file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #dfjch-;h4htm or #dfjch-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #dfjch_/pg#dfjch-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#dfjc h_/dfjch-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,canadian ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/%9t[ay(go ds#jj;a/\(t ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 9 ! orig9al h n be5 *ang$4 ,,%9to 7,! ,way ,( ,! ,gods7 by ,w4 ,g4 ,,a/on1 ,c4,m4,g1 ,d4,lit4 ,au?or ( ',a ,gramm> ( ! ,japanese ,spok5 ,language1' ',a ,gramm> ( ! ,japanese ,writt5 ,language1' ',! ,nihongi' 7,translation71 ',a ,hi/ory ( ,japanese ,lit]ature1' c4 ,longmans1 ,gre51 & ,co4 #ci ,pat]no/] ,r[1 ,london ,new ,york & ,bombay #aije ,all rights res]v$ ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,,*ap4 ,,page4 ,i4 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,%9to #a ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,features--,,p]sonification #e ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,features--,,deification ,,( ,,m5 #cf ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,features--,,functions ,,( ,,gods1 ,c4 #fe ,v4 ,,my? #ge ,,vi4 ,,! ,,my?ical ,,n>rative #hd ,,vii4 ,,! ,,pan!on--,,nature-,,deities #aba ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pan!on--,,man-,,deities #agg ,,ix4 ,,! ,,prie/hood #bjj ,x4 ,,wor%ip #bjh ,,xi4 ,,morals1 ,,law1 ,,& ,,purity #bda ,,xii4 ,,c]emonial #bfh ,,xiii4 ,,magic1 ,,div9ation1 ,,inspiration #cbg ,,xiv4 ,,decay ,,( ,,%9to4 ,,mod]n ,,sects #cei ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page4 ,ohonamo*i & 8 ,d\ble #bh-bi ,! ,sun-,goddess issu+ f ! ,rock-,cave ( ,heav5 #ih-ii ,sun ,wor%ip at ! ,tw9-,rocks ( ,ise #acj-ca ,hohodemi at ! ,c\rt ( ,toyotama-hiko #adi ,k$zurikake4 ,! "o on ! "r is ! ord9>y =m1 ! o!r a special k9d call$ ihaigi #aib ,oho-nusa4 7,f ,dr4 ,flor5z's pap] 9 ! ,t4,a4,s4,j47 #bad ,gohei #bae ,ema 7,horse-picture7 #bbb ,miko%i #bbd-be ,himorogi4 7,f ! ,t4,a4,s4,j47 #bbf ,%r9es ( ,ise #bbi-cj ,toriwi #bcc ,*i no wa #bff-fg ,misogi1 or ,purification ,c]emony #bih-ii ,tsu9a1 or ,expulsion ( ,devils #caj-aa ,wayside ,%r9es #cff ,,abbreviations4 ,*4 ,k4--,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9's translation ( ! ,kojiki4 ,nihongi4--,translation ( ! ,nihongi by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on4 ,t4,a4,s4,j4--,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan4 ,,errata4 ,= ,welhaus51 note to p4 #aac1 read ,wellhaus54 ,= (1 p4 #ab1 l4 #ah1 read on4 ,p4 #cce1 l4 #bd1 read to d h] behe/s4 ,,add5da4 ,add1 bottom ( p4 #fj1 ,/4 ,augu/9e says1 9 8 ',civitas ,dei1' t fun]al obs]vances are r solace to ! liv+ ?an help to ! dead4 ,p4 #da1 l9e #be1 aft] deities ins]t a phrase :i* closely resembles ! ',zembla ,bogh' us$ ( ! ,cz> by ,russians4 ,p4 #ca1 add to fir/ note1 ,! ,romans _h an evil c\nt]p>t ( ,jupit]1 viz41 ,v$iovis or ,vejovis4 ,,preface4 ,z comp>$ ) ! great religions ( ! _w1 ,%9to1 ! old ,kami cult ( ,japan1 is decid$ly rudim5t>y 9 its "*4 ,its poly!ism1 ! want ( a ,supreme ,deity1 ! comp>ative abs5ce ( images & ( a moral code1 its feeble p]sonifications & hesitat+ grasp ( ! conception ( _s1 ! practical non-recognition ( a future /ate1 & ! g5]al abs5ce ( a deep1 e>ne/ fai?--all /amp x z p]haps ! lea/ develop$ ( religions :i* h an adequate lit]>y record4 ,/ill1 x is n a primitive cult4 ,x _h an organiz$ prie/hood & an elaborate ritual4 ,! g5]al civilization ( ! ,japanese :5 ,%9to assum$ ! =m 9 :i* we "k x _h left ! primitive /age f> beh9d4 ,!y 7 already an agricultural nation1 a circum/ance by :i* ,%9to has be5 deeply influ5c$4 ,!y _h a settl$ gov]nm5t1 & possess$ ! arts ( brew+1 mak+ pott]y1 build+ %ips & bridges1 & work+ 9 metals4 ,x is n among su* surr\nd+s t we c expect to f9d a primitive =m ( religion4 ,! pres5t treatise has two objects4 ,x is int5d$1 prim>ily & *iefly1 z a rep]tory ( ! m significant facts ( ,%9to = ! use ( sci5tific /ud5ts ( religion4 ,x also comprises an outl9e !ory ( ! orig9 & e>li] /ages ( ! developm5t ( religion1 prep>$ ) special ref]5ce to ! ,%9to evid5ce4 ,! subject is treat$ f a positive1 n f a negative or agno/ic /&po9t1 ,religion be+ reg>d$ z a normal function1 n a disease1 ( humanity4 ,?is elem5t ( ! "w owes mu* to ! cont95tal s*ol>s ,rville1 ,goblet ,d',alviella1 & ,pfleid]]4 ,9 an?ropological matt]s1 ,i h be5 mu* indebt$ to ,dr4 ,tylor's ',primitive ,culture' & ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]'s ',gold5 ,b\gh4' ,i %\ld n omit to express my obligations to my fri5d ,mr4 ,j4 ,tr\p = assi/ance ) ! pro(s & = a numb] ( useful corrections & sugge/ions4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,mat]ials ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,%9to4 ,prehi/oric ,%9to4--,e?nologi/s are agre$ t ! pr$om9ant elem5t ( ! ,japanese race came to ,japan by way ( ,korea f t "p ( ,asia :i* lies nor? ( ,*9a1 probably by a succession ( immigrations :i* ext5d$ ov] _m c5turies4 ,x is useless to speculate z to :at rudim5ts ( religi\s belief ! ance/ors ( ! ,japanese race may h br\ght ) !m f _! cont95tal home4 ,sun-wor%ip has long be5 a c5tral feature ( ,t>t> religions1 z x is ( ,%9to2 b su* a co9cid5ce proves no?+1 z ?is cult is univ]sal among nations 9 ! b>b>ic /age ( civilization4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r or n an acqua9tance ) ! old ,/ate religion ( ,*9a--ess5tially a nature-wor%ip--_h an influ5ce on ! prehi/oric developm5t ( ,%9to4 ,! circum/ance t ! ,sun 0 ! *ief deity ( ! latt] & ,heav5 ( ! =m] is adv]se to ?is supposition4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ,japan :i* corresponds ) ! ,%angti ( ! anci5t ,*9ese4 ,!re are def9ite traces ( a ,korean elem5t 9 ,%9to4 ,a ,k>a no ,kami 7,god ( ,k>a 9 ,korea7 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,palace4 ,!re 7 num]\s %r9es 9 hon\r ( ,k>a-,kuni ,idate no ,kami4 ,susa no wo & ,futsunu%i h ,korean associations4 ,until ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury ( our era1 writ+ 0 practically unkn[n 9 ,japan4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t a consid]able body ( my?1 toge!r ) =mal rituals1 0 already 9 exi/5ce1 hav+ be5 transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation by ! ,nakatomi & ,imbe1 two h]$it>y prie/ly corporations atta*$ to ! ,mikado's ,c\rt4 ,we he> also ( ,kat>ibe1 or corporations ( recit]s1 :o 7 e/abli%$ 9 v>i\s prov9ces1 especially 9 ,idzumo1 a primaeval c5tre ( ,%9to wor%ip4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,nihongi "u ! date ,a4,d4 #dfe1 & 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,un=tunately we "k little ab\t !m beyond ! circum/ance t !y att5d$ at ! capital1 & deliv]$ _! recitals ( anci5t words on ! occasion ( ! ,mikado's coronation4 ,^! mu/ h help$ to furni% mat]ial = ! writt5 my?ical & quasi-hi/orical n>ratives :i* h come d[n to u4 ,kojiki4--,! olde/ ( ^! is a "w entitl$ ! ,kojiki1 or ',records ( ,anci5t ,matt]s4' ,x 0 compil$ by ,imp]ial ord]1 & complet$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gab4 ,! preface /ates t x 0 tak5 d[n f ! lips ( "o ,hiy$a no ,are1 :o _h s wond]ful a memory t he c\ld repeat ) 8 m\? :atev] 0 plac$ be=e 8 eyes & record 9 8 he>t :atev] /ruck 8 e>s4 ,engli% read]s may /udy ?is "w 9 an accurate translation contribut$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 to ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan 9 #ahhb4 ,x is prec$$ by a valuable introduction4 ,nihongi4--,! my?ical n>rative ( ! ,nihongi1 or ',*ronicles ( ,japan1' also an (ficial compilation 7,a4,d4 #gbj71 is n q s full z t ( ! ,kojiki1 & x has ! disadvantage ( be+ compos$ 9 ! ,*9ese language4 ,b x has "o feature ( great int]e/4 ,! au?or1 or "s ne>ly contempor>y writ]1 has add$ to ! orig9al text a numb] ( v>iants ( ! curr5t my?s1 ?us enabl+ u to correct any impression ( uni=mity or consi/5cy :i* might be left by ! p]usal ( ! ,kojiki or ,nihongi alone4 ,^! add5da %[ t !re 0 !n 9 exi/5ce a l>ge body ( frequ5tly irreconcilable my?ical mat]ial1 :i* ^! works are attempts to h>monize4 ,a translation ( ! ,nihongi by ! pres5t writ] =ms ,supplem5t ,i4 ( ! ,transactions ( ! ,japan ,society 7#ahif74 ,dr4 ,flor5z's excell5t ,g]man v]sion ( ! my?ical "p ( ?is "w may also be consult$ ) advantage4 ,x has copi\s notes4 ,kiujiki4--,a ?ird s\rce ( in=mation respect+ ! my?ical lore ( ,japan is ! ,kiujiki4 ,a "w ) ?is "n 0 compil$ ,a4,d4 #fbj1 i4e41 "o hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,nihongi1 b ! book n[ kn[n by t title has be5 condemn$ z a =g]y by native critics4 ,_! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 are n q conv9c+4 ,! ,kiujiki is 9 any case a v old book1 & we may accept x provisionally z ( equal au?ority ) ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,x conta9s little :i* is n also to be f\nd 9 ^! two works4 ,unlike !m1 ! ,kiujiki makes no attempt to be consi/5t4 ,x is a m]e jumble ( my?ical mat]ial1 di/9ct & conflict+ v]sions ( ! same n>rative be+ (t5 dovetail$ into "o ano!r 9 ! mo/ clumsy fa%ion4 ,x has n be5 translat$4 ,idzumo ,fudoki4--,?is "w1 a topography ( ! prov9ce ( ,idzumo1 0 compil$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #gcc4 ,x conta9s a few my?ical passages4 ,! ,kogo%iui 0 writt5 9 #hjg4 ,x adds a v little to ! in=mation conta9$ 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,%jiroku4--,9 ?is "w1 :i* is a sort ( pe]age ( ,japan 7#hae71 ! desc5t ( _m ( ! noble families is trac$ f ! deities ( ! ,%9to ,pan!on4 ,y5gi%iki4--,our pr9cipal s\rce ( in=mation = ! c]emonial ( ,%9to is ! ,y5gi%iki1 or ',in/itutes ( ! ,p]iod ,y5gi' 7#ija-ibc74 ,x gives a m9ute description ( ! (ficial ,%9to ritual z !n practis$1 toge!r ) ,r$ ,sn[ ,algatw5ty-sev5 ( ! pr9cipal pray]s us$ 9 wor%ip4 ,^! pray]s1 call$ norito1 7 n[1 s f> z we "k1 = ! fir/ "t r$uc$ to writ+1 b _m ( !m mu/ be 9 sub/ance sev]al hundr$s ( ye>s old]4 ,"s h be5 translat$ by ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[ = ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan 7#ahgi-ha71 & ! s]ies is n[ be+ cont9u$ by ,dr4 ,k>l ,flor5z1 ^: translation ( ! ,ohoh>ahi 7#ahii7 is a notable addition to ! ,engli% read]'s means ( /udy+ ,%9to4 ,moto3ori & ,hirata4--,! writ+s ( ! native s*ol>s ,moto3ori1 ,hirata1 & o!rs dur+ ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury & ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? are an indisp5sable s\rce ( in=mation4 ,no "p ( ?is volum9\s lit]ature has be51 or is likely to be1 translat$4 ,! ,engli% read] w f9d a good acc\nt ( x 9 ,sir ,erne/ ,sat['s ',revival ( ,pure ,%9to1' contribut$ to ! ,transactions ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan 9 #ahge4 ,by ,pure ,%9to is meant ! ,%9to ( ! ,kojiki1 ,nihongi1 & ,y5gi%iki1 z oppos$ to ! corrupt =ms ( ?is religion :i* sprang up "u ,buddhi/ influ5ce 9 lat] times4 ,! above-nam$ works conta9 fairly ample mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! old] ,%9to4 ,!y h ! advantage ( %[+ u ?is religion z se5 by ! ,japanese !mselves1 ?us leav+ no room = ! introduction ( ^? errors :i* s (t5 arise f ! unconsci\s importation ( mod]n ,european & ,*ri/ian ideas into ! acc\nts ( o!r rudim5t>y cults4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t x is ! ,/ate religion to :i* ^! records *iefly relate4 ,( ! popul> beliefs & practices at ?is "t we are told b little4 ,! ,nihongi1 &1 to a less] ext5t1 ! ,kojiki1 are some:at influ5c$ by ,*9ese ideas2 b ?is elem5t is g5]ally recognizable4 ,buddhism 0 introduc$ into ,japan t[>ds ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 & 0 widely propagat$ "u ! reg5cy ( ,%toku ,dai%i1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #fba2 b !re is little or no trace ( x 9 ! old] ,%9to4 ,= a long "t !re 0 a m>k$ antagonism betwe5 ! two religions :i* s]v$ to protect ! latt] f su* adult]ation4 ,! ,fzoku ,gwah1 a mod]n illu/rat$ magaz9e1 is a ri* /ore ( in=mation respect+ mod]n ,%9to & ! folk-lore & sup]/itions :i* are associat$ ) x4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,features4--,,p]sonification4 ,religion4--,religion1 a g5]al t]m :i* includes all our relations to ! ,div9e1 is a cord ( ?ree /r&s1 namely1 ,emotion1 ,?\ght1 & ,conduct4 ,emotion comprises gratitude1 hope1 & fe>4 ,?\ght yields conceptions & beliefs4 ,religi\s conduct consi/s 9 do+ t :i* is pleas+ to ! sup]ior p[]s1 & 9 refra9+ f acts :i* are ?\ght to be (f5sive to !m4 ,x includes wor%ip1 purity1 & morality4 ,^! elem5ts ( religion are insep>able4 ,emotion /imulates & %>p5s ! intellectual faculties1 :i* 9 turn provide fre% food = emotion4 ,ea* )\t ! o!r is evanesc5t & b>r54 ,no?+ wor?y ( ! "n ( religion is possible )\t a long succession ( alt]nate moods ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,emotion & ?\ght lead 9 all heal?y m9ds to action ( "s sort4 ,man is impell$ by 8 v nature to te/ify 8 gratitude to ! p[]s on :i* he feels himself dep5d5t1 to express 8 hopes ( future bless+s f !m1 & to avoid acts :i* might (f5d !m4 ,moreov]1 z a social animal1 he is prompt$ to communicate 8 religi\s ?\ghts & feel+s to 8 fell[ m54 ,)\t su* int]communication1 no religion is possible4 ,no individual man ev] evolv$ a religion out ( 8 own inn] consci\sness alone4 ,emotional ,s\rce ( ,religion4--,! emotional basis ( religion is gratitude1 love1 & hope1 r ?an fe>4 ,if life is wor? liv+--& :at sane man d\bts x8--!re are necess>ily f> m frequ5t occasions = ! =m] ?an = ! latt]4 ,! /atem5t ( ! old ,roman poet t ,primus 9 orbe ,deus fecit timor is untrue ev5 ( ! ,greek & ,roman my?ology to :i* he m p>ticul>ly ref]r$4 ,zeus1 ! ,%9+ ,"o1 ! ,fa!r ( ,gods & ,m51 ?\gh he may occasionally de/roy a wick$ man ) 8 ?und]1 is lov$ r ?an fe>$4 ,alma ,v5us1 hom9um divomque voluptas1 is n ! (fspr+ ( our t]rors4 ,nor is ,c]es1 ,bac*us1 ,"h ,eilei?uia1 or ,kora4 ,9 ,m>s1 by an exception ! malignant quality pr$om9ates4 ,%9to is ess5tially a religion ( gratitude & love4 ,! great ,gods1 su* z ! ,sun-,goddess & ! ,deity ( ,food1 are b5efic5t be+s4 ,!y are address$ z p>5ts1 or de> div9e ance/ors1 & _! fe/ivals h a joy\s "*4#a ,an eigh?-c5tury poet says1 ,e liv+ man may fea/ 8 eyes ) tok5s ( _! love4 ,! ,kogo%iui tells u t :5 ! ,sun-,goddess em]g$ f h] cave1 ,heav5 above at l5g? became cle>1 & all p c\ld see ea* o!r's faces di/9ctly4 ,!y /ret*$ =? _! h&s & danc$ & sang toge!r1 exclaim+1 ',oh6 h[ delightful6 h[ pleasant6 h[ cle>6' ,! ,nihongi says t on ! same occasion all ! ,gods rejoic$ greatly4 ,h we n "h a rudim5t ( ! beatific vision :i* 9 its high] developm5ts embraces n only ! sunlight b all ?+s 9 ,heav5 & e>?1 & hell itself1 f\nd$1 z ,dante says1 by ! primo ,amore8 ,ev5 ! boi/]\s ,ra9-,/orm ,god1 :o ( ! ,dii ,majores mo/ ne>ly approa*es ! type ( an evil deity1 has 8 good po9ts4 ,! demons ( disease & calamity are = ! mo/ "p obscure & nameless p]sonages4 ,intellectual ,basis ( ,religion4 ,! ,idea ( ,god4--,a ,god may be def9$ z a s5ti5t be+ possess$ ( sup]human p[]4 ,! phrase sup]natural be+1 :i* is sometimes us$ z equival5t to ,god1 is op5 to objection ,! ^w sup]natural belongs to ! vocabul>y ( a comp>atively sci5tific age4 ,to ! savage1 ph5om5a are ord9>y or /range1 n natural or sup]natural4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m objects ( wor%ip :i* are n at all sup]natural1 z1 = in/ance1 ! sun4 ,spiritual be+ is insuffici5tly compreh5sive z an equival5t = ,god4 ,! ,lama ( ,tibet is a ,god2 b he is n a spiritual be+4 ,nei!r is ! ,w9d nor ! ,moon4 ,! assumption t ,gods are always spirits has be5 ! s\rce ( mu* confusion4 ,kami4--,! mo/ common & compreh5sive ^w = deity 9 ! ,japanese language is ,kami4 ,x is probably connect$ ) kaburu1 to cov]1 & has ! g5]al mean+ ( above1 sup]ior4 ,kami is ! "p ( ,japan :i* lies ne> ! capital1 z oppos$ to ,%imo1 ! l[] c\ntry or prov9ces4 ,kaha-kami means ! upp] wat]s ( a riv]4 ,kami no ke1 or simply kami1 is ! hair ( ! head4 ,kami is appli$ n only to ,gods1 b to ,mikados & nobles4 ,! heads ( ,/ate ,dep>tm5ts 7 at "o "t call$ ,kami1 & 9 lat] times ?is ^w became equival5t to our ,"l 9 t]ritorial titles4 ,o ,kami is frequ5tly said vaguely ( ! au?orities1 :ile ,o ,kami ,san is ! dome/ic au?ority1 namely1 ! mi/ress4 ,:e!r ,kami is us$ ( ,gods or m51 x is 9 bo? cases a second>y application ( ! g5]al mean+ upp]4 ,! ,gods are ,kami because !y reside 9 ,heav5 7sup]i1 caelicoli1 1 ,mo/ ,high1 ,fa!r 9 ,heav572 m5 are ,kami on acc\nt ( _! high] rank4 ,no d\bt bo? ga9 pre/ige by _! association "u ! same title--! ,gods by a reflection f ! pomp & c]emony :i* att5d on mortal ,kami2 & m5 by assimilation ) ! transc5d5t p[] & glory ( ! great nature-deities4 ,:y %\ld height come to be ev]y:]e associat$ ) excell5ce & rank8 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s *>act]i/ic contribution#b to ! solution ( ?is problem is z foll[s3 ,9 battle x is important to get ! =ce ( gravity to fight on y\r side1 & h5ce ! anxiety to seize a position above t ( ! foe4 ,conv]sely ! combatant :o is ?r[n d[n _c fur!r resi/ )\t /ruggl+ aga9/ 8 own weight z well z aga9/ 8 antagoni/'s /r5g?4 ,h5ce be+ bel[ is s habitually associat$ ) defeat z to h made ma9ta9ance ( ?is relation 7lit]ally express$ by ! words sup]ior & inf]ior7 a lead+ elem5t 9 c]emony at l>ge4 ,to ?is x may be add$ t ! upp] "p ( ! human body--namely1 ! head--is also ! mo/ important & hon\rable4 ,*ief is d]iv$ f caput3 capital1 z an adjective1 means excell5t4 ,headman1 head-c5tre1 head & front ( my (f5d+1 are famili> phrases :i* involve ! assumption ( ! sup]ior importance ( ! head4 ,a ,japanese raises to 8 head a pres5t or o!r object to :i* he wi%es to %[ respect4 ,a fur!r & decisive consid]ation is ! circum/ance t ! mo/ incomp>ably glori\s1 excell5t1 & maje/ic ?+ ) :i* we are acqua9t$ is also immeasurably ! highe/4 ,ev5 pre-religi\s man _c h be5 :olly ins5sible to ! glory ( ! sky--hoc sublime c&5s--) its sun & moon1 its dawns & sunsets1 its cl\ds1 ?und]s1 & /orms4 ,no wond] t ! words heav5ly & cele/ial h come to convey ! idea ( supreme excell5ce4 ,! foll[+ quotations w help u to realize m fully :at ! ,japanese mean by ! ^w ,kami4 ,motori says3-- ,! t]m ,kami is appli$ 9 ! fir/ place to ! v>i\s deities ( ,heav5 & ,e>? :o are m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t records z well z to _! spirits 7mi-tama7 :i* reside 9 ! %r9es :]e !y are wor%ipp$4 ,moreov]1 n only human be+s1 b birds1 bea/s1 plants & trees1 seas & m\nta9s1 & all o!r ?+s :atsoev] :i* des]ve to be dread$ & rev]$ = ! extraord9>y & pre-em95t p[]s :i* !y possess1 are call$ ,kami4 ,!y ne$ n be em95t = surpass+ nobl5ess1 goodness1 or s]viceabl5ess alone4 ,malignant & uncanny be+s are also call$ ,kami if only !y are ! objects ( g5]al dread4#c ,among ,kami :o are human be+s ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion fir/ ( all ! successive ,mikados--) rev]5ce be x spok54444 ,!n !re h be5 num]\s examples ( div9e human be+s1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 :o1 al?\gh n accept$ by ! nation g5]ally1 are treat$ z gods1 ea* ( 8 sev]al dignity1 9 a s+le prov9ce1 village1 or family4444 ,among/ ,kami :o are n human be+s ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion ,?und] 9 ,japanese ,n>u kami or ! ,s\nd+ ,god4 ,!re are also ! ,dragon1 ! ,e*o call$ 9 ,japanese ,ko-dama or ! ,tree ,_s1 & ! ,fox1 :o are ,kami by reason ( _! uncanny & fe>ful natures4 ,! t]m ,kami is appli$ 9 ! ,nihongi & ,_m%iu to ! tig] & wolf4 ,izanagi gave to ! fruit ( ! pea* & to ! jewels r\nd 8 neck names :i* impli$ t !y 7 ,kami4444 ,!re are _m cases ( seas & m\nta9s be+ call$ ,kami4 ,x is n _! spirits :i* are meant4 ,! ^w 0 appli$ directly to ! seas#d or m\nta9s !mselves z be+ v awful ?+s4 ,hirata def9es kami z a t]m :i* comprises all ?+s /range1 wondr\s1 & possess+ isao or virtue4 ,a rec5t diction>y gives ! foll[+ ess5tially mod]n def9itions ( ?is ^w 3-- ,kami4 #a4 ,some?+ :i* has no =m b is only _s1 has unlimit$ sup]natural p[]1 disp5ses calamity & good =tune1 puni%es crime & rew>ds virtue4 #b4 ,sov]eigns ( all times1 wise & virtu\s m51 valor\s & h]oic p]sons ^: spirits are pray$ to aft] _! dea?4 #c4 ,div9e ?+s :i* transc5d human intellect4 #d4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,god1 ,creator1 ,supreme ,"l4 ,d\ble ,curr5t ( ,religi\s ,?\ght4--,if we accept ! def9ition ( a ,god z a s5ti5t be+ possess$ ( sup]human p[]1 x foll[s t ! idea ( ,god may be arriv$ at 9 two ways4 ,we may ascribe s5se to ^? sup]human elem5tal p[]s ( ^: action we are daily witnesses1 or we may rev]se ?is process & end[ s5ti5t be+s1 especially m51 ) p[]s :i* !y d n actually possess4 ,9 o!r words1 ! idea ( ,god may be arriv$ at ei!r by p]sonification or by deification4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! fir/ ( ^! processes is ! only legitimate "o4 ,! second involves ! assumption t man may be or may become ,god4 ,b )\t que/ion+ ! reality ( an intimate union ( ! human ) ! div9e1 bo? 9 ?is _w & ! next1 x is bett] to ma9ta9 a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ^! two t]ms4 ,ultimately1 aft] ! errors ( an?ropomorphism1 poly!ism1 & spiritism h be5 elim9at$1 ! two me?ods ( arriv+ at ! idea ( ,god yield ! sub/antially id5tical =mulas3-- ,a4 ,god inf9ite p[] absolute humanity4 ,b4 ,god absolute humanity inf9ite p[]4 ,b 9 ! /age ( religi\s progress repres5t$ by ,%9to1 we are f> inde$ f su* a result4 ,! priority ( ! second ( ^! two processes has be5 assum$ or cont5d$ = by _m writ]s1 notably by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,o!rs argue t !re c be no deification until ! idea ( deity has someh[ be5 arriv$ at previ\sly1 z = example1 by ! p]sonification ( natural p[]s4 ,x appe>s to me impossible to say :i* ( ! two comes fir/ 9 ord] ( "t4 ,! g]ms ( bo? may be obs]v$ at a /age ( intellectual developm5t prior to all religion4 ,*ildr51 z we h all obs]v$1 sometimes p]sonify inanimate objects4 ,i h kn[n a boy ( ?ree ye>s ( age compla9 t1 ,bad mu/>d did bite my tongue4 ,! baby :o cries = ! moon cr$its 8 nurse--ignorantly1 ( c\rse--) p[]s f> transc5d+ ^? ( humanity4 ,! argum5t t !re c be no deification )\t a previ\s acqua9tance ) ! idea ( deity loses sight ( ! circum/ance t deity is a comp\nd conception1 :i* comb9es ! ideas ( great p[] & s5se4 ,( ^! two a man has s5se already4 ,to make him a ,god all t is necess>y is to ascribe to him transc5d5t p[]4 ,deification1 !re=e1 does n necess>ily imply a previ\s k ( ! conception ( deity4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 m5 are usually deifi$ by be+ rais$ to ! level ( already kn[n deities4#e ,ea* ( ^! two processes re/s on a basis ( tru?4 ,! p]sonification ( natural objects & p[]s spr+s f "s glimm]+ notion t ! s-call$ inanimate _w is really alive4 ,ev]y?+ physical has its metaphysical c\nt]p>t4 ,!re is no motion )\t some?+ ak9 to s5sation1 & no s5sation )\t motion4 ,z all our s5sations1 emotions1 & ?\ghts are accompani$ by correspond+ di/urbances ( ! molecules ( our bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 s all natural ph5om5a h associat$ ) !m some?+ v>y+ 9 quality & int5sity1 = :i* our human language has no bett] ^w ?an s5sation1 :ile along ) ! sum ( ! inf9itely int]wov5 physical en]gies ( ! univ]se !re goes :at we1 9 our imp]fect spee*1 mu/ call emotion1 purpose1 ?\ght4 ,ord9>ily ! l[] animal1 ! *ild1 ! savage1 & ! primitive man d n realize ?is tru?4 ,"u ! pressure ( imp]i\s practical necessities !y recognize ) suffici5t accuracy ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate4 ,!y d n take ! fur!r /ep ( see+ t !re is animation 9 ! s-call$ inanimate4 ,s5se & volition are n habitually attribut$ by !m to inanimate objects4 ,mu* less d !y assume1 z we are sometimes told1 ! pres5ce 9 !m ( a consci\s ag5t n visible to ! s5ses4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 exceptions to ?is rule4 ,"s ( ^! are simple mi/akes4 ,i h kn[n a dog take a doll = a liv+ p]son1 & only discov] 8 error aft] close exam9ation & long consid]ation4 ,a l>ge /one-w>e image ( ! ,buddhi/ ,sa9t ,d>uma1 ( /]n aspect1 :i* /ood 9 my g>d5 9 ,tki1 caus$ unmi/akable al>m to /ray dogs :o unexpect$ly f\nd !mselves face to face ) x4 ,*ildr5 sometimes beat inanimate objects by :i* !y h be5 hurt1 & savages h be5 kn[n to reg>d a wat* z a liv+ be+4 ,a second exception is ! case ( consci\s make-believe1 ( :i* we may obs]ve in/ances 9 ! play ( *ildr51 & ev5 ( ! l[] animals4 ,errors & fancies ( ?is k9d d n con/itute religion1 ?\gh !y may prep>e ! way = x4 ,a "t comes1 h[ev]1 :5 "s savage or primitive man1 gift$ beyond 8 fell[s1 arrives at a p>tial & hesitat+ recognition ( ! tru? t ) ! en]gies ( nature !re really goes some?+ ( ! same k9d t he is consci\s ( 9 himself1 & has le>n$ to recognize 9 8 fell[ be+s--namely1 s5se & w4 ,he sees ! sun move across ! heav5s1 diffus+ light & w>m?1 & says to himself1 ,he is alive4 ,) ! intellectual p]ception !re is associat$ emotion4 ,he feels t ! sun is k9d to him1 & b[s 8 head z he w\ld to 8 *ief1 p>tly to express 8 ?anks & p>tly 9 ord] t o!rs may %>e 8 ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,?is is religion4 ,x comprises ! ?ree elem5ts ( ?\ght1 emotion1 & action4 ,religion is at fir/ exceptional4 ,e primitive man is n a se] or mak] ( religi\s my?4 ,8 ord9>y attitude t[>ds ! p[]s ( nature is t ( ! ,*9aman1 :o ?\ght t ! moon 0 all ! same lamp pigeon4 ,he is an unconsci\s ,agno/ic1 & kn[s no?+ ( volition 9 ! inanimate _w4 ,! deification ( m51 al?\gh involv+ a contradiction 9 t]ms1 has yet a sub/antial & mo/ important tru? associat$ ) x4 ,great capta9s1 wise rul]s1 inspir$ poets1 sages & se]s1 :e!r alive or dead1 des]ve hon\r to :i* x is n easy to place a limit4 ,napoleon said t "o ( 8 g5]als 0 wor? an army division4 ,:o %all e/imate ! value to _! respective races1 &1 inde$1 to humanity1 ( su* m5 z ,%akespe>e1 ,confucius1 ,mahomet1 or ,buddha8 ,nor are !y dead4 ,!y live 9 _! works1 & subjectively 9 ! he>ts & m9ds ( _! c\ntrym54 ,& may we n g a /ep fur!r8 ,our actions1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant1 d n rema9 lock$ up 9 ourselves4 ,z by s5sation ! :ole univ]se affects u1 s does e impulse ( our ego react ^u ! univ]se1 leav+ an impression :i* is indelible4 ,! physical _w is diff]5t = ! mo/ trifl+ act ( ! meane/ human be+ t ev] liv$4 ,all our emotions & ?\ghts h a c\nt]p>t 9 our physical con/itution1 :i* is resolvable into motion1 & is !re=e inde/ructible4 ,! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is ! physical c\nt]p>t ( ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,ea* involves ! o!r4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 t all motion is accompani$ by some?+ ak9 to s5sation1 x w be se5 t dead m5 may cont9ue to h p]haps ev5 a s5ti5t exi/5ce equal to ! sum ( ! reactions ( _! ego ^u its environm5t1 animate or inanimate1 dur+ life4 ,x is ! rememb]$ total en]gies ( ! man :i*1 ,i take x1 =m ! object ( hon\r & wor%ip aft] he is dead1 & n 8 corpse or gho/4 ,! latt] is a m]e accid5t1 ( second>y orig91 & is by no means univ]sally recogniz$4 ,9 ju/ification ( man-wor%ip1 x may also be plead$ t if ! nature-deity is tru]1 ! man-deity is ne>] to u & m capable ( vivid realization4 ,& z x is f ! sympa!tic recognition ( life 9 our fell[ m5 t we proce$ to ! recognition ( life 9 ! s-call$ inanimate univ]se1 s x is by ! contemplation ( ! highe/ types ( humanity t we are able to ref9e & exalt our conception ( div9ity4 ,! two great s\rces ( religi\s ?\ght1 p]sonification & deification1 are con/antly int]m+l+ _! /reams & react+ ^u ea* o!r4 ,a deity :o beg9s 8 c>e] z a ,nature-,god (t5 9 c\rse ( "t loses ?is quality1 & becomes h>dly di/+ui%able f a magnifi$ man4 ,! ,zeus ( ,hom] is an example4 ,he is mu* m ! ,fa!r ( ,gods & m5 ?an a ,sky or ,wea!r-,god4 ,9 ,japan x is only ! s*ol> :o recognizes 9 ,susa no wo ! deity ( ! ,ra9-/orm4 ,to ! p ev5 ,t5%daij9 7! ,sun ,goddess7 is no?+ m ?an ! great provid5tial deity :o resides at ,ise4 ,h] sol> quality is practically =gott54 ,m51 on ! o!r h&1 may be exalt$ to su* a height by ! ascription to !m ( nature-p[]s t _! orig9al humanity is mu* obscur$4 ,x is sometimes difficult to det]m9e to :i* ( ! two curr5ts ( religi\s ?\ght a p>ticul> deity belongs4 ,= example1 we f9d a sword wor%ipp$ z a deity4 ,is x on acc\nt ( its wond]ful cutt+ prop]ty1 or because x 0 once an (f]+ to a nature or a man-deity1 & _h !re=e at l5g? absorb$ to itself a portion ( 8 div9ity8 ,or is x ! ,excalibur ( "s =gott5 deifi$ *iefta98 ,!re is no g5]al answ] to su* que/ions4 ,!y mu/ be decid$1 if at all1 by ! evid5ce 9 ea* case4 ,to call objects ( ?is k9d feti%es helps u no?+4 ,9 ! ,y5gi%iki we f9d m5tion ( a %r9e to ,iha no hime 7! lady ( ! rock74 ,at fir/ sight ?is looks l a ,nature-,god4 ,b :5 we f9d t an ,iha no hime 0 ! "m ( ! ,mikado ,ri*iu 7end ( f\r? c5tury7 x seems m probable t ! ,iha no hime ( ?is %r9e 0 a deifi$ mortal4 ,9 ,%9to x is ! fir/ ( ! two great curr5ts ( religi\s ?\ght ) :i* we are *iefly conc]n$4 ,x is bas$ mu* m on ! conception--fragm5t>y1 %all[1 & imp]fect z x is--( ! univ]se z s5ti5t ?an on ! recognition ( pre-em95t qualities 9 human be+s1 alive or dead4 ,x spr+s prim>ily f gratitude to--&1 ?\gh 9 a less degree1 fe> (--! great natural p[]s on :i* our exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,! desire to commemorate ! virtues & s]vices ( great m5 & to p]petuate a lov+ remembrance ( dep>t$ p>5ts & =efa!rs takes a second>y place4 ,classification ( ,deities4--,bo? ,nature-,gods & ,man-,gods may be deities ( individuals1 ( classes1 or ( ab/ract qualities4 ,we h1 !re=e1 six classes ( ,gods1 z foll[s3-- ,nature-,gods4 ,individuals1 z ! ,sun4 ,classes1 z ! ,god ( ,trees4 ,prop]ties1 z ! ,god ( ,gr[?4 ,man-,gods4 ,individuals1 z ,temmangu4 ,classes1 z ,koyane4 ,prop]ties1 z ,ta-jik>a no wo 7,h&-/r5g?-male74 ,?is is ! logical sequ5ce2 b x by no means foll[s t all ,gods ( individuals prec$e all ,gods ( classes1 or t !re 7 no deities ( ab/ractions be=e "s ( ! lat] individual or class deities 7 evolv$4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 individual objects deifi$ & deities ( classes is n always well ma9ta9$ 9 ,%9to4 ,x is d\btful1 = example1 :e!r ,kamado no ,kami is ! ,god ( all cook+ furnaces1 or :e!r !re is a sep>ate ,god = ea*4 ,diff]5t wor%ipp]s might give diff]5t answ]s4 ,! habitual neglect by ! ,japanese nation ( ! grammatical di/9ction betwe5 s+ul> & plural is a pot5t ob/acle to cle>ness 9 su* matt]s4 ,phases ( ,conception4--,! conception ( individual p>ts ( ! univ]se z deities passes ?r\gh ! phases repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ =mulas3-- ,i4 ,! ,sun 7,moon1 ,w9d1 ,sea1 c47 is alive4 ,,ii4 ,! ,sun is a man1 a fa!r1 a *ief or a k+--fir/ rhetorically1 & !n lit]ally4 ,,iii4 ,! ,sun is a mat]ial object1 rul$ by an unse5 b n incorporeal be+ ) human =m & passions4 ,,iv4 ,! ,sun is 7a7 a mat]ial object rul$ by an an?ropomorphic be+ :i* has a spiritual d\ble1 or 7b7is animat$ by a spiritual be+4 ,^! =mulas exhibit ! logical sequ5ce ( developm5t4 ,9 practice ! v>i\s phases are f\nd to ov]lap "o ano!r consid]ably4 ,ev5 9 ! late/ ,%9to ! direct conception ( ! natural object z alive is n =gott54 ,! fir/ /age1#f 9 :i* we h ! religi\s conception be=e x is clo!d 9 my? or metaphor1 is abundantly exemplifi$ 9 ,%9to4 ,a well1 = example1 is1 l ,horace's ,fons ,b&usi1 wor%ipp$ )\t "n or my? atta*$ to x1 or any?+ to %[ :e!r x is reg>d$ z male or female4 ,! same is ! case ) sites1 build+s1 prov9ces1 trees1 all ( :i* are deifi$ & h religi\s rites 9 _! hon\r )\t any v def9ite p]sonality be+ attribut$ to !m4 ,!y are simply ?\ght ( z 9 "s sort ( way liv+ ?+s4 ,mud & s& are dubb$ ,kami1 & !re ! p]sonification ends4 ,!re are a good _m col\rless deities ( ?is k9d 9 ,%9to4 ,motori decl>es explicitly t :5 a sea or a m\nta9 is call$ ,kami1 x is n ! _s ( ! sea or m\nta9 :i* is meant1 b ! sea or m\nta9 itself4 ,a poet ( ! ,manyo%iu says ( ,fujiyama3-- ,( ,yamato1 ! ,l& ( ,sunrise1 ,x is ! peace-giv]1 x is ! ,god1 ,x is ! treasure4 ,:5 a kit*5 w5* at ! pres5t day speaks ( ! ,hettsui-sama--sama is a honorific & p]sonify+ ^w--%e means ! cook+-furnace itself reg>d$ z a ,god1 n a _s inhabit+ x4 ,%e w ev5 speak ( ! pla/]] mak+ a ,hettsui-sama4 ,! second or an?ropomorphic /age ( ! developm5t ( ! idea ( ,god arises out ( ! rhetorical necessity ( r5d]+ m vivid1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( exact tru?1 ! pres5tation ( ! conception ( ! p[]s ( nature z liv+ ?+s4 ,f9d+ t ! b>e ass]tion t !y are alive produces little impression1 ! poet or se] goes a /ep fur!r1 & boldly ascribes to !m human =m1 passions1 actions1 & "*4 ,my? & metaphor are 8 in/rum5ts4 ,! ,god has bodily p>ts1 p>5ts1 sex1 & *ildr54 ,he eats1 dr9ks1 is angry or al>m$1 loves1 fights1 weaves1 cultivates ! gr\nd1 fi%es1 hunts1 & dies4 ,) ! advance ( social organization he is a *ief or a k+4 ,sometimes 9 ^! metaphors we c trace a special application to ! deity's natural functions4 ,sometimes !y are introduc$ m]ely = g5]al effect4 ,! results ( ?is process = good & = evil are writt5 l>ge 9 ! pages ( human hi/ory4 ,x is1 on ! "o h&1 ! indisp5sable means by :i* ! high intuitions ( ! se] are br\ght home1 m or less imp]fectly1 to ! multitude4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! true orig9al nature div9ity is (t5 lo/ sight ( 9 a pr(usion ( an?ropomorphic fancies1 & no?+ is left b a magnifi$ man1 ^: ultimate fate x is to be disav[$ by advanc+ k & enlight5m5t4 ,x has be5 said t ! primitive man kn[s no di/9ction betwe5 fancy & reality4 ,9 tru?1 life w\ld be impossible = su* a simpleton4 ,h[ev] primitive he may be1 he _c hold a fire 9 8 h& by ?9k+ ( ! fro/y ,caucasus4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a real d9n] & an imag9>y "o is palpable ev5 to 8 limit$ intellig5ce4 ,! hunt] :o c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 ! game ( 8 imag9ation & ! reality c\ld nev] e>n a liv+4 ,he w\ld be fit only = an imbecile asylum4 ,! *ild is well aw>e t 8 mud pies are n fit to eat4 ,! savage woman :o pret5ds to h]self t a /one is h] lo/ baby1 kn[s 9 h] he>t t ?is is no?+ m ?an make-believe4 ,ev5 a dog appreciates ! di/9ction betwe5 a real rat & ! object :i* x pleases him to fancy "o1 & worries accord+ly4 ,! se] is consci\s t 8 an?ropomorphic language is only metaphorical4 ,dante felt ?is :5 he said3-- ,p] que/o la ,scrittura condesc5de ,a no/ra facultate e pi$i e mano ,attribuisce a ,dio ed altro int5de4 ,metaphor is ( ! v ess5ce ( my?4 ,b ! lit]al-m9d$ vulg> are at all times prone to conf\nd ! altro :i* is clo!d 9 my? & metaphor ) its outw>d husk1 & ! lit]al-m9d$ s*ol> or sci5tific man is (t5 little bett]4 ,hirata says t :at we call kami are all m54 ,ev5 among m5 ^? :o are excell5t are call$ kami4 ,! natural diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & ,gods is t ! ,gods are high & m5 are l[1 ow+ to ! great] c>e tak5 by ! creator deities 9 produc+ ! =m]4 ,he ?9ks t ! ,%9to deities are ab\t t5 feet high4 ,! humanization ( ! nature deities is reflect$ 9 ! vocabul>y ( ,%9to4 ,! t]m mioya1 or augu/ p>5t1 is frequ5tly us$ ( !m4 ,tsu*i or tsutsu1 old =ms ( *i*i1 fa!r1 occurs 9 ! names ( sev]al4 ,x is prim>ily by no means physical fa!rhood :i* is meant 9 su* cases1 al?\gh !re are no d\bt vulg> m9ds :o are unable to rise above ?is conception & h !reby done mu* to corrupt religion4 ,9 ,we/]n religions a ,god mu/ be ei!r male or female4 ,! grammatical /ructure ( _! languages compels ,europeans to say ei!r he or %e 9 speak+ ( deities4 ,9 ,japan ?is necessity does n exi/4 ,! =ms ( ,japanese spee* take little acc\nt ( sex4 ,_m ,%9to deities h no sex at all4 ,9 o!rs sex is indicat$ by ! incid5ts ( ! my? or by ! additions ( su* t]m9ations z wo male1 me female4 ,!re are sev]al pairs ( m>ri$ deities4 ,9 art1 sex is comp>atively little di/+ui%$ 9 ,japan4 ,! reason = attribut+ "o sex to a deity r ?an ! o!r is n always evid5t4 ,prov9ces & m\nta9s are sometimes male & sometimes female4 ,! ,food ,goddess is naturally fem99e1 z repres5t+ ! productive pr9ciple ( nature1 & p]haps also because cook+ is ! bus9ess ( wom54 ,! male sex is m suitable to ,susa no wo's viol5t "* z ! ,ra9-/orm4 ,w>like gods l ,ha*iman are naturally mascul9e4 ,! *iefta9 conception ( div9ity is repres5t$ by ! use ( ! ^w wo1 male1 i4e41 virile or valiant "o1 9 _m ( ! names ( deities1 & by ! ascription to "s ( w>like qualities4 ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ^! are deifi$ *iefta9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! t]m wo is appli$1 l tsu*i1 fa!r1 to :at are unmi/akably nature deities1 su* z ! ,sea-,gods ,soko-tsutsu-wo 7bottom-fa!r-male7 ,naka-tsutsu-wo 7middle-fa!r-male71 & ,uwa-tsutsu-wo 7upp]-fa!r-male71 produc$ by ! lu/rations ( ,izanagi 9 ! sea aft] 8 return f ,yomi4 ,tohe1 ano!r ^w = *iefta91 occurs 9 ! "n ( ! ,w9d-,god1 ,%9a tsu tohe4 ,nu%i1 ma/]1 is f\nd 9 ! names ( sev]al deities4 ,! application to ! ,%9to deities ( words imply+ sov]eignty is illu/rat$ by sube or sume1 :i* ent]s into a numb] ( comp\nds relat+ to ! ,gods or ,mikados4 ,?is ^w means to collect toge!r into "o1 & h5ce to hold g5]al rule ov]4 ,sum]a or sum]agi no mikoto is ! ,mikado4 ,sev]al deities enjoy ! honor>y epi!t ( ,sume-gami1 or ,sub]a-gami4 ,mi-koto1 augu/ ?+1 is also appli$ equally to ,gods & ,mikados1 & 9 anci5t times ev5 to p>5ts4 ,x is ne>ly equival5t to our maje/y4 ,wake1 a bran*1 t is to say1 a bran* ( ! imp]ial family1 a pr9ce1 is appli$ to deities4 ,hiko & hime occur frequ5tly 9 ! names ( gods4 ,^! words mean lit]ally sun-*ild & sun-female1 b 9 practice !y are equival5t to pr9ce & pr9cess1 or "l & lady4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ^! words "o may obs]ve ! op]ation ( bo? ( ! great curr5ts ( deity-=m+ ?\ght4 ,hi1 sun1 is us$ z an epi!t = ! glorification ( human p]sonages1 & ! comp\nds hiko & hime are 9 turn appli$ to nature p[]s z a p]sonify+ t]m4 ,! ,w9d-,god is a hiko4 ,! rhetorical impulse to realize 9 its v>i\s phases ! human "* ( ! nature deities ( ,%9to has produc$ a numb] ( subsidi>y p]sonages1 :o are atta*$ to !m z wives1 *ildr51 m9i/]s1 or att5dants4 ,"s ( ^! are also nature deities4 ,9 o!rs we f9d a union ( ! two deity-mak+ t5d5cies4 ,?us ,koyane1 by ! circum/ance ( 8 desc5t f ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?1 & by 8 position ( high-prie/ to ! ,sun-,goddess1 belongs to ! category ( nature deities1 :ile z an embodim5t ( ! collective humanity ( ! ,nakatomi sac]dotal corporation1 ^: ance/or he is feign$ to be1 he belongs to ! class ( deifi$ human be+s4 ,9 ,japan1 ! my? & metaphor-mak+ faculty--9 o!r words ! imag9ation--?\gh prolific en\gh1 is comp>atively feeble4 ,! anci5t ,japanese especially 7 appreciably m neglectful ?an ,we/]n races ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! animate & ! inanimate1 & !re 0 !re=e less scope = ! play ( fancy 9 :i* religi\s p]sonification consi/s4 ,l o!r ,f>-,ea/]n peoples1 !y realiz$ ! p]sonal conception ( deity ) less int5sity ?an ! ,aryan or ,semitic nations4 ,9 ?is respect ,hom] & ! ,bible /& at ! opposite pole f ,confucius1 ^: ,ti5 has z little ab\t x ( humanity z is possible = a be+ :o is said to "k1 to comm&1 to rew>d1 & to puni%4 ,%9to approa*es ,confucianism 9 ?is respect4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a pr(use creation ( p]sonifi$ nature-deities1 b we f9d on exam9ation t !y are %ad[y p]sonages ) ill-def9$ functions & *>act]s want+ 9 consi/5cy4 ,moreov]1 ow+ to ! neglect by ! ,japanese ( grammatical =ms indicat+ numb]1 x is frequ5tly h>d to tell :e!r a giv5 "n is t ( "o deity or ( sev]al4 ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?1 is sometimes "o ,god1 sometimes two1 :ile at a lat] p]iod he became split up into five or m deities4 ,! ,w9d-,god is at "o "t a s+le deity1 at ano!r a m>ri$ c\ple4 ,susa no wo has 9 rec5t times be5 made into a tr9ity4 ,su* fissip>\s reproduction ( deities is *>act]i/ic ( a l[ degree ( organization4#g ,to meet ! difficulties aris+ f ?is /ate ( ?+s ,motori1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 prop\nd$ 8 !ory ( bun-%91 or fractional bodies1 :i* may rem9d u ( ! ?ree p]sons & "o sub/ance ( ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,hirata1 8 pupil1 speak+ ( ! ?ree ,sea-deities1 ,uha tsutsu no wo1 ,naka tsutsu no wo1 & ,soko tsutsu no wo1 says3 ,?is deity1 al?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 born z ?ree deities1 is describ$ z ?\gh "o deity 7 pres5t4 ,?is is to be und]/ood ( ! ,god divid+ 8 p]son & aga9 unit+ x4 ,! desc5t ( ! ,adzumi no ,muraji 7a noble family7 f him %[s t 9 ?is respect he is to be reg>d$ z "o4 ,! circum/ance t _m ( ! ,gods1 l ! ,japanese !mselves1 h num]\s aliases1 adds to ! unc]ta9ty4 ,! nom9a & ! num9a d n inv>iably g toge!r4 ,!re is sometimes reason to suspect t x is ! same ,god :o appe>s "u diff]5t names1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! same "n may cov] :at are 9 reality two or m diff]5t deities4 ,!re 7 no arts ( sculpture or pa9t+ 9 ,japan be=e _! introduction f ,*9a 9 hi/orical times1 & ! consequ5t want ( images & pictures = :i* ,%9to has be5 comm5d$ mu/ h contribut$ mat]ially to prev5t ! ,gods f acquir+ di/9ct p]sonalities l ^? ( anci5t ,greece4 ,! feeble grasp ( p]sonality indicat$ by ! above facts is pr(\ndly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,japanese g5ius4 ,x is illu/rat$ by _! unimag9ative lit]ature1 :i* makes b sp>+ use ( p]sonification1 allegory1 & metaphor1 by _! drama1 ) its late & imp]fect developm5t1 & by _! art1 :i* has produc$ little monum5tal sculpture or portrait pa9t+ ( importance4 ,x may also be trac$ 9 ! gramm>1 :i* has practically no g5d]1 ?us %[+ t ! ,japanese m9d is comp>atively c>eless ( m>k+ ! di/9ction betwe5 animate & inanimate & male & female4 ,! law takes f> less cognizance ( ! individual & m ( ! family ?an ) u4 ,ano!r fact ( ! same ord] is ! neglect ( di/9ctions ( p]son %[n by ! sp>+ use ( p]sonal & o!r pron\ns4 ,9 a passage translat$ f ,japanese into ,engli%1 )\t any int5tion ( illu/rat+ ?is fact1 !re occur only six pron\ns 9 ! =m] aga9/ ne>ly "o hundr$ 9 ! latt]4 ,! v]b has no p]son4 ,yuku = example1 means equally ,i g1 ?\ goe/1 he goes1 we g1 y g1 & !y g4 ,x is true t p]son may be indicat$ by ! use ( honorifics to m>k ! second p]son & humble =ms = ! fir/1 b ev5 :5 ^! are tak5 into acc\nt1 ! abs5ce f ,japanese ( indications ( p]son is v rem>kable4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 ',pr9ciples ( ,sociology1' sugge/s t ! comp>ative fewness ( p]sonal pron\ns 9 ! languages ( ! ,f> ,ea/ is ow+ to ! circum/ance t !y e/abli% ) ! individual address$ a relation too imm$iate to be all[$ :]e di/ance is to be ma9ta9$4 ,n[1 n only is x possible1 & ev5 common1 = pron\ns to be us$ = ! express purpose ( magnify+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! speak] & ! p]son :om he addresses1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,g]man er :5 us$ z a pron\n ( ! second p]son1 b ,sp5c]'s explanation does n meet ! case ( pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son1 :i* are j z r>e 9 ^! languages z ^? ( ! fir/ & second4 ,nor is !re any?+ 9 ! relations betwe5 m5 ( high & l[ degree 9 ^! c\ntries :i* is s radically diff]5t f ^? :i* h prevail$ 9 ,europe z to produce su* a f>-rea*+ diff]5ce 9 ! language ( all classes ( society4 ,! tru? is t ^! nations d n avoid pron\ns4 ,_! m9ds are /ill 9 a /age ( developm5t 9 :i* !y h n yet realiz$ ! advantages 9 cle>ness ( expression :i* are to be ga9$ by a m sy/ematic di/ribution ( _! ideas into ! ?ree categories ( fir/1 second1 & ?ird p]son4 ,x is ) !m n a matt] ( etiquette1 b ( pov]ty ( imag9ation1 t p[] :i*1 z ,mr4 ,p4 ,l[ell has rem>k$1 is to ! m5tal developm5t :at spontane\s v>iation is to organic developm5t4#h ,9 ,/ages ,i4 & ,,ii4 ( ! evolution ( nature-deities1 x is ! nature p[] or object itself :i* is ! deity4 ,/age ,,ii4 7,an?ropomorphism71 s long z x is n meant lit]ally1 is n inconsi/5t ) a direct wor%ip ( natural objects & ph5om5a4 ,b ! vulg> are always prone to mi/ake metaphor = reality4 ,:5 !y are told t ! ,sun is a goddess1 :o walks1 weaves1 we>s arm\r1 s[s rice1 & s on1 !y take ^! /atem5ts lit]ally1 comb9+ an implicit belief 9 !m ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,sun itself4 ,ev5 ,motori says t x is ! actual ,sun 9 ,heav5 :i* we wor%ip z ,amat]asu no ,oho-,kami 7! ,heav5-%9+-great ,deity71 :ile he believes at ! same "t t ! ,sun-my? ( ! ,kojiki is real hi/ory4 ,a "t comes :5 x is object$ t ! ,sun has no arms or legs necess>y = ! p]=mance ( ! actions attribut$ to h]4 ,x is po9t$ out t ! w9d has no bodily =m at all4 ,in/ead ( go+ back to ! true explanation--t ^! ?+s are only metaphorical1 ! lit]al-m9d$ man pref]s to accept ! sugge/ion 7:i* br+s u to ,/age ,,iii47 t ! deity is n ! actual sun1 or w9d1 or sea1 or m\nta91 b a p[]ful be+ :o rules x4 ,su* be+s1 h[ev]1 are n at fir/ conceiv$ ( z 9 any way incorporeal4 ,!re is consid]able confusion obs]vable 9 ,%9to betwe5 ,/ages ,i4 & ,,ii4 & ,/age ,,iii4 ,we h se5 t ,motori id5tifi$ ,ama-t]asu ) ! ,sun4 ,8 pupil ,hirata1 on ! o!r h&1 says t ! ,sun-,goddess 0 born on e>?1 & 0 s5t up to ,heav5 z ,rul] ( ! ,sun4 ,& :ile x is true t a sea may be directly call$ ,kami1 we h also a ,sea-,god1 ,toyotama-hiko1 :o is z cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! physical ocean z ,neptune is4 ,?is fluctuation is common to all my?ologies4 ,greek lit]ature is full ( examples ( rev]5ce paid at "o "t to natural objects & ph5om5a1 & at ano!r to deities :i* rule !m4 ,!y ador$ ,apollo z well z ,helios4 ,muir1 9 ! introduction to vol4 v4 ( 8 ',sanskrit ,texts1' says3--,! same visible object 0 at diff]5t times reg>d$ div]sely z be+ ei!r a portion ( ! inanimate univ]se1 or an animat$ be+ & a cosmical p[]4 ,?us 9 ! ,v$ic hymns1 ! sun1 ! sky1 & ! e>? are sev]ally consid]$1 sometimes z natural objects gov]n$ by p>ticul> gods1 & sometimes z !mselves gods :o g5]ate & control o!r be+s4 ,our own poets are n a :it di/urb$ by su* inconsi/5cies4 ,9 ',p>adise ,lo/' ! ,sun is apo/rophiz$ 9 "o place z ! ,god ( ?is new _w1 :ile 9 ano!r passage ( ! same poem we h a ,uriel1 ,reg5t ( ! ,sun4 ,%akespe>e1 9 ! ',tempe/1' puts into ! m\? ( an an?ropomorphic ,iris ! words3-- ,! ,que5 ( ! ,sky1 ,^: wat]y ar* & mess5g] am ,i4 ,spiritism4--,we n[ come to ,/age ,,iv41 or spiritism4 ,! great & obvi\s difficulties connect$ ) ! an?ropomorphic conception ( deity1 ev5 9 ! modifi$ =m ( a belief 9 corporeal be+s deta*$ f natural ph5om5a1 l$ to spiritism1 :i* may be def9$ z a p>tial or complete negation ( ! mat]ial prop]ties ( ! ,gods4 ,spiritism is !re=e f> f be+ a primitive religi\s developm5t1 z is s (t5 suppos$4 ,primitive man1 x has be5 said1 ?9ks t ! _w is p]vad$ by spiritual =ces4 ,i w\ld r describe 8 m5tal attitude z a piecemeal conception ( ! univ]se z alive1 j z he looks on 8 fell[ man z alive )\t analyz+ him into ! two di/9ct entities ( body & s\l4 ,a dog kn[s q well ! diff]5ce betwe5 alive & dead2 b ! di/9ction betwe5 body & s\l is f> beyond 8 intellectual capacity4 ,9 ,japan ! process ( spiritualiz+ ! ,gods has n gone v f>4 ,l ! ,gods ( ! ,hom]ic ,olympus1#i ! ,%9to deities are1 on ! :ole1 unspiritual be+s4 ,! doctr9e ( spiritism is associat$ 9 ,%9to ) ! ^w ,mitama1 = :i* _s is ! ne>e/ ,engli% equival5t4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! ,mitama is n ! ,god1 b an emanation or efflu5ce f him1 :i* inhabits 8 temple1 & is ! vehicle ( 8 action at a di/ance f ! place :]e he himself resides4 ,x !re=e corresponds to ! ,%ek9ah 7t :i* dwells7 ( ! ,jews1 &1 ?\gh 9 a less m>k$ degree1 to ! ,roman num54 ,! ,%ek9ah1 l ! ,mitama1 is a lat] developm5t4 ,:]e ,habakkuk1 ii4 #bj1 says1 ,! ,"l is 9 8 holy temple1 ! ,t>gums h1 ,jehovah 0 pleas$ to cause 8 ,%ek9ah to dwell 9 8 holy temple4 ,i _c see t ! ,%ek9ah & ,mitama owe any?+ to ! analog\s doctr9e ( ! sep>ability ( ! human s\l & body4 ,! gho/ is n ! p>5t ( ei!r4#aj ,! unavoidable assumption t an an?ropomorphic ,god c act at a di/ance f 8 own abode 9 ,heav5 or else:]e really involves ! doctr9e ( spiritism1 ?\gh "t & ?\ght are requir$ = its developm5t4 ,x is cle>ly n ! ,sun-,goddess h]self :o lives 9 ,ise4 ,h] true place is 9 ,heav52 b %e is pres5t 9 "s way on e>?1 z is prov$ by h] answ]+ ! pray]s :i* are address$ to h] at h] %r9e4 ,! explanation :i* is ultimately =?com+ is t x is ! ,mitama1 or _s1 ( ! ,goddess :i* resides !re4 ,we h "h a =e%ad[+ ( ! doctr9e ( ! omnipres5ce ( deity4 ,! etymology ( ! ^w ,mitama w repay exam9ation4 ,mi is simply a honorific prefix4 ,tama conta9s ! root ( ! v]b tabu1 to give1 m (t5 met ) 9 its l5g!n$ =m tamafu4 ,tama reta9s its orig9al signification 9 tama-mono1 a gift ?+1 & to%i-dama1 a new ye>'s pres5t4 ,tama next means some?+ valuable1 z a jewel4 ,!n1 z jewels are mo/ly globul> 9 %ape1 x has come to mean any?+ r\nd4 ,at ! same "t1 ow+ to its preci\s quality1 x is us$ symbolically = ! sacr$ emanation f ! ,god :i* dwells 9 8 %r9e1 & also = t mo/ preci\s ?+1 ! human life or s\l4#aa ,! mean+ ( tama is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ /ory1 :i* is relat$ 9 ! ,nihongi ( ,ohonamo*i1 ! ,creator or ,kosmos-deity ( ,idzumo my?3-- ,com+ at la/ to ! prov9ce ( ,idzumo1 he spake & said2 ',?is ,c5tral ,l& ( ,re$-pla9s _h be5 always wa/e & wild4 ,! v rocks1 trees1 & h]bs 7 all giv5 to viol5ce4 ,b ,i h n[ r$uc$ !m to submission1 & !re is none t is n compliant6' ,!re=e he said f9ally3 ',x is ,i1 & ,i alone1 :o n[ gov]n ?is l&4 ,is !re p]*ance any "o :o c\ld jo9 ) me 9 gov]n+ ! _w8' ,^u ?is a div9e radiance#ab illum9at$ ! sea1 & ( a sudd5 !re 0 some?+ :i* float$ t[>ds him & said3 ',7 ,i n "h1 h[ c\ld/ ?\ subdue ?is l&8 ,x is because ( my pres5ce t ?\ ha/ be5 able to accompli% ?is mighty task6 ',:o art ?\8' ask$ ,ohonamo*i4 ,x repli$ & said3 ',i am ?y _s 7tama7 ( good luck1 ! wondr\s _s4' ,!n said ,ohonamo*i3 ',true2 ,i "k1 !re=e1 t ?\ art my _s 7tama7 ( good luck1 ! wondr\s _s4 ,:]e do/ ?\ n[ wi% to dwell8' ,! _s answ]$ & said3 ',i wi% to dwell on ,m\nt ,mimoro1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,yamato4' ,accord+ly he built a %r9e 9 t place & made ! _s to g & dwell !re4 ,?is is ! ,god ( ,oho-miwa4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,god & 8 spiritual d\ble s cle>ly indicat$ 9 ?is extract is (t5 neglect$ & ! deity ( ,miwa spok5 ( simply z ,ohonamo*i4 ,! same unc]ta9ty z to ! spiritual "* ( ! ,god is reflect$ 9 8 names ,oho-kuni-nu%i 7great-c\ntry-ma/]7 & ,oho-kuni-dama 7great-c\ntry-_s71 & 9 a leg5d told ( him 9 ! ,kojiki1 :]e he is corporeal en\gh to h a *ild by a mortal woman & yet suffici5tly spiritual to pass ?r\gh a keyhole4 ,9 ! ,idzumo ,fudoki1 ,susa no wo speaks ( ! village ( ,susa z ! place :]e 8 mitama 0 settl$1 t is to say1 :]e a %r9e 0 d$icat$ to him4 ,! ,nihongi /ates t ,izanami's mitama 0 wor%ipp$ at ,kumano ) music & (f]+s ( fl[]s4 ,9 a mod]n book ! ,hi no mitama 7_s ( ! ,sun7 is n ! ,sun-,goddess1 b a sep>ate deity ( a l[] class4 ,! elem5t tama ent]s into ! names ( sev]al deities4 ,! ,food-,goddess is call$ ei!r ,ukemo*i no ,kami or ,uka no mitama4#ac ,b ! mean+ _s is n applicable 9 e case 9 :i* a ,god's "n conta9s ?is elem5t4 ,futo-dama1 = example1 ! "n ( ! suppos$ ance/or ( ! ,imbe prie/ly corporation1 probably means great gift or (f]+4 ,yorodzu-dama no ,kami is n ! ,god ( t5 ?\s& spirits1 b ! ,god ( t5 ?\s& (f]+s4 ,x is a curi\s circum/ance t 9 lat] times ! mitama p> excell5ce 7 ! phallic ,sahe no ,kami4 ,_! fe/ival 0 =m]ly call$ ! mitama matsuri4 ,x is n[ kn[n by ! ,*9ese equival5t ,goriye4 ,9 a few cases ! mitama is 9 duplicate1 a nigi-mitama1 or g5tle _s1 & an ara-mitama1 or r\gh _s4#ad ,9 ! ,idzumo ,fudoki a man :o is pray+ = rev5ge calls ^u ! nigi-tama ( ! ,oho-kami 7great deity7 to rema9 quiet1 & asks ! ara-tama to att5d to 8 petition4 ,! leg5d>y ,empress ,j+o 0 att5d$ on h] exp$ition to ,korea by two su* sea-god mitama1 "o to gu>d h] p]son1 ! o!r to lead ! van ( h] army4 ,b we he> little ( ?is di/9ction 9 ! old] records4 ,! aragami-matsuri 7r\gh-,god-fe/ival7 ( lat] days 0 a sort ( saturnalia :5 lic5se 0 p]mitt$ to s]vants4 ,! ,kojiki & ,nihongi d n !orize ab\t ! mitama4 ,hirata's /atem5t t !y d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! utsu%i-mi-mi 7real-augu/-body7#ae & ! mitama ( ! ,gods is1 z ! case ( ,ohonamo*i %[s1 n q correct4 ,b !re is mu* f\ndation = x4 ,9 "o my?1 = example1 ! ,sun-,goddess 9 h&+ ov] ! div9e mirror to ,n9igi1 enjo9s on him to reg>d x z h] mitama1 & 9 ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory to look ^u x z h]self4 ,ano!r indication ( an advance t[>ds spirituality 9 ! old] ,%9to lit]ature is ! di/9ction :i* is made betwe5 araha-goto 7public ?+s7 & kakure-goto 7hidd5 ?+s71 ! =m] t]m be+ appli$ to temporal & ! latt] to spiritual matt]s1 namely1 ! s]vice ( ! unse5 ,gods4 ,my/]y is n ! vital elem5t ( religion4 ,x dep5ds on :at we "k1 n on :at we d n "k4 ,/ill1 !re p]haps nev] 0 a religion :i* did n betray "s feel+ t :at we "k is only an inf9itesimal portion ( t inf9ite sum ( k = :i* mank9d is possess$ ) an et]nal ye>n+4 ,religion1 ?\gh n bas$ 9 my/]y1 mu/ always proce$1 l o!r k1 f ! kn[n t[>ds ! unkn[n4 ,a good deal1 h[ev]1 t is my/]i\s 9 religion is ( our own mak+4 ,hirata1 :5 he c f9d no way out ( ! difficulties aris+ f 8 crude1 lit]al-m9d$ an?ropomorphism1 con/antly resorts to ! "t-hon\r$ exp$i5t ( decl>+ 8 problems my/]ies :i* transc5d human intellig5ce1 exclaim+1 ,oh6 h[ wond]ful6 ,oh6 h[ /range6 ,oh6 h[ /range6 ,oh6 h[ wond]ful6 ,motori & ,hirata acc\nt = ! invisibility ( su* ,gods z ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?1 by ! !ory t s9ce ! ,age ( ! ,gods !y h remov$ fur!r f ! e>?1 s t !y are n[ beyond ! scope ( human vision4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 !y h1 "u unackn[l$g$ ,*9ese influ5ce1 greatly develop$ ! h9ts ( ! spiritual nature ( ! ,gods :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,( ! mitama1 ,motori says#af3-- ,9 g5]al1 :5 su* or su* a ,god is m5tion$ 9 ! old scriptures1 we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! real ,god & 8 mitama4 ,! real ,god is 8 actual body2 ! mitama is 8 div9e _s3 ! mitama-%iro 7_s-tok57 is ! ?+1 be x a mirror or aught else1 to :i* ! div9e _s atta*es itself4 ,x is commonly call$ ! ,%9tai 7,god-body74 ,n[ bo? ! real body & ! _s are spok5 ( simply z ! ,god4 ,?us :5 we are told t ,amat]asu no ,ohokami 0 entru/$ to ,toyo-suki-iri-bime & ,yamato no ,oho-kuni-dama to ,nunaki-iri-bime1 x is n to be suppos$ t ! real bodies ( ^! two deities 7 9 ! ,imp]ial ,palace4 ,x is unque/ionably _! mitama-%iro :i* are spok5 ( z if !y 7 ! real bodies4444 ,aga91 :5 we are told 9 ! hi/ory ( ! same reign t ! ,mikado assembl$ ! eighty myriads ( ,gods on ! pla9 ( ,kami-asa*i & inquir$ ( !m by div9ation1 ?is is n l ! assembly 9 ! div9e age ( ! real ,gods 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav54 ,! invitation is to _! mitama4 ,! same writ] says t ( ! att5dant deities :o came d[n f ,heav5 ) ,n9igi1 "s came 9 _! real bodies1 "s z mitama4 ,among ! =m] he naturally classes all ^? :o are repres5t$ z hav+ human desc5dants4 ,hirata reg>ds ?is z a discov]y :i* w endure to all ages4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,hirata's ,ko%id5 7vi4 #i7 illu/rates fur!r ! ideas ( ?is s*ool ( !ology reg>d+ ! spiritual nature ( ! ,gods3-- ,bo? ?is ,god7,*igahe%i7 & ,kunado#ag 7 produc$ by ! great mitama ( ! great ,god ,izanagi apply+ itself e>ne/ly to prev5t+ ! entrance into ?is _w ( ! ?+s com+ furi\sly f ! ,l& ( ,yomi1 & :i* accord+ly became sep>at$ f him & adh]$ to a /aff & a /one4 ,rema9+ !re1 x 7! mitama7 did good s]vice 9 bo? cases4 ,^! ,gods1 moreov]1 sometimes reveal _! real bodies & disp5se bless+s4 ,?is may n be d\bt$4 ,we f9d bel[ t ,kunado no ,kami act$ z a guide to ,futsunu%i2 & t ,*igahe%i no ,oho-,kami 0 two deities di/+ui%$ z hiko & hime 7pr9ce & pr9cess74 ,hirata ?9ks t ,gods 7& m5 too7 h two d\bles1 ! nigi-tama & an aratama m5tion$ above4 ,^! he di/+ui%es f ! ,z5tai no mitama1 or _s ( ! entire body4 ,b he admits t ^! di/9ctions are n recogniz$ 9 ! old ,%9to4 ,!re is no limit to ! subdivision ( ! mitama4 ,hirata expla9s t ! deity is l a fire1 :i* may be communicat$ to a lamp or to firewood :ile ! orig9al fire rema9s ! same4 ,b ! _w kn[s n ?is4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is is a philosophic ref9em5t too subtle = ! popul> ta/e4 ,:ile ! old records r>ely di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,god's real body & 8 mitama1 9 lat] times ! mitama is (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! mitama-%iro 7_s-tok571 or %9tai 7god-body7 z ! concrete repres5tative ( ! ,god is call$4 ,ev5 9 ! ,nihongi !re is a case 9 :i* a sword is call$ ,futsu no mitama4 ,! ,kiujiki calls ! mirror ( ! ,sun-,goddess h] mitama4 ,! ,%9to ,mimoku 7#afii7 says t ,futsu no mitama is ! sword ( ! great deity ( ,ka%ima1 & speaks ( ! ,toyo-uka no mitama 7! ,food-_s7 z be+1 or resid+ 91 a /one4 ,hirata himself calls a /one idol ! mitama ( ! ,god1 & speaks ( ! ,sun-,goddess's mitama z go+ backw>d & =w>d betwe5 ,ise & ! sky4 ,! unspiritual vulg> naturally f9d x h>d to di/+ui% betwe5 ! _s ( ! ,god & its concrete repres5tative4 ,! doctr9e ( ! sep>ability ( ! human body & s\l1 & ( ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! latt] aft] dea?1 :e!r 9 a mat]ial or semi-mat]ial =m1 or z a pure _s1 may h be5 a factor 9 ! spiritualiz+ ( ! crud] an?ropomorphic conceptions ( deity4 ,b !re is little or no evid5ce to ?is effect 9 ! old ,%9to scriptures1 & ! above pages %[ t o!r important influ5ces 7 at "w 9 produc+ ?is result4 ,:e!r ! idea ( ,god _h its orig9 9 ! doctr9e ( sep>able human s\ls is a "q :i* may be left to ! disc]n+ read]'s judgm5t4 ,gods ( ,classes & ,qualities4--,no language is possible )\t "s ex]cise ( ! p[]s ( g5]alization & ab/raction4 ,9 ,japanese1 h[ev]1 we miss _m ( ! m g5]al1 & especially ( ! m ab/ract1 conceptions embodi$ 9 ,european languages1 a circum/ance :i* limits ! scope ( ! p]sonify+ faculty1 none too vigor\s 9 itself4 ,suppos+ t we take ! s]ies ( conceptions beg9n+ ) ! concrete individual tree1 & pass+ ?r\gh ev]gre5 oak1 oak1 tree1 & vegetable1 to ! def9itive g5]alization ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,japanese language has no ^w = vegetable except smoku1 a rec5t comp\nd ( ,*9ese orig94 ,! ^w = univ]se is ,ame-tsu*i 7,heav5 e>?7 :i* is almo/ c]ta9ly a translation ( ! ,*9ese t5-*i4 ,! consequ5ce is t nei!r ! class ( vegetables nor ! univ]se is recogniz$ 9 ! ,japanese s*eme ( nature-deities4 ,individual trees are deifi$1 & !re is a ,god ( trees1 b t is all4 ,! neglect ( grammatical numb] 9 ! ,japanese language (t5 obscures ! di/9ction betwe5 ! ,gods ( individual objects & ( classes4 ,ki no ,kami means equally ! ,god ( ! tree & ! ,god ( trees4#ah ,!re is a m>k$ pov]ty ( ab/ract t]ms 9 ! ,japanese language1 & ! p]sonification ( ab/ract qualities is correspond+ly re/rict$4 ,!re is sc>cely any?+ 9 ,%9to to comp>e ) ! num]\s p]sonifi$ ab/ractions ( ,greek & ,roman my?ology4 ,izanagi & ,izanami1 embodim5ts ( ! creative or g5]ative p[]s ( nature1 are probably n orig9ally ,japanese1 b an e*o ( ! ,y9 & ,yang ( ,*9ese philosophy4 ,i h a suspicion t ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?1 may yet be trac$ to a ,*9ese s\rce4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,at ! fe/ival ( ,nifu ,mij9 9 ,ki1 :5 ! procession be>+ (f]+s arrives be=e ! %r9e1 ! village *ief calls out 9 a l\d voice1 ,accord+ to our annual cu/om1 let u all laugh4 ,to :i* a he>ty response is giv54 ,?is is because ?is ,god does n g to ,idzumo = an annual visit l ! o!rs4 #b ',sociology1' p4 #aec4 #c ,comp>e ) ?is ! foll[+ description ( ! huacas ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians4 ,all ^? ?+s :i* f _! beauty & excell5ce are sup]ior to o!r ?+s ( a l k9d2 ?+s t are ugly & mon/r\s or t cause horror & fright2 ?+s out ( ! usual c\rse ( nature4 #d ,9 ! _s ( ,wordswor?'s ,li/51 ! mighty be+ is awake ,& do? ) 8 et]nal motion make ,a noise l ?und] ev]la/+ly4 #e ,m4 ,goblet d',alviella says3 ,i ma9ta9 t nei!r ( ^! two =ms ( wor%ip necess>ily presupposes ! o!r2 b t man hav+ be5 l$ by diff]5t roads to p]sonify ! s\ls ( ! dead on ! "o h& & natural objects & ph5om5a on ! o!r1 subsequ5tly attribut$ to bo? alike ! "* ( my/]i\s sup]human be+s4 ,let u add t ?is mu/ h tak5 place ev]y:]e1 = !re is n a p on e>? 9 :i* we d n come ^u ^! =ms ( belief side by side & int]m+l$4 ,dr4 ,pfleid]]'s view is sub/antially id5tical4 #f ,max ,mll] speaks ( t anci5t /ratum ( ?\ght :i* po/ulat$ an ag5t 9 ! sky1 ! sun1 c4 ,?is is really a second>y conception4 #g ,x 0 n unkn[n 9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,zeus1 ,h]cules1 & o!r deities became divid$ up 9 ?is way4 #h ,mr4 ,tyl] has ju/ly obs]v$ t ! true lesson ( ! new sci5ce ( ,comp>ative ,my?ology is ! b>r5ness 9 primitive times ( ! faculty :i* we mo/ associate ) m5tal f]tility1 ! imag9ation4444 ,among ^! multitudes 7! millions ( m5 :o fill :at we vaguely call ! ,ea/7 ,lit]ature1 ,religion1 & ,art--or :at correspond to !m--move always )9 a di/9ctly drawn circle ( un*ang+ notions4444 ,?is condition ( ?\ght is r ! infancy ( ! human m9d prolong$ ?an a diff]5t maturity f t mo/ famili> to u4--,ma9e1 ',e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1' pp4 #bbe-f4 ,?is *>act]i/ic ( ! m5tal developm5t ( ! races ( ! ,f> ,ea/ is discuss$ 9 ',a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ! ,japanese & ,korean ,languages1' by ,w4 ,g4 ,a/on1 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 ,augu/1 #ahgi1 & m fully by ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell1 9 8 ',s\l ( ! ,f> ,ea/1' #ahhh4 ,see also ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9's' ,kojiki1' ,introd41 lxvi4 #i ,hom] implicitly d5ies ! spirituality ( 8 ,gods :5 he says t ! ,h]cules :i* 0 summon$ up by ,ulysses 0 only 8 eidolon1 or phantom1 ! real man be+ 9 ,olympus among ! happy ,gods4 #aj ,see an in/ructive article on ',%ek9ah' 9 ,dr4 ,ha/+s's ',diction>y ( ! ,bible'4 #aa ,& m9e et]nal jewel giv5 to ! common enemy ( man4--',macbe?1' ,act ,,iii4 sc5e i4 #ab ,! ,%ek9ah 0 also associat$ ) a div9e radiance1 or glory4 #ac ,mi mi 7augu/ body7 9 ! names ( o!rs involves a m mat]ial conception ( deity4 #ad ,correspond+ to ! mo a*a1 uncle ( peace1 & ski a*a1 r\gh uncle1 ( ! ,a9us4 #ae ,hom]'s #af ,sakitake no ,b51 #ba4 #ag ,see ,index4 #ah ,= deities ( classes consult ,dr4 ,tylor's ',primitive ,culture1' ii4 #bdb4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,deification ,,( ,,m54 ,! importance ( ! deification ( human be+s 9 ,%9to has be5 grossly exagg]at$ bo? by ,european s*ol>s & by mod]n ,japanese writ]s4 ,grant ,all51 = example1 says1 9 8 ',evolution ( ! ,idea ( ,god'3 ,we "k t "s :ole great national cre$s1 l ! ,%9to ( ,japan1 recognize no deities at all1 save liv+ k+s & dead ance/ral spirits4 ,he 0 probably misl$ by ! old writ] ,kaempf]1 ^: ignorance ( ! subject is /up5d\s4 ,! tru? is t ,%9to is d]iv$ 9 a mu* less degree f ! second ( ! two great curr5ts ( religi\s ?\ght ?an f ! fir/4 ,x has comp>atively little wor%ip ( human be+s4 ,9 ! ,kojiki1 ,nihongi1 & ,y5gi%iki we meet ) h>dly any?+ ( ?is elem5t4 ,none ( _! great ,gods are individual human be+s1 ?\gh at a lat] p]iod a few deities ( ?is class atta9$ to consid]able em95ce & popul>ity4 ,an analysis ( a li/ ( ,great] ,%r9es1 prep>$ 9 ! t5? c5tury1 yields ! foll[+ results3 ,( ! ,gods compris$ 9 x1 sev5te5 are nature deities1 "o is a sword1 :i* probably repres5t$ a nature deity1 two are m or less leg5d>y deceas$ ,mikados1 "o is ! deifi$ type & suppos$ ance/or ( a prie/ly corporation1 "o is ! ance/or ( an empress1 & "o a deceas$ /atesman4 ,deifi$ ,individual ,m54--,l ,nature-,gods1 ,man-,gods may be divid$ into ?ree classes--namely1 deifi$ individual m51 deifi$ classes ( m51 & deifi$ human qualities4 ,! fir/ ( ^! classes comprises ! ,mikados1 liv+ or dead1 & num]\s h]oes1 ( :om ,yamato-dake1 ! leg5d>y conqu]or ( ! ea/]n "p ( ,japan1 & ,sugah>a 7,t5j971 ! god ( le>n+1 may be quot$ z examples4 ,phases ( ,conception4--,!y are v>i\sly conceiv$ (1 z foll[3-- ,i4 ,x1 alive or dead1 is a great man1 wor?y ( our love1 rev]5ce1 gratitude1 or fe>4 ,,ii4 ,x1 sometimes :5 alive1 m frequ5tly :5 dead1 is possess$ ( sup]human p[]s1 usually borr[$ f ^? ( nature1 su* z ! control ( ! wea!r & ! seasons1 & ( diseases4 ,,iii4 ,x's p[]s reside n 9 8 body b 9 a m or less spiritual emanation f x4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! ?ree phases1 man-wor%ip is n religion4 ,s long z a man is hon\r$ = ^? qualities only :i* he really possesses or possess$1 he _c be call$ a ,god4 ,b al?\gh rational man-wor%ip is n 9 itself religion1 x is a necess>y factor 9 its developm5t4 ,our s5tim5ts ( gratitude & awe t[>ds ! great nature-p[]s spr+ up 9 he>ts already prep>$ by ! feel+s :i* we ent]ta9 t[>ds our p>5ts1 sup]iors1 & o!r fell[-m54 ,:e!r individually or collectively1 a man loves 8 p>5ts be=e he loves ,god4 ,! outw>d signs ( div9e wor%ip are almo/ exclusively 9 ! fir/ place acts ( rev]5ce t[>ds m54 ,a man b[s 8 head or makes pres5ts to 8 sup]iors be=e he wor%ips or sacrifices to a deity4 ,!re is a t5d5cy to re/rict ! ^w wor%ip to ! adoration ( deity4 ,?us1 :5 we speak ( ance/or-wor%ip1 we are apt to ?9k ( x z imply+ deification4 ,b !re is mu* wor%ip ( liv+ & dead m5 :i* is p]fectly rational1 & implies no ascription to !m ( sup]human p[]s4 ,! second1 or religi\s1 phase ( man-wor%ip involves ! assumption t "s m5 are possess$ ( p[]s ( a k9d diff]5t f ^? ( ord9>y mortals4 ,! m]e exagg]ation ( ! human faculties may produce an inf]ior sort ( deity1 b no really great man-,god c be produc$ )\t borr[+ "s ( ! transc5d5t p[]s ( ,nature1 or 9 "s way id5tify+ him ) t increas+ cosmic purpose1 :i* f "o po9t ( view is t5d5cy & evolution1 & f ano!r is a lov+ ,provid5ce4 ,until ?is is done a deifi$ k+1 ance/or1 or gho/ 7if !re be su* a ?+7 is a poor specim5 ( a ,god4 ,to become a deity ( any consequ5ce1 ! man-,god mu/ make ra91 av]t floods1 control ! seasons1 s5d & /ay plagues1 wield ?und]bolts1 ride ^u ! /orm1 or ev5 act z ,creator ( ! _w4#ai ,:5 ! practice ( deify+ m5 0 once e/abli%$ x 0 en\gh to entitle !m ,gods1 ! t]m itself imply+ ! possession ( ^? p[]s :i* we call sup]natural1 b :i* are only s :5 pr$icat$ ( m54 ,deification ( ,mikados4--,! misund]/&+ ( metaphorical language is a f]tile s\rce ( apo!osis4 ,! deification ( ! ,mikados is a case 9 po9t4 ,! ,mikado is call$ ! ,heav5ly ,gr&*ild1 8 c\rti]s are m5 above ! cl\ds1 rural di/ricts are spok5 ( z di/ant f ,heav51 t is1 f ! ,imp]ial ,palace4 ,! heir to ! ?rone 0 /yl$ hi no miko1 or augu/ *ild ( ! ,sun1 & 8 resid5ce hi no miya1 ! augu/ h\se ( ! ,sun4 ,! native names ( _m ( ! ,mikados conta9 ! elem5t hiko1 or ,sun-*ild4 ,! appe>ance 9 ,c\rt ( ! ,empress ,suiko 7,a4,d4 #fab7 is comp>$ to ! sun issu+ f ! cl\ds4 ,t5%i1 or ,son ( ,heav51 a ,*9ese t]m freely appli$ to ! ,mikado 9 lat] times1 is a v>iant ( ! same idea1 :i*1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 is kn[n 9 o!r c\ntries besides ,japan4 ,! ,*9ese ,emp]or is said to call ! sun 8 eld] bro!r1 & ! moon 8 si/]4 ,images ( ! sun & moon 7 depict$ on ! bann]s :i* 7 borne be=e him on ,/ate occasions4 ,! same practice _h be5 adopt$ 9 ,japan z e>ly z ,a4,d4 #gjj1 & !re is a relic ( x at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,japanese national flag1 :i* is a r$ sun on a :ite gr\nd4#bj ,! anci5t k+s ( ,egypt call$ !mselves e>?ly suns4 ,our own poet ,wall]1 address+ ,james ,,ii41 says3-- ,to y\r great m]rit giv51 ,a title to be call$ ! sonne ( ,heav54 ,let u n pass by ^! metaphors ) a disda9ful smile1 z m]e unsub/antial poetic fancies4 ,!y are m or less rude attempts to give expression to ! v important tru? t ! b5efits :i* a nation d]ives f ! rule ( a wise & good sov]eign are comp>able to ! bless+s ( ! sun's w>m? & light4 ,z ,br[n+1 9 ',saul1' has well said3-- ,ea* de$ ?\ ha/ done ,dies1 revives1 goes to "w 9 ! _w1 & is z ! sun ,look+ d[n on ! e>?1 ?\gh cl\ds spoil him1 ?\gh tempe/s efface1 ,c f9d no?+ 8 own de$ produc$ n1 mu/ ev]y:]e trace ,! results ( 8 pa/ summ] prime--s ea* ray ( ?y w1 ,e fla% ( ?y passion & pr[ess long ov]1 %all ?rill ,?y :ole p1 ! c\ntless1 ) ard\r till !y too give =? ,a l *e] to _! sons1 :o 9 turn fill ! s\? & ! nor? ,) ! radiance ?y de$ 0 ! g]m (----4 ,x may be object$ t x is contr>y to ! g5]al law ( human developm5t to make ! high] metaphorical conception prec$e ! l[] physical "o4 ,x is no d\bt true t ! physical idea ( fa!rhood mu/ come be=e ! metaphorical use ( ?is relation%ip4 ,b x does n foll[ t :5 once ! metaphor is arriv$ at1 x may n relapse into its orig9al physical acceptation4 ,! =ces :i* produce religi\s progress act by waves1 ) int]vals ( /agnation or retrogression4 ,ev5 :5 ! g5]al religi\s condition ( a c\ntry is advanc+ x w be f\nd t ! l[] popul> /ratum ( ?\ght consi/s less ( undevelop$ g]ms ( future progress ?an ( a breccia ( ! debas$ or imp]fectly assimilat$ ideas ( ! wise m5 ( prec$+ g5]ations4 ,9 ?is retrograde movem5t a l>ge "p is play$ by ! inv9cible t5d5cy ( ! vulg> to give metaphors _! lit]al signification4 ,?is1 ,i take x1 is ! s\rce ( ! num]\s actual *ildr5 or desc5dants ( ! ,sun & o!r deities :o are f\nd all ov] ! _w1 9 ,greece1 ,p]u1 ,japan1 & else:]e4 ,! sequ5ce ( ideas may be ?us repres5t$3-- ,i4 ,! ,k+ or sage is l ! ,sun4 ,,ii4 ,he is 7rhetorically7 a ,sun1 or ! ,sun's bro!r or (fspr+4 ,,iii4 ,he is actually desc5d$ f ! ,sun 9 ! n? g5]ation1 ! int]m$iate l9ks ( ! g5ealogy be+ a1 b1 c1 d1 c41 & he is !re=e himself a div9ity4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 ',sociology1' says3-- ,!re are pro(s t l confusion ( metaphor ) fact leads to ,sun-wor%ip4 ,complim5t>y nam+ aft] ! sun occurs ev]y:]e1 & :]e x is associat$ ) p[]1 becomes inh]it$4 ,! *iefs ( ! ,hurons bore ! "n ( ! ,sun2 & ,humboldt rem>ks t '! ,sun-,k+s among ! ,nat*es recall to m9d ! ,heliades ( ! fir/ ea/]n colony ( ,rhodes4' ,out ( num]\s illu/rations f ,egypt may be quot$ an inscription f ,silsilis--',hail to !e6 ,k+ ( ,egypt6 ,sun ( ! =eign peoples 444 ,life1 salvation1 heal? to him6 he is a %9+ ,sun4' ,9 su* cases1 !n1 wor%ip ( ! ance/or readily becomes wor%ip ( ! ,sun4444 ,p]sonalization ( ! w9d _h an orig9 ( ?is k9d4 ,nature-wor%ip1 !n1 is b an ab]rant =m ( gho/-wor%ip4 ,surely ?is is an inv]sion ( ! true ord] ( ?+s4 ,:y d k+s be> ! "n ( ,sun1 or *ild ( ! ,sun8 ,is x n because ! ,sun is already look$ ^u z a glori\s be+ 7a ,god87 ) :om x is an hon\r to be associat$8 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] himself speaks ( complim5t>y nam+ aft] ! ,sun4 ,! ,*9ese call deification hai-t51 or mat*+ ) ,heav51 %[+ t ) !m at lea/ x is ! man :o acquires 8 div9ity by be+ plac$ on a level ) ,heav51 n vice v]s4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,sun mu/ be ant]ior to ! v exi/5ce ( ,mikados1 & !re are c]ta9ly m sub/antial reasons = x ?an ! transf] to him1 sugge/$ by metaphorical language1 ( ! rev]5ce paid to human sov]eigns or ance/ors4 ,! deification ( liv+ ,mikados 0 titul> r ?an real4 ,i am n aw>e t any specific s-call$ miracul\s p[]s#ba 7 au?oritatively claim$ = !m4 ,9 #fde a ,japanese m9i/]1 address+ "s envoys f ,korea1 describ$ 8 sov]eign z ! ,emp]or ( ,japan1 :o rules ! _w z a manife/ deity4 ,! same (ficial recogniz$ ! ,korean pr9ces z ,sons ( ! ,gods4 ,! ,mikado ,keik1 admir+ ! /r5g? & c\rage ( 8 son ,yamatodake1 says to him3 ,:]eas 9 outw>d =m ?\ art our *ild1 9 reality ?\ art a ,god4 ,! ,mikados call$ !mselves1 9 notifications & else:]e1 ,akitsu ,kami1 t is1 manife/ or inc>nate deities1 & claim$ a g5]al au?ority ov] ! ,gods ( ,japan4 ,yriaku conv]s$ on equal t]ms ) ! ,god ,hito-koto-nu%i4 ,he expect$ ob$i5ce f ! ,?und]-,god1 b spe$ily _h cause to rep5t 8 audacity4#bb ,! hon\rs paid to deceas$ ,mikados /& on a some:at diff]5t foot+4 ,!re is little1 h[ev]1 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( ,%9to to di/+ui% ! respect %[n to deceas$ ,mikados f ! cu/om>y obs]vances t[>ds ! undeifi$ dead4 ,! ,kojiki & ,nihongi h h>dly a trace ( any practical recognition ( _! div9ity4 ,we are told 9 ! ,nihongi 7,a4,d4 #fgi7 t ! ,mikado ,temmu did rev]5ce to ! tomb ( 8 "m :o _h di$ eighte5 ye>s be=e4 ,9 #fha wor%ip 0 paid 7no d\bt by ! ,mikado7 to ! augu/ _s ( ! ,mikado's gr&fa!r 7or ance/or74 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! notices to %[ t div9e wor%ip is int5d$4 ,an oa? made by ,yemi%i or ,a9us1 :5 t5d]+ _! submission 9 #eha1 is m to ! po9t4 ,!y pray t if we break ?is oa?1 may all ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & also ! spirits ( ! ,mikados de/roy our race4 ,/ill x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! au?or ( ! ,nihongi 0 a pr(\nd ,*9ese s*ol>1 & t 8 "w is deeply t9ctur$ ) ,*9ese ideas4 ,i %\ld n be surpris$ to f9d t ! above oa? 0 simply copi$ f "s ,*9ese book4 ,9 ! "t ( ! ,y5gi%iki 7t5? c5tury7 ! hon\rs paid to deceas$ ,mikados _h become regul>iz$1 & (f]+s simil> to ^? made to nature-deities 7 t5d]$ to !m p]iodically4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a significant circum/ance t ( ! tw5ty-sev5 norito conta9$ 9 t "w n "o relates to _! wor%ip1 & t ! c>e ( _! tombs did n belong to ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,%9to4 ,hirata prote/s vigor\sly aga9/ a mod]n practice ( us+ a ,*9ese ^w mean+ ,imp]ial ,mausoleum = ! %r9es ( ,ise & ,kamo4 ,z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury !re are sev]al cases ( pray]s address$ to deceas$ ,mikados = ra91 to /ay a curse s5t by !m = disrespect to _! tombs1 = ! re/oration ( ! ,mikado's heal?1 = pres]vation f calamity1 c4 ,9 m rec5t times %r9es 7 erect$ to !m1 & pray]s put up = bless+s :i* x is f> beyond ! p[] ( man to grant4 ,"u ! "n ( ,ha*iman1 ! ,mikado ,oj91 visibly ow+ to ,*9ese & ,buddhi/ influ5ces1 became an important deity 9 lat] ,%9to4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,empress ,j+o4 ,! ,kojiki & ,nihongi treat bo? z m]e mortals4 ,! hon\rs paid to deceas$ ,mikados 7 mu* neglect$ be=e ! ,re/oration ( #ahfh4 ,at pres5t !y consi/ 9 f\r solemn m\rn+ s]vices held 9 ! ,palace1 "o on ! anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ! late ,emp]or1 ! second on t ( ! dea? ( ,jimmu ,t5n1 ! ?ird & f\r? 9 spr+ & autumn1 9 memory ( all ! ,imp]ial ance/ors4#bc ,embassies are also despat*$ to ! ,imp]ial tombs 7misasagi71 :i* n[ h toriwi 7! di/9ctive ,%9to honor>y gateway7 erect$ 9 front ( !m4 ,two ( ! ,mikados1 namely1 ,oj9 & ,kwammu1 h special ,/ate %r9es d$icat$ to !m4 ,concurr5t ) ! enhancem5t ( ! political pre/ige ( ! ,cr[n !re has be5 a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! pres5t reign to increase ! respect paid to ! ,imp]ial ,h\se1 s t x n[ am\nts to some?+ l religi\s wor%ip4 ,! c]emony ( ! nai%i dokoro1#bd :i* 9 anci5t times 0 9 hon\r ( ! sacr$ sun-mirror1 n[ includes ! tablets ( ! deceas$ ,mikados4 ,o!r ,deifications4--,ev5 9 ! case ( ! deification ( liv+ & dead ,mikados !re is mu* room = suspicion ( =eign influ5ce4 ,( ! deification ( o!r m5 ,i f9d no cle> evid5ce 9 ! old] records4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ! num]\s obscure deities m5tion$ 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi are deifi$ m54 ,a numb] ( ! leg5d>y & hi/orical p]sonages nam$ 9 ^! works 7 deifi$ at a subsequ5t p]iod4 ,o!rs h be5 add$ f "t to "t4 ,! case ( ! ,god ( ,suha has a special int]e/4 ,"h ! ,god's liv+ desc5dant1 real or suppos$1 is reg>d$ z a ,god1 & a cave 7probably a tomb7 occupies ! place ( ! %r9e4 ,a full] acc\nt ( ?is cult is giv5 bel[4#be ,! high-prie/ ( ! ,great ,%r9e ( ,idzumo is call$ an iki-gami1 or liv+ deity4 ,n only good b bad m5 might be deifi$ or canoniz$1 z 9 ! case ( ! ar*rebel ,masakado1 ! robb] ,kumasaka ,*ohan1 & 9 our own day1 ,ni%it>o ,bunt>1 ! murd]] ( ,mori1 ! ,m9i/] = ,education4 ,lafcadio ,he>n1 9 8 ',glean+s 9 ,buddha ,fields1' tells a typical /ory ( ! deification ( a liv+ man4 ,a c]ta9 ,hamagu*i ,gohei1 head man ( 8 village1 sav$ ! lives ( 8 fell[ villag]s f de/ruction by a tidal wave1 at ! sacrifice ( 8 crop ( rice1 :i* he set fire to 9 ord] to attract !m away f ! sea-%ore to ! high] gr\nd4 ,s !y decl>$ him a ,god1 & !reaft] call$ him ,hamagu*i ,daimyj91 & :5 !y rebuilt _! village1 !y built a temple to ! _s ( him1 & fix$ above ! front ( x a tablet be>+ 8 "n 9 ,*9ese text ( gold2 & !y wor%ipp$ him !re1 ) pray] & ) (f]+s4444 ,he cont9u$ to live 9 8 old ?at*$ home ^u ! hill1 :ile 8 s\l 0 be+ wor%ipp$ 9 ! %r9e bel[4 ,a hundr$ ye>s & m he has be5 dead2 b 8 temple1 !y tell me1 /ill /&s1 & ! p /ill pray to ! gho/ ( ! good old f>m] to help !m 9 "t ( fe> or tr\ble4 ,ance/or-,wor%ip4--,if we re/rict ?is t]m to ! religi\s cult ( "o's own ance/ors1 z 9 ,*9a1 ?is =m ( religion has h>dly any place 9 ,%9to4 ,! only case ( x1 except 9 mod]n times & "u =eign influ5ces1 is t ( ! ,mikados1 & ev5 !n !re is no evid5ce ( its exi/5ce be=e ! six? c5tury4 ,! t]m ance/or-wor%ip is (t5 us$ m g5]ally ( ! wor%ip ( dead m5 ( =m] g5]ations4 ,!re is no good reason1 h[ev]1 = di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! cult ( dead & t ( liv+ m54 ,if ! =m] is ! m common1 x is because abs5ce & lapse ( "t are usually necess>y to all[ _! obvi\sly human "* to be =gott5 & to raise ! popul> imag9ation to ! height ( attribut+ to !m sup]human p[]s4 ,deification is ! result ( an exagg]at$ appreciation ( :at ! man 0 dur+ life1 ?\gh !re is (t5 associat$ ) ?is prim>y reason ! ascription ( imag9>y p[]s to 8 corpse or gho/4 ,x is (t5 assum$ by ,engli% writ]s t ,%9to is sub/antially1 or at lea/ is bas$ on1 ance/or-wor%ip4 ,! mod]n ,japanese1 imbu$ ) ,*9ese ideas1 ?r[ !m back into ! old ,%9to1 & h p]suad$ !mselves t x conta9s a f> m important elem5t ( ?is k9d ?an is actually ! case4 ,a rec5t ,japanese writ] says3 ,ance/or-wor%ip 0 ! basis ( ,%9to4 ,! div9ities1 :e!r cele/ial or t]re/rial1 7 ! prog5itors ( ! nation1 f ! sov]eign & ! pr9ces surr\nd+ ! ?rone to ! nobles :o dis*>g$ ! s]vices ( ! ,/ate & ! soldi]s :o f\ght its battles4 ,hirata1 not)/&+ 8 anti-,*9ese prejudices1 0 unable to resi/ ! influ5ce ( ,*9ese ideas z reg>ds ance/or-wor%ip4 ,he devotes vol4 x4 ( 8 ',tamadasuki' to ! inculcation ( an ance/or-wor%ip :i* is pla9ly no?+ b ! well-kn[n ,*9ese cult4 ,8 tama-ya 7_s-h\se1 or dome/ic ance/ral %r9e7 is a ,*9ese in/itution "u a ,japanese "n1 & ! tama-%iro1 or _s-tok51 is ! ,*9ese ihai 7ance/ral tablet74 ,he w\ld h 8 foll[]s address _! pray]s1 z 9 ,*9a1 to _! ance/ors ( e g5]ation1 f ! p>5ts ( ! wor%ipp] up to ! ,great ,ance/or1 ! f\nd] ( ! family4 ,_! spirits 7mitama7 are to be adjur$ to av]t evil f _! desc5dants1 to keep wat* ov] !m by night & day1 & to grant !m prosp]ity & long life4 ,?is is g5u9e ance/or-wor%ip1 b x is n ,%9to4 ,x 0 to meet ! case ( a failure ( direct heirs to cont9ue su* ance/or-wor%ip t ! practice ( adoption1 unkn[n 9 anci5t ,japan1 0 introduc$ f ,*9a4 ,! tru? is t only a v small "p ( ! ,japanese nation knew1 or pret5d$ to "k1 any?+ ab\t _! ance/ors4 ,ev5 ( ^? :o _h g5ealogies1 _m trac$ _! desc5t f m]e undeifi$ mortals1 "s be+ ,koreans or ,*9ese4 ,!re rema9 9 ! ,%jiroku & else:]e a good numb] ( g5ealogies 9 :i* ! desc5t ( noble families f ,%9to deities is record$4 ,to :at class d ^! deities belong8 ,x is impossible to ass]t t "s may n be g5u9e deifi$ ance/ors1 ?\gh ,i _c po9t to any und\bt$ case ( ?is k9d4 ,_m are nature-deities4 ,! desc5t ( ! imp]ial family f ! ,sun-,goddess is a typical example4 ,! ,god ( ,gr[?1 ,kuni-toko-ta*i1 ! ,yatag>asu or ,sun-,cr[1 ! sword ,futsunu%i1 & _m o!r nature-deities appe> among ! ance/ors ( ! ,%jiroku4 ,9 ! ',ideals ( ! ,ea/1' a "w rec5tly publi%$ 9 ,engli% by ,mr4 ,takakura ,okasu1 ! au?or speaks ( ! immaculate ance/rism ( ,ise & ,idzumo4 ,! s-call$ ance/ral ,gods wor%ipp$ at ^! places are ! ,sun-,goddess1 ! ,food-,goddess1 ,ohonamo*i 7an ,e>?-,god7 & ,susa no wo 7! ,ra9/orm74 ,dr4 ,e4 ,caird's obs]vation t 9 ! majority ( cases x is n t ! be+ wor%ipp$ is conceiv$ ( by 8 wor%ipp] z a ,god because he is an ance/or1 b r t he is conceiv$ z an ance/or because he is believ$ to be _! ,god1#bf obvi\sly applies to ?is feature ( ,%9to4 ,o!r nobles trac$ _! l9eage f1 & paid a special wor%ip to1 p]sonages :o nev] exi/$ z individual human be+s4 ,su* is ,koyane1 ! reput$ ance/or1 b really only a p]sonifi$ type ( ! ,nakatomi prie/ly corporation4 ,if we h any reg>d = correct t]m9ology we mu/ call ?is recognition ( nature-deities & class-types z ance/ors n ance/or-wor%ip1 b pseudo-ance/or-wor%ip4 ,:5 ,brita9's sons decl>e1 z !y d ) suffici5t emphasis1 t ,britannia rules ! waves1 is ?is ance/or-wor%ip8 ,or suppos+ t ,macaulay's ,new ,zeal&] f\nd a remnant ( ! ,engli% p wor%ipp+ ,john ,bull z _! reput$ ance/or1 w\ld he be "r to conclude t ance/or-wor%ip 0 an ,engli% in/itution8 ,uji-,gami4--,^! pseudo-ance/ors are call$ 9 ,japanese uji-gami1 or surname gods4 ,! uji 7 orig9ally (ficial designations1 :e!r ( ,c\rt (ficials or ( local (ficials or *iefta9s1 :i*1 z ^! (fices became h]$it>y1 took ! "* ( h]$it>y titles1 & ev5tually became m]e surnames4 ,!y may be comp>$ ) su* titles z ,duke ( ,well+ton or ) surnames l ,*amb]la91 ,con/able1 or ,baillie4 ,9 anci5t times ! common p _h no surnames1 & !re=e no ance/or-wor%ip1 pseudo or real4 ,! ^w uji is also us$ collectively ( ! noble h\se ( p]sons be>+ ! same surname4 ,x does n seem a v anci5t in/itution1 & mu/ date f a "t :5 an organiz$ ,gov]nm5t _h already be5 e/abli%$4 ,( ! cult ( ! ,uji-gami z su* we "k v little4 ,! ,kojiki m5tions ! fact ( v>i\s deities be+ wor%ipp$ by c]ta9 noble families4 ,a mod]n au?ority says3 ,all desc5dants ( deities _h uji4 ,e uji consi/$ ( memb]s call$ uk>a4 ,! *ief ( ! uji 0 t]m$ ! uji no kami 7! sup]ior ( ! uji74 ,x 0 8 duty1 on fe/ival occasions1 to conv5e ! uk>a = ! wor%ip ( ! ance/ral ,god4 ,9 lat] times ! ,uji-gami became simply ! tutel>y deity ( "o's bir?place1 & 0 also call$ ubusuna 7bir?-s&74 ,infants born 9 8 jurisdiction are pres5t$ to him soon aft] bir?1 & p>turi5t wom5 pray to him = relief4 ,!y also procure e>? f ! site ( 8 %r9e1 9 ! belief t x has a magical p[] to assi/ _! deliv]y4 ,! same e>? is cr$it$ ) ! prop]ty ( relax+ ! rigidity ( a corpse4 ,! mod]n ,uji-gami are tak5 indiscrim9ately f all classes ( deities1 p]haps includ+ ev5 a few g5u9e ance/ors4 ,"o or two ,indian deities h be5 made ,uji-gami4 ,! ,nakatomi _h ?ree ,uji-gami--namely1 ,take-mika-dzu*i1 ,futsunu%i1 & ,koyane4 ,noble families h be5 kn[n to *ange _! ,uji-gami1 ,! ,uji-gami correspond 9 "s respects to ! ,greek 4,greek3 ar*ghos ,biso4--,analog\s to ! ,uji-gami are ! trades-deities ( mod]n times4 ,!y are call$ biso 7au?or or inv5tor71 & may be ei!r nature-deities1 deceas$ m51 or m]ely ! deifi$ type ( ! p>ticul> trade or pr(ession4 ,wre/l]s wor%ip ,nomi no ,sukune1 :o 0 probably a real p]son1 & ,*9ese doctors ! leg5d>y ,*9ese ,emp]or ,%9nung4 ,confucian pundits wor%ip ,confucius1 poets hon\r ,hitom>o1 & ,haikwai poets ,ba%4 ,pr(essors ( ! art ( tea-dr9k+ %[ rev]5ce to ! f\nd] ( t p>ticul> bran* ( x :i* !y practise4 ,soo?say]s1 miko1 football play]s1 fl[]-arrang]s1 & actors wor%ip ! s-call$ ance/ral gods ( _! sev]al pr(essions4 ,!re is a ,kaji-s-%a1 or blacksmi?-ance/or-%r9e4 ,c>p5t]s1 = "s reason1 h adopt$ ,%toku ,dai%i1 an ,imp]ial ,pr9ce :o liv$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 z _! patron4 ,m]*ants wor%ip ,yebisu4 ,!y also pay "s sort ( respect to ,fukusuke1#bg a dw>fi% figure ) a l>ge head1 attir$ 9 ! c]emonial kami-%imo1 & seat$ 9 a squatt+ position1 :i* may (t5 be se5 9 ! l>g] %ops4 ,a figure ( a cat ) uplift$ paw1 call$ ! maneki-neko1 or beckon+ cat1 & a recumb5t c[ cov]$ ) rugs are also objects ( respect ) !m4 ,x is 9 _m cases a "q :e!r ! hon\r %[n am\nts really to div9e wor%ip4 ,spirits4--,! old] ,%9to scriptures af=d b scanty evid5ce ( ! spiritualization ( deifi$ human be+s4 ,9 ! ,nihongi !re is "o ref]5ce to ! wor%ip ( a ,mikado's mitama 7_s74 ,9 ano!r case ! mitama ( ! ,mikados are call$ ^u to puni% oa?-break]s4 ,yamato-dake's mitama is 9 "o place said to h be5 *ang$ into a :ite bird4 ,( ! mitama ( ord9>y undeifi$ human be+s !re is no m5tion 9 ! ,kojiki or ,nihongi2 b1 ( c\rse1 ?is may be ow+ to ! imp]fection ( ! record4 ,tama%i1 a d]ivative ( tama1 is ! ord9>y ^w = s\l at ! pres5t day1 & is und\bt$ly ( consid]able antiquity4 ,/ill !re are cases :]e we %\ld expect to f9d mitama spok5 (1 b :]e a m mat]ial conception--namely1 t ( metamorphosis--takes its place4 ,among sev]al in/ances ( ?is k9d may be quot$ t ( ,yamato-dake4 ,he di$1 & 0 buri$1 ^u :i* he took ! =m ( a :ite bird1 :i* flew away leav+ ! tomb empty4 ,! mod]n "n = gho/ te/ifies to ! preval5ce ( ?is conception 9 ,japan4 ,x is bake-mono1 or trans=mation1 & is appli$ to foxes :i* *ange into human =m z well z to ! gho/s ( ! dead & to hobgobl9s ( unc]ta9 orig94 ,bake-mono are n wor%ipp$ 9 ,japan1 any m ?an gho/s are ) ourselves1 b !re is a beg9n+ ( rev]5ce to !m 9 ! honorific p>ticle o :i* is frequ5tly prefix$ to ! ^w1 especially by wom54 ,!re are no prop] gho/s 9 ! ,kojiki or ,nihongi1 al?\gh ! writ]s ( ^! works 7 fond ( record+ /range & miracul\s occurr5ces4 ,! metamorphos$ appe>ances m5tion$ 9 !m are nev] phantoms ) a resemblance to ! human =m1 & possess no spiritual qualities4 ,ev5 n[ ! bakemono1 ?\gh diff]+ little f our gho/1 is q di/9ct f ! human mitama or tama%i 7s\l74 ,tama1 z we h se5 above1#bh may mean ei!r a jewel1 a r\nd object1 or ! efflu5ce ( a deity or a _s4 ,"h lit]al-m9d$ ,dullness1 ) :om ! ,gods !mselves cont5d 9 va91 leaps to ! conclusion t ! physical globul> tama is n m]ely a symbol ( ! s\l1 b ! s\l itself4 ,by ! ignorant 9 mod]n times x is conceiv$ ( z a small r\nd black object1 :i* has ! p[] ( leav+ ! body dur+ sleep4 ,! popul> "n = ! w-(-!-wisp1 namely1 hito-dama 7man-ball-s\l7 en%r9es a l sup]/ition4#bi ,x is ass]t$ t ! s\ls ( ! newly dead h be5 se5 to float away ov] ! eaves & ro( z a transp>5t globe ( impalpable ess5ce4 ,we may comp>e ) ^! ,japanese notions ! foll[+ cases1 :i* ,i quote f ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ',sociology'3 ,accord+ to ,xim5es1 :5 a "l di$ 9 ,v]a ,cruz1 ! fir/ ?+ !y did aft] 8 dea? 0 to put a preci\s /one 9 8 m\?4 ,! object ( x 0 t ! /one %\ld receive 8 s\l4 ,! ,mexicans along ) a man's rema9s put a gem ( m or less value1 :i* !y said w\ld s]ve him 9 place ( a he>t 9 ! o!r _w4 ,su* mat]ial conceptions ( ! s\l are to be f\nd ev]y:]e4 ,mr4 ,h>tl&1 9 8 ',leg5d ( ,p]seus1' obs]ves3 ,to ! savage1 z to our own =efa!rs1 & to ! folk ( all civiliz$ c\ntries /ill1 ! idea ( an incorporeal s\l is incompreh5sible4 ,x is ev]y:]e 9 ! l[] culture conceiv$ ( z mat]ial1 ?\gh capable ( *ang+ its =m & appe>ance )\t los+ its id5tity4#cj ,hirata1 aft] po9t+ out correctly t ! mitama 7jewel or _s7 is s call$ because !re is no?+ 9 ! body s preci\s z ! s\l1 imm$iately relapses into a m mat]ial conception :5 he proce$s to expla9 t1 al?\gh we _c disc]n its %ape1 se5 f ! ,gods x mu/ h ! %ape ( a jewel 7t is1 sph]ical74#ca ,! hi/ory ( ! mitama sugge/s t ! mat]ial1 or p>tially mat]ial1 conceptions ( ! s\l are a comp>atively rec5t developm5t4 ,?\gh religion is on ! :ole progressive1 x by no means foll[s t all movem5ts ( religi\s ?\ght are 9 a =w>d direction4 ,! spiritual edifice :i* poets & se]s build up is be+ con/antly r$uc$ to ru9 by ! inept h&l+ ( ! mat]ial-m9d$ vulg>1 to be re>$ anew by o!rs m spl5did ?an be=e4 ,b let u n mi/ake ! ru9 = ! fir/ c\rses ( a new build+1 ! dead husk = ! liv+ g]m4 ,gho/s & ball-s\ls are ab]rant conceptions :i* belong to ! =m] category4 ,! dull>ds to :om su* notions are due are q incapable ( orig9at+ ! pregnant1 ?\gh artificial1 conception ( body & s\l z two di/9ct entities4 ,let me add a few m etymological facts :i* be> on ! "q ( spirituality4 ,mi-kage1 or augu/ %ad[1 is an anci5t synonym = mi-tama4 ,x is unnecess>y to suppose t any?+ b a metaphorical mean+ 0 orig9ally int5d$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a mod]n sup]/ition t :5 a man is ne> 8 dea? 8 %ad[ becomes ?9n]4 ,! ord9>y ,japanese ^w = to die is %9uru1 t is to say1 brea?-dep>t4 ,dea? is also call$ concealm5t1 long concealm5t1 body-concealm5t1 rock-concealm5t 79 allusion to ! practice ( burial 9 dolm5s71 *ange1 & end+4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,gods1 dea? is call$ div9e dep>ture or div9e asc5t4 ,iki1 brea?1 "o ( ! vital functions1 is put by metonymy = _! sum1 t is1 life4 ,x has n1 l our ^w _s & ! ,greek psy*e1 tak5 ! fur!r /ep ( com+ to mean ! human s\l1 except we id5tify x ) ! ke ( hotoke1 :i* has be5 plausibly d]iv$ f hito1 man1 & ke1 _s4 ,x is n[ ! common ,buddhi/ t]m = ,buddha & 8 sa9ts1 & also = ! spirits ( ! sa9t$ dead4 ,! mat]ial-m9d$ man1 z usual1 drags x d[n to 8 own level4 ,to him ! corpse at a fun]al is ! hotoke4 ,x is n c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! elem5t ke ( ?is ^w is n ( ,*9ese orig91 ,*9a1 always f> 9 advance ( ,japan 9 spirituality1 has ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! developm5t ( ,japanese ideas reg>d+ spiritual matt]s4 ,ano!r mat]ial conception ( ! life or s\l is conta9$ 9 a poem ( ! ,_m%iu1 9 :i* a fi%]man nam$ ,ura%ima is relat$ to h f\nd 8 way to ! ,toko yo no kuni1 or ,et]nal ,l&4 ,:5 ab\t to return to e>? he receiv$ f 8 wife a casket1 ) ! injunction t he mu/ n op5 x4 ,he does op5 x1 ^u :i* 8 life or s\l comes out & flies away l a :ite cl\d to ! ,et]nal ,l&4 ,he dies soon aft]4 ,b ?is is a poetic fancy1 op5 to /rong suspicions ( ,*9ese inspiration4 ,!re is a c]emony call$ iki-mitama 7liv+ s\l71 :i* consi/s 9 pay+ respect to an abs5t p>5t1 c41 z if he 7 pres5t4 ,ano!r simil> practice is t ( kage-z5 7%ad[-food71 9 :i* a meal is set out = an abs5t memb] ( ! family1 especially :5 x is n kn[n :e!r he is dead or alive4 ,! t]m iki-su-dama 7liv+ _s7 is appli$ to ! angry _s 7d\ble87 ( a liv+ p]son1 :i* is suppos$ to "w a curse1 sometimes unkn[n ev5 to himself4 ,su-dama are def9$ z ! ess5ces ( woods or m\nta9s1 :i* assume a metamorphos$ =m--elves1 z we %\ld say4 ,all ^! are comp>atively mod]n ideas4 ,! ,%9to ,d-itsu1 a mod]n ,%9to manual1 frankly adopts ! ,*9ese views ( ! s\l4 ,a manual ( ?is sect has ! foll[+3 ,! kom-paku are 9 ,*9a ! animal & rational s\ls4 ,:5 a man dies1 8 kon goes up to ,heav5 & 8 haku returns to ,e>?4 ,man at bir? d]ives 8 brea? 7or life7 f ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,!re=e :5 he dies x returns to ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,! kon is ! yang or male1 positive _s2 ! haku is ! y9 or female1 negative _s 7tama74 ,9 ev]y?+ !re is ! y9 & ! yang he>t4 ,all m5 h ki 7brea?71 kei 7=m71 & sei 7life74 ,! kon rules ! ki & ! sei4 ,! haku rules ! =m & ! body4 ,ki means lit]ally brea?1 on :i* man's life dep5ds4 ,f ! ,buddhi/ po9t ( view !re are two functions ( ! mat]ial body1 namely1 life & dea?1 ea* ( :i* has its s\l4 ,! saki-dama 7_s ( luck7 is ! kon2 ! ku%i-dama 7wondr\s _s7 is ! haku4#cb ,aga9 ! five visc]a h ea* a ,god 9 %ape l a man4 ,/ate ( ! ,dead4--,l ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! anci5t ,japanese records af=d b few & unc]ta9 glimpses ( ! condition ( ! dead4 ,! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l is n[h]e taught explicitly4 ,!re are no pray]s = ! dead or = happ9ess 9 a future life4 ,!re is a l& ( yomi 7d>kness7 :i* corresponds to ! ,greek ,hades & ! ,hebrew ,%el4 ,x is also t]m$ ,ne no kuni 7root-l&71 ,soko no kuni 7bottom-l&71 ,%ita-tsu-kuni 7l[]-l&71 or ! ,yaso-kumade1 t is to say1 ! eighty road-w9d+s1 a euphemi/ic phrase resembl+ our go+ on a long j\rney4 ,yomi1 h[ev]1 does n seem to be peopl$ by human be+s or gho/s4 ,nor d we f9d any actual cases ( _! desc5d+ ?i!r at dea?1 al?\gh ! conception 0 no d\bt orig9ally a metaphor = ! grave4 ,9 ! ,nihongi my? we f9d t :]e "o v]sion speaks ( ,izanami 9 ,yomi1 ano!r uses ! expression tempor>y bury+-place4 ,! same "w m5tions an op9ion t ! ,ev5 ,pass ( ,yomi is n any place 9 p>ticul>1 b means only ! space ( "t :5 ! brea? fails on ! approa* ( dea?4 ,! ,kojiki1 aft] relat+ ! dea? & burial ( ,izanami on ,m\nt ,hiba1 at ! b\nd>y ( ! ,l& ( ,idzumo1 goes on to speak ( h] desc5t to ,yomi z if x 7 ! same ?+4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t to _m p]sons1 ev5 9 ^! e>ly times1 ,yomi 0 a tol]ably transp>5t metaphor = ! /ate ( ! dead4 ,h[ difficult x is = ev5 le>n$ & intellig5t m5 to rise above ! lit]al int]pretation ( metaphor is illu/rat$ by ! fact t ,motori treats ?is sugge/ion ) great scorn1 po9t+ out t !re is an actual entrance to ,yomi 9 ! prov9ce ( ,idzumo4 ,izanami w5t to ,yomi :5 %e di$4 ,%e is call$ ! ,great ,deity ( ,yomi4 ,x is also spok5 ( z ! abode ( ,susa no wo1 :o1 accord+ to "o my?1 0 appo9t$ to rule ?is region4 ,we also he> ( ! deities ( ,yomi1 ! armies ( ,yomi1 ! ugly females ( ,yomi1 & ! ,road-,w>d5s ( ,yomi4 ,?und]-,gods are said to h be5 g5]at$ !re f ! dead body ( ,izanami4 ,all ^! are probably v>i\s p]sonifications ( dea? & disease4 ,9 mod]n times ,yomi has be5 id5tifi$ ) ,jigoku1 ! inf]no ( ! ,buddhi/s1 :i* is a place ( torture = ! wick$4 ,our own ^w hell has und]gone a simil> *ange ( application4 ,9 ! ,_m%iu heav5 is m5tion$ z ! de/9ation ( a deceas$ ,mikado1 :ile 9 ! v same poem a pr9ce is spok5 ( z dwell+ 9 8 tomb 9 sil5ce & solitude4 ,! ,toko-yo no kuni1 or ,et]nal ,l&1 is ano!r home ( ! dead4 ,! ,god ,sukunabikona w5t ?i!r :5 he di$4 ,s did a bro!r ( ! fir/ ,mikado1 ,jimmu4 ,! ,toko-yo no kuni is id5tifi$ by "s ) ,hrai-san1 ! ,*9ese isl& p>adise ( ! ,ea/]n ,sea1 & by o!rs ) ,*9a itself4 ,! orange is said to h be5 introduc$ f ! ,toko-yo no kuni4 ,9 ! ,_m%iu poem ( ,ura%ima1 ! ,toko-yo no kuni is ! same z ! subm>9e palace ( ! ,sea-,gods1 :]e dea? & old age are unkn[n4 ,toko-yo ta*i 7ye immortal ones67 is a complim5t>y exclamation 9 a poem ( ! ,nihongi4 ,! mo/ def9ite /atem5t reg>d+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( m5 aft] dea? occurs 9 ! ,nihongi "u ! leg5d>y date ,a4,d4 #cfg3-- ,! ,yemi%i rebell$4 ,tami*i 0 s5t to attack !m4 ,he 0 wor/$ by ! ,yemi%i1 & sla9 at ! h>b\r ( ,i%imi4 ,n[ "o ( 8 foll[]s obta9$ ,tami*i's armlet & gave x to 8 wife1 :o embrac$ ! armlet & /rangl$ h]self4 ,:5 ! m5 ( t "t he>d ( ?is !y %$ te>s4 ,aft] ?is ! ,yemi%i aga9 made an incursion & dug up ,tami*i's tomb1 ^u :i* a great s]p5t />t$ up ) gl>+ eyes & came out ( ! tomb4 ,x bit ! ,yemi%i1 :o 7 e "o affect$ by ! s]p5t's poison1 s t _m ( !m di$1 & only "o or two escap$4 ,!re=e ! m5 ( t "t said3 ',al?\gh dead ,tami*i at la/ _h 8 rev5ge4 ,h[ c x be said t ! dead h no k8' ,evid5tly at ?is "t !re 7 two op9ions on ! subject4 ,motori says t ?is is a subject :i* transc5ds human compreh5sion4 ,he leans to ! view ( ! old books1 t m5 :5 !y die g to ! ,l& ( ,yomi1 9 pref]5ce to ! sceptical ratioc9ations ( ! ,*9ese sophi/s4 ,hirata takes a m decid$ attitude4 ,he po9ts to ! /ory j quot$ z an example ( dead m5 execut+ v5geance ^u ^? :o 7 _! enemies dur+ life4 ,fun]al ,cu/oms4--,let u n[ inquire :e!r any?+ is to be le>n$ reg>d+ ! views ( ! anci5t ,japanese z to ! condition ( ! dead f _! fun]al cu/oms4 ,! bodies ( nobles1 pr9ces1 & sov]eigns 7 deposit$ 9 megali?ic vaults :i* 7 cov]$ by huge m\nds ( e>?4#cc ,p5d+ ! con/ruction ( ^!1 ! body 0 plac$ tempor>ily 9 a build+ call$ a moya1 or m\rn+ h\se4 ,x 0 enclos$ 9 a wood5 c(f9 & 9 "s cases 9 a s>cophagus ( /one or e>!nw>e4 ,^! s>cophagi h be5 f\nd to conta9 traces ( c9nab>4#cd ,9 all ! m mod]n megali?ic tombs ! entrance faces ! s\?4 ,?is arrangem5t is connect$ ) ! idea1 common to ! ,japanese ) ! ,*9ese & o!r f>-ea/]n races1 t ! nor? is ! mo/ hon\rable qu>t]4 ,! ,mikado1 on /ate occasions1 /&s on ! nor? side ( ! ,hall ( ,audi5ce4 ,8 palace fronts ! s\?4 ,imm$iately aft] dea? corpses are laid ) ! head to ! nor?1 a position scrupul\sly avoid$ by _m ,japanese = sleep4 ,!y say !y are unwor?y ( s great hon\r4 ,) ! m em95t dead !re 7 buri$ food1 weapons1 ornam5ts1 vessels ( pott]y1 & o!r valuables4 ,eulogies 7 pron\nc$ ov] !m1 & music 0 p]=m$ at ! fun]al4 ,po/hum\s hon\rs--a ,*9ese in/itution--7 conf]r$ on ^? :o _h m]it$ !m by di/+ui%$ s]vices4 ,9 ! m anci5t times human sacrifices ,7 made at ! tombs ( deceas$ ,mikados & pr9ces4 ,! ,nihongi1 "u ! leg5d>y date ,b4,c4 #b1 /ates3-- #aj? mon?1 #e? day4 ,yamato-hiko1 ! ,mikado's y\ng] bro!r by ! "m's side1 di$4 #aa? mon?1 #bnd day4 ,yamato-hiko 0 buri$ at ,tsuki-zaka 9 ,musa4 ,!reupon 8 p]sonal att5dants 7 assembl$1 & 7 all buri$ alive upright 9 ! prec9ct ( ! tomb4 ,= sev]al days !y di$ n1 b wept & wail$ day & night4 ,at la/ !y di$ & rott$4 ,dogs & cr[s ga!r$ & ate !m4 ,! ,emp]or1 he>+ ! s\nd ( _! weep+ & wail+1 0 griev$ at he>t1 & comm&$ 8 high (fic]s1 say+ ',x is a v pa9ful ?+ to =ce ^? :om "o has lov$ 9 life to foll[ him 9 dea?4 ,?\gh x be an anci5t cu/om1 :y foll[ x if x is bad8 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 take c\nsel s z to put a /op to ! foll[+ ( ! dead4' ,a4,d4 #c1 #g? mon?1 #f? day4 ,! ,empress ,hibasu-hime no ,mikoto di$4 ,"s "t be=e ! burial1 ! ,emp]or comm&$ 8 ,m9i/]s1 say+3 ',we h already recogniz$ t ! practice ( foll[+ ! dead is n good4 ,:at %\ld n[ be done 9 p]=m+ ?is burial8' ,!reupon ,nomi no ,sukune came =w>d & said3 ',x is n good to bury liv+ m5 upright at ! tumulus ( a pr9ce4 ,h[ c su* a practice be h&$ d[n to po/]ity8 ,i beg leave to propose an exp$i5t :i* ,i w submit to ,y\r ,maje/y4' ,s he s5t mess5g]s to summon up f ! ,l& ( ,idzumo a hundr$ m5 ( ! clay-work]s' ,be4 ,he himself direct$ ! m5 ( ! clay-work]s' ,be to take clay & =m !re) %apes ( m51 horses1 & v>i\s objects1 :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,emp]or1 say+3 ',h5ce=w>d let x be ! law = future ages to sub/itute ?+s ( clay = liv+ m51 & to set !m up at tumuli4' ,!n ! ,emp]or 0 greatly rejoic$1 & comm&$ ,nomi no ,sukune1 say+3 ',?y exp$i5t ha? greatly pleas$ ,our he>t4' ,s ! ?+s ( clay 7 fir/ set up at ! tomb ( ,hibasu-hime no ,mikoto4 ,& a "n 0 giv5 to ^! clay objects4#ce ,!y 7 call$ haniwa1 or clay r+s4 ,!n a decree 0 issu$1 say+3 ',h5ce=? ^! clay figures mu/ be set up at tumuli3 let n m5 be h>m$4' ,! ,emp]or b\ntifully rew>d$ ,nomi no ,sukune = ?is s]vice1 & also be/[$ on him a knead+-place1 & appo9t$ him to ! (ficial *>ge ( ! clay-work]s' ,be4 ,8 orig9al title 0 !re=e *ang$1 & he 0 call$ ,ha%i no ,omi4 ,?is 0 h[ x came to pass t ! ,ha%i no ,muraji sup]9t5d ! burials ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,?is n>rative is too mu* 9 accordance ) :at we "k ( o!r races 9 ! b>b>ic /age ( culture to all[ u to d\bt t we h "h a g5u9e bit ( hi/ory1 ?\gh p]haps ! details may be inaccurate1 & ! *ronology is c]ta9ly wrong4 ,9 an anci5t ,*9ese notice ( ,japan we read t at ?is "t 7,a4,d4 #bdg7 ,que5 ,himeko di$4 ,a great m\nd 0 rais$ ov] h]1 & m ?an a hundr$ ( h] male & female att5dants foll[$ h] 9 dea?4 ,fun]al human sacrifice is well kn[n to h exi/$ among ! ,man*u ,t>t>s & o!r races ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,asia until mod]n times4 ,! ,jesuit mission>y ,du ,halde relates t ! ,emp]or ,%un*i1 ( ! ,t's+ dyna/y 7di$ #affb71 inconsolable = ! loss ( 8 wife & infant *ild1 signifi$ by 8 w t ?irty m5 %\ld kill !mselves to appease h] manes1 :i* c]emony ! ,*9ese look ^u ) horror1 & 0 aboli%$ by ! c>e ( 8 successor--! fam\s ,kanghi4 ,ano!r mission>y1 ,alv>ez ,sem$o1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! ,t>t> invasion1 says3 ,x is ! cu/ome ( ! ,t>t>s1 :5 any man ( quality die?1 to ca/ into t fire :i* consumes ! dead corpse z _m ,s]vants1 ,wom51 & ,horses ) ,b[s & ,arr[s z may be fit to at5d & s]ve !m 9 ! next life4 ,?is cu/om 0 also practis$ 9 ,*9a 9 ! mo/ anci5t times1 ?\gh long condemn$ z b>b>\s4 ,an ode 9 ! ',%ek+' lam5ts ! dea? ( ?ree bro!rs :o 7 sacrific$ at ! fun]al ( ,duke ,muh1 ,b4,c4 #fba4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,%e ,hwang-ti di$1 ,b4,c4 #bji1 8 son ,urh said1 ,my fa!r's palace-ladies :o h no *ildr5 mu/ n leave ! tomb1 & compell$ !m all to foll[ him 9 dea?4 ,_! numb] 0 v great4 ,a ,k+ ( ,kokury 9 ,corea di$ ,a4,d4 #bdh4 ,he 0 belov$ = 8 virtues1 & _m ( 8 h\sehold wi%$ to die ) him4 ,8 successor =bade !m to d s1 say+ t x 0 n a prop] cu/om4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 committ$ suicide at ! tomb4 7',tongkam1' iii4 #bj47 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ejb1 ,silla prohibit$ ! cu/om ( bury+ p alive at ! fun]als ( ! sov]eigns4 ,be=e ?is "t five m5 & five wom5 7 put to dea? at ! ,k+'s tomb4 7',tongkam1' v4 #e47 ,cases ( suicide at ! tomb ( a belov$ "l or sov]eign h n be5 uncommon 9 ,japan ev5 9 mod]n times4 ,!re 0 "o 9 #ahfh4 ,! ,japanese1 l ! ,*9ese1 make no di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y dea?s & human sacrifices4 ,bo? are call$ jun-%i1 a t]m :i* means foll[+ 9 dea?4 ,inde$1 z we may see by ! ,indian suttee1 x is (t5 h>d to draw ! l9e betwe5 ^! two =ms ( :at is really ! same cu/om4 ,9 ! case ( common p1 ( c\rse1 no su* co/ly =m ( burial c\ld h be5 practis$4 ,x 0 call$ no-okuri 7s5d+ to a moor or wa/e place71 by :i* simple int]m5t1 or p]haps exposure at a di/ance f human habitations1 0 probably meant4 ,! (f]+s consi/$ ( a little rice & wat]4 ,x is (t5 assum$ z too obvi\s to require pro( t su* fun]al cu/oms z ^! imply a belief 9 ! cont9u$ s5ti5t exi/5ce ( ! dead4 ,x is tak5 = grant$ t x is = _! p]sonal com=t & gratification t wives & att5dants are put to dea? & (f]+s ( food deposit$ at ! tomb4#cf ',if we reflect1 h[ev]1 on ! reasons = our own fun]al obs]vances1 :i* are less diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f ^? ( b>b>\s nations ?an we are will+ to admit1 we %all see cause to d\bt :e!r ?is is really ! rul+ motive4 ,mo/ ( u h laid fl[]s on ! c(f9 ( "s de> "o1 or erect$ a tomb/one to 8 memory1 or subscrib$ = a monum5t to a /atesman :o 9 life has des]v$ well ( 8 c\ntry4 ,7 ^! ?+s done = ! physical gratification ( ! dead8 ,we _c divide !m 9 pr9ciple f m b>b>\s rites4 ,we d n suppose t ! dead see or smell ! wrea?s laid ^u ! c(f94 ,:y %\ld x be ?\ght t 9 a m b>b>\s /ate ( society x is believ$ t !y enjoy ! society ( ! wife :o is sacrific$ at ! tomb8 ,! rul+ motives = su* rites are to be s\ght else:]e4 ,9 addition to ! practical consid]ations :i*1 z ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall has %[n1 are pot5t 9 ! case ( ! ,indian suttee1 x is to be rememb]$ t ! memory ( ! great dead is a national asset ( ! highe/ value 7z ! memory ( our p>5ts is 9 ! dome/ic circle71 & t x is wor? :ile go+ to great exp5se 9 ord] to p]petuate x4 ,9 an age be=e writ+ or epic poems exi/$1 cruel sacrifices1 pyramids1 great tumuli1 & o!r rude monum5ts 7 m necess>y = ?is purpose ?an !y are 9 our day4 ,& if b>b>ians sacrific$ human be+s1 d n we sp5d ! f9ancial equival5t ( _m human lives 9 /atues1 memorials1 & o!rwise useless fun]al pageantry8 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m & u lies n s mu* 9 ! motive z 9 ! l[] value plac$ by !m on human life4 ,! tru? is t (f]+s to ! dead1 f a fl[] or a few gra9s ( rice to a human victim1 are p>tly a symbolical language address$ to ! deceas$1 & p>tly con/itute an appeal = sympa?y by ! m\rn]s & a response by _! fri5ds4 ,!y symbolize ! union ( he>ts among ^? :o h suff]$ by a common b]eavem5t4 ,we mu/ also all[ some?+ = ! despair :i* c\nts no?+ t is left ( any value1 & prompts ! survivors to beat+ ( brea/s1 te>+ ( g>m5ts1 cutt+ ! fle%1 sitt+ 9 sackclo? & a%es1 lavi% exp5diture1 & ev5 suicide4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t !re is a broad1 ?\gh second>y & l[]1 curr5t ( op9ion1 :i* holds t ! dead b5efit 9 "s m or less obscure physical s5se by ! (f]+s at _! tombs4 ,hirata believ$ t food (f]$ to ! dead loses its sav\r m rapidly ?an o!r food4 ,! gho/s summon$ up by ,ulysses f ,erebus eag]ly lapp$ up ! blood (f]$ !m4 ,?is1 al?\gh poetry1 no d\bt repres5ts a real belief4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang m5tions ! case ( an ,iri% peasant woman1 :o1 :5 h] husb& di$1 kill$ 8 horse1 &1 to "s "o :o reproa*$ h] = h] folly1 repli$1 ,w\ld y h my man g ab\t on foot 9 ! next _w8 ,b may we n suspect t ! real motive ( my c\ntrywoman's action 0 to express dumbly to ! _w ! love %e bore h] husb& by sacrific+ some?+ :i* %e valu$ highly1 & t ! answ] quot$ 0 no?+ m ?an a consci\sly frivol\s reason1 inv5t$ = ! b5efit ( an unsympa!tic1 dull-m9d$ intrud]8 ,:e!r or n ! dead1 ap>t f any physical b5efit f fun]al (f]+s1 are grateful = ! affectionate remembrance :i* !y symbolize1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! recognition ( su* a feel+ on _! "p ent]s v l>gely into our motives4 ,0 x = ! gratification ( ,nelson's _s t ! column 0 erect$ 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e8 ,or d ^? :o annually deposit primroses be=e ! /atue ( ,"l ,beaconsfield ?9k t 8 _s is s5sible ( ?is obs]vance8 ,fun]al c]emonies 7 n recogniz$ z hav+ any?+ to d ) ! old] ,%9to4 ,x avoid$ ev]y?+ connect$ ) dea?1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z a s\rce ( pollution4 ,n until ! revolution ( #ahfh 0 !re in/itut$ an au?oriz$ =m ( ,%9to burial4#cg ,deifi$ ,classes ( ,m54--,9 ! old] ,%9to ?is category ( deities _h m importance ?an x has at pres5t4 ,sev]al ( ! pseudo-ance/ors are 9 reality deifi$ types1 analog\s to su* conceptions z ,tommy ,atk9s or ,mrs4 ,grundy4 ,z a g5]al rule !y h two aspects1 "o z man-,gods1 & ano!r z satellites ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 a nature deity4 ,!y are m p>ticul>ly describ$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,deities ( ,human ,qualities4--,z might be expect$1 ,%9to has comp>atively few deities ( ?is class4 ,x is repres5t$ by ! ,gods ( ,pe/il5ce1 ( ,good & ,ill ,luck1 ! phallic deities1 & ! oni1 or demons ( disease4 ,su* deifi$ ab/ractions z ! ,fates1 ! ,furies1 ,old ,age1 ,"t1 ,!mis1 ,fe>1 ,love1 c41 are conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t bo? ( ! two great curr5ts ( religion-mak+ ?\ght are conc]n$ 9 ! evolution ( ! la/ two categories ( man-deities4 ,!y involve n only ! exaltation ( human types & qualities to ! rank ( div9ity1 b ! p]sonification ( ^! g5]al & ab/ract conceptions4 ,?is complication indicates t !y belong to a second>y /age ( developm5t4 ,ta-jik>a no wo 7h&-/r5g?-male71 = example1 is n a prim>y deity ( ! ,japanese ,pan!on4 ,he is little m ?an an ornam5tal adjunct to ! my? ( ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,x may be ga!r$ f ! my?s ( ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi t ! phallic deities--p]sonifications ( lu/y animal vig\r--7 at fir/ m]e magical appliances1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds p]sonifi$ & rais$ to div9e rank4 ,x 0 a p]sonifi$ human ab/raction--namely1 ,psy*e1 :o 0 describ$ by ,keats z ,! late/ born & lovelie/ by f> ,( all ,olympus' fad$ hi]>*y4 ,mnemosyne1 ,/yx1 & all ! num]\s deifi$ ab/ractions ( humanity 9 ,greek my?ology are obvi\sly ( lat] orig9 ?an ,gaia & ,ouranos1 or ev5 ,zeus & ,"h4 ,x is on ! n>r[ basis ( ^! two second>y classes ( conceptions t ,comte /rove to e/abli% 8 ,religion ( ,humanity4 ,b x is difficult to conceive h[ on ,positivi/ pr9ciples ,humanity1 :e!r we reg>d x z a class or z a quality1 c\ld h a s5ti5t exi/5ce or transc5d5t p[]1 )\t a comb9ation ( :i* !re c be no deity & no religion1 prop]ly s call$4 ,8 wor%ip ( deceas$ individual m5 is op5 to ! same objection4 ,comte's recognition ( nature-deities is brief & contemptu\s4 ,he all[s a c]ta9 rev]5ce to ! ,sun & ,e>? z feti%es4#ch ,animals ,9 ,%9to4--,animals may be wor%ipp$ = _! own sakes1 z wond]ful1 t]rible1 or uncanny be+s4 ,! tig]1 ! s]p5t1 & ! wolf are = ?is reason call$ ,kami4 ,b !re are no %r9es 9 _! hon\r1 & !y h no regul> cult4 ,a m common reason = hon\r+ animals is _! association ) "s deity z 8 s]vants or mess5g]s4 ,?us ! de] is sacr$ to ,take-mika-tsu*i at ,kasuga1 ! monkey is sacr$ at ,hiyo%i1 ! pigeon to ! ,god ,ha*iman1 ! :ite egret at ! %r9e ( ,kebi no ,miya1 ! tortoise at ,matsuno1 & ! cr[ at ,kumano4 ,! wani1 or sea-mon/]1 belongs to ! sea-,god1 & ! dragon belongs to 7or is7 ,taka okami 7! ra9-,god74 ,!re is also m5tion ( a ?und]-bea/4 ,9 lat] times ! rat is sacr$ to ,daikokusama4 ,! pheasant is ! mess5g] ( ! ,gods g5]ally4 ,! be/-kn[n case ( ! wor%ip ( an associat$ animal is t ( ,in>i1 ! rice-,god1 ^: att5dant foxes are mi/ak5 by ! ignorant = ! ,god himself1 & ^: effigies h (f]+s ( food made to !m4 ,! my?ical ,yatag>asu1 or ,sun-,cr[1 _h =m]ly a %r9e 9 its hon\r4 ,! /one ,koma-inu 7,korean dogs71 se5 9 front ( _m ,%9to %r9es1 are meant n z ,gods1 b z gu>dians1 l ! ,buddhi/ ,ni4 ,!y are a lat] introduction4 ,! ,gods are sometimes repres5t$ z assum+ animal =m4 ,ku%iyatama no ,kami *anges into a cormorant1 ,koto-%iro-nu%i into a wani 7sea-mon/] or dragon7 eight fa?oms long4 ,! ,god ( ,ohoyama takes ! =m ( a :ite de]4 ,! mo/ usual =m assum$ by deities is t ( a snake1 s]p5t1 or dragon4 ,ohonamo*i1 9 8 am\rs ) a mortal pr9cess1 %[$ himself to h] z a small snake4 ,9 ! ,yamato-dake leg5d1 !re is a m\nta9-deity :o takes ! %ape ( a great s]p5t4 ,at ! comm& ( ! ,mikado ,yriaku1 ! ,god ( ,mimuro 0 br\ght to him by "o ( 8 c\rti]s4 ,x 0 a s]p5t4 ,wat]-,gods are usually s]p5ts or dragons4 ,totemism4--,i f9d no di/9ct traces ( totemism 9 anci5t ,japan4 ,tattoo+1 :i* "s h associat$ ) ?is =m ( belief1 exi/$ z a means ( di/+ui%+ rank & occupation4 ,! mo/ probable d]ivation ( ! tribal "n ,kumaso is f kuma1 be>1 & oso1 ott]4 ,a v few surnames are tak5 f names ( animals4 ,dances1 9 :i* ! p]=m]s repres5t$ v>i\s animals1 7 common4 ,! piecemeal immigration ( ! ,japanese race f ! cont95t ( ,asia mu/ h done mu* to break up _! orig9al tribal sy/em & to de/roy any in/itutions associat$ ) x4 ,! law ( exogamy1 ) :i* totemism is connect$1 0 v n>r[ 9 its op]ation 9 anci5t ,japan4#ci ,,footnotes3 #ai ,laotze f9it p> n'tre plus que le pr9cipe vital univ]sel exi/ant avant le ciel et la t]re et qui s'e/ plu *aque poque a se montr] s\s les traits d'un p]sonnage quelconque s\v5t des plus obscurs4--',religion de la ,*9e1' ,de ,h>lez4 #bj ,see a pap] on ! ,hi no m>u 7sun-circle7 9 ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 ,nov4 #h?1 #ahic4 #ba ,su* z t\*+ = scr(ula or ! assurance ( f9e wea!r4 #bb ,! /atem5ts ( ,kaempf]1 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ,japan1' reg>d+ ! sacr$ "* ( ! ,mikado's p]son _c be dep5d$ on4 ,8 acc\nt ( ,%9to g5]ally is grossly errone\s1 or r imag9>y4 #bc ',japan1' edit$ by ,capt4 ,br9kley4 #bd ,see ,index1 sub voce4 #be ,see ,index--',suha4' #bf ',evolution ( ,religion1' p4 #bci4 #bg ,fuku means good =tune4 #bh ,see p4 #bg4 #bi ,9 ,teutonic my?ology ! w-(-!-wisps are s\ls :i* h n atta9$ heav5ly peace4 #cj ,see also ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ',gold5 ,b\gh1' ii4 #big4 #ca ,! ,/oics held t ! _w 0 n only animat$ & immortal1 b likewise happy & r\nd1 because ,plato says t t is ! mo/ p]fect =m4 #cb ,hirata d5ies ?is4 #cc ,= full details ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,japanese dolm51 ! read] may consult two admirable pap]s by ,mr4 ,w4 ,g[l&1 9 ! ,japan ,society's ,transactions1 #ahig-h1 & ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #ahig4 #cd ,blood1 :i* is ! life1 is ! food frequ5tly (f]$ to ! dead4444 ,by a sub/itution ( simil>s1 x is consid]$ suffici5t to col\r ! corpse1 or "s "p !re(1 ) "s r$ sub/ance tak+ ! place !re(4--,jevons1 ',introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1' p4 #eb4 ,b see ,index--',r$4' #ce ,"s ( ^! figures are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 & "o may be se5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e x con/itutes ! *ief treasure ( ! ,g[l& ,collection4 ,! ,uy5o ,museum1 9 ,tokio1 also possesses specim5s1 bo? ( m5 & horses4 #cf ,rites1 p]=m$ at graves1 becom+ aft]w>ds religi\s rites p]=m$ at alt>s 9 temples1 7 at fir/ acts done = ! b5efit ( ! gho/4--,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ',sociology1' ii4 #h4 #cg ,see an article by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,lay 9 ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 #ahia4 #ch ,comte ram5ait t\tes les religions l'adoration de l'homme p> l'homme4 ,comte1 il e/ vrai1 ne faisait pas de l'homme individuel l'objet du culte normal3 il proposait nos adorations l'homme en tant qu' espce en tant qu' humanit et p>v5ait deploy] une vritable my/icit sur cette troite base4--,reville1 ',prolegom5a1' p4 #bf4 #ci ,see ,index--',ince/4' ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,g5]al ,,features4 ,functions ( ,gods4--,nature deities seldom conf9e !mselves to _! prop] nature functions4 ,%9to exhibits an increas+ t5d5cy to recognize 9 !m a provid5ce t influ5ces human affairs4 ,ev5 9 ! old] ,%9to !re are examples ( ! ,gods ex]cis+ a provid5tial c>e = mank9d outside ( _! prop] sph]es ( action4 ,! ,sun-,goddess n only be/[s light on ! _w1 b pres]ves ! se$s ( gra9 = h] belov$ human be+s4 ,%e wat*es specially ov] ! welf>e ( h] desc5dants ! ,mikados4 ,susa no wo1 ! ,ra9-/orm p]sonifi$1 is ! provid] ( all k9ds ( useful trees4 ,practically1 all ! deities are pray$ to = a good h>ve/1 or = ra94 ,ev5 man-,gods1 l ,temmangu1 may be appeal$ to = ?is purpose4 ,any ,god may s5d an e>?quake or a pe/il5ce4 ,9 #hec !re 0 a great epidemic ( smallpox4 ,an oracle f ,tsukiyomi1 ! ,moon-,god1 indicat$ ! means ( obta9+ relief f ?is plague1 & s9ce !n p ( e class pray to him :5 x is preval5t4 ,! ,ujigami & ,*9ju1 family & local protective ,gods1 might be *os5 f any class ( deities4 ,a mod]n ,japanese writ]#dj says3 ,no "o kn[s :at _s ( heav5 or e>? is v5]at$ at ! ,suit5g1#da 9 ,tokyo4 ,b despite ! anonymity ( ! ,god1 p cr$it him ) p[] to protect aga9/ all p]ils ( sea & flood1 aga9/ burgl>y1 &1 by a /range juxtaposition ( sph]es ( influ5ce1 aga9/ ! pa9s ( p>turition4 ,! deity ( ,in>i secures efficacy = pray] & abundance ( crops2 ! ,tai%a great %r9e ( ,idzumo presides ov] w$lock2 ! ,kompira %>es ) ! ,suit5g ! privilege ( gu>d+ ^? t 'g d[n to ! deep4' ,! re/ conf] prosp]ity1 av]t sickness1 cure /]ility1 be/[ lit]>y tal5t1 end[ ) w>like p[]s1 & s on4 ,poly!i/ic ,"* ( ,%9to4--,a nature-wor%ip1 su* z ! old] ,%9to 0 9 sub/ance1 is inevitably poly!i/ic4 ,! wor%ip ( a s+le nature-,god1 z ! ,sun1 is inde$ conceivable4 ,b 9 practice1 ! same impulse :i* leads to ! p]sonification ( "o nature object or ph5om5on nev] re/s !re4 ,! ,liv+ ,univ]se is a possible mono!i/ic nature-deity4 ,b ?is conception requires a great] am\nt ( sci5tific k ?an ! anci5t ,japanese possess$4 ,!y _h necess>ily only imp]fect & fragm5t>y glimpses ( ! vision spl5did4 ,!re is "s evid5ce t ,%9to took ! place ( a /ill gross] & m indiscrim9ate poly!ism4 ,we are told t ,take-mika-tsu*i & ,futsunu%i prep>$ ,japan = ! adv5t ( ,n9igi by cle>+ x ( savage deities :o 9 ! daytime buzz$ l summ] flies & at night %one l fire-pots1 :ile ev5 ! rocks1 trees1 & foam ( wat] _h all p[] ( spee*4 ,! numb] ( ,%9to deities is v great4 ,! ,y5gi%iki enum]ates #c1acb (ficially recogniz$ %r9es1 & al?\gh ! same ,gods are reckon$ m ?an once1 z be+ wor%ipp$ 9 diff]5t places1 /ill _! "n is legion4 ,!y are popul>ly spok5 ( z eighty myriads1 eight hundr$ myriads1 or fifte5 hundr$ myriads4 ,! numb] ( effective deities fluctuates greatly4 ,oblivion disposes ( _m4 ,! id5tification ( di/9ct deities is ano!r cause ( depletion 9 _! ranks4 ,?is happ5s v readily 9 a c\ntry :]e1 to p>ody ,pope's l9e1 mo/ deities h no *>act]s at all4 ,on ! o!r h& _! numb]s are recruit$ f "t to "t by new ,gods produc$ by v>i\s processes4 ,! same deity1 wor%ipp$ at diff]5t places1 comes to be recogniz$ z s _m diff]5t deities4 ,horus 9 anci5t ,egypt1 ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ,italy1 & _m ( ! ,greek & ,roman deities illu/rate ?is pr9ciple4 ,we may be sure t ! ,ephesians w\ld h res5t$ any attempt to id5tify _! ,diana ) t ( o!r cities4 ,?is process is facilitat$ 9 ,japan by ! practice ( speak+ ( ! ,god1 n by 8 "n1 b by t ( 8 place ( resid5ce--ano!r illu/ration ( ! imp]sonal habit ( ! ,japanese m9d already notic$4 ,inde$ ! ,japanese c>e little :at ,god x is t is wor%ipp$ at any p>ticul> place4 ,x is en\gh = ! av]age pilgrim to "k t "s p[]ful deity resides !re4 ,a poem compos$ at ! great %r9e ( ,ise says3 ,:at x is t dwelle? "h ,i "k n1 yet my he>t is fill$ ) gratitude & ! te>s trickle d[n4 ,( "o ( ! ,great] ,%r9es ( ! ,y5gi%iki ,murray's ',h&book' in=ms u t consid]able div]g5ce exi/s among s*ol>s z to ! id5tity ( ! ,gods to :om ?is temple is d$icat$4 ,dur+ ! pres5t reign ,kompira 0 conv]t$ by ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t f a ,buddhi/ to a ,%9to deity1 )\t detrim5t to ! popul>ity ( 8 %r9e z a resort ( pilgrims4 ,! same ,god may h great] cr$it = efficacy 9 "o place ?an ano!r4 ,?us ! ,in>i ( a c]ta9 village has a high reputation = ! recov]y ( /ol5 prop]ty4 ,su* specialties 7 recogniz$ ev5 by ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* aw>d$ diff]5t ranks to ! same deity at diff]5t places4 ,di/9ctions ( ?is k9d1 ( c\rse1 facilitate ! disruption ( "o deity into sev]al4 ,ano!r cause ( multiplication is ! mi/ake ( suppos+ ! same deity ) diff]5t epi!ts to be diff]5t ,gods4 ,9 mod]n times ! ,%9to ,pan!on has be5 recruit$ pretty l>gely f ! ranks ( human be+s4 ,trees are /ill deifi$1 & we h sometimes a new deity mak+ 8 appe>ance f nobody kn[s :]e4 ,! poly!i/ic "* ( ,%9to is intimately connect$ ) ! weakness ( ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t ( ,japan dur+ ! p]iod ( its developm5t4 ,or p]haps x may be m correct to say t x is ano!r manife/ation ( ! same want ( national cohesion4#db ,! anci5t ,mikados 7 any?+ b autocrats4 ,_! au?ority 0 almo/ always ov]%ad[$ by ! influ5ce ( m9i/]s :o /ruggl$ among !mselves = ! direction ( ! p[] nom9ally ve/$ 9 ! sov]eign4 ,! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t _h little effective jurisdiction beyond ! capital & ! five home prov9ces4 ,no wond] t "u ^! circum/ances local deities reta9$ _! vitality & pre/ige4 ,mono!ism 0 an impossibility 9 anci5t ,japan4 ,b we may trace c]ta9 t5d5cies 9 ?is direction :i* are n )\t int]e/4 ,a nation may pass f poly!ism to mono!ism 9 ?ree ways3 ,fir/ly1 by s+l+ out "o deity & caus+ him to absorb ! functions & ! wor%ip ( ! re/2 secondly1 by a fre% deification ( a wid] conception ( ! univ]se2 & ?irdly1 by ! de?ron+ ( ! native deities 9 fav\r ( a s+le ,god ( =eign orig94 ,x is ?is la/1 ! mo/ usual fate ( poly!isms1 :i* ?reat5s ! old ,gods ( ,japan4 ,weak5$ by ! encroa*m5ts ( ,buddhism & ! p>alyz+ influ5ce ( ,*9ese sceptical philosophy1 !y already beg9 to feel ,! rays ( ,be?lehem bl9d _! dusky eyne4 ,our bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is ) ! pa/1 n ) ! future4 ,! fir/ ( ! ?ree pa?s :i* lead to mono!ism is illu/rat$ by ! t5d5cy to ascribe to sev]al ( ! ,%9to deities a c]ta9 sup]iority ov] ! o!rs4 ,! ,sun-,goddess1 ,kuni-toko-ta*i1 ! fir/ ,god 9 po9t ( "t accord+ to ! ,nihongi1 ,ame no mi naka nu%i1 & 9 ,idzumo1 ,ohonamo*i h be5 9 turn exalt$ to a unique position by _! adh]5ts4 ,b1 = reasons :i* w appe> :5 we come to exam9e ^! deities m closely1 none ( !m really des]ves ! title ( ,supreme ,be+4 ,max ,mll]'s op9ion t ! belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+ is inevitable is n borne out by ! facts ( ,%9to4 ,! second pa?1 :i* leads to mono!ism ?r\gh a m compreh5sive conception ( ! univ]se1 is exemplifi$ by ! ,creator deities1 ,izanagi & ,izanami1 p]sonifications ( ! male & female pr9ciples ( ,nature1 & /ill m s by ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?1 :i* might conceivably h develop$ into a ,pan!i/ic ,supreme ,be+4 ,b philosophic ab/ractions ( ?is k9d are unfitt$ = human nature's daily food4 ,musubi nev] acquir$ mu* hold on ! p1 ?\gh at "o "t 8 wor%ip held a v prom95t place at ! ,c\rt ( ! ,mikados4 ,he ev5tually split up1 fir/ into two1 !n into a gr\p ( deities1 & f9ally became almo/ :olly neglect$4 ,! ,nihongi1 "u ! date ,a4,d4 #fdd1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a bl9d & abortive movem5t t[>ds a supreme mono!i/ic deity :i* claims f u a measure ( sympa?y3-- ,a man ( ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,riv] ,fuji1 9 ! ,ea/ ,c\ntry1 nam$ ,oh(ube no ,oho%i1 urg$ 8 fell[-villag]s to wor%ip an insect1 say+3 ',?is is ! ,god ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,_w4 ,^? :o wor%ip ?is ,god w h long life & ri*es4' ,at l5g? ! wiz>ds kannagi & wit*es miko pret5d+ an inspiration ( ! ,gods1 said3 ',^? :o wor%ip ! ,god ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,_w w1 if poor1 become ri*1 &1 if old1 w become "y aga94' ,s !y m & m p]suad$ ! p to ca/ out ! valuables ( _! h\ses1 & to set out by ! roadside sake1 vegetables1 & ! six dome/ic animals4 ,!y also made !m cry out3 ',! new ri*es h come6' ,bo? 9 ! c\ntry & 9 ! metropolis p took ! insect ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,_w &1 plac+ x 9 a pure place1 ) song & dance invok$ happ9ess4 ,!y ?rew away _! treasures1 b to no purpose :atev]4 ,! loss & wa/e 0 extreme4 ,h]eupon ,kahakatsu1 ,kadono no ,hada no ,miyakko1 0 wro? t ! p %\ld be s mu* delud$1 & slew ,oh(ube no ,oho%i4 ,! wiz>ds & wit*es 7 intimidat$1 & ceas$ to p]suade p to ?is wor%ip4 ,! m5 ( t "t made a song1 say+3 ,udzumasa ,has execut$ ,! ,god ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,_w ,:o we 7 told ,0 ! v ,god ( ,gods4 ,?is insect is usually br$ on orange trees1 & sometimes on ! hosoki4 ,x is ov] f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 & ab\t z ?ick z a ?umb4 ,x is ( a grass-gre5 col\r ) black spots1 & 9 appe>ance v mu* resembles ! silkworm4 ,we may note "h ! popul> id5tification ( ! prophet ) ! ,god :om he s]v$1 & ! wor%ip ( a cat]pill>1 :i* app>5tly play$ ! "p ( ! e> ( corn 9 ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4 ,%9tai4--,concurr5t ) ! developm5t ( ! spirituality ( ,%9to !re arose a great] necessity = "s visible concrete tok5 ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,god4#dc ,?is is kn[n z ! mitama-%iro 7_s repres5tative1 _s-tok571 or m commonly z ! %9tai 7god-body74 ,! %9tai v>ies mu* 9 =m4 ,x is frequ5tly a mirror or a sword1 b may also be a tablet ) ! ,god's "n1 a sprig ( sakaki1 a gohei1 a b[ & arr[s1 a pill[1 a pot1 a /r+ ( beads1 a tree or riv]-bank1 or ev5 ! %r9e itself4 ,a /one is a v common %9tai1 d\btless because x is inexp5sive & imp]i%able4 ,! %9tai is usually enclos$ 9 a box1 :i* is op5$ s seldom t sometimes ! prie/ himself does n "k :at x conta9s4 ,x is n always ! same = ! same ,god wor%ipp$ 9 diff]5t places4 ,! %9tai 9 "s respects resembles ! ,greek 4 ,bo? 7 orig9ally (f]+s :i* became tok5s ( ! ,god's pres5ce1 & by virtue ( immemorial association ) ! deities to :om !y 7 pres5t$ came at l5g? to be reg>d$ z %>+ _! div9ity4 ,! 1 h[ev]1 develop$ into ! /atue1 :ile ! %9tai1 ) a v few exceptions ( lat] orig91 did n take ?is =m4 ,broadly speak+1 ,%9to has no idols4 ,!re is usually no attempt to give ! %9tai any resemblance to ! suppos$ =m ( ! ,god :om x repres5ts4 ,a few exceptions may be not$4 ,! mirror ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 :i* 0 9 reality orig9ally an (f]+1 is /at$ 9 "o ( ! my?s to h be5 made 9 imitation ( ! =m ( ! sun4 ,! phallic ,gods1 ,ya*imata-hiko & ,ya*imata-hime1 7 repres5t$ by human figures4 ,! sc>ecr[ ,god1 ,kuhe-biko1 may be reg>d$ z a rude idol4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,noto !re are /one idols said to be ! images ( ! ,gods ,sukuna-bikona & ,ohonamo*i4 ,! pictures ( ! ,gods sold at ,%9to %r9es 9 ! pres5t day are ow+ to ,*9ese or ,buddhi/ influ5ce4 ,9 ! old language ! ^w ha%ira1 pill>1 is add$ to ! num]als = deities & ,mikados4 ,= in/ance1 ?ree ,gods is ,kami mi-ha%ira1 t is to say1 ?ree pill>s ( ,gods4 ,n[ 9 ,korea1 a c\ntry inhabit$ by a race closely alli$ to ! ,japanese1 !re are se5 by ! roadsides po/s c>v$ at ! top into a rude semblance ( ! human =m4#dd ,"s s]ve z mile/ones1 & "s are erect$ at ! outskirts ( villages to keep away ! demon small-pox4 ,^! figures are call$ ! ,opang ,*ang-gun1 or ,g5]als ( ! ,five ,qu>t]s4 ,! "n is ,*9ese1 b ! deities !mselves may nev]!less be ( ,korean orig94 ,if ! anci5t ,japanese _h rude figures ( ?is k9d x w\ld expla9 ! use ( ha%ira1 pill>1 z a num]al = ,gods4 ,i am r dispos$1 h[ev]1 to surmise t ! use ( ?is t]m 0 really ow+ to ! fact t ! symbols ( div9ity mo/ famili> to ! anci5t ,japanese 7 ! phallic emblems set up ev]y:]e by ! roadsides4 ,! t]m wo-ba%ira1 appli$ to ! phallic end-po/ ( ! p>apet ( a bridge1 conta9s ! same elem5t4#de ,!re is a t5d5cy 9 ,japan1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 = ! tok5 ( ! ,god to become reg>d$1 fir/ly1 z ! seat ( 8 real pres5ce1 &1 secondly1 z ! ,god himself4 ,_m p]sons d n di/+ui% betwe5 ! mitama & ! %9tai1 & "s g s f> z to conf\nd ! latt] ) ! ,god's utsu%i-mi1 or real body4 ,?is is a =m ( idolatry4 ,! %9tai may ev5 be erect$ into an indep5d5t deity4 ,! mirror1 :i* is ! %9tai ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 is ! object ( a sep>ate wor%ip1 "u ! "n ( ,ame kakasu no kami4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day religi\s hon\rs are paid to ?is mirror or its repres5tative4#df ,! sword ,futsu no mitama has %r9es d$icat$ to x4 ,ano!r sword1 call$ ,kusanagi1 has be5 wor%ipp$ = c5turies at ,atsuta1 ne> ,nagoya4 ,x 0 ?is sword :i* ,susa no wo f\nd 9 ! tail ( ! great s]p5t sla9 by him to rescue ! ,japanese ,&rom$a1 & s5t z an (f]+ to 8 si/] ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,feti% wor%ip ( ?is k9d is a lat] & deg5]ate =m ( religion2 & mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! great nature-deities4 ,"s artificial inanimate objects ( wor%ip are n %9tai1 b are wor%ipp$ = _! own sakes z help]s ( humanity4 ,! fire-place is hon\r$ z a deity4 ,pott]s at ! pres5t day pay respect to _! bell[s1 :i* are all[$ "o day ( re/ annually1 & h (f]+s made !m4 ,! sup]/iti\s ,japanese h\sewife /ill1 on ! #ab? day ( ! #bnd mon?1 gives h] ne$les a holiday1 lay+ !m d[n on _! side & mak+ !m little (f]+s ( cakes1 c4#dg ,! abs5ce ( idols f ,%9to is n ow+1 z 9 ,judaism & ,islam1 to a reaction aga9/ ! evils caus$ by ! use ( an?ropomorphic pictures & images1 b to ! l[ arti/ic developm5t ( ! ,japanese nation be=e ! awak5+ impulse 0 receiv$ f ,*9a4 ,x indicat$ weakness r ?an /r5g?4 ,mu* ( ! vagu5ess :i* *>act]izes ! ,japanese conceptions ( _! ,gods w\ld h be5 avoid$ by a fre] use ( images4 ,9 pr9ciple ! image & ! metaphor are ! same4 ,!re is no m h>m 9 repres5t+ a ,god1 pictorially or 9 sculpture1 z an old man ?an !re is 9 address+ him z ,fa!r1 ?\gh practically a wide exp]i5ce %[s t ! common p d n /op "h 9 ei!r case4 ,!re is a /rong t5d5cy to debase religion by attribut+ special virtue to ! p>ticul> physical object ( devotion1 or ev5 to =get t !re is a ,god ( :i* x is only a v imp]fect symbol4 ,! ,inf9ite4--,max ,mll] says t )\t ! faculty ( appreh5d+ ! ,inf9ite !re c be no religion4 ,9 t case ,%9to is n a religion4 ,! ,gods are n conceiv$ ( z inf9ite4 ,!y are sup]ior1 swift1 brave1 bright1 ri*1 c41 b n immortal1 omnipres5t1 omnisci5t1 or possess$ ( inf9ite p[]4 ,:]e ! ^w inf9ite is us$ x is said ( inf9ite "t4 ,we he> ( ! inf9ite succession ( ! ,mikados1 & ( inf9ite or p]petual night 7tokoyami74 ,p]haps :at ,max ,mll] really meant 0 transc5d5t1 t is1 beyond man's p[] to rival1 or ev5 fully to compreh5d4 ,,footnotes3 #dj ,9 ',japan1' edit$ by ,capt4 ,br9kley4 #da ,dr4 ,flor5z1 9 8 ',japanis*e ,my?ologie1' says t ,sui-t5g is a fusion ( ! ,sumiyo%i ,sea-,gods ) ! ,indian ,sea-,god ,sui-t51 t is1 ,v>una1 subsequ5tly id5tifi$ ) ! y\?ful ,emp]or ,antoku 7:o lo/ 8 life by dr[n+ 9 #aahe74 #db ,! diff]5t peoples conceiv$ & develop$ ?is div9e hi]>*y p>i passu ) _! own approximation to political unity 7,goblet d',alviella1 ,hibb]t ,lectures74 ,ari/otle recogniz$ ! same pr9ciple4 #dc ,! symbol or p]man5t object1 at & ?r\gh :i* ! wor%ipp] came into direct contact ) ! ,god1 0 n lack+ 9 any ,semitic place ( wor%ip1 b _h n always ! same =m1 & 0 sometimes a natural object1 sometimes an artificial erection4--,rob]tson ,smi?1 ',religion ( ! ,semites1' p4 #afj4 #dd simulacra que mae/a deorum ,arte c>5t1 csis extant in=mia truncis4 ,lucan1 ',ph>salia4' #de ,see ,index--,sake no kami4 #df ,see ,index--,nai%idokoro4 #dg ,9 an (ficial report by ,mr4 ,h4 ,risley he says t at ! "t ( ! spr+ equ9ox !re is a fe/ival 79 ,india7 call$ ,sri ,pan*ami1 :5 x is incumb5t on e religi\s-m9d$ p]son to wor%ip ! implem5ts or insignia ( ! vocation by :i* he lives4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,my?4 ,nature ( ,my?4--,my? & religion h di/9ct s\rces4 ,we h se5 above#dh t !re is a phase ( religion antec$5t to my?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! e>lie/ =m ( my? has no religi\s significance4 ,x is ! result ( an idle play ( fancy )\t any def9ite purpose4 ,i h kn[n a *ild ( two or ?ree ye>s ( age1 :o1 :5 he saw a light cl\d pass ov] ! ris+ moon1 exclaim$ ,%e is putt+ on h] clo!s4 ,n t he believ$ ! moon to be an animat$ be+1 or t he ?\ght t cl\ds 7 really h] clo!s4 ,8 *ildi% imag9ation 0 /irr$ by an in/9ctive impulse1 to be comp>$ ) t :i* prompts ! gamboll+ ( a kitt5 :o ru%es f "o place to ano!r )\t any def9ite object1 or to ! butt+ ( a "y rum9ant be=e 8 horns h gr[n4 ,closely relat$ to su* spontane\s ef=ts is ! my? inv5t$ solely = ! amusem5t ( ! he>]4 ,may we n place 9 ?is category "s ( ! nature my?s ( savages :i* to all appe>ance h no wor%ip or belief associat$ ) !m1 & belong to a pre-religi\s /age ( developm5t4 ,!n we h ! my?s :i* are explanatory ( "s cu/om1 rite1 natural ph5om5on1 political in/itution1 names ( places or p]sons1 c4 ,) ^! we may associate ! g5ealogical my?4 ,!re is also ! blund] my?1 aris+ frequ5tly f a misund]/&+ ( language1 & ! lie--a my? fram$ ) int5t to deceive4 ,all ^! classes ( fiction are abundantly exemplifi$ 9 ! old ,japanese books4 ,m important = our pres5t purpose is ! religi\s my?1 t ,my/]i\s veil1 ( brightness made1 ,at once ! lu/re & ! %ade ( religi\s conceptions4 ,l ! metaphor1 ( :i* x may be reg>d$ z an expansion1 x sugge/s ! ,true by means ( ! ,untrue4 ,x is an ackn[l$g$ necessity ( religi\s tea*+4 ,9 ! infancy ( language !re is no o!r means ( express+ spiritual v]ities ?an by physical symbols--9 o!r words by my? & metaphor4 ,& ev5 :5 a language has acquir$ "s capacity = ! direct expression ( spiritual facts1 x is f\nd t ! old me?ods mu/ /ill be resort$ to 9 ord] to excite ! int]e/ & impress ! imag9ation ( ! ignorant multitude4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! mak]s ( su* my?s believ$ t !y 7 true 9 _! natural physical acceptation4 ,take = example ! p>able ( ! prodigal son4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ! f> c\ntry1 ! husks t ! sw9e did eat1 ! fatt$ calf1 & ! prodigal himself 7 n figm5ts ( ,our ,"l's imag9ation4 ,nor if ! /ory _h be5 true 9 all its details w\ld ?is circum/ance h add$ "o :it to ! value ( ! lesson taught by x4 ,i believe t ! au?or ( ! ,mosaic /ory ( ! ,fall ( ,man w\ld be mu* surpris$ to "k t 8 drama1 :i* deals s =cibly 9 concrete =m ) temptation1 s91 & its puni%m5t1 _h be5 tak5 by ! _w = _m c5turies z a n>rative ( actual fact4 ,"s high au?orities apply a diff]5t measure to pagan & savage my?4 ,dr4 ,pfleid]]1 9 8 ',philosophy ( ,religion1' says t x mu/ be c>efully borne 9 m9d t ! religi\s phantasy1 9 produc+ su* poetic symbolical leg5ds1 is n 9 ! habit ( di/+ui%+1 nor c di/+ui% betwe5 ! ideal tru? & its s5sible inve/m5t4 ,! late ,mr4 ,fiske held sub/antially ! same view4 ,he goes s f> z to apply x to ,dante1 ^: ,*>on beat+ ! lagg+ %ades ) 8 o>1 ,satan cru%+ 9 8 mon/r\s jaws ! ar*-traitors ,judas1 ,brutus1 & ,cassius1 ,b]tr& de ,born look+ at 8 own dissev]$ head1 he reg>ds z 9 ! m9ds ( ,dante & 8 read]s liv+1 t]rible realities4 ,true x is t a /]n reality und]lies ^! grotesque fancies4 ,b x is n ( ! physical ord]4 ,no "o knew bett] ?an ,dante ! virtue ( ! altro int5de 9 su* matt]s4 ,we may be q sure t he did n believe 9 a real inscription ov] ! gate ( ,hell1 9 ,italian t]za rima1 & compos$ by himself4 ,x is a mi/ake1 ,i submit1 to imag9e him1 l ,kat]felto1 ) 8 hair on end at 8 own wond]s4 ,:5 ,dick5s tells u t he decid$ly look$ on 8 h]oes z liv+ p]sons we mu/ take ?is /atem5t cum grano salis4 ,we "k :at w\ld h happ5$ if "s "o _h (f]$ him1 by way ( paym5t1 a *eque be>+ ! signature ( ,mr4 ,b(f91 ,dombey ,son1 or ! ,bro!rs ,*e]yble4 ,m]e inf]5ces are (t5 tak5 = facts1 b1 "u normal conditions1 ! imag9ative man is n ! dupe ( 8 own inv5tive faculty4 ,x may be said t1 h[ev] true ?is may be ( m mod]n religi\s my?1 ! attitude ( ! primitive man t[>ds ! naive creations ( 8 fancy is diff]5t4 ,/rictly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z a primitive man4 ,h[ev] f> we may g back1 we %all f9d m5 ) p>5ts1 & prec$$ by an inf9ite l9e ( ance/ors4 ,/ill !re c be no h>m 9 us+ ?is t]m to designate mank9d at "s ill-def9$ /age ( progress above ! highe/ l[] animal & bel[ ! savage ( our own days4 ,/range ?+s are told u ( ! primitive man4 ,he is said to be unable to di/+ui% betwe5 8 imag9ations & facts1 & t he is 9 ! habit ( tak+ 8 dreams#di = real occurr5ces4 ,fiske says3 ,our primitive ance/ors knew no?+ ab\t laws ( nature1 no?+ ab\t physical =ces1 no?+ ab\t ! relations ( cause & effect1 no?+ ab\t ! necess>y regul>ity ( ?+s4444 ,! only =ce !y knew 0 ! =ce ( :i* !y 7 directly consci\s--! =ce ( w4 ,accord+ly1 !y imag9$ all ! outw>d _w to be end[$ ) volition & to be direct$ by x4 ,( c\rse our primitive ance/ors express$ !mselves diff]5tly f ourselves4 ,!y did n talk ab\t laws ( nature & ! necess>y regul>ity ( ?+s4 ,b c we conceive !m ignorant ( ! law ( ! regul> alt]nation ( night & day1 ( summ] & w9t]1 ( ! phases ( ! moon8 ,did n ! primitive man "k j z well z ,newton t :5 an apple is deta*$ f a tree x falls to ! gr\nd8 ,he knew t f a bl[ z cause we may expect pa91 w\nds1 or ev5 dea? z ! effect4 ,he _h suffici5t acqua9tance ) dynamics to be aw>e t he c\ld n raise himself f ! gr\nd m ?an a few feet1 & ) *emi/ry to h le>nt t ! sav\r ( food is improv$ or spoilt1 accord+ to circum/ances1 by ! application ( fire4 ,nor is x true t he ascrib$ all =ces to volition4 ,x is only by exception t ! *ild1 ! savage1 & ! primitive man attribute life to inanimate ?+s4 ,?is requires imag9ation1 a faculty :i* is notori\sly feebl] ) !m ?an ) ! adult civiliz$ man4 ,! progress ( humanity is f a sporadic t[>ds a g5]al recognition ( w 9 or beh9d ! mat]ial univ]se1 f fitful & sportive fancies involv+ ?is idea to an e>ne/ & /eady conviction ( its tru?1 & f ! fragm5t>y p]sonification ( ! "p z animat$ to ! conception ( a liv+1 univ]sal :ole4 ,agno/icism1 :i* ignores volition 9 matt]1 belongs1 !re=e1 to ! l[] end ( ! scale ( progress4 ,:]e x appe>s 9 civiliz$ man1 x is a case ( arre/$ developm5t4 ,! av]age savage is a mat]iali/1 :o associates volition ) ! en]gies ( nature 9 a mu* less ?or\gh & sy/ematic way ?an ! ,*ri/ian1 :o believes t a sp>r[ _c fall to ! gr\nd )\t ! ,fa!r4 ,we mu/ n conf\nd ! primitive mak] ( religi\s my? ) ! primitive man4 ,x w\ld lead to error if we modell$ our idea ( ! av]age mod]n ,european on ,bunyan1 ,milton1 or ,dante4 ,x is sometimes ass]t$ t ! impossible & miracul\s occurr5ces :i* we s (t5 meet ) 9 ! n>ratives ( ! primval my?-mak] are to him true4 ,:y %\ld he be limit$ to fact 9 ?is way8 ,no d\bt 8 /&>d ( tru? is diff]5t f our own4 ,he w\ld reg>d z possible _m ?+s :i* we "k to be impossible4 ,b is x necess>y to suppose t 8 k t a ?+ 0 impossible %\ld prev5t him1 any m ?an our mod]n /orytell]s1 f utiliz+ x 9 8 imag9ative "w8 ,jules ,v]ne well knew t a voyage r\nd ! moon is an impossibility4 ,! unkn[n au?or or au?ors ( ',c9d]ella' surely ne$ n be cr$it$ ) a belief t pumpk9s c be conv]t$ into coa*es by ! /roke ( a fairy w&2 ! inv5tor ( ! /ory ( ! bir? ( ,m9]va f ! bra9 ( ,jupit] knew q well t su* ob/etrical op]ations 7 n feasible2 & x is unnecess>y to believe t ! my?-mak]s ( ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi ?\ght t *ildr5 c\ld be produc$ by crun*+ jewels 9 ! m\? & spitt+ !m out4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an exception to ! rule t a /orytell] does n believe 9 ! tru? ( 8 own inv5tions4 ,x is notori\sly possible = ! au?or ( a fictiti\s n>rative to become1 aft] a "t1 unable to di/+ui% x f a /atem5t ( actual facts4 ,!re is a case on record 9 :i* a le>n$ judge communicat$ to ! ,psy*ical ,society 9 p]fect good fai? a gho/ /ory1 all ! pr9cipal features ( :i* 7 prov$ to be imag9>y4 ,!y _h _! orig9 9 8 own tal5t z a di/+ui%$ raconteur4 ,b ?is is a morbid ph5om5on :i* mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! normal action ( ! imag9ation 9 ! *ild1 ! savage1 or ! primitive 7or1 inde$1 any o!r7 my?-mak]4 ,! inability to di/+ui% betwe5 imag9ation & fact is really n a special *>act]i/ic ( ! primitive man or savage1 b ( ! lit]al-m9d$ ( all ages1 9 pres5ce ( ! creations ( imag9ative g5ius4 ,"s few primitive m5 may di/+ui% betwe5 ! spiritual k]nel & its imag9ative envelopm5t4 ,b = ! multitude ?is is impossible4 ,unable to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! two elem5ts1 & dimly consci\s t ! :ole is a valuable possession1 !y wisely accept x indiscrim9ately z actual fact4 ,de ,gub]natis1 9 8 ',zoological ,my?ology1' relates a /ory :i* illu/rates ! respective attitudes ( ! my?-mak] & 8 he>]s4 ,he tells u t :5 he 0 f\r ye>s old1 z he 0 walk+ "o day ) a bro!r1 ! latt] po9t$ to a fanta/ical cl\d on ! horizon1 & cri$1 ',look d[n !re3 t is a hungry wolf runn+ aft] ! %eep4' ,he conv9c$ me s entirely ( t cl\d be+ really a hungry wolf t ,i in/antly took to my heels & escap$ precipitately into ! h\se4 ,take1 aga91 ! foll[+ sun-my?1 fre% co9$ f ! m9t ( ,mr4 ,george ,m]$i?3-- ,! sun is com+ d[n to e>?1 & ! fields & ! wat]s %\t to him gold5 %\ts4 ,he comes1 & 8 h]alds run be=e him1 & t\* ! leaves ( oaks & planes & bee*es lucid gre5 & ! p9e /ems r$d] gold3 leav+ brighte/ footpr9ts ^u ?ickly we$$ banks1 :]e ! foxglove's la/ upp] bells incl9e & bramble %oots w&] amid moi/ h]bage1 c4 ,?is my?1 l ! old ,greek tales ( ,prome!us & ,tantalus1 :i* ,wordswor? calls ,fictions 9 =m1 b 9 _! sub/ance tru?s1 has a spiritual significance ( :i* ,mr4 ,m]$i? _c h be5 unconsci\s4 ,?\gh nobody at ! pres5t day supposes t ! au?or or 8 read]s take x = a n>rative ( actual ev5ts1 _c we fancy ,macaulay's ,new ,zeal&]1 be+ told z a fact "s traditional1 "t-worn1 corrupt1 & ill-int]pret$ v]sion ( x1 &1 especially if he is a lit]al-m9d$ philosoph]1 wond]+ h[ x 0 possible = ! ,engli% to believe 9 su* a concat5ation ( an?ropomorphic fancies8 ,! lit]al acceptation ( my? or metaphor is n conf9$ to ! l[] class ( intellect4 ,x 0 a tea*] ( ,israel :o c\ld n see h[ a man c\ld ent] into 8 "m's womb & be born aga94 ,motori & ,hirata1 highly educat$ s*ol>s1 well v]s$ 9 ,*9ese & ,indian religi\s lit]ature1 receiv$ ! /ories ( ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi z g5u9e hi/ory4 ,ev5 ,dante & ,milton1 m5 ( pr(\nd spiritual insight1 probably accept$ 9 _! mo/ lit]al s5se "s ( ! imag9ative figm5ts ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,!re h always be5 lit]al-m9d$ unbeliev]s1 :o reject ! my? & its religi\s cont5ts )\t discrim9ation1 & simply value x1 if at all1 = its ae/hetic m]its4 ,( !m1 z ( ! lit]al-m9d$ believ]1 ,si exempla requiris1 circumspice4 ,! hi/ory ( ! religi\s my? may be summ>iz$ z foll[s3 ,a1 a man ( g5ius1 creates x1 cle>ly di/+ui%+ 9 8 own m9d betwe5 ! k]nel ( religi\s tru? & its imag9ative embodim5t4 ,8 disciples ,b & ,c und]/& him ?or\ghly4 ,9 ?is /age a my? is call$ a p>able or allegory4 ,_m my?s proce$ no fur!r4 ,d1 ,f1 ,h1 99 99 99 ,t & ,v1 unable to discrim9ate ! true elem5t f ! false1 accept ! :ole confus$ly z actual fact4 ,e1 ,g1 99 99 ,s & ,u are d5se to its religi\s significance1 & ?9k x idle nons5se1 or at be/1 simply a good /ory4 ,w & ,x h a glimm]+ notion t ! imag9ative "p _c be lit]ally true1 b d n d>e to "q x1 le/ !y %\ld sacrifice at ! same "t ! valuable religi\s k]nel4 ,z is a philosophic inquir] :o1 n )\t difficulty1 rega9s ! /&po9t ( ,b & ,c4 ,b by ?is "t ! my? has be5 sup]s$$ z a vehicle ( religi\s tru? by full] & m exact =ms ( expression4 ,! *ief ideas und]ly+ ,japanese my? are1 fir/ly1 ! conception--piecemeal x is true1 & inadequate--( ! s-call$ inanimate univ]se z be+ really in/9ct ) s5ti5t life1 & ex]cis+ a lov+ provid5tial c>e ov] mank9d2#ej & secondly1 ! doctr9e t hon\r & ob$i5ce are due to ! sov]eign ^: b5efic5t rule secures to ! p bless+s comp>able to t ( ! sun's light & w>m?4 ,= su*1 ,i take x1 is ! real mean+ ( ! /ory by :i* ! ,mikados are feign$ to be desc5dants ( ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,x is ! ,japanese v]sion ( ! doctr9e ( ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,)\t ^! & simil> vital elem5ts ,japanese my? w\ld be no?+ m ?an :at "s writ]s h suppos$ x1 a f>rago ( absurdities1 & its exam9ation w\ld belong n to ! physiology1 b to ! pa?ology ( ! human m9d4 ,x c h>dly be ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 t ! poets & se]s ( anci5t ,japan a*iev$ mu* success 9 clo?+ _! spiritual conceptions 9 my?ical =m4 ,!re is little =ce or beauty 9 _! /ories1 & !re is a pl5tiful admixture ( matt] :i*1 to u at lea/1 is frivol\s1 revolt+1 or devoid ( religi\s significance4 ,!re is no summ] & w9t] my? 9 ! old ,japanese books1 no deluge my?1 & no eclipse my?4 ,!re is1 /range to say1 no e>?quake my?1 & b "o solit>y m5tion ( a ,god ( ,e>?quakes4 ,!re are no a/ral my?s1 no ,return+ ,savi\r my?1 & no ,j\rney ( ! ,dead beyond ! b>e m5tion ( an ,ev5 ,pass ( ,yomi1 or ,hades4 ,! creation ( mank9d is n acc\nt$ =4 ,my? & ,ritual4--,:5 a my? & a c]emony relate to ! same subject-matt]1 :i* comes fir/ 9 ord] ( "t8 ,is ! c]emony a dramatic commemoration ( ! ev5ts relat$ 9 ! my?1 or1 vice v]s1 is ! my? an attempt to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! c]emony8 ,"s g s f> z to say t ritual is ! s\rce ( all religi\s my?4 ,! late ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,br9ton1 on ! o!r h&1 held t e rite is orig9ally bas$ on a my?4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s view 0 t 9 almo/ e case ! my? 0 d]iv$ f ! ritual1 & n ! ritual f ! my?4 ,no g5]al rule c be laid d[n 9 ^! cases4 ,e su* "q mu/ be decid$ accord+ to ! available evid5ce4 ,a my? is a n>rative1 & a c]emony a k9d ( dramatic pe=mance4 ,x w n be disput$ t dramas h be5 f\nd$ on n>ratives1 & t n>ratives are sometimes tak5 f dramas1 z 9 ! case ( ,lamb's ',tales f ,%akespe>e4' ,novels are e day dramatiz$1 & ! rev]se process1 ?\gh n common ) ourselves1 is famili> 9 ,japan4 ,sev]al ( ! ,%9to deities are wor%ipp$ = no o!r reason ?an because !y are m5tion$ 9 ! my?s ( ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,x 0 probably ! my?ical acc\nt ( ! fri5d%ip ( ,ajisuki & ,ame-waka-hiko :i* l$ to %r9es be+ erect$ to ^! deities side by side at ,idzumo4 ,a lit]al int]pretation ( ! obvi\sly allegorical /ory ( ,iha-naga-hime & ,kono-saku-hime l$1 9 lat] times1 to an actual cult ( ^! p]sonages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! c]emony ( religi\s ablution is c]ta9ly old] ?an ! my? :i* repres5ts ,izanagi z wa%+ 9 ! sea 9 ord] to remove ! pollutions ( ! l& ( ,yomi4 ,! wor%ip ( ! ,sun is assur$ly n ! outcome1 b ! s\rce1 ( ! ,japanese sol> my?s1 ?\gh x may owe to !m "s ( its m mod]n features4 ,_m my?s h no c]emonial associat$ ) !m1 & !re is mu* c]emony = :i* ! my?-mak]s h n attempt$ to acc\nt4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,p4 #af4 #di ,see above1 p4 #ab1 & ,index--',dreams1' #ej ,see ,dr4 ,tylor's ',primitive ,culture1' second edition1 i4 #bhe4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,my?ical ,,n>rative4 ,no really adequate idea ( ! old ,japanese my?s c be ga9$ )\t a direct /udy ( ! ,kojiki1 ,nihongi1 & ,kiujiki1 ) all _! repetitions1 inconsi/5cies1 & obscurities4 ,9 ! foll[+ outl9e1 tak5 ma9ly f ! two fir/-nam$ works1 a selection has be5 made ( su* incid5ts z h an int]e/ & significance = ,european /ud5ts ( my?ology4 ,bo? ! ,nihongi & ! ,kiujiki beg9 ) a passage :i* is ju/ly repudiat$ by ! mod]n s*ool ( ,%9to !ologians z 9 reality belong+ to ! mat]iali/ic philosophy ( ,*9a4#ea ,x runs z foll[s3-- ,( old1 ,heav5 & ,e>? 7 n yet sep>at$1 & ! ,9 & ,yo#eb n yet divid$4 ,!y =m$ a *aotic mass l an egg1 :i* 0 ( obscurely def9$ limits1 & conta9$ g]ms4 ,! pur] & cle>] "p 0 ?9ly diffus$ & =m$ ,heav51 :ile ! heavi] & gross] elem5t settl$ d[n & became ,e>?4 ,! f9] elem5t easily became a unit$ body1 b ! consolidation ( ! heavy & gross elem5t 0 accompli%$ ) difficulty4 ,heav5 0 !re=e =m$ fir/1 & ,e>? e/abli%$ subsequ5tly4 ,!reaft] div9e be+s 7 produc$ betwe5 !m4 ,pfleid]] says3#ec ,!re is n unfrequ5tly f\nd 9 ! my?ology ( ! nature-religions a comb9ation ( ,!ogony & a ,div9e =mation ( matt] 9 su* a way t ! ,gods--:e!r "o or all ( !m--are ! fir/ products ( *aos1 b !n !y =m ! re/ ( ! _w out ( x4 ,9 ! ,indian my?ology ,prajapati proce$$ out ( ! gold5 _w-egg & !n became ! creative =m] ( ! _w4 ,likewise 9 ! ,*aldan my?ology ! great ,gods arose at fir/ out ( *aos1 & !y !n creat$ ! o!r ,gods & ! liv+ be+s ( heav5 & e>?4 ,b are n su* speculations lat] accretions on ! orig9al my?8 ,9 ,japan1 at any rate1 =mation out ( *aos is und\bt$ly an aft]?\ght4 ,fir/ ,gods4--,we h next :at is call$ ! sev5 g5]ations ( ,gods1 end+ ) ! creator-deities1 ,izanagi & ,izanami4 ,( ! fir/ six ( ^! g5]ations ! mo/ confus$ & contradictory acc\nts are giv5 9 ! v>i\s au?orities4 ,!re is no agreem5t z to ! "n ( ! fir/ ,god on ! li/4 ,! ,nihongi tells u t ! fir/ deity produc$ betwe5 ,heav5 & ,e>? :ile /ill 9 a /ate ( *aos sprang up l a re$-%oot1 :i* !n *ang$ into a ,god1#ed & 0 call$ ,kuni-toko-ta*i no ,mikoto1#ee or ,e>?-et]nal-/& augu/ness4 ,! ,kojiki calls ! fir/ ,god ,ame no mi-naka nu%i no ,kami1 t is to say1 ,heav5-augu/-c5tre-ma/]-deity1 id5tifi$ by "s ) ! ,pol> ,/>1 a hypo!sis = :i* !re is no o!r gr\nd ?an ! "n itself4 ,! same au?ority gives ,kuni-toko-ta*i a place l[] d[n 9 ! g5ealogical table4 ,! ,kiujiki has a fir/ ,god call$ ,ame yudzuru hi ame no sagiri kuni yudzuru tsuki kuni no sagiri1 & describes him 7or h]1 = !re is no indication ( sex7 z ! ,heav5ly ,p>5t4 ,x is impossible to translate ?is rigm>ole2 b z x conta9s ! words e>?1 sun1 moon1 & mi/1 a nature-deity is evid5tly int5d$4 ,bo? ! ,kojiki & ,kiujiki fir/ ,gods disappe> at once f ! my?ical record4 ,!re is little trace ( _! wor%ip 9 lat] times1 & !y mu/ be pron\nc$ m]e abortive attempts at deity-mak+4 ,two o!r fir/ deities are m5tion$ 9 ! v>i\s my?s quot$ 9 ! ,nihongi1 namely1 ,uma%i-a%i-kabi-hiko-ji 7sweet-re$-%oot-pr9ce-fa!r7 & ,ama-toko-ta*i 7,heav5-et]nal-/&74 ,! latt] =ms1 along ) ,kuni-toko-ta*i1 "o ( ^? pairs ( deities1 n necess>ily male & female1 :i* are common 9 ,japanese my?ology4 ,an enum]ation ( ! ,gods ( ! five g5]ations :i* foll[ w\ld be t$i\s & unpr(itable4 ,"s ( !m _h probably no exi/5ce outside ( ! imag9ation ( individual writ]s4 ,!y 7 d\btless inv5t$ or collect$ 9 ord] to provide a g5ealogy = ,izanagi & ,izanami4 ,) "o exception1 !y h left no trace 9 my? or 9 c]emonial4 ,!re are no %r9es 9 _! hon\r4 ,little is to be le>nt f _! names1 ! d]ivation ( :i* is (t5 d\btful4 ,sev]al ( !m1 h[ev]1 %[ t ! div9ely my/]i\s process ( gr[?1 s all-important to an agricultural nation1 _h attract$ att5tion4#ef ,musubi no ,kami 7! ,god ( ,gr[?71 :o =ms ! six? g5]ation ( deities1 is a g5u9e div9ity1 ( :om m rema9s to be said h]eaft]4 ,izanagi & ,izanami4--,! sev5? g5]ation consi/$ ( two deities1 ,izanagi & ,izanami4 ,x is ) !m t ,japanese my? really beg9s1 all t prec$es be+ m]ely introductory & = ! mo/ "p ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,! ,nihongi tells u t-- ,izanagi & ,izanami /ood on ! float+ bridge ( ,heav51 & held c\nsel toge!r1 say+ ',is !re n a c\ntry b5ea?8' ,!reupon !y ?ru/ d[n ! ',jewel-,spe> ( ,heav5' 7,ame no tama-boko7 & grop+ ab\t ) x1 f\nd ! ocean4 ,! br9e :i* dripp$ f ! po9t ( ! spe> coagulat$ & =m$ an isl& :i* receiv$ ! "n ( ,onogoro-jima or ! ',self-,coagulat+ ,isl&4' ,! two deities !reupon desc5d$ & dwelt !re4 ,accord+ly !y wi%$ to be unit$ z husb& & wife1 & to produce c\ntries4 ,s !y made ,onogoro-jima ! pill> ( ! c5tre ( ! l&4 ,! ,kojiki says t ,izanagi & ,izanami 7 comm&$ by all ! heav5ly deities to regulate & fully consolidate ! float+ l& b5ea?4 ,b all ! acc\nts1 ! ,kojiki includ$1 proce$ to repres5t ! isl&s ( ,japan z hav+ be5 g5]at$ by !m 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,we h !re=e ?ree di/9ct conceptions ( creation 9 ,japanese my?--fir/ z g5]ation 9 ! mo/ lit]al s5se1 second1 z r$uc+ to ord]1 & ?ird1 z gr[? 7,musubi74#eg ,! float+ bridge ( ,heav5 is no d\bt ! ra9b[4 ,x is repres5t$ on e>? by ! ,sori-ba%i or ,taiko-ba%i 7drum-bridge7 a semi-circul> bridge ov] a pond be=e "s ,%9to %r9es4 ,x has too /eep a slope = ord9>y use1 & is res]v$ = ! ,deity & = ! prie/ on solemn occasions1 ! cu/om hav+ be5 9 ?is in/ance probably sugge/$ by ! my?4 ,! ,ame no tama-boko or ,jewel-,spe> ( ,heav5 has be5 ! subject ( mu* diss]tation4 ,hirata1 ^: view is endors$ by sev]al em95t s*ol>s1 native & =eign1 ?9ks t x is a phallus4 ,its use 9 creat+1 :i* 9 ,japanese my? is ! same ?+ z begett+1 ! fir/ isl&1 c\nt5ances ?is idea4 ,! d]ivation ( tama-boko also l5ds itself to x4 ,tama may be r5d]$ ball or knob z well z jewel1 & ! tama-boko might !re=e be a %aft surm\nt$ by a knob repres5t+ ! glans1 rem9d+ u ( ! spe>s tipp$ ) p9e cones :i* 7 c>ri$ by ! ,bac*antes 9 ! ,dionysia4 ,we h ano!r ,japanese case ( a conv5tionaliz$ phallus 9 ! wo-ba%ira4#eh ,moreov]1 on ! !ory t ! tama-boko is a phallus1 we h a satisfactory explanation ( ! circum/ance t tama-boko no is us$ z a /&+ epi!t ( mi*i1 road1 :i* has puzzl$ ,japanese s*ol>s4 ,! tama-boko no mi*i w\ld !n mean ! road :]e phallic symbols are set up4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t objects ( ?is k9d 7 a famili> sight by ! roadsides ne> ! capital 9 anci5t times4 ,! poet ,tsura-yuki 7t5? c5tury7 has left a %ort poem 9 :i* he expresses 8 int5tion ( pray+ to ! ,tamaboko no *iburi no kami :5 />t+ on a j\rney4 ,! ,*iburi no kami 7 ! phallic road deities1 protectors ( travell]s4 ,not)/&+ ! ,japanese poets' habit ( us+ /ock epi!ts )\t mu* reg>d to _! prop] mean+1 ?is juxtaposition is highly sugge/ive4 ,ano!r "n = ! phallic ,sahe no kami#ei 0 ,*imata no kami1 or road-=k-gods1 because !y _h no temples & 7 wor%ipp$ by ! road-sides & at cross-ways4 ,! road betwe5 ,utsu-nomiya & ,nikk1 :5 ,i travell$ along x 9 #ahgj1 0 /ill a tama-boko no mi*i--9 ! phallic s5se4#fj ,ano!r l9k betwe5 ! hoko & ! phallus is sugge/$ by a /atem5t 9 ! ,%iki ,monogat>i t ! weapon :i* =m$1 & /ill =ms1 ! c5tral object 9 ! great ,goriye fe/ival procession at ,kioto is kn[n z ! ,sai no hoko4 ,n[ ! ,goriye is a survival ( ! old fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! phallic ,sahe no kami4 ,b 9 my?ology "o explanation does n necess>ily exclude ano!r & app>5tly contradictory "o4 ,:e!r ! my?-mak]s _h 9 _! m9ds ! phallus conception ( ! tama-boko--& ,i am p]suad$ t !y _h--x is impossible 9 ?is connexion to ignore ! function ( ! hoko1 or spe>1 z a symbol ( au?ority4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#fa has %[n h[ univ]sally ! spe> has ?is mean+4 ,britannia's trid5t is a famili> example4 ,!seus1 9 ! ',hippolytus' ( ,euripides1 speaks ( ! l& rul$ by my spe>4 ,lances or arr[s are emblems ( au?ority 9 ,korea4 ,9 ,japan itself !re is an abundance ( simil> evid5ce4 ,9 ! ,nihongi we he> ( local gov]nors be+ grant$ %ields & spe>s 9 tok5 ( au?ority4 ,:5 ,ohonamo*i abdicates 9 fav\r ( ,n9igi he deliv]s ov] ! ,kuni-muke no hiro-boko1 or l&-subdu+-broad-spe>4 ,! epi!t ,ya-*i-boko no kami1 or ,god ( eight ?\s& spe>s1 appli$ to ! same deity1 has a simil> symbolical mean+4 ,! ,empress ,j+ set up h] spe> at ! palace gate ( ! ,k+ ( ,silla1 9 ,korea1 z a tok5 ( conque/4 ,a holly spe>1 eight fa?oms long1 0 giv5 to ,pr9ce ,yamatodake :5 he 0 despat*$ on 8 exp$ition to subdue ,ea/]n ,japan4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! tama-boko z a phallus belongs to ! g5]ative conception ( creation1 & z a spe> to ! idea ( x z a cosmic or regulat+ process3-- ,! two deities hav+ desc5d$ on ,onogoro-jima erect$ !re an eight fa?om h\se ) an augu/ c5tral pill>4 ,!n ,izanagi address$ ,izanami1 say+3 ',h[ is ?y body =m$8' ,izanami repli$1 ',my body is completely =m$ except "o "p :i* is incomplete4' ,!n ,izanagi said1 ',my body is completely =m$ & !re is "o "p :i* is sup]flu\s4 ,suppose t we supplem5t t :i* is incomplete 9 !e ) t :i* is sup]flu\s 9 me1 & !reby procreate l&s4' ,izanami repli$1 ',x is well4' ,!n ,izanagi said1 ',let me & !e g r\nd ! heav5ly augu/ pill>1 & hav+ met at ! o!r side1 let u become unit$ 9 w$lock4' ,?is be+ agre$ to1 he said1 ',d ?\ g r\nd f ! left1 & ,i w g r\nd f ! "r4' ,:5 !y _h gone r\nd1 ,izanami spoke fir/ & exclaim$1 ',h[ delightful6 ,i h met a lovely y\?4' ,izanagi !n said1 ',h[ delightful6 ,i h met a lovely maid54' ,aft]w>ds he said1 ',x 0 unlucky = ! woman to speak fir/4' ,! *ild :i* 0 ! fir/ (fspr+ ( _! union 0 ! ,hiruko 7lee*-*ild71 :i* at ! age ( ?ree 0 /ill unable to /& upright1 & 0 !re=e plac$ 9 a re$-boat & s5t adrift4 ,! eight fa?om h\se built by ,izanagi & ,izanami z a prelim9>y to _! m>riage is ! fuseya1 or nuptial hut1 sev]al times ref]r$ to 9 ! old records4 ,x 0 erect$ less = practical purposes ?an to avoid ! c]emonial contam9ation ( ! ord9>y dwell+-h\se by ! consummation ( a m>riage )9 x4 ,! numb] eight is (t5 met ) 9 ,japanese my?4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to reg>d x z 9 any way sacr$4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( yatsu is _m1 & x might be bett] to translate x s 9 ?is passage4 ,! c5tral pill> ( a h\se 7correspond+ to our k+-po/7 is at ! pres5t day an object ( hon\r 9 ,japan z 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,9 ! case ( ,%9to %r9es1 x is call$ ! ,nakago no miba%ira 7c5tral augu/ pill>71 & 9 ord9>y h\ses ! ,daikoku-ba%ira4 ,! circumambulation ( ! c5tral po/ by ,izanagi & ,izanami rem9ds u ( ! ,h9du pradak*9a4#fb ,hirata's conjecture t we h "h an anci5t m>riage rite is v plausible4 ,! circumambulation ( ! dwell+1 ! fire1 a tree1 or an alt> by ! bride & bridegroom is a famili> feature ( m>riage ritual4 ,x does n foll[ t ! ,japanese rite _h a religi\s "*4 ,no?+ 9 ! my?ical record sugge/s t ?is is ! case1 & at no "t 9 ,japanese hi/ory has ! m>riage c]emony _h ! sanction ( religion4 ,%9to nei!r consecrates w$lock nor condemns adult]y4 ,x mu/ n be inf]r$ f ?is n>rative t unions betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s ( ! full blood 7 p]mitt$ by anci5t ,japanese cu/om4 ,ca9 & ,abel mu/ h m>ri$ _! own si/]s1 b ?is proves no?+ aga9/ ! morality ( ! ,jews4 ,! necessity ( ! /ory is ! compell+ motive 9 bo? cases4 ,x is true t m>riages 7 all[$ betwe5 a man & 8 si/] by ! fa!r's side only1 b we le>n f ! ,nihongi#fc t 9 ! case ( full bro!rs & si/]s su* connexions 7 consid]$ crim9al4 ,! fact t imo1 y\ng] si/]1 is also us$ 9 address+ a wife proves no m ?an ! ,h[ fair is ?y love1 my si/]1 my bride6 ( ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,! au?or ( ! my? ( ! ,sun-,goddess endeav\rs to smoo? ov] ! difficulty ( h] conjugal relations ) h] bro!r ,susa no wo by giv+ !m a miracul\s "*4 ,! /ory ( ! ab&onm5t ( ,hiruko by 8 p>5ts1 l ! simil> leg5ds ( ,s>gon & ,moses1 is evid5ce t ! cu/om ( ca/+ away weakly or de=m$ infants 0 kn[n to ! au?ors4 ,! real significance ( ! ,hiruko my? w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,! two deities next gave bir? to ! isl&s ( ,japan4 ,( ! bir? ( ,tsuku%i1 n[ call$ ,kiu%iu1 ! ,kojiki says3-- ,next !y gave bir? to ! isl& ( ,tsuku%i4 ,?is isl& likewise has f\r faces1 & ea* face has a "n4 ,s ! l& ( ,tsuku%i is call$ ,%ira-bi-wake 7:ite-sun-y\?72 ! l& ( ,toyo is call$ ,toyo-bi-wake 7ri*-sun-y\?72 ! l& ( ,hi is call$ ,take-hi-mukahi-toyo-kuji-h9e-wake 7brave-sun-confront+-ri*-wondr\s-"l-y\?7 2 ! l& ( ,kumaso is call$ ,take-bi-wake 7brave-sun-y\?74 ,at ?is po9t ! ,nihongi ins]ts ! rationali/ic obs]vation t ! isl&s ( ,tsu%ima & ,iki ) ! small isl&s 9 v>i\s p>ts 7 produc$ by ! coagulation ( ! salt wat]4 ,izanagi & ,izanami !n procreat$ a numb] ( deities1 among :om 7 ,iha-tsu*i-biko 7rock-e>?-pr9ce71 ,oho-ya-biko 7great-h\se-pr9ce71 ! ,w9d-,gods1 a v>iety ( m>9e deities1 ,ame no ,mikum>i 7! heav5ly wat] di/ributor71 ! ,god ( ,moors 7:o is also ! ,god ( ,h]bs & ,grasses71 ! ,god ( ,trees1 ! ,gods ( ,m\nta9s & ,valleys1 & ! ,goddess ( ,food4 ,! la/ deity to be produc$ 0 ! ,god ( ,fire1 ,kagu-tsu*i1 also call$ ,ho-musubi 7fire-gr[?74 ,9 giv+ bir? to him ,izanami 0 burnt s t %e sick5$ & lay d[n4 ,f h] vomit1 fces1 & ur9e 7 born deities :i* p]sonify ! elem5ts#fd ( metal1 wat]1 & clay1 :ile f ! te>s :i* ,izanagi %$ :5 %e di$ !re 0 produc$ a deity call$ ,naki-saha-me1 or ! ,weep+ ,female4 ,9 8 rage & grief1 ,izanagi drew 8 sword & cut ,kagu-tsu*i to pieces1 g5]at+ !reby a numb] ( deities4 ,( ^! two 7 widely wor%ipp$ 9 lat] times4 ,"o1 nam$ ,take-mika-tsu*i 7brave-awful-fa!r71 is ! ,god ( ! fam\s %r9e ( ,ka%ima 9 ! ea/ ( ,japan4 ,! o!r1 nam$ ,futsunu%i1 is wor%ipp$ "u ! =m ( a sword at ,kadori 9 ! same neighb\rhood4 ,izanami1 by "o acc\nt1 0 buri$ at ! village ( ,arima at ,kumano1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ki4 ,9 ! "t ( fl[]s ! inhabitants wor%ip h] mitama by (f]+s ( fl[]s4 ,!y also wor%ip h] ) drums1 flutes1 flags1 s++ & danc+4 ,:5 %e di$ ,izanami w5t to ! l& ( ,yomi1 or d>kness4 ,!reaft] ,izanagi w5t aft] ,izanami1 & ent]$ ! l& ( ,yomi4 ,:5 he rejo9$ h]1 !y conv]s$ toge!r4 ,izanami said3 ',my "l & husb&1 :y is ?y com+ s late8 ,i h already eat5 ( ! cook+-furnace ( ,yomi4 ,b ,i am ab\t to lie d[n to re/4 ,d n ?\ look on me4' ,izanagi did n give e> to h]1 b secretly took 8 _m-too!d comb1 & break+ (f its end-too?#fe made ( x a tor* & look$ at h]4 ,h] body 0 already putrid1 maggots sw>m$ ov] x1 & ! eight ?und]-gods _h be5 g5]at$ 9 h] v>i\s memb]s4 ,izanagi1 greatly %ock$1 exclaim$1 ',:at a hide\s & pollut$ l& ,i h come to unaw>es6' ,s he spe$ily ran away4 ,izanami 0 angry1 & said1 ',:y did/ ?\ n obs]ve t :i* ,i *>g$ !e8 ,n[ am ,i put to %ame4' ,s %e s5t ! ,ugly ,females ( ,yomi to pursue & slay him4 ,izanagi1 9 8 flight1 ?rew d[n 8 _m-too!d comb1 :i* =?) became *ang$ into bamboo-%oots4 ,! ,ugly ,females pull$ !m up & ate !m4 ,:5 !y _h done eat+ !m !y aga9 gave *ase4 ,he !n ?rew d[n 8 headdress1 :i* became *ang$ into grapes1 & s once m delay$ 8 pursu]s4 ,on rea*+ ! foot ( ! ',ev5 ,pass ( ,yomi' he ga!r$ ?ree pea*es#ff t 7 gr[+ !re1 & smote 8 pursu]s ) !m1 s t !y all fl$ back4 ,moreov]1 he said to ! pea*es1 ',z ye h help$ me1 s mu/ ye help all liv+ p 9 ! ,c5tral ,l& ( ,re$-pla9s :5 !y are 9 tr\ble4' ,& he gave !m ! title ,oho-kamu-dzu-mi no mikoto 7_! augu/ness great-div9e fruit74 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! cu/om ( exorcis+ evil spirits by means ( pea*es4 ,at ! ,ev5 ,pass ( ,yomi1 ,izanagi 0 ov]tak5 by ,izanami h]self4 ,he took a great rock#fg & block$ up ! pass ) x1 pron\nc+ at ! same "t ! =mula ( divorce--namely1 ',our relation%ip is sev]$4' ,he also said1 ',come no fur!r1' & ?rew d[n 8 /aff1 :i* 0 call$ ,funado no ,kami 7pass-n-place-deity71 or ,kunado no ,kami 7come-n-place-deity74 ,moreov]1 he ?rew d[n 8 girdle1 :i* 0 call$ ,naga*iha no ,kami4 ,moreov]1 he ?rew d[n 8 upp] g>m5t1 :i* 0 call$ ,wadzurahi no ,kami 7,god ( disease74 ,moreov]1 he ?rew d[n 8 tr[s]s1 :i* 7 call$ ,aki-guhi no ,kami4 ,moreov]1 he ?rew d[n 8 %oes1 :i* 7 call$ ,*i-%iki no ,kami4 ,! ,kojiki repres5ts ,izanami z assum+ ! position ( ! ,great ,deity ( ,yomi1 a p]sonification ( dea?4 ,9 ?is "* %e says to ,izanagi1 ,if ?\ do/ s 7divorce me71 ,i w 9 "o day /rangle to dea? a ?\s& ( ! p ( ?y l&4 ,to :i* he repli$ ,if ?\ do/ s1 ,i w 9 "o day build a ?\s& & five hundr$ p>turition h\ses4 ,! fatal consequ5ces ( ta/+ ! food ( ! l[] regions are well kn[n to my?ologi/s4 ,pros]p9e's return to ! upp] _w became impossible :5 once ,puniceum curv dec]ps]at arbore pomum ,sumpta que pall5ti septem de cortice grana ,press]at ore suo4 ,! same pr9ciple is recogniz$ 9 ,indian my?3 ,?ree nights )9 8 7,yama's7 mansion /ay1 ,b ta/e n1 ?\gh a gue/1 8 food4#fh ,! natural av]sion ( human be+s f t\*+ or ev5 look+ on ! dead is made a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,gods 9 ,greek my?ology z well z 9 ,japanese my?4 ,artemis1 9 ! ',hippolytus' ( ,euripides1 says1 ,x is n !mis = me to look ^u ! dead4 ,! ,ev5 ,pass ( ,yomi takes ! place ( ! wat] to be cross$ ( o!r my?ologies4 ,grimm1 9 8 ',teutonic ,my?ology1' says t to ,dea? is ascrib$ a highway levell$1 smoo?1 & kept 9 repair1 on :i* ! dead travel4 ,on return+ f ,yomi1 ,izanagi's fir/ c>e 0 to ba! 9 ! sea 9 ord] to purify himself f ! pollutions :i* he _h contract$ by 8 visit to ! ,l& ( ,yomi4 ,a numb] ( deities 7 g5]at$ by ?is process1 among :om 7 ! ,gods ( ,good & ,ill ,luck1 & c]ta9 ocean deities held to be ! ance/ors ( "s families ( local *iefta9s & wor%ipp$ by !m4 ,! ,sun-,goddess 0 born f ! wa%+ ( 8 left eye1 & ! ,moon-,god f t ( 8 "r1 :ile a ?ird deity1 nam$ ,susa no wo1 0 g5]at$ f ! wa%+ ( 8 nose4 ,to ! ,sun-,goddess ,izanagi gave *>ge ( ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 & to ! ,moon-,god 0 allott$ ! realm ( night4 ,susa no wo 0 at fir/ appo9t$ to rule ! sea1 b he cri$ & wept till 8 be>d grew d[n to ! pit ( 8 /oma*4 ,he wept ! gre5 m\nta9s b>e & ! seas & riv]s dry4 ,izanagi inquir$ ( him1 ,:y do/ ?\ cont9ually weep8 ,he answ]$1 ,i wi% to foll[ my "m to ! ,ne!r ,l&4 ,izanagi said1 ,g1 z ?y he>t bids !e1 & drove him away4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ! bir? ( ^! ?ree deities says t !y 7 born to ,izanagi & ,izanami on e>? be=e ! desc5t to ,yomi4 ,! ,sun-,goddess 0 s5t up to ,heav5 by ! ,pill> ( ,heav51 :i* !n s]v$ z a means ( communication4 ,heav5 & e>? 7 /ill n f> sep>at$4 ,ame no mi-ha%ira 7,heav5-augu/-pill>7 is "o ( ! names ( ! ,w9d-,god4 ,an isl& is describ$ z ,heav5's s+le pill>4 ,o!r my?s speak ( ! ,ama no iha-bune1 or ,rock-boat ( ,heav51 z us$ = communication by ! deities4 ,!re is also m5tion ( an ,ama no ha%idate 7,heav5-bridge-erection7 :i* is di/+ui%$ by ,hirata f ! ,pill> ( ,heav54 ,he ?9ks ! =m] 0 a sort ( pi] us$ by ! ,rock-boat ( ,heav54 ,a spit ( l& two miles long & #aij feet broad ne> ,miyadzu 9 ,tango is n[ call$ by ?is "n4#fi ,ame1 or ! firmam5t1 :]e ! ,gods live1 is to be di/+ui%$ f ,oho-sora1 ! ,great ,void1 :i* is ! space betwe5 heav5 & e>?4 ,izanagi's ablutions 7h>ahi7#gj repres5t a wide-spread rite4 ,!y rem9d u ( ,juno's lu/ration by ,iris aft] a visit to ,hades1 & ( ,dante's imm]sion 9 ,le! :5 he _h complet$ 8 asc5t ?r\gh ,purgatory & 0 prep>+ = admission to ! circles ( ,p>adise4 ,alce/is1 aft] h] rescue by ,h]akles f ,?anatos1 _h to be purifi$1 & 0 n all[$ to speak = ?ree days4 ,we h 9 ! ,japanese my? ! c\nt]p>t ( a cu/om describ$ by ,*9ese travell]s to ,japan c5turies be=e ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi 7 writt54 ,x 0 !n1 we are in=m$1 ! practice1 :5 ! fun]al 0 ov]1 = ! :ole family ( ! deceas$ to g into ! wat] & wa%4 ,lu/ration is a wide-_w practice1#ga & ! my? 0 cle>ly sugge/$ by x1 n vice v]s4 ,izanagi's c>e] hav+ come to an end1 he built himself an abode ( gloom 9 ! isl& ( ,ahaji1 :]e he dwelt 9 sil5ce & concealm5t4 ,ano!r acc\nt says t he asc5d$ to ,heav51 :]e he dwelt 9 ! small] ,palace ( ! ,sun4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,izanagi 0 n immortal1 & t he did n g to ,yomi :5 he di$4 ,susa no wo4--,! my?ical n>rative n[ turns to ! do+s ( ! ,sun-,goddess & h] bro!r ,susa no wo 7! ra9/orm p]sonifi$74 ,susa no wo1 be=e proce$+ to take up 8 *>ge z ,rul] ( ! ,ne!r ,region1 asc5d$ to ,heav5 to take leave ( 8 eld] si/]1 ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,by reason ( ! fi]c5ess ( 8 div9e nature !re 0 a commotion 9 ! sea1 & ! hills & m\nta9s groan$ al\d z he pass$ upw>ds4 ,! ,sun-,goddess1 9 al>m1 array$ h]self 9 manly g>b1 & confront$ h] bro!r#gb we>+ h] royal necklace ( jewels1 & arm$ ) sword & b[ & arr[s4 ,! pair /ood face to face on opposite sides ( ! ,riv] ( ,heav54#gc ,susa no wo !n assur$ 8 si/] ( ! purity ( 8 int5tions1 & propos$ to h] t !y %\ld ea* produce *ildr5 by bit+ (f & crun*+ p>ts ( ! jewels & swords :i* !y wore & bl[+ away ! fragm5ts4#gd ,eight *ildr5 born 9 ?is way 7 wor%ipp$ 9 aft] times z ! ,ha*ji1 or eight pr9cely *ildr54 ,!y figure l>gely 9 ! ,%jiroku g5ealogies ( ,japanese noble families4 ,?r\gh "o ( !m1 nam$ ,masa-ya-a-katsu-ka*i-haya-hi-ama-no-o%i -ho-mi-mi1 ! ,mikados trace _! desc5t f ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,a-,katsu means ,i conqu]4 ,! allusion is to ,susa no wo's hav+ triumphantly prov$ ! purity ( 8 int5tions by produc+ male *ildr54#ge ,susa no wo's subsequ5t proce$+s 7 v rude & unseemly4 ,he broke d[n ! divisions betwe5 ! rice-fields belong+ to 8 si/]1 s[$ !m ov] aga91 let loose 9 !m ! piebald colt ( ,heav51 & committ$ nuisances 9 ! hall :]e %e 0 celebrat+ ! solemn fe/ival ( fir/-fruits4 ,! climax to 8 misde$s 0 to flay a piebald colt ( ,heav5 ) a backw>d flay+ & to fl+ x into ! sacr$ weav+-hall :]e ! ,sun-,goddess 0 engag$ 9 weav+ ! g>m5ts ( ! deities4 ,%e 0 s deeply indignant at ?is la/ insult t %e ent]$ ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav5 & left ! _w to d>kness4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! piebald colt ( ,heav5 may be comp>$ to ,prisni1 ! speckl$ c[ ( ,indian my?1 :i* is expla9$ z a p]sonification ( ! v>iegat$ appe>ance ( ! />ry heav5s4 ,! retirem5t ( ! ,sun-,goddess to ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav5 produc$ great con/]nation among ! heav5ly deities4 ,!y met on ! dry b$ ( ! ,riv] ( ,heav5 & took c\nsel h[ !y %\ld entice h] f h] seclusion4 ,by ! advice ( ,omohi-kane no ,mikoto 7! ,?\ght-comb9] or ,c\nsellor deity7 ! long-s++ birds ( ! ,et]nal ,l& 7cocks7#gf 7 made to utt] _! prolong$ cry be=e ! door ( ! cave4 ,ame no ,koyane no ,mikoto1 ance/or ( ! ,nakatomi & ,futodama no ,mikoto1 ance/or ( ! ,imbe1 dug up by ! roots a five-hundr$ bran*$ true ,sakaki tree ( ,heav5 & hung on its high] bran*es /r+s ( jewels1 on its middle bran*es a mirror1 & on its l[] bran*es pieces ( clo?4 ,!n !y recit$ _! liturgy 9 h] hon\r4 ,moreov]1 ,ame no ,uzume 7! ,dread ,female ( ,heav57 array$ h]self 9 a fanta/ic mann]1 k9dl$ a fire & /&+ on a tub :i* res\nd$ :5 %e /amp$ ^u x1 p]=m$ a 7n v dec5t7 mimic dance & gave =? an inspir$ utt]ance4 ,! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav5 %ook1 & ! eight hundr$ myriad deities laugh$ toge!r4 ,! ,sun-,goddess wond]$ h[ ,ame no ,uzume & ! o!r gods c\ld be s jolly :ile ! _w 0 wrapp$ 9 complete d>kness1 & peep$ out f ! half-op5$ door ( ! cave4 ,%e 0 at once seiz$ by ,ta-jik>a no wo 7,h&-/r5g?-male7 & prev5t$ by ma9 =ce f re-ent]+1 to ! great joy ( all ! deities4 ,susa no wo 0 !n tri$ by a c\ncil ( ,gods1 :o mulct$ him 9 a f9e ( a ?\s& tables ( purification (f]+s4 ,!y also pull$ out ! nails ( 8 f+]s & toes1 & bani%$ him to ! l& ( ,yomi4 ,f9ally ,ame no ,koyane1 ! ance/or ( ! ,nakatomi1 recit$ 8 ,oho-h>ahi or ,great purification liturgy4 ,! above episode is ! k]nel ( ! my?ical lore ( ,japan4 ,belong+ to ! class ( light & d>kness my?s1 x pr(esses to give ! orig9 ( "s ( ! pr9cipal c]emonies ( ! ,%9to religion z !y 7 practis$ at ! ,mikado's ,c\rt at ! "t :5 !y became curr5t4 ,9 addition to ! ,nakatomi & ,imbe1 "s v]sions ( ! /ory %[ ! ,sun-,goddess surr\nd$ by o!r (ficials1 su* z jewel-mak]s1 mirror-mak]s1 c41 obvi\sly borr[$ f ! actual function>ies ( ! ,c\rt1 & introduc$ ) an eye to g5ealogical requirem5ts4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 ! ,smi?-,god atta*$ to h] tra91 l ! ,cyclops ( ,greek my?1 has b "o eye4 ,ame no ,uzume1 ! ,dread ,female ( ,heav51 :o danc$ & gave =? an inspir$ utt]ance be=e ! ,rock-cave :]e ! ,sun ,goddess 0 hidd51 is ! suppos$ ance/or ( ! ,s>ume 7monkey-wom57 or female mimes atta*$ to ! ,mikado's ,c\rt1 ^: p]=mances 7 ! orig9 ( ! pantomimic religi\s dances /ill kept up 9 ,japan & kn[n z ,kagura1 :ile h] div9ely inspir$ utt]ance is ! prototype ( ! revelations ( ! ,miko1 or ,%9to prie/esses4 ,"o v]sion ( ! /ory gives u ! actual words us$ by ,uzume on ?is occasion--namely1 ,hi1 fu1 mi1 yo1 itsu1 mu1 nana1 ya1 kokono1 t[o4 ,a ,japanese baby kn[s t ^! are simply ! num]als f "o to t54 ,b !y h giv5 mu* tr\ble to lat] ,%9toi/s1 :o h endeav\r$ to read into !m a deep my?ical signification4 ,! fire k9dl$ by h] is ! prototype ( ! nihabi1 or c\rty>d fire1 ( ,%9to c]emonial4 ,x is pla9ly "o ( ^? num]\s imitative magic devices = mak+ sun%9e1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,fraz] has giv5 sev]al examples4#gg ,mod]n ,%9to expla9s ! d>kness produc$ by ! ,sun-,goddess's retirem5t z emblematic ( ! d>kness ( s94 ,! r5ewal ( light typifies rep5tance4 ,( c\rse1 ?is 0 f> f ! ?\ghts ( ! orig9al my?-mak]s4 ,susa no wo did n at once proce$ to ! l& ( ,yomi4 ,he w5t & begg$ food ( ! ,food-,goddess1 :o produc$ da9ty ?+s ( all k9ds f v>i\s p>ts ( h] body1 & (f]$ !m to him4 ,b ,susa no wo took (f5ce at h] proce$+s1 :i* he consid]$ fil?y1 & at once slew h]4 ,:]eupon !re 7 produc$ 9 h] head silkworms1 9 h] eyes rice1 9 h] e>s millet1 9 h] nose small beans1 9 h] g5itals b>ley1 & 9 h] fundam5t l>ge beans4 ,^! ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?1 took & caus$ to be us$ z se$s4 ,! above is ! ,kojiki v]sion ( ! /ory4 ,! ,nihongi makes ! ,moon-,god ! culprit1 & gives x z ! reason ( 8 ali5ation f ! ,sun-,goddess1 :o _h s5t him to visit ! ,food-,goddess4 ,?is is n ! only attempt ( my?-mak]s to acc\nt = ! alo(ness ma9ta9$ by ^! two deities4 ,! same v>iant ( ?is episode makes ! ,sun-,goddess ! recipi5t ( ! v>i\s se$s produc$ 9 ! body ( ! ,food-,goddess3-- ,%e 0 rejoic$1 & said1 ',^! are ! ?+s :i* ! race ( visible m5 w eat & live4' ,s %e made ! millet1 ! panic1 ! :eat & ! beans ! se$ = ! dry fields1 & ! rice %e made ! se$ = ! wat]-fields4 ,!re=e %e appo9t$ a ,mura-gimi 7village-"l7 ( ,heav51 & =?) s[$ = ! fir/ "t ! rice-se$ 9 ! n>r[ fields & 9 ! long fields ( ,heav54 ,probably 9 ! slay+ ( ! ,food-,goddess we h an e*o ( "s ( ^? practices s fully exam9$ by ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 :i* ! ,corn-maid51 or o!r repres5tative ( ! corn1 is sla9--a trag$y ( p]5nial int]e/ to mank9d4 ,witness ! rape ( ,p]sephone & ! dea? ( ,john ,b>leycorn4 ,susa no wo !n visit$ ,corea1 b n f9d+ t c\ntry to 8 lik+1 return$ to ,japan1 & w5t to ! prov9ce ( ,idzumo4 ,"h he obs]v$ a *op/ick float+ d[n ! riv] ,hi1 s ?9k+ t !re mu/ be p liv+ fur!r up ! /ream1 he w5t 9 que/ ( !m1 & f\nd an old man & an old woman weep+1 ) a "y maid5 set betwe5 !m4 ,he ask$ ( !m1 ',:o are ye8' ,! old man repli$1 ',?y s]vant is a deity ( e>?1 & 8 "n is ,a%9adzu*i1 son ( ! great ,god ( ! ,m\nta94 ,my wife's "n is ,t5adzu*i1 & my daught] is call$ ,ku%9ada hime4' ,he fur!r inquir$1 ',:y weep ye8' ,he answ]$1 say+1 ',i h _h eight *ildr51 girls2 b ! eight-=k$ s]p5t ( ,ko%i came ye> aft] ye> & dev\r$ !m4 ,x is n[ ! "t ( its com+1 & !re=e d we weep4' ',describe to me ?is s]p5t1' said ,susa no wo4 ',its eyes are z r$ z ! w9t] *]ry4 ,x has "o body ) eight heads & eight tails4 ,moreov]1 its body is ov]gr[n ) moss1 p9es & c$>s4 ,its l5g? ext5ds ov] eight valleys & eight hills4 ,its belly is always all bloody & inflam$ to look ^u4' ,!n ,susa no wo said to ! old man1 ',if ?is be ?y daught]1 wilt ?\ give h] unto me8' ',) rev]5ce be x said1' repli$ ! old man1 ',i "k n ?y hon\rable "n4' ',i am ! eld] bro!r ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 & h n[ come d[n f heav51' repli$ ,susa no wo4 ,!n ! deities ,a%9adzu*i & ,t5adzu*i said1 ',9 t case1 ) rev]5ce we (f] h] to !e4' ,susa no wo /raightway took t "y maid5 & *ang$ h] into a _m-too!d comb1 :i* he /uck into 8 hair1 & said to ! deities ,a%9adzu*i & ,t5adzu*i1 ',d ye brew "s sak ( eight-fold /r5g?4 ,also make a f5ce r\nd ab\t1 & 9 t f5ce let !re be eight doors1 at ea* door let !re be eight /&s1 on ea* /& let !re be a sak-tub1 & let ea* sak-tub be fill$ ) ! sak ( eight-fold /r5g?4 ,!n wait4' ,s hav+ prep>$ ev]y?+ 9 accordance ) 8 augu/ bidd+1 !y wait$4 ,!n ! eight-=k$ s]p5t came1 inde$1 z _h be5 said1 & b5d+ d[n "o head into ea* ( ! tubs1 lapp$ up ! sak4 ,h]eupon x became drunk51 & all ! heads lay d[n to sleep1 :5 /raightway ,susa no wo drew 8 t5-span sword f 8 girdle & slew ! s]p5t1 s t ! riv] _h its curr5t *ang$ to blood4 ,n[1 :5 he cut ! middle "p ( ! tail ! edge ( 8 augu/ sword 0 brok54 ,wond]+ at ?is1 he pi]c$ x & split x op51 :5 he f\nd t )9 !re 0 a great %>p sword4 ,he took ?is sword1 & ?9k+ x a wond]ful ?+1 report$ 8 discov]y to ! ,sun ,goddess4 ,?is is ! great sword ,kusanagi 7,h]b-quell]74 ,on ! occasion ( 8 m>riage to ,ku%9ada hime1 ,susa no wo compos$ ! foll[+ v]ses3-- ,_m cl\ds arise1 ,on all sides a manifold f5ce3 ,to receive )9 x ! sp\ses1 ,!y =m a manifold f5ce1 ,ah6 t manifold f5ce6 ,ev5tually he ent]$ ! ,ne!r ,l&4 ,few ( my read]s w require to h po9t$ out to !m ! /rik+ resemblance ( ?is /ory to t ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a1 or w ne$ to be ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,sidney ,h>tl&'s ',leg5d ( ,p]seus1' 9 :i* ev]y?+ relat+ to its num]\s v>iants has be5 s ?or\ghly exam9$4 ,i w\ld direct special att5tion to *apt] xviii4 ( ?is "w1 :]e ! hypo!sis is (f]$1 t we h 9 ?is incid5t a rem9isc5ce ( ! abolition ( human sacrifices to deities 9 ! %ape ( ! l[] animals4444 ,9 c]ta9 /ages ( civilization1 sacrifices ( ! k9d are practis$1 & are frequ5tly (f]$ to wat]-spirits conceiv$ 9 animal =m4444 ,x may1 ( c\rse1 be t ! mon/] s5t to dev\r ,&rom$a is to be reg>d$ simply z ! p]sonification ( wat]1 or ( specific riv]s 9 _! s9i/] aspect4#gh ,! circum/ance t ! sc5e ( ?is episode 9 ,susa no wo's c>e] is ! bank ( a riv] is !re=e by no means immat]ial4 ,inde$1 we may plausibly conjecture t ! description ( ! s]p5t ) its eight 7or _m7 heads & eight tails1 its l5g? ext5d+ ov] eight valleys & eight hills1 its body ov]gr[n ) moss1 p9es1 & c$>s1 & its prop5sity = dev\r+ human be+s is no?+ m ?an a fanciful repres5tation ( ! riv]1 ) its s]p5t9e c\rse1 its num]\s tribut>ies & bran*es1 its wood$ banks1 & ! dang] by dr[n+ 9 its pools or at its =ds4 ,! poem ascrib$ to ,susa no wo _c be old] ?an ! six? or sev5? c5tury4 ,! ^w translat$ on all sides1 is idzumo4 ,!re is !re=e a punn+ allusion to ! prov9ce ( t "n4 ,! manifold f5ce1 is ! nuptial hut1 already ref]r$ to4#gi ,ohonamo*i4--,susa no wo _h num]\s *ildr51 among :om 7 ,oho-to%i 7great h>ve/71 & ,uka no mitama#hj 7food-_s74 ,! mo/ fam\s ( 8 prog5y 0 a ,god call$ ,ohonamo*i4 ,?is is ! ,great ,deity ( ,idzumo1 a place second only to ,ise = sanctity4 ,ohonamo*i's eighty bro!rs w5t to pay c\rt to a female deity nam$ ,yakami-hime1 tak+ him ) !m z port] to c>ry ! bag4 ,on arriv+ at ,cape ,keta1 !y f\nd a nak$ h>e ly+ on ! gr\nd4 ,! bro!rs malici\sly advis$ ! h>e to ba! 9 ! sea1 & !n expose himself to ! w9d on ! slope ( a high m\nta94 ,! h>e did s1 ) ! result t :5 ! sea-wat] dri$1 8 sk9 split1 & he 0 weep+ ) pa91 :5 ,ohonamo*i came up 9 ! re> ( ! p>ty4 ,he _h pity on x1 & taught x rem$ies :i* gave relief4 ,! grateful h>e promis$ t he %\ld h ! lady ,yakami-hime 9 m>riage1 & n 8 bro!rs4 ,:5 _! suit 0 accord+ly reject$1 !y devis$ sev]al plans = ! de/ruction ( ,ohonamo*i1 :i* 7 all unsuccessful4 ,he 0 !n advis$ to g to ! ,ne!rdi/ant l&1 ! abode ( ,susa no wo4 ,9 accordance ) ?is c\nsel1 he w5t to ! dwell+ ( ,susa no wo4 ,on arriv+ !re he 0 met by 8 daught] ,sus]i-hime1 :o m>ri$ him1 & !n return+ )9 told h] fa!r t a v beautiful deity _h arriv$4 ,! ,great ,deity came out1 & look+ at him said1 ',?is is ! deity call$ ! ,ugly-male-deity ( ! ,re$-,pla94 ,!reupon he invit$ him 91 & made him sleep 9 ! snake-*amb]4 ,n[ 8 wife ,sus]i-hime gave h] husb& a snake-sc>f1 say+1 ',:5 ! snakes are ab\t to bite !e1 drive !m away by wav+ ?is sc>f ?rice4' ,he did z %e _h in/ruct$ him1 & ! snakes 7 quiet$1 s t he came =? aga9 aft] a peaceful sleep4 ,aga91 on ! night ( ! next day1 he 0 put into ! c5tip$e & wasp *amb]2 b z 8 wife aga9 gave him a c5tip$e-&-wasp sc>f1 & in/ruct$ him z be=e1 he came =? unh>m$4 ,aga9 ,susa no wo %ot a :izz+ arr[ into ! middle ( a great moor1 & bid him fet* x4 ,:5 ,ohonamo*i w5t out to ! moor1 ,susa no wo set fire to x all r\nd4 ,ohonamo*i c\ld f9d no way ( escape until a rat appe>$1 & said1 ',)9 'tis holl[-holl[1 )\t 'tis n>r[-n>r[4' ,he>+ ?is1 ,ohonamo*i /amp$ ^u ! place1 & fell 91 & hid himself until ! fire _h burnt pa/4 ,!n ! rat came ) ! :izz+ arr[ 9 its m\? & pres5t$ x to him4 ,! fea!rs ( ! arr[ _h all be5 gnaw$ by ! rat's *ildr54 ,h]eupon 8 wife ,sus]i-hime came weep+ & br++ ! fun]al ?+s4 ,h] fa!r1 ! ,great ,deity1 ?9k+ t ,ohonamo*i 0 already dead1 w5t out & /ood on ! moor4 ,ohonamo*i br\ght him ! arr[ & pres5t$ x to him4 ,susa no wo took him into ! h\se1 & call+ him into a l>ge *amb] ( _m mats1 bid him cat* ! lice on 8 head4 ,ohonamo*i look$ at 8 head1 & saw t x 0 sw>m+ ) c5tip$es4 ,!n 8 wife gave him b]ries ( ! muku tree & r$ e>?4 ,he *ew$ up ! b]ries & took ! r$ e>? into 8 m\?4 ,!n he spat !m out1 & ! ,great ,deity ?\ght t he _h *ew$ up & spat out ! c5tip$es1 & feel+ fond ( him 9 8 he>t1 fell asleep4 ,ohonamo*i !n took hold ( ! hair ( ! ,great ,deity & ti$ x to ! raft]s ( ! *amb]4 ,block+ up ! door ) a five-hundr$-pull rock1 he took 8 wife ,sus]i-hime on 8 back & made 8 escape1 c>ry+ ) him ! ,great ,deity's live-sword1 live b[ & arr[s1 & speak+ lute ( ,heav54 ,! speak+ lute ( ,heav5 bru%$ aga9/ a tree & ! e>? res\nd$4 ,! ,great ,deity 0 />tl$ out ( 8 sleep by ! s\nd & pull$ d[n ! *amb]4 ,b :ile he 0 unloos+ 8 hair f ! raft]s ,ohonamo*i fl$ a long way (f4 ,! ,great ,deity pursu$ him to ! ,ev5 ,pass ( ,yomi1 & look+ at him f af>1 call$ to him & said1 ',) ! live sword & live b[ & arr[s :i* ?\ be>e/1 pursue ?y half-bre?r5 till !y lie d[n on ! l[] slopes ( ! passes1 pursue !m till !y are swept into ! riv] rapids4 ,be ?\ ! deity ,oho-kuni-nu%i 7great-l&-ma/]7 & ! deity ,utsu%i-kuni-dama 7real-l&-_s74 ,make my daught] ,sus]i-hime ?y consort1 & bas+ ?y /\t palace-pill>s on ! bottom rock at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,uka1 & exalt+ ?y crossbeams to ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 dwell !re1 ?\ rogue4' ,:5 ,ohonamo*i _h driv5 away & disp]s$ ! eighty deities1 he pursu$ !m till !y lay d[n on ! l[] slopes ( e pass1 & pursu$ !m till !y 7 swept into ! rapids ( e riv]4 ,!n did he beg9 to make ! l&4 ,he 0 assi/$ 9 do+ s by a dw>f deity call$ ,sukuna-bikona1 :o wore g>m5ts ( bird sk9s & came ov] ! sea 9 a t9y boat4 ,!re is probably "s e*o ( real hi/ory 9 ! my?s ( ,susa no wo1 ,ohonamo*i1 & ,sukuna-bikona4 ,idzumo1 ! sc5e ( _! do+s1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ c5tres ( civilization & religion 9 ,japan1 & its position ov] aga9/ ,korea is significant 9 view ( ! leg5ds :i* connect ,susa no wo ) t c\ntry4 ,! incid5t ( ,sukuna-bikona's arrival by sea1 clo!d 9 bird sk9s1 seems to indicate an acqua9tance ) "s nor!rn tribes1 :o1 l ! ,kurile isl&]s at ?is day1 wore g>m5ts ( ?is mat]ial4 ,?is ,ohonamo*i my? belongs to a class ( /ories ! ma9 features ( :i* h be5 ?us outl9$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,lang3 ,a "y man is br\ght to ! home ( a ho/ile animal1 a giant1 cannibal1 wiz>d1 or malevol5t k+4 ,he is put by 8 unfri5dly ho/ to v>i\s sev]e trials1 9 :i* x is hop$ t he w p]i%4 ,9 ea* trial he is assi/$ by ! daught] ( 8 ho/4 ,aft] a*iev+ ! adv5tures1 he elopes ) ! girl & is pursu$ by ! fa!r4 ,mr4 ,lang goes on to speak ( ! articles ?r[n d[n by ! runaways 9 _! flight4 ,?is "p ( ! /ory belongs 9 ,japanese my? to ! hi/ory ( ,izanagi & ,izanami4#ha ,n9igi4--,! dyna/y ( ,susa no wo 0 n recogniz$ by ! ,gods ( ,heav54 ,!y s5t d[n sev]al o!r deities to prep>e ! _w = ! adv5t ( ,n9igi1 a gr&*ild ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 z its rul]4 ,"s v]sions ( ! /ory make ,taka-musubi ! *ief actor 9 ^! proce$+s1 9 o!rs ! ,sun-,goddess is m prom95t4 ,"o ( ! deities s5t d[n = ?is purpose 0 ,ame-waka-hiko 7heav5-"y-pr9ce74 ,! ,nihongi says3-- ,z soon z he arriv$ he took to wife ,%ita-t]u-hime1 ! daught] ( ,utsu%i-kuni-dama4 ,accord+ly he rema9$1 & said3 ',i1 too1 wi% to gov]n ! ,c5tral ,l& ( ,re$-,pla9s4' ,he nev] report$ ! result ( 8 mission4 ,at ?is "t ,taka-musubi1 wond]+ :y he 0 s long 9 com+ & mak+ 8 report1 s5t ! pheasant ,na-naki to obs]ve4 ,! pheasant flew d[n & p]*$ on ! top ( a _m-bran*$ cassia-tree :i* grew be=e ,ame-waka-hiko's gate4 ,n[ ,ama-no ,sagu-me 7heav5-spy+-woman7 saw ?is1 & told ,ame-waka-hiko1 say+3 ',a /range bird has come & is p]*$ on ! top ( ! cassia-tree4' ,!n ,ame-waka-hiko took ! heav5ly de]-b[ & ! heav5ly fea!r$ arr[s :i* _h be5 giv5 him by ,taka-mi-musubi no ,mikoto1 & %ot ! pheasant1 s t x di$4 ,! arr[ hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! pheasant's brea/1 came be=e :]e ,taka-mi-musubi no ,kami 0 sitt+4 ,!n ,taka-mi-musubi no ,kami1 see+ ?is arr[1 said3 ',?is arr[ ,i =m]ly gave to ,ame-waka-hiko4 ,x is /a9$ ) blood1 x may be because he has be5 fight+ ) ! ,e>?ly ,deities4' ,!reupon ,taka-mi-musubi no ,mikoto took up ! arr[ & flung x back d[n 7to e>?74 ,?is arr[1 :5 x fell1 hit ,ame-waka-hiko on ! top ( 8 brea/4 ,at ?is "t ,ame-waka-hiko 0 ly+ d[n aft] ! fea/ ( fir/-fruits1 & :5 hit by ! arr[ di$ imm$iately4 ,! s\nd ( ! weep+ & m\rn+ ( ,ame-waka-hiko's wife ,%ita-t]u-hime rea*$ ,heav54 ,at ?is "t ,ame no ,kuni-dama1 he>+ ! voice ( h] cry+1 /raightway knew t h] son1 ,ame-waka-hiko1 0 dead1 & s5t d[n a swift w9d to br+ ! body up to ,heav54 ,=?) a mortu>y h\se 0 made1 9 :i* x 0 tempor>ily deposit$4 ,! riv]-geese 7 made head-hang+ be>]s & also broom-be>]s1 ! k+fi%] 0 made ! repres5tative ( ! deceas$1 ! sp>r[s 7 made ! p\nd+-wom51 & ! wr5s ! m\rn]s4 ,altoge!r ! assembl$ birds 7 entru/$ ) ! matt]4 ,= eight days & eight nights !y wept & sang dirges4 ,futsunu%i & ,take-mika-tsu*i4--,f9ally1 ! deities ,futsunu%i & ,take-mika-tsu*i#hb 7 s5t d[n to prep>e ,japan = ,n9igi's reception4 ,! two deities desc5d$ & arriv$ at ! ,little ,%ore ( ,itasa 9 ,idzumo1 & ask$ ,ohonamo*i1 say+3 ',wilt ?\ deliv] up ?is c\ntry to ! ,heav5ly ,deity1 or n8' ,he answ]$ & said3 ',i w n all[ x4' ,!reupon ,futsunu%i return$ upw>ds1 & made 8 report4 ,n[ ,taka-mi-musubi s5t ! two ,gods back aga91 & comm&$ ,ohonamo*i1 say+3 ',hav+ n[ he>d :at ?\ ha/ said1 ,i f9d t !re is pr(\nd reason 9 ?y words4 ,!re=e aga9 ,i issue my comm&s to !e m circum/antially1 t is to say3 ,let ! public matt]s :i* ?\ ha/ *>ge ( be conduct$ by my gr&*ild1 & d ?\ rule div9e affairs4 ,moreov]1 if ?\ wilt dwell 9 ! palace ( ,ama no ,hi-sumi1 ,i w n[ build x = !e4 ,i w take a ?\s& fa?om rope ( ! 7b>k ( !7 pap] mulb]ry1 & tie x 9 #ahj knots4 ,z to ! dim5sions ( ! build+ ( ! palace1 its pill>s %all be high & massy1 & its planks broad & ?ick4 ,i w also cultivate ?y rice-fields = !e1 &1 = ?y provision :5 ?\ goe/ to take pleasure on ! sea1 ,i w make = !e a high bridge1 a float+ bridge1 & also a ,heav5ly bird-boat4 ,moreov]1 on ! ,tranquil ,riv] ( ,heav5 ,i w make a fly+ bridge4 ,i w also make = !e :ite %ields ( #ahj seams1 & ,ame no ,ho-hi no ,mikoto %all be ! presid5t ( ! fe/ivals 9 ?y hon\r4' ,h]eupon ,ohonamo*i answ]$ & said3 ',! in/ructions ( ! ,heav5ly ,deity are s c\rte\s t ,i may n presume to disobey 8 comm&s4 ,let ! ,augu/ ,gr&*ild direct ! public affairs ( :i* ,i h *>ge4 ,i w retire & direct secret matt]s4' ,s he introduc$ ,kunado no ,kami to ! two ,gods1 say+3 ',he w take my place & w yield respectful ob$i5ce4 ,i w )draw & dep>t h5ce4' ,he =?) inve/$ him ) ! pure ,yasaka jewels1 & !n became conceal$ = ev]4 ,!re=e ,futsunu%i no ,kami appo9t$ ,kunado no ,kami z guide1 & w5t on a circuit ( pacification4 ,any :o 7 rebelli\s to 8 au?ority he put to dea?1 :ile ^? :o r5d]$ ob$i5ce 7 rew>d$4 ,! *iefs ( ^? :o at ?is "t r5d]$ ob$i5ce 7 ,oho-mono-nu%i & ,koto-%iro-nu%i4 ,ano!r v]sion adds t-- ,he took ! broad spe>#hc :i* he _h us$ z a /aff :5 he 0 pacify+ ! l&1 & gave x to ! two ,gods say+3 ',by means ( ?is spe> ,i 0 at la/ successful4 ,if ! ,heav5ly ,gr&*ild w use ?is spe> to rule ! l&1 he w und\bt$ly subdue x to tranquillity4 ,i am n[ ab\t to )draw to ! concealm5t ( ! eighty road-w9d+s4' ,hav+ said ^! words1 he at l5g? became conceal$4#hd ,!reupon ! two ,gods put to dea? all ! rebelli\s spirits & ,deities4 ,:5 ,n9igi 0 ab\t to desc5d to e>?1 ! ,sun-,goddess address$ him1 say+3 ',?is ,re$-pla9-#aejj-;autumns-fair-e>s ,l& is ! region :i* my desc5dants %all be lords (4 ,d ?\1 my ,augu/ ,gr&*ild1 proce$ ?i!r & gov]n x4 ,g6 & may prosp]ity att5d ?y dyna/y1 & may x1 l ,heav5 & ,e>?1 endure = ev]4' ,:5 he 0 ab\t to desc5d1 "o :o _h be5 s5t 9 advance to cle> ! way1 return$ & said3 ',!re is "o ,god :o dwells at ! eight-crossroads ( ,heav51 ! l5g? ( ^: nose is sev5 h&s1 & ^: /ature is m ?an sev5 fa?oms4 ,moreov]1 a light %9es f 8 m\? & f 8 po/]iors4 ,8 eye-balls are l an eight-h& mirror1 & h a ruddy gl[ l ! physalis4' ,!reupon he s5t "o ( 8 att5dant ,deities to g & make inquiry4 ,n[ among all ! eighty myriads ( ,deities1 !re 0 n "o :o c\ld confront him & make inquiry4 ,!re=e he specially comm&$ ,ame no ,uzume1 say+3 ',?\ art sup]ior to o!rs 9 ! p[] ( ?y looks4 ,?\ had/ bett] g & "q him4' ,s ,ame no ,uzume =?) b>$ h] brea/s1 &1 pu%+ d[n ! b& ( h] g>m5t bel[ h] navel1 confront$ him ) a mock+ laugh4 ,!n ! ,god ( ! crossways ask$ h] say+3 ',ame no ,uzume6 ,:at meane/ ?\ by ?is behavi\r8' ,%e answ]$ & said3 ',i make bold to ask :o art ?\1 t do/ ?us rema9 9 ! road by :i* ! *ild ( ,ama-t]asu no ,oho-kami is to make 8 progress8' ,! ,god ( ! crossways answ]$ & said3 ',i h he>d t ! *ild ( ,ama-t]asu no ,oho-kami is n[ ab\t to desc5d1 & !re=e ,i h come respectfully to meet & att5d ^u him4 ,my "n is ,s>uta-hiko no ,oho-kami4' ,!n ,ame no ,uzume aga9 inquir$ ( him1 say+3 ',wilt ?\ g be=e me1 or %all ,i g be=e !e8' ,he answ]$ & said3 ',i w g be=e & be 8 h>b+]4' ,ame no ,uzume return$ & report$ ^! circum/ances4 ,!reupon ! ,augu/ ,gr&*ild1 leav+ ! heav5ly rock-seat1 & ?ru/+ ap>t ! eight-pil$ cl\ds ( ,heav51 clove 8 way ) an awful way-cleav+1 & desc5d$ to e>?4 ,he alight$ on a m\nta9 9 ! we/]n isl& ( ,kiu%iu4 ,he 0 att5d$ by ! ance/ors ( ! five be1 or h]$it>y gov]nm5t corporations1 viz43 ! ,nakatomi1 ! ,imbe1 ! ,s>ume1 ! mirror-mak]s be1 & ! jewell]s be1 to :i* "s acc\nts add sev]al o!rs4 ,n9igi took to wife ,konohana-sakuyahime 7! lady bloom+ l ! fl[]s ( ! trees74 ,h] fa!r ,oho-yamatsu mi 7great-m\nta9 p]son7 _h (f]$ him bo? 8 daught]s1 b ! eld] 0 reject$ by ,n9igi z be+ too ugly4 ,h] "n 0 ,iha-naga-hime 7rock-long-lady74 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is *oice 7 disa/r\s to 8 desc5dants4 ,iha-naga-hime1 9 h] %ame & res5tm5t1 utt]$ a curse & said3 ,! race ( visible m5 %all *ange swiftly l ! fl[]s ( ! trees & %all decay & pass away4 ,?is is ! reason :y ! life ( man is s %ort4 ,:5 ! "t came = ! y\ng] si/]'s deliv]y1 %e %ut h]self up 9 a doorless %$1 :i*1 on ! bir? ( h] ?ree *ildr51 %e set fire to1 ) ! object ( cle>+ h]self f c]ta9 suspicions :i* h] husb& _h ent]ta9$ ( h] fidelity4 ,if1 said %e1 ! *ildr5 are really ! (fspr+ ( ! ,heav5ly ,gr&*ild1 ! fire _c h>m !m4 ,! *ildr5 & _! "m came =? unhurt1 & 7 !reupon recogniz$ by ,n9igi z 8 true (fspr+ & wife4 ,! doorless %$ "h m5tion$1 is a p>turition h\se4#he ,x 0 ! cu/om 9 anci5t ,japan = wom51 :5 ! "t drew ne> = _! deliv]y1 to retire to a %$ specially con/ruct$ to receive !m1 s t contam9ation to ! dwell+-h\se might be avoid$4 ,?is 0 /ill ! practice 9 ! isl& ( ,ha*ij 9 #ahgh1 & ev5 9 ,japan no long] ?an a c5tury ago4 ,! burn+ ( ! p>turition h\se repres5ts ! ordeal by fire1 :i*1 ) ! ordeal by boil+ wat] or mud1 is well kn[n 9 ,japan4 ,ho no ,susori & ,hohodemi4--,! /ory conc]ns itself no fur!r ) ! y\nge/ ( ^! ?ree *ildr54 ,( ! o!rs1 ! eld]1 nam$ ,ho no ,susori1 became a fi%]man1 & ! y\ng]1 ,hohodemi1 a hunt]4 ,ho no ,susori once propos$ to 8 bro!r to ex*ange _! respective call+s4 ,hohodemi accord+ly gave ov] to 8 eld] bro!r 8 b[ & arr[s & receiv$ a fi%hook 9 return4 ,b nei!r ( !m pr(it$ by ! ex*ange1 s ,ho no ,susori gave back to 8 bro!r ! b[ & arr[s & dem&$ f him ! fi%-hook4 ,hohodemi1 h[ev]1 _h 9 ! meantime lo/ x 9 ! sea4 ,he took 8 sword & =g$ f x a numb] ( new fi%-hooks :i* he pil$ up 9 a w9n[+ tray & (f]$ to 8 bro!r by way ( comp5sation4 ,b ! latt] w\ld h none b 8 own1 & dem&$ x s vehem5tly ( ,hohodemi z to grieve him bitt]ly4 ,hohodemi w5t d[n to ! sea-%ore & /ood !re lam5t+1 :5 !re appe>$ to him ! ,old ,man ( ! ,sea1 by ^: advice he desc5d$ into ! sea dep?s to ! abode ( ! ,god ( ! ,sea1 a /ately palace ) l(ty t[]s & battlem5ts4 ,be=e ! gate !re 0 a well1 & ov] ! well grew a ?ick-bran*+ cassia tree1 into :i* ,hohodemi climb$4 ,! ,sea-,god's daught] ,toyo-tama-hime 7ri* jewel maid57 !n came out f ! palace to draw wat]4 ,%e saw ,hohodemi's face reflect$ 9 ! well1 & return+ )9 report$ to h] fa!r t %e _h se5 a beautiful y\? 9 ! tree :i* grew by ! well4 ,hohodemi 0 c\rte\sly receiv$ by ! ,sea-,god1 ,toyo-tama-hiko 7ri* jewel pr9ce7 :o :5 he he>d 8 err&1 summon$ be=e him all ! fi%es ( ! sea & made inquiry ( !m = ! lo/ fi% hook1 :i* 0 ev5tually discov]$ 9 ! m\? ( ! ,tai4 ,toyo-tama-hiko deliv]$ x to ,hohodemi1 tell+ him :5 he gave x back to 8 bro!r to say a hook ( pov]ty1 a hook ( ru91 a hook ( d[nfall1 to spit twice & to h& x ov] ) av]t$ face4 ,hohodemi m>ri$ ! ,sea-,god's daught] ,toyo-tama-hime & rema9$ ) h] = ?ree ye>s4 ,he !n became home-sick & return$ to ! upp] _w4 ,on ! bea* :]e he came to l&1 he built = 8 wife1 :o 0 soon to foll[1 a p>turition h\se :i* he ?at*$ ) cormorant's fea!rs4 ,! ro(+ 0 /ill unf9i%$ :5 %e arriv$1 rid+ on a great tortoise4 ,%e w5t /raight into ! hut1 begg+ h] husb& n to look at h]4 ,b ,hohodemi's curiosity 0 too /rong = him4 ,he peep$ 91 & behold6 8 wife _h become *ang$ into a wani 7sea-mon/] or dragon71 eight fa?oms long4 ,deeply indignant at ! disgrace put ^u h]1 ,toyo-tama-hime ab&on$ h] new-born *ild to ! c>e ( h] si/]1 & b>r+ beh9d h] ! sea-pa? 9 su* a way t f t day to ?is all communication betwe5 ! realms ( l& & sea has be5 cut (f1 return$ ha/ily to h] fa!r's palace4 ,! *ild ?us born 0 ! fa!r ( ,jimmu ,t5no1 ! fir/ human sov]eign ( ,japan4 ,hohodemi's tr\bles ) 8 eld] bro!r 7 r5ew$ on 8 arrival home4 ,he 0 oblig$ to use aga9/ him two talismans giv5 him by 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,"o ( ^! _h ! virtue ( mak+ ! tide fl[ & subm]ge ,ho no ,susori & ?us compel him to sue = m]cy 7ano!r acc\nt says t ,hohodemi :i/l$ & !reby rais$ ! w9d & ! sea74 ,!n by a second talisman ! tide 0 made to rec$e & ,ho no ,susori's life 0 sp>$4 ,he yield$ complete submission to 8 y\ng] bro!r1 & promis$ t he & 8 desc5dants to all g5]ations w\ld s]ve ,hohodemi & 8 successors z mimes & bonds]vants4 ,! ,nihongi adds t 9 t day x 0 /ill cu/om>y = ! ,hayato 7or ,imp]ial gu>ds71 :o 7 desc5d$ f ,ho no ,susori1 to p]=m a mimic dance be=e ! ,mikados1 ! desc5dants & successors ( ,hohodemi1 9 :i* ! dr[n+ /ruggles ( _! ance/or 7 repres5t$4 ,! ca/le-gate & ! tree be=e x1 at ! bottom ( :i* is a well :i* s]ves z a mirror1 =m a comb9ation n unkn[n to ,european folk-lore4 ,we may also note ! p>tiality ev9c$ = ! y\ng] ( two bro!rs1 ! virtue ( spitt+ & ( set =ms ( spee* to br+ good or ill luck1 & ( :i/l+ to raise ! w9d4 ,!re are sev]al features 9 ?is /ory :i* betray a rec5t orig9 & =eign influ5ces4 ,a comp>atively advanc$ civilization is indicat$ by ! sword & fi%-hooks =g$ ( iron 7! ,hom]ic fi%-hook 0 ( horn74 ,! in/itution ( ! ,hayato z ,imp]ial ,gu>ds belongs to a p]iod n v long antec$5t to ! date ( ! ,nihongi & ,kojiki4 ,! palace ( ! sea-dep?s & its ,dragon-k+ are ( ,*9ese1 & !re=e ( rec5t1 orig94 ,! comp>atively mod]n "* ( ?is important l9k 9 ! g5ealogy :i* traces back ! desc5t ( ! ,mikados to ! ,sun-,goddess confirms ! view t ! s-call$ ance/or-wor%ip ( ! anci5t ,japanese is a lat] accretion ^u :at 0 9 its orig9 a wor%ip ( ! p[]s ( ,nature4 ,jimmu ,t5n4--,?\gh x is difficult to draw cle>ly a l9e :i* %all divide religi\s my? f leg5d ) an hi/orical k]nel1 we may conv5i5tly assume t 9 ,japan ! latt] beg9s ) ! /ory ( ,jimmu1 z x has 9 all probability a f\ndation 9 actual fact1 namely1 ! conque/ ( ,c5tral ,japan by an invad+ army f ! we/]n isl& ( ,kiu%iu "s c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian epo*4 ,jimmu ,t5n is said to h be5 ! y\nge/ ( f\r bro!rs1 :o liv$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiuga4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! age ( =ty-five1 he address$ 8 eld] bro!rs & 8 *ildr51 say+3 ,( old1 our ,heav5ly ,deities1 ,taka-mi-musubi1 & ,oho-hiru-me1 gave ?is l& ( fair rice-e>s ( ! f]tile re$-pla9 to our ,heav5ly ance/or1 ,hiko-ho no n9igi4 ,n[ ,i h he>d f ! old sea-fa!r t 9 ! ea/ !re is a fair l& encircl$ by blue m\nta9s4 ,let u make our capital !re4 ,s on ! fif? day ( ! t5? mon? ( ! ye> correspond+ to ,b4,c4 #fjghf !y sail$ nor?w>ds1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! ,bungo ,*annel arriv$ at ,usa1#hg ne> ! ,/rait ( ,%imonoseki4 ,at ?is "t !re appe>$ ! ance/ors ( ! local *iefta9s ( ,usa1 nam$ ,usa-tsu-hiko & ,usa-tsu-hime1 :o built a palace rais$ on "o pill> on ! bank ( ! ,riv] ,usa1 & (f]$ !m a banquet4 ,!n1 by imp]ial comm&1 ,usa-tsu-hime 0 giv5 9 m>riage to ! ,emp]or's att5dant m9i/] ,ama no tane1 ! remote ance/or ( ! ,nakatomi ,h\se4 ,proce$+ on _! voyage ea/w>ds ?r\gh ! inl& sea1 ,jimmu & 8 bro!rs arriv$ at ! entrance ( ! riv] :i* falls into ! sea ne> saka4 ,"h !y enc\nt]$ a swift curr5t1 = :i* reason t place 0 call$ ,nami-haya 7wave-swift7 or ,nami-hana 7wave-fl[]7 ( :i* ,nani-ha 7a lat] poetical "n ( saka7 0 ?\ght a corruption4#hh ,! fir/ enc\nt] ( ,jimmu's =ces ) ! inhabitants ( ?is "p ( ,japan 0 n to _! advantage3-- ,! ,emp]or 0 vex$1 & said3 ',i am ! desc5dant ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 & if ,i proce$ aga9/ ! ,sun to attack ! enemy1 ,i %all act contr>y to ! way ( ,heav54 ,bett] to retreat & make a %[ ( weakness4 ,!n sacrific+ to ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & br++ on our backs ! might ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 let u foll[ h] rays & trample !m d[n4' ,subsequ5tly he proce$$ s\?w>ds to ,kumano1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ki1 :]e he emb>k$ ) 8 army 9 ! ,rock-boat ( ,heav54 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! sea !y sudd5ly met ) a viol5t w9d1 & ,jimmu's %ip 0 toss$ ab\t4 ,!n ,ina-ihi1 "o ( ,jimmu's eld] bro!rs1 exclaim$1 ,alas6 my ance/ors 7 ,heav5ly ,deities & my "m 0 a ,goddess ( ! ,sea4 ,:y d !y h>ass me by l&1 & :y1 moreov]1 d !y h>ass me by sea4 ,s he drew 8 sword & plung$ into ! sea1 :]e he became *ang$ into ! ,god ,sabimo*i4#hi ,ano!r bro!r ( ! ,emp]or1 ,mike ,ir9o1 also indignant at ?is1 said3 ,my "m & my aunt are bo? ,sea-,goddesses3 :y d !y raise great bill[s to ov]:elm u8 ,s tread+ ^u ! waves1 he w5t to ! ,et]nal ,l&4 ,at ?is "t ! ,gods bel*$ up a poison\s vap\r1 :i* p>alyz$ ! en]gies ( ,jimmu's troops4 ,!n !re 0 !re a man by "n ,kumano no ,takakuraji1 :o _h a dream1 9 :i* ,ama-t]asu no ,ohokami spoke to ,take-mika-tsu*i no ,kami1 say+3 ',i /ill he> a s\nd ( di/urbance f ! ,c5tral ,l& ( ,re$-,pla9s4 ,d ?\ aga9 g & *a/ise x4' ,take-mika-tsu*i no ,kami answ]$ & said3 ',ev5 if ,i g n1 ,i c s5d d[n my sword1 ) :i* ,i subdu$ ! l&1 ^u :i* ! c\ntry w ( its own accord become peaceful4' ,to ?is ,ama-t]asu no ,kami ass5t$4 ,!reupon ,take-mika-tsu*i no ,kami address$ ,takakuraji1 say+3 ',my sword1 :i* is call$ ,futsu no ,mitama1 ,i w n[ place 9 ?y /oreh\se4 ,d ?\ take x & pres5t x to ! ,heav5ly ,gr&*ild4' ,takakuraji said3 ',yes1' & !reupon awoke4 ,! next morn+1 z in/ruct$ 9 8 dream1 he op5$ ! /oreh\se1 & on look+ 9 !re 0 inde$ !re a sword :i* _h fall5 d[n 7f ,heav571 & 0 /&+ po9t upw>ds on ! plank floor ( ! /oreh\se4 ,s he took x & (f]$ x to ! ,emp]or4 ,!n ,ama-t]asu no ,oho-kami in/ruct$ ! ,emp]or 9 a dream ( ! night1 say+3 ',i w n[ s5d !e ! ,yata-g>asu1#ij make x ?y guide ?r\gh ! l&4' ,^u :i* ! ,yata-g>asu came fly+ d[n f ! ,void1 & s]v$ z a guide to ! army4 ,! progress ( ! ,imp]ial troops be+ aga9 ob/ruct$ by ! enemy1 ! ,emp]or pray$ & !n fell asleep4 ,! ,heav5ly ,deity appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & in/ruct$ him to take e>? f )9 ! %r9e ( ! ,heav5ly ,m\nt ,kagu1 & ( x to make eighty heav5ly platt]s4 ,moreov]1 he 0 to make sacr$ j>s1 & !re) sacrifice to ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 pron\nc+ at ! same "t a solemn imprecation4 ,?is _h ! desir$ effect ( disp]s+ ! enemy4 ,! ,emp]or proce$$ to utt] a v[1 say+3 ,i w n[ make ame#ia 9 ! eighty platt]s1 us+ no wat]4 ,if ! ame =ms1 !n %all ,i assur$ly1 )\t ef=t & )\t rec\rse to arms1 r$uce ! ,empire to peace4 ,! ame became =m$ ( itself4 ,aga9 he made a v[1 say+3-- ',i w n[ take ! sacr$ j>s & s9k !m 9 ! ,riv] ,nifu4 ,if ! fi%es1 great or small1 become e "o drunk5 & are c>ri$ d[n ! /ream l float+ leaves1 !n %all ,i assur$ly succe$ 9 e/abli%+ ! l&4' ,s he sank ! j>s 9 ! riv]1 ) _! m\?s turn$ d[nw>d1 & aft] a :ile ! fi% all came to ! surface1 gap+ & gasp+ z !y float$ d[n ! /ream4 ,! ,emp]or !n comm&$ ,mi*i no ,omi1 say+3 ',we are n[ 9 p]son#ib ab\t to celebrate a fe/ival to ,taka-mi-musubi4 ,i appo9t !e ,rul] ( ! fe/ival1 & grant !e ! title ( ,idzu-hime4#ic ,! e>!n j>s :i* are set up %all be call$ ! ,idzube1 or sacr$ j>s2 ! fire %all be call$ ,idzu no ,kagu-tsu*i1 or sacr$-fire-fa!r2 ! wat] %all be call$ ,idzu no ,midzu-ha no me1 or sacr$-wat]-female2 ! food %all be call$ ,idzu-uka no me1 or sacr$-food-female2 ! firewood %all be call$ ,idzu no ,yama-tsu*i1 or sacr$-m\nta9-fa!r2 & ! grass %all be call$ ,idzu no ,no-tsu*i1 or sacr$-moor-fa!r4' ,9 ,w9t]1 ! #aj? mon?1 on ! #a/ day1#id ! ,emp]or ta/$ ! food ( ! ,idzube1 & array+ 8 troops set =? ^u 8 m>*4 ,among ^? :o made submission to ,jimmu 0 ,nigi-haya-hi1 ( :om x is told t he 0 a *ild ( ! ,heav5ly ,deity1 :o _h come d[n f ,heav5 rid+ 9 ! ,rock-boat ( ,heav51 & m>ri$ ! si/] ( a local *iefta9 nam$ ,naga-sune-hiko 7,pr9ce ,long-%anks74 ,8 "n & t ( 8 son appe> v frequ5tly 9 ! ,%jiroku g5ealogies4 ,jimmu took to wife a daught] ( ! ,god ,koto-%iro-nu%i1 or1 accord+ to ! ,kojiki1 ,oho-mono-nu%i1 by a mortal woman1 & hav+ e/abli%$ 8 capital at ,ka%i-hab>a1 9 ,yamato1 ,b4,c4 #ffj1ie reign$ !re until 8 dea?1 ,b4,c4 #ehe1 at ! age ( #abg4 ,,footnotes3 #ea ,see ',rig-v$a1' x4 #abi1 = a simil> rationali/ic diss]tation on ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,"h & bel[ ! italics indicate translations4 #eb ,9 ,*9ese1 ,y9 & ,yang4 ,! ,y9 is ! d>k1 negative1 passive1 fem99e1 & t]r5e pr9ciple2 ! ,yang is light1 positive1 active1 male1 & cele/ial4 #ec ',philosophy ( ,religion1' i4 #bfi4 #ed ,into human %ape is ano!r v]sion4 #ee ,i %all usually omit ?is purely honorific addition to ! names ( ,japanese ,gods & sov]eigns4 #ef ,hirata says t ! five g5]ations ( deities :i* 9 ! ,kojiki prec$e ,izanagi & ,izanami are only names descriptive ( ! successive /ages ( =mation ( ^! deities4 ,_! functions are obscure1 & !y h no %r9es or wor%ip4 ,!y are unnecess>y1 z all t are requir$ are two ,gods = ! creation ( ,heav51 two ( ,yomi & two ( ,e>?4 #eg ,!re is a close association 9 ,hebrew betwe5 ! ideas ( creation & begett+4 ,b>a1 create1 & jalad1 beget1 are (t5 int]*ang$4 #eh ,see ,index4 #ei ,see ,index4 #fj ,x 0 depriv$ ( ?is "* soon aft] by ord] ( ! ,mikado's ,gov]nm5t1 ! only monum5t ( ! old cult left /&+ be+ ,nantai 7male =m71 a m\nta9 :i* t[]s above ,nikko to ! height ( #h1ejj feet4 #fa ',sociology1' ii4 #agg4 #fb ,see ,index1 ',circumambulation4' ,also ,simpson's ',pray+ ,:eel1' p4 #bhe1 & ,jevons's ',introduction to ,religion1' p4 #baj4 ,! correspond+ ,highl& c]emony1 call$ ,deasil1 is describ$ 9 ,sir ,walt] ,scott's ',fair ,maid ( ,p]?4' ,see also ,br&'s ',briti% ,antiquities4' #fc ,i #cbd4 #fd ,a /rong suspicion ( ,*9ese orig9 atta*es to ^! elem5tal gods4 #fe ,! significance ( ! wo-ba%ira1 or end-too?1 is expla9$ else:]e4 ,see ,index4 #ff ,see ,index--',pea*4' #fg ,deifi$ z ,*i-gahe%i no ,oho-kami 7road-s5d-back-great-deity74 #fh ,muir's ',sanskrit ,texts1' v4 #cbj4 #fi ,see ,murray's ',japan1' fif? edition1 p4 #djh4 #gj ,see ,index4 #ga ,see ,dr4 ,tylor's ',primitive ,culture1' ii4 #dce4 #gb ,z ,horus1 9 ,egyptian my?1 confronts ! p[]s ( d>kness4 #gc ,! ,milky ,way3 a ,*9ese expression4 #gd ,?is is "o ( sev]al miracul\s bir?s & pregnancies 9 ,japanese my?4 ,mank9d h a root$ prop5sity = imag9+ t x is possible to improve on ! means orda9$ = ?is purpose by ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,see ,mr4 ,h>tl&'s ',leg5d ( ,p]seus' = num]\s examples4 #ge ,! ,kiujiki makes ,masa-ya1 c41 ! son ( ! ,sun-,goddess by ,takamusubi4 #gf ,repres5t$ at ,ise by danc]s call$ tonako 7bird-cry74 #gg ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' second edition1 i4 #aae4 #gh ,see index--',riv]-deities4' #gi ,see above1 p4 #ij4 #hj ,ano!r au?ority makes ,uka no mitama a daught] ( ,izanagi & ,izanami4 #ha ,see above1 p4 #ic4 #hb ,see ,index--,futsunu%i4 #hc ,l ,od91 :o l5ds 8 spe> ,gungmir to h]oes to w9 victories )4 #hd ,i4e41 di$4 #he ,x 0 an ,arab cu/om 9 c]ta9 places to build a hut outside ! camp1 :]e ! p>turi5t woman _h to /ay = a "t4--,welhaus54 #hf ,!re 0 no (ficial recognition ( ! art ( writ+ 9 ,japan until ,a4,d4 #dje1 & no m5tion ( cal5d>s until ,a4,d4 #eec4 ,s mu* = ! au!nticity ( ! above date4 #hg ,usa is n on ! direct r\te f ,hiuga to ,yamato4 ,x 0 no d\bt introduc$ because ?is place 0 anci5tly a fam\s c5tre ( ,%9to wor%ip4 #hh ,?is is a specim5 ( ! num]\s d]ivations ( ! ,jimmu n>rative4 ,! ,idzumo ,fudoki is also full ( infantile etymologies1 :i* h usually a scrap ( leg5d atta*$ to !m4 #hi ,blade-hold]4 #ij ,yata-g>asu means eight-h&-cr[4 ,! guidance ( conqu]ors or coloni/s to _! de/9ation by a sup]natural bird or bea/ is a famili> feature ( old-_w /ory4 #ia ,ame is ! "n ( a sweet sub/ance made f millet1 ( ! same nature z our malt extract4 #ib ,! ,mikado deput$ mo/ ( 8 prie/ly functions to ! ,nakatomi4 #ic ,idzu-hime means dread or sacr$ pr9cess4 ,mi*i no ,omi 7m9i/] ( ! way7 seems !re=e to h be5 giv5 a fem99e title = ! occasion1 no d\bt because ! (fice 0 usually held by wom54 #id ,x 0 at ?is season ( ! ye> t ! h>ve/ fe/ival1 or r ! fe/ival ( ta/+ ! new rice1 0 celebrat$4 ,see ,index--,nih9ame4 #ie ,japanese hi/ory is said to beg9 f ?is date4 ,9 reality no?+ des]v+ ! "n exi/$ = ne>ly "o ?\s& ye>s m4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,pan!on--,,nature ,,deities4 #a4 ,,gods ,,( ,,individuals ,,& ,,gods ,,( ,,classes4 ,! neglect ( indications ( numb] 9 ! ,japanese language (t5 r5d]s x impossible to say :e!r a ,god belongs to an individual natural object or ph5om5on or to a class4 ,i !re=e take ^! two classes ( deities toge!r1 not+ ! di/9ction :]ev] x is possible or desirable4 ,! ,sun-,goddess4--,! mo/ em95t ( ! ,%9to deities is ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,nor is ?is surpris+4 ,if1 z ,scotus ,erig5a has well said1 e visible & invisible creature is a !ophany or appe>ance ( ,god1 :at m /rik+ aspect ( ,him c !re be to ! uncultur$ m9d ?an ! ,sun8 ,9 a lat] /age ( intellectual developm5t m5 f9d a full] revelation ( ,him 9 ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 9 ! laws ( human progress1 & 9 ! spiritual exp]i5ces ( sa9ts & sages1 culm9at+ 9 a syn!sis ( all ! div9e aspects ( ! univ]se 9 "o h>moni\s :ole4 ,b1 naturally en\gh1 !re is little ( ?is 9 ,%9to4 ,! anci5t ,japanese recogniz$ ! div9ity ( ! univ]se 9 a v imp]fect1 piecemeal fa%ion1 & almo/ exclusively 9 ^? physical aspects by :i* !y 7 m directly affect$4 ,among ^! ! light & w>m? ( ! ,sun & ! s\rces ( _! daily food held ! *ief place4 ,sun-wor%ip is specially natural to ! ,japanese z an agricultural p4 ,almo/ all ! peasant's do+s are 9 "s way dep5d5t on1 or regulat$ by1 ! ,sun4 ,! application ( ! t]m feti% to ! ,sun consid]$ z an object ( adoration is to be deprecat$4 ,x implies a /igma :i* is altoge!r out ( place4 ,socrates pray$ to ! ,sun2 s*ylus's ,prome!us appeals to him aga9/ ! tyranny ( ,zeus2 9 ,sophocles's' dipus ,tyrannus' ! ,*orus swe>s by ! ,sun1 *ief ( all ! ,gods2 ,plato says t ! s\l ( ! ,sun %\ld be deem$ a ,god by e "o :o has ! lea/ p>ticle ( s5se2 ,goe! admitt$ 8 claims to wor%ip2 ,don ,quixote swe>s by ,god & by ! ,sun 9 ! same brea?1 & ,tri/ram ,%&y by ! great ,god ( ,day4 ,milton1 9 ! "* ( ,satan1 x is true1 addresses ! ,sun 9 t]ms ( awe & wond]1 & ,sw9burne calls him ! liv+ & visible ,god4 ,! "n ( ! fir/ day ( ! week /ill rema9s to %[ :at an important place he held 9 ! religion ( our =efa!rs4 ,! association ( ! ideas ( light1 spl5d\r1 & brightness ) div9ity has its orig9 9 a primval sun-wor%ip4 ,william ! ,conqu]or swore by ! spl5d\r ( ,god4 ,div9e conta9s ! root div1 brightness4 ,milton calls light ( ! et]nal co-et]nal beam4 ,no d\bt s long z a nation is hesitat+ betwe5 sun-wor%ip & a high] =m ( religion !re is a reason = treat+ ! =m] ) contempt & av]sion4 ,no =m ( fai? is s odi\s--because ( ! dang] ( relapse--z t f :i* we h em]g$ ) pa9ful ef=t to some?+ high]4 ,b su* intol]ance is no long] ne$$4 ,x is n[ unnecess>y to puni% ) dea? ! wor%ip ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s1#if or ev5 to /igmatize x z feti%-wor%ip4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w feti% has become s blurr$ by indiscrim9ate use t !re is a temptation to disc>d x altoge!r4 ,x is frequ5tly appli$ to all concrete objects ( devotion1 includ+ n only great nature-gods1 l ! e>? & sun1 b _! symbols1 images1 & seats ( _! real pres5ce1 :i* h no intr9sic div9ity ( _! own1 & are only wor%ipp$ by reason ( _! association ) g5u9e deities4 ,! same objects1 aft] _! association ) ! ,god has be5 =gott5 & !y are bl9dly ador$ z if !y 7 !mselves ,gods1 =m a ?ird class ( feti%es4 ,! sword ( ! %r9e ( ,atsuta is an example4 ,probably orig9ally an (f]+ & !n a %9tai1 x is /ill wor%ipp$1 = no kn[n reason except1 p]haps1 an empiric belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray]s address$ to x4 ,implem5ts ( trade1 hon\r$ = ! help :i* !y r5d] to man1 are a f\r? class4 ,to ^! we may add a fif?1 consi/+ ( /ones1 /icks1 fea!rs1 c41 wor%ipp$ = _! imag9>y virtues or = no def9ite reason at all4 ,! indiscrim9ate application ( ! t]m feti% to objects ( all ^! five classes is highly inconv5i5t1 especially :5 we come to discuss ! "q :e!r feti%ism is a primitive =m ( religion4 ,! answ] dep5ds entirely on ! k9d ( feti% :i* is int5d$4 ,if ! ^w is us$ at all1 x w\ld be bett] to conf9e x to ! la/ ?ree ( ^! classes4 ,! ,sun-,goddess is describ$ z ! ,rul] ( ,heav5 & z unrivall$ 9 dignity4 ,%e we>s royal insignia1 is surr\nd$ by m9i/]s1 ( :om ! ,c\rt ( ! ,mikado is ! obvi\s prototype1 & is spok5 ( 9 t]ms appropriate to p]sonages ( sov]eign rank4 ,%e is select$ z ! ance/or f :om ! ,mikados d]ive _! desc5t & au?ority4 ,yet %e is h>dly :at we und]/& by a ,supreme ,be+4 ,h] p[] does n ext5d to ! sea or to ! ,l& ( ,yomi4 ,h] *>ge z ,rul] ev5 ( ,heav5 0 conf]r$ on h] by h] p>5ts1 & did n by any means involve absolute control4 ,:5 grossly insult$ by h] y\ng] bro!r1 in/ead ( inflict+ on him condign puni%m5t1 %e hid 9 a cave1 f :i* %e 0 p>tly entic$1 p>tly dragg$1 by ! o!r deities4 ,?is is n ! behavi\r ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! culprit & o!r important cele/ial matt]s are det]m9$1 n by ! fiat ( ! s-call$ ,rul] ( ,heav51 b by a ,c\ncil ( ! ,gods4 ,! cele/ial con/itution1 l its e>?ly c\nt]p>t1 0 f> f be+ an absolute mon>*y4 ,! epi!t sum]a1 translat$ sovran1 & d]iv$ f a v]b sum]u1 :i* means to hold g5]al rule1 is appli$ n only to ! ,sun-,goddess b to _m o!r deities--! ,w9d-,gods1 = example--& also to ! ,mikados4 ,! same is ! case ) ,mikoto1 :i* corresponds r\ghly to our maje/y4 ,( c\rse ,japan is n ! only c\ntry :i* attributes royalty to ! ,sun4 ,milton speaks ( ! ,sun's sovran vital lamp4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,%9to my?ical n>rative x is ! actual ,sun t ! au?or has 9 view1 z :5 he speaks ( h] radiance illum9at+ ! univ]se1 or ( ! _w be+ left to d>kness :5 %e ent]$ ! ,rock-cave4 ,else:]e %e is an an?ropomorphic be+1 ) no specially sol> *>act]i/ics4 ,%e we>s arm\r1 celebrates ! fea/ ( fir/-fruits1 cultivates rice1 c4 ,inconsi/5cies ( ?is k9d are inh]5t 9 all nature my?s1 & tr\ble _! au?ors n a :it4 ,"s ( ! mod]n !ologians1 h[ev]1 are mu* p]plex$ by !m4 ,motori concludes t ?is great deity actually is ! ,sun 9 ,heav51 :i* ev5 n[ illum9ates ! _w be=e our eyes1 a fact :i* is extremely cle> f ! div9e writ+s4 ,8 pupil ,hirata1 on ! o!r h&1 holds t ! ,sun-,goddess is n ! ,rul] ( ,heav5 b ! ,rul] ( ! ,sun1 a di/9ction :i* nev] occurr$ to ! my?-mak]s4 ,ano!r mod]n writ] attempts to smoo? ov] difficulties by ! explanation t ! ,sun-,goddess is actually a female goddess1 b1 ow+ to ! radiance :i* fl[s f h]1 se5 f a di/ance %e appe>s r\nd4 ,! transp>5t "* ( ! names by :i* ! ,sun-,goddess is kn[n is a =midable ob/acle to ! t5d5cy to neglect h] sol> quality & to give prom95ce to ! an?ropomorphic side ( h] "*4 ,h] mo/ usual appellation is ,ama t]asu no ,oho-kami1 or ! ,heav5-%9+-great-deity4 ,%e is also call$ ,ama-t]asu hiru-me1 or ,heav5-%9+ sun-female--m briefly ,hiru-me1 ,ama t]asu mi oya1 or ,heav5-%9+ augu/ p>5t1 & o!r v>iants4 ,( ^! names ,european writ]s h g5]ally adopt$ ,ama-t]asu1 :i*1 l ,phoibos1 is 9 reality a m]e epi!t1 & is appli$ to o!r deities4 ,hirume1 or sun-female1 is m expressive1 & probably old]4 ,9 mod]n times ! appellation ,ama-t]asu no ,oho-kami is little us$1 its ,*9ese equival5t ,t5%daij9 be+ sub/itut$4 ,p>tly "u cov] ( a "n :i* is less cle>ly intelligible to ! multitude1 ! t5d5cy has become acc5tuat$ to ?r[ h] sol> functions into ! backgr\nd & to conceive ( h] simply z a g5]al ,provid5ce1 at ! exp5se ( o!r deities4 ,9 o!r words1 %e has made a di/9ct advance t[>ds ! position ( a supreme mono!i/ic deity4 ,ev5 9 anci5t times !re 0 "s recognition ( ! ,sun-,goddess z a ,provid5ce t wat*es ov] human affairs1 m especially ! welf>e ( ! ,mikado & 8 ,gov]nm5t4 ,%e provid$ ,jimmu ) ! yatag>asu1 or ,sun-cr[1 z a guide to 8 army4 ,! foll[+ pray]1 address$ to h] 9 #hgj by envoys despat*$ to ,ise ) (f]+s1 illu/rates ?is conception ( h] "*3-- ,by ord] ( ! ,mikado we decl>e ) deepe/ rev]5ce 9 ! spaci\s pres5ce ( 7) awe be h] "n pron\nc$7 ! ,sovran ,great ,heav5-%9+ ,deity1 ^: praises are fulfill$ 9 ! ,great ,%r9e1 ^: pill>s are broad-bas$ on ! ne!rmo/ rocks1 & ^: cross-beams rise al(t to ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav5 on ! bank ( ! ,riv] ,isuzu 9 ,uji1 ( ,wat>ahi 9 ,ise1 z foll[s3-- ,s9ce ! pa/ six? mon? reports h be5 receiv$ f ! ,dazaifu#ig t two pirate-%ips ( ,%iraki#ih appe>$ at ,aratsu1 9 ! di/rict ( ,naka1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,*ikuz51 & c>ri$ (f z plund] ! silk ( a tribute-%ip ( ! prov9ce ( ,buz54 ,moreov]1 t !re hav+ be5 an om5 ( a crane :i* alight$ on ! ars5al ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,h\se1 ! div9]s decl>$ t x presag$ w> ) a neighb\r+ c\ntry4 ,also t !re _h be5 e>?quakes ) /orms & floods 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz5 by :i* all ! h\ses _h be5 ov]turn$ & _m ( ! inhabitants swept away4 ,ev5 ! old m5 affirm$ t no su* great calamity _h ev] be5 he>d ( be=e4 ,mean:ile news 0 receiv$ f ! prov9ce ( ,mi*9oku ( an unusually disa/r\s e>?quake1 & f o!r prov9ces grave calamities 7 report$4 ,! mutual enmity betwe5 ^? m5 ( ,%iraki & our ,l& ( ,yamato has exi/$ = long ages4 ,_! pres5t invasion ( our t]ritory1 h[ev]1 & _! plund] ( tribute1 %[ t !y h no fe> ( u4 ,:5 we reflect on ?is1 x seems possible t a g]m ( w> may spr+ f x4 ,our gov]nm5t has = a long "t _h no w>like exp$itions1 ! provision = def5ce has be5 :olly =gott51 & we _c b look =w>d to w> ) dread & caution4 ,b our ,japan is kn[n z ! c\ntry ( ! ,gods4 ,if ! ,gods deign to help & protect x1 :at foe w d>e to approa* x8 ,mu* m s1 see+ t ! ,great ,deity 9 h] capacity 7) awe be x spok57 z ance/ress ( ! ,mikado be/[s light & protection on ! ,"u-,heav5 :i* he gov]ns4 ,h[1 !re=e1 %all %e n deign to re/ra9 & w>d (f outrages by /rang]s f =eign l&s z soon z %e becomes aw>e ( !m8 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 we 7! names ( ! envoys foll[7 pres5t ^! great (f]+s by ! h&s ( ,komaye1 ,imbe no ,sukune1 ,vice-,m9i/] ( ! ,bureau ( ,imbe1 :o1 hang+ /\t /raps on weak %\ld]s1 has purely prep>$ & br\ght !m hi!r4 ,be pleas$ graci\sly to he>k5 to ?is memorial4 ,b if un=tunately su* ho/ile acts z we h spok5 ( %\ld be committ$ let ! 7) awe be x spok57 ,great ,deity1 plac+ h]self at ! head ( all ! deities ( ! l&1 /ay & w>d (f1 sweep away & expel ! enemy be=e 8 fir/ arr[ is %ot4 ,%\ld 8 designs rip5 s f> t 8 %ips mu/ come hi!r1 let !m n ent] )9 our bord]s1 b s5d !m back to drift & f\nd]4 ,suff] n ! solid reasons = our c\ntry be+ fe>$ z ! ,div9e ,c\ntry to be sodd5 & de/roy$4 ,if1 ap>t f ^!1 !re %\ld be dang] ( rebellion or riot by savages1 or ( di/urbance by brig&s at home1 or aga9 ( dr\ght1 flood or /orm1 ( pe/il5ce or fam9e su* z w\ld cause great disa/] to ! ,/ate or deep sorr[ to ! p1 deign to sweep away & de/roy x utt]ly be=e x takes =m4 ,be pleas$ to let ! ,"u-,heav5 be free f al>ms & all ! c\ntry enjoy peace by ?y help & protection4 ,grant ?y graci\s fav\r to ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 gu>d+ 8 augu/ p]son by day & by night1 firm & endur+ z ,heav5 & ,e>?1 z ! ,sun & ! ,moon4 ,decl>$ ) deep rev]5ce4 ,! sol> "* ( ,ama-t]asu or ,t5%daij9 hav+ become obscur$1 ! p h p]sonifi$ ! ,sun afre% "u ! names ( ,ni*i-r9 sama 7sun-:eel-p]sonage7 & ,o t5t sama 7augu/-heav5-pa?-p]sonage74 ,to ! l[] class ( ,japanese at ! pres5t day1 & especially to wom5 & *ildr51 ,o t5t sama is ! actual sun--sexless1 my?less1 & un5cumb]$ by any =mal cult1 b look$ up to z a moral be+ :o rew>ds ! good1 puni%es ! wick$1 & en=ces oa?s made 9 8 "n4 ,9 8 ',religions ( ,japan1' ,dr4 ,griffis says3 ,to ! common p ! ,sun is actually a ,god1 z none c d\bt :o sees !m wor%ipp+ x morn+ & ev5+4 ,! writ] c nev] =get "o ( _m simil> sc5es 9 ,tokio1 :51 late "o aft]noon1 ,o t5t sama1 :i* _h be5 hidd5 beh9d cl\ds = a =tnight1 %one out on ! muddy /reets4 ,9 a mom5t1 z ) ! promptness ( a milit>y drill1 scores ( p ru%$ out ( _! h\ses1 & ) faces we/w>d1 kneel+1 squatt+1 began pray] & wor%ip be=e ! great lum9>y4 ,i reproduce a draw+ by a ,japanese arti/ ( a fam\s spot on ! coa/ ( ,ise to :i* pilgrims resort 9 ord] to wor%ip ! sun z he rises ov] di/ant ,fujiyama4 ,! tori-wi1 :i* 9 "s pr9ts ( ?is sc5e is se5 9 ! =egr\nd1 fulfils ! same function z ! great trili?on at ,/oneh5ge1 viz41 to m>k ! direction ( wor%ip4 ,i h se5 ! ea/]n wall ( a private c\rty>d :i* 0 pi]c$ ) a r\nd hole = ! conv5i5ce ( wor%ipp+ ! morn+ sun4 ,!re is a mod]n cu/om1 call$ hima*i 7sun-wait+71 ( keep+ awake ! :ole night ( ! #e? day ( ! #aj? mon? 9 ord] to wor%ip ! sun on 8 ris+4 ,! rules ( religi\s purity mu/ be obs]v$ f ! previ\s day4 ,_m p]sons assemble at ,takanaha1 ,uh5o1 ,atago1 & o!r op5 places 9 ,tokio to wor%ip ! ris+ ,sun on ! fir/ day ( ! ye>4 ,?is is call$ hatsu no hi no de 7! fir/ sunrise74 ,! my?s m5tion sev]al o!r deities :i*1 al?\gh n id5tical ) ,ama-t]asu or ,hirume1 are pla9ly ( sol> orig94 ,su* is ,waka-hirume 7"y-sun-female71 :o1 accord+ to ,motori1 is ! ,morn+ ,sun4 ,! ,ise %r9e is sometimes call$ ,asa-hi no ,j9ja1 t is to say1 ! %r9e ( ! ,morn+ ,sun4 ,"o v]sion ( ! names ( ! ?ree *ildr5 ( ,n9igi calls !m ,ho no ak>i 7fire or sun-light71 ,ho no susori 7fire or sun-advance71 & ,ho no wori 7fire or sun-subside71 orig9ally1 x may be suspect$1 names = ! ris+1 noonday1 & sett+ sun4 ,su* a di/9ction is recogniz$ 9 ,egyptian my?ology4 ,! my?ical f\nd] ( ! dyna/y :i* prec$$ ,jimmu 9 ,yamato 0 call$ ,nigi-haya-hi--t is1 g5tle-swift-sun--& he is said to h come fly+ d[n f ,heav54 ,"o my? gives him ! epi!t ,ama-t]u kuni-t]u 7,heav5-%9+1 e>?-%9+74 ,i am dispos$ to reg>d ?is p]sonage z ! ,sun-deity ( ! e>li] ,yamato ,japanese1 f :om _! *iefta9s 7 feign$ to be desc5d$4 ,ev5 9 ,%jiroku times _m noble families trac$ _! desc5t f him1 z ! ,mikados did f ,hirume4 ,!re are a good _m o!r names sugge/ive ( sol> deities4 ,b "h caution is necess>y1 9 view ( ! habit1 common to ! ,japanese ) o!r nations1 ( borr[+ sol> epi!ts = ! adornm5t ( human be+s4 ,!re is a ,take-hi 7brave-sun7 9 ! ,nihongi :o is unque/ionably a m]e mortal4 ,& :at c\ld be m sol> ?an ,takama no h>a hiro nu hime 7high-heav5-pla9-broad-moor-pr9cess71 ! la/ ^w mean+ etymologically sun-female8 ,yet ?is is indubitably ! "n ( an hi/orical ,empress :o came to ! ?rone ,a4,d4 #fhg4 ,! ,mikado ,ktoku's ,japanese "n 0 ,ame-yorodzu-toyo-hi 7heav5-myriad-abundant-sun74 ,al?\gh ,%9to conta9s no =mal sy/em ( e?ics1 moral elem5ts are n want+ 9 ! "* ( ! ,sun-,goddess z del9eat$ 9 ! anci5t my?s4 ,%e exhibits ! virtues ( c\rage & =be>ance 9 h] deal+s ) h] mis*iev\s y\ng] bro!r ,susa no wo4 ,%e is wro? ) ! ,moon-,god :5 he slays ! ,goddess ( ,food1 & bani%es him f h] pres5ce4 ,h] lov+ c>e = mank9d is %[n by h] pres]v+ = _! use ! se$s ( gra9 & o!r useful vegetables1 & by sett+ !m ! example ( cultivat+ rice4 ,!re is a recognition ( h] b5efic5t "* 9 ! joy ( ,gods & m5 :5 %e em]g$ f ! ,rock-cave4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! circum/ance t1 accord+ to "o /ory1 ! ,sun-,goddess 0 produc$ f ! left & ! ,moon-,god f ! "r eye ( ,izanagi is sugge/ive ( ! influ5ce ( ,*9a1 :]e ! left takes prec$5ce ( ! "r4 ,comp>e ! ,*9ese my? ( ,p'anku3 ,p'anku came into be+ 9 ! great wa/e2 8 beg9n+ is unkn[n4 ,9 dy+ he gave bir? to ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,8 brea? 0 transmut$ into ! w9d & cl\ds1 8 voice into ?und]1 8 left eye into ! sun1 & 8 "r eye into ! moon4 ,hirata endeav\rs to combat ! obvi\s inf]5ce f ?is comp>ison by po9t+ out t ! sun is mascul9e 9 ,*9a & fem99e 9 ,japan4 ,h[ little weight is due to ?is objection appe>s f ! fact t two s ne>ly alli$ nations z ! ,engli% & ! ,g]mans diff] 9 ! sex :i* !y attribute to ! sun1 z d also closely relat$ tribes ( ,au/ralian aborig9es & ,a9us ( ,yezo4 ,& does n ,%akespe>e make ! sun bo? mascul9e & fem99e 9 ! same s5t5ce1 :5 he says1 ,! bless$ sun himself a fair hot w5* 9 flame-col\r$ taffeta8 ,!re is1 moreov]1 unsuspect$ by ,hirata & 8 fell[-!ologians1 an unmi/akeable ve/ige 9 ! old my?s ( an obsolete or abortive mascul9e ,sun-deity4 ,we are told t ! fir/ *ild ( ,izanagi & ,izanami 0 ,hiruko4 ,hiru-ko is writt5 ) ,*9ese *>act]s1 :i* mean lee*-*ild2 & x is /at$ t :5 ?is ,god _h complet$ 8 ?ird ye> he 0 /ill unable to /& upright4 ,he 0 !re=e plac$ 9 a re$-boat & s5t adrift4 ,b ! orig9al au?or ( ! ,hiru-ko 0 nev] guilty ( su* a palpable absurdity z to make a lee* ! fir/-born ( creation1 prec$+ ev5 ! ,sun & ! ,moon4 ,hiruko is 9 reality simply a mascul9e =m ( ,hirume1 ! ,sun-female1 j z hiko1 pr9ce1 is ( hime1 pr9cess2 musuko1 boy1 ( musume1 girl2 & otoko1 y\?1 ( otome1 maid54 ,egypt _h a ,sun-,god ,ra & a ,sun-,goddess ,rt4 ,no d\bt ) ! great] developm5t ( ! ,sun-,goddess my? x 0 felt t !re 0 no room = a male ,sun-,god4 ,! tag ( /ory :i* is app5d$ to ! lee* d]ivation is "o ( ^? p]v]sions ( true my? :i* arise f an ignorant misund]/&+ or a wilful misapplication ( language4 ,! lee*-*ild c h>dly be reckon$ among ! effective deities ( ,%9to4 ,9 mod]n times1 h[ev]1 he has1 = "s inscrutable reason1 be5 id5tifi$ ) a widely wor%ipp$ deity ( unkn[n orig9 call$ ,ebisu4 ,?is ,god has to all appe>ance no?+ 9 common ei!r ) ! sun or ! lee*4 ,he is a fav\rite subject ( ! arti/1 & is usually depict$ ) a smil+ c\nt5ance 7emi or ebi means to smile71 9 anci5t ,japanese co/ume1 & hold+ a fi%+-rod :ile a tahi /ruggles at ! end ( 8 l9e4 ,he is reckon$ "o ( ! sev5 ,gods ( good =tune1 & is a fav\rite deity to pray to = success 9 trade4 ,m]*ants hold a great fea/ 9 8 hon\r on ! #bj? day ( ! #aj? mon?4 ,! ascription ( ! female sex to ! mo/ prom95t among ! ,%9to ,gods is n ow+ m]ely to caprice4 ,my?-mak]s h (t5 m sub/antial reasons = _! fancies ?an might be suppos$4 ,9 ! pres5t case !re is evid5ce t wom5 play$ a v important "p 9 ! real _w ( anci5t ,japan z well z 9 t ( imag9ation4 ,wom5 rul]s 7 at ?is "t a famili> ph5om5on4 ,bo? ,japanese & ,*9ese hi/ory give u glimpses ( a female ,mikado :o liv$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj1 & ^: comm&+ ability & /rong "* h n be5 :olly obscur$ by ! mi/s ( leg5d4 ,wom5 *iefta9s are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,inde$ ! ,*9ese seem to h ?\ght t fem99e gov]nm5t 0 ! rule 9 ,japan1 = _! hi/orians frequ5tly ref] to x z ! ,que5-c\ntry4 ,9 m hi/orical times sev]al ( ! ,mikados 7 wom54 ,9 "s families desc5t 0 trac$ by ! female l9e4 ,f ! ,kojiki we le>n t 9 ,su99's "t x 0 ! cu/om = ! "m to give *ildr5 _! names4 ,"o might ?9k t s obvi\sly sol> a ,goddess z ! ,heav5-%9+-great-deity1 or ,sun-female1 ^: abode is ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 :o fills ! univ]se ) h] radiance & leaves x to d>kness :5 %e conceals h]self1 & :o is ev5 spok5 ( 9 s _m words z ! ,deity ( ! ,sun1 w\ld h escap$ ! tem]>i\s t\* ( ! ,euhem]i/4 ,yet ,i h be=e me a ',hi/ory ( ! ,empire ( ,japan1' compil$ by doctors ( ! ,imp]ial ,univ]sity1 & publi%$ 9 #ahic by ord] ( ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t1 :i* speaks ( ! pr9ciples ( rice-culture & ! arts ( weav+1 m9+1 & ( mak+ swords1 hats1 & pantaloons be+ kn[n 9 ! reign ( ,ama-t]asu4 ,o!r writ]s are ev5 m precise4 ,mu* to ,motori's indignation1 !y say bluntly t %e 0 a mortal empress :o reign$ 9 a locality on e>? call$ ,takama no h>a 7! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav574 ,yatakagami4--,! %9tai ( ! ,sun-,goddess is a mirror1#ii sometimes call$ ! yatakagami1 or eight-h&-mirror1 probably because x _h a numb] ( leaves or projections r\nd x4 ,x is also call$ ! hi-kagami 7sun-mirror7 or hi-gata no kagami 7sun-=m-mirror74 ,x appe>s f ! ,nihongi t simil> mirrors 7 hon\r$ 9 ,korea4 ,ama no hihoko is /at$ to h br\ght a sun-mirror f t c\ntry 9 ,b4,c4 #bg4 ,! my?ical notices ( ! yatakagami repres5t x 9 v>i\s aspects4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! ,kojiki among ! (f]+s made to ! ,sun-,goddess to propitiate h] aft] h] retirem5t to ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav54 ,9 ! same passage ,uzume calls x a deity m illu/ri\s ?an ?9e 7! ,sun-,goddess's7 augu/ness4 ,:5 ! ,sun-,goddess & ,musubi s5t d[n ,n9igi to rule ! e>? !y gave him ! yatakagami1 say+3 ,reg>d ?is mirror exactly z our mitama1 & rev]5ce x z if rev]5c+ u4 ,! ,nihongi adds3 ,let x be ) !e on ?y c\* & 9 ?y hall1 & let x be to !e a holy mirror4 ,! yatakagami is frequ5tly spok5 ( z if x 7 ! ,sun-,goddess h]self1 & is ev5 call$ ! ,great ,god ( ,ise4 ,ano!r sun-mirror receiv$ an indep5d5t wor%ip at ,kumano4 ,! ,nihongi says1 "u ! date ,b4,c4 #ib3-- ,be=e ?is ! two ,gods ,ama-t]asu no ,oho-kami & ,yamato no ,oho-kuni-dama 7 wor%ipp$ toge!r )9 ! ,emp]or's ,great ,hall4 ,he dread$1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( ^! ,gods1 & did n feel secure 9 _! dwell+ toge!r4 ,!re=e he entru/$ ,ama-t]asu no ,oho-kami to ,toyo-suki-iri-bime no ,mikoto to be wor%ipp$ at ! village ( ,kasanuhi1 9 ,yamato4 ,"h we mu/ und]/& t x 0 ! sun-mirror :i* 0 s5t away f ! palace4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly 7,b4,c4 #e7 en%r9$ at ,ise1 :]e x is to ?is day pres]v$ ) ! greate/ c>e & rev]5ce4#ajj ,x is ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]4 ,9 anci5t ,p]u1 ! ,sun-,god 0 repres5t$ by a gold5 disc1 ! ,moon-,goddess by "o ( silv]4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,a4,d4 #ejg a sacr$ mirror 0 /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,imp]ial palace z "o ( ! regalia4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by fire 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 b its successor is to ?is day transmitt$ f sov]eign to sov]eign z a tok5 ( royal au?ority4 ,! religi\s c]emony 9 its hon\r is describ$ bel[4#aja ,associat$ ) ! mirror z regalia 7 a sword & a jewel4 ,^! ?ree objects are pres5t$ to ! ,mikado on 8 accession ) great c]emony4 ,9 anci5t times !re 7 probably only two regalia1 ! mirror & ! sword4 ,! latt] 0 lo/ 9 ! sea at ! battle ( ,dannora4 ,b su* losses are n irrep>able4 ,! ,sun-,goddess 9 h] capacity z sov]eign is att5d$ by a ,c\rt ( m9or deities :o belong to ! class ( man-deities1 & w be dealt ) 9 ! next *apt]4 ,yatag>asu4--,l ! ,greek ,phoibos1 :o _h 8 1#ajb ! ,egyptian ,ra1 :o 0 accompani$ by a hawk1 & ! ,p]uvian ,sun-,god1 :o 0 att5d$ by a condor1 ! ,sun-,goddess is provid$ ) a bird z h] mess5g] & att5dant4 ,?is bird is call$ 9 ,japanese ya-ta-g>asu1 :i* means eight-h&-cr[4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 a ,japanese inv5tion1 b is borr[$ f ,*9a1 :]e x is call$ ! ,sun-cr[ or ,gold5 ,cr[1 & describ$ z a bird ) ?ree claws & ( a r$ col\r :i* roo/s 9 ! sun4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 a ,*9ese poem writt5 ,b4,c4 #cad4 ,possibly x may be trac$ ev5 fur!r back4 ,a ?ree-legg$ bird 0 figur$ on co9s ( ,pamphylia & ,lycia 9 v anci5t times4 ,9 ,japan ! yatag>asu1 z a symbol ( ! ,sun1 0 depict$ on ! bann]s set up 9 front ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace on ,/ate occasions z a m>k ( sov]eignty4 ,?is cu/om is kn[n to g back to ,a4,d4 #gjj1 & is probably mu* old]4 ,! ,euhem]i/s h tri$ _! h& on ! yatag>asu4 ,mr4 ,takaha%i ,gor in=ms u 9 8 diction>y t ?is 0 ! "n ( "o ( ,jimmu ,t5n's g5]als1 & ,klapro? ?9ks x probable t ! corbeau huit pattes designe la b\ssole dont ,zimmu s'e/ s]vi p\r se guid] dans son exp$ition4 ,a ,japanese noble family claim$ desc5t f x1 & a %r9e 9 its hon\r is m5tion$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki4#ajc ,!re is a ,god call$ ,ame no hi-wa%i 7heav5-sun-eagle71 :i*1 al?\gh n to be id5tifi$ ) ! yatag>asu1 is no d\bt a product ( ! same t5d5cy to associate birds ) ! ,gods4 ,bo? are inhabitants ( ! same cele/ial region4 ,susa no wo4--,! hi/ory ( ,susa no wo#ajd illu/rates ! t5d5cy ( ,nature-,gods to h _! orig9al "* obscur$ by ! an?ropomorphic fancies ( successive my?-mak]s4 ,! ,kojiki & ,nihongi acc\nts ( him are extremely vague & contradictory4 ,lat] ,japanese1 writ]s h id5tifi$ him ) ! ,moon-,god1 ) an ,indian ,hades deity nam$ ,godzu ,t5n1 & ) ,emma1 ! ,rhadaman?us ( ! ,buddhi/ ,hell4 ,he has also be5 made a ,god ( ,pe/il5ce1 ( ,love & ,w$lock1 or ( ,w>4 ,european s*ol>s h describ$ him z a rotat+-heav5s ,god or z evid5tly a human be+4 ,dr4 ,buckley1 ( ,*icago1 0 ! fir/ to sugge/#aje t he is ! ,ra9-/orm4 ,we ne$ n adopt e detail ( ?is s*ol>'s explanations1 & inde$ no "o !ory c solve all ! problems pres5t$ by ! mutually inconsi/5t /ories relat$ ( ?is deity1 b !re c be no hesitation 9 accept+ ,dr4 ,buckley's view z sub/antially correct4 ,x is z ! ,ra9-/orm t he is cont9ually weep+1 wail+1 & fum+ ) rage2 t he weeps ! m\nta9s b>e & ! seas & riv]s dry2 t he is a lov] ( de/ruction2#ajf t by reason ( ! fi]c5ess ( 8 div9e nature he causes a commotion 9 ! sea & makes ! hills & m\nta9s groan al\d :5 he asc5ds ?r\gh cl\d & mi/ to visit 8 eld] si/] ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,torr5t ,goddesses are born f ! fragm5ts ( 8 sword4 ,he breaks d[n ! divisions betwe5 ! rice-fields & defiles 8 si/]'s dwell+1 disgu/+ h] s t %e hides 9 a cave & leaves ! _w to d>kness4 ,he is fur!r repres5t$ z go+ d[n to e>? at ! season ( cont9u\s ra9s1 & z we>+ a broad hat & a ra9-coat4 ,:5 he m>ries1 ! nuptial hut to :i* he retires ) 8 wife is built ( ?ick cl\ds4 ,! sword :i* he takes f ! s]p5t's tail is call$ ama no mura-kumo1 t is to say1 ! ga!r+ cl\ds ( ,heav54 ,ano!r appropriate "n = ! weapon ( a ra9-/orm deity is kusa-nagi1 ! h]b-quell]4 ,8 wife's "n1 ,inada-hime 7! rice-field lady71 is probably n )\t significance4 ,b my?ology is r>ely consi/5t4 ,an explanation :i* suits "o episode ( a /ory may fail altoge!r :5 appli$ to o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ ( ! ra9-/orm ab\t ! ,susa no wo :o rescues a ,japanese ,&rom$a f ! great s]p5t :i* comes to dev\r h]1 or 9 ! provid] ( timb] & fruit-trees = mank9d1 or 9 ! names & attributes ( 8 v num]\s *ildr54 ,8 visit to ,korea c h>dly h a ra9-/orm significance4 ,moreov]1 x is impossible to pass ov] ! explicit /atem5t ( ! ,nihongi t he 0 appo9t$ to rule ! l& ( ,yomi4 ,a ,kojiki my?#ajg gives an acc\nt ( 8 abode "h 9 :i* no trace ( 8 ra9-/orm quality is p]ceptible4 ,dr4 ,flor5z summ>ily rejects ,hirata's !ory t ,susa no wo is id5tical ) ! ,moon-,god ,tsuki-yomi4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t if ?is deity ev] _h a lun> quality x _h become =gott5 9 ! times ( ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,bo? ^! works di/+ui% him unmi/akably f ! ,moon-,god4 ,nor is ! ,european /ud5t likely to adopt ! lit]al-m9d$ ,hirata's notion t ! l& ( ,yomi at fir/ situat$ at ! bottom ( ! ,e>?1 became deta*$ aft] ,susa no wo 0 made its rul]1 & 0 plac$ 9 ! sky :]e we n[ see x--z ! moon4 ,yet !re is some?+ to be said = 8 cont5tion t ! two deities 7 orig9ally id5tical4 ,! analogy ( o!r my?ologies#ajh sugge/s t a ,god ^: relations ) ! ,sun are at "o "t m>ital & at ano!r ho/ile mu/ be ! ,moon4 ,!re is no?+ /range 9 ! d>kness ( night & ( ! grave be+ presid$ ov] by ! same div9ity4 ,p]sephone1 ,que5 ( ,hades1 0 a ,moon-,goddess4 ,! orig9al id5tity ( ,susa no wo & ,tsukiyomi w\ld acc\nt = bo? deities be+ sev]ally describ$ 9 diff]5t my?s z ! slay] ( ! ,food-,goddess & z ! ,rul] ( ! ,sea-pla94 ,x w\ld also expla9 :y ! div9]s at ,ise ascrib$ to a curse f ,tsukiyomi a /orm ( w9d & ra9 :i* 9 #ggb uproot$ trees & de/roy$ h\ses4 ,9 an old book quot$ by ,hirata1 ,susa no wo is call$ ,haya-,sasura no ,kami1 swift-bani%m5t-deity4 ,8 daught] :ile 9 ,yomi is call$ ,sus]i-hime1 probably id5tical ) ! ,sasura-hime ( ! norito#aji :o dwells 9 ! ,root-c\ntry1 & ^: bus9ess x is to bani% & get rid ( ! pollutions ( ! p4 ,a ,_m%iu poem calls ! moon ,sasurahe-otoko1 t is to say1 ! bani%$ or vagabond y\?4 ,all ?is e/abli%es a presumption t ,susa no wo 0 at "o "t a lun> deity4 ,if s he w\ld appe> 9 ?ree closely relat$ aspects1 ! d>kness ( ! /orm1 ( ! grave1 & ( night4 ,br9ton1 writ+ )\t any special ref]5ce to ,japan1 obs]ves#aaj3--;,associat$ ) ! gloom ( night 0 ! d>kness ( ! /orm1 :i* 9 _m my?ologies is contra/$ ) ! sun%9e 9 "s div9e /ruggle4 ,endless are ! tales & rites :i* be> ^u ?is conte/ 9 e>ly religions4 ,if we rememb] ! attributes ( our own ,pr9ce ( ,d>kness1 we %all n be surpris$ to f9d traces ( a t5d5cy to make ( ,susa no wo a p]sonification ( ! evil pr9ciple4 ,he is ! ar* (f5d] ( ,japanese my?4 ,! crimes committ$ by him aga9/ ! ,sun-,goddess agree closely ) ! s-call$ cele/ial (f5ces ( ! ,great ,purification ,c]emony4 ,h5ce 8 id5tification ) ! horn$ ,godzu ,t5n1 a m9i/] ( ! ,buddhi/ hell4 ,! ,%9to ,miomoku1 :i* makes ( him a ,tr9ity "u ! "n ,samp ,kwj9 7?ree-treasure-r\gh-god71 consi/+ ( ,kami ,susa no wo1 ,haya ,susa no wo1 & pla9 ,susa no wo1 by ! epi!t r\gh1 recognizes ! s9i/] aspect ( 8 "*4 ,we may note ! same elem5t ara1 r\gh1 9 ! "n ( ! ,moon-god's %r9e at ,ise1 namely1 ,aratama no ,miya4 ,sev]al ( ,susa no wo's acts h an unmi/akably b5efic5t "*1 z 8 rescue ( ,inada hime1 & 8 provision ( useful trees = man4 ,! mod]n wor%ip ( him z 7) 8 wife7 a deity ( love & w$lock also recognizes a b5efic5t aspect ( 8 nature4 ,hirata expla9s ?is contradiction by ! !ory t he is b5efic5t :5 8 nigi-tama 7g5tle _s7 is 9 ! asc5dant1 & malignant :5 8 ara-tama 7r\gh-_s7 gets ! upp] h&1 z 9 ! lead+ case ( ,jekyll & ,hyde1 report$ by ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son4 ,! female deity ( ,yomi1 ,sasura-hime1 is call$ by ,hirata a waki-dama 7side _s1 or d\ble7 ( ,susa no wo1 =m+ ) him a dual div9ity1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,w9d-,gods4 ,etymology helps u little 9 det]m9+ ,susa no wo's "*4 ,! ord9>y d]ivation connects 8 "n ) ! v]b susamu1 to be impetu\s4 ,h5ce ! ,impetu\s ,male ( ,engli% translators4 ,x agrees well ) ! ra9/orm conception ( ?is deity4 ,!re is at ! pres5t day a fe/ival celebrat$ 9 8 hon\r at ,onoma*i 9 ,b+o1 describ$ z foll[s by a ,japanese writ]3 ,! procession is a tumultu\s trial ( spe$ & /r5g?4 ,b&s ( /rong m5 seize ! sacr$ c>s1 race ) !m to ! sea1 & hav+ plung$ 9 brea/-deep1 _! burd5 held al(t1 da% back at full spe$ to ! %r9e4 ,!re refre%m5ts are s]v$ out1 & !n ! race is resum$1 ! goal be+ ! c5tral flag among a numb] set up 9 a l>ge pla94 ,_! feet beat "t to a wildly %\t$ *orus1 & !y sweep along :olly reg>dless ( ob/acles or collisions4 ,! c]emony "h describ$ is no d\bt int5d$ z a dramatic repres5tation ( ! impetu\s "* ( ! ,god4 ,! susamu etymology d]ives "s support f a comp>ison ( t ( ,wod51 f va?a 7! mod]n ,g]man wu!n71 to g viol5tly1 to ru%1 & ( ,h]mes1 f 2 b x is aft] all que/ionable4 ,x implies a n\n susa1 impetuosity1 :i* does n exi/4 ,moreov]1 "o ( ,susa no wo's wife's names 0 ,susa no yatsu mimi1 :]e x is n disput$ t ,susa is ! "n ( a t[n 9 ,idzumo4 ,!re is a leg5d :i* repres5ts ,susa no wo z giv+ 8 "n to ?is place & all[+ 8 mitama to re/ "h4 ,susa no wo w\ld !re=e be simply ! male 7,god7 ( ,susa1 a t]ritorial title 7( ,tsukiyomi87 = :i* !re are _m p>allels 9 ,japanese my?ology4#aaa ,! %9tai ( ,susa no wo1 or r ( 8 suppos$ mod]n repres5tative1 ,godzu ,t5n1 is a nag9ata1 or halb]t4 ,b !re is "s reason to ?9k t ! great fe/ival ( ,goriye1 n[ held 9 8 hon\r at ,kioto1 0 orig9ally t ( ! ,sahe no kami1 & t ! hoko or nag9ata c>ri$ 9 procession on ?is occasion is a sub/itute = an old] phallus4 ,tsukl-yomi4--,?is ,god1 al?\gh wor%ipp$ 9 _m places1 ,ise & ,kadono among/ o!rs1 is h>dly "o ( ! great] gods ( ,japan4 ,! usual d]ivation ( 8 "n is f tsuki1 moon1 & yomi1 d>kness4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?is yomi is (t5 writt5 ) a "* :i* implies a d]ivation f yomu1 to reckon1 a ^w :i* conta9s ! same root z yubi1 f+]4 ,moon-reckon] is n an inappropriate "n = a lum9>y :i* is recogniz$ 9 s _m c\ntries z a measur] ( "t4 ,tsuki-yomi 0 repres5t$ at ,ise z a man rid+ on a horse1 clad 9 purple & girt ) a gold5 sword4 ,ano!r %9tai ( 8 0 a mirror4 ,live horses 7 (f]$ to him annually4 ,! ,kiujiki m5tions a ,moon-,god among ! suite ( ,n9igi :5 he desc5d$ to e>?1 & /ates t he 0 ! ance/or ( ! agata-nu%i 7local *iefs7 ( ,iki4 ,?is 0 probably a local ,moon-deity4 ,! phases ( ! ,moon are n recogniz$ 9 ,japanese my?4 ,tsuki-ma*i 7moon-wait+74 ,on ! #ag? or #bcrd ( ! lun> mon?1 p assemble to greet ! ris+ moon4 ,ritual purity mu/ be obs]v$ be=eh&4 ,?is cu/om illu/rates ! t5d5cy to rev]t to ! direct wor%ip ( nature :5 ! my?s h become obscur$ by "t & no long] fulfil _! orig9al purpose4 ,/>-,god4--,!re is only "o m5tion ( a ,/>-,god 9 ! ,nihongi4 ,he is call$ ,amatsu mika ho%i 7dread /> ( ,heav571 or ,ame no ,kagase wo 7sc>ecr[ male ( ,heav571 & 0 "o ( ! malignant deities conqu]$ by ,futsunu%i & ,mika-tsu*i 9 prep>ation = ,n9igi's desc5t to e>?4 ,! sc>ecr[ is reg>d$ z a sort ( deity4 ,he is said to "k ev]y?+ 9 ! empire1 ?\gh he _c walk4 ,! wor%ip ( ,tanabata 7,vega7 & ( ! ,nor? ,/> is also kn[n 9 ,japan4 ,b ^! cults h be5 introduc$ f ,*9a4 ,!y are n ,%9to4 ,ame no m9aka-nu%i4--,! ,sky is n deifi$ 9 ,japan z x is 9 ,*9a4 ,ame is ! region :]e ! ,gods dwell1 n itself a ,god4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 we %\ld reg>d ,ame no mi-naka-nu%i 7heav5-augu/-c5tre-ma/]71 z a p]sonification ( ! sky1 :i* has already rea*$ t second>y phase 9 :i* ! ,god has become di/9ct f ! natural ph5om5on4 ,"s h endeav\r$ to make ( him a sort ( ,supreme ,be+4 ,b 8 cult is rec5t4 ,motori says t he 0 n wor%ipp$ 9 anci5t times4 ,9 ! ,%jiroku he is ! ance/or ( sev]al noble families4 ,e>?-,gods4--,comte calls ,e>? a great feti%4 ,!re are ! same objections to call+ ! ,e>? a feti% z !re are to apply+ ?is epi!t to ! ,sun4 s*ylus's ,all-,"m ,e>?1 & ,sw9burne's ,h]?a1 ought n to be s /igmatiz$4 ,! ,e>? is n a factiti\s 7feitio1 feti%7 object ( adoration1 b a real div9ity4 ,x %\ld n be disc>d$ or neglect$1 b1 along ) o!r prim>y objects ( wor%ip1 m]g$ 9 ! supreme syn!sis ( all ! glimpses ( ! ,div9e :i* are v\*saf$ to u4 ,sev]al phases ( e>? wor%ip are exemplifi$ 9 ,%9to4 ,! simple/ ( all is ! ji-matsuri1 or ji-*9-sai 7e>?-fe/ival or e>?-calm+-fe/ival71 :i* is ! c]emony ( propitiat+ ! site ( a new build+1 or a piece ( gr\nd to be reclaim$ = cultivation4 ,"h x is ! gr\nd itself t is wor%ipp$1 )\t di/9ction ( sex1 or ! adjunct ( my?1 metaphor1 or p]sonal "n4 ,?is practice is z old z ! ,y5gi%iki1 & is n ext9ct at ! pres5t day4 ,_m peasants make sacrifice to ! ta no kami1 or rice-field god1 :5 prep>+ ! gr\nd = a crop1 ?\gh "h we p]haps pass into ! next /age1 9 :i* ! ,god is some?+ ap>t f ! rice-field itself4 ,a simil> phase ( ?\ght is impli$ by ! use ( su* t]ms z ,iku-kuni#aab 7liv+ c\ntry71 & ,t>u-kuni 7p]fect c\ntry71 ?\gh "h too ! norito ( ,pray+ = ,h>ve/1 has already tak5 ! fur!r /ep ( reg>d+ ?is deity z a ,god :o rules ! isl&s ( ,japan4 ,iku%ima 7liv+ isl& or region71 is also us$ bo? = ! c\ntry reg>d$ z a ,god & = ! ,god ( ! c\ntry4 ,we h se5 above t sev]al ( ! prov9ces _h two names1 "o geographical1 ! o!r :5 consid]$ z a ,god or ,goddess1 l our ,brita9 & ,britannia1 ,scotl& & ,cal$onia4 ,a /ill fur!r /age ( progress is illu/rat$ by ! t]ms kuni-dama 7c\ntry _s71 & iku-dama 7live _s74 ,kuni-dama is a g5]al t]m = deifi$ localities4 ,iku-dama1 :i* has ! same mean+1 is a contraction = iku kuni-dama4 ,motori says t any ,god :o has done s]vice by mak+ a c\ntry or prov9ce is wor%ipp$ 9 t prov9ce z ! ,kuni-dama or ,oho-kuni-dama4 ,! ,i*i no miya 7,no4 #a %r9es7 ( lat] times repres5t ! old ,gods ( localities4 ,! ,kun>i no kami1 or ,kun>i-hime1 7 also app>5tly local e>?-deities4 ,kun>i is = kuni-n>i 7e>?-become74 ,ohonamo*i4--,9 ! case ( ! great ,e>?-,god ( ,japan1 namely1 ,ohonamo*i1 ! direct wor%ip & p]sonification ( ! c\ntry h already retir$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,! my?s speak ( him n z ! l& itself1 b z ! mak] ( ! l&4 ,8 functions are v>i\sly describ$ z con/ruct+1 measur+ out1 consolidat+1 subdu+1 & ord]+ or gov]n+4 ,! ,idzumo ,fudoki frequ5tly calls him ! ame no %ita tsukura%i%i ,oho-kami1 t is to say1 ! great ,god :o made ! ,"u-,heav54 ,! spe> :i* he c>ries is indicative ( w>like pr[ess & political sway1 :ile ! mattock giv5 to him by "o my? po9ts r to agricultural developm5t4 ,he is also1 along ) ,sukuna-bikona1 ! in/ructor ( mank9d 9 ! arts ( m$ic9e & magic4 ,! usual t5d5cy to enl>ge ! sph]e ( nature deities by attribut+ to !m provid5tial p[]s is illu/rat$ by a poem 9 ! ,_m%iu 9 :i* he is appeal$ to = ! protection ( ! %ip ( an envoy :o 0 ab\t to proce$ to ,*9a4 ,he c\ld assume ! =m ( a snake or ( a human be+4 ,! "n ,ohonamo*i tells u no?+4 ,x means great-"n-possessor1 & is simply honorific4 ,an alt]native title is ,oho-kuni-nu%i1 or great l&-ma/]1 ,kuni-nu%i be+ p]haps an honor>y epi!t equival5t to k+4 ,ano!r "n ( ?is deity1 ,oho-kuni-dama 7great l& _s71 is m significant4 ,x %[s t he 0 reg>d$ z "o ( ! ,kuni-dama or e>?-deities m5tion$ above4 ,8 ,e>?-,god quality is also impli$ by ! alias ,oho-toko-nu%i1 or great-place-ma/]4 ,?is ,god belongs ma9ly to ! ,idzumo gr\p ( my?s4 ,he is ! son ( ,susa no wo1 also an ,idzumo ,god4 ,! great c5tre ( 8 wor%ip to ?is day1 & ! holie/ spot 9 ,japan1 next aft] ,ise1 is ,kidzuki1 a t[n 9 t prov9ce4 ,8 %r9e "h#aac is kn[n all ov] ,japan z ! ,tai%a1 or ,great ,%r9e1 & 0 =m]ly ( exceptional magnific5ce4 ,!re is a widespread belief t all ! ,gods ( ,japan resort hi!r 9 ! t5? mon?1 :i* is !re=e call$ ,kami-na-dzuki1 or ! godless mon?4 ,b ,hirata's sugge/ion t ,kami-na-dzuki is really = ,kami-"n-dzuki1 ! div9e ta/+-mon?1 t is1 ! mon? ( ! h>ve/ fe/ival1 is v plausible4 ,kaempf] transf]s ?is annual visit ( ! ,gods f ,idzumo to ! ,mikado's palace1 a blund]+ acc\nt ( a my? :i* itself re/s on a blund]4 ,! /ory ( 8 deposition#aad by ,take-mika-dzu*i & ,futsunu%i is probably an e*o ( a real hi/orical ev5t1 :5 ! rul]s ( ,idzumo 7 compell$ to yield up _! temporal p[] to ! conqu]ors ( ,yamato1 reta9+ h[ev]1 _! control ( spiritual matt]s4 ,miwa1 9 ,yamato1 0 ano!r seat ( ?is deity's wor%ip4 ,to be m exact1 x 0 8 nigi-tama1 or g5tle _s1 :i* 0 wor%ipp$ "h4 ,he is also associat$ ) ! num]\s %r9es call$ ,sann or ,hiye4 ,! ,sono no kami 7g>d5 deity71 to :om !re 0 a %r9e 9 ! ,palace1 is also believ$ to be ,ohomononu%i1 ! nigi-tama ( ,ohonamo*i4 ,along ) ,sukuna-bikona he is wor%ipp$ at ,k&a1 ,tokio1 z %[+ special fav\r to ! inhabitants ( t city 7,y$okko no mitama no kami74 ,^! two deities are suppos$ to grant protection aga9/ small-pox4 ,! ,kojiki /ory ( ,ohonamo*i's adv5tures 9 ,yomi#aae has no app>5t connexion ) 8 /atus z an ,e>?-,god4 ,dr4 ,buckley argues t ! ,ohonamo*i ( ?is n>rative is a ,moon-,god1 & t 8 eighty bro!rs are ! />s4 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd to conta9 =eign & lat] elem5ts1 & t ! introduction ( ,ohonamo*i's "n is m]ely accid5tal4 ,! ,nihongi passes x ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! %9tai ( ,ohonamo*i is a necklace ( jewels4 ,8 nigi-tama1 or g5tle _s1 is repres5t$ by a mirror1 ! %9tai ( ! ara-tama1 or r\gh _s1 be+ a spe>4 ,asuha4--,an obscure deity1 call$ ,asuha no kami1 said to be ! *ild ( ,oho-to%i1 ! ,h>ve/-,god1 is ref]r$ to 9 "o ( ! norito4 ,motori fails to id5tify him or h]4 ,hirata ?9ks t ,asuha is = a%iba1 t is1 foot-place1 & t x means ! plot ( gr\nd on :i* ! dwell+ /&s4 ,he m5tions a practice by p]sons ^: fri5ds 7 abs5t on pilgrimages ( mak+ a model ( a h\se ) a ?at*$ ro( to :i* !y (f]$ tea & rice e morn+4 ,!y c\ld n tell him :at ,god x 0 :om !y wi%$ to propitiate4 ,hirata _h no d\bt t x 0 ,asuha4 ,he quotes an old poem :i* says3 ,until he returns1 ,i w pray to ! ,god ,asuha ( ! middle ( ! c\rty>d4 ,sir ,e4 ,sat[ calls ,asuha no kami ! gu>dian deity ( ! c\rty>d4 ,i d n d5y t ?is conception exi/$4 ,b we mu/ n lose sight ( ! e>li] phase ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! c\rty>d is itself ! deity4 ,o!r ,e>?-,gods4--,ano!r obscure e>?-deity is ,haigi no kami1 said to be ! ,god ( ! space betwe5 ! door ( ! h\se & ! out] gate4 ,! soil ( ! e>? is deifi$ "u ! names ( ,uhij9i1 ,suhij9i1 & ,hani-yasu-hime1 p]sonifications ( mud1 s&1 & clay respectively4 ,! two =m] are j m5tion$ 9 my?4 ,hani-yasu means clay easy1 ! latt] adjective indicat+ its pla/ic quality4 ,clay 0 probably deifi$ because x =ms ! mat]ial = ! ,kamado1 or kit*5-furnace1 & is !re=e des]v+ ( gratitude = its s]vice 9 re/ra9+ ! unruly elem5t fire4 ,! wat]-g\rd 0 deifi$ = ! same reason4 ,e>?quake-,gods4--,! old my?s say no?+ ab\t e>?quakes1 & al?\gh !y are m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! hi/orical "p ( ! ,nihongi1 9 only "o case#aaf is a ,god ( ,e>?quakes spok5 (4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #fhd !re 0 a great e>?quake1 & a new isl& 0 =m$ at ,idzu4 ,a drumm+ s\nd 0 he>d1 :i* 0 ?\ght to be made by ! ,gods 9 con/ruct+ x4 ,! ,%oku-nihongi1 a cont9uation ( ! ,nihongi1 /ates t 9 ! reign ( ,%mu 7#gbd-dh71 !re 7 %r9es to ! ,god ( ,e>?quakes 9 all ! prov9ces4 ,b any ,god might cause an e>?quake4 ,!re is a leg5d t ! ,god ( ,ka%ima 7,take-mika-dzu*i7 seal$ d[n ! ,e>?quake-,god--he has no p>ticul> "n--by plac+ ov] him ! ,kaname-i%i1 or pivot-/one1 :i* is /ill to be se5 ne> 8 %r9e4 ,! comp>ative insignificance ( ?is deity 9 a c\ntry s notori\sly subject to ^! convulsions z ,japan is an in/ructive comm5t>y on ,buckle's well-kn[n views ( _! importance 9 promot+ sup]/ition4 ,m\nta9-,gods4--,mo/ m\nta9s ( importance h _! deity1 :o sometimes belongs to ! g5]al pan!on & is at o!rs a specific m\nta9 deity4 ,! ,m\nta9-,god sometimes assumes ! =m ( a s]p5t4 ,?\gh ,japan has "o hundr$ volcanoes1 ( :i* half are m or less active1 ! feel+s excit$ by volcanic ph5om5a h left little trace 9 ! religion4 ,! ,kojiki1 ,nihongi1 & ,norito d n recognize any wor%ip ( volcanoes4 ,p]haps ! ,aso-tsu-hiko & ,aso-tsu-hime ( ! ,nihongi#aag are to be reckon$ an exception4 ,^! are no d\bt p]sonifications ( ,m\nt ,aso1 a rem>kable volcano 9 ! prov9ce ( ,higo1 :i* is frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 lat] hi/ory4 ,! dry+ up or ov]fl[+ ( a lake )9 its crat] 0 suppos$ to port5d fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 dr\ght1 or ! dea? ( ! sov]eign4 ,a n9?-c5tury notice /ates t ! ,mikado in=m$ ! ,sun-,goddess t ! miracul\s pond 9 ! di/rict ( ,aso rec5tly dri$ up = ab\t f\r hundr$ feet1 & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,idzu !re has be5 an e>?quake4 ,aft] div9ation ,i le>nt t a dr\ght1 plague1 or w> w\ld ensue4 ,9 ord] t ?is l& might be peacefully rul$ by ! ,sun-,goddess1 ,i1 hav+ *os5 a day ( happy om51 s5d out ! mess5g]s 7nam$7 & pres5t (f]+s4 ,on ano!r simil> occasion1 ! ,god ,ha*iman 0 appeal$ to = help4 ,! ,god 7or ,gods71 h[ev]1 ( ,aso itself 0 n :olly neglect$4 ,!re 7 %r9es to him on ! m\nta91 ) h]$it>y gu>dians to att5d to !m1 & we he> ( an (f]+ ( a horse4 ,b volcano gods 7 9 no high e/imation4 ,9 #hfj a ,satsuma volcano receiv$ ! junior bran* ( a l[] division ( ! f\r? rank1 :i* is mu* z if ,vesuvius 7 aw>d$ ! ,italian equival5t = a ,d4,s4,o4 ,a great eruption ( a m\nta9 9 ,deha 9 ! n9? c5tury 0 attribut$ to ! wra? ( ,oho-mono-imi 7! ,food-,goddess71 on acc\nt ( a pollution ( ! m\nta9 wat] by dead bodies4 ,fuji no yama is wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,s5g5 or ,asama4 ,at ! pres5t day ne>ly e volcano has its deity & a small %r9e4 ,m\nta9 ,class-,deities4--,! ,kojiki & ,nihongi m5tion a ,m\nta9-,god or ,gods1#aah call$ ,yama tsu mi 7m\nta9-body71 z among ! *ildr5 ( ,izanagi & ,izanami1 or z born f ! blood ( ,kagutsu*i :5 sla9 by 8 fa!r4 ,we he> little m ( him or !m4 ,! ,m\nta9-,god 0 wor%ipp$ be=e cutt+ trees = %r9es or palaces4 ,sea-,gods4--,! *ief sea-deities ( ,%9to are ! ?ree ,gods produc$ by ,izanagi#aai :5 he wa%$ 9 ! sea aft] 8 return f ,yomi4 ,!y are nam$ respectively ,soko-tsu-wata-dzu-mi 7bottom-sea-body71 ,naka-tsu-wata-dzu-mi 7middle-sea-body7 & ,uha-tsu-wata-dz-umi 7upp]-sea-body74 ,_! *ief %r9e is at ,sumiyo%i1 ne> ,sakai1 & !y are pray$ to = rescue f %ipwreck & = fair w9ds4#abj ,^! ?ree ,gods are frequ5tly spok5 ( z "o4 ,hirata id5tifies !m ) ,toyotama-hiko1 ^: leg5d is relat$ above4#aba ,illu/ration ,) ,toyotama-hiko !re is associat$ a fabul\s animal call$ a wani1 usually writt5 ) ! ,*9ese "* = crocodile4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! wani is really ! ,*9ese dragon4 ,x is frequ5tly s repres5t$ 9 ,japanese pictures4 ,i h be=e me a pr9t :i* %[s ,toyotama-hiko & 8 daught] ) dragons' heads appe>+ ov] _! human ones4 ,?is %[s t he 0 conceiv$ ( n only z a ,"l ( ,dragons1 b z a dragon himself4 ,8 daught]1 :o 9 "o v]sion ( ! /ory *anges at ! mom5t ( *ild-be>+ into a wani z h] true =m1 9 ano!r is conv]t$ into a dragon4 ,9 ,japanese my? ! s]p5t or dragon is almo/ always associat$ ) wat] 9 "s ( its =ms4 ,we also he> ( a ,%iho-tsu*i1 or br9e-fa!r1 & ( local h>b\r deities4 ,riv]-,gods4--,! ,riv] ,gods h no individual names4 ,!y are call$ g5]ally midzu-*i1 or wat]-fa!r4 ,japanese diction>ies describe ! midzu-*i z an animal ( ! dragon species ) f\r legs4 ,hepburn1 9 8 ',japanese-,engli% ,diction>y1' calls x a l>ge wat]-snake4 ,! diff]5ce is n mat]ial4 ,! dragon-k+s ( ,*9ese my? 7( :om ,toyotama-hiko is an e*o7 are 9 ,india ! ,naga ,raja1 or cobra-k+s4 ,! conception ( a /ream z a snake1 s]p5t1 or dragon1 or ( "o ( ^! animals z ! embodim5t ( a wat]-deity is widespread4 ,d5nys1 9 8 ',folk-,lore ( ,*9a1' quotes f ! ,nor? ,*9a ,h]ald ! foll[+3 ,! ,riv]-,god is 9 e case a small wat]-snake :i* popul> fancy has conv]t$ into a deity4 ,rob]tson-,smi?1 9 8 ',religion ( ! ,semites1' says t ! liv+ p[] t inhabits sacr$ wat]s & gives !m _! miracul\s or heal+ quality is v (t5 held to be a s]p5t1 a huge dragon1 or wat] mon/]4 ,reville tells u t ,le s]p5t j\e en effet un gr& rle symbolique dans le culte de ,tlaloc 7! ,mexican ,ra9 & ,wat] ,god7 en tant qu'il repres5te l'eau qui c\le1 les nuages1 les c\rs d'eau4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ a riv]1 ) its s9u\s c\rse & its my/]i\s movem5t )\t legs1 %\ld come to be ?\ght ( z a great s]p5t1 especially if we rememb] ! aquatic habits ( "s ( ! ophidia4 ,riv]s h _! fav\rable & _! malefic5t aspects4 ,on ! "o h& !y furni% wat] = irrigation1 & on ! o!r !y cause de/ruction & loss ( life by _! floods1 metaphorically express$ by ! s]p5t's poison4 ,! ,riv]-,gods are pray$ to = ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght4 ,we he> (t5] ( _! s9i/] aspect4 ,! ,p]seus & ,&rom$a incid5t relat$ above is probably a trace ( =m] human sacrifices to riv]s1 ( :i* fur!r evid5ce is af=d$ by ! foll[+ extracts f ! ,nihongi3-- ,a4,d4 #cgi4 ,?is ye>1 at a =k ( ! ,riv] ,kaha%ima1 9 ! c5tral division ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,kibi1 !re 0 a great wat]-dragon :i* h>ass$ ! p4 ,n[ :5 travell]s 7 pass+ t place on _! j\rney1 !y 7 sure to be affect$ by its poison1 s t _m di$4 ,h]eupon ,agatamori1 ! ance/or ( ! ,omi ( ,kasa1 a man ( fi]ce temp] & ( great bodily /r5g?1 /ood ov] ! pool ( ! riv]-=k & flung into ! wat] ?ree :ole calaba%es1 say+3 ',?\ art cont9ually bel*+ up poison & !re)al plagu+ travell]s4 ,i w kill !e1 ?\ wat]-dragon4 ,if ?\ can/ s9k ^! calaba%es1 !n w ,i take myself away1 b if ?\ can/ n s9k !m1 !n w ,i cut ?y body to pieces4' ,n[ ! wat]-dragon *ang$ itself into a de] & tri$ to draw d[n ! calaba%es1 b ! calaba%es w\ld n s9k4 ,s ) uprais$ sword he ent]$ ! wat] & slew ! wat]-dragon4 ,he fur!r s\ght out ! wat]-dragon's fell[s4 ,n[ ! tribe ( all ! wat]-dragons fill$ a cave 9 ! bottom ( ! pool4 ,he slew !m e "o1 & ! wat] ( ! riv] became *ang$ to blood4 ,!re=e t wat] 0 call$ ! pool ( ,agatamori4 ,a4,d4 #cbc4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! ov]fl[+ ( ! ,nor!rn riv] ! ,mamuta embankm5t 0 con/ruct$4 ,at ?is "t !re 7 two p>ts ( ! con/ruction :i* gave way & c\ld n be /opp$ up4 ,!n ! ,emp]or _h a dream1 9 :i* he 0 admoni%$ by a ,god1 say+3 ',!re are a man ( ,musa%i nam$ ,koha-kubi & a man ( ,kaha*i nam$ ,koromo no ko1 ! ,muraji ( ,mamuta4 ,let ^! two m5 be sacrific$ to ! ,riv]-,god1 & ?\ wilt surely be enabl$ to close ! gaps4' ,s he s\ght = ^! two m51 & hav+ f\nd !m1 (f]$ !m to ! ,riv]-,god4 ,h]eupon ,koha-kubi wept & lam5t$1 & plung+ into ! wat]1 di$4 ,s t embankm5t 0 complet$4 ,koroma no ko1 h[ev]1 took two :ole calaba%es1 & /&+ ov] ! wat] :i* c\ld n be damm$1 plung$ ! two calaba%es into ! mid-/ream & pray$1 say+3 ',o ?\ ,riv]-,god1 :o ha/ s5t ! curse to remove :i* ,i h n[ come hi!r z a sacrifice6 ,if ?\ do/ p]si/ 9 ?y desire to h me1 s9k ^! calaba%es & let !m n rise to ! surface4 ,!n %all ,i "k t ?\ art a true ,god1 & w ent] ! wat] ( my own accord4 ,b if ?\ can/ n s9k ! calaba%es1 ,i %all1 ( c\rse1 "k t ?\ art a false ,god1 = :om :y %\ld ,i sp5d my life 9 va98' ,h]eupon a :irlw9d arose sudd5ly :i* drew ) x ! calaba%es & tri$ to subm]ge !m 9 ! wat]4 ,b ! calaba%es1 danc+ on ! waves1 w\ld n s9k1 & float$ f> away ov] ! wide wat]s4 ,9 ?is way t embankm5t 0 complet$1 al?\gh ,koromo no ko did n die4 ,accord+ly ,koromo no ko's clev]ness sav$ 8 life4 ,!re=e ! m5 ( t "t gave a "n to ^! two places1 call+ !m ',koha-kubi's ,gap' & ',koromo no ko's ,gap4' ,^! /ories1 l t ( ,p]seus & ,&rom$a1 & ! ,roman leg5d t ,h]cules sub/itut$ images ( /raw = ! liv+ m5 hurl$ into ! ,tib] f ! ,sublician bridge1 belong to a p]iod :5 ! belief 9 ! efficacy ( human sacrifice = propitiat+ riv]-deities _h be5 consid]ably %ak54 ,! abolition ( sacrifices ( liv+ m5 at ! tombs ( deceas$ ,mikados is "p ( ! same movem5t 9 ! direction ( a great] reg>d = human life4 ,! decay ( ! cult ( riv]s is also to be inf]r$ f a /atem5t 9 ! ,nihongi 7,a4,d4 #fdb7 t pray]s to ! ,riv]-,gods = ra9 7 condemn$ by ! ,gov]nm5t z yield+ no good result4 ,read+ ,buddhi/ ,sutras 0 equally ineffectual1 b pray]s by ! ,mikado to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ,heav5 9 ,*9ese fa%ion 7 m successful4 ,!re is a sup]/ition at ! pres5t day t ! m\?s & pools ( riv]s are haunt$ by mon/]s call$ kappa1 :i* de/roy human be+s & dome/ic animals4 ,ra9-,gods4--,two special ,ra9-,gods are m5tion$ 9 ! ,nihongi1 namely1 ,kura o ,kami 7valley-augu/-god7 & ,taka-o-,kami 7height-augu/-god74 ,bo? are (t5 call$ simply ,o ,kami1 & are conceiv$ ( z hav+ dragon %ape4 ,b pray+ = ra9 0 by no means conf9$ to !m4 ,! ,y5gi%iki gives a li/ ( eighty-five %r9es to :i* mess5g]s 7 despat*$ by ! ,c\rt to pray = ra94 ,^! includ$ _m riv] & wat] deities1 su* z ! ,yamagu*i 7m\nta9-m\?7 & ,mi-kum>i 7wat]-di/ributor7 ,gods2 b ! ,w9d-,god1 ! ,rice-,god1 ! ,?und]-,god1 & _m o!rs 7 add$4 ,ev5 deifi$ m5 l ,temmang2 might be pray$ to = ra94 ,! foll[+ is a mod]n me?od ( caus+ ra94 ,a procession is =m$1 a ,%9to prie/ c>ry+ gohei at its head4 ,next to him foll[s a con*-bl[]1 & !n "s m5 c>ry+ a dragon made ( /raw1 bamboo1 c4 ,two flags inscrib$ to ! ,dragon-k+s come aft]4 ,next foll[s a drum1 !n ! p 9 disord]ly r\t1 %\t+1 ,! black cl\ds ( ! hon\rable peak3 f ! we/ ! ra9 comes p\r+4 ,! c]emony ends by ! /raw dragon be+ plung$ into a wat]fall4 ,wat] f ! sacr$ lake ( ,h>una is suppos$ to produce ra94 ,x is c>ri$ to ! requir$ place by relays ( c\ri]s1 = if x /opp$ on ! way ! ra9 w\ld fall !re in/ead4 ,well-,gods4--,sacr$ wells are kn[n 9 ,japan4 ,!y are call$ mi-wi 7augu/ well7 or mana-wi 7true well74 ,!re is "o at ,kitsuki1 9 ,idzumo1 call$ ! ama no manawi 7heav5-true-well71 :5ce sacr$ wat] is drawn4 ,wells or well-gods are widely wor%ipp$1 usually 9 association ) su* h\sehold deities z ,a%iba no ,kami 7! site deity7 & ,kamado no ,kami 7! furnace deity74 ,we he> ( an ,iku-wi no ,kami 7live-well-god7 & a ,fuku-wi no ,kami 7luck-well-god74 ,special wells 7 sunk = ! wat] us$ 9 ! ohonihe c]emony1 & wor%ip paid to !m4 ,well-digg]s 7idohori7 at ! pres5t day sometimes purify ! gr\nd previ\sly to beg9n+ _! op]ations & set up gohei4 ,9 f9e wea!r1 at night1 !y apply _! e>s to ! gr\nd1 :5 !y c he> ! wat]-ve9s bel[4 ,old wells %\ld n be :olly clos$1 or bl9dness to "o ( ! family w be ! result4 ,h5ce to appease ! ,god ( ! well a bamboo is let d[n into x be=e fill+ x up4 ,wells are wor%ipp$ at ! ,new ,ye>4 ,wat]-,gods4--,! elem5t ( wat] g5]ally is deifi$ "u ! "n ( ,midzuha no me 7wat]-female74 ,%e is said to h be5 produc$ f ! ur9e ( ,izanami :5 dy+1 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 f ! blood ( ,kagu-tsu*i :5 he 0 sla9 by ,izanagi4#abb ,! ,jimmu leg5d says t ! wat] us$ 9 sacrifice to ,musubi 0 entitl$ ,idzu no ,midzuha no me1 t is to say1 sacr$-wat]-female1 ?us id5tify+ ! elem5t ) ! deity to :om x belongs4 ,w9d-,gods4--,! ,nihongi speaks ( "o ,w9d-,god nam$ ,%9atsu-hiko 7w9d-long-pr9ce74 ,he 0 produc$ f ,izanagi's brea? :5 he puff$ away ! mi/s :i* surr\nd$ ! newly =m$ c\ntry ( ,japan4#abc ,! conception ( ! w9d z ! brea? ( ! ,gods is also f\nd 9 ! ,v$as & else:]e4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,nihongi frequ5t m5tion is made ( embassies to ,tatsuta1 9 ,yamato1 to pray to ! ,w9d-,gods = a good h>ve/4 ,a norito address$ to !m#abd makes two ,w9d-,gods--"o mascul9e1 nam$ ,%9atsu-hiko1 & "o fem99e1 call$ ,%9atobe4 ,!y are also ref]r$ to z ,ame no ,miha%ira 7augu/-pill>#abe ( ,heav57 & ,kuni no ,miha%ira 7augu/-pill> ( ,e>?74 ,hirata supposes t x 0 by !m t communication 0 ma9ta9$ betwe5 e>? & sky 9 ! ,age ( ! ,gods1 & t x is due to _! ag5cy t ! pray]s ( m5 are he>d 9 ,heav54 ,_! %9tai is a mirror4 ,ano!r ,w9d-,god is ,haya*i1 t is1 ! swift fa!r1 or p]haps swift w9d4 ,he is m especially ! :irlw9d4 ,he act$ z ! mess5g] ( ! ,gods 9 br++ up to ,heav5 ! body ( ,ame no waka-hiko1 :o _h di$ on e>?4 ,take-mika-dzu*i & ,futsunu%i4--,!re is mu* confusion z to ! "* & functions ( ^! two deities4 ,!y are associat$ 9 my? & 9 wor%ip4#abf ,_! two olde/ %r9es at ,ka%ima & ,kadori are close to "o ano!r1 & !y are wor%ipp$ toge!r at ,kasuga & o!r places4 ,inde$ ,hirata argues t !y are "o & ! same deity4 ,he po9ts out t ,futsunu%i is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,kojiki /ory ( ! pacification ( ,japan 9 prep>ation = ! adv5t ( ,n9igi1 & t ! same au?ority gives ,toyo-futsu no ,kami & ,take-futsu no ,kami z alt]native names ( ,take-mika-dzu*i4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,jimmu leg5d calls ,futsu no mitama1#abg app>5tly a v>iant ( ,futsunu%i1 ! sword ( ,take-mika-dzu*i1 & ascribes a diff]5t p>5tage to ^! two deities4 ,!re are o!r features 9 ! ,nihongi my?s :i* are inconsi/5t ) ! !ory t !y are id5tical4 ,take-mika-dzu*i means brave-dread-fa!r4 ,8 "n is frequ5tly writt5 ) ,*9ese *>act]s :i* imply t he is id5tical ) ,ika-dzu*i1 or ! ,?und]-,god4 ,?is is probably correct1 al?\gh x is to be rememb]$ t ,ika-dzu*i _h 9 m anci5t times ! m g5]al signification dread fa!r1 & is appli$ to o!r ?an ?und] deities4 ,9 ,futsu-nu%i ! latt] elem5t admitt$ly means ma/]4 ,b ,i _c accept ,motori's explanation ( futsu z an onomatopoetic ^w express+ ! s\nd made :5 a ?+ is cleanly cut or snapp$ (f4 ,! foll[+ facts sugge/ a diff]5t d]ivation3-- #a4 ,! ,sun-mirror 7hi-kagami1 :i* may also mean fire-mirror7 is call$ 9 "o writ+#abh ! ,ma-futsu no kagami 7true-fire-mirror74 #b4 ,ama no hihoko is said to h br\ght ov] ) him f ,korea a hi-kagami4 #c4 ,futsu is ! regul> ,japanese phonetic equival5t ( ! ,korean pul1 fire4 ,9 ,furu-no mitama & ,furu-musubi 7= ,ho-musubi7 we h an int]m$iate =m betwe5 futsu & pul4 ,!re is a ,god call$ ,saji-futsu or ,satsu-futsu1 = :i* ! ,korean phonetic equival5t w\ld be ,sal-pul4 ,?is w\ld mean liv+ fire 7,cic]o's ignis animal74 ,i h no d\bt t ,saji-futsu is an alias ( ,futsu-nu%i4 #d4 ,futsunu%i 0 produc$ f ! blood ( ,kagu-tsu*i1 ! ,god ( ,fire1 :5 ! latt] 0 sla9 by ,izanagi4 ,! inf]5ce f ^! data is t ,futsunu%i is a ,fire-,god ( ,korean orig94#abi ,b :ile !re is a /rong probability t ,take-mika-dzu*i & ,futsunu%i 7 orig9ally ,?und] & ,fire deities1 by a t5d5cy :i* !re is = nature-gods to become cr$it$ ) provid5tial functions1 to ! neglect or oblivion ( _! prop] natural p[]s1 ^! two deities h 9 hi/orical times be5 univ]sally recogniz$ z w>-gods4 ,! my? :i* repres5ts !m z subdu+ ,ohonamo*i & makes ,futsu no mitama a sword conta9s ! g]m ( ?is view ( _! "*4 ,a poet ( ! ,_m%iu speaks ( pray+ to ! ,god ( ,ka%ima :5 ab\t to />t on a w>like exp$ition4 ,f5c+ & horseman%ip 7 "u ,futsunu%i's special protection4 ,! %9tai ( bo? ,gods1 to "s wor%ipp]s ! ,gods !mselves1 7 swords4 ,t ( ,take-mika-dzu*i 0 a sword1 five feet long1 :i* at ! annual ,ka%ima fe/ival 0 drawn f its %ea? & wor%ipp$ by ! prie/s1#acj all ! p pres5t we>+ swords & draw+ !m be=e ! %r9e4 ,x is probably z a w>-god t he 0 con/itut$ ! ,ujigami ( ! arr[-mak]s1 & t (f]+s ( horses 7 made to him4 ,:5 savage tribes 7 subdu$ or =eign invad]s repuls$ ^! ,gods l$ ! van & 7 foll[$ by ! o!r deities4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to ext5d _! special fav\r & protection to ! ,mikado1 :o s5t frequ5t embassies to _! v>i\s %r9es4 ,!y 7 also pray$ to = a calm passage = envoys to ,*9a1 & = *ildr54 ,pr$ictions ( ! quality ( ! h>ve/ 7 rec5tly1 & probably /ill are1 hawk$ ab\t by p]sons 9 ! g>b ( ,%9to prie/s1 call$ ,ka%ima no koto-fure1 t is to say1 notifications f ,ka%ima4 ,believ]s 9 ! gho/ & grave !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion w be int]e/$ to le>n t n f> f ,ka%ima !re is a l>ge sepul*ral m\nd call$ ,kame-yama 7pot-hill74 ,on ! #h? day ( ! #a/ mon? an ,imp]ial envoy (f]s gohei "h & recites a norito4 ,!re are dances & music1 & ! m\nd is solemnly circumambulat$4 ,traditions exi/ ( a great battle 9 ?is neighb\rhood4 ,small] sepul*ral m\nds are also met ) "h1 z at all anci5t c5tres ( au?ority 9 ,japan4 ,ika-dzu*i4--,take-mika-dzu*i hav+ be5 conv]t$ into a w>-deity & g5]al ,provid5ce1 ! ,?und] itself cont9u$ to be wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,ika-dzu*i1 dread fa!r1 :i* is %ort = ,n>u ika-dzu*i1 ! s\nd+ dread fa!r4 ,he is also call$ ,n>u kami1 or ! s\nd+ ,god4 ,kami-n>i 7god-s\nd7 is ! mod]n ^w = ?und]4 ,!re are num]\s %r9es to ?is deity4 ,by ! ,ika-dzu*i1 :i* 7 g5]at$ f ! putrefy+ corpse ( ,izanami1 we mu/ und]/& n ?und]s b p]sonifi$ diseases1 ! ^w be+ tak5 9 its etymological signification4 ,! ,kojiki1 h[ev]1 9 ?is passage does und\bt$ly say ?und]s4 ,! di/9ction into eight ?und]s is a fancy ( ! writ]1 little recogniz$ 9 lat] ritual4 ,! ,nihongi ignores x4 ,! foll[+ /ory f ! ,nihongi illu/rates ,japanese ideas respect+ ! ,?und]-,god3-- ,a4,d4 #fah4 ,?is ye> ,kahabe no ,omi 0 s5t to ! prov9ce ( ,aki ) ord]s to build %ips4 ,on arriv+ at ! m\nta91 he s\ght = %ip timb]4 ,hav+ f\nd good timb]1 he m>k$ x & 0 ab\t to cut x1 :5 a man appe>$1 & said3 ',?is is a ?und]-tree1 & mu/ n be cut4' ,kahabe no ,omi said3 ',%all ev5 ! ,?und]-,god oppose ! ,imp]ial comm&s8' ,s hav+ (f]$ _m mitegura1 he s5t workm5 to cut d[n ! timb]4 ,/raightway a great ra9 fell1 & x ?und]$ & light5$4 ,h]eupon ,kahabe no ,omi drew 8 sword1 & said3 ',o ,?und]-,god1 h>m n ! workm52 x is my p]son t ?\ %\ld/ injure4' ,s he look$ up & wait$4 ,b al?\gh ! ,god ?und]$ m ?an t5 times1 he c\ld n h>m ,kahabe no ,omi4 ,!n he *ang$ himself into a small fi%1 :i* /uck betwe5 ! bran*es ( ! tree4 ,kahabe no ,omi =?) took ! fi% & burnt x4 ,s at la/ ! %ips 7 built4 ,o!r ,fire-,gods4--,futsunu%i's quality z a ,fire-,god _h be5 q =gott5 ev5 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi times4 ,b !re are sev]al o!r ,fire-,gods1 or p]haps we %\ld r say local or occasional v>iants ( ! same deity4 ,kagu-tsu*i1 or radiant fa!r1 is ! "n giv5 to a ,fire-,god 9 ! ,nihongi1 :]e he is said to h caus$ ! dea? ( 8 "m ,izanami4 ,kagu conta9s ! same root z kagayaku1 to %9e4 ,x also occurs 9 ,kaguyama1 a sacr$ m\nta9 9 ,yamato1 f :i* ! ne$ful objects = sacrifice 7 9 e>ly times provid$4 ,?is ,god is wor%ipp$ "u ! "n ( ,ho-musubi or fire-gr[?#aca on ! summit ( ,atago1 a m\nta9 ne> ,kito4 ,!re are _m hill-%r9es to ?is deity ne> o!r cities 9 ,japan4 ,8 bus9ess is to give protection aga9/ conflagrations4 ,! ,jimmu leg5d speaks z if fire-wor%ip arose f ! deification ( ! sacrificial fire4 ,b !re mu/ h be5 o!r reasons4 ,! dome/ic fire r5d]s important s]vices to mank9d1 & its relation to ! sun is unmi/akable4 ,inde$ ! ,japanese call fire & sun by ! same "n1 hi4 ,fire has also its t]rible aspect1 :i* is recogniz$ 9 my? & norito4#acb ,hirata id5tifies ! ,god ) ! elem5t4 ,he is obvi\sly a class1 & n an individual ,god4 ,!re is a fe/ival at ! pres5t day call$ ! ,hi-taki-matsuri 7fire-k9dle-fe/ival71 :5 bonfires are lit1 & small (f]+s made to ! flames4 ,furnace ,gods4--,along ) ! ,gods ( ,fire we may place ! deities ( ! dome/ic cook+ furnace1 namely ,kamado no ,kami & ,kudo no ,kami4 ,!y are b>ely m5tion$ 9 ! ,kojiki & n at all 9 ! ,nihongi4 ,!y h no my?1 & al?\gh !re is a norito address$ to !m x conta9s no?+ *>act]i/ic4 ,?is wor%ip is nev]!less g5]al1 f ! ,mikado's palace to ! home ( ! peasant4 ,sometimes we f9d a s+le deity1 sometimes a m>ri$ pair call$ ,okitsu-hiko & ,okitsu-hime1 sometimes z _m z eight co-exi/+ furnace-gods are met )4 ,! vulg> call him an aragami 7r\gh deity71 & repres5t him ) ?ree heads1 a notion :i*1 accord+ to ,hirata1 is tak5 f ,indian my?4 ,usually ! cook+ furnace is ! deity4 ,! ,japanese kit*5 w5* at ! pres5t day calls h] cook+ range ,hettsui-sama1 ! t]m9ation sama imply+ p]sonification & respect4 ,%e ?9ks x unlucky to lay d[n an edge-tool on x4 ,b ! ,god is also conceiv$ ( z deta*$ f ! furnace4 ,?us he is said to h taught ! art ( cook+ to mank9d4 ,9 t case ! kama1 or pot1 is 8 %9tai1 or mat]ial repres5tative4 ,!re 0 a ,kama-matsuri 7pot fe/ival7 at ,kito be=e ! revolution4 ,x 0 celebrat$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>1 :5 ,%9to prie/s read h>ahi4 ,! pot 0 address$ 9 song & adjur$ to br+ pl5ty ( cu/om]s1 usually by dy]s & o!rs 9 ^: bus9ess caldrons 7 us$4 ,ukemo*i 7! ,food ,goddess74--,cic]o1 9 8 treatise ',de ,natura ,deorum1' asks :e!r any "o is mad en\gh to believe t ! food we eat is actually a ,god4 ,! mod]n /ud5t ( religion has no difficulty 9 answ]+ ?is "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,eat+ ! ,god is a well-kn[n in/itution1 f ! cu/om ( ! ,a9us ( ,yezo1 :o wor%ip a be>1#acc caught & cag$ = ! purpose1 & w9d up ! fe/ival 9 8 hon\r by eat+ him1 up to ! mo/ solemn rite ( ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity4 ,an ,a9u pray]1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,bat*elor1 conta9s ! foll[+ words3 ,o ?\ ,god6 ,o ?\ div9e c]eal1 d ?\ n\ri% ! p4 ,i n[ p>take ( !e4 ,i wor%ip !e & give !e ?anks4 ,gratitude 9 ! fir/ place to1 & !n =1 our daily bread1 is an important factor 9 ! e>ly gr[? ( religion4 ,)\t x we %\ld h _h no ,roman ,c]es1 no ,mexican ,maize-,god ,c5tliotl1 & no ,ukemo*i4 ,i d n f9d ! direct wor%ip ( our daily food 9 ,%9to1 ?\gh p]haps a trace ( an old] id5tification ( ! food ) ! ,god is to be recogniz$ 9 ! my? :i* repres5ts ! ,food-,goddess z produc+ f h] m\? & o!r p>ts ( h] body vi&s = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! ,moon-,god4 ,hirata is indignant at ! idea t !re is any?+ metaphorical ab\t ?is /ory4 ,x is usually ! (f]+s ( food :i* are deifi$4 ,jimmu is said to h direct$ t ! food-(f]+s to ,taka-musubi %\ld be call$ ,idzu-uka no me 7sacr$-food-female71 :i* is ano!r "n = ,uke-mo*i4 ,9 a "w ( ! eigh? c5tury ! ,sun-,goddess is said to h appe>$ to ! ,mikado ,yriaku 9 a dream4 ,%e compla9$ to him ( h] lonel9ess at ,ise1 & direct$ t ,aga mi ketsu no kami %\ld be s5t = to ,tamba 9 ord] to keep h] company4 ,?is 0 ! leg5d>y orig9 ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,food-,goddess 9 ! out] %r9e 7,geku7 ( ,ise4 ,z ,motori po9ts out1 ,aga mi ketsu no kami means ! deity ( ! food (f]$ to me4 ,b 9 ?is la/ in/ance ! (f]+ & ! deity ( ! (f]+ are no long] id5tical4 ,x 0 usual = ! p>ticipants 9 ! c]emony to consume ! food (f]$ to ! ,gods4 ,we are told t ,jimmu ta/$ ! food ( ! sacr$ j>s4 ,! ,mikado at all times foll[$ ?is rule1 notably at ! ,nih9ame1 or h>ve/ fe/ival1 :5 he p>took ( ord9>y food )1 b aft]1 ! ,gods4 ,he does n eat ! ,god1 b only associates himself ) ! deity z 8 table-companion--a v simple & intelligible =m ( communion4 ,x is on ! same pr9ciple t 9 mod]n times pilgrims to ,ise buy f ! prie/s & eat ! rice :i* has be5 (f]$ to ! ,gods4 ,!re is "s confusion 9 reg>d to ,ukemo*i4 ,h] aliases are v num]\s1 if1 inde$1 we ought n to reckon "s ( !m z di/9ct deities4 ,no d\bt food 0 deifi$ ov] & ov] aga9 9 _m places4 ,! etymology ( mo/ ( h] names is suffici5tly transp>5t4 ,!y conta9 ! elem5t ke or ka1 food4 ,"o ( ^!1 namely ,uka no mitama1 or ! _s ( food1 %\ld be m5tion$1 z x embodies a m advanc$ & spiritual conception ( ! nature ( ?is deity4 ,! p>5tage ( ! ,food-,goddess is v>i\sly giv5 9 diff]5t my?s4 ,"o /ory makes h] ! daught] ( ,izanagi & ,izanami1 & ano!r ( ,susa no wo4 ,! latt] is1 p]haps1 an expression ( ! idea t ! ra9/orm fits ! rice-fields = produc+ gra94 ,aft] ! ,sun-,goddess1 ,uke-mo*i is1 p]haps 7especially if we id5tify h] ) ,in>i71 ! mo/ univ]sally popul> deity 9 ,japan4 ,%e 0 "o ( ! eight deities ( ! ,j+ikwan1 & 0 wor%ipp$ at f\r ( ! tw5ty-two ,great] ,%r9es1 ( :i* a li/ 0 made 9 #ajci4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce t h] cult 0 n conf9$ to ! ,/ate c]emonies4 ,hirata calls h] an ihe no kami1 or h\sehold deity4 ,! ,sake 7rice-be]7 ,god is sometimes ! same z ! ,food-,goddess1 & at o!rs ,sukuna-bikona4 ,in>i4--,not)/&+ ! diff]5ce ( sex1 & to "s ext5t ( function1 ! ,rice-,god ,in>i is g5]ally recogniz$ by ! ,japanese z id5tical ) ,uke-mo*i4 ,in>i1 x is expla9$1 is only ! "n ( ! locality ( h] be/-kn[n %r9e ne> ,kito1 fir/ e/abli%$ 9 #gaa4 ,x is n to be d\bt$ t 9 ,japan ! "n ( ! place ( 8 wor%ip has frequ5tly be5 conv]t$ into ! "n ( ! ,god4 ,9 ! pres5t case1 h[ev]1 x may be suspect$ t ! rev]se process has tak5 place4 ,might n ,in>i be ine1 rice 9 a gr[+ /ate1 & ri1 a t]m9ation imply+ p]sonality8 ,naturally ,in>i is mu* pray$ to = agricultural prosp]ity4 ,b1 z s (t5 happ5s1 ! functions ( ?is ,god h be5 enl>g$ s z to make him a sort ( g5]al ,provid5ce :o wat*es ov] all human conc]ns4 ,9 a rec5t ,japanese novel he is supplicat$ by a wife to make h] husb& fai?ful2 by a "m to cause h] son to divorce an obnoxi\s daught]-9-law2 by a wre/l] = victory 9 8 conte/s2 by a gei%a = a weal?y protector :o w give h] pl5ty ( money & ri* clo!s1 &1 gett+ tir$ ( h] )9 a mon?1 w dismiss h] ) a h&some pres5t4 ,he is also appeal$ to = ! re/oration ( /ol5 prop]ty1 to av]t pe/il5ce1 to cure colds1 to give weal? & prosp]ity1 & to unite fri5ds4 ,! ,kito ,in>i is ! special patron ( swordsmi?s & ( jrs4 ,ano!r ,in>i is celebrat$ = 8 protection ( *ildr5 f small-pox & measles4 ,p :o desire 8 help 9 ?is way (f] at 8 %r9e a r$ clay monkey1 & take away ) !m "o :i* has be5 deposit$ !re by a previ\s wor%ipp]4 ,! %9tai ( ,in>i is a /one1 or a wood5 ticket ) 8 "n inscrib$ on x4 ,he is repres5t$ z an eld]ly man ) a long be>d rid+ upright on a :ite fox4 ,! fox is always associat$ ) ?is deity4 ,a pair ( ^! animals c>v$ 9 wood or /one may usually be se5 9 front ( 8 %r9es4 ,accord+ to ! mod]n !ologians1 ! fox is prop]ly 8 s]vant or mess5g]4 ,b !re is a m ignorant curr5t ( op9ion :i* takes ! animal = ! ,god himself4 ,klapro? f9ds 9 ,japanese books t ! p 9 ,japan wor%ip ! in>i 7fox7 z a tutel> ,god3 little temples are d$icat$ to him 9 _m h\ses1 especially ( ! common] folk4 ,!y ask 8 advice 9 difficulties1 & set rice or beans = him at night4 ,!y take him to be a kami1 i4e41 ! s\l ( a good man deceas$4 ,be x obs]v$ t in>i does n mean fox1 & t a kami is some?+ q diff]5t f ! s\l ( a good man deceas$4 ,x is j possible1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is case ! ignorant multitude are "r1 & t ! fox is a duplicate repres5tative ( ! rice or rice-deity4 ,mr4 ,fraz]1 9 8 ',gold5 ,b\gh1' adduces _m in/ances ( ! ,corn-,god be+ repres5t$ by animals4 ,9 ,poit\1 ! _s ( ! corn appe>s to be conceiv$ 9 ! %ape ( a fox4 ,! fe/ival ( ,in>i is held on ! fir/ horse day ( ! second mon?4 ,! ,%guns celebrat$ x ) great c]emony1 ( :i* dramatic p]=mances 7n7 7 a "p4 ,h>ve/-,gods4--,! ,h>ve/-,gods1 ( :i* !re are sev]al1 z ,oho-to%i no ,kami 7,great-,h>ve/-,god71 ,mito%i no ,kami 7,augu/-,h>ve/-,god71 ,waka-to%i no ,kami 7,"y-,h>ve/-,god71 are n v cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! food & gra9 deities4 ,a my? relat+ to "o ( ^! deities w be f\nd bel[1 p4 #aif4 ,! liturgy entitl$ ',pray+ = ,h>ve/' 0 address$ to all ! *ief deities4#acd ,! wor%ip ( ! ,sun & ( ,gra91 ,h>ve/ & ,gr[? deities1 :i* =ms s important a "p ( ,%9to1 is *>act]i/ic ( an agricultural nation4 ,x is emphasiz$ by ! anci5t cu/om ( ! ,mikado till+ l& 9 p]son1 & by ! ,miko at ,kasuga plant+ rice annually ) mu* c]emony4 ,tree-,gods4--,individual trees ( great age & size are ev]y:]e wor%ipp$ 9 ,japan4 ,an anci5t example ( ?is cult is m5tion$ above1 p4 #aeh4 ,at ! pres5t day ! sacr$ trees are (t5 to be se5 girt ) %im5aha#ace & ) t9y %r9es at ! bottom4 ,! noveli/ ,bak91 writ+ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 tells ( "o :i* he visit$ ne> ,uraga4 ,x 0 a common-look+ fir :i* _h be5 /ruck by lightn+1 no d\bt1 ,bak9 says1 be=e ! _s took up its abode !re4 ,?is tree heal$ diseases ( all k9ds & br\ght luck to fi%]m54 ,p ) sore eyes c>ri$ away ! wat] :i* collect$ 9 a holl[ "p1 & wa%$ _! eyes ) x4 ,inc5se 0 burn$ to x4 ,at ! %r9e ( ,kamo 9 ,kito !re are two sakaki 7sacr$ ev]gre57 trees1 :i* are jo9$ toge!r by a bran* :i* has gr[n f "o trunk into t ( ! o!r4 ,^! trees are mu* visit$ by wom5 :o desire to live 9 h>mony ) _! husb&s4 ,a small r$ tori-wi 9 front ( !m %[s t !y are consid]$ sacr$4#acf ,"h ! emblem ( unity has come to be reg>d$ z hav+ intr9sic virtue4 ,a ,kami-gi 7,god-tree7 0 (t5 plant$ 9 front ( ,%9to %r9es4 ,x 0 sometimes set 9 a portable box1 :i* c\ld be c>ri$ ab\t by ! devotees4 ,a case is record$ 9 :i* ?is 0 done = ! sake ( protection to ! be>]s4 ,! sacr$ tree ( ,japan is ! cley]a japonica4 ,x is an ev]gre51 z ! "n1 d]iv$ f sakayuru1 to fl\ri%1 indicates4 ,!re is a mod]n cu/om 9 places :]e fruit trees are gr[n = two m5 to g out into ! or*>d4 ,"o climbs up a tree :ile ! o!r /&s at ! bottom ) an axe4 ,! latt] asks :e!r x w h a good crop ! next season1 & ?reat5s to cut x d[n if x fails to d s4 ,h]eupon ! man above answ]s = ! tree1 promis+ t x w be> pl5tifully4 ,9 ,hita*i at ! "t ( ! ,sai 7or ,sahe7 no ,kami fea/ 7! fir/ full moon ( ! ye>7 a gruel is made ( rice col\r$ r$#acg ) adzuki beans4 ,?is is spr9kl$ on ! fruit trees ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,! man :o does s we>s ! /raw cov]+ ( a rice-bag by way ( hat1 & takes ) him an axe & ! gruel vessel1 say+ to ea* tree1 ,w y be>--w y be>1 ( bags #a1jjj bags1 ( sacks #a1jjj sacks8 ,say t y w be>4 ,i w be>1 ,i w be>4 ,!n he gives ! tree ?ree cuts ) ! axe1 & p\rs ! gruel on x4 ,simil> cu/oms are f\nd all ov] ! _w4 ,m4 ,d',alviella1 9 8 ,hibb]t ,lectures1 quotes z foll[s3 ,ibn al ,awam's agricultural treatise recomm5ds ! intimidation ( trees t refuse to produce fruit4 ',y are to flog !m mildly & ?reat5 to cut !m d[n if !y g on be>+ no fruit4' ,! ,bohemian ,slavs us$ to say to ! g>d5 trees1 ,bud6 ye trees1 bud6 or ,i w /rip y ( y\r b>k4 ,br&'s ',popul> ,antiquities ( ,brita9' records sev]al v>iants ( ?is cu/om4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,eve1 he says1 ! f>m]s & _! m5 9 ,devon%ire take a l>ge b[l ( cid]1 ) a toa/ 9 x1 & c>ry+ x 9 /ate to ! or*>d1 !y salute ! apple-trees ) mu* c]emony1 9 ord] to make !m be> well ! next season4 ,?is salutation consi/s 9 ?r[+ "s ( ! cid] ab\t ! roots ( ! tree1 plac+ bits ( ! toa/ on ! bran*es1 & !n1 encircl+ "o ( ! be/ be>+ trees 9 ! or*>d1 !y dr9k ! foll[+ toa/ sev]al times3-- ',"h's to !e1 old apple-tree ,:5ce ?\ may/ bud1 & :5ce ?\ may/ bl[1 ,& :5ce ?\ may/ be> apples en[6 ,hats-full6 caps-full6 ,bu%el1 bu%el sacks-full6 ,& my pockets full1 too6 ,hurra6' ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] has treat$ ?is subject ) 8 usual fulness 9 ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh4' ,i suspect t ! pleasure we take 9 dramatic make-believe has m to d ) su* practices ?an any belief 9 _! practical efficacy1 & t !y r conta9 ! g]m ( a religi\s cult ( trees ?an are a survival ( a primitive tree-wor%ip4 ,kukuno*i4--,! old] records m5tion a ,kukuno*i 7trees-fa!r71 a ,ki no mi-oya no ,kami 7tree-augu/-p>5t-deity74 ,!re is also a ,ko-mata no ,kami 7tree-=k-deity7 & a ,ha-mori no ,kami 7leaf-gu>dian-deity74 ,^! are class-deities4 ,kaya nu hime4--,! deity ( h]bs & grasses is call$ ,kaya nu hime 7re$-lady71 or ,nu-dzu*i 7moor-fa!r7 or ,kaya no mi-oya no ,kami 7re$-augu/-p>5t-deity74 ,! *ief reason = deify+ trees & re$s 0 t !y furni% mat]ials = h\se-build+1 & are !re=e des]v+ ( our gratitude & wor%ip4 ,ko-dama4--,! e*o is call$ 9 ,japan ,ko-dama1 or tree _s4 ,h\se-,gods4--,our k ( ^! deities is *iefly d]iv$ f a norito 9 ! ,y5gi%iki4#ach ,"o "p ( ?is ritual speaks ( ,yabune1 :i* may be ei!r s+ul> or plural2 b fur!r on 9 ! same docum5t we f9d ,yabune ,kukuno*i & ,yabune ,toyo-uke-hime4 ,p]haps an orig9al s+le deity has be5 split up into a w$d$ pair by a process ( :i* ,%9to af=ds o!r examples4 ,ya is h\se1 & fune1 :i* usually means %ip1 may also be appli$ to o!r wood5 vessels1 su* z tr\ghs or tubs4 ,! ya-bune is !re=e ! %ell#aci ( ! h\se4 ,kukuno*i1 z we h j se51 is ! "n ( ! ,tree-,god4 ,toyo-uke-hime1 :i* means abundant-food-lady1 has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! ,food-,goddess2 b x is m probable t ! prefix yabune 0 int5d$ to di/+ui% h] f t deity1 z ! same prefix made ( ,kukuno*i a di/9ct ,god f ! ord9>y ,tree-,god4 ,! functions ( ^! ,gods 0 to gu>d ! palace build+ f h>m ( all k9ds4 ,no d\bt ea* h\sehold _h also its ,yabune no ,kami4 ,hirata1 9 8 ,tamadasuki1 gives a pray] to ?is deity int5d$ = g5]al use4 ,! ,oho-toma-hiko & ,oho-toma-hime ( ! ,nihongi & ! ,oho-ya-hiko ( ! ,kojiki are also ,h\se-,gods4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( !m4 ,a c]ta9 sanctity atta*$ to ! c5tral pill> ( ! h\se1 call$ ,daikoku-ba%ira or ,imi-ba%ira 7sacr$ pill>74 ,! ,daikoku-ba%ira is wor%ipp$ 9 "s places on ! #ad? ( ! #a/ mon? by (f]+s ( rice-e>s1 fl[]s1 rice bags1 c4 ,! date indicates a connexion ) ! phallic ,sahe no ,kami4#adj ,privy-,god4--,!re is 9 mod]n times a ,god ( ! privy1 :o has no p>ticul> "n1 sex1 or my?ic record4 ,hirata1 9 8 ,tamadasuki1 has provid$ a special =m ( pray] to him4 ,he himself 0 8 dev\t wor%ipp]4 ,he salut$ ! ,god on ent]+ & leav+1 &1 t p might n =get ?is duty1 recomm5ds t a c>d be nail$ on ! door1 ) ! inscription ,ojigi1 or good mann]s4 ,accord+ to him privies1 z well z dunghills & all unclean places1 are a fav\rite resort ( evil spirits4 ,!y are haunt$ by flies & maggots1 :i* are ! fractional s\ls ( bad m5 7a ,buddhi/ notion874 ,!re is1 !re=e1 all ! great] ne$ to put ourselves "u ! protection ( ! presid+ deity ( ! place4 ,he deprecates spitt+ into x 7:i* causes oph?almia7 or defil+ x1 & says t wom5 :o sweep x out daily & make (f]+ to ! ,god ( a light on ! la/ day ( ea* mon? w be free f diseases bel[ ! girdle4 ,all ?is %[s t ! orig9al id5tity ( demons & diseases has n yet be5 :olly lo/ sight ( 9 ,japan4 ,gate-,gods4--,ku%i-iha-mado 7wondr\s-rock-door7 & ,toyo-iha-mado 7ri*-rock-door74 ,^! two ,gods are kn[n to u f ! norito entitl$ ,mikado no matsuri4#ada ,!y are obvi\sly p]sonifications ( ! gates ( ! ,palace4 ,b ! difficulty pres5ts itself t ^! ,gods are 7app>5tly7 two 9 numb]1 ^! two be+ diff]5tiat$ out ( "o orig9al deity by ! honor>y epi!ts ku%i & toyo1 :ile ! gates ( ! ,palace 7 mu* m num]\s4 ,if x is ! gate itself1 & n ! _s ( ! gate1 :i* is wor%ipp$1 !re ought to be z _m ,gods z gates4 ,hirata w\ld no d\bt expla9 ?is by say+ t !re are really only two ,gods1 b t ea* gate is occupi$ by a mitama1 or emanation f !m4 ,x seems m probable t ! anci5t ,japanese _h no v def9ite ideas on ! subject4 ,!y conceiv$ ( ! gates z 9 "s way or ano!r in/9ct ) life & ex]cis+ c]ta9 protective functions2 b :e!r !re 7 two deities = ea* gate or two = all collectively 0 a "q :i* did n occur to !m4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,japanese language seldom takes ! tr\ble to di/+ui% betwe5 s+ul> & plural4 ,?is is m]ely ano!r way ( say+ t ! nation is comp>atively indiff]5t to numb]1 :e!r ( ,gods or gates4 ,:e!r ! ,gate-div9ity is "o or sev]al does n tr\ble !m4 ,,gods ,,( ,,ab/ractions4 ,izanagi & ,izanami4--,! conspicu\s position giv5 by ! my?ical n>rative#adb to ^! p]sonifications ( ! dual creative p[]s ( ! univ]se has little to correspond ) x 9 cult & ritual4 ,al?\gh !y are no d\bt to be reckon$ among ! ,dii majores ( ,japan1 !y occupy a mu* l[] place ?an ! ,sun-,goddess & ! ,food-,goddess4 ,izanagi & ,izanami are evid5tly creations ( subsequ5t date to ! ,sun-,goddess & o!r concrete deities1 = ^: exi/5ce !y 7 int5d$ to acc\nt4 ,i h little d\bt t !y 7 sugge/$ by ! ,y9 & ,yang1#adc or female & male pr9ciples ( ,*9ese philosophy4 ,inde$ !re is a passage 9 ! ,nihongi 9 :i* ^! t]ms are actually appli$ to !m4 ,x may be said1 & ,motori does say1 t ! ,y9 & ,yang are =eign ideas :i* h f\nd _! way into a purely native my?4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! ,japanese my?s z we h !m date f a p]iod ?ree c5turies aft] ! introduction ( ,*9ese le>n+ into ,japan1 & t !re 0 communication ) ,*9a hundr$s ( ye>s e>li] /ill4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 n be /range if "s k ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ,*9ese philosophy & sci5ce _h rea*$ ! ,japanese long be=e ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi 7 writt54 ,i conjecture t ! e>ly "p ( ! ,nihongi1 tak5 9 ! ord] ( ! orig9al composition ( ! my?s :i* x comprises1 w\ld be some:at z foll[s3--,fir/ ! ,sun-my?1 :i* is ! nucleus ( all1 next t ( ! creation by ,izanagi & ,izanami1 !n ! m ab/ract ,musubi & a numb] ( ill-def9$ creations ( "s idle fancy :i* prec$e him4 ,la/ ( all 0 compos$ ! philosophic proem ) :i* ! book op5s4 ,izanagi & ,izanami belong to t /age ( religi\s progress 9 :i* ! conception has be5 rea*$ ( p[]ful s5ti5t be+s sep>ate f ext]nal nature4 ,untrue 9 itself1 x has s]v$ a useful purpose4 ,x is obvi\sly easi] = nations ) little sci5tific k to conceive ( ! same be+ z a rul] or p>5t ( ! ,sun1 ,moon1 & ,e>?1 ) all its human conc]ns1 ?an to recognize 9 ^! ph5om5a a h>moni\s liv+ :ole4 ,! common p>5tage ( ,izanagi & ,izanami =m$ a l9k ( union betwe5 ! diff]5t aspects ( nature :i* did n previ\sly exi/1 & ?us 0 9 s f> a /ep t[>ds mono!ism4 ,! mann] ( creation is v>i\sly repres5t$4 ,9 no case is any?+ made out ( no?+4 ,! fir/ act ( creation 0 ! =mation ( an isl& out ( ! dripp+s ( ! br9e ( ! *aos-ocean f a spe>4 ,! o!r p>ts ( ,japan & _m ( ! deities 7 produc$ by ! ord9>y process ( g5]ation4 ,! functions ( ,izanagi & ,izanami are else:]e describ$ z putt+ 9 ord] & fully consolidat+ ! float+ l& b5ea?4 ,?is is precisely :at ,ohonamo*i is repres5t$ z do+ sev]al g5]ations ( ,gods lat]4 ,deities 7 also produc$ f ,izanagi's clo?+ & /aff :i* he ?rew d[n on 8 flight f ,yomi1 & f 8 eyes & nose :5 he wa%$ 9 ! sea to remove ! impurity contract$ by 8 visit ?i!r4 ,! ,w9d-,god 0 8 brea? & ! ,gods ( ,wat] & ,clay 7 =m$ ( ! ur9e & fces ( ,izanami :5 %e 0 ab\t to die4 ,^! ideas1 ?\gh n q id5tical )1 are closely relat$ to ! leg5ds ( o!r c\ntries :i* describe ! creation ( ! univ]se f ! fragm5ts ( a fabul\s an?ropomorphic be+4 ,! ,*9ese my? ( ,p'anku has be5 already quot$4#add ,norse /ory tells h[ ! va/ frame ( ! _w-giant ,hymi 0 completely cut up by ! sons ( ,bor1 ) ,wod5 at _! head4 ,f ,hymi's fle% !y made ! e>?1 f 8 bones ! m\nta9s1 f 8 skull ! heav5s1 f 8 blood ! sea4#ade ,!re is no?+ spiritual ab\t ^! two deities4 ,all _! actions are modell$ n on ^? ( gho/s1 b on ^? ( liv+ m54 ,ev5 :5 ,izanami dies & goes d[n to ! l& ( ,yomi1 %e does n become a gho/1 b a putrefy+ corpse4 ,_! %9tai is a mirror4 ,a ,japanese writ]#adf says3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( all s5ti5t ?+s we h two ,supreme ,be+s1 ,izanagi & ,izanami4 ,ev5 if we admit ! possible exi/5ce ( two ,supreme ,be+s1 ,izanagi & ,izanami h>dly realize our conception ( ! ,supreme4 ,!y act$ by comm& ( o!r pre-exi/+ deities1 & _! creation is limit$4 ,x does n include all ! ,gods1 &1 z is only natural1 is conf9$ to ,japan4 ,! creation ( mank9d is n[h]e acc\nt$ = 9 ,japanese my?4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a modicum ( tru? 9 ?is writ]'s /atem5t4 ,?\gh n ! fir/ s5ti5t be+s1 ,izanagi & ,izanami are ! fir/ :o /& out ) any di/9ct *>act]ization1 &1 al?\gh n supreme1 !y repres5t a movem5t1 feeble & abortive x is true1 t[>ds ! co-ord9ation ( all ! aspects ( div9ity 9 "o ,supreme ,be+4 ,motori propos$1 & mo/ ,european s*ol>s h accept$1 a d]ivation ( ,izanagi & ,izanami f izanafu1 a v]b :i* means to invite1 to in/igate1 ! t]m9ations gi & mi mean+ respectively male deity & female deity4 ,h5ce ! translation ,male :o invites & ,female :o invites4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 grave difficulties 9 ! way ( ?is int]pretation4 ,x is sc>cely appropriate 9 ! case ( ! female deity4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ take into acc\nt ! fact t ^! are n ! only pairs ( deities 9 :i* ! t]m9ations nagi & nami occur4 ,we h also an ,aha-nagi 7foam-,god7 & ,aha-nami 7foam-,goddess71 a ,tsura-nagi 7bubble-,god7 & ,tsura-nami 7bubble-,goddess71 & a ,sa-nagi 7rapid-,god7 & ,sa-nami 7rapid-,goddess71 9 all ( :i* na does n belong to ! fir/ "p ( ! ^w1 b is put = no1 ! g5itive p>ticle1 by a lett]-*ange ( :i* we h o!r examples4 ,! fir/ elem5t ( ,izanagi is1 !re=e1 n izana b iza1 :i* is met ) z an exclamation ( incitem5t4 ,! h>%ness ( mak+ an int]jection foll[$ by a g5itive p>ticle is obvi\s4 ,i am dispos$ to pref] ! d]ivation :i* takes ,iza z ! "n ( a place4 ,! ,nihongi m5tions a true well ( ,isa or ,iza4 ,!re are two places call$ ,isa 9 ,hita*i1 & an ,isa no ,j9ja1 or %r9e ( ,isa1 9 ,idzumo4 ,x is ev5 possible t ^! ,gods are simply ! ,gods ( ,ise 7,ise no gi & ,ise no mi74 ,a simil> lett]-*ange takes place 9 manabuta1 eyelid1 = me no futa1 & tanasuye = te no suye4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 s & z is ( little consequ5ce 9 ,japanese4 ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?4--,musubi illu/rates a diff]5t conception ( creation f t ( ! my?s ( ,ohonamo*i & ,izanagi & ,izanami4 ,?is ,god is ! ab/ract process ( gr[? p]sonifi$--t is1 a p[] imman5t 9 nature & n ext]nal to x4 ,! emotion :i* prompts ?is p]sonification--s natural to an agricultural p--is well portray$ 9 ! words ( a ,kafir to ! ,fr5* travell] ,m4 ,arbr\seille3 ,d ,i "k h[ ! corn spr\ts8 ,ye/]day !re 0 n a blade 9 my field3 to-day ,i return$ to ! field & f\nd "s4 ,:o c h giv5 ! e>? ! wisdom & p[] to produce x8 ,!n ,i buri$ my head 9 bo? h&s4 ,b :ile ! emotion is ! same1 ! ,japanese conception diff]s4 ,musubi means gr[? or production4 ,x is connect$ ) ! ^w umu1 to be>1 to br+ =?1 & ) musu1 to gr[1 to be born4 ,musu is said ( moss gr[+ on a /one & ( ice =m+ on wat]4 ,musuko1 a boy1 & musume1 a girl1 conta9 ! same elem5t4 ,z a ,god's "n1 ,musubi is usually f\nd ) "o ( ! laudatory adjectives1 taka1 high1 or kamu1 div9e1 prefix$ to x4 ,to ^! ! honorific p>ticle mi is commonly add$1 giv+ ! =ms ,taka-mi-musubi & ,kamu-mi-musubi4 ,ev5 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi ^! are recogniz$ z two di/9ct deities4 ,! ,y5gi%iki 7#ija-ibb7 enum]ates ?ree m ,musubi deities1 & to ^! /ill o!rs might be add$4 ,9 poetry a s+le ,god ,musubi is alone met )1 & ! ,wami% recognizes b "o su* deity4 ,probably ! division into sev]al p]sons 0 an esot]ic ref9em5t ( :i* ! p took little he$4 ,:e!r we h reg>d to 8 "n or to ! some:at meagre notices 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi1 !re is no?+ spiritual 9 ! ,japanese conception ( ,musubi4 ,b ! scribes le>n$ 9 ,*9ese :o committ$ ! old my?s to writ+ sometimes use *>act]s :i* imply a spiritual view ( 8 nature4 ,!y mean produc+-_s4 ,he is also call$ mi oya1 or augu/ p>5t4 ,hirata ?9ks t ,taka-musubi & ,kamu-musubi are husb& & wife1 ! ,kamurogi 7prog5itor7 & ,kamuromi 7prog5itrix7 ( ! norito1 & condemns 8 ma/] ,motori = hold+ t we h 9 ^! deities a unity 9 duality & a duality 9 unity4 ,b 8 reasons are n q conv9c+1 & !re is a passage 9 ! ,kojiki :i* _c be reconcil$ ) 8 view4 ,! same au?or po9ts out ! resemblance ( ?is ,god to ! ,h9du ,siva1 :o repres5ts ! fructify+ pr9ciple1 ! g5]at+ p[] t p]vades ! univ]se1 produc+ sun1 moon1 />s1 animals1 & plants4 ,siva is repres5t$ 9 8 temples by a phallus1 & ,hirata conjectures t ?is 0 likewise ! %9tai ( ,musubi4 ,musubi is sometimes call$ ! ,ino*i no ,kami1 or ,god ( life4 ,! creation ( mank9d is attribut$ to him 9 a poem ( ! ,jiu-i-%iu1 :]e a reject$ lov] exclaims3-- ,i hate n !e1 ,x is ! ,god ,i hate1 ,great ,musubi3-- ,:y did he m5 create ,unto s h>d a fate8 ,! ,kojiki speaks ( ! two deities ,taka-musubi & ,kamu-musubi z =m+ ! second & ?ird g5]ations ( ,gods4 ,! orig9al text ( ! ,nihongi omits all m5tion ( !m 9 ?is "p ( ! n>rative1 b 9 a note !re is a quotation f "o writ+ 9 :i* !y are nam$4 ,9 ! v>i\s acc\nts ( ! measures tak5 to prep>e ! e>? = occupation by ,n9igi sometimes ! ,sun-,goddess is repres5t$ z giv+ in/ructions1 sometimes ,taka-musubi1 sometimes bo? toge!r1 & sometimes ,taka-musubi alone4 ,jimmu1 9 mak+ m5tion ( ! two deities1 gives prec$5ce to ,taka-musubi4 ,?is discordance 9 ! v>i\s my?s seems to indicate a /ruggle = asc5dancy betwe5 ! respective adh]5ts ( ,musubi & ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,! ,nihongi /ates t 9 ,a4,d4 #dhg 7a fairly tru/wor?y date71 by reque/ ( ! ,moon-,god & ! ,sun-,goddess1 ! wor%ip ( ,taka-mi-musubi1 :om ^! two deities call _! ance/or & ! ,creator ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 0 e/abli%$ 9 two places1 & grants ( l&s & ( peasants made = ! ma9t5ance ( ! %r9es4 ,?is is possibly ! beg9n+ ( ! (ficial wor%ip ( ?is ,god4 ,9 #hei sev]al ,musubi deities 7 rais$ to ! fir/ grade ( ! fir/ rank4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury eight %r9es to v>i\s ,musubi deities exi/$ )9 ! ,palace4 ,) ! (ficial classes ,musubi 0 a dang]\s rival to ! ,sun-,goddess1 m especially dur+ ! ,augu/an age ( ,japanese lit]ature4 ,b he 0 too philosophical = popul> fav\r4 ,8 wor%ip is n[ greatly neglect$4 ,! ,musubu no ,kami ( ! pres5t day is id5tifi$ ) ! ,*9ese ,gekka-rj9 7moon-"u-old-man71 :o presides ov] ! fates ( lov]s4 ,! /rips ( clo? frequ5tly se5 hung on bu%es by ! roadsides are (f]+s to him4 ,! second mean+ ( ,musubi1 namely1 to tie1 has no d\bt some?+ to d ) ?is new view ( ! ,god's function4 ,! ,%jiroku traces ! desc5t ( a l>ge numb] ( ! noble families ( ,japan f ! v>i\s =ms ( ,musubi4 ,?is is a lit]al r5d]+ ( a /atem5t :i*1 9 "o s5se1 is true ( ev]ybody4 ,we all resemble ,topsy4 ,kuni-toko-ta*i4--,i place ?is deity provisionally among ! p]sonifications ( ab/ractions4 ,! "n means lit]ally e>?-et]nal-/&4 ,he is1 !re=e1 app>5tly a deification ( ! durability ( e>?4 ,motori & ,hirata take toko z = soko1 bottom or limit4 ,?is w\ld make ?is deity a p]sonification ( ! horizon1 or p]haps m accurately ,lucretius's flammantia mnia mundi4 ,he has no sex & no special *>act]i/ics4 ,he is b>ely m5tion$ 9 my?1 & 8 cult1 :i* is comp>atively mod]n1 0 no d\bt1 z ,hirata sugge/s1 a result ( ! prom95t position giv5 him 9 ! ,nihongi z ! fir/ ,god 9 po9t ( "t1 & z ! ance/or ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 be=e :om he 0 !re=e entitl$ to prec$5ce4 ,he 0 id5tifi$ ) ! ,taikyoku1 or ,great ,absolute1 ( ! ,*9ese philosoph]s1 0 said to be immortal1 & to comprise all ! ,gods 9 himself1 0 call$ ! "n ( ! nameless1 ! =m ( t :i* has no =m1 &1 9 %ort1 erect$ into a ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury an unsuccessful attempt 0 made to sub/itute him = ! ,food-,goddess z ! deity ( ! out] %r9e ( ,ise4 ,at ! pres5t day he is wor%ipp$ at ,m\nt ,ontake1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%9ano1 a place mu* resort$ to by pilgrims4 ,o t5t-sama 7augu/-heav5-way-p]sonage7 0 probably orig9ally a p]sonification ( ! natural ord] ( ?+s--,laotze's tao1 or ,p9d>'s 1 ! ( ,gods & m54 ,b ?is is too ab/ract = ! common ,japanese4 ,to !m ,o t5t-sama is ! ,sun itself1 end[$1 x is true1 ) c]ta9 moral attributes4 ,dr\ght & ,fam9e deities belong to ?is class4 ,none ( ^! is ( mu* importance4 ,,footnotes3 #if ,deut]onomy iv4 #ai2 xvii4 #c4 #ig ,! ,vice-,royalty ( ,kiu%iu4 #ih ,9 ,korea4 #ii ,see above1 p4 #gj2 also ,index--',mirror4' #ajj ,! mirror is kept 9 a box ( *amaecyp>is wood1 :i* re/s on a l[ /& cov]$ ) a piece ( :ite silk4 ,x is wrapp$ 9 a bag ( brocade1 :i* is nev] op5$ or r5ew$1 b :5 x beg9s to fall to pieces f age ano!r bag is put on1 s t ! actual cov]+ consi/s ( _m lay]s4 ,ov] ! :ole is plac$ a sort ( wood5 cage1 ) ornam5ts said to be ( pure gold1 ov] :i* aga9 is ?r[n a clo? ( co>se silk fall+ to ! floor on all sides4--,murray's ',japan1' fif? edition1 p4 #cjh4 #aja ,see ,index--,nai%idokoro4 #ajb ,a k9d ( hawk4 ',odyssey1' xv4 #ebe4 #ajc ,vide ',! ,h9om>u' 9 ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 vol4 xxii4 p4 #bg4 #ajd ,see above1 p4 #fe4 #aje ',9 ! ,%9to ,pan!on1' 9 ! ,new ,_w1 ,decemb]1 #ahif4 #ajf ,japan is annually visit$ by de/ructive typhoons1 accompani$ by great d>kness & a t]rific d[np\r ( ra94 #ajg ,see above1 p4 #ajf4 #ajh ,egyptian is "o4 #aji ,see ,index--',sasura-hime4' #aaj ',religions ( ,primitive ,peoples1' p4 #hj4 #aaa ,i (f]1 = consid]ation only1 two conjectures3 fir/1 t ,tsuki-yomi 0 ! ,ise ,moon-,god1 & ,susa no wo ! ,idzumo lun> deity2 & second1 t ,susa may possibly be an allotropic =m ( sasura1 bani%4 #aab ,! l>ge1 deep love ( liv+ sea & l&4--,sw9burne1 ',kynance ,cove4' #aac ,graphically describ$ 9 ,lafcadio ,he>n's ',glimpses ( ,unfamili> ,japan4' #aad ,see above1 p4 #ajh4 #aae ,see above1 p4 #ajf4 #aaf ,nihongi1 ii4 #cff4 #aag ,i4 #aih4 #aah ,see ',*4 ,k41' p4 #cc4 #aai ,see above1 p4 #ie4 #abj ,see ,index--',sumiyo%i4' #aba ,see p4 #aad4 #abb ,see above1 p4 #ib4 #abc ,nihongi1 i4 #bb4 #abd ,see ,index--',w9d-,gods4' #abe ,9 ,yucatan !re 7 f\r ,w9d-,gods1 :o upheld ! f\r corn]s ( ,heav54 #abf ,see above1 p4 #aji4 #abg ,nihongi1 i4 #aae4 #abh ,nihongi1 i4 #dd4 #abi ,is x possible t ,fuji no yama is really = ,futsu no yama1 ! m\nta9 ( fire8 #acj ,! sword 0 deifi$ 9 ,teutonic my?4 #aca ,s call$1 says ,hirata1 because heat makes ?+s gr[4 #acb ,see ,index--,ho-%idzume1 ,fire-drill4 #acc ,z a s\rce ( food8 #acd ,see ,index--,to%i-gohi4 #ace ,see ,index4 #acf ,murray's ',japan1' fif? edit41 p4 #chc4 #acg ,see ,index--',r$4' #ach ,see ,index--,yabune4 #aci ,comp>e our nave1 f ! ,lat9 navis4 #adj ,see bel[1 p4 #ahf4 #ada ,see ,index1 s4v4 #adb ,see above1 p4 #hf4 #adc ,9 ,japanese ,9 & ,y4 #add ,see above1 p4 #abi4 #ade ,rhys1 ',celtic ,hea!ndom1' p4 #aae4 #adf ',9 ,japan1' edit$ by ,capt4 ,br9kley4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,pan!on1 ,,man ,,deities4 ,i4 ,,deifi$ ,,individual ,,m54 ,none ( ! ,dii majores ( ! m anci5t ,%9to are deifi$ individual m51 & al?\gh x is highly probable t "s ( ! inf]ior my?ical p]sonages 7 orig9ally human be+s1 ,i am unable to po9t to a case ( ?is k9d :i* re/s on any?+ m ?an conjecture4 ,take-m9akata1 ! deity ( ,suha 9 ,%9ano1 may be a real ance/ral deity4 ,he is v popul> at ! pres5t day4 ,?is ,god is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,nihongi1 b 8 leg5d is giv5 9 ! ,kojiki#adg & ,kiujiki4 ,he 0 a son ( ,ohonamo*i1 :o1 aft] 8 fa!r's submission1 refus$ allegiance to ! ,sun-,goddess & fl$ to ,suha1 :]e he 0 oblig$ to surr5d]1 8 life be+ sp>$4 ,tradition says t ! pres5t ,oho-hafuri1 or *ief prie/s ( ,suha1 are direct desc5dants ( ?is deity4 ,! inhabitants hold t ! ,god is ! ,oho-hafuri1 & t ! ,oho-hafuri is ! ,god4 ,an oracle ( ! ,god is quot$ to ?is effect3 ,i h no body1 ! hafuri is my body4 ,8 h\se is call$ ! %9d5 or div9e dwell+4 ,he nev] leaves ! neighb\rhood1 & takes prec$5ce ( ! *ief local (ficial4 ,at e *ange ( (fice ! newly appo9t$ high prie/ =m]ly receiv$ a cap ( hon\r & robes f ! ,palace ( ,kito4 ,he takes no active "p 9 ! c]emonies ( ! annual fe/ival1 b sits on a *air 9 ! middle ( ! sacr$ plot ( gr\nd & receives ! obeisances ( ! p4 ,?is fe/ival is call$ ! mi-ha%ira-matsuri or fe/ival ( ! augu/ pill>s4 ,x is s call$ because in/ead ( a %r9e !re is only a plot ( gr\nd conta9+ a rock-cave#adh ) a great wood5 po/ at ea* ( ! f\r corn]s4 ,ha*iman4--,! ,w>-,god ,ha*iman is "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ! lat] ,%9to deities4 ,8 orig9 is really unkn[n1 b he is plac$ provisionally among deifi$ human be+s 9 accordance ) ! accept$ tradition :i* makes him id5tical ) ! v leg5d>y ,mikado j94 ,! ultimate au?ority = ?is /atem5t is an oracle ( ! ,god himself deliv]$ hundr$s ( ye>s aft] j9's dea?4 ,!re is no m5tion ( 8 wor%ip 9 ! ,kojiki or ,nihongi1 & ! leg5ds :i* c>ry x back to ,a4,d4 #egj are unwor?y ( cr$5ce4 ,! orig9al seat ( ?is cult 0 ,usa1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,buz51 an old ,%9to c5tre4 ,ha*iman seems to h fir/ come into notice 9 #gbj1 :5 he r5d]$ effici5t assi/ance 9 repell+ a desc5t ( ,koreans on ,japan4 ,=ty ye>s lat] ,kiyom>o1 ! f\nd] ( ! great ,m9amoto family1 made use ( 8 oracles to ?w>t ! ambiti\s projects ( a prie/ nam$ ,dki1 ! ,wolsey ( ,japanese hi/ory4 ,! rise ( ! ,m9amoto family c>ri$ ) x t ( ! ,god :o _h be5 s useful to !m4 ,9 ,seiwa's reign 7#hei-hhj7 a temple 0 erect$ to him at ,iha%imidzu ne> ,kito1 :]e he receiv$ ,imp]ial pres5ts1 & ev5 visits4 ,9 #ajci he 0 giv5 a high place 9 ! ,/ate religion4 ,ha*iman is nom9ally a ,%9to ,god4 ,8 ,%9to quality is recogniz$ 9 v>i\s ways1 notably by ! erection ( ! di/9ctive ,%9to gateways kn[n z torii1 be=e 8 %r9es4 ,b 8 cult is deeply t9ctur$ ) ,buddhism4 ,! num]\s inspir$ utt]ances ascrib$ to him are ?or\ghly ,buddhi/ 9 "*4 ,9 sev]al ( ^! he calls himself ,bosatsu 7,bodhisattwa71 :i* is a ,buddhi/ t]m some?+ l our sa9t4 ,he is also cr$it$ ) giv+ in/ructions = ! celebration ( an annual fe/ival = ! release ( liv+ ?+s1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 a humanit>ian ,buddhi/ in/itution1 :olly =eign to ! rle ( a ,japanese ,w>-,god4 ,! %9tai ( ,ha*iman may be a pill[1 a fly-bru%1 an arm-re/1 or a :ite /one4 ,o!r leg5d>y mortals1 :o 9 lat] times 7 hon\r$ z ,w>-,gods1 are ,jimmu1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,imp]ial dyna/y1 ,j+1 ! conqu]or ( ,korea1 ,take*i no ,sakune1 h] c\nsellor1 & ,pr9ce ,yamato-dake1 ! h]o :o subdu$ ! ea/ ( ,japan4 ,none ( ^! are treat$ z deities 9 ! old] ,%9to books4 ,temmangu1 ! ,god ( ,le>n+ & ,calligraphy1 is und\bt$ly a deifi$ human be+4 ,!re is nobody 9 ! _w1 high or l[1 old or "y1 man or woman1 :o does n look up ) rev]5ce to ! ,div9e p[] ( ,temmangu4 ,m especially *ildr5 :o are le>n+ to read & write1 & _! tea*]s1 all )\t exception1 enjoy 8 bless+s4 ,e "o is !re=e desir\s ( kn[+ ! exact tru? conc]n+ him4 ,b !re are _m false notions h&$ d[n by vulg> tradition4 ,*9ese s*ol>s h wantonly done viol5ce to ! hi/ory ( an awful deity by introduc+ ,*9ese ideas1 :ile ! ,buddhi/s1 on ! o!r h&1 h be5 guilty ( disfigur+ ! /ory by all mann] ( =c$ analogies4 ,sad to say1 !re is no book 9 :i* ! real facts h be5 set d[n aft] inve/igation4 ,! above is ! exordium ( a preface to a %ort life ( ,temmangu1 prep>$ by ,%9toi/s ( ! ,hirata s*ool4 ,( ! "w itself ! foll[+ is a brief summ>y4 ,! ma9 facts ( ! /ory are beyond "q4 ,b ! read] w see t1 not)/&+ ! claims put =w>d 9 ! preface1 ?is "w mu/ be tak5 ) n a few gra9s ( salt4 ,temmangu's "n z a mortal man 0 ,sugah>a ,mi*izane4 ,he 0 born 9 #hde1 & came ( a family :i* _h a h]$it>y reputation = le>n+4 ,nomi no ,sukune1 deifi$ z ! patron ( wre/l]s & pott]s1 0 "o ( 8 ance/ors4 ,?r\gh him ,mi*izane trac$ 8 desc5t up to ! ,sun-,goddess h]self4 ,z a *ild he 0 fond ( /udy1 & at an e>ly age 8 k ( ,*9ese 0 su* t he 0 appo9t$ to ent]ta9 an ambassador f ,*9a4 ,be+ ord]$ by ! ,mikado to pray = ra91 he obs]v$ ! rules ( ritual purity = sev]al days1 & !n prep>$ a =m ( pray] to ! ,god ( ,hakusan 7,izanagi71 :i* _h ! desir$ effect4 ,he e/abli%$ a sy/em ( national education1 & !re=e became kn[n z ! ,fa!r ( lett]s4 ,on rea*+ 8 fiftie? ye> he receiv$ congratulations & a pres5t ( gold du/ f a g5ie4 ,soon aft]w>ds he 0 made ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,9 #ija1 ow+ to ! calumnies ( a rival /atesman1 he fell into unm]it$ disgrace & 0 bani%$ to ,kiu%iu4 ,on 8 dep>ture he address$ ! foll[+ l9es to a plum tree 9 8 g>d53-- ,:5 ! ea/ w9d#adi bl[s1 ,emit ?y p]fume ,oh ?\ plum-blossom2 ,=get n ! spr+1 ,because ?y ma/] is away4 ,a bran* ( ?is tree broke (f spontane\sly & foll[$ him into exile4 ,!re x plant$ itself 9 ! gr\nd & took root4 ,two ye>s aft]1 ,mi*izane climb$ a high m\nta9 &1 /&+ on tiptoe on ! summit1 pray$ ) all 8 he>t & all 8 body = sev5 days & sev5 nights to ,t5tei 7! ,supreme ,"l ( ,heav574 ,:il/ do+ s 8 hair & be>d turn$ :ite4 ,! ,t5t 7way ( ,heav57 _h d\btless pity on an innoc5t man1 = a cl\d ov]spread ! sky & bore up 8 petition into ! ,great ,void4 ,mi*izane1 ov]joy$ t 8 pray]s 7 answ]$1 made n9e obeisances & retir$4 ,he di$ soon aft]1 9 8 fifty-n9? ye>1 to ! great grief ( ! :ole nation4 ,two ye>s lat]1 9 accordance ) a div9e inspiration1 a small %r9e 0 erect$ to him "u ! title ( ,tem-man-t5-j9 7! heav5ly ,kami :o fills ! heav5s74 ,9 a few ye>s ,mi*izane's calumniator di$ by a curse f him4 ,o!r memb]s ( 8 family _h ! same fate4 ,f ! e>s ( "o ( 8 enemies small snakes issu$ :o decl>$ !mselves ! mess5g]s ( ,mi*izane4 ,:5 ,pr9ce ,yasuaki di$1 9 #ibc1 ev]ybody said t 8 dea? 0 ow+ to a curse s5t by ,mi*izane's _s4 ,!n ! ,m9i/] ( ,/ate ,k9tada di$ sudd5ly4 ,?ree days aft]1 he came alive aga91 & in=m$ ! ,mikado t he _h be5 to ! ,c\rt ( ! ,k+ ( ,hades1 :]e he saw ,mi*izane1 t5 feet high1 pres5t a petition = an inquiry into ! crime committ$ by ! ,mikado 9 bani%+ him unju/ly4 ,influ5c$ by ,k9tada's report1 ! ,mikado burnt ! decree ( exile1 recall$ ,mi*izane's *ildr51 & conf]r$ po/hum\s hon\rs ^u him4 ,b ! angry gho/ 0 /ill unappeas$4 ,9 #ibi x came d[n f ,heav5 & appe>$ to a =m] fri5d ( 84 ,t]rible /orms1 inundations1 & o!r port5ts ensu$4 ,m9i/]s :o tri$ to /ay him f fur!r ravages 7 burnt or kick$ to dea?4 ,ultimately ! gho/ appe>$ be=e ! ,mikado & prote/$ 8 innoc5ce1 aft] :i* ! ,kami1 z he is call$1 asc5d$4 ,f ?is day =? ! ,mikado suff]$ f a poison :i*1 9 spite ( pray]s ( all k9ds1 grew worse & worse4 ,he abdicat$ 9 #icj1 & di$ a few days lat]4 ,mi*izane's gho/ cont9u$ to plague ! nation4 ,9 #idc he appe>$ to a mean woman ( ,kito1 & direct$ t a %r9e %\ld be erect$ to him 9 t city4 ,9 #idg a boy ( six ye>s ( age deliv]$ an oracle f him to ! foll[+ effect3 ,all ! ,?und]-,gods & ,demons to ! numb] ( #afh1jjj h become my s]vants4 ,if any "o does evil ,i h him trampl$ to dea? by !m4 ,pe/il5ce1 eruptive diseases1 & o!r calamities h be5 plac$ 9 my h&s by ! ,supreme ,"l ( ,heav51 & no ,kami1 h[ev] p[]ful1 c control me4 ,b ,i w give help to ^? :o pi\sly express _! sorr[4 ,eight p]sons :o 7 pres5t took d[n ?is revelation 9 writ+4 ,at ?is "t ! %r9e ( ,kitano at ,kito 0 erect$ to him4 ,b 8 wra? 0 n yet :olly /ay$4 ,fur!r hon\rs 7 !re=e aw>d$ & gifts made to him4 ,9 #ajjd ! ,mikado visit$ ,kitano 9 p]son4 ,at ! pres5t day ,temmangu is "o ( ! mo/ widely wor%ipp$ ( ,%9to deities4 ,9 #ahbj !re 7 tw5ty-five %r9es to him 9 ,y$o & ! neighb\rhood4 ,he /ill hates ! wick$1 :o d n keep ! way ( filial piety1 & )holds 8 fav\r f ^? :o dislike le>n+4 ,y mu/ !re=e att5d /rictly to ! comm&s ( y\r p>5ts & ! in/ructions ( y\r tea*]s4 ,y mu/ s]ve y\r *ief ) dilig5ce1 be upright ( he>t1 es*ew falsehood1 & be dilig5t 9 /udy s t y may con=m to ! wi%es ( ,temmangu4 ,if y fail to d s1 y w be curs$ by him1 & soon] or lat] incur calamity4 ,= al?\gh ! ,kami _c be se5 by m51 !y w "k :e!r _! conduct is good or bad1 & :e!r _! he>ts are upright or p]v]t$4 ,al?\gh ! life ( ,temmangu1 f :i* ! above acc\nt is tak51 0 compil$ by m5 ( ! ,pure ,%9to s*ool1 & ?\gh 9 ! preface ! importation ( ,buddhi/ & ,*9ese ideas is /igmatiz$1 x is itself p5etrat$ ) elem5ts ( ?is v k9d4 ,! ,supreme ,"l ( ,heav5 is ,*9ese1 & ! ,hades to :i* ,mi*izane desc5d$ is n ! ,%9to ,yomi1 b ! ,buddhi/ ,jigoku4 ,no d\bt ! au?ors f\nd ^! ?+s 9 _! mat]ials1 & 7 lo? to excise edify+ incid5ts1 h[ev] badly !y fitt$ 9 ) ,%9to !ology4 ,! acqua9tance ( ! ,japanese ) ! ,*9ese cult ( ,confucius mu/ h greatly promot$1 if x did n orig9ate ! wor%ip ( a native ,god ( ,le>n+4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! attribution ( nature-p[]s to ,mi*izane 0 a sub/antial "p ( ! process ( deification1 :i* 0 bas$ on ! alt]nate influ5ce ( ! emotions ( gratitude & fe>4 ,nomi no ,sukune1 ! ,patron-,god ( wre/l]s1 0 probably a real human be+4 ,hitom>o1 ! ,poet-,god1 0 und\bt$ly s4 ,ano!r muse ( poetry1 ,sotori-hime1 belongs to m leg5d>y times1 b 0 probably likewise a real p]son4 ,iyeyasu1 ! f\nd] ( ! la/ dyna/y ( ,%guns1 0 deifi$ "u ! title ( ,t% ,gong51 b ?is1 l _m o!r simil> apo!oses1 is1 9 reality1 ,buddhi/ r ?an ,%9to4 ,,ii4 ,,gods ,,( ,,classes4 ,m9i/]s & ,att5dants ( ! ,sun-,goddess4--,! application ( ! h]$it>y pr9ciple to ,gov]nm5t (fices has _h _m vicissitudes 9 ,japan4 ,:5 ! c\ntry em]ges into ! light ( hi/ory1 bo? ,c\rt (fices & local *iefta9cies 7 usually transmitt$ f fa!r to son4 ,among ! h]$it>y in/itutions ( ?is k9d 7 ! ,be4 ,! ,be 7 ,gov]nm5t corporations *>g$ ) "s special bran* ( s]vice4 ,!re 7 ,be ( weav]s1 ( f>m]s1 ( pott]s1 c41 a ,be = ! supply ( necess>ies to ! ,palace1 an execution]'s ,be1 & o!rs4 ,if we imag9e a docky>d /aff 9 :i* ! director & (ficials belong$ to a gov]n+ ca/e1 ! artisans be+ s]fs1 & ! :ole hav+ a m or less h]$it>y "*1 we %all h a tol]ably correct idea ( a ,be4 ,! ,gods ( five ,be are repres5t$ z 9 att5dance on ! ,sun-,goddess1 & z accompany+ ,n9igi to ,e>? :5 he 0 s5t d[n to be its rul]4 ,^! 73-- ,koyane1 ance/or ( ! ,nakatomi#aej ,h\se4 ,! etymology ( ,koyane is unc]ta94 ,! wor%ip ( ?is deity _h a special importance1 f ! fact t he 0 ! ,ujigami#aea ( ! ,fujih>a family1 a bran* ( ! ,nakatomi1 :i* = _m c5turies suppli$ a l>ge proportion ( ! ,empresses & ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate4 ,x w\ld h>dly be too mu* to say t ! ,fujih>as 7 ! ,imp]ial ,h\se4 ,! %9tai ( ,koyane 0 a jewel or %aku1 t is1 a tablet borne by ,m9i/]s z an emblem ( (fice4 ,hirata id5tifies ) him a deity nam$ ,koto no ma*i no ,kami1 or ,god ( ,div9ation4 ,! correspond+ deity 9 ! ,idzumo my? ( ,ohonamo*i 0 ,ama no hohi4 ,! suppos$ desc5dants ( ?is deity _h *>ge ( ! sacr$ fire :i* 0 h&$ ov] by "o g5]ation to ano!r ) great c]emony4 ,futodama4--,futodama means great gift or (f]+4 ,! ,imi-be1#aeb 8 reput$ desc5dants1 dis*>g$ a numb] ( duties connect$ ) ! ,/ate religi\s c]emonies1 includ+ ! provision ( sacrificial (f]+s4 ,uzume means dread female4 ,%e 0 ! ance/ress ( ! ,s>ume1 or monkey female1 :o p]=m$ religi\s dances 7kagura7 at ,c\rt & deliv]$ inspir$ utt]ances4 ,hirata id5tifies ?is deity ) ,oho-miya no me 7great-palace-female71 wor%ipp$ z "o ( ! eight ,gods ( ! ,j+ikwan1 or ,dep>tm5t ( ,religion4 ,%e repres5ts ! *ief lady (ficials ( ! ,palace z a class4 ,uzume1 9 ann\nc+ to ! ,sun-,goddess ! approa* ( ,susa no wo1 dis*>g$ "o ( _! duties4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view %e is a type ( ! wise woman1 sorc]ess1 or prophetess4 ,%e 0 pray$ to = long life1 = protection f evil by night & by day1 = hon\rs1 & = po/]ity4 ,"o ( ! norito splits up ,oho-miya no me into five sep>ate deities4 ,i%ikoridome means app>5tly ! /onecutt]4 ,:y %\ld ! suppos$ ance/or ( ! mirror-mak]s h receiv$ ?is "n8 ,! circum/ance t /one m\lds = ca/+ bronze objects h be5 f\nd 9 ,japan sugge/s a possible answ]4 ,toyo-tama1 ri* jewel1 ! ance/or ( ! jewel-mak]s' ,be1 requires no explanation4 ,! ,kiujiki gives a li/ ( ?irty-two deities z =m+ ! ,c\rt ( ,n9igi on 8 desc5t to ,e>?1 & adds ! names ( ! noble families :o 7 desc5d$ f !m4 ,a few ( ^! are nature-deities4 ,( ! rema9d] "s may be deifi$ real m51 b ,i pref] to reckon !m provisionally along ) su* class conceptions z ,tommy ,atk9s1 ,john ,bull1 ,bro!r ,jona?an1 & ,mrs4 ,grundy4 ,koto-%iro-nu%i is "o ( ^? second>y =mations 9 :i* ! p]sonification ( nature & ! deification ( man meet & m+le4 ,z ! son & c\nsellor ( ! ,e>?-,god & ,creator ,ohonamo*i he is relat$ to ! class ( nature-deities1 :ile z an individualiz$ type ( a class ( human be+s & z ! suppos$ ance/or ( c]ta9 noble families he belongs to ! curr5t ( ?\ght :i* exalts man to div9ity4 ,%iro 9 ?is ,god's "n is = %iru1 to "k1 & s to att5d to1 to manage1 to gov]n4 ,koto-%iro-nu%i is1 !re=e1 ?+-gov]n-ma/]4 ,! "* & functions ( ?is deity are n well def9$4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ,gods :o advis$ ,j+'s fam\s exp$ition aga9/ ,korea1 on :i* occasion he describ$ himself z ! ,deity :o rules 9 ,heav51 :o rules 9 ! ,void1 ! gem-casket-ent]+-pr9ce1 ! awful ,koto-%iro-nu%i4 ,9 ! ,ohonamo*i my? he is repres5t$ z 8 fa!r's *ief c\nsellor4 ,ow+ to 8 s]vices 9 p]suad+ him to transf] ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,japan to ,n9igi )\t resi/ance1 he 0 held 9 great hon\r at ! ,mikado's ,c\rt1 ( :i* he 0 consid]$ "o ( ! pr9cipal protectors4 ,! ,j+ikwan includ$ him among ! eight ,gods specially wor%ipp$ by !m to ! neglect ( _m m important deities1 includ+ ev5 8 fa!r1 ,ohonamo*i4 ,9 ! ,_m%iu he is call$ ^u by a lov] to puni% him if he is ins9c]e 9 8 prote/ations4 ,9 mod]n times ! cult ( ,koto-%iro-nu%i has fall5 into decay1 :ile t ( 8 rebelli\s y\ng] bro!r1 ! ,god ( ,suha1 fl\ri%es greatly4 ,! pi\s ,motori is mu* p]plex$ & griev$ by ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,sukuna-bikona4--,ano!r ,god :o is associat$ ) ,ohonamo*i 9 my? & wor%ip is ! dw>f deity1#aec ,sukuna-bikona 7little-pr9ce74 ,he is said to h taught mank9d ! arts ( brew+1 magic & m$ic9e1 & to h provid$ m$ic9al !rmal spr+s1 :]e he is /ill wor%ipp$4 ,b 9 mod]n times 8 cult has be5 greatly sup]s$$ by t ( ,yaku%i ! ,indian ,esculapius1 ^: avat> he is suppos$ to be4 ,i take ,sukuna-bikona to be a deifi$ type ( m$ic9e man1 a ,fa!r ( m$ic9e 9 ! ab/ract4 ,b ! /ory relat$ ( him#aed may h "s f\ndation 9 ! hi/ory ( a real p]son4 ,,iii4 ,,gods ,,( ,,ab/ract ,,human ,,qualities4 ,sahe no kami4--,! ,sahe no kami are phallic deities4 ,9 approa*+ ?is subject1 x behoves me to walk w>ily4 ,=1 to "s writ]s s repulsive t !y %irk ev5 its necess>y elucidation1 x ex]cises a fasc9ation ^u o!rs :i* is n conducive to s\nd reason+4 ,has n a ,presid5t ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute decl>$ t s soon z a man beg9s to /udy phallicism he goes crazy8 ,) phallicism we may conv5i5tly associate ! correspond+ cult ( ! kteis4 ,9 ,japan1 ! phallus symbolizes two di/9ct1 al?\gh n unrelat$1 pr9ciples4 ,prim>ily1 x repres5ts ! g5]ative or procreative p[]1 & is recogniz$ 9 ?is capacity by my? & cu/om4 ,by a natural transition x has become ! symbol ( ! m ab/ract conception ( lu/y animal life1 ! foe to dea? & disease4 ,h5ce its use z a magical prophylactic appliance4 ,9 ,%9to1 ?is latt] pr9ciple is mu* ! m prom95t4 ,x is embodi$ 9 ! "n ,sahe no kami1 :i* means prev5tive deities4 ,! application ( ?is epi!t is cle> f ! circum/ance t 9 a norito !y are invok$ = protection aga9/ ! unfri5dly & savage be+s ( ! ,root ,c\ntry1 t is to say ,yomi or ,hades4 ,^! by no means imag9>y p]sonages are ! same z ! ,ugly ,females1 ! ?und]s g5]at$ f ,izanami's dead body & ! armies ( ,yomi ( my?4#aee ,!y repres5t1 or r are id5tical )1 diseases & o!r evils associat$ ) dea? & ! grave4 ,epidemic & contagi\s diseases are specially int5d$4 ,h5ce ! ,sahe no kami are also call$ ,yaku%91 or ,pe/il5ce ,deities1 mean+ ! ,gods :o w>d (f pe/il5ce1 a phrase wrongly tak5 9 lat] times to signify ! ,gods :o produce pe/il5ce4 ,! use ( ! phallus & kteis = ?is purpose is prim>ily magical1 & re/s on ! wellkn[n pr9ciple t a symbol possesses some?+ ( ! virtue ( ! ?+ :i* x repres5ts4 ,! deification ( ^! symbols came lat]4 ,9 ! norito entitl$ ,mi*iahe#aef !re are ?ree ,sahe no kami1 namely1 ,ya*imata-hiko1 ,ya*imata-hime1 & ,kunado4 ,! fir/ two ( ^! names mean eight-road-=k-pr9ce & eight-road-=k-pr9cess4 ,kunado is ! come-n-place1 & is1 !re=e1 an equival5t to a notice ( no ?or\ghf>e address$ to any evil be+s :o might attempt to pass t way4 ,an alt]native =m ( ?is ^w is ,funado1 or pass-n-place4 ,!re is a good deal ( confusion ab\t ! ,sahe no kami4 ,ya*imata-hiko & ,ya*imata-hime are n m5tion$ 9 ! ,kojiki or ,nihongi4 ,! ,kiujiki has a ,*imata no kami 7,god ( ! ,crossways71 :i* x says is also t]m$ ,kunado no kami1 & adds two o!rs nam$ ,naga-*iha no kami & ,mi*ijiki no kami1 bo? ( :i* names imply a connexion ) highways4 ,! ,nihongi makes five ( ^! deities1 add+ two to ! ?ree ( ! ,kiujiki4 ,all are associat$ 9 "s way or ano!r ) ,izanagi's desc5t to ,yomi1 hav+ be5 produc$ ei!r f ! articles flung d[n by him dur+ 8 flight !nce1 or :5 he wa%$ 9 ! sea 9 ord] to purify himself f ! pollutions contract$ dur+ 8 visit4 ,^! deities _h no temples4 ,! fe/ivals 9 _! hon\r took place at crossways on ! f\r sides ( ! capital1 or at ! fronti] ( ! metropolitan prov9ce1 regul>ly at ! close ( ! six? & twelf? mon?s1 & at o!r times ^u occasions ( em]g5cy4 ,?us 9 #gce1 dur+ an epidemic1 ! ,gov]nor ( ,dazaifu 9 ,kiu%iu 0 ord]$ to celebrate a mi*i-ahe1 or ,road fe/ival1 & 9 #hci ! ,mikado direct$ t hon\rs %\ld be paid to ! ,gods ( ,pe/il5ce4 ,a c]emony 9 hon\r ( ! ,sahe no kami 0 also p]=m$ two days be=e ! arrival ( =eign envoys 9 ! capital1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( _! br++ ) !m infection1 evil influ5ces1 or demons f abroad4#aeg ,a "w entitl$ ',fus ,ryakki' /ates t 9 #ich ,gods 7 c>v$ 9 wood & set up face to face along ! highways & byways1 or female =ms 7 made & set up opposite to males4 ,*ildr5 wor%ipp$ !m boi/]\sly1 & made rev]5t (f]+s ( pieces ( clo? & fragrant fl[]s4 ,!y 7 call$ ,*imata no kami1 t is to say ,gods ( ! ,crossways1 or ,mitama 7augu/ spirits71 a t]m :i* 9 its ,*9ese =m ,gory is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! "n ( ! great fe/ival 7,goryye7 ( ,gion at ,kito4 ,! ,*imata no kami c be no o!r ?an ,ya*imata-hiko & ,ya*imata-hime4 ,a lat] notice speaks ( ! wor%ip ( wood5 figures1 male & female1 provid$ ) sexual organs4 ,simil> figures 9 /one may /ill1 ,hirata says1 be se5 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces1 :]e !y are sometimes mi/ak5 = ,jiz1 ! ,buddhi/ *ildr5's ,god1 & hon\r$ 9 ! temples4 ,! ?ird ( ! ,sahe no kami ( ! norito1 namely1 ,kunado1 c be no?+ b a simple phallus4 ,its %ape1 =m$ ( ,izanagi's /aff1 is consi/5t ) ?is view4 ,9 ! ,tsujiura1 or ,cross ,roads div9ation1 ?is ,god 0 repres5t$ by a /aff4 ,! same inf]5ce is sugge/$ by its association ) ,ya*imata-hiko & ,ya*imata-hime1 :o1 z we h se51 7 unque/ionably phallic deities2 & also ) ! pea*1 :i*1 l ,kunado himself1 0 us$ by ,izanagi = 8 protection aga9/ ! evil be+s ( ,yomi4 ,l ! apricot 9 ,india & ! pomegranate 9 anci5t ,greece1 ! pea* is 9 ,*9a & ,japan ! ackn[l$g$ repres5tative ( ! kteis1 z ! pe/le & ! mu%room are ( ! phallus4 ,pea*-wood /aves 7 us$ 9 ! oni-y>ahi 7demon-expell+7 c]emony on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,a simil> int]pretation is1 p]haps1 applicable to ! horse%oes nail$ ov] doors 9 ,engl& :i*1 int5d$ at fir/ to keep out evil spirits1 are n[ meant simply = luck1 9 accordance ) ! t5d5cy = ! m special functions ( ,gods & magical appliances to become obscur$ & m]g$ 9 a hazy1 g5]al notion ( _! b5efic5ce or usefulness4 ,pea*-%ap$ *>ms f ,*9a figure 9 a ,london tradesman's catalogue :i* has j rea*$ me4 ,!re is a cu/om1 call$ sammai1 ( scatt]+ rice1 :i* 0 =m]ly obs]v$ at purification c]emonies1 & is kept up at ! pres5t day 9 rooms :]e !re is a new-born *ild4 ,hirata tells ( a case 9 :i* ! rice s scatt]$ 0 f\nd m>k$ ) blood-/a9s1 %[+1 z he inf]s1 t ! object ( ?is practice 0 to drive (f demons1 n to conciliate !m by an (f]+4 ,i h m ?an a suspicion t ! efficacy ( rice = ?is purpose1 & also ( ! beans us$ to drive (f demons on ! la/ day ( ! ye>1#aeh is due to a resemblance ( ?is k9d4#aei ,! wo-ba%ira 7male-pill>7 is d\btless only a modifi$ ,kunado4 ,?is t]m is appli$ to ! end-po/ ( ! rail+ ( a bridge or ( ! balu/rade ( a /aircase1 & is s call$ f its obvi\sly phallic %ape & function4 ,x is a po/ surm\nt$ by a l>ge knob1 & its position comm&+ ! ?or\ghf>e %[s t x is int5d$ to arre/ ! passage ( evil be+s or influ5ces4 ,x is /ill to be se5 ev]y:]e 9 ,japan1 b its mean+ is n[ =gott54 ,! end-too? ( a comb 0 also call$ wo-ba%ira4 ,we n[ see ! significance ( ,izanagi's selection ( ?is object = conv]t+ into a tor* 9 ord] to light up ! d>kness ( ,yomi4 ,9 ,italy ev5 at ! pres5t day ! phallus fulfils a simil> function4 ,! phallus appe>s 9 ano!r =m at ! fe/ival held 9 hon\r ( ! ,sahe no ,kami on ! fir/ full moon 9 e ye>4 ,! ,makura no ,s%i1 writt5 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ajjj1 tells u t x 0 !n ! cu/om = ! boys 9 ! ,imp]ial ,palace to g ab\t /rik+ ! y\ng] wom5 ) ! pot/icks us$ = mak+ gruel on ?is occasion4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to ensure f]tility4 ,x rem9ds u ( ! ,roman practice at ! spr+ fe/ival ( ,lup]calia1 allud$ to by ,%akespe>e 9 8 ',julius ,cs>'3-- ,=get n 9 y\r spe$1 ,antonius1 ,to t\* ,calphurnia2 = our eld]s say ,! b>r5 t\*$ 9 ?is holy *ase ,%ake (f _! /]il curse4 ,! ,japanese noveli/ & antiqu>y ,kid51 writ+ ab\t a c5tury ago1 in=ms u t a simil> cu/om 0 at t "t /ill practis$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,e*igo4 ,he gives a draw+ ( ! /icks us$ = ! purpose1 ( ! phallic "* ( :i* !re c be no d\bt4 ,!y 7 call$ k$zurikake 7"p-%av$71 & consi/$ ( w&s :ittl$ ne> ! top into a mass ( adh]5t %av+s1 z 9 ! illu/ration4 ,k$zurikake ( eld] or will[ are /ill made 9 "s places4 ,9 ,h>ima1 on ! #ad? day ( ! #a/ mon?1 k$zurikake are hung up "u ! eaves 9 sub/itution = ! kadomatsu1 or fir trees plac$ by ! entrance gate at ! ,new ,ye>4 ,9 ,suwo1 k$zurikake1 made ( a ?orny tree call$ t>a1 are plac$ on ea* side ( ! front & back doors at ?is season1 no d\bt ) ! object ( av]t+ evil influ5ces4 ,:5 ! kadomatsu & o!r ,new ,ye>'s decorations are remov$ on ! #ae? day ( ! #a/ mon?1 !y are 9 _m places collect$ by ! boys z mat]ial = a bonfire4 ,?is is call$ dondo or sagi*1 & ! burn+ ( ! k$zurikake is a feature ( x4 ,9 ! ,yamagata k51 :]ev] !re are /one images ( ,dsj91 ! phallic ,god ( ,roads1#afj ! boys at ?is "t make a bonfire ( fir trees & /raw1 & build = !mselves a hut beside x4 ,:5 ! p assemble1 !y come out & fire x4 ,if ! dumpl+s made on ! #ad? are roa/$ 9 ?is fire & eat51 malignant diseases ne$ n be fe>$ dur+ ! ensu+ half ye>4 ,9 ,hita*i ?is hut is call$ ! ,hall ( ! ,sai no ,kami4 ,! emb]s are us$ = re-light+ ! dome/ic fires or kept z *>ms aga9/ pe/il5ce4 ,illu/ration ,fire1 k9dl$ f k$zurikake aft] pray]1 0 giv5 out to ! p by ! prie/s ( ,gion 9 ,kito on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,x 0 transf]r$ to a sl[ mat*1 & us$ = rek9dl+ ! h\sehold fires1 ! object be+ to prev5t pe/il5ce dur+ ! com+ ye>4#afa ,! my?ical burn+ ( a woba%ira 7also a phallic emblem7 by ,izanagi 9 ,yomi 0 probably sugge/$ by "s su* cu/om4#afb ,x w be obs]v$ t ! prophylactic virtue ( ! phallus has n be5 =gott5 9 ! k$zurikake4 ,! k$zurikake are sometimes describ$ z ! %9tai ( ,dsj91 & are plac$ on ! dome/ic alt> to be wor%ipp$ z 8 repres5tative4 ,!y are also1 by a kn[n confusion ( ideas1 pres5t$ to ! ,gods z (f]+s4 ,! ,a9us ( ,yezo1 :o h adopt$ ! k$zurikake z ! g5]al =m ( (f]+ to _! ,gods at all times1 & atta* to x no phallic signification1 7 no d\bt famili> ) ?is use ( x by _! ,japanese neighb\rs4 ,x is by !m call$ inao or nusa1 ! latt] be+ ! old ,japanese ^w = (f]+4 ,! facility ) :i* su* (f]+s c\ld be prep>$ by savages mu/ h be5 a recomm5dation4 ,! two cyl9drical %+i1 or div9e /icks1 eight or n9e in*es 9 circumf]5ce & "o foot long1 ?r[n to ! cr[d by ! prie/s ( ,seidaiji1 ne> ,okayama1 on ! night ( ! #ad? day ( ! #a/ mon?1 & call$ o fuku 7luck71 to keep (f pe/il5ce & br+ prosp]ity1 are probably ( phallic orig94 ,! gruel p>tak5 ( at ! ,sahe no ,kami fe/ival on ! #ae? ( ! #a/ mon? 0 made ( rice1 & 0 col\r$ ) an admixture ( ! small r$ bean call$ adzuki4#afc ,! bean is a well-kn[n synonym 9 ,japan = ! kteis4 ,! col\r r$ is also significant4 ,x sugge/s ! ruddy complexion ( heal? caus$ by an abundance ( life-giv+ blood 9 ! lips & *eeks4 ,*ildr5 love ?is col\r4 ,max ,nordau says3 ,z a feel+ ( pleasure is always connect$ ) dynamog5y or ! production ( =ce1 e liv+ ?+ in/9ctively seeks = dynamog5\s s5se impressions4 ,n[ r$ is especially dynamog5\s4 ,9 'dipus ,tyrannus1' ! ,*orus invoke ! aid ( ruddy-fac$ ,bac*us aga9/ pe/il5ce4 ,9 ,korea r$ is a t]ror to devils4 ,a mod]n ,japanese writ] says t r$ is obnoxi\s to devils on acc\nt ( its *e]ful appe>ance4 ,small-pox be+ a ,kij9 bi1 or demon-s5t disease1 ! col\r r$ is freely employ$ 9 combat+ x4 ,! c&les at ! b$side are r$1 & ! clo?+ ( ! pati5t & nurse4 ,! ,god ( ,small-pox is wor%ipp$ ) (f]+s ( r$ gohei 7!re is "h "s confusion ( ideas7 & ( r$ adzuki beans4 ,r$ pap] is hung r\nd ! necks ( ! bottles ( sake (f]$ to him4 ,r$ papi] ma* figures ( ,d>uma are plac$ ne> ! sick-b$4 ,x is expla9$ t r$1 be+ a y 7male1 bright1 positive7 col\r1 is fitt$ to c\nt]act d>k1 w9try1 negative influ5ces4 ,! pot5cy ( r$ z a *>m aga9/ small-pox is n unkn[n to ,european folk-lore4 ,phalli are col\r$ a bright r$1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 gilt4 ,s>uta-hiko1 a phallic deity1 has a bright r$ complexion4 ,torii are pa9t$ r$4 ,demons & /age villa9s h r$ faces1 probably z an indication ( great animal vig\r4 ,griffis1 9 8 ',mikado's ,empire1' tells u t :5 by reason ( good =tune or a lucky c\rse ( ev5ts !re is great joy 9 a family x is cu/om>y to make k[ame%i1 or r$ rice1 & give an ent]ta9m5t to fri5ds & neighb\rs4 ,! rice is col\r$ by boil+ r$ beans ) x4 ,if = any cause ! col\r is n a f9e r$1 x is a bad om5 = ! family4 ,!re is a mod]n sup]/ition t if1 on ! #g? day ( ! #a/ mon?1 a male swall[s sev51 & a female f\rte5 r$ beans1 !y w be free f sickness all _! lives4 ,! ,t-y-ki1 a "w publi%$ 9 #agie1 has ! foll[+3-- ,9 _m places along ! highway at ,atsumi1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,deha1 :]e ! cliffs /& up /eeply on bo? sides1 %ime-naha are /ret*$ across f "o cliff to ano!r4 ,bel[ ^! %ime-naha !re are plac$ skilfully c>v$ wood5 phalli front+ ! road4 ,!y are v l>ge1 be+ sev5 or eight feet 9 l5g? & p]haps ?ree or f\r feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,i ?\ght ?is too %ock+1 & que/ion$ ! inhabitants :y !y did s4 ,_! answ] 0 t x 0 a v anci5t cu/om4 ,!y 7 call$ ,sai no kami1#afd & 7 made afre% e ye> on ! #ae? day ( ! #a/ mon?4 ,z !y 7 local ,gods1 !y 7 by no means neglectful ( !m1 all[+ !m to rema9 ev5 :5 high (ficials pass$ t way4 ,!y 7 n at all1 ,i 0 told1 put up = ! amusem5t ( ! "y folks4 ,moreov]1 see+ a numb] ( slips ( pap] atta*$ to ! %ime-naha1 ,i inquir$ :at !y might be4 ,x appe>$ t !y 7 fa/5$ !re secretly by ! wom5 ( ! place z a pray] = h&some lov]s4 ,truly ?is is "o ( ^? old cu/oms :i* l+] 9 remote p>ts4 ,phalli & kt5es ( /one are wor%ipp$ by ! c\ntry-folks 9 _m places z ! %9tai ( _! ujigami4 ,! selection ( a rocky pass = ! erection ( ^! objects1 & ! association ) !m ( %ime-naha1#afe %[ t _! orig9al function1 namely1 to prev5t ! passage ( evil be+s or influ5ces1 0 n =gott54 ,! pray]s ( ! wom5 betray a misconception ( ! prop] object ( ?is cult4 ,ne> ! end ( ! ,kogojiui !re is a passage :i* makes m5tion ( ! phallus z a magical appliance4 ,z x has "s an?ropological int]e/1 ,i quote x at l5g?3 ,( yore1 9 ! age ( ! ,gods1 ,oho-toko-nu%i no ,kami 7great-e>?-ma/]-deity71 on a day t he 0 cultivat+ a rice-field1 gave 8 lab\r]s ! fle% ( ox5 to eat4 ,at ?is "t ! *ild ( ,mi-to%i no ,kami 7augu/-h>ve/-god7 w5t to t rice-field & spat ^u ! food1 aft] :i* he return$ & report$ ! matt] to 8 fa!r4 ,mi-to%i no ,kami 0 wro? & let loose locu/s on t field1 s t ! leaves ( ! "y rice sudd5ly )]$ away & x became l dw>f bamboos4 ,^u ?is ,oho-toko-nu%i no ,kami caus$ ! div9]s to asc]ta9 by _! art ! reason ( ?is4 ,!y repli$ t x 0 ow+ to a curse s5t by ,mi-to%i no ,kami1 & advis$ him to (f] a :ite pig1 a :ite horse1 & a :ite cock 9 ord] to dispel 8 ang]4 ,:5 am5ds _h be5 made to ,mi-to%i no ,kami 9 ! mann] direct$1 ! latt] repli$1 say+3 ',truly x 0 my do+4 ,take b>e /alks ( hemp1 & make ( !m a reel ) :i* to reel x1 take ! leaves & sweep x !re)1 take pu%-grass#aff ( ,heav5 & pu% x !re)4 ,take1 moreov]1 cr[-fan#afg & fan x1 & if !n ! locu/s d n dep>t1 take ox-fle% & place x 9 ! runnels1 add+ to x %apes ( ! male /em 7phalli74 ,moreov]1 /rew ! banks ( e>? betwe5 ! fields ) wat]-lily se$s1 g+]1 walnut leaves & salt4' ,:5 ^! in/ructions 7 c>ri$ out ! leaves ( ! "y rice became ?ick aga91 & ! h>ve/ 0 a pl5tiful "o4 ,?is is ! reason :y at ! pres5t day ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,religion wor%ips ,mi-to%i no ,kami ) (f]+s ( a :ite pig1 a :ite horse1 & a :ite cock4 ,! facts quot$ 9 ! prec$+ pages %[ t !re 0 "s confusion betwe5 ! use ( ! male & female emblems z non-religi\s magical appliances & _! cult z deities4 ,prim>ily !y 7 symbols1 next objects ( magic4 ,f9ally ,religion int]v5$1 & by h] h&maids ,p]sonification & ,my? rais$ !m to ! rank ( deities1 consecrat+ ?is /ep /ill fur!r by devot+ a =mal ritual to _! s]vice4 ,! kteis has receiv$ some:at less att5tion ?an ! phallus4 ,x is no d\bt id5tical ) ! ,ya*imata hime ( ! ,mi*iahe norito1 & 9 ! ,kojiki1 its repres5tative ! pea* is dubb$ kami4 ,b ! ,nihongi 9 ! p>allel passage m]ely speaks ( its efficacy 9 repell+ evil spirits1 & refra9s f deify+ or ev5 p]sonify+ x4 ,! circum/ance t ! ,sahe no ,kami 7 wor%ipp$ by ! roadsides & at crossways#afh l$ to _! be+ look$ ^u z guide-,gods & ! special fri5ds ( travell]s4 ,s>uta-hiko1 a phallic deity1 repres5t$ z dwell+ at ! eight crossways ( ,heav51 is said to h act$ z guide to ,n9igi on 8 desc5t to e>?4 ,he is popul>ly call$ ,dsj91 or ,road-ance/or-deity1 & is depict$ z ( gigantic /ature1 ) a port5t\sly long nose1 :i* 7! sugge/ion is n m9e7 may p]haps h a phallic morphological signification4 ,! wor%ip ( ^! deities 0 extremely popul> 9 anci5t ,japan4 ,!y 7 mu* appeal$ to 9 div9ation1#afi & 7 pray$ to by mo/ travell]s :5 />t+ on a j\rney4 ,! phrase *i buri no ,kami 7,gods along ! road7 means ! ,sahe no ,kami4 ,! ,sahe no ,kami 7 ! mitama p> excell5ce4 ,!y 7 also call$ tamuke no ,kami 7,gods ( (f]+s7 because travell]s 7 9 ! habit ( c>ry+ a nusa-bukuro 7(f]+-bag7 conta9+ hemp leaves & rice1 ( :i* a little 0 (f]$ to ea* ( !m :5 pass+4 ,all un=ese5 disa/]s or illnesses on a j\rney 7 attribut$ to a neglect ( ! wor%ip ( ^! deities4 ,b a v little advance 9 enlight5m5t %[s t ! sexual in/9cts ne$ re/ra9t#agj r ?an ! /imulus :i* !y mu/ d]ive f su* a cult4 ,s e>ly z ,a4,d4 #ici a deity ( ?is k9d :i* /ood 9 a conspicu\s position 9 ,kito1 & 0 wor%ipp$ by all travell]s1 0 remov$ to a less prom95t situation4 ,phallicism ultimately disappe>$ f (ficial ,%9to4 ,b x l+]$ long 9 popul> cu/oms1 & is n q ext9ct ev5 at ! pres5t day1 especially 9 ea/]n ,japan4 ,i h myself witness$ a procession 9 :i* a phallus1 sev]al feet high & pa9t$ a bright r$1 0 c>ri$ on a bi] by a cr[d ( coolies 9 fe/al uni=m1 %\t+1 laugh+1 & zig-zagg+ tumultu\sly f "o side ( ! /reet to ano!r4 ,9 ! lupan>s !y are hon\r$ by hav+ a lamp ( simple con/ruction kept burn+ be=e !m1 & are pray$ to by ! proprietor = num]\s cli5ts4 ,! boys' fe/ival ( dondo1 on ! #ae? ( ! #a/ mon?1 /ill reta9s traces ( its phallic orig94#aga ,oni4--,oni1 or demons1 h no individual names4 ,x is cle> f ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi my?ical n>ratives t ! oni exorcis$ by means ( ! pea*#agb are ! same z ! ?und]s & ! armies ( ,yomi4 ,9 o!r words1 !y are prim>ily p]sonifi$ diseases4#agc ,!y aft]w>ds lo/ ?is specific "*4 ,motori def9es oni z a%iki kami1 or evil deity4 ,he condemns _! id5tification by ! ,wami% ) ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,!re is a /ory ( a t5?-c5tury h]o :o cut (f ! arm ( an oni & br\ght x home ) him1 b 0 trick$ out ( x by ! own]1 :o came to 8 h\se 9 ! disguise ( an old woman4 ,! oni h r$ faces1 hairy p]sons1 horns1 & sometimes only "o eye4 ,!y are said to dev\r m54 ,! mod]n ideas respect+ !m are mo/ly borr[$ f ,buddhi/ s\rces4 ,gods ( ,good & ,ill ,luck4--,among deifi$ human prop]ties we may reckon ! ,gods ( ,good & ,ill ,luck produc$ :5 ,izanagi wa%$ 9 ! sea aft] 8 return f ,yomi4 ,_! names1 ,naobi & ,magatsubi1 conta9 ! elem5ts nao1 /raight1 & maga1 crook$4 ,naki-sahame1 ! ,goddess ( weep+1 ,ta-jik>a-wo 7h&-/r5g?-male71 ^: %9tai is a b[1 & ,omohi-kane1 ! ?\ght comb9]1 are r my?ical p]sonages ?an deities on ! effective li/4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ,m>i no kami1 ! foot-ball ,god1 :o has ?ree faces1 is a p]sonification ( skill or a hazy1 imag9ative recollection ( "s di/+ui%$ play]4 ,! v t]rible deity kn[n z ,bimb-gami1 ! ,god ( ,pov]ty1 is ( lat] orig94 ,,footnotes3 #adg ,see ,*4 ,k41 p4 #ajb4 #adh ,probably a sepul*ral dolm54 ,!re are _m 9 ?is di/rict1 said to be ! tombs ( ,m9akata's desc5dants4 #adi ,! ea/ is 9 ,japan ! s(t w9d--our zephyr4 #aej ,see ,index1 ,nakatomi4 #aea ,see ,index1 ,ujigami4 #aeb ,see ,index1 ,imibe4 #aec ,!re lies 9 dw>fs a special acqua9tance ) ! heal+ virtues hidd5 9 h]bs4--,grimm1 ',teutonic ,my?ology4' #aed ,see above1 p4 #ajg4 #aee ,see above1 p4 #ic4 #aef ,see ,index1 ,mi*iahe4 #aeg ,be=e /rang]s are all[$ to ent] a di/rict c]ta9 c]emonies are (t5 p]=m$ by ! natives ( ! c\ntry = ! purpose ( dis>m+ !m ( _! magical p[]s1 ( c\nt]act+ ! baleful influ5ce :i* is believ$ to emanate f !m1 or ( dis9fect+1 s to speak1 ! ta9t$ atmosph]e ) :i* !y are suppos$ to be surr\nd$4--,fraz]'s ',gold5 ,b\gh1' i4 #aej4 #aeh ,see ,index1 ,tsu9a4 #aei ,eu/a?ius1 ! comm5tator on ,hom]1 po9ts out t ! b>ley-corn d5ot$ ! vulva ) ! writ]s ^u ! ,bac*ic ,komuses4 #afj ,i h be=e me a picture ( a ,dsj94 ,x /&s at cross-roads1 & is a phalloid natural b\ld] ov] :i* dep5ds a %im5aha support$ by two bamboos4 ,9 front ( x are little piles ( /ones1 ( :i* ! simil> (f]+s to ! ,buddhi/ *ildr5's ,god ,jizsama are d\btless a survival4 ,! mod]n practice ( br++ ! ,jiz ( ! neighb\rhood & dump+ !m d[n be=e ! lodg+ ( a newly-m>ri$ c\ple is no d\bt a simil> case ( survival4 ,a cu/om :i* began ) ! ,dsj9 is cont9u$ ) ! ,jiz1 :i* n[ occupy _! place at crossways4 #afa ,we may comp>e ) ?is an old ,engli% cu/om m5tion$ by ,br& ( ! prie/s bless+ c&les at ,c&lemas & di/ribut+ !m to ! p1 s t ! ,divil may fly out ( ! habitation4 #afb ,see above1 p4 #ic4 #afc ,phaseolus radiatus4 #afd ,! mod]n spell+ sai implies an alt]$ conception ( ! function ( ^! objects4 ,x means good luck1 a vagu] & m g5]al idea ?an sahe1 :i* means prev5tion 7( disease74 #afe ,see ,index4 #aff ,! names ( plants4 #afg ,! names ( plants4 #afh ,crossways _h a special sanctity 9 _m c\ntries4 ,! ,h]m ( anci5t ,greece /ood at crossways4 #afi ,see ,index1 ,tsuji-ura4 #agj ,measures 7 tak5 9 anci5t ,greece to *eck ! excesses ( ! ,bac*analian rites4 #aga ,= fur!r evid5ce on ?is subject1 ,dr4 ,buckley's ',phallicism 9 ,japan' 7,*icago1 #ahie71 ! ,nihongi1 i4 #aa1 & ,dr4 ,griffis's ',religions ( ,japan' may be consult$4 #agb ,nihongi1 i4 #cj4 #agc ,accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! devils ( ,scripture are our passions & unbridl$ appetites4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,prie/hood4 ,%9to illu/rates ! pr9ciple enunciat$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t 9 e>ly /ages ( social evolution ! secul> & ! sacr$ are b little di/+ui%$4 ,! ,mikado 0 at ! same "t high prie/ & k+4 ,!re 0 no well-m>k$ di/9ction betwe5 secul> & religi\s c]emonies4 ,! function>ies :o p]=m$ ! latt] _h no specially sac]dotal "* & no di/9ctive co/ume4 ,! ,j+ikwan1 or ,dep>tm5t ( ,religion1 0 simply a ,gov]nm5t bureau1 & ! rites celebrat$ 9 its *apel 7 z mu* ,gov]nm5t proce$+s z ! issu+ ( decrees or ! collection ( taxes4 ,almo/ any (ficial might be call$ ^u to dis*>ge religi\s functions4 ,! local gov]nors on _! appo9tm5t made a r\nd ( visits = wor%ip to all ! %r9es 9 _! jurisdiction4 ,all ! pr9cipal %r9es _h ,/ate end[m5ts4 ,! ^w matsuri-goto1 gov]nm5t1 is simply matsuri1 a religi\s fe/ival1 ) ! t]m9ation koto1 ?+1 :i* adds no?+ to its etymological significance4 ,hirata says t ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods is ! s\rce ( ,gov]nm5t--nay1 x is ,gov]nm5t4 ,! same ^w miya 7augu/-h\se7 0 9 common use bo? = %r9es & palaces4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a beg9n+ ( a diff]5tiation ( sacr$ & secul> functions4 ,! ,mikado delegat$ "s ( 8 religi\s duties to ! ,nakatomi ,h\se1 &1 z we %all see1 o!r religi\s duties 7 h]$it>y 9 o!r families4 ,?us a ,sun-wor%ip ,be1 or h]$it>y corporation1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #egg4 ,"o v]sion ( ! my? ( ,ohonamo*i repres5ts him z giv+ up 8 au?ority ) ! words1 ,let ! augu/ gr&*ild direct ! public affairs ( :i* ,i h *>ge3 ,i w retire & direct secret matt]s4 ,evid5tly we h "h an e*o ( "s actual sep>ation ( civil & religi\s au?ority4 ,f> on into hi/orical times ! gu>dians ( ! ,great ,%r9e ( ,ohonamo*i 9 ,idzumo reta9$ a title 7kuni no miyakko7 :i*1 l t ( pontifex at ,rome1 impli$ ! p]=mance ( secul> duties4 ,9 ! reign ( ,kwammu 7#ghb-hjf7 x 0 f\nd t ! local nobility 7kuni no miyakko71 _m ( :om /ill act$ z gov]nors1 neglect$ _! civil functions1 on ! pret5ce t _! "t 0 occupi$ by religi\s duties4 ,a decree 0 !re=e issu$ t 9 future no local nobles %\ld hold ! (fice ( civil gov]nor4 ,! ,mikado4--,! *ief prie/ ( ,%9to is ! ,mikado himself4 ,jimmu1 ! leg5d>y f\nd] ( ! dyna/y1 is repres5t$ z p]=m+ sacrifice 9 p]son4 ,j+ is said to h act$ on "o occasion z kannu%i4 ,9 hi/orical times ,mikados presid$ p]sonally ov] ! c]emonies ( ,nih9ame1 ,%9konjiki1 ,kanname1 & o!r fe/ivals4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! ,mikado's prie/ly functions are n entirely obsolete4 ,nakatomi4--,= _m c5turies mo/ ( ! ,mikado's sac]dotal functions h be5 delegat$4 ,9 ! ,jimmu leg5d !re is m5tion ( ! appo9tm5t ( a ,mi*i no ,omi 7m9i/] ( ! way7 z rul] ( a fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ,taka-musubi4 ,at ! dawn ( hi/ory we f9d ! ,nakatomi h]$it>y corporation ! recogniz$ vic>s ( ! ,mikado4 ,tradition traces _! desc5t f ! ,god ,koyane4 ,! mo/ probable etymology ( ,nakatomi expla9s x z put = ,naka-tsu-omi1 t is to say1 ! m9i/] ( ! middle4 ,hirata und]/&s by ?is t ! ,nakatomi 7 m$iators betwe5 ! ,gods & ! ,mikado1 recit+ ! ,mikado's norito to ! ,gods1 & communicat+ to him _! in/ructions receiv$ by div9ation4 ,9 ,%9to1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no indisp5sable sac]dotal m$iator4 ,!re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! ,mikado1 or any "o1 f hold+ direct communication ) ! deities4 ,a bran* ( ! ,nakatomi ,h\se1 :i* 9 ! sev5? c5tury took ! "n ( ,fujih>a1 0 fam\s 9 lat] hi/ory4 ,up to #ahfh ! nom9al ,prime ,m9i/]s & ,reg5ts 7 inv>iably tak5 f x4 ,! (ficials ( ! ,j+ikwan1 or ,dep>tm5t ( ,religion1 7 l>gely ,nakatomi1 z 7 also ! ,*oku%i1 or ,imp]ial envoys to ! local %r9es4 ,yet ! ,nakatomi 7 h>dly :at we %\ld call a prie/ly ca/e1 l ! ,levites or ,brahm9s4 ,! local prie/hood 7 n ord9>ily ,nakatomi1 & _m ( ?is ,h\se held purely civil appo9tm5ts4 ,! ,j+ikwan took prec$5ce ev5 ( ! ,dajkwan1 or ,gr& ,c\ncil ( ,/ate4 ,x 0 presid$ ov] by an (ficial call$ ,haku4 ,he _h ! supreme control ( all ! ,%9to ,/ate c]emonies1 & au?ority ov] ! local prie/hood4 ,he 0 assi/$ by a vice-presid5t1 & _h a /aff ( ,imbe1 ,urabe1 & cl]ks4 ,! ,haku took ! place ( ! ,mikado :5 ! latt] 0 prev5t$ by illness f (f]+ 8 daily pray]s4 ,f ! elev5? c5tury up till q rec5tly ! ,haku 0 "o ( ! ,%irakaha family1 :o trace _! desc5t f ! ,mikado ,kwazan 7#ihe-f71 & enjoy$ ! title ( 1 or pr9ce4 ,z expla9$ above1 ! ,nakatomi 7 practically ! ,imp]ial family4 ,imbe4--,! ,imbe 7 ano!r h]$it>y corporation1 desc5d$1 x 0 said1 f ! ,god ,futodama 7great-gift74 ,_! *ief bus9ess 0 to prep>e ! (f]+s1 & _! "n ,imi-be 7imi means avoidance1 or religi\s ab/95ce7 has ref]5ce to ! c>e ) :i* !y avoid$ all s\rces ( impurity 9 do+ s4 ,! ,imbe1 aft] pray+ to ! ,m\nta9-,god1 cut d[n ) a sacr$ 7imi7 axe ! trees requir$ = %r9es1 or at lea/ began ! "w1 leav+ x to be complet$ by ord9>y workm54 ,!y also dug ! f\ndations ) a sacr$ 7imi7 mattock4 ,two ( ! norito1 namely1 ! ,ohotono & ! ,mikado1 7 read by !m4 ,x 0 also _! duty1 at lea/ at "o p]iod1 to deliv] ! regalia to ! ,mikado at 8 coronation4 ,a ,*9ese description ( ,japan1 writt5 long be=e ! ,kojiki or ,nihongi1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( :at 7 9 all probability ! pr$ecessors ( ! ,imbe3-- ,!y 7! ,japanese7 appo9t a man :om !y call an 'ab/a9]4' ,he is n all[$ to comb 8 hair1 to wa%1 to eat fle%1 or to approa* wom54 ,:5 !y are =tunate1 !y make him pres5ts1 b if !y are ill1 or meet ) disa/]1 !y set x d[n to ! ab/a9]'s failure to keep 8 v[s1 & unite to put him to dea?4#agd ,?is is a description ( a typical ascetic4 ,9 ! ,imbe ( hi/orical times we h ! closely alli$ idea ( scrupul\s att5tion to religi\s purity4 ,b !y 7 n celibates or veget>ians except ad hoc :5 a fe/ival 0 imp5d+1 & s f> f neglect+ ! c>e ( _! p]sons1 /rict cleanl9ess 0 incumb5t ^u !m4 ,urabe4--,a ?ird h]$it>y religi\s corporation 9 anci5t ,japan 0 t ( ! div9]s or ,urabe4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ! ,nihongi "u ! date ,a4,d4 #ehe4 ,!y 7 divid$ at a lat] p]iod into f\r bran*es1 belong+ respectively to ! prov9ces ( ,iki1 ,tsu%ima1 ,idzu1 & ,hita*i4 ,tw5ty ( ^! div9]s 7 atta*$ to ! ,j+ikwan4 ,x 0 _! duty to decide by ! de]'s %\ld]-blade or tortoise-%ell div9ation su* matt]s z 7 ref]r$ to !m by ! sup]ior (ficials ( ! dep>tm5t4 ,urabe 7 despat*$ to ! prov9ces to fet* ! rice :i* 0 us$ 9 ! ,ohonihe c]emony4 ,x 0 also _! duty to take away & ?r[ into a riv] ! h>ahe-tsu-mono1 or (f]+s ( purification4 ,= _m c5turies ?is (fice has be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,yo%ida family1 ^: exorbitant pret5sions fill ,hirata ) indignation4 ,! ,nakatomi1 ,imbe1 ,urabe1 & 7pr9ces ( ! ,%irakaha ,h\se71 con/itute :at are call$ ! ,%i-sei1 or f\r surnames ( ! ,j+ikwan4 ,sai%u4--,! high-prie/ at ,ise 0 call$ ,sai%u1 or wor%ip-ma/]4 ,?is (fice 0 h]$it>y 9 ! ,fuj9ami family1 a bran* ( ! ,nakatomi4 ,daigji4--,! high-prie/s ( ,atsuta1 ,ka%ima1 ,usa1 & ,aso 7 t]m$ ,daigji1 or great-%r9e-function>ies4 ,!re 0 a ,dai-g-ji at ,ise1 subord9ate to ! ,sai%u4 ,?is (fice 0 also h]$it>y4 ,kannu%i4--,kannu%i is = kami-nu%i1 t is1 deity-ma/]4 ,x is ! mo/ g5]al ^w = ,%9to prie/4 ,prop]ly x is only ! *ief prie/ ( ! %r9e :o is s designat$4 ,! ,kannu%i are appo9t$ by ! ,/ate4 ,9 e>ly times _! duties 7 p]=m$ by (ficials :o already held secul> po/s4 ,9 #hbj a decree 0 made prohibit+ ?is practice1 z x 0 f\nd t su* ,kannu%i neglect$ ! c>e ( ! %r9es ( :i* !y _h *>ge4 ,at ! pres5t "t _m ,kannu%i comb9e o!r avocations ) _! sac]dotal functions4 ,! title may ev5 be conf]r$ on a layman by way ( hon\r4 ,! late fam\s actor ,danjuro 0 an example4 ,kannu%i are n exempt$ f milit>y s]vice4 ,!y are n celibates1 & may return to ! laity :5ev] !y please4 ,x is only :5 engag$ 9 wor%ip t !y we> ! di/9ctive dress ( _! (fice1 :i* consi/s ( a loose g[n1 fa/5$ at ! wai/ ) a girdle1 & a black cap call$ ebo%i1 b\nd r\nd ! head ) a broad :ite fillet4 ,ev5 ?is is n really a sac]dotal co/ume1 b simply "o ( ! old (ficial dresses ( ! ,mikado's ,c\rt4 ,no special education is necess>y = ! dis*>ge ( ! duties ( a ,kannu%i1 :i* consi/ 9 ! recital ( ! annual pray]s & 9 att5d+ to ! repair ( ! %r9e4 ,hafuri or ,hri4--,! hafuri are prie/s ( an inf]ior grade4 ,?is ^w1 ?\gh n[ writt5 ) ,*9ese *>act]s :i* mean pray]-(ficial1 is connect$ ) ! v]b hoburu or hafuru1 to slaught]1 to ?r[ away4 ,hmuru1 to bury1 is ano!r =m ( ! same ^w4 ,! ,nihongi says t 9 #fdb1 at ! bidd+ ( ! village hafuri1 horses & cattle 7 kill$ z a sacrifice 9 ord] to procure ra94 ,! high-prie/ ( ! ,god ,m9agata at ,suha is /yl$ ,oho-hafuri 7great hafuri74 ,at ! fe/ival ( ?is ,god ! heads ( sev5ty-five de] are pres5t$ z (f]+s1 :ile ! fle% is eat5 by ! prie/s4 ,if o!rs ?an ! prie/s wi% to p>take ( x )\t pollution1 !y get *op/icks f ! prie/s :i* answ] ?is purpose4 ,^! facts po9t to ! conclusion t ! hafuri 7 orig9ally sacrific]s4 ,(f]+s ( animal food 7 common 9 anci5t times4 ,! t]m hafuri-tsu-mono 7flung-away-?+s7 is us$ z equival5t to h>ahi-tsu-mono 7expiatory (f]+s71 & is also appli$ to fun]al (f]+s4 ,negi4--,?is 0 ano!r "n = prie/s ( l[] rank4 ,! ^w is probably connect$ ) negafu1 to pray4 ,! negi ( ,miha & ,mikami are call$ imi-bi 7fire-avoid7 because !y are specially c>eful to avoid impurity 9 respect to fire4 ,!y w n use ! same fire = cook+ z o!r p4 ,miyakko4--,! h]$it>y *ief prie/s ( ,kitsuki 9 ,idzumo & ! affiliat$ %r9e ( ,h9okuma 9 ,kir 7 call$ miyakko1 a t]m :i* orig9ally meant local gov]nor4 ,prie/esses4--,!re are sev]al categories ( prie/esses atta*$ to ,%9to %r9es4 ,_! my?ical prototype is ,uzume1 ! ,goddess :o danc$ be=e ! cave into :i* ! ,sun-,goddess retir$ :5 insult$ by h] bro!r ,susa no wo4 ,saiw4--,at ! beg9n+ ( e reign1 an unm>ri$ pr9cess ( ! ,imp]ial blood 0 *os5 by div9ation & consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,sun-,goddess at ,ise4 ,= ?ree ye>s previ\s to tak+ up h] duties %e w5t e fir/ day ( ! mon? to an imi-dono 7sacr$-hall7 & wor%ipp$ t[>ds ! ,great ,%r9e ( ,ise4 ,?is 0 call$ ! mi-tose no mono-imi1 or ?ree ye>s' purity4 ,! ,saiw is also call$ ,itsuki no miya or ,saig1 sacr$ or wor%ip-palace--prop]ly ! "n ( h] resid5ce4 ,!re 0 a simil> appo9tm5t to ! %r9e ( ,kamo1 :]e ! ,ujigami ( ! ,mikados 0 wor%ipp$4 ,%e 0 also call$ ,saiw1 & bo? h]self & h] resid5ce 7 t]m$ ,sai-91 t is1 sacr$ hall4 ,^! (fices 7 discont9u$ e>ly 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,kamu no ko 7,god-*ild74--,! ,kamu no ko 7 also call$ miko1 augu/ *ild1 or sometimes mono-imi1 t is1 avoid]s ( 7impure7 ?+s4 ,!y 7 "y girls atta*$ to all ! pr9cipal %r9es = ! p]=mance ( ! kagura dances1 & cook+ ! food = (f]+s4 ,!y also occasionally became ! m$ium ( div9ely inspir$ utt]ances4 ,f ! ,y5gi%iki we le>n t at t "t !re 7 a numb] ( kamuko 9 ! palace = ! s]vice ( ! num]\s %r9es !re4 ,!y 7 appo9t$ at ! age ( sev5 or upw>ds f ! families ( ! local nobles 7miyakko74 ,_! places 7 suppli$ by o!rs :5 !y got m>ri$4 ,at ,kumano 9 ,tango !re are c]ta9 families ^: female *ildr5 are devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,%r9e ( ,susa no wo4 ,:5 a girl is born1 a div9e arr[ flies d[n & /icks 9 ! ro(-tree ( ! h\se4 ,at ! age ( f\r or five1 ! *ild ?us designat$ is s5t to wait on ! ,god4 ,?\gh ! place is among ! m\nta9s1 su* *ildr5 are nev] h>m$ by wild bea/s4 ,:5 !y beg9 to %[ signs ( pub]ty1 a great dragon comes & gl>es fi]cely at !m4 ,!reupon !y return home4#age ,i*i-ko4--,! i*i-ko or agata-miko are p>i% m$iums :o are call$ 9 :5 communication is desir$ ) ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,!y are sometimes call$ adzusa miko1 f _! use ( a b[ ( adzusa wood 9 _! conjurations4 ,!re are also /roll+ i*iko ( indiff]5t "*1 :o = a trifl+ consid]ation w ?r[ op5 ! gates ( ! _s _w4 ,^! are mod]n in/itutions4 ,kamube4--,! peasants :o till$ ! glebe l&s ( ! %r9e & _! place ( resid5ce 7 alike t]m$ kamu-be 7,god-corporation74 ,! pres5t city ( ,kbe takes its "n f "o ( ^!4 ,9 ! times :5 slav]y 0 a ,japanese in/itution !re 7 slaves atta*$ to "s ( ! %r9es4 ,rec5t /ati/ics give ! numb] ( ,%9to prie/s z #ad1gff4 ,_! maximum sal>y is ab\t #bj p] mon?4 ,,footnotes3 #agd ,= an acc\nt ( simil> prie/s or m$ic9e m5 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 see ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh4' ,! ,nazirite 7,numb]s vi47 is _! ,jewi% c\nt]p>t4 #age ,see ,hirata's ,ko%id51 xviii4 #bc4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,wor%ip4 ,religi\s conduct includes wor%ip1 morality 9 s f> z x has obta9$ ! sanction ( religion1 & c]emonial purity4 ,! t]m wor%ip applies bo? to ! =ms ( c\rtesy & respect t[>ds human be+s & ( rev]5ce = ! ,gods4 ,inde$ ! latt] is n a sep>ate k9d ( wor%ip1 b is compos$ almo/ exclusively ( ! same elem5ts 9 a new application4 ,ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods is borr[$ f ! =ms ( social respect4 ,x is sometimes ma9ta9$ t ^! =ms1 be=e !y become a "p ( religi\s ritual1 pass ?r\gh an int]m$iate /age1 namely1 ! wor%ip ( ! dead1 :e!r z gho/s or dead ance/ors4 ,?is view is bas$ on ! hypo!sis t ,gods 7 orig9ally deceas$ m54 ,x _c well apply to ,%9to1 :]e all ! ,great ,gods are nature-deities4 ,:5 a ,japanese greets ! ris+ ,sun by b[+ 8 head1 he does s because t is already ) him an habitual =m ( respect4 ,no d\bt he hon\rs ! dead 9 ?is way z well z ! liv+4 ,b ! occasions = ! wor%ip ( ! liv+ s f> outnumb] ^? ( pay+ respect to ! dead t ! latt] may be reg>d$ z a negligible quantity 9 ! =mation ( ! habit4 ,!re is surely no?+ to prev5t a man :o _h nev] wor%ipp$ gho/s or ance/ors f transf]r+ direct to nature-deities =ms ( respect aris+ out ( ! relations ( liv+ m54 ,sev]al practices ( wor%ip1 su* z clapp+ ! h&s = joy & ! avoidance ( contam9ation by t\*+ a dead body1 h no mean+ 9 ! case ( ! cult ( ! dead4 ,wor%ip has a second>y b mo/ important function4 ,x is address$ n only to ! ,gods b to our fell[-m54 ,x is a means ( communicat+ religi\s ?\ghts & emotions f man to man & f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,obeisance4--,! simple/ & mo/ univ]sal mode ( %[+ rev]5ce to ! ,gods is by b[+4 ,9 ,%9to x is ! cu/om to b[ twice be=e & aft] pray+ or mak+ an (f]+4 ,! ^w ogamu1 to pray or wor%ip1 means to b5d4 ,kneel+ is also practis$--"o ( ! norito has ! phrase b5d+ ! knee l a de]--b is less common4 ,squatt+ 7ka%ikom>u7 is ano!r =m ( obeisance4 ,clapp+ ,h&s4--,clapp+ h&s 7ka%ihade71 prim>ily a sign ( joy1 z x /ill is 9 our nurs]ies1 0 9 anci5t times 9 ,japan a g5]al tok5 ( respect4 ,! ,nihongi#agf /ates t ! ,m9i/]s clapp$ h&s 9 hon\r ( ! ,empress :5 %e asc5d$ ! ?rone4 ,m rec5tly1 ?is =m 0 conf9$ to div9e wor%ip4 ,"o ( ! norito has ! rubric1 ,(f] ?ree cups ( sake1 clap h&s1 & retire4 ,! numb] ( h&-clapp+s 0 m9utely prescrib$ 9 ! old ritual4 ,9 "s c]emonies x 0 done ?irty-two times4 ,a sil5t h&-clapp+ 7%9obi-te7 0 sometimes direct$4 ,x seems possible t 9 ,%9to at lea/ ?is 0 ! orig9 ( ! simple fold+ ( ! h&s 9 pray]1 common to s _m nations1 & expla9$ by an?ropologi/s z ! attitude ( an unresi/+ suppliant hold+ out 8 h&s = ! cord4 ,o!r ,ge/ures4--,respect may also be %[n by rais+ objects to ! =ehead or plac+ !m on ! head 7ita-daku71 z ! mo/ hon\rable & important "p ( ! body4 ,?is is done 9 ! case ( ! implem5ts us$ 9 ! great] div9ation4 ,among less =mal ge/ures us$ 9 wor%ip are rev]5t upw>d looks 7awogu71 an almo/ in/9ctive practice1 :i* has its root 9 ! idea t ,heav5 is ! dwell+-place ( ! ,gods1 & has c]ta9ly no?+ to d ) gho/-wor%ip4 ,i _c po9t to any case ( pro/ration or ( uncov]+ ! feet z a =m ( ,%9to wor%ip4 ,uncov]+ ! head is kn[n 9 mod]n times1 b ,i d n f9d x m5tion$ 9 ! old] ritual4 ,(f]+s4--,z ! attitude ( devotees t[>ds my? v>ies accord+ to _! intellig5ce & culture1 "s di/+ui%+1 m or less cle>ly1 betwe5 ! tru? :i* x adumbrates & its fictiti\s embroid]y1 & o!rs accept+ x indiscrim9ately z absolute fact1 z ! image is by "s reg>d$ simply z an aid to devotion & by o!rs z a true repres5tation ( ! ,god1 or ev5 z ! ,god himself1 s 9 ! case ( (f]+s1 a d\ble curr5t ( op9ion is to be trac$4 ,!re are always wor%ipp]s :o well "k t ! ,god does n eat ! food1 dr9k ! w9e1 or we> ! clo?+ :i* is laid ^u 8 alt>2 b !re are also m lit]al-m9d$ p :o cl+1 9 ! face ( cog5t evid5ce to ! contr>y1 to ! idea t 9 "s ill-def9$ way he does b5efit physically by su* (f]+s4 ,a /ory 9 ! ,konjaku ,monogat>i tells h[ a boy1 possess$ ( sup]ior insight1 c\ld see ! devils c>ry+ away ! (f]+s ( ! purification c]emony4 ,ev5 ,hirata1 a highly educat$ man1 ?\ght t food-(f]+s lo/ _! sav\r 9 a way t is inexplicable by natural causes4 ,inc5se & burnt-(f]+s are adapt$ to ! m5tal capacity ( wor%ipp]s ( ?is class4#agg ,! true reason = mak+ (f]+s1 :e!r to ,gods or to ! dead1 is to be s\ght else:]e4 ,m5 feel impell$ to d some?+ to %[ _! gratitude = ! great b5efits :i* !y are daily receiv+1 & to conciliate ! future fav\r ( ! p[]s f :om !y proce$4 ,(f]+s are "p ( ! language by :i* ! int5tion ( ! wor%ipp] is manife/$ to ,gods & m54 ,x is 9 ?is r ?an 9 any suppos$ actual b5efit t _! *ief value consi/s4 ,! norito /ate explicitly t ! (f]+s 7 symbolical4 ,!y are call$ iya-jiro no mitegura1 or (f]+s 9 tok5 ( respect4 ,!re is frequ5t m5tion ( fulfill+ ! praises ( ! ,gods by pl5te\s (f]+s4 ,symbolic gifts are1 ( c\rse1 n conf9$ to religion4 ,9 anci5t ,greece a gift ( e>? & wat] indicat$ a surr5d] ( political indep5d5ce4 ,x is on ! recognition ( ! symbolical value ( (f]+s t ! practice ( sub/itut+ human]1 *eap]1 or m conv5i5t articles re/s4 ,%9to has _m illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,i %all only m5tion ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s view t ! orig9 ( ! practice ( mak+ (f]+s is to be f\nd 9 ! cu/om ( leav+ food & dr9k at ! graves ( ! dead1 & z ! ance/ral _s rose to div9e rank1 ! refre%m5ts plac$ = ! dead develop$ into sacrifices4 ,x mu/ /& or fall ) 8 g5]al !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion1 ( :i* ! read] w =m 8 own judgm5t4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ! e>lie/ (f]+ 0 r a portion ( ! ord9>y meal set ap>t 9 grateful recognition ( ! s\rce f :i* x came4 ,i f9d little or no?+ 9 ,%9to to be> out ,jevons's op9ion t ! core ( wor%ip is communion4 ,(f]+s 9 ! s5se ( gifts are a comp>atively mod]n in/itution bo? 9 ance/or-wor%ip & 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,gods4 ,communion is1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q 9 ! case ( ! v>i\s (f]+s ( clo?+ & implem5ts4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( food-(f]+s !re is no evid5ce 9 ,%9to ( a jo9t p>ticipation 9 ! liv+ fle% & blood ( a sacr$ victim4#agh ,! g5]al object ( mak+ (f]+s is to propitiate ! ,god4 ,!re are sev]al cases 9 ! norito :]e !y are made by way ( rew>d = _! s]vices or 9 b>ga9 = future bless+s4#agi ,"s are expiatory1 & are made ) ! object ( absolv+ ! wor%ipp] f ritual impurity4 ,^! are call$ aga-mono1 or ransom ?+s4 ,(f]+s 7 frequ5tly duplicat$1 no d\bt 9 ord] t "o set at lea/ ( ! ?+s (f]$ %\ld be free f *ance pollution4 ,(f]+s 7 sometimes p]sonifi$1 & ev5 deifi$1 z 9 ! ,jimmu leg5d1#ahj :]e ! food-(f]+ is /yl$ ,idzu-uka no me1 sacr$-food-female4 ,mo/ ( ! %9tai 7 orig9ally no?+ m ?an (f]+s4 ,%9to (f]+s are ( ! mo/ v>i$ description4 ,! ,gods be+ conceiv$ ( z be+s animat$ by human s5tim5ts1 x is inf]r$ t any?+ :i* w\ld give pleasure to m5 is suitable = (f]+ to a ,god4 ,food & ,dr9k4--,! prim>y & mo/ important =m ( (f]+ is food & dr9k4 ,! ,jimmu leg5d1 a v anci5t docum5t1 speaks ( none b food-(f]+s4 ,! ^w nihe1 an elem5t 9 ! names ( "s ( ! great fe/ivals1 means food-(f]+s4 ,! c5tral feature ( ! mo/ solemn rite ( ,%9to1 namely1 ! oho-nihe1 0 ! (f]+ ( rice & sake to ! ,gods by ! ,mikado on 8 accession to ! ?rone4 ,! norito add clo?+1 & ! ,y5gi%iki a great v>iety ( o!r articles4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances 9 hi/ory ( ! sub/itution ( clo? = an old] food-(f]+4 ,"u food are includ$ rice1 9 e> & 9 gra91 hull$ & 9 husk1 rice cakes1 fruit1 sea-e>1 %ell-fi%1 vegetables1 edible seawe$1 salt1 sake1 wat]1 de]1 pigs1 h>e1 wild bo>1 & birds ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 #fdb horses & cattle 7 sacrific$ 9 ord] to produce ra94 ,b ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod su* sacrifices 7 condemn$4 ,!y 7 no d\bt a revival 9 a case ( national em]g5cy ( a practice :i* "u ,buddhi/ influ5ce _h become m or less obsolete4 ,!re are num]\s indications t animal sacrifices 7 v common 9 ! mo/ anci5t times4 ,9 ! ,y5gi%iki p]iod (f]+s ( f\r-foot$ animals or _! fle% 7 conf9$ to f\r s]vices1 namely1 t ( ! ,food-,goddess1 ( ! ,w9d-,gods1 ( ! ,road-,gods1 & t = driv+ away malefic5t deities4 ,!re is no evid5ce 9 ! old] ,%9to records ( ! use ( inc5se or ( burnt-(f]+s1 nor is any special importance atta*$ to ! blood ( slaught]$ animals4 ,:ite be+ consid]$ an auspici\s col\r1 :ite animals 7 frequ5tly select$ = sacrifice4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! daily (f]+s made to ! ,sun-,goddess & ! ,food-,goddess at ,ise consi/ ( f\r cups ( sake1 sixte5 sauc]s ( rice & f\r ( salt1 besides fi%1 birds1 fruits1 seawe$1 & vegetables4 ,! annual (f]+s at ! tomb ( ! fir/ ,mikado1 ,jimmu1 are products ( m\nta91 riv]1 & sea1 includ+ tahi 7a fi%71 c>p1 edible sea-we$1 salt1 wat]1 sake1 mo*i 7rice-cake71 f]n-fl\r1 pheasants1 & wild ducks4 ,illu/ration ,clo?+4--,! clo?+ ( ! anci5t ,japanese consi/$ ( hemp1 yuju 7a fibre made ( ! inn] b>k ( ! pap] mulb]ry71 & silk4 ,all ^! mat]ials are repres5t$ 9 ! ,%9to (f]+s enum]at$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki4 ,silk1 h[ev]1 0 at ?is "t /ill some:at ( a novelty1 &1 !re=e1 religion be+ cons]vative1 x takes a less conspicu\s place4 ,b hemp & b>k-fibre1 ) ! textiles wov5 f !m1 are v common (f]+s4 ,!y 7 m conv5i5t ?an p]i%able articles ( food = s5d+ to %r9es at a di/ance f ! capital1 & z clo? 0 ! curr5cy ( ! day1 x 0 a conv5i5t sub/itute = unprocurable or objectionable articles4 ,9 ! ,y5gi%iki s _m ounces ( fibre or s _m pieces ( clo? are prescrib$1 b at a lat] p]iod a m specializ$ & conv5tional =m1 call$ oho-nusa 7great-(f]+71 came into use4 ,! oho-nusa 7p4 #bad7 consi/s ( two w&s plac$ side by side1 f ! ends ( :i* dep5d a quantity ( hemp5 fibre & a numb] ( /rips ( pap]4#aha ,"o ( ! w&s is ( ! cley]a japonica1 or ev]gre5 sacr$ tree4 ,! o!r is a bamboo ( a p>ticul> species4 ,_! use is connect$ ) an old ,japanese rule ( etiquette t pres5ts to a sup]ior %\ld be deliv]$ atta*$ to a bran* ( a tree1 ! object be+ d\btless to m>k a respectful alo(ness ( ! giv] f ! receiv]4 ,! pap] slips repres5t ! yufu1 or mulb]ry-b>k fibre4 ,! use ( yufu = clo?+ hav+ become m or less obsolete1 ow+ to ! introduction ( cotton1 pap]1 :i* 9 ,japan is made ( ! same mat]ial1 0 sub/itut$ = x4 ,! oho-nusa are /ill employ$ on important occasions1 b = g5]al use !y are n[ replac$ by ! well-kn[n gohei 7p4 #bae71 9 :i* ! hemp & "o ( ! w&s are omitt$4 ,ano!r =m ( nusa1 call$ ko-nusa 7little nusa7 or kiri-nusa 7cut-nusa71 consi/s ( pap] ) leaves ( ! sacr$ tree *opp$ up & mix$ ) rice4 ,travell]s 9 anci5t times c>ri$ ?is mixture ) !m 9 a bag & made (f]+s ( x to ! phallic deities along _! way4 ,x 0 also us$ :5 9 dang] ( %ipwreck4 ,! same sy/em ( accommodem5ts avec le ciel is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! sub/itution ( ! /ill m inexp5sive hemp leaves = ! orig9al hemp5 fibre or fabric4 ,if1 x is argu$1 ! ,god does n really eat ! food or we> ! clo?+ plac$ on 8 alt>1 a few gra9s ( rice or a few leaves ( hemp w answ] ! purpose ( express+ ! s5tim5ts ( ! wor%ipp] j z well z m co/ly gifts4 ,illu/ration ,!re 7 sometimes sets ( col\r$ gohei--blue1 yell[1 r$1 :ite1 & black4 ,! awo-nigi-te 7blue-s(t-articles7 & %ira-nigi-te 7:ite-s(t-articles7 consi/$ ( hemp & b>k fibre respectively4 ,tama-gu%i are (t5 m5tion$4 ,i take x t 9 ?is comb9ation tama means gift or (f]+1 n _s or jewel1 z is taught by "s mod]n ,japanese au?orities4 ,ku%i means skew]4 ,! tama-gu%i are twigs ( ! sacr$ ev]gre5 tree 7sakaki7 or ( bamboo1 ) tufts ( yufu atta*$4 ,!y are1 9 %ort1 a simple =m ( nusa or gohei4 ,!y h a /rik+ resemblance to ! 7suppliant bran*es7 m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ l9es ( 'dipus ,tyrannus' & expla9$ by ,jebb z olive bran*es wrea!d ) fillets ( wool4 ,9 "o ,nihongi my?1 ,susa no wo is said to h plant$ ku%i 9 ! rice-fields ( 8 si/]1 ! ,sun-,goddess1 by way ( claim+ own]%ip1 says a comm5tator4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! foll[+ quotation f ,hakluyt's ',hi/orie ( ! ,we/ ,indies'3 ,e "o ( ! ,c>ibs enclose? 8 portion ( gr\nd onely ) a little cotton l9e1 & !y acc\nt x a matt] ( sacril$ge if any pass ov] ! cord & treade on ! possession ( 8 neighb\r1 & hold x = c]tayne t :oso violate? ?is sacr$ ?+ %all %ortly p]i%4 ,along ) ! alt]ation 9 ! =m ( ! nusa to ! pres5t gohei !re came a *ange 9 ! m5tal attitude ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,orig9ally m]e (f]+s1 !y 7 at l5g?1 by virtue ( long association1 look$ ^u z repres5tatives ( ! deity4 ,s*ol>s l ,motori & ,hirata d5\nce ?is view z a corruption ( lat] times1 b x is no d\bt at pres5t ! prevail+ conception4 ,hepburn's ,japanese diction>y kn[s no o!r4 ,x is illu/rat$ by ! fact t in/ead ( ! wor%ipp] br++ gohei to ! %r9e1 ^! objects are n[ giv5 out by ! prie/ to ! wor%ipp]1 :o takes !m home & sets !m up 9 8 private ,kami-dana 7,god-%elf7 or dome/ic alt>4 ,a fur!r /ep is tak5 :5 x is believ$ t on fe/ival occasions ! ,god1 on a c]ta9 =mula1 call$ ! ,kami-oro%i1 or br++ d[n ! ,god1 be+ pron\nc$1 desc5ds into ! gohei & rema9s !re dur+ ! c]emony1 tak+ 8 dep>ture at its close4 ,9 ! vulg> ,%9to ( ! pres5t day ?is belief 9 a real pres5ce ( ! ,god is associat$ ) hypnotism4#ahb ,ak9 to ! belief 9 an actual pres5ce ( a deity 9 ! gohei is _! mod]n use 9 ! purification c]emony1 :5 !y are fl\ri%$ ov] or rubb$ aga9/ ! p]son to be absolv$ ( ritual uncleanness or to dispel any evil influ5ces :i* may h atta*$ !mselves to 8 p]son4 ,l ! ,hom]ic & ! ho/1 !y 7 occasionally us$ = ! protection ( ! be>]4 ,at ! pres5t "t a gohei-katsugi1 or gohei be>]1 is synonym\s ) a sup]/iti\s p]son4 ,sk9s ( ox51 bo>1 de]1 & be> 7 sometimes (f]$ to ! ,gods4 ,jewels 7tama7 7 mu* worn by ! anci5t ,japanese nobility z ornam5ts = ! head or z necklaces & bracelets4 ,!y consi/$ ( r\nd beads1 tubes 7kuda-tama71 & comma-%ap$ objects 7maga-tama7 ( *alc$ony1 jasp]1 nephrite1 *rysoprase1 s]p5t9e1 /eatite or cry/al4 ,jewels occur sometimes 9 ! li/s ( ,%9to (f]+s4 ,mirrors4--,! anci5t ,japanese mirrors did n greatly diff] f ^? 9 use at ! pres5t day4 ,!y 7 made ( a mix$ metal1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! my?s z :ite copp]1 & 7 sometimes r\nd & sometimes eight-corn]$4 ,! mirror figures frequ5tly 9 ! old records4 ,mirrors are among ! pres5ts made by a female *iefta9 to a ,mikado1 & f a ,k+ ( ,korea to ano!r ,mikado4#ahc ,! mirror 0 prim>ily an (f]+1 & n to ! ,sun-,goddess only4#ahd ,mirrors 7 pres5t$ to1 & ev5 con/itut$ ! %9tai ( o!r ,gods z well4 ,9 ! ,tosa ,nikki 7,a4,d4 #ice7 ! au?or relates t dur+ a /orm1 an (f]+ ( nusa hav+ prov$ unavail+1 he be?\ght him ( "s m acceptable gift4 ,( eyes ,i h a pair1 said he1 !n1 let me give ! ,god my mirror ( :i* ,i h only "o4 ,! mirror 0 accord+ly flung into ! sea1 to my v great regret4 ,b no soon] _h ,i done s ?an ! sea itself became z smoo? z a mirror4 ,mirrors d n appe> among ! p]iodical (f]+s enum]at$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki1 :i* consi/$ *iefly ( p]i%able articles4 ,!y belong$ to a sep>ate class call$ %imp1 or div9e treasures1 :i* 7 n set out on ! alt> b /or$ 9 ! treasury ( ! %r9e4 ,weapons4--,swords 7 also among ! p]man5t treasures ( ! %r9e4 ,wond]ful /ories are relat$ ( !m4 ,"o :i* 0 /ol5 by a ?ief is said to h left him & return$ to ! treasury ( its own accord4 ,swords 7 made %9tai1 & ev5 deifi$4#ahe ,! ,god wor%ipp$ at ,atsuta 0 ! sword ,kusanagi1 f\nd by ,susa no wo 9 ! great s]p5t's tail1 & ! ,god ( ,isonokami 0 ! sword call$ ,futsu no ,mitama 7_s ( fire87 giv5 by ! ,sun-,goddess to ,jimmu4 ,i h no d\bt t ^! 7 orig9ally div9e treasures1 :i* ow$ _! deification to long association ) ! ,god4 ,a sword is "o ( ! regalia at ! pres5t day4 ,! pr9ciple ( sub/itution is illu/rat$ by ! models ( swords prescrib$ z (f]+s 9 ! ,y5gi%iki4 ,i h se5 on ! top ( ,ohoyama1 sacr$ to a ,goddess nam$ ,sekison 7,iha-naga-hime871 a pit conta9+ _m hundr$s ( t9y wood5 swords :i* _h be5 deposit$ !re z (f]+s4 ,o!r weapons :i* figure z (f]+s are spe>s1 spe>-heads1 %ields1 & b[s & arr[s4 ,agricultural implem5ts1 bells1 pott]y1 reels = reel+ y>n1 are also m5tion$4 ,x 0 ! cu/om1 9 ! case ( ^! & o!r durable (f]+s1 to (f] ! same objects aga9 & aga94 ,human sacrifices =m$ no "p ( ! ,/ate ,%9to religion z describ$ 9 ! anci5t records4 ,b !re are sev]al indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is practice 9 /ill old] times4 ,human sacrifices to riv]-,gods h be5 already m5tion$4 ,we h se5 t :5 a ,mikado di$ a numb] ( 8 att5dants 7 buri$ alive r\nd 8 tomb1 f :i* x may be inf]r$ t consid]ations ( humanity w\ld n h prev5t$ simil> sacrifices to ! ,gods4 ,cases are also record$ ( m5 be+ buri$ alive 9 ! f\ndations ( a bridge1 a ca/le1 or an artificial isl&4 ,^! 7 call$ hito-ba%ira1 or human pill>s4 ,! (f]+s ( kane-hito-gata 7metal-man-=m71 s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki1 7 p]haps by way ( sub/itution = human victims4 ,x is significant t ! ,gods ( wat]-di/ribution 7mikum>i71 t is1 ! riv]-,gods1 are specially di/+ui%$ z _! recipi5ts4 ,simil> human effigies1 gilt or silv]$1 =m$ "p ( ! oho-h>ahi1 or absolution (f]+s4 ,9 ?is case !y 7 int5d$ z ransom = ! (f5d]s ^: ritual guilt 0 to be expiat$4 ,!y 7 t\*$ ) ! lips or brea!d ^u be=e be+ (f]$4 ,pea*wood or pap] effigies might be sub/itut$1 & 9 lat] times articles ( clo?+ or any?+ :i* _h be5 9 contact ) ! p]son to be absolv$4 ,^! la/ 7 call$ nade-mono 7rub-?+7 or aga-mono 7ransom-?+74 ,:5 9 dang] ( %ipwreck ! hair might be cut (f & (f]$1 on ! pr9ciple ( a "p = ! :ole1 z ransom to ! ,dragon-,god4 ,! ,kogo-jiui applies ! t]m aga-mono to ! hair & nails ( ,susa no wo1 :i* 7 cut (f by ! o!r ,gods4 ,! pr9ciple ( ransom is also illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ extract f ! ,%9to ,mimoku 7#afii73-- ,at ! fe/ival ( ,nawoye1 held at ! %r9e ( ,kokubu 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ow>i on ! #aa? day ( ! #a/ mon?1 ! ,%9to prie/s g out to ! highway ) bann]s & seize a pass]-by4 ,!y wa% & purify him1 & make him put on pure clo?+4 ,he is !n br\ght be=e ! ,god4 ,a block1 a wood5 but*]'s knife1 & *op/icks = eat+ fle% are provid$4 ,sep>ately a figure is made to repres5t ! captive4 ,x is plac$ on ! block ) ! captur$ man beside x1 & bo? are (f]$ be=e ! ,god4 ,!y are left !re = "o night4 ,! next morn+ ! prie/s come & remove ! man & ! effigy4 ,!n !y take clay1 &1 mak+ x into ! %ape ( a rice-cake1 place x on ! captive's back1 hang a /r+ ( copp] ca% ab\t 8 neck1 & drive him away4 ,z he runs (f1 he is sure to fall d[n 9 a fa9t4 ,b he soon comes to 8 s5ses4 ,a m\nd is erect$ at ! place :]e he falls d[n1 & ! clay rice-cake deposit$ on x ) c]emonies :i* are kept a pr(\nd my/]y by ! prie/ly h\se4 ,( late ye>s c\ri]s h be5 caught & subject$ to purification4 ,?is 0 put a /op to4 ,! cu/om is celebrat$ ye>ly1 s t n[adays ev]ybody is aw>e ( x1 & !re are no pass]sby4 ,!re=e ! prie/s g to a neighb\r+ village & seize a man4 ,if !y cat* nobody on ! #aa?1 !y br+ 9 a man on ! #ab?4 ,! ,nawoye 7rectification7 fe/ival _h probably ! same int5tion z ! ,h>ahi1 namely1 to obta9 absolution f ritual impurity1 & ! captive is !re=e app>5tly a scape-goat4 ,z read]s ( ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ',gold5 ,b\gh' ne$ n be told1 ! cu/om has num]\s p>allels 9 ,european folk-lore4 ,!re is "s difficulty 9 apply+ ! pr9ciple ( sub/itution = an actual human sacrifice to a cu/om :i* 0 9 =ce s rec5tly4 ,x does n appe> probable t x c\ld h desc5d$ f su* a remote antiquity z ! "t :5 real human sacrifice 0 kn[n 9 ,japan4 ,might n ! in/9ct ( dramatic make-believe alone acc\nt = x8 ,confucius condemn$ ! practice ( (f]+ effigies ( m5 on fun]al occasions because he ?\ght x l$ to ! sub/itution ( liv+ victims4 ,slaves4--,ano!r =m ( human (f]+s 0 ! d$ication ( slaves to ! s]vice ( a %r9e4 ,su* slaves 7 call$ kami-tsu-ko1 & are to be di/+ui%$ f ! kamube1 :o 7 freem54 ,! gift by ! leg5d>y ,yamatodake to a %r9e ( a numb] ( ,yemi%i 7ea/]n savages7 :om he _h captur$ is to be und]/ood 9 ?is s5se4 ,!re is a m hi/orical in/ance 9 ! ,nihongi1 "u ! date ,a4,d4 #dfi1 :5 a seam/ress 0 pres5t$ to ! %r9e ( ,ohonamo*i4 ,9 #efb a man 0 all[$ to be giv5 ov] to ! hafuri z a slave = ! s]vice ( ! ,gods in/ead ( be+ burnt alive = a crim9al (f5ce committ$ by 8 fa!r4 ,horses4--,pres5ts ( horses to %r9es are (t5 m5tion$4 ,!y 7 let loose 9 ! prec9ct4 ,at ! pres5t day alb9os are select$ = ?is purpose1 :ite be+ consid]$ an auspici\s col\r4 ,wood5 figures might be sub/itut$ by ^? :o c\ld n af=d real horses4 ,at ! fe/ivals ( ,gion & ,ha*iman m5 rid+ on hobby-horses 7koma-gata7 or ) a wood5 horse's head atta*$ to _! brea/s =m$ "p ( ! procession4 ,!y no d\bt repres5t$ rid+-horses = ! deity4 ,9 m rec5t times ! fur!r /ep 0 tak5 ( (f]+ pictures ( horses4 ,?is practice became s common t special build+s1 call$ emad 7horse-picture-gall]y7 7 erect$ = _! accommodation4 ,b !y conta9$ _m o!r pictures z well4 ,! emad ( ,kiyomidzu 9 ,kito & ( ,itsuku%ima 9 ! ,inl& ,sea are v curi\s collections ( ?is k9d4 ,!y correspond to ! ex-voto *ur*es ( ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,illu/ration ,c>riages4--,! ,miko%i1 or c>riage ( ! ,god 7pp4 #bbd1 #bbe71 9 :i* 8 %9tai is prom5ad$ on fe/ival occasions1 is usually a v elaborate & co/ly con/ruction4 ,x is c>ri$ on m5's %\ld]s to a tabi no miya 7travel-%r9e7 or reposoir & back aga9 to ! %r9e4 ,! confusion 9 _m m9ds betwe5 ! %9tai & ! mitama is illu/rat$ by ! fact t a /&>d mod]n diction>y speaks ( ! ,miko%i z conta9+ ! ,god's mitama4 ,%r9es4--,a %r9e is a species ( (f]+4 ,:atev] may be ! case 9 o!r c\ntries1 9 ,japan ! %r9e is n a developm5t ( ! tomb4 ,!y h no resemblance to ea* o!r4 ,! tomb is a p>tly subt]ranean megali?ic vault enclos$ 9 a huge m\nd ( e>?1 :ile ! %r9e is a wood5 /ructure rais$ on po/s "s feet above ! gr\nd4 ,! ,japanese words = %r9e indicate t x is int5d$ z a h\se = ! ,god4 ,miya1 augu/ h\se1 is us$ equally ( a %r9e & ( a palace1 b n ( a tomb1 except poetically1 z :5 ! ,_m%iu speaks ( "o z a toko no miya1 or long home4 ,araka1 ano!r ^w = %r9e1 probably means dwell+-place4 ,9 ya%iro1 a v common ^w = %r9e1 ya means h\se & %iro repres5tative or equival5t4 ,!re is evid5ce#ahf t ?is ^w comes to u f a "t :5 ! ya%iro 0 a plot ( gr\nd consecrat$ = ! occasion to repres5t a place ( abode = ! deity4 ,! analogy ( ! ,roman templum w occur to ! classical s*ol>4 ,! himorogi 7p4 #bbf71 a t]m :i* has be5 ! subject ( "s controv]sy1 0 probably1 z ,hirata sugge/s1 at fir/ an enclosure ( sakaki twigs /uck 9 ! gr\nd s z to repres5t a h\se4 ,x is probable t 9 all ^! cases ! make-believe prec$$ any actual edifice1 & 0 n a sub/itute = x4 ,!re is a some:at r>e ^w1 namely oki-tsuki1 prop]ly a m\nd1 :i* is appli$ to bo? tombs & %r9es4 ,old sepul*ral m\nds h frequ5tly a small %r9e on _! summit4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ,%9to %r9e is by no means s co/ly an edifice z its ,buddhi/ c\nt]p>t4 ,! hokora1#ahg z ! small] %r9es are call$1 are 9 _m cases s small z to be easily transportable 9 a c>t4 ,ev5 ! great %r9es ( ,ise 7pp4 #bbh1 #bbi7 are ( no great size & ( purposely pla9 & simple con/ruction4 ,9 #gga a great] %r9e _h only eighte5 feet frontage4 ,"s ( ! m important ya%iro h small] build+s atta*$ to !m1 su* z an emad1 or gall]y ( votive pictures2 a haid51 or oratory1 :]e ! (ficial repres5tative ( ! ,mikado p]=m$ 8 devotions1 & a /age = ! sacr$ pantomimic dance4 ,a numb] ( small] %r9es 7ses%a or mas%a7 d$icat$ to o!r ,gods are usually to be se5 )9 ! enclosure4 ,no accommodation is provid$ = ! jo9t wor%ip ( ! congregation ( believ]s1 :i* is inde$ exceptional4 ,! individual wor%ipp] /&s outside 9 front ( ! %r9e1 calls ! att5tion ( ! deity by r++ a gong provid$ = ! purpose1 b[s 8 head1 claps or folds 8 h&s1 puts up 8 petition1 & retires4 ,a l>ge box /&s conv5i5tly = receiv+ su* small contributions ( copp] ca% z he may make4 ,9 _m %r9es m ?an "o deity is wor%ipp$4 ,^! are call$ ahi-dono no kami1 t is to say1 deities ( a jo9t %r9e4 ,!y may1 l ,izanagi & ,izanami1 h "s my?ical connexion ) ea* o!r or !y may n4 ,! ,y5gi%iki enum]ates #c1acb (ficially recogniz$ %r9es4 ,( ^! #gcg 7 ma9ta9$ at ! co/ ( ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 ,"s _h p]man5t end[m5ts ( l&s & peasants4 ,_m m9or %r9es exi/$ 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! %r9es are class$ z great & small1 ! respective numb]s be+ #dib & #b1fdj4 ,!y diff]$ 9 ! quantity ( (f]+s & 9 ! circum/ance t 9 ! =m] case ! (f]+s 7 plac$ on an alt> & 9 ! latt] on ! gr\nd4 ,?irty-six %r9es 7 situat$ 9 ! palace itself4 ,! mo/ important deities wor%ipp$ "h 7 eight 9 numb]1 compris+ five obscurely diff]5tiat$ ,musubi1 ! ,goddess ( ,food1 ,oho-miya-no me1 & ,koto-%iro-nu%i4 ,!re 7 also sev]al ,well-,gods1 a ,sono no ,kami1 a ,k>a no ,kami 7,korean ,god71 a ,?und]-,god1 a pair ( sake deities1 & o!rs ( :om little is kn[n4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,9 enum]at+ ! (ficially recogniz$ %r9es ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ! c\ntry ! ,y5gi%iki un=tunately1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 does n "n ! ,god1 b only ! locality :]e ! %r9e 0 situat$1 z :5 we speak ( ,d[n+ ,/reet1 mean+ ! collective (ficialdom ( ! place4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! imp]sonal habit ( ! ,japanese m9d already ref]r$ to4 ,/range to say1 9 "s ev5 ( ! mo/ popul> %r9es1 ! id5tity ( ! ,god is d\btful or unkn[n4 ,kompira is a conspicu\s example4 ,accord+ to "s he is a demon1 ! alligator ( ! ,ganges4 ,o!rs say t ,buddha himself became ! boy ,kompira 9 ord] to ov]come ! h]etics & enemies ( religion :o press$ ^u him "o day z he 0 prea*+4 ,! m$ival ,%9toi/s id5tifi$ him ) ,susa no wo4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 decl>$ (ficially t he is really ,kotohira1 an obscure ,%9to deity1 ^: "n has a resemblance 9 s\nd to t ( ! ,indian ,god4 ,8 popul>ity has be5 little affect$ by ^! *anges4#ahh ,9 #ife a selection ( sixte5 ( ! m important %r9es 0 made to :i* special (f]+s 7 s5t4 ,^! 7 z foll[s3-- ,"n ( ,%r9e4 ,prov9ce4 ,god or ,gods ,wor%ipp$4 ,ise4 ,ise4 ,sun-,goddess & ,food-,goddess4 ,iha%imidzu4 ,yama%iro4 ,ha*iman1 ,j+4 ,kamo4 ,d4 8 ,matsun[o4 ,d4 ,?und]-,god4 ,hirano4 ,d4 ,probably ,gods ( ! ,cook+ ,furnace & ,new ,rice4 ,in>i4 ,d4 ,food-,goddess4 ,kasuga4 ,yamato4 ,koyane & 8 wife1 ,take mika-dzu*i1 ,futsunu%i4 ,ohoh>ano4 ,yama%iro4 ,d4 ,miha4 ,yamato4 ,ohonamo*i4 ,oho-yamato4 ,d4 ,d4 ,isonokami4 ,d4 ,futsu no mitama 7a deifi$ sword74 ,hirose4 ,d4 ,food-,goddess4 ,tatsuta4 ,d4 ,w9d-,gods4 ,sumiyo%i4 ,settsu4 ,sea-deities4 ,nifu4 -- ,d\btful4 ,kibune4 ,yama%iro4 ,ra9-dragon-,god4 ,,footnotes3 #agf ,,ii4 #cie4 #agg ,! old ,hebrew idea 7,g5esis viii4 #ba7 0 t ! food actually rea*$ ,god 9 ! =m ( ! fragrant fire-di/ill$ ess5ce1 & ?us gratifi$ him z an agreeable gift4 ,ha/+s1 ',dict4 ( ! ,bible4' #agh ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ',religion ( ! ,semites1' p4 #cde4 #agi ,see ,index1 ,to%igohi4 #ahj ,see above1 p4 #aai4 #aha ,rem9d+ u ( ,hom]'s 1 :i* consi/$ ( tuft$ wool atta*$ to a w& 774 ,! anci5t ,jews made (f]+s ( wool4 #ahb ,see ,index1 ',inspiration4' #ahc ,nihongi1 i4 #aic1 #bea4 #ahd ,see above1 p4 #gj4 #ahe ,agamemnon's sword 0 wor%ipp$ 9 ,greece 9 ! "t ( ,pausanias4 #ahf ,nihongi1 ii4 #bic4 #ahg ,see illu/ration 9 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 #ahh ,murray's ',japan1' fif? edition1 p4 #ej4 ,9 #iia !re 7 add$ ! ?ree foll[+3-- ,"n ( ,%r9e4 ,prov9ce4 ,god or ,gods ,wor%ipp$4 ,yo%ida4 ,yama%iro4 ,same z ,kasuga4 ,hirota4 ,settsu4 ,sun-,goddess's aratama4 ,kitano4 ,yama%iro4 ,temmang4 ,9 #iid !re 0 add$ ,"n ( ,%r9e4 ,prov9ce4 ,god or ,gods ,wor%ipp$4 ,mume no ,miya4 ,yama%iro4 ,ance/or ( ,ta*ibana family4 ,! next to be add$ 0 ,"n ( ,%r9e4 ,prov9ce4 ,god or ,gods ,wor%ipp$4 ,gion4 ,yama%iro4 ,susa no wo4 ,! numb] 0 f9ally rais$ to tw5ty-two 9 #ajci by ! addition ( ,"n ( ,%r9e4 ,prov9ce4 ,god or ,gods ,wor%ipp$4 ,hiye or ,hiyo%i4 ,yama%iro4 ,ohonamo*i4 ,proximity to ! capital no d\bt influ5c$ ?is selection4 ,idzumo1 ,ka%ima1 ,katori1 ,usa1 ,suha1 & o!r important %r9es are omitt$4 ,all ! pr9cipal deities1 h[ev]1 are includ$ 9 ?is li/4 ,at ! pres5t day !re are #aic1dgf ,%9to %r9es 9 ,japan4 ,( ^! ! great majority are v small & h no prie/s or rev5ues4 ,capt4 ,br9kley1 9 8 ',japan & ,*9a1' gives ! foll[+ li/ ( ! t5 mo/ popul> %r9es 9 ,japan at ! pres5t day3 ,ise1 ,idzumo1 ,ha*iman 7,kyto71 ,temmang 7,hakata71 ,in>i 7,kyto71 ,kasuga 7,n>a71 ,atago 7,kyto71 ,kompira 7,sanuki71 ,suit5g 7,tky71 & ,suwa 7,%9ano74 ,v _m h\ses h _! kamidana or dome/ic %r9e1 :]e ! ujigami1 ! ance/or1 & ! trade-,god1 ) any o!rs :om !re is "s special reason = hon\r+1 are wor%ipp$4 ,tori-wi4--,! approa* to a ,%9to %r9e is m>k$ by "o or m gateways or ar*es ( ! special =m %[n 9 ! illu/ration 7p4 #bcc7 & kn[n z tori-wi4 ,?is ^w means lit]ally bird-p]*1 9 ! s5se ( a h5roo/4 ,by analogy x 0 appli$ to any?+ ( ! same %ape1 z a clo!s-horse1 or ! l9tel ( a door or gateway4 ,z an honor>y gateway1 ! tori-wi is a cont95tal in/itution id5tical 9 purpose & resembl+ 9 =m ! turan ( ,india1 ! pailoo ( ,*9a1 & ! hong-sal-mun ( ,korea4 ,:5 introduc$ into ,japan at "s unkn[n date 7! ,kojiki & ,nihongi d n m5tion !m7 ! ,japanese call$ !m tori-wi1 :i* !n meant simply gateway1 b subsequ5tly acquir$ its pres5t m specific application4 ,x sometimes s]ves ! purpose ( m>k+ ! direction ( a di/ant object ( wor%ip4#ahi ,hyaku-d i%i4--,ne> ! front ( ! %r9e may sometimes be se5 a hyaku-d i%i1 or hundr$-"t-/one1 f :i* ! wor%ipp] may g back & =w>d to ! door ( ! %r9e a hundr$ times1 repeat+ a pray] ea* "t4 ,a sori-ba%i or taiko-ba%i1 repres5t+ ! my?ical float+ bridge ( ,heav5 7! ra9b[71 is also to be se5 at ! approa* to "s %r9es4 ,pray]4--,private individual pray] is seldom m5tion$ 9 ! old ,%9to records1 b ( ! (ficial liturgies or norito we h abundant examples 9 ! ,y5gi%iki & lat] works4 ,! au?ors are mo/ly unkn[n1 b !y 7 no d\bt memb]s ( ! ,nakatomi ,h\se4 ,_! lit]>y quality is good4 ,motori obs]ves t ! elegance ( _! language is an (f]+ acceptable to ! ,gods4 ,! ,sun-,goddess is repres5t$ 9 ! ,nihongi z express+ h] satisfaction ) ! beauty ( ! norito recit$ 9 h] hon\r4 ,illu/ration ,! norito are address$ sometimes to individual deities1 sometimes to categories ( deities1 z ! celebrat$ ,gods or ! ,gods ( ,nankaido1 & sometimes to all ! ,gods )\t exception4 ,!y conta9 petitions = ra9 9 "t ( dr\ght1 good h>ve/s1 pres]vation f e>?quake & conflagration1 *ildr51 heal? & long life to ! sov]eign & endur+ peace & prosp]ity to 8 rule1 ! safety ( 8 ambassadors to =eign c\ntries1 ! suppression ( rebellion1 ! repulse ( invasion1 success to ! ,imp]ial arms1 & g5]al prosp]ity to ! ,empire4 ,sometimes ! ,mikado deprecates ! wra? ( deities ^: s]vices _h be5 vitiat$ by ritual impurity1 or ^: %r9es _h suff]$ f neglect or injury4 ,! phrase fulfill+ ( praises1 :i* occurs frequ5tly 9 ! norito1 mu/ n be tak5 lit]ally4 ,x is really equival5t to %[ all due hon\r to1 & usually applies to ! (f]+s :i* 7 made 9 tok5 ( respect4 ,!re is v little ( praise 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! language ( ! norito pres5ts a /rik+ contra/ to ! pr(usion ( laudatory epi!ts & images ( ! ,v$as1 or ! sublime eulogies ( ! ,psalms ( ,david4 ,! only elem5t ( ?is k9d is a few adjectival prefixes to ! names ( ! ,gods1 su* z oho1 great2 take1 brave2 taka1 high2 haya1 swift2 toyo1 ri*2 iku1 live2 yori1 good1 & p]haps "o or two m4 ,! d ut des pr9ciple ( (f]+s is pla9ly av[$ 9 "s ( ! norito4 ,besides petitions we f9d also ann\ncem5ts to ! ,gods1 z ( ! appo9tm5t ( a prie/ess1 ! be/[al on ! deity ( a degree ( rank1 & ! beg9n+ ( a new reign4 ,! ,mongol invasion 0 notifi$ to ,ise 9 #abgg ) ! happie/ results4 ,! ,y5gi%iki conta9s no norito address$ to deceas$ ,mikados1 b sev]al examples ( ?is class1 due no d\bt to ,*9ese influ5ce1 h come d[n to u f ! n9? c5tury4 ,9 #hej ,jimmu 0 pray$ to = ! ,mikado1 :o 0 dang]\sly ill1 & :o di$ soon aft]4 ,9 ! same ye>1 evil influ5ces 7! ,mikado's illness87 7 attribut$ to 8 wra?1 & envoys despat*$ to 8 tomb1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r he might n h be5 (f5d$ by "s pollution to x4 ,! ,empress ,j+ 0 pray$ to 9 #hff "u simil> circum/ances4 ,o!r norito ann\nce to ! prec$+ ,mikado ! accession ( a new sov]eign or ! appo9tm5t ( a ,pr9ce ,imp]ial4 ,! norito conta9 few petitions = :i* we might n easily f9d p>allels 9 mod]n ,europe1 b a comp>ison ) ,*ri/ian1 ,jewi%1 or ev5 ,mohamm$an & ,buddhi/ =mul reveals enorm\s lacun 9 ! anci5t ,japanese conception ( ! scope ( pray]4 ,moral & spiritual bless+s are n ev5 dreamt (4 ,su* pray]s z t we may live a godly1 righte\s1 & sob] life1 to grant u true rep5tance & ,8 ,holy ,_s1 are =eign to its "*4 ,lead u n into temptation & ,?y w be done are conspicu\sly abs5t4 ,no ,%9to ,god is petition$ to endue ! ,sov]eign ) heav5ly gifts1 nor t aft] ?is life he may atta9 ev]la/+ joy & felicity4 ,inde$1 !re is no ref]5ce any:]e to a future life--a significant fact1 9 view ( ! circum/ance t human sacrifices at ! tombs ( great m5 7 at "o "t common4 ,! commonly receiv$ op9ion t ! latt] indicate a belief 9 a future /ate is1 p]haps1 aft] all1 errone\s4 ,nor does any "o besee* a ,%9to deity to s5d d[n on ! prie/hood ! heal?ful _s ( 8 grace4 ,num]\s specim5s ( norito w be f\nd 9 ,*ap4 ,,xii4 ,9 connexion ) ! attempt$ revival e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury ( ! pure ,%9to ( anci5t times1 ,hirata compos$ a book ( pray] entitl$ ,tamadasuki1 n = (ficial or temple use1 b z an aid to private devotion4 ,x 0 n pr9t$ until "s ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 & ,i d\bt :e!r x 0 ev] mu* us$ ev5 by ,%9to devotees4 ,not)/&+ ! au?or's pr(ess$ abhorr5ce ( ,buddhism & 8 condemnation ( ,*9ese religi\s notions1 ! ,tamadasuki owes mu* to ^! s\rces4 ,he in/ructs 8 foll[]s to get up e>ly1 wa% ! face & h&s1 r9se ! m\?1 & cleanse ! body4 ,!n turn t[>ds ,yamato1 clap h&s twice1 & b[ d[n ! head be=e (f]+ _! petitions4 ,pray]s to ! ,%9to ,gods1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 are mo/ly = mat]ial bless+s4 ,any?+ m :i* !y conta9 may be confid5tly set d[n to ,buddhi/ influ5ce4 ,!re are pray]s on reclaim+ a new piece ( gr\nd1 build+ a h\se1 s[+ a rice-field1 pray]s = prosp]ity 9 trade & dome/ic happ9ess1 pray]s promis+ to give up sake1 gambl+1 or pr(ligacy 7,buddhi/71 ?anks = escape f %ipwreck or o!r dang]1 c4 ,sometimes ! pray] is writt5 out on pap] & deposit$ 9 ! %r9e1 p]haps accompani$ by ! petition]'s hair or a picture hav+ "s ref]5ce to ! subject ( 8 pray]4 ,:5 x is answ]$1 small pap] nobori 7flags7 are set up at ! %r9e or its approa*es4 ,a common pray] at ! pres5t day is = ,peace to ! c\ntry1 safety to ! family1 & pl5tiful crops4 ,oa?s & ,curses4--,! ,nihongi m5tions sev]al cases ( ,heav5 or ! ,gods be+ appeal$ to = ! sanction ( an oa?4 ,?us 9 #efb an accus$ p]son decl>es3 ,?is is false & n true4 ,if ?is is true1 let calamity f ,heav5 befall me4 ,9 #eha tribes ( ,yemi%i promis$ submission to ! ,mikado1 say+3 ,if we break ?is oa?1 may all ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>? & also ! spirits ( ! ,emp]ors de/roy our race4 ,9 #fdd ! ,mikado made an oa? appeal+ to ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & say+3 ,on ^? :o break ?is oa? ,heav5 w s5d a curse & ,e>? a plague1 demons w slay !m1 & m5 w smite !m4 ,! au?or ( ! ,nihongi1 h[ev]1 is griev\sly op5 to ! suspicion ( adorn+ 8 n>rative lib]ally ) rhetorical ornam5ts ( ,*9ese orig94 ,! foll[+ is an example ( a nonreligi\s oa? said to h be5 made by a ,korean k+ 9 #bdi3 ,if ,i spread grass = u to sit on1 x might be burnt ) fire2 if ,i took wood = a seat1 x might be wa%$ away by wat]4 ,!re=e1 sitt+ on a rock1 ,i make ?is solemn decl>ation ( alliance4 ,a curse pron\nc$ ov] a well 9 #def has likewise no religi\s quality4 ,x is simply ,?is wat] may be drunk by ! p only3 royal p]sons alone may n dr9k ( x4 ,! in/ructions ( ! ,sea-,god to ,hohodemi1 ,:5 ?\ give/ ?is fi%hook back to ?y bro!r1 say1 ',a hook ( pov]ty1 a hook ( ru91 a hook ( d[nfall1' are a k9d ( curse4 ,on ! :ole1 oa?s & curses ( a religi\s "* are r>e 9 ,japanese lit]ature4 ,pr(anity is almo/ unkn[n4 ,a mild appeal to ! ?ree holy ?+s 7( ,buddhism7 or to ! ,sun1 or a wi% t div9e puni%m5t 7ba*i7 may /rike "o's enemy1 are almo/ ! only ?+s ( ! k9d4 ,& !y are infrequ5t4 ,probably ?is is due to ! want ( a deep-seat$ s5tim5t ( piety 9 ! ,japanese nation4 ,su* expressions z ,?ank ,god1 ,good-bye1 ,adieu1 ,god =bid1 are also r>e1 :e!r 9 spee* or 9 lit]ature4 ,! ,mohamm$ans1 ) _! cont9ual use ( ! "n ( ,allah1 are ! antipodes ( ! ,japanese 9 ?is respect4 ,rank ( ,deities4--,a sy/em ( (ficial ranks1 borr[$ f ,*9a1 0 introduc$ into ,japan 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 at "o "t =ty-eight diff]5t grades1 ea* ) its di/9ct co/ume1 insignia1 & privileges4 ,! fir/ notice ( deities be+ grant$ su* ranks occurs 9 #fgb1 :5 we are told t ?ree deities 7 rais$ 9 quality on acc\nt ( useful milit>y in=mation suppli$ by _! oracles4 ,?is practice became sy/ematiz$ 9 ! p]iod #gdi-geg1 & 0 v preval5t = sev]al c5turies long]4 ,a ra9 ( volcanic a%es :i* fell 9 _m ( ! ea/]n prov9ces 9 #hch 0 attribut$ by ! div9]s to ! jeal\sy ( a ,goddess1 ! true wife ( a ,god1 & "m by him ( five *ildr51 at a /ep ( (ficial rank grant$ by ! ,mikado to a y\ng] rival4 ,tant ne animis cle/ibus ir6 ,9 #hea ,susa no wo & ,oho-kuni-nu%i receiv$ ! l[] ?ird rank & 9 #hei 7 promot$ to ! upp] ?ird rank4 ,! ,mikado ,daigo1 on 8 accession 9 #hih1 rais$ ! rank ( #cdj %r9es4 ,9 #ajgf & #aagb :olesale promotions ( deities took place4 ,aft] ?is "t ! cu/om fell into neglect1 ow+ p>tly to ! circum/ance t _m ( ! ,gods _h rea*$ ! highe/ class & c\ld n be promot$ any fur!r4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ important deities 7 n hon\r$ 9 ?is way4 ,! ,sun-,goddess & ! ,food-,goddess 7 among ?is numb]4 ,! same deity might h diff]5t ranks 9 diff]5t places4 ,! l[ness ( ! ranks ) :i* ! inf]ior deities 7 ?\ght to be gratifi$ is r surpris+4 ,x ?r[s a light on ! m5tal attitude ( ! ,japanese t[>ds !m4 ,be+s :o c\ld be suppos$ to take pleasure 9 a ,d4,s4,o4 or a brevet majority mu/ h seem$ to !m n v f> exalt$ above humanity4 ,kagura4--,?is ^w is writt5 ) two ,*9ese *>act]s :i* mean ,god-pleasure4 ,x is a pantomimic dance ) music1 usually repres5t+ "s incid5t ( ! my?ical n>rative4 ,uzume's dance be=e ! cave to :i* ! ,sun-,goddess _h retir$ is suppos$ to be its prototype4 ,important %r9es h a /age & a corps ( tra9$ girl-danc]s 7miko71 = ! purpose ( ^! repres5tations4 ,kagura 0 also p]=m$ 9 ! ,nai%idokoro 7! *amb] 9 ! ,palace :]e ! ,regalia 7 kept71 & "u ,*9ese influ5ces became a v solemn function1 9 :i* num]\s (ficials 7 conc]n$4 ,_m k9ds ( music1 song1 & dance are includ$ 9 ?is t]m4 ,x 0 ! p>5t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ( ! ,no1 a sort ( religi\s lyrical drama1 & less directly ( ! mod]n popul> drama4 ,"s au?orities say t ! music ( ! ,kagura consi/$ at fir/ ( flutes made by op5+ holes betwe5 ! jo9ts ( a bamboo1 ( wood5 ca/anets1 & ( a /r+$ in/rum5t made by plac+ six b[s toge!r4 ,pilgrimages4--,pay+ visits is a recogniz$ mode ( %[+ respect to ,gods z x is to m54 ,! ,mikado himself =m]ly paid frequ5t visits to ! %r9es ( ,kito & ! vic9ity1 & 9 all p]iods ( hi/ory embassies 7 cont9ually despat*$ by him to ! great %r9es ( ! ,empire4 ,! private wor%ipp]1 besides visit+ ! %r9e ( 8 local deity1 g5]ally makes x 8 bus9ess1 at lea/ once 9 8 lifetime1 to pay 8 respects to m di/ant ,gods1 su* z ^? ( ,ise1 ,miha1 ,ontake1 ,nantai 7at ,nikko71 ,kompira1 ,fujiyama1 ,miyajima1 c4 ,int5d+ pilgrims associate !mselves 9 clubs call$ ,k1 ^: memb]s ea* contribute five s5 a mon? to ! pilgrimage fund4 ,:5 ! prop] "t ( ye> comes r\nd1 a c]ta9 numb] ( memb]s are *os5 by lot to repres5t ! club at ! %r9e ( _! devotion1 all exp5ses be+ defray$ out ( ! common fund4 ,"o ( ! numb] :o has made ! pilgrimage be=e acts z lead] & cic]one4 ,z a g5]al rule ! pilgrims we> no special g>b1 b ^? b\nd = ,fuji1 ,ontake1 or o!r high m\nta9s may be di/+ui%$ by _! :ite clo!s & slop+ broad hats4 ,:ile mak+ an asc5t1 !y (t5 r+ a bell & *ant ! pray]1 ,may our six s5ses be pure & ! wea!r fair on ! hon\rable m\nta94#aij ,_m ?\s& pilgrims annually asc5d ,fuji1 & ov] #aa1jjj paid _! devotions at ,ise on a rec5t ,new ,ye>'s day4 ,almo/ all ,japanese *]i% ! hope ( visit+ ?is %r9e at lea/ once 9 _! lives1 & _m a ,tokio m]*ant ?9ks t 8 success 9 bus9ess dep5ds l>gely on 8 do+ s4 ,pilgrimages are an anci5t in/itution 9 ,japan4 ,x is record$ t 9 ! n9? mon? ( #icd1 #aj1jjj1jjj pilgrims ( all classes visit$ ! %r9es ( ,ise4 ,boys & ev5 girls (t5 run away f _! homes & beg _! way to ,ise4 ,?is is reg>d$ z a p>donable escapade4 ,:5 an actual visit to a %r9e is inconv5i5t or impossible1 ! wor%ipp] may (f] 8 devotions f a di/ance4 ,?is is call$ em-pai1 or di/ant wor%ip4 ,special %r9es are provid$ 9 "s places :]e ! ,god w accept su* sub/itut$ s]vice4 ,processions may be jo9t =mal visits ( ! wor%ipp]s to ! ,god's %r9e1 b !y (t5] consi/ 9 att5d+ him on an excursion f x to "s place 9 ! neighb\rhood & back aga94 ,!y mu* resemble 9 "* ! c>nival processions ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,circumambulation4--,! ,brahmanic & ,buddhi/ c]emony ( pradak*9a1 t is1 go+ r\nd a holy object ) "o's "r side turn$ to x1 is n f\nd 9 ,%9to4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 on :i* x re/s--namely1 t ( foll[+ or imitat+ ! c\rse ( ! ,sun--is recogniz$ 9 ! ,jimmu leg5d4 ,jimmu says3#aia ,if ,i %\ld proce$ aga9/ ! ,sun to attack ! enemy1 ,i %\ld act contr>y to ! way ( ,heav54444 ,br++ on our backs ! might ( ! ,sun-,goddess1 let u foll[ h] rays & trample !m d[n4 ,x is difficult to reconcile ) ?is a passage 9 ! ,kojiki#aib :]e x is c\nt$ unlucky = ! ,mikado to travel f ,ea/ to ,we/1 because 9 s do+ he mu/ turn 8 back ^u ! ,sun4 ,horses pres5t$ to %r9es 7 l$ r\nd !m eight times4 ,,footnotes3 #ahi ,see a contribution by ,mr4 ,s4 ,tuke to ! ,japan ,society's ,transactions1 vol4 iv41 #ahif-g1 & a pap] by ! pres5t writ] 9 ! ,t4,a4,s4,j4 = ,decemb]1 #ahii4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9 holds a diff]5t view1 :i* is /at$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 #ahie1 & 9 ',?+s ,japanese1' f\r? edition4 #aij ,see ,index1 ,rokkon ,%j4 #aia ,nihongi1 i4 #aac4 #aib ,*amb]la9's ,kojiki1 p4 #cab4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,morals1 ,,law1 ,,& ,,purity4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we dealt ) ! positive side ( religi\s conduct4 ,we h n[ to exam9e its negative aspect1 namely1 ^? prohibitions :i* fall "u ! g5]al description ( morality & c]emonial purity4 ,morals4--,be=e proce$+ to exam9e ! relation ( morals to religion 9 ,%9to1 let u note "s g5]al consid]ations4 ,"r conduct has ?ree motives3 fir/1 selfi% prud5ce2 second1 altruism1 9 ! v>i\s =ms ( dome/ic affection1 sympa?y ) o!rs & respect = _! rights1 public _s1 patriotism & philan?ropy2 & ?ird1 ! love ( ,god4 ,conduct :i* is oppos$ to ^! ?ree sanctions is call$ 9 ! case ( ! fir/ folly1 ( ! second crime1 & ( ! ?ird s92 to :i* are oppos$ prud5ce1 morality1 & hol9ess4 ,) ! infant & ! savage ! fir/ motive pr$om9ates4 ,) advanc+ age 9 ! individual1 & civilization 9 ! race1 ! second & ?ird assume m & m importance4 ,all b ! l[e/ grades ( animals h "s idea ( prud5tial re/ra9t4 ,_m are influ5c$ by ! dome/ic affections1 :ile ! high]1 & especially ! greg>i\s species1 h "s rudim5ts ( ! feel+ ( obligation t[>ds ! community1 on :i* altrui/ic morality & ev5tually law are bas$4 ,b 9 ! l[] animals1 & ev5 9 _m m51 ! religi\s sanction is want+4 ,"r conduct may usually be easily ref]r$ to an orig9 9 "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree classes ( motives4 ,! duty ( refra9+ f excess 9 eat+ & dr9k+ belongs prim>ily to ! fir/1 ! c>e ( *ildr5 & ! avoidance ( !ft1 murd]1 or adult]y to ! second1 acts ( wor%ip & ab/95ce f impiety & blasphemy to ! ?ird4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a t5d5cy = ^! motives to encroa* on ea* o!r's prov9ces )\t rel9qui%+ _! own4 ,acts :i* belong at fir/ to "o category end by receiv+ ! sanction ( ! o!r motives4 ,drunk5ness1 at fir/ ?\ght h>mless1 is soon recogniz$ z folly1 ?\gh h>m+ nobody b ! drunk>d himself4 ,x is ev5tually se5 to be also a crime aga9/ ! community1 & la/ ( all a s9 9 ! eyes ( ,god4 ,crim9al ,law is a sy/ematic en=cem5t ( ! rights ( o!rs by add+ prud5tial motives = respect+ !m4 ,x also puni%es blasphemy & h]esy1 no d\bt = ! protection ( ! int]e/s ( ! community aga9/ ! curse :i* su* (f5ces br+ d[n4 ,) ourselves religion condemns n only direct (f5ces aga9/ ! ,deity z 9 ! fir/ ?ree comm&m5ts1 b selfi% folly1 & ?r[s its gis ov] ! rights ( our neighb\r1 by prohibit+ !ft1 murd]1 adult]y1 ly+1 disrespect to p>5ts1 c4 ,c x be d\bt$ t ^! 7 already (f5ces be=e ! t5 comm&m5ts 7 deliv]$ f ,m\nt ,s9ai8 ,!re is no /rong] pro( ( ! rudim5t>y "* ( ,%9to ?an ! exce$+ly casual & imp]fect sanction :i* x ext5ds to altrui/ic morality4 ,x has sc>cely any?+ 9 ! nature ( a code ( e?ics4 ,zeus _h n yet w$d$ ,!mis4 ,!re is no direct moral tea*+ 9 its sacr$ books4 ,a s*$ule ( (f5ces aga9/ ! ,gods1 to absolve :i* ! c]emony ( ,great ,purification 0 p]=m$ twice a ye>1#aic conta9s no "o ( ! s9s ( ! ,decalogue4#aid ,ince/1 be/iality1 w\nd+1 wit*craft1 & c]ta9 int]f]5ces ) agricultural op]ations are ! only (f5ces aga9/ ! moral law :i* x enum]ates4 ,! ,kojiki speaks ( a case ( homicide be+ foll[$ by a purification ( ! actor 9 x4 ,b ! homicide is repres5t$ z ju/ifiable1 & ! (f5ce 0 !re=e n s mu* moral z ritual4#aie ,mod]n ,japanese boldly claim ?is feature ( _! religion z a m]it4 ,motori ?\ght t moral codes 7 good = ,*9ese1 ^: inf]ior natures requir$ su* artificial means ( re/ra9t4 ,8 pupil ,hirata d5\nc$ sy/ems ( morality z a disgrace to ! c\ntry :i* produc$ !m4 ,9 ',japan1' a rec5t "w publi%$ 9 ,engli% by ,japanese au?ors1 we are told t ,%9to provides no moral code1 & relies solely on ! prompt+s ( consci5ce = e?ical guidance4 ,if man d]ives ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 duties f intuition1 a s*$ule ( rules & regulations = ! direction ( ev]yday conduct becomes n only sup]flu\s b illogical4 ,b al?\gh !re 0 little religi\s sanction ( morality 9 anci5t ,japan1 x by no means foll[s t !re 0 no morality4 ,we h se5 t !re are moral elem5ts 9 ! "* ( ! ,sun-,goddess z del9eat$ 9 my?4#aif ,law1 :i* is ! en=cem5t by p5alties ( a m9imum altrui/ic morality1 c]ta9ly exi/$4 ,a ,*9ese au?or1 9 a description ( ,japan z x 0 9 ! lat] ,han p]iod 7,a4,d4 #be-bbj71 says t ! wives & *ildr5 ( ^? :o break ! laws are confiscat$1 & = grave crimes ! (f5d]'s family is extirpat$4444 ,! laws & cu/oms are /rict4 ,9 #dij we he> ( two m5 be+ ?r[n into prison = crimes4 ,! ,mikado ,muretsu 7#dhh-ejf7 is said to h be5 fond ( crim9al inve/igation4 ,! ,nihongi condemns !ft1 robb]y1 rebellion1 & non-paym5t ( taxes1 none ( :i* matt]s is tak5 =mal cognizance ( by ,%9to4 ,)\t "s law1 unwritt5 & ill-def9$ ?\gh x 01 & unequal & fluctuat+ 9 its application z x mu/ h be51 ! ,japanese c\ld n possibly h rea*$ ev5 ! mod]ate degree ( organiz$ gov]nm5t :i* we f9d !m enjoy+ at ! dawn ( _! hi/ory4 ,! e>lie/ s-call$ legislation :i* we meet ) is embodi$ 9 a proclamation issu$ by ! ,reg5t ,%toku ,tai%i 9 ,a4,d4 #fjd4 ,on exam9ation ^! laws prove to be a sort ( homily address$ to ,gov]nm5t (ficials1 recomm5d+ h>mony1 good fai?1 a respect = ,buddhism1 ob$i5ce to ! ,imp]ial comm&1 e>ly ris+1 decorum1 dis9t]e/$ness 9 decid+ legal cases1 fidelity to "o's "l1 & b5evol5ce to ! p4 ,9 #fde a beg9n+ ( regulations 0 promulgat$4 ,x relates to ! /atus ( slaves & _! *ildr54 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a set ( rules 0 issu$ regulat+ ! con/ruction ( tombs =bidd+ human sacrifice 9 hon\r ( ! dead1 c4 ,9 ! same ye> laws 7 promulgat$ deal+ ) di%one/y1 reta9+ slaves belong+ to o!r p1 br++ pla9ts ( adult]y be=e ! au?orities )\t hav+ ! evid5ce ( ?ree cr$ible witnesses1 c4 ,sev]e p5alties are ?reat5$ 9 case ( _! infraction4 ,9 #fha a sumptu>y law 9 n9ety-two articles 0 enact$4 ,9 #fhb flogg+ 0 limit$ to #ajj bl[s3 9 #fhi a book ( laws 0 di/ribut$ to all ! local au?orities2 & 9 #gja ! code kn[n z ! ,taihri 0 promulgat$4 ,! latt] 0 borr[$ f ,*9a1 & no d\bt ,*9ese influ5ces _h mu* to d ) ! m p>tial legislation :i* prec$$4 ,%toku ,tai%i's advice to (ficials is ?or\ghly ,*9ese4 ,b ! examples quot$ %[ t su* enactm5ts 7 n made )\t ref]5ce to ! wants ( ,japan4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ,%toku ,tai%i's m5tion ( legal cases1 & f ! regulation ( proc$ure 9 cases ( adult]y1 t !re 0 already 9 exi/5ce a body ( unwritt5 common law by :i* a rude sort ( ju/ice 0 adm9i/]$4 ,prisons are m5tion$ m ?an once 9 ! sev5?-c5tury records4 ,dr4 ,weip]t says3#aig ,!re are 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi num]\s in/ances ( arbitr>y puni%m5t inflict$ by rul]s1 *iefta9s1 c41 or ( private rev5ge1 b no?+ %[s ! exi/5ce ( fix$ punitive laws or conv5tions4444 ,if we conf9e ourselves to ! prehi/oric times ( ,japan1 we f9d 9 !m no o!r traces ( conceptions ( a b9d+ law ?an ^? h&$ d[n to u 9 ! rituals d$icat$ to ! ,gods4 ,x 0 inde$ ! p[] ( ! rul] :i* held ! community toge!r1 b ! idea ( ! society be+ subject to lawful re/ra9t 0 to be f\nd only 9 ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! p4 ,to ! ext5t ( ^! s5tim5ts alone c x be said t a lawfully regulat$ community & a consci\sness ( su* exi/$ 9 ^? days4 ,n[ s9ce we take crim9al law to be ! publicly regulat$ reaction ( a community aga9/ all acts ( its memb]s :i* are detrim5tal to ! common int]e/1 we c sc>cely hesitate to describe ! ,ohoh>ahi#aih z ! fir/ s\rce ( ,japanese crim9al law4 ,?is is a special application to ,%9to ( ! pr9ciple laid d[n 9 g5]al t]ms by ,dr4 ,pfleid]] t ! beg9n+s ( all social cu/oms & legal ord9ances are directly d]iv$ f religion4 ,max ,mll] has express$ himself ne>ly to ! same effect4 ,i h>dly ?9k t ! ,japanese facts be> out ^! views4 ,x may be admitt$ t be=e ! sev5? c5tury !re 7 no fix$ punitive laws or conv5tions 9 ,japan4 ,b betwe5 ?is & m]e arbitr>y puni%m5t or private rev5ge !re is a middle t]m1 & ,i submit t x 0 precisely to ?is /age t ! ,japanese nation _h arriv$ at ?is "t4 ,a common law 0 9 exi/5ce1 unwritt5 & ill def9$1 leav+ mu* room = arbitr>y proc$ure & puni%m5ts1 b yet a reality4 ,x dealt1 z !re is evid5ce to %[1 ) matt]s s ess5tial to ! welf>e ( ! community z treason1 rebellion1 & robb]y1 none ( :i* is s mu* z m5tion$ 9 ! ,ohoh>ahi4 ,inde$ we c\ld sc>cely expect to f9d su* (f5ces notic$ 9 x1 z ! application ( ! crim9al law 9 ^! cases places ! guilty p]sons f> beyond ! rea* ( a purify+ process4 ,9 an organiz$ community l ! anci5t ,japanese !re mu/ h be5 _m torts recogniz$ by public op9ion4 ,we "k t adult]y & di%one/y 7 puni%able4 ,yet ,%9to takes no notice ( !m4 ,! only civil wrongs s+l$ out = religi\s d5unciation relate to agriculture4 ,! anci5t au?orities enum]ate1 among ! misde$s ( ,susa no wo1 break+ d[n ! divisions ( rice fields1 fill+ up irrigation dit*es1#aii s[+ se$ ov] aga91 ) "o or two o!r (f5ces ( a simil> k9d1 & ! ,ohoh>ahi includes !m 9 its s*$ule ( s9s :i* require absolution4 ,b surely rights ( prop]ty 7we c recognize g]ms ( !m 9 ! l[] animals7 are long antec$5t to religion1 & (f5ces aga9/ !m are recogniz$ z (f5ces aga9/ man be=e !y became s9s aga9/ ,god4 ,moreov]1 ! ,ohoh>ahi is want+ 9 ! fir/ ess5tial ( a crim9al law4 ,x provides no fix$ punitive sanction4 ,x is true t ! culprit 0 9 "s cases oblig$ to supply at 8 own co/ ! necess>y (f]+s = ! c]emony1 & t practically ?is am\nt$ to a f9e4 ,! orig9al int5tion1 h[ev]1 0 n to puni% ! (f5d]1 b to av]t ! wra? ( ! ,gods4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t individual cases ( purification 7 exceptional4 ,= ! (f5ces ( ! nation g5]ally1 :i* x 0 ! ma9 object ( ! ,ohoh>ahi to absolve1 no puni%m5t 0 practicable1 or inde$ dreamt (4 ,! ,ohoh>ahi f9es ( purificatory (f]+s may h contribut$ to a sy/em ( crim9al law1 b !y 7 c]ta9ly n its ma9 s\rce4 ,! case ( ,japan seems to prove t1 9 _m cases at lea/1 altrui/ic morality1 ev5 9 ! cry/alliz$ =m ( law1 is 9 advance ( religion4 ,& may we n po9t to cases 9 our own c\ntry :]e religion )holds its sanction until ! law has become well e/abli%$8 ,! foll[+ extract f ! ,nihongi %[s t ! di/9ction betwe5 crim9al law & (f5ces aga9/ ! ,gods1 ) _! respective puni%m5ts1 0 recogniz$ at an e>ly p]iod3-- ,a4,d4 #djd ,w9t]1 #aj? mon?1 #aa? day4 ,! ,imp]ial concub9e 0 buri$4 ,aft] ?is ! ,emp]or1 vex$ ) himself t he _h n appeas$ ! div9e curse1 & _h s caus$ ! dea? ( ! ,imp]ial concub9e1 aga9 s\ght to asc]ta9 :]e ! fault lay4 ,"s "o said3 ',! ,kimi ( ! ,c>t-keep]s w5t to ! ,l& ( ,tsuku%i1 :]e he held a review ( all ! ,c>t-keep]s' ,be1 & he took along ) !m ! m5 allott$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,deities4 ,?is mu/ surely be ! (f5ce4' ,! ,emp]or /raightway summon$ to him ! ,kimi ( ! ,c>t-keep]s & que/ion$ him4 ,! facts hav+ be5 asc]ta9$1 ! ,emp]or enum]at$ 8 (f5ces1 say+3 ',?\1 al?\gh only ,kimi ( ! ,c>t-keep]s1 ha/ arbitr>ily appropriat$ ! subjects ( ! ,son ( ,heav54 ,?is is "o (f5ce4 ,?\ did/ wrongfully take !m1 compris+ !m 9 ! ,c>t-keep]s' ,be aft] !y _h be5 allott$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,?is is a second (f5ce4' ,s he impos$ on him ! expiation ( evil & ! expiation ( good1 & s5t him away to ,cape ,nagasa1 !re to p]=m ! rites ( expiation4 ,aft] he _h done s1 ! ,emp]or comm&$ him1 say+3 ',h5ce=w>d ?\ maye/ n h *>ge ( ! ,c>t-keep]s' ,be ( ,tsuku%i4' ,s he confiscat$ !m all1 & allott$ !m anew1 giv+ !m to ! ?ree ,deities4 ,c]emonial ,purity4--,?+s displeas+ to ! ,gods are call$ by ! ,japanese tsumi 7guilt71 & ! avoidance ( su* ?+s by _! wor%ipp]s is call$ imi 7avoidance74 ,z ,motori po9ts out1 ! tsumi ( ,%9to comprises ?ree di/9ct ?+s1 namely1 uncleanness1 s9 or crime1 & calamity4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 c]emonial impurity & moral guilt 7( c]ta9 specific k9ds7 0 probably obscure to ! anci5t ,japanese4 ,c]ta9 calamities are includ$ among tsumi because !y 7 look$ ^u z tok5s ( ! displeasure ( ! ,gods = "s (f5ce1 kn[n or unkn[n4 ,all tsumi involv$ religi\s disabilities or puni%m5ts4 ,uncleanness holds a f> m important place 9 ,%9to ?an moral guilt4 ,z 9 ! ,mosaic law1 x assumes v>i\s =ms4 ,actual p]sonal dirt 0 consid]$ disrespectful to ! ,gods1 z we see by ! frequ5t m5tion ( ba?+ & putt+ on fre% g>m5ts be=e ! p]=mance ( religi\s functions4 ,! ,ohoh>ahi includes ! committ+ ( nuisances among ! (f5ces to be absolv$ by x4 ,sexual ,immorality & ,uncleanness4--,x 0 probably because ! consummation ( a m>riage 0 ?\ght to defile ! h\se 9 :i* x took place t a special nuptial hut 0 9 ! mo/ anci5t times provid$ = ?is purpose4 ,! same idea is illu/rat$ by ! cu/om :i* exi/$ until q rec5tly ( s\s+ ) buckets ( wat] on ,new ,ye>'s ,day "y m5 :o _h be5 m>ri$ dur+ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,accord+ to a novel call$ ',h9o-de%ima' x is n[ ! bride :o is ?us salut$ :ile on h] way to h] husb&'s h\se4 ,! bridegroom is treat$ by ! boys ( ! neighb\rhood to volleys ( /ones :i* break 8 pap] w9d[s4 ,9 lat] times sexual int]c\rse g5]ally caus$ tempor>y uncleanness4 ,virg9s 7 select$ z prie/esses & z danc]s be=e ! ,gods4 ,b !re 7 no v[s ( p]petual *a/ity1 & !y m>ri$ 9 due "t j l o!r girls4 ,! ,nihongi m5tions a case ( ! appo9tm5t ( a pr9cess z prie/ess hav+ be5 cancell$ on acc\nt ( h] un*a/ity4 ,a mod]n ,japanese writ] says3 ,at ,ise to-day ,las op5s h] doors to ! pilgrim almo/ )9 sight ( ! sacr$ groves4 ,to accept h] invitation does n disqualify him 9 8 own eyes nor 9 ! eyes ( any "o else = ! subsequ5t a*ievem5t ( 8 pi\s purpose4 ,a s+le act ( lu/ration re/ores 8 moral z well z 8 physical purity4 ,p]haps ?is puts ! matt] too /rongly4 ,^? %ameless wights ,yajir & ,kidaha*i1 ! h]oes ( ! ,hizakurige1 7 tr\bl$ ) scruples 9 ?is matt]1 :i* 7 n1 h[ev]1 inv9cible4 ,) su* ideas ( uncleanness x is n surpris+ t ,%9to nev] _h a m>riage c]emony4 ,no ,%9to or o!r prie/ is pres5t4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 take ) "s res]ve ,max ,mll]'s /atem5t t m>riage _h a religi\s "* f ! v beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,x is to be not$1 h[ev]1 t 9 mod]n times ,susa no wo & 8 wife ,inadahime are ?\ght to preside ov] connubial happ9ess1 & t some?+ ( a religi\s flav\r is contribut$ to ! m>riage c]emony by sett+ out on a /& 7%imadai7 figures ( ! old man & old woman ( ,takasago1 spirits ( two anci5t fir-trees1 :o are ! ,d>by & ,joan ( ,japanese leg5d4 ,uncleanness includes be/iality1 ince/ ( p>5t & *ild1 ( a man ) 8 "m-9-law or /epdaught]1#bjj b n ( bro!rs & half-si/]s by ! fa!r's side4 ,unions ) a si/] by ! "m's side 7 unlawful & (f5sive to ! ,gods1 b !y are n specially enum]at$ 9 ! ,ohoh>ahi s*$ule4 ,9 #dcd ,pr9ce ,k>u1 !n ,heir to ! ,?rone1 fell 9 love ) 8 y\ng] si/] by ! same "m4 ,at fir/ he dread$ ! guilt & 0 sil5t4 ,b aft] a "t he yield$ to 8 passion4 ,! next ye>1 9 ! height ( summ]1 ! s\p = ! ,mikado's meal froze & became ice4 ,! div9] said1 ,!re is dome/ic disord] 7ince/74 ,?is l$ to ! discov]y ( ,pr9ce ,k>u's crime1 b1 z he 0 successor to ! ,?rone1 he 0 n puni%$1 & 8 si/] only 0 s5t into bani%m5t4 ,aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 h[ev]1 ! m9i/]s & p refus$ him _! allegiance1 & he ultimately committ$ suicide1 or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion ( ! /ory1 w5t into exile4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! religi\s or ! m]ely moral elem5t pr$om9ates 9 su* a case4 ,! port5t by :i* ! ,pr9ce's crime 0 foll[$ & ! application to ! div9]s indicate t ! crime 0 ?\ght (f5sive to ! ,gods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 bani%m5t is a civil =m ( puni%m5t1 & ! idea t ! (f5ce might br+ disa/] on ! community 0 probably at ! root ( ! indignation :i* x caus$4 ,nor is x to be =gott5 t !re is ano!r non-religi\s reason = ! law aga9/ ince/4 ,consangu9e\s unions are notori\sly unfav\rable to ! propagation ( a num]\s & heal?y prog5y1 & !re=e to ! welf>e ( ! community4 ,! ',*en1' a ,*9ese "w writt5 sev]al c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 says3 ,:5 ! man & woman are ( ! same surname1 ! race does n cont9ue4 ,b 9 ,*9a too1 ! religi\s sanction ( ! prohibition ( ince/ is n abs5t4 ,x is "o ( ^? prim>ily non-religi\s sexual taboos1 hav+ = _! object to place a *eck on mascul9e tyranny ov] ! weak] sex & ! premature1 promiscu\s1 & excessive indulg5ce ( ! sexual passion :i* ev5 savages f9d to be fatal to ! welf>e ( ! individual & ! community1 & ^: transc5d5t importance & ! difficulty ( en=c+ !m by law lead to be re9=c$ ev]y:]e by religi\s t]rors4 ,! prohibition ( unions betwe5 bro!rs & si/]s by ! "m's side--t is1 practically ( ! full blood--& n ( ^? ( ! half-blood by ! fa!r's side1 may be p>tly due to ! circum/ance t ! =m] are m commonly br\ght up toge!r1 & a *eck on immature & consangu9e\s int]c\rse 0 m necess>y 9 _! case4 ,?is taboo v likely dates f a p]iod :5 p>5tage 0 reckon$ *iefly by mat]nity4 ,vulg> lic5ti\sness is n m5tion$ 9 ! m anci5t books z caus+ c]emonial impurity4 ,int]f]5ce ) ! virg9 prie/esses 0 n only a s\rce ( uncleanness1 b 0 9 "s cases sev]ely puni%$4 ,! ,nihongi /ates t 9 ,a4,d4 #dfe ,katabu & an ,uneme 7 s5t to sacrifice to ! ,deity ( ,munagata4 ,katabu & ! ,uneme1 hav+ arriv$ at ! alt>-place1 7 ab\t to p]=m ! rites1 :5 ,katabu debau*$ ! ,uneme4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or he>d ?is1 he said1 ',:5 we sacrifice to ! ,gods & invoke f !m bless+s1 %\ld we n be wat*ful ov] our conduct8' ,s he s5t ,naniha no ,hidaka no ,ki%i to put him to dea?4 ,b ,katabu /raightway took to flight & 0 n to be f\nd4 ,! ,emp]or aga9 s5t ,toyoho1 ,yuge no ,muraji1 :o se>*$ ! di/ricts ( t prov9ce f> & wide1 & at l5g? caught & slew him at ,awi no h>a 9 ! di/rict ( ,mi%ima4 ,"h x is prim>ily ! (f5ce aga9/ ! ,gods :i* is reprobat$4 ,z 9 ! ,mosaic law1 m5/ruation & *ild-bir? 7 reg>d$ z s\rces ( uncleanness4#bja ,! cu/om ( provid+ a special hut = p>turi5t wom5 has be5 already not$4#bjb ,9 #haa ! wife ( a ,kannu%i 0 deliv]$ ( a *ild close to ! enclosure ( ! ,%r9e ( ! ,goddess ( ,food at ,ise4 ,bo? husb& & wife _h to p]=m an ,ohoh>ahi4 ,aft] t "t no pregnant woman 0 admitt$ )9 ! tori-wi ( ?is %r9e4 ,9 #hhb a ,pr9ce 0 s5t z ,envoy to ,ise because a bit* _h _h puppies )9 ! prec9cts ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace4 ,sev]al days' religi\s ab/95ce _h to be obs]v$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,until rec5tly bir?s & dea?s 7 prohibit$ on ! sacr$ isl& ( ,itsuku%ima 9 ! ,inl& ,sea4 ,disease1 ,w\nds1 & ,dea? caus$ uncleanness4#bjc ,! dea? ( a relation1 att5d+ a fun]al1 pron\nc+ or execut+ a capital s5t5ce1 t\*+ ! dead body ( a man or bea/1 ev5 eat+ food prep>$ 9 a h\se ( m\rn+1 all involv$ v>i\s degrees ( ritual impurity4 ,be=e ! ,n>a p]iod ( ,japanese hi/ory x 0 ! cu/om on ! dea? ( a sov]eign to remove ! capital to a fre% site1 no d\bt = ! sake ( purity4 ,! ,a9us ( ,yezo de/roy huts 9 :i* a dea? has tak5 place4 ,! mod]n ,japanese cu/om ( turn+ upside d[n ! scre5 :i* is plac$ r\nd a corpse is p]haps a mu* att5uat$ survival ( ! same idea4 ,9 #hja a ,great ,purification c]emony 0 p]=m$1 because a dead dog _h be5 discov]$ "u "o ( ! palace build+s4 ,! same ritual 0 celebrat$ 9 times ( pe/il5ce1 :5 a dea? took place close to ! palace & on ! ,mikado's putt+ (f m\rn+4 ,if any "o di$ )9 ! prec9cts ( a %r9e1 no fe/ival c\ld be held !re = ?irty days4 ,a disability ( five days 0 prescrib$ 9 ! case ( a dog or o!r bea/ dy+ !re4 ,at ! pres5t day lucif] mat*es are adv]tis$ z fit = sacr$ purposes2 t is1 !y conta9 no phosphorus :i* is made ( bones1 & !re=e unclean4 ,leprosy1 ow+ to its reput$ contagi\s "*1 is specially m5tion$ z a cause ( uncleanness4#bjd ,w\nds1 :e!r inflict$ or receiv$1 7 objectionable1 n s mu* on gr\nds ( humanity1 z because ( _! (f5siv5ess4 ,! ,nihongi relates t 9 ,a4,d4 #djd ! ,god ,izanagi express$ by ! m\? ( "o ( 8 prie/s 8 dislike = ! /5* ( blood caus$ by br&+ "s ( ! ,mikado's escort4 ,! /rik+ ( a ,%9to prie/ :ile on duty 0 a cause ( uncleanness4 ,9 grave cases1 h[ev]1 ! (f5d] 0 h&$ ov] to ! civil au?orities4 ,accord+ to ! /rict ,%9to ( a lat] p]iod1 a man mu/ ab/a9 f wor%ip at a %r9e = ?irty days if he has w\nd$ somebody1 or1 if he has accid5tally hurt himself1 s t m ?an ?ree drops ( blood h fl[$1 = t day4 ,if he has vomit$ or pass$ blood1 he mu/ n wor%ip = two days1 if he has an abscess1 until x is cur$1 = sev5 days aft] moxa is appli$1 & = ?ree days 9 ! case ( ! op]ator4 ,at ! pres5t day ! common ^w = w\nd is kega1 t is to say1 defilem5t4 ,baldness & emaciation 7 reg>d$ z disqualifications = ! position ( ,imp]ial ,pr9cess consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( ! ,gods4#bje ,x 0 no d\bt ! fe> ( contagion & an in/9ctive feel+ ( horror & repulsion :i* inspir$ ?is class ( taboos4 ,contact ) dea?1 disease1 & w\nds are displeas+ to liv+ human be+s1 & !re=e to ! ,gods4 ,9 anci5t ,greece x 0 n !mis = ! ,gods to look on dea?4 ,!re is an obvi\s absurdity 9 ref]r+ su* incid5ts ( religi\s ritual to ! pr9ciple t we mu/ seek = ! orig9 ( =ms ( div9e wor%ip 9 obs]vances t[>ds ! dead4 ,eat+ ,fle%4--,eat+ fle% is n includ$ among ! causes ( uncleanness enum]at$ 9 ! ,kojiki#bjf or 9 ! ,ohoh>ahi4 ,a ,*9ese notice ( ,japan writt5 c5turies be=e ! dawn ( ,japanese hi/ory says t ! ab/a9]s 7m$ic9e m57 ( ,japan 7 n all[$ to comb _! hair1 to wa%1 to eat fle% meat1 or to approa* wom54 ,b ?is 0 p]haps asceticism r ?an religion4 ,a prohibition ( ! eat+ ( ! fle% ( ! ox1 ! horse1 ! dog1 ! monkey1 & ! f[l 9 ,a4,d4 #fdg 0 c]ta9ly due to ,buddhi/ influ5ces4 ,! fir/ h9t t x 0 (f5sive to ! ,%9to ,gods to eat fle% is f\nd 9 ! ,kogo-jiu1 :]e x is /at$ t :5 ! son ( ,mito%i no ,kami saw t ,ohotokonu%i no ,kami _h giv5 beef to 8 field lab\r]s he spat ^u _! (f]+ & report$ ! matt] to 8 fa!r1 :o 0 angry & s5t a blight ^u ! rice4 ,b ?is v passage speaks ( a horse1 a pig1 & a cock z acceptable (f]+s4 ,9 ! norito ?+s co>se ( hair & ?+s s(t ( hair occur frequ5tly 9 ! li/s ( (f]+s4 ,hirata po9ts out t 9 sacrifices to ! ,sun-,goddess no fle% 0 us$4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t times !re 0 no prejudice aga9/ eat+ ! fle% ( animals4 ,! ,food-,goddess ent]ta9$ ,tsuki-yomi ) ?+s s(t ( hair & ?+s co>se ( hair4 ,hohodemi 0 a hunt] by pr(ession4 ,! anci5t ,mikados frequ5tly w5t hunt+1 & _h no scruple 9 p>tak+ ( ! products ( ! *ase4 ,"u ,buddhi/ influ5ces1 h[ev]1 !re came a *ange4 ,9 ! ,jgwan-%iki 7#hei-hgg7 we f9d t p]sons :o ate fle% 7 unclean = "o day4 ,9 ! ,y5gi%iki ?ree days are ! limit4 ,z "t w5t on ! prohibition 0 ext5d$1 until 9 #afhc we f9d t to eat ! fle% ( horse1 c[1 pig1 goat1 wild bo>1 de]1 monkey1 be>1 or antelope caus$ uncleanness = "o hundr$ days4 ,birds & fi%1 x w be obs]v$1 are n includ$ 9 ?is s*$ule4 ,:]eas 9 anci5t times ! ,mikados ate ! fle% ( de] & wild bo> z ha-gatame 7h>d5+ ! tee?7 on ! ?ird day ( ! ye>1 f :i* a p]son's age 0 reckon$1 fi%1 f[l1 & rice-cake 7 sub/itut$ at a lat] p]iod4 ,p]sons :o are unclean = any cause mu/ h no?+ to d ) ! prep>ation or s]v+ ( ! ,mikado's food4 ,intoxicat+ liquors are n taboo$ 9 ,%9to4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 m5tion ( an embassy to ,ise 9 #gdi1 ! memb]s ( :i* 7 n all[$ to take animal life1 to eat fle%1 or to dr9k sake4 ,impure food communicat$ its uncleanness to ! fire ) :i* x _h be5 cook$4 ,p]sons :o us$ su* a fire 7keg>e-bi7 = cook+ 7 unclean = sev5 days4 ,hirata sugge/s t ! reason :y ,izanami 0 unable to return to ! upp] _w aft] p>tak+ ( ! food ( ,yomi 0 because ( ! unclean fire ) :i* x _h be5 cook$4 ,on ! fir/ day ( ! six? mon?1 ! ,mikado 0 s]v$ ) food specially prep>$ ) pure fire 7imu-bi no z574 ,buddhi/ ,rites4--,! p]=mance ( ,buddhi/ rites incapacitat$ a man f ! s]vice ( ! ,%9to ,gods until he _h be5 subject$ to purification4 ,= an infr+em5t ( ?is rule1 ,%9to function>ies might be f9$ or dismiss$4 ,! use ( ,buddhi/ t]ms 0 =bidd5 to e "o conc]n$ 9 ! ,%9to c]emonies at ,ise & ,kamo4 ,a ,sutra 0 call$ t9t$ pap]1 ,buddha ! middle *ild1 a ,buddhi/ temple a tile ro(4 ,buddhi/ prie/s & nuns 7 ironically /yl$ ! long-hair$ ones4 ,at ,ise ,buddhi/ prie/s 7 n admitt$ to ! sacr$ prec9cts beyond a c]ta9 cryptom]ia tree4 ,a sep>ate place 0 assign$ !m = _! pray]s4 ,o!r words ( ill om5 7 dea?1 = :i* recov]y 0 us$2 = disease ! p>ticipant 9 a ,%9to fe/ival said re/2 = weep+1 br9e-dripp+2 = blood1 sweat2 = /rike1 /roke2 = fle%1 mu%room2 = tomb1 clod1 c4 ,^! are lat] inv5tions4 ,calamities4--,we le>n f ! ,ohoh>ahi t snakebite1 be+ /ruck by lightn+1 & o!r accid5ts 7 reg>d$ z tsumi1 or s\rces ( impurity4 ,at a lat] "t1 a fire :i* de/roy$ a man's h\se made him unclean = sev5 days4 ,any neglect or irregul>ity 9 ! div9e s]vices1 any int]f]5ce ) ! treasures1 prie/s1 or slaves ( ! %r9e1 or ) ! sacr$ grove ar\nd x1 or failure to repair x :5ev] necess>y1 ar\s$ ! ang] ( ! ,god & involv$ ! uncleanness ( ! culprit4 ,magic or wit*craft 7maj9ahi7 is "o ( ! s\rces ( impurity enum]at$ by ! ,ohoh>ahi4#bjg ,! above acc\nt ( ,%9to (f5ces mu/ be tak5 ) "s qualifications4 ,x is drawn f v>i\s s\rces & diff]5t p]iods ( hi/ory4 ,"s appli$ to ! :ole p1 b 9 mo/ cases x 0 only ! prie/s & o!r p]sons conc]n$ on :om ! prohibitions 7 b9d+4 ,! ,%9t ,mimoku has an enum]ation ( ! six prohibit$ ?+s :i* includes only m\rn+ = a relative1 visit+ ! sick1 eat+ fle% ( quadrup$s1 condemnation ( crim9als1 execution ( crim9als1 music1 & contact ) impure ?+s4 ,imi4--,! avoidance ( impurity 9 prep>ation = a fe/ival 0 call$ imi 7avoidance74 ,! int5d+ (ficiator or wor%ipp] rema9$ indoors 7i-gomori71 ab/a9$ f spee* & noise1 & ate food cook$ at a pure fire4 ,= six days previ\s to ! celebration ( a fe/ival at ! ,great ,%r9e ( ,idzumo !re 0 no s++ or danc+1 no musical p]=mances1 ! %r9e 0 n swept out1 no build+ op]ations 7 c>ri$ on1 & no rice p\nd$4 ,ev]y?+ 0 done 9 /illness4 ,a special imi ( "o mon? 0 obs]v$ by ! prie/s be=e p>ticipat+ 9 ! great] fe/ivals4 ,?is 0 call$ araimi4 ,= middle-class fe/ivals ?ree days' imi 7 suffici5t1 & = ^? ( ! ?ird class "o day4 ,at ! pres5t "t imi is usually conf9$ to ab/95ce f meat & f vegetables ( ! onion class4 ,by a natural transition imi is also us$ 9 ! s5se ( sacr$1 holy4 ,an imi-dono is a build+ 9 :i* purity is obs]v$4 ,sacr$ 7imi7 axes & mattocks 7 us$ 9 "s c]emonies4 ,! ,sun-,goddess 0 9 h] sacr$ weav+-hall :5 ,susa no wo outrag$ h] by fl++ ! hide ( a horse into x4 ,a mod]n d]ivative ( imi1 namely1 imeima%1 is ! ne>e/ ,japanese equival5t = ,hang x6 ,comp>e ! two mean+s ( ! ,fr5* sacr4 ,m\rn+ is also call$ imi1 p]haps 9 ! passive s5se ( some?+ to be avoid$ 9 connexion ) ! s]vice ( ! ,gods4 ,! foll[+ /ory illu/rates ! dang] ( appe>+ be=e ! ,gods :ile 9 a /ate ( impurity4 ,9 #dfc ! ,mikado ,yriaku desir$ to see ! =m ( ! deity ( ,mimuro1 & ord]$ "o ( 8 ,m9i/]s to fet* ! ,god4 ,! ,m9i/] br\ght him be=e ! ,mikado 9 ! =m ( a great s]p5t4 ,b ! ,mikado _h n practis$ religi\s ab/95ce1 & :5 ! ,god %[$ 8 displeasure by roll+ 8 ?und] & %[+ 8 fi]y eyeballs1 ! ,mikado cov]$ 8 eyes & fl$ into ! int]ior ( ! palace4 ,fire-drill4--,9 ord] to avoid ! risk ( us+ unclean fire 9 ! great ,%9to c]emonies1 x 0 ! cu/om at ! %r9es ( ,idzumo1 ,ise1 ,kasuga1 ,kamo1 & p]haps o!r places1 to make fire afre% on ea* occasion by means ( ! fire-drill4 ,ev5 :5 n produc$ 9 ?is way1 ! sacrificial fire 0 call$ kiri-bi or drill-fire4 ,a description ( ! ,japanese =m ( ! fire-drill w be f\nd 9 a pap] by ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[1 ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 vol4 vi4 pt4 ii4 p4 #bbc1 & a good specim5 f ,idzumo itself may be se5 9 ! ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,museum4 ,dr4 ,tylor1 9 8 ',e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1' has %[n h[ univ]sally ?is me?od ( produc+ fire has be5 employ$4 ,x is a natural developm5t ( ! savage plan ( rubb+ two /icks toge!r1 & no d\bt orig9at$ indep5d5tly 9 _m places4 ,x is !re=e unnecess>y to assume t ! ,japanese fire-drill 0 borr[$ f ,india1 :]e x is us$ = sacr$ purposes1 or ev5 f ne>] ,*9a1 :]e x is also kn[n4 ,x is frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! old ,japanese traditions4 ,! ,kojiki says t ! ,god ,ku%iyadama 0 appo9t$ /ew>d = ! s]vice ( ,ohonamo*i 7! ,god ( ,idzumo71 9 :i* capacity he recit$ pray]s1 made a fire-drill1 & drill$ out fire :]e) to cook ! heav5ly augu/ banquet ( fi% = ! deity4#bjh ,! prie/s ( ,idzumo h always us$ pure fire produc$ 9 ?is way1 & pure wat] f a special well call$ ! ,ama no mana-wi 7true well ( ,heav574 ,at ! pres5t day1 :5 ! (fice is transmitt$ f "o high prie/ to 8 successor1 !y proce$ to ! ,%r9e ( ! ,great ,prec9ct1 :]e ! c]emony ( div9e fire & div9e wat] is held4 ,! orig9al fire-drill1 giv5 by ,amat]asu to ,ame no hohi & pres]v$ z ! *ief treasure ( ! %r9e1 is c>ri$ 9 a bag slung r\nd ! neck ( ! *ief prie/1 :o solemnly deliv]s x ov] to 8 successor4 ,?is c]emony is call$ hi-tsugi 7fire-cont9uance74 ,x is curi\s t ! same t]m 7hitsugi7 is con/antly us$ ( ! succession to ! ,mikado's ?rone1 & t ! deliv]y ( ! sun-mirror =m$ "p ( ! c]emony us$ on 8 accession4 ,hi means ei!r sun or fire4 ,! old fire-drill 0 wor%ipp$ e ,new ,ye>'s day at ,idzumo at a fe/ival call$ hi no matsuri 7fire or sun-fe/ival74 ,a fire-drill 0 among ! objects c>ri$ 9 procession at ! ,ohonihe1 or coronation c]emony1 & 0 us$ to produce ! fire us$ = cook+ ! sacr$ rice (f]$ on ?is occasion4 ,a mod]n ,japanese writ]1 describ+ a fe/ival celebrat$ at ,gion 9 ,kito on ! la/ day ( ! ye>1 says3 ,a big bonfire burns )9 ! prec9cts ( ! %r9e4 ,x has be5 k9dl$ f a ye>-old flame t5d$ 9 a lamp "u ! eaves ( ! sacr$ build+1 & p come !re to light a tap]1 :i*1 burn+ be=e ! h\sehold alt>1 %all be ! beacon ( dome/ic prosp]ity4 ,at #b ,a4,m4 ! ,fe/ival ( ,p9e ,%av+s takes place4 ,a ,%9to prie/ reads a ritual4 ,8 colleagues obta9 a sp>k by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood1 & set fire to a quantity ( %av+s pack$ into a l>ge iron lamp4 ,^! *>r$ fragm5ts ( p9e wood ! wor%ipp]s receive & c>ry away z amulets aga9/ plague & pe/il5ce4 ,a ,japanese book writt5 two c5turies ago in=ms u t /icks resembl+ ! w&s us$ = (f]+s at ! purification c]emony 7 "p %av5 & set up 9 bundles at ! f\r corn]s ( ! ,gion %r9e on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,! prie/s1 aft] pray]s 7 recit$1 broke up ! bundles & set fire to ! /icks1 :i* ! p !n c>ri$ home to light _! h\sehold fires ) = ! ,new ,ye>4#bji ,! object ( ?is c]emony 0 to av]t pe/il5ce4 ,!re is "h a /rik+ resemblance to ! ,*ri/ian practice m5tion$ by ,m4 ,d',alviella3 ,! fire :i* ! cl]gy1 on ! dawn ( ,ea/]1 _h /ruck f ! fl9t & /eel1 s]v$ to rek9dle ! fires ( individuals :i* _h all be5 previ\sly ext+ui%$4 ,! use ( su* fire to prev5t pe/il5ce may also be illu/rat$ f ,european cu/oms4 ,! ne$-fire1 made by /rik+ fl9ts or by ! fire-drill1 & us$ to rek9dle all h\sehold fires1 is "o ( num]\s examples4#baj ,removal ( ,impurity4 ,lu/ration4--,) e precaution1 x is n always possible to avoid ! pollution ( dirt1 disease1 & s94 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 to d away ) ! (f5ce to ! ,gods aris+ f su* impure conditions1 v>i\s exp$i5ts are resort$ to4 ,! mo/ natural & univ]sal ( ^! is wa%+ or lu/ration4#baa ,! ,*9ese notices ( anci5t ,japan already quot$ f in=m u t ! ,japanese1 aft] ! t5 days' m\rn+ 0 conclud$1 all w5t into ! riv] & wa%$4 ,hirata says t ev5 at ! pres5t day1 :5 m\rn+ is ov]1 p g to ! bank ( a /ream or to ! sea-bea* & cleanse !mselves4 ,! my?ical acc\nt ( ,izanagi's wa%+ 9 ! sea 9 ord] to remove ! pollutions ( ,yomi has be5 giv5 above4 ,9 a f\rte5?-c5tury "w entitl$ ,kemmu n5*iu gigi1 ! ablutions ( ! ,mikado previ\s to ! c]emony ( ,%+onjiki are describ$ ) great m9ut5ess2 & if ?is prelim9>y is usually pass$ ov] 9 descriptions ( ,%9to c]emonies1 ! reason no d\bt is t x 0 too well kn[n to require special m5tion4 ,clean g>m5ts 7 put on at ! same "t4 ,bo? ! ,japanese words = ! purification c]emony %[ by _! d]ivation t wa%+ 0 orig9ally its c>d9al feature4 ,misogi means body-spr9kl+1 & h>ahi is probably ! same ^w z arahi1 wa%4#bab ,p5it5ce is n "o ( ! old ,%9to means ( purification4 ,salt4--,9 ,japan1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 ! antiseptic quality ( salt has l$ to its religi\s use z a symbol =1 & means (1 purification4 ,9 a mod]n h>ahi c]emony ! prie/ purifies ! himorogi ) salt wat]4 ,at ! entrances to !atres at ! pres5t day a sauc] ( salt is plac$ on a table 9 ord] to keep out evil influ5ces4 ,! kaname-i%i1 or pivot /ones ( ! e>?1#bac are cov]$ ) salt1 :i* is !n rubb$ on a diseas$ "p 9 ord] to obta9 relief4 ,a h\sewife w n buy salt at night4 ,:5 obta9$ 9 ! daytime1 a portion ( x mu/ fir/ be ?r[n into ! fire to w>d (f all dang]1 & especially to prev5t qu>rell+ 9 ! family4 ,x is also us$ to scatt] r\nd ! ?re%old & 9 ! h\se aft] a fun]al = purificatory purposes4#bad ,spitt+4--,spitt+1 or ! ejection f ! m\? ( any disagreeable sub/ance1 is naturally us$ by analogy z a symbol ( dislike & disgu/ :5 o!r s5ses or feel+s ?an t ( ta/e are (f5d$4 ,! mod]n writ] ,fukuzawa tells u t :5 he left 8 home = ! fir/ "t he spat 9 ord] to %[ 8 disgu/ ) ! n>r[ness & pov]ty ( 8 life !re4#bae ,spitt+ z a means ( symbolical purification is a fur!r coroll>y f ! natural function ( ?is act4 ,9 ! ,izanagi my? a ,god ( ! ,spittle 7,haya-tama no wo7 is ! result ( t deity's spitt+ dur+ ! c]emony ( divorce4 ,! spittle deity is "h associat$ ) ano!r ,god1 :o is /yl$ a ,god ( ,purification4 ,a comm5tator on ?is passage says t at ! pres5t day spitt+ is ess5tial 9 ! purification c]emony4 ,! ritual1 h[ev]1 does n m5tion x4 ,ano!r writ] adds t ?is is ! reason :y at ! pres5t day p spit :5 !y see any?+ impure4 ,9 ! my? ( ,susa no wo spittle is m5tion$ along ) ! nails ( ! f+]s & toes & nose-mucus among ! mat]ials = expiatory (f]+s4 ,:5 ,hohodemi is recomm5d$ to spit ?rice be=e giv+ back ! lo/ fi%-hook to 8 bro!r1 a magical effect is probably int5d$1 su* z to convey to him any impurity :i* may h become atta*$ to 8 own p]son4 ,r9s+ ! m\? z a purify+ c]emony be=e pron\nc+ an oa? is m5tion$ 9 ! ,nihongi4#baf ,brea?+ on4--,ritual impurity may also be convey$ away by ! brea?4 ,! orig9 ( ?is practice is ! sudd5 expulsion ( air f ! m\? :5 "s (f5sive od\r or vap\r has f\nd an entrance4 ,?is in/9ctive action#bag is repres5t$ onomatopoetically 9 ,engli% by ,pooh6 ,faugh6 ,p%aw6 & 9 o!r languages by simil> words1 :i* h come to express n only physical repulsion1 b dislike & contempt g5]ally4 ,z a religi\s practice1 brea?+ away impurity is exemplifi$ by ! cu/om ( ! ,mikado brea?+ on c]ta9 aga mono 7ransom-objects7 ( ! h>ahi c]emony1 ?us communicat+ to !m ! pollutions ( 8 own p]son4 ,x is 9 ord] to avoid pollut+ ! (f]+s by _! brea? t 9 "s c]emonies ! assi/ant prie/s cov] _! m\?s ) a :ite fillet & hold _! arms out/ret*$4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day ! /ew>ds :o prep>e ! ,mikado's food cov] _! m\?s ) a :ite pap] mask4 ,! ,nihongi /ates t :5 ,izanagi wa%$ 9 ! sea 9 ord] to remove ! pollutions ( ,yomi1 he blew out & produc$ a numb] ( deities1 among :i* 7 ! ,great ,god ( ,rem$y & ! ,great ,god ( ,(f5ces4 ,b ! action ( ! ,sun-,goddess & ,susa no wo 9 produc+ *ildr5 by crun*+ v>i\s objects & !n bl[+ away ! fragm5ts1 & ( ,izanagi's creation ( ! ,w9d-,god by puff+ away ! mi/s1 requires fur!r explanation4 ,^! my?s 7 probably ! "w ( a p]son :o _h only a vague idea ( ! precise nature ( ! efficacy ( ?is act1 & reg>d$ x simply z att5d$ ) "s magical p[]4 ,spitt+1 prim>ily a m>k ( disgu/1 !n practis$ ) ! object ( purification1 is f9ally done simply = luck4 ,ransom4--,! notion ( expiat+ ritual guilt by giv+ ransom 7aga-mono7 is famili> to ! ,japanese4 ,! m intimately ! objects (f]$ are connect$ ) ! p]son ( ! (f5d]1 ! m effectual is ! sacrifice4 ,susa no wo is said to h expiat$ 8 (f5ces by ! loss ( 8 hair & ( 8 f+] & toe nails4 ,among objects ( ransom pres5t$ by ! ,mikado at purification c]emonies clo?+ is ! mo/ important4 ,! ,mikado 0 measur$ ) great c]emony = suits ( g>m5ts4 ,bamboo /icks 7 us$ = ?is purpose1 :i* 7 brok5 to ! requir$ l5g?s4 ,h5ce ! c]emony 0 call$ yo-ori 7jo9t-break74 ,! clo?+ :5 made 0 plac$ 9 a vase1 & set be=e ! ,mikado by a ,nakatomi woman4 ,he brea!d on x ?rice1 & !n return$ x to be tak5 away by ! ,urahe 7div9]s7 & ?r[n into a /ream4 ,o!r ransom (f]+s 7 human figures ( iron1 wood1 or lea!r1 & swords1 :i* 7 simil>ly treat$4 ,a special mi-aganahi no matsuri 7augu/-ransom-celebration7 0 inaugurat$ 9 #had = ! sake ( ! ,mikado1 :o 0 !n ill4 ,x 0 cont9u$ annually e six? & twelf? mon?1 ! miko (ficiat+4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,ony%i 7div9]s ( ! ,*9ese s*ool7 pres5t$ to ! ,mikado human figures 9 a box1 inscrib$ ) ! place & "n4 ,! ,mikado brea!d on !m1 rubb$ !m on 8 p]son1 & !n return$ !m to ! box4 ,! pr9ciple ( ransom is illu/rat$ 9 ! pres5t day by ! cu/om ( kata-%iro 7=m-tok57 or nade-mono 7rub-?+74 ,at a %r9e ( ! ,sea-,gods 9 ,tokio a purification c]emony is p]=m$ twice a ye>4 ,a few days be=e1 ! p>i%ion]s & o!r believ]s :o wi% to be purifi$ g to ! %r9e & obta9 f its (ficial a kata%iro1 t is1 a :ite pap] cut into ! %ape ( a g>m5t4 ,on ?is ! p]son to be purifi$ writes ! ye> & mon? ( 8 bir? & 8 or h] sex1 & rubs x ov] 8 :ole body4 ,:5 he has ?us transf]r$ 8 impurities to ! pap] he returns x to ! %r9e4 ,all ! kata%iro :i* are br\ght back are pack$ into two %ea?s ( re$ & plac$ on a table ( unb>k$ wood4 ,!y are !n call$ h>ahi tsu mono1 or ?+s ( purification4 ,f9ally !y are put into a boat :i* is r[$ out into ! sea1 & !y are ?r[n away !re4#bah ,! bundles ( re$s or ru%es :i* are ?r[n into ! sea at ! %r9e ( ,gion at ,tsu%ima 9 ,ow>i1 to av]t pe/il5ce1 probably repres5t human figures4 ,x is said t :]ev] !y float to1 pe/il5ce breaks out4 ,a m exp$iti\s =m ( ! same cu/om is :5 ! kata%iro or nademono are simply b\ght f ! ,ka%ima-fure1 /roll+ v5dors belong+ to ! %r9e ( ,ka%ima1 rubb$ ov] ! body1 & ca/ into a /ream4 ,! object1 h[ev]1 is n s mu* ! removal ( ritual pollution z protection aga9/ disease4 ,at ! pres5t day pap] figures1 call$ ,ama-gatsu1 are made to av]t calamity f *ildr54 ,!y are prep>$ be=e ! bir? ( ! *ild1 & are worn up to ! age ( ?ree4 ,x is ?\ght t evil spirits are div]t$ into ^! images f ! infant4 ,x is an obvi\s degradation ( ^! practices :5 !y are us$ m]ely to procure good luck in/ead ( to remove impurities (f5sive to ! ,gods4 ,*i no wa 7,re$-r+74--,9 a mod]n =m ( ! h>ahi c]emony !re is a k9d ( purification :i* consi/s 9 pass+ ?ree times ?r\gh a l>ge r+ made ( re$s 7pp4 #bff1 #bfg71 hold+ 9 ! h&s hemp leaves & re$s1 & repeat+ ! v]se3-- ,! six? mon?'s ,summ]--pass+-away-- ,purification ,:o ev] doe? ,is said to ext5d 8 life ,to "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion3-- ,to ! end t ,my impure ?\ghts ,may be annihilat$1 ,^! hemp leaves1 ,cutt+ ) _m a cut1 ,i h p]=m$ purification4 ,! ,%9to ,mimoku 7#afii7 says t ?is r+ repres5ts ! r\nd ( ! univ]se4 ,! same "w adds t ! object ( ! c]emony is to av]t ! dang]s connect$ ) ! *ange ( summ] influ5ces to ^? ( autumn4 ,b ^! explanations h a t9cture ( ,*9ese philosophy4 ,! purification ( ! he>t f evil ?\ghts is also a conception =eign to ! old] ,%9to4 ,! injunction to cleanse ! inside ( ! cup & ! platt] belongs to a lat] /age ( religi\s developm5t4 ,! *i no wa is subsequ5tly flung into ! wat]4 ,ano!r means ( purification 0 to %ake a gohei ov] ! p]son or ?+ to be purifi$4 ,! virtue ( set =ms ( spee* 9 absolv+ f uncleanness is fully recogniz$ 9 ,%9to1 z w be se5 9 ! next *apt]4 ,!re 7 v>i\s =ms ( purification at v>i\s places = consecrat+ a new %r9e1 or new ut5sils = x1 or = reconsecrat+ a place :i* _h become unclean4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,,footnotes3 #aic ,see ,index1 ,ohoh>ahi4 #aid ,i quote "h1 n f any religi\s docum5t1 b f a poem ( ! ,_m%iu1 a solit>y in/ance ( a religi\s /igma be+ atta*$ to ly+3 ,if1 :ile n lov+1 ,i said t ,i lov$ !e1 ,! ,god :o dwells ,9 ! grove ( ,un$a 9 ,matori ,w take note ( x4 #aie ,*4 ,k4 #bia4 #aif ,see above1 p4 #abi4 #aig ,quot$ by ,dr4 ,flor5z 9 ,t4,a4,s4,j41 xxvii4 p4 #ef4 #aih ,see ,index1 s4v4 #aii ,9 anci5t ,egypt1 :i* pres5ts num]\s analogies ) ,japan1 int]f]5ce ) ! irrigation *annels 0 deem$ an (f5ce aga9/ ! deity4 #bjj ,comp>e ,leviticus xviii4 #ag4 #bja ,leviticus xii4 #a2 xv4 #ai4 #bjb ,see above1 p4 #aac4 ,! c\vade 0 unkn[n4 #bjc ,comp>e ,leviticus xiii4 #b2 ,numb]s xix4 #aa4 ,see also above1 p4 #ic4 #bjd ,numb]s v4 #b4 #bje ,comp>e ,leviticus xxi4 #ag et seqq4 #bjf ,*4 ,k4 #bcj4 #bjg ,deut]onomy xvii4 #aa4 ,see ,index1 ',magic4' #bjh ,*4 ,k41 p4 #ajd4 ,see also ,*4 ,k41 p4 #baa1 & ,nihongi1 i4 #bje4 #bji ,see a pap] on ! ,japanese gohei 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vol4 xxxi41 #aija4 ,also a note 9 ,man1 ,octob]1 #ahib4 #baj ,see ,grimm's ',teutonic ,my?ology1' ii4 #fjc1 ,/allybrass's translation4 #baa ,see ,dr4 ,tylor's ',primitive ,culture1' ii4 #dcd4 #bab ,spr9kle ! wat] ( expiation on !m 444 & let !m wa% _! clo!s4--,numb]s vii4 #g4 #bac ,! e>?-fa/ /ones ( our own folk-lore4 #bad ,griffis1 ',mikado's ,empire1' p4 #dgj4 #bae ,we h a good illu/ration ( ! transition f ! physical to ! metaphorical use ( spitt+ 9 ,revelation iii4 #af3 ,because ?\ art lukew>m & nei!r hot nor cold1 ,i w spew !e out ( my m\?4 #baf ,,ii4 #if4 #bag ,hirata says t 9 books on magic ibukite h>afu 7cle>+ away by puff+7 is a means adopt$ by m5 naturally1 )\t tea*+1 = cleans+ away evil influ5ces4 ,see also ,d>w9's ',expression ( ! ,emotions'1 pp4 #beh1 #bfa4 #bah ,dr4 ,flor5z1 9 ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 ,decemb]1 #ahii4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,c]emonial4 ,c]emonies are comb9ations = "s specific purpose ( ! elem5ts ( wor%ip describ$ 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s4#bai ,! ,y5gi%iki is ! *ief au?ority = ! foll[+ acc\nt ( "s ( ! m important c]emonies ( ,%9to4 ,i h also avail$ myself freely ( ! results ( ,sir ,e4 ,sat['s rese>*es conta9$ 9 vols4 vii4 & ix4 ( ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j4 ,ohonihe or ,daij[e4--,! ,y5gi%iki places ! ,ohonihe 9 a class by itself1 z mu* ! mo/ solemn & important fe/ival ( ! ,%9to religion4 ,oho means great1 & nihe food (f]+4 ,x 0 sub/antially a m elaborate & sumptu\s ,nihi-"n 7new-ta/+71 or fe/ival ( fir/ fruits1 p]=m$ soon aft] ! accession ( a ,mikado to ! ?rone1 &1 l our coronation c]emony1 con/itut+ ! =mal religi\s sanction ( 8 sov]eignty4 ,a mod]n ,japanese writ] expla9s its object z foll[s3 ,anci5tly ! ,mikado receiv$ ! auspici\s gra9 f ! ,gods ( ,heav51 & !re)al n\ri%$ ! p4 ,9 ! ,daij[e 7or ,ohonihe7 ! ,mikado1 :5 ! gra9 became ripe1 jo9$ unto him ! p 9 s9c]e v5]ation1 &1 z 9 duty b\nd1 made return to ! ,gods ( ,heav54 ,he !reaft] p>took ( x along ) ! nation4 ,?us ! p le>nt t ! gra9 :i* !y eat is no o!r ?an ! se$ be/[$ on !m by ! ,gods ( ,heav54 ,9 s f> z ! motive ( ! ,japanese wor%ipp] is conc]n$1 ?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ne>] ! m>k ?an ,mr4 ,fraz]'s3 ,primitive peoples are1 z a rule1 reluctant to ta/e ! annual fir/-fruits ( any crop until "s c]emony has be5 p]=m$ :i* makes x safe & pi\s = !m to d s4 ,! reason ( ?is reluctance appe>s to be t ! fir/-fruits ei!r are ! prop]ty (1 or actually conta91 a div9ity4 ,x is gratitude r ?an fe> :i* animates ! ,japanese4 ,! prep>ations = ! ,ohonihe began mon?s 9 advance4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to designate by div9ation two prov9ces f :i* ! rice us$ 9 ! c]emony 0 to be provid$4 ,^! 7 call$ respectively yuki & suki4 ,! mo/ probable mean+ ( ! =m] t]m is religi\s purity4 ,suki is said to mean next or subsidi>y4 ,! object ( ?us duplicat+ ! (f]+s 01 no d\bt1 t if any unnotic$ irregul>ity or impurity occurr$ 9 "o case1 ! error might n vitiate ! :ole proce$+s4 ,(fic]s call$ nuki-ho no tsukahi 7mess5g]s ( ! pluck$-up e>s7 7 !n select$ by div9ation4 ,"o ( ^! 0 call$ ! ,inami no ,urabe1 or rice-fruit div9]1 ! o!r ! ,negi no ,urabe1 or pray]-div9]4 ,^! (fic]s on arriv+ at ! yuki or suki di/rict p]=m$ a purification c]emony 9 pres5ce ( ! local (ficials & p4 ,! site ( ! inami-dono1 or rice-fruit-hall1 0 !n *os5 by div9ation & m>k$ out at ! f\r corn]s by twigs ( ! sacr$ ev]gre5 tree 7sakaki7 hung ) tree-fibre4#bbj ,x 0 #afj feet squ>e4 ,some:at m ?an an acre ( rice-field 0 next set ap>t1 ! own] be+ comp5sat$ by ! au?orities4 ,"h two sakaki twigs hung ) tree-fibre 7 plant$1 & a gu>d ( f\r lab\r]s 0 set ov] x4 ,div9ation 0 also us$ = ! selection ( a local /aff ( religi\s function>ies4 ,x consi/$ ( "o ,saka-tsu-ko1 t is1 sake-*ild or brew]-maid51 an unm>ri$ girl ( good family1 ) sev]al o!r girls z assi/ants1 an ,inami no kimi1 or rice-fruit-"l1#bba a *>coal-burn]1 wood-cutt]s1 c4 ,a *oir ( tw5ty male & female s+]s 0 also provid$4 ,!n ! site ( ! ,inami-dono 0 propitiat$ by pray] & (f]+s4 ,a pure mattock & sickle 7 us$ 9 cle>+ ! gr\nd = ! build+s1 :i* compris$ a %r9e to ! eight ,gods ,mi-to%i no ,kami 7augu/ h>ve/ deity71 ,taka mi musubi1 ,niha-taka-hi no ,kami 7c\rty>d-high-sun-deity71 ,mi ketsu no ,kami 7food-,goddess71 ,ohomiyanome no ,kami1 ,koto-%iro-nu%i1 ,asuha1 & ,hahigi4#bbb ,a rice-fruit-/ore1 an (fice = ! envoys f ,kito1 & lodg+s = ! rice-fruit-"l & = ! brew]-maid5 & h] assi/ants 7 built ( unb>k$ wood & grass4 ,! surr\nd+ f5ce 0 made ( bru%wood & ! gates consi/$ ( hurdles4 ,(f]+s hav+ be5 made to ! eight ,gods above m5tion$1 ! div9]s f ,kito1 accompani$ by ! local au?orities & by ! special /aff ( ! inami-dono proce$$ to ! rice-field4 ,! brew]-maid5 pluck$ up ! fir/ e>s4 ,%e 0 foll[$ by ! rice-fruit-"l & ! p4 ,songs 7 sung dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! fir/ f\r %eaves 7 res]v$ = ! (f]+ ( boil$ rice to be made by ! ,mikado to ! ,gods4 ,:5 all ! rice 0 pull$ up1 x 0 c>ri$ 9 procession to ! capital1 ) ! f\r res]v$ %eaves 9 ! place ( hon\r & ! rice-fruit-"l act+ z guide4 ,x arriv$ at ,kito 9 ! la/ decade ( ! n9? mon?4 ,mean:ile a g5]al purification ( ! :ole c\ntry _h be5 p]=m$1 & to prev5t all possibility ( error1 repeat$ at a %ort int]val4 ,z soon z ?is =mality 0 complet$1 (f]+s ( clo? & ( mat]ial = we>+ app>el 7 s5t to all ! ,gods4 ,! foll[+ norito#bbc 0 read on ?is occasion3-- ,he says3 ',he>k56 all ye assembl$ kannu%i & hafuri4 ,i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sovran ,gods1 :o1 accord+ to ! comm& ( ! de> div9e ance/or & de> div9e ance/ress :o dwell 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 be> sway z ,heav5ly ,%r9es & ,e>?ly ,%r9es4' ,he says3 ',to ! end t on ! middle day ( ! ,h>e ( ! #aa? mon? ( ?is ye>1 ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild#bbd may p>take ( ! ,great ,food 7ohonihe7 z ,heav5ly ,food1 z ,long ,food1 z ,di/ant ,food1 ,i pray t ye sovran ,gods w jo9tly und]take to bless 8 reign1 to be firm & endur+1 & give x happ9ess z a prosp]\s reign4 ,!re=e1 on behalf ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 :o w rule peacefully & s]5ely = "o ?\s& autumns & five hundr$ autumns ) fe/ive ruddy c\nt5ance1 d ,i set =? ^! fair (f]+s1 namely1 bright clo?1 %9+ clo?1 s(t clo?1 & r\gh clo?4 ',he>k56 all ( y to ?is fulfill+ ( praises z ! morn+ sun rises 9 glory4' ,he says3 ',m especially w\ld ,i enjo9 on ! kannu%i & hafuri ) all due c]emony to receive1 take up1 & pres5t ! (f]+s purely provid$ by ! ,imbe1 hang+ /\t /raps on weak %\ld]s4' ,a special embassy 0 s5t to ,ise1 consi/+ ( "o ,pr9ce1 "o ,nakatomi1 "o ,imbe1 & "o ,urabe4 ,9 ! ?ird decade ( ! t5? mon? ! ,mikado w5t 9 /ate to a riv]-bank ne> ,kioto & p]=m$ a c]emonial ablution 7misogi74 ,= "o mon? be=e ! ,ohonihe less] ab/95ce 7ara-imi7 0 enjo9$1 & = ?ree days great] ab/95ce 7ma-imi74 ,buddhi/ c]emonies1 & ! eat+ ( impure food1 7 int]dict$ ?r\gh\t ! five home prov9ces4 ,purity ( language#bbe 0 also necess>y4 ,dur+ ! ?ree days ( ma-imi1 no (ficial 0 all[$ to d any "w except t connect$ ) ! c]emony4 ,special build+s 7 erect$ = ! ,ohonihe at ,kitano1 a suburb ( ,kito4 ,aft] a purification c]emony1 a site #dhj feet squ>e 0 m>k$ out by twigs ( sakaki hung ) tree-fibre4 ,on ! arrival ( ! yuki & suki rice f ! prov9ces1 ?is site 0 propitiat$4 ,! ,brew]-maid5s !n ) a pure mattock turn$ ! fir/ sod & dug ! holes = ! f\r corn] po/s4 ,! ,urabe w5t to ! m\nta9 :]e ! timb] 0 to be cut1 & wor%ipp$ ! ,god ( ! m\nta94 ,! ,brew]-maid5 /ruck ! fir/ bl[ ) a pure axe1 & wood-cutt]s complet$ ! "w4 ,simil> =malities 7 practis$ 9 cutt+ ! grass = ?at* & 9 digg+ wells4 ,! sacr$ enclosure 7yu-niha7 0 divid$ into two sections1 an inn] & an out]1 & conta9$ num]\s build+s1 su* z %r9es to ! eight ,gods already m5tion$1 /oreh\ses = ! rice & o!r necess>ies1 lodg+s = ! ,brew]-maid5s & _! assi/ants1 kit*5s1 c4 ,! site ( ! pr9cipal build+1 or ,ohonihe no ,miya1 measur$ #bad feet by #aej feet4 ,x 0 erect$ aft] ! o!rs & 0 9 duplicate1 "o be+ = ! yuki1 ! o!r = ! suki4 ,ea* 0 =ty feet long by sixte5 feet wide4 ,! ro(-tree ran nor? & s\?4 ,undress$ wood 0 us$ = ! erection1 :i* 0 cov]$ by a ro( ( ?at*4 ,! floor 0 /rewn ) bundles ( grass ov] :i* bamboo mats 7 plac$4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! sleep+-*amb] 7! sanctum7 sev]al :ite tatami 7?ick mats7 7 laid d[n & ^u !m ! ,saka-makura1 :i* 0 a cu%ion ?ree feet broad by f\r feet long1 = ! use ( ! ,god or ,gods4#bbf ,?is 0 call$ ! ,deity seat4 ,! ,mikado's seat 0 plac$ to ! s\? ( x4 ,! prep>ation ( ! sake = ! c]emony 0 prec$$ by wor%ip ( ! ,well-,god1 ! ,furnace-,god1 & ! ,sake-,god4 ,! fir/ fire 0 produc$ by a fire-drill4 ,! ,brew]-maid5 began to turn x & ! ,rice-fruit-"l cont9u$ ! "w4 ,a ?ird (ficial blew ! fire & ! att5dants !n k9dl$ a tor* ) x4 ,all ! ut5sils _h be5 provid$ by ! ,imbe ) great c>e1 p]=m+ h>ahi & wor%ip at e /ep4 ,! ,mikado himself practis$ less] ab/95ce = a mon? & great] ab/95ce = ?ree days be=e ! c]emony4 ,! proc$ure at ! ,ohonihe is too elaborate to describe 9 detail4 ,x includ$ ! recitation be=e ! ,mikado ( old words 7my?s & leg5ds87 by ! ,kat>ibe1 or corporation ( recit]s1 & songs by ! wom5 :o p\nd$ ! rice = ! (f]+s1 wi%+ him long life & prosp]ity4 ,! rice 0 pres5t$ to him by ! ,nukiho no tsukahi1 ) ! words1 ,we br+ a ?\s& & five hundr$ auspici\s e>s :i* we (f] z div9e food ( a million loads4 ,old-fa%ion$ music 0 p]=m$ & ! regalia 7 deliv]$ to him by ! ,urabe4 ,! c>d9al feature ( ! ,ohonihe 0 ! (f]+ ( food to ! ,god 7or ,gods7 by ! ,mikado 9 p]son4 ,) 8 own h&s he spr9kl$ rice ) sake :i* he !n plac$ be=e ! ,deity-seat4 ,no "o else 0 pres5t b ! ,uneme1 or ladies-9-wait+1 :o repeat$ ! =mula1 ,let t :i* ye %\ld clip fir/ be clipp$ aft]w>ds4 ,moreov]1 :atev] faults !re be1 receive ^! (f]+s ) div9e am5dm5t1 ) great am5dm5t4 ,! ,mikado !n b[$ 8 head slightly1 clapp$ 8 h&s1 & said 7am571 aft] :i* he jo9$ ! ,god 9 p>tak+ ( ! food4 ,:5 ! yuki c]emony 0 complet$ ! ,mikado w5t to 8 retir+-room1 wa%$ & *ang$ 8 clo!s1 aft] :i* he proce$$ to ! suki *amb] & repeat$ ! same c]emonial4 ,x is n q c]ta9 :at ,god or ,gods 7 wor%ipp$4 ,"s say t ! (f]+s 7 to ! ,sun-,goddess1 o!rs ?9k t all ! ,gods 7 includ$4 ,! haz9ess on ?is po9t is highly *>act]i/ic ( ,%9to4 ,! foll[+ norito1 ,no4 #bg ( ! ,y5gi%iki1 0 pron\nc$ by ! ,idzumo no miyakko on ?is occasion4 ,!y 7 ! reput$ desc5dants ( ,ama no hohi1 :o holds ! same position 9 ! ,ohonamo*i my? t ,koyane does 9 t ( ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,!y 7 orig9ally ! h]$it>y ,gov]nors--p]haps ev5 k+s--( ! prov9ce & _h also sac]dotal functions4 ,!y reta9$ ! latt] aft] all lay jurisdiction _h be5 tak5 f !m4 ,! words ( bless+ ( ! ,miyakko ( ,idzumo4 ,among ! _m t5s ( days t be1 on ?is day1 ?is liv+ day1 ?is p]fect day1 d ,i "h ins]t "n1 ,miyakko ( ! ,l& ( ,idzumo1 humbly decl>e ) deepe/ rev]5ce1 to wit3 ',) ! object ( pron\nc+ a bless+ on ! great augu/ reign ( our ,sovran ,"l1 :o rules ! ,great-eight-isl& c\ntry z--) fe> be x said--a wise manife/ deity1 & bless+ x z a long & great reign1 did ,i1 hang+ /\t /raps on weak %\ld]s1#bbg fa/5+ ! cords ( ! sacr$ (f]+s1 we>+ ! cele/ial cap1 %e>+ & spread+ ! co>se grass z a sacr$ mat 9 ! sacr$ h\se1 black5+ ! sacr$ vessels1 dwell+ 9 pure retirem5t by ! cele/ial sake-j>s1 calm+ ! deities 9 _! calm %r9es by ! avoidance ( impurity1 did s]vice fir/ to ! ,great ,god ( ,kumano1 ,ku%i mik5u1#bbh our div9e ance/or1 ! ,great-,gr&*ild ( ,izanagi1 & to ,ohonamo*i1 ! mak] ( ! l&1 = :om )9 ! blue hill-conf9es ( ! prov9ce ( ,idzumo ! temple pill>s h be5 /\tly plant$ on ! rock-roots bel[1 :ile ! project+ crossbeams ( ! ro( are exalt$ to ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav54 ,!reaft] ,i did wor%ip to ! ,sovran ,gods :o dwell 9 ! "o hundr$ & eighty-six %r9es4' ,!n1 z ! morn+ sun w5t up 9 glory1 !re came ^! good words ( div9e bless+1 to wit3 ',:5 ,taka-mi-musubi & ,kami mi-musubi1 ! ,high-,heav5 div9e ance/ors1 be/[$ ^u ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild ?is sub-cele/ial ,great-eight-isl& c\ntry1 ,ama no hohi1 ! remote div9e ance/or ( ! ,omi#bbi ( ,idzumo1 0 s5t by !m to view ! condition ( ! l&4 ,=c+ 8 way ?r\gh ! eight-fold cl\ds ( ,heav51 so>+ across ! sky1 so>+ ov] ! e>?1 he survey$ ! ,"u-,heav5 on all sides1 & made report t ! ,fair-,e>-,l& ( ! ,ri*-,re$-,pla9 0 a savage l& :]e !re 7 ,gods :o 9 ! daytime sw>m$ l flies 9 ! fif? mon?1 & at night %one l fire pots1 & :]e ! rocks1 trees1 & blue wat] foam _h p[] ( spee*4 ,h[ev]1 he promis$ t x %\ld be subdu$ s t ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild might rule x s]5ely z a peaceful l&4 ,!re=e 8 son ,ame-h9a-dori1 & ) him ,futsunu%i 7 s5t d[n f ,heav54 ,!y drove out & subdu$ ! savage deities1 & p]suad$ ! ,great ,god :o made ! ,l&#bcj to divide (f ! visible outw>d ?+s#bca ( ! ,great-eight-isl& ,c\ntry4' ,!n ,ohonamo*i said3 ',9 ! l& to be gov]n$ by ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild & call$ ,great ,yamato ,i w make my own g5tle _s 7nigi-tama7 to be atta*$ to an eight-h& mirror1 & en%r9$ 9 ,miha1 "u ! title ( ,yamato no ,oho-mono-nu%i ku%i-mika-tama no mikoto 7great-?+-ma/]-wondr\s-awful-_s71 ! _s ( my son ,ajisuki-taka-hikone to be en%r9$ at ,kamo 9 ,katsuraki1 t ( ,koto%ironu%i at ,unade1 & t ( ,kaya-n>umi at ,asuka1 d$icat+ !m to dwell !re div9ely z ne> gu>dian deities ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild4' ,he !n w5t to re/ 9 ! %r9e ( f]tile ,kitsuki4#bcb ,!reupon ! ,sovran de> div9e ance/or & ance/ress 7( ! ,mikado87 gave comm&1 say+3 ',d ?\ ,hohi no ,mikoto bless ! ,sovran's long age s t x may be firm & endur+1 & make x happy z a prosp]\s age4' ,9 accordance ) ?is injunction1 ,i 78 successor7 p]=m ?is s]vice ( bless+1 & z ! morn+ sun rises 9 glory1 br+ tribute ( congratulatory div9e treasures 9 tok5 ( ! ,god's 7,hohi7 reg>d & 9 tok5 ( ! ,omi's 78 own7 reg>d4 7,^!7 :ite jewels are 7a progno/ic (7 ! great augu/ :ite hairs 7to :i* y\r maje/y w rea*74 ,! r$ jewels are ! augu/1 heal?ful1 ruddy c\nt5ance1 & ! gre5-e/u>y jewels are ! h>moni\s fitness ) :i* y\r ,maje/y w e/abli% f> & wide1 z ) a broad sword-blade1 8 la/+ great augu/ reign ov] ! ,great-eight-isl&-c\ntry :i* he gov]ns4 ,z 7?is7 :ite horse plants firmly 8 =e ho(s & 8 h9d-ho(s1 s w ! pill>s ( ! ,great ,palace be set firmly on ! upp] rocks & froz5 firmly on ! l[] rocks4 ,! prick+ up ( 8 e>s is a sign t ,y\r ,maje/y w1 ) e>s ev] m erect1 rule ! ,"u-,heav54 ,"h foll[s a passage too corrupt = translation4 ,x cont9ues to allude to ! emblematic "* ( ! (f]+s4 ,z a tok5 t ! visible deity 7! ,mikado7 %all peacefully & s]5ely rule ! ,great-eight-isl&-c\ntry z long z ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! ,sun & ,moon endure1 ,i (f] ^! congratulatory div9e treasures by way ( respect f ! ,god1 & by way ( respect f ! ,omi1 ) pr(\nd awe1 & pron\nce ^! auspici\s words ( div9e congratulation deliv]$ to me f ,heav54 ,! (f]+s 7 sixty jewels1 :ite1 r$1 & gre51 a sword ) m\nt+s ( gold & silv]1 a mirror1 two pieces ( clo?1 a horse1 a swan1 & fifty trays ( eatables4 ,! simil> =mula us$ by ! ,nakatomi 9 #aadb1 invok+ ! bless+ ( ! ,gods on ! new sov]eign1 is giv5 9 ,dr4 ,flor5z's ,g]man translation ( ! ,nihongi1 ,book xxx41 ,app5dix4 ,! above is ! m]e/ outl9e ( a c]emony to a description ( :i* ,hirata devotes #dhj pages ( 8 ,ko%id54 ,x v>i$ a good deal at diff]5t times1 & 0 altoge!r discont9u$ = eight reigns 7#adfe-afhg7 no d\bt because x 0 f\nd too heavy a burd5 on ! p4 ,nihi-"n4--,! ,nihi-"n or new ta/+1 :5 ! rice ( ! new h>ve/ 0 fir/ p>tak5 (1 0 ! same z ! ,ohonihe1 except t x 0 simpl] & 0 celebrat$ annually4 ,! fe/ival is frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,! ,sun-,goddess is said to h celebrat$ a ,nihi-"n 9 a ,new ,palace4 ,x 0 accompani$ by songs & dances & 0 foll[$ by fea/+ 9 holiday dress & pres5ts to ! ,c\rt & (ficials4 ,at %r9es n (ficially recogniz$1 ! local (ficial 9 *>ge conduct$ ?is c]emony4 ,x 0 !n call$ o-hi-taki 7augu/-fire-k9dl+7 because a c\rty>d fire 7nihabi7 0 made1 ! c]emony tak+ place at night4 ,/rict ,%9to devotees w\ld n eat ! new season's rice until x _h be5 p]=m$4 ,x appe>s f allusions 9 poetry & leg5d t !re 0 also a h\sehold ,nihi-"n4 ,x 0 celebrat$ ) clos$ doors1 no /rang] be+ admitt$1 app>5tly 9 ord] to prev5t pollution by impure p]sons4 ,! foll[+ leg5d f ! ,hita*i ,fudoki illu/rates ?is po9t4 ,:5 ! ,god call$ ! ',div9e ,ance/or' w5t to ! places ( ! v>i\s deities1 he came to ! ,peak ( ,fuji 9 ,suruga4 ,! sun w5t d[n & he ask$ = a lodg+1 b ! ,god ( ,fuji refus$1 say+ t he 0 t day p]=m+ ! ,nihi-"n1 & 8 h\sehold 7 !re=e practis+ ab/95ce4 ,s he asc5d$ ! ,peak ( ,tsukuba1 & ask$ = a lodg+4 ,! ,god ( ,tsukuba said3 ',al?\gh ,i am ?is night celebrat+ ! ,nihi-"n1 :y %\ld t prev5t me f acc$+ to y\r augu/ behe/8' ,nanakusa4--,!re 0 9 lat] times a correspond+ spr+ fe/ival call$ ,nana-kusa 7sev5 h]bs71 9 :i* wild po!rbs ( sev5 diff]5t k9ds 7 ga!r$ & eat54 ,ahi-"n or ,ahimbe4--,?is ^w means jo9t-ta/+4 ,x 0 a h>ve/ fe/ival n ess5tially diff]+ f ! ,nihi-"n1 & 0 s call$ because ! ,mikado jo9$ ! ,gods ) himself 9 ta/+ ! new season's rice & sake4 ,hirata ?9ks1 h[ev]1 t ! expression jo9t-ta/+ ref]s to ! association ( c]ta9 inf]ior ,gods ) ! great] ,gods directly wor%ipp$ at ?is "t4 ,x 0 celebrat$ on ! fir/ ,h>e day ( ! elev5? mon?1 & 0 9 hon\r ( ! deities ( sev5ty-"o %r9es4 ,kan-"n 7div9e-ta/+74--,?is 0 ano!r h>ve/ fe/ival1 di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ by be+ celebrat$ 9 ! n9? mon?1 & be+ conf9$ to ! deities ( ! ,ise %r9es4 ,an embassy ( high (ficials 0 specially dispat*$ to ,ise = ! purpose1 aft] an elaborate c]emonial 9 ! ,palace1 9 :i* ! ,mikado himself took "p4 ,! norito 7,nos4 #bj1 #ba1 & #bb7 us$ on ?is occasion are pres]v$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki4 ,!y conta9 no?+ ( int]e/4 ,:5 a pr9cess 0 d$icat$ to ! s]vice ( ! %r9es1 ! foll[+ =mula 7,no4 #bc7 0 add$3-- ,m especially d ,i humbly decl>e3 ',! (f]+ ( a ,sacr$ ,pr9cess ( ! ,blood ,imp]ial to s]ve z ! ,deities' /aff1 hav+ fir/1 accord+ to cu/om1 obs]v$ ! rules ( religi\s purity = ?ree ye>s1 is to ! end t ?\ may/ cause ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild to live peacefully & firmly z long z ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! ,sun & ,moon1 may la/4 ,i1 ! ,great ,nakatomi1 hold+ ! dread spe> by ! middle1#bcc ) deepe/ awe pron\nce ?is d$ication ( h] by ! ,mikado to ! end t %e may s]ve z an augu/ /aff4' ,kamu-ima-ge or ,%+onjiki4--,?is fe/ival 0 celebrat$ 9 ! palace at night aft] ! ,tsuk9ami4 ,! "n means lit]ally ,god-new-food4 ,x consi/$ 9 ! ,mikado 9 p]son or by deputy mak+ an (f]+ ( food to ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,! =ms resembl$ ^? 9 use = ! ,ohonihe or ,nihi-"n1 & includ$ lay+ d[n a cu%ion 7saka-makura7 to repres5t ! ,deity1 ! use ( a fir$rill1 c4 ,hirano no ,matsuri4--,fe/ival ( ,hirano1 a village 9 ! prov9ce ( ,settsu4 ,!re is mu* d\bt z to ! deities 9 ^: hon\r ?is s]vice 7,no4 #e ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 0 fir/ in/itut$4 ,x is believ$ t x 0 orig9ally celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ,image no ,kami 7! ,god ( ,new ,food7 & ( ,kudo no ,kami & ,kobe no ,kami1 ! ,gods ( ! kit*5-boil] & ( ! cook+-pan4 ,! ,image 0 probably1 z expla9$ by ,sir ,e4 ,sat[1 fre%ly hull$ rice (f]$ mon?ly to ! ,gods4 ,aft] ! ,mikado ,kwammu f\nd$ ! %r9e ( ,hirano1 ab\t ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 x became ! cu/om = all ! bran*es ( ! ,imp]ial family to be repres5t$ at ! two annual celebrations4 ,x 0 ,kitabatake ,*ika-fusa 7#abic-acei7 :o fir/ inv5t$ ! popul> acc\nt ( ! ,gods wor%ipp$ "h4 ,kn[+ t !y 7 9 "s mann] family deities1 he proce$$ to allot z uji-gami to ! ,tahira1 ,m9amoto1 ,ohoye & ,taka%9a families1 anci5t memb]s ( ! ,imp]ial l9e tak5 "h & !re at r&om1 & compris+ ! ,sun-,goddess1 ,yamato-dake1 & ! ,mikados ,*iuai & ,n9toku4 ,?is is an in/ructive example ( ! intrusion ( ance/or-wor%ip s-call$ into ! old] ,%9to4 ,! norito read at ?is fe/ival af=ds no clue to ! id5tity ( ! ,gods wor%ipp$4 ,x m5tions ! f\nd+ ( ! %r9e at ! behe/ ( ! ,sovran ,great ,god 7or ,gods7 & makes (f]+s 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 7or _!7 pres]v+ ! ,mikado's life & prosp]+ 8 reign4#bcd ,kudo & ,kobe no ,matsuri4--,?is s]vice 7,no4 #f ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 is practically id5tical ) ! la/1 :i* is natural1 if1 z is probable1 ! ,gods wor%ipp$ are really ! same4 ,to%igohi no ,matsuri 7h>ve/-pray+ s]vice74--,?is fe/ival 7,no4 #a ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 0 9 hon\r ( ! deities ( ! #c1acb (ficial %r9es1 9 o!r words1 ! entire ,%9to ,pan!on4 ,x 0 celebrat$ on ! #d? day ( ! #bnd mon? 7:5 ! se$ rice is s[n7 9 ! ,sai-91 or sacr$ prec9ct1 a c\rty>d 9 ! ,palace measur+ #bcj feet by #cgj feet1 ) (fices op5+ on to x on all sides4 ,on ! we/ 7 ! %r9es ( ! eight deities#bce 9 a r[1 surr\nd$ by a f5ce to ! int]ior ( :i* ?ree sacr$ ar*ways gave access4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt a tempor>y %$ 0 erect$ 9 :i* ! alt>s 7 plac$4 ,e>ly on ! morn+ ( ! fe/ival day1 ! (f]+s1 prep>$ by ! ,imbe1 7 set out "h4 ,!y are m9utely describ$ 9 ! ,y5gi%iki1 & consi/$ ( silk & clo? ( v>i\s k9ds1 "s ( ! raw mat]ials = ! same1 models ( swords1 %ields1 spe>-heads1 b[s1 quiv]s1 /ags' horns1 mattocks1 sake1 fi% ( v>i\s k9ds1 edible seawe$1 salt1 & matt+4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,ise temples1 a horse 0 add$4 ,a :ite horse1 cock1 & bo> 7 s5t to ,mito%i no ,kami1 ! special deity ( ,h>ve/1 & a horse to ea* ( n9ete5 o!rs1 includ+ ! ,god ( ,gr[? & ! wat]-deities ( ,yamato4 ,:5 ev]y?+ 0 ready1 ! (ficials ( ! ,j+ikwan1 accompani$ by ! miko1 or virg9 prie/esses1 ent]$ by ! middle gate & took _! places 9 ! we/]n (fices ) _! faces to ! ea/1 ! nor? be+ ! upp] 7or m hon\rable7 end4 ,! ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate & _! subord9ates ent]$ by ! nor? gate & took _! places 9 ! nor? (fice1 ! ,m9i/]s fac+ ! s\?1 ! o!rs ea/ or we/4 ,! prie/esses occupi$ seats bel[ ! (fice4 ,! o!r (ficials ent]$ by ! s\? gate & sat fac+ ! nor?4 ,! subord9ate ,%9to function>ies & hafuri /ood 9 ! c\rty>d s\? ( ! we/ (fice4 ,!n ! ,j+ikwan (ficials came d[n & took _! places 9 front ( _! (fice4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by ! ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate4 ,a ,nakatomi read ! norito1 ! hafuri respond+ ) 7,yes or ,am57 at ! end ( e p>agraph4 ,x is z foll[s3-- ,he#bcf says3 ',he>k5 all ye assembl$ ,kannu%i & ,hafuri4' ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods1 ^: praises are fulfill$ z ,heav5ly ,deities & z ,e>?ly ,deities1 by comm& ( ! ,sovran1 de>1 div9e ance/or & ance/ress :o div9ely dwell 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,high-,heav54 ',9 ! second mon? ( ?is ye> ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild is graci\sly pleas$ to pray = h>ve/1 & ,i1 !re=e1 z ! morn+ sun rises 9 glory1 (f] up 8 pl5te\s (f]+s1 ?us fulfill+ y\r praise4' ,"h ! ,kannu%i & ,hafuri ( ! %r9es conc]n$ remove ?is set ( (f]+s4 ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods ( ! h>ve/4 ',if ! ,sovran ,gods w be/[ 9 e>s _m a h&'s bread? long & e>s abundant ! latt] h>ve/ :i* !y w be/[1 ! latt] h>ve/ produc$ by ! lab\r ( m5 f ^: arms ! foam drips d[n1 on ^: oppos+ ?ighs ! mud is ga!r$1 ,i w fulfil _! praises by humbly (f]+ fir/ fruits1 ( e>s a ?\s&1 ( e>s _m a hundr$1 rais+ up ! tops ( ! sake-j>s1 & sett+ 9 r[s ! bellies ( ! sake-j>s1 9 juice & 9 e> w ,i pres5t !m1 ( ?+s gr[+ 9 ! great moor-pla91 sweet h]bs & bitt] h]bs1 ( ?+s t dwell 9 ! blue sea-pla91 ! broad ( f9 & ! n>r[ ( f91 edible seawe$1 too1 f ! (f+ & seawe$ f ! %ore1 ( clo?+1 bright /uffs & %9+ /uffs1 s(t /uffs & co>se /uffs--) ^! ,i w fulfil y\r praises4 ,9 ! meantime hav+ furni%$ a :ite horse1 a :ite bo>1 & a :ite cock1 ) ?+s ( v>i\s k9ds be=e ! ,sovran ,gods ( ! ,h>ve/1 ,i fulfil _! praises by humbly pres5t+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild4' ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods ^: praises ! *ief prie/ess fulfils1 & ,i fulfil y\r praises1 namely1 ,kami-musubi1 ,taka-mi-musubi1 ,iku-musubi1 ,t>u-musubi1 ,tama-tsume-musubi1 ,oho-miya no me1 ,oho-mi-ketsu no kami1 & ,koto%ironu%i4 ,because y bless ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild's reign z a long reign1 firm & endur+1 & r5d] x a happy & prosp]\s reign1 ,i fulfil y\r praises z our ,sovran's de>1 div9e ance/or & ance/ress by mak+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s on 8 behalf4' ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods1 ^: praises ! prie/ess ( ,wigasuri fulfils4 ,i fulfil y\r praises1 repeat+ y\r names1 to wit1 ,live ,well1 ,bless+ ,well1 ,long-rope ,well1 ,asuha1 & ,hahigi4#bcg ,:]eas1 on ! ne!rmo/ rock-roots rul$ by ! ,sovran ,gods 7j nam$7 ! palace pill>s h be5 rais$ /\t & high1 & ! project+ cross-beams exalt$ to ! ,pla9 ( ,high-,heav51 furni%+ a fair abode = ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 :]e91 f9d+ %elt] f ! ra9 & %elt] f ! sun1 he s]5ely gov]ns 9 peace ! _w on all sides1 ,i fulfil y\r praises by mak+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s on 8 behalf4' ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods1 ^: praises are fulfill$ by ! prie/ess ( ! ,gate4 ,repeat+ y\r names1 to wit1 ,ku%i-iha-mado 7wondr\s-rock-gate7 & ,toyo-iha-mado 7ri*-rock-gate71 ,i fulfil y\r praises4 ,:]eas y gu>d ! gates ( ! f\r qu>t]s by night & day1 ob/ruct+ ! passage l manifold piles ( rock1 & :e!r y op5 !m 9 ! morn+ or close !m 9 ! ev5+1 gu>d bel[ aga9/ unfri5dly ?+s com+ f bel[1 & gu>d above aga9/ unfri5dly ?+s com+ f above1 ,i fulfil y\r praises by mak+ ^! (f]+s on behalf ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild4' ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods1 ^: praises ! prie/ess ( ,iku%ima 7live-isl& or region7 fulfils4 ,repeat+ y\r names1 to wit1 ,iku-kuni 7live c\ntry7 & ,t>u-kuni#bch 7p]fect c\ntry71 ,i fulfil y\r praises4 ,because y ! ,sovran ,gods1 :o rule ! isl&s _m t5s 9 numb] :]ev] ! frog ( ! valley f9ds 8 way1 :]ev] ! ocean foam ext5ds1 mak+ wide ! n>r[ regions & ! /eep regions level1 h grant$ ^! _m isl&s to him e "o1 ,i fulfil y\r praises by mak+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s on behalf ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild4' ,he says3 ',m especially d ,i humbly decl>e 9 ! mighty pres5ce ( ! ,great ,heav5-%9+ ,deity :o dwells 9 ,ise4 ,because ! ,great ,deity has be/[$ on him ! l&s ( ! f\r qu>t]s ov] :i* h] glance ext5ds z f> z :]e ! wall ( ,heav5 rises1 z f> z :]e ! b\nds ( ,e>? /& up1 z f> z ! blue cl\ds are diffus$1 z f> z :]e ! :ite cl\ds settle d[n opposite1 by ! blue sea-pla91 z f> z ! pr[s ( %ips c g )\t lett+ dry _! poles & o>s2 by l&1 z f> z ! ho(s ( horses c g1 ) tight5$ baggage-cords1 tread+ _! way among rock-roots & tree-roots :]e ! long road ext5ds1 cont9u\sly wid5+ ! n>r[ regions & mak+ ! /eep regions level1 draw+ toge!r1 z x 71 ! di/ant regions by ?r[+ ov] !m 7a net (7 _m ropes1--!re=e w ! fir/-fruits = ! ,sovran ,great ,deity be pil$ up 9 h] mighty pres5ce l a range ( hills1 leav+ ! rema9d] = him tranquilly to p>take (4' ',moreov]1 :]eas y bless ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild's reign z a long reign1 firm & endur+1 & r5d] x a happy & prosp]\s reign1 ,i plunge d[n my neck cormorant-wise 9 rev]5ce to y as\r ,sovran's de>1 div9e ance/ress1 & fulfil y\r praises by mak+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s on 8 behalf4' ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods :o dwell 9 ! ,cr[n l&s & "n y\r augu/ names1 to wit--,take*i1 ,katsuraki1 ,toho*i1 ,%iki1 ,yamanobe & ,s(u4#bci ,:]eas ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild p>takes (1 z 8 long food1 8 di/ant food1 ! sweet h]bs & bitt] h]bs :i* gr[ 9 & are br\ght f ! six ,cr[n l&s a=esaid1 ,i fulfil y\r praises by mak+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s on 8 behalf4' ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods :o dwell 9 ! m\nta9-m\?s & "n y\r augu/ names1 to wit--,asuka1 ,ih>e1 ,osaka1 ,hatsuse1 ,unebi1 & ,mim9a%i4#bdj ,:]eas ! great trees & ! small trees :i* gr[ on ! ne> m\nta9s & on ! f> m\nta9s are cut at ! root & at ! top1 & br\ght to furni% a fair abode = ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 :]e91 %elt]$ f ! ra9 & sun1 he s]5ely gov]ns 9 peace ! l&s ( ! f\r qu>t]s1 ,i fulfil y\r praises by mak+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s on 8 behalf4' ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,gods :o dwell 9 ! wat]-p>t+s1 &1 nam+ y\r augu/ names1 to wit--,yo%9u1 ,uda1 ,tsuge1 & ,katsuraki1 fulfil y\r praises4 ,if y1 ! ,sovran ,gods1 w be/[ 9 e>s _m a h&sbread? long1 & e>s abundant ! latt] h>ve/ :i* y w be/[1 ,i w fulfil y\r praises by (f]+ fir/-fruits 9 e> & 9 juice1 rais+ up ! tops ( ! sake-j>s & fill+ & sett+ 9 a r[ ! bellies ( ! sake-j>s4 ,! ,sovran ,gr&*ild w !n p>take ) ruddy c\nt5ance ( t :i* rema9s z ! corn ( 8 augu/ morn+ meals & 8 augu/ ev5+ meals1 = 8 long food1 & = 8 di/ant food4 ,!re=e d ,i n[ fulfil y\r praises by mak+ ^! pl5te\s (f]+s on 8 behalf4 ',l5d e>1 all ( y4' ,he says3 ',m especially1 let ! ,kannu%i & ,hafuri1 hav+ receiv$ ! (f]+s :i* ! ,imbe1 hang+ /\t /raps on weak %\ld]s1 h prep>$ ) purity1 take !m away & (f] !m 9 all due =m4' ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is norito conta9s p>agraphs--possibly lat] accretions--:i* h no?+ to d ) ! h>ve/4 ,9 "s ( ! petitions ! d ut des pr9ciple is v ?9ly disguis$4 ,tsuk9ami no ,matsuri4--,?is fe/ival 0 9 hon\r ( ! ,gods ( ! ,great] ,%r9es4 ,! "n means mon?ly fe/ival1 b x 0 really celebrat$ only twice a ye>1 on ! elev5? day ( ! six? & twelf? mon?s4 ,! norito 7,no4 #g ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 is almo/ id5tical ) ! ,to%igohi4 ,! ,j+i%iri1 a mod]n hi/ory ( ,%9to1 describes x z a ?anksgiv+ s]vice = ! protect+ c>e ( ! ,gods4 ,ano!r ,tsuk9ami c]emony 0 p]=m$ at ,ise by a ,nakatomi despat*$ ?i!r z special envoy 9 connexion ) ! ,to%igohi & also 9 ! six? & twelf? mon?s ( e ye>4 ,! norito 7,no4 #af7 read on ^! occasions 0 z foll[s3-- ,he says3 ',by ! great comm& ( ! ,mikado1 ,i humbly decl>e 9 ! mighty pres5ce ( ! ,great ,deity ^: praises are fulfill$ 79 ! %r9e built7 ^u ! ne!rmo/ rock-roots on ! bank ( ! ,riv] ,isuzu 9 ,wat>ahi4 ,i1 ( su* a rank1 ( su* a "n1 humbly repeat 8 comm&s1 z 8 envoy to convey hi!r & make (f]+ ( ! cu/om>y great (f]+s ( ,pray+-=-,h>ve/ 9 ! second mon? 7or z ! case may be74' ,a simil> s]vice 7,no4 #ag7 0 p]=m$ at ! same "t 9 hon\r ( ! ,goddess ( ,food4 ,! phraseology is some:at less honorific4 ,on ! two latt] occasions1 ! ,*ief ,prie/ ( ,ise read ! foll[+ norito 7,no4 #ai74 ,he says3 ',he>k51 all ye kannu%i & mono-imi to ?is cele/ial1 ?is great norito1 :i* ,i humbly pron\nce 9 ! mighty pres5ce ( ! ,heav5-,%9+ ,great ,deity1 ^: praises are fulfill$ 9 ,uji ( ,wat>ahi1 :]e on ! bank ( ! ,riv] ,isuzu ! pill>s ( ! ,great ,%r9e are /\tly erect$1 & ! project+ cross-beams are exalt$ to ! ,pla9 ( ,high-,heav54 7,"h ! ,negi & ,u*i-bito1 prie/s ( l[] rank1 answ] 1 t is1 ,yes1 or ,am547 ,bless ! life ( our ,sov]eign z a long life1 let 8 reign be prosp]\s1 firm & endur+ z a pile ( multitud9\s rocks1 & %[ ?y fav\r to ! pr9ces born ( him4 ,z to ! function>ies ( e rank1 d[n to ! peasants ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! ,"u-,heav51 make ! five gra9s :i* !y long & peacefully cultivate to fl\ri% abundantly4 ,fav\r !m ) ?y protection1 & grant !m ?y bless+4 ',on ?is sev5te5? day ( ! six? mon? 7or z ! case may be7 z ! morn+ sun rises 9 glory1 ,i fulfil ?y praises1 sett+ be=e !e 9 ample measure1 l seas & m\nta9s1 ! tribute y>n & ! great food-(f]+s ( holy rice & sake1 provid$ accord+ to cu/om by ! consecrat$ peasants ( ! ?ree di/ricts1 & ! v>i\s localities ( ! v>i\s prov9ces1 :ile ! ,great ,nakatomi himself is hidd5 9 (f]+-bran*es4 ',he>k51 all ye kannu%i & mono-imi4' ,he says3 ',?is s]vice is likewise address$ to ! ,aramatsuri %r9e & to ! ,tsukiyomi 7,moon-,god7 %r9e4' 7,! kannu%i aga9 answ] '4'7 ,ki-u no ,matsuri 7pray+ = ra974 ,no norito ( ?is c]emony is giv5 9 ! ,y5gi%iki4 ,x 0 p]=m$ 9 hon\r ( ! ,gods ( eighty-five %r9es1 & 0 accompani$ by ! usual (f]+s ( clo?-/uffs4 ,to a few out ( ! numb] a black horse 0 (f]$ 9 addition4 ,! *oice ( a black animal = ?is purpose belongs to ! magical pre-religi\s /age ( ?\ght4 ,black is ! col\r ( ! ra9-cl\ds1 & !re=e1 on ! pr9ciple t :at sugge/s a ?+ w actually produce x1 ! exhibition ( a black horse is ?\ght likely to make ! cl\ds collect & ra9 to fall4 ,a :ite horse 0 (f]$ :5 f9e wea!r 0 desir$4 ,mr4 ,we/on1 9 8 ',m\nta9e]+ 9 ! ,japanese ,alps1' describes ! sacrifice ( a black dog symbolical ( ! wi%$-= /orm-cl\ds 9 ord] to cause ra94 ,kama miso no matsuri 7div9e-clo?+-s]vice74--,?is c]emony consi/$ 9 pres5t+ (f]+s ( clo?+ to ! ,sun-,goddess at ,ise4 ,x 0 celebrat$ twice a ye>1 9 ! f\r? & n9? mon?s4 ,! norito 7,no4 #ah7 is v %ort & un9t]e/+4 ,s]vice = ! ,removal ( ! ,ise ,%r9e4--,! norito 7,no4 #bd7 is a v %ort =mula4 ,x ann\nces to ! ,sun-,goddess ! rebuild+ ( h] %r9e1 :i* took place e tw5tie? ye>4 ,a simil> =m 0 us$ 9 ! case ( ! ,food-,goddess4 ,oho-tono hogahi 7luck-wi%+ or bless+ ( ! ,great ,palace74--,?is c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ! morn+ aft] ! ,kamu image & ! ,nihi-"n4 ,x 0 9 hon\r ( ?ree deities1 namely1 ! two ,yabune no ,kami1 or ,h\se deities1 & ,oho-miya no me1 a p]sonifi$ ,lady ,*amb]la94 ,i quote f ,sir ,erne/ ,sat['s ',anci5t ,japanese ,rituals' 9 ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 vol4 ix4 pt4 ii41 a n9?-c5tury description ( ?is c]emony3-- ,! ,j+ikwan took f\r boxes conta9+ preci\s /ones1 cut pap]-mulb]ry b>k1 rice & sake 9 bottles1 & plac$ !m on two eight-legg$ tables1 :i* 7 !n borne by f\r att5dants1 prec$$ by ,nakatomi & ,imbe function>ies1 all we>+ wrea?s & sc>fs ( pap]-mulb]ry b>k1 walk+ 9 d\ble l9e1 ! re> be+ br\ght up by virg9 prie/esses4 ,on ! procession arriv+ 9 front ( ! ,palace gate1 ! tables 7 deposit$ "u ! arcade :i* ran along ! outside ( ! wall4 ,a s]vant call$ out = admittance1 & ! port] hav+ ann\nc$ ! procession by say+ t an (fic] ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\sehold _h ask$ = admission 9 ord] to pron\nce ! ,luck-wi%+ ( ! ,great ,palace1 ! ord]1 ',let him pron\nce x1' 0 transmitt$ back f ! ,mikado4 ,! port] !reupon call$ out ',let him decl>e 8 "n & surname1' 9 reply to :i* ! (fic] advanc$ to a spot previ\sly m>k$ out by a wood5 ticket ) 8 "n on x1 & said3 ',x is s & s1 ( ! ,j+ikwan1 :o wi% to p]=m ! ,luck-wi%+ ( ! ,great ,palace4' ,to ?is ! ,mikado's answ] 0 ',call !m4' ,! (fic] ( ! h\sehold repli$ '1' & retir+ call$ ! function>ies ( ! ,j+ikwan1 :o 9 _! turn repli$ '4' ,! ,nakatomi & ,imbe !n put on _! wrea?s ( pap]-mulb]ry1 to :i* ! latt] add$ /raps ( ! same mat]ial1 & advanc$ ahead ( ! tables up to ! ',hall ( ,b5evol5ce & ,long ,life4' ,! virg9 prie/esses _h mean:ile ent]$ by ano!r gate1 & 7 wait+ 9 ! ,palace enclosure4 ,!y n[ foll[$ ! tables1 & came up to ! v]&ah on ! ea/ side ( ! build+1 :]e !y took *>ge ( ! boxes ( (f]+s4 ,! procession !n ent]$ ! build+4 ,"o virg9 prie/ess w5t to ! ,hall ( ,audi5ce & scatt]$ rice ab\t x1 :ile ano!r proce$$ to ! gate on its s\? side & p]=m$ ! same c]emony !re4 ,! ,imbe took out ! preci\s /ones & hung !m at ! f\r corn]s ( ! ,hall1 & ! prie/esses )drew1 aft] spr9kl+ sake & scatt]+ rice & cut pap]-mulb]ry fibre at ! f\r corn]s ( ! int]ior4 ,! ,nakatomi /ood on ! s\? side ( ! build+ :ile ! ,imbe turn$ to ! s\?-ea/1 & 9 a l[ voice read ! ritual4 ,! :ole company next w5t to ! ,mikado's ba?-room1 & hung preci\s /ones at its f\r angles1 & ! same at 8 privy1 :ile ! prie/esses scatt]$ rice & spr9kl$ sake z be=e4 ,! norito 7,no4 #h7 ( ?is c]emony1 z appe>s f ! ar*aic =ms ( language :i* x conta9s1 is probably v anci5t4 ,x is quot$ 9 ! ,kogojiui2 & ! ,nihongi describes z an anci5t say+ a s5t5ce :i* =ms "p ( x4 ,! read] w note ! confusion--( a k9d inh]5t 9 all my?ologies--betwe5 ! h\se consid]$ z a deity & ! protect+ deity ( ! h\se4 ,:5 by comm& ( ! de>1 div9e ance/or & ance/ress :o div9ely dwell 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild#bda 0 made to take 8 seat on ! high augu/ ?rone ( ,heav51 & ! ,heav5ly ,emblems1 namely1 ! mirror & ! sword1 7 deliv]$ to him1 ^! words ( bless+ 7 pron\nc$3 ',let our sovran great (fspr+1 ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 receiv+ ov] ! cele/ial ,sun-succession on ?is high ?rone ( ,heav51 rule tranquilly = myriads ( ?\s&s ( autumns1 = long autumns1 ov] ! ,great-,eight-isl&s1 ! ,ri* ,re$-pla91 ,l& ( fair rice-e>s1 z a peaceful c\ntry4' ,) ^! words !y deliv]$ x unto him4 ,!n1 cele/ial c\nsel hav+ be5 held1 !y put to sil5ce ! rock-roots & tree-roots1 ev5 to ! smalle/ blades ( grass1 t previ\sly _h p[] ( spee*4 ,& = ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild :o 9 ,heav5ly ,sun-succession rules ! ,"u-,heav51 to :i* he _h desc5d$1 trees are n[ cut d[n ) ! sacr$ axes ( ! ,imbe 9 ! great valleys & ! small valleys ( ! seclud$ m\nta9s1 & sacrifice hav+ be5 made ( _! tops & bottoms to ! ,god ( ! m\nta9s1 ! middle p>ts are br\ght =? & set up z sacr$ pill>s ) sacr$ mattocks to =m a fair ,palace :]e9 ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild f9ds %elt] f ! sky & %elt] f ! sun4 ,to !e1 !re=e1 ,ya-bune no ,mikoto ! ,palace treat$ z a ,god ,i address ^! heav5ly1 wondr\s1 auspici\s words ( calm & bless+4 ,he says3 ',i humbly decl>e ! names ( ! ,gods :o calmly & peacefully wat* s t ?is ,great ,palace :]e he holds rule1 z f> d[nw>ds z ! l[]mo/ rock-roots1 suff] no h>m f reptiles among its bottom-ropes1#bdb z f> upw>ds z ! blue cl\ds are diffus$ 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 may suff] no h>m f fly+ birds 9 ! cele/ial smoke-hole1#bdc t ! jo9+s ( ! firmly plant$ pill>s1 & ( ! crossbeams1 raft]s1 doors1 & w9d[s may n move or make a noise1 t !re may be no slack5+ ( ! ti$ rope-knots & no di%evelm5t ( ! ro(-?at*1 no creak+ ( ! floor-jo9ts or al>ms by night4 ,i humbly praise y\r hon\r$ names1 to wit1 ,yabune ,kukuno*i no ,mikoto & ,yabune ,toyo-uke hime no ,mikoto ,h\se-tree ,god & ,h\se-food ,goddess4#bdd ,& inasmu* z y humbly pres]ve ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild's reign to be firm & endur+1 & humbly bless x z a la/+1 prosp]\s1 & p]fect reign1 ! ,imbe no ,sukune "n1 add+ %9+ clo? & lu/r\s f9e clo? to ! c\ntless /r+s ( fair jewels prep>$ by ! sacr$ jewel-mak]s ) obs]vance ( purity & avoidance ( pollution1 & hang+ /\t /raps on weak %\ld]s w (f] !m to y1 ) words ( bless+ & calm4 ,& let ! ,gods ,kamu-nahobi & ,oho-nahobi peacefully & tranquilly ex]cise _! (fice1 correct+1 :e!r 9 ?+s he>d or 9 ?+s se51 any omission :i* he may make 9 s do+4' ,m especially does he humbly decl>e3 ',nam+ h] z ,oho-miya-no-me ,i humbly fulfil h] praises because1 )9 ! same ,palace z ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 %e blocks ! way & takes cognizance & makes *oice ( ! p]sons :o g 9 & out1 ) words am5ds & mollifies ! hurry & r\ghness ( ! ,gods1 keeps f error ! h&s & feet ( ! sc>f-we>+ att5dants & ! /rap-we>+ att5dants#bde :o s]ve ! morn+ meal & ! ev5+ meal ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 prev5t+ ! ,imp]ial ,pr9ces1 ,pr9ces1 ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 & all ! function>ies f indulg+ _! sev]al incl9ations & caus+ !m1 pure ( evil int5ts & base he>ts1 to att5d 9 ! ,palace ) a ,palace-att5dance1 & to s]ve 9 ! ,palace ) a ,palace-s]vice1 & am5d+ to eye & e> all faults & errors1 s t _! duties may be p]=m$ peacefully & tranquilly4' ,nai%i-dokoro or ,ka%iko-dokoro4--,e new moon (f]+s 7 pres5t$ 9 ! nai%i-dokoro 7nai%i-place7 or ka%iko-dokoro 7place ( rev]5ce#bdf7 by ! nai%i or female att5dants ( ! ,palace to ! sacr$ mirror :i* repres5t$ ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,!y consi/$ ( rice1 cakes1 pap]1 clo?1 egg-plant1 fi%1 %ellfi%1 c4 ,twice a ye> ,kagura 0 p]=m$4 ,! c]emonies us$ on ^! occasions 7 regulat$ 9 ,uda's reign 7#hhi-hih7 & closely resembl$ ^? ( ! ,great ,%r9e ( ,ise4 ,! ,y5gi%iki has n pres]v$ ! norito belong+ to x4 ,a ,japanese writ] ?us describes ! mod]n =m ( ?is c]emony3-- ,)9 ! palace !re is a l>ge hall1 ! ka%iko-dokoro1 or place ( rev]5ce1 con/ruct$ ( milk-:ite1 knotless timb]s1 exquisitely jo9$ & smoo? z mirrors1 b absolutely devoid ( decoration4 ,at "o end /&s a l>ge %r9e1 also ( sn[-pure wood1 ) delicately *as$ m\nt+s ( silv] gilt4 ,x encloses models ( ! div9e insignia1 & a numb] ( long1 n>r[ tablets ( p9e1 on :i* are inscrib$ ! po/hum\s titles ( all ! ,emp]ors s9ce ! days ( ,jimmu4 ,)9 ! fold+ doors ( ! %r9e hangs a curta9 wov5 ( bamboo ?reads4 ,at ! appo9t$ h\r1 g5]ally ! grey ( morn+1 sakaki b\ghs are laid beside ! %r9e & provision ( inc5se is made2 aft] :i* ! (ficials ( ! ,bureau ( ,rites & ^? ( ! ,imp]ial ,h\sehold file 9 & seat !mselves on ei!r side ( ! hall4 ,! doors ( ! %r9e are !n op5$ & (f]+s ( v>i\s k9ds--vegetables1 fi%1 clo?1 & s =?--are c>ri$ 9 & rang$ be=e x1 solemn music 9 ,japanese /yle be+ p]=m$ ! :ile4 ,!reaft] ! pr9ces ( ! blood & all (ficials ( ! two highe/ ranks z well z ! pe]s ( ! 'musk-*amb]' & ! 'gold5-pheasant *amb]' ent]1 & :5 !y are seat$ ! ,emp]or himself appe>s &1 proce$+ sl[ly to ! %r9e1 b[s 8 head1 takes a bran* ( sakaki ) p5dant gohei1 & hav+ wav$ x 9 tok5 ( ! purification ( s9s1 ignites a /ick ( inc5se#bdg & places x upright 9 ! c5s]1 !reaft] repeat+ a ritual 7norito74 ,s long z 8 ,maje/y is pres5t 9 ! hall1 all ! (ficials rema9 /&+4 ,8 ,maje/y !n retires1 &1 on 8 dep>ture1 wor%ip ( ! same k9d1 b )\t any pray]1 is p]=m$ by a repres5tative ( ! ,pr9ce ,imp]ial1 & subsequ5tly by ! o!r memb]s ( ! ,c\rt4 ,mitama ,%idzumuru no matsuri 7c]emony = settl+ or calm+ ! augu/ _s74 ,!re 0 an anci5t c]emony call$ mitama furi%iki t is1 %ak+ ! augu/ jewels1 :i* is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,kiujiki4 ,we are !re told t :5 ! ,sun-,goddess s5t d[n ,n9igi to rule ! _w1 %e gave him t5 auspici\s treasures1 namely1 "o mirror ( ! (f+1 "o mirror ( ! %ore1 "o eight-h&s-bread? sword1 "o jewel 7tama7 ( bir?1 "o jewel ( return f dea?1 "o p]fect jewel1 "o road-return+ jewel 7t is1 a jewel :i* has ! prop]ty ( mak+ evil ?+s return by ! road !y came71 "o s]p5t-sc>f 7a sc>f :i* has p[] :5 wav$ to keep away s]p5ts71 "o bee-sc>f1 & "o sc>f ( v>i\s ?+s1 say+3 ,9 case ( illness %ake ^! treasures & repeat to !m ! words1 ',"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six1 sev51 eight1 n9e1 t54' ,if ?\ doe/ s ! dead w c]ta9ly return to life4 ,! ,nihongi /ates t 9 ,a4,d4 #fhe ! c]emony ( call+ on ! _s 7mitama7 0 p]=m$ = ! ,mikado's sake4 ,an anci5t gloss id5tifies ?is c]emony ) t ( ! mitama furi%iki j describ$4 ,! object ( ! two c]emonies 01 no d\bt1 ! same1 b x is to be not$ t mitama1 :i* 9 ! "o case means jewel or talisman1 9 ! o!r means _s--a r>e case 9 ! old] ,%9to records ( ?is ^w be+ appli$ to ! human s\l4 ,! phrases call+ on ! _s & settl+ ! _s are ( ,*9ese orig91 mitama be+ 9 ?is connexion simply a translation ( ! ,*9ese hun 7pron\nc$ kon 9 ,japanese74 ,! same c]emony is kn[n 9 ,*9a1 & "s features ( its ,japanese =m 7 probably borr[$ f t c\ntry4 ,its object1 accord+ to a mod]n writ]1 0 to summon back to & settle 9 ! body ! volatile kon4 ,x 0 p]=m$ e ye> 9 ! elev5? mon? 9 ! ,*apel ( ! ,j+ikwan1 & also at "o "t 9 connexion ) ! coronation c]emony4 ,! norito 7,no4 #ae ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 beg9s ) a recital ( ! ,mikado's div9e claims to sov]eignty4 ,!n ! (f]+s are enum]at$4 ,x concludes ) a pray] to ! eight ,gods ( ! ,j+ikwan to grant ! ,mikado a long & prosp]\s reign1 & t he may dwell peacefully 9 8 ,palace dur+ ! ensu+ ye>4 ,x says no?+ ( ! ,mikado's _s1 an expression f\nd only 9 ! head+1 :i* may be suppos$ to be a lat] addition4 ,a p]=mance by ! ,miko resembl+ t ( ,uzume be=e ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav51 & compris+ ! repetition ( ! magic words "o1 two1 ?ree1 c41 =m$ "p1 no d\bt ! olde/ "p1 ( ! c]emony4 ,x is n[ usually call$ by ! ,*9ese "n ,*9konsai4 ,!re is a /ory ( a ?ief hav+ /ol5 ! clo?+ pres5t$ on ?is occasion1 & also ! /r+ :i* ti$ ! ,mikado's mitama1 :atev] t may mean4 ,oho-h>ahi 7,great ,purification74#bdh--,?is c]emony includes a prelim9>y lu/ration1 expiatory (f]+s1 & ! recital ( a norito or =mula--n a pray]1 z x is sometimes call$--9 :i* ! ,mikado1 by virtue ( ! au?ority transmitt$ to him f ! ,sun-,goddess1 decl>es to 8 m9i/]s & p ! absolution ( _! s9s & impurities4 ,?is =mula is (t5 ref]r$ to z if x con/itut$ ! :ole c]emony4 ,x is kn[n z ! ,nakatomi no ,oho-h>ahi1 because 9 anci5t times x 0 usually read by ! ,nakatomi z repres5tatives ( ! ,mikado4 ,! my?s :i* repres5t ,izanagi z fl++ d[n 8 g>m5ts dur+ 8 flight f ,yomi1 & wa%+ away 9 ! sea ! pollution contract$ by 8 visit !re1 & describe ! expiatory (f]+s exact$ f ,susa no wo1 presume an acqua9tance ) ! c]emony ( :i* ! ,oho-h>ahi norito =ms a *ief "p4 ,! ,nihongi in=ms u1 "u ! leg5d>y date ,a4,d4 #bjj1 t aft] ! sudd5 dea? ( ! ,mikado ,*iuai1 8 wid[ & successor ,j+ comm&$ h] m9i/]s to purge (f5ces & to rectify transgressions1 :ile 9 ! p>allel passage ( ! ,kojiki#bdi details are giv5 ( ^! (f5ces1 :i*1 z f> z !y g1 are id5tical ) ^? enum]at$ 9 ! ,oho-h>ahi itself4 ,great ,purifications are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 p]=m$ 9 #fgf1 #fgh1 & #fhf4 ,! ,japanese s*ol> ,mabu*i ascribes ! pres5t ,oho-h>ahi norito to ?is la/-nam$ p]iod4 ,9 sub/ance x mu/ be v mu* old]4 ,! *ief c]emony 0 p]=m$ 9 ! capital twice ye>ly1 on ! la/ days ( ! six? & twelf? mon?s4 ,^! dates are n *os5 arbitr>ily4 ,!re is a natural impulse at ! close ( ! ye> to wipe out old scores & to make a fre% />t ) good resolutions4 ,! tsu9a1#bej or demon-expell+ c]emonies1 ( ! la/ day ( ! ye>1 describ$ bel[1 are prompt$ by a simil> motive4 ,t5nyson gives expression to ?is feel+ 9 8 ',9 ,memoriam'3-- ,! ye> is dy+ 9 ! night1 ,r+ out1 wild bells1 & let him die4 99 99 99 99 99 ,r+ out ! false1 r+ 9 ! true1 99 99 99 99 99 ,r+ out ! want1 ! c>e1 ! s91 99 99 99 99 99 ,r+ out old %apes ( f\l disease4 ,! summ] celebration ( ! ,oho-h>ahi is analog\s to ! cu/om ( lu/ration1 or ba?+ on ,/4 ,john's ,eve1 =m]ly practis$ 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,*9ese _h an ,oho-h>ahi1 def9$ by ,mr4 ,giles 9 8 ',*9ese ,diction>y' z a religi\s c]emony ( purification p]=m$ 9 spr+ & autumn1 ) a view to secure div9e protection = agricultural int]e/s4 ,! ,a9us ( ,yezo h a simil> c]emony4#bea ,! ,oho-h>ahi 0 n conf9$ to ! la/ days ( ! six? & twelf? mon?s4 ,x 0 p]=m$ z a prelim9>y to sev]al ( ! great ,%9to c]emonies1 notably ! ,ohonihe1 & on o!r em]g5cies1 su* z an outbreak ( pe/il5ce1#beb ! f9d+ ( a dead body 9 ! ,palace 7#hfe71 ! (ficiat+ ( a ,nakatomi :o _h p]=m$ ,buddhi/ rites 7#haf71 c4 ,we le>n f ! regulations ( ! p]iod ,jgwan 7#hei-hgf7 t at t "t ! c]emony 0 p]=m$ at ! s\!rn gate ( ! ,kioto ,palace1 9 front ( :i* !re 0 a canal4 ,! purification (f]+s 7 set out be=e ?is gate4 ,! (ficials took _! seats 9 due ord]1 ! wom5 be+ sep>at$ (f by a curta94 ,! (ficials ( ! ,j+ikwan !n di/ribut$ kiri-nusa#bec among ! audi5ce1 ^u :i* ! ,nakatomi took 8 place & recit$ ! ritual1 ! (ficials respond+ aft] e p>agraph4 ,:5 ! purification 0 f9i%$1 ! ,oho-nusa c]emony 0 p]=m$4 ,x _h also a purify+ influ5ce1 & consi/$1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,flor5z1 9 br&i%+ ! ,oho-nusa ov] ! assembly1 fir/ to left1 !n to "r1 & !n aga9 to left4 ,! norito 7,no4 #aj ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 is z foll[s3-- ,he#bed says3 ',give e>1 all ye ,imp]ial ,pr9ces1 ,pr9ces1 ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 & function>ies :o are "h assembl$1 & he>k5 e "o to ! ,great ,purification by :i* at ?is ye>'s int]lune ( ! six? 7or twelf?7 mon? he deigns to purge & absolve all mann] ( faults & transgressions :i* may h be5 committ$ by ^? :o s]ve 9 ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt1 :e!r !y we> ! sc>f or ! %\ld]-/rap1 :e!r !y be> on _! back ! quiv] or gird on !m ! sword1 ! eighty att5dants ( ! att5dants1 includ+1 moreov]1 all ^? :o d duty 9 ! v>i\s (fices ( ,/ate4' ,he says3 ',he>k51 all ( y4 ,! ,sovran de> ance/ors1#bee :o div9ely dwell 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 hav+ summon$ to an assembly ! eight hundr$ myriads ( deities1 held div9e c\nsel ) !m1 & !n gave comm&1 say+3 ,let our ,augu/ ,gr&*ild#bef hold s]5e rule ov] ! f]tile re$-pla91 ! region ( fair rice-e>s1#beg z a l& ( peace4 ',b 9 ! realm ?us assign$ to him !re 7 savage deities4 ,^! 7 call$ to a div9e acc\nt & expell$ ) a div9e expulsion4 ,moreov]1 ! rocks1 trees1 & smalle/ leaves ( grass :i* _h p[] ( spee* 7 put to sil5ce4 ,!n !y despat*$ him d[nw>d f 8 cele/ial ev]la/+ ?rone1 cleav+ z he w5t ) an awful way-cleav+ ! _m-pil$ cl\ds ( ,heav51 & deliv]$ to him ! ,l&4 ,at ! middle po9t ( ! l&s ( ! f\r qu>t]s ?us entru/$ to him1 ,yamato1 ! ,high-,sun-,l&1 0 e/abli%$ z a peaceful l&1 & !re 0 built "h = ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild a fair ,palace :]e)al to %elt] him f sun & sky1#beh ) massy pill>s bas$ deep on ! ne!rmo/ rocks & uprais+ to ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav5 ! cross-timb]s ( its ro(4 ',n[ ( ! v>i\s faults & transgressions to be committ$ by ! cele/ial race de/9$ m & m to p ?is l& ( 8 peaceful rule1 "s are ( ,heav51 to wit1 ! break+ d[n ( divisions betwe5 rice-fields1 fill+ up ( irrigation *annels1 remov+ wat]-pipes1 s[+ se$ ov] aga91#bei plant+ skew]s1#bfj flay+ alive1 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration flay+ backw>ds4 ,^! are di/+ui%$ z ,heav5ly (f5ces4#bfa ',e>?ly (f5ces :i* w be committ$ are ! cutt+ ( liv+ bodies1 ! cutt+ ( dead bodies1 leprosy1 kokumi1#bfb ince/ ( a man ) 8 "m or daught]1 ) 8 "m-9-law or /ep-daught]1 be/iality1 calamities f creep+ ?+s1 f ! high ,gods#bfc & f high birds1 kill+ animals1 bewit*m5ts4#bfd ',:5soev] !y may be committ$1 let ! ,great ,nakatomi1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( ! ,heav5ly ,palace1 cut ,heav5ly sapl+s at ! top & cut !m at ! bottom1 & make !re( a complete array ( "o ?\s& /&s = (f]+s4#bfe ',hav+ trimm$ ru%es ( heav5 at ! top & trimm$ !m at ! bottom1 let him split !m into manifold sliv]s4#bff ',!n let him recite ! mighty ritual words ( ! cele/ial ritual4#bfg ',:5 he does s1 ! ,gods ( ,heav51 ?ru/+ op5 ! adamant9e door ( ,heav5 & cleav+ ! _m-pil$ cl\ds ( ,heav5 ) an awful way-cleav+ w l5d e>4 ,! ,gods ( ,e>?1 climb+ to ! tops ( ! high m\nta9s & to ! tops ( ! l[ m\nta9s1 sweep+ ap>t ! mi/s ( ! high m\nta9s & ! mi/s ( ! l[ m\nta9s1 w l5d e>4 ',:5 !y h ?us l5t e>1 all (f5ces :atsoev] w be annull$1 f ! ,c\rt ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild to ! prov9ces ( ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! ,"u-,heav54 ',z ! _m-pil$ cl\ds ( ,heav5 are scatt]$ by ! brea? ( ! ,w9d-,gods2 z ! morn+ breezes & ! ev5+ breezes dissipate ! d5se morn+ vap\rs & ! d5se ev5+ vap\rs2 z a huge %ip1 moor$ 9 a great h>b\r1 ca/+ (f its /]n moor+s1 ca/+ (f its b[ moor+s1 drives =? into ! great sea-pla92 z yond] ?ick bru%wood is smitt5 & cle>$ away by ! %>p sickle =g$ 9 ! fire1 s %all all (f5ces be utt]ly annull$4 ,!re=e he 7! ,mikado7 is graci\sly pleas$ to purify & cleanse !m away4 ,! ,goddess call$ ,se-ori-tsu-hime :o dwells 9 ! rapids ( ! swift /reams ^: cat>acts tumble headlong f ! tops ( ! high m\nta9s & f ! tops ( ! l[ m\nta9s w be> !m out into ! great sea-pla94 ,!reupon ! ,goddess call$ ,haya-aki-tsu-hime1 :o dwells 9 ! myriad meet+s ( ! tides ( ! myriad br9e-pa?s ( ! myriad ways ( ! curr5ts ( ! boi/]\s sea w swall[ !m up4 ,& ! ,god ,ibuki-d nu%i1 :o dwells 9 ! ,brea?-bl[+-place1#bfh w puff !m away to ! ,root-c\ntry1 ! ,bottom ,c\ntry4#bfi ,!n ! ,goddess ,haya-sasura-hime1#bgj :o dwells 9 ! ,root-c\ntry1 ! ,bottom-c\ntry1 w bani% & aboli% !m4 ,:5 !y h be5 s de/roy$1 e "o1 f ! s]vants ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt to ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! ,"u-,heav51 w rema9 void ( all (f5ces :atsoev]4 ',att5d1 !re=e1 all ( y to ?is ,great ,purification1 by :i* he is graci\sly pleas$ at sunset on ?is int]lun> day ( ! six? 7or twelf?7 mon? ( ?is ye> to purify & cleanse y1 hav+ l$ hi!r a horse z an animal t pricks up its e>s to ! ,pla9 ( ,high-,heav54'#bga ,he says3 ',ye div9]s 7,urabe7 ( ! f\r prov9ces1 remove !m to ! great riv]-way & aboli% !m4'#bgb ,9 addition to ! ,oho-h>ahi1 or ,national ,purifications1 !re 7 local & individual celebrations4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ( :i* ,susa no wo's puni%m5t is ! my?ical type1 ! h>ahi-tsu-mono 7 naturally furni%$ by ! p]son = ^: b5efit !y 7 p]=m$1 & s am\nt$ practically to a f9e on ! (f5d]4 ,! ,nihongi 7,a4,d4 #fdf7 m5tions a numb] ( cases 9 :i* travell]s & o!rs 7 compell$ by ! c\ntry p to d h>ahi1 t is1 to pay a f9e1 "u v>i\s pret5ces4 ,= example1 :5 a man return+ f =c$ lab\r fell d[n by ! roadside & di$1 ! villag]s ( ! place said1 ,:y %\ld a man be all[$ to die on our road8 & deta9$ ! companions ( ! deceas$ until !y _h done h>ahi4 ,cases ( dr[n+ 7 foll[$ by simil> claims1 & ev5 ! cook+ ( rice by ! roadside or ! upsett+ ( a borr[$ pot4 ,an ,imp]ial decree 0 issu$ prohibit+ ^! extortions1 :i* are describ$ z habitual ) ! un5light5$ vulg>4 ,! application ( ! h>ahi to ! purpose ( a f9e 0 regulat$ by an ord9ance :i* 0 issu$ 9 #hja4 ,^? :o 7 guilty ( neglect 9 connexion ) ! celebration ( ! ,ohonihe1 or :o1 dur+ ! mon? ( special avoidance ( impurity1 contract$ m\rn+1 visit$ ! sick1 7 conc]n$ ) capital s5t5ces1 ate fle%1 or t\*$ any?+ impure 7 mulct$ 9 an oho-h>ahi1 :i* 9 ?is case meant simply a heavy f9e4 ,x consi/$ ( "o horse1 two swords1 two b[s1 & a long li/ ( o!r sundries4 ,o!r (f5ces ( ! same classes 7 f9$ 9 a naka-h>ahi1 or m$ium h>ahi4 ,dr4 ,flor5z describes a m mod]n =m ( h>ahi z foll[s3 ,z a ?ird species ( h>ahi we may m5tion ! purification prec$+ e great] fe/ival ( a ,%9to %r9e1 ?r\gh :i* ! prie/s & o!rs tak+ "p 9 ! ,matsuri are purifi$4 ,?is c]emony takes place 9 a hall or op5 place specially prep>$ = ! purpose1 call$ h>ahi-dokoro 7purification-place74 ,x consi/s 9 ! ,kami-oro%i 7br++ d[n ! spirits ( ! purify+ deities7 into ! himorogi1 :i* /&s on an eight-legg$ table 9 ! middle ( ! h>ahi-dokoro1 ! recitation ( ! purification pray]1 v>i\s subsequ5t symbolic c]emonies1 & ! ,kami-age1 or s5d+ back ! ,gods to _! abodes4 ,!reupon ! prie/s are consid]$ to be pure1 & ! ,matsuri prop] c beg94 ,! pray] address$ to ! ,gods is z foll[s3-- ,9 rev]5ce & awe3 ,! great gods ( ! purification place :o came into exi/5ce :5 ! ,great ,god ,izanagi deign$ to wa% & purify himself on ! pla9 ( ,ahagi ea/ ( ,ta*ibana ne> ! ,riv] ,wot 9 ,himuka 9 ,tsuku%i1 %all deign to purify & deign to cleanse :atev] !re may be ( s9s & pollutions committ$ inadv]t5tly or delib]ately by ! (ficials s]v+ "h to-day4 ,li/5 ye to ^! my words4 ,?us ,i say rev]5tially4 ,9 lat] times !re 7 _m abuses & p]v]sions ( ! h>ahi1 due ma9ly to ,buddhi/ influ5ce4 ,! =mula 0 mu* modifi$1 & is f\nd 9 num]\s v]sions4 ,"s ( ^! are :olly ,buddhi/1 su* z ! well-kn[n ,rokkon %j 7may ! six s5ses be pure71 s con/antly 9 ! m\?s ( pilgrims at ?is day4 ,o!rs include a pray] = purity ( he>t1 :i* is an idea q =eign to ! anci5t ,%9to4 ,h>ahi-bako 7h>ahi-boxes7 7 sold at ,ise ) inscriptions half ,buddhi/ & half ,%9to4 ,9 imitation ( a simil> ,buddhi/ practice1 ^! boxes conta9$ a c]tificate t ! h>ahi _h be5 recit$ "o ?\s& or t5 ?\s& times = ! pur*as]'s b5efit4 ,pieces ( ! gohei w& us$ by ! prie/s at ! ,oho-h>ahi ( ! six? & twelf? mon?s 7 enclos$ ) ^! c]tificates4 ,sometimes a small fragm5t ( ! old %r9e1 :i* 0 brok5 up e tw5tie? ye> & a new "o erect$1 0 compress$ betwe5 two ?9 bo>ds & call$ an o-h>ahi4 ,pilgrims receiv$ ^! 9 return = _! (f]+s4 ,! dev\t c\ld ev5 pur*ase !m f hawk]s1 :o w5t ab\t ! c\ntry 7l ! sell]s ( indulg5ces 9 ,lu!r's "t7 dispos+ ( !m = ! b5efit ( ! %r9e4 ,?is practice is n[ prohibit$4#bgc ,! ideas associat$ ) ! h>ahi c]emony also und]w5t a *ange4 ,"s writ]s speak ( x z int5d$ to propitiate evil deities4 ,! h>ahi sold by ! prie/s ( ,ise 7 set up 9 ! ,kami-dana1 or dome/ic %r9e1 & wor%ipp$ z ! %9tai ( ! deity4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be inde/ructible by fire or wat]1 to keep away robb]s1 to heal diseases1 to make ! old "y1 & to protect aga9/ calamity ( e k9d4 ,9 "s lat] =ms ( ! h>ahi ! purify+ ,gods are bes\ght to cleanse f evil1 s91 & pollution4 ,?is m>ks a diff]5t attitude f t ( ! ,nakatomi no ,oho-h>ahi1 :]e !y are m]ely a "p ( ! ma*9]y ( purification4 ,invocation by ! ,h]$it>y ,corporation ( ,s*ol>s ( ,yamato & ,kaha*i4--,?is norito 7,no4 #aa ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 0 read previ\s to ! p]=mance ( ! ,oho-h>ahi4 ,! two corporations nam$ 7 desc5dants1 or1 at lea/1 successors ( ! ,korean s*ol>s :o 9 ! fif? c5tury introduc$ ,*9ese le>n+ into ,japan4 ,! language1 ?\ght1 & s5tim5t ( ?is norito are ,*9ese4 ,! ,sun1 ,moon 7n ,hirume & ,tsukiyomi7 & />s1 ! ,high ,emp]or ( ,supreme ,heav5 7,%angti71 ! five ,emp]ors ( ! five c>d9al po9ts1 ! ,k+-fa!r ( ! ,ea/1 ! ,k+-"m ( ! ,we/1 ! f\r influ5ces ( ! f\r seasons1 & o!r ,*9ese div9ities are invok$ to grant prosp]ity to ! ,mikado4 ,an (f]+ 0 made ( a silv] man 9 ord] t calamity might be av]t$ f him1 & ( a gold5 sword s t 8 reign might be l5g!n$4 ,! sword1 really ( wood gilt1 0 call$ ! h>ahi-tsu-ta*i1 or sword ( purification1 & 0 brea!d ^u by ! ,mikado be=e be+ tak5 away4 ,! silv] man 0 also = use z an aga-mono1 or ransom-object4 ,mi*i-ahe no ,matsuri4--,! object ( ?is c]emony 0 to invoke ! aid ( ! ,sahe no ,kami 9 prev5t+ evil spirits1 t is to say1 pe/il5ces1 f ent]+ ,kioto4#bgd ,! norito 7,no4 #ac ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 read on ?is occasion is z foll[s3-- ,i humbly decl>e 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,sovran ,gods ^: functions fir/ began 9 ! ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 :5 !y fulfill$ ! praises#bge ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild by gu>d+ ! great eight-road-=ks l a multitud9\s assemblage ( rocks4#bgf ,nam+ y\r hon\r$ names1 to wit1 ,ya*imata-hiko1 ,ya*imata-hime1 & ,kunado1 ,i fulfil y\r praises4 ,:5ev] f ! ,root-c\ntry ! ,bottom-c\ntry !re may come savage & unfri5dly be+s1 consort n & p>ley n ) !m1 b if !y g bel[1 keep wat* bel[1 if !y g above1 keep wat* above1 protect+ u aga9/ pollution ) a night gu>d+ & ) a day gu>d+4 ,! (f]+s ,i furni% 9 y\r hon\r are bright clo?1 %9+ clo?1 s(t clo?1 & r\gh clo?4 ,( sake ,i raise up ! tops ( ! j>s & fill & range 9 ord] ! bellies ( ! j>s4 ,gra9 9 juice & 9 e> ,i (f] y4 ,( ?+s t dwell 9 ! m\nta9s & on ! moors ,i (f] ! s(t ( hair & ! co>se ( hair4 ,( ?+s t dwell 9 ! blue sea-pla91 ! broad ( f9 & ! n>r[ ( f91 ev5 to ! we$s ( ! (f+ & ! we$s ( ! %ore4 ,peacefully p>tak+ ( ^! pl5te\s (f]+s1 :i* ,i lay be=e y 9 full measure l a cross range ( hills1 hold gu>d on ! highways l a multitud9\s assemblage ( rocks1 pres]v+ f pollution ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild firmly & endur+ly1 & bless 8 reign to be a prosp]\s reign4 ,also be pleas$ peacefully to pres]ve f pollution ! ,imp]ial ,pr9ces1 ! ,pr9ces1 ! ,m9i/]s ( ,/ate1 & all ! function>ies1 includ+1 moreov]1 ! p ( ! ,"u-,heav54 ,i1 z (ficial ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,religion1 humbly fulfil y\r praises by ?is cele/ial1 ?is great pron\ncem5t4 ,! (f]+s includ$ hides ( ox51 bo>1 de]1 & be>1 9 addition to ^? above enum]at$4 ,sagi-*4--,?is is a mod]n c]emony1 :i* 0 also int5d$ to repel evil influ5ces4 ,! ,wakan-,sansai-dzuye 7#agac7 gives ! foll[+ description ( x z practis$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,palace3-- ,on ! fifte5? day ( ! fir/ mon?#bgg gre5 bamboos are burnt 9 ! c\rty>d ( ! ,seiryd51 & happy reports#bgh s5t up to ,heav5 !re)4 ,on ! eighte5? also bamboos are dress$ up ) fans atta*$ to !m1 :i* are burnt at ! same place4 ,!re is a read] ( spells call$ ,daikoku ,matsudaiyu1 :o has f\r foll[]s1 two old m5 & two old wom54 ,^! we> devil-masks & 'r$-be>' wigs4 ,! two old wom5 c>ry drums1 & ! two old m5 run aft] !m try+ to beat ! drums4 ,!re are two boys )\t masks1 b ) 'r$-be>' wigs1 :o beat d\ble cymbals4 ,moreov]1 !re are five m5 9 dress ( c]emony :o /& 9 a r[ & jo9 9 ) cries ( 'dondoya1' :ile "o co/um$ some:at diff]5tly calls out ',ha6' ,! ,wakan ,sansai does n "k ! orig9 ( ?is c]emony1 :i* is said to expel demons4 ,!re is a simil> ,*9ese practice1 ?\gh on a diff]5t date1 namely1 ! fir/ day ( ! ye>4 ,its object is said to be to drive away m\nta9 elves4 ,mikado matsuri4--,?is c]emony 0 9 hon\r ( two ,gate ,gods nam$ ,ku%i-iha-mado 7wondr\s-rock-gate7 & ,toyo-iha-mado 7ri*-rock-gate74#bgi ,! ,y5gi%iki conta9s a norito 7,no4 #i7 9 :i* _! praises are fulfill$1 because !y prev5t ! entrance to ! ,palace ( noxi\s ?+s & ex]cise a sup]9t5d5ce ov] ! p]sons :o come 9 & g out4 ,tsu9a or ,oni-y>ahi1 t is to say1 demon expell+1 is a sort ( drama 9 :i* disease1 or m g5]ally ill-luck1 is p]sonifi$1 & driv5 away ) ?reats & a %[ ( viol5ce4 ,l ! ,oho-h>ahi1 x 0 p]=m$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4 ,?is association is only natural4 ,! demons ( ! tsu9a are p]sonifi$ w9try influ5ces1 ) ! diseases :i* !y br+ ) !m1 :ile ! ,oho-h>ahi is int5d$ to cleanse ! p f s9 & uncleanness1 ?+s closely relat$ to disease1 z well z f disease itself4 ,?\gh probably ( ,*9ese orig91 ! tsu9a is a tol]ably anci5t rite4 ,x is allud$ to 9 ! ,nihongi "u ! date ,a4,d4 #fhi4 ,x 0 at "o "t p]=m$ at ,c\rt on an impos+ scale4 ,f\r b&s ( tw5ty y\?s1 ea* we>+ a f\r-ey$ mask1 & ea* c>ry+ a halb]d 9 ! left h&1 m>*$ simultane\sly f ! f\r gates ( ! ,palace1 driv+ ! devils be=e !m4 ,ano!r acc\nt ( ?is c]emony says t a man disguis$ himself z ! demon ( pe/il5ce1 9 :i* g>b he 0 %ot at & driv5 (f by ! c\rti]s arm$ ) pea*-wood b[s & arr[s ( re$4 7,see illu/ration1 p4 #caj47 ,pea*-wood /aves 7 us$ = ! same purpose4 ,!re 0 =m]ly a practice at ,asa-kusa 9 ,tokio on ! la/ day ( ! ye> = a man got up z a devil to be *as$ r\nd ! pagoda !re by ano!r we>+ a mask4 ,aft] ?is #c1jjj tickets 7 scrambl$ = by ! spectators4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ away & pa/$ up ov] ! doors z a *>m aga9/ pe/il5ce4 ,at ! pres5t day1 ! popul> =m ( tsu9a consi/s 9 scatt]+ p>*$ beans ) ! cry1 ,oni ha soto3 fuku ha u*i1 t is1 ,out ) ! devils & 9 ) ! luck4 ,! =m] phrase is utt]$ 9 a l\d voice1 ! latt] 9 a l[ tone4 ,?is (fice %\ld prop]ly be dis*>g$ by ! head ( ! family1 b x is frequ5tly delegat$ to a s]vant4 ,! p]=m] is call$ ! to%i-otoko1 or ye>-man4 ,9 ! ,%gun's palace a specially appo9t$ to%i-otoko spr9kl$ p>*$ beans 9 all ! pr9cipal rooms4 ,^! beans 7 pick$ up by ! wom5 ( ! palace1 :o wrapp$ !m 9 pap] 9 numb] equal to ! ye>s ( _! age1 & !n flung !m backw>ds out ( doors4 ,sometimes tsu9a beans 7 ga!r$ by p :o _h rea*$ an unlucky ye> 7yaku-to%i71 "o = ea* ye> ( _! age & "o ov]1 & wrapp$ 9 pap] ) a small copp] co91 :i* _h be5 rubb$ ov] _! body to transf] ! ill-luck4 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 a bamboo tube & flung away at crossroads4 ,?is 0 call$ yaku-sute 7fl++ away ill-luck74 ,o!r p pass "u sev5 tori-wi z an antidote4 ,! significance ( ! pea* & bean 9 ?is c]emony has be5 already expla9$4#bhj ,! vulg> notion is t ! beans hit ! devils 9 ! eye & bl9d !m4 ,a m philosophical !ory is t ! beans dispel ! 9-aku no ki1 or female evil influ5ces1 & welcome 9 ! sei-y1 gre5 male influ5ces4 ,by ! female influ5ces are "h meant w9try influ5ces2 by male influ5ces ^? ( spr+4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 9 ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' iii4 #fg1 second edition1 gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ano!r ,japanese =m ( ?is cu/om4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! tsu9a is only a special =m ( a _w-wide c]emony4 ,we may comp>e ) x ! ,roman ,lemuria1 a fe/ival = ! s\ls ( ! dead1 9 :i* ! celebrators ?rew black beans n9e times beh9d _! backs1 believ+ by ?is c]emony to secure !mselves aga9/ ! ,lemures4 ,"s ( my read]s may h witness$ ! ,scot* ,hogmanay1 :5 ! h\se is ?rice circumambulat$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye> 9 ord] to fright5 away devils4 ,9 ,lady ,burton's life ( h] husb& %e tells u t at ,trie/e on ,/4 ,sylve/]'s ,eve1 ! s]vants w5t ?r\gh a v usual c]emony ( =m+ procession & *evy+ ! evil spirits ) /icks & brooms out ( ! h\se1 invit+ ! good spirits & good luck to come & dwell !re4 ,?is is curi\sly l ! ,japanese =mula j quot$4 ,at ,*ronea1 9 ,botia1 ! *ief magi/rate at ! t[n hall & e h\sehold] 9 8 own h\se1 z we le>n f ,plut>*1 _h on a c]ta9 day to beat a slave ) rods ( agnus ca/us1 & turn him out ( doors1 ) ! =mula1 ,out hung]6 9 heal? & weal?4 ,! expulsion ( w9t] ( ,teutonic & ,slavonic folklore belongs to ! same class ( cu/oms4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! ,japanese ,new ,ye> 0 lat] ?an our own1 & 0 recogniz$ z ! beg9n+ ( spr+4 ,i mu/ n quote fur!r f ! ext5sive lit]ature ( ?is subject4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' second edition1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ci et seqq41 = a ri* collection ( evid5ce relat+ to x4 ,new ,ye> 9 ,mod]n ,japan4--,al?\gh mo/ ( ! ,new ,ye>'s obs]vances 9 mod]n ,japan belong to ! prov9ce ( popul> magic r ?an ( ,%9to1 "s g5]al acc\nt ( !m may n be out ( place "h4 ,! prep>ations beg9 on ! ?irte5? day ( ! la/ mon?1 :i* is !re=e call$ koto-hajime 7beg9n+ ( ?+s74 ,on ?is day p eat okotojiru1 a k9d ( /ew1 ^: +r$i5ts are g5]ally r$ beans1 potatoes1 mu%rooms1 slic$ fi%1 & a root call$ konnyaku4 ,pres5ts ( money are made to s]vants at ?is "t4 ,ab\t ! same date !re is a p>tly real1 p>tly c]emonial h\se-clean+ call$ susu-h>ahi 7soot-sweep+74 ,! o!r prep>ations = ! ,new ,ye> consi/ 9 decorat+ ! front entrance by plant+ at ea* side ( x small fir-trees1 ) :i* bamboos are frequ5tly jo9$4 ,bo? ( ^! symbolize an ev]-gre5 prosp]ity4 ,a %im5aha is hung ov] ! door or gate1 atta*$ to :i* are f]n leaves1 & yudzuri-ha 7,daphniphyllum macropodum7 ) daidai 7a k9d ( bitt] orange74 ,daidai also means ages1 g5]ations1 s t ?is is a sort ( punn+ pray] = long life & ! cont9uance ( ! family4 ,! prawn1 :i* =ms "p ( ! decorations1 is suppos$ by its curv$ back to sugge/ old age4 ,sometimes holly leaves1 ( :i* ! prickles are ?\ght1 z 9 ,europe1 obnoxi\s to demons1 bean pods1 & a head ( a salt s>d9e 7iha%i7 are add$4 ,on ! dome/ic %r9e is plac$ an (f]+ ( unleav5$ cakes ( glut9\s p\nd$ rice1 ! prep>ation ( :i* is a matt] = mu* fun & excitem5t4 ,^! cakes are call$ kagami-mo*i1 or mirror-cakes1 on acc\nt ( _! %ape1 :i* is t ( a flatt5$ sph]e4 ,!re are two ( !m4 ,"o is said to repres5t ! sun1 ! y1 or male pr9ciple ( ,*9ese philosophy1 ! p>5t & ! husb&1 :ile ! o!r is put = ! moon1 ! female pr9ciple1 ! *ild & ! wife4 ,! kagami-mo*i is also call$ ! ha-gatame mo*i 7too?-h>d5+ cake7 because x =tifies ! con/itution4 ,! explanation giv5 is t ! ,*9ese "* = ha1 too?1 also means age4 ,! tsu9a on ! la/ day ( ! ye> is describ$ above4 ,! fir/ act ( ! ,new ,ye> is = ! to%i-otoko to proce$ at dawn to ! well or /ream :5ce ! h\sehold wat] is suppli$4 ,he ?r[s into x a small (f]+ ( rice1 & draws wat] 9 a new pail cr[n$ ) %ime-naha4 ,to dr9k ?is wat]1 call$ waka-midzu or "y wat]1 br+s luck & exemption f disease dur+ ! ye>4 ,on ,new ,ye>'s day zni1 a /ew ( v>i\s k9ds ( vegetables is eat5 & a spic$ sake call$ toso is drunk & (f]$ to visitors4 ,no "w is done4 ,visits are ex*ang$ betwe5 fri5ds1 & =mal calls made on sup]iors4 ,! phrase ,%9n5 o m$et goz>imasu 7,new ,ye>'s congratulations to y7 is 9 ev]ybody's m\?4 ,! ujigami are visit$ & also ! ,%9to temples :i* lie 9 ! direction 7eh7 indicat$ by ! cyclic "n ( ! ye>4 ,?us ! ye> ( ! ,h>e is associat$ ) ! ,ea/4 ,! ,gods :o preside ov] ?is p>ticul> ye> are call$ ! ,to%i-toku-j9 7ye>-virtue-,gods74 ,9 "s places a lamp1 consi/+ ( a co>se e>!nw>e sauc] ) a wick1 is light$ at ! ,new ,ye> 9 hon\r ( ! ,god ( ! ,privy4 ,sick p at ?is "t ?r[ away _! /ock+s or draw]s on a frequ5t$ road1 & if any "o picks !m up !y expect to recov]4 ,samurai boys receive pres5ts ( hamayumi 7devil-quell+ b[s74 ,! sev5? ( ! fir/ mon? is call$ ,nanakusa1 or sev5 h]bs1 because 9 anci5t times p w5t out into ! c\ntry to ga!r wild pot-h]bs :i* 7 made into a mess ) rice & eat5 on ?is day4 ,! ,new ,ye>'s celebrations end ) ! ,sahe no ,kami fe/ival 7n[ call$ dondo or sagi*7 on ! f\rte5? or fifte5? ( ! fir/ mon?1 :5 ! decorations above describ$ are made ! mat]ial = a bonfire4#bha ,tat>i-gami wo utsu%i-tatematsuru norito 7s]vice = ! respectful removal ( deities :o s5d a curse74--,?is norito 7,no4 #be7 is long1 b x conta9s no?+ wor?y ( special notice4 ,! mis*iev\s deities are rem9d$ ( ! div9e "r ( ! ,mikado1 & ( ! quell+ by ,futsunu%i & ,takemika-dzu*i ( ! evil be+s :o plagu$ ,japan be=e ! desc5t ( ,n9igi4 ,(f]+s ( clo?1 a mirror1 jewels1 b[s & arr[s1 swords1 a horse1 sake1 rice 9 e> & 9 gra91 & v>i\s k9ds ( fle% & vegetables1 are set be=e !m1 ) ! reque/ t !y %\ld retire to enjoy ^! good ?+s 9 "s pure spot among ! hills & /reams & rema9 !re1 r ?an "w curses & viol5ce 9 ! ,palace4 ,x is to be di/+ui%$ f ! ,mi*iahe ritual1 :i* 0 address$ to ! ,protective ,road-deities 9 ord] to keep (f pe/il5ce4 ,! pres5t =mula is a direct appeal to ! evil deities !mselves4 ,x is n q cle> :o !y 74 ,p]haps all possibly h>mful ,gods 7 meant to be includ$4 ,c]emony :5 ,envoys 7 despat*$ to ,=eign ,c\ntries4--,on su* occasions ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ) ! phallic ,*iburi no ,kami1 or ,road-,gods1 7 wor%ipp$ outside ! city1 ! envoys tak+ "p 9 ! c]emony & read+ a norito4 ,! wood-,gods & m\nta9-,gods 7 wor%ipp$ be=e cutt+ ! timb] = build+ _! %ip4 ,! ,y5gi%iki pres]ves a norito 7,no4 #bf7 us$ on "o ( ^! occasions4 ,x is address$ to ! ,sea-,gods ( ,sumiyo%i1 & pres5ts ?ank-(f]+s to !m = provid+ a h>b\r !re m conv5i5t = ! envoys to sail f ?an a m di/ant port 9 ,h>ima4 ,ho-%idzume no ,matsuri 7fire-calm+-s]vice74--,?is c]emony 0 p]=m$ on ! la/ days ( ! six? & twelf? mon?s by ! ,urabe1 or div9]s1 at ! f\r out] corn]s ( ! ,imp]ial ,palace1 9 ord] to prev5t its de/ruction by fire4 ,! ,urabe k9dl$ a fire by means ( ! fire-drill & wor%ipp$ x4 ,! foll[+ norito 7,no4 #ab7 0 read on ! occasion3-- ,i humbly decl>e accord+ to ! cele/ial ! great pron\ncem5t 7norito7 deliv]$ to ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild by 8 ,sovran1 de>1 div9e ance/or & ance/ress :5 !y grant$ to him ! ,"u-,heav51 comm&+ him to rule tranquilly z a peaceful realm ! fair ,rice-e>-l& ( ! ,ri*-re$-pla91 z foll[s3 ',! two ,gods ,izanagi & ,izanami1 hav+ become unit$ z husb& & wife1 procreat$ ! eighty c\ntries & ! eighty isl&s & gave bir? to ! eight hundr$ myriads ( deities4 ,:5 ,izanami's la/ son1 ! ,god ,homusubi 7fire-gr[?71 0 born h] pud5da 7 burnt & %e became rock-conceal$4#bhb ,%e said1 ,= nights sev5 & = days sev5 look n on me1 oh my husb&4 ,b be=e ! sev5 days 7 fulfill$1 ,izanagi1 wond]+ at h] concealm5t1 view$ h]1 & behold1 h] pud5da _h be5 burnt 9 giv+ bir? to ! ,fire4#bhc ,oh1 my hon\r$ husb&1 said ,izanami1 ?\ ha/ insult$ me by look+ on me despite my hav+ bes\ght !e to refra9 f do+ s at su* a "t4 ,!re=e ?\ mu/ gov]n ! upp] _w & ,i ! l[] _w4 ,s say+1 %e 0 rock-conceal$4 ,:5 %e _h rea*$ ! ,ev5 ,pass ( ,yomi1 %e be?\ght h]self3 ,i gave bir? to1 & left beh9d me 9 ! upp] _w rul$ by my hon\r$ husb&1 an evil-he>t$ *ild4 ,s %e w5t back & gave bir? to o!r *ildr51 namely1 ! ,god ( ,wat]1 ! ,g\rd1 ! ,riv]-we$1 & ! ,clay-m\nta9-lady1 f\r k9ds 9 all4 ,moreov]1 %e taught him1 say+1 ,:5 ! temp] ( ?is evil-he>t$ *ild becomes viol5t1 d ?\ assuage x ) ! ,wat]-,god1 ! ,g\rd1 ! ,riv]-we$1 & ! ,clay-m\nta9-lady4 ',!re=e d ,i fulfil ?y praises z foll[s3 ,to ! end t ?\ maye/ deign to control ?y transports aga9/ ! ,palace ( ! ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 ,i (f] !e bright clo?1 %9+ clo?1 smoo? clo?1 & r\gh clo?1 ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,( ?+s :i* dwell 9 ! blue sea-pla91 ,i (f] ! broad ( f9 & ! n>r[ ( f91 ev5 unto ! we$s ( ! (f+ & ! we$s ( ! %ore4 ,( sake1 ,i raise up ! tops ( ! j>s1 & fill & range 9 ord] ! bellies ( ! j>s4 ,nor d ,i omit rice1 clean$ & 9 ! husk4 ,heap+ up ^! ?+s l a cross-range ( hills1 ,i fulfil ?y praises accord+ to ! ,cele/ial1 ! ,great pron\ncem5t4' ,x w be obs]v$ t ! tone ( ?is norito is n p>ticul>ly rev]5t4 ,x reads m l an (f] to pay blackmail ?an a pray]4 ,! phraseology implies t ! ,mikado is ! ,god's sup]ior4 ,& surely !re is a malici\s hum\r 9 ! rem9d] t ! ,god 0 a bad boy1 to provide ! means = ^: control & *a/isem5t 8 "m came back expressly f ,hades4 ,kasuga no ,matsuri4--,?is s]vice is comp>atively mod]n1 hav+ be5 fir/ us$ 9 #hei4 ,x is 9 hon\r ( ! ,gods wor%ipp$ at ,kasuga1 ne> ,n>a1 namely1 ,take-mika-dzu*i1 ,futsunu%i1 ,koyane1 & a ,goddess :o is suppos$ to be ! wife ( ! la/-nam$ deity4 ,x 0 celebrat$ twice annually by a prie/ess despat*$ f ,kito to ,n>a = ! purpose4 ,i take f ,sir ,erne/ ,sat['s ',anci5t ,japanese ,rituals' 9 ! ,t4,a4,s4,j4 ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! c]emonies us$ on ?is occasion4 ,!y may s]ve z an example ( ! elaborate ritual ( ,%9to at ?is p]iod1 & to illu/rate ! intimate association ( gov]nm5t ) religion4 ,be=e ! celebration ( ! s]vice1 ord]s 7 giv5 to ! ,div9ation ,(fice to fix a day1 h\r1 & locality = a purification 7h>ahi7 to be p]=m$4 ,on ! day prec$+ ! purification a sort ( t5t 0 erect$ ne> ! riv] 7i4e41 ! ,kamogaha at ,kito71 & at ! h\r appo9t$ ! prie/ess :o _h be5 select$ = ! occasion proce$$ to ! place ( purification 9 a bullock-c>4 ,! procession 0 magnific5t1 & 0 ord]$ ) extreme precision4 ,x consi/$ ( ne>ly "o hundr$ & =ty p]sons1 besides port]s4 ,fir/ w5t two municipal m5-at-arms1 foll[$ by two citiz5s & eight (ficials ( rank4 ,!y 7 succe$$ by ! bailiff ( ! prie/ess's (ficial resid5ce ) f\r att5dants1 aft] :om came t5 corporals ( ! ,gu>d ( ! ,palace ,gates1 & a few m5 f ! o!r f\r ,imp]ial ,gu>ds4 ,next came ! c> ( ! prie/ess h]self1 ) eight att5dants 9 br[n hemp5 mantles1 two "y boys 9 br[n1 & f\r runn+ foot pages 9 :ite dresses ) purple skirts4 ,a silk umbrella & a huge long-h&l$ fan 7 borne on ei!r side ( ! c> by f\r m5 9 sc>let coats4 ,t5 m s]vants complet$ h] imm$iate ret9ue4 ,!n came a *e/ full ( sacrificial ut5sils1 & two c>riages conta9+ a lady1 :o seems to h act$ z a sort ( du5na to ! prie/ess1 & ! ,mikado's mess5g]s1 surr\nd$ by att5dants 9 numb] suit$ to _! rank4 ,close beh9d !m 7 borne two *e/s full ( food-(f]+s1 & f\r conta9+ gifts f ! ,mikado int5d$ = ^? memb]s ( ! ,fujih>a family :o att5d$ on ! occasion4 ,sev5 c>riages c>ri$ ! female s]vants ( ! prie/ess1 ea* ( !m be+ a lady ( rank1 & !re=e accompani$ by half-a-doz5 foll[]s ( bo? sexes4 ,two high (ficials ( ! prov9cial gov]nm5t ( ,yama%iro await$ ! procession at a conv5i5t po9t1 & conduct$ x to ! spot *os5 = ! c]emony ( purification4 ,a memb] ( ! ,nakatomi tribe pres5t$ ! nusa1 consi/+ ( a :ite w& ) hemp-fibre hang+ f its upp] end1 ! symbol ( ! primitive (f]+s ( great] value1 & a div9] read ! purification ritual4 ,aft] ! c]emony 0 ov]1 refre%m5ts 7 s]v$ out1 & ! ,mikado's gifts di/ribut$4 ,! prie/ess !n return$ to h] (ficial resid5ce4 ,on h] j\rney to ! temple ( ,kasuga1 ! prie/ess 0 prec$$ by v>i\s prie/s1 div9]s1 musicians1 cooks1 & o!r function>ies ( inf]ior grade1 :o set out "o day e>li] 9 ! *>ge ( an (fic] ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,religion4 ,at ! b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce ( ,yamato %e 0 receiv$ by (fic]s ( ! ,prov9cial ,gov]nm5t1 :o accompani$ h] to ! tempor>y build+ erect$ = h] accommodation on ! bank ( ! ,saho-gaha4 ,dur+ ! day ! rite ( purification 0 p]=m$ on ! we/]n side ( ! temple1 & ! (f]+s plac$ 9 read9ess = ! f9al c]emony4 ,at dawn on ! foll[+ day (ficials ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,religion sup]9t5d$ ! clean+ ( ! %r9e by a "y girl 7mono imi7 :o _h be5 c>efully gu>d$ = "s "t previ\s f contract+ any c]emonial uncleanness1 :ile o!r (ficials decorat$ ! build+s & set out ! sacr$ treasures close to ! %r9es & by ! side ( ! arcade r\nd ! inn]mo/ enclosure4 ,ev]y?+ be+ n[ 9 read9ess1 ! high (fic]s ( ,/ate :o _h come d[n f ! capital = ! s]vice ent]$ by ! gate assign$ to !m1 & took _! seats 9 ! out] c\rt1 foll[$ by memb]s ( ! ,fujih>a family ( ! six? rank & "u4 ,! prie/ess n[ arriv$ 9 a palanqu91 ) a num]\s ret9ue ( local function>ies1 infantry & cavalry soldi]s1 & foll[$ by port]s c>ry+ ! (f]+s ( ! ,mikado1 8 consort1 ! heir-app>5t1 & ( ! prie/ess h]self4 ,next came race-horses s5t by ! ,mikado's consort1 by ! heir-app>5t1 & f ! ,six ,gu>ds ( ! ,palace1 ! re> ( ! procession be+ br\ght up by a cr[d ( less] (ficials & m5-at-arms4 ,! palanqu9 ( ! prie/ess 0 surr\nd$ by a l>ge body ( gu>ds1 tor*-be>]s1 & runn+ pages1 umbrella & scre5-be>]s1 & wom5 & girls on horseback4 ,aft] !m came ! *e/ ( sacrificial vessels1 a numb] ( s]vants1 ?ree *e/s full ( food-(f]+s1 six *e/s ( clo?+ = ! ,gods1 ) c>riages conta9+ "s ( ! ,mikado's female att5dants1 ! prie/ess's du5na1 & "s "y girls4 ,on arriv+ at ! nor? gate1 on ! we/ side ( ! temple enclosure1 ! m5 got (f _! horses & ! wom5 desc5d$ f _! c>riages4 ,! prie/ess !n alight$ f h] palanqu91 & pass+ betwe5 curta9s held by h] att5dants 9 su* a way z to r5d] h] invisible to ! cr[d1 ent]$ ! wait+-room prep>$ = h] inside ! c\rty>d1 foll[$ by ! wom5 ( ! ,mikado's h\sehold4 ,! ,mikado's (f]+s 7 n[ br\ght =w>d by ! ,keep] ( ! ,privy ,purse & laid on a table outside ! gate1 :ile ! wom5 ( ! ,h\sehold ent]$ ! inn] enclosure1 & took _! places 9 read9ess to inspect ! (f]+s4 ,9 a few m9utes !y 7 jo9$ by ! prie/ess1 :o _h *ang$ h] travell+ dress = sacrificial robes4 ,! ,keep] ( ! ,privy ,purse n[ br\ght ! ,mikado's pres5ts 9 ?r\gh ! gate1 & plac+ !m on a table 9 front ( ! midzu-gaki1 or inn] f5ce1 salut$ ! *apels by clapp+ 8 h&s f\r times1 alt]nately /&+ upright & b[+ d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,on 8 retir+1 ! same c]emony 0 p]=m$ by ! p]sons *>g$ ) ! (f]+s ( ! ,mikado's consort & heir-app>5t1 aft] :i* ! (f]+s ( ! ,fujih>a & o!r noble families 7 deposit$ on l[] tables1 ) simil> c]emonies4 ,! k&omo1 or subord9ate (ficials ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,religion1 next c>ri$ up ! ,mikado's (f]+s & deliv]$ !m to ! mono-imi1 :o c>ri$ !m into ! *apel4 ,! k&omo !n spread matt+ on ! gr\nd 9 front ( ea* ( ! f\r *apels1 & memb]s ( ! ,fujih>a clan#bhd :o held a suffici5tly high rank c>ri$ 9 & arrang$ ! tables de/9$ to receive ! food-(f]+s4 ,two b>rels ( sake 7 !n br\ght 9 & plac$ betwe5 ! fir/ & second & ?ird & f\r? *apels1 9 a l9e ) ! tables1 a j> ( sake brew$ by ! prie/s be+ also plac$ 9 front ( ea* *apel4 ,?is ov]1 e "o quitt$ ! enclosure1 mak+ way = ! wom5 ( ! ,h\sehold1 :o uncov]$ ! food-(f]+s & p\r$ out two cups ( sake = ea* deity4 ,! liquor appe>s to h be5 ( ! turbid sort call$ nigori-zake4 ,all ! prep>ations be+ ?us complete1 ! high (fic]s ( ,/ate & ! mess5g]s s5t by ! ,c\rt ent]$ ! enclosure & took _! seats4 ,f\r saddle-horses int5d$ z (f]+s to ! ,gods & eight race-horses 7 n[ l$ up 9 front ( ! temple1 prec$$ by a major-g5]al ( ! ,gu>ds & a ,ma/] ( ! ,horse4 ,a sup]ior prie/1 ) 8 br[s b\nd ) a fillet ( pap] mulb]ry fibre 7yufu-kadzura7 !n advanc$ & read ! ritual1 b[$ twice1 clapp$ 8 h&s f\r times1 & retir$4 ,! congregation aft]w>ds )drew to ! refectory1 :]e ! food-(f]+s 7 consum$ by ! p>ticipants 9 ! solemn act ( wor%ip1 & ! sansai1 or ?anksgiv+ s]vice1 0 conduct$ by ! k&omo ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,religion4 ,! sacr$ horses 7 !n l$ eight times r\nd ! temple by ! grooms ( ! ,mikado's /ables1 :o receiv$ a draught ( consecrat$ sake z _! rew>d4 ,! g5]al ( ! body-gu>d next direct$ "s ( 8 m5 to p]=m ! dance call$ ,adzuma-mahi1 & :5 !y _h f9i%$ a meal ( rice 0 s]v$ to !m ) mu* c]emony by ! ,mikado's cooks4 ,at ! comm& ( ! ,vice-,m9i/] ( ,religion1 ! h>pi/s & flute-play]s 7 summon$ to p]=m a piece ( music1 call$ mi koto fuwe ahase 7! conc]t ( h>p & flute72 ! flutes play$ a %ort movem5t alone1 & 7 !n jo9$ by ! h>ps1 :]eupon ! s+]s /ruck 94 ,an (fic] ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,religion sang ! fir/ few b>s1 & ! (ficial s+]s f9i%$ ! piece4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by "o ( ! dances call$ ,yamato-mahi1 p]=m$ 9 turn by ! pr9cipal prie/s ( ! temple1 by memb]s ( ! ,fujih>a family & by ! ,vice-,m9i/] ( ,religion himself4 ,aft] ! sake-cup _h be5 pass$ r\nd ?ree times1 ! company clapp$ _! h&s once & sep>at$4 ,!n ev]ybody adj\rn$ to ! race-c\rse1 & ! day 0 w\nd up ) gallop+ mat*es4 ,! norito 7,no4 #b ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 read on ?is occasion has be5 translat$ by ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[4 ,x is ( m9or int]e/4 ,hirose ,oho-imi no ,matsuri 7s]vice 9 hon\r ( ! ,food-,goddess ( ,hirose74--,! norito ( ?is c]emony 7,no4 #c ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 ann\nces (f]+s to ! ,food-,goddess & makes promise ( m if good h>ve/s are grant$ by h]4 ,! ,gods ( ! rav9es :i* supply wat] = irrigat+ ! ,cr[n-f>ms are jo9$ ) h] 9 ?is s]vice4 ,sir ,e4 ,sat[ has translat$ ?is norito4 ,x conta9s no?+ ( special int]e/4 ,tatsuta kaze no kami no ,matsuri 7s]vice ( ! ,w9d-,gods at ,tatsuta74--,! norito 7,no4 #d ( ! ,y5gi%iki7 ( ?is s]vice has be5 translat$ by ,sir ,e4 ,sat[4 ,x conta9s a leg5d :i* pr(esses to acc\nt = its fir/ in/itution & = ! f\nd+ ( ! %r9e at :i* x 0 celebrat$4 ,= sev]al ye>s 9 succession viol5t /orms _h de/roy$ ! crops4 ,! div9]s hav+ 9 va9 endeav\r$ to discov] ! cause ( ?is calamity1 ! ,w9d-,gods reveal$ !mselves to ! ,mikado 9 a dream & propos$ to him a b>ga91 namely1 t if he built !m a %r9e1 & made !m c]ta9 (f]+s1 !y w\ld 9 future bless & rip5 ! gra9 & vegetables4 ,! gold5 ?read-box1 gold5 %uttle1 & gold5 reel enum]at$ 9 ?is norito z (f]+s to ! ,goddess 7 9 reality ( pa9t$ wood1 "o ( ! num]\s cases ( *eap] sub/itutes 9 ,%9to ritual4 ,! ,nihongi m5tions v frequ5t embassies f ! ,mikado to ?is %r9e 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,pr9ces 7 select$ = ! (fice ( envoy4 ,9 addition to ! above1 ! ,y5gi%iki has brief m5tion ( c]emonies = calm+ ! ro>+ ( ! kit*5-furnace1 calm+ 7or propitiat+87 ! ,god ( ,wat]1 ! ,augu/ ,abid+-place 7( ! ,mikado71 ! ,e>?-,pr9ce1 ! site ( a new palace1 9 hon\r ( ! kit*5-furnace1 ( ! augu/ well 7su* z t f :i* wat] 0 tak5 = ! ,ohonihe c]emony71 ( ! bir?-well 7f :i* wat] 0 drawn = wa%+ a new-born pr9ce71 ( ! wat] ( a privy1 & a c]emony p]=m$ :5 ! ,mikado w5t out f ! ,palace4 ,! same "w conta9s s*$ules ( (f]+s to v>i\s local deities1 ( :om we "k little or no?+4 ,m rec5t norito4--,9 addition to ! old norito ( ! ,y5gi%iki1 a good numb] h come d[n to u ( m rec5t date1 *iefly f ! n9? c5tury4 ,we f9d among !m = ! fir/ "t norito address$ to deceas$ ,mikados1 a practice :i* 01 no d\bt1 introduc$ f ,*9a4 ,i give ! sub/ance ( "s select$ examples4#bhe ,!y exhibit num]\s traits ( ,*9ese orig94 ,a4,d4 #gcc4 ,! protection ( ! ,sea-,gods ( ,sum9oye 0 invok$ = %ips sail+ to ,*9a4 #hje4 ,! wra? ( ! ,god ( ,iso no kami 0 deprecat$4 ,he 0 suppos$ to h s5t an illness ^u ! ,mikado because 8 div9e treasures _h be5 remov$ = conv5i5ce to a place ne>] ! capital4 #hbe4 ,envoys 7 s5t to ! tomb ( a deceas$ ,mikado to promise t x %\ld be remov$ else:]e ! ,urabe hav+ discov]$ t he 0 dissatisfi$ ) its site4 #hbg4 ,! ,sun-,goddess 0 bes\ght to /ay a pe/il5ce1 & a memb] ( ! ,imp]ial family promis$ h] z prie/ess4 #hbg4 ,! div9]s hav+ attribut$ ! ,mikado's illness to ! cutt+ d[n ( ! trees ( ! %r9e ( ,in>i1 envoys 7 s5t to recite a norito ask+ = p>don1 & t he %\ld be re/or$ to heal?4 #hcf4 ,degrees ( rank 7 conf]r$ on ,futsunu%i 7l[] ?ird71 ,mikatsu*i 7upp] second71 & ,koyane 7upp] ?ird71 ) ! l[] f\r? rank = ! ,himegami 7lady-deity74 ,pray] 0 made t ! envoys %\ld h a safe j\rney4 #hci4 ,trees on ! ,empress ,j+'s tomb hav+ be5 cut d[n1 ! ,mikado fe>$ t a dr\ght might be ! consequ5ce1 & s5t envoys to deprecate h] wra?4 #hdj4 ,! ,mikado be+ affect$ by an evil influ5ce 7mono no ke71 ! div9]s attribut$ x to a curse f ! ,great ,ab/95ce 7oho-imi7 deity ( ,deha4#bhf ,at ! same "t envoys to ,*9a 7 ca/ away among s\!rn savages4 ,! savages 7 _m & !y 7 few1 b by ! help ( "s ,god1 !y _h ! victory ov] !m4 ,a report 0 receiv$ f ,deha t on ! same date a noise ( fight+ 0 he>d 9 ! cl\ds ( ! ,great ,god & a ra9 ( missile /ones fell4 ,! ,mikado 9 a norito express$ 8 gratitude & wond] at ! f>-rea*+ p[] ( ! ,god1 & conf]r$ on him ! l[] f\r? rank ) two h\seholds ( peasants to s]ve him4 #hda4 ,! ,mikados ,jimmu & ,j+ 7 pray$ to = ra91 & apology made = previ\s neglect4 #hej4 ,! ,mikado ,mondoku ann\nc$ to 8 pr$ecessor 8 accession to ! ?rone 9 ! foll[+ norito1 :i* 0 read at 8 tomb by a high (ficial commission$ = ! purpose3-- ,i humbly make repres5tation3 ',he ! ,mikado ) pr(\nd rev]5ce decl>es--) respect be x spok5--to ,y\r ,sovran ,maje/y4 ,9 accordance ) ! comm&s bequea!d by ,y\r ,maje/y ! ,c\rt nobles repeat$ly bes\ght him to take ov] ! cele/ial succession1 b z ! date ( 8 pr$ecessor's dea? 0 /ill fre% & 8 he>t di/ract$ by grief1 he twice & ?ree times humbly decl>$ 8 inability to acc$e to ?is reque/4 ,b :5 !y /rongly insi/$1 say+ t x 0 ! wi% ( ,y\r ,maje/y1 he felt t he ought n to indulge 8 own incl9ation4 ,aft] consid]+ ! matt] 9 all its be>+s1 he !re=e purifi$ ! ,great ,abid+ place1 & rev]5tly assum$ ! cele/ial succession1 :i* he n[ ) rev]5ce ann\nces to ,y\r ,maje/y 8 int5tion to ma9ta94' ,fur!rmore he says1 ) pr(\nde/ rev]5ce1 ',t he hopes ,y\r 7) respect be x spok57 ,sovran ,maje/y w deign to be/[ on him y\r graci\s lov+ fav\r1 s t he may cont9ue peacefully to ma9ta9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! cele/ial succession z long z ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ! ,sun & ,moon endure4' #hej4 ,! ,w9d-,gods ( ,tatsuta 7 ?ank$ = _! protection1 aw>d$ ! l[] fif? rank1 & begg$ to cont9ue _! gu>dian%ip4 #hej4 ,! ,mikado ,jimmu 0 pray$ to on behalf ( ! reign+ ,mikado1 :o 0 dang]\sly ill4 #hea4 ,floods hav+ be5 caus$ by pollution1 pray] 0 made = f9e wea!r to ! ,gods ( ,ise1 ,kamo1 ,matsu no wo1 & ,otokuni4 #heg4 ,! ,mikado ,mondoku despat*$ envoys to all ! fam\s %r9es to ann\nce ! *ange ( ! ye>-"n 7n5g7 to ,t5an 7cele/ial tranquillity7 :i* _h be5 made 9 consequ5ce ( ! good om5s ( trees ^: bran*es _h gr[n toge!r & ( ! appe>ance ( a :ite de]4 ,he s5t (f]+s ) pray]s = abundance & immunity f /orms & floods4 ,he fur!r petition$ ! ,gods to gu>d him by day & by night & to grant him a long reign4 #hfd4 ,envoys 7 s5t to ,yahata 7,ha*iman7 ,daibo-satsu#bhg 9 ,buz5 to give ?anks = pres]vation f calamity4 ,b z a boil+ ( ! ,lake ( ,aso 7a volcano 9 ,kiu%iu7 0 held by ! div9]s to port5d w> & pe/il5ce1 & num]\s o!r port5ts occurr$1 a lucky day _h be5 *os5 & (f]+s 7:i* w\ld h be5 s5t soon] only = pollution7 made4 #hff4 ,envoys 7 s5t to all ! ,gods ( ,nankaido ask+ _! protection aga9/ rebellion1 = a good h>ve/ c41 & apologiz+ = a delay caus$ by pollution4 #hff4 ,an envoy 0 s5t to ,iha%imidzu ) an (f]+ ( %ields1 spe>s1 & saddles to ! ,god ,ha*iman ,bosatsu4 ,x is expla9$ t ( ?ree saddles two only h be5 s5t2 ! ?ird is to be despat*$ by a lat] opportunity4 ,he is ask$ to gu>d ! ,mikado by day & by night & to wat* ov] ! affairs ( ! ,empire4 #hff4 ,a fire hav+ de/roy$ "o ( ! gates ( ! ,palace1 ! div9]s said t x port5d$ sickness to ! ,imp]ial p]son ) disa/]s by conflagration & battle4 ,aft] "s delay1 caus$ by v>i\s pollutions1 ! ,mikado s5t an envoy to ! %r9e ( ! ,sun-,goddess at ,ise ) pray] to av]t ^! calamities1 & m especially to s5d d[n a sweet ra9 on ! l& :i* 0 !n suff]+ f dr\ght4 #hfh4 ,envoys 7 s5t to ,hirota & ,ikuta pray+ ! ,gods ( ^! places t e>?quake %ocks attribut$ to !m %\ld cease4 ,a pat5t ( rank 0 s5t to !m1 & !y 7 bes\ght to bless ! ,mikado & ! c\ntry4 ,?anks 7 also giv5 = a good h>ve/4 #hgd4 ,in>i 0 rais$ 9 rank & pray$ to = _m bless+s1 ( :i* "s d n app>5tly belong to ! prov9ce ( a ,rice-,god4 ,= an acc\nt ( ,%9to fe/ivals at ! pres5t day1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9's ',?+s ,japanese' or ,capt4 ,br9kley's ',japan & ,*9a' may be consult$4 ,_! ne>e/ c\nt]p>t is ! c>nival ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! ,*9jiu ,matsuri1 or annual fe/ival ( ! local patron deity1 is ev]y:]e a great ev5t1 ) processions1 dramatic p]=mances1 wre/l+1 fireworks1 races1 new clo!s = ! *ildr51 c4 ,,footnotes3 #bai ,un rite e/ un assemblage de symboles gr\ps aut\r d'une ide religieuse ou d'un acte religieux1 de/9 en rehauss] le c>actre sol5nel ou bi5 en dvelopp] le s5s4--,reville1 ',prolegomnes4' #bbj ,see ,index1 ,yufu4 #bba ,h we "h "o ( ^? human repres5tatives ( ! gra9 s famili> to u 9 ,european folk-lore8 ,see ,mr4 ,fraz]'s ',gold5 ,b\gh4' #bbb ,see ,index = ^! deities4 #bbc ,no4 #ad ( ! ,y5gi%iki4 #bbd ,! ,mikado4 #bbe ,see above1 p4 #bee4 #bbf ,sir ,erne/ ,sat[ says t sleep+ 9 a h\se be+ reg>d$ z ! sign ( own]%ip1 a pill[ 7makura7 is (t5 plac$ 9 ! %r9e z a symbol ( ! ,god's pres5ce4 #bbg ,t is1 we>+ ! g>b ( a prie/ :o makes (f]+s4 #bbh ,probably ! same z ,ame no hohi1 f :om ! ,miyakko claim$ desc5t4 #bbi ,! same z ! ,miyakko4 #bcj ,ohonamo*i4 #bca ,t is1 to surr5d] ! civil jurisdiction4 #bcb ,x is to be und]/ood t aft] he _h en%r9$ 8 nigi-tama1 or g5tle _s1 9 ,yamato1 ,ohonamo*i himself1 or p]haps 8 aratama1 or r\gh _s1 retir$ to ,idzumo4 #bcc ,expla9$ to mean 9 ! dis*>ge ( my m$iatory function4 #bcd ,= a m detail$ discussion ( ?is ritual1 see ,sir ,e4 ,sat[ 9 ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 vol4 ix4 pt4 ii4 p4 #ahc4 #bce ,see above1 p4 #bgj4 #bcf ,! ,nakatomi4 #bcg ,see ,index = ^! two deities4 #bch ,see ,index4 #bci ,^! are names ( places4 ,! ,gods seem to h _h no o!rs4 #bdj ,^! are names ( m\nta9s4 #bda ,n9igi4 ,bel[ ! same t]m means ! ,mikado4 #bdb ,! anci5t ,japanese h\ses _h _! timb]s la%$ toge!r ) ropes4 #bdc ,! translation is d\btful4 #bdd ,see above1 p4 #afg4 #bde ,male & female att5dants4 #bdf ,^! t]ms are (t5 us$ z synonym\s ) ! regalia1 ( :i* ! ,sun-mirror 0 ! *ief4 #bdg ,! inc5se is ,buddhi/4 #bdh ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,dr4 ,flor5z's exhau/ive monograph on ?is rite 9 vol4 xxvii4 ( ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j4 #bdi ,*4 ,k41 p4 #bcj4 #bej ,see ,index1 sub voce4 #bea ,see ,mr4 ,bat*elor 9 ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 xxiv4 #df4 #beb ,x w be rememb]$ t x 0 on an occasion ( ?is k9d t ,agamemnon ord]$ an ,oho-h>ahi to be p]=m$3-- 444 1 ',iliad1' ,i4 #cac4 #bec ,see ,index4 #bed ,he is ! (ficiat+ ,nakatomi1 speak+ on behalf ( ! ,mikado4 #bee ,usually said to be ,taka-musubi1 ,kamu-musubi1 & ! ,sun-,goddess4 #bef ,n9igi4 #beg ,poetical expressions = ,japan4 #beh ,t is1 ra94 #bei ,s[+ wild oats 0 "o ( ! misde$s ( ,loki1 ! ,sc&9avian mis*ief-,god4 ,comp>e also ,mat!w xiii4 #bd3 ,! k+dom ( ,heav5 is lik5$ unto a man t s[$ good se$ 9 8 field3 b :ile m5 slept1 8 enemy came & s[$ t>es also among ! :eat4 ,see above1 p4 #ig4 #bfj ,motori says t ?is is ) ! malici\s int5tion ( injur+ ! feet ( ! own] ( ! gr\nd4 ,i pref] ! explanation sugge/$ by ! ,%iki1 an anci5t comm5t>y on ! ,nihongi4 ,x says3 ,plant+ rods 7or skew]s7 9 ! rice-fields ) words ( incantation is call$ 'skew]-plant+4' ,! object is ! de/ruction ( any "o :o %\ld wrongly claim t field4 ,! pres5t cu/om ( plant+ skew]s 9 a field ^: own]%ip is disput$ is probably a survival ( ?is4 ,ku%i1 or skew]1 is ! ^w us$ = ! w& to :i* (f]+s are atta*$4 ,see ,flor5z's ',anci5t ,japanese ,rituals' 9 ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 p4 #cb4 #bfa ,! native comm5tators po9t out t ! ,heav5ly ,(f5ces are s call$ because !y 7 fir/ committ$ by ,susa no wo 9 ,heav54 ,?is passage ( ! norito 0 !re=e sugge/$ by ! my?4 7,see above1 p4 #hc47 ,! object ( ! my?-mak]1 h[ev]1 0 simply to enhance ! dramatic quality ( 8 /ory by attribut+ to ! boi/]\s ,ra9-/orm ,god misde$s ^: odi\s "* w\ld =cibly /rike 8 audi5ce1 a nation ( agriculturi/s4 ,9 ! norito ! fur!r /ep is tak5 ( recogniz+ ! same acts1 committ$ on e>?1 z (f5ces n only aga9/ m51 b z s9s be=e ! ,gods4 ,he may h argu$ t ! ,sun-,goddess has a t5d] c>e = ! rice-fields ( h] belov$ race ( m5 z well z = h] own1 & t any int]f]5ce ) !m is !re=e hateful to h]4 ,! skew]-plant+ above m5tion$ po9ts to a /ill e>li] attempt to br+ agriculture "u religi\s protection4 ,!re is no sub/antial basis = ! di/9ction betwe5 ,heav5ly & ,e>?ly (f5ces4 ,! au?or's real object 9 mak+ x 0 no d\bt rhetorical4 ,he wi%$ to break up ! long li/ ( (f5ces into two balanc$ s5t5ces1 aft] a fa%ion common 9 ,japanese poetry & poetical prose composition4 ,i suspect t ! flay+ alive & flay+ backw>ds 7 magical practices ( ! same class z ! wit*craft condemn$ j bel[4 ,! flay+ 0 object$ to1 n = its cruelty1 b on acc\nt ( ! malici\s use to :i* ! sk9s s procur$ 7 put4 ,see ,index1 ,inugami4 #bfb ,a disease :i* has n be5 cle>ly id5tifi$4 ,dr4 ,flor5z r5d]s afflict$ ) excresc5ces4 #bfc ,especially be+ /ruck by lightn+4 #bfd ,ano!r r5d]+ is kill+ animals by bewit*m5ts4 ,! ,*9ese "* us$ implies t x is = an evil purpose4 #bfe ,dr4 ,flor5z1 foll[+ ,motori1 r5d]s & deposit ^u !m 9 abundance ! purification (f]+s4 ,! "* ( ^! (f]+s is indicat$ by a passage 9 ! ,nihongi 7,a4,d4 #fgf73 ,! ,mikado comm&$1 say+3 ',let a ,great ,purification 7,oho-h>ahi7 be held 9 all qu>t]s4 ,! articles ne$$ = ?is purpose are to be =w>d$ to ! %r9es ( purification by ! gov]nors ( ea* prov9ce1 to wit1 "o horse & "o piece ( clo?4 ,! o!r ?+s are to be suppli$ by ! gov]nors ( di/ricts1 namely1 ea* "o sword1 "o de]sk91 "o mattock1 "o small] sword1 "o sickle1 "o set ( arr[s1 & "o %eaf ( rice 9 ! e>4 ,fur!r1 let ea* h\se provide a bundle ( hemp4' ,?is ,oho-h>ahi 0 d\btless celebrat$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! appe>ance ( a comet at ?is "t4 ,on ano!r occasion 7#fha7 ea* local gov]nor suppli$ a slave z a purification (f]+4 ,9 lat] times ! ,h>ahi-tsu-mono1 or purification (f]+s1 7 furni%$ by ! c5tral ,gov]nm5t4 #bff ,! mean+ ( ?is clause is d\btful4 ,! object seems to be to provide a bru% = bru%+ away 7h>ahi7 (f5ces4 ,sir ,e4 ,sat[ says1 ) reg>d to a diff]5t c]emony3 ,! high prie/ waves be=e ! company a sort ( broom made ( grass1 to symbolize ! sweep+ away ( _! (f5ces4 #bfg ,9 lat] times x 0 ?\ght1 )\t suffici5t reason1 t ! ritual words "h spok5 ( 7 a special =m ( incantation di/9ct f ! norito itself4 #bfh ,see above1 p4 #bfa4 #bfi ,yomi or ,hades4 #bgj ,swift-bani%m5t-lady4 #bga ,a horse 0 "o ( ! expiatory (f]+s4 ,x seems "h to typify ! att5tive attitude ( ! audi5ce1 or p]haps ( ! deities conc]n$4 #bgb ,h>ahi-z>e4 ,!re is "s confusion "h betwe5 ! (f5ces & ! expiatory (f]+s4 ,! h>ahi-tsu-mono 7 !n tak5 away & ?r[n into "s conv5i5t riv]4 ,i suspect1 h[ev]1 t mo/ ( !m 7 n ?r[n away1 b w5t to provide a fund = ! exp5ses ( ! c]emony4 ,x is n cle> :at became ( ! horse or ( ! slaves4 ,! h>ahi-tsu-mono 7 n gifts to any p>ticul> ,gods1 b r1 l ! scape-goat ( ! ,mosaic law1 vehicles by :i* ! transgressions ( ! p 7 convey$ away4 ,b x is bett] n to put ?is too sweep+ly4 ,!re is reason to ?9k t by "s !y 7 ?\ght to be (f]+s to ,se-ori-tsu-hime & ! o!r deities m5tion$4 ,at ! pres5t day !y consi/ ( a few pieces ( clo?4 #bgc ,see ',notes ( "s ,m9or ,japanese ,religi\s ,practices1' by ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la91 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,may1 #ahic1 & ,sir ,e4 ,sat['s ',visit to ! ,%r9es ( ,ise1' ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 #ahgd4 #bgd ,see above1 p4 #ahg4 #bge ,t is1 did hon\r to4 #bgf ,^! deities 7 wor%ipp$ at cross-roads1 & 7 call$ ! eight-cross-road deities4 #bgg ,! date ( "o ,sahe no ,kami fe/ival4 #bgh ,writt5 on pap] & ?r[n into ! flames4 #bgi ,see above1 p4 #afh4 #bhj ,see above1 pp4 #ahi1 #aij4 #bha ,see above1 p4 #cac4 #bhb ,t is1 di$4 #bhc ,:at 0 ! ,god ( ,fire 9 ! previ\s s5t5ce is "h simply ,fire4 #bhd ,a bran* ( ! ,nakatomi1 :o claim$ desc5t f ,koyane1 "o ( ! f\r ,gods wor%ipp$4 #bhe ,f a mod]n collection entitl$ ,norito ,bunrei4 #bhf ,9 ! nor? ( ,japan4 #bhg ,a ,buddhi/ title4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,magic1 ,,div9ation1 ,,inspiration4 ,! read] w f9d few traces ( normal religi\s developm5t 9 ! practices to be describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,! pa?ological elem5t is decid$ly pr$om9ant4 ,magic4--,! old] view ( magic is t ( ,pr(4 ,zimm]n1 :o def9es x z ! attempt on man's "p to influ5ce1 p]suade1 or compel spiritual be+s to comply ) c]ta9 reque/s or dem&s4 ,) ?is ! view ( ! mod]n ,japanese lexicograph] ,yamada1 :o calls magic 79 ,japanese maj9ahi7 ! keep+ (f ( calamity by ! aid ( ! sup]natural p[] ( ,kami & ,buddhas1 is 9 sub/antial agreem5t4 ,pr(4 ,zimm]n's def9ition is op5 to sev]al objections4 ,x is too wide1 z x w\ld include pray] & sacrifice2 x assumes t all ! s5ti5t be+s appeal$ to are spiritual1 & x excludes ! num]\s cases ( magic 9 :i* ,gods & spirits are 9 no wise conc]n$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible to leave out ( consid]ation ! la/-m5tion$ class ( magic1 ?\gh x might be conv5i5t to di/+ui% x by a diff]5t "n1 z *>ms4 ,sir ,alfr$ ,lyall & ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz] h %[n t magic ( ?is k9d has prec$$ religion1 & t x is 9 pr9ciple ! same z sci5ce1 al?\gh bas$ on wrong premises4 ,magic & ,m$ic9e4--,magic is ! ba/>d bro!r ( m$ic9e4 ,! two arts are associat$ 9 _m c\ntries4 ,hirata says t 9 ,*9a m$ic9e _h its orig9 9 magic4 ,9 ,japan1 9 ,ktoku's reign 7#fde-fed71 we f9d ,/ate dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e & ( magic organiz$ on a simil> foot+4 ,a ,nihongi my? /ates t mank9d owes bo? arts to ! tea*+ ( ! ,gods ,ohonamo*i & ,sukunabikona4 ,evid5tly ! my? by :i* ^! in/itutions are ref]r$ to a div9e orig9 is ( lat] gr[? ?an ! in/itutions !mselves4 ,! same is pla9ly ! case ) ! deification ( ! phallic emblems us$ to repel disease1#bhh & ) ! v>i\s magical appliances describ$ on p4 #aif4 ,! object ( ! my?-mak] 9 ^! cases 0 to l5d a religi\s sanction to :at 0 9 its orig9 a non-religi\s magical proc$ure4 ,! same pr9ciple might be copi\sly illu/rat$ f non-,japanese s\rces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are cases 9 :i* a practice bas$ on religion has its orig9al "* oblit]at$1 s t x might easily be mi/ak5 = a *>m ( no religi\s import4 ,bak9 on ,magic4--,i h be=e me a collection ( vulg> magical practices 7maj9ahi7 made e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury by ! fam\s noveli/ ,bak94#bhi ,x illu/rates ! confusion1 ev5 ) highly educat$ m51 betwe5 sci5ce & magic on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 non-religi\s & religi\s magic on ! o!r4 ,a good _m ( ,bak9's s-call$ maj9ahi turn out to be m]ely recipes1 su* z h[ to remove oil /a9s f books by an application ( lime2 to cure co/iv5ess 9 f[ls by doses ( saltpetre2 to kill ! p>asites ( gold-fi% by means ( a prep>ation ( human excrem5t2 to keep away bookworms by expos+ ! books 9 ! sun3 ,if a pot-tree )]s 9 ! middle & seems likely to die1 take x out1 %ake ! e>? f its roots1 & expose x to ! sun = "o day4 ,!n /eep its roots 9 a dra9 = "o night4 ,:5 replant$ x w ?rive4 ,! scrap+s ( a copp] ladle mix$ ) fi% w cure disease 9 cats4 ,we approa* true magic m ne>ly 9 ! foll[+3 ,:5 /ung by a wasp1 take up a pebble :i* is half sunk 9 ! gr\nd1 turn x ov]1 & replace x1 :5 ! pa9 w at once leave y4 ,! cure ( illness f eat+ poison\s fi% by swall[+ ! a%es ( an old almanac seems also to belong r to magic ?an to m$ic9e4 ,!re are traces ( a religi\s elem5t 9 ! foll[+3 ,to cure too?a*e1 apply to ! too? ! a%es ( a s>d9e :i* has be5 set up ov] ! door on ! la/ day ( ! ye>4#bij ,ano!r plan is3 ,inscribe on a slip ( wood c]ta9 incantations 7giv57 9 ! ord9>y ,*9ese "*1 9 ! seal "*1 & 9 ,sanskrit4 ,beside ! inscription make two circles4 ,if ! too?a*e is 9 ! upp] jaw1 knock a new nail ) a purifi$ hamm] into ! upp] circle2 if 9 ! l[] jaw1 into ! l[] circle4 ,if ! pa9 does n g away1 cont9ue knock+ ! nail ) ! hamm]4 ,! slip ( wood %\ld be aft]w>ds ?r[n away into a /ream4#bia ,bak9 tri$ ?is plan & f\nd x effectual4 ,he attributes 8 immunity f conflagration to 8 respect = fire4 ,he always avoid$ /amp+ x out ) 8 foot1 & enjo9s on 8 desc5dants to foll[ 8 example4 ,if ! ma/] ( a h\se be=e go+ to b$ goes r\nd call+ out1 ,be c>eful ( fire3 fa/5 well ! doors1 ! _s 7( 8 words7 w fill ! h\se1 & x w be pres]v$ aga9/ fire & robb]y4 ,on ! la/ night ( ! ye>1 & on o!r fe/ival occasions1 wat] %\ld be drawn f ! well at sunset1 plac$ 9 a clean vessel1 & (f]$ )\t a drop be+ spill$ to ! ,god ( ! kit*5 furnace4 ,x %\ld be return$ to ! well ! next morn+4 ,?is w prev5t dang] ( fire4 ,a ,korean book ( h\sehold recipes conta9s1 along ) in/ructions = mak+ cakes1 spic$ w9e1 c41 su* magical1 b non-religi\s devices z ! foll[+3 ,to make a runaway slave come back ( 8 own accord4 ,take a g>m5t :i* he has worn & put x d[n ! well1 or hang "s ( 8 hair on a :eel & turn x r\nd4 ,he w !n n "k :]e to g & w come back to y4 ,imitative or ,sympa!tic ,magic4--,^! ,korean examples illu/rate ! pr9ciple ( imitative or sympa!tic magic ?us describ$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]#bib3-- ,manifold z are ! applications ( ?is crude philosophy--= a philosophy x is z well z an art--! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* x is bas$ w\ld seem to be r$ucible to two2 fir/1 t l produces l1 or t an effect resembles its cause2 & second1 t ?+s :i* h once be5 9 contact1 b h ceas$ to be s1 cont9ue to act on ea* o!r z if ! contact /ill p]si/$4 ,f ! fir/ ( ^! pr9ciples ! savage inf]s t he c produce any desir$ effect m]ely by imitat+ x2 f ! second he concludes t he c influ5ce at pleasure & at any di/ance any p]son ( :om1 or any?+ ( :i*1 he possesses a p>ticle4 ,magic ( ! latt] sort1 re/+ z x does on ! belief 9 a c]ta9 secret sympa?y :i* unites indissolubly ?+s t h once be5 connect$ ) ea* o!r1 may appropriately be t]m$ sympa!tic 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! t]m4 ,magic ( ! =m] k9d1 9 :i* ! suppos$ cause resembles or simulates ! suppos$ effect1 may conv5i5tly be describ$ z imitative or mimetic4 ,! sympa!tic or imitative pr9ciple is n v conspicu\s 9 ! in/ances ( vulg> 7t is1 non-pr(essional7 magic quot$ by ,bak94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 illu/rat$ by o!r ,japanese cu/oms4 ,!re is a r\nd /one 9 a %r9e 9 ,sagami :i* br+s ra9 :5 wat] is p\r$ ov] x4 ,! /one is suppos$ to be ! %9tai ( an ,aburi no ,kami 7ra9-fall-,god71 to :om ! %r9e is d$icat$4 ,"h we h a comb9ation ( religion ) magic4#bic ,:i/l+ 9 ord] to raise ! w9d#bid is a purely non-religi\s piece ( imitative magic1 b 9 ! ,nihongi my? x is associat$ ) religion by be+ repres5t$ z taught by a ,god4 ,we %\ld probably reg>d z a =m ( sympa!tic magic ! mod]n practice ( dev\t visitors to ! %r9e ( ,t5j91 ne> ,kito1 :o1 9 ord] to obta9 relief f _! ailm5ts1 rub ! correspond+ "p ( a bronze bull :i* /&s be=e ! %r9e4 ,a *>act]i/ic example ( non-religi\s imitative magic is ! cu/om ( kas$ori4 ,:5 a m>riage is unfruitful1 ! old wom5 ( ! neighb\rhood come to ! h\se & g ?r\gh ! =m ( deliv]+ ! wife ( a *ild4 ,! infant is repres5t$ by a doll4 ,! date select$ = ?is c]emony is n immat]ial4 ,x is t ( ! fe/ival ( ,sahe no kami4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 gives x a quasi-religi\s flav\r4 ,to ?is class we may also ref] ! ,new ,ye>'s practice ( go+ to sleep ) a picture ( a boat "u ! pill[4 ,if lucky dreams foll[ an an*or is pa9t$ to x1 if unlucky dreams a sail4 ,! ,nihongi#bie records a case 9 :i* a woman took e>? f ,m\nt ,kako 9 ,yamato1 :i* %e wrapp$ 9 h] neck]*ief & pray$1 say+3 ',?is e>? repres5ts ! c\ntry ( ,yamato4' ,!n %e turn$ x upside d[n4 ,! common wit*craft ( ill-treat+ a figure ( ! int5d$ victim 9 ord] to make him suff] 9 a correspond+ mann] is well kn[n 9 ,japan4 ,! ,nihongi 7,a4,d4 #ehg7 speaks ( a rebelli\s ,m9i/] prep>+ figures ( ! ,heir to ! ,?rone & loa?+ !m4 ,dr4 ,griffis#bif gives ! foll[+ description ( a magical c]emony p]=m$ by a woman 9 rev5ge = h] lov]'s des]tion ( h]3-- ,at two o'clock 9 ! morn+ %e proce$s to ! %r9e ( h] patron-,god1 usually ! ,ujigami4 ,sometimes %e we>s a cr[n1 made ( an iron tripod rev]s$1 on :i* burn ?ree c&les4 ,9 h] left h& %e c>ries a /raw effigy ( h] victim2 9 h] "r %e grasps a hamm]4 ,on h] bosom is susp5d$ a mirror4 ,rea*+ ! sacr$ tree be=e ! %r9e1 %e impales ! effigy ^u x ) nails1 adjur+ ! ,gods to save _! tree1 impute ! guilt ( desecration to ! traitor1 & visit him ) _! deadly v5geance4 ,! visit is repeat$ nightly until ! object ( h] sorc]y sick5s & dies4 ,at ,sabae1 be=e a %r9e ( ,kompira1 /ood a p9e tree ab\t a foot ?ick1 pl5tifully /udd$ ) su* nails4#big ,! possession by ! op]ator ( ! hair or nails ( 8 victim adds greatly to ! pot5cy ( 8 devices4 ,h5ce !y are c>efully kept by ! prop] own]s & ?r[n away toge!r 9 ! twelf? mon?4 ,ano!r =m ( wit*craft is repres5t$ by ! lat] cu/om ( ,inu-gami 7dog-deity7 ?us describ$ by ,motori3 ,a hungry dog is ti$ up 9 sight ( food :i* he is n all[$ to eat4 ,:5 8 desire is ke5e/1 8 head is cut (f & at once flies to seize ! food4 ,?is head is put into a vessel & wor%ipp$4 ,a s]p5t or a weasel w d z well4 ,x con/itutes a mighty *>m1 :i* evid5tly owes its p[] to ! ke5ness ( ! animal's suff]+s4#bih ,! ,fzoku ,gwaho tells a /ory :i* 0 probably inv5t$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is cu/om4 ,an old woman buri$ h] pet dog1 leav+ only ! head above gr\nd4 ,!n %e cut him ab\t ) a bamboo saw1 say+1 ',if ?\ ha/ a s\l1 kill su* a "o1 & ,i w make !e a ,god4' ,! man really did die aft]w>ds 9 /range fa%ion4 ,f t "t ! dog-deity dwelt 9 ! old woman's h\se & wr\ght _m wond]ful curses4 ,9 ,tosa ea* village has sev]al ,inugami-mo*i 7dog-deity-own]s74 ,!y are %unn$ by _! neighb\rs4 ,a mat*mak]'s v fir/ inquiry is :e!r !re is su* a p]son 9 ! family4 ,leprosy is ! next subject ( 8 que/ions1 sudd5 dea? 7suppos$ to be h]$it>y71 ri*es or pov]ty1 wisdom or fooli%ness1 are ( subsidi>y importance4 ,! same idea ( a mat]ializ$ emotion is illu/rat$ by a practice common ne> ,yamagu*i4 ,9 ord] to drive away c]ta9 de/ructive insects f ! rice-fields a /raw figure1 made to resemble a cavalry soldi]1 is l$ r\nd 9 /ately procession1 & f9ally flung into ! sea4 ,?is figure repres5ts ! lead] ( "s fugitives f a battle :o hid 9 ^! fields1 b 7 pursu$ & sla9 !re4 ,! noxi\s insects are _! mat]ializ$ res5tm5t at ?is fate4 ,! pr9ciples ( sympa!tic & imitative magic1 s copi\sly illu/rat$ 9 ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' are n applicable to all magical proc$ures4 ,_m defy specific explanation1 & are possibly ! result ( "s *ance association ( ideas no long] traceable1 or ( a mi/ak5 empiricism4 ,po/ hoc1 ergo propt] hoc is responsible = mu* t is call$ magic4 ,! description ( magic 9 ,ha/+s's ',diction>y ( ! ,bible' z a means ( b9d+ sup]human p[]s1 ei!r to re/ra9 !m f injur+ oneself1 or to con/ra9 !m to injure o!rs & put !m "u a spell1 or to reveal :at to mortal man 0 unkn[n1 sc>cely applies at all to ,japanese magic4 ,i h n met ) any m5tion 9 ! old] lit]ature ( pacts ) demons or ! co]cion ( spirits4 ,! ,symbol 9 ,magic4--,9 ,japan1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 magic makes great use ( ! ,symbol1 ! ,talisman1 & ! ,=mula1 spok5 or writt54 ,?is seems to dep5d on ! m g5]al notion t ?+s :i* are associat$ 9 ?\ght mu/ h also a direct physical influ5ce on ea* o!r1 ( :i* a famili> example among ourselves is ! objection to receive a knife z a pres5t1 because x might cut ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ! giv] & receiv]4 ,possibly ?is association ( ! subjective ) ! objective 79 ,dr4 ,tylor's words mi/ak+ an ideal = a real connexion7#bii 0 9 ,hirata's m9d :5 he us$ ! some:at cryptic phrase1 ,magic 7maj9ahi1 or magic1 means etymologically mixture7 is s call$ because x mixes ! _s 7tama7 ( t :i* is "h ) ! body ( t :i* is !re4 ,we h se5#cjj t ! phallus1 z a symbol ( robu/ animal life1 0 us$ to exorcise evil ?+s1 :e!r demons or diseases4 ,ro(-tiles impress$ ) a symbol 7bubbles7 :i* is indicative ( wat]1 are us$ at ! pres5t day z a *>m to protect h\ses f fire4 ,! deification ( ! g\rd1 ! clay & ! wat]-plant1 no d\bt1 po9ts to a previ\s magical use z prev5tives ( conflagration4 ,rice1 p]haps z a repres5tative ( ! kteis1 is us$ = sev]al magical purposes4 ,9 "o ( ! ,fudoki1 unhull$ rice is scatt]$ broadca/ by ,tsu*igumo1#cja to disp]se a /range d>kness :i* turn$ day into night4 ,! ,talisman4--,:5 ! mean+ ( ! symbol is altoge!r oblit]at$ or unkn[n1 we h ! ,talisman4 ,x is n cle> :at 0 meant by ! tide-ebb+ & tide-fl[+ jewels giv5 by ! ,sea-,god to ,hohodemi1#cjb or ev5 t !y _h any mean+ at all4 ,a sort ( sc>f 7hire7 0 mu* us$ z a talisman4 ,9 ! ,kojiki we are told ( a sc>f1 :i*1 :5 wav$ ?rice1 quiet$ snakes4 ,ano!r k9d gave protection aga9/ wasps & c5tip$es4#cjc ,! ,nihongi has ! foll[+ acc\nt ( magical practices1 sugge/$ app>5tly by "s acqua9tance ) ! art ( acupuncture3-- ,summ]1 #d? mon?1 #a/ day4 ,! ,kory /ud5t-prie/s said t _! fell[-/ud5t ,kura-tsukuri no ,toku%i _h made fri5ds ) a tig]1 & _h le>nt f him 8 arts1 su* z to make a b>r5 m\nta9 *ange into a gre5 m\nta91 or to cause yell[ e>? to become cle> wat]1 & all mann] ( wond]ful arts too _m to enum]ate4 ,moreov]1 ! tig] be/[$ on him 8 ne$le1 say+3 ',be wat*ful6 be wat*ful1 & let no "o "k6 ,treat$ ) ?is1 !re is no disease :i* may n be cur$4' ,truly1 z ! tig] _h said1 !re 0 no disease :i* 0 n cur$ :5 treat$ by x4 ,toku%i always kept ! ne$le conceal$ 9 a pill>4 ,aft]w>ds ! tig] broke ! pill> & ran away1 tak+ ! ne$le ) him4 ,%ak+ or j+l+ talismans or o!r objects is suppos$ to h a magical virtue4 ,izanagi %akes ! jewels :i* he takes f 8 neck to be/[ on ! ,sun-,goddess4 ,! ,sun-,goddess & ,susa no wo %ook ! jewels f :i* _! *ildr5 7 produc$4 ,%ak+ a numb] ( talismans 0 "p ( ! c]emony ( ,mitama furi%iki1 above describ$4#cjd ,"p ( ! outfit ( a di/rict wise-woman or sorc]ess 9 rec5t times 0 a small b[1 call$ adzusa-yumi1 by twang+ :i* %e c\ld call f ! va/y deep ! spirits ( ! dead1 or ev5 summon deities to h] behe/s4 ,ano!r small b[1 call$ ha-ma-yumi 7break-demon-b[7 is giv5 to boys at ! ,new ,ye>4 ,i conjecture t bo? ( ^! _h some?+ to d ) ! b[s us$ 9 ! c]emony ( tsu9a describ$ above4 ,ano!r magical appliance = ! re/ra9t ( demoniac or evil influ5ces is ! %ime-naha1 or close-rope4 ,x is made ( rice-/raw pluck$ up by ! roots1 ! ends be+ all[$ to dangle d[n at regul> int]vals4 ,a rope ( ?is k9d 0 us$ to prev5t ! ,sun-,goddess f return+ into ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav54 ,at ! pres5t day x is hung 9 front ( %r9es1 & at ! ,new ,ye> be=e ord9>y dwell+s4 ,sacr$ trees are girt ) x1 or x may be susp5d$ across a road to prev5t ! passage ( evil spirits4 ,"s p we> %ime-naha on _! p]son4 ,! tw9 rocks at ,ise1 betwe5 :i* !re is a view ( ,fuji & ! ris+ sun1 are connect$ by an imm5se %ime-naha1 ) :i* a leg5d is associat$ to ! effect t ,susa no wo1 9 return = hospitality1 taught 8 ho/ h[ to keep out ! ,god ( ,pe/il5ce by /ret*+ su* a rope across ! door4 ,! %ime-naha is sometimes call$ ,hi no mi tsuna 7sun-augu/-rope74 ,! %ime-naha is ! c\nt]p>t ( ! consecrat$ rope :i* 9 ,siam is fa/5$ on ! la/ day ( ! ye> r\nd ! city walls to prev5t ! bani%$ demons f return+4 ,g>lic has ! same p[] ov] evil spirits 9 ,japan t x has 9 ,europe4 ,! ,=mula 9 ,magic4--,! magic p[] ( set =ms ( spee*1 q di/9ct f any mean+ :i* !y may possess1 is well illu/rat$ by ! use ( ! num]als f "o to t5 z a magic =mula = ! cure ( disease4 ,b 9 ! in/ructions ( ! ,sea-,god to ,hohodemi to return ! lo/ fi%-hook to 8 bro!r ) ! words1 ,a hook ( pov]ty1 a hook ( ru91 a hook ( d[nfall1 ! prop] mean+ ( ! words is reta9$1 ?\gh !y are evid5tly suppos$ to be accompani$ by "s my/]i\s pot5cy1 indep5d5t ( x4 ,beyond ! circum/ance t !y 7 taught by ,gods1 ^! incantations d n seem to h _h any religi\s "*4 ,nor1 :5 a judge#cje is ab\t to execute "s crim9als by ca/+ !m into ! fire1 & uses ! *>m1 ,n by my h&s are !y ca/1 is !re app>5tly any ,god invok$4 ,! words !mselves av]t any evil result4 ,!re is no h9t ( a religi\s orig9 9 ! passage ( ! ,nihongi :i* /ates t ! fir/ ,mikado1 ,jimmu1 inv5t$ magical =mul = ! dissipation ( evil influ5ces4 ,( c\rse1 !re are _m =mul ( ?is k9d :i* /& on a diff]5t foot+4 ,:51 at ! pres5t day1 a ,japanese calls out ,kuhab>a6 ,kuhab>a6 7mulb]ry-grove7 dur+ a ?und]/orm1 x is no d\bt ) ! idea ( sugge/+ to ! ,?und]-,god t ! place is a mulb]ry grove1 :i*1 x is believ$1 is nev] /ruck by lightn+4 ,*>ms (t5 consi/ ( a ticket ) ! "n ( ! ,god 7usually ! ubusuna7 & a /atem5t t ! be>] is "u 8 protection4 ,magic & ,%9to4--,! treatm5t ( magic by ,%9to is n uni=m4 ,we h se5 t x l5ds its sanction to "s practices ( ?is k9d by affirm+ t !y 7 taught or practis$ by ,gods1 or by deify+ ! objects us$ 9 !m4 ,b !re are o!rs :i* x condemns1 includ+ !m 9 ! (f5ces aga9/ ! ,gods enum]at$ 9 ! ,oho-h>ahi4#cjf ,x is1 h[ev]1 = _! malici\s purpose t !y are reprobat$4 ,!re is no trace 9 ! old records ( any scepticism z to _! efficacy4 ,a sci5tific k suffici5t to ar\se d\bts ( ! p[] ( magic did n !n exi/1 & w\ld h be5 equally fatal to mu* 9 ,%9to itself4 ,ev5 9 mod]n times su* highly educat$ m5 z ,bak9 & ,hirata _h an implicit belief 9 ! efficacy ( ?is art4 ,! latt] compla9s t !re is a t5d5cy among physicians ( ! ,*9ese s*ool to neglect x4 ,"s diseases1 he says1 are caus$ by evil spirits & "s by m9ute insects 7microbes874 ,magic & m$ic9e %\ld !re=e1 9 8 op9ion1 be comb9$4 ,! decay ( magic 9 mod]n ,japan is n ow+ to religi\s b to sci5tific progress4 ,x is due to ,*9a1 ^: philosophy1 imp]fect z x is1 taught f> tru] views ( ! limitations ( man's p[]s ?an any?+ ,japan 0 able to discov] = h]self4 ,div9ation4--,div9ation 79 ,japanese uranahi7 is magic :i* has a special object1 namely1 ! revelation ( ! unkn[n4 ,?is is impli$ by ! ,japanese ^w1 :i* is d]iv$ f ura1 ! re>1 he>t1 l9+1 obv]se1 & h5ce t :i* is conceal$4 ,ord9>y exp]i5ce1 &1 at a lat] /age ( progress1 sci5ce1 enable u to reason ) m or less c]ta9ty f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n2 b mank9d1 n satisfi$ ) legitimate me?ods1 h supplem5t$ !m by div9ation1 :i* comprises v>i\s irregul> & ineffective processes specially direct$ to discov]+ ! w ( ! ,gods1 asc]ta9+ :at w be lucky or unlucky1 & pr$ict+ future ev5ts4 ,objects ( ,div9ation4--,9 ,japan we f9d div9ation practis$ to asc]ta9 :e!r an exp$ition w\ld be successful or unsuccessful1 ! reason ( ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! c\ntry & its rem$y1 ! be/ site = a temple1 tomb1 or dwell+-h\se1 :e!r ! ,mikado %\ld make a progress to a c]ta9 place & p]=m sacrifices !re1 :at crops x is be/ to s[1 :at days w be lucky or unlucky1 :5 to expect a lov]1 ! "n ( a future husb&1 c4 ,! prie/ess ( ,ise 0 select$ by div9ation1 & ! prov9ces f :i* ! rice = ! ,ohonihe c]emony %\ld be tak54 ,om9\s occurr5ces 7 int]pret$ by ! help ( ?is art4 ,! purity ( p]sons ab\t to take "p 9 a religi\s c]emony 0 te/$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,or div9ation might be appli$ to ! bas] use ( recov]+ lo/ prop]ty or discov]+ ?ieves4 ,!re 0 a special div9ation on ! #aj? day ( ! #ab? mon? to asc]ta9 :at ill luck ?reat5$ ! ,mikado dur+ ! ensu+ six mon?s1 s t ! ,gods ^: curse 0 fe>$ might be propitiat$ 9 advance4 ,religi\s & ,non-religi\s ,div9ation4--,div9ation1 l magic1 does n necess>ily involve ! int]v5tion ( sup]human s5ti5t be+s1 z we may see by our own palmi/ry1 =tune-tell+ by c>ds1 & ,%akespe>e cryptograms4 ,t ! art pass$ ?r\gh a non-religi\s phase is highly probable4 ,9 ,japan1 h[ev]1 ! cases met ) 9 ! olde/ records are commonly associat$1 explicitly or implicitly1 ) an appeal = div9e guidance4 ,hirata def9es div9ation z respectfully inquir+ ! he>t 7ura7 ( ! ,gods4 ,motori takes ! same view1 ?\gh bo? writ]s admit t 9 mod]n times div9ation :i* has no religi\s sanction is sometimes resort$ to1 playfully1 or 9 unimportant matt]s4 ,! ,great] ,div9ation4--,! great]1 or (ficial1 div9ation consi/s 9 draw+ conclusions accord+ to c]ta9 conv5tional rules f ! cracks :i* appe> 9 a de]'s %\ld]-blade :5 expos$ to fire4 ,?is practice is kn[n n only to ! ,*9ese1 ,kalmucks1 ,*]keses1 & o!r races ( ,nor?-,ea/]n ,asia1 b to ! anci5t ,g]mans & ,greeks4 ,ne>] home we h ! read+ ! speal 7paule71 a sort ( div9ation by exam9+ ! m>ks on a %\ld]-blade ( mutton1 practis$ n v long ago 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,nihongi tells u t ! ,gods !mselves made use ( ! ,great] ,div9ation 9 ord] to le>n ! reason ( ,izanagi & ,izanami's abortive *ildr5 ! ,hiruko & ! ,isl& ( ,ahaji4 ,! ,god ,koyane1 ance/or ( ! ,nakatomi1 0 specially *>g$ ) ?is =m ( div9ation4 ,9 ! num]\s passages ( ! ,nihongi :]e div9ation is m5tion$ )\t fur!r description1 x is no d\bt ! ,great] ,div9ation :i* is int5d$4 ,*9ese me?ods ( div9ation 7 introduc$ into ,japan f ,korea at an e>ly date4 ,9 #eec x seems to h be5 an e/abli%$ practice t ,koreans le>n$ 9 m$ic9e1 9 div9ation1 & 9 cal5d>-mak+ %\ld take turns ( s]vice at ! ,c\rt ( ,japan4 ,x 0 no d\bt ow+ to _! influ5ce t ! tortoise-%ell 0 sub/itut$ = ! de]'s %\ld]-blade 9 ?is div9ation4 ,a ref]5ce to ! div9e ,tortoise 9 ! ,nihongi "u ! leg5d>y date ,b4,c4 #ib is m]ely an ana*ronism4 ,b ! tortoise 0 really 9 use = ?is purpose 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! ,y5gi%iki recognizes no o!r1 ?\gh 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ! %\ld]-blades ( de] 7 long reta9$4 ,9 an old book purport+ to describe ! practice ( ! ,tsu%ima college ( div9]s at a mu* lat] p]iod ?an ! ,y5gi%iki1 we are told t ! div9]1 aft] practis+ religi\s ab/95ce = sev5 days1 took 8 place 9 ! div9ation plot 7uraba or uraniha71 f :i* all o!r p]sons 7 rigor\sly exclud$4 ,he 0 provid$ ) ! tortoise-%ell1 "s hahaka wood1 & o!r requisites4 ,hav+ pray$ to ! ,god ( ! div9ation plot1#cjg :o is bes\ght to grant a true div9ation1 ! div9] recites ! ,kami-oro%i 7=mula :i* br+s d[n ! ,god71 & k9dles 9 a blaz+ fire a /ick ( hahaka ab\t f\r or five in*es long1 & ( ! ?ickness ( a *op/ick4 ,:5 x has tak5 fire1 he bl[s x out1 & ) x pricks ! tortoise-%ell f ! back4 ,div9ation is !n made f ! l9es ?us produc$4 ,:5 ! div9ation is ov]1 ! ,kami-ag>i 7asc5t ( ! ,god7 is recit$1 & ! c]emony is at an end4 ,! ,%9t ,mimoku ,ruijiu gives ! foll[+ description ( a =m ( tortoise-%ell div9ation practis$ at ,ka%ima to select "y girls = ! s]vice ( ! ,god 7mono-imi74 ,two c&idates :o h n rea*$ pub]ty p]=m rites to ! ,god = #ajj days4 ,on ! f9al day a caldron is set up be=e ! %r9e & two tortoise-%ells are plac$ 9 x1 ea* ( :i* be>s ! "n ( "o ( ! girls4 ,^! are roa/$ f e>ly morn+ till dusk4 ,! tortoise-%ell ) ! "n ( ! successful c&idate is !n f\nd to be :olly un9jur$ by ! fire :il/ ! o!r is r$uc$ to a%es4 ,x is said t ! girl select$ atta9s a great age & t %e nev] m5/ruates4 ,tsuji-ura 7cross-roads div9ation74#cjh--,?is =m ( div9ation 0 mu* practis$ 9 anci5t ,japan1 especially by wom5 & lov]s4 ,x consi/$ 9 go+ out to ! road at dusk1 plant+ a /ick 9 ! gr\nd to repres5t ,kunado1 ! phallic ,god ( roads1 & int]pret+ ! fragm5t>y talk ( pass]s-by z an answ] to ! "q4#cji ,ano!r acc\nt says t to p]=m tsuji-ura y take a box-wood comb 9 y\r h&1 g to cross-roads & s\nd x ?ree times by draw+ y\r f+] along x 7tsuge1 box-wood1 also means in=m me74 ,!n1 ) devotion to ! ,sahe no ,kami1 repeat ?is v]se ?ree times3 ,oh1 ?\ ,god ( ! cross-roads-div9ation1 grant me a true response4 ,good or bad luck is to be inf]r$ f ! words ( ! next 7or ! ?ird7 p]son :o makes 8 appe>ance4 ,sometimes a b\nd>y l9e 0 m>k$ out & rice spr9kl$ to keep away evil influ5ces4 ,! words ( ! pass]-by :o fir/ ent]$ ! *>m$ limit con/itut$ ! response4 ,ha%i-ura 7bridge-div9ation74 ,little is kn[n ( ?is k9d ( div9ation4 ,! proc$ure 0 ! same z 9 tsuji-ura1 & ! ,gods conc]n$ 7 probably ! ,sahe no ,kami4 ,! end-po/ ( a bridge 01 & /ill is1 a wo-ba%ira1 t is1 male pill> or phallus4 ,i%i-ura1 or /one-div9ation1 is m5tion$ 9 ! ,_m%iu along ) tsuji-ura4 ,! /one is probably ! /one emblem ( ,kunado or ,sahe no ,kami4 ,x consi/$ 9 judg+ ( future =tune by ! app>5t weight ( ! /one :5 lift$4 ,su* /ones 7 call$ ,i%i-gami 7/one-deities7 & 7 no d\bt phallic4 ,mikayu-ura 7div9ation by gruel74 ,?is k9d ( div9ation is also associat$ ) ! ,sahe no ,kami4 ,x 0 practis$ 9 v>i\s =ms at ,kirawoka 9 ,kaha*i1 ,suha 9 ,%9ano1 & o!r places1 on ! #ae? day ( ! #a/ mon?#caj 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at crops x w\ld be be/ to s[ t ye>4 ,a pot 0 set up be=e ! ,god 9 :i* adzuki beans#caa 7 boil$4 ,!n tubes ( re$1 five or six in*es long1 m>k$ ) ! names ( all mann] ( crops 7 plung$ into ! gruel4 ,! negi 7prie/s7 /ood by1 & tak+ out ! tubes ) *op/icks div9$ f ! mann] 9 :i* ! gra9s ( rice 7mix$ ) ! gruel7 ent]$ !m :e!r ! crop 9 "q w\ld be good or bad4 ,at ,h>una ! prie/s publi%$ ! results to ! peasants 9 a pr9t$ =m4 ,hirata m5tions ano!r =m ( div9ation 9 :i* beans are set 9 a r[ r\nd ! he>? & fire br\ght close to !m4 ,"s are roa/$ black :ile o!rs rema9 :ite1 & f ?is ! wea!r & luck ( ! ensu+ ye> are div9$4 ,koto-ura 7h>p-div9ation7 0 =m]ly 7#aa? c5tury7 practis$ at ,ise ) ! object ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! prie/s :o 7 to take "p 9 ! ?ree great religi\s s]vices ( ! ye> & ! ut5sils employ$ 7 pure or n4 ,pray] hav+ be5 made to ! ,sun-,goddess1 ! (ficiat+ prie/ /ruck a h>p ?ree times1#cab utt]+ ) ea* note a l\d ,hu%6 ,he !n recit$ ! foll[+ ,kami-oro%i 7br++-d[n ! ,gods73-- ,ah6 we prote/ t we are 9 e>ne/1 ,to y\r pure seat deign to desc5d ,all ye ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>?1 ,ah6 we prote/ t we are 9 e>ne/1 ,to ?y pure seat deign to desc5d ,?\ ,?und]-,god also4 ,ah6 we prote/ t we are 9 e>ne/1 ,to y\r pure seat deign to desc5d ,oh ?\ upp] great bro!r & ?\ l[] great bro!r4#cac ,! names ( ! prie/s 7 !n call$ ov] & ! "q ask$ 9 ! case ( ea*1 ,is he clean or unclean8 ,! (ficiat+ prie/ !n /ruck ! h>p & tri$ to :i/le by draw+ 9 8 brea?4 ,if ! :i/le 0 audible x 0 a sign ( purity1 & vice v]s4 ,! same proc$ure 0 obs]v$ ) reg>d to ! p]sons :o _h prep>$ ! (f]+s1 ! (f]+s !mselves1 & ! ut5sils requir$ 9 ! s]vice4 ,caldron-,div9ation4--,at ! %r9e ( ,kibitsu no miya 9 ,bitt*u !re is a mode ( div9+ good & ill-luck f ! s\nd made by a caldron 9 boil+4 ,! prie/s1 on ! application ( a wor%ipp]1 recite norito & k9dle a fire ( bru%wood "u a caldron4 ,if ! s\nd produc$ resembles ! bell[+ ( a bull1 ! progno/ic is good1 if o!rwise1 x is bad4 ,div9ation by ,lots4--,/icks ) numb]s inscrib$ on !m1 or slips ( pap]1 7 mu* us$ = div9ation4 ,! succession to ! ,imp]ial ?rone has be5 decid$ 9 ?is way4 ,pray] to ! ,kami (t5 prec$$ _! use4 ,! foll[+ is a =m ( div9ation by lot :i* is us$ by sailors :5 !y h lo/ _! reckon+4 ,! names ( ! po9ts ( ! compass are writt5 on slips ( pap]1 plac$ 9 a measure ( rice1 & ! :ole mix$ up4 ,a h>ahi-bako ( ! ,great ,deity ( ,ise is put on ! top4 ,pray] is (f]$ & ! lot :i* is f\nd to adh]e to ! h>ahi-bako is look$ ^u z ! answ] ( ! ,deity4 ,ano!r =m ( div9ation by lots is ?us describ$3 ,y place ?ree /icks1 numb]$ "o1 two1 ?ree1 9 a bamboo tube & inquire ( ! ,god z to good or ill luck1 say+ rev]5tly1 ',if ! ?+ is lucky1 let x be su* a numb]1 if unlucky1 su* ano!r numb]4' ,9 :at is call$ h>ahi-kuji y write lucky or unlucky1 or :atev] y\r pray] may be1 on pap]s :i* y fold up & roll into a ball4 ,!n hav+ (f]$ rev]5t pray] to ! ,god1 rub ! lots ) h>ahi ko-nusa1#cad :5 t :i* adh]es to !m is conclud$ to be ! answ]4 ,?is is common at all %r9es4 ,lots 71 & /ill are1 us$ = all mann] ( non-religi\s purposes4 ,if a solit>y pass5g] appe>s at a j9rik%a /&1 he is (t5 ca/ lots = by means ( a set ( cords ( v>i\s l5g?s knott$ toge!r at "o end :i* is kept = ! purpose4 ,! ',yih-,k+1' a ,*9ese book :i* sets =? a non-religi\s sy/em ( div9ation dep5d+ p>tly on draw+ lots is mu* us$ 9 ,japan4 ,div9ation by ,means ( ! ,/>s 0 fir/ introduc$ 9 ,a4,d4 #fge by ! ,korean tea*]s ( ,*9ese arts4 ,kitsune-tsukahi4--,among/ ! ord9>y div9]s is "o call$ ,kitsune-tsukahi1 i4e41 a fox-possessor4 ,! div9ation is c>ri$ on by means ( a small image ( a fox1 made 9 a v odd way4 ,a fox is buri$ alive 9 a hole ) its head left free4 ,food ( ! sort ( :i* foxes are kn[n to be mo/ fond is plac$ j beyond ! animal's rea*4 ,z days pass by ! poor bea/ 9 its dy+ agony ( hung] makes frantic ef=ts to rea* ! food2 b 9 va94 ,at ! mom5t ( dea? ! _s ( ! fox is suppos$ to pass into ! food1 :i* is !n mix$ ) a quantity ( clay1 & %ap$ into ! =m ( ! animal4 ,arm$ ) ?is extraord9>y object1 ! miko is suppos$ to become an infallible guide to =etell+ future ev5ts ( e k9d4#cae ,augury by v>i\s k9ds ( birds 0 kn[n4 ,! geomancy practis$ to "s ext5t 9 ,japan is ( ,*9ese orig94 ,! ,nihongi m5tions a numb] ( isolat$ cases ( div9ation inv5t$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t4 ,! foll[+ is an example3-- ,:5 ! ,emp]or 0 ab\t to attack ! enemy1 he made a /ation on ! great moor ( ,ka%ihawo4 ,on ?is moor !re 0 a /one six feet 9 l5g?1 ?ree feet 9 bread?1 & "o foot five in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,! ,emp]or pray$1 say+3 ',if we are to succe$ 9 de/roy+ ! ,tsu*i-gumo1 :5 we kick ?is /one1 may we make x m\nt up l a ka%iha leaf4' ,accord+ly he kick$ x1 ^u :i*1 l a ka%iha leaf1 x arose to ! ,great ,void4 ,!re=e t /one 0 call$ ,homi%i4 ,! ,gods :om he pray$ to at ?is "t 7 ! ,god ( ,%iga1 ! ,god ( ! ,mononobe ( ,nawori1 & ! ,god ( ! ,nakatomi ( ,nawori--^! ?ree ,gods4#caf ,om5s are frequ5tly m5tion$4 ,a leg-re/ break+ )\t app>5t cause 0 a bad om54 ,! migration ( rats f ! capital1 ! movem5ts ( a sw>m ( flies1 comets1 a dog br++ 9 a dead man's h& & deposit+ x 9 a %r9e1 prolong$ d>kness1 to meet a bl9d or a lame p]son are examples ( evil om5s4 ,e>?quakes1 floods & /orms 7 suppos$ to port5d w>4 ,a wr5's ent]+ a p>turition-h\se is describ$ z a fav\rable om54 ,:ite animals ( all k9ds 7 good om5s1 & also ?ree-legg$ cr[s or ev5 sp>r[s1 no d\bt because ! ,sun-cr[ _h ?ree legs4 ,dreams4--,at all /ages ( human progress1 ! rational1 normal1 & usual attitude ( mank9d t[>ds dreams is a disbelief 9 _! reality4 ,! ivory gate is recogniz$ to be _! ord9>y1 e-day ?or\ghf>e4 ,!re are good reasons = ?is4 ,mo/ dreams are s palpably absurd t ! common s5se ev5 ( ! primitive man1 enlight5$ by daily exp]i5ce1 rejects !m z some?+ n to be dep5d$ on4 ,a man dreams t he has p>tak5 ( a he>ty meal & wakes up hungry4 ,! cog5t logic ( an empty belly leaves him no *oice b to reject unhesitat+ly ! proposition t 8 dream 0 a reality4 ,he dreams t he has brok5 8 leg4 ,w he1 !re=e1 lie up = a mon? to give x "t to heal8 ,9 8 dreams he c fly4 ,nature exacts a /]n p5alty if he is idiotic en\gh to act on ! belief t he c d s 9 reality4 ,! practical necessities ( life prohibit a man :o has to e>n a liv+ & support a family f indulg+ 9 any su* fooli% imag9ations4 ,! analogy ( 8 own day-dreams1 :i* he mu/ "k to be unreal1 is too obvi\s to be disreg>d$4 ,x is true t we d n f9d mu* evid5ce ( ?is attitude ( m9d 9 books ( travel or hi/ory4 ,nobody ?9ks x wor? :ile to commit to pap] in/ances ( s v evid5t a fact4 ,mo/ m5 are comp>atively un9t]e/$ 9 ! normal & famili>4 ,travell]s1 & sometimes ev5 m5 ( sci5ce1 are prone to neglect ! univ]sal & commonplace = ! /range & unusual4 ,l ,desdemona1 !y s]i\sly incl9e to he> ( ,! ,an?ropophagi1 & m5 ^: heads ,d gr[ b5ea? _! %\ld]s4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]#cag ?9ks t ! primitive man accepts ! ev5ts dream$ z ev5ts t h actually occurr$1 & adduces evid5ce :i* no d\bt %[s t !re really is a curr5t ( ?\ght to t effect among savages & o!rs4 ,= ! reasons above /at$ ,i pref] to reg>d su* cases z abnormal & exceptional4 ,! ,kojiki & ,nihongi h _m in/ances ( ,gods appe>+ to m5 9 dreams & giv+ !m in/ructions4 ,^! are d\btless inv5tions ( "s scribe1 b !y indicate a belief 9 ! possibility ( su* occurr5ces4 ,hirata ?\ght x possible by wit*craft to cause p to h dreams4 ,a m frequ5t view ( dreams is t1 al?\gh n 9 !mselves realities1 x is possible by suitable int]pretation to d$uce tru? f !m--usually 9 ! =m ( pr$ictions ( ! future4 ,!re are cases ( ?is k9d 9 ! old ,japanese records4 ,a de]1 = example1 dreams t a :ite mi/ has come d[n & cov]$ him4 ,?is port5ds t he w be kill$ by hunt]s & 8 body cov]$ ) :ite salt4 ,!re is evid5ce t "s m5 occasionally atta9 9 dreams to a deep] spiritual insight & a ke5] emotional s5sibility to div9e influ5ces ?an 9 _! wak+ mom5ts4 ,^? :o h _h su* exp]i5ces d n speak lightly ( !m4 ,at ! pres5t "t sci5ce is n 9 a position to deal adequately ) ?is matt]4 ,%9to helps u no?+4 ,ordeal is a species ( div9ation4 ,"u ! date ,a4,d4 #bgg ! ,nihongi has ! foll[+3-- ,! ,emp]or =?) que/ion$ ,take*i no ,sukune along ) ,uma%i no ,sukune1 ^u :i* ^! two m5 7 ea* ob/9ate1 & wrangl$ ) "o ano!r1 s t x 0 impossible to asc]ta9 ! "r & ! wrong4 ,! ,emp]or !n gave ord]s to ask ( ! ,gods ( ,heav5 & ,e>? ! ordeal by boil+ wat]4 ,h]eupon ,take*i no ,sukune & ,uma%i no ,sukune w5t out toge!r to ! bank ( ! ,%iki riv]1 & und]w5t ! ordeal ( boil+ wat]4 ,take*i no ,sukune 0 victori\s4 ,tak+ 8 cross-sword1 he ?rew d[n ,uma%i no ,sukune1 & 0 at l5g? ab\t to slay him1 :5 ! ,emp]or ord]$ him to let him g4 ,s he gave him to ! ance/or ( ! ,atahe ( ,ki4 ,! same au?ority in=ms u t 9 ,a4,d4 #dae ! ,mikado1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great confusion caus$ by ! assumption ( false names & titles1 comm&$ ! p ( ! v>i\s h\ses & surnames to wa% !mselves & practise ab/95ce4 ,!n let !m1 ea* call+ ^u ! ,gods to witness1 plunge _! h&s 9 boil+ wat]4 ,h]eupon e "o put on /raps ( tree-fibre1 & com+ to ! caldrons1 plung$ _! h&s 9 ! boil+ wat]1 :5 ^? :o 7 true rema9$ naturally un9jur$1 & all ^? :o 7 false 7 h>m$4 ,!re=e ^? :o _h falsifi$ _! titles 7 afraid1 &1 slipp+ away be=eh&1 did n come =w>d4 ,f ?is "t =w>d ! ,h\ses & surnames 7 spontane\sly ord]$1 & !re 0 no long] any "o :o falsifi$ !m4 ,a note adds3-- ,?is is call$ ,kugada*i4 ,sometimes mud 0 put into a caldron & made to boil up4 ,!n ! arms 7 b>$ & ! boil+ mud /irr$ ) !m4 ,sometimes an axe 0 heat$ r$-hot & plac$ on ! palm ( ! h&4 ,9 a case :i* occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #ecj1 x is /at$ t a judge1 9 ord] to save himself tr\ble1 0 too ready to resort to ! boil+-wat] ordeal & t _m p]sons 7 scald$ to dea? 9 consequ5ce4 ,at ! pres5t day plung+ ! h& into boil+ wat]1 walk+ b>efoot ov] a b$ ( live coals & climb+ a ladd] =m$ ( sword-blades set edge upw>ds are practis$1 n by way ( ordeal1 b to excite ! awe & /imulate ! piety ( ! ignorant spectators4#cah ,inspiration4--,su* k z we possess ( ! div9e w & nature comes 9 ! fir/ place to ! nobl] individuals ( our race1 m5 9 :om high intellectual p[]s are h>moni\sly alli$ to ke5 & heal?y emotional susceptibilities & rip5$ by long ye>s ( exp]i5ce & reflection4 ,!y x is--! se]s1 inspir$ prophets1 m5 ( g5ius1 or by :atev] "n we may call !m--:o furni% ! mat]ial out ( :i* religion is develop$1 n ! vulg>1 ) _! sup]/itions :i* are only a product ( its decay4 ,inspiration is n an isolat$ ph5om5on4 ,l all our ?\ghts & do+s1 x is ! resultant ( ?ree compon5t factors--namely1 our own ego & t ( our fell[-m51 & ! all-p]vad+ influ5ce ( t div9e environm5t 9 :i* we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,ea* ( ^! may pr$om9ate accord+ to circum/ances4 ,9 :at we call inspiration1 ! two =m] are1 z f> z may be1 9 abeyance1 & ! m9d is left free to be act$ on by su* high] influ5ces z x is capable ( receiv+4 ,9 ! case ( ,%9to1 we h1 un=tunately1 no record ( ! conditions "u :i* su* tru?s z x conta9s became reveal$4 ,! deification ( ! ,sun & ! recognition ( ! fact t !re is love = mank9d 9 ! w>m? & light :i* proce$ f him 0 a truly magnific5t idea 9 a _w de/itute ( religion4 ,! ,izanagi my?1 by :i* s _m ( ! ,gods 7 assign$ a common p>5tage1 0 a brilliant conception1 pav+ ! way t[>ds mono!ism4 ,musubi1 ! ,god ( ,gr[?1 m>ks a fur!r /age ( progress 9 ?is direction4 ,to ^! may be add$ su* few & vague glimpses z 7 caught ( ! tru? t (f5ces aga9/ our neighb\r are also displeas+ to ! ,gods4 ,b we h no k ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ^! discov]ies or ( ! p]sons :o made !m4 ,! only true se] ( :om ! old records tell u any?+ 0 an un=tunate man :o 9 ,a4,d4 #fdd taught 8 c\ntrym5 to wor%ip--albeit 9 ! =m ( a cat]pill>--! ,god ( ! ,ev]la/+ ,_w1 ! ,god ( ,gods1 & suff]$ dea? 9 consequ5ce4 ,! se] is n equally cle> sight$ at all times4 ,he has tempor>y enhancem5ts ( lucidity due to conditions :i* are v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,"s are ( a physical nature4 ,! mod]ate use ( c]ta9 drugs & /imulants is an ackn[l$g$ help t[>ds produc+ su* exalt$ /ates ( m9d4 ,music1 quiet1 sympa?y1 volunt>y conc5tration ( m9d 7laps+ sometimes into ! hypnotic trance1 or some?+ resembl+ x71 g5]al ab/emi\sness1 & occasional fa/+1 are all aids ( recogniz$ value :i* are n neglect$ by ! individual1 compact ( common clay1 :o va9ly aspires to fill ! high (fice ( int]pret] betwe5 ,gods & m54 ,! ,japanese ^w = inspiration is ,kangak>i1 :i* means ,god-atta*m5t1 & is ne>ly equival5t to our possession4 ,x is indicative ( ! passive attitude claim$ by ! se] 9 all c\ntries1 ) an e>ne/ness :i*1 h[ev] g5u9e1 notori\sly does n exclude ! possibility ( error4 ,! mo/ transp>5t bodies deflect or modify ! light :i* passes ?r\gh !m4 ,o!r words = inspiration are takus5 & %9taku4 ,!y are ( ,*9ese orig91 & involve ! idea ( a div9e message or commission4 ,9 ! notices ( inspir$ communications record$ 9 ! ,%9to books we seldom or nev] recognize ! true prophet4 ,in/ead ( revelations ( div9e tru?1 we are giv5 ! fruits ( hypnotism1 impo/ure1 & a cr$ul\s int]pretation ( mean+less ?+s4 ,! read] w disc]n few traces ( g5u9e inspiration 9 ! foll[+ examples1 ( :i* ! e>li] are tak5 f ! ,nihongi4 ,! ,goddess ,uzume gave =? an inspir$ utt]ance z "p ( h] p]=mance be=e ! ,rock-cave ( ,heav5 into :i* ! ,sun ,goddess _h retir$4 ,x consi/$ ( ! num]als f "o to t54 ,b4,c4 #e4 ,! ,sun-,goddess in/ruct$ ! ,pr9cess-prie/ess ,yamato-hime t a %r9e %\ld be erect$ to h] 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ise4 ,b4,c4 #ch4 ,a "y *ild pron\nc$ an un9telligible spee* :i* s\nd$ l ! names ( deities1 & 0 ?\ght to be inspir$4 ,wor%ip 0 (f]$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,b4,c4 #ia4 ,a ,god inspir$ ,yamato totohi momoso hime 7a ,pr9cess7 to say z foll[s3 ,:y is ! ,emp]or griev$ at ! disord]$ /ate ( ! c\ntry8 ,if he duly did u rev]5ce x w\ld assur$ly become pacifi$ ( itself4 ,a4,d4 #aic4 ,! ,empress ,j+o 0 inspir$ by a c]ta9 ,god to urge h] husb& ! ,mikado to invade ,korea4 #bjj4 #crd mon?1 #a/ day4 ,! same ,empress1 hav+ select$ a lucky day1 ent]$ ! ,palace ( wor%ip1 & dis*>g$ 9 p]son ! (fice ( prie/4#cai ,%e comm&$ ,take*i no ,sukune to play on ! lute1 & ! ,nakatomi1 ,igatsu no ,omi1 0 designat$ z ,saniha4#cbj ,!n plac+ "o ?\s& pieces ( clo?1 high pieces ( clo?1 on ! top & bottom ( ! lute1 %e pray$1 say+3 ',:o is ! ,god :o on a =m] day in/ruct$ ! ,emp]or8 ,i pray t ,i may "k 8 "n4' ,aft] sev5 days & sev5 nights !re came an answ]1 say+3 ',i am ! ,deity :o dwells 9 ! ,%r9e ( ,ise4' #dhg4 ,a c]ta9 man1 inspir$ by ! ,moon-,god1 said1 ',my =efa!r ,taka-musubi _h ! m]it ( creat+ ,heav5 & ,e>?4 ,let him be hon\r$ by d$icat+ to him p & l&4 ,i am ! ,moon-,god & ,i %all rejoice if ?is my desire is compli$ )4' #eee4 ,m5tion is made ( a div9e inspiration by :i* ! ,hafuri1 a c5tury be=e1 _h advis$ humble pray] to ! ,f\nd] ( ! ,l& be=e go+ to ! assi/ance ( a ,korean k+4 #fgb4 ,kome1 ,take*i no ,agata-nu%i1 ,gov]nor ( ! di/rict ( ,take*i1 sudd5ly _h 8 m\? clos$ s t he c\ld n speak4 ,aft] ?ree days1 a div9e inspiration came ^u him1 & he said3 ',i am ! ,god :o dwells 9 ! ,%r9e ( ,take*i1 & my "n is ,koto-%iro-nu%i no ,kami4' ,aga91 ',i am ! ,god :o dwells 9 ! ,%r9e ( ,musa1 & my "n is ,iku-ikadzu*i no ,kami4' ,?is 0 _! revelation3 ',let (f]+s ( horses & weapons ( all k9ds be made at ! misasagi 7tomb7 ( ! ,emp]or ,kamu-yamato-ih>e-biko4' ,fur!r !y said3 ',we /ood 9 front & re> ( ! ,imp]ial desc5dant & escort$ him to ,fuha1 :5ce we return$4 ,we h n[ aga9 tak5 our /& 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,imp]ial army = its protection4' ,fur!r !y said3 ',an army is ab\t to arrive by ! ,we/]n road4 ,be on y\r gu>d4' ,:5 he _h done speak+1 he awoke f 8 trance4 ,= ?is reason1 !re=e1 ,kome 0 s5t to wor%ip at ! ,imp]ial misasagi & to make (f]+s ( horses & weapons4 ,he also made (f]+s ( clo? & wor%ipp$ ! ,gods ( ! ,%r9es ( ,take*i & ,musa4 ,aft] ?is ,k>akuni1 ,iki no ,fubito1 arriv$ f ,ohosaka4 ,!re=e ! p ( t day said3 ',! words ( ! in/ructions ( ! ,gods ( ! two ,%r9es are 9 accordance ) ! fact4' ,moreov] ! ,goddess ( ,muraya said by ! m\? ( a prie/3 ',an army is n[ ab\t to arrive by ! middle road ( my %r9e4 ,!re=e let ! middle road ( my %r9e be block$4' ,accord+ly1 n _m days aft]1 ! army ( ,kujira1 ,ihoriwi no ,miyakko1 arriv$ by ! middle road4 ,! m5 ( t day said3 ',s ! words ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,god 7 "r4' ,:5 ! w> 0 ov]1 ! ,g5]als report$ ! monitions ( ^! ?ree ,gods to ! ,emp]or1 :o /raightway comm&$ t ! ?ree ,gods %\ld be rais$ 9 rank & wor%ipp$ accord+ly4 #hab4 ,a decree 0 pass$ d5\nc+ puni%m5t on peasants :o1 )\t reason1 pr$ict$ good or bad =tune4 ,! au?orities 7 at ! same "t enjo9$ to report any g5u9e pr$ictions4 #ajca4 ,:ile a s]vice to ! ,sun-,goddess 0 be+ p]=m$ at ,ise1 a /orm ( ?und] & lightn+ came on4 ,! ,saiw 7virg9 prie/ess ( ,imp]ial blood7 0 inspir$ & said3 ,i am ! ,ara-matsuri no miya1 ! fir/ ( ! sep>ate %r9es ( ! ,great ,%r9e1 & ,i n[ speak by comm& ( ! ,great ,god4 ,! ,st an (ficial designation ,sdzu & 8 wife h = ye>s pa/ made absurd pret5sions1 su* z t ! two great ,deities h fl[n to & atta*$ !mselves to !m1 ! ,ara-matsuri & ! ,takamiya to _! *ildr5 & ! deities ( ! five sep>ate %r9es to _! dome/ic4 ,su* extraord9>y ass]tions ev9ce a want ( loyalty bo? to ! ,gods & to ! ,mikado4 ,_! disreg>d ( ! c]emonial regulations & ! fewness ( ! (f]+s are n 79 !mselves7 des]v+ ( sev]e blame1 b !y %[ a want ( respect to ! ,gods4 ,iga no ,kami reap$ ! rice (ficially set ap>t = ! s]vice ( ! %r9e & slew ! peasants ( ! ,deity4 ,yet1 by ! remissness ( ! ,gov]nm5t (ficials1 x 0 ! ?ird ye> be=e he 0 bani%$4444 ,let ,sdzu be s5t into exile at once4 ,aft] deliv]+ ?is message ! ,saiw drank sev]al cups ( ! sacr$ sake4 ,n[adays1 ) ourselves1 rec\rse is _h1 "u l circum/ances1 to a lett] to ! ,times or a "q 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 #abbe-bg4 ,?\gh n an inspiration1 ,i may m5tion "h an oracle :i* 0 deliv]$ at ,idzumo by wormholes 9 ! wood ( ! old ,temple :i* took ! =m ( ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,x intimat$ t ! ,god did n c>e = l(ty build+s1 b t ! p %\ld turn to virtue4 ,motori /rongly suspects its au!nticity4 ,no ,%9to ,god1 he ?9ks1 w\ld be likely to use ,*9ese = 8 oracles4 #acdh4 ,a ,buddhi/ prie/ ( ! prov9ce ( ,ise1 hav+ made pray] = #a1jjj days at ! ,%r9e ( ! ,great ,deity1 saw on ! ?\s&? day a bright object float+ on ! sea4 ,?is he f\nd to be a sword two feet five or six in*es 9 l5g?4 ,at ?is "t a boy ( twelve or ?irte51 be+ div9ely inspir$1 said3 ,?is is "o ( ! ?ree regalia1 ! preci\s sword sunk 9 ! sea4#cba ,! matt] 0 report$ to ,kioto1 :]e ! au!nticity ( ! sword 0 corroborat$ by dreams1 b ultimately n (ficially recogniz$4 ,! ,wa ,rongo1 a "w publi%$ 9 #affi1 conta9s a numb] ( oracles 7,kangak>i7 attribut$ to a great v>iety ( ,deities ?r\gh\t ,japan4 ,"s acc\nt ( ?is "w w be giv5 9 ! next *apt]4 ,num]\s o!r cases ( inspir$ utt]ances are record$ 9 ,japanese hi/ory4 ,!y h g5]ally relation to ! wor%ip ( ! ,god conc]n$1 direct+ ! erection ( a new %r9e1 indicat+ religi\s obs]vances :i* w d him pleasure1 or compla9+ t he is neglect$ or insult$4 ,! ,buddhi/ prie/s1 :o conv]t$ ,%9to to _! own purposes1 made frequ5t use ( ?is means ( sanction+ _! encroa*m5ts1 & x 0 also made to s]ve political purposes4 ,"s ( ! above notices are purely leg5d>y1 & ( ! re/ _m are op5 to a suspicion ( impo/ure4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t 9 mo/ cases ! writ]s :o record$ or inv5t$ !m _h 9 view ! hypnotic trance1 a k9d ( condition :i* is well kn[n 9 ,japan at ! pres5t day4 ,! foll[+ description ( a hypnotic sance is abridg$ f ,mr4 ,p]cival ,l[ell's int]e/+ book1 ',occult ,japan4' ,a place hav+ be5 *os51 ei!r holy or else purifi$ ad hoc1 a gohei is set up ) light$ c&les beside x & flank+ ^!1 sprigs ( sakaki1 ! sacr$ tree ( ,%9to4 ,9 front ( ! gohei is set out a fea/ = ! ,god4 ,"s five feet 9 front a por\s e>!nw>e b[l is plac$ on a /&1 & 9 ! b[l a pyre ( inc5se /icks4 ,! purification ( ! place consi/s 9 enclos+ ! spot ) /r+s1 f :i* dep5d at int]vals small gohei1 & f ! space s %ut (f driv+ out all evil spirits by pray]1 f+]-*>ms1#cbb spr9kl+ ( salt1 /rik+ ( sp>ks by fl9t & /eel1 & br&i%+ a gohei4 ,! p]sons ( ! (ficiators are purifi$ by ba?+ & putt+ on fre% :ite g>m5ts4 ,9 its full complem5t ! company consi/s ( eight p]sons1 ! naka-za 7middle-seat7 correspond+ to ! m$ium1 ! mae-za 7front-seat71 :o is ! director ( ! proce$+s1 & puts ! necess>y que/ions to ! m$ium1 & sev]al o!rs ^: bus9ess x is to w>d (f evil influ5ces1 c4 ,a purification s]vice hav+ be5 *ant$ "u ! lead]%ip ( ! mae-za1 & songs sung to ! accompanim5t ( ! %aku-j1#cbc a sort ( /aff ) metal r+s atta*$ to x1 ! pyre is light$1 & z ! flames asc5d into ! air pray]s g up to ,fudsama4#cbd ,! gohei hav+ be5 remov$ & set up 9 ! middle1 ! m5 take _! seats = ! desc5t ( ! ,god4 ,fac+ ! gohei1 !y g ?r\gh a fur!r %ort incantation4 ,!n "o ( ! subord9ates holds ! gohei :ile ! naka-za seats himself :]e x _h be5 & closes 8 eyes4 ,! mae-za takes ! gohei & places x betwe5 ! h&s ( ! naka-za4 ,!n all ! o!rs jo9 9 *ant1 & wat* = ! adv5t ( ! ,god4 ,= a few m9utes1 ! "t v>y+ ) ! p>ticul> naka-za1 ! man rema9s p]fectly motionless4 ,!n sudd5ly ! gohei beg9s to quiv]4 ,! quiv] ga9s till all at once ! man is seiz$ ) a convulsive ?roe4 ,9 "s trances ! eyes !n op51 ! eyeballs be+ roll$ up half out ( sight4 ,9 o!rs ! eyes rema9 half %ut4 ,!n ! ?roe subsides aga9 to a p]man5t quiv]1 ! eyes1 if op51 fix$ 9 ! trance look4 ,! man has n[ become ! ,god4 ,! mae-za1 b[$ d[n1 !n rev]5tly asks ! "n ( ! ,god1 & ! ,god answ]s1 aft] :i* ! mae-za pref]s 8 petitions1 to :i* ! ,god makes reply4 ,:5 he has f9i%$1 ! naka-za falls =w>d on 8 face4 ,! mae-za concludes ) a pray]1 !n1 /rik+ ! naka-za on ! back1 wakes him up4 ,"o ( ! o!rs gives him wat] f a cup1 & :5 he has be5 able to swall[ x ! re/ set to & rub 8 arms & body out ( _! cataleptic contraction4 ,! ,sankairi1 a "w publi%$ 9 #ahec1 m5tions a k9d ( inspir$ m$ium kn[n z yori-dai3-- ,!re are numb]s ( ^! 9 saka :o practise ,kami-oro%i 7br++ d[n ! ,god74 ,an alt> to ,%o-i*i-i ,in>i ,mij9 7fir/ ( fir/ rank illu/ri\s ,god ,in>i7 is consecrat$ )9 _! dwell+-h\se1 be=e :i* ! m$ium takes 8 seat4 ,"s ( ^! br+]s-d[n ( ! ,god are m51 o!rs wom54 ,!y take a gohei 9 ea* h& & repeat ! ,rokkon %j no h>ahi a ba/>d ,buddhi/ =m ( h>ahi1 mutt]+ at ! same "t some?+ or ano!r s t "o might ?9k !y 7 v]itable (ficial br+]s-d[n ( ! ,god4 ,at ,t5ji !re is a ,miko-ma*i1 or /reet ( m$iums :o pret5d t x 0 e/abli%$ by ,%toku ,tai%i4 ,:5 ! cries ( ^! m$iums rea* ! /reet1 p look 9 at ! w9d[s4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 f ! ,in>i-oro%i4 ,"s !re are :o use ! =mula1 ',is x a liv+ m\? or a dead m\?8' s t !y probably belong to ! ,%9ano m$iums1 :o talk ( ! ,god be+ drawn by ! adzusa b[4 ,!re is also a k9d ( wit*craft call$ ,inugami4#cbe ,b ! ,mij9-oro%i or yoridai we speak ( repeats ov] & ov] aga9 ! phrase ',be pleas$ to cleanse1 be pleas$ to purify'1 s long z he reta9s 8 s5ses4 ,!n 8 complexion *anges & he becomes pale1 :ile ! gohei 9 8 h&s %ake !mselves erect4 ,he w !n answ]1 "o aft] ano!r1 by manife/ inspiration1 any que/ions :i* ! applicant may put to him4 ,! ,sankairi is a ,buddhi/ book1 & goes on to tell a /ory ( a ,kami be+ br\ght d[n by nembutsu 7,buddhi/ pray]s7 & ! m$ium repeat+ a ,buddhi/ hymn4#cbf ,x ne$ h>dly be said t1 z 9 ! case ( our own spirituali/ic sances1 ! net value ( ! in=mation obta9$ by ?is process is nil4 ,x is h>dly fair to ,%9to to call ?is sort ( ?+ esot]ic ,%9to1 z ,mr4 ,l[ell does4 ,spiritualism is n esot]ic ,*ri/ianity1 b a diseas$ excresc5ce on x4 ,! high] ,%9to function>ies d n condesc5d to su* practices1 &1 inde$1 !y are commonly p]=m$ by laym51 or ev5 by ,buddhi/ prie/s4 ,! (ficial ,%9to mode ( asc]ta9+ ! w ( ! ,gods 0 by ! ,great] ,div9ation1 t is1 by ! de]'s %\ld]-blade or ! tortoise-%ell4 ,kangak>i1 or inspiration1 01 h[ev]1 kn[n at all p]iods ( ,japanese hi/ory2 & al?\gh no detail$ acc\nts h rea*$ u ( ! me?ods us$ to produce x1 !re are indications t !y 7 ( a simil> "* to ^? describ$ by ,mr4 ,l[ell4 ,! kannu%i ( ! c]emony ( ! ,empress ,j+'s inspiration#cbg seems to be ! same z ,mr4 ,l[ell's naka-za1 & ! saniha corresponds to 8 mae-za4 ,we may presume t 8 (fice sometimes resembl$ t ( ! function>y at ,delphi1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to cl>ify ! obscurities ( ! ,py?ian prie/ess's utt]ances4 ,! miko ( ! %r9e ( ,ise gave inspir$ utt]ances4 ,! spr9kl+ ( boil+ wat] is said to h be5 "p ( ! process by :i* !y 7 induc$4 ,true inspiration1 su* z t :i* t\*$ ,isaiah's hall[$ lips ) fire1 belongs *iefly to ! male sex4 ,! kangak>i1 or hypnotic trance1 on ! o!r h&1 has 9 ,japan1 z else:]e1 a decid$ pref]5ce = wom5 or boys4#cbh ',occult ,japan' deals only ) ! hypnotic trance z a condition 9 :i* communications are receiv$ f ! ,gods4 ,b !re are also m$iums1 call$ miko or i*iko1 :o :5 hypnotiz$ deliv] messages f deceas$ relatives & o!rs4#cbi ,hirata speaks ( ! miko & hafuri provid+ yori-bito 7m$iums71 by :om !y br\ght ne> 7yoru7 by pray] ! spirits ( ,gods or m5 & que/ion$ !m4 ,i*iko is def9$ 9 ! diction>y1 ,kotoba no ,idzumi1 z a woman :o1 z ! repres5tative ( a ,god or liv+ s\l1 or dead man's s\l1 deliv]s _! ?\ghts f h] own m\?4 ,possession by foxes1 badg]s1 & o!r animals is a well-kn[n ph5om5on 9 ,japan1 b z x has no special connexion ) ,%9to ,i %all only ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,b4 ,h4 ,*amb]la9's ',?+s ,japanese1' :i* conta9s a sci5tific acc\nt ( ?is =m ( disease f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,baelz4 ,!re are 9 ,japan families :o are believ$ to own foxes1 by :om !y are assi/$ & protect$1 & :o wat* ov] _! fields & prev5t outsid]s f do+ damage4 ,su* families are avoid$1 & none b memb]s ( simil> fox-own+ families w int]m>ry ) !m4#ccj ,,footnotes3 #bhh ,see above1 p4 #aig4 #bhi ',y5zeki ,zas%i1' v4 #a4 #bij ,:5 demons & evil influ5ces are expell$4 ,see above1 p4 #cjh4 #bia ,aft] ! mann] ( ! ,oho-h>ahi (f]+s4 #bib ',! ,gold5 ,b\gh1' second edition1 p4 #i4 #bic ,i _c (f] any explanation ( ! magic us$ by wom5 & *ildr5 9 ord] to br+ f9e wea!r4 ,!y hang upside d[n to ! eaves or on ! bran* ( a tree human figures cut 9 pap]1 & call$ ,t]i-t]i-bzu 7%9e-%9e-prie/74 #bid ,see above1 p4 #aae4 #bie ,i4 #aeg4 #bif ',! ,mikado's ,empire1' p4 #dgd4 #big ,see also ,*4 ,k4 #bfc4 #bih ,accord+ to ,van ,helmont1 ! reason :y bull's fat is s p[]ful 9 a vuln]>y o9tm5t is t ! bull at ! "t ( slaught] is full ( secret reluctancy & v9dictive murmurs1 & !re=e dies ) a high] flame ( rev5ge ab\t him ?an any o!r animal4 #bii ,see ',primitive ,culture1' i4 #aaf1 :]e num]\s examples ( symbolic magic are giv54 #cjj ,see above1 p4 #ahg4 #cja ,! ,tsu*igumo 7e>?-hid]s7 7 m5 ( a l[ class1 :o liv$ 9 dwell+s sunk 9 ! e>?1 & gave mu* tr\ble to ! ,japanese ,gov]nm5t 9 anci5t times4 ,dr4 ,tylor1 9 8 ',primitive ,culture1' i4 #aac1 has not$ ! t5d5cy to attribute magical p[]s to p>iahs & =eign]s4 ,sukunabikona1 ! tea*] ( magic to ,japan1 came f abroad4 #cjb ,see above1 p4 #aae4 #cjc ,see above1 p4 #ajf4 #cjd ,see p4 #bib4 #cje ,nihongi1 ii4 #hb4 #cjf ,see above1 p4 #bid4 #cjg ,koyane4 ,hirata speaks ) scorn ( ! ,*9ese me?ods ( div9+ curr5t 9 ,japan 9 lat] times1 9 :i* no invocation ( ! ,gods 0 us$4 ,sometimes o!r ,gods1 & ev5 ,buddhas1 7 invok$4 #cjh ,! ,k+ ( ,babylon /ood at ! p>t+ ( ! way1 at ! head ( ! two ways1 to p]=m div9ation4--,ezekiel xxi4 #ba4 #cji ,pausanias says t 9 anci5t ,greece ! inquir]1 aft] ask+ 8 "q ( ! ,god & mak+ 8 (f]+1 took z ! div9e answ] ! fir/ words he might he> on quitt+ ! sanctu>y4 #caj ,! date ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,sahe no ,kami4 #caa ,see above1 p4 #aic4 #cab ,! ,kami-yori-ita 7,god-resort-bo>d71 /ruck 9 lat] times to br+ d[n ! ,gods1 is believ$ to be a sub/itute = ?is h>p4 #cac ,x is n kn[n :o ^! ,gods 74 #cad ,small] gohei us$ 9 ! h>ahi c]emony4 #cae ,we/on1 ',m\nta9e]+ 9 ! ,japanese ,alps1' p4 #cjg4 ,see also ,index1 ,inugami2 & ,mr4 ,*amb]la9's ',?+s ,japanese1' ?ird edition1 p4 #aaj4 #caf ,comp>e ! /ory ( ,gideon's fleece 9 ,judges vi4 #cg4 ,see also ,nihongi1 ,i4 #bcg1 & ,*4 ,k4 #aid4 #cag ',sociology1' i4 #aed4 #cah ,see ,mr4 ,p4 ,l[ell's ',occult ,japan1' p4 #cf4 #cai ,kannu%i4 #cbj ,saniha 7pure c\rt7 is expla9$ z ! (ficial :o exam9es ! utt]ances prompt$ by ! ,deity4 #cba ,at ! battle ( ,dannora1 9 #aahd4 #cbb ,9-musubi1 a ,*9ese practice4 #cbc ,a ,buddhi/ religi\s implem5t4 #cbd ,a ,buddhi/ deity4 ,! inc5se is also ,buddhi/4 #cbe ,see above1 p4 #ccb4 #cbf ,an excell5t acc\nt ( a ,japanese hypnotic sance is giv5 9 ,mr4 ,we/on's ',m\nta9e]+ 9 ! ,japanese ,alps1' p4 #bhb4 #cbg ,see above1 p4 #cej4 #cbh ,antiquity reg>d$ ! s\l ( woman z m accessible to e sort ( inspiration1 :i* also1 accord+ to anci5t op9ion1 is a 4--,mll]1 ',sc4 ,my?41' p4 #bag4 #cbi ,see above1 p4 #bjf4 #ccj ,see above1 p4 #cdd4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,decay ,,( ,,%9to4--,,its ,,mod]n ,,sects4 ,rise ( ,buddhism4--,! lat] hi/ory ( ,%9to is "o ( neglect & decay4 ,su* vitality z x reta9$ 0 ow+ ma9ly to ! ,buddhi/ ideas :i* 7 engraft$ ^u x4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*9ese sy/ems ( e?ics & philosophy 0 also v p]ceptible1 especially 9 m rec5t times4 ,! ,buddhism ( ,japan is n simply ! doctr9e ( ! f\nd]1 describ$ by "s z a!i/ic4 ,x is a real religion1 & besides ! wor%ip ( o!r ,buddhas1 comprises t ( an ,inf9ite ,be+--! ,buddha ,amida--hav+ c]ta9 attributes :i* we %\ld t]m div9e1 & ( 8 assessors1 ) doctr9es f> m ab/ruse & pr(\nd ?an ^? :i* 7 taught by ,sakyamuni himself4 ,9 ! ma9 a =m ( ! nor!rn bran* ( ,buddhism1 x f\nd its way orig9ally to ,japan vi ,tibet1 ,we/]n ,*9a1 & ,korea4#cca ,9 ,a4,d4 #eeb ! ,k+ ( ,pk*1 9 ,korea1 s5t an embassy to ,japan ) a pres5t to ! ,mikado ( an image ( ,%aka 7,sakyamuni7 & sev]al volumes ( ,sutras4 ,!y 7 gladly receiv$1 & 7 entru/$ to ! *>ge ( a ,m9i/] ) in/ructions to practise ! new fai?4 ,b ! jeal\sy ( ! adh]5ts ( ! old] religion 0 ar\s$4 ,:5 a pe/il5ce broke out soon aft]1 !y attribut$ x to ! wra? ( ! native deities1 & f\nd means to h ! ,buddhi/ temple burnt & ! holy image ?r[n into a canal4 ,o!r attempts to propagate ,buddhism 7 little m successful1 & x 0 n until ! "t ( ! ,reg5t ,%toku ,tai%i t x made any sub/antial progress4 ,at 8 dea? 9 #fba !re 7 9 ,japan #df temples or mona/]ies & #ache mona/ics1 male & female4 ,9 #fhf x 0 decre$ t e h\sehold %\ld h its dome/ic ,buddhi/ %r9e4 ,:5 ,buddhism1 aft] ,*ri/ianity ! great religion ( ! _w1 _h once ga9$ a foo?old 9 ,japan1 its ultimate victory 0 c]ta94 ,!re 0 no?+ 9 ,%9to :i* c\ld rival 9 attraction ! sculpture1 ar*itecture1 pa9t+1 co/umes1 & ritual ( ! =eign fai?4 ,its organization 0 m complete & effective4 ,x pres5t$ ideals ( humanity1 *>ity1 self-abnegation1 & purity1 f> high] ?an any previ\sly kn[n to ! ,japanese nation4 ,its doctr9es ( s9 & rep5tance1 ( fate1 ( future bliss & woe1 its pr(\nd metaphysics1 &1 p]haps m ?an aught else1 ! satisfaction :i* x (f]$ to ! ye>n+s ( _m a w\nd$ _s = a holy contemplative life1 deta*$ f ! toil & worry1 ! sorr[ & ! di/urb+ passions ( ! _w1 7 well calculat$ to f9d a welcome 9 _! he>ts4 ,at fir/ ! two religions held alo( f "o ano!r4 ,b :ile ,buddhism fl\ri%$ m & m1 ,%9to 0 gradually weak5$ by ! div]sion into ano!r *annel ( mat]ial res\rces & religi\s ?\ght :i* might o!rwise h be5 be/[$ ^u itself4 ,rybu ,%9to4--,! two religions came into m direct contact 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 :5 !re began a process ( pacific p5etration ( ! weak] by ! /rong] cult1 :i* yield$ "s curi\s & important results4 ,buddhism is n a militant religion 9 ! s5se t ,islam 04 ,x owes little or no?+ to ! aid ( ! secul> arm1 & avoids r ?an seeks op5 conflicts ) o!r fai?s4 ,:at ! ,japanese call hb5 7pi\s device7 & to :i* we %\ld (t5 apply ! h>%] t]ms pi\s fraud or prie/craft1 are m cong5ial to x4 ,a notable application ( ! hb5 me?od occurr$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,mikado ,%mu1 :o reign$ at ,n>a f #gbd to #gef4 ,wi%+ to celebrate 8 reign by ! erection ( a great ,buddhi/ temple & image1 he took advice ( ,gygi1 a prie/ r5[n$ to ?is day = _m s]vices to civilization1 & despat*$ him to ,ise ) a pres5t = ! ,sun-,goddess ( a relic ( ,buddha4 ,gygi sp5t sev5 days & sev5 nights 9 pray] "u a tree close to ! gate ( ! %r9e1 & 0 !n v\*saf$ an oracle 9 ! =m ( "s c\plets ( ,*9ese v]se c\*$ 9 purely ,buddhi/ic phraseology4 ,x spoke ( ! ,sun ( tru? enlight5+ ! long night ( life & dea? & ( ! ,moon ( et]nal reality disp]s+ ! cl\ds ( s9 & ignorance4 ,?is 0 int]pret$ to mean t ! ,sun-,goddess id5tifi$ h]self ) ,vairo*ana1 call$ by ! ,japanese ,biru%ana or ,da9i*i 7great ,sun71 a p]son ( a ,buddhi/ tr9ity & describ$ z ! p]sonification ( ess5tial bodhi 7enlight5m5t7 & absolute purity4 ,! ,sun-,goddess subsequ5tly appe>$ to ! ,mikado 9 a dream & confirm$ ?is view ( h] "*4 ,! temple 7,tdaiji7 f\nd$ by ,%mu--?\gh n ! orig9al build+--is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,x conta9s ! fam\s colossal /atue ( ,biru%ana1 :i* is at ?is day "o ( ! wond]s ( ,japan4 ,! pr9ciple ( recogniz+ ! ,kami z avat>s or inc>nations ( ,buddhi/ deities1 ( :i* ! case ( ! ,sun-,goddess & ,vairo*ana 0 ! fir/ 9 ,japan--x _h be5 already appli$ 9 ,*9a to ,laotze & ,confucius--0 subsequ5tly mu* ext5d$1 &1 ) a spice ( ,*9ese philosophy add$1 =m$ ! basis ( a new sect call$ ,rybu ,%9to4 ,its ,buddhi/ "* is indicat$ by its "n1 :i* means two p>ts1 ! two p>ts be+ ! two my/ic worlds ( ,buddhism1 namely1 ! ,kongkai & ! ,taizkai4 ,! pr9cipal f\nd] ( ,rybu 0 ! fam\s 7& fabul\s7 ,kb ,dai%i 7di$ #hce71 to :om ! inv5tion ( ! ,hiragana syllab>y & q a miracul\s numb] ( sculptures1 writ+s1 & pa9t+s are ascrib$4 ,! sect ( ,buddhism engraft$ by him on ,%9to is t kn[n z ,%+on 7true ^w74 ,x is n "o ( its highe/ =ms1 & deals mu* 9 magic f+]-twi/+s1 endless repetitions ( my/ic =mul un9telligible to ! wor%ipp]1 & o!r sup]/iti\s practices4 ,despite its pr(essions ( eclecticism1 ! s\l ( ,rybu is ess5tially ,buddhi/4 ,x borr[s little m f ,%9to ?an ! names ( a few deities1 notably ,kuni-toko-ta*i1 to :om x gives an importance by no means ju/ifi$ by any?+ 9 ! old] ,%9to writ+s4#ccb ,rybu ow$ mu* ( its success to =g]ies & o!r means1 :i* 7 consid]$ less objectionable 9 ^? days ?an !y w\ld be at pres5t4 ,great indulg5ce has always be5 %[n 9 ,japan t[>ds means ( edification 7hb57 t w\ld h>dly recomm5d !mselves to our m scrupul\s m9ds4 ,yet !re 0 some?+ m ?an prie/craft 9 ! attempt to weld ,buddhism1 ,confucianism1 & ,%9to into "o consi/5t :ole4 ,x is surely a true in/9ct :i* leads mank9d to recognize an ess5tial unity 9 all religions1 & to reconcile1 z f> z possible1 ! outw>dly conflict+ =ms 9 :i* x is clo!d4 ,! religi\s hi/ory ( ,japan is full ( su* endeav\rs4#ccc ,b ,%9to1 ,buddhism ( v>i\s sects1 ,confucianism1 & ,sung philosophy con/itut$ a v refractory mass ( mat]ial1 & ! results obta9$1 :ile !y te/ify to mu* indu/ry & +5uity1 are m curi\s ?an valuable4 ,yui-itsu4--,! ,yui-itsu ,%9to 0 a bran* ( ,rybu4 ,x 0 inv5t$ ab\t ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,yui-itsu is %ort = ,t5-j9-yui-itsu 7,heav5-man-only-"o71 a doctr9e borr[$1 accord+ to ,hirata1 by ! ,*9ese philosoph]s f ,buddhism4 ,( c\rse 9 ?is connexion ,t5 does n mean ! visible sky4 ,x is r a conception :i* fluctuates betwe5 ,nature & ,god4 ,x w be se5 t ! fundam5tal problem :i* has s mu* occupi$ ! m9ds ( ,we/]n !ologians & philosoph]s--namely1 t ( ! relation :i* exi/s betwe5 ! human & ! div9e--has n escap$ ! att5tion ( ,f> ,ea/]n ?9k]s4 ,motori treats ! doctr9e ( ! id5tity ( ,t5 & man ) mu* contempt4 ,h[ c !re be any?+ 9 common1 he asks1 betwe5 ,t51 ! c\ntry :]e ! ,gods live1 & man8 ,to ! p1 a ,rybu %r9e 0 "o :]e ,buddhi/ prie/s (ficiat$1 a ,yui-itsu %r9e "o :]e none b ,%9to function>ies 7 se54 ,o!r sects1 or r s*ools1 ( ,%9to 7 ^? ( ,degu*i & ,suwiga1 bo? ( :i* arose 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! =m] expla9s ! ph5om5a ( ! ,div9e ,age on pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! ,yih-,k+1 an anci5t ,*9ese book ( div9ation2 ! latt] is a comb9ation ( ,yui-itsu ,%9to ) ,sung philosophy4 ,all ^! sects 7 mu* giv5 to /ra9$ analogies & fanciful comp>isons 9 support ( _! views4 ,! conv]sion ( ,s>uta-hiko into a great moral tea*] by ! ,degu*i ,%9to is an example4 ,s>uta-hiko is wor%ipp$ at road sides4 ,he !re=e came to be consid]$ ! ,god ( roads & ! guide & protector ( travell]s4 ,b ! road or way may be us$ metaphorically = ! pa? ( duty or virtue4 ,h5ce we h ! a/oni%+ result by :i* a phallic deity figures z ! *ief ,%9to apo/le ( morality4 ,o!r in/ances are ! symbolic mean+s ascrib$ to ! regalia & ! notion t ! cross timb]s ( ! ro( ( ! typical ,%9to %r9e repres5t ! 7,*9ese7 virtues ( b5evol5ce1 ju/ice1 c\rtesy1 & wisdom4 ,^! & _m m ( a simil> "* are argute s*ola/ic speculations 9 :i* ! p take little conc]n4 ,! ,rybu1 :i* reta9$ its pr$om9ance until ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 by f> ! mo/ important ( ^! s-call$ ,%9to sects4 ,x is impossible to trace "h _! some:at complicat$ hi/ory4 ,i may1 h[ev]1 note a few facts :i* w illu/rate ! "* & ext5t ( ! encroa*m5t ( ,buddhi/ & ,*9ese ideas on ! native fai? & cult4 ,z e>ly z ! eigh? c5tury a ,mikado began ! cu/om1 subsequ5tly cont9u$ dur+ _m c5turies1 ( abdicat+ ! ?rone aft] a few ye>s' reign & assum+ ! ,buddhi/ tonsure4 ,! mode ( imp]ial burial 0 modifi$ 9 accordance ) ,buddhi/ ideas ( ! wor?lessness ( ^! mortal frames ( ours4 ,"s ,mikados 7 cremat$4 ,"o describ$ himself z a slave ( ,buddha1 & ano!r 9 an (ficial ord9ance spoke ( ! ,kami z obey+ ! laws ( ,buddha4 ,aft] su* an example 0 set by ! high prie/s ( ,%9to1 x c\ld n be expect$ t _! ,c\rt %\ld be m fai?ful to ! old] cult4 ,9 ! ,heian p]iod ! nobles c\ld n be induc$ to tr\ble !mselves ab\t ! ,%9to c]emonies1 :i* 7 ei!r deput$ to subord9ates or omitt$ altoge!r4 ,! regul> embassies to ! %r9es 7 neglect$1 except on "s great em]g5cy1 su* z fam9e1 plague1 or e>?quake4 ,ev5 ! greate/ ,%9to rite ( all--! ,ohonihe1 or coronation c]emony--0 9 abeyance = eight reigns1 viz41 f #adfe to #afhg4 ,:at w\ld h seem$ ev5 m %ock+ to an old ,%9toi/ 0 ! circum/ance t ,buddhi/ prie/s 7 all[$ to take "p 9 x4 ,buddhi/ prie/s _h ! cu/ody ( ne>ly all ! %r9es1 read ,sutras1 & p]=m$ ,buddhi/ c]emonies !re1 su* z baptism & goma spr9kl+4 ,relics ( ,buddha 7 deposit$ 9 !m4 ,buddhi/ temples _h ,%9to %r9es ( a ,*9jiu1 or protect+ ,kami1 built 9 _! c\rty>ds4 ,buddhi/ ar*itecture & ornam5ts 7 us$ = ! ,miya & ni-w 7! two k+s1 gu>dians ( ! gate7 or %i%i 7lions7 set up be=e !m4 ,! latt] are an ,indian conceit4 ,!y 7 orig9ally set up at cemet]ies 9 ord] to fright5 wild bea/s & prev5t !m f te>+ up ! dead4 ,we are told t 9 ! reign ( ,horikawa 7#ajii7 ne>ly all ! %r9es 7 9 ru94 ,! ,ony%i1 or (ficial college ( pr(essors ( ! ,y9 & ,yang natural philosophy ( ,*9a1 :o 7 equally prep>$ to compute an almanac or to exorcise a demon1 7 = _m c5turies entru/$ ) ! p]=mance ( ! h>ahi 7purification c]emonies71 & o!r ,%9to functions4 ,! accompany+ illu/ration %[s ano!r =m ( ! admixture ( ,buddhism ) ,%9to :i* prevail$ until q rec5tly4 ,( ! ?ree %r9es "h repres5t$1 ! c5tral only is d$icat$ to a ,%9to ,deity1 viz41 ,atago1 or ! ,fire-,god1 :o1 moreov]1 has ! ,buddhi/ epi!t ,daigong5 affix$ to 8 "n4 ,! o!r two are d$icat$ to ! ,buddhi/ deities ,b5zait5 & ,bi%amon4 ,! my?s ( ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi did n escape f admixture ) ,indian cosmology & ,*9ese philosophy1 a process :i* yield$ ! /range/ results4 ,?us a f\rte5?-c5tury writ] describ$ ! ,y9 & ,yang z evolv+ by _! mutual int]action ,izanagi & ,izanami1 ! e>li] g5]ations ( ! ,nihongi /ory be+ omitt$4 ,_! *ild1 ! ,sun ,goddess1 proves to be a manife/ation ( ,buddha1 "o ( ^: s]vices to humanity 0 at "s f> remote p]iod to subdue ! ,evil ,k+s ( ! ,six ,heav5s ( ,indian my?1 & compel !m to )draw _! opposition to ! spread ( ! true doctr9e 7t is1 ,buddhism7 9 ,japan4 ,illu/ration ,/ill !re 7 a few exceptions to ! g5]al decay4 ,at ! two great %r9es ( ,ise & ,idzumo1 ! old cult 0 ma9ta9$ 9 tol]able purity1 & d\btless _m local %r9es 7 pres]v$ by _! insignificance f ,buddhi/ encroa*m5t4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 moreov]1 t1 al?\gh ! hi/ory ( ,%9to "u =eign influ5ce 0 "o ( neglect & decay1 9 s f> z its orig9al elem5ts 7 conc]n$1 x borr[$ f ,buddhism & ,confucianism g]ms ( a high] ?\ght1 :i* "u m fav\rable circum/ances might h borne preci\s fruit4 ,i h be=e me a book entitl$1 ',wa ,rongo2 or1 ,japanese 7,confucian7 ,analects1' :i* %[s ! lat] ,%9to 9 a m fav\rable light4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #affi4 ,! preface /ates t ! orig9al "w belongs to ! reign ( ,gotoba no ,9 7#aahd-aaih71 & gives a li/ ( successive editors or compil]s f #abai to #afbh4 ,x is a collection ( oracles ( ,%9to gods & wise utt]ances ( mikados1 pr9ces1 & o!rs1 ( a tol]ably het]og5e\s k9d4 ,mo/ ( !m1 h[ev]1 be> ! /amp ( ! ,rybu ,%9to4 ,!y are ,buddhism1 ,confucianism1 or ,sung philosophy 9 a ,%9to dress4 ,! fir/ volume conta9s #ajh 7! numb] ( beads 9 a ,buddhi/ ros>y7 oracles attribut$ to ! ,gods ( v>i\s ,%9to %r9es ?r\gh\t ,japan4 ,^! oracles are by no means consi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,"s are frankly ,buddhi/ 9 "*1 o!rs inculcate ! doctr9e ( ! id5tity ( ,kami & ,buddhas1 :ile o!rs1 aga91 d5\nce ! practice ( ali5 religions4 ,9 "s1 ,heav5-&-,e>? is recogniz$ z a sort ( pan!i/ic deity1 di/9ct f ! physical univ]se4 ,"h we h ,*9ese inspiration4 ,purity ( he>t1 *>ity to ! poor1 & ! avoidance ( va9 repetitions are mu* insi/$ on4 ,no moral code is any:]e set =?4 ,:5 virtue is spok5 (1 x is ! ,confucian morality1 or ! obs]vance ( ! ,buddhi/ comm&m5ts1 t mu/ be und]/ood4 ,9 ! foll[+ examples ! read] w f9d himself 9 a :olly diff]5t & f> high] moral & religi\s atmosph]e f t ( ! unadult]at$ old] ,%9to describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,%9to ,oracles4--,! ,sun-,goddess enjo9s uprightness & tru?1 on pa9 ( be+ s5t to ,ne no kuni4#ccd ,m5 %\ld make _! he>ts l unto ,heav5-&-,e>?4#cce ,we>isome c]emonies & repetitions 7( "s ,buddhi/ sects7 %\ld be ab&on$1 & rev]5ce %[n to ! ,gods ( ! ance/ral %r9es4#ccf ,! ,mikado ,gotoba no ,9 receiv$ ! foll[+ inspiration 9 a dream f ! two %r9es ( ,ise3-- ,9 ! la/ days ! _w w be di/urb$ & all m5 tr\bl$4 ,! sov]eign h\se w %[ respect = ! milit>y h\se1 & local gov]nors w make fri5ds ) we>isome fell[s 7,buddhi/ monks74 ,buddhi/ prie/s w take to !m wives1 eat fle%1 & propagate base doctr9es4 ,! l& ( ,a%ih>a ( ! fair rice-e>s is ! rightful prop]ty ( my desc5dants4 ,an oracle ( ,ha*iman3-- ,i refuse ! (f]+s ( ! impure ( he>t4 ,"s ,gods are great1 "s small1 "s good & o!rs bad4 ,my "n is ,dai jizai w bosatsu4#ccg ,an inspir$ poem 7,a4,d4 #abjd73-- ,lov+-k9dness is ( ! ,buddhas3 ,uprightness ( ! ,kami3 ,error ( ! sons ( m54 ,?us ( ! same he>t !re is a triple division4 ,! ,gods ( ,kamo promise _! div9e help & ! fulfilm5t ( _! pray]s to _! wor%ipp]s1 especially ^? :o regul>ly visit ! %r9e4 ,oracle ( ! ,gods ( ,kasuga3-- ,ev5 ?\gh m5 prep>e = u a pure abode & (f] !re ! r>e ?+s ( ! l&1 ?\gh !y hang up (f]+s ( ! sev5 preci\s ?+s1 & ) anxi\s he>ts pray to u = hundr$s ( days1 yet w we refuse to ent] ! h\se ( ! deprav$ & mis]ly4 ,b we w surely visit ! dwell+s ev5 ( ^? 9 deep m\rn+#cch )\t an invitation1 if lov+-k9dness is !re always4 ,! reason is t we make lov+-k9dness our %9tai4 ,he> all m56 ,if y desire to obta9 help f ! ,gods1 put away pride4 ,ev5 a hair ( pride %uts y (f f ! ,gods z x 7 by a great cl\d4 ,he> all m56 ,! good ,kami f9d _! /r5g? & _! support 9 piety4 ,!re=e !y love n ! (f]+s ( ^? :o practise t$i\s c]emonies4 ,! ,deity ( ,matsun[o says3-- ,any "o :o makes a s+le obeisance to "o ,kami w receive inf9ite help3 mu* m s any "o :o makes pure 8 he>t & ent]s ! great way ( s+le-m9d$ uprightness4 ,oracle ( ,temman t5j91 ! deifi$ ,m9i/] ,sugah>a no ,mi*izane#cci3-- ,all ye :o come be=e me hop+ to atta9 ! accompli%m5t ( y\r desires1 pray ) he>ts pure f falsehood1 clean )9 & )\t1 reflect+ ! tru? l a mirror4 ,if ^? :o are falsely accus$ ( crime#cdj come to me = help1 )9 sev5 days _! pray] w be grant$1 or else call me n a ,god4 ,an oracle ( ,mume no miya promises t if an (f]+ ( s& is made help w be giv5 to wom5 9 *ild-bir?1 & *ildr5 to ^? :o h none4 ,an oracle ( ,atago 7! ,fire-,god7 d5\nces 8 v5geance on ^? :o pollute fire1 & on ! weal?y :o d n assi/ _! poor] neighb\rs4 ,leave ! ?+s ( ?is _w & come to me daily & mon?ly ) pure bodies & pure he>ts4 ,y w !n enjoy p>adise 9 ?is _w & h all y\r desires accompli%$4 ,oracle ( ! ,god ( ,ka%ima#cda3-- ,i am ! protector ( ,japan aga9/ =eign viol5ce & break ! spe>-po9ts ( ,heav5ly demons & ,e>?ly demons4 ,all enjoy my div9e p[]4 ,i d]ive /r5g? f ! multiplication ( dev\t m5 9 ! l&4 ,!n d ! =ces ( demons melt away l sn[ 9 ! sun4 ,:5 dev\t m5 are few1 my p[]s dw9dle1 my he>t is di/ress$ & ! demon p[]s ga9 vig\r :ile ! div9e p[] is weak5$4 ,oracle ( ! ,god ( ,atsuta3-- ,all ye m5 :o dwell "u ,heav54 ,receive ! j comm&s ( ! ,gods4 ,reg>d ,heav5 z y\r fa!r1 ,e>? z y\r "m1 & all ?+s z y\r bro!rs & si/]s4 ,y w !n enjoy ?is div9e c\ntry :i* excels all o!rs1 free f hate & sorr[4 ,obey ! in/ructions ( ! ,heav5-%9+ ,deity & hon\r ! ,mikado4 ,if any are rebelli\s1 come be=e me & "n _! names4 ,i w surely cru% ! foe & yield y satisfaction4 ,an oracle ( ! ,god ( ,suha#cdb promises to he> ! pray]s ( all true wor%ipp]s1 ev5 ?\gh !y may h eat5 fle%4 ,no outw>d purity avails a :it4 ,oracle ( ,tatsuta 7! ,w9d-,god73-- ,all ye ( high & l[ degree1 r ?an pray to ,heav5-&-,e>?1 r ?an pray to all ! ,kami1 dutifully s]ve y\r p>5ts4 ,= y\r p>5ts are ! ,gods ( )\t & )94#cdc ,if t :i* is )9 is n bright x is useless to pray only = t :i* is )\t4 ,an oracle ( ,in>i1 ne> ,kioto1 speaks ( ?is pollut$ _w 7a ,buddhi/ phrase71 & recomm5ds ! read+ ( ,sutras & ,dh>ani4 ,! foll[+ s5tim5ts are ascrib$ to ! ,god ( ,fujiyama3-- ,ye m5 ( m9e4 ,%un desire4 ,if y %un desire y w asc5d to a level ) ! ,gods4 ,e little yield+ to anxiety is a /ep away f ! natural he>t ( man4 ,if "o leaves ! natural he>t ( man1 he becomes a bea/4 ,t m5 %\ld be made s1 is to me intol]able pa9 & un5d+ sorr[4 ,a son ( a ,mikado receiv$ ! foll[+ inspiration 9 a dream3-- ,x is ! upright he>t ( all m5 :i* is id5tical ) ! highe/ ( ! high1 & !re=e ! ,god ( ,gods4 ,!re is no room 9 ,heav5-&-,e>? = ! false & crook$ p]son4 ,! foll[+ poem 0 reveal$ 9 a dream to ! ,mikado ,seiwa3-- ,if we keep unp]v]t$ ! human he>t1 :i* is l unto ,heav5 & receiv$ f ,e>?1 t is ,god4 ,! ,gods h _! abode 9 ! he>t4 ,among/ ! v>i\s ord9ances none is m excell5t ?an t ( religi\s m$itation4 ,! ,god ( a ,tajima %r9e says3-- ,:5 ! sky is cle>1 & ! w9d hums 9 ! fir-trees1 'tis ! he>t ( a ,god :o ?us reveals himself4 ,an oracle ( ,ha*iman 7! ,w>-,god7 enjo9s on 8 wor%ipp]s to be full ( pity & m]cy = begg>s & lep]s1 & ev5 = ants & crickets4 ,^? ^: pity & *>ity are wide w h _! preci\s cord 7( life7 ext5d$ immeasurably2 _! po/]ity w be spread abroad l ! w+s ( a crane4 ,!y w become ! upright he>t ( ! ,gods ( ,heav54 ,ano!r oracle ( ,ha*iman3-- ,all m5's love ( *ildr5 & love ( self are he9\s crimes4 ,no?+ is m admirable ?an to sev]1 7 x only = a "t1 all e>?ly relations4 ,if m5 w h upright he>ts !y mu/ be nei!r fooli% nor clev]1 !y mu/ indulge nei!r 9 grief nor 9 hate1 b be z ! fl[]s :i* unfold "u ! g5ial w>m? ( a v]nal sun4 ,if !re be any :o1 hav+ /udi$ ! books ( ,*9a or practis$ ! tea*+s ( ,india1 despise ! in/ructions ( ! ,gods ( our own ,japan1 ,i w g to _! h\ses & ei!r slay _! infant *ildr5 or visit !m ) sore disease1 or turn away f !m _! foll[]s1 or by ! ,god ( ,fire de/roy _! dwell+s4 ,?is is n because ,i hate ! doctr9es ( ,*9a or ,india1 b because x is reject+ ! root = ! bran*es4 ,oracle ( ,itsuku%ima 9 ,aki3-- ,( old ! p ( my c\ntry knew n my "n4 ,!re=e ,i 0 born into ! visible _w & endur$ a base exi/5ce4 ,9 highe/ ,heav5 ,i am ! ,deity ( ! ,sun1 9 ! mid-sky ,i %[ my do+s4 ,i hide 9 ! great ,e>? & produce all ?+s3 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,ocean ,i am ! eight ,dragon-k+s1 & my p[] p]vades ! f\r seas4 ,if ! poore/ ( mank9d come "h once = wor%ip1 %[ me _! faces & decl>e _! wi%es1 )9 sev5 days1 f\rte5 days1 tw5ty-"o days1 or x may be ?ree ye>s or sev5 ye>s1 accord+ to ! p]son & ! importance ( 8 pray]1 ,i w surely grant _! he>t's desire4 ,b ! wick$ ( he>t mu/ n apply to me4 ,^? :o d n ab&on m]cy w n be ab&on$ by me4 ,revival ( ,pure ,%9to4--,! sev5te5? c5tury witness$ a great revival ( ,*9ese le>n+ 9 ,japan4 ,x embrac$ n only ! r5ew$ /udy ( ! anci5t classics ( ,confucius & ,m5cius1 b ! philosophical writ+s ( ,*u-hi & o!r sceptical writ]s ( ! ,sung ,dyna/y 7#ifj-abgh74 ,! ,samurai1 or gov]n+ ca/e ( ! nation1 devot$ !mselves to ^! /udies ) amaz+ zeal & en?usiasm1 to ! great neglect ( ,buddhism1 :i* f ?is "t =w>d 0 left ma9ly to ! common p4 ,?is movem5t rea*$ a climax 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 a reaction set 94 ,kada1 ,mabu*i1 & o!r patriotic s*ol>s1 res5t+ ! undue prepond]ance all[$ to ,*9ese ?\ght1 did _! utmo/1 by comm5t>ies & exegetical treatises1 to recall att5tion to ! monum5ts ( ! anci5t national lit]ature1 su* z ! ,kojiki1 ,nihongi1 & ,_m%iu1 :i* _h be5 s long neglect$ t !y 7 9 great "p un9telligible ev5 to educat$ m54 ,"u _! pupil & successor ,motori 7#agcj-ahja71 ?is movem5t assum$ a religi\s "*4 ,8 patriotic prejudices 7 (f5d$ by ! =eign elem5ts :i* he f\nd 9 ! ,rybu & o!r prevail+ =ms ( ,%9to1 :ile ! ,sung doctr9e ( a ,great ,absolute 0 n only odi\s to him on acc\nt ( its ali5 orig91 b fail$ to satisfy 8 s\l-hung] = a m p]sonal object ( wor%ip4 ,he !re=e turn$ back to ! old] =m ( ,%9to4 ,to its propagation by lectures & books he devot$ _m ye>s ( 8 life1 & n )\t success4 ,he _h num]\s foll[]s among ! m educat$ classes4 ,motori's pr9cipal "w is ! ,kojiki d51 a comm5t>y on ! ,kojiki1 9 :i* he loses no opportunity ( attack+ ev]y?+ ,*9ese & ( exalt+ ! old ,japanese cu/oms1 language1 & religion 9 a _s ( ard5t & undiscrim9at+ patriotism4 ,he seems to h be5 :olly bl9d to ! fact t ! exotic fai?s & philosophies1 ^: intrusion into ,%9to he s bitt]ly res5t$1 conta9 elem5ts f> o!rwise valuable to mank9d ?an ! ritual ( ! ,y5gi%iki & ! old-_w my?s ( ! ,kojiki4 ,8 pupil ,hirata 7#aggf-ahdc7 0 less ( a lit]>y man & m ( a !ologian ?an 8 ma/]4 ,9 a long life he wrote numb]s ( books1 am\nt+ to hundr$s ( volumes1 & deliv]$ innum]able lectures urg+ ! claims ( ! old ,%9to4 ,8 tea*+ 0 s successful t x at la/ drew ^u him ! att5tion ( ! ,%gun's ,gov]nm5t1 :o1 f9d+ t _! own au?ority 0 be+ und]m9$ by ! prom95ce giv5 to ! de jure sov]eign rights ( ! ,sun-,goddess's desc5dants1 =bade 8 lectures & bani%$ him to 8 native prov9ce ( ,dewa4 ,hirata's anti-=eign prejudices did n prev5t him f believ+ 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l--a doctr9e ( ,buddhi/ orig9--or f borr[+ f ,*9a a wor%ip ( ance/ors q diff]5t f any?+ 9 ! old ,%9to4 ,he adopts ! ,*9ese duty ( filial piety1 & makes /r5u\s b unavail+ ef=ts to f9d c\nt5ance = x 9 ! ,kojiki & ,nihongi4 ,?\gh he says t ! ,kami dete/ ,buddhism because x tea*es u to ab&on "l & p>5t1 wife & *ild1 & is !re=e de/ructive ( morality1 & because its adh]5ts are fil?y begg>s1 :o boa/ ( we>+ ca/-(f rags & eat+ food giv5 9 *>ity1 9 ano!r place he goes s f> z to admit ,buddha to 8 ,%9to ,pan!on1 on condition t he %all be cont5t ) an inf]ior position4 ,he tacitly accepts ! moral code ( ,*9a1 :ile prote/+ t su* ?+s are unnecess>y1 z we are end[$ by nature ) an intuitive k ( "r & wrong4 ,! agitation = ! revival ( ,pure ,%9to 0 a retrograde movem5t1 :i* c\ld only end 9 failure4 ,x contribut$ sub/antially1 h[ev]1 to ! success ( ! political revolution :i* 9 #ahfh br\ght ab\t ! re/oration ( ! ,mikado to ! sov]eign position :i* 0 ! logical outcome ( ,motori's & ,hirata's tea*+s4 ,! ,%9to re=mation ( ! same date1 :5 ! ,buddhi/ prie/s 7 remov$ f ! ,rybu %r9es1 & a c]ta9 purification ( ritual & ornam5ts 0 effect$1 0 also due to _! influ5ce4#cdd ,%+aku4--,a s*ool ( prea*]s :o call$ _! doctr9e %+aku or he>t-le>n+1 & pr(ess$ to comb9e ,%9to ) ,buddhism & ,confucianism1 _h "s vogue 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,^! m5 7 9 reality rationali/s1 :o took ! maxims ( ,confucius & ,m5cius z ! basis ( _! doctr9es4 ,any ,%9to elem5t :i* !y may conta9 is q inappreciable4 ,_! s]mons1 ( :i* a good numb] h be5 pr9t$1 are 9 ! colloquial dialect4 ,!y are v ent]ta9+ &1 despite an occasional bit ( indec5cy1 n un$ify+4 ,t5riky1#cde or ! tea*+ ( ! ,heav5ly ,reason1 is a mod]n sect4 ,! f\nd] 0 a woman nam$ ,omiki1 :o 0 born 9 ! prov9ce ( ,yamato 9 #agih1 & di$ 9 #ahhg4 ,h] religion owes mu* to ! ,%+aku & ,rybu doctr9es4 ,:ile pr(ess+ to wor%ip ,kunitokota*i1 ,izanagi1 ,izanami1 & sev5 o!r ,%9to deities1 practically ,izanagi & ,izanami are h] only ,gods4 ,! =m] 7id5tifi$ ) ! sun7 is tak5 to repres5t ! male1 & ! latt] ! female pr9ciple1 correspond+ 9 nature to ,heav5 & ,e>?1 & 9 human society to husb& & wife4 ,^! ,gods are spiritual be+s1 *iefly reveal$ 9 ! he>t ( man1 & are end[$ ) p]sonal attributes4 ,t5riky has high moral aims1 & has made rapid progress4 ,9 #ahid !re 7 claim$ = x #aj1jjj prie/s & prea*]s1 & #a1djj1jjj adh]5ts4 ,remmonky4#cdf--,! "n ( ?is sect implies t1 l ! spotless lotus-fl[]1 :i* has its roots 9 ! mud1 x atta9s to purity 9 ! mid/ ( a wick$ _w4 ,x is /at$ to h orig9at$ ) a c]ta9 ,yanagita ,i*ibeimon1 b its real f\nd] 0 8 disciple1 a woman nam$ ,%imamura ,mitsuko1 :o 0 /ill alive & prea*+ 9 #aija4 ,! ,remmonky pr(esses to be a re=m$ ,%9to1 b 9 reality x owes little to ?is s\rce beyond ! names ( ! ,gods ,ame no m9aka nu%i1 ,taka-musubi1 & ,kami-musubi1 :o are t]m$ ! ?ree ,creator ,deities4 ,!y are consid]$1 h[ev]1 to be only manife/ations ( ! ,ji no ,myh1 or ,wond]ful ,law ( ,?+s1 & ! real ,god ( ! sect is ! p]sonifi$ ,myh 7wond]ful law7 a conception borr[$ f ! ,buddhi/ ,ni*ir5 sect4 ,! foll[]s ( ,%imamura call h] an ikigami 7live ,god71 & reg>d h] z id5tical ) ! ,myh4 ,h[ (t5 9 ,japanese religi\s hi/ory d we meet ) ?is idea ( ! inc>nation ( ! ,god 9 8 prie/ or prophet6 ,! %9tai1 or mat]ial repres5tative ( ! ,myh1 is a slip ( pap] be>+ ! words ,ji no ,myh1 writt5 by ! f\nd] h]self4 ,x is sold z a *>m aga9/ disease & dang]4 ,fai?-heal+ is a practice ( ?is sect1 z x is ( ! ,t5riky4 ,_! moral code is ( ! ord9>y ,confucian type4 ,! la/-nam$ two sects are n likely to play an important "p 9 religi\s hi/ory4 ,! f\nd]s ( bo? 7 ignorant wom51 & _! doctr9es are a m]e jumble ( conflict+ ideas borr[$ f v>i\s s\rces1 & inspir$ by no great c5tral ?\ght4 ,we may1 p]haps1 comp>e _! position 9 ,japan to t ( ! ,salvation ,army or ! ,plym\? ,bre?r5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,(ficial ,%9to4--,! (ficial cult ( ! pres5t day is sub/antially ! ,pure ,%9to ( ,motori & ,hirata4 ,b x has little vitality4 ,a rudim5t>y religion ( ?is k9d is q inadequate = ! spiritual su/5ance ( a nation :i* 9 ^! latt] days has rais$ itself to s high a pit* ( enlight5m5t & civilization4 ,no d\bt "s religi\s en?usiasm is excit$ by ! great fe/ivals ( ,ise1 ,idzumo1 & a few o!r %r9es1 & by ! annual pilgrimages--:i*1 h[ev]1 h o!r raisons d'tre4 ,! rev]5ce paid to ! ,mikado is n devoid ( a religi\s quality :i* has its s\rce 9 ,%9to4 ,b ! ma9 /ream ( ,japanese piety has cut out = itself new *annels4 ,x has turn$ to ,buddhism1 :i*1 at ! "t ( ! ,re/oration 9 a langui%+ /ate1 is n[ %[+ signs ( r5ew$ life & activity4 ,ano!r & /ill m =midable rival has appe>$1 to ^: progress1 daily increas+ 9 mom5tum1 :at limit %all be prescrib$8 ,z a national religion1 ,%9to is almo/ ext9ct4 ,b x w long cont9ue to survive 9 folk-lore & cu/om1 & 9 t lively s5sibility to ! div9e 9 its simpl] & m mat]ial aspects :i* *>act]izes ! p ( ,japan4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,footnotes3 #cca ,= an acc\nt ( ,japanese ,buddhism1 consult ,murray's ',japan1' or ! m compreh5sive description 9 ,griffis's ',religions ( ,japan4' #ccb ,see above1 p4 #age4 #ccc ,! noveli/ ,bak91 :o _c be *>g$ ) prie/craft1 says3 ,%9to rev]5ces ! way ( ! ,sun2 ! ,*9ese philosoph]s hon\r ,heav52 ! tea*+ ( ,%aka fails n to make ! ,sun a deity4 ,among diff]5ces ( doctr9e ! fundam5tal pr9ciple is ! same4 #ccd ,9 ! old ,%9to1 ,ne no kuni1 or ,hades1 is n a place ( puni%m5t = ! wick$4 ,"h x /&s = ! ,jigoku1 or ,hell1 ( ! ,buddhi/s4 #cce ,t is1 ,nature--a ,*9ese idea4 #ccf ,?is is ,*9ese4 #ccg ,a ,buddhi/ designation4 #cch ,& !re=e unclean4 #cci ,see above1 p4 #agi4 #cdj ,z ,sugah>a himself 04 #cda ,see above1 p4 #aee4 #cdb ,see above1 p4 #agg4 #cdc ,allud+ to ! inn] & out] %r9es ( ,ise4 #cdd ,= a full acc\nt ( ! ,revival ( ,pure ,%9to1 see ,sir ,e4 ,sat['s pap]s contribut$ to ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j4 9 #ahge4 ,our k ( ,%9to dates f ?is "t4 #cde ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is sect is giv5 9 a pap] by ,dr4 ,gre5e 9 ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 ,decemb]1 #ahie4 #cdf ,see pap]s by ,dr4 ,gre5e & ,rev4 ,a4 ,lloyd 9 ! ,t4 ,a4 ,s4 ,j41 #aija4 ,,index4 ,n4,b4--,:]e !re are sev]al ref]5ces ! mo/ important is plac$ fir/4 ,a ,ablution1 #bei1 #hc1 #aga ,see ,lu/ration1 misogi4 ,ab/95ce1 #bga1 #bgc4 ,see ,imi4 ,ab/ractions1 ,gods (1 #fb1 #afi1 #ahf ,ab/ractions1 few 9 ,japanese1 #ce ,accession ann\nc$ to ,gods1 #cbd ,acupuncture1 #ccd ,adoption1 #de ,adult]y1 #ia1 #bdd1 #bdf ,adzuki4 ,see ,bean4 ,adzusa b[1 #bjf1 #cce ,agamono1 #bfa1 #cjf4 ,see ,ransom4 ,agno/ic1 #ac1 #gh ,ahidono1 #bbg ,agriculture 9 ,%9to1 ,preface1 #hf1 #ajb1 #aba1 #afd1 #agb ,ah9ame or ,ahimbe1 #bgh ,a9us1 #afj1 #aic1 #beb ,akitsu ,kami1 #da ,aliases ( deities1 #bb ,all51 ,grant1 #cf ,alt>1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbg4 ,see ,kamidana4 ,altro int5de1 #gg ,amagatsu1 #bfc ,ama no hohi1 #aaj1 #beh1 #bgd ,ama no sagume1 #aji ,amat]asu1 #abe ,ame 7heav571 #if1 #adb ,ame no ha%idate1 #ie ,ame no hiwa%i1 #acf ,ame no kagase wo1 #adb ,ame no m9aka nu%i1 #fi1 #he1 #adb1 #cge ,ame yudzuru1 #he ,ame waka hiko1 #ajh ,amulet1 #beh4 ,see ,talisman4 ,ance/or-wor%ip1 #dd1 #cf1 #ie1 #aaf1 #agg1 #bgi1 #cgd ,ance/or & ance/ress ( ! ,mikado1 #bga1 #bif ,animals1 #fc ,animal sacrifices1 #bab1 #bac ,animal food1 (f]+s (1 #aif1 #bje1 impure1 #bec ,an?ropomorphism1 #ag ,ara-mitama1 #ca1 #cc1 ,add5da4 ,see ,nigitama4 ,ascetic1 #bjc ,a%9adzu*i1 #ajc ,aso1 ,m\nt1 ,god (1 #adg ,asuha no ,kami1 #adf ,atago1 #aei1 #cfe1 #cfi4 ,see ,fire-,god4 ,augury1 #cdd ,augu/ ,gr&*ild4 ,see ,sovran ,gr&*ild4 ,augu/9e1 ,/41 ,add5da1 #aih ,avat>1 #cfa1 #ahf ,avoidance ( uncleanness4 ,see ,imi4 ,axe1 sacr$1 #bhi ,b ,baelz1 ,dr41 #ceh ,bakemono 7gho/71 #di ,bak91 #cbh1 #cfb ,baldness unclean1 #bec ,b>ga9 ) ,gods1 #bab4 ,see also ,d ut des4 ,ba%1 #dh ,bat*elor1 #bie ,be 7,gov]nm5t corporation71 #aab1 #ahc ,bean1 #aij1 #afe1 #aic1 #cji1 #cab1 #cac1 #cdb ,b5efic5t "* ( ,gods1 #f1 #ae1 #abi ,be/iality1 #cjj ,bewit*m5t1 #cjj ,biru%ana1 #cfa ,biso1 #dh ,black animals (f]$ = ra91 #bhg ,bless+ ( ! ,palace1 #bhg ,blood1 #bac ,bosatsu1 #agh1 #cbe1 #cfh ,b[ z (f]+1 #cad ,b[ z a /r+$ musical in/rum5t1 #bch ,b[ 9 magic1 #cce1 #bjf1 #cef4 ,see ,hama yumi1 ,adzusa yumi4 ,b[+1 #bji ,brea? put = life1 #ea ,brea?+ on1 #bfa-fc ,brew]-maid51 #bfi et seqq4 ,bridge-div9ation1 #cda ,br9kley1 ,capt41 #cbf ,br9ton1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,g41 #hc1 #aci ,br[n+'s ',saul1' #ci ,bubbles z a *>m aga9/ fire1 #ccc ,buckley1 ,dr41 #acg1 #adi1 #aih ,buddhism1 #d1 #ced1 #cei1 #cfd1 #cec1 #agh1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #aii1 #bab1 #bec1 #bed1 #bee1 #cjd ,bun-%91 #ba ,burial1 #ee-fa1 ,add5da ,burnt-(f]+s1 #bac1 #baj ,c ,caird1 ,dr4 ,e41 #df ,calamities caus+ uncleanness1 #bee ,caldron-div9ation1 #cdc ,c>riage ( ,god1 #bbb ,cat]pill> wor%ipp$1 #gj ,c]emonial1 #bfh ,*amb]la91 ,mr4 ,b4 ,h41 #b1 #bd1 #bcb1 #cje1 #cbf1 #cdd1 #ceg ,*aos1 #hd ,*>m1 #aad1 #ahi1 #ccg4 ,see ,magic1 ,talisman4 ,*iburi no ,kami1 #aig1 #cae ,*iefta9 conception ( ,gods1 #ai ,*imata no ,kami1 #ahh ,*ildbir? z a s\rce ( uncleanness1 #bea ,*9ese philosophy1 #ib1 #afi1 #bcd1 #bdd1 #bfd1 #cje1 #cbc1 #cci1 #cdb1 #cgb ,*9ese religion1 #a ,*9ese traits 9 my?1 #ib1 #aae ,*9jiu1 #fe1 #cbf1 #cfd ,*9konsai1 #bid ,*i no wa1 #bfd-f ,*ronology1 #aaf ,*ur* & ,/ate1 #bjj1 #bgd ,circumambulation1 #bdj1 #ij1 #aeg1 #cab1 #cba ,civilization ( anci5t ,japanese1 ,preface4 ,clapp+ h&s1 #bji1 #cbj ,classes1 ,gods (1 #ae1 #cd ,classes1 deifi$ classes ( m51 #fa ,classification ( ,gods1 #ae ,clay1 ,god (1 #ib1 #adf1 #caf ,cley]a japonica1 #ih1 #bae1 #baf1 #bfi1 #bic ,clo?+1 (f]+s (1 #bac1 #bcg4 ,see ,yufu1 #bgj1 #bhg ,cock1 #ajj ,communion1 #abj1 #afa1 #baa ,comte1 #fb1 #fc1 #adb ,conception ( deity1 phases (1 #af ,consangu9e\s unions1 #bej ,confucius1 #ba1 cult (1 #ahb1 #cfa ,cook+ furnace1 #bgi1 #af1 #ag1 #bhj1 #cbb1 #cbi4 ,see also ,kamado & ,hettsui4 ,corn ,maid51 #ajb ,coronation1 #bfh ,cosmogony1 #add4 ,see ,creation4 ,c\ncil ( ,gods1 #ih1 #abd ,c\vade1 #bea ,creation1 v>i\s conceptions (1 #hd1 #hg1 #hi1 #add1 #agj ,creation ( mank9d1 #hb1 #aga1 #agd ,creator-,gods1 #bg1 #he1 #cea1 #cgf4 ,see also ,izanagi1 ,ohonamo*i1 ,musubi4 ,cremation1 #cfd ,crim9al law1 #bde ,crossways1 deity (1 #aaa1 #ahh1 #aig4 ,see also ,sahe no ,kami4 1 sanctity (1 #aig 1 div9ation1 #cdj ,curses1 #bcf1 #aab1 #aha ,cyclops1 #aja ,cz> deifi$1 ,add5da4 ,d ,daidai1 #cac ,daigji1 #bjd ,daij[e1 #bfh ,daikoku-ba%ira1 #ij1 #afg ,d',alviella1 ,preface1 #aa1 #afe ,dances1 sacr$1 #ajj1 #cba4 ,see also ,kagura4 ,dante1 #ah1 #gf ,d>w91 #bfa ,deasil1 #ij4 ,see also ,circumambulation4 ,dead1 /ate (1 #ec1 #ee4 ,see ,yomi4 1 wor%ip (1 #bjh ,dea?1 #ea1 #id1 #beb ,def9ition ( ,god1 #g1 #aj ,de ,h>lez1 #ch ,deification1 #cf1 #aj1 #aai ,deifi$ m51 #i1 #agg1 #agi ,deluge1 #hb ,demon1 #f1 #cjh4 ,see also ,oni4 1 pacts )1 #ccc 1 & diseases id5tical1 #afh1 #ahg1 #aih ,d]ivations 9 my?1 #aag ,devil4 ,see ,demon1 ,oni4 ,diseases4 ,see ,smallpox1 ,leprosy1 ,pe/il5ce4 p]sonifi$1 #aih unclean1 #beb ,div9ation1 #ccg1 #aai1 #bdi1 #bfi1 #cbc1 ,god (1 #ahd ,div9e c\ntry1 #abf1 #abg ,div9e "r ( ,mikado1 #hb1 #aaa1 #bhi1 #big1 #bic1 #cad ,div9]4 ,see ,urabe4 ,divorce1 #id ,dog-deity1 #ccb ,dolm51 #ee1 #agh ,dondo1 #aia1 #aih1 #cjg1 #cad ,dsj91 #aia1 #aic1 #aig ,d\ble1 #eb1 #adj4 ,see also ,mitama4 ,d\ble curr5t ( deity-mak+ ?\ght1 #aj1 #ahe ,d ut des1 #bab1 #bcd1 #bhe ,dragon1 #i1 #aad1 #adi1 #aea4 ,see ,s]p5t4 ,dragon-k+1 #aae1 #adi1 #aec ,drama1 #bch ,drama & n>rative1 #hc ,dreams1 #cde1 #cdf1 #cbb1 #aah1 #cca ,dual div9ity1 #adj1 #aga4 ,see also ,aramitama4 ,duplication ( (f]+s & c]emonies1 #bfi1 #bgc ,dw>f-,god1 #ajg1 #ahf ,e ,e>?-fa/ /ones1 #adg1 #bfj ,e>?-,gods1 #adb1 #bhc ,e>?quakes1 #fe1 #hb1 #abf1 #adg1 #cbf ,eat+ ! ,god1 #afj1 #ajb ,ebisu1 #acc ,e*o p]sonifi$1 #i1 #afg ,effigy 9 wit*craft1 #cca ,eh1 #cad ,eight1 #ij1 #ajc ,eight ,gods ( ,ohonihe1 #bgj1 ( ,j+ikwan1 #afb1 #agd1 #bbg1 #bhb ,eighty road-w9d+s1 #aaa ,elem5ts1 ,gods (1 #ib ,emado1 #bbb1 #bbf ,emotional basis ( religion1 #e ,epidemics1 #ahg ,esot]ic ,%9to1 #cef ,et]nal ,l&1 #ih1 #aag ,e?ics4 ,see ,morals4 ,euhem]ism1 #acd1 #acf ,ev5 pass ( ,yomi1 #ec1 #ic1 #ie1 #ajg ,ev]gre5 trees1 #cac ,ev]la/+ _w1 #eb1 #gj ,evil deities1 #f1 #i1 #aci1 #cad4 ,see ,aratama4 ,exogamy4 ,see ,ince/4 ,exorcism1 #ic ,expiation4 ,see ,purification1 ,ransom4 ,expulsion ( w9t]1 #cab ,f ,fa!rhood ( ,gods1 #f1 #ai1 #agc ,fe/ivals4 ,see ,c]emonial4 ,feti%1 #abb1 #ae1 #fc1 #gc1 #adb ,figures ( m5 z ransom objects1 #bfb1 #bfc ,fillet1 #bae ,f9e = purification1 #ajj1 #bdf ,f9e wea!r1 magic produc+1 #ccj ,f+]-*>ms1 #ced1 #cfb ,fire1 wor%ip (1 #aei1 #cae1 #ib1 #aef1 #ahd4 ,see also ,nihabi1 ,kagutsu*i1 ,futsunu%i1 ,homusubi4 ,fire1 respect =1 #cbi ,fire1 purity (1 #beg1 #bed1 #cfi ,fire-drill1 #beg1 #bgc ,fire-ordeal1 #aab1 #aac ,firmam5t1 #if ,fir/ fruits4 ,see ,nih9ame4 ,fir/ ,gods1 #he ,fissip>\s reproduction ( deities1 #ba ,flag ( ,japan1 #ci ,flay+ alive1 #big ,fle%-eat+ unclean1 #bec ,float+ bridge ( ,heav51 #hg ,flor5z1 ,dr41 #c1 #fe1 #bfc1 #bid1 #bif1 #big1 #cjj1 #cjc ,folk-lore1 #d ,food-,goddess1 #afj1 #ai1 #aai1 #ajb1 #cba ,food-(f]+s1 #bab ,foot-ball ,god1 #aii ,=eign demons1 measures aga9/1 #ahh ,=mula 9 magic1 #ccf ,fox att5dant ( ,in>i1 #fc1 #afc ,fox div9ation1 #cdd1 #ceh ,fraz]1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g41 ,preface1 #ii1 #afc1 #aff1 #ahh1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #cji ,fruit-trees c]emony1 #afe ,fujih>a family1 #ahd1 #cbj ,fujiyama deifi$1 #ag1 #adh1 #aef1 #cga ,fukusuke1 #dh ,funado1 #id1 #ahg4 ,see ,kunado4 ,functions ( ,gods1 #fe ,fun]als1 unclean1 #beb ,fun]al obs]vances1 #aji1 #ee1 #if1 #dc1 #ei1 ,add5da4 ,see ,burial4 ,furnace4 ,see ,kit*5 furnace4 ,futami no ura1 #acj1 #aca ,futodama1 #ahd1 #cj1 #ih1 #ajj1 #bjb ,futsu no mitama1 #aah1 #aee4 ,see also ,futsunu%i4 ,futsunu%i1 #aee1 #a1 #cd1 #ib1 #aji1 #cag1 #bge ,future life1 ,preface1 #bce4 ,see also ,yomi2 ,dead1 /ate ( ,g ,g>lic1 p[] aga9/ demons1 #ccf ,gate-,gods1 #afh1 #bhb1 #cjh ,gateway1 honor>y4 ,see ,toriwi4 ,g5ealogy1 #abj ,g5]ative p[] p]sonifi$1 #ahf ,g5d] neglect$ 9 ,japanese ,gramm>1 #bb ,geomancy1 #cdd ,gho/1 #ad1 #di1 #ec1 #aga1 #aha1 #bjh1 #baj ,gideon's fleece1 #cde ,gion1 c]emonies at1 #beh ,godzu ,t5n1 #acg1 #aci ,gohei1 #baf1 #bfd1 #cjd1 #ced4 ,see ,ku%i4 ,gohei-katsugi1 #bag ,good-luck1 ,gods (1 #aii ,goriye1 #ca1 #hh1 #ada1 #ahi ,g\rd deifi$1 #caf ,g[l&1 ,mr4 ,w41 #ee1 #eg ,gra9-,gods4 ,see ,ukemo*i & ,in>i4 ,gra91 wor%ip (1 #afj ,grass & h]bs1 ,god (4 ,see ,kaya nu hime4 ,gratitude a s\rce ( religion1 #e1 #ahc1 #baj1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bhe ,great purification4 ,see ,ohoh>ahi4 ,great] ,div9ation1 #cci ,gre5e1 ,dr41 #cge ,griffis1 ,dr41 #abg1 #aid1 #aih1 #bfj1 #cca1 #cei ,gr[? deifi$1 #hf4 ,see ,musubi ,gruel-,div9ation1 #cda ,guide-,gods1 #aig ,gygi1 #cfa ,h ,ha*iman1 #agh1 #ai1 #db1 #cbe ,ha*ji 7eight pr9ces71 #ig ,hades4 ,see ,yomi4 ,hafuri1 #bjd4 ,see ,oho-hafuri ,hafuri-tsu-mono1 #bje ,haid5 7oratory71 #bbf ,haigi or ,hahiki no kami1 #adf1 #bhb ,hair & nails 9 wit*craft1 #ccb ,hait5 7deification71 #da ,haku1 #bjb ,hamayumi1 #cad1 #cce ,haniwa 7clay r+s71 #eg ,haniyasu hime1 #adf ,h>ahi 7purification71 my?ic orig91 #if2 also #bfd1 #cjc1 #cag1 #cfe ,h>ahi-bako1 #cjd1 #cdc ,h>ahi-tsu-mono1 #bfc1 #bjc1 #cja1 #cjb ,h>ahi-tsu-ta*i1 #cjf ,h>e & ,ohonamo*i1 #aje ,h>p div9ation1 #cdb ,h>tl&1 ,mr4 ,s41 #ej1 #ig ,h>ve/ ,gods1 #afd ,h>ve/ fe/ival4 ,see ,nihi-"n4 ,h>ve/1 pray+ =4 ,see ,to%i-gohi4 ,ha%ira 7pill>71 #ga ,hatsu no h9ode1 #abh ,hayato 7,imp]ial ,gu>ds71 #aae ,haya-aki-tsu-hime1 #cjb ,haya-sasura-hime1 #cjb ,haya-tama no wo1 #bfj ,he>n1 ,lafcadio1 #dd1 #ade ,heav54 ,see ,ame1 ,t51 ,ti54 ,heav5-&-,e>?1 #ce1 #cgj1 #cga ,height equival5t to excell5ce1 #h ,hell1 ,buddhi/1 #cfg1 #aha1 #ahb ,hemp1 (f]+s (1 #bac1 #bfd ,h]$it>y (fices1 #ahc ,hettsui4 ,see ,kit*5 furnace4 ,hiko & hime1 #bj1 #ch1 #acb ,hima*i1 #abh ,himorogi1 #bbc1 #bbf1 #cjd1 #bfj ,hirano fe/ival1 #bgi ,hirata1 #cgc1 #d1 #bb1 #be1 #afh1 #bce ,hirose1 #cba ,hiruko1 #ij1 #ia1 #acb ,hirume1 #aaf1 #abe4 ,see ,sun-,goddess4 ,hito-ba%ira1 #bai ,hito-dama1 #ej ,hito-gata1 human figures (f]$ to ,gods1 #bai ,hito-koto-nu%i1 #da ,hitom>o1 #dh1 #ahc ,hobby-horses1 #bbb ,hb51 #cfj ,hogmanay1 #cab ,hohodemi1 #aac ,hokora1 #bbc ,holly1 #cac ,hom]1 #bae2 purification 91 #bie ,homusubi1 #ic1 #aei4 ,see ,fire-,god4 ,horses z (f]+s1 #caj1 #cbb ,h\se-,gods1 #afg1 #bhg1 #bij4 ,see ,yabune4 ,h\se-clean+1 #cac ,ho-%idzume1 #cae4 ,see ,fire4 ,huacas ( ,p]u1 #i ,human sacrifice1 #ef1 #aea1 #aeb1 #bai1 #bbj ,hyaku-d-i%i1 #bcb ,hypnotism1 #ced1 #cdi ,i ,i*iko1 #bjf1 #ceg ,i*i no miya1 #add ,idea ( ,god1 #f ,idols1 #ga-c1 #bb ,idzumo1 #ajh1 #aje1 #ajc ,idzumo ,fudoki1 #c ,iha-naga-hime1 #aab ,iha%imidzu1 #agh4 ,see ,ha*iman4 ,ikadzu*i1 #aeg1 #aee ,iki 7brea?1 life71 #ea ,ikigami 7liv+ deity71 #dd ,iki mitama 7liv+ s\l71 #eb ,ikudama1 #adc ,ikukuni1 #adc ,iku-wi1 #aed ,imag9ation1 #ah1 #bb1 #bd1 #ba1 #bc1 #gg ,imbe1 #bjb1 #aab1 #a1 #ih1 #ahd ,imi1 #bef1 #bjb1 #bdf1 #bga1 #bgc ,imi-ba%ira1 #afg ,imi-dono1 #bje ,imitative magic1 #aja1 #aec1 #ccj1 #ii ,immortality1 #ac1 #ad ,imp]sonal habit ( ,japanese m9d1 #fg ,impetu\s male1 #ada4 ,see ,suma no wo4 ,implem5ts wor%ipp$1 #gc ,impurity4 ,see ,uncleanness4 ,9 & ,y4 ,see ,y9 & ,yang4 ,inada hime1 #ach ,inao1 #aic ,in>i1 #afb1 #f1 #cd1 #fc1 #fg1 #cee ,inauspici\s words1 #bee ,incantations1 #cbi1 #ccf ,inc>nation ( ! ,god 9 8 prophet or prie/1 #cgf1 #gj1 #agg ,inc5se1 #bac1 #bib1 #ced ,ince/1 #cjj1 #fd1 #ia ,individuals1 ,gods (1 #ae ,individual m5 deifi$1 #cf1 #agg ,inf9ite1 #gc ,inspiration1 #cdh1 #ih4 ,see ,oracle4 ,inugami1 #ccb ,invocation4 ,see ,kami-oro%i4 ,iron fi%-hooks1 #aae ,i%i-kori-dome1 #ahd ,i%igami1 #cda ,ise %r9es1 #bbi1 fe/ival on removal (1 #bhg ,iyeyasu1 #ahc ,izanagi & ,izanami1 #hf1 #aga1 #fi1 #if ,j ,jevons1 #bd1 #ij ,jewels z (f]+s1 #bah ,jewel-mak]s1 #ahe1 #bij ,jewel-spe> ( ,heav51 #hg ,ji-*9-sai1 #adc ,jigoku1 #ed1 #cfg ,ji-matsuri1 #adc ,jimmu ,t5no1 #aaf1 #aae ,j+ikwan1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #afb1 #ahd ,ji no myh1 #cgf ,jiz1 #ahi1 #aia ,jun%i 7self-sacrifice at tomb71 #ei ,k ,kadomatsu1 #aia ,kadori1 #ib1 #aae ,kaempf]1 #cf1 #da ,kagami-mo*i1 #cac ,kagase-wo1 #ga1 #adb ,kage-z51 #eb ,kagura1 #bbg1 #bch1 #aja1 #ahd ,kagutsu*i1 #ib1 #aei ,kaji-s-%a1 #dh ,kamado no ,kami4 ,see ,kit*5 furnace4 ,kama-naobi1 #bij ,kami1 #g-aj ,kami-ag>i1 #cdj ,kami-dana1 #bag1 #bca1 #cje ,kami-gi1 #afe ,kami-na-dzuki1 #ade ,kami-oro%i1 #cdb1 #bag1 #cjd1 #cdj ,kamu-be1 #bjg ,kamu-image1 #bgi ,kamu-musubi1 #agc1 #agd ,kamu-miso no matsuri1 #bhg ,kamunoko1 #bjf ,kamurogi & ,kamuromi1 #agc1 #bge1 #bhi1 #bif ,kaname-i%i1 #adg1 #bfj ,kangak>i1 #cdi ,kan-"n1 #bgh ,kannu%i1 #bjd ,kappa1 #aec ,kas$ori1 #cca ,ka%ihade1 #bji ,ka%ikodokoro1 #bia ,ka%ima1 #ib1 #aee1 #aeg1 #cgj ,kasuga no matsuri1 #cag ,kat>ibe1 #b1 #bgc ,kata%iro1 #bfc ,kaya nu hime1 #aff ,k$zurikake1 #aia1 #aib ,kega 7w\nd or uncleanness71 #bec ,kidzuki1 #ade ,k+-po/1 #ij ,kiri-bi 7sacr$ fire71 #beg ,kiri-nusa1 #bif ,kitano1 #ahb ,kitsune-tsukahi1 #cdd ,kit*5 furnace1 ,god (1 #aei1 #af1 #ag1 #gc1 #adf1 #bgb1 #bhj1 #cbb1 #cbi ,see ,haniyasu4 ,kiu 7fe/ival = ra971 #bhf ,kiujiki1 #c ,kneel+1 #bji ,kbdai%i1 #cfa ,kodama 7e*o71 #i1 #fg ,kogo%iui1 #c ,kojiki1 #b1 #hd ,kojikid51 #cgc ,komagata1 #bbb1 #fg ,kompira1 #bcj ,konohana ,sakuyahime1 #aab ,ko-nusa1 #cdc ,korea1 #a1 #ajb1 #aef1 #cje ,koto-%iro-nu%i1 #ahe1 #aaa ,k[ame%i1 #aid ,koyane1 #ahc1 #bj1 #df1 #ajj1 #aja1 #bja1 #cag1 #cci ,kteis1 #ahf1 #aid1 #aig1 #ccd ,kug$a*i1 #cdh ,kuhab>a1 #ccg ,kuji4 ,see ,lots4 ,kukuno*i1 #aff1 #afg1 #bij4 ,see ,tree-,god4 ,kumaso1 #fd ,kunado1 #ahg1 #ahi1 #cc1 #dj1 #id1 #aaj1 #cjf1 #cda4 ,see ,phallic deities4 ,kun>i no kami1 #add ,kunidama1 #adc1 #add ,kunitokota*i1 #age1 #he1 #fh1 #cfb1 #cge ,kusanagi 7"n ( sword71 #ajd ,ku%i1 #baf1 #big ,ku%i-iha-mado1 #afh1 #cjh ,ku%9ada hime1 #ajc ,kuyebiko1 #ga ,l ,lang1 ,mr4 ,a41 #fa1 #ajh ,language1 my? aris+ f p]v]sion (1 #acb ,laotze1 #ch1 #cfa ,laugh+ fe/ival1 #f ,law1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #bde ,leanness unclean1 #bec ,le>n+1 ,god (4 ,see ,temmangu4 ,lee*-*ild4 ,see ,hiruko4 ,left & "r1 prec$5ce (1 #abi ,leg5d & my?1 #aaf ,lemuria1 #cji ,leprosy1 #beb1 #cjj1 #ccb ,lite1 ,god (1 #agd4 ,see ,brea?4 ,light & d>kness my?1 #aja ,lit]al-m9ds1 #ah1 #bd1 #ej1 #ea1 #hj1 #ha ,liturgy1 #ajj4 ,see ,norito4 ,live b[1 #ajg ,lloyd1 ,rev4 ,a41 #cge ,lots1 #cdc ,l[ell1 ,mr4 ,p41 #bd1 #ced ,luck1 #cji4 ,see ,tsu9a4 ,luck1 ,gods (1 #ie ,luck-wi%+1 #bhg ,lup]calia1 #aij ,lu/ration1 #if1 #bei1 #bid1 #bie ,ly+ /igmatiz$1 #bdb ,m ,mabu*i1 #cgc ,mayeza4 ,see ,m$ium4 ,magic1 #cbg1 #ii1 #add1 #ahg1 #aif1 #bee1 #cjj1 #ceg ,ma9e1 ,sir ,h41 #bd ,maj9ahi4 ,see ,magic4 ,make-believe1 #ab1 #bbc ,male :o invites1 #aga ,mamori4 ,see ,*>ms4 ,maneki-neko1 #dh ,man-deities1 #cf1 *ap4 viii4 ,_m%iu1 a collection ( anci5t poetry1 #i1 #ag ,m>i no ,kami1 #aii ,m>riage1 #ff1 #ij1 #ia1 #acg1 #adj1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,see ,nuptial hut1 ,w$lock4 ,masaya a katsu1 #ig ,mas%a1 #bbg ,mat]ial s\ls1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb ,mat]ializ$ feel+s1 #ccb1 #ccc ,mat]ials = /udy ( ,%9to1 #a-d ,m$ic9e1 #add1 #cbg ,m$ic9e m51 #bjc ,m$ium1 #ced1 #cee1 #cef4 ,see ,i*iko1 ,miko4 ,m5/ruation1 #bea1 #cdj ,m]$i?1 ,mr4 ,geo41 #hj ,metal1 ,god (1 #ib ,metamorphosis1 #di1 #fd ,metaphor1 #af-ah1 #ch1 #gf ,mi*iahe1 #cjf1 #ahg1 #ahh ,mi*i no ,omi1 #aai ,midzu*i1 #aej ,mikado deifi$1 #i1 #ch div9e "r (1 #hb1 #bic pray] to1 #bce1 #cbd z high prie/1 #bja1 #bib ,mikado matsuri1 #cjh ,mikage1 #ea ,miko1 #bjf1 #aja1 #ceg ,miko%i1 #bbb1 #bbe ,mikoto1 #bj1 #he ,mimi1 #cj ,m9agata1 #dc1 #agg ,mioya1 #ai ,miracul\s bir?s1 #ig ,mirror1 #bah1 #ca1 #gb1 #acd1 #bia ,mirror-mak]s1 #ahd ,misasagi1 #db1 #dc ,misogi1 #bfj1 #bga1 #bih ,mitama 7_s71 #bf-ca1 #h1 #i1 #di1 #ahh1 #aig1 #bic1 #bid ,mitama furi%iki1 #bib %idzumura no matsuri1 #bib %iro1 #cb4 ,see ,%9tai4 ,mitegura 7(f]+s71 #aeh1 #baa ,mito%i no ,kami1 #aif1 #bec ,miwa1 #ade4 ,see ,ohonamo*i4 ,miya1 #bjj1 #bbc4 ,see ,%r9e4 ,miyakko1 #bje1 #bjf ,mod]n ,%9to1 #cgf ,mono-imi1 #bjf1 #cah1 #cdj ,mono!ism1 #ff1 #fh1 #fi1 #gj1 #abe1 #agj1 #aga1 #cdi ,moon-,god1 #fe1 #ie1 #ajb1 #ach4 ,see ,tsukiyomi1 ,tsuki-ma*i4 ,moral code1 #bda1 #abi1 #cfg1 #cgd ,mortu>y h\se1 #aji ,mosaic law1 #abb1 #bae1 #bdh1 #bea1 #beb1 #cjb ,motion & s5sation1 #aa ,motori1 #cgc1 #d1 #ba1 #bd1 #be ,m\nta9-,gods1 #adg1 #ib1 #bhd1 #bhi ,m\rn+4 ,see ,fun]al4 ,muir1 ,dr4 ,j41 #id ,mll]1 ,max1 #af1 #be ,multiplication ( ,gods1 #fg ,mu%room1 #ahi1 #cab ,music1 #ef1 #ic1 #bch1 #bgj1 #bgc1 #bib1 #cba ,musubi1 #agb1 #bj1 #ba1 #ce1 #fi1 #ajb1 #bge ,my/]y1 #ca1 #cb ,my?1 #ge1 #ag1 #b1 #af & leg5d1 #aaf & ritual1 #hc ,my?ical n>rative1 #hd ,n ,nademono1 #bbj ,nai%idokoro1 #bia1 #dc1 #ace ,nakatomi1 #bja1 #a1 #ba1 #df1 #aab1 #ahc ,nakatsutsu no wo1 #bj-bb4 ,see ,sea-,gods4 ,nakatsu-wata-dzumi1 #adh4 ,see ,sea-,gods4 ,nakaza1 #ced ,nakisahame1 #ib1 #aii ,nanakusa1 #bgg1 #cdd ,n>u ,kami1 #i4 ,see ,?und]4 ,nature deities1 #aba ,nature-,gods & ,man-,gods1 #ae ,ne$-fire1 #bei ,ne$les wor%ipp$1 #gc ,negi 7prie/71 #bje ,ne no kuni 7root-c\ntry74 ,see ,yomi4 ,ne!r ,l&1 #ajd4 ,see ,yomi4 ,new ,ye> 9 mod]n ,japan1 #cab ,ni*ir9 7! sun71 #abg ,nigi-hayahi1 #abj1 #abh ,nigi-tama1 #ca1 #cc1 #adj1 #ade1 #bge ,nihabi1 #ii1 #aja1 #bgg ,nih9ame 7fe/ival ( fir/-fruits71 #bgg1 #aji1 #aai1 #abd1 #afa1 #bfh1 #bfi ,nihongi1 #b1 #hd1 #afi ,n9igi1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aaf1 #ahe ,no dance1 #bch ,nomi no ,sukune1 #dh1 #eg1 #ahc ,norito1 *ap4 xii4 passim1 #c1 #db1 #ih1 #ii1 #abf1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bgj1 #bgd1 #cbb ,nor? ! hon\rable qu>t]1 #ef ,nor? />1 #adb ,numb] neglect$ 9 ,japanese gramm>1 #af1 #ba1 #aba1 #afh1 #afi ,numb] ( ,gods1 #ff1 #ih ,num]als1 magical use (1 #ii1 #ccf ,nuptial hut1 #ij1 #ajd1 #acg1 #bdh ,nusa1 #baf1 #bah1 #cah4 ,see ,(f]+s1 ,kir9usa1 ,ohonusa4 ,nusa-bukuro1 #aig ,nu%i1 #bj ,o ,oa?s1 #bcf ,obeisance1 #bji1 #bhd1 #cbj ',occult ,japan1' #ced ,(f5ces1 #big ,(f]+s1 #baj1 #ih1 #aic1 #bhj deifi$1 #aai1 #afa1 #bab to dead1 #fj1 #baa consum$ by wor%ipp]s1 #cba4 ,see ,communion4 ,(f]+s1 symbolical1 #baa1 #bgf ,oh>ahi1 #cje ,oho-hafuri1 #bje1 #agg ,oho-h>ahi1 #bid1 #d1 #bdb1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bgj ,oho-h>ahi (f]+s1 #cja ,oho-kuni-dama4 ,see ,ohonamo*i4 ,oho-kuni-nu%i4 ,see ,ohonamo*i4 ,oho-miya no me1 #ahd1 #bhg1 #bij ,oho-mono-nu%i1 #aaa ,oho-naobi1 #bij ,ohonamo*i1 #add1 #aje1 #aaj1 #bg-cj1 #df1 #fi1 #bjj1 #bgd ,oho-nihe1 #bfh1 #cfd ,oho-nusa1 #bac ,oho-sora1 #if ,oho-toko-nu%i1 #add1 #aif1 #bec4 ,see ,ohonamo*i4 ,oho-tono hogahi1 #bhg ,oho-to%i1 #aje j9 deifi$1 #agh4 ,see ,ha*iman4 ,om5s1 #aai1 #abf1 #cbe1 #cde ,omnipres5ce ( ,deity1 #bg ,omohi-kane1 #aii1 #ih ,oni 7demon71 #aih ,oni-y>ahi1 #ahi4 ,see ,tsu9a4 ,onogorojima1 #hi ,ony%i1 #cfe ,oracles1 #cfg1 #agh1 #cej1 #cfa4 ,see ,inspiration4 ,ordeal1 #cdg ,o t5to sama 7sun71 #abg1 #age ,p ,p'anku1 my? (1 #abi ,pan!on1 #aba ,pairs ( deities1 #hf ,p>turition h\se1 #aac1 #aab1 #aad1 #bea1 #cde ,patron deity1 #cbf ,pea*1 #ahi1 #i1 #ic1 #cjh ,p5it5ce1 #bfj ,p]seus & ,&rom$a1 #ajc-aje1 #ej1 #aea ,p]sonality ( deities1 #bb ,p]sonification1 #e ,p]sonal pron\ns r>e 9 ,japanese1 #bc ,pe/il5ce deities1 #ahg ,pe/le1 a male symbol1 #ahi ,pfleid]]1 ,dr41 ,preface1 #aa1 #gf1 #hd ,phallicism1 #ahf1 #gb1 #cfc4 ,see ,bean1 ,*iburi no kami1 ,*imata d kami1 ,dsj91 ,goriye1 ,i%igami1 ,kunado1 ,kteis1 ,k$zurikake1 ,mu%room1 ,pea*1 ,pe/le1 ,rice1 ,sahe no kami1 ,s>utahiko1 ,%+i1 ,tamaboko1 ,tamuke no kami1 ,tsuji-ura1 ,ya*imata hiko1 ,yaku%91 ,wo-ba%ira4 ,pheasant z mess5g] ( ,gods1 #ajh ,pictures ( ,gods1 #ga ,piebald colt ( ,heav51 #ig1 #ih ,pilgrimage1 #bci ,pill> ( ,heav51 #ie1 #aed ( ,h\se1 #hi1 #ij ,pi\s fraud1 #cfj ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav51 #ih1 #ajg1 #acd ,pov]ty1 ,gods (4 ,see ,hitom>o1 ,sotori hime4 ,pol> />1 #he ,poly!ism1 #ff ,positive & negative4 ,see ,y9 & ,yang4 ,possession1 #cdj1 #ceg ,pot/icks1 /rik+ wom5 )1 to produce pregnancy1 #aij ,po/hum\s hon\rs1 #ec ,pov]ty1 ,god (1 #aii ,pradak*9a4 ,see ,circumambulation4 ,praise1 #bcd1 #cjf ,pray]1 #bcb1 #afb4 ,see ,norito4 ,prehi/oric ,%9to1 #a ,prie/hood1 #bjj ,prie/ess1 #bje ,primitive man1 #gg1 #ab1 #ah1 #bf1 #hj1 #cde ,primitive religion1 #ac1 #bf1 #aba1 #afj1 #aff1 #baa ,primitive religion1 ,%9to n a1 ,preface ,privy1 ,god (1 #afg1 #bhi1 #cad ,processions1 #bdj1 #cag ,procreative p[] deifi$4 ,see ,phallicism4 ,prophet1 #cdh1 #cej ,propitiation ( evil deities1 #cje1 #cae ,prophylactic magic1 #ahg ,provid5tial "* ( nature ,gods1 #fe1 #abe1 #aef1 #afb ,prop]ties1 ,gods (1 #ae ,pr(anity1 #bcg ,pseudo-ance/or wor%ip1 #df ,pure ,%9to1 #d1 #cgb ,purification1 #ahi ,purity1 #bdg1 #cdc ( he>t1 #bfd1 #cfh1 #cfi1 #cga ( language1 #bga1 #bee ,q ,qualities1 ,gods (1 #ae1 #cd1 #fb ,r ,races1 #cba ,ra91 pray+ =1 #dc1 #aea1 #aeb1 #ahj1 #bhf ,ra9b[1 #hg4 ,see ,taikoba%i4 ,ra9-,gods1 #aec ,ra9-/orm4 ,see ,susa no wo4 ,ransom (f]+s1 #bfb1 #bbj4 ,se ,agamono1 ,kata%iro1 ,nademono1 ,scape-goat4 ,rank conf]r$ on ,gods1 #bcg1 #cbc1 #cbd ,rationalism1 #ib1 #cge ,real pres5ce1 #bag1 #bg1 #gb ,r$ col\r1 #aid1 #ef1 #afc1 #afe ,regalia1 #ace1 #bjb1 #bgc1 #bhi1 #bia1 #cec1 #cfc ,relic1 ,buddhi/1 #cfa ,religion1 nature & orig9 (1 #e1 #ac ,remmonky1 #cge ,rep5tance1 #ajb ,rville1 ,preface1 #bfh ,revival ( ,pure ,%9to1 #d1 #cgb ,rice-,god4 ,see ,in>i4 ,rice 9 magic & ritual1 #ahi1 #bhh1 #bhi1 #ccd1 #cda ,risley1 ,mr4 ,h41 #gc ,ritual1 #a1 #c1 #bfh ,riv] ( ,heav5 7milky way71 #ig1 #ih1 #ajj1 #aaj ,riv]-,gods1 #aae1 #aej4 ,see ,wat]1 ,ra94 ,riv]-we$ deifi$1 #caf ,road-,gods4 ,see ,sahe no ,kami4 ,rock-boat ( ,heav51 #ie1 #aag1 ,rock-cave ( ,heav51 #ig1 #aja ,rokkon %j1 #bci1 #cjd1 #cee ,rudim5t>y "* ( ,%9to1 ,preface1 #bdb ,rybu1 #cfj1 #cgc ,s ,sacr$4 ,see ,imi4 ,sacr$ & ,secul>1 #bjj ,sacr$ tree1 #afe1 #bae4 ,see ,cley]a4 ,sacrifice1 #aah4 ,see ,human sacrifice1 ,(f]+s4 ,sagi*1 #aia1 #cjg1 #cad ,sagume1 #aji ,sahe no ,kami1 #ahf1 #ad1 #ca1 #afe1 #cjf1 #cad1 #cca ,sai-91 #bhj ,sai no ,kami1 #aia1 #aie4 ,see also ,sahe no ,kami4 ,sai%u1 #bjd ,saiw #bje1 #ceb ,sakaki4 ,see ,cley]a4 ,sakamakura1 #bgb1 #bgi ,sakatsuko1 #bfi ,sake 7rice-be]7 n prohibit$1 #bed1 #bgb1 #bgc1 #cbj ,sake ,god1 #afb1 #bbg1 #bgc ,salt1 #aif1 #bfj1 #ced ,sammai4 ,see ,rice4 ,saniha1 #cej ,sann1 #ade4 ,see ,ohonamo*i4 ,s>ume1 #ii1 #aja1 #aab1 #ahd ,s>uta-hiko1 #aaa1 #aig1 #cfc ,sat[1 ,sir ,e41 #c1 #beg1 #bfh1 #bhj1 #cje1 #cag ,scape-goat1 #cjb4 ,see ,ransom4 ,sc>e-cr[ ,god1 #ga1 #adb ,sc>f 9 magic1 #ccd ,scotus ,erig5a1 #aba ,sea1 direct wor%ip (1 #i ,sea-,gods1 #bj1 #ib1 #ie1 #aad1 #adh1 #cae1 #cbc4 ,see ,uhatsutsu no wo1 ,toyotama hiko1 ,sumiyo%i1 ,suit5gu4 ,sea1 old man (1 #aac ,sects ( ,%9to1 ,*ap4 xiv4 ,secul> & sacr$ little di/+ui%$ 9 e>ly times1 #bjj ,s5sation 9 inanimate nature1 #aa ,seoritsu hime1 #cjb ,s]p5t-wor%ip1 #fc1 #fd1 #beg4 ,see ,dragon4 ,s]p5t1 eight-head$1 #ajc ,sev5 g5]ations ( ,gods1 #he ,sex ( ,gods1 #ai1 #acb1 #acc ,sexual uncleanness1 #bdh ,%ad[4 ,see ,mikage4 ,%ak+ 9 magic1 #cce ,%akuj1 #ced ,%angti1 #a1 #cje ,%ek9ah1 #bf1 #bg ,%iho-tsu*i1 #aej ,%im5aha1 #cce1 #afd1 #aie1 #cac ,%imp1 #bah ,%9atsu tohe1 #bj ,%9atsu hiko1 #aed4 ,see ,w9d-,gods4 ,%+aku1 #cgd ,%+i1 #aic ,%+onjiki1 #bgi ,%9tai1 #gj1 #cb1 #cd1 #abc1 #adf1 #afc1 #aic1 #bab1 #bbb1 #cje1 #ccj1 #cgf ,%9taku 7inspiration71 #cej ,%itat]u hime1 #ajh1 #aji ,%jiroku1 #c1 #age ,%\ld]-blade1 div9ation by1 #bjc1 #cci ,%toku ,tai%i1 #bdd1 #cei ,%r9e1 #bbc1 #cff ,%r9es ( ,ise1 #bbf1 #bbh ,silk1 #bac ,simpson's ',pray+ ,:eel1' #ij ,s91 #ajb ,siva1 #agc ,sk9s1 (f]+s (1 #bag1 #cjg ,slaves1 #bjg1 #bba ,small-pox1 #afc1 #aid ,smi?-,god1 #ii1 #aja ,smi?1 ,rob]tson1 #baa ,sokotsutsu no wo1 #bj1 #bb ,sokotsu wata-dzumi1 #adh ,sono no ,kami1 #ade ,sori-ba%i4 ,see ,taiko-ba%i4 ,sorc]ess4 ,see ,uzume1 ,miko1 ,i*iko4 ,sotori hime1 #ahc ,s\l1 #bf1 #bg1 #cgd4 ,see ,mitama4 ,s\l & body1 #cd ,s\l1 ,*9ese views (1 #eb ,sovran ,gr&*ild1 #aaa-ac1 #abg1 #bhi1 #bif1 #cjf ,speal1 read+ !1 #cci ,spe> z emblem ( au?ority1 #hi1 #aaa1 #add1 #bgh ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 #h1 #aj1 #bc1 #dj1 #ej1 #ei1 #hi1 #bjj1 #baa1 #cdf ,sph]ical s\ls1 #di1 #ej ,_s1 #dh1 #g4 ,see ,mitama1 ,s\l4 ,spiritism1 #be ,spirituality ( deities1 #g1 #aga1 #agc ,spitt+1 #aad1 #bfj ,/>s1 #ih ,/>-,god1 #adb ,/>s1 div9ation by1 #cdd ,/one z %9tai1 #ga ,sub/itut$ (f]+s1 #baa1 #bac1 #baf1 #bai1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bdj1 #cbb ,sugah>a ,mi*izane4 ,see ,temmangu4 ,suha1 ,god (1 #dc1 #agg1 #ahf ,suhij9i1 #adf ,suit5gu1 #fe ,sukuna-bikona1 #ahf1 #ajg1 #abd1 #ade ,sum]a1 #bj ,sumiyo%i1 ,gods (1 #adi ,sun-,goddess1 #aba1 #bd1 #df1 #fh1 #ie1 #bhc1 #cgb ,sun-,goddess's att5dants1 #ahc address to ,n9igi1 #aaa unlucky to proce$ aga9/1 #aag ,sun-,goddess1 an avat> ( ,buddha1 #cfa ,sun-birds1 #acf ,sun-cr[4 ,see ,yatag>asu4 ,sun-*ildr51 #ch1 #dj ,sun-deities1 sex (1 #acb1 #acc ,sun-mirror4 ,see ,yatakagami4 ,sun-my?1 #hj ,sun wor%ip1 #a1 #da1 #hc1 #ii1 #abh4 ,see ,ni*ir91 ,o t5to sama4 ,sup]natural1 #ch ,supreme ,be+1 #fi1 #gj1 #abc1 #adb1 #aga1 #age1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #cje ,surnames1 #dg ,susa no wo1 #acf1 #if1 #a1 #ad1 #ai1 #ba1 #ie1 #ajf ,sus]i hime1 #ajf ,susu-h>ahi1 #cac ,suttee1 #ei ,sword1 #gb1 #aah1 #aeg1 #bai ,symbol4 ,see ,%9tai4 ,symbol 9 magic1 #ahg1 #ccc ,sympa!tic magic1 #ccj ,t ,tabi no miya 7reposoir71 #bbb ,taboos1 sexual1 #bej ,taikoba%i1 #hg1 #bcb ,taikyoku 7great absolute71 #age ,tai%a 7great %r9e ( ,idzumo71 #ff1 #ade1 #cec ,tajik>a no wo1 #ih1 #aii ,takama no h>a4 ,see ,pla9 ( ,high ,heav54 ,taka-musubi1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aaf1 #aai1 #agc1 #agd1 #bge1 #cea1 #cge ,take-mika-dzu*i1 #aee1 #ib1 #aji1 #aah1 #cag1 #cgj4 ,see ,ka%ima4 ,take-m9akata4 ,see ,suha4 ,talisman1 #ccd1 #aad1 #bib ,tama1 #bg1 #hh1 #bah4 ,see ,mitama4 ,tama-boko1 #hg ,tama-dasuki1 #de1 #bce ,tama-gu%i1 #baf ,tama%i 7s\l71 #di ,tama%iro1 #de ,tamuke no ,kami1 #aig ,tanabata1 #adb ,ta no ,kami1 #adc ,t>t> religions1 #a ,tatsuta1 #cbb1 #cgj4 ,see ,w9d-,god4 ,temmang1 #agi1 #fe1 #aec1 #cfi ,t5 7,heav571 #cfb ,t5riky1 #cge ,t5j94 ,see ,temmang4 ,t5%i 7,son ( ,heav571 #ch ,t5%daij91 #ad1 #abe4 ,see ,sun ,goddess4 ,t5tei1 #ahj ,t]i-t]i-bzu1 #ccj ,textile (f]+s1 #bac ,!ogony1 #he et seqq4 ,?und]1 *>m aga9/1 #ccg ,?und]s ( ,yomi1 #ahg ,?und]-,god1 #aeg1 #i1 #da ,ti5 7,heav571 #ba ,tig] deifi$1 #fc tea*es acupuncture1 #cce ,toko yo no ,kuni1 #eb1 #ed1 #gj4 ,see ,yomi4 ,tomb & %r9e1 #db1 #dc ,too?a*e1 cure (1 #cbh1 #cbi ,tori-wi1 #bca1 #bcc1 #dc1 #abh1 #afe1 #cji ,tortoise-%ell 9 div9ation1 #cci1 #cdj ,to%i-gohi fe/ival1 #bhj ,to%i-otoko1 #cji1 #cac ,to%i-toku-j91 #cad ,toso1 #cac ,totemism1 #fd ,toyo-iha-mado1 #afh1 #cjh ,toyo-tama1 #ahe ,toyo-tama-hiko1 #aac1 #adi ,toyo-tama-hime1 #aad ,trade-,gods1 #dh ,trance1 #cea4 ,see ,hypnotism ,tree-,gods1 #afd1 #ib1 #bij ,tree1 sacr$1 #ccb4 ,see ,kami-gi4 ,tr9ity ( ,fire-,gods1 #afj ( ,susa no wo1 #aci ( ,sea-,gods1 #adh ,buddhi/1 #cfa ,tr\p1 ,mr4 ,j41 ,preface ,tsu*i1 #ai ,tsu*igumo1 #ccd1 #cde ,tsu9a1 #cjh1 #aij1 #bie ,tsuji-ura1 #cdj1 #ahi ,tsuki-ma*i1 #adb ,tsuk9ami fe/ival1 #bhe ,tsukiyomi1 #ada ,tsumi 7guilt71 #bdg ,tsutsu1 #ai ,tuke1 ,mr4 ,s41 #bcb ,tumuli1 #ee1 #eg1 #aeg1 ,see ,misasagi4 ,turan1 #bcb ,tylor1 ,dr41 ,preface1 #bd1 #hb1 #if1 #beg1 #bei1 #ccc ,types deifi$1 #fa1 #fb1 #ahc ,u ,ubusuna1 #dg1 #ccg ,ugly ,females ( ,yomi1 #ic1 #ahg ,uhatsutsu-wata-dzumi1 #adi ,uhatsutsu no wo1 #bj1 #bb ,uhij9i1 #adf ,uji1 #dg ,ujigami1 #dg1 #fe1 #ahd1 #bca1 #bgi1 #cad1 #cca ,uka no mitama1 #aje ,ukemo*i1 #afj ,uma%i-a%i-hikoji1 #hf ,unity ( religions1 #cfb ,uncleanness1 #bdh et seqq4 ,urabe1 #bjc1 #bfi1 #cjb ,uranahi1 #ccg ,utsu%i-mi1 #ca1 #gb ,uzume1 #ahd1 #ih1 #ii1 #aaa1 #acd ,v ,vairo*ana1 #cfa ,van ,helmont1 #ccb ,vejovis1 ,add5da ,volcano ,gods1 #adg ,volition ascrib$ to inanimate objects1 #gh ,w ,waka-hirume1 #abh ,waka-midzu1 #cac ,wake 7pr9ce71 #bj ,wani 7sea-mon/]71 #aad1 #adi ,wa ,rongo1 #cec1 #cfg ,w>-,god1 #aeg4 ,see ,ha*iman1 ,take-mika-dzu*i4 ,wat] deifi$1 #aai ,wat]-,gods1 #ib1 #ajd1 #aed1 #bhd1 #caf1 #cba1 #cbb ,weapons z (f]+s1 #bah ,w$lock1 ,god (1 #ff ,weep+ ,goddess4 ,see ,naki-sahame4 ,weip]t1 ,dr41 #bde ,well1 #cbb1 #beg ,well-,god1 #aec1 #bbg1 #bgb1 #bhb1 #cac1 #cbb ,well-wor%ip1 #af1 #cac ,we/on1 ,mr41 #bhg1 #cdd1 #cef ,:irlw9d deifi$1 #aee ,:i/l+1 #aae1 #ccj ,:ite an auspici\s col\r1 #aif1 #bbb ,w-(-!-wisp1 #ej ,w9d-,gods1 #aed1 #bj1 #ib1 #cbb ,w9try ,influ5ces1 #cab ,wit*craft1 #bee1 #cca1 #cdf ,wo-ba%ira 7male pill>71 #aij1 #aic1 #gb1 #ic ,wolf deifi$1 #i1 #fc ,wom5 rul]s1 #acc ,wool1 (f]+s (2 #bae ,wordswor?1 #i ,wor%ip1 #bjh1 #cg ,w\nds unclean1 #beb ,wre/l+1 ,god (4 ,see ,nomi ,sukune4 ,writ+1 introduction (1 #a ,y ,yabune1 #afg1 #bhg1 #bij ,ya*imata hiko1 #ahg1 #ga1 #cjf ,yakami-hime1 #aje ,yaku%91 #ahg ,yaku-sute1 #cji ,yaku-to%i1 #cji ,yamato-dake1 #cf1 #di ,ya%iro1 #bbc4 ,see ,%r9e4 ,yatag>asu 7sun-cr[71 #acf1 #aah1 #df ,yatakagami1 #acd ,yebisu1 #dh ,y5gi%iki1 #c1 #bfh ,yihk+1 #cdd1 #cfc ,y9 & ,yang1 #ce1 #eb1 #hd1 #afi1 #cac1 #cfe ,yomi 7,hades71 #ec1 #ic1 #if1 #ii1 #ajf1 #ach1 #cjb1 #cfg4 ,see ,ne no kuni1 ,hades4 ,yo-ori c]emony1 #bfc ,yoridai1 #cee ,yufu1 #bac1 #bae ,yufu-kadzura1 #cbj ,yui-itsu1 #cfb ,yuki & suki1 #bfi1 #bgb ,yu-niha 7sacr$ enclosure71 #bgb ,z ,zembla ,bogh1 ,add5da4 ,zimm]n's def9ition ( magic1 #cbg ,zni1 #cac ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,john ,,edw>d ,,francis1 ,,bream',s ,,build+s ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,e4,c4