,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores & small-capp$ text by equal signs4 ,,novum ,,organum ,,by ,,"l ,,bacon ,,edit$ ,,by ,,joseph ,,devey1 ,m4,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,publi%]'s logo ,,new ,,york ,p4 ,f4 ,,colli] ,,son ,,mcmii #bb ,,sci5ce ,,novum ,,organum ,,or ,,true ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,nature ,,preface ,!y :o h presum$ to dogmatize on nature1 z on "s well inve/igat$ subject1 ei!r f self-conceit or arrogance1 & 9 ! pr(essorial /yle1 h inflict$ ! greate/ injury on philosophy & le>n+4 ,= !y h t5d$ to /ifle & int]rupt inquiry exactly 9 proportion z !y h prevail$ 9 br++ o!rs to _! op9ion3 & _! own activity has n c\nt]balanc$ ! mis*ief !y h occasion$ by corrupt+ & de/roy+ t ( o!rs4 ,!y aga9 :o h ent]$ ^u a contr>y c\rse1 & ass]t$ t no?+ :atev] c be kn[n1 :e!r !y h fall5 into ?is op9ion f _! hatr$ ( ! anci5t sophi/s1 or f ! hesitation ( _! m9ds1 or f an exub]ance ( le>n+1 h c]ta9ly adduc$ reasons = x :i* are by no means contemptible4 ,!y h n1 h[ev]1 d]iv$ _! op9ion f true s\rces1 &1 hurri$ on by _! zeal & "s affectation1 h c]ta9ly exce$$ due mod]ation4 ,b ! m anci5t ,greeks 7^: writ+s h p]i%$71 held a m prud5t mean1 betwe5 ! arrogance ( dogmatism1 & ! despair ( scepticism2 & ?\gh too frequ5tly int]m+l+ compla9ts & indignation at ! difficulty ( inquiry1 & ! obscurity ( ?+s1 & *amp+1 z x 71 ! bit1 h /ill p]si/$ 9 press+ _! po9t1 & pursu+ _! int]c\rse ) nature2 ?9k+1 z x seems1 t ! bett] me?od 0 n to dispute ^u ! v po9t ( ! possibility ( any?+ be+ kn[n1 b to put x to ! te/ ( exp]i5ce4 ,yet !y !mselves1 by only employ+ ! p[] ( ! und]/&+1 h n adopt$ a fix$ rule1 b h laid _! :ole /ress ^u int5se m$itation1 & a cont9ual ex]cise & p]petual agitation ( ! m9d4 ,our me?od1 ?\gh difficult 9 its op]ation1 is easily expla9$4 ,x consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! degrees ( c]ta9ty1 :ile we1 z x 71 re/ore ! s5ses to _! =m] rank1 b g5]ally reject t op]ation ( ! m9d :i* foll[s close ^u ! s5ses1 & op5 & e/abli% a new & c]ta9 c\rse = ! m9d f ! fir/ actual p]ceptions ( ! s5ses !mselves4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 0 ! view tak5 by ^? :o h assign$ s mu* to logic2 %[+ cle>ly !reby t !y s\ght "s support = ! m9d1 & suspect$ its natural & spontane\s mode ( action4 ,b ?is is n[ employ$ too late z a rem$y1 :5 all is cle>ly lo/1 & aft] ! m9d1 by ! daily habit & int]c\rse ( life1 has come prepossess$ ) corrupt$ doctr9es1 & fill$ ) ! va9e/ idols4 ,! art ( logic !re=e be+ 7z we h m5tion$71 too late a precaution1#a & 9 no way rem$y+ ! matt]1 has t5d$ m to confirm errors1 ?an to disclose tru?4 ,our only rema9+ hope & salvation is to beg9 ! :ole labor ( ! m9d aga92 n leav+ x to itself1 b direct+ x p]petually f ! v fir/1 & atta9+ our end z x 7 by me*anical aid4 ,if m51 = in/ance1 _h attempt$ me*anical labors ) _! h&s alone1 & )\t ! p[] & aid ( in/rum5ts1 z !y h n hesitat$ to c>ry on ! labors ( _! und]/&+ ) ! unaid$ ef=ts ( _! m9d1 !y w\ld h be5 able to move & ov]come b little1 ?\gh !y _h ex]t$ _! utmo/ & unit$ p[]s4 ,& j to pause a:ile on ?is comp>ison1 & look into x z a mirror2 let u ask1 if any obelisk ( a rem>kable size 7 p]*ance requir$ to be mov$1 = ! purpose ( grac+ a triumph or any simil> pageant1 & m5 7 to attempt x ) _! b>e h&s1 w\ld n any sob] spectator av[ x to be an act ( ! greate/ madness8 ,& if !y %\ld increase ! numb] ( workm51 & imag9e t !y c\ld ?us succe$1 w\ld he n ?9k s /ill m8 ,b if !y *ose to make a selection1 & to remove ! weak1 & only employ ! /rong & vigor\s1 ?9k+ by ?is means1 at any rate1 to a*ieve _! object1 w\ld he n say t !y 7 m fondly d]ang$8 ,nay1 if n cont5t ) ?is1 !y 7 to det]m9e on consult+ ! a?letic art1 & 7 to give ord]s = all to appe> ) _! h&s1 arms1 & muscles regul>ly oil$ & prep>$1 w\ld he n exclaim t !y 7 tak+ pa9s to rave by me?od & design8 ,yet m5 are hurri$ on ) ! same s5seless en]gy & useless comb9ation 9 intellectual matt]s1 z long z !y expect great results ei!r f ! numb] & agreem5t1 or ! excell5ce & acut5ess ( _! wits2 or ev5 /r5g!n _! m9ds ) logic1 :i* may be consid]$ z an a?letic prep>ation1 b yet d n desi/ 7if we rightly consid] ! matt]7 f apply+ _! own und]/&+s m]ely ) all ?is zeal & ef=t4 ,:ile no?+ is m cle>1 ?an t 9 e great "w execut$ by ! h& ( man )\t ma*9es or implem5ts1 x is impossible = ! /r5g? ( individuals to be increas$1 or = t ( ! multitude to comb9e4 ,hav+ premis$ s mu*1 we lay d[n two po9ts on :i* we w\ld admoni% mank9d1 le/ !y %\ld fail to see or to obs]ve !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is1 t x is our good =tune 7z we consid] x71 = ! sake ( ext+ui%+ & remov+ contradiction & irritation ( m9d1 to leave ! honor & rev]5ce due to ! anci5ts unt\*$ & undim9i%$1 s t we c p]=m our int5d$ "w1 & yet enjoy ! b5efit ( our respectful mod]ation4 ,= if we %\ld pr(ess to (f] some?+ bett] ?an ! anci5ts1 & yet %\ld pursue ! same c\rse z !y h done1 we c\ld nev]1 by any artifice1 contrive to avoid ! imputation ( hav+ engag$ 9 a conte/ or rivalry z to our respective wits1 excell5ces1 or tal5ts2 :i*1 ?\gh nei!r inadmissible nor new 7= :y %\ld we n blame & po9t out any?+ t is imp]fectly discov]$ or laid d[n by !m1 ( our own "r1 a "r common to all871 yet h[ev] j & all[able1 w\ld p]haps be sc>cely an equal mat*1 on acc\nt ( ! disproportion ( our /r5g?4 ,b s9ce our pres5t plan leads up to op5 an entirely diff]5t c\rse to ! und]/&+1 & "o unattempt$ & unkn[n to !m1 ! case is alt]$4 ,!re is an end to p>ty zeal1 & we only take ^u ourselves ! "* ( a guide1 :i* requires a mod]ate %>e ( au?ority & good =tune1 r ?an tal5ts & excell5ce4 ,! fir/ admonition relates to p]sons1 ! next to ?+s4 ,we make no attempt to di/urb ! sy/em ( philosophy t n[ prevails1 or any o!r :i* may or w exi/1 ei!r m correct or m complete4 ,= we d5y n t ! receiv$ sy/em ( philosophy1 & o!rs ( a simil> nature1 enc\rage discussion1 embelli% h>angues1 are employ$1 & are ( s]vice 9 ! duties ( ! pr(essor1 & ! affairs ( civil life4 ,nay1 we op5ly express & decl>e t ! philosophy we (f] w n be v useful 9 su* respects4 ,x is n obvi\s1 nor to be und]/ood 9 a cursory view1 nor does x flatt] ! m9d 9 its preconceiv$ notions1 nor w x desc5d to ! level ( ! g5]ality ( mank9d unless by its advantages & effects4 ,let !re exi/ !n 7& may x be ( advantage to bo?71 two s\rces1 & two di/ributions ( le>n+1 & 9 l mann] two tribes1 & z x 7 k9dr$ families ( contemplators or philosoph]s1 )\t any ho/ility or ali5ation betwe5 !m2 b r alli$ & unit$ by mutual assi/ance4 ,let !re be 9 %ort "o me?od ( cultivat+ ! sci5ces1 & ano!r ( discov]+ !m4 ,& z = ^? :o pref] & m readily receive ! =m]1 on acc\nt ( _! ha/e or f motives aris+ f _! ord9>y life1 or because !y are unable f weakness ( m9d to compreh5d & embrace ! o!r 7:i* mu/ necess>ily be ! case ) by f> ! great] numb]71 let u wi% t !y may prosp] z !y desire 9 _! und]tak+1 & atta9 :at !y pursue4 ,b if any individual desire1 & is anxi\s n m]ely to adh]e to1 & make use ( pres5t discov]ies1 b to p5etrate /ill fur!r1 & n to ov]come 8 adv]s>ies 9 disputes1 b nature by labor1 n 9 %ort to give elegant & speci\s op9ions1 b to "k to a c]ta9ty & demon/ration1 let him1 z a true son ( sci5ce 7if su* be 8 wi%71 jo9 ) u2 t :5 he has left ! ante*amb]s ( nature trodd5 by ! multitude1 an entrance may at la/ be discov]$ to h] inn] ap>tm5ts4 ,& 9 ord] to be bett] und]/ood1 & to r5d] our mean+ m famili> by assign+ det]m9ate names1 we h accu/om$ ourselves to call ! "o me?od ! anticipation ( ! m9d1 & ! o!r ! int]pretation ( nature4 ,we h /ill "o reque/ left4 ,we h at lea/ reflect$ & tak5 pa9s 9 ord] to r5d] our propositions n only true1 b ( easy & famili> access to m5's m9ds1 h[ev] wond]fully prepossess$ & limit$4 ,yet x is b j t we %\ld obta9 ?is favor f mank9d 7especially 9 s great a re/oration ( le>n+ & ! sci5ces71 t :osoev] may be desir\s ( =m+ any det]m9ation ^u an op9ion ( ?is our "w ei!r f 8 own p]ceptions1 or ! cr[d ( au?orities1 or ! =ms ( demon/rations1 he w n expect to be able to d s 9 a cursory mann]1 & :ile att5d+ to o!r matt]s2 b 9 ord] to h a ?or\gh k ( ! subject1 w himself by degrees attempt ! c\rse :i* we describe & ma9ta92 w be accu/om$ to ! subtilty ( ?+s :i* is manife/$ by exp]i5ce2 & w correct ! deprav$ & deeply root$ habits ( 8 m9d by a seasonable1 &1 z x 71 j hesitation3 & !n1 f9ally 7if he w71 use 8 judgm5t :5 he has begun to be ma/] ( himself4 ,,footnote #a ,because x 0 idle to draw a logical conclusion f false pr9ciples1 error be+ propagat$ z mu* by false premises1 :i* logic does n pret5d to exam9e1 z by illegitimate inf]5ce4 ,h5ce1 z ,bacon says fur!r on1 m5 be+ easily l$ to conf\nd legitimate inf]5ce ) tru?1 7 confirm$ 9 _! errors by ! v subtilty ( _! g5ius4--,ed4 ,,aphorisms--,,book ,i ,,on ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,empire ,,( ,,man ,i4 ,man1 z ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( nature1 does & und]/&s z mu* z 8 obs]vations on ! ord] ( nature1 ei!r ) reg>d to ?+s or ! m9d1 p]mit him1 & nei!r kn[s nor is capable ( m4 ,,ii4 ,! unassi/$ h& & ! und]/&+ left to itself possess b little p[]4 ,effects are produc$ by ! means ( in/rum5ts & helps1 :i* ! und]/&+ requires no less ?an ! h&2 & z in/rum5ts ei!r promote or regulate ! motion ( ! h&1 s ^? t are appli$ to ! m9d prompt or protect ! und]/&+4 ,,iii4 ,k & human p[] are synonym\s1 s9ce ! ignorance ( ! cause fru/rates ! effect2 = nature is only subdu$ by submission1 & t :i* 9 contemplative philosophy corresponds ) ! cause 9 practical sci5ce becomes ! rule4 ,,iv4 ,man :ile op]at+ c only apply or )draw natural bodies2 nature int]nally p]=ms ! re/4 ,v4 ,^? :o become practically v]s$ 9 nature are1 ! me*anic1 ! ma!matician1 ! physician1 ! al*emi/1 & ! magician1#b b all 7z matt]s n[ /&7 ) fa9t ef=ts & meagre success4 ,,vi4 ,x w\ld be madness & inconsi/5cy to suppose t ?+s :i* h nev] yet be5 p]=m$ c be p]=m$ )\t employ+ "s hi!rto untri$ means4 ,,vii4 ,! creations ( ! m9d & h& appe> v num]\s1 if we judge by books & manufactures2 b all t v>iety consi/s ( an excessive ref9em5t1 & ( d$uctions f a few well kn[n matt]s--n ( a numb] ( axioms4#c ,,viii4 ,ev5 ! effects already discov]$ are due to *ance & exp]im5t r ?an to ! sci5ces2 = our pres5t sci5ces are no?+ m ?an peculi> arrangem5ts ( matt]s already discov]$1 & n me?ods = discov]y or plans = new op]ations4 ,,ix4 ,! sole cause & root ( almo/ e defect 9 ! sci5ces is ?is1 t :ile we falsely admire & extol ! p[]s ( ! human m9d1 we d n se>* = its real helps4 ,x4 ,! subtilty ( nature is f> beyond t ( s5se or ( ! und]/&+3 s t ! speci\s m$itations1 speculations1 & !ories ( mank9d are b a k9d ( insanity1 only !re is no "o to /& by & obs]ve x4 ,,xi4 ,z ! pres5t sci5ces are useless = ! discov]y ( effects1 s ! pres5t sy/em ( logic#d is useless = ! discov]y ( ! sci5ces4 ,,xii4 ,! pres5t sy/em ( logic r assi/s 9 confirm+ & r5d]+ invet]ate ! errors f\nd$ on vulg> notions ?an 9 se>*+ aft] tru?1 & is !re=e m hurtful ?an useful4 ,,xiii4 ,! syllogism is n appli$ to ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ces1 & is ( no avail 9 int]m$iate axioms1#e z be+ v unequal to ! subtilty ( nature4 ,x =ces ass5t1 !re=e1 & n ?+s4 ,,xiv4 ,! syllogism consi/s ( propositions2 propositions ( words2 words are ! signs ( notions4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! notions 7:i* =m ! basis ( ! :ole7 be confus$ & c>elessly ab/ract$ f ?+s1 !re is no solidity 9 ! sup]/ructure4 ,our only hope1 !n1 is 9 g5u9e induction4 ,,xv4 ,we h no s\nd notions ei!r 9 logic or physics2 sub/ance1 quality1 action1 passion1 & exi/5ce are n cle> notions2 mu* less weight1 levity1 d5sity1 t5uity1 moi/ure1 dryness1 g5]ation1 corruption1 attraction1 repulsion1 elem5t1 matt]1 =m1 & ! l4 ,!y are all fanta/ical & ill-def9$4 ,,xvi4 ,! notions ( less ab/ract natures1 z man1 dog1 dove1 & ! imm$iate p]ceptions ( s5se1 z heat1 cold1 :ite1 black1 d n deceive u mat]ially1 yet ev5 ^! are sometimes confus$ by ! mutability ( matt] & ! int]mixture ( ?+s4 ,all ! re/ :i* m5 h hi!rto employ$ are errors1 & improp]ly ab/ract$ & d$uc$ f ?+s4 ,,xvii4 ,!re is ! same degree ( lic5ti\sness & error 9 =m+ axioms z 9 ab/ract+ notions1 & t 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples1 :i* dep5d on common induction2 /ill m is ?is ! case 9 axioms & inf]ior propositions d]iv$ f syllogisms4 ,,xviii4 ,! pres5t discov]ies 9 sci5ce are su* z lie imm$iately b5ea? ! surface ( common notions4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to p5etrate ! m secret & remote p>ts ( nature1 9 ord] to ab/ract bo? notions & axioms f ?+s by a m c]ta9 & gu>d$ me?od4 ,,xix4 ,!re are & c exi/ b two ways ( inve/igat+ & discov]+ tru?4 ,! "o hurries on rapidly f ! s5ses & p>ticul>s to ! mo/ g5]al axioms1 & f !m1 z pr9ciples & _! suppos$ indisputable tru?1 d]ives & discov]s ! int]m$iate axioms4 ,?is is ! way n[ 9 use4 ,! o!r con/ructs its axioms f ! s5ses & p>ticul>s1 by asc5d+ cont9ually & gradually1 till x f9ally arrives at ! mo/ g5]al axioms1 :i* is ! true b unattempt$ way4 ,,xx4 ,! und]/&+ :5 left to itself proce$s by ! same way z t :i* x w\ld h adopt$ "u ! guidance ( logic1 namely1 ! fir/2 = ! m9d is fond ( />t+ (f to g5]alities1 t x may avoid labor1 & aft] dwell+ a little on a subject is fatigu$ by exp]im5t4 ,b ^? evils are augm5t$ by logic1 = ! sake ( ! o/5tation ( dispute4 ,,xxi4 ,! und]/&+1 :5 left to itself 9 a man ( a /eady1 pati5t1 & reflect+ disposition 7especially :5 unimp$$ by receiv$ doctr9es71 makes "s attempt 9 ! "r way1 b ) little effect1 s9ce ! und]/&+1 undirect$ & unassi/$1 is unequal to & unfit = ! task ( vanqui%+ ! obscurity ( ?+s4 ,,xxii4 ,ea* ( ^! two ways beg9s f ! s5ses & p>ticul>s1 & ends 9 ! greate/ g5]alities4 ,b !y are immeasurably diff]5t2 = ! "o m]ely t\*es cursorily ! limits ( exp]im5t & p>ticul>s1 :ile ! o!r runs duly & regul>ly ?r\gh !m--! "o f ! v outset lays d[n "s ab/ract & useless g5]alities1 ! o!r gradually rises to ^? pr9ciples :i* are really ! mo/ common 9 nature4#f ,,xxiii4 ,!re is no small diff]5ce betwe5 ! idols ( ! human m9d & ! ideas ( ! ,div9e m9d--t is to say1 betwe5 c]ta9 idle dogmas & ! real /amp & impression ( creat$ objects1 z !y are f\nd 9 nature4 ,,xxiv4 ,axioms det]m9$ ^u 9 argum5t c nev] assi/ 9 ! discov]y ( new effects2 = ! subtilty ( nature is va/ly sup]ior to t ( argum5t4 ,b axioms prop]ly & regul>ly ab/ract$ f p>ticul>s easily po9t out & def9e new p>ticul>s1 & !re=e imp>t activity to ! sci5ces4 ,,xxv4 ,! axioms n[ 9 use are d]iv$ f a scanty h&ful1 z x 71 ( exp]i5ce1 & a few p>ticul>s ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 :5ce !y are ( mu* ! same dim5sions or ext5t z _! orig94 ,& if any neglect$ or unkn[n in/ance occurs1 ! axiom is sav$ by "s frivol\s di/9ction1 :5 x w\ld be m consi/5t ) tru? to am5d x4 ,,xxvi4 ,we are wont1 = ! sake ( di/9ction1 to call t human reason+ :i* we apply to nature ! anticipation ( nature 7z be+ ra% & premature71 & t :i* is prop]ly d$uc$ f ?+s ! int]pretation ( nature4 ,,xxvii4 ,anticipations are suffici5tly p[]ful 9 produc+ unanimity1 = if m5 7 all to become ev5 uni=mly mad1 !y might agree tol]ably well ) ea* o!r4 ,,xxviii4 ,anticipations aga91 w be ass5t$ to mu* m readily ?an int]pretations1 because be+ d$uc$ f a few in/ances1 & ^! pr9cipally ( famili> occurr5ce1 !y imm$iately hit ! und]/&+ & satisfy ! imag9ation2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 int]pretations1 be+ d$uc$ f v>i\s subjects1 & ^! widely disp]s$1 _c sudd5ly /rike ! und]/&+1 s t 9 common e/imation !y mu/ appe> difficult & discordant1 & almo/ l ! my/]ies ( fai?4 ,,xxix4 ,9 sci5ces f\nd$ on op9ions & dogmas1 x is "r to make use ( anticipations & logic if y wi% to =ce ass5t r ?an ?+s4 ,,xxx4 ,if all ! capacities ( all ages %\ld unite & comb9e & transmit _! labors1 no great progress w be made 9 le>n+ by anticipations1 because ! radical errors1 & ^? :i* occur 9 ! fir/ process ( ! m9d1 are n cur$ by ! excell5ce ( subsequ5t means & rem$ies4 ,,xxxi4 ,x is 9 va9 to expect any great progress 9 ! sci5ces by ! sup]9duc+ or +raft+ new matt]s ^u old4 ,an in/auration mu/ be made f ! v f\ndations1 if we d n wi% to revolve =ev] 9 a circle1 mak+ only "s slight & contemptible progress4 ,,xxxii4 ,! anci5t au?ors & all o!rs are left 9 undisput$ possession ( _! honors2 = we ent] into no comp>ison ( capacity or tal5t1 b ( me?od1 & assume ! "p ( a guide r ?an ( a critic4 ,,xxxiii4 ,to speak pla9ly1 no correct judgm5t c be =m$ ei!r ( our me?od or its discov]ies by ^? anticipations :i* are n[ 9 common use2 = x is n to be requir$ ( u to submit ourselves to ! judgm5t ( ! v me?od we ourselves arraign4 ,,xxxiv4 ,nor is x an easy matt] to deliv] & expla9 our s5tim5ts2 = ^? ?+s :i* are 9 !mselves new c yet be only und]/ood f "s analogy to :at is old4 ,,xxxv4 ,alex&] ,borgia#g said ( ! exp$ition ( ! ,fr5* into ,italy t !y came ) *alk 9 _! h&s to m>k up _! lodg+s1 & n ) weapons to =ce _! passage4 ,ev5 s d we wi% our philosophy to make its way quietly into ^? m9ds t are fit = x1 & ( good capacity2 = we h no ne$ ( cont5tion :]e we diff] 9 fir/ pr9ciples1 & 9 our v notions1 & ev5 9 our =ms ( demon/ration4 ,,xxxvi4 ,we h b "o simple me?od ( deliv]+ our s5tim5ts1 namely1 we mu/ br+ m5 to p>ticul>s & _! regul> s]ies & ord]1 & !y mu/ = a :ile r5\nce _! notions1 & beg9 to =m an acqua9tance ) ?+s4 ,,xxxvii4 ,our me?od & t ( ! sceptics#h agree 9 "s respects at fir/ sett+ out1 b diff] mo/ widely1 & are completely oppos$ to ea* o!r 9 _! conclusion2 = !y r\ndly ass]t t no?+ c be kn[n2 we1 t b a small "p ( nature c be kn[n1 by ! pres5t me?od2 _! next /ep1 h[ev]1 is to de/roy ! au?ority ( ! s5ses & und]/&+1 :ile we inv5t & supply !m ) assi/ance4 ,,xxxviii4 ,! idols & false notions :i* h already preoccupi$ ! human und]/&+1 & are deeply root$ 9 x1 n only s beset m5's m9ds t !y become difficult ( access1 b ev5 :5 access is obta9$ w aga9 meet & tr\ble u 9 ! in/auration ( ! sci5ces1 unless mank9d :5 =ew>n$ gu>d !mselves ) all possible c>e aga9/ !m4 ,,xxxix4 ,f\r species ( idols beset ! human m9d1#i to :i* 7= di/9ction's sake7 we h assign$ names1 call+ ! fir/ ,idols ( ! ,tribe1 ! second ,idols ( ! ,d51 ! ?ird ,idols ( ! ,m>ket1 ! f\r? ,idols ( ! ,!atre4 ,,xl4 ,! =mation ( notions & axioms on ! f\ndation ( true induction is ! only fitt+ rem$y by :i* we c w>d (f & expel ^! idols4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( great s]vice to po9t !m out2 = ! doctr9e ( idols be>s ! same relation to ! int]pretation ( nature z t ( ! confutation ( sophisms does to common logic4#aj ,,xli4 ,! idols ( ! tribe are inh]5t 9 human nature & ! v tribe or race ( man2 = man's s5se is falsely ass]t$ to be ! /&>d ( ?+s2 on ! contr>y1 all ! p]ceptions bo? ( ! s5ses & ! m9d be> ref]5ce to man & n to ! univ]se1 & ! human m9d resembles ^? unev5 mirrors :i* imp>t _! own prop]ties to diff]5t objects1 f :i* rays are emitt$ & di/ort & disfigure !m4#aa ,,xlii4 ,! idols ( ! d5 are ^? ( ea* individual2 = ev]ybody 79 addition to ! errors common to ! race ( man7 has 8 own individual d5 or cav]n1 :i* int]cepts & corrupts ! light ( nature1 ei!r f 8 own peculi> & s+ul> disposition1 or f 8 education & int]c\rse ) o!rs1 or f 8 read+1 & ! au?ority acquir$ by ^? :om he rev]5ces & admires1 or f ! diff]5t impressions produc$ on ! m9d1 z x happ5s to be preoccupi$ & pr$ispos$1 or equable & tranquil1 & ! l2 s t ! _s ( man 7accord+ to its sev]al dispositions71 is v>iable1 confus$1 & z x 7 actuat$ by *ance2 & ,h]aclitus said well t m5 se>* = k 9 less] worlds1 & n 9 ! great] or common _w4 ,,xliii4 ,!re are also idols =m$ by ! reciprocal int]c\rse & society ( man ) man1 :i* we call idols ( ! m>ket1 f ! comm]ce & association ( m5 ) ea* o!r2 = m5 conv]se by means ( language1 b words are =m$ at ! w ( ! g5]ality1 & !re arises f a bad & unapt =mation ( words a wond]ful ob/ruction to ! m9d4 ,nor c ! def9itions & explanations ) :i* le>n$ m5 are wont to gu>d & protect !mselves 9 "s in/ances af=d a complete rem$y--words /ill manife/ly =ce ! und]/&+1 ?r[ ev]y?+ into confusion1 & lead mank9d into va9 & innum]able controv]sies & fallacies4 ,,xliv4 ,la/ly1 !re are idols :i* h crept into m5's m9ds f ! v>i\s dogmas ( peculi> sy/ems ( philosophy1 & also f ! p]v]t$ rules ( demon/ration1 & ^! we d5om9ate idols ( ! !atre3 = we reg>d all ! sy/ems ( philosophy hi!rto receiv$ or imag9$1 z s _m plays br\ght out & p]=m$1 creat+ fictiti\s & !atrical worlds4 ,nor d we speak only ( ! pres5t sy/ems1 or ( ! philosophy & sects ( ! anci5ts1 s9ce num]\s o!r plays ( a simil> nature c be /ill compos$ & made to agree ) ea* o!r1 ! causes ( ! mo/ opposite errors be+ g5]ally ! same4 ,nor1 aga91 d we allude m]ely to g5]al sy/ems1 b also to _m elem5ts & axioms ( sci5ces :i* h become invet]ate by tradition1 implicit cr$5ce1 & neglect4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 discuss ea* species ( idols m fully & di/9ctly 9 ord] to gu>d ! human und]/&+ aga9/ !m4 ,,xlv4 ,! human und]/&+1 f its peculi> nature1 easily supposes a great] degree ( ord] & equality 9 ?+s ?an x really f9ds2 & al?\gh _m ?+s 9 nature be sui g5]is & mo/ irregul>1 w yet inv5t p>allels & conjugates & relatives1 :]e no su* ?+ is4 ,h5ce ! fiction1 t all cele/ial bodies move 9 p]fect circles1 ?us reject+ entirely spiral & s]p5t9e l9es 7except z explanatory t]ms74#ab ,h5ce also ! elem5t ( fire is introduc$ ) its peculi> orbit1#ac to keep squ>e ) ^? o!r ?ree :i* are objects ( our s5ses4 ,! relative r>ity ( ! elem5ts 7z !y are call$7 is arbitr>ily made to v>y 9 t5fold progression1 ) _m o!r dreams ( ! l nature4#ad ,nor is ?is folly conf9$ to !ories1 b x is to be met ) ev5 9 simple notions4 ,,xlvi4 ,! human und]/&+1 :5 any proposition has be5 once laid d[n 7ei!r f g5]al admission & belief1 or f ! pleasure x af=ds71 =ces ev]y?+ else to add fre% support & confirmation2 & al?\gh mo/ cog5t & abundant in/ances may exi/ to ! contr>y1 yet ei!r does n obs]ve or despises !m1 or gets rid ( & rejects !m by "s di/9ction1 ) viol5t & injuri\s prejudice1 r ?an sacrifice ! au?ority ( its fir/ conclusions4 ,x 0 well answ]$ by him#ae :o 0 %[n 9 a temple ! votive tablets susp5d$ by su* z _h escap$ ! p]il ( %ipwreck1 & 0 press$ z to :e!r he w\ld !n recognize ! p[] ( ! gods1 by an inquiry1 ,b :]e are ! portraits ( ^? :o h p]i%$ 9 spite ( _! v[s8 ,all sup]/ition is mu* ! same1 :e!r x be t ( a/rology1 dreams1 om5s1 retributive judgm5t1 or ! l1 9 all ( :i* ! delud$ believ]s obs]ve ev5ts :i* are fulfill$1 b neglect & pass ov] _! failure1 ?\gh x be mu* m common4 ,b ?is evil ins9uates itself /ill m craftily 9 philosophy & ! sci5ces1 9 :i* a settl$ maxim vitiates & gov]ns e o!r circum/ance1 ?\gh ! latt] be mu* m wor?y ( confid5ce4 ,besides1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( t eag]ness & want ( ?\ght 7:i* we h m5tion$71 x is ! peculi> & p]petual error ( ! human und]/&+ to be m mov$ & excit$ by affirmatives ?an negatives1 :]eas x ought duly & regul>ly to be imp>tial2 nay1 9 e/abli%+ any true axiom ! negative in/ance is ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,,xlvii4 ,! human und]/&+ is mo/ excit$ by t :i* /rikes & ent]s ! m9d at once & sudd5ly1 & by :i* ! imag9ation is imm$iately fill$ & inflat$4 ,x !n beg9s almo/ imp]ceptibly to conceive & suppose t ev]y?+ is simil> to ! few objects :i* h tak5 possession ( ! m9d1 :ile x is v sl[ & unfit = ! transition to ! remote & het]og5e\s in/ances by :i* axioms are tri$ z by fire1 unless ! (fice be impos$ ^u x by sev]e regulations & a p[]ful au?ority4 ,,xlviii4 ,! human und]/&+ is active & _c halt or re/1 b ev51 ?\gh )\t effect1 /ill presses =w>d4 ,?us we _c conceive ( any end or ext]nal b\nd>y ( ! _w1 & x seems necess>ily to occur to u t !re mu/ be some?+ beyond4 ,nor c we imag9e h[ et]nity has fl[$ on d[n to ! pres5t day1 s9ce ! usually receiv$ di/9ction ( an inf9ity1 a p>te ante & a p>te po/1#af _c hold good2 = x w\ld !nce foll[ t "o inf9ity is great] ?an ano!r1 & also t inf9ity is wa/+ away & t5d+ to an end4 ,!re is ! same difficulty 9 consid]+ ! inf9ite divisibility ( l9es1 aris+ f ! weakness ( our m9ds1 :i* weakness int]f]es to /ill great] disadvantage ) ! discov]y ( causes2 = al?\gh ! greate/ g5]alities 9 nature mu/ be positive1 j z !y are f\nd1 & 9 fact n causable1 yet ! human und]/&+1 incapable ( re/+1 seeks = some?+ m intelligible4 ,?us1 h[ev]1 :ile aim+ at fur!r progress1 x falls back to :at is actually less advanc$1 namely1 f9al causes2 = !y are cle>ly m alli$ to man's own nature1 ?an ! sy/em ( ! univ]se1 & f ?is s\rce !y h wond]fully corrupt$ philosophy4 ,b he w\ld be an unskilful & %all[ philosoph] :o %\ld seek = causes 9 ! greate/ g5]alities1 & n be anxi\s to discov] !m 9 subord9ate objects4 ,,xlix4 ,! human und]/&+ resembles n a dry light1 b admits a t9cture ( ! w#ag & passions1 :i* g5]ate _! own sy/em accord+ly2 = man always believes m readily t :i* he pref]s4 ,he1 !re=e1 rejects difficulties = want ( pati5ce 9 inve/igation2 sobriety1 because x limits 8 hope2 ! dep?s ( nature1 f sup]/ition2 ! light ( exp]im5t1 f arrogance & pride1 le/ 8 m9d %\ld appe> to be occupi$ ) common & v>y+ objects2 p>adoxes1 f a fe> ( ! op9ion ( ! vulg>2 9 %ort1 8 feel+s imbue & corrupt 8 und]/&+ 9 innum]able & sometimes imp]ceptible ways4 ,l4 ,b by f> ! greate/ imp$im5t & ab]ration ( ! human und]/&+ proce$s f ! dulness1 incompet5ce1 & errors ( ! s5ses2 s9ce :atev] /rikes ! s5ses prepond]ates ov] ev]y?+1 h[ev] sup]ior1 :i* does n imm$iately /rike !m4 ,h5ce contemplation mo/ly ceases ) sight1 & a v scanty1 or p]haps no reg>d is paid to invisible objects4 ,! entire op]ation1 !re=e1 ( spirits inclos$ 9 tangible bodies#ah is conceal$1 & escapes u4 ,all t m delicate *ange ( =mation 9 ! p>ts ( co>s] sub/ances 7vulg>ly call$ alt]ation1 b 9 fact a *ange ( position 9 ! smalle/ p>ticles7 is equally unkn[n2 & yet1 unless ! two matt]s we h m5tion$ be explor$ & br\ght to light1 no great effect c be produc$ 9 nature4 ,aga91 ! v nature ( common air1 & all bodies ( less d5sity 7( :i* !re are _m7 is almo/ unkn[n2 = ! s5ses are weak & err+1 nor c in/rum5ts be ( great use 9 ext5d+ _! sph]e or acut5ess--all ! bett] int]pretations ( nature are work$ out by in/ances1 & fit & apt exp]im5ts1 :]e ! s5ses only judge ( ! exp]im5t1 ! exp]im5t ( nature & ! ?+ itself4 ,,li4 ,! human und]/&+ is1 by its own nature1 prone to ab/raction1 & supposes t :i* is fluctuat+ to be fix$4 ,b x is bett] to dissect ?an ab/ract nature3 su* 0 ! me?od employ$ by ! s*ool ( ,democritus1#ai :i* made great] progress 9 p5etrat+ nature ?an ! re/4 ,x is be/ to consid] matt]1 its con=mation1 & ! *anges ( t con=mation1 its own action1#bj & ! law ( ?is action or motion2 = =ms are a m]e fiction ( ! human m9d1 unless y w call ! laws ( action by t "n4#ba ,,lii4 ,su* are ! idols ( ! tribe1 :i* arise ei!r f ! uni=mity ( ! con/itution ( man's _s1 or its prejudices1 or its limit$ faculties or re/less agitation1 or f ! int]f]5ce ( ! passions1 or ! incompet5ce ( ! s5ses1 or ! mode ( _! impressions4 ,,liii4 ,! idols ( ! d5 d]ive _! orig9 f ! peculi> nature ( ea* individual's m9d & body1 & also f education1 habit1 & accid5t2 & al?\gh !y be v>i\s & manifold1 yet we w treat ( "s t require ! greate/ caution1 & ex]t ! greate/ p[] 9 pollut+ ! und]/&+4 ,,liv4 ,"s m5 become atta*$ to p>ticul> sci5ces & contemplations1 ei!r f suppos+ !mselves ! au?ors & inv5tors ( !m1 or f hav+ be/[$ ! greate/ pa9s ^u su* subjects1 & ?us become mo/ habituat$ to !m4#bb ,if m5 ( ?is description apply !mselves to philosophy & contemplations ( a univ]sal nature1 !y wre/ & corrupt !m by _! preconceiv$ fancies1 ( :i* ,ari/otle af=ds u a s+le in/ance1 :o made 8 natural philosophy completely subs]vi5t to 8 logic1 & ?us r5d]$ x little m ?an useless & disputati\s4 ,! *emi/s1 aga91 h =m$ a fanciful philosophy ) ! mo/ conf9$ views1 f a few exp]im5ts ( ! furnace4 ,gilb]t1#bc too1 hav+ employ$ himself mo/ assidu\sly 9 ! consid]ation ( ! magnet1 imm$iately e/abli%$ a sy/em ( philosophy to co9cide ) 8 favorite pursuit4 ,,lv4 ,! greate/ &1 p]haps1 radical di/9ction betwe5 diff]5t m5's dispositions = philosophy & ! sci5ces is ?is1 t "s are m vigor\s & active 9 obs]v+ ! diff]5ces ( ?+s1 o!rs 9 obs]v+ _! resemblances2 = a /eady & acute disposition c fix its ?\ghts1 & dwell ^u & adh]e to a po9t1 ?r\gh all ! ref9em5ts ( diff]5ces1 b ^? t are sublime & discursive recognize & comp>e ev5 ! mo/ delicate & g5]al resemblances2 ea* ( !m readily falls into excess1 by cat*+ ei!r at nice di/9ctions or %ad[s ( resemblance4 ,,lvi4 ,"s dispositions ev9ce an unb\nd$ admiration ( antiquity1 o!rs eag]ly embrace novelty1 & b few c pres]ve ! j m$ium1 s z nei!r to te> up :at ! anci5ts h correctly laid d[n1 nor to despise ! j innovations ( ! mod]ns4 ,b ?is is v prejudicial to ! sci5ces & philosophy1 & in/ead ( a correct judgm5t we h b ! factions ( ! anci5ts & mod]ns4 ,tru? is n to be s\ght 9 ! good =tune ( any p>ticul> conjuncture ( "t1 :i* is unc]ta91 b 9 ! light ( nature & exp]i5ce1 :i* is et]nal4 ,su* factions1 !re=e1 are to be abjur$1 & ! und]/&+ mu/ n all[ !m to hurry x on to ass5t4 ,,lvii4 ,! contemplation ( nature & ( bodies 9 _! individual =m di/racts & weak5s ! und]/&+2 b ! contemplation ( nature & ( bodies 9 _! g5]al composition & =mation /upefies & relaxes x4 ,we h a good in/ance ( ?is 9 ! s*ool ( ,leucippus & ,democritus comp>$ ) o!rs1 = !y appli$ !mselves s mu* to p>ticul>s z almo/ to neglect ! g5]al /ructure ( ?+s1 :ile ! o!rs 7 s a/\nd$ :ile gaz+ on ! /ructure t !y did n p5etrate ! simplicity ( nature4 ,^! two species ( contemplation mu/1 !re=e1 be int]*ang$1 & ea* employ$ 9 its turn1 9 ord] to r5d] ! und]/&+ at once p5etrat+ & capaci\s1 & to avoid ! inconv5i5ces we h m5tion$1 & ! idols t result f !m4 ,,lviii4 ,let su*1 !re=e1 be our precautions 9 contemplation1 t we may w>d (f & expel ! idols ( ! d51 :i* mo/ly owe _! bir? ei!r to "s pr$om9ant pursuit1 or1 secondly1 to an excess 9 syn!sis & analysis1 or1 ?irdly1 to a p>ty zeal 9 favor ( c]ta9 ages1 or1 f\r?ly1 to ! ext5t or n>r[ness ( ! subject4 ,9 g5]al1 he :o contemplates nature %\ld suspect :atev] p>ticul>ly takes & fixes 8 und]/&+1 & %\ld use s mu* ! m caution to pres]ve x equable & unprejudic$4 ,,lix4 ,! idols ( ! m>ket are ! mo/ tr\blesome ( all1 ^? namely :i* h entw9$ !mselves r\nd ! und]/&+ f ! associations ( words & names4 ,= m5 imag9e t _! reason gov]ns words1 :ile1 9 fact1 words react ^u ! und]/&+2 & ?is has r5d]$ philosophy & ! sci5ces sophi/ical & inactive4 ,words are g5]ally =m$ 9 a popul> s5se1 & def9e ?+s by ^? broad l9es :i* are mo/ obvi\s to ! vulg> m9d2 b :5 a m acute und]/&+ or m dilig5t obs]vation is anxi\s to v>y ^? l9es1 & to adapt !m m accurately to nature1 words oppose x4 ,h5ce ! great & solemn disputes ( le>n$ m5 (t5 t]m9ate 9 controv]sies ab\t words & names1 9 reg>d to :i* x w\ld be bett] 7imitat+ ! caution ( ma!maticians7 to proce$ m advis$ly 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & to br+ su* disputes to a regul> issue by def9itions4 ,su* def9itions1 h[ev]1 _c rem$y ! evil 9 natural & mat]ial objects1 because !y consi/ !mselves ( words1 & ^! words produce o!rs2#bd s t we mu/ necess>ily h rec\rse to p>ticul> in/ances1 & _! regul> s]ies & arrangem5t1 z we %all m5tion :5 we come to ! mode & s*eme ( det]m9+ notions & axioms4 ,,lx4 ,! idols impos$ ^u ! und]/&+ by words are ( two k9ds4 ,!y are ei!r ! names ( ?+s :i* h no exi/5ce 7= z "s objects are f inatt5tion left )\t a "n1 s names are =m$ by fanciful imag9ations :i* are )\t an object71 or !y are ! names ( actual objects1 b confus$1 badly def9$1 & ha/ily & irregul>ly ab/ract$ f ?+s4 ,=tune1 ! primum mobile1 ! planet>y orbits1#be ! elem5t ( fire1 & ! l fictions1 :i* owe _! bir? to futile & false !ories1 are in/ances ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,& ?is species ( idols is remov$ ) great] facility1 because x c be ext]m9at$ by ! con/ant refutation or ! desuetude ( ! !ories !mselves4 ,! o!rs1 :i* are creat$ by vici\s & unskilful ab/raction1 are intricate & deeply root$4 ,take "s ^w1 = in/ance1 z moi/1 & let u exam9e h[ f> ! diff]5t significations ( ?is ^w are consi/5t4 ,x w be f\nd t ! ^w moi/ is no?+ b a confus$ sign ( diff]5t actions admitt$ ( no settl$ & def9$ uni=mity4 ,= x means t :i* easily diffuses itself ov] ano!r body2 t :i* is indet]m9able & _c be br\ght to a consi/5cy2 t :i* yields easily 9 e direction2 t :i* is easily divid$ & disp]s$2 t :i* is easily unit$ & collect$2 t :i* easily fl[s & is put 9 motion2 t :i* easily adh]es to1 & wets ano!r body2 t :i* is easily r$uc$ to a liquid /ate ?\gh previ\sly solid4 ,:51 !re=e1 y come to pr$icate or impose ?is "n1 9 "o s5se flame is moi/1 9 ano!r air is n moi/1 9 ano!r f9e p[d] is moi/1 9 ano!r glass is moi/2 s t x is q cle> t ?is notion is ha/ily ab/ract$ f wat] only1 & common ord9>y liquors1 )\t any due v]ification ( x4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t degrees ( di/ortion & mi/ake 9 words4 ,"o ( ! lea/ faulty classes is t ( ! names ( sub/ances1 p>ticul>ly ( ! less ab/ract & m def9$ species 7^? !n ( *alk & mud are good1 ( e>? bad72 words signify+ actions are m faulty1 z to g5]ate1 to corrupt1 to *ange2 b ! mo/ faulty are ^? d5ot+ qualities 7except ! imm$iate objects ( s5se71 z heavy1 light1 r>e1 d5se4 ,yet 9 all ( ^! !re mu/ be "s notions a little bett] ?an o!rs1 9 proportion z a great] or less numb] ( ?+s come be=e ! s5ses4 ,,lxi4 ,! idols ( ! !atre are n innate1 nor d !y introduce !mselves secretly into ! und]/&+1 b !y are manife/ly in/ill$ & *]i%$ by ! fictions ( !ories & deprav$ rules ( demon/ration4 ,to attempt1 h[ev]1 or und]take _! confutation w\ld n be consi/5t ) our decl>ations4 ,= s9ce we nei!r agree 9 our pr9ciples nor our demon/rations1 all argum5t is out ( ! "q4 ,& x is =tunate t ! anci5ts are left 9 possession ( _! honors4 ,we detract no?+ f !m1 see+ our :ole doctr9e relates only to ! pa? to be pursu$4 ,! lame 7z !y say7 9 ! pa? out/rip ! swift :o w&] f x1 & x is cle> t ! v skill & swiftness ( him :o runs n 9 ! "r direction mu/ increase 8 ab]ration4 ,our me?od ( discov]+ ! sci5ces is su* z to leave little to ! acut5ess & /r5g? ( wit1 & inde$ r to level wit & intellect4 ,= z 9 ! draw+ ( a /raight l9e1 or accurate circle by ! h&1 mu* dep5ds on its /ead9ess & practice1 b if a rul] or compass be employ$ !re is little occasion = ei!r2 s x is ) our me?od4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 we ent] into no individual confutations1 yet a little mu/ be said1 fir/1 ( ! sects & g5]al divisions ( ^! species ( !ories2 secondly1 some?+ fur!r to %[ t !re are ext]nal signs ( _! weakness2 &1 la/ly1 we mu/ consid] ! causes ( s great a mis=tune1 & s long & g5]al a unanimity 9 error1 t we may ?us r5d] ! access to tru? less difficult1 & t ! human und]/&+ may ! m readily be purifi$1 & br\ght to dismiss its idols4 ,,lxii4 ,! idols ( ! !atre1 or ( !ories1 are num]\s1 & may1 & p]haps w1 be /ill m s4 ,= unless m5's m9ds _h be5 n[ occupi$ = _m ages 9 religi\s & !ological consid]ations1 & civil gov]nm5ts 7especially mon>*ies71 _h be5 av]se to novelties ( t nature ev5 9 !ory 7s t m5 mu/ apply to !m ) "s risk & injury to _! own =tunes1 & n only )\t rew>d1 b subject to contumely & envy71 !re is no d\bt t _m o!r sects ( philosoph]s & !ori/s w\ld h be5 introduc$1 l ^? :i* =m]ly fl\ri%$ 9 su* div]sifi$ abundance among ! ,greeks4 ,= z _m imag9>y !ories ( ! heav5s c be d$uc$ f ! ph5om5a ( ! sky1 s x is ev5 m easy to f\nd _m dogmas ^u ! ph5om5a ( philosophy--& ! plot ( ?is our !atre resembles ^? ( ! poetical1 :]e ! plots :i* are inv5t$ = ! /age are m consi/5t1 elegant1 & pleasurable ?an ^? tak5 f real hi/ory4 ,9 g5]al1 m5 take = ! gr\ndwork ( _! philosophy ei!r too mu* f a few topics1 or too little f _m2 9 ei!r case _! philosophy is f\nd$ on too n>r[ a basis ( exp]im5t & natural hi/ory1 & decides on too scanty gr\nds4 ,= ! !oretic philosoph] seizes v>i\s common circum/ances by exp]im5t1 )\t r$uc+ !m to c]ta9ty or exam9+ & frequ5tly consid]+ !m1 & relies = ! re/ ^u m$itation & ! activity ( 8 wit4 ,!re are o!r philosoph]s :o h dilig5tly & accurately att5d$ to a few exp]im5ts1 & h !nce presum$ to d$uce & inv5t sy/ems ( philosophy1 =m+ ev]y?+ to con=mity ) !m4 ,a ?ird set1 f _! fai? & religi\s v5]ation1 introduce !ology & traditions2 ! absurdity ( "s among !m hav+ proce$$ s f> z to seek & d]ive ! sci5ces f spirits & g5ii4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 ?ree s\rces ( error & ?ree species ( false philosophy2 ! sophi/ic1 empiric1 & sup]/iti\s4 ,,lxiii4 ,ari/otle af=ds ! mo/ em95t in/ance ( ! fir/2 = he corrupt$ natural philosophy by logic--?us he =m$ ! _w ( categories1 assign$ to ! human s\l1 ! noble/ ( sub/ances1 a g5us det]m9$ by words ( second>y op]ation1 treat$ ( d5sity & r>ity 7by :i* bodies occupy a great] or less] space71 by ! frigid di/9ctions ( action & p[]1 ass]t$ t !re 0 a peculi> & prop] motion 9 all bodies1 & t if !y %>$ 9 any o!r motion1 x 0 ow+ to an ext]nal mov+ cause1 & impos$ innum]able arbitr>y di/9ctions ^u ! nature ( ?+s2 be+ ev]y:]e m anxi\s z to def9itions 9 tea*+ & ! accuracy ( ! word+ ( 8 propositions1 ?an ! int]nal tru? ( ?+s4 ,& ?is is be/ %[n by a comp>ison ( 8 philosophy ) ! o!rs ( greate/ repute among ! ,greeks4 ,= ! simil> p>ts ( ,anaxagoras1 ! atoms ( ,leucippus & ,democritus1 ! heav5 & e>? ( ,p>m5ides1 ! discord & concord ( ,emp$ocles1#bf ! resolution ( bodies into ! common nature ( fire1 & _! cond5sation accord+ to ,h]aclitus1 exhibit "s spr9kl+ ( natural philosophy1 ! nature ( ?+s1 & exp]im5t2 :ile ,ari/otle's physics are m]e logical t]ms1 & he remodell$ ! same subject 9 8 metaphysics "u a m impos+ title1 & m z a reali/ ?an a nom9ali/4 ,nor is mu* /ress to be laid on 8 frequ5t rec\rse to exp]im5t 9 8 books on animals1 8 problems1 & o!r treatises2 = he _h already decid$1 )\t hav+ prop]ly consult$ exp]i5ce z ! basis ( 8 decisions & axioms1 & aft] hav+ s decid$1 he drags exp]im5t along z a captive con/ra9$ to accommodate h]self to 8 decisions3 s t he is ev5 m to be blam$ ?an 8 mod]n foll[]s 7( ! s*ola/ic s*ool7 :o h des]t$ h] altoge!r4 ,,lxiv4 ,! empiric s*ool produces dogmas ( a m de=m$ & mon/r\s nature ?an ! sophi/ic or !oretic s*ool2 n be+ f\nd$ 9 ! light ( common notions 7:i*1 h[ev] poor & sup]/iti\s1 is yet 9 a mann] univ]sal1 & ( a g5]al t5d5cy71 b 9 ! conf9$ obscurity ( a few exp]im5ts4 ,h5ce ?is species ( philosophy appe>s probable1 & almo/ c]ta9 to ^? :o are daily practic$ 9 su* exp]im5ts1 & h ?us corrupt$ _! imag9ation1 b incr$ible & futile to o!rs4 ,we h a /rong in/ance ( ?is 9 ! al*emi/s & _! dogmas2 x w\ld be difficult to f9d ano!r 9 ?is age1 unless p]haps 9 ! philosophy ( ,gilb]t4#bg ,we c\ld n1 h[ev]1 neglect to caution o!rs aga9/ ?is s*ool1 because we already =esee & augur1 t if m5 be h]eaft] induc$ by our exhortations to apply s]i\sly to exp]im5ts 7bidd+ f>ewell to ! sophi/ic doctr9es71 !re w !n be imm95t dang] f empirics1 ow+ to ! premature & =w>d ha/e ( ! und]/&+1 & its jump+ or fly+ to g5]alities & ! pr9ciples ( ?+s4 ,we ought1 !re=e1 already to meet ! evil4 ,,lxv4 ,! corruption ( philosophy by ! mix+ ( x up ) sup]/ition & !ology1 is ( a mu* wid] ext5t1 & is mo/ injuri\s to x bo? z a :ole & 9 p>ts4 ,= ! human und]/&+ is no less expos$ to ! impressions ( fancy1 ?an to ^? ( vulg> notions4 ,! disputati\s & sophi/ic s*ool entraps ! und]/&+1 :ile ! fanciful1 bomba/ic1 &1 z x 71 poetical s*ool1 r flatt]s x4 ,!re is a cle> example ( ?is among ! ,greeks1 especially 9 ,py?agoras1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! sup]/ition is co>se & ov]*>g$1 b x is m dang]\s & ref9$ 9 ,plato & 8 s*ool4 ,?is evil is f\nd also 9 "s bran*es ( o!r sy/ems ( philosophy1 :]e x introduces ab/ract$ =ms1 f9al & fir/ causes1 omitt+ frequ5tly ! int]m$iate & ! l4 ,aga9/ x we mu/ use ! greate/ caution2 = ! apo!osis ( error is ! greate/ evil ( all1 & :5 folly is wor%ipp$1 x is1 z x 71 a plague spot ^u ! und]/&+4 ,yet "s ( ! mod]ns h indulg$ ?is folly ) su* consummate inconsid]at5ess1 t !y h endeavor$ to build a sy/em ( natural philosophy on ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ! book ( ,job1 & o!r p>ts ( ,scripture2 seek+ ?us ! dead among ! liv+4#bh ,& ?is folly is ! m to be prev5t$ & re/ra9$1 because n only fanta/ical philosophy1 b h]etical religion spr+ f ! absurd mixture ( matt]s div9e & human4 ,x is !re=e mo/ wise sob]ly to r5d] unto fai? ! ?+s t are fai?'s4 ,,lxvi4 ,hav+ spok5 ( ! vici\s au?ority ( ! sy/ems f\nd$ ei!r on vulg> notions1 or on a few exp]im5ts1 or on sup]/ition1 we mu/ n[ consid] ! faulty subjects = contemplation1 especially 9 natural philosophy4 ,! human und]/&+ is p]v]t$ by obs]v+ ! p[] ( me*anical arts1 9 :i* bodies are v mat]ially *ang$ by composition or sep>ation1 & is induc$ to suppose t some?+ simil> takes place 9 ! univ]sal nature ( ?+s4 ,h5ce ! fiction ( elem5ts1 & _! co-op]ation 9 =m+ natural bodies4#bi ,aga91 :5 man reflects ^u ! entire lib]ty ( nature1 he meets ) p>ticul> species ( ?+s1 z animals1 plants1 m9]als1 & is !nce easily l$ to imag9e t !re exi/ 9 nature c]ta9 prim>y =ms :i* %e /rives to produce1 & t all v>iation f !m arises f "s imp$im5t or error :i* %e is expos$ to 9 complet+ h] "w1 or f ! collision or metamorphosis ( diff]5t species4 ,! fir/ hypo!sis has produc$ ! doctr9e ( elem5t>y prop]ties1 ! second t ( occult prop]ties & specific p[]s2 & bo? lead to trifl+ c\rses ( reflection1 9 :i* ! m9d acquiesces1 & is ?us div]t$ f m important subjects4 ,b physicians ex]cise a mu* m useful labor 9 ! consid]ation ( ! second>y qualities ( ?+s1 & ! op]ations ( attraction1 repulsion1 att5uation1 inspissation1 dilatation1 a/r+5cy1 sep>ation1 maturation1 & ! l2 & w\ld d /ill m if !y w\ld n corrupt ^! prop] obs]vations by ! two sy/ems ,i h allud$ to1 ( elem5t>y qualities & specific p[]s1 by :i* !y ei!r r$uce ! second>y to fir/ qualities1 & _! subtile & immeasurable composition1 or at any rate neglect to advance by great] & m dilig5t obs]vation to ! ?ird & f\r? qualities1 ?us t]m9at+ _! contemplation prematurely4 ,nor are ^! p[]s 7or ! l7 to be inve/igat$ only among ! m$ic9es = ! human body1 b also 9 all *anges ( o!r natural bodies4 ,a great] evil arises f ! contemplation & inve/igation r ( ! /ation>y pr9ciples ( ?+s f :i*1 ?an ( ! active by :i* ?+s !mselves are creat$4 ,= ! =m] only s]ve = discussion1 ! latt] = practice4 ,nor is any value to be set on ^? common diff]5ces ( motion :i* are obs]v$ 9 ! receiv$ sy/em ( natural philosophy1 z g5]ation1 corruption1 augm5tation1 dim9ution1 alt]ation1 & translation4 ,= ?is is _! mean+3 if a body1 un*ang$ 9 o!r respects1 is mov$ f its place1 ?is is translation2 if ! place & species be giv51 b ! quantity *ang$1 x is alt]ation2 b if1 f su* a *ange1 ! mass & quantity ( ! body d n cont9ue ! same1 ?is is ! motion ( augm5tation & dim9ution2 if ! *ange be cont9u$ s z to v>y ! species & sub/ance1 & transfuse !m to o!rs1 ?is is g5]ation & corruption4 ,all ?is is m]ely popul>1 & by no means p5etrates into nature2 & ^! are b ! measures & b\nds ( motion1 & n diff]5t species ( x2 !y m]ely sugge/ h[ f>1 & n h[ or :5ce4 ,= !y exhibit nei!r ! affections ( bodies nor ! process ( _! p>ts1 b m]ely e/abli% a division ( t motion1 :i* co>sely exhibits to ! s5ses matt] 9 its v>i$ =m4 ,ev5 :5 !y wi% to po9t out some?+ relative to ! causes ( motion1 & to e/abli% a division ( !m1 !y mo/ absurdly introduce natural & viol5t motion1 :i* is also a popul> notion1 s9ce e viol5t motion is also 9 fact natural1 t is to say1 ! ext]nal effici5t puts nature 9 action 9 a diff]5t mann] to t :i* %e _h previ\sly employ$4 ,b if1 neglect+ ^!1 any "o 71 = in/ance1 to obs]ve t !re is 9 bodies a t5d5cy ( adhesion1 s z n to suff] ! unity ( nature to be completely sep>at$ or brok51 & a vacuum#cj to be =m$1 or t !y h a t5d5cy to return to _! natural dim5sions or t5sion1 s t1 if compress$ or ext5d$ )9 or beyond x1 !y imm$iately /rive to recov] !mselves1 & resume _! =m] volume & ext5t2 or t !y h a t5d5cy to congregate into masses ) simil> bodies--! d5se1 = in/ance1 t[>d ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>?1 ! ?9 & r>e t[>d t ( ! heav5s4 ,^! & ! l are true physical g5]a ( motions1 b ! o!rs are cle>ly logical & s*ola/ic1 z appe>s pla9ly f a comp>ison ( ! two4 ,ano!r consid]able evil is1 t m5 9 _! sy/ems & contemplations be/[ _! labor ^u ! inve/igation & discussion ( ! pr9ciples ( ?+s & ! extreme limits ( nature1 al?\gh all utility & means ( action consi/ 9 ! int]m$iate objects4 ,h5ce m5 cease n to ab/ract nature till !y arrive at pot5tial & %apeless matt]1#ca & /ill p]si/ 9 _! dissection1 till !y arrive at atoms2 & yet 7 all ?is true1 x w\ld be ( little use to advance man's e/ate4 ,,lxvii4 ,! und]/&+ mu/ also be caution$ aga9/ ! intemp]ance ( sy/ems1 s f> z reg>ds its giv+ or )hold+ its ass5t2 = su* intemp]ance appe>s to fix & p]petuate idols1 s z to leave no means ( remov+ !m4 ,^! excesses are ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ is se5 9 ^? :o decide ha/ily1 & r5d] ! sci5ces positive & dictatorial4 ,! o!r 9 ^? :o h introduc$ scepticism1 & vague unb\nd$ inquiry4 ,! =m] subdues1 ! latt] en]vates ! und]/&+4 ,! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 aft] de/roy+ o!r sy/ems 7z ! ,ottomans#cb d _! bre?r57 by its disputati\s confutations1 decid$ ^u ev]y?+1 & ,ari/otle himself !n raises up que/ions at w1 9 ord] to settle !m2 s t ev]y?+ %\ld be c]ta9 & decid$1 a me?od n[ 9 use among 8 successors4 ,! s*ool ( ,plato introduc$ scepticism1 fir/1 z x 7 9 joke & irony1 f _! dislike to ,protagoras1 ,hippias1#cc & o!rs1 :o 7 a%am$ ( appe>+ n to d\bt ^u any subject4 ,b ! new academy dogmatiz$ 9 _! scepticism1 & held x z _! t5et4 ,al?\gh ?is me?od be m hone/ ?an arbitr>y decision 7= its foll[]s allege t !y by no means conf\nd all inquiry1 l ,pyrrho & 8 disciples1 b hold doctr9es :i* !y c foll[ z probable1 ?\gh !y _c ma9ta9 !m to be true71 yet :5 ! human m9d has once despair$ ( discov]+ tru?1 ev]y?+ beg9s to langui%4 ,h5ce m5 turn aside into pleasant controv]sies & discussions1 & into a sort ( w&]+ ov] subjects r ?an su/a9 any rigor\s inve/igation4 ,b z we obs]v$ at fir/1 we are n to d5y ! au?ority ( ! human s5ses & und]/&+1 al?\gh weak1 b r to furni% !m ) assi/ance4 ,,lxviii4 ,we h n[ treat$ ( ea* k9d ( idols1 & _! qualities1 all ( :i* mu/ be abjur$ & r5\nc$ ) firm & solemn resolution1 & ! und]/&+ mu/ be completely fre$ & cle>$ ( !m1 s t ! access to ! k+dom ( man1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! sci5ces1 may resemble t to ! k+dom ( heav51 :]e no admission is conc$$ except to *ildr54 ,,lxix4 ,vici\s demon/rations are ! munim5ts & support ( idols1 & ^? :i* we possess 9 logic1 m]ely subject & enslave ! _w to human ?\ghts1 & ?\ghts to words4 ,b demon/rations are 9 "s mann] !mselves sy/ems ( philosophy & sci5ce2 = su* z !y are1 & accord+ly z !y are regul>ly or improp]ly e/abli%$1 su* w be ! result+ sy/ems ( philosophy & contemplation4 ,b ^? :i* we employ 9 ! :ole process lead+ f ! s5ses & ?+s to axioms & conclusions1 are fallaci\s & incompet5t4 ,?is process is f\rfold1 & ! errors are 9 equal numb]4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! impressions ( ! s5ses are errone\s1 = !y fail & deceive u4 ,we mu/ supply defects by sub/itutions1 & fallacies by _! correction4 ,secondly1 notions are improp]ly ab/ract$ f ! s5ses1 & indet]m9ate & confus$ :5 !y ought to be ! rev]se4 ,?irdly1 ! induction t is employ$ is improp]1 = x det]m9es ! pr9ciples ( sci5ces by simple enum]ation1#cd )\t adopt+ exclusions & resolutions1 or j sep>ations ( nature4 ,la/ly1 ! usual me?od ( discov]y & pro(1 by fir/ e/abli%+ ! mo/ g5]al propositions1 !n apply+ & prov+ ! int]m$iate axioms accord+ to !m1 is ! p>5t ( error & ! calamity ( e sci5ce4 ,b we w treat m fully ( t :i* we n[ slightly t\* ^u1 :5 we come to lay d[n ! true way ( int]pret+ nature1 aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh ! above expiatory process & purification ( ! m9d4 ,,lxx4 ,b exp]i5ce is by f> ! be/ demon/ration1 provid$ x adh]e to ! exp]im5t actually made1 = if t exp]im5t be transf]r$ to o!r subjects app>5tly simil>1 unless ) prop] & me?odical caution x becomes fallaci\s4 ,! pres5t me?od ( exp]im5t is bl9d & /upid2 h5ce m5 w&]+ & roam+ )\t any det]m9$ c\rse1 & consult+ m]e *ance1 are hurri$ ab\t to v>i\s po9ts1 & advance b little--at "o "t !y are happy1 at ano!r _! att5tion is di/ract$1 & !y always f9d t !y want some?+ fur!r4 ,m5 g5]ally make _! exp]im5ts c>elessly1 & z x 7 9 sport1 mak+ "s little v>iation 9 a kn[n exp]im5t1 & !n if !y fail !y become disgu/$ & give up ! attempt2 nay1 if !y set to "w m s]i\sly1 /eadily1 & assidu\sly1 yet !y wa/e all _! "t on prob+ "s solit>y matt]1 z ,gilb]t on ! magnet1 & ! al*emi/s on gold4 ,b su* conduct %[s _! me?od to be no less unskilful ?an mean2 = nobody c successfully inve/igate ! nature ( any object by consid]+ t object alone2 ! inquiry mu/ be m g5]ally ext5d$4 ,ev5 :5 m5 build any sci5ce & !ory ^u exp]im5t1 yet !y almo/ always turn ) premature & ha/y zeal to practice1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! advantage & b5efit to be d]iv$ f x1 b 9 ord] to seize ^u "s security 9 a new und]tak+ ( _! n employ+ ! rema9d] ( _! labor unpr(itably1 & by mak+ !mselves conspicu\s1 to acquire a great] "n = _! pursuit4 ,h5ce1 l ,atalanta1 !y leave ! c\rse to pick up ! gold5 apple1 int]rupt+ _! spe$1 & giv+ up ! victory4 ,b 9 ! true c\rse ( exp]im5t1 & 9 ext5d+ x to new effects1 we %\ld imitate ! ,div9e =esight & ord]2 = ,god on ! fir/ day only creat$ light1 & assign$ a :ole day to t "w )\t creat+ any mat]ial sub/ance !reon4 ,9 l mann] we mu/ fir/1 by e k9d ( exp]im5t1 elicit ! discov]y ( causes & true axioms1 & seek = exp]im5ts :i* may af=d light r ?an pr(it4 ,axioms1 :5 rightly inve/igat$ & e/abli%$1 prep>e u n = a limit$ b abundant practice1 & br+ 9 _! tra9 :ole troops ( effects4 ,b we w treat h]eaft] ( ! ways ( exp]i5ce1 :i* are n less beset & int]rupt$ ?an ^? ( judgm5t2 hav+ spok5 at pres5t ( common exp]i5ce only z a bad species ( demon/ration1 ! ord] ( our subject n[ requires "s m5tion ( ^? ext]nal signs ( ! weakness 9 practice ( ! receiv$ sy/ems ( philosophy & contemplation#ce :i* we ref]r$ to above1 & ( ! causes ( a circum/ance at fir/ sight s wond]ful & incr$ible4 ,= ! k ( ^! ext]nal signs prep>es ! way = ass5t1 & ! explanation ( ! causes removes ! wond]2 & ^! two circum/ances are ( mat]ial use 9 extirpat+ m easily & g5tly ! idols f ! und]/&+4 ,,lxxi4 ,! sci5ces we possess h be5 pr9cipally d]iv$ f ! ,greeks2 = ! addition ( ! ,roman1 ,arabic1 or m mod]n writ]s1 are b few & ( small importance1 & su* z !y are1 are f\nd$ on ! basis ( ,greek inv5tion4 ,b ! wisdom ( ! ,greeks 0 pr(essional & disputati\s1 & ?us mo/ adv]se to ! inve/igation ( tru?4 ,! "n1 !re=e1 ( sophi/s1 :i* ! contemptu\s _s ( ^? :o deem$ !mselves philosoph]s1 reject$ & transf]r$ to ! rhetoricians--,gorgias1#cf ,protagoras1 ,hippias1 ,polus--might well suit ! :ole tribe1 su* z ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,z5o1 ,epicurus1 ,!ophra/us1 & _! successors--,*rysippus1 ,c>neades1 & ! re/4 ,!re 0 only ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !m--! =m] 7 m]c5>y vagabonds1 travell+ ab\t to diff]5t /ates1 mak+ a %[ ( _! wisdom1 & requir+ pay2 ! latt] m dignifi$ & noble1 9 possession ( fix$ habitations1 op5+ s*ools1 & tea*+ philosophy gratuit\sly4 ,bo?1 h[ev] 7?\gh diff]+ 9 o!r respects71 7 pr(essorial1 & r$uc$ e subject to controv]sy1 e/abli%+ & def5d+ c]ta9 sects & dogmas ( philosophy1 s t _! doctr9es 7 ne>ly 7:at ,dionysius n unaptly object$ to ,plato7 ! talk ( idle old m5 to ignorant y\?s4 ,b ! m anci5t ,greeks1 z ,emp$ocles1 ,anaxagoras1 ,leucippus1 ,democritus1 ,p>m5ides1 ,h]aclitus1 ,x5ophanes1 ,philolaus1 & ! re/#cg 7= ,i omit ,py?agoras z be+ sup]/iti\s71 did n 7t we are aw>e7 op5 s*ools1 b betook !mselves to ! inve/igation ( tru? ) great] sil5ce & ) m sev]ity & simplicity1 t is1 ) less affectation & o/5tation4 ,h5ce 9 our op9ion !y act$ m advis$ly1 h[ev] _! works may h be5 eclips$ 9 c\rse ( "t by ^? light] productions :i* bett] correspond ) & please ! appreh5sions & passions ( ! vulg>2 = "t1 l a riv]1#ch be>s d[n to u t :i* is light & inflat$1 & s9ks t :i* is heavy & solid4 ,nor 7 ev5 ^! m anci5t philosoph]s free f ! national defect1 b incl9$ too mu* to ! ambition & vanity ( =m+ a sect1 & captivat+ public op9ion1 & we mu/ despair ( any inquiry aft] tru? :5 x condesc5ds to su* trifles4 ,nor mu/ we omit ! op9ion1 or r prophecy1 ( an ,egyptian prie/ ) reg>d to ! ,greeks1 t !y w\ld =ev] rema9 *ildr51 )\t any antiquity ( k or k ( antiquity2 = !y c]ta9ly h ?is 9 common ) *ildr51 t !y are prone to talk+1 & incapable ( g5]ation1 _! wisdom be+ loquaci\s & unproductive ( effects4 ,h5ce ! ext]nal signs d]iv$ f ! orig9 & bir?place ( our pres5t philosophy are n favorable4 ,,lxxii4 ,nor are ^? mu* bett] :i* c be d$uc$ f ! "* ( ! "t & age1 ?an ! =m] f t ( ! c\ntry & nation2 = 9 t age ! k bo? ( "t & ( ! _w 0 conf9$ & meagre1 :i* is "o ( ! wor/ evils = ^? :o rely entirely on exp]i5ce--!y _h n a ?\s& ye>s ( hi/ory wor?y ( t "n1 b m]e fables & anci5t traditions2 !y 7 acqua9t$ ) b a small portion ( ! regions & c\ntries ( ! _w1 = !y indiscrim9ately call$ all nations situat$ f> t[>d ! nor? ,scy?ians1 all ^? to ! we/ ,celts2 !y knew no?+ ( ,africa b ! ne>e/ "p ( ,e?iopia1 or ( ,asia beyond ! ,ganges1 & _h n ev5 he>d any sure & cle> tradition ( ! regions ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,besides1 a va/ numb] ( climates & zones1 9 :i* innum]able nations live & brea!1 7 pron\nc$ by !m to be un9habitable2 nay1 ! travels ( ,democritus1 ,plato1 & ,py?agoras1 :i* 7 n ext5sive1 b r m]e excursions f home1 7 consid]$ z some?+ va/4 ,b 9 our times _m p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w1 & e extremity ( ! ,old1 are well kn[n1 & ! mass ( exp]im5ts has be5 inf9itely increas$2 :]e=e1 if ext]nal signs 7 to be tak5 f ! "t ( ! nativity or procreation 7z 9 a/rology71 no?+ extraord9>y c\ld be pr$ict$ ( ^! e>ly sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,,lxxiii4 ,( all signs !re is none m c]ta9 or wor?y ?an t ( ! fruits produc$1 = ! fruits & effects are ! sureties & v\*]s1 z x 71 = ! tru? ( philosophy4 ,n[1 f ! sy/ems ( ! ,greeks1 & _! subord9ate divisions 9 p>ticul> bran*es ( ! sci5ces dur+ s long a p]iod1 sc>cely "o s+le exp]im5t c be cull$ t has a t5d5cy to elevate or assi/ mank9d1 & c be fairly set d[n to ! speculations & doctr9es ( _! philosophy4 ,celsus c&idly & wisely confesses z mu*1 :5 he obs]ves t exp]im5ts 7 fir/ discov]$ 9 m$ic9e1 & t m5 aft]w>d built _! philosophical sy/ems ^u !m1 & se>*$ = & assign$ causes1 in/ead ( ! inv]se me?od ( discov]+ & d]iv+ exp]im5ts f philosophy & ! k ( causes2 x is n1 !re=e1 wond]ful t ! ,egyptians 7:o be/[$ div9ity & sacr$ honors on ! au?ors ( new inv5tions7 %\ld h consecrat$ m images ( brutes ?an ( m51 = ! brutes by _! natural in/9ct made _m discov]ies1 :ile m5 d]iv$ b few f discussion & ! conclusions ( reason4 ,! indu/ry ( ! al*emi/s has produc$ "s effect1 by *ance1 h[ev]1 & casualty1 or f v>y+ _! exp]im5ts 7z me*anics also d71 & n f any regul> art or !ory1 ! !ory !y h imag9$ r t5d+ to di/urb ?an to assi/ exp]im5t4 ,^?1 too1 :o h occupi$ !mselves ) natural magic 7z !y t]m x7 h made b few discov]ies1 & ^? ( small import1 & bord]+ on impo/ure2 = :i* reason1 9 ! same mann] z we are caution$ by religion to %[ our fai? by our works1 we may v prop]ly apply ! pr9ciple to philosophy1 & judge ( x by its works1 acc\nt+ t to be futile :i* is unproductive1 & /ill m s if1 in/ead ( grapes & olives1 x yield b ! ?i/le & ?orns ( dispute & cont5tion4 ,,lxxiv4 ,o!r signs may be select$ f ! increase & progress ( p>ticul> sy/ems ( philosophy & ! sci5ces2 = ^? :i* are f\nd$ on nature gr[ & increase1 :ile ^? :i* are f\nd$ on op9ion *ange & increase n4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! !ories we h m5tion$ 7 n l plants1 torn up by ! roots1 b grew 9 ! womb ( nature1 & 7 n\ri%$ by h]1 t :i* = ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s has tak5 place w\ld nev] h happ5$1 namely1 t ! sci5ces /ill cont9ue 9 _! beat5 track1 & ne>ly /ation>y1 )\t hav+ receiv$ any important increase1 nay1 hav+1 on ! contr>y1 r bloom$ "u ! h&s ( _! fir/ au?or1 & !n fad$ away4 ,b we see t ! case is rev]s$ 9 ! me*anical arts1 :i* are f\nd$ on nature & ! light ( exp]i5ce1 = !y 7z long z !y are popul>7 seem full ( life1 & un9t]rupt$ly ?rive & gr[1 be+ at fir/ rude1 !n conv5i5t1 la/ly poli%$1 & p]petually improv$4 ,,lxxv4 ,!re is yet ano!r sign 7if su* x may be t]m$1 be+ r an evid5ce1 & "o ( ! /ronge/ nature71 namely1 ! actual confession ( ^? v au?orities :om m5 n[ foll[2 = ev5 !y :o decide on ?+s s d>+ly1 yet at times1 :5 !y reflect1 betake !mselves to compla9ts ab\t ! subtilty ( nature1 ! obscurity ( ?+s1 & ! weakness ( man's wit4 ,if !y w\ld m]ely d ?is1 !y might p]haps det] ^? :o are ( a timid disposition f fur!r inquiry1 b w\ld excite & /imulate ^? ( a m active & confid5t turn to fur!r advances4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 satisfi$ ) confess+ s mu* ( !mselves1 b consid] ev]y?+ :i* has be5 ei!r unkn[n or unattempt$ by !mselves or _! tea*]s1 z beyond ! limits ( possibility1 & ?us1 ) mo/ consummate pride & envy1 conv]t ! defects ( _! own discov]ies into a calumny on nature & a s\rce ( despair to e "o else4 ,h5ce arose ! ,new ,academy1 :i* op5ly pr(ess$ scepticism1#ci & consign$ mank9d to et]nal d>kness2 h5ce ! notion t =ms1 or ! true diff]5ces ( ?+s 7:i* are 9 fact ! laws ( simple action71 are beyond man's rea*1 & _c possibly be discov]$2 h5ce ^? notions 9 ! active & op]ative bran*es1 t ! heat ( ! sun & ( fire are totally diff]5t1 s z to prev5t m5 f suppos+ t !y c elicit or =m1 by means ( fire1 any?+ simil> to ! op]ations ( nature2 & aga91 t composition only is ! "w ( man & mixture ( nature1 s z to prev5t m5 f expect+ ! g5]ation or trans=mation ( natural bodies by art4 ,m5 w1 !re=e1 easily all[ !mselves to be p]suad$ by ?is sign n to engage _! =tunes & labor 9 speculations1 :i* are n only desp]ate1 b actually devot$ to desp]ation4 ,,lxxvi4 ,nor %\ld we omit ! sign af=d$ by ! great diss5sion =m]ly preval5t among philosoph]s1 & ! v>iety ( s*ools1 :i* suffici5tly %[ t ! way 0 n well prep>$ t leads f ! s5ses to ! und]/&+1 s9ce ! same gr\ndwork ( philosophy 7namely1 ! nature ( ?+s71 0 torn & divid$ into su* widely diff]+ & multif>i\s errors4 ,& al?\gh 9 ^! days ! diss5sions & diff]5ces ( op9ions ) reg>d to fir/ pr9ciples & entire sy/ems are ne>ly ext9ct1#dj yet !re rema9 innum]able que/ions & controv]sies ) reg>d to p>ticul> bran*es ( philosophy4 ,s t x is manife/ t !re is no?+ sure or s\nd ei!r 9 ! sy/ems !mselves or 9 ! me?ods ( demon/ration4#da ,,lxxvii4 ,) reg>d to ! supposition t !re is a g5]al unanimity z to ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 because ! o!r sy/ems ( ! anci5ts ceas$ & became obsolete on its promulgation1 & no?+ bett] has be5 s9ce discov]$2 :5ce x appe>s t x is s well det]m9$ & f\nd$1 z to h unit$ ! suffrages ( bo? ages2 we w obs]ve--#a/4 ,t ! notion ( o!r anci5t sy/ems hav+ ceas$ aft] ! publication ( ! works ( ,ari/otle is false1 = ! works ( ! anci5t philosoph]s subsi/$ long aft] t ev5t1 ev5 to ! "t ( ,cic]o1 & ! subsequ5t ages4 ,b at a lat] p]iod1 :5 human le>n+ _h1 z x 71 be5 wreck$ 9 ! inundation ( b>b>ians into ! ,roman empire1 !n ! sy/ems ( ,ari/otle & ,plato 7 pres]v$ 9 ! waves ( ages1 l planks ( a light] & less solid nature4 #b;d4 ,! notion ( unanimity1 on a cle> inspection1 is f\nd to be fallaci\s4 ,= true unanimity is t :i* proce$s f a free judgm5t1 arriv+ at ! same conclusion1 aft] an inve/igation ( ! fact4 ,n[1 by f> ! great] numb] ( ^? :o h ass5t$ to ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 h b\nd !mselves d[n to x f prejudice & ! au?ority ( o!rs1 s t x is r obsequi\sness & concurr5ce ?an unanimity4 ,b ev5 if x 7 real & ext5sive unanimity1 s f> f be+ e/eem$ a true & solid confirmation1 x %\ld ev5 lead to a viol5t presumption to ! contr>y4 ,= !re is no worse augury 9 intellectual matt]s ?an t d]iv$ f unanimity1 ) ! exception ( div9ity & politics1 :]e suffrages are all[$ to decide4 ,= no?+ pleases ! multitude1 unless x /rike ! imag9ation or b9d d[n ! und]/&+1 z we h obs]v$ above1 ) ! %ackles ( vulg> notions4 ,h5ce we may well transf] ,phocion's rem>k f morals to ! intellect3 8,t m5 %\ld imm$iately exam9e :at error or fault !y h committ$1 :5 ! multitude concurs )1 & applauds !m40#db ,?is !n is "o ( ! mo/ unfavorable signs4 ,all ! signs1 !re=e1 ( ! tru? & s\ndness ( ! receiv$ sy/ems ( philosophy & ! sci5ces are unpropiti\s1 :e!r tak5 f _! orig91 _! fruits1 _! progress1 ! confessions ( _! au?ors1 or f unanimity4 ,,lxxviii4 ,we n[ come to ! causes ( errors1#dc & ( su* p]sev]ance 9 !m = ages4 ,^! are suffici5tly num]\s & p[]ful to remove all wond]1 t :at we n[ (f] %\ld h s long be5 conceal$ f1 & h escap$ ! notice ( mank9d1 & to r5d] x m wor?y ( a/oni%m5t1 t x %\ld ev5 n[ h ent]$ any "o's m9d1 or become ! subject ( 8 ?\ghts2 & t x %\ld h done s1 we consid] r ! gift ( =tune ?an ( any extraord9>y tal5t1 & z ! (fspr+ ( "t r ?an wit4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! numb] ( ages is r$uc$ to v n>r[ limits1 on a prop] consid]ation ( ! matt]4 ,= out ( tw5ty-five#dd c5turies1 ) :i* ! memory & le>n+ ( man are conv]sant1 sc>cely six c be set ap>t & select$ z f]tile 9 sci5ce & favorable to its progress4 ,= !re are des]ts & wa/es 9 times z 9 c\ntries1 & we c only reckon up ?ree revolutions & epo*s ( philosophy4 #a4 ,! ,greek4 #b4 ,! ,roman4 #c4 ,our own1 t is ! philosophy ( ! we/]n nations ( ,europe3 & sc>cely two c5turies c ) ju/ice be assign$ to ea*4 ,! int]m$iate ages ( ! _w 7 un=tunate bo? 9 ! quantity & ri*ness ( ! sci5ces produc$4 ,nor ne$ we m5tion ! ,arabs1 or ! s*ola/ic philosophy1 :i*1 9 ^? ages1 gr\nd d[n ! sci5ces by _! num]\s treatises1 m ?an !y increas$ _! weight4 ,! fir/ cause1 !n1 ( su* insignificant progress 9 ! sci5ces1 is rightly ref]r$ to ! small proportion ( "t :i* has be5 favorable !reto4 ,,lxxix4 ,a second cause (f]s itself1 :i* is c]ta9ly ( ! greate/ importance2 namely1 t 9 ^? v ages 9 :i* m5's wit & lit]ature fl\ri%$ consid]ably1 or ev5 mod]ately1 b a small "p ( _! indu/ry 0 be/[$ on natural philosophy1 ! great "m ( ! sci5ces4 ,= e art & sci5ce torn f ?is root may1 p]haps1 be poli%$1 & put into a s]viceable %ape1 b c admit ( little gr[?4 ,x is well kn[n1 t aft] ! ,*ri/ian religion _h be5 ackn[l$g$1 & arriv$ at maturity1 by f> ! be/ wits 7 busi$ ^u !ology1 :]e ! highe/ rew>ds (f]$ !mselves1 & e species ( assi/ance 0 abundantly suppli$1 & ! /udy ( :i* 0 ! pr9cipal occupation ( ! we/]n ,european nations dur+ ! ?ird epo*2 ! r because lit]ature fl\ri%$ ab\t ! v "t :5 controv]sies conc]n+ religion fir/ began to bud =?4 #b4 ,9 ! prec$+ ages1 dur+ ! second epo* 7t ( ! ,romans71 philosophical m$itation & labor 0 *iefly occupi$ & wa/$ 9 moral philosophy 7! !ology ( ! hea!ns73 besides1 ! greate/ m9ds 9 ^! times appli$ !mselves to civil affairs1 on acc\nt ( ! magnitude ( ! ,roman empire1 :i* requir$ ! labor ( _m4 #c4 ,! age dur+ :i* natural philosophy appe>$ pr9cipally to fl\ri% among ! ,greeks1 0 b a %ort p]iod1 s9ce 9 ! m anci5t times ! sev5 sages 7) ! exception ( ,?ales71 appli$ !mselves to moral philosophy & politics1 & at a lat] p]iod1 aft] ,socrates _h br\ght d[n philosophy f heav5 to e>?1 moral philosophy became m preval5t1 & div]t$ m5's att5tion f natural4 ,nay1 ! v p]iod dur+ :i* physical inquiries fl\ri%$1 0 corrupt$ & r5d]$ useless by contradictions1 & ! ambition ( new op9ions4 ,s9ce1 !re=e1 dur+ ^! ?ree epo*s1 natural philosophy has be5 mat]ially neglect$ or imp$$1 x is n at all surpris+ t m5 %\ld h made b little progress 9 x1 see+ !y 7 att5d+ to an entirely diff]5t matt]4 ,,lxxx4 ,add to ?is t natural philosophy1 especially ( late1 has seldom ga9$ exclusive possession ( an individual free f all o!r pursuits1 ev5 among ^? :o h appli$ !mselves to x1 unless !re may be an example or two ( "s monk /udy+ 9 8 cell1 or "s nobleman 9 8 villa4#de ,%e has r be5 made a passage & bridge to o!r pursuits4 ,?us has ?is great "m ( ! sci5ces be5 degrad$ mo/ unwor?ily to ! situation ( a h&maid1 & made to wait ^u m$ic9e or ma!matical op]ations1 & to wa% ! immature m9ds ( y\?1 & imbue !m ) a fir/ dye1 t !y may aft]w>d be m ready to receive & reta9 ano!r4 ,9 ! meantime1 let no "o expect any great progress 9 ! sci5ces 7especially _! op]ative "p71 unless natural philosophy be appli$ to p>ticul> sci5ces1 & p>ticul> sci5ces aga9 ref]r$ back to natural philosophy4 ,= want ( ?is1 a/ronomy1 optics1 music1 _m me*anical arts1 m$ic9e itself1 & 7:at p]haps is m wond]ful71 moral & political philosophy1 & ! logical sci5ces h no dep?1 b only glide ov] ! surface & v>iety ( ?+s2 because ^! sci5ces1 :5 !y h be5 once p>tition$ out & e/abli%$1 are no long] n\ri%$ by natural philosophy1 :i* w\ld h imp>t$ fre% vigor & gr[? to !m f ! s\rces & g5u9e contemplation ( motion1 rays1 s\nds1 texture1 & con=mation ( bodies1 & ! affections & capacity ( ! und]/&+4 ,b we c little wond] t ! sci5ces gr[ n :5 sep>at$ f _! roots4 ,,lxxxi4 ,!re is ano!r p[]ful & great cause ( ! little advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 :i* is ?is2 x is impossible to advance prop]ly 9 ! c\rse :5 ! goal is n prop]ly fix$4 ,b ! real & legitimate goal ( ! sci5ces is ! end[m5t ( human life ) new inv5tions & ri*es4 ,! great cr[d ( tea*]s "k no?+ ( ?is1 b consi/ ( dictatorial hirel+s2 unless x s happ5 t "s artisan ( an acute g5ius1 & ambiti\s ( fame1 gives up 8 "t to a new discov]y1 :i* is g5]ally att5d$ ) a loss ( prop]ty4 ,! majority1 s f> f propos+ to !mselves ! augm5tation ( ! mass ( arts & sci5ces1 make no o!r use ( an inquiry into ! mass already be=e !m1 ?an is af=d$ by ! conv]sion ( x to "s use 9 _! lectures1 or to ga91 or to ! acquirem5t ( a "n1 & ! l4 ,b if "o out ( ! multitude be f\nd1 :o c\rts sci5ce f real zeal1 & on 8 own acc\nt1 ev5 he w be se5 r to foll[ contemplation1 & ! v>iety ( !ories1 ?an a sev]e & /rict inve/igation ( tru?4 ,aga91 if !re ev5 be an unusually /rict inve/igator ( tru?1 yet w he propose to himself1 z ! te/ ( tru?1 ! satisfaction ( 8 m9d & und]/&+1 z to ! causes ( ?+s long s9ce kn[n1 & n su* a te/ z to lead to "s new e>ne/ ( effects1 & a new light 9 axioms4 ,if1 !re=e1 no "o h laid d[n ! real end ( sci5ce1 we _c wond] t !re %\ld be error 9 po9ts subord9ate to t end4 ,,lxxxii4 ,b1 9 l mann]1 z ! end & goal ( sci5ce is ill def9$1 s1 ev5 7 ! case o!rwise1 m5 h *os5 an errone\s & impassable direction4 ,= x is suffici5t to a/oni% any reflect+ m9d1 t nobody %\ld h c>$ or wi%$ to op5 & complete a way = ! und]/&+1 sett+ (f f ! s5ses1 & regul>1 well-conduct$ exp]im5t2 b t ev]y?+ has be5 ab&on$ ei!r to ! mi/s ( tradition1 ! :irl & confusion ( argum5t1 or ! waves & mazes ( *ance1 & desultory1 ill-comb9$ exp]im5t4 ,n[1 let any "o b consid] sob]ly & dilig5tly ! nature ( ! pa? m5 h be5 accu/om$ to pursue 9 ! inve/igation & discov]y ( any matt]1 & he w d\btless fir/ obs]ve ! rude & in>tificial mann] ( discov]y mo/ famili> to mank9d3 :i* is no o!r ?an ?is4 ,:5 any "o prep>es himself = discov]y1 he fir/ inquires & obta9s a full acc\nt ( all t has be5 said on ! subject by o!rs1 !n adds 8 own reflections1 & /irs up &1 z x 71 invokes 8 own _s1 aft] mu* m5tal labor1 to disclose its oracles4 ,all :i* is a me?od )\t f\ndation1 & m]ely turns on op9ion4 ,ano!r1 p]haps1 calls 9 logic to assi/ him 9 discov]y1 :i* be>s only a nom9al relation to 8 purpose4 ,= ! discov]ies ( logic are n discov]ies ( pr9ciples & lead+ axioms1 b only ( :at appe>s to accord ) !m4#df ,& :5 m5 become curi\s & importunate1 & give tr\ble1 int]rupt+ h] ab\t h] pro(s1 & ! discov]y ( pr9ciples or fir/ axioms1 %e puts !m (f ) h] usual answ]1 ref]r+ !m to fai?1 & ord]+ !m to swe> allegiance to ea* art 9 its own dep>tm5t4 ,!re rema9s b m]e exp]i5ce1 :i*1 :5 x (f]s itself1 is call$ *ance2 :5 x is s\ght aft]1 exp]im5t4#dg ,b ?is k9d ( exp]i5ce is no?+ b a loose fagot2 & m]e grop+ 9 ! d>k1 z m5 at night try all means ( discov]+ ! "r road1 :ile x w\ld be bett] & m prud5t ei!r to wait = day1 or procure a light1 & !n proce$4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! real ord] ( exp]i5ce beg9s by sett+ up a light1 & !n %[s ! road by x1 comm5c+ ) a regulat$ & dige/$1 n a misplac$ & vague c\rse ( exp]im5t1 & !nce d$uc+ axioms1 & f ^? axioms new exp]im5ts3 = n ev5 ! ,div9e ,^w proce$$ to op]ate on ! g5]al mass ( ?+s )\t due ord]4 ,let m51 !re=e1 cease to wond] if ! :ole c\rse ( sci5ce be n run1 :5 all h w&]$ f ! pa?2 quitt+ x entirely1 & des]t+ exp]i5ce1 or involv+ !mselves 9 its mazes1 & w&]+ ab\t1 :ile a regul>ly comb9$ sy/em w\ld lead !m 9 a sure track ?r\gh its wilds to ! op5 day ( axioms4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,! evil1 h[ev]1 has be5 wond]fully increas$ by an op9ion1 or invet]ate conceit1 :i* is bo? va+lori\s & prejudicial1 namely1 t ! dignity ( ! human m9d is l[]$ by long & frequ5t int]c\rse ) exp]im5ts & p>ticul>s1 :i* are ! objects ( s5se1 & conf9$ to matt]2 especially s9ce su* matt]s g5]ally require labor 9 inve/igation1 are mean subjects = m$itation1 h>% 9 disc\rse1 unproductive 9 practice1 inf9ite 9 numb]1 & delicate 9 _! subtilty4 ,h5ce we h se5 ! true pa? n only des]t$1 b int]cept$ & block$ up1 exp]i5ce be+ reject$ ) disgu/1 & n m]ely neglect$ or improp]ly appli$4 ,,lxxxiv4 ,aga91 ! rev]5ce = antiquity1#dh & ! au?ority ( m5 :o h be5 e/eem$ great 9 philosophy1 & g5]al unanimity1 h ret>d$ m5 f advanc+ 9 sci5ce1 & almo/ en*ant$ !m4 ,z to unanimity1 we h spok5 ( x above4 ,! op9ion :i* m5 *]i% ( antiquity is altoge!r idle1 & sc>cely accords ) ! t]m4 ,= ! old age & increas+ ye>s ( ! _w %\ld 9 reality be consid]$ z antiquity1 & ?is is r ! "* ( our own times ?an ( ! less advanc$ age ( ! _w 9 ^? ( ! anci5ts2 = ! latt]1 ) respect to ourselves1 are anci5t & eld]1 ) respect to ! _w mod]n & y\ng]4 ,& z we expect a great] k ( human affairs1 & m mature judgm5t f an old man ?an f a y\?1 on acc\nt ( 8 exp]i5ce1 & ! v>iety & numb] ( ?+s he has se51 he>d1 & m$itat$ ^u1 s we h reason to expect mu* great] ?+s ( our own age 7if x knew b its /r5g? & w\ld essay & ex]t x7 ?an f antiquity1 s9ce ! _w has gr[n old]1 & its /ock has be5 increas$ & accumulat$ ) an inf9ite numb] ( exp]im5ts & obs]vations4 ,we mu/ also take into our consid]ation t _m objects 9 nature fit to ?r[ light ^u philosophy h be5 expos$ to our view1 & discov]$ by means ( long voyages & travels1 9 :i* our times h ab\nd$4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be di%onorable to mank9d1 if ! regions ( ! mat]ial globe1 ! e>?1 ! sea1 & />s1 %\ld be s prodigi\sly develop$ & illu/rat$ 9 our age1 & yet ! b\nd>ies ( ! intellectual globe %\ld be conf9$ to ! n>r[ discov]ies ( ! anci5ts4 ,) reg>d to au?ority1 x is ! greate/ weakness to attribute inf9ite cr$it to p>ticul> au?ors1 & to refuse 8 own pr]ogative to "t1 ! au?or ( all au?ors1 &1 !re=e1 ( all au?ority4 ,= tru? is rightly nam$ ! daught] ( "t1 n ( au?ority4 ,x is n wond]ful1 !re=e1 if ! bonds ( antiquity1 au?ority1 & unanimity1 h s en*a9$ ! p[] ( man1 t he is unable 7z if bewit*$7 to become famili> ) ?+s !mselves4 ,,lxxxv4 ,nor is x only ! admiration ( antiquity1 au?ority1 & unanimity1 t has =c$ man's indu/ry to re/ satisfi$ ) pres5t discov]ies1 b1 also1 ! admiration ( ! effects already plac$ )9 8 p[]4 ,= :oev] passes 9 review ! v>iety ( subjects1 & ! beautiful app>atus collect$ & introduc$ by ! me*anical arts = ! s]vice ( mank9d1 w c]ta9ly be r incl9$ to admire our weal? ?an to p]ceive our pov]ty3 n consid]+ t ! obs]vations ( man & op]ations ( nature 7:i* are ! s\ls & fir/ mov]s ( t v>iety7 are few1 & n ( deep rese>*2 ! re/ mu/ be attribut$ m]ely to man's pati5ce1 & ! delicate & well-regulat$ motion ( ! h& or ( in/rum5ts4 ,to take an in/ance1 ! manufacture ( clocks is delicate & accurate1 & appe>s to imitate ! heav5ly bodies 9 its :eels1 & ! pulse ( animals 9 its regul> oscillation1 yet x only dep5ds ^u "o or two axioms ( nature4 ,aga91 if "o consid] ! ref9em5t ( ! lib]al arts1 or ev5 t exhibit$ 9 ! prep>ation ( natural bodies 9 me*anical arts & ! l1 z ! discov]y ( ! heav5ly motions 9 a/ronomy1 ( h>mony 9 music1 ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet#di 7/ill unadopt$ by ! ,*9ese7 9 gramm>2 or1 aga91 9 me*anical op]ations1 ! productions ( ,bac*us & ,c]es1 t is1 ! prep>ation ( w9e & be]1 ! mak+ ( bread1 or ev5 ! luxuries ( ! table1 di/illation1 & ! l2 if "o reflect also1 & consid] = h[ long a p]iod ( ages 7= all ! above1 except di/illation1 are anci5t7 ^! ?+s h be5 br\ght to _! pres5t /ate ( p]fection1 & 7z we in/anc$ 9 clocks7 to h[ few obs]vations & axioms ( nature !y may be ref]r$1 & h[ easily1 & z x 71 by obvi\s *ance or contemplation1 !y might be discov]$1 "o w\ld soon cease to admire & r pity ! human lot on acc\nt ( its va/ want & de>? ( ?+s & discov]ies = s _m ages4 ,yet ev5 ! discov]ies we h m5tion$ 7 m anci5t ?an philosophy & ! intellectual arts2 s t 7to say ! tru?7 :5 contemplation & doctr9al sci5ce began1 ! discov]y ( useful works ceas$4 ,b if any "o turn f ! manufactories to libr>ies1 & be incl9$ to admire ! imm5se v>iety ( books (f]$ to our view1 let him b exam9e & dilig5tly inspect ! matt] & cont5ts ( ^! books1 & 8 a/oni%m5t w c]ta9ly *ange its object3 = :5 he f9ds no end ( repetitions1 & h[ mu* m5 d & speak ! same ?+ ov] aga91 he w pass f admiration ( ?is v>iety to a/oni%m5t at ! pov]ty & sc>city ( matt]1 :i* has hi!rto possess$ & fill$ m5's m9ds4 ,b if any "o %\ld condesc5d to consid] su* sci5ces z are deem$ r curi\s ?an s\nd1 & take a full view ( ! op]ations ( ! al*emi/s or magii1 he w p]haps hesitate :e!r he ought r to laugh or to weep4 ,= ! al*emi/ *]i%es et]nal hope1 & :5 8 labors succe$ n1 accuses 8 own mi/akes1 deem+1 9 8 self-accusation1 t he has n prop]ly und]/ood ! words ( art or ( 8 au?ors2 ^u :i* he li/5s to tradition & vague :isp]s1 or imag9es !re is "s slight un/ead9ess 9 ! m9ute details ( 8 practice1 & !n has rec\rse to an endless repetition ( exp]im5ts3 & 9 ! meantime1 :51 9 8 casual exp]im5ts1 he falls ^u some?+ 9 appe>ance new1 or ( "s degree ( utility1 he consoles himself ) su* an e>ne/1 & o/5tati\sly publi%es !m1 keep+ up 8 hope ( ! f9al result4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t ! al*emi/s h made sev]al discov]ies1 & pres5t$ mank9d ) useful inv5tions4 ,b we may well apply to !m ! fable ( ! old man1 :o bequea!d to 8 sons "s gold buri$ 9 8 g>d51 pret5d+ n to "k ! exact spot1 :]eupon !y work$ dilig5tly 9 digg+ ! v9ey>d1 & ?\gh !y f\nd no gold1 ! v9tage 0 r5d]$ m abundant by _! labor4 ,! foll[]s ( natural magic1 :o expla9 ev]y?+ by sympa?y & antipa?y1 h assign$ false p[]s & m>vell\s op]ations to ?+s by gratuit\s & idle conjectures3 & if !y h ev] produc$ any effects1 !y are r wond]ful & novel ?an ( any real b5efit or utility4 ,9 sup]/iti\s magic 7if we say any?+ at all ab\t x7 we mu/ *iefly obs]ve1 t !re are only "s peculi> & def9ite objects ) :i* ! curi\s & sup]/iti\s arts h1 9 e nation & age1 & ev5 "u e religion1 be5 able to ex]cise & amuse !mselves4 ,let u1 !re=e1 pass !m ov]4 ,9 ! meantime we _c wond] t ! false notion ( pl5ty %\ld h occasion$ want4 ,,lxxxvi4 ,! admiration ( mank9d ) reg>d to ! arts & sci5ces1 :i* is ( itself suffici5tly simple & almo/ pu]ile1 has be5 increas$ by ! craft & artifices ( ^? :o h treat$ ! sci5ces1 & deliv]$ !m d[n to po/]ity4 ,= !y propose & produce !m to our view s fa%ion$1 & z x 7 mask$1 z to make !m pass = p]fect & complete4 ,= if y consid] _! me?od & divisions1 !y appe> to embrace & comprise ev]y?+ :i* c relate to ! subject4 ,& al?\gh ?is frame be badly fill$ up & resemble an empty bladd]1 yet x pres5ts to ! vulg> und]/&+ ! =m & appe>ance ( a p]fect sci5ce4 ,! fir/ & mo/ anci5t inve/igators ( tru? 7 wont1 on ! contr>y1 ) m hone/y & success1 to ?r[ all ! k !y wi%$ to ga!r f contemplation1 & to lay up = use1 into aphorisms1 or %ort scatt]$ s5t5ces unconnect$ by any me?od1 & )\t pret5d+ or pr(ess+ to compreh5d any entire art4 ,b accord+ to ! pres5t sy/em1 we _c wond] t m5 seek no?+ beyond t :i* is h&$ d[n to !m z p]fect1 & already ext5d$ to its full complem5t4 ,,lxxxvii4 ,! anci5t !ories h receiv$ additional support & cr$it f ! absurdity & levity ( ^? :o h promot$ ! new1 especially 9 ! active & practical "p ( natural philosophy4 ,= !re h be5 _m silly & fanta/ical fell[s :o1 f cr$ulity or impo/ure1 h load$ mank9d ) promises1 ann\nc+ & boa/+ ( ! prolongation ( life1 ! ret>d+ ( old age1 ! alleviation ( pa9s1 ! rem$y+ ( natural defects1 ! deception ( ! s5ses1 ! re/ra9t & excitem5t ( ! passions1 ! illum9ation & exaltation ( ! intellectual faculties1 ! transmutation ( sub/ances1 ! unlimit$ int5sity & multiplication ( motion1 ! impressions & *anges ( ! air1 ! br++ into our p[] ! managem5t ( cele/ial influ5ces1 ! div9ation ( future ev5ts1 ! repres5tation ( di/ant objects1 ! revelation ( hidd5 objects1 & ! l4 ,"o w\ld n be v wrong 9 obs]v+ ) reg>d to su* pret5d]s1 t !re is z mu* diff]5ce 9 philosophy1 betwe5 _! absurdity & real sci5ce1 z !re is 9 hi/ory betwe5 ! exploits ( ,cs> or ,alex&]1 & ^? ( ,amadis de ,gaul & ,ar?ur ( ,brita94 ,= ^? illu/ri\s g5]als are f\nd to h actually p]=m$ great] exploits ?an su* fictiti\s h]oes are ev5 pret5d$ to h accompli%$1 by ! means1 h[ev]1 ( real action1 & n by any fabul\s & port5t\s p[]4 ,yet x is n "r to suff] our belief 9 true hi/ory to be dim9i%$1 because x is sometimes injur$ & violat$ by fables4 ,9 ! meantime we _c wond] t great prejudice has be5 excit$ aga9/ any new propositions 7especially :5 c\pl$ ) any m5tion ( effects to be produc$71 by ! conduct ( impo/ors :o h made a simil> attempt2 = _! extreme absurdity1 & ! disgu/ occasion$ by x1 has ev5 to ?is day ov]p[]$ e spirit$ attempt ( ! k9d4 ,,lxxxviii4 ,want ( en]gy1 & ! littl5ess & futility ( ! tasks t human indu/ry has und]tak51 h produc$ mu* great] injury to ! sci5ces3 & yet 7to make x /ill worse7 t v want ( en]gy manife/s itself 9 conjunction ) arrogance & disda94 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 "o excuse1 n[ f its repetition become famili>1 is to be obs]v$ 9 e art1 namely1 t its promot]s conv]t ! weakness ( ! art itself into a calumny ^u nature3 & :atev] x 9 _! h&s fails to effect1 !y pron\nce to be physically impossible4 ,b h[ c ! art ev] be condemn$ :ile x acts z judge 9 its own cause8 ,ev5 ! pres5t sy/em ( philosophy *]i%es 9 its bosom c]ta9 positions or dogmas1 :i* 7x w be f\nd on dilig5t inquiry7 are calculat$ to produce a full conviction t no difficult1 comm&+1 & p[]ful op]ation ^u nature ought to be anticipat$ ?r\gh ! means ( art2 we in/anc$#ej above ! alleg$ diff]5t quality ( heat 9 ! sun & fire1 & composition & mixture4 ,^u an accurate obs]vation ! :ole t5d5cy ( su* positions is wilfully to circumscribe man's p[]1 & to produce a despair ( ! means ( inv5tion & contrivance1 :i* w\ld n only conf\nd ! promises ( hope1 b cut ! v spr+s & s9ews ( indu/ry1 & ?r[ aside ev5 ! *ances ( exp]i5ce4 ,! only object ( su* philosoph]s is to acquire ! reputation ( p]fection = _! own art1 & !y are anxi\s to obta9 ! mo/ silly & ab&on$ r5[n1 by caus+ a belief t :atev] has n yet be5 inv5t$ & und]/ood c nev] be s h]eaft]4 ,b if any "o attempt to give himself up to ?+s1 & to discov] some?+ new2 yet he w only propose & de/9e = 8 object ! inve/igation & discov]y ( "s "o inv5tion1 & no?+ m2 z ! nature ( ! magnet1 ! tides1 ! heav5ly sy/em1 & ! l1 :i* appe> envelop$ 9 "s degree ( my/]y1 & h hi!rto be5 treat$ ) b little success4 ,n[ x is ! greate/ pro( ( want ( skill1 to inve/igate ! nature ( any object 9 itself alone2 = t same nature1 :i* seems conceal$ & hidd5 9 "s in/ances1 is manife/ & almo/ palpable 9 o!rs1 & excites wond] 9 ! =m]1 :ile x h>dly attracts att5tion 9 ! latt]4#ea ,?us ! nature ( consi/5cy is sc>cely obs]v$ 9 wood or /one1 b pass$ ov] by ! t]m solid )\t any fur!r inquiry ab\t ! repulsion ( sep>ation or ! solution ( cont9uity4 ,b 9 wat]-bubbles ! same circum/ance appe>s matt] ( delicate & +5i\s rese>*1 = !y =m !mselves into ?9 pellicles1 curi\sly %ap$ into hemisph]es1 s z = an in/ant to avoid ! solution ( cont9uity4 ,9 g5]al ^? v ?+s :i* are consid]$ z secret are manife/ & common 9 o!r objects1 b w nev] be cle>ly se5 if ! exp]im5ts & contemplation ( man be direct$ to !mselves only4 ,yet x commonly happ5s1 t if1 9 ! me*anical arts1 any "o br+ old discov]ies to a f9] poli%1 or m elegant height ( ornam5t1 or unite & comp\nd !m1 or apply !m m readily to practice1 or exhibit !m on a less heavy & volum9\s scale1 & ! l1 !y w pass (f z new4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 wond] t no magnific5t discov]ies1 wor?y ( mank9d1 h be5 br\ght to light1 :ile m5 are satisfi$ & delight$ ) su* scanty & pu]ile tasks1 nay1 ev5 ?9k t !y h pursu$ or atta9$ "s great object 9 _! accompli%m5t4 ,,lxxxix4 ,nor %\ld we neglect to obs]ve t natural philosophy has1 9 e age1 met ) a tr\blesome & difficult oppon5t3 ,i mean sup]/ition1 & a bl9d & immod]ate zeal = religion4 ,= we see t1 among ! ,greeks1 ^? :o fir/ disclos$ ! natural causes ( ?und] & /orms to ! yet untra9$ e>s ( man 7 condemn$ z guilty ( impiety t[>d ! gods4#eb ,nor did "s ( ! old fa!rs ( ,*ri/ianity treat ^? mu* bett] :o %[$ by ! mo/ positive pro(s 7su* z no "o n[ disputes7 t ! e>? is sph]ical1 & !nce ass]t$ t !re 7 antipodes4#ec ,ev5 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s ! condition ( discussions on natural philosophy is r5d]$ m difficult & dang]\s by ! summ>ies & me?ods ( div9es1 :o1 aft] r$uc+ div9ity into su* ord] z !y c\ld1 & br\ght x into a sci5tific =m1 h proce$$ to m+le an undue proportion ( ! cont5ti\s & ?orny philosophy ( ,ari/otle ) ! sub/ance ( religion4#ed ,! fictions ( ^? :o h n fe>$ to d$uce & confirm ! tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion by ! pr9ciples & au?ority ( philosoph]s1 t5d to ! same end1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t mann]4#ee ,!y celebrate ! union ( fai? & ! s5ses z ?\gh x 7 legitimate1 ) great pomp & solemnity1 & gratify m5's pleas+ m9ds ) a v>iety1 b 9 ! meantime conf\nd mo/ improp]ly ?+s div9e & human4 ,moreov]1 9 ^! mixtures ( div9ity & philosophy ! receiv$ doctr9es ( ! latt] are alone includ$1 & any novelty1 ev5 ?\gh x be an improvem5t1 sc>cely escapes bani%m5t & ext]m9ation4 ,9 %ort1 y may f9d all access to any species ( philosophy1 h[ev] pure1 int]cept$ by ! ignorance ( div9es4 ,"s 9 _! simplicity are appreh5sive t a too deep inquiry into nature may p5etrate beyond ! prop] b\nds ( decorum1 transf]r+ & absurdly apply+ :at is said ( sacr$ my/]ies 9 ,holy ,writ aga9/ ^? :o pry into div9e secrets1 to ! my/]ies ( nature1 :i* are n =bidd5 by any prohibition4 ,o!rs ) m cunn+ imag9e & consid]1 t if second>y causes be unkn[n1 ev]y?+ may m easily be ref]r$ to ! ,div9e h& & w&1 a matt]1 z !y ?9k1 ( ! greate/ consequ5ce to religion1 b :i* c only really mean t ,god wi%es to be gratifi$ by means ( falsehood4 ,o!rs fe>1 f pa/ example1 le/ motion & *ange 9 philosophy %\ld t]m9ate 9 an attack ^u religion4 ,la/ly1 !re are o!rs :o appe> anxi\s le/ !re %\ld be some?+ discov]$ 9 ! inve/igation ( nature to ov]?r[1 or at lea/ %ake1 religion1 p>ticul>ly among ! unle>n$4 ,! la/ two appreh5sions appe> to resemble animal in/9ct1 z if m5 7 diffid5t1 9 ! bottom ( _! m9ds & secret m$itations1 ( ! /r5g? ( religion & ! empire ( fai? ov] ! s5ses1 & !re=e fe>$ t "s dang] await$ !m f an inquiry into nature4 ,b any "o :o prop]ly consid]s ! subject w f9d natural philosophy to be1 aft] ! ,^w ( ,god1 ! sure/ rem$y aga9/ sup]/ition1 & ! mo/ approv$ support ( fai?4 ,%e is1 !re=e1 rightly be/[$ ^u religion z a mo/ fai?ful att5dant1 = ! "o exhibits ! w & ! o!r ! p[] ( ,god4 ,nor 0 he wrong :o obs]v$1 8,ye err1 n kn[+ ! ,scriptures & ! p[] ( ,god10 ?us unit+ 9 "o bond ! revelation ( 8 w & ! contemplation ( 8 p[]4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 x is n wond]ful t ! progress ( natural philosophy has be5 re/ra9$1 s9ce religion1 :i* has s mu* influ5ce on m5's m9ds1 has be5 l$ & hurri$ to oppose h] ?r\gh ! ignorance ( "s & ! imprud5t zeal ( o!rs4 ,,xc4 ,aga91 9 ! habits & regulations ( s*ools1 univ]sities1 & ! l assemblies1 de/9$ = ! abode ( le>n$ m5 & ! improvem5t ( le>n+1 ev]y?+ is f\nd to be oppos$ to ! progress ( ! sci5ces2 = ! lectures & ex]cises are s ord]$1 t any?+ out ( ! common track c sc>cely ent] ! ?\ghts & contemplations ( ! m9d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o or two h p]haps d>$ to use _! lib]ty1 !y c only impose ! labor on !mselves1 )\t d]iv+ any advantage f ! association ( o!rs2 & if !y put up ) ?is1 !y w f9d _! indu/ry & _s ( no slight disadvantage to !m 9 mak+ _! =tune2 = ! pursuits ( m5 9 su* situations are1 z x 71 *a9$ d[n to ! writ+s ( p>ticul> au?ors1 & if any "o d>e to diss5t f !m he is imm$iately attack$ z a turbul5t & revolution>y _s4 ,yet h[ great is ! diff]5ce betwe5 civil matt]s & ! arts1 = !re is n ! same dang] f new activity & new light4 ,9 civil matt]s ev5 a *ange = ! bett] is suspect$ on acc\nt ( ! commotion x occasions1 = civil gov]nm5t is support$ by au?ority1 unanimity1 fame1 & public op9ion1 & n by demon/ration4 ,9 ! arts & sci5ces1 on ! contr>y1 e dep>tm5t %\ld res\nd1 z 9 m9es1 ) new works & advances4 ,& ?is is ! rational1 ?\gh n ! actual view ( ! case1 = t adm9i/ration & gov]nm5t ( sci5ce we h spok5 ( is wont too rigor\sly to repress its gr[?4 ,,xci4 ,& ev5 %\ld ! odium ,i h allud$ to be avoid$1 yet x is suffici5t to repress ! increase ( sci5ce t su* attempts & indu/ry pass unrew>d$2 = ! cultivation ( sci5ce & its rew>d belong n to ! same individual4 ,! advancem5t ( sci5ce is ! "w ( a p[]ful g5ius1 ! prize & rew>d belong to ! vulg> or to pr9ces1 :o 7) a few exceptions7 are sc>cely mod]ately well in=m$4 ,nay1 su* progress is n only depriv$ ( ! rew>ds & b5efic5ce ( individuals1 b ev5 ( popul> praise2 = x is above ! rea* ( ! g5]ality1 & easily ov]:elm$ & ext+ui%$ by ! w9ds ( common op9ions4 ,x is n wond]ful1 !re=e1 t little success has att5d$ t :i* has be5 little honor$4 ,,xcii4 ,b by f> ! greate/ ob/acle to ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 & ! und]tak+ ( any new attempt or dep>tm5t1 is to be f\nd 9 m5's despair & ! idea ( impossibility2 = m5 ( a prud5t & exact turn ( ?\ght are altoge!r diffid5t 9 matt]s ( ?is nature1 consid]+ ! obscurity ( nature1 ! %ortness ( life1 ! deception ( ! s5ses1 & weakness ( ! judgm5t4 ,!y ?9k1 !re=e1 t 9 ! revolutions ( ages & ( ! _w !re are c]ta9 floods & ebbs ( ! sci5ces1 & t !y gr[ & fl\ri% at "o "t1 & )] & fall (f at ano!r1 t :5 !y h atta9$ a c]ta9 degree & condition !y c proce$ no fur!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 any "o believe or promise great] ?+s1 !y impute x to an uncurb$ & immature m9d1 & imag9e t su* ef=ts beg9 pleasantly1 !n become labori\s1 & end 9 confusion4 ,& s9ce su* ?\ghts easily ent] ! m9ds ( m5 ( dignity & excell5t judgm5t1 we mu/ really take he$ le/ we %\ld be captivat$ by our affection = an excell5t & mo/ beautiful object1 & relax or dim9i% ! sev]ity ( our judgm5t2 & we mu/ dilig5tly exam9e :at gleam ( hope %9es ^u u1 & 9 :at direction x manife/s itself1 s t1 bani%+ h] light] dreams1 we may discuss & weigh :atev] appe>s ( m s\nd importance4 ,we mu/ consult ! prud5ce ( ord9>y life1 too1 :i* is diffid5t ^u pr9ciple1 & 9 all human matt]s augurs ! wor/4 ,let u1 !n1 speak ( hope1 especially z we are n va9 promis]s1 nor are will+ to en=ce or insn>e m5's judgm5t1 b w\ld r lead !m will+ly =w>d4 ,& al?\gh we %all employ ! mo/ cog5t means ( en=c+ hope :5 we br+ !m to p>ticul>s1 & especially ^? :i* are dige/$ & arrang$ 9 our ,tables ( ,inv5tion 7! subject p>tly ( ! second1 b pr9cipally ( ! f\r? "p ( ! ,in/auration71 :i* are1 inde$1 r ! v object ( our hopes ?an hope itself2 yet to proce$ m l5i5tly we mu/ treat ( ! prep>ation ( m5's m9ds1 ( :i* ! manife/ation ( hope =ms no slight "p2 = )\t x all t we h said t5ds r to produce a gloom ?an to enc\rage activity or quick5 ! indu/ry ( exp]im5t1 by caus+ !m to h a worse & m contemptu\s op9ion ( ?+s z !y are ?an !y n[ ent]ta91 & to p]ceive & feel m ?or\ghly _! un=tunate condition4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 disclose & prefix our reasons = n ?9k+ ! hope ( success improbable1 z ,columbus1 be=e 8 wond]ful voyage ov] ! ,atlantic1 gave ! reasons ( 8 conviction t new l&s & cont95ts might be discov]$ besides ^? already kn[n2 & ^! reasons1 ?\gh at fir/ reject$1 7 yet prov$ by subsequ5t exp]i5ce1 & 7 ! causes & beg9n+s ( ! greate/ ev5ts4 ,,xciii4 ,let u beg9 f ,god1 & %[ t our pursuit f its exce$+ goodness cle>ly proce$s f him1 ! au?or ( good & fa!r ( light4 ,n[1 9 all div9e works ! smalle/ beg9n+s lead assur$ly to "s result1 & ! rem>k 9 spiritual matt]s t 8! k+dom ( ,god come? )\t obs]vation10 is also f\nd to be true 9 e great "w ( ,div9e ,provid5ce1 s t ev]y?+ glides quietly on )\t confusion or noise1 & ! matt] is a*iev$ be=e m5 ei!r ?9k or p]ceive t x is comm5c$4 ,nor %\ld we neglect to m5tion ! prophecy ( ,daniel1 ( ! la/ days ( ! _w1 8,_m %all run to & fro1 & k %all be increas$10#ef ?us pla9ly h9t+ & sugge/+ t fate 7:i* is ,provid5ce7 w\ld cause ! complete circuit ( ! globe 7n[ accompli%$1 or at lea/ go+ =w>d by means ( s _m di/ant voyages71 & ! increase ( le>n+ to happ5 at ! same epo*4 ,,xciv4 ,we w next give a mo/ pot5t reason = hope d$uc$ f ! errors ( ! pa/1 & ! ways /ill unattempt$2 = well 0 an ill-gov]n$ /ate ?us reprov$1 8,t :i* is wor/ ) reg>d to ! pa/ %\ld appe> mo/ consolatory = ! future2 = if y _h done all t y\r duty comm&$1 & y\r affairs proce$$ no bett]1 y c\ld n ev5 hope = _! improvem5t2 b s9ce _! pres5t unhappy situation is n ow+ to ! =ce ( circum/ances1 b to y\r own errors1 y h reason to hope t by bani%+ or correct+ ! latt] y c produce a great *ange = ! bett] 9 ! =m]40 ,s if m5 _h1 dur+ ! _m ye>s t h elaps$1 adh]$ to ! "r way ( discov]+ & cultivat+ ! sci5ces )\t be+ able to advance1 x w\ld be assur$ly bold & presumptu\s to imag9e x possible to improve2 b if !y h mi/ak5 ! way & wa/$ _! labor on improp] objects1 x foll[s t ! difficulty does n arise f ?+s !mselves1 :i* are n 9 our p[]1 b f ! human und]/&+1 its practice & application1 :i* is susceptible ( rem$y & correction4 ,our be/ plan1 !re=e1 is to expose ^! errors2 = 9 proportion z !y imp$$ ! pa/1 s d !y af=d reason to hope = ! future4 ,& al?\gh we h t\*$ ^u !m above1 yet we ?9k x "r to give a brief1 b>e1 & simple enum]ation ( !m 9 ?is place4 ,,xcv4 ,^? :o h treat$ ( ! sci5ces h be5 ei!r empirics or dogmatical4#eg ,! =m] l ants only heap up & use _! /ore1 ! latt] l spid]s sp9 out _! own webs4 ,! bee1 a mean betwe5 bo?1 extracts matt] f ! fl[]s ( ! g>d5 & ! field1 b works & fa%ions x by its own ef=ts4 ,! true labor ( philosophy resembles h]s1 = x nei!r relies entirely or pr9cipally on ! p[]s ( ! m9d1 nor yet lays up 9 ! memory ! matt] af=d$ by ! exp]im5ts ( natural hi/ory & me*anics 9 its raw /ate1 b *anges & works x 9 ! und]/&+4 ,we h good reason1 !re=e1 to d]ive hope f a clos] & pur] alliance ( ^! faculties 7! exp]im5tal & rational7 ?an has yet be5 attempt$4 ,,xcvi4 ,natural philosophy is n yet to be f\nd unadult]at$1 b is impure & corrupt$--by logic 9 ! s*ool ( ,ari/otle1 by natural !ology 9 t ( ,plato1#eh by ma!matics 9 ! second s*ool ( ,plato 7t ( ,proclus & o!rs7#ei :i* ought r to t]m9ate natural philosophy ?an to g5]ate or create x4 ,we may1 !re=e1 hope = bett] results f pure & unmix$ natural philosophy4 ,,xcvii4 ,no "o has yet be5 f\nd possess$ ( suffici5t firmness & sev]ity to resolve ^u & und]take ! task ( entirely aboli%+ common !ories & notions1 & apply+ ! m9d afre%1 :5 ?us cle>$ & levell$1 to p>ticul> rese>*es2 h5ce our human reason+ is a m]e f>rago & crude mass made up ( a great deal ( cr$ulity & accid5t1 & ! pu]ile notions x orig9ally contract$4 ,b if a man ( mature age1 unprejudic$ s5ses1 & cle> m9d1 w\ld betake himself anew to exp]i5ce & p>ticul>s1 we might hope mu* m f su* a "o2 9 :i* respect we promise ourselves ! =tune ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & let none accuse u ( vanity till !y h he>d ! tale1 :i* is int5d$ to *eck vanity4 ,= s*9es spoke ?us ( ,alex&] & 8 exploits3 8,we live n ! life ( mortals1 b are born at su* a p]iod t po/]ity w relate & decl>e our prodigies02 z if he consid]$ ! exploits ( ,alex&] to be miracul\s4 ,b 9 succe$+ ages#fj ,livy took a bett] view ( ! fact1 & has made "s su* obs]vation z ?is ^u ,alex&]3 8,t he did no m ?an d>e to despise insignificance40 ,s 9 our op9ion po/]ity w judge ( u1 t we h a*iev$ no great matt]s1 b only set less acc\nt ^u :at is consid]$ important2 = ! meantime 7z we h be=e obs]v$7 our only hope is 9 ! reg5]ation ( ! sci5ces1 by regul>ly rais+ !m on ! f\ndation ( exp]i5ce & build+ !m anew1 :i* ,i ?9k none c v5ture to affirm to h be5 already done or ev5 ?\ght (4 ,,xcviii4 ,! f\ndations ( exp]i5ce 7our sole res\rce7 h hi!rto fail$ completely or h be5 v weak2 nor has a /ore & collection ( p>ticul> facts1 capable ( in=m+ ! m9d or 9 any way satisfactory1 be5 ei!r s\ght aft] or amass$4 ,on ! contr>y1 le>n$1 b idle & indol5t1 m5 h receiv$ "s m]e reports ( exp]i5ce1 traditions z x 7 ( dreams1 z e/abli%+ or confirm+ _! philosophy1 & h n hesitat$ to all[ !m ! weight ( legitimate evid5ce4 ,s t a sy/em has be5 pursu$ 9 philosophy ) reg>d to exp]i5ce resembl+ t ( a k+dom or /ate :i* w\ld direct its c\ncils & affairs accord+ to ! gossip ( city & /reet politicians1 in/ead ( ! lett]s & reports ( ambassadors & mess5g]s wor?y ( cr$it4 ,no?+ is rightly inquir$ into1 or v]ifi$1 not$1 weigh$1 or measur$1 9 natural hi/ory2 indef9ite & vague obs]vation produces fallaci\s & unc]ta9 in=mation4 ,if ?is appe> /range1 or our compla9t some:at too unju/ 7because ,ari/otle himself1 s di/+ui%$ a man & support$ by ! weal? ( s great a k+1 has complet$ an accurate hi/ory ( animals1 to :i* o!rs ) great] dilig5ce b less noise h made consid]able additions1 & o!rs aga9 h compos$ copi\s hi/ories & notices ( plants1 metals1 & fossils71 x w arise f a want ( suffici5tly att5d+ to & compreh5d+ our pres5t obs]vations2 = a natural hi/ory compil$ on its own acc\nt1 & "o collect$ = ! m9d's in=mation z a f\ndation = philosophy1 are two diff]5t ?+s4 ,!y diff] 9 sev]al respects1 b pr9cipally 9 ?is--! =m] conta9s only ! v>ieties ( natural species )\t ! exp]im5ts ( me*anical arts2 = z 9 ord9>y life e p]son's disposition1 & ! conceal$ feel+s ( ! m9d & passions are mo/ drawn out :5 !y are di/urb$--s ! secrets ( nature betray !mselves m readily :5 torm5t$ by art ?an :5 left to _! own c\rse4 ,we mu/ beg91 !re=e1 to ent]ta9 hopes ( natural philosophy !n only1 :5 we h a bett] compilation ( natural hi/ory1 its real basis & support4 ,,xcix4 ,aga91 ev5 9 ! abundance ( me*anical exp]im5ts1 !re is a v great sc>city ( ^? :i* be/ in=m & assi/ ! und]/&+4 ,= ! me*anic1 little solicit\s ab\t ! inve/igation ( tru?1 nei!r directs 8 att5tion1 nor applies 8 h& to any?+ t is n ( s]vice to 8 bus9ess4 ,b our hope ( fur!r progress 9 ! sci5ces w !n only be well f\nd$1 :5 num]\s exp]im5ts %all be receiv$ & collect$ into natural hi/ory1 :i*1 ?\gh ( no use 9 !mselves1 assi/ mat]ially 9 ! discov]y ( causes & axioms2 :i* exp]im5ts we h t]m$ enlight5+1 to di/+ui% !m f ^? :i* are pr(itable4 ,!y possess ?is wond]ful prop]ty & nature1 t !y nev] deceive or fail y2 = be+ us$ only to discov] ! natural cause ( "s object1 :atev] be ! result1 !y equally satisfy y\r aim by decid+ ! "q4 ,c4 ,we mu/ n only se>* =1 & procure a great] numb] ( exp]im5ts1 b also introduce a completely diff]5t me?od1 ord]1 & progress ( cont9u+ & promot+ exp]i5ce4 ,= vague & arbitr>y exp]i5ce is 7z we h obs]v$71 m]e grop+ 9 ! d>k1 & r a/oni%es ?an in/ructs4 ,b :5 exp]i5ce %all proce$ regul>ly & un9t]rupt$ly by a det]m9$ rule1 we may ent]ta9 bett] hopes ( ! sci5ces4 ,,ci4 ,b aft] hav+ collect$ & prep>$ an abundance & /ore ( natural hi/ory1 & ( ! exp]i5ce requir$ = ! op]ations ( ! und]/&+ or philosophy1 /ill ! und]/&+ is z incapable ( act+ on su* mat]ials ( itself1 ) ! aid ( memory alone1 z any p]son w\ld be ( reta9+ & a*iev+1 by memory1 ! computation ( an almanac4 ,yet m$itation has hi!rto done m = discov]y ?an writ+1 & no exp]im5ts h be5 committ$ to pap]4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 approve ( any mode ( discov]y )\t writ+1 & :5 t comes into m g5]al use1 we may h fur!r hopes4 ,,cii4 ,besides ?is1 !re is su* a multitude & ho/1 z x 71 ( p>ticul> objects1 & ly+ s widely disp]s$1 z to di/ract & confuse ! und]/&+2 & we c1 !re=e1 hope = no advantage f its skirmi%+1 & quick movem5ts & incursions1 unless we put its =ces 9 due ord] & array1 by means ( prop] & well arrang$1 &1 z x 71 liv+ tables ( discov]y ( ^! matt]s1 :i* are ! subject ( inve/igation1 & ! m9d !n apply itself to ! ready prep>$ & dige/$ aid :i* su* tables af=d4 ,,ciii4 ,:5 we h ?us prop]ly & regul>ly plac$ be=e ! eyes a collection ( p>ticul>s1 we mu/ n imm$iately proce$ to ! inve/igation & discov]y ( new p>ticul>s or effects1 or1 at lea/1 if we d s1 mu/ n re/ satisfi$ !re)4 ,=1 ?\gh we d n d5y t by transf]r+ ! exp]im5ts f "o art to ano!r 7:5 all ! exp]im5ts ( ea* h be5 collect$ & arrang$1 & h be5 acquir$ by ! k1 & subject$ to ! judgm5t ( a s+le individual71 _m new exp]im5ts may be discov]$ t5d+ to b5efit society & mank9d1 by :at we t]m lit]ate exp]i5ce2 yet comp>atively insignificant results are to be expect$ !nce1 :ile ! m important are to be d]iv$ f ! new light ( axioms1 d$uc$ by c]ta9 me?od & rule f ! above p>ticul>s1 & po9t+ out & def9+ new p>ticul>s 9 _! turn4 ,our road is n a long pla91 b rises & falls1 asc5d+ to axioms1 & desc5d+ to effects4 ,,civ4 ,nor c we suff] ! und]/&+ to jump & fly f p>ticul>s to remote & mo/ g5]al axioms 7su* z are t]m$ ! pr9ciples ( arts & ?+s71 & ?us prove & make out _! int]m$iate axioms accord+ to ! suppos$ un%ak5 tru? ( ! =m]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has always be5 done to ! pres5t "t f ! natural b5t ( ! und]/&+1 educat$ too1 & accu/om$ to ?is v me?od1 by ! syllogi/ic mode ( demon/ration4 ,b we c !n only augur well = ! sci5ces1 :5 ! ass5t %all proce$ by a true scale & successive /eps1 )\t int]ruption or brea*1 f p>ticul>s to ! less] axioms1 !nce to ! int]m$iate 7ris+ "o above ! o!r71 & la/ly1 to ! mo/ g5]al4 ,= ! l[e/ axioms diff] b little f b>e exp]im5t2#fa ! highe/ & mo/ g5]al 7z !y are e/eem$ at pres5t71 are notional1 ab/ract1 & ( no real weight4 ,! int]m$iate are true1 solid1 full ( life1 & ^u !m dep5d ! bus9ess & =tune ( mank9d2 beyond ^! are ! really g5]al1 b n ab/ract1 axioms1 :i* are truly limit$ by ! int]m$iate4 ,we mu/ n !n add w+s1 b r lead & balla/ to ! und]/&+1 to prev5t its jump+ or fly+1 :i* has n yet be5 done2 b :5ev] ?is takes place1 we may ent]ta9 great] hopes ( ! sci5ces4 ,,cv4 ,9 =m+ axioms1 we mu/ inv5t a diff]5t =m ( induction f t hi!rto 9 use2 n only = ! pro( & discov]y ( pr9ciples 7z !y are call$71 b also ( m9or1 int]m$iate1 &1 9 %ort1 e k9d ( axioms4 ,! induction :i* proce$s by simple enum]ation is pu]ile1 leads to unc]ta9 conclusions1 & is expos$ to dang] f "o contradictory in/ance1 decid+ g5]ally f too small a numb] ( facts1 & ^? only ! mo/ obvi\s4 ,b a really useful induction = ! discov]y & demon/ration ( ! arts & sci5ces1 %\ld sep>ate nature by prop] rejections & exclusions1 & !n conclude = ! affirmative1 aft] collect+ a suffici5t numb] ( negatives4 ,n[ ?is has n be5 done1 nor ev5 attempt$1 except p]haps by ,plato1 :o c]ta9ly uses ?is =m ( induction 9 "s measure1 to sift def9itions & ideas4 ,b mu* ( :at has nev] yet ent]$ ! ?\ghts ( man mu/ necess>ily be employ$1 9 ord] to exhibit a good & legitimate mode ( induction or demon/ration1 s z ev5 to r5d] x ess5tial = u to be/[ m pa9s ^u x ?an h hi!rto be5 be/[$ on syllogisms4 ,! assi/ance ( induction is to s]ve u n only 9 ! discov]y ( axioms1 b also 9 def9+ our notions4 ,mu* inde$ is to be hop$ f su* an induction z has be5 describ$4 ,,cvi4 ,9 =m+ our axioms f induction1 we mu/ exam9e & try :e!r ! axiom we d]ive be only fitt$ & calculat$ = ! p>ticul> in/ances f :i* x is d$uc$1 or :e!r x be m ext5sive & g5]al4 ,if x be ! latt]1 we mu/ obs]ve1 :e!r x confirm its own ext5t & g5]ality by giv+ surety1 z x 71 9 po9t+ out new p>ticul>s1 s t we may nei!r /op at actual discov]ies1 nor ) a c>eless grasp cat* at %ad[s & ab/ract =ms1 in/ead ( sub/ances ( a det]m9ate nature3 & z soon z we act ?us1 well au?oriz$ hope may ) reason be said to beam ^u u4 ,,cvii4 ,"h1 too1 we may aga9 repeat :at we h said above1 conc]n+ ! ext5d+ ( natural philosophy & r$uc+ p>ticul> sci5ces to t "o1 s z to prev5t any s*ism or dismemb]+ ( ! sci5ces2 )\t :i* we _c hope to advance4 ,,cviii4 ,su* are ! obs]vations we w\ld make 9 ord] to remove despair & excite hope1 by bidd+ f>ewell to ! errors ( pa/ ages1 or by _! correction4 ,let u exam9e :e!r !re be o!r gr\nds = hope4 ,&1 fir/1 if _m useful discov]ies h occurr$ to mank9d by *ance or opportunity1 )\t inve/igation or att5tion on _! "p1 x mu/ necess>ily be ackn[l$g$ t mu* m may be br\ght to light by inve/igation & att5tion1 if x be regul> & ord]ly1 n ha/y & int]rupt$4 ,= al?\gh x may n[ & !n happ5 t "o falls by *ance ^u some?+ t _h be=e escap$ consid]able ef=ts & labori\s inquiries1 yet und\bt$ly ! rev]se is g5]ally ! case4 ,we may1 !re=e1 hope = fur!r1 bett]1 & m frequ5t results f man's reason1 indu/ry1 me?od1 & application1 ?an f *ance & m]e animal in/9ct1 & ! l1 :i* h hi!rto be5 ! s\rces ( inv5tion4 ,,cix4 ,we may also d]ive "s reason = hope f ! circum/ance ( sev]al actual inv5tions be+ ( su* a nature1 t sc>cely any "o c\ld h =m$ a conjecture ab\t !m previ\sly to _! discov]y1 b w\ld r h ridicul$ !m z impossible4 ,= m5 are wont to guess ab\t new subjects f ^? !y are already acqua9t$ )1 & ! ha/y & vitiat$ fancies !y h !nce =m$3 ?an :i* !re _c be a m fallaci\s mode ( reason+1 because mu* ( t :i* is d]iv$ f ! s\rces ( ?+s does n fl[ 9 _! usual *annel4 ,if1 = in/ance1 be=e ! discov]y ( cannon1 "o _h describ$ its effects 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,!re is a new inv5tion by :i* walls & ! greate/ bulw>ks c be %ak5 & ov]?r[n f a consid]able di/ance2 m5 w\ld h begun to contrive v>i\s means ( multiply+ ! =ce ( projectiles & ma*9es by means ( weights & :eels1 & o!r modes ( batt]+ & project+4 ,b x is improbable t any imag9ation or fancy w\ld h hit ^u a fi]y bla/1 exp&+ & develop+ itself s sudd5ly & viol5tly1 because none w\ld h se5 an in/ance at all resembl+ x1 except p]haps 9 e>?quakes or ?und]1 :i* !y w\ld h imm$iately reject$ z ! great op]ations ( nature1 n to be imitat$ by man4 ,s1 if be=e ! discov]y ( silk ?read1 any "o _h obs]v$1 t a species ( ?read _h be5 discov]$1 fit = dresses & furniture1 f> surpass+ ! ?read ( wor/$ or flax 9 f95ess1 & at ! same "t 9 t5acity1 beauty1 & s(tness2 m5 w\ld h begun to imag9e some?+ ab\t ,*9ese plants1 or ! f9e hair ( "s animals1 or ! fea!rs or d[n ( birds1 b c]ta9ly w\ld nev] h _h an idea ( its be+ spun by a small worm1 9 s copi\s a mann]1 & r5ew$ annually4 ,b if any "o _h v5tur$ to sugge/ ! silkworm1 he w\ld h be5 laugh$ at z if dream+ ( "s new manufacture f spid]s4 ,s aga91 if be=e ! discov]y ( ! compass1 any "o _h said1 t an in/rum5t _h be5 inv5t$1 by :i* ! qu>t]s & po9ts ( ! heav5s c\ld be exactly tak5 & di/+ui%$1 m5 w\ld h ent]$ into disquisitions on ! ref9em5t ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 & ! l1 f ! excitem5t ( _! imag9ations2 b ! ?\ght ( any?+ be+ discov]$1 :i*1 n be+ a cele/ial body1 b a m]e m9]al or metallic sub/ance1 %\ld yet 9 its motion agree ) t ( su* bodies1 w\ld h appe>$ absolutely incr$ible4 ,yet 7 ^! facts1 & ! l 7unkn[n = s _m ages7 n discov]$ at la/ ei!r by philosophy or reason+1 b by *ance & opportunity2 & 7z we h obs]v$71 !y are ( a nature mo/ het]og5e\s1 & remote f :at 0 hi!rto kn[n1 s t no previ\s k c\ld lead to !m4 ,we may1 !re=e1 well hope#fb t _m excell5t & useful matt]s are yet treasur$ up 9 ! bosom ( nature1 be>+ no relation or analogy to our actual discov]ies1 b out ( ! common track ( our imag9ation1 & /ill undiscov]$1 & :i* w d\btless be br\ght to light 9 ! c\rse & lapse ( ye>s1 z ! o!rs h be5 be=e !m2 b 9 ! way we n[ po9t out1 !y may rapidly & at once be bo? repres5t$ & anticipat$4 ,,cx4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 "s inv5tions :i* r5d] x probable t m5 may pass & hurry ov] ! mo/ noble discov]ies :i* lie imm$iately be=e !m4 ,= h[ev] ! discov]y ( gunp[d]1 silk1 ! compass1 sug>1 pap]1 or ! l1 may appe> to dep5d on peculi> prop]ties ( ?+s & nature1 pr9t+ at lea/ involves no contrivance :i* is n cle> & almo/ obvi\s4 ,b f want ( obs]v+ t al?\gh ! arrangem5t ( ! types ( lett]s requir$ m tr\ble ?an writ+ ) ! h&1 yet ^! types once arrang$ s]ve = innum]able impressions1 :ile manuscript only af=ds "o copy2 & aga91 f want ( obs]v+ t ink might be ?ick5$ s z to /a9 )\t runn+ 7:i* 0 necess>y1 see+ ! lett]s face upw>d1 & ! impression is made f above71 ?is mo/ beautiful inv5tion 7:i* assi/s s mat]ially ! propagation ( le>n+7 rema9$ unkn[n = s _m ages4 ,! human m9d is (t5 s awkw>d & ill-regulat$ 9 ! c>e] ( inv5tion t x is at fir/ diffid5t1 & !n despises itself4 ,= x appe>s at fir/ incr$ible t any su* discov]y %\ld be made1 & :5 x has be5 made1 x appe>s incr$ible t x %\ld s long h escap$ m5's rese>*4 ,all :i* af=ds good reason = ! hope t a va/ mass ( inv5tions yet rema9s1 :i* may be d$uc$ n only f ! inve/igation ( new modes ( op]ation1 b also f transf]r+1 comp>+1 & apply+ ^! already kn[n1 by ! me?od ( :at we h t]m$ lit]ate exp]i5ce4 ,,cxi4 ,nor %\ld we omit ano!r gr\nd ( hope4 ,let m5 only consid] 7if !y w7 _! inf9ite exp5diture ( tal5t1 "t1 & =tune1 9 matt]s & /udies ( f> inf]ior importance & value2 a small portion ( :i* appli$ to s\nd & solid le>n+ w\ld be suffici5t to ov]come e difficulty4 ,& we h ?\ght "r to add ?is obs]vation1 because we c&idly own t su* a collection ( natural & exp]im5tal hi/ory z we h trac$ 9 our own m9d1 & z is really necess>y1 is a great & z x 7 royal "w1 requir+ mu* labor & exp5se4 ,,cxii4 ,9 ! meantime let no "o be al>m$ at ! multitude ( p>ticul>s1 b r incl9$ to hope on t v acc\nt4 ,= ! p>ticul> ph5om5a ( ! arts & nature are 9 reality b z a h&ful1 :5 comp>$ ) ! fictions ( ! imag9ation remov$ & sep>at$ f ! evid5ce ( facts4 ,! t]m9ation ( our me?od is cle>1 & ,i _h almo/ said ne> at h&2 ! o!r admits ( no t]m9ation1 b only ( inf9ite confusion4 ,= m5 h hi!rto dwelt b little1 or r only slightly t\*$ ^u exp]i5ce1 :ile !y h wa/$ mu* "t on !ories & ! fictions ( ! imag9ation4 ,if we _h b any "o :o c\ld actually answ] our int]rogations ( nature1 ! inv5tion ( all causes & sci5ces w\ld be ! labor ( b a few ye>s4 ,,cxiii4 ,we ?9k "s gr\nd ( hope is af=d$ by our own example1 :i* is n m5tion$ = ! sake ( boa/+1 b z a useful rem>k4 ,let ^? :o di/ru/ _! own p[]s obs]ve myself1 "o :o h among my contempor>ies be5 ! mo/ engag$ 9 public bus9ess1 :o am n v /rong 9 heal? 7:i* causes a great loss ( "t71 & am ! fir/ explor] ( ?is c\rse1 foll[+ ! guidance ( none1 nor ev5 communicat+ my ?\ghts to a s+le individual2 yet hav+ once firmly ent]$ 9 ! "r way1 & submitt+ ! p[]s ( my m9d to ?+s1 ,i h some:at advanc$ 7z ,i make bold to ?9k7 ! matt] ,i n[ treat (4 ,!n let o!rs consid] :at may be hop$ f m5 :o enjoy abundant leisure1 f unit$ labors1 & ! succession ( ages1 aft] ^! sugge/ions on our "p1 especially 9 a c\rse :i* is n conf9$1 l !ories1 to individuals1 b admits ( ! be/ di/ribution & union ( labor & effect1 p>ticul>ly 9 collect+ exp]im5ts4 ,= m5 w !n only beg9 to "k _! own p[]1 :5 ea* p]=ms a sep>ate "p1 in/ead ( und]tak+ 9 cr[ds ! same "w4 ,,cxiv4 ,la/ly1 ?\gh a mu* m fa9t & unc]ta9 breeze ( hope 7 to spr+ up f our new cont95t1 yet we consid] x necess>y to make ! exp]im5t1 if we w\ld n %[ a da/>d _s4 ,= ! risk att5d+ want ( success is n to be comp>$ ) t ( neglect+ ! attempt2 ! =m] is att5d$ ) ! loss ( a little human labor1 ! latt] ) t ( an imm5se b5efit4 ,= ^! & o!r reasons x appe>s to u t !re is abundant gr\nd to hope1 & to induce n only ^? :o are sangu9e to make exp]im5t1 b ev5 ^? :o are cauti\s & sob] to give _! ass5t4 ,,cxv4 ,su* are ! gr\nds = bani%+ despair1 hi!rto "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful causes ( ! delay & re/ra9t to :i* ! sci5ces h be5 subject$2 9 treat+ ( :i* we h at ! same "t discuss$ ! signs & causes ( ! errors1 idl5ess1 & ignorance t h prevail$2 see+ especially t ! m ref9$ causes1 :i* are n op5 to popul> judgm5t & obs]vation1 may be ref]r$ to our rem>ks on ! idols ( ! human m9d4 ,"h1 too1 we %\ld close ! demoli%+ bran* ( our ,in/auration1 :i* is compris$ 9 ?ree confutations3 #a1 ! confutation ( natural human reason left to itself2 #b1 ! confutation ( demon/ration2 #c1 ! confutation ( !ories1 or receiv$ sy/ems ( philosophy & doctr9es4 ,our confutation has foll[$ su* a c\rse z 0 op5 to x1 namely1 ! expos+ ( ! signs ( error1 & ! produc+ evid5ce ( ! causes ( x3 = we c\ld adopt no o!r1 diff]+ z we d bo? 9 fir/ pr9ciples & demon/rations f o!rs4 ,x is "t = u !re=e to come to ! art itself1 & ! rule = ! int]pretation ( nature3 !re is1 h[ev]1 /ill some?+ :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,= ! int5t ( ?is fir/ book ( aphorisms be+ to prep>e ! m9d = und]/&+1 z well z admitt+1 :at foll[s1 we mu/ n[1 aft] hav+ cleans$1 poli%$1 & levell$ its surface1 place x 9 a good position1 & z x 7 a b5evol5t aspect t[>d our propositions2 see+ t prejudice 9 new matt]s may be produc$ n only by ! /r5g? ( preconceiv$ notions1 b also by a false anticipation or expectation ( ! matt] propos$4 ,we %all !re=e endeavor to induce good & correct op9ions ( :at we (f]1 al?\gh ?is be only necess>y = ! mom5t1 & z x 7 laid out at int]e/1 until ! matt] itself be well und]/ood4 ,,cxvi4 ,fir/1 !n1 we mu/ desire m5 n to suppose t we are ambiti\s ( f\nd+ any philosophical sect1 l ! anci5t ,greeks1 or "s mod]ns1 z ,telesius1 ,patricius1 & ,sev]9us4#fc ,= nei!r is ?is our int5tion1 nor d we ?9k t peculi> ab/ract op9ions on nature & ! pr9ciples ( ?+s are ( mu* importance to m5's =tunes1 s9ce x 7 easy to revive _m anci5t !ories1 & to introduce _m new ones2 z1 = in/ance1 _m hypo!ses ) reg>d to ! heav5s c be =m$1 diff]+ 9 !mselves1 & yet suffici5tly accord+ ) ! ph5om5a4 ,we be/[ n our labor on su* !oretical &1 at ! same "t1 useless topics4 ,on ! contr>y1 our det]m9ation is t ( try+1 :e!r we c lay a firm] f\ndation1 & ext5d to a great] di/ance ! b\nd>ies ( human p[] & dignity4 ,& al?\gh "h & !re1 ^u "s p>ticul> po9ts1 we hold 79 our own op9ion7 m true & c]ta91 & ,i might ev5 say1 m advantage\s t5ets ?an ^? 9 g5]al repute 7:i* we h collect$ 9 ! fif? "p ( our ,in/auration71 yet we (f] no univ]sal or complete !ory4 ,! "t does n yet appe> to u to be arriv$1 & we ent]ta9 no hope ( our life be+ prolong$ to ! completion ( ! six? "p ( ! ,in/auration 7:i* is de/9$ = philosophy discov]$ by ! int]pretation ( nature71 b are cont5t if we proce$ quietly & usefully 9 our int]m$iate pursuit1 scatt]+1 9 ! meantime1 ! se$s ( less adult]at$ tru? = po/]ity1 &1 at lea/1 comm5ce ! great "w4 ,,cxvii4 ,&1 z we pret5d n to f\nd a sect1 s d we nei!r (f] nor promise p>ticul> effects2 :i* may occasion "s to object to u1 t s9ce we s (t5 speak ( effects1 & consid] ev]y?+ 9 its relation to t end1 we ought also to give "s e>ne/ ( produc+ !m4 ,our c\rse & me?od1 h[ev] 7z we h (t5 said1 & aga9 repeat71 is su* z n to d$uce effects f effects1 nor exp]im5ts f exp]im5ts 7z ! empirics d71 b 9 our capacity ( legitimate int]pret]s ( nature1 to d$uce causes & axioms f effects & exp]im5ts2 & new effects & exp]im5ts f ^? causes & axioms4 ,& al?\gh any "o ( mod]ate intellig5ce & ability w obs]ve ! indications & sket*es ( _m noble effects 9 our tables ( inv5tions 7:i* =m ! f\r? "p ( ! ,in/auration71 & also 9 ! examples ( p>ticul> in/ances cit$ 9 ! second "p1 z well z 9 our obs]vations on hi/ory 7:i* is ! subject ( ! ?ird "p72 yet we c&idly confess t our pres5t natural hi/ory1 :e!r compil$ f books or our own inquiries1 is n suffici5tly copi\s & well asc]ta9$ to satisfy1 or ev5 assi/1 a prop] int]pretation4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re be any "o :o is m dispos$ & prep>$ = me*anical art1 & +5i\s 9 discov]+ effects1 ?an 9 ! m]e managem5t ( exp]im5t1 we all[ him to employ 8 indu/ry 9 ga!r+ _m ( ! fruits ( our hi/ory & tables 9 ?is way1 & apply+ !m to effects1 receiv+ !m z int]e/ till he c obta9 ! pr9cipal4 ,= our own "p1 hav+ a great] object 9 view1 we condemn all ha/y & premature re/ 9 su* pursuits z we w\ld ,atalanta's apple 7to use a common allusion ( ours72 = we are n *ildi%ly ambiti\s ( gold5 fruit1 b use all our ef=ts to make ! c\rse ( art out/rip nature1 & we ha/5 n to reap moss or ! gre5 blade1 b wait = a ripe h>ve/4 ,,cxviii4 ,!re w be "s1 )\t d\bt1 :o1 on a p]usal ( our hi/ory & tables ( inv5tion1 w meet ) "s unc]ta9ty1 or p]haps fallacy1 9 ! exp]im5ts !mselves1 & w !nce p]haps imag9e t our discov]ies are built on false f\ndations & pr9ciples4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 really no?+ 9 ?is1 s9ce x mu/ ne$s happ5 9 beg9n+s4#fd ,= x is ! same z if 9 writ+ or pr9t+ "o or two lett]s 7 wrongly turn$ or misplac$1 :i* is no great inconv5i5ce to ! read]1 :o c easily by 8 own eye correct ! error2 let m5 9 ! same way conclude1 t _m exp]im5ts 9 natural hi/ory may be errone\sly believ$ & admitt$1 :i* are easily expung$ & reject$ aft]w>d1 by ! discov]y ( causes & axioms4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true1 t if ^! errors 9 natural hi/ory & exp]im5ts become great1 frequ5t1 & cont9u$1 !y _c be correct$ & am5d$ by any dext]ity ( wit or art4 ,if !n1 ev5 9 our natural hi/ory1 well exam9$ & compil$ ) su* dilig5ce1 /rictness1 & 7,i might say7 rev]5tial scruples1 !re be n[ & !n some?+ false & errone\s 9 ! details1 :at mu/ we say ( ! common natural hi/ory1 :i* is s neglig5t & c>eless :5 comp>$ ) ours8 or ( sy/ems ( philosophy & ! sci5ces1 bas$ on su* loose soil 7or r quicks&78 ,let none !n be al>m$ by su* obs]vations4 ,,cxix4 ,aga91 our hi/ory & exp]im5ts w conta9 mu* t is light & common1 mean & illib]al1 too ref9$ & m]ely speculative1 &1 z x 71 ( no use1 & ?is p]haps may div]t & ali5ate ! att5tion ( mank9d4 ,) reg>d to :at is common2 let m5 reflect1 t !y h hi!rto be5 us$ to d no?+ b ref] & adapt ! causes ( ?+s ( r>e occurr5ce to ^? ( ?+s :i* m frequ5tly happ51 )\t any inve/igation ( ! causes ( ! latt]1 tak+ !m = grant$ & admitt$4 ,h5ce1 !y d n inquire into ! causes ( gravity1 ! rotation ( ! heav5ly bodies1 heat1 cold1 light1 h>dness1 s(tness1 r>ity1 d5sity1 liquidity1 solidity1 animation1 inanimation1 similitude1 diff]5ce1 organic =mation1 b tak+ !m to be self-evid5t1 manife/1 & admitt$1 !y dispute & decide ^u o!r matt]s ( less frequ5t & famili> occurr5ce4 ,b we 7:o "k t no judgm5t c be =m$ ( t :i* is r>e or rem>kable1 & mu* less any?+ new br\ght to light1 )\t a previ\s regul> exam9ation & discov]y ( ! causes ( t :i* is common1 & ! causes aga9 ( ^? causes7 are necess>ily compell$ to admit ! mo/ common objects into our hi/ory4 ,besides1 we h obs]v$ t no?+ has be5 s injuri\s to philosophy z ?is circum/ance1 namely1 t famili> & frequ5t objects d n arre/ & deta9 m5's contemplation1 b are c>elessly admitt$1 & _! causes nev] inquir$ aft]2 s t in=mation on unkn[n subjects is n m (t5 want$ ?an att5tion to ^? :i* are kn[n4 ,,cxx4 ,) reg>d to ! meanness1 or ev5 ! fil?9ess ( p>ticul>s1 = :i* 7z ,pl9y obs]ves71 an apology is requisite1 su* subjects are no less wor?y ( admission into natural hi/ory ?an ! mo/ magnific5t & co/ly2 nor d !y at all pollute natural hi/ory1 = ! sun ent]s alike ! palace & ! privy1 & is n !reby pollut$4 ,we nei!r d$icate nor raise a capitol or pyramid to ! pride ( man1 b re> a holy temple 9 8 m9d1 on ! model ( ! univ]se1 :i* model !re=e we imitate4 ,= t :i* is des]v+ ( exi/5ce is des]v+ ( k1 ! image ( exi/5ce4 ,n[ ! mean & spl5did alike exi/4 ,nay1 z ! f9e/ odors are sometimes produc$ f putrid matt] 7su* z musk & civet71 s does valuable light & in=mation emanate f mean & sordid in/ances4 ,b we h already said too mu*1 = su* fa/idi\s feel+s are *ildi% & effem9ate4 ,,cxxi4 ,! next po9t requires a m accurate consid]ation1 namely1 t _m p>ts ( our hi/ory w appe> to ! vulg>1 or ev5 any m9d accu/om$ to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 fanta/ically & uselessly ref9$4 ,h5ce1 we h 9 reg>d to ?is matt] said f ! fir/1 & mu/ aga9 repeat1 t we look = exp]im5ts t %all af=d light r ?an pr(it1 imitat+ ! div9e creation1 :i*1 z we h (t5 obs]v$1 only produc$ light on ! fir/ day1 & assign$ t :ole day to its creation1 )\t add+ any mat]ial "w4 ,if any "o1 !n1 imag9e su* matt]s to be ( no use1 he might equally suppose light to be ( no use1 because x is nei!r solid nor mat]ial4 ,=1 9 fact1 ! k ( simple natures1 :5 suffici5tly inve/igat$ & def9$1 resembles light1 :i*1 ?\gh ( no great use 9 itself1 af=ds access to ! g5]al my/]ies ( effects1 & ) a peculi> p[] compreh5ds & draws ) x :ole b&s & troops ( effects1 & ! s\rces ( ! mo/ valuable axioms4 ,s also ! elem5ts ( lett]s h ( !mselves sep>ately no mean+1 & are ( no use1 yet are !y1 z x 71 ! orig9al matt] 9 ! composition & prep>ation ( spee*4 ,! se$s ( sub/ances1 ^: effect is p[]ful1 are ( no use except 9 _! gr[?1 & ! scatt]$ rays ( light itself avail n unless collect$4 ,b if speculative subtilties give (f5ce1 :at mu/ we say ( ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s :o indulg$ 9 !m to su* excess8 ,& ^? subtilties 7 wa/$ on words1 or1 at lea/1 common notions 7:i* is ! same ?+71 n on ?+s or nature1 & alike unproductive ( b5efit 9 _! orig9 & _! consequ5ces3 9 no way resembl+ ours1 :i* are at pres5t useless1 b 9 _! consequ5ces ( inf9ite b5efit4 ,let m5 be assur$ t all subtile disputes & discursive ef=ts ( ! m9d are late & prepo/]\s1 :5 !y are introduc$ subsequ5tly to ! discov]y ( axioms1 & t _! true1 or1 at any rate1 *ief opportunity is1 :5 exp]im5t is to be weigh$ & axioms to be d]iv$ f x4 ,!y o!rwise cat* & grasp at nature1 b nev] seize or deta9 h]3 & we may well apply to nature t :i* has be5 said ( opportunity or =tune1 t %e we>s a lock 9 front1 b is bald beh9d4 ,9 %ort1 we may reply decisively to ^? :o despise any "p ( natural hi/ory z be+ vulg>1 mean1 or subtile1 & useless 9 its orig91 9 ! words ( a poor woman to a haughty pr9ce1#fe :o _h reject$ h] petition z unwor?y1 & b5ea? ! dignity ( 8 maje/y3 8,!n cease to reign02 = x is q c]ta9 t ! empire ( nature c nei!r be obta9$ nor adm9i/]$ by "o :o refuses to pay att5tion to su* matt]s z be+ poor & too m9ute4 ,,cxxii4 ,aga91 x may be object$ to u z be+ s+ul> & h>%1 t we %\ld ) "o /roke & assault1 z x 71 bani% all au?orities & sci5ces1 & t too by our own ef=ts1 )\t requir+ ! assi/ance & support ( any ( ! anci5ts4 ,n[ we are aw>e1 t _h we be5 ready to act o!rwise ?an s9c]ely1 x 0 n difficult to ref] our pres5t me?od to remote ages1 prior to ^? ( ! ,greeks 7s9ce ! sci5ces 9 all probability fl\ri%$ m 9 _! natural /ate1 ?\gh sil5tly1 ?an :5 !y 7 p>ad$ ) ! fifes & trumpets ( ! ,greeks72 or ev5 79 p>ts1 at lea/7 to "s ( ! ,greeks !mselves1 & to d]ive au?ority & honor f !nce2 z m5 ( no family labor to raise & =m nobility = !mselves 9 "s anci5t l9e1 by ! help ( g5ealogies4 ,tru/+1 h[ev]1 to ! evid5ce ( facts1 we reject e k9d ( fiction & impo/ure2 & ?9k x ( no m consequ5ce to our subject1 :e!r future discov]ies 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & set or rose accord+ to ! vicissitudes ( ev5ts & lapse ( ages1 ?an x w\ld be ( importance to mank9d to "k :e!r ! new _w be ! isl& ( ,atlantis1#ff & kn[n to ! anci5ts1 or be n[ discov]$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,) reg>d to ! univ]sal c5sure we h be/[$1 x is q cle>1 to any "o :o prop]ly consid]s ! matt]1 t x is bo? m probable & m mode/ ?an any p>tial "o c\ld h be54 ,= if ! errors _h n be5 root$ 9 ! prim>y notions1 "s well conduct$ discov]ies mu/ h correct$ o!rs t 7 defici5t4 ,b s9ce ! errors 7 fundam5tal1 & ( su* a nature1 t m5 may be said r to h neglect$ or pass$ ov] ?+s1 ?an to h =m$ a wrong or false judgm5t ( !m1 x is little to be wond]$ at1 t !y did n obta9 :at !y nev] aim$ at1 nor arrive at a goal :i* !y _h n det]m9$1 nor p]=m a c\rse :i* !y _h nei!r ent]$ ^u nor adh]$ to4 ,) reg>d to our presumption1 we all[ t if we 7 to assume a p[] ( draw+ a m p]fect /raight l9e or circle ?an any "o else1 by sup]ior /ead9ess ( h& or acut5ess ( eye1 x w\ld lead to a comp>ison ( tal5t2 b if "o m]ely ass]t t he c draw a m p]fect l9e or circle ) a rul] or compasses1 ?an ano!r c by 8 unassi/$ h& or eye1 he surely _c be said to boa/ ( mu*4 ,n[ ?is applies n only to our fir/ orig9al attempt1 b also to ^? :o %all h]eaft] apply !mselves to ! pursuit4 ,= our me?od ( discov]+ ! sci5ces m]ely levels m5's wits1 & leaves b little to _! sup]iority1 s9ce x a*ieves ev]y?+ by ! mo/ c]ta9 rules & demon/rations4 ,:5ce 7z we h (t5 obs]v$71 our attempt is to be attribut$ to =tune r ?an tal5t1 & is ! (fspr+ ( "t r ?an ( wit4 ,= a c]ta9 sort ( *ance has no less effect ^u our ?\ghts ?an on our acts & de$s4 ,,cxxiii4 ,we may1 !re=e1 apply to ourselves ! joke ( him :o said1 t wat] & w9e dr9k]s c\ld n ?9k alike1#fg especially z x hits ! matt] s well4 ,= o!rs1 bo? anci5ts & mod]ns1 h 9 ! sci5ces drank a crude liquor l wat]1 ei!r fl[+ ( itself f ! und]/&+1 or drawn up by logic z ! :eel draws up ! bucket4 ,b we dr9k & pl$ge o!rs ) a liquor made ( _m well-rip5$ grapes1 collect$ & pluck$ f p>ticul> bran*es1 squeez$ 9 ! press1 & at la/ cl>ifi$ & f]m5t$ 9 a vessel4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 wond]ful t we %\ld n agree ) o!rs4 ,,cxxiv4 ,ano!r objection w )\t d\bt be made1 namely1 t we h n ourselves e/abli%$ a correct1 or ! be/ goal or aim ( ! sci5ces 7! v defect we blame 9 o!rs74 ,= !y w say t ! contemplation ( tru? is m dignifi$ & exalt$ ?an any utility or ext5t ( effects2 b t our dwell+ s long & anxi\sly on exp]i5ce & matt]1 & ! fluctuat+ /ate ( p>ticul>s1 fa/5s ! m9d to e>?1 or r ca/s x d[n into an abyss ( confusion & di/urbance1 & sep>ates & removes x f a mu* m div9e /ate1 ! quiet & tranquillity ( ab/ract wisdom4 ,we will+ly ass5t to _! reason+1 & are mo/ anxi\s to effect ! v po9t !y h9t at & require4 ,= we are f\nd+ a real model ( ! _w 9 ! und]/&+1 su* z x is f\nd to be1 n su* z man's reason has di/ort$4 ,n[ ?is _c be done )\t dissect+ & anatomiz+ ! _w mo/ dilig5tly2 b we decl>e x necess>y to de/roy completely ! va91 little &1 z x 71 api% imitations ( ! _w1 :i* h be5 =m$ 9 v>i\s sy/ems ( philosophy by m5's fancies4 ,let m5 le>n 7z we h said above7 ! diff]5ce t exi/s betwe5 ! idols ( ! human m9d & ! ideas ( ! div9e m9d4 ,! =m] are m]e arbitr>y ab/ractions2 ! latt] ! true m>ks ( ! ,creator on 8 creatures1 z !y are impr9t$ on1 & def9$ 9 matt]1 by true & exquisite t\*es4 ,tru?1 !re=e1 & utility1 are "h p]fectly id5tical1 & ! effects are ( m value z pl$ges ( tru? ?an f ! b5efit !y conf] on m54 ,,cxxv4 ,o!rs may object t we are only do+ t :i* has already be5 done1 & t ! anci5ts foll[$ ! same c\rse z ourselves4 ,!y may imag9e1 !re=e1 t1 aft] all ?is /ir & ex]tion1 we %all at la/ arrive at "s ( ^? sy/ems t prevail$ among ! anci5ts3 = t !y1 too1 :5 comm5c+ _! m$itations1 laid up a great /ore ( in/ances & p>ticul>s1 & dige/$ !m "u topics & titles 9 _! commonplace books1 & s work$ out _! sy/ems & arts1 & !n decid$ ^u :at !y discov]$1 & relat$ n[ & !n "s examples to confirm & ?r[ light ^u _! doctr9e2 b ?\ght x sup]flu\s & tr\blesome to publi% _! notes1 m9utes1 & commonplaces1 & !re=e foll[$ ! example ( build]s :o remove ! scaffold+ & ladd]s :5 ! build+ is f9i%$4 ,nor c we inde$ believe ! case to h be5 o!rwise4 ,b to any "o1 n entirely =getful ( our previ\s obs]vations1 x w be easy to answ] ?is objection or r scruple2 = we all[ t ! anci5ts _h a p>ticul> =m ( inve/igation & discov]y1 & _! writ+s %[ x4 ,b x 0 ( su* a nature1 t !y imm$iately flew f a few in/ances & p>ticul>s 7aft] add+ "s common notions1 & a few g5]ally receiv$ op9ions mo/ 9 vogue7 to ! mo/ g5]al conclusions or ! pr9ciples ( ! sci5ces1 & !n by _! int]m$iate propositions d$uc$ _! inf]ior conclusions1 & tri$ !m by ! te/ ( ! immovable & settl$ tru? ( ! fir/1 & s con/ruct$ _! art4 ,la/ly1 if "s new p>ticul>s & in/ances 7 br\ght =w>d1 :i* contradict$ _! dogmas1 !y ei!r ) great subtilty r$uc$ !m to "o sy/em1 by di/9ctions or explanations ( _! own rules1 or got rid ( !m clumsily z exceptions1 labor+ mo/ p]t9aci\sly 9 ! meantime to accommodate ! causes ( su* z 7 n contradictory to _! own pr9ciples4 ,_! natural hi/ory & _! exp]i5ce 7 bo? f> f be+ :at !y ought to h be51 & _! fly+ (f to g5]alities ru9$ ev]y?+4 ,,cxxvi4 ,ano!r objection w be made aga9/ u1 t we prohibit decisions & ! lay+ d[n ( c]ta9 pr9ciples1 till we arrive regul>ly at g5]alities by ! int]m$iate /eps1 & ?us keep ! judgm5t 9 susp5se & lead to unc]ta9ty4 ,b our object is n unc]ta9ty b fitt+ c]ta9ty1 = we d]ogate n f ! s5ses b assi/ !m1 & despise n ! und]/&+ b direct x4 ,x is bett] to "k :at is necess>y1 & n to imag9e we are fully 9 possession ( x1 ?an to imag9e t we are fully 9 possession ( x1 & yet 9 reality to "k no?+ :i* we ought4 ,,cxxvii4 ,aga91 "s may raise ?is "q r ?an objection1 :e!r we talk ( p]fect+ natural philosophy alone accord+ to our me?od1 or ! o!r sci5ces also1 su* z logic1 e?ics1 politics4 ,we c]ta9ly int5d to compreh5d !m all4 ,& z common logic1 :i* regulates matt]s by syllogisms1 is appli$ n only to natural1 b also to e o!r sci5ce1 s our inductive me?od likewise compreh5ds !m all4#fh ,= we =m a hi/ory & tables ( inv5tion = ang]1 fe>1 %ame1 & ! l1 & also = examples 9 civil life1 & ! m5tal op]ations ( memory1 composition1 division1 judgm5t1 & ! re/1 z well z = heat & cold1 light1 vegetation1 & ! l4 ,b s9ce our me?od ( int]pretation1 aft] prep>+ & arrang+ a hi/ory1 does n cont5t itself ) exam9+ ! op]ations & disquisitions ( ! m9d l common logic1 b also inspects ! nature ( ?+s1 we s regulate ! m9d t x may be enabl$ to apply itself 9 e respect correctly to t nature4 ,on t acc\nt we deliv] num]\s & v>i\s precepts 9 our doctr9e ( int]pretation1 s t !y may apply 9 "s measure to ! me?od ( discov]+ ! quality & condition ( ! subject matt] ( inve/igation4 ,,cxxviii4 ,let none ev5 d\bt :e!r we are anxi\s to de/roy & demoli% ! philosophy1 arts1 & sci5ces1 :i* are n[ 9 use4 ,on ! contr>y1 we readily *]i% _! practice1 cultivation1 & honor2 = we by no means int]f]e to prev5t ! preval5t sy/em f enc\rag+ discussion1 adorn+ disc\rses1 or be+ employ$ s]viceably 9 ! *air ( ! pr(essor or ! practice ( common life1 & be+ tak51 9 %ort1 by g5]al cons5t z curr5t co94 ,nay1 we pla9ly decl>e1 t ! sy/em we (f] w n be v suitable = su* purposes1 n be+ easily adapt$ to vulg> appreh5sions1 except by effects & works4 ,to %[ our s9c]ity 9 pr(ess+ our reg>d & fri5dly disposition t[>d ! receiv$ sci5ces1 we c ref] to ! evid5ce ( our publi%$ writ+s 7especially our books on ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+74 ,we w n1 !re=e1 endeavor to ev9ce x any fur!r by words2 b cont5t ourselves ) /eadily & pr(ess$ly premis+1 t no great progress c be made by ! pres5t me?ods 9 ! !ory or contemplation ( sci5ce1 & t !y _c be made to produce any v abundant effects4 ,,cxxix4 ,x rema9s = u to say a few words on ! excell5ce ( our propos$ end4 ,if we _h done s be=e1 we might h appe>$ m]ely to express our wi%es1 b n[ t we h excit$ hope & remov$ prejudices1 x w p]haps h great] weight4 ,_h we p]=m$ & completely accompli%$ ! :ole1 )\t frequ5tly call+ 9 o!rs to assi/ 9 our labors1 we %\ld !n h refra9$ f say+ any m1 le/ we %\ld be ?\ght to extol our own des]ts4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! indu/ry ( o!rs mu/ be quick5$1 & _! c\rage r\s$ & inflam$1 x is "r to recall "s po9ts to _! memory4 ,fir/1 !n1 ! introduction ( great inv5tions appe>s "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( human actions1 & ! anci5ts s consid]$ x2 = !y assign$ div9e honors to ! au?ors ( inv5tions1 b only h]oic honors to ^? :o display$ civil m]it 7su* z ! f\nd]s ( cities & empire legislators1 ! deliv]]s ( _! c\ntry f la/+ mis=tunes1 ! quell]s ( tyrants1 & ! l74 ,& if any "o rightly comp>e !m1 he w f9d ! judgm5t ( antiquity to be correct2 = ! b5efits d]iv$ f inv5tions may ext5d to mank9d 9 g5]al1 b civil b5efits to p>ticul> spots alone2 ! latt]1 moreov]1 la/ b = a "t1 ! =m] =ev]4 ,civil re=mation seldom is c>ri$ on )\t viol5ce & confusion1 :ile inv5tions are a bless+ & a b5efit )\t injur+ or afflict+ any4 ,inv5tions are also1 z x 71 new creations & imitations ( div9e works1 z 0 express$ by ! poet3#fi 8,primum frugif]os ftus mortalibus gris ,didid]ant quondam pr/anti nom9e ,a!n ,et recreav]unt vitam legesque rog>unt40 ,& x is wor?y ( rem>k 9 ,solomon1 t :ile he fl\ri%$ 9 ! possession ( 8 empire1 9 weal?1 9 ! magnific5ce ( 8 works1 9 8 c\rt1 8 h\sehold1 8 fleet1 ! spl5dor ( 8 "n1 & ! mo/ unb\nd$ admiration ( mank9d1 he /ill plac$ 8 glory 9 none ( ^!1 b decl>$#gj t x is ! glory ( ,god to conceal a ?+1 b ! glory ( a k+ to se>* x out4 ,aga91 let any "o b consid] ! imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 m5's lives 9 ! mo/ poli%$ c\ntries ( ,europe1 & 9 any wild & b>b>\s region ( ! new ,indies1 he w ?9k x s great1 t man may be said to be a god unto man1 n only on acc\nt ( mutual aid & b5efits1 b f _! comp>ative /ates--! result ( ! arts1 & n ( ! soil or climate4 ,aga91 we %\ld notice ! =ce1 effect1 & consequ5ces ( inv5tions1 :i* are n[h]e m conspicu\s ?an 9 ^? ?ree :i* 7 unkn[n to ! anci5ts2 namely1 pr9t+1 gunp[d]1 & ! compass4 ,= ^! ?ree h *ang$ ! appe>ance & /ate ( ! :ole _w3 fir/ 9 lit]ature1 !n 9 w>f>e1 & la/ly 9 navigation2 & innum]able *anges h be5 !nce d]iv$1 s t no empire1 sect1 or />1 appe>s to h ex]cis$ a great] p[] & influ5ce on human affairs ?an ^! me*anical discov]ies4 ,x w1 p]haps1 be z well to di/+ui% ?ree species & degrees ( ambition4 ,fir/1 t ( m5 :o are anxi\s to enl>ge _! own p[] 9 _! c\ntry1 :i* is a vulg> & deg5]ate k9d2 next1 t ( m5 :o /rive to enl>ge ! p[] & empire ( _! c\ntry ov] mank9d1 :i* is m dignifi$ b n less covet\s2 b if "o 7 to endeavor to r5ew & enl>ge ! p[] & empire ( mank9d 9 g5]al ov] ! univ]se1 su* ambition 7if x may be s t]m$7 is bo? m s\nd & m noble ?an ! o!r two4 ,n[ ! empire ( man ov] ?+s is f\nd$ on ! arts & sci5ces alone1 = nature is only to be comm&$ by obey+ h]4 ,besides ?is1 if ! b5efit ( any p>ticul> inv5tion has _h su* an effect z to induce m5 to consid] him great] ?an a man1 :o has ?us oblig$ ! :ole race1 h[ mu* m exalt$ w t discov]y be1 :i* leads to ! easy discov]y ( ev]y?+ else6 ,yet 7to speak ! tru?7 9 ! same mann] z we are v ?ankful = light :i* enables u to ent] on our way1 to practice arts1 to read1 to di/+ui% ea* o!r1 & yet sight is m excell5t & beautiful ?an ! v>i\s uses ( light2 s is ! contemplation ( ?+s z !y are1 free f sup]/ition or impo/ure1 error or confusion1 mu* m dignifi$ 9 itself ?an all ! advantage to be d]iv$ f discov]ies4 ,la/ly1 let none be al>m$ at ! objection ( ! arts & sci5ces becom+ deprav$ to malevol5t or luxuri\s purposes & ! l1 = ! same c be said ( e worldly good2 tal5t1 c\rage1 /r5g?1 beauty1 ri*es1 light itself1 & ! re/4 ,only let mank9d rega9 _! rights ov] nature1 assign$ to !m by ! gift ( ,god1 & obta9 t p[]1 ^: ex]cise w be gov]n$ by "r reason & true religion4 ,,cxxx4 ,b x is "t = u to lay d[n ! art ( int]pret+ nature1 to :i* we attribute no absolute necessity 7z if no?+ c\ld be done )\t x7 nor p]fection1 al?\gh we ?9k t our precepts are mo/ useful & correct4 ,= we are ( op9ion1 t if m5 _h at _! comm& a prop] hi/ory ( nature & exp]i5ce1 & w\ld apply !mselves /eadily to x1 & c\ld b9d !mselves to two ?+s3 #a1 to lay aside receiv$ op9ions & notions2 #b1 to re/ra9 !mselves1 till ! prop] season1 f g5]alization1 !y might1 by ! prop] & g5u9e ex]tion ( _! m9ds1 fall into our way ( int]pretation )\t ! aid ( any art4 ,= int]pretation is ! true & natural act ( ! m9d1 :5 all ob/acles are remov$3 c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 ev]y?+ w be m ready & bett] fix$ by our precepts4 ,yet d we n affirm t no addition c be made to !m2 on ! contr>y1 consid]+ ! m9d 9 its connection ) ?+s1 & n m]ely relatively to its own p[]s1 we ought to be p]suad$ t ! art ( inv5tion c be made to gr[ ) ! inv5tions !mselves4 ,,footnotes #b ,bacon uses ! t]m 9 its anci5t s5se1 & means "o :o1 kn[+ ! occult prop]ties ( bodies1 is able to />tle ! ignorant by draw+ out ( !m wond]ful & un=ese5 *anges4 ,see ! #he? aphorism ( ?is book1 & ! #e? cap4 book iii4 ( ! ,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um1 :]e he speaks m cle>ly4--,ed4 #c ,by ?is t]m axiomata1 ,bacon "h speaks ( g5]al pr9ciples1 or univ]sal laws4 ,9 ! #ai? aphorism he employs ! t]m to express any proposition collect$ f facts by induction1 & ?us fitt$ to become ! />t+-po9t ( d$uctive reason+4 ,9 ! la/ & m rigor\s s5se ( ! t]m1 ,bacon held !y arose f exp]i5ce4 ,see ,:ewell's 8,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces10 vol4 i4 p4 #gd2 & ,mill's 8,logic10 vol4 i4 p4 #caa2 & ! ,june 8,qu>t]ly10 #ahda1 = ! mod]n phase ( ! discussion4--,ed4 #d ,bacon "h attributes to ! ,ari/otelian logic ! errone\s consequ5ces :i* sprung out ( its abuse4 ,! demon/rative =ms x exhibits1 :e!r v]bally or ma!matically express$1 are necess>y to ! support1 v]ification1 & ext5sion ( induction1 & :5 ! propositions !y embrace are f\nd$ on an accurate & close obs]vation ( facts1 ! conclusions to :i* !y lead1 ev5 9 moral sci5ce1 may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 z ! facts wre/$ out ( nature by direct exp]im5t4 ,9 physics su* =ms are absolutely requir$ to g5]alize ! results ( exp]i5ce1 & to connect int]m$iate axioms ) laws /ill m g5]al1 z is suffici5tly atte/$ by ! fact1 t no sci5ce s9ce ,bacon's day has ceas$ to be exp]im5tal by ! m]e me?od ( induction1 & t all become exact only s f> z !y rise above exp]i5ce1 & connect _! isolat$ ph5om5a ) g5]al laws by ! pr9ciples ( d$uctive reason+4 ,s f>1 !n1 are ^! =ms f be+ useless1 t !y are absolutely ess5tial to ! advancem5t ( ! sci5ces1 & 9 no case c be look$ on z detrim5tal1 except :5 obtrud$ 9 ! place ( direct exp]im5t1 or employ$ z a means ( d$uc+ conclusions ab\t nature f imag9>y hypo!ses & ab/ract conceptions4 ,?is _h be5 un=tunately ! practice ( ! ,greeks4 ,f ! rapid developm5t geometry receiv$ 9 _! h&s1 !y imag9$ ! same me?od w\ld lead to results equally brilliant 9 natural sci5ce1 & snat*+ up "s ab/ract pr9ciple1 :i* !y c>efully remov$ f ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 imag9$ !y c\ld reason out f x all ! laws & ext]nal appe>ances ( ! univ]se4 ,! s*ola/ics 7 impell$ along ! same pa?1 n only by prec$5t1 b by pr(ession4 ,!ology 0 ! only sci5ce :i* receiv$ f !m a consi/5t developm5t1 & ! priori gr\nds on :i* x re/$ prev5t$ !m f employ+ any o!r me?od 9 ! pursuit ( natural ph5om5a4 ,?us1 =ms ( demon/ration1 9 !mselves accurate1 & ( mom5t\s value 9 _! prop] sph]e1 became conf\nd$ ) fable1 & l$ m5 into ! idea !y 7 explor+ tru? :5 !y 7 only accurately d$uc+ error f error4 ,"o pr9ciple ev] s slightly deflect$1 l a false quantity 9 an equation1 c\ld be suffici5t to infect ! :ole s]ies ( conclusions ( :i* x 0 ! base2 & ?\gh ! philosoph] might subsequ5tly d$uce a ?\s& consecutive inf]5ces ) ! utmo/ accuracy or precision1 he w\ld only succe$ 9 draw+ out v me?odically n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e errors4--,ed4 #e ,x w\ld appe> f ?is & ! two prec$+ aphorisms1 t ,bacon fell into ! error ( d5y+ ! utility ( ! syllogism 9 ! v "p ( inductive sci5ce :]e x is ess5tially requir$4 ,logic1 l ma!matics1 is purely a =mal process1 & mu/1 z ! scaffold+ to ! build+1 be employ$ to arrange facts 9 ! /ructure ( a sci5ce1 & n to =m any portion ( its gr\ndwork1 or to supply ! mat]ials ( :i* ! sy/em is to be compos$4 ,! ^w syllogism1 l mo/ o!r psy*ological t]ms1 has no fix$ or orig9al signification1 b is sometimes employ$1 z x 0 by ! ,greeks1 to d5ote g5]al reason+1 & at o!rs to po9t out ! =mal me?od ( d$uc+ a p>ticul> inf]5ce f two or m g5]al propositions4 ,bacon does n conf9e ! t]m )9 ! b\nd>ies ( express def9ition1 b leaves u to inf] t he took x 9 ! latt] s5se1 f 8 cu/om ( associat+ ! t]m ) ! wrangl+s ( ! s*ools4 ,! s*ola/ics1 x is true1 abus$ ! d$uctive syllogism1 by employ+ x 9 its nak$1 skeleton-l =m1 & conf\nd+ x ) ! :ole bread? ( logical !ory2 b _! errors are n to be visit$ on ,ari/otle1 :o nev] dream$ ( play+ ) =mal syllogisms1 &1 lea/ ( all1 mi/ook ! desc5d+ = ! asc5d+ s]ies ( inf]5ce4 ,9 our m9d we are ( accord ) ! ,/agyrite1 :o prop\nds1 z f> z we c int]pret him1 two modes ( inve/igat+ tru?--! "o by :i* we asc5d f p>ticul> & s+ul> facts to g5]al laws & axioms1 & ! o!r by :i* we desc5d f univ]sal propositions to ! individual cases :i* !y virtually include4 ,logic1 !re=e1 mu/ equally v9dicate ! =mal purity ( ! syn!tic illation by :i* x asc5ds to ! :ole1 z ! analytic process by :i* x desc5ds to ! p>ts4 ,! d$uctive & inductive syllogism are ( equal significance 9 build+ up any body ( tru?1 & :oev] re/ricts logic to ei!r process1 mi/akes "o-half ( its prov9ce = ! :ole2 & if he acts ^u 8 error1 w p>alyze 8 me?ods1 & /rike ! noble/ "p ( sci5ce ) /]ility4--,ed4 #f ,! ,lat9 is1 ad ea qu rev]a sunt natur notiora4 ,?is expression1 natur notiora1 natur notior1 is s frequ5tly employ$ by ,bacon1 t we may conclude x to po9t to "s di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! ,baconian physics4 ,x prop]ly ref]s to ! mo/ evid5t pr9ciples & laws ( nature1 & spr+s f t sy/em :i* reg>ds ! mat]ial univ]se z end[$ ) intellig5ce1 & act+ accord+ to rules ei!r fa%ion$ or cle>ly und]/ood by itself4--,ed4 #g ,?is ,borgia 0 ,alex&] ,,vi41 & ! exp$ition allud$ to t 9 :i* ,*>les ,,viii4 ov]ran ! ,italian p59sula 9 five mon?s4 ,bacon uses ! same illu/ration 9 conclud+ 8 survey ( natural philosophy1 9 ! second book ( ! 8,de ,augm5tis40--,ed4 #h ,ratio eorum qui acatalepsiam t5u]unt4 ,bacon alludes to ! memb]s ( ! lat] academy1 :o held ! 1 or ! impossibility ( compreh5d+ any?+4 ,8 translator1 h[ev]1 makes him ref] to ! sceptics1 :o nei!r dogmatiz$ ab\t ! kn[n or ! unkn[n1 b simply held1 t z all k 0 relative1 1 man c\ld nev] arrive at absolute tru?1 & !re=e c\ld n ) c]ta9ty affirm or d5y any?+4--,ed4 #i ,x is argu$ by ,hallam1 ) "s appe>ance ( tru?1 t idols is n ! correct translation ( 1 f :i* ! orig9al idola is manife/ly d]iv$2 b t ,bacon us$ x 9 ! lit]al s5se atta*$ to x by ! ,greeks1 z a species ( illusion1 or false appe>ance1 & n z a species ( div9ity be=e :i* ! m9d b[s d[n4 ,if ,hallam be "r1 ,bacon is sav$ f ! odium ( an analogy :i* 8 =eign comm5tators are n f> wrong 9 d5\nc+ z b>b>\s2 b ?is s]vice is r5d]$ at ! exp5se ( ! m5 :o h atta*$ an opposite mean+ to ! ^w1 among :om are ,br[n1 ,playfair & ,dugald ,/ew>t4--,ed4 #aj ,we _c see h[ ^! idols h less to d ) sophi/ical p>alogisms ?an ) natural philosophy4 ,! process ( sci5tific induction involves only ! fir/ elem5ts ( reason+1 & pres5ts su* a cle> & tangible surface1 z to all[ no lurk+-place = prejudice2 :ile que/ions ( politics & morals1 to :i* ! d$uctive me?od1 or common logic1 z ,bacon calls x1 is peculi>ly applicable1 are ev] liable to be sway$ or p]v]t$ by ! prejudices he enum]ates4 ,aft] ma!matics1 physical sci5ce is ! lea/ am5able to ! illusions ( feel+2 ea* portion hav+ be5 already te/$ by exp]im5t & obs]vation1 is fitt$ into its place 9 ! sy/em1 ) all ! rigor ( ! geometrical me?od2 affection or prejudice _c1 z 9 matt]s ( ta/e1 hi/ory or religion1 select fragm5t>y pieces1 & =m a sy/em ( _! own4 ,! :ole mu/ be admitt$1 or ! /ructure ( au?oritative reason raz$ to ! gr\nd4 ,x is ne$less to say t ! idols enum]at$ pres5t only ano!r int]pretation ( ! sub/ance ( logical fallacies4--,ed4 #aa ,! prop5sity to ?is illusion may be view$ 9 ! _s ( sy/em1 or ha/y g5]alization1 :i* is /ill "o ( ! *ief ob/acles 9 ! pa? ( mod]n sci5ce4--,ed4 #ab ,?\gh ,kepl] _h1 :5 ,bacon wrote ?is1 already demon/rat$ 8 ?ree great laws conc]n+ ! elliptical pa? ( ! planets1 nei!r ,bacon nor ,desc>tes seems to h kn[n or ass5t$ to 8 discov]ies4 ,our au?or deem$ ! />tl+ a/ronomical ann\ncem5ts ( 8 "t to be m]e !oretic solutions ( ! ph5om5a ( ! heav5s1 n s p]fect z ^? advanc$ by antiquity1 b /ill des]v+ a praise = ! +5uity display$ 9 _! contrivance4 ,bacon believ$ a hundr$ su* sy/ems might exi/1 & ?\gh true 9 _! explanation ( ph5om5a1 yet might all m or less diff]1 accord+ to ! preconceiv$ notions :i* _! fram]s br\ght to ! survey ( ! heav5s4 ,he ev5 ?\ght he might put 9 8 claim to ! notice ( po/]ity = 8 a/ronomical +5uity1 &1 z ,ptolemy _h labor$ by means ( epicycles & ecc5trics1 & ,kepl] ) ellipses1 to expla9 ! laws ( planet>y motion1 ,bacon ?\ght ! my/]y w\ld unfold itself q z philosophically ?r\gh spiral labyr9?s & s]p5t9e l9es4 ,:at ! details ( 8 sy/em 71 we are left to conjecture1 & t f a v meagre b nave acc\nt ( "o ( 8 inv5tions :i* he has left 9 8 ,miscellany ,,mss4--,ed4 #ac ,h9c elem5tum ignis cum orbe suo introductum e/4 ,bacon saw 9 fire ! m]e result ( a c]ta9 comb9ation ( action1 & 0 consequ5tly l$ to d5y its elem5t>y "*4 ,! anci5t physici/s attribut$ an orbit to ea* ( ! f\r elem5ts1 into :i* !y resolv$ ! univ]se1 & suppos$ _! sph]es to involve ea* o!r4 ,! orbit ( ! e>? 0 9 ! c5tre1 t ( fire at ! circumf]5ce4 ,= ,bacon's inquisition into ! nature ( heat1 & its complete failure1 see ! comm5cem5t ( ! second book ( ! ,novum ,organum4--,ed4 #ad ,rob]t ,fludd is ! !ori/ allud$ to1 :o _h suppos$ ! gravity ( ! e>? to be t5 times heavi] ?an wat]1 t ( wat] t5 times heavi] ?an air1 & t ( air t5 times heavi] ?an fire4--,ed4 #ae ,diagoras4 ,! same allusion occurs 9 ! second "p ( ! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 :]e ,bacon treats ( ! idols ( ! m9d4 #af ,a s*ola/ic t]m1 to signify ! two et]nities ( pa/ & future duration1 t /ret* out on bo? sides ( ! n>r[ i/hmus 7"t7 occupi$ by man4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,bacon liv$ be=e ! doctr9e ( limits gave rise to ! high] calculus1 & !re=e c\ld h no conception ( diff]5t d5om9ations ( inf9ities3 on ! o!r h& he w\ld h ?\ght ! man insane :o %\ld h talk$ to him ab\t l9es inf9itely great1 inclos+ angles inf9itely little2 t a "r l9e1 :i* is a "r l9e s long z x is f9ite1 by *ang+ inf9itely little its direction1 becomes an inf9ite curve1 & t a curve may become inf9itely less ?an ano!r curve2 t !re are inf9ite squ>es & inf9ite cubes1 & inf9ites ( inf9ites1 all great] ?an "o ano!r1 & ! la/ b "o ( :i* is no?+ 9 comp>ison ) ! la/4 ,yet half a c5tury suffic$ f ,bacon's "t1 to make ?is nom5clature1 :i* w\ld h appe>$ to him ! excess ( fr5zy1 n only reasonable b necess>y1 to grasp ! high] demon/rations ( physical sci5ce4--,ed4 #ag ,sp9oza1 9 8 lett] to ,old5b]g 7,op4 ,po/h4 p4 #cih71 consid]s ?is aphorism bas$ on a wrong conception ( ! orig9 ( error1 &1 believ+ x to be fundam5tal1 0 l$ to reject ,bacon's me?od altoge!r4 ,sp9oza refus$ to ackn[l$ge 9 man any su* ?+ z a w1 & resolv$ all 8 volitions into p>ticul> acts1 :i* he consid]$ to be z fatally det]m9$ by a *a9 ( physical causes z any effects 9 nature4--,ed4 #ah ,op]atio spirituum 9 corporibus tangibilibus4 ,bacon di/+ui%$ ) ! s*ools ! gross & tangible p>ts ( bodies1 f su* z 7 volatile & intangible4 ,^!1 9 con=mity ) ! s*ola/ic language1 he t]ms spirits1 & frequ5tly returns to _! op]ations 9 ! #b;d book4--,ed4 #ai ,democritus1 ( ,abd]a1 a disciple ( ,leucippus1 born ,b4,c4 #dgj1 di$ #cfj2 all 8 works are de/roy$4 ,he is said to be ! au?or ( ! doctr9e ( atoms3 he d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & fir/ taught t ! milky way 0 occasion$ by a confus$ light f a multitude ( />s4 ,he may be consid]$ z ! p>5t ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 9 ! prosecution ( :i* he 0 s ard5t z to decl>e t he w\ld pref] ! discov]y ( "o ( ! causes ( natural ph5om5a1 to ! possession ( ! diadem ( ,p]sia4 ,democritus impos$ on ! bl9d cr$ulity ( 8 contempor>ies1 &1 l ,rog] ,bacon1 a/oni%$ !m by 8 inv5tions4--,ed4 #bj ,! ,lat9 is actus purus1 ano!r s*ola/ic expression to d5ote ! action ( ! sub/ance1 :i* composes ! ess5ce ( ! body ap>t f its accid5tal qualities4 ,= an exposition ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( motions he contemplates1 ! read] may ref] to ! #dh? aphorism ( ! #b;d book4--,ed4 #ba ,! s*ola/ics aft] ,ari/otle di/+ui%$ 9 a subject ?ree modes ( be+s3 viz41 ! p[] or faculty1 ! act1 & ! habitude1 or 9 o!r words t :i* is able to exi/1 :at exi/s actually1 & :at cont9ues to exi/4 ,bacon means t is necess>y to fix our att5tion n on t :i* c or ought to be1 b on t :i* actually is2 n on ! "r1 b on ! fact4--,ed4 #bb ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ?is is to suspect t k9d ( evid5ce :i* is mo/ consonant to our incl9ations1 & n to admit any notion z real except we c base x firmly ^u t k9d ( demon/ration :i* is peculi> to ! subject1 n to our impression4 ,sometimes ! mode ( pro( may be consonant to our incl9ations1 & to ! subject at ! same "t1 z 9 ! case ( ,py?agoras1 :5 he appli$ 8 belov$ numb]s to ! solution ( a/ronomical ph5om5a2 or 9 t ( ,desc>tes1 :5 he reason$ geometrically conc]n+ ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,su* examples _c be c5sur$ ) ju/ice1 inasmu* z ! me?ods pursu$ 7 adapt$ to ! end ( ! inquiry4 ,! rem>k 9 ! text c only apply to ^? philosoph]s :o attempt to build up a moral or !ological sy/em by ! in/rum5ts ( induction alone1 or :o ru%1 ) ! geometrical axiom1 & ! priori syllogism1 to ! inve/igation ( nature4 ,! means 9 su* cases are totally inadequate to ! object 9 view4--,ed4 #bc ,gilb]t liv$ t[>d ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & 0 c\rt physician to bo? ,elizabe? & ,james4 ,9 8 "w allud$ to 9 ! text he cont9ually ass]ts ! advantages ( ! exp]im5tal ov] ! priori me?od 9 physical inquiry1 & succe$$ :5 8 c5sor fail$ 9 giv+ a practical example ( ! utility ( 8 precepts4 ,8 8,de ,magnete0 conta9s all ! fundam5tal p>ts ( ! sci5ce1 & ^! s p]fectly treat$1 t we h no?+ to add to !m at ! pres5t day4 ,gilb]t adopt$ ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 & ev5 spoke ( ! contr>y !ory z utt]ly absurd1 gr\nd+ 8 argum5t on ! va/ velocities :i* su* a supposition requires u to ascribe to ! heav5ly bodies4--,ed4 #bd ,! ,lat9 text adds 8)\t end02 b ,bacon is sc>cely "r 9 suppos+ t ! desc5t f complex ideas & propositions to ^? ( simple nature1 involve ! analy/ 9 a s]ies ( cont9u\s & int]m9able def9itions4 ,= 9 ! gradual & analytical scale1 !re is a b> beyond :i* we _c g1 z !re is a summit b\nd$ by ! limit$ v>iations ( our conceptions4 ,logical def9itions1 to fulfil _! conditions1 or inde$ to be ( any avail1 mu/ be giv5 9 simpl] t]ms ?an ! object :i* is s\ght to be def9$2 n[ ?is1 9 ! case ( primordial notions & objects ( s5se1 is impossible2 !re=e we are oblig$ to re/ satisfi$ ) ! m]e names ( our p]ceptions4--,ed4 #be ,! anci5ts suppos$ ! planets to describe an exact circle r\nd ! s\?4 ,z obs]vations increas$ & facts 7 disclos$1 :i* 7 irreconcilable ) ?is supposition1 ! e>? 0 remov$ f ! c5tre to "s o!r po9t 9 ! circle1 & ! planets 7 suppos$ to revolve 9 a small] circle 7epicycle7 r\nd an imag9>y po9t1 :i* 9 its turn describ$ a circle ( :i* ! e>? 0 ! c5tre4 ,9 proportion z obs]vation elicit$ fre% facts1 contradictory to ^! repres5tations1 o!r epicycles & ecc5trics 7 add$1 involv+ additional confusion4 ,?\gh ,kepl] _h swept away all ^! complicat$ !ories 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 by ! demon/ration ( 8 ?ree laws1 :i* e/abli%$ ! elliptical c\rse ( ! planets1 ,bacon reg>d$ him & ,cop]nicus 9 ! same light z ,ptolemy & ,x5ophanes4--,ed4 #bf ,emp$ocles1 ( ,agrig5tum1 fl\ri%$ #ddd ,b4,c4 ,he 0 ! disciple ( ,telanges ! ,py?agorean1 & w>mly adopt$ ! doctr9e ( transmigration4 ,he resolv$ ! univ]se into ! f\r ord9>y elem5ts1 ! pr9ciples ( ^: composition 7 life & happ9ess1 or concord & amity1 b ^: decomposition br\ght =? dea? & evil1 or discord & hatr$4 ,h]aclitus held matt] to be indiff]5t to any peculi> =m1 b z x became r>] or m d5se1 x took ! appe>ance ( fire1 air1 e>? & wat]4 ,fire1 h[ev]1 he believ$ to be ! elem5t>y pr9ciple out ( :i* ! o!rs 7 evolv$4 ,?is 0 also ! belief ( ,lucretius4 ,see book i4 #ghc1 etc4 #bg ,x is ?us ! ,vulcani/s & ,neptunians h fram$ _! opposite !ories 9 geology4 ,phr5ology is a mod]n in/ance ( ha/y g5]alization4--,ed4 #bh ,9 ,scripture ev]y?+ :i* conc]ns ! pass+ int]e/s ( ! body is call$ dead2 ! only liv+ k hav+ reg>d to ! et]nal int]e/ ( ! s\l4--,ed4 #bi ,9 me*anics & ! g5]al sci5ces1 causes comp\nd _! effects1 or 9 o!r words1 x is g5]ally possible to d$uce priori ! consequ5ce ( introduc+ complex ag5cies into any exp]im5t1 by all[+ = ! effect ( ea* ( ! simple causes :i* ent] into _! composition4 ,9 *emi/ry & physiology a contr>y law holds2 ! causes :i* !y embody g5]ally unit+ to =m di/9ct sub/ances1 & to introduce un=ese5 laws & comb9ations4 ,! d$uctive me?od "h is consequ5tly inapplicable1 & we are =c$ back ^u exp]im5t4 ,bacon 9 ! text is h>dly consi/5t ) himself1 z he admits 9 ! second book ! doctr9e1 to :i* mod]n discov]y po9ts1 ( ! reciprocal transmutation ( ! elem5ts4 ,:at seem$ poetic fiction 9 ! !ories ( ,py?agoras & ,s5eca1 assumes ! appe>ance ( sci5tific fact 9 ! h&s ( ,b>on ,cayn>d4--,ed4 #cj ,galileo _h rec5tly adopt$ ! notion t nature abhorr$ a vacuum = an axiomatic pr9ciple1 & x 0 n till ,torricelli1 8 disciple1 _h giv5 practical pro( ( ! utility ( ,bacon's me?od1 by ! discov]y ( ! b>omet] 7#afdc7 t ?is error1 z also t express$ bel[1 & believ$ by ,bacon1 conc]n+ ! homopa?ic t5d5cies ( bodies1 0 de/roy$4--,ed4 #ca ,donec ad mat]iam pot5tialem et in=mem v5tum fu]it4 ,ne>ly all ! anci5t philosoph]s admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( a c]ta9 primitive & %apeless matt] z ! sub/ratum ( ?+s :i* ! creative p[] _h r$uc$ to fix$ proportions1 & resolv$ into specific sub/ances4 ,! expression pot5tial matt] ref]s to t sub/ance =m+ ! basis ( ! ,p]ipatetic sy/em1 :i* virtually conta9$ all ! =ms t x 0 9 ! p[] ( ! effici5t cause to draw out ( x4--,ed4 #cb ,an allusion to ! humanity ( ! ,sultans1 :o1 9 _! e>li] hi/ories are repres5t$ z signaliz+ _! accession to ! ?rone by ! de/ruction ( _! family1 to remove ! dang] ( rivalry & ! t]rors ( civil w>4--,ed4 #cc ,! text is 89 odium vet]um sophi/>um1 ,protagor1 ,hippi1 et reliquorum40 ,^? 7 call$ sophi/s1 :o1 o/5tationis aut que/us causa philosophabantur4 7,acad4 ,prior4 ii4 #gb47 ,!y _h corrupt$ & degrad$ philosophy be=e ,socrates4 ,protagoras ( ,abd]a 771 ! mo/ celebrat$1 taught t man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 by :i* he meant n only t all :i* c be kn[n is kn[n only z x relat$ to our faculties1 b also t ap>t f our faculties no?+ c be kn[n4 ,! sceptics equally held t k 0 probable only z x relat$ to our faculties1 b !y /opp$ !re1 & did n1 l ! sophi/1 dogmatize ab\t ! unkn[n4 ,! works ( ,protagoras 7 condemn$ = _! impiety1 & publicly burn$ by ! diles ( ,a!ns1 :o appe> to h dis*>g$ ! (fice ( common hangm5 to ! lit]>y blasphem]s ( _! day4--,ed4 #cd ,bacon is h>dly correct 9 imply+ t ! enum]ationem p] simplicem 0 ! only light 9 :i* ! anci5ts look$ ^u induction1 z !y appe> to h reg>d$ x z only "o1 & t ! lea/ important1 ( its species4 ,ari/otle expressly consid]s induction 9 a p]fect or dialectic s5se1 & 9 an imp]fect or rhetorical s5se4 ,?us if a g5us 7,g71 conta9s f\r species 7,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d71 ! syllogism w\ld lead u to inf]1 t :at is true ( ,g1 is true ( any "o ( ! f\r4 ,b p]fect induction w\ld reason1 t :at we c prove ( ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 sep>ately1 we may prop]ly /ate z true ( ,g1 ! :ole g5us4 ,?is is evid5tly a =mal argum5t z demon/rative z ! syllogism4 ,9 necess>y matt]s1 h[ev]1 legitimate induction may claim a wid] prov9ce1 & inf] ( ! :ole g5us :at is only app>5t 9 a "p ( ! species4 ,su* are ^? inductive inf]5ces :i* conc]n ! laws ( nature1 ! immutability ( =ms1 by :i* ,bacon /rove to erect 8 new sy/em ( philosophy4 ,! ,/agyrite1 h[ev]1 look$ ^u enum]ationem p] simplicem1 )\t any reg>d to ! nature ( ! matt]1 or to ! complet5ess ( ! species1 ) z mu* repreh5sive caution z ,bacon1 & gu>d$ 8 read]s aga9/ x z ! s\rce ( innum]able errors4--,ed4 #ce ,see ,ax4 lxi4 t[>d ! end4 ,?is subject ext5ds to ,ax4 lxxviii4 #cf ,gorgias ( ,leontium w5t to ,a!ns 9 #dbd ,b4,c4 ,he & ,polus 7 disciples ( ,emp$ocles1 :om we h already notic$ 7,aphorism #fc71 :]e he su/a9$ ! ?ree fam\s propositions1 t no?+ exi/s1 t no?+ c be kn[n1 & t x is out ( ! p[] ( man to transmit or communicate intellig5ce4 ,he is reckon$ "o ( ! e>lie/ writ]s on ! art ( rhetoric1 & = t reason1 ,plato call$ 8 elegant dialogue on t subject aft] 8 "n4 #cg ,*rysippus1 a /oic philosoph] ( ,soli 9 ,cilicia1 ,campe/ris1 born 9 #bhj1 di$ 9 ! #adc;d ,olympiad1 #bjh ,b4,c4 ,he 0 equally di/+ui%$ = natural abilities & indu/ry1 seldom suff]+ a day to elapse )\t writ+ #ejj l9es4 ,he wrote sev]al hundr$ volumes1 ( :i* ?ree hundr$ 7 on logical subjects2 b 9 all1 borr[$ l>gely f o!rs4 ,he 0 v fond ( ! sorites 9 argum5t1 :i* is h5ce call$ by ,p]sius ! heap ( ,*rysippus4 ,he 0 call$ ! ,column ( ! ,portico1 a "n giv5 to ! ,/oical ,s*ool f ,z5o1 its f\nd]1 :o _h giv5 8 lessons "u ! portico4 ,c>neades1 born ab\t #bae1 di$ 9 #acj4 ,he atta*$ himself to ,*rysippus1 & su/a9$ ) clat ! scepticism ( ! academy4 ,! ,a!nians s5t him ) ,critolaus & ,diog5es z ambassador to ,rome1 :]e he attract$ ! att5tion ( 8 new auditory by ! subtilty ( 8 reason+1 & ! flu5cy & vehem5ce ( 8 language4 ,be=e ,galba & ,cato ! ,c5sor1 he h>angu$ ) great v>iety ( ?\ght & copi\sness ( diction 9 praise ( ju/ice4 ,! next day1 to e/abli% 8 doctr9e ( ! unc]ta9ty ( human k1 he und]took to refute all 8 argum5ts4 ,he ma9ta9$ ) ! ,new ,academy1 t ! s5ses1 ! imag9ation1 & ! und]/&+ frequ5tly deceive u1 & !re=e _c be infallible judges ( tru?1 b t f ! impressions produc$ on ! m9d by means ( ! s5ses1 we inf] appe>ances ( tru? or probabilities4 ,nev]!less1 ) respect to ! conduct ( life1 ,c>neades held t probable op9ions are a suffici5t guide4 ,x5ophanes1 a ,greek philosoph]1 ( ,colophon1 born 9 #eef1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,eleatic s*ool1 :i* owes its fame pr9cipally to ,p>m5ides4 ,wild 9 8 op9ions ab\t a/ronomy1 he suppos$ t ! />s 7 ext+ui%$ e morn+1 & rek9dl$ at night2 t eclipses 7 occasion$ by ! tempor>y ext9ction ( ! sun1 & t !re 7 sev]al suns = ! conv5i5ce ( ! diff]5t climates ( ! e>?4 ,yet ?is man held ! *air ( philosophy at ,a!ns = sev5ty ye>s4 ,philolaus1 a ,py?agorean philosoph] ( ,crotona1 ,b4,c4 #cgd4 ,he fir/ support$ ! diurnal motion ( ! e>? r\nd its axis1 & its annual motion r\nd ! sun4 ,cic]o 7,acad4 iv4 #ci7 has ascrib$ ?is op9ion to ! ,syracusan philosoph] ,nicetas1 & likewise to ,plato4 ,f ?is passage1 x is mo/ probable t ,cop]nicus got ! idea ( ! sy/em he aft]w>d e/abli%$4 ,bacon1 9 ! ,advancem5t ( ,human ,le>n+1 *>ges ,gilb]t ) re/or+ ! doctr9es ( ,philolaus1 because he v5tur$ to support ! ,cop]nican !ory4--,ed4 #ch ,bacon is equally conspicu\s = ! use & abuse ( analogical illu/rations4 ,! levity1 z ,/u>t ,mill v prop]ly obs]ves1 by :i* sub/ances float on a /ream1 & ! levity :i* is synonym\s ) wor?lessness1 h no?+ beside ! "n 9 common2 & to %[ h[ little value !re is 9 ! figure1 we ne$ only *ange ! ^w into buoyancy1 to turn ! semblance ( ,bacon's argum5t aga9/ himself4--,ed4 #ci ,we h be=e obs]v$1 t ! ,new ,academy did n pr(ess skepticism1 b ! 1 or incompreh5sibility ( ! absolute ess5ces ( ?+s4 ,ev5 mod]n physici/s are n want+1 to ass]t ) ?is s*ool t ! utmo/ k we c obta9 is relative1 & necess>ily %ort ( absolute c]ta9ty4 ,x is n )\t an appe>ance ( tru? t ^! philosoph]s ma9ta9 t our ideas & p]ceptions d n express ! nature ( ! ?+s :i* !y repres5t1 b only ! effects ( ! peculi> organs by :i* !y are convey$ to ! und]/&+1 s t 7 ^! organs *ang$1 we %\ld h diff]5t conceptions ( _! nature4 ,t con/itution ( air :i* is d>k to man is lum9\s to bats & owls4 #dj ,ow+ to ! univ]sal preval5ce ( ,ari/otelism4 #da ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 t :5 ,bacon wrote1 algebra 0 9 its infancy1 & ! doctr9e ( units & inf9itesimals undiscov]$4 #db ,because ! vulg> make up ! ov]:elm+ majority 9 su* decisions1 & g5]ally all[ _! judgm5ts to be sway$ by passion or prejudice4 #dc ,see end ( ,axiom lxi4 ,! subject ext5ds to ,axiom xc4 #dd ,if we adopt ! /atem5t ( ,h]odotus1 :o places ! ,hom]ic era #djj ye>s back f 8 "t1 ,hom] liv$ ab\t #ijj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,on add+ ?is numb] to ! sixte5 c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era :i* _h elaps$ up to ,bacon's "t1 we get ! tw5ty-five c5turies he m5tions4 ,! ,hom]ic epo* is ! fur!/ po9t 9 antiquity f :i* ,bacon c\ld reckon ) any degree ( c]ta9ty4 ,hesiod1 if he 7 n contempor>y1 imm$iately prec$$ him4 ,! epo* ( ,greek philosophy may be includ$ betwe5 ,?ales & ,plato1 t is1 f ! #ce? to ! #hh? ,olympiad2 t ( ! ,roman1 betwe5 ,t]5ce & ,pl9y4 ,! mod]n revolution1 9 :i* ,bacon is "o ( ! c5tral figures1 took its rise f ! "t ( ,dante & ,petr>*1 :o liv$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 & to :i*1 on acc\nt ( ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & ! univ]sal spread ( lit]ature1 :i* has r5d]$ a second de/ruction ( le>n+ impossible1 x is difficult to =esee any o!r end ?an ! ext9ction ( ! race ( man4--,ed4 #de ,! allusion is evid5tly to ,rog] ,bacon & ,rn ,desc>tes4--,ed4 #df ,f ! abuse ( ! s*ola/ics1 :o mi/ook ! priori me?od1 ! d$uctive syllogism1 = ! entire prov9ce ( logic4--,ed4 #dg ,see ,aphorism xcv4 #dh ,! incongruity to :i* ,bacon alludes appe>s to spr+ f conf\nd+ two ?+s1 :i* are n only di/9ct1 b affect human k 9 inv]se proportion1 viz41 ! exp]i5ce :i* t]m9ates ) life1 ) t exp]i5ce :i* "o c5tury transmits to ano!r4--,ed4 #di ,! ,*9ese *>act]s resemble1 9 _m respects1 ! hi]oglyphics ( ! ,egyptians1 be+ adapt$ to repres5t ideas1 n s\nds4 #ej ,see ,axiom #ge4 #ea ,! me?ods by :i* ,newton c>ri$ ! rule & compass to ! b\nd>ies ( creation is a suffici5t comm5t on ! sagacity ( ! text4 ,! same cause :i* globulizes a bubble1 has r\nd$ ! e>?1 & ! same law :i* draws a /one to its surface1 keeps ! moon 9 h] orbit4 ,x 0 by calculat+ & asc]ta9+ ^! pr9ciples ^u sub/ances entirely at 8 disposal t ?is great philosoph] 0 enabl$ to give u a key to unlock ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se4--,ed4 #eb ,see ! 8,cl\ds0 ( ,ari/ophanes1 :]e ,socrates is repres5t$ z *as+ ,jupit] out ( ! sky1 by resolv+ ?und]/orms into arial concussions & :irlw9ds4--,ed4 #ec ,robespi]re 0 ! late/ victim ( ?is bigotry4 ,9 8 y\ng] days he attempt$ to introduce ,frankl9's lightn+ conductor into ,france1 b 0 p]secut$ by ^? ^: lives he s\ght to protect1 z "o audaci\sly /riv+ to av]t ! designs ( ,provid5ce4--,ed4 #ed ,we c h>dly agree ) ! text4 ,! s*ola/ics1 9 build+ up a sy/em ( div9ity1 c]ta9ly _h rec\rse to ! d$uctive syllogism1 because ! inductive 0 totally inapplicable1 except z a v]ificatory process4 ,) reg>d to ! te*nical =m 9 :i* !y m>%all$ _! argum5ts1 :i* is :at our au?or aims at 9 8 c5sure1 !y ow$ no?+ at all to ,ari/otle1 ! conduct+ a dispute 9 nak$ syllogi/ic fa%ion hav+ orig9at$ entirely ) !mselves4--,ed4 #ee ,bacon _c be suppos$ to allude to ^? div9es :o h attempt$ to %[ t ! progress ( physical sci5ce is confirmatory ( revelation1 b only to su* z h built up a sy/em ( fai? out ( _! own ref9em5ts on nature & revelation1 z ,patricius & ,emanuel ,sw$5borg4--,ed4 #ef ,daniel xii4 #d4 #eg ,bacon1 9 ?is ,aphorism1 appe>s to h ent]ta9$ a fair idea ( ! use ( ! inductive & d$uctive me?ods 9 sci5tific inquiry1 ?\gh 8 want ( geometrical k mu/ h h9d]$ him f accurately det]m9+ ! precise functions ( ea*1 z x c]ta9ly l$ him 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,organon 7,v4 ,aph4 #hb71 to und]value ! d$uctive1 &1 z he calls x1 ! dogmatic me?od1 & to rely too mu* ^u empiricism4--,ed4 #eh ,! read] may consult ! note ( ! #bc;d ,aphorism = ! fault :i* ,bacon c5sures1 &1 if he wi% to pursue ! subject fur!r1 may read ,plato's ,timu1 :]e t philosoph] expla9s 8 sy/em 9 detail4 ,bacon1 h[ev]1 is h>dly consi/5t 9 "o "p ( 8 c5sure1 = he also talks ab\t ! _s & appetites ( inanimate sub/ances1 & t s frequ5tly1 z to preclude ! supposition t he is employ+ metaphor4--,ed4 #ei ,proclus fl\ri%$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? c5tury1 & 0 ! successor ( ,plot9us1 ,porphyry & ,iamblicus1 :o1 9 ! two prec$+ c5turies1 _h reviv$ ! doctr9es ( ,plato1 & assail$ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! allusion 9 ! text mu/ be assign$ to ,iamblicus1 :o1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 _h republi%$ ! ,py?agorean !ology ( numb]s1 & endeavor$ to con/ruct ! _w out ( ari?metic1 ?9k+ ev]y?+ c\ld be solv$ by ! aid ( proportions & geometry4 ,bacon mu/ n be und]/ood 9 ! text to c5sure ! use b ! abuse ( ma!matics & physical inve/igations1 z 9 ! 8,de ,augm5tis0 7lib4 iv4 c4 #f71 he enum]ates ! multiplicity ( demon/ration sci5tific facts admit (1 f ?is s\rce4--,ed4 #fj ,see ,livy1 lib4 ix4 c4 #ag1 :]e1 9 a digression on ! probable effect ( a conte/ betwe5 ,rome & ,alex&] ! ,great1 he says3 8,non cum ,d>io rem esse dixisset3 quem muli]um ac spadonum agm5 trah5tem int] purpuram atque aurum1 on]atum =tun app>atibus1 prdam v]is quam ho/em1 nihil aliud quam ausus vana contemn]e1 incru5tus devicit40 #fa ,! l[e/ axioms are su* z spr+ f simple exp]i5ce--su* z 9 *emi/ry1 t animal sub/ances yield no fix$ salt by calc9ation2 9 music1 t concords int]mix$ ) discords make h>mony1 etc4 ,int]m$iate axioms advance a /ep fur!r1 be+ ! result ( reflection1 :i*1 appli$ to our exp]im5tal k1 d$uces laws f !m1 su* z 9 optics ( ! fir/ degree ( g5]ality1 t ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection2 & 9 me*anics1 ,kepl]'s ?ree laws ( motion1 :ile 8 g5]al law1 t all bodies attract ea* o!r ) =ces proportional to _! masses1 & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( _! di/ances1 may be tak5 z "o ( ! highe/ axioms4 ,yet s f> is ?is pr9ciple f be+ only notional or ab/ract1 x has pres5t$ u ) a key :i* fits into ! intricate w>ds ( ! heav5s1 & has laid b>e to our gaze ! pr9cipal me*anism ( ! univ]se4 ,b natural philosophy 9 ,bacon's day _h n advanc$ beyond int]m$iate axioms1 & ! t]m notional or ab/ract is appli$ to ^? g5]al axioms !n curr5t1 n f\nd$ on ! solid pr9ciples ( inductive inquiry1 b bas$ ^u priori reason+ & airy metaphysics4--,ed4 #fb ,?is hope has be5 abundantly realiz$ 9 ! discov]y ( gravity & ! decomposition ( light1 ma9ly by ! inductive me?od4 ,to a bett] philosophy we may also attribute ! discov]y ( electricity1 galvanism & _! mutual connection ) ea* o!r1 & magnetism1 ! inv5tions ( ! air-pump1 /eam-eng9e & ! *ronomet]4 #fc ,z ,bacon v frequ5tly cites ^! au?ors1 a slight notice ( _! labors may n be unacceptable to ! read]4 ,b]n>d9us ,telesius1 born at ,cos5za1 9 #aejh1 combat$ ! ,ari/otelian sy/em 9 a "w entitl$ 8,de ,r]um ,natura juxta propria pr9cipia10 i4e41 accord+ to pr9ciples ( 8 own4 ,! proem ( ! "w ann\nces 8 design 0 to %[ t 8! con/ruction ( ! _w1 ! magnitude & nature ( ! bodies conta9$ 9 x1 are n to be inve/igat$ by reason+1 :i* 0 done by ! anci5ts1 b are to be appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 & collect$ f ! ?+s !mselves40 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 no soon] laid d[n ?is pr9ciple ?an he dep>t$ f x 9 practice1 & pursu$ ! d$uctive me?od he s mu* condemn$ 9 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 fir/ /ep 0 an assumption ( pr9ciples z arbitr>y z any ( ! empirical notions ( antiquity2 at ! outset ( 8 book he v quietly takes x = grant$ t heat is ! pr9ciple ( motion1 cold ( immobility1 matt] be+ assum$ z ! corporeal sub/ratum1 9 :i* ^! incorporeal & active ag5ts c>ry on _! op]ations4 ,out ( ^! ab/ract & ill-def9$ conceptions ,telesius builds up a sy/em q z complete1 symmetrical1 & imag9ative z any ( ! /ructures ( antiquity4 ,francis ,patricius1 born at ,*]so1 9 ,dalmatia1 ab\t #aebi1 0 ano!r physici/ :o rose up aga9/ ,ari/otle1 & ann\nc$ ! dawn ( a new philosophy4 ,9 #aeic appe>$ 8 8,nova de ,univ]sis ,philosophia40 ,he lays d[n a /r+ ( axioms1 9 :i* s*ola/ic notions1 physical discov]ies1 & !ological dogmas1 are /rangely comm+l$1 & erects ^u !m a sy/em :i* repres5ts all ! grotesque features ( !ological empiricism4 ,sev]9us1 born 9 ,jutl&1 9 #aebi1 publi%$ an attack on ,ari/otle's natural hi/ory1 b adopt$ fantasies :i* ! ,/agyrite ridicul$ 9 8 own day4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ,p>acelsus1 a ,swiss en?usia/ ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :o ignor$ ! anci5t doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts = salt1 sulphur & m]cury1 & alli$ *emi/ry & m$ic9e ) my/icism4--,ed4 #fd ,bacon's apology is s\nd1 & completely answ]s ^? ,g]man & ,fr5* critics1 :o h refus$ him a ni*e 9 ! philosophical pan!on4 ,"o ,g]man comm5tator1 too mode/ to reveal 8 "n1 accuses ,bacon ( ignorance ( ! calculus1 ?\gh1 9 8 day1 ,wallis _h n yet /umbl$ ^u ! laws ( cont9u\s fractions2 :ile ,c\nt de ,mai/re1 9 a co>se attack ^u 8 g5ius1 expresses 8 a/oni%m5t at f9d+ ,bacon unacqua9t$ ) discov]ies :i* 7 n he>d ( till a c5tury aft] 8 dea?4--,ed4 #fe ,philip ( ,mac$on4 #ff ,see ,plato's ,timu4 #fg ,! say+ ( ,philocrates :5 he diff]$ f ,demo/h5es4--,ed4 #fh ,! old error ( plac+ ! d$uctive syllogism 9 antagonism to ! inductive1 z if !y 7 n bo? p>ts ( "o sy/em or refus$ to coh]e toge!r4 ,s f> f !re be+ any radical opposition betwe5 !m1 x w\ld n be difficult to %[ t ,bacon's me?od 0 syllogi/ic 9 8 s5se ( ! t]m4 ,= ! suppress$ premise ( e ,baconian en?ymeme1 viz41 ! ackn[l$g$ uni=mity ( ! laws ( nature z /at$ 9 ! axiom1 :atev] has once occurr$ w occur aga91 mu/ be assum$ z ! basis ( e conclusion :i* he draws be=e we c admit its legitimacy4 ,! opposition1 !re=e1 ( ,bacon's me?od c\ld n be direct$ aga9/ ! old logic1 = x assum$ & exemplifi$ its pr9ciples1 b r to ! abusive application :i* ! anci5ts made ( ?is sci5ce1 on turn+ its p[]s to ! developm5t ( ab/ract pr9ciples :i* !y imag9$ to be pregnant ) ! solution ( ! lat5t my/]ies ( ! univ]se4 ,bacon ju/ly ov]?rew ^! ideal notions1 & accept$ ( no pr9ciple z a basis :i* 0 n gu>ante$ by actual exp]im5t & obs]vation2 & s f> he laid ! f\ndations ( a s\nd philosophy by turn+ ! inductive logic to its prop] acc\nt 9 ! int]pretation ( nature4 #fi ,?is is ! op5+ ( ! ,six? ,book ( ,lucretius4 ,bacon probably quot$ f memory2 ! l9es are-- 8,prim frugif]os ftus mortalibus gris ,didid]unt quondam prcl>o nom9e ,a!n ,et recreav]unt10 etc4 ,! teem+ corn1 t feeble mortals crave1 ,fir/1 & long s9ce1 r5[n$ ,a!ns gave1 ,& *e]$ _! life--!n taught to frame _! laws4 #gj ,prov4 xxv4 #b4 ,,aphorisms--,,book ,,ii ,,on ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,nature1 ,,or ,,! ,,reign ,,( ,,man ,i4 ,to g5]ate & sup]9duce a new nature or new natures1 ^u a giv5 body1 is ! labor & aim ( human p[]3 :ile to discov] ! =m or true diff]5ce ( a giv5 nature1 or ! nature#ga to :i* su* nature is ow+1 or s\rce f :i* x emanates 7= ^! t]ms approa* ne>e/ to an explanation ( our mean+71 is ! labor & discov]y ( human k2 & subord9ate to ^! prim>y labors are two o!rs ( a second>y nature & inf]ior /amp4 ,"u ! fir/ mu/ be rank$ ! trans=mation ( concrete bodies f "o to ano!r1 :i* is possible )9 c]ta9 limits2 "u ! second1 ! discov]y1 9 e species ( g5]ation & motion1 ( ! lat5t & un9t]rupt$ process f ! manife/ effici5t & manife/ subject matt] up to ! giv5 =m3 & a l discov]y ( ! lat5t con=mation ( bodies :i* are at re/ in/ead ( be+ 9 motion4 ,,ii4 ,! unhappy /ate ( man's actual k is manife/$ ev5 by ! common ass]tions ( ! vulg>4 ,x is rightly laid d[n t true k is t :i* is d$uc$ f causes4 ,! division ( f\r causes also is n amiss3 matt]1 =m1 ! effici5t1 & end or f9al cause4#gb ,( ^!1 h[ev]1 ! latt] is s f> f be+ b5eficial1 t x ev5 corrupts ! sci5ces1 except 9 ! int]c\rse ( man ) man4 ,! discov]y ( =m is consid]$ desp]ate4 ,z = ! effici5t cause & matt] 7accord+ to ! pres5t sy/em ( inquiry & ! receiv$ op9ions conc]n+ !m1 by :i* !y are plac$ remote f1 & )\t any lat5t process t[>d =m71 !y are b desultory & sup]ficial1 & ( sc>cely any avail to real & active k4 ,nor are we unm9dful ( our hav+ po9t$ out & correct$ above ! error ( ! human m9d1 9 assign+ ! fir/ qualities ( ess5ce to =ms4#gc ,= al?\gh no?+ exi/s 9 nature except individual bodies1#gd exhibit+ cle> individual effects accord+ to p>ticul> laws1 yet 9 ea* bran* ( le>n+1 t v law1 its inve/igation1 discov]y1 & developm5t1 are ! f\ndation bo? ( !ory & practice4 ,?is law1 !re=e1 & its p>allel 9 ea* sci5ce1 is :at we und]/& by ! t]m =m1#ge adopt+ t ^w because x has gr[n into common use1 & is ( famili> occurr5ce4 ,,iii4 ,he :o has le>n$ ! cause ( a p>ticul> nature 7su* z :it5ess or heat71 9 p>ticul> subjects only1 has acquir$ b an imp]fect k3 z he :o c induce a c]ta9 effect ^u p>ticul> sub/ances only1 among ^? :i* are susceptible ( x1 has acquir$ b an imp]fect p[]4 ,b he :o has only le>n$ ! effici5t & mat]ial cause 7:i* causes are v>iable & m]e vehicles convey+ =m to p>ticul> sub/ances7 may p]haps arrive at "s new discov]ies 9 matt]s ( a simil> nature1 & prep>$ = ! purpose1 b does n /ir ! limits ( ?+s :i* are mu* m deeply root$2 :ile he :o is acqua9t$ ) =ms1 compreh5ds ! unity ( nature 9 sub/ances app>5tly mo/ di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,he c disclose & br+ =w>d1 !re=e 7?\gh x has nev] yet be5 done71 ?+s :i* nei!r ! vicissitudes ( nature1 nor ! indu/ry ( exp]im5t1 nor *ance itself1 w\ld ev] h br\ght ab\t1 & :i* w\ld =ev] h escap$ man's ?\ghts2 f ! discov]y ( =ms1 !re=e1 results g5u9e !ory & free practice4 ,,iv4 ,al?\gh !re is a mo/ intimate connection1 & almo/ an id5tity betwe5 ! ways ( human p[] & human k1 yet1 on acc\nt ( ! p]nici\s & invet]ate habit ( dwell+ ^u ab/ractions1 x is by f> ! safe/ me?od to comm5ce & build up ! sci5ces f ^? f\ndations :i* be> a relation to ! practical division1 & to let !m m>k out & limit ! !oretical4 ,we mu/ consid]1 !re=e1 :at precepts1 or :at direction or guide1 a p]son w\ld mo/ desire1 9 ord] to g5]ate & sup]9duce any nature ^u a giv5 body3 & ?is n 9 ab/ruse1 b 9 ! pla9e/ language4 ,= in/ance1 if a p]son %\ld wi% to sup]9duce ! yell[ color ( gold ^u silv]1 or an additional weight 7obs]v+ always ! laws ( matt]7 or transp>5cy on an opaque /one1 or t5acity 9 glass1 or vegetation on a sub/ance :i* is n vegetable1 we mu/ 7,i say7 consid] :at species ( precept or guide ?is p]son w\ld pref]4 ,&1 fir/1 he w d\btless be anxi\s to be %[n "s me?od t w nei!r fail 9 effect1 nor deceive him 9 ! trial ( x2 secondly1 he w be anxi\s t ! prescrib$ me?od %\ld n re/rict him & tie him d[n to peculi> means1 & c]ta9 p>ticul> me?ods ( act+2 = he w1 p]haps1 be at loss1 & )\t ! p[] or opportunity ( collect+ & procur+ su* means4 ,n[ if !re be o!r means & me?ods 7besides ^? prescrib$7 ( creat+ su* a nature1 !y w p]haps be ( su* a k9d z are 9 8 p[]1 yet by ! conf9$ limits ( ! precept he w be depriv$ ( reap+ any advantage f !m2 ?irdly1 he w be anxi\s to be %[n some?+ n s difficult z ! requir$ effect itself1 b approa*+ m ne>ly to practice4 ,we w lay ?is d[n1 !re=e1 z ! g5u9e & p]fect rule ( practice1 t x %\ld be c]ta91 free & prep>atory1 or hav+ relation to practice4 ,& ?is is ! same ?+ z ! discov]y ( a true =m2 = ! =m ( any nature is su*1 t :5 x is assign$ ! p>ticul> nature infallibly foll[s4 ,x is1 !re=e1 always pres5t :5 t nature is pres5t1 & univ]sally atte/s su* pres5ce1 & is inh]5t 9 ! :ole ( x4 ,! same =m is ( su* a "*1 t if x be remov$ ! p>ticul> nature infallibly vani%es4 ,x is1 !re=e1 abs5t1 :5ev] t nature is abs5t1 & p]petually te/ifies su* abs5ce1 & exi/s 9 no o!r nature4 ,la/ly1 ! true =m is su*1 t x d$uces ! p>ticul> nature f "s s\rce ( ess5ce exi/+ 9 _m subjects1 & m kn[n 7z !y t]m x7 to nature1 ?an ! =m itself4 ,su*1 !n1 is our det]m9ation & rule ) reg>d to a g5u9e & p]fect !oretical axiom1 t a nature be f\nd conv]tible ) a giv5 nature1 & yet su* z to limit ! m kn[n nature1 9 ! mann] ( a real g5us4 ,b ^! two rules1 ! practical & !oretical1 are 9 fact ! same1 & t :i* is mo/ useful 9 practice is mo/ correct 9 !ory4 ,v4 ,b ! rule or axiom = ! trans=mation ( bodies is ( two k9ds4 ,! fir/ reg>ds ! body z an aggregate or comb9ation ( simple natures4 ,?us1 9 gold are unit$ ! foll[+ circum/ances3 x is yell[1 heavy1 ( a c]ta9 weight1 malleable & ductile to a c]ta9 ext5t2 x is n volatile1 loses "p ( its sub/ance by fire1 melts 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 is sep>at$ & dissolv$ by p>ticul> me?ods1 & s ( ! o!r natures obs]vable 9 gold4 ,an axiom1 !re=e1 ( ?is k9d d$uces ! subject f ! =ms ( simple natures2 = he :o has acquir$ ! =ms & me?ods ( sup]9duc+ yell[ness1 weight1 ductility1 /ability1 deliquesc5ce1 solution1 & ! l1 & _! degrees & modes1 w consid] & contrive h[ to unite !m 9 any body1 s z to trans=m#gf x into gold4 ,& ?is me?od ( op]at+ belongs to prim>y action2 = x is ! same ?+ to produce "o or _m simple natures1 except t man is m conf9$ & re/rict$ 9 8 op]ations1 if _m be requir$1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( unit+ _m natures toge!r4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$1 t ?is me?od ( op]at+ 7:i* consid]s natures z simple ?\gh 9 a concrete body7 sets out f :at is con/ant1 et]nal1 & univ]sal 9 nature1 & op5s su* broad pa?s to human p[]1 z ! ?\ghts ( man c 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s sc>cely compreh5d or figure to itself4 ,! second k9d ( axiom 7:i* dep5ds on ! discov]y ( ! lat5t process7 does n proce$ by simple natures1 b by concrete bodies1 z !y are f\nd 9 nature & 9 its usual c\rse4 ,= in/ance1 suppose ! inquiry to be1 f :at beg9n+s1 9 :at mann]1 & by :at process gold or any metal or /one is g5]at$ f ! orig9al m5/ruum1 or its elem5ts1 up to ! p]fect m9]al3 or1 9 l mann]1 by :at process plants are g5]at$1 f ! fir/ concretion ( juices 9 ! e>?1 or f se$s1 up to ! p]fect plant1 ) ! :ole successive motion1 & v>i$ & un9t]rupt$ ef=ts ( nature2 & ! same inquiry be made z to a regul>ly d$uc$ sy/em ( ! g5]ation ( animals f coition to bir?1 & s on ( o!r bodies4 ,nor is ?is species ( inquiry conf9$ to ! m]e g5]ation ( bodies1 b x is applicable to o!r *anges & labors ( nature4 ,= in/ance1 :]e an inquiry is made into ! :ole s]ies & cont9u$ op]ation ( ! nutritive process1 f ! fir/ reception ( ! food to its complete assimilation to ! recipi5t2#gg or into ! volunt>y motion ( animals1 f ! fir/ impression ( ! imag9ation1 & ! cont9u\s effects ( ! spirits1 up to ! b5d+ & motion ( ! jo9ts2 or into ! free motion ( ! tongue & lips1 & o!r accessories :i* give utt]ance to articulate s\nds4 ,= all ^! inve/igations relate to concrete or associat$ natures artificially br\ght toge!r1 & take into consid]ation c]ta9 p>ticul> & special habits ( nature1 & n ^? fundam5tal & g5]al laws :i* con/itute =ms4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be pla9ly own$1 t ?is me?od appe>s m prompt & easy1 & ( great] promise ?an ! prim>y "o4 ,9 l mann] ! op]ative bran*1 :i* answ]s to ?is contemplative bran*1 ext5ds & advances its op]ation f t :i* is usually obs]v$ 9 nature1 to o!r subjects imm$iately connect$ ) x1 or n v remote f su* imm$iate connection4 ,b ! high] & radical op]ations ^u nature dep5d entirely on ! prim>y axioms4 ,besides1 ev5 :]e man has n ! means ( act+1 b only ( acquir+ k1 z 9 a/ronomy 7= man _c act ^u1 *ange1 or trans=m ! heav5ly bodies71 ! inve/igation ( facts or tru?1 z well z ! k ( causes & co9cid5ces1 mu/ be ref]r$ to ^? prim>y & univ]sal axioms t reg>d simple natures2 su* z ! nature ( spontane\s rotation1 attraction1 or ! magnetic =ce1 & _m o!rs :i* are m common ?an ! heav5ly bodies !mselves4 ,= let no "o hope to det]m9e ! "q :e!r ! e>? or heav5 revolve 9 ! diurnal motion1 unless he h fir/ compreh5d$ ! nature ( spontane\s rotation4 ,,vi4 ,b ! lat5t process ( :i* we speak1 is f> f be+ obvi\s to m5's m9ds1 beset z !y n[ are4 ,= we mean n ! measures1 symptoms1 or degrees ( any process :i* c be exhibit$ 9 ! bodies !mselves1 b simply a cont9u$ process1 :i*1 = ! mo/ "p1 escapes ! obs]vation ( ! s5ses4 ,= in/ance1 9 all g5]ations & trans=mations ( bodies1 we mu/ inquire1 :at is 9 ! act ( be+ lo/ & escap+1 :at rema9s1 :at is be+ add$1 :at is be+ dilut$1 :at is be+ contract$1 :at is be+ unit$1 :at is be+ sep>at$1 :at is cont9u\s1 :at is brok5 (f1 :at is urg+ =w>d1 :at imp$es1 :at pr$om9ates1 :at is subs]vi5t1 & _m o!r circum/ances4 ,nor are ^! inquiries aga9 to be made 9 ! m]e g5]ation & trans=mation ( bodies only1 b 9 all o!r alt]ations & fluctuations we mu/ 9 l mann] inquire2 :at prec$es1 :at succe$s1 :at is quick1 :at is sl[1 :at produces & :at gov]ns motion1 & ! l4 ,all :i* matt]s are unkn[n & unattempt$ by ! sci5ces1 9 _! pres5t heavy & inactive /ate4 ,=1 s9ce e natural act is br\ght ab\t by ! smalle/ ef=ts1#gh or at lea/ su* z are too small to /rike our s5ses1 let no "o hope t he w be able to direct or *ange nature unless he h prop]ly compreh5d$ & obs]v$ ^! ef=ts4 ,,vii4 ,9 l mann]1 ! inve/igation & discov]y ( ! lat5t con=mation 9 bodies is no less new1 ?an ! discov]y ( ! lat5t process & =m4 ,= we z yet are d\btless only admitt$ to ! ante*amb] ( nature1 & d n prep>e an entrance into h] pres5ce-room4 ,b nobody c endue a giv5 body ) a new nature1 or trans=m x successfully & appropriately into a new body1 )\t possess+ a complete k ( ! body s to be *ang$ or trans=m$4 ,= he w run into va91 or1 at lea/1 into difficult & p]v]se me?ods1 ill adapt$ to ! nature ( ! body ^u :i* he op]ates4 ,a cle> pa?1 !re=e1 t[>d ?is object also mu/ be ?r[n op51 & well support$4 ,labor is well & usefully be/[$ ^u ! anatomy ( organiz$ bodies1 su* z ^? ( m5 & animals1 :i* appe>s to be a subtile matt]1 & a useful exam9ation ( nature4 ,! species ( anatomy1 h[ev]1 is t ( fir/ sight1 op5 to ! s5ses1 & takes place only 9 organiz$ bodies4 ,x is obvi\s1 & ( ready access1 :5 comp>$ ) ! real anatomy ( lat5t con=mation 9 bodies :i* are consid]$ simil>1 p>ticul>ly 9 specific objects & _! p>ts2 z ^? ( iron1 /one1 & ! simil> p>ts ( plants & animals1 z ! root1 ! leaf1 ! fl[]1 ! fle%1 ! blood1 & bones1 etc4 ,yet human indu/ry has n completely neglect$ ?is species ( anatomy2 = we h an in/ance ( x 9 ! sep>ation ( simil> bodies by di/illation1 & o!r solutions1 :i* %[s ! dissimil>ity ( ! comp\nd by ! union ( ! homog5e\s p>ts4 ,^! me?ods are useful1 & ( importance to our inquiry1 al?\gh att5d$ g5]ally ) fallacy3 = _m natures are assign$ & attribut$ to ! sep>ate bodies1 z if !y _h previ\sly exi/$ 9 ! comp\nd1 :i*1 9 reality1 are rec5tly be/[$ & sup]9duc$ by fire & heat1 & ! o!r modes ( sep>ation4 ,besides1 x is1 aft] all1 b a small "p ( ! labor ( discov]+ ! real con=mation 9 ! comp\nd1 :i* is s subtile & nice1 t x is r confus$ & lo/ by ! op]ation ( ! fire1 ?an discov]$ & br\ght to light4 ,a sep>ation & solution ( bodies1 !re=e1 is to be effect$1 n by fire inde$1 b r by reason+ & true induction1 ) ! assi/ance ( exp]im5t1 & by a comp>ison ) o!r bodies1 & a r$uction to ^? simple natures & _! =ms :i* meet1 & are comb9$ 9 ! comp\nd2 & we mu/ assur$ly pass f ,vulcan to ,m9]va1 if we wi% to br+ to light ! real texture & con=mation ( bodies1 ^u :i* e occult & 7z x is sometimes call$7 specific prop]ty & virtue ( ?+s dep5ds1 & :5ce also e rule ( p[]ful *ange & trans=mation is d$uc$4 ,= in/ance1 we mu/ exam9e :at _s is 9 e body1#gi :at tangible ess5ce2 :e!r t _s is copi\s & exub]ant1 or meagre & sc>ce1 f9e or co>se1 ari=m or igni=m1 active or sluggi%1 weak or robu/1 progressive or retrograde1 abrupt or cont9u\s1 agree+ ) ext]nal & surr\nd+ objects1 or diff]+ f !m1 etc4 ,9 l mann] mu/ we treat tangible ess5ce 7:i* admits ( z _m di/9ctions z ! _s71 & its hairs1 fibres1 & v>i$ texture4 ,aga91 ! situation ( ! _s 9 ! corporeal mass1 its pores1 passages1 ve9s1 & cells1 & ! rudim5ts or fir/ essays ( ! organic body1 are subject to ! same exam9ation4 ,9 ^!1 h[ev]1 z 9 our =m] inquiries1 & !re=e 9 ! :ole inve/igation ( lat5t con=mation1 ! only g5u9e & cle> light :i* completely dispels all d>kness & subtile difficulties1 is admitt$ by means ( ! prim>y axioms4 ,,viii4 ,?is me?od w n br+ u to atoms1#hj :i* takes = grant$ ! vacuum1 & immutability ( matt] 7nei!r ( :i* hypo!ses is correct71 b to ! real p>ticles su* z we discov] !m to be4 ,nor is !re any gr\nd = al>m at ?is ref9em5t z if x 7 inexplicable1 =1 on ! contr>y1 ! m inquiry is direct$ to simple natures1 ! m w ev]y?+ be plac$ 9 a pla9 & p]spicu\s light1 s9ce we transf] our att5tion f ! complicat$ to ! simple1 f ! incomm5surable to ! comm5surable1 f surds to rational quantities1 f ! indef9ite & vague to ! def9ite & c]ta92 z :5 we arrive at ! elem5ts ( lett]s1 & ! simple tones ( concords4 ,! inve/igation ( nature is be/ conduct$ :5 ma!matics are appli$ to physics4 ,aga91 let none be al>m$ at va/ numb]s & fractions1 = 9 calculation x is z easy to set d[n or to reflect ^u a ?\s& z a unit1 or ! ?\s&? "p ( an integ] z an integ] itself4 ,,ix4#ha ,f ! two k9ds ( axioms above specifi$1 arise ! two divisions ( philosophy & ! sci5ces1 & we w use ! commonly adopt$ t]ms :i* approa* ! ne>e/ to our mean+1 9 our own s5se4 ,let ! inve/igation ( =ms1 :i* 79 reason+ at lea/1 & aft] _! own laws71 are et]nal & immutable1 con/itute metaphysics1#hb & let ! inve/igation ( ! effici5t cause ( matt]1 lat5t process1 & lat5t con=mation 7:i* all relate m]ely to ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature1 & n to h] fundam5tal & et]nal laws71 con/itute physics4 ,p>allel to ^!1 let !re be two practical divisions2 to physics t ( me*anics1 & to metaphysics t ( magic1 9 ! pure/ s5se ( ! t]m1 z appli$ to its ample means1 & its comm& ov] nature4 ,x4 ,! object ( our philosophy be+ ?us laid d[n1 we proce$ to precepts1 9 ! mo/ cle> & regul> ord]4 ,! signs = ! int]pretation ( nature compreh5d two divisions2 ! fir/ reg>ds ! elicit+ or creat+ ( axioms f exp]im5t1 ! second ! d$uc+ or d]iv+ ( new exp]im5ts f axioms4 ,! fir/ admits ( ?ree subdivisions into m9i/rations4 #a4 ,to ! s5ses4 #b4 ,to ! memory4 #c4 ,to ! m9d or reason4 ,= we mu/ fir/ prep>e z a f\ndation = ! :ole1 a complete & accurate natural & exp]im5tal hi/ory4 ,we mu/ n imag9e or inv5t1 b discov] ! acts & prop]ties ( nature4 ,b natural & exp]im5tal hi/ory is s v>i$ & diffuse1 t x conf\nds & di/racts ! und]/&+ unless x be fix$ & exhibit$ 9 due ord]4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 =m tables & co-ord9ations ( in/ances1 ^u su* a plan1 & 9 su* ord] t ! und]/&+ may be enabl$ to act ^u !m4 ,ev5 :5 ?is is done1 ! und]/&+1 left to itself & to its own op]ation1 is incompet5t & unfit to con/ruct its axioms )\t direction & support4 ,our ?ird m9i/ration1 !re=e1 mu/ be true & legitimate induction1 ! v key ( int]pretation4 ,we mu/ beg91 h[ev]1 at ! end1 & g back aga9 to ! o!rs4 ,,xi4 ,! inve/igation ( =ms proce$s ?us3 a nature be+ giv51 we mu/ fir/ pres5t to ! und]/&+ all ! kn[n in/ances :i* agree 9 ! same nature1 al?\gh ! subject matt] be consid]ably div]sifi$4 ,& ?is collection mu/ be made z a m]e hi/ory1 & )\t any premature reflection1 or too great degree ( ref9em5t4 ,= in/ance2 take ! inve/igation ( ! =m ( heat4 ,in/ances agree+ 9 ! ,=m ( ,heat #a4 ,! rays ( ! sun1 p>ticul>ly 9 summ]1 & at noon4 #b4 ,! same reflect$ & cond5s$1 z betwe5 m\nta9s1 or along walls1 & p>ticul>ly 9 burn+ mirrors4 #c4 ,ignit$ meteors4 #d4 ,burn+ lightn+4 #e4 ,eruptions ( flames f ! cavities ( m\nta9s1 etc4 #f4 ,flame ( e k9d4 #g4 ,ignit$ solids4 #h4 ,natural w>m ba?s4 #i4 ,w>m or heat$ liquids4 #aj4 ,w>m vapors & smoke2 & ! air itself1 :i* admits a mo/ p[]ful & viol5t heat if conf9$1 z 9 rev]b]at+ furnaces4 #aa4 ,damp hot wea!r1 aris+ f ! con/itution ( ! air1 )\t any ref]5ce to ! "t ( ! ye>4 #ab4 ,conf9$ & subt]rane\s air 9 "s cav]ns1 p>ticul>ly 9 w9t]4 #ac4 ,all %aggy sub/ances1 z wool1 ! sk9s ( animals1 & ! plumage ( birds1 conta9 "s heat4 #ad4 ,all bodies1 bo? solid & liquid1 d5se & r>e 7z ! air itself71 plac$ ne> fire = any "t4 #ae4 ,sp>ks aris+ f ! viol5t p]cussion ( fl9t & /eel4 #af4 ,all bodies rubb$ viol5tly1 z /one1 wood1 clo?1 etc41 s t rudd]s1 & axles ( :eels1 sometimes cat* fire1 & ! ,we/ ,indians obta9 fire by attrition4 #ag4 ,gre5 & moi/ vegetable matt] conf9$ & rubb$ toge!r1 z roses1 peas 9 baskets2 s hay1 if x be damp :5 /ack$1 (t5 cat*es fire4 #ah4 ,quicklime spr9kl$ ) wat]4 #ai4 ,iron1 :5 fir/ dissolv$ by acids 9 a glass1 & )\t any application to fire2 ! same ( t91 b n s int5sely4 #bj4 ,animals1 p>ticul>ly int]nally2 al?\gh ! heat is n p]ceivable by ! t\* 9 insects1 on acc\nt ( _! small size4 #ba4 ,horse dung1 & ! l excrem5t f o!r animals1 :5 fre%4 #bb4 ,/rong oil ( sulphur & ( vitriol exhibit ! op]ation ( heat 9 burn+ l954 #bc4 ,z does ! oil ( m>joram1 & l sub/ances1 9 burn+ ! bony sub/ance ( ! tee?4 #bd4 ,/rong & well rectifi$ spirits ( w9e exhibit ! same effects2 s t :ite ( eggs :5 ?r[n into x gr[s h>d & :ite1 almo/ 9 ! same mann] z :5 boil$1 & bread becomes burn$ & br[n z if toa/$4 #be4 ,aromatic sub/ances & w>m plants1 z ! dracunculus arum1 old na/urtium1 etc41 :i*1 ?\gh !y be n w>m to ! t\* 7:e!r :ole or pulv]iz$71 yet are discov]$ by ! tongue & palate to be w>m & almo/ burn+ :5 slightly ma/icat$4 #bf4 ,/rong v9eg> & all acids1 on any "p ( ! body n clo!d ) ! epid]mis1 z ! eye1 tongue1 or any w\nd$ "p1 or :]e ! sk9 is remov$1 excite a pa9 diff]+ b little f t produc$ by heat4 #bg4 ,ev5 a sev]e & int5se cold produces a s5sation ( burn+4#hc 8,nec ,bore p5etrabile frigus adurit40 #bh4 ,o!r in/ances4 ,we are wont to call ?is a table ( exi/5ce & pres5ce4 ,,xii4 ,we mu/ next pres5t to ! und]/&+ in/ances :i* d n admit ( ! giv5 nature1 = =m 7z we h obs]v$7 ought no less to be abs5t :]e ! giv5 nature is abs5t1 ?an to be pres5t :]e x is pres5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to exam9e e in/ance1 our labor w\ld be inf9ite4 ,negatives1 !re=e1 mu/ be class$ "u ! affirmatives1 & ! want ( ! giv5 nature mu/ be inquir$ into m p>ticul>ly 9 objects :i* h a v close connection ) ^? o!rs 9 :i* x is pres5t & manife/4 ,& ?is we are wont to t]m a table ( deviation or ( abs5ce 9 proximity4 ,proximate ,in/ances want+ ! ,nature ( ,heat ,! rays ( ! moon1 />s1 & comets1 are n f\nd to be w>m to ! t\*1 nay1 ! sev]e/ cold has be5 obs]v$ to take place at ! full ( ! moon4 ,yet ! l>g] fix$ />s are suppos$ to increase & r5d] m int5se ! heat ( ! sun1 z he approa*es !m1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! sign ( ! ,lion1 = in/ance1 & 9 ! dog-days4#hd ,! rays ( ! sun 9 :at is call$ ! middle region ( ! air give no heat1 to acc\nt = :i* ! commonly assign$ reason is satisfactory2 namely1 t t region is nei!r suffici5tly ne> to ! body ( ! sun :5ce ! rays emanate1 nor to ! e>? :5ce !y are reflect$4 ,& ! fact is manife/$ by sn[ be+ p]petual on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 unless extremely l(ty4 ,b x is obs]v$1 on ! o!r h&1 by "s1 t at ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 & also among ! ,&es ( ,p]u1 ! tops ( ! m\nta9s are free f sn[1 :i* only lies 9 ! l[] "p z y asc5d4 ,besides1 ! air on ! summit ( ^! m\nta9s is f\nd to be by no means cold1 b only ?9 & %>p2 s mu* s1 t 9 ! ,&es x pricks & hurts ! eyes f its extreme %>pness1 & ev5 excites ! orifice ( ! /oma* & produces vomit+4 ,! anci5ts also obs]v$1 t ! r>ity ( ! air on ! summit ( ,olympus 0 su*1 t ^? :o asc5d$ x 7 oblig$ to c>ry sponges moi/5$ ) v9eg> & wat]1 & to apply !m n[ & !n to _! no/rils1 z ! air 0 n d5se en\gh = _! respiration2 on ! summit ( :i* m\nta9 x is also relat$1 !re reign$ s great a s]5ity & calm1 free f ra91 sn[1 or w9d1 t ! lett]s trac$ ^u ! a%es ( ! sacrifices on ! alt> ( ,jupit]1 by ! f+]s ( ^? :o _h (f]$ !m1 w\ld rema9 undi/urb$ till ! next ye>4 ,^? ev51 :o at ?is day g to ! top ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 walk by night & n 9 ! daytime1 & are advis$ & press$ by _! guides1 z soon z ! sun rises1 to make ha/e 9 _! desc5t1 on acc\nt ( ! dang] 7app>5tly aris+ f ! r>ity ( ! atmosph]e71 le/ _! brea?+ %\ld be relax$ & suffocat$4#he ,! reflection ( ! sol> rays 9 ! pol> regions is f\nd to be weak & ineffici5t 9 produc+ heat1 s t ! ,dut*1 :o w9t]$ 9 ,nova ,zembla1 & expect$ t _! vessel w\ld be fre$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ,july f ! ob/ruction ( ! mass ( ice :i* _h block$ x up1 7 disappo9t$ & oblig$ to emb>k 9 _! boat4 ,h5ce ! direct rays ( ! sun appe> to h b little p[] ev5 on ! pla91 & :5 reflect$1 unless !y are multipli$ & cond5s$1 :i* takes place :5 ! sun t5ds m to ! p]p5dicul>2 =1 !n1 ! incid5ce ( ! rays occurs at m acute angles1 s t ! reflect$ rays are ne>] to ea* o!r1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! sun is 9 a v oblique position1 ! angles ( incid5ce are v obtuse1 & ! reflect$ rays at a great] di/ance4 ,9 ! meantime x mu/ be obs]v$1 t !re may be _m op]ations ( ! sol> rays1 relat+1 too1 to ! nature ( heat1 :i* are n proportion$ to our t\*1 s t1 ) reg>d to u1 !y d n t5d to produce w>m?1 b1 ) reg>d to "s o!r bodies1 h _! due effect 9 produc+ x4 ,let ! foll[+ exp]im5t be made4 ,take a l5s ! rev]se ( a burn+-glass1 & place x betwe5 ! h& & ! sol> rays1 & obs]ve :e!r x dim9i% ! heat ( ! sun z a burn+-glass increases x4 ,= x is cle>1 ) reg>d to ! visual rays1 t 9 proportion z ! l5s is made ( unequal ?ickness 9 ! middle & at its sides1 ! images appe> ei!r m diffus$ or contract$4 ,x %\ld be se51 !re=e1 if ! same be true ) reg>d to heat4 ,let ! exp]im5t be well tri$1 :e!r ! lun> rays c be receiv$ & collect$ by ! /ronge/ & be/ burn+-glasses1 s z to produce ev5 ! lea/ degree ( heat4#hf ,b if t degree be1 p]haps1 s subtile & weak1 z n to be p]ceiv$ or asc]ta9$ by ! t\*1 we mu/ h rec\rse to ^? glasses :i* indicate ! w>m or cold /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 & let ! lun> rays fall ?r\gh ! burn+-glass on ! top ( ?is !rmomet]1 & !n notice if ! wat] be depress$ by ! heat4#hg ,let ! burn+-glass be tri$ on w>m objects :i* emit no lum9\s rays1 z heat$ b n ignit$ iron or /one1 or hot wat]1 or ! l2 & obs]ve :e!r ! heat become increas$ & cond5s$1 z happ5s ) ! sol> rays4 ,let x be tri$ on common flame4 ,! effect ( comets 7if we c reckon !m among meteors#hh7 9 augm5t+ ! heat ( ! season is n f\nd to be con/ant or cle>1 al?\gh dr\ghts h g5]ally be5 obs]v$ to foll[ !m4 ,h[ev]1 lum9\s l9es1 & pill>s1 & op5+s1 & ! l1 appe> m (t5 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 & especially ) ! mo/ int5se cold b jo9$ ) dr\ght4 ,lightn+1 & coruscations1 & ?und]1 h[ev]1 r>ely happ5 9 w9t]2 & g5]ally at ! "t ( ! greate/ heats4 ,! appe>ances we t]m fall+ />s are g5]ally suppos$ to consi/ ( "s %9+ & inflam$ visc\s sub/ance1 r ?an ( viol5tly hot matt]2 b let ?is be fur!r inve/igat$4 ,"s coruscations emit light )\t burn+1 b are nev] accompani$ by ?und]4 ,eructations & eruptions ( flame are to be f\nd 9 cold climates z well z 9 hot1 z 9 ,icel& & ,gre5l&2 j z ! trees ( cold c\ntries are sometimes inflammable & m pit*y & res9\s ?an 9 w>m1 z ! fir1 p9e1 & ! l4 ,b ! position & nature ( ! soil1 :]e su* eruptions are wont to happ51 is n yet suffici5tly inve/igat$ to enable u to subjo9 a negative in/ance to ! affirmative4 ,all flame is con/antly m or less w>m1 & ?is in/ance is n altoge!r negative2 yet x is said t ! ignis fatuus 7z x is call$71 & :i* sometimes is driv5 aga9/ walls1 has b little heat2 p]haps x resembles t ( spirits ( w9e1 :i* is mild & g5tle4 ,t flame1 h[ev]1 appe>s yet mild]1 :i* 9 "s well au!nticat$ & s]i\s hi/ories is said to h appe>$ r\nd ! head & hair ( boys & virg9s1 & in/ead ( burn+ _! hair1 m]ely to h play$ ab\t x4 ,& x is mo/ c]ta9 t a sort ( fla%1 )\t any evid5t heat1 has sometimes be5 se5 ab\t a horse :5 sweat+ at night1 or 9 damp wea!r4 ,x is also a well kn[n fact1#hi & x 0 almo/ consid]$ z a miracle1 t a few ye>s s9ce a girl's apron sp>kl$ :5 a little %ak5 or rubb$1 :i* 01 p]haps1 occasion$ by ! alum or salts ) :i* ! apron 0 imbu$1 & :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 /uck toge!r & incru/$ r /rongly1 7 brok5 by ! friction4 ,x is well kn[n t all sug>1 :e!r c&i$ or pla91 if x be h>d1 w sp>kle :5 brok5 or scrap$ 9 ! d>k4 ,9 l mann] sea & salt wat] is sometimes f\nd to %9e at night :5 /ruck viol5tly by ! o>4 ,! foam ( ! sea :5 agitat$ by tempe/s also sp>kles at night1 & ! ,spani>ds call ?is appe>ance ! sea's lungs4 ,x has n be5 suffici5tly asc]ta9$ :at degree ( heat att5ds ! flame :i* ! anci5t sailors call$ ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & ! mod]ns call ,/4 ,ermus' fire4 ,e ignit$ body t is r$-hot is always w>m1 al?\gh )\t flame1 nor is any negative in/ance subjo9$ to ?is affirmative4 ,rott5 wood1 h[ev]1 approa*es ne>ly to x1 = x %9es at night1 & yet is n f\nd to be w>m2 & ! putrefy+ scales ( fi% :i* %9e 9 ! same mann] are n w>m to ! t\*1 nor ! body ( ! gl[worm1 or ( ! fly call$ ,lucciola4#ij ,! situation & nature ( ! soil ( natural w>m ba?s has n be5 suffici5tly inve/igat$1 & !re=e a negative in/ance is n subjo9$4 ,to ! in/ances ( w>m liquids we may subjo9 ! negative "o ( ! peculi> nature ( liquids 9 g5]al2 = no tangible liquid is kn[n t is at once w>m 9 its nature & con/antly cont9ues w>m2 b _! heat is only sup]9duc$ z an adv5titi\s nature = a limit$ "t1 s t ^? :i* are extremely w>m 9 _! p[] & effect1 z spirits ( w9e1 *emical aromatic oils1 ! oils ( vitriol & sulphur1 & ! l1 & :i* spe$ily burn1 are yet cold at fir/ to ! t\*1 & ! wat] ( natural ba?s1 p\r$ into any vessel & sep>at$ f its s\rce1 cools d[n l wat] heat$ by ! fire4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 true t oily sub/ances are r less cold to ! t\* ?an ^? t are aque\s1 oil = in/ance ?an wat]1 silk ?an l952 b ?is belongs to ! table ( degrees ( cold4 ,9 l mann] we may subjo9 a negative in/ance to t ( w>m vapor1 d]iv$ f ! nature ( vapor itself1 z f> z we are acqua9t$ ) x4 ,= exhalations f oily sub/ances1 ?\gh easily inflammable1 are yet nev] w>m unless rec5tly exhal$ f "s w>m sub/ance4 ,! same may be said ( ! in/ance ( air2 = we nev] p]ceive t air is w>m unless conf9$ or press$1 or manife/ly heat$ by ! sun1 by fire1 or "s o!r w>m body4 ,a negative in/ance is exhibit$ 9 wea!r by its coldness ) an ea/ or nor? w9d1 beyond :at ! season w\ld lead u to expect1 j z ! contr>y takes place ) ! s\? or we/ w9ds4 ,an incl9ation to ra9 7especially 9 w9t]7 att5ds w>m wea!r1 & to fro/ cold wea!r4 ,a negative in/ance z to air conf9$ 9 cav]ns may be obs]v$ 9 summ]4 ,inde$1 we %\ld make a m dilig5t inquiry into ! nature ( conf9$ air4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place ! qualities ( air 9 its own nature ) reg>d to heat & cold may reasonably be ! subject ( d\bt2 = air evid5tly d]ives its heat f ! effects ( cele/ial bodies1 & possibly its cold f ! exhalation ( ! e>?1 & 9 ! mid region ( air 7z x is t]m$7 f cold vapors & sn[1 s t no judgm5t c be =m$ ( ! nature ( air by t :i* is out ( doors & expos$1 b a m correct "o might be d]iv$ f conf9$ air4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ! air %\ld be inclos$ 9 a vessel ( su* mat]ials z w\ld n imbue x ) heat or cold ( !mselves1 nor easily admit ! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,! exp]im5t %\ld be made1 !re=e1 ) an e>!n j>1 cov]$ ) folds ( lea!r to protect x f ! ext]nal air1 & ! air %\ld be kept ?ree or f\r days 9 ?is vessel well clos$4 ,on op5+ ! j>1 ! degree ( heat may be asc]ta9$ ei!r by ! h& or a graduat$ glass tube4 ,!re is a simil> d\bt z to :e!r ! w>m? ( wool1 sk9s1 fea!rs1 & ! l1 is d]iv$ f a slight inh]5t heat1 s9ce !y are animal excretions1 or f _! be+ ( a c]ta9 fat & oily nature t accords ) heat1 or m]ely f ! conf9em5t & sep>ation ( air :i* we spoke ( 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph2#ia = all air appe>s to possess a c]ta9 degree ( w>m? :5 sep>at$ f ! ext]nal atmosph]e4 ,let an exp]im5t be made1 !re=e1 ) fibr\s sub/ances ( l951 & n ( wool1 fea!rs1 or silk1 :i* are animal excretions4 ,= x is to be obs]v$ t all p[d]s 7:]e air is manife/ly inclos$7 are less cold ?an ! sub/ances :5 :ole1 j z we imag9e fro? 7:i* conta9s air7 to be less cold ?an ! liquid itself4 ,we h "h no exactly negative in/ance1 = we are n acqua9t$ ) any body tangible or spiritu\s :i* does n admit ( heat :5 expos$ to ! fire4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce1 t "s admit x m rapidly1 z air1 oil1 & wat]1 o!rs m sl[ly1 z /one & metals4#ib ,?is1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! table ( degrees4 ,no negative is "h subjo9$1 except ! rem>k t sp>ks are n k9dl$ by fl9t & /eel1 or any o!r h>d sub/ance1 unless "s small p>ticles ( ! /one or metal are /ruck (f1 & t ! air nev] =ms !m by friction1 z is commonly suppos$2 besides1 ! sp>ks f ! weight ( ! ignit$ sub/ance h a t5d5cy to desc5d r ?an to rise1 & :5 ext+ui%$ become a sort ( d>k a%4 ,we are ( op9ion t "h aga9 !re is no negative2 = we are n acqua9t$ ) any tangible body :i* does n become decid$ly w>m by friction1 s t ! anci5ts feign$ t ! gods _h no o!r means or p[] ( creat+ heat ?an ! friction ( air1 by rapid & viol5t rotation4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 fur!r inquiry mu/ be made1 :e!r bodies project$ by ma*9es 7z balls f cannon7 d n d]ive "s degree ( heat f meet+ ! air1 :i* r5d]s !m some:at w>m :5 !y fall4 ,! air 9 motion r cools ?an heats1 z 9 ! w9ds1 ! bell[s1 or brea? :5 ! m\? is contract$4 ,! motion1 h[ev]1 9 su* in/ances is n suffici5tly rapid to excite heat1 & is appli$ to a body ( air1 & n to its compon5t p>ts1 s t x is n surpris+ t heat %\ld n be g5]at$4 ,we mu/ make a m dilig5t inquiry into ?is in/ance2 = h]bs & gre5 & moi/ vegetables appe> to possess a lat5t heat1 s small1 h[ev]1 z n to be p]ceiv$ by ! t\* 9 s+le specim5s1 b :5 !y are unit$ & conf9$1 s t _! _s _c exhale into ! air1 & !y r w>m ea* o!r1 _! heat is at once manife/$1 & ev5 flame occasionally 9 suitable sub/ances4 ,"h1 too1 we mu/ make a m dilig5t inquiry2 = quicklime1 :5 spr9kl$ ) wat]1 appe>s to conceive heat1 ei!r f its be+ collect$ into "o po9t 7z we obs]v$ ( h]bs :5 conf9$71 or f ! irritation & exasp]ation ( ! fi]y _s by wat]1 :i* occasions a conflict & /ruggle4 ,! true reason w m readily be %[n if oil be us$ in/ead ( wat]1 = oil w equally t5d to collect ! conf9$ _s1 b n to irritate4 ,! exp]im5t may be made m g5]al1 bo? by us+ ! a%es & calc9$ products ( diff]5t bodies & by p\r+ diff]5t liquids ^u !m4 ,a negative in/ance may be subjo9$ ( o!r metals :i* are m s(t & soluble2 = leaf gold dissolv$ by aqua regia1 or lead by aqua =tis1 are n w>m to ! t\* :ile dissolv+1 no m is quicksilv] 7z f> z ,i rememb]71 b silv] excites a slight heat1 & s does copp]1 & t9 yet m pla9ly1 & mo/ ( all iron & /eel1 :i* excite n only a p[]ful heat1 b a viol5t bubbl+4 ,! heat1 !re=e1 appe>s to be occasion$ by ! /ruggle :i* takes place :5 ^! /rong dissolv5ts p5etrate1 dig into1 & te> asund] ! p>ts ( ^? sub/ances1 :ile ! sub/ances !mselves resi/4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! sub/ances yield m easily1 sc>cely any heat is excit$4 ,!re is no negative in/ance ) reg>d to ! heat ( animals1 except 9 insects 7z has be5 obs]v$71 ow+ to _! small size2 = 9 fi%es1 z comp>$ ) l& animals1 a l[] degree r ?an a deprivation ( heat is obs]vable4 ,9 plants & vegetables1 bo? z to _! exudations & pi? :5 fre%ly expos$1 !re is no s5sible degree ( heat4 ,b 9 animals !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! degree1 bo? 9 p>ticul> p>ts 7= ! heat v>ies ne> ! he>t1 ! bra91 & ! extremities7 & 9 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are plac$1 su* z viol5t ex]cise & fev]s4 ,"h1 aga91 !re is sc>cely a negative in/ance4 ,i might add t ! excrem5ts ( animals1 ev5 :5 !y are no long] fre%1 possess evid5tly "s effective heat1 z is %[n by _! enri*+ ! soil4 ,su* liquids 7:e!r oily or wat]y7 z are int5sely acrid exhibit ! effects ( heat1 by ! sep>ation & burn+ ( bodies aft] "s little action ^u !m1 yet !y are n at fir/ w>m to ! t\*1 b !y act accord+ to _! aff9ity & ! pores ( ! sub/ances to :i* !y are appli$2 = aqua regia dissolves gold b n silv]--on ! contr>y1 aqua =tis dissolves silv] b n gold2 nei!r ( !m dissolves glass1 & s ( ! re/4 ,let spirits ( w9e be tri$ on wood1 or butt]1 wax1 or pit*1 to see if ?is w melt !m at all by _! heat2 = ! tw5ty-f\r? in/ance %[s t !y possess prop]ties resembl+ ^? ( heat 9 caus+ incru/ation4 ,let an exp]im5t also be made ) a graduat$ glass or cal5d>1#ic concave at ! top1 by p\r+ well-rectifi$ spirits ( w9e into ! cavity1 & cov]+ x up 9 ord] t !y may ! bett] reta9 _! heat1 !n obs]ve :e!r _! heat make ! wat] desc5d4 ,spices & acrid h]bs are s5sibly w>m to ! palate1 & /ill m s :5 tak5 int]nally2 "o %\ld see1 !re=e1 on :at o!r sub/ances !y exhibit ! effects ( heat4 ,n[1 sailors tell u t :5 l>ge quantities ( spices are sudd5ly op5$1 aft] hav+ be5 %ut up = "s "t1 !re is "s dang] ( fev] & inflammation to ^? :o /ir !m or take !m out4 ,an exp]im5t might1 !re=e1 be made :e!r su* spices & h]bs1 :5 produc$1 w1 l smoke1 dry fi% & meat hung up ov] !m4 ,!re is an acrid effect & a degree ( p5etration 9 cold liquids1 su* z v9eg> & oil ( vitriol1 z well z 9 w>m1 su* z oil ( m>joram & ! l2 !y h1 !re=e1 an equal effect 9 caus+ animat$ sub/ances to sm>t1 & sep>at+ & consum+ inanimate p>ts4 ,!re is n any negative in/ance z to ?is1 nor does !re exi/ any animal pa9 unaccompani$ by ! s5sation ( heat4 ,!re are _m effects common to cold & heat1 h[ev] diff]5t 9 _! process2 = sn[balls appe> to burn boys' h&s aft] a little "t1 & cold no less ?an fire pres]ves bodies f putrefaction--besides bo? heat & cold contract bodies4 ,b x is bett] to ref] ^! in/ances & ! l to ! inve/igation ( cold4 ,,xiii4 ,9 ! ?ird place we mu/ exhibit to ! und]/&+ ! in/ances 9 :i* t nature1 :i* is ! object ( our inquiries1 is pres5t 9 a great] or less degree1 ei!r by comp>+ its increase & decrease 9 ! same object1 or its degree 9 diff]5t objects2 = s9ce ! =m ( a ?+ is its v ess5ce1 & ! ?+ only diff]s f its =m z ! app>5t f ! actual object1 or ! ext]ior f ! int]ior1 or t :i* is consid]$ ) relation to man f t :i* is consid]$ ) relation to ! univ]se2 x necess>ily foll[s t no nature c be consid]$ a real =m :i* does n uni=mly dim9i% & increase ) ! giv5 nature4 ,we are wont to call ?is our ,table ( ,degrees1 or ,comp>ative ,in/ances4 ,table ( ! ,degrees or ,comp>ative ,in/ances ( ,heat ,we w fir/ speak ( ^? bodies :i* exhibit no degree ( heat s5sible to ! t\*1 b appe> r to possess a pot5tial heat1 or disposition & prep>ation = x4 ,we w !n g on to o!rs1 :i* are actually w>m to ! t\*1 & obs]ve ! /r5g? & degree ( x4 #a4 ,!re is no kn[n solid or tangible body :i* is by its own nature orig9ally w>m2 = nei!r /one1 metal1 sulphur1 fossils1 wood1 wat]1 nor dead animal c>casses are f\nd w>m4 ,! w>m spr+s 9 ba?s appe> to be heat$ accid5tally1 by flame1 subt]rane\s fire 7su* z is ?r[n up by ,etna & _m o!r m\nta9s71 or by ! contact ( c]ta9 bodies1 z heat is exhibit$ 9 ! dissolution ( iron & t94 ,! degree ( heat1 !re=e1 9 inanimate objects is n s5sible to our t\*2 b !y diff] 9 _! degrees ( cold1 = wood & metal are n equally cold4#id ,?is1 h[ev]1 belongs to ! ,table ( ,degrees ( ,cold4 #b4 ,b ) reg>d to pot5tial heat & pr$isposition to flame1 we f9d _m inanimate sub/ances wond]fully adapt$ to x1 z sulphur1 naph?a1 & saltpetre4 #c4 ,bodies :i* h previ\sly acquir$ heat1 z horse dung f ! animal1 or lime1 & p]haps a%es & soot f fire1 reta9 "s lat5t portion ( x4 ,h5ce di/illations & sep>ations ( sub/ances are effect$ by bury+ !m 9 horse dung1 & heat is excit$ 9 lime by spr9kl+ x ) wat] 7z has be5 be=e obs]v$74 #d4 ,9 ! vegetable _w we "k ( no plant1 nor "p ( any plant 7z ! exudations or pi?7 t is w>m to man's t\*4 ,yet 7z we h be=e obs]v$7 gre5 we$s gr[ w>m :5 conf9$1 & "s vegetables are w>m & o!rs cold to our int]nal t\*1 i4e41 ! palate & /oma*1 or ev5 aft] a :ile to our ext]nal sk9 7z is %[n 9 pla/]s & o9tm5ts74 #e4 ,we "k ( no?+ 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( animals1 :5 dead or deta*$ f ! re/1 t is w>m to ! t\*2 = horse dung itself does n reta9 its heat1 unless x be conf9$ & buri$4 ,all dung1 h[ev]1 appe>s to possess a pot5tial heat1 z 9 manur+ fields2 s also dead bodies are endu$ ) ?is lat5t & pot5tial heat to su* a degree1 t 9 cemet]ies :]e p are int]r$ daily ! e>? acquires a secret heat1 :i* consumes any rec5tly deposit$ body mu* soon] ?an pure e>?2 & !y tell y t ! p ( ! ,ea/ are acqua9t$ ) a f9e s(t clo?1 made ( ! d[n ( birds1 :i* c melt butt] wrapp$ g5tly up 9 x by its own w>m?4 #f4 ,manures1 su* z e k9d ( dung1 *alk1 sea-s&1 salt & ! l1 h "s disposition t[>d heat4 #g4 ,all putrefaction exhibits "s slight degree ( heat1 ?\gh n en\gh to be p]ceptible by ! t\*2 = nei!r ! sub/ances :i* by putrefaction are conv]t$ into animalcul1#ie z fle% & *eese1 nor rott5 wood :i* %9es 9 ! d>k1 are w>m to ! t\*4 ,! heat1 h[ev]1 ( putrid sub/ances displays itself occasionally 9 a disgu/+ & /rong sc5t4 #h4 ,! fir/ degree ( heat1 !re=e1 9 sub/ances :i* are w>m to ! human t\* appe>s to be t ( animals1 & ?is admits ( a great v>iety ( degrees1 = ! l[e/ 7z 9 insects7 is sc>cely p]ceptible1 ! highe/ sc>cely equals t ( ! sun's rays 9 w>m climates & wea!r1 & is n s acute z to be insuff]able to ! h&4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 ( ,con/antius1 & "s o!rs ( a v dry con/itution & habit ( body1 t :5 attack$ ) viol5t fev]s1 !y became s w>m z to appe> almo/ to burn ! h& appli$ to !m4 #i4 ,animals become m w>m by motion & ex]cise1 w9e & fea/+1 v5]y1 burn+ fev]s1 & grief4 #aj4 ,9 ! p>oxysm ( int]mitt5t fev]s ! pati5ts are at fir/ seiz$ ) cold & %iv]+1 b soon aft]w>d become m heat$ ?an at fir/--9 burn+ & pe/il5tial fev]s !y are hot f ! beg9n+4 #aa4 ,let fur!r inquiry be made into ! comp>ative heat ( diff]5t animals1 z fi%es1 quadrup$s1 s]p5ts1 birds1 & also ( ! diff]5t species1 z ! lion1 ! kite1 or man2 =1 accord+ to ! vulg> op9ion1 fi%es are ! lea/ w>m int]nally1 & birds ! mo/1 p>ticul>ly doves1 hawks1 & o/ri*es4 #ab4 ,let fur!r inquiry be made z to ! comp>ative heat 9 diff]5t p>ts & limbs ( ! same animal2 = milk1 blood1 se$1 & eggs are mod]ately w>m1 & less hot ?an ! outw>d fle% ( ! animal :5 9 motion or agitat$4 ,! degree ( heat ( ! bra91 /oma*1 he>t1 & ! re/1 has n yet be5 equally well inve/igat$4 #ac4 ,all animals are ext]nally cold 9 w9t] & cold wea!r1 b are ?\ght to be int]nally w>m]4 #ad4 ,! heat ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ev5 9 ! w>me/ climates & seasons1 nev] rea*es su* a pit* z to light or burn ! drie/ wood or /raw1 or ev5 t9d] )\t ! aid ( burn+-glasses4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 raise vapor f moi/ sub/ances4 #ae4 ,a/ronom]s tell u t "s />s are hott] ?an o!rs4 ,m>s is consid]$ ! w>me/ aft] ! ,sun1 !n ,jupit]1 !n ,v5us4 ,! ,moon &1 above all1 ,saturn1 are consid]$ to be cold4 ,among ! fix$ />s ,sirius is ?\ght ! w>me/1 !n ,cor ,leonis or ,regulus1 !n ! less] ,dog-/>4 #af4 ,! sun gives out m heat z x approa*es t[>d ! p]p5dicul> or z5i?1 :i* may be suppos$ to be ! case ) ! o!r planets1 accord+ to _! degree ( heat2 = in/ance1 t ,jupit] gives out m heat :5 situat$ b5ea? ,canc] or ,leo ?an :5 he is b5ea? ,capricorn & ,aqu>ius4 #ag4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ! sun & o!r planets give m heat 9 p]igee1 f _! approximation to ! e>?1 ?an :5 9 apogee4 ,b if 9 any c\ntry ! sun %\ld be bo? 9 its p]igee & ne>] to ! p]p5dicul> at ! same "t1 x mu/ necess>ily give out m heat ?an 9 a c\ntry :]e x is also 9 p]igee1 b situat$ m obliquely2 s t ! comp>ative altitude ( ! planets %\ld be obs]v$1 & _! approa* to or decl9ation f ! p]p5dicul> 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 #ah4 ,! sun & o!r planets are ?\ght also to give out m heat 9 proportion z !y are ne>] to ! l>g] fix$ />s1 z :5 ! sun is 9 ,leo he is ne>] ,cor ,leonis1 ,cauda ,leonis1 ,spica ,virg9is1 ,sirius1 & ! less] ,dog-/>1 ?an :5 he is 9 ,canc]1 :]e1 h[ev]1 he approa*es ne>] to ! p]p5dicul>4 ,x is probable1 also1 t ! qu>t]s ( ! heav5s produce a great] heat 7?\gh n p]ceptibly71 9 proportion z !y are adorn$ ) a great] numb] ( />s1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! fir/ magnitude4 #ai4 ,on ! :ole1 ! heat ( ! heav5ly bodies is augm5t$ 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ,! approa* to ! p]p5dicul>2 #b4 ,proximity or _! p]igee2 #c4 ,! conjunction or union ( />s4 #bj4 ,!re is a v consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! degree ( heat 9 animals1 & ev5 9 ! rays ( ! heav5ly bodies 7z !y rea* u71 & ! heat ( ! mo/ g5tle flame1 & ev5 ( all ignit$ sub/ances1 nay1 liquids1 or ! air itself :5 unusually heat$ by fire4 ,= ! flame ( _s ( w9e1 ?\gh diffus$ & uncollect$1 is yet able to set /raw1 l951 or pap] on fire1 :i* animal heat1 or t ( ! sun1 w nev] accompli% )\t a burn+-glass4 #ba4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 _m degrees ( /r5g? & weakness 9 flame & ignit$ bodies3 b no dilig5t inquiry has be5 made 9 ?is respect1 & we mu/1 !re=e1 pass x ha/ily ov]4 ,( all flames1 t ( spirits ( w9e appe>s to be ! mo/ g5tle1 except p]haps ! ignis fatuus1 or ! fla%es f ! p]spiration ( animals4 ,aft] ?is we %\ld be incl9$ to place ! flame ( light & por\s vegetables1 su* z /raw1 re$s1 & dri$ leaves2 f :i* ! flame ( hair or fea!rs diff]s b little4 ,!n1 p]haps1 comes ! flame ( wood1 p>ticul>ly t :i* conta9s b little ros9 or pit*2 t ( small wood1 h[ev] 7su* z is usually ti$ up 9 fagots71 is mild] ?an t ( ! trunks or roots ( trees4 ,?is c be easily tri$ 9 iron furnaces1 :]e a fire ( fagots or bran*es ( trees is ( little s]vice4 ,next foll[s ! flame ( oil1 tall[1 wax1 & ! l oily & fat sub/ances1 :i* are n v viol5t4 ,b a mo/ p[]ful heat is f\nd 9 pit* & ros91 & a /ill great] 9 sulphur1 camphor1 naph?a1 saltpetre1 & salts 7aft] !y h dis*>g$ _! crude matt]71 & 9 _! comp\nds2 z 9 gunp[d]1 ,greek fire 7vulg>ly call$ wild fire71 & its v>ieties1 :i* possess su* a /ubborn heat z sc>cely to be ext+ui%$ by wat]4 #bb4 ,we consid] t ! flame :i* results f "s imp]fect metals is v /rong & active2 b on all ^! po9ts fur!r inquiry %\ld be made4 #bc4 ,! flame ( vivid lightn+ appe>s to exce$ all ! above1 s z sometimes to h melt$ ev5 wr\ght iron into drops1 :i* ! o!r flames _c accompli%4 #bd4 ,9 ignit$ bodies !re are diff]5t degrees ( heat1 conc]n+ :i*1 also1 a dilig5t inquiry has n be5 made4 ,we consid] ! fa9te/ heat to be t ( t9d]1 t\*wood1 & dry rope mat*1 su* z is us$ = dis*>g+ cannon4 ,next foll[s t ( ignit$ *>coal or c9d]s1 & ev5 bricks1 & ! l2 b ! mo/ viol5t is t ( ignit$ metals1 z iron1 copp]1 & ! l4 ,fur!r inquiry1 h[ev]1 mu/ be made into ?is also4 #be4 ,"s ignit$ bodies are f\nd to be mu* w>m] ?an "s flames2 = in/ance1 r$ hot iron is mu* w>m]1 & burns m ?an ! flame ( spirits ( w9e4 #bf4 ,"s bodies ev5 n ignit$1 b only heat$ by ! fire1 z boil+ wat]1 & ! air conf9$ 9 rev]b]atories1 surpass 9 heat _m flames & ignit$ sub/ances4 #bg4 ,motion increases heat1#if z is %[n 9 ! bell[s & ! bl[pipe2 = ! h>d] metals are n dissolv$ or melt$ by /eady quiet fire1 )\t ! aid ( ! bl[pipe4 #bh4 ,let an exp]im5t be made ) burn+-glasses2 9 :i* respect ,i h obs]v$1 t if a glass be plac$ at ! di/ance ( t5 in*es1 = in/ance1 f ! combu/ible object1 x does n k9dle or burn x s readily1 z if ! glass be plac$ at ! di/ance ( five in*es 7= in/ance71 & be !n gradually & sl[ly )drawn to ! di/ance ( t5 in*es4 ,! cone & focus ( ! rays1 h[ev]1 are ! same1 b ! m]e motion increases ! effect ( ! heat4 #bi4 ,conflagrations1 :i* take place ) a high w9d1 are ?\ght to make great] way aga9/ ?an ) ! w9d1 because :5 ! w9d slack5s1 ! flame recoils m rapidly ?an x advances :5 ! w9d is favorable4 #cj4 ,flame does n bur/ out or arise unless x h "s holl[ space to move & ex]t itself 91 except 9 ! explod+ flame ( gunp[d]1 & ! l1 :]e ! compression & conf9em5t ( ! flame increase its fury4 #ca4 ,! anvil becomes s hot by ! hamm]1 t if x 7 a ?9 plate x might probably gr[ r$1 l ignit$ iron by repeat$ /rokes4 ,let ! exp]im5t be tri$4 #cb4 ,b 9 ignit$ bodies t are por\s1 s z to leave room = ! fire to move itself1 if its motion be prev5t$ by /rong compression1 ! fire is imm$iately ext+ui%$2 ?us x is ) t9d]1 or ! burn+ snuff ( a c&le or lamp1 or ev5 hot *>coal or c9d]s2 = :5 !y are squeez$ by snuff]s1 or ! foot1 & ! l1 ! effect ( ! fire in/antly ceases4 #cc4 ,! approa* t[>d a hot body increases heat 9 proportion to ! approximation2 a simil> effect to t ( light1 = ! ne>] any object is plac$ t[>d ! light1 ! m visible x becomes4 #cd4 ,!#ig union ( diff]5t heats increases heat1 unless ! sub/ances be mix$2 = a l>ge & small fire 9 ! same spot t5d mutually to increase ea* o!r's heat1 b lukew>m wat] p\r$ into boil+ wat] cools x4 #ce4 ,! cont9u$ neighborhood ( a w>m body increases heat4 ,= ! heat1 :i* p]petually passes & emanates f x1 be+ mix$ ) t :i* prec$$ x1 multiplies ! :ole4 ,a fire1 = in/ance1 does n w>m a room 9 half an h\r z mu* z ! same fire w\ld 9 an h\r4 ,?is does n apply to light1 = a lamp or c&le plac$ 9 a spot gives no m light by rema9+ !re1 ?an x did at fir/4 #cf4 ,! irritation ( surr\nd+ cold increases heat1 z may be se5 9 fires dur+ a %>p fro/4 ,we ?9k t ?is is ow+ n m]ely to ! conf9em5t & compression ( ! heat 7:i* =ms a sort ( union71 b also by ! exasp]ation ( x1 z :5 ! air or a /ick are viol5tly compress$ or b5t1 !y recoil1 n only to ! po9t !y fir/ occupi$1 b /ill fur!r back4 ,let an accurate exp]im5t1 !re=e1 be made ) a /ick1 or some?+ ( ! k9d1 put into ! flame1 9 ord] to see :e!r x be n soon] burn$ at ! sides ?an 9 ! middle ( x4#ih #cg4 ,!re are _m degrees 9 ! susceptibility ( heat4 ,&1 fir/1 x mu/ be obs]v$ h[ mu* a l[ g5tle heat *anges & p>tially w>ms ev5 ! bodies lea/ susceptible ( x4 ,= ev5 ! heat ( ! h& imp>ts a little w>m? to a ball ( lead or o!r metal held a %ort "t 9 x2 s easily is heat transmitt$ & excit$1 )\t any app>5t *ange 9 ! body4 #ch4 ,( all bodies t we are acqua9t$ )1 air admits & loses heat ! mo/ readily1 :i* is admirably se5 9 wea!r-glasses1 ^: con/ruction is z foll[s3 ,take a glass ) a holl[ belly1 & a ?9 & long neck2 turn x upside d[n1 & place x ) its m\? d[nw>d into ano!r glass vessel conta9+ wat]2 ! end ( ! tube t\*+ ! bottom ( ! vessel1 & ! tube itself lean+ a little on ! edge1 s z to be fix$ upright4 ,9 ord] to d ?is m readily1 let a little wax be appli$ to ! edge1 n1 h[ev]1 s z to block up ! orifice1 le/1 by prev5t+ ! air f escap+1 ! motion1 :i* we %all pres5tly speak (1 & :i* is v g5tle & delicate1 %\ld be imp$$4 ,be=e ! fir/ glass be ins]t$ 9 ! o!r1 its upp] "p 7! belly7 %\ld be w>m$ at ! fire4 ,!n ^u plac+ x z we h describ$1 ! air 7:i* 0 dilat$ by ! heat71 aft] a suffici5t "t has be5 all[$ = x to lose ! additional temp]ature1 w re/ore & contract itself to ! same dim5sions z t ( ! ext]nal or common atmosph]e at ! mom5t ( imm]sion1 & ! wat] w be attract$ upw>d 9 ! tube to a proportionate ext5t4 ,a long n>r[ slip ( pap] %\ld be atta*$ to ! tube1 divid$ into z _m degrees z y please4 ,y w !n p]ceive1 z ! wea!r gr[s w>m] or cold]1 t ! air contracts itself into a n>r[] space 9 cold wea!r & dilates 9 ! w>m1 :i* w be exhibit$ by ! ris+ ( ! wat] z ! air contracts itself1 & its depression z ! air dilates4 ,! s5sibility ( ! air ) reg>d to heat or cold is s delicate & exquisite1 t x f> exce$s ! human t\*1 s t a ray ( sun%9e1 ! heat ( ! brea?1 & mu* m1 t ( ! h& plac$ on ! top ( ! tube1 imm$iately causes an evid5t depression ( ! wat]4 ,we ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! _s ( animals possesses a mu* m delicate susceptibility ( heat & cold1 only t x is imp$$ & blunt$ by ! grossness ( _! bodies4 #ci4 ,aft] air1 we consid] ^? bodies to be mo/ s5sible ( heat1 :i* h be5 rec5tly *ang$ & contract$ by cold1 z sn[ & ice2 = !y beg9 to be dissolv$ & melt ) ! fir/ mild wea!r4 ,next1 p]haps1 foll[s quicksilv]2 !n greasy sub/ances1 z oil1 butt]1 & ! l2 !n wood2 !n wat]2 la/ly1 /ones & metals1 :i* d n easily gr[ hot1 p>ticul>ly t[>d _! c5tre4#ii ,:5 heat$1 h[ev]1 !y reta9 _! temp]ature = a v long "t2 s t a brick or /one1 or hot iron1 plung$ 9 a bas9 ( cold wat]1 & kept !re = a qu>t] ( an h\r or !reab\t1 reta9s su* a heat z n to admit ( be+ t\*$4 #dj4 ,! less massive ! body is1 ! m readily x gr[s w>m at ! approa* ( a heat$ body1 :i* %[s t heat ) u is some:at av]se to a tangible mass4#ajj #da4 ,heat ) reg>d to ! human s5ses & t\* is v>i\s & relative1 s t lukew>m wat] appe>s hot if ! h& be cold1 & cold if ! h& be hot4 ,,xiv4 ,any "o may readily see h[ poor we are 9 hi/ory1 s9ce 9 ! above tables1 besides occasionally ins]t+ traditions & report in/ead ( approv$ hi/ory & au!ntic in/ances 7always1 h[ev]1 add+ "s note if _! cr$it or au?ority be d\btful71 we are (t5 =c$ to subjo91 8,let ! exp]im5t be tri$--,let fur!r inquiry be made40 ,,xv4 ,we are wont to t]m ! (fice & use ( ^! ?ree tables ! pres5t+ a review ( in/ances to ! und]/&+2 & :5 ?is has be5 done1 induction itself is to be br\ght into action4 ,= on an individual review ( all ! in/ances a nature is to be f\nd1 su* z always to be pres5t & abs5t ) ! giv5 nature1 to increase & decrease ) x1 &1 z we h said1 to =m a m common limit ( ! nature4 ,if ! m9d attempt ?is affirmatively f ! fir/ 7:i* x always w :5 left to itself71 !re w spr+ up phantoms1 m]e !ories & ill-def9$ notions1 ) axioms requir+ daily correction4 ,^! w1 d\btless1 be bett] or worse1 accord+ to ! p[] & /r5g? ( ! und]/&+ :i* creates !m4 ,b x is only = ,god 7! be/[] & creator ( =ms71 & p]haps = angels & intellig5ces1 at once to recognize =ms affirmatively at ! fir/ glance ( contemplation3 man1 at le/1 is unable to d s1 & is only all[$ to proce$ fir/ by negatives1 & !n to conclude ) affirmatives1 aft] e species ( exclusion4 ,,xvi4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 effect a complete solution & sep>ation ( nature2 n by fire1 b by ! m9d1 t div9e fire4 ,! fir/ "w ( legitimate induction1 9 ! discov]y ( =ms1 is rejection1 or ! exclusive in/ances ( individual natures1 :i* are n f\nd 9 "s "o in/ance :]e ! giv5 nature is pres5t1 or are f\nd 9 any "o in/ance :]e x is abs5t1 or are f\nd to increase 9 any "o in/ance :]e ! giv5 nature decreases1 or ! rev]se4 ,aft] an exclusion correctly effect$1 an affirmative =m w rema9 z ! residuum1 solid1 true1 & well def9$1 :ile all volatile op9ions g (f 9 smoke4 ,?is is readily said2 b we mu/ arrive at x by a circuit\s r\te4 ,we %all p]haps1 h[ev]1 omit no?+ t c facilitate our progress4 ,,xvii4 ,! fir/ & almo/ p]petual precaution & w>n+ :i* we consid] necess>y is ?is2 t none %\ld suppose f ! great "p assign$ by u to =ms1 t we mean su* =ms z ! m$itations & ?\ghts ( m5 h hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we d n at pres5t mean ! concrete =ms1 :i* 7z we h obs]v$7 are 9 ! common c\rse ( ?+s comp\nd$ ( simple natures1 z ^? ( a lion1 an eagle1 a rose1 gold1 or ! l4 ,! mom5t = discuss+ ^! w arrive :5 we come to treat ( ! lat5t process & lat5t con=mation1 & ! discov]y ( !m z !y exi/ 9 :at are call$ sub/ances1 or concrete natures4 ,nor aga91 w\ld we be ?\ght to mean 7ev5 :5 treat+ ( simple natures7 any ab/ract =ms or ideas1 ei!r undef9$ or badly def9$ 9 matt]4 ,= :5 we speak ( =ms1 we mean no?+ else ?an ^? laws & regulations ( simple action :i* arrange & con/itute any simple nature1 su* z heat1 light1 weight1 9 e species ( matt]1 & 9 a susceptible subject4 ,! =m ( heat or =m ( light1 !re=e1 means no m ?an ! law ( heat or ! law ( light4 ,nor d we ev] ab/ract or )draw ourselves f ?+s1 & ! op]ative bran* ( philosophy4 ,:51 !re=e1 we say 7= in/ance7 9 our inve/igation ( ! =m ( heat1 ,reject r>ity1 or1 ,r>ity is n ( ! =m ( heat1 x is ! same z if we 7 to say1 ,man c sup]9duce heat on a d5se body1 or ! rev]se1 ,man c ab/ract or w>d (f heat f a r>e body4 ,b if our =ms appe> to any "o to be some:at ab/ract$1 f _! m+l+ & unit+ het]og5e\s objects 7! heat1 = in/ance1 ( ! heav5ly bodies appe>s to be v diff]5t f t ( fire2 ! fix$ r$ ( ! rose & ! l1 f t :i* is app>5t 9 ! ra9b[1 or ! radiation ( opal or ! diamond2#aja dea? by dr[n+1 f t by burn+1 ! sword1 apoplexy1 or consumption2 & yet !y all agree 9 ! common natures ( heat1 r$ness1 & dea?71 let him be assur$ t 8 und]/&+ is in?rall$ by habit1 by g5]al appe>ances & hypo!ses4 ,= x is mo/ c]ta9 t1 h[ev] het]og5e\s & di/9ct1 !y agree 9 ! =m or law :i* regulates heat1 r$ness1 or dea?2 & t human p[] _c be emancipat$ & fre$ f ! common c\rse ( nature1 & exp&$ & exalt$ to new effici5ts & new modes ( op]ation1 except by ! revelation & inv5tion ( =ms ( ?is nature4 ,b aft] ?is#ajb union ( nature1 :i* is ! pr9cipal po9t1 we w aft]w>d1 9 its prop] place1 treat ( ! divisions & ramifications ( nature1 :e!r ord9>y or int]nal & m real4 ,,xviii4 ,we mu/ n[ (f] an example ( ! exclusion or rejection ( natures f\nd by ! tables ( review1 n to be ( ! =m ( heat2 fir/ premis+ t n only ea* table is suffici5t = ! rejection ( any nature1 b ev5 ea* s+le in/ance conta9$ 9 !m4 ,= x is cle> f :at has be5 said t e contradictory in/ance de/roys a hypo!sis z to ! =m4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 = ! sake ( cle>ness1 & 9 ord] to %[ m pla9ly ! use ( ! tables1 we r$\ble or repeat ! exclusive4 ,an ,example ( ! ,exclusive ,table1 or ( ! ,rejection ( ,natures f ! ,=m ( ,heat #a4 ,on acc\nt ( ! sun's rays1 reject elem5t>y 7or t]re/rial7 nature4 #b4 ,on acc\nt ( common fire1 & p>ticul>ly subt]ranean fires 7:i* are ! mo/ remote & seclud$ f ! rays ( ! heav5ly bodies71 reject cele/ial nature4 #c4 ,on acc\nt ( ! heat acquir$ by e description ( sub/ances 7z m9]als1 vegetables1 ! ext]nal p>ts ( animals1 wat]1 oil1 air1 etc47 by m]e approximation to ! fire or any w>m body1 reject all v>iety & delicate texture ( bodies4 #d4 ,on acc\nt ( iron & ignit$ metals1 :i* w>m o!r bodies1 & yet nei!r lose _! weight nor sub/ance1 reject ! imp>t+ or mix+ ( ! sub/ance ( ! heat+ body4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( boil+ wat] & air1 & also ^? metals & o!r solid bodies :i* are heat$1 b n to ignition1 or r$ heat1 reject flame or light4 #f4 ,on acc\nt ( ! rays ( ! moon & o!r heav5ly bodies 7except ! sun71 aga9 reject flame or light4 #g4 ,on acc\nt ( ! comp>ison betwe5 r$-hot iron & ! flame ( spirits ( w9e 7= ! iron is m hot & less bright1 :ile ! flame ( spirits ( w9e is m bright & less hot71 aga9 reject flame & light4 #h4 ,on acc\nt ( gold & o!r ignit$ metals1 :i* are ( ! greate/ specific d5sity1 reject r>ity4 #i4 ,on acc\nt ( air1 :i* is g5]ally f\nd to be cold & yet cont9ues r>e1 reject r>ity4 #aj4 ,on acc\nt ( ignit$ iron1#ajc :i* does n swell 9 bulk1 b reta9s ! same app>5t dim5sion1 reject ! absolute expansive motion ( ! :ole4 #aa4 ,on acc\nt ( ! expansion ( ! air 9 !rmomet]s & ! l1 :i* is absolutely mov$ & exp&$ to ! eye1 & yet acquires no manife/ increase ( heat1 aga9 reject absolute or expansive motion ( ! :ole4 #ab4 ,on acc\nt ( ! ready application ( heat to all sub/ances )\t any de/ruction or rem>kable alt]ation ( !m1 reject de/ructive nature or ! viol5t communication ( any new nature4 #ac4 ,on acc\nt ( ! agreem5t & con=mity ( ! effects produc$ by cold & heat1 reject bo? expansive & contract+ motion z reg>ds ! :ole4 #ad4 ,on acc\nt ( ! heat excit$ by friction1 reject pr9cipal nature1 by :i* we mean t :i* exi/s positively1 & is n caus$ by a prec$+ nature4 ,!re are o!r natures to be reject$2 b we are m]ely (f]+ examples1 & n p]fect tables4 ,none ( ! above natures are ( ! =m ( heat2 & man is fre$ f !m all 9 8 op]ation ^u heat4 ,,xix4 ,9 ! exclusive table are laid ! f\ndations ( true induction1 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 complet$ until ! affirmative be atta9$4 ,nor is ! exclusive table p]fect1 nor c x be s at fir/4 ,= x is cle>ly a rejection ( simple natures2 b if we h n z yet good & j notions ( simple natures1 h[ c ! exclusive table be made correct8 ,"s ( ! above1 z ! notion ( elem5t>y & cele/ial nature1 & r>ity1 are vague & ill def9$4 ,we1 !re=e1 :o are nei!r ignorant nor =getful ( ! great "w :i* we attempt1 9 r5d]+ ! human und]/&+ adequate to ?+s & nature1 by no means re/ satisfi$ ) :at we h hi!rto en=c$1 b pu% ! matt] fur!r1 & contrive & prep>e m p[]ful aid = ! use ( ! und]/&+1 :i* we w next subjo94 ,&1 inde$1 9 ! int]pretation ( nature ! m9d is to be s prep>$ & =m$1 z to re/ itself on prop] degrees ( c]ta9ty1 & yet to rememb] 7especially at fir/7 t :at is pres5t dep5ds mu* ^u :at rema9s beh9d4 ,,xx4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 tru? em]ges m readily f error ?an confusion1 we consid] x useful to leave ! und]/&+ at lib]ty to ex]t itself & attempt ! int]pretation ( nature 9 ! affirmative1 aft] hav+ con/ruct$ & weigh$ ! ?ree tables ( prep>ation1 su* z we h laid !m d[n1 bo? f ! in/ances !re collect$1 & o!rs occurr+ else:]e4 ,:i* attempt we are wont to call ! lib]ty ( ! und]/&+1 or ! comm5cem5t ( int]pretation1 or ! fir/ v9tage4 ,! ,fir/ ,v9tage ( ! ,=m ( ,heat ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! =m ( any?+ is inh]5t 7z appe>s cle>ly f our premises7 9 ea* individual in/ance 9 :i* ! ?+ itself is inh]5t1 or x w\ld n be a =m4 ,no contradictory in/ance1 !re=e1 c be alleg$4 ,! =m1 h[ev]1 is f\nd to be mu* m conspicu\s & evid5t 9 "s in/ances ?an 9 o!rs2 9 ^? 7= example7 :]e its nature is less re/ra9$ & emb>rass$1 & r$uc$ to rule by o!r natures4 ,su* in/ances we are wont to t]m coruscations1 or conspicu\s in/ances4 ,we mu/ proce$1 !n1 to ! fir/ v9tage ( ! =m ( heat4 ,f ! in/ances tak5 collectively1 z well z s+ly1 ! nature ^: limit is heat appe>s to be motion4 ,?is is *iefly exhibit$ 9 flame1 :i* is 9 con/ant motion1 & 9 w>m or boil+ liquids1 :i* are likewise 9 con/ant motion4 ,x is also %[n 9 ! excitem5t or increase ( heat by motion1 z by bell[s & draughts3 = :i* see ,in/4 #bi1 ,tab4 #c1 & by o!r species ( motion1 z 9 ,in/4 #bh & #ca1 ,tab4 #c4 ,x is also %[n by ! ext9ction ( fire & heat ^u any /rong pressure1 :i* re/ra9s & puts a /op to motion2 = :i* see ,in/4 #cj & #cb1 ,tab4 #c4 ,x is fur!r %[n by ?is circum/ance1 namely1 t e sub/ance is de/roy$1 or at lea/ mat]ially *ang$1 by /rong & p[]ful fire & heat3 :5ce x is cle> t tumult & confusion are occasion$ by heat1 toge!r ) a viol5t motion 9 ! int]nal p>ts ( bodies2 & ?is gradually t5ds to _! dissolution4 ,:at we h said ) reg>d to motion mu/ be ?us und]/ood1 :5 tak5 z ! g5us ( heat3 x mu/ n be ?\ght t heat g5]ates motion1 or motion heat 7?\gh 9 "s respects ?is be true71 b t ! v ess5ce ( heat1 or ! sub/antial self#ajd ( heat1 is motion & no?+ else1 limit$1 h[ev]1 by c]ta9 diff]5ces :i* we w pres5tly add1 aft] giv+ "s cautions = avoid+ ambiguity4 ,s5sible heat is relative1 & reg>ds man1 n univ]se2 & is rightly held to be m]ely ! effect ( heat on animal _s4 ,x is ev5 v>iable 9 itself1 s9ce ! same body 79 diff]5t /ates ( s5sation7 excites ! feel+ ( heat & ( cold2 ?is is %[n by ,in/4 #da1 ,tab4 #c4 ,nor %\ld we conf\nd ! communication ( heat or its transitive nature1 by :i* a body gr[s w>m at ! approa* ( a heat$ body1 ) ! =m ( heat2 = heat is "o ?+ & heat+ ano!r4 ,heat c be excit$ by friction )\t any previ\s heat+ body1 &1 !re=e1 heat+ is exclud$ f ! =m ( heat4 ,ev5 :5 heat is excit$ by ! approa* ( a hot body1 ?is dep5ds n on ! =m ( heat1 b on ano!r m pr(\nd & common nature2 namely1 t ( assimilation & multiplication1 ab\t :i* a sep>ate inquiry mu/ be made4 ,! notion ( fire is vulg>1 & ( no assi/ance2 x is m]ely comp\nd$ ( ! conjunction ( heat & light 9 any body1 z 9 ord9>y flame & r$-hot sub/ances4 ,lay+ aside all ambiguity1 !re=e1 we mu/ la/ly consid] ! true diff]5ces :i* limit motion & r5d] x ! =m ( heat4 ,i4 ,! fir/ diff]5ce is1 t heat is an expansive motion1 by :i* ! body /rives to dilate itself1 & to occupy a great] space ?an be=e4 ,?is diff]5ce is pr9cipally se5 9 flame1 :]e ! smoke or ?ick vapor is cle>ly dilat$ & bur/s into flame4 ,x is also %[n 9 all boil+ liquids1 :i* swell1 rise1 & boil up to ! sight1 & ! process ( expansion is urg$ =w>d till !y are conv]t$ into a mu* m ext5d$ & dilat$ body ?an ! liquid itself1 su* z /eam1 smoke1 or air4 ,x is also %[n 9 wood & combu/ibles :]e exudation sometimes takes place1 & evaporation always4 ,x is also %[n 9 ! melt+ ( metals1 :i*1 be+ v compact1 d n easily swell & dilate1 b yet _! _s1 :5 dilat$ & desir\s ( fur!r expansion1 =ces & urges its ?ick] p>ts into dissolution1 & if ! heat be pu%$ /ill fur!r1 r$uces a consid]able "p ( !m into a volatile /ate4 ,x is also %[n 9 iron or /ones1 :i* ?\gh n melt$ or dissolv$1 are h[ev] s(t5$4 ,! same circum/ance takes place 9 /icks ( wood1 :i* become flexible :5 a little heat$ 9 w>m a%es4 ,x is mo/ readily obs]v$ 9 air1 :i* in/antly & manife/ly exp&s ) a small degree ( heat1 z 9 ,in/4 #ch1 ,tab4 #c4 ,x is also %[n 9 ! contr>y nature ( cold2 = cold contracts & n>r[s e sub/ance2#aje s t 9 int5se fro/s nails fall out ( ! wall & brass cracks1 & heat$ glass expos$ sudd5ly to ! cold cracks & breaks4 ,s ! air1 by a slight degree ( cold1 contracts itself1 z 9 ,in/4 #ch1 ,tab4 #c4 ,m w be said ( ?is 9 ! inquiry into cold4 ,nor is x to be wond]$ at if cold & heat exhibit _m common effects 7= :i* see ,in/4 #cb1 ,tab4 #b71 s9ce two diff]5ces1 ( :i* we %all pres5tly speak1 belong to ea* nature3 al?\gh 9 ! pres5t diff]5ce ! effects be diametrically oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,= heat occasions an expansive & dilat+ motion1 b cold a contract+ & cond5s+ motion4 ,,ii4 ,! second diff]5ce is a modification ( ! prec$+1 namely1 t heat is an expansive motion1 t5d+ t[>d ! ext]ior1 b at ! same "t be>+ ! body upw>d4 ,= !re is no d\bt t !re be _m comp\nd motions1 z an arr[ or d>t1 = in/ance1 has bo? a rotatory & progressive motion4 ,9 ! same way ! motion ( heat is bo? expansive & t5d+ upw>d4 ,?is diff]5ce is %[n by putt+ ! tongs or pok] into ! fire4 ,if plac$ p]p5dicul>ly ) ! h& above1 !y soon burn x1 b mu* less spe$ily if ! h& hold !m slop+ or f bel[4 ,x is also conspicu\s 9 di/illations p] desc5sum1 :i* m5 are wont to employ ) delicate fl[]s1 ^: sc5t easily evaporates4 ,_! indu/ry has devis$ plac+ ! fire above in/ead ( bel[1 t x may scor* less2 = n only flame b all heat has an upw>d t5d5cy4 ,let an exp]im5t be made on ! contr>y nature ( cold1 :e!r its contraction be d[nw>d1 z ! expansion ( heat is upw>d4 ,take1 !re=e1 two iron rods or two glass tubes1 alike 9 o!r respects1 & w>m !m a little1 & place a sponge1 dipp$ 9 cold wat]1 or "s sn[1 bel[ ! "o & above ! o!r4 ,we are ( op9ion t ! extremities w gr[ cold 9 t rod fir/ :]e x is plac$ b5ea?1 z ! contr>y takes place ) reg>d to heat4 ,,iii4 ,! ?ird diff]5ce is ?is2 t heat is n a uni=m expansive motion ( ! :ole1 b ( ! small p>ticles ( ! body2 & ?is motion be+ at ! same "t re/ra9$1 repuls$1 & reflect$1 becomes alt]nat+1 p]petually hurry+1 /riv+1 /ruggl+1 & irritat$ by ! rep]cussion1 :i* is ! s\rce ( ! viol5ce ( flame & heat4 ,b ?is diff]5ce is *iefly %[n 9 flame & boil+ liquids1 :i* always hurry1 swell1 & subside aga9 9 deta*$ p>ts4 ,x is also %[n 9 bodies ( su* h>d texture z n to swell or dilate 9 bulk1 su* z r$-hot iron1 9 :i* ! heat is mo/ viol5t4 ,x is also %[n by ! fires burn+ mo/ briskly 9 ! colde/ wea!r4 ,x is also %[n by ?is1 t :5 ! air is dilat$ 9 ! !rmomet] uni=mly & equably1 )\t any imp$im5t or repulsion1 ! heat is n p]ceptible4 ,9 conf9$ draughts also1 al?\gh !y break out v viol5tly1 no rem>kable heat is p]ceiv$1 because ! motion affects ! :ole1 )\t any alt]nat+ motion 9 ! p>ticles2 = :i* reason try :e!r flame d n burn m at ! sides ?an 9 its c5tre4 ,x is also %[n 9 ?is1 t all burn+ proce$s by ! m9ute pores ( bodies--und]m9+1 p5etrat+1 pi]c+1 & prick+ !m z if ) an inf9ite numb] ( ne$le-po9ts4 ,h5ce all /rong acids 7if adapt$ to ! body on :i* !y act7 exhibit ! effects ( fire1 f _! corrod+ & pung5t nature4 ,! diff]5ce ( :i* we n[ speak is common also to ! nature ( cold1 9 :i* ! contract+ motion is re/ra9$ by ! resi/ance ( expansion1 z 9 heat ! expansive motion is re/ra9$ by ! resi/ance ( contraction4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 ! p>ticles ( matt] p5etrate inw>d or outw>d1 ! reason+ is ! same1 ?\gh ! p[] be v diff]5t1 because we h no?+ on e>? :i* is int5sely cold4 ,,iv4 ,! f\r? diff]5ce is a modification ( ! prec$+1 namely1 t ?is /imulat+ or p5etrat+ motion %\ld be rapid & nev] sluggi%1 & %\ld take place n 9 ! v m9ute/ p>ticles1 b r 9 ^? ( "s tol]able dim5sions4 ,x is %[n by comp>+ ! effects ( fire ) ^? ( "t4 ,"t dries1 consumes1 und]m9es1 & r$uces to a%es z well z fire1 & p]haps to a mu* f9] degree2 b z its motion is v sl[1 & attacks v m9ute p>ticles1 no heat is p]ceiv$4 ,x is also %[n 9 a comp>ison ( ! dissolution ( iron & gold2 = gold is dissolv$ )\t ! excitem5t ( any heat1 b iron ) a vehem5t excitem5t ( x1 al?\gh mo/ 9 ! same "t1 because 9 ! =m] ! p5etration ( ! sep>at+ acid is mild1 & g5tly ins9uates itself1 & ! p>ticles ( gold yield easily1 b ! p5etration ( iron is viol5t1 & att5d$ ) "s /ruggle1 & its p>ticles are m ob/9ate4 ,x is p>tially %[n1 also1 9 "s gangr5es & mortifications ( fle%1 :i* d n excite great heat or pa91 f ! g5tle nature ( ! putrefaction4 ,let ?is suffice = a fir/ v9tage1 or ! comm5cem5t ( ! int]pretation ( ! =m ( heat by ! lib]ty ( ! und]/&+4 ,f ?is fir/ v9tage ! =m or true def9ition ( heat 7consid]$ relatively to ! univ]se & n to ! s5se7 is briefly ?us--,heat is an expansive motion re/ra9$1 & /riv+ to ex]t itself 9 ! small] p>ticles4#ajf ,! expansion is modifi$ by its t5d5cy to rise1 ?\gh exp&+ t[>d ! ext]ior2 & ! ef=t is modifi$ by its n be+ sluggi%1 b active & some:at viol5t4 ,) reg>d to ! op]ative def9ition1 ! matt] is ! same4 ,if y are able to excite a dilat+ or expansive motion 9 any natural body1 & s to repress t motion & =ce x on itself z n to all[ ! expansion to proce$ equally1 b only to be p>tially ex]t$ & p>tially repress$1 y w beyond all d\bt produce heat1 )\t any consid]ation z to :e!r ! body be ( e>? 7or elem5t>y1 z !y t]m x71 or imbu$ ) cele/ial influ5ce1 lum9\s or opaque1 r>e or d5se1 locally exp&$ or conta9$ )9 ! b\nds ( its fir/ dim5sions1 v]g+ to dissolution or rema9+ fix$1 animal1 vegetable1 or m9]al1 wat]1 or oil1 or air1 or any o!r sub/ance :atev] susceptible ( su* motion4 ,s5sible heat is ! same1 b consid]$ relatively to ! s5ses4 ,let u n[ proce$ to fur!r helps4 ,,xxi4 ,aft] our tables ( fir/ review1 our rejection or exclusive table1 & ! fir/ v9tage d]iv$ f !m1 we mu/ advance to ! rema9+ helps ( ! und]/&+ ) reg>d to ! int]pretation ( nature1 & a true & p]fect induction1 9 (f]+ :i* we w take ! examples ( cold & heat :]e tables are necess>y1 b :]e few] in/ances are requir$ we w g ?r\gh a v>iety ( o!rs1 s z nei!r to conf\nd inve/igation nor to n>r[ our doctr9e4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re=e1 we w treat ( pr]ogative in/ances2#ajg #b4 ,( ! supports ( induction2 #c4 ,( ! correction ( induction2 #d4 ,( v>y+ ! inve/igation accord+ to ! nature ( ! subject2 #e4 ,( ! pr]ogative natures ) respect to inve/igation1 or ( :at %\ld be ! fir/ or la/ objects ( our rese>*2 #f4 ,( ! limits ( inve/igation1 or a synopsis ( all natures t exi/ 9 ! univ]se2 #g4 ,( ! application to practical purposes1 or ( :at relates to man2 #h4 ,( ! prep>ations = inve/igation2 #i4 ,& la/ly1 ( ! asc5d+ & desc5d+ scale ( axioms4#ajh ,,xxii4 ,among ! pr]ogative in/ances we w fir/ m5tion solit>y in/ances4 ,solit>y in/ances are ^? :i* exhibit ! requir$ nature 9 subjects t h no?+ 9 common ) any o!r subject ?an ! nature 9 "q1 or :i* d n exhibit ! requir$ nature 9 subjects resembl+ o!rs 9 e respect except t ( ! nature 9 "q2 = ^! in/ances manife/ly remove prolixity1 & accel]ate & confirm exclusion1 s t a few ( !m are ( z mu* avail z _m4 ,= in/ance1 let ! inquiry be ! nature ( color4 ,prisms1 cry/all9e gems1 :i* yield colors n only int]nally b on ! wall1 dews1 etc41 are solit>y in/ances2 = !y h no?+ 9 common ) ! fix$ colors 9 fl[]s & color$ gems1 metals1 woods1 etc41 except ! color itself4 ,h5ce we easily d$uce t color is no?+ b a modification ( ! image ( ! incid5t & absorb$ light1 occasion$ 9 ! =m] case by ! diff]5t degrees ( incid5ce1 9 ! latt] by ! v>i\s textures & =ms ( bodies4#aji ,^! are solit>y in/ances z reg>ds similitude4 ,aga91 9 ! same inquiry ! di/9ct ve9s ( :ite & black 9 m>ble1 & ! v>iegat$ colors ( fl[]s ( ! same species1 are solit>y in/ances2 = ! black & :ite ( m>ble1 & ! spots ( :ite & purple 9 ! fl[]s ( ! /ock1 agree 9 e respect b t ( color4 ,!nce we easily d$uce t color has n mu* to d ) ! intr9sic natures ( any body1 b dep5ds only on ! co>s] & z x 7 me*anical arrangem5t ( ! p>ts4 ,^! are solit>y in/ances z reg>ds diff]5ce4 ,we call !m bo? solit>y or wild1 to borr[ a ^w f ! a/ronom]s4 ,,xxiii4 ,9 ! second rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w consid] migrat+ in/ances4 ,9 ^! ! requir$ nature passes t[>d g5]ation1 hav+ no previ\s exi/5ce1 or t[>d corruption1 hav+ fir/ exi/$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! divisions1 !re=e1 ! in/ances are always tw(old1 or r x is "o in/ance1 fir/ 9 motion or on its passage1 & !n br\ght to ! opposite conclusion4 ,^! in/ances n only ha/5 & confirm exclusion1 b also r$uce affirmation1 or ! =m itself1 to a n>r[ compass2 = ! =m mu/ be some?+ conf]r$ by ?is migration1 or1 on ! contr>y1 remov$ & de/roy$ by x2 & al?\gh all exclusion advances affirmation1 yet ?is takes place m directly 9 ! same ?an 9 diff]5t subjects2 b if ! =m 7z x is q cle> f :at has be5 advanc$7 exhibit itself 9 "o subject1 x leads to all4 ,! m simple ! migration is1 ! m valuable is ! in/ance4 ,^! migrat+ in/ances are1 moreov]1 v useful 9 practice1 = s9ce !y manife/ ! =m1 c\pl$ ) t :i* causes or de/roys x1 !y po9t out ! "r practice 9 "s subjects1 & !nce !re is an easy transition to ^? ) :i* !y are mo/ alli$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a degree ( dang] :i* dem&s caution1 namely1 le/ !y %\ld ref] ! =m too mu* to its effici5t cause1 & imbue1 or at lea/ t+e1 ! und]/&+ ) a false notion ( ! =m f ! appe>ance ( su* cause1 :i* is nev] m ?an a vehicle or conveyance ( ! =m4 ,?is may easily be rem$i$ by a prop] application ( exclusion4 ,let u !n give an example ( a migrat+ in/ance4 ,let :it5ess be ! requir$ nature4 ,an in/ance :i* passes t[>d g5]ation is glass 9 its entire & 9 its p[d]$ /ate1 or wat] 9 its natural /ate1 & :5 agitat$ to fro?2 = glass :5 entire1 & wat] 9 its natural /ate1 are transp>5t & n :ite1 b p[d]$ glass & ! fro? ( wat] are :ite & n transp>5t4 ,we mu/ inquire1 !re=e1 :at has happ5$ to ! glass or wat] 9 ! c\rse ( ?is migration2 = x is manife/ t ! =m ( :it5ess is convey$ & introduc$ by ! bruis+ ( ! glass & ! agitation ( ! wat]2 b no?+ is f\nd to h be5 introduc$ b a dim9i%+ ( ! p>ts ( ! glass & wat] & ! ins]tion ( air4 ,yet ?is is no slight progress t[>d discov]+ ! =m ( :it5ess1 namely1 t two bodies1 9 !mselves m or less transp>5t 7z air & wat]1 or air & glass71 :5 br\ght into contact 9 m9ute portions1 exhibit :it5ess f ! unequal refraction ( ! rays ( light4 ,b "h we mu/ also give an example ( ! dang] & caution ( :i* we spoke2 = in/ance1 x w readily occur to an und]/&+ p]v]t$ by effici5ts1 t air is always necess>y = produc+ ! =m ( :it5ess1 or t :it5ess is only g5]at$ by transp>5t bodies1 :i* suppositions are bo? false1 & prov$ to be s by _m exclusions2 nay1 x w r appe> 7)\t any p>ticul> reg>d to air or ! l71 t all bodies :i* are ev5 9 su* ( _! p>ts z affect ! sight exhibit transp>5cy1 ^? :i* are unev5 & ( simple texture :it5ess1 ^? :i* are unev5 & ( comp\nd b regul> texture all ! o!r colors except black1 b ^? :i* are unev5 & ( a comp\nd irregul> & confus$ texture exhibit blackness4 ,an example has be5 giv51 !re=e1 ( an in/ance migrat+ t[>d g5]ation 9 ! requir$ nature ( :it5ess4 ,an in/ance migrat+ t[>d corruption 9 ! same nature is t ( dissolv+ fro? or sn[1 = !y lose _! :it5ess & assume ! transp>5cy ( wat] 9 its pure /ate )\t air4 ,nor %\ld we by any means omit to /ate1 t "u migrat+ in/ances we mu/ compreh5d n only ^? :i* pass t[>d g5]ation & de/ruction1 b also ^? :i* pass t[>d increase or decrease1 = !y1 too1 assi/ 9 ! discov]y ( ! =m1 z is cle> f our def9ition ( a =m & ! ,table ( ,degrees4 ,h5ce pap]1 :i* is :ite :5 dry1 is less :ite :5 moi/5$ 7f ! exclusion ( air & admission ( wat]71 & t5ds m to transp>5cy4 ,! reason is ! same z 9 ! above in/ances4#aaj ,,xxiv4 ,9 ! ?ird rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w class conspicu\s in/ances1 ( :i* we spoke 9 our fir/ v9tage ( ! =m ( heat1 & :i* we are also wont to call coruscations1 or free & pr$om9ant in/ances4 ,!y are su* z %[ ! requir$ nature 9 its b>e sub/antial %ape1 & at its height or greate/ degree ( p[]1 emancipat$ & free f all imp$im5ts1 or at lea/ ov]com+1 suppress+1 & re/ra9+ !m by ! /r5g? ( its qualities2 = s9ce e body is susceptible ( _m unit$ =ms ( natures 9 ! concrete1 ! consequ5ce is t !y mutually dead51 depress1 break1 & conf9e ea* o!r1 & ! individual =ms are obscur$4 ,b !re are "s subjects 9 :i* ! requir$ nature exi/s 9 its full vigor r ?an 9 o!rs1 ei!r f ! abs5ce ( any imp$im5t1 or ! pr$om9ance ( its quality4 ,su* in/ances are em95tly conspicu\s4 ,b ev5 9 ^! c>e mu/ be tak51 & ! ha/9ess ( ! und]/&+ *eck$1 = :atev] makes a %[ ( ! =m1 & =ces x =w>d1 is to be suspect$1 & rec\rse mu/ be _h to sev]e & dilig5t exclusion4 ,= example1 let heat be ! requir$ nature4 ,! !rmomet] is a conspicu\s in/ance ( ! expansive motion1 :i* 7z has be5 obs]v$7 con/itutes ! *ief "p ( ! =m ( heat2 = al?\gh flame cle>ly exhibits expansion1 yet f its be+ ext+ui%$ e mom5t1 x does n exhibit ! progress ( expansion4 ,boil+ wat] aga91 f its rapid conv]sion into vapor1 does n s well exhibit ! expansion ( wat] 9 its own %ape1 :ile r$-hot iron & ! l are s f> f %[+ ?is progress1 t1 on ! contr>y1 ! expansion itself is sc>cely evid5t to ! s5ses1 on acc\nt ( its _s be+ repress$ & weak5$ by ! compact & co>se p>ticles :i* subdue & re/ra9 x4 ,b ! !rmomet] /rik+ly exhibits ! expansion ( ! air z be+ evid5t & progressive1 durable & n transitory4#aaa ,take ano!r example4 ,let ! requir$ nature be weight4 ,quicksilv] is a conspicu\s in/ance ( weight2 = x is f> heavi] ?an any o!r sub/ance except gold1 :i* is n mu* heavi]1 & x is a bett] in/ance ?an gold = ! purpose ( indicat+ ! =m ( weight2 = gold is solid & consi/5t1 :i* qualities mu/ be ref]r$ to d5sity1 b quicksilv] is liquid & teem+ ) _s1 yet mu* heavi] ?an ! diamond & o!r sub/ances consid]$ to be mo/ solid2 :5ce x is %[n t ! =m ( gravity or weight pr$om9ates only 9 ! quantity ( matt]1 & n 9 ! close fitt+ ( x4#aab ,,xxv4 ,9 ! f\r? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w class cl&e/9e in/ances1 :i* we are also wont to call twilight in/ances2 !y are z x 7 oppos$ to ! conspicu\s in/ances1 = !y %[ ! requir$ nature 9 its l[e/ /ate ( efficacy1 & z x 7 its cradle & fir/ rudim5ts1 mak+ an ef=t & a sort ( fir/ attempt1 b conceal$ & subdu$ by a contr>y nature4 ,su* in/ances are1 h[ev]1 ( great importance 9 discov]+ =ms1 = z ! conspicu\s t5d easily to diff]5ces1 s d ! cl&e/9e be/ lead to g5]a1 t is1 to ^? common natures ( :i* ! requir$ natures are only ! limits4 ,z an example1 let consi/5cy1 or t :i* conf9es itself1 be ! requir$ nature1 ! opposite ( :i* is a liquid or fl[+ /ate4 ,! cl&e/9e in/ances are su* z exhibit "s weak & l[ degree ( consi/5cy 9 fluids1 z a wat] bubble1 :i* is a sort ( consi/5t & b\nd$ pellicle =m$ out ( ! sub/ance ( ! wat]4 ,s eaves' dropp+s1 if !re be en\gh wat] to foll[ !m1 draw !mselves out into a ?9 ?read1 n to break ! cont9uity ( ! wat]1 b if !re be n en\gh to foll[1 ! wat] =ms itself into a r\nd drop1 :i* is ! be/ =m to prev5t a brea* ( cont9uity2 & at ! mom5t ! ?read ceases1 & ! wat] beg9s to fall 9 drops1 ! ?read ( wat] recoils upw>d to avoid su* a brea*4 ,nay1 9 metals1 :i* :5 melt$ are liquid b m t5aci\s1 ! melt$ drops (t5 recoil & are susp5d$4 ,!re is some?+ simil> 9 ! in/ance ( ! *ild's look+-glass1 :i* little boys w sometimes =m ( spittle betwe5 ru%es1 & :]e ! same pellicle ( wat] is obs]vable2 & /ill m 9 t o!r amusem5t ( *ildr51 :5 !y take "s wat] r5d]$ a little m t5aci\s by soap1 & inflate x ) a pipe1 =m+ ! wat] into a sort ( ca/le ( bubbles1 :i* assumes su* consi/5cy1 by ! int]position ( ! air1 z to admit ( be+ ?r[n "s little di/ance )\t bur/+4 ,! be/ example is t ( fro? & sn[1 :i* assume su* consi/5cy z almo/ to admit ( be+ cut1 al?\gh compos$ ( air & wat]1 bo? liquids4 ,all ^! circum/ances cle>ly %[ t ! t]ms liquid & consi/5t are m]ely vulg> notions adapt$ to ! s5se1 & t 9 reality all bodies h a t5d5cy to avoid a brea* ( cont9uity1 fa9t & weak 9 bodies compos$ ( homog5e\s p>ts 7z is ! case ) liquids71 b m vivid & p[]ful 9 ^? compos$ ( het]og5e\s p>ts1 because ! approa* ( het]og5e\s matt] b9ds bodies toge!r1 :ile ! ins9uation ( homog5e\s matt] loos5s & relaxes !m4 ,aga91 to take ano!r example1 let ! requir$ nature be attraction or ! cohesion ( bodies4 ,! mo/ rem>kable conspicu\s in/ance ) reg>d to its =m is ! magnet4 ,! contr>y nature to attraction is non-attraction1 ?\gh 9 a simil> sub/ance4 ,?us iron does n attract iron1 lead lead1 wood wood1 nor wat] wat]4 ,b ! cl&e/9e in/ance is t ( ! magnet arm$ ) iron1 or r t ( iron 9 ! magnet s arm$4 ,= its nature is su* t ! magnet :5 arm$ does n attract iron m p[]fully at any giv5 di/ance ?an :5 un>m$2 b if ! iron be br\ght 9 contact ) ! arm$ magnet1 ! latt] w su/a9 a mu* great] weight ?an ! simple magnet1 f ! resemblance ( sub/ance 9 ! two portions ( iron1 a quality altoge!r cl&e/9e & hidd5 9 ! iron until ! magnet 0 introduc$4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t ! =m ( cohesion is some?+ :i* is vivid & robu/ 9 ! magnet1 & hidd5 & weak 9 ! iron4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 also1 t small wood5 arr[s )\t an iron po9t1 :5 dis*>g$ f l>ge mort>s1 p5etrate fur!r into wood5 sub/ances 7su* z ! ribs ( %ips or ! l71 ?an ! same arr[s po9t$ ) iron1#aac ow+ to ! simil>ity ( sub/ance1 ?\gh ?is quality 0 previ\sly lat5t 9 ! wood4 ,aga91 al?\gh 9 ! mass air does n appe> to attract air1 nor wat] wat]1 yet :5 "o bubble is br\ght ne> ano!r1 !y are bo? m readily dissolv$1 f ! t5d5cy to contact ( ! wat] ) ! wat]1 & ! air ) ! air4#aad ,^! cl&e/9e in/ances 7:i* are1 z has be5 obs]v$1 ( ! mo/ important s]vice7 are pr9cipally to be obs]v$ 9 small portions ( bodies1 = ! l>g] masses obs]ve m univ]sal & g5]al =ms1 z w be m5tion$ 9 its prop] place4#aae ,,xxvi4 ,9 ! fif? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w class con/itutive in/ances1 :i* we are wont also to call collective in/ances4 ,!y con/itute a species or less] =m1 z x 71 ( ! requir$ nature4 ,= s9ce ! real =ms 7:i* are always conv]tible ) ! giv5 nature7 lie at "s dep?1 & are n easily discov]$1 ! necessity ( ! case & ! infirmity ( ! human und]/&+ require t ! p>ticul> =ms1 :i* collect c]ta9 gr\ps ( in/ances 7b by no means all7 into "s common notion1 %\ld n be neglect$1 b mo/ dilig5tly obs]v$4 ,= :atev] unites nature1 ev5 imp]fectly1 op5s ! way to ! discov]y ( ! =m4 ,! in/ances1 !re=e1 :i* are s]viceable 9 ?is respect are ( no mean p[]1 b end[$ ) "s degree ( pr]ogative4 ,"h1 nev]!less1 great c>e mu/ be tak5 t1 aft] ! discov]y ( sev]al ( ^! p>ticul> =ms1 & ! e/abli%+ ( c]ta9 p>titions or divisions ( ! requir$ nature d]iv$ f !m1 ! human und]/&+ d n at once re/ satisfi$1 )\t prep>+ = ! inve/igation ( ! great or lead+ =m1 & tak+ x = grant$ t nature is comp\nd & divid$ f its v root1 despise & reject any fur!r union z a po9t ( sup]flu\s ref9em5t1 & t5d+ to m]e ab/raction4 ,= in/ance1 let ! requir$ nature be memory1 or t :i* excites & assi/s memory4 ,! con/itutive in/ances are ord] or di/ribution1 :i* manife/ly assi/s memory3 topics or commonplaces 9 artificial memory1 :i* may be ei!r places 9 _! lit]al s5se1 z a gate1 a corn]1 a w9d[1 & ! l1 or famili> p]sons & m>ks1 or any?+ else 7provid$ x be arrang$ 9 a det]m9ate ord]71 z animals1 plants1 & words1 lett]s1 *>act]s1 hi/orical p]sons1 & ! l1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 "s are m conv5i5t ?an o!rs4 ,all ^! commonplaces mat]ially assi/ memory1 & raise x f> above its natural /r5g?4 ,v]se1 too1 is recollect$ & le>n$ m easily ?an prose4 ,f ?is gr\p ( ?ree in/ances--ord]1 ! commonplaces ( artificial memory1 & v]ses--is con/itut$ "o species ( aid = ! memory1#aaf :i* may be well t]m$ a sep>ation f inf9ity4 ,= :5 a man /rives to recollect or recall any?+ to memory1 )\t a preconceiv$ notion or p]ception ( ! object ( 8 se>*1 he inquires ab\t1 & labors1 & turns f po9t to po9t1 z if involv$ 9 inf9ity4 ,b if he h any preconceiv$ notion1 ?is inf9ity is sep>at$ (f1 & ! range ( 8 memory is br\ght )9 clos] limits4 ,9 ! ?ree in/ances giv5 above1 ! preconceiv$ notion is cle> & det]m9$4 ,9 ! fir/1 x mu/ be some?+ t agrees ) ord]2 9 ! second1 an image :i* has "s relation or agreem5t ) ! fix$ commonplaces2 9 ! ?ird1 words :i* fall into a v]se3 & ?us inf9ity is divid$ (f4 ,o!r in/ances w (f] ano!r species1 namely1 t :atev] br+s ! intellect into contact ) some?+ t /rikes ! s5se 7! pr9cipal po9t ( artificial memory71 assi/s ! memory4 ,o!rs aga9 (f] ano!r species1 namely1 :atev] excites an impression by any p[]ful passion1 z fe>1 %ame1 wond]1 delight1 assi/s ! memory4 ,o!r in/ances w af=d ano!r species3 ?us ^? impressions rema9 mo/ fix$ 9 ! memory :i* are tak5 f ! m9d :5 cle> & lea/ occupi$ by prec$+ or succe$+ notions1 su* z ! ?+s we le>n 9 *ildhood1 or imag9e be=e sleep1 & ! fir/ "t ( any circum/ance happ5+4 ,o!r in/ances af=d ! foll[+ species3 namely1 t a multitude ( circum/ances or h&les assi/ ! memory1 su* z writ+ 9 p>agraphs1 read+ al\d1 or recitation4 ,la/ly1 o!r in/ances af=d /ill ano!r species3 ?us ! ?+s we anticipate1 & :i* r\se our att5tion1 are m easily rememb]$ ?an transi5t ev5ts2 z if y read any "w tw5ty times ov]1 y w n le>n x by he>t s readily z if y 7 to read x b t5 times1 try+ ea* "t to repeat x1 & :5 y\r memory fails y look+ into ! book4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 six less] =ms1 z x 71 ( ?+s :i* assi/ ! memory3 namely--#a1 ! sep>ation ( inf9ity2 #b1 ! connection ( ! m9d ) ! s5ses2 #c1 ! impression 9 /rong passion2 #d1 ! impression on ! m9d :5 pure2 #e1 ! multitude ( h&les2 #f1 anticipation4 ,aga91 = example's sake1 let ! requir$ nature be ta/e or ! p[] ( ta/+4 ,! foll[+ in/ances are con/itutive3 #a4 ,^? :o d n smell1 b are depriv$ by nature ( t s5se1 d n p]ceive or di/+ui% rancid or putrid food by _! ta/e1 nor g>lic f roses1 & ! l4 #b4 ,aga91 ^? ^: no/rils are ob/ruct$ by accid5t 7su* z a cold7 d n di/+ui% any putrid or rancid matt] f any?+ spr9kl$ ) rose-wat]4 #c4 ,if ^? :o suff] f a cold bl[ _! noses viol5tly at ! v mom5t 9 :i* !y h any?+ fetid or p]fum$ 9 _! m\?1 or on _! palate1 !y in/antly h a cle> p]ception ( ! fetor or p]fume4 ,^! in/ances af=d & con/itute ?is species or division ( ta/e1 namely1 t x is 9 "p no?+ else ?an an int]nal smell+1 pass+ & desc5d+ ?r\gh ! upp] passages ( ! no/rils to ! m\? & palate4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? ^: p[] ( smell+ is defici5t or ob/ruct$1 p]ceive :at is salt1 sweet1 pung5t1 acid1 r\gh1 & bitt]1 & ! l1 z well z any "o else3 s t ! ta/e is cle>ly some?+ comp\nd$ ( ! int]nal smell+1 & an exquisite species ( t\* :i* we w n "h discuss4 ,aga91 z ano!r example1 let ! requir$ nature be ! communication ( quality1 )\t int]mixture ( sub/ance4 ,! in/ance ( light w af=d or con/itute "o species ( communication1 heat & ! magnet ano!r4 ,= ! communication ( light is mom5t>y & imm$iately arre/$ ^u ! removal ( ! orig9al light4 ,b heat1 & ! magnetic =ce1 :5 once transmitt$ to or excit$ 9 ano!r body1 rema9 fix$ = a consid]able "t aft] ! removal ( ! s\rce4 ,9 f9e1 ! pr]ogative ( con/itutive in/ances is consid]able1 = !y mat]ially assi/ ! def9itions 7especially 9 detail7 & ! divisions or p>titions ( natures1 conc]n+ :i* ,plato has well said1 8,he :o c prop]ly def9e & divide is to be consid]$ a god40#aag ,,xxvii4 ,9 ! six? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place simil> or proportionate in/ances1 :i* we are also wont to call physical p>allels1 or resemblances4 ,!y are su* z exhibit ! resemblances & connection ( ?+s1 n 9 m9or =ms 7z ! con/itutive d71 b at once 9 ! concrete4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 z x 71 ! fir/ & l[e/ /eps t[>d ! union ( nature2 nor d !y imm$iately e/abli% any axiom1 b m]ely indicate & obs]ve a c]ta9 relation ( bodies to ea* o!r4 ,b al?\gh !y be n ( mu* assi/ance 9 discov]+ =ms1 yet !y are ( great advantage 9 disclos+ ! frame ( p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ^u ^: memb]s !y practice a species ( anatomy1 & !nce occasionally lead u g5tly on to sublime & noble axioms1 especially su* z relate to ! con/ruction ( ! _w1 r ?an to simple natures & =ms4 ,z an example1 take ! foll[+ simil> in/ances3 a mirror & ! eye2 ! =mation ( ! e>1 & places :i* return an e*o4 ,f su* simil>ity1 besides obs]v+ ! resemblance 7:i* is useful = _m purposes71 x is easy to collect & =m ?is axiom4 ,t ! organs ( ! s5ses1 & bodies :i* produce reflections to ! s5ses1 are ( a simil> nature4 ,aga91 ! und]/&+ once in=m$ ( ?is1 rises easily to a high] & nobl] axiom2 namely1 t ! only di/9ction betwe5 s5sitive & inanimate bodies1 9 ^? po9ts 9 :i* !y agree & sympa?ize1 is ?is3 9 ! =m]1 animal _s is add$ to ! arrangem5t ( ! body1 9 ! latt] x is want+4 ,s t !re might be z _m s5ses 9 animals z !re are po9ts ( agreem5t ) inanimate bodies1 if ! animat$ body 7 p]=at$1 s z to all[ ! _s to h access to ! limb prop]ly dispos$ = action1 z a fit organ4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are1 )\t d\bt1 z _m motions 9 an inanimate z !re are s5ses 9 ! animat$ body1 ?\gh ! animal _s be abs5t4 ,!re mu/1 h[ev]1 be _m m motions 9 inanimate bodies ?an s5ses 9 ! animat$1 f ! small numb] ( organs ( s5se4 ,a v pla9 example ( ?is is af=d$ by pa9s4 ,=1 z animals are liable to _m k9ds & v>i\s descriptions ( pa9s 7su* z ^? ( burn+1 ( int5se cold1 ( prick+1 squeez+1 /ret*+1 & ! l71 s is x mo/ c]ta91 t ! same circum/ances1 z f> z motion is conc]n$1 happ5 to inanimate bodies1 su* z wood or /one :5 burn$1 froz51 prick$1 cut1 b5t1 bruis$1 & ! l2 al?\gh !re be no s5sation1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( animal _s4 ,aga91 wond]ful z x may appe>1 ! roots & bran*es ( trees are simil> in/ances4 ,= e vegetable swells & ?r[s out its con/itu5t p>ts t[>d ! circumf]5ce1 bo? upw>d & d[nw>d4 ,& !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! roots & bran*es1 except t ! root is buri$ 9 ! e>?1 & ! bran*es are expos$ to ! air & sun4 ,= if "o take a "y & vigor\s %oot1 & b5d x d[n to a small portion ( loose e>?1 al?\gh x be n fix$ to ! gr\nd1 yet w x imm$iately produce a root1 & n a bran*4 ,&1 vice v]s1 if e>? be plac$ above1 & s =c$ d[n ) a /one or any h>d sub/ance1 z to conf9e ! plant & prev5t its bran*+ upw>d1 x w ?r[ out bran*es into ! air d[nw>d4 ,! gums ( trees1 & mo/ rock gems1 are simil> in/ances2 = bo? ( !m are exudations & filt]$ juices1 d]iv$ 9 ! =m] in/ance f trees1 9 ! latt] f /ones2 ! brightness & cle>ness ( bo? aris+ f a delicate & accurate filt]+4 ,= ne>ly ! same reason1 ! hair ( animals is less beautiful & vivid 9 its color ?an ! plumage ( mo/ birds1 because ! juices are less delicately filt]$ ?r\gh ! sk9 ?an ?r\gh ! quills4 ,! scrotum ( males & matrix ( females are also simil> in/ances2 s t ! noble =mation :i* con/itutes ! diff]5ce ( ! sexes appe>s to diff] only z to ! "o be+ int]nal & ! o!r ext]nal2 a great] degree ( heat caus+ ! g5itals to protrude 9 ! male1 :ile ! heat ( ! female be+ too weak to effect ?is1 !y are reta9$ int]nally4 ,! f9s ( fi%es & ! feet ( quadrup$s1 or ! feet & w+s ( birds1 are simil> in/ances2 to :i* ,ari/otle adds ! f\r folds 9 ! motion ( s]p5ts2#aah s t 9 ! =mation ( ! univ]se1 ! motion ( animals appe>s to be *iefly effect$ by f\r jo9ts or b5d+s4 ,! tee? ( l& animals1 & ! beaks ( birds1 are simil> in/ances1 :5ce x is cle>1 t 9 all p]fect animals !re is a det]m9ation ( "s h>d sub/ance t[>d ! m\?4 ,aga91 ! resemblance & con=mity ( man to an inv]t$ plant is n absurd4 ,= ! head is ! root ( ! n]ves & animal faculties1 & ! sem9al p>ts are ! l[e/1 n includ+ ! extremities ( ! legs & arms4 ,b 9 ! plant1 ! root 7:i* resembles ! head7 is regul>ly plac$ 9 ! l[e/1 & ! se$s 9 ! highe/ "p4#aai ,la/ly1 we mu/ p>ticul>ly recomm5d & sugge/1 t man's pres5t indu/ry 9 ! inve/igation & compilation ( natural hi/ory be entirely *ang$1 & direct$ to ! rev]se ( ! pres5t sy/em4 ,= x has hi!rto be5 active & curi\s 9 not+ ! v>iety ( ?+s1 & expla9+ ! accurate diff]5ces ( animals1 vegetables1 & m9]als1 mo/ ( :i* are ! m]e sport ( nature1 r ?an ( any real utility z conc]ns ! sci5ces4 ,pursuits ( ?is nature are c]ta9ly agreeable1 & sometimes ( practical advantage1 b contribute little or no?+ to ! ?or\gh inve/igation ( nature4 ,our labor mu/ !re=e be direct$ t[>d inquir+ into & obs]v+ resemblances & analogies1 bo? 9 ! :ole & its p>ts1 = !y unite nature1 & lay ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ces4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a sev]e & rigor\s caution mu/ be obs]v$1 t we only consid] z simil> & proportionate in/ances1 ^? :i* 7z we fir/ obs]v$7 po9t out physical resemblances2 t is1 real & sub/antial resemblances1 deeply f\nd$ 9 nature1 & n casual & sup]ficial1 mu* less sup]/iti\s or curi\s2 su* z ^? :i* are con/antly put =w>d by ! writ]s on natural magic 7! mo/ idle ( m51 & :o are sc>cely fit to be nam$ 9 connection ) su* s]i\s matt]s z we n[ treat (71 :o1 ) mu* vanity & folly1 describe1 & sometimes too1 inv5t1 unmean+ resemblances & sympa?ies4 ,b leav+ su* to !mselves1 simil> in/ances are n to be neglect$1 9 ! great] portions ( ! _w's con=mation2 su* z ,africa & ! ,p]uvian cont95t1 :i* rea*es to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan2 bo? ( :i* possess a simil> i/hmus & simil> capes1 a circum/ance n to be attribut$ to m]e accid5t4 ,aga91 ! ,new & ,old ,_w are bo? ( !m broad & exp&$ t[>d ! nor?1 & n>r[ & po9t$ t[>d ! s\?4 ,aga91 we h v rem>kable simil> in/ances 9 ! int5se cold1 t[>d ! middle regions 7z x is t]m$7 ( ! air1 & ! viol5t fires :i* are (t5 f\nd to bur/ f subt]rane\s spots1 ! simil>ity consi/+ 9 bo? be+ ends & extremes2 ! extreme ( ! nature ( cold1 = in/ance1 is t[>d ! b\nd>y ( heav51 & t ( ! nature ( heat t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 by a simil> species ( opposition or rejection ( ! contr>y nature4 ,la/ly1 9 ! axioms ( ! sci5ces1 !re is a simil>ity ( in/ances wor?y ( obs]vation4 ,?us ! rhetorical trope :i* is call$ surprise1 is simil> to t ( music t]m$ ! decl9+ ( a cad5ce4 ,aga9--! ma!matical po/ulate1 t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same are equal to "o ano!r1 is simil> to ! =m ( ! syllogism 9 logic1 :i* unites ?+s agree+ 9 ! middle t]m4#abj ,la/ly1 a c]ta9 degree ( sagacity 9 collect+ & se>*+ = physical po9ts ( simil>ity1 is v useful 9 _m respects4#aba ,,xxviii4 ,9 ! sev5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances1 we w place s+ul> in/ances1 :i* we are also wont to call irregul> or het]oclite 7to borr[ a t]m f ! gramm>ians74 ,!y are su* z exhibit bodies 9 ! concrete1 ( an app>5tly extravagant & sep>ate nature1 agree+ b little ) o!r ?+s ( ! same species4 ,=1 :ile ! simil> in/ances resemble ea* o!r1 ^? we n[ speak ( are only l !mselves4 ,_! use is mu* ! same ) t ( cl&e/9e in/ances3 !y br+ out & unite nature1 & discov] g5]a or common natures1 :i* mu/ aft]w>d be limit$ by real diff]5ces4 ,nor %\ld we desi/ f inquiry1 until ! prop]ties & qualities ( ^? ?+s1 :i* may be deem$ miracles1 z x 71 ( nature1 be r$uc$ to1 & compreh5d$ 91 "s =m or c]ta9 law2 s t all irregul>ity or s+ul>ity may be f\nd to dep5d on "s common =m2 & ! miracle only consi/s 9 accurate diff]5ces1 degree1 & r>e co9cid5ce1 n 9 ! species itself4 ,man's m$itation proce$s no fur!r at pres5t1 ?an j to consid] ?+s ( ?is k9d z ! secrets & va/ ef=ts ( nature1 )\t an assignable cause1 &1 z x 71 exceptions to g5]al rules4 ,z examples ( s+ul> in/ances1 we h ! sun & moon among ! heav5ly bodies2 ! magnet among m9]als2 quicksilv] among metals2 ! elephant among quadrup$s2 ! v5]eal s5sation among ! diff]5t k9ds ( t\*2 ! sc5t ( sport+ dogs among ^? ( smell4 ,! lett] ,s1 too1 is consid]$ by ! gramm>ians z sui g5]is1 f its easily unit+ ) d\ble or triple consonants1 :i* no o!r lett] w4 ,^! in/ances are ( great value1 because !y excite & keep alive inquiry1 & correct an und]/&+ deprav$ by habit & ! common c\rse ( ?+s4 ,,xxix4 ,9 ! eigh? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances1 we w place deviat+ in/ances1 su* z ! errors ( nature1 or /range & mon/r\s objects1 9 :i* nature deviates & turns f h] ord9>y c\rse4 ,= ! errors ( nature diff] f s+ul> in/ances1 inasmu* z ! latt] are ! miracles ( species1 ! =m] ( individuals4 ,_! use is mu* ! same1 = !y rectify ! und]/&+ 9 opposition to habit1 & reveal common =ms4 ,= ) reg>d to ^!1 also1 we mu/ n desi/ f inquiry1 till we disc]n ! cause ( ! deviation4 ,! cause does n1 h[ev]1 9 su* cases rise to a regul> =m1 b only to ! lat5t process t[>d su* a =m4 ,= he :o is acqua9t$ ) ! pa?s ( nature1 w m readily obs]ve h] deviations2 &1 vice v]s1 he :o has le>n$ h] deviations w be able m accurately to describe h] pa?s4 ,!y diff] aga9 f s+ul> in/ances1 by be+ mu* m apt = practice & ! op]ative bran*4 ,= x w\ld be v difficult to g5]ate new species1 b less s to v>y kn[n species1 & ?us produce _m r>e & unusual results4#abb ,! passage f ! miracles ( nature to ^? ( art is easy2 = if nature be once seiz$ 9 h] v>iations1 & ! cause be manife/1 x w be easy to lead h] by art to su* deviation z %e 0 at fir/ l$ to by *ance2 & n only to t b o!rs1 s9ce deviations on ! "o side lead & op5 ! way to o!rs 9 e direction4 ,( ?is we d n require any examples1 s9ce !y are s abundant4 ,= a compilation1 or p>ticul> natural hi/ory1 mu/ be made ( all mon/]s & prodigi\s bir?s ( nature2 ( ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 :i* is new1 r>e & unusual 9 nature4 ,?is %\ld be done ) a rigor\s selection1 s z to be wor?y ( cr$it4 ,^? are mo/ to be suspect$ :i* dep5d ^u sup]/ition1 z ! prodigies ( ,livy1 & ^? p]haps1 b little less1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! works ( writ]s on natural magic1 or ev5 al*emy1 & ! l2 = su* m51 z x 71 are ! v suitors & lov]s ( fables2 b our in/ances %\ld be d]iv$ f "s grave & cr$ible hi/ory1 & fai?ful n>ration4 ,,xxx4 ,9 ! n9? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances1 we w place bord]+ in/ances1 :i* we are also wont to t]m p>ticipants4 ,!y are su* z exhibit ^? species ( bodies :i* appe> to be compos$ ( two species1 or to be ! rudim5ts betwe5 ! "o & ! o!r4 ,!y may well be class$ ) ! s+ul> or het]oclite in/ances2 = 9 ! :ole sy/em ( ?+s1 !y are r>e & extraord9>y4 ,yet f _! dignity1 !y mu/ be treat$ ( & class$ sep>ately1 = !y po9t out admirably ! ord] & con/itution ( ?+s1 & sugge/ ! causes ( ! numb] & quality ( ! m common species 9 ! univ]se1 lead+ ! und]/&+ f t :i* is1 to t :i* is possible4 ,we h examples ( !m 9 moss1 :i* is some?+ betwe5 putresc5ce & a plant2#abc 9 "s comets1 :i* hold a place betwe5 />s & ignit$ meteors2 9 fly+ fi%es1 betwe5 fi%es & birds2 & 9 bats1 betwe5 birds & quadrup$s4#abd ,aga91 ,simia quam similis turpissima be/ia nobis4 ,we h also bi=m$ ftus1 m+l$ species & ! l4 ,,xxxi4 ,9 ! t5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances1 we w place ! in/ances ( p[]1 or ! fasces 7to borr[ a t]m f ! insignia ( empire71 :i* we are also wont to call ! wit or h&s ( man4 ,^! are su* works z are mo/ noble & p]fect1 &1 z x 71 ! ma/]pieces 9 e art4 ,= s9ce our pr9cipal object is to make nature subs]vi5t to ! /ate & wants ( man1 x becomes u well to note & enum]ate ! works1 :i* h long s9ce be5 9 ! p[] ( man1 especially ^? :i* are mo/ poli%$ & p]fect3 because ! passage f ^! to new & hi!rto undiscov]$ works1 is m easy & feasible4 ,= if any "o1 aft] an att5tive contemplation ( su* works z are extant1 be will+ to pu% =w>d 9 8 design ) alacrity & vigor1 he w und\bt$ly ei!r advance !m1 or turn !m to some?+ )9 _! imm$iate rea*1 or ev5 apply & transf] !m to "s m noble purpose4 ,nor is ?is all3 = z ! und]/&+ is elevat$ & rais$ by r>e & unusual works ( nature1 to inve/igate & discov] ! =ms :i* include !m also1 s is ! same effect frequ5tly produc$ by ! excell5t & wond]ful works ( art2 & ev5 to a great] degree1 because ! mode ( effect+ & con/ruct+ ! miracles ( art is g5]ally pla91 :ile t ( effect+ ! miracles ( nature is m obscure4 ,great c>e1 h[ev]1 mu/ be tak51 t !y d n depress ! und]/&+1 & fix x1 z x 71 to e>?4 ,= !re is "s dang]1 le/ ! und]/&+ %\ld be a/oni%$ & *a9$ d[n1 & z x 7 bewit*$1 by su* works ( art1 z appe> to be ! v summit & p9nacle ( human indu/ry1 s z n to become famili> ) !m1 b r to suppose t no?+ ( ! k9d c be accompli%$1 unless ! same means be employ$1 ) p]haps a little m dilig5ce1 & m accurate prep>ation4 ,n[1 on ! contr>y1 x may be /at$ z a fact1 t ! ways & means hi!rto discov]$ & obs]v$1 ( effect+ any matt] or "w1 are = ! mo/ "p ( little value1 & t all really effici5t p[] dep5ds1 & is really to be d$uc$ f ! s\rces ( =ms1 none ( :i* h yet be5 discov]$4 ,?us 7z we h be=e obs]v$71 _h any "o m$itat$ on balli/ic ma*9es1 & batt]+ rams1 z !y 7 us$ by ! anci5ts1 :atev] application he might h ex]t$1 & ?\gh he might h consum$ a :ole life 9 ! pursuit1 yet w\ld he nev] h hit ^u ! inv5tion ( flam+ eng9es1 act+ by means ( gunp[d]2 nor w\ld any p]son1 :o _h made wooll5 manufactories & cotton ! subject ( 8 obs]vation & reflection1 h ev] discov]$ !reby ! nature ( ! silkworm or ( silk4 ,h5ce all ! mo/ noble discov]ies h 7if y obs]ve7 come to light1 n by any gradual improvem5t & ext5sion ( ! arts1 b m]ely by *ance2 :ile no?+ imitates or anticipates *ance 7:i* is wont to act at int]vals ( ages7 b ! inv5tion ( =ms4 ,!re is no necessity = adduc+ any p>ticul> examples ( ^! in/ances1 s9ce !y are abundant4 ,! plan to be pursu$ is ?is3 all ! me*anical1 & ev5 ! lib]al arts 7z f> z !y are practical71 %\ld be visit$ & ?or\ghly exam9$1 & !nce !re %\ld be =m$ a compilation or p>ticul> hi/ory ( ! great ma/]pieces1 or mo/ f9i%$ works 9 ea*1 z well z ( ! mode ( c>ry+ !m into effect4 ,nor d we conf9e ! dilig5ce to be us$ 9 su* a compilation to ! lead+ works & secrets only ( e art1 & su* z excite wond]2 = wond] is eng5d]$ by r>ity1 s9ce t :i* is r>e1 al?\gh x be comp\nd$ ( ord9>y natures1 always begets wond]4 ,on ! contr>y1 t :i* is really wond]ful1 f "s specific diff]5ce di/+ui%+ x f o!r species1 is c>elessly obs]v$1 if x be b famili>4 ,yet ! s+ul> in/ances ( art %\ld be obs]v$ no less ?an ^? ( nature1 :i* we h be=e spok5 (3 & z 9 ! latt] we h class$ ! sun1 ! moon1 ! magnet1 & ! l1 all ( !m mo/ famili> to u1 b yet 9 _! nature s+ul>1 s %\ld we proce$ ) ! s+ul> in/ances ( art4 ,= example3 pap]1 a v common sub/ance1 is a s+ul> in/ance ( art2 = if y consid] ! subject att5tively1 y w f9d t artificial sub/ances are ei!r wov5 by /raight & transv]se l9es1 z silk1 wooll51 or l95 clo?1 & ! l2 or coagulat$ f concrete juices1 su* z brick1 e>!nw>e1 glass1 enamel1 porcela9 & ! l1 :i* admit ( a poli% if !y be compact1 b if n1 become h>d )\t be+ poli%$2 all :i* latt] sub/ances are brittle1 & n adh]5t or t5aci\s4 ,on ! contr>y1 pap] is a t5aci\s sub/ance1 :i* c be cut & torn1 s z to resemble & almo/ rival ! sk9 ( any animal1 or ! leaf ( vegetables1 & ! l works ( nature2 be+ nei!r brittle l glass1 nor wov5 l clo?1 b hav+ fibres & n di/9ct ?reads1 j z natural sub/ances1 s t sc>cely any?+ simil> c be f\nd among artificial sub/ances1 & x is absolutely s+ul>4 ,& 9 artificial works we %\ld c]ta9ly pref] ^? :i* approa* ! ne>e/ to an imitation ( nature1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 p[]fully gov]n & *ange h] c\rse4 ,aga91 9 ^! in/ances :i* we t]m ! wit & h&s ( man1 *>ms & conjur+ %\ld n be altoge!r despis$1 = al?\gh m]e amusem5ts1 & ( little use1 yet !y may af=d consid]able in=mation4 ,la/ly1 sup]/ition & magic 79 its common acceptation7 are n to be entirely omitt$2 = al?\gh !y be ov]:elm$ by a mass ( lies & fables1 yet "s inve/igation %\ld be made1 to see if !re be really any lat5t natural op]ation 9 !m2 z 9 fasc9ation1 & ! =tify+ ( ! imag9ation1 ! sympa?y ( di/ant objects1 ! transmission ( impressions f _s to _s no less ?an f body to body1 & ! l4 ,,xxxii4 ,f ! =ego+ rem>ks1 x is cle> t ! la/ five species ( in/ances 7! simil>1 s+ul>1 deviat+ & bord]+ in/ances1 & ^? ( p[]7 %\ld n be res]v$ = ! inve/igation ( any giv5 nature1 z ! prec$+ & _m ( ! succe$+ in/ances mu/1 b a collection ( !m %\ld be made at once1 9 ! /yle ( a p>ticul> hi/ory1 s t !y may arrange ! matt] :i* ent]s ! und]/&+1 & correct its deprav$ habit1 = x is necess>ily imbu$1 corrupt$1 p]v]t$ & di/ort$ by daily & habitual impressions4 ,!y are to be us$1 !re=e1 z a prep>ative1 = ! purpose ( rectify+ & purify+ ! und]/&+2 = :atev] )draws x f habit1 levels & planes d[n its surface = ! reception ( ! dry & pure light ( true notions4 ,^! in/ances1 moreov]1 level & prep>e ! way = ! op]ative bran*1 z we w m5tion 9 its prop] place :5 speak+ ( ! practical d$uctions4 ,,xxxiii4 ,9 ! elev5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place accompany+ & ho/ile in/ances4 ,^! are su* z exhibit any body or concrete1 :]e ! requir$ nature is con/antly f\nd1 z an insep>able companion1 or1 on ! contr>y1 :]e ! requir$ nature is con/antly avoid$1 & exclud$ f att5dance1 z an enemy4 ,f ^! in/ances may be =m$ c]ta9 & univ]sal propositions1 ei!r affirmative or negative2 ! subject ( :i* w be ! concrete body1 & ! pr$icate ! requir$ nature4 ,= p>ticul> propositions are by no means fix$1 :5 ! requir$ nature is f\nd to fluctuate & *ange 9 ! concrete1 ei!r approa*+ & acquir$1 or rec$+ & laid aside4 ,h5ce p>ticul> propositions h no great pr]ogative1 except 9 ! case ( migration1 ( :i* we h spok5 above4 ,yet su* p>ticul> propositions are ( great use1 :5 comp>$ ) ! univ]sal1 z w be m5tion$ 9 its prop] place4 ,nor d we require absolute affirmation or negation1 ev5 9 univ]sal propositions1 = if ! exceptions be s+ul> or r>e1 x is suffici5t = our purpose4 ,! use ( accompany+ in/ances is to n>r[ ! affirmative ( =m2 = z x is n>r[$ by ! migrat+ in/ances1 :]e ! =m mu/ necess>ily be some?+ communicat$ or de/roy$ by ! act ( migration1 s x is n>r[$ by accompany+ in/ances1 :]e ! =m mu/ necess>ily be some?+ :i* ent]s into ! concretion ( ! body1 or1 on ! contr>y1 is repugnant to x2 & "o :o is well acqua9t$ ) ! con/itution or =mation ( ! body1 w n be f> f br++ to light ! =m ( ! requir$ nature4 ,= example3 let ! requir$ nature be heat4 ,flame is an accompany+ in/ance2 = 9 wat]1 air1 /one1 metal1 & _m o!r sub/ances1 heat is v>iable1 & c approa* or retire2 b all flame is hot1 s t heat always accompanies ! concretion ( flame4 ,we h no ho/ile in/ance ( heat2 = ! s5ses are unacqua9t$ ) ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & !re is no concretion ( any kn[n body :i* is n susceptible ( heat4 ,aga91 let solidity be ! requir$ nature4 ,air is a ho/ile in/ance2 = metals may be liquid or solid1 s may glass2 ev5 wat] may become solid by congelation1 b air _c become solid or lose its fluidity4 ,) reg>d to ^! in/ances ( fix$ propositions1 !re are two po9ts to be obs]v$1 :i* are ( importance4 ,fir/1 t if !re be no univ]sal affirmative or negative1 x be c>efully not$ z n exi/+4 ,?us1 9 heat1 we h obs]v$ t !re exi/s no univ]sal negative1 9 su* sub/ances1 at lea/1 z h come to our k4 ,aga91 if ! requir$ nature be et]nity or incorruptibility1 we h no univ]sal affirmative )9 our sph]e1 = ^! qualities _c be pr$icat$ ( any bodies bel[ ! heav5s1 or above ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,secondly1 to our g5]al propositions z to any concrete1 :e!r affirmative or negative1 we %\ld subjo9 ! concretes :i* appe> to approa* ne>e/ to ! non-exi/+ sub/ances2 su* z ! mo/ g5tle or lea/-burn+ flames 9 heat1 or gold 9 incorruptibility1 s9ce x approa*es ne>e/ to x4 ,= !y all s]ve to %[ ! limit ( exi/5ce & non-exi/5ce1 & circumscribe =ms1 s t !y _c w&] beyond ! conditions ( matt]4 ,,xxxiv4 ,9 ! twelf? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances1 we w class ^? subjunctive in/ances1 ( :i* we spoke 9 ! la/ aphorism1 & :i* we are also wont to call in/ances ( extremity or limits2 = !y are n only s]viceable :5 subjo9$ to fix$ propositions1 b also ( !mselves & f _! own nature4 ,!y indicate ) suffici5t precision ! real divisions ( nature1 & measures ( ?+s1 & ! 8h[ f>0 nature effects or all[s ( any?+1 & h] passage !nce to some?+ else4 ,su* are gold 9 weight1 iron 9 h>dness1 ! :ale 9 ! size ( animals1 ! dog 9 smell1 ! flame ( gunp[d] 9 rapid expansion1 & o!rs ( a l nature4 ,nor are we to pass ov] ! extremes 9 defect1 z well z 9 abundance1 z spirits ( w9e 9 weight1 ! t\*/one 9 s(tness1 ! worms ^u ! sk9 9 ! size ( animals1 & ! l4 ,,xxxv4 ,9 ! ?irte5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place ^? ( alliance or union4 ,!y are su* z m+le & unite natures held to be het]og5e\s1 & obs]v$ & m>k$ z su* 9 receiv$ classifications4 ,^! in/ances %[ t ! op]ation & effect1 :i* is consid]$ peculi> to "s "o ( su* het]og5e\s natures1 may also be attribut$ to ano!r nature /yl$ het]og5e\s1 s z to prove t ! diff]5ce ( ! natures is n real nor ess5tial1 b a m]e modification ( a common nature4 ,!y are v s]viceable1 !re=e1 9 elevat+ & c>ry+ on ! m9d1 f diff]5ces to g5]a1 & 9 remov+ ^? phantoms & images ( ?+s1 :i* meet x 9 disguise 9 concrete sub/ances4 ,= example3 let ! requir$ nature be heat4 ,! classification ( heat into ?ree k9ds1 t ( ! cele/ial bodies1 t ( animals1 & t ( fire1 appe>s to be settl$ & admitt$2 & ^! k9ds ( heat1 especially "o ( !m comp>$ ) ! o!r two1 are suppos$ to be diff]5t1 & cle>ly het]og5e\s 9 _! ess5ce & species1 or specific nature1 s9ce ! heat ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( animals g5]ates & *]i%es1 :ile t ( fire corrupts & de/roys4 ,we h an in/ance ( alliance1 !n1 9 a v common exp]im5t1 t ( a v9e bran* admitt$ into a build+ :]e !re is a con/ant fire1 by :i* ! grapes rip5 a :ole mon? soon] ?an 9 ! air2 s t fruit ^u ! tree c be rip5$ by fire1 al?\gh ?is appe> ! peculi> effect ( ! sun4 ,f ?is beg9n+1 !re=e1 ! und]/&+ rejects all ess5tial diff]5ce1 & easily asc5ds to ! inve/igation ( ! real diff]5ces betwe5 ! heat ( ! sun & t ( fire1 by :i* _! op]ation is r5d]$ dissimil>1 al?\gh !y p>take ( a common nature4 ,^! diff]5ces w be f\nd to be f\r 9 numb]4 #a4 ,! heat ( ! sun is mu* mild] & g5tl] 9 degree ?an t ( fire4 #b4 ,x is mu* m moi/ 9 quality1 especially z x is transmitt$ to u ?r\gh ! air4 #c4 ,:i* is ! *ief po9t1 x is v unequal1 advanc+ & increas$ at "o "t1 retir+ & dim9i%$ at ano!r1 :i* ma9ly contributes to ! g5]ation ( bodies4 ,= ,ari/otle rightly ass]t$1 t ! pr9cipal cause ( g5]ation & corruption on ! surface ( ! e>? 0 ! oblique pa? ( ! sun 9 ! zodiac1 :5ce its heat becomes v unequal1 p>tly f ! alt]nation ( night & day1 p>tly f ! succession ( summ] & w9t]4 ,yet mu/ he imm$iately corrupt & p]v]t 8 discov]y1 by dictat+ to nature accord+ to 8 habit1 & dogmatically assign+ ! cause ( g5]ation to ! approa* ( ! sun1 & t ( corruption to its retreat2 :ile1 9 fact1 ea* circum/ance indiff]5tly & n respectively contributes bo? to g5]ation & corruption2 = unequal heat t5ds to g5]ate & corrupt1 z equable heat does to pres]ve4 #d4 ,! f\r? diff]5ce betwe5 ! heat ( ! sun & fire is ( great consequ5ce2 namely1 t ! sun1 gradually1 & = a l5g? ( "t1 ins9uates its effects1 :ile ^? ( fire 7urg$ by ! impati5ce ( man7 are br\ght to a t]m9ation 9 a %ort] space ( "t4 ,b if any "o 7 to pay att5tion to ! temp]+ ( fire1 & r$uc+ x to a m mod]ate & g5tle degree 7:i* may be done 9 v>i\s ways71 & !n 7 to spr9kle & mix a degree ( humidity ) x2 &1 above all1 7 to imitate ! sun 9 its inequality2 &1 la/ly1 7 pati5tly to suff] "s delay 7n su*1 h[ev]1 z is proportion$ to ! effects ( ! sun1 b m ?an m5 usually admit ( 9 ^? ( fire71 he w\ld soon bani% ! notion ( any diff]5ce1 & w\ld attempt1 or equal1 or p]haps sometimes surpass ! effect ( ! sun1 by ! heat ( fire4 ,a l in/ance ( alliance is t ( reviv+ butt]flies1 b5umb$ & ne>ly dead f cold1 by ! g5tle w>m? ( fire2 s t fire is no less able to revive animals ?an to rip5 vegetables4 ,we may also m5tion ! celebrat$ inv5tion ( ,fraca/orius1 ( apply+ a pan consid]ably heat$ to ! head 9 desp]ate cases ( apoplexy1 :i* cle>ly exp&s ! animal spirits1 :5 compress$ & almo/ ext+ui%$ by ! humors & ob/ructions ( ! bra91 & excites !m to action1 z ! fire w\ld op]ate on wat] or air1 & 9 ! result produces life4 ,eggs are sometimes hat*$ by ! heat ( fire1 an exact imitation ( animal heat2 & !re are _m in/ances ( ! l nature1 s t no "o c d\bt t ! heat ( fire1 9 _m cases1 c be modifi$ till x resemble t ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( animals4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ natures be motion & re/4 ,!re appe>s to be a settl$ classification1 gr\nd$ on ! deepe/ philosophy1 t natural bodies ei!r revolve1 move 9 a /raight l9e1 or /& /ill & re/4 ,= !re is ei!r motion )\t limit1 or cont9uance )9 a c]ta9 limit1 or a translation t[>d a c]ta9 limit4 ,! et]nal motion ( revolution appe>s peculi> to ! heav5ly bodies1 re/ to ?is our globe1 & ! o!r bodies 7heavy & light1 z !y are t]m$1 t is to say1 plac$ out ( _! natural position7 are borne 9 a /raight l9e to masses or aggregates :i* resemble !m1 ! light t[>d ! heav51 ! heavy t[>d ! e>?2 & all ?is is v f9e language4 ,b we h an in/ance ( alliance 9 l[ comets1 :i* revolve1 ?\gh f> bel[ ! heav5s2 & ! fiction ( ,ari/otle1 ( ! comet be+ fix$ to1 or necess>ily foll[+ "s />1 has be5 long s9ce explod$2 n only because x is improbable 9 itself1 b f ! evid5t fact ( ! discursive & irregul> motion ( comets ?r\gh v>i\s p>ts ( ! heav5s4#abe ,ano!r in/ance ( alliance is t ( ! motion ( air1 :i* appe>s to revolve f ea/ to we/ )9 ! tropics1 :]e ! circles ( revolution are ! greate/4 ,! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea w\ld p]haps be ano!r in/ance1 if ! wat] 7 once f\nd to h a motion ( revolution1 ?\gh sl[ & h>dly p]ceptible1 f ea/ to we/1 subject1 h[ev]1 to a reaction twice a day4 ,if ?is be s1 x is cle> t ! motion ( revolution is n conf9$ to ! cele/ial bodies1 b is %>$1 also1 by air & wat]4 ,aga9--! suppos$ peculi> disposition ( light bodies to rise is r %ak52 & "h we may f9d an in/ance ( alliance 9 a wat] bubble4 ,= if air be plac$ "u wat]1 x rises rapidly t[>d ! surface by t /rik+ motion 7z ,democritus t]ms x7 ) :i* ! desc5d+ wat] /rikes ! air & raises x1 n by any /ruggle or ef=t ( ! air itself2 & :5 x has rea*$ ! surface ( ! wat]1 x is prev5t$ f asc5d+ any fur!r1 by ! slight resi/ance x meets ) 9 ! wat]1 :i* does n all[ an imm$iate sep>ation ( its p>ts1 s t ! t5d5cy ( ! air to rise mu/ be v slight4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be weight4 ,x is c]ta9ly a receiv$ classification1 t d5se & solid bodies are borne t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & r>e & light bodies to ! circumf]5ce ( ! heav5s1 z _! appropriate places4 ,z f> z relates to places 7?\gh ^! ?+s h mu* weight 9 ! s*ools71 ! notion ( !re be+ any det]m9ate place is absurd & pu]ile4 ,philosoph]s trifle1 !re=e1 :5 !y tell y1 t if ! e>? 7 p]=at$1 heavy bodies w\ld /op on _! arrival at ! c5tre4 ,?is c5tre w\ld inde$ be an efficaci\s no?+1 or ma!matical po9t1 c\ld x affect bodies or be s\ght by !m1 = a body is n act$ ^u except by a body4#abf ,9 fact1 ?is t5d5cy to asc5d & desc5d is ei!r 9 ! con=mation ( ! mov+ body1 or 9 its h>mony & sympa?y ) ano!r body4 ,b if any d5se & solid body be f\nd1 :i* does n1 h[ev]1 t5d t[>d ! e>?1 ! classification is at an end4 ,n[1 if we all[ ( ,gilb]t's op9ion1 t ! magnetic p[] ( ! e>?1 9 attract+ heavy bodies1 is n ext5d$ beyond ! limit ( its peculi> virtue 7:i* op]ates always at a fix$ di/ance & no fur!r71#abg & ?is be prov$ by "s in/ance1 su* an in/ance w be "o ( alliance 9 our pres5t subject4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x is t ( wat]sp\ts1 frequ5tly se5 by p]sons navigat+ ! ,atlantic t[>d ei!r ( ! ,indies4 ,= ! =ce & mass ( ! wat] sudd5ly effus$ by wat]sp\ts1 appe>s to be s consid]able1 t ! wat] mu/ h be5 collect$ previ\sly1 & h rema9$ fix$ :]e x 0 =m$1 until x 0 aft]w>d =c$ d[n by "s viol5t cause1 r ?an made to fall by ! natural motion ( gravity3 s t x may be conjectur$ t a d5se & compact mass1 at a great di/ance f ! e>?1 may be susp5d$ z ! e>? itself is1 & w\ld n fall1 unless =c$ d[n4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 affirm ?is z c]ta94 ,9 ! mean:ile1 bo? 9 ?is respect & _m o!rs1 x w readily be se5 h[ defici5t we are 9 natural hi/ory1 s9ce we are =c$ to h rec\rse to suppositions = examples1 in/ead ( asc]ta9$ in/ances4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! discursive p[] ( ! m9d4 ,! classification ( human reason & animal in/9ct appe>s to be p]fectly correct4 ,yet !re are "s in/ances ( ! actions ( brutes :i* seem to %[ t !y1 too1 c syllogize4 ,?us x is relat$1 t a cr[1 :i* _h ne>ly p]i%$ f ?ir/ 9 a great dr\ght1 saw "s wat] 9 ! holl[ trunk ( a tree1 b z x 0 too n>r[ = him to get into x1 he cont9u$ to ?r[ 9 pebbles1 :i* made ! wat] rise till he c\ld dr9k2 & x aft]w>d became a prov]b4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be vision4 ,! classification appe>s real & c]ta91 :i* consid]s light z t :i* is orig9ally visible1 & conf]s ! p[] ( see+2 & color1 z be+ second>ily visible1 & n capable ( be+ se5 )\t light1 s z to appe> a m]e image or modification ( light4 ,yet !re are in/ances ( alliance 9 ea* respect2 z 9 sn[ :5 9 great quantities1 & 9 ! flame ( sulphur2 ! "o be+ a color orig9ally & 9 itself light1 ! o!r a light v]g+ t[>d color4#abh ,,xxxvi4 ,9 ! f\rte5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances1 we w place ! in/ances ( ! cross1 borr[+ our metaphor f ! crosses erect$ :]e two roads meet1 to po9t out ! diff]5t directions4 ,we are wont also to call !m decisive & judicial in/ances1 & 9 "s cases in/ances ( ! oracle & ( comm&4 ,_! nature is z foll[s3 ,:5 9 inve/igat+ any nature ! und]/&+ is1 z x 71 balanc$1 & unc]ta9 to :i* ( two or m natures ! cause ( ! requir$ nature %\ld be assign$1 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t & usual concurr5ce ( sev]al natures1 ! in/ances ( ! cross %[ t ! union ( "o nature ) ! requir$ nature is firm & indissoluble1 :ile t ( ! o!r is un/eady & sep>able2 by :i* means ! "q is decid$1 & ! fir/ is receiv$ z ! cause1 :ile ! o!r is dismiss$ & reject$4 ,su* in/ances1 !re=e1 af=d great light1 & are ( great weight1 s t ! c\rse ( int]pretation sometimes t]m9ates1 & is complet$ 9 !m4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are f\nd among ! in/ances already obs]v$1 b !y are g5]ally new1 be+ expressly & purposely s\ght = & appli$1 & br\ght to light only by att5tive & active dilig5ce4 ,= example3 let ! requir$ nature be ! fl[ & ebb ( ! sea1 :i* is repeat$ twice a day1 at int]vals ( six h\rs betwe5 ea* advance & retreat1 ) "s little diff]5ce1 agree+ ) ! motion ( ! moon4 ,we h "h ! foll[+ crossways3 ,?is motion mu/ be occasion$ ei!r by ! advanc+ & ! retir+ ( ! sea1 l wat] %ak5 9 a bas91 :i* leaves "o side :ile x wa%es ! o!r2 or by ! ris+ ( ! sea f ! bottom1 & its aga9 subsid+1 l boil+ wat]4 ,b a d\bt arises1 to :i* ( ^! causes we %\ld assign ! fl[ & ebb4 ,if ! fir/ ass]tion be admitt$1 x foll[s1 t :5 !re is a flood on "o side1 !re mu/ at ! same "t be an ebb on ano!r1 & ! "q !re=e is r$uc$ to ?is4 ,n[ ,aco/a1 & "s o!rs1 aft] a dilig5t inquiry1 h obs]v$ t ! flood tide takes place on ! coa/ ( ,florida1 & ! opposite coa/s ( ,spa9 & ,africa1 at ! same "t1 z does also ! ebb2 & t !re is n1 on ! contr>y1 a flood tide at ,florida :5 !re is an ebb on ! coa/s ( ,spa9 & ,africa4 ,yet if "o consid] ! subject att5tively1 ?is does n prove ! necessity ( a ris+ motion1 nor refute ! notion ( a progressive motion4 ,= ! motion may be progressive1 & yet inundate ! opposite %ores ( a *annel at ! same "t2 z if ! wat]s be =c$ & driv5 toge!r f "s o!r qu>t]1 = in/ance1 :i* takes place 9 riv]s1 = !y fl[ & ebb t[>d ea* bank at ! same "t1 yet _! motion is cle>ly progressive1 be+ t ( ! wat]s f ! sea ent]+ _! m\?s4 ,s x may happ51 t ! wat]s com+ 9 a va/ body f ! ea/]n ,indian ,ocean are driv5 toge!r1 & =c$ into ! *annel ( ! ,atlantic1 & !re=e inundate bo? coa/s at once4 ,we mu/ inquire1 !re=e1 if !re be any o!r *annel by :i* ! wat]s c at ! same "t s9k & ebb2 & ! ,s\!rn ,ocean at once sugge/s itself1 :i* is n less ?an ! ,atlantic1 b r broad] & m ext5sive ?an is requisite = ?is effect4 ,we at l5g? arrive1 !n1 at an in/ance ( ! cross1 :i* is ?is4 ,if x be positively discov]$1 t :5 ! flood sets 9 t[>d ! opposite coa/s ( ,florida & ,spa9 9 ! ,atlantic1 !re is at ! same "t a flood tide on ! coa/s ( ,p]u & ! back "p ( ,*9a1 9 ! ,s\!rn ,ocean1 !n assur$ly1 f ?is decisive in/ance1 we mu/ reject ! ass]tion1 t ! flood & ebb ( ! sea1 ab\t :i* we inquire1 takes place by progressive motion2 = no o!r sea or place is left :]e !re c be an ebb4 ,b ?is may mo/ easily be le>n$1 by inquir+ ( ! inhabitants ( ,panama & ,lima 7:]e ! two oceans are sep>at$ by a n>r[ i/hmus71 :e!r ! flood & ebb takes place on ! opposite sides ( ! i/hmus at ! same "t1 or ! rev]se4 ,?is decision or rejection appe>s c]ta91 if x be grant$ t ! e>? is fix$2 b if ! e>? revolves1 x may p]haps happ51 t f ! unequal revolution 7z reg>ds velocity7 ( ! e>? & ! wat]s ( ! sea1 !re may be a viol5t =c+ ( ! wat]s into a mass1 =m+ ! flood1 & a subsequ5t relaxation ( !m 7:5 !y c no long] be> ! accumulation71 =m+ ! ebb4 ,a sep>ate inquiry mu/ be made into ?is4 ,ev5 ) ?is hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 x rema9s equally true1 t !re mu/ be an ebb some:]e1 at ! same "t t !re is a flood 9 ano!r qu>t]4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! latt] ( ! two motions we h suppos$2 namely1 t ( a ris+ & subsid+ motion1 if x %\ld happ5 t ^u dilig5t exam9ation ! progressive motion be reject$4 ,we h1 !n1 ?ree ways be=e u1 ) reg>d to ?is nature4 ,! motion1 by :i* ! wat]s raise !mselves1 & aga9 fall back1 9 ! floods & ebbs1 )\t ! addition ( any o!r wat] roll$ t[>d !m1 mu/ take place 9 "o ( ! ?ree foll[+ ways3 ,ei!r ! supply ( wat] emanates f ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & returns back aga92 or !re is really no great] quantity ( wat]1 b ! same wat] 7)\t any augm5tation ( its quantity7 is ext5d$ or r>efi$1 s z to occupy a great] space & dim5sion1 & aga9 contracts itself2 or !re is nei!r an additional supply nor any ext5sion1 b ! same wat]s 7) reg>d to quantity1 d5sity1 or r>ity7 raise !mselves & fall f sympa?y1 by "s magnetic p[] attract+ & call+ !m up1 z x 71 f above4 ,let u !n 7pass+ ov] ! fir/ two motions7 r$uce ! inve/igation to ! la/1 & inquire if !re be any su* elevation ( ! wat] by sympa?y or a magnetic =ce2 & x is evid5t1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! :ole mass ( wat] be+ plac$ 9 ! tr5* or cavity ( ! sea1 _c be rais$ at once1 because !re w\ld n be en\gh to cov] ! bottom1 s t if !re be any t5d5cy ( ?is k9d 9 ! wat] to raise itself1 yet x w\ld be int]rupt$ & *eck$ by ! cohesion ( ?+s1 or 7z ! common expression is7 t !re may be no vacuum4 ,! wat]1 !re=e1 mu/ rise on "o side1 & = t reason be dim9i%$ & ebb on ano!r4 ,b x w aga9 necess>ily foll[ t ! magnetic p[] n be+ able to op]ate on ! :ole1 op]ates mo/ int5sely on ! c5tre1 s z to raise ! wat]s !re1 :i*1 :5 ?us rais$ successively1 des]t & ab&on ! sides4#abi ,we at l5g? arrive1 !n1 at an in/ance ( ! cross1 :i* is ?is3 if x be f\nd t dur+ ! ebb ! surface ( ! wat]s at sea is m curv$ & r\nd1 f ! wat]s ris+ 9 ! middle1 & s9k+ at ! sides or coa/1 & if1 dur+ a flood1 x be m ev5 & level1 f ! wat]s return+ to _! =m] position1 !n assur$ly1 by ?is decisive in/ance1 ! rais+ ( !m by a magnetic =ce c be admitt$2 if o!rwise1 x mu/ be entirely reject$4 ,x is n difficult to make ! exp]im5t 7by s\nd+ 9 /raits71 :e!r ! sea be deep] t[>d ! middle 9 ebbs1 ?an 9 floods4 ,b x mu/ be obs]v$1 if ?is be ! case1 t 7contr>y to common op9ion7 ! wat]s rise 9 ebbs1 & only return to _! =m] position 9 floods1 s z to ba! & inundate ! coa/4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! spontane\s motion ( revolution1 & p>ticul>ly1 :e!r ! diurnal motion1 by :i* ! sun & />s appe> to u to rise & set1 be a real motion ( revolution 9 ! heav5ly bodies1 or only app>5t 9 !m1 & real 9 ! e>?4 ,!re may be an in/ance ( ! cross ( ! foll[+ nature4 ,if !re be discov]$ any motion 9 ! ocean f ea/ to we/1 ?\gh v languid & weak1 & if ! same motion be discov]$ r m swift 9 ! air 7p>ticul>ly )9 ! tropics1 :]e x is m p]ceptible f ! circles be+ great]74 ,if x be discov]$ also 9 ! l[ comets1 & be already quick & p[]ful 9 !m2 if x be f\nd also 9 ! planets1 b s temp]$ & regulat$ z to be sl[] 9 ^? ne>e/ ! e>?1 & quick] 9 ^? at ! greate/ di/ance1 be+ quicke/ ( all 9 ! heav5s1 !n ! diurnal motion %\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$ z real 9 ! heav5s1 & t ( ! e>? mu/ be reject$2 = x w be evid5t t ! motion f ea/ to we/ is "p ( ! sy/em ( ! _w & univ]sal2 s9ce x is mo/ rapid 9 ! height ( ! heav5s1 & gradually gr[s weak]1 till x /ops & is ext+ui%$ 9 re/ at ! e>?4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be t o!r motion ( revolution1 s celebrat$ among a/ronom]s1 :i* is contr>y to ! diurnal1 namely1 f we/ to ea/--& :i* ! anci5t a/ronom]s assign to ! planets1 & ev5 to ! />ry sph]e1 b ,cop]nicus & 8 foll[]s to ! e>? also--& let x be exam9$ :e!r any su* motion be f\nd 9 nature1 or x be r a fiction & hypo!sis = abridg+ & facilitat+ calculation1 & = promot+ t f9e notion ( effect+ ! heav5ly motions by p]fect circles2 = !re is no?+ :i* proves su* a motion 9 heav5ly objects to be true & real1 ei!r 9 a planet's n return+ 9 its diurnal motion to ! same po9t ( ! />ry sph]e1 or 9 ! pole ( ! zodiac be+ diff]5t f t ( ! _w1 :i* two circum/ances h occasion$ ?is notion4 ,= ! fir/ ph5om5on is well acc\nt$ = by ! sph]es ov]tak+ or fall+ beh9d ea* o!r1 & ! second by spiral l9es2 s t ! inaccuracy ( ! return & decl9ation to ! tropics may be r modifications ( ! "o diurnal motion ?an contr>y motions1 or ab\t diff]5t poles4 ,& x is mo/ c]ta91 if we consid] ourselves = a mom5t z "p ( ! vulg> 7sett+ aside ! fictions ( a/ronom]s & ! s*ool1 :o are wont undes]v$ly to attack ! s5ses 9 _m respects1 & to affect obscurity71 t ! app>5t motion is su* z we h said1 a model ( :i* we h sometimes caus$ to be repres5t$ by wires 9 a sort ( a ma*9e4 ,we may take ! foll[+ in/ances ( ! cross ^u ?is subject4 ,if x be f\nd 9 any hi/ory wor?y ( cr$it1 t !re has exi/$ any comet1 high or l[1 :i* has n revolv$ 9 manife/ h>mony 7h[ev] irregul>ly7 ) ! diurnal motion1 !n we may decide s f> z to all[ su* a motion to be possible 9 nature4 ,b if no?+ ( ! sort be f\nd1 x mu/ be suspect$1 & rec\rse mu/ be _h to o!r in/ances ( ! cross4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be weight or gravity4 ,heavy & pond]\s bodies mu/1 ei!r ( _! own nature1 t5d t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>? by _! peculi> =mation1 or mu/ be attract$ & hurri$ by ! corporeal mass ( ! e>? itself1 z be+ an assemblage ( simil> bodies1 & be drawn to x by sympa?y4 ,b if ! latt] be ! cause1 x foll[s t ! ne>] bodies approa* to ! e>?1 ! m p[]fully & rapidly !y mu/ be borne t[>d x1 & ! fur!r !y are di/ant1 ! m fa9tly & sl[ly 7z is ! case 9 magnetic attractions71 & t ?is mu/ happ5 )9 a giv5 di/ance2 s t if !y be sep>at$ at su* a di/ance f ! e>? t ! p[] ( ! e>? _c act ^u !m1 !y w rema9 susp5d$ l ! e>?1 & n fall at all4#acj ,! foll[+ in/ance ( ! cross may be adopt$4 ,take a clock mov$ by lead5 weights1#aca & ano!r by a spr+1 & let !m be set well toge!r1 s t "o be nei!r quick] nor sl[] ?an ! o!r2 !n let ! clock mov$ by weights be plac$ on ! top ( a v high *ur*1 & ! o!r be kept bel[1 & let x be well obs]v$1 if ! =m] move sl[] ?an x did1 f ! dim9i%$ p[] ( ! weights4 ,let ! same exp]im5t be made at ! bottom ( m9es work$ to a consid]able dep?1 9 ord] to see :e!r ! clock move m quickly f ! increas$ p[] ( ! weights4 ,b if ?is p[] be f\nd to dim9i% at a height1 & to increase 9 subt]rane\s places1 ! attraction ( ! corporeal mass ( ! e>? may be tak5 z ! cause ( weight4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! pol>ity ( ! /eel ne$le :5 t\*$ ) ! magnet4 ,we h ^! two ways ) reg>d to ?is nature--,ei!r ! t\* ( ! magnet mu/ communicate pol>ity to ! /eel t[>d ! nor? & s\?1 or else x may only excite & prep>e x1 :ile ! actual motion is occasion$ by ! pres5ce ( ! e>?1 :i* ,gilb]t consid]s to be ! case1 & endeavors to prove ) s mu* labor4 ,! p>ticul>s he has inquir$ into ) su* +5i\s zeal am\nt to ?is--#a4 ,an iron bolt plac$ = a long "t t[>d ! nor? & s\? acquires pol>ity f ?is habit1 )\t ! t\* ( ! magnet1 z if ! e>? itself op]at+ b weakly f its di/ance 7= ! surface or out] cru/ ( ! e>? does n1 9 8 op9ion1 possess ! magnetic p[]71 yet1 by long cont9u$ motion1 c\ld supply ! place ( ! magnet1 excite ! iron1 & conv]t & *ange x :5 excit$4 #b4 ,iron1 at a r$ or :ite heat1 :5 qu5*$ 9 a direction p>allel to ! nor? & s\?1 also acquires pol>ity )\t ! t\* ( ! magnet1 z if ! p>ts ( iron be+ put 9 motion by ignition1 & aft]w>d recov]+ !mselves1 71 at ! mom5t ( be+ qu5*$1 m susceptible & s5sitive ( ! p[] emanat+ f ! e>?1 ?an at o!r times1 & !re=e z x 7 excit$4 ,b ^! po9ts1 ?\gh well obs]v$1 d n completely prove 8 ass]tion4 ,an in/ance ( ! cross on ?is po9t might be z foll[s3 ,let a small magnetic globe be tak51 & its poles m>k$1 & plac$ t[>d ! ea/ & we/1 n t[>d ! nor? & s\?1 & let x cont9ue ?us4 ,!n let an unt\*$ ne$le be plac$ ov] x1 & suff]$ to rema9 s = six or sev5 days4 ,n[1 ! ne$le 7= ?is is n disput$71 :ile x rema9s ov] ! magnet1 w leave ! poles ( ! _w & turn to ^? ( ! magnet1 & !re=e1 z long z x rema9s 9 ! above position1 w turn to ! ea/ & we/4 ,b if ! ne$le1 :5 remov$ f ! magnet & plac$ ^u a pivot1 be f\nd imm$iately to turn to ! nor? & s\?1 or ev5 by degrees to return ?i!r1 !n ! pres5ce ( ! e>? mu/ be consid]$ z ! cause1 b if x rema9s turn$ z at fir/1 t[>d ! ea/ & we/1 or lose its pol>ity1 !n t cause mu/ be suspect$1 & fur!r inquiry made4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! corporeal sub/ance ( ! moon1 :e!r x be r>e1 fi]y1 & arial 7z mo/ ( ! anci5t philosoph]s h ?\ght71 or solid & d5se 7z ,gilb]t & _m ( ! mod]ns1 ) "s ( ! anci5ts1 hold74#acb ,! reasons = ?is latt] op9ion are gr\nd$ *iefly ^u ?is1 t ! moon reflects ! sun's rays1 & t light does n appe> capable ( be+ reflect$ except by solids4 ,! in/ances ( ! cross w !re=e 7if any7 be su* z to exhibit reflection by a r>e body1 su* z flame1 if x be b suffici5tly d5se4 ,n[1 c]ta9ly1 "o ( ! reasons ( twilight is ! reflection#acc ( ! rays ( ! sun by ! upp] "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,we see ! sun's rays also reflect$ on f9e ev5+s by /reaks ( moi/ cl\ds1 ) a spl5dor n less1 b p]haps m bright & glori\s ?an t reflect$ f ! body ( ! moon1 & yet x is n cle> t ^? cl\ds h =m$ into a d5se body ( wat]4 ,we see1 also1 t ! d>k air beh9d ! w9d[s at night reflects ! light ( a c&le 9 ! same mann] z a d5se body w\ld d4#acd ,! exp]im5t %\ld also be made ( caus+ ! sun's rays to fall ?r\gh a hole ^u "s d>k & blui% flame4 ,! unconf9$ rays ( ! sun1 :5 fall+ on fa9t flames1 d c]ta9ly appe> to dead5 !m1 & r5d] !m m l :ite smoke ?an flames4 ,^! are ! only in/ances :i* occur at pres5t ( ! nature ( ^? ( ! cross1 & bett] p]haps c be f\nd4 ,b x mu/ always be obs]v$ t reflection is n to be expect$ f flame1 unless x be ( "s dep?1 = o!rwise x becomes ne>ly transp>5t4 ,?is at lea/ may be consid]$ c]ta91 t light is always ei!r receiv$ & transmitt$ or reflect$ by an ev5 surface4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! motion ( projectiles 7su* z d>ts1 arr[s1 & balls7 ?r\gh ! air4 ,! s*ool1 9 its usual mann]1 treats ?is v c>elessly1 consid]+ x en\gh to di/+ui% x by ! "n ( viol5t motion1 f t :i* !y t]m natural1 & z f> z reg>ds ! fir/ p]cussion or impulse1 satisfies itself by its axiom1 t two bodies _c exi/ 9 "o place1 or !re w\ld be a p5etration ( dim5sions4 ,) reg>d to ?is nature we h ^! two crossways--,! motion mu/ arise ei!r f ! air c>ry+ ! project$ body1 & collect+ beh9d x1 l a /ream beh9d boats1 or ! w9d beh9d /raws2 or f ! p>ts ( ! body itself n support+ ! impression1 b pu%+ !mselves =w>d 9 succession to ease x4 ,fraca/orius1 & ne>ly all ^? :o h ent]$ into any ref9$ inquiry ^u ! subject1 adopt ! fir/4 ,nor c x be d\bt$ t ! air has "s effect1 yet ! o!r motion is )\t d\bt real1 z is cle> f a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,among o!rs we may take ?is in/ance ( ! cross1 namely1 t a ?9 plate or wire ( iron r /iff1 or ev5 a re$ or p5 split 9 two1 :5 drawn up & b5t betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb1 w leap =w>d2 = x is cle> t ?is _c be attribut$ to ! air's be+ collect$ beh9d ! body1 because ! s\rce ( motion is 9 ! c5tre ( ! plate or p51 & n 9 its extremities4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! rapid & p[]ful motion ( ! explosion ( gunp[d]1 by :i* su* va/ masses are upheav$1 & su* weights dis*>g$ z we obs]ve 9 l>ge m9es & mort>s1 !re are two crossways be=e u ) reg>d to ?is nature4 ,?is motion is excit$ ei!r by ! m]e ef=t ( ! body exp&+ itself :5 inflam$1 or by ! assi/+ ef=t ( ! crude _s1 :i* escapes rapidly f fire1 & bur/s viol5tly f ! surr\nd+ flame z f a prison4 ,! s*ool1 h[ev]1 & common op9ion only consid] ! fir/ ef=t2 = m5 ?9k t !y are great philosoph]s :5 !y ass]t t flame1 f ! =m ( ! elem5t1 is end[$ ) a k9d ( necessity ( occupy+ a great] space ?an ! same body _h occupi$ :5 9 ! =m ( p[d]1 & t !nce proce$s ! motion 9 "q4 ,9 ! meantime !y d n obs]ve1 t al?\gh ?is may be true1 on ! supposition ( flame be+ g5]at$1 yet ! g5]ation may be imp$$ by a weight ( suffici5t =ce to compress & suffocate x1 s t no su* necessity exi/s z !y ass]t4 ,!y are "r1 inde$1 9 imag9+ t ! expansion & ! consequ5t emission or removal ( ! oppos+ body1 is necess>y if flame be once g5]at$1 b su* a necessity is avoid$ if ! solid oppos+ mass suppress ! flame be=e x be g5]at$2 & we 9 fact see t flame1 especially at ! mom5t ( its g5]ation1 is mild & g5tle1 & requires a holl[ space :]e x c play & try its =ce4 ,! great viol5ce ( ! effect1 !re=e1 _c be attribut$ to ?is cause2 b ! tru? is1 t ! g5]ation ( ^! explod+ flames & fi]y bla/s arises f ! conflict ( two bodies ( a decid$ly opposite nature--! "o v inflammable1 z is ! sulphur1 ! o!r hav+ an antipa?y to flame1 namely1 ! crude _s ( ! nitre2 s t an extraord9>y conflict takes place :ile ! sulphur is becom+ inflam$ z f> z x c 7= ! ?ird body1 ! will[ *>coal1 m]ely incorporates & conv5i5tly unites ! two o!rs71 & ! _s ( nitre is escap+1 z f> also z x c1 & at ! same "t exp&+ itself 7= air1 & all crude sub/ances1 & wat] are exp&$ by heat71 fann+ ?us1 9 e direction1 ! flame ( ! sulphur by its escape & viol5ce1 j z if by invisible bell[s4 ,two k9ds ( in/ances ( ! cross might "h be us$--! "o ( v inflammable sub/ances1 su* z sulphur & camphor1 naph?a & ! l1 & _! comp\nds1 :i* take fire m readily & easily ?an gunp[d] if left to !mselves 7& ?is %[s t ! ef=t to cat* fire does n ( itself produce su* a prodigi\s effect72 ! o!r ( sub/ances :i* avoid & repel flame1 su* z all salts2 = we see t :5 !y are ca/ into ! fire1 ! aque\s _s escapes ) a crackl+ noise be=e flame is produc$1 :i* also happ5s 9 a less degree 9 /iff leaves1 f ! escape ( ! aque\s "p be=e ! oily "p has caught fire4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly obs]v$ 9 quicksilv]1 :i* is n improp]ly call$ m9]al wat]1 & :i*1 )\t any inflammation1 ne>ly equals ! =ce ( gunp[d] by simple explosion & expansion1 & is said1 :5 mix$ ) gunp[d]1 to increase its =ce4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! transitory nature ( flame & its mom5tane\s ext9ction2 = to u ! nature ( flame does n appe> to be fix$ or settl$1 b to be g5]at$ f mom5t to mom5t1 & to be e in/ant ext+ui%$2 x be+ cle> t ^? flames :i* cont9ue & la/1 d n owe _! cont9uance to ! same mass ( flame1 b to a cont9u$ succession ( new flame regul>ly g5]at$1 & t ! same id5tical flame does n cont9ue4 ,?is is easily %[n by remov+ ! food or s\rce ( ! flame1 :5 x at once goes out4 ,we h ! two foll[+ crossways ) reg>d to ?is nature3 ,?is mom5t>y nature ei!r arises f ! cessation ( ! cause :i* fir/ produc$ x1 z 9 light1 s\nds1 & viol5t motions1 z !y are t]m$1 or flame may be capable1 by its own nature1 ( duration1 b is subject$ to "s viol5ce f ! contr>y natures :i* surr\nd x1 & is de/roy$4 ,we may !re=e adopt ! foll[+ in/ance ( ! cross4 ,we see to :at a height ! flames rise 9 great conflagrations2 = z ! base ( ! flame becomes m ext5sive1 its v]tex is m l(ty4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ext9ction takes place at ! sides1 :]e ! flame is compress$ by ! air1 & is ill at ease2 b ! c5tre ( ! flame1 :i* is unt\*$ by ! air & surr\nd$ by flame1 cont9ues ! same1 & is n ext+ui%$ until compress$ by degrees by ! air attack+ x f ! sides4 ,all flame1 !re=e1 is pyramidal1 hav+ its base ne> ! s\rce1 & its v]tex po9t$ f its be+ resi/$ by ! air1 & n suppli$ f ! s\rce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! smoke1 :i* is n>r[ at ! base1 exp&s 9 its asc5t1 & resembles an inv]t$ pyramid1 because ! air admits ! smoke1 b compresses ! flame2 = let no "o dream t ! light$ flame is air1 s9ce !y are cle>ly het]og5e\s4 ,! in/ance ( ! cross w be m accurate1 if ! exp]im5t c be made by flames ( diff]5t colors4 ,take1 !re=e1 a small metal sconce1 & place a light$ tap] 9 x1 !n put x 9 a bas91 & p\r a small quantity ( spirits ( w9e r\nd ! sconce1 s z n to rea* its edge1 & light ! _s4 ,n[ ! flame ( ! _s w be blue1 & t ( ! tap] yell[2 obs]ve1 !re=e1 :e!r ! latt] 7:i* c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! =m] by its color1 = flames d n mix imm$iately1 z liquids d7 cont9ue pyramidal1 or t5d m to a globul> figure1 s9ce !re is no?+ to de/roy or compress x4 ,if ! latt] result be obs]v$1 x mu/ be consid]$ z settl$1 t flame cont9ues positively ! same1 :ile inclos$ )9 ano!r flame1 & n expos$ to ! resi/+ =ce ( ! air4 ,let ?is suffice = ! in/ances ( ! cross4 ,we h dwelt ! long] ^u !m 9 ord] gradually to tea* & accu/om mank9d to judge ( nature by ^! in/ances1 & enlight5+ exp]im5ts1 & n by probable reasons4#ace ,,xxxvii4 ,we w treat ( ! in/ances ( divorce z ! fifte5? ( our pr]ogative in/ances4 ,!y indicate ! sep>ation ( natures ( ! mo/ common occurr5ce4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 f ^? subjo9$ to ! accompany+ in/ances2 = ! in/ances ( divorce po9t out ! sep>ation ( a p>ticul> nature f "s concrete sub/ance ) :i* x is usually f\nd 9 conjunction1 :ile ! ho/ile in/ances po9t out ! total sep>ation ( "o nature f ano!r4 ,!y diff]1 also1 f ! in/ances ( ! cross1 because !y decide no?+1 b only in=m u t ! "o nature is capable ( be+ sep>at$ f ! o!r4 ,!y are ( use 9 expos+ false =ms1 & dissipat+ ha/y !ories d]iv$ f obvi\s facts2 s t !y add balla/ & weight1 z x 71 to ! und]/&+4 ,= in/ance1 let ! acquir$ natures be ^? f\r :i* ,telesius t]ms associates1 & ( ! same family1 namely1 heat1 light1 r>ity1 & mobility1 or promptitude to motion2 yet _m in/ances ( divorce c be discov]$ betwe5 !m4 ,air is r>e & easily mov$1 b nei!r hot nor light2 ! moon is light b n hot2 boil+ wat] is w>m b n light2 ! motion ( ! ne$le 9 ! compass is swift & active1 & yet its sub/ance is cold1 d5se1 & opaque2 & !re are _m simil> examples4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ natures be corporeal nature & natural action4 ,! latt] appe>s incapable ( subsi/+ )\t "s body1 yet may we1 p]haps1 ev5 "h f9d an in/ance ( divorce1 z 9 ! magnetic motion1 :i* draws ! iron to ! magnet1 & heavy bodies to ! globe ( ! e>?2 to :i* we may add o!r actions :i* op]ate at a di/ance4 ,= su* action takes place 9 "t1 by di/9ct mom5ts1 n 9 an in/ant2 & 9 space1 by regul> degrees & di/ances4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 "s "o mom5t ( "t & "s int]val ( space1 9 :i* ! p[] or action is susp5d$ betwe5 ! two bodies creat+ ! motion4 ,our consid]ation1 !n1 is r$uc$ to ?is1 :e!r ! bodies :i* are ! extremes ( motion prep>e or alt] ! int]m$iate bodies1 s t ! p[] advances f "o extreme to ! o!r by succession & actual contact1 & 9 ! meantime exi/s 9 "s int]m$iate body2 or :e!r !re exi/s 9 reality no?+ b ! bodies1 ! p[]1 & ! space8 ,9 ! case ( ! rays ( light1 s\nds1 & heat1 & "s o!r objects :i* op]ate at a di/ance1 x is inde$ probable t ! int]m$iate bodies are prep>$ & alt]$1 ! m s because a qualifi$ m$ium is requir$ = _! op]ation4 ,b ! magnetic or attractive p[] admits ( an indiff]5t m$ium1 & x is n imp$$ 9 any4 ,b if t p[] or action is indep5d5t ( ! int]m$iate body1 x foll[s t x is a natural p[] or action exi/+ 9 a c]ta9 "t & space )\t any body1 s9ce x exi/s nei!r 9 ! extreme nor 9 ! int]m$iate bodies4 ,h5ce ! magnetic action may be tak5 z an in/ance ( divorce ( corporeal nature & natural action2 to :i* we may add1 z a coroll>y & an advantage n to be neglect$1 t x may be tak5 z a pro( ( ess5ce & sub/ance be+ sep>ate & incorporeal1 ev5 by ^? :o philosophize accord+ to ! s5ses4 ,= if natural p[] & action emanat+ f a body c exi/ at any "t & place entirely )\t any body1 x is ne>ly a pro( t x c also emanate orig9ally f an incorporeal sub/ance2 = a corporeal nature appe>s to be no less necess>y = support+ & convey+1 ?an = excit+ or g5]at+ natural action4 ,,xxxviii4 ,next foll[ five classes ( in/ances :i* we are wont to call by ! g5]al t]m ( in/ances ( ! lamp1 or ( imm$iate in=mation4 ,!y are su* z assi/ ! s5ses2 = s9ce e int]pretation ( nature sets out f ! s5ses1 & leads1 by a regul> fix$ & well-e/abli%$ road1 f ! p]ceptions ( ! s5ses to ^? ( ! und]/&+ 7:i* are true notions & axioms71 x necess>ily foll[s1 t 9 proportion z ! repres5tatives or m9i/]+s ( ! s5ses are m abundant & accurate1 ev]y?+ else mu/ be m easy & successful4 ,! fir/ ( ^! five sets ( in/ances ( ! lamp1 /r5g!n1 enl>ge1 & correct ! imm$iate op]ations ( ! s5ses2 ! second r$uce to ! sph]e ( ! s5ses su* matt]s z are beyond x2 ! ?ird indicate ! cont9u$ process or s]ies ( su* ?+s & motions1 z = ! mo/ "p are only obs]v$ 9 _! t]m9ation1 or 9 p]iods2 ! f\r? supply ! absolute wants ( ! s5ses2 ! fif? excite _! att5tion & obs]vation1 & at ! same "t limit ! subtilty ( ?+s4 ,we w n[ proce$ to speak ( !m s+ly4 ,,xxxix4 ,9 ! sixte5? rank1 !n1 ( pr]ogative in/ances1 we w place ! in/ances ( ! door or gate1 by :i* "n we designate su* z assi/ ! imm$iate action ( ! s5ses4 ,x is obvi\s1 t sight holds ! fir/ rank among ! s5ses1 ) reg>d to in=mation1 = :i* reason we mu/ seek pr9cipally helps = t s5se4 ,^! helps appe> to be ?reefold1 ei!r to enable x to p]ceive objects n naturally se51 or to see !m f a great] di/ance1 or to see !m m accurately & di/9ctly4 ,we h an example ( ! fir/ 7n to speak ( spectacles & ! l1 :i* only correct & remove ! infirmity ( a defici5t sight1 & !re=e give no fur!r in=mation7 9 ! lately inv5t$ microscopes1 :i* exhibit ! lat5t & invisible m9uti ( sub/ances1 & _! hidd5 =mation & motion1 by wond]fully increas+ _! app>5t magnitude4 ,by _! assi/ance we behold ) a/oni%m5t ! accurate =m & outl9e ( a flea1 moss1 & animalcul1 z well z _! previ\sly invisible color & motion4 ,x is said1 also1 t an app>5tly /raight l9e1 drawn ) a p5 or p5cil1 is discov]$ by su* a microscope to be v unev5 & curv$1 because nei!r ! motion ( ! h&1 :5 assi/$ by a rul]1 nor ! impression ( ink or color1 are really regul>1 al?\gh ! irregul>ities are s m9ute z n to be p]ceptible )\t ! assi/ance ( ! microscope4 ,m5 h 7z is usual 9 new & wond]ful discov]ies7 add$ a sup]/iti\s rem>k1 t ! microscope %$s a lu/re on ! works ( nature1 & di%onor on ^? ( art1 :i* only means t ! tissue ( nature is mu* m delicate ?an t ( art4 ,= ! microscope is only ( use = m9ute objects1 & ,democritus1 p]haps1 if he _h se5 x1 w\ld h exult$ 9 ! ?\ght ( a means be+ discov]$ = see+ 8 atom1 :i* he affirm$ to be entirely invisible4 ,b ! inadequacy ( ^! microscopes1 = ! obs]vation ( any b ! mo/ m9ute bodies1 & ev5 ( ^? if p>ts ( a l>g] body1 de/roys _! utility2 = if ! inv5tion c\ld be ext5d$ to great] bodies1 or ! m9ute p>ts ( great] bodies1 s t a piece ( clo? w\ld appe> l a net1 & ! lat5t m9uti & irregul>ities ( gems1 liquids1 ur9e1 blood1 w\nds1 & _m o!r ?+s c\ld be r5d]$ visible1 ! greate/ advantage w\ld1 )\t d\bt1 be d]iv$4 ,we h an in/ance ( ! second k9d 9 ! telescope1 discov]$ by ! wond]ful ex]tions ( ,galileo2 by ! assi/ance ( :i* a ne>] int]c\rse may be op5$ 7z by boats or vessels7 betwe5 ourselves & ! heav5ly objects4 ,= by its aid we are assur$ t ! ,milky ,way is b a knot or con/ellation ( small />s1 cle>ly def9$ & sep>ate1 :i* ! anci5ts only conjectur$ to be ! case2 :5ce x appe>s to be capable ( demon/ration1 t ! spaces ( ! planet>y orbits 7z !y are t]m$7 are n q de/itute ( o!r />s1 b t ! heav5 beg9s to glitt] ) />s be=e we arrive at ! />ry sph]e1 al?\gh !y may be too small to be visible )\t ! telescope4 ,by ! telescope1 also1 we c behold ! revolutions ( small] />s r\nd ,jupit]1 :5ce x may be conjectur$ t !re are sev]al c5tres ( motion among ! />s4 ,by its assi/ance1 also1 ! irregul>ity ( light & %ade on ! moon's surface is m cle>ly obs]v$ & det]m9$1 s z to all[ ( a sort ( sel5ography4#acf ,by ! telescope we see ! spots 9 ! sun1 & o!r simil> ph5om5a2 all ( :i* are mo/ noble discov]ies1 z f> z cr$it c be safely giv5 to demon/rations ( ?is nature1 :i* are on ?is acc\nt v suspici\s1 namely1 t exp]im5t /ops at ^! few1 & no?+ fur!r has yet be5 discov]$ by ! same me?od1 among objects equally wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,we h in/ances ( ! ?ird k9d 9 measur+-rods1 a/rolabes1 & ! l1 :i* d n enl>ge1 b correct & guide ! sight4 ,if !re be o!r in/ances :i* assi/ ! o!r s5ses 9 _! imm$iate & individual action1 yet if !y add no?+ fur!r to _! in=mation !y are n apposite to our pres5t purpose1 & we h !re=e said no?+ ( !m4 ,,xl4 ,9 ! sev5te5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place cit+ in/ances 7to borr[ a t]m f ! tribunals71 because !y cite ^? ?+s to appe>1 :i* h n yet appe>$4 ,we are wont also to call !m invok+ in/ances1 & _! prop]ty is t ( r$uc+ to ! sph]e ( ! s5ses objects :i* d n imm$iately fall )9 x4 ,objects escape ! s5ses ei!r f _! di/ance1 or ! int]v5tion ( o!r bodies1 or because !y are n calculat$ to make an impression ^u ! s5ses1 or because !y are n 9 suffici5t quantity to /rike ! s5ses1 or because !re is n suffici5t "t = _! act+ ^u ! s5ses1 or because ! impression is too viol5t1 or because ! s5ses are previ\sly fill$ & possess$ by ! object1 s z to leave no room = any new motion4 ,^! rem>ks apply pr9cipally to sight1 & next to t\*1 :i* two s5ses act ext5sively 9 giv+ in=mation1 & t too ^u g5]al objects1 :ile ! rema9+ ?ree in=m u only1 z x 71 by _! imm$iate action1 & z to specific objects4 ,!re c be no r$uction to ! sph]e ( ! s5ses 9 ! fir/ case1 unless 9 ! place ( ! object1 :i* _c be p]ceiv$ on acc\nt ( ! di/ance1 !re be add$ or sub/itut$ "s o!r object1 :i* c excite & /rike ! s5se f a great] di/ance1 z 9 ! communication ( intellig5ce by fires1 bells1 & ! l4 ,9 ! second case we effect ?is r$uction by r5d]+ ^? ?+s :i* are conceal$ by ! int]position ( o!r bodies1 & :i* _c easily be laid op51 evid5t to ! s5ses by means ( t :i* lies at ! surface1 or proce$s f ! int]ior2 ?us ! /ate ( ! body is judg$ ( by ! pulse1 ur9e1 etc4 ,! ?ird & f\r? cases apply to _m subjects1 & ! r$uction to ! sph]e ( ! s5ses mu/ be obta9$ f e qu>t] 9 ! inve/igation ( ?+s4 ,!re are _m examples4 ,x is obvi\s t air1 & _s1 & ! l1 ^: :ole sub/ance is extremely r>e & delicate1 c nei!r be se5 nor t\*$--a r$uction1 !re=e1 to ! s5ses becomes necess>y 9 e inve/igation relat+ to su* bodies4 ,let ! requir$ nature1 !re=e1 be ! action & motion ( ! _s inclos$ 9 tangible bodies2 = e tangible body ) :i* we are acqua9t$ conta9s an invisible & intangible _s1 ov] :i* x is drawn1 & :i* x seems to clo!4 ,?is _s be+ emitt$ f a tangible sub/ance1 leaves ! body contract$ & dry2 :5 reta9$1 x s(t5s & melts x2 :5 nei!r :olly emitt$ nor reta9$1 x models x1 end[s x ) limbs1 assimilates1 manife/s1 organizes x1 & ! l4 ,all ^! po9ts are r$uc$ to ! sph]e ( ! s5ses by manife/ effects4 ,= 9 e tangible & inanimate body ! inclos$ _s at fir/ increases1 & z x 7 fe$s on ! tangible p>ts :i* are mo/ op5 & prep>$ = x2 & :5 x has dige/$ & modifi$ !m1 & turn$ !m into _s1 x escapes ) !m4 ,?is =mation & increase ( _s is r5d]$ s5sible by ! dim9ution ( weight2 = 9 e desiccation some?+ is lo/ 9 quantity1 n only ( ! _s previ\sly exi/+ 9 ! body1 b ( ! body itself1 :i* 0 previ\sly tangible1 & has be5 rec5tly *ang$1 = ! _s itself has no weight4 ,! dep>ture or emission ( _s is r5d]$ s5sible 9 ! ru/ ( metals1 & o!r putrefactions ( a l nature1 :i* /op be=e !y arrive at ! rudim5ts ( life1 :i* belong to ! ?ird species ( process4#acg ,9 compact bodies ! _s does n f9d pores & passages = its escape1 & is !re=e oblig$ to =ce out1 & drive be=e x1 ! tangible p>ts also1 :i* consequ5tly protrude1 :5ce arises ru/ & ! l4 ,! contraction ( ! tangible p>ts1 occasion$ by ! emission ( "p ( ! _s 7:5ce arises desiccation71 is r5d]$ s5sible by ! increas$ h>dness ( ! sub/ance1 & /ill m by ! fissures1 contractions1 %rivell+1 & folds ( ! bodies ?us produc$4 ,= ! p>ts ( wood split & contract1 sk9s become %rivell$1 & n only t1 b1 if ! _s be emitt$ sudd5ly by ! heat ( ! fire1 become s ha/ily contract$ z to twi/ & roll !mselves up4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! _s is reta9$1 & yet exp&$ & excit$ by heat or ! l 7:i* happ5s 9 solid & t5aci\s bodies71 !n ! bodies are s(t5$1 z 9 hot iron2 or fl[1 z 9 metals2 or melt1 z 9 gums1 wax1 & ! l4 ,! contr>y effects ( heat1 !re=e 7h>d5+ "s sub/ances & melt+ o!rs71 are easily reconcil$1#ach because ! _s is emitt$ 9 ! =m]1 & agitat$ & reta9$ 9 ! latt]2 ! latt] action is t ( heat & ! _s1 ! =m] t ( ! tangible p>ts !mselves1 aft] ! _s's emission4 ,b :5 ! _s is nei!r entirely reta9$ nor emitt$1 b only /rives & ex]cises itself1 )9 its limits1 & meets ) tangible p>ts1 :i* obey & readily foll[ x :]ev] x leads !m1 !n foll[s ! =mation ( an organic body1 & ( limbs1 & ! o!r vital actions ( vegetables & animals4 ,^! are r5d]$ s5sible *iefly by dilig5t obs]vation ( ! fir/ beg9n+s1 & rudim5ts or effects ( life 9 animalcul sprung f putrefaction1 z 9 ! eggs ( ants1 worms1 mosses1 frogs aft] ra91 etc4 ,bo? a mild heat & a pliant sub/ance1 h[ev]1 are necess>y = ! production ( life1 9 ord] t ! _s may nei!r ha/ily escape1 nor be re/ra9$ by ! ob/9acy ( ! p>ts1 s z n to be able to b5d & model !m l wax4 ,aga91 ! diff]5ce ( _s :i* is important & ( effect 9 _m po9ts 7z unconnect$ _s1 bran*+ _s1 bran*+ & cellul> _s1 ! fir/ ( :i* is t ( all inanimate sub/ances1 ! second ( vegetables1 & ! ?ird ( animals71 is plac$1 z x 71 be=e ! eyes by _m r$uc+ in/ances4 ,aga91 x is cle> t ! m ref9$ tissue & con=mation ( ?+s 7?\gh =m+ ! :ole body ( visible or tangible objects7 are nei!r visible nor tangible4 ,our in=mation1 !re=e1 mu/ "h also be d]iv$ f r$uction to ! sph]e ( ! s5ses4 ,b ! mo/ radical & prim>y diff]5ce ( =mation dep5ds on ! abundance or sc>city ( matt] )9 ! same space or dim5sions4 ,= ! o!r =mations :i* reg>d ! dissimil>ity ( ! p>ts conta9$ 9 ! same body1 & _! collocation & position1 are second>y 9 comp>ison ) ! =m]4 ,let ! requir$ nature !n be ! expansion or coh]5ce ( matt] 9 diff]5t bodies1 or ! quantity ( matt] relative to ! dim5sions ( ea*4 ,= !re is no?+ 9 nature m true ?an ! tw(old proposition--t no?+ proce$s f no?+ & t no?+ is r$uc$ to no?+1 b t ! quantum1 or sum total ( matt]1 is con/ant1 & is nei!r increas$ nor dim9i%$4 ,nor is x less true1 t out ( ?is giv5 quantity ( matt]1 !re is a great] or less quantity1 conta9$ )9 ! same space or dim5sions accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( bodies2 z1 = in/ance1 wat] conta9s m ?an air4 ,s t if any "o 7 to ass]t t a giv5 cont5t ( wat] c be *ang$ into an equal cont5t ( air1 x is ! same z if he 7 to ass]t t some?+ c be r$uc$ into no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 if any "o 7 to ass]t t a giv5 cont5t ( air c be *ang$ into an equal cont5t ( wat]1 x is ! same z if he 7 to ass]t t some?+ c proce$ f no?+4 ,f ?is abundance or sc>city ( matt] are prop]ly d]iv$ ! notions ( d5sity & r>ity1 :i* are tak5 9 v>i\s & promiscu\s s5ses4 ,?is ?ird ass]tion may be consid]$ z be+ also suffici5tly c]ta92 namely1 t ! great] or less quantity ( matt] 9 ?is or t body1 may1 by comp>ison1 be r$uc$ to calculation1 & exact1 or ne>ly exact1 proportion4 ,?us1 if "o %\ld say t !re is su* an accumulation ( matt] 9 a giv5 quantity ( gold1 t x w\ld require tw5ty-"o times ! quantity 9 dim5sion ( spirits ( w9e1 to make up ! same quantity ( matt]1 x w\ld n be f> f ! tru?4 ,! accumulation ( matt]1 h[ev]1 & its relative quantity1 are r5d]$ s5sible by weight2 = weight is proportionate to ! quantity ( matt]1 z reg>ds ! p>ts ( a tangible sub/ance1 b _s & its quantity ( matt] are n to be comput$ by weight1 :i* _s r dim9i%es ?an augm5ts4 ,we h made a tol]ably accurate table ( weight1 9 :i* we h select$ ! weights & size ( all ! metals1 ! pr9cipal m9]als1 /ones1 liquids1 oils1 & _m o!r natural & artificial bodies3 a v useful proce$+ bo? z reg>ds !ory & practice1 & :i* is capable ( reveal+ _m unexpect$ results4 ,nor is ?is ( little consequ5ce1 t x s]ves to demon/rate t ! :ole range ( ! v>iety ( tangible bodies ) :i* we are acqua9t$ 7we mean tol]ably close1 & n spongy1 holl[ bodies1 :i* are = a consid]able "p fill$ ) air71 does n exce$ ! ratio ( "o to tw5ty-"o4 ,s limit$ is nature1 or at lea/ t "p ( x to :i* we are mo/ habituat$4 ,we h also ?\ght x des]v+ our indu/ry1 to try if we c\ld arrive at ! ratio ( intangible or pneumatic bodies to tangible bodies1 :i* we attempt$ by ! foll[+ contrivance4 ,we took a vial capable ( conta9+ ab\t an ounce1 us+ a small vessel 9 ord] to effect ! subsequ5t evaporation ) less heat4 ,we fill$ ?is vial1 almo/ to ! neck1 ) spirits ( w9e1 select+ x z ! tangible body :i*1 by our table1 0 ! r>e/1 & conta9$ a less quantity ( matt] 9 a giv5 space ?an all o!r tangible bodies :i* are compact & n holl[4 ,!n we not$ exactly ! weight ( ! liquid & vial4 ,we next took a bladd]1 conta9+ ab\t two p9ts1 & squeez$ all ! air out ( x1 z completely z possible1 & until ! sides ( ! bladd] met4 ,we fir/1 h[ev]1 rubb$ ! bladd] g5tly ) oil1 s z to make x air-tight1 by clos+ its pores ) ! oil4 ,we ti$ ! bladd] tightly r\nd ! m\? ( ! vial1 :i* we _h ins]t$ 9 x1 & ) a piece ( wax$ ?read to make x fit bett] & m tightly1 & !n plac$ ! vial on "s hot coals 9 a brazi]4 ,! vapor or /eam ( ! _s1 dilat$ & become ari=m by ! heat1 gradually swell$ out ! bladd]1 & /ret*$ x 9 e direction l a sail4 ,z soon z t 0 accompli%$1 we remov$ ! vial f ! fire & plac$ x on a c>pet1 t x might n be crack$ by ! cold2 we also prick$ ! bladd] imm$iately1 t ! /eam might n return to a liquid /ate by ! cessation ( heat1 & conf\nd ! proportions4 ,we !n remov$ ! bladd]1 & aga9 took ! weight ( ! _s :i* rema9$2 & s calculat$ ! quantity :i* _h be5 conv]t$ into vapor1 or an ari=m %ape1 & !n exam9$ h[ mu* space _h be5 occupi$ by ! body 9 its =m ( spirits ( w9e 9 ! vial1 & h[ mu*1 on ! o!r h&1 _h be5 occupi$ by x 9 its ari=m %ape 9 ! bladd]1 & subtract$ ! results2 f :i* x 0 cle> t ! body1 ?us conv]t$ & *ang$1 acquir$ an expansion ( "o hundr$ times beyond its =m] bulk4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be heat or cold1 ( su* a degree z n to be s5sible f its weakness4 ,!y are r5d]$ s5sible by ! !rmomet]1 z we describ$ x above2#aci = ! cold & heat are n actually p]ceiv$ by ! t\*1 b heat exp&s & cold contracts ! air4 ,nor1 aga91 is t expansion or contraction ( ! air 9 itself visible1 b ! air :5 exp&$ depresses ! wat]1 & :5 contract$ raises x1 :i* is ! fir/ r$uction to sight4 ,aga91 let ! requir$ nature be ! mixture ( bodies2 namely1 h[ mu* aque\s1 oleag9\s or spiritu\s1 a%y or salt p>ts !y conta92 or1 z a p>ticul> example1 h[ mu* butt]1 *eese1 & :ey !re is 9 milk1 & ! l4 ,^! ?+s are r5d]$ s5sible by artificial & skilful sep>ations 9 tangible sub/ances2 & ! nature ( ! _s 9 !m1 ?\gh n imm$iately p]ceptible1 is nev]!less discov]$ by ! v>i\s motions & ef=ts ( bodies4 ,&1 inde$1 9 ?is bran* m5 h labor$ h>d 9 di/illations & artificial sep>ations1 b ) little m success ?an 9 _! o!r exp]im5ts n[ 9 use2 _! me?ods be+ m]e guesses & bl9d attempts1 & m indu/ri\s ?an intellig5t2 & :at is wor/ ( all1 )\t any imitation or rivalry ( nature1 b r by viol5t heats & too en]getic ag5ts1 to ! de/ruction ( any delicate con=mation1 9 :i* pr9cipally consi/ ! hidd5 virtues & sympa?ies4 ,nor d m5 9 ^! sep>ations ev] att5d to or obs]ve :at we h be=e po9t$ out2 namely1 t 9 attack+ bodies by fire1 or o!r me?ods1 _m qualities are sup]9duc$ by ! fire itself1 & ! o!r bodies us$ to effect ! sep>ation1 :i* 7 n orig9ally 9 ! comp\nd4 ,h5ce arise mo/ extraord9>y fallacies2 = ! mass ( vapor :i* is emitt$ f wat] by fire1 = in/ance1 did n exi/ z vapor or air 9 ! wat]1 b is *iefly creat$ by ! expansion ( ! wat] by ! heat ( ! fire4 ,s1 9 g5]al1 all delicate exp]im5ts on natural or artificial bodies1 by :i* ! g5u9e are di/+ui%$ f ! adult]at$1 & ! bett] f ! m common1 %\ld be ref]r$ to ?is division2 = !y br+ t :i* is n ! object ( ! s5ses )9 _! sph]e4 ,!y are !re=e to be ev]y:]e dilig5tly s\ght aft]4 ,) reg>d to ! fif? cause ( objects escap+ our s5ses1 x is cle> t ! action ( ! s5se takes place by motion1 & ?is motion is "t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! motion ( any body be ei!r s sl[ or s swift z n to be proportion$ to ! necess>y mom5tum :i* op]ates on ! s5ses1 ! object is n p]ceiv$ at all2 z 9 ! motion ( ! h\r h&1 & t1 aga91 ( a musket-ball4 ,! motion :i* is imp]ceptible by ! s5ses f its sl[ness1 is readily & usually r5d]$ s5sible by ! accumulation ( motion2 t :i* is imp]ceptible f its velocity1 has n z yet be5 well measur$2 x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 t ?is %\ld be done 9 "s cases1 ) a view to a prop] inve/igation ( nature4 ,! six? case1 :]e ! s5se is imp$$ by ! p[] ( ! object1 admits ( a r$uction to ! s5sible sph]e1 ei!r by remov+ ! object to a great] di/ance1 or by dead5+ its effects by ! int]position ( a m$ium1 :i* may weak5 & n de/roy ! object2 or by ! admission ( its reflection :]e ! direct impression is too /rong1 z t ( ! sun 9 a bas9 ( wat]4 ,! sev5? case1 :]e ! s5ses are s ov]*>g$ ) ! object z to leave no fur!r room1 sc>cely occurs except 9 ! smell or ta/e1 & is n ( mu* consequ5ce z reg>ds our pres5t subject4 ,let :at we h said1 !re=e1 suffice ) reg>d to ! r$uction to ! s5sible sph]e ( objects n naturally )9 its compass4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 ?is r$uction is n ext5d$ to ! s5ses ( man1 b to ^? ( "s o!r animal1 ^: s5ses1 9 "s po9ts1 exce$ ^? ( man2 z 7) reg>d to "s sc5ts7 to t ( ! dog1 & ) reg>d to light exi/+ imp]ceptibly 9 ! air1 :5 n illum9at$ f any extrane\s s\rce1 to ! s5se ( ! cat1 ! owl1 & o!r animals :i* see by night4 ,= ,telesius has well obs]v$1 t !re appe>s to be an orig9al portion ( light ev5 9 ! air itself1#adj al?\gh b slight & meagre1 & ( no use = ! mo/ "p to ! eyes ( m51 & ^? ( ! g5]ality ( animals2 because ^? animals to ^: s5ses ?is light is proportion$ c see by night1 :i* does n1 9 all probability1 proce$ f _! see+ ei!r )\t light or by any int]nal light4 ,"h1 too1 we w\ld obs]ve1 t we at pres5t discuss only ! wants ( ! s5ses1 & _! rem$ies2 = _! deceptions mu/ be ref]r$ to ! inquiries appropriat$ to ! s5ses1 & s5sible objects2 except t important deception1 :i* makes !m def9e objects 9 _! relation to man1 & n 9 _! relation to ! univ]se1 & :i* is only correct$ by univ]sal reason+ & philosophy4#ada ,,xli4 ,9 ! eighte5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w class ! in/ances ( ! road1 :i* we are also wont to call it9]ant & jo9t$ in/ances4 ,!y are su* z indicate ! gradually cont9u$ motions ( nature4 ,?is species ( in/ances escapes r our obs]vation ?an our s5ses2 = m5 are wond]fully indol5t ^u ?is subject1 consult+ nature 9 a desultory mann]1 & at p]iodic int]vals1 :5 bodies h be5 regul>ly f9i%$ & complet$1 & n dur+ h] "w4 ,b if any "o 7 desir\s ( exam9+ & contemplat+ ! tal5ts & indu/ry ( an artific]1 he w\ld n m]ely wi% to see ! rude mat]ials ( 8 art1 & !n 8 "w :5 f9i%$1 b r to be pres5t :ile he is at labor1 & proce$+ ) 8 "w4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d %\ld be done ) reg>d to nature4 ,= in/ance1 if any "o inve/igate ! vegetation ( plants1 he %\ld obs]ve f ! fir/ s[+ ( any se$ 7:i* c easily be done1 by pull+ up e day se$s :i* h be5 two1 ?ree1 or f\r days 9 ! gr\nd1 & exam9+ !m dilig5tly71 h[ & :5 ! se$ beg9s to swell & break1 & be fill$1 z x 71 ) _s2 !n h[ x beg9s to bur/ ! b>k & pu% out fibres1 rais+ itself a little at ! same "t1 unless ! gr\nd be v /iff2 !n h[ x pu%es out ^! fibres1 "s d[nw>d = roots1 o!rs upw>d = ! /em1 sometimes also creep+ lat]ally1 if x f9d ! e>? op5 & m yield+ on "o side1 & ! l4 ,! same %\ld be done 9 obs]v+ ! hat*+ ( eggs1 :]e we may easily see ! process ( animation & organization1 & :at p>ts are =m$ ( ! yolk1 & :at ( ! :ite ( ! egg1 & ! l4 ,! same may be said ( ! inquiry into ! =mation ( animals f putrefaction2 = x w\ld n be s humane to inquire into p]fect & t]re/rial animals1 by cutt+ ! ftus f ! womb2 b opportunities may p]haps be (f]$ ( abortions1 animals kill$ 9 hunt+1 & ! l4 ,nature1 !re=e1 mu/1 z x 71 be wat*$1 z be+ m easily obs]v$ by night ?an by day3 = contemplations ( ?is k9d may be consid]$ z c>ri$ on by night1 f ! m9ut5ess & p]petual burn+ ( our wat*-light4 ,! same mu/ be attempt$ ) inanimate objects1 :i* we h ourselves done by inquir+ into ! op5+ ( liquids by fire4 ,= ! mode 9 :i* wat] exp&s is diff]5t f t obs]v$ 9 w9e1 v9eg>1 or v]juice1 & v diff]5t1 aga91 f t obs]v$ 9 milk & oil1 & ! l2 & ?is 0 easily se5 by boil+ !m ) sl[ heat1 9 a glass vessel1 ?r\gh :i* ! :ole may be cle>ly p]ceiv$4 ,b we m]ely m5tion ?is1 int5d+ to treat ( x m at l>ge & m closely :5 we come to ! discov]y ( ! lat5t process2 = x %\ld always be rememb]$ t we d n "h treat ( ?+s !mselves1 b m]ely propose examples4#adb ,,xlii4 ,9 ! n9ete5? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w class supplem5t>y or sub/itutive in/ances1 :i* we are also wont to call in/ances ( refuge4 ,!y are su* z supply in=mation1 :]e ! s5ses are entirely defici5t1 & we !re=e h rec\rse to !m :5 appropriate in/ances _c be obta9$4 ,?is sub/itution is tw(old1 ei!r by approximation or by analogy4 ,= in/ance1 !re is no kn[n m$ium :i* entirely prev5ts ! effect ( ! magnet 9 attract+ iron--nei!r gold1 nor silv]1 nor /one1 nor glass1 wood1 wat]1 oil1 clo?1 or fibr\s bodies1 air1 flame1 or ! l4 ,yet by accurate exp]im5t1 a m$ium may p]haps be f\nd :i* w\ld dead5 its effect1 m ?an ano!r comp>atively & 9 degree2 z1 = in/ance1 ! magnet w\ld n p]haps attract iron ?r\gh ! same ?ickness ( gold z ( air1 or ! same quantity ( ignit$ z ( cold silv]1 & s on2 = we h n ourselves made ! exp]im5t1 b x w suffice z an example4 ,aga91 !re is no kn[n body :i* is n susceptible ( heat1 :5 br\ght ne> ! fire2 yet air becomes w>m mu* soon] ?an /one4 ,^! are examples ( sub/itution by approximation4 ,sub/itution by analogy is useful1 b less sure1 & !re=e to be adopt$ ) "s judgm5t4 ,x s]ves to r$uce t :i* is n ! object ( ! s5ses to _! sph]e1 n by ! p]ceptible op]ations ( ! imp]ceptible body1 b by ! consid]ation ( "s simil> p]ceptible body4 ,= in/ance1 let ! subject = inquiry be ! mixture ( spirits1 :i* are invisible bodies4 ,!re appe>s to be "s relation betwe5 bodies & _! s\rces or support4 ,n[1 ! s\rce ( flame seems to be oil & fat2 t ( air1 wat]1 & wat]y sub/ances2 = flame increases ov] ! exhalation ( oil1 & air ov] t ( wat]4 ,"o mu/ !re=e consid] ! mixture ( oil & wat]1 :i* is manife/ to ! s5ses1 s9ce t ( air & flame 9 g5]al escapes ! s5ses4 ,b oil & wat] mix v imp]fectly by composition or /irr+1 :ile !y are exactly & nicely mix$ 9 h]bs1 blood1 & ! p>ts ( animals4 ,some?+ simil>1 !re=e1 may take place 9 ! mixture ( flame & air 9 spiritu\s sub/ances1 n be>+ mixture v well by simple collision1 :ile !y appe>1 h[ev]1 to be well mix$ 9 ! spirits ( plants & animals4 ,aga91 if ! inquiry d n relate to p]fect mixtures ( spirits1 b m]ely to _! composition1 z :e!r !y easily incorporate ) ea* o!r1 or !re be r 7z an example7 c]ta9 w9ds & exhalations1 or o!r spiritual bodies1 :i* d n mix ) common air1 b only adh]e to & float 9 x 9 globules & drops1 & are r brok5 & p\nd$ by ! air1 ?an receiv$ into1 & incorporat$ ) x2 ?is _c be p]ceiv$ 9 common air1 & o!r ari=m sub/ances1 on acc\nt ( ! r>ity ( ! bodies1 b an image1 z x 71 ( ?is process may be conceiv$ 9 su* liquids z quicksilv]1 oil1 wat]1 & ev5 air1 :5 brok5 & dissipat$ x asc5ds 9 small portions ?r\gh wat]1 & also 9 ! ?ick] k9ds ( smoke2 la/ly1 9 du/1 rais$ & rema9+ 9 ! air1 9 all ( :i* !re is no incorporation3 & ! above repres5tation 9 ?is respect is n a bad "o1 if x be fir/ dilig5tly inve/igat$1 :e!r !re c be su* a diff]5ce ( nature betwe5 spiritu\s sub/ances1 z betwe5 liquids1 = !n ^! images might conv5i5tly be sub/itut$ by analogy4 ,& al?\gh we h obs]v$ ( ^! supplem5t>y in/ances1 t in=mation is to be d]iv$ f !m1 :5 appropriate in/ances are want+1 by way ( refuge1 yet we w\ld h x und]/ood1 t !y are also ( great use1 :5 ! appropriate in/ances are at h&1 9 ord] to confirm ! in=mation af=d$ by !m2 ( :i* we w speak m at l5g?1 :5 our subject leads u1 9 due c\rse1 to ! support ( induction4 ,,xliii4 ,9 ! tw5tie? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place lanc+ in/ances1 :i* we are also wont 7b = a diff]5t reason7 to call twit*+ in/ances4 ,we adopt ! latt] "n1 because !y twit* ! und]/&+1 & ! =m] because !y pi]ce nature1 :5ce we /yle !m occasionally ! in/ances ( ,democritus4#adc ,!y are su* z w>n ! und]/&+ ( ! admirable & exquisite subtilty ( nature1 s t x becomes r\s$ & awak5$ to att5tion1 obs]vation1 & prop] inquiry2 z1 = in/ance1 t a little drop ( ink %\ld be drawn out into s _m lett]s2 t silv] m]ely gilt on its surface %\ld be /ret*$ to su* a l5g? ( gilt wire2 t a little worm1 su* z y may f9d on ! sk91 %\ld possess bo? a _s & a v>i$ con=mation ( its p>ts2 t a little saffron %\ld imbue a :ole tub ( wat] ) its color2 t a little musk or aroma %\ld imbue a mu* great] ext5t ( air ) its p]fume2 t a cl\d ( smoke %\ld be rais$ by a little inc5se2 t su* accurate diff]5ces ( s\nds z articulate words %\ld be convey$ 9 all directions ?r\gh ! air1 & ev5 p5etrate ! pores ( wood & wat] 7?\gh !y become mu* weak5$71 t !y %\ld be1 moreov]1 reflect$1 & t ) su* di/9ctness & velocity2 t light & color %\ld = su* an ext5t & s rapidly pass ?r\gh solid bodies1 su* z glass & wat]1 ) s great & s exquisite a v>iety ( images1 & %\ld be refract$ & reflect$2 t ! magnet %\ld attract ?r\gh e description ( body1 ev5 ! mo/ compact2 b 7:at is /ill m wond]ful7 t 9 all ^! cases ! action ( "o %\ld n imp$e t ( ano!r 9 a common m$ium1 su* z air2 & t !re %\ld be borne ?r\gh ! air1 at ! same "t1 s _m images ( visible objects1 s _m impulses ( articulation1 s _m diff]5t p]fumes1 z ( ! violet1 rose1 etc41 besides cold & heat1 & magnetic attractions2 all ( !m1 ,i say1 at once1 )\t any imp$im5t f ea* o!r1 z if ea* _h its pa?s & peculi> passage set ap>t = x1 )\t infr++ aga9/ or meet+ ea* o!r4 ,to ^! lanc+ in/ances1 h[ev]1 we are wont1 n )\t "s advantage1 to add ^? :i* we call ! limits ( su* in/ances4 ,?us1 9 ! cases we h po9t$ out1 "o action does n di/urb or imp$e ano!r ( a diff]5t nature1 yet ^? ( a simil> nature subdue & ext+ui% ea* o!r2 z ! light ( ! sun does t ( ! c&le1 ! s\nd ( a cannon t ( ! voice1 a /rong p]fume a m delicate "o1 a p[]ful heat a m g5tle "o1 a plate ( iron betwe5 ! magnet & o!r iron ! effect ( ! magnet4 ,b ! prop] place = m5tion+ ^! w be also among ! supports ( induction4 ,,xliv4 ,we h n[ spok5 ( ! in/ances :i* assi/ ! s5ses1 & :i* are pr9cipally ( s]vice z reg>ds in=mation2 = in=mation beg9s f ! s5ses4 ,b our :ole labor t]m9ates 9 practice1 & z ! =m] is ! beg9n+1 s is ! latt] ! end ( our subject4 ,! foll[+ in/ances1 !re=e1 w be ^? :i* are *iefly useful 9 practice4 ,!y are compreh5d$ 9 two classes1 & are sev5 9 numb]4 ,we call !m all by ! g5]al "n ( practical in/ances4 ,n[ !re are two defects 9 practice1 & z _m divisions ( important in/ances4 ,practice is ei!r deceptive or too labori\s4 ,x is g5]ally deceptive 7especially aft] a dilig5t exam9ation ( natures71 on acc\nt ( ! p[] & actions ( bodies be+ ill def9$ & det]m9$4 ,n[ ! p[]s & actions ( bodies are def9$ & det]m9$ ei!r by space or by "t1 or by ! quantity at a giv5 p]iod1 or by ! pr$om9ance ( en]gy2 & if ^! f\r circum/ances be n well & dilig5tly consid]$1 ! sci5ces may inde$ be beautiful 9 !ory1 b are ( no effect 9 practice4 ,we call ! f\r in/ances ref]r$ to ?is class1 ma!matical in/ances & in/ances ( measure4 ,practice is labori\s ei!r f ! multitude ( in/rum5ts1 or ! bulk ( matt] & sub/ances requisite = any giv5 "w4 ,^? in/ances1 !re=e1 are valuable1 :i* ei!r direct practice to t :i* is ( mo/ consequ5ce to mank9d1 or less5 ! numb] ( in/rum5ts or ( matt] to be work$ ^u4 ,we assign to ! ?ree in/ances relat+ to ?is class1 ! common "n ( propiti\s or b5evol5t in/ances4 ,we w n[ sep>ately discuss ^! sev5 in/ances1 & conclude ) !m t "p ( our "w :i* relates to ! pr]ogative or illu/ri\s in/ances4 ,,xlv4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/ rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place ! in/ances ( ! rod or rule1 :i* we are also wont to call ! in/ances ( completion or non ultr4 ,= ! p[]s & motions ( bodies d n act & take effect ?r\gh indef9ite & accid5tal1 b ?r\gh limit$ & c]ta9 spaces2 & x is ( great importance to practice t ^! %\ld be und]/ood & not$ 9 e nature :i* is inve/igat$1 n only to prev5t deception1 b to r5d] practice m ext5sive & effici5t4 ,= x is sometimes possible to ext5d ^! p[]s1 & br+ ! di/ance1 z x 71 ne>]1 z 9 ! example ( telescopes4 ,_m p[]s act & take effect only by actual t\*1 z 9 ! p]cussion ( bodies1 :]e ! "o does n remove ! o!r1 unless ! impell+ t\* ! impell$ body4 ,ext]nal applications 9 m$ic9e1 z o9tm5t & pla/]s1 d n ex]cise _! efficacy except :5 9 contact ) ! body4 ,la/ly1 ! objects ( t\* & ta/e only /rike ^? s5ses :5 9 contact ) _! organs4 ,o!r p[]s act at a di/ance1 ?\gh x be v small1 ( :i* b few h z yet be5 not$1 al?\gh !re be m ?an m5 suspect2 ?is happ5s 7to take ev]yday in/ances7 :5 amb] or jet attracts /raws1 bubbles dissolve bubbles1 "s purgative m$ic9es draw humors f above1 & ! l4 ,! magnetic p[] by :i* iron & ! magnet1 or two magnets1 are attract$ toge!r1 acts )9 a def9ite & n>r[ sph]e1 b if !re be any magnetic p[] emanat+ f ! e>? a little bel[ its surface1 & affect+ ! ne$le 9 its pol>ity1 x mu/ act at a great di/ance4 ,aga91 if !re be any magnetic =ce :i* acts by sympa?y betwe5 ! globe ( ! e>? & heavy bodies1 or betwe5 t ( ! moon & ! wat]s ( ! sea 7z seems mo/ probable f ! p>ticul> floods & ebbs :i* occur twice 9 ! mon?71 or betwe5 ! />ry sph]e & ! planets1 by :i* !y are summon$ & rais$ to _! apogees1 ^! mu/ all op]ate at v great di/ances4#add ,aga91 "s conflagrations & ! k9dl+ ( flames take place at v consid]able di/ances ) p>ticul> sub/ances1 z !y report ( ! naph?a ( ,babylon4 ,heat1 too1 ins9uates itself at wide di/ances1 z does also cold1 s t ! masses ( ice :i* are brok5 (f & float ^u ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 & are borne ?r\gh ! ,atlantic to ! coa/ ( ,canada1 become p]ceptible by ! inhabitants1 & /rike !m ) cold f a di/ance4 ,p]fumes also 7?\gh "h !re appe>s to be always "s corporeal emission7 act at rem>kable di/ances1 z is exp]i5c$ by p]sons sail+ by ! coa/ ( ,florida1 or p>ts ( ,spa91 :]e !re are :ole woods ( lemons1 oranges1 & o!r odorif]\s plants1 or rosem>y & m>joram bu%es1 & ! l4 ,la/ly1 ! rays ( light & ! impressions ( s\nd act at ext5sive di/ances4 ,yet all ^! p[]s1 :e!r act+ at a small or great di/ance1 c]ta9ly act )9 def9ite di/ances1 :i* are well asc]ta9$ by nature1 s t !re is a limit dep5d+ ei!r on ! mass or quantity ( ! bodies1 ! vigor or fa9tness ( ! p[]s1 or ! favorable or imp$+ nature ( ! m$ium1 all ( :i* %\ld be tak5 into acc\nt & obs]v$4 ,we mu/ also note ! b\nd>ies ( viol5t motions1 su* z missiles1 projectiles1 :eels & ! l1 s9ce !y are also manife/ly conf9$ to c]ta9 limits4 ,"s motions & virtues are to be f\nd ( a directly contr>y nature to ^!1 :i* act 9 contact b n at a di/ance2 namely1 su* z op]ate at a di/ance & n 9 contact1 & aga9 act ) less =ce at a less di/ance1 & ! rev]se4 ,sight1 = in/ance1 is n easily effective 9 contact1 b requires a m$ium & di/ance2 al?\gh ,i rememb] hav+ he>d f a p]son des]v+ ( cr$it1 t 9 be+ cur$ ( a cat>act 7:i* 0 done by putt+ a small silv] ne$le )9 ! fir/ coat ( ! eye1 to remove ! ?9 pellicle ( ! cat>act1 & =ce x into a corn] ( ! eye71 he _h di/9ctly se5 ! ne$le mov+ across ! pupil4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ?is may be true1 x is cle> t l>ge bodies _c be se5 well or di/9ctly1 unless at ! v]tex ( a cone1 :]e ! rays f ! object meet at "s di/ance f ! eye4 ,9 old p]sons ! eye sees bett] if ! object be mov$ a little fur!r1 & n ne>]4 ,aga91 x is c]ta9 t 9 projectiles ! impact is n s viol5t at too %ort a di/ance z a little aft]w>d4#ade ,su* are ! obs]vations to be made on ! measure ( motions z reg>ds di/ance4 ,!re is ano!r measure ( motion 9 space :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]1 n relat+ to progressive b sph]ical motion--t is1 ! expansion ( bodies into a great]1 or _! contraction into a less] sph]e4 ,= 9 our measure ( ?is motion we mu/ inquire :at degree ( compression or ext5sion bodies easily & readily admit (1 accord+ to _! nature1 & at :at po9t !y beg9 to resi/ x1 s z at la/ to be> x no fur!r--z :5 an inflat$ bladd] is compress$1 x all[s a c]ta9 compression ( ! air1 b if ?is be increas$1 ! air does n suff] x1 & ! bladd] is bur/4 ,we h prov$ ?is by a m delicate exp]im5t4 ,we took a metal bell1 ( a light & ?9 sort1 su* z is us$ = salt-cell>s1 & imm]s$ x 9 a bas9 ( wat]1 s z to c>ry ! air conta9$ 9 its int]ior d[n ) x to ! bottom ( ! bas94 ,we _h fir/1 h[ev]1 plac$ a small globe at ! bottom ( ! bas91 ov] :i* we plac$ ! bell4 ,! result 01 t if ! globe 7 small comp>$ ) ! int]ior ( ! bell1 ! air w\ld contract itself1 & be compress$ )\t be+ =c$ out1 b if x 7 too l>ge = ! air readily to yield to x1 ! latt] became impati5t ( ! pressure1 rais$ ! bell p>tly up1 & asc5d$ 9 bubbles4 ,to prove1 also1 ! ext5sion 7z well z ! compression7 :i* air admits (1 we adopt$ ! foll[+ me?od3--,we took a glass egg1 ) a small hole at "o end2 we drew out ! air by viol5t suction at ?is hole1 & !n clos$ ! hole ) ! f+]1 imm]s$ ! egg 9 wat]1 & !n remov$ ! f+]4 ,! air be+ con/ra9$ by ! ef=t made 9 suction1 & dilat$ beyond its natural /ate1 & !re=e /riv+ to recov] & contract itself 7s t if ! egg _h n be5 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 x w\ld h drawn 9 ! air ) a hiss+ s\nd71 n[ drew 9 a suffici5t quantity ( wat] to all[ ! air to recov] its =m] dim5sions4#adf ,x is well asc]ta9$ t r>e bodies 7su* z air7 admit ( consid]able contraction1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$2 b tangible bodies 7su* z wat]7 admit ( x mu* less readily1 & to a less ext5t4 ,we inve/igat$ ! latt] po9t by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,we _h a lead5 globe made1 capable ( conta9+ ab\t two p9ts1 w9e measure1 & ( tol]able ?ickness1 s z to support consid]able pressure4 ,we p\r$ wat] into x ?r\gh an ap]ture1 :i* we aft]w>d clos$ ) melt$ lead1 z soon z ! globe 0 fill$ ) wat]1 s t ! :ole became p]fectly solid4 ,we next flatt5$ ! two opposite sides ) a heavy hamm]1 :i* necess>ily caus$ ! wat] to occupy a less space1 s9ce ! sph]e is ! solid ( greate/ cont5t2 & :5 hamm]+ fail$ f ! resi/ance ( ! wat]1 we made use ( a mill or press1 till at la/ ! wat]1 refus+ to submit to a great] pressure1 exud$ l a f9e dew ?r\gh ! solid lead4 ,we !n comput$ ! ext5t to :i* ! orig9al space _h be5 r$uc$1 & conclud$ t wat] admitt$ su* a degree ( compression :5 con/ra9$ by great viol5ce4 ,! m solid1 dry or compact bodies1 su* z /ones1 wood & metals1 admit ( mu* less1 & inde$ sc>cely any p]ceptible compression or expansion1 b escape by break+1 slipp+ =w>d1 or o!r ef=ts2 z appe>s 9 b5d+ wood1 or /eel = wat*-spr+s1 9 projectiles1 hamm]+ & _m o!r motions1 all ( :i*1 toge!r ) _! degrees1 are to be obs]v$ & exam9$ 9 ! inve/igation ( nature1 ei!r to a c]ta9ty1 or by e/imation1 or comp>ison1 z opportunity p]mits4 ,,xlvi4 ,9 ! tw5ty-second rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place ! in/ances ( ! c\rse1 :i* we are also wont to call wat] in/ances1 borr[+ our expression f ! wat] h\r-glasses employ$ by ! anci5ts in/ead ( ^? ) s&4 ,!y are su* z measure nature by ! mom5ts ( "t1 z ! la/ in/ances d by ! degrees ( space4 ,= all motion or natural action takes place 9 "t1 m or less rapidly1 b /ill 9 det]m9$ mom5ts well asc]ta9$ by nature4 ,ev5 ^? actions :i* appe> to take effect sudd5ly1 & 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye 7z we express x71 are f\nd to admit ( great] or less rapidity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 we see t ! return ( ! heav5ly bodies to ! same place takes place 9 regul> times1 z does ! flood & ebb ( ! sea4 ,! desc5t ( heavy bodies t[>d ! e>?1 & ! asc5t ( light bodies t[>d ! heav5ly sph]e1 take place 9 def9ite times1#adg accord+ to ! nature ( ! body1 & ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* x moves4 ,! sail+ ( %ips1 ! motions ( animals1 ! transmission ( projectiles1 all take place 9 times ! sums ( :i* c be comput$4 ,) reg>d to heat1 we see t boys 9 w9t] ba! _! h&s 9 ! flame )\t be+ burn$2 & conjur]s1 by quick & regul> movem5ts1 ov]turn vessels fill$ ) w9e or wat]1 & replace !m )\t spill+ ! liquid1 ) sev]al simil> in/ances4 ,! compression1 expansion & eruption ( sev]al bodies1 take place m or less rapidly1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! body & its motion1 b /ill 9 def9ite mom5ts4 ,9 ! explosion ( sev]al cannon at once 7:i* are sometimes he>d at ! di/ance ( ?irty miles71 ! s\nd ( ^? ne>e/ to ! spot is he>d be=e t ( ! mo/ di/ant4 ,ev5 9 sight 7^: action is mo/ rapid71 x is cle> t a def9ite "t is necess>y = its ex]tion1 :i* is prov$ by c]ta9 objects be+ invisible f ! velocity ( _! motion1 su* z a musket-ball2 = ! flight ( ! ball is too swift to all[ an impression ( its figure to be convey$ to ! sight4 ,?is la/ in/ance1 & o!rs ( a l nature1 h sometimes excit$ 9 u a mo/ m>vell\s d\bt1 no less ?an :e!r ! image ( ! sky & />s is p]ceiv$ z at ! actual mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 or r a little aft]1 & :e!r !re is n 7) reg>d to ! visible appe>ance ( ! heav5ly bodies7 a true & app>5t "t1 z well z a true & app>5t place1 :i* is obs]v$ by a/ronom]s 9 p>allaxes4 ,x appe>$ s incr$ible to u1 t ! images or radiations ( heav5ly bodies c\ld sudd5ly be convey$ ?r\gh su* imm5se spaces to ! sight1 & x seem$ t !y ought r to be transmitt$ 9 a def9ite "t4#adh ,t d\bt1 h[ev] 7z f> z reg>ds any great diff]5ce betwe5 ! true & app>5t "t71 0 subsequ5tly completely set at re/1 :5 we consid]$ ! inf9ite loss & dim9ution ( size z reg>ds ! real & app>5t magnitude ( a />1 occasion$ by its di/ance1 & at ! same "t obs]v$ at h[ great a di/ance 7at lea/ sixty miles7 bodies :i* are m]ely :ite c be sudd5ly se5 by u4 ,= !re is no d\bt1 t ! light ( ! heav5ly bodies n only f> surpasses ! vivid appe>ance ( :ite1 b ev5 ! light ( any flame 7) :i* we are acqua9t$7 9 ! vigor ( its radiation4 ,! imm5se velocity ( ! bodies !mselves1 :i* is p]ceiv$ 9 _! diurnal motion1 & has s a/oni%$ ?9k+ m51 t !y h be5 m ready to believe 9 ! motion ( ! e>?1 r5d]s ! motion ( radiation f !m 7m>vell\s z x is 9 its rapidity7 m wor?y ( belief4 ,t :i* has weigh$ mo/ ) u1 h[ev]1 is1 t if !re 7 any consid]able int]val ( "t betwe5 ! reality & ! appe>ance1 ! images w\ld (t5 be int]rupt$ & confus$ by cl\ds =m$ 9 ! meantime1 & simil> di/urbances ( ! m$ium4 ,let ?is suffice ) reg>d to ! simple measures ( "t4 ,x is n m]ely ! absolute1 b /ill m ! relative measure ( motions & actions :i* mu/ be inquir$ into1 = ?is latt] is ( great use & application4 ,we p]ceive t ! flame ( fire>ms is se5 soon] ?an ! s\nd is he>d1 al?\gh ! ball mu/ h /ruck ! air be=e ! flame1 :i* 0 beh9d x1 c\ld escape3 ! reason ( :i* is1 t light moves ) great] velocity ?an s\nd4 ,we p]ceive1 also1 t visible images are receiv$ by ! sight ) great] rapidity ?an !y are dismiss$1 & = ?is reason1 a viol9 /r+ t\*$ ) ! f+] appe>s d\ble or triple1 because ! new image is receiv$ be=e ! =m] "o is dismiss$4 ,h5ce1 also1 r+s :5 sp9n+ appe> globul>1 & a light$ tor*1 borne rapidly along at night1 appe>s to h a tail4 ,^u ! pr9ciple ( ! inequality ( motion1 also1 ,galileo attempt$ an explanation ( ! flood & ebb ( ! sea1 suppos+ ! e>? to move rapidly1 & ! wat] sl[ly1 by :i* means ! wat]1 aft] accumulat+1 w\ld at int]vals fall back1 z is %[n 9 a vessel ( wat] made to move rapidly4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 imag9$ ?is on data :i* _c be grant$ 7namely1 ! e>?'s motion71 & besides1 does n satisfactorily acc\nt = ! tide tak+ place e six h\rs4 ,an example ( our pres5t po9t 7! relative measure ( motion71 &1 at ! same "t1 ( its rem>kable use ( :i* we h spok51 is conspicu\s 9 m9es fill$ ) gunp[d]1 :]e imm5se weights ( e>?1 build+s1 & ! l1 are ov]?r[n & pro/rat$ by a small quantity ( p[d]2 ! reason ( :i* is decid$ly ?is1 t ! motion ( ! expansion ( ! gunp[d] is mu* m rapid ?an t ( gravity1#adi :i* w\ld resi/ x1 s t ! =m] has t]m9at$ be=e ! latt] has comm5c$4 ,h5ce1 also1 9 missiles1 a /rong bl[ w n c>ry !m s f> z a %>p & rapid "o4 ,nor c\ld a small portion ( animal _s 9 animals1 especially 9 su* va/ bodies z ^? ( ! :ale & elephant1 h ev] b5t or direct$ su* a mass ( body1 7 x n ow+ to ! velocity ( ! =m]1 & ! sl[ness ( ! latt] 9 resi/+ its motion4 ,9 %ort1 ?is po9t is "o ( ! pr9cipal f\ndations ( ! magic exp]im5ts 7( :i* we %all pres5tly speak71 :]e a small mass ( matt] ov]comes & regulates a mu* l>g]1 if !re b be an anticipation ( motion1 by ! velocity ( "o be=e ! o!r is prep>$ to act4 ,f9ally1 ! po9t ( ! fir/ & la/ %\ld be obs]v$ 9 all natural actions4 ,?us1 9 an infusion ( rhub>b ! purgative prop]ty is fir/ extract$1 & !n ! a/r+5t2 we h exp]i5c$ some?+ ( ! same k9d 9 /eep+ violets 9 v9eg>1 :i* fir/ extracts ! sweet & delicate odor ( ! fl[]1 & !n ! m e>?y "p1 :i* di/urbs ! p]fume2 s t if ! violets be /eep$ a :ole day1 a mu* fa9t] p]fume is extract$ ?an if !y 7 /eep$ = a qu>t] ( an h\r only1 & !n tak5 out2 & s9ce ! odorif]\s _s 9 ! violet is n abundant1 let o!r & fre% violets be /eep$ 9 ! v9eg> e qu>t] ( an h\r1 z _m z six times1 :5 ! infusion becomes s /r5g!n$1 t al?\gh ! violets h n altoge!r rema9$ !re = m ?an "o h\r & a half1 !re rema9s a mo/ pleas+ p]fume1 n inf]ior to ! fl[] itself1 = a :ole ye>4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! p]fume does n acquire its full /r5g? till ab\t a mon? aft] ! infusion4 ,9 ! di/illation ( aromatic plants mac]at$ 9 spirits ( w9e1 x is well kn[n t an aque\s & useless phlegm rises fir/1 !n wat] conta9+ m ( ! _s1 &1 la/ly1 wat] conta9+ m ( ! aroma2 & _m obs]vations ( ! l k9d1 well wor?y ( notice1 are to be made 9 di/illations4 ,b let ^! suffice z examples4#aej ,,xlvii4 ,9 ! tw5ty-?ird rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place in/ances ( quantity1 :i* we are also wont to call ! doses ( nature 7borr[+ a ^w f m$ic9e74 ,!y are su* z measure ! p[]s by ! quantity ( bodies1 & po9t out ! effect ( ! quantity 9 ! degree ( p[]4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 "s p[]s only subsi/ 9 ! univ]sal quantity1 or su* z be>s a relation to ! confirmation & fabric ( ! univ]se4 ,?us ! e>? is fix$1 its p>ts fall4 ,! wat]s 9 ! sea fl[ & ebb1 b n 9 ! riv]s1 except by ! admission ( ! sea4 ,!n1 aga91 almo/ all p>ticul> p[]s act accord+ to ! great] or less quantity ( ! body4 ,l>ge masses ( wat] are n easily r5d]$ f\l1 small are4 ,new w9e & be] become ripe & dr9kable 9 small sk9s mu* m readily ?an 9 l>ge casks4 ,if a h]b be plac$ 9 a consid]able quantity ( liquid1 infusion takes place r ?an impregnation2 if 9 less1 ! rev]se4 ,a ba?1 !re=e1 & a light spr9kl+1 produce diff]5t effects on ! human body4 ,light dew1 aga91 nev] falls1 b is dissipat$ & incorporat$ ) ! air2 ?us we see t 9 brea?+ on gems1 ! slight quantity ( moi/ure1 l a small cl\d 9 ! air1 is imm$iately dissolv$4 ,aga91 a piece ( ! same magnet does n attract s mu* iron z ! :ole magnet did4 ,!re are "s p[]s :]e ! smallness ( ! quantity is ( m avail2 z 9 bor+1 a %>p po9t pi]ces m readily ?an a blunt "o2 ! diamond1 :5 po9t$1 makes an impression on glass1 & ! l4 ,"h1 too1 we mu/ n re/ cont5t$ ) a vague result1 b inquire into ! exact proportion ( quantity requisite = a p>ticul> ex]tion ( p[]2 = "o w\ld be apt to suppose t ! p[] be>s an exact proportion to ! quantity2 t if a lead5 bullet ( "o ounce1 = in/ance1 w\ld fall 9 a giv5 "t1 "o ( two ounces ought to fall twice z rapidly1 :i* is mo/ errone\s4 ,nor does ! same ratio prevail 9 e k9d ( p[]1 _! diff]5ce be+ consid]able4 ,! measure1 !re=e1 mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 & n by probability or conjecture4 ,la/ly1 we mu/ 9 all our inve/igations ( nature obs]ve :at quantity1 or dose1 ( ! body is requisite = a giv5 effect1 & mu/ at ! same "t be gu>d$ aga9/ e/imat+ x at too mu* or too little4 ,,xlviii4 ,9 ! tw5ty-f\r? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place wre/l+ in/ances1 :i* we are also wont to call in/ances ( pr$om9ance4 ,!y are su* z po9t out ! pr$om9ance & submission ( p[]s comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 & :i* ( !m is ! m en]getic & sup]ior1 or m weak & inf]ior4 ,= ! motions & effects ( bodies are comp\nd$1 decompos$1 & comb9$1 no less ?an ! bodies !mselves4 ,we w exhibit1 !re=e1 ! pr9cipal k9ds ( motions or active p[]s1 9 ord] t _! comp>ative /r5g?1 & !nce a demon/ration & def9ition ( ! in/ances 9 "q1 may be r5d]$ m cle>4 ,let ! fir/ motion be t ( ! resi/ance ( matt]1 :i* exi/s 9 e p>ticle1 & completely prev5ts its annihilation2 s t no conflagration1 weight1 pressure1 viol5ce1 or l5g? ( "t c r$uce ev5 ! smalle/ portion ( matt] to no?+1 or prev5t x f be+ some?+1 & occupy+ "s space1 & deliv]+ itself 7:atev] /raits x be put to71 by *ang+ its =m or place1 or1 if t be impossible1 rema9+ z x is2 nor c x ev] happ5 t x %\ld ei!r be no?+ or n[h]e4 ,?is motion is designat$ by ! s*ools 7:i* g5]ally "n & def9e ev]y?+ by its effects & inconv5i5ces r ?an by its inh]5t cause7 by ! axiom1 t two bodies _c exi/ 9 ! same place1 or !y call x a motion to prev5t ! p5etration ( dim5sions4 ,x is useless to give examples ( ?is motion1 s9ce x exi/s 9 e body4 ,let ! second motion be t :i* we t]m ! motion ( connection1 by :i* bodies d n all[ !mselves to be sep>at$ at any po9t f ! contact ( ano!r body1 delight+1 z x 71 9 ! mutual connection & contact4 ,?is is call$ by ! s*ools a motion to prev5t a vacuum4 ,x takes place :5 wat] is drawn up by suction or a syr+e1 ! fle% by cupp+1 or :5 ! wat] rema9s )\t escap+ f p]=at$ j>s1 unless ! m\? be op5$ to admit ! air1 & innum]able in/ances ( a l nature4 ,let ! ?ird be t :i* we t]m ! motion ( lib]ty1 by :i* bodies /rive to deliv] !mselves f any unnatural pressure or t5sion1 & to re/ore !mselves to ! dim5sions suit$ to _! mass2 & ( :i*1 also1 !re are innum]able examples4 ,?us1 we h examples ( _! escap+ f pressure1 9 ! wat] 9 swimm+1 9 ! air 9 fly+1 9 ! wat] aga9 9 r[+1 & 9 ! air 9 ! undulation ( ! w9ds1 & 9 spr+s ( wat*es4 ,an exact in/ance ( ! motion ( compress$ air is se5 9 *ildr5's popguns1 :i* !y make by scoop+ out eld]-bran*es or "s su* matt]1 & =c+ 9 a piece ( "s pulpy root or ! l1 at ea* end2 !n !y =ce ! root or o!r pellet ) a ramrod to ! opposite end1 f :i* ! l[] pellet is emitt$ & project$ ) a report1 & t be=e x is t\*$ by ! o!r piece ( root or pellet1 or by ! ramrod4 ,we h examples ( _! escape f t5sion1 9 ! motion ( ! air t rema9s 9 glass eggs aft] suction1 9 /r+s1 lea!r1 & clo?1 :i* recoil aft] t5sion1 unless x be long cont9u$4 ,! s*ools def9e ?is by ! t]m ( motion f ! =m ( ! elem5t2 injudici\sly en\gh1 s9ce ?is motion is to be f\nd n only 9 air1 wat]1 or fire1 b 9 e species ( solid1 z wood1 iron1 lead1 clo?1 p>*m5t1 etc41 ea* ( :i* has its own prop] size1 & is ) difficulty /ret*$ to any o!r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ?is motion ( lib]ty is ! mo/ obvi\s ( all1 & to be se5 9 an inf9ite numb] ( cases1 x w be z well to di/+ui% x correctly & cle>ly2 = "s mo/ c>elessly conf\nd ?is ) ! two o!rs ( resi/ance & connection2 namely1 ! fre$om f pressure ) ! =m]1 & t f t5sion ) ! latt]1 z if bodies :5 compress$ yield$ or exp&$ to prev5t a p5etration ( dim5sions1 & :5 /ret*$ reb\nd$ & contract$ !mselves to prev5t a vacuum4 ,b if ! air1 :5 compress$1 c\ld be br\ght to ! d5sity ( wat]1 or wood to t ( /one1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( any p5etration ( dim5sions1 & yet ! compression w\ld be mu* great] ?an !y actually admit (4 ,s if wat] c\ld be exp&$ till x became z r>e z air1 or /one z r>e z wood1 !re w\ld be no ne$ ( a vacuum1 & yet ! expansion w\ld be mu* great] ?an !y actually admit (4 ,we d n1 !re=e1 arrive at a p5etration ( dim5sions or a vacuum be=e ! extremes ( cond5sation & r>efaction1 :ile ! motion we speak ( /ops & ex]ts itself mu* )9 !m1 & is no?+ m ?an a desire ( bodies to pres]ve _! specific d5sity 7or1 if x be pref]r$1 _! =m71 & n to des]t !m sudd5ly1 b only to *ange by degrees1 & ( _! own accord4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mu* m necess>y to intimate to mank9d 7because _m o!r po9ts dep5d ^u ?is71 t ! viol5t motion :i* we call me*anical1 & ,democritus 7:o1 9 expla9+ 8 prim>y motions1 is to be rank$ ev5 bel[ ! middl+ class ( philosoph]s7 t]m$ ! motion ( a bl[1 is no?+ else ?an ?is motion ( lib]ty1 namely1 a t5d5cy to relaxation f compression4 ,= 9 all simple impulsion or flight ?r\gh ! air1 ! body is n displac$ or mov$ 9 space1 until its p>ts are plac$ 9 an unnatural /ate1 & compress$ by ! impell+ =ce4 ,:5 t takes place1 ! diff]5t p>ts urg+ ! o!r 9 succession1 ! :ole is mov$1 & t ) a rotatory z well z progressive motion1 9 ord] t ! p>ts may1 by ?is means also1 set !mselves at lib]ty1 or m readily submit4 ,let ?is suffice = ! motion 9 "q4 ,let ! f\r? be t :i* we t]m ! motion ( matt]1 & :i* is oppos$ to ! la/2 = 9 ! motion ( lib]ty1 bodies abhor1 reject1 & avoid1 a new size or volume1 or any new expansion or contraction 7= ^! diff]5t t]ms h ! same mean+71 & /rive1 ) all _! p[]1 to reb\nd & resume _! =m] d5sity2 on ! contr>y1 9 ! motion ( matt]1 !y are anxi\s to acquire a new volume or dim5sion1 & attempt x will+ly & rapidly1 & occasionally by a mo/ vigor\s ef=t1 z 9 ! example ( gunp[d]4 ,! mo/ p[]ful1 or at lea/ mo/ frequ5t1 ?\gh n ! only in/rum5ts ( ?is motion1 are heat & cold4 ,= in/ance1 ! air1 if exp&$ by t5sion 7z by suction 9 ! glass egg71 /ruggles anxi\sly to re/ore itself2 b if heat be appli$1 x /rives1 on ! contr>y1 to dilate itself1 & longs = a l>g] volume1 regul>ly pass+ & migrat+ into x1 z into a new =m 7z x is t]m$72 nor aft] a c]ta9 degree ( expansion is x anxi\s to return1 unless x be invit$ to d s by ! application ( cold1 :i* is n inde$ a return1 b a fre% *ange4 ,s also wat]1 :5 conf9$ by compression1 resi/s1 & wi%es to become z x 0 be=e1 namely1 m exp&$2 b if !re happ5 an int5se & cont9u$ cold1 x *anges itself readily1 & ( its own accord1 into ! cond5s$ /ate ( ice2 & if ! cold be long cont9u$1 )\t any int]v5+ w>m? 7z 9 grottoes & deep caves71 x is *ang$ into cry/al or simil> matt]1 & nev] resumes its =m4 ,let ! fif? be t :i* we t]m ! motion ( cont9uity4 ,we d n und]/& by ?is simple & prim>y cont9uity ) any o!r body 7= t is ! motion ( connection71 b ! cont9uity ( a p>ticul> body 9 itself2 = x is mo/ c]ta9 t all bodies abhor a solution ( cont9uity1 "s m & "s less1 b all p>tially4 ,9 h>d bodies 7su* z /eel & glass7 ! resi/ance to an int]ruption ( cont9uity is mo/ p[]ful & efficaci\s1 :ile al?\gh 9 liquids x appe>s to be fa9t & languid1 yet x is n altoge!r null1 b exi/s 9 ! l[e/ degree1 & %[s itself 9 _m exp]im5ts1 su* z bubbles1 ! r\nd =m ( drops1 ! ?9 ?reads :i* drip f ro(s1 ! cohesion ( glut9\s sub/ances1 & ! l4 ,x is mo/ conspicu\s1 h[ev]1 if an attempt be made to pu% ?is sep>ation to /ill small] p>ticles4 ,?us1 9 mort>s1 ! pe/le produces no effect aft] a c]ta9 degree ( contusion1 wat] does n p5etrate small fissures1 & ! air itself1 not)/&+ its subtilty1 does n p5etrate ! pores ( solid vessels at once1 b only by long-cont9u$ ins9uation4 ,let ! six? be t :i* we t]m ! motion ( acquisition1 or ! motion ( ne$4#aea ,x is t by :i* bodies plac$ among o!rs ( a het]og5e\s &1 z x 71 ho/ile nature1 if !y meet ) ! means or opportunity ( avoid+ !m1 & unit+ !mselves ) o!rs ( a m analog\s nature1 ev5 :5 ^! latt] are n closely alli$ to !m1 imm$iately seize &1 z x 71 select !m1 & appe> to consid] x z some?+ acquir$ 7:5ce we d]ive ! "n71 & to h ne$ ( ^! latt] bodies4 ,= in/ance1 gold1 or any o!r metal 9 leaf1 does n l ! neighborhood ( air2 if1 !re=e1 !y meet ) any tangible & ?ick sub/ance 7su* z ! f+]1 pap]1 or ! l71 !y imm$iately adh]e to x1 & are n easily torn f x4 ,pap]1 too1 & clo?1 & ! l1 d n agree ) ! air1 :i* is inh]5t & mix$ 9 _! pores4 ,!y readily1 !re=e1 imbibe wat] or o!r liquids1 & get rid ( ! air4 ,sug>1 or a sponge1 dipp$ 9 wat] or w9e1 & ?\gh "p ( x be out ( ! wat] or w9e1 & at "s height above x1 w yet gradually absorb !m4#aeb ,h5ce an excell5t rule is d]iv$ = ! op5+ & dissolution ( bodies2 = 7n to m5tion corrosive & /rong wat]s1 :i* =ce _! way7 if a body c be f\nd :i* is m adapt$1 suit$1 & fri5dly to a giv5 solid1 ?an t ) :i* x is by "s necessity unit$1 ! giv5 solid imm$iately op5s & dissolves itself to receive ! =m]1 & excludes or removes ! latt]4#aec ,nor is ! effect or p[] ( ?is motion conf9$ to contact1 = ! electric en]gy 7( :i* ,gilb]t & o!rs aft] him h told s _m fables7 is only ! en]gy excit$ 9 a body by g5tle friction1 & :i* does n endure ! air1 b pref]s "s tangible sub/ance if !re be any at h&4 ,let ! sev5? be t :i* we t]m ! motion ( great] congregation1 by :i* bodies are borne t[>d masses ( a simil> nature1 = in/ance1 heavy bodies t[>d ! e>?1 light to ! sph]e ( heav54 ,! s*ools t]m$ ?is natural motion1 by a sup]ficial consid]ation ( x1 because produc$ by no ext]nal visible ag5t1 :i* made !m consid] x innate 9 ! sub/ances2 or p]haps because x does n cease1 :i* is little to be wond]$ at1 s9ce heav5 & e>? are always pres5t1 :ile ! causes & s\rces ( _m o!r motions are sometimes abs5t & sometimes pres5t4 ,!y !re=e call$ ?is p]petual & prop]1 because x is nev] int]rupt$1 b in/antly takes place :5 ! o!rs are int]rupt$1 & !y call$ ! o!rs adscititi\s4 ,! =m]1 h[ev]1 is 9 reality weak & sl[1 s9ce x yields1 & is inf]ior to ! o!rs z long z !y act1 unless ! mass ( ! body be great2 & al?\gh ?is motion h s fill$ m5's m9ds1 z almo/ to h obscur$ all o!rs1 yet !y "k b little ab\t x1 & commit _m errors 9 its e/imate4 ,let ! eigh? be t :i* we t]m ! motion ( less] congregation1 by :i* ! homog5e\s p>ts 9 any body sep>ate !mselves f ! het]og5e\s & unite toge!r1 & :ole bodies ( a simil> sub/ance coalesce & t5d t[>d ea* o!r1 & are sometimes congregat$1 attract$1 & meet1 f "s di/ance2 ?us 9 milk ! cream rises aft] a c]ta9 "t1 & 9 w9e ! dregs & t>t> s9k2 :i* effects are n to be attribut$ to gravity & levity only1 s z to acc\nt = ! ris+ ( "s p>ts & ! s9k+ ( o!rs1 b mu* m to ! desire ( ! homog5e\s bodies to meet & unite4 ,?is motion diff]s f t ( ne$ 9 two po9ts3 #a/1 because ! latt] is ! /imulus ( a malignant & contr>y nature1 :ile 9 ?is ( :i* we treat 7if !re be no imp$im5t or re/ra9t71 ! p>ts are unit$ by _! aff9ity1 al?\gh !re be no =eign nature to create a /ruggle2 #b;dly1 because ! union is clos] & m select4 ,= 9 ! o!r motion1 bodies :i* h no great aff9ity unite1 if !y c b avoid ! ho/ile body1 :ile 9 ?is1 sub/ances :i* are connect$ by a decid$ k9dr$ resemblance come toge!r & are mold$ into "o4 ,x is a motion exi/+ 9 all comp\nd bodies1 & w\ld be readily se5 9 ea*1 if x 7 n conf9$ & *eck$ by ! o!r affections & necessities ( bodies :i* di/urb ! union4 ,?is motion is usually conf9$ 9 ! ?ree foll[+ mann]s3 by ! torpor ( ! bodies2 by ! p[] ( ! pr$om9at+ body2 by ext]nal motion4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 x is c]ta9 t !re is m or less sluggi%ness 9 tangible bodies1 & an abhorr5ce ( locomotion2 s t unless excit$ !y pref] rema9+ cont5t$ ) _! actual /ate1 to plac+ !mselves 9 a bett] position4 ,!re are ?ree means ( break+ ?r\gh ?is sluggi%ness--heat2 ! active p[] ( a simil> body2 vivid & p[]ful motion4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/1 heat is1 on ?is acc\nt1 def9$ z t :i* sep>ates het]og5e\s1 & draws toge!r homog5e\s sub/ances2 a def9ition ( ! ,p]ipatetics :i* is ju/ly ridicul$ by ,gilb]t1 :o says x is z if "o 7 to def9e man to be t :i* s[s :eat & plants v9ey>ds2 be+ only a def9ition d$uc$ f effects1 & ^? b p>tial4 ,b x is /ill m to be blam$1 because ^? effects1 su* z !y are1 are n a peculi> prop]ty ( heat1 b a m]e accid5t 7= cold1 z we %all aft]w>d %[1 does ! same71 aris+ f ! desire ( ! homog5e\s p>ts to unite2 ! heat !n assi/s !m 9 break+ ?r\gh t sluggi%ness :i* be=e re/ra9$ _! desire4 ,) reg>d to ! assi/ance d]iv$ f ! p[] ( a simil> body1 x is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! magnet :5 arm$ ) /eel1 = x excites 9 ! /eel a p[] ( adh]+ to /eel1 z a homog5e\s sub/ance1 ! p[] ( ! magnet break+ ?r\gh ! sluggi%ness ( ! /eel4 ,) reg>d to ! assi/ance ( motion1 x is se5 9 wood5 arr[s or po9ts1 :i* p5etrate m deeply into wood ?an if !y 7 tipp$ ) iron1 f ! simil>ity ( ! sub/ance1 ! swiftness ( ! motion break+ ?r\gh ! sluggi%ness ( ! wood2 ( :i* two la/ exp]im5ts we h spok5 above 9 ! aphorism on cl&e/9e in/ances4#aed ,! conf9em5t ( ! motion ( less] congregation1 :i* arises f ! p[] ( ! pr$om9ant body1 is %[n 9 ! decomposition ( blood & ur9e by cold4 ,= z long z ^! sub/ances are fill$ ) ! active _s1 :i* regulates & re/ra9s ea* ( _! compon5t p>ts1 z ! pr$om9ant rul] ( ! :ole1 ! sev]al diff]5t p>ts d n collect !mselves sep>ately on acc\nt ( ! *eck2 b z soon z t _s has evaporat$1 or has be5 *ok$ by ! cold1 !n ! decompos$ p>ts unite1 accord+ to _! natural desire4 ,h5ce x happ5s1 t all bodies :i* conta9 a %>p _s 7z salts & ! l71 la/ )\t decomposition1 ow+ to ! p]man5t & durable p[] ( ! pr$om9at+ & imp]i\s _s4 ,! conf9em5t ( ! motion ( less] congregation1 :i* arises f ext]nal motion1 is v evid5t 9 t agitation ( bodies :i* pres]ves !m f putrefaction4 ,= all putrefaction dep5ds on ! congregation ( ! homog5e\s p>ts1 :5ce1 by degrees1 !re ensues a corruption ( ! fir/ =m 7z x is call$71 & ! g5]ation ( ano!r4 ,= ! decomposition ( ! orig9al =m1 :i* is itself ! union ( ! homog5e\s p>ts1 prec$es ! putrefaction1 :i* prep>es ! way = ! g5]ation ( ano!r4 ,?is decomposition1 if n int]rupt$1 is simple2 b if !re be v>i\s ob/acles1 putrefactions ensue1 :i* are ! rudim5ts ( a new g5]ation4 ,b if 7to come to our pres5t po9t7 a frequ5t agitation be excit$ by ext]nal motion1 ! motion t[>d union 7:i* is delicate & g5tle1 & requires to be free f all ext]nal influ5ce7 is di/urb$1 & ceases2 :i* we p]ceive to be ! case 9 innum]able in/ances4 ,?us1 ! daily agitation or fl[+ ( wat] prev5ts putrefaction2 w9ds prev5t ! air f be+ pe/il5t2 corn turn$ ab\t & %ak5 9 gran>ies cont9ues clean3 9 %ort1 ev]y?+ :i* is ext]nally agitat$ w ) difficulty rot int]nally4 ,we mu/ n omit t union ( ! p>ts ( bodies :i* is ! pr9cipal cause ( induration & desiccation4 ,:5 ! _s or moi/ure1 :i* has evaporat$ into _s1 has escap$ f a por\s body 7su* z wood1 bone1 p>*m5t1 & ! l71 ! ?ick] p>ts are drawn toge!r1 & unit$ ) a great] ef=t1 & induration or desiccation is ! consequ5ce2 & ?is we attribute n s mu* to ! motion ( connection 79 ord] to prev5t a vacuum71 z to ?is motion ( fri5d%ip & union4 ,union f a di/ance is r>e1 & yet is to be met ) 9 m in/ances ?an are g5]ally obs]v$4 ,we p]ceive x :5 "o bubble dissolves ano!r1 :5 m$ic9es attract humors f a simil>ity ( sub/ance1 :5 "o /r+ moves ano!r 9 unison ) x on diff]5t in/rum5ts1 & ! l4 ,we are ( op9ion t ?is motion is v preval5t also 9 animal spirits1 b are q ignorant ( ! fact4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conspicu\s 9 ! magnet1 & magnetiz$ iron4 ,:ile speak+ ( ! motions ( ! magnet1 we mu/ pla9ly di/+ui% !m1 = !re are f\r di/9ct p[]s or effects ( ! magnet :i* %\ld n be conf\nd$1 al?\gh ! wond] & a/oni%m5t ( mank9d has class$ !m toge!r4 #a4 ,! attraction ( ! magnet to ! magnet1 or ( iron to ! magnet1 or ( magnetiz$ iron to iron4 #b4 ,its pol>ity t[>d ! nor? & s\?1 & its v>iation4 #c4 ,its p5etration ?r\gh gold1 glass1 /one1 & all o!r sub/ances4 #d4 ,! communication ( p[] f ! m9]al to iron1 & f iron to iron1 )\t any communication ( ! sub/ances4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 we only speak ( ! fir/4 ,!re is also a s+ul> motion ( attraction betwe5 quicksilv] & gold1 s t ! gold attracts quicksilv] ev5 :5 made use ( 9 o9tm5t2 & ^? :o "w surr\nd$ by ! vapors ( quicksilv]1 are wont to hold a piece ( gold 9 _! m\?s1 to collect ! exhalations1 :i* w\ld o!rwise attack _! heads & bones1 & ?is piece soon gr[s :ite4#aee ,let ?is suffice = ! motion ( less] congregation4 ,let ! n9? be ! magnetic motion1 :i*1 al?\gh ( ! nature ( t la/ m5tion$1 yet1 :5 op]at+ at great di/ances1 & on great masses1 des]ves a sep>ate inquiry1 especially if x nei!r beg9 9 contact1 z mo/ motions ( congregation d1 nor end by br++ ! sub/ances into contact1 z all d1 b only raise !m1 & make !m swell )\t any fur!r effect4 ,= if ! moon raise ! wat]s1 or cause moi/ sub/ances to swell1 or if ! />ry sph]e attract ! planets t[>d _! apogees1 or ! sun conf9e ! planets ,m]cury & ,v5us to )9 a c]ta9 di/ance ( 8 mass2#aef ^! motions d n appe> capable ( be+ class$ "u ei!r ( ^? ( congregation1 b to be1 z x 71 int]m$iately & imp]fectly congregative1 & ?us to =m a di/9ct species4 ,let ! t5? motion be t ( avoidance1 or t :i* is oppos$ to ! motion ( less] congregation1 by :i* bodies1 ) a k9d ( antipa?y1 avoid & disp]se1 & sep>ate !mselves f1 or refuse to unite !mselves ) o!rs ( a ho/ile nature4 ,= al?\gh ?is may sometimes appe> to be an accid5tal motion1 necess>ily att5dant ^u t ( ! less] congregation1 because ! homog5e\s p>ts _c unite1 unless ! het]og5e\s be fir/ remov$ & exclud$1 yet x is /ill to be class$ sep>ately1#aeg & consid]$ z a di/9ct species1 because1 9 _m cases1 ! desire ( avoidance appe>s to be m m>k$ ?an t ( union4 ,x is v conspicu\s 9 ! excrem5ts ( animals1 nor less1 p]haps1 9 objects odi\s to p>ticul> s5ses1 especially ! smell & ta/e2 = a fetid smell is reject$ by ! nose1 s z to produce a sympa!tic motion ( expulsion at ! m\? ( ! /oma*2 a bitt] & r\gh ta/e is reject$ by ! palate or ?roat1 s z to produce a sympa!tic concussion & %iv]+ ( ! head4 ,?is motion is visible also 9 o!r cases4 ,?us x is obs]v$ 9 "s k9ds ( antip]i/asis1 z 9 ! middle region ( ! air1 ! cold ( :i* appe>s to be occasion$ by ! rejection ( cold f ! regions ( ! heav5ly bodies2 & also 9 ! heat & combu/ion obs]v$ 9 subt]ranean spots1 :i* appe> to be ow+ to ! rejection ( heat f ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,= heat & cold1 :5 9 small quantities1 mutually de/roy ea* o!r1 :ile 9 l>g] quantities1 l armies equally mat*$1 !y remove & eject ea* o!r 9 op5 conflict4 ,x is said1 also t c9namon & o!r p]fumes reta9 _! odor long] :5 plac$ ne> privies & f\l places1 because !y w n unite & mix ) /9ks4 ,x is well kn[n t quicksilv]1 :i* w\ld o!rwise reunite into a complete mass1 is prev5t$ f s do+ by man's spittle1 pork l>d1 turp5t9e & ! l1 f ! little aff9ity ( its p>ts ) ^? sub/ances1 s t :5 surr\nd$ by !m x draws itself back1 & its avoidance ( ^! int]v5+ ob/acles is great] ?an its desire ( reunit+ itself to its homog5e\s p>ts2 :i* is :at !y t]m ! mortification ( quicksilv]4 ,aga91 ! diff]5ce 9 weight ( oil & wat] is n ! only reason = _! refus+ to mix1 b x is also ow+ to ! little aff9ity ( ! two2 = spirits ( w9e1 :i* are light] ?an oil1 mix v well ) wat]4 ,a v rem>kable in/ance ( ! motion 9 "q is se5 9 nitre1 & crude bodies ( a l nature1 :i* abhor flame1 z may be obs]v$ 9 gunp[d]1 quicksilv] & gold4 ,! avoidance ( "o pole ( ! magnet by iron is n 7z ,gilb]t has well obs]v$71 /rictly speak+1 an avoidance1 b a con=mity1 or attraction to a m conv5i5t situation4 ,let ! elev5? motion be t ( assimilation1 or self-multiplication1 or simple g5]ation1 by :i* latt] t]m we d n mean ! simple g5]ation ( integral bodies1 su* z plants or animals1 b ( homog5e\s bodies4 ,by ?is motion homog5e\s bodies conv]t ^? :i* are alli$ to !m1 or at lea/ well dispos$ & prep>$1 into _! own sub/ance & nature4 ,?us flame multiplies itself ov] vapors & oily sub/ances & g5]ates fre% flame2 ! air ov] wat] & wat]y sub/ances multiplies itself & g5]ates fre% air2 ! vegetable & animal _s1 ov] ! ?9 p>ticles ( a wat]y or oleag9\s _s conta9$ 9 its food1 multiplies itself & g5]ates fre% _s2 ! solid p>ts ( plants & animals1 z ! leaf1 fl[]1 ! fle%1 bone & ! l1 ea* ( !m assimilate "s "p ( ! juices conta9$ 9 _! food1 & g5]ate a successive & daily sub/ance4 ,= let none rave ) ,p>acelsus1 :o 7bl9d$ by 8 di/illations7 w\ld h x1 t nutrition takes place by m]e sep>ation1 & t ! eye1 nose1 bra9 & liv] lie conceal$ 9 bread & meat1 ! root1 leaf & fl[]1 9 ! juice ( ! e>?2 ass]t+ t j z ! arti/ br+s out a leaf1 fl[]1 eye1 nose1 h&1 foot & ! l1 f a rude mass ( /one or wood by ! sep>ation & rejection ( :at is sup]flu\s2 s ! great arti/ )9 u br+s out our sev]al limbs & p>ts by sep>ation & rejection4 ,b to leave su* trifl+1 x is mo/ c]ta9 t all ! p>ts ( vegetables & animals1 z well ! homog5e\s z organic1 fir/ ( all attract ^? juices conta9$ 9 _! food1 :i* are ne>ly common1 or at lea/ n v diff]5t1 & !n assimilate & conv]t !m into _! own nature4 ,nor does ?is assimilation1 or simple g5]ation1 take place 9 animat$ bodies only1 b ! inanimate also p>ticipate 9 ! same prop]ty 7z we h obs]v$ ( flame & air71 & t languid _s1 :i* is conta9$ 9 e tangible animat$ sub/ance1 is p]petually work+ ^u ! co>s] p>ts1 & conv]t+ !m into _s1 :i* aft]w>d is exhal$1 :5ce ensues a dim9ution ( weight1 & a desiccation ( :i* we h spok5 else:]e4#aeh ,nor %\ld we1 9 speak+ ( assimilation1 neglect to m5tion ! accretion :i* is usually di/+ui%$ f alim5t1 & :i* is obs]v$ :5 mud gr[s into a mass betwe5 /ones1 & is conv]t$ into a /ony sub/ance1 & ! scaly sub/ance r\nd ! tee? is conv]t$ into "o no less h>d ?an ! tee? !mselves2 = we are ( op9ion t !re exi/s 9 all bodies a desire ( assimilation1 z well z ( unit+ ) homog5e\s masses4 ,ea* ( ^! p[]s1 h[ev]1 is conf9$1 al?\gh 9 diff]5t mann]s1 & %\ld be dilig5tly inve/igat$1 because !y are connect$ ) ! revival ( old age4 ,la/ly1 x is wor?y ( obs]vation1 t 9 ! n9e prec$+ motions1 bodies appe> to aim at ! m]e pres]vation ( _! nature1 :ile 9 ?is !y attempt its propagation4 ,let ! twelf? motion be t ( excitem5t1 :i* appe>s to be a species ( ! la/1 & is sometimes m5tion$ by u "u t "n4 ,x is1 l t1 a diffusive1 communicative1 transitive & multiply+ motion2 & !y agree rem>kably 9 _! effect1 al?\gh !y diff] 9 _! mode ( action1 & 9 _! subject matt]4 ,! =m] proce$s imp]i\sly & ) au?ority2 x ord]s & compels ! assimilat$ to be conv]t$ & *ang$ into ! assimilat+ body4 ,! latt] proce$s by art1 ins9uation & /eal?1 invit+ & dispos+ ! excit$ t[>d ! nature ( ! excit+ body4 ,! =m] bo? multiplies & trans=ms bodies & sub/ances2 ?us a great] quantity ( flame1 air1 _s & fle% is =m$2 b 9 ! latt]1 ! p[]s only are multipli$ & *ang$1 & heat1 ! magnetic p[]1 & putrefaction1 9 ! above in/ances1 are increas$4 ,heat does n diffuse itself :5 heat+ o!r bodies by any communication ( ! orig9al heat1 b only by excit+ ! p>ts ( ! heat$ body to t motion :i* is ! =m ( heat1 & ( :i* we spoke 9 ! fir/ v9tage ( ! nature ( heat4 ,heat1 !re=e1 is excit$ mu* less rapidly & readily 9 /one or metal ?an 9 air1 on acc\nt ( ! inaptitude & sluggi%ness ( ^? bodies 9 acquir+ t motion1 s t x is probable1 t !re may be "s sub/ances1 t[>d ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 q incapable ( be+ heat$1 on acc\nt ( _! d5sity1 :i* may deprive !m ( ! _s by :i* ! motion ( excitem5t is usually comm5c$4 ,?us also ! magnet creates 9 ! iron a new disposition ( its p>ts1 & a con=mable motion1 )\t los+ any ( its virtue4 ,s ! leav5 ( bread1 yea/1 r5net & "s poisons1 excite & invite successive & cont9u$ motion 9 d\gh1 be]1 *eese or ! human body2 n s mu* f ! p[] ( ! excit+1 z ! pr$isposition & yield+ ( ! excit$ body4 ,let ! ?irte5? motion be t ( impression1 :i* is also a species ( motion ( assimilation1 & ! mo/ subtile ( diffusive motions4 ,we h ?\ght x "r1 h[ev]1 to consid] x z a di/9ct species1 on acc\nt ( its rem>kable diff]5ce f ! la/ two2 = ! simple motion ( assimilation trans=ms ! bodies !mselves1 s t if y remove ! fir/ ag5t1 y dim9i% n ! effect ( ^? :i* succe$2 ?us1 nei!r ! fir/ light+ ( flame1 nor ! fir/ conv]sion into air1 are ( any importance to ! flame or air next g5]at$4 ,s1 also1 ! motion ( excitem5t /ill cont9ues = a consid]able "t aft] ! removal ( ! fir/ ag5t1 z 9 a heat$ body on ! removal ( ! orig9al heat1 9 ! excit$ iron on ! removal ( ! magnet1 & 9 ! d\gh on ! removal ( ! leav54 ,b ! motion ( impression1 al?\gh diffusive & transitive1 appe>s1 nev]!less1 to dep5d on ! fir/ ag5t1 s t ^u ! removal ( ! latt] ! =m] imm$iately fails & p]i%es2 = :i* reason also x takes effect 9 a mom5t1 or at lea/ a v %ort space ( "t4 ,we are wont to call ! two =m] motions ! motions ( ! g5]ation ( ,jupit]1 because :5 born !y cont9ue to exi/2 & ! latt]1 ! motion ( ! g5]ation ( ,saturn1 because x is imm$iately dev\r$ & absorb$4 ,x may be se5 9 ?ree in/ances3 #a1 9 ! rays ( light2 #b1 9 ! p]cussions ( s\nds2 #c1 9 magnetic attractions z reg>ds communication4 ,=1 on ! removal ( light1 colors & all its o!r images disappe>1 z on ! cessation ( ! fir/ p]cussion & ! vibration ( ! body1 s\nd soon fails1 & al?\gh s\nds are agitat$ by ! w9d1 l waves1 yet x is to be obs]v$1 t ! same s\nd does n la/ dur+ ! :ole "t ( ! rev]b]ation4 ,?us1 :5 a bell is /ruck1 ! s\nd appe>s to be cont9u$ = a consid]able "t1 & "o might easily be l$ into ! mi/ake ( suppos+ x to float & rema9 9 ! air dur+ ! :ole "t1 :i* is mo/ errone\s4#aei ,= ! rev]b]ation is n "o id5tical s\nd1 b ! repetition ( s\nds1 :i* is made manife/ by /opp+ & conf9+ ! sonor\s body2 ?us1 if a bell be /opp$ & held tightly1 s z to be immovable1 ! s\nd fails1 & !re is no fur!r rev]b]ation1 & if a musical /r+ be t\*$ aft] ! fir/ vibration1 ei!r ) ! f+] 7z 9 ! h>p71 or a quill 7z 9 ! h>psi*ord71 ! s\nd imm$iately ceases4 ,if ! magnet be remov$ ! iron falls4 ,! moon1 h[ev]1 _c be remov$ f ! sea1 nor ! e>? f a heavy fall+ body1 & we c1 !re=e1 make no exp]im5t ^u !m2 b ! case is ! same4 ,let ! f\rte5? motion be t configuration or position1 by :i* bodies appe> to desire a peculi> situation1 collocation1 & configuration ) o!rs1 r ?an union or sep>ation4 ,?is is a v ab/ruse notion1 & has n be5 well inve/igat$2 &1 9 "s in/ances1 appe>s to occur almo/ )\t any cause1 al?\gh we be mi/ak5 9 suppos+ ?is to be really ! case4 ,= if x be ask$1 :y ! heav5s revolve f ea/ to we/1 r ?an f we/ to ea/1 or :y !y turn on poles situate ne> ! ,be>s1 r ?an r\nd ,orion or any o!r "p ( ! heav51 su* a "q appe>s to be unreasonable1 s9ce ^! ph5om5a %\ld be receiv$ z det]m9ate & ! objects ( our exp]i5ce4 ,!re are1 inde$1 "s ultimate & self-exi/+ ph5om5a 9 nature1 b ^? :i* we h j m5tion$ are n to be ref]r$ to t class3 = we attribute !m to a c]ta9 h>mony & cons5t ( ! univ]se1 :i* has n yet be5 prop]ly obs]v$4 ,b if ! motion ( ! e>? f we/ to ea/ be all[$1 ! same "q may be put1 = x mu/ also revolve r\nd c]ta9 poles1 & :y %\ld !y be plac$ :]e !y are1 r ?an else:]e8 ,! pol>ity & v>iation ( ! ne$le come "u our pres5t head4 ,!re is also obs]v$ 9 bo? natural & artificial bodies1 especially solids r ?an fluids1 a p>ticul> collocation & position ( p>ts1 resembl+ hairs or fibres1 :i* %\ld be dilig5tly inve/igat$1 s9ce1 )\t a discov]y ( !m1 bodies _c be conv5i5tly controll$ or wr\ght ^u4 ,! eddies obs]vable 9 liquids by :i*1 :5 compress$1 !y successively raise diff]5t p>ts ( _! mass be=e !y c escape1 s z to equalize ! pressure1 is m correctly assign$ to ! motion ( lib]ty4 ,let ! fifte5? motion be t ( transmission or ( passage1 by :i* ! p[]s ( bodies are m or less imp$$ or advanc$ by ! m$ium1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! bodies & _! effective p[]s1 & also accord+ to t ( ! m$ium4 ,= "o m$ium is adapt$ to light1 ano!r to s\nd1 ano!r to heat & cold1 ano!r to magnetic action1 & s on ) reg>d to ! o!r actions4 ,let ! sixte5? be t :i* we t]m ! royal or political motion1 by :i* ! pr$om9ant & gov]n+ p>ts ( any body *eck1 subdue1 r$uce1 & regulate ! o!rs1 & =ce !m to unite1 sep>ate1 /& /ill1 move1 or assume a c]ta9 position1 n f any incl9ation ( _! own1 b accord+ to a c]ta9 ord]1 & z be/ suits ! conv5i5ce ( ! gov]n+ "p1 s t !re is a sort ( dom9ion & civil gov]nm5t ex]cis$ by ! rul+ "p ov] its subjects4 ,! motion is v conspicu\s 9 ! spirits ( animals1 :]e1 z long z x is 9 =ce1 x temp]s all ! motions ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,x is f\nd 9 a less degree 9 o!r bodies1 z we h obs]v$ 9 blood & ur9e1 :i* are n decompos$ until ! _s1 :i* mix$ & reta9$ _! p>ts1 has be5 emitt$ or ext+ui%$4 ,nor is ?is motion peculi> to spirits only1 al?\gh 9 mo/ bodies ! _s pr$om9ates1 ow+ to its rapid motion & p5etration2 = ! gross] p>ts pr$om9ate 9 d5s] bodies1 :i* are n fill$ ) a quick & active _s 7su* z exi/s 9 quicksilv] or vitriol71 s t unless ?is *eck or yoke be ?r[n (f by "s contrivance1 !re is no hope ( any trans=mation ( su* bodies4 ,& let n any "o suppose t we h =gott5 our subject1 because we speak ( pr$om9ance 9 ?is classification ( motions1 :i* is made entirely ) ! view ( assi/+ ! inve/igation ( wre/l+ in/ances1 or in/ances ( pr$om9ance4 ,= we d n n[ treat ( ! g5]al pr$om9ance ( motions or p[]s1 b ( t ( p>ts 9 :ole bodies1 :i* con/itutes ! p>ticul> species "h consid]$4 ,let ! sev5te5? motion be ! spontane\s motion ( revolution1 by :i* bodies hav+ a t5d5cy to move1 & plac$ 9 a favorable situation1 enjoy _! peculi> nature1 pursu+ !mselves & no?+ else1 & seek+1 z x 71 to embrace !mselves4 ,= bodies seem ei!r to move )\t any limit1 or to t5d t[>d a limit1 arriv$ at :i* !y ei!r revolve accord+ to _! peculi> nature1 or re/4 ,^? :i* are favorably situat$1 & h a t5d5cy to motion1 move 9 a circle ) an et]nal & unlimit$ motion2 ^? :i* are favorably situat$ & abhor motion1 re/4 ,^? :i* are n favorably situat$ move 9 a /raight l9e 7z _! %orte/ pa?71 9 ord] to unite ) o!rs ( a cong5ial nature4 ,?is motion ( revolution admits ( n9e diff]5ces3 #a1 ) reg>d to ! c5tre ab\t :i* ! bodies move2 #b1 ! poles r\nd :i* !y move2 #c1 ! circumf]5ce or orbit relatively to its di/ance f ! c5tre2 #d1 ! velocity1 or great] or less spe$ ) :i* !y revolve2 #e1 ! direction ( ! motion z f ea/ to we/1 or ! rev]se2 #f1 ! deviation f a p]fect circle1 by spiral l9es at a great] or less di/ance f ! c5tre2 #g1 ! deviation f ! circle1 by spiral l9es at a great] or less di/ance f ! poles2 #h1 ! great] or less di/ance ( ^! spirals f ea* o!r2 #i1 & la/ly1 ! v>iation ( ! poles if !y be movable2 :i*1 h[ev]1 only affects revolution :5 circul>4 ,! motion 9 "q is1 accord+ to common & long-receiv$ op9ion1 consid]$ to be t ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,!re exi/s1 h[ev]1 ) reg>d to ?is1 a consid]able dispute betwe5 "s ( ! anci5ts z well z mod]ns1 :o h attribut$ a motion ( revolution to ! e>?4 ,a mu* m reasonable controv]sy1 p]haps1 exi/s 7if x be n a matt] beyond dispute71 :e!r ! motion 9 "q 7on ! hypo!sis ( ! e>?'s be+ fix$7 is conf9$ to ! heav5s1 or r desc5ds & is communicat$ to ! air & wat]4 ,! rotation ( missiles1 z 9 d>ts1 musket-balls1 & ! l1 we ref] entirely to ! motion ( lib]ty4 ,let ! eighte5? motion be t ( trepidation1#afj to :i* 79 ! s5se assign$ to x by a/ronom]s7 we d n give mu* cr$it2 b 9 our s]i\s & g5]al se>* aft] ! t5d5cies ( natural bodies1 ?is motion occurs1 & appe>s wor?y ( =m+ a di/9ct species4 ,x is ! motion ( an 7z x 77 et]nal captivity2 :5 bodies1 = in/ance1 be+ plac$ n altoge!r accord+ to _! nature1 & yet n exactly ill1 con/antly tremble1 & are re/less1 n cont5t$ ) _! position1 & yet n d>+ to advance4 ,su* is ! motion ( ! he>t & pulse ( animals1 & x mu/ necess>ily occur 9 all bodies :i* are situat$ 9 a mean /ate1 betwe5 conv5i5ces & inconv5i5ces2 s t be+ remov$ f _! prop] position1 !y /rive to escape1 are repuls$1 & aga9 cont9ue to make ! attempt4 ,let ! n9ete5? & la/ motion be "o :i* c sc>cely be t]m$ a motion1 & yet is "o2 & :i* we may call ! motion ( repose1 or ( abhorr5ce ( motion4 ,x is by ?is motion t ! e>? /&s by its own weight1 :ile its extremes move t[>d ! middle1 n to an imag9>y c5tre1 b 9 ord] to unite4 ,x is ow+ to ! same t5d5cy1 t all bodies ( consid]able d5sity abhor motion1 & _! only t5d5cy is n to move1 :i* nature !y pres]ve1 al?\gh excit$ & urg$ 9 a v>iety ( ways to motion4 ,b if !y be compell$ to move1 yet d !y always appe> anxi\s to recov] _! =m] /ate1 & to cease f motion1 9 :i* respect !y c]ta9ly appe> active1 & attempt x ) suffici5t swiftness & rapidity1 z if fatigu$1 & impati5t ( delay4 ,we c only h a p>tial repres5tation ( ?is t5d5cy1 because ) u e tangible sub/ance is n only n cond5s$ to ! utmo/1 b ev5 "s _s is add$1 ow+ to ! action & concoct+ influ5ce ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,we h n[1 !re=e1 exhibit$ ! species1 or simple elem5ts ( ! motions1 t5d5cies1 & active p[]s1 :i* are mo/ univ]sal 9 nature2 & no small portion ( natural sci5ce has be5 ?us sket*$ out4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 d5y t o!r in/ances c p]haps be add$1 & our divisions *ang$ accord+ to "s m natural ord] ( ?+s1 & also r$uc$ to a less numb]2 9 :i* respect we d n allude to any ab/ract classification1 z if "o 7 to say1 t bodies desire ! pres]vation1 exaltation1 propagation1 or fruition ( _! nature2 or1 t motion t5ds to ! pres]vation & b5efit ei!r ( ! univ]se 7z 9 ! case ( ^? ( resi/ance & connection71 or ( ext5sive :oles1 z 9 ! case ( ^? ( ! great] congregation1 revolution1 & abhorr5ce ( motion1 or ( p>ticul> =ms1 z 9 ! case ( ! o!rs4 ,= al?\gh su* rem>ks be j1 yet1 unless !y t]m9ate 9 matt] & con/ruction1 accord+ to true def9itions1 !y are speculative1 & ( little use4 ,9 ! meantime1 our classification w suffice1 & be ( mu* use 9 ! consid]ation ( ! pr$om9ance ( p[]s1 & exam9+ ! wre/l+ in/ances :i* con/itute our pres5t subject4 ,= ( ! motions "h laid d[n1 "s are q inv9cible1 "s m p[]ful ?an o!rs1 :i* !y conf9e1 *eck1 & modify2 o!rs ext5d to a great] di/ance1 o!rs are m imm$iate & swift1 o!rs /r5g!n1 increase1 & accel]ate ! re/4 ,! motion ( resi/ance is mo/ adamant9e & inv9cible4 ,we are yet 9 d\bt :e!r su* be ! nature ( t ( connection2 = we _c ) c]ta9ty det]m9e :e!r !re be a vacuum1 ei!r ext5sive or int]mix$ ) matt]4 ,( "o ?+1 h[ev]1 we are satisfi$1 t ! reason assign$ by ,leucippus & ,democritus = ! introduction ( a vacuum 7namely1 t ! same bodies c\ld n o!rwise compreh5d1 & fill great] & less spaces7 is false4 ,= !re is cle>ly a fold+ ( matt]1 by :i* x wraps & unwraps itself 9 space )9 c]ta9 limits1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( a vacuum4 ,nor is !re two ?\s& times m ( vacuum 9 air ?an 9 gold1 z !re %\ld be on ?is hypo!sis2 a fact demon/rat$ by ! v p[]ful en]gies ( fluids 7:i* w\ld o!rwise float l f9e du/ 9 vacuo71 & _m o!r pro(s4 ,! o!r motions direct1 & are direct$ by ea* o!r1 accord+ to _! /r5g?1 quantity1 excitem5t1 emission1 or ! assi/ance or imp$im5ts !y meet )4 ,= in/ance2 "s arm$ magnets hold & support iron ( sixty times _! own weight2 s f> does ! motion ( less] congregation pr$om9ate ov] t ( ! great]2 b if ! weight be increas$1 x yields4 ,a lev] ( a c]ta9 /r5g? w raise a giv5 weight1 & s f> ! motion ( lib]ty pr$om9ates ov] t ( ! great] congregation1 b if ! weight be great]1 ! =m] motion yields4 ,a piece ( lea!r /ret*$ to a c]ta9 po9t does n break1 & s f> ! motion ( cont9uity pr$om9ates ov] t ( t5sion1 b if ! t5sion be great]1 ! lea!r breaks1 & ! motion ( cont9uity yields4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] fl[s ?r\gh a *9k1 & s f> ! motion ( great] congregation pr$om9ates ov] t ( cont9uity1 b if ! *9k be small] x yields4 ,if a musket be *>g$ ) ball & p[d]$ sulphur alone1 & fire be appli$1 ! ball is n dis*>g$1 9 :i* case ! motion ( great] congregation ov]comes t ( matt]2 b :5 gunp[d] is us$1 ! motion ( matt] 9 ! sulphur pr$om9ates1 be+ assi/$ by t motion1 & ! motion ( avoidance 9 ! nitre2 & s ( ! re/4 ,= wre/l+ in/ances 7:i* %[ ! pr$om9ance ( p[]s1 & 9 :at mann] & proportion !y pr$om9ate & yield7 mu/ be se>*$ = ) active & indu/ri\s dilig5ce4 ,! me?ods & nature ( ?is yield+ mu/ also be dilig5tly exam9$1 z = in/ance1 :e!r ! motions completely cease1 or ex]t !mselves1 b are con/ra9$4 ,= 9 ! bodies ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 !re is no real b an app>5t re/1 ei!r 9 ! :ole or 9 p>ts4 ,?is app>5t re/ is occasion$ ei!r by equilibrium1 or ! absolute pr$om9ance ( motions4 ,by equilibrium1 z 9 ! scales ( ! balance1 :i* re/ if ! weights be equal4 ,by pr$om9ance1 z 9 p]=at$ j>s1 9 :i* ! wat] re/s1 & is prev5t$ f fall+ by ! pr$om9ance ( ! motion ( connection4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 to be obs]v$ 7z we h said be=e71 h[ f> ! yield+ motions ex]t !mselves4 ,= if a man be held /ret*$ out on ! gr\nd aga9/ 8 w1 ) arms & legs b\nd d[n1 or o!rwise conf9$1 & yet /rive ) all 8 p[] to get up1 ! /ruggle is n ! less1 al?\gh ineffectual4 ,! real /ate ( ! case 7namely1 :e!r ! yield+ motion be1 z x 71 annihilat$ by ! pr$om9ance1 or !re be r a cont9u$1 al?\gh an invisible ef=t7 w1 p]haps1 appe> 9 ! concurr5ce ( motions1 al?\gh x escape our notice 9 _! conflict4 ,= in/ance3 let an exp]im5t be made ) muskets2 :e!r a musket-ball1 at its utmo/ range 9 a /raight l9e1 or 7z x is commonly call$7 po9t-blank1 /rike ) less =ce :5 project$ upw>d1 :]e ! motion ( ! bl[ is simple1 ?an :5 project$ d[nw>d1 :]e ! motion ( gravity concurs ) ! bl[4 ,! rules ( su* in/ances ( pr$om9ance z occur %\ld be collect$3 su* z ! foll[+2 ! m g5]al ! desir$ advantage is1 ! /rong] w be ! motion2 ! motion ( connection1 = in/ance1 :i* relates to ! int]c\rse ( ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 is m p[]ful ?an t ( gravity1 :i* relates to ! int]c\rse ( d5se bodies only4 ,aga91 ! desire ( a private good does n 9 g5]al prevail aga9/ t ( a public "o1 except :]e ! quantities are small4 ,w\ld t su* 7 ! case 9 civil matt]s6 ,,xlix4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fif? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place sugge/+ in/ances2 su* z sugge/1 or po9t out1 t :i* is advantage\s to mank9d2 = b>e p[] & k 9 !mselves exalt r ?an enri* human nature4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 select f ! g5]al /ore su* ?+s z are mo/ useful to mank9d4 ,we %all h a bett] opportunity ( discuss+ ^! :5 we treat ( ! application to practice2 besides1 9 ! "w ( int]pretation1 we leave room1 on e subject1 = ! human or optative *>t2 = x is a "p ( sci5ce to make judici\s inquiries & wi%es4 ,l4 ,9 ! tw5ty-six? rank ( pr]ogative in/ances we w place ! g5]ally useful in/ances4 ,!y are su* z relate to v>i\s po9ts1 & frequ5tly occur1 sp>+ by t means consid]able labor & new trials4 ,! prop] place = treat+ ( in/rum5ts & contrivances1 w be t 9 :i* we speak ( ! application to practice1 & ! me?ods ( exp]im5t4 ,all t has hi!rto be5 asc]ta9$1 & made use (1 w be describ$ 9 ! p>ticul> hi/ory ( ea* art4 ,at pres5t1 we w subjo9 a few g5]al examples ( ! in/ances 9 "q4 ,man acts1 !n1 ^u natural bodies 7besides m]ely br++ !m toge!r or remov+ !m7 by sev5 pr9cipal me?ods3 #a1 by ! exclusion ( all t imp$es & di/urbs2 #b1 by compression1 ext5sion1 agitation1 & ! l2 #c1 by heat & cold2 #d1 by det5tion 9 a suitable place2 #e1 by *eck+ or direct+ motion2 #f1 by peculi> h>monies2 #g1 by a seasonable & prop] alt]nation1 s]ies1 & succession ( all ^!1 or1 at lea/1 ( "s ( !m4 #a4 ,) reg>d to ! fir/--common air1 :i* is always at h&1 & =ces its admission1 z also ! rays ( ! heav5ly bodies1 create mu* di/urbance4 ,:atev]1 !re=e1 t5ds to exclude !m may well be consid]$ z g5]ally useful4 ,! sub/ance & ?ickness ( vessels 9 :i* bodies are plac$ :5 prep>$ = op]ations may be ref]r$ to ?is head4 ,s also may ! accurate me?ods ( clos+ vessels by consolidation1 or ! lutum sapi5ti1 z ! *emi/s call x4 ,! exclusion ( air by means ( liquids at ! extremity is also v useful1 z :5 !y p\r oil on w9e1 or ! juices ( h]bs1 :i* by spread+ itself ^u ! top l a cov]1 pres]ves !m un9jur$ f ! air4 ,p[d]s1 also1 are s]viceable1 = al?\gh !y conta9 air mix$ up 9 !m1 yet !y w>d (f ! p[] ( ! mass ( circumambi5t air1 :i* is se5 9 ! pres]vation ( grapes & o!r fruits 9 s& or fl\r4 ,wax1 honey1 pit*1 & o!r res9\s bodies1 are well us$ 9 ord] to make ! exclusion m p]fect1 & to remove ! air & cele/ial influ5ce4 ,we h sometimes made an exp]im5t by plac+ a vessel or o!r bodies 9 quicksilv]1 ! mo/ d5se ( all sub/ances capable ( be+ p\r$ r\nd o!rs4 ,grottoes & subt]rane\s caves are ( great use 9 keep+ (f ! effects ( ! sun1 & ! pr$atory action ( air1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many are us$ = gran>ies4 ,! deposit+ ( bodies at ! bottom ( wat] may be also m5tion$ "h2 & ,i rememb] hav+ he>d ( "s bottles ( w9e be+ let d[n into a deep well 9 ord] to cool !m1 b left !re by *ance1 c>elessness1 & =getfulness = sev]al ye>s1 & !n tak5 out2 by :i* means ! w9e n only escap$ becom+ flat or dead1 b 0 mu* m excell5t 9 flavor1 aris+ 7z x appe>s7 f a m complete mixture ( its p>ts4 ,b if ! case require t bodies %\ld be sunk to ! bottom ( wat]1 z 9 riv]s or ! sea1 & yet %\ld n t\* ! wat]1 nor be inclos$ 9 seal$ vessels1 b surr\nd$ only by air1 x w\ld be "r to use t vessel :i* has be5 sometimes employ$ "u wat] above %ips t h sunk1 9 ord] to enable ! div]s to rema9 bel[ & brea! occasionally by turns4 ,x 0 ( ! foll[+ nature3 ,a holl[ tub ( metal 0 =m$1 & sunk s z to h its bottom p>allel ) ! surface ( ! wat]2 x ?us c>ri$ d[n ) x to ! bottom ( ! sea all ! air conta9$ 9 ! tub4 ,x /ood ^u ?ree feet 7l a tripod71 be+ ( r less height ?an a man1 s t1 :5 ! div] 0 9 want ( brea?1 he c\ld put 8 head into ! holl[ ( ! tub1 brea!1 & !n cont9ue 8 "w4 ,we he> t "s sort ( boat or vessel has n[ be5 inv5t$1 capable ( c>ry+ m5 "s di/ance "u wat]4 ,any bodies1 h[ev]1 c easily be susp5d$ "u "s su* vessel z we h m5tion$1 :i* has occasion$ our rem>ks ^u ! exp]im5t4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! c>eful & h]metical clos+ ( bodies is ?is--n only ! admission ( ext]nal air is prev5t$ 7( :i* we h treat$71 b ! _s ( bodies also is prev5t$ f mak+ its escape1 :i* is an int]nal op]ation4 ,= any "o op]at+ on natural bodies mu/ be c]ta9 z to _! quantity1 & t no?+ has evaporat$ or escap$1 s9ce pr(\nd alt]ations take place 9 bodies1 :5 art prev5ts ! loss or escape ( any portion1 :ile nature prev5ts _! annihilation4 ,) reg>d to ?is circum/ance1 a false idea has prevail$ 7:i* if true w\ld make u despair ( pres]v+ quantity )\t dim9ution71 namely1 t ! _s ( bodies1 & air :5 r>efi$ by a great degree ( heat1 _c be s kept 9 by be+ inclos$ 9 any vessel z n to escape by ! small pores4 ,m5 are l$ into ?is idea by ! common exp]im5ts ( a cup inv]t$ ov] wat]1 ) a c&le or piece ( light$ pap] 9 x1 by :i* ! wat] is drawn up1 & ( ^? cups :i*1 :5 heat$1 draw up ! fle%4 ,= !y ?9k t 9 ea* exp]im5t ! r>efi$ air escapes1 & t its quantity is !re=e dim9i%$1 by :i* means ! wat] or fle% rises by ! motion ( connection4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 mo/ incorrect4 ,= ! air is n dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 b contract$ 9 dim5sions1#afa nor does ?is motion ( ! ris+ ( ! wat] beg9 till ! flame is ext+ui%$1 or ! air cool$1 s t physicians place cold sponges1 moi/5$ ) wat]1 on ! cups1 9 ord] to increase _! attraction4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no reason :y m5 %\ld fe> mu* f ! ready escape ( air3 = al?\gh x be true t ! mo/ solid bodies h _! pores1 yet nei!r air1 nor _s1 readily suff]s itself to be r>efi$ to su* an extreme degree2 j z wat] w n escape by a small *9k4 #b4 ,) reg>d to ! second ( ! sev5 above-m5tion$ me?ods1 we mu/ especially obs]ve1 t compression & simil> viol5ce h a mo/ p[]ful effect ei!r 9 produc+ locomotion1 & o!r motions ( ! same nature1 z may be obs]v$ 9 eng9es & projectiles1 or 9 de/roy+ ! organic body1 & ^? qualities1 :i* consi/ entirely 9 motion 7= all life1 & e description ( flame & ignition are de/roy$ by compression1 :i* also injures & d]anges e ma*9e72 or 9 de/roy+ ^? qualities :i* consi/ 9 position & a co>se diff]5ce ( p>ts1 z 9 colors2 = ! color ( a fl[] :5 :ole1 diff]s f t x pres5ts :5 bruis$1 & ! same may be obs]v$ ( :ole & p[d]$ amb]2 or 9 ta/es1 = ! ta/e ( a pe> be=e x is ripe1 & ( ! same pe> :5 bruis$ & s(t5$1 is diff]5t1 s9ce x becomes p]ceptibly m sweet4 ,b su* viol5ce is ( little avail 9 ! m noble trans=mations & *anges ( homog5e\s bodies1 = !y d n1 by su* means1 acquire any con/antly & p]man5tly new /ate1 b "o t is transitory1 & always /ruggl+ to return to its =m] habit & fre$om4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be useless to make "s m dilig5t exp]im5ts ) reg>d to ?is2 :e!r1 = in/ance1 ! cond5sation ( a p]fectly homog5e\s body 7su* z air1 wat]1 oil1 & ! l7 or _! r>efaction1 :5 effect$ by viol5ce1 c become p]man5t1 fix$1 &1 z x 71 s *ang$1 z to become a nature4 ,?is might at fir/ be tri$ by simple p]sev]ance1 & !n by means ( helps & h>monies4 ,x might readily h be5 attempt$ 7if we _h b ?\ght ( x71 :5 we cond5s$ wat] 7z 0 m5tion$ above71 by hamm]+ & compression1 until x bur/ out4 ,= we ought to h left ! flatt5$ globe unt\*$ = "s days1 & !n to h drawn (f ! wat]1 9 ord] to try :e!r x w\ld h imm$iately occupi$ ! same dim5sions z x did be=e ! cond5sation4 ,if x _h n done s1 ei!r imm$iately1 or soon aft]w>d1 ! cond5sation w\ld h appe>$ to h be5 r5d]$ con/ant2 if n1 x w\ld h appe>$ t a re/itution took place1 & t ! cond5sation _h be5 transitory4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d might h be5 tri$ ) ! glass eggs2 ! egg %\ld h be5 seal$ up sudd5ly & firmly1 aft] a complete exhau/ion ( ! air1 & %\ld h be5 all[$ to rema9 s = "s days1 & x might !n h be5 tri$ :e!r1 on op5+ ! ap]ture1 ! air w\ld be drawn 9 ) a hiss+ noise1 or :e!r z mu* wat] w\ld be drawn into x :5 imm]s$1 z w\ld h be5 drawn into x at fir/1 if x _h n cont9u$ seal$4 ,= x is probable 7or1 at lea/1 wor? mak+ ! exp]im5t7 t ?is might h happ5$1 or might happ51 because p]sev]ance has a simil> effect ^u bodies :i* are a little less homog5e\s4 ,a /ick b5t toge!r = "s "t does n reb\nd1 :i* is n ow+ to any loss ( quantity 9 ! wood dur+ ! "t1 = ! same w\ld occur 7aft] a l>g] "t7 9 a plate ( /eel1 :i* does n evaporate4 ,if ! exp]im5t ( simple p]sev]ance %\ld fail1 ! matt] %\ld n be giv5 up1 b o!r means %\ld be employ$4 ,= x w\ld be no small advantage1 if bodies c\ld be endu$ ) fix$ & con/ant natures by viol5ce4 ,air c\ld !n be conv]t$ into wat] by cond5sation1 ) o!r simil> effects2 = man is m ! ma/] ( viol5t motions ?an ( any o!r means4 #c4 ,! ?ird ( our sev5 me?ods is ref]r$ to t great practical eng9e ( nature1 z well z ( art1 cold & heat4 ,"h1 man's p[] limps1 z x 71 ) "o leg4 ,= we possess ! heat ( fire1 :i* is inf9itely m p[]ful & int5se ?an t ( ! sun 7z x rea*es u71 & t ( animals4 ,b we want cold1#afb except su* z we c obta9 9 w9t]1 9 cav]ns1 or by surr\nd+ objects ) sn[ & ice1 :i*1 p]haps1 may be comp>$ 9 degree ) ! noontide heat ( ! sun 9 tropical c\ntries1 increas$ by ! reflection ( m\nta9s & walls4 ,= ?is degree ( heat & cold c be borne = a %ort p]iod only by animals1 yet x is no?+ comp>$ ) ! heat ( a burn+ furnace1 or ! correspond+ degree ( cold4#afc ,ev]y?+ ) u has a t5d5cy to become r>efi$1 dry & wa/$1 & no?+ to become cond5s$ or s(t1 except by mixtures1 &1 z x 71 spuri\s me?ods4 ,in/ances ( cold1 !re=e1 %\ld be se>*$ = mo/ dilig5tly1 su* z may be f\nd by expos+ bodies ^u build+s 9 a h>d fro/1 9 subt]rane\s cav]ns1 by surr\nd+ bodies ) sn[ & ice 9 deep places excavat$ = t purpose1 by lett+ bodies d[n into wells1 by bury+ bodies 9 quicksilv] & metals1 by imm]s+ !m 9 /reams :i* petrify wood1 by bury+ !m 9 ! e>? 7:i* ! ,*9ese are report$ to d ) _! *9a1 masses ( :i*1 made = t purpose1 are said to rema9 9 ! gr\nd = =ty or fifty ye>s1 & to be transmitt$ to _! heirs z a sort ( artificial m9e7 & ! l4 ,! cond5sations :i* take place 9 nature1 by means ( cold1 %\ld also be inve/igat$1 t by le>n+ _! causes1 !y may be introduc$ into ! arts2 su* z are obs]v$ 9 ! exudation ( m>ble & /ones1 9 ! dew ^u ! panes ( glass 9 a room t[>d morn+ aft] a fro/y night1 9 ! =mation & ! ga!r+ ( vapors "u ! e>? into wat]1 :5ce spr+ f\nta9s & ! l4 ,besides ! sub/ances :i* are cold to ! t\*1 !re are o!rs :i* h also ! effect ( cold1 & cond5se2 !y appe>1 h[ev]1 to act only ^u ! bodies ( animals1 & sc>cely any fur!r4 ,( ^! we h _m in/ances1 9 m$ic9es & pla/]s4 ,"s cond5se ! fle% & tangible p>ts1 su* z a/r+5t & inspissat+ m$ic9es1 o!rs ! spirits1 su* z soporifics4 ,!re are two modes ( cond5s+ ! spirits1 by soporifics or provocatives to sleep2 ! "o by calm+ ! motion1 ! o!r by expell+ ! _s4 ,! violet1 dri$ roses1 lettuces1 & o!r b5ign or mild rem$ies1 by _! fri5dly & g5tly cool+ vapors1 invite ! spirits to unite1 & re/ra9 _! viol5t & p]turb$ motion4 ,rose-wat]1 = in/ance1 appli$ to ! no/rils 9 fa9t+ fits1 causes ! resolv$ & relax$ spirits to recov] !mselves1 &1 z x 71 *]i%es !m4 ,b opiates1 & ! l1 bani% ! spirits by _! malignant & ho/ile quality4 ,if !y be appli$1 !re=e1 ext]nally1 ! spirits imm$iately quit ! "p & no long] readily fl[ into x2 b if !y be tak5 int]nally1 _! vapor1 m\nt+ to ! head1 expels1 9 all directions1 ! spirits conta9$ 9 ! v5tricles ( ! bra91 & s9ce ^! spirits retreat1 b _c escape1 !y consequ5tly meet & are cond5s$1 & are sometimes completely ext+ui%$ & suffocat$2 al?\gh ! same opiates1 :5 tak5 9 mod]ation1 by a second>y accid5t 7! cond5sation :i* succe$s _! union71 /r5g!n ! spirits1 r5d] !m m robu/1 & *eck _! useless & inflammatory motion1 by :i* means !y contribute n a little to ! cure ( diseases1 & ! prolongation ( life4 ,! prep>ations ( bodies1 also1 = ! reception ( cold %\ld n be omitt$1 su* z t wat] a little w>m$ is m easily froz5 ?an t :i* is q cold1 & ! l4 ,moreov]1 s9ce nature supplies cold s sp>+ly1 we mu/ act l ! apo!c>ies1 :o1 :5 !y _c obta9 any simple +r$i5t1 take a succ$aneum1 or quid pro quo1 z !y t]m x1 su* z aloes = xylobalsamum1 cassia = c9namon4 ,9 ! same mann] we %\ld look dilig5tly ab\t u1 to asc]ta9 :e!r !re may be any sub/itutes = cold1 t is to say1 9 :at o!r mann] cond5sation c be effect$1 :i* is ! peculi> op]ation ( cold4 ,su* cond5sations appe> hi!rto to be ( f\r k9ds only4 #a4 ,by simple compression1 :i* is ( little avail t[>d p]man5t cond5sation1 on acc\nt ( ! ela/icity ( sub/ances1 b may /ill1 h[ev]1 be ( "s assi/ance4 #b4 ,by ! contraction ( ! co>s]1 aft] ! escape or dep>ture ( ! f9] p>ts ( a giv5 body2 z is exemplifi$ 9 induration by fire1 & ! repeat$ heat+ & ext+ui%+ ( metals1 & ! l4 #c4 ,by ! cohesion ( ! mo/ solid homog5e\s p>ts ( a giv5 body1 :i* 7 previ\sly sep>at$1 & mix$ ) o!rs less solid1 z 9 ! return ( sublimat$ m]cury to its simple /ate1 9 :i* x occupies mu* less space ?an x did 9 p[d]1 & ! same may be obs]v$ ( ! cleans+ ( all metals f _! dross4 #d4 ,by h>mony1 or ! application ( sub/ances :i* cond5se by "s lat5t p[]4 ,^! h>monies are z yet b r>ely obs]v$1 at :i* we _c be surpris$1 s9ce !re is little to hope = f _! inve/igation1 unless ! discov]y ( =ms & confirmation be atta9$4 ,) reg>d to animal bodies1 x is n to be que/ion$ t !re are _m int]nal & ext]nal m$ic9es :i* cond5se by h>mony1 z we h be=e obs]v$1 b ?is action is r>e 9 inanimate bodies4 ,writt5 acc\nts1 z well z report1 h c]ta9ly spok5 ( a tree 9 "o ( ! ,t]c]a or ,can>y ,isl&s 7= ,i d n exactly recollect :i*7 t drips p]petually1 s z to supply ! inhabitants1 9 "s degree1 ) wat]2 & ,p>acelsus says t ! h]b call$ ros solis is fill$ ) dew at noon1 :ile ! sun gives out its greate/ heat1 & all o!r h]bs ar\nd x are dry4 ,we treat bo? ^! acc\nts z fables2 !y w\ld1 h[ev]1 if true1 be ( ! mo/ important s]vice1 & mo/ wor?y ( exam9ation4 ,z to ! honey-dew1 resembl+ manna1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,may on ! leaves ( ! oak1 we are ( op9ion t x is n cond5s$ by any h>mony or peculi>ity ( ! oak leaf1 b t :ile x falls equally ^u o!r leaves x is reta9$ & cont9ues on ^? ( ! oak1 because _! texture is clos]1 & n s por\s z t ( mo/ ( ! o!r leaves4#afd ,) reg>d to heat1 man possesses abundant means & p[]2 b 8 obs]vation & inquiry are defective 9 "s respects1 & ^? ( ! greate/ importance1 not)/&+ ! boa/+ ( quacks4 ,= ! effects ( int5se heat are exam9$ & obs]v$1 :ile ^? ( a m g5tle degree ( heat1 be+ ( ! mo/ frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! pa?s ( nature1 are1 on t v acc\nt1 lea/ kn[n4 ,we see1 !re=e1 ! furnaces1 :i* are mo/ e/eem$1 employ$ 9 increas+ ! spirits ( bodies to a great ext5t1 z 9 ! /rong acids1 & "s *emical oils2 :ile ! tangible p>ts are h>d5$1 &1 :5 ! volatile "p has escap$1 become sometimes fix$2 ! homog5e\s p>ts are sep>at$1 & ! het]og5e\s incorporat$ & agglom]at$ 9 a co>se lump2 & 7:at is *iefly wor?y ( rem>k7 ! junction ( comp\nd bodies1 & ! m delicate con=mations are de/roy$ & conf\nd$4 ,b ! op]ation ( a less viol5t heat %\ld be tri$ & inve/igat$1 by :i* m delicate mixtures & regul> con=mations may be produc$ & elicit$1 accord+ to ! example ( nature1 & 9 imitation ( ! effect ( ! sun1 :i* we h allud$ to 9 ! aphorism on ! in/ances ( alliance4 ,= ! works ( nature are c>ri$ on 9 mu* small] portions1 & 9 m delicate & v>i$ positions ?an ^? ( fire1 z we n[ employ x4 ,b man w !n appe> to h really augm5t$ 8 p[]1 :5 ! works ( nature c be imitat$ 9 species1 p]fect$ 9 p[]1 & v>i$ 9 quantity2 to :i* %\ld be add$ ! accel]ation 9 po9t ( "t4 ,ru/1 = in/ance1 is ! result ( a long process1 b crocus m>tis is obta9$ imm$iately2 & ! same may be obs]v$ ( natural v]digris & c]use4 ,cry/al is =m$ sl[ly1 :ile glass is bl[n imm$iately3 /ones increase sl[ly1 :ile bricks are bak$ imm$iately1 etc4 ,9 ! meantime 7) reg>d to our pres5t subject7 e diff]5t species ( heat %\ld1 ) its peculi> effects1 be dilig5tly collect$ & inquir$ into2 t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :e!r _! rays be direct1 reflect$1 or refract$1 or cond5s$ by a burn+-glass2 t ( lightn+1 flame1 & ignit$ *>coal2 t ( fire ( diff]5t mat]ials1 ei!r op5 or conf9$1 /rait5$ or ov]fl[+1 qualifi$ by ! diff]5t =ms ( ! furnaces1 excit$ by ! bell[s1 or quiesc5t1 remov$ to a great] or less di/ance1 or pass+ ?r\gh diff]5t m$ia2 moi/ heats1 su* z ! balneum ,m>i1 & ! dunghill2 ! ext]nal & int]nal heat ( animals2 dry heats1 su* z ! heat ( a%es1 lime1 w>m s&2 9 %ort1 ! nature ( e k9d ( heat1 & its degrees4 ,we %\ld1 h[ev]1 p>ticul>ly att5d to ! inve/igation & discov]y ( ! effects & op]ations ( heat1 :5 made to approa* & retire by degrees1 regul>ly1 p]iodically1 & by prop] int]vals ( space & "t4 ,= ?is sy/ematical inequality is 9 tru? ! daught] ( heav5 & "m ( g5]ation1 nor c any great result be expect$ f a vehem5t1 precipitate1 or desultory heat4 ,= ?is is n only mo/ evid5t 9 vegetables1 b 9 ! wombs ( animals also !re arises a great inequality ( heat1 f ! motion1 sleep1 food1 & passions ( ! female4 ,! same inequality prevails 9 ^? subt]rane\s b$s :]e metals & fossils are p]petually =m+1 :i* r5d]s yet m rem>kable ! ignorance ( "s ( ! re=m$ al*emi/s1 :o imag9$ !y c\ld atta9 _! object by ! equable heat ( lamps1 or ! l1 burn+ uni=mly4 ,let ?is suffice conc]n+ ! op]ation & effects ( heat2 nor is x "t = u to inve/igate !m ?or\ghly be=e ! =ms & con=mations ( bodies h be5 fur!r exam9$ & br\ght to light4 ,:5 we h det]m9$ ^u our models1 we may seek1 apply1 & arrange our in/rum5ts4 #d4 ,! f\r? mode ( action is by cont9uance1 ! v /ew>d & almon]1 z x 71 ( nature4 ,we apply ! t]m cont9uance to ! ab&onm5t ( a body to itself = an obs]vable "t1 gu>d$ & protect$ 9 ! mean:ile f all ext]nal =ce4 ,= ! int]nal motion !n comm5ces to betray & ex]t itself :5 ! ext]nal & adv5titi\s is remov$4 ,! effects ( "t1 h[ev]1 are f> m delicate ?an ^? ( fire4 ,w9e1 = in/ance1 _c be cl>ifi$ by fire z x is by cont9uance4 ,nor are ! a%es produc$ by combu/ion s f9e z ! p>ticles dissolv$ or wa/$ by ! lapse ( ages4 ,! incorporations & mixtures1 :i* are hurri$ by fire1 are v inf]ior to ^? obta9$ by cont9uance2 & ! v>i\s con=mations assum$ by bodies left to !mselves1 su* z m\ld9ess1 etc41 are put a /op to by fire or a /rong heat4 ,x is n1 9 ! meantime1 unimportant to rem>k t !re is a c]ta9 degree ( viol5ce 9 ! motion ( bodies entirely conf9$2 = ! conf9em5t imp$es ! prop] motion ( ! body4 ,cont9uance 9 an op5 vessel1 !re=e1 is useful = sep>ations1 & 9 "o h]metically seal$ = mixtures1 t 9 a vessel p>tly clos$1 b admitt+ ! air1 = putrefaction4 ,b in/ances ( ! op]ation & effect ( cont9uance mu/ be collect$ dilig5tly f e qu>t]4 #e4 ,! direction ( motion 7:i* is ! fif? me?od ( action7 is ( no small use4 ,we adopt ?is t]m1 :5 speak+ ( a body :i*1 meet+ ) ano!r1 ei!r arre/s1 repels1 all[s1 or directs its orig9al motion4 ,?is is ! case pr9cipally 9 ! figure & position ( vessels4 ,an upright cone1 = in/ance1 promotes ! cond5sation ( vapor 9 alembics1 b :5 rev]s$1 z 9 inv]t$ vessels1 x assi/s ! ref9+ ( sug>4 ,sometimes a curv$ =m1 or "o alt]nately contract$ & dilat$1 is requir$4 ,/ra9]s may be rang$ "u ?is head1 :]e ! oppos$ body op5s a way = "o portion ( ano!r sub/ance & imp$es ! re/4 ,nor is ?is process or any o!r direction ( motion c>ri$ on ext]nally only1 b sometimes by "o body )9 ano!r4 ,?us1 pebbles are ?r[n into wat] to collect ! muddy p>ticles1 & syrups are ref9$ by ! :ite ( an egg1 :i* glues ! gross] p>ticles toge!r s z to facilitate _! removal4 ,telesius1 inde$1 ra%ly & ignorantly en\gh attributes ! =mation ( animals to ?is cause1 by means ( ! *annels & folds ( ! womb4 ,he ought to h obs]v$ a simil> =mation ( ! "y 9 eggs :i* h no wr9kles or inequalities4 ,"o may obs]ve a real result ( ?is direction ( motion 9 ca/+ & modell+4 #f4 ,! effects produc$ by h>mony & av]sion 7:i* is ! six? me?od7 are frequ5tly buri$ 9 obscurity2 = ^! occult & specific prop]ties 7z !y are t]m$71 ! sympa?ies & antipa?ies1 are = ! mo/ "p b a corruption ( philosophy4 ,nor c we =m any great expectation ( ! discov]y ( ! h>mony :i* exi/s betwe5 natural objects1 be=e t ( _! =ms & simple con=mations1 = x is no?+ m ?an ! symmetry betwe5 ^! =ms & con=mations4 ,! great] & m univ]sal species ( h>mony are n1 h[ev]1 s :olly obscure1 & ) !m1 !re=e1 we mu/ comm5ce4 ,! fir/ & pr9cipal di/9ction betwe5 !m is ?is2 t "s bodies diff] consid]ably 9 ! abundance & r>ity ( _! sub/ance1 b correspond 9 _! con=mation2 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 correspond 9 ! =m] & diff] 9 ! latt]4 ,?us ! *emi/s h well obs]v$1 t 9 _! trial ( fir/ pr9ciples sulphur & m]cury1 z x 71 p]vade ! univ]se2 _! reason+ ab\t salt1 h[ev]1 is absurd1 & m]ely introduc$ to comprise e>?y dry fix$ bodies4 ,9 ! o!r two1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal species ( natural h>mony manife/s itself4 ,?us !re is a correspond5ce betwe5 sulphur1 oil1 greasy exhalations1 flame1 &1 p]haps1 ! sub/ance ( ! />s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is a l correspond5ce betwe5 m]cury1 wat]1 aque\s vapor1 air1 &1 p]haps1 pure int]-sid]eal e!r4 ,yet d ^! two quat]nions1 or great natural tribes 7ea* )9 its own limits71 diff] imm5sely 9 quantity & d5sity ( sub/ance1 :ile !y g5]ally agree 9 con=mation1 z is manife/ 9 _m in/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! metals agree 9 su* quantity & d5sity 7especially :5 comp>$ ) vegetables1 etc471 b diff] 9 _m respects 9 con=mation4 ,animals & vegetables1 9 l mann]1 v>y 9 _! almo/ inf9ite modes ( con=mation1 b range )9 v limit$ degrees ( quantity & d5sity ( sub/ance4 ,! next mo/ g5]al correspond5ce is t betwe5 individual bodies & ^? :i* supply !m by way ( m5/ruum or support4 ,inquiry1 !re=e1 mu/ be made z to ! climate1 soil1 & dep? at :i* ea* metal is g5]at$1 & ! same ( gems1 :e!r produc$ 9 rocks or m9es1 also z to ! soil 9 :i* p>ticul> trees1 %rubs1 & h]bs1 mo/ly gr[ &1 z x 71 delight2 & z to ! be/ species ( manure1 :e!r dung1 *alk1 sea s&1 or a%es1 etc41 & _! diff]5t propriety & advantage accord+ to ! v>iety ( soils4 ,s also ! graft+ & sett+ ( trees & plants 7z reg>ds ! read9ess ( graft+ "o p>ticul> species on ano!r7 dep5ds v mu* ^u h>mony1 & x w\ld be amus+ to try an exp]im5t ,i h lately he>d (1 9 graft+ =e/ trees 7g>d5 trees alone hav+ hi!rto be5 adopt$71 by :i* means ! leaves & fruit are enl>g$1 & ! trees produce m %ade4 ,! specific food ( animals aga9 %\ld be obs]v$1 z well z t :i* _c be us$4 ,?us ! c>nivor\s _c be f$ on h]bs1 = :i* reason ! ord] ( feuilletans1 ! exp]im5t hav+ be5 made1 has ne>ly vani%$2 human nature be+ incapable ( support+ _! regim51 al?\gh ! human w has m p[] ov] ! bodily frame ?an t ( o!r animals4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( putrefaction f :i* animals are g5]at$ %\ld be not$4 ,! h>mony ( pr9cipal bodies ) ^? subord9ate to !m 7su* inde$ may be deem$ ^? we h allud$ to above7 are suffici5tly manife/1 to :i* may be add$ ^? t exi/ betwe5 diff]5t bodies & _! objects1 &1 s9ce ^! latt] are m app>5t1 !y may ?r[ great light :5 well obs]v$ & dilig5tly exam9$ ^u ^? :i* are m lat5t4 ,! m int]nal h>mony & av]sion1 or fri5d%ip & enmity 7= sup]/ition & folly h r5d]$ ! t]ms ( sympa?y & antipa?y almo/ disgu/+71 h be5 ei!r falsely assign$1 or mix$ ) fable1 or mo/ r>ely discov]$ f neglect4 ,= if "o 7 to allege t !re is an enmity betwe5 ! v9e & ! cabbage1 because !y w n come up well :5 s[n toge!r1 !re is a suffici5t reason = x 9 ! succul5t & absorb5t nature ( ea* plant1 s t ! "o defrauds ! o!r4 ,aga91 if "o 7 to say t !re is a h>mony & fri5d%ip betwe5 ! corn & ! corn-fl[]1 or ! wild poppy1 because ! latt] seldom gr[ any:]e b 9 cultivat$ soils1 he ought r to say1 !re is an enmity betwe5 !m1 = ! poppy & ! corn-fl[] are produc$ & creat$ by ^? juices :i* ! corn has left & reject$1 s t ! s[+ ( ! corn prep>es ! gr\nd = _! production4 ,& !re are a va/ numb] ( simil> false ass]tions4 ,z = fables1 !y mu/ be totally ext]m9at$4 ,!re rema9s1 !n1 b a scanty supply ( su* species ( h>mony z has borne ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 su* z t betwe5 ! magnet & iron1 gold & quicksilv]1 & ! l4 ,9 *emical exp]im5ts on metals1 h[ev]1 !re are "s o!rs wor?y ( notice1 b ! greate/ abundance 7:]e ! :ole are s few 9 numb]s7 is discov]$ 9 c]ta9 m$ic9es1 :i*1 f _! occult & specific qualities 7z !y are t]m$71 affect p>ticul> limbs1 humors1 diseases1 or con/itutions4 ,nor %\ld we omit ! h>mony betwe5 ! motion & ph5om5a ( ! moon1 & _! effects on l[] bodies1 :i* may be br\ght toge!r by an accurate & hone/ selection f ! exp]im5ts ( agriculture1 navigation1 & m$ic9e1 or ( o!r sci5ces4 ,by z mu* z ^! g5]al in/ances1 h[ev]1 ( m lat5t h>mony1 are r>e1 ) s mu* ! m dilig5ce are !y to be inquir$ aft]1 ?r\gh tradition1 & fai?ful & hone/ reports1 b )\t ra%ness & cr$ulity1 ) an anxi\s &1 z x 71 hesitat+ degree ( reliance4 ,!re rema9s "o species ( h>mony :i*1 ?\gh simple 9 its mode ( action1 is yet mo/ valuable 9 its use1 & mu/ by no means be omitt$1 b r dilig5tly inve/igat$4 ,x is ! ready or difficult coition or union ( bodies 9 composition1 or simple juxtaposition4 ,= "s bodies readily & will+ly mix1 & are incorporat$1 o!rs t>dily & p]v]sely2 ?us p[d]s mix be/ ) wat]1 *alk & a%es ) oils1 & ! l4 ,nor are ^! in/ances ( read9ess & av]sion to mixture to be alone collect$1 b o!rs1 also1 ( ! collocation1 di/ribution1 & dige/ion ( ! p>ts :5 m+l$1 & ! pr$om9ance aft] ! mixture is complete4 #g4 ,la/ly1 !re rema9s ! sev5?1 & la/ ( ! sev51 modes ( action2 namely1 t by ! alt]nation & int]*ange ( ! o!r six2 b ( ?is1 x w n be ! "r "t to (f] any examples1 until "s deep] inve/igation %all h tak5 place ( ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,! s]ies1 or *a9 ( ?is alt]nation1 9 its mode ( application to sep>ate effects1 is no less p[]ful 9 its op]ation ?an difficult to be trac$4 ,b m5 are possess$ ) ! mo/ extreme impati5ce1 bo? ( su* inquiries1 & _! practical application1 al?\gh x be ! clew ( ! labyr9? 9 all great] works4 ,?us f> ( ! g5]ally useful in/ances4 ,,li4 ,! tw5ty-sev5? & la/ place we w assign to ! magical in/ances1 a t]m :i* we apply to ^? :]e ! matt] or effici5t ag5t is scanty or small1 9 comp>ison ) ! gr&eur ( ! "w or effect produc$2 s t ev5 :5 common !y appe> miracul\s1 "s at fir/ sight1 o!rs ev5 ^u m att5tive obs]vation4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 ( h]self1 supplies ^! b sp>+ly4 ,:at %e w d :5 h] :ole /ore is ?r[n op51 & aft] ! discov]y ( =ms1 processes1 & con=mation1 w appe> h]eaft]4 ,z f> z we c yet conjecture1 ^! magic effects are produc$ 9 ?ree ways1 ei!r by self-multiplication1 z 9 fire1 & ! poisons t]m$ specific1 & ! motions transf]r$ & multipli$ f :eel to :eel2 or by ! excitem5t1 or1 z x 71 invitation ( ano!r sub/ance1 z 9 ! magnet1 :i* excites innum]able ne$les )\t los+ or dim9i%+ its p[]2 & aga9 9 leav51 & ! l2 or by ! excess ( rapidity ( "o species ( motion ov] ano!r1 z has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! case ( gunp[d]1 cannon1 & m9es4 ,! two =m] require an inve/igation ( h>monies1 ! latt] ( a measure ( motion4 ,:e!r !re be any mode ( *ang+ bodies p] m9ima 7z x is t]m$71 & transf]r+ ! delicate con=mations ( matt]1 :i* is ( importance 9 all trans=mations ( bodies1 s z to enable art to effect1 9 a %ort "t1 t :i* nature works out by div]s exp$i5ts1 is a po9t ( :i* we h z yet no indication4 ,b1 z we aspire to ! extreme/ & highe/ results 9 t :i* is solid & true1 s d we ev] dete/1 &1 z f> z 9 u lies1 expel all t is empty & va94 ,,lii4 ,let ?is suffice z to ! respective dignity ( pr]ogatives ( in/ances4 ,b x mu/ be not$1 t 9 ?is our organ1 we treat ( logic1 & n ( philosophy4 ,see+1 h[ev]1 t our logic in/ructs & in=ms ! und]/&+1 9 ord] t x may n1 ) ! small hooks1 z x 71 ( ! m9d1 cat* at1 & grasp m]e ab/ractions1 b r actually p5etrate nature1 & discov] ! prop]ties & effects ( bodies1 & ! det]m9ate laws ( _! sub/ance 7s t ?is sci5ce ( ours spr+s f ! nature ( ?+s1 z well z f t ( ! m9d72 x is n to be wond]$ at1 if x h be5 cont9ually int]sp]s$ & illu/rat$ ) natural obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 z in/ances ( our me?od4 ,! pr]ogative in/ances are1 z appe>s f :at has prec$$1 tw5ty-sev5 9 numb]1 & are t]m$1 solit>y in/ances1 migrat+ in/ances1 conspicu\s in/ances1 cl&e/9e in/ances1 con/itutive in/ances1 simil> in/ances1 s+ul> in/ances1 deviat+ in/ances1 bord]+ in/ances1 in/ances ( p[]1 accompany+ & ho/ile in/ances1 subjunctive in/ances1 in/ances ( alliance1 in/ances ( ! cross1 in/ances ( divorce1 in/ances ( ! gate1 cit+ in/ances1 in/ances ( ! road1 supplem5t>y in/ances1 lanc+ in/ances1 in/ances ( ! rod1 in/ances ( ! c\rse1 doses ( nature1 wre/l+ in/ances1 sugge/+ in/ances1 g5]ally useful in/ances1 & magical in/ances4 ,! advantage1 by :i* ^! in/ances excel ! m ord9>y1 reg>ds specifically ei!r !ory or practice1 or bo?4 ,) reg>d to !ory1 !y assi/ ei!r ! s5ses or ! und]/&+2 ! s5ses1 z 9 ! five in/ances ( ! lamp2 ! und]/&+1 ei!r by exp$it+ ! exclusive mode ( arriv+ at ! =m1 z 9 solit>y in/ances1 or by conf9+1 & m imm$iately indicat+ ! affirmative1 z 9 ! migrat+1 conspicu\s1 accompany+1 & subjunctive in/ances2 or by elevat+ ! und]/&+1 & lead+ x to g5]al & common natures1 & t ei!r imm$iately1 z 9 ! cl&e/9e & s+ul> in/ances1 & ^? ( alliance2 or v ne>ly s1 z 9 ! con/itutive2 or /ill less s1 z 9 ! simil> in/ances2 or by correct+ ! und]/&+ ( its habits1 z 9 ! deviat+ in/ances2 or by lead+ to ! gr& =m or fabric ( ! univ]se1 z 9 ! bord]+ in/ances2 or by gu>d+ x f false =ms & causes1 z 9 ^? ( ! cross & ( divorce4 ,) reg>d to practice1 !y ei!r po9t x out1 or measure1 or elevate x4 ,!y po9t x out1 ei!r by %[+ :]e we mu/ comm5ce 9 ord] n to repeat ! labors ( o!rs1 z 9 ! in/ances ( p[]2 or by induc+ u to aspire to t :i* may be possible1 z 9 ! sugge/+ in/ances2 ! f\r ma!matical in/ances measure x4 ,! g5]ally useful & ! magical elevate x4 ,aga91 out ( ^! tw5ty-sev5 in/ances1 "s mu/ be collect$ imm$iately1 )\t wait+ = a p>ticul> inve/igation ( prop]ties4 ,su* are ! simil>1 s+ul>1 deviat+1 & bord]+ in/ances1 ^? ( p[]1 & ( ! gate1 & sugge/+1 g5]ally useful1 & magical in/ances2 = ^! ei!r assi/ & cure ! und]/&+ & s5ses1 or furni% our g5]al practice4 ,! rema9d] are to be collect$ :5 we f9i% our synoptical tables = ! "w ( ! int]pret]1 ^u any p>ticul> nature2 = ^! in/ances1 honor$ & gift$ ) su* pr]ogatives1 are l ! s\l amid ! vulg> cr[d ( in/ances1 & 7z we f ! fir/ obs]v$7 a few ( !m are wor? a multitude ( ! o!rs4 ,:51 !re=e1 we are =m+ our tables !y mu/ be se>*$ out ) ! greate/ zeal1 & plac$ 9 ! table4 ,&1 s9ce m5tion mu/ be made ( !m 9 :at foll[s1 a treatise ^u _! nature has necess>ily be5 prefix$4 ,we mu/ next1 h[ev]1 proce$ to ! supports & corrections ( induction1 & !nce to concretes1 ! lat5t process1 & lat5t con=mations1 & ! o!r matt]s1 :i* we h enum]at$ 9 _! ord] 9 ! tw5ty-fir/ aphorism1 9 ord] t1 l good & fai?ful gu>dians1 we may yield up _! =tune to mank9d ^u ! emancipation & majority ( _! und]/&+2 f :i* mu/ necess>ily foll[ an improvem5t ( _! e/ate1 & an increase ( _! p[] ov] nature4 ,= man1 by ! fall1 lo/ at once 8 /ate ( innoc5ce1 & 8 empire ov] creation1 bo? ( :i* c be p>tially recov]$ ev5 9 ?is life1 ! fir/ by religion & fai?1 ! second by ! arts & sci5ces4 ,= creation did n become entirely & utt]ly rebelli\s by ! curse1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,div9e decree1 89 ! sweat ( ?y br[ %alt ?\ eat bread10 %e is compell$ by our labors 7n assur$ly by our disputes or magical c]emonies71 at l5g?1 to af=d mank9d 9 "s degree 8 bread1 t is to say1 to supply man's daily wants4 ,,end ,,( 8,,novum ,,organum0 ,,footnotes #ga 1 or ( ,ari/otle4--,see lib4 iii4 ,metap4 #gb ,^! divisions are f ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics1 :]e !y are t]m$1 #a4 4 #b4 4 #c4 4 #d4 -- 4 #gc ,see ,aphorism li4 & second p>agraph ( ,aphorism lxv4 9 ! fir/ book4 #gd ,bacon means1 t al?\gh !re exi/ 9 nature only individualities1 yet a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! may h common prop]ties1 & be controll$ by ! same laws4 ,n[1 ^! homog5e\s qualities :i* di/+ui% !m f o!r individuals1 lead u to class !m "u "o expression1 & sometimes "u a s+le t]m4 ,yet ^! classes are only pure conceptions 9 ,bacon's op9ion1 & _c be tak5 = di/9ct sub/ances4 ,he evid5tly "h aims a bl[ at ! ,reali/s1 :o conclud$ t ! ess5ce :i* unit$ individualities 9 a class 0 ! only real & immutable exi/5ce 9 nature1 inasmu* z x ent]$ into _! ideas ( individual sub/ances z a di/9ct & ess5tial prop]ty1 & cont9u$ 9 ! m9d z ! mold1 type or patt]n ( ! class1 :ile its individual =ms 7 und]go+ p]petual r5ovation & decay4--,ed4 #ge ,bacon's def9ition is obscure4 ,all ! idea we h ( a law ( nature consi/s 9 inv>iable sequ5ce betwe5 c]ta9 classes ( ph5om5a2 b ?is _c be ! complete s5se atta*$ by ,bacon to ! t]m =m1 z he employs x 9 ! f\r? aphorism z conv]tible ) ! nature ( any object2 & aga91 9 ! fir/ aphorism1 z ! natura naturans1 or g5]al law or condition 9 any sub/ance or quality--natura naturata--:i* is :atev] its =m is1 or t p>ticul> comb9ation ( =ces :i* impresses a c]ta9 nature ^u matt] subject to its influ5ce4 ,?us1 9 ! ,newtonian s5se1 ! =m ( :it5ess w\ld be t comb9ation ( ! sev5 primitive rays ( light :i* give rise to t color4 ,9 comb9ation ) ?is ^w1 & af=d+ a /ill fur!r insight into its mean+1 we h ! phrases1 lat5s processus ad =mam1 et lat5s s*ematismus corporum4 ,n[1 ! lat5s s*ematismus signifies ! int]nal texture1 /ructure1 or configuration ( bodies1 or ! result ( ! respective situation ( all ! p>ts ( a body2 :ile ! lat5s processus ad =mam po9ts out ! gradation ( movem5ts :i* takes place among ! molecula ( bodies :5 !y ei!r cons]ve or *ange _! figure4 ,h5ce we may consid] ! =m ( any quality 9 body z some?+ conv]tible ) t quality1 i4e41 :5 x exi/s ! quality is pres5t1 & vice v]s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ! =m ( a ?+ diff]s only f its effici5t cause 9 be+ p]man5t1 :]eas we apply cause to t :i* exi/s 9 ord] ( "t4 ,! lat5s processus & lat5s s*ematismus are subord9ate to =m1 z concrete exemplifications ( its ess5ce4 ,! =m] is ! secret & invisible process by :i* *ange is effect$1 & involves ! pr9ciple s9ce call$ ! law ( cont9uity4 ,?us1 ! succession ( ev5ts betwe5 ! application ( ! mat* to ! expulsion ( ! bullet is an in/ance ( lat5t progress :i* we c n[ trace ) "s degree ( accuracy4 ,x also m directly ref]s to ! op]ation by :i* "o =m or condition ( be+ is induc$ ^u ano!r4 ,= example1 :5 ! surface ( iron becomes ru/y1 or :5 wat] is conv]t$ into /eam1 "s *ange has tak5 place1 or lat5t process f "o =m to ano!r4 ,me*anics af=d _m exemplifications ( ! fir/ lat5t process we h d5ot$1 & *emi/ry ( ! second4 ,! lat5s s*ematismus is t visible /ructure ( bodies on :i* s _m ( _! prop]ties dep5d4 ,:5 we inquire into ! con/itution ( cry/als1 & into ! int]nal /ructure ( plants1 we are exam9+ into _! lat5t s*ematism4--,ed4 #gf ,by ! rec5t discov]ies 9 electric magnetism1 copp] wires1 or1 inde$1 wires ( any metal1 may be trans=m$ into magnets2 ! magnetic law1 or =m1 hav+ be5 to t ext5t discov]$4 #gg ,hall] has pursu$ ?is inve/igation 9 8 8,physiology10 & has left 8 successors little else to d ?an repeat 8 discov]ies4--,ed4 #gh ,bacon "h fir/ seems pregnant ) ! important developm5t ( ! high] calculus1 :i*1 9 ! h&s ( ,newton & ,desc>tes1 0 to effect z great a revolution 9 philosophy z 8 me?od4--,ed4 #gi ,by _s1 ,bacon "h pla9ly implies mat]ial fluid too f9e to be grasp$ by ! unassi/$ s5se1 :i* r op]ates ?an reasons4 ,we sometimes adopt ! same mode ( expression1 z 9 ! words spirits ( nitre1 spirits ( w9e4 ,"s su* ag5cy has be5 assum$ by ne>ly all ! mod]n physici/s1 a few ( :om1 along ) ,bacon1 w\ld leave u to ga!r f _! expressions1 t !y believe su* bodies end[$ ) ! s5ti5t p[]s ( p]ception4 ,z ano!r specim5 ( 8 s5tim5t on ?is subject1 we may ref] to a p>agraph on ! decomposition ( comp\nds1 9 8 essay on dea?1 beg9n+--8,! _s :i* exi/s 9 all liv+ bodies1 keeps all ! p>ts 9 due subjection2 :5 x escapes1 ! body decomposes1 or ! simil> p>ts unite40--,ed4 #hj ,! !ory ( ! ,epicureans & o!rs4 ,! atoms are suppos$ to be invisible1 unalt]able p>ticles1 endu$ ) all ! prop]ties ( ! giv5 body1 & =m+ t body by _! union4 ,!y mu/ be sep>at$1 ( c\rse1 :i* ei!r takes a vacuum = grant$1 or introduces a t]tium quid into ! composition ( ! body4 #ha ,comp>e ! ?ree foll[+ aphorisms ) ! la/ ?ree *apt]s ( ! ?ird book ( ! 8,de ,augm5tis ,sci5ti>um40 #hb ,bacon gives ?is un=tunate t]m its prop] signification2 1 9 composition1 ) ! ,greeks signify+ *ange or mutation4 ,mo/ ( our read]s1 no d\bt1 are aw>e t ! obtrusion ( ?is ^w into te*nical philosophy 0 purely caprici\s1 & is ( no old] date ?an ! publication ( ,ari/otle's works by ,&ronicus ( ,rhodes1 "o ( ! le>n$ m5 into ^: h&s ! manuscripts ( t philosoph] fell1 aft] !y 7 br\ght by ,sylla f ,a!ns to ,rome4 ,to f\rte5 books 9 ^! ,,mss4 ) no di/+ui%+ title1 ,&ronicus is said to h prefix$ ! words 1 to d5ote ! place :i* !y ought to hold ei!r 9 ! ord] ( ,ari/otle's arrangem5t1 or 9 t ( /udy4 ,^! books treat fir/ ( ^? subjects :i* are common to matt] & m9d2 secondly1 ( ?+s sep>ate f matt]1 i4e4 ( ,god1 & ( ! subord9ate spirits1 :i* 7 suppos$ by ! ,p]ipatetics to wat* ov] p>ticul> portions ( ! univ]se4 ,! foll[]s ( ,ari/otle accept$ ! :imsical title ( ,&ronicus1 & 9 _! usual mann] all[$ a ^w to unite ?+s into "o sci5ce :i* 7 pla9ly het]og5e\s4 ,_! error 0 adopt$ by ! ,p]ipatetics ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,! s*oolm5 add$ to ! notion ( ontology1 ! sci5ce ( ! m9d1 or pneumatology1 & z t g5us ( be+ has s9ce become ext9ct ) ! s*ools1 metaphysics ?us 9 mod]n p>lance comes to be synonym\s ) psy*ology4 ,x 7 to be wi%$ t ,bacon's def9ition ( ! t]m _h be5 accept$1 & m5tal sci5ce deliv]$ f "o ( ! greate/ mon/rosities 9 its nom5clature1 yet ,bacon :imsically en\gh 9 8 ,de ,augm5tis includes ma!matics 9 metaphysics4--,ed4 #hc 8,ne t5ues pluvi1 rapidive pot5tia solis ,acrior1 aut ,bore p5etrabile frigus adurat40 --,virg4 ,georg4 i4 #ib1 #ic4 #hd ,?is notion1 :i* he repeats aga91 & p>ticul>izes 9 ! #ah? aph4 ( ?is book1 is borr[$ f ! anci5ts1 & we ne$ n say is z wise z _! o!r a/ronomical conjectures4 ,! sun also approa*es />s q z l>ge 9 o!r qu>t]s ( ! zodiac1 :5 x looks d[n ^u ! e>? ?r\gh ! murky cl\ds ( w9t]4 ,:5 t lum9>y is 9 ,leo1 ! heat ( ! e>? is c]ta9ly great] ?an at any o!r p]iod1 b ?is arises f ! accumulation ( heat aft] ! sol/ice1 = ! same reason t ! maximum heat ( ! day is at two o'clock in/ead ( noon4--,ed4 #he ,b\gu]1 employ$ by ,l\is ,,xiv4 9 philosophical rese>*es1 asc5d$ ! ,&es to discov] ! globul> =m ( ! e>?1 & publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 passage1 :i* v]ifies ! /atem5t ( ,bacon4 #hf ,montan>i ass]ts 9 8 book aga9/ ! a/rolog]s t he _h satisfi$ himself by num]\s & (t-repeat$ exp]im5ts1 t ! lun> rays ga!r$ to a focus produc$ a s5sible degree ( heat4 ,mus*5brck1 h[ev]1 adopts ! opposite op9ion1 & ass]ts t himself1 ,de la ,hire1 ,villet1 & ,ts*irnhaus5 _h tri$ ) t view ! /ronge/ burn+-glasses 9 va94 7,op]a de ,igne47 ,de la ,l&e makes a simil> confession 9 8 ,a/ronomy 7vol4 ii4 vii4 #adac74 ,b\gu]1 :om we h j quot$1 demon/rat$ t ! light ( ! moon 0 #cjj1jjj degrees less ?an t ( ! sun2 x w\ld consequ5tly be necess>y to inv5t a glass ) an absorb+ p[] #cjj1jjj degrees great] ?an ^? ord9>ily 9 use1 to try ! exp]im5t ,bacon speaks (4--,ed4 #hg ,9 ?is !rmomet]1 m]cury 0 n dilat$ by heat or contract$ by cold1 z ! "o n[ 9 use1 b a mass ( air employ$ in/ead1 :i* fill$ ! cavity ( ! bulb4 ,?is be+ plac$ 9 an inv]t$ position to ours1 t is to say1 ) ! bulb upp]mo/1 press$ d[n ! liquor :5 ! air became dilat$ by heat1 z ours press x upw>d2 & :5 ! heat dim9i%$1 ! liquor rose to occupy ! place vacat$ by ! air1 z ! "o n[ 9 use desc5ds4 ,x consequ5tly 0 liable to be affect$ by a *ange 9 ! temp]ature1 z by ! weight ( air1 & c\ld af=d only a rude /&>d ( accuracy 9 sci5tific inve/igations4 ,?is !rmomet] 0 n ,bacon's own contrivance1 z is commonly suppos$1 b t ( ,drebbel4--,ed4 #hh ,la ,l&e is indignant t ! ,*aldeans %\ld h m correct notions ( ! nature ( comets ?an ! mod]n physici/s1 & *>ges ,bacon ) ent]ta9+ ! idea t !y 7 ! m]e effects ( vapor & heat4 ,?is passage1 ) two o!rs m positive1 9 ! 8,de ,aug40 7cap4 xl47 & ! 8,descript4 ,globi ,intellect40 7cap4 vi47 c]ta9ly af=d gr\nd = ! ass]tion2 b if ,bacon err$1 he err$ ) ,galileo1 & ) ! =emo/ spirits ( ! times4 ,x is true t ,py?agoras & ,s5eca _h ass]t$ _! belief 9 ! solidity ( ^! bodies1 b ! wide dom9ion :i* ,ari/otle subsequ5tly ex]cis$1 ?rew _! op9ions into ! %ade1 & made ! opposite doctr9e ev]y:]e p>am\nt4--,ed4 #hi ,0 x a silk apron :i* exhibit$ electric sp>ks8 ,silk 0 !n sc>ce4 #ij ,! ,italian fire-fly4 #ia ,?is la/ is f\nd to be ! real reason1 air n be+ a good conductor1 & !re=e n all[+ ! escape ( heat4 ,! conf9$ air is dis5gag$ :5 ^! sub/ances are plac$ "u an exhau/$ receiv]4 #ib ,?is is errone\s4 ,air1 9 fact1 is "o ( ! wor/1 & metals are ! be/ conductors ( heat4 #ic ,see ,no4 #bh 9 ! table ( ! degrees ( heat4 #id ,bacon "h mi/akes s5sation conf9$ to ourselves = an int]nal prop]ty ( di/9ct sub/ances4 ,metals are d5s] ?an wood1 & our bodies consequ5tly com+ into contact ) m p>ticles ( matt] :5 we t\* !m1 lose a great] quantity ( heat ?an 9 ! case ( light] sub/ances4--,ed4 #ie ,?is 0 ! anci5t op9ion1 b ! mod]ns incl9e to ! belief t ^! insects are produc$ by g5]ation or fecundity f se$s deposit$ by _! tribes 9 bodies on ! v]ge ( putrefaction4--,ed4 #if ,! correct measure ( ! activity ( flame may be obta9$ by multiply+ its natural =ce into ! squ>e ( its velocity4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! flame ( vivid lightn+ m5tion$ 9 ,no4 #bc conta9s s mu* vigor1 its velocity be+ great] ?an t aris+ f o!r heat4--,ed4 #ig ,! fires supply fre% heat1 ! wat] has only a c]ta9 quantity ( heat1 :i* be+ diffus$ ov] a fre% supply ( cool] wat]1 mu/ be on ! :ole l[]$4 #ih ,if cond5sation 7 ! cause ( ! great] heat1 ,bacon concludes ! c5tre ( ! flame w\ld be ! hott] "p1 & vice v]s4 ,! fact is1 nei!r ( ! causes assign$ by ,bacon is ! true "o2 = ! fire burns m quickly only because ! draught ( air is m rapid1 ! cold d5se air press+ rapidly into ! heat$ room & t[>d ! *imney4--,ed4 #ii ,bacon appe>s to h conf\nd$ combu/ibility & fusibility ) susceptibility ( heat2 = ?\gh ! metals w c]ta9ly nei!r dissolve z soon z ice or butt]1 nor be consum$ z soon z wood1 t only %[s t diff]5t degrees ( heat are requir$ to produce simil> effects on diff]5t bodies2 b metals mu* m readily acquire & transmit ! same degree ( heat ?an any ( ! above sub/ances4 ,! rapid transmission r5d]s !m g5]ally cold to ! t\*4 ,! conv5i5ce ( fix+ wood5 h&les to vessels conta9+ hot wat] illu/rates ^! obs]vations4 #ajj ,ano!r s+ul> error1 ! tru? be+1 t solid bodies are ! be/ conductors2 b ( c\rse :]e heat is diffus$ ov] a l>ge mass1 x is less 9 ea* "p1 ?an if t "p alone absorb$ ! :ole quantum ( heat4--,ed4 #aja ,?is g5]al law or =m has be5 well illu/rat$ by ,newton's discov]y ( ! decomposition ( colors4 #ajb ,i4e41 ! common l9k or =m :i* connects ! v>i\s k9ds ( natures1 su* z ! diff]5t hot or r$ natures enum]at$ above4--,see ,aphorism iii4 "p #b4 #ajc ,?is is errone\s--all metals exp& consid]ably :5 heat$4 #ajd 8,quid ipsum10 ! ( ,ari/otle4 #aje ,to %[ ! error ( ! text1 we ne$ only m5tion ! case ( wat]1 :i*1 :5 conf9$ 9 cork$ vases1 & expos$ to ! action ( a freez+ atmosph]e1 is sure to swell out & break ^? vessels :i* are n suffici5tly l>ge to conta9 its exp&$ volume4 ,megalotti n>rates a hundr$ o!r in/ances ( a simil> "*4--,ed4 #ajf ,bacon's inquisition into ! nature ( heat1 z an example ( ! mode ( int]pret+ nature1 _c be look$ ^u o!rwise ?an z a complete failure4 ,?\gh ! exact nature ( ?is ph5om5on is /ill an obscure & controv]t$ matt]1 ! sci5ce ( !rmotics n[ consi/s ( _m important tru?s1 & to none ( ^! tru?s is !re s mu* z an approximation 9 ,bacon's process4 ,! /eps by :i* ?is sci5ce really advanc$ 7 ! discov]y ( a measure ( a heat or temp]ature1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! laws ( conduction & radiation1 ( ! laws ( specific heat1 lat5t heat1 & ! l4 ,su* advances h l$ to ,ampre's hypo!sis1 t heat consi/s 9 ! vibrations ( an impond]able fluid2 & to ,laplace's !ory1 t temp]ature consi/s 9 ! int]nal radiation ( a simil> m$ium4 ,^! hypo!ses _c yet be said to be ev5 probable1 b at lea/ !y are s modifi$ z to include "s ( ! prec$+ laws :i* are firmly e/abli%$1 :]eas ,bacon's 8=m10 or true def9ition ( heat1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 includes no laws ( ph5om5a1 expla9s no process1 & is inde$ itself an example ( illicit g5]alization4 ,9 all ! details ( 8 example ( heat he is un=tunate4 ,he includes 9 8 collection ( in/ances1 ! hot ta/es ( aromatic plants1 ! cau/ic effects ( acids1 & _m o!r facts :i* _c be ascrib$ to heat )\t a /udi\s laxity 9 ! use ( ! ^w4--,ed4 #ajg ,by ?is t]m ,bacon und]/&s g5]al ph5om5a1 tak5 9 ord] f ! great mass ( indiscrim9ative facts1 :i*1 z !y lie 9 nature1 are apt to g5]ate confusion by _! numb]1 indi/9ctness & complication4 ,su* classes ( ph5om5a1 z be+ peculi>ly sugge/ive ( causation1 he qua9tly classes "u ! title ( pr]ogative inquiries1 ei!r s$uc$ by ! fanciful analogy1 :i* su* in/ances bore to ! pr]ogativa c5turia 9 ! ,roman ,comitia1 or ju/ly consid]+ !m z ,h]s*el supposes to hold a k9d ( pr]ogative dignity f be+ peculi>ly sugge/ive ( causation4 ,two high au?orities 9 physical sci5ce 7v4 ,h]s*el1 ,nat4 ,phil41 art4 #aib2 ,:ewell's ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdc7 pron\nce ^! in/ances ( little s]vice 9 ! task ( induction1 be+ = ! mo/ "p class$ n accord+ to ! ideas :i* !y involve1 or to any obvi\s circum/ance 9 ! facts ( :i* !y consi/1 b accord+ to ! ext5t & mann] ( _! influ5ce ^u ! inquiry 9 :i* !y are employ$4 ,?us we h solit>y in/ances1 migrat+ in/ances1 o/5sive in/ances1 cl&e/9e in/ances1 s t]m$ accord+ to ! degree 9 :i* !y exhibit1 or seem to exhibit1 ! prop]ty1 ^: nature we w\ld exam9e4 ,we h guide-po/ in/ances1 crucial in/ances1 in/ances ( ! p>t$ road1 ( ! doorway1 ( ! lamp1 accord+ to ! guidance !y supply to our advance4 ,:ewell rem>ks t su* a classification is mu* ( ! same nature z if1 hav+ to tea* ! art ( build+1 we 7 to describe tools ) ref]5ce to ! am\nt & place ( ! "w :i* !y mu/ d1 in/ead ( po9t+ out _! con/ruction & use2 z if we 7 to in=m ! pupil t we mu/ h tools = lift+ a /one up1 tools = mov+ x sidewise1 tools = lay+ x squ>e1 & tools = cem5t+ x firmly4 ,! means are ?us lo/ 9 ! end1 & we reap ! fruits ( unme?odical arrangem5t 9 ! confusion ( cross division4 ,9 addition1 all ! in/ances are leav5$ ) ! error ( conf\nd+ ! laws ) ! causes ( ph5om5a1 & we are urg$ to adopt ! fundam5tal error ( seek+ !re9 ! univ]sal ag5ts1 or g5]al causes ( ph5om5a1 )\t asc5d+ ! gradual /eps ( int]m$iate laws4--,ed4 #ajh ,( ^! n9e g5]al heads no m ?an ! fir/ is prosecut$ by ! au?or4 #aji ,?is v ne>ly approa*es to ,sir ,i4 ,newton's discov]y ( ! decomposition ( light by ! prism4 #aaj ,! m9]al k+dom1 z display+ ! same nature 9 all its gradations1 f ! %ells s p]fect 9 /ructure 9 lime/one to ! f9] m>bles 9 :i* _! nature gradually disappe>s1 is ! great !atre = in/ances ( migration4--,ed4 #aaa ,bacon 0 n aw>e ( ! fact s9ce br\ght to light by ,rm]1 t d[n to f\rte5 fa?oms f ! e>?'s mean level ! !rmomet] rema9s fix$ at ! t5? degree1 b t z ! !rmomet] desc5ds bel[ t dep? ! heat increases 9 a ratio proportionate to ! desc5t1 :i* happ5s ) little v>iation 9 all climates4 ,buffon consid]s ?is a pro( ( a c5tral fire 9 our planet4--,ed4 #aab ,all ! div]sities ( bodies dep5d ^u two pr9ciples1 i4e41 ! quantity & ! position ( ! elem5ts t ent] into _! composition4 ,! prim>y diff]5ce is n t :i* dep5ds on ! greate/ or lea/ quantity ( mat]ial elem5ts1 b t :i* dep5ds on _! position4 ,x 0 ! quick p]ception ( ?is tru? t made ,leibnitz say t to complete ma!matics x 0 necess>y to jo9 to ! analysis ( quantity ! analysis ( position4--,ed4 #aac ,qu]y8 #aad ,! real cause ( ?is ph5om5on is ! attraction ( ! surface-wat] 9 ! vessel by ! sides ( ! bubbles4 ,:5 ! bubbles approa*1 ! sides ne>e/ ea* o!r bo? t5d to raise ! small space ( wat] betwe5 !m1 & consequ5tly less wat] is rais$ by ea* ( ^! ne>] sides ?an by ! ext]ior "p ( ! bubble1 & ! great] weight ( ! wat] rais$ on ! ext]ior p>ts pu%es ! bubbles toge!r4 ,9 ! same mann] a bubble ne> ! side ( a vessel is pu%$ t[>d x2 ! vessel & bubble bo? draw+ ! wat] t is betwe5 !m4 ,! latt] ph5om5on _c be expla9$ on ,bacon's hypo!sis4 #aae ,mod]n discov]ies appe> to be> out ! sagacity ( ,bacon's rem>k1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,b>on ,cagn>d may be reg>d$ z a fir/ /ep t[>d its full demon/ration4 ,aft] ! new facts elicit$ by t philosoph]1 !re c be little d\bt t ! solid1 liquid & ari=m /ate ( bodies are m]ely /ages 9 a progress ( gradual transition f "o extreme to ! o!r1 & t h[ev] /rongly m>k$ ! di/9ctions betwe5 !m may appe>1 !y w ultimately turn out to be sep>at$ by no sudd5 or viol5t l9e ( dem>cation1 b slide into ea* o!r by imp]ceptible gradations4 ,bacon's sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 is z old z ,py?agoras1 & p]haps simultane\s ) ! fir/ dawn ( philosophic reason4 ,! doctr9e ( ! reciprocal transmutation ( ! elem5ts und]lies all ! physical sy/ems ( ! anci5ts1 & 0 adopt$ by ! ,epicureans z well z ! ,/oics4 ,ovid op5s 8 la/ book ( ! ,metamorphoses ) ! poetry ( ! subject1 :]e he expressly po9ts to ! h9t ( ,bacon3-- ----8,t5uatus 9 auras ,araque humor abit1 etc41 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,inde retro r$eunt1 idemque retexitur ordo40--xv4 #bdf-bdi4 & ,s5eca1 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,natural ,philosophy1 que/4 iv41 /ates ! op9ion 9 m precise language ?an ei!r ! anci5t b>d or ! mod]n philosoph]4--,ed4 #aaf ,! au?or's own sy/em ( ,memoria ,te*nica may be f\nd 9 ! ,de ,augm5tis1 *ap4 xv4 ,we may add t1 not)/&+ ,bacon's ass]tion t he int5d$ 8 me?od to apply to religion1 politics1 & morals1 ?is is ! only l5g?y illu/ration he has adduc$ ( any subject out ( ! doma9 ( physical sci5ce4--,ed4 #aag ,! collective in/ances "h meant are no o!r ?an g5]al facts or laws ( "s degree ( g5]ality1 & are !mselves ! result ( induction4 ,= example1 ! sy/em ( ,jupit]1 or ,saturn ) its satellites1 is a collective in/ance1 & mat]ially assi/$ 9 secur+ ! admission ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em4 ,we h "h 9 m9iature1 & display$ at "o view1 a sy/em analog\s to t ( ! planets ab\t ! sun1 ( :i*1 f ! circum/ance ( our be+ involv$ 9 x1 & unfavorably situat$ = see+ x o!rwise ?an 9 detail1 we are incapacitat$ f =m+ a g5]al idea1 b by sl[ & progressive ef=ts ( reason4 ,b !re is a species ( collective in/ance :i* ,bacon does n seem to h contemplat$1 9 :i* p>ticul> ph5om5a are pres5t$ 9 su* numb]s at once1 z to make ! induction ( _! law a matt] ( ocul> inspection4 ,= example1 ! p>abolic =m assum$ by a jet ( wat] sp\t$ out ( a hole is a collective in/ance ( ! velocities & directions ( ! motions ( all ! p>ticles :i* compose x se5 toge!r1 & :i* ?us leads u )\t tr\ble to recognize ! law ( ! motion ( a projectile4 ,aga91 ! beautiful figures exhibit$ by s& /rew$ on regul> plates ( glass or metal set 9 vibration1 are collective in/ances ( an inf9ite numb] ( po9ts :i* rema9 at re/ :ile ! rema9d] ( ! plate vibrates1 & 9 consequ5ce af=d u an insight into ! law :i* regulates _! arrangem5t & sequ5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole surface4 ,! ri*ly color$ lemniscates se5 ar\nd ! optic axis ( cry/als expos$ to pol>iz$ light af=d a /rik+ in/ance ( ! same k9d1 po9t+ at once to ! g5]al ma!matical expression ( ! law :i* regulates _! production4 ,su* collective in/ances z ^! lead u to a g5]al law by an induction :i* (f]s itself spontane\sly1 & ?us furni% advanc$ po/s 9 philosophical exploration4 ,! laws ( ,kepl]1 :i* ,bacon ignor$ on acc\nt ( 8 want ( ma!matical ta/e1 may be cit$ z a collective in/ance4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! planets move 9 elliptical orbits1 hav+ ! sun = _! common focus4 ,! second1 t ab\t ?is focus ! radius vector ( ea* planet describes equal areas 9 equal times4 ,! ?ird1 t ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( ! planets are z ! cubes ( _! mean di/ance f ! sun4 ,?is collective in/ance 8op5$ ! way0 to ! discov]y ( ! ,newtonian law ( gravitation4--,ed4 #aah ,is n ?is v ha/y g5]alization8 ,d s]p5ts move ) f\r folds only8 ,obs]ve also ! motion ( c5tip$es & o!r insects4 #aai ,%aw /ates ano!r po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! objects cit$ 9 ! text--animals hav+ _! roots )91 :ile plants h !irs )\t2 = _! lacteals ne>ly correspond ) ! fibres ( ! roots 9 plants2 s t animals seem n\ri%$ )9 !mselves z plants are )\t4--,ed4 #abj ,bacon falls into an error "h 9 reg>d+ ! syllogism z some?+ di/9ct f ! reason+ faculty1 & only "o ( its =ms4 ,x is n g5]ally true t ! syllogism is only a =m ( reason+ by :i* we unite ideas :i* accord ) ! middle t]m4 ,?is agreem5t is n ev5 ess5tial to accurate syllogisms2 :5 ! relation ( ! two ?+s comp>$ to ! ?ird is "o ( equality or similitude1 x ( c\rse foll[s t ! two ?+s comp>$ may be pron\nc$ equal1 or l to ea* o!r4 ,b if ! relation betwe5 ^! t]ms exi/ 9 a diff]5t =m1 !n x is n true t ! two extremes /& 9 ! same relation to ea* o!r z to ! middle t]m4 ,= in/ance1 if ,a is d\ble ( ,b1 & ,b d\ble ( ,c1 !n ,a is quadruple ( ,c4 ,b !n ! relation ( ,a to ,c is diff]5t f t ( ,a to ,b & ( ,b to ,c4--,ed4 #aba ,comp>ative anatomy is full ( analogies ( ?is k9d4 ,^? betwe5 natural & artificial productions are well wor?y ( att5tion1 & sometimes lead to important discov]ies4 ,by obs]v+ an analogy ( ?is k9d betwe5 ! plan us$ 9 hydraulic eng9es = prev5t+ ! c\nt]-curr5t ( a fluid1 & a simil> contrivance 9 ! blood vessels1 ,h>vey 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood4--,ed4 #abb ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 plants1 = ! g>d5] c produce endless v>ieties ( any kn[n species1 b c nev] produce a new species itself4 #abc ,! discov]ies ( ,t\rne=t h plac$ moss 9 ! class ( plants4 ,! fi% allud$ to bel[ are to be f\nd only 9 ! tropics4--,ed4 #abd ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no real approximation to birds 9 ei!r ! fly+ fi% or bat1 any m ?an a man approximates to a fi% because he c swim4 ,! w+s ( ! fly+ fi% & bat are m]e expansions ( sk91 be>+ no resemblance :atev] to ^? ( birds4--,ed4 #abe ,s5eca 0 a s\nd] a/ronom] ?an ,bacon4 ,he ridicul$ ! idea ( ! motion ( any heav5ly bodies be+ irregul>1 & pr$ict$ t ! day w\ld come1 :5 ! laws :i* guid$ ! revolution ( ^! bodies w\ld be prov$ to be id5tical ) ^? :i* controll$ ! motions ( ! planets4 ,! anticipation1 0 realiz$ by ,newton4--,ed4 #abf ,b see ,bacon's own coroll>y at ! end ( ! ,in/ances ( ,divorce1 ,aphorism xxxvii4 ,if ,bacon's rem>k be accept$1 ! c5sure w fall ^u ,newton & ! sy/em s g5]ally receiv$ at ! pres5t day4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 unju/1 z ! c5tre ( :i* ,newton s (t5 speaks is n a po9t ) an active inh]5t =ce1 b only ! result ( all ! p>ticul> & reciprocal attractions ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! planet act+ ^u "o spot4 ,x is evid5t1 t if all ^! =ces 7 unit$ 9 ?is c5tre1 t ! sum w\ld be equal to all _! p>tial effects4--,ed4 #abg ,s9ce ,newton's discov]y ( ! law ( gravitation1 we f9d t ! attractive =ce ( ! e>? mu/ ext5d to an inf9ite di/ance4 ,bacon himself alludes to ! op]ation ( ?is attractive =ce at great di/ances 9 ! ,in/ances ( ! ,rod1 ,aphorism xlv4 #abh ,sn[ reflects light1 b is n a s\rce ( light4 #abi ,bacon's sagacity "h =e%ad[s ,newton's !ory ( ! tides4 #acj ,! error 9 ! text arose f ,bacon's impression t ! e>? 0 immovable4 ,x is evid5t1 s9ce gravitation acts at an inf9ite di/ance1 t no su* po9t c\ld be f\nd2 & ev5 suppos+ ! impossible po9t ( equilibrium discov]$1 ! body c\ld n ma9ta9 its position an in/ant1 b w\ld be hurri$1 at ! fir/ movem5t ( ! heav5ly bodies1 9 ! direction ( ! dom9ant gravitat+ p[]4--,ed4 #aca ,fly clocks are ref]r$ to 9 ! text1 n p5dulum clocks1 :i* 7 n kn[n 9 ,engl& till #affb4 ,! =m]1 ?\gh clumsy & rude 9 _! con/ruction1 /ill embodi$ s\nd me*anical pr9ciples4 ,! comp>ison ( ! effect ( a spr+ ) t ( a weight 9 produc+ c]ta9 motions 9 c]ta9 times on altitudes & 9 m9es1 has rec5tly be5 tri$ by ,pr(essors ,airy & ,:ewell 9 ,dalcoa? m9e1 by means ( a p5dulum1 :i* is only a weight mov$ by gravity1 & a *ronomet] balance mov$ & regulat$ by a spr+4 ,9 8 ?irty-sev5? ,aphorism1 ,bacon also speaks ( gravity z an incorporeal p[]1 act+ at a di/ance1 & requir+ "t = its transmission2 a consid]ation :i* occurr$ at a lat] p]iod to ,laplace 9 "o ( 8 mo/ delicate inve/igations4 ,crucial in/ances1 z ,h]s*el rem>ks1 af=d ! readie/ & secure/ means ( elim9at+ extrane\s causes1 & decid+ betwe5 ! claims ( rival hypo!ses2 especially :5 ^!1 runn+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 9 ! explanation ( great classes ( ph5om5a1 at l5g? come to be plac$ at issue ^u a s+le fact4 ,a curi\s example is giv5 by ,m4 ,fresnel1 z decisive 9 8 m9d ( ! "q betwe5 ! two great !ories on ! nature ( light1 :i*1 s9ce ! "t ( ,newton & ,huygh5s1 h divid$ philosoph]s4 ,:5 two v clean glasses are laid "o on ! o!r1 if !y be n p]fectly flat1 b "o or bo?1 9 an almo/ imp]ceptible degree1 convex or prom95t1 beautiful & vivid colors w be se5 betwe5 !m2 & if ^! be view$ ?r\gh a r$ glass1 _! appe>ance w be t ( alt]nate d>k & bright /ripes4 ,^! /ripes are =m$ betwe5 ! two surfaces 9 app>5t contact1 & be+ applicable on bo? !ories1 are appeal$ to by _! respective support]s z /rong confirmatory facts2 b !re is a diff]5ce 9 "o circum/ance1 accord+ z "o or o!r !ory is employ$ to expla9 !m4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,huygh5ian !ory1 ! int]vals betwe5 ! bright /ripes ought to appe> absolutely black1 :5 a prism is us$ = ! upp] glass1 9 ! o!r half bright4 ,?is curi\s case ( diff]5ce 0 tri$1 z soon z ! oppos+ consequ5ces ( ! two !ories 7 not$ by ,m4 ,fresnel1 & ! result is /at$ by him to be decisive 9 favor ( t !ory :i* makes light to consi/ 9 ! vibrations ( an ela/ic m$ium4--,ed4 #acb ,bacon pla9ly1 f ?is passage1 0 incl9$ to believe t ! moon1 l ! comets1 0 no?+ m ?an illum9at$ vapor4 ,! ,newtonian law1 h[ev]1 has n only e/abli%$ its solidity1 b its d5sity & weight4 ,a suffici5t pro( ( ! =m] is af=d$ by ! attraction ( ! sea1 & ! moon's motion r\nd ! e>?4--,ed4 #acc ,r ! refraction2 ! sky or air1 h[ev]1 reflects ! blue rays ( light4 #acd ,! poli%$ surface ( ! glass causes ! reflection 9 ?is case1 & n ! air2 & a hat or o!r black surface put beh9d ! w9d[ 9 ! daytime w enable ! glass to reflect di/9ctly = ! same reason1 namely1 t ! reflect$ rays are n mix$ & confus$ ) ^? transmitt$ f ! o!r side ( ! w9d[4 #ace ,^! in/ances1 :i* ,bacon seems to consid] z a great discov]y1 are no?+ m ?an disjunctive propositions comb9$ ) dilemmas4 ,9 propos+ to expla9 an effect1 we comm5ce ) ! enum]ation ( ! diff]5t causes :i* seem connect$ ) its production2 !n ) ! aid ( "o or m dilemmas1 we elim9ate ea* ( ! ph5om5a accid5tal to its composition1 & conclude ) attribut+ ! effect to ! residue4 ,= in/ance1 a c]ta9 ph5om5on 7a7 is produc$ ei!r by ph5om5on 7,b7 or ph5om5on 7,c72 b ,c _c be ! cause ( a1 = x is f\nd 9 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 nei!r ( :i* are connect$ ) a4 ,!n ! true cause ( ph5om5on 7a7 mu/ be ph5om5on 7,b74 ,?is species ( reason+ is liable to sev]al p>alogisms1 aga9/ :i* ,bacon has n gu>d$ 8 read]s1 f ! v fact t he /umbl$ into !m unwitt+ly himself4 ,! two pr9cipal ones are false exclusions & defective enum]ations4 ,bacon1 9 8 survey ( ! causes :i* are able to concur 9 produc+ ! ph5om5a ( ! tides1 takes no acc\nt ( ! p]iodic melt+ ( ! ,pol> ice1 or ! expansion ( wat] by ! sol> heat2 nor does he f>e bett] 9 8 exclusions4 ,= ! attraction ( ! planets & ! progression & retrograde motion communicat$ by ! e>?'s diurnal revolution1 c pla9ly affect ! sea toge!r1 & h a simultane\s influ5ce on its surface4 ,bacon is h>dly j or consi/5t 9 8 c5sure ( ,ramus2 ! end ( ^: di*otomy 0 only to r5d] reason+ by dilemma1 & crucial in/ances1 m c]ta9 9 _! results1 by r$uc+ ! divisions :i* compos$ _! p>ts to two sets ( contradictory propositions4 ,! affirmative or negative ( "o w\ld !n necess>ily h l$ to ! acceptance or rejection ( ! o!r4--,ed4 #acf ,pre ,%5i] fir/ po9t$ out ! spots on ! sun's disk1 & by ! m>ks :i* !y af=d$ him1 comput$ its revolution to be p]=m$ 9 tw5ty-five days & "s h\rs4--,ed4 #acg ,ru/ is n[ well kn[n to be a *emical comb9ation ( oxyg5 ) ! metal1 & ! metal :5 ru/y acquires additional weight4 ,8 !ory z to ! g5]ation ( animals1 is d$uc$ f ! errone\s notion ( ! possibility ( spontane\s g5]ation 7z x 0 t]m$74 ,see ! next p>agraph b "o4 #ach 8,limus ut hic durescit1 et hc ut c]a liquescit ,uno eodemque igni40--,virg4 ,ecl4 viii4 #aci ,see ,table ( ,degrees1 ,no4 #ch4 #adj ,riccati1 & all mod]n physici/s1 discov] "s portion ( light 9 e body1 :i* seems to confirm ! passage 9 ,g5esis t assigns to ?is sub/ance priority 9 creation4--,ed4 #ada ,z in/ances ( ?is k9d1 :i* ! progress ( sci5ce s9ce ! "t ( ,bacon af=ds1 we may cite ! air-pump & ! b>omet]1 = manife/+ ! weight & ela/icity ( air3 ! measurem5t ( ! velocity ( light1 by means ( ! occultation ( ,jupit]'s satellites & ! ab]ration ( ! fix$ />s3 ! exp]im5ts 9 electricity & galvanism1 & 9 ! great] "p ( pneumatic *emi/ry4 ,9 all ^! cases sci5tific facts are elicit$1 :i* s5se c\ld nev] h reveal$ to u4--,ed4 #adb ,! it9]ant in/ances1 z well z fronti] in/ances1 are cases 9 :i* we are enabl$ to trace ! g5]al law ( cont9uity :i* seems to p]vade all nature1 & :i* has be5 aptly embodi$ 9 ! s5t5ce1 8natura non agit p] saltum40 ,! pursuit ( ?is law into ph5om5a :]e its application is n at fir/ sight obvi\s1 has op5$ a m9e ( physical discov]y1 & l$ u to p]ceive an intimate connection betwe5 facts :i* at fir/ seem$ ho/ile to ea* o!r4 ,= example1 ! transp>5cy ( gold-leaf1 :i* p]mits a blui%-gre5 light to pass ?r\gh x1 is a fronti] in/ance betwe5 transp>5t & opaque bodies1 by exhibit+ a body ( ! glass g5]ally reg>d$ ! mo/ opaque 9 nature1 z /ill possess$ ( "s slight degree ( transp>5cy4 ,x ?us proves t ! quality ( opacity is n a contr>y or antagoni/ic quality to t ( transp>5cy1 b only its extreme l[e/ degree4 #adc ,allud+ to 8 !ory ( atoms4 #add ,obs]ve ! approximation to ,newton's !ory4 ,! same notion repeat$ /ill m cle>ly 9 ! n9? motion4 ,newton believ$ t ! planets might s conspire z to d]ange ! e>?'s annual revolution1 & to elongate ! l9e ( ! apsides & ellipsis t ! e>? describes 9 its annual revolution r\nd ! sun4 ,9 ! supposition t all ! planets meet on ! same /raight l9e1 ,v5us & ,m]cury on "o side ( ! sun1 & ! e>?1 moon1 ,m>s1 ,jupit] & ,saturn on ! side diametrically opposite2 !n ,saturn w\ld attract ,jupit]1 ,jupit] ,m>s1 ,m>s ! moon1 :i* mu/ 9 its turn attract ! e>? 9 proportion to ! =ce ) :i* x 0 drawn out ( its orbit4 ,! result ( ?is comb9$ action on our planet w\ld elongate its ecliptic orbit1 & s f> draw x f ! s\rce ( heat1 z to produce an int5sity ( cold de/ructive to animal life4 ,b ?is movem5t w\ld imm$iately cease ) ! planet>y concurr5ce :i* produc$ x1 & ! e>?1 l a compress$ spr+1 b\nd almo/ z ne> to ! sun z %e _h be5 drawn f x1 ! reaction ( ! heat on its surface be+ ab\t z int5se z ! cold caus$ by ! fir/ removal 0 sev]e4 ,! e>?1 until x ga9$ its regul> track1 w\ld ?us alt]nately vibrate betwe5 ea* side ( its orbit1 ) successive *anges 9 its atmosph]e1 proportional to ! squ>e ( ! v>iation ( its di/ance f ! sun4 ,9 no place is ,bacon's g5ius m conspicu\s ?an 9 ^! repeat$ guesses at tru?4 ,he w\ld h be5 a /rong ,cop]nican1 _h n ,gilb]t def5d$ ! sy/em4--,ed4 #ade ,?is is n true except :5 ! projectile acquires great] velocity at e successive in/ant ( its c\rse1 :i* is nev] ! case except ) fall+ bodies4 ,bacon appe>s to h be5 l$ into ! op9ion f obs]v+ t gun%ots pi]ce _m objects at a di/ance f :i* !y reb\nd :5 br\ght )9 a c]ta9 proximity ( contact4 ,?is app>5t inconsi/5cy1 h[ev]1 arises f ! resi/ance ( ! p>ts ( ! object1 :i* velocity comb9$ ) =ce is necess>y to ov]come4--,ed4 #adf ,?is passage %[s t ! pressure ( ! ext]nal atmosph]e1 :i* =ces ! wat] into ! egg1 0 n 9 ,bacon's "t und]/ood4--,ed4 #adg ,we h already allud$1 9 a note prefix$ to ! same aphorism ( ! fir/ book1 to ,newton's error ( ! absolute lightness ( bodies4 ,9 speak+ aga9 ( ! volatile or spiritual sub/ances 7,aph4 xl4 b4 ii47 :i* he suppos$ ) ! ,platoni/s & "s ( ! s*oolm5 to ent] into ! composition ( e body1 he ascribes to !m a p[] ( less5+ ! weight ( ! mat]ial coat+ 9 :i* he supposes !m inclos$4 ,x w\ld appe> f ^! passages & ! text t ,bacon _h no idea ( ! relative d5sity ( bodies1 & ! capability :i* "s h to dim9i% ! specific gravity ( ! heavi] sub/ances by ! dilation ( _! p>ts2 or if he _h1 ! rev]ies 9 :i* ,ari/otle indulg$ 9 treat+ ( ! s\l1 ab\t ! appet5cy ( bodies to fly to k9dr$ sub/ances--flame & _s to ! sky1 & solid opaque sub/ances to ! e>?1 mu/ h vitiat$ 8 m9d4--,ed4 #adh ,rm]1 a ,dani% a/ronom]1 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate1 by connect+ ! irregul>ities ( ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites ) _! di/ances f ! e>?1 ! necessity ( "t = ! propagation ( light4 ,! idea occurr$ to ,dom9ic ,cass9i z well z ,bacon1 b bo? all[$ ! discov]y to slip out ( _! h&s4--,ed4 #adi ,! au?or 9 ! text conf\nds in]tness1 :i* is a simple indiff]5ce ( bodies to action1 ) gravity1 :i* is a =ce act+ always 9 proportion to _! d5sity4 ,he falls into ! same error fur!r on4--,ed4 #aej ,! exp]im5ts ( ! la/ two classes ( in/ances are consid]$ only 9 relation to practice1 & ,bacon does n s mu* z m5tion _! inf9itely great] importance 9 ! !oretical "p ( induction4 ,! important law ( gravitation 9 physical a/ronomy c\ld nev] h be5 demon/rat$ b by su* obs]vations & exp]im5ts z assign$ accurate geometrical measures to ! quantities comp>$4 ,x 0 necess>y to det]m9e ) precision ! demi-diamet] ( ! e>?1 ! velocity ( fall+ bodies at its surface1 ! di/ance ( ! moon1 & ! spe$ ) :i* %e describes h] orbit1 be=e ! relation c\ld be discov]$ betwe5 ! =ce :i* draws a /one to ! gr\nd & t :i* reta9s ! moon 9 h] sph]e4 ,9 _m cases ! result ( a numb] ( p>ticul> facts1 or ! collective in/ances ris+ out ( !m1 c only be discov]$ by geometry1 :i* s f> becomes necess>y to complete ! "w ( induction4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( optics1 :5 light passes f "o transp>5t m$ium to ano!r1 x is refract$1 & ! angle :i* ! ray ( incid5ce makes ) ! sup]ficies :i* b\nds ! two m$ia det]m9es t :i* ! refract$ ray makes ) ! same sup]ficies4 ,n[1 all exp]im5t c d = u 9 ?is case is1 to det]m9e = any p>ticul> angle ( incid5ce ! correspond+ angle ( refraction4 ,b ) respect to ! g5]al rule :i* 9 e possible case d$uces "o ( ^! angles f ! o!r1 or expresses ! con/ant & inv>iable relation :i* subsi/s betwe5 !m1 exp]im5t gives no direct in=mation4 ,geometry mu/1 consequ5tly1 be call$ 91 :i*1 :5 a con/ant ?\gh unkn[n relation subsi/s betwe5 two angles1 or two v>iable qualities ( any k9d1 & :5 an indef9ite numb] ( values ( ^? quantities are assign$1 furni%es infallible means ( discov]+ t unkn[n relation ei!r accurately or by approximation4 ,9 ?is way x has be5 f\nd1 :5 ! two m$ia rema9 ! same1 ! cos9es ( ! above-m5tion$ angles h a con/ant ratio to ea* o!r4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! relations ( ! simple elem5ts ( ph5om5a are discov]$ to af=d a g5]al rule :i* w apply to any concrete case1 ! d$uctive me?od mu/ be appli$1 & ! elem5t>y pr9ciples made ?r\gh its ag5cy to acc\nt = ! laws ( _! m complex comb9ations4 ,! reflection & refraction ( light by ! ra9 fall+ f a cl\d opposite to ! sun 0 ?\ght1 ev5 be=e ,newton's day1 to conta9 ! =m ( ! ra9b[4 ,?is philosoph] trans=m$ a probable conjecture into a c]ta9 fact :5 he d$uc$ f ! kn[n laws ( reflection & refraction ! bread? ( ! color$ ar*1 ! diamet] ( ! circle ( :i* x is a "p1 & ! relation ( ! latt] to ! place ( ! spectator & ! sun4 ,d\bt 0 at once sil5c$ :5 !re came out ( 8 calculus a comb9ation ( ! same laws ( ! simple elem5ts ( optics answ]+ to ! ph5om5a 9 nature4--,ed4 #aea ,z f> z ?is motion results f attraction & repulsion1 x is only a simple consequ5ce ( ! la/ two4--,ed4 #aeb ,^! two cases are n[ resolv$ into ! prop]ty ( ! capill>y tubes & pres5t only ano!r feature ( ! law ( attraction4--,ed4 #aec ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ useful practical me?ods 9 *emi/ry at ! pres5t day4 #aed ,see ,aphorism xxv4 #aee ,qu]y8 #aef ,obs]ve ?is approximation to ,newton's !ory4 #aeg ,^? diff]5ces :i* are g5]at$ by ! masses & respective di/ances ( bodies are only diff]5ces ( quantity1 & n specific2 consequ5tly ^? ?ree classes are only "o4--,ed4 #aeh ,see ! cit+ in/ances1 ,aphorism xl4 #aei ,ari/otle's doctr9e1 t s\nd takes place :5 bodies /rike ! air1 :i* ! mod]n sci5ce ( ac\/ics has completely e/abli%$1 0 reject$ by ,bacon 9 a treatise ^u ! same subject3 8,! collision or ?ru/+ ( air10 he says1 8:i* !y w h to be ! cause ( s\nd1 nei!r d5otes ! =m nor ! lat5t process ( s\nd1 b is a t]m ( ignorance & ( sup]ficial contemplation40 ,to get out ( ! difficulty1 he betook himself to 8 !ory ( spirits1 a species ( ph5om5a :i* he con/antly introduces to give himself ! air ( expla9+ ?+s he c\ld n und]/&1 or w\ld n admit ^u ! hypo!sis ( 8 oppon5ts4--,ed4 #afj ,! motion ( trepidation1 z ,bacon calls x1 0 attribut$ by ! anci5t a/ronom]s to ! eight sph]es1 relative to ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,galileo 0 ! fir/ to obs]ve ?is k9d ( lun> motion4--,ed4 #afa ,"p ( ! air is exp&$ & escapes1 & "p is consum$ by ! flame4 ,:5 cond5s$1 !re=e1 by ! cold application1 x _c (f] suffici5t resi/ance to ! ext]nal atmosph]e to prev5t ! liquid or fle% f be+ =c$ into ! glass4 #afb ,heat c n[ be ab/ract$ by a v simple process1 till ! degree ( cold be ( almo/ any requir$ int5sity4--,ed4 #afc ,x is impossible to comp>e a degree ( heat ) a degree ( cold1 )\t ! assumption ( "s arbitr>y te/1 to :i* ! degrees are to be ref]r$4 ,9 ! next s5t5ce ,bacon appe>s to h tak5 ! p[] ( animal life to support heat or cold z ! te/1 & !n ! comp>ison c only be betwe5 ! degree ( heat or ( cold t w produce dea?4 ,! z]o mu/ be arbitr>y :i* divides equally a c]ta9 degree ( heat f a c]ta9 degree ( cold4--,ed4 #afd ,x may (t5 be obs]v$ on ! leaves ( ! lime & o!r trees4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,punctuation errors 7 correct$4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation 0 reta9$4 8,de la ,l&e0 & 8,la ,l&e0 bo? appe> 9 text & 7 reta9$4 8,%5i]01 editor's spell+ ( 8,s*e9]01 0 reta9$4 ,on p4 #cg1 a p>agraph break 0 ins]t$ be=e ,!re is a cle> example 4444 ,on p4 #dd1 8!0 0 *ang$ f 8,!0 7! usual me?od74 ,on p4 #he1 8t0 0 *ang$ f 8,t0 7t a species74 ,on p4 #hf1 8t0 0 *ang$ f 8,t0 7t an in/rum5t74 ,on p4 #aah1 8ari=m0 0 *ang$ f 8a]i=m0 7ari=m or igni=m74 ,on p4 #agh1 8borr[0 0 *ang$ f 8brorr[0 7to borr[ a t]m f ! gramm>ians74 ,on p4 #bjd1 8suffici5tly0 0 *ang$ f 8sufficietly0 7b suffici5tly d5se74 ,on p4 #bai1 8quantity0 0 *ang$ f 8quanity0 7quantity ( gold74 ,9 footnote #e1 8psy*ological0 0 *ang$ f 8pys*ological0 7mo/ o!r psy*ological74 ,9 footnote #bc1 8t0 0 *ang$ f 8?a0 7t we h no?+74 ,9 footnote #cc1 #gb 0 *ang$ f 8#bb0 7,acad4 ,prior4 ii4 #gb474 ,9 footnote #fj1 8ix40 0 *ang$ f 8x40 7,livy1 lib4 ix474 ,9 footnote #ga1 80 0 *ang$ f 804 ,9 footnote #hf1 8necess>y0 0 *ang$ f 8neces>y0 7necess>y to inv5t74 ,9 footnote #hg1 8liquor0 0 *ang$ f 8liq\r0 7! liquor rose74 ,9 footnote #afa1 8!0 0 *ang$ f 8?0 7by ! flame74