are the characteristics of the mental state of our contemporary savages8 ,first and foremost1 curiosity that leads them to inquire into the causes of things2 and second1 credulity that impels them to invent or to accept childish stories that may satisfy their untutored experience4 ,we find1 moreover1 that savages nowadays think of everything around them as having life and the parts and passions of persons like themselves4 ,the sky1 sun1 wind1 sea1 earth1 mountains1 trees1 regarded as persons1 are mixed up with men1 beasts1 stars1 and stones on the same level of personality and life4 ,the forces of nature1 animals1 and things have for these ,polynesians and ,bushmen the same powers and attributes that men have2 and in their opinion men have the following attributes3 #a4 ,relationship to animals and ability to be transformed1 and to transform others1 into animals and other objects4 #b4 ,magical accomplishments1 such as power to call up ghosts1 or to visit ghosts and the region of the dead2 power over the seasons1 the sun1 moon1 stars1 weather1 and so forth4#chb ,the stories of savages to-day abound in adventures based upon qualities and incidents like these4 ,if these stories should survive in the literature of these nations after the nations have been civilized1 they would appear senseless and silly and cruel to the descendants of our contemporary savages4 ,in like manner1 as the ancient ,greeks1 ,egyptians1 and ,norsemen advanced in civilization1 their religious thought and artistic taste were shocked by myths which were preserved by local priesthoods1 or in ancient poems1 or in popular religious ceremonials4444 ,we may believe that ancient and early tribes framed gods like themselves in action and in experience1 and that the allegorical element in myths is the addition of later peoples who had attained to purer ideas of divinity1 yet dared not reject the religion of their ancestors4#chc ,the senseless element in the myths would1 by this theory1 be1 for the most part1 a survival4 ,instead1 then1 of deteriorating1 the races that invented senseless myths are1 with ups and downs of civilization1 intellectually and morally improved1 to such extent that they desire to repudiate the senseless element in their mythical and religious traditions1 or to explain it as reasonable by way of allegory4 ,this method of research depends upon the science of mind--psychology1 and the science of man--anthropology4 ,it may be called the ,anthropological ,method4 ,the theory is that of survival4 ,according to this theory many of the puzzling elements of myth resolve themselves into survivals of primitive philosophy1 science1 or history4 ,from the first proceed the cruder systems of physical and spiritual evolution1 the generations of gods and the other-world of ghosts2 from the second1 the cruder attempts at explaining the phenomena of the natural and animal world by endowing them with human and frequently magical powers2 from the third1 the narratives invented to account for the sanctity of certain shrines and rituals1 and for tribal customs and ceremonials1 the origin of which had been forgotten4 ,these last are known as tiological myths2 they pretend to assign the aita1 or reason1 why ,delphi1 for instance1 should have the oracle of ,apollo1 or why the ritual of ,demeter should be celebrated at ,eleusis and in a certain dramatic manner4 ,it is of course probable that occasionally the questionable element of the myth originated in germs other than savage curiosity and credulity3 for instance1 in the adventures of some great hero1 or in a disease of language by which statements about objects came to be understood as stories about persons1 or perhaps in a conscious allegory1 or1 even1 in the perversion of some ancient purer form of moral or religious truth4 ,but1 in general1 the root of myth-making is to be found in the mental and social condition of primitive man1 the confused personality that he extended to his surroundings1 and the belief in magical powers that he conferred upon those of his tribesmen who were shrewdest and most influential4 ,this mental condition of the myth-maker should be premised in all scientific explanations of myth-making4 ,the transition is easy from the personification of the elements of nature and the acceptance of fictitious history to the notion of supernatural beings presiding over1 and governing1 the different objects of nature--air1 fire1 water1 the sun1 moon1 and stars1 the mountains1 forests1 and streams--or possessing marvelous qualities of action1 passion1 virtue1 foresight1 spirituality1 and vice4 ,the ,greeks1 whose imagination was lively1 peopled all nature with such invisible inhabitants and powers4 ,in ,greece1 says ,wordsworth1#chd ,in that fair clime the lonely herdsman1 stretched ,on the soft grass through half a summer's day1 ,with music lulled his indolent repose3 ,and1 in some fit of weariness1 if he1 ,when his own breath was silent1 chanced to hear ,a distant strain1 far sweeter than the sounds ,which his poor skill could make1 his fancy fetched1 ,even from the blazing chariot of the sun1 ,a beardless ,youth1 who touched a golden lute1 ,and filled the illumined groves with ravishment4 ,the nightly hunter1 lifting a bright eye ,up towards the crescent moon1 with grateful heart ,called on the lovely wanderer who bestowed ,that timely light1 to share his joyous sport3 ,and hence1 a beaming ,goddess with her ,nymphs1 ,across the lawn and through the darksome grove1 ,not unaccompanied with tuneful notes ,by echo multiplied from rock or cave1 ,swept in the storm of chase2 as moon and stars ,glance rapidly along the clouded heaven1 ,when winds are blowing strong4 ,the traveler slaked ,his thirst from rill or gushing fount1 and thanked ,the ,naiad4 ,sunbeams1 upon distant hills ,gliding apace1 with shadows in their train1 ,might1 with small help from fancy1 be transformed ,into fleet ,oreads sporting visibly4 ,the ,zephyrs1 fanning1 as they passed1 their wings1 ,lacked not1 for love1 fair objects whom they wooed ,with gentle whisper4 ,withered boughs grotesque1 ,stripped of their leaves and twigs by hoary age1 ,from depth of shaggy covert peeping forth ,in the low vale1 or on steep mountain side2 ,and1 sometimes1 intermixed with stirring horns ,of the live deer1 or goat's depending beard1-- ,these were the lurking ,satyrs1 a wild brood ,of gamesome deities2 or ,pan himself1 ,the simple shepherd's awe-inspiring ,god4 ,the phases of significance and beauty through which the physical or natural myth may develop are expressed with poetic grace by ,ruskin1 in his ,queen of the ,air4#che ,the reader must1 however1 guard against the supposition that any myth has sprung into existence fully equipped with physical1 religious1 and moral import4 ,ruskin himself says1 ,to the mean person the myth always meant little2 to the noble person1 much4 ,accordingly1 as we know1 to the savage the myth was savage2 to the devotee it became religious2 to the artist1 beautiful2 to the philosopher1 recondite and significant--in the course of centuries4 ,if we seek1 says ,ruskin1 to ascertain the manner in which the story first crystallized into its shape1 we shall find ourselves led back generally to one or other of two sources--either to actual historical events1 represented by the fancy under figures personifying them1 or else to natural phenomena similarly endowed with life by the imaginative power1 usually more or less under the influence of terror4 ,the historical myths we must leave the masters of history to follow2 they1 and the events they record1 being yet involved in great1 though attractive and penetrable1 mystery4 ,but the stars and hills and storms are with us now1 as they were with others of old2 and it only needs that we look at them with the earnestness of those childish eyes to understand the first words spoken of them by the children of men4 ,and then1 in all the most beautiful and enduring myths1 we shall find not only a literal story of a real person--not only a parallel imagery of moral principle--but an underlying worship of natural phenomena1 out of which both have sprung1 and in which both forever remain rooted4 ,thus1 from the real sun1 rising and setting2 from the real atmosphere1 calm in its dominion of unfading blue and fierce in its descent of tempest--the ,greek forms first the idea of two entirely personal and corporeal gods 7,apollo and ,athena71 whose limbs are clothed in divine flesh1 and whose brows are crowned with divine beauty2 yet so real that the quiver rattles at their shoulder1 and the chariot bends beneath their weight4 ,and1 on the other hand1 collaterally with these corporeal images1 and never for one instant separated from them1 he conceives also two omnipresent spiritual influences1 of which one illuminates1 as the sun1 with a constant fire1 whatever in humanity is skillful and wise2 and the other1 like the living air1 breathes the calm of heavenly fortitude and strength of righteous anger into every human breast that is pure and brave4 ,now1 therefore1 in nearly every natural myth of importance1 444 you have to discern these three structural parts--the root and the two branches4 ,the root1 in physical existence1 sun1 or sky1 or cloud1 or sea2 then the personal incarnation of that1 becoming a trusted and companionable deity1 with whom you may walk hand in hand1 as a child with its brother or its sister2 and lastly1 the moral significance of the image1 which is in all the great myths eternally and beneficently true4 ,what ,ruskin calls1 above1 the historical myth may be the euhemeristic transformation of real events and personages1 as of a flood and those concerned in it2 or it may be the tiological invention of a story to account for rituals of which the origin has been forgotten1 as of the ,dionysiac revels1 with their teaching of liberation from the sordid limits of mortality4 ,in either case1 especially the latter1 the imaginative and moral significance of the historical myth has in general developed with the advance of civilization4 ,myth1 in fine1 whether natural1 historical1 or spiritual1 is not to be regarded as mere error and folly1 but as an interesting product of the human mind4 ,it is sham history1 the fictitious narrative of events that never happened4#chf ,but that is not the full statement of the case4 ,myth is also actual history of early and imperfect stages of thought and belief2 it is the true narrative of unenlightened observation1 of infantine gropings after truth4 ,whatever reservations scholars may make on other points1 most of them will concur in these3 that some myths came into existence by a disease of language2 that some were invented to explain names of nations and of places1 and some to explain the existence of fossils and bones that suggested prehistoric animals and men2 that many were invented to gratify the ancestral pride of chieftains and clans and to justify the existence of religious and tribal ceremonials1 and the common cult of departed souls1 and that very many obtained consistency and form as explanations of the phenomena of nature1 as expressions of the reverence felt for the powers of nature1 and as personifications1 in general1 of the passions and the ideals of primitive mankind4#chg ,,footnotes3 #cge ,myths and ,myth-,makers1 p4 #ah4 ,proper nouns have been anglicized4 #cgf ,ruskin1 ,queen of the ,air4 #cgg ,see ,max ,mller's ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 ,science of ,religion1 etc42 ,cox's ,aryan ,myths1 and numerous articles by the learned authors of ,roscher's ,ausfhrliches ,lexikon4 #cgh ,max ,mller1 ,essay on ,comparative ,mythology1 ,oxford ,essays1 #ahef2 ,science of ,religion1 #b1 #edh n4 #cgi ,andrew ,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion1 #a1 #bd-be1 and ,professor ,c4 ,p4 ,tiele1 as cited by ,lang4 #chj ,w4 ,e4 ,gladstone1 ,homer and the ,homeric ,age2 ,juventus ,mundi2 ,the ,olympian ,religion1 ,north ,american ,review1 ,feb4-,may1 #ahib4 #cha ,andrew ,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahhg2 and ,encyc4 ,brit41 #ith ed41 article1 ,mythology4 ,mannhardt1 ,antike ,wald-und ,feldkultus1 ,berlin1 #ahgg4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,anthropology2 ,primitive ,culture4 #chb ,encyc4 ,brit41 ,mythology4 #chc ,chr4 ,a4 ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus3 ,on the ,causes of ,greek ,mythology4 ,cited by ,lang4 #chd ,excursion1 ,bk4 #d4 #che ,concerning which may be accepted the verdict that ,mr4 ,ruskin passes upon ,payne ,knight's ,symbolical ,language of ,ancient ,art1 ,not trustworthy1 being little more than a mass of conjectural memoranda2 but the heap is suggestive1 if well sifted4 #chf ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,anthropology1 p4 #chg4 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 #chg ,see also ,l4 ,preller1 ,griechische ,mythologie1 #a1 #ai4 ,max ,mller1 ,comparative ,mythology1 ,oxford ,essays1 #ahef1 pp4 #a-hg2 also ,science of ,religion1 #ahgc1 pp4 #cce-djc2 ,philosophy of ,mythology2 and ,science of ,language1 #gth ed41 #b1 #dba-ega4 ,hermann ,paul1 ,grundriss der ,germanischen ,philologie1 ,bd4 #a1 ,lfg4 #e1 #ihb-iie1 ,mythologie 7von ,e4 ,mogk74 ,w4 ,y4 ,sellar1 ,augustan ,poets4 ,louis ,dyer1 ,studies of the ,gods in ,greece4 ,talfourd ,ely1 ,olympus4 ,a4 ,h4 ,petiscus1 ,the ,gods of ,olympus 7translated by ,katherine ,a4 ,raleigh74 ,e4 ,rohde1 ,psyche4 ,b4 ,i4 ,wheeler1 ,dionysos and ,immortality4 ,,chapter ,,xxxi ,,the ,,distribution ,,of ,,myths #bif4 ,theories of ,resemblance4 ,several theories of the appearance of the same explanatory or sthetic myth under various guises1 in lands remote one from another1 have been advanced2 but none of them fully unveils the mystery4 ,the difficulty lies not so much in accounting for the similarity of thought or material in different stories1 as for the resemblance in isolated incidents and in the arrangement of incidents or plot4 ,the principal theories of the distribution of myths are as follows3 7#a7 ,that the resemblances between the myths of different nations are purely accidental4 ,this theory leaves us no wiser than we were4 7#b7 ,that the stories have been borrowed by one nation from another4 ,this will account for exchange only between nations historically acquainted with each other4 ,it will not account for the existence of the same arrangement of incidents in a ,greek myth and in a ,polynesian romance4 7#c7 ,that all myths1 if traced chronologically backward and geographically from land to land1 will be found to have originated in ,india4#chh ,this theory fails to account for numerous stories current among the modern nationalities of ,europe1 of ,africa1 and of ,india itself4 ,it leaves also unexplained the existence of certain myths in ,egypt many centuries before ,india had any known history3 such as1 in all probability1 the ,egyptian myth of ,osiris4 ,the theory1 therefore1 is open to the objection made to the theory of borrowing4 7#d7 ,that similar myths are based upon historical traditions similar in various countries or inherited from some mother country4 ,but1 although some historical myths may have descended from a mother race1 it has already been demonstrated 7 #bid1 7#a77 that the historical 7euhemeristic7 hypothesis is inadequate4 ,it is1 moreover1 not likely that many historical incidents1 like those related in the ,iliad and the ,odyssey1 happened in the same order and as actual history in ,asia ,minor1 ,ithaca1 ,persia1 and ,norway4 ,but we find myths containing such incidents in all these countries4#chi 7#e7 ,that the ,aryan tribes 7from which the ,indians1 ,persians1 ,phrygians1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,germans1 ,norsemen1 ,russians1 and ,celts are descended7 started from a common center in the highlands of ,northern ,india1 and that from their ancient home they must have carried away1 if not the developed myth1 yet the quickening germ from which might spring leaves and fruits1 varying in form and hue according to the soil to which it should be committed and the climate under which the plant might reach maturity4#cij ,against this theory it may be urged that stories having only the undeveloped germ or idea in common would not1 with any probability1 after they had been developed independently of each other1 possess the remarkable resemblance in details that many widely separated myths display4 ,moreover1 the assumption of this common stock considers only ,aryan tribes3 it ignores ,africans1 ,mongolians1 ,american ,indians1 and other peoples whose myths resemble the ,aryan1 but are not traceable to the same original germ4 ,the ,aryan germ-theory has1 however1 the merit of explaining resemblances between many myths of different ,aryan nations4 7#f7 ,that the existence of similar incidents or situations is to be explained as resulting from the common facts of human thought1 experience1 and sentiment4 ,this may be called the psychological theory4 ,it was entertained by ,grimm1 and goes hand in hand with the anthropological1 or survivalist1 explanation of the elements of myth4 ,in the long history of mankind1 says ,mr4 ,andrew ,lang1 it is impossible to deny that stories may conceivably have spread from a single center1 and been handed on from races like the ,indo-,european and ,semitic to races as far removed from them in every way as the ,zulus1 the ,australians1 the ,eskimos1 the natives of the ,south ,sea ,islands4 ,but while the possibility of the diffusion of myths by borrowing and transmission must be allowed for1 the hypothesis of the origin of myths in the savage state of the intellect supplies a ready explanation of their wide diffusion4 ,many products of early art--clay bowls and stone weapons--are peculiar to no one national taste or skill1 they are what might have been expected of human conditions and intelligence4 ,many myths may be called 'human' in this sense4 ,they are the rough product of the early human mind1 and are not yet characterized by the differentiations of race and culture4 ,such myths might spring up anywhere among untutored men1 and anywhere might survive into civilized literature4#cia ,the distribution of myth1 like its origin1 is inexplicable by any one theory4 ,the discovery of racial families and of family traditions narrows the problem1 but does not solve it4 ,the existence of the same story in unrelated nationalities remains a perplexing fact1 towards the explanation of which the theories of borrowing and of similar historic tradition1 while plausible1 are but unsubstantiated contributions4 ,and until we possess the earliest records of those unrelated nationalities that have similar myths1 or until we discover monuments and log books of some commercial nation that in prehistoric times circumnavigated the globe and deposited on remote shores and islands the seeds of the parent mythic plant1 we must accept as our only scientific explanation the psychological1 or so-called human1 theory3--,given similar mental condition with similar surroundings1 similar imaginative products1 called myths1 will result4#cib ,,footnotes3 #chh ,benfey and ,cosquin4 ,see ,lang's ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion1 #b1 #bii4 #chi ,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion1 #b1 #cjj2 ,cox1 ,mythology of the ,aryan ,nations1 #a1 #ajj4 #cij ,the ,rev4 ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 ,mythology of ,aryan ,nations1 #a1 #ii2 also1 same theory1 ,max ,mller's ,chips from a ,german ,workshop2 ,andrew ,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion1 #b1 #big4 #cia ,encyc4 ,brit41 #ith ed4 ,article1 ,mythology4 ,cf4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 #a1 #cfi2 ,tylor's ,anthropology1 p4 #cig4 #cib ,see ,t4 ,c4 ,johnston's ,did the ,phoenicians ,discover ,america8 #ahib4 ,,chapter ,,xxxii ,,the ,,preservation ,,of ,,myths #big4 ,traditional ,history4 ,before the introduction of writing1 myths were preserved in popular traditions1 in the sacred ceremonials of colleges of priests1 in the narratives chanted by families of minstrels or by professional bards wandering from village to village or from court to court1 and in occasional hymns sung by privileged harpists1 like ,demodocus of ,phacia1#cic in honor of a chieftain1 an ancestor1 or a god4 ,many of these early bards are mere names to us4 ,most of them are probably as mythical as the songs with which they are accredited4 ,the following is a brief account of mythical prophets1 of mythical musicians and poets1 and of the actual poets and historians who recorded the mythologies from which ,english literature draws its classical myths1--the ,greek1 the ,roman1 the ,norse1 and the ,german4 #bih4 ,in ,greece4 7#a7 ,mythical ,prophets4 ,to some of the oldest bards was attributed the gift of prophecy4 ,indeed1 nearly every expedition of mythology was accompanied by one of these seers1 priests1 or medicine men1 as we might call them4 ,melampus was the first ,greek said to be endowed with prophetic powers4 ,before his house there stood an oak tree containing a serpent's nest4 ,the old serpents were killed by the slaves1 but ,melampus saved the young ones4 ,one day when he was asleep under the oak1 the serpents licked his ears with their tongues1 enabling him to understand the language of birds and creeping things4#cid ,at one time his enemies seized and imprisoned him4 ,but ,melampus1 in the silence of the night1 heard from the woodworms in the timbers that the supports of the house were nearly eaten through and the roof would soon fall in4 ,he told his captors4 ,they took his warning1 escaped destruction1 rewarded the prophet1 and held him in high honor4 ,other famous soothsayers were ,amphiaras1 who took part in the ,war of the ,seven against ,thebes2 ,calchas1 who accompanied the ,greeks during the ,trojan ,war2 ,helenus and ,cassandra1 of ,king ,priam's family1 who prophesied for the ,trojan forces2 ,tiresias1 the blind prophet of ,thebes2 and ,mopsus1 who attended the ,argonauts4 ,the stories of these expeditions are given in preceding chapters4 7#b7 ,mythical ,musicians and ,poets4 ,since the poets of antiquity sang their stories or hymns to an accompaniment of their own upon the harp or lyre1 they were skilled in the art of music as well as in that of verse4 ,orpheus1 whose adventures have been narrated1 passes in tradition for the oldest of ,greek lyrists1 and the special favorite1 even the son1 of the god ,apollo1 patron of musicians4 ,this ,thracian bard is said to have taught mysterious truths concerning the origin of things and the immortality of the soul4 ,but the fragments of ,orphic hymns which are attributed to him are probably the work of philosophers of a much later period in ,greek literature4 ,another ,thracian bard1 ,thamyris1 is said in his presumption to have challenged the ,muses to a trial of skill4 ,conquered in the contest1 he was deprived of his sight4 ,to ,musus1 the son of ,orpheus1 was attributed a hymn on the ,eleusinian mysteries1 and other sacred poems and oracles4 ,milton couples his name with that of ,orpheus3 ,but1 ,o sad ,virgin6 that thy power ,might raise ,musus from his bower1 ,or bid the soul of ,orpheus sing ,such notes as1 warbled to the string1 ,drew iron tears down ,pluto's cheek1 ,and made ,hell grant what love did seek4#cie ,other legendary bards or musicians were ,linus1 ,marsyas1 and ,amphion4 7#c7 ,the ,poets of ,mythology4 ,homer1 from whose poems of the ,iliad and ,odyssey we have taken the chief part of our chapters on the ,trojan ,war and the return of the ,grecians1 is almost as mythical a personage as the heroes he celebrates4 ,the traditionary story is that he was a wandering minstrel1 blind and old1 who traveled from place to place singing his lays to the music of his harp1 in the courts of princes or the cottages of peasants1--a dependent upon the voluntary offerings of his hearers4 ,byron calls him the blind old man of ,scio's rocky isle2 and a well-known epigram1 alluding to the uncertainty of the fact of his birthplace1 runs3 ,seven wealthy towns contend for ,homer dead1 ,through which the living ,homer begged his bread4 ,these seven places were ,smyrna1 ,chios 7now ,scio71 ,colophon1 ,ithaca1 ,pylos1 ,argos1 and ,athens4 ,modern scholars have doubted whether the ,homeric poems are the work of any single mind4 ,this uncertainty arises1 in part1 from the difficulty of believing that poems of such length could have been committed to writing in the age usually assigned to these1 when materials capable of transmitting long productions were not yet in use4 ,on the other hand1 it is asked how poems of such length could have been handed down from age to age by means of the memory alone4 ,this question is answered by the statement that there was a professional body of men whose business it was to commit to memory and rehearse for pay the national and patriotic legends4 ,pisistratus of ,athens ordered a commission of scholars 7about #ecg ,b4,c47 to collect and revise the ,homeric poems2 and it is probable that at that time certain passages of the ,iliad and ,odyssey1 as we now have them1 were interpolated4 ,beside the ,iliad and the ,odyssey1 many other epics passed in antiquity under ,homer's name4 ,the so-called ,homeric ,hymns to the gods1 which were composed by various poets after the death of ,homer1 are a source of valuable information concerning the attributes of the divinities addressed4 ,the date assigned to ,homer1 on the authority of ,herodotus1 is #hej ,b4,c4 ,the preservation and further fashioning of myths fell1 after ,homer's time1 into the hands of the ,rhapsodists1 who chanted epic songs1 and of the ,cyclic poets1 who elaborated into various epic circles1 or completed wholes1 neglected traditions of the ,trojan ,war4 ,among these cyclic poems were the ,cyprian ,lays1 which related the beginnings of the ,trojan ,war and the first nine years of the siege1 thus leading up to the ,iliad2 the thiopis1 which continued the ,iliad and told of the death of ,achilles2 the ,little ,iliad and the ,iliupersis1 which narrated the fall of ,troy and magnified the exploits of ,ajax and ,philoctetes2 and the ,nostoi1 or ,home-,comings1 which told the adventures of various ,greek heroes during the period of ten years between the end of the ,iliad and the beginning of the ,odyssey4 ,most of these poems were once attributed to ,homer4 ,they are all lost1 but the names of some of their authors survive4 ,there was also a cycle which told of the two wars against ,thebes4 ,hesiod is1 like ,homer1 one of the most important sources of our knowledge of ,greek mythology4 ,he is thought by some to have been a contemporary of ,homer1 but concerning the relative dates of the two poets there is no certainty4 ,hesiod was born in ,ascra in ,boeotia2 he spent his youth as a shepherd on ,mount ,helicon1 his manhood in the neighborhood of ,corinth1 and wrote two great poems1 the ,works and ,days1 and the ,theogony1 or ,genealogy of the ,gods4 ,from the former we obtain a connected account of ,greek traditions concerning the primitive commodities of life1 the arts of agriculture and navigation1 the sacred calendar1 and the various prehistoric ages4 ,from the latter poem we learn the ,greek mythology of the creation of the world1 the family of the gods1 their wars1 and their attitude toward primeval man4 ,while ,hesiod may have composed his works at a somewhat later period than ,homer1 it is noteworthy that his stories of the gods have more of the savage or senseless element than those attributed to ,homer4 ,the artist1 or artists1 of the ,iliad and the ,odyssey seem to have refined the stories into poetic gold2 ,hesiod has gathered them in the ore1 like so many specimens for a museum4 ,a company of ,lyric ,poets1 of whom ,stesichorus 7#fbj ,b4,c471 ,alcus 7#faa ,b4,c471 ,sappho 7#faj ,b4,c471 ,arion 7#fjj ,b4,c471 ,simonides of ,ceos 7#eef ,b4,c471 ,ibycus 7#edj ,b4,c471 ,anacreon 7#ecj ,b4,c471 and ,pindar 7#ebb ,b4,c47 are the most prominent1 have contributed much to our knowledge of mythology4 ,they have left us hymns to the gods1 references to mythical heroes1 and accounts of more or less pathetic legendary adventures4 ,of the works of ,sappho few fragments remain1 but they establish her claim to eminent poetical genius4 ,her story is frequently alluded to4 ,being passionately in love with a beautiful youth named ,phaon1 and failing to obtain a return of affection1 she is said to have thrown herself from the promontory of ,leucadia into the sea1 under a superstition that those who should take that ,lover's ,leap would1 if not destroyed1 be cured of their love4 ,of ,arion the greatest work was a dithyramb or choral hymn to the god of wine4 ,it is said that his music and song were of such sweetness as to charm the monsters of the sea2 and that when thrown overboard on one occasion by avaricious seamen1 he was borne safely to land by an admiring dolphin4 ,spenser represents ,arion1 mounted on his dolphin1 accompanying the train of ,neptune and ,amphitrite3 ,then was there heard a most celestial sound ,of dainty music1 which did next ensue ,before the spouse3 that was ,arion crowned ,who1 playing on his harp1 unto him drew ,the ears and hearts of all that goodly crew2 ,that even yet the dolphin which him bore ,through the gean seas from pirates' view1 ,stood still by him astonished at his lore1 ,and all the raging seas for joy forgot to roar4#cif ,simonides was one of the most prolific of the early poets of ,greece1 but only a few fragments of his compositions have descended to us4 ,he wrote hymns1 triumphal odes1 and elegies1 and in the last species of composition he particularly excelled4 ,his genius was inclined to the pathetic2 none could touch with truer effect the chords of human sympathy4 ,the ,lamentation of ,dana1 the most important of the fragments which remain of his poetry1 is based upon the tradition that ,dana and her infant son were confined by order of her father ,acrisius in a chest and set adrift on the sea4 ,the myth of her son1 ,perseus1 has already been narrated4 ,myths received their freest and perhaps most ideal treatment at the hands of the greatest lyric poet of ,greece1 ,pindar 7#ebb ,b4,c474 ,in his hymns and songs of praise to gods and in his odes composed for the victors in the national athletic contests1 he was accustomed to use the mythical exploits of ,greek heroes as a text from which to draw morals appropriate to the occasion4#cig ,the three great ,tragic ,poets of ,greece have handed down to us a wealth of mythological material4 ,from the plays of schylus 7#ebe ,b4,c47 we gather1 among other noble lessons1 the fortunes of the family of ,agamemnon1 the narrative of the expedition against ,thebes1 the sufferings of ,prometheus1 benefactor of men4 ,in the tragedies of ,sophocles 7#die ,b4,c47 we have a further account of the family of ,agamemnon1 myths of ,,oedipus of ,thebes and his children1 stories connected with the ,trojan ,war1 and the last adventure and the death of ,hercules4 ,of the dramas of ,euripides 7#dhj ,b4,c47 there remain to us seventeen1 in which are found stories of the daughters of ,agamemnon1 the rare and beautiful narrative of ,alcestis1 and the adventures of ,medea4 ,all of these stories have been recounted in their proper places4 ,the ,comedies of ,aristophanes1 also1 are replete with matters of mythological import4 ,of the later poets of mythology1 only two need be mentioned here1--,apollonius of ,rhodes 7#aid ,b4,c471 who wrote in frigid style the story of ,jason's ,voyage for the ,golden ,fleece2 and ,theocritus of ,sicily 7#bgj ,b4,c471 whose rural idyls are at once charmingly natural and romantic4#cih 7#d7 ,historians of ,mythology4 ,the earliest narrators in prose of the myths1 legends and genealogies of ,greece lived about #fjj ,b4,c4 ,herodotus1 the father of history 7#dhd ,b4,c471 embalms various myths in his account of the conflicts between ,asia and ,greece4 ,apollodorus 7#adj ,b4,c47 gathers the legends of ,greece later incorporated in the ,library of ,greek ,mythology4 ,that delightful traveler1 ,pausanias1 makes special mention1 in his ,tour of ,greece1 of the sacred customs and legends that had maintained themselves as late as his time 7#afj ,a4,d474 ,lucian1 in his ,dialogues of the ,gods and ,dialogues of the ,dead1 awakens inextinguishable laughter by his satire on ancient faith and fable4 #bii4 ,roman ,poets of ,mythology4 ,virgil1 called also by his surname1 ,maro1 from whose poem of the neid we have taken the story of neas1 was one of the great poets who made the age of the ,roman emperor1 ,augustus1 celebrated4 ,virgil was born in ,mantua in the year #gj ,b4,c4 ,his great poem is ranked next to those of ,homer1 in that noble class of poetical composition1 the epic4 ,virgil is inferior to ,homer in originality and invention4 ,the neid1 written in an age of culture and science1 lacks that charming atmosphere of belief which invests the nave1 or popular1 epic4 ,the myths concerning the founding of ,rome1 which ,virgil has received from earlier writers1 he has here fused into a literary epic4 ,but what the neid lacks of epic simplicity1 it makes up in patriotic spirit1 in lofty moral and civic ideals1 in correctness of taste1 and in stylistic form4 ,ovid1 often alluded to in poetry by his other name1 ,naso1 was born in the year #dc ,b4,c4 ,he was educated for public life and held some offices of considerable dignity2 but poetry was his delight1 and he early resolved to cultivate it4 ,he accordingly sought the society of contemporary poets and was acquainted with ,horace and saw ,virgil1 though the latter died when ,ovid was yet too young and undistinguished to have formed his acquaintance4 ,ovid spent an easy life at ,rome in the enjoyment of a competent income4 ,he was intimate with the family of ,augustus1 the emperor2 and it is supposed that some serious offense given to a member of that family was the cause of an event which reversed the poet's happy circumstances and clouded the latter portion of his life4 ,at the age of fifty he was banished from ,rome and ordered to betake himself to ,tomi on the borders of the ,black ,sea4 ,his only consolation in exile was to address his wife and absent friends4 ,his letters were all in verse4 ,they are called the ,tristia1 or ,sorrows1 and ,letters from ,pontus4 ,the two great works of ,ovid are his ,metamorphoses or ,transformations1 and his ,fasti1 or ,poetic ,calendar4 ,they are both mythological poems1 and from the former we have taken many of our stories of ,grecian and ,roman mythology4 ,these poems have thus been characterized3 ,the rich mythology of ,greece furnished ,ovid1 as it may still furnish the poet1 the painter1 and the sculptor1 with materials for his art4 ,with exquisite taste1 simplicity1 and pathos he has narrated the fabulous traditions of early ages1 and given to them that appearance of reality which only a master hand could impart4 ,his pictures of nature are striking and true2 he selects with care that which is appropriate2 he rejects the superfluous1 and when he has completed his work1 it is neither defective nor redundant4 ,the ',metamorphoses' are read with pleasure by the young and old of every civilized land4 ,in an incidental manner1 ,horace1 the prince of ,roman lyric poets1 and the lyric and elegiac writers1 ,catullus1 ,tibullus1 and ,propertius1 have liberally increased our knowledge of ,greek and ,roman myth4#cii ,seneca1 the teacher of ,nero1 is best known for his philosophical treatises2 but he wrote1 also1 tragedies1 the materials of which are well-known ,greek legends4 ,apuleius1 born in ,africa1 #aad ,a4,d41 interests us as the compiler of a clever romance1 ,the ,golden ,ass2#djj the most pleasing episode of which1 the story of ,cupid and ,psyche1 has been elsewhere related4#dja #cjj4 ,records of ,norse ,mythology4#djb ,a system of mythology of especial interest1--as belonging to the race from which we1 through our ,english ancestors1 derive our origin1--is that of the ,norsemen1 who inhabited the countries now known as ,sweden1 ,denmark1 ,norway1 and ,iceland4 ,their mythological lore has been transmitted by means of ,runes1 ,skaldic poems1 the ,eddas1 and the ,sagas4 ,the ,runes4 ,the earliest method of writing prevalent among the ,norsemen was by runes4 ,the word means hidden lore1 or mystery4 ,the earliest runes were merely fanciful signs supposed to possess mysterious power4 ,as a synonym for writing1 the term was first applied to the ,northern alphabet1 itself derived from ancient ,greek and ,roman coins4 ,of the old ,scandinavian runes several specimens have been found--one an inscription on a golden horn of the third or fourth century ,a4,d41 which was dug up in ,schleswig a hundred and sixty years ago2 another1 on a stone at ,tune in ,norway4 ,from such an alphabet the ,anglo-,saxon runes were derived4 ,inscriptions in later ,scandinavian runes have been discovered in ,sweden1 ,denmark1 and the ,isle of ,man4 ,the characters are of the stiff and angular form necessitated by the materials on which they were inscribed1--tombstones1 spoons1 chairs1 oars1 and so forth4#djc ,it is doubtful whether mythological poems were ever written in this way2 dedications to pagan deities1 ditties of the eleventh century1 and love-spells have1 however1 been found4 ,the ,skaldic ,poems4 ,the bards and poets of the ,norsemen were the ,skalds4 ,they were the depositaries of whatever historic lore there was2 and it was their office to mingle something of intellectual gratification with the rude feasts of the warriors1 by rehearsing1 with such accompaniments of poetry and music as their skill could afford1 the exploits of heroes living or dead4 ,such songs were called ,drapas4 ,the origin of ,skaldic poetry is lost in mythic or prehistoric darkness1 but the ,skalds of ,iceland continued to play a most important part in the literary development of the north as late as the end of the fourteenth century4 ,without their coperation1 the greater part of the songs and sagas of genuine antiquity could hardly have reached us4 ,the ,skaldic diction1 which was polished to an artistic extreme1 with its pagan metaphors and similes retained its supremacy over literary form even after the influence of ,christianity had revolutionized national thought4#djd ,the ,eddas4 ,the chief mythological records of the ,norse are the ,eddas and the ,sagas4 ,the word ,edda has usually been connected with the ,icelandic for great-grandmother2#dje it has also been regarded as a corruption of the ,high ,german ,erda1 ,mother ,earth1 from whom1 according to the lay in which the word first occurs1 the earliest race of mankind sprang1#djf--or as the point or head of ,norse poetry1#djg or as a tale concerned with death1#djh or as derived from ,odde1 the home of the reputed collector of the ,elder ,edda4 ,but1 of recent years1 scholars have looked with most favor upon a derivation from the ,icelandic r1 which means mind1 or poetry4#dji ,there are two ,icelandic collections called ,eddas3 ,snorri's and ,smund's4 ,until the year #afdc the name was applied to a book1 principally in prose1 containing ,mythical ,tales1 a ,treatise on the ,poetic ,art and ,diction1 a ,poem on ,meters1 and a ,rhymed ,glossary of ,synonyms1 with an appendix of minor treatises on grammar and rhetoric--the whole intended as a guide for poets4 ,although a note in the ,upsala manuscript1 of date about #acjj ,a4,d41 asserted that this work was put together by ,snorri ,sturlason1 who lived #aagh-abda1 the world was not informed of the fact until #afji1 when ,arngrim ,johnsson made the announcement in his ,constitutional ,history of ,iceland4#daj ,while the main treatises on the poetic art are1 in general1 ,snorri's1 the treatises on grammar and rhetoric have been1 with more or less certitude1 assigned to other writers of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries4 ,it is probable1 too1 that in the ,mythical ,tales1 or the ,delusion of ,gylfi1 ,snorri merely enlarged and edited with poetical illustrations the work of earlier hands4 ,the poets of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries do not speak of ,snorri1 but they refer continually to the rules of ,edda1 and frequently to the obscurity and the conventionality of ,eddic phraseology1 figures1 and art4 ,even at the present day in ,iceland it is common to hear the term void of ,eddic art1 or a bungler in ,eddic art4 ,a rearrangement of ,snorri's ,edda1 by ,magnus ,olafsson 7#aegd-afcf71 is much better known than the original work4 ,in #afdb1 ,bishop ,bryniolf ,sveinsson discovered a manuscript of the mythological poems of ,iceland4 ,misled by theories of his own and by a fanciful suggestion of the famous antiquary ,biorn of ,scardsa1 he attributed the composition of these poems to ,smund the ,wise1 a historian who lived #ajef-aacc4 ,henceforth1 consequently1 ,snorri's work is called the ,younger1 or ,prose ,edda1 in contradistinction to ,bryniolf's find1 which is known as the ,elder1 the ,poetical ,edda1 or the ,edda of ,smund4 ,the oldest manuscript of the ,poetical ,edda is of the thirteenth century4 ,its contents were probably collected not later than #aaej4 ,the composition of the poems cannot well be placed earlier than the ninth or tenth centuries after ,christ2 and a consideration of the habits1 laws1 geography1 and vocabulary illustrated by the poems leads eminent scholars to assign the authorship to emigrants of the south ,norwegian tribes who1 sailing westward1 won ,waterford and ,limerick1 and kinged it in ,york and ,east ,england4#daa ,the poems are ,icelandic1 however1 in their general character and history4 ,they are principally of heroic and mythical import3 such as the stories of ,balder's ,fate1 of ,skirnir's ,journey1 of ,thor's ,hammer1 of ,helgi the ,hunding's ,bane1 and the twenty lays that in fragmentary fashion tell the eventful history of the ,volsungs and the ,nibelungs4#dab ,the ,sagas4 ,the ,eddas contain many myths and mythical features that contradict the national character of both ,germans and ,norsemen1 but the sagas have their roots in ,norse civilization and are national property4#dac ,of these mythic-heroic prose compositions the most important to us is the ,volsunga ,saga1 which was put together probably in the twelfth century and is based in part upon the poems of the ,elder ,edda1 in part upon floating traditions1 and in part upon popular songs that now are lost4#dad #cja4 ,records of ,german ,mythology4#dab ,the story of the ,volsungs and the ,nibelungs springs from mythological sources common to the whole ,teutonic race4 ,two distinct versions of the saga survive1--the ,low or ,north ,german1 which we have already noticed in the lays of the ,elder ,edda and in the ,norse ,volsunga ,saga1 and the ,high or ,south ,german1 which has been preserved in ,german folk songs and in the ,nibelungenlied1 or ,lay of the ,nibelungs1 that has grown out of them4 ,the ,norse form of the story exhibits a later survival of the credulous1 or myth-making1 mental condition4 ,the ,lay of the ,nibelungs absorbed1 at an earlier date1 historical elements1 and began sooner to restrict the personality of its heroes within the compass of human limitations4#dae ,although there are many manuscripts1 or fragments of manuscripts1 of the ,nibelungenlied that attest its popularity between the thirteenth and sixteenth centuries1 it was not until the ,swiss critic1 ,j4 ,j4 ,bodmer1 published1 in #ageg1 portions of two ancient poems1 ,the ,revenge of ,kriemhild and ,the ,lament over the ,heroes of ,etzel1 that the attention of modern scholars was called to this famous ,german epic4 ,since that time many theories of the composition of the ,nibelungenlied have been advanced4 ,it has been held by some that the ,german epic is an adaptation of the ,norse version2#daf by others1 that the ,scandinavians1 not the ,germans1 borrowed the story2 and by others still1 that the epics1 while proceeding from a common cradle1 are of independent growth4 ,the last theory is the most tenable4#dag ,concerning the history of the ,nibelungenlied1 it has been maintained that since1 during the twelfth century1 when no poet would adopt any other poet's stanzaic form1 the ,austrian ,von ,krenberg used the stanzaic form of the ,nibelungenlied1 the epic must be his4#dah ,it has also been urged that the poem1 having been written down about #aadj1 was altered in metrical form by younger poets1 until1 in #abjj or thereabouts1 it assumed the form preserved in the latest of the three great manuscripts4#dai ,but the theory advanced by ,lachmann is still of great value3 that the poem consists of a number of ancient ballads of various age and uneven worth2 and that1 about #abaj1 a collector1 mending some of the ballads to suit himself1 strung them together on a thread of his own invention4 ,in fine1 the materials of the poem would persuade us not only of its origin in very ancient popular lays1 but of their fusion and improvement by the imaginative effort of at least one1 and probably of several poets1 who lived and wrote between #aabj and #abjj ,a4,d4 ,the metrical structure1 also1 would indicate derivation from the ,german folk song and modification due to multifarious handling on the part of popular minstrels and poets of written verse4#dbj #cjb4 ,records of ,oriental ,mythology3 ,egyptian4#dba ,although the myths of ,egypt1 ,india1 and ,persia are of intense interest and importance1 they have not materially affected ,english literature4 ,the following is1 however1 a brief outline of the means by which some of them have been preserved4 ,the ,egyptian records are 7#a7 ,the ,hieroglyphs1 or sacred inscriptions in ,tombs of the ,kings1 and other solemn places1--conveying ideas by symbols1 by phonetic signs1 or by both2 7#b7 ,the ,sacred ,papyri1 containing hymns to the gods2 7#c7 ,the ,books of the ,dead and of the ,lower ,hemisphere1--devoted to necromantic incantations1 prayers for the souls of the departed1 and other rituals4 #cjc4 ,indian ,records4 7#a7 ,the ,vedas1 or ,holy ,scriptures of the ,hindus1 which fall into four divisions4 ,the most ancient1 the ,rig-,veda1 consists of hymns of an elevated and spiritual character composed by families of ,rishis1 or psalmists1 as far back1 perhaps1 as #cjjj ,b4,c41 not later than #adjj ,b4,c4 ,they give us the religious conceptions of the ,aryans when they crossed the ,himalayas and began to push toward ,southern ,hindustan4 ,the ,sama-,veda is a book of solemn chants and tunes4 ,the ,yajur-,veda comprises prayers for sacrificial occasions1 and interpretations of the same4 ,the ,atharva-,veda shows1 as might be expected of the youngest of the series1 the influence upon the purer ,aryan creed of superstitions borrowed1 perhaps1 from the aboriginal tribes of ,india4 ,it contains spells for exorcising demons and placating them4 7#b7 ,the ,indian ,epics of classical standing4 ,they are the ,mahbhrata and the ,rmyana4 ,scholars differ as to the chronological precedence4 ,the ,great ,feud of the ,bhratas has the air of superior antiquity because of the numerous hands and generations that have contributed to its composition4 ,the ,adventures of ,rma1 on the other hand1 recalls a more primitive stage of credulity and of savage invention4 ,the ,mahbhrata is a storehouse of mythical tradition4 ,it contains several well-rounded epic poems1 the most beautiful of which is the ,episode of ,nala1--a prince who1 succumbing to a weakness common to his contemporaries1 has gambled away his kingdom4 ,the ,great ,feud of the ,bhratas is1 indeed1 assigned to an author--but his name1 ,vysa1 means simply the ,arranger4 ,the ,rmyana purports to have been written by the poet ,vlmki4 ,it tells how ,sita1 the wife of ,prince ,rma1 is carried off to ,ceylon by ,rvana1 king of the demons1 and how ,rma1 by the aid of an army of monkeys1 bridges the straits between ,india and ,ceylon and1 slaying the demon1 recovers his lovely and innocent wife4 ,the resemblance between the plot and that of the ,iliad has inclined some scholars to derive the ,indian from the ,greek epic4 ,but1 until the relative antiquity of the poems is established1 the ,iliad might as well be derived from the ,rmyana4 ,the theory is unsubstantiated4 ,these epics of ,india lack the artistic spirit and grace of the ,iliad and the ,odyssey1 but they display a keener sympathy with nature and a more romantic appreciation of the loves and sorrows of mankind4 #cjd4 ,persian ,records4 ,the ,avesta1 or ,sacred ,book of the ancient ,persians1 composed in the ,zend language and later translated into medieval ,persian1--or ,pahlavi1--contains the ,gths1 or hymns of ,zoroaster and his contemporaries1 and scriptures of as recent a date as the fifth century ,b4,c4 ,zoroaster1 a holy man of ,god1 was the founder or the reformer of the ,persian religion4 ,he lived as early as the fourteenth or fifteenth century ,b4,c41 and his system became the dominant religion of ,western ,asia from the time of ,cyrus 7#eej ,b4,c47 to the conquest of ,persia by ,alexander the ,great4 ,the teachings of ,zoroaster are characterized by beautiful simplicity1 and by an unwavering faith in the ultimate victory of righteousness 7,ormuzd7 over evil 7,ahriman74 ,,footnotes3 #cic ,odyssey #h1 #bej4 #cid ,cf4 the experience of ,sigurd4 #cie ,il ,penseroso1 ,,ii4 #ajc-ajh4 #cif ,faerie ,queene1 #d1 #aa1 #bc4 #cig ,see ,e4 ,b4 ,clapp1 ,greek ,morality and ,religion as ,set forth by ,pindar 7,hibbert ,journal1 #h1 #bhc74 #cih ,for other authorities and for a few standard translations of the ,greek ,classics1 see ,commentary1 #bih4 #cii ,with regard to translations of these and other ,latin poets1 see ,commentary1 #bii4 #djj ,based upon ,lucian's ,lucius or the ,ass1 and other ,greek stories4 #dja ,translation in ,walter ,pater's ,marius the ,epicurean4 #djb ,for literature1 see ,commentary4 #djc ,cleasby and ,vigfusson's ,icelandic-,english ,dictionary4 #djd ,f4 ,w4 ,horn's ,geschichte d4 ,literatur d4 ,skandinavischen ,nordens1 #bg-db4 #dje ,cleasby and ,vigfusson's ,dictionary2 ,lning's ,die ,edda1 #ahei4 #djf ,the ,lay of ,rig in ,snorri's ,edda2 ,vigfusson and ,powell's ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 #b1 #ead4 #djg ,jacob ,grimm4 #djh ,the ,celtic aideadh3 ,professor ,rhys1 ,academy1 ,january #ca1 #ahhj4 #dji ,arne ,magnsson1 see ,morley's ,english ,writers1 #b1 #ccf1 and ,murray's ,new ,english ,dictionary4 #daj ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 #a2 xxvii1 etc4 #daa ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 #a2 lxxi2 lxiii-lxiv4 #dab ,for literature1 see ,commentary4 #dac ,paul's ,grundriss d4 ,germanischen ,philologie3 ,bd4 #a1 ,lfg4 #e1 ,mythologie4 #dad ,morris and ,magnusson's ,the ,story of the ,volsungs and ,nibelungs4 ,horn's ,geschichte d4 ,literatur d4 ,skandinavischen ,nordens1 #bg-db1 #eh1 etc4 #dae ,werner ,hahn1 ,das ,nibelungenlied4 #daf ,the ,grimm ,brothers2 v4 d4 ,hagen2 ,vilmar4 #dag ,werner ,hahn2 ,jas4 ,sime1 ,encyc4 ,brit4 ,nibelungenlied4 #dah ,pfeiffer4 #dai ,bartsch1 see ,encyc4 ,brit4 #dbj ,werner ,hahn1 #ah1 #eh-fj4 #dba ,for translations of ,oriental ,myths1 see ,commentary4 ,for mythical personages1 see ,index and ,dictionary4 ,,commentary#dbb ,it is hoped that this ,commentary may be useful to general readers1 to students of art1 and to teachers in the secondary schools1 as well as to pupils4 ,the cross references are always to sections2 and the section numbers correspond with those of the text in the body of the book4 ,the letter ,c4 prefixed to a number indicates ,commentary4 #c4 ,chaos3 a gap4 ,compare the ,beginning ,gap of ,norse mythology4 ,eros3 a yearning4 ,erebus3 black1 from root meaning to cover4 #d4 ,uranus 7,greek ,ouranos7 corresponds with the name of the ,indian divinity ,varunas1 root var1 'to cover4' ,uranus is the starry vault that covers the earth2 ,varunas became the rain-giving sky4 ,titan3 the honorable1 powerful2 the king2 later1 the signification was limited to the sun4 ,oceanus probably means flood4 ,tethys3 the nourisher1 nurse4 ,hyperion3 the wanderer on high2#dbc the sun4 ,thea3 the beautiful1 shining2 the moon4 ,she is called by ,homer ,euryphassa1 the far-shining4 ,iapetus3 the sender1 hurler1 wounder4 ,themis3 that which is established1 law4 ,mnemosyne3 memory4 ,other ,titans were ,coeus and ,phoebe1 figurative of the radiant lights of heaven2 ,cres and ,eurybi1 mighty powers1 probably of the sea2 ,ophion1 the great serpent1 and ,eurynome1 the far-ruling1 who1 according to ,apollonius of ,rhodes1 held sway over the ,titans until ,cronus cast them into the ,ocean1 or into ,tartarus4 ,cronus 7,greek ,kronos7 is1 as his name shows1 the god of ripening1 harvest1 maturity4 ,rhea comes from ,asia ,minor1 and was there worshiped as the ,mother ,earth1 dwelling creative among the mountains4 ,cronus 7,kronos7 has been naturally1 but wrongly1 identified with ,chronos1 the personification of ,time1 which1 as it brings all things to an end1 devours its own offspring2 and also with the ,latin ,saturn1 who1 as a god of agriculture and harvest1 was represented with pruning-knife in hand1 and regarded as the lord of an ancient golden age4 ,the three ,cyclopes were ,brontes1 ,steropes1 and ,arges4 ,cyclops means the round-eyed4 ,the ,hecatonchires were ,briareus1 the strong1 called also gon2 ,cottus1 the striker2 ,gyes1 or ,gyges1 the vaulter1 or crippler4 ,gyges is called by ,horace 7,carm4 #b1 #ag1 #ad7 ,centimanus1--the hundred-handed4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 in ,paradise ,lost1 #aj1 #eha1 refers to the tradition of ,ophion and ,eurynome1 who had first the rule of high ,olympus1 thence by ,saturn driven4 ,hyperion3 see ,shakespeare's ,hamlet1 ,hyperion's curls1 the front of ,jove himself4 ,also ,henry ,v1 ,,iv1 i2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,,ii1 iii2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,v1 iii2 ,gray1 ,progress of ,poesy1 ,hyperion's march they spy1 and glittering shafts of war2 ,spenser1 ,prothalamion1 ,hot ,titans beames4 ,on ,oceanus1 ,ben ,jonson1 ,neptune's ,triumph4 ,on ,saturn1 see ,shakespeare1 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,i1 iii2 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,cymbeline1 ,,ii1 v2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,ii1 iii2 ,,iv1 iii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a4 #eab1 #eai1 #ehc1 and ,il ,penseroso1 #bd4 ,see ,robert ,buchanan1 ,cloudland1 ,one like a ,titan cold1 etc42 ,keats1 ,hyperion2 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter1 ,the ,fall of ,saturn4 ,in ,art4 ,helios 7,hyperion7 rising from the sea3 sculpture of eastern pediment of the frieze of the ,parthenon 7,british ,museum74 ,mnemosyne3 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti 7crayons and oil74 #e4 ,homer makes ,zeus 7,jupiter7 the oldest of the sons of ,cronus2 ,hesiod makes him the youngest1 in accordance with a widespread savage custom which makes the youngest child heir in chief4--,,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #a1 #big4 ,according to other legends ,zeus was born in ,arcadia1 or even in ,epirus at ,dodona1 where was his sacred grove4 ,he was in either case reared by the nymphs of the locality4 ,according to ,hesiod1 ,theog4 #gcj1 he was born in a cave of ,mount ,dicte1 in ,crete4 #f4 ,atlas1 according to other accounts1 was not doomed to support the heavens until after his encounter with ,perseus4 #h4 ,see ,milton's ,hymn on the ,nativity1 ,not ,typhon huge ending in snaky twine4 ,the monster is also called ,typhoeus 7,hesiod1 ,theog4 #aacg74 ,the name means to smoke1 to burn4 ,the monster personifies fiery vapors proceeding from subterranean places4 ,other famous ,giants were ,mimas1 ,polybotes1 ,ephialtes1 ,rhoetus1 ,clytius4 ,see ,preller1 #a1 #fj4 ,briareus 7really a ,centimanus7 is frequently ranked among the giants4 ,illustrative4 ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,i1 ii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a1 #aii1 and ,hymn on the ,nativity1 #bbf2 ,m4 ,arnold1 ,empedocles1 ,act #b2 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #d1 #ff4 ,for giants1 in general1 see ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #c1 #dfd2 #aa4 #fdb1 #fhh2 ,samson ,agonistes1 #adh4 #aj-ae4 ,prometheus3 forethought4#dbd ,epimetheus3 afterthought4 ,according to schylus 7,prometheus ,bound7 the doom of ,zeus 7,jupiter7 was only contingent4 ,if he should refuse to set ,prometheus free and should1 therefore1 ignorant of the secret1 wed ,thetis1 of whom it was known to ,prometheus that her son should be greater than his father1 then ,zeus would be dethroned4 ,if1 however1 ,zeus himself delivered ,prometheus1 that ,titan would reveal his secret and ,zeus would escape both the marriage and its fateful result4 ,the ,prometheus ,unbound of schylus is lost2 but its name indicates that in the sequel the ,titan is freed from his chains4 ,and from hints in the ,prometheus ,bound we gather that this liberation was to come about in the way mentioned above1 ,prometheus warning ,zeus to marry ,thetis to ,peleus 7whose son1 ,achilles1 proved greater than his father1--see #aia72 or by the intervention of ,hercules who was to be descended in the thirteenth generation from ,zeus and ,io 7see #afa and ,c4 #adi72 or by the voluntary sacrifice of the ,centaur ,chiron1 who1 when ,zeus should hurl ,prometheus and his rock into ,hades1 was destined to substitute himself for the ,titan1 and so by vicarious atonement to restore him to the life of the upper world4 ,in ,shelley's great drama of ,prometheus ,unbound1 the ,zeus of tyranny and ignorance and superstition is overthrown by ,reason1 the gift of ,prometheus to mankind4 ,sicyon 7or ,mecone73 a city of the ,peloponnesus1 near ,corinth4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 ,more lovely than ,pandora whom the gods endowed with all their gifts4 ,shakespeare1 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,ii1 i1 #af4 ,poems4 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,pandora2 ,longfellow1 ,masque of ,pandora1 ,prometheus1 and ,epimetheus2 ,thos4 ,parnell1 ,hesiod1 or the ,rise of ,woman4 ,prometheus1 by ,byron1 ,lowell1 ,h4 ,coleridge1 ,robert ,bridges2 ,prometheus ,bound1 by ,mrs4 ,browning2 translations of schylus1 ,prometheus ,bound1 ,augusta ,webster1 ,e4 ,h4 ,plumptre2 ,shelley1 ,prometheus ,unbound2 ,r4 ,h4 ,horne1 ,prometheus1 the ,fire-bringer2 ,e4 ,myers1 ,the ,judgment of ,prometheus2 ,george ,cabot ,lodge1 ,herakles1 a drama4 ,see ,byron's ,ode to ,napoleon ,buonaparte4 ,the ,golden ,age3 ,chaucer1 ,the ,former ,age 7tas ,prima72 ,milton1 ,hymn on the ,nativity4 ,in ,art4 ,ancient3 ,prometheus ,unbound1 vase picture 7,monuments ,indits1 ,rome and ,paris74 ,modern3 ,thorwaldsen's sculpture1 ,minerva and ,prometheus4 ,pandora3 ,sichel 7oil71 ,rossetti 7crayons and oil71 ,f4 ,s4 ,church 7water colors74 #af4 ,dante 7,durante7 degli ,alighieri was born in ,florence1 #abfe4 ,banished by his political opponents1 #acjb1 he remained in exile until his death1 which took place in ,ravenna1 #acba4 ,his ,vita ,nuova 7,new ,life71 recounting his ideal love for ,beatrice ,portinari1 was written between #abij and #acjj2 his great poem1 the ,divina ,commedia 7the ,divine ,comedy7 consisting of three parts1--,inferno1 ,purgatorio1 ,paradiso1--during the years of his exile4 ,of the ,divine ,comedy1 says ,lowell1 ,it is the real history of a brother man1 of a tempted1 purified1 and at last triumphant human soul4 ,john ,milton 7b4 #afjh7 was carried by the stress of the civil war1 #afda-afdi1 away from poetry1 music1 and the art which he had sedulously cultivated1 into the stormy sea of politics and war4 ,perhaps the severity of his later sonnets and the sublimity of his ,paradise ,lost1 ,paradise ,regained1 and ,samson ,agonistes are the fruit of the stern years of controversy through which he lived1 not as a poet1 but as a statesman and a pamphleteer4 ,cervantes 7#aedg-afaf71 the author of the greatest of ,spanish romances1 ,don ,quixote4 ,his life was full of adventure1 privation1 suffering1 with but brief seasons of happiness and renown4 ,he distinguished himself at the battle of ,lepanto1 #aega2 but in #aege1 being captured by ,algerine cruisers1 he remained five years in harsh captivity4 ,after his return to ,spain he was neglected by those in power4 ,for full twenty years he struggled for his daily bread4 ,don ,quixote was published in and after #afje4 ,corybantes3 the priests of ,cybele1 whose festivals were violent1 and whose worship consisted of dances and noise suggestive of battle4 #ah4 ,astra was placed among the stars as the constellation ,virgo1 the virgin4 ,her mother was ,themis 7,justice74 ,astra holds aloft a pair of scales1 in which she weighs the conflicting claims of parties4 ,the old poets prophesied a return of these goddesses and of the ,golden ,age4 ,see also ,pope's ,messiah1-- ,all crimes shall cease1 and ancient fraud shall fail1 ,returning ,justice lift aloft her scale3 and ,milton's ,hymn on the ,nativity1 #ad1 #ae4 ,in ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #iih et seq41 is a different conception of the golden scales1 betwixt ,astra and the ,scorpion sign4 ,emerson moralizes the myth in his ,astra4 #ai-bj4 ,illustrative4 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter1 ,the ,flood of ,thessaly4 ,see ,ovid's famous narrative of the ,four ,ages and the ,flood1 ,metamorphoses1 #a1 #hi-dae4 ,deucalion3 ,bayard ,taylor1 ,prince ,deukalion2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #aa1 #ab4 ,interpretative4 ,this myth combines two stories of the origin of the ,hellenes1 or indigenous ,greeks1--one1 in accordance with which the ,hellenes1 as earthborn1 claimed descent from ,pyrrha 7the red earth72 the other and older1 by which ,deucalion was represented as the only survivor of the flood1 but still the founder of the race 7,greek las71 which he created by casting stones 7,greek les7 behind him4 ,the myth1 therefore1 proceeds from an unintended pun4 ,although1 finally1 ,pyrrha was by myth-makers made the wife of ,deucalion1 the older myth of the origin of the race from stones was preserved4 ,see ,max ,mller1 ,sci4 ,relig41 ,london1 #ahgc1 p4 #fd4 #ba4 ,for genealogy of the race of ,inachus1 ,phoroneus1 ,pelasgus1 and ,io1 see ,table ,d4 ,pelasgus is frequently regarded as the grandson1 not the son1 of ,phoroneus4 ,for the descendants of ,deucalion and ,hellen1 see ,table ,i of this commentary4 #bb4 ,in the following genealogical table 7,a71 the names of the great gods of ,olympus are printed in heavy-face type4 ,latin forms of names or ,latin substitutes are used4 ,illustrative4 ,on the ,gods of ,greece1 see ,e4 ,a4 ,bowring's translation of ,schiller's ,die ,gtter ,griechenlands1 and ,bayard ,taylor's ,masque of the ,gods4 ,on ,olympus1 see ,lewis ,morris1 ,the ,epic of ,hades4 ,allusions abound2 e4g4 ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,,iii1 iii2 ,julius ,csar1 ,,iii1 i2 ,,iv1 iii2 ,hamlet1 ,v1 i2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a1 #eaf2 #g1 #g2 #aj1 #ehc2 ,pope1 ,rape of the ,lock1 #e1 #dh1 and ,windsor ,forest1 #cc1 #bcd2 ,e4 ,c4 ,stedman1 ,news from ,olympia4 ,see also ,e4 ,w4 ,gosse1 ,greece and ,england 7,on ,viol and ,flute74 #bc4 ,the ,olympian ,gods4 ,there were1 according to ,mr4 ,gladstone 7,no4 ,am4 ,rev4 ,april1 #ahib71 about twenty ,olympian deities3#dbe 7#a7 ,the five really great gods1 ,zeus1 ,hera1 ,poseidon1 ,apollo1 and ,athene2 7#b7 ,hephstus1 ,ares1 ,hermes1 ,iris1 ,leto1 ,artemis1 ,themis1 ,aphrodite1 ,dione1 ,pon 7or ,pon71 and ,hebe1--also usually present among the assembled immortals2 7#c7 ,demeter1 ,persephone1 ,dionysus1 and ,thetis1 whose claims are more or less obscured4 ,according to the same authority1 the ,distinctive ,qualities of the ,homeric ,gods were as follows3 7#a7 they were immortal2 7#b7 they were incorporated in human form2 7#c7 they enjoyed power far exceeding that possessed by mortals2 7#d7 they were1 however 7with the possible exception of ,athene1 who is never ignorant1 never deceived1 never baffled71 all liable to certain limitations of energy and knowledge2 7#e7 they were subject also to corporeal wants and to human affections4 ,the ,olympian ,religion1 as a whole1 was more careful of nations1 states1 public affairs1 than of individuals and individual character2 and in this respect1 according to ,mr4 ,gladstone4 it differs from ,christianity4 ,he holds1 however1 that despite the occasional immoralities of the gods1 their general government not only makes for righteousness1 but is addressed to the end of rendering it triumphant4 ,says ,zeus1 for instance1 in the ,olympian assembly1 ,men complain of us the gods1 and say that we are the source from whence ills proceed2 but they likewise themselves suffer woes outside the course of destiny1 through their own perverse offending4 ,but1 beside this general effort for the triumph of right1 there is little to be said in abatement of the general proposition that1 whatever be their collective conduct1 the common speech of the gods is below the human level in point of morality4#dbf #bd-be4 ,zeus4 ,in ,sanskrit ,dyaus1 in ,latin ,jovis1 in ,german ,tiu4 ,the same name for the ,almighty 7the ,light or ,sky7 used probably thousands of years before ,homer1 or the ,sanskrit ,bible 7the ,vedas74 ,it is not merely the blue sky1 nor the sky personified1--not merely worship of a natural phenomenon1 but of the ,father who is in ,heaven4 ,so in the ,vedas we find ,dyaus pitar1 in the ,greek ,zeu pater1 in ,latin ,jupiter all meaning father of light4--,,max ,m,,ller1 ,sci4 ,relig4 #aga1 #agb4 ,oracle3 the word signifies also the answers given at the shrine4 ,illustrative4 ,allusions to ,jove on every other page of ,milton1 ,dryden1 ,pope1 ,prior1 ,gray1 and any poet of the ,elizabethan and ,augustan periods4 ,on the ,love ,affairs of ,jupiter and the other gods1 see ,milton1 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #ahb4 ,dodona3 ,tennyson's ,talking ,oak3 ,that ,thessalian growth1 ,on which the swarthy ringdove sat1 ,and mystic sentence spoke4444 ,poem3 ,lewis ,morris1 ,zeus1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades4 ,in ,art4 ,beside the representations of ,jupiter noted in the text may be mentioned that on the eastern frieze of the ,parthenon2 the ,jupiter ,otricoli in the ,vatican2 also the ,jupiter and ,juno 7painting7 by ,annibale ,carracci2 the ,jupiter 7sculpture7 by ,benvenuto ,cellini4 ,,table ,a4 ,,the ,,great ,,gods ,,of ,,olympus ,uranus ,ga -- ,cronus ,rhea -- ,vesta -- ,ceres -- ,juno ,jupiter -- ,hebe -- ,mars -- ,vulcan -- ,pluto -- ,neptune -- ,jupiter -- ,minerva ,juno -- ,hebe 7see above7 -- ,mars 7see above7 -- ,vulcan 7see above7 ,latona -- ,apollo -- ,diana ,dione -- ,venus ,maia -- ,mercury ,ceres -- ,proserpina ,semele -- ,bacchus ,alcmene -- ,hercules -- ,rhea ,cronus -- ,vesta 7see above7 -- ,ceres 7see above7 -- ,juno 7see above7 -- ,pluto 7see above7 -- ,neptune 7see above7 -- ,jupiter 7see above7 -- ,coeus ,phoebe -- ,latona ,jupiter -- ,apollo 7see above7 -- ,diana 7see above7 -- ,phoebe ,coeus -- ,latona 7see above7 -- ,iapetus -- ,epimethius -- ,dione ,jupiter -- ,venus 7see above7 -- ,prometheus -- ,atlas -- ,maia ,jupiter -- ,mercury 7see above7 #bf4 ,juno was called by the ,romans ,juno ,lucina1 the special goddess of childbirth4 ,in her honor wives held the festival of the ,matronalia on the first of ,march of each year4 ,the ,latin ,juno is for ,diou-n-on1 from the stem ,diove1 and is the feminine parallel of ,jovis1 just as the ,greek ,dione 7one of the loves of ,zeus7 is the feminine of ,zeus4 ,these names 7and ,diana1 too7 come from the root div1 'to shine1' 'to illumine4' ,there are many points of resemblance between the ,italian ,juno and the ,greek ,dione 7identified with ,hera1 as ,hera-,dione74 ,both are goddesses of the moon 7871 of women1 of marriage2 to both the cow 7with moon-crescent horns7 is sacred4 ,see ,roscher1 #ba1 #egf-egi4 ,but ,overbeck insists that the loves of ,zeus are deities of the earth3 ,the rains of heaven 7,zeus7 do not fall upon the moon4 ,illustrative4 ,w4 ,s4 ,landor1 ,hymn of ,terpander to ,juno2 ,lewis ,morris1 ,her1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades4 ,in ,art4 ,of the statues of ,juno the most celebrated was that made by ,polyclitus for her temple between ,argos and ,mycen4 ,it was of gold and ivory4 ,see ,paus4 #b1 #ag1 #d4 ,the goddess was seated on a throne of magnificent proportions2 she wore a crown upon which were figured the ,graces and the ,hours2 in one hand she held a pomegranate1 in the other a scepter surmounted by a cuckoo4 ,of the extant representations of ,juno the most famous are the ,argive ,hera 7,fig4 #i in the text71 the torso in ,vienna from ,ephesus1 the ,hera of the ,vatican at ,rome1 the bronze statuette in the ,cabinet of ,coins and ,antiquities in ,vienna1 the ,farnese bust in the ,national ,museum in ,naples1 the ,ludovisi bust in the villa of that name in ,rome1 the ,pompeian wall painting of the marriage of ,zeus and ,hera 7given by ,baumeister1 ,denkmler #a1 #fdi2 see also ,roscher1 #ac1 #babg71 and the ,juno of ,lanuvium4 #bg4 ,athen 7,athena7 has some characteristics of the warlike kind in common with the ,norse ,valkyries1 but she is altogether a more ideal conception4 ,the best description of the goddess will be found in ,homer's ,iliad1 #e1 #gcj et seq4 ,the derivation of ,athene is uncertain 7,preller74 ,related1 say some1 to ther1 aithr1 the clear upper air2 say others1 to the word anthos1 anthos1 'a flower'--virgin bloom2 or 7see ,roscher1 p4 #fhd7 to ather1 athr1 'spear point4' ,max ,mller derives ,athene from the root ah1 which yields the ,sanskrit ,ahan and the ,greek ,daphne1 the ,dawn 7874 ,hence ,athene is the ,dawn-goddess2 but she is also the goddess of wisdom1 because the goddess who caused people to wake was involuntarily conceived as the goddess who caused people to know 7,science of ,language1 #a1 #edh-eea74 ,this is poor philology4 ,epithets applied to ,athene are the bright-eyed1 the gray-eyed1 the gis-bearing1 the unwearied daughter of ,zeus4 ,the festival of the ,panathena was celebrated at ,athens yearly in commemoration of the union of the ,attic tribes4 ,see ,c4 #agf-aha4 ,the name ,pallas characterizes the goddess as the brandisher of lightnings4 ,her ,palladium--or sacred image--holds always high in air the brandished lance4 ,minerva1 or ,menerva1 is connected with ,latin mens1 ,greek mnos1 ,sanskrit manas1 'mind'2 not with the ,latin mane1 'morning4' ,the relation is not very plausible between the awakening of the day and the awakening of thought 7,max ,mller1 ,sci4 ,lang1 #a1 #eeb74 ,for the meaning of the ,gorgon1 see ,commentary on the myth of ,perseus4 ,illustrative4 ,byron1 ,childe ,harold1 #d1 #if1 the eloquent passage beginning1 ,can tyrants but by tyrants conquer'd be1 ,and ,freedom find no champion and no child ,such as ,columbia saw arise when she ,sprung forth a ,pallas1 arm'd and undefiled8 ,shakespeare1 ,tempest1 ,,iv1 i2 ,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,i1 iii2 ,winter's ,tale1 ,,iv1 iii2 ,pericles1 ,,ii1 iii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #ejj2 ,comus1 #gja2 ,arcades1 #bc2 ,lewis ,morris' ,athene1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,byron1 ,childe ,harold1 #b4 #a-ae1 #hg1 #ia2 ,ruskin's ,lectures entitled ,the ,queen of the ,air 7,athene72 ,thomas ,woolner's ,pallas ,athene1 in ,tiresias4 ,in ,art4 ,the finest of the statues of this goddess was by ,phidias1 in the ,parthenon1 or temple of ,athena1 at ,athens4 ,the ,athena of the ,parthenon has disappeared2 but there is good ground to believe that we have1 in several extant statues and busts1 the artist's conception4 7,see ,frontispiece1 the ,lemnian ,athena1 and ,fig4 #ec1 the ,hope ,athena1 ancient marble at ,deepdene1 ,surrey47 ,the figure is characterized by grave and dignified beauty1 and freedom from any transient expression2 in other words1 by repose4 ,the most important copy extant is of the ,roman period4 ,the goddess was represented standing2 in one hand a spear1 in the other a statue of ,victory4 ,her helmet1 highly decorated1 was surmounted by a ,sphinx4 ,the statue was forty feet in height1 and1 like the ,jupiter1 covered with ivory and gold4 ,the eyes were of marble1 and probably painted to represent the iris and pupil4 ,the ,parthenon1 in which this statue stood1 was also constructed under the direction and superintendence of ,phidias4 ,its exterior was enriched with sculptures1 many of them from the hand of the same artist4 ,the ,elgin ,marbles now in the ,british ,museum are a part of them4 ,also remarkable are the ,minerva ,bellica 7,capitol1 ,rome72 the ,athena of the ,acropolis ,museum2 the ,athena of the gina ,marbles 7,glyptothek1 ,munich72 the ,minerva ,medica 7,vatican72 the ,athena of ,velletri in the ,louvre4 7,see ,fig4 #aj47 ,in modern sculpture1 especially excellent are ,thorwaldsen's ,minerva and ,prometheus1 and ,cellini's ,minerva 7on the base of his ,perseus74 ,in modern painting1 ,tintoretto's ,minerva defeating ,mars4 #bh4 ,while the ,latin god ,mars corresponds with ,ares1 he has also not a few points of similarity with the ,greek ,phoebus2 for both names1 ,mars and ,phoebus1 indicate the quality shining4 ,in ,rome1 the ,campus ,martius 7field of ,mars7 was sacred to this deity4 ,here military maneuvers and athletic contests took place2 here ,mars was adored by sacrifice1 and here stood his temple1 where his priests1 the ,salii1 watched over the sacred spear and the shield1 ,ancile1 that fell from heaven in the reign of ,numa ,pompilius4 ,generals supplicated ,mars for victory1 and dedicated to him the spoils of war4 ,see ,roscher1 pp4 #dgh1 #dhf1 on the fundamental significance1 philosophical and physical1 of ,ares4 ,on the derivation of the ,latin name ,mars1 see ,roscher 7end of article on ,apollo74 ,illustrative in ,art4 ,of archaic figures1 that upon the so-called ,franois ,vase in ,florence represents ,ares bearded and with the armor of a ,homeric warrior4 ,in the art of the second half of the fifth century ,b4,c41 he is represented as beardless1 standing with spear and helmet and1 generally1 chlamys 7short warrior's cloak72 so the marble ,ares statue 7called the ,borghese ,achilles7 in the ,louvre4 ,there is a later type 7preferred in ,rome7 of the god in ,corinthian helmet pushed back from the forehead1 the right hand leaning on a spear1 in the left a sword with point upturned1 over the left arm a chlamys4 ,the finest representation of the deity extant is the ,ares ,ludovisi in ,rome1 probably of the second half of the fourth century ,b4,c41--a sitting figure1 beautiful in form and feature1 with an ,eros playing at his feet4 7,see ,fig4 #aa47 ,modern sculpture3 ,thorwaldsen's relief1 ,mars and ,cupid4 ,modern painting1 ,raphael's ,mars 7text1 ,fig4 #ab74 #bi4 ,on the derivation of ,hephstus1 see ,roscher1 p4 #bjcg4 ,from ,greek aphe1 'to kindle1' or pha1 'to shine1' or spha1 'to burn4' ,the ,latin ,vulcan1 while a god of fire1 is not represented by the ,romans as possessed of technical skill4 ,it is said that ,romulus built him a temple in ,rome and instituted the ,vulcanalia1--a festival in honor of the god4 ,the name ,vulcanus1 or ,volcanus1 is popularly connected with the ,latin fulgere1 'to flash' or 'lighten1' fulgur a 'flash of lightning1' etc4 ,it is quite natural that1 in many legends1 fire should play an active part in the creation of man4 ,the primitive belief of the ,indo-,germanic race was that the fire-god1 descending to earth1 became the first man2 and that1 therefore1 the spirit of man was composed of fire4 ,vulcan is also called by the ,romans ,mulciber1 from mulceo1 'to soften4' ,illustrative4 ,shakespeare1 ,twelfth ,night1 ,v1 i2 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,i1 i2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,i1 iii2 ,hamlet1 ,,iii1 ii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a1 #gdj3 ,from morn ,to noon he fell1 from noon to dewy eve1 ,a summer's day2 and with the setting sun ,dropt from the zenith1 like a falling star1 ,on ,lemnos1 the gean isle4 ,in ,art4 ,various antique illustrations are extant of the god as a smith with hammer1 or at the forge 7text1 ,fig4 #ac72 one of him working with the ,cyclopes2 a vase painting of him adorning ,pandora2 one of him assisting at the birth of ,minerva2 and one of his return to ,olympus led by ,bacchus and ,comus4 ,of modern paintings the following are noteworthy3 ,j4 ,a4 ,wiertz1 ,forge of ,vulcan2 ,velasquez1 ,forge of ,vulcan 7,museum1 ,madrid7 7text1 ,fig4 #ef72 the ,forge of ,vulcan by ,tintoretto4 ,thorwaldsen's piece of statuary1 ,vulcan forging ,arrows for ,cupid1 is justly famous4 #cj4 ,castalia3 on the slopes of ,parnassus1 sacred to ,apollo and the ,muses4 ,cephissus3 in ,phocis and ,boeotia4 7,another ,cephissus flows near ,athens47 ,interpretative4 ,the birth1 wanderings1 return of ,apollo1 and his struggle with the ,python1 etc41 are explained by many scholars as symbolic of the annual course of the sun4 ,apollo is born of ,leto1 who is1 according to hypothesis1 the ,night from which the morning sun issues4 ,his conflict with the dragon reminds one of ,siegfried's combat and that of ,st4 ,george1 ,the dragon is variously interpreted as symbolical of darkness1 mephitic vapors1 or the forces of winter1 which are overcome by the rays of the springtide sun4 ,the dragon is called ,delphyne1 or ,python4 ,the latter name may be derived simply from that part of ,phocis 7,pytho7 where the town of ,delphi was situate1 or that again from the ,greek root puth1 'to rot1' because there the serpent was left by ,apollo to decay2 or from the ,greek p7uth1 'to inquire1' with reference to the consultation of the ,delphian or ,pythian oracle4 ,it is open to students to regard the dolphin as only one of the many animals whose earlier worship is concentrated in ,apollo1 or to take the creature for the symbol of spring when seafaring becomes easier to mortals1 or to interpret the dolphin as the result of a volks-etymologie 7popular derivation71 in which the name ,delphi 7meaning originally a hollow in the hills7 was connected with delphis1 the dolphin4--,,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #aig4 ,apollo is also called ,lycius1 which means1 not the wolf-slayer1 as is sometimes stated1 for the wolf is sacred to ,apollo1 but either the wolf-god 7as inheriting an earlier wolf-cult7 or the golden god of ,light4 ,see ,preller and ,roscher4 ,this derivation is more probable than that from ,lycia in ,asia ,minor1 where the god was said originally to have been worshiped4 ,to explain certain rational myths of ,apollo as referring to the annual and diurnal journeys of the sun is justifiable4 ,to explain the savage and senseless survivals of the ,apollo-myth in that way is impossible4 ,festivals4 ,the most important were as follows3 7#a7 ,the ,delphinia1 in ,may1 to celebrate the genial influence of the young sun upon the waters1 in opening navigation1 in restoring warmth and life to the creatures of the wave1 especially to the dolphins1 which were highly esteemed by the superstitious seafarers1 fishermen1 merchants1 etc4 7#b7 ,the ,thargelia1 in the ,greek month of that name1 our ,may1 which heralded the approach of the hot season4 ,the purpose of this festival was twofold3 to propitiate the deity of the sun and forfend the sickness of summer2 to celebrate the ripening of vegetation and return thanks for first-fruits4 ,these festivals were held in ,athens1 ,delos1 and elsewhere4 7#c7 ,the ,hyacinthian fast and feast of ,sparta1 corresponding in both features to the ,thargelian4 ,it was held in ,july1 in the oppressive days of the ,dog ,star1 ,sirius4 7#d7 ,the ,carnean of ,sparta1 celebrated in ,august4 ,it added to the propitiatory features of the ,hyacinthian1 a thanksgiving for the vintage4 7#e7 ,another vintage-festival was the ,pyanepsian1 in ,athens4 7#f7 ,the ,daphnephoria3 ,familiar to many ,english people from ,sir ,frederick ,leighton's picture4 ,this feast is believed to have symbolized the year4444 ,an olive branch supported a central ball of brass1 beneath which was a smaller ball1 and thence little globes were hung4 ,the greater ball means the sun1 the smaller the moon1 the tiny globes the stars1 and the three hundred and sixty-five laurel garlands used in the feast are understood to symbolize the days4 7,proclus and ,pausanias47--,,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b4 #aid1 #aie4 ,apollo is also called the ,sminthian1 or ,mouse-god1 because he was regarded either as the protector or as the destroyer of mice4 ,in the ,troad mice were fed in his temple2 elsewhere he was honored as freeing the country from them4 ,as ,mr4 ,lang says 7,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #bja71 this is intelligible if the vermin which had once been sacred became a pest in the eyes of later generations4 ,oracle of ,delphi4 ,it had been observed at a very early period that the goats feeding on ,parnassus were thrown into convulsions when they approached a certain long deep cleft in the side of the mountain4 ,this was owing to a peculiar vapor arising out of the cavern1 and a certain goatherd is said to have tried its effects upon himself4 ,inhaling the intoxicating air1 he was affected in the same manner as the cattle had been2 and the inhabitants of the surrounding country1 unable to explain the circumstance1 imputed the convulsive ravings to which he gave utterance while under the power of the exhalations to a divine inspiration4 ,the fact was speedily spread abroad1 and a temple was erected on the spot4 ,the prophetic influence was at first variously attributed to the goddess ,earth1 to ,neptune1 ,themis1 and others1 but it was at length assigned to ,apollo1 and to him alone4 ,a priestess was appointed whose office it was to inhale the hallowed air1 and she was named the ,pythia4 ,she was prepared for this duty by previous ablution at the fountain of ,castalia1 and being crowned with laurel was seated upon a tripod similarly adorned1 which was placed over the chasm whence the divine afflatus proceeded4 ,her inspired words while thus situated were interpreted by the priests4 ,other famous oracles were that of ,trophonius in ,boeotia and that of the ,egyptian ,apis4 ,since those who descended into the cave at ,lebadea to consult the oracle of ,trophonius were noticed to return dejected and melancholy1 the proverb arose which was applied to a low-spirited person1 ,he has been consulting the oracle of ,trophonius4 ,at ,memphis the sacred bull ,apis gave answer to those who consulted him1 by the manner in which he received or rejected what was presented to him4 ,if the bull refused food from the hand of the inquirer1 it was considered an unfavorable sign1 and the contrary when he received it4 ,it used to be questioned whether oracular responses ought to be ascribed to mere human contrivance or to the agency of evil spirits4 ,the latter opinion would of course obtain during ages of superstition1 when evil spirits were credited with an influence over human affairs4 ,a third theory has been advanced since the phenomena of mesmerism have attracted attention3 that something like the mesmeric trance was induced in the ,pythoness1 and the faculty of clairvoyance called into action4 ,scholars have also sought to determine when the pagan oracles ceased to give responses4 ,ancient ,christian writers assert that they became silent at the birth of ,christ1 and were heard no more after that date2 ,milton adopts this view in his ,hymn on the ,nativity1 and in lines of solemn and elevated beauty pictures the consternation of the heathen idols at the advent of the ,saviour3 ,the ,oracles are dumb2 ,no voice or hideous hum ,runs through the archd roof in words deceiving4 ,apollo from his shrine ,can no more divine1 ,with hollow shriek the steep of ,delphos leaving4 ,no nightly trance1 or breathd spell ,inspires the pale-eyed priest from the prophetic cell4 ,illustrative4 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #b1 #b2 #a1 #b1 #bi2 #a1 #aa1 #ca2 #a1 #ab1 #b4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,astrophel and ,stella2 as1 for instance1 the pretty conceit beginning ,phoebus was judge between ,jove1 ,mars1 and ,love1 ,of those three gods1 whose arms the fairest were4 ,dekker1 ,the ,sun's ,darling2 ,burns 7as in the ,winter ,night7 and other ,scotch song-writers find it hard to keep ,phoebus out of their verses2 ,spenser1 ,epithalamion2 ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,,ii1 i 7,apollo and ,daphne72 ,cymbeline 7,cloten's ,serenade72 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,,iv1 iii2 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,induction ii2 ,winter's ,tale1 ,,ii1 i2 ,,iii1 i2 ,,iii1 ii2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,iv1 i2 ,drayton1 ,song #h2 ,tickell1 ,to ,apollo making ,love2 ,swift1 ,apollo ,outwitted2 ,pope1 ,essay on ,criticism1 #cd2 ,dunciad1 #d1 #aaf2 ,prologue to ,satires1 #bca2 ,miscellaneous1 #g1 #af2 ,armstrong1 ,the ,art of ,preserving ,health4 ,poems4 ,drummond of ,hawthornden1 ,song to ,phoebus2 ,keats1 ,hymn to ,apollo2 ,a4 ,mary ,f4 ,robinson1 ,a ,search for ,apollo1 and ,in ,apollo's ,garden2 ,shelley1 ,homer's ,hymn to ,apollo2 ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 ,lines under ,delphi2 ,lewis ,morris1 ,apollo1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,r4 ,w4 ,dixon1 ,apollo ,pythius4 ,the ,python4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #aj1 #eca2 ,shelley1 ,adonais4 ,oracles4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a4 #ab1 #eae2 #e1 #chb2 #aj1 #ahb2 ,paradise ,regained1 #a4 #cie1 #dcj1 #def1 #dfc2 #c1 #ac2 #d1 #bge2 ,hymn on the ,nativity1 #agc4 ,in ,cowper's poem of ,yardley ,oak there are mythological allusions appropriate to this subject4 ,on ,dodona1 ,byron1 ,childe ,harold1 #b1 #ec2 ,tennyson1 ,the ,talking ,oak4 ,byron alludes to the oracle of ,delphi when speaking of ,rousseau1 whose writings he conceives did much to bring on the ,french ,revolution3 ,childe ,harold1 #c1 #ha1-- ,for then he was inspired1 and from him came1 ,as from the ,pythian's mystic cave of yore1 ,those oracles which set the world in flame1 ,nor ceased to burn till kingdoms were no more4 ,in ,art4 ,one of the most esteemed of all the remains of ancient sculpture is the statue of ,apollo1 called the ,belvedere from the name of the apartment of the ,pope's palace at ,rome in which it is placed 7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,the artist is unknown4 ,it is conceded to be a work of ,roman art1 of about the first century of our era 7and follows a type fashioned by a ,greek sculptor of the ,hellenistic period1 probably in bronze74 ,a variation of the type has been discovered in a bronze statuette which represents ,apollo holding in the left hand an gis4 ,some scholars have therefore surmised that the ,apollo of the original was similarly equipped4 ,the ,belvedere ,apollo1 however1 is a standing figure1 in marble1 more than seven feet high1 naked except for the cloak which is fastened around the neck and hangs over the extended left arm4 ,it is restored to represent the god in the moment when he has shot the arrow to destroy the monster ,python4 ,the victorious divinity is in the act of stepping forward4 ,the left arm which seems to have held the bow is outstretched1 and the head is turned in the same direction4 ,in attitude and proportion the graceful majesty of the figure is unsurpassed4 ,the effect is completed by the countenance1 where1 on the perfection of youthful godlike beauty1 there dwells the consciousness of triumphant power4 ,to this statue ,byron alludes in ,childe ,harold1 #d1 #afa3 ,or view the ,lord of the unerring bow1 ,the ,god of life1 and poetry1 and light1-- ,the ,sun1 in human limbs arrayed1 and brow ,all radiant from his triumph in the fight2 ,the shaft hath just been shot--the arrow bright ,with an immortal's vengeance2 in his eye ,and nostril1 beautiful disdain1 and might ,and majesty flash their full lightnings by1 ,developing in that one glance the ,deity4 ,the standing figure in our text reproduces this conception4#dbg ,also famous in sculpture are the ,adonis ,apollo of the ,vatican 7,fig4 #ad1 text72 the ,greek bronze from ,thessaly 7,fig4 #af1 text72 the ,palatine ,apollo in the ,vatican 7,fig4 #ff1 text72 the ,apollo ,citharoedus of the ,national ,museum1 ,naples1 and the ,glyptothek1 ,munich2 the ,lycian ,apollo2 the ,apollo ,nomios2 ,apollo of ,thera2 the ,apollo of ,michelangelo 7,national ,museum1 ,florence74 ,a painting of romantic interest is ,paolo ,veronese's ,st4 ,christina refusing to adore ,apollo4 ,of symbolic import is the ,apollo 7,sunday7 by ,raphael in the ,vatican4 ,phoebus and ,boreas by ,j4 ,f4 ,millet4 #cb4 ,latona4 ,a theory of the numerous love-affairs of ,jupiter is given in #bd of the text4 ,delos is the central island of the ,cyclades group in the gean4 ,with its temple of ,apollo it was exceedingly prosperous4 ,interpretative4 ,latona 7,leto71 according to ancient interpreters1 was night1--the shadow1 therefore1 of ,juno 7,hera71 if ,hera be the splendor of heaven4 ,but the early myth-makers would hardly have reasoned so abstrusely4 ,it is not at all certain that the name ,leto means darkness 7,preller #a1 #aij1 note #d72 and even if light is born of or after darkness1 the sun 7,apollo7 and the moon 7,artemis1 or ,diana7 can hardly be considered to be twins of ,darkness 7,leto71 for they do not illuminate the heavens at the same time4--,,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #aii4 ,illustrative4 ,byron's allusion to ,delos in ,don ,juan1 #c1 #hf3 ,the isles of ,greece6 the isles of ,greece6 ,where burning ,sappho loved and sung1 ,where grew the arts of war and peace1 ,where ,delos rose1 and ,phoebus sprung6 ,eternal summer gilds them yet1 ,but all1 except their sun1 is set4 ,see ,milton's ,sonnet1 ,i did but prompt the age to quit their clogs1 for allusion to ,latona4 ,in ,art4 ,in the shrine of ,latona in ,delos there was1 in the days of ,athenus1 a shapeless wooden idol4 ,diana4 ,the ,latin ,diana means either goddess of the bright heaven1 or goddess of the bright day4 ,she is frequently identified with ,artemis1 ,hecate1 ,luna1 and ,selene4 ,according to one tradition1 ,apollo and ,diana were born at ,ortygia1 near ,ephesus4 ,diana of the ,ephesians1 referred to 7,acts xix1 #bh71 was a goddess of not at all the maidenly characteristics that belonged to the ,greek ,artemis 7,roscher1 p4 #eia2 ,a4 ,lang1 #b1 #bag74 ,other titles of ,artemis are ,munychia1 the moon-goddess2 ,calliste1 the fair1 or the she-bear2 ,orthia1 the severe1 worshiped among the ,taurians with human sacrifices2 ,agrotera1 the huntress2 ,pythia2 ,eileithyia1 goddess of childbirth2 ,cynthia1 born on ,mount ,cynthus4 ,illustrative4 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #g1 #e2 #a1 #ab1 #g2 ,shakespeare1 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,v1 i1 ,come1 ho1 and wake ,diana with a hymn1 etc42 ,twelfth ,night1 ,i1 iv2 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,i1 iv2 ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 ,i1 iii2 ,,iv1 ii2 ,,iv1 iv2 ,butler1 ,hudibras1 #c1 #b1 #addh4 ,poems3 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter1 ,the ,worship of ,dian2 ,w4 ,w4 ,story1 ,artemis2 ,e4 ,w4 ,gosse1 ,the ,praise of ,artemis2 ,e4 ,arnold1 ,hymn of the ,priestess of ,diana2 ,wordsworth1 ,to ,lycoris2 ,lewis ,morris1 ,artemis1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,a4 ,lang1 ,to ,artemis4 ,phoebe 7,diana73 ,spenser1 ,epithalamion2 ,keats1 ,to ,psyche4 ,cynthia 7,diana73 ,spenser1 ,prothalamion1 ,epithalamion2 ,milton1 ,hymn on the ,nativity2 ,h4 ,k4 ,white1 ,ode to ,contemplation4 ,in ,art4 ,in art the goddess is represented high-girt for the chase1 either in the act of drawing an arrow from her quiver or watching her missile in its flight4 ,she is often attended by the hind4 ,sometimes1 as moon-goddess1 she bears a torch4 ,occasionally she is clad in a chiton1 or robe of many folds1 flowing to her feet4 ,the ,diana of the ,hind 7 la ,biche71 in the ,palace of the ,louvre 7see ,fig4 #ah71 may be considered the counterpart of the ,apollo ,belvedere4 ,the attitude much resembles that of ,apollo1 the sizes correspond and also the styles of execution4 ,the ,diana of the ,hind is a work of a high order1 though by no means equal to the ,apollo4 ,the attitude is that of hurried and eager motion1 the face that of a huntress in the excitement of the chase4 ,the left hand of the goddess is extended over the forehead of the hind which runs by her side1 the right arm reaches backward over the shoulder to draw an arrow from the quiver4 ,fig4 #ai in the text is the ,artemis ,knagia 7,diana ,cnagia71 named after ,cnageus1 a servant of ,diana who assisted in transferring the statue from ,crete to ,sparta4 ,in ,dresden there is a statue of ,artemis in the style of ,praxiteles 7,fig4 #fh1 text72 and in the ,louvre an ancient marble called the ,artemis of ,gabii 7,fig4 #gg1 text74 ,in modern painting1 noteworthy are the ,diana and her ,nymphs of ,rubens2 ,correggio's ,diana 7,fig4 #ag72 ,jules ,lefebvre's ,diana and her ,nymphs2 ,domenichino's ,diana's ,chase4 ,note also the allegorical ,luna 7,monday7 of ,raphael in the ,vatican2 and ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti's ,diana1 in crayons4 #cd4 ,interpretative4 ,the worship of ,aphrodite was probably of ,semitic origin1 but was early introduced into ,greece4 ,the ,aphrodite of ,hesiod and ,homer displays both ,oriental and ,grecian characteristics4 ,all ,semitic nations1 except the ,hebrews1 worshiped a supreme goddess who presided over the moon 7or the ,star of ,love71 and over all animal and vegetable life and growth4 ,she was the ,istar of the ,assyrians1 the ,astarte of the ,phoenicians1 and is the analogue of the ,greek ,aphrodite and the ,latin ,venus4 ,see ,roscher1 p4 #cij1 etc4 ,the native ,greek deity of love would appear to have been1 however1 ,dione1 goddess of the moist and productive soil 7,c4 #bf71 who passes in the ,iliad 7#e4 #cgj1 #dbh7 as the mother of ,aphrodite1 is worshiped at ,dodona by the side of ,zeus1 and is regarded by ,euripides as ,thyone1 mother of ,dionysus 7,preller ,i1 #bei74 ,the epithets and names most frequently applied to ,aphrodite are the ,paphian1 ,cypris 7the ,cyprus-born71 ,cytherea1 ,erycina 7from ,mount ,eryx71 ,pandemos 7goddess of vulgar love71 ,pelagia 7,aphrodite of the sea71 ,urania 7,aphrodite of ideal love71 ,anadyomene 7rising from the water72 she is1 also1 the sweetly smiling1 laughter-loving1 bright1 golden1 fruitful1 winsome1 flower-faced1 blushing1 swift-eyed1 golden-crowned4 ,she had temples and groves in ,paphos1 ,abydos1 ,samos1 ,ephesus1 ,cyprus1 ,cythera1 in some of which--for instance1 ,paphos--gorgeous annual festivals were held4 ,see ,childe ,harold1 ,i1 #ff4 ,venus was a deity of extreme antiquity among the ,romans1 but not of great importance until she had acquired certain attributes of the ,eastern ,aphrodite4 ,she was worshiped as goddess of love1 as presiding over marriage1 as the goddess who turns the hearts of men1 and1 later1 even as a goddess of victory4 ,a festival in her honor1 called the ,veneralia1 was held in ,rome in ,april4 ,illustrative4 ,see ,chaucer's ,knight's ,tale for frequent references to the goddess of love2 also the ,court of ,love2 ,spenser's ,prothalamion1 and ,epithalamion1 ,handmaids of the ,cyprian queen2 ,shakespeare1 ,tempest1 ,,iv1 i2 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,,ii1 vi2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,,iv1 v2 ,cymbeline1 ,v1 v2 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,,ii1 i2 ,milton1 ,l',allegro2 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #bad2 ,comus1 #abd2 ,pope1 ,rape of the ,lock #d1 #ace2 ,spring1 #fe2 ,summer1 #fa2 ,thomas ,woolner1 ,pygmalion 7,cytherea74 ,poems4 ,certain parts of ,shakespeare's ,venus and ,adonis and occasional stanzas in ,swinburne's volume1 ,laus ,veneris1 may be adapted to illustrative purposes4 ,chaucer1 ,the ,complaint of ,mars and ,venus2 ,thomas ,wyatt1 ,the ,lover prayeth ,venus to conduct him to the ,desired ,haven4 ,see the melodious chorus to ,aphrodite in ,swinburne's ,atalanta in ,calydon2 ,lewis ,morris1 ,aphrodite1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,thomas ,gordon ,hake1 ,the ,birth of ,venus1 in ,new ,symbols2 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,sonnets2 ,venus ,verticordia1 ,venus ,victrix4 #ce4 ,in ,art4 ,one of the most famous of ancient paintings was the ,venus rising from the foam1 of ,apelles4 ,the ,venus found 7#ahbj7 in the island of ,melos1 or of ,milo 7see text1 opp4 p4 #cb71 now to be seen in the ,louvre in ,paris1 is the work of some sculptor of about the fourth century ,b4,c4 ,some say that the left hand uplifted held a mirrorlike shield2 others1 an apple2 still others1 a trident2 and that the goddess was ,amphitrite4 ,a masterpiece of ,praxiteles was the ,venus of ,cnidos1 based upon which are the ,venus of the ,capitoline in ,rome and the ,venus de' ,medici in ,florence4 ,also the ,venus of the ,vatican1 which is1 in my opinion1 superior to both4 ,the ,venus of the ,medici was in the possession of the princes of that name in ,rome when1 about two hundred years ago1 it first attracted attention4 ,an inscription on the base assigns it to ,cleomenes1 an ,athenian sculptor of #bjj ,b4,c41 but the authenticity of the inscription is doubtful4 ,there is a story that the artist was employed by public authority to make a statue exhibiting the perfection of female beauty1 and that to aid him in his task the most perfect forms the city could supply were furnished him for models4 ,note ,thomson's allusion in the ,summer3 ,so stands the statue that enchants the world2 ,so bending tries to veil the matchless boast1 ,the mingled beauties of exulting ,greece4 ,and ,byron's ,there too the goddess loves in stone1 and fills ,the air around with beauty4--,childe ,harold1 #d1 #di-ec4 ,one of the most beautiful of the ,greek ,aphrodites is the ,petworth 7opp4 p4 #abf1 text74 ,of modern paintings the most famous are3 the ,sleeping ,venus and other representations of ,venus by ,titian2 the ,birth of ,venus by ,bouguereau2 ,tintoretto's ,cupid1 ,venus1 and ,vulcan2 ,veronese's ,venus with ,satyr and ,cupid4 ,modern sculpture3 ,thorwaldsen's ,venus with the ,apple2 ,venus and ,cupid2 ,cellini's ,venus2 ,canova's ,venus ,victrix1 and the ,venus in the ,pitti ,gallery2 ,rossetti's ,venus ,verticordia 7crayons1 water colors1 oil74 #cf4 ,interpretative4 ,max ,mller traces ,hermes1 child of the ,dawn with its fresh breezes1 herald of the gods1 spy of the night1 to the ,vedic ,saram1 goddess of the ,dawn4 ,others translate ,saram1 storm4 ,roscher derives from the same root as ,sarameyas 7son of ,saram71 with the meaning ,hastener1 the swift wind4 ,the invention of the syrinx is attributed also to ,pan4 ,illustrative4 ,to ,mercury's construction of the lyre out of a tortoise shell1 ,gray refers 7,progress of ,poesy71 ,parent of sweet and solemn-breathing airs1 ,enchanting shell6 etc4 ,see ,shakespeare1 ,king ,john1 ,,iv1 ii2 ,henry ,,iv1 ,,iv1 i2 ,richard ,,iii1 ,,ii1 i2 ,,iv1 iii2 ,hamlet1 ,,iii1 iv2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #c1 ,though by their powerful art they bind ,volatile ,hermes2 #d1 #gag2 #aa1 #acc2 ,il ,penseroso1 #hh2 ,comus1 #fcg1 #ifb4 ,poems3 ,sir ,t4 ,martin1 ,goethe's ,phoebus and ,hermes2 ,shelley's translation of ,homer's ,hymn to ,mercury4 ,in ,art4 ,the ,mercury in the ,central ,museum1 ,athens2 ,mercury ,belvedere 7,vatican72 ,mercury in ,repose 7,national ,museum1 ,naples74 ,the ,hermes by ,praxiteles1 in ,olympia 7text1 opp4 p4 #aej71 and the ,hermes ,psychopompos leading to the underworld the spirit of a woman who has just died 7text1 ,fig4 #bj2 from a relief sculptured on the tomb of ,myrrhina71 are especially fine specimens of ancient sculpture4 ,in modern sculpture3 ,cellini's ,mercury 7base of ,perseus1 ,loggia del ,lanzi1 ,florence72 ,giov4 di ,bologna's ,flying ,mercury 7bronze1 ,bargello1 ,florence3 text1 opp4 p4 #ccj72 ,thorwaldsen's ,mercury4 ,in modern painting3 ,tintoretto's ,mercury and the ,graces2 ,francesco ,albani's ,mercury and ,apollo2 ,claude ,lorrain's ,mercury and ,battus2 ,turner's ,mercury and ,argus2 ,raphael's allegorical ,mercury 7,wednesday71 ,vatican1 ,rome2 and his ,mercury with ,psyche 7,farnese ,frescoes74 #cg4 ,interpretative4 ,the name ,hestia 7,latin ,vesta7 has been variously derived from roots meaning to sit1 to stand1 to burn4 ,the two former are consistent with the domestic nature of the goddess2 the latter with her relation to the hearth-fire4 ,she is first of the goddesses1 the holy1 the chaste1 the sacred4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,il ,penseroso 7,melancholy71 ,thee bright-haired ,vesta long of yore ,to solitary ,saturn bore1 etc4 #ch4 7#a7 ,cupid 7,eros74 ,references and allusions to ,cupid throng our poetry4 ,only a few are here given4 ,shakespeare1 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,i1 iv2 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,,ii1 vi2 ,merry ,wives1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,i1 i2 ,,ii1 i2 ,,iii1 ii2 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,i1 i2 ,,ii1 ii2 ,,iv1 i2 ,cymbeline1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,milton1 ,comus1 #dde1 #ajjd2 ,herrick1 ,the ,cheat of ,cupid2 ,pope1 ,rape of the ,lock1 #e1 #ajb2 ,dunciad1 #d1 #cjh2 ,moral ,essays1 #d1 #aaa2 ,windsor ,forest1--on ,lord ,surrey1 ,in the same shades the ,cupids tuned his lyre ,to the same notes of love and soft desire4 ,poems4 ,chaucer1 ,the ,cuckow and ,nightingale1 or ,boke of ,cupid 7872 ,occleve1 ,the ,letter of ,cupid2 ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 ,cupid's ,revenge1 and the ,masque1 ,a ,wife for a ,month2 ,j4,g4 ,saxe1 ,death and ,cupid1 on their exchange of arrows1 ,and that explains the reason why ,despite the gods above1 ,the young are often doomed to die1 ,the old to fall in love2 ,thomas ,ashe1 ,the ,lost ,eros2 ,coventry ,patmore1 ,the ,unknown ,eros4 ,also ,john ,lyly's ,campaspe3 ,cupid and my ,campaspe playd1 ,at cardes for kisses1 ,cupid payd2 ,he stakes his quiver1 bow1 and arrows1 ,his mother's doves1 and teeme of sparows2 ,looses them too2 then1 downe he throwes ,the corrall of his lippe1 the rose ,growing on's cheek 7but none knows how71 ,with these1 the cristall of his brow1 ,and then the dimple of his chinne3 ,all these did my ,campaspe winne4 ,at last hee set her both his eyes2 ,shee won1 and ,cupid blind did rise4 ,o love6 has shee done this to thee8 ,what shall 7alas67 become of mee8 ,see also ,lang's translation of ,moschus1 ,idyl ,i1 and ,o4 ,wilde1 ,the ,garden of ,eros4 ,in ,art4 ,antique sculpture3 the ,eros in ,naples1 ancient marble from an original perhaps by ,praxiteles 7text1 ,fig4 #ba72 ,eros bending the ,bow1 in the ,museum at ,berlin2 ,cupid bending his ,bow 7,vatican72 ,eros with his ,bow1 in the ,capitoline 7text1 opp4 p4 #acf74 ,modern sculpture3 ,thorwaldsen's ,mars and ,cupid4 ,modern paintings3 ,bouguereau's ,cupid and a ,butterfly2 ,raphael's ,cupids 7among drawings in the ,museum at ,venice72 ,burne-,jones' ,cupid 7in series with ,pyramus and ,thisbe72 ,raphael ,mengs' ,cupid sharpening his ,arrow2 ,guido ,reni's ,cupid2 ,van ,dyck's ,sleeping ,cupid4 ,see also under ,psyche1 ,c4 #aja4 ,hymen4 ,see ,sir ,theodore ,martin's translations of the ,collis ,o ,heliconii1 and the ,vesper adest1 juvenes1 of ,catullus 7,,lxi and ,,lxii72 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #aa1 #eia2 ,l',allegro1 #abe2 ,pope1 ,chorus of ,youths and ,virgins4 7#b7 ,hebe4 ,thomas ,lodge's ,sonnet to ,phyllis1 ,fair art thou1 ,phyllis1 ay1 so fair1 sweet maid2 ,milton1 ,vacation ,exercise1 #ch2 ,comus1 #bij2 ,l',allegro1 #bi2 ,spenser1 ,epithalamion4 ,poems3 ,t4 ,moore1 ,the ,fall of ,hebe2 ,j4 ,r4 ,lowell1 ,hebe4 ,in ,art3 ,ary ,scheffer's painting of ,hebe2 ,n4 ,schiavoni's painting4 ,ganymede4 ,chaucer1 ,hous of ,fame1 #ha2 ,tennyson1 in the ,palace of ,art1 ,or else flushed ,ganymede1 his rosy thigh ,half-buried in the ,eagle's down1 etc42 ,shelley in the ,prometheus 7,jove's order to ,ganymede72 ,milton1 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1cec2 ,drayton1 ,song #d1 ,the birds of ,ganymed4 ,poems3 ,lord ,lytton1 ,ganymede2 ,bowring1 ,goethe's ,ganymede2 ,roden ,nol1 ,ganymede2 ,edith ,m4 ,thomas1 ,homesickness of ,ganymede2 ,s4 ,margaret ,fuller1 ,ganymede to his ,eagle2 ,drummond on ,ganymede's lament1 ,when eagle's talons bare him through the air4 ,in ,art3 ,the ,rape of ,ganymede1 marble in the ,vatican1 probably from the original in bronze by ,leochares 7text1 ,fig4 #bb74 ,grco-,roman sculpture3 ,ganymede and the ,eagle 7,national ,museum1 ,naples74 ,modern sculpture3 ,thorwaldsen's ,ganymede4 7#c7 ,the ,graces4 ,rogers1 ,inscription for a ,temple2 ,matthew ,arnold1 ,euphrosyne4 ,these goddesses are continually referred to in poetry4 ,note the painting by ,j4 ,b4 ,regnault 7,louvre71 also the sculpture by ,canova4 7#d7 ,the ,muses4 ,spenser1 ,the ,tears of the ,muses2 ,milton1 ,il ,penseroso2 ,byron1 ,childe ,harold1 #a1 #a1 #fb1 #hh2 ,thomson1 ,castle of ,indolence1 #b1 #b2 #b1 #h2 ,akenside1 ,pleasures of ,imagination1 #c4 #bhj1 #cbg2 ,ode on ,lyric ,poetry2 ,crabbe1 ,the ,village1 ,bk4 #a2 ,introductions to the ,parish ,register1 ,newspaper1 ,birth of ,flattery2 ,m4 ,arnold1 ,urania4 ,delphi1 ,parnassus1 etc43 ,gray1 ,progress of ,poesy1 #b1 #c4 ,vale of ,tempe3 ,keats1 ,on a ,grecian ,urn2 ,young1 ,ocean1 an ode4 ,in ,art4 ,sculpture3 ,polyhymnia1 ancient marble in ,berlin 7text1 ,fig4 #bc72 ,clio and ,calliope1 in the ,vatican in ,rome2 ,euterpe1 ,melpomene1 ,polyhymnia1 and ,urania1 in the ,louvre1 ,paris2 ,terpsichore by ,thorwaldsen4 ,painting3 ,apollo and the ,muses1 by ,raphael ,mengs and by ,giulio ,romano2 ,terpsichore 7picture71 by ,schtzenberger4 7#e7 ,the ,hours1 in art3 ,raphael's ,six ,hours of the ,day and ,night4 7#f7 ,the ,fates4 ,refrain stanzas in ,lowell's ,villa ,franca1 ,spin1 spin1 ,clotho1 spin6 ,lachesis1 twist6 and ,atropos1 sever6 ,in ,art3 ,the ,fates1 painting attributed to ,michelangelo1 but now by some to ,rosso ,fiorentino from ,michelangelo's design 7text1 ,fig4 #bd1 ,pitti ,gallery1 ,florence72 painting by ,paul ,thumann4 7#g7 ,nemesis4 ,for genealogy see ,table ,b1 ,c4 #di4 7#h7 sculapius4 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #e1 #cf-dc2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #i1 #ejg4 7#i7 7#aj7 ,the ,winds1 ,helios1 ,aurora1 ,hesper1 etc4 olus3 ,chaucer1 ,hous of ,fame1 #dhj4 ,see ,c4 #abe and genealogical tables ,h and ,i4 ,hippotades is olus 7son of ,hippotes74 ,in ,lycidas1 #if1 ,milton calls the king of the winds ,hippotades1 because1 following ,homer 7,odyssey1 #aj1 #b7 and ,ovid 7,metam4 #ad1 #bbd71 he identifies olus ,,ii with olus ,,iii4 ,boreas and ,orithyia3 ,akenside1 ,pleasures of ,imagination1 #a1 #gbb4 ,in ,art4 ,the fragment1 ,helios rising from the ,sea1 by ,phidias1 south end1 east pediment of the ,parthenon4 ,boreas and ,zetos1 ,greek reliefs 7text1 ,figs4 #be and #bf72 ,boreas and ,orithyia 7text1 ,fig4 #bg71 on a vase in ,munich4 7#aa7 ,hesperus4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #fje2 #i1 #di2 ,comus1 #ihb2 ,akenside1 ,ode to ,hesper2 ,campbell1 ,two ,songs to the ,evening ,star1 ,tennyson1 ,the ,hesperides4 7#ab7 ,iris there with humid bow waters the odorous banks1 etc41 ,comus1 #iib4 ,see also ,milton's ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #fih2 #aa1 #bdd4 ,in ,art3 ,fig4 #bh1 text2 and painting by ,guy ,head 7,gallery1 ,st4 ,luke's1 ,rome74 ,she is the swift-footed1 wind-footed1 fleet1 the ,iris of the golden wings1 etc4 #ci4 ,hyperborean4 ,beyond the ,north4 ,concerning the ,elysian ,plain1 see #df4 ,illustrative3 ,milton1 ,comus1 ,now the gilded car of day1 etc4 #dj4 ,ceres4 ,illustrative4 ,pope1 ,moral ,essays1 #d1 #agf1 ,another age shall see the golden ear ,imbrown the slope 444 ,and laughing ,ceres reassume the land2 ,spring1 #ff2 ,summer1 #ff2 ,windsor ,forest1 #ci2 ,gray1 ,progress of ,poesy2 ,warton1 ,first of ,april1 ,fancy 444 ,sees ,ceres grasp her crown of corn1 ,and ,plenty load her ample horn2 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #c1 #a1 #ea2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bfh2 #i1 #cie4 ,poems4 ,tennyson1 ,demeter and ,persephone2 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jackson1 ,demeter4 ,prose3 ,w4 ,h4 ,pater1 ,the ,myth of ,demeter 7,fortn4 ,rev4 ,vol4 #be1 #ahgf72 ,s4 ,colvin1 ,a ,greek ,hymn 7,cornh4 ,mag4 ,vol4 #cc1 #ahgf72 ,swinburne1 ,at ,eleusis4 ,the name ,ceres is from the stem cer1 ,sanskrit kri1 'to make4' ,by metonomy the word comes to signify corn in the ,latin4 ,demeter 7,g mtr1 da matr7 means ,mother ,earth4 ,the goddess is represented in art crowned with a wheat-measure 7or modius71 and bearing a horn of plenty filled with ears of corn4 ,demeter 787 appears in the group of deities on the eastern frieze of the ,parthenon4 ,also noteworthy are the ,demeter from ,knidos 7text1 ,fig4 #bi1 from the marble in the ,british ,museum72 two statues of ,ceres in the ,vatican at ,rome1 and one in the ,glyptothek at ,munich2 and the ,roman wall painting 7text1 ,fig4 #cj74 #da4 ,rhea was worshiped as ,cybele1 the ,great ,mother1 in ,phrygia and at ,pessinus in ,galatia4 ,during the ,second ,punic ,war1 #bjc ,b4,c41 her image was brought from the latter place to ,rome4 ,in #aia ,b4,c4 the ,megalesian ,games were first celebrated in her honor1 occupying six days1 from the fourth of ,april on4 ,plays were acted during this festival4 ,the ,great ,mother was also called ,cybebe1 ,berecyntia1 and ,dindymene4 ,the ,cybele of ,art4 ,in works of art1 ,cybele exhibits the matronly air which distinguishes ,juno and ,ceres4 ,sometimes she is veiled1 and seated on a throne with lions at her side2 at other times she rides in a chariot drawn by lions4 ,she wears a mural crown1 that is1 a crown whose rim is carved in the form of towers and battlements4 ,rhea is mentioned by ,homer 7,iliad1 #ae1 #ahg7 as the consort of ,cronus4 ,illustrative4 ,byron's figure likening ,venice to ,cybele1 ,childe ,harold1 #d1 #b1 ,she looks a sea-,cybele1 fresh from ocean1 etc4 ,also ,milton's ,arcades1 #ba4 #db4 ,interpretative4 ,it is interesting to note that ,homer 7,iliad and ,odyssey7 recognizes ,dionysus neither as inventor1 nor as exclusive god of wine4 ,in ,iliad1 #f1 #acj he refers1 however1 to the ,dionysus cult in ,thrace4 ,hesiod is the first to call wine the gift of ,dionysus4 ,dionysus means the ,zeus or god of ,nysa1 an imaginary vale of ,thrace1 ,boeotia1 or elsewhere1 in which the deity spent his youth4 ,the name ,bacchus owes its origin to the enthusiasm with which the followers of the god lifted up their voices in his praise4 ,similar names are ,iacchus1 ,bromius1 ,evius 7from the cry evoe74 ,the god was also called ,lyus1 the loosener of care1 ,liber1 the liberator4 ,his followers are also known as ,edonides 7from ,mount ,edon1 in ,thrace1 where he was worshiped71 ,thyiades1 the sacrificers1 ,lena and ,bassarides4 ,his festivals were the ,lesser and ,greater ,dionysia 7at ,athens71 the ,lena1 and the ,anthesteria1 in ,december1 ,march1 ,january1 and ,february1 respectively4 ,at the first1 three dramatic performances were presented4 ,illustrative4 ,a few references and allusions worth consulting3 ,spenser1 ,epithalamion2 ,fletcher1 ,valentinian1 ,god ,lyus1 ever young2 ,randolph1 ,to ,master ,anthony ,stafford 7#afcb72 ,milton1 ,l',allegro1 #af2 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bgi2 #g1 #cc2 ,comus1 #df1 #ebb2 ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,v1 i2 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,,iv1 iii2 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,,ii1 vii1 song2 ,shelley1 ,ode to ,liberty1 #g1 ,rome--like a ,cadman ,mnad2 ,keats1 ,to a ,nightingale1 ,not charioted by ,bacchus and his pards4 ,on ,semele1 ,milton1 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #ahg2 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #c1 #aa1 #cc4 ,poems4 ,ben ,jonson1 ,dedication of the ,king's ,new ,cellar2 ,thomas ,parnell1 ,bacchus1 or the ,drunken ,metamorphosis2 ,landor1 ,sophron's ,hymn to ,bacchus2 ,swinburne1 ,prelude to ,songs before ,sunrise2 ,roden ,nol1 ,the ,triumph of ,bacchus2 ,robert ,bridges1 ,the ,feast of ,bacchus2 others given in text4 ,see ,index4 ,in ,art4 ,of ancient representations of the ,bacchus1 the best examples are the marble in the ,british ,museum 7text1 ,fig4 #ca72 the ,silenus holding the child ,bacchus 7in the ,louvre72 the head of ,dionysus found in ,smyrna 7now in ,leyden--see text1 ,fig4 #adc71 from an original of the school of ,scopas2 the head 7now in ,london7 from the ,baths of ,caracalla1 of the later ,attic school2 the ,faun and ,bacchus 7,museum1 ,naples72 a standing bronze figure in ,vienna1 and the statue of the ,villa ,tiburtina 7,rome74 ,the bearded or ,indian ,bacchus is represented as advanced in years1 grave1 dignified1 crowned with a diadem and robed to the feet4 ,see also ,figs4 #hb-hg1 in text4 ,in modern sculpture note especially the ,drunken ,bacchus of ,michelangelo4 ,among modern paintings worthy of notice are ,bouguereau's ,youth of ,bacchus1 and ,c4 ,gleyre's ,dance of the ,bacchantes4 ,see also under ,ariadne4 #dc4 ,the invention of the syrinx is attributed also to ,mercury4 ,for poetical illustrations of ,pan see ,c4 #abi-ach4 ,so also for ,nymphs and ,satyrs4 ,in ,art4 ,pan the ,hunter 7text1 ,fig4 #cb72 the antique1 ,pan and ,daphnis 7with the syrinx7 in the ,museum at ,naples4 ,see references above4 #dd-df4 ,it was only in rare instances that mortals returned from ,hades4 ,see the stories of ,hercules1 ,orpheus1 ,ulysses1 neas4 ,on the tortures of the condemned and the happiness of the blessed1 see #bed-beg in ,the ,adventures of neas4 ,illustrative4 ,lowell1 addressing the ,past1 says3 ,whatever of true life there was in thee ,leaps in our age's veins2 444 ,here1 'mid the bleak waves of our strife and care ,float the green ,fortunate ,isles ,where all thy hero-spirits dwell1 and share ,our martyrdom and toils2 ,the present moves attended ,with all of brave and excellent and fair ,that made the old time splendid4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #c1 #efh1 ,like those ,hesperian gardens1 etc4 ,see also the same1 #b1 #egg ff41--,abhorrd ,styx1 the flood of deadly hate1--where the rivers of ,erebus are characterized according to the meaning of their ,greek names2 and ,l',allegro1 #c4 ,charon3 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #c1 #ai2 ,r4 ,c4 ,rogers1 ,charon4 ,elysium3 ,cowper1 ,progress of ,error1 ,night1 ,the balm of care1 ,elysium of the mind2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #c1 #dgb2 ,comus1 #beg2 ,l',allegro2 ,shakespeare1 #c ,henry ,,vi1 ,i1 ii2 ,cymbeline1 ,v1 iv2 ,twelfth ,night1 ,i1 ii2 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,,ii1 vii2 ,shelley1 ,to ,naples4 ,lethe3 ,shakespeare1 ,twelfth ,night1 ,,iv1 i2 ,julius ,csar1 ,,iii1 i2 ,hamlet1 ,i1 v2 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,v1 ii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #ehc4 ,tartarus3 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #heh2 #f1 #ed4 #dg4 ,interpretative4 ,the name ,hades means the invisible1 or he who makes invisible4 ,the meaning of ,pluto 7,plouton71 according to ,plato 7,cratylus71 is wealth1--the giver of treasure which lies underground4 ,pluto carries the cornucopia1 symbol of inexhaustible riches2 but careful discrimination must be observed between him and ,plutus 7,ploutos71 who is merely an allegorical figure1--a personification of wealth and nothing more4 ,hades is called also the ,illustrious1 the ,many-named1 the ,benignant1 ,polydectes or the ,hospitable4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,l',allegro1 and ,il ,penseroso2 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bgj2 ,thomas ,kyd1 ,spanish ,tragedy 7,andrea's descent to ,hades2--this poem deals extensively with the ,infernal ,regions72 ,shakespeare1 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,,iv1 iv2 ,v1 ii2 ,coriolanus1 ,i1 iv2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,iv1 iii4 ,poems4 ,buchanan1 ,ades1 ,king of ,hell2 ,lewis ,morris1 ,epic of ,hades4 #dh4 ,proserpina4 ,not from the ,latin pro-serpo1 'to creep forth' 7used of herbs in spring71 but from the ,greek form ,persephone1 bringer of death4 ,the later name ,pherephatta refers to the doves 7phatta71 which were sacred to her as well as to ,aphrodite4 ,she carries ears of corn as symbol of vegetation1 poppies as symbol of the sleep of death1 the pomegranate as the fruit of the underworld of which none might partake and return to the light of heaven4 ,among the ,romans her worship was overshadowed by that of ,libitina1 a native deity of the underworld4 ,illustrative4 ,keats1 ,melancholy1 #a2 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #b1 #b2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bfi2 #i1 #cif4 ,poems4 ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 ,the ,search after ,proserpine2 ,jean ,ingelow1 ,persephone2 ,swinburne1 ,hymns to ,proserpine2 ,l4 ,morris1 ,persephone 7,epic of ,hades72 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,proserpina4 7,also in crayons1 in water colors1 and in oil47 ,in ,art4 ,sculpture3 ,eastern pediment of ,parthenon frieze4 ,painting3 ,lorenzo ,bernini's ,pluto and ,proserpine2 ,p4 ,schobelt's ,abduction of ,proserpine4 #di4 ,textual4 7#a7 ,for acus1 son of gina1 see #fa and ,c4 #aij1 ,table ,o2 for ,minos and ,rhadamanthus1 see #ei4 ,eumenides3 euphemistic term1 meaning the well-intentioned4 ,hecate was descended through her father ,perses from the ,titans1 ,cres and ,eurybi2 through her mother ,asteria from the ,titans1 ,coeus and ,phoebe4 ,she was therefore1 on both sides1 the granddaughter of ,uranus and ,ga4 ,the following table is based upon ,hesiod's account of ,the ,family of ,night4 7,theogony47 ,according to other theogonies1 the ,fates were daughters of ,jove and ,themis1 and the ,hesperides daughters of ,atlas4 ,the story of the true and false ,dreams and the horn and ivory gates 7,odyssey1 #ai1 #efj7 rests on a double play upon words3 7#a7 elephas 7elephas71 'ivory1' and elephairomai 7elephairomai71 'to cheat with false hope'2 7#b7 keras 7keras71 horn1 and krainein 7krainein71 'to fulfill4' ,see ,mortimer ,collins1 ,the ,ivory ,gate1 a poem4 ,illustrative4 ,hades3 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #ifd2 ,l4 ,morris1 ,epic of ,hades4 ,styx3 ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,v1 iv2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,i1 ii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #egg2 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #b1 #cch4 ,erebus3 ,shakespeare1 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,v1 i2 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,julius ,csar1 ,,ii1 i4 ,cerberus3 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #aa1 #da2 ,shakespeare1 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,v1 ii2 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,,ii1 i2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,ii1 v2 ,maxwell1 ,tom ,may's ,death2 ,milton1 ,l',allegro1 #b4 ,furies3 ,milton1 ,lycidas2 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #eig1 #fga2 #f1 #hei2 #aj1 #fbj2 ,paradise ,regained1 #i1 #dbb2 ,comus1 #fda2 ,dryden1 ,alexander's ,feast1 #f2 ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,v1 i2 ,richard ,,iii1 ,i1 iv2 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,v1 iii4 ,hecate3 ,shakespeare1 ,macbeth1 ,,iv1 i4 ,sleep and ,death3 ,shelley1 ,to ,night2 ,h4 ,k4 ,white1 ,thanatos4 ,in ,art4 ,vase-painting of ,canusium of the ,underworld 7text1 ,fig4 #cd72 painting of a ,fury by ,michelangelo 7,uffizi1 ,florence72 also ,figs4 #ce-ci in text4 #ej-eb4 ,see next page for ,genealogical ,table1 ,divinities of the ,sea4 ,for stories of the ,gr1 ,gorgons1 ,scylla1 ,sirens1 ,pleiades1 etc41 consult ,index4 ,illustrative4 ,oceanus3 ,milton1 ,comus1 #hfh4 ,neptune3 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #aa1 #ed2 ,shakespeare1 ,tempest1 ,i1 ii2 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,macbeth1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,cymbeline1 ,,iii1 i2 ,hamlet1 ,i1 i2 ,milton1 ,lycidas2 ,paradise ,regained1 #a1 #aij2 ,paradise ,lost1 #i1 #ah2 ,comus1 #hfi2 ,prior1 ,ode on ,taking of ,namur2 ,waller's ,panegyric to the ,lord ,protector4 ,panope3 ,milton1 ,lycidas1 #ii4 ,harpies4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #c1 #djc4 ,sirens3 ,wm4 ,morris1 ,life and ,death of ,jason--,song of the ,sirens4 ,scylla and ,charybdis 7see ,index73 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #ffj2 ,arcades1 #fc2 ,comus1 #beg2 ,pope1 ,rape of the ,lock1 #c1 #abb4 ,sirens3 ,rossetti1 ,a ,sea-,spell2 ,a4 ,lang1 ,they hear the ,sirens for the second time4 ,,table ,b4 ,,the ,,family ,,of ,,night ,night -- ,goddesses of ,destiny and ,fate 7,clotho1 ,lachesis1 ,atropos7 -- ,death 7,thanatos7 -- ,sleep -- ,morpheus -- ,icelus -- ,phantasus -- ,dreams -- ,momus 7god of ridicule--adverse criticism7 -- ,care -- ,hesperides -- ,nemesis ,naiads4 ,landor1 ,to ,joseph ,ablett2 ,shelley1 ,to ,liberty1 #h2 ,spenser1 ,prothalamion1 #ai2 ,milton1 ,lycidas2 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #cee2 ,comus1 #bed2 ,buchanan1 ,naiad 7see #acd72 ,drummond of ,hawthornden1 ,nymphs1 sister nymphs1 which haunt this crystal brook1 ,and happy in these floating bowers abide1 etc42 ,pope1 ,summer1 #g2 ,armstrong1 ,art of ,preserving ,health1 ,come1 ye ,naiads6 to the fountains lead4 ,,table ,c4 ,,divinities ,,of ,,the ,,sea ,ga ,uranus -- ,oceanus ,tethys -- ,inachus and other river-gods -- ,oceanids -- ,doris 7the ,oceanid7 ,nereus -- ,amphitrite ,neptune -- ,proteus 7acc4 to ,apollodorus7 -- ,triton -- ,galatea -- ,thetis ,peleus -- ,achilles -- ,cronus ,rhea -- ,neptune ,amphitrite -- ,proteus 7acc4 to ,apollodorus7 7see above7 -- ,triton 7see above7 -- ,rhea ,cronus -- ,neptune 7see above7 ,ga ,pontus -- ,nereus ,doris 7the ,oceanid7 -- ,amphitrite 7see above7 -- ,galatea 7see above7 -- ,thetis 7see above7 -- ,thaumas -- ,iris -- ,harpies -- ,phorcys ,ceto -- ,gr -- ,gorgons -- ,sirens -- ,scylla -- ,ceto ,phorcys -- ,gr 7see above7 -- ,gorgons 7see above7 -- ,sirens 7see above7 -- ,scylla 7see above7 ,proteus4 ,shakespeare1 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,i1 i2 ,,ii1 ii2 ,,iii1 ii2 ,,iv1 iv2 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #a1 #cg2 #b1 #aji4 ,the ,water ,deities are presented in a masque contained in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's ,maid's ,tragedy4 ,in ,art4 ,poseidon3 see text1 ,figs4 #dj and #da 7originals in the ,british ,museum and the ,glyptothek1 ,munich72 also the ,isthmian ,poseidon1 ,fig4 #ie4 ,the ,atlas 7,grco-,roman sculpture7 in ,national ,museum1 ,naples2 the ,triton in ,vatican 7text1 ,fig4 #db74 ,modern painting3 ,j4 ,van ,beers1 ,the ,siren2 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,the ,siren4 ,textual4 ,consus1 from condere1 'to stow away4' ,the sisters of ,carmenta1 the forward-looking ,antevorta and the backward-looking ,postvorta1 were originally but different aspects of the function of the ,muse4 #ed4 ,illustrative4 ,saturn3 ,milton1 ,il ,penseroso2 ,keats1 ,hyperion2 ,peele1 ,arraignment of ,paris4 ,janus1 as god of civilization3 ,dryden1 ,epistle to ,congreve1 #g4 ,fauns3 ,milton1 ,lycidas2 ,r4 ,c4 ,rogers1 ,the ,dancing ,faun4 ,see ,hawthorne's ,marble ,faun4 ,bellona3 ,shakespeare1 ,macbeth1 ,bellona's bridegroom1 lapp'd in proof2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #ibb4 ,pomona3 ,randolph1 ,to ,master ,anthony ,stafford2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #i1 #cic2 #e1 #cgh2 ,thomson1 ,seasons1 ,summer1 #ffc4 ,flora3 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #e1 #af2 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #d1 #ag2 ,r4 ,h4 ,stoddard1 ,arcadian ,hymn to ,flora2 ,pope1 ,windsor ,forest1 #ch4 ,janus3 ,jonathan ,swift1 ,to ,janus1 on ,new ,year's ,day1 #agbf2 ,egeria1 one of the ,camen2 ,childe ,harold1 #d1 #aae-abj2 ,tennyson1 ,palace of ,art1 ,holding one hand against his ear1 etc4 ,pan1 etc43 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #gjg2 #d1 #cbi4 ,in ,sculpture4 ,the ,satyr1 or so-called ,faun1 of ,praxiteles in the ,vatican 7text1 ,fig4 #ajf72 ,dancing ,faun 7,lateran1 ,rome72 ,dancing ,faun1 ,drunken ,faun1 ,sleeping ,faun1 and ,faun and ,bacchus 7,national ,museum1 ,naples72 ,the ,barberini ,faun1 or ,sleeping ,satyr 7,glyptothek1 ,munich74 ,flora4 ,painting by ,titian 7,uffizi1 ,florence74 #ee4 ,the first love of ,zeus was ,metis1 daughter of ,oceanus and ,tethys4 ,she is ,prudence or ,foreknowledge4 ,she warned ,zeus that if she bore him a child1 it would be greater than he4 ,whereupon ,zeus swallowed her2 and1 in time1 from his head sprang ,athene1 the virgin of the azure eyes1 ,equal in strength1 and as her father wise 7,hesiod1 ,theog474 ,on ,latona1 see #cb1 #gc1 and ,commentary4 #ef4 ,for ,dana see #aea2 for ,alemene1 #aef2 for ,leda1 #aid4 #eg4 ,in the following general table of the ,race of ,inachus 7see p4 #dhh71 marriages are indicated in the usual manner 7by the sign 1 or by parentheses72 the more important characters mentioned in this work are printed in heavy-faced type4 ,while numerous less important branches1 families1 and mythical individuals have been intentionally omitted1 it is hoped that this reduction of various relationships1 elsewhere explained or tabulated1 to a general scheme1 may furnish the reader with a clearer conception of the family ties that motivate many of the incidents of mythical adventure1 and that must have been commonplaces of information to those who invented and perpetuated these stories4 ,it should be borne in mind that the traditions concerning relationships are by no means consistent1 and that consequently the collation of mythical genealogies demands the continual exercise of discretion1 and a balancing of probabilities4 ,notice that from the union of ,jupiter and ,io 7,table ,d71 ,hercules is descended in the thirteenth generation4 ,inachus is the principal river of ,argolis in the ,peloponnesus4 ,interpretative4 ,io is explained as the horned moon1 in its various changes and wanderings4 ,argus is the heaven with its myriad stars1 some of them shut1 some blinking1 some always agleam4 ,the wand of ,hermes and his music may be the morning breeze1 at the coming of which the eyes of heaven close 7,cox1 #b1 #ach2 ,preller #b1 #dj74 ,the explanation would1 however1 be just as probable if ,mercury 7,hermes7 were a cloud-driving wind4 ,pan and the ,syrinx3 naturally the wind playing through the reeds1 if 7with ,mller and ,cox7 we take ,pan to be the all-purifying1 but yet gentle1 wind4 ,but see p4 #aha4 ,illustrative4 ,shelley1 ,to the ,moon1 ,art thou pale for weariness ,of climbing heaven and gazing on the earth1 ,wandering companionless ,among the stars that have a different birth8 ,milton's ,to behold the wandering moon1 ,riding near her highest noon1 ,like one that had been led astray1 ,through the heaven's wide pathless way 7,il ,penseroso74 ,see also for ,io1 ,shelley's ,prometheus ,bound4 ,argus3 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #aa1 #aca2 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #b1 #cgd2 #d1 #fcg4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #dg in the text1 from a wall-painting of ,herculaneum 7,museum1 ,naples74 ,correggio's painting1 ,jupiter and ,io2 not a pleasant conception4 #eh4 ,interpretative4 ,the myth of ,callisto and ,arcas is of ,arcadian origin4 ,if the ,arcadians1 in very remote times1 traced their descent from a she-bear1 and if they also1 like other races1 recognized a bear in a certain constellation1 they might naturally mix the fables and combine them later with the legend of the all-powerful ,zeus 7,lang1 #b1 #aha74 ,according to another account1 ,callisto was punished for her love of ,jupiter by ,diana 7,artemis74 ,her name has been identified with the adjective ,calliste1 'most fair1' which was certainly applied to ,artemis herself4 ,that ,artemis was protectress of she-bears is known2 also that1 in ,attica1 she was served by girls who imitated1 while dancing1 the gait of bears4 ,it is quite possible1 therefore1 that ,artemis inherited a more ancient worship of the bear that may have been the totem1 or sacred animal1 from which the ,arcadians traced a mythological descent4 ,others hold that the word arksha1 'a star1' became confused with the ,greek arktos1 'a bear4' ,so the myth of the son ,arcas 7the star and the bear7 may have arisen 7,max ,mller74 ,the last star in the tail of the ,little ,bear is the ,polestar1 or ,cynosure 7dog's tail74 ,,table ,d4 ,,the ,,race ,,of ,,inachus ,,and ,,its ,,branches ,oceanus -- ,inachus -- ,phoroneus -- ,apis -- ,niobe ,jupiter -- ,argus -- 7,tiryns1 ,epidaurus1 and other founders of ,peloponnesian cities7 -- ,pelasgus -- ,lycaon -- ,sons destroyed for impiety -- ,callisto ,jupiter -- ,arcas 7ancestor of ,the ,arcadians7 -- ,elatus -- ,pereus -- ,nera -- ,lycurgus -- ,ancus 7,calyd4 ,hunt7 -- ,amphidamas 7an ,argonaut7 -- ,antimache ,eurystheus -- ,jasus -- ,atalanta of ,arcadia 7,calyd4 ,hunt7 -- ,argus ,panoptes 7slain by ,mercury7 -- ,phegeus -- ,arsino ,alcmon -- ,io ,jupiter -- ,epaphus -- ,libya ,neptune -- ,agenor -- ,cadmus ,harmonia -- ,semele ,jupiter -- ,bacchus -- ,ino ,athamas -- ,melicertes -- ,autono ,aristus -- ,acton -- ,agave ,echion -- ,pentheus -- ,menoeceus -- ,creon -- ,menoeceus ,,ii -- ,hmon -- ,jocasta ,laus -- ,,oedipus -- ,eteocles -- ,polynices -- ,thersander -- ,antigone -- ,ismene -- ,polydorus -- ,labdacus -- ,laus ,jocasta -- ,,oedipus 7see above7 -- ,phoenix -- ,cilix -- ,phineus 7the ,soothsayer7 -- ,europa ,jupiter -- ,minos ,i -- ,lycastus -- ,minos ,,ii ,pasipha -- ,crateus -- ,arope ,atreus -- ,agamemnon ,clytemnestra -- ,menelas ,helen -- ,phdra ,theseus -- ,ariadne ,theseus -- ,rhadamanthus -- ,sarpedon -- ,belus -- gyptus -- #di sons -- ,lynceus ,hypermnestra -- ,abas -- ,acrisius -- ,dana ,jupiter -- ,perseus ,andromeda -- ,perses -- ,electryon -- ,alcmene ,jupiter -- ,hercules ,amphitryon -- ,iphicles -- ,alcus -- ,amphitryon ,alcmene -- ,iphicles 7see above7 -- ,sthenelus -- ,proetus -- ,megapenthes -- ,danas -- ,hypermnestra ,lynceus -- ,abas 7see above7 -- ,cepheus ,cassiopea -- ,andromeda ,perseus -- ,perses 7see above7 -- ,electryon 7see above7 -- ,alcus 7see above7 -- ,sthenelus 7see above7 ,illustrative4 ,milton's ,let my lamp1 at midnight hour1 ,be seen in some high lonely tower1 ,where ,i may oft outwatch the ,bear 7,il ,penseroso72 and his ,where perhaps some beauty lies ,the cynosure of neighbouring eyes 7,l',allegro72 also his ,and thou shalt be our star of ,arcady1 ,or ,tyrian ,cynosure 7,comus74 ,note ,lowell's ,the ,bear1 that prowled all night about the fold ,of the ,north-star1 hath shrunk into his den 7,prometheus74 ,see also the song beginning1 ,hear ye1 ladies1 that despise ,what the mighty ,love had done1 in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's drama1 ,valentinian1--for ,callisto1 ,leda1 and ,dana4 #ei4 ,the ,descendants of ,agenor4 ,for further details1 see ,table ,d4 ,,table ,e ,mars ,venus -- ,harmonia ,cadmus -- ,semele ,jupiter -- ,bacchus -- ,ino ,athamas -- ,melicertes -- ,autono ,aristus -- ,acton -- ,agave -- ,pentheus -- ,polydorus -- ,labdacus -- ,laus -- ,,oedipus 7royal family of ,thebes7 ,agenor -- ,cadmus ,harmonia -- ,semele 7see above7 -- ,ino 7see above7 -- ,autono 7see above7 -- ,agave 7see above7 -- ,polydorus 7see above7 -- ,europa ,jupiter -- ,minos -- ,rhadamanthus -- ,sarpedon -- ,phoenix -- ,cilix ,textual4 ,moschus lived about the close of the third century ,b4,c4 in ,syracuse4 ,he was a grammarian and an idyllic poet4 ,he calls himself a pupil of ,bion1--whose ,lament for ,adonis is given in #ajj4 ,both ,bion and ,moschus belong to the ,school of ,theocritus--the ,idyllic or ,pastoral ,school of ,poetry4 ,cypris3 ,venus1 by whom the island of ,cyprus was beloved4 ,mygdonian flutes3 the ancients had three species or modes of music1 depending1 respectively1 upon the succession of musical intervals which was adopted as the basis of the system4 ,the ,lydian measures were shrill and lively2 the ,dorian deep in tone1 grave1 and solemn2 the ,mygdonian1 or ,phrygian1 were supposed by some to have been the same as the ,lydian1 but more probably they were a combination of ,lydian and ,dorian4 ,shaker of the ,world3 ,neptune4 ,crete3 where ,jupiter had been concealed from his father ,cronus1 and nourished by the goat ,amalthea4 ,interpretative4 ,herodotus says that ,europa was a historical princess of ,tyre1 carried off by ,hellenes to ,crete4 ,taurus 7the bull7 was euhemeristically conceived to be a king of ,crete who carried off the ,tyrian princess as prize of war4 ,others said that probably the figurehead of the ship in which ,europa was conveyed to ,crete was a bull4 ,it is not improbable that the story indicates a settlement of ,phoenicians in ,crete and the introduction by them of cattle4 ,modern critics1 such as ,preller and ,welcker1 make ,europa a goddess of the moon ,diana or ,astarte1 and translate her name the dark1 or obscured one4 ,but she has undoubtedly a connection with the earth1 perhaps as wife of ,jupiter 7the ,heaven74 ,h4 ,d4 ,mller connects both ,io and ,europa with the wandering ,demeter 7or ,ceres71 and considers ,demeter to be a goddess both of the moon and of the earth 7,helbig1 in ,roscher74 ,cox1 after his usual method1 finds here the ,dawn borne across the heaven by the lord of the pure ether4 ,europa would then be the broad-spreading flush of dawn1 seen first in the purple region of morning 7,phoenicia74 ,her brother ,cadmus1 who pursues her1 would be the sun searching for his lost sister or bride4 ,very fanciful1 but inconclusive4 ,the bull occurs not infrequently in myth as an incarnation of deity4 ,illustrative4 ,w4 ,s4 ,landor1 ,europa and her ,mother2 ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 ,the ,rape of ,europa2 ,e4 ,dowden1 ,europa2 ,w4 ,w4 ,story1 ,europa 7a sonnet74 ,see also a graceful picture in ,tennyson's ,palace of ,art4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #dh1 in text1 from vase found at ,cum2 the marble group in the ,vatican1 ,europa riding the ,bull2 painting by ,paolo ,veronese1 ,the ,rape of ,europa2 ,europa1 by ,claude ,lorrain4 #fj4 ,see ,tables ,d and ,e4 ,interpretative4 ,according to ,preller1 ,semele is a personification of the fertile soil in spring1 which brings forth the productive vine4 ,in the irrational part of the myth1 ,jove takes the child ,dionysus 7,bacchus71 after ,semele's death1 and sews him up in his thigh for safe-keeping4 ,preller finds here the wedlock of heaven and earth1 the first day that it thunders in ,march4 ,exactly why1 might be easy to guess1 but hard to demonstrate4 ,the thigh of ,jupiter would have to be the cool moist clouds brooding over the youthful vine4 ,the whole explanation is altogether too conjectural4 ,see ,a4 ,lang's ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #bba-bbe1 for a more plausible but less poetic theory4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #ahg2 ,bowring's translation of ,schiller's ,semele2 ,e4 ,r4 ,sill1 ,semele1 of which a part is given in the text4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #ej1 in text4 #fa4 ,textual4 ,the son of gina and ,jove was acus 7for genealogy1 see ,table ,o 7#a774 gina3 an island in the ,saronic ,gulf1 between ,attica and ,argolis4 ,asopus3 the name of two rivers1 one in ,achaia1 one in ,boeotia1 of which the latter is the more important4 ,the ,greek traveler1 ,pausanias1 tells us that ,asopus was the discoverer of the river which bears his name4 ,sisyphus1 see #bee4 ,this description of the plague is copied by ,ovid from the account which ,thucydides gives of the plague of ,athens4 ,that account1 much fuller than is here given1 was drawn from life and has been the source from which many subsequent poets and novelists have drawn details of similar scenes4 ,the ,myrmidons were1 during the ,trojan ,war1 the soldiers of ,achilles1 grandson of this king acus4 ,interpretative4 ,the name gina may imply either the shore on which the waves break 7,preller71 or the sacred goat 7geus7 which was the totem of the geus family of ,attica4 ,the worship of ,athene was introduced into ,athens by this family4 ,in sacrifices the goddess was clad in the skin of the sacred goat1 but no goat might be sacrificed to her4 ,probably another example of the survival of a savage ritual 7,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #a1 #bhj74 ,illustrative4 ,myrmidons3 ,no1 no1 said ,rhadamant1 it were not well1 ,with loving souls to place a martialist2 ,he died in war1 and must to martial fields1 ,where wounded ,hector lives in lasting pain1 ,and ,achilles' ,myrmidons do scour the plain4 ,kyd1 ,spanish ,tragedy ,on ,sisyphus1 read ,lewis ,morris' poem in ,the ,epic of ,hades4 #fb4 ,textual4 ,mnad3 the ,mnades1 from mainomai 7mainomai71 'to rage1' were women who danced themselves into a frenzy in the orgies or festivals of ,bacchus4 ,cithron3 a mountain range south of ,thebes and between ,boeotia and ,attica4 ,interpretative4 ,antiope1 philologically interpreted1 may indicate the moon with face turned full upon us4 ,that ,antiope is a personification of some such natural phenomena would also appear from the significance of the names associated with hers in the myth3 ,nycteus1 the night-man2 ,lycus1 the man of light4 ,amphion and ,zethus are thought1 in like fashion1 to represent manifestations of light2 see also ,castor and ,pollux4 ,perhaps the method employed by ,zethus and ,amphion in building ,thebes may merely symbolize the advantage of combining mechanical force with well-ordered or harmonious thought4 ,in ,art3 ,the ,farnese ,bull group 7text1 opp4 p4 #gd73 marble1 maybe by ,tauriscus and ,tralles1 in ,naples ,museum4 ,fig4 #ea3 a relief in the ,palazzo ,spada1 ,rome4 ,modern painting3 ,correggio's ,antiope4 #fc4 ,textual4 ,phrygia3 a province in ,asia ,minor4 ,for ,minerva's protection of the olive1 see #fe4 ,tyana is a town in ,cappadocia1 ,asia ,minor4 #fd4 ,textual4 ,argos3 the capital of ,argolis in the ,peloponnesus4 ,of ,cydippe1 it is told1 in ,ovid's ,heroides and elsewhere1 that1 when a girl sacrificing in the temple of ,diana in ,delos1 she was seen and loved by a youth1 ,acontius4 ,he threw before her an apple1 on which these words were inscribed1 ,i swear by the sanctuary of ,diana to marry ,acontius4 ,the maiden read aloud the words and threw the apple away4 ,but the vow was registered by ,diana1 who1 in spite of many delays1 brought about the marriage of ,cydippe and her unknown lover4 ,polyclitus the ,elder1 of ,argos1 lived about #dca ,b4,c41 and was a contemporary of two other great sculptors1 ,phidias and ,myron4 ,his greatest work was the chryselephantine statue of ,hera for her temple between ,argos and ,mycen4 ,illustrative4 ,beside ,gosse's ,sons of ,cydippe1 see verses by ,l4 ,j4 ,richardson1 in ,the ,inlander1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #b4 ,for the story of ,acontius and ,cydippe1 see ,william ,morris' ,earthly ,paradise2 and ,lytton's ,cydippe1 or ,the ,apples1 in ,the ,lost ,tales of ,miletus4 ,in ,art4 ,the severe design in clay by ,teignmouth1 of which prints may be obtained1 was made to illustrate ,gosse's poem4 #fe-ff4 ,textual4 ,for ,cecrops1 see #agd4 ,he named the city that he founded ,cecropia1--a name which afterwards clung to ,athens4 ,for an excellent description of ancient weaving1 see ,catullus1 ,,lxiv1 #cjd-cbc 7,the ,peleus and ,thetis74 ,for translation1 see #aia4 ,leda1 mother of ,castor1 ,pollux1 ,helen1 and ,clytemnestra 7see #aid and ,commentary74 ,dana1 mother of ,perseus 7see #aea74 ,interpretative4 ,the waves were the coursers of ,neptune1--the horses with which he scours the strand4 ,arachne3 a princess of ,lydia4 ,it is probable that the myth symbolizes the competition in products of the loom between ,attica and ,asia ,minor and the superior handicraft of the ,athenian weavers4 ,illustrative4 ,arachne3 ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,v1 ii2 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #d1 #eij4 ,poem3 ,garrick1 ,upon a ,lady's ,embroidery4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #eb1 in text3 from a vase in ,st4 ,petersburg4 #fh4 ,textual4 ,diomede3 for his genealogy1 see ,table ,k4 ,taslets3 armor worn about the thighs4 ,cyprian3 ,venus4 ,pan 7,pon1 or ,paion71 classed by ,homer among the ,olympian gods1 of whom he is1 as his name implies1 the healer4 ,later1 the name was applied to sculapius1 then to any god who might repair or avert evil of any kind1 as1 for instance1 to ,apollo and to ,thanatos 7,death74 ,see ,armstrong's ,art of ,health1 ,so ,pan1 so the powers of ,health command1 etc41 and the wise of ancient days ,adored one power of physic1 melody1 and song4 ,pans were chants in honor of ,apollo1 sung to deprecate misfortune in battle or to avert disease4 ,lower than the sons of ,heaven3 lower than the ,titans1 sons of ,uranus 7,heaven71 who were plunged into ,tartarus4 #fi4 ,textual4 ,lessing points out in his ,laocon the skill with which ,homer1 stating the size of the stone hurled by ,minerva and the measure of the space covered by ,mars1 suggests the gigantic proportions of the warring divinities4 #gj4 ,textual4 ,family of ,cadmus3 see ,tables ,d and ,e4 ,castalian ,cave of ,mount ,parnassus1 ,phocis2 here was the famous ,delphic oracle of ,apollo4 ,cephissus3 a river running through ,doris1 ,phocis1 and ,boeotia into the ,euboean ,gulf2 the valley of the ,cephissus was noted for its fertility4 ,panope3 a town on the ,cephissus4 ,tyrians3 ,cadmus and his followers came from ,tyre in ,phoenicia4 ,the ,necklace of ,harmonia was a fateful gift4 ,it brought evil to whomsoever it belonged3 to all the descendants of ,cadmus2 to ,eriphyle1 wife of ,amphiaras of ,argos1 to whom ,polynices gave it2 and to the sons of ,eriphyle4 ,it was finally dedicated to ,apollo in ,delphi4 ,harmonia's robe possessed the same fatality1 #ahg1 #ahi4 ,enchelians3 a people of ,illyria4 ,for the myths of ,semele1 see #fj2 of ,ino1 #add2 of ,autono and her son1 ,acton1 #ie2 of ,agave and her son1 ,pentheus1 #aab2 of ,polydorus1 the ,labdacid1 ,,oedipus1 etc41 #ahb4 ,eight years3 the usual period of penance4 ,apollo1 after slaying the ,python1 had to clear himself of defilement by a period of purification4 ,interpretative4 ,cadmus and his ,tyrians3 according to the usual explanation1 this myth is based upon an immigration of ,phoenicians1 who settled ,boeotia and gave laws1 the rudiments of culture 7alphabet1 etc471 and industrial arts to the older races of ,greece4 ,many ,theban names1 such as ,melicertes1 ,cadmus1 point to a possible ,phoenician origin2 cf4 ,semitic ,melkarth1 and ,kedem1 the ,east4 ,but ,preller holds that two mythical personages1 a ,greek ,cadmus and a ,phoenician ,cadmus1 have been confounded2 that the ,theban ,cadmus is merely the representative of the oldest ,theban state2 that the selection of the spot on which a heifer had lain down was a frequent practice among settlers1 superstitious about the site of their new town2 that the dragon typifies the cruel and forbidding nature of the uncultivated surroundings2 and that the story of the dragon's teeth was manufactured to flatter the warlike spirit of the ,thebans1 the teeth themselves being spear points4 ,harmonia1 daughter of the patron deities of ,thebes1 is the symbol of the peace and domesticity that attend the final establishment of order in the ,state4 ,according to the ,sun-and-,cloud theory of ,cox1 ,cadmus1 the ,sun1 pursues his sister1 ,europa1 the broad-flushing light of ,dawn1 who has been carried off on a spotless cloud 7the ,bull74 ,the ,sun1 of course1 must journey farther west than ,crete4 ,the heifer that he is to follow is1 therefore1 still another cloud 7like the cattle of the ,sun1--clouds74 ,the dragon of ,mars is still a third cloud2 and this the ,sun dissipates4 ,a storm follows1 after which new conflicts arise between the clouds that have sprung up from the moistened earth 7the harvest of armed men674 ,this kind of explanation1 indiscriminately indulged1 delights the fancy of the inventor and titillates the risibles of the reader4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #i1 #ejf4 ,the serpent that tempted ,eve compared with the serpents ,cadmus and ,hermione4 ,see ,byron1 ,don ,juan1 #c1 #hf1 ,you have the letters ,cadmus gave--,think you he meant them for a slave8 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #ed1 in text3 from a vase in the ,naples ,museum4 ,fig4 #ee is of a vase-painting from ,eretria4 #ga4 ,textual4 ,eurynome is represented by some as one of the ,titans1 the wife of ,ophion4 ,ophion and ,eurynome1 according to one legend1 ruled over heaven before the age of ,saturn 7,cronus74 ,so ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #aj1 #ehj1 ,and fabled how the ,serpent1 whom they called ,ophion1 with ,eurynome 7the wide-,encroaching ,eve perhaps71 had first the rule ,of high ,olympus1 thence by ,saturn driven4 ,according to ,vulcan's statement 7,iliad1 #ah71 ,eurynome was daughter of ,oceanus and ,tethys4 ,she was mother1 by ,jupiter1 of the ,graces4 ,thetis3 see #ej4 ,xanthus3 the principal river of ,lycia in ,asia ,minor4 #gb-gc4 ,interpretative4 ,latona 7,leto73 according to ,homer1 one of the deities of ,olympus2 a daughter of the ,titans ,coeus and ,phoebe1 whose names indicate phenomena of radiant light4 ,she belonged1 perhaps1 to an ancient theogony of ,asia ,minor4 ,at any rate she held at one time the rank of lawful wife to ,zeus4 ,preller and1 after him1 ,cox take ,leto as the dusk or darkness4 ,cox traces the word to the root of ,lethe 7the forgetful71 but ,preller is doubtful4 ,possibly ,leto and ,leda1 the mother of the bright ,castor and ,pollux1 have something in common4 ,the wanderings of ,latona may be the weary journey of the night over the mountain tops1 both before and after the ,sun 7,apollo7 is born in ,delos 7the land of ,dawn74 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,arcades1 #bj1 and ,sonnet ,,xii1 ,on the detraction which followed upon my writing certain treatises4 #gd4 ,textual4 ,hyperboreans3 those who dwell in the land beyond the ,north4 ,pan1 see ,c4 #fh4 ,tityus3 an earthborn giant2 condemned to the underworld1 he lay stretched over nine acres while two vultures devoured his liver4 ,interpretative4 ,python3 in many savage myths1 a serpent1 a frog1 or a lizard that drinks up all the waters1 and is destroyed by some national hero or god4 ,as ,mr4 ,lang says3 ,whether the slaying of the ,python was or was not originally an allegory of the defeat of winter by sunlight1 it certainly1 at a very early period1 became mixed up with ancient legal ideas and local traditions4 ,it is almost as necessary for a young god or hero to slay monsters as for a young lady to be presented at court2 and we may hesitate to explain all these legends of a useful feat of courage as nature myths 7,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #aif74 ,compare the feats of ,hercules1 ,jason1 ,bellerophon1 ,perseus1 ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon1 ,sigurd1 and ,jack the ,giant ,killer4 ,commentators take ,python to be the rigor of winter1 or the darkness of night1 or a black storm-cloud which shuts up the waters 7,cox74 ,it is not impossible that the ,python was the sacred snake of an older animal worship superseded by that of ,apollo4 7,see also ,c4 #ch47 #ge4 ,textual4 ,the ,tyrian hue is purple1 made from the juice of the murex1 or purple shellfish4 ,on the leaves of the hyacinth were inscribed characters like ,ai1 ,ai1 the ,greek exclamation of woe4 ,it is evidently not our modern hyacinth that is here described1 but perhaps some species of iris1 or of larkspur1 or pansy4 ,the meaning of the name is also uncertain1 but the best authorities favor youthful4 ,a festival called the ,hyacinthia was celebrated1 in commemoration of the myth1 over a large part of the ,peloponnesus4 ,it lasted three days1 probably in the first half of ,july4 ,it consisted of chants of lamentation and fasting during the first and last days2 during the second day1 of processions1 a horse race1 joyous choral songs1 dances1 feasting1 and sacrifice4 ,interpretative4 ,most scholars consider ,hyacinthus to be the personification of the blooming vegetation of spring1 which withers under the heats of summer4 ,the ,hyacinthian festival seems to have celebrated--like the ,linus festival and the ,eleusinian--the transitory nature of life and the hope of immortality4 ,illustrative4 ,keats1 ,endymion1 ,pitying the sad death ,of ,hyacinthus1 when the cool breath ,of ,zephyr slew him 7see context72 ,milton1 ,lycidas1 ,like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe2 ,on the ,death of a ,fair ,infant1 #d4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #eh1 in text1 is of a marble group in the ,hope ,collection4 #gf4 ,textual4 ,clymene3 a daughter of ,oceanus and ,tethys4 ,chrysolite3 or gold stone1 our topaz4 ,daystar3 ,phosphor1 see #ch 7,,ii74 ,ambrosia 7ambrosios1 ambrotos1 a-brotos71 immortal1--here1 food for the immortals4 ,turn off to the left3 indicating the course of the sun1 west by south4 ,the ,serpent1 or ,dragon3 a constellation between the ,great and ,little ,bears4 ,botes3 the constellation called the ,wagoner4 ,the limits of the ,scorpion were restricted by the insertion of the sign of the ,scales4 ,athos3 a mountain forming the eastern of three peninsulas south of ,macedonia4 ,mount ,taurus3 in ,armenia4 ,mount ,tmolus3 in ,lydia4 ,mount ,,oete3 between ,thessaly and tolia1 where ,hercules ascended his funeral pile4 ,ida3 the name of two mountains1--one in ,crete1 where ,jupiter was nurtured by ,amalthea1 the other in ,phrygia1 near ,troy4 ,mount ,helicon3 in ,boeotia1 sacred also to ,apollo4 ,mount ,hmus3 in ,thrace4 tna3 in ,sicily4 ,parnassus3 in ,phocis2 one peak was sacred to ,apollo1 the other to the ,muses4 ,the ,castalian ,spring1 sacred to the ,muses1 is at the foot of the mountain2 ,delphi is near by4 ,rhodope3 part of the ,hmus range of mountains4 ,scythia3 a general designation of ,europe and ,asia north of the ,black ,sea4 ,caucasus3 between the ,black and ,caspian seas4 ,mount ,ossa3 associated with ,mount ,pelion in the story of the giants1 who piled one on top of the other in their attempt to scale ,olympus4 ,these mountains1 with ,pindus1 are in ,thessaly4 ,libyan desert3 in ,africa4 ,libya was fabled to have been the daughter of ,epaphus1 king of ,egypt4 ,tanas3 the ,don1 in ,scythia4 ,cacus3 a river of ,greater ,mysia1 flowing into the sea at ,lesbos4 ,xanthus and ,mander3 rivers of ,phrygia1 flowing near ,troy4 ,ca ster3 a river of ,ionia1 noted for its so-called tuneful swans4 ,for ,nereus1 ,doris1 ,nereds1 etc41 see #ej and #eb4 ,eridanus3 the mythical name of the river ,po in ,italy 7amber was found on its banks74 ,naiads1 see #eb 7#f74 ,interpretative4 ,apollo assumed many of the attributes of ,helios1 the older divinity of the sun1 who is ordinarily reputed to be the father of ,phathon 7ordinarily anglicized ,phaton74 ,the name ,phathon1 like the name ,phoebus1 means the radiant one4 ,the sun is called both ,helios ,phathon and ,helios ,phoebus in ,homer4 ,it was an easy feat of the imagination to make ,phathon the incautious son of ,helios1 or ,apollo1 and to suppose that extreme drought is caused by his careless driving of his father's chariot4 ,the drought is succeeded by a thunderstorm2 and the lightning puts an end to ,phathon4 ,the rain that succeeds the lightning is1 according to ,cox1 the tears of the ,heliades4 ,it is hardly wise to press the analogy so far1 unless one is prepared to explain the amber in the same way4 ,illustrative4 ,milman in his ,samor alludes to the story4 ,see also ,chaucer1 ,hous of ,fame1 #dce2 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #d1 #i2 ,shakespeare1 ,richard ,,ii1 ,,iii1 iii2 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,,iii1 i2 #c ,henry ,,vi1 ,i1 iv2 ,,ii1 vi2 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,,iii1 ii4 ,poems3 ,prior1 ,female ,phaton2 ,j4 ,g4 ,saxe1 ,phaton2 and ,g4 ,meredith1 ,phaton4 ,for description of the palace and chariot of the ,sun1 see ,landor1 ,gebir1 ,bk4 ,i4 ,in ,art3 ,fig4 #ei1 in text3 a relief on a ,roman sarcophagus in the ,louvre4 #gg4 ,textual4 ,for the siege of ,troy1 see ,chap4 ,,xxii4 ,atrides 7,atreides73 the son of ,atreus1 ,agamemnon4 ,the ending -ides means son of1 and is used in patronymics2 for instance1 ,pelides 7,peleides71 ,achilles2 ,tydides1 ,diomede1 son of ,tydeus4 ,the ending -is1 in patronymics1 means daughter of2 as ,tyndaris1 daughter of ,tyndarus 7,tyndareus71 ,helen2 ,chryses1 daughter of ,chryses4 ,interpretative4 ,of this incident ,gladstone1 in his primer on ,homer1 says3 ,one of the greatest branches and props of morality for the heroic age lay in the care of the stranger and the poor4444 ,sacrifice could not be substituted for duty1 nor could prayer4 ,such1 upon the abduction of ,chryses1 was the reply of ,calchas the ,seer3 nothing would avail but restitution4 #gh4 ,the ,dynasty of ,tantalus and its ,connections4 7,see also ,table ,i47 ,,table ,f ,jupiter -- ,tantalus 7k4 of ,phrygia7 ,dione -- ,niobe ,amphion -- #g sons and #g daughters -- ,pelops ,hippodamia -- ,atreus ,arope -- ,agamemnon -- ,menelas -- ,thyestes -- gisthus -- ,pittheus 7k4 of ,troezen7 -- thra geus -- ,theseus ,antiope -- ,amphion ,niobe -- #g sons and #g daughters 7see above7 ,atlas -- ,dione ,tantalus 7k4 of ,phrygia7 -- ,niobe 7see above7 -- ,pelops 7see above7 -- ,sterope ,,ii ,mars -- ,,oenomas -- ,hippodamia ,pelops -- ,atreus 7see above7 -- ,thyestes 7see above7 -- ,pittheus 7k4 of ,troezen7 7see above7 ,minos ,,ii -- ,arope ,atreus -- ,agamemnon 7see above7 -- ,menelas 7see above7 ,pelops4 ,it is said that the goddess ,demeter in a fit of absent-mindedness ate the shoulder of ,pelops4 ,the part was replaced in ivory when ,pelops was restored to life4 ,mount ,cynthus3 in ,delos1 where ,apollo and ,diana were born4 ,interpretative4 ,max ,mller derives ,niobe from the root snu1 or snigh1 from which come the words for snow in the ,indo-,european languages4 ,in ,latin and ,greek1 the stem is ,niv1 hence ,nib1 ,niobe4 ,the myth1 therefore1 would signify the melting of snow and the destruction of its icy offspring under the rays of the spring sun 7,sci4 ,relig4 #cgb74 ,according to ,homer 7,iliad1 #bd1 #faa71 there were six sons and six daughters4 ,after their death no one could bury them1 since all who looked on them were turned to stone4 ,the burial was1 accordingly1 performed on the tenth day after the massacre1 by ,jupiter and the other gods4 ,this petrifaction of the onlookers may indicate the operation of the frost4 ,cox says that ,niobe1 the snow1 compares her golden-tinted1 wintry mists or clouds with the splendor of the sun and moon4 ,others look upon the myth as significant of the withering of spring vegetation under the heats of summer 7,preller74 ,the latter explanation is as satisfactory1 for spring is the child of winter 7,niobe74 ,illustrative4 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #b1 #caa2 ,lewis ,morris1 ,niobe on ,sipylus 7,songs ,unsung72 ,byron's noble stanza on fallen ,rome1 ,the ,niobe of nations6 there she stands1 ,childless and crownless1 in her voiceless woe1 etc4 7,childe ,harold1 #d1 #gi72 ,w4 ,s4 ,landor1 ,niobe2 ,frederick ,tennyson1 ,niobe4 ,on ,tantalus1 see ,lewis ,morris1 ,tantalus1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades4 ,on ,sir ,richard ,blackmore1 a physician and poor poet1 ,thomas ,moore writes the following stanza3 ',t was in his carriage the sublime ,sir ,richard ,blackmore used to rhyme1 ,and1 if the wits don't do him wrong1 ',twixt death and epics passed his time1 ,scribbling and killing all day long2 ,like ,phoebus in his car at ease1 ,now warbling forth a lofty song1 ,now murdering the young ,niobes4 ,in ,art4 ,the restoration of the statue of ,niobe1 ,mount ,sipylus2 of extreme antiquity4 ,the ,st4 ,petersburg relief 7,fig4 #fa1 in text7 is probably the best group4 ,figs4 #fj and #fb are from the ancient marbles in the ,uffizi1 ,florence4 ,the fragments of the latter group were discovered in #aehc near the ,porta ,san ,giovanni1 ,rome4 ,the figure of the mother1 clasping the little girl who has run to her in terror1 is one of the most admired of the ancient statues4 ,it ranks with the ,laocon and the ,apollo ,belvedere among the masterpieces of art4 ,the following is a translation of a ,greek epigram supposed to relate to this statue3 ,to stone the gods have changed her1 but in vain2 ,the sculptor's art has made her breathe again4 ,there is also a fine figure of a daughter of ,niobe in the ,vatican1 ,rome2 and there are figures in the ,louvre4 ,reinach in his ,apollo attributes the originals to ,scopas4 #gi4 ,interpretative4 ,the month in which the festival of ,linus took place was called the ,lambs' ,month3 the days were the ,lambs' ,days1 on one of which was a massacre of dogs4 ,according to some1 ,linus was a minstrel1 son of ,apollo and the ,muse ,urania1 and the teacher of ,orpheus and ,hercules4 #hj4 ,centaurs4 ,monsters represented as men from the head to the loins1 while the remainder of the body was that of a horse4 ,centaurs are the only monsters of antiquity to which any good traits were assigned4 ,they were admitted to the companionship of men4 ,chiron was the wisest and justest of the ,centaurs4 ,at his death he was placed by ,jupiter among the stars as the constellation ,sagittarius 7the ,archer74 ,messenia3 in the ,peloponnesus4 sculapius3 there were numerous oracles of sculapius1 but the most celebrated was at ,epidaurus4 ,here the sick sought responses and the recovery of their health by sleeping in the temple4 ,it has been inferred from the accounts that have come down to us that the treatment of the sick resembled what is now called animal magnetism or mesmerism4 ,serpents were sacred to sculapius1 probably because of a superstition that those animals have a faculty of renewing their youth by a change of skin4 ,the worship of sculapius was introduced into ,rome in a time of great sickness4 ,an embassy1 sent to the temple of ,epidaurus to entreat the aid of the god1 was propitiously received2 and on the return of the ship sculapius accompanied it in the form of a serpent4 ,arriving in the river ,tiber1 the serpent glided from the vessel and took possession of an island1 upon which a temple was soon erected to his honor4 ,interpretative4 ,the healing powers of nature may be here symbolized4 ,but it is more likely that the family of ,asclepiad 7a medical clan7 invented ,asklepios as at once their ancestor and the son of the god of healing1 ,apollo4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #i1 #ejf2 ,shakespeare1 ,pericles1 ,,iii1 ii2 ,merry ,wives1 ,,ii1 iii4 ,in ,art4 sculapius 7sculpture71 ,vatican2 also the statue in the ,uffizi1 ,florence 7text1 ,fig4 #fc74 ,thorwaldsen's 7sculpture7 ,hygea 7,health7 and sculapius1 ,copenhagen4 #ha4 ,interpretative4 ,perhaps the unceasing and unvarying round of the sun led to the conception of him as a servant4 ,max ,mller cites the ,peruvian ,inca who said that if the sun were free1 like fire1 he would visit new parts of the heavens4 ,he is1 said the ,inca1 like a tied beast who goes ever round and round in the same track 7,chips1 etc41 #b1 #aac74 ,nearly all ,greek heroes had to undergo servitude1--,hercules1 ,perseus1 etc4 ,no stories are more beautiful or more lofty than those which express the hope1 innate in the human heart1 that somewhere and at some time some god has lived as a man among men and for the good of men4 ,such stories are not confined to the ,greeks or the ,hebrews4 ,illustrative4 ,r4 ,browning1 ,apollo and the ,fates2 ,edith ,m4 ,thomas1 ,apollo the ,shepherd2 ,emma ,lazarus1 ,admetus2 ,w4 ,m4 ,w4 ,call1 ,admetus4 #hc4 ,textual4 ,alcestis was a daughter of the ,pelias who was killed at the instigation of ,medea 7#afg74 ,in that affair ,alcestis took no part4 ,for her family1 see ,table ,g4 ,she was held in the highest honor in ,greek fable1 and ranked with ,penelope and ,laodamia1 the latter of whom was her niece4 ,to explain the myth as a physical allegory would be easy1 but is it not more likely that the idea of substitution finds expression in the myth8--that idea of atonement by sacrifice1 which is suggested in the words of ,,oedipus at ,colonus 7#ahe71 ,for one soul working in the strength of love ,is mightier than ten thousand to atone4 ,kor 7the daughter of ,ceres73 ,proserpina4 ,larissa3 a city of ,thessaly1 on the river ,penes4 ,illustrative4 ,milton's sonnet1 ,on his ,deceased ,wife3 ,methought ,i saw my late espousd saint ,brought to me like ,alcestis from the grave1 ,whom ,jove's great son to her glad husband gave1 ,rescued from death by force1 though pale and faint4 ,chaucer1 ,legende of ,good ,women1 #bjh et seq42 ,court of ,love 7871 #ajj et seq4 ,poems4 ,robert ,browning's noble poem1 ,balaustion's ,adventure1 purports to be a paraphrase of the ,alcestis of ,euripides1 but while it maintains the classical spirit1 it is in execution an original poem4 ,the ,love of ,alcestis1 by ,william ,morris2 ,mrs4 ,hemans1 ,the ,alcestis of ,alfieri1 and ,the ,death ,song of ,alcestis2 ,w4 ,s4 ,landor1 ,hercules1 ,pluto1 ,alcestis1 and ,admetus2 ,alcestis3 ,f4 ,t4 ,palgrave1 ,w4 ,m4 ,w4 ,call1 ,john ,todhunter 7a drama74 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #fd1 in text1 ,naples ,museum2 also the relief on a ,roman sarcophagus in the ,vatican4 #hd4 ,textual4 ,this ,laomedon was descended1 through ,dardanus 7the forefather of the ,trojan race71 from ,jupiter and the ,pleiad ,electra4 ,for further information about him1 see #aai1 #afa1 and ,table ,i4 ,interpretative4 ,apollo evidently fulfills1 under ,laomedon1 his function as god of colonization4 #he-hf4 ,textual4 ,for ,pan1 see #dc2 for ,tmolus1 #gf4 ,penes3 a river in ,thessaly1 which rises in ,mount ,pindus and flows through the wooded valley of ,tempe4 ,ddal3 variously adorned1 variegated4 ,midas was king of ,phrygia 7see #aac74 ,illustrative4 ,the story of ,king ,midas has been told by others with some variations4 ,dryden1 in the ,wife of ,bath's ,tale1 makes ,midas' queen the betrayer of the secret3 ,this ,midas knew1 and durst communicate ,to none but to his wife his ears of state4 #hg4 ,illustrative4 ,m4 ,arnold1 ,empedocles 7,song of ,callicles72 ,l4 ,morris1 ,marsyas1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,edith ,m4 ,thomas1 ,marsyas2 ,e4 ,lee-,hamilton1 ,apollo and ,marsyas4 ,in ,art4 ,raphael's drawing1 ,apollo and ,marsyas 7,museum1 ,venice72 ,bordone's ,apollo1 ,marsyas1 and ,midas 7,dresden72 the ,grco-,roman sculpture1 ,marsyas 7,louvre72 ,marsyas 7or ,dancing ,faun71 in the ,lateran1 ,rome4 #hi4 ,textual4 ,daphne was a sister of ,cyrene1 another sweetheart of ,apollo's 7#ade74 ,delphi1 in ,phocis1 and ,tenedos1 an island off the coast of ,asia ,minor1 near ,troy1 were celebrated for their temples of ,apollo4 ,the latter temple was sacred to ,apollo ,smintheus1 the ,mouse-,apollo1 probably because he had rid that country of mice as ,st4 ,patrick rid ,ireland of snakes and toads4 ,dido3 queen of ,carthage 7#beb71 whose lover1 neas1 sailed away from her4 ,interpretative4 ,max ,mller's explanation is poetic though not philologically probable4 ,daphne1 or ,ahan1 means the ,dawn4 ,there is first the appearance of the dawn in the eastern sky1 then the rising of the sun as if hurrying after his bride1 then the gradual fading away of the bright dawn at the touch of the fiery rays of the sun1 and at last her death or disappearance in the lap of her mother1 the earth4 ,the word ,daphne also means1 in ,greek1 a laurel2 hence the legend that ,daphne was changed into a laurel tree 7,sci4 ,relig41 #cgh1 #cgi74 ,others construe ,daphne as the lightning4 ,it is1 however1 very probable that the ,greeks of the myth-making age1 finding certain plants and flowers sacred to ,apollo1 would invent stories to explain why he preferred the laurel1 the hyacinth1 the sunflower1 etc4 ,such myths of metamorphoses are1 as ,mr4 ,lang says1 an universal growth of savage fancy1 and spring from a want of a sense of difference between men and things 7,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #bjf74 ,illustrative4 ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,induction ii2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,i1 i2 ,milton1 ,comus1 #ei1 #ffb2 ,hymn on the ,nativity1 ,,ii4 #agf-ahj1 ,vacation1 #cc-dj2 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bfh-bge2 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #ahg2 ,lord de ,tabley 7,wm4 ,lancaster71 ,daphne1 ,all day long1 ,in devious forest1 ,grove1 and fountain side1 ,the god had sought his ,daphne1 etc42 ,lyly1 ,king ,mydas2 ,apollo's ,song to ,daphne2 ,frederick ,tennyson1 ,daphne4 ,waller applies this story to the case of one whose amatory verses1 though they did not soften the heart of his mistress1 yet won for the poet widespread fame3 ,yet what he sung in his immortal strain1 ,though unsuccessful1 was not sung in vain4 ,all but the nymph that should redress his wrong1 ,attend his passion and approve his song4 ,like ,phoebus thus1 acquiring unsought praise1 ,he caught at love and filled his arms with bays4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #fg1 in text2 ,bernini's ,apollo and ,daphne1 in the ,villa ,borghese1 ,rome 7see text1 opp4 p4 #aab74 ,painting3 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts' ,daphne4 #ia4 ,illustrative4 ,hood1 ,flowers1 ,i will not have the mad ,clytia1 ,whose head is turned by the sun1 etc42 ,w4 ,w4 ,story1 ,clytie2 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,fields1 ,clytia4 ,the so-called bust of ,clytie 7discovered not long ago7 is possibly a representation of ,isis4 #ic4 ,textual4 ,elis3 northwestern part of the ,peloponnesus4 ,alphes3 a river of ,elis flowing to the ,mediterranean4 ,the river ,alphes does in fact disappear under ground1 in part of its course1 finding its way through subterranean channels1 till it again appears on the surface4 ,it was said that the ,sicilian fountain ,arethusa was the same stream1 which1 after passing under the sea1 came up again in ,sicily4 ,hence the story ran that a cup thrown into the ,alphes appeared again in the ,arethusa4 ,it is1 possibly1 this fable of the underground course of ,alphes that ,coleridge has in mind in his dream of ,kubla ,khan3 ,in ,xanadu did ,kubla ,khan ,a stately pleasure-dome decree3 ,where ,alph1 the sacred river1 ran ,through caverns measureless to man1 ,down to a sunless sea4 ,in one of ,moore's juvenile poems he alludes to the practice of throwing garlands or other light objects on the stream of ,alphes1 to be carried downward by it1 and afterward reproduced at its emerging1 as an offering ,to lay at ,arethusa's feet4 ,the ,acroceraunian ,mountains are in ,epirus in the northern part of ,greece4 ,it is hardly necessary to point out that a river ,arethusa arising there could not possibly be approached by an ,alphes of the ,peloponnesus4 ,such a criticism of ,shelley's sparkling verses would however be pedantic rather than just4 ,probably ,shelley uses the word ,acroceraunian as synonymous with steep1 dangerous4 ,if so1 he had the practice of ,ovid behind him 7,remedium ,amoris1 #gci74 ,mount ,erymanthus3 between ,arcadia and ,achaia4 ,the ,dorian deep3 the ,peloponnesus was inhabited by descendants of the fabulous ,dorus4 ,enna3 a city in the center of ,sicily4 ,ortygia3 an island on which part of the city of ,syracuse is built4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,arcades1 #cj2 ,lycidas1 #acb2 ,margaret ,j4 ,preston1 ,the ,flight of ,arethusa2 ,keats1 ,endymion1 ,bk4 #b1 ,on either side out-gushed1 with misty spray1 ,a copious spring4 #ie4 ,see genealogical table ,e for ,acton4 ,in this myth ,preller finds another allegory of the baleful influence of the dog days upon those exposed to the heat4 ,cox's theory that here we have large masses of cloud which1 having dared to look upon the clear sky1 are torn to pieces and scattered by the winds1 is principally instructive as illustrating how far afield theorists have gone1 and how easy it is to invent ingenious explanations4 ,illustrative4 ,shakespeare1 ,merry ,wives1 ,,ii1 i2 ,,iii1 ii2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,ii1 iii2 ,shelley1 ,adonais1 #ca1 ,midst others of less note1 came one frail ,form1 etc41 a touching allusion to himself2 ,a4 ,h4 ,clough1 ,acton2 ,l4 ,morris1 ,acton 7,epic of ,hades74 #if4 ,chios3 an island in the gean4 ,lemnos3 another island in the gean1 where ,vulcan had a forge4 ,interpretative4 ,the ancients were wont to glorify in fable constellations of remarkable brilliancy or form4 ,the heavenly adventures of ,orion are sufficiently explained by the text4 ,illustrative4 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #c1 #ca2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a1 #bii1 ,natheless he so endured1 etc42 ,longfellow1 ,occultation of ,orion2 ,r4 ,h4 ,horne1 ,orion2 ,charles ,tennyson ,turner1 ,orion 7a sonnet74 #ig4 ,electra4 ,see genealogical table ,i4 ,see same table for ,merope1 the mother of ,glaucus and grandmother of ,bellerophon 7#aee74 ,illustrative4 ,pleiads3 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #g1 #cgd2 ,pope1 ,spring1 #ajb2 ,mrs4 ,hemans has verses on the same subject2 ,byron1 ,like the lost ,pleiad seen no more below4 ,in modern sculpture1 ,the ,lost ,pleiad of ,randolph ,rogers is famous2 in painting1 the ,pleiades of ,elihu ,vedder 7,fig4 #gb1 in text74 #ih4 ,mount ,latmos3 in ,caria4 ,diana is sometimes called ,phoebe1 the shining one4 ,for the descendants of ,endymion1 the tolians1 etc41 see ,table ,i4 ,interpretative4 ,according to the simplest explanation of the ,endymion myth1 the hero is the setting sun on whom the upward rising moon delights to gaze4 ,his fifty children by ,selene would then be the fifty months of the ,olympiad1 or ,greek period of four years4 ,some1 however1 consider him to be a personification of sleep1 the king whose influence comes over one in the cool caves of ,latmos1 the ,mount of ,oblivion2 others1 the growth of vegetation under the dewy moonlight2 still others1 euhemeristically1 a young hunter1 who under the moonlight followed the chase1 but in the daytime slept4 ,illustrative4 ,the ,endymion of ,keats4 ,fletcher1 in the ,faithful ,shepherdess1 tells1 ,how the pale ,phoebe1 hunting in a grove1 ,first saw the boy ,endymion1 etc4 ,young1 ,night ,thoughts1 ,so ,cynthia1 poets feign1 ,in shadows veiled1 444 ,her shepherd cheered2 ,spenser1 ,epithalamion1 ,the ,latmian ,shepherd1 etc42 ,marvel1 ,songs on ,lord ,fauconberg and the ,lady ,mary ,cromwell 7chorus1 ,endymion and ,laura72 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 ,metrical ,essays1 ,and1 ,night's chaste empress1 in her bridal play1 ,laughed through the foliage where ,endymion lay4 ,poems4 ,besides ,keats' the most important are by ,lowell1 ,longfellow1 ,clough 7,epi ,latmo1 and ,selene71 ,t4 ,b4 ,read1 ,buchanan1 ,l4 ,morris 7,epic of ,hades74 ,john ,lyly's prose drama1 ,endymion1 contains quaint and delicate songs4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #gc1 in text2 ,diana and the sleeping ,endymion 7,vatican74 ,paintings4 ,carracci's fresco1 ,diana embracing ,endymion 7,farnese ,palace1 ,rome72 ,guercino's ,sleeping ,endymion2 ,g4 ,f4 ,watts' ,endymion4 #ajj4 ,textual4 ,paphos and ,amathus3 towns in ,cyprus1 of which the former contained a temple to ,venus4 ,cnidos 7,cnidus or ,gnidus73 a town in ,caria1 where stood a famous statue of ,venus1 attributed to ,praxiteles4 ,cytherea3 ,venus1 an adjective derived from her island ,cythera in the gean ,sea4 ,acheron1 and ,persephone or ,proserpine3 see #dd-dh4 ,the wind-flower of the ,greeks was of bloody hue1 like that of the pomegranate4 ,it is said the wind blows the blossoms open1 and afterwards scatters the petals4 ,interpretative4 ,among the ,poenicians ,venus is known as ,astarte1 among the ,assyrians as ,istar4 ,the ,adonis of this story is the ,phoenician ,adon1 or the ,hebrew ,adonai1 ',lord4' ,the myth derives its origin from the ,babylonian worship of ,thammuz or ,adon1 who represents the verdure of spring1 and whom his mistress1 the goddess of fertility1 seeks1 after his death1 in the lower regions4 ,with their departure all birth and fruitage cease on the earth2 but when he has been revived by sprinkling of water1 and restored to his mistress and to earth1 all nature again rejoices4 ,the myth is akin to those of ,linus1 ,hyacinthus1 and ,narcissus4 ,mannhardt 7,wald-und ,feld-kulte1 #bgd71 cited by ,roscher1 supplies the following characteristics common to such religious rites in various lands3 7#a7 ,the spring is personified as a beautiful youth who is represented by an image surrounded by quickly fading flowers from the garden of ,adonis4 7#b7 ,he comes in the early year and is beloved by a goddess of vegetation1 goddess sometimes of the moon1 sometimes of the star of ,love4 7#c7 ,in midsummer he dies1 and during autumn and winter inhabits the underworld4 7#d7 ,his burial is attended with lamentations1 his resurrection with festivals4 7#e7 ,these events take place in midsummer and in spring4 7#f7 ,the image and the ,adonis plants are thrown into water4 7#g7 ,sham marriages are celebrated between pairs of worshipers4 ,illustrative4 ,the realistic ,idyl ,,xv of ,theocritus contains a typical ,psalm of ,adonis1 sung at ,alexandria1 for his resurrection4 ,shakespeare's ,venus and ,adonis2 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,induction ii2 #a ,henry ,,vi1 ,i1 vi4 ,in ,milton1 ,comus1 #iih3 ,beds of hyacinth and roses1 ,where young ,adonis oft reposes1 ,waxing well of his deep wound1 ,in slumber soft1 and on the ground ,sadly sits th' ,assyrian queen4 ,drummond1 ,the ,statue of ,adonis2 ,pope1 ,summer1 #fa2 ,winter1 #bd2 ,miscel4 #g1 #aj2 ,moral ,essays1 #c1 #gc2 ,dunciad1 #e1 #bjb4 ,see ,c4 ,s4 ,calverley1 ,death of ,adonis 7,theocritus72 ,l4 ,morris1 ,adonis 7,epic of ,hades74 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #gd1 in text1 from a ,roman sarcophagus4 ,the ,dying ,adonis1 7sculpture71 ,michelangelo2 the ,adonis of ,thorwaldsen in the ,glyptothek1 ,munich4 #aja-ajb4 ,textual4 ,psyche does not eat anything in ,hades1 because1 by accepting the hospitality of ,proserpina1 she would become an inmate of her household4 ,the scene with the lamp and knife probably indicates the infringement of some ancient matrimonial custom4 ,erebus3 the land of darkness1 ,hades4 ,for ,zephyr1 ,acheron1 ,cerberus1 ,charon1 etc41 see ,index4 ,interpretative4 ,the fable of ,cupid and ,psyche is usually regarded as allegorical4 ,the ,greek name for butterfly is ,psyche1 and the same word means the soul4 ,there is no illustration of the immortality of the soul so striking and beautiful as that of the butterfly1 bursting on brilliant wings from the tomb in which it has lain1 after a dull1 groveling1 caterpillar existence1 to flutter in the blaze of day and feed on the most fragrant and delicate productions of the spring4 ,psyche1 then1 is the human soul1 which is purified by sufferings and misfortunes1 and is thus prepared for the enjoyment of true and pure happiness4 ,it is probable that the story allegorizes a philosophical conception concerning three stages of the soul's life3 first1 a former existence of bliss2 second1 an earthly existence of trial2 third1 a heavenly future of fruition4 ,cox1 by his usual method1 finds here a myth of the search for the ,sun 7,eros7 by the ,dawn 7,psyche74 ,many of the incidents of the story will be found in modern fairy tales and romances1 such as ,beauty and the ,beast1 ,grimm's ,twelve ,brothers2 the ,gaelic stories3 ,the ,three ,daughters of ,king ,o',hara2 ,fair1 ,brown1 and ,trembling2 ,the ,daughter of the ,skies2 and the ,norse tale--,east of the ,sun and ,west of the ,moon4 ,see ,cox #a1 #djc-daa4 ,illustrative4 ,thomas ,moore1 ,cupid and ,psyche2 ,mrs4 ,browning1 ,psyche1 ,paraphrase on ,apuleius2 ,l4 ,morris1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,frederick ,tennyson1 ,psyche2 ,robert ,bridges1 ,eros and ,psyche4 ,most important is ,w4 ,h4 ,pater's ,marius the ,epicurean1 which contains the story as given by ,apuleius4 ,in ,art4 ,psyche is represented as a maiden with the wings of a butterfly1 in the different situations described in the allegory4 ,the ,grco-,roman sculpture of ,cupid and ,psyche1 in the ,capitol at ,rome1 is of surpassing beauty2 so also is ,canova's ,cupid and ,psyche4 ,paintings4 ,raphael's frescoes in the ,farnesina ,villa1 twelve in number1 illustrating the story2 ,franois ,grard's ,cupid and ,psyche2 ,paul ,thumann's nine illustrations of the story 7see ,figs4 #ge1 #gf1 in text72 ,r4 ,beyschlag's ,psyche with the ,urn1 ,psyche ,grieving1 and ,psyche and ,pan2 ,w4 ,kray's ,psyche and ,zephyr2 ,psyche3 by ,a4 de ,curzon2 by ,g4 ,f4 ,watts1 a series of three illustrations by ,h4 ,bates4 ,the ,charon and ,psyche of ,e4 ,neide is a sentimental1 simpering conception4 ,a4 ,zick also has a ,psyche4 #ajc4 ,according to another tradition1 ,atalanta's love was ,milanion4 ,the nuptial vow was ratified by ,hera 7,juno74 ,this1 the ,boeotian1 ,atalanta is sometimes identified with the ,arcadian ,atalanta of the ,calydonian ,hunt4 7,see #afh and ,table ,d74 ,it is better to discriminate between them4 ,the genealogy of this ,atalanta will be seen in ,tables ,g and ,i4 ,illustrative4 ,w4 ,morris1 ,atalanta's ,race 7,earthly ,paradise72 ,moore1 ,rhymes on the ,road1 on ,alpine ,scenery1--an allusion to ,hippomenes4 ,in ,art4 ,painting by ,e4 ,j4 ,poynter1 ,atalanta's ,race 7,fig4 #gh1 in text72 and ,guido ,reni's brilliant picture of the same subject4 #ajd4 ,textual and ,illustrative4 ,the story of ,hero and ,leander is the subject of a romantic poem by ,musus1 a grammarian of ,alexandria1 who lived in the fifth century ,a4,d4 ,this author1 in distinction from the mythical poet of the same name1 is styled the ,pseudo-,musus4 ,the epyllion has been translated by ,sir ,robert ,stapylton1 ,sir ,edwin ,arnold1 and others4 ,the feat of swimming the ,hellespont was performed by ,lord ,byron4 ,the distance in the narrowest part is not more than a mile1 but there is a constant dangerous current setting out from the ,sea of ,marmora into the ,archipelago4 ,for an allusion to the story see ,byron1 ,bride of ,abydos1 ,canto ,,ii4 ,for ,byron's statement concerning the breadth of the water see footnote to ,stanzas written after swimming from ,sestos to ,abydos4 ,poems4 ,hero and ,leander3 by ,leigh ,hunt1 by ,tom ,hood1 by ,moore2 sonnet by ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,hero's ,lamp 7,house of ,life72 a poem not in later editions of ,tennyson1 ,hero to ,leander1 #ahcj2 ,chapman's continuation of ,marlowe's ,hero and ,leander4 ,paintings4 ,g4 von ,bodenhausen2 ,f4 ,keller 7,fig4 #gi1 in text74 #aje4 ,interpretative4 ,another illustration of the vivifying influence of love4 ,preller deems ,pygmalion's story nearly akin to the ,adonis myth4 ,he regards the festival of ,venus1 during which the statue of ,galatea 7or passive love7 receives life1 as the usual ,adonis-festival4 ,,table ,g4 ,,the ,,connections ,,of ,,atalanta ,,the ,b,,oe,,otian ,prometheus -- ,deucalion ,pyrrha -- ,hellen -- olus -- ,other sons 7,see ,table ,i7 -- ,athamas ,nephele -- ,helle -- ,phryxus ,ino -- ,melicertes ,themisto -- ,schoenus of ,boeotia -- ,atalanta 7,hippomenes7 -- ,sisyphus 7,merope7 -- ,glaucus -- ,bellerophon -- ,salmoneus -- ,tyro ,neptune -- ,neleus -- ,nestor -- ,antilochus -- ,pero ,bias -- ,talas -- ,adrastus -- ,eriphyle ,amphiaras -- ,alcmon ,arsino -- ,amphilochus -- ,pelias -- ,evadne -- ,acastus -- ,laodamia ,protesilas -- ,alcestis ,admetus ,cretheus -- ,pheres -- ,admetus ,alcestis -- son -- ,jason -- ,amythaon -- ,bias ,pero -- ,talas 7see above7 -- ,melampus 7the ,prophet7 -- ,antiphates -- ,ocles ,hypermnestra -- ,amphiaras ,eriphyle -- ,alcmon 7see above7 -- ,amphilochus 7see above7 -- ,cretheus ,tyro -- ,pheres 7see above7 -- son 7see above7 -- ,amythaon 7see above7 -- ,dorus -- ,xuthus -- ,achus -- ,ion ,epimetheus ,pandora -- ,pyrrha ,deucalion -- ,hellen 7see above7 ,illustrative4 ,thomson1 ,castle of ,indolence1 #b1 #ab2 ,r4 ,buchanan1 ,pygmalion the ,sculptor2 ,morris1 and ,lang1 as in text2 ,pygmalion3 by ,t4 ,l4 ,beddoes1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,bennett4 ,the seventeenth-century satirist1 ,marston1 wrote a ,pygmalion1 of no great worth4 ,frederick ,tennyson1 ,pygmalion 7in ,daphne and other ,poems72 ,arthur ,henry ,hallam1 ,lines spoken in the ,character of ,pygmalion2 ,thomas ,woolner1 ,pygmalion4 ,in ,art4 ,the ,pygmalion series of four scenes1 by ,e4 ,burne-,jones4 #ajf4 ,textual4 ,semiramis3 wife of ,king ,ninus and the queen of ,assyria4 ,famous for her administrative and military ability4 ,a mythical character with features of historic probability4 ,illustrative4 ,chaucer1 ,thisbe1 the ,martyr of ,babylon 7,legende of ,good ,women74 ,allusions in ,surrey1 ,of the ,death of ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt2 ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,,iii1 ii2 ,v1 i2 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,v1 i4 ,moore1 in the ,sylph's ,ball1 draws a comparison between ,thisbe's wall and the gauze of ,davy's safety lamp4 ,mickle's translation of the ,lusiad 7,island of ,love74 ,in ,art4 ,burne-,jones' three paintings1 ,cupid1 ,pyramus1 and ,thisbe 7,fig4 #hj1 in text72 ,e4 ,j4 ,paupion's painting1 ,thisbe4 #ajg4 ,textual4 ,lesbos and ,chios3 islands in the gean4 ,for ,sappho see #bih 7#c74 ,illustrative4 ,the second lyric of ,sappho1 beginning ,like to the gods he seems to me1 ,the man that sits reclined by thee1 has been translated by ,phillips1 by ,fawkes1 and by recent poets4 ,the reference is probably to ,phaon4 ,allusions in ,pope1 ,moral ,essays1 #c1 #aba2 #b1 #bd2 ,prologue to ,satires1 #cji1 #aja2 ,byron's ,isles of ,greece1 already referred to4 ,compare the translation in ,catullus1 ,,li4 ,poems on ,sappho or on ,phaon3 ,charles ,kingsley1 ,sappho2 ,buchanan1 ,sappho on the ,leucadian ,rock2 ,landor1--,sappho1 ,alcus1 ,anacreon1 and ,phaon2 ,frederick ,tennyson1 ,kles or the ,return 7in the ,isles of ,greece74 ,see also ,lyly's amusing prose drama1 ,sappho and ,phao4 #aji4 ,textual4 ,mount ,cyllene3 between ,arcadia and ,acha4 ,pierian ,mountains3 in ,macedonia1 directly north of ,thessaly2 the birthplace of the ,muses4 ,pylos3 an ancient city of ,elis4 ,interpretative4 ,on the supposition that the herds of ,apollo are the bright rays of the sun1 a plausible physical explanation of the relations of ,mercury 7,hermes7 to ,apollo is the following from ,max ,mller3 ,hermes is the god of the twilight1 who betrays his equivocal nature by stealing1 though only in fun1 the herds of ,apollo1 but restoring them without the violent combat that 7in the analogous ,indian story7 is waged for the herds between ,indra1 the bright god1 and ,vala1 the robber4 ,in ,india the dawn brings the light2 in ,greece the twilight itself is supposed to have stolen it1 or to hold back the light1 and ,hermes1 the twilight1 surrenders the booty when challenged by the sun-god ,apollo 7,lect4 on ,lang41 #b ,ser41 #eba-ebb74 ,hermes is connected by ,professor ,mller with the ,vedic god ,sarameya1 son of the twilight4 ,mercury1 or ,hermes1 as morning or as evening twilight1 loves the ,dew1 is herald of the gods1 is spy of the night1 is sender of sleep and dreams1 is accompanied by the cock1 herald of dawn1 is the guide of the departed on their last journey4 ,to the conception of twilight1 ,cox adds that of motion1 and explains ,hermes as the air in motion that springs up with the dawn1 gains rapidly in force1 sweeps before it the clouds 7here the cattle of ,apollo71 makes soft music through the trees 7lyre71 etc4 ,other theorists make ,hermes the ,divine ,activity1 the god of the ether1 of clouds1 of storm1 etc4 ,though the explanations of ,professor ,mller and the ,rev4 ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox are more satisfactory here than usual1 ,roscher's the swift wind is scientifically preferable4 ,illustrative4 ,see ,shelley1 ,homeric ,hymn to ,mercury1 on which the text of this section is based1 and passages in ,prometheus ,unbound2 ,keats1 ,ode to ,maia4 ,in ,art4 ,the intent of the disguise in ,fig4 #ha 7text7 is to deceive ,demeter with a sham sacrifice4 #aaj-aab4 ,textual4 ,see ,table ,e1 for ,bacchus1 ,pentheus1 etc4 ,nysa has been identified as a mountain in ,thrace1 in ,boeotia1 in ,arabia1 ,india1 ,libya2 and ,naxos1 as a town in ,caria or the ,caucasus1 and as an island in the ,nile4 ,thebes3 the capital of ,boeotia4 ,monia3 ,lydia1 in ,asia ,minor4 ,dia3 ,naxos1 the largest of the ,cyclades ,islands in the gean4 ,mount ,cithron3 in ,boeotia4 ,the ,thyrsus was a wand1 wreathed with ivy and surmounted by a pine cone1 carried by ,bacchus and his votaries4 ,mnads and ,bacchantes were female followers of ,bacchus4 ,bacchanal is a general term for his devotees4 ,interpretative4 ,bacchus 7,dionysus7 is regarded by many as the spiritual form of the new vernal life1 the sap and pulse of vegetation and of the new-born year1 especially as manifest in the vine and juice of the grape4--,,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #bba 7from ,preller #a1 #eed74 ,the ,hyades 7rain-stars71 that nurtured the deity1 perhaps symbolize the rains that nourish sprouting vegetation4 ,he became identified very soon with the spirituous effects of the vine4 ,his sufferings may typify the ruin of the summer year at the hands of storm and winter1 or1 perhaps1 the agony of the bleeding grapes in the wine press4 ,the orgies would1 according to this theory1 be a survival of the ungoverned actions of savages when celebrating a festival in honor of the deity of plenty1 of harvest home1 and of intoxication4 ,but in cultivated ,greece1 ,dionysus1 in spite of the surviving orgiastic ceremonies1 is a poetic incarnation of blithe1 changeable1 spirited youth4 ,see ,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #bba-bda4 ,that ,rhea taught him would account for the ,oriental nature of his rites2 for ,rhea is an ,eastern deity by origin4 ,the opposition of ,pentheus would indicate the reluctance with which the ,greeks adopted his doctrine and ceremonial4 ,the ,dionysiac worship came from ,thrace1 a barbarous clime2--but wandering1 like the springtide1 over the earth1 ,bacchus conquered each nation in turn4 ,it is probable that the ,dionysus-,iacchus cult was one of evangelical enthusiasm and individual cleansing from sin1 of ideals in this life and of personal immortality in the next4 ,by introducing it into ,greece1 ,pisistratus reformed the exclusive ritual of the ,eleusinian ,mysteries4 ,of the ,festivals of ,dionysus1 the more important in ,attica were the ,lesser ,dionysia1 in ,december2 the ,lena1 in ,january2 the ,anthesteria1 or spring festival1 in ,february2 and the ,great ,dionysia1 in ,march4 ,these all1 in greater or less degree1 witnessed of the culture and the glories of the vine1 and of the reawakening of the spirits of vegetation4 ,they were celebrated1 as the case might be1 with a sacrifice of a victim in reminiscence of the blood by which the spirits of the departed were supposed to be nourished1 with processions of women1 profusion of flowers1 orgiastic songs and dances1 or dramatic representations4 ,illustrative4 ,bacchus3 ,milton1 ,comus1 #df4 ,pentheus3 ,landor1 ,the ,last ,fruit of an ,old ,tree2 ,h4 ,h4 ,milman1 ,the ,bacchanals of ,euripides2 ,calverley's and ,lang's translations of ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,,xxvi2 ,thomas ,love ,peacock1 ,rhododaphne3 ,the ,vengeance of ,bacchus2 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter1 ,bacchanalian ,song4 ,naxos3 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bge4 ,in ,art4 ,figs4 #ca1 #hb-hg1 #adc1 in text4 #aac4 ,textual4 ,hesperides1 see ,index4 ,river ,pactolus3 in ,lydia4 ,midas3 the son of one ,gordius1 who from a farmer had become king of ,phrygia1 because he happened to fulfill a prophecy by entering the public square of some city just as the people were casting about for a king4 ,he tied his wagon in the temple of the prophetic deity with the celebrated ,gordian ,knot1 which none but the future lord of ,asia might undo4 ,alexander the ,great undid the knot with his sword4 ,interpretative4 ,an ingenious1 but not highly probable1 theory explains the golden touch of ,midas as the rising sun that gilds all things1 and his bathing in ,pactolus as the quenching of the sun's splendor in the western ocean4 ,midas is fabled to have been the son of the great mother1 ,cybele1 whose worship in ,phrygia was closely related to that of ,bacchus or ,dionysus4 ,the ,sileni were there regarded as tutelary genii of the rivers and springs1 promoting fertility of the soil4 ,marsyas1 an inspired musician in the service of ,cybele1 was naturally associated in fable with ,midas4 ,the ass being the favorite animal of ,silenus1 the ass's ears of ,midas merely symbolize his fondness for and devotion to such habits as were attributed to the ,sileni4 ,the ass1 by the way1 was reverenced in ,phrygia2 the acquisition of ass's ears may therefore have been originally a glory1 not a disgrace4 ,illustrative4 ,john ,lyly1 ,play of ,mydas1 especially the song1 ,sing to ,apollo1 god of day2 ,shakespeare1 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,,iii1 ii 7casket scene72 ,pope1 ,dunciad1 #c1 #cdb2 ,prologue to ,satires1 #hb2 ,swift1 ,the ,fable of ,midas2 ,j4 ,g4 ,saxe1 ,the ,choice of ,king ,midas 7a travesty74 ,gordian ,knot3 ,henry ,v1 ,i1 i2 ,cymbeline1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #cdh2 ,vacation1 #ij4 ,pactolus3 ,pope1 ,spring1 #fa2 allusions also to the sisters of ,phathon4 ,silenus1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,landor4 #aad-aag4 ,textual4 ,mount ,eryx1 the vale of ,enna1 and ,cyane are in ,sicily4 ,eleusis3 in ,attica4 ,for ,arethusa see ,index4 ,interpretative4 ,the ,italian goddess ,ceres assumed the attributes of the ,greek ,demeter in #dif ,b4,c4 ,proserpine signifies the seed-corn which1 when cast into the ground1 lies there concealed1--is carried off by the god of the underworld2 when the corn reappears1 ,proserpine is restored to her mother4 ,spring leads her back to the light of day4 ,the following1 from ,aubrey ,de ,vere's ,introduction to his ,search for ,proserpine1 is suggestive3 ,of all the beautiful fictions of ,greek ,mythology1 there are few more exquisite than the story of ,proserpine1 and none deeper in symbolical meaning4 ,considering the fable with reference to the physical world1 ,bacon says1 in his ,wisdom of the ,ancients1 that by the ,rape of ,proserpine is signified the disappearance of flowers at the end of the year1 when the vital juices are1 as it were1 drawn down to the central darkness1 and held there in bondage4 ,following up this view of the subject1 the ,search of her ,mother1 sad and unavailing as it was1 would seem no unfit emblem of ,autumn and the restless melancholy of the season2 while the hope with which the ,goddess was finally cheered may perhaps remind us of that unexpected return of fine weather which occurs so frequently1 like an omen of ,spring1 just before ,winter closes in4 ,the fable has1 however1 its moral significance also1 being connected with that great mystery of ,joy and ,grief1 of ,life and ,death1 which pressed so heavily on the mind of ,pagan ,greece1 and imparts to the whole of her mythology a profound interest1 spiritual as well as philosophical4 ,it was the restoration of ,man1 not of flowers1 the victory over ,death1 not over ,winter1 with which that high ,intelligence felt itself to be really concerned4 ,in ,greece two kinds of ,festivals1 the ,eleusinia and the ,thesmophoria1 were held in honor of ,demeter and ,persephone4 ,the former was divided into the lesser1 celebrated in ,february1 and the greater 7lasting nine days71 in ,september4 ,distinction must be made between the ,festivals and the ,mysteries of ,eleusis4 ,in the ,festivals all classes might participate4 ,those of the ,spring represented the restoration of ,persephone to her mother2 those of the ,autumn the rape of ,persephone4 ,an image of the youthful ,iacchus 7,bacchus7 headed the procession in its march toward ,eleusis4 ,at that place and in the neighborhood were enacted in realistic fashion the wanderings and the sufferings of ,demeter1 the scenes in the house of ,celeus1 and finally the successful conclusion of the search for ,persephone4 ,the ,mysteries of ,eleusis were witnessed only by the initiated1 and were invested with a veil of secrecy which has never been fully withdrawn4 ,the initiates passed through certain symbolic ceremonies from one degree of mystic enlightenment to another till the highest was attained4 ,the ,lesser ,mysteries were an introduction to the ,greater2 and it is known that the rites involved partook of the nature of purification from passion1 crime1 and the various degradations of human existence4 ,by pious contemplation of the dramatic scenes presenting the sorrows of ,demeter1 and by participation in sacramental rites1 it is probable that the initiated were instructed in the nature of life and death1 and consoled with the hope of immortality 7,preller74 ,on the development of the ,eleusinian ,mysteries from the savage to the civilized ceremonial1 see ,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #bge1 and ,lobeck1 ,aglaophamus1 #acc4 ,the ,thesmophoria were celebrated by married women in honor of ,ceres 7,demeter71 and referred to institutions of married life4 ,that ,proserpine should be under bonds to the underworld because she had partaken of food in ,hades accords with a superstition not peculiar to the ,greeks1 but to be found in ,new ,zealand1 ,melanesia1 ,scotland1 ,finland1 and among the ,ojibbeways 7,lang1 ,myth1 ,ritual1 etc41 #b1 #bgc74 ,illustrative4 ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 as above2 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter1 ,the ,rape of ,proserpine2 ,r4 ,h4 ,stoddard1 ,the ,search for ,persephone2 ,g4 ,meredith1 ,the ,appeasement of ,demeter2 ,tennyson1 ,demeter and ,persephone2 ,dora ,greenwell1 ,demeter and ,cora2 ,t4 ,l4 ,beddoes1 ,song of the ,stygian ,naiades2 ,a4 ,c4 ,swinburne1 ,song to ,proserpine4 ,see also notes under ,persephone1 #dd1 ,demeter and ,pluto4 ,eleusis3 ,schiller1 ,festival of ,eleusis1 translated by ,n4 ,l4 ,frothingham2 ,at ,eleusis1 by ,swinburne4 ,see1 for poetical reference1 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bfi1 ,not that fair field ,of ,enna1 etc42 ,hood1 ,ode to ,melancholy3 ,forgive if somewhile ,i forget1 ,in woe to come the present bliss2 ,as frighted ,proserpine let fall ,her flowers at the sight of ,dis4 ,in ,art4 ,bernini's ,pluto and ,proserpine 7sculpture72 ,p4 ,schobelt's ,rape of ,proserpine 7picture74 ,eleusinian relief3 ,demeter1 ,cora1 ,triptolemus 7,athens72 and other figures1 as in text4 #aah4 ,textual4 ,tnarus3 in ,laconia4 ,for the crime of ,tantalus1 see #gh4 ,in ,hades he stood up to his neck in water which receded when he would drink2 grapes hanging above his head withdrew when he would pluck them2 while a great rock was forever just about to fall upon him4 ,ixion1 for an insult to ,juno1 was lashed with serpents or brazen bands to an ever-revolving wheel4 ,sisyphus1 for his treachery to the gods1 vainly rolled a stone toward the top of a hill 7see #bee74 ,for the ,danads1 see #aej2 ,cerberus1 #dd1 #bee4 ,the ,dynast's bond3 the contract with ,pluto1 who was ,dynast or tyrant of ,hades4 ,ferry-guard3 ,charon4 ,strymon and ,hebrus3 rivers of ,thrace4 ,libethra3 a city on the side of ,mount ,olympus1 between ,thessaly and ,macedonia4 ,interpretative4 ,the loss of ,eurydice may signify 7like the death of ,adonis and the rape of ,proserpine7 the departure of spring4 ,max ,mller1 however1 identifies ,orpheus with the ,sanskrit ,arbhu1 used as a name for the ,sun 7,chips1 etc41 #b1 #abg74 ,according to this explanation the ,sun follows ,eurydice1 the wide-spreading flush of the dawn who has been stung by the serpent of night1 into the regions of darkness4 ,there he recovers ,eurydice1 but while he looks back upon her she fades before his gaze1 as the mists of morning vanish before the glory of the rising sun 7,cox74 ,it might be more consistent to construe ,eurydice as the twilight1 first1 of evening which is slain by night1 then1 of morning which is dissipated by sunrise4 ,cox finds in the music of ,orpheus the delicious strains of the breezes which accompany sunrise and sunset4 ,the story should be compared with that of ,apollo and ,daphne1 and of ,mercury and ,apollo4 ,the ,irish tale1 ,the ,three ,daughters of ,king ,o',hara1 reverses the relation of ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 ,see ,curtin1 ,myths and ,folk-,lore of ,ireland1 ,boston1 #ahij4 ,illustrative4 ,orpheus3 ,shakespeare1 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,,iii1 ii2 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,v1 i2 ,henry ,,viii1 ,,iii1 i 7song72 ,milton1 ,lycidas1 #eh2 ,l',allegro1 #ade2 ,il ,penseroso1 #aje2 ,pope1 ,ode on ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day 7,eurydice72 ,summer1 #ha2 ,southey1 ,thalaba 7,the ,nightingale's ,song over the ,grave of ,orpheus74 ,poems4 ,wordsworth1 ,the ,power of ,music2 ,shelley1 ,orpheus1 a fragment2 ,browning1 ,eurydice and ,orpheus2 ,wm4 ,morris1 ,orpheus and the ,sirens 7,life and ,death of ,jason72 ,l4 ,morris1 ,orpheus1 ,eurydice 7,epic of ,hades72 ,lowell1 ,eurydice2 ,e4 ,dowden1 ,eurydice2 ,w4,b4 ,scott1 ,eurydice2 ,e4,w4 ,gosse1 ,the ,waking of ,eurydice2 ,r4 ,buchanan1 ,orpheus1 the ,musician2 ,j4,g4 ,saxe1 ,travesty of ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 ,on ,tantalus and ,sisyphus1 see ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #e1 #ca-ce2 ,l4 ,morris1 ,epic of ,hades4 ,in ,art4 ,a ,relief on a tombstone in the ,national ,museum1 ,naples1 of ,mercury1 ,orpheus1 and ,eurydice4 ,there is also a copy in ,paris of the marble in the ,villa ,albani1 ,rome4 7,see ,fig4 #id1 text47 ,paintings3 ,fig4 #ic1 in text1 by ,sir ,frederick ,leighton2 by ,robert ,beyschlag2 by ,g4,f4 ,watts2 ,the ,story of ,orpheus1 a series of ten paintings1 by ,e4 ,burne-,jones4 #aai-abj4 ,textual4 ,troy3 the capital of ,troas in ,asia ,minor1 situated between the rivers ,scamander and ,simois4 ,famous for the siege conducted by the ,greeks under ,agamemnon1 ,menelas1 etc4 7,see ,chap4 ,,xxii47 ,amymone3 a fountain of ,argolis4 ,enipeus3 a river of ,macedonia4 ,interpretative4 ,the monsters that wreak the vengeance of ,neptune are1 of course1 his destructive storms and lashing waves4 #aba4 ,for genealogy of ,pelops1 etc41 see ,tables ,f and ,i4 ,for the misfortunes of the ,pelopid1 see #aic4 ,illustrative in ,art4 ,pelops and ,hippodamia2 vase pictures 7,monuments indits1 ,rome1 and ,paris74 ,east pediment1 ,temple of ,zeus1 ,olympia4 #abc-abd4 ,textual4 ,cephalus1 the son of ,mercury 7,hermes7 and ,herse1 is irretrievably confounded with ,cephalus1 the son of ,deon and grandson of olus ,i4 ,the former should1 strictly1 be regarded as the lover of ,aurora 7,eos72 the latter is the husband of ,procris1 and the great-grandfather of ,ulysses4 7,see ,tables ,h1 ,i1 and ,o 7#d747 ,interpretative4 ,procris is the dewdrop 7from ,greek ,prox1 'dew'7 which reflects the shining rays of the sun4 ,the head of the day1 or the rising sun1 ,cephalus1 is also wooed by ,aurora1 the ,dawn1 but flies from her4 ,the ,sun slays the dew with the same gleaming darts that the dew reflects1 or gives back to him4 ,according to ,preller1 ,cephalus is the morning-star beloved alike by ,procris1 the moon1 and by ,aurora1 the dawn4 ,the concealment of ,procris in the forest and her death would1 then1 signify the paling of the moon before the approaching day4 ,hardly so probable as the former explanation4 ,illustrative4 ,aurora3 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #b1 #g2 #a1 #d1 #af2 ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,,iii1 ii2 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,i1 i2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #e1 #f1 ,now ,morn1 her rosy steps in the eastern clime ,advancing1 etc42 ,l',allegro1 #ai2 ,landor1 ,gebir1 ,now to ,aurora borne by dappled steeds1 ,the sacred gates of orient pearl and gold 444 ,expanded slow1 etc4 ,cephalus and ,procris3 in ,moore1 ,legendary ,ballads2 ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,shafalus and ,procrus2 ,a4 ,dobson1 ,the ,death of ,procris4 ,in ,art4 ,aurora3 ,figs4 #ig and #ii1 as in text2 paintings1 by ,guido ,reni1 as ,fig4 #ih in text1 and by ,j4,l4 ,hamon1 and ,guercino4 ,procris and ,cephalus1 by ,turner4 ,l',aurore et ,cphale1 painted by ,p4 ,gurin1 #ahaj1 engraved by ,f4 ,forster1 #ahba4 #abe4 ,textual4 ,cimmerian country3 a fabulous land in the far west1 near ,hades2 or1 perhaps1 in the north1 for the people dwell by the ocean that is never visited by sunlight 7,odyssey1 #aa1 #ad-ai74 ,other sons of ,somnus are ,icelus1 who personates birds1 beasts1 and serpents1 and ,phantasus1 who assumes the forms of rocks1 streams1 and other inanimate things4 ,the accompanying table will indicate the connections and descendants of ,aurora4 ,interpretative4 ,according to one account1 ,ceyx and ,halcyone1 by likening their wedded happiness to that of ,jupiter and ,juno1 incurred the displeasure of the gods4 ,the myth springs from observation of the habits of the ,halcyone-bird1 which nests on the strand and is frequently bereft of its young by the winter waves4 ,the comparison with the glory of ,jupiter and ,juno is suggested by the splendid iris hues of the birds4 ,halcyone days have become proverbial as seasons of calm4 olus ,i1 the son of ,hellen1 is here identified with olus ,,iii1 the king of the winds4 ,according to ,diodorus1 the latter is a descendant1 in the fifth generation1 of the former4 7,see ,genealogical ,table ,i47 ,illustrative4 ,chaucer1 ,the ,dethe of ,blaunche2 ,e4 ,w4 ,gosse1 ,alcyone 7a sonnet in dialogue72 ,f4 ,tennyson1 ,halcyone2 ,edith ,m4 ,thomas1 ,the ,kingfisher2 ,margaret ,j4 ,preston1 ,alcyone4 ,morpheus3 see ,milton1 ,il ,penseroso2 ,pope1 ,ode on ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day4 #abf-abg4 ,interpretative4 ,tithonus may be the day in its ever-recurring circuit of morning freshness1 noon heat1 final withering and decay 7,preller72 or the gray glimmer of the heavens overspread by the first ruddy flush of morning 7,welcker72 or1 as a solar myth1 the sun in his setting and waning1--,tithonus meaning1 by derivation1 the illuminator 7,max ,mller74 ,the sleep of ,tithonus in his ocean-bed1 and his transformation into a grasshopper1 would then typify the presumable weariness and weakness of the sun at night4 ,illustrative4 ,spenser1 ,epithalamion2 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #aa1 #ea4 #abh4 ,textual4 ,mysia3 province of ,asia ,minor1 south of the ,propontis1 or ,sea of ,marmora4 ,there is some doubt about the identification of the existing statue with that described by the ancients1 and the mysterious sounds are still more doubtful4 ,yet there is not wanting modern testimony to their being still audible4 ,it has been suggested that sounds produced by confined air making its escape from crevices or caverns in the rocks may have given some ground for the story4 ,sir ,gardner ,wilkinson1 a traveler of the highest authority1 examined the statue itself1 and discovered that it was hollow1 and that in the lap of the statue is a stone1 which1 on being struck1 emits a metallic sound that might still be made use of to deceive a visitor who was predisposed to believe its powers4 ,,table ,h4 ,,the ,,ancient ,,race ,,of ,,luminaries ,,and ,,winds ,hyperion ,thea -- ,helios ,perses -- etes ,hecate -- ,medea -- ,absyrtus -- ,circe -- ,selene 7,diana7 ,endymion -- ,eos 7,aurora7 ,astrus -- ,zephyrus ,w4 ,winds -- ,boreas ,n4 -- ,notus ,s4 -- ,eurus ,e4 ,cephalus -- ,phosphor 7,morning ,star7 -- ,ceyx ,halcyone ,tithonus -- ,memnon ,hermes ,herse -- ,cephalus ,eos 7,aurora7 -- ,phosphor 7,morning ,star7 7see above7 olus ,i -- ,halcyone ,ceyx ,interpretative4 ,memnon is generally represented as of dark features1 lighted with the animation of glorious youth4 ,he is king of the mythical thiopians who lived in the land of gloaming1 where east and west met1 and whose name signifies dark splendor4 ,his birth in this borderland of light and darkness signifies either his existence as king of an eastern land or his identity with the young sun1 and strengthens the theory according to which his father ,tithonus is the gray glimmer of the morning heavens4 ,the flocks of birds have been explained as the glowing clouds that meet in battle over the body of the dead sun4 ,illustrative4 ,milton1 ,il ,penseroso2 ,drummond1 ,summons to ,love1 ,rouse ,memnon's mother from her ,tithon's bed2 ,akenside1 ,pleasures of the ,imagination 7analogy between ,memnonian music and spiritual appreciation of truth72 ,landor1 ,miscellaneous ,poems1 #ei1 ,exposed and lonely genius stands1 ,like ,memnon in the ,egyptian sands1 etc4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #aja1 from a vase in the ,louvre4 #abi-acj4 ,textual4 ,doric pillar3 the three styles of pillars in ,greek architecture were ,dorian1 ,ionic1 ,corinthian 7see ,english ,dictionary74 ,trinacria3 ,sicily1 from its three promontories4 gon and ,daphnis3 idyllic names of ,sicilian shepherds 7see ,idyls of ,theocritus and ,virgil's ,eclogues74 ,nas3 a water-nymph4 ,for ,cyclops1 ,galatea1 ,silenus1 ,fauns1 ,arethusa1 see ,index4 ,compare1 with the conception of ,stedman's poem1 ,wordsworth's ,power of ,music4 ,illustrative4 ,ben ,jonson1 ,pan's anniversary2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d4 #bff1 #gjg2 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #aij2 ,comus1 #agf1 #bfh2 ,pope1 ,autumn1 #ha2 ,windsor ,forest1 #cg1 #ahc2 ,summer1 #ej2 ,dunciad1 #c1 #aaj2 ,akenside1 ,pleasures of ,imagination1 ,fair ,tempe6 haunt beloved of sylvan ,powers1 etc42 ,on ,leaving ,holland1 #a1 #b4 ,poems3 ,fletcher1 ,song of the ,priest of ,pan1 and ,song of ,pan 7in ,the ,faithful ,shepherdess72 ,landor1 ,pan and ,pitys1 ,pan led me to a wood the other day1 etc42 ,landor1 ,cupid and ,pan2 ,r4 ,buchanan1 ,pan2 ,browning1 ,pan and ,luna2 ,swinburne1 ,pan and ,thalassius2 ,hon4 ,roden ,nol1 ,pan1 in the ,modern ,faust4 ,of course ,mrs4 ,browning's ,dead ,pan cannot be appreciated unless read as a whole2 nor ,schiller's ,gods of ,greece4 #aca4 ,fauns4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #gjh2 #aj4 #egc1 #eig2 #aa4 #dgb1 #ghh2 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #beg2 ,mrs4 ,browning1 ,flush or ,faunus 7sonnet74 ,dryads3 ,pope1 ,moral ,essays1 #d1 #id2 ,winter1 #ab2 ,collins1 ,the ,passions2 ,keats1 ,nightingale1 ,psyche4 ,satyrs3 ,milton1 ,lycidas2 ,dryden1 ,mrs4 ,anne ,killigrew1 #f2 ,hawthorne1 ,marble ,faun4 ,in ,art4 ,fauns 7sculpture73 ,the ,barberini ,faun 7,munich72 the ,drunken ,faun1 ,sleeping ,faun1 ,faun and ,bacchus1 and ,dancing ,faun 7,national ,museum1 ,naples72 the ,dancing ,faun 7,lateran1 ,rome72 the so-called ,faun of ,praxiteles or ,marble ,faun 7,fig4 #ajf in text--a ,satyr--best copy in the ,capitoline1 ,rome74 ,pan and ,apollo3 ,grco-,roman sculpture 7,museum1 ,naples74 ,pan3 ,fig4 #ajb1 in text2 and ,fig4 #ajc1 from an original perhaps of the ,school of ,scopas or ,praxiteles 7,florence74 ,silenus and ,bacchus 7,glyptothek1 ,munich74 ,nymphs 7pictures73 ,bouguereau1 ,nymphs and ,satyr1 and ,nymphs2 ,burne-,jones1 ,nymphs2 ,giorgione1 ,nymphs pursued by a ,satyr4 ,satyrs3 ,michelangelo 7picture7 7,uffizi1 ,florence71 ,mask of a ,satyr2 ,rubens1 ,satyrs 7,munich72 ,satyrs 7sculpture71 relief from theater of ,dionysus2 ,satyr playing a flute 7,vatican72 and ,figs4 #ajc1 #ajd1 and #ajf-ajh in the text4 #acb-acc4 ,textual4 ,cephissus3 four rivers in ,phocis1 ,attica1 and ,argolis bear this name4 ,the most famous runs near ,athens4 ,illustrative4 ,echo3 ,chaucer1 ,romaunt of the ,rose1 #adfh et seq42 ,spenser1 ,prothalamion2 ,milton1 ,comus1 #bcg2 ,collins1 ,the ,passions4 ,poems3 ,l4 ,morris 7,epic of ,hades71 ,narcissus2 ,goldsmith1 ,on a ,beautiful ,youth1 etc42 ,cowper1 ,on an ,ugly ,fellow2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #ddi-dgj 7illus472 and ,comus4 ,in ,art3 ,narcissus 7sculpture71 and ,fig4 #aji1 in text 7,museum1 ,naples74 #acg4 ,dryope 7poem71 by ,w4 ,s4 ,landor4 #ach4 ,rhoecus4 ,poems by ,landor1 ,the ,hamadryad2 ,acon and ,rhodope4 #aci4 ,pomona4 ,phillips1 a poem on ,cider4 ,see ,index4 ,in ,art3 the painting by ,j4 ,e4 ,millais4 ,interpretative4 ,the various guises and transformations of ,vertumnus signify the succession of the seasons and the changing characteristics of each4 ,the name itself implies turning1 or change4 #adj4 ,textual4 ,in order to understand the story of ,ibycus1 it is necessary to remember1 first1 that the theaters of the ancients were immense fabrics1 capable of containing from ten to thirty thousand spectators1 and as they were used only on festal occasions and admission was free to all1 they were usually filled4 ,they were without roofs and open to the sky1 and performances were in the daytime4 ,secondly1 that the appalling representation of the ,furies is not exaggerated in the story4 ,it is fabled that schylus1 the tragic poet1 having on one occasion represented the ,furies in a chorus of fifty performers1 the terror of the spectators was such that many fainted and were thrown into convulsions1 and the magistrates forbade a like representation for the future 7,pollux1 #d1 #aaj74 ,usually the chorus in a single tragedy consisted of only fifteen performers4 ,illustrative4 ,on the ,furies see ,c4 #di4 ,on ,ibycus see translation of ,schiller's ,cranes of ,ibycus1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,bowring4 #ada4 ,textual4 ,the adventures of the water-divinities turn largely on the idea of metamorphosis1 which would readily be suggested to the imaginative mind by contemplation of the ever-changing aspect of fountain1 stream1 lake1 or ocean4 ,for genealogies of water-deities1 see ,table ,c4 ,interpretative4 ,the ,cyclops1 ,polyphemus1 does not possess much in common with ,steropes1 ,brontes1 and ,arges1 the offspring of ,uranus and ,ga1 save his one eye and his monstrous size4 ,the sons of ,ga are personifications of thunder and lightning2 ,polyphemus is the heavy vapor that rolls its clouds along the hillside4 ,the clouds are the sheep that he pastures2 the sun glowering through the vapor is his single eye 7,cox74 ,more probably he is a mere giant of folklore4 ,illustrative4 ,john ,gay1 ,song of ,polypheme 7in ,acis and ,galatea72 ,a4 ,dobson1 ,a ,tale of ,polypheme2 ,r4 ,buchanan1 ,polypheme's ,passion2 ,shelley1 ,the ,cyclops of ,euripides2 ,translations of ,theocritus by ,mrs4 ,browning and by ,calverley2 ,j4 ,s4 ,blackie1 ,galatea2 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter1 ,the ,death of ,acis4 ,see also on the ,cyclops1 ,shakespeare1 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,iv1 iii2 ,hamlet1 ,,ii1 ii4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #aab1 text2 ,carracci's frescoes in the ,farnese ,palace1 ,rome1 of ,polyphemus1 ,acis and ,galatea2 ,claude ,lorrain's painting1 ,evening1 ,acis and ,galatea2 ,raphael's ,triumph of ,galatea4 #adb4 ,textual4 ,for descent of ,glaucus1 see ,tables ,g and ,i4 ,for ,scylla's descent1 see ,table ,c4 ,see ,keats1 ,endymion1 ,bk4 #c4 ,interpretative4 ,glaucus is explained by some as the calm gleaming sea2 by others1 as the angry sea that reflects the lowering heavens 7see ,roscher1 p4 #afij74 ,scylla is a personification of treacherous currents and shallows among jagged cliffs and hidden rocks4 #add4 ,for genealogy of ,ino1 see ,table ,e4 ,leucothea waked1 and with fresh dews embalmed ,the ,earth 7,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #aa1 #ace74 #ade4 ,cyrene was sister to ,daphne4 ,honey must first have been known as a wild product1 the bees building their structures in hollow trees1 or holes in the rocks1 or any similar cavity that chance offered4 ,thus occasionally the carcass of a dead animal would be occupied by the bees for that purpose4 ,it was no doubt from some such incident that the superstition arose that bees were engendered by the decaying flesh of the animal4 ,virgil assigns to ,proteus the isle of ,carpathus1 between ,crete and ,rhodes2 ,homer1 the isle of ,pharus1 near the river ,nile4 ,illustrative4 ,see ,c4 #ej4 ,proteus1 a poem by ,r4 ,buchanan4 ,on ,aristus1 ,cowper's ,task1 comparison of the ice-palace of ,empress ,anne of ,russia with ,cyrene's palace4 ,milton probably thought of ,cyrene in describing ,sabrina 7,comus74 ,he calls ,proteus the ,carpathian ,wizard4 #adf-adg4 ,textual4 ,achelos3 the largest river in ,greece1 rose in ,mount ,lacmon1 flowed between ,acarnania and tolia1 and emptied into the ,ionian ,sea4 ,it was honored over all ,greece4 ,calydon3 a city of tolia1 famed for the ,calydonian ,hunt4 ,parthenope1 see #bch4 ,ligea 7,ligeia73 the shrill-sounding maiden2 here a ,siren2 sometimes a ,dryad4 ,interpretative4 ,even among the ancients such stories as this were explained on a physical basis3 the river ,achelos flows through the realm of ,dejanira1 hence ,achelos loves ,dejanira4 ,when the river winds it is a snake1 when it roars it is a bull1 when it overflows its banks it puts forth new horns4 ,hercules is supposed to have regulated the course of the stream by confining it within a new and suitable channel4 ,at the same time the old channel1 redeemed from the stream1 subjected to cultivation1 and blossoming with flowers1 might well be called a horn of plenty4 ,there is another account of the origin of the ,cornucopia4 ,jupiter at his birth was committed by his mother ,rhea to the care of the daughters of ,melisseus1 a ,cretan king4 ,they fed the infant deity with the milk of the goat ,amalthea4 ,jupiter1 breaking off one of the horns of the goat1 gave it to his nurses1 and endowed it with the power of becoming filled with whatever the possessor might wish4 #adh4 7#e7 ,,table ,i4 ,,the ,,race ,,of ,,iapetus1 ,,deucalion1 ,,atlas1 ,,and ,,hellen ,uranus ,ga -- ,iapetus -- ,epimethius ,pandora -- ,pyrrha ,deucalion -- ,hellen -- olus ,i -- ,calyce -- ,endymion -- ,eurycyde -- ,eles -- ,augeas -- tolus -- ,calydon -- ,epicaste ,agenor -- ,demonice ,mars -- ,thestius -- ,hypermnestra ,ocles -- ,amphiaras ,eriphyle -- ,alcmon ,arsino --,amphilochus -- ,altha ,,oeneus -- ,meleager -- ,dejanira ,hercules -- ,hyllus -- ,leda ,tyndareus -- ,castor -- ,clytemnestra ,agamemnon ,jove -- ,pollux -- ,helen ,paris -- ,plexippus -- ,toxeus 787 -- ,porthaon -- ,agrius -- ,melanippus -- ,thersites -- ,,oeneus ,periboea -- ,tydeus -- ,diomedes ,altha -- ,meleager 7see above7 -- ,dejanira 7see above7 -- ,pleuron -- ,agenor ,epicaste -- ,demonice 7see above7 -- ,porthaon 7see above7 -- ,alcyone ,ceyx -- ,canace ,neptune -- ,aloeus ,iphimedia -- ,otus -- ,ephialtes -- ,perieres -- ,icarius -- ,penelope ,ulysses -- ,telemachus -- ,tyndareus ,leda -- ,castor 7see above7 -- ,clytemnestra 7see above7 -- ,mimas -- ,hippotes -- olus ,,ii -- ,arne ,neptune -- olus ,,iii 7,king of the ,winds7 -- #f sons -- #f daughters -- ,magnes -- ,dictys -- ,polydectes -- ,deon -- ,cephalus ,procris -- ,arcesius -- ,lartes -- ,ulysses ,penelope -- ,telemachus 7see above7 -- ,actor -- ,menoetius -- ,patroclus -- ,athamas ,nephele -- ,helle -- ,phryxus ,ino -- ,melicertes ,themisto -- ,schoeneus of ,boetia -- ,atalanta ,hippomenes -- ,sisyphus ,merope -- ,glaucus -- ,bellerophon -- ,hippolochus -- ,glaucus 7,iliad1 #f1 #aee7 -- ,laodamia ,jove -- ,sarpedon -- ,salmoneus -- ,tyro ,neptune -- ,neleus -- ,nestor -- ,antilochus -- ,pero ,bias -- ,talas -- ,adrastus -- ,eriphyle ,amphiaras -- ,alcmon 7see above7 -- ,amphilochus 7see above7 -- ,pelias -- ,evadne -- ,acastus -- ,laodamia ,protesilas -- ,alcestis ,admetus ,cretheus -- ,pheres -- ,admetus ,alcestis -- son -- ,jason -- ,amythaon -- ,bias ,pero -- ,talas 7see above7 -- ,melampus 7the ,prophet7 -- ,antiphates -- ,ocles ,hypermnestra -- ,amphiaras 7see above7 -- ,cretheus ,tyro -- ,pheres 7see above7 -- son 7see above7 -- ,amythaon 7see above7 -- ,xuthus -- ,diomede -- ,achus -- ,ion -- ,dorus -- ,tectamus -- ,prometheus ,clymene -- ,deucalion ,pyrrha -- ,hellen 7see above7 -- ,menoetius -- ,atlas ,pleione -- ,merope ,sisyphus -- ,glaucus 7see above7 -- ,sterope ,,ii ,mars -- ,,oenomas -- ,hippodamia ,pelops -- ,atreus ,arope -- ,agamemnon ,clytemnestra -- ,menelas ,helen -- ,thyestes -- gisthus -- ,pittheus -- thra -- ,theseus -- ,electra ,jove -- ,dardanus -- ,ilus ,i -- ,erichthonius -- ,tros -- ,ilus ,,ii -- ,laomedon -- ,priam -- ,the other ,pleiades thra -- ,the ,hyades ,hesperis -- ,the ,hesperides ,sterope ,i -- ,maia ,jove -- ,mercury ,illustrative4 ,the name ,amalthea is given also to the mother of ,bacchus4 ,it is thus used by ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #bge3 ,that ,nyseian isle1 ,girt with the river ,triton1 where old ,cham1 ,whom ,gentiles ,ammon call and ,libyan ,jove1 ,hid ,amalthea1 and her florid son1 ,young ,bacchus1 from his stepdame ,rhea's eye4 ,see also ,milton1 ,paradise ,regained1 #b1 #cef4 #adh4 ,for the general genealogy of the race of ,inachus1 see ,table ,d4 ,for the general race of ,iapetus1 ,deucalion1 ,hellen1 olus1 tolus1 etc41 see below1 ,table ,i 7based in part on the table given in ,roscher1 article ,deukalion74 ,for the descendants of ,agenor1 see ,table ,e4 ,for the houses of ,minos and of ,labdacus1 see ,tables ,l and ,n4 ,for the descendants of ,belus 7house of ,danas71 see ,tables ,i and ,j2 of ,cecrops and ,erechtheus1 ,table ,m4 7#a7 ,the race of ,inachus ---------------------------------------- -------- ,the descendants of ,pelasgus1 of ,belus1 of ,agenor ,house of ,danas ,houses of ,minos and ,labdacus 7#b7 ,the race of ,deucalion 7,table ,g71 and of his son1 ,hellen ,the descendants of olus1 of ,dorus1 of ,xuthus1 7,achans and ,ionians7 ,the descendants of ,endymion1 ,perieres1 ,deon1 ,sisyphus1 ,cretheus1 ,athamas 7#c7 ,the descendants of tolus1 son of ,endymion 7,table ,k7 ,houses of ,porthaon and ,thestius 7#d7 ,the race of ,cecrops ,the descendants of ,erichthonius ,house of ,pandion and geus #adi-aed4 ,textual4 ,seriphus3 an island of the gean4 ,the ,house of ,danas is as follows3 ,,table ,j4 ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,dana,s ,inachus -- ,io ,jupiter -- ,epaphus -- ,libya ,poseidon 7,neptune7 -- ,agenor -- ,cadmus -- ,europa -- ,belus of ,egypt -- gyptus -- #di other sons -- ,lynceus ,hypermnestra -- ,abas -- ,acrisius -- ,dana ,jupiter -- ,perseus ,andromeda -- ,perses -- ,electryon -- ,alcmene ,jupiter -- ,hercules ,amphitryon -- ,iphicles -- ,alcus -- ,amphitryon ,alcmene -- ,iphicles 7see above7 -- ,danas -- ,hypermnestra ,lynceus -- ,abas 7see above7 -- #di other drs4 -- ,cepheus ,cassiopea -- ,andromeda ,perseus -- ,perses 7see above7 -- ,electryon 7see above7 -- ,alcus 7see above7 ,interpretative4 ,while ,danas is1 in fact1 a native mythical hero of ,argos1 the story of his arrival from ,egypt is probably an attempt to explain the influence of ,egyptian civilization upon the ,greeks4 ,the name ,danas means drought1 and may refer to the frequently dry condition of the soil of ,argos4 ,the fifty daughters of ,danas would then be the nymphs of the many springs which in season refresh the land of ,argolis4 ,their suitors1 the fifty sons of gyptus1 would be the streams of ,argolis that in the rainy months threaten to overflow their banks4 ,but the springs by vanishing during the hot weather deprive the streams of water and consequently of life4 ,that is to say1 when the sources 7,danads7 choose to stop supplies1 the heads of the streams 7the fifty youths of ,argolis7 are cut off4 ,the reference to gyptus and the sons of gyptus would indicate a reminiscence of the ,nile and its tributaries1 alternately overflowing and exhausted4 ,the unsuccessful toil of the ,danads in ,tartarus may have been suggested by the sandy nature of the ,argive soil1 and the leaky nature of the springs1 now high1 now low4 ,or it may typify1 simply1 any incessant1 fruitless labor4 ,the name ,hypermnestra signifies constancy and love4 ,dana1 the daughter of ,acrisius1 has been regarded as the dry earth1 which under the rains of the golden springtime bursts into verdure and bloom2 or as the dark depths of the earth2 or as the dawn1 from which1 shot through with the golden rays of heaven1 the youthful ,sun is born4#dbh ,advocates of the last theory would understand the voyage of ,dana and ,perseus as the tossing of the sunbeams on the waters of the eastern horizon4 ,the young ,sun would next overcome the ,gray-women1 forms of the gloaming1 and then slay with his sword of light the black cloud of the heavenly vault1 the ,gorgon1 whose aspect is night and death4 ,the ,gr and the ,gorgons may1 with greater probability1 be taken as personifications of the hidden horrors of the unknown night-enveloped ocean and the misty horizon whence storms come4 ,in that case the ,gr will be the gray clouds1 and their one tooth 7or one eye7 the harmless gleam of the lightning2 the ,gorgons will be the heavy thunderclouds1 and their petrifying gaze the swift and fatal lightning flash4 ,but there are still others who find in the ,gorgon ,medusa the wan visage of the moon1 empress of the night1 slain by the splendor of morning4 ,the sandals of ,hermes have1 accordingly1 been explained as the morning breeze1 or even as the chariot of the sun4 ,the invisible helmet may be the clouds under which the sun disappears4 ,compare the cloak of darkness in the ,three ,daughters of ,king ,o',hara2 and the ,sword of ,sharpness in the ,weaver's ,son and the ,giant of ,white ,hill 7,curtin1 ,myths of ,ireland74 ,andromeda is variously deciphered3 the tender dawn1 which a storm-cloud would obscure and devour2 the moon1 which darkness1 as a dragon1 threatens to swallow2 or some historic character that has passed into myth4 ,compare the contests of ,perseus and the ,dragon1 ,apollo and ,pytho1 ,hercules and the ,serpents1 ,cadmus and the ,dragon of ,mars1 ,st4 ,george and the ,dragon1 ,siegfried and the ,worm 7,fafnir74 ,for a ,gaelic ,andromeda and ,perseus1 see ,the ,thirteenth ,son of the ,king of ,erin 7,curtin1 ,myths of ,ireland74 ,perseus' flight to the ,gardens of the ,hesperides suggests1 naturally1 the circuit of the sun toward the flushing western horizon2 and1 of course1 he would here behold the giant ,atlas1 who1 stationed where heaven and earth meet1 sustains upon his shoulders the celestial vault4 ,the ,doom of ,acrisius reminds one of that of ,hyacinthus4 ,the quoit suggests the rays of the sun1 and the name ,acrisius may be construed to mean the confused or gloomy heavens 7,roscher1 ,preller1 ,mller1 etc474 ,illustrative4 ,the starred thiope queen3 ,cassiopea 7,cassiepea1 or ,cassiope7 became a constellation4 ,the sea-nymphs1 however1 had her placed in a part of the heavens near the pole1 where she is half the time held with her head downward to teach her humility4 ,dana4 ,tennyson1 ,princess1 ,now lies the ,earth all ,dana to the stars1 ,and all thy heart lies open unto me4 ,translations of ,simonides' ,lament of ,dana1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,bryant and by ,j4 ,h4 ,frere4 ,danad3 ,chaucer1 ,legende of ,good ,women1 #befa 7,hypermnestra and ,lynceus74 ,gorgons and ,medusa4 ,spenser1 ,epithalamion1 ,and stand astonished like to those which read ,medusa's mazeful head2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b4 #faa1 #fbh2 ,comus 7on gis and ,gorgon72 ,drummond1 ,the ,statue of ,medusa2 ,gray1 ,hymn to ,adversity2 ,armstrong1 ,the ,art of ,preserving ,health2 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,aspecta ,medusa2 ,l4 ,morris1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,thomas ,gordon ,hake1 ,the ,infant ,medusa 7a sonnet72 ,e4 ,lee-,hamilton1 ,the ,new ,medusa2 ,lady ,charlotte ,elliot1 ,medusa4 ,andromeda4 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #c1 #eei 7the constellation72 ,l4 ,morris in ,the ,epic of ,hades2 ,w4 ,morris1 ,doom of ,king ,acrisius2 ,e4 ,dowden1 ,andromeda 7,the ,heroines74 ,atlas4 ,shakespeare1 #c ,henry ,,vi1 #e1 #a2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #d1 #ihg2 #aa1 #djb1 comparison of ,satan and ,atlas4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #aaf1 in text3 vase in the ,hermitage1 ,st4 ,petersburg4 ,titian's painting1 ,dana and the ,shower of ,gold2 ,correggio's ,dana4 ,ancient sculpture3 a ,danad in the ,vatican2 the ,danads on an altar in the ,vatican 7,fig4 #aae1 in text74 ,perseus and ,andromeda4 ,figs4 #aai-aba1 and opp4 p4 #bab1 in text2 painting by ,rubens 7,berlin74 ,sculpture3 ,benvenuto ,cellini's ,perseus 7,loggia de' ,lanzi1 ,florence71 and ,perseus saving ,andromeda2 ,canova's ,perseus 7,vatican74 ,medusa4 ,grco-,roman sculpture3 ,head of ,dying ,medusa 7,villa ,ludovisi1 ,rome72 the beautiful ,medusa ,rondanini in the ,glyptothek1 ,munich 7,figs4 #aag and #aah1 text72 numerous illustrations of abhorrent ,gorgons in ,roscher1 p4 #agjg et seq41 from vases1 seals1 marbles1 etc4 ,modern ,painting4 ,leonardo da ,vinci1 ,head of ,medusa4 #aee4 ,textual4 ,the descent of ,bellerophon is as follows4 7,see also ,table ,i47 ,deucalion ,pyrrha ,hellen olus ,i ,atlas ,sisyphus ,merope 7,pleiad7 ,glaucus ,bellerophon ,lycia3 in ,asia ,minor4 ,the fountain ,hippocrene1 on the ,muses' mountain1 ,helicon1 was opened by a kick from the hoof of ,pegasus4 ,this horse belongs to the ,muses1 and has from time immemorial been ridden by the poets4 ,from the story of ,bellerophon being unconsciously the bearer of his own death-warrant1 the expression ,bellerophontic letters arose1 to describe any species of communication which a person is made the bearer of1 containing matter prejudicial to himself4 ,aleian field3 a district in ,cilicia 7,asia ,minor74 ,interpretative4 ,bellerophon is either he who appears in the clouds1 or he who slays the cloudy monster4 ,in either sense we have another sun-myth and sun-hero4 ,he is the son of ,glaucus1 who1 whether he be descended from ,sisyphus or from ,neptune1 is undoubtedly a sea-god4 ,his horse1 sprung from ,medusa1 the thundercloud1 when she falls under the sword of the sun1 is ,pegasus1 the rain-cloud4 ,in his contest with the ,chimra we have a repetition of the combat of ,perseus and the sea monster4 ,bellerophon is a heavenly knight errant who slays the powers of storm and darkness4 ,the earth1 struck by his horse's hoof1 bubbles into springs 7,rapp in ,roscher1 and ,max ,mller74 ,at the end of the day1 falling from heaven1 this knight of the sun walks in melancholy the pale fields of the twilight4 ,illustrative4 ,wm4 ,morris1 ,bellerophon in ,argos and in ,lycia 7,earthly ,paradise72 ,longfellow1 ,pegasus in ,pound2 ,bowring's translation of ,schiller's ,pegasus in ,harness4 ,milton 7,bellerophon and ,pegasus71 ,paradise ,lost1 #g1 #a2 ,spenser1 ,then whoso will with virtuous wing assay ,to mount to heaven1 on ,pegasus must ride1 ,and with sweet ,poet's verse be glorified2 also ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #i1 #ba2 ,shakespeare1 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,,iv1 iv2 #a ,henry ,,iv1 ,,iv1 i2 ,henry ,v1 ,,iii1 vii2 ,pope1 ,essay on ,criticism1 #aej2 ,dunciad1 #c1 #afb2 ,burns1 ,to ,john ,taylor2 ,young's ,night ,thoughts1 ,vol4 #b 7on ,bellerophontic letters74 ,hippocrene3 ,keats1 ,to a ,nightingale4 ,in ,art4 ,bellerophon and ,pegasus1 vase picture 7,monuments indits1 etc41 ,rome and ,paris1 #ahci-ahgd72 ancient relief1 ,fig4 #abb1 in text4 #aef-afb4 ,for genealogy of ,hercules1 see ,table ,j4 ,rhadamanthus3 brother of ,minos4 7,see ,index47 ,thespi and ,orchomenos3 towns of ,boeotia4 ,nemea3 in ,argolis1 near ,mycen4 ,stymphalian lake3 in ,arcadia4 ,pillars of ,hercules4 ,the chosen device of ,charles ,v of ,germany represented the ,pillars of ,hercules entwined by a scroll that bore his motto1 ,plus ,ultra 7still farther74 ,this device1 imprinted upon the ,german dollar1 has been adopted as the sign of the ,american dollar 774 ,dollar1 by the way1 means coin of the valley1--,german ,thal4 ,the silver of the first dollars came from ,joachimsthal in ,bohemia1 about #aeah4 ,hesperides3 the western sky at sunset4 ,the apples may have been suggested by stories of the oranges of ,spain4 ,the ,cacus myth is thoroughly latinized1 but of ,greek origin4 ,the ,aventine3 one of the hills of ,rome4 ,colchis3 in ,asia1 east of the ,euxine and south of ,caucasus4 ,mysia3 province of ,asia ,minor1 north of ,lydia4 ,the river ,phasis flows through ,colchis into the ,euxine4 ,for genealogy of ,laomedon1 see ,table ,o 7#e74 ,pylos3 it is doubtful what city is intended4 ,there were two such towns in ,elis1 and one in ,messenia4 ,the word means gate 7see ,iliad1 #e1 #cig71 and in the case of ,hercules there may be some reference to his journey to the gate or ,pylos of ,hades4 ,for ,alcestis1 see #hc2 for ,prometheus1 #ae2 for the family of ,dejanira1 ,table ,k4 ,alcides3 i4e4 ,hercules1 descendant of ,alcus4 ,,oechalia3 in ,thessaly or in ,euboea4 ,mount ,,oeta3 in ,thessaly4 ,the ,pygmies3 a nation of dwarfs1 so called from a ,greek word meaning the cubit1 or measure of about thirteen inches1 which was said to be the height of these people4 ,they lived near the sources of the ,nile1 or1 according to others1 in ,india4 ,homer tells us that the cranes used to migrate every winter to the ,pygmies' country1 where1 attacking the cornfields1 they precipitated war4 ,h4 ,m4 ,stanley1 in his last ,african expedition1 discovered a race of diminutive men that correspond fairly in appearance with those mentioned by ,homer4 ,the ,cercopes3 the subject of a comic poem by ,homer1 and of numerous grotesque representations in ,greek literature and sculpture4 ,interpretative4 ,all myths of the sun represent that luminary as struggling against and overcoming monsters1 or performing other laborious tasks in obedience to the orders of some tyrant of inferior spirit1 but of legal authority4 ,since the life of ,hercules is composed of such tasks1 it is easy to class him with other sun-heroes4 ,but to construe his whole history and all his feats as symbolic of the sun's progress through the heavens1 beginning with the labors performed in his eastern home and ending with the capture of ,cerberus in the underworld beyond the west1 or to construe the subjects of the twelve labors as consciously recalling the twelve signs of the ,zodiac is not only unwarranted1 but absurd4 ,to some extent ,hercules is a sun-hero2 to some extent his adventures are fabulous history2 to a greater extent both he and his adventures are the product of generations of sthetic1 but primitive and fanciful1 invention4 ,the same statement holds true of nearly all the heroes and heroic deeds of mythology4 ,as a matter of interest1 it may be noted that the serpents that attacked ,hercules in his cradle are explained as powers of darkness which the sun destroys1 and the cattle that he tended1 as the clouds of morning4 ,his choice between pleasure and duty at the outset of his career enforces1 of course1 a lesson of conduct4 ,his lion's skin may denote the tawny cloud which the sun trails behind him as he fights his way through the vapors that he overcomes 7,cox74 ,the slaughter of the ,centaurs may be the dissipation of these vapors4 ,his insanity may denote the raging heat of the sun at noonday4 ,the ,nemean lion may be a monster of cloud or darkness2 the ,hydra1 a cloud that confines the kindly rains1 or at times covers the heavens with numerous necks and heads of vapor4 ,the ,cerynean ,stag may be a golden-tinted cloud that the sun chases2 and the ,cattle of the ,augean stables1 clouds that1 refusing to burst in rain1 consign the earth to drought and filth4 ,the ,erymanthian boar and the ,cretan bull are probably varied forms of the powers of darkness2 so also the ,stamphalian 7,stymphalian7 birds and the giant ,cacus4 ,finally1 the scene of the hero's death is a picture of a sunset in wild confusion1 the multitude of clouds hurrying hither and thither1 now hiding1 now revealing the mangled body of the sun4 ,in this way ,cox1 and other interpreters of myth1 would explain the series4 ,but while the explanations are entertaining and poetic1 their very plausibility should suggest caution in accepting them4 ,it is not safe to construe all the details of a mythical career in terms of any one theory4 ,the more noble side of the character of ,hercules presents itself to the moral understanding1 as worthy of consideration and admiration4 ,the dramatist ,euripides has portrayed him as a great-hearted hero1 high-spirited and jovial1 rejoicing in the vigor of manhood1 comforting the downcast1 wrestling with ,death and overcoming him1 restoring happiness where sorrow had obtained4 ,no grander conception of manliness has in modern times found expression in poetry than that of the ,hercules in ,browning's transcript of ,euripides1 ,balaustion's ,adventure4 ,illustrative4 ,lang's translation of the ,lityerses song 7,theocritus1 ,idyl ,x74 ,the song1 like the ,linus song1 is of early origin among the laborers in the field4 ,for ,hercules1 see ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,astrophel and ,stella2 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #a1 #aa1 #bg2 ,shakespeare1 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,,ii1 i2 ,,iii1 ii2 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,i1 ii2 ,coriolanus1 ,,iv1 i2 ,hamlet1 ,i1 ii2 ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 ,,ii1 i2 ,,iii1 iii2 ,king ,john1 ,,ii1 i2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,iv1 ii2 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,,iv1 x2 #a ,henry ,,vi1 ,,iv1 vii2 ,pope1 ,satires1 #e1 #ag2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #aa1 #daj 7,geryon74 ,amazons3 ,shakespeare1 ,king ,john1 ,v1 ii2 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,,ii1 ii2 #a ,henry ,,vi1 ,i1 iv2 #c ,henry ,,vi1 ,i1 iv2 ,pope1 ,rape of the ,lock1 #c1 #fg2 ,hylas3 ,pope1 ,autumn2 ,dunciad1 #b1 #ccf4 ,poems4 ,s4 ,rogers1 on the ,torso of ,hercules2 ,browning1 ,balaustion's ,adventure1 and ,aristophanes' ,apology2 ,l4 ,morris1 ,dejaneira 7,epic of ,hades72 ,william ,morris1 ,the ,golden ,apples 7,earthly ,paradise72 ,j4 ,h4 ,frere's translation of ,euripides' ,hercules ,furens1 and ,plumptre's1 or ,r4 ,whitelaw's 7#ahhc71 of ,sophocles' ,women of ,trachis2 ,george ,cabot ,lodge1 ,herakles4 ,pygmies3 ,james ,beattie1 ,battle of the ,pygmies and the ,cranes4 ,dejanira3 ,fragment of ,chorus of a ,dejaneira1 by ,m4 ,arnold4 ,hylas3 ,moore 7song71 ,when ,hylas was sent with his urn to the fount1 etc42 ,bayard ,taylor1 ,hylas2 ,r4 ,c4 ,rogers1 ,hylas2 translation of ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,,xiii1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,calverley1 #ahfi4 ,daphnis3 ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,i4 ,according to this1 ,daphnis so loves ,nas that he defies ,aphrodite to make him love again4 ,she does so1 but he fights against the new passion1 and dies a victim of the implacable goddess4 ,this song is sung by ,thyrsis4 ,also on ,daphnis1 read ,e4 ,gosse's poem1 ,the ,gifts of the ,muses4 ,in ,art4 ,fig4 #fe1 of a statue reproducing the style of ,scopas2 figs4 #abc-abi1 and opp4 p4 #bbf1 in text2 ,heracles in the eastern pediment of the ,parthenon 7872 the ,torso ,belvedere2 ,farnese ,hercules 7,national ,museum1 ,naples72 ,hercules in the metopes of the ,temple of ,silenus 7,museum1 ,palermo72 the ,infant ,hercules strangling a ,serpent 7antique sculpture71 in the ,uffizi at ,florence2 ,c4 ,g4 ,gleyre's painting1 ,hercules at the ,feet of ,omphale 7,louvre72 ,bandinelli 7sculpture71 ,hercules and ,cacus2 ,giovanni di ,bologna 7sculpture71 ,hercules and ,centaur2 ,amazon 7ancient sculpture71 in the ,vatican2 and ,figs4 #afb1 #ahe and opp4 p4 #cjf1 in text2 ,centaur 7sculpture71 ,capitol1 ,rome2 the ,mad ,heracles1 vase picture 7,monuments indits1 ,rome and ,paris1 #ahci-ahgh74 #afc-afg4 ,for the descent of ,jason from ,deucalion1 see ,table ,g4 ,iolcos3 a town in ,thessaly4 ,lemnos3 in the gean1 near ,tenedos4 ,phineus3 a son of ,agenor1 or of ,poseidon4 ,for the family of ,medea1 see ,table ,h4 ,interpretative4 ,argo means swift1 or white1 or commemorates the ship-builder1 or the city of ,argos4 ,the ,argo-myth rests upon a mixture of traditions of the earliest seafaring and of the course of certain physical phenomena4 ,so far as the tradition of primitive seafaring is concerned1 it may refer to some half-piratical expedition1 the rich spoils of which might readily be known as the ,golden ,fleece4 ,so far as the physical tradition is concerned1 it may refer to the course of the year 7the ,ram of the ,golden ,fleece being the fructifying clouds that come and go across the gean7 or to the process of sunrise and sunset 7873 ,helle being the glimmering twilight that sinks into the sea2 ,phrixus 7in ,greek ,phrixos71 the radiant sunlight2 the voyage of the ,argo through the ,symplegades1 the nocturnal journey of the sun down the west2 the oak with the ,golden ,fleece1 a symbol of the sunset which the dragon of darkness guards2 the fire-breathing bulls1 the advent of morning2 the offspring of the dragon's teeth1 an image of the sunbeams leaping from eastern darkness4 ,medea is a typical wise-woman or witch2 daughter of ,hecate and granddaughter of ,asteria1 the starry heavens1 she comes of a family skilled in magic4 ,her aunt ,circe was even more powerful in necromancy than she4 ,the robe of ,medea is the fleece in another form4 ,the death of ,cresa1 also called ,glauce1 suggests that of ,hercules 7in the flaming sunset874 ,jason is no more faithful to his sweetheart than other solar heroes--,hercules1 ,perseus1 ,apollo--are to theirs4 ,the sun must leave the colors and glories1 the twilights and the clouds of to-day1 for those of to-morrow4 ,see ,roscher1 pp4 #ecj-ecg4 ,the physical explanation is more than commonly plausible4 ,but the numerous adventures of the ,argonauts are certainly survivals of various local legends that have been consolidated and preserved in the artistic form of the myth4 ,jason1 ,dison1 is another ,zeus1 of the ,ionian race1 beloved by ,medea1 whose name1 the counseling woman1 suggests a goddess4 ,perhaps ,medea was a local ,hera-,demeter1 degraded to the rank of a heroine4 ,the ,symplegades may be a reminiscence of rolling and clashing icebergs2 the dove incident occurs in numerous ancient stories from that of ,noah down4 ,if ,medea be another personification of morning and evening twilight1 then her dragons are rays of sunlight that precede her4 ,more likely they are part of the usual equipage of a witch1 symbolizing wisdom1 foreknowledge1 swiftness1 violence1 and ,oriental mystery4 ,illustrative4 ,the ,argo1 see ,theodore ,martin's translation of ,catullus1 ,,lxiv 7,peleus and ,thetis71 for the memorable launch2 ,pope1 ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day4 ,jason3 ,shakespeare1 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,i1 i2 ,,iii1 ii2 son3 ,merchant of ,venice1 ,v1 i2 ,absyrtus3 #b ,henry ,,vi1 ,v1 ii4 ,poems3 ,chaucer1 ,legende of ,good ,women1 #acff 7,ysiphile and ,medee72 ,w4 ,morris1 ,life and ,death of ,jason2 ,frederick ,tennyson1 son and ,king ,athamas 7in ,daphne and ,other ,poems74 ,thos4 ,campbell's translation of the chorus in ,euripides' ,medea1 beginning ,oh1 haggard queen6 to ,athens dost thou guide thy glowing chariot4 ,translations of the ,medea of ,euripides have been made by ,augusta ,webster1 #ahfh2 by ,w4 ,c4 ,lawton 7,three ,dramas of ,euripides7 #ahhi2 and by ,wodhull4 ,in ,art4 ,the terra-cotta relief 7,fig4 #acj1 text7 in the ,british ,museum2 the relief from ,naples1 now in ,vienna 7,fig4 #aca74 ,figs4 #acb and #acc as explained in text4 ,also the splendid ,vengeance of ,medea in the ,louvre2 relief on a ,roman sarcophagus4 #afh4 ,textual4 ,,table ,k4 ,,the ,,descendants ,,of ,,tolus 7,,son ,,of ,,endymion7 ,endymion -- tolus -- ,calydon -- ,epicaste ,agenor -- ,porthaon -- ,,oeneus ,periboea -- ,tydeus -- ,diomedes ,altha -- ,meleager -- ,dejanira ,hercules -- ,demonice ,mars -- ,thestius -- ,altha ,,oeneus -- ,meleager 7see above7 -- ,dejanira 7see above7 -- ,plexippus -- ,toxeus 787 -- ,leda ,tyndareus 7,sparta7 -- ,castor -- ,clytemnestra ,jupiter -- ,pollux -- ,helen -- ,pleuron -- ,agenor ,epicaste -- ,porthaon 7see above7 -- ,demonice 7see above7 ,also1 in general1 ,table ,i4 ,for ,calydon1 see ,index4 ,the ,arcadian ,atalanta was descended from the ,arcas who was son of ,jupiter and ,callisto4 7,see ,table ,d47 ,interpretative4 ,atalanta is the unwearied maiden4 ,she is the human counterpart of the huntress ,diana4 ,the story has of course been allegorically explained1 but it bears numerous marks of local and historic origin4 ,illustrative4 ,swinburne1 ,atalanta in ,calydon2 ,margaret ,j4 ,preston1 ,the ,quenched ,branch2 ,shakespeare1 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,,ii1 ii2 #b ,henry ,,vi1 ,i1 i4 ,in ,art4 ,the ,meleager 7sculpture71 in the ,vatican2 the ,roman reliefs as in text4 ,the original of ,fig4 #ace is in the ,louvre4 #afi4 ,the ,merope story has been dramatized by ,maffei 7#agac71 ,voltaire 7#agdc71 ,alfieri 7#aghc71 and by others4 #agj-aga4 ,c4 ,s4 ,calverley's ,the ,sons of ,leda1 from ,theocritus4 ,leda3 ,spenser1 ,prothalamion2 ,landor1 ,loss of ,memory4 ,talus3 the iron attendant of ,artegal1 ,spenser1 ,faerie ,queene1 #e1 #a1 #ab4 #agb4 ,the ,descendants of ,minos ,i4 7,see also ,table ,d47 ,,table ,l ,europa ,jupiter -- ,minos ,i ,itone -- ,lycastus -- ,minos ,,ii ,pasipha -- ,crateus -- ,arope ,atreus -- ,phdra ,theseus -- ,ariadne ,theseus ,helios ,perses -- ,pasipha ,minos ,,ii -- ,crateus 7see above7 -- ,phdra 7see above7 -- ,ariadne 7see above7 -- ,circe -- etes ,hecate -- ,medea ,asteria ,perses -- ,hecate etes -- ,medea 7see above7 ,interpretative4 ,discrimination between ,minos ,i and ,minos ,,ii is made in the text1 but is rarely observed4 ,minos1 according to ,preller1 is the solar king and hero of ,crete2 his wife1 ,pasipha1 is the moon 7who was worshiped in ,crete under the form of a cow72 and the ,minotaur is the lord of the starry heavens which are his labyrinth4 ,others make ,pasipha1 whose name means shiner upon all1 the bright heaven2 and ,minos 7in accordance with his name1 the ,man1 par excellence71 the thinker and measurer4 ,a lawgiver on earth1 the ,homeric ,minos readily becomes a judge in ,hades4 ,various fanciful interpretations1 such as storm cloud1 sun1 etc41 are given of the bull4 ,cox explains the ,minotaur as night1 devouring all things4 ,the tribute from ,athens may suggest some early suzerainty in politics and religion exercised by ,crete over neighboring lands4 ,for ,mander1 see ,pope1 ,rape of the ,lock1 #e1 #fe2 ,dunciad1 #a1 #fd2 #c1 #ee4 #agc4 ,interpretative4 ,ddalus is a representative of the earliest technical skill1 especially in wood-cutting1 carving1 and the plastic arts used for industrial purposes4 ,his flight from one land to another signifies the introduction of inventions into the countries concerned4 ,the fall of ,icarus was probably invented to explain the name of the ,icarian ,sea4 ,illustrative4 ,ddalus3 ,chaucer1 ,hous of ,fame1 #dji4 ,icarus3 ,shakespeare1 #a ,henry ,,vi1 ,,iv1 vi2 ,,iv1 vii2 #c ,henry ,,vi1 ,v1 vi2 poem on ,icarus by ,bayard ,taylor2 travesty by ,j4 ,g4 ,saxe4 ,in ,art4 ,sculpture3 ,fig4 #ach1 in text3 ,villa ,albani1 ,rome2 ,canova's ,ddalus and ,icarus2 painting by ,j4 ,m4 ,vien2 also by ,a4 ,pisano 7,campanile1 ,florence74 #agd4 ,the descendants of ,erichthonius are as follows3 ,,table ,m ,jupiter -- ,tantalus -- ,pelops -- ,pittheus -- thra geus -- ,theseus ,ariadne d4 of ,minos ,,ii ,antiope 7,hippolyta7 -- ,hippolytus ,phdra d4 of ,minos ,,ii -- ,atreus -- ,thyestes ,erichthonius -- ,pandion ,i -- ,erechtheus -- ,pandion ,,ii -- geus thra -- ,theseus 7see above7 -- ,cresa ,apollo -- ,ion ,xuthus -- ,procne -- ,philomela ,cecrops 7see #fe74 ,according to one tradition1 ,cecrops was autochthonous and had one son1 ,erysichthon1 who died without issue1 and three daughters1 ,herse1 ,aglauros1 and ,pandrosos 7personifications of ,dew and its vivifying influences74 ,according to another1 he was of the line of ,erichthonius1 being either a son of ,pandion ,i1 or a son of ,erechtheus and a grandson of ,pandion ,i4 ,apollodorus makes him father of ,pandion ,,ii4 ,he was regarded as founder of the worship of ,athene and of various civic institutions4 ,he is probably a hero of the ,pelasgian race4 ,ion4 ,according to one tradition1 the race of ,erechtheus became extinct1 save for ,ion1 a son of ,apollo and ,cresa1 daughter of ,erechtheus4 ,this son1 having been removed at birth1 was brought up in ,apollo's temple at ,delphi1 and1 in accordance with the oracle of ,apollo1 afterwards adopted by ,cresa and her husband ,xuthus 7see the ,ion of ,euripides74 ,ion founded the new dynasty of ,athens4 ,but1 according to ,pausanias and ,apollodorus1 the dynasty of ,erechtheus was continued by geus1 who was either a son1 or an adopted son1 of ,pandion ,,ii4 ,by thra he became father of ,theseus1 in whose veins flowed1 therefore1 the blood of ,pelops and of ,erichthonius4 ,interpretative4 ,the story of ,philomela was probably invented to account for the sad song of the nightingale4 ,with her the swallow is associated as another much loved bird of spring4 ,occasionally ,procne is spoken of as the nightingale1 and ,philomela as the swallow1 and ,tereus as taking the form of a red-crested hoopoe4 ,illustrative4 ,chaucer1 ,legende of ,good ,women 7,philomene of ,athens72 ,milton1 ,il ,penseroso2 ,richard ,barnfield1 ,song1 ,as it fell upon a day2 ,thomson1 ,hymn on the ,seasons2 ,swinburne1 ,itylus2 ,oscar ,wilde1 ,the ,burden of ,itys2 ,sir ,thomas ,noon ,talfourd's drama1 ,ion4 #agf-aha4 ,troezen3 in ,argolis4 ,according to some the ,amazonian wife of ,theseus was ,hippolyta1 but her ,hercules had already killed4 ,theseus is said to have united the several tribes of ,attica into one state1 of which ,athens was the capital4 ,in commemoration of this important event1 he instituted the festival of ,panathena1 in honor of ,athene1 the patron deity of ,athens4 ,this festival differed from the other ,grecian games chiefly in two particulars4 ,it was peculiar to the ,athenians1 and its chief feature was a solemn procession in which the ,peplus1 or sacred robe of ,athene1 was carried to the ,parthenon1 and left on or before the statue of the goddess4 ,the ,peplus was covered with embroidery1 worked by select virgins of the noblest families in ,athens4 ,the procession consisted of persons of all ages and both sexes4 ,the old men carried olive branches in their hands1 and the young men bore arms4 ,the young women carried baskets on their heads1 containing the sacred utensils1 cakes1 and all things necessary for the sacrifices4 ,the procession formed the subject of the bas-reliefs which embellished the frieze of the temple of the ,parthenon4 ,a considerable portion of these sculptures is now in the ,british ,museum among those known as the ,elgin ,marbles4 ,we may mention here the other celebrated national games of the ,greeks4 ,the first and most distinguished were the ,olympic1 founded1 it was said1 by ,zeus himself4 ,they were celebrated at ,olympia in ,elis4 ,vast numbers of spectators flocked to them from every part of ,greece1 and from ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,sicily4 ,they were repeated every fifth year in midsummer1 and continued five days4 ,they gave rise to the custom of reckoning time and dating events by ,olympiads4 ,the first ,olympiad is generally considered as beginning with the year #ggf ,b4,c4 ,the ,pythian games were celebrated in the vicinity of ,delphi1 the ,isthmian on the ,corinthian isthmus1 the ,nemean at ,nemea1 a city of ,argolis4 ,the exercises in these games were chariot-racing1 running1 leaping1 wrestling1 throwing the quoit1 hurling the javelin1 and boxing4 ,besides these exercises of bodily strength and agility1 there were contests in music1 poetry1 and eloquence4 ,thus these games furnished poets1 musicians1 and authors the best opportunities to present their productions to the public1 and the fame of the victors was diffused far and wide4 ,interpretative4 ,theseus is the ,attic counterpart of ,hercules1 not so significant in moral character1 but eminent for numerous similar labors1 and preminent as the mythical statesman of ,athens4 ,his story may1 with the usual perilous facility1 be explained as a solar myth4 ,periphetes may be a storm cloud with its thunderbolts2 the ,marathonian ,bull and the ,minotaur may be forms of the power of darkness hidden in the starry labyrinth of heaven4 ,like ,hercules1 ,theseus fights with the ,amazons 7clouds1 we may suppose1 in some form or other71 and1 like him1 he descends to the underworld4 ,ariadne may be another twilight-sweetheart of the sun1 and1 like ,medea and ,dejanira1 she must be deserted4 ,she is either the well-pleasing or the saintly4 ,she was1 presumably1 a local nature-goddess of ,naxos and ,crete1 who1 in process of time1 like ,medea1 sank to the condition of a heroine4 ,probably from her goddess-existence the marriage with ,bacchus survived1 to be incorporated later with the ,attic myth of ,theseus4 ,as the female semblance of ,bacchus1 she appears to have been a promoter of vegetation2 and1 like ,proserpina1 she alternated between the joy of spring and the melancholy of winter4 ,by some she is considered to be connected with star-worship as a moon-goddess4 ,illustrative4 ,chaucer1 ,the ,knight's ,tale 7for ,theseus and ,ypolita72 ,the ,hous of ,fame1 #djg1 and the ,legende of ,good ,women1 #ahhd1 for ,ariadne2 ,shakespeare1 ,two ,gentlemen of ,verona1 ,,iv1 i2 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,,ii1 ii 7,hippolyta and ,theseus72 ,shakespeare and ,fletcher1 ,two ,noble ,kinsmen4 ,in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's ,maid's ,tragedy1 ,,ii1 ii1 a tapestry is ordered to be worked illustrating ,theseus' desertion of ,ariadne4 ,landor1 ,to ,joseph ,ablett1 ,bacchus is coming down to drink to ,ariadne's love2 ,landor1 ,theseus1 and ,hippolyta2 ,mrs4 ,browning1 ,paraphrase on ,nonnus 7,bacchus and ,ariadne71 ,paraphrase on ,hesiod2 ,sir ,theodore ,martin1 ,catullus1 ,,lxiv4 ,other poems3 ,b4 ,w4 ,procter1 ,on the ,statue of ,theseus2 ,frederick ,tennyson1 ,ariadne 7,daphne and ,other ,poems72 ,mrs4 ,hemans1 ,the ,shade of ,theseus2 ,r4 ,s4 ,ross1 ,ariadne in ,naxos2 ,j4 ,s4 ,blackie1 ,ariadne2 ,w4 ,m4 ,w4 ,call1 ,ariadne2 ,mrs4 ,h4 ,h4 ,jackson1 ,ariadne's ,farewell4 ,phdra and ,hippolytus3 ,the ,hippolytus of ,euripides2 ,swinburne1 ,phdra2 ,browning1 ,artemis ,prologizes2 ,m4 ,p4 ,fitzgerald1 ,the ,crowned ,hippolytus2 ,a4 ,mary ,f4 ,robinson1 ,the ,crowned ,hippolytus2 ,l4 ,morris1 ,phdra 7,epic of ,hades74 ,on ,cecrops3 ,j4 ,s4 ,blackie1 ,the ,naming of ,athens2 ,erechtheus1 by ,a4 ,c4 ,swinburne4 ,in ,art4 ,theseus3 the original of ,fig4 #adj1 text is in the ,hermitage1 ,st4 ,petersburg2 of ,fig4 #ada in the ,naples ,museum4 ,the ,battle with the ,amazons frequently recurs in ancient sculpture4 ,the sleeping ,ariadne1 of the ,vatican1 ,fig4 #adb1 text4 ,also the ,revels as in text1 ,fig4 #add4 ,modern ,sculpture3 the ,theseus of ,canova 7,volksgarten1 ,vienna72 the ,ariadne of ,dannecker4 ,paintings3 ,tintoretto's ,ariadne and ,bacchus2 ,teschendorff's ,ariadne2 ,titian's ,bacchus and ,ariadne4 #ahb-ahi4 ,the ,royal ,family of ,thebes4 ,,table ,n ,agenor -- ,cadmus -- ,agave ,echion -- ,pentheus -- ,menoeceus ,i -- ,creon -- ,menoeceus ,,ii -- ,hmon -- ,jocasta ,laus -- ,,oedipus ,jocasta -- ,eteocles -- ,polynices -- ,antigone -- ,ismene ,,oedipus -- ,eteocles 7see above7 -- ,polynices 7see above7 -- ,antigone 7see above7 -- ,ismene 7see above7 -- ,polydorus -- ,labdacus -- ,laus ,jocasta -- ,,oedipus 7see above7 ,illustrative4 ,,oedipus3 ,plumptre's translation of ,,oedipus the ,king1 ,,oedipus ,coloneus1 and ,antigone2 ,shelley1 ,swellfoot the ,tyrant2 ,e4 ,fitzgerald1 ,the ,downfall and ,death of ,king ,,oedipus2 ,sir ,f4 ,h4 ,doyle1 ,,oedipus ,tyrannus2 ,aubrey ,de ,vere1 ,antigone2 ,emerson1 ,the ,sphinx2 ,w4 ,b4 ,scott1 ,the ,sphinx2 ,m4 ,arnold1 ,fragment of an ,antigone4 ,tiresias3 by ,swinburne1 ,tennyson1 and ,thomas ,woolner4 ,in ,art4 ,ancient3 ,,oedipus and the ,sphinx 7in ,monuments ,indits1 ,rome and ,paris1 #ahci-ahgh74 ,modern paintings3 ,teschendorff's ,,oedipus and ,antigone1 ,antigone and ,ismene1 and ,antigone2 ,,oedipus and the ,sphinx1 by ,j4 ,d4 ,a4 ,ingres2 ,the ,sphinx1 by ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti4 ,of the stories told in these and the following sections no systematic1 allegorical1 or physical interpretations are here given1 because 7#a7 the general method followed by the unravelers of myth has already been sufficiently illustrated2 7#b7 the attempt to force symbolic conceptions into the longer folk-stories1 or into the artistic myths and epics of any country1 is historically unwarranted and1 in practice1 is only too often capricious2 7#c7 the effort to interpret such stories as the ,iliad and the ,odyssey must result in destroying those elements of unconscious simplicity and romantic vigor that characterize the early products of the creative imagination4 #aij-aid4 ,houses concerned in the ,trojan ,war4 ,,table ,o 7#a7 ,family of ,peleus and its connections3 ,asopus -- gina ,jupiter -- acus -- ,telamon ,eriboea -- ,ajax ,hesione -- ,teucer -- ,peleus ,thetis -- ,achilles -- ,pyrrhus 7,neoptolemus7 ,hermione d4 of ,menelas and ,helen ,nereus ,doris -- ,thetis ,peleus -- ,achilles 7see above7 7#b7 ,family of ,atreus and its connections3 ,jupiter -- ,minos ,i -- ,lycastus -- ,minos ,,ii -- ,crateus -- ,arope ,atreus -- ,agamemnon ,clytemnestra -- ,iphigenia -- ,electra -- ,chrysothemis -- ,orestes ,hermione -- ,menelas ,helen -- ,hermione ,neoptolemus ,orestes -- ,tantalus -- ,pelops ,hippodamia -- ,atreus ,arope -- ,agamemnon 7see above7 -- ,menelas 7see above7 -- ,thyestes -- gisthus -- ,pittheus -- thra geus -- ,theseus -- ,hippolytus 7#c7 ,family of ,tyndareus and its connections3 olus -- ,perieres -- ,icarius -- ,penelope -- ,tyndareus ,leda -- ,castor -- ,clytemnestra ,thestius -- ,leda ,tyndareus -- ,castor 7see above7 -- ,clytemnestra 7see above7 ,jupiter -- ,pollux -- ,helen ,menelas ,paris ,castor and ,pollux are called sometimes ,dioscuri 7sons of ,jove71 sometimes ,tyndarid 7sons of ,tyndareus74 ,helen is frequently called ,tyndaris1 daughter of ,tyndareus4 7#d7 ,descent of ,ulysses and ,penelope3 ,hellen -- olus ,i -- ,perieres -- ,icarius -- ,penelope ,ulysses -- ,telemachus -- ,tyndareus ,leda -- ,castor -- ,clytemnestra -- ,deon -- ,cephalus ,procris -- ,arcesius -- ,lartes -- ,ulysses ,penelope -- ,telemachus 7see above7 -- ,actor -- ,menoetius -- ,patroclus 7#e7 ,the ,royal ,family of ,troy3 ,iapetus 7,titan7 -- ,atlas -- ,electra 7,pleiad7 ,jupiter -- ,dardanus ,batea -- ,erichthonius -- ,tros -- ,ilus ,,ii -- ,laomedon -- ,tithonus ,aurora -- ,memnon -- ,hesione ,telamon -- ,teucer -- ,priam ,hecuba -- ,hector ,andromache -- ,astyanax -- ,paris ,,oenone ,helen -- ,deiphobus -- ,helenus -- ,troilus -- ,cassandra -- ,cresa neas -- ,ascanius ,iulus -- ,polyxena -- ,assaracus -- ,capys -- ,anchises ,venus -- neas ,cresa -- ,ascanius 7see above7 ,teucer -- ,batea ,dardanus -- ,erichthonius 7see above7 #aie4 ,on the ,iliad and on ,troy3 ,keats1 ,sonnet on ,chapman's ,homer2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a1 #egh2 #i1 #af2 ,il ,penseroso1 #ajj2 ,hartley ,coleridge1 ,sonnet on ,homer2 ,t4 ,b4 ,aldrich1 ,pillared ,arch and ,sculptured ,tower2 the ,sonnets of ,lang and ,myers prefixed to ,lang1 ,leaf1 and ,myers' translation of the ,iliad4 ,on the ,judgment of ,paris3 ,george ,peele1 ,arraignment of ,paris2 ,james ,beattie1 ,judgment of ,paris2 ,tennyson1 ,dream of ,fair ,women2 ,j4 ,s4 ,blackie1 ,judgment of ,paris4 ,see1 for allusions1 ,shakespeare1 ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 ,i1 ii1 iii2 ,henry ,v1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,i1 i2 ,,ii1 ii2 ,,iii1 i2 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,i1 ii2 ,,ii1 iv2 ,,iv1 i2 ,v1 iii4 ,on ,helen3 ,a4 ,lang1 ,helen of ,troy1 and his translation of ,theocritus1 ,idyl ,,xviii2 ,landor1 ,menelas and ,helen2 ,john ,todhunter1 ,helena in ,troas2 ,g4 ,p4 ,lathrop1 ,helen at the ,loom 7,atlantic ,monthly1 ,vol4 #cb1 #ahgc74 ,see ,shakespeare1 ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 ,i1 i2 ,,iii1 ii2 ,,iv1 i2 ,all's ,well that ,ends ,well1 ,i1 i1 iii2 ,,ii1 ii2 ,romeo and ,juliet1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,marlowe1 ,faustus 7,helen appears before ,faust74 ,in ,art4 ,homer3 the sketch by ,raphael 7in the ,museum1 ,venice74 ,paris and ,helen4 ,paintings3 ,helen of ,troy1 ,sir ,frederick ,leighton2 ,paris and ,helen1 by ,david2 ,the ,judgment of ,paris1 by ,rubens2 by ,watteau4 ,sculpture3 ,canova's ,paris4 ,crayons3 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti's ,helen2 see also ,fig4 #aej1 as in text 7ancient relief1 ,naples74 #aif4 ,iphigenia and ,agamemnon4 ,sometimes1 in accordance with ,goethe's practice1 the name ,tauris is given to the land of the ,tauri4 ,to be correct one should say1 ,iphigenia among the ,tauri1 or ,taurians4 7,see ,index47 ,iphigenia and ,agamemnon by ,w4 ,s4 ,landor2 also his ,shades of ,agamemnon and ,iphigenia2 ,dryden1 ,cymon and ,iphigenia2 ,richard ,garnett1 ,iphigenia in ,delphi2 ,sir ,edwin ,arnold1 ,iphigenia2 ,w4 ,b4 ,scott1 ,iphigenia at ,aulis4 ,any translations of ,goethe's ,iphigenia in ,tauris1 and of ,euripides' ,iphigenia in ,aulis and ,among the ,tauri2 also of schylus' ,agamemnon1--such as those by ,milman1 ,anna ,swanwick1 ,plumptre1 ,e4 ,a4 ,morshead1 ,j4 ,s4 ,blackie1 ,e4 ,fitzgerald1 and ,robert ,browning4 ,for ,agamemnon1 see ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,i1 iii2 ,,ii1 i1 iii2 ,,iii1 iii2 ,,iv1 v2 ,v1 i2 and ,james ,thomson1 ,agamemnon 7a drama74 ,the ,troilus and ,cressida story is not found in ,greek and ,latin classics4 ,shakespeare follows ,chaucer's ,troilus and ,criseyde1 which is based upon the ,filostrato and the ,filocolo of ,boccaccio4 ,pandarus3 the character of this name1 uncle of ,cressida1 to be found in ,lydgate1 ,chaucer's ,troilus and ,criseyde1 and ,shakespeare's play of the same title1 enjoys an unsavory reputation for which medieval romance is responsible4 ,on ,menelas1 see notes to ,helen and ,agamemnon4 ,in ,art4 ,iphigenia4 ,paintings3 ,fig4 #aeb1 text 7,museum1 ,naples72 ,e4 ,hbner2 ,william ,kaulbach2 ,e4 ,teschendorff4 #aii4 ,achilles4 ,chaucer1 ,hous of ,fame1 #cih2 ,dethe of ,blaunche1 #cbi2 ,landor1 ,peleus and ,thetis2 ,robert ,bridges1 ,achilles in ,scyros2 ,sir ,theodore ,martin1 translation of ,catullus1 ,,lxiv2 translation by ,c4 ,m4 ,gayley as quoted in text4 ,see also ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida2 #b ,henry ,,vi1 ,v1 i2 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,v1 ii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #i1 #ae4 ,in ,art4 ,in general1 ,figs4 #aea1 #aec1 #aee-aef1 #aei-afb1 in text2 ,wiertz1 ,fight for the ,body of ,achilles 7,wiertz ,museum1 ,brussels72 ,burne-,jones1 ,the ,feast of ,peleus 7picture74 #bjd4 ,ajax4 ,plumptre1 ,ajax of ,sophocles2 ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,,iv1 iii2 ,v1 ii2 ,taming of the ,shrew1 ,,iii1 i2 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,,iv1 ii2 ,king ,lear1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,cymbeline1 ,,iv1 ii2 ,george ,crabbe1 ,the ,village4 ,in ,art4 ,the ancient sculpture1 ,ajax 7or ,menelas7 of the ,vatican4 ,modern sculpture1 ,the ,ajax of ,canova4 ,flaxman's outline drawings for the ,iliad4 #bjg4 ,hector and ,andromache4 ,mrs4 ,browning1 ,hector and ,andromache1 a paraphrase of ,homer2 ,c4 ,t4 ,brooks1 ,schiller's ,parting of ,hector and ,andromache4 ,see also ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida2 ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 ,v1 ii2 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,,ii1 iv2 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,,iv1 viii4 ,in ,art4 ,flaxman's outline sketches of the ,fight for the ,body of ,patroclus1 ,hector dragged by ,achilles1 ,priam supplicating ,achilles1 ,hector's ,funeral1 ,andromache fainting on the ,walls of ,troy2 ,canova's ,hector 7sculpture72 ,thorwaldsen's ,hector and ,andromache 7relief7 7,fig4 #aed1 text74 ,hector1 ,ajax1 ,paris1 neas1 ,patroclus1 ,teucer1 etc41 among the gina ,marbles 7,glyptothek1 ,munich74 ,the ,pasquino group 7,fig4 #aeh1 in text7 is from a copy in the ,pitti1 ,florence4 #baf4 ,priam and ,hecuba4 ,the translations of ,euripides' ,hecuba and ,troades2 ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida2 ,coriolanus1 ,i1 iii2 ,cymbeline1 ,,iv1 ii2 ,hamlet1 ,,ii1 ii2 #b ,henry ,,iv1 ,i1 i4 #bai-bbj4 ,polyxena4 ,w4 ,s4 ,landor1 ,the ,espousals of ,polyxena4 ,philoctetes3 translation of ,sophocles by ,plumptre2 sonnet by ,wordsworth2 drama by ,lord de ,tabley4 #bba4 ,,oenone4 ,see ,a4 ,lang1 ,helen of ,troy2 ,w4 ,morris1 ,death of ,paris 7,earthly ,paradise72 ,landor1 ,corythos 7son of ,,oenone71 the ,death of ,paris1 and ,,oenone1 ,tennyson1 ,,oenone1 also the ,death of ,,oenone1 which is not so good4 ,the pathetic story of the death of ,corythus1 the son of ,,oenone and ,paris1 at the hands of his father1 who was jealous of ,helen's tenderness toward the youth1 is a later myth4 #bbc4 ,sinon4 ,shakespeare1 #c ,henry ,,vi1 ,,iii1 ii2 ,cymbeline1 ,,iii1 iv2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,v1 iii4 #bbd4 ,laocon4 ,l4 ,morris1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades4 ,see ,frothingham's translation of ,lessing's ,laocon 7a most important discussion of the ,laocon group and of principles of sthetics74 ,see also ,swift's ,description of a ,city ,shower4 ,in ,art4 ,the original of the celebrated group 7statuary7 of ,laocon and his children in the embrace of the serpents is in the ,vatican in ,rome4 7,see text1 opp4 p4 #caj47 #bbf4 ,cassandra4 ,chaucer1 ,troilus and ,criseyde2 ,dethe of ,blaunche1 #abdf4 ,poems by ,w4 ,m4 ,praed and ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti4 ,see ,troilus and ,cressida1 ,i1 i2 ,,ii1 ii2 ,v1 iii2 ,lord ,lytton's translation of ,schiller's ,cassandra4 ,in ,art4 ,the ,cassandra of ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti 7in ink74 #bbh-bcj4 ,electra and ,orestes4 ,translations of the ,electra of ,sophocles1 the ,libation-pourers and the ,eumenides of schylus1 by ,plumptre2 and of the ,orestes and ,electra of ,euripides1 by ,wodhull4 ,lord de ,tabley1 ,orestes 7a drama72 ,byron1 ,childe ,harold1 #d2 ,milton1 sonnet1 ,the repeated air ,of sad ,electra's poet1 etc4 ,in ,art4 ,grco-,roman sculpture3 ,fig4 #afi1 in text1 ,orestes and ,pylades find ,iphigenia among the ,taurians4 ,pompeian ,fresco2 ,orestes and ,electra 7,villa ,ludovisi1 ,rome72 ,orestes and ,electra 7,national ,museum1 ,naples74 ,vase-paintings3 ,figs4 #afg-afh in text2 also ,orestes slaying gisthus2 ,orestes at ,delphi2 ,purification of ,orestes4 ,modern paintings3 ,electra1 by ,teschendorff and by ,seifert4 ,clytemnestra1 ,the ,death of1 by ,w4 ,s4 ,landor2 ,clytemnestra1 by ,l4 ,morris1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades4 ,troy3 ,byron1 in his ,bride of ,abydos1 thus describes the appearance of the deserted scene where once stood ,troy3 ,the winds are high1 and ,helle's tide ,rolls darkly heaving to the main2 ,and ,night's descending shadows hide ,that field with blood bedew'd in vain1 ,the desert of old ,priam's pride2 ,the tombs1 sole relics of his reign1 ,all--save immortal dreams that could beguile ,the blind old man of ,scio's rocky isle6 ,on ,troy the following references will be valuable3 ,h4 ,w4 ,acland1 ,the ,plains of ,troy1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahci72 ,h4 ,schliemann1 ,troy and its ,remains 7,london1 #ahge72 ,ilios 7,london1 #ahha72 ,troja1 results of latest researches on the site of ,homer's ,troy 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,w4 ,j4 ,armstrong1 ,atlantic ,monthly1 ,vol4 #cc1 p4 #agc 7#ahgd71 ,over ,ilium and ,ida2 ,r4 ,c4 ,jebb1 ,jour4 ,hellenic ,studies1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #g1 ,homeric and ,hellenic ,ilium2 ,fortn4 ,review1 ,n4 ,s4 ,vol4 #ce1 p4 #dcca 7#ahhd71 ,homeric ,troy4 #bca-bdd4 ,the ,odyssey3 ,lang1 ,sonnet1 ,as one that for a weary space has lain1 prefixed to ,butcher and ,lang's ,odyssey4 ,translations by ,w4 ,morris1 ,g4 ,h4 ,palmer1 ,chapman1 ,bryant1 ,pope4 ,ulysses3 ,tennyson2 ,landor1 ,the ,last of ,ulysses4 ,see also ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida2 #c ,henry ,,vi1 ,,iii1 ii2 ,coriolanus1 ,i1 iii2 ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #b1 #ajai2 ,comus1 #fcg2 ,r4 ,buchanan1 ,cloudland2 ,pope1 ,rape of the ,lock1 #d1 #ahb2 ,stephen ,phillips1 ,ulysses2 ,robert ,bridges1 ,the ,return of ,ulysses2 ,r4 ,c4 ,rogers1 ,odysseus at the ,mast1 ,blind ,polyphemus1 ,argus4 ,in ,art4 ,statuettes1 vase-paintings1 and reliefs as in text1 ,figs4 #agj-ahj2 also ,ulysses summoning ,tiresias 7in ,monuments ,indits1 ,rome and ,paris1 #ahci-ahgh72 ,meeting with ,nausicaa 7,gerhard's vase pictures72 outline drawings of ,ulysses weeping at the song of ,demodocus1 boring out the eye of ,polyphemus1 ,ulysses killing the suitors1 ,mercury conducting the souls of the suitors1 ,ulysses and his dog1 etc41 by ,flaxman4 ,penelope3 ,poems by ,r4 ,buchanan1 ,e4 ,c4 ,stedman1 and ,w4 ,s4 ,landor4 ,in ancient sculpture1 the ,penelope in the ,vatican4 ,modern painting by ,c4 ,f4 ,marchal4 ,in crayons by ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti4 ,circe3 ,m4 ,arnold1 ,the ,strayed ,reveller2 ,hood1 ,lycus1 the ,centaur2 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,the ,wine of ,circe2 ,saxe1 ,the ,spell of ,circe4 ,see ,shakespeare1 ,comedy of ,errors1 ,v1 i2 #a ,henry ,,vi1 ,v1 iii2 ,milton1 ,comus1 #ej1 #aec1 #bec1 #ebb2 ,pope1 ,satire #h1 #aff2 ,cowper1 ,progress of ,error2 ,o4 ,w4 ,holmes1 ,metrical ,essay2 ,keats1 ,endymion1 ,i sue not for my happy crown again1 etc4 ,circe and the ,companions of ,ulysses1 a painting by ,briton ,rivire4 ,circe1 in crayons4 ,on ,sirens and ,scylla see ,c4 #ej-eb2 ,s4 ,daniel1 ,ulysses and the ,siren2 ,lowell1 ,the ,sirens4 ,scylla and ,charybdis have become proverbial to denote opposite dangers besetting one's course4 ,siren1 in crayons2 ,sea-,spell1 in oil1 ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti4 ,calypso3 ,pope1 ,moral ,essays1 #b1 #de2 poem by ,edgar ,fawcett 7,putnam's ,mag41 #ad1 #ahfi74 ,fnelon1 in his romance of ,telemachus1 has given us the adventures of the son of ,ulysses in search of his father4 ,among other places which he visited1 following on his father's footsteps1 was ,calypso's isle2 as in the former case1 the goddess tried every art to keep the youth with her1 and offered to share her immortality with him4 ,but ,minerva1 who1 in the shape of ,mentor1 accompanied him and governed all his movements1 made him repel her allurements4 ,finally1 when no other means of escape could be found1 the two friends leaped from a cliff into the sea and swam to a vessel which lay becalmed offshore4 ,byron alludes to this leap of ,telemachus and ,mentor in the stanza of ,childe ,harold beginning ,but not in silence pass ,calypso's isles 7#b1 #bi74 ,calypso's isle is said to be ,goza4 ,homer's description of the ships of the ,phacians has been thought to look like an anticipation of the wonders of modern steam navigation4 ,see the address of ,alcinos to ,ulysses1 promising wondrous ships1 self-moved1 instinct with mind1 etc4 7,odyssey1 #h74 ,lord ,carlisle1 in his ,diary in the ,turkish and ,greek ,waters1 thus speaks of ,corfu1 which he considers to be the ancient ,phacian island3 ,the sites explain the ,odyssey4 ,the temple of the sea-god could not have been more fitly placed1 upon a grassy platform of the most elastic turf1 on the brow of a crag commanding harbor1 and channel1 and ocean4 ,just at the entrance of the inner harbor there is a picturesque rock with a small convent perched upon it1 which by one legend is the transformed pinnace of ,ulysses4 ,almost the only river in the island is just at the proper distance from the probable site of the city and palace of the king1 to justify the princess ,nausicaa having had resort to her chariot and to luncheon when she went with the maidens of the court to wash their garments4 #bde-bed4 ,poems3 ,tennyson1 ,to ,virgil1 of which a few stanzas are given in the text2 ,r4 ,c4 ,rogers1 ,virgil's ,tomb4 neas and ,anchises3 ,chaucer1 ,hous of ,fame1 #afe2 #adj-dgj 7pictures of ,troy72 ,shakespeare1 ,troilus and ,cressida2 ,tempest1 ,,ii1 i2 #b ,henry ,,vi1 ,v1 ii2 ,julius ,csar1 ,i1 ii2 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,,iv1 ii2 ,hamlet1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,waller1 ,panegyric to the ,lord-,protector 7,the ,stilling of ,neptune's ,storm74 ,dido3 ,chaucer1 ,legende of ,good ,women1 #ibc2 ,sir ,thomas ,wyatt1 ,the ,song of ,iopas 7unfinished72 ,marlowe1 ,tragedy of ,dido1 ,queen of ,carthage2 ,shakespeare1 ,antony and ,cleopatra1 ,,iv1 xii2 ,titus ,andronicus1 ,,ii1 iii2 ,hamlet1 ,,ii1 ii4 ,palinurus3 see ,scott's ,marmion1 ,introd4 to ,canto ,i 7with reference to the death of ,william ,pitt74 ,the ,sibyl4 ,the following legend of the ,sibyl is fixed at a later date4 ,in the reign of one of the ,tarquins there appeared before the king a woman who offered him nine books for sale4 ,the king refused to purchase them1 whereupon the woman went away and burned three of the books1 and returning offered the remaining books for the same price she had asked for the nine4 ,the king again rejected them2 but when the woman1 after burning three books more1 returned and asked for the three remaining the same price which she had before asked for the nine1 his curiosity was excited1 and he purchased the books4 ,they were found to contain the destinies of the ,roman state4 ,they were kept in the temple of ,jupiter ,capitolinus1 preserved in a stone chest1 and allowed to be inspected only by especial officers appointed for that duty1 who on great occasions consulted them and interpreted their oracles to the people4 ,there were various ,sibyls2 but the ,cuman ,sibyl1 of whom ,ovid and ,virgil write1 is the most celebrated of them4 ,ovid's story of her life protracted to one thousand years may be intended to represent the various ,sibyls as being only reappearances of one and the same individual4 ,illustrative4 ,young1 in the ,night ,thoughts1 alludes to the ,sibyl4 ,see also ,shakespeare1 #a ,henry ,,vi1 ,,ii1 ii2 ,othello1 ,,iii1 iv4 ,in ,art4 ,figs4 #aha-ahc1 in text4 ,the ,virgil of ,raphael 7drawing in the ,museum1 ,venice72 the neas of the gina ,marbles 7,glyptothek1 ,munich74 ,p4 ,gurin's painting1 neas at the ,court of ,dido2 ,raphael1 ,dido2 ,turner1 ,dido building ,carthage4 ,the ,sibyls in ,michelangelo's frescoes in the ,sistine ,chapel1 ,rome2 the ,cuman ,sibyl of ,domenichino2 ,elihu ,vedder's ,cuman ,sibyl4 #bee-beg4 ,rhadamanthus3 ,e4 ,w4 ,gosse1 ,the ,island of the ,blest4 ,tantalus3 ,cowper1 ,the ,progress of ,error2 ,l4 ,morris1 ,epic of ,hades2 ,w4 ,w4 ,story1 ,tantalus4 ,ixion3 poem by ,browning in ,jocoseria4 ,see ,pope1 ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day1 #fg2 ,rape of the ,lock1 #b1 #acc4 ,sisyphus3 ,lord ,lytton1 ,death and ,sisyphus2 ,l4 ,morris1 in ,the ,epic of ,hades4 ,the teachings of ,anchises to neas1 respecting the nature of the human soul1 were in conformity with the doctrines of the ,pythagoreans4 ,pythagoras 7born about #edj ,b4,c47 was a native of the island of ,samos1 but passed the chief portion of his life at ,crotona in ,italy4 ,he is therefore sometimes called the ,samian1 and sometimes the philosopher of ,crotona4 ,when young he traveled extensively and is said to have visited ,egypt1 where he was instructed by the priests1 and afterwards to have journeyed to the ,east1 where he visited the ,persian and ,chaldean ,magi1 and the ,brahmins of ,india4 ,he established himself at ,crotona1 and enjoined sobriety1 temperance1 simplicity1 and silence upon his throngs of disciples4 ,ipse dixit 7,pythagoras said so7 was to be held by them as sufficient proof of anything4 ,only advanced pupils might question4 ,pythagoras considered numbers as the essence and principle of all things1 and attributed to them a real and distinct existence2 so that1 in his view1 they were the elements out of which the universe was constructed4 ,as the numbers proceed from the monad or unit1 so he regarded the pure and simple essence of the ,deity as the source of all the forms of nature4 ,gods1 demons1 and heroes are emanations of the ,supreme1 and there is a fourth emanation1 the human soul4 ,this is immortal1 and when freed from the fetters of the body1 passes to the habitation of the dead1 where it remains till it returns to the world1 to dwell in some other human or animal body2 at last1 when sufficiently purified1 it returns to the source from which it proceeded4 ,this doctrine of the transmigration of souls 7metempsychosis71 which was originally ,egyptian and connected with the doctrine of reward and punishment of human actions1 was the chief reason why the ,pythagoreans killed no animals4 ,ovid represents ,pythagoras saying that in the time of the ,trojan ,war he was ,euphorbus1 the son of ,panthus1 and fell by the spear of ,menelas4 ,lately1 he said1 he had recognized his shield hanging among the trophies in the ,temple of ,juno at ,argos4 ,on ,metempsychosis1 see the essay in the ,spectator 7,no4 #cdc7 on the ,transmigration of ,souls2 ,shakespeare1 ,merchant of ,venice 7,gratiano to ,shylock74 ,harmony of the ,spheres4 ,the relation of the notes of the musical scale to numbers1 whereby harmony results from proportional vibrations of sound1 and discord from the reverse1 led ,pythagoras to apply the word harmony to the visible creation1 meaning by it the just adaptation of parts to each other4 ,this is the idea which ,dryden expresses in the beginning of his song for ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day1 ,from harmony1 from heavenly harmony1 ,this everlasting frame began4 ,in the center of the universe 7as ,pythagoras taught7 there was a central fire1 the principle of life4 ,the central fire was surrounded by the earth1 the moon1 the sun1 and the five planets4 ,the distances of the various heavenly bodies from one another were conceived to correspond to the proportions of the musical scale4 ,see ,merchant of ,venice1 ,act ,v 7,lorenzo and ,jessica71 for the ,music of the ,spheres2 also ,milton1 ,hymn on the ,nativity4 ,see ,longfellow's ,verses to a ,child1 and ,occultation of ,orion1 for ,pythagoras as inventor of the lyre4 #bfj4 ,camilla4 ,pope1 illustrating the rule that the sound should be an echo to the sense1 says3 ,when ,ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw1 ,the line1 too1 labors and the words move slow2 ,not so when swift ,camilla scours the plain1 ,flies o'er th' unbending corn1 or skims along the main4 ,essay on ,criticism4 #bfh-bha4 ,on ,norse mythology1 see ,r4 ,b4 ,anderson1 ,norse ,mythology1 or the ,religion of our ,forefathers 7,chicago1 #ahge72 ,anderson1 ,horn's ,scandinavian ,literature 7,chicago1 ,s4 ,c4 ,griggs ,co41 #ahhd72 ,dasent1 ,popular ,tales from the ,norse 7transl4 from ,p4 ,c4 ,asbjrnsen1 ,new ,york1 #ahei72 ,thorpe's translation of ,smund's ,edda1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahff72 ,icelandic ,poetry or ,edda of ,smund1 transl4 into ,english verse 7,bristol1 ,a4 ,s4 ,cottle1 #agig72 ,augusta ,larned1 ,tales from the ,norse ,grandmother 7,new ,york1 #ahha72 ,h4 ,w4 ,mabie1 ,norse ,stories 7,boston1 #ahhb74 ,a critical edition of the ,elder ,edda is ,sophus ,bugge's 7,christiania1 #ahfg74 ,the ,younger ,edda3 ,edda ,snorra ,sturlasonar1 #b vols4 7,hafniae1 #ahdh-aheb72 by ,thorleif ,jonsson 7,copenhagen1 #ahge72 ,translation3 ,anderson's ,younger ,edda 7,chicago1 ,s4 ,c4 ,griggs ,co41 #ahhj7 7see references at foot of pp4 #deh-dfa and in ,c4 #bhb74 ,illustrative poems3 ,gray1 ,ode on the ,descent of ,odin1 ,ode on the ,fatal ,sisters2 ,matthew ,arnold1 ,balder ,dead2 ,longfellow1 ,tegnr's ,drapa1 on ,balder's ,death2 ,william ,morris1 ,the ,funeral of ,balder1 in ,the ,lovers of ,gudrun 7,earthly ,paradise72 ,robert ,buchanan1 ,balder the ,beautiful2 ,w4 ,m4 ,w4 ,call1 ,balder2 and ,thor4 ,sydney ,dobell's ,balder does not rehearse the ,norse myth4 ,it is a poem dealing with the spiritual maladies of the time1 excellent in parts1 but confused and uneven4 ,longfellow's ,saga of ,king ,olaf 7the ,musician's ,tale1 ,wayside ,inn7 is from the ,heimskri4ngla1 or ,book of ,stories of the ,kings1 edited by ,snorri ,sturlason4 ,many of the cantos of the ,saga throw light on ,norse mythology4 ,see also the ,hon4 ,roden ,nol's ,ragnarok 7in the ,modern ,faust71 for an ethical modification of the ancient theme4 ,anses 7the ,asa-folk1 sir1 etc474 ,the word probably means ghost1 ancestral spirit1--of such kind as the ,manes of the ,romans4 ,the derivation may be from the root ,,an1 'to breathe1' whence animus 7,vigfusson and ,powell1 ,corp4 ,poet4 ,bor4 #a1 #eae74 ,according to ,jordanes1 the ,anses were demigods1 ancestors of royal races4 ,the main cult of the older religion was ancestor-worship1 ,thor and ,woden being worshiped by a tribe1 but each family having its own anses1 or deified ancestors 7,corp4 ,poet4 ,bor4 #b1 #dac74 ,elf was another name used of spirits of the dead4 ,later it sinks to the significance of fairy4 ,indeed1 say ,vigfusson and ,powell1 half our ideas about fairies are derived from the heathen beliefs as to the spirits of the dead1 their purity1 kindliness1 homes in hillocks 7cf4 the ,irish folk of the hills1 ,banshees1 etc47 7,corp4 ,poet4 ,bor4 #b1 #dah74 ,the ,norse ,religion consists evidently of two distinct strata3 the lower1 of gods1 that are personifications of natural forces1 or deified heroes1 with regular sacrifices1 with belief in ghosts1 etc42 the upper1 of doctrines introduced by ,christianity4 ,to the latter belong the ,last ,battle to be fought by ,warrior-,angels and the ,elect against the ,beast1 the ,dragon1 and the ,demons of ,fire 7,corp4 ,poet4 ,bor4 #b1 #dei74 ,odin or ,woden was first the god of the heaven1 or heaven itself1 then husband of earth1 god of war and of wisdom1 lord of the ravens1 lord of the gallows 7which was called ,woden's tree or ,woden's steed74 ,frigga is ,mother ,earth4 ,thor is the lord of the hammer--the thunderbolt1 the adversary of giants and all oppressors of man4 ,he is dear to man1 always connected with earth1--the husband of ,sif 7the ,norse ,ceres74 ,his goat-drawn car makes the rumbling of the thunder4 ,freyr means lord2 patron of the ,swedes1 harvest-god4 ,balder means also lord or king4 ,on the one hand1 his attributes recall those of ,apollo2 on the other hand1 his story appeals to1 and is colored by1 the ,christian imagination4 ,he is another figure of that radiant type to which belong all bright and genial heroes1 righters of wrong1 blazing to consume evil1 gentle and strong to uplift weakness3 ,apollo1 ,hercules1 ,perseus1 ,achilles1 ,sigurd1 ,st4 ,george1 and many another4 ,hder is the adversary4 ,nanna1 ,balder's wife1 is the ensample of constancy2 her name is maiden4 #bhb4 ,the ,volsunga ,saga4 ,the songs of the ,elder ,edda1 from which ,eirikr ,magnsson and ,william ,morris draw their ,story of the ,volsungs and the ,nibelungs 7,london1 #ahgj71 are ,the ,lay of ,helgi the ,hunding's-,bane1 ,the ,lay of ,sigrdrifa1 ,the ,short ,lay of ,sigurd1 ,the ,hell-,ride of ,brynhild1 ,the ,lay of ,brynhild1 ,the ,ancient ,lay of ,gudrun1 ,the ,song of ,atli1 ,the ,whetting of ,gudrun1 ,the ,lay of ,hamdir1 ,the ,lament of ,oddrun4 ,for translations of these fragments1 see pp4 #afg-bgj of the volume mentioned above4 ,for the originals and literal translations of these and other ,norse lays of importance1 see ,vigfusson and ,powell's ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale2 and ,vigfusson's ,sturlunga ,saga1 #b vols4 ,for the story of ,sigurd1 read ,william ,morris' spirited epic1 ,sigurd the ,volsung4 ,illustrative of the ,norse spirit are ,motherwell's ,battle-,flag of ,sigurd1 the ,wooing ,song of ,jarl ,egill ,skallagrim1 and the ,sword ,chant of ,thorstein ,raudi2 also ,dora ,greenwell's ,battle-,flag of ,sigurd2 and ,charles ,kingsley's ,longbeard's ,saga1 in ,hypatia4 ,baldwin's ,story of ,siegfried 7,new ,york1 #ahhh7 is a good introduction for young people4 #bhc4 ,the ,nibelungenlied4 ,the little book entitled ,echoes from ,mist ,land1 by ,auber ,forestier 7,chicago1 ,griggs ,co41 #ahgg7 will be of value to the beginner4 ,other translations are made by ,a4 ,g4 ,foster-,barham 7,london1 #ahhg7 and by ,w4 ,n4 ,lettsom1 ,the ,fall of the ,nibelungers 7,london1 #ahgd71 both in verse4 ,see also ,t4 ,carlyle1 ,nibelungenlied 7,crit4 ,miscell471 ,essays1 #b1 #bbj4 ,modern ,german editions by ,simrock1 ,bartsch1 ,marbach1 and ,gerlach are procurable4 ,the edition by ,werner ,hahn 7,uebersetzung d4 ,handschrift ,a1 ,collection ,spemann1 ,berlin u4 ,stuttgart7 has been used in the preparation of this account4 ,the original was published in part by ,bodmer in #ageg2 later1 in full by ,c4 ,h4 ,myller1 by ,k4 ,k4 ,lachmann 7,nibelunge ,nt mit der ,klage1 #ahbf72 by ,k4 ,f4 ,bartsch 7,der ,nibelunge ,nt1 #b vols4 in #c1 #ahgj-ahhj71 and in ,pfeiffer's ,deutsch4 ,classik4 des ,mittelalt41 ,vol4 #c1 7#ahgb72 and by others 7see ,james ,sime's ,nibelungenlied1 ,encyc4 ,brit474 ,of some effect in stimulating interest were ,dr4 ,w4 ,jordan's ,studies and ,recitations of the ,nibelunge1 which comprised the ,siegfried ,saga1 and ,hildebrandt's ,return4 ,especially of value is ,richard ,wagner's series of operas1 ,the ,ring of the ,nibelung1 #bhd-bhh4 ,in painting1 ,schnorr von ,carolsfeld's wall pictures illustrative of the ,nibelungenlied1 in the royal palace at ,munich1 are well known2 also the illustrations of the four operas by ,j4 ,hoffmann1 and by ,th4 ,pixis4 #bhb-bhc4 ,historically1 ,siegfried has been identified1 variously1 with 7#a7 the great ,german warrior ,arminius 7or ,hermann71 the son of ,sigimer1 chief of the tribe of the ,cherusci1 who inhabited the southern part of what is now ,hanover and ,brunswick4 ,born #ah ,b4,c4 and trained in the ,roman army1 in the year #i ,a4,d4 he overcame with fearful slaughter the ,roman tyrants of ,germany1 defeating the ,roman commander ,varus and his legions in the ,teutoburg ,forest in the valley of the ,lippe2 7#b7 ,sigibert1 king of the ,ripuarian ,franks1 who in #ejh ,a4,d4 was treacherously slain while taking a midday nap in the forest2 7#c7 ,sigibert1 king of the ,austrasian ,franks whose history recalls more than one event of the ,sigurd and ,siegfried stories2 for he discovered a treasure1 fought with and overcame foreign nations1--the ,huns1 the ,saxons1 the ,danes1--and finally in consequence of a quarrel between his wife ,brnhilde and his sister-in-law ,fredegunde1 was1 in #egf ,a4,d41 assassinated by the retainers of the latter2 7#d7 ,julius1 or ,claudius ,civilis1 the leader of the ,batavi in the revolt against ,rome1 #fi-gj ,a4,d4 ,it is probable that in ,sigurd and ,siegfried we have recollections combined of two or more of these historic characters4 ,mythologically1 ,sigurd 7of the shining eyes that no man might face unabashed7 has been regarded as a reflection of the god ,balder4 ,gunnar and ,gunther are1 historically1 recognized in a slightly known king of the ,burgundians1 ,gundicar1 who with his people was overwhelmed by the ,huns in #dcg ,a4,d4 ,atli and ,etzel are poetic idealizations of the renowned ,hunnish chieftain1 ,attila1 who united under his rule the ,german and ,slavonic nations1 ravaged the ,eastern ,roman ,empire between #dde and #dej ,a4,d41 and1 invading the ,western ,empire1 was defeated by the ,romans in the great battle of ,chlons-sur-,marne1 #dea4 ,he died #ded ,a4,d4 ,dietrich of ,berne 7,verona7 bears some very slight resemblance to ,theodoric1 the ,ostrogoth1 who1 between #dic and #ebf ,a4,d41 ruled from ,italy what had been the ,western ,empire4 ,in these poems1 however1 his earlier illustrious career is overlooked2 he is merely a refugee in the court of the ,hunnish king1 and1 even so1 is confounded with uncles of his who had been retainers of ,attila2 for the historic ,theodoric was not born until two years after the historic ,attila's death4 ,these historic figures were1 of course1 merely suggestions for1 or contributions to1 the great heroes of the epics1 not prototypes2 the same is true of any apparently confirmed historic forerunners of ,brynhild1 or ,gudrun1 or ,kriemhild4 ,the mythological connection of these epics with the ,norse myths of the seasons1 ,sigurd being ,balder of the spring1 and ,hogni ,hder of winter and darkness1 is ingenious2 but1 except as reminding us of the mythic material which the bards were likely to recall and utilize1 it is not of substantial worth4 ,in the ,norse version1 the name ,nibelung is interchangeable with the patronymic ,giuking1--it is the name of the family that ruins ,sigurd4 ,but1 in the ,german version1 the name is of purely mythical import3 the ,nibelungs are not a human race2 none but ,siegfried may have intercourse with them4 ,the land of the ,nibelungs is equally vague in the ,german poem2 it is at one time an island1 again a mountain1 and in one manuscript it is confounded with ,norway4 ,but mythically it is connected with ,niflheim1 the kingdom of ,hela1 the shadowy realm of death4 ,the earth1 that gathers to her bosom the dead1 cherishes also in her bosom the hoard of gold4 ,naturally1 therefore1 the hoard is guarded by ,alberich1 the dwarf1 for dwarfs have always preferred the underworld4 ,so 7according to ,werner ,hahn1 and others7 there is a deep mythical meaning in the ,lay of the ,nibelungs3 beings that dwell far from the light of day2 or that1 possessing the riches of mortality1 march toward the land of death4 #bhd-bhh4 ,wagner finished this series of operas in #ahgf4 ,for a translation the reader is referred to the four librettos1 ,englished by ,frederick ,jameson 7,schott ,co41 ,london72 or to the series published by ,thomas ,y4 ,crowell ,co41 ,new ,york4 #bih4 ,homer is also called ,melesigenes1 son of ,meles--the stream on which ,smyrna was built4 ,the ,homerid1 who lived on ,chios1 claimed to be descended from ,homer4 ,they devoted themselves to the cultivation of epic poetry4 ,arion4 ,see ,george ,eliot's poem beginning ,arion1 whose melodic soul ,taught the dithyramb to roll4 ,other ,greek ,poets of ,mythology to be noted are ,callimachus 7#bfj ,b4,c471 whose ,lock of ,berenice is reproduced in the elegiacs of ,catullus1 and from whose ,origins 7of sacred rites7 ,ovid drew much of his information4 ,also ,nicander 7#aej ,b4,c471 whose ,transformations1 and ,parthenius1 whose ,metamorphoses furnished material to the ,latin poet4 ,with ,theocritus should be read ,bion and ,moschus1 all three masters of the idyl and elegy4 ,see ,andrew ,lang's translation of ,theocritus1 ,bion1 and ,moschus2 and the verses by ,dobson and ,gosse with which ,lang prefaces the translation4 ,lycophron 7#bfj ,b4,c47 wrote a poem called ,alexandra1 on the consequences of the voyage of ,paris to ,sparta4 ,the ,loves of ,hero and ,leander were probably written by a grammarian1 ,musus1 as late as #ejj ,a4,d4 ,translations of ,greek ,poets4 ,the best verse translations of ,homer are those of ,chapman1 ,pope1 the ,earl of ,derby1 ,cowper1 and ,worsley4 ,an excellent prose translation of the ,iliad is that of ,lang1 ,leaf1 and ,myers 7,london1 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahhi72 of the ,odyssey1 that by ,butcher and ,lang 7,london1 ,macmillan ,co41 #ahhc72 or the translation into rhythmical prose by ,g4 ,h4 ,palmer 7,boston1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co41 #ahib74 ,the ,tragic ,poets4 ,plumptre's translations of schylus and ,sophocles1 #b vols4 7,new ,york1 ,routledge1 #ahhb72 ,a4 ,s4 ,way's translation of ,euripides1 into verse 7,london1 #ahid72 ,wodhull1 ,potter1 and ,milman's translation of ,euripides in ,morley's ,universal ,library 7,london1 ,routledge1 #ahhh72 ,potter's schylus1 ,francklin's ,sophocles1 ,wodhull's ,euripides1 #e vols4 7,london1 #ahji74 ,other translations of schylus are ,j4 ,s4 ,blackie's 7#ahej72 ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley's 7,london1 ,bohn1 #ahdh72 ,e4 ,a4 ,a4 ,morshead's 7#ahha72 and ,verrall's2--of ,sophocles3 ,thos4 ,dale's1 into verse1 #b vols4 7#ahbd72 ,r4 ,whitelaw's1 into verse 7#ahhc72 ,lewis ,campbell's ,seven ,plays1 into verse 7#ahhc72--of ,euripides3 ,t4 ,a4 ,buckley's1 #b vols4 7,london1 ,bohn1 #ahed-aheh72 and ,verrall's4 ,other ,poets4 ,lang's prose translation of ,theocritus1 ,bion1 and ,moschus2 ,c4 ,s4 ,calverley's verse translation of ,theocritus 7,boston1 #aijf74 ,pindar1--,odes1 transl4 by ,f4 ,a4 ,paley 7,london1 #ahfh72 by ,ernest ,myers 7,london1 #ahgd74 ,translations of ,greek ,lyric ,poets1--,collections from the ,greek ,anthology1 by ,bland and ,merivale 7,london1 #ahcc72 ,the ,greek ,anthology1 by ,lord ,neaves1 ,ancient ,classics for ,english ,readers ,series 7,london1 #ahgd72 ,bohn's ,greek ,anthology1 by ,burges 7,london1 #aheb74 ,on ,homer1 ,hesiod1 ,theocritus1 the tragic poets1 ,pindar1 etc41 see also ,collins' excellent series of ,ancient ,classics for ,english ,readers1 ,philadelphia 7,lippincott72 and the series entitled ,english ,translations from ,ancient and ,modern ,poems1 by ,various ,authors1 #c vols4 7,london1 #ahaj74 ,also ,w4 ,c4 ,wilkinson's ,college ,greek ,course1 and ,college ,latin ,course1 in ,english 7#ahhd-ahhf74 ,of schylus read the ,prometheus ,bound1 to illustrate #ae2 the ,agamemnon1 ,chophori1 and ,eumenides1 to illustrate #aic1 #bbh-bcj2 and the ,seven against ,thebes1 for #ahg4 ,of ,sophocles read ,,oedipus ,rex1 ,,oedipus at ,colonus1 ,antigone1 with #ahb-ahe1 etc42 ,electra1 with #bbh2 ,ajax and ,philoctetes1 with the ,trojan ,war2 ,women of ,trachis1 with #afb4 ,of ,euripides read ,medea1 ,ion1 ,alcestis1 ,iphigenia in ,aulis and in ,tauris1 ,electra4 #bii4 ,roman ,poets4 ,horace 7#fe ,b4,c47 in his ,odes1 ,epodes1 and ,satires makes frequent reference and allusion to the common stock of mythology1 sometimes telling a whole story1 as that of the daughters of ,danas4 ,catullus 7#hg ,b4,c471 the most original of ,roman love-poets1 gives us the ,nuptials of ,peleus and ,thetis 7for selections in ,english hexameters1 see #agg and #aia71 the ,lock of ,berenice1 and the ,atys4 ,manilius of the age of ,augustus wrote a poem on ,astronomy1 which contains a philosophic statement of star-myths4 ,valerius ,flaccus 7d4 #hh ,a4,d47 based his ,argonautics upon the poem of that name by ,apollonius of ,rhodes4 ,statius 7#fa ,a4,d47 revived in the brilliant verses of his ,thebaid and his ,achilled the epic myths and epic machinery1 but not the vigor and naturalness of the ancient style4 ,to a prose writer1 ,hyginus1 who lived on terms of close intimacy with ,ovid1 a fragmentary work called the ,book of ,fables1 which is sometimes a useful source of information1 and four books of ,poetical ,astronomy1 have been attributed4 ,the works1 as we have them1 could not have been written by a friend of the cultivated ,ovid4 ,translations and ,studies4 ,for a general treatment of the great poets of ,rome1 the student is referred to ,w4 ,l4 ,collins' series of ,ancient ,classics for ,english ,readers 7,philadelphia1 ,lippincott74 ,for the ,cupid and ,psyche of ,apuleius1 read ,walter ,pater's ,marius the ,epicurean 7,london1 #ahhe74 ,of translations1 the following are noteworthy3 ,ovid1--the ,metamorphoses1 by ,dryden1 ,addison1 and others2 into ,english blank verse by ,ed4 ,king 7,edinburgh1 #ahga72 prose by ,riley 7,london1 #ahea72 verse by ,geo4 ,sandys 7,london1 #afbf74 ,virgil3 complete works into prose by ,j4 ,lonsdale and ,s4 ,lee 7,new ,york1 ,macmillan72 neid1 translations1--into verse by ,john ,conington 7,london1 #ahgc72 into dactylic hexameter by ,oliver ,crane 7,new ,york1 #ahhh72 the neids into verse by ,wm4 ,morris 7,london1 #ahgf72 and by ,theodore ,c4 ,williams 7,boston1 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co472 ,bks4 #a-d1 by ,stanyhurst 7,arber's ,reprint7 7#aehb72 neis1 by ,dryden4 ,catullus3 transl4 by ,robinson ,ellis 7,london1 #ahga72 by ,sir ,theodore ,martin 7,edinburgh1 #ahge74 ,horace3 transl4 by ,theodore ,martin 7,edinburgh1 #ahha72 by ,smart 7,london1 #ahec72 ,odes and ,epodes in ,calverley's translations 7,london1 #ahhf72 ,odes1 etc41 by ,conington 7,london1 #ahgb72 ,odes and ,epodes1 by ,lord ,lytton 7,new ,york1 #ahgj72 complete1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,wickham 7,oxford1 ,clarendon ,press72 ,odes1 by ,a4 ,s4 ,way 7,london1 #ahgf7 and ,epodes 7#ahih74 ,statius3 ,thebaid1 transl4 by ,pope4 #cjj4 ,for ,scandinavian literature1 see footnotes to #cjj1 and references in ,c4 #bfh-bhb4 ,runes were the letters of the alphabets used by all the old ,teutonic tribes4444 ,the letters were even considered magical1 and cast into the air written separately upon chips or spills of wood1 to fall1 as fate determined1 on a cloth1 and then be read by the interpreters4444 ,the association of the runic letters with heathen mysteries and superstition caused the first ,christian teachers to discourage1 and1 indeed1 as far as possible1 suppress their use4 ,they were therefore superseded by the ,latin alphabet1 which in ,first ,english was supplemented by retention of two of the runes1 named 'thorn' and 'wen1' to represent sounds of 'th' and 'w1' for which the ,latin alphabet had no letters provided4 ,each rune was named after some object whose name began with the sound represented4 ,the first letter was ,f1 ,feoh1 money2 the second ,u1 ,ur1 a bull2 the third ,th1 ,thorn1 a thorn2 the fourth ,o1 ,os1 the mouth2 the fifth ,r1 ,rad1 a saddle2 the sixth ,c1 ,cen1 a torch2 and the six sounds being joined together make ,futhorc1 which is the name given to the runic ,a ,b ,c4--,,morley1 ,english ,writers1 #a1 #bfg4 ,see also ,vigfusson and ,powell's ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 #b1 #fia1 under ,runes and ,rune-,stones2 ,cleasby and ,vigfusson's ,icelandic-,english ,dictionary2 and ,george ,stephens' ,old ,northern ,runic ,monuments1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahff-ahfh74 #cja4 ,for ,translations of the ,nibelungenlied1 see ,c4 #bhc4 ,for other ,german lays of myth1--the ,gudrun1 the ,great ,rose ,garden1 the ,horned ,siegfried1 etc41--see ,vilmar's ,geschichte der deutschen ,national-,litteratur1 #db-aja 7,leipzig1 #ahhf74 ,see also1 in general1 ,grimm's ,deutsche ,mythologie 7,gttingen1 #ahee72 ,ludlow's ,popular ,epics of the ,middle ,ages1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahfe72 ,george ,t4 ,dippold's ,great ,epics of ,medival ,germany 7,boston1 #ahia74 #cjb4 ,egyptian4 ,see ,birch's ,guide to the ,first and ,second ,egyptian ,rooms1 ,british ,museum2 ,miss ,a4 ,b4 ,edwards' ,a ,thousand ,miles up the ,nile 7,london1 #ahgf74 ,for the principal divinities1 see ,index to this work4 #cjc4 ,indian4 ,max ,mller's translation of the ,rig-,veda-,sanhita2 ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 #ce vols41 edited by ,max ,mller1--the ,upanishads1 ,bhagavadgita1 ,institutes of ,vishnu1 etc41 translated by various scholars 7,oxford1 #ahgd-ahij72 ,mller's ,history of ,sanskrit ,literature 7,london1 #ahei72 ,weber's ,history of ,indian ,literature 7,london1 #ahgh72 ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson's ,rig-,veda-,sanhita1 #f vols4 7,london1 #ahej-ahgj71 and his ,theatre of the ,hindus1 #b vols4 7,london1 #ahga72 ,muir's ,sanskrit ,texts1 and his ,principal ,deities of the ,rig-,veda1 #e vols4 7,london1 #ahfh-ahgc72 ,j4 ,freeman ,clarke's ,ten ,great ,religions 7,boston1 #ahhj72 the ,mahbhrata1 translated by ,protap ,chundra ,roy1 ,nos4 #a-gf 7,calcutta1 #ahhc-ahic74 ,see ,indian ,idylls1 by ,edwin ,arnold2 ,the ,episode of ,nala1--,nalopkhynam1--translated by ,monier ,williams 7,oxford1 #ahgi74 ,of the ,rmyana1 a paraphrase 7in brief7 is given by ,f4 ,richardson in the ,iliad of the ,east 7,london1 #ahgj74 ,sir ,william ,jones' translation of the ,sakuntala2 ,e4 ,a4 ,reed's ,hindu ,literature1 with translations 7,chicago1 #ahia71 ,w4 ,ward's ,history1 ,literature1 and ,mythology of the ,hindoos1 #c vols4 7,london1 #ahbb74 ,on ,buddhism1 read ,arnold's ,light of ,asia4 ,for the chief divinities of the ,hindus1 see ,index to this work4 #cjd4 ,persian4 ,j4 ,freeman ,clarke's ,ten ,great ,religions2 ,johnson's ,oriental ,religions2 ,haug's ,essays on the ,sacred ,language1 ,literature1 etc41 of the ,parsis1 by ,e4 ,w4 ,west 7,boston1 #ahgi74 ,in illustration should be read ,moore's ,fire-,worshipers in ,lalla ,rookh4 ,,footnotes3 #dbb ,for assistance in collecting references to ,english poetry the author is indebted to ,miss ,m4 ,b4 ,clayes1 a graduate of the ,university of ,california4 #dbc ,popular etymology4 ,the suffix ion is patronymic4 #dbd ,popular etymology4 ,the root of the name indicates ,fire-god4 #dbe ,for ,latin names1 see ,index or ,chapters ,,ii-,v4 #dbf ,the ,olympian ,religion 7,no4 ,am4 ,rev4 ,may1 #ahib74 ,see his ,juventus ,mundi4 #dbg ,furtwngler 7,meisterw4 d4 gr4 ,plastik7 condemns the gis4 #dbh ,this dawn theory is certainly far-fetched4 ,a ,,few ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,english ,,pronunciation ,,of ,,greek ,,and ,,latin ,,proper ,,names ,these rules will cover most cases1 but they are not intended to exhaust the subject4 ,the reader is referred to the ,latin grammars and the ,english dictionaries4 ,i4 ,quantity4 ,the reader must first ascertain whether the second last syllable of the word is long4 ,in general a syllable is long in quantity3 7#a7 ,if it contains a diphthong1 or a long vowel3 ,bau-cis1 ,ac-tae-on1 ,me-tis1 ,o-ri-on1 ,flo-ra4 7#b7 ,if its vowel1 whether long or short1 is followed by j1 x1 or z1 or by any two consonants except a mute and a liquid3 ,a-jax1 ,meg-a-ba-zus1 ,a-dras-tus4 ,note 7a74 ,sometimes two vowels come together without forming a diphthong4 ,in such cases the diresis is1 in this volume1 used to indicate the division3 e4g4 ,men-e-la'-s1 ,pe-ne'-s4 ,note 7b74 ,the syllable formed by a short vowel before a mute with l or r is sometimes long and sometimes short3 e4g4 ,cle-o-pa'-tra1 or ,cle-op-7a-tra2 ,pa-tro'-clus1 or ,pat-r7o-clus4 ,,ii4 ,accent4 7#a7 ,the accent may be principal1 or subordinate3 ,hel#b-les-pon-tus4 7#b7 ,the principal accent falls on the second last syllable 7penult73 ,am-phi-tri-te2 or on the third last syllable 7antepenult73 ,am-phit-ry-on4 ,note 7a7 ,in words of two syllables1 it falls on the penult3 ,cir-ce4 ,note 7b7 ,in words of more than two syllables1 it falls on the penult when that syllable is long2 otherwise1 on the antepenult3 -ne'-as1 ,her-c7u-les4 7#c7 ,the subordinate accent3 ,note 7a7 ,if only two syllables precede the principal accent1 the subordinate accent falls on the first syllable of the word3 ,hip#b-po-cre'ne4 ,note 7b7 ,if more than two syllables precede the principal accent1 the laws governing the principal accent apply to those preceding syllables3 ,cas#b-s7i-o-pe'-a4 ,note4 ,in the ,index of this work1 when the penult of a word is long1 it is marked with the accent2 when the penult is short1 the antepenult is marked4 ,the reader should however bear in mind that a syllable may be long even though it contain a short vowel1 as by ,rule ,i1 7#b71 above4 ,,iii4 ,vowels and ,consonants4 ,these rules depend upon those of ,syllabication3 7#a7 ,a vowel generally has its long ,english sound when it ends a syllable3 ,he-ro1 ,i-o1 ,ca-cus1 ,i-tho-me1 ,e-do-ni1 ,my-ce-n4 7#b7 ,a vowel generally has its short ,english sound in a syllable that ends in a consonant3 ,hel-en1 ,sis-y-phus1 ,pol-y-phe-mus4 ,but e in the termination es has its long sound3 ,hermes1 ,a-tri-des4 7#c7 ,the vowel a has an obscure sound when it ends an unaccented syllable3 ,a-ch-a2 so1 also1 the vowel i or y1 not final1 after an accented syllable3 ,hes-per-i-des2 and sometimes i or y in an unaccented first syllable3 ,ci-lic-i-a4 7#d7 ,consonants have their usual ,english sounds2 but c and g are soft before e1 i1 y1 1 and oe3 ,ce-to1 ,ge-ry-on1 ,gy-ges2 ch has the sound of k3 ,chi-os2 and c1 s1 and t1 immediately preceded by the accent and standing before i followed by another vowel1 commonly have the sound of sh3 ,sic-y-on 7but see ,latin grammars and ,english dictionaries for exceptions74 ,,iv4 ,syllabication4 7#a7 ,the penultimate syllable ends with a vowel3 e4g4 ,pe-ne-us1 ,i-tho-me1 ,a-treus1 ,hel-e-nus2 ,except when its vowel is followed by x or by two consonants 7not a mute with l or r71 then the vowel is joined with the succeeding consonant3 ,nax-os1 ,cir-ce1 ,aga-mem-non4 7#b7 ,other syllables 7not ultimate or penultimate7 end with a vowel3 e4g4 ,pi-r-us2 ,except when 7a7 the vowel is followed by x or any two consonants 7not a mute with l or r73 e4g4 ,ix-i-on1 ,pel-o-pon-ne-sus2 and when 7b7 the syllable is accented and its vowel followed by one or more consonants3 e4g4 ,an#b-;ax-ag-o-ras1 ,am-phicty-on1 ,,oed-'i-pus4 ,note 7a74 ,but an accented a1 e1 or o before a single consonant 7or a mute with l or r71 followed by e1 i1 or y before another vowel1 is not joined with the succeeding consonant1 and consequently has the long sound3 ,pau-sa'-ni-as2 ,de-me'-tri-us4 ,note 7b74 ,an accented u before a single consonant 7or mute with l or r7 is not joined with the succeeding consonant1 and consequently has the long sound3 ,ju'-pi-ter4 7#c7 ,all words have as many syllables as they have vowels and diphthongs4 ,,index ,,of ,,mythological ,,subjects ,,and ,,their ,,sources ,ordinary figures refer to pages of the ,text4 ,figures in italics preceded by ,c4 refer to sections of the ,commentary and incidentally to the corresponding sections in the ,text4 ,in the case of words of which the correct pronunciation has not seemed to be clearly indicated by their accentuation and syllabication1 the sounds of the letters have been denoted thus3 a1 like a in gray2 'a1 like a1 only less prolonged2 7a1 like a in h7ave2 1 like a in fr2 4a1 like a in sof4a2 a3 and au like a in a3ll2 1 e1 and oe1 like ee in meet2 'e1 like e1 only less prolonged2 7e1 like e in 7end2 1 like e in thre2 e1 like e in err2 i1 like i in pine2 7i1 like i in p7in2 o1 like o in note2 'o1 like o1 only less prolonged2 7o1 like o in n7ot2 1 like o in rb2 7oo1 like oo in f7oot2 oo1 like oo in moon2 ou1 as in out2 u1 like u in use2 1 like the ,french u2 -c and -ch1 like k2 th1 as in the2 1 like s2 g1 like g in get2 4g1 like j2 s1 like z2 4ch1 as in ,german ach2 ,g1 small capital1 as in ,german ,hamburg4 ,abas1 #bjg ,ab-syrtus1 #bcb2 ,c4 #afc-afg 7,illustr47 4,a-byd7os1 #cb1 #adb2 ,c4 #cd ,aby-la1 #bai 4,a-estes1 #ceb1 #cfh1 #cfi 4,a-etes1 #aeb2 the vengeance of ,bacchus1 #aed1 #aee 4,a--ch4ans1 their origin1 #af2 #bgd1 #bhh2 ,c4 #adh 7#b7 4,a--chates1 #cff 7,a-ch-e-lous1 myth of1 #bjc1 #bjd2 ,c4 #adf-adg 7,a-che-r7on1 #dg1 #abg1 #cbg 4,a--chilles1 #ge1 #ia1 #agi1 #bcg2 his descent1 #bfi1 #bgb1 #bge1 #bgf2 character of1 #bgd2 in the ,trojan ,war1 #bgi-cjh2 in ,scyros1 #bgi1 #bhj2 wrath of1 #bhc2 and ,patroclus1 #bif2 remorse of1 #bii2 reconciliation with ,agamemnon1 #cjj2 slays ,hector and drags his body1 #cja-cjc2 and ,priam1 #cjd-cjf2 death of1 #cjg1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cbh1 #cde1 #dec2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a71 #aii1 #bjg ,ais1 #aih1 #bjj2 ,c4 #ada ,ac7on1 ,c4 #ach ,acontius 74a-consh7i-us71 ,c4 #fd 4,a-cris7i-us1 #bjg2 doom of1 #bjh-bad2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,ac-ro-e-raunian ,mountains1 #aah2 ,c4 #ic ,ac-ton1 #hi2 myth of1 #abj-abb1 #bfa2 ,c4 #ei1 table ,e2 #ie ,ad-meta1 #bah ,ad-metus1 #ajd1 #bcj2 ,lowell's ,shepherd of ,king ,a41 #aje1 #ajf2 and ,alcestis1 #ajf-aaj 4,a-donis1 myth of1 #abf-abh2 ,lang's translation of ,bion's ,lament for ,a41 #abf-abh2 ,c4 #ajj ,ad-ras-tea1 #e 4,a-drastus1 #bfd1 #bfe -a7i-des1 ,achilles1 #bgb 4a-cus1 #ea1 #ec1 #bdf1 #bfi2 king of gina1 #gc1 #ge2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a7 -a1 isle of1 #cah1 #cbd1 #cbh -etes1 #bcj-bcb2 genealogy1 ,c4 #agb 4g1 palace of ,neptune near1 #ef -4g7on1 ,c4 #d -4ge4an ,sea1 #agg geus 7ejus71 #bce1 #bej1 #bea1 #beb1 #bef2 ,c4 #fa1 #adh 7#d71 #agd -4gina1 island of1 #ec2 daughter of ,asopus1 myth of1 #fd1 #gc-ge1 #afi2 plague of the island1 #gc-ge2 ,c4 #fa 4gis1 of ,jupiter1 #ba2 of ,minerva1 #bc1 #bac -4gisthus1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cad1 #cae2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b71 #bbh-bcj 7,in ,art7 gle1 a nymph in pastoral poetry g7on1 #ahe2 ,c4 #abi-acj -4gyptus1 #bjg2 ,c4 #adi-aed -ne4as1 #abf1 #afh1 #bjf1 #bfe1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bhi1 #bij1 #bii-cja2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #bjg1 #bde-bed4 ,see neid -ne4as ,sylvius1 king of ,alba ,longa1 third in descent from neas -neid1 #def2 the narrative of1 #cdf-cgb2 from ,troy to ,italy1 #cdf2 the departure from ,troy1 the promised empire1 #cdg2 the ,harpies1 #cdh2 ,epirus1 the ,cyclopes1 #cdi2 resentment of ,juno1 #cej2 sojourn at ,carthage1 ,dido1 #cej-ceb2 ,palinurus1 ,italy1 #ceb2 the ,sibyl of ,cum1 #ceb-ced1 #cfa2 the infernal regions1 #ced-ceh2 the ,elysian ,fields1 #ceh1 #cei2 the valley of oblivion1 #cei2 war between ,trojans and ,latins1 #cfb-cgb2 gates of ,janus opened1 #cfc2 ,camilla1 #cfd2 alliance with ,evander1 #cfe-cfg2 site of future ,rome1 #cff2 ,turnus' attack1 #cfg2 ,nisus and ,euryalus1 #cfh-cgj2 death of ,mezentius1 #cgj1 #cga2 of ,pallas and of ,camilla1 #cga1 #cgb2 the final conflict1 #cgb2 ,c4 #bde-bfj1 #bii -ol7i-a1 #ci o-lus1 of ,thessaly1 #af1 #bjf1 #bad2 myths of his family1 #bbi-bcf2 quest of the ,golden ,fleece1 #bcj-bcc2 connection with ,medea1 #bcc-bcf2 ,c4 #ch 7#i71 #abe1 #adh 7#e71 table ,i4 o-lus 7wind god71 #ci1 #agj1 #age1 #agg1 #cbc1 #cbd1 #cej2 ,c4 #ch 7#i71 #abe1 #adh1 7#e71 table ,i4 ,see ,hippotades pytus 7ep7i-tus71 #bda 4,a-7ero-pe1 #bge2 genealogy1 ,c4 #agb1 #aij-aid 7#b7 schylus 7esk7i-lus71 #dee2 references to1 #bfe1 #cad-caf1 ,c4 #aj-ae2 translations1 ,c4 #bih sculapius 7es-ku-lap7i-us71 attributes of1 #ch2 myth of1 #ajd2 #bfj1 #bif2 ,c4 #ch 7#h71 #hj -sepus1 #agi s7on1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bcd2 ,c4 #afc-afg 7,illustr47 sop1 #b ther1 #c2 or ,light1 #d -th7i-op7i-a1 #dc1 #ig1 #agi1 #baa2 ,c4 #abh -thi'o-pis1 #dec thra1 #bej1 #bea2 ,c4 #agd1 #aij-aid 7#b7 tna 7etna71 ,mount1 #be1 #if1 #ajd1 #aei1 #bbc2 ,c4 #gf -tol7i-a1 #bcg -tolus1 #bjf2 family of1 #bcg-bde2 ,c4 #adh 7#c71 7#e71 table ,i2 #afh ,africa1 #cej1 #ddg1 #ddh ,ag-4a-memn7on1 #ii2 family of1 #bge1 #bgf1 #dee2 in the ,trojan ,war1 #bhj-cjj2 quarrel with ,achilles1 #bhd1 #bhe2 reconciliation1 #cjj2 return to ,greece1 and death1 #cad2 #cbh2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b71 #aif 4,a-gave1 #hi1 #aec1 #aef1 #bfa2 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d2 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,age of ,gold4 ,see ,golden ,age 4,a-4gen7or1 father of ,cadmus1 #fh1 #hg1 #bjf1 #bjg2 genealogy1 ,c4 #ei1 #adh 7#a71 #adi-aed 4,a-4gen7or1 son of ,priam1 #cja ,aglaia 74a-glaya or 4a-gla7i-a71 one of the ,graces1 #bf1 #cf2 wife of ,vulcan1 #bf ,aglauros 74a-gl-r7os71 daughter of ,cecrops1 ,c4 #agd4 ,see ,herse ,agni 7agne74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 4,a-grote-ra1 ,c4 #cb4 ,see ,diana hr7i-m4an1 #dfc ,ajax the ,great1 son of ,telamon1 #bcg1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #bic-bii1 #cjh1 #cbh1 #dec2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a71 #bjd1 #bjg ,ajax the ,less1 son of ,oleus1 king of the ,locrians1 a leader in the ,trojan ,war1 #bhf ,alba ,longa1 #cgb ,alberich 7lber-7i,g71 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #daj-dad1 #dai-dbh4 ,see also ,andvari ,al-us1 #baf1 #dec ,al-estis1 #ajf-aaj1 #bbe1 #bhb1 #dee2 ,c4 #hc ,al-ides1 #baf2 ,c4 #aef-afb2 genealogy1 #adi-aed1 table ,j ,al-ino-us1 #ccb-ccg ,alc-m7on1 #bfh ,alc-mene1 #fd1 #ajg1 #bad1 #bae1 #cbh ,alcyoneus 7al-sio-nus71 #g4 ,see ,giants1 ,greek 4,a-le-c'to1 #ed1 #cfc ,aleian 74a-ley4an7 field1 #bae2 ,c4 #aee ,alexander4 ,see ,paris 4,a-lexis1 a beautiful youth in ,virgil's second ,eclogue ,alfadur 7lf-door71 #cge1 #cie1 #djd4 ,see ,odin 4,a-lo4a-d1 or 7,al-o-i'd4 ,see ,aloeus ,aloeus 74a-lous71 or 4,a-loas1 #ic ,al-phen7or1 son of ,niobe1 #ajj ,alphesiboeus 7al-fes-7i-beus71 an ideal singer in pastorals ,al-pheus1 #aah1 #aai1 #bah2 ,c4 #ic ,alps1 #ig ,al-tha1 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bge2 ,c4 #afh1 table ,k ,am-al-thea1 #e2 ,c4 #adf-adg ,amaryllis 7am-4a-rilis71 a fair shepherdess of pastoral poetry 7,theocritus1 ,virgil7 ,am-4a-senus river1 #cfd 4,a-mata1 #cfc ,am4a-thus1 #abf1 #adi1 #ahb2 ,c4 #ajj ,am4a-zons1 and ,hercules1 #bai2 and ,theseus1 #beh2 at ,troy1 #cjg2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,illustr471 #agf-aha 7,interpret47 ,ambrosia 7am-brozh7i-a71 #ie2 ,c4 #gf ,amm7on 7,jupiter ,ammon71 temple and oracle of1 #bj2 ,c4 #adf-adg4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 ,amor4 ,see ,cupid ,am-ph7i-4a-raus1 #bci1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #dea2 ,c4 #adh 7#e7 ,am-philo--chus1 #bfh ,am-phi7on1 #ii1 #ajj1 #bjf1 #dea2 myth of1 #ge-gg2 from ,tennyson's ,amphion1 #gf1 #gg2 ,c4 #fb ,am-ph7i-trite1 the ,nered1 wife of ,neptune1 #ee1 #aih1 #ded ,am-phitry-7on1 #baf ,amphrysus 7am-frisus7 river1 #aje ,am-y-mone1 #agj1 #bag2 ,c4 #aai-abj ,amyntas 74a-mint4as71 a lovely boy in pastoral poetry4 ,see ,virgil1 ,bucolics #c 4,a-nacre-7on1 #dec1 #ded ,an-4a-dy-om7e-ne 7rising from the water71 ,c4 #cd4 ,see ,venus ,an-ax-7are-te1 #aie ,an-us1 #bci ,ancestor worship in ,china1 #dcg ,an--chises1 #abe1 #bgf1 #bhj1 #cdf-cdh1 #cec1 #cei1 #cfj2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #bde-beg ,an-ile1 ,c4 #bh ,an-drm7on1 #aib ,an-dro4ge-us1 #beb ,an-drom4a--che1 #bhj1 #bia-bic1 #cjc1 #cac1 #cdi2 ,c4 #bjg ,an-drome-da1 #afi2 and ,perseus1 #baa-bad1 #bae1 #baf2 lines from ,kingsley's ,andromeda1 #bab2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,andvari 7ndv-re71 #dja-dje2 as ,alberich1 #daj-dad1 #dai-dbh2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,angerbode 7nger-bode71 #chg ,anses 7s7ir1 s-folk71 #cgd1 #cgf2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,an-tus1 #agj1 #bbj ,an-tea1 #bad ,an-ten7or1 #bhh ,ant'e-r7os1 #ce ,an-thes-ter7i-a1 ,c4 #db1 #aaj-aab ,anthology1 ,greek1 translations of1 ,c4 #bih ,anthropological method1 #ddb ,an-tig'o-ne1 #bfc1 #bfd1 #bff1 #bfg2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi ,an-tilo--chus1 #agi1 #bii ,an-tino-us1 #cdc ,an-tio-pe1 daughter of ,asopus1 #fd1 #cbh2 myth of1 #ge-gg2 ,c4 #fb ,an-tio-pe1 wife of ,theseus1 #beh1 #bei2 ,c4 #agd1 table ,m ,an-tores1 #cgj 4,a-nu'bis4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 4,a-pelles1 a ,greek painter of the time of ,alexander the ,great4 ,see ,john ,lyly's ,alexander and ,campaspe ,apennines1 #ig ,aph-ro-dite 7foam-born74 ,see ,venus ,apis1 oracle of1 ,c4 #cjh4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 4,a-pollo1 ,phoebus1 and his lyre1 #ah2 son of ,latona1 #ai2 meaning of names1 #bf2 attributes1 #bf-bi2 among the ,hyperboreans1 the ,delphians1 his victory over ,python1 #bf2 the ,pythian games1 his oracles1 patronage of music1 etc41 #bg2 favorite animals1 #bh2 ,shelley's ,hymn of ,apollo1 #bh2 myths of1 #ia-aag2 the ,pan of victory1 #ib2 victory over ,tityus and the ,aload1 #ib1 #ic2 ,a4 and ,hyacinthus1 #ic1 #id2 and ,phathon1 #id-ih2 sends a plague upon the ,greeks before ,troy1 #ih1 #ii2 ,a4 and ,niobe1 #ii-ajc2 and ,psamathe and ,linus1 #ajc1 #ajd2 and ,coronis and sculapius1 #ajd2 and the ,cyclopes1 #ajd2 in exile1 serves ,admetus1 #ajd-aaj2 ,lowell's ,shepherd of ,king ,admetus1 #aje1 #ajf2 serves ,laomedon1 #aaj2 as a musician1 ,pan1 ,midas1 ,marsyas1 #aaj-aab2 ,shelley's ,hymn of ,pan1 #aaa1 #aab2 loves of ,a41 ,calliope1 ,cyrene1 ,daphne1 #aab-aad2 ,lowell's lines upon ,daphne1 #aad2 ,marpessa1 #aae1 #aaf2 quotations from ,stephen ,phillips' ,marpessa1 #aae1 #aaf2 ,clytie1 #aaf1 #aag2 quotation from ,moore's ,clytie1 #aag2 ,a4 and ,orion1 #abb2 and ,mercury1 #aej1 #aea2 and ,neptune1 #afi2 and ,hercules1 #baf2 and ,daphnis1 #bbc2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhc-bhe1 #bij1 #bif-cjd1 #cjg1 #cjh2 ,cassandra1 #cac2 the ,sibyl1 #cec1 #cfa2 interpretations of1 #dcb1 #dcd1 #dcg1 #ddj1 #ddb1 #dde2 ,c4 #cj1 #fh1 #gb-gc1 #gf-hi1 #aji 4,a-pol-lo-dorus1 #dee2 references to1 #ge1 #aae1 #abb1 #abe1 #afj1 #afi1 #agg1 #bja1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bad1 #bae1 #bcj1 #bda1 #bdb1 #bdf1 and footnotes passim ,ap-ol-lon7i-us 7of ,rhodes71 #dee2 references to1 #abe1 #aic1 #bcj1 #bdb1 #bfi2 ,c4 #d ,apuleius 7ap-u-leyus71 #deg2 references to1 #abh1 #acg2 translation of1 ,c4 #bih ,aquilo 7akw7i-lo71 #ch 4,a-rachne1 myth of1 #hb-hd2 ,c4 #fe-ff r-cadi-a1 #fg1 #aaj1 #bag1 #bah1 #bda1 #bfe1 #cfe1 #cff rc7as1 son of ,callisto1 #fg1 #bda2 ,c4 #eh and table ,d ,a-re-op4a-gus1 ,mars' ,hill1 on which the highest ,athenian tribunal held its meetings4 ,see ,st4 ,paul's address1 ,acts #ag1 #bb ,ares4 ,see ,mars 7,ar-e-thusa1 myth of1 #aag-abj2 ,shelley's poem1 #aah-abj2 and ,ceres1 #afb2 ,c4 #ic r4ges1 ,c4 #d r4gives1 #cjh rgo1 the1 #bbc1 #bcj1 #bcc2 ,c4 #afc-afg rgo-lis1 ,c4 #adi-aed ,ar-go-nautic expedition1 #ci1 #bbb1 #bcj-bcc1 #bfi1 #cdh2 quotation from ,dyer's ,fleece1 #bcj1 #bca ,argonauts 7rgo-nts71 the1 #bbb1 #bcj-bcc1 #bdb2 ,w4 ,morris' ,life and ,death of ,jason1 #bcb1 #bcc2 ,c4 #afc-afg rg7os 7city and district71 #bb1 #bc1 #ajc1 #afi1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bad1 #bag1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #cae1 #cgj1 #deb2 ,c4 #fd1 #adi-aed rgus1 builder of the ,argo1 #bcj rgus 7,pan-optes71 #cd2 myth of ,io1 ,mercury1 and ,a41 #fe-fg1 #dci2 ,c4 #eg rgus1 ,ulysses' dog1 #cda ,a-r7i-adne1 #aeb2 myth of1 #aef1 #beb-beh1 #bei1 #bgj2 ,c4 #agb1 table ,l1 #agf-aha 4,a-ri7on1 identified with ,jonah1 #ddj2 account of1 #dec1 #ded2 ,c4 #bih 4,a-ri7on1 the horse1 #agj 7,ar-is-tus1 #aab1 #aba1 #afe2 myth of1 #bjb1 #bjc2 ,c4 #ade 7,ar-is-toph4a-nes1 #dee 7,aris-t7otle1 reference to1 #bda rne1 #agj r-sino-e1 #ajd1 #aej rte-mis4 ,see ,diana ,aruns1 #cga1 #cgb ry4an germ-theory1 #ddh ry4an tribes and modern descendants1 #ddh1 #dfb s-folk4 ,see ,anses ,as-can7i-us1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e74 ,see ,iulus ,as-cle-pi4a-d 7,as-clepi-os71 ,c4 #hj4 ,see sculapius ,ascra1 #dec ,asgrd1 #b1 #cgd1 #chi-cib1 #cif1 #cig ,asia1 #fh1 #aec1 #beb1 #ddh sk1 #cgd 4,a-sopus1 #gc1 #ge2 ,c4 #fa ,aspho-del1 the meads of1 #di1 #abj ,as-s7ar4a-cus1 grandfather of ,anchises1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,as-syri-ans1 the1 ,c4 #cd ,as-trte1 ,c4 #cd1 #ei ,as-ter7i-a1 ,c4 #afc-afg ,as-tra1 #ae2 ,c4 #ah ,as-ty4a-nax1 #bia-bic1 #cjc2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,at-4a-lanta 7the ,arcadian71 daughter of ,iasius1 in the ,calydonian hunt1 #bcg-bda2 selections from ,swinburne's ,atalanta in ,calydon1 #bcg-bdj2 ,a4 and ,mars1 #bfe2 ,c4 #afh ,at-4a-lanta 7daughter of ,schoeneus of ,boeotia71 #aci-ada2 extract from ,landor's ,hippomenes and ,atalanta1 #adj1 #ada2 cousin of ,jason1 #bcj2 genealogy1 ,c4 #ajc and table ,g1 #adh 7#e71 table ,i ,ate1 #cjj ,ath4a-m7as1 #bjb1 #bbi2 ,c4 #ajc1 table ,g1 #adh 7#b71 7#e71 table ,i 4,a-thena or ,a-thene1 #dde2 ,c4 #bg4 ,see ,minerva ,athens1 #bc1 #ha1 #hb1 #bce1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bej1 #beb1 #beh1 #bfc1 #cjh1 #cag1 #deb ,ath7os1 ,mount1 #if2 ,c4 #gf ,at-lantis1 legend of1 #eb4 ,see ,plato's ,timus ,atl4as1 #f1 #da2 described1 #eg2 his offspring1 the ,atlantides1 #eg2 and ,perseus1 #baa2 and ,hercules1 #bbj2 ,c4 #f2 genealogy1 #adh 7#e71 table ,i1 and #adi-aed ,atli 7tle74 ,see ,attila ,atmu 7tmoo74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,atrax1 #bei ,atreus 7atroos71 house of1 #bfi1 #bge1 #bgf2 ,c4 #gh1 #aij-aid 7#b7 4,a-trides1 #ih2 ,c4 #gg ,atro-p7os1 a ,fate1 #ch ,att7i-ca1 #bjg1 #bdc1 #bdi1 #bef ,att7i-la1 ,atli1 ,etzel1 #djd1 #dji2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,audhumbla 7outhoom-bla71 #cgc ,au-4ge4as1 ,au-4ge4an stables1 #bah2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,interpret47 ,au-4gi4as4 ,see ,augeas ,au-gustan ,age1 #b1 #def ,au-gustus1 #fa1 #def ,aulis1 #bhj ,aura1 #agb1 #agc ,au-rora1 #ci1 #dj1 #dc1 #ie1 #abc1 #abe1 #adh1 #afj1 #agb1 #age1 #agf1 #bfi2 and ,tithonus1 #agg-agi2 mother of ,memnon1 #agi1 #ahj2 ,c4 #ch 7#aj71 #abc-abd1 and table ,h ,au-rora ,bo-re-alis1 #cgf ,auster1 #ch ,australians1 mental state of contemporary native1 #dda2 myths among1 #ddh ,au-tono-e1 #hi1 #aba1 #aef1 #bfa ,av-4a-tr4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,aven-tine1 ,mount1 #bba2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,textual7 4,a-vernus1 ,lake1 #ced 4,a-vesta1 #dfc ,bab-y-loni-a1 #adg ,b7ac-ch4a-n4als1 #dd1 #aed1 #aee2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,b4ac--ch7antes1 #dd1 #aec1 #beh2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,bac-chus 7,dionysus71 #bj2 descent and attributes1 #dd1 #de2 quotation from ,dryden's ,alexander's ,feast1 #de2 worshipers of1 #dd2 the ,roman ,liber1 #ei2 his mother1 ,semele1 #gb2 ,b4 and ,vulcan1 #ia2 myths of1 #aeb-aeh2 his wanderings1 #aeb1 #aec2 ,pentheus1 #aec-aef2 story of ,acetes1 #aed1 #aee2 lines from ,edmund ,gosse's ,praise of ,dionysus1 #aef1 #aeg2 choice of ,midas1 #aeg1 #aeh2 ,b4 and ,neptune1 #afi2 ,ariadne1 #beg1 #beh2 interpretation of ritual1 #dde2 ,c4 #db1 #fj1 #aaj-aab ,balaustion 7b4a-la3schon74 ,see ,browning's ,balaustion's ,adventure1 ,index of ,authors ,ba3lder1 #cgf1 #dfj2 death of1 #chg-cic2 extracts from ,m4 ,arnold's ,balder ,dead1 #chh-cig2 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 #bhb-bhc ,balmung 7blm7oong71 #dji ,bards1 #dej1 #deh ,bas-s7ar7i-des1 ,c4 #db ,battus1 a peasant who informed ,apollo of ,mercury's robbery of his cattle2 or who1 having promised secrecy to ,mercury1 told the whole story to ,mercury disguised1 and was petrified by the offended deity ,bauis1 #gg-hj ,bear1 ,great and ,little1 #dc1 #if2 myth of1 #fg1 #fh ,beauty and the ,beast1 analogy of incident1 ,c4 #aja-ajb ,bel-l7ero-ph7on1 #bcj1 #bij1 #bih1 #dcb2 and the ,chimra1 #bad1 #bae2 ,c4 #aee ,bel-lona1 #fa2 ,c4 #ed ,belus1 king of ,tyre1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #cea2 genealogy1 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d1 #adh 7#a71 #adi-aed4 ,compare the deity ,baal ,belvedere 7bel-v'e-der or bel-v'a-da'ra71 the ,apollo1 ,c4 #cj ,berecyntia 7b7er-7e-sinsh7i-a71 ,c4 #da4 ,see ,cybele ,berg-risar 7b7er,g're-sr71 #cgf ,b7erne1 ,dietrich of1 #dji2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,b7ero-e1 #ga ,bible1 the ,hebrew1 #ddj ,bifrost 7befr7ost71 #cgd1 #cgg1 #chi1 #cie ,bi7on1 ,lang's translation of his ,lament for ,adonis1 #abf-abh2 ,c4 #ei1 #bih ,biorn 7be-rn7 of ,scrdsa1 #dei ,bit7on1 #hj1 #ha2 ,c4 #fd ,boeotia 7be-osh7i-a71 #aci1 #bhj1 and passim ,boeotians 7be-osh7i-ans71 #agj ,bona ,dea1 #fa ,books of the ,dead and of the ,lower ,hemisphere1 #dfb ,bo-otes1 #if2 ,c4 #ge ,bor1 #cgc ,bore-as1 #ch1 #cej2 ,c4 #ch 7#i7 ,bori 7bore71 #cgc ,bospho-rus 7the heifer's ford71 a ,thracian strait1 crossed by ,io ,bragi 7brge71 #cgf ,brhma and ,brhm4an-ism4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,brnstock1 #cih-djj1 #dje ,brazen ,age1 the1 #ae ,breidablick 7bra'd4a-blik or britap-lik71 the home of ,balder ,briareus 7bri4a-roos or bri-are-us71 #ced2 ,c4 #d1 #h ,bri-seis1 #bhd2 ,c4 #aii ,bromi-us1 ,c4 #db4 ,see ,bacchus ,brontes1 ,c4 #d ,brunhild 7br7oonh7ilt71 #dje-dji2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,brnnhilde 7brn-h7ilde71 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dah-dba1 #dbd-dcj4 ,see also ,brunhild1 ,brynhild ,brutus1 a mythical grandson of neas2 fabled to have colonized the island called1 after him1 ,britain ,brynhild 7brnh7ilt71 #djb-djd2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,buddha 7b7oode74 ,family name1 ,gautama2 given names1 ,siddartha 7in whom wishes are fulfilled7 and ,buddha 7he who knows74 ,born #fbh ,b4,c41 son of the king of ,kapilavastu1 north of ,oude1 ,india2 died in his eighty-fifth year4 ,founder of ,buddhism1 which1 in opposition to the dead creed and forms of ,brahmanism1 taught3 7#a7 ,existence is only pain or sorrow4 7#b7 ,the cause of pain or sorrow is desire4 7#c7 ,in ,nirvana all pain and sorrow cease4 7#d7 ,nirvana is attainable by the 'noble path of virtuous self-discipline4 ,nirvana is both a means and an end4 ,as a means1 it is the process of renunciation by which the love of life and self are extinguished2 as an end1 it is the heaven of the ,buddhist1 a negative bliss consisting in absorption of the soul into the ,infinite4 ,the soul is the ,karma1 the sum total of a man's deeds1 good and evil1--his character1 by which is determined his state of future existence4 ,the ,karma passes through various earthly existences in the process of renunciation described above4 ,see ,edward ,clodd's ,childhood of ,religions1 ,john ,caird's ,oriental ,religions 7,humboldt ,library71 ,encyc4 ,brit41 ,sir ,edwin ,arnold's ,light of ,asia ,budlung 7b7oodl7oong71 #djd1 #dje ,bull1 ,jupiter as the1 #fi2 ,c4 #ei ,burgun-dy1 #dje1 #djg ,bushmen1 mental state of1 #dda ,bu-siris1 an ,egyptian despot1 who sacrificed all strangers entering his realm1 but was put to death by ,hercules ,bu'to1 an ,egyptian goddess1 identified by the ,greeks with ,leto ,byrsa 7bersa71 #cea ,cacus1 myth of1 #bba2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,cadmus1 #ag1 #ga1 #bjf1 #bjg2 and the dragon1 #hg-ij1 #bca2 builds ,thebes1 #hg1 #hi2 marries ,harmonia1 #hi2 curse upon his family1 #hi1 #ij1 #abj1 #aec1 #bjb1 #bbi1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #bfh2 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d1 #ei1 table ,e1 #gj ,ca-du'e-us1 the1 #cd1 #aea ,ca-icus1 #ig2 ,c4 #gf ,cala-is1 #ci1 #bcj ,cal-ch4as1 #bha1 #bid1 #caa1 #dea ,cal-lim4a--chus1 ,c4 #bih ,cal-lio-pe1 the muse of epic poetry1 #cg2 mother of ,orpheus1 #aab1 #afe2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,cal-l7irrho-e4 ,see ,chrysaor ,cal-liste1 ,c4 #cb1 #eh ,cal-listo1 #fd1 #bcg1 #bda2 myth of1 #fg1 #fh2 ,c4 #eh ,calpe1 #bai ,caly-d7on1 #bjc1 #bbe1 #bcg1 #bfe1 #bge2 ,c4 #adf-adg ,cal-y-doni-an ,boar1 the1 #bjf1 #bcg ,cal-y-doni-an ,hunt1 the1 #bbe1 #bcg-bdj ,calypso 7c4a-lipso71 #cca2 ,c4 #bca-bdd ,c4a-men 7,antevorta1 ,postvorta1 ,carmenta1 and ,egeria74 ,the name comes from the root of carmen1 song of prophecy1 #fb ,c4a-milla1 #cfd1 #cga1 #cgb2 ,c4 #bfj ,campus ,martius 7marsh7i-us71 ,c4 #bh ,capaneus 7cap4a-nus71 #bfe1 #bff ,cap7i-to-line ,hill1 #aad ,capys 7capis71 father of ,anchises1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,car7i-a1 #abe ,cr-menta1 #fb1 #ij2 ,c4 #ej-eb ,cr-nea1 ,c4 #cj ,crp4a-th7os1 #bjc1 #bjd2 ,c4 #ade ,crthage1 #cej1 #cea ,cas-sandra1 #bgf1 #cac1 #cad1 #dea2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #bbf ,cas-s7i-o-pea1 ,cas-s7i-e-pea1 or ,cas-si'o-pe1 #baa2 quotation from ,milton's ,il ,penseroso1 #baa2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,cas-tal7i-a1 #bf1 #hg2 ,c4 #cj1 #gj1 #gf ,castor1 #bjf1 #bcj1 #bcg1 #bdb-bde1 #bge1 #bhi2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#c71 7#d7 ,c4a-tullus1 #deg2 translations of his ,peleus and ,thetis1 #bec-beh1 #bfi-bgc2 note and translations1 ,c4 #bii2 of poems ,,lxi and ,,lxii1 #ch 7under ,hymen72 of poem ,,li1 #ajg ,cauc4a-sus1 #aa1 #ig1 #aib2 ,c4 #gf ,caster 7ca-ister71 #ig2 ,c4 #gf e-brio-nes1 #bih e-crop7i-a1 ,c4 #fe-ff ecrops1 #ag1 #hb1 #bjg1 #bdi2 ,c4 #fe-ff1 #agf-aha 7,illustr472 genealogy1 #adh 7#d72 #agd e-dal7i-7on1 #abb e-lno1 7#a7 a ,pleiad2 7#b7 a ,harpy ele-us1 #afj1 #afa1 #afd ,celts1 #ddh entaurs1 the1 #ajd1 #bei1 #bgd2 ,c4 #hj1 #aef-afb 7,interpret47 en-tim4a-nus1 ,c4 #d e7os1 an island in the gean eph4a-lus1 #dj2 and ,procris1 #agb-age2 father of ,phosphor1 #age2 ,c4 #abc-abd1 #aij-aid 7#d7 epheus 7e'fus71 #baa1 #bac e-phissus1 #bf1 #hh1 #ahh1 #bej2 ,c4 #cj1 #gj1 #acb-acc erber-us1 #dg1 #ace1 #afg1 #cee2 and ,hercules1 #bbj2 ,c4 #di1 #aef-afb 7,interpret47 er-copes1 #bbb2 ,c4 #aef-afb eres1 #e2 or ,demeter1 #ai2 attributes of1 #dc1 #dd2 favorite animals1 etc41 #dd2 ,eleusinian mysteries1 #dd1 #afe2 the ,roman1 #ei2 and ,psyche1 #acc2 wanderings of1 #aeb1 #afj-afe2 ,c4 and ,neptune1 #agj2 ,erysichthon1 #aia1 #aib2 ,c4 #dj1 #ei1 #aad-aag 7er-y-nean stag1 #bah2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,interpret47 es-tus1 the1 #bie eto1 #eg ,ceylon1 #dfc ,ceyx 7se7ix71 #age-agg2 ,c4 #abe4 ,see ,halcyone -,cha7os1 #c1 #d2 ,c4 #c -,charis1 youngest of the ,charites1 called also ,aglaia 7,aglaa71 wife of ,vulcan -,ch7ar7i-tes4 ,see ,graces -,char7on1 #dg1 #ace1 #ced1 #cee1 #cgg2 ,c4 #dd-df ,charybdis 7-ch4a-ribdis71 #bee1 #cbi1 #ccj1 #cej2 ,c4 #ej-eb -,ch7i-mra1 #bad1 #bae1 #ced2 ,c4 #aee -,chi7os 7,scio71 #abb1 #adi1 #deb2 ,c4 #if1 #ajg -,chir7on1 #ajd1 #bca1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgd2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 #hj1 #aii -,chorus1 #aif ,christ1 #a1 #aha -,chronus or -,chron7os1 #dci2 ,c4 #d ,chrysaor 7-chri-sa7or or -chr7isa-r71 son of ,poseidon2 sprang with ,pegasus from the head of ,medusa2 by ,callirrho he was father of ,geryones and ,echidna4 ,see ,michael ,field's ,callirrho1 a drama1 #ahhd ,chryses 7-chri-seis71 #ih1 #bhc1 #bhd2 ,c4 #gg ,chryses 7-chrises71 #ih1 #bhc1 #bhd ,chrysothemis 7-chris-othe-mis71 daughter of ,agamemnon1 #bge2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b7 ,cice-ro1 references to the works of1 #ajd1 #aif 7i-coni-ans1 the1 #cah ilix1 son of ,agenor2 brother of ,cadmus and ,phoenix2 settled in ,cilicia im-meri-an1 #agf1 #cch2 ,c4 #abe im-meri-ans1 the1 #dg1 #cbh iny-r4as1 #abf ire1 #bja1 #cah1 #cbd-ccj2 ,c4 #agb1 #bca-bdd ,circus ,maxi-mus1 #fj 7i-thr7on1 ,mount1 #ge1 #aee1 #bfa2 ,c4 #fb1 #aaj-aab ,clar7os1 #age ,cleo-bis1 #hj1 #ha2 ,c4 #fd ,cle-ome-nes1 a sculptor of about #bjj ,b4,c41 ,c4 #ce ,clio1 the muse of history1 #cg2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,clotho1 a ,fate1 #ch ,clymene 7clim7e-ne71 #id2 ,c4 #gf ,cly-tem-nestra1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #bge1 #cad1 #cae2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#c71 #bbh-bcj ,clyti 7cl7ish7i-e or cli't7i-e71 #aaf1 #aag2 ,thomas ,moore's verses1 ,believe me1 if all 4441 #aag2 ,c4 #ia ,clytius 7clish7i-us71 ,c4 #h ,cnageus 7najus71 ,c4 #cb ,cnidos 7nid7os71 #cb1 #abf2 ,c4 #ce1 #ajj ,cnosus 7nosus7 or ,cnossus 7n7osus74 ,see ,gnossus ,c7o-c'4a-lus1 #bdg ,cocytus 7co-situs71 #dg1 #cbg1 #ced ,coeus 7seus71 a ,titan1 #fd2 ,c4 #d ,col-chis1 #bbb1 #bbi1 #bca1 #bdb2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,textual7 ,co-lonus1 #bfc ,colo-ph7on1 #deb ,comus1 in later mythology a god of festivity1 drunkenness1 and mirth4 ,see ,milton's ,masque of ,comus ,con-sivi-us1 #fj ,consus1 #ei1 #fj1 #hh2 ,c4 #ej-eb ,cora 7,kore74 ,see ,proserpina ,corinth1 #cb1 #abd1 #afi1 #aif1 #bad1 #bce1 #beb1 #bfa1 #dec ,cor-nu-copi-a1 #ec1 #bjd2 ,c4 #adf-adg ,coroebus 7co-rebus71 #ajc ,co-ronis1 #ajd4 ,see sculapius ,cor-y-bantes1 references to1 #ad1 #dd2 ,c4 #af ,cory-d7on1 an ideal singer of pastoral poetry4 ,see ,theocritus1 ,idyl #d2 ,virgil1 ,bucolics #g ,cory-thus1 ,c4 #bba ,c7os1 an island off the coast of ,caria ,cottus1 ,c4 #d ,cran7on or ,crann7on1 a town in the vale of ,tempe1 in ,thessaly ,creation1 ,greek myths of1 #c2 ,virgil's account of1 #cfj2 the ,norse account of1 #cgc1 #cgd ,cre7on1 #bfc1 #bff1 #bfg2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,cres-phontes1 #bda1 #bdb ,cress7i-da1 ,c4 #aif ,cretan ,bull1 the1 #bah1 #bdf2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,interpret47 ,crete1 ,creta1 #ec1 #gj1 #ga1 #acb1 #bja1 #bjg1 #bdb1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #beb1 #bef1 #bge1 #bhf1 #bhh1 #cdh2 ,c4 #ei ,cretheus 7crethus71 ,c4 #adh 7#b71 7#e7 ,creus1 ,c4 #d ,cre-usa1 mother of ,ion1 ,c4 #agd ,cre-usa1 wife of neas1 #cdg2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,cre-usa1 wife of ,jason1 #bce ,croc4a-le1 #abj ,cronus1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h1 #ai2 rule of1 #e1 #aj2 in the ,fortunate ,isles1 #eb2 confounded with ,chronos1 #dci2 ,c4 #d ,cu'm1 #ceb ,cu-man ,sibyl1 #ceb-cfa ,cu'pid or ,cu-pido 7,eros71 attributes of1 #ce1 #cf1 #abf2 ,edmund ,gosse's ,eros1 #cf2 ,lyly's ,cupid and ,campaspe1 ,c4 #ch2 in the story of ,apollo and ,daphne1 #aab1 #aac2 ,c4 and ,psyche1 #abh-aci1 #deg2 extracts from ,wm4 ,morris' ,earthly ,paradise1 #aca1 #ace2 from ,bridges' ,eros and ,psyche1 #acb2 from ,pater's ,marius1 #acc2 ,t4 ,k4 ,hervey's ,cupid and ,psyche1 #acf1 #acg2 ,keats' ,ode to ,psyche1 #acg-aci2 in the story of ,hero and ,leander1 #adb-add2 ,pluto and ,proserpine1 #aei2 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 #aja-ajb ,cu-retes1 inhabitants of ,crete1 noisy worshipers of ,jupiter2 later identified with the ,corybantes 7worshipers of ,cybele7 ,cy4a-ne river1 #afj1 #afb2 ,c4 #aad-aag ,cy4a-ne1 a ,sicilian nymph ,cybele 7sibe-le7 or ,cybebe 7si-bebe71 attributes and worship of1 #dd1 #ada2 the ,roman ,magna ,mater1 #ei2 ,c4 #af1 #da4 ,see also ,rhea ,cyclic 7siklik7 ,poets1 the1 #deb y-clopes1 ycl7ops1 #d1 #f1 #g1 #ec1 #abb1 #agj1 #ahe1 #aih-bjj1 #ccb2 and ,apollo1 #ajd2 and ,ulysses1 #cbj-cbc2 and neas1 #cdi2 ,c4 #d1 #ada y-c'nus4 7#a7 ,son of ,apollo4 ,with his mother1 ,thyri4a1 he leaped into lake ,canope1 where both were changed into swans4 7#b7 ,son of ,poseidon1 a king of ,colon in ,troas4 ,he assisted the ,trojans1 but was killed by ,achilles2 changed into a swan4 7#c7 ,son of ,ares1 killed by ,hercules2 changed into a swan4 7#d7 ,a friend of ,phathon4 ,while lamenting his friend's fate1 ,cycnus was changed by ,apollo into a swan1 and placed among the stars4 y-dippe and her sons1 #hj1 #ha2 quotation from ,edmund ,gosse's ,the ,sons of ,cydippe1 #ha2 ,c4 #fd yl-lene1 ,mount1 #cd1 #aej2 ,c4 #aji ,cynosure 7si'no-shoor or s7ino-shoor71 the1 ,c4 #eh ynth7i-a 7,diana71 #ca1 #aah1 #abe1 #aci2 ,c4 #cb ynthus1 ,mount1 in ,delos1 ,c4 #cb1 #gh ypri-an1 the1 #he2 ,c4 #fh ypri-an ,lays1 #deb ypris 7,venus71 #fh1 #fi1 #abf1 #abg1 #acc1 #adj2 ,c4 #cd1 #ei yprus1 island of1 #ca1 #cb1 #adj1 #ade1 #cad1 #dcb2 ,c4 #cd ypse-lus1 #bda y-rene1 #aab1 #bjb1 #bjc2 ,c4 #ade y-thera1 island of1 #ca1 #cb2 ,c4 #ajj yth-er-ea 7,venus71 #abg1 #abh1 #acd2 ,c4 #cd1 #ajj yz7i-cus1 ,king of ,cyzicus on the ,propontis4 ,received the ,argonauts1 but by mistake was slain by ,hercules or ,jason4 ,ddalus 7d7ed4a-lus or de'd4a-lus7 and ,icarus1 #bdf-bdh2 ,c4 #he-hf1 #agc ,dag7on1 #dcb ,damoetas 7d4a-met4as71 a herdsman in pastoral poetry4 ,see ,virgil1 ,bucolics #c ,dam7on1 an ideal singer of love in pastorals4 ,see ,virgil1 ,bucolics #h ,dana-4ans or ,dana-i1 #ih1 #ii ,dana-e1 #fd2 myth of1 #bjh1 #bac2 woven by ,arachne1 #hd2 ,lamentation of ,dana1 #ded2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,dana-7ids or ,da-na7i-des1 #bjg2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,dana-us1 daughters of1 #aff1 #agj2 house of1 #bjf-bbh2 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d1 #adh 7#a7 #adi-aed ,daphne 7dafne71 myth of1 #aab-aad2 explanations of myth1 #dcg2 ,c4 #hi ,daph-ne-phor7i-a1 ,c4 #cj ,daphnis 7dafnis71 #ahe1 #bbb1 #bbc-bbe1 #bdj2 lines from ,m4 ,arnold's ,thyrsis1 #bbd1 #bbe2 ,c4 #abi-acj1 #aef-afb ,drd4a-nus1 #abd1 #cdh2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,darkness1 #c1 #d ,daughter of the ,skies1 story of2 analogy of incident1 ,c4 #aja-ajb ,daulis1 #bdi1 #bej ,dawn1 goddess of1 ,c4 #cf4 ,see ,aurora ,day1 #d ,death 7,thana-tos71 #ed1 #bih2 ,hercules' struggle with1 #ajg-aaj2 ,c4 #di ,de-7id-4a-mia4 7#a7 ,also called ,laodami'a1 daughter of ,bellerophon1 and mother of ,sarpedon4 7#b7 ,daughter of ,lycomedes of ,scyros1 and mother of ,pyrrhus by ,achilles4 7#c7 ,also called ,hippodami'a1 wife of ,pirithos1 and daughter of ,atrax ,deimos 7di'm7os71 ,dread1 a son and attendant of ,mars1 #bd ,de7i-7on1 ,c4 #abc-abd2 genealogy1 #adh 7#b71 7#e7 ,dephobus 7de-ifo-bus71 #bhj1 #cjb2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,de-j4a-nira or ,deianira 7de-y4a-nira71 #bjc1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bcg1 #bge2 ,c4 #adf-adg1 #afh ,del7i-a1 a name for ,diana of ,delos ,del7os1 #bi1 #bdg1 #cdg2 ,c4 #cb ,delphi1 #e1 #aac1 #afi1 #bfb2 oracle of1 #bg1 #bfh1 #cae1 #cag1 #ddb2 center of the world1 #db2 ,c4 #cj1 #ch 7#d71 #hi ,del-phini-a1 ,c4 #cj ,del-phyne1 ,c4 #cj ,delusion of ,gylfi 7gilfe71 #dei ,de-meter1 #bfc1 #ddb2 and ,pelops1 #dcd2 and ,springtide1 #dcd2 ,c4 #dj4 ,see ,ceres ,demigods and ,heroes1 age of1 #af1 #ag2 in the ,theban and ,trojan ,wars1 #ag ,de-modo-cus of ,phacia1 #ccg1 #dej ,destinies4 ,see ,fates ,deterioration1 theory of1 #dcf-ddj ,deucalion 7du-cal7i-7on71 with ,pyrrha repeoples the world1 #af2 descendants of1 #af1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bbi2 interpretation of myth1 #ddj2 ,c4 #ai-bj1 #adh 7#b71 7#e7 ,devas 7da'v4as74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,dia1 island of1 #aed1 #bed2 old name for ,naxos1 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,di-a'na1 usually pronounced ,di-7ana 7,artemis71 moon-goddess1 #b1 #dcb2 daughter of ,latona1 #ai1 #bi2 meaning of names1 #bi2 attributes1 #bi-ca2 identified with ,selene1 #bi1 #ci1 #aag2 her vengeance on ,agamemnon1 ,orion1 and ,niobe1 #cj1 #aag1 and ad loc42 favorite animals1 #ca2 ,ben ,jonson's ,hymn to ,cynthia 7,diana71 #ca2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 ,lucina1 #fa2 ,d4 and ,syrinx1 #ff2 punishes ,niobe1 #ii-ajc2 myths of1 #aag-abe2 ,tityus1 ,python1 ,daphne1 ,callisto1 #aag and ad loc42 ,,oeneus1 #aag1 #bcg2 ,alphes and ,arethusa1 #aag-abj2 the fate of ,acton1 #abj-abb2 of ,orion1 #abb1 #abc2 the ,pleiads1 #abc1 #abd2 ,endymion1 #abd1 #abe2 ,procris1 #agb2 ,echo1 #ahh2 the ,naiads1 #ahi-aia2 ,hippolytus1 #bfj2 ,agamemnon and ,iphigenia1 #bhj1 #bha1 #caf2 neas1 #bij2 ,camilla1 #cfd1 #cgb2 ,c4 #cb1 #eh1 #ie-ih ,di-c'te1 ,c4 #e ,di-c-tynna3 ,diana 7,artemis7 as protectress of fishermen ,di-c'tys1 a fisherman of ,seriphus who rescued ,dana and ,perseus from the waves1 and intrusted them to ,polydectes1 his brother ,dido1 #aad1 #cdf1 #cej-ceb1 #cef2 ,c4 #hi1 #bde-bed ,dietrich 7detri,g71 #dji2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,dike1 personification of justice ,din-dy-mene1 a surname of ,cybele2 from ,mount ,dindymus in ,phrygia2 ,c4 #da ,di-o-mede1 son of ,tydeus2 contest with ,mars1 #hd-hf2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhj1 #bhi1 #bij1 #big1 #cji1 #caj1 #cad2 ,c4 #fh ,di-o-medes1 son of ,mars1 owner of the man-eating mares1 #bah ,di-one1 mother of ,venus 7,aphrodite71 #ai1 #bij2 ,c4 #bf1 #cd ,dionysia 7di-o-nish7i-a71 ,c4 #db1 #aaj-aab ,dionysus 7di-o-nisus74 ,see ,bacchus ,di-os-cu'ri4 ,see ,tyndarid ,dir4 ,see ,furies ,dire1 #ge ,d7is1 #hc4 ,see ,pluto ,discord1 ,dis-cord7i-a 7,eris71 #bd1 #da2 apple of1 #bgg1 #bgh ,dithy-ramb1 of ,arion1 #ded ,division of the world among ,greek gods1 #f ,do-dona1 oracle of1 #ai1 #bj2 ,c4 #bd-be1 #cj ,dolphin and ,apollo1 ,c4 #cj ,d'onner1 ,thr1 #dab1 #dae ,doris1 #ee1 #ig1 #aih1 #bfi ,dorus1 ,dor7i-an1 #af1 #aai1 #abj2 ,c4 #ic2 genealogy1 #ajc1 table ,g1 #adh 7#b71 7#e7 ,drp4as1 the1 #deh ,dreams1 gates of1 #ed2 ,c4 #di ,dryads1 the1 #de1 #ach1 #ahf2 myths of1 #aia-aie2 ,c4 #aca ,dryo-pe1 #aia1 #aib2 ,c4 #acg ,dwarfs1 #dja ,dyaus 7cf4 ,zeus1 ,jupiter74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,dynast1 the 7,pluto71 #afg2 ,c4 #aah ,earth1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #ig2 ,greek gods of1 #db-df2 ,greek conception of world1 #db1 #dc2 myths of great divinities of1 #aeb-aeh2 of divinities of earth and the underworld1 #aei-afh2 of lesser divinities of1 #aha-aig4 ,see also ,ga ,east of the ,sun and ,west of the ,moon1 story of2 analogy of incident1 ,c4 #aja-ajb ,e--chidna1 half serpent1 half woman1 who by ,typhon bore ,cerberus1 the ,nemean lion1 and the ,lernan ,hydra ,e-cho 7according to rule1 ,e'-cho71 #ahh1 #ahi2 ,c4 #acb-acc ,edd4as1 #cgc1 #cid2 derivation of name1 history of poems1 #deh-dfj2 translations and authorities1 #deh-dfj1 notes1 and ,c4 #bfh-bhb ,e-don7i-des1 ,mount ,edon1 ,c4 #db4 ,see ,bacchus ,etion 7e-esh7i-7on or e-et7i-7on71 #bia ,e-4ger7i-a1 #fc1 #bfj2 ,c4 #ed ,egypt1 #bjg1 #bdi1 #ddg2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,egyptians1 #ddb2 records of myths1 #dfb2 studies on1 ,c4 #cjb ,egyptian divinities1 7#a7 ,those of ,memphis were ,phtha1 ,ra1 ,shu and ,tefnet1 ,seb and ,nut1 ,osiris and ,isis1 ,seth and ,nephthys1 ,horus and ,hathor4 7#b7 ,those of ,thebes were ,amen 7,ammon71 ,mentu1 ,atmu1 ,shu and ,tefnet1 ,seb and ,nut1 ,osiris and ,isis1 ,seth and ,nephthys1 ,horus and ,hathor1 ,sebek1 ,tennet1 and ,penit4 ,see ,encyc4 ,brit41 and authorities referred to in ,c4 #cjb4 ,the following lists are genealogically arranged3 7#a7 ,phtha1 ,seb1 ,ra2 7#b7 ,amen1 etc4 7#a7 ,phtha or ,ptah3 chief deity of ,memphis2 perhaps of foreign origin4 ,his name means the opener1 or the carver4 ,he is called the ,father of the ,beginning1 and as the prime architect1 or artificer1 recalls the ,greek ,hephstus4 ,he is the activity of the ,spirit1 ,neph1 ,chnuphis4 ,he is represented as a mummy or a pygmy4 ,pakht and ,bast3 a goddess of two forms1 lioness-headed or cat-headed4 ,at ,memphis1 ,pakht was worshiped as wife of ,phtha2 at ,bubastis1 ,bast was adored as daughter of ,isis4 ,nefer ,atum3 worshiped at ,heliopolis as the son of ,phtha4 ,like ,osiris 7see below71 he is the sun of the underworld4 ,seb3 the father of the ,osirian gods4 ,he is the god of earth and its vegetation2 represented as a man with the head of a goose2 he corresponds with the ,greek ,cronus2 his consort was ,nut4 ,nut3 wife of ,seb1 mother of the ,osirian gods2 the vault of heaven2 she may be likened to the ,greek ,rhea4 ,osiris1 or ,hesiri3 the good principle4 ,identified with the vivifying power of the sun and of the waters of the ,nile4 ,in general1 the most human and most beneficent of the ,egyptian deities4 ,he is the son of ,seb 7or1 according to some1 of ,neph1 ,chnuphis74 ,he may be likened to the ,greek ,apollo1 as a representative of spiritual light2 to ,dionysus in his vivifying function4 ,he wages war with his brother ,seth 7,set71 the principle of ,evil1 but is vanquished by him1 boxed in a chest1 drowned1 and finally cut into small pieces4 ,his sister-wife1 ,isis1 recovers all but one piece of the body of ,o41 and buries them4 ,he becomes protector of the shades1 judge of the underworld1 the sun of the night1 the tutelary deity of the ,egyptians4 ,he is avenged by his son ,horus1 who1 with the aid of ,thoth 7reason71 temporarily overcomes ,seth4 ,the myth may refer to the daily struggle of the sun with darkness1 and also to the unending strife of good with evil1 the course of human life1 and of the life after death4 ,o4 is represented as a mummy crowned with the ,egyptian miter4 ,isis1 or ,hes3 the wife and feminine counterpart of ,osiris4 ,represented as a woman crowned with the sun's disk or cow's horns1 bearing also upon her head her emblem1 the throne4 ,horus1 or ,har3 son of ,osiris and ,isis1 who1 as the strong young sun of the day1 avenges his father1 the sun of the underworld4 ,he is ,horus the child1 ,horus the elder 7as taking the place of his father on earth71 or sometimes ,horus ,harpocrates1 the god of silence4 ,as the latter1 he holds a finger to his lips4 ,he may be compared with the ,greek ,apollo4 ,harpocra-tes3 see ,horus ,hathor1 or ,athor3 a goddess often identified with ,isis4 ,she had the head of a cow and wears the sun's disk1 and plumes4 ,her name means ,home of ,horus4 ,she has characteristics of the ,greek ,aphrodite4 ,seth1 or ,set3 the principle of physical1 and later of moral1 darkness and evil4 ,he is the opponent of his brother1 or father1 ,osiris4 ,represented as a monster with ass's body1 jackal's ears and snout1 and the tail of a lion4 ,nephthys3 a goddess of the dead2 the sister of ,isis1 and wife of ,seth4 ,she aided ,isis to recover the drowned ,osiris4 ,apis3 the sacred bull1 into which the life of ,osiris was supposed to have passed4 ,the name also indicates the ,nile4 ,the bull ,apis must have certain distinguishing marks2 he was treated like a god2 and on his death 7he was drowned at twenty-five years of age7 the land went into mourning until his successor was found4 ,he was worshiped with pomp in ,memphis4 ,see ,serapis ,serapis 7or ,serapis2 see ,milton1 ,paradise ,lost1 #a1 #gbj73 as ,apis represents the living ,osiris1 so ,s4 the ,osiris who had passed into the underworld4 ,ra3 originally the deity of the physical attributes of the sun2 but ultimately the representative of supreme godhead4 ,worshiped through all ,egypt1 and associated with other gods who are then manifestations of his various attributes4 ,he is the victorious principle or light1 life1 and right1 but rules over1 rather than sympathizes with1 mankind4 ,he is of human form1 sometimes hawk-headed1 always crowned with the sun's disk4 ,his ,greek counterpart is not ,apollo1 but ,helios4 ,mentu3 ,ra1 as the rising sun ,atmu3 ,ra1 as the setting sun ,shu3 the solar light2 son of ,ra1 ,mentu1 or ,atmu 7#b7 ,ammon1 or ,amen3 the hidden1 a deity of the ,egyptian ,thebes2 generally associated in attributes with some other god4 ,as ,amen-,ra he is the king of ,theban gods1 the divinity of the sun4 ,he is of human form2 rarely with a goat's head1 as represented by the ,greeks4 ,he corresponds to the ,greek ,zeus4 ,as ,amen-,khem he is the god of productivity1 and is represented with a flail in his hand4 ,his consort is ,mut1 or ,maut1 and their son is ,khuns4 ,mut1 or ,maut3 the mother2 the ,theban goddess of womanhood1 wife of ,amen-,ra4 ,she corresponds to the ,greek ,demeter4 ,khuns3 son of ,ammon and ,maut2 a divinity of the moon4 ,he is sometimes hawk-headed2 generally invested with the disk and crescent of the moon4 ,neph1 ,chnuphis1 ,khnum1 ,num1 or ,nu3 the soul of the universe2 the word or will of ,ammon-,ra2 the creator4 ,represented with the head of a ram4 ,khem1 ,chem 7cf4 ,milton's ,cham71 called also ,min3 the energizing principle of physical life4 ,associated with both ,ammon and ,osiris4 ,his counterpart in classical mythology is ,pan1 or1 as god of gardens1 ,priapus4 ,neith3 goddess of the upper heaven2 self-produced2 mother of the sun2 goddess1 consequently1 of wisdom1 the arts of peace and of war4 ,likened by the ,greeks to ,athena4 ,worshiped in ,lower ,egypt as a woman in form1 with bow and arrows in her hand4 ,ma-t3 goddess of truth2 her emblem is the ostrich feather1 which signifies truth4 ,she is the wife of ,thoth4 ,thoth3 the chief moon-god2 characterized by his wisdom1 and his patronage of letters4 ,husband of ,ma-t ,anubis3 son of ,osiris4 ,guide of ghosts ,eileithyia 7i-li-thi'ya7 or ,ilithyia 77il-7i-thi'ya71 the name of a goddess1 or of goddesses1 of childbirth2 later identified with ,diana2 ,c4 #cb ,e-lectra1 daughter of ,agamemnon1 #bge1 #bgf1 #cae2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b71 #bbh-bcj ,e-lectra1 a ,pleiad1 #abc1 #abd2 ,c4 #ig1 #adh 7#e71 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,e-lectry-7on1 #bad1 #bae ,elegiac 77e-lej7i-ak or el-e-jiak7 poets of ,rome1 #deg ,eleusinia 7el-u-sin7i-a71 ,eleusinian mysteries2 ,eleusis 7e-lusis71 #dd1 #afe1 #ddb2 ,c4 #aad-aag ,eleusis4 ,see ,eleusinia ,eleutho 7e-lu'tho74 ,see ,eileithyia ,elfheim 7elfham or elfhim71 #cgg1 #cid ,elgin ,marbles1 ,c4 #bg1 #agf-aha ,el7is1 #aag1 #agj1 and passim2 ,c4 #ic ,eliudnir 77el-7i-7oodner71 #cgg ,elli 77elle71 #chd1 #chf ,elves1 #cid2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,elysium 7e-lizh7i-7um or e-liz7i-7um71 ,elysian 7e-lizh4an or e-liz7i-4an7 ,plain1 #dc1 #bgd1 #cef1 #cfj2 description of ,elysian ,fields1 #ea1 #eb1 #ceh1 #cei2 ,andrew ,lang's ,fortunate ,islands1 #eb2 ,c4 #dd-df ,e-math7i-a3 ,thessaly1 or ,pharsalia ,embla1 #cgd ,en-el4a-dus1 a ,giant1 #g ,en-chel7i-ans1 country of the1 #hi2 ,c4 #gj ,endymion 7en-dim7i-7on71 #b1 #aag1 #bcg2 myth of1 #abd1 #abe1 #bja2 ,c4 #ih2 genealogy1 #adh 7#c71 7#e71 #afh ,enipeus 7e-nipus71 #agj2 ,c4 #aai-abj ,enna1 #abj1 #afj1 #afc2 ,c4 #ic1 #aad-aag ,en-y-al7i-us3 the horrible1 the warlike2 an epithet of ,mars ,enyo 7e-nio71 mother1 daughter1 sister1 or wife of ,mars2 the horror1 #bd2 also one of the three ,gr ,e7os1 #ci4 ,see also ,aurora ,ep4a-phus1 #id1 #bjg2 ,c4 #gf ,e-peus1 the artificer of the ,wooden ,horse ,ephesus1 ,diana of1 ,c4 #cb2 ,venus of1 ,c4 #cd ,eph-7i-altes1 #ic2 ,c4 #h ,epics4 ,see ,homer1 ,virgil1 ,v4olsunga ,saga1 ,nibelungenlied1 ,mahbhrata1 ,rmyana ,ep-7i-daurus1 #bea ,ep-igo-ni1 #bfh ,ep-7i-men7i-des1 a ,cretan herdsman1 who awoke from a sleep of fifty-seven years to find himself endowed with gifts of prophecy1 purification1 and priestcraft ,epimetheus 7ep-7i-methus71 #i2 marries ,pandora1 #aa2 ,c4 #aj-ae ,e-pirus1 #cdi 7,er4a-to1 the muse of love poetry1 #cg 7,erda1 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dae1 #dah1 #dai1 #dbd1 #dbe 7,ere-bus1 #d1 #ace1 #afb1 #bei1 #cfc2 ,c4 #c1 #di1 #aja-ajb ,erechtheus 7e-rekthus71 #bdi2 ,c4 #agd 7,er-i-ch-thon7i-us1 #bjg2 descendants of1 #bdi-bfj2 ,c4 #adh 7#d71 #agd 7,er-i-ch-thon7i-us1 son of ,dardanus and fourth king of ,troy1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,e-r7id4a-nus1 #ih2 ,c4 #gf ,erinys 7e-rinis or e-rinis71 ,e-riny-es4 ,see ,furies 7,er-7i-phyle1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfh2 ,c4 #gj ,eris1 #bd1 #da4 ,see ,discord ,er7os1 #c1 #d2 ,c4 #c1 #ch 7#a74 ,see ,cupid 7,er-y-ina1 ,venus1 to whom ,mount ,eryx and the city of that name1 with its temple of ,venus1 were sacred1 #bee2 ,c4 #cd 7,er-y-manthus1 ,mount1 #aai2 boar of1 #bag2 ,c4 #ic1 #aef-afb 7,er-y-si-chth7on1 myth of1 #aia1 #aib 7,er-y-thea1 island of1 #bai 7,er-y-theis1 one of the ,hesperides ,eryx1 ,mount1 #cb1 #aei2 ,c4 #aad-aag ,eskimos1 #ddi ,e-teo-cles1 #bfd1 #bff2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,etruscans1 #fc1 #cfg ,etzel 7etsel71 ,lament over the ,heroes of1 #dfa4 ,see ,attila ,euboea 7u-bea71 #ef ,eu-hemer-us or ,eu-hemer-us 7,eue-merus71 ,eu-he-mer-istic or ,eu-hem-er-istic1 #dcf ,eu-mus1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdc ,eu-men7i-des1 #bef2 ,c4 #di4 ,see ,furies ,eu-molpus1 ,eu-molp7i-d1 a ,thracian singer and his descendants1 priests of ,demeter in the ,eleusinian mysteries ,eu-phrates1 #ig ,eu-phrosy-ne1 one of the ,graces1 #cf ,eu-rip7i-des1 #dee2 references to1 #aaj1 #bae1 #bdb1 #bfa1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bha1 #cac1 #cae1 #caf2 translations1 ,c4 #bih ,eu-ropa1 #fd1 #bjg1 #bdf2 myth of1 #fh-ga2 portrayed by ,arachne1 #hd2 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d2 #ei and table ,e ,eu-rot7as1 #bec ,eurus1 #ch ,eu-ry4a-le1 one of the ,gorgons ,eu-ry4a-lus1 #cfh-cgj ,eu-ryb7i-e1 a ,titan1 wife of ,cres1 ,c4 #d ,eu-ry-clea1 #cda ,eu-ryd7i-e1 #afe-afh1 #bjb1 #bjc2 ,c4 #aah ,eu-rylo--chus1 #cbd1 #cbe ,eu-ryno-me1 #cf1 #ij2 ,c4 #d1 #ga ,eu-ry-ph4a-essa1 ,c4 #d ,eurystheus 7u-risthus71 #baf-bbj ,eurytion 7u-rish7i-7on or u-rit7i-7on71 #bai1 #bei ,eu-terpe1 the muse of lyric poetry1 #cg2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,euxine 7uks7in7 ,sea1 #bca ,e-vadne1 #bff ,e-vander1 #cfe-cfg ,eve and the apple1 #ddj ,e-venus1 #aae ,ev7i-us1 ,c4 #db4 ,see ,bacchus ,fable1 definition of1 #a2 distinguished from myth1 #a-b2 some writers of1 #b ,fafner 7fvner71 ,fafnir1 #dab1 #dae1 #dai1 #dbj1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbg ,fafnir 7fvner71 ,fafner1 #djj1 #dja4 ,in ,wagner's ,ring1 see ,fafner ,fair1 ,brown1 and ,trembling1 story of2 analogy of incident1 ,c4 #aja-ajb ,famine1 personified1 #aib ,farbauti 7frbou-te71 #cgg ,fslt1 #dab1 #dae ,fasti1 ,ovid's1 #def ,fate 7,greek ,a-nanke1 ,latin ,fatum71 the necessity above and behind gods as well as men ,fates1 the 7,greek ,moe'r1 ,latin ,parc71 subject to ,jupiter2 their office1 #ch1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #afc1 #afg1 #bcg1 #bdj1 #bfi2 daughters of ,themis1 or of ,night1 #ch2 song of1 #bgb2 ,c4 #ch 7#f71 #di ,fauna1 #fa ,fauni1 ,fauns1 #fa1 #aec1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aie2 ,c4 #ed1 #aca ,faunus1 #fa1 #aih1 #cfb ,f4a-von7i-us1 #ch ,fenris1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #chg1 #cie1 #cif ,fensalir 7fen-s-ler71 #chg1 #chi ,fe-ron7i-a1 #fc2 also worshiped in the mart as a goddess of commerce2 a ,sabine deity ,fides1 #fc ,flood1 the1 in ,greece1 #ae ,flora1 #fa2 loved by ,zephyrus1 #ci2 ,c4 #ed ,fon-t7i-nal7i-a1 #fb ,fontus1 #fb ,for-tu'na1 #fc ,fox and ,grapes1 reference to1 #a ,freia 7fre'a71 ,freya1 #dab-dae4 ,see ,freya ,freki 7fra'ke71 #cge ,freya 7fra'a71 ,freia1 #cgg-chj1 #cic ,see ,freia ,freyr 7fra''r7 or ,froh 7fro71 #cgg1 #chf1 #chg1 #cic-cie1 #dab2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,fricka or ,frigga1 #dab1 #dae1 #dah1 #dbj ,frigga or ,fricka1 #cgd1 #chg1 #chi1 #cic2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,froh 7fro7 or ,freyr 7fra''r71 #dab1 #dac1 #dae ,frost giant 7,ymir71 #cgc ,frost giants1 #cgf1 #cgh1 #chj1 #cic1 #cie ,furies1 ,fu'r7i- 7,e-riny-es1 ,dir1 ,eu-men7i-des1 ,semn3 ,a-lecto1 ,t7i-siph-o-ne1 ,me-4gra71 #e1 #ea1 #ced1 #ceg2 attendants of ,proserpine1 #ec1 #ed2 mollified by ,orpheus1 #aff2 avengers of ,ibycus1 #aif1 #aig2 ,orestes pursued by1 #caf2 ,c4 #di1 #adj ,ga 7jea71 4,ge1 or ,t7erra1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #dd1 #bbj2 the ,roman ,tellus1 #ei4 ,see ,earth ,gal-4a-tea1 the ,nereid1 #ee1 #ahe2 myth of ,acis1 ,polyphemus1 and ,g41 #aih-bjj2 ,c4 #ada ,gal-4a-tea and ,pyg-ma'l7i-7on1 #adg2 ,c4 #aje ,gandharvas 7gund-hurw4as74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,gan4ges1 #ig ,gan-y-meda1 a name of ,hebe ,gany-mede1 #cf2 ,c4 #ch 7#b7 ,gardens of the ,hesperides1 ,c4 #adi-aed ,gths 7gts71 #dfc ,gautama 7gout4a-m4a74 ,see ,buddha 4,ge4 ,see ,ga and ,earth 4,gell7i-us1 reference to1 #fj 4,gem7i-ni4 ,see ,tyndarid 4,genius1 the ,roman tutelary spirit1 #fb1 #aha ,g7erda1 #chg ,geri 7ga're71 #cgd ,german heroes1 myths1 and lays1 #b1 #dje-dji2 ,c4 #bhc-bhh1 #cja ,german mythology1 narrative of1 #dje-dji2 records of1 #ddh1 #dfj1 #dfa2 translations and authorities1 ,c4 #bhc-bhh ,g7ernt1 #djg ,geryon 7jer7i-7on71 son of ,chrysaor and ,callirrho1 #bai ,giallar 7g7illr71 #cie ,giants1 ,greek 74,gi-gantes71 #b1 #e2 war of1 #g1 #h1 #aei2 interpretation of1 #ddj2 ,c4 #h ,giants1 ,norse1 #cgc1 #cgf1 #dab ,gibichungs 7ge'bi,g-7oongs71 #dbf-dbi ,ginnungagap 7ginnoon-g-gp71 #cgc ,giselher 7ge'zel-h7er71 #djg ,giuki 7g7iu'ke71 #djc ,gladsheim 7gltsham or gltshim71 #cgd ,glaue 7or ,cre-usa71 #bce2 ,c4 #afc-afg 7,interpret47 ,glaucus1 formerly a fisherman of ,boeotia1 afterward a sea-god1 #eh1 #bjd2 ,c4 #adb4 ,sometimes confused in mythology with the following3 ,glaucus of ,corinth1 son of ,sisyphus and father of ,bellerophon1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bad ,glaucus1 grandson of ,bellerophon1 in the ,trojan ,war1 #bhj1 #bij ,gleipnir 7glapner71 #cgh ,glisten-heath1 #dja ,glyptothek 7glip-to-tak7 at ,munich1 of ,king ,louis ,i of ,bavaria2 one of the finest collections of ancient statuary in the world ,gnossus 7nosus71 ,cnosus1 ,cnossus1 the ancient capital of ,crete2 home of ,minos1 #bef ,gods1 the ,egyptian4 ,see ,egyptian divinities ,gods1 the great1 of ,greece1 origin of1 #d1 #h2 home of1 #ah2 enumerated1 #ai2 number of1 discussed by ,gladstone1 ,c4 #bc2 attributes of gods of ,olympus1 #ai-da2 lesser divinities of ,olympus1 #ce-da2 ,greek gods of the earth1 #db-df2 ,greek gods of the underworld1 #dg-ed2 ,greek gods of the waters1 #ee-eh2 gods common to ,greece and ,italy1 #ei2 distinctively ,roman1 #ei-fc2 derived from the ,etruscans1 #fc2 myths of the great ,greek divinities of heaven1 #fd-aea2 of earth1 #aeb-aeh2 of earth and underworld1 #aei-afh2 of waters1 #afi-aga2 of lesser divinities of heaven1 #agb-ahj2 of lesser divinities of earth and underworld1 #aha-aig2 of lesser divinities of waters1 #aih-bje2 ,c4 #bb1 #bc ,gods1 the ,hindu4 ,see ,hindu divinities ,gods1 the ,norse1 #cgc-cig ,golden ,age1 the1 #aj1 #aa1 #ei1 #cff2 ,c4 #aj-ae ,golden ,ass1 the1 #deg ,golden ,fleece1 quest of1 #bjf1 #bbi-bcc1 #dee2 ,c4 #afc-afg ,gol4gi1 a city of ,cyprus1 beloved by ,venus1 #bec ,gord7i-an ,knot 7,gord7i-us71 ,c4 #aac ,gorgons 7,stheno1 ,eu-ry4a-le1 ,me-dusa71 described1 #eg2 ,c4 #adi-aed4 ,see ,medusa ,gothland1 ,goths1 #cih1 #cii ,graces1 ,grati 7grash7i-e71 -,ch7ar7i-tes1 #cj1 #ca1 #dj1 #fi1 #aha2 attributes of1 and names1 #cf2 lines by ,spenser on the ,graces1 #cf1 #cg2 ,c4 #ch 7#c7 ,gr1 ,gray-women 7,dino1 ,pe-phredo1 ,e-nyo71 described1 #eg2 and ,perseus1 #bji2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,grm1 #dja1 #djd1 #dje ,grne1 #dbf ,greek1 ,greeks1 #b1 #ddb1 #ddg1 #ddh2 myths of creation1 #c2 view of nature1 #aha1 #dce1 #ddc4 ,see also ,gods1 ,heroes1 ,myths ,greyfell1 #dja1 #djc1 #dje ,grimhild 7gr7imh7ilt71 #djc ,grim-hilde1 #dbg ,gudrun 7goodroon or goo-droon71 #djc-dje4 ,see ,gutrune ,gullinbursti 7gool-in-boorste71 #cic ,gulltop 7gooltop71 #cic ,gunnar 7goonnr71 #djc-dje4 ,see ,gunther ,gunther 7g7oonter71 #dje-dji2 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dbf-dbi2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,gutrune 7g7oo-troo'ne71 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dbf-dbi ,guttorm 7goottrm71 #djc1 #djd 4,gyes or 4,gy4ges1 en-tim4a-nus1 ,c4 #d 4,gy4ges1 first ,king of ,lydia2 famous for his riches ,gyoll 7g7i'ol71 #cia ,hades1 ,c4 #dd-df1 #dg1 #di4 ,see ,pluto ,hades1 realm of1 #ce1 #dg2 ,c4 #dd-df4 ,see ,underworld ,hm7on1 #bfg2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,h-mon7i-a1 #agg ,hmus1 ,mount1 #if2 ,c4 #gf ,hgen1 #dje1 #djh1 #dji2 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dai1 #dbf-dcj ,hal-yo-ne1 #agb2 and ,ceyx1 myth of1 #age-agg2 ,c4 #abe ,ham-4a-dryads1 #ahf2 myths of1 #aia-aie ,happy ,isles1 the1 #cde ,har-mon7i-a1 #bd1 #ga1 #aec2 and ,cadmus1 #hi1 #ij2 necklace of1 #hi1 #bfe1 #bfh2 ,c4 #gj ,harpies1 ,harpyi 7harp7i-ye or har-pi'ye71 described1 #ef1 #eg1 #cdh1 #cfb2 ,c4 #ej-eb and table ,c ,har-pocr4a-tes4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,hth7or1 th7or4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,heaven1 abode of ,greek ,gods1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #ah2 attributes of ,greek gods of1 #ai-da2 myths of greater ,greek gods of1 #fd-aea2 of lesser ,greek gods of1 #agb-ahj4 ,see ,olympus ,heaven1 personified1 #c4 ,see ,uranus ,hebe1 #ah1 #hf1 #bcd2 daughter of ,juno1 #ai1 #bb2 attributes of1 wife of ,hercules1 #cf1 #bbg2 ,c4 #ch 7#b7 ,hebrus1 #afh2 ,c4 #aah ,hec4a-be4 ,see ,hecuba ,hec4a-te1 described1 #ed1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bcd1 #ced2 ,c4 #di ,hec-4a-ton--chires1 #d1 #f2 ,c4 #d ,hector1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bhj-cjf1 #cac2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #bjg ,hecu-ba1 #bhj1 #bia1 #bib1 #cja-cje1 #cab1 #cac2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #baf ,heidrun 7hadroon or ha-droon71 #cgf ,heimdall 7hamdl or himdl71 #cgg1 #chi1 #cic1 #cie ,h7el1 #chi1 #cia1 #cie ,h7ela1 #cgg1 #chg1 #chi-cib1 #cie1 #cig ,helen1 ,hel'e-na1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bei1 #bge-bgi1 #bhg-bhi1 #bia1 #cja1 #cac1 #cad2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#c71 #aie ,hel7e-nus1 #cac1 #cdi1 #cej1 #dea2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,helgi 7helge7 the ,hunding's ,bane1 #dfj ,he-li4a-des1 #ih2 ,c4 #gf ,hel7i-c7on1 ,mount1 #if1 #dec2 ,c4 #gf ,hel7i-7os1 confounded with ,apollo1 #bg1 #ci2 family of1 #ci2 the sun1 #dc2 contest with ,neptune1 #afi2 cattle of1 #ccj2 ,c4 #d1 #ch 7#aj71 #ge ,helle1 #bbi2 ,c4 #afc-afg ,hellen1 ancestor of the ,hellenes1 #af2 sons of1 #bad1 #bbi2 ,c4 #adh 7#e71 table ,i ,hell7es-pont1 #adb1 #bbi1 #bgb2 ,c4 #ajd ,hemer-a1 ,day1 sister of ther and daughter of ,erebus and ,night1 #d ,hephstus 7he-f7estus71 ,c4 #bi4 ,see ,vulcan ,h7er4a-cles4 ,see ,hercules ,hercu-les1 ,h7er4a-cles1 #g1 #ag1 #bj1 #bjf1 #bcj1 #bcg2 frees ,prometheus1 #ab2 passage from ,g4 ,c4 ,lodge's ,herakles1 #ab2 son of ,alemene1 #fd1 #ajg2 saves ,alcestis from death1 #ajg-aaj2 passages from ,browning's ,balaustion's ,adventure1 #ajg-aaj2 visits ,tartarus1 #afh1 #bei2 rescues ,hesione1 #agj2 contest with ,achelos1 #bjc1 #bjd2 myth of1 #bae-bbh2 choice of1 #baf2 youth and labors1 #baf-bba2 later exploits1 #bba-bbe2 loss of ,hylas1 #bbb1 #bbc2 rescue of ,daphnis1 #bbc-bbe2 expedition against ,laomedon1 #bbe2 death1 #bbe-bbh1 #dee2 the ,cretan bull1 #bdf2 constellation of1 #beh2 arrows of1 #cji2 interpretations of1 #dcb1 #dcg1 #ddj2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 #aef-afb ,hermes1 ,c4 #cf1 #aji4 ,see ,mercury ,her-mio-ne1 daughter of ,menelas and ,helen1 #bgf1 #cad1 #cdi2 corruption of ,harmonia1 ,c4 #gj 7,illustr47 ,h7ermod1 #chi-cig passim ,hero and ,le-ander1 story of1 #ada-ade2 extracts from ,marlowe's ,hero and ,leander1 #adb-add2 ,keats' sonnet1 ,on a ,picture of ,leander1 #ade2 ,c4 #ajd ,he-rodo-tus1 #dee2 reference to1 #bfh1 #deb ,heroes1 the older ,greek1 #af1 #ag2 myths of1 #bjf-bfd2 the younger ,greek1 myths of1 #bfe et seq42 the ,norse and the old ,german1 #cih-dji ,herse1 sister of ,aglauros and ,pandrosos1 personifications of the dew1 daughters of ,cecrops1 ,c4 #abc-abd1 #agd ,hes7i-7od 7,he-sio-dus71 cited1 #d1 #aj1 #af1 #bf1 #ca1 #ch1 #ea1 #bdf1 and footnotes passim2 account of1 and of his ,works and ,days1 and ,theogony1 #dec2 translation by ,thomas ,cooke in ,vol4 ,,ii of ,english ,translations from ,ancient and ,modern ,poems1 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahaj2 see also ,c4 #e1 #bih ,he-sio-ne1 #afi1 #agj1 #bbe1 #bgf1 #bhj2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,hesper1 ,hesper-us1 #ca1 #dj1 #da1 #afj1 #bgb2 ,c4 #ch 7#aa7 ,hes-per7i-a1 #cdh ,hes-p7er7i-des1 ,hesper-ids1 the sisters1 the garden of1 #dj1 #da1 #eg1 #baa1 #bai1 #bbj2 quotation from ,milton's ,comus1 #dj2 from ,tennyson's ,hesperides1 #dj1 #da2 ,c4 #di and table ,b1 #adi-aed1 #aef-afb ,hesper-is1 #eg ,hesper-us4 ,see ,hesper ,hest7i-a4 ,see ,vesta ,hieroglyphs1 the1 #dfb ,hil-4a-ira4 7#a7 ,daughter of ,apollo4 7#b7 ,sister of ,phoebe1 daughter of ,leucippus2 carried off with her sister by ,castor and ,pollux4 7#c7 ,the cheerful1 the moon ,hilde-brand1 #dji ,himer-7os1 personification of the longing of love1 companion of ,eros1 #cf ,h7indfell1 #dja1 #djc ,hindu divinities3 arranged logically as 7#a7 ,vedic1 7#b7 ,brahmanic4 ,for ,buddhism see ,buddha 7#a7 ,vedic3 the ,aryan1 and earliest form of ,hindu religion2 dealing primarily with elemental powers that1 in time1 acquired spiritual signification ,vedas3 the ,sanskrit scriptures2 from root1 to know1 to be wise2 see p4 #dfb4 ,devas3 the shining ones1 the gods 7,gk4 theos1 ,lat4 deus7 ,dyaus3 the shining sky1 the elemental overruling spirit of the primitive ,aryans 7,gk4 ,zeus1 ,lat4 ,jovis7 ,prithivi3 goddess ,earth1 spouse of ,dyaus ,indra3 son of ,dyaus and ,prithivi2 the atmospheric region2 chief of the gods1 and strongest2 wielder of the thunderbolt1 lord of the plains1 bull of the heavens1 conqueror of the malignant1 thirsty ,vritra1 gatherer of clouds1 dispenser of rain2 adored in heaven and on earth ,varuna3 god of the vault of heaven 7root var1 to cover2 ,gk4 ,ouranos1 ,lat4 ,uranus72 the all-seeing1 the pardoner1 merciful even to the guilty ,ushas3 the dawn1 mother of mornings1 brilliant of raiment1 golden-colored1 spreading far and wide1 everywhere awakening men1 preparing the pathway of the sun1 and leading his white steed 7,gk4 ,eos7 ,surya3 the god who dwells in the sun 7,gk4 ,helios7 ,savitar3 the golden-handed sun in his daily course2 the shining wanderer1 comforter of men ,soma3 a deification of the spirituous extract of the moon-plant2 giver of strength to gods and men1 and of radiant light and joyous immortality ,vayu3 god of the wind ,maruts3 deities of the storm ,agni3 the youngest and one of the most important of the ,vedic gods2 lord of fire1 born of two pieces of wood rubbed together2 youngest of the deities1 giver of prosperity to men1 their guardian and companion1 passing between heaven and earth like a messenger between two hamlets 7,lat4 ignis2 cf4 ,gk4 ,hephstus7 ,vach3 goddess of speech1 teacher of spiritual worship1 promoter of wisdom and holiness ,vritra3 the monstrous snake1 drinker of rain-clouds1 dark1 evil1 and malicious1 overcome by ,indra 7cf4 ,apollo and the ,python7 ,rakshasas3 powers of darkness1 combated by ,indra ,yama1 and his sister ,yami3 the first man and woman2 leaving this life they prepared for those that should follow them blissful abodes in the other world1 of which they are king and queen 7#b7 ,brahmanic3 a philosophical outgrowth of the ,vedic religion1 which1 on the one hand1 was refined into logical subtleties1 intelligible only to the learned2 on the other hand1 crystallized into symbols1 rites1 and unending conventionalities ,trimurti3 the ,brahmanic ,trinity1 consisting of the following three persons3 ,brahma3 in the ,rig-,veda1 a word for devotion1 prayer2 later1 for the supreme principle of the universe1 its source1 its essence1 and its sustenance4 ,brahma is the creative energy of the godhead1 calm1 passionless1 remote from man and the world4 ,he is four-headed and four-handed4 ,vishnu3 originally a benevolent ,vedic deity1 with certain attributes of the sun2 adopted by a sect as its special god1 and then annexed by the ,brahmans as a manifestation of the supreme being in his work of preservation4 ,he has nine times assumed human form1 each incarnation having for its purpose the redemption of mankind from oppression or error4 ,these incarnations are his ,avatars4 ,his ninth ,avatar1 say some1 was as ,buddha2 in his tenth he will end this world1 and reproduce ,brahma1 who will create things anew4 ,siva3 originally a bloodthirsty deity1 not of the ,vedic1 but of some aboriginal ,hindu religion2 absorbed in the ,brahmanic godhead as the manifestation of destructive power4 ,he is adorned with a necklace of skulls and earrings of serpents4 ,sarasvati3 goddess of speech 7see ,vach72 spouse of ,brahma ,sri1 or ,lakshmi3 goddess of beauty2 spouse of ,vishnu ,uma1 or ,parvati 7,kali1 ,durga73 the inaccessible1 the terrible2 spouse of ,siva ,gandharvas3 genii of music 7cf4 ,centaurs72 retainers of ,indra ,lokapalas3 generic name for the ,vedic deities when degraded by ,brahmanism to the position of tutelary spirits ,hiordis 7h-rdis71 #djj ,hip-po-crene 7anglicized in poetry as ,hippo-crene1 three syllables71 ,c4 #aee ,hip-po-d4a-mia1 daughter of ,atrax1 #bei ,hip-po-d4a-mia1 daughter of ,,oenomas1 #agj1 #aga1 #bge2 ,c4 #aba ,hip-poly-ta and ,hercules1 #bai2 ,c4 #agf-aha 7,textual7 ,hip-poly-tus1 #aej1 #bei1 #bfj2 ,c4 #agd1 table ,m2 #agf-aha 7,illustr47 ,hip-p7ome-d7on1 #bfe ,hip-pome-nes 7or ,mi-lan7i-7on71 #aci-ada1 #bcj2 ,c4 #ajc ,hip-pot4a-des1 primarily olus ,,ii1 son of ,hippotes1 but in poetry generally olus ,,iii1 king of the winds1 ,c4 #ch 7#i71 #abe ,historians of mythology1 in ,greece1 #dee2 in ,norway1 #deh-dfj4 ,see ,myth1 ,preservation of ,hder 7he'der71 #cgf1 #chg-chi1 #cig2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,hoenir 7he'ner71 #djj ,hogni 7hgne71 #djc-dje2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc4 ,see ,hagen ,homer 7,ho-merus71 cited1 #c1 #d1 #ah1 #ba1 #bc1 #be1 #ca1 #ce1 #dg1 #ea1 #ge1 #hd-hg1 #ia1 #ii1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #aae1 #abc1 #aej1 #afi1 #ahj1 #bjb1 #bad1 #bae1 #bdf1 and footnotes passim2 story of ,iliad and ,odyssey1 #bhc-cde2 relation to myth1 #dcc2 account of1 #dea1 #deb2 ,c4 #e1 #bc1 #aie1 #bih ,ho-m7eric ,hymns1 #aej1 #agg1 #deb ,ho-m7er7i-d1 sons of ,homer1 lived in ,chios1 and claimed to be descended from ,homer4 ,they were hereditary epic poets2 ,c4 #bih ,horace 7,ho-ratius71 #b1 #deg2 references to his poems1 #gg1 #agg1 #bjg1 #bad2 note on1 and translations1 ,c4 #bii ,hor4 ,see ,hours ,horus1 son of ,osiris4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,hours1 or ,seasons1 the1 #ah1 #bb1 #bh1 #ca1 #ch1 #dj1 #id1 #ie1 #agh1 #agi1 #aha2 ,c4 #ch 7#e7 ,hrim-thursar 7remther-sr71 #cgf ,hringham 7rengh4am71 #cib ,hugi 7hoo'ge71 #chc1 #che ,hugin 7hoo'gn71 #cgd ,hunding 7h7oonding71 #djj1 #dja2 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #daf-dbj ,hunland1 ,huns1 #cih1 #djd1 #dji2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,huns1 the1 #cih ,hy-4a-inth7i-a1 ,c4 #cj1 #ge ,hy-4a-inthus1 #ic1 #id1 #ajc2 ,c4 #ge ,hy4a-des1 the1 daughters of ,atlas1 #eg1 #aeb1 #cdd2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,hy4a-le1 #aba ,hydra1 #ea1 #ced1 #ceg2 the ,lernan1 #bag2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,interpret47 ,hy-4gea1 ,hy-4gia1 daughter of sculapius2 the goddess of health ,hyginus 7h7i-jinus71 references to1 #ge1 #abc1 #afj1 #agj1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bfe1 #bfi2 ,c4 #bii ,hyl4as1 the loss of1 #bbb1 #bbc2 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,illustr47 ,hymen 7,hy-m7e-nus71 #cf1 #afe2 ,c4 #ch 7#a7 ,hy-per-bore-ans 7,hy-per-bore-i71 #bf1 #db1 #ib2 ,thomas ,moore's ,song of a ,hyperborean1 #dc2 ,c4 #ci1 #gd ,hy-per7i-7on or ,hy-per-i'7on1 #d2 ,c4 #d ,hy-per-mnestra1 #bjg2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,hypnos 7hipn7os74 ,see ,sleep ,i-ac-chus1 ,c4 #aad-aag4 ,see ,bacchus ,i-ape-tus1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h2 ,c4 #d2 descendants of1 #adh 7#e71 table ,i ,iasius 7i-ash7i-us71 #bcg ,iby-cus1 #aif1 #aig1 #dec2 ,c4 #adj ,i-car7i-us1 #bgi1 #cch2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#c7 ,ic4a-rus1 #bbb1 #bdf1 #bdg2 ,c4 #agc ,ie-lus1 a producer of dreams1 son of ,somnus1 ,c4 #abe ,ida1 ,mount1 #if1 #aaj1 #bgh2 ,c4 #gf ,ida1 the nymph1 #e ,ida1 the plain1 #cig ,i-dus1 #cje ,i-dal7i-um1 a mountain and city of ,cyprus1 dear to ,venus1 #bec ,id7as1 #aae1 #aaf1 #bdc ,idomeneus 7i-dome-nus71 #bhf1 #bhh ,iduna 7e-doona71 #cgf ,ili-4ad1 narrative of1 #bhc-cjf2 a kind of myth1 #dcc1 #ddh2 history of1 #deb1 #dec1 #dfc2 illustrative of1 ,c4 #aie2 translations1 #bih2 cited1 see footnotes passim1 and ,cowper1 ,derby1 ,gladstone1 ,lang1 ,pope1 in ,index of ,authors ,il7i-4ad1 the ,little1 #dec ,il7i-7on1 ,il7i-um1 #agi4 ,see ,troy ,ilioneus 77i-lio-nus71 #ajj ,ilithyia 7il-7i-thiya74 ,see ,eileithyia ,il-7i-u-persis1 the1 #dec ,ilus1 son of ,dardanus1 died without issue ,ilus1 son of ,tros1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,in4a--chus1 son of ,oceanus1 ancestor of the ,argive and ,pelasgic races1 #ag1 #bjf2 father of ,io1 #fe1 #bjg2 ancestor of ,minos1 #bdf2 ,theban descendants of1 #bfa2 ,c4 #eg and table ,d1 #adh 7#a7 ,india1 #aec1 #ddg1 #ddh2 records of myths of1 #dfb1 #dfc2 epics1 #aec1 #dfb1 #dfc2 studies and translations of literature of1 ,c4 #cjc ,indians1 red1 mental state of1 #dda2 myths of1 #ddh ,indo-,europeans1 #ddh ,indra1 ,c4 #aji4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,ino1 #hi1 #aef1 #bjb1 #bbi1 #bfa2 ,c4 #add ,io1 #fd1 #id1 #bjg2 myth of1 #fe-fg2 ,ionian ,sea1 #fg2 interpretation of myth1 #dci2 genealogy1 etc41 ,c4 #eg1 #adi-aed ,i-ob4a-tes1 #bad1 #bae ,i-o-laus1 #bag1 #bba ,i-olc7os or ,i-olcus1 #bcj2 ,c4 #afc-afg ,io-le1 daughter of ,eurytus1 who refused to give her to ,hercules1 although the hero had fairly won her by his success in archery4 ,eurytus assigned as the reason for his refusal the apprehension lest ,hercules might a second time become insane1 and in that condition destroy ,iole in spite of his love for her4 ,by some she is made the half-sister of ,dryope1 #aib1 #bbe1 #dcb ,ion1 ,c4 #agd ,i-on7i-a1 #age ,i-on7i-an ,sea1 #fg ,i-on7i-ans1 origin of1 #af2 ,c4 #adh 7#b7 ,iph7i-cles1 #baf1 #bba ,iph-7i-4ge-nia1 #bge1 #bgf2 in ,aulis1 #bhj1 #bha2 in ,tennyson's ,dream of ,fair ,women1 #bha2 among the ,taurians1 #caf2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b71 #aif1 #bbh-bcj 7,in ,art7 ,iph-7i-me-dia1 #ic ,iphis1 #aie ,iph7i-tus1 #bba ,iris1 #dj1 #da1 #agf1 #bhg1 #bif1 #cjd1 #cfg2 ,c4 #ch 7#ab7 ,iron ,age1 the1 #ae ,isis4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,islands of the ,blest1 #ea1 #eb4 ,see ,elysium ,isles1 the ,fortunate1 #eb4 ,see ,elysium ,ism4a-rus1 #cah ,is-mene1 #bfc2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi ,is-menos1 son of ,niobe1 #ajj ,istr1 ,c4 #cd4 ,see ,venus ,isthmian ,games1 #bjb2 ,c4 #agf-aha 7,textual7 ,italian gods1 #ei-fc ,italy1 #bfj1 #cdh1 #ceb1 #cfj ,ith4a-ca1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #cah1 #ccg1 #cch1 #ddh1 #deb ,ity-lus4 ,see ,itys ,itys 7itis71 #bdi ,i-u'lus1 ,as-can7i-us1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfi1 #cgb ,ix-i7on1 #aff1 #afg1 #ceh2 ,c4 #aah1 #bee-beg ,jana1 #fa ,j4a-ni-c'u-lum1 #cff ,janus1 #fj1 #fa1 #cfc1 #cff2 ,c4 #ed ,jarnvid 7yrnved71 #cib ,jasius1 ,jasus1 ,i-asius1 ,i-asus1 father of ,atalanta the ,arcadian4 ,see ,iasius ,jason1 #bjf2 myth of1 #bcj-bce2 quest of the golden fleece1 #bcj-bcc1 #dee2 ,c4 #afc-afg ,jo-casta1 #bfb1 #bfc2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,jonah and ,arion1 #ddj ,jonakr 7yn4a-ker71 #dje ,jormunrek 7yrm7oon-rek71 #dje ,jotham1 #a4 ,see ,judges #i1 #g ,jtunheim 7ye't7oon-ham or ye't7oon-him71 #cgd1 #cgi1 #chj1 #cid ,ju'b4al1 #ddj ,juno 7,hera1 ,here71 #e1 #g1 #ai2 meaning of her names1 #bb2 attributes of1 her descent and marriage1 #bb2 favorite cities and animals1 #bb2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 ,lucina1 #fa2 protectress of women in ,rome1 #fb2 myths of ,juno and ,jupiter1 #fd-ha2 ,j4 and ,latona1 #fd2 ,io1 #fe-fg2 ,callisto1 #fg1 #fh2 ,semele1 #ga2 gina1 #gc2 the sons of ,cydippe1 #hj1 #ha2 ,vulcan1 #ij1 #ia2 ,bacchus1 #aeb2 ,neptune1 #afi2 ,halcyone and ,iris1 #agf2 ,echo1 #ahh2 ,hercules1 #baf1 #bai1 #bbg2 ,paris1 #bgh2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #bie-bih2 neas1 #cej1 #cfc-cfg1 #cgb2 ,c4 #bf ,jup7i-ter 7,zeus71 #e2 war with ,titans1 #e1 #f2 sovereign of the world1 #f2 reign of1 #f-h2 creation of woman1 #aa2 sends a flood to destroy men1 #ae2 his abode1 #ah2 his family1 #ai2 signification of names1 #ai1 ,c4 #bd2 attributes1 #ai-ba2 his oracles1 #ai1 #bj2 explanation of his love affairs1 #bj2 other children of1 #bj2 ,greek conceptions of1 #ba2 in art1 statue of ,olympian ,jove by ,phidias1 #ba2 ,j4 and ,juno1 #bb2 and ,minerva1 #bc2 and ,metis1 ,c4 #ee2 and ,vulcan1 #be2 and ,latona1 #bf1 #bi1 #fd2 and ,dione1 #ca2 and ,maia1 #cd2 and ,vesta1 #ce2 and ,ganymede1 #cf2 and ,eurynome1 #cf2 and ,mnemosyne1 #cg2 and ,themis1 #ch2 and sculapius1 #ch2 and ,semele1 #dd1 #fd1 #ga-gc1 #bhh2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 myths of1 #fd-hj2 ,dana1 #fd1 #bjh2 ,alcmene1 #fd1 #bae2 ,leda1 #fd1 #bdb1 #bge2 ,io1 #fd-fg2 ,callisto1 #fd1 #fg1 #fh1 #bda2 ,europa1 #fd1 #fh-ga1 #bdf2 gina1 #fd1 #gc-ge2 ,antiope1 #fd1 #ge-gg2 ,baucis and ,philemon1 #gg-hj2 treatment of ,mars1 #he1 #hf2 the ,aload1 #ic2 ,phathon1 #ih2 sculapius1 #ajd2 the ,pleiads1 #abc2 ,cupid and ,psyche1 #acf2 ,bacchus1 #aeb2 ,ceres1 #afb2 ,neptune1 #afi2 ,ceyx and ,halcyone1 #agg2 ,tithonus1 #agg1 #ahj2 the ,cercopes1 #bbb2 ,hercules1 #bbg2 ,castor and ,pollux1 #bdc2 ,amphiaras1 #bfe2 ,capaneus1 #bff2 ,peleus and ,thetis1 #bfi2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bgh1 #bhe-cje1 #cab2 ,ulysses1 #cca2 neas1 #cea1 #cef1 #cgb2 ,salmoneus1 #ceg2 interpretations of1 #dcd1 #dcg2 ,c4 #e1 #aj-ae1 #bd-be1 #ee1 #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa ,ju-turna1 #fb1 #bde ,ju-vent7as4 ,see ,hebe ,ju-ventus1 #fc ,kali 7kle74 ,see ,uma under ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,krma3 in ,buddhism1 the sum of a man's deeds1 good and evil1 which determines the nature of his future existence4 ,see ,buddha and ,metempsychosis ,khem 7k7em74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 ,khuns 7koonz74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 ,kleis1 ,c4 #ajg ,kora1 ,kore 7,proserpina71 #ajg2 ,c4 #hc ,kriemhild 7kremh7ilt71 ,the ,revenge of1 #dje-dji1 #dfa ,kron7os4 ,see ,cronus ,labd4a-cus1 house of1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bfa-bfd2 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d2 #adh 7#a72 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,laby-rinth1 the1 of ,crete1 #bdf1 #bec2 ,c4 #agb ,l7a-e-dm7on4 ,see ,sparta ,la-che-sis1 a ,fate1 #ch ,l4a-con7i-a1 #ea1 #aaj ,lad7on1 the serpent that guarded the apples of the ,hesperides2 slain by ,hercules ,la-ertes1 #bgh1 #cci2 genealogy1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#d7 ,lstrygonians 7les-tr7i-gon7i-4ans71 the1 #agj1 #cbd ,la7i-us1 #bfa1 #bfb2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,lakshmi 7l7akshme74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,lamb's month1 ,c4 #gi ,lampetia 7lam-pesh7i-a71 #ccj ,language1 disease of1 #dcg1 #dch1 #ddf ,la-oco-7on1 #caa1 #cab2 ,c4 #bbd ,la-od-4a-mia1 daughter of ,bellerophon1 #bih ,la-od-4a-mia1 wife of ,protesilas1 #bhb2 lines from ,wordsworth1 #bhb1 #bhc2 ,c4 #hc ,la-ome-d7on1 #aaj1 #afi1 #agj1 #agg1 #bgf1 #bhj2 expedition against1 #bjf1 #bbe2 ,c4 #hd1 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,lap-7i-th1 #bei ,lares1 distinguished from ,penates1 ,manes1 ,larv1 etc41 #fb ,l4a-rissa1 #ajh1 #bad2 ,c4 #hc ,lrv1 #fb ,l4a-tinus1 #cfb ,latm7os1 ,mount1 #abd2 ,c4 #ih ,l4a-tona1 ,leto1 children of1 #ai2 and ,delos1 #bi2 and ,jupiter1 #fd2 wanderings of1 #ia1 #ib2 and ,niobe1 #ii-ajc2 heals neas1 #bij2 ,c4 #cb1 #gb-gc ,lausus1 #cfd1 #cgj1 #cga ,l4a-vin7i-a1 #cfb1 #cgb ,le-ander1 #ada-ade2 ,c4 #ajd4 ,see ,hero ,leb-4a-dea1 ,c4 #cj ,le-bynthos1 #bdg ,leda1 #fd1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #bei1 #bge2 myth of1 represented by ,arachne1 #hd2 ,c4 #afh1 table ,k2 #agj-aga1 #aij-aid 7#c74 ,see ,castor and ,pollux ,lelaps1 #age ,lemn7os1 #be1 #abb1 #bca1 #cji2 ,c4 #if1 #ajg1 #afc-afg ,lemu-res1 #fb ,le-na1 ,c4 #db1 #aaj-aab ,ler-nan ,hydra1 #bag ,les'b7os1 #adi2 ,c4 #ajg ,lesser divinities of heaven among the ,greeks1 #ce-da ,lethe1 #ea1 #agf1 #cei1 #cfj2 ,c4 #dd-df ,leto1 ,c4 #cj1 #cb4 ,see ,latona ,leucadia 7lu-cad7i-a71 #ded2 ,c4 #ajg ,leucippus 7lu-sipus71 #bdc ,leucothea 7lu-cothe-a71 a sea-divinity1 #eh1 #bjb1 #bje1 #cca2 ,c4 #add ,liber1 #ei4 ,see ,bacchus ,liber-a1 #ei4 ,see ,proserpina ,li-bethra1 #afh2 ,c4 #aah ,lib-7i-tina1 ,c4 #dh ,liby-a1 #ig1 #bai2 ,c4 #gf ,li-ch4as1 #bbf ,lidskialf 7lidsk-lf71 #chh1 #chi ,li-4gea1 #bje2 ,c4 #adf-adg ,light1 #c1 #d ,linus1 #baf1 #dea2 lamentation for1 #ajc1 #ajd2 ,c4 #ge1 #gi ,lit-y-erses1 #bbb1 #bbc-bbe ,log1 ,king1 referred to1 #a ,loge1 #dab-dad1 #dba4 ,see ,loki ,logi 7loge71 #chb1 #che ,lo-k4a-pls4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,loki 7loke71 ,loge1 #cgg-cig passim1 #djj1 #dab ,lotis1 #aib ,lot7os1 lotos-eaters1 #cah1 #cai2 extract from ,tennyson's poem1 #cai1 #cbj ,love1 #c1 #d ,lucian 7lush4an71 #dee1 #deg n ,lu'7i-fer4 ,see ,phosphor ,lu'ina1 #fa2 ,c4 #bf ,lu'na1 #fc4 ,see ,diana and ,selene ,ly-us1 ,c4 #db ,ly-ca7on1 #cjj ,lycia 7lish7i-a71 #bad1 #bih2 ,c4 #aee ,lycians 7lish7i-4ans71 #ga ,lycidas 7lis7i-d4as71 a goatherd of pastoral poetry4 ,see ,theocritus1 ,idyl #g2 ,virgil1 ,bucolics #i2 ,milton's ,elegy on ,edward ,king1 etc4 ,lycius 7lish7i-us71 ,apollo1 ,c4 #cj ,lycomedes 7lik-o-medes71 #bfj1 #bgi ,lyco-phr7on1 ,c4 #bih ,ly-curgus1 a king of the ,edones1 who1 like ,pentheus1 resisted the worship of ,bacchus ,lycus1 #ge2 ,c4 #fb ,lyde1 #ahi ,lynceus 7linsus71 #bjg1 #bdc ,lyngi 7linge71 #djj ,lyric poets1 ,greek1 #dec1 #ded2 translations of1 ,c4 #bih2 ,roman1 #deg ,lytyerses 7lit-7i-erses74 ,see ,lityerses ,m4a--cha7on1 #bif1 #big1 #cji ,m4a-crob7i-us1 referred to1 #fj ,m-ander1 #ig1 #bbb1 #bdf2 ,c4 #gf1 #agb ,mnades 7men4a-des71 ,mnads 7me-nads71 #dd1 #de1 #ge1 #bed2 ,c4 #fb1 #aaj-aab ,mnalus 7men4a-lus71 a range of mountains in ,arcadia1 sacred to ,pan1 #aab ,m-on7i-a1 #aed2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,m-on7i-des3 a native of ,monia2 ,homer ,magna ,mater1 #ei ,mahbhrata 7m4a-h-br4a-t4a71 #dfb2 translation1 ,c4 #cjc ,maia 7may4a71 mother of ,mercury 7,hermes71 #ai1 #cd1 #aej2 ,c4 #aji ,maia 7may4a71 ,maja1 or ,ma-jesta3 a name for ,fauna1 or for the daughter of ,faunus and wife of the ,roman ,vulcan4 ,in either case1 called ,bona ,dea ,man1 origin of1 ,greek1 #h1 #i ,manes1 #fb ,m4a-nil7i-us1 ,c4 #bii ,mantu-a1 #def ,m7ar4a-th7on1 #beh ,m7ar-4a-thon7i-4an ,bull1 #beb2 ,c4 #agf-aha 7,interpret47 ,maro4 ,see ,virgil ,mr-pessa1 #aae1 #aaf ,mars 7,ares71 one of the great gods1 #ai2 meaning of names1 #bc2 attributes1 #bc1 #bd2 his retinue1 his mistress1 his favorite abode and animals1 #bd2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 father of ,harmonia1 #ga1 #hi2 myths of1 #hd-ij2 and ,diomede1 #hd-hf1 #bij2 and ,minerva1 #hf1 #hg2 and ,cadmus1 #hg-ij1 #bfa2 and ,vulcan1 #ia2 father of ,,oenomas1 #agj2 ,m4 and ,atalanta1 #bfe2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #bij2 ,c4 #bh ,marsyas 7mrs7i-7as71 #aab1 #ach1 #dea2 ,c4 #hg1 #aac ,maruts 7mur7oots74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,mass1 #d ,m-t4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 ,mater ,ma-tu'ta1 the goddess of the dawn1 ,aurora2 among the ,romans the name was applied also to ,ino 7,leucothea71 #fc ,mater ,turr7i-ta3 ,cybele1 or ,cybebe1 with the mural crown1 as protectress of walled cities ,mat-ro-nal7i-a1 ,c4 #bf ,me-cone4 ,see ,sicyon ,me-dea1 myth of1 #bcb-bcf1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #beb1 #dee2 ,c4 #afc-afg2 genealogy1 #agb1 table ,l ,medici 7med-che71 the ,venus of1 #cb1 #cc2 ,c4 #ce ,me-dusa1 myth of1 #bjh-baa2 extract from ,william ,morris' ,doom of ,king ,acrisius1 #bji1 #baj2 from ,shelley's ,medusa of ,da ,vinci1 #baj2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,me-4gra1 #ed ,meg-4a-lensian ,games1 ,c4 #da ,meg4a-ra1 #bja1 #bjb1 #bdf ,meg4a-ra1 wife of ,hercules1 #baf1 #bbj ,me-lampus1 #dej ,mel-e-a4ger or ,me-le4a-4ger1 #bjf1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bdb1 #bfe1 #bge2 myth of1 #bcg-bda2 as the sun1 #dcb2 ,c4 #afh ,mel-e-si4g'e-nes1 ,c4 #bih ,meliboeus 7mel-7i-beus71 a herdsman of pastoral poetry4 ,see ,virgil1 ,bucolics #a ,melic ,nymphs1 #e ,mel-7i-ertes1 a sea-god1 #eh1 #bjb1 #bfa2 ,c4 #gj ,melisseus 7me-lisus71 ,c4 #adf-adg ,mel7os1 the ,venus of1 #cb2 ,c4 #ce ,mel-pome-ne1 the muse of tragedy1 #cg2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,memn7on1 myth of1 extract from ,darwin's ,botanic ,garden1 #agi1 #ahj1 ,c4 #abh2 family connections1 #bgf1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e72 at ,troy1 #cjg ,memphis1 a city in middle ,egypt1 ,c4 #cj ,me-nalc4as1 a herdsman of pastoral poetry ,men-e-laus1 #bge1 #bgh-bii1 #cac1 #cad2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b71 #aie1 #aif ,me-nen7i-us1 #b ,menoeceus 7me-nesus71 #bff2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,menoetius 7me-nesh7i-us71 son of ,actor and father of ,patroclus2 an ,argonaut2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#d7 ,mentor1 ,c4 #bca-bdd ,mentu 7mentoo74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,mercu-ry1 ,mer-cu'r7i-us 7,hermes71 son of ,maia1 #ai2 meaning of name1 #cd2 attributes1 #cd1 #ce2 conductor of ghosts1 #ce1 #dg2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 ,argus and ,io1 #ff1 #fg2 his story of ,pan and ,syrinx1 #ff1 #fg2 with ,philemon and ,baucis1 #gg2 and ,psyche1 #acf2 myths of1 ,homeric ,hymn to1 #aej1 #aea2 aids ,perseus1 #bji2 aids ,hercules1 #bbj2 father of ,daphnis1 #bbc1 #bbd2 ,m4 and ,nephele1 #bbi2 and ,priam1 #cje2 and ,ulysses1 #cbe1 #cca2 and neas1 #cea2 interpretations of1 #dcb1 #ddj2 ,c4 #cf1 #aji ,m7ero-pe1 of ,arcadia1 #bda2 ,c4 #afi ,m7ero-pe1 daughter of ,,oenopion1 #abb ,m7ero-pe1 the ,pleiad1 #abd2 ,c4 #ig1 #aee1 table ,mes-sene1 #aae1 #bdc ,mes-sen7i-a1 #bda2 ,c4 #hj ,met4a-bus1 #cfd ,met-4a-mrpho-ses1 ,ovid's1 #def1 #deg ,me-temp-sy--chosis1 #cfj2 ,c4 #bee-beg ,metis1 ,c4 #ee ,mezentius 7me-zensh7i-us71 #cfd1 #cfg1 #cgj1 #cga ,mid4as1 with ,apollo and ,pan1 #aaj1 #aaa2 with ,bacchus and ,pan1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #aeh2 the choice of1 #aeg2 ,c4 #he-hg1 #aac ,midgrd1 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cgh1 #chi1 #cib1 #cid ,midgrd serpent1 #cgg1 #chf1 #chg1 #cie ,mi-lan7i-7on 7or ,hip-pome-nes71 ,c4 #ajc ,milo4 ,see ,melos ,mim4as1 ,c4 #h ,mime 7me'me71 in the ,rhine-gold1 #dad1 #dba-dbd2 in the ,volsunga ,saga1 see ,regin ,mimir 7me'mer71 #cgd ,m7i-nerva 74,a-thena1 4,a-thene71 #g2 quotation from ,odyssey1 #ah2 daughter of ,jupiter1 #ai2 attributes1 #bc2 meaning of her names1 #bc2 her gis1 #bc2 favorite cities and animals1 #bc2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 myths of1 #ha-hd2 contest with ,neptune1 #ha1 #hb1 #bdi2 with ,arachne1 #hb-hd2 quotation from ,spenser's ,muiopotmos1 #hc2 contests with ,mars1 #hd-hf2 helps ,cadmus1 #hh1 #hi2 inventor of the flute1 #aab2 ,m4 and ,medusa1 #bjh2 ,perseus1 #bji1 #bac2 ,bellerophon1 #bae2 ,hercules1 #baf1 #bbj2 ,perdix1 #bdh2 ,erichthonius1 #bdi2 ,theseus1 #bef2 ,tiresias1 #bff2 ,paris1 #bgh2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhd1 #bhi1 #bij1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #cjh-caa2 ,orestes1 #cag2 ,ulysses1 #ccb-cdj2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 #bg ,m7i-noid 7,m7i-nois71 ,ariadne1 daughter of ,minos1 #bed ,min7os ,i1 judge of the shades1 #ea1 #ec1 #cef2 son of ,europa1 #ga1 #bjg2 the house of1 #bjf1 #bdf-bdh2 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d1 #adh 7#a71 #agb ,min7os ,,ii1 #bja2 myths of1 #bdb1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #beb1 #bei1 #bge ,minotaur 7mino-tr71 #bdf1 #beb1 #bef2 ,c4 #agb1 #agf-aha ,miny 7min7i-e73 descendants of ,minyas1 king of ,thessaly2 ,argonauts ,mist1 #c ,mnemosyne 7ne-mos7i-ne71 #d2 mother of the ,muses1 #cg2 ,c4 #d ,moer 7mere71 ,par4 ,see ,fates ,moeragetes 7me-r7aje-tes73 name applied to ,zeus as leader of the ,fates ,moly1 #cai1 #cbe ,momus1 ,c4 #di1 table ,b ,mongolians1 #ddh ,mopsus1 attendant of the ,argonauts1 #dea ,mopsus1 an ideal singer of elegies4 ,see ,virgil1 ,bucolics #e ,morpheus 7mrfus71 #agg2 ,c4 #abe4 ,see ,somnus ,mrs1 ,than4a-t7os1 ,death1 #bih ,mos-chus1 ,lang's translation of ,idyl ,,ii1 #fh-gj2 of ,idyl ,,vi1 #ahi2 ,c4 #ei1 #bih ,mountain giants1 #cgf1 #cgh-chf1 #cic ,mul7i-ber1 #ei2 ,c4 #bi ,munin 7moo'n'en71 #cgd ,munychia 7mu-nik7i-a71 ,c4 #cb4 ,see ,diana ,mu-sus1 a mythical poet1 #dea ,mu-sus1 writer of ,hero and ,leander1 #ada2 translation by ,fawkes in ,english ,translations from ,ancient and ,modern ,poems1 ,vol4 ,,ii2 ,c4 #ajd1 #bih ,mu-sa4g'e-tes3 name of ,apollo as leader of the ,muses ,muses 7,mus71 #ah1 #cj2 names and attributes1 #cg2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,music1 ,lydian1 ,dorian1 etc41 ,c4 #ei ,muspelheim 7moospel-ham or moos-pel-him71 #cgc1 #cie ,mut 7moot71 or ,maut4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 ,my-en31 #bb1 #baf1 #bge1 #bhj1 #caf ,myg-don7i-an flutes1 #fi2 ,c4 #ei ,myrmidons 7merm7i-d7ons71 #ge1 #bfi1 #big2 ,c4 #fa ,myr7on1 a sculptor1 ,c4 #fd ,myrrha 7m7ira71 #abf1 #aej ,myrtilus 7mert7i-lus71 #aga ,mysia 7mish7i-a71 #agi1 #bbb1 #bca2 ,c4 #abh1 #aef-afb ,mysteries of ,eleusis1 ,c4 #aad-aag ,myth1 stages of mythological philosophy1 study of myth1 see ,introduction2 definition of1 #a2 compared with fable1 #a1 #b2 of existent races1 #b2 ,greek myths of creation1 #c-ag2 of great divinities of heaven1 #fd-aea2 of great divinities of earth1 #aeb-aeh2 of earth and underworld1 #aei-afh2 of waters1 #afi-aga2 of lesser divinities of heaven1 #agb-ahj2 of lesser divinities of earth and underworld1 #aha-aig2 of lesser divinities of waters1 #aih-bje2 of the older heroes1 #bjf-bfd2 of the younger heroes1 #bfe et seq42 of the ,norse gods1 #cgc-cig2 of ,norse and ,old ,german heroes1 #cih-dji4 ,kinds of myth1 #dca2 explanatory1 #dca2 sthetic1 #dcb2 sthetic myth is historic or romantic1 #dcc2 of unconscious growth1 #dcc2 divisions of inquiry1 #dcc4 ,origin and ,elements of myth1 #dcc-ddf2 the reasonable element1 #dcd2 part played by imagination1 #dcd2 and by belief1 #dce2 the unreasonable element1 #dcf2 theories of1 #dcf2 theory of deterioration1 #dcf-ddj2 theory of progress1 #ddj-ddf4 ,interpretation1 methods of3 historical or ,euhemeristic1 #dcf2 philological1 #dcg2 allegorical1 #dch2 theological1 #dci2 the mental state of savages1 #ddj-ddb2 senseless element1 a survival1 #ddb2 anthropological method of study1 tiological origin1 #ddb2 other germs than savage curiosity and credulity1 #ddb2 phases of myth-development1 #ddc-dde2 physical1 religious and moral import1 #ddd2 myth more than sham history1 #ddf2 general conclusion concerning elements of myth1 #ddf4 ,distribution of myth1 #ddg-ddi2 theories of accident1 borrowing1 origination in ,india1 historical tradition1 #ddg2 ,aryan germ1 psychological basis1 #ddh2 the state of the problem1 #ddi4 ,preservation of myth1 #dej-dfc2 in ,greece1 #dej-dee2 in ,italy1 #def1 #deg2 in ,scandinavian lands1 #deg-dfj2 in ,germany1 #dfj1 #dfa2 in the ,orient1 #dfb1 #dfc4 ,interpretation and illustration of myths1 see ,commentary sections corresponding to those of the ,text4 ,mythical musicians and poets1 #dea ,mythical prophets1 #dej1 #dea ,mythical tales of the ,younger ,edda1 #dei ,naiad 7nayad71 the poem by ,r4 ,buchanan1 #aij1 #aia ,naiads 7nayads71 ,naiades 7nay4a-des71 #eh1 #ih1 #ahf1 #ahi-aia1 #aih1 #bjd1 #bbb1 #bbd2 ,c4 #ej-eb ,nais1 #ahe2 ,c4 #abi-acj ,n4a'l4a1 episode of1 #dfa1 #dfb ,nalopkhynam 7n4a-lo-p-kyn4am71 translation of1 ,c4 #cjc ,names1 ,greek and ,latin1 system of transliteration of1 see ,preface2 pronunciation of1 #eda1 #edb1 and ,index ,nnn1 #cij-cib2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,nar-issus1 #ahh1 #ahi2 ,c4 #acb-acc ,nausicaa 7n-sika-4a71 #ccb-ccf2 ,c4 #bca-bdd ,nausithos 7n-sitho-us71 #ccb ,nax7os1 #aec1 #aed1 #aee1 #aef1 #afi1 #beg2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,ne-ra1 a maiden of pastoral song4 ,see ,virgil1 ,bucolics #c ,nefer ,atum 7naf7er toom74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,neidings 7nidings71 #daf ,neith 7naith74 ,see ,egyptian divinities1 7#b7 ,neleus 7nelus71 #agj ,neme-a1 the city1 the valley1 and the lion of1 #baf2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,ne-mean1 or ,neme-an1 ,games1 founded by ,hercules2 held in honor of ,jupiter2 ,c4 #agf-aha 7,textual7 ,neme-sis1 #ch2 ,c4 #ch 7#g7 ,ne-op-tole-mus1 #bgf1 #bic1 #cji1 #cac1 #cad1 #cdi ,ne-penthe1 #cad ,neph 7n7ef71 ,chnuphis 7knoo'fis71 ,khnum 7knoom71 ,num or ,nu 7noom1 noo74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 ,nephele 7nefe-le71 #aba1 #bbi ,nephthys 7nefthis74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,neptune1 ,nep-tu'nus 7,po-seid7on71 #e1 #f1 #ae1 #bjd1 #ded2 sometimes reckoned as one of the great gods1 #ai2 founder of the younger dynasty of the waters1 #ee1 #ef2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 contest with ,minerva1 #ha1 #hb1 #bdi2 ,n4 and ,iphimedia1 #ic2 and ,phathon1 #ig2 and ,laomedon1 #aaj1 #afi1 #agj2 and ,idas1 #aae2 father of ,orion1 #abb1 #agj2 myths of1 #afi-aga2 ,n4 and ,andromeda1 #afi2 sons of ,n41 #agj2 ,n4 and ,amymone1 and ,ceres1 and ,arne1 and ,tyro1 and ,pelops1 #agj1 #aga2 and ,erysichthon1 #aib2 his sea calves pastured by ,proteus1 #bjb2 his son ,antus1 #bbj2 and ,minos1 #bdf2 and ,hippolytus1 #bfj2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhe1 #bic-bif1 #cja1 #caa2 and ,ulysses1 #ccg2 and neas1 #cej1 #ceb2 ,c4 #ej-eb1 table ,c ,nere-ids 7,ne-re7i-des71 the1 #ee1 #fi1 #ig1 #bdg ,nereus 7nerus71 #ee1 #ig1 #aih1 #bjd1 #bfi ,nessus1 #bbe ,nestor1 #agi1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bci2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bid-big ,netherlands1 #dje1 #djf ,nibelheim 7nebel-ham or nebel-him71 #dab et seq4 ,nibelung 7nebe-l7oong71 ,wagner's ,ring of the1 #daj-dcj ,nibelungenlied 7nebe-l7oongen-let71 #dje-dji2 theories of origin1 #dfj1 #dfa2 ,c4 #bhc ,niblungs 7nebl7oongs71 ,nibelungs 7ne-be-l7oongs71 ,nibelungen 7nebe-l7oong-en71 #djc-dcj2 lay of the1 #dje-dji1 #dfj1 #dfa2 ,wagner's ,ring of the1 #daj-dcj2 ,c4 #bhb1 #bhc1 #bhb-bhc ,ni-cander1 ,c4 #bih ,nidhogg 7nedh7og71 #cgd ,niflheim 7nev'l-ham or n7ifl-him71 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cgg1 #cgi1 #cid2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,night1 ,nyx 7n7ix71 ,nox1 a prime element of ,nature1 #c1 #d2 mother of the ,fates and of ,nemesis1 #ch1 #agf1 #aif2 family of1 ,c4 #di1 table ,b ,nike1 #da4 ,see ,victoria ,nile1 the river1 #ig1 #ahj2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,nimrod and the giants1 #ddj ,ninus1 #adh ,nio-be1 #gg1 #agj2 the punishment of1 #ii-ajc2 quotation from ,landor's ,niobe1 #ajb1 #ajc2 genealogy1 interpretation1 etc41 ,c4 #gh ,nirvana 7ner-vna73 annihilation1 or absorption into the ,infinite1 of the ,karma 7human character1 or soul7 after it has passed through innumerable existences1 and learned the virtuous life4 ,see ,buddha ,nisus1 father of ,scylla1 #bja1 #bjb ,nisus1 friend of ,euryalus1 #cfh-cgj ,noah and ,deucalion1 #ddj ,nom7i-7os1 ,nom7i-us1 an epithet applied to ,apollo as the pasturer or herdsman2 see #ajd-ajf1 #aaj2 ,c4 #cj 7,in ,art7 ,nrns1 #cgd1 #cge1 #chh1 #djb2 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dbd1 #dbf ,norse gods1 myths of1 #b1 #cgc-cig2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,norse heroes1 myths of1 #cih-dje2 ,c4 #bfh-bhb ,norse mythology1 narrative of1 #cgc-dje2 records of1 #deg-dfj2 translations and authorities1 #deh-dfj notes1 and ,c4 #bfh-bhb ,north ,american ,indians1 mental state of1 #dda2 myths of1 #ddh ,norway1 ,norsemen1 #ddb1 #ddh2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,nostoi1 the1 #dec ,nothung 7not7oong71 #dah1 #dba-dbe ,notus1 #ch ,n7ox1 ,nyx 7n7ix74 ,see ,night ,nu'ma ,pom-pil7i-us1 #fa1 #fc2 ,c4 #bh ,nut 7noot74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,nycteus 7niktus71 #ge2 ,c4 #fb ,nymphs1 the1 #de1 #df1 #ig1 #ahj1 #ahi1 #bje2 ,c4 #aca ,nysa1 an ideal maiden in pastoral poetry ,nysa1 ,nysian-born 7nish7i-an71 #beh4 ,three cities bore the name of ,nysa1--in ,caria1 in ,palestine1 and in ,india2 the last is here referred to2 ,c4 #db1 #aaj-aab ,nysan 7ni-sean7 nymphs1 #aeb ,nyx 7n7ix71 ,n7ox4 ,see ,night ,o-asis or ,o4a-sis1 in ,libya1 oracle of ,jupiter ,ammon at1 #bj ,oblivion1 valley of1 #cei1 #cfj ,ocean1 ,o-e4a-nus1 the river1 #c1 #ce1 #db1 #dc1 #cbg1 #cbh ,o-e4a-nids1 #ee1 #eh ,o-e4a-nus1 the ,titan1 #d1 #e1 #bb2 older dynasty of the waters1 #ee1 #fg1 #fh1 #bjd1 #bjg2 ,c4 #d1 #ej-eb ,ocyrrho 7o-s7iro-e71 #ajd ,odin1 #cgc-cgg1 #chf-dje passim2 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dab-dcj2 interpretation of1 #dcg2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,odysseus 7o-disus74 ,see ,ulysses and ,odyssey ,odyssey 7od7i-s7i71 cited1 #ah1 #ce1 #dg1 #ea1 and footnotes passim2 hero of1 #bge1 #bgf2 narrative of1 #cah-cde2 ,lang's sonnet1 #cah2 a kind of myth1 #dcc1 #ddh2 history of1 #deb2 translations and authorities1 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 #bih ,,oechalia 7e-kal7i-a71 #bbe1 #bbf2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,,oedipus 7ed7i-pus71 mentioned1 #ij1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #dee2 myth of1 #bfa-bfd1 #bfh2 and the ,sphinx1 #bfb2 is made king1 #bfb2 at ,colonus1 #bfc2 extracts from ,plumptre's translation of ,sophocles' ,,oedipus the ,king and ,,oedipus ,coloneus1 #bfb-bfd2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi ,,oeneus 7enus71 #bbe1 #bcg ,,oenomas 7en-o-maus71 #agj1 #aga ,,oenone 7e-none71 #caj1 #dcb2 ,c4 #bba ,,oenopion 7e-nop7i-7on71 father of ,merope and king of ,chios4 ,see ,orion ,,oete 7e'te71 or ,,oe'ta1 ,mount1 #if1 #bbf1 #bbg2 ,c4 #gf1 #aef-afb ,o-icles1 father of ,amphiaras and grandfather of ,alcmon ,oleus 7o-ilus71 #bhf ,olympian religion1 the1 #bj2 ,c4 #bc and table ,a ,olympic ,games1 ,c4 #agh-aha 7,textual7 ,o-lympus1 ,mount1 #ic1 #ig ,o-lympus1 home of the ,greek gods of heaven1 #b1 #f2 located and described1 #ah2 ,homer's conception of1 #ah1 #ai1 #db2 myths of greater gods of1 #fd-aea2 of lesser gods of1 #agb-ahj2 dynasty of1 dethroned1 #aha2 ,c4 #bb ,omph4a-le1 #bba ,o-phi7on1 ,c4 #d1 #ga 7,ops1 #ei ,oracle1 at ,delphi1 #e1 #bg1 #db2 at ,dodona1 #ai1 #bj2 of ,jupiter ,ammon in the ,oasis1 #bj2 of ,trophonius1 ,c4 #cj2 of the dead1 #ea2 of ,apollo1 consulted1 #abh1 #acj1 #age1 #cae1 #caf1 #cdg2 ,c4 #bd-be1 #cj ,or--chome-n7os1 ,or--chome-nus1 #baf2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,orcus1 #hc4 ,see ,pluto ,ore-ads 7,o-re4a-des71 #df1 #ahf1 #ahh1 #aib ,o-restes1 #aif1 #bfh1 #bge1 #cae-cag2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b71 #bbh-bcj ,oriental mythology1 records of1 #dfb1 #dfc ,origin1 of the world1 ,greek1 #c2 of the gods1 #d1 #h2 of man1 #h1 #i2 ,norse1 #cgc1 #cgd ,o-ri7on1 #da1 #agj2 myth of1 #abb1 #abc2 ,c4 #if ,orithyia 7or-7i-thiya71 daughter of ,erechtheus1 king of ,athens1 loved by ,boreas1 #ch1 #ci2 ,c4 #ch 7#i7 ,orm7uzd1 #dfc ,orpheus 7orfus71 #aab1 #bjf1 #bcj1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bdb1 #cei1 #dea2 and ,eurydice1 #afe-afh1 #bjc2 quotation from ,landor's ,orpheus and ,eurydice1 #afg1 #afh2 ,c4 #aah2 cited1 #c ,orphic hymns1 #dea ,orth7i-a1 ,c4 #cb4 ,see ,diana ,ortygia 7or-tij7i-a71 #abj2 ,c4 #cb1 #ic ,o-siris1 #ddg4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,ossa1 ,mount1 #ic1 #ig2 ,c4 #gf4 ,it is in ,thessaly4 ,by piling ,ossa on ,pelion the ,titans ,coeus and ,iapetus and the monster ,typhoeus thrice attempted to scale ,olympus1 but were as often beaten back by the lightnings of ,jove4 ,see ,virgil1 ,georgics #a1 #bha ,othrys 7othris71 the mountain in ,thessaly occupied by the ,titans in their war with ,jupiter and the other ,olympians ,otter1 #djj1 #dja ,otus1 #ic ,ovid 7,o-vid7i-us71 account of1 and of his poems1 #def1 #deg2 references to his works1 #ed1 #fj1 #fe1 #fh1 #gb1 #gc1 #gi1 #hb1 #hd1 #ij1 #ib1 #id1 #if1 #ih1 #ajb1 #aaj1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aag1 #abj1 #abc1 #abe1 #abf1 #aci1 #ada1 #ade1 #adg1 #aej1 #aec1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afj1 #afe1 #agb1 #age1 #ahj1 #ahh1 #aia1 #aie1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bae1 #bcj1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bej1 #bfi2 translations1 ,c4 #bii2 also of the ,metamorphoses in #ae books by various authors1 published by ,sir ,samuel ,garth1 in ,vol4 ,,ii of ,english ,translations from ,ancient and ,modern ,poems1 #c vols41 ,london1 #ahaj ,pac-tolus1 #aeh2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,padus1 or ,po1 the river1 #cei ,p4an1 ,p7on1 ,paion 7pi-e7on71 heals ,mars1 #hf1 #bij2 ,c4 #fh ,p4an1 the chant1 #bf1 #ib2 ,c4 #fh ,pakht 7p4cht7 and ,bst4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,p4a-lm7on1 #bjb4 ,see ,melicertes ,pal-4a-medes1 #bgi ,pales1 #fa ,pal-7i-nu'rus1 #ceb1 #cee2 ,c4 #bde-bed ,pal-lad7i-um1 the1 #caj1 #cad2 ,c4 #bg ,pall4as1 ,athena1 #g1 #bc2 ,c4 #bg4 ,see ,minerva ,pall4as1 a ,giant1 #g ,pall4as1 son of ,evander1 #cfe-cfg1 #cga1 #cgb ,pan1 described1 #de2 ,pandean pipes1 #ff1 #fg2 contest with ,apollo1 #aaj1 #aaa2 father of ,silenus1 #aeb2 ,p4 and the personification of nature1 #aha-ahg2 extracts from ,milton1 ,schiller1 ,mrs4 ,browning1 reference to ,wordsworth1 #aha-ahc2 ,e4 ,c4 ,stedman's ,pan in ,wall ,street1 #ahc-ahe2 love of ,echo1 #ahi2 in ,buchanan's ,naiad1 #aij2 ,p4 and ,pomona1 #aie2 ,c4 #dc1 #ed1 #eg1 #abi-acj1 #aca ,pan-ath-e-na1 ,c4 #bg1 #agf-aha ,pand4a-rus1 #bhi2 ,c4 #aif ,pan-dem7os1 ,c4 #cd4 ,see ,venus ,pan-di7on1 #bdi2 ,c4 #adh 7#d71 #agd ,pan-dora1 #b2 creation of1 #aa1 #be2 wife of ,epimetheus1 her casket1 #aa2 ,c4 #aj-ae ,pandro-s7os1 daughter of ,cecrops4 ,see ,herse ,pano-pe1 #hh2 ,c4 #gj ,pano-pe1 a ,nereid1 #ee2 ,c4 #ej-eb ,paph7i-an1 #abh2 ,c4 #cd4 ,see ,venus ,paph7os1 #cb1 #abf1 #adg1 #adi2 ,c4 #cd1 #ajj ,papyri 7p4a-pi'ri71 the sacred1 #dfb ,parc 7prse71 ,moer 7me're74 ,see ,fates ,p7aris 7should be ,pa'ris1 by rule71 #bgf1 #bif2 the judgment of1 #bgh1 #cej2 ,p4 and ,helen1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhi1 #cac2 and ,menelas1 #bhf-bhi2 and ,achilles1 #cjh2 and ,,oenone1 #cji1 #caj2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #aie1 #bjg1 #bba ,pr-nassus1 ,mount1 in ,phocis1 #bf1 #bg1 #ig1 #aab2 ,c4 #cj1 #ch 7#d71 #gf ,par7os1 #aih ,pr-then7i-us1 ,c4 #bih ,prthe-n7on1 ,c4 #d1 #bd-be1 #bg1 #ch 7#aj71 #dj1 #dh1 #agf-aha ,pr-then-o-pus1 #bfe ,pr-theno-pe1 #bje1 #cbi ,prthe-n7os1 the ,virgin1 a title of ,athene ,parvati 7prw4a-te or prv4a-te74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,pasipha 7p4a-sifa-e71 #bdf2 ,c4 #agb ,p4a-sithe-a4 7#a7 ,a ,nereid4 7#b7 ,one of the ,graces ,p4a-troclus or ,patro-clus1 #bge1 #bif-bii1 #cjc2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#d71 #bjg ,patronymics1 ,c4 #gg ,pau-san7i-4as1 #dee2 references to1 #ge1 #abe1 #ahj1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bda1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bfe1 #bfh2 ,c4 #bf ,peg4a-sus1 myth of1 #baa1 #bad1 #bae2 ,c4 #aee ,peitho 7pitho71 ,suadela 7sw4a-de'la71 goddess of ,persuasion ,pe-la4g7i-a1 ,c4 #cd4 ,see ,venus ,pe-las4gic division of the ,greeks1 #af ,pe-lasgus1 son or grandson of ,phoroneus1 #ag1 #bjf1 #bjg2 ,c4 #ba1 #eg1 table ,d ,peleus 7pelus71 #bjf1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bgd2 myth of ,peleus and ,thetis1 #bfi-bgb1 #bgg1 #bgi2 translation of ,catullus1 ,,lxiv1 by ,c4 ,m4 ,gayley1 #bfi-bgb1 family of ,peleus1 #bge1 #bgf2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a71 #aii ,pel7i-4as1 #ajf1 #agj1 #bcj1 #bcc2 daughters of1 #bce1 ,c4 #hc ,pe-lides1 #bgb2 ,c4 #gg ,pel7i-7on1 ,mount1 #ic1 #aaa1 #bga1 #bgd2 ,c4 #gf4 ,see ,ossa ,pel-o-pon-nesus1 #af1 #bjg ,pelops1 #ii1 #bjf1 #bej1 #dcd2 and ,hippodamia1 #agj1 #aga1 #bge2 genealogy1 etc41 ,c4 #gh1 #aij-aid 7#b7 ,pe-nates1 described1 #fa1 #fb ,pe-nelo-pe1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgi1 #cbh1 #cch-cdd2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#c71 7#d71 #bca-bdd ,pe-neus river1 #aaa1 #aac1 #bah1 #bga2 ,c4 #he-hf ,pen-thes-7i-lea1 #cjg ,pentheus 7penthus71 #hi1 #aeb-aef1 #bfa2 ,c4 #aaj-aab1 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,pe-phredo1 one of the ,gr ,perdix1 #bdh ,p7er-7i-eres1 ,c4 #adh 7#b71 7#e7 ,p7er-7i-phetes or ,p7er-7i-phates1 #bea2 ,c4 #agf-aha ,per-seis1 daughter of ,perses1 wife of ,helios1 and mother of ,pasipha1 ,ariadne1 ,phdra1 and tes1 ,c4 #abe1 table ,h ,per-sepho-ne1 #ec1 #abg1 #cbg4 ,see ,proserpina ,perseus 7persus71 #ag1 #bjf2 myth of1 #bjh-bad2 and ,medusa1 #bjh-baa2 and ,atlas1 #baa2 and ,andromeda1 #baa-bad1 #bae1 #baf2 and ,acrisius1 #bad2 lines from ,kingsley and ,milman1 #bab1 #bac2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,persia1 #ddh2 records of myth1 #dfc2 studies on1 ,c4 #cjd ,personification1 to-day1 #dcd2 among savages1 #dce ,pess7i-nus1 ,pes7i-nus1 ,c4 #da ,pet4a-sus1 the1 #cd ,phacia 7fe-ash7i-a71 #ccb-cch2 ,lang's ,song of1 #cce1 #ccf2 ,c4 #bca-bdd ,phdra1 #bei1 #bfj1 #cbh2 ,c4 #agb1 table ,l2 #agf-aha 7,illustr47 ,phdrus1 #b ,phae-th7on1 ,phae-t7on1 myth of1 #id-ih1 #dcb2 ,c4 #gf ,pha-e-thusa1 #ccj ,phant4a-sus1 son of ,somnus1 ,c4 #abe4 ,see ,sleep ,pha7on1 #aci2 myth of1 #adi1 #ded2 ,c4 #ajg ,phar7os1 island1 #bjc2 ,c4 #ade ,phar-salus1 a city in ,thessaly2 ,phar-sal7i-a1 the region thereabout ,phasis1 the river1 #bbc2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,pher1 capital of ,thessalia ,pelasgiotis1 home of ,admetus ,phid7i-4as1 ,olympian ,jove of1 #ba2 ,homer's lines in ,iliad1 #ba2 ,c4 #bg1 #ch 7#aj71 #fd ,ph7i-lem7on and ,bauis1 myth of1 #gg-hj2 ,swift's burlesque1 #gi1 #hj ,phil-oc-tetes1 #bbg1 #cji1 #dec2 ,c4 #bai-bbj ,phil-o-mela1 #bdi1 #bej2 ,c4 #agd ,phineus 7finus71 #bac1 #bca1 #cdh2 ,c4 #afc-afg ,phleg'e-th7on1 #dg1 #cef ,phob7os or ,ph7ob7os1 ,fear1 son and attendant of ,mars1 #bd ,phois1 #bdi1 #cae ,phoe'be 7the shining one71 a name of ,diana1 #ach2 ,c4 #cb1 #ih ,phoe'be1 one of the ,titans1 #fd2 ,c4 #d ,phoe'bus1 ,c4 #bh1 #cj4 ,see ,apollo ,phoenicians 7fe-nishans7 as disseminators of cults1 #bj ,phoe'nix1 #bgd1 #bid ,pholus1 #bag ,phorb4as1 #ceb ,phorcys 7frsis7 and eto1 offspring of1 #eg1 #bja ,phoroneus 7fo-ronus71 son of ,inachus1 #ag1 #bjg2 ,c4 #eg1 table ,d ,phosphor1 #dj1 #agb1 #age ,phrixus 7frixus71 #bbi1 #bcj2 ,c4 #afc-afg 7,interpret47 ,phrygia 7frij7i-a71 #gg1 #ii1 #aeb1 #bbc1 #ddh2 ,c4 #fc ,phtha 7fth71 ,ptah 7pt74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,phthia 7thia71 #bfi1 #bgd ,phyllis 7filis71 an ideal maiden of pastoral poetry ,pi-7er7i-des3 the ,muses as daughters of ,pierus1 king of ,thessaly1 or as frequenters of ,mount ,pierus ,pier-us1 ,mount1 in ,thessaly1 #aej2 ,c4 #aji ,pillars of ,hercules1 #bai2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,pind4ar 7,pind4a-rus71 #dec1 #ded2 references to1 #ea1 #agj1 #ahj2 translations1 ,c4 #bih ,pindus1 ,mount1 #ig2 ,c4 #gf ,pip-lea1 #bbc ,pi-rus1 #bec ,pi-rene1 a fountain in ,corinth1 said to have started from the ground 7like ,hippocrene7 under a kick of ,pegasus1 #bae ,pi-ritho-us1 #bcg1 #bdc1 #beh1 #bei ,p7i-sistr4a-tus1 #deb ,pittheus 7pitthus71 #bea2 ,c4 #gh1 table ,f2 #adh 7#e7 ,b1 table ,i2 #agd1 table ,m2 #aij-aid 7#b71 table ,o ,pleasure1 #acf ,pleiads 7pleyads71 ,pleiades 7pley4a-des or ple-i4a-des71 daughters of ,atlas1 #eg1 #ahj2 myth of1 #abc1 #abd2 ,c4 #ig ,plenty1 goddess of1 #bjd ,plex-ippus1 #bch1 #bdj ,plutarch 7ploo'trk71 referred to1 #bej1 #beb ,pluto 7ploo'to71 ,a7i-des1 ,ades1 ,hades1 #e1 #f1 #bj1 #bcd1 #cee2 his abode1 #dg-ej1 #cec2 attributes1 #eb1 #ec2 the ,roman ,orcus1 #ec1 #ei2 and sculapius1 #ajd2 carries off ,proserpine1 #aei1 #afj2 mollified by ,orpheus1 #aff2 and ,neptune1 #agj2 helmet of1 #bji2 and ,hercules1 #bbj2 ,theseus and ,pirithos1 #bei2 ,c4 #dg ,plutus 7ploo'tus71 ,c4 #dg ,poeas 7pe4as71 #bbg ,poena 7pena74 7#a7 ,greek1 an attendant1 with ,dike and ,erinys1 of ,nemesis4 7#b7 ,latin1 goddess of punishment4 ,poen3 sometimes the ,furies ,poets of mythology1 in ,greece1 #dea-dee2 in ,rome1 #def1 #deg2 ,c4 #bih1 #bii4 ,see1 in general1 under ,myth1 ,preservation of ,po-lites1 #cab ,pollux1 ,polydeuces 7pol-7i-duses71 #bjf1 #bcj1 #bcg1 #bdb-bde1 #bge1 #bhi2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#c7 ,pol-y-botes1 ,c4 #h ,poly-bus1 #bfa1 #bfb ,pol-y-clitus1 ,pol-y-cletus1 #ha2 ,c4 #bf1 #fd ,pol-y-de-c'tes1 #bjh2 punished by ,perseus1 #bac ,pol-y-de-c'tes1 a name applied to ,pluto1 ,c4 #dg ,poly-dre 7,pol-y-dorus71 son of ,cadmus1 #hi1 #bfa2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,poly-dre 7,pol-y-dorus71 son of ,priam1 #cdg ,pol-y-hymn7i-a 7,po-lymn7i-a71 the muse of sacred poetry1 #cg2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,pol-y-idus1 #bae ,polynesian 7pol-7i-neshan7 savages1 mental development of1 #dda2 myths among1 #ddg1 #ddi ,pol-y-nies1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfh2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 table ,n ,pol-y-phemus1 #agj2 and ,galatea1 ,lang's translation of ,theocritus1 ,idyls ,,vi and ,,xi1 #aih-bjj2 ,p4 and ,ulysses1 #cbj-cbc2 and neas1 #cdi2 ,c4 #ada1 #bca-bdd ,pol-y-phonte1 #aej ,pol-y-phontes1 #bda ,polyxena 7po-lixe-na71 #bgb1 #bgf1 #cjg1 #cac2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #bai-bbj ,po-mona1 quotation from ,macaulay's ,prophecy of ,capys1 #fa2 and ,vertumnus1 myth of1 extract from ,thomson's ,seasons1 #aie2 ,c4 #ed1 #aci ,pontus1 region near the ,black ,sea1 ,ovid's ,letters from1 #def ,pontus1 a sea-god1 #ee1 #bja ,porphyrion 7pr-f7ir7i-7on71 a ,giant1 #g ,pr-tha7on1 genealogy of1 ,c4 #adh 7#c71 7#e71 #afh ,pr-tumnus1 #bjb4 ,see ,melicertes ,poseidon 7po-sid7on74 ,see ,neptune ,prax-it'e-les1 a ,greek sculptor1 ,c4 #ce1 #cf1 #ch 7#a71 #ed1 #ajj1 #aca ,priam 7,pri4a-mus71 #agi1 #bbe1 #bgf2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bgh-cjg1 #cab1 #cac2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #bjg1 #baf ,pri-apus1 a ,roman god of increase1 promoter of horticulture and viticulture ,prithivi 7pr7i-te'v7i74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,procne1 ,progne1 #bdi1 #bej2 ,c4 #agd ,procris1 #agb-age2 ,dobson's ,death of1 #agd1 #age1 #cbh2 ,c4 #abc-abd ,pro-crustes1 #agj1 #bea ,prod7i-cus of ,chios1 a contemporary of ,socrates2 author of the story of the ,choice of ,hercules ,proetus 7pre'tus71 #bad ,progress1 theory of1 in mythology1 #dcf1 #ddj-ddf ,prometheus 7pro-methus71 #b1 #f1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bfi1 #bga1 #dee2 a creator1 #h1 #aj n2 champion of man1 #aj2 chained on ,mount ,caucasus1 #aa1 #bbe2 his secret1 #aa1 #ab2 quotations from ,g4 ,c4 ,lodge1 ,byron1 and ,longfellow1 #ab-ae2 ,c4 #aj-ae ,propertius 7pro-persh7i-us71 #deg ,pro-serp7i-na1 ,proser-p7ine1 ,per-sepho-ne1 #bj1 #dc1 #dd1 #bcd1 #cah2 ,swinburne's ,garden of ,proserpine1 #di1 #ej2 attributes1 #ec2 the ,roman ,libera1 #ei2 ,p4 and ,psyche1 #acd1 #ace2 the rape of1 #aei1 #afj2 ,shelley's ,song of ,proserpine1 #afj2 ,ceres' search for1 #afj-afc2 quotation from ,g4 ,e4 ,woodberry's ,proserpine1 #afc1 #afd2 mollified by ,orpheus1 #aff2 ,theseus' attempt to abduct1 #bbj2 neas1 #ced2 ,c4 #dh1 #aad-aag ,pro-tes-7i-laus1 #bhb4 ,see ,laodamia ,proteus 7protus71 #ef1 #eh2 and ,aristus1 #bjb1 #bjc2 ,c4 #ej-eb and table ,c2 #ade ,psamathe 7sam4a-the71 #ajc ,pseudo-,mu-sus1 ,c4 #ajd4 ,see ,musus ,psyche 7sike71 myth of1 #abh-aci1 #deg2 extracts from ,william ,morris' ,earthly ,paradise1 #aca1 #ace2 ,bridge's ,eros and ,psyche1 #acb2 ,pater's ,marius1 #acc2 ,t4 ,k4 ,hervey's ,cupid and ,psyche1 #acf1 #acg2 ,keats' ,psyche1 #acg-aci2 ,c4 #aja-ajb ,psychopompus 7si-ko-pompus73 ,mercury as guide of ghosts to the underworld1 #ce1 #dg2 ,c4 #cf ,ptah 7pt74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,purpose of this work1 #a ,py-4a-neps7i-a1 ,c4 #cj ,pygmalion 7pig-mal7i-7on71 fabled sculptor1 #aci2 and the statue1 #ade-adg2 extracts from ,lang's ,new ,pygmalion1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg2 from ,william ,morris' ,pygmalion and the ,image1 #adf1 #adg2 ,c4 #aje ,pygmalion 7pig-mal7i-7on71 king of ,tyre1 #cea ,pygmies1 #bba2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,pylades 7pil4a-des71 #cae1 #caf2 ,c4 #bbh-bcj ,pyl7os1 #aej1 #bbe1 #bhe1 #deb2 ,c4 #aji1 #aef-afb ,pyramus 7p7ir4a-mus71 #aci2 and ,thisbe1 #adg-adi2 ,c4 #ajf ,pyriphlegethon 7p7ir-7i-fleg'e-th7on71 #cbg4 ,see ,phlegethon ,pyrrha 7p7ira7 and ,deucalion1 #af1 #bjg2 ,c4 #ai-bj2 genealogy1 #adh 7#e7 ,pyrrhus 7p7irus71 or ,ne-op-tole-mus1 #cab1 #cac2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a74 ,see ,neoptolemus ,pythagoras 7p7i-thago-r4as71 a philosopher of ,samos1 about #eej ,b4,c42 his doctrine of metempsychosis1 #cfj and ,c4 #bee-beg ,pythia 7pith7i-a71 ,c4 #cj1 #cb4 ,see ,diana ,pythian ,games1 #bg2 ,c4 #agf-aha 7,textual7 ,pyth7on1 #bf1 #ib2 ,c4 #cj1 #gd ,pythoness 7pitho-ness71 ,c4 #cj ,qu7i-rinus1 #fa ,r4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,r4agn4a-r7ok1 #cid ,rakshasas 7r7uksh4a-s4as74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,rmyana 7r-my4a-n4a71 #dfb1 #dfc2 compared with ,iliad1 #dfc2 paraphrase of1 ,c4 #cjc ,rvana 7rv4a-n4a71 #dfc ,re-4gillus1 #bdc ,regin 7ra'g7in71 #djj1 #dja ,reim-thursar 7ramther-sr71 ,rime or ,frost giants4 ,see ,hrim-thursar ,remus1 #cgb ,rerir 7ra'rer71 #cih ,rhadamanthus 7rad-4a-manthus71 #ea1 #ec1 #baf1 #ceg2 son of ,europa1 #ga1 #bdf2 ,c4 #bee-beg ,rhamnusia 7ram-nush7i-a73 ,nemesis1 from ,rhamnus in ,attica1 where she was specially worshiped ,rhapsodists1 the1 #deb ,rhea 7rea71 #d1 #e1 #ai1 #dd1 #aeb2 the ,roman ,magna ,mater1 #ei2 ,c4 #d1 #da1 #aaj-aab1 #adf-adg4 ,see ,cybele ,rhine1 #djd-djf1 #dji1 #daj-dcj passim ,rhine-daughters1 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #daj1 #daa1 #daf1 #dbg-dcj ,rhine-gold1 ,wagner's opera of the1 #daj-daf ,rhodope 7rodo-pe71 a mountain range in ,thrace1 #ig2 ,c4 #gf ,rhodope 7rodo-pe71 ,ac7on and1 ,landor's poem1 ,c4 #ach ,rhoecus1 7rekus71 myth of1 #aic1 #aid2 extracts from ,lowell's ,rhoecus1 #aic1 #aid2 ,c4 #ach ,rhoetus 7retus71 ,c4 #h ,ring of the ,nibelung1 ,wagner's1 #daj-dcj ,r7ish7is1 #dfb ,river ocean1 #c4 ,see ,ocean ,rock1 the ,white1 #dg ,rodmr1 #djj1 #dja ,roman divinities1 #b1 #c1 #ei-fc ,rome1 #cfe1 #cff1 #cgb1 #ddh1 #def ,romu-lus1 #fj1 #cgb2 as ,quirinus1 #fa ,runes1 #cge1 #cid1 #dac1 #deg1 #deh2 ,c4 #cjj ,russians1 #ddh ,rutu-li1 ,rutulians 7roo-too'l7i-ans71 #cfb1 #cfe-cgj ,rymer 7re'mer71 #cif ,s4a-brina1 a nymph in ,milton's ,comus1 #bjd ,smund 7sa'moond7 the ,wise1 #dei ,sg4as1 the1 #dfj2 of the ,volsungs1 #cih-dje1 #dfj2 ,c4 #bhb ,sal4a-mis1 #cjh ,sal7i-i1 ,c4 #bh ,salmoneus 7sal-monus71 #ceg ,sam7os1 #bdg2 ,c4 #cd ,sam-o-thrae1 or ,samothracia 7sam-o-thrash7i-a71 an island near the coast of ,thrace1 #bdb ,samson and ,hercules1 #ddj ,sanskrit1 studies and translations1 ,c4 #cjc ,sappho 7safo71 #adi1 #dec1 #ded2 ,c4 #ajg ,saram 7s4a-r4a'm71 ,c4 #cf ,sarameyas 7s4a-r4a-ma'y4as71 ,c4 #cf ,sarasvati 7s7ar4as-w4a-te74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,sr-ped7on1 son of ,jove and ,europa1 #ga ,sr-ped7on1 son of ,jove and ,laodamia1 in the ,trojan ,war1 #bhj1 #bij1 #bih ,saturn 7,s4a-turnus71 the attempts to identify ,cronus and1 #ei2 his rule in ,latium1 #ei1 #cfb1 #cff2 ,c4 #d1 #ed ,sat-ur-nal7i-a1 #ei ,s4a-turn7i-a1 #cff ,satyrs 7s7aters or sa'ters71 #dd1 #aeb1 #ahi1 #aij1 #aie1 #beh2 described1 #df1 #ahf2 extract from ,r4 ,buchanan's ,satyr1 #ahf1 #ahg2 ,c4 #aca ,s7av7i-t4ar4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,sc4a-mander1 #bgb ,s-cher7i-a1 #ccb ,schoeneus 7skenus71 #aci ,scop7as1 a ,greek sculptor of ,paros1 first half of the #dth century ,b4,c42 he made the ,niobe group2 see also ,c4 #db1 #gh1 #aca ,scylla 7sila71 described1 #eg1 #bee2 and ,glaucus1 #bjj1 #bja2 and ,nisus1 #bja1 #bjb2 and ,ulysses1 #cbi1 #ccj2 and neas1 #cej2 ,c4 #ej-eb and table ,c2 #adb1 #bca-bdd ,scyros 7sir7os71 #bfj1 #bgj1 #bgi ,scythia 7sith7i-a71 #ig1 #aib1 #caf2 ,c4 #gf ,sea4 ,see ,waters ,sea-monsters1 and ,hesione1 #agj2 and ,andromeda1 #bab4 ,see ,waters1 ,greek gods of ,s7eb4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,s7e-lene1 #bi1 #ci1 #dc1 #aag2 and ,endymion1 #abd1 #abe2 ,c4 #ih4 ,see ,diana ,seme-le1 #dd1 #fd1 #hi1 #aeb2 myth of1 #ga-gc1 #bfa1 #bhh2 ,e4 ,r4 ,sill's poem1 ,semele1 #gb1 #gc2 ,c4 #db1 #fj ,s7e-m7ir4a-mis1 #adg2 ,c4 #ajf ,s7e-mitic races1 #ddh ,semn4 ,see ,furies ,sene-ca1 #deg2 references to tragedies of1 #bae ,se-rapis1 ,s4a-rapis4 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,serimnir 7sa-remner71 #cgf1 #chh ,s7e-riphus1 #bjh1 #bac2 ,c4 #adi-aed ,sest7os1 #adb ,s7et or ,seth 7s7et74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,shu 7shoo74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#a7 ,sibyl 7sibil71 #ceb-cfa2 ,c4 #bde-bed ,s7i--chus1 #cea ,sicily1 #aah1 #afa1 #bja1 #bdg1 #cdi1 #cej1 #ceb ,sicyon 7sish7i-7on71 or ,me-cone1 #aj2 ,c4 #aj-ae ,siegelind 7seg'e-lind71 #dje2 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #daf-dba ,siegfried 7seg'fred71 #dje-dji1 #dbj-dbi2 ,wagner's opera of1 #dba-dbf2 ,c4 #bhb-bhc ,sieglinde 7seg'lin-de71 #daf-dba4 ,see ,siegelind ,siegmund 7seg'mund71 #dje1 #daf-dba4 ,see ,sigmund ,siggeir 7s7ig'gar71 #cih-djj ,sigi 7se'ge71 #cih1 #dje ,s7ig'mund1 #cih-dja1 #dje2 in ,wagner's ,ring1 #daf-dba ,signy 7s7ig'ne71 #cih-djj ,siguna 7se-goo'na71 #cic ,sigurd 7ze'g7oort71 #djj-dje1 #dej n2 ,c4 #bhb1 #bhb-bhc4 ,see ,siegfried ,si-leni1 #dd1 #ahf1 #beh2 ,c4 #aac ,si-lenus1 #aeb1 #aeg1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg2 ,c4 #aac1 #aca ,sil-vanus4 ,see ,sylvanus ,silver ,age1 the1 #aj ,silv7i-a1 #cfc ,si-mon7i-des of e7os1 #bjh1 #dec1 #ded ,sinfiotli 7sinfy'ot-le71 #cii1 #djj ,sin7on1 #caa1 #cab2 ,c4 #bbc ,sirens1 described1 #eg1 #bje1 #bcb1 #bcc2 and ,ulysses1 #cbh1 #cbi2 ,c4 #ej-eb and table ,c2 #bca-bdd ,s7ir7i-us1 #abc ,s7isy-phus1 #bad1 #bbi2 betrays ,jove1 #gc2 marries ,merope1 #abd2 in ,tartarus1 #aff1 #bjj1 #ceh2 ,c4 #aah1 #bee-beg2 genealogy1 #ajc1 table ,g1 #adh 7#b71 7#e7 ,sita 7seta71 #dfc ,siva 7seva74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,ska3ldic poetry1 ,ska3lds1 #deg1 #deh ,skidbladnir 7skid-bldner71 #cid ,skirnir's ,journey 7sk7irner71 #chf1 #dfj ,skrymir 7skre'mer71 #chj1 #cha ,skuld 7sk7oold71 #cgd ,sleep 7,somnus1 ,hypnos71 #ed1 #bih1 #ceb2 cave of1 #agf2 ,c4 #di1 #abe ,sleipnir 7slapner71 #chh-cia1 #dja ,smintheus 7sminthus71 ,apollo1 ,c4 #cj1 #hi ,sminth7i-a1 ,c4 #cj ,smyrna 7smerna71 #deb ,s7ol 7,helios71 #fa1 #fc ,soma4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,somnus4 ,see ,sleep ,sopho-cles1 #dee2 references to1 #dg1 #bae1 #bbg1 #bbh1 #bfa1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfh1 #cjh1 #cji1 #cae2 translations1 ,c4 #bih ,sophr7on1 ,c4 #db ,south ,american savages1 mental state of1 #dda ,sprta 7,la-e-dm7on71 #bb1 #bc1 #bbe1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bge1 #bhi1 #cad ,sphinx1 #bfb2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi ,sri 7sre74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,stars1 the1 #agb1 #age2 ,c4 #abe1 table ,h ,statius 7stash7i-us71 references to the ,thebaid of1 #ada1 #bfe2 to the ,silv1 #aif2 to the ,achilleid1 #bfi1 #cjh2 ,c4 #bii ,st7ero-pe1 one of the ,pleiads ,st7ero-pes1 ,c4 #d ,ste-si-cho-rus1 #cac1 #dec ,stheneboea 7sthen-e-bea71 or ,sthenoboea1 daughter of ,iobates1 enamored of ,bellerophon ,sthene-lus1 #aaj ,stheno1 daughter of ,phorcys and ,ceto2 one of the ,gorgons ,stroph7i-us1 #cae ,strym7on1 #afh2 ,c4 #aah ,sturlason1 ,snorri 7sn7orre stoorl4a-sun71 connection with the ,prose ,edda1 #dei2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,stym-phal7i-an birds1 #bah2 and lake1 ,c4 #aef-afb ,styx 7st7ix71 #dg1 #ga1 #id1 #aea1 #ahi1 #bgd1 #cjh1 #cbg2 ,c4 #dd-df1 #di ,suadela 7sw4a-dela74 ,see ,peitho ,sun1 cattle of the1 #cbh1 #ccj4 ,see ,helios and ,sol ,sun-myth1 #dcb1 #dce ,surter 7s7oorter71 #cie ,survival1 theory of myth1 #ddb ,surya 7soorya74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,svadilfari 7sw-dil-f4a're71 #cgh1 #cgi ,swanhild 7sw7onh7ild71 #dje ,sylv4ans1 #ahf ,syl-vanus1 #fa1 #aie ,sym-pleg'4a-des1 #bca2 ,c4 #afc-afg 7,interpret47 ,syrinx and ,pan1 #ff1 #fg2 ,c4 #dc1 #eg ,syrtis 7sertis71 #bee ,tnarus 7ten4a-rus71 or ,tnarum1 #ea1 #aff2 ,c4 #aah ,tagus1 #ig ,talus1 #bdb1 #bdc2 ,c4 #agj-aga ,tana-is river1 #ig2 ,c4 #gf ,tant4a-lus1 #gg1 #ii1 #aff1 #bge1 #ceh2 ,c4 #gh and table ,i2 #aah1 #bee-beg ,tr-ch7on1 #cfg ,trnhelm1 #dad1 #dae1 #dbc1 #dbg1 #dbh ,trnkp-pe1 #djf ,tarpeian 7t4ar-pey4an7 ,rock1 #cff ,trt4a-rus1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #ea1 #ig1 #aei1 #ceg2 name of ,pluto1 #ec2 ,c4 #dd-df ,tauri1 ,taur7i-ans1 a people of what is now the ,crimea2 ,iphigenia among the ,taurians1 #bha1 #caf2 ,c4 #aif ,taurus1 ,mount1 #if1 #bec2 ,c4 #gf ,tel4a-m7on1 #ge1 #bbb1 #bbe1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bgf1 #bhj2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a7 ,te-lem4a--chus1 #bgi1 #cad1 #cbh1 #cci-cde2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#d71 #bca-bdd ,tele-phus1 son of ,hercules and ,auge2 wounded by ,achilles1 but cured by the rust of the spear ,tellus1 #ei1 #bcc4 ,see ,ga ,tempe1 a vale in ,thessaly1 through which ran the river ,penes1 ,,iii1 #bgj2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,tene-d7os1 #aac2 ,c4 #hi ,tereus 7terus71 #bdi ,term7i-nus1 #fa ,ter-pander1 ,c4 #bf ,terp-si-cho-re1 the muse of choral dance and song1 #cg2 ,c4 #ch 7#d7 ,t7erra4 ,see ,earth and ,ga ,tethys 7tethis71 #d1 #bb1 #ee1 #fg1 #bjd2 ,c4 #d ,teucer 7tuser71 son of the river-god ,scamander and the nymph ,ida2 first king of ,troy2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,teucer 7tuser71 son of ,telamon and ,hesione1 #bgf2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a71 7#e71 #bjg ,teucri 7tu'cri73 the ,trojans ,th4a-lass7i-7os3 an epithet applied to ,hymen because he brought safely over the sea to their home a shipload of kidnaped ,athenian maidens ,th4a-lia1 one of the ,graces1 #cf ,th4a-lia1 the muse of comedy1 #cg ,thamy-ris1 or ,thamy-r4as1 #dea ,than4a-t7os1 ,mors4 ,see ,death ,th3ar-4gel7i-a1 ,c4 #cj ,thaum7as1 father of the ,harpies and of ,iris1 #eg2 ,c4 #ej-eb1 table ,c ,thea1 #d2 ,c4 #d ,the-a4g'e-nes of ,rhegium 7reji-um71 #dci ,theba-is1 an epic by ,statius on the ,seven against ,thebes2 ,pope's translation1 ,c4 #bii4 ,see ,statius ,thebes 7thebs71 ,the'b1 in ,boeotia1 #ga1 #ge1 #bjg1 #baf2 founded1 #hg1 #hi1 ,c4 #gj2 ,bacchus at1 #aec-aee2 misfortunes of1 #bfa1 #bfb1 #bfe-bfh2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,thebes 7thebs71 ,theb1 in ,egypt1 #bj ,thebes 7thebs71 the ,seven against1 #bjf1 #bfd1 #bfe-bfh1 #dec1 #dee ,themis1 #d2 attributes of1 #ch2 ,c4 #d1 #ah ,the-ocr7i-tus1 #bae1 #bdc1 #dee2 selections from translations by ,lang of various idyls1 #aih-bjj1 #bbb1 #bbc2 ,lityerses song1 #bbd2 ,c4 #bih4 ,see ,andrew ,lang and ,calverley1 in ,index of ,modern ,authors ,ther-sander1 #bfh ,ther-sites1 #bhf1 #cjg ,theseus 7thesus71 #ag1 #afh1 #bjf1 #bbj1 #bca1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bfc1 #bge2 myth of1 #bej-bfj2 early adventures1 #bea1 #beb2 and ,ariadne1 #beb et seq41 #bgj2 translation of ,catullus1 ,,lxiv1 by ,c4 ,m4 ,gayley1 #bec-beg2 later adventures1 #beh-bfj2 ,c4 #agd1 #agf-aha ,thes-mo-phor7i-a1 ,c4 #aad-aag ,thesp7i-1 lion of1 #baf2 ,c4 #aef-afb ,thess4a-ly1 #f1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #age1 #aib1 #aic1 #bjf1 #bjg1 #bad1 #bbi1 #bca1 #beh1 #bfi ,thest7i-us1 #bge2 ,c4 #adh 7#c71 7#e71 #afh ,thesty-lis1 a maid in the pastorals of ,theocritus and ,virgil ,thetis1 the ,nered1 #ee1 #ij1 #aih1 #bje1 #bfi-bgb1 #bgg1 #bgi1 #bhe1 #bii1 #cjj1 #cjd1 #cjh2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 #ej-eb1 table ,c1 #aij-aid 7#a7 ,thialfi 7the-lfe71 #chj1 #chc1 #che ,this'be1 #adg-adi2 ,c4 #ajf ,th7ok1 #cib ,thr1 #cgf1 #dcb1 #dfj2 deeds of1 #cgh-chf1 #cic-cif2 recovery of his hammer1 #cgi1 #chj2 visit to ,jtunheim1 #chj-chf2 as ,donner in ,wagner's ,ring1 #dab1 #dae2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,thoth 7th7oth or tot74 ,see ,egyptian divinities 7#b7 ,thrace1 #bd1 #bah1 #bca1 #bdi1 #cdg ,three ,daughters of ,king ,o,hara2 analogy of incident1 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 #aah1 #adi-aed ,thrinacia 7thr7i-nash7i-a71 #cbh1 #ccj4 ,see ,trinacria ,thrym 7thrm71 #cgi1 #chj ,thucydides 7thu-sid7i-des71 ,c4 #fa ,thy-estes1 #bge1 #cad2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#b7 ,thy-i4a-des1 ,c4 #db4 ,see ,bacchus ,thy-one1 ,c4 #cd ,thyrsis 7thersis71 an ideal shepherd of ,greek pastoral poetry4 ,see ,theocritus1 ,idyl #a2 ,virgil1 ,bucolics #g2 and ,m4 ,arnold's elegy ,thyrsus 7thersus71 the1 #de1 #aec1 #aef2 ,c4 #aaj-aab ,tiber1 #cfb1 #cfe ,tiber1 ,father1 the river-god1 #fb1 #cfe ,t7i-bullus1 #deg2 reference to1 #bjj ,time1 #c ,tiresias 7ti-resh7i-7as or ti-res7i-7as71 #bff1 #bfh1 #cbg1 #cbh1 #ccj1 #dea2 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 #bca-bdd ,tiryns 7tirins71 a city in ,argolis1 where ,hercules was brought up ,t7i-sipho-ne1 #ed1 #ceg ,tit4ans1 #d1 #e1 #g2 war of1 #e1 #f2 in ,tartarus1 #ea1 #ceg2 in the ,fortunate ,isles1 #eb2 ,c4 #d ,t7i-thonus1 and ,aurora1 #agg1 #agi2 ,tennyson's poem1 #agg-agi2 family connections1 #bgf1 #bhj2 ,c4 #abf-abg1 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,tity-rus1 an ideal goatherd of ,greek and ,latin pastorals4 ,see ,theocritus1 ,idyl #c1 and ,virgil1 ,bucolics #a ,tity-us1 slain by ,apollo1 #bg1 #ib1 #ceg2 ,c4 #gd ,tmolus1 ,mount1 #if1 #aaj1 #aaa2 ,c4 #gf ,tomi1 #def ,toxeus 7toxus71 #bch1 #bdj ,tra-chis1 #age ,tragic poets of ,greece1 #dee ,trident1 ,neptune's1 #ef1 #agj ,tr7i-nacr7i-a1 ,thr7i-nacr7i-a1 ,thrinacia 7thr7i-nash7i-a73 the island of ,sicily1 having three promontories ,trip-tole-mus1 #afa2 and the ,eleusinian mysteries1 #afd1 #afe ,trist7i-a1 ,ovid's1 #def ,trit-o-4ge-nea1 ,tr7i-to'n7i-a3 an epithet of ,minerva 7,athene71 meaning born near ,lake ,tritonis1 or headborn1 or born on the third day ,trit7on1 #ef1 #eh1 #bjd1 #cej ,trit7ons1 the1 #gj ,triv7i-a1 ,hecate1 or ,diana of the ,crossways1 #ed ,troezen 7trezen71 a city in ,argolis1 #bea2 ,c4 #agf-aha ,tro7i-lus1 son of ,priam1 killed by ,achilles1 #bgf2 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e71 #aif ,trojan ,war1 mentioned1 #ge1 #hd1 #hf1 #ih1 #agi1 #bjf1 #bcg1 #bei1 #bfe1 #dea1 #deb1 #dee2 houses concerned in1 #bfi-bgf2 origin1 #bgg-bgi2 narrative of1 #bgi-cjf2 fall of ,troy1 #cjg-cab2 survivors of the war1 #cac-cag ,tro-phon7i-us1 oracle of1 ,c4 #cj ,tros1 son of ,erichthonius of ,troy1 and grandson of ,dardanus1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e7 ,troy1 #bc1 #aaj1 #afi1 #agj1 #agg1 #bjf1 #bbe2 royal family of1 #bgf1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#e72 the war at1 #bgg-cac and passim2 ,c4 #aai-abj1 #aie1 #bbh-bcj ,tu'b4al1 #ddj ,tubal-,cain 7tu'b4al-can71 #ddj ,turnus1 #cfb-cfd1 #cfg-cgb ,twelve ,brothers1 story of the2 analogy of incident1 ,c4 #aja-ajb ,twilight of the ,gods1 ,wagner's opera of the1 #dbf-dcj ,ty-ane-an1 #gi2 ,c4 #fc ,ty-che4 ,see ,fortuna ,tydeus 7tidus71 #hd1 #bfe1 #bhj2 ,c4 #afh1 table ,k ,tydides 7t7i-dides71 ,c4 #gg4 ,see ,diomede ,tyndareus 7tin-dare-us71 or ,tyndarus 7tind4a-rus71 #bdb1 #bfi1 #cch2 family of1 #bge1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#c7 ,tyndarid 7tin-d7ar7i-de71 ,castor and ,pollux1 #bdc2 ,c4 #gf ,tyndaris 7tind4a-ris73 patronymic of a female descendant of ,tyndareus2 ,helen or ,clytemnestra2 ,c4 #gg ,typhoeus 7ti-fous71 youngest son of ,ga1 later identified with ,typhon ,typh7on1 #f1 #g1 #cej2 also called the son of ,typhoeus and a hurricane2 ,c4 #h ,tyr 7ter71 or ,z7iu1 #cgg1 #cgh1 #cif ,tyrian dye1 #hb1 #aaa2 ,c4 #ge ,tyrian flowers1 #id1 #acg ,tyrians1 of ,cadmus1 #hh2 of ,dido1 #cea ,tyro1 #agj ,tyrrheus 7t7irus71 #cfc ,ulysses 7u-lises71 wanderings of1 mentioned1 #afh1 #bjf1 #bfe2 descent of1 #bge1 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#d72 in ,trojan ,war1 #bgh-cad2 and ,penelope1 #bgi1 #cch-cdd2 arms of ,achilles1 #cjh2 ,u4 and ,philoctetes1 #cji2 the ,palladium1 the ,wooden ,horse1 #caj1 #cad2 ,telemachus1 #cad1 #cci-cde2 wanderings of ,u4 7,odyssey71 #cah-cde2 the ,lotos-eaters1 #cah1 #cai2 ,tennyson's ,lotos-eaters1 #cai1 #cbj2 the ,cyclopes1 #cbj-cbc1 #cdi2 olus and the bag of winds1 #cbc2 the ,lstrygonians1 #cbd2 the isle of a1 ,circe1 #cbd-cbg2 ,dobson's ,prayer of the ,swine to ,circe1 #cbe1 #cbf2 visit to ,hades1 #cbg1 #cbh2 the ,sirens1 #cbh1 #cbi2 ,scylla and ,charybdis1 #cbi1 #ccj2 cattle of the ,sun1 #ccj2 ,calypso1 #cca2 the ,phacians1 #ccb-ccg2 ,lang's ,song of ,phacia1 #cce1 #ccf2 ,nausicaa1 #ccb et seq42 return to ,ithaca1 #ccg2 fate of the suitors1 #cch-cdd2 ,tennyson's ,ulysses1 #cdd1 #cde2 ,c4 #bca-bdd ,underworld 7,hades71 described1 #dg-eb2 the garden of ,proserpine1 #di1 #ej2 ,greek divinities of1 #dg1 #eb-ed2 rivers of1 #dg2 inhabitants of1 and communication with them1 #ea2 judges of1 #ea1 #ec1 #ga1 #bdf2 myths of greater gods1 #aei-afh2 ,hercules' visit1 #bbj2 ,ulysses' visit1 #cbg1 #cbh2 neas' visit1 #cec-cfa2 ,c4 #dd-df1 #dg1 #di4 ,for the ,norse ,underworld1 see ,hel ,u-ran7i-a1 the muse of astronomy1 #cg1 ,c4 #ch 7#d72 also the ,aphrodite of ideal love1 ,c4 #cd4 ,see ,m4 ,arnold's ,urania ,u'r4a-nus1 ,ouranos 7oo'r4a-n7os71 father of ,cronus1 #d1 #e1 #f2 ,c4 #d4 ,see ,heaven ,urd 7oord71 #cgd ,ushas 77oosh4as74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,utgard-,loki 77ootgrd-loke71 #chb-chf ,vch4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 and 7#b7 ,vl4a1 ,c4 #aji ,v4a-ler7i-us ,flaccus1 reference to1 #bfi2 ,c4 #bii ,v7al-h7alla1 #cgd-cgf1 #cgh1 #chg-cij1 #cid1 #dad-dai1 #dbf-dcj ,valkyrias 7v7al-k7iry4as71 ,valkyrs 7v7al-kers71 or ,valkyries4 ,see ,valkyries ,valkyrie 7v7al-k7ir7i71 ,wagner's opera of the1 #daf-dba ,valkyries 7v7al-k7ir7is71 ,valkyrs 7v7al-kers71 or ,valkyrias1 #cgf1 #chh1 #cic1 #djb1 #dae1 #dah1 #dbj1 #dba1 #dcb ,vlmki 7vl-me'ke71 #dfc ,varuna 7v7ar7oo-na74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,vayu 7vyoo74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,ve 7va71 #cgc1 #cgd ,vedas 7va'd4as71 the1 #dfb ,vedic 7va'dik7 religion4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,ven-er-al7i-a1 ,c4 #cd ,venus 7,aphrodite71 daughter of ,dione1 #ai2 wife of ,vulcan1 #bf2 foam-born1 #ca2 attributes1 #ca-cd2 her various influence1 #ca1 #cb2 favorite animals and cities1 #cb2 artistic conceptions of1 #cb2 ,e4 ,r4 ,sill's poem1 ,the ,venus of ,milo1 #cb-cd2 attendants of1 #ce1 #cf2 star of1 #dj2 among the ,romans1 #ei2 ,cypris1 #fh1 #fi1 and ad loc42 mother of ,harmonia1 #ga1 #hi2 myths of1 #abe-aej2 love for ,mars1 and ,anchises1 #abe1 #bhj2 ,adonis1 #abf-abh2 ,lang's translation of ,bion's ,lament for ,adonis1 #abf-abh2 ,cupid and ,psyche1 #abh-aci2 ,atalanta and ,hippomenes1 #aci-ada2 ,hero and ,leander1 #ada-ade2 ,pygmalion and ,galatea1 #ade-adg2 ,pyramus and ,thisbe1 #adg-adi2 ,phaon1 #adi2 her vengeance1 #aej2 ,pluto and ,proserpine1 #aei2 ,paris1 #bgh1 #bgi2 in ,trojan ,war1 #bhd1 #bhi1 #bie1 #cac2 neas1 #cdf1 #ceb1 #ced1 #cgb2 as a moon-goddess1 #dcb2 ,c4 #cd1 #ce1 #ajj-ajf ,verdandi 7v7er-dnde71 #cgd ,vergelmir 7v7er-g7elmer71 #cgc ,ver-tumnus1 #fa1 #aie2 ,c4 #aci ,vesper1 #ach ,vesta 7,hestia71 #e1 #ai1 #ce1 #ei2 ,c4 #cg ,vestal ,virgins1 #ce ,victoria 7,nike71 #da ,vidar 7ve'dr71 #cgf1 #cie1 #cif ,vigrid 7veg'red71 #cie ,vili 7ve'le71 #cgc1 #cgd ,v7ing7olf1 #cgd ,virgil 7,ver-4gil7i-us71 account of1 and of the neid1 #def2 references to ,georgics1 #ada1 #bjb2 to neid1 #dg1 #ea1 #bdf1 #cjh1 #caj-cab1 #cdi-cec1 #cfg1 #cgj2 to ,bucolics1 #bbc2 outline of neid1 #cdf-cgb2 ,tennyson's poem to ,virgil1 #cdf2 the neid1 ,c4 #bde-bfj2 translations1 #bii ,vishnu 7vishnoo74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#b7 ,vitharr 7ve'thr74 ,see ,vidar ,void1 #d ,volscens 7v7olsens71 #cfi1 #cgj ,volsung 7v7ols7oong71 ,volsungs1 the saga of1 #cih-dje1 #dfj2 in the ,ring of the ,nibelung1 #daf1 #dah-dcj2 ,c4 #bhb ,volsunga ,saga 7vel-s7oong sg74 ,see ,volsung ,vr7itra4 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,vulc4an 7,vul-canus1 ,hephstus71 one of the great gods1 #ai2 meaning of name1 #bd2 attributes1 #bd-bf2 his lameness1 #be1 #ij2 his wife1 #bf1 #fa2 among the ,romans1 ,mulciber1 #ei2 ,harmonia's necklace made by1 #hi1 #bfe2 myths of1 #ij1 #ia2 chariot of the ,sun made by1 #ie2 ,v4 and ,orion1 #abb2 ,talus1 #bdb2 father of ,periphetes1 #bea2 ,ariadne1 #bec2 armor of ,achilles1 #cjj2 of neas1 #cgb2 interpretations of1 #dcd1 #ddj2 ,c4 #bi ,vysa 7vys4a71 #dfc ,wagner's ,ring of the ,nibelung1 #daj-dcj ,wlse 7vlse71 #daf1 #dah ,wlsungs 7vls7oongs71 #daf4 ,see ,volsung ,waltraute 7vltrou-te71 #dbg1 #dbh ,water-,nymphs1 #df1 #eh1 #ahi1 #baa ,waters1 ,greek gods of1 #ee-eh2 older dynasty1 #ee2 younger dynasty1 #ee1 #ef2 lesser divinities1 #ef-eh2 ,wordsworth's ,the world is too much with us1 #eh2 myths of ,neptune1 #afi-aga2 of lesser divinities1 #aih-bje2 ,c4 #ada ,winds1 the1 ,greek names and attributes of1 #ch1 #ci2 myths of1 #agb1 #agi2 ,c4 #ch 7#i71 #abe1 table ,h ,wod4an1 ,wot4an1 ,woden1 #cge1 #dab-dcj4 ,see ,odin ,woman1 origin of1 ,greek1 #aa ,wooden ,horse1 the1 #caj-cab1 #ccg ,world1 conception of1 among the ,greeks1 #db1 #dc ,world egg1 #c ,worms1 #djg1 #dji ,wot4an4 ,see ,wodan ,xanten 7znten71 #dje1 #djf ,xanthus 7zanthus7 river1 #ia1 #ig2 ,c4 #ga1 #gf ,xuthus 7zu'thus71 son of ,hellen1 #af2 genealogy1 ,c4 #ajc1 table ,g2 #acb 7#b71 7#e71 #agd ,yama and ,yami 7yame74 ,see ,hindu divinities 7#a7 ,yggdrasil 77ig'dr4a-sil71 #cgd ,ymir 7mer or e'mer71 #cgc1 #cgd1 #cid ,yssel-land 77isel71 #djf ,zante1 #aec ,zephy-rus1 #ch1 #ci1 #bgj2 and ,hyacinthus1 #id2 ,zephyr and ,psyche1 #abi-acb2 ,c4 #ch 7#i7 ,zetes1 #ci1 #bcj ,zethus1 #ge2 ,c4 #fb ,zeus 7zus74 ,see ,jupiter ,zeuxis 7zuxis71 a ,greek painter of ,heraclea2 flourished about #dbd ,b4,c4 ,z7iu or ,tyr 7ter74 ,see ,tyr ,zodiac1 ,c4 #aef-afb 7,interpret47 ,zo-ro-aster1 #dfc ,zulus1 myths among1 #ddh ,,index ,,of ,,modern ,,authors ,,and ,,artists ,ordinary figures refer to pages of the ,text4 ,figures in italics preceded by ,c4 refer to sections of the ,commentary and incidentally to the corresponding sections in the ,text4 ,for explanation of the diacritical marks see p4 #edc4 ,acland1 ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 #bbh-bcj1 ,plains of ,troy ,addison1 ,joseph1 #afgb-agai4 ,c4 #bee-beg ,spectator1 ,no4 #cdc2 #bii1 transl4 ,metamorphoses ,akenside 7aken-sid71 ,mark1 #agba-aggj4 ,c4 #ch 7#d71 7#i71 #abh1 #abi-acj1 ,pleasures of ,imagination2 ,c4 #ch 7#d71 7#aa71 ,ode on ,lyric ,poetry1 ,ode to ,hesper2 #di1 ,ode to ,sleep ,albani 7l-bne71 ,francesco1 #aegh-affj 7paint474 ,c4 #cf1 ,mercury and ,apollo2 #ie1 ,diana and her ,nymphs1 ,acton 7two pictures1 ,dresden72 #ada1 ,galatea and ,cupids ,aldrich1 ,t4 ,b41 #ahcf-aijg4 ,c4 #aie1 ,pillared ,arch and ,sculptured ,tower ,alfieri 7l-fya're71 ,vittorio1 #agdi-ahjc4 ,c4 #afi1 ,merope ,anderson1 ,r4 ,b4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 ,norse ,mythology2 ,horn's ,scandinavian ,literature2 ,younger ,edda ,armstrong1 ,john1 #agji-aggi4 ,c4 #cj1 #ej-eb1 #fh1 #adi-aed1 ,the ,art of ,preserving ,health ,armstrong1 ,w4 ,j4 ,c4 #bbh-bcj1 ,over ,ilium and ,ida ,arnold1 ,sir ,edwin1 #ahcb-aijd4 ,reference to1 #abf2 ,c4 #cjc1 ,indian ,idylls1 ,light of ,asia2 #cb1 ,hymn of the ,priestess of ,diana2 #ajd1 transl4 ,musus2 #aif1 ,iphigenia ,arnold1 ,m41 #ahbb-ahhh4 ,quotation from ,thyrsis1 #bbd1 #bbe2 from ,dejaneira1 #bbh2 his ,merope1 #bdb2 from ,the ,new ,philomela1 #bej2 from ,empedocles on ,etna1 #bgd2 from ,balder ,dead1 #chh-cig2 ,c4 #h1 #hg1 ,empedocles2 #ch 7#c71 7#d71 ,euphrosyne1 ,urania2 #db1 ,bacchanalia2 #ej-eb1 ,the ,new ,sirens2 #aef-afb1 ,fragment of a ,dejaneira1 ,merope1 ,thyrsis2 #agd1 ,the ,new ,philomela2 #ahb-ahi1 ,fragment of an ,antigone2 #bca-bdd1 ,the ,strayed ,reveller2 #bfh-bha1 ,balder ,dead ,ashe1 ,thomas1 #ahcf-ahhi4 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,the ,lost ,eros ,bacon1 ,lord1 #aefa-afbf4 ,wisdom of the ,ancients2 his method of explaining ,greek ,myths1 #dci1 ,c4 #aad-aag ,baldwin1 ,james4 ,c4 #bhb1 ,the ,story of ,siegfried1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh ,bandinelli 7bn-d'e-nelle71 ,b41 #adhg-aeei 7sculpt474 ,c4 #aef-afb1 ,hercules and ,cacus ,banks1 ,j4 ,transl4 ,hesiod1 ,callimachus1 and ,theognis 7,bohn's ,library7 ,barnfield1 ,richard1 #aegd-afbg4 ,c4 #agd1 ,song1 ,as it fell upon a day 7,philomela7 ,bartsch 7brtsh71 ,k4 ,f4 ,der ,nibelunge ,nt1 #dfa n2 ,c4 #bhc ,bates1 ,h4 7paint474 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche ,baumeister 7boumi-ster74 ,denkmler d4 klassischen ,altertums2 see ,list of ,illustrations ,beattie 7be't7i71 ,james1 #agce-ahjc4 ,c4 #aef-afb1 ,battle of ,pygmies and ,cranes2 #aie1 ,judgment of ,paris ,beaumont 7bom7ont71 ,francis1 #aehd-afaf1 and ,john ,fletcher1 #aegi-afbe4 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,cupid's ,revenge2 #ej-eb1 #agf-aha1 ,maid's ,tragedy ,beddoes 7bedoz71 ,thomas ,lovell1 #ahjc-ahdi4 ,c4 #aje1 ,pygmalion2 #aad-aag1 ,stygian ,naiades ,benfey 7benfi7 and ,cosquin 7co-k7an74 ,cited by ,lang1 #ddg n ,bennett1 ,w4 ,c41 #ahbj ----4 ,c4 #aje1 ,pygmalion ,bernini 7b7er-ne'ne71 ,lorenzo1 #aeih-afhj 7sculpt74 ,c4 #dh1 #aad-aag1 ,pluto and ,proserpine2 #hi1 ,apollo and ,daphne ,beyschlag 7bishl4ch71 ,j4 ,r41 #ahch ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche2 #aah1 ,orpheus and ,eurydice ,birch1 ,r41 ,c4 #cjb1 ,guide to ,egyptian ,rooms ,blackie1 ,j4 ,s41 #ahji-ahie4 ,c4 #ada1 ,galatea2 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne1 ,the ,naming of ,athens2 #aie1 ,judgment of ,paris2 #aif1 #bih1 transl4 schylus ,blake1 ,william1 #ageg-ahbg4 ,to the ,muses1 iii ,bland and ,merivale4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,greek ,anthology ,bodenhausen 7boden-houzen71 ,c4 von 7paint474 ,c4 #ajd1 ,hero and ,leander ,bodmer1 ,j4 ,j4 ,referred to1 #dfa2 publ4 ,nibelungenlied1 ,c4 #bhc ,bologna 7b-lony71 ,giovanni di1 #aebd-afjh 7sculpt474 ,c4 #cf1 ,flying ,mercury2 #aef-afb1 ,hercules and ,centaur ,bordone 7br-do'na71 ,paris1 #aejj-aega 7paint474 ,c4 #hg1 ,apollo1 ,marsyas1 and ,midas ,bouguereau 7boo-ge-ro71 ,a4 ,w41 #ahbe-aije 7paint474 ,c4 #ce1 ,birth of ,venus2 #ch 7#a71 ,cupid and a ,butterfly2 #db1 ,youth of ,bacchus2 #aca1 ,nymphs and ,satyr ,bowring1 ,e4 ,a4 ,c4 #bb1 transl4 ,schiller2 #ch 7#b71 ,goethe's ,ganymede2 #fj1 ,schiller's ,semele2 #adj1 ,schiller's ,cranes of ,ibycus2 #aee1 ,schiller's ,pegasus in ,harness ,brandi 7brnde71 ,giacinto1 #afbc-afia 7paint474 ,c4 #agc1 ,ddalus fastening ,wings on ,icarus 7,dresden7 ,bridges1 ,robert1 #ahdd ----4 ,extract from ,eros and ,psyche1 #acb2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,prometheus2 #db1 ,feast of ,bacchus2 #aja1 ,eros and ,psyche2 #aii1 ,achilles in ,scyros2 #bca-bdd1 ,return of ,ulysses ,brooks1 ,c4 ,t41 #ahac-ahhc4 ,c4 #bjg1 ,schiller's ,parting of ,hector and ,andromache ,browning1 ,e4 ,b41 #ahjf-ahfa4 ,reference to1 #abf2 extract from ,the ,dead ,pan1 #ahc2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,prometheus ,bound2 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche2 #aca1 ,flush1 or ,faunus2 #ada1 transl4 ,theocritus2 #agf-aha1 paraphrases of ,nonnus and ,hesiod2 #bjg1 paraphrase of ,homer ,browning1 ,r41 #ahab-ahhi4 ,passage from his ,balaustion's ,adventure1 #ajg-aaj2 ,c4 #ha1 ,apollo and the ,fates2 #hc1 #aef-afb1 ,balaustion's ,adventure2 #aah1 ,eurydice and ,orpheus2 #abi-acj1 ,pan and ,luna2 #aef-afb1 ,aristophanes' ,apology2 #agf-aha1 ,artemis ,prologizes2 #aif1 ,agamemnon2 #bee-beg1 ,ixion ,bryant1 ,jacob4 ,advocate of theological interpretation1 #ddj ,bryant1 ,w4 ,c41 #agid-ahgh4 ,c4 #adi-aed1 transl4 ,simonides' ,lament of ,dana2 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 transl4 ,odyssey 7#ahga7 ,buchanan1 ,r41 #ahda-aija4 ,cited or quoted3 from his ,satyr1 #ahf1 #ahg2 from his ,naiad1 #ahi-aia2 ,c4 #d1 ,cloudland2 #dg1 ,ades1 ,king of ,hell2 #ej-eb1 ,naiad2 #ih1 ,selene1 the ,moon2 #aje1 ,pygmalion the ,sculptor2 #ajg1 ,sappho on the ,leucadian ,rock2 #aah1 ,orpheus2 #abi-acj1 ,pan2 #ada1 ,polypheme's ,passion2 #ade1 ,proteus2 #bca-bdd1 ,cloudland1 ,penelope2 #bfh-bha1 ,balder the ,beautiful ,buckley1 ,t4 ,a4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 schylus and ,euripides ,bugge 7b7ooge71 ,sophus4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 edition of ,elder ,edda ,bulfinch1 ,s4 ,g41 #ahji-ahgj4 ,extract from his translation of ,schiller's ,ideal and ,life1 #bbg1 #bbh ,bulfinch1 ,thomas1 #agif-ahfg4 ,the ,age of ,fable2 see ,preface to this volume ,burges 7berj7es71 ,g4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,greek ,anthology ,burne-,jones1 ,sir ,edward1 #ahcc-ahih 7paint474 ,his ,thisbe1 #adh2 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,cupid2 #aja-ajb1 ,pan and ,psyche2 #aje1 ,pygmalion2 #ajf1 ,cupid1 ,pyramus1 ,thisbe2 #aah1 ,orpheus and ,eurydice2 #aca1 ,nymphs2 #adi-aed1 ,perseus and the ,grai2 #aii1 ,feast of ,peleus2 #bca-bdd1 ,the ,wine of ,circe ,burns1 ,r41 #agei-agif4 ,c4 #cj1 ,the ,winter ,night2 #aee1 ,to ,john ,taylor ,butcher1 ,s4 ,h41 and ,a4 ,lang4 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 #bih1 transl4 ,odyssey ,butler1 ,samuel1 #afab-afhj4 ,c4 #cb1 ,hudibras ,byron1 ,george ,gordon1 ,lord1 #aghh-ahbd4 ,quoted or referred to1 #deb2 ,prometheus1 #ac2 ,age of ,bronze1 #ae2 ,childe ,harold1 #caa2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,prometheus1 ,ode to ,napoleon2 #cb1 #gj1 ,don ,juan2 #ajd1 #bbh-bcj1 ,bride of ,abydos2 #bg1 #cj1 #cd1 #ce1 #ch 7#d71 #da1 #ed1 #gh1 #ig1 #bbh-bcj1 #bca-bdd1 references to ,childe ,harold ,call1 ,w4 ,m4 ,w41 #ahag-ahij4 ,c4 #ha1 ,admetus2 #hc1 ,alcestis2 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne2 #bfh-bha1 ,balder1 ,thor ,calverley1 ,c4 ,s4 7,blayds71 #ahca-ahhd4 ,c4 #ajj1 ,death of ,adonis2 #aaj-aab1 #ada1 #aef-afb1 #agj-aga1 #bih1 transl4 ,theocritus2 #bii1 transl4 ,horace ,campbell1 ,lewis1 #ahcj-aijh4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,sophocles ,campbell1 ,thomas1 #aggg-ahdd4 ,c4 #ch 7#aa71 ,two ,songs to the ,evening ,star2 #afc-afg1 transl4 of part of ,euripides' ,medea ,canova 7c-nv71 ,antonio1 #ageg-ahbb 7sculpt474 ,c4 #ce1 ,venus ,victrix2 #ch 7#c71 ,graces2 #aja-ajb1 ,cupid and ,psyche2 #adi-aed1 ,perseus2 #agc1 ,ddalus and ,icarus2 #agf-aha1 ,theseus2 #aie1 ,paris2 #bjd1 ,ajax2 #bjg1 ,hector ,carlisle1 ,lord1 #ahjb-ahfd4 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 ,diary1 note on ,corfu and the ,phacians ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 #agie-ahha4 ,transl4 of fragments of ,nibelungenlied1 #dji2 ,c4 #bhc ,carracci 7cr-rtche71 ,annibale1 #aefj-afji 7paint474 ,c4 #bd-be1 ,jupiter and ,juno ,carracci 7cr-rtche71 ,lodovico1 #aeee-afai1 and ,annibale 7paint474 ,c4 #ih1 ,diana and ,endymion2 #ada1 ,polyphemus1 ,galatea1 ,acis ,cellini 7chel-le'ne71 ,benvenuto1 #aejj-aega 7sculpt474 ,c4 #bd-be1 ,jupiter2 #bg1 ,minerva2 #ce1 ,venus2 #cf1 ,mercury2 #adi-aed1 ,perseus1 ,perseus saving ,andromeda er-vantes1 ,miguel de1 #aedg-afaf4 ,reference to1 #ad2 ,c4 #af ,chapman1 ,g41 #aeei-afcd4 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 #bih1 transl4 ,iliad and ,odyssey2 #ajd1 ,marlowe's ,hero and ,leander2 ,sonnet on ,chapman's ,homer1 see ,keats ,chaucer1 ,geoffrey1 #acdj 7or #acbh7-adjj4 ,references in ,c43 ,the ,former ,age1 #aj-ae2 ,the ,knight's ,tale1 #cd1 #ie1 #agf-aha2 ,the ,hous of ,fame1 #ch 7#b71 7#i71 #ge1 #agc1 #agf-aha1 #aii1 #bde-bed2 ,the ,legende of ,good ,women1 #hc1 #ajf1 #adi-aed1 #afc-afg1 #agd1 #agf-aha1 #bde-bed2 ,the ,complaint of ,mars1 #cd1 #hc2 ,the ,complaint of ,venus1 #cd2 ,the ,dethe of ,blaunche1 #abe1 #aii1 #bbf2 ,the ,court of ,love 7871 #cd1 #hc2 ,the ,cuckow and ,nightingale1 or ,boke of ,cupid 7871 #ch 7#a72 ,the ,romaunt of the ,rose 7871 #acb-acc2 ,troilus and ,criseyde1 #aif1 #bbf ,church1 ,f4 ,s4 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,pandora ,clapp1 ,e4 ,b4 ,greek ,morality1 etc41 #dee n ,clarke1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c4 #cjc1 #cjd1 ,ten ,great ,religions ,cleasby and ,vigfusson 7vigfoo-sun74 ,icelandic-,english ,dictionary1 #deh n2 ,c4 #cjj ,clough1 ,a4 ,h41 #ahai-ahfa4 ,c4 #ie1 ,acton2 #ih1 ,epi ,latmo1 ,selene ,coleridge1 ,hartley1 #agif-ahdi4 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,prometheus2 #aie1 ,sonnet on ,homer ,coleridge1 ,s4 ,t41 #aggb-ahcd4 ,c4 #ic1 ,kubla ,khan ,collins1 ,mortimer1 #ahbg-ahgf4 ,c4 #di1 ,the ,ivory ,gate ,collins1 ,william1 #agba-agei4 ,c4 #aca1 #acb-acc1 ,the ,passions ,collins1 ,w4 ,l4 ,c4 #bih1 #bii1 ,ancient ,classics for ,english ,readers ,colvin1 ,s41 #ahde ----4 ,c4 #dj1 ,a ,greek ,hymn ,conington1 ,j41 #ahbe-ahfi4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 neid1 ,horace's ,odes1 etc4 ,correggio 7cr-redjo71 ,a4 ,a41 #adid-aecd 7paint474 ,c4 #cb1 ,diana2 #eg1 ,jupiter and ,io2 #fb1 ,antiope2 #adi-aed1 ,dana ,cottle1 ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 ,icelandic ,poetry ,cowper1 ,william1 #agca-ahjj4 ,transl4 ,homer1 #ah1 #bii1 #cca1 #cdj1 #cda2 ,c4 #cj1 ,yardley ,oak2 #dd-df1 #bca-bdd1 #bee-beg1 ,progress of ,error2 #aca-acb1 ,on an ,ugly ,fellow2 #ade1 ,the ,task2 #bih1 transl4 ,homer ,cox1 the ,rev4 ,sir ,g4 ,w41 #dcg n1 #ddh n2 ,c4 #eg1 #ei1 #gj1 #gb-gc1 #gd1 #gf1 #gh1 #ie1 #aja-ajb1 #aji1 #aah1 #ada1 #aef-afb1 #agb ,crabbe1 ,george1 #aged-ahcb4 ,c4 #ch 7#d71 ,village1 ,parish ,register1 ,newspaper1 ,birth of ,flattery 7,invocations of the ,muse72 #bjd1 ,village ,crane1 ,oliver4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 neid ,creuzer 7croitser71 ,professor1 and the allegorical interpretation1 #dci ,curtin1 ,jeremiah4 ,c4 #aah1 #adi-aed1 ,myths and ,folk-,lore of ,ireland ,curzon 7cr-zn71 ,a4 de 7paint474 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche ,dale1 ,thos4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,sophocles ,daniel1 ,samuel1 #aefb-afai4 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 ,dialogue of ,ulysses and the ,siren ,dannecker 7dnek-er71 ,j4 ,h4 von1 #ageh-ahda 7sculpt474 ,c4 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne ,dante 7dant'e7 ,alighieri1 #abfe-acba4 ,reference to1 #ad2 ,c4 #af ,darwin1 ,erasmus1 #agca-ahjb4 ,extract from his ,botanic ,garden1 #ahj1 #bdg ,dasent1 ,sir ,g4 ,w41 #ahbj-ahif4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 ,popular ,tales from the ,norse ,david 7d-ved71 ,j4 ,l41 #agdh-ahbe 7paint474 ,c4 #aie1 ,paris and ,helen ,dekker1 ,thomas1 #aegj-afda4 ,c4 #cj1 ,the ,sun's ,darling ,derby1 the ,earl of4 ,transl4 ,homer1 #ba2 ,c4 #bih ,dippold1 ,g4 ,t4 ,c4 #cja1 ,great ,epics of ,medival ,germany ,dixon1 ,r4 ,w41 #ahcc-aija4 ,c4 #cj1 ,apollo ,pythius ,dobell 7do-bel71 ,sydney1 #ahbd-ahgd4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 ,balder ,dobson1 ,austin1 #ahdj ----4 ,procris1 #agd1 #age2 extract from ,prayer of the ,swine to ,circe1 #cbe1 #cbf2 ,c4 #abc-abd1 ,procris2 #ada1 ,polypheme ,domenichino 7d'o-ma-n'e-ke'no71 ,z41 #aeha-afda 7paint474 ,c4 #cb1 ,diana's ,chase2 #bde-bed1 ,cuman ,sibyl ,dosso ,dossi 7dsso dsse7 7,giovanni di ,lutero71 #adgi-aedb 7paint474 ,c4 #ih1 ,diana and ,endymion 7,dresden7 ,dowden1 ,e41 #ahdc ----4 ,c4 #ei1 ,europa2 #aah1 ,eurydice2 #adi-aed1 ,andromeda ,doyle1 ,sir ,francis ,hastings1 #ahaj-ahhh4 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 transl4 ,,oedipus ,tyrannus ,drayton1 ,michael1 #aefc-afca4 ,c4 #cj1 ,song #h 7on ,apollo72 #ch 7#b71 ,ganymede ,drummond1 ,william1 of ,hawthornden1 #aehe-afdi4 ,c4 #cj1 ,song to ,phoebus2 #ch 7#b71 ,ganymede2 #ej-eb1 ,nymphs1 sister nymphs1 etc42 #ajj1 ,statue of ,adonis2 #abh1 ,summons to ,love2 #adi-aed1 ,statue of ,medusa ,dryden1 ,j41 #afca-agjj4 ,extract from ,alexander's ,feast1 #de2 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,metamorphoses and the neis2 #di1 ,alexander's ,feast2 #ed1 ,epistle to ,congreve2 #he-hf1 ,chaucer's ,wife of ,bath's ,tale2 #aca1 ,to ,mrs4 ,anne ,killigrew2 #aif1 ,cymon and ,iphigenia2 #bee-beg1 ,st4 ,cecilia's ,day ,dyer1 ,john1 #agjj787-ageh4 ,extracts from ,the ,fleece1 #bcj1 #bca1 #cad ,dyer1 ,louis1 #ahea ----4 ,studies of the ,gods in ,greece1 #ddf n ,edwards1 ,miss ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 #cjb1 ,a ,thousand ,miles up the ,nile ,eliot1 ,george 7,mary ,ann ,cross71 #ahai-ahhj4 ,c4 #bih1 ,arion ,elliot1 ,lady ,charlotte4 ,c4 #adi-aed1 ,medusa1 #ahgh ,ellis1 ,robinson4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 ,catullus ,ely1 ,talfourd4 ,olympus1 #ddf n ,emerson1 ,r4 ,w41 #ahjc-ahhb4 ,c4 #ah1 ,astra2 #ahb-ahi1 ,the ,sphinx ,fawcett1 ,edgar1 #ahdg-aijd4 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 ,calypso ,fawkes1 ,francis1 #agba-aggg4 ,c4 #ajg1 transl4 ,sappho ,fnelon 7fa-n-ln71 ,franois de la ,mothe1 #afea-agae4 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 ,tlmaque ,field1 ,michael4 ,callirrho1 #ahhd ,fields1 ,a4 ,c4 #ia1 ,clytia ,fiske1 ,john1 #ahdb-aija4 ,citation from ,myths and ,myth-,makers1 #dcb ,fitz,gerald1 ,edward1 #ahji-ahhc4 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 ,the ,downfall and ,death of ,king ,,oedipus2 #aif1 ,agamemnon ,fitzgerald1 ,m4 ,p4 ,c4 #agf-aha1 ,the ,crowned ,hippolytus ,flaxman1 ,john1 #agee-ahbf4 ,c4 #aii1 #bjd1 #bjg1 #bca-bdd1 ,sketches ,fletcher1 ,john1 #aegi-afbe 7see ,beaumont74 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,a ,wife for a ,month2 #db1 ,god ,lyus 7from ,valentinian72 #eh1 ,hear ye ladies 7,valentinian72 #ej-eb1 #agf-aha1 ,the ,maid's ,tragedy2 #ih1 ,the ,faithful ,shepherdess2 #abi-acj1 ,song of ,priest of ,pan2 ,song to ,pan 7,faithful ,shepherdess72 #agf-aha1 ,the ,two ,noble ,kinsmen ,forestier1 ,auber 7pseudonym for ,annie ,a4 ,moore74 ,c4 #bhc1 ,echoes from ,mist ,land ,forster1 ,f4 ,c4 #abc-abd1 ,procris and ,cephalus ,foster-,barham1 ,a4 ,g4 ,c4 #bhc1 transl4 ,nibelungenlied ,franceschini 7frn-ches-ke'ne71 ,m4 ,a41 #afdh-agbi 7paint474 ,c4 #ajj1 ,birth of ,adonis 7,dresden7 ,francklin1 ,thomas4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,sophocles ,frere 7frer71 ,j4 ,hookham1 #agfi-ahdf4 ,c4 #adi-aed1 transl4 ,simonides' ,lament of ,dana2 #aef-afb1 transl4 ,euripides' ,hercules ,furens ,frothingham1 ,n4 ,l4 ,c4 #aad-aag1 transl4 ,schiller's ,festival of ,eleusis2 #bbd1 transl4 ,lessing's ,laocon ,fuller1 ,s4 ,margaret1 #ahaj-ahej4 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,ganymede to his ,eagle4 ,garnett1 ,richard1 #ahce-aijf4 ,c4 #eg1 ,io in ,egypt2 #aif1 ,iphigenia in ,delphi ,garrick1 ,david1 #agag-aggi4 ,c4 #fe-ff1 ,upon a ,lady's ,embroidery ,gay1 ,john1 #afhe-agcb4 ,c4 #ada1 ,polypheme's ,song 7,acis and ,galatea7 ,gayley1 ,c4 ,m4 ,extracts from translation of ,schiller's ,gods of ,greece1 #ahb2 from hexameter translation of ,catullus' ,peleus and ,thetis1 #bec-beh1 #bfi-bgc ,grard 7zha-r4ar71 ,franois1 #aggj-ahcg 7paint474 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,cupid and ,psyche ,giordano 7j'or-dno71 ,luca1 #afcb-agje 7paint474 ,c4 #adi-aed1 ,perseus and ,phineus2 #aef-afb1 ,hercules and ,omphale2 #agf-aha1 ,bacchantes and ,ariadne 7,dresden7 ,giorgione 7j'or-jo'na7 7,giorgio ,barbarelli71 #adgg-aeaa 7paint474 ,c4 #aca1 ,nymphs and ,satyr2 #aie1 ,the ,judgment of ,paris 7,dresden7 ,gladstone1 ,w4 ,e41 #ahji-ahih4 ,translation from ,iliad1 #bhe4 ,works referred to or cited1 #ddj n2 his theory of myths1 #ddj2 ,c4 #bc1 on the number of the ,olympians1 and on the ,olympian religion2 #gg1 on the ,chryses incident ,gleyre 7glr71 ,charles ,g41 #ahjg-ahgd 7paint474 ,c4 #db1 ,dance of the ,bacchantes2 #aef-afb1 ,hercules at the feet of ,omphale ,goethe 7ge'te71 ,j4 ,w4 von1 #agdi-ahcb4 ,c4 #aif1 ,iphigenia in ,tauris2 see also under ,bowring and ,martin ,goldsmith1 ,oliver1 #agbh-aggd4 ,c4 #acb-acc1 on a beautiful youth struck by blindness 7,narcissus7 ,gosse1 ,e4 ,w41 #ahdi ----4 ,quoted3 ,eros1 #cf2 from the ,sons of ,cydippe1 #ha2 from the ,praise of ,dionysus1 #aef1 #aeg2 ,c4 #bb1 ,greece and ,england2 #cb1 ,the ,praise of ,artemis2 #fd1 ,sons of ,cydippe2 #aah1 ,the ,waking of ,eurydice2 #abe1 ,alcyone 7a sonnet in dialogue72 #aef-afb1 ,gifts of the ,muses2 #bee-beg1 ,island of the ,blest ,gray1 ,thomas1 #agaf-agga4 ,the ,fatal ,sisters referred to1 #cgf2 ,c4 #d1 #cf1 #ch 7#d71 #dj1 ,progress of ,poesy2 #adi-aed1 ,hymn to ,adversity2 #bfh-bha1 ,ode on the ,descent of ,odin1 ,ode on the ,fatal ,sisters ,greene1 ,robert1 #aefj-aeib4 ,c4 #ef1 ,arraignment of ,paris ,greenwell1 ,dora1 #ahba-ahhb4 ,c4 #aad-aag1 ,demeter and ,cora2 #bhb1 ,battle-,flag of ,sigurd ,grimm1 ,jakob ,ludwig1 #aghe-ahfc1 and ,wilhelm ,karl1 #aghf-ahei4 ,theory of distribution of myth1 #ddh2 derivation of word ,edda1 #deh n2 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,the ,twelve ,brothers2 #cja1 ,deutsche ,mythologie ,guercino 7gw7er-che'no71 ,francesco1 #aeij-afff 7paint474 ,c4 #ih1 ,sleeping ,endymion2 #ajj1 ,three ,pictures of ,adonis 7,dresden72 #abc-abd1 ,aurora ,gurin 7ga-r7an71 ,pierre ,narcisse1 #aggd-ahcc 7paint474 ,c4 #abc-abd1 ,l,aurore et ,cphale2 #bde-bed1 neas at the ,court of ,dido ,hahn 7hn71 ,werner4 ,modern ,german edition of ,nibelungenlied1 #djg1 #dfj n1 #dfa n2 ,c4 #bhc ,hake1 ,thomas ,gordon1 #ahji-ahie4 ,c4 #cd1 ,the ,birth of ,venus2 #adi-aed1 ,the ,infant ,medusa ,hallam1 ,arthur ,henry1 #ahaa-ahcc4 ,c4 #aje1 ,pygmalion ,hamon 74a-mn71 ,j4 ,l41 #ahba-ahgd 7paint474 ,c4 #abc-abd1 ,aurora ,haug 7hou4ch71 ,m4 ,c4 #cjd1 ,sacred ,language and ,literature of the ,parsis ,hawthorne1 ,nathaniel1 #ahjd-ahfd4 ,c4 #ed1 #aca1 ,the ,marble ,faun ,head1 ,guy1 d4 #ahja 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#ab71 ,iris ,hem4ans1 ,felicia ,d41 #agic-ahce4 ,c4 #hc1 ,alfieri's ,alcestis1 ,death ,song of ,alcestis2 #ig1 ,pleiads2 #agf-aha1 ,shade of ,theseus ,herrick1 ,r41 #aeia-afgd4 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,the ,cheat of ,cupid1 or ,the ,ungentle ,guest ,hervey1 ,thomas ,kibble1 #agii-ahei4 ,poem on ,cupid and ,psyche1 #acf1 #acg ,hoffmann 7h'ofmn71 ,j4 7paint474 ,c4 #bhc1 ,illustrations of the ,ring of the ,nibelungen ,holmes1 ,o4 ,w41 #ahji-ahid4 ,c4 #ih1 #bca-bdd1 ,metrical ,essays ,hood1 ,thomas1 #agih-ahde4 ,c4 #cj1 ,to the ,sun2 #cb1 ,to the ,moon2 #ia1 ,flowers2 #ajd1 ,hero and ,leander2 #aad-aag1 ,ode to ,melancholy2 #bca-bdd1 ,lycus the ,centaur ,horn1 ,f4 ,w4 ,geschichte d4 ,literatur d4 ,skandinavischen ,nordens1 #deh n1 #dfj n ,horne1 ,richard ,henry 7,hengist71 #ahjc-ahhd4 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,prometheus1 the ,fire-bringer2 #if1 ,orion ,hbner 7hpner71 ,e41 #ahdb ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #aif1 ,iphigenia ,hunt1 ,leigh1 #aghd-ahei4 ,c4 #ajd1 ,hero and ,leander ,ingelow1 ,jean1 #ahbj-ahig4 ,c4 #dh1 ,persephone ,ingres 7angr'71 ,j4 ,a4 ,d41 #aghj-ahfg 7paint474 ,c4 #ahb-ahi1 ,,oedipus and the ,sphinx ,jackson1 ,helen ,hunt1 #ahca-ahhe4 ,c4 #dj1 ,demeter2 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne's ,farewell ,jameson1 ,frederick4 ,translation of ,wagner's ,ring of the ,nibelung1 #daa-dcj2 ,c4 #bhd-bhh ,jebb1 ,r4,c41 #ahda-aije4 ,c4 #bbh-bcj1 articles on ,troy ,johnson1 ,biorn1 of ,scardsa1 #aege-afef4 ,on the ,elder ,edda1 #dei ,johnson1 ,francis1 d4 #ahgf4 ,c4 #cjd1 ,oriental ,religions ,johnson1 ,samuel1 #agji-aghd4 ,definition of ,fable1 #a ,johnsson 7y7onssun71 ,arngrim1 #aefh-afdh4 ,on the authorship of the ,younger ,edda1 #dei ,johnston1 ,t4 ,c4 ,did the ,phoenicians discover ,america8 #ddi n ,jones1 ,sir ,william1 #agdf-agid4 ,c4 #cjc1 transl4 ,sakuntala ,jonson1 ,b41 #aegd-afcg4 ,hymn to ,cynthia1 #ca2 ,c4 #d1 ,neptune's ,triumph2 #abi-acj1 ,pan's ,anniversary2 #db1 ,dedication of the ,king's new cellar to ,bacchus ,jonsson 7y7onssun71 ,thorleif4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 edition of the ,younger ,edda ,jordaens 7yrdns71 ,jakob1 #aeic-afgh 7paint474 ,c4 #aaj-aab1 ,silenus and ,bacchante2 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne1 ,fauns1 etc4 7,dresden7 ,jordan 7y'ordn71 ,w4 ,c4 #bhc1 ,studies and ,recitations of the ,nibelunge ,kaulbach 7koulb4ch71 ,w41 #ahje-ahgd 7paint474 ,c4 #aif1 ,iphigenia ,keats1 ,john1 #agie-ahba4 ,quotation from ,i stood tiptoe upon a little hill1 #fg2 from ,endymion1 ,bk4 #c1 #abe1 #bjj1 #bja2 ,ode to ,psyche1 #acg-aci2 ,picture of ,leander1 #ade2 ,sonnet on ,chapman's ,homer1 #bhc2 ,c4 #d1 #ed1 ,hyperion2 #cj1 ,hymn to ,apollo2 #cb1 #aca1 ,to ,psyche2 #ch 7#d71 ,on a ,grecian ,urn2 #db1 #aca1 #aee1 ,to a ,nightingale2 #dh1 ,melancholy2 #ge1 #ic1 #ih1 #adb1 #bca-bdd1 ,endymion2 #aji1 ,ode to ,maia ,keller1 ,f41 #ahdb ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #ajd1 ,hero and ,leander ,king1 ,ed4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 ,metamorphoses ,kingsley1 ,charles1 #ahai-ahge4 ,extract from the ,andromeda1 #bab2 ,c4 #ajg1 ,sappho2 #bhb1 ,longbeard's ,saga ,knight1 ,payne1 #agej-ahbd4 ,symbolical ,language of ,ancient ,art1 #ddd n ,kray 7kri71 ,w4 7paint474 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche and ,zephyr ,krenberg1 von 7f'on kren-b7er,g71 and the ,nibelungenlied1 #dfa ,kyd 7kid71 ,thomas1 end of the sixteenth century4 ,c4 #dg1 #fa1 ,spanish ,tragedy ,lachmann 7l4chmn71 ,k4 ,k41 #agic-ahea4 ,theory of ,nibelungenlied1 #dfa2 ,c4 #bhc1 ,nibelunge ,nt ,la ,fontaine 7l4a fn-ten71 ,jean de1 #afba-afie4 ,mentioned1 #b ,landor1 ,w4 ,s41 #agge-ahfd4 ,quotations from the ,niobe1 #ajb1 #ajc2 ,hippomenes and ,atalanta1 #adj1 #ada2 from ,orpheus and ,eurydice 7,dry ,sticks71 #afg1 #afh2 ,c4 #bf1 ,hymn of ,terpander to ,juno2 #db1 ,sophron's ,hymn to ,bacchus2 #ej-eb1 #agf-aha1 ,to ,joseph ,ablett2 #ei1 ,europa and her ,mother2 #gf1 #abc-abd1 ,gebir2 #gh1 ,niobe2 #hc1 ,hercules1 ,pluto1 ,alcestis1 etc42 #ajg1 ,sappho1 ,alcus1 etc42 #aaj-aab1 ,last ,fruit of an ,old ,tree2 #aac1 ,silenus2 #abh1 ,sonnet on ,genius2 #abi-acj1 ,pan and ,pitys1 ,cupid and ,pan2 #acg1 ,dryope2 #ach1 ,the ,hamadryad1 ,acon and ,rhodope2 #agj-aga1 ,loss of ,memory2 #agf-aha1 ,theseus and ,hippolyta2 #aie1 ,menelas and ,helen2 #aif1 ,iphigenia and ,agamemnon2 #aii1 ,peleus and ,thetis2 #bai-bbj1 ,the ,espousals of ,polyxena2 #bba1 ,corythos1 ,death of ,paris and ,,oenone2 #bbh-bcj1 ,death of ,clytemnestra2 #bca-bdd1 ,the ,last of ,ulysses1 ,penelope ,lang1 ,andrew1 #ahdd ----4 ,quotation from ,the ,fortunate ,isles1 #eb2 from ,the ,new ,pygmalion1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg2 ,sonnet on the ,odyssey1 #cah2 ,a ,song of ,phacia1 #cce1 #ccf2 transl4 from ,moschus1 #fh-gj1 #ahi2 transls4 from ,iliad 7w4 ,leaf and ,myers71 and from ,odyssey 7w4 ,butcher71 see below2 from ,bion1 #abf-abh2 from ,theocritus1 #aih-bjj1 #bbb1 #bbc1 #bbd2 ,myth1 ,ritual1 and ,religion1 and article on ,mythology in ,encyc4 ,brit1 cited or referred to1 ,preface1 #dch n1 #ddj n1 #dda n1 #ddg n1 #ddh1 #ddi1 and ,c4 #e1 #cj1 #cb1 #eh1 #fj1 #fa1 #gd1 #hi1 #aaj-aab1 #aad-aag4 ,transls4 of ,theocritus1 ,bion1 and ,moschus referred to1 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 #aaj-aab1 #aef-afb1 #aie1 #bih4 ,poems referred to3 ,c4 #cb1 ,to ,artemis2 #ej-eb1 ,sirens2 #aie1 #bba1 ,helen of ,troy2 #aie1 ,sonnet on ,iliad ,lang1 ,andrew 7,leaf and ,myers74 ,transl4 ,iliad1 #hd-hg1 #ajd1 #bia1 #bib2 ,c4 #bih ,lang1 ,andrew 7,butcher and74 ,transl4 ,odyssey1 #ce1 #cbg1 #cbh2 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 #bih ,larned1 ,augusta4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 ,tales from the ,norse ,grandmother ,lathrop1 ,g4 ,p41 #ahea-ahih4 ,c4 #aie1 ,helen at the ,loom ,lawton1 ,w4 ,c4 ,c4 #afc-afg1 transl4 ,euripides ,lazarus1 ,emma1 #ahdi-ahhg4 ,c4 #ha1 ,admetus ,lee-,hamilton1 ,e41 #ahde ----4 ,c4 #hg1 ,apollo and ,marsyas2 #adi-aed1 ,the ,new ,medusa ,lefebvre 7le-fevr'71 ,jules 7paint474 ,c4 #cb1 ,diana and her ,nymphs ,leighton1 ,frederick1 ,lord1 #ahcj-ahif 7paint474 ,c4 #dh1 ,the ,garden of ,proserpine2 #hc1 ,hercules wrestling with ,death for the ,body of ,alcestis2 #aja-ajb1 ,the ,bath of ,psyche2 #aad-aag1 ,the ,return of ,proserpine2 #aah1 ,orpheus and ,eurydice2 #adi-aed1 ,perseus and ,andromeda2 #aie1 ,helen of ,troy ,lessing1 ,gotthold ,e41 #agbi-agha1 ,c4 #fi1 #bbd1 ,laocon ,lettsom1 ,w4 ,n4 ,the ,fall of the ,nibelungers1 #djg-dji2 ,c4 #bhc ,linton1 ,william ,james1 #ahab-ahig4 ,c4 #aah1 ,eurydice2 #aif1 ,iphigenia at ,aulis ,lobeck1 ,chr4 ,a41 #agha-ahfj4 ,aglaophamus1 #ddb n2 ,c4 #aad-aag ,lodge1 ,g4 ,c41 #ahgc-aiji4 ,herakles1 #ab2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 #aef-afb ,lodge1 ,thomas1 #aeeh-afbe4 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,sonnet to ,phyllis ,longfellow1 ,h4 ,w41 #ahjg-ahhb4 ,quoted or referred to3 ,prometheus1 #ac-ae2 ,drinking ,song1 #aec2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,masque of ,pandora1 ,prometheus1 and ,epimetheus2 #if1 #bee-beg1 ,occultation of ,orion2 #ih1 ,endymion2 #aee1 ,pegasus in ,pound2 #bee-beg1 ,verses to a ,child2 #bfh-bha1 ,tegnr's ,drapa1 ,saga of ,king ,olaf ,lonsdale1 ,j41 and ,lee1 ,s4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 ,virgil ,lorrain 7l'o-ran71 ,claude 7,gel'ee71 #afjj-afhb 7paint474 ,c4 #cf1 ,mercury and ,battus2 #ei1 ,europa2 #ada1 ,evening1 ,acis1 and ,galatea ,lowell1 ,j4 ,r41 #ahai-ahia4 ,quotations from ,the ,shepherd of ,king ,admetus1 #aje1 #ajf2 from ,fable for ,critics 7,daphne71 #aad2 from ,rhoecus1 #aic1 #aid2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 #eh1 ,prometheus2 #cf1 ,finding of the ,lyre2 #ch 7#b71 7#f71 ,hebe1 ,villa ,franca2 #dd-df1 to the ,past2 #ej-eb1 ,the ,sirens2 #ih1 ,endymion2 #aah1 ,eurydice ,ludlow1 ,j4 ,m4 ,c4 #cja1 ,popular ,epics of the ,middle ,ages ,lning4 ,die ,edda1 #deh n ,lydgate1 ,john1 #acgj787-adea7874 ,c4 #aif1 ,the ,troy ,book ,lyly 7lil7i71 ,john1 #aeec-afjf4 ,c4#ch 7#a71 ,cupid and ,campaspe2 #hi1 #aac1 ,king ,midas2 #ih1 ,endymion2 #ajg1 ,sappho and ,phao ,lytton1 ,edward ,g4 ,e4 ,l4 ,bulwer1 ,lord1 #ahjc-ahgc4 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,ganymede2 #fd1 ,cydippe1 or the ,apples2 #bbf1 transl4 ,schiller's ,cassandra2 #bee-beg1 ,death and ,sisyphus2 #bii1 transl4 ,horace ,mabie1 ,h4 ,w4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 ,norse ,stories ,macaulay1 ,t4 ,b41 #ahjj-ahei4 ,quotation from ,prophecy of ,capys1 #fa2 from ,lake ,regillus1 #bdc-bde ,maffei 7mf-fa'e71 ,f4 ,s4 di1 #afge-agee4 ,c4 #afi1 ,merope ,magnsson 7mgnoos-s'on71 ,arne4 ,derivation of word ,edda1 #dei n ,magnsson 7mgnoos-s'on71 ,eirikr 7and ,william ,morris74 ,story of the ,volsungs and ,nibelungs1 #dfj n2 ,c4 #bhb ,mannhardt 7mnhrt71 ,w4 ,antike ,wald- und ,feld-kulte1 #ddj n2 ,c4 #ajj ,marchal1 ,c4 ,f41 #ahbh-ahgh4 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 ,penelope ,marlowe1 ,christopher1 #aefd-aeic4 ,extract from ,hero and ,leander1 #adb-add2 from ,faustus1 #bhg1 #bhh2 ,c4 #bde-bed1 ,tragedy of ,dido1 ,queen of ,carthage ,marston1 ,j41 #aege787-afcd4 ,c4 #aje1 ,pygmalion ,martin1 ,sir ,theodore1 #ahaf-ahih4 ,c4 #cf1 ,goethe's ,phoebus and ,hermes2 #ch 7#a71 #afc-afg1 #agf-aha1 #aii1 #bii1 transl4 ,catullus2 #bii1 transl4 ,horace ,marvell1 ,andrew1 #afba-afgh4 ,c4 #ih1 ,lord ,fauconberg1 ,lady ,mary ,cromwell ,maxwell4 ,c4 #di1 ,tom ,may's ,death ,mengs 7menks71 ,anton ,raphael1 #agbh-aggi 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,cupid2 #ch 7#d71 ,apollo and ,muses ,meredith1 ,george1 #ahbh-aiji4 ,c4 #gf1 ,phaton2 #aad-aag1 ,the ,appeasement of ,demeter ,merivale1 ,j4 ,h41 #aggi-ahdd 7and ,r4 ,bland74 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,greek ,anthology ,mi--chel-an4g'e-lo ,buonarroti1 #adge-aefd 7sculpt4 and paint474 ,three ,fates1 #ch2 ,cuman ,sibyl1 #cec2 ,c4 #cj1 ,apollo2 #ch 7#f71 ,the ,fates2 #db1 ,drunken ,bacchus2 #di1 ,a ,fury2 #ajj1 ,dying ,adonis2 #aca1 ,mask of a ,satyr2 #bde-bed1 ,sibyls ,mickle1 ,william ,julius1 #agce-aghh4 ,c4 #ajf1 transl4 of ,camoens' ,lusiad ,millais 7m7i-la'71 ,sir ,john ,everett1 #ahbi-ahif 7paint474 ,c4 #aci1 ,pomona ,millet 7me-l7e'71 ,jean ,franois1 #ahad-ahge 7paint474 ,c4 #cj1 ,phoebus and ,boreas ,milman1 ,henry ,hart1 #agia-ahfh4 ,lines from the ,samor1 #bac2 ,c4 #gf1 ,samor2 #aaj-aab1 ,bacchanals of ,euripides2 #aif1 ,agamemnon of schylus2 #bih1 transl4 ,euripides ,milton1 ,john1 #afjh-afgd4 ,reference to1 #ad4 ,quoted3 lines from ,il ,penseroso1 #baa1 #dea2 from the ,hymn on the ,nativity1 #aha2 from ,comus1 #dj1 #bjd1 #bje1 #bac1 #cad2 from ,paradise ,lost1 #bbf2 ,c4 #af1 #d-beg passim1 references to ,paradise ,lost1 ,paradise ,regained1 ,lycidas1 ,comus1 ,il ,penseroso1 ,l,allegro1 ,sonnets1 ,arcades1 ,vacation ,excursion1 ,hymn on the ,nativity1 ,samson ,agonistes ,mogk1 ,e4 ,article ,mythologie in ,paul's ,grundriss d4 ,germ4 ,philol41 #ddf n1 #dfj n ,molinari 7mo-l'e-nre71 ,antonio1 #affe-agbg 7paint474 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche and ,sleeping ,cupid 7,dresden7 ,moore1 ,thomas1 #aggi-aheb4 ,quoted3 ,song of ,hyperborean1 #dc2 ,clytie1 #aag2 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,fall of ,hebe2 #gh1 ,sir ,r4 ,blackmore2 #hj1 ,lycus the ,centaur2 #ic1 #aja-ajb1 ,cupid and ,psyche2 #ajc1 ,rhymes on the ,road2 #ajd1 ,hero and ,leander2 #ajf1 ,the ,sylph's ,ball2 #abc-abd1 ,legendary ,ballads2 #aef-afb1 ,hylas2 #cjd1 ,the ,fire-,worshipers ,morley1 ,h41 #ahbb-ahid4 ,c4 #cjj1 extract 7on ,runes7 from ,english ,writers ,morris1 ,sir ,lewis1 #ahcc-aijg4 ,the ,epic of ,hades1 ,c4 #bb1 #bd-be 7,zeus72 #bf 7,her72 #bg 7,athene72 #cj 7,apollo72 #cb 7,artemis72 #cd 7,aphrodite72 #dg1 #di 7,hades72 #dh 7,persephone72 #fa 7,sisyphus72 #gh1 #aah 7,tantalus72 #hg 7,marsyas72 #ie 7,acton72 #ih 7,endymion72 #ajj 7,adonis72 #aja-ajb 7,psyche72 #aah 7,orpheus1 ,eurydice72 #acb-acc 7,narcissus72 #adi-aed 7,medusa1 ,andromeda72 #aef-afb 7,dejaneira72 #agf-aha 7,phdra72 #bbd 7,laocon72 #bbh-bcj 7,clytemnestra72 #gh1 ,niobe on ,sipylus ,morris1 ,william1 #ahcd-ahif4 ,extracts from ,the ,earthly ,paradise1 ,story of ,cupid and ,psyche1 #aca1 #ace2 ,pygmalion and the ,image1 #adf1 #adg2 ,doom of ,king ,acrisius1 #bji1 #baj2 ,life and ,death of ,jason1 #bcb1 #bcc2 ,sigurd the ,volsung1 #cih-djd2 ,c4 #ej-eb1 #aah1 #afc-afg1 ,life and ,death of ,jason2 #fd1 ,earthly ,paradise2 #hc1 ,the ,love of ,alcestis2 #ajc1 ,atalanta's ,race2 #adi-aed1 ,the ,doom of ,acrisius2 #aee1 ,bellerophon2 #aef-afb1 ,the ,golden ,apples2 #bba1 ,death of ,paris2 #bca-bdd1 transl4 ,odyssey2 #bfh-bha1 ,the ,funeral of ,balder2 #bhb1 ,sigurd the ,volsung2 #bii1 transl4 the neids ,morris1 ,william1 and ,e4 ,magnsson 7mgnoos-s'on74 ,the ,story of the ,volsungs and ,nibelungs1 #dfj n2 ,c4 #bhb ,morshead1 ,e4 ,a4 ,a4 ,c4 #aif1 #bih1 transl4 schylus ,motherwell1 ,w41 #agig-ahce4 ,c4 #bhb1 ,battle-,flag of ,sigurd2 ,jarl ,egill ,skallagrim2 ,sword ,chant of ,thorstein ,muir 7mur71 ,j4 ,c4 #cjc1 ,sanskrit ,texts2 ,principal ,deities of the ,rig-,veda ,mller 7mler71 ,f4 ,max1 #ahbc-aijj4 ,cited1 #dcd1 #dcg1 #dch1 #ddh n2 ,oxford ,essays1 etc41 referred to1 #ddf n2 ,preface and ,c4 #cjc1 ,sacred ,books of the ,east1 ,history ,sanskrit ,literature1 ,science of ,religion1 ,chips from a ,german ,workshop1 etc42 ,c4 #ai-bj1 #bd-be1 #bg1 #cf1 #eg1 #eh1 #gh1 #ha1 #hi1 #aji1 #aah1 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,c4 #bca-bdd1 #bih1 transl4 ,odyssey ,parmigiano 7pr-m'e-jno7 7,francesco ,mazzuoli71 #aejd-aedj 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,the ,rape of ,ganymede 7,dresden7 ,parnell1 ,thomas1 #afgi-agah4 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,hesiod1 or the ,rise of ,woman2 #db1 ,bacchus ,pater1 ,walter ,h41 #ahci-ahid4 ,extract from ,marius the ,epicurean1 #acc2 the story of ,cupid and ,psyche1 #aeg1 #deg n2 ,c4 #dj1 ,myth of ,demeter2 #aja-ajb1 #bii1 ,marius the ,epicurean ,patmore1 ,coventry1 #ahbc-ahif4 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,the ,unknown ,eros ,paul 7poul71 ,hermann4 ,grundriss d4 ,germ4 ,philol41 referred to1 #ddf n1 #dfj n ,paupion 7po-p'e-n7 ,e4 ,j4 7paint474 ,c4 #ajf1 ,thisbe ,peacock1 ,thomas ,love1 #aghe-ahff4 ,c4 #aaj-aab1 ,vengeance of ,bacchus ,peele1 ,george1 #aeeh-aeih4 ,c4 #ed1 #aie1 ,arraignment of ,paris ,petiscus1 ,a4 ,h4 ,the ,gods of ,olympus1 #ddf n ,phillips1 ,ambrose1 #afga-agdi4 ,c4 #ajg1 transl4 ,sappho2 #aci1 ,cider ,phillips1 ,stephen1 #ahfh ----4 ,extract from ,marpessa1 #aae1 #aaf2 from ,ulysses1 #cch2 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 ,ulysses ,pisano 7p'e-z'no71 ,andrea1 #abgj-acdi 7paint474 ,c4 #agc1 ,ddalus and ,icarus ,pix'is1 ,th41 #ahca ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #bhc1 ,illustrations of the ,ring of the ,nibelungen ,plump'tre1 ,e4 ,h41 #ahba-ahia4 ,transl4 ,sophocles1 #bfb-bfd1 #bfg1 #bfh2 ,c4 #aef-afb1 #ahb-ahi1 #aif1 #bjd1 #bai-bbj1 #bbh-bcj1 #bih1 transl4 schylus and ,sophocles ,pope1 ,alexander1 #afhh-agdd4 ,transl4 ,homer1 #bhf-bhh1 #bib1 #bic1 #cjf1 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 #bih2 transl4 ,statius' ,thebaid1 #bii2 references to ,dunciad1 the ,messiah1 ,rape of the ,lock1 ,windsor ,forest1 ,essay on ,criticism1 ,prologue to ,satires1 ,spring1 ,summer1 ,moral ,essays1 ,miscellaneous1 #h1 #ah1 #bb1 #cj1 #cd1 #ch 7#a71 #dj1 #dd-df1 #di1 #ej-eb1 #ed1 #eg1 #fe-ff1 #gh1 #ig1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aah1 #abe1 #abi-acj1 #aca1 #aee1 #aef-afb1 #afc-afg1 #agb1 #bca-bdd1 #bee-beg1 #bfj ,potter1 ,r41 #agba-ahjd4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 schylus and ,euripides ,poussin 7poo-s7an'71 ,nicolas1 #aeid-affe 7paint474 ,c4 #ed1 ,the ,kingdom of ,flora2 #eg1 ,pan and ,syrinx 7,dresden72 #acb-acc1 ,narcissus ,poynter1 ,sir ,e4 ,j41 #ahcf ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #ajc1 ,atalanta's ,race4 ,note also his ,andromeda1 ,perseus1 and ,andromeda and ,helen ,praed 7prad71 ,winthrop ,mackworth1 #ahjb-ahci4 ,c4 #bbf1 ,cassandra ,preller 7pr7el'er71 ,l41 #ahji-ahfa4 ,griechische ,mythologie1 cited or referred to1 ,preface and #d n1 #f n1 #ddf n2 ,c4 #h1 #bg1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #gj1 #gb-gc1 #gh1 #ie1 #aje1 #aaj-aab1 #aad-aag1 #abc-abd1 #abf-abg1 #adi-aed1 #agb ,preston1 ,margaret ,j41 #ahbe-ahig4 ,c4 #ic1 ,flight of ,arethusa2 #abe1 ,alcyone2 #afh1 ,the ,quenched ,branch ,prior1 ,matthew1 #affd-agba4 ,c4 #ej-eb1 ,on taking of ,namur2 #gf1 ,female ,phaton ,procter1 ,bryan ,waller1 #aghg-ahgd4 ,c4 #d1 ,fall of ,saturn2 #ai-bj1 ,the ,flood of ,thessaly2 #cb1 ,the ,worship of ,dian2 #aaj-aab1 ,bacchanalian ,song2 #aad-aag1 ,rape of ,proserpine2 #ada1 ,death of ,acis2 #agf-aha1 ,on the ,statue of ,theseus ,raleigh1 ,sir ,walter1 #aeeb-afah4 ,citation from ,history of the ,world1 #ddj ,randolph1 ,thomas1 #afje-afcd4 ,c4 #db1 #ed1 ,to ,master ,anthony ,stafford ,raphael 7r7af''a-7el7 7,sanzio1 of ,urbino71 #adhc-aebj 7paint474 ,c4 #bh1 ,mars2 #cj1 ,apollo2 #cb1 ,luna2 #cf1 ,mercury2 #ch1 ,cupids1 ,six ,hours of ,day and ,night2 #hg1 ,marsyas2 #aja-ajb1 ,cupid and ,psyche2 #ada1 ,triumph of ,galatea2 #aie1 ,sketch of ,homer2 #bde-bed1 ,virgil1 ,dido ,read1 ,t4 ,b41 #ahbb-ahgb4 ,c4 #ih1 ,endymion ,reed1 ,e4 ,a4 ,c4 #cjc1 ,hindu ,literature ,regnault 7r7e-nyo'71 ,j4 ,b41 #aged-ahbi 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#c71 ,the ,graces4 ,note also his ,education of ,achilles1 ,pygmalion and ,venus1 ,death of ,priam1 and ,orestes and ,iphigenia ,reinach 7ri'n4ch71 ,salomon1 #aheh ----4 ,c4 #gh1 ,apollo ,rembrandt 7r7em'br7ant7 van ,ryn1 #afjf-affi 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,ganymede carried off by ,jove's ,eagle 7,dresden7 ,reni1 ,guido 7gwe'do ra'ne7 #aege-afdb 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,cupid2 #ajc1 ,atalanta's ,race2 #abc-abd1 ,aurora ,rhys 7res71 ,john4 ,article in the ,academy1 #deh n ,richardson1 ,f4 ,c4 #cjc1 ,iliad of the ,east ,richardson1 ,l4 ,j4 ,c4 #fd1 ,biton and ,cleobis ,rivire 7re-vyr'71 ,briton1 #ahdj ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #bca-bdd1 ,circe and the ,companions of ,ulysses4 ,note also his ,argus and ,acton ,robinson1 ,a4 ,mary ,f4 7,madame ,james ,darmesteter71 #aheg ----4 ,c4 #cj1 ,a ,search for ,apollo1 ,in ,apollo's ,garden2 #agf-aha1 ,the ,crowned ,hippolytus ,rogers1 ,randolph1 #ahbe-ahib 7sculpt474 ,c4 #ig1 ,the ,lost ,pleiad ,rogers1 ,robert ,cameron1 #ahfb ----4 ,poems3 ,c4 #dd1 ,charon2 #ed1 ,the ,dancing ,faun2 #ada1 ,blind ,polyphemus2 #aei1 ,hylas2 #bca-bdd1 ,odysseus at the ,mast1 the ,death of ,argus ,rogers1 ,samuel1 #agfc-ahee4 ,c4 #ch 7#c71 ,inscription for a ,temple dedicated to the ,graces2 #aef-afb1 ,on the ,torso of ,hercules ,rohde 7ro'de71 ,e4 ,psyche1 #ddf n ,romano 7ro-m'no71 ,giulio ,pippi1 #adib-aedf 7paint474 ,c4#ch7d71 ,muses2 #abi-acj1 ,pan and the ,young ,olympos 7,dresden7 ,roscher 7r'osh'er71 ,w4 ,h4 ,ausfhrliches ,lexikon d4 griech4 u4 rm4 ,mythologie1 referred to or cited1 #g n1 #ge n1 #ic n1 #dcg n2 see ,preface1 and ,c4 #bf1 #bg1 #bh1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #cf1 #ei1 #ajj1 #aji1 #adb1 #adh1 #adi-aed1 #aee1 #afc-afg ,ross1 ,r4 ,s4 ,c4 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne in ,naxos1 ,london1 #ahhb ,rossetti 7r'o-set''e71 ,d4 ,g41 #ahbh-ahhb4 ,c4 #d1 ,mnemosyne2 #aj-ae1 ,pandora2 #cb1 ,diana2 #cd1 #ce1 ,venus ,victrix1 ,venus ,verticordia2 #dh1 ,proserpina2 #ej-eb1 ,a ,sea-,spell1 ,the ,siren2 #ajd1 ,hero's ,lamp2 #adi-aed1 ,aspecta ,medusa2 #ahb-ahi1 ,the ,sphinx 7a painting72 #aie1 ,helen2 #bbf1 ,cassandra 7drawing and poem72 #bca-bdd1 ,penelope1 ,the ,wine of ,circe 7for painting by ,e4 ,burne-,jones7 ,roy1 ,protap ,chundra4 ,c4 #cjc1 transl4 ,mahbhrata ,rubens 7roo'benz71 ,peter ,paul1 #aegg-afdj 7paint474 ,c4 #cb1 ,diana and her ,nymphs2 #aca1 ,satyrs2 #adi-aed1 ,perseus and ,andromeda2 #aef-afb1 ,hercules intoxicated2 #afh1 ,meleager and ,atalanta 7,dresden72 #aie1 ,judgment of ,paris ,ruskin1 ,j41 #ahai-aijj4 ,the ,queen of the ,air1 #dce1 #ddd1 #dde2 ,c4 #bg ,smund 7sa'moond7 the ,wise1 #ajee-aacc4 ,his connection with the ,elder ,edda1 #dei ,sandys 7s7andz71 ,george1 #aegg-afdd4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 ,metamorphoses ,saxe1 ,j4 ,g41 #ahaf-ahhg4 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,death and ,cupid2 #gf1 ,phaton2 #aac1 ,choice of ,king ,midas2 #aah1 ,orpheus2 #agc1 ,icarus2 #bca-bdd1 ,the ,spell of ,circe ,scheffer 7sh7ef'er71 ,ary1 #agie-aheh 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,hebe ,schiavoni 7sky-vo'ne71 ,n41 #aggg-aheh 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,hebe ,schiller 7sh7il'er71 ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 von1 #agei-ahje4 ,extract from his ,gods of ,greece1 transl4 by ,c4 ,m4 ,gayley1 #ahb2 from ,ideal and ,life1 transl4 by ,s4 ,g4 ,bulfinch1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,see under ,bowring1 ,lytton1 ,s4 ,g4 ,bulfinch1 ,frothingham1 ,brooks ,schliemann 7shle'mn71 ,h41 #ahbb-ahij4 ,c4 #bbh-bcj1 ,troy and its ,remains1 ,ilios1 ,troja ,schnorr von ,carolsfeld 7shn'or f'on k'-r'ols-felt71 ,julius1 #agid-ahgb4 ,c4 #bhc1 ,the ,nibelungen ,frescoes ,schobelt 7sho'belt71 ,p41 #ahch ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #dh1 #aad-aag1 ,rape of ,proserpine ,schtzenberger 7shtz'en-b7er'ger71 ,l4 ,f41 #ahbe ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#d71 ,terpsichore ,scott1 ,sir ,walter1 #agga-ahcb4 ,c4 #bde-bed1 ,marmion 7,palinurus7 ,scott1 ,william ,bell1 #ahaa-ahij4 ,c4 #aah1 ,eurydice2 #ahb-ahi1 ,the ,sphinx2 #aif1 ,iphigenia at ,aulis ,seifert 7zi'fert71 ,a4 7paint474 ,c4 #bbh-bcj1 ,electra ,sellar1 ,w4 ,y41 #ahbe-ahij4 ,augustan ,poets1 #ddf n ,shakespeare1 ,william1 #aefd-afaf4 ,extract from ,macbeth1 #bcf2 ,c4 #d-beg passim1 references to works in general ,shelley1 ,p4 ,b41 #agib-ahbb4 ,quotations from ,hymn of ,apollo1 #bh1 #bi2 ,hymn of ,pan1 #aaa1 #aab2 ,arethusa1 #aah-abj2 ,song of ,proserpine1 #afj2 ,lines on the ,medusa of ,leonardo ,da ,vinci1 #baj2 ,c4 #aj-ae1 #ch 7#b71 #eg1 #aji1 ,prometheus ,unbound2 #cj1 ,homer's ,hymn to ,apollo1 ,adonas2 #cf1 #aji1 ,homer's ,hymn to ,mercury2 #db1 #ej-eb1 ,ode to ,liberty2 #dd-df1 ,to ,naples2 #di1 ,to ,night2 #eg1 ,to the ,moon2 #ic1 ,arethusa2 #ie1 ,adonas2 #aah1 ,orpheus2 #ada1 ,cyclops of ,euripides2 #ahb-ahi1 ,swellfoot the ,tyrant ,sichel 7zi,g'el71 ,n41 #ahdd ---- 7paint474 ,reference to1 ,c4 #aj-ae ,sidney1 ,sir ,p41 #aeed-aehf4 ,c4 #cj1 #aef-afb1 ,astrophel and ,stella ,sill1 ,e4 ,r41 #ahda-ahhg4 ,quoted3 ,venus of ,milo1 #cb-cd2 ,semele1 #gb1 #gc ,sime 7sim71 ,james4 ,nibelungenlied 7in ,encyc4 ,brit471 #dfa n ,smart1 ,chr41 #agbb-agga4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 ,horace ,solimena 7so-le-ma'n71 ,francesco1 #afeg-agdg 7paint474 ,c4 #aba1 ,rape of ,hippodamia2 #agf-aha1 ,battle of ,centaurs and ,lapith ,southey1 ,r41 #aggd-ahdc4 ,c4 #aah1 ,thalaba ,spenser1 ,edmund1 #aeeb-aeii4 ,quoted3 ,verses on the ,graces1 #cf1 #cg2 from the ,muiopotmos1 #hc2 ,faerie ,queene1 #ded2 referred to3 ,epithalamion1 ,c4 #cj1 #cb1 #cd1 #ch 7#b71 #db1 #ih1 #abf-abg1 #adi-aed2 ,prothalamion1 #d1 #cb1 #cd1 #ej-eb1 #acb-acc1 #agj-aga2 ,tears of the ,muses1 #ch 7#d72 ,faerie ,queene1 #cj1 #cb1 #ch 7#h71 #dj1 #db1 #dh1 #di1 #ej-eb1 #ed1 #gf1 #if1 #aah1 #abc-abd1 #abf-abg1 #aee1 #aef-afb1 #agj-aga ,stanyhurst1 ,r41 d4 #afah4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 neid1 #a-d ,stapylton1 ,sir ,r41 d4 #affi4 ,c4 #ajd1 transl4 ,musus ,stedman1 ,e4 ,c41 #ahcc-aijh4 ,pan in ,wall ,street1 quoted1 #ahc-ahe2 ,c4 #bb1 ,news from ,olympia2 #bca-bdd1 ,penelope ,stephens1 ,george1 #ahea ----4 ,c4 #cjj1 ,old ,runic ,monuments ,stoddard1 ,r4 ,h41 #ahbe-aijc4 ,c4 #ed1 ,arcadian ,hymn to ,flora2 #aad-aag1 ,the ,search for ,persephone ,story1 ,w4 ,w41 #ahai-ahie4 ,c4 #cb1 ,artemis2 #ei1 ,europa2 #ia1 ,clytie2 #bee-beg1 ,tantalus ,sturlason1 ,snorri 7sn7or're stoor'l4a-sun71 #aagi-abda4 ,connection with the ,prose ,edda1 #dei2 ,c4 #bfh-bha ,surrey1 ,henry ,howard1 ,earl of1 #aeag-aedg4 ,c4 #ajf1 ,death of ,sir ,t4 ,wyatt ,sveinsson 7svins'sun71 ,bp4 ,bryniolf1 #afje-afge4 ,his connection with the ,elder ,edda1 #dei ,swanwick 7sw7onik71 ,anna1 #ahac-ahii4 ,c4 #aif1 transl4 schylus ,swift1 ,jonathan1 #affg-agde4 ,his burlesque verses on ,philemon and ,baucis1 #gi1 #hj2 ,c4 #cj1 ,apollo ,outwitted2 #ed1 ,to ,janus2 #aac1 ,fable of ,midas2 #bbd1 ,a ,city ,shower ,swinburne1 ,a4 ,c41 #ahcg-aiji4 ,quoted3 ,his ,garden of ,proserpine1 #di1 #ej2 from ,atalanta in ,calydon1 #bcg et seq42 ,c4 #cb1 ,chorus to ,artemis2 #cd1 ,chorus to ,aphrodite 7in ,atalanta in ,calydon72 ,laus ,veneris2 #dj1 ,at ,eleusis2 #db1 ,prelude to ,songs before ,sunrise2 #dh1 ,to ,proserpine2 #aad-aag1 ,song to ,proserpine1 ,at ,eleusis2 #abi-acj1 ,pan and ,thalassius2 #afh1 ,atalanta in ,calydon2 #agd1 ,itylus2 #agf-aha1 ,phdra1 ,erechtheus2 #ahb-ahi1 ,tiresias ,tabley1 ,lord de 7pseud4 ,wm4 ,p4 ,lancaster71 #ahce ----4 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,pandora2 #eg1 ,minos2 #fj1 ,semele2 #hi1 ,daphne2 #abi-acj1 ,ode to ,pan2 #bai-bbj1 ,philoctetes2 #bbh-bcj1 ,orestes ,talfourd 7tl'ferd71 ,sir ,thomas ,noon1 #agie-ahed4 ,c4 #agd1 ,ion ,taylor1 ,bayard1 #ahbe-ahgh4 ,c4 #ai-bj1 ,prince ,deukalion2 #bb1 ,masque of the ,gods2 #aef-afb1 ,hylas2 #agc1 ,icarus ,teignmouth 7t7in'muth7 7,english artist74 ,c4 #fd1 ,cydippe ,tennyson1 ,alfred1 ,lord1 #ahji-ahib4 ,quotations from the ,hesperides1 #dj2 ,amphion1 #gf1 #gg2 ,locksley ,hall1 #abd2 his ,tithonus1 #agg-agi2 ,dream of ,fair ,women 7,helen71 #bgg1 7,iphigenia7 #bha2 ,,oenone1 #bgh2 ,lotos-eaters1 #cai1 #cbj2 ,ulysses1 #cdd-cde2 ,to ,virgil1 #cdf2 ,c4 #bd-be1 #cj1 ,the ,talking ,oak2 #ch 7#b71 #ed1 #ei1 ,palace of ,art2 #ch1 7#aa7 ,the ,hesperides2 #dj1 #aad-aag1 ,demeter and ,persephone2 #ajd1 ,hero to ,leander2 #adi-aed1 ,the ,princess2 #ahb-ahi1 ,tiresias2 #aie1 ,dream of ,fair ,women2 #bba1 ,,oenone1 and ,death of ,,oenone2 #bde-bed1 ,to ,virgil ,tennyson1 ,frederick1 #ahjg-ahih4 ,c4 #gh1 ,niobe2 #hi1 ,daphne2 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche2 #aje1 ,pygmalion2 #ajg1 ,kles 7in ,isles of ,greece72 #abe1 ,halcyone2 #afc-afg1 son1 and ,king ,athamas2 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne ,teschendorff 7teshen-drf71 ,e41 #ahbc ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #agf-aha1 ,ariadne2 #ahb-ahi1 ,,oedipus1 ,antigone1 ,ismene2 #aif1 ,iphigenia2 #bbh-bcj1 ,electra ,thomas1 ,edith ,m41 #ahed ----4 ,c4 #ch 7#b71 ,homesickness of ,ganymede2 #ha1 ,apollo the ,shepherd2 #hg1 ,marsyas2 #abe1 ,the ,kingfisher ,thomson1 ,james1 #agjj-agdh4 ,extract from the ,seasons1 #aie2 ,c4 #ce1 #ed1 ,seasons2 #ch 7#d71 #di1 #aje1 ,castle of ,indolence2 #agd1 ,hymn to the ,seasons2 #aif1 ,agamemnon1 a ,tragedy ,thorpe1 ,b4 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 transl4 of ,smund's ,edda ,thorwaldsen 7tr'wld-sen71 ,albert ,bertel1 #aggj-ahdd 7sculpt474 ,c4 #aj-ae1 ,minerva and ,prometheus 7on vase of the ,perseus72 #bh1 ,mars and ,cupid2 #bi1 ,vulcan forging ,arrows for ,cupid2 #ce1 ,venus with the ,apple2 #cf1 ,mercury2 #ch1 ,mars and ,cupid1 ,ganymede1 ,terpsichore2 #hj1 ,hygea and sculapius2 #ajj1 ,adonis2 #bjg1 ,hector and ,andromache ,thumann 7too'mn71 ,paul1 #ahcd ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #ch 7#f71 ,the ,fates2 #aja-ajb1 ,cupid and ,psyche ,tickell1 ,thomas1 #afhf-agdj4 ,c4 #cj1 ,to ,apollo making love1 transl4 of ,iliad1 ,bk4 #a 7#agae7 ,tiele 7te'le71 ,professor ,c4 ,p4 ,cited by ,lang1 #dch ,tintoretto 7ten-t'o-retto71 ,giacomo1 #aeah-aeid 7paint474 ,c4 #bg1 ,minerva defeating ,mars2 #bi1 ,forge of ,vulcan2 #ce1 ,cupid1 ,venus1 and ,vulcan2 #cf1 ,mercury and the ,graces2 #agf-aha ,ariadne and ,bacchus2 #ch 7#d71 ,the ,muses and ,apollo 7,dresden7 ,tisio 7te'z'e-o71 ,benvenuto1 #adha-aeei 7paint474 ,c4 #fh1 ,venus showing her wounded hand to ,mars 7,dresden7 ,titian 7tish4an7 7,tiziano ,vecellio71 #adgg-aegf 7paint474 ,c4 #ce1 ,venus2 #ch 7#a71 ,cupid and ,venus 7,dresden72 #ed1 ,flora2 #ajj1 ,venus and ,adonis 7copy1 ,dresden72 #adi-aed1 ,dana and the ,shower of ,gold2 #agf-aha1 ,bacchus and ,ariadne ,todhunter1 ,john1 #ahci ----4 ,c4 #hc1 ,alcestis2 #aie1 ,helena in ,troas ,translators3 ,english ,translations from ,ancient and ,modern ,poems1 by various authors 7,vol4 ,,ii including ,rowe's ,lucan's ,pharsalia2 ,fawkes' ,theocritus1 ,bion1 ,moschus1 ,argonautics of ,apollonius ,rhodius1 ,anacreon1 ,sappho2 ,ovid's ,metamorphoses by ,dryden1 ,addison1 ,garth1 etc42 ,lewis' ,thebais of ,statius2 ,cooke's ,hesiod1 etc474 #c vols4 ,london1 #ahaj4 ,for other translators1 see ,c4 #aie-bdd1 #bih-cjc ,turchi 7toorke71 ,alessandro 7l,orbetto71 #aehb-afdh 7paint474 ,c4 #ajj1 ,venus holding the body of ,adonis 7,dresden7 ,turner1 ,charles ,tennyson1 #ahjh-ahgi4 ,c4 #if ,orion ,turner1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w41 #agge-ahea 7paint474 ,c4 #cf1 ,mercury and ,argus2 #abc-abd1 ,procris and ,cephalus2 #bde-bed1 ,dido building ,carthage ,tylor1 ,e4 ,b41 #ahcb-aiji4 ,works cited or referred to1 #ddj n1 #ddf1 #ddi n ,van ,beers 7vn bars71 ,j41 #ahba-ahhh 7paint474 ,c4 #ej-eb1 ,the ,siren ,van der ,werff 7vn der v7erf71 ,adrian1 #afei-agbb 7paint474 ,c4 #aie1 ,judgment of ,paris 7,dresden7 ,van ,dyck 7v7an dik71 ,sir ,anthony1 #aeii-afda4 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,sleeping ,cupid2 #adi-aed1 ,jupiter and ,dana 7,dresden7 ,van ,haarlem 7vn hrlem71 ,cornelis1 #aefb-afch 7paint474 ,c4 #aij-aid 7#a71 ,wedding of ,peleus and ,thetis 7,hague7 ,van ,mieris 7vn meris71 ,willem1 #affb-agdg 7paint474 ,c4 #abc-abd1 ,cephalus and ,procris 7,dresden7 ,vedder1 ,elihu1 #ahcf ---- 7paint474 ,c4 #ig1 ,pleiades2 #bde-bed1 ,cuman ,sibyl ,velasquez 7va-lskath71 ,d4 ,r4 de ,silva y1 #aeii-affj 7paint474 ,c4 #bi1 ,forge of ,vulcan ,vere 7ver71 ,aubrey ,thomas ,de1 #ahad-aijb4 ,c4 #cj1 ,lines under ,delphi2 #dh1 ,search after ,proserpine2 #ei1 ,rape of ,europa2 #aad-aag1 on the myth of ,proserpine2 #ahb-ahi1 ,antigone ,veronese 7va-r'o-na'za7 7,paolo ,cagliari71 #aebh-aehh 7paint474 ,c4 #cj1 ,st4 ,christina1 etc42 #ce1 ,venus1 ,satyr1 ,cupid2 #ei1 ,rape of ,europa ,verrall1 ,arthur ,w4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 schylus and ,euripides ,vien 7vy7an71 ,j4 ,m41 #agaf-ahji 7paint474 ,c4 #agc1 ,ddalus and ,icarus ,vigfusson 7vigfoo-sun71 ,g41 and ,f4 ,y4 ,powell4 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 #deh-dfj n2 ,c4 #bfh-bha1 #bhb1 #cjj ,vilmar1 ,a4 ,f4 ,c4 ,geschichte d4 deutschen ,national-,litteratur1 #dfa n2 ,c4 #cja ,vinci1 ,da 7d venche71 ,leonardo1 #adeb-aeai 7paint474 ,c4 #adi-aed1 ,head of ,medusa ,voltaire 7v'ol-tr71 #afid-aggh4 ,c4 #afi1 ,merope ,voss 7f'os71 ,g4 ,j41 #aegg-afdi4 ,advocate of theological interpretation1 #ddj ,wade1 ,thomas1 #ahje-ahge4 ,c4 #bf1 ,the ,nuptials of ,juno ,wagner 7vgner71 ,richard1 #ahac-ahhc4 ,the ,ring of the ,nibelung1 #daj-dcj2 ,c4 #bhc1 #bhd-bhh ,waller1 ,edmund1 #afje-afhg4 ,c4 #ej-eb1 #hi1 #bde-bed1 ,panegyric on ,lord ,protector ,ward1 ,w4 ,c4 #cjc1 ,history1 ,literature1 and ,mythology of the ,hindoos ,warton1 ,joseph1 #agbb-ahjj4 ,c4 #dj1 ,first of ,april ,watteau 7v4a-to'71 ,antoine1 #afhd-agba 7paint474 ,c4 #aie1 ,judgment of ,paris ,watts1 ,g4 ,f41 #ahag-aijd 7paint474 ,c4 #hi1 ,daphne2 #ih1 ,endymion2 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche2 #aah1 ,orpheus and ,eurydice4 ,note also his ,ariadne1 and ,the ,wife of ,pygmalion ,way1 ,a4 ,s4 ,c4 #bih1 transl4 ,euripides2 #bii1 transl4 ,horace ,weber 7va'ber71 ,a4 ,f4 ,c4 #cjc1 ,history of ,indian ,literature ,webster1 ,augusta1 #ahdj ----4 ,c4 #aj-ae1 transl4 schylus' ,prometheus ,bound2 #afc-afg1 transl4 ,euripides' ,medea ,welcker 7v7elker71 ,f4 ,g4 ,c4 #ei1 #abf-abg1 interpretations of myths ,west1 ,e4 ,w4 ,see ,haug ,wheeler1 ,b4 ,i4 ,dionysos and ,immortality1 #ddf n ,white1 ,henry ,kirke1 #aghe-ahjf4 ,c4 #cb ,ode to ,contemplation2 #di1 ,thanatos ,whitelaw1 ,r4 ,c4 #aef-afb1 #bih1 transl4 ,sophocles ,wickham1 ,e4 ,c4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 ,horace ,wiertz 7verts71 ,a4 ,j41 #ahjf-ahfe 7paint474 ,c4 #bi1 ,forge of ,vulcan2 #aii1 ,fight for the ,body of ,achilles ,wilde1 ,oscar1 #ahef-aijj4 ,c4 #ch 7#a71 ,the ,garden of ,eros2 #agd1 ,the ,burden of ,itys ,wilkinson1 ,sir ,gardner1 #agig-ahge4 ,c4 #abh1 on the statue of ,memnon ,wilkinson1 ,w4 ,c4 ,c4 #bih1 ,college ,greek ,course1 and ,college ,latin ,course1 in ,english ,williams1 ,sir ,m4 ,monier1 #ahai-ahii4 ,c4 #cjc1 transl4 ,nalopkhynam ,williams1 ,t4 ,c4 ,c4 #bii1 transl4 neid ,wilson1 ,h4 ,h41 #aghf-ahfj4 ,c4 #cjc1 transl4 ,rig-,veda-,sanhita2 ,theatre of the ,hindus ,wodhull1 ,michael1 #agdj-ahaf4 ,c4 #afc-afg1 #bbh-bcj1 #bih1 transl4 ,euripides ,woodberry1 ,george ,e4 ,extracts from ,proserpine1 #afc1 #afd ,woolner1 ,thomas1 #ahbe-ahib4 ,c4 #bg1 ,tiresias 7,pallas ,athene72 #cd1 ,pygmalion 7,cytherea72 #aje1 ,pygmalion2 #ahb-ahi1 ,the ,sphinx ,wordsworth1 ,w41 #aggj-ahej4 ,quoted3 ,sonnet1 ,the ,world is too much with us1 #eh2 ,laodamia1 #bhb1 #bhc2 ,excursion1 #ddc1 #ddd2 ,c4 #cb1 ,to ,lycoris2 #aah1 #abi-acj1 ,power of ,music2 #bai-bbj1 ,philoctetes ,wyatt1 ,sir ,thomas1 #aejc-aedb4 ,c4 #cd1 ,the ,lover prayeth1 etc42 #bde-bed1 ,song of ,iopas ,young1 ,edward1 #afhc-agfe4 ,c4 #ch 7#d71 ,ocean2 #ed1 #ih1 #aee1 #bde-bed1 ,night ,thoughts ,zick 7ts7ik71 ,a4 7paint474 ,c4 #aja-ajb1 ,psyche ,transcriber's ,notes3 ,simple spelling1 grammar1 and typographical errors were corrected4 ,punctuation normalized4 ,anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed4 ,italics markup is enclosed in underscores4 ,bold markup is enclosed in equals signs4 ,greek text is transliterated and enclosed in number signs4 ,item #ajh on p4 #eje is missing in original4 ,latin small letter c with bar is denoted by -c4 ,superscripts are indicated with a single caret 77 followed by the superscripted text4 ,if the superscript continues for more than one character1 then the text is surrounded by curly braces and as well4 ,proofreading ,symbols for ,diacritical ,marks 7,in the table below1 the x represents a letter with a diacritical mark47 diacritical mark sample above below macron 7straight line7 x x #b dots 7dieresis1 umlaut7 3x x3 #a dot 4x x4 acute accent 7aigu7 ' 'x x' circumflex x x breve 7u-shaped symbol7 7x x7 tilde x x plus sign x x