,,orig9 ,,my?s ,,among ,,! ,,m\nta9 ,,peoples ,,( ,,! ,,philipp9es #a ,by ,h4 ,otley ,bey] 7,f ! ,division ( ,e?nology1 ,bureau ( ,sci5ce1 ,manila1 ,p4 ,i47 ,f\r plates ,beliefs z to ! orig9 ( ! e>?1 & ( ! m51 animals1 plants1 & v>i\s topographical features f\nd 9 x1 seem to survive ) great] p]si/5ce ?an any o!r trait ( primitive culture4 ,^! beliefs lie at ! base ( ne>ly all religions1 & ! my?s 9 :i* ! beliefs are pres]v$ are ! f\ndation ( lit]ature4 ,! pres]vation & /udy ( orig9 my?s is1 !re=e1 ( mu* importance 9 ! recon/ruction ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d :i* is ! *ief aim ( an?ropology4 ,! peoples ( ! ,philipp9es h a ri* & v>i$ my?ology z yet b little explor$1 b :i* w "o day comm& mu* att5tion4 ,among ! ,*ri/ianiz$ peoples ( ! pla9s ! my?s are pres]v$ *iefly z folk tales1 b 9 ! m\nta9s _! recitation & pres]vation is a real & liv+ "p ( ! daily religi\s life ( ! p4 ,v few ( ^! my?s are writt52 ! great majority ( !m are pres]v$ by oral tradition only4 ,until rec5t ye>s1 x has be5 believ$ t all anci5t records writt5 9 ! syllabic alphabets :i* ! ,filip9os possess$ at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/ _h be5 lo/4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 h[ev]1 t two ( ^! alphabets are /ill 9 use1 to a limit$ ext5t1 by ! wild peoples ( ,palawan & ,m9doro2 & anci5t manuscripts writt5 9 ! old ,bisaya alphabet h be5 lately discov]$ 9 a cave 9 ! ,isl& ( ,negros4 ,_m ( ^! ,negros manuscripts are writt5 my?s1 & translations ( !m are %ortly to be publi%$4 ,! ,bisaya peoples1 9 g5]al1 h pres]v$ _! old pagan beliefs to a great] ext5t ?an h ! o!r ,*ri/ian ,filip9os1 & x is to be hop$ t ! discov]y ( ^! manuscripts w /imulate fur!r inve/igations4 ,among ! pagan m\nta9 peoples1 ) :i* ?is pap] w *iefly deal1 !re are no writt5 my?s except ^? :i* h be5 record$ by ,europeans 9 mod]n times4 ,"s ( ! my?s are sung or *ant$ only1 :ile o!rs are repeat$ 9 ! =m ( /ories4 ,9 ne>ly e case1 ! repeat+ ( ! my?s =ms an important "p ( ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! p4 ,_m diff]5t grades ( culture are repres5t$ among ^! m\nta9 peoples1 & we f9d a correspond+ly unequal developm5t ( _! my?ologies4 ,all classes are repres5t$3 primitive1 su* z ! beliefs ( ! ,mangyans ( ,m9doro1 ! ,tagbanwas ( ,palawan1 & ! ,ilongots ( nor!rn ,luzon2 m$iocre1 z ! beliefs ( ! pagan tribes ( ,m9danao2 & highly develop$1 su* z ! elaborate poly!isms ( ! ,ifugaos1 ,igorots1 ,kal+as1 & ! o!r peoples ( ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce 9 ,luzon4 ,mo/ ( ! my?s & leg5ds record$ "h 7 collect$ by m5 well acqua9t$ ) ! dialect ( ! p f :om ! my? or leg5d 0 obta9$2 !y are1 !re=e1 ( mu* great] value ?an if !y _h be5 secur$ ?r\gh int]pret]s4 ,i %all next discuss a few my?s f ea* ( ! classes j m5tion$4 ,,primitive ,,beliefs ,our k ( ! m primitive tribes ( ! ,philipp9es is v limit$ & is *iefly conf9$ to ! mat]ial culture1 toge!r ) a few ( ! m obvi\s social traits4 ,no?+ l a complete /udy ( any "o ( ^! tribes has ev] be5 made4 ,( ! ,ilongots1 mo/ ( our k #b is conta9$ 9 ! records ( ! e>ly ,spani% mission>ies ( ! fir/ "p ( ! #ah? c5tury1 at :i* "t an ext5sive exploration ( ! ,ilongot c\ntry 0 made4 #c ,!re are two mod]n s\rces ( in=mation3 a pap] by ,worce/]1 #d :i* deals *iefly ) ! mat]ial culture1 & ! notes ( ,dr4 ,william ,jones1 :o 0 kill$ :ile /udy+ ! e?nology ( ?is p4 ,dr4 ,jones' notes are n[ 9 ! possession ( ! ,field ,museum1 ,*icago1 & h n yet be5 publi%$4 ,relat+ to ! ,mangyans1 !re are ?ree important pap]s by ,worce/]1 #e ,g>dn]1 #f & ,mill]1 #g b ^! likewise deal *iefly ) ! mat]ial & g5]al social culture1 & give only fragm5t>y notes reg>d+ ! religi\s beliefs4 ,two pap]s1 "o by ,worce/] #h & "o by ,v5turello1 #i relate to ! ,tagbanwas4 ,! religion ( ^! p is int]e/+1 al?\gh primitive4 ,! g5]al "* ( _! beliefs may be se5 by ! foll[+ quotation f ,worce/]3 #aj ,i 0 especially int]e/$ 9 _! views z to a future life4 ,!y sc\t$ ! idea ( a home 9 ! skies1 urg+ t x w\ld be inaccessible4 ,_! notion 0 t :5 a ,tagbanua di$ he ent]$ a cave1 f :i* a road l$ d[n into ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,aft] pass+ along ?is road = "s "t1 he came sudd5ly into ! pres5ce ( "o ,talikood1 a man ( gigantic /ature1 :o t5d$ a fire :i* burn$ =ev] betwe5 two tree-trunks )\t consum+ !m4 ,talikood inquir$ ( ! new arrival :e!r he _h l$ a good or a bad life 9 ! _w above4 ,! answ] came1 n f ! individual himself1 b f a l\se on 8 body4 ,i ask$ :at w\ld happ5 %\ld ! man n *ance to possess any ( ^! int]e/+ ar?ropoda1 & 0 in=m$ t su* an occurr5ce 0 unprec$5t$6 ,! l\se 0 ! witness1 & w\ld always be f\nd1 ev5 on ! body ( a little dead *ild4 ,accord+ to ! answ] ( ?is s+ul> arbit]1 ! fate ( ! deceas$ p]son 0 decid$4 ,if he 0 adjudg$ to h be5 a bad man1 ,talikood pit*$ him into ! fire1 :]e he 0 promptly & completely burn$ up4 ,if ! v]dict 0 9 8 fav\r1 he 0 all[$ to pass on1 & soon f\nd himself 9 a happy place1 :]e ! crops 7 always abundant & ! hunt+ 0 good4 ,a h\se await$ him4 ,if he _h di$ be=e 8 wife1 he m>ri$ aga91 select+ a p>tn] f among ! wives :o _h prec$$ _! husb&s2 b if husb& & wife *anc$ to die at ! same "t1 !y rem>ri$ 9 ! _w bel[4 ,e "o 0 well (f 9 ?is happy und]gr\nd abode1 b ^? :o _h be5 weal?y on e>? 7 less com=table ?an ^? :o _h be5 poor4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t sickness & dea? aga9 ov]took "o4 ,9 fact1 "o di$ sev5 times 9 all1 go+ ev] deep] into ! e>? & improv+ 8 surr\nd+s ) ea* successive inw>d migration1 )\t runn+ a second risk ( gett+ into ,talikood's fire4 ,i c\ld n p]suade ! ,tagbanuas to advance any !ories z to ! nature or orig9 ( ! sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,cl\ds !y call$ ! brea? ( ! w9d4 ,!y acc\nt$ = ! tide by say+ t 9 a f>-di/ant sea !re liv$ a gigantic crab3 :5 he w5t into 8 hole ! wat] 0 =c$ out1 & ! tide rose2 :5 he came out ! wat] ru%$ 91 & ! tide fell4 ,! ?+ 0 simplicity itself4 ,i ask$ !m :y ! monkey look$ s mu* l a man4 ,!y said because he 0 once a man1 :o 0 v lazy :5 he %\ld h be5 plant+ rice4 ,vex$ at 8 indol5ce1 a companion ?rew a /ick at him :i* /uck into him2 :]eupon he assum$ 8 pres5t =m1 ! /ick =m+ 8 tail4 ,f ! =ego+1 x is evid5t t ! ,tagbanwa beliefs are n highly develop$4 ,h[ev]1 sev]al items are ( int]e/ = comp>ison ) ! beliefs ( ! m cultur$ tribes to be lat] describ$4 ,( ^! items1 ^? mo/ to be kept 9 m9d are ! idea ( a sev5-/ori$ und]world1 & ! "n ( ! *ief deity ( t und]world1 ,talikud4 ,?is "n comes f ! /em tkud1 tkud1 or tkod1 :i* is common to _m ,philipp9e dialects & means po/ or support4 ,x is g5]ally appli$ to ! f\r legs or po/s ( ! common ,philipp9e h\se4 ,n[1 ! belief 9 an ,atlas1 or god :o supports ! e>? _w1 is widespread 9 ! ,philipp9es1 & ! "n appli$ to ?is god is ne>ly always d]iv$ f ?is same /em tkud4 ,! ,ifugao ,atlas is ,t9kud ( ! und]world1 & ,i suspect t ! ,tagbanwa ,talikud ( ! und]world is a deity ( ! same "*4 ,,beliefs ,,( ,,! ,,pagan ,,tribes ,,( ,,m9danao ,! int]ior ( ,m9danao is occupi$ by "s t5 pagan tribes1 ! mo/ important be+ ! ,manbos1 ,m&ayas1 ,ats1 ,bagbos1 ,bilns1 ,tirurais1 & ,subnuns4 ,^! tribes are all rem>kably alike 9 culture2 mu* m s1 9 fact1 ?an any o!r simil> gr\p ( peoples 9 ! ,philipp9es2 & ?is culture %[s a close resemblance to t ( ! tribes 9 ! int]ior ( ,borneo4 ,9 ! developm5t ( _! my?s & ( _! religi\s beliefs1 ^! peoples occupy a middle position betwe5 ! m primitive & ! highe/ develop$ types ( ! ,philipp9es4 ,john ,m4 ,g>van has rec5tly complet$ a v ext5sive /udy ( ! ,manbo peoples ( ! ,agusan ,valley1 9 ea/]n ,m9danao1 & ! foll[+ beliefs & my?s are quot$ f 8 unpubli%$ notes4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,& ,,its ,,inhabitants ,! /ory ( ! creation ( ! _w is v>iable ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,agsan ,valley4 ,9 ! di/rict surr\nd+ ,talakgon1 ! creation is attribut$ to ,makaldung1 ! fir/ great ,manbo4 ,! details ( 8 great "w are v meag]4 ,he set x up on po/s 7"s say iron po/s7 ) "o 9 ! c5t]4 ,at ! c5tral po/ he has 8 abode1 9 company ) a py?on1 accord+ to ! v]sion ( "s1 & :5ev] he feels displeasure t[>d m51 he %akes ! po/1 !reby produc+ an e>?quake1 & at ! same "t intimat+ to man 8 ang]4 ,x is believ$ t1 %\ld ! trembl+ cont9ue1 ! _w w\ld be de/roy$4 ,9 ! same di/rict x is believ$ t ! sky is r\nd & t its extremities are at ! limits ( ! sea4 ,some:at ne> ^! limits is an enorm\s hole call$ ! navel ( ! sea ?r\gh :i* ! wat]s desc5d4 ,x is said t 9 ! e>ly days ( creation ! sky 0 l[1 b t "o day a woman1 :ile p\nd+ rice1 hit x ) h] pe/le & x asc5d$ to its pres5t position4 ,ano!r v]sion ( ! creation1 preval5t among ! ,manbos ( ! ,argauan & ,hbung ,riv]s1 gives ! control ( ! _w to ,dgau1 :o lives at ! f\r fundam5tal pill>s 9 ! company ( a py?on4 ,be+ a woman1 ,dgau dislikes ! sight ( human blood1 & :5 x is spill$ ^u ! face ( ! e>? %e incites ! huge s]p5t to wrea! itself ar\nd ! pill>s & %ake ! _w to its f\ndations4 ,%\ld %e become exce$+ly angry1 %e dim9i%es ! supply ( rice ei!r by remov+ x f ! gran>y or by mak+ ! soil unproductive4 ,ano!r v>iation ( ! /ory to be he>d on ! ,upp] ,agsan1 ,simulau1 & ,umayan ,riv]s1 has x t ! _w is l a huge mu%room & t x is support$ ^u an iron pill> 9 ! c5t]4 ,?is pill> is controll$ by ! high] & m p[]ful ord] ( diuwta1 :o on becom+ ang]$ at ! actions ( m5 manife/ _! feel+s by %ak+ ! pill> & !reby rem9d+ m5 ( _! duties4 ,?ree po9ts 9 ! beliefs j m5tion$ %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,fir/1 ! recurr5ce ( ! idea t ! e>? _w is support$ by a po/ creat$ by ! *ief deity & ne> :i* he dwells4 ,second1 ! belief 9 ! psod nang dgat1 or navel ( ! sea1 :i* is common to all ( ! pagan tribes ( ,m9danao & 0 also kn[n by ! anci5t ,bisyas1 ,taglogs1 & o!r peoples n[ ,*ri/ianiz$4 ,x is extremely probable t ?is belief orig9at$ f "s great :irlpool1 kn[n to ! ance/ors ( ! ,philipp9e peoples or pass$ by !m on _! voyages4 #aa ,?ird1 ! belief t ! sky 0 once v ne> ! e>?1 & 0 rais$ to its pres5t position by "s deity4 ,?is belief is also common 9 nor!rn ,luzon4 ,! idea ( ! orig9 ( curi\s-%ap$ rocks1 hills1 or m\nta9s by petrifaction ( "s liv+ animal or plant is common 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,g>van gives ! two foll[+ ,manbo leg5ds ( ?is "*3 ,,! ,,petrifi$ ,,craft ,,& ,,crew ,,( ,k,,gbub,,tang ,9 ! old1 old days a boat 0 pass+ ! rocky promontory ( ,kgbubtang4 #ab ,! occupants espi$ a monkey & a cat fight+ ^u ! summit ( ! cliff4 ,! incongruity ( ! ?+ sugge/$ itself to !m1 & !y began to give v5t to d]isive rem>ks1 address+ !mselves to ! brute combatants1 :51 lo & behold6 !y & _! craft 7 turn$ into rock4 ,to ?is day ! petrifi$ craft & crew may be se5 plac$ ^u ! promontory1 & all :o pass mu/ make an (f]+1 #ac h[soev] small x be1 to _! vex$ s\ls4 ,to pass ! po9t )\t mak+ an (f]+ might ar\se ! ang] ( its petrifi$ inhabitants1 & r5d] ! travel] liable to bad wea!r & r\gh seas4 #ad ,! imitation ( frogs is especially =bidd51 = x might be foll[$ n m]ely by ?und]bolts b also by petrifaction ( ! (f5d]1 & 9 pro( ( ?is is adduc$ ! leg5d ( ,ang ( ,b9oi4 #ae ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,ang1 ,,! ,,petrifi$ ,,man,,bo ,ang liv$ _m ye>s ago on a l(ty peak ) 8 wife & family4 ,"o day he hi$ him to ! =e/ ) 8 dogs 9 que/ ( game4 ,=tune grant$ him a f9e big bo>1 b he broke 8 spe> 9 deal+ ! mortal bl[4 ,^u arriv+ at a /ream1 he sat d[n ^u a /one & set himself to /raight5+ out 8 spe>4 ,! croak+ ( ! ne>by frogs attract$ 8 att5tion1 &1 imitat+ _! %rill gamut1 he boldly told !m t x w\ld be bett] to cease _! cries & help him m5d 8 spe>4 ,he cont9u$ 8 c\rse up ! rocky torr5t1 b notic$ t a multitude ( little /ones began to foll[ beh9d 9 8 pa?4 ,surpris$ at su* a happ5+1 he ha/5$ 8 /eps4 ,look+ back he saw bigg] /ones jo9 9 ! pursuit4 ,he !n seiz$ 8 dog1 & 9 fe> began to run1 b ! /ones kept 9 hot pursuit1 bigg] & bigg] ones jo9+ ! p>ty4 ,^u arriv+ at 8 sweet-potato pat*1 he 0 exhau/$ & _h to slack5 8 pace1 :]eupon ! /ones ov]took him & "o became atta*$ to 8 f+]4 ,he c\ld n g on4 ,he call$ ^u 8 wife4 ,%e ) ! "y ones s\ght ! magic lime #af & set x ar\nd h] husb&1 b all to no avail = 8 feet began to turn to /one4 ,8 wife & *ildr51 too1 fell "u ! wra? ( ,antan4 ,! foll[+ morn+ !y 7 /one up to ! knees1 & dur+ ! foll[+ ?ree days ! petrify+ cont9u$ f ! knees to ! hips1 !n to ! brea/1 & !n to ! head4 ,?us x is t to ?is day !re may be se5 on ,b9oi peak ! petrifi$ =ms ( ,ang & 8 family4 #ag ,! sun1 moon1 & />s are great deities1 or ! dwell+ place ( su* deities1 9 ne>ly all ,philipp9e religions4 ,! foll[+ ,manbo my? is int]e/+ because ( its resemblance to o!rs f nor!rn ,luzon4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,,& ,,! ,,explanation ,,( ,,sunset ,,& ,,sunrise ,x is said t 9 ! old5 "t ! ,sun & ! ,moon 7 m>ri$4 ,!y l$ a peaceful1 h>moni\s life4 ,two *ildr5 7 ! issue ( _! w$lock4 ,"o day ! ,moon _h to att5d to "o ( ! h\sehold duties t fall to ! lot ( a woman1 "s say to get wat]1 o!rs say to get ! daily supply ( food f ! fields4 ,be=e dep>t+1 %e croon$ ! *ildr5 to sleep & told h] husb& to wat* !m b n to approa* le/ by ! heat t radiat$ f 8 body he might h>m !m4 ,%e !n />t$ ^u h] err&4 ,! ,sun1 :o nev] be=e _h be5 all[$ to t\* 8 bairns1 arose & approa*$ _! sleep+ place4 ,he gaz$ ^u !m fondly1 &1 b5d+ d[n1 kiss$ !m1 b ! int5se heat t issu$ f 8 c\nt5ance melt$ !m l wax4 ,^u p]ceiv+ ?is he wept & quietly betook himself to ! adjo9+ =e/ 9 great fe> ( 8 wife4 ,! ,moon return$ duly1 & aft] deposit+ h] burd5 9 ! h\se turn$ to :]e ! *ildr5 slept b f\nd only _! dri$1 inanimate =ms4 ,%e broke out into a l\d wail1 & 9 ! wildness ( h] grief call$ ^u h] husb&4 ,b he gave no answ]4 ,f9ally s(t5$ by ! l\d long pla9ts1 he return$ to 8 h\se4 ,at ! sight ( him ! wild cries ( grief & ( despair & ( rebuke r$\bl$ !mselves until f9ally ! husb&1 unable to soo! ! wife1 became angry & call$ h] 8 *attel4 ,at fir/ %e fe>$ 8 ang] & quiet$ h] sobs1 b1 f9ally break+ out into "o long wail1 %e seiz$ ! burnt =ms ( h] babes1 & 9 ! dep? ( h] angui% & h] rage ?rew !m to ! gr\nd 9 diff]5t directions4 ,!n ! husb& became angry aga91 &1 seiz+ "s t>o leaves t 8 wife _h br\ght f ! fields1 ca/ !m 9 h] face & w5t 8 way4 ,^u 8 return he c\ld n f9d 8 wife1 & s x is to ?is day t ! ,sun foll[s ! ,moon 9 an et]nal cycle ( night & day4 ,& s x is1 too1 t />s /& scatt]$ 9 ! sable firmam5t1 = !y1 too1 accompany h] 9 h] ha/y flight4 ,ev] & anon a %oot+ /> breaks across h] pa?1 b t is only a mess5g] f h] husb& to call h] back4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 he$s x n1 b spe$s on h] way 9 nev]-end+ flight ) ! m>ks ( ! t>o leaves #ah /ill ^u h] face & h] />ry tra9 accompany+ h] to ! dawn & on to ! sunset 9 "o et]nal flight4 ,on my?s su* z ^! ! religions ( ! pagan tribes ( ,m9danao are built up4 ,^! religions are by no means primitive1 b are accompani$ by sacrifices1 sometimes human1 & ! c]emonies are p]=m$ by a well-develop$ prie/ class4 #ai ,let u n[ turn to ! highe/ type ( ,philipp9e beliefs3 ,,! ,,well-,,develop$ ,,poly!i/ic ,,religions ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,luzon ,i %all m5tion *iefly ! ,igorot1 ,bontok1 & ,ifugao peoples1 z ^! ?ree1 9 addition to hold+ ! highe/ ord] ( beliefs1 are ! be/ develop$ 9 g5]al mat]ial & social culture ( any ( ! ,philipp9e m\nta9 tribes4 ,! ,t+gin1 ,kal+a1 & o!r tribes 9 t region also h religions ( high type1 b our in=mation conc]n+ !m is m limit$4 #bj ,! lit]ature relat+ to ! ,igorot-,bontok-,ifugao gr\p is v consid]able 9 ext5t1 & ,i %all ref] only to a few ( ! m important pap]s deal+ p>ticul>ly ) religion & my?ology4 ,be=e tak+ up ! my?ology prop]1 we %\ld h "s idea ( ! religion z a :ole4 ,^! peoples believe t ! regions ( ! sky _w1 e>? _w1 & und]world are peopl$ by an almo/ incalculable numb] ( deities ( v>y+ "* & p[]s4 ,"s ( ^! deities are ! great be+s :o inspire ! ph5om5a ( nature1 :ile o!rs are gu>dian spirits1 mess5g] spirits1 or mis*iev\s trick/]s4 ,! great nature deities are mo/ly ( malevol5t "*1 & are mu* fe>$4 ,ance/ral s\ls & ! s\ls ( sacr$ animals are look$ ^u z m$iators betwe5 gods & m54 ,pigs & *ick5s are sacrific$ to ! deities1 & o!r articles ( food & dr9k are provid$ = !m4 ,_m elaborate religi\s fea/s & c]emonies are held at :i* prie/s (ficiate4 ,! prie/s =m a well-def9$ class1 & 9 "s di/ricts !re are also prie/esses4 ,a religi\s c]emony is requir$ = e important act ( life1 & ! prie/s & prie/esses are usually busy p4 ,x w\ld seem t a religion ( ?is same g5]al type 0 also common among ! l[l& peoples ( ! ,philipp9es be=e !y 7 ,*ri/ianiz$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,pigafetta1 ! fir/ ,european to write ( ! ,philipp9es1 describes a c]emony1 :i* he saw p]=m$ 9 ,cebu 9 ! ye> #aebj1 z foll[s3 #ba ,9 ord] t y\r mo/ illu/ri\s ,lord%ip may "k ! c]emonies t ^? p use 9 consecrat+ ! sw9e1 !y fir/ s\nd ^? l>ge gongs4 ,!n ?ree l>ge di%es are br\ght 92 two ) roses & ) cakes ( rice & millet1 bak$ & wrapp$ 9 leaves1 & roa/ fi%2 ! o!r ) clo? ( ,cambaia & two /&>ds made ( palm-tree clo?4 ,"o bit ( clo? ( ,cambaia is spread on ! gr\nd4 ,!n two v old wom5 come1 ea* ( :om has a bamboo trumpet 9 h] h&4 ,:5 !y h /epp$ ^u ! clo? !y make obeisance to ! sun4 ,!n !y wrap ! clo?s ab\t !mselves4 ,"o ( !m puts a k]*ief ) two horns on h] =ehead1 & takes ano!r k]*ief 9 h] h&s1 & danc+ & bl[+ ^u h] trumpet1 %e !reby calls out to ! sun4 ,! o!r takes "o ( ! /&>ds & dances & bl[s on h] trumpet4 ,!y dance & call out ?us = a little space1 say+ _m ?+s betwe5 !mselves to ! sun4 ,%e ) ! k]*ief takes ! o!r /&>d1 & lets ! k]*ief drop1 & bo? bl[+ on _! trumpets = a long "t1 dance ab\t ! b\nd hog4 ,%e ) ! horns always speaks cov]tly to ! sun1 & ! o!r answ]s h]4 ,a cup ( w9e is pres5t$ to h] ( ! horns1 & %e danc+ & repeat+ c]ta9 words1 :ile ! o!r answ]s h]1 & mak+ pret5se f\r or five times ( dr9k+ ! w9e1 spr9kles x ^u ! he>t ( ! hog4 ,!n %e imm$iately beg9s to dance aga94 ,a lance is giv5 to ! same woman4 ,%e %ak+ x & repeat+ c]ta9 words1 :ile bo? ( !m cont9ue to dance1 & mak+ motions f\r or five times ( ?ru/+ ! lance ?r\gh ! he>t ( ! hog1 ) a sudd5 & quick /roke1 ?ru/s x ?r\gh f "o side to ! o!r4 ,! w\nd is quickly /opp$ ) grass4 ,! "o :o has kill$ ! hog1 tak+ 9 h] m\? a light$ tor*1 :i* has be5 light$ ?r\gh\t t c]emony1 ext+ui%es x4 ,! o!r "o dipp+ ! end ( h] trumpet 9 ! blood ( ! hog1 goes ar\nd m>k+ ) blood ) h] f+] fir/ ! =eheads ( _! husb&s1 & !n ! o!rs2 b !y nev] came to u4 ,!n !y dive/ !mselves & g to eat ! cont5ts ( ^? di%es1 & !y invite only wom5 7to eat ) !m74 ,! hair is remov$ f ! hog by means ( fire4 ,?us no "o b old wom5 consecrate ! fle% ( ! hog1 & !y d n eat x unless x is kill$ 9 ?is way4 ,?is c]emony1 almo/ ! same z describ$ by ,pigafetta1 is 9 use among ! ,ifugaos to-day1 al?\gh x is p]=m$ by m5 in/ead ( by wom5 & diff]s 9 a few m9or details4 ,i %all next discuss ! religion & my?ology ( ! ,igorots1 ,bontoks1 & ,ifugaos1 treat$ sep>ately & 9 m detail4 ,,! ,,igorots ,^! p occupy ! subprov9ces ( ,b5guet1 ,lepanto1 & ,amburayan 9 ! ,m\nta9 ,prov9ce4 ,! region ( _! pure/ culture is 9 nor!rn ,b5guet & ea/]n ,lepanto4 ,( ! religion ( ?is region1 we h consid]able in=mation f ! writ+s ( ,fr4 ,angel ,p]ez1 an ,augu/9ian mission>y2 ,sr4 ,s9=oso ,bondad ( ,c]vantes1 ,lepanto2 & a numb] ( p]sonal obs]vations made by myself4 ,! sun gods1 & ! deities ( ! sky _w 9 g5]al1 occupy ! mo/ important place 9 ! ,igorot religion4 ,place-spirits & animal deities are likewise highly develop$4 ,at a place call$ ,kgubtan1 #bb at ! foot ( ! sacr$ m\nta9 ,mgao 9 ea/]n ,lepanto1 is a small lake full ( sacr$ eels :i* ! p gu>d ) great c>e4 ,!y believe t if ^! eels 7 kill$ ! spr+s w\ld all dry up & !y w\ld h no wat] = _! t]rac$ rice fields4 ,! eels are f$ e day ) rice & sweet potatoes by ! *ildr5 ( ! village1 :o1 z !y approa* ! lakelet1 s+ a peculi>ly sweet & m\rnful song1 ^u he>+ :i* ! eels all rise to ! surface ( ! wat] & approa* ! %ore to receive _! food4 ,! ,igorots h bo? prie/s & prie/esses1 & !y p]=m _m public & private c]emonies1 bo? = ! b5efit ( ! great deities & = ! c\ntless m9or spirits :i* inhabit ! sacr$ m\nta9s1 cliffs1 groves1 trees1 & bu%es t are scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,igorot c\ntry4 ,sacrifices ( pigs or *ick5s are made at e c]emony4 ,! c]emonies ( ! common p are m or less ( a private nature1 b ^? ( ! ari/ocracy & ( weal?y m5 are ne>ly always public & g5]al4 ,! greate/ c]emonies are ^? connect$ ) w> & m>riage & ! great public fe/ival :i* proves a man's "r to ! title ( nobility4 ,! ,igorots h a high code ( morals :i* is closely associat$ ) _! religi\s belief4 ,!y also h a sci5tific cal5d> & a consid]able k ( a/ronomy :i* has effect$ _m modifications 9 _! religion4 ,_! my?ology is ext5sive1 & !y h a ri* unwritt5 lit]ature ( epic poems1 h]o-/ories1 & hi/orical leg5ds4 ,mo/ ( ! my?s are too long to be giv5 "h1 b = purposes ( comp>ison ,i give ! foll[+ %ort "o :i* 0 collect$ by ! ,dom9ican1 ,fr4 ,m>iano ,rodriguez3 ,x has be5 m5tion$ above t among _! tales & /ories !y pres]ve a tradition relat+ to _! orig9 & beg9n+1 aft] a great & dreadful flood :i*1 a v long "t ago1 z _! old p relate1 cov]$ ! e>?4 ,all ! inhabitants except a bro!r & si/] 7 dr[n$4 ,! bro!r & si/]1 ?\gh sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 7 sav$1 ! woman on ! summit ( ! highe/ m\nta9 9 ! ,di/rict ( ,lepanto1 call$ ,kalautan1 & ! man 9 a cave ( ! same m\nta94 ,aft] ! wat] _h subsid$1 ! man ( ! cave came out f 8 hid+ place "o cle> & calm moonlight night1 & z he glanc$ ar\nd t imm5se solitude1 8 eyes 7 /ruck by ! brightness ( a big bonfire burn+ !re on ! summit ( ! m\nta94 ,surpris$ & t]rifi$1 he did n v5ture to g up on ! summit :]e ! fire 01 b return$ to 8 cave4 ,at ! dawn ( day he quickly climb$ t[>d ! place :]e he _h se5 ! brightness ! prec$+ night1 & !re he f\nd huddl$ up on ! highe/ peak 8 si/]1 :o receiv$ him ) op5 arms4 ,!y say t f ?is bro!r & si/] s provid5tially sav$1 all ! ,igorots t are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m\nta9s orig9at$4 ,!y are absolutely ignorant ( ! names ( ^? privileg$ be+s1 b ! memory ( !m lives fre%ly among ! ,igorots1 & 9 _! fea/s1 or :5ev] !y celebrate _! m>riages1 ! ag$ p repeat to ! y\ng] ones ?is wond]ful hi/ory1 s t !y c tell x to _! sons1 & 9 t way pass f g5]ation to g5]ation ! memory ( _! fir/ prog5itors4 #bc ,?is my? ( ! great flood1 & ( ! bro!r & si/] :o surviv$ x1 is common ?r\gh\t nor!rn ,luzon4 ,x is mo/ highly develop$ by ! ,ifugaos1 z we %all lat] see4 ,,! ,,bontoks ,! ,bontoks are sometimes wrongly call$ ,igorots1 b h no m "r to t "n ?an h ! ,ifugaos4 ,!y are a di/9ct p1 occupy+ a "p ( ! subprov9ce ( ,bontok4 ,!y are 9 "s respects unique1 & possess c]ta9 social in/itutions & traits :i* h n be5 f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,mo/ ( our in=mation conc]n+ !m is conta9$ 9 ! monograph by ,j5ks2 #bd 9 ! bulky volume on ! language by ,seid5adel2 #be & 9 my own obs]vations on ! g5]al culture & e?nology ( ! ,bontoks4 ,j5ks' monograph is excell5t z an economic pap]1 b ! few my?s giv5 are mo/ly *ildr5's /ories4 ,seid5adel #bf gives sev]al my?s 9 ! =m ( texts1 & "s ( ^! ,i h freely translat$ z foll[s3 ,,/ories ,,ab\t ,,lum,,wig ,! sons ( ,lumwig w5t hunt+4 ,9 all ! _w !re 7 no m\nta9s1 = ! _w 0 flat1 & x 0 impossible to cat* ! wild pigs & ! de]4 ,!n said ! eld] bro!r3 ,let u flood ! _w s t m\nta9s may rise up4 ,!n !y w5t to inundate at ,mabd-bodbud4 ,!n ! _w 0 flood$4 ,!n said ! eld] bro!r3 ,let u g & set a trap4 ,!y us$ z a trap ! head-basket at ,mabd-bodbud4 ,!n !y rais$ ! head-basket & !re 0 mu* booty3 wild pigs & de] & p--= all ! p _h p]i%$4 ,!re 7 alive only a bro!r & si/] on ,mt4 ,pkis4 ,!n ,lumwig look$ d[n on ,pkis & saw t x 0 ! only place n rea*$ by ! wat]1 & t x 0 ! abode ( ! solit>y bro!r & si/]4 ,!n ,lumwig desc5d$ & said3 ,oh1 y are "h6 ,& ! man said3 ,we are "h1 & "h we freeze6 ,!n ,lumwig s5t 8 dog & 8 de] to ,kalauwtan to get fire4 ,!y swam to ,kalauwtan1 ! dog & ! de]1 & !y got ! fire4 ,lumwig await$ !m4 ,he said3 ,h[ long !y are com+6 ,!n he w5t to ,kalauwtan & said to 8 dog & ! de]3 ,:y d y delay 9 br++ ! fire8 ,get ready6 ,take ! fire to ,pkis2 let me wat* y6 ,!n !y w5t into ! middle ( ! flood1 & ! fire :i* !y _h br\ght f ,kalauwtan 0 put out6 ,!n said ,lumwig3 ,:y d y delay ! tak+8 ,aga9 y mu/ br+ fire2 let me wat* y6 ,!n !y br\ght fire aga91 & he obs]v$ t t :i* ! de] 0 c>ry+ 0 ext+ui%$1 & he said3 ,t :i* ! dog has yond] w surely also be ext+ui%$4 ,!n ,lumwig swam & arriv$ & quickly took ! fire :i* 8 dog _h br\ght4 ,he took x back to ,pkis & he built a fire & w>m$ ! bro!r & si/]4 ,!n said ,lumwig3 ,y mu/ m>ry1 y bro!r & si/]6 ,!n said ! woman3 ,t is possible2 b x is abom9able1 because we are bro!r & si/]6 ,!n ,lumwig unit$ !m1 & ! woman became pregnant4 ,!y _h _m *ildr5 99 99 99 & ,lumwig cont9u$ m>ry+ !m4 ,two w5t to ,maligkong & _h (fspr+ !re2 two w5t to ,g9ang & _h (fspr+ !re2 & ! p kept multiply+1 & !y are ! inhabitants ( ! e>? 99 99 994 ,moreov]1 !re are ! ,may9it-m51 ! ,baliwang-m51 ! ,tukkan-m51 ! ,kani-m51 ! ,b>lig-m51 etc4 ,?us ! _w is di/ribut$ among ! p1 & ! p are v _m6 99 99 99 ,ano!r /ory runs z foll[s3 ,! bro!r-9-law ( ,lumwig said to him3 ,create wat]1 because ! sun is v hot1 & all ! p are ?ir/y6 ,!n said ,lumwig3 ,:y d y ask s mu* = wat]8 ,let u g on1 he cont9u$1 ,i %all soon create wat]4 ,!n !y w5t on1 & at la/ 8 bro!r-9-law said aga93 ,well1 :y d y n create wat]8 ,x %\ld be easy1 if y are really ,lumwig6 ,!n said ,lumwig3 ,:y d y %ame me 9 public8 ,& !n !y qu>rel$1 ! bro!rs-9-law4 ,!n !y climb$ on up ! m\nta91 & at la/ ! bro!r-9-law said aga93 ,:y d y c>e no?+ because ! p are ?ir/y1 & y d n create wat]8 ,!n said ,lumwig3 ,let u sit d[n1 p1 & re/4 ,!n he /ruck ! rock ) 8 spe>1 & wat] sprang out4 ,!n he said to ! p3 ,come & dr9k6 ,& 8 bro!r-9-law /epp$ =? to dr9k1 b ,lumwig re/ra9$ him1 say+3 ,d n dr9k6 ,let ! p dr9k fir/1 s t we %all be ! la/ to dr9k4 ,& :5 ! p _h f9i%$ dr9k+1 ,lumwig drank4 ,!n he said to 8 bro!r-9-law3 ,come & dr9k4 ,!n ! bro!r-9-law /oop$ to dr9k1 & ,lumwig pu%$ him into ! rock4 ,wat] gu%$ out f 8 body4 ,!n said ,lumwig3 ,/ay ?\ "h because ( ?y annoy+ me6 ,!n !y nam$ t spot ad ,isik4 #bg ,!n ! p w5t home2 & ! si/] ( ,lumwig said to him3 ,:y did y pu% y\r bro!r-9-law into ! rock8 ,!n said ,lumwig3 ,surely1 because he ang]$ me6 ,!n ! p pray$ & p]=m$ sacrifices4 99 99 99 ,9 ! above /ories we see ! recurr5ce ( ! flood my? & ! orig9 ( fire1 or r ! mann] 9 :i* m5 receiv$ x4 ,! /ory ( br++ wat] out ( a rock is int]e/+1 & occurs aga9 9 ,ifugao my?ology 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t ?is is a biblical /ory :i* 0 br\ght 9 by "s w&]+ ,*ri/ians sev]al g5]ations pa/2 b ! flood leg5d is c]ta9ly native1 & ,i see no good reason :y ! /ory ( ! miracul\s draw+ ( wat] f a rock %\ld n also be a native developm5t 9 spite ( its simil>ity to ! ,hebrew my?4 ,! ,bontoks h hundr$s ( my?s & /ories ab\t ,lumwig1 :o corresponds to ! ,ifugao ,lddum1 :o is ! good god :o gave m5 fire1 animals1 plants1 & all ! useful & necess>y articles ( daily life4 ,^! my?s are ( great value1 & x is to be hop$ t a full collection ( !m w "s day be made4 ,! ,bontok religion is1 on ! :ole1 some:at less develop$ ?an t ( ! ,igorots & ,ifugaos4 ,! same g5]al beliefs are held1 h[ev]1 & ! c]emonial life is simil>4 ,prie/s are ! rule1 r ?an prie/esses2 & ! same sacr$ animals are us$1 z 9 ! o!r areas4 ,9 ! social organization1 ! clan sy/em is 9 a m p]fect /ate ( developm5t ?an among any o!r p 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,i %all n[ take up ! la/ religion to be discuss$1 & ! "o :i* is at ! same "t ! mo/ highly develop$3 ,,! ,,religion ,,& ,,my?ology ,,( ,,! ,,ifugao ,,p ,,( ,,nor!rn ,,luzon #bh ,! subject ( ! ,ifugao religion is an ext5sive "o1 & ,i h no int5tion ( discuss+ x 9 detail "h4 ,i %all m]ely give a few g5]al facts1 & a few ( ! m int]e/+ my?s4 ,9 addition to "s m9or pap]s by ! ,dom9ican fa!rs ,malumbres & ,campa1 mo/ ( our in=mation conc]n+ ! ,ifugao religion is conta9$ 9 ?ree ext5sive manuscript monographs4 #bi ,! my?s t ,i %all give "h are select$ f ! fir/ & ?ird ( ^! manuscripts1 & ! g5]al facts are tak5 f all ?ree4 ,,beliefs ,,& ,,my?s ,,( ,,! ,,ki,,ngan ,,ifugaos ,! ,ifugao conception ( ! univ]se diff]s consid]ably 9 ! diff]5t religi\s di/ricts4 #cj ,! ,we/]n ,ifugao & ,c5tral ,ifugao beliefs are closely associat$1 b /& q ap>t f ^? ( ,kingan ,ifugao4 ,! p ( ! latt] area ?9k ( ! univ]se z be+ compos$ ( a l>ge numb] ( horizontal lay]s :i* are v simil> "o to ! o!r4 ,! upp] face ( ea* ( ^! lay]s is ( e>?1 :ile ! l[] face ( ea* ( !m is ( a smoo? blue /one call$ ml+4 #ca ,! lay] on :i* we live is call$ ! ,e>? ,_w 7,lta74 ,! f\r lay]s above u con/itute ! ,sky ,_w 7,dya71 & are call$1 9 ord] f ! top d[n1 ,hdog1 ,luktg1 ,hubuln1 & ,kabnian4 ,! la/ is ! lay] imm$iately above ! ,e>? ,_w1 & x is ! blue-/one und]fac+ ( ?is lay] t we call ! sky4 ,! ,"u ,_w 7,dlom7 consi/s ( an unkn[n numb] ( lay]s b5ea? ! "o on :i* we live4 ,all ( ! lay]s meet 9 ! f>!/ horizon1 #cb :]e lie ! my?ical regions ( ! ,ea/ 7,lgud7 & o!r places4 ,"s ( ! ,kingan prie/s seem to h develop$ ! fur!r idea t ?is ,dwi1 or f>!/ horizon1 is 9 ! =m ( a great cele/ial globe t surr\nds ! univ]se1 =m+ its b\nd>y1 ! inside face ( :i* c be di/+ui%$ 9 ! hazy di/ance :]e ! deep blue ( ! sky fades into a v light blue or :iti% color4 #cc ,! ,e>? ,_w1 or lay] on :i* we live1 lies approximately at ! c5t] ( ! univ]se4 ,x is !re=e ! l>ge/ lay]1 & ! lay]s ( ! ,sky ,_w & ,"u ,_w gr[ successively small] z !y approa* ! z5i? & nadir ( ! cele/ial globe1 ! b\nd>y ( ! univ]se4 #cd ,! inhabitants ( ! univ]se consi/ *iefly ( an incalculable numb] ( great] & less] deities & spirits4 #ce ,9 addition to ^!1 !re are ! s\ls ( m51 animals1 & plants4 ,!y h always exi/$ 9 ! v>i\s regions ( ! univ]se1 & 7 br\ght to ! ,e>? ,_w by ! gods4 ,m5 are desc5d$ f ! gods ( ! ,sky ,_w1 z we %all see 9 ! my?s4 ,! my?ology ( ! ,kingan ,ifugaos is ri* & v>i$4 ,z an introduction to x1 ,i h select$ ! foll[+3 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ifugaos #cf ,i ,orig9 ( ! m\nta9s4--,! fir/ son ( ,wgan1 call$ ,kabigt1 w5t f ! sky region ,hdog to ! ,e>? ,_w to hunt ) dogs4 ,z ! e>? 0 !n entirely level1 8 dogs ran mu* f "o side to ano!r1 pursu+ ! qu>ry1 & ?is !y did )\t ,kabigt he>+ _! b>k+4 ,9 consequ5ce ( :i*1 x is report$ t ,kabigt said3 ,i see t ! e>? is completely flat1 because !re does n res\nd ! e*o ( ! b>k+ ( ! dogs4 #cg ,aft] becom+ p5sive = a little :ile1 he decid$ to return to ! heights ( ! ,sky ,_w4 ,lat] on he came d[n aga9 ) a v l>ge clo?1 & w5t to close ! exit to ! sea ( ! wat]s ( ! riv]s1 & s x rema9$ clos$4 ,he return$ aga9 to ,hdog1 & w5t to make kn[n to ,bongbong t he _h clos$ ! outlet ( ! wat]s4 ,bongbong answ]$ him3 ,g ?\ to ! h\se ( ! ,cl\d1 & ( ! ,fog1 & br+ !m to me4 ,= ?is purpose he _h giv5 p]mission be=eh& to ,cl\d & ,fog1 intimat+ to !m t !y %\ld g to ! h\se ( ,baiyuhbi1 #ch & s !y did4 ,baiyuhbi br\ght toge!r 8 sons ,tumiok1 ,dumallu1 ,lum-dul1 ,mumbatnol1 & ,inaplhan1 & he bade !m to ra9 )\t ceas+ = ?ree days4 ,!n ,bongbong call$ to ,x 444 & to ,mangiulat1 & s !y ceas$4 ,wgan said1 moreov]1 to 8 son ,kabigt3 ,g ?\ & remove ! /opp] t ?\ ha/ plac$ on ! wat]s1 & s he did4 ,& 9 ?is mann]1 :5 ! wat]s t _h cov]$ ! e>? began to rec$e1 !re rose up m\nta9s & valleys1 =m$ by ! ru%+ ( ! wat]s4 #ci ,!n ,bongbong call$ ,mumb'an t he might dry ! e>?1 & s he did4 ,,ii ,! fir/ inhabitants ( ! ,e>? ,_w4--,su* be+ ! /ate ( affairs1 ,kabigt w5t to hunt once aga92 &1 :ile foll[+ ! dogs1 t 7 *as+ a qu>ry1 he made a ?ru/ ) 8 spe> into a spr+ 7or f\nta97 at ! foot ( a l>ge tree4 ,imm$iately ,kabigt return$ to ,hdog1 br++ ) him ! captur$ qu>ry4 ,:5 he _h dress$ & eat5 ! savory game1 ,kabigt said to 8 fa!r ,wgan t he _h se5 on ! ,e>? ,_w a spr+ & v good & beautiful trees = timb] ) :i* to make h\ses1 & t accord+ly he 0 desir\s ( go+ d[n to live at su* a delightful place4 ,8 fa!r answ]$ him t if he s desir$ he might d s4 ,"s "t aft] ,kabigt _h dep>t$1 & aft] he _h cut excell5t timb] :]e) to build a h\se1 ,wgan said to 8 daught] ,bgan3 ,look1 daught]6 ,?y bro!r ,kabigt is d[n 9 ,kai-ng build+ a h\se4 ,i ?9k t x w\ld behoove !e to look aft] 8 meals4 ,bgan volunte]$ to desc5d ) su* a design4 ,?is int5tion hav+ be5 c>ri$ out1 %e lodg$ h]self 9 ! upp] "p ( ! h\se1 & h] bro!r dwelt 9 ! l[] "p4 ,9 ! meantime1 ,kabigt1 reflect+ on 8 solitude & want ( company1 &1 see+ t ! dome/ic *ick5s1 ev5 ?\gh relat$ among !mselves1 produc$ o!r roo/]s & h5s1 resolv$ to "k c>nally 8 si/] ,bgan1 dur+ h] sleep4 ,"s "t hav+ expir$1 ! si/] not$ t %e _h fruit 9 h] womb4 99 99 99 ,su* 0 ! sadness & melan*oly t came ^u h]1 t %e did no?+ else b to weep & bewail h]self1 & to seek by "s means alleviation = h] sorr[ ?r\gh a viol5t dea?4 ,%e pret5d$ to h] bro!r t %e 0 go+ to look = sda1 #dj b :at %e did 0 to foll[ ! c\rse ( ! riv] until %e arriv$ at its m\? 9 ,lgud 7! ,ea/]n ,_w74 ,^u arriv+ at ! %ore ( ! sea1 %e rema9$ !re weep+ & wait+ = someone to take away h] life 9 a viol5t way4 ,soon h] bro!r ,kabigt 7:o _h foll[$ h]7 appe>$ !re1 & ,bgan1 ^u disc]n+ him1 ca/ h]self into ! dep?s2 b1 in/ead ( go+ to ! bottom1 %e /opp$ at ! rice gran>y ( ,ngln ,mangngol4 ,! bro!r1 :o witness$ ! trag$y1 did n /op at trifles b at once ca/ himself aft] h] into ! dep?s ( ! ocean1 /opp+1 by a /range co9cid5ce1 at ! v same rice gran>y z 8 fugitive si/] & sp\se4 ,%e cont9u$ !re1 bemoan+ h] mis=tune1 :51 behold6 ,ngln1 he>+ h] pla9t1 approa*$ & inquir$ ! cause ( h] affliction4 ,%e relat$ to him h] tr\ble1 h[ %e _h conceiv$ by h] c>nal bro!r :5 %e 0 asleep4 ,ngln soo!d h] z foll[s3 ,d n be afflict$1 daught]1 by t4 ,are n ! f[ls ( ,kai-ng relat$ among !mselves1 & yet !y beget j l ^? t are n s8 ,! maid5 became some:at calm1 b /ill1 out ( %ame = :at _h happ5$1 %e refus$ to eat :at ,ngln (f]$ h]4 ,!n he said to h]3 ,9 ord] t ?\ may/ fur!r assure ?yself ( :at ,i tell !e1 & 9 ord] t ?\ may/ quiet ?yself1 let u g & consult my eld] bro!r ,ambmabbkal4 ,& s !y did4 ,ambmabbkal1 hav+ be5 in=m$ ( ! circum/ances1 bur/ out laugh+ & said to !m3 ,p]adv5ture h ye n done well & righte\sly1 !re n be+ 9 exi/5ce any o!rs b y\rselves to procreate8 ,h[ev]1 = great] assurance1 let u all g toge!r to set =? ! case be=e ,muntlog my fa!r4 ,muntlog1 hav+ he>d _! /ory1 applaud$ ! conduct ( ! solit>y bro!r & si/]4 ,he told !m1 accord+ly1 to calm !mselves & to re/ !re = a few days1--& s !y did4 ,,iii ,! br++ ( fire to ! ,e>? ,_w4--,on ! ?ird day1 ,kabigt reque/$ leave to return1 b ,muntlog answ]$3 ,wait "o day m1 until ,i 9 my turn g to my fa!r ,mumbnang4 ,muntlog f\nd 8 fa!r & "m seat$ fac+ ea* o!r2 &1 ^u 8 arrival1 8 "m1 ,mumboniag1 came =w>d & ask$ him3 ,:at news d y br+ f ^? l[] regions1 & :y d y come8 ,! fa!r also became aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( 8 son1 ?r\gh ! que/ion+ ( ! "m1 & inquir$ likewise z to ! reason ( 8 com+4 ,muntlog answ]$3 ,i h come1 fa!r1 to ask !e = fire = "s ,ifugaos :o rema9 9 ! h\se ( ,ambmabbkal4 ,my son1 ! fa!r repli$1 ^? ,ifugaos ( y\rs c\ld n arrive at 7or1 come to7 ,mumbnang )\t dang] ( be+ burn$ to c9d]s4 ,!n he cont9u$3 ,x is well6 ,approa* me6 #da ,muntlog accord+ly approa*$ ,mumbnang1 :o said to him3 ,seize hold ( "o ( ^? bri/les t /& out f my hair1 & s ,muntlog did1 notic+ t ! said po9t fac$ ! nor?1 & he plac$ x 9 8 h&4 ,!n ,mumbnang said to him aga93 ,come nigh6 ,take ?is :ite "p1 or extremity1 ( ! eye t looks t[>d ! nor!a/1 t[>d ! place call$ ,gonhdan4 ,& he took x & plac$ x 9 8 h&4 ,& ,mumbnang said to him once m3 ,come ne> aga91 & take ! "p black z coal1 ! dirt ( my e> :i* is z ! f\lness ( my e>4 ,& s he did4 ,!n ,mumbnang said to ,muntlog3 ,take ^! ?+s & br+ !m to ?y son ,ambmabbkal & to ,ngln1 9 ord] t ! latt] may give !m to ! ,ifugaos4 ,& he said aga9 to ,muntlog3 ,take ?is :ite ( my eye 7fl9t71 ?is wax f my e> 7t9d]71 & ?is bri/le or po9t l /eel = /rik+ fire1 9 ord] t ?\ may/ h ! :]e) to atta9 :at ?\ seeke/ 7t is1 fire71 & to give gradually f h& to h& to ! ,ifugao2 & tell him n to return to live 9 ,kai-ng1 b to live 9 ,otbbon1 & cut d[n ! trees & make a cle>+ !re1 & !n to get toge!r dry grass2 & t !y make use ( ! /eel = /rik+ fire1 hold+ x toge!r 9 ?is mann]1 & bury+ x 9 ! grass4 ,& on mak+ ! cle>+ if !y see t snakes1 owls1 or o!r ?+s ( evil om5 approa*1 x is a sign t !y are go+ to die or to h mis=tunes4 ,b if !y d n approa* !m1 x is a sign t x w g well ) !m 9 t place2 t ! soil w be productive1 & t !y w be happy4 ,,iv ,! j\rney to ,ifugao l& f ! ,ea/4--,^u ! return ( ,muntlog1 at ! t]m9ation ( ! f\r? day1 he said to ,bgan & ,kabigt3 ,n[ ye c g b let ,ngln & ,ambmabbkal accompany y z f> z ! h\se ( ,l+an1 #db 9 ord] t !re !y may make ! clo? or clo!s necess>y = wrapp+ ! *ild accord+ to ! usage ( ! ,e>? ,_w4 ,l+an actually furni%$ to !m ! clo? & ! seam/ress to make ! swaddl+ clo!s = ! *ild--& !n !y cont9u$ _! j\rney unto ! h\se ( ,ambmabbkal4 ,! latt] said to !m3 ,take ?is clo? & ?is pair ( f[ls1 male & female1 & d n return to live at ,kai-hang b g to ,otbbon4 ,& ,ambmabbkal accompani$ !m to ! h\se ( ,ngln ,mangngan #dc & said to ! latt]3 ,x w be well if we besee* ! bni #dd to take pity on ^! poor p1 consid]+ ! great di/ance t /ill rema9s to !m unto ,otbbon1 & keep+ 9 m9d also ! great heat t prevails4 ,s !y did1 say+3 ,ye bni1 take pity ^u ^! unhappy ones & %ort5 = !m ! di/ance4 ,! pray] 0 he>d1 & aft] two or ?ree days !y f\nd !mselves at ! end ( _! j\rney4 ,v ,! peopl+ ( ,ifugao l&4--,hav+ arriv$ at ,otbbon1 !y built a tempor>y hut on f]tile l&4 ,lat] !y con/ruct$ a good h\se1 & x 0 j aft] x 0 f9i%$ t ,bgan gave bir? to a heal?y boy2 & ! f[ls also procreat$4 ,! *ild grew a little1 b !re came to him an unlook$-= sickness4 ,!n ,kabigt rememb]$ t ,ambmabbkal _h advis$ !m to (f] f[ls to _! ance/ors 9 case any sickness %\ld come ^u !m4 ,s !y kill$ a roo/] & a h51 & (f]$ !m to ,ampal1 ,wigan1 & _! o!r ance/ors4 ,! *ild recov]$ & began to gr[ v robu/ & plump4 ,!y nam$ him ,balitk4 ,bgan conceiv$ aga91 & %e gave bir? to a /rong girl1 to :om %e gave ! "n ( ,l+an4 ,^! *ildr5 grew up1 &1 hav+ atta9$ a m>riageable age1 7 m>ri$ l _! p>5ts1 & gave orig9 to ! ,silipanes4 #de ,_! p>5ts1 ,kabigt & ,bgan1 _h a second son1 on :om !y plac$ ! "n ,tad-na1 & !n ano!r daught]1 :om !y call$ ,9ke4 ,%e & ,tad-na did :at _! p>5ts & bro!r & si/] _h done1 & gave bir? to ,kabigt1 ! second1 & ,bgan1 ! second4 ,^! latt] two1 imitat+ ! prec$+ ones1 7 unit$ 9 w$lock & begot sons & daught]s :o peopl$ ! rema9d] ( ! ,ifugao region4 #df ,,vi ,e/abli%m5t ( religi\s c]emonies4--,^u _! m>riage ,tad-na & ,9ke did n (f] pigs or f[ls to ! bni z 0 cu/om>y4 ,?is be+ obs]v$ by ,lddum f ,kabnian1 he desc5d$ & ask$ !m3 ,:y h ye n (f]$ sacrifices8 ,!y answ]$ him t !y 7 ignorant ( su* a cu/om or c]emony4 ,!n ,lddum return$ to ,kabnian & br\ght !m ! yea/ ) :i* to make bbd1 or w9e f f]m5t$ rice2 & he taught ,tad-na ! me?od ( mak+ x1 say+3 ,place x 9 j>s on ! ?ird day1 & he return$ to ! ,sky ,_w4 ,on ! fif? day he came d[n aga9 to tea* !m ! mann] ( mak+ ! mum-bni4 #dg ,"s v]sion ( ! above my? is kn[n to ! p ( e ,ifugao clan1 al?\gh ! details ( ! /ory v>y consid]ably 9 ! diff]5t culture areas4 ,! my? is also kn[n to ! ,igorots & ,bontoks1 z we h already se54 ,i h 9 my possession "s tw5ty diff]5t v]sions t h be5 collect$ f v>i\s clans ( ,c5tral1 ,we/]n1 & ,kiangan ,ifugao4 ,^! may all be classifi$ into two g5]al types1 "o ( :i* is repres5t$ above4 #dh ,an example ( ! o!r type1 entitl$ ,! ,ifugao ,flood-,my?1 is giv5 lat] 9 ?is pap] "u ! head+ ,c5tral ,ifugao ,beliefs4 ,! god ,wgan is "o ( ! greate/ & be/ kn[n figures 9 ,ifugao my?ology4 ,he has ?ree sons1 ,kabigt1 ,balitk1 & ,ihk1 & "o daught]1 ,bgan4 ,! foll[+ /ory ab\t ,ihk is especially int]e/+ because ( its resemblance to "o ( ! ,bontok my?s previ\sly giv54 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,ih,k #di ,ihk nak ,wgan1 9 company ) 8 bro!rs ,kabigt & ,balitk1 w5t to cat* fi% 9 ! canal call$ ,amkdul at ! base ( ,mt4 ,9de4 ,aft] cat*+ a supply ( fi%1 !y /rove to asc5d to ! summit ( ! m\nta92 b1 ev] z !y w5t up1 ,ihk kept ask+ 8 bro!rs = wat] to satiate 8 dev\r+ ?ir/4 ,!y answ]$ him3 ,h[ c we f9d wat] at su* an elevation8 ,wat] is f\nd at ! base ( ! m\nta9s b n at _! summits6 ,b ,ihk kept on importun+ !m4 ,at la/1 :5 !y 7 9 ! middle ( _! asc5t1 !y came to an enorm\s rock4 ,balitk /ruck ! rock ) 8 spe>1 & in/antly !re bur/ =? a l>ge jet ( wat]4 ,ihk desir$ to dr9k fir/ b !y det]r$ him1 say+3 ,x is n j t ?\ %\ld/ dr9k fir/1 be+ ! la/ born ( u bro!rs6 ,!n ,kabigt drank1 & aft]w>ds ,balitk4 ,j z ,ihk 0 ab\t to d s1 ,balitk seiz$ him & %ov$ ! :ole ( 8 head "u ! rock1 add+3 ,dr9k6 ,satiate ?yself once = all1 & s]ve h5ce=? z a tube = o!rs to dr9k f6 ,& s x came to pass t ,ihk on receiv+ ! wat] ?r\gh 8 m\? s5t x =? at ! base ( 8 trunk4 ,he said to 8 bro!rs3 ,y are b5t on mak+ me take ! "p ( a wat]-sp\t6 ,i %all d s1 b be> 9 m9d t ,i %all also take j v5geance on y\r desc5dants = ?is injury4 ,9 view ( ?is ?reat1 ,kabigt & ,balitk did n d>e to make use ( ! improvis$ f\nta91 & s !y return$ home4 ,?is my?1 :i* is v long1 !n relates h[ c]ta9 ( ! great deities befri5d$ ,ihk by sett+ him free & assi/+ him 9 obta9+ v5geance on 8 bro!rs & _! desc5dants4 ,ano!r my?1 %[+ an int]e/+ resemblance to a ,manbo my? already giv51 tells h[ ! sky region ( ,manahut1 #ej :i* 0 once v ne> ! ,e>? ,_w1 0 rais$ to its pres5t position4 ,! cannibali/ic & voraci\s appetite ( ,manahut 0 caus+ ! sl[ ext]m9ation ( ! human race1 #ea & ! aid ( ! gods 0 invok$4 ,! ,ifugaos h a numb] ( p[]ful deities :o always rema9 9 a sitt+ po/ure4 ,"o ( ^! sudd5ly rose up1 &1 ) 8 head & %\ld]s1 ?ru/ ! sky region ( ,manahut to a va/ height above ! e>?1 !reby prev5t+ ! ext]m9ation ( ! p4 #eb ,z a f9al example ( ,kingan ,ifugao my?ology1 ,i give ! foll[+ /ory :i* is "o ( ! be/ specim5s ( ,ifugao lit]ature4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,b,,gan ,,& ,,k+g,,uan1 ,,or ,,! ,,m>riage ,,( ,a ,,goddess ,,) ,a ,,man #ec ,! wife ( ! god ,h9umban is ,dakue4 ,%e has no *ildr5 except a daught] call$ ,bgan4 ,?is ,bgan 0 ) h] p>5ts 9 ,luktg4 ,let x be not$ t ^! div9ities ( ! highe/ region ( ! ,sky ,_w d n see directly t :i* takes place 9 ! l[] sph]es1 b ! fir/ calls ! second1 & ! second ! ?ird1 etc4 ,accord+ to ?is ord]1 ! fir/ or pr9cipal god1 kn[n z ,bungngol1 *>ges or gives ord]s to 8 son ,ampal1 :o 9 turn ord]s 8 son ,balitton1 & ! latt] ord]s & *>ges ,lddum ( ! l[e/ sky region1 or ,kabnian4 ,?is ,lddum is ! "o t communicates directly ) ! ,ifugaos4 ,! said ,bgan1 daught] ( ,h9umban1 0 at t "t a maid51 :ile 9 ,luktg1 & h] uncle ,baiyuhbi #ed told h] to g d[n & amuse h]self 9 ! ?ird sky region1 ,hubuln4 ,s1 accord+ to ! wi%es ( h] relatives1 %e w5t d[n to ,hubuln :]e ,dologdgan1 ! bro!r ( ,balitton1 04 ,! said ,dologdgan _h gone to ,hubuln to m>ry ano!r ,bgan4 ,! fir/ ,bgan1 daught] ( ,h9umban1 _h be5 advis$ to m>ry 9 ,luktg1 b %e did n wi% to d s1 & s !y told h] to g (f & div]t h]self 9 ,hubuln4 ,hav+ settl$ d[n 9 ?is sky region1 h] uncles advis$ h] to get m>ri$ !re1 b nei!r did %e wi% ?is4 ,9 view ( h] attitude on ?is "q1 ,dologdgan exhort$ h] to desc5d to ,kabnian1 & g to take h] abode 9 ! h\se ( ,lddum h] relative & ! son ( ,amgalngan4 ,! said ,lddum wi%$ h] to m>ry 9 ,kabnian1 b %e also refus$ to d ?is4 ,ne> ! h\se1 or t[n1 ( ,lddum 7^: wife is call$ ,l+an7 !re 0 a village call$ ,habitan1 & ! "l ( ! village also bore ?is "n4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! said ,habitan w5t to ! h\se ( ,lddum1 &1 ^u see+ ! "y ,bgan 9 ! condition ( maid5hood1 he ask$ ,lddum3 ,:y does ?is maid n m>ry8 ,! =m] answ]$ him3 ,we h c\nsel$ h] to x1 b %e does n wi% to d s4 ,i1 ^u see+ t %e did n wi% to get m>ri$1 nor to foll[ my advice1 said to h]3 ',:y do/ ?\ n get m>ri$8' ,%e began to laugh4 ,i repli$3 ',!n1 if ?\ do/ n wi% to get m>ri$ 9 ,kabnian1 x 7 bett] = !e to return to ?y p & ?y family ( ,luktg1' b %e answ]$3 ',t is n necess>y1 & ,i %\ld l to /ay ) !e 9 ?y h\se--& ,i %all take c>e to get m>ri$ at my pleasure1 :5 ,i see or meet someone ( my lik+1 & !n ,i %all tell !e4' ,habitan1 aft] he>+ ?is /ory ( ,lddum1 said to him3 ,accord+ to ?is1 ,i %all take ! "y ,bgan to my ran*]ia & h\se 9 ,habitan to see if %e wi%es to m>ry my son ,baglat4 #ee ,to :i* ,lddum rejo9$3 ,if ,bgan s desire1 x goes )\t say+ t %e c accompany !e at once4 ,! maid5 hav+ be5 consult$1 ass5t$1 & w5t (f ) ,habitan to 8 h\se & village4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! said place1 & aft] ,bgan _h obs]v$ some:at ! "y ,baglat1 z if ,habitan _h ask$ h] :e!r %e desir$ to m>ry him1 %e answ]$3 ,h[ am ,i to wi% to m>ry him 7,baglat71 grim & fi]ce z he is1 & mak+ use ( su* an extraord9>y spe>6 ,moreov]1 he nev] /ops--b is always runn+ ar\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,sky ,_w1 ?r\gh ! nor? & ! s\?1 ?r\gh ! ea/ & ! we/2 & %e told ,habitan t %e did n wi% to m>ry 8 son ,baglat1 ! ,lightn+1 because t ?r\gh 8 effects he h>m$ plants1 fruits1 & possibly might injure ev5 h]self4 ,!n said ,habitan3 ,?\ art some:at fa/idi\s1 & ,i see t ?\ c\ld/ ) great difficulty get m>ri$ 9 ^! regions2 x w\ld be bett] t ?\ return once m to ?y l&4 ,%e answ]$ t %e did n desire to return any m to h] p1 & t accord+ly %e w\ld betake h]self to "s o!r po9t m to h] lik+4 ,?is dialogue be+ complet$1 %e w5t d[n f ! h\se ( ,habitan1 &1 ca/+ a glance at ! f\r c>d9al po9ts1 %e saw t ! wea!r 0 cle> & calm1 & descri$ on ! ,e>? a place call$ ,pangaguan1 ov] 7or on7 ,umbuk1 :]e !re 0 an ,ifugao call$ ,k+guan--a "y man1 unm>ri$1 nak$1 & )\t a cl\t 7:i* he _h ?r[n away because ( its age71 because he 0 engag$ 9 mak+ pits1 or wells1 = cat*+ de] ) a trap 7accord+ to ! cu/om7--& !re he _h a hut4 ,^u see+ him ,bgan exclaim$3 ,oh6 ! poor man6 & h[ un=tunate6 ,&1 hid+ ! occurr5ce f ,habitan1 %e det]m9$ to return to h] sky region ( ,luktg 9 ord] to manife/ to h] fa!r1 ,h9umban1 t x 0 h] desire to desc5d to ! ,e>? ,_w 9 ord] to get m>ri$ ) t poor ,ifugao4 ,! pat]nal p]mission hav+ be5 obta9$1 %e made ready ! necess>y provisions--consi/+ ( a vessel ( cook$ rice & a cl\t 7or bahg74 ,9 ?is fa%ion %e proce$$ to ,k+guan's hut & ent]$ x1 say+3 ,:o is ! own] ( ?is hut8 ,i1 answ]$ ,k+guan1 b ,i am a%am$ to approa* !e1 because ?\ art a woman & ,i am nak$4 ,to :i* %e repli$3 ,nev] m9d6 because "h ,i h a cl\t = !e4 ,b he did n approa* = %ame2 & s %e ?rew him ! cl\t f af>1 9 ord] t he might cov] himself4 ,! surpris$ man express$ to h] 8 a/oni%m5t1 say+3 ,:y do/ ?\ approa* "h1 kn[+ t ! appe>ance ( a woman1 :5 m5 are engag$ 9 su* an occupation1 is ( evil om5 = ! hunt8 #ef ,& %e repli$ to him3 ,by no means %all x come to pass z ?\ ?9ke/1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ?\ %alt be extremely lucky 9 x4 ,= ! pres5t let u eat toge!r1 & let u sleep ?is night 9 ?y hut4 ,to-morr[ ?\ %alt see h[ lucky we are 9 ! hunt4 ,! foll[+ day1 ^u go+ to visit ! pits1 !y actually f\nd !m full4 ,k+guan kill$ ! qu>ry & sp5t ! re/ ( ! day 9 c>ry+ ! c>casses to 8 hut4 ,he kept alive only two little pigs1 a male & a female1 :i* he deliv]$ to ,bgan t %e might tie !m 9 ! dwell+-place :ile he 0 br++ 9 ! re/ ( ! dead game4 ,on ! second day ,bgan ask$ ! solit>y "o3 ,:y do/ ?\ dwell 9 su* evil places8 ,k+guan answ]$ h]3 ,because my p>5ts are s p>simoni\s 9 giv+ me :at ,i ne$4 ,!n said ,bgan to him3 ,let u g to ,kingan1 & he cons5t$4 ,leav+1 !n1 ! dead game 9 ! hut1 !y c>ri$ ) !m only ! two live piglets4 ,k+guan c>ri$ ! male "o1 & ,bgan ! female "o--arriv+ at ! above-m5tion$ place on ! nightfall ( ! second day4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ,kingan1 !y took up _! lodg+ 9 ! h\se ( ,k+guan's "m--! man ent]+ fir/ & !n ,bgan4 ,! "m ( ! =m] 0 surpris$1 & ask$ him3 ,:o is ?is woman8 ,! son answ]$3 ,i 0 at ! hunt+ place & %e pres5t$ h]self to me !re & ,i d n "k :5ce %e comes4 ,! ag$ "m aft] hav+ look$ at !m a little :ile--:5 seat$--address$ h]self to ,bgan & ask$3 ,:o art ?\8 ,h[ do/ ?\ call ?yself8 ,f :5ce do/ ?\ come8 ,! maid5 repli$ t h] "n 0 ,bgan1 t %e 0 ! daught] ( ,h9umban & ,dakue1 & t %e belong$ to ! sky region ( ,luktg4 ,b ! reason ( h] desc5t to t t]raque\s region1 & ( accompany+ h] son1 0 h] hav+ se5 him s poor & des]t$ 99 99 99 = :i* reason ,i took pity on him & came d[n to visit him & to furni% him ) an abundance ( game 99 99 99 & %e add$ t on ! foll[+ day ! "m %\ld s5d _m p to collect ! dead game :i* !y _h left 9 ! lonely hut ( h] son4 ,by a co9cid5ce1 ! "m ( ! "y man 0 also call$ ,bgan1 ) ! addition ( na kantalo4 ,dur+ all ?is1 ! "y c\ple _h already be5 unit$ 9 ! bond ( matrimony--)\t any ( ! prescrib$ =malities--at ! place call$ ,pangaguan1 & ,bgan gave bir? to a vigor\s son to :om %e gave ! "n ,balitk4 ,! little pigs1 also1 :i* !y _h br\ght1 gave =? _! fruit4 ,! *ild grew a little1 b he did n yet "k h[ to walk4 ,8 "m1 ,bgan1 z a be+ f ! ,sky ,_w1 did n eat l ! re/ ( ! p ( ,kingan1 b desir$ only boil$ rice1 birds1 & meat ( game4 ,^? ( t region bore h] mu* envy because ( h] be+ a /rang]2 &1 because !y knew %e did n l c]ta9 vegetables ( !irs1 !y /rove to make h] dep>t f _! t[n & to betake h]self to h] bir?place ( ,luktg 9 ! sky4 ,_! envy t[>d h] increas$ ^u _! see+ ! abundance ( h] f[ls & pigs4 ,) ! object1 !n1 ( disgu/+ h]1 & ( driv+ h] away1 !y attempt$ to surr\nd h] h\se ) c]ta9 g>d5 /uffs1 gre5s1 & fi%4 ,) ^! !y succe$$ effectively 9 mak+ ,bgan fall sick ) an int5se it* & fev]2 = :i* reason %e ab&on$ t h\se & w5t to ano!r place1 :ile h] husb& mov$ to a rice gran>y4 ,b !y p]secut$ h] aga9 9 h] new place ( lodg+1 surr\nd+ x ) ! vegetables & o!r ?+s spok5 ( above1 & caus+ h] nausea 9 a /oma* accu/om$ to o!r food4 ,9 view ( su* we>isome tricks1 ,bgan propos$ to ,k+guan h] desire to return to h] l& ) ! new blossom ( spr+1 _! *ild4 ,h] husb& answ]$ h]3 ,i %\ld well l to accompany !e1 b ,i am afraid ( asc5d+ to s high a place4 ,!re is no reason to be afraid1 repli$ ,bgan1 ,i myself %all take !e up 9 ! yud 7a k9d ( hammock74 ,%e accord+ly /rove to p]suade him1 b ,k+guan did n lay aside 8 fe>2 !n %e attempt$ to take him up b\nd to a rope1 b nei!r did %e effect ?is4 ,dur+ ^! labors1 %e so>$ al(t ) ! *ild to ! heights ( ,luktg1 b ^u p]ceiv+ t h] husb& _h n foll[$ h] %e w5t d[n aga91 ) h] son 9 ! b& :i* ! ,ifugaos use = t purpose4 7,plate ,,iii1 fig4 #b47 ,aft] conf]r+ ) ,k+guan1 %e said to him3 ,?\ see/ ! situation4 ,i _c cont9ue among ?y c\ntrym51 because !y hate me unto dea?4 ,nei!r do/ ?\ d>e to asc5d unto ,luktg4 ,:at we c d is to divide our son1 99 99 99 &1 seiz+ a knife1 ,bgan divid$ h] son ,balitk 9 ! middle1 or j above ! wai/1 & made ! foll[+ division3 ,! head & ! re/ ( ! upp] trunk %e left to ,k+guan--t x might be easi] = him to give a new liv+ be+ to ^? upp] p>ts--& %e reta9$ = h]self ! l[] "p ( ! trunk unto ! feet2 & z = ! entrails1 inte/9es1 he>t1 liv]1 & ev5 ! v excrem5t1 %e divid$ !m--leav+ ! half = h] husb&4 ,! p>tition hav+ be5 complet$1 ,bgan m\nt$ to h] heav5ly mansion1 tak+ ) h] ! "p ( h] son :i* fell to h] lot1 &1 giv+ x a brea? ( life1 %e conv]t$ x into a new cele/ial be+ reta9+ ! v "n ( ,balitk4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! "p :i* %e _h left to h] husb&1 on ! e>?1 began to be corrupt$ & decay$1 because he1 ,k+guan1 _h n be5 able1 or did n "k h[1 to reanimate x4 ,! f\l odor ( ! putrifi$ fle% rea*$ unto ! dwell+ place ( ,bgan 9 ,luktg1 &1 hav+ be5 p]ceiv$ by h]1 %e desc5d$ to ,kabnian 9 ord] to bett] acqua9t h]self ) ! happ5+4 ,f ,kabnian %e saw t ! evil odor issu$ f ! decomposition ( ! "p ( ! entrails :i* %e _h left on ! e>? 9 *>ge ( h] husb&1 & :i* he _h n reanimat$4 ,!n %e broke =? 9 cries ( grief1 pity1 & compassion--&1 desc5d+ to ,kingan1 %e sev]ely accus$ ,k+guan1 say+ unto him3 ,:y ha/ ?\ all[$ our son to rot8 ,& :y ha/ ?\ n quick5$ him to life8 ,^u :i* he answ]$ t he did n und]/& ! art ( reanimation4 ,bgan endeavor$ to remove ! greate/ possible portion ( ! corrupt$ "p ( h] son4 ,consequ5tly1 %e *ang$ ! head ( ,balitk into an owl #eg--;a nocturnal bird call$ akp by ! ,ifugaos--:5ce ! orig9 ( ! ,kingan cu/om ( augur+ evil f ?is bird1 & ! (f]+ ( sacrifices ( f[ls to ,bgan1 9 ord] t no h>m %\ld come to !m1 & t ! said owl %\ld n return to !m4 ,! e>s %e ?rew into ! =e/1 & = t reason !re come =? on ! trees c]ta9 gr[?s1 l *alk1 half sph]ical 7c]ta9 species ( fungi74 ,! nose %e ?rew away & *ang$ x also into a c]ta9 species ( %ell :i* atta*es itself to trees4 ,( ! half ( ! excrem5t %e made ! bill ( a small bird call$ ido1 f :i* ! ,ifugaos augur well or ill1 accord+ to c]ta9 v>iations ( its song4 #eh ,f ! putrifi$ tongue %e produc$ a malady1 or swell+1 ( ! tongue 9 m51 :i* is cur$ ) a hot egg1 or ) a *ick51 :i* !y (f] to _! "m1 ,bgan4 ,f ! bones ( ! brea/ %e creat$ a v5om\s s]p5t4 ,f ! he>t %e made ! ra9b[4 ,f ! f+]s %e made c]ta9 v long %ells1 aft] ! =m ( f+]s4 ,f ! hair1 ?r[n into ! wat]1 %e creat$ c]ta9 little worms or maggots4 ,f ! sk9 %e drew =? a bird ( r$ color1 call$ kkuk4 ,f ! half ( ! blood %e creat$ ! small bats 7litlt74 ,f ! liv] %e drew =? a c]ta9 disease ( ! brea/4 ,f ! inte/9es %e =m$ a class ( some:at l>ge animals1 resembl+ rabbits or rats 7amnn874 ,f ! bones ( ! arms %e made pieces ( dry or rott$ wood t fall f trees ^u pass]s-by :o approa* !m4 ,! ,balitk t ,bgan reanimat$ is 9 ! sky region ( ,luktg4 #ei ,! my? j giv5 is an example ( "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ processes 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( lit]ature4 ,x is probable t orig9ally x 0 only a simple orig9 my?1 b x has be5 elaborat$ & develop$ until n[ x is wor?y ( its little ni*e 9 ! _w's lit]ature4 ,,c5tral ,,ifugao ,,beliefs ,! exact diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,c5tral ,ifugao & ! ,kingan beliefs is n an easy matt] to det]m9e4 ,!re has be5 mu* mixture betwe5 ! two peoples accompani$ by a correspond+ ex*ange ( ideas4 ,! effect ( ?is ex*ange 9 "s cases has be5 to produce a deceptive simil>ity 9 beliefs & my?s t orig9ally 7 fundam5tally diff]5t2 :ile 9 o!r cases my?s t 7 orig9ally ! same h be5 s greatly diff]5tiat$ 9 ! two areas t _! unity c sc>cely be recogniz$4 ,h[ev]1 x w\ld seem t "s basic diff]5ces really exi/1 & ! probability is t !y are survivals f ! anci5t cultures ( ! peoples :o w5t to make up ! pres5t di/9ctly composite ,ifugao gr\p4 ,b ! evid5ce at h& is n suffici5t to w>rant a full discussion ( ?is "q "h1 & ,i %all m]ely cite "o example4 ,kingan my?s are ne>ly always told f ! /&po9t ( ! gods1 & h to d ) ! deal+s ( ! gods ) "o ano!r & ) m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,c5tral ,ifugao my?s are told f ! /&po9t ( m5 9 _! relations & deal+s ) ! gods4 ,?is w be made pla9 by a comp>ison ( ! foll[+ ,c5tral ,ifugao my? ) ! ,orig9 ( ! ,ifugaos previ\sly giv54 ,,! ,,ifugao ,,flood-,,my? #fj ,i ,! ,gold5 ,age4--,ifugao k ( ! pr$iluvian p]iod is v vague4 ,x is kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! ,e>? ,_w 0 entirely flat except = two great m\nta9s1 "o 9 ! ea/ call$ ,amyao & "o 9 ! we/ call$ ,kalautan4 #fa ,?is level c\ntry 0 heavily =e/$1 & all ( ! p liv$ along a l>ge riv] t ran ?r\gh ! c5tral pla9 betwe5 ! two great m\nta9s4 ,! p]iod 0 some?+ l a ,gold5 ,age1 :5 ?+s 7 mu* bett] ?an !y are n[4 ,! p 7 demigods ^: life 0 a happy "o & _! c\ntry a sort ( ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,to obta9 rice1 all t !y ne$$ to d 0 to cut d[n a /alk ( bamboo1 :i* 0 pl5tiful1 & split op5 ! jo9ts :i* 7 fill$ ) hull$ rice ready to cook4 ,/alks ( sug>-cane 7 fill$ ) baiyax1 #fb & ne$$ only to be tapp$ to furni% a mo/ refre%+ dr9k4 ,! riv] 0 full ( fi%1 & ! =e/s 7 fill$ ) de] & wild hogs :i* 7 mu* easi] to cat* ?an ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,! rice gra9s ( t "t 7 l>g] & m satisfy+1 & a h&ful ( !m 0 suffici5t to fe$ a l>ge family4 ,b ?is ,gold5 ,age1 l o!rs1 0 n de/9$ to la/4 ,,ii ,! flood1 & ! orig9 ( ! m\nta9s4--,"o ye> :5 ! ra9y season %\ld h come x did n4 ,mon? aft] mon? pass$ by & no ra9 fell4 ,! riv] grew small] & small] day by day until at la/ x disappe>$ entirely4 ,! p began to die1 & at la/ ! old m5 said3 ,if we d n soon get wat]1 we %all all die4 ,let u dig d[n into ! grave ( ! riv]1 = ! riv] is dead & has sunk into 8 grave1 & p]haps we may f9d ! s\l ( ! riv] & x w save u f dy+4 ,s !y began to dig1 & !y dug = ?ree days4 ,on ! ?ird day ! hole 0 v l>ge1 & sudd5ly !y /ruck a great spr+ & ! wat] gu%$ =?4 ,x came s fa/ t "s ( !m 7 dr[n$ be=e !y c\ld get out ( ! pit4 ,!n ! p 7 happy1 = !re 0 pl5ty ( wat]2 & !y br\ght mu* food & made a great fea/4 ,b :ile !y 7 fea/+ x grew d>k & began to ra94 ,! riv] also kept ris+ until at la/ x ov]fl[$ its bank4 ,!n ! p became fright5$ & !y tri$ to /op up ! spr+ 9 ! riv]1 b !y c\ld n d s4 ,!n ! old m5 said3 ,we mu/ flee to ! m\nta9s1 = ! riv] gods are angry & we %all all be dr[n$4 ,s ! p fl$ t[>d ! m\nta9s & all b two ( !m 7 ov]tak5 by ! wat] & dr[n$4 ,! two :o escap$ 7 a bro!r & si/] nam$ ,wgan & ,bgan--,wgan on ,mt4 ,amyao & ,bgan on ,kalautan4 ,& ! wat] cont9u$ to rise until all ! ,e>? ,_w 0 cov]$ except+ only ! peaks ( ^! two m\nta9s4 ,! wat] rema9$ on ! e>? = a :ole season or f rice plant+ to rice h>ve/4 #fc ,dur+ t "t ,wgan & ,bgan liv$ on fruits & nuts f ! =e/s t cov]$ ! tops ( ! two m\nta9s4 ,bgan _h fire :i* at night lit up ! peak ( ,kalautan1 & ,wgan knew t !re 0 someone else alive besides himself4 ,he _h no fire1 & suff]$ mu* f ! cold4 ,at la/ ! wat]s rec$$ f ! e>? & left x cov]$ ) ! rugg$ m\nta9s & deep valleys t exi/ to-day2 & ! solit>y bro!r & si/]1 look+ d[n f _! respective peaks1 7 fill$ ) wond] at ! sight4 ,,iii ,! repopulation ( ! ,e>? ,_w4--,z soon z ! e>? 0 dry1 ,wgan j\rney$ to ,kalautan :]e he f\nd 8 si/] ,bgan1 & _! reunion 0 mo/ joy\s4 ,!y desc5d$ ! m\nta9 & w&]$ ab\t until !y came to ! beautiful valley t is to-day ! dwell+ place ( ! ,banuol clan--& "h ,wgan built a h\se4 ,:5 ! h\se 0 f9i%$1 ,bgan dwelt 9 ! upp] "p & ,wgan slept b5ea?4 ,hav+ provid$ = ! com=t ( 8 si/]1 ,wgan />t$ out to f9d if !re 7 n o!r p left alive 9 ! ,e>? ,_w4 ,he travel$ ab\t all ! day & return$ to ! h\se at night to sleep4 ,he did ?is = ?ree days1 & !n z he 0 com+ back on ! ?ird ev5+ he said to himself t !re 7 no o!r p 9 ! _w b !mselves1 & if ! _w 0 to be repopulat$ x mu/ be ?r\gh !m4 99 99 99 ,at la/ ,bgan realiz$ t %e 0 pregnant4 ,%e bur/ into viol5t weep+1 &1 heap+ reproa*es on 8 head1 ran bl9dly away t[>d ! ,ea/1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,aft] travel+ a long way1 & be+ ov]come ) grief & fatigue1 ,bgan sank d[n ^u ! bank ( ! riv] & lay !re trembl+ & sobb+4 #fd ,aft] hav+ quiet$ h]self some:at1 %e arose & look$ ar\nd h]1 & :at 0 h] surprise to see sitt+ on a rock ne> h] an old man ) a long :ite be>d6 ,he approa*$ h] & said3 ,d n be afraid1 daught]6 ,i am ,maknngan1 & ,i am aw>e ( y\r tr\ble1 & ,i h come to tell y t x is all "r6 ,:ile he 0 speak+1 ,wgan1 :o _h foll[$ 8 si/]1 appe>$ on ! sc5e4 ,!n ,maknngan plac$ ! sanction & bless+ ( ! gods ^u _! m>riage1 assur+ !m t !y _h done "r1 & t ?r\gh !m ! _w mu/ be repeopl$4 ,he told !m to return to _! h\se1 & :5ev] !y 7 9 tr\ble to (f] sacrifices to ! gods4 ,aft] ,bgan _h become conv9c$ 9 ?is mann]1 !y left ,maknngan & return$ home4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t n9e *ildr5 7 born to ,wgan & ,bgan1 five sons & f\r daught]s4 ,! f\r olde/ sons m>ri$ ! f\r daught]s1 & f !m are desc5d$ all ( ! p ( ! ,e>? ,_w4 ,! y\nge/ son1 :o 0 nam$ ,igon1 _h no wife4 #fe ,,iv ,! sacrifice ( ,igon4--,"o ye> ! crops fail$1 !re 0 mu* sickness1 & ev]y?+ w5t wrong4 ,!n ,wgan rememb]$ ! advice ( ,maknngan1 & he told 8 sons to procure an animal = ! sacrifice4 ,!y caught a rat & sacrific$ x1 b ! evil conditions 7 n rem$i$4 ,!n !y w5t out into ! =e/ & captur$ a l>ge snake & sacrific$ x to ! gods1 b ! disease & crop failure /ill cont9u$4 ,!n ,wgan said3 ,! sacrifice is n great en\gh1 = ! gods d n he>6 ,take y\r bro!r ,igon1 :o has no wife1 & sacrifice him6 ,s !y b\nd ,igon1 & sacrific$ him1 & call$ ^u ! gods4 ,& ,maknngan came1 & all ! o!r great gods1 to ! fea/4 ,& !y took away ! sickness1 & fill$ ! gran>ies ) rice1 & increas$ ! *ick5s1 ! pigs1 & ! *ildr54 ,!n ,maknngan said to ! p3 ,x is well1 b y h committ$ an evil 9 spill+ human blood & h !reby br\ght w> & fight+ into ! _w4 ,n[ y mu/ sep>ate to ! nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 & we/1 & n live toge!r any m4 ,& :5 ye h ne$ to sacrifice to ! gods1 d n (f] rats1 snakes1 or y\r *ildr51 b take pigs & *ick5s only4 ,& "o ( ! sons ( ,wgan w5t to ! nor?1 & "o to ! s\?1 & "o to ! ea/1 & "o to ! we/2 & f !m are desc5d$ ! peoples ( ! ,e>? ,_w1 :o fight & kill "o ano!r to ?is day because ( ! sacrifice ( ,igon4 ,_m o!r illu/rations might be giv5 ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,c5tral & ,kingan ,ifugao religi\s conceptions1 b ! above w suffice = ! purposes ( ! pres5t pap]4 #ff ,"o m type ( ,ifugao orig9 my? m]its our att5tion be=e we come to ! conclusion4 ,?is type consi/s ( ! my?s inv5t$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! anci5t ,*9ese j>s1 bronze gongs1 amb]-agate beads1 & o!r r>e articles ( =eign manufacture on :i* ! ,ifugaos place a high value1 & ! orig9 ( :i* !y d n "k4 ,_m ( ^! objects h be5 9 ! possession ( ! p = at lea/ sev]al hundr$ ye>s4 ,!y 7 probably br\ght into ! ,isl&s by ,*9ese trad]s c5turies be=e ! com+ ( ! ,spani>ds1 & gradually f\nd _! way to ! ,ifugaos ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! cursory comm]ce ) ! surr\nd+ peoples4 #fg ,"o ( ^! my?s1 expla9+ ! orig9 ( ?ree well-kn[n j>s1 runs z foll[s4 ,,leg5d ,,conc]n+ ,,bangg,l,t ,,( ,,h9ag,,ngan1 ,,& ,,! ,,j>s ,,t ,,he ,,br\ght ,,f ,,! ,,village ,,( ,,s\ls #fh ,a long "t ago1 be=e ! com+ ( ! ,spani>ds1 !re liv$ at ,h9agngan a man call$ ,bangglt4 ,he 0 a weal?y man1 possess+ f\r rice gran>ies & a v l>ge h\se2 b he 0 n a prie/4 ,8 con/ant desire 0 to hunt 9 ! =e/4 ,"o day ,bangglt w5t hunt+ 9 ! =e/ & 0 ov]tak5 by night4 ,he call$ 8 dogs b !y did n come4 ,he made fire1 cook$1 & ate4 ,!n "o dog came to him1 & he took x 9 lead & dep>t$4 ,ne> by he f\nd a pa?4 ,! dog ) him b>k$ & ! second dog answ]$1 & !y w5t on4 ,& ! dog ) ,bangglt began to :imp] & :9e1 & to pull on ! lea%2 & ,bangglt ran1 & !y w5t on4 ,sudd5ly x became light all ar\nd !m1 & !y came out ( ! =e/ into a l>ge gr\p ( p4 ,& ! p said among !mselves3 ,surely ,bangglt is dead1 & !y exam9$ 8 body & ask$3 ,:]e 7 y spe>$8 ,& ,bangglt spoke & said3 ,i h n be5 spe>$6 ,i w5t hunt+ & 0 ov]tak5 by night1 & my dog "h ran ahead on our pa?4 ,i foll[$1 & came "h1 & lo6 x is light "h6 ,& !y took ,bangglt & w5t to _! t[n--= !re are _m l>ge t[ns !re 9 ! dwell+-place ( s\ls4 ,!y wi%$ to give him food1 b he said3 ,wait until my own food is exhau/$1 & !n ,i w eat ( y\r rice "h4 ,& !y ask$ him3 ,h[ _m days w y rema9 ) u8 & ,bangglt answ]$ t he w\ld rema9 f\r days4 ,!n ! p began to laugh & "o ( !m said3 ,n f\r days b f\r ye>s "h6 ,ha6 cri$ ,bangglt1 ,i %all nev] d t6 ,wait until y see6 ,j s6 answ]$ ! o!r1 b "o day "h is ! same z a ye> on ! ,e>? ,_w1 b ,bangglt ?\ght t he 0 ly+4 ,bangglt visit$ all ( ! t[ns !re4 ,he work$ 9 ! rice fields & !y gave him f\r j>s z 8 wages4 ,!n 8 ho/ said to him3 ,return home n[1 = y h be5 "h f\r days1 :i*1 accord+ to ! usage ( ! ,e>? ,_w1 are f\r ye>s4 ,yes1 answ]$ ,bangglt1 ,i wi% to g home n[1 z ,i am homesick = my family4 ,y h be5 v good to me1 = y h giv5 me wages = my "w4 ,& ! ho/ said3 ,x 0 a gift2 n wages1 b a gift1 t ,i gave y1 & he l$ ! way & po9t$ out to ,bangglt a ladd]4 ,g d[n t ladd]1 & 9 a %ort "t y w arrive at y\r h\se1 he said4 ,bangglt />t$ to g d[n1 b "o ( ! j>s /ruck heavily aga9/ ! ladd] & 0 brok54 ,he w5t d[n ! ladd] & at la/ arriv$ 9 ! top ( a betel-nut tree4 ,he slid d[n ! trunk ( ! tree to ! gr\nd1 & ! *ick5s 7 cr[+ & x 0 j dawn4 ,& he look$ at 8 surr\nd+s & exclaim$3 ,:y ?is is my own h\se6 ,8 relatives came out & said3 ,:o are y8 & he repli$3 ,?is is my h\se4 ,!y look$ at him closely & cri$3 ,well n[1 x is ,bangglt :o has be5 gone ^! f\r ye>s6 ,& !y sat d[n & talk$ long toge!r4 ,he %[$ !m ! j>s1 & !y ask$3 ,:]e did y get ^?8 ,& he answ]$3 ,i br\ght !m f ! ,sky ,_w1 & !y 7 afraid & w5t to look = ! ladd] b x 0 no long] !re4 #fi ,! above my? may well h be5 inv5t$ by "s man :o1 unkn[n to 8 relatives & fri5ds1 w&]$ across ! m\nta9s into ,lepanto or ,b5guet & return$ aft] f\r ye>s ) ! j>s 9 "q4 ,hundr$s ( my?s & leg5ds ( ?is type are curr5t among ! ,ifugaos4 ,no repres5tative collection ( ,philipp9e my?s has yet be5 made1 & ! pres5t pap] c only be consid]$ a beg9n+4 ,i hope to be able to cont9ue ! "w4 ,,notes #a ,read be=e ,! ,philipp9e ,academy1 ,octob] #b1 #aiab4 ,! pap] is int5d$ z an introduction to a s]ies ( m complete /udies 9 ,philipp9e my?ology & religion4 #b ,a complete bibliography _c be giv5 )9 ! limits ( ?is pap]1 b a numb] ( ! mo/ important pr9t$ titles & manuscripts h be5 cit$4 #c ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,clevel& 7#aijf71 #cg2 7#aijg71 #dh4 #d ,?is ,j\rnal 7#aijf71 #a1 #hab-hah4 ,_m plates illu/rat+ ,ilongot types & culture are giv54 #e ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,_! ,p4 ,new ,york 7#ahih71 #cfb-dcd4 #f ,a typewritt5 manuscript ( #fj pages1 entitl$ ,! ,hampngan ,mangyans ( ,m9doro by ,dr4 ,flet*] ,g>dn]4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 7#aije74 ,9 ! records ( ! division ( e?nology1 ,bureau ( ,sci5ce1 ,manila4 #g ,?is ,j\rnal1 ,sec4 ,d 7#aiab71 #g1 #ace-aef4 #h ,loc4 cit41 #gf-abb4 #i ,smi?sonian ,misc4 ,colls4 7,pap] ,no4 #agjj71 #dh1 #ead-eeh4 #aj ,loc4 cit41 #aji-aaa4 #aa ,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,n4 ,m4 ,saleeby t ?is my? is also kn[n among ! ,malays ( ,sumatra & ! ,malay ,p59sula4 #ab ,kgbubtang is a po9t )9 sight ( ! t[n ( ,plac]1 ea/]n ,m9danao4 #ac ,! (f]+ may be v small1 ev5 a little piece ( wood1 & is ?r[n ov]bo>d :ile pass+ ! po9t4 #ad ,!re is said to be a simil> locality ne> ,taganto1 ea/]n ,m9danao4 #ae ,b9oi is ! "n ( an oddly %ap$ peak at ! s\rce ( ! ,riv] ,angdnan1 tribut>y ( ! ,riv] ,wwa1 ,agsan ,valley4 #af ,limes & lemons are said to be objects ( fe> to ! bsao4 #ag ,g>van sugge/s ^! /ories z illu/rations ( puni%m5t foll[+ ! imitat+ or mak+ fun ( animals1 acts :i* are /rictly tab 9 ,manbo culture4 #ah ,"s say t ! spots ^u ! moon are a clu/] ( bamboos1 o!rs1 t !y are a balte tree4 #ai ,our in=mation conc]n+ ^! peoples is limit$1 b ( mu* int]e/4 ,besides ! "w ( ,g>van1 ! *ief s\rces are ! ,lett]s ( ! ,jesuit ,fa!rs & a pap] on ! ,subnuns ,*ri/ie1 ,pub4 ,p4 ,i4 ,bur4 ,sci41 ,div4 ,e?nol4 7#aiji71 #f1 pt4 #a4 ,! latt] does n record any my?s1 b gives sev]al song-/ories ab\t great culture-h]oes :i* ?r[ mu* light on ! "* ( ! ,subnun my?ology & id5tify x ) ! my?ologies ( ! o!r pagan tribes ( ,m9danao4 ,^! h]o-/ories are too long to be giv5 "h4 #bj ,! ,t+gins1 or ,itnegs1 %\ld be except$1 z !re are important & accurate acc\nts ( ^! p by ,gironire1 ,reyes1 ,worce/]1 ,cole1 & o!rs4 #ba ,accord+ to ! translation by ,james ,a4 ,rob]tson 9 ,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7#aijf71 #cc1 #afg-aga4 #bb ,note ! simil>ity ( ?is place-"n to ! ,kgbubtang ( ! ,manbo leg5d1 p4 #hi4 #bc ,translat$ by ,rob]to ,lap]al f ,igorrotes1 by ,angel ,p]ez4 ,manila 7#aijb71 #cai-cbj4 #bd ,j5ks1 ,alb]t ,erne/1 ,! ,bontoc ,igorot1 ,pub4 ,p4 ,i4 ,e?nol4 ,surv4 7#aije71 #a4 #be ,seid5adel1 ,c>l ,wilhelm1 ,! ,fir/ ,gramm> ( ! ,language ,spok5 by ! ,bontoc ,igorot1 ) a ,vocabul>y & ,texts4 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 ,*icago 7#aiji74 #bf ,opus4 cit41 #dhe-eaj4 ,seid5adel gives an int]l9e> lit]al translation1 :i* is1 9 "s places1 slightly inaccurate4 ,i h made a new free translation directly f ! ,bontok4 ,! text 0 told 9 ! =m ( a /ory r ?an t ( a my?1 & conta9s mu* extrane\s matt] :i* ,i h omitt$4 #bg ,place ( ang]4 #bh ,!re are ab\t #abg1jjj ,ifugaos1 ne>ly all liv+ 9 ! subprov9ce ( ,ifugao4 ,!y are divid$ into a l>ge numb] ( h]$it>y clans1 ea* ( :i* has its own social & political organization4 ,!y are an agricultural p1 & h develop$ _! great /one-fac$ t]rac$ rice fields to an ext5t probably n equal$ else:]e 9 ! _w4 ,i d n believe t ! physical type1 language1 or culture ( ^! p is :olly a native developm5t4 ,! evid5ce seems to indicate t ! pres5t-day ,ifugaos are ! result ( mixture1 p]haps "o or m ?\s& ye>s ago1 ( sev]al widely diff]5t native types ) an incom+ p ( high culture4 ,indications seem to po9t to ! highl&s ( ,burma z ! orig9al home ( ?is highly-cultur$ p1 b ?is is a supposition t w require pro(4 ,)9 hi/oric times ! ,ifugaos h be5 almo/ entirely free f mixture ( any sort4 #bi #a4--,! ,religi\s ,beliefs ( ! ,kingan ,ifugaos1 a manuscript ( "s #cjj pages1 by ,juan ,f]n&ez ,villav]de1 translat$ & annotat$ by myself ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,g>van4 #b4--,! ,religion ( ! ,kingan ,ifugaos1 a manuscript ( #cej pages1 by ,roy ,frankl9 ,b>ton1 ) notes by myself4 #c4--,unpubli%$ notes4 ,! ,religion ( ! ,c5tral ,ifugaos1 a manuscript ( ab\t #cjj pages1 by myself4 #cj ,! subprov9ce ( ,ifugao may be divid$ into five g5]al culture areas :i* c be also consid]$ z religi\s di/ricts4 ,^! are3 ,kingan ,ifugao1 ,we/]n ,ifugao1 & ,c5tral ,ifugao1 speak+ ! ,pure ,ifugao dialect2 & ,almt ,ifugao & ,mayyao ,ifugao1 speak+ ! ,sub-,ifugao dialect4 7,plate ,i47 ,v little is kn[n ( ! religion ( ,almt ,ifugao & ,mayyao ,ifugao1 & !y w n be fur!r discuss$ 9 ?is pap]4 #ca ,or bl+ 7874 #cb ,dwi 7874 #cc ,x c only be se5 at ?is po9t = ! reason t ! e>? b5ea? & ! blue-/one und]fac+ ( ,kabnian imm$iately above cut (f ! view4 ,ifugao a/ronomical k1 plus ! circul> nature ( ! horizon & ! app>5t slope ( ! :iti% b& above x1 has d\btless giv5 rise to ?is belief 9 a cele/ial globe surr\nd+ ! univ]se4 #cd ,! ,ifugaos h no belief1 t ,i h ev] be5 able to discov]1 z to ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,to _! m9ds x has always exi/$ & w always cont9ue to exi/4 #ce ,9 ! ?ree previ\sly m5tion$ manuscripts on ! ,ifugao religion1 betwe5 two & ?ree ?\s& deities are spok5 ( by "n1 & ?is is only a fraction ( ! numb] kn[n to ! ,ifugaos4 ,( c\rse1 only a few ( !m are really great deities1 b ev5 su* may be c\nt$ by hundr$s4 ,( ! v div]se & all-inclusive "* ( ^! deities1 no accurate idea c be giv5 )9 ! brief limits ( ?is pap]4 ,suffice x to say !re are gods ( w>1 ( indu/ry 7su* z weav+1 metal-work+1 etc471 & ( beauty & love2 nature-gods1 cannibali/ic gods1 evil deities1 my?ical mon/]s1 mess5g] spirits1 gu>dian spirits2 & ho/s ( mis*iev\s elves & fairies4 #cf ,collect$ by ,juan ,f]nndez ,villav]de1 9 #ahid1 f a celebrat$ ,ifugao prie/1 ,dum9ng ( ,kingan4 ,translat$1 correct$1 & annotat$ by myself ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,john ,m4 ,g>van4 #cg ,?is /atem5t is significant1 z x %[s an und]/&+ ( ! true cause ( ! e*o4 ,ifugao cosmographical & a/ronomical k is n v primitive1 z a c>eful /udy ( ?is my? w cle>ly demon/rate4 #ch ,god ( ! ra94 #ci ,ifugao k ( ! "p play$ by erosion 9 ! =mation ( ! topographical features ( ! e>? is cle>ly %[n4 #dj ,%ellfi%1 gre5s1 fruits1 meats1 or fi% t con/itute ! savory "p ( ! meal1 z contra/$ ) knon :i* ref]s only to /aple foods su* z rice1 sweet potatoes1 etc4 #da ,mumbnang has a head cov]$ ) bri/les1 j l a porcup9e1 b radiat+ & %>p po9t$ l nails fac+ outw>d to p5etrate any object on ! outside4 ,he possibly repres5ts "s con/ellation4 #db ,! goddess ( weav+4 #dc ,or ,ngln an ,maknngan 7874 #dd ,deities :i* ! ,ifugaos believe to be _! ance/ors4 #de ,! p ( ,almt ,ifugao4 7,plate ,i47 #df ,tad-na & ,9ke are recogniz$ z common ance/ors by all ! ,kingan ,ifugaos1 & ! my?s ab\t !m are legion4 #dg ,c]emonies to ! bni1 accompani$ by pray]s & sacrifices4 #dh ,a v]sion ( ! same type1 b v diff]5t 9 detail1 is conta9$ 9 ! unpubli%$ notes ( ,mr4 ,roy ,frankl9 ,b>ton4 ,i h also sev]al o!rs f ! same area 7,kingan ,ifugao7 t 7 collect$ by ,lieut4 ,maximo ,meimban4 #di ,= bibliographical ref]5ce1 see ,villav]de1 loc4 cit4 #ej ,manahut is ! greate/ & mo/ hat$ evil deity ( ! ,ifugaos4 #ea ,! memory ( cannibalism s common 9 ,ifugao my?ology possibly dates back to a p]iod ( contact ) human cannibals4 #eb ,! ,ifugao v]sion ( ! /ory /ates t ! sky 0 s l[ t x int]f]$ ) ! ply+ ( ! spe>1 :ile ! ,manbo /ory relates t ! rice pe/le w\ld /rike aga9/ x4 ,x is possible t ?is my? dates back to cave-dwell+ ance/ors--= ! l[ ro( ( a cave w\ld be an inconv5i5ce ( ! same "* z t :i* is "h ascrib$ to ! sky4 ,a fur!r pro( ( ?is is ! foll[+ ,taglog my? furni%$ me by ,mr4 ,rob]to ,lap]al3 ,9 =m] times ! sky 0 v l[ & c\ld be t\*$ ) ! h&2 :5 m5 7 play+1 !y w\ld /rike _! heads aga9/ x :5ev] !y jump$ upw>d4 ,?is made !m impati5t1 & "o day !y began to ?r[ /ones at ! sky4 ,! great god ,ba?ala 0 v angry & remov$ ! sky to its pres5t position4 #ec ,= bibliographical ref]5ce1 see footnote #cf4 ,a less complete v]sion ( ?is my?1 diff]+ some:at 9 detail1 is giv5 by ,b>ton 9 ! second manuscript m5tion$ 9 footnote #bi4 #ed ,god ( ! ra94 #ee ,god ( ! lightn+4 #ef ,x is a common belief1 widespread 9 ! ,philipp9es1 t ! appe>ance ( a woman at a place :]e m5 are hunt+ w r5d] ! se>* = game fruitless4 ,j4 ,m4 ,g>van4 #eg ,x w be not$ t mo/ ( ! ?+s creat$ by ,bgan f ! corrupt$ half ( ,balitk 7 pe/s & ?+s ( evil om5 to torm5t ! p ( ,kingan z !y _h torm5t$ h]4 #eh d1 or du1 is ! ,ifugao "n = ! om5 spirits4 ,a c]ta9 small black & :ite bird call$ ptpt is believ$ to be an om5 _s1 & !re=e x is also prop]ly call$ d4 ,:5 an ,ifugao is go+ on a j\rney & sees "o ( ^! birds1 or he>s its cry1 he imm$iately /ops & calls out to x4 ,he tells x :]e he is go+ & :y4 ,if ! bird flies away to "o side or 9 a =w>d direction1 x is a good sign2 b if x flies backw>d along ! pa?1 utt]+ a %>p cry ( fright1 x is a v bad om51 & ! man w probably return home & n cont9ue on 8 j\rney until ano!r day4 #ei ,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,dean ,s4 ,fansl] t he obta9$ f an ,igorot ( ,tblai1 ,b5guet1 9 ,may1 #aiaj1 a my? v simil> to ?is /ory ( ,bgan & ,k+guan4 ,! details are diff]5t1 b "s ( ! m important incid5ts are ! same & ,i w give a brief summ>y ( ! my? "h3 ,a god nam$ ,dumgid1 ^: home is 9 "o ( ! l[] regions ( ! sky1 came d[n to ! e>? & liv$ among ! p4 ,he taught ! p _m ?+s1 & (t5 w5t hunt+ ) !m 9 ! =e/4 ,b "o day1 :5 he 0 out 9 ! woods alone1 he met a beautiful girl by ! "n ( ,dgai ) :om he fell 9 love1 & !y 7 m>ri$4 ,a son 0 born to !m1 & !y nam$ him ,ovug4 ,%ortly aft] ?is ,dumgid in=m$ ! p t he mu/ return to ! ,sky ,_w to make report to ! *ief deity1 ,kabigat1 b t he w\ld soon come d[n aga9 to ! ,e>? ,_w4 ,b ! p dem&$ t he take 8 wife ) him1 & t !y leave _! son z security = _! return4 ,dumgid told ,dgai t ! pa? 0 s hot t %e might die1 b ?is ! p w\ld n believe4 ,s ,dumgid & ,dgai />t$ out1 b z !y approa*$ ! sun x grew s hot t ,dgai di$4 ,dumgid return$ h] body to ! e>?1 & w5t on to 8 home 9 ! sky4 ,lat] he came back to ! e>?1 9 company ) ! god ,bangan di ,bai-ngan1 & told ! p t he mu/ take 8 son ,ovug to ! ,sky ,_w4 ,?is ! p refus$ to all[ him to d1 s ,dumgid took a knife & divid$ 8 son ,ovug into equal p>ts by cutt+ him /raight d[n4 ,:5 he _h done ?is1 he told ! p to keep "o half & make a new boy out ( x4 ,! o!r half ,dumgid took ) him to ! ,sky ,_w & reanimat$ x4 ,!n he look$ d[n to ! ,e>? ,_w & saw t ! half ( 8 son !re 0 becom+ decay$ because ! p _h n giv5 x new life4 ,s he came d[n ) ! boy he _h made1 & made ano!r beautiful boy out ( ! decay$ half4 ,!n he made ! two boys /& be=e ! a/oni%$ p4 ,= _! great] a/oni%m5t1 ,dumgid ask$ ! boy he _h made 9 ! ,sky ,_w to talk4 ,he spoke v l\d l %>p ?und]1 s t ! p 7 fright5$ almo/ to dea?4 ,!n ,dumgid ask$ ! o!r boy to talk1 & he spoke l[ l ! roll+ ?und]4 ,!n ! fir/ boy w5t up to ! ,sky ,_w :irl+ l fire1 & ?und]$ !re4 ,& x is believ$ t ?is is ! orig9 ( ! lightn+ & ! %>p ?und] t comes aft]2 & x is also believ$ t ! l[ ?und] is ! voice ( ! second boy1 or ! "o made on ! e>?4 #fj ,collect$ by myself f v>i\s ,ifugaos ( ,banuol clan1 9 #aijf4 ,a simil> b less complete v]sion 0 collect$ at ! same place by ,levi ,e4 ,case1 9 ,may1 #aije1 & publi%$ 9 ,?is ,j\rnal1 ,sec4 ,a 7#aiji71 #d1 #bef-bfj4 #fa ,or ,alautan 9 ,sub-,ifugao4 ,see ,plates ,i & ,,ii4 #fb ,! ,ifugao rice dr9k1 usually kn[n z bbd4 #fc ,ab\t six mon?s4 ,! duration ( ! flood v>ies greatly 9 ! diff]5t v]sions ( ?is my?4 #fd ,ince/ is look$ ^u by ! ,ifugaos ) horror1 & is held to be "o ( ! grave/ ( crimes4 #fe ,! numb] & names ( ! *ildr5 ( ,wgan & ,bgan are v>iable 9 ! diff]5t ,ifugao clans4 #ff ,! frequ5t repetition ( ,bgan z ! "n ( a female deity is wor?y ( fur!r explanation4 ,bgan is ! ,ifugao ideal ( fem99e beauty4 ,!re is no s+le goddess ( love & beauty su* z ,v5us or ,aphrodite1 b an ab/ract ideal ( womanly p]fection4 ,!re=e1 all b5efic5t female deities are call$ ,bgan1 :i* is also ! mo/ common "n among ,ifugao wom54 ,:5 a man wi%es to praise 8 wife1 he speaks ( h] z ,bgan-ko 7my ,bgan71 & :5 a "y man goes c\rt+ he (t5 speaks ( x z mum-,bgan 7se>*+ = a ,bgan74 ,light1 fleecy cl\ds1 high 9 ! sky1 are (t5 call$ ! wavy hair ( ,bgan4 ,su* poetic usages are almo/ innum]able4 ,x is an int]e/+ conception1 & is "o ( ! pro(s ( ,ifugao /hetic developm5t4 #fg ,a ,*9ese au?or1 ,*ao ,ju-kua1 writ+ 9 ! ye> #abhj1 m5tions t porcela9 j>s & bronze gongs 7 two ( ! mo/ important exports f ,*9a to ! ,philipp9es4--,blair & ,rob]tson1 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s 7#aijf71 #cd1 #aha-aia4 #fh ,free translation ( an ,ifugao text obta9$ by myself 9 ,janu>y1 #aiji1 f ,tugnai ,px 7,plate ,,iii1 fig4 #c71 an ,ifugao ( ,amgod clan1 ,c5tral ,ifugao4 #fi ,! ?ree unbrok5 j>s br\ght by ,bangglt f ! village ( s\ls 9 ! ,sky ,_w are /ill 9 exi/5ce & _! location is z foll[s3 ,! fir/ j> is call$ ,inhywat1 & is own$ by ,bnwg ( ,bwt4 ,! second is call$ ,9yao1 & is own$ by ,9yao ( ,h9agngan4 ,! ?ird is call$ ,bt1 & is own$ by ,bt ( ,hpao4 ,^! j>s h an e/imat$ value ( sev]al hundr$ pesos ea*1 b1 unless driv5 to x by dire extremity1 _! own]s w\ld n sell !m = any price4 7,plate ,,iv1 fig4 #a47