,illustration3 ,,edward ,,staniford     
,,rogers               ,,state ,,of     
,,new ,,york--,,department ,,of         
,,agriculture                ,fifteenth 
,annual ,report--,vol4 #c--,part ,,ii   
,,the                           ,,grapes
 ,,of ,,new ,,york                      
,,by                              ,u4   
,p4 ,,hedrick                           
,,assisted ,,by                         
,n4 ,o4 ,,booth                         
,o4 ,m4 ,,taylor                        
,r4 ,,wellington                        
,m4 ,j4 ,,dorsey  ,report of the ,new   
,york ,agricultural ,experiment ,station
 for the ,year #aijg                    
,,ii                                    
,,albany                   ,j4 ,b4      
,,lyon ,,company1 ,,state ,,printers    
#aijh                    ,,new ,,york   
,,agricultural ,,experiment ,,station1  
,,geneva1 ,n4 ,y41 ,december #ca1 #aijg4
       ,to the ,honorable ,board of     
,control of the ,new ,york ,agricultural
      ,experiment ,station3             

,,gentlemen4--,i have the honor to      
submit herewith ,part ,,ii of the report
 of this institution for the year #aijg1
 to be known as ,the ,grapes of ,new    
,york4 ,it is the second in the series  
of fruit publications which is now being
 prepared under your authority4  ,this  
volume is the result of years of        
recorded observations by members of the 
,station staff1 to which has been added 
the collection of a large amount of     
information from practical growers of   
the grape4 ,every effort has been made  
to insure completeness and accuracy of  
statement1 and to make the work a       
reliable guide as to all the varieties  
of grapes that are likely to meet the   
attention of ,new ,york grape-growers4  
,it is believed that this volume will   
occupy a useful place in grape          
literature and will be serviceable to an
 important industry in this ,state4  ,w4
 ,h4 ,,jordan1  ,director4     ,,preface
   ,the purpose of ,the ,grapes of ,new 
,york is to record the state of         

development of ,american grapes4 ,the   
title implies that the work is being    
done for a locality but in this matter  
,new ,york is representative of the     
whole country4 ,the contents are3 ,brief
 historical narratives of ,old ,world   
and ,new ,world grapes2 an account of   
the grape regions and of grape-growing  
in ,new ,york1 with statistics relating 
to the grape1 wine and grape juice      
industries in this ,state2 a discussion 
of the species of ,american grapes2 and 
the synonymy1 bibliography1 economic    
status1 and full descriptions of all of 
the important varieties of ,american    
grapes4 ,in the footnotes will be found 
brief biographical sketches of those    
persons who have contributed most to the
 evolution of the grape and to          
grape-growing in ,america and some      
historical and descriptive notices of   
certain things pertaining to the grape  
which do not belong in the text and yet 
serve to give a better understanding of 
it or otherwise add to the completeness 

of the book4 ,color-plates are shown of 
varieties which from various standpoints
 are considered most important4  ,in the
 brief account of the ,old ,world grape 
there is little that is new4 ,its       
history is on record from the earliest  
times in the literature of nearly all   
civilized peoples4 ,a few facts1        
selected here and there1 have been taken
 to serve as an introduction to the     
accounts of the ,new ,world grapes4 ,so1
 too1 the history of the ,american grape
 has been written by others and1 here1  
only the main facts have been set down  
as recorded in the score or more books  
dealing with this fruit4 ,a few         
excursions have been made in hitherto   
unexplored fields4 ,the purpose of these
 historical sketches is to give the     
reader a proper perspective of the work 
in hand4  ,the grape is probably        
influenced to a greater degree by soil1 
climate1 and culture than any other     
fruit1 and a discussion of its status   
cannot be complete without due          

consideration of the environment in     
which it is growing4 ,hence there is    
included as full an account of          
grape-growing and of the grape regions  
in ,new ,york as space permits4 ,this   
part of the work may serve the          
prospective planter somewhat in         
selecting soils and locations but as it 
is not written with this as a chief end1
 it falls far short of some of the      
standard treatises on grape culture in  
this respect4  ,comparatively few       
statistics are given1 only those which  
are necessary to show the volume of     
grape products and the extent of the    
vineyards in the ,state and country at  
the present time4 ,the figures for the  
whole country are surpassed by those of 
no other native fruit1 and only by corn 
and tobacco among all the domesticated  
native plants4  ,the botany of the grape
 has been the most perplexing problem to
 deal with in the preparation of this   
work4 ,the variability of the grape is  
so great1 and the variations are so     

often toward closely related species1   
that it is difficult to tell where one  
species ends and another begins4 ,this1 
of course1 has led to differences in    
opinions4 ,then1 too1 the several       
monographers have not had the same      
specimens to work with2 men do not have 
the same powers of discrimination2 and  
the arrangement of botanical groups1    
based upon the characters of the plants 
and the theory of descent with adaptive 
modifications1 is not governed by       
definite rules2 hence botanical         
divisions are arbitrary and differ with 
the judgments of the botanists who make 
them4 ,for these reasons we have as many
 different arrangements of species of   
grapes as there are men who have worked 
them over4  ,since this work is not     
written from the standpoint of the      
botanist but of the horticulturist1 no  
effort has been made to revise the      
botany of the grape4 ,but it has been   
necessary to select some arrangement of 
species in order to make such           

disposition of the cultivated varieties 
that their characters and relationships 
can best be shown4 ,in making a choice  
of the several recent classifications of
 ,american grapes1 three main           
considerations have been in mind3       
,first1 that the arrangement should     
separate the species in the genus       
freely1 thus decreasing the size of the 
groups so that they may be more easily  
studied4 ,second1 that it should show as
 clearly as possible the relationships  
of the various groups and of their      
development--the evolution of the grape4
 ,third1 that it be an arrangement in   
good standing with botanists and        
horticulturists4 ,after having examined 
all ,american classifications of grapes 
and all recent ,european ones1 ,bailey's
 classification1 as set forth in his    
monograph of the ,vitaceae in ,gray's   
,synoptical ,flora1 in the ,evolution of
 our ,native ,fruits1 and in the        
,cyclopedia of ,american ,horticulture1 
was adopted4  ,the ,grapes of ,new ,york

 makes its chief contribution to the    
pomology of the country in the          
description of varieties4 ,the authors  
have tried to study varieties from every
 point of view1 not alone nor chiefly1  
it must be said1 with regard to their   
cultural value2 for most of the         
varieties pass out of cultivation and   
such information would be worthless     
within a few years at most4 ,but1       
rather1 the effort has been to determine
 what elementary or unit characters the 
grape possesses as shown in its         
botanical and horticultural groups4 ,the
 ,twentieth ,century begins with the    
unanimous judgment of scientists that   
the characters of plants are independent
 entities which are thrown into various 
relationships with each other in        
individuals and groups of individuals4  
,this conception of unit characters lies
 at the foundation of plant improvement4
 ,we are but beginning the breeding of  
,american grapes and it has seemed to   
the writer that the most important part 

of this undertaking is to discover and  
record as far as possible these unit    
characters of grapes1 thereby aiding to 
furnish a foundation for grape-breeding4
 ,the great problem of plant-breeding in
 the future will be to correlate the    
characters known to exist in the plant  
being improved2 we must know what these 
are before we begin to combine and      
rearrange them4  ,the varieties are     
arranged alphabetically throughout1     
though1 were present knowledge exact    
enough1 it would be far better to       
arrange them in natural groups4 ,such a 
classification is probably possible1 but
 it remains for future workers to search
 out the relationships which the        
structures and qualities of plant and   
fruit indicate and to group the         
varieties naturally rather than         
alphabetically4 ,wherever possible in   
this work1 however1 the relationships of
 varieties have been indicated as fully 
as knowledge permits1 thus making a     
start toward natural classification4    

,in the lists of synonyms given1 all    
known names for a variety used in the   
,american literature of the grape are   
brought together4 ,these lists ought to 
be useful in correcting and simplifying 
the nomenclature of the grape which1    
like that of all of our fruits1 is in   
more or less confusion4 ,it is hoped    
that the work may become a standard     
guide1 for some time to come at least1  
in the identification of varieties and  
in nomenclature1 and that it will aid   
originators of new grapes and nurserymen
 in avoiding the duplication of names4  
,in matters pertaining to nomenclature1 
the revised rules of the ,american      
,pomological ,society have been         
followed1 though in a few cases it has  
not seemed best to make changes which   
their strict observance would have      
required4 ,the necessity for rules is   
shown by an examination of the synonymy 
of any considerable number of varieties 
as given in the body of the work4 ,in   
some cases varieties have from ten to   

twenty names and very often different   
varieties are found to have the same    
name4 ,this chaotic condition is        
confusing and burdensome and it has been
 one of the aims in the preparation of  
the work to set straight the            
horticultural nomenclature of the grape1
 thus lessening the difficulty and      
uncertainty of identification and making
 the comparative study of varieties     
easier4  ,it would be impossible1 and   
not worth while1 could it be done1 to   
give all of the references to be found  
in even the standard grape literature4  
,only such have been given as have been 
found useful by the writers or as would 
serve to give the future student of the 
literature of grape varieties a working 
basis4  ,a brief history of each variety
 is given so far as it can be determined
 by correspondence and from grape       
literature4 ,in these historical        
sketches the originator and his method  
of work justly receive most attention4  
,the place1 date and circumstances of   

origin1 the distributor1 and the present
 distribution of the variety1 are given 
when known and are of about equal       
importance in the plan of this work4    
,the technical descriptions of grapes   
are all first-hand and made by members  
of the present horticultural department 
of the ,station from living plants4 ,but
 rarely has it been necessary to go to  
books for any one character of a vine or
 fruit though the leading authorities   
have been consulted in the final writing
 of the descriptions and modifications  
made when the weight of authority has   
been against the records of the         
,station4 ,some differences must be     
expected between descriptions of        
varieties made in different years1      
different localities and by different   
men4 ,for most part the varieties       
described are growing on the ,station   
grounds but every opportunity has been  
taken to study several specimens of each
 variety and especially of the fruit4   
,in many instances the descriptions have

 been submitted to the originators1     
introducers1 or to some recognized grape
 specialist4  ,a number of              
considerations have governed the        
selection of varieties for full         
descriptions4 ,these are3 ,first1 the   
value of a variety for the commercial or
 amateur grower for any part of the     
,state as determined by the records of  
this ,station1 by reports collected from
 over #bjjj grape-growers1 and by       
published information from whatever     
source4 ,second1 the probable value of  
new sorts as determined by their        
behavior elsewhere4 ,third1 to show     
combinations of species or varieties1 or
 new characters hitherto unknown in     
fruit or vine1 or to portray the range  
in variation1 or to suggest to the      
plant-breeder a course of future        
development4 ,fourth1 a few sorts have  
been described because of their         
historical value--for the retrospection 
of the grape-grower of the present and  
the future4 ,it is needless to say that 

many of the varieties described are     
worthless to the cultivator4  ,in all of
 the descriptions the effort has been to
 depict living plants and not things    
existing only in books2 to give a pen   
picture of them that will show all of   
their characters4 ,an attempt has been  
made1 too1 to show the breeding of the  
plants1 their relationships2 to show    
what combination of characters exist in 
the different groups of varieties2 to   
designate1 as far as possible1 the      
plastic types2 in short to show grapes  
as variable1 plastic plants capable of  
further improvement and not as          
unchangeable organisms restricted to    
definite forms4  ,it is hoped that the  
color-plates will be of great service in
 illustrating the text4 ,all possible   
means at the command of photography and 
color printing have been used to make   
them exact reproductions4 ,the          
specimens1 too1 have been selected with 
the utmost care4 ,in preparing these    
illustrations the thought has been that 

technical descriptions1 however simply  
written1 are not easily understood1 and 
that the readiest means of comparison   
and identification for the average      
reader would be found in the            
color-plates4 ,through these and the    
accompanying descriptions it is hoped   
that all who desire may acquire1 with   
time and patience1 a knowledge of the   
botanical characters of grapes and      
thereby an understanding of the         
technical descriptions4 ,the plates have
 been made under the personal           
supervision of the writer4  ,with all   
care possible1 due allowance must yet be
 made for the failure to reproduce      
nature exactly in the color-plates4 ,the
 plates are several removes from the    
fruit4 ,four negatives were taken of    
each subject with a color filter between
 the lens and the fruit4 ,a copper plate
 was made from each negative1 one for   
each of the four colors1 red1 yellow1   
black and blue4 ,the color-plates in the
 book are composed of these four colors1

 combined by the camera1 the artist1 the
 horticulturist and the printer4 ,with  
all of these agencies between the fruit 
and the color-plate they could not be   
exact reproductions4 ,it must ever be in
 mind1 too1 that grapes grown in        
different localities vary more or less  
in all characters and that the          
reproduction can represent the fruit    
from but one locality4 ,the specimens   
from which the plates were made came for
 most part from the ,station grounds4   
,the illustrations are life size and as 
far as possible from average specimens4 
,acknowledgments are due to ,professor  
,spencer ,a4 ,beach of ,ames1 ,iowa1    
who1 while in charge of this ,department
 previous to ,august1 #aije1 had begun  
the collection and organization of      
information on grapes1 much of which has
 been used in this volume2 to ,mr4 ,f4  
,h4 ,hall1 who as ,station ,editor has  
read the manuscripts and proof sheets   
and given much valuable assistance in   
organizing the information presented2 to

 ,zeese-,wilkinson  ,co41 through whose 
zeal and painstaking skill the          
color-plates1 which add so much to the  
beauty and value of the book1 have been 
made2 and lastly to the grape-growers of
 ,new ,york who have given information  
whenever called upon and who have       
generously furnished grapes for         
descriptive and photographic work4  ,u4 
,p4 ,,hedrick1  ,horticulturist1 ,new   
,york ,agricultural ,experiment         
,station4     ,,table ,,of ,,contents   
,,page4  ,,preface                      
v  ,,index ,,to ,,illustrations         
xiii  ,,chapter ,i4--,the ,old ,world   
,grape                            #a    
,,chapter ,,ii4--,american ,grapes      
#bf  ,,chapter ,,iii4--,the ,viticulture
 of ,new ,york                 #fh      
,,chapter ,,iv4--,species of ,american  
,grapes                   #ie  ,,chapter
 ,v4--,the ,leading ,varieties of       
,american ,grapes     #aeg  ,,chapter   
,,vi4--,the ,minor ,varieties of        
,american ,grapes      #dcc             

,,bibliography ,,and ,,references ,,with
 ,,abbreviations ,,used      #eca       
,,index                                 
#ecg     ,,index ,,to ,,illustrations   
,,portrait ,,of ,,edward ,,staniford    
,,rogers                                
,frontispiece                           
,,facing ,,page  ,,agawam               
#aeh  ,,america                         
#afh  ,,aminia                          
#agj  ,,august ,,giant                  
#agb  ,,bacchus                         
#agd  ,,barry                           
#agh  ,,berckmans                       
#ahb  ,,black ,,eagle                   
#ahd  ,,black ,,hamburg 7,,reduced      
,,size7                                 
#ahf  ,,brighton                        
#aib  ,,brilliant                       
#aid  ,,campbell ,,early                
#aif  ,,canada                          
#bjj  ,,carman                          
#bjb  ,,catawba                         
#bjd  ,,champion                        
#baj  ,,clinton                         

#bad  ,,colerain                        
#bah  ,,concord                         
#bbj  ,,cottage                         
#bbb  ,,creveling                       
#bbd  ,,croton                          
#bbf  ,,cynthiana                       
#bbh  ,,delaware                        
#bcb  ,,diamond                         
#bcf  ,,diana                           
#bch  ,,downing                         
#bdb  ,,dracut ,,amber                  
#bdd  ,,dutchess                        
#bdf  ,,early ,,ohio                    
#bdh  ,,early ,,victor                  
#bej  ,,eaton                           
#beb  ,,eclipse                         
#bed  ,,elvira                          
#bfj  ,,empire ,,state                  
#bfb  ,,eumelan                         
#bff  ,,goethe                          
#bgf  ,,goff                            
#bgh  ,,grein ,,golden                  
#bhb  ,,hartford                        
#bhd  ,,headlight                       
#bhh  ,,herbert                         

#bib  ,,hercules                        
#bid  ,,hidalgo                         
#bif  ,,highland                        
#bih  ,,hybrid ,,franc                  
#cjj  ,,iona                            
#cjb  ,,ironclad                        
#cjf  ,,isabella                        
#cjh  ,,ives                            
#cab  ,,james                           
#cad  ,,janesville                      
#caf  ,,jefferson                       
#cah  ,,jewel                           
#cbj  ,,kensington                      
#cbb  ,,lady                            
#cbd  ,,lady ,,washington               
#cbf  ,,lindley                         
#ccj  ,,lucile                          
#ccb  ,,lutie                           
#ccd  ,,mcpike                          
#ccf  ,,manito                          
#cch  ,,marion                          
#cdj  ,,massasoit                       
#cdb  ,,merrimac                        
#cdf  ,,mills                           
#cdh  ,,missouri ,,riesling             

#cej  ,,montefiore                      
#ceb  ,,moore ,,early                   
#ceb  ,,moyer                           
#ced  ,,muscat ,,hamburg 7,,reduced     
,,size7                                 
#cef  ,,nectar                          
#ceh  ,,niagara                         
#cfj  ,,noah                            
#cfb  ,,norton                          
#cff  ,,othello                         
#cgd  ,,pocklington                     
#chj  ,,red ,,eagle                     
#chd  ,,rochester                       
#chh  ,,rommel                          
#cib  ,,rupestris ,,du ,,lot            
#aad  ,,salem                           
#cih  ,,senasqua                        
#djb  ,,triumph                         
#dab  ,,ulster                          
#dad  ,,vergennes                       
#daf  ,,vitis ,,aestivalis1 shoot of    
#ach  ,,vitis1 ,,canes ,,of ,,species   
,,of                                    
#ajj  ,,vitis1 ,,flowers ,,of           
#ajd  ,,vitis ,,labrusca1 ,,shoot ,,of  

#aej  ,,vitis ,,riparia1 ,shoot of      
#aah  ,,vitis ,,rotundifolia1 ,shoot of 
#ajh  ,,vitis1 ,,seeds ,,of ,,species   
,,of                                    
#ajb  ,,vitis ,,vinifera1 ,,shoot ,,of  
#aed  ,,walter                          
#dbj  ,,wilder                          
#dbd  ,,winchell                        
#dbf  ,,woodruff                        
#dbh  ,,worden                          
#dcj  ,,wyoming                         
#dcb  ,,wyoming1 ,,shoot ,,of           
#aeb     ,,the ,,grapes ,,of ,,new      
,,york     ,,chapter ,i  ,,the ,,old    
,,world ,,grape   ,a single species of  
the grape is cultivated in the ,old     
,world4 ,this is ,vitis vinifera1 the   
grape of ancient and modern agriculture1
 the vine of the allegories of sacred   
record and of the myths1 fables and     
poetry of the ,old ,world countries4 ,it
 is the vine which ,adam and ,eve cared 
for3--      99 99 99 they led the vine  
,to wed his elm2 99 99 994 ,milton4  ,it
 is the vine which ,noah planted after  

the deluge2 the vine of ,judah and      
,israel1 and of the promised land4      
,dionysus of the ,greeks1 ,bacchus of   
the ,romans1 found the grape and devoted
 his life to spreading it2 for which he 
was raised to the rank of a deity--god  
of vines and vintages4 ,the history of  
this grape is as old as that of mankind4
 ,it has followed civilized man from    
place to place throughout the world and 
is one of the chief cultivated plants of
 temperate climates4 ,this fruit of     
sacred and profane literature has so    
impressed itself upon the human mind    
that when we think or speak of the      
grape1 or vine1 it is the ,old ,world   
species1 the vine of antiquity1 that    
presents itself4  ,the history of the   
,old ,world grape goes back to          
prehistoric times4 ,seeds of the grape  
are found in the remains of the ,swiss  
lake dwellings of the ,bronze ,period   
and entombed with the mummies of ,egypt4
 ,its printed history is as old as that 
of man and is interwritten with it4     

,according to the botanists1 the        
probable habitat of ,vitis vinifera is  
the region about the ,caspian ,sea4#a   
,from here it was carried eastward into 
,asia and westward into ,europe and     
,africa4 ,it is probable that the       
,phoenicians1 the earliest navigators1  
tradesmen and colonizers on the         
,mediterranean1 carried it to the       
countries bordering on this sea4 ,grape 
culture was developed in this region a  
thousand years before ,christ1 for      
,hesiod1 who wrote at this time1 gave   
directions for the care of the vine     
which need to be changed but little for 
present practice in ,europe4 ,pliny1    
writing a thousand years after1 quotes  
,hesiod as an authority on vine culture4
 ,vergil and ,pliny1 during ,christ's   
time1 gave specific directions for the  
care of the vine4 ,vergil describes     
fifteen varieties while ,pliny gives    
even fuller descriptions of ninety-one  
varieties and distinguishes fifty kinds 
of wine4  ,the authentic written history

 of the grape and of its culture really 
begins with ,vergil4 ,many other        
writers1 ,greeks and ,romans1 had       
discussed the vine1 but none so fully   
nor so well as ,vergil in his ,georgics1
 of which the parts having to do with   
the vine may still be read with profit  
by the grape-grower2 as1 for example1   
the following#b in which he tells how to
 cultivate and train3--      ,be        
mindful1 when thou hast entomb'd the    
shoot1      ,with store of earth around 
to feed the root2      ,with iron teeth 
of rakes and prongs1 to move      ,the  
crusted earth1 and loosen it above4     
,then exercise thy sturdy steers to plow
      ,between thy vines1 and teach the 
feeble row      ,to mount on reeds1 and 
wands1 and1 upward led1      ,on ashen  
poles to raise their forky head1        
,on these new crutches let them learn to
 walk1      ',till1 swerving upwards    
with a stronger stalk1      ,they brave 
the winds1 and1 clinging to their guide1
      ,on tops of elms at length        

triumphant ride4#c  ,his directions for 
pruning are equally fitting for present 
practice3--      ,but in their tender   
nonage1 while they spread      ,their   
springing leaves1 and lift their infant 
head1      ,and upward while they shoot 
in open air1      ,indulge their        
childhood1 and the nurslings spare2     
,nor exercise thy rage on new-born life2
      ,but let thy hand supply the      
pruning knife1      ,and crop luxuriant 
stragglers1 nor be loth      ,to strip  
the branches of their leafy growth4     
,but when the rooted vines with steady  
hold      ,can clasp their elms1 then1  
husbandman1 be bold      ,to lop the    
disobedient boughs1 that strayed        
,beyond their ranks2 let crooked steel  
invade      ,the lawless troops1 which  
discipline disclaim1      ,and their    
surperfluous growth with rigor tame4    
,the history of the development of the  
vine from ,vergil's time through the    
early centuries of the ,christian ,era  
and of the ,middle ,ages to our own day1

 is largely the history of agriculture  
in the southern ,european countries2 for
 the vine during this period has been   
the chief cultivated plant of the ,greek
 and ,latin nations4 ,this history      
should furnish most instructive lessons 
in grape-growing and in grape-breeding4 
,but interesting and profitable as a    
detailed account of the development of  
the ,old ,world grape would be1 the     
brief outline in the few preceding      
paragraphs must suffice for this work4  
,the reader who desires further         
information may find it in the          
agricultural literature in many         
languages and dating back two thousand  
years4  ,what are the characters of the 
,european grape and how does it differ  
from the native grapes of ,america8 ,the
 ,old ,world grape is grown for wine2   
the ,american grapes for the table4 ,the
 differences in the fruit of the vines  
of the two continents are largely the   
differences necessary for the two       
distinct purposes for which they are    

grown4 ,the varieties of ,vitis vinifera
 have a higher sugar and solid content  
than do those of the ,american species4 
,because of this richness in sugar they 
not only make better wine but keep much 
longer and can be made into raisins4    
,the ,american grapes do not keep well  
and do not make good raisins4 ,taken as 
a whole the ,european varieties are     
better flavored1 possessing a more      
delicate and a richer vinous flavor1 a  
more agreeable aroma1 and they lack the 
acidity and somewhat obnoxious foxy odor
 and taste of many ,american varieties4 
,it is true that there is a disagreeable
 astringency in some ,vinifera grapes   
and that many varieties are without     
character of flavor1 yet1 all and all1  
the species produces by far the better  
flavored fruit4 ,on the other hand1     
,american table grapes are more         
refreshing2 one does not tire of them so
 quickly as they do not cloy the        
appetite as do the richer grapes2 and   
the unfermented juice makes a much more 

pleasant drink4 ,the characteristic     
flavor and aroma of the varieties of    
,vitis labrusca1 our most commonly      
cultivated native species1 are often    
described by the terms foxy#d or musky4 
,if not too pronounced this foxiness is 
often very agreeable though1 as with the
 flavor in many exotic fruits1 the      
liking for it must often be acquired1   
and of course may never be acquired2 yet
 the universal condemnation of this     
taste by the ,french and some other     
,europeans is sheer prejudice4 ,the     
bunches and berries of the ,european    
grape are larger1 more attractive in    
appearance1 and are borne in greater    
quantity1 vine for vine or acre for     
acre4 ,the pulp and skin of the berries 
of ,vitis vinifera are less             
objectionable than those of any native  
species and the pulp separates more     
easily from the seeds4 ,the berries do  
not shell from the stem nearly so       
quickly1 hence the bunches ship better4 
,in comparing the vines1 those of the   

,old ,world grape are more compact in   
habit1 make a shorter and stouter annual
 growth1 therefore require less pruning 
and training4 ,the roots are fleshier1  
and more fibrous4 ,the species1 taken as
 a whole1 is adapted to far more kinds  
of soil1 and to much greater differences
 in environment1 and is more easily     
propagated from cuttings1 than most of  
the species of ,american grapes4 ,the   
cultivated forms of the wild vines of   
this country have few points of         
superiority over their relative from the
 eastern hemisphere1 but these few are  
such as to make them now and probably   
ever the only grapes possible to        
cultivate in ,america in the commercial 
vineyards east of the ,rocky ,mountains4
 ,indeed1 but for the fortunate         
discovery that the vine of ,vitis       
vinifera could be grown on the roots of 
any one of several species of the       
,american grapes1 the vineyards of the  
,old ,world grape would have been almost
 wholly destroyed within the last half  

century because of one of its           
weaknesses4 ,this destructive agent is  
the phylloxera1#e a tiny plant louse    
working on the leaf and root of the     
grape1 which in a few years wholly      
destroys the ,european vine but does    
comparatively little harm to most of the
 ,american vines4 ,three other pests are
 much more harmful in the ,old ,world   
vineyards than to the vines of the ,new 
,world2 these are black-rot 7,guignardia
 bidwellii 7,ell47 ,v4  ,r471 downy     
mildew 7,plasmopara viticola 7,b4  ,c47 
,berl4  ,de ,toni71 and powdery mildew  
7,uncinula necator 7,schw47 ,burr474    
,the susceptibility of the ,old ,world  
grape to these parasites debars it from 
cultivation in eastern ,america and so  
effectually that there is but little    
hope of any pure-bred variety of it ever
 being grown in this region4 ,american  
viticulture must1 therefore1 depend upon
 the native species for its varieties1  
though it may be hoped that by combining
 the good qualities of the foreign grape

 with those of one or several of the    
species of this country1 or by combining
 and rearranging the best characters of 
the native species1 we may in time      
secure varieties equal in all respects  
to those of the ,old ,world4 ,the       
comparative resistance of the ,american 
species to the phylloxera1 the mildews1 
and black-rot has been due to natural   
selection in the contest that has been  
waged for untold ages between host and  
parasite4 ,the fact that the native     
species have been able to survive and   
thrive is a guarantee of the permanence 
of the resistance thus acquired4  ,we   
have said that the ,old ,world grape is 
debarred from cultivation in eastern    
,america4 ,it is worth while considering
 how thorough the attempts to grow it in
 this region have been and to give a    
more exact account of the failures and  
their causes1 for there are yet those   
who are attempting its culture with the 
hope that we may sometime grow some     
offshoot of ,vitis vinifera in the      

region under consideration4  ,it is     
probable that the first ,european grapes
 planted in what is now ,american soil1 
were grown by the ,spanish padres at the
 old missions in ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona 
and ,california4 ,early accounts of some
 of these missions speak of grapes which
 must have been planted before          
settlements were made in eastern        
,america4 ,we need take no further      
account of these vineyards except to say
 that in this region the ,european grape
 has always been grown successfully1 and
 that under the skilled hands of the    
mission fathers1 ever notable           
vineyardists and wine-makers1 these     
early plantings must have succeeded4    
,the ,english were the first to plant   
the ,old ,world grape in the territory  
in which this species fails because of  
the attacks of native parasites4 ,lord  
,delaware seems to have been the        
original promoter of grape-growing in   
the ,new ,world4 ,in #afaf he wrote to  
the ,london ,company urging the culture 

of the grape as a possible source of    
revenue for the new colony4#f ,his      
letter seems to have been convincing1   
for it is on record that the ,company in
 #afai sent a number of ,french         
vine-dressers and a collection of the   
best varieties of the grapes of ,france 
to ,virginia4 ,the ,colonial ,assembly  
showed quite as much solicitude in      
encouraging the cultivation of the vine 
as did the ,company in ,london4 ,the    
year of the importation of vines and    
vine-dressers1 #afai1 the ,assembly     
passed an act compelling every          
householder to plant ten cuttings and to
 protect them from injury and stated    
that the landowners were expected to    
acquire the art of dressing a vineyard1 
either through instruction or by        
observation4 ,the ,company1 to increase 
the interest in vine-growing1 showed    
marked favors to all who undertook it   
with zealousness2 promises of servants1 
the most valuable gifts that could be   
made to the colonists1 were frequent4   

,under the impulse thus given vineyards 
were planted containing as many as ten  
thousand vines4#g  ,in spite of a rich  
soil1 congenial climate1 and skilled    
vine-dressers1 nothing of importance    
came from the venture1 some of the      
historians of the time attributing the  
failure to the massacre of #afbb2 others
 to poor management of the vines2 and   
still others to disagreements between   
the ,english and their ,french          
vine-dressers1 who1 it was claimed1     
concealed their knowledge because they  
worked as slaves4 ,it is probable that  
the latter explanation was fanciful but 
the former must have been real for we   
are told that the farms and outlying    
settlements were abandoned after the    
great massacre4 ,but the colony could   
hardly have recovered from the ravages  
of the ,indians before efforts to force 
the colonists to grow grapes were again 
made2 for in #afbc the ,assembly passed 
a law that for every four men in the    
colony a garden should be laid off a    

part of which was to be planted to      
vines4#h  ,in #afci the ,assembly again 
tried to encourage vine-growing by      
legislative enactment1 this time with an
 act giving a premium to successful     
grape-growers4#i ,later1 about #affj1 a 
premium of ten thousand pounds of       
tobacco was offered in ,virginia for    
each two tunne of wine from grapes      
raised in the colony4 ,shortly after1   
some wine was exported to ,england but  
whether made from wild plants or        
cultivated ones does not appear4 ,in    
spite of the encouragement of           
legislative acts1 grape-growing did not 
flourish in ,virginia4#aj ,the fact that
 tobacco was a paying crop and more     
easily grown than the grape may have had
 something to do with the failure to    
grow the latter4 ,or it may have been   
that the cheapness of ,madeira1 a noble 
strong drink1 as one of the ,colonial   
historians puts it1 had a depressing    
influence on the industry4 ,but still   
more likely1 the foreign plants did not 

thrive4  ,encouragement of the home     
production of wine did not cease in     
,virginia for at least one hundred and  
fifty years2 for in #agfi an enactment  
of the ,assembly was passed to encourage
 wine-making in favor of one ,andrew    
,estave1 a ,frenchman4 ,as a result of  
the act of this time1 land was          
purchased1 buildings erected1 and slaves
 and workmen with a complete outfit for 
wine-making were furnished ,estave4 ,the
 act provided that if he made within six
 years ten hogsheads of merchantable    
wine--land1 houses1 slaves1 the whole   
plant was to be given to him4 ,it is    
stated that this unusual subsidy is made
 as a reward for so useful an           
improvement4 ,estave succeeded in making
 the wine but it was poor stuff and he  
had difficulty in getting the           
authorities to turn over the property   
which was to be his reward4 ,this was   
finally done by an act of the ,assembly1
 however1 the failure to make good wine 
being attributed by all parties to the  

unfitness of the land4  ,an attempt was 
made to cultivate the ,european grape in
 ,virginia early in the eighteenth      
century on an extensive scale4 ,soon    
after taking office as governor in      
#agaj1 ,alexander ,spotswood brought    
over a colony of ,germans from the      
,rhine and settled them in              
,spottsylvania ,county on the ,rapidan  
river4 ,the site of their village on    
this river is now marked by a ford1     
,germania ,ford1 a name which is a      
record of the settlement4 ,that they    
grew grapes and made wine is certain1   
for the ,governor's red and white       
,rapidan1 made by his ,spottsylvania    
,germans is several times mentioned in  
the published journals and letters of   
the time4 ,but the venture did not make 
a deep nor lasting impress on the       
agriculture of the colony4#aa  ,several 
early attempts were made in the         
,carolinas and ,georgia to grow the     
,vinifera grape4 ,it was thought1 in    
particular1 that the ,french ,huguenots 

who settled in these states in large    
numbers toward the close of the         
seventeenth century would succeed in    
grape-growing but even these skilled    
vine-growers failed4 ,their failures are
 recorded by ,alexander ,hewitt in #aggi
 as follows3 ,european grapes have been 
transplanted1 and several attempts made 
to raise wine2 but so overshaded are the
 vines planted in the woods1 and so     
foggy is the season of the year when    
they ripen1 that they seldom come to    
maturity1 but as excellent grapes have  
been raised in gardens where they are   
exposed to the sun1 we are apt to       
believe that proper methods have not    
been taken for encouraging that branch  
of agriculture1 considering its great   
importance in a national view4 ,in      
,georgia1 ,abraham ,de ,lyon1 encouraged
 by the authorities of the colony1      
imported vines from ,portugal and       
planted them at ,savannah early in the  
eighteenth century but his attempt1     
though carried out on a small scale in a

 garden1 soon failed4  ,in ,maryland1 if
 the records are correct1 a greater     
degree of success was attained than in  
the states to the south4 ,lord ,charles 
,baltimore1 son of the grantee of the   
territory1 in #affb planted three       
hundred acres of land in ,st4 ,mary's to
 vines4 ,it is certain that he made and 
sold wine in considerable quantities and
 the old chroniclers report that it was 
as good as the best ,burgundy4 ,efforts 
to grow the ,european grape in ,maryland
 continued until as late as #ahbh when  
the ,maryland ,society for ,promoting   
the ,culture of the ,vine was           
incorporated by the ,state              
,legislature4#ab ,the object of the     
,society was to carry on experiments in 
the cultivation of both the ,european   
and native grapes and to collect and    
disseminate all possible information    
upon this interesting subject4 ,the     
organization was in existence for       
several years and through its exertions 
practically all of the native sorts were

 tried in or about ,baltimore as well as
 many seedlings4 ,besides the           
achievements of the ,society as a body1 
their ,secretary reports in #ahca that1 
through the individual efforts of its   
members1 there were then under          
cultivation near the city of ,baltimore 
several vineyards of from three to ten  
acres each and a great number of smaller
 ones4 ,this was several years after the
 introduction of the ,catawba and       
,isabella for which grape-growers in    
other parts of the ,united ,states had  
largely given up the ,vinifera sorts4   
,seemingly in every part of the ,union  
the grape of the ,old ,world was tried1 
not once only1 but time and again before
 its culture could be given up4  ,the   
,swedes made some attempts at an early  
day to grow grapes on the ,delaware4    
,queen ,christina instructed ,john      
,printz1 governor of ,new ,sweden1 to   
encourage the culture of the vine and to
 give the industry his personal         
attention4 ,later when ,new ,sweden had 

become a part of ,pennsylvania1 ,william
 ,penn encouraged vine-growing by       
importing cuttings of ,french and       
,spanish vines2 and several experimental
 vineyards were set out in the          
neighborhood of ,philadelphia1 but all  
efforts to establish bearing plantations
 came to naught4 ,penn's interest in    
grape-growing seems to have been greatly
 stimulated by wine made by a friend of 
his from native grapes which grew about 
,germantown4  ,there are no detailed    
accounts of grape-growing by the ,dutch 
of ,new ,york but the following taken   
from the writings of ,jasper ,dankers   
and ,peter ,sluyter1 two ,hollanders who
 visited ,new ,york in #afgi1 soon after
 the ,english took possession of ,new   
,netherland1 indicates that there had   
been attempts to cultivate grapes4#ac ,i
 went along the shore to ,coney ,island1
 which is separated from ,long ,island  
only by a creek1 and around the point1  
and came inside not far from a village  
called ,gravesant1 and again home4 ,we  

discovered on the roads several kinds of
 grapes still on the vines1 called speck
 7pork7 grapes1 which are not always    
good1 and these were not2 although they 
were sweet in the mouth at first1 they  
made it disagreeable and stinking4 ,the 
small blue grapes are better1 and their 
vines grow in good form4 ,although they 
have several times attempted to plant   
vineyards1 and have not immediately     
succeeded1 they1 nevertheless1 have not 
abandoned the hope of doing so by and   
by1 for there is always some            
encouragement1 although they have not1  
as yet1 discovered the cause of the     
failure4 ,the speck grape was without   
question ,vitis labrusca and the small  
blue grape was probably ,vitis riparia4 
,thirty years before the visit of       
,dankers and ,sluyter the people of ,new
 ,netherland addressed a remonstrance to
 the home government regarding certain  
abuses in the colony4 ,this document#ad 
is headed with a chapter on the         
productions of ,new ,netherland in which

 the wild grapes are mentioned and their
 cultivation is suggested4 ,almost the  
whole country1 as well the forest as the
 maize lands and flats1 is full of      
vines1 but principally--as if they had  
been planted there--around and along the
 banks of the brooks1 streams and rivers
 which course and flow in abundance very
 conveniently and agreeably all through 
the land4 ,the grapes are of many       
varieties2 some white1 some blue1 some  
very fleshy and fit only to make raisins
 of2 some again are juicy1 some very    
large1 others on the contrary small2    
their juice is pleasant and some of it  
white1 like ,french or ,rhenish ,wine2  
that of others1 again1 a very deep red1 
like ,tent2 some even paler2 the vines  
run far up the trees and are shaded by  
their leaves1 so that the grapes are    
slow in ripening and a little sour1 but 
were cultivation and knowledge applied  
here1 doubtless as fine ,wines would    
then be made as in any other wine       
growing countries4  ,nicolls1 the first 

,english governor of ,new ,york1 greatly
 desired to grow the vine for           
wine-making4 ,in #affd he granted ,paul 
,richards a monopoly of the industry for
 the colony stipulating that he could   
make and sell wines free of impost and  
gave him the right to tax any person    
planting vines in the colony five       
shillings per acre4#ae ,richards lived  
in the city of ,new ,york but his       
vineyard1 as indicated in the grant1 was
 located on ,long ,island4 ,it may be   
assumed that this was the first attempt 
to grow grapes commercially in the      
,state of ,new ,york4 ,it would seem    
that the governor by granting a monopoly
 of the grape and wine industry took the
 surest means of killing the infant     
industry4 ,the ,earl of ,bellomont1 a   
later governor of the ,colony1 wrote to 
,london with assurances of a great      
future of viticulture in the ,colony4#af
 ,for over a century after1 there were  
spasmodic efforts to grow the ,old      
,world grape in and about ,new ,york    

,city1 and at the beginning of the      
,revolutionary ,war there were a few    
small vineyards and some wine-making on 
,manhattan ,island4  ,there were many   
attempts to grow foreign grapes in ,new 
,england4 ,john ,winthrop1 governor of  
,massachusetts ,bay ,colony1 had planted
 a vineyard in one of the islands1 known
 as ,governor's ,garden1 in ,boston     
,harbor before #afcj4 ,vine-planters    
were sent to this colony in #afbi4ag    
,there were plantations at the mouth of 
the ,piscataqua in ,maine as early or   
before ,winthrop's plantings were made4 
,in granting a charter to ,rhode ,island
 in #affc1 ,charles ,,ii sought to      
encourage viticulture in that ,state by 
offering liberal inducements to         
colonists who would grow grapes and make
 wine4#ah ,but if grapes were grown1 or 
wine made from the foreign grape1 no    
great degree of success was attained4   
,wine was made in plenty from the wild  
grapes in all of the ,new ,england      
colonies so that it was not because of  

,puritanical prejudices against wine    
that the grapes were not grown4 ,the    
glowing terms in which travelers        
returning to ,england spoke of the      
native grapes and of the wine from them 
undoubtedly stimulated those founding   
the colonies to make every effort to    
introduce the cultivated grape even     
though the cold1 bleak climate and thin 
soils of this northern region were      
inhospitable to a plant which thrives   
best in the sunny southern portions of  
,europe4  ,in only one of the states    
east of the ,rockies is grape-growing   
recorded to have gained even a foothold 
before the introduction of varieties of 
native grapes4 ,in this instance there  
is much doubt as to whether the         
varieties grown were pure-bred ,vitis   
vinifera4 ,louisiana1 while owned by    
,france1 grew grapes and made wine in   
such quantities1 and the wine was of    
such high quality1 so several of the old
 chroniclers say1 that the ,french      
government forbade grape-growing in the 

colony4 ,since the wine-making was in   
the hands of the ,jesuits who had       
learned the art in ,europe1 and since   
there were no cultivated varieties of   
native grapes at that time of which     
there is record1 the presumption among  
the early writers was that these        
vineyards were of ,european grapes4     
,louisiana1 however1 was a vast and     
undefined region and it is not known    
where these oft-mentioned vineyards were
 located4 ,it is probable in the light  
of what we now know that these          
,louisiana ,jesuits made wine from      
native grapes either wild or cultivated4
  ,the time covered so far is the two   
hundred years in which ,america was     
being colonized4 ,we have seen that all 
of our ,european forefathers brought    
with them a love of the vine1 or more   
correctly1 a love of wine1 and that     
throughout the period many experiments  
were made in all parts of the eastern   
,united ,states to grow varieties of    
,vitis vinifera4 ,the experiments were  

on a large scale and in the hands of    
expert vine-growers1 as well trained as 
their fellow colonists in ,south        
,africa1 ,new ,zealand1 ,australia and  
,south ,america1 countries where the    
colonists grew the ,old ,world grapes as
 easily and as well as they are grown in
 the most favored parts of ,europe4 ,it 
is certain that the failures recorded   
for these two hundred years were not due
 to lack of effort on the part of the   
settlers4 ,we now pass to more recent   
efforts1 even more thoroughly carried   
out1 to grow the grape of the ,old      
,world in this part of the ,new ,world4 
,the discussion of these later attempts 
cannot be full4 ,the reader can readily 
turn to the horticultural literature of 
the century just closed and find much   
fuller records of them than space       
permits in this work4  ,one of the first
 and most notable of the vineyards in   
the eighteenth century was that of      
,colonel ,robert ,bolling of ,buckingham
 ,county1 ,virginia4 ,an account of his 

undertaking written by one of the       
,bolling family some years later reads  
as follows3 ,it is now but little known 
that this gentleman had early turned his
 attention to the cultivation of the    
vine1 and had actually succeeded in     
procuring and planting a small vineyard 
of four acres1 of ,european grapes1 at  
,chellow1 the seat of his residence3    
that he had so far accomplished his     
object as to have the satisfaction of   
seeing his vines in a most flourishing  
condition1 and arrived at an age when   
they were just beginning to bear2       
promising all the success that the most 
sanguine imagination could desire1 when1
 unfortunately for his family1 and      
perhaps for his country1 he departed    
this life while in the ,convention in   
,richmond1 in ,july1 #agge4 ,thus all   
his fond anticipations of being enabled1
 in a short time1 to afford to his      
countrymen a practical demonstration of 
the facility and certainty with which   
grapes might be raised1 and wine made1  

in ,virginia1 were suddenly frustrated2 
all his hopes and prospects blasted2 and
 owing to the general want of           
information1 in the management of vines1
 among us at that time2 and the         
confusion produced by the war of the    
revolution1 which immediately followed1 
this promising and flourishing little   
vineyard was totally neglected and      
finally perished4#ai  ,at the time of   
,bolling's death he was preparing to    
send to press a book on grape-growing   
entitled ,a ,sketch of ,vine ,culture4  
,the book was never printed but the     
manuscript was copied several times and 
parts of it were printed                
contemporaneously in the ,virginia      
,gazette1 and subsequently in the       
,bolling ,memoirs and in the ,american  
,farmer4#bj ,bolling's book was largely 
a compilation from ,european sources but
 it contained the experiences and       
observations of the author in           
cultivating ,european grapes in ,america
 and though not printed1 was            

sufficiently distributed through        
manuscript copies and through the papers
 and books mentioned above1 to give its 
author the honor of being the first     
,american writer on grapes4  ,in an     
essay on the cultivation of the vine    
published in the first volume of the    
,transactions of the ,american          
,philosophical ,society#ba printed in   
,philadelphia in #agga1 a ,mr4 ,edward  
,antill of ,shrewsbury1 ,new ,jersey1   
gives explicit directions for           
grape-growing and wine-making4#bb       
,antill describes only foreign varieties
 and leads the reader to infer1 though  
he does not say so1 that he has grown   
many varieties of these grapes          
successfully4 ,but neither his essay1   
nor his efforts at grape-growing1 seemed
 to have stimulated a grape industry    
worthy of note4 ,this essay of ,antill's
 is the second ,american treatise on the
 cultivation of the grape and was for   
many years the chief authority on       
grape-growing in ,america4 ,it is       

greatly to be regretted that a treatise 
which was to be quoted for fifty years  
could not have been more meritorious4   
,the eighty quarto pages written by     
,antill give little real or trustworthy 
information4 ,it is a rambling          
discussion of ,european grapes1         
wine-making1 the temperance question1   
patriotism1 wellfare of country1 and    
good of mankind4 ,he quotes ,columella1 
gives methods of curing grapes for      
raisins1 and winds up with a discussion 
of figs4 ,yet a hundred years ago it was
 the chief work on grape-growing4  ,a   
,frenchman1 ,peter ,legaux1 founded a   
company in #agic for the cultivation of 
grapes at ,spring ,mill near            
,philadelphia4 ,in #ahjj he published an
 account of his venture4#bc ,a vineyard 
of ,european grapes was set out and the 
prospects seemed favorable for the      
success of the undertaking4 ,but the    
grapes began to fail1 dissensions arose 
among the stock-holders1 the vineyards  
were neglected and the company failed4  

,legaux speaks of his experience in     
grape-growing as follows3#bd ,but if the
 native grapes of ,america are not the  
most eligible for vineyards1 others are 
now within the reach of its inhabitants4
 ,some years since ,i procured from     
,france three hundred plants from the   
three kinds of grapes in the highest    
estimation1 of which are made ,burgundy1
 ,champagne and ,bordeaux wines4 ,these 
three hundred plants have in ten years  
produced #ajj1jjj plants2 which1 were   
the culture encouraged1 would in ten    
years more1 produce upwards of thirty   
millions of plants2 or enough to stock  
more than #hjjj acres1 at #cfjj plants  
to the acre1 set about three feet and a 
half apart4 ,i have also about #cjjj    
plants raised from a single plant       
procured a few years since from the     
,cape of ,good ,hope1 of the kind which 
produces the excellent ,constantia      
wines4 ,the gentlemen who at different  
times have done me the honour to taste  
these wines can bear testimony to their 

good quality4 ,although made in the     
hottest season1 7about the middle of    
,august7 yet they were perfectly        
preserved without the addition of a drop
 of brandy or any other spirit4 ,and in 
this will consist one excellency of the 
wines here recommended to the notice of 
my fellow citizens2 that being made     
wholly of the juice of grapes1 they will
 be light1 wholesome1 and excite an     
agreeable cheerfulness1 without         
inflaming the blood1 or producing the   
other ill effects of the strong brandied
 wines1 imported from the southern parts
 of ,europe4 ,since #agic1 ,i have      
confined my attention chiefly to the    
multiplication of my vines1 to supply   
the demand for plants1 and to furnish an
 extended vineyard under my own         
direction1 whenever my fellow citizens  
possessing pecuniary means1 should be   
inclined to encourage and support the   
attempt4  ,out of this venture1 however1
 came the ,alexander grape1 an offspring
 of a native species1 and not1 as       

,legaux held1 a foreign variety1 which1 
as we shall see later1 was the first    
variety to be grown on a commercial     
scale in eastern ,america4 ,johnson1#be 
writing of ,legaux's work with the      
grape1 says that in #ahja cuttings were 
sent from the ,spring ,mill vineyards in
 quantities of fifteen hundred to       
,kentucky and ,pennsylvania and smaller 
quantities to ,connecticut1 ,new ,york1 
,new ,jersey1 ,maryland1 ,virginia and  
,ohio1 and indicates that these cuttings
 in their turn were multiplied so that  
many diverse experiments with foreign   
grapes arose from ,legaux's efforts4    
,chief of the experiments which         
,legaux's partial success in            
vine-growing stimulated was carried on  
in ,kentucky by ,the ,kentucky ,vineyard
 ,society of which ,john ,james ,dufour1
 a ,swiss1 was leader4#bf ,it was to    
this ,company that ,legaux had sent the 
fifteen hundred cuttings mentioned above
 as going to ,kentucky4 ,before founding
 his grape colony1 ,dufour had made a   

tour of inspection of all the vineyards 
that he could hear of in what then      
constituted the ,united ,states4 ,his   
account of what he saw1 given in his    
book ,the ,vine ,dresser's ,guide1 is   
the most accurate statement we have of  
grape-growing in ,america at the        
beginning of the nineteenth century4    
,dufour's account1 pages #ah-bd1 runs as
 follows3 ,i went to see all the vines  
growing that ,i could hear of1 even as  
far as ,kaskaskia1 on the borders of the
 ,mississippi2 because ,i was told1 by  
an inhabitant of that town1 whom ,i met 
with at ,philadelphia1 that the ,jesuits
 had there a very successful vineyard1  
when that country belonged to the       
,french1 and were afterwards ordered by 
the ,french government to destroy it1   
for fear the culture of the grapes      
should spread in ,america and hurt the  
wine trade of ,france4 ,as ,i had seen  
but discouraging plantations of vines on
 that side of the ,alleghany1 and as the
 object of my journey to ,america1 was  

purposely to learn what could be done in
 that line of business2 ,i was desirous 
to see if the west would afford more    
encouragement4 ,i resolved therefore on 
a visit to see if any remains of the    
,jesuits' vines were still in being1 and
 what sort of grapes they were2         
supposing very naturally1 that if they  
had succeeded as well as tradition      
reported1 some of them might possibly be
 found in some of the gardens there4    
,but ,i found only the spot where that  
vineyard had been planted1 in a well    
selected place1 on the side of a hill to
 the north east of the town1 under a    
cliff4 ,no good grapes1 however were    
found either there1 or in any of the    
gardens of the country4 99 99 99 ,in my 
journeying down the ,ohio1 ,i found at  
,marietta a ,frenchman1 who was making  
several barrels of wine every year1 out 
of grapes that were growing wild1 and   
abundantly1 on the heads of the ,islands
 of the ,ohio ,river1 known by the name 
of ,sand grapes1 because they grow best 

on the gravels2 a few plants of which   
are now growing in one of our vineyards1
 given by the ,harmonites under the name
 of red juice4 99 99 99 ,the various    
attempts at vineyards that ,i heard of1 
which ,i went to see1 at ,monticello1   
,president ,jefferson's place2 which1 in
 #agii1 ,i perceived had been abandoned1
 or left without any care for three or  
four years before1 which proved         
evidently1 that it had not been         
profitable3 ,at ,spring ,mill1 on the   
,schuylkill1 near ,philadelphia1 planted
 by ,mr4 ,,legaux1 a ,french gentleman1 
and afterwards supported by a wealthy   
,society formed by subscription1 at that
 ,city1 for the express purpose of      
trying to extend the culture of the     
grape4 ,i saw that vineyard in #agif1   
#agii and #ahjf4 ,on the estate of ,mr4 
,,caroll1 of ,carollton1 below          
,baltimore1 in ,maryland2 whither ,i    
went on purpose from ,philadelphia in   
#agif1 there was a small vineyard kept  
by a ,french vinedresser1 and where they

 had tried a few sorts of the indigenous
 grapes4 ,at the ,southern ,liberties of
 ,philadelphia1 ,i saw in #ahjf1 a      
plantation of a large assortment of the 
best species of ,french grapes2 which a 
,french vinedresser had brought over the
 ,atlantic4 ,they were at their #b;d or 
#c;d years3 they had not been attacked  
by the sickness3 their nurse was yet    
full of hope4--,in #agif1 ,i saw also1  
near the ,susquehannah river1 not far   
from ,middletown1 a vineyard that had   
been planted by a ,german2 but who      
having died sometime before1 the        
vineyard had been wholly neglected4 ,i  
was told1 it had produced some wine2 but
 it had suffered so much delapidation1  
that ,i could not recognize the species 
of grapes4  ,with full knowledge of the 
failures of the past in growing grapes1 
and after his disheartening visits to a 
score or more of worthless vineyards    
planted with the grapes of his native   
country1 ,dufour embarked in the        
,kentucky ,vineyard ,society enterprise 

and gave the ,old ,world grapes a       
thorough trial on an extensive scale1   
with an abundance of capital1 and1 to   
care for the vines1 as skilled labor as 
could be obtained in the vineyards of   
,europe4 ,as was the case with all past 
undertakings of the kind so this one    
proved a failure4 ,in the words of      
,dufour a sickness took hold of all our 
vines except a few stocks of ,cape and  
,madeira grapes4 ,the promoters became  
disheartened and the vineyard after     
being cultivated for several years was  
abandoned4  ,members of the colony1     
thinking that a more favorable location 
might be found elsewhere in the valley  
of the ,ohio1 settled at ,vevay1        
,indiana1 in #ahjb4 ,dufour and several 
of his relatives were granted the       
privilege of purchasing lands with      
extended credit by an act of ,congress  
,may #ast1 #ahjb4 ,they purchased #bejj 
acres at the location of the new colony 
in ,indiana and began anew the culture  
of the vine4 ,for a time there was an   

element of prosperity in the enterprise 
but the vines became diseased and died1 
only one sort1 the ,cape or ,alexander1 
gave returns for the care bestowed and  
by #ahce the ,vevay vineyards ceased to 
exist4 ,could ,dufour have foreseen the 
value of the native grapes for          
cultivation and devoted the capital and 
energy spent on ,european sorts to the  
best wild plants from the woods1 grape  
culture in ,america would have been put 
forward half a century4  ,other         
experiments with ,old ,world grapes were
 tried in #ahjc by the ,harmonists1 a   
religious-socialistic community founded 
in ,germany1 but which finally settled  
in ,america4 ,after temporary sojourns  
in other settlements1 the ,harmonists   
founded a permanent colony in           
,pennsylvania near ,pittsburg4 ,here    
they planted ten acres of ,european     
grapes and grew them with but temporary 
success1 if any1 for ,dufour in #ahbf   
visited the colony and says3 ,none of   
the imported grapes do well there except

 the ,black ,juice1 of which ,i saw but 
one plant2 it is too small a bearer to  
be worth nursing4#bg ,again there was   
disaster to an extensive experiment in  
the hands of skilled men4 ,besides      
having tried grape culture in           
,pennsylvania1 the ,harmonists made     
plantations at ,new ,harmony1 ,indiana1 
where they settled for a time2 but exact
 accounts of this experiment are        
wanting4  ,one other of the many        
organized attempts to grow the foreign  
grapes needs mention4 ,when the         
,napoleonic wars were over a number of  
,bonaparte's exiled officers came to    
,america4 ,they were impoverished1 and  
in order to help them1 as well as to    
insure their becoming permanent settlers
 in the ,united ,states1 the exiles were
 organized by ,american sympathizers    
into a society for the cultivation of   
the vine and the olive4 ,the society was
 organized in the early fall of #ahaf in
 ,philadelphia and the remainder of the 
year was spent in prospecting for a     

suitable location for the venture4 ,the 
colony finally decided to settle on the 
,tombigbee river in ,alabama and        
petitioned ,congress for a grant of land
 in that region4 ,in the end the        
refugees obtained a grant from ,congress
 of four contiguous townships1 each six 
miles square#bh for the culture of the  
vine and the olive4  ,in #ahag1 an      
installment of one hundred and fifty    
,french settlers left ,philadelphia     
taking with them an assortment of grape 
and olive plants4 ,december #ab1 #ahba1 
,charles ,villars1 one of the company1  
reported to the ,american government#bi 
that there were then in the colony      
eighty-one actual planters1 #cbg persons
 all told1 with #aajj acres in full     
cultivation1 including #aj1jjj vines and
 that the company had spent about       
#afj1jjj in the venture4 ,villars tells 
in full of the ups and downs of the     
,society4 ,it was apparent from the     
start that the olive could not be grown4
 ,the history of the vineyards on the   

,tombigbee1 as he tells it1 is but a    
record of misfortune4 ,all efforts to   
cultivate the foreign vines resulted    
only in failure4 ,the few vines that the
 vintners made grow yielded a scant crop
 of miserable quality which could not be
 made into wine because of ripening in  
the heat of summer4 ,the land was not   
adapted to growing grapes4 ,the         
,society1 meeting failure at every turn1
 finally disbanded and the colonists    
were scattered4 ,for a half century     
after1 there were records in the        
southern agricultural literature of the 
attempts of stragglers or descendants of
 this colony to grow ,european grapes in
 the ,south4 ,yet these grapes are not  
now cultivated in this region1 which    
seemingly has the climate and the soil  
of ,france4  ,the history of these      
,french settlers on the ,tombigbee is a 
most pathetic one4#cj ,many of the      
leaders had been officers of high rank  
in ,napoleon's armies unaccustomed to   
field work and the hardships of a new   

country4 ,here1 in a rough and hardly   
explored country1 part of which was     
overflowed half of the year1 visited by 
all the sicknesses inherent to such a   
location1 they passed several years in  
their attempts to grow ,european grapes4
 ,failure was predestined because of    
natural obstacles which by this time    
were apparent1 and was foreshadowed by  
so many previous unsuccessful attempts  
that it would seem that this culminating
 tragedy in growing ,european grapes    
could have been prevented4 ,the certain 
failure of the attempt makes all the    
more pathetic the story of the ,vine and
 ,olive ,colony on the ,tombigbee4#ca   
,in closing the record of the ,old      
,world grape in ,america a few of the   
later individual attempts to grow this  
grape must be recounted4  ,three        
generations of ,princes experimented    
with ,european grapes at the famous     
,linnan ,botanic ,garden1 ,flushing1    
,long ,island4 ,wm4 ,r4 ,prince#cb      
author of ,a ,treatise on the ,vine1    

devoted his life to promoting the       
culture of the grape in ,america4 ,he   
tried all of the ,european sorts        
obtainable1 reared as he tells us1 from 
plants imported direct from the most    
celebrated collections in ,france1      
,germany1 ,italy1 the ,crimea1 ,madeira1
 etc42 and above two hundred varieties  
are the identical kinds which were      
cultivated at the ,royal ,garden of the 
,luxembourg at ,paris1 an establishment 
formed by royal patronage for the       
purpose of concentrating all the most   
valuable fruits of ,france1 and testing 
their respective merits4#cc ,after      
nearly a half century of experimentation
 he gave up the culture of foreign      
grapes and largely devoted the last     
years of his life to growing and        
disseminating native varieties1         
exercising1 probably1 a greater         
influence on the culture of ,american   
grapes than any other of the many men   
who have helped improve the grapes of   
this country4  ,nicholas ,longworth1#cd 

of ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 experimented with
 the ,european grapes for thirty years4 
,his experience is best told in his own 
words written in #ahdf3 ,i have tried   
the foreign grapes extensively for wine 
at great expense for many years1 and    
have abandoned them as unfit for our    
climate4 ,in the acclimation of plants  
,i do not believe4 ,the white1          
,sweetwater grape is not more hardy with
 me than it was thirty years since1 and 
does not bear as well4 ,i have tried    
them in all soils and with all          
exposures4  ,i obtained #e1jjj plants   
from ,madeira1 #aj1jjj from ,france2 and
 one-half of them1 consisting of twenty 
varieties of the most celebrated wine   
grapes from the mountains of ,jura1 in  
the extreme northern#ce part of ,france1
 where the vine region ends2 ,i also    
obtained them from the vicinity of      
,paris1 ,bordeaux1 and from ,germany4 ,i
 went to the expense of trenching one   
hundred feet square on a side hill1     
placing a layer of stone and gravel at  

the bottom1 with a drain to carry off   
the water1 and to put in a compost of   
rich soil and sand three feet deep1 and 
planted on it a great variety of foreign
 wine grapes4 ,all failed2 and not a    
single plant is left in my vineyards4 ,i
 would advise the cultivation of native 
grapes alone1 and the raising of new    
varieties from their seed4#cf  ,the     
,french ,revolution drove a wealthy and 
educated ,frenchman1 ,m4 ,parmentier1 to
 ,new ,york at the beginning of the     
nineteenth century4 ,he planted about   
his place in ,brooklyn a large garden in
 which there were many grapes4 ,this    
garden afterward became a commercial    
nursery from which was distributed a    
considerable number of ,european grapes4
 ,mr4 ,robert ,underhill at ,croton     
,point on the ,hudson was induced to    
plant a vineyard of these but they soon 
went the way of all their kind1 leaving 
,mr4 ,underhill only a consuming desire 
to plant grapes4 ,this desire bore      
fruit1 as we shall see4 ,when the reign 

of terror had ceased1 ,parmentier       
returned to ,france from whence he sent 
many grapes to friends in ,america4 ,he 
left a lasting impress on the           
horticulture and viticulture of         
,america1 through his experimental      
efforts with plants and his contribution
 to ,american horticultural literature4 
,the ,underhills 7the father had been   
joined by his sons ,r4 ,t4 and ,w4 ,a4  
,underhill7 planted a vineyard of       
,catawbas and ,isabellas in #ahbg4      
,these vineyards grew until they covered
 seventy-five acres1 the product of     
which was marketed in the metropolis and
 nearby cities4 ,the grapes from this   
vineyard often sold for twenty-five     
cents a pound and supplied the whole    
market of the region4 ,the grape        
industry of the ,hudson ,river ,valley  
began with ,parmentier and the          
,underhills4  ,another ,frenchman1      
,alphonse ,loubat1 planted a vineyard of
 forty acres at ,utrecht1 ,long ,island1
 containing about #aej1jjj plants of    

foreign varieties4 ,here1 we are told1  
he strove against mildew and sun-scald  
for several years1 but had to yield at  
last1 as the elements were too much for 
human exertions to overcome4#cg ,loubat 
attempted to protect his grapes from    
mildew by covering them with paper bags 
and was probably the originator of the  
practice of bagging grapes4  ,not       
infrequently one may still find some    
varieties of the ,old ,world grape grown
 out of doors with a fair degree of     
success in favored locations but always 
by the amateur and never in a commercial
 vineyard4 ,these few pages rehearsing  
repeated failures without a single      
success1 serve to show the uselessness  
of attempting to grow foreign grapes in 
eastern ,america4 ,their culture has    
been tried by thousands on a small scale
 and by many individuals with           
experience1 knowledge and capital on a  
large scale4 ,with all1 the results have
 been the same2 a year or two of        
promise1 then disease1 dead vines and an

 abandoned vineyard4  ,the causes for   
these failures have been indicated4 ,as 
,dufour says1 a sickness takes hold of  
the vines4 ,phylloxera1 mildew1         
rot--native parasites to which native   
grapes are comparatively immune--take   
hold of the foreign sorts and they die4 
,it is probable1 too1 that our climate1 
at the ,north at least1 is not well     
suited to the production of the ,old    
,world grape4 ,as a species1 the        
,vinifera grapes thrive best in climates
 equable in both temperature and        
humidity4 ,the climate of eastern       
,america is not equable2 it alternates  
between hot and cold1 wet and dry4 ,the 
range in both temperature and humidity  
is far greater than in the grape-growing
 regions of ,europe1 ,california1 ,south
 ,africa or ,australia4 ,the fleshy     
roots of ,vitis vinifera are more tender
 to cold than are those of the species  
of northern ,united ,states and this    
would prevent its culture becoming very 
general in many regions where native    

grapes can be grown4  ,it is only in the
 regions west of the ,rocky ,mountains1 
and more particularly in ,california1   
that the varieties of ,vinifera are     
successfully grown in ,america4 ,the    
great viticultural interests of the far 
,west are founded upon the success of   
this one species4 ,the native grapes can
 be grown but they cannot compete in    
,california with ,vitis vinifera for any
 purpose4 ,nevertheless ,american       
species are indispensable in this       
western region for stocks upon which to 
graft the ,vinifera varieties1 and it is
 probable that the time is not far      
distant when all ,california vines will 
be upon ,american roots4 ,within the    
boundaries of latitude in which         
,vinifera varieties are grown west of   
the ,rocky ,mountains the grape shows   
wonderful adaptability2 it is found at  
all elevations permitting fruit culture2
 it grows on practically all soils2 it  
thrives under irrigation or under dry   
farming2 it is given various kinds of   

treatment1 including total neglect1 and 
still thrives2 the number of varieties  
grown for wine1 raisin and table grapes 
runs into hundreds4 ,the truly wonderful
 success met with in the cultivation of 
this species west of the great          
continental divide makes all the more   
remarkable the fact that in no place    
east of the divide will varieties of it 
thrive4  ,we now pass to a consideration
 of the ,american grapes1 their         
characters1 the early notices of them1  
their rise1 their success1 and their    
future--a more pleasing task than to    
record disaster after disaster in       
growing the grape of the ,old ,world4   
,,chapter ,,ii  ,,american ,,grapes     
,the grape is preeminently a ,north     
,american plant4 ,the genus ,vitis is a 
large one1 from thirty to fifty species 
being distinguished for the world2 more 
than half of these are found on this    
continent4 ,but few other plants in     
,america1 or in the world1 inhabit such 
varied and such extended areas4 ,in     

,north ,america wild grapes abound on   
the warm1 dry soils of ,new ,brunswick  
and ,new ,england1 about the ,great     
,lakes in ,canada and in the ,united    
,states1 and on the fertile river banks 
and in the valleys1 rich woodlands and  
thickets of the eastern and southern    
,states4 ,they thrive in the dry woods1 
sandy sea-plains1 and reef-keys of the  
,carolinas1 ,georgia and ,florida where 
the vines of the ,scuppernong often run 
more than a hundred feet over trees and 
shrubs1 rioting in natural luxuriance4  
,they flourish in the mountains and     
limestone hills of the ,virginias1      
,tennessee and ,kentucky4 ,they are not 
so common in the ,west1 yet found in    
almost all parts of ,missouri and       
,arkansas1 and from ,north ,dakota      
through ,kansas to southern ,texas4     
,some wild grape is found in each of the
 ,rocky ,mountain ,states on plain or   
mountain1 or in river chasm or dry      
canon4 ,several species are found in    
,new ,mexico1 ,arizona and ,california1 

where if they did not furnish the       
,spanish padres of ,santa ,fe and ,san  
,diego with fruit for wine1 they        
suggested to them the planting of the   
first successful vineyards in the       
,united ,states4  ,how did the grape    
spread from the ,carolinas to           
,california and from subtropical ,mexico
 to the barren plains of ,central       
,canada8 ,why divide into its manifold  
forms in the distribution8 ,these       
questions are of practical import to the
 grape-grower and breeder who seeks to  
improve this fruit4 ,the knowledge of   
the distribution and evolution of plants
 obtained in the last half century is so
 complete that these questions present  
few difficulties to the naturalist of   
today4 ,in answering them no one would  
now hold that the numerous species and  
their sub-divisions were created        
separately for the regions in which they
 grow4 ,all would take the ground that  
the different wild forms come from one  
ancestral species4 ,we can waive the    

question as to what the original species
 was and as to where it first grew4  ,it
 is certain that grapes have not been   
distributed over ,north ,america by the 
hand of man4 ,probably they have been   
growing in the regions where they are   
now found since before the migration of 
the first savages4 ,the agents of       
distribution have been natural ones1    
such as animals1 birds1 and lake and    
river currents4 ,these have widened the 
area of a species to limits imposed by  
the hostile action of other plants and  
of animals and by geographical and      
physical conditions4 ,as a species has  
encroached upon a new region1 climate1  
soil1 all of the conditions of          
environment1 and the contest with other 
living things1 have gradually modified  
its characters until in time it became  
so changed that it constituted a new    
species4  ,this descent from an original
 species with plants changed by         
environment has given us1 in ,america1  
types of the wild grape as widely       

diverse as the regions they inhabit4    
,the species found in the forests have  
developed long slender trunks and       
branches in their struggle to attain    
sunlight and air4 ,at least two species 
are dwarf and shrubby1 or infrequently  
climbing1 two to six feet high1 growing 
in dry sands1 on rocky hills and        
mountains where roots must cling to     
rocks and penetrate into interstices4   
,still another form runs on the ground  
and over low bushes and is nearly       
evergreen1 but in the herbarium can     
hardly be distinguished from a grape    
whose habit of growth is strikingly     
different4 ,some are long-lived1 growing
 and bearing fruit for two or more      
centuries1 while others reach no greater
 age than the ordinary shrub4 ,some have
 enormous stems1 a foot or more in      
diameter1 gnarled and picturesque and   
supporting a great canopy of branch and 
foliage1#ch while others are slender in 
stem and graceful1 almost delicate1 in  
character of vine4 ,not less remarkable 

than the differences in structure is the
 adaptability of the genus and some of  
the species to varied climatic          
conditions4 ,several of the wild grapes 
develop full size and display natural   
luxuriance and fruit-bearing qualities  
only in the ,middle ,states1 but may be 
found on dry1 gravelly1 wind-swept hills
 far to the north or in some hot and    
humid atmosphere of the ,south1 as if to
 show indifference to wet or dry1 heat  
or cold4  ,on the other hand there are  
many strong points of resemblance       
between the score or more of species4   
,the organs and characters that do not  
bear the strain of changed environment1 
nor suffer in the perpetual warfare of  
nature1 are much the same in all of the 
species of ,vitis4 ,thus the structure  
of flowers1 fruits and seeds is         
practically identical2 all have         
naked-tipped tendrils2 leaves and       
leaf-buds are very similar2 and the     
various species usually hybridize       
freely4 ,they are alike in the          

unlikeness of individual plants in any  
of the species2 that is1 all of the     
individuals of the genus are most       
variable and seeds taken from the same  
vine may produce plants quite unlike one
 another and quite unlike the parent4   
,these few facts regarding the evolution
 and distribution of ,american grapes   
lead to two important conclusions3      
,first1 the species are so distributed  
throughout the ,united ,states1 and     
individuals of the species grow in such 
abundance and luxuriance1 as to suggest 
that we shall be able to improve and    
domesticate some one or more of them for
 all of the agricultural regions of the 
country4 ,for it is proved that nearly  
all of the wild grapes have             
horticultural possibilities2 and        
experience with many plants teaches that
 the boundaries of areas inhabited by   
the wild species of a given region      
coincide with those suited to the       
production of the domesticated plant in 
that region4 ,it is not possible to tell

 where the grape-growing regions of the 
future are to be located2 for species   
and individuals of this fruit are so    
common that no one can say where the    
grape is most at home in ,america4      
,second1 grapes are so variable and     
plastic in nature that1 were it not     
known from experience1 it could be      
assumed that they would yield readily to
 improvement4 ,besides being variable   
they hybridize freely and thus the      
plant-breeder can obtain desirable      
starting points4 ,there are indications 
that some of the characters of grapes1  
at least1 follow ,mendel's ,law1 and    
when once these have been determined1   
and the more important unit characters  
segregated and defined1 it ought to be  
possible to combine and rearrange the   
characters of this fruit with some      
system and surely with more certainty   
than in the past4  ,this brief          
introduction leads us to the            
consideration of ,american grapes as    
cultivated plants4 ,we have seen that it

 is an absolute impossibility to grow   
the ,old ,world grape in eastern        
,america4 ,the fruit-growers in this    
great region are forced to plant the    
native grapes if any4 ,it required two  
hundred years to establish this fact and
 it is less than a hundred years since  
grape-growers have generally            
acknowledged it as a fact4 ,what was    
known of ,american grapes during the two
 hundred years wasted in attempting to  
grow the foreign ,vinifera8 ,and what   
has been accomplished in a century in   
ameliorating the native grapes8  ,the   
earliest ,european visitors to the      
,atlantic seaboard delighted in the wild
 grapes which they found everywhere and 
which reminded them of the ,old ,world  
vineyards4 ,had they never seen such a  
fruit1 the wild grapes could not long   
have escaped their attention2 for the   
,indians knew and used them as they did 
potatoes1 corn1 and tobacco4 ,in the    
narratives of the early voyages the     
grape is often in the lists of the      

resources and treasures of the new-found
 continent4 ,unfortunately it was not   
considered of great intrinsic value but 
only suggested to the explorers that the
 grape of the old home might be grown in
 the new home4 ,could a part of the     
exaggerated esteem given by the early   
,european travelers and home-seekers to 
sassafras1 ginseng and other such       
plants1 have been bestowed upon the wild
 grapes which over-run the country1     
viticulture would have taken rank with  
the tobacco1 lumber and the fish        
industries of the early settlers4  ,in  
the history of ,vinland1 or more        
properly ,wineland1 we find the first   
record of ,american grapes4#ci ,biarni  
,heriulfsson1 a ,norseman1 while making 
a voyage from ,iceland to ,greenland1   
#ihf ,a4 ,d41 was driven by a storm to  
the coast of ,new ,england but did not  
touch land4 ,leif the ,lucky1 son of    
,eric the ,red1 about #ajjj ,a4 ,d41    
visited the country discovered by       
,biarni4 ,one of ,leif's men1 ,tyrker1 a

 ,german who was born where there is no 
lack of either grapes or vines1         
discovered grapes1 whereupon ,leif named
 the country ,wineland4 ,other ,norsemen
 in at least two expeditions visited    
,wineland1 supposed to be a part of     
,rhode ,island or ,massachusetts1 and   
for centuries after1 the land discovered
 by ,leif the ,lucky was known in       
,icelandic literature as ,wineland the  
,good4 ,the first ,european to touch the
 ,new ,world christened it after its    
grapes4  ,the next record we have of    
,american grapes comes from an          
,englishman1 one ,captain ,john         
,hawkins1 who visited the ,spanish      
settlements in ,florida in #aefe4dj ,in 
his account of the colony he speaks of  
the wild grapes1 comparing them1 as did 
all the early explorers1 with those of  
,europe4 ,he indicates further that the 
,spaniards had discovered the value of  
the wild grape for domestic purposes and
 says that they had made twenty         
hogsheads of wine in a single season4   

,it is almost certain that this grape   
was ,vitis rotundifolia1 best           
represented by the ,scuppernong1 which  
is commonly found on the ,atlantic      
sea-coast from ,maryland to ,florida4   
,the first ,english colonists1 like the 
,norsemen1 declared the new-found world 
to be a natural vineyard4 ,amadas and   
,barlowe1 sent out by ,raleigh in #aehd1
 described the land#da so full of grapes
 as the very beating and surge of the   
sea overflowed them1 of which we found  
such plenty1 as well there as in all    
places else1 both on the sand and on the
 green soil1 on the hills as on the     
plains1 as well as on every little shrub
 as also climbing towards the top of    
high cedars1 that ,i think in all the   
world the like abundance is not to be   
found4  ,ralph ,lane1 in a subsequent   
expedition of ,raleigh's1 in a letter to
 ,hakluyt1 pronounced the grapes of     
,virginia to be larger than those of    
,france1 ,spain or ,italy4#db  ,the     
region described by ,amadas and ,barlowe

 is that of the two great sounds1       
,albemarle and ,pamlico1 on the coast of
 ,north ,carolina and more specifically 
,roanoke ,island4 ,it was to this place 
that ,raleigh sent his expeditions1 with
 one of which ,amadas and ,barlowe were 
connected1 and established the earliest 
colony of ,englishmen in the ,new       
,world4 ,the first home of ,europeans in
 ,america was in ,vinland1 named for its
 grapes4 ,the first home of ,englishmen 
was on ,roanoke ,island1 so full of     
grapes that the very sea overflowed     
them4  ,a few years later1 ,thomas      
,hariot1 in a description of ,virginia  
which must have done much to decide the 
,english as to the advisability of      
establishing colonies in ,america1 gave 
a detailed account of the merchantable  
commodities the new countries afforded4 
,among these he mentions grapes which he
 describes as being of two kinds that   
the soil yields naturally and           
abundantly1 of which one was small and  
sour and of the bigness of the ,european

 grape while the other was of greater   
size and more sweet and luscious4       
,hariot concludes his description with  
the statement that when they are planted
 and husbanded as they ought1 a         
principal commodity of wine may be      
raised4#dc  ,of the later accounts given
 of grapes in ,virginia and the         
,carolinas by the colonizers and        
adventurers of the seventeenth century  
there are so many that it is impossible 
to present all and difficult to sort out
 those most apt4 ,a few more may be     
given3  ,captain ,john ,smith1 soldier1 
colonizer and ,virginian planter1       
writing in #afjf describes two sorts of 
wild grapes4 ,he says3#dd ,of vines     
great abundance in many parts that      
climbe the toppes of highest trees in   
some places1 but these beare but few    
grapes4 ,except by the rivers and savage
 habitations1 where they are not        
overshadowed from the sunne1 they are   
covered with fruit1 though never pruined
 nor manured4 ,of those hedge grapes we 

made neere twentie gallons of wine1     
which was like our ,french ,brittish    
wine1 but certainely they would prove   
good were they well manured4 ,there is  
another sort of grape neere as great as 
a ,cherry1 this they ,indians call      
,messamins1 they be fatte1 and the juyce
 thicke4 ,neither doth the taste so well
 please when they are made in wine4  ,it
 is worthy of remark that the first     
,english colonist in the ,new ,world    
noticed that the vines in the vicinity  
of the ,indian habitations and along the
 edges of creeks1 rivers and swamps1    
where not overshadowed from the sun1    
were covered with fruit4 ,the statement 
of this fact1 coupled with the one      
following1 but certainely they would    
prove good were they well manured1      
indicates that the possibility of       
successful cultivation of the wild      
grapes was considered at this early     
time4 ,in fact1 as we have seen1 ,lord  
,delaware at once sought to test the    
virtues of the native grapes by bringing

 over a number of ,french vine-dressers1
 who not only planted cuttings imported 
from ,europe but proceeded at once to   
transplant the vine of the country4#de  
,a few years later1 according to ,bruce1
 ,sir ,thomas ,dale established a       
vineyard at ,henrico not long after the 
foundation of that settlement1 covering 
an area of three acres1 in which he     
planted the vines of the native grape   
for the purpose of testing their        
adaptability to the production of wines 
that could be substituted for those of  
,france and ,spain4#df  ,francis        
,maguel1 who visited ,virginia in #afji1
 stated that the wine made in the colony
 reminded him of the ,alicante which he 
had drunk in ,spain4#dg  ,the first     
,secretary of the ,colony1 ,william     
,strachey1 was somewhat fulsome in his  
praise of the new found fruit4          
,writing#dh in #afaj1 he says that the  
vines burden every bush1 climb to the   
top of the highest trees and are always 
full of clusters of grapes though never 

pruned or manured4 ,he declares that the
 grapes are as good as those to be found
 between ,paris and ,amiens and that the
 wine made by the settlers from the wild
 grapes was equal to ,french or ,british
 wine1 being strong and headdy4 ,in     
closing his description he states that  
by art and industry skillful vignerons  
could bring viticulture unto such       
perfection as will enable the colony to 
export wine to the mother country4  ,an 
anonymous writer in #afdi1 who sets out 
to give a full and true relation of the 
present state of the plantations1 their 
health1 peace and plenty1 etc41 etc41   
thought that the colony needed only some
 one to set an example to the ordinary  
settlers to induce them to grow grapes4 
,this writer says3 ,vines in abundance  
and variety1 do grow naturally over all 
the land1 but by the birds and beasts1  
most devoured before they come to       
perfection and ripenesse2 but this      
testifies and declares1 ,that the       
,ground1 and the ,climate is most       

proper1 and the ,commodity of ,wine is  
not a contemptible ,merchandize2 but    
some men of worth and estate must give  
in these things example to the inferior 
inhabitants and ordinary sort of men1 to
 shew them the gain and ,commodity by   
it1 which they will not believe but by  
experience before their faces3#di  ,a   
hundred years later1 according to       
,beverly1 the grape was scarcely        
cultivated1 the masses of the people    
being content with the fruit of the wild
 vines which grew everywhere in the     
forest4 ,so far as is known there were  
in ,beverly's time1 #agbb1 no named     
varieties and there had been no efforts 
to improve the wild grapes in any way4  
,there are no indications from the early
 writings to show that the ,virginian   
settlers even knew how to propagate     
grapes4 ,the reason for this neglect is 
largely to be sought for in the last    
sentence in the subjoined footnote from 
,beverly4#ej ,this neglect was in spite 
of the fact that from the first the     

settlers had noted that when the vines  
were open to the sun the crop was       
improved4  ,in the northern colonies1 as
 in ,virginia1 about the first object to
 attract the attention of the early     
settlers was the wild grape4 ,the grape1
 possibly more than any other natural   
product of the soil1 is mentioned in the
 preliminary surveys of the ,atlantic   
,coast as offering reasonable ground for
 the expectation that ,american soils   
would furnish all of the supplies       
necessary for the sustenance and comfort
 of settlers4 ,a few statements from the
 early explorers and visitors in the    
,middle and ,new ,england ,states will  
serve to show how plentiful wild grapes 
were in these regions and the estimation
 in which they were held4  ,in          
,delaware1 ,beauchamp ,plantagenet1     
describing a ,uvedale under ,websneck1  
in his account of ,new ,albion1 says    
that it contains four sorts of excellent
 great vines running on mulberry and    
sassafras trees2 there are four sorts of

 grapes1 the first is the ,thoulouse    
,muscat1 sweet scented1 the second the  
great fox and thick grape1 after five   
months reaped being boiled and salted1  
and well fined1 it is a strong red      
,xeres2 the third a light ,claret1 the  
fourth a white grape creeps on the land1
 maketh a pure gold color white wine2   
,tenis ,pale1 the ,frenchman1 of these  
four made eight sorts of excellent wine1
 and of the ,muscat acute boiled that   
the second draught will fox#ea a        
reasonable pate four months old3 and    
here may be gathered and made two       
hundred ton in the vintage month1 and   
replanted will mend4  ,in ,new ,england 
the seventeenth century notices of the  
wild grape are even more numerous than  
similar records to the south but they   
are briefer and the northern observer   
did not recognize the possibilities of  
their domestic use and of bringing them 
under cultivation4 ,this seeming neglect
 of the ,puritans was not because the   
northern wild grapes are inferior to    

those of ,virginia and the ,carolinas1  
but more likely because of the social   
and industrial conditions of the        
colonists4 ,the richer planters in the  
,south had time for wine-making1 the    
only purpose for which grapes were then 
grown1 and for growing the grapes4 ,the 
,new ,englanders had to struggle for the
 necessities of life4  ,it is           
significant1 too1 that the ,southerners 
were fond of wine1 and imported ,madeira
 in large quantities4 ,in ,new ,england1
 rum seems to have been preferred to    
wine1 and as its manufacture from       
molasses is very simple and the latter  
was to be had from the ,west ,indies at 
small cost1 wine-making and             
grape-growing received small attention4 
,yet nearly all of the writers on the   
resources of the ,new ,england ,colonies
 mentioned grapes4 ,thus ,governor      
,edward ,winslow writing in #afba of the
 country in which the ,puritans had     
found a home says3 here are grapes1     
white and red1 and very sweet and strong

 also4 ,we have seen that ,winthrop was 
so impressed with the possibility of    
grape-growing in the new colony that he 
secured a grant of ,governor's ,island  
in ,boston ,harbor upon which to plant a
 vineyard4 ,in ,thomas ,morton's ,new   
,english ,canaan is found the best      
account of the wild grapes of ,new      
,england as the ,puritan found them4 ,he
 says3#eb ,vines1 of this kinde of      
trees1 there are that beare grapes of   
three colours1 that is to say3 white1   
black1 and red4  ,the ,country is so apt
 for vines1 that 7but for the fire at   
the spring of the yeare7 the vines would
 so over spreade the land1 that one     
should not be able to passe for them1   
the fruit is as bigg of some as a musket
 bullet1 and is excellent in taste4     
,john ,josselyn in ,new ,england's      
,rarities1 speaks of a grape having a   
taste of gunpowder1 a short but vivid   
description of ,vitis labrusca4#ec      
,william ,wood in ,new ,england's       
,prospect gives still another account of

 the grapes of ,new ,england4#ed  ,the  
references given are sufficient to show 
that the value of the native grapes as a
 source of food and for wine was        
recognized by the first settlers in     
practically all of the colonies and that
 their possibilities as cultivated      
plants were considered by some of the   
colonizers4 ,yet for two hundred years  
there were no zealous efforts made to   
cultivate ,american grapes4 ,indeed1    
there are far fewer references to the   
wild grapes of the country in the       
eighteenth century than in the          
seventeenth4 ,the reasons for this      
neglect of a plant which could so easily
 have been improved by cultivation1 and 
this must have been apparent1 are       
several4 ,during all of this period the 
,european grape was being tried and all 
hopes for viticulture were centered     
about it4 ,again1 fruit of any kind was 
not a common article of diet with       
,americans until even so recently as a  
generation ago1 and native grapes are   

dessert fruits1 not wine fruits1 and    
wine was the purpose for which all      
grapes were grown until the ,catawba1   
the ,concord and the ,delaware whetted  
the appetites of fruit eaters for a     
dessert grape4  ,in the history of the  
amelioration of the ,american grapes we 
can skip the period from the early      
settlement of the country1 a period     
represented by the above quotations1 to 
the first years of the ,united ,states  
as a lapse of time in which there were  
no steps forward and in which even      
information concerning grapes was       
scarcely increased4 ,the evolution of   
,american grapes began with the opening 
of the nineteenth century1 about the    
only accounts of grapes during the      
eighteenth century worthy of note being 
those of ,john ,lawson1 #agad2 ,robert  
,beverly1 #agbb2 ,col4 ,robert ,bolling1
 #agfe2 ,edward ,antill1 #agfi2 and     
,peter ,legaux1 #ahjj4 ,all of these    
writers excepting ,lawson were concerned
 with ,european grapes1 and their       

relations to grape-growing were         
therefore discussed in the chapter on   
the ,old ,world grape4 ,it remains1     
however1 to call attention to such      
statements as were made by them of      
,american grapes4  ,john ,lawson1 a     
,scotch engineer1 spent eight years1    
beginning in #agjj1 exploring and       
surveying ,north ,carolina4 ,a part of  
this time he was ,surveyor ,general for 
the ,state and through natural desire   
and vocation he became familiar with the
 flora of ,north ,carolina4 ,in his     
history of that ,state1 written in      
#agad1 he gives an account of its       
natural resources in which the grapes of
 the region are several times described4
 ,he distinguishes six kinds1 three of  
which he mentions as having been removed
 to the gardens4 ,his fullest account   
runs as follows3#ee  ,among the natural 
fruits1 the vine takes first place1 of  
which ,i find six sorts1 very well      
known4 ,the first is the black bunch    
grapes which yield a crimson juice4     

,these grow common and bear plentifully1
 they are of a good relish1 though not  
large1 yet well knit in the clusters4   
,they have a thickish skin and large    
stone1 which makes them not yield much  
juice4 ,there is another sort of black  
grapes like the former in all respects1 
save that their juice is of a light     
flesh color1 inclining to a white4 ,i   
once saw a spontaneous white bunch grape
 in ,carolina2 but the cattle browzing  
on the sprouts thereof in the spring1 it
 died4 ,of those which we call fox      
grapes1 we have four sorts2 two whereof 
are called summer grapes1 because ripe  
in ,july2 the other two winter fruits1  
because not ripe till ,september or     
,october4 ,the summer fox grapes grow   
not in clusters or great bunches1 but   
are about five or six in a bunch1 about 
the bigness of a damson or larger4 ,the 
black sort are frequent1 the white not  
so commonly found4 ,they always grow in 
swamps and low1 moist lands1 running    
sometimes very high and being shady1 and

 therefore proper for arbours4 ,they    
afford the largest leaf ,i ever saw to  
my remembrance1 the back of which is of 
a white horse flesh color4 ,this fruit  
always ripens in the shade4 ,i have     
transplanted them into my orchard and   
find they thrive well1 if manured4 ,a   
neighbor of mine has done the same2 mine
 were by slips1 his from the roots1     
which thrive to admiration1 and bear    
fruit1 though not so juicy as the       
,european grape1 but of a glutinous     
nature4 ,however it is pleasant enough  
to eat4  ,the other winter fox grapes   
are much of the same bigness4 ,these    
refuse no ground1 swampy or dry1 but    
grow plentifully on the sand hills along
 the sea coast and elsewhere1 and are   
great bearers4 ,i have seen near twelve 
bushels upon one vine of the black sort4
 ,some of these1 when thoroughly ripe1  
have a very pretty vinous taste and eat 
very well1 yet are glutinous4 ,the white
 sort are clear and transparent1 and    
indifferent small stones4 ,being removed

 by the slip or root1 they thrive well  
in our gardens1 and make pleasant       
shades4  ,in another part of his        
history1 ,lawson says that in #agjh the 
,french ,huguenots on ,trent ,river1    
,north ,carolina1 were cultivating      
,european grapes for wine-making4#ef    
,again he devotes several pages to the  
subject of grape-growing in ,north      
,carolina4#eg ,he held that this noble  
vegetable could be brought to the same  
perfection as in similar latitudes in   
,europe4 ,he states that ,nathaniel     
,johnson had rejected all exotic vines  
and was cultivating native sorts from   
which he was making excellent wine4     
,lawson admonishes his readers that in a
 new country the settlers are under the 
necessity of making use of the natural  
products of the soil of which1 in       
,carolina1 the wild grape is most worthy
 of notice4 ,he calls attention to the  
fact that conditions are so different in
 ,america that ,european methods of     
cultivation and care cannot be followed4

 ,lastly he states that he had planted  
seeds from the white grapes of ,madeira 
from which he hoped to raise a vineyard4
 ,lawson is deserving of esteem as an   
energetic pioneer1 an accurate          
historian1 as one of the first ,american
 naturalists1 and as an early           
vineyardist and horticulturist1 for he  
experimented with other fruits than the 
grape4 ,poor ,lawson was burned to death
 by the ,indians in the prime of his    
career1 cutting short experiments which 
might have materially hastened the      
establishment of viticulture in         
,america4  ,the best account of the     
grapes of ,virginia given in the later  
colonial times is that of the historian 
,robert ,beverly who is very explicit in
 his description of the sorts growing   
wild in that ,state4 ,he describes them 
as follows3#eh ,grapes grow there       
,virginia in an incredible plenty1 and  
variety2 some of which are very sweet   
and pleasant to the taste1 others rough 
and harsh1 and perhaps fitter for wine  

or brandy4 ,i have seen great trees     
covered with single vines1 and those    
vines almost hid with the grapes4 ,of   
these wild grapes1 besides those large  
ones in the mountains1 mentioned by     
,batt in his discovery1 ,i have observed
 four very different kinds1 viz3  ,one  
of the sorts grows among the sand banks1
 upon the edges of the low grounds1 and 
islands next the bay1 and sea1 and also 
in the swamps and breaches of the       
uplands4 ,they grow thin in small       
bunches1 and upon very low vines4 ,these
 are noble grapes2 and though they are  
wild in the woods1 are as large as the  
,dutch gooseberry4 ,one species of them 
is white1 others purple1 blue and black1
 but all much alike in flavor2 and some 
long1 some round4  ,a second kind is    
produced throughout the whole country1  
in the swamps and sides of hills4 ,these
 also grow upon small vines1 and in     
small bunches2 but are themselves the   
largest grapes as big as the ,english   
bullace1 and of a rank taste when ripe1 

resembling the smell of a fox1 from     
whence they are called fox grapes4 ,both
 these sorts make admirable tarts1 being
 of a fleshly substance1 and perhaps1 if
 rightly managed1 might make good       
raisins4  ,there are two species more1  
that are common to the whole country1   
some of which are black1 and some blue  
on the outside1 and some white4 ,they   
grow upon vast1 large vines1 and bear   
very plentifully4 ,the nice observer    
might1 perhaps1 distinguish them into   
several kinds1 because they differ in   
color1 size and relish2 but ,i shall    
divide them only into two1 viz3 the     
early1 and the late ripe4 ,the early    
ripe common grape is much larger1       
sweeter1 and better than the other4 ,of 
these some are quite black1 and others  
blue1 and some white or yellow2 some    
also ripen three weeks1 or a month      
before the other4 ,the distance of their
 ripening1 is from the latter end of    
,august1 to the latter end of ,october4 
,the late ripe common grapes are less   

than any other1 neither are they so     
pleasant to the taste4 ,they hang       
commonly to the latter end of ,november1
 or till ,christmas2 all that ,i have   
seen of these are black4 ,of the former 
of these two sorts1 the ,french refugees
 at the ,monacan ,town made a sort of   
claret1 though they were gathered off of
 the wild vines in the woods4 ,i was    
told by a very good judge who tasted it1
 that it was a pleasant1 strong1 and    
full-bodied wine4 ,from which we may    
conclude1 that if the wine was but      
tolerably good1 when made of the wild   
grape1 which is shaded by the woods from
 the sun1 it would be much better1 if   
produced of the same grape cultivated in
 a regular vineyard4  ,beverly could    
write with some authority on grapes for 
he was at that time much interested in  
the general question of grape-growing4  
,besides he was of an inquiring mind and
 seems to have been an untiring         
experimenter with the agricultural      
plants of his own and other lands4      

,charles ,campbell in his introduction  
to the reprint of ,beverly's ,virginia  
in #ahee1 gives the following account of
 a vineyard planted by the historian3   
,john ,fontaine1 son of a ,huguenot     
refugee1 having come over from ,england 
to ,virginia1 visited ,robert ,beverly1 
the author of this work1 in the year    
#agae1 at his residence1 near the head  
of the ,mattapony4 ,here he cultivated  
several varieties of the grape1 native  
and ,french1 in a vineyard of about     
three acres1 situated upon the side of a
 hill1 from which he made in that year  
four hundred gallons of wine4 ,he went  
to very considerable expense in this    
enterprise1 having constructed vaults of
 a wine-cellar4 ,but ,fontaine comparing
 his method with that used in ,spain1   
deemed it erroneous1 and that his       
vineyard was not rightly managed4 ,the  
home-made wine ,fontaine drank heartily 
of1 and found it good1 but he was       
satisfied by the flavor of it that      
,beverly did not understand how to make 

it properly4 99 99 99 ,he had laid a    
sort of wager with some of the          
neighboring planters1 he giving them one
 guinea in hand1 and they promising to  
pay him each ten guineas1 if in seven   
years he should cultivate a vineyard    
that would yield at one vintage seven   
hundred gallons of wine4 ,beverly       
thereupon paid them down one hundred    
pounds1 and ,fontaine entertained no    
doubt but that in the next year he would
 win the thousand guineas4 ,and ,beverly
 won the guineas4  ,bolling in his      
,sketch of ,vine ,culture1 #agfe1       
mentions native grapes only as they     
indicate to him the adaptability of the 
country for the ,european sorts4 ,yet he
 suggests1 and was probably the first to
 do so1 the possibility of hybridization
 between ,american and the ,european    
species4 ,he says3 ,would it not be well
 for us to attempt the raising of new   
varieties1 by marrying our native with  
foreign vines8 ,he then gives a plan    
whereby the vines may be planted as to  

so interlock their branches as that they
 shall be completely blended together4  
,he says1 they will then feed from the  
blossoms of each other1 and when the    
fruit is ripe1 and if seeds are saved   
from it and sown in nurseries1 99 99 99 
it is probable that we shall obtain     
other varieties better adapted to our   
climates and better for wine and table1 
than either of those kinds from which   
they sprung4 ,beyond these brief        
mentions ,bolling does not discuss      
native grapes1 though he tells of the   
origin of the ,bland grape1 which we now
 know to be a native1 and wrongly says  
that it grew from the seed of a         
,european raisin4  ,antill1 in his      
,essay on the ,cultivation of the ,vine1
 a treatise discussed in the previous   
chapter1 gives no varieties of native   
grapes1 though he says that he had just 
entered upon a trial of them4 ,his brief
 discussion of ,american vines is well  
worth quoting in full as showing the    
status of the species known to ,antill  

just previous to the ,revolutionary     
,war3#ei  ,the reason for my being      
silent about vines that are natives of  
,america1 is1 that ,i know but little of
 them1 having but just entered upon a   
trial of them1 when my very ill state of
 health forbade me to proceed3 ,from    
what little observation ,i have been    
able to make1 ,i look upon them to be   
much more untractable than those of     
,europe1 they will undergo a hard       
struggle indeed1 before they will submit
 to a low and humble state1 a state of  
abject slavery4 ,they are very hardy and
 will stand a frame1 for they brave the 
severest storms and winter blasts1 they 
shrink not at snow1 ice1 hail or rain2  
the wine they will make1 ,i imagine from
 the austerity of their taste1 will be  
strong and masculine4  ,the ,fox-,grape1
 whose berries are large and round1 is  
divided into three sorts1 the white1 the
 dark red and the black2 the berries    
grow but thin upon the bunches1 which   
are plain without shoulders4 ,they      

delight most in a rich sandy lome1 here 
they grow very large and the berries are
 sweetest1 but they will grow in any    
grounds1 wet or dry2 those that grow on 
high dry grounds generally become white1
 and the colour alters to a dark red or 
black1 according to the lowness and     
wetness of the ground2 the situation ,i 
think must greatly affect the ,wine1 in 
strength1 goodness and colour2 the      
berries are generally ripe the beginning
 of ,september1 and when fully ripe they
 soon fall away2 thus much ,i have      
observed as they grow wild4 ,what       
alteration they may undergo1 or how much
 they may be improved by proper soils   
and due cultivation ,i cannot say4      
,there is a small black ,grape1 a size  
bigger than the winter ,grape1 that is  
ripe in ,september2 it is pleasant to   
eat1 and makes a very pretty ,wine1     
which ,i have drank of1 it was four     
years old1 and seemed to be the better  
for its age2 the colour was amber1 owing
 to the want of knowing how to extract  

the tincture2 this ,grape is seldom to  
be found2 there is a ,vine of them near 
,john ,taylor1 ,esq2 at ,middletown1    
,monmouth1 and there are some of them in
 ,mr4 ,livingston's ,vineyard at        
,piscataqua in ,new-,jersey4 ,i think   
they are well worth propagating4  ,the  
frost or winter ,grape is known to every
 body1 both the bunches and berries are 
small1 and yield but little juice1 but  
the richness of the ,wine may make up   
for the smallness of the quantity2 the  
taste of the ,grape is austere till     
pretty hard frosts come1 and then it    
takes a favourable turn and becomes very
 sweet and agreeable2 this ,vine shoots 
forth great numbers of slender branches1
 and might do very well for the south   
and southeast sides of a summer-house or
 close walk1 if all the useless and     
barren branches were cut away4  ,the    
,vines of ,america are fit for strong   
high espaliers1 but if ,i mistake not1  
he must watch them narrowly1 must take  
away every unnecessary and unprofitable 

branch1 and trim them sharp and close1  
that means to keep them within bounds4  
,peter ,legaux1 in his patriotic address
 ,to the ,people of the ,american       
,states1#fj wherein he admonishes them  
the culture of the vine is a national   
duty1 was intent1 as we have seen1 on   
making the ,old ,world grape grow in    
,america--even if it were necessary to  
palm off an ,american sort as an ,old   
,world kind4 ,he dismisses ,american    
grapes with even less attention than    
,antill gave them1 his sole notice of   
them being embodied in the remarks that 
with skillful management many of them   
would make good and wholesome wines and 
that if the native grapes of ,america   
are not the most eligible for vineyards1
 others are now within the reach of its 
inhabitants4 ,indirectly he was1        
however1 of great service in            
distributing the first native varieties1
 for as ,rafinesque says1 by calling our
 ,bland and ,alexander grapes ,madeira  
and ,cape1 he was instrumental in       

diffusing them among those who would not
 have noticed nor bought them if known  
as native vines4  ,following ,legaux's  
address of #ahjj several treatises were 
written within a few years which give us
 a very clear idea of the status of the 
,american grapes at the beginning of the
 nineteenth century4 ,chief of these1   
and probably in chronological order1 is 
a paper in ,the ,domestic ,encyclopedia 
on the vine1 written by ,james ,mease1  
,m4 ,d4#fa ,it appears that ,dr4 ,mease 
wrote in #ahjb but the ,encyclopedia did
 not appear until #ahjd4fb ,embodied in 
the article is an interesting paper on  
the vines of the ,united ,states drawn  
up by ,william ,bartram at the request  
of the editor4 ,bartram's paper was     
written in the spring of #ahjb4 ,mease's
 discussion of the vine merits especial 
attention4 ,while the best of ,antill's 
and ,legaux's observations are made use 
of1 yet much is added to them and the   
paper is far more reasonable in every   
respect than those of either of the two 

previous writers1 and is wholly lacking 
in the ostentatious modesty and         
circumlocution of ,antill and the       
grandiloquence and self esteem of       
,legaux4 ,it may justly be considered   
the first rational discussion of the    
culture of the grape in ,america4       
,mease's paper deserves attention for   
another reason4 ,it contains the first  
public utterance condemning the culture 
of the ,old ,world grape and            
recommending the cultivation of native  
grapes4 ,he says3 ,from the experience1 
however1 of the editor and his friends  
who have found much difficulty in       
naturalizing foreign vines1 he          
recommends the cultivation of the native
 grapes of the ,united ,states1         
particularly the ,vitis sylvestris1     
,vitis aestivalis or small blue or bunch
 grape2 ,bland's1 ,tasker's or          
,alexander's1 and the bull-grape of     
,carolina and ,georgia4 ,it appears from
 the whole discussion by ,mease and     
,bartram in this treatise that the only 

varieties of native grapes cultivated in
 #ahjd were ,alexander's or ,tasker's   
grape1 ,bland's grape1 the ,bull        
grape#fc of ,carolina and ,georgia1 and 
the ,raccoon grape4  ,two years later1  
#ahjf1 ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson#fd and ,bernard 
,mc,mahon#fe published accounts of the  
cultivation of the vine4 ,johnson       
mentions three ,american varieties1 the 
,bull or ,bullet grape1 ,bland's grape  
and the ,alexander's or ,tasker's grape4
 ,johnson has nothing to say of the     
desirability of cultivating the above or
 other native sorts and confines his    
discussion largely to ,legaux's work    
with ,european grapes4 ,mc,mahon        
advocates the introduction of foreign   
grapes and says almost nothing about the
 native species4 ,as ,american varieties
 he mentions those given by ,johnson1   
omitting the ,bull grape4  ,one of the  
first1 if not the first1 extensive      
centers of native grape-growing in      
,america was about ,york1 ,pennsylvania4
 ,in #ahah1 ,mr4 ,thomas ,eichelberger1 

an enterprising ,german vine-grower1 set
 out four acres of grapes at this place 
and demonstrated that grapes could be   
grown successfully4 ,the original       
vineyard was increased to about twenty  
acres and other plantations were made   
until in #ahbf there were in the        
immediate neighborhood of the borough of
 ,york one hundred and fifty acres of   
vineyards4 ,the account of these        
vineyards states further3#ff ,in ,adam  
and ,westmoreland the culture of the    
vine is also attended to and one        
gentleman in ,chester has a vineyard of 
thirty acres4 ,the grape most commonly  
grown in this region was known to the   
growers as ,black or ,york ,madeira and 
was supposed to have been introduced    
from the ,island of ,madeira4 ,prince   
pronounced the grape to be a native and 
the then commonly grown ,alexander4     
,other popular sorts in this region were
 the ,york ,claret1 a native resembling 
,alexander2 and ,york ,lisbon1 described
 as having considerable affinity to     

,alexander but having a larger and more 
acid fruit4 ,beside these there were    
several less well known sorts none of   
which is heard of now4 ,before the      
industry began to wane about ,york the  
,catawba and ,isabella had taken the    
place of the first named sorts and these
 eventually succumbed for most part to  
grape diseases4 ,in looking up the      
history of varieties of grapes for this 
work1 a surprisingly large number have  
been traced back to this early center of
 the industry1 so many that ,york and   
,lancaster ,counties1 ,pennsylvania1    
must be counted among the starting      
places of ,american viticulture4  ,we   
have seen that for some years previous  
to ,johnson and ,mc,mahon there had been
 efforts to grow ,vitis vinifera in many
 widely separated regions4 ,the futility
 of attempting to grow the ,old ,world  
grape became apparent1 so far as we may 
judge from written accounts1 to but few 
men1 however4 ,to ,dr4 ,james ,mease    
must be accorded the honor of first     

perceiving and setting forth in print   
the fact that ,american viticulture must
 rise from native grapes4 ,possibly the 
second man to voice the same sentiment  
was ,thomas ,jefferson1 ever alert for  
the agricultural welfare of the country1
 who wrote to ,john ,adlum in #ahji1    
speaking of the ,alexander grape3#fg ,i 
think it will be well to push the       
culture of that grape without losing    
time and efforts in search of foreign   
vines1 which it will take centuries to  
adapt to our soil and climate4 ,it is   
probable that ,jefferson1 who it appears
 was a frequent correspondent of        
,adlum's1 stimulated the latter to the  
publication of a book on grape culture4 
,this appeared in #ahbc1 for the        
purpose1 as the author says in his      
preface1 of diffusing some practical and
 useful information throughout the      
country on the best method of           
cultivating the native grape and of     
making ,wine4  ,thus ,adlum's#fh        
,cultivation of the ,vine was the first 

,american book on ,american grapes4 ,the
 author's intentions1 as indicated in   
his preface1 quoted above1 were good2   
but his book1 as an exposition on native
 grape culture1 is a failure4 ,the work 
is concerned for most part with         
wine-making and his cultural directions 
are taken almost wholly1 such as they   
are1 from ,european books4 ,in the last 
four pages of the treatise he describes 
twenty-two varieties of grapes of which 
perhaps a dozen are native sorts4 ,in   
this edition the ,catawba is described  
as the ,tokay but in a second edition1  
published in #ahbh1 the name is changed 
from ,tokay to ,catawba4 ,adlum was one 
of the first to call attention to the   
,catawba and was at the time its chief  
distributor4 ,he advocated in his book1 
and in the papers of the time1 the      
establishment of an experimental farm#fi
 upon which could be grown cuttings of  
the different species of the native     
,vine to be found in the ,united        
,states1 to ascertain their growth1     

soil1 and produce1 and to exhibit to the
 ,nation1 a new source of wealth1 which 
has been too long neglected4  ,adlum did
 not write from theory alone for he was 
the owner and cultivator of vineyards   
near ,georgetown1 in the ,district of   
,columbia1 where he grew both native and
 foreign grapes4 ,the latter he finally 
discarded with the statement that the   
way to success in ,america is to drop   
most kinds of foreign vines at once     
7except a few for the table7 and seek   
for the best kinds of our largest native
 ,grapes4 ,the best information from    
,adlum's pen regarding native grapes and
 their culture is to be found in the    
,american ,farmer1 published in         
,baltimore4 ,he wrote mainly during the 
years #ahbd to #ahcj4 ,he was neither a 
clear nor an accurate writer and his    
imagination and enthusiasm had full sway
 at all times2 yet1 notwithstanding     
these faults1 he must be counted as one 
of the geniuses of his day1 as devoted  
to the welfare of the country1 as having

 almost a prophetic vision1 and as      
actuated by the best of motives4 ,his   
struggle for a national experimental    
vineyard1 the work of his pen1 his      
dissemination of the ,catawba and other 
grapes1 and his vineyard experiments1   
give ,adlum a high place among the      
improvers of ,american grapes4  ,john   
,james ,dufour gives the next glimpse of
 the beginnings of ,american viticulture
 in his ,vine ,dresser's ,guide         
published in ,cincinnati in #ahbf4 ,it  
is but a glimpse1 however1 for ,dufour  
was a foreigner1 and1 as we have seen1  
came to ,america to grow the ,old ,world
 grape4 ,his efforts at grape-growing   
furnished the climax to the two         
centuries of failures in growing ,vitis 
vinifera in ,america but did not benefit
 the new viticulture of the country     
greatly4#gj ,his only contribution of   
note was one made in spite of himself1  
namely the introduction of the          
,alexander1 which he incorrectly called 
,cape1 an ,american grape1 as a         

commercial variety1 ,legaux having first
 brought it prominently to notice4      
,dufour would never admit that this     
variety1 the only one to succeed in his 
vineyards in ,kentucky and ,indiana1 was
 a native grape and says of it in the   
preface of his book3 ,i will also try to
 save the character of our ,cape grapes 
from being made merely wild grapes1     
because some are now found in the woods2
 and1 to put any one in the way to      
distinguish wild from tame grapes1 ,i   
will give the description of the        
botanical characters of the blossom of  
both sorts4 ,in his text he fulfills the
 promise in the preface and devotes some
 pages to save the character of our     
,cape grapes4  ,dufour's visit of       
inspection of the vineyards of the      
country in #agii has been noted in      
discussing the ,old ,world grape4 ,in   
this trip only foreign grapes interested
 him and he mentioned the wild species  
but to condemn them for cultivation4 ,in
 his book published twenty-seven years  

later he shows no change of opinion and 
though at this time there were a number 
of meritorious native sorts he describes
 only ,european varieties4 ,dufour was a
 true foreigner and could find little of
 value in the ,new ,world that did not  
come from the ,old ,world4  ,rafinesque1
 writing in #ahcj1 in his ,american     
,manual of the ,grape ,vines1 gives an  
account of forty-one species of native  
grapes4 ,unfortunately his species are  
founded upon the slightest differences  
in vine or fruit and his observations   
were so poorly made that his botanical  
studies of the grape are now wholly     
discredited by botanists4 ,he gives an  
account of the acreage in vineyards     
existing in the ,united ,states in #ahbe
 and #ahcj4 ,this is the earliest       
estimate of the vineyard acreage of the 
country and is therefore a landmark in  
,american viticulture4 ,it is as        
follows3#ga ,in #ahbe ,i collected an   
account of our principal vineyards and  
nurseries of vines4 ,they were then only

 #fj of #a to #bj acres each1 altogether
 #fjj acres4 ,while now1 in #ahcj1 they 
amount to #bjj of #c to #dj acres1 or   
nearly #ejjj acres of vineyards4 ,thus  
having increased tenfold within #e      
years1 at which rate they promise to    
become a permanent and increasing       
cultivation4  ,viticulture took its     
place in the literature of ,american    
pomology with the advent of ,william    
,robert ,prince's ,a ,treatise on the   
,vine4 ,this work1 magnificent compared 
with similar books of the time1         
introduces native grapes to the         
fruit-growers of ,america4 ,prince was  
the fourth proprietor of the same name  
of the ,prince nurseries at ,flushing1  
,long ,island1 and he with his          
predecessors had assiduously cultivated 
,european varieties of grapes hoping to 
acclimatize them to ,american           
conditions4 ,it is not a matter of      
wonder therefore1 that much of his book 
is devoted to foreign grapes4 ,his      
collection at ,flushing consisted of    

over four hundred and fifty sorts and   
many of these he describes4 ,in spite of
 his attraction to the foreign          
varieties1 some of which had been tested
 in his nursery for two or three        
generations1 ,prince admitted the       
impossibility of growing them           
successfully and recommends to his      
readers and patrons the cultivation of  
native varieties4 ,in the latter regard 
he says3 99 99 99 after all my own      
experiments ,i have come to this        
conclusion1 that to establish vineyards 
of the most profitable description1 with
 a certainty of regular crops in        
localities north of the highlands in    
this state1 native varieties alone      
should be selected2 and the whole of the
 eastern states will of course be       
comprised in this remark4  ,in his      
treatise1 ,prince described about       
seventy varieties of native grapes and  
several of the native species4 ,prince's
 descriptions of these grapes are       
comprehensive and judging from the sorts

 described by him which we now have they
 are accurate4 ,he grew seedlings from  
many of them4 ,he showed a knowledge of 
the possibilities of hybridization of   
,american species with ,vitis vinifera4 
,he solicited and obtained seeds and    
vines from all the settled portions of  
the ,union4 ,his grape correspondents in
 different parts of ,america and of the 
world must have numbered hundreds4      
,prince's enthusiasm and perseverance in
 grape culture attached to him votaries 
in all fruit regions and to him more    
than to any other man was due that      
friendly interchange of knowledge and   
sentiment regarding grapes which        
characterized the half century after the
 appearance of his book4 ,such          
co-operation as was manifested in       
grape-growing in the second and third   
quarters of the nineteenth century has  
never been known in the culture of any  
other species of plant in this country  
and to it is largely due the progress of
 viticulture in leaps and bounds dating 

from ,prince's time4  ,with the close of
 the year #ahcj1 we may consider        
viticulture a firmly established        
industry in ,america with the native    
grapes as a basis4 ,rafinesque's        
estimate of the acreage at this time is 
given on a preceding page 7#dg74 ,it is 
worth while considering1 very briefly1  
the types of grapes under cultivation at
 this stage of the industry1 with some  
discussion of the origin of the leading 
varieties4  ,the first grape to become  
generally distributed as a commercial   
variety1 was1 as has been remarked      
before1 the ,alexander1 or ,cape4 ,it   
came into prominence1 through the       
deception of ,legaux and the credulity  
of ,dufour1 as one of the ,viniferas    
commonly grown at the ,cape of ,good    
,hope4 ,it proved1 however1 to be an    
offshoot of the fox grape of the woods1 
,vitis labrusca1 and had been grown1    
long before ,legaux palmed it off as the
 ,cape1 under the names ,alexander and  
,tasker's1 ,alexander because of its    

having been grown by a gardener of this 
name and ,tasker's through its          
cultivation on a somewhat extensive     
scale by a ,mr4 ,tasker in ,maryland4   
,its history dates back to the years    
before the ,revolutionary ,war and its  
origin was probably on the banks of the 
,schuylkill in ,pennsylvania1 hence     
another of its many synonyms1           
,schuylkill ,muscadell4  ,of the several
 other native varieties of the ,labrusca
 type cultivated in #ahcj1 two deserve  
attention for their intrinsic and       
historical value4 ,the ,catawba1 of     
uncertain origin1 as we shall see in its
 history1 and the ,isabella1 a native of
 ,south ,carolina1 are both classed by  
most viticulturists as of the fox or    
,labrusca type4 ,the two varieties were 
distributed among vine-growers at about 
the same time but the ,catawba1 because 
of its superior merits1 soon took the   
lead and at the time of which we write  
was by far the most popular native      
grape4 ,these1 with the ,alexander1 may 

certainly be considered the forerunners 
of the cultivated grapes of the species 
to which they belong4 ,the ,catawba is  
still in several great grape regions of 
the country the standard commercial     
variety4  ,while varieties of ,vitis    
labrusca were first cultivated in the   
,north1 it is probable that ,vitis      
rotundifolia furnished the first        
domesticated varieties for the ,south1  
and likely1 too1 before the northern    
kinds were cultivated4 ,among these are 
the white and black ,scuppernongs1 or   
bullet grapes4 ,vitis rotundifolia1     
while it refuses to grow out of its     
habitat1 runs riot from ,maryland to    
,florida from seashore to mountains and 
in many diverse soils4 ,the             
,scuppernongs#gb are natural offshoots  
of this species and are known in the    
,south in legend1 tradition and history4
 ,undoubtedly they were cultivated for  
their fruit or as ornamentals in garden 
or vineyards from the earliest colonial 
times4 ,it is certain that wine was made

 from the different wild types of ,vitis
 rotundifolia from the settlement of    
,jamestown and if not brought under     
cultivation at an early day it was      
because the bountifulness of the wild   
vines obviated the necessity of         
domesticating them4 ,it was of this     
grape that ,amadas and ,barlowe wrote in
 #aehd in all the world the like        
abundance is not to be found4  ,the word
 ,scuppernong#gc is often used to       
designate a group of grapes rather than 
as a varietal name2 for1 there are the  
black ,scuppernong1 the white or green  
,scuppernong and the red ,scuppernong1  
all much alike except in color of fruit 
and in a few minor characters of vine4  
,indeed1 where ,vitis rotundifolia grows
 wild1 all of the forms are often       
included in the term ,scuppernong4 ,the 
species is often known1 too1 as the     
,muscadine or ,southern ,muscadine4     
,while the ,labruscas were becoming     
established in the ,north and the       
,scuppernongs in the ,south1 two other  

species1 one northern and one southern1 
came into prominence with varieties     
which for wine-making at least were far 
superior to any other native sorts4 ,the
 southern species is ,vitis aestivalis1 
best represented then and now by ,norton
 while the northern species is ,vitis   
riparia and its variety under           
cultivation was the ,clinton1 which     
still remains one of the best           
representatives of the species4#gd ,it  
is strange that these four species were 
brought under cultivation only when wild
 forms of them1 so striking in value    
that they still remain a hundred years  
later standard cultivated varieties1 had
 been found4 ,vitis labrusca represented
 by ,catawba1 ,vitis rotundifolia1 by   
,scuppernong1 ,vitis aestivalis1 by     
,norton1 and ,vitis riparia1 by         
,clinton1 are1 after a century of       
improvement1 with several hundred       
varieties1 scarcely excelled by others  
of their species4 ,yet it is not so much
 the wonder that grape-breeders have so 

little improved upon these first        
varieties1 as that our forefathers could
 allow them to grow comparatively       
neglected at their doors for two        
centuries while they wasted time in the 
attempt to grow a foreign grape that had
 been a failure from the very start4    
,other species had also been tried at   
this time4 ,those indefatigable         
botanists and horticulturists1 the      
,princes1 had grown plants of what we   
now know as ,vitis aestivalis lincecumii
 ,munson1 ,vitis longii ,prince1 and    
,vitis cordifolia ,michx41 but without  
finding them of value4 ,it is           
interesting to note that the first named
 species1 the ,post-oak grape1 now      
promises to furnish valuable varieties  
for the ,south and that it has some     
characters desirable for the ,north if  
they can be combined with those of our  
northern species4  ,we have followed the
 grape through the settlement1          
colonization and first statehood days of
 the ,united ,states4 ,we have seen that

 it had its part1 and no mean one1 in   
these dramatic periods4 ,we have found  
that the wild grapes of the country1    
valued but uncultivated for two hundred 
years1 became through mere transplanting
 from the woods into the vineyards1     
without the slow modifications which    
nearly all other plants have had to     
undergo1 one of our most important      
fruits4 ,the domestication of four      
species of ,american grapes has been    
briefly traced4 ,the beginning of       
,american viticulture has been set1     
somewhat arbitrarily1 at #ahcj1 the date
 of the publication of ,william         
,prince's ,treatise on the ,vine4 ,it   
remains now to discuss the economic     
progress of the industry we have seen   
launched4  ,the twenty years following  
#ahcj comprise a period of expansion in 
grape-growing unmarked by the           
introduction of new types or of any new 
varieties of particular note4 ,during   
this time a grape and wine industry of  
considerable magnitude was developed    

about ,cincinnati1 and the ,ohio ,river 
became known as the ,rhine of           
,america--a title long since lost and   
now applied to the ,keuka ,lake region  
in ,new ,york4 ,according to            
,buchanan1#ge there were #aeej acres of 
grapes in the ,ohio ,valley within      
twenty miles of ,cincinnati2 between    
forty and fifty acres near ,hermann1    
,missouri2 a few vineyards at           
,belleville1 ,illinois2 and wine was    
being made from the ,scuppernong grape  
in ,north and ,south ,carolina4 ,the    
inference from ,buchanan is that the    
above plantations were for the          
production of wine2 for he specifies    
that a few vineyards were in cultivation
 about ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia and    
,burlington1 ,new ,jersey1 but more with
 a view to supply the market with       
grapes1 than to make wine4  ,the last   
statement is significant for it         
indicates a change in the grape industry
 which really gave life to the          
viticulture of eastern ,america4 ,until 

about #ahej1 grapes were considered     
valuable and were cultivated only for   
wine-making4 ,previous to this time the 
literature on the grape was concerned   
more with wine-making than with         
cultivation1 varieties or any other     
phase of the industry4 ,the ,american   
grapes1 with few exceptions1 do not make
 good wines2 there were few men in the  
country until within recent years who   
understood wine-making2 and the         
,american people do not take kindly to  
wines4 ,it was not1 therefore1 possible 
to establish viticulture as an industry 
of any magnitude in eastern ,america    
when grapes were used for wine alone4   
,it was only when the demand for table  
grapes was created and when             
transportation and market facilities    
permitted the supply of the demand that 
the industry took form and substance4   
,it is a significant fact that in those 
regions in the eastern ,united ,states  
in which grape-growing has been founded 
and which are chiefly dependent on      

wine-making1 the industry has not       
prospered or has flourished but         
temporarily4  ,we have had ,rafinesque's
 survey of the grape industry of the    
country in #ahcj and ,buchanan's in     
#ahej4 ,the next record1 and a far more 
complete one than either of the above1  
is found in a consular report made by   
,e4 ,m4 ,erskine1 ,secretary of the     
,british ,legation at ,washington1 to   
the ,british government in #ahei4 ,mr4  
,erskine reported the acreage as        
follows3#gf ,the banks of the ,river    
,ohio are studded with vineyards1       
between #a1ejj and #b1jjj acres being   
planted in the immediate vicinity of    
,cincinnati1 with every prospect of a   
vast increase4 ,at ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 on
 the southern shore of ,lake ,erie1     
there are #ajj acres under vine culture2
 at ,hermann1 on the ,missouri1 #hj     
miles west of ,st4 ,louis1 #aej or #bjj 
acres are cultivated almost entirely by 
,germans2 at ,booneville1 higher up the 
same river2 at ,belleville1 on the      

'rolling prairies' of ,illinois2 at     
,reading1 in ,pennsylvania2 in          
,kentucky1 ,indiana1 ,tennessee1        
,arkansas1 and generally1 in at least   
twenty-two out of the thirty-two ,states
 now constituting the ,union1 vineyards 
of more or less promise and extent have 
been planted4 99 99 99  ,about #c1jjj   
acres are cultivated as vineyards in the
 state of ,ohio2 #ejj in ,kentucky2     
#a1jjj in ,indiana2 #ejj in ,missouri2  
#ejj in ,illinois2 #ajj in ,georgia2    
#cjj in ,north ,carolina2 #bjj in ,south
 ,carolina1 with every prospect of a    
rapid increase in all4 ,it is calculated
 that at least #b1jjj1jjj gallons of    
wine are now raised in the ,united      
,states1 the average value of which may 
be taken at a dollar and a half the     
gallon4  ,grape-growing in ,new ,york   
was not considered worthy of mention by 
,erskine2 and ,buchanan nine years      
before reported only a few vineyards    
about ,new ,york ,city4 ,in the regions 
of this ,state now almost wholly devoted

 to grape-growing a start had hardly    
been made in #ahej4 ,yet there were some
 commercial vineyards at this time4     
,deacon ,elijah ,fay1 the pioneer       
grape-grower in what is now the great   
,chautauqua region1 planted the first   
vines in that district in #ahah and     
though grape-growing did not become of  
importance until three or four decades  
later yet this planting was the         
foundation upon which ,deacon ,fay built
 until1 largely through his efforts and 
example and those of his children1      
grapes were grown everywhere about his  
home4 ,it is doubtful1 however1 if there
 were a hundred acres of commercial     
vineyards in this region when ,erskine  
made his report in #ahei4  ,the first   
plantings made about ,keuka ,lake1 now  
called the ,rhine of ,america1 were made
 by the ,rev4 ,william ,bostwick at     
,hammondsport about #ahcj4 ,he grew the 
,catawba and ,isabella in a small way in
 his garden and for years was the only  
grape-grower in this part of ,new ,york4

 ,the commercial industry in this region
 was not started until #ahec when       
,andrew ,reisinger1 a ,german vintner1  
planted two acres of ,isabellas and     
,catawbas at ,harmonyville in the town  
of ,pulteney4 ,from this start          
viticulture in the ,keuka region grew   
apace and there must have been four or  
five hundred acres of grapes planted    
when ,erskine's report was made in      
#ahei4 ,the fact that the region was not
 mentioned in this report may be        
accounted for by assuming that          
,erskine's figures came from men engaged
 in making wine and at this time wine   
was not made in large quantities in the 
,keuka district4  ,there had been       
experimental vineyards about ,new ,york 
,city and along the ,hudson for a       
century before the time of which we are 
writing1 but these1 as we have seen1    
being largely of foreign grapes1 came to
 naught4 ,probably native grapes were   
first planted there in a commercial way 
by the ,french ,huguenots who settled in

 ,ulster and ,orange ,counties4 ,at any 
rate there is record of a vineyard      
planted by a ,frenchman1 ,john ,jacques1
 near ,washingtonville in #ahcg4 ,the   
varieties were ,isabella and ,catawba   
and there were1 all told1 about half an 
acre4 ,it is interesting to note that   
this vineyard is still producing grapes 
and that some of the vines are as       
vigorous as in their first maturity4    
,wine-making as an industry has existed 
in this region since the vineyard of    
#ahcg came into bearing but it was not  
until several years later that table    
grapes were grown for the market4 ,in   
#ahei there must have been two or three 
hundred acres of grapes in commercial   
vineyards in the country adjacent to the
 ,hudson4  ,adding five hundred acres   
from ,new ,york to the #fejj reported   
for the ,united ,states by ,erskine in  
#ahei we have #gjjj acres for the whole 
country--a small estimate1 for several  
other states known to have considerable 
acreages of commercial vineyards were   

not taken into account in ,erskine's    
survey4  ,before passing to a further   
consideration of grape statistics we    
must note two important events for      
,american viticulture which took place  
just previous to the survey which we    
have been discussing4 ,one of these     
brought about a revolution1--almost     
brought into existence commercial       
grape-growing2 the other stimulated and 
laid the foundation of grape-breeding in
 this country4 ,the first was the       
introduction of the ,concord grape2 the 
second was the production of hybrids    
between the ,european and the native    
grapes4  ,the history of the ,concord   
will be found in the discussion of that 
variety in the chapter on ,varieties of 
,american ,grapes4 ,its advent is noted 
here that it may be set as a landmark in
 the development of ,american           
grape-culture4 ,it is first recorded in 
#aheb by the ,massachusetts             
,horticultural ,society as a seedling   
exhibited by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull4 ,the        

qualities that have made the ,concord so
 important in commercial grape-growing  
are3 ,adaptability to varying sets of   
cultural conditions2 fair shipping      
qualities2 hardiness1 productiveness and
 comparative immunity to fungi and      
insects4 ,its influence on the          
grape-growing of the country has been   
great1 too1 because from it have come a 
considerable number of the most valuable
 varieties of ,american grapes2 as      
,worden1 ,moore ,early1 ,pocklington1   
,martha and ,cottage1 all pure-bred     
seedlings and many cross-breds4  ,at a  
meeting of the ,american ,pomological   
,society in ,philadelphia in #aheb1 ,dr4
 ,william ,w4 ,valk of ,flushing1 ,long 
,island1 exhibited several bunches of   
fruit from a seedling grape which he had
 grown from seeds of ,black ,hamburg    
produced from blossoms fertilized by    
,isabella4#gg ,the cross had been made  
in #ahde1 the first fruit was borne in  
#ahej1 and in #ahea specimens of it were
 examined by ,downing who wrote1 ,there 

can be no doubt that this is the first  
genuine cross between the foreign grapes
 and our natives4#gh ,the name of the   
variety1 given by the originator1 is    
,ada4 ,dr4 ,valk gave full accounts of  
his hybrid seedlings in the             
,horticulturist in #ahea1gi and in the  
,proceedings of the ,american           
,pomological ,society in #aheb4hj ,he   
had previously written on the subject of
 hybridization1 an interesting paper    
having been contributed to ,hovey's     
,magazine as early as #ahde4ha ,all     
available information shows that ,valk's
 is the first recorded hybrid between a 
native and the foreign grape4 ,yet the  
honor of such a production has usually  
been given to ,john ,fisk ,allen and to 
the grape1 ,allen's ,hybrid4 ,for the   
conception of hybridity between species 
we can go back to the beginning of the  
cultivation of native grapes4 ,nearly   
thirty years before1 ,nuttall1 the then 
famous botanist of ,harvard ,university1
 had recommended such hybridization to  

,american grape-growers4#hb ,dufour     
mentions its possibilities in his ,vine 
,dresser's ,guide4#hc ,in #ahcj1 ,prince
 discussed the whole matter and gave    
specific directions for hybridizing4#hd 
,indeed it is not unlikely that ,prince1
 who says he grew ten thousand seedling 
plants from an admixture under every    
variety of circumstance grew the first  
such hybrid but we have nothing more    
definite as to this than the above      
statement4  ,in #ahed1 two years        
following its report of ,e4 ,w4 ,bull's 
new seedling1 the ,concord1 the         
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
showed in its exhibits another grape    
scarcely less worthy of note than the   
,concord4 ,it was a hybrid between the  
,golden ,chasselas and the ,isabella    
produced by ,john ,fisk ,allen of       
,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,the new        
variety1 the ,allen's ,hybrid1 mentioned
 in a preceding paragraph1 had some     
intrinsic value but1 of more importance1
 was the first introduction of its kind 

and started similar work which gave us  
many interesting and some valuable      
grapes4  ,soon after the production of  
,allen's ,hybrid1 ,e4 ,s4 ,rogers of    
,salem1 ,massachusetts1 and ,j4 ,h4     
,ricketts of ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1     
began to give grape-growers varieties1  
the results of hybrids between ,vitis   
vinifera and ,vitis labrusca1 so        
promising that for a time enthusiasm and
 speculation ran riot4 ,possibly at no  
other period has the interest in        
grape-growing been so keen as during the
 decade succeeding the introduction of  
these hybrids4 ,it was the golden era   
for the grape propagators4 ,one old     
nurseryman tells of carrying1 during    
this boom1 over a thousand dollars worth
 of rooted grape cuttings on his back   
from the nursery to the express office4 
,though there was no panic among        
grape-growers as the result of          
speculation in hybrids1 lovers of grapes
 the country over were greatly          
disappointed in the hybrid varieties4   

,the fruit of many of the hybrids       
produced at this time is of superior    
quality and many of them are still grown
 by amateurs4 ,but the vines of all     
first generation hybrids with ,vinifera 
produced so far1 lack hardiness1 vigor  
and usually productiveness2 they are    
susceptible to fungi and the phylloxera 
and many of them must be                
cross-pollinated to secure fruit4 ,it is
 only when the blood of the native      
species greatly predominates1 as in     
,delaware1 ,brighton and ,diamond1 that 
we have obtained sorts of commercial    
value through the admixture of foreign  
blood4 ,but the interest aroused by     
,allen's ,hybrid still continues and in 
every part of the country may be found  
some man who hybridizes grapes with the 
hope that through well planned crosses  
or a lucky chance he may obtain the     
grape of grapes for ,america4 ,such     
attempts1 stimulated by the hybrids of  
the fifties1 have produced most of our  
,american varieties4  ,the time between 

#ahec1 the date of the introduction of  
the ,concord1 and #ahhj can be singled  
out as the period in which viticulture  
made its great growth in eastern        
,america4 ,the first limit is set       
because the ,concord gave commercial    
grape-growing its initial impulse2 the  
second limit is put at #ahhj1 because at
 about that time grapes and wine from   
,california began to compete with the   
eastern product to such an extent that  
prices fell and plantings were          
curtailed4 ,curtailment did not begin so
 early as this in ,new ,york but for the
 country at large the period of great   
expansion ended at about #ahhj4         
,fortunately we have an accurate        
statistical report of the condition of  
grape culture in the ,united ,states at 
this time4 ,it is found in a work       
entitled1 ,a ,report ,upon the          
,statistics of ,grape ,culture and ,wine
 ,production in the ,united ,states for 
#ahhj4he ,the report was compiled by    
,dr4 ,william ,mc,murtrie under the     

direction of the ,commissioner of       
,agriculture4  ,statistics are given for
 all of the states of the ,union but a  
glance at the tables shows that by this 
time viticulture had become a           
specialized industry and that the areas 
devoted to it are more or less          
localized4 ,the main areas1 with their  
acreage for #ahhj1 may be set forth as  
follows3  ,the ,eastern region1         
comprising the ,states of ,new ,york and
 ,pennsylvania1 #ad1eij acres4  ,the    
,middle region1 ,ohio1 ,indiana and     
,illinois1 #ag1fcd acres4  ,the ,western
 region1 ,kansas and ,missouri1 #aj1iah 
acres4  ,the ,southern region1          
,kentucky1 ,tennessee1 ,virginia1 ,north
 ,carolina and ,georgia1 #aj1gjg acres4 
,the ,pacific region1 ,california1      
,arizona and ,new ,mexico1 #ce1eah      
acres4  ,outside of these five regions  
there were in the ,united ,states1      
according to ,mc,murtrie's report1      
#ab1caf acres4 ,the total acreage for   
the ,united ,states in #ahhj was        

#aja1fhc acres2 the production of wine  
was #bc1dec1hbg gallons4 ,unfortunately 
the total production of grapes is not   
given4  ,the following data are taken   
from the agricultural statistics of     
#ahij and show well the growth of       
viticulture in ten years though it is   
probable that the figures for #ahhj were
 far too low4 ,for the ,eastern region1 
#ea1jjj acres2 the ,middle region1      
#db1fcc acres2 ,western region1 #ag1cjf 
acres2 ,southern region1 #ag1jib acres2 
,pacific region1 #bac1bcj acres2 for the
 territory outside of these divisions1  
#fj1jjj acres4 ,total area1 #dja1bfa    
acres4 ,excluding the acreage of the    
,pacific division we have #ahh1jca acres
 for ,american grapes1 assuming that all
 of the grapes grown on the ,pacific    
,coast belong to ,vitis vinifera4  ,it  
is interesting to note that in #ahij    
four-fifths of the grapes grown in the  
,eastern region1 ,new ,york and         
,pennsylvania1 were for table use and   
that in round numbers the production for

 this purpose amounted to #fj1fhg tons1 
requiring #ejjj cars for transportation4
 ,of grapes sold to wineries there were 
#ae1agb tons4 ,the varieties most       
largely grown were1 in order named1     
,concord1 ,catawba1 ,delaware1 and      
,niagara4  ,in the ,middle region1      
,ohio1 ,indiana and ,illinois1 about    
half the grapes grown were for table use
 and half for wine4 ,by far the largest 
part of the grapes grown in this region 
was in ,ohio1 only about one-fourth of  
the total area being in the other two   
states4 ,between #ahhj and #ahij1       
viticulture scarcely held its own in    
this division4 ,the decrease in the     
value of the product1 competition with  
,california1 and1 more particularly1    
ravages of insects and fungi were the   
causes of the falling off in planting4  
,in some localities many vineyards were 
destroyed4 ,the grapes sold for table   
use in this region amounted to #ej1ccg  
tons2 to wineries1 #ad1def tons4  ,so1  
too1 in the ,western region1 ,missouri  

and ,kansas1 but little progress was    
made during this ten years and for the  
same reasons1 though the devastation in 
,missouri was caused chiefly by         
black-rot1 which begun to be troublesome
 about #ahge4 ,the plantings in         
,missouri were largely for wine-making  
but in ,kansas1 which contained #eedb of
 the #ag1cjf acres for this region1     
about half of the crop was sold for     
table use4 ,the grapes for table use in 
this region amounted to #cj1gid tons1   
for wineries1 #hbij tons4  ,the crop in 
the ,southern region was about equally  
divided between wine and table grapes1  
the production in #ahhi amounting to    
#a1afe1hcb gallons of wine and #ad1eci  
tons of table grapes4 ,the new plantings
 about equalled the acreage destroyed so
 that in total area the region was about
 holding its own4 ,the chief market for 
the table grapes was in the ,north where
 they were sold early in the season at  
prices ranging from fifteen to          
twenty-five cents a pound4  ,we are     

concerned with the ,pacific region in   
that its grape products1 especially its 
wines1 compete with those of eastern    
,america4 ,the growth of viticulture in 
the ,pacific region in the decade we are
 discussing was little short of         
marvelous4 ,in #ahhj the acreage was    
#ce1eah acres and in #ahij1 #bac1bcj    
acres--much greater than that of all the
 eastern regions1 and the production of 
grapes being more than proportionately  
greater because of the greater          
productiveness of the vines4 ,in this   
region #dc1dad tons were sold for table 
grapes2 #agc1jcg tons for wine2 #da1aff 
tons were made into raisins and #bc1beb 
tons used for dried grapes and other    
purposes than table grapes4 ,the grand  
total for the region was #bhj1hfi tons  
against #bja1bgj for all of eastern     
,america4 ,these figures give an idea of
 how formidable a competitor to eastern 
,america ,california had become by      
#ahij4  ,the census of #aijj shows but  
little increase in the total production 

of ,american grapes4 ,a few figures will
 show the relative status of viticulture
 in the several regions in #ahij and    
#aijj4                             #ahij
           #aijj                        
,tons of        ,tons of                
grapes grown   grapes grown    ,eastern 
region          #ge1hei        #adg1daa 
,middle region           #fd1gic        
#eh1iag   ,western region               
#ci1jhd         #ad1ghd   ,southern     
region         #ba1ecd         #af1hhf  
,california region      #bhj1hfi        
#cfb1cbc  ,all of the regions we have   
been discussing1 in which native grapes 
are grown1 show a considerable falling  
off in production excepting the eastern 
one where the increase more than        
counterbalances the decrease in the     
other regions4 ,the census report for   
#aijj shows three new states in the list
 of those producing grapes in commercial
 quantities4 ,in the decade preceding1  
,michigan came up from an insignificant 
commercial production in #ahij to fifth 

rank in #aijj with #bj1gfe tons4 ,iowa  
and ,oklahoma1 states from which grapes 
were not reported in commercial         
quantities in #ahij1 produced #cgja and 
#cjee tons in #aijj4  ,the shifting of  
grape areas indicated in the above      
paragraph was caused for most part by   
the grape diseases4 ,the mildew and rot 
had ruined the grape industry in some of
 the older regions4 ,the newer regions1 
as in ,michigan1 either enjoy           
comparative immunity from these troubles
 or the vineyards had not yet been      
attacked by them4 ,in the case of the   
eastern region1 ,new ,york and          
,pennsylvania1 in the ,chautauqua       
district1 along the shores of ,lake     
,erie in both states1 where the         
production increased greatly during this
 decade1 the vineyards are almost wholly
 immune to black-rot and are            
comparatively free from the mildew4 ,in 
the other grape districts of this region
 these troubles are kept well in check  
by spraying4  ,the statistics given in  

the last few paragraphs show how greatly
 the grape-growing of eastern ,america  
has increased in the last half century4 
,when one considers that at the time    
,erskine made his survey in #ahei there 
were but #fajj acres of grapes in the   
whole of this great region and that the 
culture of the ,european varieties was  
impossible1 the total acreage grown in  
#aijj1 namely1 #bcg1iih acres1 makes an 
astounding figure4 ,the results achieved
 seem all the greater when one considers
 that many of the best varieties now    
grown are the first and scarcely any are
 further removed than the second        
generation from wild plants4 ,it is     
doubtful if any other cultivated plants 
have attained such importance as our    
native grapes in so short a time from   
the wild state4 ,yet their domestication
 has scarcely begun and few who grow    
them realize their possibilities4       
,,the ,,wine#hf ,,and ,,grape ,,juice   
,,industries4  ,for over #bjj years the 
grapes grown on this continent were     

almost wholly for wine-making4 ,yet the 
production of grapes was not sufficient 
to sustain a wine industry until the    
middle of the nineteenth century4 ,when1
 with the introduction of new varieties 
of grapes and of better methods of      
growing them1 the crop became sufficient
 in volume to support wine-making as an 
industry1 its progress was checked by   
the enormous demand for table grapes1 a 
demand not known in other countries1 and
 by the cheapness of ,california wines4 
,furthermore the grapes most commonly   
cultivated1 as the ,concord1 ,worden and
 ,niagara1 do not make good wines2 and  
knowledge and facilities for wine-making
 have not been such that the best wines 
could be made with varieties adapted for
 the purpose4 ,all of these obstacles1  
to which we may add the fact that       
,americans are not a wine-drinking      
people1 have prevented the building up  
of a wine industry as it exists in other
 grape-growing countries4  ,although the
 ,united ,states stands second or third 

in the list of grape-producing countries
 it took lowest rank in wine production 
in #aijj1 falling below the small       
countries of ,greece and ,switzerland   
and such comparatively undeveloped      
countries as ,chili and ,argentine4     
,since by far the greater proportion of 
,american wines come from the ,european 
grapes of the ,pacific coast1 it can be 
seen that wine made from ,american      
grapes is but a drop in the bucket in   
the world's production4 ,reliable       
statistics of viticulture in the ,united
 ,states were not taken until #ahij1 but
 careful estimates1 as we have seen1 had
 been made by several men at different  
periods4 ,these with the last two census
 reports show the output of wine in this
 country to be1 in round numbers1 as    
follows3                 ,gallons       
#ahej          #bej1jjj   #ahfj         
#ejj1jjj   #ahgj        #e1jjj1jjj      
#ahhj       #ae1jjj1jjj   #ahij         
#bd1jjj1jjj   #aijj       #cj1jjj1jjj   
,according to the ,american ,wine       

,press1#hg the leading authority on     
wines in this country1 the vintage of   
#aijg shows the following figures3      
,gallons   ,southern ,states            
#a1jjj1jjj   ,new ,jersey               
#bej1jjj   ,new ,york                   
#d1jjj1jjj   ,ohio                      
#b1ejj1jjj   ,missouri                  
#a1ejj1jjj   ,california1 dry           
#cj1jjj1jjj   ,california1 sweet        
#aj1jjj1jjj   ,western ,states          
#ejj1jjj   ,all other ,states           
#ejj1jjj                                
------------     ,total wine yield      
#ej1bej1jjj                             
,subtracting the product of ,california 
from the total we have approximately the
 yield of wine from native grapes4  ,the
 manufacture of champagne#hh from native
 grapes is beginning to be an important 
adjunct to grape-growing and is of      
especial importance in ,new ,york which 
is the chief seat of the new industry4  
,according to statistics from the       
,bureau of ,statistics of the           

,department of ,commerce and ,labor1#hi 
more than two million bottles of genuine
 champagne wine are now produced        
annually in the ,united ,states4 ,the   
figures compiled by the ,bureau of      
,statistics show that the manufacture of
 champagne has quadrupled in ten years  
and that ,new ,york is by far the       
largest producer in this class of wines4
 ,it is held by the writers of the      
circular quoted above1 and a careful    
study seems to have been made of the    
subject1 that the ,american product     
compares favorably with that produced in
 other countries and that native        
champagnes are steadily improving with  
the increased experience of the         
,american producer4  ,the largest       
manufacturers of champagne are located  
about ,keuka ,lake1 ,steuben ,county1   
,new ,york4 ,about #ge per ct4 of the   
total output of the country is          
manufactured here4 ,the process used is 
the ,french one of fermentation in the  
bottle and a number of distinct brands  

are made which in color1 taste1 sparkle 
and purity are rapidly approaching the  
high quality of the celebrated ,french  
champagnes4 ,considerable champagne is  
also made in ,orange ,county in the     
southeastern part of ,new ,york1 in     
,northern ,ohio1 in ,missouri1 and a    
small amount from ,european grapes in   
,california4  ,the manufacture of       
unfermented grape juice#ij is becoming  
an industry in ,new ,york and promises  
to substantially increase the production
 of grapes4 ,grape juice is what its    
name purports1 the juice of the grape   
undiluted1 unsweetened and unfermented4 
,a good grade of grape juice contains no
 preservatives1 the necessity for such  
being removed in the process of making1 
the chief operation of which is         
sterilization by heat whereby the germs 
of fermentation are killed4 ,the product
 is an ancient one1 as the ,greeks1     
,hebrews and ,assyrians used it as new  
wine2 but the process of making an      
unfermented grape juice that could be   

kept for an indefinite length of time is
 quite modern1 and is the outcome of the
 discoveries of the last half century   
regarding the control of the agents of  
fermentation4  ,the grape juice industry
 of the country is largely confined to  
,new ,york and to the ,chautauqua grape 
belt in the western part of the ,state4 
,about one-fifth of the grape crop of   
this region was turned into grape juice 
in #aijg4 ,the output of the ,chautauqua
 region is as follows3 #aijd1 #djj1jjj  
gallons2 #aije1 #fjj1jjj gallons2 #aijf1
 #a1jjj1jjj gallons2 #aijg1 #a1ejj1jjj  
gallons4 ,the ,concord is used almost   
entirely in the manufacture of grape    
juice though a few other dark-colored   
grapes make a very good product4 ,there 
is but little demand for a light-colored
 grape juice but some is made4 ,since   
the ,european grape does not make a good
 unfermented juice there is no fear     
among growers of native grapes of       
competition from ,california or ,europe4
 ,the rapid growth which this industry  

has made is most encouraging to         
grape-growers for it promises to furnish
 a permanent and profitable demand for  
good grapes4  ,raisins#ia are not made  
from ,american grapes4#ib ,so far no    
varieties of the native species have    
been developed with sufficient sugar and
 solid contents to make a raisin        
acceptable to the markets4 ,even were   
there varieties from which raisins could
 be made1 it is very doubtful if the    
climate of eastern ,america during      
picking and curing time is such that    
raisins could be made in competition    
with the product of ,california1 now the
 greatest of the world's raisin         
producing regions1 where the climate is 
almost perfectly adapted to the         
industry4     ,,chapter ,,iii  ,,the    
,,viticulture ,,of ,,new ,,york   ,the  
history of the viticulture of eastern   
,united ,states shows that the regions  
in which grapes have been most largely  
grown in the past have come into        
prominence1 had their day1 and then     

suffered a decline4 ,the reasons for the
 more or less temporary character of    
grape regions are becoming more and more
 apparent as our knowledge of           
grape-growing increases4 ,the grape1    
more than most other domesticated       
plants1 is profoundly influenced by     
climate1 soil1 cultural treatment1 and  
insect and fungus pests4 ,in any region 
in which the grape succeeds at all well1
 conditions are more favorable at the   
start of the industry than later2 this  
is especially true as regards soils1 and
 the insect and fungus pests4 ,in a     
discussion of any phase of grape        
culture1 in a broad sense1 the          
conditions under which the fruit is     
grown must receive careful              
consideration4 ,we therefore include in 
this chapter a discussion of the        
characters which most strongly influence
 grapes in vine1 fruit and general      
adaptability2 also a brief discussion of
 the regions in which native grapes have
 been successfully grown in ,america2   

and1 more particularly1 an account of   
the viticulture and the grape regions of
 ,new ,york4  ,in their wild state the  
various species of native grapes seem   
adapted to a great diversity of soils   
and conditions4 ,but under successful   
cultivation varieties of the several    
species are confined to somewhat        
restricted regions and even localities4 
,often a grape variety will succeed on  
one shore of a lake or river and not on 
the other2 on one slope of a hill but   
not another4 ,it is difficult to point  
out the determinants of successful grape
 culture4 ,adaptability can be known    
positively in many cases only by trial2 
for neither conditions of soil1 nor     
climate1 nor lay of land determines with
 certainty the adaptability of a given  
locality4 ,oftentimes one variety of a  
species may not be successful while     
another is completely so4 ,many         
varieties reach perfection in one region
 or locality but not in another though  
the conditions may seem very similar4   

,so great is the influence of local     
environment1 oftentimes1 that a variety 
grown in one locality might not be      
recognized as the same grape when       
produced under other conditions4  ,the  
chief natural factors which govern the  
distribution of varieties of grapes are3
 ,latitude and altitude2 temperature of 
air and soil2 water supply2 the chemical
 and physical properties of the soil2   
air currents2 and insects and fungi4    
,latitude and altitude very largely     
determine the annual temperature1 the   
amount and intensity of sunlight1 and   
the length of the growing season--all   
very important factors in growing       
grapes4 ,species and varieties of grapes
 are usually adapted to regions having  
about the same latitude2 northern types 
do not succeed in the ,south nor the    
reverse4 ,length of season has more to  
do with the adaptation of grapes than   
the degree of heat or cold1 for some    
southern sorts are hardy in vine in the 
,north but the seasons in the northern  

latitude are not sufficiently long for  
the fruit to mature4 ,on the other hand1
 northern varieties mature too quickly  
in the ,south and pass through maturity 
to decay with too great rapidity4 ,the  
metes and bounds of latitude are often  
set aside in grape-growing by local     
modifications4 ,thus it often happens   
that valleys in regions not generally   
adapted to viticulture are so protected 
from cold winds1 so open to sunshine1 or
 are so free from fogs or frosts as to  
furnish ideal conditions for            
grape-growing4  ,probably the chief     
factor in determining the adaptability  
of a region to grape culture is         
temperature4 ,each of the different     
species and varieties of grapes requires
 a certain amount of warmth for its best
 development and can endure but a       
certain degree of cold4 ,the temperature
 of a region is chiefly determined by   
latitude1 altitude and proximity to     
large bodies of water1 though variations
 in the surface of the country are often

 important modifying agents of          
temperature and especially influence    
spring and fall frosts4  ,the grape does
 best in an equable temperature and does
 not thrive in regions where there is a 
great daily range4 ,regions and seasons 
in which the temperature is             
comparatively low in the growing months 
of ,may1 ,june and ,july and high1 with 
much sunshine1 in the maturing months of
 ,august1 ,september and ,october1      
produce the best grapes in the latitude 
of ,new ,york4 ,an average of from #ee  
to #fe for the first named period and of
 from #fe to #ge for the second are     
ideal temperature conditions for the    
grape4  ,this fruit is very sensitive to
 moisture conditions4 ,not only must the
 total rainfall for the year be taken   
into consideration but its distribution 
throughout the seasons must be          
considered4 ,the grape does best with   
comparatively little rainfall4 ,when the
 rainfall is the least possible amount  
for a good growth of vine the grape crop

 will be the largest1 of best quality   
and most free from fungi4 ,wet seasons1 
and especially wetness during the months
 of maturing1 are disastrous to both    
quantity and quality of grapes4 ,thus1  
in ,new ,york it is not possible1 with  
most varieties1 to produce good grapes  
if the average is above six inches each 
for the three growing months and five   
inches each for the maturing months4 ,it
 is far better for the crop that it be  
as low as four inches for the first     
named period and two inches for the     
second period4  ,superfluous moisture in
 the soil favors too great a growth of  
vine1 checks and weakens the root       
system1 prevents proper setting of      
fruit1 and favors fungi1 but hinders the
 multiplication of phylloxera4 ,in      
particular1 a comparatively dry soil is 
desirable for grapes because of its     
influence on the development of the root
 system4 ,in dry soils large root       
systems are developed in the search for 
the water that the plant must have4     

,when intense droughts occur plants that
 have stood in damp soils have not      
sufficient roots to supply the necessary
 water to the aerial parts and the vines
 suffer in consequence4 ,some species   
and varieties are better fitted for     
withstanding an excess of moisture than 
others4  ,the soil exercises a great    
influence in determining the suitability
 of a region for viticulture4 ,several  
factors act as soil determinants3 7#a7  
,fertility2 7#b7 physical characters2   
7#c7 soil heat4 ,it is necessary to     
study each species1 and even their      
varieties1 to discover their powers of  
adaptation to different soils and it is 
possible to indicate here the good and  
bad qualities of soils only in the most 
general way4 ,in the discussion of      
species and varieties the soil          
preferences of the different botanical  
and horticultural groups will be stated 
more fully4  ,great fertility1 as a     
natural characteristic1 is not necessary
 in grape regions4 ,fertilizers1 and    

especially the use of stable manures and
 cover crops1 can be made to supply very
 largely a lack of fertility4 ,soils    
naturally too rich produce an           
overdevelopment of vine4 ,some species1 
as ,vitis rupestris1 grow naturally in  
very poor soils1 the habitat of the     
latter being dry ravines and stony      
places having comparatively little      
organic matter4 ,the varieties of ,vitis
 rupestris promise well for stocks upon 
which to grow other varieties in certain
 soils4 ,in ,europe calcareous or limy  
soils are not considered well adapted to
 grape-growing1 but in ,america we often
 find very good vineyards on such soils4
  ,the physical character of a soil has 
more to do with the welfare of the grape
 than fertility4 ,sand and clay are the 
two distinct types of soils usually     
found in general agricultural regions4  
,as one or the other predominates soils 
take their character4 ,so far as growth 
alone is concerned these two types of   
soil do not influence the vines much    

differently1 but the fruit in quantity  
and quality is greatly influenced by    
them4 ,according as to whether sand or  
clay is in excess a soil is loose or    
compact1 retains or gives up water1 and 
is warm or cool4 ,a compact soil is made
 so by an excess of clay or of very fine
 sand4 ,grapes require a light friable  
soil and compactness is often a serious 
defect4 ,usually species and varieties  
with large1 thick roots are better      
adapted to compact soils than those with
 small root systems1 probably because   
the strong roots have greater           
penetrating power than the weak ones4   
,lightness and permeability of the soil 
may be influenced by subsoiling and     
through the use of stable manure and    
cover crops1 but a hard soil is         
generally so ill adapted to             
grape-growing that this fruit should not
 be planted on it4  ,the heat-retaining 
properties of a soil must always be     
taken into account in growing grapes4   
,the great preference which many        

varieties of grapes show for sands1     
loams1 shales and gravels1 depends      
largely upon the greater amount of heat 
found in such soils4 ,in northern       
regions it is especially needful that   
the soil furnish an abundance of bottom 
heat for the grape4 ,the removal of an  
excess of moisture is helpful in        
regulating soil heat2 and1 other things 
being equal1 a well-drained soil is     
warmest4  ,grapes grow more or less well
 in any soil adapted to fruit-growing4  
,it is not true1 even1 that the grape is
 more particular as to soils than other 
fruits4 ,but the necessity of having    
great quantity and high quality of fruit
 in profitable viticulture makes it very
 necessary to take their preferences as 
to soil into strict account4  ,air      
currents are of minor importance        
compared with the other factors         
discussed yet are worthy of attention4  
,they are chiefly of importance in      
grape-growing in the suppression of     
fungi4 ,it has long been noticed that in

 regions where there are strong currents
 of air the dreaded black-rot and the   
mildew are not nearly so harmful4 ,winds
 may be beneficial1 too1 when they bring
 warm air1 when moisture laden1 when    
they keep frosty air in motion1 and     
possibly they have an effect on some    
small insects as the leaf-hopper4 ,on   
the contrary they may be detrimental    
when too dry1 strong or cold4 ,natural  
or artificial windbreaks may greatly    
modify the effects of wind currents     
though their value is usually           
overestimated as their benefits are     
often offset by the undesirable         
conditions caused4  ,lastly1 the        
prevalence or lack of insects and fungi 
in a region may decide its value for    
viticulture4 ,in several instances      
flourishing viticultural industries have
 been destroyed in this country by      
insects or fungi1 or both4 ,in other    
regions the present supremacy of        
commercial grape-growing is almost      
wholly due to the fact that neither     

insects nor fungi are seriously         
troublesome4 ,the advent of spraying and
 a better knowledge of the life         
histories of insects and fungi are      
lessening the importance of the parasite
 factor in determining the value of a   
region for grape-growing1 but it is     
still of high importance4  ,we are now  
prepared to take up a discussion of the 
grape regions of ,new ,york4  ,the      
states in which the growing of ,american
 grapes takes the rank of an industry   
are1 according to the census of #aijj1  
in order of production3 ,new ,york1     
,ohio1 ,pennsylvania1 ,michigan1        
,illinois1 ,indiana1 ,kansas1 ,missouri1
 ,georgia and ,oklahoma4 ,the value of  
the product in the leading state was    
#b1gfc1gaa2 in the last named state1    
#abh1ejj4 ,american viticulture1 so far 
as native grapes are concerned1 is      
almost wholly confined to twelve states4
 ,but viticultural interests are still  
further localized4 ,in ,new ,york the   
industry is divided into four great     

regions1 the ,chautauqua district1 the  
,central ,lakes district1 the ,hudson   
district1 and the ,niagara district4 ,in
 ,pennsylvania and ,ohio grape-growing  
is largely confined to the shores of    
,lake ,erie2 in ,michigan to a small    
district about the towns of ,lawton and 
,paw ,paw2 in ,missouri1 ,hermann is the
 representative point for grape culture4
   ,,the ,,chautauqua ,,district4  ,of  
the four grape regions of ,new ,york the
 ,chautauqua district is by far the most
 important though1 excepting the        
,niagara1 the most recent in            
development4 ,the ,chautauqua grape belt
 lies along the southeastern shore of   
,lake ,erie4 ,it averages about three   
miles in width and is about fifty miles 
long4 ,its northeastern boundary is in  
,erie ,county but not far from the line 
dividing ,erie and ,chautauqua          
,counties2 its western boundary1 in ,new
 ,york1 is the ,pennsylvania line1 an   
arbitrary division1 for the district    
passes into ,pennsylvania4 ,this narrow 

belt passes through the towns of        
,hanover1 ,sheridan1 ,dunkirk1 ,pomfret1
 ,portland1 ,westfield and ,ripley in   
,chautauqua ,county4 ,not all1 but much1
 of the land is suitable for            
grape-growing4  ,the topography1        
geology1 and soils of this grape-belt   
have been carefully mapped and          
studied4#icid  ,the grape land is1 as we
 have seen1 a narrow strip of           
comparatively low land which borders the
 shore of ,lake ,erie4 ,on the southern 
boundary of this low plain is a high    
hill or escarpment parallel to the lake 
and surmounting the grape belt          
throughout its entire length4 ,this     
escarpment1 the ,hill1 ranges from #ejj 
to #gjj feet above the plain and from   
#ejj to #ajjj feet above the lake4 ,the 
plain is gently rolling and ascends from
 the bluff of the lake to the escarpment
 with a grade of from one to two hundred
 feet to the mile1 forming in some      
places well-marked foot-hills to the    
escarpment proper4  ,the bed rock1      

according to ,tarr#ie is upper ,devonian
 shales and sand stones in both plain   
and escarpment4 ,on the face of the     
escarpment and on the table lands of    
some of the foot-hills the soil is so   
thin that the plough frequently touches 
bed rock4 ,this seldom comes to the     
surface on the plain except in stream   
beds and in shale ridges1 but is to be  
found in fragments of greater or less   
size and in more or less abundance      
throughout the soils of the entire      
district4 ,everywhere on the plain may  
be seen ancient beach lines4 ,these rise
 usually in two well-defined terraces   
but not infrequently there are from two 
to five distinct terraces between the   
lake and the escarpment4 ,all conditions
 point to the theory that these ridges  
are wave built and therefore of lake    
origin4 ,the plain1 the gravel ridges1  
the foot-hills and the high escarpment  
are the chief topographical features of 
the grape belt4  ,the grape soils of the
 district1 as mapped by the ,bureau of  

,soils of the ,united ,states           
,department of ,agriculture1#if are     
,dunkirk clay1 ,dunkirk gravel1 ,dunkirk
 gravelly loam1 ,dunkirk sandy loam and 
,dunkirk shale loam4 ,the grapes grown  
upon the several soils vary somewhat as 
to quantity per acre1 as to flavor and  
sugar content and as to shipping        
quality4  ,the largest areas of ,dunkirk
 clay are found running back from the   
lake east and west from ,barcelona1 in  
the neighborhood of ,van ,buren ,point  
and about ,dunkirk4 ,in these regions   
the soil is a clay loam from several    
inches to a foot deep resting upon a    
stiffer and more tenacious clay4        
,vineyards located on this soil are very
 productive but the quality is not as   
high as in the fruit grown on the shale 
loam1 though for most part superior to  
that produced on the gravel and sandy   
loams4  ,dunkirk gravel soils are found 
on the ridges at the foot of the        
escarpment on the southern boundary of  
the district from ,pennsylvania to the  

eastern boundary of the grape district4 
,throughout most of this distance there 
are from one to three parallel ridges   
varying from a few rods to a half mile  
in breadth2 at many places the ridges   
run into each other or have been brought
 together by cultivation4 ,it was upon  
this gravel that vines were first       
successfully grown4 ,grapes upon this   
soil ripen a week or more earlier than  
upon other soils and these lands are    
therefore largely planted with vineyards
 to supply the early market and they    
have a larger proportion of early       
varieties than vineyards on other soils4
 ,the ,niagara is thought to do         
especially well on ,dunkirk gravel4     
,dunkirk gravelly loam is found running 
through practically the whole grape belt
 at the base or on the top of the gravel
 ridges2 if at the base1 to lakeward of 
the ridges4 ,it is a sandy loam with    
much fine gravel and is underlaid at a  
depth of three feet with sand and shale 
fragments4 ,on the surface it much      

resembles the gravel soils having had   
considerable top gravel brought there by
 washing and by cultivation4 ,the grapes
 grown on these soils are very similar  
to those produced on the gravels though 
there are some minor differences4 ,some 
varieties produce larger berries on this
 soil1 and some sorts1 it is claimed1 a 
greater amount of wood4  ,the ,dunkirk  
sandy loams occur in large irregular    
areas bordering the lake or running from
 the lake bluff back to the escarpment4 
,by far the largest of these areas is   
found about ,fredonia and ,dunkirk and  
running east and west of these towns4 ,a
 second area is found in the            
neighborhood of ,brocton and ,portland  
and especially to the north and west4   
,there are smaller areas east of        
,barcelona and northwest of ,ripley4    
,nearly all of the sandy loam soils are 
found on undulating or rolling land4    
,the soil is a brownish-yellow loam from
 a half foot to a foot in depth4 ,there 
are some deviations from the type and   

yet the true sandy loams can be very    
easily recognized4 ,the soil is of      
rather heavy texture making good farming
 land and producing large crops of      
grapes of slightly inferior quality4    
,the ,dunkirk shale loams are found upon
 the hill or escarpment4 ,these form the
 grape lands farthest removed from the  
lake4 ,this soil is comparatively thin1 
not averaging more than a half-foot in  
depth and is hardly ever found a foot   
deep4 ,it is brown in color with much   
coarse fragmentary shale on the surface 
and underlaid with a considerable body  
of heavy clay4 ,part of the shale loam  
land lies on slopes too steep and rough 
for cultivation but the hillside table  
lands of this soil are especially well  
adapted to grape-growing4 ,the grapes   
grown here contain much sugar1 therefore
 keep and ship well1 have a high flavor1
 and are especially sought for in       
wine-making2 grapes on these soils      
mature early1 have tough skins1 but are 
only medium-sized berries4 ,the yields  

are much more variable on this soil than
 on the others because of the great     
variation in the depth of soil4 ,on deep
 soils of this loam the yield is all    
that could be desired4 ,because of the  
lay of the land1 and the nature of the  
soil1 there is much washing and         
cultivation must be done judiciously4   
,the climate is exceptionally favorable 
for the grape-grower in the ,chautauqua 
district4 ,it is1 if anything1 of more  
importance than the land2 for grape     
soils are not uncommon1 but a grape     
climate as near perfection as that of   
this region is indeed rare4 ,the        
influence of the lake in modifying the  
temperature of the region is the chief  
climatic factor4 ,this influence need   
not be dwelt upon here for it is common 
knowledge that large bodies of water    
temper cold winter weather1 hold back   
vegetation in spring1 equalize night and
 day temperatures of summer1 lengthen   
the growing season and ward off autumn  
frosts4 ,each of these influences is    

highly favorable to the growth of the   
grape4 ,the escarpment on the           
southeastern boundary of the belt has a 
most decided influence on the climate   
chiefly because it confines the         
influence of the lake to a narrow belt4 
,when the escarpment becomes low1 as at 
the two extremities of the belt1        
grape-growing ceases to be profitable4  
,when the distance between the lake and 
the escarpment is great1 the climatic   
conditions are not so favorable4  ,the  
air currents and rainfall of the region 
are especially favorable4 ,the in-shore 
breeze of the day and the off-shore     
breeze at night keep the air in constant
 motion1 thus preventing frosts in      
spring and autumn1 and probably cause in
 part the great degree of immunity to   
black-rot and mildew4 ,unfortunately1   
data to determine accurately the        
rainfall of the district cannot be had  
but such as have been taken indicate    
that the rainfall is comparatively light
 for the maturing months of ,august1    

,september and ,october and not heavy   
for the three preceding growing months4 
,residents of the grape belt claim that 
most of the heavy showers pass over the 
hills or down the lake4 ,the whole      
region is proverbially free from heavy  
dews4 ,rain and dew are favorable to    
black-rot and other fungi and the lack  
of them still further accounts for the  
immunity to these pests in the region4  
,the history of the rise of             
grape-growing in ,chautauqua ,county    
forms an interesting chapter in the     
economic development of ,new ,york4 ,the
 first vines in the ,chautauqua district
 were planted by ,elijah ,fay#ig in     
#ahah1 near the present town of         
,brocton4 ,these were wild vines of     
,vitis labrusca from ,deacon ,fay's     
boyhood home in ,new ,england4 ,the     
vines grew luxuriantly but the fruit was
 not satisfactory and in #ahbb this     
worthy pioneer obtained at great trouble
 roots of ,miller's ,burgundy1          
,sweetwater and ,black ,hamburg4 ,but   

the second experiment was even more     
disastrous than the first as he got no  
fruit4 ,the real start was made in #ahbd
 when ,mr4 ,fay obtained vines of       
,catawba and ,isabella from ,prince of  
,flushing1 ,long ,island4 ,the vines    
were trained on trellises4 ,the vineyard
 covered a plot two by eight rods in    
extent4 ,from a rise of land near this  
spot one now sees grapes everywhere1    
probably a greater acreage of them than 
can be seen from any other spot east of 
the ,rocky ,mountains4  ,in #ahcj       
,deacon ,fay made ten gallons of wine1  
the first for the region4 ,in #ahcd1    
,lincoln ,fay1 a nephew of ,elijah ,fay1
 started the sale of grape vines but not
 many vines were sold for commercial    
plantings until as late as #ahej4 ,in   
#ahei there were in the town of         
,portland but twenty acres of bearing   
grape vines where now are thousands4    
,during the decade that followed1 the   
,concord was generally introduced giving
 the viticulture of the region a great  

impetus4 ,grapes were not yet grown for 
table use to any great extent and a     
large acreage could not be used for     
wine-making4 ,in #ahei a wine-cellar was
 built by ,fay1 ,ryckman#ih and ,haywood
 at ,brocton and for a long while this  
company used almost the total crop of   
the region4 ,it was not until the early 
seventies that the grape-growers sought 
other markets than the wine-cellars4 ,in
 #ahgj there were about #fjj acres of   
vineyards in ,chautauqua ,county4  ,the 
first table-grapes of the region were   
packed in twenty-pound splint baskets4  
,dunkirk was the primary marketing place
 and the fruit was shipped from here to 
various large cities by through freight4
 ,the transportation facilities were not
 satisfactory and in #ahhj ,jonas       
,martin of ,brocton tried the experiment
 of shipping a carload of grapes to     
,philadelphia4 ,this was the first      
carload of grapes sent from ,chautauqua 
,county4 ,in #aijf1 #dfij carloads were 
shipped and #hdd were converted into    

wine and grape juice1 representing all  
told #b1dhb1hbb4ii ,until #ahhc the     
markets were confined to nearby cities  
but in this year a carload was safely   
sent to ,spokane1 after which time      
markets were found from the ,atlantic to
 the ,pacific and from the ,gulf to     
,upper ,canada4 ,the first              
grape-growers' union was formed in #ahhf
 as the ,chautauqua ,grape ,growers'    
,shipping ,association and its          
organization marked a new epoch in the  
grape industry of the district4 ,smaller
 and larger organizations have since    
been formed and at the present time     
about #hj per ct4 of the entire crop is 
handled by a growers' union known as the
 ,chautauqua and ,erie ,grape ,company4 
,according to ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,ryckman1 in 
the early days of the grape industry in 
this region the fruit was shipped in    
round paper baskets holding from three  
to five pounds2 later these were made of
 wood4 ,sometime in the early seventies 
twenty-pound splint baskets1 which were 

supposed to be returned to the owners1  
were introduced4 ,these were superseded 
by the twelve-pound climax basket2 the  
size of this basket was soon reduced to 
ten pounds1 then to nine1 then to eight4
 ,meanwhile a small five-pound basket   
made on the same lines as the larger one
 came into use but soon shrunk into a   
four-pound receptacle4 ,the eight and   
the four-pound climax baskets are now   
generally used throughout the region4   
,increasing quantities are now being    
shipped to large cities in trays with   
slatted tops holding about forty pounds 
each2 these grapes are used by the      
purchaser for wine-making4 ,the wine and
 grape juice industries of the region   
have been touched upon in the general   
discussion of these industries4  ,an    
actual canvass made by this ,station in 
the winter of #aijf-g shows there are in
 the ,chautauqua grape belt at this time
 #cj1jjj acres of grapes4 ,the census   
report of #aijj gave the number of vines
 for the county as #aa1iad1gjf1 which at

 the usual number of vines per acre     
gives about #bj1jjj acres for the       
district4 ,this figure was probably low1
 though that of the ,station for #aijg  
may be somewhat high4 ,the acreage is   
distributed in towns approximately as   
follows3 ,portland #iejj2 ,westfield    
#egjj2 ,ripley #egjj2 ,pomfret #dfjj2   
,hanover #aiej2 ,sheridan #aiej2        
,dunkirk #fjj4 ,a correspondent writes  
that the grape shipments for #aijg      
indicate a considerably larger acreage  
for the towns of ,hanover and ,sheridan 
than are here given4 ,the average yield 
of grapes is a little less than two tons
 per acre for the region4 ,the value of 
vineyards varies from #ajj to #djj per  
acre4  ,the crop for the past seven     
years calculated by ,the ,grape         
,belt#ajj from figures secured from the 
railroads are as follows3    ,season of 
#aijj          #hjjj carloads   ,season 
of #aija          #fffi carloads        
,season of #aijb          #ejfb carloads
   ,season of #aijc          #bieb      

carloads   ,season of #aijd             
#gdgi carloads   ,season of #aije       
#ecfb carloads   ,season of #aijf       
#efcd carloads  ,the seeming decrease in
 carloads shipped as the years progress 
is far more than made up by the greater 
use of the fruit in local wineries and  
grape juice factories4  ,according to   
figures gathered in the preparation of  
this work about #ij per ct4 of the grape
 acreage of the region is set to        
,concord followed by #c per ct4 of      
,niagara1 #b per ct4 of ,worden and #a  
per ct4 each for ,moore ,early and      
,catawba with the remaining #c per ct4  
made up of a dozen or more sorts among  
which ,delaware leads4  ,the shipping   
season in this district begins early in 
,september and lasts well into ,november
 though late varieties1 as ,catawba1 and
 small lots of ,concord are held some   
weeks longer4 ,improved storage         
facilities are yearly lengthening the   
season4  ,several systems of pruning and
 training are in vogue in the district  

but the majority of the vineyards are   
pruned and trained in a system peculiar 
to ,chautauqua ,county4 ,the posts are  
from six to eight feet in height1 one to
 each three vines2 two wires complete   
the trellis4 ,the lower wire is from #bh
 to #cb inches from the ground and the  
second from #bb to #cf inches above the 
first1 the distance being changed as the
 vine comes to maturity4 ,the grapes are
 trained according to the upright system
 and the vines are renewed to short     
horizontal arms and but few canes are   
taken out each year2 the trunk reaches  
only to the lower wire4 ,the arms are   
loosely tied to the lower wire and the  
canes and bearing shoots to the wire    
above4 ,cultivation varies greatly but  
the best growers practice close         
cultivation and make use of fertilizers2
 the cover crop is growing in favor4    
,spraying is not very general as the    
region has been remarkably free from    
pests4 ,the chief insects now           
encountered are the grape-vine          

fidia1#aja the flea-beetle1#ajb the     
grape leaf-hopper#ajc and the grape     
berry moth4#ajd ,the several fungal     
diseases found in this region are1 about
 in order of importance1 black-rot1     
downy mildew1 or brown-rot1 powdery     
mildew1 and anthracnose1 or bird's-eye  
rot4   ,,the ,,central ,,lakes          
,,district  ,several important areas of 
vineyards are grouped about the central 
lakes in western ,new ,york4 ,while     
there are at least three distinct       
localities in this district1 namely1 the
 areas about the three lakes1 ,keuka1   
,canandaigua1 and ,seneca1 yet the      
soils1 climate1 varieties and methods of
 caring for vineyards and product are so
 nearly alike that all may be treated as
 one district4 ,the vineyards are in    
five counties1 ,ontario1 ,yates1        
,schuyler1 ,steuben and ,seneca4 ,the   
,keuka area1 in ,yates and ,steuben     
,counties1 is by far the largest2 and   
the region is often called the ,keuka   
grape district4 ,vineyards surround     

,keuka ,lake and all but the northern   
end of ,canandaigua ,lake1 but only on  
the banks of the southern half of       
,seneca ,lake are grapes grown4 ,the    
somewhat extensive vineyards about      
,naples1 south of ,canandaigua ,lake2   
,bath1 south of ,keuka ,lake2 and of    
,romulus between ,seneca and ,cayuga    
,lakes1 belong in the ,central ,lakes   
district4  ,the geology of the ,central 
or ,finger ,lakes has been studied by   
many workers and the geological history 
of these remarkable bodies of water is  
now well known4#aje ,it is very         
generally agreed that these lakes fill1 
in part1 preglacial valleys and that the
 valleys were transformed into lakes by 
glacial action4 ,the basins of the lakes
 may have been and probably were        
deepened by the erosive action of       
glaciers but it is fairly certain that  
there were pre-existing valleys which   
were dammed by glacial deposit4  ,the   
topography is more or less rough and    
broken4 ,the steep hillsides of the     

lakes were formed not only by erosion   
but by the tilting of the land4 ,beside 
these hillsides of the lakes to give    
character to the topography of the      
region1 there are ranges of hills and   
the remains of some moraines1 so that in
 general the land is very uneven4 ,this 
is especially true of the parts of it   
devoted to grape-growing though in some 
grape sections there are many stretches 
of smooth and regular vineyards4  ,the  
soils of this great region vary much1 as
 is always the case when land is made by
 glacial erosion and deposit of glacial 
drifts4 ,on a single farm the soil may  
be thick and fertile in one part and    
thin and poor in another2 it may consist
 largely of clay in one part and of sand
 and gravel in others4 ,the grape soils 
in the ,central ,lakes region are1 in   
particular1 of miscellaneous types1     
embracing1 in one place or another1     
nearly all of the soils in the ,dunkirk 
series described in the discussion of   
the ,chautauqua district4 ,probably the 

,dunkirk clay loam1 often very shaly and
 stony1 is the most common of the       
several soils of the region4 ,there are 
also considerable areas of a shaly soil 
which possibly do not belong to the     
,dunkirk types1 not having been         
influenced by water action as are true  
,dunkirk soils4 ,on the slopes and      
hillsides the land is sometimes rough   
and stony with but a thin covering of   
soil and with out-croppings of bed rock4
 ,the influence of the various soils on 
the grape has not been studied as in the
 ,chautauqua district but1 as noted1 the
 soils in the two districts are in many 
cases similar so that the discussion of 
the influence of the several types given
 for the ,chautauqua district will apply
 in large part to the ,central ,lakes   
district4  ,the ,central ,lakes have a  
very perceptible influence on the       
climate of the region4 ,the lakes are   
deep and conserve warmth4 ,the water of 
,seneca ,lake is so deep1 and           
consequently warm1 that it has been     

known to freeze over only a few times in
 the past hundred years4 ,the winter    
climate in this region is much less     
severe than in adjacent territories4    
,not only does the water modify the     
severity of the winter climate but the  
enclosing highlands materially assist in
 keeping in the warmth of the valleys4  
,since the lakes run1 generally         
speaking1 north and south1 the winds are
 deflected to these directions very     
largely4 ,in the summer1 both days and  
nights are cooler and the climate more  
equable near the lakes4 ,these          
modifications of climate are all        
favorable to grape-growing4  ,the first 
grapes grown in this district1 so far as
 records show1 were set by the ,rev4    
,william ,bostwick at ,hammondsport in  
#ahcj4 ,the varieties were ,isabella and
 ,catawba and these he succeeded in     
raising to perfection4 ,from this time  
onward scattering vines were planted in 
gardens about the three lakes4 ,about   
#ahcf ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,prentiss1 originator

 of the ,prentiss grape1 planted a small
 vineyard at ,pulteney from which       
considerable fruit was sent to market   
from time to time and the vineyard was  
constantly enlarged4 ,in #ahec a        
commercial vineyard was set out by      
,andrew ,reisinger1 a ,german           
vine-dresser1 consisting of two acres of
 ,isabella and ,catawba at ,harmonyville
 in the town of ,pulteney4 ,reisinger   
trained1 pruned and tilled his vines1   
operations unheard of before in the     
district1 and was rewarded with crops   
and profits which stimulated grape      
culture in his and nearby neighborhoods4
  ,in #ahee the ,hon4 ,jacob ,larrowe   
and ,mr4 ,orlando ,shephard planted     
small vineyards of ,isabella and        
,catawba in ,pleasant ,valley near      
,hammondsport and were so successful    
that in #aheh their vineyards were      
greatly increased and others in the     
valley embarked in the business of      
vine-culture4 ,viticulture was now      
fairly started and the industry grew    

apace from #aheh onward4 ,in #ahfj two  
hundred acres of grapes were set in     
,pleasant ,valley alone and elsewhere on
 ,keuka ,lake large plantings were made4
 ,grapes brought from fifteen to thirty 
cents per pound and a bearing vineyard  
at this time was as good as a gold mine4
  ,plantings were begun in the ,yates   
,county portion of the ,keuka district  
in #ahee when ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,shirland set
 a small vineyard of ,isabella in       
,benton township4  ,there seem to be no 
records as to the first plantings about 
,seneca and ,canandaigua ,lakes but all 
available information indicates that    
plantings about these two lakes came in 
the spreading of the industry from      
,keuka ,lake4 ,e4 ,a4 ,mc,kay of ,naples
 seems to have had a vineyard of some   
extent as early as #ahdh from which he  
sold fruit4 ,there must have been       
vineyards of considerable size about    
,avon in ,livingston ,county in the     
early fifties2 for ,larrowe1 ,shephard  
and others obtained cuttings at this    

place in #ahee for their vineyards in   
,pleasant ,valley4 ,who owned these     
,avon vineyards1 and what their extent  
was1 does not appear4  ,the first       
commercial shipment of any considerable 
amount beyond the towns nearby was made 
in #ahed when ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,prentiss    
shipped a ton of ,isabella packed in    
tubs to ,new ,york ,city4 ,the tubs were
 made by cutting apple barrels in half  
and were packed half full when a thin   
board partition was put in after which  
the tub was filled and covered4 ,the    
consignment reached the city in fair    
condition and brought fifteen cents per 
pound but a second ton shipped in the   
same way broke the market4  ,john ,mead 
of the town of ,benton introduced the   
,concord in this region in #ahfa and the
 same year ,henry ,rose of ,penn ,yan   
set the first ,delaware to be planted   
commercially in the district4 ,the      
,concord soon took the place of the     
,isabella but could not displace the    
,catawba as it did in the ,chautauqua   

district4 ,the ,delaware grew in favor  
and rapidly assumed third place in the  
list of varieties about the three lakes1
 a position which it still maintains1   
though it is closely followed by the    
,niagara4  ,by #ahfj grape-growing had  
become so general that the need of      
further outlets for the fruit was felt  
and the ,pleasant ,valley ,wine ,company
 was formed for the manufacture of wine 
and brandy4 ,for several years          
following1 this company used about      
one-third of the output of ,pleasant    
,valley1 helping very materially to     
steady the market for the whole         
district4 ,a few years later another    
large company1 the ,urbana ,wine        
,company1 was formed2 and when still    
later it was discovered that the        
champagne made about ,keuka ,lake was   
superior to that made in any other part 
of ,america and that1 with experience in
 making1 it rivalled the champagne in   
,france1 wine-making became an important
 adjunct to grape-growing in this       

district4 ,now there are about          
twenty-five companies making wine and   
champagne on or near the shores of the  
three lakes1 the industry having its    
center on ,keuka ,lake4 ,wine-making is 
still in its infancy and because of the 
demand it creates for grapes1 and the   
high prices paid by the wineries1 will  
continue to exert a most favorable      
influence on the viticulture of the     
district4 ,there is but little          
unfermented grape juice made about the  
,central ,lakes4  ,a valuable asset of  
this district is its long range of      
season4 ,grapes ripen from one to two   
weeks earlier about these lakes than    
they do in the ,chautauqua belt4 ,thus  
the ,concords grown here are well out of
 the way of those grown in the          
,chautauqua district4 ,the ,catawba1    
which ripens late and is a good keeper1 
can be kept in fine condition until     
midwinter or later4 ,the range of season
 in this district1 then1 is from the    
first part of ,september until ,february

 or even ,march4  ,though there have    
been grape-growers' unions for marketing
 the fruit of this district at various  
times1 most of it now goes through the  
hands of individual buyers4 ,an         
exception is the product of the large   
vineyards of ,niagaras in ,seneca       
,county1 the fruit of which is marketed 
with that of the product of other       
,niagara vineyards of the ,niagara      
district of western ,new ,york through a
 union of growers4  ,the grapes in this 
district are variously trained but the  
high renewal system is used chiefly4 ,in
 this system the head of the trunk is   
from twenty to thirty inches from the   
ground4 ,usually the trellis has three  
wires1 the lowest about twenty inches   
from the ground and the others at       
distances of eighteen inches apart4 ,new
 canes are brought out from renewal     
stubs and once in two or three years an 
attempt is made to bring them directly  
from the head of the main trunk4 ,this  
system is particularly well adapted to  

the ,catawba and ,delaware so generally 
grown in the lake region4 ,thorough     
cultivation is practiced and the fall   
cover crop of oats1 barley or clover is 
coming into favor4  ,it is difficult to 
ascertain the acreage in this district4 
,taking the figures of the census of    
#aijj and those of a canvass made by    
this ,station in the winter of #aijf-g  
the acreage in the several counties is  
about as follows3 ,yates1 #gidj2        
,steuben1 #eegj2 ,ontario1 #bfcj2       
,schuyler1 #ajad2 ,seneca1 #aedj2 total 
#ah1fid4 ,these figures are slightly    
larger than the estimates of            
grape-growers and buyers but chiefly so 
because they take in scattered          
plantations throughout the several      
counties4 ,thus in all of these counties
 there are a surprisingly large number  
of ,niagara vineyards in out-of-the-way 
places1 set during the ,niagara boom of 
the eighties4 ,to this ,central ,lakes  
district might also be added #ejj acres 
of commercial vineyards in ,livingston  

,county2 #bej in ,cayuga and #bej in    
,tompkins ,counties4 ,the total         
valuation of the crop in this district  
in #aijj was #idc1ifd4  ,insects are not
 as troublesome in the ,central ,lakes  
district as in the ,chautauqua district4
 ,the grape-vine fidia1 or root-worm1   
one of the worst of the insect pests of 
the grape1 is not yet destructive in    
this region4 ,the grape leaf-hopper and 
the grape-vine flea-beetle are possibly 
the worst of the insects infesting the  
grapes about these lakes4  ,but fungi   
are more troublesome than in the        
,chautauqua district2 probably because  
the climatic conditions are more        
favorable to the development of these   
pests about these smaller lakes than    
near ,lake ,erie4 ,the five most        
troublesome diseases1 named about in    
order of importance are black-rot1#ajf  
downy mildew1#ajg or brown-rot1 powdery 
mildew1#ajh anthracnose1#aji or         
bird's-eye rot and chlorosis1#aaj or    
yellow-leaf4 ,vineyards are very        

generally sprayed in this district and  
usually with satisfactory results4      
,grape-growers have learned that certain
 varieties are much more susceptible to 
some of the diseases than others and    
plant accordingly4   ,,hudson ,,river   
,,district4  ,the region along the      
,hudson ,river forms the third largest  
grape district in ,new ,york4 ,according
 to the census of #ahij there were      
#ac1jjj acres of grapes in this district
 but in #aijj the returns gave less than
 half that acreage4 ,the great falling  
off was due to the taking out of a      
considerable number of old vineyards    
which had been planted with too many    
varieties1 or with worthless varieties1 
or in some other respect were poorly set
 plantations4 ,it is doubtful whether   
the acreage in #aijg is greater than in 
#aijj but the industry is in a more     
healthful and prosperous condition now  
than then4  ,an estimate of the present 
acreage1 and its distribution1 made in  
the preparation of this work1 gives the 

standing of the district as follows by  
counties3 ,columbia1 #hfe acres2        
,dutchess1 #ddh acres2 ,orange1 #hfe    
acres2 ,ulster1 #djba acres2 total1     
#faii acres4 ,beside the above there    
are1 of course1 some scattering         
vineyards4 ,there are only two or three 
wine-cellars in the district and        
probably #ie per ct4 of the product of  
the vineyards is sold for table grapes  
or to those who make wine in small      
quantities4  ,the grape lands of the    
,hudson ,river ,valley are found very   
largely in the geological division known
 as the ,taconic ,province4#aaa ,this   
province is a broad valley which extends
 from ,pennsylvania across ,new ,jersey1
 taking in ,orange and parts of ,ulster 
and ,dutchess and ,columbia ,counties1  
then passing out of the ,state4 ,the    
rocks in this geological division are   
shales1 slates1 schists1 and limestones2
 and the soil is derived from these     
rocks4 ,the grape lands1 for most part1 
are those in which there is much shale  

or slate and in more or less coarse     
fragments1 the finer particles being    
clay or gravelly loams4 ,the district is
 more or less hilly1 some of the        
vineyards being in valleys of a few     
acres extent1 others in broad1 gently   
undulating plains and still others on   
comparatively steep hillsides4  ,the    
climate of the ,hudson ,valley changes  
rapidly as one goes up the ,river       
because of the diversity of its physical
 features and the wide variety of       
atmospheric influences to which it is   
subject4 ,in the part of the ,valley in 
which grapes are grown the summer       
temperature is high owing to the        
position between ranges of mountains and
 to the southerly winds which prevail at
 this season4 ,in the winter the winds  
are northerly and the temperature is    
often low making the culture of tender  
grapes hazardous4 ,the influence of the 
river1 really a broad estuary in the    
grape regions1 at all seasons is most   
favorable for fruit-growing4  ,the      

lowlands of the ,hudson ,valley receive 
a somewhat small amount of rainfall as  
compared with the rest of ,new ,york    
because when moisture is being carried  
inland from the ,atlantic it is largely 
precipitated by the mountains and       
highlands of ,new ,england4 ,this is    
favorable to grape-growing4 ,another    
desirable feature of the rainfall of    
this ,valley is that the maximum summer 
downfall is in ,july whereas in many    
parts of the ,state it is in ,september 
or ,october4 ,this relatively light     
rainfall in the maturing months is more 
marked in this than in any other of the 
grape districts of the ,state4  ,the    
recorded history of commercial          
viticulture dates back to #ahbg when    
,mr4 ,robert ,underhill and his two     
sons1 ,r4 ,t4 and ,w4 ,a4 ,underhill1   
planted a vineyard of ,catawba and      
,isabella at ,croton ,point which       
eventually covered seventy-five acres4  
,for some years this vineyard           
practically supplied the large markets  

of the region with grapes4 ,in #ahbi1   
,rufus ,barrett of ,new ,paltz1 began   
shipping ,isabella grapes in small      
quantities to the ,new ,york market4    
,barrett lived in a settlement of       
,french ,huguenots1 who after having    
experimented more or less with ,european
 sorts1 early in the nineteenth century 
began planting native varieties4 ,it is 
probable that ,barrett obtained his     
inspiration for planting and knowledge  
of vine-growing from these ,frenchmen4  
,in #ahcg a ,french vintner1 ,john      
,jacques1 set out a vineyard for        
wine-making at ,washingtonville1 ,orange
 ,county4 ,the varieties set were       
,catawba and ,isabella1 purchased from  
,prince of ,long ,island4 ,some of these
 vines are still living1 vigorous and   
thrifty at three score years and ten4   
,the original plantation consisted of   
but a half acre but in #ahch this was   
increased to ten acres4 ,this is        
probably the oldest vineyard of native  
grapes in ,new ,york4 ,the third year   

from the planting of this vineyard wine 
was made1 and has been made at          
,washingtonville ever since1 so that    
this community may claim the oldest     
winery as well as the oldest vineyard in
 the ,state4#aab  ,william ,t4 ,cornell 
planted a vineyard of ,isabellas near   
,clintonville1 ,ulster ,county1 in the  
year #ahde4 ,mrs4 ,cornell and ,mrs4    
,william ,a4 ,underhill were sisters1 so
 that ,cornell's vines came from ,croton
 ,point4 ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1 of ,marlboro1
 was a brother-in-law of ,mr4 ,cornell4 
,thus the inspiration of this noted     
viticulturist to plant grapes1 and to   
originate new sorts1 may be traced      
directly back to the ,frenchman1        
,parmentier1 who1 as we have seen1      
furnished the ,underhills with their    
vines and gave them instructions for    
their care4 ,the ,catawba and ,isabella 
were grown almost entirely until the    
introduction of the ,delaware and       
,concord1 after which the first named   
sorts dropped out entirely1 being       

subject to mildew and ripening late in  
the season4  ,the ,valley of the ,hudson
 has more reason to be called the       
birthplace of ,american viticulture than
 any other of the grape-growing         
districts of the country4 ,the grape and
 wine industries1 as we have seen1 were 
early started here4 ,prince's ,linnan   
,garden at the mouth of the ,valley was 
the first distributing agency for       
,american grapes4 ,its owners did more  
than distribute grapes1 they distributed
 knowledge and trained men4 ,a4 ,j4     
,caywood of ,marlboro1 ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts
 of ,newburgh1 ,stephen ,underhill at   
,croton ,point1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,k4 ,underhill 
at ,charlton1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,grant at    
,iona1 ,w4 ,d4 ,barns of ,middlehope1   
,dr4 ,william ,m4 ,culburt of ,newburgh1
 were notable early originators and     
experimenters with grapes and from their
 vineyards have come some of the best of
 our native varieties4 ,kniffin1 the    
,downings1 and ,buel are other familiar 
names in viticulture and horticulture of

 those who lived on the ,hudson and who 
have helped to invest the region with   
sentiment and with interest for the     
grape grower4  ,the number of varieties 
grown in this region is far greater than
 in other parts of the ,state2 as would 
be expected from its having been the    
birthplace of so many and from its      
nearness to large markets where fancy   
sorts can be disposed of to advantage4  
,the ,concord leads in acreage followed 
in order of acreage by ,delaware1       
,niagara1 ,worden1 ,moore ,early1       
,bacchus1 ,pocklington1 ,campbell       
,early1 ,hartford and ,vergennes after  
which come a great number of less       
well-known sorts grown in acre or less  
quantities4 ,the value of the crop in   
this district in #aijj was #bih1cej4    
,during the early years of grape-growing
 along the ,hudson the methods of       
training were essentially those used in 
,europe4 ,the vines were kept well      
headed back and were trained to stakes  
of varying heights4 ,it did not take    

long to discover that for our native    
grapes the vines must be so trained as  
to give the fruit and foliage the       
greatest possible amount of sunshine2 to
 regulate the bearing wood2 to permit   
them to bear just so much and no more   
fruit2 and to control the height of the 
main trunk4 ,soon distinctive systems   
for native grapes arose and one of the  
earliest of these originated with       
,william ,kniffin of ,ulster ,county4   
,this system still bears his name and is
 most generally used either as it was   
first practiced or in some of its       
modifications4 ,in the ,kniffin system1 
and its modifications1 the trunk is     
carried to the top wire and the bearing 
shoots are allowed to droop2 for this   
reason this method of training is often 
called the drooping system in           
contra-distinction to the upright       
systems hitherto mentioned in which the 
bearing shoots are tied to wires above  
the canes from which they grow4 ,the    
,hudson ,valley growers claim that the  

,kniffin system is especially desirable 
for the strong growing sorts like       
,concord1 ,worden1 and ,niagara but     
admit that for the slender shorter      
growing kinds like ,delaware and        
,catawba the upright system is best4    
,as is always the case when fruit is    
grown near to the market in which it is 
sold1 there is little uniformity in the 
packages in which it is shipped and the 
manner in which the fruit is packed4    
,most of the fruit from the vineyards   
along the ,hudson goes to market in     
climax baskets of the two standard      
sizes4 ,some of the growers pack two1 or
 even three varieties1 in one package   
for the purpose of giving a range in    
color and quality4 ,the shipping        
facilities along the river are          
unexcelled4 ,most of the grapes go by   
boat down the ,hudson to ,new ,york     
,city4 ,in this case the fruit is loaded
 late in the evening and reaches its    
destination early the next morning4 ,the
 rail connections to ,new ,england      

cities are good and large shipments go  
eastward by rail while smaller          
quantities go inland and south4 ,the    
fruit is not marketed through unions nor
 has co-operative selling been tried1   
the nearness to market obviating the    
necessity of co-operation4  ,the insect 
pests in this district are neither      
numerous nor particularly destructive1  
the grape leaf-hopper and the grape-vine
 flea-beetle being most common4         
,spraying for insects is not generally  
practiced4 ,on the other hand the fungus
 troubles are serious1 the black-rot    
having been especially destructive in   
some sections4 ,the other diseases are  
much the same as in the districts       
discussed4 ,while all of the fungi of   
the district are amenable to treatment  
yet spraying has not been generally     
practiced nor have the vines been kept  
as vigorous and healthy through         
cultivation and fertilization as to     
withstand the attacks of the several    
fungi4 ,the decreased acreage of grapes 

along the ,hudson during the past decade
 or two is due in some measure to the   
fact that the grape diseases have not   
been controlled4 ,with better knowledge 
of the life-habits of the insects and   
fungi which attack vineyards1 and means 
of combatting these pests1 viticulture  
should regain the prestige it once held 
in the ,hudson ,valley4   ,,the         
,,niagara ,,district4  ,the ,niagara    
district1 the smallest of the several   
grape areas of the ,state1 lies along   
the ,niagara river and the southern     
shore of ,lake ,ontario4 ,in it are     
about #dgjj acres distributed in        
counties as follows3 ,erie1 #bajj2      
,niagara1 #abej2 ,orleans1 #cge2        
,monroe1 #gjj2 ,wayne1 #chj4 ,in the    
southern part of ,erie ,county the      
vineyards are grown under conditions    
very similar to those we have described 
in the ,chautauqua district2 the        
treatment given is much the same2 the   
grapes are marketed as are those in the 
district to the south and west2 and the 

,concord1 as in the larger district1 is 
the variety most largely grown4 ,but    
conditions in the northern and eastern  
part of the county more nearly approach 
those along ,niagara river and the      
,ontario shore so that the county is    
included in the ,niagara district4  ,in 
,niagara1 ,orleans1 ,monroe1 and ,wayne 
,counties the grape lands are in what is
 known as the ,ontario plain4 ,this     
plain has for its western boundary in   
the ,united ,states1 ,niagara ,river2   
for its northern boundary ,lake         
,ontario2 to the south there is a high  
escarpment1 the ,niagara escarpment1 or 
the mountain1 separating the ,ontario   
plain from the ,erie plain which is an  
eastward extension of the low plain on  
the south shore of ,lake ,erie4 ,the    
,niagara escarpment may be seen well at 
,lewiston from which point it stretches 
eastward toward ,lockport and westward  
into ,ontario4 ,the escarpment may be   
traced to the eastern end of ,lake      
,ontario where it disappears and the    

,erie and ,ontario plains merge into    
one4 ,in the grape-growing counties the 
,ontario plain varies from four to nine 
miles in width4  ,the plain is more or  
less rolling throughout its entire      
length2 but in few places are the hills 
too steep for fruit-growing4 ,the soils 
are sandy1 gravelly1 or clay loams      
varying greatly in fertility and in     
adaptability for the grape4 ,in parts of
 the district the soils are stony and   
shaly4 ,they belong1 so far as they have
 been studied1 to the ,dunkirk series   
and are therefore quite similar to those
 of the ,chautauqua district4  ,the     
climate1 too1 is much like that of the  
,chautauqua district4 ,the average      
midwinter temperature is comparatively  
high2 the summer temperature is equable2
 and the precipitation of rain and dew  
light as compared with inland areas4    
,the influence of the escarpment is not 
so marked in the ,niagara district as in
 the ,chautauqua belt4 ,a remarkable    
feature of the climate of this district 

is that killing frosts rarely occur     
before the close of ,october1 giving a  
long maturing and harvesting season for 
the grape4 ,in the winter the daily     
range of temperature is small owing not 
only to the influence of the water but  
to the fact as well that this season is 
a period of great cloudiness for the    
region4  ,in ,erie ,county much of the  
product of the southern part is marketed
 with that of ,chautauqua ,county but to
 the north1 ,buffalo makes a splendid   
local market4 ,several varieties are    
grown for the home market but chiefly   
the ,concord and the ,niagara4 ,these   
are packed in the various styles of     
climax baskets and in slatted           
crates--the latter for the home making  
of wine4 ,the fruit is carted to the    
market by the grower1 or purchased in   
the field1 in the case of wine-making1  
by the consumer4  ,niagara ,county is   
the home of the ,niagara grape and this 
variety is grown here almost            
exclusively4 ,the product is sold very  

largely by the grower in the open       
markets of ,buffalo and ,niagara ,falls 
and is packed in the several sizes of   
climax baskets4 ,in the counties to the 
east of ,niagara the product1 almost    
exclusively ,niagaras1 is sold at       
,rochester or neighboring towns or      
shipped to the large eastern cities4    
,much of this fruit is sold through the 
,niagara ,grape ,market ,company1 a     
co-operative union1 with headquarters at
 ,lockport1 ,new ,york4  ,the ,niagara  
region is the newest of the grape       
districts of the ,state4 ,there were few
 plantings along the shore of ,ontario  
until #ahhf when the ,niagara grape was 
introduced and vineyards were put out in
 considerable numbers throughout the    
whole extent of the district followed by
 still heavier plantings during the     
succeeding several years4 ,it was soon  
demonstrated that the region was well   
adapted to grape-growing and especially 
for the ,niagara grape but that there   
were many soils and locations wholly    

unsuitable for vineyards4 ,consequently 
during the years that followed the      
bearing of the first grapes1 many       
vineyards have been abandoned so that   
there are now scarcely as many acres as 
at the close of the first period of     
expansion about #aijj4 ,the insect and  
fungus pests are much the same as in the
 ,chautauqua district though the dreaded
 grape-vine fidia is not yet nearly so  
common1 but1 on the other hand1 the     
black-rot is far more destructive1      
probably because the ,niagara grape is  
very susceptible to this fungus4        
,,chapter ,,iv  ,,species ,,of          
,,american ,,grapes4   ,,the ,,genus    
,,vitis4  ,the genus ,vitis was formed  
and named by ,tournefort1#aac a ,french 
botanist1 more than two hundred years   
ago4 ,in his work1 ,institutiones ,rei  
,herbariae1 published in ,paris in      
#agjj1 he gives the following           
description of this genus3  ,the ,vitis 
is a genus of plant with a 7,a7 flower  
shaped like a rose1 with many petals    

placed uniformly in a circle1 out of the
 middle of which arises the pistil 7,b71
 with stamens pressed together 7,c71 the
 flower 7,d1,e1,f7 folds upward2 the    
pistil develops into an edible berry    
7,e71 fleshy1 full of juice1 and usually
 with four seeds 7,h1,i71 the seeds are 
pear-shaped 7,k74  ,the capital letters 
in the parentheses refer to             
illustrations4 ,these indicate that     
,tournefort had a very clear conception 
of the flowering parts of a grape4 ,he  
gives twenty-one species under this     
genus of which nine are ,american1 one1 
however1 being our ,virginia creeper4   
,tournefort's work is all very          
indefinite2 others of the species than  
those credited to ,america may be       
,american1 and it is quite possible that
 of the nine some would not be classed  
among the grapes to-day4 ,each species  
is credited to some previous botanist   
and it is evident that ,tournefort was a
 compiler rather than an original worker
 with grapes4  ,the next botanist who   

contributed to our knowledge of this    
genus was ,linnaeus1 the great ,swedish 
systematist1 who1 in his ,genera        
,plantarum1 #aged1 gives the following  
description of the flower 7,like        
,tournefort's1 ,linnaeus' book is       
written in ,latin and the extracts here 
given are free translations73  ,calyx4  
,five-toothed1 small4  ,corolla4 ,petals
 five1 rudimentary1 small1 caducous4    
,stamens4 ,filaments five1 subulate1    
erect1 spreading1 caducous1 anthers     
simple4  ,pistil4 ,ovary egg-shaped1    
style none1 stigma obtuse headed4       
,pericarp4 ,berry nearly round1 large1  
one cell4  ,seeds4 ,five1 plump1        
terminate cordate1 base contracted1     
partially divided into two cells4       
,linnaeus in his ,species ,plantarum of 
#agec1 gives seven species as belonging 
to this genus1 three of which are       
credited to ,america4 ,one1 however1    
,vitis arborea1 is not classed among the
 grapes by present-day botanists4       
,marshall1#aad the first ,american      

botanist we have to consider1 for       
neither ,tournefort nor ,linnaeus had   
ever been on this continent1 in his     
,arbustrum ,americanum1 #aghe1 describes
 the genus ,vitis in terms so nearly    
identical with those of ,linnaeus as to 
lead one to suspect that it is merely a 
translation from the ,genera ,plantarum4
 ,marshall gives five species4 ,one of  
these is certainly not a grape and one  
other is indeterminate4  ,thomas        
,walter1#aae in his ,flora ,caroliniana1
 #aghh1 gives a brief description of the
 genus very similar to the foregoing but
 he also speaks of the masculine and    
feminine forms of the flowers1 a point  
that does not seem to have been noticed 
by any botanist of an earlier date4 ,he 
speaks of the corolla adhering at the   
top and coming off as a cap1 one of the 
distinguishing characters of ,vitis4    
,this latter point had1 however1 been   
noted by ,tournefort1 and his figures   
show that this is what he means when he 
speaks of the flower as folding upward4 

,tournefort1 however1 seems to have been
 under the mistaken impression that     
,ampelopsis 7,ampelopsis quinquifolia   
,michx4 is our common ,american form7   
opens its flowers in the same way1 as he
 includes this under ,vitis4 ,walter    
gives only three species and his        
descriptions of these are very brief4   
,the first ,european botanist who made  
an extensive study of ,american plants  
in their habitats was ,andr ,michaux1 a 
,french botanist who traveled           
extensively in ,north ,america at about 
the close of the eighteenth century4 ,in
 his ,flora ,boreali-,americana1 which  
was published in #ahjc1 he gives a brief
 generic description of ,vitis which    
includes all of the essential characters
 given by ,walter4 ,he also questions   
the male and female characters mentioned
 by ,walter4#aaf ,michaux mentions five 
species of the ,american grapes4 ,his   
descriptions are clear and every species
 described can readily be recognized so 
that there is no question among         

botanists as to what species was meant  
in any instance4  ,an interesting       
contribution to our knowledge of the    
grapes of ,north ,america is that of    
,william ,bartram4#aag ,bartram's       
opportunities for becoming familiar with
 these plants were probably greater than
 those of any other person of his day1  
he being a resident of ,america1 and his
 father having been a botanist1 so that 
he was trained from childhood to observe
 plants4 ,the following is an extract   
from an article of ,bartram's in the    
,domestic ,encyclopedia1 #ahjd3  ,the   
most obvious characters which           
distinguish the grape vines of ,america 
from those of the old continent are3 #a4
 ,the berries of all the ,american      
species and varieties that ,i have seen1
 approach the figure of an oblate       
spheroid2 that is1 the poles are        
flattened1 and the transverse diameter  
is longer than the polar3 however1 ,i   
have observed that ,alexander's grape1  
and some of the bul or bullet grapes1   

approach nearer to an oval or ellipsis  
which is the figure of all foreign or   
,european grapes that ,i have seen2 viz4
 a prolate spheroid4 #b4 ,most of the   
,american species and varieties have a  
glaucous and yellowish pubescence on the
 under surface of their leaves4 #c4 ,all
 that ,i have observed in the northern  
and eastern districts of the ,united    
,states are polygamous2 i4 e4 those     
vines which bear fruit 7female7 have    
hermaphrodite flowers 7pentandria       
monogynia72 but the males have only five
 stamina1 without any female organ1 and 
are always barren4 ,one should suppose1 
from ,,walter so strongly marking this  
character as to induce him to place the 
,vitis in the class ,dioecia1 when      
,linnaeus and the other ,european       
botanists had placed it in ,pentandria  
7he himself being an ,european71 that   
all the grape vines of the old continent
 are hermaphroditous and ,pentandrian4  
,i know not from my own observation1    
whether the bull-grape of ,carolina is  

hermaphroditous or dioecious1 and       
therefore rest satisfied with           
,,walter',s assertion4 ,bartram gives   
four species4  ,nuttall1#aah in his     
,genera of ,north ,american ,plants and 
,catalogue of the ,species1 gives a     
rather stereotyped description of the   
genus but in addition in fine type he   
gives the following3  ,leaf simple and  
cordate1 angularly or sinuately lobed1  
rarely digitate or pinnate 7,cissus871  
flowers numerous1 in compound racemes1  
not uncommonly producing #d1 #f and #g  
petals1 with a corresponding number of  
stamens1 calix mostly entire1 or        
obsoletely crenate1 a glandulous disk   
surrounding the germ2 tendril           
dichotomous1 sometimes producing        
flowers1 therefore analogous to a       
sterile raceme4  ,it is evident that    
,nuttall was in doubt as to the         
distinguishing characters between ,vitis
 and the allied genus1 ,cissus4 ,while  
he has the species of the two genera in 
the same position they would now be     

placed1 his reference to pinnate-leaved 
species is somewhat misleading as no    
pinnate-leaved species are known to-day 
in either ,europe or ,america4 ,he uses1
 however1 the distinguishing character  
between these two genera that we now    
accept1 that is1 ,vitis has petals that 
adhere at the tops and come off in the  
form of a cap or calyptrum1 while in    
,cissus the corolla does not fall off as
 a cap4 ,nuttall mentions six species as
 belonging to this genus3 ,vitis        
labrusca1 ,v4 aestivalis1 ,v4           
cordifolia1 ,v4 riparia1 ,v4            
rotundifolia1 and ,v4 palmata1 with a   
question mark after the last species4   
,none is described4 ,his work is        
apparently a discriminating compilation 
of the work of earlier botanists4  ,many
 other botanical workers wrote on this  
genus during the period covered and some
 of them did very valuable work in      
describing the various species but their
 work has not been referred to because  
it did not add to the knowledge of the  

genus as a whole4  ,the first man to    
write a monograph on ,american grapes   
was ,rafinesque1#aai who published in   
#ahcj a paper bound volume entitled     
,american ,manual of the ,grape ,vine1  
etc4 ,rafinesque1 who was long a        
resident of the ,united ,states1 had an 
opportunity to acquire knowledge on the 
subject upon which he wrote second to   
none other4 ,his description of the     
genus is similar to that of his         
predecessors and very good2 but here all
 similarity ends and practically all    
value4 ,after having made forty-one     
species1 the greater portion of which   
have names given by himself1 he says3   
,by the above enumeration of our ,grapes
 ,i have done for this genus what       
,michaux did for our ,oaks4 ,owing to   
the great confusion of former authors1  
and the difficulty of comparing the     
leaves and fruits of all the species1 it
 is hardly as perfect as ,i should wish4
 ,rigid botanists may perhaps wish to   
reduce this species to a minor number or

 consider some as hybrids3 if they can  
find good permanent collective          
characters1 let them reduce our ,grapes 
and ,oaks to a dozen species4 ,but the  
angular or striated branches1 the long  
or short petioles1 the oval1 cordate or 
reniform leaves1 etc41 must always be   
deemed essential specific characters1   
and several of my new species1 such as  
,v4 bracteata1 ,v4 angulata1 ,v4        
peltata1 ,v4 canina1 ,v4 blanda1 ,v4    
longifolia1 ,v4 acerifolia1 ,v4 amara1  
,v4 prolifera1 etc41 must be deemed very
 distinct4 ,none of those of which he   
says must be deemed essential specific  
characters is now so considered and the 
species which must be deemed very       
distinct are many of them unrecognized  
and none of them known by the name which
 he gave4  ,le ,conte1 about the middle 
of the last century1 did much work in   
the botany of grapes1 publishing several
 papers in the ,proceedings of the      
,academy of ,natural ,sciences of       
,philadelphia4 ,these were in the nature

 of monographs although they were not1  
so far as known1 published separately4  
,he gives twelve species generally taken
 from other authors4  ,a little later   
than ,le ,conte1 ,engelmann of ,st4     
,louis1 gave his attention to the genus 
,vitis1 clearing up a number of disputed
 points4 ,his work was published in     
various reports and later in the        
,bushberg ,catalogue and ,grape ,manual4
 ,engelmann's studies are particularly  
valuable in that he was the first       
botanist working with grapes who lived  
in the middle west and the territory    
over which he ranged in his botanical   
expeditions was comparatively virgin4   
,this was about the time of the         
reconstitution of the ,french vineyards 
by the use of ,american roots as stocks 
on which to graft their ,french vines to
 enable them to resist phylloxera4 ,many
 thousand cuttings and rooted vines of  
,american grapes were sent to ,france   
annually for this purpose4 ,the value of
 grafting on resistant stocks had       

stimulated an interest among ,french    
scientists in grapes generally and      
particularly in the ,american species4  
,while their aid in separating species  
was but slight1 owing to their distance 
from the field where the plants were    
growing1 yet the investigations of      
,planchon1 ,millardet1 and others as to 
the comparative value of various        
characters in separating species1 were  
of great importance4 ,these             
investigations were utilized by         
,engelmann to a considerable extent4    
,owing to its simplicity1 and somewhat  
perhaps to the place of publication1 his
 work obtained favor among grape-growers
 to a greater extent than that of any of
 his predecessors4 ,in his earlier      
writings he gives six species but in the
 last edition of the ,bushberg          
,catalogue thirteen are enumerated4     
,illustration3    #a4 ,v4 bicolor   #b4 
,v4 cordifolia   #c4 ,v4 rotundifolia   
#d4 ,v4 doaniana   #e4 ,v4 longii   #f4 
,v4 labrusca   #g4 ,v4 rupestris   #h4  

,v4 riparia   #i4 ,v4 vinifera   #aj4   
,v4 aestivalis  ,,canes ,,of ,,species  
,,of ,,vitis  ,shortly after and partly 
coincident with ,engelmann1 ,munson1 of 
,texas1 made valuable contributions to  
our knowledge of ,american grapes4      
,munson is1 what none of his            
predecessors had been1 a cultivator of  
grapes and a breeder of new varieties as
 well as a botanical student of the     
subject4 ,the region in which he lived  
was comparatively new to botanists1 and 
it was partly1 perhaps1 on this account 
that he raised the number of species    
from the thirteen given by ,engelmann to
 twenty-five4 ,at the present time it   
appears doubtful if all of these will   
ultimately be given specific rank4 ,many
 of them undoubtedly will1 and others of
 them will be recognized at least as    
varieties4 ,munson is regarded to-day as
 the chief authority on grapes of the   
semi-arid and mountainous districts of  
the ,west and is one of the leading     
authorities on ,american viticulture4   

,the last man who has paid special      
attention to the grapes of ,north       
,america is ,bailey1 of ,cornell4 ,in   
his latest classification he gives      
twenty-three species of ,american       
grapes4 ,bailey is the only ,american   
botanist of experience and recognized   
standing in general botany who has paid 
special attention to the grape4 ,his    
monograph of the genus ,vitis which1    
with some changes1 has appeared         
successively in ,gray's ,synoptical     
,flora1 ,the ,evolution of ,our ,native 
,fruits1 and the ,cyclopedia of         
,american ,horticulture1 is the most    
complete work we have on this subject4  
,with his permission we have followed   
his arrangement of species in ,the      
,grapes of ,new ,york4  ,with this brief
 history of the formation of the genus  
,vitis as it now stands we pass to a    
consideration of the botanical          
characters of ,vitis4  ,from the time   
when botanists first commenced to work  
on the grape there has been a constant  

search for taxonomic characters for     
separating the various species clearly  
and distinctly4 ,many of the earlier    
descriptions1 while they are correct so 
far as they go1 do not mention enough   
characters to enable one to distinguish 
between similar species4 ,it has been   
found that dependence upon the shape of 
the leaf1 size of berry1 size of plant1 
date of ripening1 and similar           
characters1 is very uncertain and       
unsatisfactory and that1 while these    
characters are always mentioned in      
descriptions as indicating the intrinsic
 value of a species1 they are of little 
value from a systematic standpoint4     
,there are1 however1 several characters 
of ,vitis which have great taxonomic    
importance4  ,one of the fundamental    
characters which determine a species is 
continuous or intermittent tendrils1    
first noticed by ,professor ,a4         
,braun#abj of ,berlin4 ,vitis labrusca1 
the common ,fox grape1 is peculiar in   
that there are tendrils1 or an          

inflorescence1 opposite nearly every    
leaf2 this arrangement is known as      
continuous tendrils4 ,all other species 
have two leaves with a tendril opposite 
each and a third leaf without a tendril2
 such species are said to have          
intermittent tendrils4 ,continuity of   
tendrils is a variable character and to 
ascertain which of the two forms is     
present it is necessary to have         
vigorous1 healthy1 typical canes4 ,the  
lowest leaves of canes usually have no  
opposite tendrils4 ,this character is   
shown in the color-plates of the several
 species4  ,a closely related character 
is that of the number of inflorescences 
borne by a species4 ,all species        
excepting ,vitis labrusca average two   
inflorescences to the cane but the last 
named species1 at least in some of its  
subdivisions1 may bear from three to six
 inflorescences1 each of course in the  
place of a tendril opposite a leaf4     
,professor ,millardet of ,bordeaux first
 called attention to the value of that  

part of the cane known as the diaphragm 
as a means of distinguishing species4   
,the cane of the grape vine contains a  
large pith1 and in most species this    
pith is interrupted by woody tissue at  
the joints2 this woody tissue is the    
diaphragm4 ,the presence or absence of  
the diaphragm and its thickness are of  
taxonomic value4 ,in ,rotundifolia1 the 
southern ,fox grape1 the diaphragm is   
absent2 in ,riparia1 the ,riverbank     
grape1 it is very thin2 in ,rupestris it
 is slightly thicker2 while ,cordifolia1
 ,aestivalis1 and ,labrusca have thick  
diaphragms4 ,this character is studied  
best in the year-old canes of the grape4
 ,the color-plate of canes shows the    
range in thickness of diaphragms as they
 occur in several species4              
,illustration3 ,v4 ,,rupestris  ,v4     
,,riparia  ,v4 ,,longii  ,v4 ,,champini 
,v4 ,,labrusca  ,v4 ,,vinifera  ,v4     
,,aestivalis ,,bourquiniana  ,v4        
,,aestivalis ,,lincecumii  ,v4 ,,bicolor
  ,v4 ,,aestivalis  ,v4 ,,berlandieri   

,v4 ,,rotundifolia  ,v4 ,,doaniana  ,v4 
,,labr4  ,v4 ,,vin4  ,v4 ,,labr4 ,x ,v4 
,,rip4   ,,seeds ,,of ,,species ,,of    
,,vitis  ,,natural ,,size ,,and         
,,enlarged  ,the time of flowering is of
 considerable value in distinguishing   
species4 ,unfortunately it requires live
 plants and a certain time of year in   
order that this character be noted4 ,the
 first ,american species to flower is   
,riparia4 ,rupestris flowers shortly    
after2 next1 ,labrusca2 ,aestivalis a   
little later1 although the ,lincecumii  
variety of ,aestivalis blooms slightly  
before ,labrusca2 ,cordifolia is very   
late in coming into bloom1 and ,cinerea 
still later4 ,vinifera1 the ,european   
grape1 blooms shortly after ,labrusca4  
,the cultivated offspring of all wild   
grapes retain the blooming characters of
 the species from which they are        
derived4  ,other characters that have   
been found of great value are those     
connected with the seed4 ,the ability to
 use the seed characters1 however1      

cannot readily be acquired except by the
 use of an illustrated manual and some  
experience in selecting the seeds1 as   
they are quite variable on the same     
plant4 ,the weight of the seeds differs 
in different species1 but varies so much
 inside the species that it is not of   
much value from a systematic standpoint4
 ,in general1 it may be said that the   
,labruscas have the largest and heaviest
 seed of our ,american grapes2 ,riparia 
has the smallest seed1 with ,aestivalis 
occupying an intermediate position4 ,the
 size of the seeds in ,aestivalis1      
however1 is more noticeable on account  
of the small size of the fruit4 ,the    
color-plate illustrates the different   
characters to be found in grape seeds   
and a study of this plate with the      
technical descriptions of the several   
species will show how important seeds   
become in classifying grapes4           
,attention is called to the characters  
given by ,bartram as distinguishing the 
,european from the ,american species4   

,the first difference that he mentions  
is in the shape of the fruit1 that of   
the ,vinifera being more or less oval   
and that of ,american species roundish  
or oblate4 ,recent technical            
descriptions of our ,american species   
give the fruit as spherical where the   
shape is mentioned at all4 ,on the other
 hand it is known that most of the      
cultivated varieties of ,european grapes
 are oval4 ,does this mean that all of  
our cultivated ,american varieties which
 show oval berries1 such as ,isabella1  
,catawba1 and others1 contain ,vinifera 
blood8 ,it could not be said without    
careful study that this is true but it  
is certainly worthy of consideration4   
,this point seems to have escaped the   
attention of our later-day botanists4   
,the sexual status of the grape has     
always been a source of                 
misunderstanding4 ,the earlier botanists
 spoke of ,american vines as dioecious1 
that is1 bearing staminate and          
pistillate flowers on separate          

individuals4 ,in this1 as was noted on  
page #ih1 they were corrected by        
,bartram1 in so far as ,american species
 were concerned1 he stating that the    
vines of ,america were polygamous       
7showing staminate and hermaphrodite    
plants74 ,bartram did not presume to    
speak as to the sex of the flowers of   
the ,old ,world grape4 ,later it was    
determined that the cultivated varieties
 of ,europe were always hermaphrodite   
and that staminate forms were unknown4  
,engelmann#aba explains this so well and
 with such apparent satisfaction that we
 cannot do better than quote him here4  
,all the true ,grape-vines bear fertile 
flowers on one stock and sterile flowers
 on another separate stock1 and are     
therefore called polygamous1 or1 not    
quite correctly1 dioecious4 ,the sterile
 plants do bear male flowers with       
abortive pistils1 so that while they    
never produce fruit themselves1 they may
 assist in fertilizing the others2 the  
fertile flowers1 however1 are           

hermaphrodites containing both          
organs--stamens and pistils--and are    
capable of ripening fruit without the   
assistance of the male plants4 ,real    
female flowers without any stamens do   
not seem ever to have been observed4    
,both forms1 the male and the           
hermaphrodite1 or if preferred those    
with sterile and those with complete    
flowers1 are found mixed in their native
 localities of the wild plants1 but of  
course only the fertile plants have been
 selected for cultivation1 and thus it  
happens that to the cultivator only     
these are known2 and as the ,grape-vine 
of the ,old ,world has been in          
cultivation for thousands of years1 it  
has resulted that this hermaphrodite    
character of its flowers has been       
mistaken for a botanical peculiarity1 by
 which it was to be distinguished1 not  
only from our ,american ,grape-vines1   
but also from the wild grapes of the old
 world4 ,but plants raised from the     
seeds of this as well as any other true 

,grape-vine1 generally furnish as many  
sterile as fertile specimens1 while     
those propagated by layering or by      
cuttings1 of course1 only continue the  
individual character of the mother-plant
 or stock4 ,the accompanying plate shows
 various forms of grape flowers4        
,illustration3 ,,flowers ,,of ,,vitis   
,he further says in a foot-note3 ,these 
fertile plants1 however1 are of two     
kinds2 some are perfect hermaphrodites1 
with long and straight stamens around   
the pistil1 the others bear smaller     
stamens1 shorter than the pistil which  
soon bend downward and curve under it2  
these may be called imperfect           
hermaphrodites1 approaching females1 and
 they do not seem to be as fruitful as  
the perfect hermaphrodites1 unless      
otherwise fertilized4  ,beach#abb tested
 many of our cultivated varieties by    
sacking the clusters at blooming time   
and thus determined their capacity to   
fertilize themselves4 ,from the data    
thus secured he divides them into four  

classes3 #ast4 ,those that are able to  
fertilize themselves so that the        
clusters are perfect or varying from    
perfect to somewhat loose4 #b;d4 ,those 
in which the clusters are marketable1   
varying from moderately compact to      
loose4 #c;d4 ,clusters so loose as to be
 unmarketable4 #dth4 ,those which are   
self-sterile or showing no fruit on     
covered clusters4 ,of #afi varieties    
tested1 he found #ch belonging to the   
first class1 #ff to the second class1   
#bh to the third1 and #cg to the fourth4
  ,later it was found that the reason   
why certain varieties were self-sterile 
was on account of impotent and abortive 
pollen1 the percentage of abortive      
pollen grains varying with different    
varieties and this percentage           
determining the degree of               
self-sterility4 ,the upright or         
depressed stamen is not an invariable   
criterion of the condition of the pollen
 although it is usually4 ,there are a   
few instances in which upright stamens  

bear impotent pollen but these are very 
exceptional4 ,munson made similar tests 
of vines of twenty-two#abc ,american    
species of vines secured from their     
habitats4 ,in every case he found that  
they showed only two forms1 the         
staminate vines and the self-sterile    
hermaphrodite1 no perfect hermaphrodites
 being found4 ,while of some of the     
species the number of vines tested was a
 half dozen or less1 in most instances  
many vines were tested from different   
places4 ,this is particularly           
interesting in that it becomes a puzzle 
as to where our perfectly hermaphrodite 
cultivated forms could have come from if
 such forms are not present in the wild 
vines of our woods and prairies4  ,the  
structure of the bark is an important   
distinguishing character for some       
species2 in particular as to whether it 
peels off and whether in large flakes or
 in narrow strips or shreds4 ,so1 too1  
the color of the bark is often of       
taxonomic importance4 ,the form and     

color of the leaves are often           
considered1 but these characters are    
variable and may be misleading4 ,the    
lobing of leaves is a fairly uniform    
character in most species1 some having  
lobed and others having entire leaves4  
,as to color and texture1 the upper     
surface of the leaf in some species is  
smooth1 glossy and shining and in others
 rough and dull with varying shades of  
green4 ,the lower surfaces show similar 
variations with the addition of varying 
conditions of pubescence and down or    
even of cobwebs4 ,in young seedlings the
 shape and surfaces of the leaves are   
apt to be quite different from those on 
the old plants1 a character of          
systematic importance with some species4
 ,the flower1 as compared with this     
organ in other genera1 is of little     
importance in distinguishing the species
 of ,vitis1 there being an unusual      
similarity in the structure and         
appearance of the flowers of the several
 species4  ,the number of species of    

,vitis is very uncertain2 as1 indeed1 is
 their habitat1 except that they are    
generally confined to the temperate or  
subtropical regions4 ,some writers give 
the number as less than fifty but in all
 territories the number seems to depend 
on the thoroughness with which the      
region has been worked over botanically1
 and also on the judgment of the        
botanist doing the work4 ,gray          
recognized four species as being        
indigenous to ,america4 ,engelmann in   
his latest publication 7,bushberg       
,catalogue1 #ahhc71 thirteen1 while     
,munson gives twenty-five4 ,bailey in   
,gray's ,synoptical ,flora1 gives       
twenty-three species4 ,planchon 7in     
#ahhg7 gives twenty-eight species for   
the world4 ,seventeen of these are      
credited to ,america1 ten to ,asia1 and 
one1 the ,vinifera1 of unknown nativity4
 ,all of these lists1 however1 are known
 to be incomplete4 ,bessey#abd says that
 the grape is not native to the southern
 hemisphere1 and ,planchon credits none 

to any section south of the equator4    
,bailey credits two to ,australia in a  
work not intended to cover more than    
those of ,american interest4 ,and a     
correspondent#abe from that continent   
writes us giving a list of nineteen     
named and botanically described species 
indigenous to ,australia4 ,the number of
 species of grapes in the world depends 
upon the arbitrary limits set for a     
species and our knowledge of the genus  
is yet too meager to set these limits   
with certainty4   ,,species ,,of        
,,american ,,grapes4  ,,conspectus ,,of 
,,north ,,american ,,species ,,of       
,,vitis4  ,a4 ,skin of mature berry     
separating freely from the pulp4   ,b4  
,nodes without diaphragms2 tendrils     
simple         #a4 ,v4 rotundifolia4    
#b4 ,v4 munsoniana4    ,b4,b4 ,nodes    
with diaphragms2 tendrils forked4       
,c4 ,leaves and shoots glabrous at      
maturity and without bloom4             
,tendrils intermittent 7,v4 cinerea and 
,v4 arizonica are partial               

exceptions and might be looked for under
 ,c4,c474            ,d4 ,leaves thin1  
light1 bright green1 generally glabrous 
below at maturity except perhaps in the 
axils of the             veins 7,v4     
champini an exception7 with a long or at
             least a prominent point and
 usually long and sharp                 
teeth or the edge even jagged4 7,v4     
bicolor might be             looked for 
here47                ,e4 ,leaves       
broader than long2 petiolar sinus       
usually                 wide and        
shallow4 7,v4 treleasei might be        
sought here47                           
#c4 ,v4 rupestris4                ,e4,e4
 ,leaves ovate in outline2 petiolar     
sinus                 usually medium to 
narrow4                    ,f4          
,diaphragms thin2 young shoots not      
red4#d4 ,v4 monticola4                  
#e4 ,v4 riparia4                        
#f4 ,v4 treleasei4                      
#g4 ,v4 longii4                         
#h4 ,v4 champini4                       

,f4,f4 ,diaphragms thick2 young shoots  
bright red                           #i4
 ,v4 rubra4            ,d4,d4 ,leaves   
thickish1 dull colored or grayish green1
 often             holding some close   
dull pubescence below at maturity1      
shoots and leaves nearly always more or 
less pubescent             when young2  
the teeth mostly short2 the point mostly
             rectangular and            
conspicuous4                ,e4 ,plants 
strong1 climbing1 with stout persistent 
tendrils4                    ,f4 ,young 
shoots cylindrical1 glabrous or         
very soon becoming so               #aj4
 ,v4 cordifolia4                        
,f4,f4 ,young shoots angled1 covered the
                     first year with    
tomentum or wool    #aa4 ,v4 baileyana4 
#ab4 ,v4 berlandieri4                   
#ac4 ,v4 cinerea4                ,e4,e4 
,plants scarcely climbing1 tendrils     
perishing                 when without  
support                    #ad4 ,v4     
arizonica4            ,d4,d4,d4 ,leaves 

orbicular1 scallop shaped2 species of   
the             ,pacific ,coast         
#ae4 ,v4 californica4            ,c4,c4 
,leaves rusty or white tomentose or     
glaucous blue below1             thick  
or at least firm4 7,v4 cinerea1 ,v4     
arizonica and possibly             ,v4  
californica might be sought here47      
,d4 ,leaves flocculent or cobwebby or   
glaucous below                 when     
fully grown 7i4 e4 not covered with a   
thick dense                 felt-like   
tomentum except sometimes in ,v4        
doaniana74                    ,e4       
,shoots white tipped2 ends of the       
growing                     shoots and  
the under surface of the leaves         
whitish or gray                     #af4
 ,v4 girdiana4                          
#ag4 ,v4 doaniana4                      
,e4,e4 ,shoots rusty tipped2 the        
unfolding leaves                     and
 7except in ,v4 bicolor7 the young      
shoots distinctly                       
ferrugineous2 mature leaves either rusty

                     or bluish below or 
sometimes becoming green                
in ,v4 bicolor                     #ah4 
,v4 aestivalis4                         
#ai4 ,v4 bicolor4                       
#bj4 ,v4 cariba4                ,d4,d4  
,leaves densely tomentose or felt-like  
beneath                 throughout the  
season2 covering white or rusty white4  
,e4 ,tendrils intermittent              
#ba4 ,v4 candicans4                     
#bb4 ,v4 simpsoni4                      
,e4,e4 ,tendrils mostly continuous      
#bc4 ,v4 labrusca4  ,a4,a4 ,skin and    
pulp of mature berry cohering4 7,old    
,world7#bd4 ,v4 vinifera4               
,illustration3 ,,shoot ,,of ,,vitis     
,,rotundifolia   #a4 ,,vitis            
,,rotundifolia ,michx4#abf       #a4    
,trans4 ,am4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #agga3cci4   
#b4 ,michaux1 #b3bca4      #ahjc4       
,muscadine grape4 #c4 ,bartram1 ,dom4   
,enc41 #e3bhi1 #bij4      #ahjd4 ,v4    
,,taurina2 ,v4 vulpina2 ,bull grape4 #d4
 ,muhlenberg1      #ahac3bg4 ,v4        

,,verrucosa2 ,v4 rotundifolia2 ,fox     
grape2 ,bull      grape4 #e4 ,pursh1    
#a3afi4 #ahad4 ,bull grape2 ,bullet     
grape4 #f4      ,nuttall1 #a3adc4 #ahah4
 #g4 ,elliott1 #b3fhg4 #ahbd4 ,v4       
vulpina2      ,fox grape4 #h4           
,rafinesque1 #ahcj3af4 ,v4 ,,vulpina2   
,v4 muscadina2      ,v4 rotundifolia2   
,v4 incisa4 #i4 787 ,ib41 #ahcj3ag4 ,v4 
,,angulata2 ,arkansas2 ,bushy grape2    
,currant grape2 ,false                  
,scuppernong4 #aj4 ,ib41 #ahcj3ag4 ,v4  
,,verrucosa2 ,warty grape4      #aa4 787
 ,ib41 #ahcj3ag4 ,v4 ,,peltata2 ,v4     
,floridana4 #ab4 ,le      ,conte1 ,proc4
 ,phil4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #f3bgc4     
#ahec4 ,v4 vulpina2      ,v4 acerifolia2
 ,v4 angulata2 ,v4 verrucosa2 ,bullace  
grape2 ,bull      grape2 ,muscadine2    
,scuppernong4 #ac4 ,weller1 ,u4 ,s4     
,pat4 ,off4      ,rpt41 #ahec3cjf4      
,,scuppernong4 #ad4 ,le ,conte1 ,ib41   
#aheg3bca4      ,v4 vulpina2 ,v4        
acerifolia2 ,v4 angulata2 ,v4 verrucosa2
 ,bullace      grape2 ,bull grape2      

,muscadine2 ,skuppernong4 #ae4 ,white1  
,horticulturist1 #ab3deg4 #aheg4 ,v4    
vulpina4 #af4 ,ravenel1 ,u4      ,s4    
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahei3ech4 ,v4       
,,vulpina2 ,v4 rotundifolia2            
,mustang2 ,bullace grape2 ,bullet grape2
 ,bull grape4 #ag4      ,buckley1 ,u4   
,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahfa3dhd4       
,muscadine2 ,bullace4      #ah4 ,koch1  
,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfh3ha4 ,v4 
,,vulpina2      ,muscadine2 ,southern   
,fox grape4 #ai4 ,saunders1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 
,a4      ,rpt41 #ahfi3hc1 #he4 fig4 ,v4 
,,vulpina2 ,bullace grape4 #bj4         
,wylie1 ,jour4 of ,hort41 #g3afd4 #ahgj4
 ,,scuppernong2 ,bullace4      #ba4     
,ib41 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahga3aaf4
 ,,scuppernong4 #bb4      ,engelmann1   
,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3fb4 ,v4         
,,vulpina2 ,southern ,fox      grape2   
,bullace grape2 ,bullit grape2          
,muscadine4 #bc4 ,ib41      ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahhc3aj1 #aa1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai4 ,v4
 ,,vulpina2 ,v4      rotundifolia2      
,southern ,fox grape2 ,bullace grape2   

,bullit      grape2 ,muscadine4 #bd4    
,bush1 ,ib41 #ahhc3bf4 ,v4 vulpina4     
#be4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#ahhe3ach4 ,v4 vulpina2                 
,scuppernong2 ,muscadine4 #bf4 ,ib41    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhe3ig4  
,scuppernong2 ,muscadine4 #bg4 ,ib41    
,gar4 ,mon41      #bh3adj4 #ahhf4 #bh4  
,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan41
      #e3cfb4 #ahhg4 ,fox grape2        
,muscadine2 ,bullace2 ,bullet grape2 ,v4
      angulata2 ,v4 vulpina84 #bi4      
,munson1 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41 
#ahhg3ei4 ,muscadine4 #cj4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4
 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 #c3ad4      #ahij4
 #ca4 ,ib41 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd1    
#dge4 #ahij4 ,muscadine4      #cb4      
,woodworth1 ,ark4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41     
#c3ic4 #ahij4 ,v4 ,,vulpina4      #cc4  
,munson1 ,am4 ,gard41 #ab3ffa4 #ahia4   
#cd4 ,bailey1 ,ib41      #ad3cec4 #ahic4
 ,scuppernong4 #ce4 ,munson1 ,bush4     
,cat41      #ahid3bj1 #bb1 #bi4 ,v4     
vulpina2 ,muscadine2 ,southern ,fox     
grape4      #cf4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 

,fl41 #a3dbj4 #ahig4 ,muscadine2        
,southern ,fox grape2 ,bullace2 ,bullit2
 ,bull grape4 #cg4 ,britton and         
,brown1 #b3daa4 #ahig4 ,v4 vulpina2     
,southern ,fox grape2 ,bullace          
grape4 #ch4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,gard41       
#bj3fhh4 #ahii4 #ci4 ,ib41 ,tex4        
,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bai1 #bcb1 #bcd1 #bda1 
#bgb4 #aijj4 fig4 ,southern             
,muscadine4 #dj4 ,earle1 ,ala4 ,sta4    
,bul41 #aaj3gd4 #aijj4 #da4      ,viala 
and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #dc1 
#de4 #db4 ,newman1 ,s4      ,c4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #acb3a4 #aijg4 ,bullis4          
,vine variable in vigor1 usually very   
vigorous1 climbing high1      sometimes1
 when without support1 shrubby and only 
three or four      feet high2 when      
growing in the shade often sending down 
aerial      roots4 ,wood hard1 bark     
smooth1 not scaling off except in old   
age1      with prominent warty          
lenticels2 shoots short-jointed1 angled1
 with      fine scurfy pubescence2      
diaphragms absent2 tendrils             

intermittent1      simple4 ,leaves below
 medium in size1 broadly cordate or     
roundish2      petiolar sinus rather    
wide1 usually shallow2 margin with      
obtuse1      wide teeth2 not lobed2     
dense in texture1 rather light green    
color1      glabrous above1 glabrous or 
sometimes pubescent along veins below4  
,cluster small 7#f-bd berries71 loose2  
peduncle short2 pedicels      short1    
rather thick4 ,berries large1 globular  
or somewhat oblate1      black or       
greenish-yellow2 skin usually thick1    
tough1 and with a      musky odor2 pulp 
rather tough2 ripening unevenly and     
dropping as      soon as ripe4 ,seeds   
two to four1 very large to medium1      
shaped      something like a            
coffee-berry1 somewhat flattened1       
shallowly and      broadly notched2 beak
 very short2 chalaza rather narrow1     
slightly      depressed with radiating  
ridges and furrows2 raphe a narrow      
groove4      ,leafing1 flowering and    
ripening fruit very late4 7,see ,plate47

  ,rotundifolia1 or the southern ,fox   
grape1 seems to have attracted the      
attention of travelers in ,america from 
an early period4 ,the references made in
 the journals of the explorers of       
colonial times can frequently be        
recognized as pertaining to this        
species4 ,rotundifolia seems to have    
escaped the attention of botanists1     
however1 until the time of ,michaux1 who
 named and described it4 ,possibly the  
reason for its being overlooked was     
because of the supposition that this was
 the species ,linnaeus had described    
under the name ,vulpina4#abg ,the       
uncertainty as to who first described   
,rotundifolia created a confusion that  
was not definitely cleared up for nearly
 a hundred years and was responsible for
 the fact that half the botanists called
 it ,vitis rotundifolia and a nearly    
equal number ,vitis vulpina4            
,rafinesque1 in #ahcj1 described some   
three or four species within the bounds 
of what is now known as ,vitis          

rotundifolia4 ,none of these1 however1  
has been accepted by later botanists4   
,the habitat of this species is southern
 ,delaware1 west through ,tennessee1    
southern ,illinois1 southeastern        
,missouri1 ,arkansas 7except the        
northwestern portions71 to ,grayson     
,county1 ,texas1 as a northern and      
western boundary1 to the ,atlantic      
,ocean and the ,gulf on the east and    
south4 ,it becomes rare as one          
approaches the western limit but is     
common in many sections of the great    
region outlined above1 being most       
abundant on sandy1 well-drained bottom  
lands and along river banks and in      
swamps1 thick woodlands and thickets4   
,vitis rotundifolia has for years been  
the favorite grape in many sections of  
the ,south4 ,this is largely due1 no    
doubt1 to the fact that they have been  
usually compared with ,labrusca or      
,labrusca-,vinifera varieties of        
northern origin which are not well      
adapted to southern conditions4 ,with   

the introduction of native varieties of 
bunch grapes#abh of merit1 the southern 
species may lose in popularity4 ,it must
 be said1 considering the fact that     
southern agricultural literature has    
been filled with recommendations of     
,rotundifolia grapes for nearly a       
century1 that the cultivation of        
varieties of this species is            
comparatively limited4  ,the climate    
most suitable for ,rotundifolia is that 
in which cotton grows and it thrives    
best in the lower portions of the cotton
 belt of the ,united ,states4 ,on       
account of the late ripening of the     
fruit it requires a long season4 ,vines 
of ,rotundifolia have been known to     
withstand a winter temperature as low as
 #ab degrees below zero1 but under      
ordinary conditions this would          
undoubtedly be much too severe for most 
,rotundifolias4 ,they do not suffer from
 the effects of hot summers but will not
 withstand drouth and are not well      
adapted to semi-arid conditions4 ,all   

growers of varieties of this species    
agree that it does best on light sandy  
or alluvial soils2 and while it may grow
 on rather heavy clays1 if all other    
conditions are favorable1 its vigor will
 be lessened4  ,the fruit of            
,rotundifolia is very characteristic4   
,the skin is thick1 has a leathery      
appearance1 adheres strongly to the     
underlying flesh1 and is marked with    
lenticel-like russet dots4 ,the flesh is
 more or less tough but the toughness is
 not localized around the seed as in the
 case of ,labrusca4 ,the fruit and must 
of all the varieties of the species are 
characterized by a strong1 musky aroma  
and are lacking in sugar and acid4 ,some
 varieties yield over four gallons of   
must per bushel4 ,wine-makers are       
divided in opinion as to its value for  
wine-making1 but at present the most    
promising outlook for ,rotundifolia     
varieties is as wine grapes4            
,rotundifolia does not produce fruit    
suitable for the table chiefly because  

the berries ripen unevenly and when ripe
 drop from the cluster4 ,the common     
method of gathering the fruit of this   
species is to shake the vines at        
intervals so that the ripe berries will 
drop on sheets spread below the vines4  
,the juice which exudes from the point  
where the stem is broken off causes the 
berries to become smeared and gives them
 an unattractive appearance4 ,owing1    
however1 to the tough skin1 the berries 
do not crack as badly as other grapes   
would under the same conditions but     
still they are not adapted to long      
distance shipments4  ,under reasonably  
favorable conditions the vines attain   
great age and great size1 and when grown
 on arbors1 as they usually are1 and    
without pruning1 they cover a large     
area4 ,the vines are planted from       
fifteen to forty feet apart in the      
vineyard1 and the first year or two are 
trained to posts4 ,later the tops of    
these posts are connected by cross-bars 
and an arbor is thus formed4 ,pruning   

usually consists of removing dead wood  
but a few growers have always taken     
exception to the customary non-pruning  
method of treating the ,rotundifolia4   
,lately ,newman1 of ,south ,carolina1   
has published a bulletin#abi in which he
 recommends that the vines be pruned and
 raised on a trellis as is customary    
with other grapes4 ,he gives figures to 
show that the damage to ,rotundifolia   
vines is due to the bleeding that       
follows pruning and that this bleeding  
may be obviated by pruning in the fall  
or early winter4 ,the success of such a 
practice would undoubtedly place the    
culture of ,rotundifolia varieties on a 
better commercial footing4              
,rotundifolia is remarkably resistant to
 the attacks of all insects and to      
fungal diseases4 ,the phylloxera do not 
attack its roots and it is considered as
 resistant as any other1 if not the most
 resistant of all ,american species4 ,it
 is grown from cuttings only with       
difficulty4 ,however1 under favorable   

circumstances1 and with skilful         
handling1 this is a successful method of
 propagation4 ,under unfavorable        
circumstances1 or where only a few vines
 are desired1 it is better to depend on 
layers4 ,as a stock upon which to graft 
other vines this species has not been a 
success4 ,wylie found great difficulty  
in crossing ,rotundifolia with other    
species1 and the crosses did not thrive 
under cultivation4 ,lately ,munson has  
introduced several ,rotundifolia        
hybrids4   #b4 ,,vitis ,,munsoniana     
,simpson4       #a4 787 ,rafinesque1    
#ahcj3ag4 ,v4 ,,peltata2 ,v4 ,floridana4
 #b4      ,munson1 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #ahhe3ig4 ,v4 ,,floridana2       
,florida      grape4 #c4 ,ib41 ,gar4    
,mon41 #bh3adj4 #ahhf4 ,v4 ,,floridana2 
,v4      peltata2 ,florida grape4 #d4   
,ib41 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41    
#ahhg3ei4 ,everbearing grape4 #e4 ,ib41 
,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd1      #dge4     
#ahij4 #f4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4  
,bul41 #c3ad4 #ahij4 #g4      ,ib41     

,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic3aaf4   
,bird grape2 ,everbearing      grape4   
#h4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj4 ,bird 
grape2 ,mustang      grape of ,chapman4 
#i4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dba4
 #ahig4      ,mustang grape of ,florida2
 ,bird grape2 ,everbearing grape4       
#aj4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#ef3bcb1 #bda4 #aijj4 ,florida ,bird    
grape4 #aa4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4     
,vines1 #aijc3db1 #de4  ,vine not very  
vigorous1 a slender grower1 usually     
running on the ground or over low       
bushes4 ,canes slightly angular2        
internodes short2 tendrils intermittent1
 simple4 ,leaves smaller and thinner    
than ,rotundifolia and rather more      
circular in outline2 not lobed2 teeth   
rather open and spreading2 petiolar     
sinus ,v-shaped2 both surfaces smooth1  
rather light green4 ,cluster with more  
berries but about the same size as      
,rotundifolia4 ,berry one-third to      
one-half the diameter1 with thinner and 
more tender skin2 black1 shining2 pulp  

less solid1 more acid and without       
muskiness4 ,seeds about one-half the    
size of ,rotundifolia1 similar in other 
respects4 ,leafing1 flowering1 and      
ripening fruit very late4  ,in #ahcj    
,rafinesque described1 under the name   
,vitis peltata1 or ,vitis floridana1 a  
very singular species1 lately found in  
,florida4 ,this description is brief and
 includes many characters of no         
taxonomic value4 ,in #ahhe or #ahhf1    
,mr4 ,j4,h4 ,simpson of ,manatee1       
,florida1 sent a specimen of a grape    
growing in his locality to ,munson which
 was taken to be ,rafinesque's ,vitis   
peltata4 ,he consequently described it  
under the name ,vitis floridana but the 
species was not generally accepted4     
,later ,simpson gave it the name ,vitis 
munsoniana4  ,its habitat is central and
 southern ,florida and the ,florida     
,keys1 and it is said to be the only    
grape growing on these ,keys4 ,it       
extends south of the habitat of         
,rotundifolia and blends into this      

species at their point of meeting4      
,munsoniana appears to be a variation of
 ,rotundifolia1 fitted to subtropical   
conditions4 ,it is tender1 not enduring 
a lower temperature than zero4 ,in the  
matter of multiplication it differs from
 ,vitis rotundifolia in that it can be  
propagated readily from cuttings4 ,like 
,rotundifolia it is resistant to        
phylloxera4 ,the species is of no value 
horticulturally4   #c4 ,,vitis          
,,rupestris ,scheele4       #a4         
,scheele1 ,linn41 #ba3eia4 #ahdh4 #b4   
,ravenel1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4      ,off4      
,rpt41 #ahei3eci4 ,mountain grape of    
,texas4 #c4 ,buckley1      ,ib41        
#ahfa3dhe4 ,rock grape4 #d4 ,prince1    
,gar4 ,mon41 #e3gc4      #ahfc4 ,bush   
grape of ,texas4 #e4 ,engelmann1 ,mo4   
,ent4 ,rpt41      #ahgb3fa4 ,sand grape2
 ,sugar grape4 #f4 ,jaeger1 ,mo4 ,hort4 
,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahhc3da4 #g4         
,engelmann1 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3aj1 #aa1
 #ab1      #ad1 #ah4 ,rock grape2 ,sand 
grape2 ,sugar grape4 #h4 ,bush1 ,ib41   

#ahhc3ba1 #bf4 #i4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3acb4      ,sand-beach
 grape2 ,sugar grape4 #aj4 ,campbell1   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahhe3hd4  
#aa4 ,munson1 ,ib41 #ahhe3ig1 #ih4 #ab4 
,ib41      ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4      
,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,sugar grape2 ,sand    
grape2      ,beach grape4 #ac4          
,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan41
 #e3cbc1      #cdf4 #ahhg4 ,sand grape2 
,sugar grape2 ,mountain grape4 #ad4     
,munson1      ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4  
#ahij4 #ae4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 
,bul41      #c3g1 #i4 #ahij4 #af4 ,ib41 
,am4 ,gard41 #ab3fei4 #ahia4 #ag4 ,ib41 
,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic3aaf4   
,rock grape2 ,sand grape4      #ah4     
,munson1 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb4   
#ai4 ,husmann1      #ahie3aaj1 #ahh4    
#bj4 ,britton and ,brown1 #b3daa4 #ahig4
 ,sand      grape2 ,sugar grape4 #ba4   
,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dba4    
#ahig4 ,sand grape2 ,sugar grape2 ,rock 
grape2 ,bush grape2 ,mountain           
grape4 #bb4 ,beach1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  

,rpt41 #ag3ecg1 #eeg4 #ahih4      #bc4  
,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bcd1    
#bce1 #bci1 #bei4 #aijj4      ,rock     
grape4 #bd4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4     
,vines1 #aijc3db1 #hb4       ,small1    
much branched shrub or sometimes1 under 
favorable      circumstances1 slightly  
climbing4 ,diaphragm thin but slightly  
thicker than ,riparia2 tendrils few1 or1
 if present1 weak1 usually              
deciduous4 ,leaves rather small2 young  
leaves frequently folded on      midrib2
 broadly cordate or reniform1 wider than
 long1 scarcely ever      slightly      
lobed1 smooth1 glabrous on both surfaces
 at maturity2      petiolar sinus wide1 
shallow2 margin rather coarsely toothed1
      frequently a sharp abrupt point at
 terminal4 ,cluster small4 ,berries     
small1 usually larger than ,riparia1    
color black or purple-black4      ,seeds
 small1 not notched2 beak short1 rather 
blunt2 raphe slightly      distinct to  
indistinct1 usually showing as a narrow 
groove2 chalaza      of medium size1    

pear-shaped1 sometimes distinct1 but    
usually a      depression only4         
,leafing1 blossoming1 and ripening early
      7blossoming soon after ,riparia74 
,rupestris seems to have been first     
described and named by ,scheele in #ahdh
 in a contribution on the flora of      
,texas to the periodical ,linnaea4      
,ravenel1 in #ahei1 states that this    
grape is found in ,texas and is there   
known as the ,mountain grape4 ,it was   
mentioned and described by ,buckley1    
,engelmann1 and all of the later        
botanists4 7,see ,plate47  ,this species
 is an inhabitant of southwestern       
,texas1 extending eastward and northward
 into ,new ,mexico1 southern ,missouri1 
,indiana and ,tennessee to southern     
,pennsylvania and the ,district of      
,columbia4 ,its favorite places are     
gravelly banks and bars of mountain     
streams or the rocky beds of dry        
water-courses4 ,rupestris is usually    
considered drouth-resistant but ,munson 
states that it is short-lived in the    

upland sandy soils in northern ,texas1  
where1 owing to long droughts1 the land 
dries out deeply4 ,here1 he says1 it is 
not so successfully resistant to drouth 
as ,lincecumii4#acj  ,this species is   
quite variable both in type and growth4 
,it was introduced into ,france at about
 the same time as ,riparia1 and the     
,french vineyardists selected the most  
vigorous and healthy forms for grafting 
stock4 ,these pass under the various    
names of ,rupestris ,mission1 ,rupestris
 du ,lot1 ,rupestris ,ganzin1 ,rupestris
 ,martin1 ,rupestris ,st4 ,george1 and  
others4 ,in ,france they are stated to  
have given particularly good results on 
bare1 rocky soils with hot1 dry         
exposures4 ,in ,california1 ,husmann#aca
 states1 ,it does not flourish in dry   
locations here1 and as it suckers       
profusely and does not take the graft as
 readily as the two former classes      
,riparia and ,aestivalis1 it is not     
largely propagated4 ,it has not been    
sufficiently cultivated in this country 

east of the ,rocky ,mountains so that it
 can be said what conditions of soil and
 climate best suit this species other   
than the general conclusions that may be
 drawn from the conditions present where
 the species is indigenous4             
,illustration3 ,,rupestris ,,du ,,lot   
,the clusters of fruit are small1 with  
berries about the size of a currant and 
varying from sweet to sour4 ,the berry  
is characterized by much pigment under  
the skin4 ,the fruit has a sprightly    
taste wholly free from any disagreeable 
foxiness4 ,according to ,munson1 it is  
too unproductive to be profitable4 ,the 
sugar and acid content of the must is   
not known4 ,jaeger states that          
,rupestris wine sent to ,france was     
there judged as decidedly the best      
,american claret yet tested4  ,rupestris
 under cultivation is said to be very   
resistant to rot and mildew of the      
foliage4 ,it is considered hardy by     
those familiar with it in the           
,southwest1 and ,campbell states that it

 withstood1 without injury1 #cb degrees 
below zero at ,delaware1 ,ohio4 ,the    
attention of hybridizers was attracted  
to this species over thirty years ago   
and various hybrids have been produced  
by ,jaeger1 ,munson1 ,campbell and      
,millardet1 all of whom considered      
,rupestris of great promise for         
grape-breeding4 ,the root system of     
,rupestris is peculiar in that the roots
 penetrate at once deeply into the      
ground instead of extending laterally as
 in other species4 ,like those of       
,riparia1 the roots are slender1 hard1  
and resistant to the phylloxera4 ,the   
species is easily propagated by         
cuttings4 ,according to ,husmann#acb the
 vines bench-graft readily but are      
difficult to handle in field grafting4  
,,vitis ,,rupestris ,,dissecta ,eggert4 
#a4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbb4
 #ahig4 ,v4 ,,rupestris1 var4           
,,dissecta4  ,vitis rupestris dissecta  
was named by ,h4 ,eggert of ,st4 ,louis1
 the name being placed on herbarium     

specimens but apparently not published  
by him4 ,according to ,bailey it differs
 from the typical forms of the species  
in having more ovate leaves and very    
long teeth1 and a strong tendency       
towards irregular lobing4 ,it is found  
in ,missouri4   #d4 ,,vitis ,,monticola 
,buckley4#acc       #a4 ,buckley1 ,proc4
 ,phil4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfa3dej4  
#b4 ,ib41      ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4      
,rpt41 #ahfa3dhe4 ,white grape2         
,mountain grape4      #c4 ,engelmann1   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1  
#af4 ,mountain      grape of ,west      
,texas4 #d4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41      #ahhe3acd4 ,mountain grape4 
#e4 ,ib41 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41
      #ahhg3ei4 ,mountain grape4 #f4    
,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41      
#c3ac4 #ahij4 ,v4 ,texana4 #g4 ,ib41    
,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd1 #dge4          
#ahij4 #h4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,gard41 #ab3ehf4  
#ahia4 ,sweet ,mountain      grape4 #i4 
,ib41 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41        
#ahic3aaf4 #aj4      ,bailey1 ,gray's   

,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbb4 #ahig4 ,sweet       
,mountain grape4      #aa4 ,munson1     
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bcj1 #bcb1 #bcd1 
#bci1 #bfj4 #aijj4      ,sweet ,mountain
 grape4 #ab4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4    
,vines1      #aijc3db1 #if4       ,vine 
of moderate vigor1 climbing1 or1 in the 
absence of support1      frequently     
shrubby4 ,canes very slender2 shoots    
angled1 more or less      pubescent2    
diaphragms medium to rather thin2       
tendrils medium in      size1           
intermittent1 usually bifid1 deciduous4 
,leaves with stipules      short1 broad2
 leaf-blade small and thin1 cordate1    
entire1 notched      or shortly         
three-lobed2 petiolar sinus rather deep 
and medium to      narrow in width1     
sometimes overlapping1 rounded2 margin  
broadly and      obtusely toothed2 apex 
usually acuminate2 upper surface smooth1
      glossy2 lower surface             
grayish-green1 more or less pubescent   
when      young2 pubescence confined    
chiefly to ribs and veins4 ,clusters    

short and broad1 compact1 with medium to
 short peduncle4 ,berries      medium to
 below in size1 black or gray with thin 
bloom4 ,seeds      large1 usually       
slightly notched2 chalaza rather narrow2
 raphe a      groove4 ,leafing1         
flowering1 and ripening fruit very late4
  ,vitis monticola was named and        
described by ,buckley in #ahfa4 ,there  
seems to have been some misunderstanding
 by later botanists as to exactly what  
,buckley's species of this name is1 and 
in spite of what has been written on the
 subject1 it seems as though some of the
 botanists are still describing         
different species4 ,the seed1 in        
,engelmann's figure1 resembles that of  
the ,rupestris very closely1 while as   
figured by ,viala the seeds resemble    
those of ,cinerea or ,cordifolia4       
,monticola inhabits the limestone hills 
of central and southwestern ,texas4     
,the fruit of this species has a very   
sweet and somewhat peculiar flavor4 ,the
 vines can be propagated from cuttings  

only with difficulty4 ,the species is   
adapted to a hot1 dry climate and       
limestone land4 ,it is found to be very 
resistant to phylloxera and is sometimes
 recommended as a stock for ,vinifera   
but is not generally considered as      
valuable in this respect as             
,berlandieri4 ,it is without value for  
its fruit and is of no horticultural    
importance to the eastern ,american     
grape-grower4   #e4 ,,vitis             
,,riparia#acd ,michx4       #a4         
,tournefort1 ,inst4 ,rei ,herb41 #a3fac4
 #agjj4 ,v4 ,,canadensis      ,,aceris  
,,folio4 #b4 787 ,linnaeus1 ,sp4 ,pl41  
#agec3bjc4 ,v4 ,,vulpina4      #c4 787  
,walter1 #aghh3bdb4 ,v4 ,,vulpina4 #d4  
787 ,willdenow1      #a3aaha4 #agig4 ,v4
 ,,vulpina4 #e4 ,michaux1 #b3bca4 #ahjc4
 #f4 787      ,bartram1 ,dom4 ,enc41    
#e3bia4 #ahjd4 ,v4 ,,serotina2 ,winter  
grape4      #g4 ,pursh1 #a3afi4 #ahad4  
,v4 odoratissima4 #h4 ,nuttall1         
#ahah3adc4 #i4 ,elliott1 #b3fhh4 #ahbd4 
,winter grape8 #aj4      ,torrey1 ,fl4  

of ,n4  ,m4 ,sta41 #ahbf3aba4 #aa4      
,rafinesque1      #ahcj3ae4 ,river      
grape2 ,bermuda vine2 ,mignonette vine4 
#ab4 ,ib41      #ahcj3af4 ,v4           
,,odoratissima4 #ac4 ,prince1 #ahcj3aic4
 ,v4      odoratissima2 ,sweet scented4 
#ad4 ,torrey1 ,fl4 of ,n4 ,y41          
#a3adg4 #ahdc4 ,winter grape4 #ae4 ,le  
,conte1 ,trans4 ,phil4 ,acad4      ,nat4
 ,sci41 #f3bgc4 #ahec4 ,v4 dimidiata4   
#af4 ,ib41 #f3bgb4 ,v4      ,,vulpina2  
,v4 aestivalis of some2 ,v4 cordifolia  
of many2 ,v4      callosa2 ,v4 hyemalis2
 ,winter grape4 #ag4 ,buckley1 ,u4 ,s4  
,pat4      ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahfa3dhc4 ,v4  
,,cordifolia1 var4 ,,riparia4 #ah4      
,saunders1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41       
#ahfi3hb1 #he1 #hg4 ,v4 ,,cordifolia1   
var4 ,,riparia4 #ai4 ,engelmann1 ,mo4   
,ent4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3fa4 #bj4      ,ib41  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1  
#ah4 ,riverside grape4      #ba4 ,bush1 
,ib41 #ahhc3bc4 #bb4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhe3ig1 #ih4       
,riverside grape4 #bc4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,hort4

 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahhe3aca4 ,riverside
 grape4 #bd4 ,ib41 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4    
,sci4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,riverside grape4
 #be4 ,planchon1 ,de      ,candolle's   
,mon4 ,phan41 #e3cbc1 #ceb4 #ahhg4 ,v4  
vulpina2 ,v4 incisa2      ,v4           
intermedia2 ,v4 odoratissima2 ,v4       
,virginiana2 ,v4 ,canadensis aceris     
folio4 #bf4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4    
,pom4 ,bul41 #c3i4 #ahij4 #bg4          
,ib41 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4   
#bh4 ,bailey1 ,am4 ,gard41      #ad3cec4
 #ahic4 fig4 ,v4 ,,vulpina2 ,v4 riparia4
 #bi4 ,husmann1      #ahie3age4 ,v4     
,,cordifolia4 #cj4 ,ib41 #ahie3ahh4 #ca4
 ,britton and      ,brown1 #b3daj4      
#ahig4 fig4 ,v4 ,,vulpina2 ,v4 riparia2 
,v4      cordifolia1 var4 riparia2      
,riverside grape2 ,sweet scented        
grape4 #cb4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41
 #a3dbb4 #ahig4 ,v4 ,,vulpina2          
,riverbank2 ,frost2 ,v4 riparia2 ,v4    
serotina2 ,v4      odoratissima2 ,v4    
,illinoensis82 ,v4 ,missouriensis82 ,v4 
tenuifolia82 ,v4 cordifolia1 var4       

riparia2 ,v4 vulpina1 var4      riparia4
 #cc4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41       
#ef3bah1 #bai1 #bcj1      #bci1 #bfj4   
#aijj4 ,v4 ,,vulpina2 ,riverside2 ,v4   
riparia4 #cd4 ,viala      and ,ravaz4   
,am4 ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #ajd4       ,vine
 vigorous to very vigorous1 climbing4   
,shoots cylindrical or      slightly    
angled1 usually smooth1 slender2        
diaphragms thin2 tendrils               
intermittent1 slender1 usually bifid4   
,leaves with large stipules2            
leaf-blade medium to large1 thin1       
entire1 three1 or lower ones      often 
five-lobed2 sinuses shallow1 angular2   
petiolar sinus broad1      usually      
rather shallow2 margin with incised1    
sharply serrate teeth      of variable  
size2 of a light green color1 glabrous  
above1 usually      glabrous but        
sometimes slightly pubescent on ribs and
 veins below4      ,cluster medium to   
small1 generally compact1 shouldered2   
peduncle      short4 ,berries small to  
medium1 black with a heavy blue bloom4  

,seeds usually two to four1 small1      
usually slightly notched1 short1        
plump1 with very short beak2 chalaza    
narrowly oval1 depressed1               
indistinct2 raphe usually a groove1     
sometimes slightly distinct4      ,very 
variable in flavor and time of ripening4
 7,see ,plate47  ,the first mention we  
have of ,vitis riparia is by ,tournefort
 in #agjj1 who1 without further         
description1 calls it ,vitis canadensis 
aceris folio1 or ,maple-leaved ,canadian
 grape4#ace ,linnaeus in #agec described
 mixed specimens of ,cordifolia and     
,riparia under the name of ,vitis       
vulpina4 ,his description is as         
follows3#acf ,leaves cordate1           
dentate-serrate1 glabrous on both sides4
 ,walter and ,willdenow copy the        
description of ,linnaeus4 ,the first    
description which is clear1 and the     
identity of which has never been        
questioned1 is that of ,michaux in      
#ahjc1 under the name ,riparia4 ,he     
says3 ,leaves unequally and sharply     

dentate1 slightly #c-lobed4 ,petioles1  
veins and margins pubescent4 ,called by 
,french residents ,vigne des battures4  
,habitat along the banks and on the     
islands of the ,ohio and ,mississippi   
rivers1 etc4 ,bartram1 in #ahjd1 under  
the name of ,vitis serotina1 or ,winter 
grape1 describes a vine which may be    
,riparia or may be ,cordifolia as it has
 some of the characters of both4        
,illustration3 ,,shoot ,,of ,,vitis     
,,riparia  ,linnaeus' description seems 
to have thoroughly confused all of the  
earlier botanists4 ,they were in doubt1 
first1 as to what species was intended  
for ,vulpina2 second1 as to the         
distinguishing characters between       
,riparia and ,cordifolia4 ,gray classed 
,riparia as a variety of ,cordifolia4   
,engelmann was the first to draw        
attention to the specific characters    
which separated these two sorts and     
these he gives as follows3 #ast4        
,riparia has thin diaphragms1           
,cordifolia thick4 #b;d4 ,riparia blooms

 early1 ,cordifolia late4 #c;d4 ,riparia
 propagates readily from cuttings1      
,cordifolia only with difficulty4 #dth4 
,seeds of the ,riparia have indistinct  
or almost indistinct1 depressed chalaza 
and raphe1 while the chalaza and raphe  
of the ,cordifolia seeds are elevated   
and distinct4 ,to these ,bush#acg added 
the further distinguishing character    
that on the shoots the small terminal   
leaves of the ,cordifolia open as soon  
as formed1 while those of ,riparia      
remain folded for some days after they  
are formed1 become larger and then      
expand gradually4  ,riparia is the most 
widely distributed of any ,american     
species of grape4 ,it has been found in 
parts of ,canada north of ,quebec and   
from thence southward to the ,gulf of   
,mexico4 ,it is found from the ,atlantic
 coast westward1 most botanists say to  
the ,rocky ,mountains1 but ,munson gives
 the western limit as ,salt ,lake4      
,since ,munson is more familiar with the
 district lying west of the ,rocky      

,mountains than any other botanist who  
has paid attention to grapes1 he is     
probably correct4 ,usually it is found  
on river banks1 on islands or in upland 
ravines4  ,riparia has always been      
considered of great promise in the      
evolution of ,american grapes4 ,it can  
hardly be said that it has fulfilled    
expectations1 there probably being no   
pure variety of this species of more    
than local importance1 and the results  
of hybridizing it with other species    
have not been wholly successful4 ,the   
reason why attention was early turned to
 ,riparia was because of the qualities  
presented by the vine rather than those 
of the fruit1 particularly its hardiness
 and vigor4 ,however1 both of these     
qualities are quite variable1 and it is 
only reasonable to suppose that in such 
a widely distributed species1 plants    
found in a certain region would have    
adapted themselves to the conditions    
there present2 thus it should be        
expected that the northern plants would 

be more hardy than those from the ,south
 and the western prairie forms more     
capable of resisting drouth than those  
from humid regions2 this is found to be 
the case4 ,it is consequently impossible
 to say what conditions best suit this  
species2 it may be said1 however1 that  
it is adapted to a great variety of     
soils and locations2 ,riparia vines1 or 
certain ones of them1 have withstood a  
temperature of #dj to #fj degrees below 
zero and they show equal ability in     
withstanding the injurious effects of   
high temperatures in the summer4 ,on    
account of its habit of early blooming1 
the blossoms sometimes suffer from late 
frosts in the spring4  ,while ,riparia  
is not a swamp grape and is not found   
growing under swampy conditions1 it is  
fond of water4 ,in the semi-arid regions
 always1 and in humid regions usually1  
it is found growing along the banks of  
streams1 in ravines1 on the islands of  
rivers1 and in wet places4 ,it is not   
nearly so capable of withstanding drouth

 as ,rupestris4 ,riparia likes a rather 
rich soil but in ,france has been found 
to do poorly on limestone land and      
calcareous marls4 ,the ,french tell us1 
however1 that this is a characteristic  
of all our ,american grapes and that the
 ,riparia is more resistant to the      
injurious effects of an excess of lime  
than either ,rupestris or ,aestivalis4  
,as was noted in the botanical          
description1 the fruit of ,riparia is   
usually small1 there being occasional   
varieties of medium size or slightly    
above4 ,the clusters are of medium size 
and1 if judged from the standpoint of   
number of berries1 might frequently be  
called large4 ,the flavor is usually    
sharply acid but free from foxiness or  
any disagreeable wild taste4 ,if eaten  
in quantity1 the acidity is apt to      
affect the lips and end of the tongue4  
,when the acidity is somewhat           
ameliorated1 as in the case of          
thoroughly ripe or even overripe and    
shriveled fruit1 the flavor is much     

liked by many people4 ,the flesh is     
neither pulpy nor solid and dissolves in
 the mouth and separates readily from   
the seed4 ,the must of ,riparia is      
characterized by an average amount of   
sugar1 varying considerably in the fruit
 from different vines1 and by an excess 
of acid4 ,there is no disagreeable      
aroma1 or foxiness1 in the juice of this
 species1 but the wines made from pure  
must of ,riparia grapes1 unless kept for
 a long time1 or otherwise treated1 are 
too sour4 ,on this account many         
recommend adding sugar and water to the 
must to reduce the percentage of acid4  
,riparia is very resistant to           
phylloxera1 the roots are small in size1
 hard and numerous and branch freely4   
,the roots feed close to the surface and
 do not seem to be well adapted to      
forcing their way through heavy clays or
 a hardpan formation2 but as such soils 
are unfavorable for all grapes1 this    
character is of little economic         
importance4 ,riparia grows readily from 

cuttings and makes a good stock for     
grafting1 and its union with other      
species is usually permanent4 ,at the   
time when ,riparias were first sent to  
,france to be used as a stock in        
reconstituting the ,french vineyards1 it
 was found that many of the vines       
secured from the woods were of too weak 
growth to support the stronger-growing  
,viniferas4 ,on this account the ,french
 growers selected the more vigorous     
forms of the ,riparias sent them to     
which they gave varietal names1 as      
,riparia ,gloire1 ,riparia ,grand       
,glabre1 ,riparia ,scribner1 ,riparia   
,martin and others4 ,with these selected
 ,riparias the graft does not outgrow   
the stock4 ,riparia is less resistant to
 rot than ,aestivalis but somewhat more 
resistant than ,labrusca4 ,the foliage  
is rarely attacked by mildew4 ,one of   
the chief failings of this species is   
the susceptibility of the leaves to the 
attack of the leaf-hopper4 ,this defect 
is quite serious in some grape-growing  

regions4 ,the ,riparias are generally   
late in ripening and it is found that   
the fruit is better in quality in long  
seasons and that it should be left on   
the vines as late as possible4 ,there   
are some early ripening varieties of    
this species1 however4   ,,vitis        
,,riparia ,,pr,,cox ,engelmann4         
#a4 ,price1 #ahcj3aid4 ,v4              
,,odoratissima2 ,june ,grape4 #b4       
,engelmann1 ,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3fa4 
#c4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3ah4  
,,june ,,grape4 #d4 ,bailey1 ,am4       
,gard41 #ad3cec4 #ahic4 ,v4             
,,vulpina1 var4 ,,pr,,cox2 ,june ,grape2
 ,v4 riparia1 var4 prcox4      #e4 ,ib41
 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbb4 #ahig4 ,v4 
,,vulpina1 var4      ,,pr,,cox2 ,june   
,grape4  ,the first record of ,riparia  
,prcox is a statement by ,prince in     
#ahcj that ,nuttall had told him that   
the ,june ,grape growing on the         
,mississippi was the true ,vitis        
odoratissima 7a sweet scented ,riparia  
which later botanists have not          

recognized as a distinct species74 ,in  
#ahgb ,engelmann refers to it1 saying   
that it grows on rocky river banks in   
the vicinity of ,st4 ,louis and that it 
is brought to market in ,july4 ,he says 
further in the ,bushberg ,catalogue that
 from the first of ,july on1 ripe fruit 
is to be found through ,august and      
,september4 ,bailey states in the       
,american ,gardening that ,engelmann in 
his herbarium had given this variety the
 name prcox but did not know whether it 
had been published or not4  ,the variety
 differs from the typical form of       
,riparia only in the ripening season and
 possibly in the berries averaging      
smaller4 ,the early ripening season     
might make it of horticultural          
importance as a breeding stock although 
in other respects the fruit characters  
are not such as would recommend it4     
#f4 ,,vitis ,,treleasei ,munson4#ach    
#a4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbc4
 #ahig4 #b4 ,munson1 ,tex4      ,sta4   
,bul41 #ef3bcj1 #bci4 #aijj4 ,smooth    

,canyon ,grape4       ,plant shrubby and
 much branched1 climbing little1 the    
small and      mostly short 7generally  
shorter than the leaves7 tendrils       
deciduous      the first year unless    
finding support1 internodes short1 the  
diaphragms twice thicker 7about #a-af   
inch7 than in ,v4 riparia and           
shallow-biconcave2 stipules less than   
one quarter as large as in      ,v4     
riparia2 leaves large and green1 very   
broad-ovate or even      reniform-ovate 
7often wider than long1 thin1 glabrous  
and shining      on both surfaces1 the  
basal sinus very broad and open making  
no      distinct angle with the petiole1
 the margin unequally notch-toothed     
7not jagged as in ,v4 riparia7 and      
indistinctly three-lobed1 the      apex 
much shorter than in ,v4 riparia2 99 99 
99 cluster small 7#b to #c      inches  
long72 the berries #a_/c inch or less   
thick1 black with a thin      bloom1    
ripening three weeks later than ,v4     
riparia when grown in      the same     

place1 thin-skinned2 pulp juicy and     
sweet2 seeds small4 99      99 99       
,little known1 and possibly a dry       
country form of ,v4 riparia4      ,in   
habit it suggests ,v4 arizonica var4    
glabra1 from which it is                
distinguished1 among other things1 by   
its decidedly earlier      flowering and
 larger leaves with coarser teeth and   
less pointed      apex4  ,according to  
,munson ,vitis treleasei inhabits       
ravines and gulches of western ,new     
,mexico1 ,arizona and southern ,utah4   
,this species was named by ,munson but  
the only description we have been able  
to find is that of ,bailey given above  
in which we have changed his vulpina to 
riparia4 ,the species is of no          
importance horticulturally4   #g4       
,,vitis ,,longii ,prince4#aci       #a4 
,prince1 #ahcj3ahd4 ,long's ,arkansas4  
#b4 ,engelmann1 ,bush4      ,cat41      
#ahhc3ah4 ,,long',s2 ,v4 ,solonis4 #c4  
,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#ahhe3acb4 ,v4 ,,nuevo ,,mexicana2      

,wooly ,riparia4 #d4      ,ib41 ,soc4   
,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,v4  
,,novo ,,mexicana2      ,munson's       
,riparia4 #e4 ,ib41 ,gar4 and ,for41    
#c3dgd4 #ahij4 ,v4      ,,solonis4 #f4  
,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 #c3i4
 #ahij4 ,v4      ,,solonis4 #g4 ,ib41   
,am4 ,gard41 #ab3ffj4 #ahia4 ,v4        
,,solonis4 #h4      ,ib41 ,mich4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic3aaf4 ,v4 ,,solonis2  
,bush grape4      #i4 ,ib41 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb1 #bd4 ,v4          
,,solonis2 ,sand grape2      ,beach     
grape2 ,bush grape4 #aj4 ,bailey1       
,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbc4      #ahig4 
,v4 ,solonis2 ,v4 ,nuevo ,mexicana2     
,long's4 #aa4 ,beach1 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4
 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecg1 #eeg4 #ahih4 ,v4  
,,solonis4 #ab4 ,munson1      ,tex4     
,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bah1 #bcj4 #aijj4 ,v4  
,solonis2 ,gulch grape2 ,bush           
grape4  ,vitis longii is a vigorous form
 of the ,riparia type with pubescent    
young growth1 differing from the typical
 ,riparia in having more circular1 less 

lobed leaves and more incised teeth4    
,its leaves are frequently pubescent    
beneath4 ,another form with dentate     
margin of leaf has been known under the 
name of ,nuevo ,mexicana or ,novo       
,mexicana4 ,the references to these two 
forms are inextricably confused4        
,engelmann refers to this grape which he
 says he found growing in the botanic   
garden of ,berlin under the name of     
,vitis solonis4 ,after careful          
investigation he decided that this name 
was a corruption of ,vitis longii1 or   
,long's grape1 which had been brought   
from the headwaters of the ,arkansas    
river by ,major ,long's expedition into 
that then unknown country in the early  
part of the last century4 ,many         
botanists consider this a hybrid of two 
or more other species1 ,riparia1        
,rupestris1 ,candicans and ,cordifolia  
being offered as probable parents4  ,its
 habitat is northern ,texas westward    
into ,new ,mexico1 eastward into        
,oklahoma and northward into ,kansas and

 southeastern ,colorado4  ,vitis longii 
was first described by ,prince in #ahcj4
 ,the fruit is small and sour and it    
appears to be of no horticultural       
promise4   ,,vitis ,,longii             
,,microsperma ,bailey4       #a4        
,munson1 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41 
#ahhg3ei4 ,v4 ,,novo      ,,mexicana    
,,var42 ,munson's ,riparia4 #b4 ,munson1
 ,rev4 ,vit41      #c3afj4--4 ,v4       
,,solonis1 var4 ,,microsperma 7cited by 
#c74 #c4 ,bailey1      ,gray's ,syn4    
,fl41 #a3dbc4 #ahig4 ,v4 ,,longii1 var4 
,,microsperma2 ,v4      ,solonis1 var4  
microsperma4  ,vitis longii microsperma 
is a small seeded1 vigorous form of     
,vitis longii growing on the ,red ,river
 in north ,texas4 ,it is said to be more
 resistant to drought than the normal   
form4   #h4 ,,vitis ,,champini          
,planch4#adj       #a4 ,planchon1       
,journ4 ,la ,vigne amer41 #f3bb4 #ahhb  
7cited by #d74      #b4 ,munson1 ,am4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3acg4 #c4 ,ib41
 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3aja4

 #d4 ,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4   
,phan41      #e3cbc1 #cbg1 #cbh4 #ahhg4 
,champin grape4 #e4 ,munson1 ,gar4 and  
,for41 #c3dgd1 #dge4 #ahij4 #f4 ,ib41   
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41      #c3aa4
 #ahij4 #g4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,gard41 #ab3ffa4 
#ahia4 ,champin      grape4 #h4 ,ib41   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb1 #be4 #i4   
,bailey1      ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41       
#a3dbc4 #ahig4 #aj4 ,beach1 ,n4 ,y4     
,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #ag3ecf1 #eeg4   
#ahih4 #aa4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#ef3bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bfh4 #aijj4 
fig4 ,adobe ,land grape4 #ab4           
,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1         
#aijc3ade4       ,vine rather vigorous1 
climbing 7sometimes semi-erect74 ,shoots
      thinly pubescent1 somewhat angled1
 generally cylindrical when      mature2
 diaphragms thin2 tendrils intermittent1
 strong1 bifid or      trifid4 ,leaves  
small to rather large1 slightly reniform
 or broadly      cordate1 usually entire
 but frequently shortly three-lobed2    
petiolar sinus wide to medium2 dark     

green1 glabrous above with thin         
cobwebby tomentum below1 becoming more  
or less glabrous when      mature4      
,clusters of small or medium size2      
peduncle medium in      length4 ,berries
 large1 black1 slight if any bloom1 very
 persistent1      of sweet flavor and   
tender pulp4 ,seeds closely resembling  
,candicans4 ,blooms just before         
,labrusca4 ,variable in ripening        
season4  ,champini was named and        
described in #ahhb by ,planchon4 ,he    
states that it is probably a hybrid     
between ,vitis candicans and ,vitis     
rupestris and that it is not distinctly 
defined and of a uniform character1 but 
shows in its variable forms different   
combinations of the characters of these 
two species4 ,there seems to be some    
doubt among other botanists as to the   
parentage of ,champini and it is        
variously credited to ,candicans1       
,rupestris1 ,monticola and ,berlandieri4
  ,this species is found growing in the 
limestone hills of southwestern ,texas1 

covering about the same area as         
,berlandieri4 ,according to ,munson it  
is less common in the bottoms and is not
 so plentiful as the latter species4    
,associated with it in different parts  
of its habitat are the four species     
mentioned above as possible parents4    
,champini is particularly well adapted  
to hot dry regions and will withstand   
considerable lime in the soil4 ,the     
species is susceptible to mildew and    
black-rot4 ,it can be readily grown from
 cuttings and grafts well in the        
vineyard1 though the different forms are
 quite variable in these respects4 ,at  
one time this species was considered of 
great promise as a stock for ,vinifera  
for hot1 dry regions but as it has      
proved inferior to ,berlandieri in its  
capacity to withstand limy soils and    
phylloxera1 and as it is not more       
vigorous1 it has been generally dropped4
 ,the berries are large and of pure     
flavor1 and as the vine is vigorous1 it 
may prove of value as a source of       

cultivated varieties for the ,southwest 
but it is of little or no value to the  
eastern grower4   #i4 ,,vitis ,,rubra   
,michx4       #a4 ,vahl1#ada ,symb4     
,bot41 #c3db4 #agid4 ,v4 ,,palmata4 #b4 
,willdenow1 #a3aahj4 #agig4 ,v4         
,,palmata4 #c4 ,muhlenberg1 #ahac3bg4   
,v4 ,,palmata4 #d4 ,pursh1 #a3agj4      
#ahad4 ,v4 ,,palmata4 #e4 ,nuttall1     
#a3adc4 #ahah4 ,v4 ,,palmata4 #f4       
,rafinesque1 #ahcj3ah4 ,v4 ,,palmata2   
,palmate grape4 #g4 ,ib41 #ahcj3ah4 ,v4 
,,virginiana2 ,virginia      grape4 #h4 
,floy-,lindley1 #ahcc3aeb4 ,v4          
,,palmata2 ,palmated      leaved4 #i4   
787 ,le ,conte1 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad4    
,nat4 ,sci41 #f3bgd4      #ahec4 ,v4    
,,palmata2 ,v4 ,virginiana2 ,bland's    
grape4 #aj4 787 ,ib41      ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4
 ,off4 ,rpt41 #aheg3bca4 ,v4 ,,palmata2 
,palmate-leaved      vine2 ,bland's     
grape2 ,v4 ,virginiana4 #aa4 ,engelmann1
 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3aj1 #aa1 #ab1 
#ad1 #ag4 ,v4 ,,palmata2 ,v4 rubra2 ,red
      grape of the ,mississippi ,valley4

 #ab4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4        
,rpt41 #ahhe3acc4 ,v4 ,,palmata2 ,v4    
rubra4 #ac4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahhe3ig4 ,v4 ,,palmata2         
,palmate-leaved grape2 ,v4      rubra4  
#ad4 ,ib41 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4      
,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,v4      palmata2      
,eggert's grape4 #ae4 ,planchon1 ,de    
,candolle's ,mon4      ,phan41 #e3ceb4  
#ahhg4 ,v4 ,,riparia1 var4 ,,palmata2   
,v4 ,virginiensis2      ,v4 ,virginiana4
 #af4 ,ib41 ,ib41 #e3ced4 #ahhg4 ,v4    
palmata4      #ag4 ,sargent1 ,gar4 and  
,for41 #b3cdj4 #ahhi4 fig4 ,v4          
,,palmata2      ,v4 rubra4 #ah4 ,munson1
 ,ib41 #c3dgd1 #dge4 #ahij4 ,v4         
,,palmata4      #ai4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4   
,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 #c3ac4 #ahij4 ,v4  
palmata4      #bj4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,gard41   
#ab3ehf4 #ahia4 #ba4 ,bailey1 ,gray's   
,syn4      ,fl41 #a3dbc4 #ahig4 ,v4     
,,palmata2 ,v4 monosperma2 ,v4 rubra2   
,v4      riparia1 var4 palmata2 ,red    
grape2 ,cat grape4 #bb4 ,britton        
and ,brown1 #b3daj4 #ahig4 fig4 ,v4     

,,palmata2 ,missouri grape4      #bc4   
,bailey1 ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr41 #ahih3aje4 ,v4
 ,,palmata2 ,red grape2      ,cat grape4
 #bd4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41       
#ef3bcj1 #bci4 #aijj4      ,v4 palmata2 
,cat ,bird grape4 #be4 ,bailey1 ,cyc4   
,am4 ,hort41      #d3aieb4 #aijb4 ,v4   
monosperma2 ,red grape4 #bf4 ,viala and 
,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #aac4    
,vine slender1 of only moderate vigor1  
climbing very high4 ,shoots      smooth1
 angled1 long-jointed1 bright red2      
diaphragms thick to      medium2        
tendrils intermittent1 long1 usually    
bifid4 ,leaves with      short1 broad   
stipules2 leaf-blade broadly cordate in 
outline1      rarely entire1 frequently 
very deeply three or even five-lobed1   
lobes long1 acuminate2 margin with      
broad1 shallow1 serrate teeth2          
petiolar sinus rather broad and shallow2
 upper surface dull dark      green1    
smooth2 lower surface frequently        
somewhat pubescent on ribs      and     
veins2 petioles red4 ,clusters medium to

 large1 loose1 seldom      compound2    
long peduncle4 ,berries small1 black1   
without bloom1 not      juicy4 ,seeds   
one or two1 large1 plump1 rounded1 with 
very short      beak1 slightly notched2 
chalaza narrow1 rather indistinct2 raphe
      indistinct4  ,vitis rubra and     
,vahl's ,vitis palmata are badly        
confused4 ,the species was first        
described by ,vahl in #agid1 from plants
 cultivated in the ,jardin des ,plantes 
in ,paris and supposed to have been sent
 by some missionary from the            
,mississippi ,valley4 ,it was so named  
on account of its tendency to five-lobed
 leaves4 ,vahl erroneously gives its    
habitat as ,virginia4 ,about the same   
time1 ,michaux discovered1 on the banks 
of the ,mississippi and adjacent        
streams1 a grape which he called ,vitis 
rubra1 on account of its characteristic 
bright red shoots4 ,the descriptions of 
these two varieties were copied from    
time to time by other botanists1 but    
with no additional details of any       

importance until ,engelmann1 in #ahhc1  
made the claim that they were identical4
 ,there is no question as to the        
identity of ,michaux's ,rubra1 but some 
botanists question whether ,palmata is a
 synonym4 ,we have taken ,michaux's name
 as the one to which there is no        
question1 although ,engelmann was so    
careful a worker that it is highly      
probable that he is correct in          
considering the two species synonymous4 
,munson considers the species as        
probably a multiple hybrid of           
,cordifolia with ,riparia1 with possibly
 a trace of ,cissus blood1 indicated in 
the fruit1 seed and leaf4 ,there seems  
to be but little evidence to support    
this supposition4 ,planchon says it is  
principally on the evidence of          
,millardet that he admits this as a     
separate species and that perhaps it    
would be better to consider it a variety
 of ,riparia closely allied to ,vahl's  
,palmata4  ,vitis rubra is an inhabitant
 of sandy1 rich1 moist1 alluvial river  

bottoms in ,missouri and ,illinois1 to  
,louisiana and ,texas1 in which region  
it is quite restricted and apparently   
not plentiful4  ,but little is known of 
the horticultural characters of ,vitis  
rubra4 ,in spite of its having been     
classed with ,riparia1 it appears to    
resemble more closely ,vitis cordifolia1
 having the thick diaphragms and late   
blooming characters of the latter       
species1 but the seeds resemble those of
 ,riparia4 ,rubra grows readily from    
cuttings and the roots are said to be   
very resistant to phylloxera4 ,it is not
 sufficiently vigorous1 however1 to be  
recommended as a stock4 ,it is sometimes
 cultivated as an ornamental but is of  
no horticultural importance beyond this4
   #aj4 ,,vitis ,,cordifolia ,michx4    
#a4 787 ,linnaeus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 #agec3bjc4
 ,v4 ,,vulpina4 #b4 787      ,marshall1 
#aghe3afe4 ,v4 ,,labrusca4 #c4 787      
,walter1 #aghh3bdb4 ,v4      ,,vulpina4 
#d4 787 ,willdenow1 #a3aaha4 #agig4 ,v4 
,,vulpina4 #e4      ,michaux1 #b3bca4   

#ahjc4 #f4 787 ,bartram1 ,dom4 ,enc41   
#e3bia4      #ahjd4 ,v4 ,,serotina4 #g4 
787 ,muhlenberg1 #ahac3bg4 ,v4          
,,vulpina2 ,v4      cordifolia2 ,winter 
grape4 #h4 ,pursh1 #a3afi4 #ahad4 ,v4   
incisa2 ,v4 vulpina2 ,winter grape2     
,chicken grape4 #i4      ,nuttall1      
#a3adc4 #ahah4 #aj4 ,elliott1 #b3fhh4   
#ahbd4 #aa4      ,rafinesque1 #ahcj3ae4 
,v4 vulpina2 ,frost grape2 ,winter      
grape2      ,fox grape4 #ab4 ,prince1   
#ahcj3aid4 ,winter grape2 ,chicken      
grape2 ,frost grape2 ,v4 serotina2 ,v4  
incisa2 ,v4 vulpina4      #ac4 ,torrey1 
,fl4 of ,n4 ,y41 #a3adg4 #ahdc4 ,winter 
grape2 ,frost      grape4 #ad4 ,le      
,conte1 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad4 ,nat4      
,sci41 #f3bgc4      #ahec4 ,v4          
,,pullaria2 ,chicken grape4 #ae4        
,darlington1 ,fl4 ,cest41      #ahec3ej4
 ,chicken grape2 ,winter grape2         
,heart-leaved ,vitis4      #af4         
,buckley1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41    
#ahfa3dhc4 ,winter grape2      ,fox     
grape4 #ag4 787 ,saunders1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4  

,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfi3hb1 #he1      #hg4 #ah4
 ,engelmann1 ,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3fj4
 ,winter grape2      ,frost grape2      
,chicken grape4 #ai4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41
 #ahhc3aj1      #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ag4     
,frost grape4 #bj4 ,bush41 ,ib41        
#ahhc3bd4 #ba4      ,munson1 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ig1 #ih4 #bb4 ,ib41  
,am4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3acc4
 ,frost grape2 ,sour or ,pungent ,winter
      grape4 #bc4 ,planchon1 ,de        
,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan41 #e3cbc1 #cej4 
#ahhg4 ,v4 vulpina1 var4 cordifolia2 ,v4
 vulpina2 ,v4      ,virginiana4 #bd4    
,munson1 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4
 #be4      ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4  
,bul41 #c3ab4 #ahij4 #bf4 ,britton and  
,brown1 #b3daj4 #ahig4 ,frost grape2    
,chicken grape2 ,possum      grape2     
,winter grape4 #bg4 ,bailey1 ,gray's    
,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbd4      #ahig4 ,true   
,frost grape2 ,chicken grape2 ,raccoon  
grape2 ,v4      pullaria2 ,v4 vulpina1  
var4 cordifolia4 #bh4 ,beach1 ,n4 ,y4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3eeg4 #ahih4 #bi4  

,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41             
#ef3bah1 #bca1 #bdj4 #aijj4 ,sour       
,winter grape2 ,frost grape4 #cj4       
,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1         
#aijc3db1 #gf4       ,vine very         
vigorous1 climbing4 ,shoots rather      
slender2 internodes      long1 slightly 
angular1 usually glabrous1 sometimes    
slightly      pubescent2 diaphragms     
thick2 tendrils intermittent1 long1     
usually      bifid4 ,leaves with short1 
broad stipules2 leaf-blade medium to    
large1 cordate1 entire or sometimes     
indistinctly three-lobed2      petiolar 
sinus deep1 usually narrow1 acute2      
margin with rather      coarse angular  
teeth2 point of leaf acuminate2 upper   
surface rather      light green1 glossy1
 glabrous2 glabrous or sparingly        
pubescent      below4 ,clusters medium  
to large1 loose1 with long peduncle4    
,berries      numerous and small1 black1
 shining1 little or no bloom4 ,seeds    
medium in size1 rather broad1 beak      
rather short2 chalaza oval or           

roundish1 elevated1 very distinct2 raphe
 a distinct1 cord-like      ridge4      
,fruit usually sour and astringent and  
frequently consisting      of little    
besides skins and seeds4 ,leafing1      
flowering and ripening      fruit very  
late4  ,owing to the fact that          
,cordifolia and ,riparia have been badly
 confused in the past1 the limits of the
 habitat of this species are difficult  
to determine4 ,pursh gives the northern 
limit as ,canada1 and ,buckley speaks of
 its being found at ,lake ,winnipeg1 but
 all other1 and some probably better    
informed1 authorities give the northern 
limit as ,new ,york or the ,great       
,lakes4 ,the eastern limit is the       
,atlantic ,ocean and the southern limit 
the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,it extends       
westward1 according to ,engelmann1 to   
the western limits of the wooded portion
 of the ,mississippi ,valley in the     
,north1 and1 according to ,munson1 to   
the ,brazos ,river1 ,texas1 in the      
,south4 ,it is found along creeks and   

river banks sometimes mixed with        
,riparia1 having about the same soil    
adaptations as that species4 ,it is a   
very common species in the ,middle      
,states and is frequently found growing 
on limestone soils but1 according to    
,viala1 is not indigenous to such soils4
  ,it might be said that this species   
was first described by ,linnaeus in     
#agec under the name ,vulpina1 as his   
description was from mixed specimens of 
,cordifolia and ,riparia4 ,the first    
description1 however1 of which there is 
no question is that of ,michaux in      
#ahjc4 ,from this time on there are many
 descriptions under various names and   
much disagreement as to the limits of   
the species and its relation to         
,riparia4 ,engelmann in #ahgb states    
that ,riparia is generally a smaller    
plant than ,cordifolia and that the     
fruit ripens earlier and is pleasanter  
tasting4 ,it was still considered by    
many botanists that these differences   
were too slight to separate the forms as

 different species1 but in #ahhc1       
,engelmann further enumerated other     
differences which are given under the   
description of ,vitis riparia4 ,since   
this time1 the specific difference of   
the two forms has never been questioned4
  ,cordifolia makes a good stock for    
grafting1 being vigorous and forming a  
good union with most of our cultivated  
grapes4 ,it is seldom used for this     
purpose1 however1 on account of the     
difficulty of propagating it by means of
 cuttings4 ,for the same reason vines of
 it are seldom found in cultivation4 ,it
 is probably of no importance           
horticulturally4   ,,vitis ,,cordifolia 
,,foetida ,engelm4       #a4 ,engelmann1
 ,am4 ,nat41 #b3cba4 #ahfh4 ,v4         
,,cordifolia1 var4      ,,foetida4 #b4  
,ib41 ,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3fj4 #c4   
,bailey1 ,gray's      ,syn4 ,fl41       
#a3dbd4 #ahig4 ,v4 ,,cordifolia1 var4   
,,foetida4  ,apparently the first record
 of ,vitis cordifolia foetida is        
,engelmann's mention of it in the       

,american ,naturalist of #ahfh4 ,in     
#ahgb he speaks as though this is the   
common ,mississippi ,valley form1 for he
 says3 ,in this valley at least the     
fruit has a strongly and even           
fetidly-aromatic taste4 ,the variety    
apparently is similar to the typical    
,cordifolia in every respect excepting  
the aromatic fruit4   ,,vitis           
,,cordifolia ,,sempervirens ,munson4    
#a4 ,munson1 ,rev4 ,vit41 #e3afe4 f4    
#ec4 7cited by #b74 #b4      ,bailey1   
,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbd4 #ahig4 ,v4  
,,cordifolia1 var4      ,,sempervirens4 
#c4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1     
#aijc3gh4 fig4      of leaf4  ,vitis    
cordifolia sempervirens is a            
south-,florida form of ,cordifolia named
 and first described by ,munson in the  
,revue ,viticole4 ,it differs from      
typical ,cordifolia in having leaves    
which are thicker1 narrower1 more       
oblong1 with a long lanceolate point1   
completely glabrous and more or less    
glossy on both surfaces4 ,these leaves  

remain on the vines very late in the    
season4 ,this variety is said to be very
 resistant to an excess of lime in the  
soil4   ,,vitis ,,cordifolia ,,helleri  
,bailey4       #a4 ,bailey1 ,gray's     
,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbd4 #ahig4 ,v4          
,,cordifolia1 var4      ,,helleri4 #b4  
,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1         
#aijc3gi4 ,v4      ,,cordifolia ,,var4  
,vitis cordifolia helleri is first      
mentioned by ,bailey in #ahig4 ,it      
differs from the ordinary forms of      
,cordifolia in having more circular     
leaves without the lanceolate point4    
,viala and ,ravaz state that such forms 
are found in clay soils4 ,bailey refers 
to it as an upland south-,texas form    
found at altitudes of from #afjj to     
#bjjj feet4   #aa4 ,,vitis ,,baileyana  
,munson4       #a4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 
,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 #c3ad4 #ahij4 ,v4      
,,virginiana4      #b4 ,ib41 ,gar4 and  
,for41 #c3dgd1 #dge4 #ahij4 ,v4         
,,virginiana4 #c4      ,ib41 ,mich4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic3aaf4 ,possum  

grape4 #d4 ,ib41      ,bush4 ,cat41     
#ahid3bj4 ,v4 ,virginiana4 #e4 ,britton 
and ,brown1      #b3daa4 #ahig4 ,v4     
,virginiana4 #f4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 
,fl41      #a3dbd4 #ahig4 ,possum grape4
 #g4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#ef3bca1 #bdj4 #aijj4 ,possum grape4    
,vine climbing1 but of only medium vigor
 7less vigorous than      ,cordifolia74 
,canes slender1 with short internodes1  
and with very      many short side      
shoots2 shoots angular1 densely whitish 
or rusty      pubescent or woolly along 
the angles2 mature canes round1 nearly  
smooth2 diaphragms thick2 tendrils      
intermittent1 usually trifid4           
,leaves with blade long1 cordate1       
frequently smaller than                 
,cordifolia1 shortly but distinctly     
three-lobed 7lobes mostly      pointed  
and much spreading71 bright green1 but  
not shining1 above1      gray below1    
slightly pubescent at maturity only on  
veins2 apex      short1 acuminate1 acute
 or blunt2 teeth comparatively small and

      notched-like1 regular1 not        
prominently acute4 ,clusters large2     
peduncle long2 pedicel slender1 short1  
making the bunch very      compact4     
,berries very small1 black with little  
or no bloom1      intensely acid until  
very ripe or frosted4 ,seeds small to   
very      small1 slightly notched on    
top2 chalaza depressed1 oblong-oval2    
raphe broad1 slightly distinct4         
,leafing1 flowering and ripening        
fruit very late4  ,this species seems to
 have been first described by ,munson in
 #ahij under the name of ,vitis         
virginiana4 ,in #ahic he issued a       
leaflet changing the name to ,vitis     
baileyana4  ,it is an upland species    
growing in the mountain valleys 7#hjj   
feet and upward7 of southwestern        
,virginia1 ,west ,virginia1 western     
,north ,carolina1 ,tennessee1 northern  
,georgia and the uplands of western     
central ,georgia4  ,baileyana can be    
propagated from cuttings only with      
difficulty4 ,it is of no importance     

horticulturally4   #ab4 ,,vitis         
,,berlandieri ,planch4       #a4        
,planchon1 ,compt4 ,rend4 ,acad4 ,sci4  
,paris1 #ia3dbe4 #ahhj4      7cited by  
#e74 #b4 ,journ4 ,la ,vigne amer41      
#ahhj3cah4 7cited by      #e47 #c4 ,gar4
 ,mon41 #bc3be4 #ahha4 ,v4 aestivalis1  
var4      monticola2 ,v4 monticola      
seedling2 ,v4 cordifolia coriacea4      
#d4 787 ,engelmann1 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3ae4 ,v4 ,,monticola4 #e4          
,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan41
 #e3cbc1 #cda4 #ahhg4 ,v4               
monticola4 #f4 ,an4 ,hort41 #ahhi3aja4  
#g4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4      ,pom4 
,bul41 #c3ad4 #ahij4 ,v4 ,monticola1    
,mil4 #h4 ,ib41 ,gar4 and      ,for41   
#c3dgd1 #dge4 #ahij4 #i4 ,ib41 ,am4     
,gard41 #ab3fei4 #ahia4      #aj4 ,ib41 
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb1 #bi4 ,v4   
monticola1 ,engelm4      #aa4 ,bailey1  
,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbe4 #ahig4      
,mountain grape2      ,spanish grape2   
,fall grape2 ,winter grape4 #ab4 ,beach1
 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecf1

 #eeg4 #ahih4 #ac4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #ef3bca1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bfa4 
#aijj4 fig4 ,little ,mountain           
grape4 #ad4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4     
,vines1 #aijc3db1 #fa4       ,vine      
moderately vigorous1 climbing2 shoots   
more or less angled and      pubescent2 
pubescence remaining only in patches on 
mature wood2      canes mostly with     
short internodes2 diaphragms thick2     
tendrils      intermittent1 long1       
strong1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves with   
small      stipules2 leaf-blade rather  
large1 broadly cordate1 notched or      
shortly three-lobed2 petiolar sinus     
rather open1 ,v- or ,u-shaped1          
margin with broad but rather shallow    
teeth1 rather dark1 glossy      green   
above1 grayish pubescence below when    
young2 becoming glabrous      and even  
glossy except on ribs and veins1 when   
mature4 ,clusters      large1 compact1  
compound1 with long peduncle4 ,berries  
small1 black1      with thin bloom1     
juicy1 rather tart but pleasant tasting 

when      thoroughly ripe4 ,seeds few1  
medium to small1 short1 plump1 oval or  
roundish with short beak2 chalaza oval  
or roundish1 distinct2 raphe            
narrow1 slightly distinct to indistinct4
 ,leafing1 flowering and      ripening  
fruit very late4  ,this species was     
described under the name ,vitis         
berlandieri by ,planchon in #ahhj4 ,the 
description was made from herbarium     
specimens collected by the ,swiss       
botanist1 ,berlandier1#adb in ,texas in 
#ahcd1 and also from living plants which
 had been shipped into ,france4         
,planchon states that this is the       
,monticola of ,engelmann1 but not the   
,monticola of ,buckley4 ,buckley's      
description is admittedly unsatisfactory
 but it does not seem that ,planchon is 
justified in saying that ,engelmann was 
mistaken when the latter probably had   
better opportunities for determining    
,buckley's meaning than ,planchon4      
,berlandieri is a native of the         
limestone hills of southwest ,texas and 

adjacent ,mexico4 ,according to ,munson1
 it grows in the same region with ,v4   
monticola but is less restricted        
locally1 growing from the tops of the   
hills all along down and along the creek
 bottoms of those regions4 ,its great   
virtue is that it withstands a soil     
largely composed of lime4 ,it is        
superior to all other ,american species 
in this respect4 ,this and its moderate 
degree of vigor 7not quite so vigorous  
as ,cinerea1 according to ,munson7 has  
recommended it to the ,french growers as
 a stock for their calcareous soils4    
,the roots are strong1 thick and very   
resistant to phylloxera4  ,it is        
propagated by cuttings with comparative 
ease1 but its varieties are variable in 
this respect1 some not rooting at all   
easily4 ,while the fruit of this species
 shows a large cluster1 the berries are 
small and sour1 and ,berlandieri is not 
regarded as having any promise for      
culture in ,america4   #ac4 ,,vitis     
,,cinerea ,engelm4#adc       #a4        

,engelmann1 ,gray's ,man41 ,edition #e4 
#ahfg3fgi4 ,v4      ,,aestivalis1 var4  
,,cinerea4 #b4 787 ,ib41 ,am4 ,nat41    
#b3cba4 #ahfh4      ,v4 ,,aestivalis1   
var4 ,,canescens4 #c4 ,ib41 ,mo4 ,ent4  
,rpt41      #ahgb3fa4 ,v4 ,,aestivalis1 
var4 ,,cinerea4 #d4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41 
#ahhc3aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #af4 ,downy    
grape of ,mississippi ,valley4      #e4 
,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41       
#ahhe3acc4 #f4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,pom4         
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ig1 #ih4 ,ashy-leaved
 grape2 ,sweet ,winter      grape4 #g4  
,ib41 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41    
#ahhg3ei4 ,ashy      grape2 ,sweet      
,winter grape4 #h4 ,planchon1 ,de       
,candolle's ,mon4      ,phan41 #e3cbc1  
#cdc4 #ahhg4 #i4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4   
,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41      #c3ad4 #ahij4 #aj4
 ,ib41 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd1 #dge4   
#ahij4 #aa4      ,britton and ,brown1   
#b3dji4 #ahig4 ,v4 aestivalis1 var4     
canescens2 ,v4 aestivalis1 var4 cinerea2
 ,downy grape4 #ab4      ,bailey1       
,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbe4 #ahig4      

,sweet ,winter grape4      #ac4 ,beach1 
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecf1 #eeg4
 #ahih4 #ad4      ,munson ,tex4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #ef3bah1 #bca1 #bdj4 #aijj4      
,sweet ,winter      grape2 ,ashy grape4 
#ae4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1    
#aijc3db1 #hj4       ,vine vigorous1    
climbing2 shoots more or less angled1   
covered with      grayish pubescence    
which persists into winter2 diaphragms  
thick to      very thick2 internodes    
medium to long2 tendrils intermittent1  
long      and strong1 bifid4 ,leaves    
large1 cordate1 seldom lobed but        
frequently notched2 frequently          
resembling a linden leaf2 petiolar      
sinus medium in depth and width1        
rounded2 margin shallowly but           
sharply toothed2 upper surface cobwebby 
when young1 becoming      glabrous and  
dull when mature2 lower surface and     
petiole covered      with grayish       
cobwebby pubescence4 ,cluster large1    
rather loose2      peduncle long2       
pedicel slender4 ,berries small1 black1 

with little      if any bloom4 ,seeds   
small1 plump1 short beak2 chalaza round 
or      oval1 distinct2 raphe           
ridge-like1 distinct to slightly        
distinct4      ,ripening very late1     
becoming sweet after frost4  ,cinerea is
 very closely allied to ,aestivalis and 
was for a long time considered a part of
 that species4 ,in #ahfg ,engelmann     
described it under the name ,vitis      
aestivalis1 var4 cinerea1 but in #ahhc  
he made it a species and it has been    
generally regarded by botanists that the
 points of difference between the two   
forms are such that the ,cinerea        
deserves specific recognition4  ,its    
habitat is ,new ,york1 west to ,nebraska
 and ,kansas with about #dj degrees as a
 northern limit1 southward to the ,gulf4
 ,cinerea grows along streams mostly in 
limy soils1 and is seldom found in very 
dry land4 ,it covers about the same     
range as ,cordifolia excepting that it  
grows nearer the ,gulf and extends      
across the ,rio ,grande into ,mexico4   

,the species is very late in blooming1  
later even than ,cordifolia4 ,it can be 
propagated from cuttings only with      
difficulty4 ,it is probably of no       
importance horticulturally unless it be 
for wet lands4   ,,vitis ,,cinerea      
,,floridana ,munson4       #a4 ,munson1 
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 #c3ad4     
#ahij4 ,v4 ,,cinerea1      var4         
,,floridana4 #b4 ,munson1 ,gar4 and     
,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4 ,v4               
,,cinerea1 var4 ,,floridana4 #c4        
,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbe4    
#ahig4 ,v4 ,,cinerea1 var4 ,,floridana4 
,vitis cinerea floridana was named by   
,munson in #ahij4 ,it differs from the  
regular form of ,cinerea in having the  
growing tips and sometimes the veins on 
the under side of the leaves more or    
less covered with rusty tomentum4 ,the  
cluster is also longer-peduncled and    
more compound4 ,it is found in ,florida 
and ,arkansas4   ,,vitis ,,cinerea      
,,canescens ,bailey4       #a4          
,engelmann1 ,am4 ,nat41 #b3cba4 #ahfh4  

,v4 ,,aestivalis1 var4      ,,canescens4
 #b4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41       
#a3dbe4 #ahig4 ,v4      ,,cinerea1 var4 
,,canescens4  ,vitis cinerea canescens  
was first mentioned by ,engelmann in    
#ahfh under the name ,vitis aestivalis1 
var4 canescens4 ,he does not describe it
 further than to say that it approaches 
,cordifolia4 ,bailey's determination of 
its position was made from ,engelmann's 
herbarium specimens4 ,he says3 ,a form  
with rounded or heart-like leaves1 the  
upper half of the leaf lacking the      
triangular and #c-lobed shape of the    
type4 ,this variety has been found in   
,missouri1 ,illinois and ,texas4   #ad4 
,,vitis ,,arizonica ,engelm4       #a4  
,engelmann1 ,am4 ,nat41 #b3cba4 #ahfh4  
#b4 ,parry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4      ,rpt41 
#ahgj3daf4 ,v4 ,,arizonensis4 #c4       
,engelmann1 ,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41           
#ahgb3fb4 #d4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #af4 ,arizona       
grape4 #e4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt41 #ahhe3acb4 ,arizona      grape4  

#f4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41       
#ahhe3ig4 ,arizona grape4      #g4      
,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan41
 #e3cbc1 #cdb4 #ahhg4 ,v4               
,californica2 ,v4 ,arizonensis2 ,v4     
riparia4 #h4 ,munson1 ,soc4      ,prom4 
,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,arizona    
grape4 #i4 ,ib41 ,gar4      and ,for41  
#c3dgd4 #ahij4 #aj4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4   
,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41      #c3aj4 #ahij4 #aa4
 ,ib41 ,am4 ,gard41 #ab3ffj4 #ahia4     
,canyon      grape4 #ab4 ,ib41 ,mich4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic3aaf4 ,gulch   
grape4 #ac4 ,munson1 ,bush4 ,cat41      
#ahid3bj4 ,canon grape4 #ad4            
,husmann1 #ahie3d1 #ahi4 #ae4 ,bailey1  
,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbe4      #ahig4 
,canon grape4 #af4 ,beach1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4
 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecf1      #eeg4 #ahih4 
#ag4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#ef3bcj1 #bci4 #aijj4      ,downy       
,canyon grape4 #ah4 ,viala and ,ravaz1  
,am4 ,vines1      #aijc3ajb4       ,vine
 weak in growth1 shrubby or climbing    
moderately1 numerous      angular       

branchlets2 diaphragms thick4 ,leaves   
mostly small1 cordate1      with rather 
open rounded petiolar sinus1 entire or  
indistinctly      three-lobed 7sometimes
 distinctly lobed on young plants71     
coarsely      and regularly toothed2    
thick1 rigid1 slightly rugose above1    
when      young1 white-woolly below1    
becoming nearly glabrous with age4      
,clusters small1 compound2 peduncle     
slender1 of medium length4      ,berries
 black1 small to medium in size2        
pleasant in taste4 ,seeds      two to   
three of medium size2 chalaza oval in   
shape1 slightly      distinct2 raphe    
flat1 usually inconspicuous1 rarely     
prominent4  ,arizonica was named and    
first described by ,engelmann in #ahfh4 
,it was later described by ,parry1      
botanist of the ,department of          
,agriculture1 from specimens sent to him
 by ,dr4 ,charles ,smart1 an army       
surgeon stationed in southern ,arizona1 
in #ahfg4 ,parry says that ,engelmann   
considered it a distinct species and had

 provisionally named it ,vitis          
arizonensis4 ,as to the name1 this is   
evidently an error in quoting           
,engelmann4  ,its habitat is ,western   
,texas1 ,new ,mexico1 ,arizona1         
,chihuahua 7,mexico71 and ,south ,utah4 
,this grape is adapted only to the arid 
districts of the ,west4 ,when raised in 
humid climates it is subject to the     
attacks of mildew and black-rot4 ,as    
might be expected from its habitat1 it  
endures intense drouths4 ,it grows well 
on limestone1 pebbly1 or alluvial soils4
 ,it has a considerable degree of       
resistance to phylloxera1 grows readily 
from cuttings1 and according to ,munson1
 can withstand zero temperature without 
injury4 ,as the ,european grapes can be 
raised in its native country1 it is not 
there regarded as valuable1 although the
 fruit is said to be rich in sugar and  
to be of pure flavor4 ,it has been used 
in ,california as a stock1 but is not   
regarded in any section very favorably  
and its use has never become extensive  

probably owing to its lack of vigor4 ,it
 suckers less than ,rupestris4          
,arizonica blossoms about the time of   
,labrusca4 ,it is of no value to the    
grape-growers of the ,east and probably 
of none to those of the ,west4   ,,vitis
 ,,arizonica ,,glabra ,munson4       #a4
 ,munson1 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4      
#ahij4 ,v4 ,,arizonica1 var4            
,,glabra4 #b4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4     
,pom4 ,bul41 #c3aj4 #ahij4 ,v4          
,,arizonica1 var4 ,,glabra4 #c4 ,ib41   
,am4 ,gard41 #ab3ffj4 #ahia4 ,v4        
,,arizonica1 var4 ,,glabra4 #d4 ,ib41   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj4 ,v4             
,,arizonica1 var4 ,,glabra4 #e4 ,bailey1
 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbf4      #ahig4
 ,v4 ,,arizonica1 var4 ,,glabra4  ,vitis
 arizonica glabra was named by ,munson  
in #ahij4 ,it differs from the regular  
form in having glossy1 glabrous leaves  
which are mostly larger and thinner4    
,the variety is found in the region from
 ,albuquerque1 ,new ,mexico to ,truxton1
 ,arizona1 and northward into southern  

,utah4  #ae4 ,,vitis ,,californica      
,benth4#add       #a4 ,bentham1 ,bot4   
,sulph4 ,voy41 #ahdd3aj4 #b4 ,buckley1  
,u4 ,s4      ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41         
#ahfa3dgi1 #dhc4 ,california grape4 #c4 
,engelmann1 ,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3fb4 
#d4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3aj1  
#aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae4 ,california grape4  
#e4 ,munson1 ,am4      ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #ahhe3acg4 #f4 ,planchon1 ,de    
,candolle's ,mon4      ,phan41 #e3cbc1  
#cci4 #ahhg4 #g4 ,munson1 ,soc4 ,prom4  
,ag4 ,sci4      ,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4        
,california grape4 #h4 ,hammond1 ,gar4  
and      ,for41 #b3ci4 #ahhi4 ,wild     
grape4 #i4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4     
,pom4      ,bul41 #c3aj4 #ahij4 #aj4    
,ib41 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd1 #dge4    
#ahij4 #aa4 ,ib41 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt41 #ahic3aaf4 #ab4      ,husmann1   
#ahie3d1 #ahi4 #ac4 ,bailey1 ,gray's    
,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbf4      #ahig4 #ad4    
,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bcj1    
#bci4 #aijj4 ,north      ,california    
grape4 #ae4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4     

,vines1 #aijc3db1      #ej4       ,vine 
vigorous1 climbing1 but shrubby if left 
without support2      shoots cylindrical
 or slightly angled2 diaphragms of      
medium      thickness to rather thin2   
tendrils intermittent1 bifid or trifid4 
,leaves with stipules medium to small2  
leaf broadly cordate2      petiolar     
sinus variable1 usually wide and open1  
usually entire1      sometimes slightly 
tri-lobed2 teeth variable in size1      
blunt2 smooth      above and varying    
below from glabrous to much whitish     
pubescence4      ,clusters small to     
medium1 usually compact2 peduncle mostly
 long and      slender4 ,berries small1 
black with rather abundant bloom4 ,seeds
      small to medium1 plump1 slightly  
notched1 if at all2 chalaza             
oblong-oval2 raphe slightly distinct or 
invisible4  ,californica was named and  
described by ,bentham in #ahdd4 ,it was 
later mentioned by ,newberry1 ,torrey   
and others4 ,as these descriptions were 
all made either from herbarium specimens

 or by botanists traveling through the  
region1 they are not so definite as     
those made later4  ,the habitat of      
,californica is the northern half of    
,california along streams west of the   
,sierra ,nevada mountains and north into
 ,rogue ,river ,valley in southern      
,oregon1 its northern limit4  ,this     
species is interesting in that it is a  
native of a region of ,north ,america   
not originally infested with phylloxera1
 but in which phylloxera has since been 
introduced4 ,as might be suspected1 it  
has little more resistance to this      
insect than ,vinifera and less than any 
other ,american species4 ,the roots are 
thick and fleshy1 resembling ,vinifera4 
,the fruit1 while pleasant1 is too small
 to be of cultural value4 ,it is too    
tender for planting in the open ground  
where the thermometer drops much below  
freezing4 ,california growers state that
 it does not flourish in dry shallow    
soils4 ,it is very susceptible to       
attacks of mildew1 to which it usually  

succumbs when planted east of the ,rocky
 ,mountains4 ,californica grows readily 
from cuttings4 ,it is sometimes used in 
its native country as an ornamental on  
account of its highly colored autumn    
foliage but is otherwise of no value4   
#af4 ,,vitis ,,girdiana ,munson4        
#a4 ,munson1 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4    
,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,california      grape4
 #b4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 
#c3aj4 #ahij4 #c4 ,ib41      ,gar4 and  
,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4 #d4 ,ib41 ,am4    
,gard41 #ab3ffj4      #ahia4 ,valley    
grape4 #e4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 
#a3dbf4      #ahig4 ,valley grape4 #f4  
,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bcj1    
#bci4      #aijj4 ,south ,california    
grape4 #g4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4      
,vines1      #aijc3ej4 ,v4              
,,californica1 var4 ,,girdiana4         
,vine vigorous1 climbing2 shoots        
scarcely angled1 more or less           
covered with grayish pubescence2        
diaphragms medium to thick2             
tendrils intermittent1 bifid or trifid4 

,leaves with medium to small            
stipules2 blade broadly cordate1 rather 
thin1 entire or obscurely               
three-lobed 7sometimes distinctly       
three-lobed on young shoots72           
petiolar sinus usually narrow1 rather   
deep2 margin with many small      and   
acute teeth2 under surface covered with 
thick grayish      persistent           
pubescence4 ,cluster medium to large1   
compound1 rather      loose2 peduncle of
 medium length1 slender4 ,berries small1
 black1      with thin bloom2 skin thin 
but tough2 medium to late in ripening4  
,sweet when ripe with a sharp pungency  
in the skin4 ,seeds similar to          
those of ,vitis californica4  ,girdiana 
was separated from ,vitis californica by
 ,munson in #ahhg4 ,it is closely allied
 to1 and is by many botanists still     
considered a variety of ,californica4   
,wild hybrids with ,vitis vinifera are  
frequently found in regions where it is 
indigenous4  ,girdiana inhabits southern
 ,california in the region west and     

north of ,yuma and the valleys of       
southern ,california southward into     
,mexico4 ,its northern limit is         
approximately the ,mojave desert4 ,the  
individuals of the species are very     
numerous1 covering shrubs and trees in  
the regions where it grows4  ,the       
species is very susceptible to mildew   
and black-rot1 and like ,californica is 
not resistant to phylloxera4 ,girdiana  
is more sensitive to cold than          
,vinifera4 ,analyses show that the fruit
 of the species is deficient in sugar   
and acid4 ,girdiana is but little known 
but certainly is of no value to the     
grape-growers of the ,east or ,north and
 probably of none to those of the       
,southwest4   #ag4 ,,vitis ,,doaniana   
,munson4       #a4 ,an4 ,hort41         
#ahhi3aja4 #b4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,pom4 ,bul41      #c3i4 #ahij4 #c4 ,ib41
 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4 #d4    
,ib41      ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahic3aaf4 ,doan's grape4 #e4 ,ib41     
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb1 #bd4       

,doan's grape4 #f4 ,sears1 ,gar4        
and ,for41 #i3ded4 #ahif4 #g4 ,bailey1  
,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbg4      #ahig4 
#h4 ,beach1 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41   
#ag3ecf1 #eeg4 #ahih4 #i4      ,munson1 
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bcb1 #bcd1 #bce1 
#bdj1 #bfh4 #aijj4 fig4      ,texas     
,panhandle ,large ,grape4 #aj4 ,viala   
and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1      #aijc3aed4
       ,vine vigorous1 climbing or      
shrubby if left without support2 wood on
      mature canes cylindrical or       
slightly angled2 diaphragm thin2        
tendrils intermittent1 bifid1 rather    
weak4 ,leaves medium in size1           
broadly cordate1 notched or lobed and   
with a triangular apex2      petiolar   
sinus medium in depth1 usually narrow2  
margins with rather      large1         
notched-like teeth2 upper surface of a  
peculiar      bluish-green1 frequently  
somewhat rugose with more or less       
tomentum2 lower surface usually with a  
dense whitish pubescence      which     
shows also on shoots4 ,cluster medium to

 small4 ,berries      variable in size1 
average medium1 black with a thick      
bloom4 ,seeds      somewhat resembling  
,labrusca but with shorter beak and more
      distinct chalaza2 has             
characteristic groove extending from    
chalaza      to beak4  ,doaniana is     
quite variable1 some specimens being    
nearly glabrous at maturity while others
 are densely covered with white         
pubescence4 ,munson has separated the   
species into two forms which he calls   
the early ,doaniana and the late        
,doaniana4 ,the species was described   
and named by ,munson in #ahij4  ,it is  
found chiefly in northwest ,texas but it
 ranges from ,oklahoma to beyond the    
,pecos ,river in ,new ,mexico4 ,it is   
considered by ,bailey and ,viala to be a
 probable hybrid with ,vitis candicans  
as one of the parents4 ,doaniana is     
exceedingly hardy1 withstanding great   
cold as well as great heat4 ,it         
apparently prefers rather light soils as
 it is indigenous to sandbanks along    

rivers and the beds of sandy ravines4   
,munson states that in cultivation it   
does well in any but very limy soils4   
,the fruit is of comparatively good     
quality but the skin possesses some of  
the pungency of ,candicans4 ,the berries
 are quite persistent1 hanging to the   
pedicel some time after ripe4 ,the vines
 are not productive4 ,the character of  
the must is apparently unknown4 ,the    
roots are hard1 penetrate deeply into   
the soil1 and are resistant to          
phylloxera though somewhat variable in  
this respect4 ,doaniana grows readily   
from cuttings and grafts well in the    
vineyard4 ,the species blossoms with or 
just before ,labrusca4 ,it is of        
doubtful value to the southern          
grape-growers and is of no value in the 
,north4   #ah4 ,,vitis ,,aestivalis     
,michx4       #a4 787 ,marshall1        
#aghe3afe4 ,v4 ,,vinifera ,,americana2  
,american      grape vine4 #b4 787      
,walter1 #aghh3bdb4 ,v4 ,,labrusca4 #c4 
,michaux1 #b3bcj4 #ahjc4 #d4 ,bartram1  

,dom4 ,enc41 #e3bhi4 #ahjd4      ,v4    
,,sylvestris2 ,v4 occidentalis2 ,common 
,blue grape2 ,bunch      grape4 #e4     
,muhlenberg1 #ahac3bg4 ,v4 ,,intermedia2
 ,v4 aestivalis2      ,summer grape4 #f4
 ,pursh1 #a3afi4 #ahad4 ,v4 vulpina2 ,v4
      labrusca2 ,summer grape4 #g4      
,nuttall1 #a3adc4 #ahah4 #h4            
,elliott1 #b3fhh4 #ahbd4 #i4 ,torrey1   
,fl4 of ,n4  ,m4 ,sta41      #ahbf3aba4 
#aj4 ,rafinesque1 #ahcj3i4 ,v4          
,,bracteata2 ,v4      labrusca2 ,v4     
aestivalis2 ,sour grape4 #aa4 ,prince1  
#ahcj3aii4      ,v4 intermedia2 ,v4     
sylvestris2 ,v4 occidentalis2 ,summer   
grape2 ,little grape2 ,bunch grape2     
,blue grape4 #ab4 ,torrey1      ,fl4 of 
,n4 ,y41 #a3adf4 #ahdc4 ,v4 intermedia2 
,summer grape4      #ac4 ,darlington1   
#ahec3ej4 ,little grape2 ,summer grape4 
#ad4      ,le ,conte1 ,phil4 ,acad4     
,nat4 ,sci41 #f3bgb4 #ahec4 ,v4         
,,araneosus4      #ae4 ,ib41 ,ib41      
#f3bga4 #ahec4 ,v4 ,,bracteata2 ,v4     
aestivalis2      ,duck-shot grape2      

,swamp grape4 #af4 ,buckley1 ,u4 ,s4    
,pat4 ,off4      ,rpt41 #ahfa3dha1 #dhb4
 ,frost grape2 ,chicken grape4 #ag4     
,stayman1 ,gar4 ,mon41 #aa3cg1 #ch1 #dj4
 #ahfi4 ,summer grape4 #ah4      ,grape 
,cult41 #a3d1 #g1 #aac4 #ahfi4 #ai4     
,engelmann1 ,mo4 ,ent4      ,rpt41      
#ahgb3fa4 ,summer grape4 #bj4           
,engelmann1 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3aj1
 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #af4 ,summer grape4 #ba4
 ,bush1 ,ib41      #ahhc3bb4 #bb4       
,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41       
#ahhe3acd4 ,summer      grape4 #bc4     
,ib41 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ig1 
#ih4 ,summer      grape4 #bd4 ,planchon1
 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan41 #e3cbc1  
#ccd4      #ahhg4 ,summer grape2        
,chicken grape2 ,little grape4 #be4     
,munson1 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4
 #bf4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4      ,pom4  
,bul41 #c3aa4 #ahij4 #bg4 ,ib41 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb1      #bg1 #bh4    
,summer grape4 #bh4 ,bailey1 ,gray's    
,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbg4      #ahig4 ,summer 
grape2 ,bunch grape2 ,pigeon grape2 ,v4 

sylvestris2 ,v4 occidentalis2 ,v4       
,americana2 ,v4 ,nortoni2 ,v4           
labrusca1 var4 aestivalis2 ,v4          
bracteata2 ,v4 araneosus4 #bi4          
,britton and ,brown1 #b3dji4 #ahig4     
,summer grape2 ,small grape4      #cj4  
,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bca1    
#bcd1 #bff4 #aijj4 #ca4      ,viala and 
,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #ei4     
,vine very vigorous2 shoots slightly    
pubescent or smooth when young2         
diaphragms medium to rather thick2      
tendrils intermittent1 usually          
bifid4 ,leaves with short1 broad        
stipules2 leaf-blade medium to very     
large1 rather thin when young but       
becoming rather thick2 petiolar         
sinus deep1 usually narrow1 frequently  
overlapping2 margin rarely      entire1 
usually three- to five-lobed2 teeth     
dentate1 shallow1      medium wide2     
upper surface rather dark green2 lower  
surface with      more or less reddish  
or rusty pubescence which1 in mature    
leaves1      usually shows in patches on

 the ribs and veins2 petioles frequently
      pubescent4 ,clusters medium to    
large1 usually long1 not much           
branched1 with long peduncle4 ,berries  
small to medium1 with      moderate     
amount of bloom1 usually somewhat       
astringent4 ,seeds two to      three1 of
 medium size to above1 plump1 usually   
smooth1 not notched2      chalaza oval1 
distinct2 raphe a distinct cord-like    
ridge4 ,leafing      and ripening fruit 
late to very late4 7,see ,plate47       
,vitis aestivalis is variable1          
particularly in its leaf characters1    
such as quantity of pubescence1 size1   
shape and thickness of leaf4 ,those who 
are most familiar with it are of the    
opinion that in a general way the leaves
 increase in thickness southward and    
that the pubescence diminishes in       
quantity and becomes stiffer on dry1    
poor soils4  ,illustration3 ,,shoot ,,of
 ,,vitis ,,aestivalis  ,aestivalis was  
probably described by some of the       
botanists before ,michaux's day but1 if 

so1 none of the descriptions is         
sufficiently definite and comprehensive 
to be recognized with certainty4        
,michaux was the first to describe it   
under the name of ,aestivalis4 ,it seems
 to have been generally known1 as       
,bartram described it a short time later
 under the name of ,vitis sylvestris    
with ,vitis occidentalis as a synonym4  
,he says3 ,this is the most common      
grape4 ,owing to the great variation in 
the different forms of the species as it
 was then understood1 many of the later 
botanists gave descriptions of it which 
did not agree4 ,this uncertainty and the
 difficulty of giving a description     
which would fit all of the forms has    
been relieved in a measure2 first1 by   
the new species which have been created1
 such as ,bicolor1 ,monticola and       
,cinerea1 from what would have once been
 regarded as ,aestivalis2 and second1 by
 the description and general acceptance 
of well-known varietal forms1 such as   
,lincecumii and ,bourquiniana4  ,the    

division of the original species has    
also reduced the habitat materially1    
confining it to the southeastern portion
 of the ,united ,states from southern   
,new ,york to ,florida and westward to  
the ,mississippi ,river4 ,aestivalis    
grows in thickets and openings in the   
woods and shows no such fondness for    
streams as ,riparia or for thick timber 
as ,labrusca1 but is generally confined 
to uplands4 ,under favorable            
circumstances the vines grow to be very 
large4  ,aestivalis is preeminently a   
wine grape4 ,the fruit usually has a    
tart1 acrid taste1 due to the presence  
of a high percentage of acid1 but there 
is also a large amount of sugar1 the    
scale showing that juice from this      
species has a much higher percentage of 
sugar than the sweeter tasting          
,labruscas4 ,the wine made from         
varieties of ,aestivalis is very rich in
 coloring matter1 and is used by some   
,european vintners to mix with the must 
of ,european sorts in order to give the 

combined product a higher color4 ,the   
berries are destitute of pulp1 have a   
comparatively thin1 tough skin1 and a   
peculiar spicy flavor4 ,the berries hang
 to the bunch after becoming ripe much  
better than do those of ,labrusca4  ,the
 species thrives in a lighter and       
shallower soil than ,labrusca and       
appears to endure drouth better1        
although not equaling in this respect   
either ,riparia or ,rupestris4 ,a       
southern or southeastern exposure gives 
better results for ,aestivalis or       
,aestivalis hybrid vines than a northern
 one4 ,the ,french growers report that  
,aestivalis is very liable to chlorosis 
on soils which contain much lime4 ,the  
leaves are never injured by the sun1 and
 they resist the attacks of insects1    
such as leaf-hoppers1 better than any   
other ,american species under           
cultivation4 ,aestivalis is rarely      
injured by rot or mildew1 according to  
,american experience1 but ,french       
growers speak of its being susceptible  

to both4  ,the hard roots of ,aestivalis
 enable it to resist phylloxera1 and    
varieties with any great amount of the  
blood of this species are seldom        
seriously injured by this insect4 ,an   
objection to ,aestivalis1 from a        
horticultural standpoint1 is that it    
does not root well from cuttings4 ,many 
authorities speak of it as not rooting  
at all from cuttings1 but this is an    
overstatement of the facts1 as many of  
the wild and cultivated varieties are   
occasionally propagated in this manner1 
and some southern nurseries1 located in 
particularly favorable situations1 make 
a practice of propagating it by this    
method4 ,it is doubtful1 however1 if it 
could be successfully propagated from   
cuttings in ,new ,york4 ,varieties of   
this species bear grafting well1        
especially in the vineyard4 ,aestivalis 
blooms just after ,labrusca4 ,as might  
be inferred from its habitat1 most      
cultivated varieties of this species    
require a longer season to mature their 

fruit than that of ,new ,york4 ,on this 
account it is probable that ,bicolor1   
once known as a northern form of        
,aestivalis1 is more promising          
horticulturally for the ,north than the 
true ,aestivalis of the ,southeast4     
,,vitis ,,aestivalis ,,lincecumii#ade   
,munson4       #a4 787 ,rafinesque1     
#ahcj3i4 ,v4 ,,multiloba2 ,dissected    
vine4 #b4      787 ,prince1 #ahcj3ahc4  
,v4 ,,diversifolia4 #c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4   
,off4      ,rpt41 #ahdg3aii4 ,,post     
,,oak ,,grape4 #d4 ,buckley1 ,ib41      
#ahfa3dhe4      ,v4 ,,linsecomii2       
,post-oak grape2 ,pine-wood grape4 #e4  
,ib41      ,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad4 ,nat4   
,sci41 #ahfa3dej4 ,v4 ,,linsecomii4 #f4 
,engelmann1 ,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41 #ahgd3gd4 
#g4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3af1  
#bc4 ,post-oak grape4 #h4 ,munson1 ,am4 
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahhe3ace4 ,v4 
,,lincecumii2 ,post-oak4 #i4 ,planchon1 
,de      ,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan4       
#e3cbc1 #cch4 #ahhg4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii2  
,post-oak      grape2 ,vine ,wood grape2

 ,v4 aestivalis1 var4 ,lincecumii2 ,v4  
incisifolia2 ,v4 multiloba8 #aj4        
,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4          
,bul41 #c3ab4 #ahij4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii4  
#aa4 ,ib41 ,gar4 and ,for41      #c3dgd4
 #ahij4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii4 #ab4 ,ib41    
,am4 ,gard41 #ab3ehe4      #ahia4 ,v4   
,,lincecumii2 ,post-oak grape4 #ac4     
,ib41 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41   
#ahic3aaf4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii2 ,post ,oak 
grape4 #ad4 ,mc,cluer1      ,ill4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #bh3beg4 #ahic4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii2
 ,post-oak grape4      #ae4 ,munson1    
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb1 #bg4 fig4  
,v4      ,,lincecumii2 ,texas ,post-oak 
grape4 #af4 ,husmann1 #ahie3aaj4 ,v4    
,,lincecumii2 ,summer grape2 ,post ,oak 
grape4 #ag4 ,munson1 ,rural      ,n4    
,y41 #ef3faj4 #ahig4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii2  
,post-oak grape4 #ah4 ,mo4      ,sta4   
,bul41 #df3fb4 #ahii4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii2 
,texas ,post ,oak grape4      #ai4      
,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bah1    
#bca1 #bcd1 #bce1 #bdj1 #bfa1      #bfd4
 #aijj4 fig4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii2 ,post-oak

 grape4 #bj4 ,bailey1      ,cyc4 ,am4   
,hort41 #d3aied4 #aijb4 ,v4             
diversifolia2 ,post-oak2                
,pine-wood2 ,turkey grape4 #ba4 ,viala  
and ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1      #aijc3db1 
#eg4 ,v4 ,,lincecumii2 ,post ,oak4      
,vine vigorous1 sometimes climbing high 
upon trees1 sometimes      forming a    
bushy clump from two to six feet high2  
canes cylindrical1      much rusty wool 
on shoots2 tendrils intermittent4       
,leaves very      large1 almost as wide 
as long2 entire or three-1 five-1 or    
rarely      seven-lobed2 lobes          
frequently divided2 sinuses1 including  
petiolar      sinus1 deep2 smooth above1
 and with more or less rusty pubescence 
below4 7,the north-,texas1 southwestern 
,missouri and northern      ,arkansas   
form shows little or no pubescence but  
has fine prickly      spines at base of 
shoots and shows much blue bloom on     
shoots1 canes      and the under side of
 the leaves47 ,fruit small to large1    
usually      larger than typical        

,aestivalis1 usually black with heavy   
bloom4      ,seeds larger than          
,aestivalis1 pear-shaped2 chalaza       
roundish4  ,lincecumii seems to have    
been first described by ,rafinesque1 in 
#ahcj under the name ,vitis multiloba4  
,his description fits fairly well1 and  
as the source from which the vines were 
secured is within the habitat of the    
species1 there appears but little doubt 
as to its correctness4 ,in the same year
 ,prince gives a very brief description 
of a grape from ,texas under the name   
,vitis diversifolia which is probably   
this grape4 ,the first description of   
the variety 7or species7 in such detail 
that it could not be mistaken was that  
of ,buckley in #ahfa1 as ,vitis         
linsecomii4  ,it inhabits the eastern   
half of ,texas1 western ,louisiana1     
,indian ,territory1 ,arkansas and       
southern ,missouri on high sandy land1  
frequently climbing post-oak trees1     
hence the name1 ,post-oak grape1 by     
which it is locally known4  ,lincecumii 

has attracted considerable attention    
through the work of ,h4 ,jaeger and ,t4 
,v4 ,munson in domesticating it1 both of
 whom considered it one of the most1 if 
not the most1 promising form from which 
to secure cultivated varieties for the  
,southwest4 ,the qualities which        
recommended it to them are3 ,first1 its 
vigor2 second1 its capacity to withstand
 rot and mildew2 third1 its hardiness   
and capacity to endure hot and dry      
summers without injury2 and fourth1 the 
large cluster and berry which were found
 on certain of the wild vines4 ,it      
requires a longer season to mature than 
that of ,new ,york and is1 consequently1
 of but little interest to grape-growers
 in this ,state4 ,the fruit is          
characteristic because of its dense     
bloom1 firm1 yet tender texture and the 
peculiar so-called ,post-oak flavor4    
,the cultivated varieties have given    
satisfaction in many sections of the    
central western and southern states4    
,like ,aestivalis1 it is difficult to   

propagate from cuttings4  ,the          
north-,texas glaucous form of this      
variety mentioned in the technical      
description above is the ,vitis         
aestivalis glauca of ,bailey4 ,this is  
the type of ,lincecumii that ,munson has
 used in his breeding work4   ,,vitis   
,,aestivalis ,,bourquiniana ,bailey4#adf
       #a4 ,garber1 ,gar4 ,mon41 #a3ge4 
#ahei4 #b4 ,engelmann1 ,bush4           
,cat41 #ahhc3af4 7,,varieties ,,of      
,,southern ,,origin74 #c4 ,bush1 ,ib41  
#ahhc3bc4 ,,southern ,,aestivalis4 #d4  
,an4 ,hort41 #ahhi3aja4 ,v4             
,,bourquina4 #e4 ,munson1 ,gar4 and     
,for41 #c3dgd1 #dge4 #ahij4 ,v4         
,,bourquiniana2 ,southern ,aestivalis4  
#f4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4         
,bul41 #c3ab4 #ahij4 ,v4 ,,bourquiniana4
 #g4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,gard41      #ab3ehd4   
#ahia4 ,v4 ,,bourquiniana2 ,southern    
,aestivalis4 #h4      ,popenoe and      
,mason1 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dd3aag4     
#ahic4 ,v4      ,,bourquiniana4 #i4     
,munson1 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bj1 #bb1   

#bg4 ,v4      ,,bourquiniana2 ,southern 
,aestivalis4 #aj4 ,husmann1 #ahie3f1 #h4
      ,v4 ,,bourquiniana4 #aa4 ,munson1 
,tex4 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,feb4 #h1       
#ahif3aj4 ,v4 ,,bourquiniana2 ,southern 
,aestivalis4 #ab4 ,bailey1      ,gray's 
,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbh4 #ahig4 #ac4 ,ib41   
,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr41      #ahih3ha1 #hc1    
#aad4 #ad4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,gard41        
#bj3afhh4 #ahii4 ,v4                    
,,bourquiniana4 #ae4 ,ib41 ,tex4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #ef3bca1 #bdj1 #bfa4      #aijj4 
,v4 ,,bourquiniana2 ,southern           
,aestivalis4 #af4 ,viala and            
,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1 #aijc3agh4 ,v4     
,,bourquiniana4  ,bourquiniana greatly  
resembles ,aestivalis and differs       
chiefly from this species in having     
thinner leaves and in that the shoots   
and under side of the leaves are only   
slightly reddish-brown in color and the 
pubescence usually disappears at        
maturity2 this pubescence is mostly of  
an ashy or dun color4 ,the leaves on    
some of the vines are more deeply lobed 

than is at all common in ,aestivalis4   
,the fruit is considerably larger than  
that of ,aestivalis1 sweeter and more   
juicy4  ,the botanical variety1         
,bourquiniana1 is known only in         
cultivation4 ,it is mentioned by ,garber
 in #ahei and by ,engelmann in #ahhc4   
,speaking of ,aestivalis the latter     
says3 ,unfortunately the typical forms  
cannot be propagated by cuttings and    
there are a number of varieties which1  
originating from a southern home1 are   
not quite hardy here but on the other   
hand have the advantage of being readily
 propagated by slips in some favorable  
localities4 99 99 99 ,unfortunately no  
wild plant from which these varieties   
might have sprung is yet known but must 
be looked for in the mountains and hills
 of the ,carolinas and ,georgia and only
 when found in a wild state can we      
correctly judge of their botanical      
status4  ,the name ,bourquiniana was    
given by ,munson1 who ranks the group as
 a species4 ,he includes therein many   

southern varieties the most important of
 which are3 ,herbemont1 ,bertrand1      
,cunningham1 and ,lenoir1 these he      
groups in the ,herbemont section2 and   
,devereaux1 ,louisiana and ,warren1 he  
puts in the ,devereaux section4 ,munson 
has traced the history of this          
interesting group and states that it was
 brought from southern ,france to       
,america over #aej years ago by the     
,bourquin family of ,savannah1 ,georgia4
 ,many botanists have been of the       
opinion that ,bourquiniana is a hybrid4 
,engelmann says3 ,i will only state here
 that a slight suspicion exists of their
 being hybrids between ,v4 aestivalis   
and some form of vinifera though the    
seeds are entirely those of the former  
and also the resistance to phylloxera4  
,millardet considers ,bourquiniana to be
 a mixed hybrid of ,aestivalis1 ,cinerea
 and ,vinifera4 ,the hybrid supposition 
is certainly corroborated to a degree at
 least by the characters being more or  
less intermediate between the parent    

species and also by the fact that up to 
date no wild form of ,bourquiniana has  
been found4  ,munson's derivation of the
 origin has not been accepted by either 
,french or ,american botanists4 ,in this
 connection ,bailey says3 ,it is        
unassumable that a native grape         
distributed through the ,mediterranean  
region could have escaped for centuries 
the critical search of ,european        
botanists and the knowledge of hundreds 
of generations of vignerons to be       
discovered at last transplanted in the  
new world4 ,bush says3 ,this reminds us 
forcibly of the ',pedro ,ximenes'       
7called also ,white ,green ,riesling71  
which was believed to have been brought 
to ,spain from the banks of the ,moselle
 by the man whose name it bears4 ,count 
,odart1 a celebrated ampelograph1       
wittily said3 ,if he 7,ximenes7 took any
 he took ,,all1 for no such vine grows  
now north of the ,pyrenees4' ,thus we   
also think3 ,if ,mr4 ,bourquin took any 
of the above grapes he took ,,all1 for  

no ,herbemont or ,lenoir can now be     
found native in ,europe4  ,the only     
northern variety of grape of any        
importance that is supposed to have     
,bourquiniana blood is the              
,delaware1#adg and in this case only a  
fraction of ,bourquiniana blood is      
presumably present4  ,bourquiniana can  
be propagated from cuttings more easily 
than the typical ,aestivalis but not so 
readily as ,labrusca1 ,riparia or       
,vinifera4 ,many of the varieties of    
,bourquiniana show a marked             
susceptibility to mildew and black-rot2 
in fact1 the whole ,herbemont group is  
much inferior in this respect to the    
,norton group of ,aestivalis4 ,the roots
 are somewhat hard1 branch rather freely
 and are quite resistant to phylloxera4 
#ai4 ,,vitis ,,bicolor ,le ,conte4#adh  
#a4 ,le ,conte1 ,proc4 ,phil4 ,acad4    
,nat4 ,sci41 #f3bgb4 #ahec4 ,v4         
aestivalis 7,darlington74 #b4 ,ib41 ,u4 
,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41      #aheg3bcj4  
,two-colored-leaved vine4 #c4 ,munson1  

,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4      ,sci4 ,rpt41     
#ahhg3ei4 ,v4 ,,argentifolia2 ,blue     
grape4 #d4 ,an4      ,hort41 #ahhi3aja4 
#e4 ,munson1 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4   
#ahij4      #f4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4
 ,pom4 ,bul41 #c3ab4 #ahij4 #g4 ,ib41   
,am4      ,gard41 #ab3ehe4 #ahia4 ,blue 
grape2 ,northern ,summer grape4      #h4
 ,ib41 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41       
#ahic3aaf4 ,blue grape2      ,northern  
aestivalis4 #i4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4  
,fl41 #a3dbh4      #ahig4 ,blue grape2  
,northern ,summer grape4 #aj4 ,britton  
and      ,brown1 #b3dji4 #ahig4 ,blue   
grape2 ,winter grape2 ,v4               
aestivalis1 var4 bicolor4 #aa4 ,munson1 
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #ef3bca1 #bcd1  
#bdj1 #bff4 #aijj4 ,blue grape4 #ab4    
,viala and ,ravaz1      ,am4 ,vines1    
#aijc3db1 #ei4       ,vine vigorous1    
climbing2 shoots cylindrical or slightly
 angled1      with rather long          
internodes1 generally perfectly         
glabrous1 usually      showing much blue
 bloom1 sometimes spiny at base2        

diaphragms medium      to thick2        
tendrils intermittent1 long1 usually    
bifid4 ,leaves with      short1 broad   
stipules2 leaf-blade medium to very     
large2      roundish-cordate1 usually   
three-1 sometimes on older growth       
shallowly five-lobed1 rarely entire2    
petiolar sinus variable in      depth1  
usually rather narrow2 margin           
irregularly dentate2 teeth              
acuminate2 glabrous above1 usually      
glabrous below and showing much         
blue bloom which sometimes disappears   
late in the season2 young      leaves   
sometimes slightly pubescent2 petioles  
very long4 ,cluster of      medium size1
 compact1 usually simple2 peduncle long4
 ,berries small      to medium1 black   
with much blue bloom1 rather acid but   
pleasant      tasting when ripe4 ,seeds 
small1 plump1 broadly oval1 very short  
beak2 chalaza oval1 raised1 distinct2   
raphe distinct1 showing as a            
cord-like ridge4  ,bicolor is readily   
distinguished from ,aestivalis by the   

absence of the reddish pubescence1 and  
by the bloom on the under side of the   
leaves and is distinguished from the    
glaucous form of ,lincecumii by the     
smaller fruit and seeds4 ,the species   
blooms slightly later than ,aestivalis  
and ,lincecumii4 ,it was named and      
described by ,le ,conte in #ahec and has
 been generally recognized as a distinct
 species by later botanists4  ,the      
habitat of ,bicolor is to the north of  
that of ,aestivalis1 occupying the      
northeastern1 whereas ,aestivalis       
occupies the southeastern quarter of the
 ,united ,states4 ,like ,aestivalis it  
is not confined to streams and          
river-banks but frequently grows on     
higher land also4 ,it is found in north 
,missouri1 ,illinois1 southwestern      
,wisconsin1 ,indiana1 southern          
,michigan1 ,ohio1 ,kentucky1            
,pennsylvania1 ,new ,york1 southwestern 
,ontario1 ,new ,jersey and ,maryland1   
and is by some botanists reported as far
 south as western ,north ,carolina and  

west ,tennessee4  ,the horticultural    
characters of ,bicolor are much the same
 as those of ,aestivalis4 ,about the    
only points of difference are that it is
 much hardier 7some of the ,wisconsin   
vines stand a temperature as low as #bj 
degrees below zero72 it is said to be   
slightly less resistant to mildew and   
more resistant to phylloxera4 ,like     
,aestivalis1 ,bicolor does not thrive on
 limy soils and it is difficult to      
propagate from cuttings4 ,the           
horticultural possibilities of ,bicolor 
are probably much the same as those of  
,aestivalis1 though many believe it to  
be more promising for the ,north4 ,it is
 as yet cultivated but little4 ,its     
chief defect for domestication is the   
small size of the fruit4   #bj4 ,,vitis 
,,carib,a ,de ,candolle4#adi       #a4  
,de ,candolle1 ,prodr41 #a3fcd4 #ahbd   
7cited by ,watson74 #b4      ,chapman1  
,fl4 ,sou4 ,states1--3#ga4 7cited by    
,watson74 #c4 ,buckley1      ,u4 ,s4    
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahfa3dhc4 #d4       

,engelmann1 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3aj1
 #ab1 #ad1 #ae4 #e4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhe3acf4 ,caloosa4 
#f4 787 ,ib41 ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4   
,rpt41      #ahhg3ei4 ,prof4 ,curtis'   
grape4 #g4 ,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's   
,mon4 ,phan41 #e3cbc1 #ccj4 #ahhg4 #h4  
,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4          
,bul41 #c3ad4 #ahij4 #i4 ,ib41 ,gar4 and
 ,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4      #aj4 ,ib41  
,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic3aaf4   
#aa4 ,bailey1      ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41  
#a3dbh4 #ahig4 #ab4 ,viala and ,ravaz1  
,am4      ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #eb4        
,vine slender1 climbing2 shoots more or 
less woolly1 or rarely      nearly      
glabrous2 diaphragms medium to thick2   
tendrils intermittent1      rarely      
continuous1 bifid or frequently trifid4 
,leaves cordate1      usually entire    
when mature1 frequently acuminate       
pointed2 teeth      shallow1 wide1      
mucronate1 slightly rugose above1 thick 
whitish or      rusty pubescence below2 
stipules small4 ,clusters large1 long1  

with      long1 slender peduncle4       
,berries small to very small1 purple or 
black with thin bloom1 intensely acid   
until very ripe4 ,seeds      usually but
 one or two to the berry1 small to very 
small 7,engelmann      states that the  
,florida forms give larger seeds than   
those from the      ,west ,indies71     
notched2 chalaza more or less circular1 
depressed1      usually distinct2 raphe 
a groove or slightly distinct4 ,very    
variable4  ,cariba was first described  
by ,de ,candolle and later by many other
 botanists but the species is not yet   
well known owing to its habitat4 ,cariba
 is an inhabitant of the ,west ,indies1 
middle and southern ,florida1           
,louisiana1 eastern ,mexico1 ,yucatan1  
and various portions of tropical        
,america4 ,it is said to grow largely on
 lowlands4  ,the species is of no       
practical interest as it does not thrive
 and soon dies in temperate climates4   
,its horticultural characters are       
unknown4   #ba4 ,,vitis ,,candicans     

,engelm4       #a4 ,engelmann1 ,gray's  
,pl4 ,lindh41 #b3aff4 #ahde4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4
      ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahdg3aih4     
,,mustang ,,grape4 #c4 ,engelmann1      
,gray's      ,pl4 ,wright41 #a3cb4      
#aheb4 #d4 ,vanzandt1 ,gar4 ,mon41      
#a3aff4      #ahei4 ,,mustang ,,grape4  
#e4 ,affleck1 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bf3ih4     
#ahfj4      ,,mustang ,,grape4 #f4      
,buckley1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41    
#ahfa3dhb4 ,v4      ,,mustangensis2     
,mustang grape4 #g4 ,engelmann1 ,am4    
,nat41 #b3cba4      #ahfh4 ,mustang     
grape4 #h4 ,koch1 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,rpt41      #ahfh3hb4 ,v4               
,,mustangensis2 ,mustang grape4 #i4     
,engelmann1 ,mo4      ,ent4 ,rpt41      
#ahgd3gf4 ,v4 ,mustangensis2 ,mustang   
grape4 #aj4      ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41    
#ahhc3 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae4 ,v4     
,mustangensis2      ,mustang grape4 #aa4
 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahhe3 #acg4      ,v4 ,mustangensis4    
#ab4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahhe3ig1 #ih4      ,mustang grape4 #ac4

 ,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4       
,phan41      #ahhg3cbc1 #cbf4 ,v4       
,mustangensis2 ,mustang grape4 #ad4     
,munson1      ,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4   
,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,mustang grape4 #ae4   
,ib41      ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 
#c3aj4 #ahij4 #af4 ,ib41 ,bush4 ,cat41  
#ahid3bj1 #bb1 #be4 ,mustang grape4 #ag4
 ,ib41 ,rural ,n4 ,y41      #ef3faj4    
#ahig4 ,,mustang4 #ah4 ,bailey1 ,gray's 
,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbh4      #ahig4 ,mustang
 grape4 #ai4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41
 #ef3bcb1      #bcd1 #bdj1 #bfg4 #aijj4 
,mustang grape4 #bj4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 
,am4      ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #ed4        
,vine very vigorous1 climbing2 shoots   
and petioles densely woolly1            
whitish or rusty2 diaphragm thick2      
tendrils intermittent 7according      to
 ,munson1 rarely four continuous74      
,leaves with medium to large            
stipules2 blade small to medium1 broadly
 cordate to reniform ovate1             
frequently resembling those of a poplar1
 entire or in young shoots      and on  

young vines and sprouts usually deeply  
from three- to five-1      or even      
seven-lobed2 teeth shallow1 sinuate2    
petiolar sinus      shallow1 wide1      
sometimes lacking2 dull1 slightly rugose
 above1      dense whitish pubescence   
below4 ,clusters small4 ,berries medium 
to      large1 black1 purple1 green1 or 
even whitish1 thin blue bloom or        
bloomless4 ,seeds usually three or four1
 large1 short1 plump1 blunt1            
notched2 chalaza oval1 depressed1       
indistinct2 raphe a broad groove4       
,candicans was described and named by   
,engelmann in his account of certain    
plants sent from ,texas by ,lindheimer4 
,in #ahfa it was described by ,buckley  
who seems to have been unaware of the   
species having been previously named4   
,the habitat of this grape extends from 
southern ,oklahoma1 as a northern limit1
 southwesterly into ,mexico4 ,the       
western boundary is the ,pecos ,river4  
,it is found on dry1 alluvial1 sandy or 
limestone bottoms or on limestone bluff 

lands and is said to be especially      
abundant along upland ravines4          
,candicans grows well on limestone lands
 enduring as much as #fj per ct4 of     
carbonate of lime in the soil4 ,the     
species blooms shortly before ,labrusca 
and a week later than ,riparia4 ,it     
requires the long hot summers of its    
native country and will stand extreme   
drouth but is not hardy to cold1 ten or 
fifteen degrees below zero killing the  
vine outright unless protected2 and a   
lesser degree of cold injuring it       
severely4 ,the berries1 which are large 
for wild vines1 have thin skins under   
which there is a pigment which gives    
them1 when first ripe1 a fiery1 pungent 
taste but which partly disappears with  
maturity4 ,the berries are very         
persistent1 clinging to the pedicel long
 after ripe4 ,candicans is difficult to 
propagate from cuttings4 ,its roots     
resist phylloxera fairly well4 ,it makes
 a good stock for ,vinifera vines in its
 native country but owing to the        

difficulty of propagation is seldom used
 for that purpose4 ,in the early days of
 ,texas it was much used for the making 
of wine but as it is deficient in sugar1
 and as the must retains the acrid1     
pungent flavor1 it does not seem to be  
well adapted for this purpose4 ,it is   
not regarded as having great promise for
 southern horticulture and certainly has
 none for the ,north4   ,,vitis         
,,candicans ,,coriacea ,bailey4         
#a4 ,shuttleworth ,mss41 ,herb4 ,boiss4 
#b4 ,chapman1 ,fl4 ,sou4                
,states1--3#ga 7cited by ,watson1       
,planchon and ,bailey74 ,v4 ,,caribea1  
var4 ,,coriacea4 #c4 ,engelmann1 ,bush4 
,cat41 #ahhc3ae4 ,v4      ,,candicans1  
,florida form4 #d4 ,munson1 ,am4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhe3acf4 ,v4        
,,caribea2 ,caloosa4 #e4 ,planchon1 ,de 
,candolle's      ,mon4 ,phan41 #e3cbc1  
#cde4 #ahhg4 ,v4 ,,coriacea4 #f4        
,munson1 ,soc4      ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4   
,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,v4 ,,coriacea2        
,leather-,leaf grape4      #g4 ,ib41    

,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4 ,v4     
,,coriacea4 #h4 ,ib41      ,u4 ,s4 ,d4  
,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 #c3aj1 #aa4 #ahij4 ,v4 
,,coriacea4 #i4 ,ib41      ,am4 ,gard41 
#ab3ffa4 #ahia4 ,v4 coriacea2           
,leather-leaf grape4      #aj4 ,bailey1 
,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41 #a3dbi4 #ahig4      
,leather-leaf      grape2 ,calloosa     
grape4 #aa4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#ef3bcb1      #bdj4 #aijj4 ,v4          
,,coriacea2 ,leather-,leaf grape4 #ab4  
,viala and      ,ravaz1 ,am4 ,vines1    
#aijc3db1 #eb4 ,v4 ,,coriacea4          
,coriacea is a ,florida variety of      
,candicans1 differing from the ,texas   
form1 in having a shorter1 somewhat     
smaller and comparatively thicker seed2 
small stipules2 quite variable leaves1  
intermediate in shape between ,labrusca 
and ,candicans2 and an absence of the   
fiery flavor4 ,the blossoming period is 
two or three weeks later than the ,texas
 form4  ,this form of ,candicans was    
named and described by ,shuttleworth in 
a manuscript now in the ,herbarium      

,boissier at ,geneva1 ,switzerland4     
,botanists seem divided as whether to   
regard it as a separate species or as a 
botanical variety4 ,its habitat is      
central and southern ,florida4          
,coriacea is more tender than the       
regular forms of ,vitis candicans and   
this alone would make it worthless to   
the northern cultivator even were it    
otherwise valuable4   #bb4 ,,vitis      
,,simpsoni ,munson4       #a4 ,munson1  
,soc4 ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4
 ,simpson's      grape4 #b4 ,ib41 ,gar4 
and ,for41 #c3dgd1 #dge4 #ahij4 #c4     
,ib41      ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,pom4 ,bul41 
#c3ab4 #ahij4 #d4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,gard41    
#ab3ehf1 #ffa4 #ahia4 #e4 ,ib41 ,mich4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahic3aaf4     
,palmetto-leaved grape4 #f4 ,bailey1    
,gray's ,syn4      ,fl41 #a3dbi4 #ahig4 
#g4 ,munson1 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bcb1
 #bcd1      #bdj1 #bfg4 #aijj4 fig4     
,simpson's grape4 #h4 ,viala and ,ravaz1
 ,am4      ,vines1 #aijc3afg4           
,vine very vigorous1 climbing2 shoots   

cylindrical with much brownish          
pubescence2 diaphragms very thick2      
tendrils intermittent4 ,leaves      with
 stipules short and broad2 leaf-blade   
rather thin1 large1      broadly        
cordate1 usually considerably lobed2    
petiolar sinus of      medium width and 
depth2 margin coarsely toothed2 upper   
surface      slightly rugose and of a   
dark-green2 lower surface with rusty    
white      pubescence sometimes becoming
 almost a blue green2 the shape of      
leaf and amount of pubescence vary      
widely4 ,clusters large1 loose2         
peduncle long2 pedicel thick4 ,berries  
small to medium1 more tender      in    
pulp and less astringent than ,vitis    
aestivalis1 black with      moderate    
amount of bloom4 ,leafing1 blooming1 and
 ripening fruit      late4  ,vitis      
simpsoni was named and briefly described
 by ,munson in #ahhg4 ,in #ahia he      
stated that the species is a hybrid of  
,vitis coriacea 7here considered a      
variety of ,vitis candicans7 crossed    

with ,vitis cinerea4 ,bailey states that
 it is probably a hybrid of ,aestivalis 
crossed with ,coriacea4 ,some forms of  
,simpsoni are said to be very difficult 
to distinguish from ,vitis labrusca4    
,simpsoni prefers warm1 sandy soils and 
is found in central and southern        
,florida4 ,it roots from cuttings with  
great difficulty2 it is tender and will 
not withstand cold winters4 ,while it is
 very resistant to phylloxera and also  
to mildew and black-rot1 its leaves are 
said to be much attacked by             
leaf-rollers4 ,the blossoming period is 
just after ,aestivalis4 ,the berries are
 of good flavor and might be of some    
value for the country along the ,gulf   
,coast but it is of no value for the    
,north4   #bc4 ,,vitis ,,labrusca#aej   
,linn4#aea       #a4 ,linnaeus1 ,sp4    
,pl41 #a3bjc4 #agec4 ,v4 sylvestris     
,virginiana2 ,v4 vinifera sylvestris    
americana4 #b4 ,marshall1               
#aghe3afe4 ,v4 ,,vulpina2 ,fox grape    
vine4 #c4 ,walter1 #aghh3bdb4      ,v4  

,,taurina4 #d4 ,michaux1 #b3bcj4 #ahjc4 
,v4 taurina4 #e4      ,bartram1 ,dom4   
,enc41 #e3bhi4 #ahjd4 ,v4 ,,vulpina2    
,fox grape4 #f4      ,muhlenberg1       
#ahac3bg4 ,fox grape4 #g4 ,pursh1       
#a3afi4 #ahad4 ,v4      taurina4 #h4    
,nuttall1 #a3adc4 #ahah4 #i4 ,elliott1  
#b3fhi4 #ahbd4      ,v4 taurina4 #aj4   
,torrey1 ,fl4 of ,n4  ,m4 ,sta41        
#ahbf3abj4      #aa4 ,rafinesque1       
#ahcj3aj4 ,v4 ,,latifolia2 ,v4 taurina2 
,v4      ,labrusca2 ,fox grape4 #ab4    
,ib41 #ahcj3aa4 ,v4 ,,luteola2 ,variable
      grape4 #ac4 ,prince1 #ahcj3ahj4   
,v4 ,,labrusca1 var4 ,,nigra2 ,black    
,fox2 ,purple ,fox2 ,v4 taurina2 ,v4    
vulpina4 #ad4 ,ib41      #ahcj3aha4 ,v4 
,,labrusca1 var4 ,,alba2 ,white ,fox4   
#ae4 ,ib41      #ahcj3ahb4 ,v4          
,,labrusca1 var4 ,,rosea2 ,red ,fox4    
#af4 ,torrey1 ,fl4      of ,n4 ,y41     
#a3adf4 #ahdc4 ,fox grape4 #ag4         
,darlington1 ,fl4      ,cest41 #ahec3ej4
 ,fox grape of the ,northern ,states1   
not of ,va4      #ah4 ,le ,conte1 ,proc4

 ,phil4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahec3bgj4  
,v4      sylvestris2 ,fox grape2 ,v4    
occidentalis2 ,v4 vulpina2 ,v4          
latifolia2 ,v4 canina2 ,v4 luteola2 ,v4 
rugosa2 ,v4      ferruginea2 ,v4        
labruscoides2 ,v4 blanda2 ,v4 prolifera2
 ,v4      obovata4 #ai4 ,ib41 ,u4 ,s4   
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #aheg3bbh4 ,fox      
grape2 ,v4 sylvestris2 ,v4 occidentalis2
 ,v4 vulpina2 ,v4      latifolia2 ,v4   
canina2 ,v4 luteola2 ,v4 rugosa2 ,v4    
ferruginea2 ,v4 labruscoides2 ,v4       
prolifica2 ,v4 obovata4 #bj4            
,buckley1 ,ib41 #ahfa3dha4 ,frost grape4
 ,fox grape of the      ,northern       
,states4 #ba4 ,stayman1 ,gar4 ,mon41    
#aa3cg1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj4      #ahfi4      
,northern ,fox ,grape4 #bb4 ,engelmann1 
,mo4 ,ent4 ,rpt41      #ahgb3fa4 ,fox   
grape2 ,northern ,fox grape4 #bc4 ,ib41 
,bush4      ,cat441 #ahhc3i1 #aj1 #aa1  
#ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai4 ,fox grape2         
,northern      ,fox grape4 #bd4 ,munson1
 ,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3acf4    
,fox      grape4 #be4 ,ib41 ,am4 ,pom4  

,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ig1 #ih1 #aja4 #bf4  
,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4 ,phan41
 #e3cbb1 #cbd4 #ahhg4 ,fox      grape2  
,northern ,fox grape2 ,v4 vinifera      
sylvestris americana2      ,v4          
latifolia2 ,v4 canina2 ,v4 luteola4 #bg4
 ,munson1 ,soc4      ,prom4 ,ag4 ,sci4  
,rpt41 #ahhg3ei4 ,fox grape4 #bh4       
,pearson1 ,gar4      and ,for41 #b3ehd4 
#ahhi4 #bi4 ,munson1 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4    
,pom4 ,bul41      #c3aa4 #ahij4 #cj4    
,ib41 ,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dgd4 #ahij4   
#ca4      ,britton and ,brown1 #b3djh4  
#ahig4 ,northern ,fox grape2 ,plum      
grape4 #cb4 ,bailey1 ,gray's ,syn4 ,fl41
 #a3dbi4 #ahig4 ,fox      grape2 ,skunk 
grape2 ,v4 vulpina2 ,v4 blandi4 #cc4    
,munson1      ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#ef3bcb1 #bdj4 #ahii4 ,northern ,fox    
grape4 #cd4      ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4
 ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #de4       ,vine     
moderately vigorous1 stocky1 climbing2  
shoots cylindrical1      densely        
pubescent2 diaphragms medium to rather  
thick2 tendrils      continuous1 strong1

 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves with long1    
cordate      stipules1 leaf-blade large1
 thick1 broadly cordate or roundish2    
entire to three-lobed1 frequently       
notched2 sinuses rounded2      petiolar 
sinus variable in depth and width1      
,v-shaped2 margin with      rather      
shallow1 acute pointed1 scalloped teeth2
 upper surface more      or less rugose1
 dark green1 on young leaves pubescent1 
becoming      glabrous when mature2     
lower surface covered with dense        
pubescence1      more or less whitish on
 young leaves1 becoming rusty or        
dun-colored      when mature4 ,clusters 
small to medium1 more or less compound1 
usually shouldered1 compact2 pedicels   
thick2 peduncle short to      medium4   
,berries medium to large2 skin thick1   
covered with      considerable bloom1   
strong musky or foxy aroma4 ,seeds two  
to four1      large1 distinctly notched1
 beak short2 chalaza oval in shape1     
indistinct1 showing merely as a         
depression2 raphe1 a groove4 7,see      

,plate47  ,illustration3 ,,shoot ,,of   
,,vitus ,,labrusca  ,vitis labrusca1 the
 northern ,fox grape1 is mentioned in   
many of the early writings of this      
country1 particularly in those          
describing ,new ,england4 ,it was       
probably described by other botanists   
before ,linnaeus but if so their        
descriptions are so meager that it      
cannot be definitely recognized4        
,linnaeus in #agec1 under ,vitis        
labrusca1 says3 ,leaves cordate1        
slightly tri-lobed1 dentate1 downy      
below4 ,marshall in #aghe under the name
 ,vitis vulpina1 or ,fox grape1 says3   
,this in manner of growth hath much the 
appearance of the other kinds4 ,the     
leaves are generally larger1 and smooth1
 but whitish underneath4 ,the fruit or  
grapes are about the size of a common   
cherry and have a strong scent1 a little
 approaching to that of a ,fox1 whence  
the name of ,fox-grape4 ,there are also 
varieties of this1 some with whitish or 
reddish fruit which is generally most   

esteemed1 and others with black1 of     
which are our largest grapes4 ,from the 
time of ,marshall on all of the         
botanists give more or less complete    
descriptions of this species and except 
for the brief misunderstanding at first 
as to the name1 its identity has never  
been questioned4 ,at one time it was    
supposed to grow in the ,mississippi    
,valley but ,engelmann demonstrated that
 what were taken for ,labrusca vines in 
,missouri were in reality strongly      
pubescent forms of ,aestivalis4         
,labrusca is indigenous to the eastern  
part of ,north ,america1 including the  
region between the ,atlantic ,ocean and 
the ,alleghany ,mountains4 ,it is       
sometimes found in the valleys and along
 the western slopes of the ,alleghanies4
 ,many botanists say it is never found  
in the ,mississippi ,valley2 ,munson    
reports specimens1 however1 from        
,indiana and ,tennessee4 ,in the        
first-named area it ranges from ,maine  
to ,georgia4 ,it has the most restricted

 habitat of any ,american species of    
horticultural importance1 being much    
exceeded in extent of territory by      
,vitis rotundifolia1 ,vitis aestivalis1 
and ,vitis riparia4  ,labrusca has      
furnished more cultivated varieties1    
either pure-breeds or hybrids1 than all 
other ,american species together4 ,the  
reason for this is partly1 no doubt1 due
 to the fact that it is native to the   
portion of the ,united ,states first    
settled and is the most common grape in 
the region where agriculture first      
advanced to the condition where fruits  
were desired4 ,this does not wholly     
account for its prominence1 however1    
which must be sought elsewhere4 ,in its 
wild state ,labrusca is probably the    
most attractive to the eye of any of our
 ,american grapes on account of the size
 of its fruit1 and this undoubtedly     
turned the attention of those who were  
early interested in the possibilities of
 ,american grape-growing to this species
 rather than to any other4  ,the        

southern ,labrusca is quite different   
from the northern form and probably     
demands different conditions for its    
successful growth2 in the ,north at     
least two types of the species may be   
distinguished4 ,vines are found in the  
woods of ,new ,england1 which resemble  
,concord very closely in both vine and  
fruit1 excepting that the grapes are    
much smaller in size and more seedy4    
,there is also the large-fruited1 foxy  
,labrusca1 usually with reddish berries1
 represented by such cultivated         
varieties as ,northern ,muscadine1      
,dracut ,amber1 ,lutie and others4      
,labrusca is peculiar amongst ,american 
grapes in showing black-1 white- and    
red-fruited forms of wild vines growing 
in the woods4 ,because of this          
variability it is impossible to give the
 exact climatic and soil conditions best
 adapted to the species4 ,it is         
reasonable to suppose1 however1 that the
 ideal conditions for this or any other 
species are not widely different from   

those prevailing where the species is   
indigenous4 ,in the case of ,labrusca   
this means that it is best adapted to   
humid climates and that the temperature 
desired varies according to whether the 
variety comes from the southern or      
northern form of the species4  ,the root
 system of ,labrusca does not penetrate 
the soil deeply1#aeb but it is said to  
succeed better in deep and clayey soils 
than ,aestivalis4#aec ,in the ,southern 
and ,middle ,states it does better on   
eastern and northeastern slopes4 ,as    
would be suspected from its original    
marshy home1 it endures an excess of    
water in the soil1 and on the other hand
 requires more water for successful     
growing than ,aestivalis or ,riparia4   
,in spite of its ability to withstand   
clayey soils1 it seems to prefer loose1 
warm1 well-drained sandy lands to all   
others4 ,the ,french growers report that
 all varieties of this species show a   
marked antipathy to a limestone soil1   
the vines soon becoming affected with   

chlorosis when planted in soils of this 
nature4 ,in corroboration of this       
,stayman reports that it is not found   
growing native in clayey1 limestone     
soils4 ,the ,labruscas succeed very well
 in the ,north and fairly well in the   
middle ,west1 as far south as ,arkansas1
 where they are raised on account of    
their fruit qualities but here the vines
 are not nearly so vigorous and healthy 
as are those of other species4 ,in      
,alabama they are reported to be        
generally unsatisfactory1 and in ,texas 
the vines are short-lived1 unhealthy1   
and generally unsatisfactory1           
particularly in the dry regions4 ,there 
are some exceptions to this1 as1 for    
instance1 in the ,piedmont region of the
 ,carolinas1 where1 owing to elevation  
or other causes1 the climate of a       
southern region is semi-northern in its 
character4  ,illustration3 ,,shoot ,,of 
,,wyoming  ,the fruit of ,labrusca is   
large and usually handsomely colored4   
,the skin is thick1 covering a layer of 

adhering flesh1 which gives the         
impression of its being thicker than it 
actually is2 it is variable in          
tenderness1 sometimes tough1 but in many
 of our cultivated varieties it is so   
tender as to be a detriment in that it  
is inclined to crack on the vines in    
case of rain at ripening time1 and the  
berries to crush in transportation4 ,the
 skin of this species usually has a     
peculiar aroma1 generally spoken of as  
foxy1 and a slightly acid1 astringent   
taste4 ,beneath the skin there is a     
layer of juicy pulp1 quite sweet and    
never showing much acidity in ripe      
fruit4 ,the center of the berry is      
occupied by rather dense pulp1 more or  
less stringy1 with considerable acid    
close to the seeds4 ,many people object 
to the foxy aroma of this species1 but1 
nevertheless1 the most popular ,american
 varieties are more or less foxy4       
,analyses have shown that ,labrusca     
fruit is generally characterized by a   
low percentage of sugar and acid1 the   

very sweet tasting fox grapes not       
showing as high a sugar content as some 
of the disagreeably tart ,aestivalis and
 ,riparia sorts4 ,this1 in addition to  
the foxiness which furnishes an excess  
of aroma in the wine1 has prevented     
,labrusca varieties from becoming       
favorites with the wine-makers4 ,must   
from these varieties is adapted only for
 the making of dry wines1 and when      
making wines of any other class it is   
necessary to add sugar and water1 the   
quantities being governed by the final  
product desired4  ,in addition to the   
strong points already enumerated1 it may
 be said that ,labrusca submits well to 
vineyard culture1 is fairly vigorous and
 generally quite productive4 ,it grows  
readily from cuttings and in point of   
hardiness is intermediate between       
,riparia1 the hardiest of our ,american 
species1 and ,aestivalis4 ,the roots are
 soft and fleshy 7for an ,american      
grape7 and in some localities quite     
subject to attacks of phylloxera4 ,none 

of the varieties of ,labrusca have ever 
been popular in ,france on this account4
 ,in the wild vines the fruit is        
inclined to drop from the vine when     
ripe4 ,this defect is known as          
shattering or shelling among            
grape-growers and it is a serious       
weakness in certain varieties of        
,labrusca4 ,it is said to be more       
sensitive in its wild state to mildew   
and rot than any other ,american        
species#aed but the evidence on this    
point does not seem to be wholly        
conclusive4 ,in the ,south and in some  
parts of the middle ,west the leaves of 
all varieties of ,labrusca sunburn and  
shrivel in the latter part of the       
summer4 ,the vines do not endure drouth 
as well as ,aestivalis or ,riparia and  
not nearly so well as ,rupestris4       
,pearson#aee reports that the ,labruscas
 can be sprayed with copper sulphate    
mixtures with much less danger to the   
leaves than can ,aestivalis4   #bd4     
,,vitis ,,vinifera ,linn4       #a4     

,linnaeus1 ,sp4 ,pl41 #a3bjb4 #agec4 #b4
 ,speechly1 #agia3a4      #c4           
,willdenow1 ,sp4 ,pl41 #a3aahj4 #agig4  
#d4 ,bartram1 ,dom4      ,enc41 #e3bhi4 
#ahjd4 #e4 ,rafinesque1 #ahcj3g4 ,wine  
,grape4 #f4      ,darlington1 ,fl4      
,cest41 #ahec3di4 ,wine grape2 ,foreign 
grape4      #g4 ,buckley1 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 
,off4 ,rpt41 #ahfa3dhj4 ,european grape4
      #h4 ,stayman1 ,gar4 ,mon41 #aa3ch4
 #ahfi4 ,european grape4 #i4      ,bush1
 ,grape ,cult41 #a3adj4 #ahfi4 ,european
 grape4 #aj4      ,engelmann1 ,mo4 ,ent4
 ,rpt41 #ahgd3gd4 #aa4 ,moore1 ,mich4   
,pom4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3cf4 #ab4  
,engelmann1 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3aa1     
#ab1 #ac1 #ad1 #ai4 #ac4 ,munson1 ,am4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3acg4      #ad4
 ,de ,candolle1 ,or4 ,cult4 ,pl41       
#ahhe3aia4 #ae4 ,onderdonk1      ,u4 ,s4
 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3feb4 #af4         
,planchon1 ,de ,candolle's ,mon4        
,phan41 #e3cbd1 #cee4 #ahhg4 #ag4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi3ajg1      #aji4
 #ah4 ,husmann1 #ahie3bi1 #ahg4 #ai4    

,munson1 ,rural ,n4 ,y41      #ef3faj4  
#ahig4 #bj4 ,ib41 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41    
#ef3bca1 #bcc1 #bdj4      #aijj4        
,asiatic ,wine grape4 #ba4 ,bailey1     
,cyc4 ,am4 ,hort41      #d3aief4 #aijb4 
fig4 of leaves4 ,wine grape2 ,european  
grape4      #bb4 ,viala and ,ravaz1 ,am4
 ,vines1 #aijc3db1 #aae4       ,quite   
variable in vigor1 not so high climbing 
as most ,american      species4         
,tendrils intermittent4 ,leaves         
rounded-cordate1 rather      thin1      
rather-smooth1 and when young1 shining1 
frequently more or      less deeply     
three-1 five-1 or even seven-lobed2     
usually glabrous      but in some       
varieties the leaves and young shoots   
are hairy and      even downy when      
young2 lobes rounded or pointed2 teeth  
variable2      petiolar sinus deep1     
narrow1 usually overlapping4 ,fruit1 of 
cultivated varieties at least1 very     
variable in size and color4             
,berries of cultivated varieties usually
 oval though many varieties      are    

globular fruited4 ,seeds variable in    
size and shape1 usually      notched at 
upper end and characterized always by   
bottle-necked1      elongated beak2 a   
rather broad1 usually rough1 slightly   
distinct      chalaza situated rather   
high up on the seed2 raphe indistinct4  
,flowers soon after ,labrusca4 ,the     
roots are large1 soft and spongy4       
,a very variable species4               
,illustration3 ,,shoot ,,of ,,vitis     
,,vinifera  ,botanists have never agreed
 as to whether ,vitis vinifera is a     
single species or a combination of two  
or more species which has been          
cultivated for so long that it is       
impossible to discover the original     
forms4 ,the name1 ,vitis vinifera1 is   
usually credited to ,linnaeus though it 
was used for this grape before          
,linnaeus' time by ,bauhin and possibly 
by others4 ,the description of ,linnaeus
 accompanying the name is very short1 as
 follows3 ,leaves sinuately lobed1      
glabrous4 ,many of the earlier          

botanists1 ,tournefort for one1         
described numerous varieties as though  
they were species4 ,as a natural        
corollary of the uncertainty of the     
botanical status of ,vitis vinifera the 
original habitat of the species is not  
positively known4 ,de ,candolle1 as     
noted in the first part of this work1   
considered the region about the ,caspian
 ,sea as the probable habitat of the    
,old ,world grape4 ,there is but little 
doubt that the original home of ,vitis  
vinifera is some place in western ,asia4
 ,there is strong corroborative evidence
 of this in the fact that the climatic  
conditions under which the species      
flourishes are such as are there found4 
,the first chapter in ,the ,grapes of   
,new ,york has been devoted to this1 the
 ,old ,world grape1 and for a discussion
 of the horticultural characters of the 
species and of the efforts to cultivate 
it in ,america1 the reader is referred  
to that chapter4  ,neither ,american nor
 ,european writers agree as to the exact

 climate desired by ,vinifera for the   
reason1 probably1 that all of the       
varieties in this variable species do   
not desire the same conditions4 ,there  
are certain phases of climate1 however1 
that are well agreed upon1 as follows3  
,the species requires a warm1 dry       
climate1 and is more sensitive to change
 of temperature than our ,american      
species4 ,stayman1 who had had          
considerable experience in raising      
,vinifera grapes in different places1   
says3 ,vinifera will not endure much    
rain or grow on wet land4 ,it is only in
 a dry climate and on high rolling      
situations that it will succeed1 where  
there is not more than #ca inches of an 
annual rainfall and for the growing and 
maturing season #ae inches4 ,so far as  
soil alone is concerned1 the ,french    
growers tell us that it can be grown    
successfully in a wide variety of soils1
 being much less particular in this     
respect than our ,american species4     
,they state that it will withstand and  

grow successfully in soils so strongly  
impregnated with lime that any of the   
,american sorts would succumb to        
chlorosis4  ,there are certain          
characters connected with the fruit of  
this species which are peculiar to it   
and are not found in any of our         
,american sorts4 ,first1 the skin1 which
 is attached very closely to the flesh  
and which is never astringent or acid1  
is of good flavor and can be eaten with 
the fruit4 ,second1 the flesh is firm1  
yet tender1 and uniform throughout1     
differing in this respect from any of   
our ,american sorts1 which frequently   
show a sweet1 watery and tender pulp    
close to the skin with a tough and more 
or less acid core at the center4 ,third1
 the flavor is peculiarly sprightly1 a  
quality known as vinous1 because it     
characterizes this species4 ,it may be  
said in this connection1 however1 that  
many ,americans1 accustomed to ,american
 grapes1 prefer the flavor of our native
 sorts to the vinous flavor of the ,old 

,world grape4 ,europeans invariably1 and
 ,americans who live in ,vinifera       
raising sections1 usually1 deem the     
,vinifera flavor greatly superior4      
,fourth1 a strong adherence of the berry
 to the pedicel1 the fruit never        
shattering or shelling from the cluster4
  ,varieties of ,vinifera have been     
selected for the making of wine through 
so many centuries that this species has 
become the first and great wine-making  
grape4 ,whatever the future may hold in 
store for ,american grapes1 there is no 
question but that at present the        
,viniferas are far superior to any      
native ,americans for wine-making       
purposes1 both as to quality in general 
and the number of kinds of wine which   
can be made4  ,the weak points of       
,vinifera are3 ,first1 an inability to  
withstand the cold of our winters4 ,the 
different varieties of ,vinifera        
undoubtedly vary considerably as to the 
exact amount of cold they will stand    
without injury4 ,all of them tried at   

this ,station freeze to the ground even 
in the mildest winters4 ,second1 foliage
 particularly susceptible to the attack 
of mildew and fruit susceptible to the  
attack of black-rot4 ,third1 they       
generally require a ripening season much
 longer than our climate affords4       
,fourth1 the roots are soft and spongy  
and very liable to the attack of        
phylloxera1 though they apparently      
penetrate more readily in dense clays   
and hard dry soils than any of our      
,american species4  ,in the various     
hybrids that have been made between     
,american and ,vinifera varieties it is 
usually found that the desirable        
qualities of ,vinifera are taken in     
about the same proportion as the        
undesirable ones4 ,the fruit is improved
 in the hybrid but the vine is weakened4
 ,quality is purchased at the expense of
 hardiness and disease-resisting power4 
,vinifera may be grown very readily from
 cuttings4 ,this is of little cultural  
importance1 however1 as both in ,europe 

and ,america varieties of the species   
are usually grafted on                  
phylloxera-resistant stock4             
,,chapter ,v  ,,the ,,leading           
,,varieties ,,of ,,american ,,grapes    
,,adirondac4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87   
#a4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bg3dij4 #ahfa4 #b4   
,horticulturist1 #ag3id1      #acb1     
#eah4 #ahfb4 fig4 #c4 ,mag4 ,hort41     
#bh3ddg1 #edj4 #ahfb4 #d4      ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfb3afj4 #e4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41      #ahfc3abg4 #f4  
,mag4 ,hort41 #cj3be1 #fb1 #adj1 #aej1  
#bjh4 #ahfd4      #g4 ,mead1 #ahfg3afd4 
#h4 ,fuller1 #ahfg3baf4 #i4 ,thomas1    
#ahfg3cii4 #aj4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 
#ahfg3dd4 #aa4 ,grape      ,cult41      
#a3aae4 #ahfi4 #ab4 ,gar4 ,mon41        
#af3bdi4 #ahgd4 #ac4      ,bush4 ,cat41 
#ahhc3fg4 #ad4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#ahhc3ef4      #ae4 ,montreal ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3hb4 #af4 ,n4 ,y4     
,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #aj3dic4 #ahia4  
,adirondac is an old variety now nearly 
or quite obsolete4 ,it is probably a    

seedling of ,isabella which it greatly  
resembles in vine and fruit characters4 
,it is of the ,labrusca type1 belonging 
to the southern group of this species1  
and like most of the southern ,labruscas
 lacks in hardiness and vigor though it 
surpasses its parent in the first       
quality4 ,the vine makes a slow1 weak   
growth and is particularly susceptible  
to fungi4 ,the quality of the fruit is  
very good1 juicy and vinous1 with the   
slight foxy flavor peculiar to          
,isabella4 ,its earliness1 a week or ten
 days earlier than ,concord1 is one of  
its chief points of merit4 ,the         
,adirondac did not attain favor because 
of the many faults of the vine and in   
the time of its cultivation was seldom  
found except in the vineyard of the     
amateur4 ,the claim is often made for   
this variety that it is nearer the      
,black ,hamburg in quality than any     
other ,american grape4  ,adirondac was  
first exhibited by ,j4 ,w4 ,bailey of   
,plattsburg1 ,new ,york1 at the         

,montreal ,horticultural ,society       
,exhibition in ,montreal in #ahfa4 ,the 
original vine was found in #aheb by ,j4 
,g4 ,witherbee in his garden a short    
distance from the shore of ,lake        
,champlain in the town of ,port ,henry1 
,essex ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,the variety
 was introduced by ,bailey4 ,on account 
of its resemblance in vine to ,isabella 
it is supposed by many to be a seedling 
of that variety4 ,adirondac was placed  
on the grape list of the ,american      
,pomological ,society in #ahfg and was  
dropped from it in #ahhc4       ,vine   
variable in vigor and productiveness1   
injured in severe      winters1 subject 
to attacks of mildew in unfavorable     
seasons4      ,foliage dark green1      
thick4 ,flowers semi-fertile1 open in   
mid-season      or earlier2 stamens     
upright4 ,fruit variable in season of   
ripening1      usually in edible        
condition about ten days before         
,delaware1 does      not always keep    
well4 ,clusters above medium to small1  

usually      rather compact1 seldom     
shouldered4 ,berries not uniform in size
      averaging below ,concord1 roundish
 to slightly oval on account of         
compactness of cluster1 dark            
purplish-black1 persistent4 ,skin       
intermediate in thickness4 ,flesh       
unusually tender and melting1           
sweet1 mild1 good to very good but with 
an after flavor which is      not       
altogether agreeable4 ,seeds rather     
large1 few in number4 ,must             
#hb-a_/b-hc4   ,,advance4  7,riparia1   
,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mass4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3id4 #b4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41      #ahge3chf4 #c4  
,n4 ,j4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3aa4   
#d4 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3fg1 #aeb4  
#e4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #cj3ajh4 #ahic4   
,advance is an unimportant variety now  
to be found only in the vineyards of    
experimenters4 ,at the time of its      
introduction 7#ahgb7 it was of much     
interest as a hybrid between ,riparia1  
,labrusca and ,vinifera1 ,clinton being 

one parent and ,duke of ,magenta1 a     
grape resembling ,black ,hamburg1 the   
other4 ,in quality of fruit it is an    
improvement over ,clinton but           
unfortunately1 as with so many primary  
hybrids of our native species with      
,vitis vinifera1 the vine is tender and 
susceptible to fungi4  ,this variety was
 produced by ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts of       
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 and was first    
exhibited at the grape show in ,new     
,york ,city in #ahgj4       ,vine       
vigorous1 productive1 not very hardy1   
subject to attacks of      mildew4      
,canes long1 covered with considerable  
blue bloom4 ,leaves      rather large1  
thin1 dark green4 ,fruit ripens in      
mid-season1 appears      to keep well4  
,clusters above medium size1 usually    
single-shouldered1 the shoulder being   
connected to the cluster by a           
rather long stem1 medium in compactness 
and with many abortive      fruits4     
,berries medium to large1 oval1 dark    
purplish-black1 covered      with heavy 

blue bloom1 persistent4 ,flesh somewhat 
tender1 flavor      sweet and spicy with
 considerable resemblance to that of    
,clinton1      quality good4   ,,agawam4
  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4     
,mag4 ,hort41 #bc3hf4 #aheg4 7,rogers'  
hybrids47 #b4 ,ib41      #bg3ajd1 #dhi1 
#ecc4 #ahfa4 #c4 ,horticulturist1       
#ag3bf1 #eaj4      #ahfb4 fig4 #d4 ,u4  
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfc3acj1 #edi4 fig4
 #e4      ,horticulturist1 #bj3ha4      
#ahfe4 #f4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #ca3fh1 #ajf1  
#ccc4 #ahfe4 #g4 ,husmann1 #ahff3abd4   
#h4 ,fuller1 #ahfg3bcj4 #i4      ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfg3dd4 #aj4       
,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4      #ahfi4   
#aa4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3dc1 #aec1 #aha1  
#bfb1 #cbe4 #ahfi4 #ab4      ,am4 ,jour4
 ,hort41 #e3bfc4 #ahfi4 fig4 #ac4       
,barry1 #ahgb3dba4      #ad4 ,mich4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3chg4 fig4 #ae4 
,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3fi4 fig4 #af4  
,gar4 and ,for41 #c3dij4 #ahij4         
#ag4 ,can4 ,hort41 #ag3aia4 #ahid4 col4 
pl4 #ah4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4      ,an4 ,rpt41 

#ae3dcc4 #ahif4 #ai4 ,ib41 #ag3ebf1     
#edh1 #eeb1 #eec4      #ahih4 #bj4 ,w4  
,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahii3ia4   
#ba4 ,mo4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #df3cg1 #dc1
 #dd1 #df1 #dg1 #ee4 #ahii4             
,randall 7#bj74aef ,,rogers' ,,no4 #ae  
7#b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i74       
,rogers' ,no4 #ae 7#aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1  
#ad1 #ae74  ,illustration3 ,,agawam     
,agawam is the most largely grown of    
,rogers' hybrids both in the ,united    
,states and in ,new ,york1 the qualities
 commending it being large size of bunch
 and berry1 rich1 sweet1 aromatic       
flavor1 attractive appearance1 excellent
 keeping qualities1 vigor of vine1 and  
capacity for self-fertilization4 ,it has
 the distinction of being the only      
self-fertile variety among ,rogers'     
named hybrids4 ,for a grape having its  
proportion of ,european parentage the   
vine is vigorous1 hardy and productive1 
though not equal to many pure-bred      
,american sorts in these respects4 ,in  
severe winters it is precariously hardy 

in ,new ,york4 ,its chief defects in    
fruit are a somewhat thick and tough    
skin1 coarse solid texture of pulp1 and1
 for the ,european palate1 its decidedly
 foxy flavor4 ,the vine is susceptible  
to the mildews and in many localities   
does not yield well4 ,in some markets   
,agawam is highly esteemed and in making
 certain wines it is much sought for in 
blending because of the flavor it       
imparts4 ,although it ripens soon after 
,concord it can be kept much longer and 
really improves in flavor the first few 
weeks after picking4 ,it may be kept in 
good condition in common storage until  
,january4 ,not uncommonly it shrivels on
 the stem making a raisin4 ,it seems to 
prefer somewhat heavy soils1 doing      
better on clay than on sand or gravel4  
,the ,agawam is often sold in the       
markets as ,salem which it resembles and
 by which it is surpassed in quality4   
,for an account of the parentage and    
origin of ,agawam see ,rogers' ,hybrids 
of which this is ,no4 #ae4 ,it was first

 mentioned as a variety about #ahfa4 ,in
 #ahfi ,rogers gave the fruit the name  
,agawam from the ,indian name of a town 
in ,hampden ,county1 ,massachusetts4 ,it
 has become one of the most1 if not the 
most1 popular of ,rogers' hybrids and is
 in some sections raised to a           
considerable extent as a market sort4   
,it is propagated and sold to-day by    
practically all nurserymen4 ,it was     
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahfg and is still retained  
there4       ,vine vigorous1 usually    
hardy1 medium to productive1 subject to 
mildew4 ,canes of average length1 medium
 in number1 rather thick1               
moderately dark brown2 nodes enlarged1  
somewhat flattened2      internodes     
short to medium2 diaphragm nearly thick2
 pith of average      size2 shoots      
tinged with green1 glabrous2 tendrils   
intermittent to      continuous1 bifid  
to trifid4       ,leaf-buds open in     
mid-season1 of average size1 long1      

somewhat      thick1 conical to nearly  
obtuse4 ,young leaves tinged with       
carmine      on lower side and along    
margin of upper side1 prevailing color  
pale      green4 ,leaves of average     
size1 thick2 upper surface light green1 
dull1 moderately smooth2 lower surface  
pale green1 slightly      pubescent1    
flocculent2 leaf not lobed1 terminus    
somewhat acute2      petiolar sinus     
deep1 narrow1 often overlapping2 lateral
 sinus very      shallow when present2  
teeth shallow1 wide4 ,flowers           
occasionally on      plan of six1 nearly
 self-fertile1 open medium late2 stamens
      upright4       ,fruit ripens soon 
after ,concord1 keeps until mid-winter4 
,clusters      variable averaging medium
 to large1 short1 rather broad1 tapering
      to somewhat cylindrical1 sometimes
 single-shouldered1 somewhat      loose2
 peduncle medium to short1 nearly thick2
 pedicel of average      length1 usually
 thick1 covered with few warts1 much    
enlarged at      point of attachment2   

brush very short1 pale green4 ,berries  
nearly      large1 roundish to slightly 
oval1 dark and dull purplish-red        
somewhat resembling ,catawba1 covered   
with lilac bloom1 very      persistent4 
,skin thick1 tough1 adheres slightly to 
the pulp1      contains no pigment1     
somewhat astringent4 ,flesh pale green1 
translucent1 tough1 slightly stringy1   
rather solid1 foxy1 good in             
quality4 ,seeds somewhat adherent1 two  
to five averaging four1      large1     
rather narrow1 long1 often with slightly
 enlarged neck1      blunt1 brownish2   
raphe usually distinct1 shows as a ridge
 in the      bottom of a broad groove2  
chalaza rather large1 distinctly above  
center1 not obscure4   ,,alexander4     
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87       #a4 ,dom4 
,enc41 #ahjd3bia4 #b4 ,mc,mahon1        
#ahjf3bce4 #c4      ,johnson1 #ahjf3afd4
 #d4 ,adlum1 #ahbc3aci4 #e4 ,ib41       
#ahbc3adj4 #f4 ,dufour1 #ahbf3e1 #i1    
#bd1 #ee1 #aaf1 #bjg1 #bdg1 #bee4       
#g4 ,adlum1 #ahbh3agc4 #h4 ,ib41        

#ahbh3agd4 #i4 ,prince1      #ahcj3agc1 
#baf1 #bai4 #aj4 ,ib41 #ahcj3agd4 #aa4  
,ib41 #ahcj3bjj4      #ab4 ,downing1    
#ahde3bec4 #ac4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4     
,rpt41      #ahdg3dfb4 #ad4 ,ib41       
#ahdg3dfh4 #ae4 ,ib41 #ahef3dcd4 #af4   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3fh4                 
,alexander's 7#g1 #ae74 ,alexandria     
7#ae74 ,black ,grape 7#af74 ,buck       
,grape 7#aa74 ,,cape 7#f1 #ae74 ,cape   
grape 7#ab1 #ac1 #af74 ,cape of ,good   
,hope grape 7#i1 #aj74 ,,clifton',s     
,,constantia 7#d1 #h1 #aj74 ,clifton's  
,constantia 7#ab1 #af74 ,columbian      
7#aa74 ,constantia 7#f1 #af74           
,madeira of ,york1 ,pa4 7#ab74 ,rothrock
 of ,prince 7#af74 ,,schuylkill         
,,muscadel 7#e1 #g1 #ac74 ,schuylkill   
,muscadel 7#i1 #ab1 #ad1 #ae1 #af74     
,schuylkill ,muscadine 7#ab74 ,spring   
,mill ,constantia 7#i1 #ab1 #af74       
,tasker's grape 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #g1 #i1    
#ab1 #af74 ,vevay 7#ac1 #ae1 #af74      
,,winne 7#aa74 ,winne 7#ab1 #af74 ,york 
,lisbon 7#af74  ,alexander is now a     

grape of the past but no other of our   
,american varieties better deserves     
historical record4 ,we have seen in the 
preceding chapters how important a part 
it had in the evolution of our native   
grapes1 being one of the first wild     
grapes to be domesticated4 ,the         
,alexander was a coarse grape with so   
much foxiness of flavor that it did not 
please the early growers1 who had been  
accustomed to ,european sorts1 as a     
table-grape1 but it made a very good    
wine of the claret type and was grown   
for this purpose until displaced by the 
,catawba4 ,it was wine made from this   
variety that ,thomas ,jefferson#aeg     
pronounced worthy of the best vineyards 
of ,france4 ,the early writers differ so
 in their estimates of the good and bad 
qualities of this grape that it is hard 
to give its true characters at this late
 date4  ,the early history of ,alexander
 is really the history of two varieties3
 the ,schuylkill ,muscadel and the      
,clifton ,constantia4 ,the first of     

these varieties was1 according to       
,bartram1 found growing in the vicinity 
of ,philadelphia on the hills bordering 
the ,schuylkill ,river in the           
neighborhood of an old vineyard of      
,european grapes4 ,the finder1 ,john    
,alexander1 was gardener to ,governor   
,penn of ,pennsylvania1 into whose      
garden he introduced it a few years     
before the ,american ,revolution4 ,it   
was later known as ,tasker's grape from 
a ,mr4 ,tasker of ,maryland who         
cultivated it largely4 ,the ,clifton    
,constantia1 according to ,adlum1       
originated with ,william ,clifton of    
,southwark1 ,philadelphia1 who states   
that it was a chance seedling in his    
garden4 ,adlum says that the two        
varieties had been confused1 that they  
are much alike in the growth of the vine
 and the color of the grape but the     
,schuylkill has rather the largest      
berries and is sweeter1 and generally   
has a small shoulder or branch with four
 or five grapes on it growing out from  

the top of the bunch4 ,prince also      
describes the varieties as separate1 but
 he says they are generally cultivated  
and considered as synonymous4 ,later    
writers consider the two grapes         
identical4  ,peter ,legaux1 the promoter
 of a vineyard company at ,spring ,mill1
 about fourteen miles from              
,philadelphia1 secured some vines of the
 ,clifton ,constantia from ,clifton and 
later introduced it under the name of   
,cape grape stating that he had secured 
it from the ,cape of ,good ,hope4       
,whether he did this purposely and with 
intent to defraud or whether he had     
accidentally mixed the cuttings secured 
from ,clifton with some of a large      
number of cuttings which had come from  
abroad will never be known4 ,when       
reproached for his deception he denied  
that this variety was a native and      
continued to assert that he had secured 
it from the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,in   
this he was strongly supported by       
,dufour who says3 ,i will also try to   

save the character of our ,cape grapes  
from being merely wild grapes1 because  
some are now found in the woods4        
,legaux's advertisement of this variety 
had the effect of making it known at    
least and it is the opinion of writers  
of that day that many were induced to   
try this grape under the supposition    
that it was from the ,cape of ,good     
,hope who would have scorned it had they
 supposed it to be a native4 ,it came to
 be considerably planted in all parts of
 the ,united ,states2 was early         
introduced into the ,west and preceded  
the ,catawba as the popular grape around
 ,cincinnati4 ,it was found worthless in
 ,new ,england and ,new ,york1 the      
season not being long enough to mature  
the fruit4 ,with the introduction and   
dissemination of ,catawba it was        
gradually dropped from cultivation1 the 
,catawba being superior in quality1 more
 resistant to rot and mildew and        
slightly earlier4 ,it is now unknown and
 it is doubtful if there are any living 

vines in cultivation4  ,alexander is    
generally considered a variety of       
,labrusca but there is much evidence to 
show that it is a hybrid of ,labrusca   
and ,vinifera4 ,this was the opinion of 
some of the earlier writers but later it
 was discredited4 ,bartram gives as one 
of the distinguishing characters of     
,vinifera and ,american vines that the  
first show oval berries while the latter
 do not1 but he makes an exception of   
,alexander4 ,why this should be an      
exception does not seem apparent unless 
it be credited to hybridity4            
,furthermore1 the season of ,alexander1 
which is very late1 would also indicate 
foreign blood2 a grape native of the    
vicinity of ,philadelphia would         
supposedly be able to ripen itself in   
that locality1 a thing that the         
,alexander seldom did perfectly1 and it 
is spoken of in southern ,indiana as    
being very late4 ,its place of origin   
7in the vicinity of an old vineyard of  
,european kinds7 would indicate that    

there was an opportunity for            
hybridization to take place4 ,the       
descriptions strongly suggest some of   
the coarser-textured of ,rogers'        
hybrids4  ,this solution1 if it be      
accepted1 would account for the         
difference of opinion as to its origin4 
,bartram and ,prince could see enough of
 the characters of the native in a      
hybrid so that they could be deceived   
into claiming it as a native1 and       
,dufour on the other hand could see     
enough of the ,vinifera characters so   
that he felt there was no question as to
 its being of foreign origin4  ,downing 
gives what is probably the most complete
 description of this variety we now     
have1 although it was made from fruit   
raised some distance farther north than 
where the variety matures properly4 ,he 
says3 ,it is quite sweet when ripe and  
makes a very fair wine but it is quite  
too pulpy and coarse for table use4 ,the
 bunches are more compact and the leaves
 much more downy than those of the      

,isabella4 ,bunches rather compact1 not 
shouldered4 ,berries of medium size1    
oval4 ,skin thick1 quite black4 ,flesh  
with a very firm pulp1 but juicy1 and   
quite sweet and musky1 when fully ripe1 
which is not till the last of ,october4 
,dufour speaks of the berries ripening  
unevenly1 requiring the green ones to be
 picked out before sending to the wine  
press4   ,,alexander ,,winter4          
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87       #a4 ,n4   
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fac4 #ahib4   
#b4 ,ib41 #ad3bge4      #ahie4 #c4 ,ib41
 #ag3ebf1 #edh1 #eec4 #ahih4  ,alexander
 ,winter is chiefly valuable because of 
the length of time it will keep4 ,as its
 name implies it is a winter grape4 ,the
 flavor is most excellent and when well 
grown the appearance of bunch and grape 
is attractive4 ,another desirable       
quality is that the average number of   
seeds to the berry is small1 being only 
two4 ,the great defect of the variety is
 that1 even with cross-pollinization1   
perfect clusters do not form4 ,there are

 many green berries1 and when ripe there
 are always some small seedless berries 
indicating imperfect fertilization4     
,vine and foliage indicate ,labrusca    
parentage but the fruit suggests an     
admixture of ,vinifera4 ,although rarely
 found in the gardens and vineyards of  
,new ,york1 ,alexander ,winter is well  
worth a place in the garden of the      
amateur and of the grape-breeder because
 of its excellent keeping qualities4    
,alexander ,winter was originated by ,s4
 ,r4 ,alexander1 ,bellefontaine1 ,ohio1 
from a lot of mixed seed planted in     
#ahhd4 ,it was received at this ,station
 in #ahib4 ,it seems not to have been   
tested elsewhere and is not generally   
handled by nurserymen4       ,vine      
vigorous1 injured in severe winters1    
productive4 ,foliage      irregularly   
roundish1 dark green4 ,flowers open in  
mid-season or      earlier2 stamens     
reflexed4 ,it cannot be relied upon to  
set perfect      clusters when standing 
alone and even when growing in a mixed  

vineyard fails to set fruit well4 ,fruit
 ripens about with ,salem1      keeps a 
long time in edible condition4 ,clusters
 above medium to      small1 very       
heavily shouldered1 loose1 contain many 
small seedless      fruits4 ,berries    
variable in size1 the fully developed   
fruits      averaging medium to large1  
roundish1 dull1 light and dark red1     
covered with thin lilac bloom or at     
times with faint tinge of               
grayish-blue1 persistent4 ,skin covered 
with scattering dark-colored      dots1 
rather thick but tender4 ,flesh tender1 
vinous1 with      indications of        
,vinifera parentage1 sweetish to        
agreeably tart1      flavor pleasing1   
good to very good in quality4 ,seeds    
large1 few in      number2 raphe        
sometimes shows as a raised cord4   7,i7
 ,,alice4  7,labrusca47       #a4 ,bush4
 ,cat41 #ahid3hd4  ,alice is one of two 
,new ,york seedlings of this name       
offered grape-growers1 neither of which 
is worth a permanent place in           

viticulture4 ,this grape is a white     
seedling of ,martha1 and much resembles 
that variety4 ,it was originated by ,j4 
,a4 ,putnam1 ,fredonia1 ,new ,york1 who 
writes that the vine was first fruited  
in #ahij4 ,on account of its close      
resemblance to ,martha it was generally 
considered unworthy of perpetuation and 
is now practically obsolete4   7,,ii7   
,,alice4  7,labrusca1 ,aestivalis81     
,vinifera87       #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41   
#df3cf4 #ahhg4 fig4 #b4 ,ib41 #dg3afa4  
#ahhh4 #c4 ,amer4 ,gard41 #i3g4 #ahhh4  
fig4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 
#aa3fac4 #ahib4 #e4 ,amer4 ,gard41      
#af3dbc4 #ahie4 fig4      #f4 ,mass4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahie3bcc4 #g4 ,n4  
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #ad3bge4     
#ahie4 #h4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahif3acd4      fig4 #i4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41
 #ef3ffb1 #fgi4 #ahig4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4     
,sta4      ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebf1 #edh1   
#eec4 #ahih4  ,a brief record of the    
origin1 history and gross characters of 
,alice is herewith given4 ,the grape is 

of little value in ,new ,york4  ,this   
variety was found growing near an old   
stone wall by ,ward ,d4 ,gunn of        
,clintondale1 ,ulster ,county1 ,new     
,york1 and was transplanted into his    
vineyard in the spring of #ahhd4 ,it was
 introduced by ,f4 ,e4 ,young of        
,rochester4 ,this is a ,labrusca1 with a
 few characters that indicate           
,aestivalis and ,vinifera blood4        
,vine vigorous to medium1 hardy1        
produces fair crops4 ,leaves medium     
to large1 sometimes strongly rugose1    
with lower surface heavily              
pubescent4 ,flowers self-fertile or     
nearly so1 open in mid-season2          
stamens upright4 ,fruit ripens with     
,concord or slightly earlier1 the       
different clusters varying in season of 
ripening1 ships well and      keeps in  
good condition far into the winter4     
,clusters intermediate      in size1    
usually with a small single shoulder1   
medium to compact4      ,berries above  
medium to small1 roundish although      

frequently      strongly compressed on  
account of compactness of cluster1      
rather      dull1 pale red1 somewhat    
lighter than ,catawba1 covered with thin
      lilac bloom1 persistent4 ,skin    
very thick4 ,flesh tender1 vinous1      
somewhat foxy1 sweet at skin to         
agreeably tart at center1 good in       
quality1 resembling ,diana or ,catawba4 
,the seeds1 which are few in            
number1 often show a rough granular1    
warty surface around the      chalaza4  
,,allen',s ,,hybrid4  7,labrusca1       
,vinifera47       #a4 ,mag4 ,hort41     
#bj3dgd4 #ahed4 #b4 ,ib41 #ba3ahb4      
#ahee4 #c4      ,essex ,inst4 ,proc41   
#a3aie4 #ahef4 #d4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bf3ff4
      #ahfj4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41
 #ahfb3ij4 #f4 ,strong1      #ahff3ccj4 
#g4 ,mead1 #ahfg3agf1 #ahg1 #aid4 fig4  
#h4 ,ga4 ,sta4      ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3cbj4
 #aijj4 #i4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3dj4   
#aija4  ,a half century ago ,allen's    
,hybrid was the vine of promise in      
,america4 ,it was the first named hybrid

 between ,vitis labrusca and ,vitis     
vinifera to be disseminated and as such 
awakened the slumbering hopes of the    
horticulturists of a continent4         
,american grape-growers had all but     
given up the expectation of ever growing
 the ,european grape in the ,new ,world 
when ,allen announced this hybrid4      
,auspicious hope6 ,grape-growers        
everywhere hybridized grapes and the    
growing of the vine received an impetus 
surpassed only by that of the           
introduction of the ,concord4 ,botanists
 and horticulturists had doubted the    
possibility and the practicability of   
crossing the ,old ,world grape with the 
,new ,world species1 when this variety  
removed the doubt and led them to hope  
that we were to have varieties of grapes
 in ,america possessing many of the     
coveted characters of the grapes of     
,europe4  ,after its introduction the   
variety was tested wherever grapes were 
grown in the ,united ,states and        
,canada1--and for a generation4 ,its    

high quality1 entirely free from what   
was then considered objectionable       
foxiness1 handsome appearance1 with some
 other qualities of its ,vinifera       
parent1 at first indicated that it was a
 most valuable acquisition2 but it soon 
developed the tenderness of vine and    
susceptibility to fungi and insects     
which have come to be the distinguishing
 marks of the primary hybrids of native 
species and the ,european grape4 ,its   
cultivation has long since ceased and it
 has now a place only in the history of 
,american grape-growing4 ,it has been   
one of the parents of a number of other 
grapes1 chief of which is ,lady         
,washington1 produced from a cross      
between ,allen's ,hybrid and ,concord4  
,the grape is lost to cultivation but   
the name should be perpetuated as       
commemorating one of the great events in
 ,american viticulture4  ,allen's       
,hybrid was originated by ,john ,fiske  
,allen of ,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,in   
the winter of #ahdc-dd he fertilized the

 blossoms of an ,isabella vine growing  
in a greenhouse with pollen from        
,chasselas de ,fontainbleau4 ,seeds were
 produced and planted the next year the 
vines of which began to fruit in #ahec  
and #ahed4 ,one of these seedlings of   
greater merit than the others was saved 
and named ,allen's ,hybrid2 the others  
were destroyed4       ,the vine is not  
hardy1 and requires winter protection1  
but is      vigorous and productive1    
ripening quite early1 and in sheltered  
situations is a desirable variety4      
,bunch medium to large1      shouldered1
 compact2 berry medium to large1 round1 
sometimes      depressed2 skin thin1    
white1 changing to pale yellow when     
fully      ripe2 flesh tender1 juicy1   
sweet1 rich1 with a delicate slightly   
vinous flavor1 and one of the best in   
quality4#aeh   ,,amber ,,queen4         
7,vinifera1 ,riparia1 ,labrusca47       
#a4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgj3cc4
 #b4 ,ib41 #ahgc3aja4      #c4 ,bush4   
,cat41 #ahhc3gj4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 

,rpt41 #h3cdb4      #ahhi4 #e4 ,ib41    
#ag3edh1 #eeb4 #ahih4 #f4 ,mo4 ,sta4    
,bul41      #df3db1 #dd1 #df1 #gf4      
#ahii4 #g4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3dj4    
#aija4  ,amber ,queen is interesting    
chiefly as having sprung from three     
species1 ,vitis vinifera1 ,vitis        
labrusca and ,vitis riparia1 and as     
showing the characters of all in some   
degree4 ,the fruit strongly indicates   
the ,vinifera parentage1 the continuous 
tendrils ,labrusca1 and the vine1 in    
vigor of growth and several botanical   
characters1 shows its descent from      
,riparia4 ,the variety has never been   
much grown1 and when cultivated could be
 best characterized by its faults--of   
not setting fruit well1 susceptibility  
to mildew and black-rot and of          
unproductiveness4 ,it is1 however1      
reasonably successful in especially     
favorable localities4  ,the variety was 
first exhibited at a meeting of the     
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
in #ahgj4 ,it was originated by ,n4 ,b4 

,white1 ,norwood1 ,massachusetts1 from  
seed of ,marion fertilized with ,black  
,hamburg4 ,bush questions this parentage
 owing to the fact that ,amber ,queen   
frequently shows continuous tendrils4   
,in the vineyard of this ,station1      
however1 ,marion shows continuous as    
well as intermittent tendrils1          
indicating that it would be quite       
possible for the ,amber ,queen to have  
inherited its aberrant tendrils from    
that source4       ,vine a strong       
grower1 usually hardy1 produces light   
crops except in      favored locations1 
both leaves and fruit subject to attacks
 of      fungal diseases4 ,leaves above 
medium size1 roundish1 rather thick4    
,flowers sterile or nearly so1          
practically incapable of setting        
fruit when self-fertilized1 open about  
in mid-season and bloom a      long     
time2 stamens reflexed4 ,fruit variable 
in season of ripening1      sometimes   
before1 at other times after ,concord1  
usually requires      more than one     

picking to secure the fruit at its best1
 does not      keep well as the berries 
soon wither4 ,clusters variable in size 
but      not large1 usually loose and   
open but sometimes compact4 ,berries    
not uniform in size1 roundish to oval1  
dark red covered with more      or less 
lilac bloom1 somewhat resembling        
,catawba in color1 not very      firm as
 the berries soon shrivel1 persistent4  
,flesh very juicy1      soft and tender1
 mildly sweet at skin to acid at center1
 good to      very good in quality4     
,seeds variable in size1 frequently with
      enlarged neck2 chalaza distinctly 
above center4   ,,ambrosia4  7,labrusca1
 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4    
,an4 ,rpt41 #aj3did4 #ahia4 #b4 ,ib41   
#aa3fad4      #ahib4 #c4 ,ib41 #ag3ebf1 
#ede1 #edg1 #eec4 #ahih4  ,ambrosia is a
 ,new ,york seedling which1 though      
introduced nearly twenty years ago1 has 
not found favor with grape-growers4 ,in 
quality1 while hardly worthy of its     
name1 it ranks high and for this reason 

may be worth a place in the vineyard of 
the amateur4 ,on the ,station grounds it
 shells badly1 differing in this respect
 from its supposed parent ,salem4  ,the 
variety was originated by ,alfred ,rose 
of ,penn ,yan1 ,new ,york1 from seed of 
,salem1 planted in #ahhd4 ,it was       
received for testing by this ,station in
 #ahhh4 ,there are no records of its    
having been tested elsewhere4           
,vine vigorous1 healthy1 usually hardy1 
moderately productive4      ,leaves     
intermediate in size2 lower surface     
heavily tinged with      bronze4        
,flowers occasionally on plan of six1   
fertile1 open in      mid-season or     
earlier2 stamens upright4 ,fruit ripens 
about with      ,concord or ,delaware1  
appears to keep well4 ,clusters large to
      medium1 broadly and irregularly   
tapering1 sometimes blunt at ends1      
usually not shouldered or shoulder when 
present small and short1      compact to
 medium4 ,berries large to above medium1
 slightly oblate1      attractive green 

changing to a yellow tinge1 covered with
 a more or      less gray bloom1 drop   
from clusters easily4 ,flesh rather     
transparent and tender1 mild1 sweetish  
from skin to center1                    
pleasant-flavored but somewhat variable 
in flavor and quality1      ranking from
 medium to very good4 ,seeds separate   
readily from the      pulp1 quite large2
 raphe often shows as a partly submerged
 cord4   ,,america4  7,lincecumii1      
,rupestris47       #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4    
,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fad4 #ahib4 #b4 ,an4    
,hort41      #ahib3agf4 #c4 ,husmann1   
#ahie3aaf1 #abe4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt41 #ad3bgf4 #ahie4 #e4 ,ib41        
#ag3ebf1 #edh1 #eec1 #ahih4 #f4         
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaeb4     
#ahih4 fig4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4        
,cat41 #ahii3bi4 #h4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41  
#df3dc1 #de1 #df1 #dg4 #ahii4      #i4  
,ga4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3cbj4 #aijj4  
#aj4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #ef3bfc1   
#bgd4 #aijj4 fig4 #aa4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41  
#fj3fad4 #aija4      #ab4 ,mo4 ,hort4   

,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijd3cje4  ,america is    
illustrated and described in ,the       
,grapes of ,new ,york chiefly because of
 its possible value in breeding work4   
,it may also be worth growing in a      
limited way in this ,state for          
wine-making as it is reputed by all who 
have tried it to be one of the best     
native grapes for a dark red wine and to
 make a very good port4 ,the notable    
qualities of the variety as it grows at 
,geneva are3 ,vigor of growth1 health of
 foliage1 persistence of berries1 high  
sugar content and the peculiar flavor of
 the fruit1 liked by some and not by    
others4 ,at least it can be said that   
the taste of ,america is new to northern
 grape-growers2 and1 since it wholly    
lacks the foxy taste and aroma of       
,labrusca1 it offers possibilities for  
breeding varieties lacking the          
distinguishing flavor of ,concord and   
,niagara4 ,this variety would probably  
be somewhat objectionable in northern   
markets as a table fruit because of the 

highly colored juice1 which stains the  
hands and the lips4 ,the flavor is      
decidedly that of ,vitis rupestris4     
,its originator claims for ,america     
great resistance to heat and cold2 and  
our experience1 though limited1 confirms
 the claim4 ,so1 too1 it is said to be a
 suitable stock upon which to graft     
,vinifera varieties to resist           
phylloxera1 a matter concerning which   
our experience in this region offers    
nothing1 though the parentage strongly  
suggests such resistance to be the case4
 ,the vigor of the vine and the         
luxuriance of the foliage1 probably     
still more marked farther south1 cannot 
but make it an excellent sort for       
arbors4 ,but the fact must be emphasized
 that ,america is preeminently of       
interest to the northern grape-grower   
because it gives him an opportunity to  
make use in breeding work1 of the       
qualities of ,rupestris and ,lincecumii1
 southern species combined in this      
variety and thriving in the combination 

in northern conditions4  ,illustration3 
,,america  ,the grape described here was
 originated by ,munson from seed of     
,jaeger ,no4 #dc pollinated by a male   
,rupestris4 ,it was received at this    
,station in #ahib which was practically 
the date of its introduction4 ,america  
has been widely tested by experiment    
stations and the reports of its behavior
 are generally favorable4       ,vine   
vigorous to very vigorous1 usually      
hardy1 produces heavy      crops4 ,canes
 long1 numerous1 of medium size1 dark   
reddish-brown1      covered with heavy  
blue bloom2 nodes enlarged1 strongly    
flattened2      internodes of average   
length2 diaphragm medium in thickness2  
pith      rather large2 shoots glabrous1
 covered with blue bloom2 tendrils      
intermittent2 long1 bifid4              
,leaf-buds open in mid-season1 medium to
 small1 of average length1      rather  
thick1 conical to obtuse4 ,young leaves 
tinged on both sides1      making the   
prevailing color rose-carmine4 ,leaves  

healthy1 inferior      in size1 rather  
thin2 upper surface attractive medium   
green1      glossy1 smooth2 lower       
surface light green1 hairy2 veins       
indistinct2      lobes lacking or       
faintly showing1 terminal lobe acute2   
petiolar      sinus moderately deep and 
wide2 teeth of average depth and width4 
,flowers sterile1 usually on plan of    
six1 open late2 stamens      reflexed4  
,fruit ripens with ,concord or later1   
keeps well4 ,clusters nearly      large1
 above medium length1 broad1 tapering1  
somewhat cylindrical1      irregular1   
usually single-shouldered1 averaging two
 or three      bunches per shoot1       
usually compact2 peduncle of medium     
length1      rather thick2 pedicel      
short1 slender1 covered with few1 small1
      inconspicuous warts2 brush short1 
thick1 with reddish tinge4      ,berries
 medium to small1 variable in size1     
roundish1 attractive      black or      
purplish-black1 glossy1 covered with    
heavy blue bloom1      persistent1      

somewhat soft4 ,skin thin1 very tender1 
adheres slightly      to the pulp1      
contains an unusually large amount of   
purplish-red      pigment1 slightly     
astringent4 ,flesh dull white with faint
 reddish      tinge1 translucent1 not   
very juicy1 tender1 not stringy1        
melting1      spicy1 vinous1 sweet1 good
 in quality4 ,seeds separate easily1 two
      to five1 average four1 above      
medium size1 long1 of moderate width1   
pointed1 yellowish-brown2 raphe         
prominent1 cord-like2 chalaza           
large1 slightly above center1           
irregularly circular1 distinct4  ,there 
is a second variety under the name      
,america1 as ,ricketts years ago        
introduced an ,america which has        
probably passed from cultivation4       
,,amethyst4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1     
,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijc3hb4  ,amethyst is one
 of ,munson's hybrids as yet unknown to 
the grape-growers of ,new ,york4 ,it is 
a most excellent table grape1 coming    

after the ,delaware which it much       
resembles in habit of growth and in     
fruit4 ,it is a stronger grower than    
,delaware1 has proved to be as hardy1 is
 seemingly not attacked readily by      
black-rot1 but like the ,delaware is    
susceptible to mildew4 ,in quality it   
ranks with ,delago1 ,brilliant1 ,goethe1
 ,lindley and ,delaware1 all parents one
 or two generations removed4 ,according 
to ,munson it makes a good white wine4  
,it is at least an amateur's grape1 to  
be sought because of high quality4 ,it  
was originated by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson of    
,denison1 ,texas1 being first fruited in
 #ahih4 ,it is a cross of ,delago and   
,brilliant and was introduced in #aijb4 
,vine moderately vigorous1 hardy1 medium
 to productive1 susceptible      to     
attacks of mildew4 ,canes intermediate  
in length1 number and      thickness1   
light and dark brown deepening in color 
at the nodes4      ,leaves medium to    
nearly large1 light green2 lower surface
 pale      green1 pubescent4 ,flowers   

nearly fertile to slightly sterile1 open
      rather late2 stamens upright4     
,fruit ripens after ,delaware1 keeps    
well4 ,clusters medium to large1        
intermediate in length and width1       
usually single-shouldered1 compact4     
,berries above medium to small1         
roundish to oval1 strongly narrowing    
toward the pedicel on account      of   
compactness of cluster1 rather          
attractive dark red1 covered with       
lilac bloom1 usually persistent4 ,skin  
thick1 of average toughness4      ,flesh
 rather tough1 solid1 vinous1 sweetish  
at skin to agreeably      tart at center
 somewhat resembling ,brilliant1 good to
 very good in      quality4 ,seeds      
intermediate in size and length1 often  
with enlarged      neck4   ,,aminia4    
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mag4 
,hort41 #ca3ccc4 #ahfe4 #b4 ,mass4      
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahfe3dj4 #c4  
,n4 ,y4 ,agr4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgj3bgf4   
#d4 ,mich4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahge3cda4 #e4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3gj4  

#f4      ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3beb4    
#ahic4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41    
#ag3ebf1 #edh1 #eec4 #ahih4 #h4 ,mo4    
,sta4 ,bul41 #df3db1 #dd1 #df1      #dh1
 #ed4 #ahii4 #i4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 
#ac3cbj4 #aijj4       ,,rogers' ,,no4   
#ci 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d74 ,rogers' ,no4 #ci 
7#e74  ,aminia is deserving the         
recognition of a color-plate and a full 
description in this work because in     
quality it is one of the best early     
grapes for ,new ,york4 ,besides being   
early and of good quality it keeps well4
 ,it ripens with or a little after      
,moore ,early and ,hartford1 producing  
berries of high quality and attractive  
appearance but the bunches are small1   
variable in size1 not well formed as a  
rule1 and the berries ripen unevenly4   
,the vine is vigorous1 not as hardy as  
might be wished for in ,new ,york1 nor  
as productive as a commercial variety   
must be1 and shows the weaknesses       
characteristic of all of ,rogers'       
hybrids4  ,illustration3 ,,aminia  ,for 

an account of the origin of the ,aminia 
see page #cij under ,rogers' ,hybrids4  
,in #ahfg ,bush secured vines of        
,rogers' ,no4 #ci from several different
 sources4 ,when these came into bearing 
he found he had three different         
varieties4 ,the original vine of        
,rogers' ,no4 #ci having been destroyed 
it was impossible to determine which was
 the correct one4 ,bush selected the    
best of these and to avoid further      
confusion1 with the consent of ,rogers1 
named it ,aminia4 ,but in spite of      
,bush's care there are still at least   
two different varieties cultivated under
 this name4 ,although the ,aminia is    
found in many varietal vineyards1 an    
examination of over forty of the leading
 grape nurserymen's catalogs shows only 
three who offer vines for sale4         
,vine vigorous1 not always hardy1       
lacking somewhat in      productiveness4
 ,canes slightly rough1 long1 medium in 
number1      thickish1 dark brown to    
reddish tinge2 nodes enlarged1 usually  

not      flattened2 internodes medium to
 long2 diaphragm somewhat thick2        
pith large2 shoots pubescent2 tendrils  
intermittent1 long to      medium1      
trifid to bifid1 persistent4            
,leaf-buds open in mid-season1 about    
medium in size and length1      above   
average thickness1 prominent1 obtuse to 
conical4 ,young leaves      colored on  
both sides1 prevailing color rather     
bright carmine4      ,leaves large1 of  
average thickness2 upper surface medium 
green1      rather dull1 nearly smooth2 
lower surface light green1 slightly     
pubescent2 veins distinct2 lobes usually
 three1 terminal lobe      acute2       
petiolar sinus rather deep1 narrow1     
often closed and      overlapping2 basal
 sinus usually lacking2 lateral sinus   
nearly      shallow1 narrow2 teeth      
somewhat shallow1 inclined to wide4     
,flowers      open in mid-season1       
sterile2 stamens reflexed4       ,fruit 
ripens early1 just after ,hartford1     
keeps well4 ,clusters      medium to    

small1 of average length1 broad1        
irregular1 somewhat      conical1       
sometimes with a long shoulder1 rather  
loose2 peduncle      long1 thick2       
pedicel longish1 not slender1 broad at  
point of      attachment1 covered with  
few warts2 brush short1 thick1          
brownish-red4 ,berries range from large 
to small1 decidedly      variable1      
roundish1 dull black1 covered with blue 
bloom1      persistent1 firm4 ,skin     
rather thick1 somewhat tender1 adheres  
considerably to the pulp1 contains a    
large amount of purplish-red            
pigment1 slightly astringent4 ,flesh    
greenish1 translucent1      moderately  
tender1 rather solid and coarse1 foxy1  
sweet at skin but      somewhat acid at 
center2 quality good4 ,seeds adherent1  
one to six1      average three and four1
 very large1 long1 fair width1 sharply  
pointed1 light brown with yellow tinge2 
raphe obscure2 chalaza      large1 above
 center1 irregularly circular to oval1  
distinct4   ,,antoinette4  7,labrusca47 

#a4 ,n4 ,j4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41         
#ahha3aj4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41           
#dh3hja4 #ahhi4 fig4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41  
#ahid3hf4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt41 #ae3bid4 #ahif4 #e4 ,ib41        
#ag3ebf1 #ede1 #edg1      #eec4 #ahih4  
#f4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bce4 #aijb4 
,antoinette is a white seedling of      
,concord which1 on the ,station grounds1
 and in the ,state at large1 has not    
shown sufficient merit to warrant its   
recommendation4 ,it is very similar to  
the several other white seedlings of    
,concord1 all of which have a decided   
varietal resemblance and which1 except  
in color of fruit1 have the general     
characters of ,concord4  ,t4 ,b4 ,miner1
 of ,new ,jersey1 produced ,antoinette  
from ,concord seed over thirty years    
ago4       ,vine medium to vigorous1    
usually hardy1 fairly productive4 ,canes
      medium to short1 usually          
roughened4 ,leaves of average size and  
thickness with lower surface heavily    
pubescent4 ,flowers open in             

mid-season or earlier1 fertile2 stamens 
upright4 ,fruit ripens with             
,concord or slightly earlier1 keeps     
well4 ,clusters medium to small1        
cylindrical to tapering1 usually not    
shouldered1 variable in                 
compactness4 ,berries large to below    
medium1 roundish1 dark dull      green  
or whitish1 often with a tinge of       
yellow1 covered with heavy      gray    
bloom1 inclined to drop from pedicel1   
not firm4 ,skin usually      covered    
with small scattering dark dots1 thin1  
variable in      toughness4 ,flesh      
rather tough1 sweetish next the skin1   
tart at      center1 slightly foxy1 good
 to very good in quality4 ,seeds        
separate      from the pulp with        
difficulty1 not numerous1 rather large1 
dark      brown4   ,,august ,,giant4    
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mass4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3ie4 #b4      
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3gb4 #c4 ,ill4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3beb4 #ahic4 #d4 ,col4  
,sta4      ,bul41 #bi3ah4 #ahid4 #e4    

,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3hf4 #f4 ,del4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #g3acd1 #acf4 #ahie4  ,the  
originator of ,august ,giant has managed
 to secure a hybrid of ,vitis labrusca  
and ,vitis vinifera in which the fruit  
characters are decidedly those of the   
latter species4 ,in appearance of berry 
and in taste1 when well grown1 ,august  
,giant greatly resembles ,black         
,hamburg4 ,the vine is unusually        
vigorous and1 considering its parentage1
 is quite hardy4 ,the foliage is thick  
and luxuriant1 though somewhat subject  
to mildew4 ,the vigor of vine1 beauty of
 foliage1 and the high quality of the   
fruit make the variety a desirable one  
for the amateur1 especially where an    
ornamental vine is wanted4 ,the variety 
needs to be grown where the fruit can   
have a long and favorable maturing      
season4  ,august ,giant was originated  
by ,n4 ,b4 ,white of ,norwood1          
,massachusetts1 in #ahfa from seed of an
 early1 large-berried red grape of the  
,labrusca type1 pollinated by ,black    

,hamburg4  ,illustration3 ,,august      
,,giant       ,vine very vigorous1      
usually hardy1 not a heavy bearer1      
somewhat      subject to mildew4 ,canes 
medium to long1 numerous1 thick1 light  
to      dark brown2 nodes enlarged1     
slightly flattened2 internodes below    
average length2 diaphragm rather thick2 
pith large to medium2      shoots       
slightly pubescent2 tendrils continuous1
 medium to long1      bifid to trifid4  
,leaf-buds open in mid-season1 of       
average size1 short1 rather thick1      
conical to obtuse4 ,young leaves tinged 
with carmine on lower side              
extending beyond border of upper side4  
,leaves medium to very large1           
thick2 upper surface dark green1 glossy1
 smooth1 slightly rugose on      older  
leaves2 lower surface pale green to     
indistinct bronze1      pubescent2 veins
 rather indistinct2 lobes usually three1
 terminal      lobe acute2 petiolar     
sinus medium to deep1 narrow1 frequently
      closed and overlapping2 lateral   

sinus shallow to a mere notch2          
teeth shallow1 narrow4 ,flowers open in 
mid-season1 sterile2 stamens            
reflexed4       ,fruit ripens about a   
week later than ,moore ,early1 keeps    
well4      ,clusters of average size or 
sometimes larger1 medium to short1      
rather broad1 irregularly tapering1 not 
uniform1 usually      single-shouldered1
 loose to nearly compact2 peduncle long 
to medium      in length1 somewhat      
thick2 pedicel longish1 thick1 wide at  
attachment to berry1 covered with       
numerous large warts2 brush      short1 
thick1 greenish or with brown tinge4    
,berries resemble ,black      ,hamburg  
in general appearance but somewhat      
variable1 averaging      large1 oval to 
roundish1 dark purplish-red or black1   
dull1 covered      with thick blue      
bloom1 hang well to pedicel1 firm4 ,skin
 of average      thickness1 tough1      
adheres slightly to pulp1 contains a    
small amount      of bright red pigment1
 strongly astringent4 ,flesh greenish1  

translucent1 somewhat tough1 stringy1   
agreeably tart at skin but      acid at 
center1 good in quality1 resembling     
,black ,hamburg4 ,seeds      adherent1  
one to four1 averaging three1 large1    
rather broad1 long1      plump1 somewhat
 blunt1 light brown2 raphe usually      
obscure2 chalaza      somewhat large1   
above center1 irregularly circular1     
distinct4   ,,autuchon4  7,riparia1     
,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4        
,downing1 #ahfi3ecj4 #b4 ,grape ,cult41 
#a3cbe1 #ccd1 #cfh4      #ahfi4 fig4 #c4
 ,horticulturist1 #bd3ai1 #ahfi4 #d4    
,ib41      #be3gd4 #ahgj4 #e4 ,grape    
,cult41 #b3bfe4 #ahgj4 #f4 ,barry1      
#ahgb3dbd4 #g4 ,horticulturist1 #bg3ad4 
#ahgb4 #h4 ,montreal      ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #ahha3aei4 #i4 ,bush4 ,cat41     
#ahhc3ga4 fig4      #aj4 ,minn4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhd3bdi4 #aa4 ,can4 ,cen4
 ,exp4      ,farms ,rpt41 #ahia3acd4    
#ab4 ,trait gen4 de vit41 #e3bjj4       
#aijc4       ,,arnold',s ,,no4 #e 7#c74 
,arnold's ,no4 #e 7#a1 #b1 #d1 #e1 #f1  

#h1 #i1 #aj1 #ab74  ,autuchon was       
introduced about #ahgj with great clat4 
,it was heralded as the best white grape
 in ,america--a veritable treasure4     
,later it was grown and somewhat widely 
tested in ,france4 ,but in neither      
country has it come up to expectations4 
,in ,america it has proved to be        
somewhat tender to cold1 an unreliable  
bearer and subject to rot and mildew4   
,in ,france it shows the same weaknesses
 and is not as resistant to phylloxera  
as are other and better ,american sorts4
 ,the quality of ,autuchon is excellent1
 being that of its ,european parent with
 the agreeable sprightliness of its     
,american ancestor4 ,according to the   
reports regarding it from ,france it    
makes a wine remarkably white1 vinous   
and fresh1 slightly musky and agreeable1
 and of a beautiful yellow color4#aei   
,autuchon was originated by ,charles    
,arnold of ,paris1 ,canada1 from seed   
planted in #ahei1 ,the parents are      
,clinton pollinated by ,golden          

,chasselas4 ,it is not in the ,station  
collection1 and the following           
description is taken from the ,bushberg 
,catalogue4#afj       ,leaves dark      
green1 very deep lobed and sharp pointed
 serratures2      the unripe wood is    
very dark purple1 nearly black4 ,bunches
 very      long1 not heavily shouldered1
 rather loose2 berries medium size1     
round1 white 7green71 with a moderately 
firm1 but readily melting      flesh1   
and an agreeable sprightly flavor1      
resembling the ,white      ,chasselas4  
,skin thin1 without astringency4 ,ripens
 with the      ,delaware4   ,,bacchus4  
7,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgi 7cited by #b74 
#b4 ,gar4 ,mon41      #bb3agf4 #ahhj4   
#c4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41          
#ahhj3bch4 #d4      ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3gb4 fig4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt41      #i3cbf4 #ahij4 #f4 ,ill4    
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3beb4 #ahic4 #g4 ,tenn4 
,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3afg4 #ahif4 #h4   
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ei3g4 #aijj4  ,bacchus 

is a wine grape deemed worthy by its    
originator to bear the name of the god  
of wine4 ,it is an offspring of ,clinton
 which it much resembles in vine and    
leaf characters but surpasses in quality
 of fruit and in productiveness4 ,in    
,new ,york ,bacchus has very generally  
superseded ,clinton though neither is   
extensively grown4 ,it is vigorous1     
productive1 hardy1 free from mildew and 
adapted to a variety of soils2 it       
requires a long season for full maturity
 and cannot therefore be well grown in  
northern locations though the seasons in
 the grape regions of ,new ,york are    
usually sufficiently long4 ,the         
wine-makers of the ,state mention it as 
one of the most desirable grapes for a  
dark red wine4 ,while it is generally   
too tart for a dessert grape1 yet if    
left on the vine until frost1 as late as
 it can hang1 it becomes a good late    
table grape4 ,bacchus is one of the     
best1 if not the best1 cultivated types 
of ,riparia1 or of the ,clinton group of

 ,riparia4 ,its special points of merit 
from a broad standpoint are3 ,resistance
 to cold1 resistance to phylloxera1     
value for wine-making1 freedom from     
fungi and insects1 productiveness1 ease 
of multiplication1 and capacity to bear 
grafts4 ,for the above qualities it     
offers exceptional opportunities to the 
plant-breeder4 ,its most prominent      
limitations are3 ,poor quality for table
 use1 inability to withstand dry soils  
or droughts and non-adaptability to     
soils containing much lime4             
,illustration3 ,,bacchus  ,there is no  
question about the origin of ,bacchus4  
,it is a seedling of ,clinton which1 as 
mentioned above1 it greatly resembles in
 every character4 ,the variety was      
originated by ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts of      
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 and was first    
exhibited by him before the ,american   
,pomological ,society in #ahgi4 ,it is  
well known in eastern ,united ,states   
and1 as in ,new ,york1 is highly thought
 of as a wine grape4       ,vine very   

vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1 productive4   
,canes average in      length1 numerous1
 of medium size1 rather light to dark   
brown with      some bloom at nodes     
which are somewhat enlarged and         
flattened2      internodes intermediate 
in length2 diaphragm below average      
thickness2 pith large to medium2 shoots 
nearly glabrous2 tendrils               
continuous1 of mean length1 bifid4      
,leaf-buds open early1 of average size1 
rather short1 thick1 obtuse      to     
conical4 ,young leaves faintly tinged   
with carmine on lower side      only1   
prevailing color pale green with faint  
carmine tinge4 ,leaves      medium to   
small1 thin2 upper surface dark green1  
glossy1 smooth2      lower surface dull 
green1 not pubescent2 veins indistinct2 
lobes      three in number1 terminal    
lobe acuminate2 petiolar sinus medium to
      shallow1 narrow sometimes nearly  
overlapping2 basal sinus lacking2       
lateral sinus shallow1 wide2 teeth of   
average depth and width4      ,flowers  

open early1 sterile2 stamens upright4   
,fruit ripens late and keeps well1      
hanging a long time on the vine4        
,clusters small to medium1 below average
 length1 rather slender1      uniform1  
cylindrical1 often single-shouldered1   
compact2 peduncle      almost short1    
intermediate in size2 pedicel short to  
medium1      slender1 covered with a few
 small warts2 brush short1 wine-colored4
      ,berries variable in size1 below  
medium to small1 roundish1 black1       
glossy1 covered with a moderate amount  
of blue bloom1 hang well to             
pedicels1 firm4 ,skin thin1 of average  
toughness1 adheres only      slightly to
 the pulp1 contains much wine-colored   
pigment1 slightly      astringent4      
,flesh dark green1 translucent1         
fine-grained1 somewhat      tough1      
vinous1 sweet at skin to tart near      
seeds1 with slight      ,riparia        
spiciness1 of medium quality1 improving 
as the season      advances4 ,seeds     
cling to pulp1 one to four1 average two1

 often many      abortive1 above medium 
size1 rather short and wide1 usually    
plump1      sharply pointed1 brownish2  
raphe obscure2 chalaza above center1    
pear-shaped1 distinct4 ,must registers  
#ie-aaj4   ,,bailey4  7,lincecumii1     
,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,rural 
,n4 ,y41 #ej3bba1 #bbb4 #ahia4 fig4 #b4 
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3aei4 #c4 ,n4   
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ad3bgf4 #ahie4   
#d4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      
#ag3ebf1 #edh1 #eec4 #ahih4 #e4 ,tex4   
,sta4 ,bul41      #dh3aadi1 #aaec4      
#ahih4 fig4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 
#ahii3bi4      #g4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#ef3bge4 #aijj4 #h4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41     
#fj3fad4 #aija4  ,in the ,bailey are    
combined characters of three species1   
,vinifera1 ,labrusca and                
,lincecumii--characters attained in     
three widely separated regions1 ,europe1
 ,massachusetts1 and ,texas4 ,moreover  
the characters of ,vinifera and         
,labrusca have been transmitted to      
,bailey through ,triumph1 in which      

variety they are as well combined as in 
any other hybrid of the two species4    
,the ,lincecumii parent1 ,big ,berry1 is
 at the head of ,munson's ,big ,berry   
,family of hybrids2 brought in from the 
wild1 it is one of the best             
representatives of its species4 ,bailey1
 therefore1 has royal blood and if      
parentage counts in grapes1 it should   
prove valuable4 ,unfortunately ,new     
,york1 at least the ,station vineyard1  
is a little too far north for the fruit 
to mature well4 ,in cold winters the    
vine is liable to winter injury4 ,in    
seasons when the grapes have matured the
 appearance and quality of the fruit    
have been such as to recommend it4 ,its 
vigor of vine and productiveness give it
 additional value1 and if not to be     
recommended for commercial plantings in 
this ,state1 it can surely be named as  
valuable for breeding purposes4 ,the    
name of the variety was bestowed upon it
 by its originator in honor of ,l4 ,h4  
,bailey1 known by all grape-growers for 

his services to viticulture4  ,bailey   
was originated by ,munson from seeds of 
a wild ,post-oak grape called ,big      
,berry1 fertilized with pollen of       
,triumph4 ,the seed was planted in #ahhg
 and the original vine came into        
fruiting in #ahhi-ij4 ,the variety is   
now very generally disseminated         
throughout the ,east1 and the reports of
 its behavior1 in the ,north at least1  
generally accord with that from this    
,station given above4       ,vine       
vigorous1 injured in severe winters1    
produces good crops of      fruit4      
,canes dark reddish-brown1 of good      
length1 of medium size and      number4 
,leaves average in size1 light green1   
dull to slightly      glossy1 with very 
distinct veins on lower surface which is
      cobwebby4 ,flowers open late1     
fertile2 upright stamens4       ,fruit  
ripens unevenly almost as late as       
,catawba1 keeps well4      ,clusters    
rather large and long1 not very broad1  
often blunt at      ends1 cylindrical to

 irregularly tapering1 usually not      
shouldered      but sometimes with a    
small1 short shoulder1 compact4 ,berries
      persistent1 medium to large1 vary 
in shape from roundish to ovate      on 
account of compactness of clusters1     
change in color from      purplish-black
 to black1 covered with a heavy blue    
bloom4 ,skin      medium to thin1       
strongly astringent1 tough1 adheres     
somewhat to the      pulp1 contains a   
large amount of purplish-red pigment4   
,flesh      moderately juicy and tender1
 coarse1 vinous1 good in quality1       
releases the seeds rather easily4 ,seeds
 numerous1 medium to above      in size1
 moderately broad1 above medium to      
medium length1 blunt1      brownish2    
raphe buried in a shallow1 narrow       
groove2 chalaza large1      above       
center1 circular to oval1 distinct4     
,,banner4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1       
,bourquiniana87       #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4   
,a4 ,yr4 ,bk41 #aijf3cfa4 col4 pl4      
,banner is one of the newer offerings   

for pomological honors4 ,the ,station   
was not able to secure vines until #aijf
 and these have not yet fruited4 ,so far
 as is known it is not grown elsewhere  
in the ,state4 ,since the variety has   
been well spoken of by horticulturists  
who have seen it1 and since it has been 
deemed worthy a place among the         
promising new fruits illustrated and    
described in the ,year ,book of the     
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture for #aijf1 the variety is  
discussed here4 ,the technical          
description of it is quoted from the    
above reference4  ,the variety was      
originated by ,joseph ,bachman of       
,altus1 ,arkansas1 from seed of ,lindley
 pollinated by ,delaware4 ,the seed was 
planted in #ahih4 ,the originator states
 that he suspects a ,stark-,star vine   
growing alongside also furnished pollen 
as the ,lindley blossoms were           
unprotected4       ,cluster large1 broad
 conical1 heavily shouldered1 very      
compact2      stem short2 berries       

globular1 of medium size1 adhering      
tenaciously      to the small green     
peduncles2 skin moderately thick1 and   
rather      tough2 amber red and glossy1
 but covered with a profuse bloom2      
flesh translucent1 juicy1 and rather    
meaty2 seeds few1 very small1           
brown2 flavor refreshing subacid to     
sweet and aromatic2 quality      good to
 very good4 ,season late ,august and    
early ,september in      ,franklin      
county1 ,arkansas1 ten days or two weeks
 later than      ,delaware4   ,,barry4  
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfd3acf4 #b4 ,mass4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahfe3dj4 #c4 
,mag4 ,hort41 #cd3cde4 #ahfh4 #d4 ,am4  
,jour4      ,hort41 #e3aa4 #ahfi4 fig4  
#e4 ,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4 #ahfi4    
#f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfi3db4   
#g4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3ahb1      #cbf4   
#ahfi4 #h4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3gd4 fig4 
#i4 ,mich4 ,bd4      ,agr4 ,rpt41       
#bd3acc4 #ahhe4 #aj4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#bh3beb4 #ahic4      #aa4 ,rural ,n4    

,y41 #eb3fga4 #ahic4 #ab4 ,tenn4 ,sta4  
,bul41 ,vol4      #i3aia4 #ahif4 #ac4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebf1 #edh1
 #edi1      #eeb1 #eec4 #ahih4 #ad4     
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaec4     
#ahih4      #ae4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt41 #ah3cgj1 #cie4 #ahii4            
,,rogers' ,,no4 #dc 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d74   
,rogers' ,no4 #dc 7#e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #aa1 
#ab74   ,barry1 first known as ,rogers' 
,no4 #dc1 was dedicated in #ahfi1 by    
,rogers1 to ,patrick ,barry1            
distinguished nurseryman1 pomologist and
 viticulturist4 ,happily the variety is 
such that it should long honor the name 
it bears4 ,the ,barry is one of our best
 black grapes1 resembling in berry and  
somewhat in flavor and keeping quality  
its ,european parent1 ,black ,hamburg4  
,the flavor is delicate and sweet1 the  
flesh tender1 with thin skin and        
unobjectionable seeds4 ,the appearance  
of berry and bunch is attractive4 ,the  
fruit keeps splendidly1 and as this is  
written1 on the twenty-ninth of         

,february1 leap-year1 there are before  
the writer bunches of the ,barry1 kept  
in common storage without wrapping or   
other special care1 which are in perfect
 condition4 ,the vine is vigorous1      
hardy1 and productive1 but susceptible  
to mildew4 ,the ripening season is      
usually said to be that of the ,concord 
but1 while it may color with the        
,concord it requires a longer time to   
ripen thoroughly and it is not at its   
best1 or even good1 unless properly     
matured4 ,for the table1 for winter     
keeping1 and for an amateur grape in    
general the ,barry may be highly        
recommended4  ,for an account of the    
origin of ,barry see page #cij under    
,rogers' ,hybrids4 ,it is first         
mentioned separately from the rest of   
,rogers' hybrids in #ahfd1 though not   
named until #ahfi4 ,barry was placed on 
the list of the ,american ,pomological  
,society in #ahfi where it is still     
retained4 ,it is known and grown in the 
garden throughout the grape regions of  

eastern ,america4  ,illustration3       
,,barry       ,vine vigorous1 usually   
hardy1 productive1 somewhat susceptible 
to      mildew4 ,canes long to very     
long1 numerous1 usually thick1 dark     
brown to slightly reddish-brown covered 
with a small amount of blue      bloom2 
nodes not enlarged1 very slightly       
flattened2 internodes      intermediate 
in length2 diaphragm of average         
thickness2 pith medium      to above in 
size2 shoots nearly glabrous2 tendrils  
intermittent1      fair length1 bifid to
 trifid4       ,leaf-buds open early1 of
 average size1 short1 of medium         
thickness1      obtuse to conical4      
,young leaves heavily tinged with       
carmine on      lower surface1 faintly  
tinged along margin of upper surface1   
prevailing color bright carmine4 ,leaves
 large to medium1 of average            
thickness2 upper surface light green1   
slightly glossy1 nearly      smooth2    
lower surface pale green1 somewhat      
pubescent2 veins rather      indistinct2

 lobes vary from none to three1 terminus
 acute2 petiolar      sinus deep1       
narrow1 sometimes closed and            
overlapping2 basal sinus      usually   
lacking2 lateral sinus shallow and      
narrow2 teeth shallow to      medium1 of
 average width4 ,flowers open in        
mid-season1 sterile2      stamens       
reflexed4 ,fruit ripens with ,concord or
 later1 keeps very      late4 ,clusters 
variable in size1 medium to short1 very 
broad1      slightly tapering to nearly 
cylindrical1 upper part of cluster      
often subdivides into several parts     
making compound clusters1               
frequently double-shouldered1 usually   
compact2 peduncle short1      medium to 
rather stout2 pedicel above average     
length1 moderately      thick1 covered  
with few small warts1 enlarged at point 
of      attachment with fruit4 ,berries 
large1 oval to spherical1 dark          
purplish-black to black1 glossy1 covered
 with heavy blue bloom1      adhere well
 to pedicel4 ,skin rather thin1 tough1  

adheres strongly      to pulp1 contains 
but little pigment1 not very astringent4
 ,flesh      pale green1 translucent1   
tender when ripened under favorable     
conditions1 stringy1 vinous1            
pleasant-flavored1 sweet next the       
skin1 agreeably tart at center1 above   
average quality4 ,seeds      slightly   
adherent1 one to five1 average three1   
nearly large to      medium1 usually    
long1 of mean breadth1 deeply notched1  
rather blunt      but often with        
slightly enlarged neck1 brownish2 raphe 
usually      obscure1 sometimes showing 
as a faint ridge in a broad groove2     
chalaza nearly small1 pear-shaped or    
circular1 above center1      distinct4  
,,beacon4  7,lincecumii1 ,labrusca47    
#a4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3cab1     
#cba4 #ahij4 #b4 ,an4 ,hort41           
#ahib3agf4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aei4 
#d4 ,husmann1      #ahie3abf4 #e4 ,rural
 ,n4 ,y41 #ee3eib4 #ahif4 #f4 ,tex4     
,sta4      ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaec4      
#ahih4 fig4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      

,rpt41      #ag3ebf1 #edh4 #ahih4 #h4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3bi4 #i4   
,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3dh1 #gf4 #ahii4   
#aj4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #ef3bge4   
#aijj4 fig4 #aa4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41      
#ec3dj1 #ea1 #ec4      #aija4 fig4      
,,big ,b ,,con 7#g74  ,beacon is another
 of ,munson's hybrids1 a cross between  
,labrusca and ,lincecumii4 ,it was      
received at this ,station in #ahib and  
has borne fruit many times since so that
 there has been abundant opportunity to 
see grapes and vine4 ,the variety is not
 especially well adapted to ,new ,york  
as the fruit is dull in color1 lacking  
in quality1 and shells somewhat badly4  
,the vine is very vigorous1 bearing a   
handsome1 compact mass of foliage which 
retains its color and freshness         
throughout drouths and the heat of      
summer4 ,in ,new ,york it must compete  
with ,concord in commercial vineyards   
and since it does not equal that        
variety1 taking its character as a      
whole1 it cannot be recommended as a    

market grape4 ,its quality and          
appearance are such that it will never  
be largely grown by the amateur in the  
,north4 ,the variety1 however1 is of    
much interest and of possible value to  
the grape-breeder4  ,munson produced    
,beacon in #ahhg from seed of ,big      
,berry 7a variety of ,lincecumii7       
pollinated by ,concord1 securing the    
first fruit in #ahhi4 ,the variety has  
been generally disseminated among grape 
specialists and experiment stations and 
is now well known by grape-growers in   
general4       ,vine a medium to very   
strong grower1 not always hardy1        
productive4      ,canes short1 medium to
 rather slender1 light brown4 ,leaves   
healthy1      variable in size1 rather  
thick1 inclined to dark green1 sometimes
      rugose1 with veins showing        
indistinctly through the slight         
pubescence of the lower surface4        
,flowers open in mid-season1 on         
plan of five or six1 nearly fertile4    
,fruit ripens with ,concord or later and

 keeps fairly well4 ,clusters      are  
attractive in general appearance1 of    
good size1 rather long1      medium to  
slightly slender1 cylindrical to        
somewhat tapering1      usually         
single-shouldered1 compact to medium4   
,berries medium but      variable in    
size1 roundish1 purplish-black to black1
 dull in      appearance1 covered with  
heavy blue bloom1 inclined to shell in  
some localities1 moderately firm4 ,skin 
medium to thin1 tough1      adheres     
strongly to pulp1 contains a large      
amount of purplish-red      pigment1    
astringent4 ,flesh moderately tender1   
slightly aromatic1      spicy1 vinous1  
mildly subacid to agreeably tart1 often 
with a      noticeable ,concord flavor1 
about as good as ,concord in quality4   
,seeds separate easily from the pulp1   
large to above medium1 of      average  
length1 broad1 blunt to medium1 slightly
 notched2 raphe      obscure2 chalaza   
above center1 irregularly circular to   
slightly      oval4   ,,beauty4         

7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,bourquiniana87  
#a4 ,downing1 #ahha3afe app4 #b4 ,ill4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahha3afc4 #c4 
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3dc4 #d4  
,kan4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #ad3he4 #ahij4  
#e4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3hi4 #f4 ,tex4   
,sta4      ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaec4      
#ahih4  ,the grape which bears the name 
,beauty is an ,aestivalis hybrid with   
,labrusca1 one of ,jacob ,rommel's      
seedlings4 ,it had the honor1 according 
to the ,bushberg ,catalogue1#afa of     
receiving at the ,exposition at         
,bordeaux1 ,france1 in #ahhj1 the praise
 of having produced the best ,american  
white wine on exhibition4 ,according to 
the above authority ,rommel stopped its 
propagation and dissemination because of
 its susceptibility to fungi4 ,the      
variety is now practically lost to      
cultivation and was never largely grown 
in ,new ,york4  ,beauty is a cross      
between ,delaware and ,maxatawney       
originated by ,jacob ,rommel of         
,morrison1 ,missouri1 over thirty years 

ago4 ,bush questions the parentage as   
given by ,rommel and thinks it more     
likely ,catawba and ,maxatawney4        
,rommel's ,beauty should not be confused
 with the ,beauty of ,minnesota1 a grape
 from the ,state for which it was named1
 which has been discarded because of    
poor quality4       ,vine fairly        
vigorous1 usually healthy and hardy1    
produces medium to      good crops4     
,canes long to medium1 numerous1 dark   
reddish-brown      often with a strong  
ashy-gray tinge1 surface covered with   
slight      blue bloom4 ,leaves medium  
to rather large1 dark green2 lower      
surface covered with considerable       
pubescence4 ,stamens upright4           
,fruit ripens between ,delaware and     
,catawba1 keeps and ships well4         
,clusters intermediate in size1 strongly
 tapering1 often not      shouldered1   
rather compact4 ,berries small to medium
 roundish to      slightly oval1 dull   
dark red somewhat darker than ,catawba1 
covered      with a large amount of dark

 lilac bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,flesh  
tender1 slightly foxy1 sweet1 good to   
very good in quality4 ,chalaza      very
 distinct4   ,,bell4  7,riparia1        
,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana1 ,vinifera47   
#a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #de3gcc4 #ahhf4 fig4
 #b4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,rpt41     
#ahic3aah4 #c4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41       
#bh3bfc4 #ahic4 #d4 ,va4      ,sta4     
,bul41 #cj3ajf4 #ahic4 #e4 ,ga4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #bh3bij4 #ahie4      #f4 ,tenn4  
,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3afh4 #ahif4 #g4   
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #gc3aha1 #ahb4  
#ahig4 #h4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 
#aaec4 #ahih4      #i4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41
 #id3adb4 #ahih4 #aj4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat41      #ahii3ca4 #aa4 ,ga4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #ec3dj1 #eb1 #ec4 #aija4         
,munson's ,no4 #ba 7#a1 #b1 #d74        
,,willie ,,bell 7#d1 #i74  ,bell is     
still another of ,munson's hybrids1 its 
parents being ,elvira crossed with      
,delaware4 ,its characters are chiefly  
those of ,elvira and in particular it   
has the ,elvira flavor1 which is        

somewhat against it for a table grape4  
,as to its value for wine-making there  
are no records though it may be assumed 
that it has the same value for this     
purpose as the ,elvira1 which it so     
greatly resembles in flavor4 ,from its  
behavior here1 this ,station does not   
recommend ,bell for ,new ,york4  ,munson
 produced ,bell in #ahha from seed of   
,elvira pollinated by ,delaware4 ,after 
having tested it thoroughly the         
originator disseminated it and continues
 to offer it in his catalog2 proof of   
its value for some of the grape regions4
       ,vine a strong grower1 hardy1    
usually produces full crops although a  
shy bearer in some localities4 ,leaves  
vigorous1 healthy1 medium to      very  
large4 ,flowers open before mid-season1 
nearly fertile2 stamens      upright4   
,fruit ripens in mid-season or later1   
keeps well4 ,clusters      intermediate 
in size and length1 frequently          
shouldered1 compact to      medium4     
,berries medium to small1 roundish1 dull

 green sometimes      with yellow tinge1
 covered with rather heavy gray bloom1  
persistent4 ,skin thin1 very tender1    
adheres considerably to the      pulp4  
,flesh moderately juicy and tender1     
sweetish at skin to tart      at center1
 ranks about the same as ,elvira in     
quality4   ,,berckmans4  7,riparia1     
,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana47       #a4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahga3aad4 #b4  
,ib41 #ahgg3dc4 #c4      ,gar4 ,mon41   
#bc3cjh4 #ahha4 #d4 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3ge4 #e4      ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,cat41 #ahhi3bd4 #f4 ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#aj3h4      #ahij4 #g4 ,ark4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #ci3bg4 #ahif4 #h4 ,rural ,n4    
,y41      #ef3hbc4 #ahig4 #i4 ,n4 ,y4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebf1 #ede1 #edg1  
#eec4 #ahih4 #aj4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41    
#dh3aadi1 #aaec4 #ahih4 #aa4      ,mo4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #df3cg1 #dc1 #dd1 #df1 #dh4
 #ahii4 #ab4 ,kan4 ,sta4      ,bul41    
#aaj3bde4 #aijb4       ,,delaware ,,and 
,,clinton ,,no4 #a 7#a74  ,in           
,berckmans1 generally speaking1 we have 

the fruit of ,delaware on the vine of   
,clinton4 ,berckmans was disseminated   
nearly forty years ago and though the   
fruit is seemingly better adapted for   
the market than ,delaware1 and the vine 
much more vigorous1 as hardy and as     
productive as its better known parent1  
yet the variety is seldom grown other   
than as an amateur grape4 ,the berry and
 bunch resemble ,delaware in shape2 the 
fruit is of the same color2 bunch and   
berry are larger1 but the vine is not   
quite as productive2 the flesh is       
firmer1 making it a better shipper and  
it keeps better2 the quality is not so  
good1 the flesh lacking tenderness1     
sweetness and richness in comparison    
with ,delaware4 ,the vine of ,berckmans 
is much more vigorous and is less       
subject to mildew than that of          
,delaware1 but there are many reports   
that it suffers from leaf-hoppers and   
the rose bug1 insects which seem        
inordinately fond of its foliage4 ,the  
vine characters are not as good as those

 of ,clinton4 ,the variety seems illy   
adapted to some soils and in particular 
does not color well if not suited in    
this respect4 ,in spite of its many good
 qualities1 popular verdict has decreed 
that ,berckmans is but an amateur's     
grape4 ,the name commemorates the       
viticultural labors of ,p4 ,j4          
,berckmans1 a contemporary and friend of
 ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,wylie of ,chester1 ,south
 ,carolina1 who originated the variety  
and christened it ,berckmans4           
,berckmans was produced by ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 
,wylie#afb of ,chester1 ,south          
,carolina1 from ,delaware seed          
fertilized by ,clinton4 ,the seed was   
planted in #ahfh and the plant bore its 
first fruit in #ahgj1 the variety being 
introduced some years later4            
,illustration3 ,,berckmans       ,vine  
similar to ,clinton in growth and       
foliage1 vigorous to very      vigorous1
 hardy1 produces average to good crops4 
,canes long1      numerous1 rather      
slender1 light to dark brown2 nodes     

prominent1      flattened2 internodes   
short2 diaphragm below medium thickness2
 pith      medium to above in size2     
shoots not pubescent2 tendrils          
intermittent1 long1 bifid4              
,leaf-buds intermediate in size1 short1 
of average thickness1      conical to   
nearly obtuse1 open very early4 ,young  
leaves decidedly      pale green with   
faintest trace of carmine1 prevailing   
color green      on both sides4 ,leaves 
medium to small1 thin2 upper surface    
light      green1 smooth2 lower surface 
pale green1 not pubescent2 veins        
inconspicuous2 lobes vary from none to  
three1 terminal lobe acute2             
petiolar sinus medium to shallow1 wide2 
basal sinus usually      lacking2       
lateral sinus shallow2 teeth            
intermediate in depth and      width4   
,flowers open rather early1 fertile2    
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
with ,delaware and keeps unusually well4
 ,clusters      attractive1 much like   
,delaware in shape and size but slightly

      longer and more often shouldered1 
compact to medium1 averaging            
slightly looser than either parent2     
peduncle rather short1 slender2         
pedicel longish1 slender1 covered with  
but few warts2 brush short1      light  
green4 ,berries intermediate in size1   
slightly larger than      ,delaware1    
roundish to slightly oval1 resemble     
,delaware in color but      somewhat    
darker when well ripened1 covered with  
lilac bloom1      persistent1 of average
 firmness4 ,skin thin1 somewhat tough1  
slightly adhering to pulp1 contains no  
pigment1 nearly astringent4      ,flesh 
pale yellowish-green1 translucent1      
fine-grained1 tender1      inclined to  
melting1 vinous1 sweet to agreeably     
tart1 sprightly1      very good in      
quality4 ,seeds separate easily from the
 pulp1 one to      four1 average three1 
slightly below medium in size1 rather   
broad      and blunt1 brownish2 raphe   
obscure2 chalaza of average size1       
slightly above center1 irregularly oval1

 distinct4   ,,bertrand4                
7,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ag4 #b4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41 #de3fec1      #ffj4 #ahhf4 fig4 #c4
 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bh3cje4 #ahhf4 fig4 #d4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3ij4 fig4 #e4 ,texas 
,farm and ,ranch1 ,feb4      #h1        
#ahif3aa4 #f4 ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#aaj3gh4 #aijj4       ,,blue ,,seedling 
7#a1 #c74 ,blue ,seedling 7#d1 #e74     
,bertrand is a southern variety1 almost 
without question an offspring of        
,herbemont1 and so far as can be judged 
from the descriptions of others1 we not 
having seen the fruit1 not nearly equal 
to its parent4 ,the variety is hardy    
only as far north as ,maryland and even 
in that ,state must be planted in       
sheltered situations4  ,judge ,j4 ,b4   
,jones1 ,herndon1 ,burke ,county1       
,georgia1 found ,bertrand as an         
accidental seedling1 which had          
germinated in the spring of #ahgh4      
,judge ,jones gives the species as being
 ,cordifolia but ,berckmans says it     

looks like an ,aestivalis2 it is now    
generally classed in the ,bourquiniana  
group4 ,the following description of    
this variety is compiled from various   
sources3       ,vine vigorous4 ,cluster 
above medium to rather large1 usually   
conical1 most often shouldered1         
moderately compact2 peduncle long4      
,berries below medium in size1 round1   
black with blue bloom2 flesh            
melting1 juicy1 very high flavored4     
,skin thin1 tough4 ,ripens late4        
,seeds few4 ,very productive in the     
,south4 ,of value only for wine4        
,,black ,,defiance4  7,labrusca1        
,vinifera47       #a4 ,mass4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfh3aj4 7,no name given47
 #b4      ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ge4 #c4   
,okla4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ad3f4 #ahie4 #d4   
,husmann1 #ahie3ca4 #e4 ,mo4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #df3cg1 #dc1 #gf4 #ahii4      #f4
 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3da4 #aija4       
,underhill's #h-h ,hybrid 7#b74  ,black 
,defiance is one of ,stephen            
,underhill's ,vinifera-,labrusca        

hybrids1 at one time quite popular as a 
late table grape1 but now superseded by 
thriftier varieties4 ,it ripens too late
 to be of much value in ,new ,york4     
,when phylloxera had driven ,french     
grape-growers to look to ,america for   
varieties of grapes1 and before grafting
 on resistant stocks was practiced in   
that country1 ,black ,defiance was      
looked upon with much favor in ,france  
where it succeeded very well4 ,the fruit
 is distinguished by the size1 lustrous 
blackness and handsome bloom of the     
berry4 ,it is now rarely cultivated in  
,new ,york having been replaced by      
varieties more certain to mature in this
 ,state4  ,stephen ,underhill of        
,croton-on-,hudson1 ,new ,york1 produced
 ,black ,defiance from seed of ,concord 
fertilized by ,black ,prince4 ,it first 
fruited in #ahff4 ,the variety was      
introduced without the originator's     
consent4  ,black ,defiance is described 
as follows3#afc  ,illustration3 ,,black 
,,eagle       ,growth medium1 shoots    

smooth2 leaves large1 more or less      
three-lobed1 with uneven margin2 bunches
 large1 oblong with large      base1    
frequently branched2 berries black1     
decidedly acid1 pulp      rather firm1  
ripe ,july #bbnd2 defoliated on ,october
 #f1 #ahif4 ,not      good for table    
use4   ,,black ,,eagle4  7,labrusca1    
,vinifera47       #a4 ,mass4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfh3aj4 7,no name given47
 #b4      ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#ahge-f3bb4 #c4 ,ib41 #ahgf-g3cb4 #d4   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ge4 fig4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ab3fah4      #ahic4 
#f4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3afh4   
#ahif4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4      ,an4      
,rpt41 #ag3ebg1 #edh1 #eec1 #eei4 #ahih4
 #h4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #dh3aadi1  
#aaec4 #ahih4 #i4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41     
#df3cg1 #db1 #dd1 #df1      #dh1 #gf4   
#ahii4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41   
#ah3cgj1 #chf1 #cif4      #ahii4 #aa4   
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdj4 #aijb4     
,underhill's #h-ab 7#d74  ,black ,eagle 
is a full brother of ,black ,defiance   

which it much resembles but surpasses   
for ,new ,york because it is fully three
 weeks earlier in ripening4 ,on our     
grounds its season is about with        
,concord4 ,the quality of ,black ,eagle 
is of the best1 but the vine lacks in   
vigor1 hardiness and productiveness and 
the fruit is susceptible to black-rot4  
,as the color-plate shows1 bunch and    
berry are large and attractive2 bunches 
weighing nearly two pounds have been    
grown for exhibition purposes and       
probably there are few if any showier   
hybrid grapes than this when at its     
best4 ,the leaf is that of ,vitis       
vinifera1 deeply lobed1 of a beautiful  
green1 and with firm texture1 making    
with thrifty vines one of the most      
attractive grape plants to be found in  
our vineyards4 ,the variety is          
self-sterile4 ,black ,eagle has wholly  
failed as a commercial variety and its  
several weaknesses will prevent amateurs
 from growing it largely1 yet it is far 
too good a grape to give up altogether  

and lovers of grapes should keep it in  
cultivation4  ,the variety originated   
with ,stephen ,w4 ,underhill1           
,croton-on-,hudson1 ,new ,york1 from    
seed of ,concord pollinated by ,black   
,prince4 ,it first fruited in #ahff4    
,the variety was sent out by ,underhill 
for testing and was introduced without  
the originator's consent4       ,vine   
medium to vigorous1 not always hardy1   
not productive4 ,canes      rather      
rough1 medium to long1 of average       
number1 thick1 approaching      dark    
reddish-brown1 covered with slight blue 
bloom2 nodes strongly      enlarged1    
slightly flattened2 internodes above    
medium length2      diaphragm thick2    
pith of average size2 shoots pubescent2 
tendrils      continuous1 long1 bifid to
 trifid4       ,leaf-buds intermediate  
in size1 short1 rather thick1 pointed to
      conical1 open very late4 ,young   
leaves tinged with carmine on the       
under surface and along margin of upper 
surface making the      prevailing color

 a light rose-carmine4 ,leaves of       
average size1      medium to thick2     
upper surface dark green1 slightly      
glossy1 smooth      to rugose2 lower    
surface pale grayish-green1 somewhat    
pubescent2      veins not distinct2     
lobes five in number1 terminal lobe     
acute2      petiolar sinus deep to      
narrow1 often closed and overlapping2   
basal      sinus very wide and deep2    
lateral sinus wide at bottom narrowing  
towards top1 deep2 teeth intermediate in
 depth and width4 ,flowers      open in 
mid-season or later1 fully self-sterile2
 stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens  
in mid-season1 keeps well if picked     
before overripe4      ,clusters of large
 to average size1 rather long1 tapering1
 varying      from single-to            
double-shouldered1 loose to compact2    
peduncle      longish1 rather thick2    
pedicel long to medium1 somewhat        
slender1      covered with very few     
warts1 enlarged at point of attachment  
to      fruit2 brush short1 pale green4 

,berries variable in size averaging     
large1 slightly oval1 black1 glossy1    
covered with a moderate amount      of  
blue bloom1 do not shatter1 somewhat    
soft4 ,skin thin1 rather      tender1   
adheres strongly to pulp1 with slight   
amount of      wine-colored pigment1 not
 astringent4 ,flesh pale green1         
translucent1 somewhat tender1 vinous1   
not foxy1 sweet at skin to              
agreeably tart at center1 quality good4 
,seeds separate easily1 one      to     
four1 average two or three1 rather large
 and broad1 nearly long4   ,,black      
,,hamburg4  7,vinifera47       #a4      
,speechly1 #agia3aa1agi4 #b4 ,london    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat41      #ahcj3ge4 #c4  
,hoare1 #ahdj3adb4 #d4 ,mag4 ,hort41    
#i3bde4      #ahdc4 #e4 ,ib41 #ac3dc4   
#ahdg4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41      
#aheb3ed4 7,for culture under glass47   
#g4 ,horticulturist1      #ae3abe4      
#ahfj4 #h4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bf3aaj4 #ahfj4
 #i4 ,can4      ,hort41 #aa3ei4 #ahhh4  
,admiral 7#d74 ,black ,gibralter 7#d74  

,black ,hamburgh 7#b74 ,black           
,portugal of some 7#d74 ,black          
,teneriffe 7#d74 ,blue ,trollinger      
7#d74 ,bocksaugen 7#d74 ,bommerer 7#d74 
,brown ,hamburgh 7#d74 ,dutch           
,hamburgh 7#d74 ,fleish ,traube 7#d74   
,frakenthaler 7#d74      ,frankendale   
7#d74 ,frankenthaler gros noir 7#d74    
,gelbholziger      ,trollinger 7#d74    
,gibralter 7#d74 ,hampton ,court ,vine  
7#d1 #h74      ,hudler 7#d74 ,languedoc 
7#d74 ,lugiana nera 7#d74 ,malvasier of 
some 7#d74 ,mohrendutte 7#d74 ,pale     
,wooded ,trollinger 7#d74 ,purple       
,hamburgh 7#d74 ,red ,hamburgh 7#d1 of  
some #b74 ,richmond ,villa              
,hamburgh 7#h74 ,salisbury ,violet 7#d74
 ,schwarzeblauer ,trollinger      7#d74 
,schwarzer ,gutedel of some 7#d74       
,schwarzwelscher 7#d74      ,troller    
7#d74 ,trollinger 7#d74 ,valentines     
7#d74 ,victoria 7#d74      ,warner's    
7#b1 #d74 ,,warner',s ,,black ,,hamburgh
 7#b74 ,warner's ,black      ,hamburgh  
7#d74 ,warner's ,hamburgh 7#h74         

,weissholziger ,trollinger      7#d74   
,welscher 7#d74  ,illustration3 ,,black 
,,hamburg 7,reduced ,size7  ,black      
,hamburg is a variety of ,vitis         
vinifera1 impossible to grow out of     
doors in eastern ,america1 but          
illustrated and described here because  
it is one of the parents of many hybrids
 with ,american species and because it  
represents1 in fruit characters at      
least1 about all that is desirable in a 
good grape4 ,since it is a standard of  
excellence which ,american breeders of  
table grapes have long sought to attain1
 we may name its points of superiority  
over the table grapes now grown in our  
vineyards4 #ast4 ,bunch and berry are   
large1 well formed1 and uniform4 #bnd4  
,the fruits have a higher sugar and     
solid content than most ,american grapes
 and keep better1 ship better1 make     
better wine and will make raisins4 #c;d4
 ,the flavor1 to most palates1 is       
richer1 more delicate1 and lacks the    
acidity of some ,american grapes and the

 foxiness of others4 #dth4 ,the pulp and
 skin of ,black ,hamburg are more tender
 than the varieties of the species of   
this country and the seeds are readily  
separated from the pulp4 #eth4 ,the     
berries do not shell from the stem      
readily4 #fth4 ,the vines are more      
compact in habit1 make a shorter and    
stouter annual growth1 and hence require
 less pruning and training4 #gth4 ,the  
fruit is borne in greater quantity1 vine
 for vine or acre for acre4 ,added to   
the above qualities which make it       
desirable as a parent when crosses are  
made between the grapes of this country 
and ,vitis vinifera1 are comparative    
hardiness among its kind1 a short       
seasonal cycle of vegetation giving     
early maturity to fruit1 ability to     
stand more hardships than most of its   
species1 and especially ability to      
mature its fruit with as small amount of
 solar heat as any of its species4 ,its 
weaknesses when planted out of doors in 
eastern ,america are those of its       

species1 which wholly prevent its       
successful cultivation in the vineyards 
of this region and make it of interest  
and value only in breeding and as an    
ideal toward which to breed4  ,the      
origin of ,black ,hamburg is apparently 
unknown4 ,it was sent from ,hamburg1    
,germany1 to ,england sometime in the   
early part of the eighteenth century and
 it was in the latter country that it   
was given the several variations of the 
name ,hamburg4 ,in the north of ,europe 
it is known as ,frankendale or          
,frankenthal4 ,black ,hamburg is grown  
in ,europe chiefly as a forcing grape4  
,it is doubtful if all the synonyms     
refer to one seed variety1 but if not   
the same1 they are so similar as to be  
difficult if not impossible to          
distinguish from each other4       ,vine
 vigorous1 tender1 productive4 ,canes   
long1 numerous1 rather      thick to    
medium1 light brown but darker at nodes1
 covered with      faint pubescence2    
nodes enlarged1 slightly flattened2     

internodes      short to medium2        
diaphragm thick2 pith large2 shoots     
slightly      pubescent2 tendrils       
intermittent1 frequently several nodes  
with no      tendrils1 long1 bifid to   
trifid1 dehisce early4       ,leaf-buds 
large to medium1 rather long1 somewhat  
thick1 conical to      obtuse4 ,leaves  
good size1 thin2 upper surface light    
green1 rather      dull1 of average     
smoothness2 lower surface slightly      
lighter than      upper surface1 with   
small amount of pubescence1 hairy2 veins
      moderately distinct2 lobes vary   
from none to five1 terminal lobe        
nearly acute2 petiolar sinus often      
strongly urn-shaped1 of average         
depth1 nearly narrow1 sometimes closed  
and overlapping2 basal sinus            
shallow to narrow2 lateral sinus rather 
deep to narrow1 often      notched2     
teeth very irregular in depth and width4
       ,fruit ripens early in ,october1 
keeps well4 ,clusters large1 long to    
medium1 rather broad1 cylindrical to    

tapering1 inclined to      irregular1   
usually single-shouldered1 nearly       
compact2 peduncle      medium to short1 
somewhat thick2 pedicel long1 slender1  
covered      with small1 numerous1      
prominent warts2 brush short1 thick1    
tinged      with red4 ,berries rather   
large1 oval to nearly roundish1 dark    
purple to nearly black1 slightly glossy1
 covered with faint blue or      lilac  
bloom1 do not drop from pedicel1        
moderate in firmness4 ,skin      thin1  
tender1 adheres to the pulp1 contains no
 pigment1 not      astringent4 ,flesh   
pale green1 tender1 fine-grained1       
vinous1      sprightly1 rather sweet and
 refreshing1 very good to best4 ,seeds  
separate easily1 one to four averaging  
two or three1 above medium      size1   
long1 rather narrow1 sharply pointed1   
brownish2 raphe      obscure2 chalaza   
intermediate in size1 decidedly above   
center1      distinct1 circular to oval4
   ,,black ,,hawk4  7,labrusca47        
#a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfe3aig4   

#b4 ,fuller1 #ahfg3bcf4 #c4      ,gar4  
,mon41 #i3adg1 #bad4 #ahfg4 #d4 ,ill4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahfh3age4 #e4 
,downing1 #ahfi3eca4 #f4 ,grape ,cult41 
#a3ad1      #ae4 #ahfi4 #g4 ,mich4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgh3dhb4 #h4 ,bush4     
,cat41 #ahhc3ge4 #i4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41  
#df3cg1 #db1 #dd1 #df4 #ahii4           
,miller's ,no4 #d 7#a1 #f74  ,black     
,hawk is a seedling of ,concord which it
 greatly resembles but all in all does  
not nearly equal4 ,it is chiefly        
remarkable because of its very dark     
green foliage which at a little distance
 seems almost black4 ,it is rarely or   
almost never cultivated in ,new ,york4  
,samuel ,miller of ,calmdale1 ,lebanon  
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 in the fifties  
produced ,black ,hawk from ,concord seed
 sent to him by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull4 ,the     
stock was bought and the variety        
introduced by a ,mr4 ,knox of           
,pittsburg4  ,the following description 
was compiled from various sources3      
,vine hardy1 resembles ,concord except  

for foliage being much darker4          
,bunch medium to sometimes large2 berry 
medium to above1 nearly      round1     
black1 of tender flesh but hardly good  
in quality2 sometimes      shatters4    
,ripens with ,concord or slightly       
before4 ,self-sterile4      ,rather late
 in blooming4   ,,black ,,imperial4     
7,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana1 ,vinifera47  
#a4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3abg4 
#b4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3ic4 #c4    
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3da4 #aija4  ,black
 ,imperial is one of ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman's
 grapes4 ,it has high quality and is    
handsome in appearance but is so        
susceptible to fungi as to be almost    
worthless and has now passed from       
cultivation4  ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman of      
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 produced ,black  
,imperial from seed of ,dutchess some   
time in the eighties4 ,the variety was  
first called ,black's ,imperial4 ,there 
was another variety preceding this which
 is mentioned by ,prince#afd and        
,fuller#afe in the sixties by the name  

of ,black ,imperial4  ,the following    
description is taken largely from that  
of the originator3       ,vine usually  
moderately vigorous and productive4     
,cluster large1      shouldered1        
compact4 ,berries of medium size1 black1
 tender1 juicy2      flavor sweet1      
vinous2 quality good to very good4      
,flowers      self-fertile4 ,quite      
subject to mildew and black-rot4        
,,black ,,pearl4  7,riparia1 ,labrusca87
       #a4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41    
#ahge3dei4 #b4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4       
,rpt41 #ahgf-g3ij4 #c4 ,ib41 #ahhb-c3di4
 #d4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3ge4 #e4   
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhd3bae4 #f4 
,mo4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #df3cg1 #dc1 #de1
 #df4 #ahii4       ,,schraidt',s        
,,seedling 7#a1 #b74 ,schraidt's        
,seedling 7#c1 #d74  ,viticulturists    
agree that ,black ,pearl is but an      
improved ,clinton1 notwithstanding the  
originator's statement that it came from
 seed of ,delaware4 ,unfortunately the  
vine is not in the ,station vineyard and

 our estimate of its vine characters is 
taken from the descriptions of others4  
,according to the ,bushberg             
,catalogue1#aff ,the vine is a vigorous 
healthy grower similar in appearance of 
growth and foliage to ,elvira and ,noah4
 ,the bunches and berries1 as they have 
been sent to this ,station1 are larger  
than ,clinton and of better quality     
though of small value as a table fruit4 
,it seems well agreed among wine-makers 
that ,black ,pearl makes an             
exceptionally good red wine equalling or
 surpassing any other of our northern   
varieties for this purpose4 ,without    
doubt1 from the many testimonials as to 
its value for wine-making1 it can be    
highly recommended for this purpose and 
as a good starting point from which to  
breed wine grapes4 ,so far1 though grown
 for more than thirty years1 its culture
 is confined to the islands in ,lake    
,erie devoted to grape-growing and the  
variety can hardly be said to be known  
in ,new ,york4 ,it is probably too late 

for most parts of ,new ,york as it      
ripens with ,catawba4  ,black ,pearl was
 originated by ,casper ,schraidt of     
,put-in-bay1 ,ohio1 over thirty years   
ago4 ,the originator states that it is a
 seedling of ,delaware but this has     
generally been discredited1 as the vine 
is evidently of the ,riparia type4 ,bush
 says it is probably a seedling of      
,clinton or ,taylor4       ,vine a      
strong grower1 does not winter-kill1    
usually a good yielder1      susceptible
 to attacks of mildew4 ,canes are long1 
numerous1 and of      average thickness4
 ,leaves are intermediate in size4      
,flowers open in      mid-season or     
before1 sterile or nearly so2 stamens   
reflexed4       ,fruit ripens with      
,catawba1 keeps fairly well4 ,clusters  
small to      medium1 larger than       
,clinton1 medium to rather slender1     
tapering to      cylindrical1 often     
single-shouldered1 intermediate to      
compact4      ,berries below medium to  
very small1 roundish1 oblate or         

frequently      compressed on account of
 compactness of cluster1 black1 glossy1 
covered with a moderate amount of blue  
bloom1 persistent1 firm4      ,skin     
thin1 tender1 adheres strongly to the   
pulp1 contains an      unusually large  
amount of purplish-red pigment1         
astringent4 ,flesh      moderately      
juicy1 usually with a decided red tinge1
 nearly tender1      slightly spicy1    
tart1 medium to below in flavor and     
quality4 ,seeds1      which adhere but  
little to the pulp1 are medium to below 
in size1      short to medium1 broad1   
slightly notched1 blunt1 dark brown2    
raphe      obscure2 chalaza central1    
oval to circular1 distinct4   ,,brant4  
7,riparia1 ,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       
#a4 ,downing1 #ahfi3ecb4 #b4 ,am4 ,jour4
 ,hort41 #f3ia4 #ahfi4      fig4 #c4    
,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3eec4   
#d4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3gg4 fig4   
#e4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dd3aai4 #ahic4  
#f4 ,tex4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1   
#aaed4 #ahih4       ,arnold's ,no4 #h4  

7#a1 #b1 #d74  ,brant and ,canada are   
full brothers and so near alike that the
 two are often confounded with each     
other4 ,neither has ever become popular 
in ,north ,america because of their     
susceptibility to fungi4 ,as ,riparia   
and ,vinifera hybrids1 the best of      
,arnold's seedlings from crosses of     
these two species1 they are of interest 
and of possible value in grape-breeding4
 ,since ,brant and ,canada are so nearly
 alike a discussion of one will suffice 
for both and this is reserved for       
,canada1 the better known and more      
valuable of the two varieties4  ,charles
 ,arnold of ,paris1 ,canada1 produced   
this variety sometime in the sixties4   
,it is a seedling of ,clinton pollinated
 by ,black ,st4 ,peters4 ,the following 
description of it is taken from         
,downing's ,fruits and ,fruit-,trees of 
,america3#afg       ,vine strong1       
healthy grower4 ,foliage of a dark      
reddish green1      deeply lobed4       
,smooth on both sides4 ,bunch and berry 

medium1 black4      ,flesh free from    
pulp1 very juicy1 sweet1 and1 when      
perfectly ripe1      rich and aromatic4 
,ripens early4   ,,brighton4            
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mich4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3edh4 #b4     
,gar4 ,mon41      #af3cdd4 #ahgd4 #c4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahha3bd4 #d4   
,downing1      #ahha3afe app4 #e4 ,bush4
 ,cat41 #ahhc3gh4 fig4 #f4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41 #de3fbb4 #ahhf4 #g4 ,ill4 ,sta4    
,bul41 #bh3beh4 #ahic4 #h4      ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebg1 #edj1 #edc1  
#ede1 #edf1 #edh1 #edi1 #eeb1      #eec1
 #eei4 #ahih4 #i4 ,ib41 #ah3cfg1 #cga1  
#chf1 #cif4 #ahii4 #aj4      ,mo4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #df3cg1 #db1 #dd1 #de1 #dh1 #ed4 
#ahii4 #aa4 ,mich4      ,sta4 ,bul41    
#afi3afd4 #ahii4 #ab4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahii3ia4 #ac4 ,mo4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijj3cfd4 #ad4     
,can4      ,hort41 #bg3cde1 #cib4 #aijd4
       ,trask 7#ab74  ,brighton is one  
of the few ,labrusca-,vinifera hybrids  
which have attained prominence in       

commercial vineyards4 ,it has the       
distinction1 too1 of being one of the   
first1 if not the first1 secondary or   
attenuated hybrid of ,labrusca with     
,vinifera1 i4 e41 the offspring of a    
hybrid crossed with one of the original 
parents or with a variety of the same   
species4 ,the parents of ,brighton were 
,diana ,hamburg1 a hybrid of ,vinifera  
crossed with ,labrusca1 and ,concord1 a 
pure-bred ,labrusca4 ,as we have seen1  
the first or primary hybrids of         
,vinifera with ,labrusca have given     
grapes of high quality1 but lacking in  
vigor1 in resistance to fungi and       
phylloxera1 and for most part infertile 
in bloom4 ,the secondary hybrids have   
not shown the weaknesses of the primary 
hybrids in nearly so marked a degree but
 have given1 in many instances1 as in   
,brighton1 ,diamond and probably        
,delaware1 varieties of nearly as high  
quality4 ,it is now generally recognized
 by viticulturists that the secondary   
hybrids with ,vinifera promise much more

 than do the primary ones and it is no  
mean distinction that ,brighton has of  
being the first secondary hybrid brought
 about by the hand of man4  ,brighton   
ranks as one of the leading amateur     
grapes in ,new ,york and is among the   
ten or twelve chief commercial sorts of 
the ,state4 ,its good points are3 ,high 
quality1 handsome appearance1 certainty 
of ripening1 being earlier than         
,concord1 vigorous growth1              
productiveness1 adaptability to various 
soils1 and1 for a hybrid1 ability to    
withstand fungi4 ,it is thus seen that  
the infusion of foreign blood has given 
the fruit of ,brighton some of the      
excellencies of ,vitis vinifera while   
the preponderance of ,vitis labrusca    
blood has preserved the vigor and       
hardiness of the native species4        
,brighton has two serious defects which 
no doubt have kept it from taking higher
 rank as a commercial variety3 ,it      
deteriorates in quality very quickly    
after maturity so that it cannot be kept

 for more than a few days at its best1  
hence cannot be well shipped to distant 
markets2 and it is self-sterile to a    
more marked degree than any other of our
 commonly grown grapes4 ,to have it at  
its best the fruit should be thinned4   
,this grape is a signal example of a    
variety resulting from careful and      
skilful work in grape-breeding4 ,its    
originator1 ,jacob ,moore1#afh possessed
 of a high degree of intelligence and an
 unusually keen sense of the latent     
possibilities in plants1 with unwearied 
perseverance spent years in the attempt 
to produce grapes combining the good    
characters of the ,old and the ,new     
,world grapes4 ,as a result of his zeal 
and patience we have ,brighton and      
,diamond1 the most valuable grapes of   
their class4 ,jacob ,moore's            
demonstration of the value of the       
secondary hybrid1 and these two grapes1 
must serve to commemorate a life spent  
in self denial1 imposed poverty and     
comparative obscurity that horticulture 

might be enriched4  ,brighton is a      
seedling of ,diana ,hamburg pollinated  
by ,concord1 raised by the late ,jacob  
,moore at ,brighton1 ,new ,york4 ,the   
original vine fruited for the first time
 in #ahgj and fruit was first exhibited 
at the meeting of the ,new ,york        
,horticultural ,society in #ahgb4       
,illustration3 ,,brighton       ,vine   
vigorous and hardy1 producing average to
 good crops1 often      subject to      
mildew4 ,canes long1 numerous1 thick1   
rather light brown2      nodes slightly 
enlarged1 usually flattened2 internodes 
long to      medium2 diaphragm thick2   
pith nearly large2 shoots glabrous1     
slightly pubescent2 tendrils continuous1
 long1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds of       
average size1 short1 stout1 conical to  
pointed1      sometimes slightly        
compressed1 open moderately early4      
,young leaves      lightly tinged with  
rose-carmine on lower surface1 strongly 
tinged      along margin of upper       
surface4 ,leaves medium to large1 thick2

 upper      surface dark green1 dull1   
moderately smooth2 lower surface pale   
green1 slightly pubescent2 veins not    
distinct2 lobes three when      present1
 terminal lobe acute to acuminate2      
petiolar sinus nearly      intermediate 
in depth and width2 lateral sinus       
shallow to medium in      depth and     
width2 teeth of average depth1 narrow4  
,flowers open      somewhat late1       
sometimes on plan of six1 sterile2      
stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens   
somewhat unevenly about mid-season1     
keeps fairly well      for a short time 
but deteriorates rapidly after ripening4
 ,clusters      very large to medium1   
usually long1 broadish1 tapering1 often 
heavily shouldered1 loose to compact2   
peduncle quite long2 pedicel      of    
average length1 somewhat thick1 covered 
with few indistinct      warts1 broad at
 point of attachment to berry2 brush    
pale green with      brown tinge1 thick1
 short4 ,berries irregular1 medium to   
rather      large in size1 roundish to  

slightly oval1 light and dark red1      
somewhat glossy1 covered with dark lilac
 bloom1 handsome1      persistent1 not  
firm4 ,skin thickish1 very tender1      
adheres      considerably to the pulp1  
contains no pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh 
greenish1 rather transparent1 tender1   
slightly stringy1 melting1              
aromatic1 vinous1 sweet or agreeably    
tart to center of berry1 very      good 
in quality4 ,seeds separate easily1     
number one to five1 average      three  
or four1 above mean size1 rather broad  
and sharply pointed1      light brown   
with yellow tinge2 raphe shows as a     
narrow obscure      groove2 chalaza     
large1 above center1 irregularly        
circular1      distinct4   ,,brilliant4 
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,bourquiniana47  
#a4 ,an4 ,hort41 #ahhi3aja4 #b4 ,rural  
,n4 ,y41 #di3fjb4 #ahij4      fig4 #c4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3aea1 #aei4
 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,cat41       
#ahia3cb4 #e4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#bh3afb4 #ahia4 #f4      ,ill4 ,sta4    

,bul41 #bh3bei4 #ahic4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4
 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ab3fah4 #ahic4 #h4   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3if4 fig4 #i4        
,husmann1      #ahie3abd4 #aj4 ,can4    
,hort41 #ah3c1 #d1 #eh4 #ahie4 fig4 #aa4
      ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bij4 #ahie4 
#ab4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4          
#i3agj1 #aga1 fig41 #aie4 #ahif4 #ac4   
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #gc3ahc4      #ahig4 
#ad4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #eh3bb4 #ahii4 #ae4
 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #df3dc1 #dh4    
#ahii4 #af4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41   
#ah3cif4 #ahii4      #ag4 ,tex4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #ef3bge4 #aijj4  ,in ,brilliant1 
one of ,munson's grapes1 from ,lindley  
crossed with ,delaware1 we have a fine  
red grape in which the characters of the
 two parents are so nearly equally      
combined that it cannot be said which it
 most resembles4 ,in cluster and size of
 berry1 ,brilliant resembles ,lindley2  
in color and quality of fruit it is     
about the same as ,delaware1 differing  
from it chiefly in having more          
astringency in the skin and therefore   

not quite equal to ,delaware as a table 
grape4 ,the vine is strong and hardy2   
season about with ,delaware4 ,brilliant 
does not crack or shell and therefore   
ships well1 and has very good keeping   
qualities1 especially on the vine1 where
 it will often hang for weeks4 ,the     
defects which have kept it from becoming
 one of the standard commercial sorts in
 ,new ,york are3 ,marked susceptibility 
to fungi but not more susceptible than  
,delaware2 variable in size of cluster2 
uneven in ripening2 and lack of         
productiveness4 ,brilliant is well known
 by amateur grape-growers in ,new ,york 
and is grown somewhat for the market4   
,all in all it is probably the best     
known and most widely grown of ,munson's
 varieties in this ,state4 ,in favorable
 situations1 this variety may always be 
expected to please the amateur1 and the 
commercial grower will often find it a  
profitable sort4  ,the seed which       
produced ,brilliant was planted by      
,munson in #ahhc and the variety was    

introduced by him in #ahhg4 ,it has been
 widely tested by experimenters and     
grape-growers and is highly spoken of1  
whether in the ,east1 ,west1 ,north or  
,south4       ,vine variable in growth  
averaging vigorous1 usually hardy1 not  
always productive4 ,canes long1         
numerous1 thick1 darkish-brown2         
nodes enlarged1 usually flattened2      
internodes long to medium2              
diaphragm thick2 pith large1 shoots     
pubescent2 tendrils      intermittent1  
long1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds somewhat  
large1 short1 thick1 obtuse to conical1 
open      late4 ,young leaves heavily   
tinged on both sides with mahogany-red  
changing to light carmine4 ,leaves      
medium to large1 thick2 upper           
surface dark green1 dull1 rugose2 lower 
surface grayish-green1      downy2 veins
 well defined2 entire or obscurely      
three-lobed with      terminal lobe     
blunt to acute2 petiolar sinus deep1    
narrow1      ,v-shaped2 basal and       
lateral sinuses obscure and shallow when

      present2 teeth intermediate in    
depth and width4 ,flowers open medium   
late1 fertile2 stamens upright4         
,fruit ripens unevenly1 in season about 
with ,delaware1 keeps a long      time4 
,clusters average larger than ,delaware1
 intermediate in length      and        
breadth1 often blunt1 cylindrical to    
somewhat conical1 usually      slightly 
shouldered1 medium to compact2 peduncle 
rather thick2      pedicel medium to    
short1 thick1 covered with few small    
warts1 wide      at point of attachment 
to berry2 brush short1 thick1 pale green
      with reddish-brown tinge4 ,berries
 average larger than ,delaware1         
roundish to very slightly oval1         
attractive dark red1 not so             
brilliant as ,delaware but more so than 
,brighton1 rather glossy1      covered  
with abundant lilac bloom1 adhere       
strongly to pedicel1      firm4 ,skin   
rather thin and tough1 adheres          
considerably to pulp1      contains no  
pigment1 slightly astringent4 ,flesh    

pale green1 rather      transparent1    
juicy1 slightly stringy1 inclined to    
tenderness when      fully ripe1        
fine-grained1 vinous1 sweetish at skin  
but tart next      the seeds1 good but  
not equal to ,delaware4 ,seeds cling    
somewhat to      pulp1 one to four in   
number1 average three1 rather large and 
broad1      slightly elongated1 plump1  
light brown2 raphe obscure2 chalaza     
large1 slightly above center1           
irregularly circular to slightly        
oval1 distinct4  ,illustration3         
,,brilliant   ,,brown4  7,labrusca1     
,vinifera87       #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rpt41 #ab3fai4 #ahic4 #b4 ,bush4      
,cat41      #ahid3if4 #c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #ad3bgg4 #ahie4 #d4 ,ib41   
#ag3ebg1 #edh1 #eed4 #ahih4 #e4 ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahii3ij4      #f4   
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ei3gbb4 #aijj4 #g4     
,ib41 #fe3iad4 #aijf4      #h4 ,ib41    
#fe3icg4 #aijf4 #i4 ,ib41 #ff3bd4 #aijg4
       ,,brown',s ,,early 7#g1 #i74     
,,brown ,,seedling 7#e1 #f1 #h74  ,wm4  

,b4 ,brown of ,newburgh gives the       
history of the grape bearing his name as
 follows3#afi ,brown's seedling came up 
in my yard at ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1    
about fifteen years ago this statement  
was made in #ahii near an ,isabella     
vine4 ,there was not and never had been 
any other vine in the yard at that time4
 ,the statement is further made that    
,charles ,downing examined the vine     
several times and said there was no     
doubt but that it was a seedling of the 
,isabella4 ,brown was exhibited at the  
,new ,york ,state ,fair in #ahib and was
 given a first prize4 ,it was again     
exhibited at the ,world's ,columbian    
,exposition in #ahic and was awarded a  
diploma and honorable mention4 ,the     
originator states that the variety has  
been exhibited in at least twenty-five  
fairs and has always received first     
prize4 ,since #ahib ,brown has been     
several times described with favorable  
mention in the horticultural press4     
,this variety was distributed in #aijg  

to the subscribers of the ,rural ,new   
,yorker as ,brown's ,early4 ,in spite of
 the encomiums of fairs and newspapers  
during the past fifteen or twenty years1
 ,brown has not received favorable      
recognition from the grape-growers of   
,new ,york4 ,as the variety grows on the
 ,station grounds the quality is only   
good1 not high1 and the berries shatter 
badly4       ,vine vigorous to medium1  
hardy1 very productive4 ,canes medium to
      short1 intermediate in number1    
medium to slender1 moderately dark      
brown4 ,leaves of average size and      
thickness1 healthy1 rather light        
green1 slightly glossy2 veins well      
defined1 distinctly showing      through
 the thick bronze pubescence of the     
lower surface4 ,flowers      open medium
 early1 nearly fertile2 stamens upright4
 ,tendrils      continuous2 diaphragm   
below medium to thin4       ,fruit      
ripens about with ,hartford or a little 
earlier1 appears to      keep fairly    
well1 inclined to shatter4 ,clusters    

variable in size1      averaging medium 
to small1 of mean length1 slender to    
medium1      cylindrical to slightly    
tapering1 usually single-shouldered1    
loose      to medium in compactness4    
,berries intermediate in size1 roundish 
to      slightly oval1 black1 covered   
with rather thick blue bloom1           
inclined to shatter from cluster soon   
after ripening1 of average              
firmness4 ,skin intermediate in         
thickness and toughness1 adheres        
slightly to the pulp1 contains a small  
amount of wine-colored      pigment1    
astringent4 ,flesh juicy1 rather tough1 
fine-grained1 foxy1      mild next the  
skin to slightly tart at center1 good in
 quality but      not equal to the best 
varieties4 ,seeds intermediate in size1 
medium      to short1 rather blunt1     
light brown2 raphe buried in a shallow  
groove2 chalaza small1 central to       
slightly above center1 circular1        
moderately distinct4   ,,campbell       
,,early4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       

#a4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41           
#ahib-c3dh4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41         
#eb3hbi4 #ahic4 fig4 #c4 ,ib41 #ec3fff4 
#ahid4 #d4 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahid3ih4 
fig4 7,frontispiece74 #e4 ,rural ,n4    
,y41      #ee3dai1 #feh4 #ahif4 fig4 #f4
 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahig3aa1      
#dh4 #g4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #eg3ahb1 #fdb4 
#ahih4 #h4 ,ib41 #eh3edf1      #ghf4    
#ahii4 #i4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul41     
#bg3i4 #aijd4       ,,campbell 7#i74    
,probably no ,american grape has ever   
been more favorably received than       
,campbell ,early1 or after introduction 
has been disseminated more rapidly4 ,the
 fact that it came from a grape-breeder 
who had already given viticulture       
several valuable varieties1 with the    
statement that this was the result of   
years of experimenting and the greatest 
triumph of a life devoted to improving  
grapes1 gave warrant for the enthusiasm 
with which it was received4 ,nor did    
first impressions belie the oft-made    
statement that ,campbell ,early         

represented a phenomenal advancement in 
grape culture4 ,bunch1 berry and vine   
seemed to indicate that this was the    
best black ,american grape under        
cultivation4 ,nearly two decades have   
passed since ,campbell ,early was       
introduced1 and though admitted by all  
to be a good grape1 yet it has hardly   
met the expectations of the             
grape-growers who from almost every     
state and territory welcomed the        
newcomer4  ,illustration3 ,,campbell    
,,early  ,the preeminently meritorious  
qualities of ,campbell ,early are3 ,high
 quality when mature2 freedom from      
foxiness and from acidity about the     
seeds2 small seeds which easily part    
from the flesh2 earliness of maturity1  
ripening nearly a fortnight before      
,concord2 large size and attractive     
appearance of bunch and berry 7the      
color-plate does not do the ,campbell   
,early justice as to size of berry and  
bunch72 comparative hardiness of the    
vine2 and good shipping and keeping     

qualities4 ,campbell ,early falls short 
chiefly in not being adapted to as many 
soils and conditions as are some of the 
varieties with which it must compete and
 in all but localities well adapted to  
it the variety lacks productiveness4 ,in
 other words it is somewhat lacking in  
that elasticity of constitution so      
characteristic of ,concord4 ,its        
reputation for quality has suffered1 and
 to the detriment of the variety1       
because it attains its full color before
 it is ripe and is therefore often      
marketed in an unripe condition4 ,the   
fruit is quite variable in size as grown
 under different conditions and somewhat
 so as grown in the same vineyard1      
ranging in size of bunch from very large
 to small1 differing somewhat in shape  
and with some compact and with some     
loose clusters4 ,the color of the berry 
is not as attractive as that of ,concord
 as it has less of the waxy bloom which 
makes the last named sort so handsome4  
,but the weaknesses attributed to       

,campbell ,early do not wholly explain  
why so good a variety has seemingly     
failed to meet expectations4 ,can it be 
that the fault is with the ,american    
grape-grower more than with the grape8  
,american growers are not yet willing to
 give varieties of grapes the particular
 care that each may need for its best   
development1 but seemingly prefer to    
grow those sorts which are cosmopolitan 
as to environment and which will thrive 
under a general treatment4 ,it cannot be
 that the consumers of this fruit care  
for less than a dozen of the several    
hundred ,american grapes2 or that under 
the varied conditions of half a         
continent over which grow a score of    
species of wild grapes but a meager half
 dozen varieties can be grown for       
commercial purposes4 ,if our            
grape-growers were willing to give the  
,campbell ,early1 and a score of other  
sorts of superior merit1 the special    
care that ,european vineyardists give   
the hundreds of varieties they          

successfully grow1 our viticulture would
 not long remain confined to the culture
 of a few grapes of mediocre quality4   
,the name commemorates the services to  
viticulture of the originator of the    
variety1 ,geo4 ,w4 ,campbell#agj of     
,delaware1 ,ohio1 who devoted a long and
 active life to the improvement of the  
grape4 ,the variety is a seedling of    
,moore ,early pollinated by another     
production of ,campbell's1 which was a  
seedling of ,belvidere pollinated by    
,muscat ,hamburg4 ,campbell ,early bore 
for the first time in #ahib1 and was    
soon after introduced by ,george ,s4    
,josselyn of ,fredonia1 ,new ,york4 ,it 
is now known and grown throughout the   
grape regions of eastern ,america4      
,vine vigorous to medium1 hardy1        
productive to very productive4          
,canes of average length and number1    
somewhat thick1 dark      reddish-brown1
 surface often roughened with small     
warts2 nodes      intermediate in size1 
flattened2 internodes medium to short2  

diaphragm of mean thickness2 pith of    
average size2 shoots      pubescent2    
tendrils intermittent1 rather short1    
trifid to bifid4       ,leaf-buds       
intermediate in size1 inclined to long1 
slender to      medium1 pointed to      
conical1 open early4 ,young leaves      
heavily tinged      on lower surface and
 along margin of upper surface with     
bright      carmine4 ,leaves medium to  
large1 thick to medium2 upper surface   
green1 slightly glossy1 intermediate in 
smoothness2 lower surface      bronze to
 pale green1 heavily pubescent2 veins   
distinct2 lobes      often three in     
number but usually entire1 terminal lobe
 acute2      petiolar sinus rather      
shallow1 medium to wide2 basal sinus    
usually      pubescent2 lateral sinus   
varying from medium wide to a mere      
notch1      frequently dentate2 teeth   
shallow to medium1 narrow4 ,flowers     
fertile1 open in mid-season2 stamens    
upright4       ,fruit variable in       
season1 extending through a long period1

 becomes      marketable somewhat       
earlier than ,worden1 keeps and ships   
unusually      well4 ,clusters variable 
in size ranging from very large to      
medium1      rather long and broad1     
tapering to cylindrical1 frequently     
single-shouldered1 usually two bunches  
per shoot1 compact to      slightly     
loose2 peduncle short to medium1 thick2 
pedicel below      average in length and
 thickness1 covered with small numerous 
warts2      brush long1 light wine      
color4 ,berries somewhat variable in    
size1      usually large1 roundish to   
slightly oval1 dark purplish-black1     
rather dull as the season advances1     
covered with heavy blue bloom1          
persistent1 moderately firm4 ,skin      
medium to thin1 tough1 does not         
crack1 adheres slightly to the pulp1    
contains a small amount of      dark red
 pigment1 somewhat astringent4 ,flesh   
greenish1 translucent1      juicy1      
varying from rather tough to nearly     
soft1 slightly coarse1      not foxy1   

somewhat vinous1 nearly sweet from skin 
to center1      quality good and        
improves by hanging on the vines1       
superior to      ,concord4 ,seeds       
separate readily from the flesh1 one to 
four1      average three1 of medium size
 and length1 rather broad1 light        
brown1 often with yellowish tips2 raphe 
obscure2 chalaza      intermediate in   
size1 slightly above center1 oval1      
obscure4   ,,canada4  7,riparia1        
,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4        
,horticulturist1 #bb3cfc1 #cfe4 #ahfg4  
fig4 #b4 ,rec4 of      ,hort41 #ahfh3dd4
 #c4 ,downing1 #ahfi3ecc4 #d4 ,bush4    
,cat41      #ahhc3gi4 fig4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4  
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aj3did4 #ahia4 #f4   
,ib41 #ag3ebg1 #edh1 #eed1 #eei4 #ahih4 
#g4 ,trait gen4 de vit41      #e3ahb4   
#aijc4       ,,arnold',s ,,no4 #af 7#a1 
#b1 #e74 ,arnold's ,no4 #ah 7#c1 #d1    
#g74  ,canada is justly considered the  
most desirable of ,arnold's several     
hybrids of ,riparia and ,vinifera and is
 well known in ,europe as well as in    

,america4 ,in ,france when ,american    
varieties were being largely used in the
 reconstruction of the vineyards        
destroyed by phylloxera1 ,canada was one
 of the prime favorites1 because of its 
short period for fruit development and  
maturity and the comparatively high     
quality of the wine which could be made 
from it4 ,in ,america it has never      
gained great popularity on account of   
its susceptibility to fungal diseases4  
,in this respect as in some others1 it  
shows ,vinifera more than ,riparia      
parentage2 thus in shape1 color and     
texture of foliage1 in the flavor of the
 fruit1 and in the seeds there are      
decided indications of ,vinifera while  
the vine1 especially in the slenderness 
of the shoots1 and the bunch and berry1 
shows ,riparia4 ,if1 as is surmised1    
there is some ,labrusca in ,clinton1 the
 ,riparia parent of ,canada1 there are  
no discernible traces of the first named
 species in this variety4 ,canada and   
,brant1 its full brother1 are often     

confused with each other but there are  
numerous minor differences in buds1     
foliage1 canes1 in the shape of the     
bunch1 in the seeds and in the time of  
ripening which a reading of the         
descriptions of the two varieties will  
reveal4 ,canada has little value as a   
dessert fruit but makes a very good red 
wine1 having1 according to the ,french1 
a most agreeable bouquet1 but in        
,america it is surpassed by other wine  
grapes in so many characters that it can
 probably never attain a place in this  
country for other than breeding         
purposes4  ,the grape to which          
,arnold#aga gave the name ,canada is a  
seedling of ,clinton1 a                 
,labrusca-,riparia hybrid1 fertilized by
 ,black ,st4 ,peters1 a variety of      
,vitis vinifera4 ,arnold planted the    
seed which produced ,canada and its     
brother ,brant about #ahfj4 ,during the 
decade that followed the variety was    
sent out as ,arnold ,no4 #af1 but as it 
became more widely distributed the name 

was changed to ,canada4       ,vine     
medium to very vigorous1 hardy1 not     
always healthy1 usually      productive4
 ,canes long1 numerous1 variable in size
 but averaging      slender1 nearly     
ash-gray at internodes to reddish-brown 
at nodes1      covered with a slight    
blue bloom2 nodes enlarged1 not         
flattened2      internodes above medium 
to short2 diaphragm of average          
thickness1      rather large2 shoots    
strongly pubescent2 tendrils            
intermittent1      nearly short1 trifid 
to bifid4       ,leaf-buds intermediate 
in size1 short1 of average thickness1   
conical to obtuse1 open rather late4    
,young leaves pale green with           
faintest trace of carmine1 prevailing   
color green on upper and      lower     
sides4 ,leaves intermediate in size1    
medium to thin2 upper      surface light
 green1 nearly smooth2 lower surface    
pale green1      hairy2 veins obscure2  
lobes five in number1 often obscure1    
terminal      lobe acute to acuminate2  

petiolar sinus deep1 medium to narrow2  
basal sinus variable in depth and width2
 lateral sinus usually deep      and    
narrow when well defined2 teeth deep1   
wide4 ,flowers      occasionally on plan
 of six1 somewhat fertile to partly     
sterile1      open moderately early2    
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens in 
mid-season or later1 keeps fairly well4 
,clusters      intermediate in size1    
long to medium1 rather slender1 uniform1
      often strongly cylindrical1       
sometimes single-shouldered1 very       
compact2 peduncle short1 slender2       
pedicel long1 slender1 nearly           
smooth2 brush short1 light brown4       
,berries not uniform1 average           
medium to small1 roundish when not      
compressed by compactness of            
cluster1 attractive purplish-black to   
black1 glossy1 covered with      heavy  
dark blue bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin
 thin1 does not crack1      rather      
tough1 adheres but slightly to the pulp1
 contains a slight      amount of       

pigment1 not astringent4 ,flesh rather  
dark green1 very      juicy1            
fine-grained1 somewhat tender when fully
 ripe1 spicy1      pleasant vinous      
flavor1 nearly sweet to agreeably tart1 
ranking      medium to above in quality4
 ,seeds separate readily from pulp1 one 
to three1 average two1 intermediate in  
size and breadth1 of average            
length1 blunt1 light brown2 raphe       
completely obscure2 chalaza             
intermediate in size1 slightly above    
center1 oval1 distinct1      somewhat   
obscure4  ,illustration3 ,,canada       
,,canandaigua4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47 
,canandaigua has not been generally     
distributed and would not be mentioned  
here were it not for its exceptional    
keeping qualities4 ,to test the keeping 
qualities of grapes in common storage1  
#bfe varieties were put in the fruit    
house at this ,station in the fall of   
#aijg4 ,the test ended ,april #af1      
#aijh1 when it was found that           
,canandaigua was in the best condition  

of all varieties4 ,its quality is very  
good at picking time but seems1 if      
anything1 to improve in storage1 and it 
was as good at the end of the test as at
 the beginning4 ,its vine characters are
 those of ,labrusca-,vinifera hybrids   
and such1 as the variety grows on the   
,station grounds1 as make it the equal  
of the average cultivated hybrid of     
these two species4 ,the characters of   
the fruit1 too1 show plainly an         
admixture of ,vinifera and ,labrusca so 
combined as to make the grapes very     
similar to the best of such hybrids4    
,the variety is quite worthy of trial4  
,canandaigua is a chance seedling found 
by ,e4 ,l4 ,van ,wormer of ,canandaigua1
 ,new ,york1 growing among wild grapes4 
,its high quality and handsome          
appearance attracted his attention and  
the vine was put under cultivation1     
after which its long-keeping qualities  
were discovered4 ,vines were sent to    
this ,station for testing in #ahig4 ,all
 of its characters indicate that it is a

 hybrid between ,labrusca and ,vinifera4
       ,vine vigorous1 doubtfully hardy1
 medium to productive4 ,tendrils        
semi-continuous to semi-intermittent1   
bifid1 dehisce early4 ,leaves      large
 to medium1 thin4 ,flowers sterile or   
sometimes partly fertile1      open in  
mid-season2 stamens reflexed4 ,fruit    
ripens after      mid-season1 keeps     
unusually well4 ,clusters variable in   
size1      usually heavily              
single-shouldered1 loose to medium4     
,berries large      to medium1 slightly 
oval to roundish1 black1 covered with a 
fair      amount of blue bloom1         
persistent4 ,flesh firm1 sweet and rich1
 good      in quality1 improving as the 
season advances4 ,seeds often long1     
with enlarged neck2 raphe shows as a    
partially obscured cord in a      medium
 deep groove2 chalaza above center1     
distinctly pear-shaped4   ,,captain4    
7,lincecumii1 ,rupestris1 ,labrusca1    
,vinifera47       #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41   
#fj3fcg4 #aija4 #b4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4   

,rpt41      #aijd3cjf4 #c4 ,munson      
,cat41 #aijf-g3af4  ,captain has not    
made a good showing in the ,station     
vineyard and we have no reports of it   
from other parts of the ,state4 ,the    
clusters are large and long but very    
loose and unattractive in appearance1   
and the fruit ranks low in quality4 ,we 
are forced to conclude1 judging from the
 several seasons the variety has fruited
 on these grounds1 that it is of little 
value in ,new ,york4 ,the breeding of   
,captain is such that it could hardly be
 expected to thrive in this latitude4   
,captain was produced by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson
 from seed of ,america fertilized with  
,r4 ,w4 ,munson4       ,vine vigorous1  
hardy1 moderately productive4 ,canes    
long to medium1      numerous1 covered  
with rather thick blue bloom2 tendrils  
intermittent1 bifid and trifid4 ,leaves 
very large to medium1 thick1      not   
pubescent but very hairy along ribs4    
,flowers semi-fertile1 open      rather 
late2 stamens upright4 ,fruit ripens    

later than ,concord1 does      not keep 
long although it ships well4 ,clusters  
large to above      medium1 long1       
slender1 sometimes double-shouldered1   
very loose4      ,berries very large to 
below medium1 inclined to roundish1     
black1      covered with heavy blue     
bloom1 persistent4 ,skin contains a     
large      amount of purplish-red       
pigment4 ,flesh medium juicy1 coarse1   
tender1      lacks character1 tart from 
skin to center1 fair in quality4 ,seeds 
numerous1 separate easily from the pulp4
   ,,carman4  ,lincecumii1 ,vinifera1   
,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana8       #a4     
,gar4 ,mon41 #bh3cjd4 #ahhf4 #b4 ,rural 
,n4 ,y41 #ej3bba1      fig41 #fdc1 #fij4
 #ahia4 #c4 ,ib41 #ea3adg1 #fjg1 #ggd4  
#ahib4      fig4 #d4 ,husmann1          
#ahie3abg4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41  
#ahig3bj4 #f4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 
#ag3edh1 #eed4 #ahih4 #g4      ,tex4    
,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaed4 #ahih4    
fig4 #h4 ,mo4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #df3ch1 
#dc1 #de1 #di4 #ahii4 #i4 ,rural ,n4    

,y41 #ei3fgd1      #fij1 #geb1 #ggj1    
#hjb1 #hai4 #aijj4 #aj4 ,ga4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #ec3da1 #ea1      #eb1 #ed4      
#aija4  ,the ,carman is another grape   
having the characters of three          
species--,vitis lincecumii1 ,v4 labrusca
 and ,v4 vinifera--and hence of interest
 to grape improvers at least4 ,in the   
twenty-three years it has been known in 
,new ,york it has not become popular    
with grape-growers chiefly because it   
ripens too late for this region and when
 ripe does not attain the high quality  
ascribed to it elsewhere4 ,its most     
valuable character is that of long      
keeping1 whether while hanging on the   
vine or after harvesting4               
,illustration3 ,,carman  ,t4 ,v4 ,munson
 of ,denison1 ,texas1 raised ,carman    
from seed of a wild ,post-oak grape     
taken from the woods1 pollinated with   
mixed pollen of ,triumph and ,herbemont4
 ,it was introduced in #ahib and placed 
on the ,american ,pomological ,society  
fruit catalog list in #ahig4 ,the       

variety was named in honor of ,e4 ,s4   
,carman1 for many years editor of the   
,rural ,new ,yorker1 and a plant-breeder
 of note4       ,vine very vigorous to  
medium1 hardy1 lacking in               
productiveness4      ,canes long1       
numerous1 thick1 brown to reddish-brown2
 nodes but      slightly enlarged1      
flattened2 internodes long to medium2   
diaphragm      somewhat thick2 pith     
above medium size2 shoots very          
pubescent2      tendrils intermittent1  
long1 trifid4       ,leaf-buds rather   
large1 nearly short1 thick1 conical to  
obtuse1      open rather late4 ,young   
leaves slightly tinged with rose on     
upper      and lower sides4 ,leaves in  
good condition until injured by frost1  
large1 thick2 upper surface light to    
dark green1 somewhat glossy1      older 
leaves rugose2 lower surface pale green1
 pubescent2 veins      indistinct2      
terminal lobe acute to obtuse2 petiolar 
sinus deep to      narrow2 basal sinus  
often absent or shallow2 lateral sinus  

medium      to shallow when present2    
teeth intermediate in depth and width4  
,flowers on plan of five or six1 fertile
 or nearly so1 open very      late2     
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
just before ,catawba1 an excellent      
keeper4 ,clusters      variable in size1
 of average length and breadth1 tapering
 to      cylindrical1 frequently        
single-shouldered1 usually compact2     
peduncle above medium length and        
thickness2 pedicel short1 slender1      
smooth with very slight swelling at     
point of attachment to berry2      brush
 short1 slender1 wine-colored4 ,berries 
inferior in size1      roundish to      
slightly oblate1 dark purplish-black to 
black1 glossy1      covered with a fair 
amount of blue bloom1 persistent1 firm4 
,skin      rather thin1 tough1 nearly   
free from pulp1 contains little or no   
pigment1 not astringent4 ,flesh         
yellowish-green1 not juicy1 somewhat    
tender when fully ripe1 has some        
,post-oak flavor1 vinous1 spicy1        

sweetish at skin to tart next the seeds1
 good to very good4 ,seeds      separate
 easily from pulp1 one to four1 average 
two or three1      small1 of mean length
 and breadth1 blunt1 brownish2 raphe    
sometimes      cord-like2 chalaza       
intermediate in size1 slightly above    
center1      oval to pear-shaped1       
distinct4   ,,catawba4  7,labrusca1     
,vinifera47       #a4 ,adlum1 #ahbc3aji1
 #aci4 #b4 ,ib41 #ahbh3agc4 #c4 ,ib41   
#ahbh3agf4 #d4 ,prince1 #ahcj3age4 #e4  
,ib41 #ahcj3ahj4 #f4 ,u4      ,s4 ,pat4 
,off4 ,rpt41 #ahde3cab1 #ich1 #ici4 #g4 
,ib41 #ahdg3dfb1      #dfc1 #dfd1 #dfe1 
#dff1 #dfg1 #dfi4 #h4 ,mag4 ,hort41     
#ae3eac4 #ahdi4      #i4 ,west4 ,hort4  
,rev41 #a3ae4 #ahej4 #aj4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 
,off4      ,rpt41 #ahea3dh1 #di1 #ea4   
#aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #aheb3ed4  
#ab4 ,buchanan1 #aheb3bc1 #ga1 #if1     
#ajf4 #ac4 ,elliott1 #ahed3bdd4         
#ad4 ,hooper1 #aheg3bgd4 #ae4           
,horticulturist1 #af3abj4 #ahfa4        
#af4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bh3ejf4 #ahfb4 #ag4 

,ib41 #bi3gc4 #ahfc4      #ac4 ,gar4    
,mon41 #e3gc1 #gd1 #ahd4 #ahfc4 #ai4 ,n4
 ,y4 ,ag4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahfd3db4   
#bj4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfg3dc4  
#ba4      ,fuller1 #ahfg3bbj1 #bda1     
#bdh4 #bb4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #i3bad4 #ahfg4  
#bc4 ,horticulturist1 #bc3bih4 #ahfh4   
fig4 of leaf4 #bd4      ,downing1       
#ahfi3ecc4 #be4 ,barry1 #ahgb3dba4 #bf4 
,gar4 ,mon41      #ad3afg4 #ahgb4 #bg4  
,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge-f3gb1   
#gc4      #bh4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3hj4  
fig4 #bi4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41       
#ahhc3aah4 #cj4 ,am4 ,gard41 #ab3eha4   
#ahia4 #ca4 ,gar4 and      ,for41       
#h3dhg4 #ahie4 #cb4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt41 #ae3dcb4 #ahif4      #cc4 ,ib41  
#ag3ebg1 #edj1 #edc1 #edd1 #edh1 #eeb4  
#ahih4 #cd4 ,ev4      ,nat4 ,fruits1    
#ahih3ec4 #ce4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41
 #ah3cfg1      #cgd1 #chf1 #cif4 #ahii4 
#cf4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ch1 #dc1 #dd1
 #de4      #ahii4 #cg4 ,kan4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #aaj3bce4 #aijb4 #ch4 ,rural ,n4 
,y41      #fa3gbb4 #aijb4 #ci4 ,trait   

gen4 de vit41 #f3bhb4 #aijc4            
,arkansas 7#ac74 ,catawba ,tokay 7#d1   
#ac1 #ah1 #bd1 #ci74 ,cherokee          
7#ae74 ,fancher 78#bd1 #ci74 ,keller's  
,white 7#ci74 ,lebanon      ,seedling   
7#ac1 #ah74 ,lincoln 7#i74 ,mammoth     
,catawba 7#ci74 ,mead's      ,seedling  
7#ci74 ,merceron 7#ci74 ,,michigan 7#af1
 #ag74 ,michigan 7#bd1      #ci74       
,,muncy 7#c74 ,,muncy ,,pale ,,red 7#e74
 ,muncy1 pale red8 7#d74 ,omega         
7#ci74 ,red ,muncy 7#d81 #ac1 #ah1 #bd1 
#bh1 #ci74 ,rose of ,tennessee          
7#ah74 ,saratoga 78#bd1 #ci74 ,singleton
 7#ac1 #ah1 #bh18ci74 ,tekomah          
7#ci74 ,,tokay 7#a74 ,tokay 7#d1 #bh1   
#ci74 ,virginia ,amber 7#ah74 ,white    
,catawba 7#ci74  ,from many points of   
view the ,catawba is the most           
interesting of our ,american grapes4    
,the elasticity of constitution which   
enables it to adapt itself to many      
environments and therefore to succeed in
 a vast region2 its possible existence  
for centuries in the wild state1 for the

 records of a century have not divulged 
the secret of its origin1 of its        
ancestry1 or of its introduction2 its   
high quality and attractive appearance  
which give it intrinsic value as a table
 grape and for making wine2 the fact    
that it was our first great ,american   
grape and that after a century it is    
still one of the four leading varieties 
of grapes cultivated in eastern ,america
 and that after this lapse of time it is
 the chief of all northern varieties for
 wine-making2 all these make ,catawba of
 prime interest to the grower of        
,american grapes4 ,the ,catawba1 too1   
has had the rare distinction of having a
 poet1 ,longfellow1 sing its praises3   
,very good in its way is the ,verzenay  
,or the ,sillery1 soft and creamy1      
,but ,catawba wine has a taste more     
divine1        ,more dulcet1 delicious  
and dreamy4      ,there grows no vine1  
by the haunted ,rhine1        ,by the   
,danube or ,guadalquiver1      ,nor     
island or cape1 that bears such a grape 

,as grows by the beautiful ,river4      
,illustration3 ,,catawba  ,in ,chapter  
,,ii1 ,american ,grapes1 we have seen   
how important a part the ,catawba played
 in the first grape regions of this     
country4 ,it is still the leading grape 
along the shores of ,lake ,erie in      
northern ,ohio1 and about the ,central  
,lakes of ,new ,york4 ,in the latter    
region immense areas are devoted to this
 variety1 the product going to the      
general market and to the wine-cellars  
where it is the chief sort used in the  
making of champagne4 ,its characters are
 such that it is not too much to say    
that did it but ripen two weeks earlier 
in the other grape regions of ,new      
,york1 the ,chautauqua1 ,hudson and     
,ontario regions1 the ,catawba would    
rival the ,concord4 ,because of late    
ripening in ,new ,york this variety is  
at its best only about the ,central     
,lakes and on land extending back from  
the water to an altitude of one hundred 
feet above the lake surface2 here as    

fine ,catawbas are grown as anywhere in 
the world4 ,as to soil1 it thrives in   
sand1 gravel or clay provided there be  
an abundance of food and humus1 good    
drainage and plenty of bottom heat4  ,of
 all the commercial grapes grown in ,new
 ,york ,catawba is the best keeper1     
lasting until ,march or later4 ,because 
of its fine quality it often brings a   
higher price than other varieties and   
its reputation as a dessert grape would 
be still better were it not too often   
picked before fully ripe and therefore  
sour and unpalatable4 ,the ,catawba is  
the standard red grape in the markets1  
and other red varieties are often sold  
under its name4 ,it makes a good        
light-colored wine1 which as has been   
said1 is largely used as a base for     
champagne4 ,the vine is vigorous1 hardy 
and productive but the foliage and fruit
 are susceptible to fungi and this      
constitutes the chief defect of the     
variety and accounts for the decline and
 the passing out of ,catawba in many of 

the grape regions of the past in the    
,united ,states and its unpopularity in 
some of the grape regions of the        
present4 ,in its botanical characters1  
in its adaptation1 and in its           
susceptibilities it suggests ,vitis     
vinifera crossed with ,vitis labrusca1 a
 possibility to be discussed in a later 
paragraph4  ,the characters of ,catawba 
seem readily transmissible to its       
offspring and1 beside having a number of
 pure-bred descendants which more or    
less resemble it1 it is one of the      
parents of a still greater number of    
cross-breeds which1 as a rule1 inherit  
many of its characters4 ,as with        
,catawba1 most of its progeny show      
,vinifera characters2 as intermittent   
tendrils1 the ,vinifera color of        
foliage1 a vinous flavor wholly or      
nearly free from foxiness1 and the      
susceptibilities of ,labrusca-,vinifera 
hybrids to certain insects1 fungi1 and  
environmental conditions4  ,catawba was 
introduced by ,john ,adlum of the       

,district of ,columbia about #ahbc4     
,adlum secured cuttings of this variety 
from a ,mrs4 ,scholl of ,clarksburgh1   
,montgomery ,county1 ,maryland1 in the  
spring of #ahai4 ,this vine had been    
planted by ,mrs4 ,scholl's husband1 who 
had since died4 ,he had always called it
 ,catawba1 but the family did not know  
from what source it had been secured4   
,owing to the statement of a ,german    
priest that it was the same as the      
,tokay of ,hungary1 ,mr4 ,adlum called  
it by that name4 ,some years later1 when
 he found this to be a mistake1 he      
changed the name back to ,catawba4      
,adlum found the same variety on a      
trellis on land belonging to a ,mr4 ,j4 
,johnston1 near ,fredericktown1         
,maryland4 ,he also found a similar     
variety on a farm of his in ,lycoming   
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 which he        
introduced under the name of ,muncy4    
,later these two varieties were judged  
to be identical4 ,neither ,adlum nor    
,prince was able to trace the origin of 

,catawba1 though both were among the    
chief viticulturists of their day1 were 
instrumental in distributing this       
variety1 and had correspondents in all  
parts of the ,union4  ,in #ahej1 ,s4    
,mosher of ,saloma ,springs1 ,kentucky1 
wrote an article in the ,western        
,horticultural ,review1 giving an       
account of the finding of the original  
vine by ,dr4 ,solomon ,beach1 in #ahba1 
on the farm of ,william ,murry1 about   
ten miles from ,asheville1 ,buncombe    
,county1 ,north ,carolina4 ,the ,murrys 
informed ,beach that the grape was an   
old variety in the neighborhood and that
 cuttings and roots had been sent to    
various places4 ,this story was later   
confirmed by ,ravenel1 who talked with a
 son of the original ,murry and was told
 that ,general ,davy1 in #ahjg1 then    
,united ,states ,senator from ,south    
,carolina1 had secured some of the vines
 and had carried some of them to        
,washington4 ,this would account for its
 falling into the hands of ,adlum4 ,it  

must be said1 however1 that it appears  
strange that none of the many           
correspondents of ,adlum or ,prince1    
some of whom lived not very far from    
where the ,catawba was supposed to have 
been found1 had heard of this variety4  
,that the ,murrys had a vine growing on 
their farm of peculiar excellence1 is   
probable2 that it was ,catawba is by no 
means certain4 ,all that can be said is 
that the origin of ,catawba is not      
positively known4  ,catawba was         
introduced into the grape region around 
,cincinnati by ,longworth in #ahbe4 ,the
 favorable reports of the variety from  
this region undoubtedly did much to     
secure its early and wide distribution4 
,in most sections it was compared with  
the ,alexander or ,cape grape1 and      
proved itself easily the superior in    
both vine and fruit characters4 ,up to  
the time of the introduction of         
,concord1 ,catawba was the most popular 
,american grape cultivated4 ,after that 
time1 the earlier season and superior   

vine of the former variety enabled it to
 supplant ,catawba in many sections4    
,the ,catawba was placed on the grape   
list in the first ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog in #aheb4  ,the 
species to which ,catawba belongs is    
uncertain4 ,it is generally classed as  
,labrusca1 but practically all of those 
who have raised large numbers of        
seedlings of the variety are of the     
opinion that it has some ,vinifera blood
 in its composition4 ,the general       
appearance of the vine would indicate   
,labrusca1 but the vinous flavor of the 
fruit1 the susceptibility to mildew1 the
 appearance of occasional seeds1 and the
 character of the seedlings1 many of    
which resemble ,vinifera more than the  
parent1 all indicate that there is a    
strain of ,vinifera present4       ,vine
 vigorous to medium1 hardy1 productive1 
subject to mildew in      unfavorable   
seasons4 ,canes of average length1      
numerous1 rather      thick1 moderately 
dark brown with slight ash-gray tinge2  

nodes      enlarged1 sometimes slightly 
flattened2 internodes of mean length2   
diaphragm rather thin2 pith rather      
large2 shoots slightly      pubescent2  
tendrils continuous1 of fair length1    
bifid to trifid4       ,leaf-buds       
intermediate in size and thickness1     
short1 conical to      nearly obtuse1   
open moderately late4 ,young leaves     
tinged rose      carmine on upper and   
lower sides4 ,leaves large1 of average  
thickness2 upper surface rather light   
green1 dull1 moderately      smooth2    
lower surface grayish-white1 heavily    
pubescent2 veins well      defined2     
lobes sometimes three1 terminal lobe    
acute2 petiolar sinus      deep1 narrow 
to medium2 basal sinus often lacking2   
lateral sinus of      average depth1    
narrow2 teeth rather shallow1 narrow4   
,flowers      fertile1 open rather late2
 stamens upright4       ,fruit late1 one
 of the best keepers1 lasting until     
,march or later4      ,clusters large to
 medium1 rather long1 usually broad1    

nearly      cylindrical to tapering1    
single-shouldered to sometimes          
double-shouldered1 rather loose to      
compact2 peduncle of average            
length1 rather slender2 pedicel variable
 in length1 intermediate in             
thickness1 covered with but few small1  
inconspicuous warts1      considerably  
swollen at point of attachment to berry2
 brush short1      pale green4 ,berries 
intermediate in size1 oval to roundish1 
dull      purplish-red1 covered with a  
moderate amount of lilac bloom1 not     
inclined to drop from pedicel1 firm4    
,skin rather thick1 variable in         
toughness1 slightly adheres to pulp1    
with no pigment1 somewhat               
astringent4 ,flesh green1 translucent1  
juicy1 fine-grained1 slightly      tough
 to soft1 depending upon age1 vinous1   
often sprightly with      some foxiness1
 sweet and rich1 very good in quality4  
,seeds separate      easily from flesh1 
frequently abortive1 average two1 medium
 size1      broad1 often with a short   

prominent neck1 distinctly notched1     
blunt1 brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza 
large1 above center1 oval      to nearly
 roundish1 rather distinct4   ,,cayuga4 
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87       #a4 ,rural
 ,n4 ,y41 #de3bfe4 #ahhf4 fig4 #b4 ,n4  
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #aa3fag4     
#ahib4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3ajj4 #d4 
,ga4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3da1 #ed4     
#aija4 fig4       ,sharon 7#c74  ,cayuga
 is probably a descendant of ,isabella  
through ,adirondac4 ,it resembles its   
parent in both its good qualities and   
its faults4 ,the first are beauty1      
quality and earliness of fruit2 the     
second lack of vigor1 susceptibility to 
fungi and lack of hardiness4 ,although  
known since #ahhf1 the ,cayuga was never
 widely distributed in ,new ,york and is
 now rarely found4  ,the variety was    
originated by ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin1          
,watertown1 ,new ,york1 from seed of    
,adirondac4 ,marvin1 in a personal      
letter1 says that the usually imputed   
parentage of ,eumelan crossed with      

,adirondac is a mistake1 and refers to  
another variety4 ,bush gives ,sharon as 
a synonym of ,cayuga but this appears to
 be an error4       ,vine not vigorous1 
lacks in hardiness1 an uncertain bearer1
      unproductive4 ,tendrils           
continuous1 bifid4 ,leaves medium to    
small1      inclined to dark green1     
thick4 ,flowers vary from nearly fertile
 to      almost sterile1 open in        
mid-season2 stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens      as early as ,champion4      
,clusters variable in size1 usually     
short and      not shouldered1 not      
uniform in compactness4 ,berries medium 
to large      but some years often small
 and seedless1 much like ,isabella in   
shape1 unattractive in color1 ranging   
from dull reddish-purple to             
blackish1 covered with blue bloom4      
,flesh tender1 vinous1 mild from        
skin to center1 variable in flavor and  
quality1 ranking from fair      to very 
good4 ,the seed-coat is often rough and 
warty4   ,,centennial4  7,labrusca1     

,aestivalis1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3ff4 #b4 ,bush4 
,cat41 #ahhc3ha4      #c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #i3ccj4 #ahij4 #d4 ,ill4    
,sta4 ,bul41      #bh3bfc4 #ahic4 #e4   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aja4 fig4 #f4 ,mass4
      ,hatch4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #cg3ab1 #ae4 
#ahif4 #g4 ,ark4 ,sta4 ,bul41           
#ci3bh4 #ahif4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt41 #ag3ebg1 #edh1 #eeb4      #ahih4 
#i4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaed4 
#ahih4 #aj4 ,mo4 ,sta4      ,bul41      
#df3ch1 #de1 #df4 #ahii4 #aa4 ,ga4 ,sta4
 ,bul41 #ec3da4 #aija4      #ab4 ,kan4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdg4 #aijb4           
,,continental 7#a7 but incorrectly4     
,centennial is now scarcely heard of    
though at the time of its introduction1 
shortly after the ,centennial of #ahgf1 
it was looked upon as a valuable        
acquisition4 ,its chief meritorious     
attributes are high quality and         
attractive appearance2 while its faults1
 which greatly outweigh its merits1 are 
lack of vigor1 susceptibility to fungi1 

and lack of hardiness4 ,centennial is   
much like ,delaware and is surpassed by 
it in nearly all respects4  ,the variety
 was originated by ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin1 of  
,watertown1 ,new ,york4 ,it is a cross  
between a ,labrusca seedling of         
,marvin's and a seedling of ,eumelan4   
,it was first fruited in #ahge1 and was 
introduced in #ahhb by the originator4  
,vines were received by this ,station in
 #ahhc4 ,the tenderness and lateness of 
ripening of ,centennial1 as well as its 
botanical characters1 indicate ,vinifera
 blood4  ,the following description is a
 compilation from several sources3      
,vine vigorous1 somewhat tender1 fairly 
productive4 ,leaves rounded1            
slightly three-lobed1 smooth4 ,clusters 
medium to small1 compact1      tapering 
or cylindrical1 sometimes slightly      
shouldered4 ,berries      medium to     
small1 pale red or amber color with thin
 white bloom1      adhere firmly to     
pedicel4 ,skin rather thick1 tough4     
,flesh tender1      juicy1 sweet1       

resembling ,delaware in flavor1 good to 
very good4      ,about the same season  
as ,concord4   ,,challenge4  7,labrusca1
 ,vinifera87       #a4 ,am4 ,jour4      
,hort41 #d3gb4 #ahfh4 #b4 ,ib41 #g3ajb4 
#ahgj4      #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3hb4 
#d4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bei4         
#ahic4 #e4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ch1    
#dc1 #de1 #df4 #ahii4 #f4 ,ga4          
,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3da4 #aija4 #g4 ,kan4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bch4 #aijb4  ,some    
years ago ,challenge was considered an  
excellent dessert grape1 being of good  
quality1 hardy1 and fairly healthy4     
,small plantations of it still exist in 
,new ,york1 but it is rapidly passing   
out of cultivation4  ,challenge was     
originated about #ahfj by ,archer       
,moore1 of ,hammonton1 ,new ,jersey4 ,he
 supposed it to have come from seed of  
,concord fertilized by ,royal           
,muscadine4 ,the variety was introduced 
by ,william ,f4 ,bassett of the same    
place4 ,we do not have a vine of        
,challenge growing on the ,station      

grounds1 and the description written    
below is compiled from various sources4 
,vine very vigorous2 shoots slender1    
long4 ,leaf of medium size1 dark        
green4 ,clusters rather large1 compact1 
tapering1 usually      shouldered4      
,berries medium in size1 round1 pale red
 to      reddish-purple in color with   
very thin bloom and inconspicuous       
dots1 juicy1 slightly acid2 quality     
medium to good2 not separating          
readily from the seeds4 ,season shortly 
after ,concord4   ,,champion4           
7,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahga3fi4 #b4 ,am4 ,hort4 ,an41  
#ahga3hc4 #c4 ,horticulturist1 #cj3aea4 
#ahge4 #d4 ,mich4 ,pom4      ,soc4      
,rpt41 #ahge3hh1 #bie4 #e4 ,gar4 ,mon41 
#bj3dg4 #ahgh4 #f4      ,montreal ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgi3ic4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,cat41      #ahgi4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cf4 #i4 ,bush4 ,cat41
      #ahhc3hb4 #aj4 ,ib41 #ahhc3ach4   
#aa4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4          
#i3agb4 #ahif4 #ab4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  

,rpt41 #ag3ebg1 #ebh1 #edh1      #eeb1  
#eed4 #ahih4 #ac4 ,miss4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#ef3aa4 #ahii4 #ad4      ,budd-,hansen1 
#b3cgd4 #aijb4       ,beaconsfield 7#f1 
#h1 #i1 #aa74 ,champion 7#aj74 ,,early  
,,champion 7#e74      ,early ,champion  
7#i1 #aa74 ,tallman8 7#e74 ,,tallman    
,,seedling 7#a1 #b74      ,,talman',s   
,,seedling 7#aj74 ,talman's ,seedling   
7#i1 #aa74 ,talman's      ,seedling     
7#d74 ,talman 7#aj74  ,champion is still
 a favorite early grape with some       
commercial growers after having been    
grown for a generation1 though its poor 
quality should have driven it from      
cultivation years ago4 ,champion and    
,hartford are rivals as early market    
grapes and for the distinction of being 
the poorest in quality of all commonly  
cultivated grapes4 ,the variety under   
consideration is sourer and less        
agreeable to the taste than many wild   
grapes4 ,the characters which have kept 
it in cultivation are earliness1 good   
shipping qualities1 though it does not  

keep well1 productiveness1 attractive   
appearance1 and a vigorous hardy vine4  
,the hardiness of the vine and its short
 season of fruit development and        
maturity make it a good variety for     
northern and cold climates4 ,this grape 
is best1 in appearance of fruit1 in     
quality1 and in the quantity produced1  
on a comparatively light sandy soil4 ,as
 grape consumers become more            
appreciative of quality1 ,champion will 
be grown less and less4  ,the origin of 
,champion is unknown4 ,it was first     
grown about #ahgj in ,new ,york4 ,in    
#ahga ,elliott acknowledged receipt of  
specimens of this variety from ,william 
,chorlton of ,staten ,island4 ,it was at
 that time generally known as ,tallman  
or ,tallman's ,seedling4 ,at about the  
same time it was being propagated and   
sold by ,r4 ,j4 ,donnelly and ,j4 ,i4   
,stone of ,charlotte1 ,monroe ,county1  
as ,champion4 ,although many efforts    
have been made1 no one has succeeded in 
tracing the variety to the original     

vine4 ,at one time it was stated to have
 originated in the vicinity of ,new     
,orleans1 ,louisiana1 but later the     
southern ,champion was found to be a    
different variety4 ,this variety was    
early introduced into ,canada where it  
was known as ,beaconsfield1 owing to its
 being first planted in that country in 
a large vineyard owned by a gentleman of
 that name4  ,illustration3 ,,champion  
,vine vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy1 
productive to very      productive4     
,canes intermediate in length and       
number1 of average      size1 rather    
dark brown2 nodes enlarged1 flattened2  
internodes      medium to below in      
length2 diaphragm thick2 pith nearly    
large2      shoots pubescent2 tendrils  
continuous1 inclined to long1 bifid4    
,leaf-buds of medium size1 short1 rather
 thick1 obtuse to conical1      open in 
mid-season4 ,young leaves strongly      
tinged on lower side and      along     
margin of upper side with carmine1      
making the prevailing      color rose   

carmine4 ,leaves medium to large1       
intermediate in      thickness2 upper   
surface dark green1 dull1 rugose2 lower 
surface      dull gray often with trace 
of bronze1 slightly downy2 veins        
indistinct2 lobes usually three1 often  
obscurely five1 terminal      lobe      
acute2 petiolar sinus deep to medium1 of
 average width2 teeth      of fair      
depth1 shallow4 ,flowers fertile1 open  
medium early2 stamens      upright4     
,fruit ripens early1 three weeks or more
 before ,concord and about a      week  
before ,hartford1 ships well but does   
not keep well1 as its      season is    
very short4 ,clusters medium to small1  
of mean length and      breadth1 blunt1 
cylindrical to slightly tapering1       
usually not      shouldered1 medium to  
compact2 peduncle short1 rather thick2  
pedicel inclined to short1 covered with 
small inconspicuous warts2      brush   
whitish tinged with brown4 ,berries     
medium to above in size1      roundish1 
dull black covered with a moderate      

amount of blue bloom1      not always   
persistent1 somewhat soft4 ,skin thick1 
tender1 adheres      considerably to the
 pulp1 contains a fair amount of light  
purplish      pigment1 astringent4      
,flesh light green1 translucent1 juicy1 
fine-grained1 tender1 foxy1 rather sweet
 next the skin1 agreeably      tart at  
center1 poor in quality4 ,seeds slightly
 adherent1 one to      five1 average    
three1 large1 somewhat broad and long1  
blunt1 light      brown2 raphe obscure2 
chalaza of fair size1 slightly above    
center1      circular1 obscure4         
,,chautauqua4  7,labrusca47       #a4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fah4      
#ahib4 #b4 ,ib41 #ac3fjb4      #ahid4   
#c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3ajb4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3ebh1 #edh1  
#eed4 #ahih4  ,in appearance ,chautauqua
 is very similar to ,concord1 its       
parent1 but it ripens a few days earlier
 and is of slightly better quality      
though it does not differ in these      
respects sufficiently to make it more   

than an easily recognized strain of     
,concord4 ,inasmuch as it originated1   
and for fifteen years has been known1 in
 the region where the ,concord reigns   
supreme1 and has not yet come into      
prominence1 it is fair to assume that it
 has some weakness and that the parent  
will remain dominant4  ,chautauqua is a 
volunteer seedling of ,concord found in 
a ,concord vineyard near ,brocton1      
,chautauqua ,county1 ,new ,york1 by ,h4 
,t4 ,bashtite who sent vines of it to   
this ,station in #ahib4       ,vine     
medium to vigorous1 not always hardy1   
not productive4 ,tendrils               
continuous1 mostly trifid4 ,leaves      
large1 irregularly roundish1 dark       
green2 lower surface tinged with bronze4
 ,flowers semi-fertile to      nearly   
fertile1 open in mid-season or earlier2 
stamens upright4      ,fruit ripens in  
mid-season or a few days earlier4       
,clusters medium      to large1 rather  
broad1 sometimes single-shouldered1     
intermediate      in compactness4       

,berries unusually large1 roundish to   
slightly oval1      dark purplish-black1
 covered with abundant blue bloom1      
shatter      badly4 ,skin thin1 very    
astringent4 ,flesh rather tough1 vinous1
      sweet at skin to acid at center1  
good to very good in quality4 ,the      
pulp separates readily from the few     
broad and plump seeds4   ,,clevener4    
7,labrusca1 ,riparia1 ,aestivalis87     
#a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aj3did4  
#ahia4 #b4 ,ib41 #aa3fah4      #ahib4   
#c4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #eb3cha4 #ahic4 #d4 
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3ajc4 #e4 ,n4   
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebh1 #edh1    
#eed4 #ahih4  ,there are two ,cleveners 
discussed in ,american viticultural     
literature1 the origin and history of   
both of which are briefly set forth     
below4 ,in these general observations we
 need to consider but the northern one  
of the two grapes4 ,this variety has    
long been grown in ,new ,jersey and in  
,new ,york and in both ,states is highly
 esteemed as a wine grape1 the resulting

 wine being well flavored and of a dark 
inky-red color4 ,the fruit is remarkable
 in coloring very early and in ripening 
very late4 ,the vine is hardy1 very     
vigorous1 succeeds in various soils and 
since it bears grafts well it seems an  
excellent sort upon which to graft      
varieties which do not thrive on their  
own roots4 ,it is self-sterile and must 
be planted with some other variety to   
set fruit well4 ,clinton makes an       
excellent pollenizer because it blooms  
at the same time1 and because two wine  
grapes may be thus grown together4 ,in  
spite of its good qualities1 ,clevener  
is hardly holding its own in the        
commercial vineyards of the ,state and  
it is not a desirable fruit for the     
amateur who wants a table grape4  ,the  
,clevener here described has been raised
 in the vicinity of ,egg ,harbor1 ,new  
,jersey1 for about forty years1 but its 
place and time of origin are unknown4   
,it is generally considered to be a     
,riparia but the continuous tendrils and

 other botanical characters indicate a  
strong admixture of ,labrusca blood and 
possibly ,aestivalis or ,bicolor as the 
shoots and canes show considerable      
bloom4  ,the other variety under the    
name ,clevener is a southern grape      
strongly resembling ,rulander or        
,louisiana4 ,opinions differ as to      
whether it be of ,aestivalis or         
,bourquiniana blood4 ,this variety is   
unknown in ,new ,york and of its origin 
and history there is no information4    
,vine a rampant grower1 hardy1 medium to
 productive1 somewhat      subject to   
attacks of leaf-hoppers4 ,canes long1   
numerous1 rather      thick1 dark       
reddish-brown1 covered with a slight    
amount of bloom2      tendrils          
continuous1 bifid4 ,foliage very        
healthy2 leaves unusually      large1   
intermediate in thickness1 dark green   
with well defined ribs      showing     
through the thin pubescence of the under
 surface4 ,flowers      sterile1 open   
very early2 stamens reflexed4           

,fruit ripens late1 and appears to keep 
well4 ,clusters do not always      fill 
well1 small to medium1 rather short and 
slender1 irregularly      tapering1     
often with a medium-sized single        
shoulder1 variable in      compactness4 
,berries small to medium1 roundish to   
slightly      flattened1 black1 rather  
glossy1 covered with blue bloom1        
persistent1 firm4 ,skin rather tough1   
thinnish and inclined to      crack1    
adheres slightly to the pulp1 contains  
an unusually large      amount of dark  
purplish-red pigment4 ,flesh            
reddish-green1      moderately juicy1   
rather tender and soft1 fine-grained1   
very      slightly aromatic1 spicy1     
neither so sprightly nor so             
high-flavored      as other varieties of
 the same season1 not good enough in    
flavor      and quality in general for  
dessert purposes4 ,seeds separate rather
      easily from the pulp1 intermediate
 in size and length1 medium to          
above in width1 notched1 nearly         

sharp-pointed1 dark brown2 raphe        
shows as a very small cord2 chalaza     
large1 at center or slightly      above1
 irregularly oval1 distinct4            
,,clinton4  7,riparia1 ,labrusca47      
#a4 ,adlum1 #ahbc3adj4 #b4 ,ib41        
#ahbh3agf4 #c4 ,prince1      #ahcj3agi4 
#d4 ,rafinesque1 #ahcj3aa4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4  
,ag4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahda3chh4 #f4   
,horticulturist1 #b3aba1 #cda4 #ahdg4   
#g4 ,ib41      #h3abj4 #ahec4 fig4 #h4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfj3hb4 #i4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfb3ij4 #aj4  
,gar4 ,mon41 #e3cce4 #ahfc4      #aa4   
,strong1 #ahff3ccb4 #ab4 ,husmann1      
#ahff3ej1 #ajb4 #ac4      ,fuller1      
#ahfg3bai4 #ad4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41  
#ahfi3he4 fig4      #ae4 ,bush4 ,cat41  
#ahhc3hb4 #af4 ,can4 ,hort41 #aa3dc4    
#ahhh4      #ag4 ,bush4 ,cat41          
#ahid3ajc1 #ajd4 fig4 #ah4 ,ev4 ,nat4   
,fruits1 #ahih3ge4 #ai4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebh1 #edj1      #edd1   
#edh1 #eed1 #eei4 #ahih4 #bj4 ,rural ,n4
 ,y41 #ei3g1 #cjf4 #aijj4               

,,worthington 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d74         
,worthington 7#ae1 #ag74  ,clinton is   
now but little grown1 its place having  
been taken by better varieties of its   
type4 ,it has historical interest if not
 intrinsic value1 for it played an      
important part in the beginning of      
,american viticulture4 ,most            
viticulturists have ascribed to ,clinton
 the distinction of being the first     
cultivated variety of ,vitis riparia but
 without question this honor belongs to 
the ,worthington of ,adlum and ,prince1 
with a strong probability that ,clinton 
may be ,worthington renamed4 ,but it was
 as ,clinton that ,vitis riparia was    
disseminated for general culture and it 
is the name ,clinton that stands at the 
parental head of the long list of grapes
 now under cultivation from this        
species2 and so1 in spite of its being  
the usurper of ,worthington's honor1 and
 whether or not it be the older variety 
under an assumed name1 it is probably   
best that ,clinton continue to be       

considered the first of its race4       
,clinton came into prominence1 and      
brought the species to which it belongs 
to the notice of grape-growers1 because 
of its vigor1 hardiness and             
fruitfulness2 and1 later1 its popularity
 was added to because of its immunity to
 phylloxera4 ,the vine is so vigorous   
that its growth is rank and because of  
this and the straggling habit of growth 
it is very difficult to keep under      
control on trellises and in most        
situations needs a great deal of room4  
,it can be grown in as high a latitude  
as any of our native grapes but it      
blooms so early in the spring that the  
blossoms are often caught by late frosts
 in northern climates4 ,the immunity of 
,clinton to phylloxera led to its being 
planted very largely in ,france some    
years ago but it has now been discarded 
for better direct producers in that     
country4 ,the defects of the variety    
are3 ,the fruit is too small and sour   
and the seeds and skins too prominent   

for a market grape and the wine is not  
of high quality1 being too raucous1     
though the harshness disappears somewhat
 with age4 ,the fruit colors early in   
the season but does not ripen until late
 and therefore suffers greatly from     
birds4 ,a slight touch of frost is      
supposed to improve its flavor4 ,this   
variety is so sensitive to calcareous   
soils that where lime or chalk abounds  
the vines often die out after a few     
years4 ,clinton bears grafts well1      
making a quick and firm union with      
,labruscas and ,viniferas1 and roots    
very freely from cuttings4  ,this       
variety has been much used in           
grape-breeding and its blood can be     
traced in many valuable varieties1 among
 which are most of the desirable wine   
grapes for the ,north4 ,the offspring of
 ,clinton are usually very hardy and    
this1 taken with other desirable        
characters1 makes it an exceptionally   
good starting-point for breeding grapes 
for northern latitudes4 ,its seedlings  

often show intermittent characters and  
otherwise indicate a strong strain of   
,labrusca4  ,illustration3 ,,clinton    
,clinton began to attract attention in  
,new ,york about #ahdj4 ,j4 ,w4         
,bissell1 of ,rochester1 in the         
,horticulturist of ,january1 #ahdh1     
writes that the vine from which cuttings
 were taken was found by ,l4 ,b4        
,langworthy1 in the garden of a ,mr4    
,peebles above ,waterford on the        
,hudson4 ,the name ,clinton was given by
 ,langworthy1 who introduced it to the  
trade around ,rochester about #ahce4    
,there were other cultivated varieties  
growing in the ,peebles garden and the  
,clinton was not supposed to be a       
seedling4 ,although this account of the 
origin of the ,clinton was published in 
the then most popular horticultural     
publication in the ,united ,states1     
there were no denials nor corrections   
made in any of the succeeding numbers4  
,in #ahfc there appeared in the ,elmira 
,advertiser an account of the origin of 

this variety in which it was stated that
 the seed from which this variety had   
sprung was planted by ,hugh ,white1 then
 a member of ,congress1 in his father's 
garden in ,whitesboro1 in #ahai4 ,two   
years later1 so the story runs1 when he 
was a junior in ,hamilton ,college1     
,clinton1 ,new ,york1 ,white            
transplanted the vine east of the house 
of ,dr4 ,noyes1 with whom he then       
boarded4 ,there were no denials of this 
report1 probably on account of the fact 
that the introducer at ,rochester was   
dead2 and the account and ,whitesboro as
 the place of origin were later         
generally accepted by horticultural     
writers4 ,in #aheb the ,ohio            
,pomological ,society determined that   
the ,worthington and the ,clinton grapes
 were identical4 ,later this was        
generally accepted by viticulturists as 
being correct4 ,the ,worthington is an  
old sort known to ,adlum and ,prince1   
and was said by the latter to have      
originated in the vicinity of           

,annapolis1 ,maryland4  ,clinton was    
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahfb1 where it has since    
been retained4  ,clinton is usually     
considered a ,riparia1 as most of the   
botanical characters indicate this      
species4 ,however1 occasional canes with
 continuous tendrils are characteristic 
of ,labrusca4       ,vine a rank grower1
 healthy1 hardy1 productive4 ,canes     
long1      numerous1 slender to medium1 
brown to reddish-brown2 nodes           
enlarged1 slightly flattened2 internodes
 of average length2      diaphragm thick
 to medium2 pith large2 shoots smooth2  
tendrils      usually intermittent but  
sometimes continuous1 bifid4            
,leaf-buds rather large and short1      
thick1 obtuse to conical1 open          
early4 ,young leaves very faintly tinged
 with carmine on lower side      only4  
,leaves hang until very late in the     
season1 medium to small1      thin2     
upper surface dark green1 smooth2 lower 

surface pale green1      not pubescent2 
veins indistinct2 petiolar sinus deep1  
medium to      narrow1 often urn-shaped2
 basal and lateral sinuses shallow to   
medium when present2 teeth of average   
depth1 rather wide4 ,flowers            
fertile1 open early2 stamens upright4   
,fruit colors early but is not edible   
until after mid-season4      ,clusters  
medium to small1 of fair length1        
slender1 cylindrical1      uniform1     
usually single-shouldered1 compact2     
peduncle medium to      short1          
intermediate in thickness2 pedicel      
nearly short1 very      slender1 almost 
smooth2 brush tinged with red4 ,berries 
small to      medium1 roundish to       
slightly oval1 dark purplish-black to   
black1      glossy1 covered with rather 
thick blue bloom1 adhere well to        
pedicel1 firm4 ,skin very thin1 tough1  
nearly free from pulp1      contains    
considerable wine-colored pigment1      
somewhat astringent4      ,flesh darkish
 green1 very juicy1 fine-grained1       

slightly tough and      solid1 with some
 ,riparia flavor1 spicy1 vinous1 too    
tart for      dessert use4 ,seeds       
adherent1 average two in number1        
intermediate in      size1 short1 blunt1
 brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza of    
average      size1 above center1        
pear-shaped to long oval1 distinct4     
,must1      #ic-ih4   ,,cloeta4         
7,lincecumii1 ,rupestris1 ,labrusca1    
,vinifera47       #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41   
#fj3fcg4 #aija4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41      #aijc3hc4 #c4 ,mo4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijd3cjf4  ,cloeta comes  
from ,t4 ,v4 ,munson and is of the same 
parentage as ,captain4 ,munson says of  
it3#agb ,probably the best of all       
,american black grapes4 ,but it does not
 sustain this high standard on the      
,station grounds nor would it do so1 we 
think1 in other parts of the ,north4    
,munson further states that it requires 
hot1 dry weather to acquire high quality
 and this explains why it does not      
succeed in this latitude as it does in  

,texas4  ,the variety was produced from 
seed of ,america pollinated by ,r4 ,w4  
,munson and was introduced by the       
originator in #aijb4       ,vine very   
vigorous1 hardy1 produces fair to good  
crops1 susceptible      to attacks of   
mildew4 ,canes long1 numerous1 covered  
with      considerable blue bloom2      
tendrils intermittent1 bifid4 ,leaves   
small      to above medium1 rather      
thick4 ,flowers bloom in mid-season2    
stamens      upright4 ,fruit ripens     
after mid-season1 does not keep well4   
,clusters medium to small1 not uniform1 
frequently      single-shouldered1      
intermediate in compactness4 ,berries   
medium to      small1 oval to roundish1 
black1 covered with a fair amount of    
blue      bloom1 very persistent1 not   
firm4 ,skin very thin and tender1       
contains a large amount of wine-colored 
pigment4 ,flesh somewhat      tough and 
solid1 sweet at skin to acid at center1 
spicy1 medium to      above in quality4 
,the numerous small seeds are usually   

not notched4   ,,colerain4  7,labrusca47
  #a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #dg3gei4 #ahhh4   
fig4 #b4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aje4 #c4   
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ec3faf4 #ahid4 #d4 ,n4 
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ad3bgh4 #ahie4   
#e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebh1  
#edh1 #eed4 #ahih4 #f4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41  
#eh3bc4 #ahii4 #g4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41  
#afi3afe4 #ahii4  ,colerain is one of   
the numerous white seedlings of ,concord
 and one of the few of these seedlings  
of sufficient merit to be kept in       
cultivation4 ,it has the characteristic 
foliage and habit of growth of its      
parent but is earlier by at least a     
week1 is of much higher quality and     
lacks somewhat the foxiness of most     
,labruscas4 ,colerain is sprightly and  
vinous and neither seeds nor skins are  
as objectionable as in the parent       
variety2 the fruit hangs well to the    
vine and keeps as well as most of the   
varieties of its class but owing to its 
tender pulp does not ship well4 ,it is  
reported to be more or less unproductive

 in some localities4 ,while ,colerain   
has not attained commercial importance1 
it is recognized as well worthy a place 
in home vineyards1 and for this reason  
and because it is one of the best if not
 the best of the white seedlings of     
,concord it is given the honor of a     
color-plate and full description in ,the
 ,grapes of ,new ,york4  ,david ,bundy  
of ,colerain1 ,belmont ,county1 ,ohio1  
produced ,colerain from seed of ,concord
 planted in #ahhj4 ,the variety was soon
 after introduced by the ,colerain      
,grape ,company of ,colerain1 ,ohio4    
,vine medium to vigorous1 usually hardy1
 healthy1 not always      productive4   
,canes intermediate in length and       
number1 slender1 dark                   
reddish-brown2 nodes of average size1   
flattened2 internodes medium      to    
below2 diaphragm thick2 pith rather     
large2 shoots pubescent2      tendrils  
continuous1 rather short1 bifid4        
,leaf-buds small1 short1 slender1       
pointed to nearly conical1 open         

moderately late4 ,young leaves lightly  
tinged on lower side and      along     
margin of upper side with a faint trace 
of carmine4 ,leaves of      average     
size1 nearly thick2 upper surface light 
green1 dull1      moderately smooth2    
lower surface slightly bronze1 downy2   
veins      rather distinct2 leaf not    
lobed1 terminus acute2 petiolar sinus   
shallow to medium1 usually wide2 basal  
and lateral sinuses very      shallow   
when present2 teeth shallow1 of average 
width4 ,flowers      fertile1 opening in
 mid-season or earlier2 stamens upright4
       ,fruit ripens a week or more     
earlier than ,concord1 keeps fairly well
      but does not ship well4 ,clusters 
attractive1 averaging medium in         
size and length1 somewhat slender1      
blunt1 tapering to nearly               
cylindrical1 irregular1 usually strongly
 shouldered1 moderately      compact2   
peduncle medium in length and thickness2
 pedicel      intermediate in length1   
inclined to slender1 nearly smooth2     

brush      of average length1 green4    
,berries usually below ,niagara in size 
but      somewhat variable1 roundish to 
slightly oval1 light green1 slightly    
glossy1 covered with thin gray bloom1   
usually rather persistent4      ,skin   
unusually thin1 tender1 adheres to pulp1
 contains no pigment1      slightly     
astringent4 ,flesh pale green1          
translucent1 juicy1      fine-grained1  
tender and soft when fully ripe1        
somewhat foxy1      vinous1 sweet1 good 
in quality4 ,seeds separate easily from 
the      pulp1 few in number1 usually   
one to three1 averaging two1 rather     
small and broad1 notched1 short to      
medium1 nearly plump1 brownish2         
raphe obscure2 chalaza of average size1 
slightly above center1      circular to 
nearly oval1 showing only as a          
depression4   ,,columbian ,,imperial4   
7,labrusca1 ,riparia47       #a4 ,ohio  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic-d3cj4 #b4     
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3aje4 #c4 ,ohio 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahid-e3fg1 #gj4 #d4

 ,n4      ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ah3cgd1
 #chg1 #cie4 #ahii4 #e4 ,mo4 ,sta4      
,bul41      #df3ch1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #di4 
#ahii4 #f4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3aff1
      #afi4 #ahii4 #g4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt41 #ahii3eg4 #h4 ,ga4 ,sta4        
,bul41 #ec3db4 #aija4       ,,columbian 
7#c1 #f74 ,imperial 7#c74 ,,jumbo 7#a74 
,jumbo 7#b1 #c74  ,columbian ,imperial  
is a showy1 reddish-black1              
,labrusca-,riparia hybrid chiefly       
remarkable for the great size of its    
berries2 though the vine is so          
exceptionally healthy and vigorous as to
 give it prominence for these           
characters4 ,the variety has remarkably 
thick1 leathery leaves which seem almost
 proof against either insects or fungi4 
,the quality of the fruit1 however1 is  
very inferior and the clusters are      
uneven as to the number of berries and  
these shell off readily4 ,the only      
possible value of the variety is for    
exhibition purposes and for breeding to 
secure the desirable characters named   

above4 ,columbian ,imperial is a        
frequent adornment of the salesbook of  
the fruit tree agents and the panegyrics
 heaped upon it by misinformed or       
unscrupulous salesmen have given it a   
rather wide distribution in the gardens 
of the amateur where it has no place    
whatever4  ,the parentage of ,columbian 
,imperial is unknown4 ,the fruit was    
originated by ,j4 ,s4 ,mc,kinley1       
,morgan1 ,orient ,p4 ,o41 ,ohio1 in     
#ahhe4 ,it was introduced by the        
,columbian ,grape ,company1 of          
,kingston1 ,ohio1 under the name        
,columbian1 also by ,j4 ,r4 ,johnson of 
,dallas1 ,texas1 under the name         
,columbian ,imperial4 ,supposed by many 
to be of ,labrusca-,riparia blood4 ,the 
,labrusca shows plainly2 the ,riparia   
little1 if at all4       ,vine vigorous 
to very vigorous1 healthy1 hardy1       
variable in      productiveness4 ,canes 
long1 numerous1 thick to medium1 dark   
reddish-brown1 unusually heavily        
pubescent and spiny2 tendrils           

continuous1 long1 bifid4  ,illustration3
 ,,colerain       ,leaves healthy1      
variable in size1 green1 very thick2    
lower surface      of young leaves pale 
green shading into bronze on older      
leaves with      little1 if any1        
pubescence4 ,flowers1 strongly          
self-fertile2 upright      stamens4     
,fruit ripens late4 ,clusters medium in 
size1 sometimes      shouldered1 and of 
average compactness4 ,berries large1    
roundish to      slightly oval1 dull    
reddish-black covered with thin lilac or
 faint      blue bloom1 not very        
persistent1 firm4 ,skin thick1 tough1   
contains      no pigment4 ,flesh        
moderately juicy1 tough1 nearly sweet at
 skin to      decidedly acid at center1 
with no pronounced aroma1 fair to good  
in      quality4 ,seeds adhere to the   
pulp1 large to medium1 plump1 broad to  
medium1 intermediate in length1 rather  
blunt4   ,,concord4  7,labrusca47       
#a4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #ah3dij1 #ebb4 #aheb4 
#b4 ,ib41 #ai3ebd1 #edb4      #ahec4 #c4

 ,horticulturist1 #i3abd1 #ahh1 #bcf1   
#cii1 #eae4 #ahed4      #d4 ,mag4       
,hort41 #bj3fc1 fig41 #dca1 #eec4 #ahed4
 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahed4
 #f4 ,ib41 #aheh3bcc4 #g4 ,grant1       
#ahfd3g1      #ab4 #h4 ,gar4 ,mon41     
#aa3ci4 #ahfi4 #i4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4   
,rpt41      #ahgb3dg4 #aj4 ,bush4 ,cat41
 #ahhc3hc1 #hd1 fig41 #adg4 #aa4        
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3cce4 #ab4
 ,meehan's ,mon41 #d3dg4      #ahid4    
#ac4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ebh1 
#edj1 #edc1 #edd1 #edh1      #eeb4      
#ahih4 #ad4 ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits1         
#ahih3gb4 #ae4 ,mo4 ,hort4      ,soc4   
,rpt41 #aijj3cfj4 #af4 ,trait gen4 de   
vit41 #f3agh4 #aijc4       ,,bull',s    
,,seedling 7#a74  ,the ,concord is known
 by all4 ,the most widely grown of the  
grapes of this continent1 it also       
represents the dominant type of our     
native species and with its offspring1  
pure-bred and cross-bred1 furnishes     
seventy-five per ct4 or more of the     
grapes of eastern ,america4 ,in ,new    

,york1 approximately seventy-five per   
ct4 of all the grapes grown are         
,concords alone4 ,the preeminently      
meritorious character of ,concord1 which
 has enabled it to take first place in  
,american viticulture1 is the elasticity
 of its constitution whereby it adapts  
itself to varying conditions2 thus the  
,concord is grown with more or less     
profit in every grape-growing ,state in 
the ,union and to an extent not possible
 with any other grape4 ,it succeeds on a
 greater number of soils than any other 
variety4 ,in the ,chautauqua grape      
region there are six distinct types of  
soil upon which grapes are grown and the
 ,concord is the leading grape on each  
of them4  ,a second character which     
commends ,concord as a commercial       
variety is its high degree of           
fruitfulness1 as it gives large crops   
year in and year out4 ,added to the     
above points of superiority are         
hardiness2 ability to withstand the     
ravages of both diseases and insects2   

comparative earliness and therefore     
certainty of maturity in northern       
regions2 fair size of bunch and berry1  
good color1 and an abundance of bloom1  
making a most handsome grape4 ,the      
,concord leaves out and blossoms        
somewhat late in the spring and does not
 therefore often suffer from spring     
frosts and the fruit is not easily      
injured by late frosts and hangs well on
 the vine4  ,the ,concord is not1       
however1 without faults4 ,its quality is
 not high1 the grapes lack richness1    
delicacy of flavor and aroma1 and have a
 foxy taste disagreeable to many2 on the
 other hand1 the fruit is sprightly and 
refreshing and does not cloy the        
appetite as do richer grapes4 ,the seeds
 and skin of ,concord are objectionable1
 the seeds being large and abundant and 
difficult to separate from the flesh and
 the skin is tough and unpleasantly     
astringent4 ,the ,concord does not keep 
nor ship well as compared with grapes   
having ,vinifera blood and it rapidly   

loses flavor after ripening2 the skin is
 inclined to crack and the berries to   
shell from the stems after picking4     
,concord is but slightly resistant to   
phylloxera and in calcareous soils is   
subject to chlorosis4 ,it requires a    
rich soil and thrives best on a virgin  
soil2 thus1 in the ,chautauqua region of
 this ,state1 much concern is now felt  
because of the failing vineyards1 most  
of which should not as yet have reached 
their prime4 ,while ,concord is grown in
 the ,south1 it is essentially a        
northern grape1 becoming susceptible to 
fungi in southern climates and suffering
 from phylloxera in dry1 warm soils4    
,concord is a table grape and1 to use an
 oft quoted expression coined by ,horace
 ,greeley1 it is the grape for the      
millions4 ,it can be produced so cheaply
 that no other grape can compete with it
 in the markets4 ,the dominance of      
,concord is not wholly desirable for    
viticulture1 as by keeping out better   
varieties1 the consumer is prevented    

from obtaining grapes high in quality2  
and by giving the grower a feeling of   
sufficiency in having this sort1 other  
varieties do not receive the            
consideration they deserve4 ,the variety
 is used somewhat for making red wines  
and a white wine as a base for champagne
 but it is a poor wine grape1 as much   
sugar must be added to attain the amount
 of alcohol necessary for a good wine   
and the foxy taste is not a pleasant    
flavor4 ,grape juice is made almost     
entirely from ,concords and during the  
past few years many carloads of grapes  
have been used in the ,chautauqua region
 for this purpose4  ,illustration3      
,,concord  ,the botanical characters of 
,concord indicate that it is a pure-bred
 ,labrusca2 thus the seed with obscure  
raphe and chalaza1 the pubescence on the
 under surface of the leaf1 the flesh   
characters of the fruit1 the continuous 
tendrils1 the diaphragm1 all belong to  
,vitis labrusca4 ,there are those1      
however1 who maintain that it is        

possibly a ,labrusca-,vinifera hybrid1  
basing their claim upon the upright     
stamens1 the characters of some of the  
seedlings1 and the opinion expressed by 
,bull that a ,catawba vine growing near 
by had fertilized the seed from which   
,concord was raised4  ,concord is a     
virile variety1 having begotten a great 
number of valuable offspring1 both as   
pure-breeds and as cross-breeds4 ,to    
these it has seemingly transmitted its  
characters to a high degree4 ,the reader
 who takes the pains to look them up    
will find that many of these1 even of   
the pure-breeds1 are white and that they
 are usually of higher quality than the 
parent1 indicating a white ancestor of  
,concord in which high quality was      
possibly correlated with the light      
color4  ,the seed of a wild grape was   
planted in the fall of #ahdc by ,e4 ,w4 
,bull#agc of ,concord1 ,massachusetts1  
from which fruit was borne in #ahdi4    
,the wild grape from which the seed came
 had been transplanted from beside a    

field fence to the garden in which there
 was at least another grape1 the        
,catawba1 and the wild vine was open to 
cross-pollination4 ,one of these        
seedlings was named ,concord and the    
variety was exhibited before the        
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
in the fall of #aheb4 ,the new grape was
 introduced in the spring of #ahed by   
,hovey  ,co41 of ,boston4 ,from the time
 of its introduction the growth of this 
variety in popularity was phenomenal4   
,in #ahed1 the year of its introduction1
 it was placed on the grape list of the 
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog as one of the new varieties     
which promise well4 ,in #aheh it was    
placed on the regular list of           
recommended sorts where it has since    
been retained4 ,husmann states1 in the  
winter of #ahee1 that he secured buds at
 ,hermann1 ,missouri1 from ,soulard of  
,galena1 ,illinois4 ,in other words1 its
 culture had spread halfway across the  
continent in the brief period of a year4

 ,before #ahfj1 vineyards of ,concord   
had been planted in ,chautauqua ,county1
 this ,state4 ,in #ahfe it was awarded a
 prize by the ,american ,institute known
 as the ,greeley prize1 from its donor1 
,horace ,greeley1 as the best grape for 
general cultivation4       ,vine        
vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy1       
healthy1 usually productive      of     
heavy crops4 ,canes above medium length1
 of average number1 above      mean     
thickness1 rather dark reddish-brown to 
brown2 nodes enlarged1      flattened2  
internodes medium to long2 diaphragm    
rather thick2 pith      large to medium2
 shoots pubescent2 tendrils continuous1 
long1      bifid1 sometimes trifid4     
,leaf-buds medium to nearly large1      
short1 below average thickness1         
conical to pointed1 open in mid-season4 
,young leaves lightly tinged      on    
lower side and along margin of upper    
side1 prevailing color                  
rose-carmine4 ,leaves large to medium1  
thick2 upper surface dark      green1   

slightly glossy1 rather smooth2 lower   
surface light bronze1      heavily      
pubescent2 veins distinct2 lobes three  
when present1      terminal lobe acute2 
petiolar sinus variable averaging medium
 in      depth and width2 basal sinus   
usually lacking2 lateral sinus obscure  
and frequently notched2 teeth shallow1  
medium to narrow4 ,flowers      fertile1
 open in mid-season or earlier2 stamens 
upright4       ,fruit ripens about      
mid-season1 keeps from one to two       
months4      ,clusters rather uniform1  
large to medium1 intermediate in length1
      wide1 broadly tapering1 usually   
single-shouldered1 sometimes            
double-shouldered1 medium to rather     
compact2 peduncle short to      medium1 
thick2 pedicel of average length1 thick1
 nearly smooth2      brush intermediate 
in length1 pale green4 ,berries medium  
to large1      roundish1 slightly       
glossy1 black covered with abundant blue
 bloom1      not always persistent1     
firm4 ,skin of average thickness1       

moderately      tough1 slightly adherent
 to pulp1 contains a small amount of    
wine-colored pigment1 somewhat          
astringent4 ,flesh pale green1          
translucent1 juicy1 rather fine-grained1
 somewhat tough and solid1      slightly
 foxy1 sweet at skin1 inclined to       
tartness next the seeds1      good in   
quality4 ,seeds rather adherent1 one to 
four in number1      average three1     
nearly large1 broad1 distinctly notched1
 plump1      blunt1 brownish2 raphe     
obscure2 chalaza of fair size1 slightly 
above center1 oval1 nearly obscure4     
,must #gj-hj4   ,,cottage4  7,labrusca47
       #a4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41 #d3cbg1  
#ccd4 #ahfh4 #b4 ,horticulturist1       
#bf3bb4 #ahga4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,cat41 #ahgi4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahha3cf4 #e4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41    
#eb3fee4 #ahic4 #f4      ,ill4 ,sta4    
,bul41 #bh3bec4 #ahic4 #g4 ,bush4 ,cat41
 #ahid3ajh4      #h4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahie3aca4 #i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
      ,rpt41 #ag3ebh1 #ede1 #edg1 #eed4 

#ahih4 #aj4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41         
#afi3afi4 #ahii4  ,illustration3        
,,cottage  ,in vine and fruit ,cottage  
greatly resembles its parent1 ,concord1 
having1 however1 remarkably large1      
thick1 leathery leaves well shown in the
 color-plate4 ,it is noted1 too1 for its
 strong1 branching root system4 ,with   
good foliage and good roots it is not   
surprising that it is a vigorous1       
thrifty grower--if anything surpassing  
its parent in vigor of growth4 ,the     
canes are so rough as to be almost spiny
 indicating1 seemingly1 outbursts of    
growth-force4 ,the ,cottage is of better
 quality than its parent having far less
 foxiness and a richer1 more delicate   
flavor4 ,it is given credit1 too1 of    
being a better shipper and a better     
keeper and is from one to two weeks     
earlier4 ,its good qualities are offset1
 however1 by the fact that it lacks in  
soil adaptability1 is comparatively     
unproductive1 and ripens unevenly4 ,it  
blooms much earlier than ,concord4      

,cottage is recommended as an early     
grape of the ,concord type for the      
garden and a standard variety for       
northern localities4 ,the variety is    
widely distributed in varietal          
vineyards4  ,cottage is another of ,e4  
,w4 ,bull's seedlings1 having been      
produced by him from seed of ,concord4  
,it was introduced in #ahfi and in #ahgi
 it was placed on the grape list of the 
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog1 where it has since been        
retained4       ,vine vigorous1 healthy1
 hardy1 produces average crops4 ,canes  
often      rough and hairy1 long to     
medium1 numerous1 of fair thickness1    
rather dark brown1 nodes slightly       
enlarged1 not usually flattened2        
internodes intermediate in length2      
diaphragm thinnish2 pith of      average
 size2 shoots very pubescent2 tendrils  
continuous1 of mean      length1 usually
 bifid4       ,leaf-buds small to       
medium1 short1 of fair thickness1       
conical to      pointed1 open moderately

 early4 ,young leaves tinged on lower   
side      and faintly at the margin with
 red1 making the prevailing color       
pale green with light carmine tinge4    
,leaves large1 thick2 upper      surface
 dark green1 glossy1 smooth to slightly 
rugose2 lower      surface tinged with  
heavy bronze1 with some pubescence2     
veins      distinct2 leaf usually not   
lobed1 with terminus acute to acuminate2
      petiolar sinus usually deep and   
wide2 teeth shallow1 wide4 ,flowers     
fertile1 open medium early2 stamens     
upright4       ,fruit ripens one or two 
weeks earlier than ,concord1 does not   
keep      well4 ,clusters above medium  
to small1 below average length1         
moderately broad1 cylindrical to        
slightly tapering1 sometimes            
single-shouldered1 rather compact2      
peduncle somewhat long1                 
intermediate in size2 pedicel short1    
thick1 covered with few1                
inconspicuous1 small warts1 wide at     
point of attachment to berry2      brush

 dark red4 ,berries of average size1    
roundish1 dull black1 not      glossy1  
covered with heavy blue bloom1 drop     
badly from pedicel1      firm4 ,skin    
rather thick1 somewhat tender1 slightly 
adherent to      pulp1 contains         
considerable dark purplish-red pigment1 
slightly      astringent4 ,flesh juicy1 
tough1 rather solid1 foxy1 agreeably    
sweet next the skin1 tart at seeds1 good
 to medium4 ,seeds separate             
somewhat readily from pulp1 numerous1   
one to four1 often four1      above     
medium in size1 rather broad1           
intermediate in length1 blunt1          
light brown2 raphe does not show2       
chalaza rather large1 usually at        
center1 irregularly circular1 obscure4  
,,creveling4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87   
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aheh3bbe4  
#b4 ,ib41 #ahfj3gi4 #c4                 
,horticulturist1 #ae3ech4 #ahfj4 fig4   
#d4 ,mag4 ,hort41      #bg3ajc4 #ahfa4  
#e4 ,horticulturist1 #ag3ada4 #ahfb4 #f4
 ,mag4      ,hort41 #bi3gb4 #ahfc4 #g4  

,mead1 #ahfg3afc4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat41 #ahfg3de4 #i4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41
 #d3fj4 #ahfh4 #aj4      ,downing1      
#ahfi3ecf4 #aa4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41     
#h3adc4 #ahgj4 #ab4      ,gar4 ,mon41   
#ac3bad1 #bgi4 #ahga4 #ac4 ,bush4 ,cat41
 #ahhc3ij4      #ad4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt41 #ag3ebh1 #edj1 #edd1 #edh1 #eed4 
#ahih4      #ae4 ,ib41 #ah3cgd1 #chg1   
#cie4 #ahii4 #af4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41    
#aaj3bdj4 #aijb4       ,bloom 7#b1 #c1  
#e1 #ac74 ,bloomburg 7#aj74 ,,catawissa 
7#e74 ,catawissa      7#b1 #f1 #ac74    
,catawissa ,bloom 7#aj74 ,columbia      
,bloom 7#b1 #d74      ,columbia ,county 
7#aj74 ,,laura ,,beverly 7#i1 #ab74     
,laura ,beverly8      7#aj74  ,creveling
 was long a favorite early black grape  
for the garden1 where1 if planted in    
good soil and kept well trained1 it     
produces fine clusters of large1        
handsome1 very good grapes of the       
,isabella type4 ,under any but the best 
of care1 however1 it is unproductive and
 sets loose1 straggling bunches4 ,the   

wood is soft1 long-jointed1 reddish in  
color1 with a large pith and producing  
but few laterals4 ,it is markedly       
self-sterile4  ,the origin of the       
,creveling is uncertain4 ,it was first  
introduced to the public about #aheg by 
,f4 ,f4 ,merceron of ,catawissa1        
,pennsylvania4 ,it is said to have been 
in cultivation in ,columbia ,county1    
,pennsylvania1 some years previous to   
the date given4 ,the name ,creveling    
came from a family of that name1 who    
cultivated the variety and may possibly 
have originated it4 ,it was placed upon 
the grape list of the ,american         
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahfg and dropped from their list in    
#ahii4 ,it is still widely cultivated in
 varietal vineyards4       ,vine        
vigorous1 not quite hardy1 usually not  
very productive4 ,canes      long1 above
 medium in number1 rather thick1 dark   
reddish-brown2      nodes slightly      
enlarged1 flattened2 internodes medium  
to long2      diaphragm thick2 pith     

large2 shoots glabrous2 tendrils usually
      continuous1 long1 trifid to bifid4
       ,leaf-buds rather large1 short1  
thick1 obtuse1 open in mid-season4      
,young leaves tinged on upper and lower 
sides with rose-carmine4      ,leaves   
below medium to large1 thick2 upper     
surface dark green1      dull1 slightly 
rugose2 lower surface pale green1 rather
 pubescent2      veins somewhat         
prominent2 lobes usually three1         
sometimes obscurely      five1 terminal 
lobe acute to blunt2 petiolar sinus deep
 to      narrow1 closed and sometimes   
overlapping2 basal sinus very shallow   
when present2 lateral sinus rather      
shallow1 narrow2 teeth shallow1      of 
average width4 ,flowers sometimes on    
plan of six1 sterile1 open      in      
mid-season or earlier2 stamens reflexed4
       ,illustration3 ,,creveling       
,fruit ripens a few days later than     
,hartford1 does not keep well4          
,clusters resemble ,isabella in general 
appearance1 good size1 medium      to   

long1 rather broad1 irregularly         
tapering1 usually      single-shouldered
 the shoulder often being connected to  
the cluster      by a long stem1 loose2 
peduncle long1 rather slender1 often    
with a      distinct reddish tinge2     
pedicel variable in length1 thick1      
usually      with no warts1 wide at     
point of attachment to berry2 brush     
intermediate in length1 thick1 dark     
wine-color4 ,berries medium to          
large1 oval1 dull black1 covered with   
heavy blue bloom1 persistent1           
rather firm4 ,skin thick1 tough1 adheres
 considerably to the pulp1      with a  
moderate amount of wine-colored pigment1
 astringent4 ,flesh      pale green1    
translucent1 juicy1 very stringy1       
tender1 coarse1      somewhat foxy1     
sweet at skin to tart at center1 good in
 quality4      ,seeds separate rather   
easily1 one to five in number1 average  
two or      three1 above medium in size1
 broad1 slightly notched1 intermediate  
in length1 blunt1 light brown2 raphe    

shows as a narrow groove2      chalaza  
of fair size1 at center or slightly     
above1 oval1 obscure4   ,,croton4       
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana47  
#a4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41 #e3bbc1 #bbd4   
#ahfi4 fig4 #b4 ,am4 ,hort4      ,an41  
#ahgj3ia1 #ib4 fig4 #c4 ,horticulturist1
 #be3bge4 #ahgj4      #d4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahga3af4 #e4 ,mich4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahgb3edf4 fig4 #f4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3eg4 #g4   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3hg4 fig4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3ebh1 #ede1  
#edg1 #eed4 #ahih4 #i4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41
 #ec3db1 #ea4      #aija4  ,the ,croton 
is a feast both to the eye and the      
palate4 ,the accompanying color-plate   
does not do it justice as grown at its  
best1 as it shows a loose1 straggling   
bunch1 a characteristic of the variety  
only when poorly grown4 ,unfortunately  
it has the fault of being difficult to  
grow well1 being adapted to but few     
soils and proving unfruitful1 weak in   
growth1 precariously tender1 and        

somewhat subject to mildew and rot in   
unfavorable situations4 ,but when well  
grown the consensus of opinion among    
viticulturists is that it has few       
superiors among white grapes4 ,it has a 
sweet1 delicate ,vinifera flavor1 with  
melting flesh which readily separates   
from the few seeds4 ,the fruit hangs on 
the vines until frost1 and keeps well   
into the winter4 ,the ,croton is among  
green grapes what its parent1 the       
,delaware1 is among red grapes4 ,in     
spite of its high quality it has never  
become widely distributed1 failing      
utterly as a commercial variety1 quality
 counting for but little in grape       
markets4 ,if this delicious fruit is to 
be saved to cultivation it must be by   
the hands of the amateur4  ,croton came 
from ,stephen ,w4 ,underhill#agd of     
,croton ,point1 ,new ,york1 from seed of
 ,delaware pollinated by ,chasselas de  
,fontainbleau4 ,the seed was planted in 
the spring of #ahfc and the vine fruited
 for the first time in #ahfe4 ,the grape

 was first exhibited at the             
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
meeting in #ahfh4 ,it was placed on the 
grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog in #ahga but was
 dropped in #ahhc1 chiefly on account of
 its susceptibility to fungal diseases4 
,vine medium to vigorous1 often somewhat
 tender1 usually productive1            
subject to disease in unfavorable       
locations4 ,canes long1 numerous1       
thick1 rather dark reddish-brown2 nodes 
enlarged1 usually not      flattened2   
internodes medium to short2 diaphragm   
very thick2 pith      large2 shoots     
glabrous2 tendrils intermittent1 long1  
bifid4  ,illustration3 ,,croton         
,leaf-buds large1 prominent1 long1 of   
average thickness1 conical1      open   
late4 ,young leaves tinged on lower side
 and at margin of upper      side with  
faint carmine4 ,foliage remains until   
late in the season2      leaves of      
medium size1 intermediate in thickness2 
upper surface      light green1 dull1   

nearly smooth to rugose2 lower surface  
pale      green1 slightly cobwebby or   
hairy2 veins indistinct2 lobes five in  
number1 terminal lobe blunt to acute2   
basal sinus of average depth1           
rather narrow2 lateral sinus inclined to
 deep and nearly narrow2      petiolar  
sinus medium deep1 narrow1 often closed 
and overlapping2      teeth inclined to 
shallow1 wide4 ,flowers fertile1 open   
late2      stamens upright4       ,fruit
 ripens in mid-season or later1 keeps   
fairly well4 ,clusters      not uniform1
 very large to medium1 longish1 rather  
slender1      irregularly tapering1     
often with an unusually heavy single    
shoulder1 very loose to medium2 peduncle
 long1 thick2 pedicel      somewhat     
long1 thick1 covered with few1 small1   
inconspicuous warts2      brush         
intermediate in length1 greenish4       
,berries irregular in size              
averaging about medium1 roundish to     
slightly elongated1 light      green1   
changing to yellowish-green1 covered    

with thin gray bloom1      persistent1  
slightly soft4 ,skin thin1 rather tough1
 adheres very      slightly to the pulp1
 contains no pigment4 ,flesh green1     
somewhat      transparent1 very juicy1  
melting1 vinous1 pleasant flavor1       
agreeably sweet1 good to very good in   
quality4 ,seeds separate very           
easily from the flesh1 one to three1    
above medium in size1 slightly          
elongated1 fair breadth1 notched1 rather
 sharply pointed1 light      brown2     
raphe obscure2 chalaza small1 above     
center1 irregularly      circular to    
oval1 indistinct4   ,,cunningham4       
7,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,prince1     
#ahcj3aia4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4      
,rpt41 #ahde3ici4      #c4 ,gar4 ,mon41 
#c3hc4 #ahfa4 #d4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41   
#c3cja4      #ahfh4 #e4 ,grape ,cult41  
#a3cd1 #ge4 #ahfi4 #f4 ,bush4 ,cat41    
#ahhc3hg1 #hh4 fig4 #g4 ,texas ,farm and
 ,ranch1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahif3aa4      #h4   
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaee4     
#ahih4 #i4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41            

#df3ch1 #dc1 #de1 #df1 #ej1 #ed4 #ahii4 
#aj4 ,trait gen4 de vit41      #f3bfh4  
#aijc4       ,long 7#d1 #f1 #g1 #i74    
,long ,no4 #b 7#i74 ,prince ,edward     
7#a74  ,the ,cunningham is not known in 
,new ,york and in fact has been         
cultivated but little in ,america1 but  
in ,france at one time it was one of the
 best known ,american grapes1 both as a 
direct producer and as a stock for      
,european varieties4 ,it is not now     
largely grown in ,france1 however1      
having been superseded by better        
,american varieties for the uses for    
which it was formerly cultivated4 ,it   
was much sought for by the ,french as a 
stock for large ,vinifera cions1 the    
size of the vine giving an opportunity  
for making a good graft4 ,in the ,south1
 ,cunningham is not largely grown as    
there are several other varieties of its
 class superior to it in quality of     
fruit and in vine characters as well4   
,it seems everywhere to have been an    
exceedingly capricious grower and very  

particular as to soil and climate4 ,it  
is said to make a deep yellow wine of   
very good quality4 ,it has little or no 
value as a table grape4  ,cunningham    
originated in the garden of ,jacob      
,cunningham of ,prince ,edward ,county1 
,virginia1 about the year #ahab4        
,cuttings of this vine were sent by ,dr4
 ,d4 ,n4 ,norton of ,richmond to ,prince
 in #ahbi4 ,prince introduced it to the 
public4 ,its botanical characters mark  
it as an offshoot of the ,herbemont     
group of ,bourquiniana4  ,the following 
description is a compilation from       
several sources3       ,vine very       
vigorous1 spreading1 rather productive1 
somewhat      suceptible to mildew4     
,canes large and long1 with stiff       
reddish      hairs at base2 shoots      
showing considerable bloom2 tendrils    
intermittent1 usually trifid4 ,leaves   
large1 rather thick1 roundish1          
entire or slightly lobed2 smooth and    
dark green above1      yellowish-green  
below and slightly pubescent2 petiolar  

sinus      narrow1 frequently           
overlapping4 ,clusters of medium size1  
long1      sometimes shouldered1 very   
compact2 peduncle short1 strong2 pedicel
      long1 slender4 ,berries small1    
purplish-black with thin1 grayish       
bloom4 ,skin thin1 tough with           
considerable underlying pigment4 ,flesh 
tender1 juicy1 sprightly or somewhat    
acidly sweet4 ,seeds two to      five1  
rather oval2 beak short2 chalaza        
distinct2 raphe showing as a      ridge4
   ,,cynthiana4  7,aestivalis1          
,labrusca47       #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4   
,rpt41 #ahfc3edh4 #b4 ,husmann1         
#ahff3ajc4 #c4      ,ib41 #ahff3ajd4 #d4
 ,gar4 ,mon41 #aa3adi4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,grape
      ,cult41 #a3bj1 #bci4 #ahfi4 #f4   
,ib41 #c3b4 #ahga4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4       
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahha3bd4 #h4 ,bush4 ,cat41
 #ahhc3hh4 fig4 #i4      ,mo4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3abg1 #aca4 #aj4 ,ill4
 ,sta4 ,bul41      #bh3bec4 #ahic4 #aa4 
,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ch1 #dc1 #de1 #df1
 #ej4      #ahii4 #ab4 ,kan4 ,sta4      

,bul41 #aaj3bdf4 #aijb4 #ac4 ,trait gen4
      de vit41 #f3bgd4 #aijc4           
,,arkansas 7#c74 ,arkansas 7#h74 ,norton
 7#ac74 ,norton ,virginia      7#ac74   
,norton's ,virginia ,seedling 7#ac74    
,red ,river 7#b1 #e1 #f1 #h1      #ac74 
,vitis ,nortoni 7#ac74  ,cynthiana is   
another southern grape impossible to    
grow in the ,north and therefore of but 
general interest for this work4 ,there  
has long been a heated controversy as to
 whether this variety differs from      
,norton4 ,the botanical differences     
between the two varieties are not       
greater than might be attributed to     
environment1 soil1 climate and culture2 
but side by side the two grapes ripen at
 different times1 and the quality of the
 fruit1 and more particularly of the    
wine1 is such that the varieties must be
 considered as distinct4 ,the           
distinction should be maintained for    
,cynthiana is the better grape of the   
two4 ,it has been much grown in ,france 
for its intrinsic value and in the      

reconstruction of vineyards destroyed by
 phylloxera4  ,illustration3 ,,cynthiana
  ,as the history given below shows1 the
 variety is an old one but it1 with     
,norton1 was condemned by the early     
vineyardists because it could be        
propagated from cuttings only with the  
greatest difficulty4 ,like most of its  
species1 ,cynthiana is somewhat         
particular as to soil and location1     
preferring sandy or gravelly loams and  
not thriving on clays or limestones4    
,while very resistant to phylloxera1 it 
is not now much used as a resistant     
stock because of the superiority of     
varieties of ,rupestris and because it  
is not easily propagated4 ,it is very   
resistant to cryptogamic diseases1      
mildew1 black-rot and anthracnose1 and  
is a strong1 vigorous grower4 ,its cycle
 of vegetation is long1 the buds        
bursting forth early and the fruit      
maturing very late4 ,it has no value as 
a table grape but according to the      
,bushberg ,catalogue#age it is the best 

,american grape for red wine4 ,so1 too1 
according to ,viala1#agf the wine from  
,cynthiana is the best of all the red   
wines produced from ,american vines4 ,it
 is said by ,french wine-makers#agg to  
contain an excess of all the elements   
which constitute the best ordinary      
wines1 color1 tannin1 acidity1 and      
bouquet1 and therefore to make a        
splendid base for blending with wine    
from varieties lacking in the above     
elements4  ,cynthiana was received1 some
 time in the fifties by ,prince of      
,flushing1 ,long ,island1 from ,arkansas
 where it is said to have been found    
growing in the woods4 ,it was sent by   
,prince to ,husmann at ,hermann1        
,missouri1 where it did so well and was 
so highly spoken of by ,husmann and his 
neighbors that it soon became known to  
grape-growers4 ,it was placed upon the  
grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog in #ahha1 where 
it still remains4 ,like ,norton1        
,cynthiana is often considered pure     

,aestivalis1 although a strain of some  
other blood1 probably ,labrusca1 is     
apparent4 ,because of the similarity of 
this variety and ,norton the one is     
often grown as the other4       ,vine   
vigorous1 healthy1 hardy1 usually a good
 yielder4 ,canes medium      to nearly  
long1 numerous1 of average size1 dark   
brown to      reddish-brown1 sometimes  
with faint ash-gray tinge1 surface      
covered      with thick blue bloom2     
nodes enlarged1 flattened2 internodes   
short      to medium2 diaphragm rather  
thin2 pith of medium size2 shoots       
slightly glabrous2 tendrils intermittent
 to continuous1 above      medium in    
length1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds small1  
short1 slender1 pointed to conical4     
,leaves      variable in size1 thick1   
firm2 upper surface dark green1 dull1   
rugose2 lower surface slightly tinged   
with blue1 faintly pubescent1           
cobwebby2 veins distinct2 lobes variable
 in number1 terminal lobe      acute2   
petiolar sinus deep1 narrow1 closed and 

sometimes      overlapping2 basal sinus 
shallow2 lateral sinus rather shallow   
and      narrow2 teeth shallow1 of      
average width2 stamens upright4         
,fruit ripens very late and keeps well4 
,clusters medium to small1      rather  
long1 intermediate in breadth1 tapering 
to cylindrical1 not      very uniform1  
often single-shouldered1 compact2       
peduncle above      medium length1      
small2 pedicel rather short and slender1
 covered      with numerous warts1      
enlarged at point of attachment to      
berry2      brush short1 thick1         
wine-colored4 ,berries small1 roundish1 
black1      covered with a moderate     
amount of blue bloom1 persistent1 firm4 
,skin thin1 tough1 rather adherent to   
the pulp1 contains a slight      amount 
of purple pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh   
darkish green1      translucent1 juicy1 
tough and solid1 spicy1 rather tart1    
poor in      quality as a dessert grape4
 ,seeds separate with difficulty from   
the      pulp1 one to six1 average      

three1 small1 of mean breadth1 short1   
blunt1 dark brown2 raphe distinct1      
cord-like2 chalaza small1      slightly 
above center1 circular1 distinct4 ,must 
#ih-aah4   ,,daisy4  7,labrusca1        
,vinifera47       #a4 ,kan4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt41 #ahhf3ahg4 #b4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4    
,an4      ,rpt41 #aj3die4 #ahia4 #c4    
,ib41 #ac3fjb4 #ahid4 #d4 ,bush4        
,cat41 #ahid3aaa4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rpt41 #ag3ebh1 #edh1 #eed4      #ahih4
  ,daisy is an unimportant seedling of  
,goethe4 ,the only reason for its       
distribution was its delicate1 spicy1   
pleasant flavor4 ,it is probably not    
worth perpetuating4  ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman1 
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 is supposed to   
have originated ,daisy from seed of     
,goethe4 ,on account of the fruit       
characters1 ,bush questions the         
parentage but as it grows at this       
,station the reputed parentage appears  
to be quite probably correct4           
,vine intermediate in vigor1 not hardy  
nor productive1 an uncertain            

bearer4 ,tendrils continuous1 bifid to  
sometimes trifid4 ,leaves      small to 
medium1 light green2 lower surface      
slightly pubescent4      ,flowers nearly
 self-sterile1 open in mid-season2      
stamens upright4      ,fruit ripens with
 ,concord or soon after1 does not keep  
well4      ,clusters of medium size1    
rather loose4 ,berries medium to small1 
distinctly oval1 somewhat darker red    
than ,agawam1 covered with thin         
lilac bloom1 persistent1 not firm4      
,flesh soft and tender1 vinous1         
sweet1 of pleasant flavor1 good in      
quality4 ,seeds few1 medium in          
length1 usually with a slightly enlarged
 neck2 chalaza above      center1 often 
with radiating ridges4   ,,delaware4    
7,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana1 ,vinifera47  
#a4 ,horticulturist1 #h3dib4 #ahec4 fig4
 #b4 ,ib41 #i3ih4      #ahed4 #c4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahef3bad4 #d4       
,horticulturist1      #ab3efb4 #aheg4   
#e4 ,downing1 #aheg3ccf4 fig4 #f4       
,horticulturist1 #ac3eh1 #agi4 #aheh4   

#g4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41             
#aheh3bcc4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#aheh3fe4 #i4 ,gar4 ,mon41      #a3ge1  
#afd4 #ahei4 #aj4 ,ib41 #b3ac1 #bf1     
#aag1 #agf4 #ahfj4 #aa4                 
,horticulturist1 #af3af1 #ba1 #cc1 #aai4
 #ahfa4 #ab4 ,fuller1      #ahfg3bba4   
#ac4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3dh4
 #ad4 ,ib41      #ahgc3fd4 #ae4 ,ohio   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhb-c3bh4 #af4    
,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3ia4 fig4 #ag4  
,am4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3aci4     
#ah4 ,amer4 ,gard41 #ab3ehd4 #ahia4 #ai4
 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #bh3bei4 #ahic4
 #bj4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ae3dcj1
 #dca1 #dcb1      #dcc4 #ahif4 #ba4     
,ib41 #ag3ebh1 #edj1 #edc1 #edd1 #ede1  
#edg1 #eed4      #ahih4 #bb4 ,amer4     
,gard41 #bj3fbb4 #ahii4 #bc4 ,mich4     
,sta4 ,bul41      #afi3afi4 #ahii4 #bd4 
,amer4 ,gard41 #bb3dha4 #aija4 #be4     
,trait      gen4 de vit41 #f3ahf4 #aijc4
       ,french ,grape 7#aj1 #ad74 ,gray 
,delaware 7#be74 ,heath 7#e74           
,italian wine grape 7#e1 #h1 #ac1 #ad1  

#af74 ,ladies ,choice 7#h1 #aa74        
,powell 7#a1 #ad74 ,red ,riesling1      
incorr4 7#e74 ,rose ,colored            
,delaware 7#be74 ,ruff 7#i1 #ad74       
,traminer1 incorr4 7#e74 ,wine          
,grape 7#aa74  ,delaware is the         
,american grape par excellence4 ,its    
introduction raised the standard of     
quality in our viticulture to that of   
the ,old ,world1 for there is no variety
 of ,vitis vinifera more richly or more 
delicately flavored or with a more      
agreeable aroma than the ,delaware4     
,this variety is rightly used wherever  
,american grapes are grown as the       
standard whereby to gauge the quality of
 other grapes4 ,added to high quality it
 is endowed with a constitution which   
enables it to withstand climatic        
conditions to which all but the most    
hardy varieties will succumb1 and so    
elastic as to adapt it to many soils and
 conditions1 and to bear under most     
situations an abundant crop4 ,all of    
this makes it1 next to the ,concord1 the

 most popular grape for garden1 vineyard
 and wine-press1 now grown in the       
,united ,states4 ,as with the ,concord1 
its introduction gave ,american         
grape-growing a great impetus and it is 
a question whether or not1 with its high
 quality1 it has not had a more         
beneficial effect on the viticulture of 
the country than the ,concord4  ,beside 
the qualities named above for the       
,delaware1 it matures sufficiently early
 to make its crops certain1 is          
attractive in appearance1 keeps well on 
the vine and in the package1 ships well 
and is more immune than other commercial
 varieties to black-rot4 ,its faults    
are3 ,the small size of the vine1       
slowness of growth1 susceptibility of   
the foliage to mildew1 its              
capriciousness in certain soils1 and the
 small size of the berries4 ,the first  
two faults make it necessary to plant   
the vines more closely than other       
commercial varieties stand4 ,it succeeds
 best in deep1 rich1 well-drained1 warm 

soils but even on these it must receive 
good cultivation1 close pruning1 and in 
some cases the fruit must be thinned4   
,it is1 too1 a necessity1 where mildew  
is abundant1 to spray with bordeaux     
mixture which keeps the disease well in 
check4 ,birds are very fond of this     
variety and it suffers in particular    
from the depredations of robins4        
,delaware is the best ,american table   
grape and as such commands a premium in 
all of the markets1 selling oftentimes  
for double the price of ,concord4 ,it is
 also much sought for by wine-makers    
both for ,delaware wine and for blending
 in making champagne or other wines of  
high quality4 ,it is grown ,north and   
,south and westward to the ,rocky       
,mountains1 and is now proving          
especially profitable in many southern  
locations as an early grape to ship to  
northern markets4 ,the ,delaware is an  
especially desirable grape to cultivate 
in small gardens because of its         
delicious and handsome fruit1 its       

compact habit of growth1 and when in    
health1 its ample and lustrous green1   
delicately formed leaves which make it  
one of the most ornamental of the       
grapes4#agh  ,delaware is the parent of 
an interesting but not particularly     
valuable progeny2 none of the pure-bred 
offspring nearly equal the parent though
 many of them inherit its fine color and
 high quality4 ,among its cross-bred    
offspring are some notable varieties1   
all of which are described in their     
proper places in this work4 ,an         
interesting fact regarding the pure-bred
 progeny of ,delaware is that1 so far as
 we have records1 it seems to have given
 very few black grapes though there are 
often white or rose-colored seedlings   
among them4 ,even in its cross-bred     
offspring1 red1 or some tint of it      
greatly predominates1 indicating power  
in the transmission of color and        
suggesting the value of this variety in 
breeding red grapes4  ,illustration3    
,,delaware  ,the ,delaware grape was    

first brought to notice by ,abram       
,thompson1 editor of the ,delaware      
,gazette of ,delaware1 ,ohio4 ,in the   
summer of #ahdi he saw fruit of this    
variety which had been brought into town
 from one of the neighboring farms4 ,an 
investigation disclosed that the variety
 was being raised on the farms of a ,mr4
 ,warford and of a ,mr4 ,heath1 near the
 banks of the ,scioto ,river1 a few     
miles from the town of ,delaware1 and   
that ,warford had brought the variety   
from the ,state of ,new ,jersey more    
than twenty years before4 ,it was known 
in this neighborhood under the name of  
,heath1 or ,powell4 ,thompson sent fruit
 of the variety to ,a4 ,j4 ,downing who 
gave it the name ,delaware1 after the   
town from which the samples had been    
sent4 ,thompson also brought it to the  
notice of the ,ohio ,pomological        
,society in the autumn of #ahea4 ,it was
 found that the ,delaware vines secured 
by ,warford could be traced back to the 
garden of ,paul ,h4 ,provost1 a ,swiss  

of ,frenchtown1 ,kingswood ,township1   
,hunterdon ,county1 ,new ,jersey4       
,provost1 at this time1 was dead1 and   
definite information was very difficult 
to secure as to where he had obtained   
his vines4 ,one account was that they   
had been received from a brother        
residing in ,italy1 and in deference to 
this story1 the variety was locally     
known as the ,italian wine grape4       
,another story was to the effect that   
they had been brought to ,provost's     
place by a ,german who had been in this 
country only a short time but who had   
spent this interval with ,hare ,powell  
of ,philadelphia4 ,whether the ,german  
secured the vines from the ,old ,country
 or from ,powell is uncertain4 ,there   
was a report that they had been secured 
from ,powell and that he in turn had    
received them from ,bland of ,virginia4 
,all of the stories as to how the vines 
came into ,provost's garden lack        
supporting evidence and some were of the
 opinion that it had grown in the garden

 as a seedling4  ,the ,delaware at once 
attracted great attention and the       
horticultural journals were full of     
conflicting accounts of its history and 
of warm discussions as to its botany4   
,in #ahef it was placed on the grape    
list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog as a new variety 
which promises well2 two years later it 
was placed on the list of recommended   
sorts4  ,there is still a difference of 
opinion as to the botany of this        
variety4 ,the theory advanced by many   
when it was first introduced1 that it is
 a pure ,vinifera1 has been abandoned4  
,millardet and others considered the    
,delaware a hybrid between ,vinifera1   
,labrusca1 ,cinerea and ,aestivalis4    
,munson holds that it is of             
,labrusca-,bourquiniana origin with a   
probable slight admixture of ,vinifera4 
,he further states that he considers    
,elsinburgh probably one of the parents4
 ,historically this is corroborated by  
the fact that ,elsingburgh originated in

 ,new ,jersey not far from where        
,provost lived4       ,vine not a strong
 grower1 hardy except in unfavorable    
locations1      fairly productive1      
somewhat subject to leaf-hoppers and    
mildew4      ,canes medium to below in  
length1 numerous1 slender1 rather light 
to      medium dark brown2 nodes        
slightly enlarged1 not flattened2       
internodes rather short2 diaphragm      
intermediate in thickness2 pith         
small2 shoots glabrous2 tendrils        
intermittent1 somewhat short1           
bifid4       ,leaf-buds rather small1 of
 average length1 slender1 pointed to    
conical1 prominent1 open early4 ,young  
leaves tinged on lower side      and    
along margin of upper side with a faint 
golden hue but the      prevailing color
 is light rose-carmine4 ,foliage not    
always healthy2      leaves medium to   
small1 intermediate in thickness2 upper 
surface      dark green1 dull1          
smoothish2 lower surface pale green1    
slightly      pubescent2 veins          

inconspicuous2 lobes three to five in   
number1      terminal lobe acute to     
acuminate2 petiolar sinus of average    
depth1      narrow to medium2 basal     
sinus shallow and narrow when present2  
lateral sinus moderately deep1 narrow2  
teeth shallow1 of fair      width4      
,flowers fertile1 open somewhat late2   
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens a  
few days earlier than ,concord1 keeps   
well4 ,clusters      medium to small1 of
 average length1 slender1 rather blunt1 
often      cylindrical1 regular1 usually
 shouldered1 compact2 peduncle medium   
to short1 slender2 pedicel short1       
slender1 smooth2 brush      intermediate
 in size1 light brown4 ,berries uniform 
in size and      shape1 small to medium1
 roundish1 light red1 covered with thin 
lilac bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin    
thin1 moderately tough1 adheres         
somewhat to the pulp1 contains no       
pigment1 slightly astringent4           
,flesh light green1 translucent1 juicy1 
tender1 aromatic1 vinous1      sprightly

 and refreshing1 sweet to agreeably tart
 from skin to      center1 best in      
quality4 ,seeds separate easily from the
 pulp1 one      to four1 average two1   
intermediate in size1 rather broad1     
notched1      short1 blunt1 light       
brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza of     
medium      size1 above center1         
circular4 ,must #ajj-aah4   ,,delawba4  
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,bourquiniana47  
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3abf4  
#b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41              
#ahia3cic4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aad1 
#aae4 fig4 #d4 ,ga4      ,sta4 ,bul41   
#ec3db4 #aija4  ,of ,delawba we can say 
but little1 not having vines of it on   
the ,station grounds4 ,it is an         
offspring of ,delaware crossed with     
,catawba1 as the name indicates1 and was
 introduced with the expectation that it
 would take the place of one or the     
other or both of its parents4 ,however1 
it has made no impress upon the         
viticulture of this ,state though it has
 been tested here and there in the      

several grape regions during the past   
ten years4 ,the fruit resembles         
,catawba1 though not as attractive1 the 
berries averaging smaller1 but it ripens
 almost as early as ,delaware1 a great  
point in its favor4 ,the vine1 too1 is  
more like ,catawba than the ,delaware1  
being more vigorous and productive than 
the latter4 ,the reports of this variety
 indicate that it is very promising but 
it seems not to be making headway as    
either a fancy or a commercial fruit    
probably because of characters lacking  
in the fruit4  ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm of
 ,spring ,hill1 ,tennessee1 produced the
 ,delawba some time about #ahhj from    
seed of ,delaware fertilized by         
,catawba4 ,the variety was introduced in
 #ahie1 after having received high      
encomiums from various horticultural    
authorities4 ,the following is a        
compiled description3       ,vine       
usually vigorous and productive1        
resembling ,catawba very      closely1  
blooming with ,concord4 ,cluster above  

medium to large1      moderately        
compact1 cylindrical or slightly        
tapering1 sometimes      slightly       
shouldered4 ,berries variable in size1  
ranging from above      medium to below1
 of amber color with lilac bloom2 skin  
quite tough4      ,not attractive in    
appearance4 ,it is self-fertile and     
ripens its      berries evenly4 ,quality
 good to very good4 ,ripens shortly     
after      ,delaware4   ,,devereaux4#agi
  7,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,mag4      
,hort41 #i3cgc4 #ahdc4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4
 ,off4 ,rpt41      #ahec3bii4 #c4       
,horticulturist1 #ab3deh4 #aheg4 #d4    
,gar4      ,mon41 #b3bfe4 #ahfj4 #e4    
,downing1 #ahfi3eca4 #f4 ,grape ,cult41 
#a3ag1 #cbf4 #ahfi4 #g4 787 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahhc3aah4 #h4 ,ib41             
#ahid3aaf4 #i4 787 ,texas ,farm and     
,ranch1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahif3aa4             
,,black ,,july 7#e74 ,black ,july 7#h1  
#i74 ,blue ,grape 7#e1 #h1 #i74         
,devereux 7#e74 ,hart 7#d1 #e1 #h74     
,husson 7#e1 #h1 #i74 ,lenoir 7#i1      

incorr4 #e1 #h74 ,,lincoln 7#d1 #g74    
,lincoln 7#e18 #h1 #i74 ,mc,lean 7#d1   
#e1 #h1 #i74 ,sherry 7#e1 #h1 #i74      
,sumpter 7#e1 #i74 ,thurmond 7#e1 #h1   
#i74 ,tuley 7#e1 #h1 #i74  ,the         
,devereaux is an old southern grape now 
nearly obsolete because of its          
capriciousness as to location4 ,when it 
can be grown it is of high quality and  
makes a very good wine4 ,the variety is 
of only historical and botanical        
interest4 ,in ,france the ,devereaux was
 at one time considered a valuable wine 
grape4  ,an article in the              
,horticulturist#ahj for #aheg states    
that the ,devereaux was found in the    
woods over forty years before that date 
by ,samuel ,m4 ,devereaux1 who lived    
near ,sparta1 ,georgia4 ,it has been    
considerably confused with varieties    
which resemble it4 ,the name ,lincoln1  
in particular1 is a questionable synonym
 which ,dr4 ,curtis of ,hillsboro1      
,north ,carolina1 in a letter to the    
,gardener's ,monthly for #ahfj1aha      

states was found near the junction of   
the ,south ,fork and ,catawba ,rivers by
 ,dr4 ,william ,mc,lean4 ,it was known  
locally under the names of ,mc,lean and 
,hart4 ,later it was sent to ,longworth1
 who gave it the name ,lincoln4  ,the   
descriptions of this variety from       
various sources are conflicting4 ,that  
given below is copied from the ,bushberg
 ,catalogue4#ahb       ,bunch long1     
loose1 slightly shouldered2 berry black1
 below medium1      round2 skin fine1   
tender2 flesh meaty1 juicy without pulp1
 and      vinous2 quality best4 ,vine a 
strong grower1 and1 when free from      
mildew1 moderately productive2 wood     
long-jointed1 purplish brown at         
first1 of deeper purplish red when ripe2
 with bi-forked1      intermittent      
tendrils--these1 as also the leaf stalk1
 are tinged on      their base with a   
purplish brown hue1 like the young      
canes2 the      buds are covered with a 
russet down1 unfolding with that rosy   
complexion peculiar to the young1 downy 

leaves of most ,aestivalis4      ,the   
developed foliage is of medium size1    
entire 7not lobed71      considerably   
wrinkled1 turgid1 with somewhat abundant
 hair tufts on      the lower veins4    
,,diamond4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47     
#a4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bf3ccf4 #ahhd4 #b4    
,ib41 #bh3ccc4 #ahhf4 #c4      ,ohio    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhg-h3he4 #d4     
,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41              
#ahhi3cbh4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41
 #i3ccb4 #ahij4 #f4 ,kan4      ,sta4    
,bul41 #bh3afa4 #ahia4 #g4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41 #ej3fia1 #ghg4      #ahia4 #h4     
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dd3aah1 #abg4 #ahic4
 #i4 ,rural ,n4      ,y41 #ec3faf1 #fde1
 fig41 #fdf4 #ahid4 #aj4 ,gar4 and      
,for41      #h3if1 #cgg1 #dhg4 #ahie4   
#aa4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ae3dcb1 
#dcc4      #ahif4 #ab4 ,tenn4 ,sta4     
,bul41 ,vol4 #i3age1 #agf4 #ahif4 fig4  
#ac4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahig3ai4  
#ad4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41          
#ag3ebi1 #ech1 #edj1 #edc1 #edd1 #edg1  
#edi1 #eed4 #ahih4 #ae4 ,va4 ,sta4      

,bul41 #id3aci4 #ahih4 #af4 ,mo4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #df3ch1 #dd1 #de1 #ej4           
#ahii4 #ag4 ,can4 ,hort41 #be3abe1 #aij4
 #aijb4 fig4       ,,diamond1 ,moore    
7#ac74 ,,moore',s ,,diamond 7#a1 #b1 #c1
 #d1 #e1 #f1 #i47      ,moore's ,diamond
 7#ae1 #ag74  ,illustration3 ,,diamond  
,diamond is surpassed in quality and    
beauty by few other grapes4 ,when to its
 desirable fruit characters are added   
its earliness1 hardiness1 productiveness
 and vigor it is surpassed by no other  
green grape4 ,niagara is more productive
 and therefore more profitable in most  
localities but in many essential        
characters it falls short of ,diamond   
and the difference in productiveness is 
not marked4 ,we usually accord ,niagara 
first place among green grapes but      
,diamond rivals it for the honor4 ,the  
former attained high rank not only      
through merit but by much advertisement 
while ,diamond has made its way by merit
 alone4 ,if we consider the wants of the
 amateur and of the wine-maker as well  

as those of the commercial vineyardist1 
unquestionably ,diamond must be accorded
 a high place among the best all-around 
grapes4  ,diamond is a diluted hybrid   
between ,vitis labrusca and ,vitis      
vinifera2 the touch of the exotic grape 
given by the ,vinifera parents has been 
just sufficient to give it the richness 
in flavor of the ,old ,world grape and  
not overcome the refreshing             
sprightliness of our native fox grapes4 
,it is without the insipid sweetness of 
the first or the foxiness of the latter4
 ,the ,vinifera characters are wholly   
recessive in vine and foliage1 the plant
 resembling very closely its ,american  
parent1 ,concord4 ,diamond is not as    
highly esteemed as a commercial variety 
as it deserves to be1 for beside being  
of high quality the fruit packs1 carries
 and keeps well4 ,were it known by      
consumers the demand for it would be    
such that it would command a fancy price
 and thereby more than make up for its  
lack in fruitfulness1 but through the   

unfortunate condition of ,american fruit
 markets it is1 more often than not1    
sold as ,niagara and has not therefore  
established the reputation it should    
have in the markets4 ,diamond is in     
demand among wine-makers and especially 
for the making of champagnes4 ,for the  
amateur it has few superiors1 the chief 
drawback for the small garden being that
 robins prefer it to most other         
varieties and greatly reduce the crop4  
,diamond is well established in ,canada 
and can be grown in as great a range of 
latitude as the ,concord4 ,the vine is  
as free from the attacks of fungi as the
 ,concord but the fruit is a little more
 susceptible to cryptogamic diseases and
 especially to black-rot1 though not    
attacked by fungi so much as ,niagara4  
,the late ,jacob ,moore of ,brighton1   
,new ,york1 originated ,diamond about   
#ahgj from ,concord seed fertilized by  
,iona4 ,it was introduced about #ahhe4  
,it has gained in favor somewhat slowly1
 and was not placed on the grape list of

 the ,american ,pomological ,society    
fruit catalog until #ahig4       ,vine  
medium to vigorous1 hardy1 productive in
 most locations4 ,canes      medium to  
short1 not very numerous1 of average    
thickness1 brownish      or with a      
slight reddish tinge2 nodes slightly    
enlarged1 not      flattened2 internodes
 medium to short2 diaphragm intermediate
 in      thickness2 pith of medium size2
 shoots pubescent2 tendrils             
intermittent1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds   
small1 short1 pointed to conical1 open  
in mid-season4      ,young leaves tinged
 on lower side and along the edges with 
red4      ,leaves of average size1      
thick2 upper surface light green1 dull1 
nearly smooth2 lower surface light      
bronze1 downy2 veins distinct2          
lobes usually three in number1          
indistinct2 petiolar sinus very         
shallow2 teeth shallow1 of mean width4  
,flowers fertile1 open early      to    
somewhat late2 stamens upright4         
,fruit usually ripens slightly earlier  

than ,niagara1 keeps well4              
,clusters variable in size1 medium to   
short1 rather broad1 somewhat           
blunt1 cylindrical to slightly tapering1
 often single-shouldered1      compact2 
peduncle short to medium1 moderately    
thick2 pedicel short      and thick1    
covered with a few1 inconspicuous warts1
 wide at point      of attachment to    
berry2 brush slender1 of average length1
 pale      green4 ,berries above medium 
to medium size1 roundish to strongly    
ovate on account of compactness1 green  
with tinge of yellow on      riper      
berries but less yellow than ,niagara1  
glossy1 covered with      thin gray     
bloom1 persistent1 rather firm4 ,skin   
thin1 toughish1      adheres somewhat to
 the pulp1 contains no pigment1         
astringent4      ,flesh pale green1     
rather transparent1 juicy1 tender1      
inclined to      melting1 fine-grained1 
slightly aromatic1 sprightly1 nearly    
sweet      next the skin to agreeably   
tart at center1 quality very good4      

,seeds      separate easily from the    
pulp1 one to four1 average two or three1
      intermediate in size1 rather broad
 and long1 moderately                   
sharp-pointed1 yellowish-brown2 raphe   
shows as a narrow obscure      groove2  
chalaza small1 slightly above center1   
oval1 rather obscure4   ,,diana4        
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,aestivalis87    
#a4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #aj3bdb4 #ahdd4 #b4   
,horticulturist1 #d3bbd1      #ece4     
#ahdi4 #c4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #af3bh1 #cjf1  
#edf4 #ahej4 #d4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat41 #ahed4 #e4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bg3f1  
#bfb1 #dij1 #ebc1      #eca4 #ahfa4 #f4 
,my ,vineyard at ,lakeview1 #ahff3gh4   
#g4 ,n4 ,y4      ,ag4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahff3hjc1 #hha4 #h4 ,horticulturist1   
#bb3cef4      #ahfg4 #i4 ,am4 ,jour4    
,hort41 #e3ae1 #big4 #ahfi4 #aj4 ,mich4 
,pom4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgc3fj4 #aa4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cg1 #aai1 
#abc1 #acf1 #aec4 #ab4 ,mass4 ,hort4    
,soc4 ,rpt41 ,pt4 #a3if4 #ahhc4         
#ac4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ic4 fig4 #ad4  

,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3edj1 
#edc1 #edd1 #ede1 #edg1 #eed4 #ahih4    
#ae4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #id3acg4    
#ahih4 #af4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ch1   
#dc1 #de4 #ahii4 #ag4      ,rural ,n4   
,y41 #fa3gai1 fig41 #gbb4 #aijb4        
,illustration3 ,,diana  ,when introduced
 ,diana promised to be the popular grape
 of the ,north and especially of ,new   
,england4 ,its many good qualities      
warranted the high hopes of those who   
first grew it but time revealed so many 
defects that the variety never became   
widely distributed although few grapes  
surpass it1 or even equal it1 in high   
quality and handsome appearance when at 
its best4 ,diana is a seedling of       
,catawba and was hailed as superior to  
its parent in quality1 appearance and   
earliness4 ,it was the last named       
character that especially commended it  
to northern grape-growers4 ,catawba can 
be grown in ,new ,york only in the most 
favored locations and hardly at all in  
,new ,england even in its southern      

parts4 ,it fails in the ,north because  
the seasons are too short for the fruit 
to mature4 ,diana is about two weeks    
earlier than ,catawba and it was        
therefore thought that the offspring1   
lacking the defect of the parent1 would 
take the rank in the ,north that the    
older variety held in the ,south4       
,diana bears a strong resemblance to    
,catawba1 differing chiefly in having a 
lighter color1 a delicate pale red or   
rose1 and in being less pulpy and more  
juicy4 ,usually the bunches1 too1 are   
more compact1 those of ,catawba as grown
 in the ,north being as a rule loose and
 sometimes straggling4 ,the flavor      
resembles that of ,catawba but when well
 grown and fully ripe it is more        
delicate and has less of the wild taste4
 ,the grapes keep exceptionally well4   
,but its great point of superiority over
 ,catawba is its earliness2 it ripens   
from ten days to a fortnight earlier1   
making possible1 as said above1 its     
culture far to the north4 ,the defects  

of ,diana are as marked as its good     
qualities4 ,it is precariously tender in
 cold winters and in regions where      
,concord goes without protection ,diana 
must be favored4 ,the grapes ripen      
unevenly1 many being green when others  
are mature1 and berries and foliage are 
both susceptible to fungi4 ,lastly it is
 in many localities a shy bearer and is 
almost always capricious4 ,during the   
first few years in bearing1 the fruit of
 ,diana is very imperfect in flavor and 
deficient in size1 true of many grapes  
but particularly so of this one4 ,the   
best qualities of ,diana are not brought
 out until the vines are seven or eight 
years of age4  ,perhaps no grape better 
illustrates the importance of local     
influences and of knowledge of the      
peculiarities of varieties than ,diana4 
,all grapes have their likes and        
dislikes but this one is capricious     
beyond most others4 ,it wants1 for      
instance1 comparatively poor1 dry1      
gravelly soil without any considerable  

amount of humus or nitrogen4 ,on clays1 
loams1 or rich soils1 the vines make a  
rank growth and the fruits are few1 late
 and of poor quality4 ,so1 too1 it needs
 to be long pruned1 and to have all     
surplus bunches removed leaving a       
comparatively small crop to mature1 and 
these should hang until frost4 ,to the  
fact that ,diana is so easily influenced
 must be attributed the great diversity 
of opinion as to its worth1 some holding
 it to be a most excellent variety while
 in a nearby vineyard it is considered  
worthless4  ,in favorable situations    
,diana may be expected to make a most   
satisfactory grape for the amateur and  
where it does especially well it will   
prove a profitable variety for the local
 market4 ,its splendid keeping qualities
 make it a very desirable grape for late
 winter4 ,it is even better in this     
respect than ,catawba1 one of the best  
keepers4 ,while the pulp of ,diana has  
the meaty structure which adapts it for 
long keeping its pulpiness is not       

objectionable as in some grapes and its 
thick skin has a rich1 spicy flavor4    
,wine made from ,diana is said to be    
second to none from our native grapes1  
equalling or surpassing that made from  
,catawba4  ,to ,mrs4 ,diana ,crehore of 
,milton1 ,massachusetts1 is due the     
honor of having originated ,diana4 ,the 
variety was produced from seed of the   
,catawba open to cross-pollination1     
planted about #ahcd4 ,it was exhibited  
before the ,massachusetts ,horticultural
 ,society in #ahdc4 ,the ,pomological   
,congress at their second meeting in    
#ahej placed ,diana on their list as a  
new variety which promises well1 and in 
#ahed it was included in the ,american  
,pomological ,society list of sorts     
recommended for general cultivation4    
,the demand for this grape was so keen  
that in #ahej it was sold for #ae a     
vine4  ,the species of ,diana is usually
 given as ,labrusca but the             
,vinifera-like berries and the          
intermittent tendrils indicate ,vinifera

 and the bloom on the shoots suggests a 
strain of either ,bicolor or            
,aestivalis4       ,vine vigorous1 not  
always hardy1 produces light to medium  
crops1      somewhat susceptible to     
attacks of leaf-hoppers and fungi4      
,canes      pubescent1 long1 of average 
number1 thick to medium1 light brown to 
reddish-brown1 covered with thin blue   
bloom2 nodes enlarged1      slightly    
flattened2 internodes medium to long2   
diaphragm thick2      pith medium to    
large2 shoots pubescent2 tendrils       
intermittent1      long1 bifid4         
,leaf-buds large1 of average length1    
thickish1 obtuse to conical1      open  
in mid-season4 ,young leaves colored on 
lower side and along      margin of     
upper side with faint carmine1 the      
smaller leaves usually      heavily     
coated with thick silvery down4 ,leaves 
medium to large1      inclined to thick2
 upper surface variable in color ranging
 from      light to dark green1 usually 
rather dull1 nearly smooth to slightly  

rugose2 lower surface pale green1       
heavily pubescent2 lobes vary      from 
three to five1 terminal lobe acute2     
petiolar sinus moderately      deep1    
wide to medium1 often closed and        
overlapping2 basal sinus      shallow1  
not wide2 lateral sinus not deep1 medium
 to narrow2 teeth      shallow1         
intermediate in width4 ,flowers fertile1
 open in      mid-season2 stamens       
upright4       ,fruit ripens earlier    
than ,catawba1 keeps unusually well4    
,clusters      medium to large1         
intermediate in length1 rather broad1   
tapering to      slightly cylindrical1  
occasionally shouldered1 the shoulder   
being      attached to the cluster by a 
rather long stem1 compact to medium2    
peduncle short to medium1 slender2      
pedicel above average length1           
covered with small scattering warts2    
brush of fair length1 rather            
slender1 pale green4 ,berries somewhat  
irregular in size1 above      medium to 
small1 roundish to slightly ovate in    

compact clusters1      rather light red 
covered with thin lilac bloom1          
persistent1 firm4      ,skin very thick1
 tough1 adheres slightly to the pulp1   
contains no      pigment1 with but      
little astringency4 ,flesh pale green1  
translucent1 juicy1 tough1 fine-grained1
 vinous1 with a little      foxiness1   
sweet at skin to agreeably tart at      
center1 good in      quality4 ,seeds do 
not separate readily from the pulp      
unless fruit      is fully ripe1 one to 
three1 average two1 intermediate in     
size1      breadth and length1 light    
brown2 raphe buried in a rather wide1   
shallow groove2 chalaza large1 above    
center1 circular1 distinct4      ,must  
#hh-ij4   ,,diana ,,hamburg4            
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca1 ,aestivalis87    
#a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ag4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfd3ch4 
#b4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #ca3aje1      #cca1   
#cfd4 #ahfe4 #c4 ,thomas1 #ahfg3djc4 #d4
 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41      #b3cbh1 #cbi4 
#ahfg4 fig4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ag4 ,soc4      
,rpt41 #ahfh3bbd4      #f4 ,bush4 ,cat41

 #ahhc3ij4  ,diana ,hamburg has long    
since passed from cultivation and was   
never widely grown4 ,its parentage is   
indicated in its name4 ,it is worth     
discussion here only because it is an   
illustration of what can be done in     
grape-breeding and because it was one of
 the parents of several better known    
sorts chief of which is ,brighton4 ,the 
fruit of ,diana ,hamburg is that of the 
,european parent1 while the vine is more
 nearly that of ,diana in appearance but
 quite that of ,black ,hamburg in       
constitution1 being very susceptible to 
disease1 somewhat tender1 unproductive  
in our climate and ripening its fruit   
late4  ,diana ,hamburg was the first of 
,jacob ,moore's productions1 having been
 raised from seed of ,diana fertilized  
by pollen of ,black ,hamburg about      
#ahfj4 ,it was first exhibited at the   
,new ,york ,agricultural ,society       
meeting in ,september1 #ahfd4 ,for a few
 years it attracted some attention but  
soon passed from cultivation4 ,the      

following description is compiled from  
various sources3       ,vine vigorous   
when not diseased2 canes short-jointed4 
,leaves of      medium size1 somewhat   
concave4 ,fruit-clusters large1 compact1
      shouldered4 ,berries above medium1
 slightly oval1 dark red1 tender1       
free from pulp4 ,except in color1 which 
shows a more reddish tinge1      it very
 closely resembles ,black ,hamburg4 ,the
 vine is tender and      very           
susceptible to mildew4   ,,don ,,juan4  
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca47       #a4       
,horticulturist1 #bi3cbi4 #ahgd4 #b4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahge3aad4 
#c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahge3chf4   
#d4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3ib4 #e4 ,w4
 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #cf3de4    
#ahia4  ,in spite of many good          
characters1 as high quality1 attractive 
appearance1 and a vine above the average
 in vigor and hardiness1 ,don ,juan has 
not become established in ,american     
viticulture4 ,it has been tested by     
grape collectors for forty years and is 

now passing from even the collections4  
,its chief fault in this ,state is that 
it ripens too late4  ,don ,juan was     
originated by ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts of      
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 over thirty years
 ago from seed of ,iona pollinated by   
,general ,marmora4 ,the originator      
claimed that ,don ,juan was a better    
grape than its parent1 ,iona1 but it has
 fallen far short of this in the        
vineyards of the ,state4 ,the connection
 of the name with the grape is not      
apparent4       ,vine intermediate in   
vigor1 appears hardy and productive4    
,canes      short1 rather brittle1      
slightly roughened2 tendrils            
intermittent1      bifid4 ,leaves medium
 to thin1 not very large1 light green4  
,fruit      ripens rather late1 keeps   
well4 ,clusters medium to large1 rather 
broad1 shouldered1 strongly tapering1   
very loose4 ,berries large to           
medium1 distinctly oval1 dark red1      
covered with dark lilac or      slightly
 blue bloom1 strongly persistent1       

somewhat soft4 ,flesh      tender and   
nearly melting1 vinous1 resembles ,black
 ,hamburg somewhat      in flavor1 good 
in quality4   ,,downing4  7,vinifera1   
,aestivalis1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4 
,hort4 ,an41 #ahga3gi4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahge3aac4 #c4 ,bush4 
,cat41 #ahhc3ib4 #d4 ,gar4 ,mon41       
#bf3cff4 #ahhd4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahhe3ag4 #f4 ,kan4      ,sta4   
,bul41 #bh3afj4 #ahia4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4
 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fai4      #ahib4 #h4   
,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3agf4 #ahif4
 #i4 ,mich4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #afi3afi4 
#ahii4 #aj4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,yr4 ,bk41  
#aija3chh4      col4 pl4       ,,chas4  
,,downing 7#a74 ,charles ,downing 7#c1  
#aj74 ,,ricketts' ,,no4 #a 7#b74        
,ricketts' ,no4 #a 7#aj74  ,little known
 in cultivation1 although it has been   
grown since #ahgj and has had the       
recommendations of our most expert      
horticulturists1 ,downing is well worthy
 a place in the garden of grape-growers 
at least4  ,illustration3 ,,downing     

,its high quality1 handsome appearance1 
and excellence as a keeper1 make it     
desirable in all regions where the      
climate is sufficiently temperate to    
allow it to withstand the winter and to 
develop in full its admirable fruit     
characters4 ,added to the above         
qualities are fair vigor and health of  
vine1 while with its defects must be    
mentioned late ripening and             
susceptibility to mildew in unfavorable 
seasons4 ,when grown in most parts of   
,new ,york the vine of ,downing should  
be laid down in the winter or receive   
other protection4 ,in most seasons1 too1
 unremitting warfare must be kept up    
with bordeaux mixture to check mildew4  
,in appearance of bunch and berry       
,downing is one of the most distinct of 
our varieties1 the clusters being large 
and well formed and the berries having  
the long oval shape of a ,malaga with a 
delicate light bloom4 ,the flesh1 too1  
shows ,vitis vinifera in texture as well
 as quality while neither seeds nor     

skins are as objectionable as in the    
best of our pure-bred ,american         
varieties4 ,few amateurs realize the    
richness of our cultivated grape-flora  
or the garden would be supplied by other
 varieties than ,concord1 ,niagara and  
,delaware and of these ,downing would be
 one4  ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts of ,newburgh1  
,new ,york1 originated ,downing some    
time about #ahfe4 ,it is one of the     
first of ,ricketts' hybrids and was     
first known as ,ricketts' ,no4 #a4 ,the 
parentage is variously given as         
,isabella fertilized by ,muscat         
,hamburg1 ,croton fertilized by ,black  
,hamburg1 and ,israella fertilized by   
,muscat ,hamburg4#ahc ,the last         
combination is that given by ,j4 ,g4    
,burrows of ,fishkill1 ,new ,york1 who  
was connected with ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts in 
his work and who introduced ,downing in 
#ahhc2 hence it is probably correct4    
,ricketts thought highly of this variety
 and gave it the name of ,america's     
great pomologist1 ,charles ,downing4    

,vine variable in vigor1 usually        
winter-kills somewhat1 not very         
productive1 especially where it         
winter-kills4 ,canes short1 few1        
rather slender1 nearly dark green to    
slightly ash-gray tinge1      surface   
covered with thin blue bloom1 often     
roughened with few      small warts2    
nodes much enlarged1 strongly flattened2
 internodes      medium to short2       
diaphragm rather thick2 pith large to   
medium2      shoots glabrous2 tendrils  
intermittent1 of average length1 bifid  
to      trifid4       ,leaf-buds        
intermediate in size and thickness1     
short1 obtuse to      nearly conical1   
open very late4 ,leaves medium to small1
 roundish1      thick2 upper surface    
dark green1 slightly glossy1 rugose2    
lower      surface rather deep green    
with almost no pubescence2 veins        
somewhat      distinct2 lobes none to   
five1 terminal lobe acute2 petiolar     
sinus      of medium depth1 very narrow1
 closed and overlapping2 basal sinus    

usually lacking but shallow and narrow  
when present2 lateral sinus      shallow
 to medium1 narrow2 teeth above average 
in width and depth4      ,flowers open  
late2 stamens upright4       ,fruit     
ripens a little later than ,concord1    
often keeps until spring4      ,clusters
 large1 long1 rather slender1           
cylindrical to slightly      tapering1  
uniform1 sometimes loosely shouldered1  
variable in      compactness2 peduncle  
short to medium1 inclined to thick2     
pedicel      intermediate in length1    
slender1 covered with numerous warts2   
brush      long1 slender1 greenish4     
,berries large to medium1 distinctly    
oval1      dark purplish-black1 glossy1 
covered with light blue bloom1          
strongly persistent1 almost firm4 ,skin 
very thick1 tender1 adheres             
considerably to the pulp1 contains      
almost no pigment1 without              
astringency4 ,flesh greenish or with    
slight yellow tinge1      translucent1  
very juicy1 tender1 fine-grained1       

vinous1 mild1 very      good in quality4
 ,the few seeds separate easily from the
 pulp1 one      to three1 average two1  
intermediate in size and breadth1       
strongly      notched1 rather long1     
brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza of mean
      size1 surface frequently          
roughened1 above center1 circular to    
oval1      variable in distinctness4    
,,dracut ,,amber4  7,labrusca47         
#a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahei3dh1
 #ff4 #b4 ,gar4 ,mon41      #c3bf4      
#ahfa4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41      
#ahhc3bf4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt41 #aa3fbj4 #ahib4 #e4 ,iowa ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahic3afa4 #f4 ,bush4 
,cat41 #ahid3aag4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
      ,rpt41 #ag3edh1 #eed4 #ahih4 #h4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3bh4       
,early ,amber 7#f74  ,dracut ,amber     
receives the attention given it here    
chiefly because it is a representative  
variety of the northern ,labrusca and of
 the red type of ,labrusca4 ,the fruit  
has no particular merit1 its thick skin1

 coarse pulp1 seeds and rank foxy taste 
all being objectionable4 ,but the vine  
is very hardy and productive1 and the   
fruit ripens early making it valuable in
 the northern limits of viticulture and 
in other locations where a vigorous1    
hardy early grape is wanted4 ,it is of  
no value for the market or for          
wine-making and therefore of use only   
for the home in the far ,north1 though  
the fact that it does not keep well is  
still further against it for this       
purpose4 ,the variety is of interest to 
the breeder who desires a red ,labrusca 
of the northern type4  ,illustration3   
,,dracut ,,amber  ,asa ,clement of      
,dracut1 ,massachusetts1 originated     
,dracut ,amber from seed of a native    
reddish ,labrusca that grew near a      
,catawba vine4 ,the seed was planted    
about #ahee and ,mr4 ,clement called the
 resulting vine the ,amber grape4 ,later
 the new variety was introduced by      
,jacob ,w4 ,manning under the name      
,dracut ,amber4 ,catawba is supposed by 

,clement to have been the male parent1  
but this is wholly conjectural and      
doubtful as the botanical and           
horticultural characters are those of a 
northern ,labrusca4 ,it was placed on   
the grape list of the ,american         
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahhc and was dropped1 probably         
inadvertently1 in #ahig1 as it was      
replaced in #ahii and has since         
remained4       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1  
productive1 somewhat susceptible to     
attacks      of leaf-hoppers4 ,canes    
long1 rather numerous1 medium to below  
in      size1 darkish-brown2 nodes      
slightly enlarged1 usually flattened2   
internodes medium to below in length2   
diaphragm of average      thickness2    
pith above medium size2 shoots          
pubescent2 tendrils      continuous1    
long1 bifid to sometimes trifid4        
,leaf-buds decidedly variable in size1  
length1 and thickness1      prominent1  
obtuse to conical4 ,young leaves tinged 
on lower side      with bright carmine  

and very strongly colored along margin  
of upper      side with carmine4 ,leaves
 large to medium1 rather thick2 upper   
surface dark green1 dull1 smoothish2    
lower surface pale green or             
grayish1 faintly cobwebby2 veins        
indistinct2 lobes three or              
sometimes five in number with terminal  
lobe obtuse to acute2      petiolar     
sinus moderately deep1 rather narrow to 
medium2 basal      sinus shallow to     
narrow2 lateral sinus usually shallow1  
medium to      rather wide2 teeth       
shallow1 of average width4 ,flowers     
sometimes on      plan of six1 slightly 
sterile to fertile1 open in mid-season2 
stamens variable in length4       ,fruit
 ripens earlier than ,concord1 does not 
keep well1 as the      berries soon     
shrivel4 ,clusters not especially       
satisfactory in      general appearance1
 variable in size1 short to medium1     
rather      broad1 somewhat cylindrical1
 irregular1 rarely shouldered1 compact  
to medium2 peduncle short1 slender2     

pedicel nearly short1 of      average   
thickness1 covered with numerous warts1 
enlarged at point      of attachment to 
berry2 brush rather long1 light         
yellowish-green4      ,berries medium to
 large1 variable in shape ranging from  
oval to      roundish1 dull pale red or 
dark amber1 covered with thin lilac or  
faint blue bloom1 often inclined to drop
 when overripe1 soft4 ,skin             
unusually thick1 somewhat tender1       
adheres slightly to pulp1      contains 
no pigment1 slightly astringent4 ,flesh 
greenish1      translucent1 juicy1      
rather fine-grained and tough1 very     
foxy1      moderately sweet to decidedly
 acid at center1 inferior in quality4   
,seeds adherent1 two to five in number  
averaging three1 large to      below    
medium1 broad to medium1 light brown2   
raphe shows only as a      groove2      
chalaza intermediate in size1 oval1     
above center1 rather      distinct and  
in a depression4   ,,dutchess4#ahd      
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana8   

,aestivalis87       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4
 ,rpt41 #ahgg3cf4 #b4 ,gar4 ,mon41      
#bb3agf4      #ahhj4 #c4 ,mass4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhj3bci4 #d4 ,downing1   
#ahha3aff app4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,cat41 #ahha3bd4 #f4 ,am4      ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3abd4 #g4 ,ib41       
#ahhe3ajc1 #ajg4 #h4      ,kan4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3abf4 #i4 ,kan4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #ad3hg4      #ahij4 #aj4 ,ala4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #aj3i4 #ahij4 #aa4 ,gar4   
and ,for41      #e3eab4 #ahib4 #ab4     
,can4 ,hort41 #ag3bec1 #bfg4 #ahid4 #ac4
      ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aag1 #aah4    
fig4 #ad4 ,husmann1 #ahie3cb1 #ie1      
#ajb4 #ae4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4    
#i3agf1 #aie4 #ahif4 #af4 ,n4 ,y4       
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ae3dcb4 #ahif4 #ag4  
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3ebi1 
#ech1 #eda1 #edd1 #edh1 #edi1 #eeb4     
#ahih4 #ah4 ,miss4 ,sta4      ,bul41    
#ef3ab4 #ahii4 #ai4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#df3ch1 #dc1 #de1 #df1      #gf4 #ahii4 
#bj4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41    
#dd3ia4 #ahii4 #ba4      ,mo4 ,hort4    

,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijj3cfe4  ,dutchess is a 
variety for the amateur1 always to be   
sought for because of its delicious     
flavor1 its handsome appearance1 and its
 long-keeping qualities4 ,it has never  
been largely grown in commercial        
vineyards because the vine is tender to 
cold and capricious as to soil and other
 conditions4 ,moreover the berries do   
not ripen quite evenly and berries and  
foliage are very susceptible to fungi4  
,in soils to which it is not adapted    
berries and bunches are small and the   
latter are loose and straggling4 ,but in
 spite of its defects ,dutchess should  
not be discarded by the grape-lover for 
there are few grapes better for the     
table and that will take its place as a 
pure-flavored1 refreshing1 juicy grape4 
,it is sweet and rich and yet does not  
cloy the appetite2 the flesh is         
translucent1 sparkling1 fine-grained and
 tender2 the seeds are small1 few and   
part readily from the pulp2 the skin is 
thin yet tough enough for good keeping  

but not so much so as to be             
objectionable in eating4 ,the bunches   
are large and compact when well grown   
and the berries1 though but medium      
sized1 are attractive because of their  
translucency1 the touch of amber when   
fully ripe1 and the distinctive dots so 
well shown in the color-plate4 ,dutchess
 does not want an extremely rich soil   
nor close pruning and the bunches should
 be thinned and as soon as ripe ought to
 be picked as there is a tendency to    
crack when overripe or exposed to the   
wet4 ,dutchess is self-fertile and      
therefore desirable where only a few    
vines are wanted1 obviating the trouble 
of mixed planting for cross-pollination4
 ,the clusters are especially fine when 
bagged4  ,illustration3 ,,dutchess      
,dutchess is another variety from ,a4   
,j4 ,caywood#ahe of ,marlboro1 ,new     
,york1 from seed of a white ,concord    
seedling pollinated by mixed pollen of  
,delaware and ,walter planted in #ahfh4 
,the white fruited maternal vine was an 

offspring of ,concord pollinated by     
,montgomery4 ,dutchess was introduced by
 its originator about #ahhj4 ,the       
variety was placed on the grape list of 
the ,american ,pomological ,society     
fruit catalog in #ahha where it has     
since been retained4       ,vine        
vigorous to weak1 depending upon amount 
of winter injury1      often not hardy1 
an uncertain bearer1 susceptible to     
mildew in some      localities4 ,canes  
intermediate in length and number1      
medium to      below in size1 moderately
 dark brown1 covered with a slight      
amount      of bloom1 surface usually   
somewhat roughened2 nodes slightly      
enlarged and flattened2 internodes short
 to very short2 diaphragm      unusually
 thick2 pith below average size2 shoots 
slightly      pubescent2 tendrils       
intermittent1 short1 bifid to trifid4   
,leaf-buds large to medium1 short1 thick
 to medium1 conical to      obtuse4     
,young leaves faintly tinged on lower   
side and along margin      of upper side

 with light rose-carmine4 ,leaves above 
medium to      below1 irregular in      
outline1 of average thickness2 upper    
surface      light green1 slightly      
glossy1 moderately smooth2 lower surface
 pale      green1 pubescent2 veins not  
distinct2 leaf usually not lobed1 with  
terminus slightly acute2 petiolar sinus 
of average depth1 medium to      narrow2
 basal sinus shallow when present2      
lateral sinus varies from      medium in
 depth to a mere notch2 teeth           
intermediate in depth and      width4   
,flowers fertile or nearly so1 open     
somewhat late2 stamens      upright4    
,fruit ripens in mid-season1 keeps and  
ships well4 ,clusters large to          
medium1 long1 rather slender1 below     
average width1 not very      uniform1   
slightly tapering to cylindrical1 with  
prominent single      shoulder1 medium  
to compact2 peduncle short to medium1   
not very      thick2 pedicel inferior in
 length1 quite slender1 nearly smooth1  
enlarged at point of attachment to      

fruit2 brush amber-colored4             
,berries of medium size1 roundish to    
oval1 pale yellowish-green      verging 
on amber1 some berries showing a decided
 bronze tinge1      covered with thin   
gray bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin     
sprinkled with      small dark dots1    
rather thin1 tough1 adheres to the pulp1
 contains      no pigment1 without      
astringency4 ,flesh very pale green1    
translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained1       
tender1 vinous1 sweet1 of      pleasant 
flavor1 quality high2 on heavy clay     
soils the quality is      not fully     
developed4 ,the seeds1 which are tender 
and easily      crushed1 separate       
readily from the pulp1 one to two or    
occasionally      three1 rather small1  
wide1 short to medium1 plump1 moderately
      sharp-pointed1 brownish2 raphe    
obscure2 chalaza of average size1       
roundish1 above center1 distinct4       
,,early ,,daisy4  7,labrusca47       #a4
 ,pa4 ,sta4 ,rpt41 #ahib3aba4 #b4 ,bush4
 ,cat41 #ahid3aai4      #c4 ,amer4      

,gard41 #ae3cib1 #dde4 #ahid4 #d4 ,ill4 
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #aijd3bbh4 #e4 
,can4 ,cen4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt41         
#aije3ajg1      #ajh4  ,the variety has 
been tried thoroughly in various grape  
regions and though it seemingly has no  
serious faults1 on the other hand its   
good qualities are not such as to make  
it more than commonplace4 ,its earliness
 ought to commend it somewhat as the    
ripening period is eight or ten days    
earlier than ,champion or ,moore ,early1
 making it one of the very earliest     
varieties4 ,for a grape maturing at its 
season it both keeps and ships well4 ,it
 would seem to be as desirable1 or more 
so1 than ,hartford or ,champion4  ,early
 ,daisy was originated by ,mr4 ,john    
,kready of ,mount ,joy1 ,pennsylvania1  
in #ahgd1 as a chance seedling in his   
garden4 ,it is supposed by many1 from   
its general characters1 to be a seedling
 of ,hartford4       ,vine vigorous1    
hardy1 produces fair crops4 ,tendrils   
continuous1      bifid4 ,leaves medium  

to small1 light green2 lower surface    
slightly      pubescent1 cobwebby4      
,flowers nearly sterile4 ,fruit ripens  
as early      or earlier than ,hartford 
and is a good shipper and keeper for an 
early grape4 ,clusters small to medium1 
often blunt at ends1      slightly      
cylindrical1 sometimes                  
single-shouldered1 compact4 ,berries    
of medium size1 roundish1 rather dull   
black1 covered with abundant      blue  
bloom1 persistent4 ,skin tough1 contains
 a large amount of      purplish-red    
pigment4 ,flesh tough1 solid1 slightly  
aromatic1 rather      tart at skin to   
acid at center1 inferior in flavor and  
quality4      ,seeds numerous1 of       
average size4 ,not good enough for      
dessert      purposes4  ,illustration3  
,,early ,,ohio   ,,early ,,dawn4        
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,aestivalis47    
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3fg4   
#b4 ,ib41 #ahha3dc4 #c4      ,downing1  
#ahha3aff1 app4 #d4 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3id4 #e4 ,va4      ,sta4 ,bul41    

#cj3ajh4 #ahic4  ,early ,dawn is a black
 ,labrusca-,vinifera hybrid of fine     
quality and attractive appearance but so
 lacking in necessary vine characters in
 ,new ,york as to be practically        
worthless4 ,although it originated in   
,new ,york it was never widely grown in 
this ,state4 ,it is now1 so far as      
records show1 nearly obsolete4  ,dr4    
,wm4 ,a4 ,m4 ,culbert of ,newburgh1 ,new
 ,york1 is the originator of ,early     
,dawn1 the date of its origin being some
 time about #ahgj4 ,it is reported to   
have come from seed of ,israella        
fertilized by ,black ,hamburg4          
,vine a fair to strong grower1 not very 
hardy1 medium to very      productive4  
,canes rather long1 covered with thin   
blue bloom2      tendrils intermittent1 
bifid to trifid4 ,leaves medium to      
small2      lower surface very pubescent
 and slightly hairy4 ,flowers sterile or
      nearly so1 open in mid-season2    
stamens reflexed4 ,fruit ripens about   
two weeks earlier than ,concord1 keeps  

and ships well4 ,clusters      medium to
 large1 nearly cylindrical1 irregular in
 outline1 vary      from not shouldered 
to a heavy single shoulder or sometimes 
with a      double shoulder1 medium in  
compactness4 ,berries rather small1     
roundish1 attractive purplish-black1    
covered with heavy blue bloom1          
persistent4 ,flesh very juicy1 tender1  
slightly vinous1 sprightly1             
agreeably tart1 variable in flavor and  
quality1 ranging from fair      to very 
good4 ,seeds not numerous1 broad1 plump4
   ,,early ,,ohio4  7,labrusca47        
#a4 ,an4 ,hort41 #ahib3agf4 #b4 ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ab3fai4      #ahic4  
#c4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ec3fde4 #ahid4 fig4
 #d4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3aai1 #abj4
 fig4 #e4 ,wis4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41       
#ac3bbf4 #ahif4      fig4 #f4 ,rural ,n4
 ,y41 #ef3fbg1 fig41 #fcj1 #hbc4 #ahig4 
#g4      ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      
#ag3ebi1 #edh1 #eed4 #ahih4  ,early     
,ohio is remarkable1 chiefly1 in being  
one of the earliest commercial grapes4  

,the fruit resembles that of ,concord1  
of which it is probably a seedling4 ,the
 claims made for this variety that it is
 hardy1 vigorous and productive1 have   
not been borne out on the ,station      
grounds2 but on the contrary the vine is
 somewhat tender1 is not a strong       
grower1 and does not bear large crops4  
,the quality is very poor4 ,now that the
 ,south is sending many grapes of high  
quality to northern markets at the time 
,early ,ohio and other grapes of its    
season are ripening it is doubtful if a 
grape having only earliness to commend  
it should have a place in our           
viticulture4 ,notwithstanding its       
defects ,early ,ohio is grown somewhat  
commonly in ,new ,york though its       
culture is on the wane4  ,the original  
seedling of ,early ,ohio was found in   
the year #ahhb in the vineyard of ,r4   
,a4 ,hunt1 at ,euclid1 ,ohio1 between   
rows of ,delaware and ,concord4 ,it was 
introduced in #ahib by the ,c4 ,s4      
,curtice ,company1 of ,portland1 ,new   

,york4       ,vine medium to weak1 often
 tender1 usually produces medium crops4 
,canes short to very short1 few in      
number1 rather slender1 brownish        
with a slight reddish tinge2 nodes      
somewhat enlarged1 flattened2           
internodes short2 diaphragm thick2 pith 
intermediate in size2      shoots       
pubescent2 tendrils continuous1 usually 
short1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds rather   
small and short1 inclined to slender1   
pointed to      conical1 open in        
mid-season4 ,young leaves lightly tinged
 on under      side and along margin of 
upper side with rose-carmine4 ,leaves   
intermediate in size1 of average        
thickness2 upper surface light          
green1 dull1 smoothish2 lower surface   
varies from pale green to      slight   
bronze1 pubescent2 veins fairly         
distinct2 lobes vary from      none to  
three1 with terminal lobe acute2        
petiolar sinus medium to      shallow1  
rather wide2 basal sinus usually absent2
 lateral sinus      nearly shallow1 wide

 to rather narrow2 teeth shallow to     
sometimes      medium1 somewhat narrow4 
,flowers fertile1 open in mid-season2   
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens two
 or three weeks earlier than ,concord1  
some seasons      a few days earlier    
than ,moore ,early1 does not keep well4 
,clusters      medium in size1          
intermediate to long1 below average in  
thickness1      tapering1 frequently not
 shouldered1 moderately compact2        
peduncle      short to medium1 of fair  
thickness2 pedicel intermediate in      
length1      medium to rather slender1  
covered with few1 small warts2 brush    
above average length1 slender1 tinged   
with red4 ,berries not very      uniform
 in size1 averaging medium1 roundish1   
purplish-black1      slightly glossy1   
covered with rather heavy blue bloom1   
persistent1      firm4 ,skin            
intermediate in thickness and toughness1
 adheres      slightly to the pulp1     
contains a moderate amount of reddish   
pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh greenish1   

translucent1 juicy1 somewhat      tough1
 slightly aromatic1 sweet at skin but   
slightly acid at      center1 inferior  
in quality4 ,seeds do not separate      
easily unless      fully ripe1 one to   
four1 average three1 intermediate in    
size1      length1 and breadth1 notched1
 light brown with yellowish-brown       
tips2 raphe obscure2 chalaza of fair    
size1 slightly above center1            
circular to oval1 rather obscure4       
,,early ,,victor4  7,labrusca1          
,bourquiniana87       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgg3dd4 #b4 ,downing1    
#ahha3aff1      app4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cd4 #d4 ,n4 ,j4      
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahha3ac4 #e4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3if4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4      ,cat41 #ahhc3bf4 #g4 ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ajc1 #aje4 #h4 
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #de3fbb1 #fec4 #ahhf4   
#i4 ,kan4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41           
#ahhf3ahg4 #aj4 ,can4 ,hort41 #aa3bhg4  
#ahhh4 #aa4 ,mo4 ,hort4      ,soc4      
,rpt41 #ahhi3cfa1 #cgc4 #ab4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4

 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #cf3dj4 #ahia4
 #ac4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aba4 #ad4     
,mich4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #afi3agj4      
#ahii4 #ae4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41   
#ah3cie4      #ahii4 #af4 ,can4 ,hort41 
#bc3bag4 #aijj4  ,illustration3 ,,early 
,,victor  ,early ,victor is especially  
worthy of notice because it is highest  
in quality of the very early black      
grapes4 ,when one tastes this variety at
 the beginning of the grape season1 he  
has no palate for ,hartford1 ,champion1 
,ives1 ,janesville1 or even ,moore      
,early1 and he will be conscious of     
defects in the flavor of many of the    
later grapes which are supposed to have 
high quality4 ,early ,victor is         
especially pleasing to those who want a 
pure-flavored grape and object to the   
foxiness of our native varieties so     
marked in ,hartford and ,champion but   
almost wholly lacking in this variety4  
,were it but a few days earlier and     
bunch and berry a little larger and more
 attractive1 ,early ,victor might be the

 grape par excellence for home and      
market to begin the grape season4 ,the  
vines are hardy1 healthy1 vigorous1 and 
productive1 with growth and foliage     
greatly resembling ,hartford1 which is  
probably one of its parents1 ,delaware  
being the other4 ,the bunches are small 
and compact and somewhat variable in    
shape2 the berries are about the size   
and shape of those of ,delaware4 ,its   
season is that of ,moore ,early and     
,hartford1 or a little later1 though1   
like many black grapes1 it colors before
 it is ripe and is often picked much too
 green4 ,unfortunately the fruit is     
susceptible to black-rot and a little   
inclined to shrivel after ripening4     
,although introduced into ,american     
viticulture in #ahha1 ,early ,victor is 
still little known and deserves far more
 general recognition both by the amateur
 and the commercial grape-grower4  ,john
 ,burr1#ahf of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1   
originated ,early ,victor about #ahga   
and sent it out for testing in #ahha4   

,it was placed on the grape list of the 
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahhc and is still retained4 
,early ,victor is said to be a seedling 
of ,delaware pollinated by ,hartford4   
,this1 however1 is mere surmise1 as     
nothing is known positively as to its   
parentage1 and the statement was made   
frequently by the ,kansas ,horticultural
 ,society1 of which ,burr was a member1 
that it was a seedling of ,concord4 ,it 
was introduced1 probably about #ahhg1 by
 ,stayman  ,black of ,leavenworth4      
,vine vigorous1 healthy1 hardy1         
productive4 ,canes long1 numerous1      
rather slender1 dark brown to slightly  
reddish-brown1 surface      pubescent2  
nodes enlarged1 usually not flattened2  
internodes long      to medium2         
diaphragm nearly thin2 pith intermediate
 in size2 shoots      pubescent2        
tendrils continuous1 of average length1 
bifid to      sometimes trifid4         
,leaf-buds of average size1 short to    
medium1 rather thick1 often             

strongly compressed1 nearly obtuse to   
conical1 open in mid-season4      ,young
 leaves tinged lightly on upper and     
lower sides with      rose-carmine4     
,leaves medium to above in size1 rather 
thick2 upper      surface dark green1   
moderately smooth2 lower surface nearly 
whitish1 heavily pubescent2 veins well  
defined2 lobes three to five      in    
number1 terminal lobe acute2 petiolar   
sinus intermediate in      depth and    
width2 basal sinus shallow and          
moderately wide when      present2      
lateral sinus medium to above in depth1 
narrow to medium      in width2 teeth of
 average depth and width4 ,flowers      
nearly fertile      to somewhat sterile1
 open in mid-season2 stamens upright4   
,fruit ripens with ,moore ,early or a   
little later1 does not keep      well4  
,clusters medium to small1 below average
 length1 variable in      shape1        
cylindrical to tapering1 frequently     
single-shouldered1      compact2        
peduncle intermediate in length and     

thickness2 pedicel      medium to short1
 covered with numerous small warts2     
brush      wine-colored or pinkish-red4 
,berries small to medium1 roundish to   
slightly oblate1 dark purplish-black1   
rather dull1 covered with      heavy    
blue bloom1 persistent1 not very firm4  
,skin rather thin1      medium to tough1
 adheres but slightly to the pulp1      
contains much      red pigment1         
astringent4 ,flesh greenish-white1      
nearly opaque1      fine-grained1 of    
medium toughness1 aromatic1 slightly    
vinous1 not      foxy1 sweet at skin but
 slightly acid at center1 good in       
quality4      ,seeds do not separate    
easily from the pulp unless the fruit is
      thoroughly ripe1 one to four1     
average three1 of medium size1 broad1   
notched1 below mean length1 usually     
somewhat blunt1 dark brown2      raphe  
obscure2 chalaza of fair size1 slightly 
above center1      circular1 somewhat   
obscure4   ,,eaton4  7,labrusca47       
#a4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41          

#ahgi3afa4 #b4 ,ib41 #ahhj3bca4      #c4
 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bg3cce4 #ahhe4 #d4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41      #ahhg3fcc4 #e4  
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #dh3fci1 #fda4 #ahhi4   
fig4 #f4      ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 
#i3cbf4 #ahij4 #g4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4   
,soc4      ,rpt41 #cf3db4 #ahia4 #h4    
,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bed4 #ahic4 #i4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3abc4 #aj4 ,mass4    
,hatch ,sta4 ,bul41 #cg3aa1      #ad4   
#ahif4 #aa4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41   
#ag3ebi1 #edh1 #eeb1 #eei4      #ahih4  
#ab4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ci1 #db1 #dd1
 #de1 #ej1 #ed1 #gf4 #ahii4             
,,eaton',s ,,seedling 7#a1 #b74         
,illustration3 ,,eaton  ,eaton is a     
pure-bred seedling of ,concord which it 
surpasses in appearance but does not    
equal in flavor4 ,in appearance of bunch
 it is one of the handsomest of our     
native grapes but as a table grape it   
ranks low4 ,its flesh is tough and      
stringy and1 though sweet at the skin1  
is acid at the seeds4 ,it has the same  
foxiness that characterizes ,concord but

 with more juice and less richness than 
its parent so that it is well described 
as a diluted ,concord4 ,the skin is very
 similar to that of ,concord1 neither   
thicker nor thinner1 and the fruit      
packs1 ships and keeps about the same1  
though if any thing less well because of
 the greater amount of juice4 ,the      
season is a few days earlier than       
,concord4 ,the vine is healthy1         
vigorous1 hardy and productive and very 
similar in all botanical characters to  
its parent4 ,the grapes ripen unevenly1 
the flowers are self-sterile and in some
 locations it is a shy bearer4 ,eaton   
has been grown for nearly forty years   
and has not found favor with either the 
grower or the consumer and is being less
 and less grown1 remaining in our       
viticulture only as a handsome          
exhibition grape and an interesting     
seedling of ,concord4  ,this mammoth    
,concord1 the ,eaton1 originated with   
,calvin ,eaton of ,concord1 ,new        
,hampshire1 about #ahfh from seed of    

,concord4 ,mr4 ,eaton states that this  
was the best vine out of a lot of two   
thousand seedlings4 ,the new variety was
 purchased by ,john ,b4 ,moore  ,son of 
,concord1 ,massachusetts1 in #ahhb1 and 
was introduced by them in #ahhe4 ,owing 
to ,mr4 ,moore's death it soon passed   
into the hands of the ,t4 ,s4 ,hubbard  
,company1 of ,fredonia1 ,new ,york4 ,it 
at once attracted much attention on     
account of its fine appearance and for a
 time was very popular1 its popularity  
declining chiefly because of the poor   
quality of the fruit4       ,vine       
vigorous1 healthy1 hardy1 usually       
productive4 ,canes      intermediate in 
length and number1 thick to medium1     
light brown      changing to darker     
brown at the nodes1 covered with a small
 amount      of blue bloom2 nodes       
enlarged1 slightly flattened2 internodes
 short      to medium2 diaphragm of     
average thickness2 pith large to medium2
      shoots pubescent2 tendrils        
continuous1 rather long1 bifid to       

trifid4       ,leaf-buds medium to below
 in size1 short1 of nearly mean         
thickness1      conical to pointed1 open
 in mid-season4 ,young leaves lightly   
tinged      on under side and along     
margin of upper side with carmine4      
,leaves      healthy1 large1 often      
roundish1 thick2 upper surface dark     
green1 of      average smoothness2 lower
 surface tinged with bronze1 heavily    
pubescent2 veins distinct2 lobes three  
when present1 with terminal      lobe   
acute2 petiolar sinus medium to shallow1
 rather wide2 basal      sinus usually  
lacking2 lateral sinus shallow1 narrow1 
often      notched2 teeth shallow to    
medium1 not very wide4 ,flowers partly  
fertile to somewhat sterile1 open early2
 stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens   
slightly before ,concord1 keeps and     
ships only fairly      well4 ,clusters  
large to medium1 short to above medium1 
often very      broad1 blunt1 slightly  
tapering1 usually single-shouldered but 
sometimes double-shouldered1 compact to 

medium2 peduncle short to      medium1  
thick2 pedicel medium to rather long1   
thick1 nearly smooth1      wide at point
 of attachment to berry2 brush slender1 
pale green4      ,berries rather uniform
 in size1 averaging large1 roundish1    
black1      not glossy1 covered with    
heavy blue bloom1 persistent1 firm4     
,skin      intermediate in thickness1   
rather tough1 adheres considerably to   
the pulp1 contains much purplish-red    
pigment1 slightly astringent4           
,flesh greenish1 translucent1 juicy1    
rather tough1 slightly stringy      and 
foxy1 nearly sweet at skin but quite    
acid at center1 fair in      quality1   
ranking below ,concord4 ,seeds rather   
adherent1 one to four      in number1   
average two or three1 above mean size1  
inclined to      broad1 notched1        
intermediate in length1 plump1 somewhat 
blunt1      light brown2 raphe buried in
 a rather wide1 shallow groove2 chalaza 
nearly large1 slightly above center1    
irregularly circular to oval1           

obscure4   7,i7 ,,eclipse4  7,labrusca47
       #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41    
#ahii3baf4 #b4 ,ib41 #aijd3bbh4      #c4
 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #fe3heb4 #aijf4 #d4    
,ib41 #ff3bd1 #cdd1 #dab4      #aijg4   
,,riehl',s ,,new ,,early ,,grape 7#c74  
,,riehl',s ,,no4 #aj 7#a1 #b74 ,riehl's 
,no4      #aj 7#d74  ,there are two     
grapes bearing the name ,eclipse1 the   
origin and history of both of which are 
briefly set forth below4 ,of the two1   
,riehl's ,eclipse alone is deemed worthy
 of general discussion1 the other1 a    
green variety of this name1 having      
passed out of cultivation if it were    
ever grown in ,new ,york4               
,illustration3 ,,eclipse  ,the grape    
under consideration1 known for some     
years as ,riehl's ,no4 #aj1 is a        
comparatively new candidate for         
pomological honors1 not having been     
named and introduced as ,eclipse until  
#aijf4 ,it has not been grown largely in
 ,new ,york and the ,east and we can    
therefore say but little of it other    

than to describe it as it grows on the  
,station grounds and to state that in   
the ,west1 ,illinois in particular1 it  
is most highly recommended4 ,at ,geneva 
the ,eclipse is very like the ,concord1 
one of its grandparents1 it being a     
seedling of ,niagara1 differing chiefly 
in being earlier and of better quality4 
,bunches and berries are a little       
smaller than ,concord4 ,the vines are   
hardy1 healthy and productive1 promising
 well for commercial plantations4 ,in   
,illinois it is said to hang on the     
vines long after it is ripe without     
deterioration and not to crack in wet   
weather4 ,the color-plate and the       
description given below show the        
,eclipse as it grows at this ,station   
and if the grape-grower wishes a variety
 answering to the general characters so 
depicted1 the ,eclipse is certainly     
worthy a trial in ,new ,york4  ,e4 ,a4  
,riehl of ,alton1 ,illinois1 is the     
originator of ,eclipse1 the date of its 
origin being about #ahij4 ,he states    

that this is one of the seedlings from a
 lot of ,niagara seed which was probably
 cross-pollinated by other varieties4   
,the variety was introduced in #aijf by 
the ,stark ,brothers ,nurseries and     
,orchards ,company1 ,louisiana1         
,missouri4       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1 
productive4 ,canes medium to above in   
length      and number1 intermediate in 
size1 rather dark reddish-brown2 nodes  
slightly enlarged2 internodes of average
 length2 diaphragm thick2      pith     
large to medium2 shoots pubescent2      
tendrils continuous1      somewhat long1
 bifid4       ,leaf-buds medium to      
nearly small1 short1 inclined to        
slender1      pointed to conical1 open  
in mid-season4 ,young leaves colored on 
lower side only1 prevailing color pale  
green with slight      rose-carmine     
tinge4 ,leaves medium to large1 of      
average thickness2      upper surface   
dark green1 intermediate in smoothness2 
lower surface      whitish with slight  
bronze tinge1 heavily pubescent1 veins  

well      defined2 lobes none to three  
with terminal lobe acute to acuminate2  
petiolar sinus deep1 medium to narrow2  
basal sinus usually lacking2            
lateral sinus of average depth1 rather  
narrow1 often notched2 teeth      medium
 to shallow1 nearly narrow4 ,flowers    
sterile1 open in      mid-season2       
stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens   
slightly earlier than ,concord1 keeps   
fairly well4      ,clusters intermediate
 in size1 below average length1 medium  
to      rather broad1 tapering to       
cylindrical1 frequently                 
single-shouldered1 moderately compact2  
peduncle nearly short1 thick      to    
medium2 pedicel short1 somewhat thick1  
covered with numerous      small warts2 
brush long1 pale green4 ,berries large  
to medium1      slightly oval1 rather   
dull black1 covered with abundant blue  
bloom1      persistent1 firm4 ,skin     
intermediate in thickness1 tender1      
adheres      but slightly to the pulp1  
contains a small amount of wine-colored 

pigment1 somewhat astringent4 ,flesh    
pale green1 translucent1 juicy1         
tender1 rather fine-grained1 foxy1 sweet
 next the skin to agreeably      tart at
 center1 resembles ,concord very closely
 in flavor1 good in      quality4 ,seeds
 separate very easily from the pulp1 one
 to four1      average two or three1 of 
mean size1 somewhat short1 broad to     
medium1 distinctly notched1 rather      
blunt1 brownish2 raphe buried in      a 
deep groove2 chalaza of average size1   
slightly above center to      nearly    
central1 circular to nearly pear-shaped1
 distinct4   7,,ii7 ,,eclipse4          
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mo4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi3cgb4 #b4 ,ib41
 #ahib3bfi4      #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41      
#ahid3abc4 #d4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#id3aci4      #ahih4 #e4 ,mo4 ,sta4     
,bul41 #df3ci4 #ahii4  ,this ,eclipse   
was produced by ,john ,burr of          
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 about #ahhj1 from
 mixed seed4 ,it attracted some         
attention in the ,middle ,west1 where   

the fruit was exhibited at various      
meetings but failed to attain favor in  
the vineyard4 ,it is now practically    
obsolete4       ,vine vigorous1 injured 
in severe winters1 variable in          
productiveness1 somewhat susceptible to 
mildew4 ,canes long to      medium1 of  
average number1 thick2 internodes long2 
tendrils      continuous to             
intermittent1 bifid to sometimes trifid4
 ,leaves not      healthy1 large to     
medium1 of average greenness2 lower     
surface      grayish-white4 ,flowers    
partly sterile2 stamens upright4 ,fruit 
ripens a little later than ,diamond1    
keeps well4 ,clusters medium to         
small1 of average length1 frequently    
single-shouldered1 medium to      broad1
 compact to medium4 ,berries large to   
medium1 roundish to      oblate1 light  
green often with tinge of yellow1       
covered with thin      gray bloom1      
persistent4 ,skin thin1 of average      
toughness1 covered      with scattering1
 small1 reddish-brown dots4 ,flesh      

tender1 vinous1      sprightly1 less    
sweet than ,niagara1 good to very good  
in quality4      ,seeds separate easily 
from the pulp1 one to four1 average     
three1      above medium in size1       
intermediate in length and width2 raphe 
obscure4   ,,eldorado4  7,labrusca1     
,vinifera47       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #ahha3cc4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41    
#de3fbb4      #ahhf4 #c4 ,ib41 #ea3fha1 
#gbf4 #ahib4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt41      #aa3fba4 #ahib4 #e4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahid3abc4 #f4 ,col ,sta4        
,bul41 #bi3bb4 #ahid4 #g4 ,rural ,n4    
,y41 #ef3hbb4 #ahig4 #h4 ,n4      ,y4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #eda1 #edd1  
#edh1 #eed4 #ahih4 #i4 ,ib41            
#ah3cge1 #chg1 #cif4 #ahii4 #aj4 ,ill4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijb3bbd4          
,eldorado is one of the best flavored of
 all early green grapes but             
unfortunately it has defects which have 
kept it from becoming popular and it is 
now rapidly passing from cultivation4   
,it is delicately flavored1 with a very 

distinct aroma and taste2 the flesh is  
tender1 melting and sweet from skin to  
seeds1 all qualities rarely found in an 
early grape4 ,the season is about that  
of ,moore ,early1 a time when there are 
few other really good white grapes4     
,eldorado is a full sister of ,lady     
,washington and is if anything better   
flavored than that most excellent       
variety4 ,these two grapes are secondary
 hybrids of ,labrusca and ,vinifera1    
,concord being the native parent4 ,the  
vines inherit most of the good qualities
 of ,concord but ,eldorado does not     
inherit ,concord's ability to set fruit 
well2 even with cross-pollination it    
sometimes fails to bear and is not worth
 growing unless planted in a mixed      
vineyard4 ,the clusters are so often    
small and straggling under the best     
possible conditions that the variety    
cannot be highly recommended to the     
amateur yet its delightful flavor and   
its earliness may commend it to some4   
,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts of ,newburgh1 ,new    

,york1 produced ,eldorado some time     
about #ahgj from seed of ,concord       
fertilized by ,allen's ,hybrid4 ,it was 
introduced by the originator about #ahha
 and is still offered for sale by a few 
nurserymen4 ,eldorado has been somewhat 
commonly grown in gardens and           
collections in the ,east but does not   
succeed in the ,west4       ,vine       
usually a strong grower1 hardy except in
 severe winters1 an      uncertain      
bearer4 ,canes long1 not very numerous2 
tendrils      intermittent to rarely    
continuous1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves    
below      medium to large1 irregularly 
roundish1 dark green1 rugose on older   
leaves2 lower surface tinged with       
bronze1 pubescent4 ,flowers             
sterile1 open medium late2 stamens      
reflexed4 ,fruit ripens earlier         
than ,concord1 keeps well4 ,clusters do 
not always set perfectly and      are   
quite variable in size1 frequently      
single-shouldered1 not      uniform in  
compactness4 ,berries large to medium1  

roundish1      yellowish-green changing 
to a golden yellow1 covered with thin   
gray      bloom4 ,flesh tender1 slightly
 foxy1 sweet from skin to center1       
mild1 high flavored1 good to very good  
in quality4 ,seeds      intermediate in 
size and length1 blunt4   ,,elsinburgh4 
7,vinifera1 ,aestivalis47       #a4     
,amer4 ,farmer1 #i3bba4 #ahbg4 #b4      
,prince1 #ahcj3agf4 #c4      ,downing1  
#ahde3bee4 #d4 ,elliott1 #ahed3bde4 #e4 
,horticulturist1 #ab3deh4 #aheg4 #f4    
,phin1 #ahfb3bed4 #g4 ,am4      ,pom4   
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfb3ij4 #h4 ,husmann1    
#ahff3abj4 #i4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahha3ch4 #aj4 ,bush4 ,cat41     
#ahhc3id4 #aa4      ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt41 #ac3fjc4 #ahid4 #ab4 ,ib41       
#ag3ecj1 #edh1      #eed4 #ahih4        
,blue ,elsingburg 7#b74 ,elsenburgh     
7#b74 ,elsinboro 7#d1 #aj1 #aa74        
,,elsingburg 7#g74 ,elsinburg 7#f74     
,,elsinborough 7#f74 ,elsinborough      
7#b1 #c1 #d74 ,missouri ,bird's ,eye    
7#h74 ,smart's ,elsinburgh 7#c1 #d74    

,smart's ,elsingborough 7#b1 #aj1 #aa74 
,elsinburgh dates back nearly a century 
and is now rarely cultivated1 having    
long since been replaced by better      
varieties4 ,it is certainly not known in
 ,new ,york now and it is doubtful if it
 was ever much grown as it fruits very  
sparingly in the ,north and is but half 
hardy in the latitude of this ,state4   
,in quality it is one of the best of the
 ,aestivalis grapes1 having a pure1     
rich1 vinous1 spicy flavor without a    
trace of foxiness4 ,it would undoubtedly
 add variety to any amateur's vineyard  
and might prove of value in             
grape-breeding1 otherwise it is not     
worth growing2 it undoubtedly makes a   
very good red wine4  ,the origin of     
,elsinburgh is very uncertain4 ,it was  
named after the township1 ,elsinborough1
 ,salem ,county1 ,new ,jersey4 ,in this 
neighborhood it was much raised at an   
early day4 ,from here it was sent to    
various parts of the country4 ,whether  
it originated in this section or whether

 it was introduced at a still earlier   
date from elsewhere is unknown4 ,it was 
brought into notice by a ,dr4 ,hulings4 
,although ,elsinburgh has long since    
ceased to be of importance1 it is still 
offered for sale by an occasional       
nurseryman4 ,it was placed on the grape 
list in the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog in #ahfb and     
removed in #ahia4 ,elsinburgh is of     
especial interest as being the probable 
parent of ,delaware4 ,the variety shows 
,bourquiniana or ,aestivalis in flavor  
and texture of fruit1 in texture and    
pubescence of leaf1 and the bloom on    
young canes2 its tenderness and         
susceptibility to mildew suggest        
,vinifera4       ,vine weak to          
moderately vigorous1 not very hardy1    
produces light      crops4 ,canes short 
to medium1 slender1 covered with thin   
blue      bloom2 tendrils intermittent1 
bifid to trifid4 ,leaves small to       
medium1 variable in color2 lower surface
 hairy and slightly      pubescent4     

,flowers nearly fertile1 open very late2
 stamens upright4      ,fruit ripens    
early in ,october4 ,clusters medium to  
large1 usually      single-shouldered1  
loose to medium4 ,berries small1        
roundish1 black1      covered with blue 
bloom1 contain but little pulp4 ,flesh  
vinous1      sweet1 quality good4 ,seeds
 few1 small4   ,,elvicand4  7,candicans1
 ,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,an4   
,hort41 #ahib3agf4 #b4 ,bush4 ,cat41    
#ahid3abc4 #c4      ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,cat41 #ahig3ai4 #d4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#dh3aadi1      #aaef4 #ahih4 #e4 ,ib41  
#ef3bgf4 #aijj4  ,introduced some twenty
 years ago1 ,elvicand has not found a   
place in the viticulture of the ,north4 
,it is interesting because of its       
parentage1 having in it the blood of    
three species3 ,riparia1 ,labrusca and  
,candicans1 and might prove valuable in 
breeding work1 as starting a new and    
somewhat distinct group of grapes4      
,there has been much complaint of this  
variety being unproductive but ,munson  

states that this is due to short pruning
 and that it will bear heavily with very
 long pruning4 ,it is too late in season
 for ,new ,york4  ,the variety was      
originated by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson of        
,denison1 ,texas1 from seed of ,elvira  
accidentally fertilized by pollen of    
,vitis candicans4 ,it was introduced by 
the originator in #ahic1 and was placed 
on the grape list in the ,american      
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahig1 where it has since been retained4
 ,it was dropped from the originator's  
catalog eight years ago4       ,vine    
vigorous and hardy4 ,shoots and under   
side of leaves showing      much white  
cottony pubescence4 ,leaves large to    
medium1 shallowly      three-lobed4     
,flowers self-fertile4 ,clusters small1 
rather open4      ,berries of medium    
size1 round1 dark purple1 somewhat sweet
 to      subacid with slight ,candicans 
flavor4 ,seeds large4 ,season late4 ,not
      a table grape4   ,,elvira4        
7,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,mo4   

,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgc3ec4 #b4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahge3dj1 #fg4  
#c4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41          
#ahhj3bcg4 #d4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahha3ch4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4   
,cat41 #ahha3bd4      #f4 ,ill4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3ge4 #g4 ,bush4 ,cat41
      #ahhc3ig4 col4 pl4 and fig4 #h4   
,husmann1 #ahie3hc1 #ic1 #age4      #i4 
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #edh1
 #eee1 #eei4 #ahih4 #aj4      ,tex4     
,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bgj4 #aijj4 #aa4 ,mo4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #aijb3hb4 #ab4 
,ib41 #aijf3fe1 #ff1 #fg4  ,though it   
has never attained great popularity in  
,new ,york or in the ,north1 ,elvira1   
soon after its introduction in ,missouri
 about thirty-five years ago1 was       
carried to the very pinnacle of         
popularity as a wine grape4 ,the        
qualities which commended it were its   
great productiveness1 in which character
 it is hardly surpassed in favorable    
locations by any other of our native    
grapes2 its earliness1 ripening in the  

,north with ,concord2 its exceedingly   
good health1 being almost free from     
cryptogamic diseases and having almost  
no touch of black-rot in the average    
season even in the ,southwest2 its great
 vigor as shown by a strong stocky      
growth and ample foliage2 and1 lastly1  
almost perfect hardiness even as far    
north as ,canada4 ,its good qualities   
are offset by one or two defects which  
have caused it to lose in popularity as 
time has gone by until now it is not as 
widely grown as some of its seedlings4  
,the most noticeable of its defects is  
its thin skin which bursts easily1 thus 
wholly debarring it from distant        
markets4 ,beside this1 its flavor and   
appearance1 as it grows here1 are not   
sufficiently good to make it a table    
grape and it can be used only for wine  
for which purpose it is much valued1    
though its habit of cracking in the     
bunch is sometimes much against it as a 
wine grape4 ,the wine made from ,elvira 
is light1 containing comparatively      

little alcohol1 and by those wine-makers
 who do not dislike a slight foxiness in
 flavor1 it is considered very good1    
improving with age and being well       
adapted for blending with more highly   
flavored wines4  ,at the beginning of   
the reconstruction period in ,france1   
,elvira was used more or less as a      
resistant stock and somewhat as a direct
 producer but within a few years it was 
condemned and abandoned for either      
purpose and is now known in ,france#ahg 
only in varietal vineyards4  ,elvira is 
a seedling of ,taylor1 a                
,riparia-,labrusca hybrid1 and shows    
well the peculiarities and general      
characters of the group of which ,taylor
 is supposed to be the parent4 ,of the  
numerous hybrid ,riparia grapes1 ,elvira
 seems to have given the best coign of  
vantage for breeding work and is the    
parent of a number of worthy pure-bred  
and cross-bred varieties4 ,while it is  
to the species to which ,elvira belongs 
that we must look for our hardiest      

grapes1 this variety and most of its    
progeny are not suited to northern      
conditions1 not because of tenderness to
 cold1 but because they must have a long
 season for maturity and to attain their
 best quality4 ,riparia is largely used 
as a resistant stock in combating       
phylloxera1 and ,elvira and other       
similar hybrid offspring are almost     
proof against this pest4  ,elvira was   
originated by ,jacob ,rommel of         
,morrison1 ,missouri1 from seed of      
,taylor which some say was pollinated by
 ,martha4 ,it was planted in #ahfc and  
fruited for the first time in #ahfi4    
,bush  ,son  ,meissner introduced the   
variety in #ahgd4 ,it was placed on the 
grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog in #ahha where  
it is still retained4 ,its great        
popularity in ,missouri was largely due 
to the energy with which it was         
advertised by certain prominent         
viticulturists1 they having been most   
favorably impressed with it because of  

its withstanding the severe cold of the 
winter of #ahgc without protection4     
,husmann1 in particular1 spoke of       
,elvira in the highest terms and        
recommended its cultivation4 ,its       
popularity spread from ,missouri to the 
islands and the ,ohio shore of ,lake    
,erie but scarcely reached ,new ,york4  
,in all of these regions its culture is 
now on the wane4  ,illustration3        
,,elvira       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1   
healthy1 produces very heavy crops1 more
      productive than ,concord4 ,canes  
of average length1 numerous1 medium     
to below in thickness1 rather dark      
brown1 deepening in color at the        
enlarged and flattened nodes2 internodes
 short to medium2      diaphragm rather 
thin2 pith intermediate in thickness2   
shoots      slightly pubescent2 tendrils
 continuous1 of average length1 trifid  
to bifid4       ,leaf-buds nearly medium
 in size1 short to medium in length1    
thick1      conical to nearly obtuse1   
open in mid-season4 ,young leaves tinged

      faintly with carmine on the lower 
side only4 ,leaves rather large1        
medium to somewhat thin2 upper surface  
light green1 older leaves      dull but 
younger leaves glossy1 smooth to medium2
 lower surface      pale green1 slightly
 pubescent1 hairy4 ,veins rather        
distinct2 lobes      none to three with 
terminus acute to acuminate2 petiolar   
sinus deep      to medium1 inclined to  
narrow1 sometimes closed and            
overlapping2      basal sinus usually   
lacking2 lateral sinus shallow1 often   
notched2      teeth medium to rather    
deep1 somewhat wide4 ,flowers fertile or
      nearly so1 open moderately early2 
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
about with ,concord1 does not keep well4
 ,clusters      intermediate in size1   
above medium to short1 of average       
breadth1      cylindrical1 usually      
single-shouldered1 compact2 peduncle    
short to      medium1 rather thick2     
pedicel not long1 of average thickness1 
nearly smooth2 brush short1             

greenish-yellow with brownish tinge4    
,berries average medium in size1        
roundish to slightly oblate1 often      
misshapen on account of compactness1    
greenish with yellow tinge1      rather 
dull1 covered with a fair amount of gray
 bloom1 not always      persistent1     
rather firm4 ,skin very thin1 tender1   
adheres slightly      to the pulp1      
contains no pigment1 somewhat           
astringent4 ,flesh      greenish1 juicy1
 fine-grained1 tender1 slightly foxy1   
sweet1 not      acid at the center1     
somewhat flat in flavor1 of fair        
quality4 ,seeds      separate easily    
from the pulp1 one to four1 average     
three1 medium      to nearly large1     
medium to broad1 intermediate in length1
 blunt1      often plump1 medium to dark
 brown2 raphe obscure or nearly so2     
chalaza of average size1 slightly above 
center1 pear-shaped1 rather             
distinct4 ,must #hh4   ,,empire ,,state4
  7,riparia1 ,labrusca1 ,vinifera87     
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3ff4   

#b4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41          
#ahhb3bbg4 #c4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41
 #ahhb3df4 #d4 ,bush4      ,cat41       
#ahhc3ii4 #e4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bf3bgb1     
#cfd4 #ahhd4 #f4 ,w4      ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ca3aaj4 #ahhf4 #g4 ,rural
 ,n4 ,y41      #df3bj1 #die4 #ahhg4 #h4 
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3ig1 #abe4 
#i4      ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahhg-h3he1 #afi4 #aj4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4
      ,rpt41 #ahhi3cgj4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahhi3bd4 #ab4 ,n4      ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3fjc4 #ahid4 #ac4 
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3abe4      #ad4 ,col4
 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bi3bb4 #ahid4 #ae4 ,ohio 
,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahid-e3aa4    
#af4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3ahj4  
#ahif4      #ag4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #eda1 #edd1 #edh1 #eeb4 
#ahih4  ,empire ,state competes with    
,niagara1 ,diamond and ,pocklington for 
supremacy among green grapes in         
commercial vineyards1 probably taking   
fourth place the country over4 ,the     
variety is equally vigorous in growth1  

just as free from predaceous parasites1 
whether fungi or insects1 and upon vines
 of the same age it is as productive but
 is a little less hardy and the grapes  
are not as attractive in appearance as  
the other varieties named4 ,in          
particular the clusters are small in    
some localities1 a defect which can be  
overcome only by severe pruning or by   
thinning4 ,the quality is very good1    
much better than ,niagara1 somewhat     
better than ,pocklington and nearly as  
good as ,diamond4 ,it approaches the    
flavor of the ,old ,world grapes1 its   
slight wild taste suggesting one of the 
,muscats rather than the foxiness of the
 ,niagara4 ,empire ,state is esteemed   
for the table wherever known and is in  
demand for wine-making1 the wine from it
 being most excellent for champagne     
according to reports from the ,keuka    
champagne-makers4 ,empire ,state ripens 
a little earlier than ,niagara1 hangs   
long upon the vine and keeps well after 
picking and without losing flavor4 ,the 

variety is quite distinct in its        
horticultural as well as its botanical  
characters4  ,this somewhat remarkable  
white grape was originated by ,james ,h4
 ,ricketts of ,newburgh1 ,new ,york4    
,the variety was fruited for the first  
time in #ahgi4 ,the originator says that
 it came from seed of ,hartford         
pollinated by ,clinton but this         
parentage has been questioned by many   
viticulturists as it does not show      
characters of either of the reputed     
parents4 ,a very general supposition is 
that the variety is a hybrid between    
,clinton and some variety of ,vinifera1 
the characters of the fruit in          
particular indicating such breeding4    
,empire ,state was bought from the      
originator by ,george ,a4 ,stone of     
,rochester for #d1jjj1 a record price   
for an ,american grape4 ,it was         
introduced about #ahhd and was placed on
 the grape list of the ,american        
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahhi1 where it still remains4          

,vine a fair to good grower1 usually    
healthy1 in some locations      appears 
somewhat tender1 moderately productive  
to productive4 ,canes      short1 medium
 to few1 nearly slender1 brownish2 nodes
 slightly      enlarged1 not flattened2 
internodes short to medium2 diaphragm of
      average thickness2 pith of medium 
size2 shoots pubescent2 tendrils        
intermittent1 intermediate in length1   
bifid4       ,leaf-buds small to medium1
 of average length1 rather slender1     
pointed to conical1 open moderately     
late4 ,young leaves tinged with         
faint trace of red on under side1       
prevailing color greenish4 ,leaves      
small to medium1 of fair thickness2     
upper surface light green1      slightly
 glossy1 smooth to somewhat rugose2     
lower surface tinged      with bronze1  
heavily pubescent2 veins distinct2 lobes
 three to five      when present1 with  
terminal lobe acuminate2 petiolar sinus 
medium      to deep1 narrow1 often      
closed and overlapping2 basal sinus     

variable      in depth and width2       
lateral sinus deep1 narrow to medium1   
often      distinctly enlarged at base2 
teeth medium to deep1 above average     
width4 ,flowers fertile1 open moderately
 late2 stamens upright4  ,illustration3 
,,empire ,,state       ,fruit somewhat  
variable in season of ripening averaging
 a few days      earlier than ,niagara1 
keeps well4 ,clusters large to below    
medium1      long1 rather slender1      
cylindrical to slightly tapering1       
frequently      single-shouldered1      
medium to compact2 peduncle variable1   
often      characteristically long1     
rather thick2 pedicel not uniform in    
length1 slender1 covered with numerous  
small warts2 brush short1      light    
green4 ,berries variable in size        
averaging medium to below1      inclined
 to roundish1 pale yellowish-green1     
covered with some gray      bloom1      
persistent1 moderately firm4 ,skin      
medium to thick1 variable      in       
toughness1 adheres but slightly to the  

pulp1 contains no      pigment1 with    
slight astringency4 ,flesh pale         
yellowish-green1      translucent1 very 
juicy1 fine-grained1 rather tender1     
sweet next      the skin but somewhat   
acid at center1 agreeably flavored1 good
 to      very good in quality4 ,seeds   
adhere slightly to the pulp1 one to     
four1 average two1 small1 broad1        
notched1 rather short1 blunt1           
plump1 brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza 
small1 roundish to ovate1      slightly 
above center1 distinct4   ,,essex4      
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfd3abg1 #acf4 #b4 
,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41         
#ahfe3dj4 #c4 ,strong1 #ahff3cda4 #d4   
,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41      #c3adf4 #ahfh4 
#e4 ,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4 #ahfi4 #f4
 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfi3db4 
#g4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3aha4 #ahfi4 #h4   
,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bed4 #ahic4 #i4  
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3ecj1 
#edh1 #eee4 #ahih4       ,,rogers' ,,no4
 #da 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d74 ,rogers' ,no4 #da

 7#e1 #f1 #g74  ,when well grown ,essex 
is so similar to ,barry1 ,wilder and    
,herbert1 all being ,rogers' hybrids1   
that it is doubtful if it is worth      
cultivation more especially as it is not
 as easily grown as the above sorts4    
,its fruit is almost identical with     
,barry1 though the bunches do not equal 
that variety in size1 but the vine is   
not as desirable1 being only half-hardy1
 not productive1 with sterile flowers   
and not setting fruit well even in mixed
 vineyards4  ,for an account of the     
origin and parentage of ,essex see      
,rogers' ,hybrids4 ,essex1 then known as
 ,rogers' ,no4 #da1 is first mentioned  
separately from the other hybrids about 
#ahfe4 ,there appears to have been some 
confusion in the numbers1 as some of the
 early describers speak of the grape as 
red1 others black4 ,the name ,essex was 
given by ,mr4 ,rogers in #ahfi1 in honor
 of ,essex ,county1 ,massachusetts4 ,the
 same year it was placed on the grape   
list of the ,american ,pomological      

,society fruit catalog1 where it was    
retained until #ahie1 when it was       
dropped4 ,it is still to be found in    
many varietal vineyards but is now      
offered for sale by but few nurserymen4 
,vine vigorous1 not always hardy1       
produces good crops4 ,canes             
vigorous1 intermediate in number and    
thickness2 tendrils continuous      to  
intermittent1 trifid to bifid4 ,leaves  
medium to above in size1                
irregularly roundish2 lower surface     
thinly pubescent4 ,flowers      sterile 
or nearly so1 open in mid-season or     
slightly later2 stamens      reflexed4  
,fruit ripens about with ,concord or    
slightly later1 an      excellent       
keeper1 in good condition some seasons  
until ,february4      ,clusters medium  
to nearly large1 broad with a rather    
small1 short1      single shoulder1     
usually compact4 ,berries large to above
 medium1      roundish to oval1         
frequently compressed1 dark             
purplish-black1      covered with       

abundant blue bloom1 not firm4 ,flesh   
moderately tender      and soft1 vinous1
 sweet next the skin to acid at center1 
agreeable      in flavor1 good to very  
good in quality4 ,seeds large1 long1    
often      with enlarged neck2 chalaza  
small1 frequently with shallow1         
radiating furrows1 strongly above       
center4   ,,ester4  7,labrusca47        
#a4 ,an4 ,hort41 #ahhi3aja4 #b4 ,rural  
,n4 ,y41 #ea3fhf1 #hfc4      #ahib4 #c4 
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3abe4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4    
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ad3bgi4 #ahie4  
#e4 ,ib41 #ag3ecj1 #edh1 #eee4 #ahih4   
#f4 ,mich4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #aid3eg4   
#aija4 #g4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bci4 
#aijb4  ,ester is a white seedling of   
,concord1 whether pure-bred or          
cross-bred is not known1 which resembles
 its parent in vine and in flavor of    
fruit4 ,it has several defects which    
make it less valuable than many other   
better known white grapes and is        
therefore not recommended for ,new      
,york4 ,its defects appear in the       

description given below4  ,the variety  
was originated by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull of      
,concord1 ,massachusetts1 from seed of  
,concord4 ,it was introduced by ,george 
,s4 ,josselyn of ,fredonia1 ,new ,york1 
in #ahhi4 ,bull named this variety in   
honor of his mother who spelled her name
 ,ester1 in the old ,new ,england way1  
and not ,esther as commonly found in    
grape literature4       ,vine variable  
in vigor and productiveness1 usually    
hardy4 ,canes      short to medium1     
slender1 covered with considerable      
pubescence2      tendrils continuous1   
rarely intermittent1 bifid to trifid4   
,leaves      small1 light green2 lower  
surface tinged with bronze1 pubescent4  
,flowers nearly fertile1 open in        
mid-season2 stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens about with ,concord1 not a good  
keeper4 ,clusters medium to      above  
in size and compactness4 ,berries medium
 to large1 roundish1      pale          
yellowish-white1 covered with thin gray 
bloom1 inclined to      drop            

considerably from pedicel4 ,skin covered
 with scattering brown      dots1 thin1 
somewhat tender1 inclined to crack4     
,flesh moderately      tender and       
vinous1 sweet1 variable in flavor and   
quality ranging      from fair to very  
good4   ,,etta4  7,riparia1 ,labrusca47 
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cc4   
#b4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41            
#ahhc3dc4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ih4   
fig4 #d4 ,kan4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 
#ahij3bc1 app4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt41 #aj3dif4      #ahia4 #f4 ,ill4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfc4 #ahic4 #g4 ,ark4  
,sta4 ,bul41      #ci3cj4 #ahif4 #h4 ,n4
 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #ede1   
#edg1 #eee1      #eei4 #ahih4 #i4 ,tex4 
,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aadi1 #aaef4 #ahih4    
#aj4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #agg3dd4  
#ahii4 #aa4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3dc4   
#aija4 #ab4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdd4
 #aijb4       ,elvira ,seedling ,no4 #c 
7#c74 ,,rommel',s ,,etta 7#d1 #ab74     
,rommel's ,no4      #c 7#a74  ,in       
appearance1 taste and texture of flesh  

,etta is very similar to ,elvira of     
which it is a seedling4 ,the small      
yellowish clusters which characterize   
,elvira are almost exactly reproduced in
 ,etta differing chiefly in often having
 a shoulder quite as large as the main  
bunch itself1 and in having1 for most   
palates1 a better flavor1 lacking the   
slight foxiness of ,elvira4 ,the vine is
 very vigorous1 hardy1 and productive to
 a fault4 ,the fruit ripens late1 at the
 time of ,catawba1 and too late to make 
the variety of value for ,new ,york4    
,etta is not a good table grape and1 as 
with its parent1 makes only a fair grade
 of white wine but this can be produced 
in such quantity as to give the variety 
value in producing a wine for blending  
with more highly flavored products4     
,the tendency of ,elvira to crack and   
overbear caused the originator of that  
variety1 ,jacob ,rommel of ,morrison1   
,missouri1 to try for a grape without   
these faults and the result was ,etta   
from seed of ,elvira4 ,it was first     

exhibited in #ahgi as ,elvira ,seedling 
,no4 #c and was awarded the premium as a
 seedling wine grape at the ,mississippi
 ,valley ,horticultural ,society meeting
 in ,st4 ,louis in #ahhj4 ,it has never 
become popular in the ,east1 probably on
 account of its late ripening4 ,in      
,missouri ,etta is generally considered 
to be1 all characters taken into        
account1 a better grape than ,elvira1   
falling below it in but one particular1 
resistance to black-rot4       ,vine    
vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy except 
in severe winters1      productive4     
,canes long1 rather numerous1 about     
average size1 nearly      light to      
medium dark brown2 tendrils continuous1 
bifid4 ,leaves      healthy1 above      
medium to large1 thickish2 upper surface
 dark green1      slightly glossy1      
nearly smooth2 lower surface pale green1
 somewhat      cobwebby2 veins rather   
distinct4 ,flowers fertile or nearly so1
 open      medium early2 stamens        
upright4       ,fruit ripens late1 two  

or three weeks after ,concord1 keeps    
fairly      well4 ,clusters medium to   
small1 rather short and broad1          
irregularly      cylindrical1 usually   
with a short1 medium-sized single       
shoulder      but sometimes so heavily  
shouldered as to form a double bunch1   
very      compact4 ,berries medium to   
small1 roundish to frequently compressed
      on account of compactness of      
cluster1 rather pale green1 sometimes   
with a faint yellow tinge1 dull1 covered
 with thin gray bloom1      shatter     
considerably when overripe1 firm4 ,skin 
thin1 tender1      contains no pigment4 
,flesh juicy1 fine-grained1 somewhat    
tough and      stringy1 slightly foxy1  
neither rich nor high-flavored1 sweet at
      skin to tart at center1 mild1     
intermediate in flavor and quality4     
,seeds separate from the pulp quite     
easily1 medium to above in size      and
 width1 long to medium1 somewhat plump  
and blunt1 brownish2      raphe buried  
in a broad1 shallow groove2 chalaza of  

medium size1      oval1 nearly central1 
moderately distinct4   ,,eumelan4       
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,aestivalis47    
#a4 ,rec4 of ,hort41 #ahff3ch4 #b4      
,mead1 #ahfg3bbj4 #c4      ,fuller1     
#ahfg3bda4 #d4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41      
#h3add1 #bii4 #ahgj4      #e4 ,barry1   
#ahgb3dah4 #f4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41
 #ahgb3edc1      #eee4 #g4 ,ill4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3cic4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4      ,cat41 #ahge3bd4 #i4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahhc3ii4 fig4 #aj4 ,wis4        
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3agd4 #aa4 ,w4 
,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #cf3dc4
 #ahia4 #ab4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #id3acd4 
#ahih4 #ac4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #ede1 #edf1 #edh1 #edi1 
#eeb4 #ahih4 #ad4      ,tex4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #ef3bga4 #aijj4                  
,,washington 7#a74 ,washington 7#c74    
,eumelan was introduced about forty     
years ago1 with the general opinion     
among the leading viticulturists of the 
time that it was one of the best black  
grapes that had been brought to the     

notice of grape-growers4 ,it seems now1 
as one studies its characters1 to show  
an association of as great a number of  
valuable good qualities and as few      
objectionable ones as almost any other  
of our black grapes1 yet the variety is 
now but little grown4 ,briefly          
summarized1 its good qualities are3     
,vines above the average in vigor1      
hardiness and productiveness1 remarkable
 for their short-jointed wood2 clusters 
and berries well-formed1 of good size   
and the latter a handsome black with    
fine bloom1 making a very attractive    
cluster of grapes2 flesh tender1        
seemingly dissolving into wine-like     
juice under slight pressure2 the flavor 
is pure without a trace of foxiness1    
rich1 sweet1 and vinous1 making a very  
delicious and refreshing fruit1 though  
the large seeds are somewhat            
objectionable4 ,eumelan makes a very    
good red wine4 ,the season of ripening  
is such that the variety may be called  
early1 yet it keeps much better than    

most of the other grapes maturing with  
it and becomes1 therefore1 a mid-season 
and late grape as well as an early one4 
,it neither cracks nor shells badly1 and
 ships very well4  ,illustration3       
,,eumelan  ,it is more difficult to name
 its defects4 ,so far as we can         
discover1 these are susceptibility to   
mildew1 sterile flowers1 and difficulty 
in propagation4 ,unquestionably the     
latter character has greatly hindered   
its culture1 as the vines can be had    
only at extra expense and nurserymen are
 loath to grow it at all4 ,eumelan can  
at least be recommended to amateur      
growers and for the garden and it is    
well worth further trial by             
grape-growers4  ,eumelan is a chance    
seedling which grew from seed about     
#ahdg in the yard of a ,mr4 ,thorne at  
,fishkill ,landing1 ,new ,york4 ,about  
#ahfj it fell into the hands of ,dr4 ,c4
 ,w4 ,grant of ,iona ,island and was    
introduced by him in #ahfg4 ,by some it 
is supposed to be a seedling of         

,isabella4 ,bush gives the species as   
,aestivalis4 ,munson states1 however1   
that he can see nothing in it but       
,labrusca and ,vinifera4 ,labrusca seems
 to be indicated very plainly by the    
texture of the fruit and by the seeds1  
,vinifera possibly by a general         
appearance of the vine difficult to     
define and also by the tendency to      
mildew4 ,besides this1 however1 there   
are the bluish bloom on shoots and      
canes1 the pigment beneath the skin1 the
 spicy taste in the berries1 and the    
difficulty of propagation from cuttings1
 all of which are difficult to account  
for except by recognizing the presence  
of ,aestivalis or ,bicolor blood4       
,vine vigorous to medium1 hardy1 medium 
to productive1 inclined to      mildew4 
,canes intermediate in length1 numerous1
 of average      thickness1 covered with
 considerable blue bloom2 nodes         
enlarged1      flattened2 internodes    
short to medium2 diaphragm thick2 pith  
about      medium size2 shoots glabrous2

 tendrils intermittent1 rather long1    
trifid to bifid4       ,leaf-buds large1
 long1 rather thick1 conspicuous1 obtuse
 to      conical1 open in mid-season4   
,young leaves heavily tinged on under   
side and lightly tinged along margin of 
upper side with bright      carmine4    
,leaves medium to large1 of average     
thickness2 upper      surface rather    
dark green1 glossy1 smooth to medium2   
lower surface      pale green1 not      
pubescent2 veins distinct2 lobes usually
 three in      number with terminal lobe
 acute to acuminate2 petiolar sinus     
medium      to deep1 variable in width2 
basal sinus usually lacking2 lateral    
sinus shallow to medium1 rather narrow  
or often a mere notch2 teeth            
inclined to shallow1 usually above      
medium in width4 ,flowers      sterile1 
open in mid-season2 stamens reflexed4   
,fruit ripens before mid-season1 keeps  
frequently until late winter4           
,clusters of average size1 long to      
medium1 rather slender1 slightly        

tapering to cylindrical1 often with a   
long1 loose1 single shoulder1           
variable in compactness2 peduncle medium
 to long1 of average size2      pedicel 
somewhat short1 rather slender1 covered 
with few small      warts1 wide at point
 of attachment to fruit2 brush short1   
stubby1      pale green4 ,berries medium
 in size1 roundish to frequently        
compressed1 black1 glossy1 covered with 
abundant blue bloom1      persistent1   
firm4 ,skin intermediate in thickness1  
tough1 rather      adherent to the pulp1
 contains a moderate amount of          
wine-colored      pigment1 slightly     
astringent4 ,flesh somewhat dark green1 
juicy1      fine-grained1 nearly tender1
 stringy1 not foxy1 rather spicy and    
aromatic with ,aestivalis flavor1 sweet1
 ranks good or higher in      quality4  
,seeds adhere slightly to the pulp1 one 
to four1 average      three1 above      
medium to large1 rather wide1           
intermediate in length1      somewhat   
blunt1 plump1 brownish2 raphe obscure2  

chalaza oval to      circular1 slightly 
above center1 rather distinct4 ,must    
#ic-ajj4   7,i7 ,,eureka4  7,labrusca47 
#a4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bg3f4 #ahfa4 #b4     
,gar4 ,mon41 #f3cga4 #ahfd4 #c4 ,mag4   
,hort41 #cc3bje4 #ahfg4 #d4 ,am4 ,hort4 
,an41 #ahga3hj4 #e4 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3ih4  ,,bogue',s ,,eureka 7#b74    
,no good descriptions of this variety   
are extant1 and it does not appear to   
have been widely tested4 ,eureka        
resembles the ,isabella very closely in 
both fruit and vine4 ,the fruit ripens  
about two weeks earlier1 is somewhat    
more tender in pulp1 more compact in the
 bunch1 and with the vine of greater    
vigor4  ,eureka was originated by ,s4   
,folsom of ,attica1 ,wyoming ,county1   
,new ,york1 some time in the fifties1   
and was introduced a few years later by 
,bogue  ,son1 nurserymen1 of ,genesee   
,county4 ,it is said to be a seedling of
 ,isabella1 resembling the parent very  
closely1 except for being earlier in    
ripening4 ,it is now practically out of 

cultivation1 and was never superior to  
its reputed parent in desirable         
characters4   7,,ii7 ,,eureka4          
7,bourquiniana1 ,labrusca1 ,vinifera47  
#a4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi3cgb4 
#b4 ,ib41 #ahij3aef4 #c4 ,ib41          
#ahia3abh4 #d4 ,ib41 #ahib3bfh4 #e4 ,am4
 ,gard41 #ac3he4 #ahib4 #f4 ,husmann1   
#ahie3cc4  ,the second variety to       
receive the name ,eureka is said to be a
 seedling of ,delaware raised by ,dr4   
,stayman some time about #ahhj4 ,it does
 not appear ever to have been           
disseminated except to a few of ,dr4    
,stayman's personal friends4 ,it is very
 rare in varietal vineyards and hardly  
known to nurserymen4 ,the variety as it 
grows in ,new ,york is surpassed by its 
parent in practically all desirable     
horticultural characters4       ,vine a 
strong grower1 usually rather tender1   
produces medium to      good crops4     
,canes long1 numerous1 slender2 tendrils
 intermittent1      bifid to trifid4    
,leaves medium to above in size1        

variable in      color2 lower surface   
pale green2 pubescence often distributed
 in      flecks4 ,fruit ripens soon     
after ,concord1 does not keep well4     
,clusters above medium to medium in size
 and length1      single-shouldered to  
sometimes double-shouldered1 of average 
compactness4 ,berries intermediate in   
size1 roundish1 attractive      dark    
red1 covered with heavy lilac or        
slightly blue bloom1 inclined      to   
shell somewhat from pedicel4 ,skin thin1
 rather tender1 inclined      to crack4 
,flesh moderately juicy and tough1      
aromatic1 nearly sweet      next the    
skin to acid at center1 vinous1         
desirable in flavor1 good      in       
quality4 ,seeds small to medium1 of     
average width and length1      nearly   
sharp-pointed4   ,,excelsior4           
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca47  #a4 ,mass4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhj3bcg4 #b4      
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ajj4 #c4 ,miss4     
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #c3cf4 #ahij4 #d4     
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaej1 #aaef4     

#ahih4  ,according to the originator1   
,james ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,excelsior was the
 finest grape in his collection4 ,the   
grapes are delicious1 having the flavor 
of ,black ,hamburg2 the flesh characters
 are good1 the pulp being melting and   
juicy yet holding together and having   
sugar enough to give keeping quality2   
neither seeds nor skins are             
objectionable2 the grapes are handsome  
in appearance2 but unfortunately the    
variety ripens too late to make it of   
much value in ,new ,york4 ,at best it is
 suitable only for the amateur and1 as  
with all of the varieties which         
,ricketts sent out1 it is adapted to few
 localities and must have the best care 
in all respects4  ,excelsior came from  
seed of ,iona fertilized with pollen of 
some unknown ,vinifera4 ,the variety was
 introduced in the autumn of #ahhb4     
,excelsior is to-day rather rare in     
varietal vineyards and is apparently not
 offered for sale by any nurserymen4    
,vine moderately vigorous1 not always   

hardy1 medium to productive4      ,canes
 long1 numerous1 rather thick2 tendrils 
intermittent1 bifid4      ,leaves large 
to below medium1 sometimes rugose2 lower
 surface      pubescent4 ,fruit ripens  
later than ,concord1 keeps well4        
,clusters      unusually large1 long1   
broad1 frequently with a heavy double   
shoulder1 loose4 ,berries large to      
medium1 oval to nearly roundish1        
dark red covered with thin lilac bloom1 
very persistent1 rather      soft4 ,skin
 thick1 tough1 adheres considerably to  
the pulp4 ,flesh      very juicy1 rather
 soft1 granular1 sweet and sprightly1   
high in      flavor1 good to best in    
quality1 closely resembling ,black      
,hamburg      in many characters4 ,seeds
 medium in size1 rather blunt1 sometimes
      with a short enlarged neck4       
,,faith4  7,riparia1 ,labrusca47  #a4   
,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3afd4 #b4
 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ajj4 #c4 ,mo4      
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3dc4 #d4 ,rural
 ,n4 ,y41 #de3fbb1 #fdj4 #ahhf4 #e4     

,ind4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi3he4 #f4 
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fbc4      
#ahib4 #g4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfc4  
#ahic4 #h4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4    
#i3ahj4 #ahif4 #i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #edh1 #eee4 #ahih4      
,though spoken of as a desirable grape  
in many other regions ,faith is of      
little or no value in ,new ,york4 ,it is
 very unattractive in appearance as it  
grows in this ,state1 both in cluster   
and in berry1 the clusters being small  
and variable and the berries small and  
of unattractive color4 ,the quality of  
the fruit is not high and there are many
 other white sorts which surpass it as a
 table grape1 more especially ,diamond  
which ripens at the same time4 ,if it   
has any preeminently good character for 
this region it is productiveness but    
this cannot offset its mediocre         
characters4 ,another fault is that the  
blossoms put forth so early that they   
often suffer from spring frosts4  ,faith
 is of the same breeding and from the   

same originator1 ,jacob ,rommel of      
,morrison1 ,missouri1 as ,etta1 both    
having come from seed of ,elvira4 ,this 
seedling was introduced to the public   
about #ahha and though an excellent     
grape it is hardly the equal of ,etta   
and has never been able to compete with 
that variety4 ,it was named in honor of 
,jacob ,faith1 a prominent ,missouri    
viticulturist4       ,vine medium to    
vigorous1 hardy except in severe        
winters1 usually      healthy1 variable 
in productiveness4 ,canes long to       
medium1      numerous2 tendrils         
continuous1 bifid4 ,leaves large to     
medium1 dark      green2 lower surface  
grayish-green1 thinly pubescent4        
,flowers      sterile to partly fertile1
 open medium early2 stamens upright4    
,fruit ripens about with ,diamond or    
slightly earlier1 does not keep         
well4 ,clusters above medium to small1  
variable in length1 usually             
slender1 often heavily                  
single-shouldered1 loose4 ,berries quite

      small1 roundish1 dull green1      
frequently with yellow tinge changing   
to pale amber1 covered with abundant    
gray bloom1 persistent1 rather          
soft4 ,flesh moderately juicy1 nearly   
tender1 agreeably flavored1      sweet  
next the skin to somewhat tart at       
center1 fair to good in      quality4   
,seeds numerous1 of average size1 broad4
   ,,fern ,,munson4  7,lincecumii1      
,vinifera1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fbc4 #ahib4 #b4  
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3abg4 #c4       
,husmann1 #ahie3acj4 #d4 ,kan4 ,sta4    
,bul41      #gc3ahb1 #ahd4 #ahig4 #e4   
,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahig3bjf4 #f4
      ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #id3acd4 #ahih4 
#g4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaej1        
#aaeg4 #ahih4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4    
,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #edh1 #eee4 #ahih4      
#i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3bi4   
#aj4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #ef3bgg4   
#aijj4 #aa4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdg4
 #aijb4 #ab4 ,mo4      ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #aijd3cjb1 #cje4       ,admirable

 7#aa74 ,,fern 7#b1 #e74 ,fern ,munson  
7#b74 ,hilgarde 7#d74      ,munson's    
,no4 #gf 7#d74  ,fern ,munson is not    
adapted to northern regions1 forty      
degrees north latitude being its limit  
of adaptation according to ,munson1#ahh 
its originator4 ,nevertheless when it   
has ripened in ,new ,york the fruit has 
shown some very good characters1 as     
attractive appearance1 agreeable        
quality1 and unobjectionable seeds and  
skin4 ,the vines are vigorous and       
productive but the foliage is not       
remarkably healthy in the ,station      
vineyard though it has been very        
abundant4  ,this variety was originated 
by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson of ,denison1 ,texas1 
from seed of ,post-oak which has been   
variously stated to have been pollinated
 by ,triumph1 mixed pollen of ,triumph  
and ,herbemont1 and by ,catawba4 ,which 
of these is correct we cannot say4 ,the 
seed was planted in #ahhe and the       
variety was introduced by the originator
 in #ahic4 ,it was placed on the grape  

list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog in #ahii1 where  
it still remains4 ,dickens1 of ,kansas1 
states that this variety was formerly   
disseminated under the name of          
,admirable but this appears to be a     
mistake as ,admirable is invariably     
given as having recurved stamens while  
the stamens of ,fern ,munson are erect4 
,vine vigorous1 not always hardy1       
usually produces as good or             
sometimes better crops than ,concord4   
,canes long1 medium or above in         
number1 medium to thick1 rather dark    
brown with faint red tinge2             
tendrils intermittent1 bifid4 ,leaves   
large and thick2 upper surface          
rugose and often heavily wrinkled2 lower
 surface dull1 pale green      with     
slight bronze tinge1 faintly pubescent2 
veins quite obscure4      ,flowers      
semi-fertile1 open very late2 stamens   
upright4       ,fruit ripens later than 
,concord1 appears to keep well4         
,clusters      medium to large1 not very

 long1 variable in width1 irregularly   
tapering to rather cylindrical1 usually 
single-shouldered1 variable      in     
compactness1 often with many abortive   
fruits4 ,berries medium to      large1  
roundish to slightly flattened1 dark    
purplish-black1 rather      glossy1     
covered with thin blue bloom1 strongly  
persistent1 firm4      ,skin thin1      
tough1 contains a small amount of       
wine-colored pigment1      rather       
astringent4 ,flesh juicy1 tough and     
solid1 becoming tender as      it       
reaches maturity1 fine-grained1 vinous1 
briskly sub-acid to      acid1 ranking  
good in quality when properly ripened4  
,seeds adhere      somewhat to the pulp1
 medium in size1 rather broad1 of       
average      length2 raphe shows as a   
small cord2 chalaza central to slightly 
above center1 obscure4   ,,florence4    
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,bourquiniana87  
#a4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3abg4  ,the fact 
that the ,florence here described has   
been discarded by all vineyardists is   

presumptive evidence that the variety   
has little intrinsic value and this     
proves to be the case in ,new ,york4    
,neither fruit nor vine characters are  
such that the ,station can recommend it4
 ,it is doubtful if the variety is      
longer worthy of preservation4          
,florence is one of the productions of  
,a4 ,j4 ,caywood of ,marlboro1 ,new     
,york1 from seed of ,niagara pollinated 
by ,dutchess4 ,but little is known of   
its time of origin or of its            
introduction4 ,it is very rare in       
varietal vineyards and not known to     
nurserymen4       ,canes medium to above
 in length1 often somewhat slender1     
slightly      roughened and pubescent2  
tendrils intermittent1 bifid4 ,stamens  
upright4 ,fruit ripens slightly earlier 
than ,niagara1 does not keep      well4 
,clusters above medium in size1 rather  
long to medium1      sometimes slightly 
single-shouldered1 loose4 ,berries large
 to above      medium1 roundish1 green  
often with tinge of yellow1 covered with

      thin gray bloom1 nearly           
persistent4 ,flesh slightly tough and   
solid1      aromatic1 agreeably sweet   
next the skin to rather tart at center1 
good to very good in quality4 ,seeds    
few1 intermediate in size and           
length1 plump4   ,,gaertner4            
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca47  #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4
 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfc3edh4 #b4              
,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4 #ahfi4 #c4    
,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41 #e3bfc4 #ahfi4 #d4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3abg4 #e4 ,tenn4     
,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3ahj4 #ahif4 #f4   
,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #id3acg4 #ahih4 #g4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #edh1
 #eee1 #eei4 #ahih4  ,,rogers' ,,no4 #ad
 7#a74 ,rogers' ,no4 #ad 7#b1 #c1 #d1   
#e74  ,when at its best ,gaertner is    
probably surpassed in appearance and in 
quality by no other one of ,rogers'     
hybrids4 ,fruit and clusters are large  
and handsomely colored making a showy   
grape which attracts attention wherever 
shown and which sells in fancy fruit    
stores at the highest price4 ,the plant 

is vigorous1 productive1 and as hardy as
 any of the primary hybrids between     
,labrusca and ,vinifera4 ,in view of its
 good qualities ,gaertner has not       
received the attention it deserves from 
either the amateur or the commercial    
grape-grower1 probably because it is    
more capricious as to soils than some   
others of its related hybrids and that  
to have it in perfection it must have   
the very best care4 ,as a market grape  
it has the faults of ripening somewhat  
unevenly and of shipping rather poorly  
because of a thin tender skin4 ,as with 
nearly all of the hybrids of its kind it
 keeps well and this1 with the desirable
 qualities above noted1 makes it a      
splendid grape for the home vineyard    
where in favorable situations it may be 
expected to bear annual crops of most   
excellent grapes4 ,gaertner is often    
compared with ,massasoit1 the two       
varieties being very similar in fruit   
characters1 but ,gaertner is of         
distinctly better quality than          

,massasoit4  ,gaertner was originated by
 ,e4 ,s4 ,rogers of ,salem1             
,massachusetts1 and the early history of
 the variety will be found under        
,rogers' ,hybrids4 ,it was first        
mentioned separately from the other     
seedlings of ,rogers about #ahfe under  
the name ,rogers' ,no4 #ad4 ,in #ahfi1  
at the request of the ,lake ,shore      
,grape ,association1 ,rogers gave names 
to certain of his productions which had 
previously been known by numbers only4  
,one of the varieties then named was    
,gaertner1 in honor of the ,german      
botanist of this name4 ,it has never    
been as popular as some of the other    
,rogers' hybrids and is to-day offered  
for sale by but few nurserymen4         
,vine medium to vigorous1 usually hardy 
except in severe winters1      produces 
fair to good crops4 ,canes rather long2 
intermediate in      number1 medium to  
below in size1 vary in color from dark  
reddish-brown to ash-gray tinge1 surface
 covered with thin blue      bloom2     

tendrils continuous1 bifid to trifid4   
,leaves medium to above      in size1   
often rather roundish2 upper surface    
moderately dark      green1 intermediate
 in thickness2 lower surface pale green1
      pubescent2 veins distinct4        
,flowers sterile1 open moderately late2 
stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens   
about with ,concord1 matures unevenly1  
keeps only      fairly well4 ,clusters  
above medium to medium in size1 short to
      medium1 cylindrical to slightly   
tapering1 usually with a fair-sized     
single shoulder but sometimes           
double-shouldered1 rather loose1 with   
many abortive fruits4 ,berries large to 
below medium1 roundish to      sometimes
 slightly oval1 light to dark red1      
rather glossy1 covered      with a      
moderate amount of lilac bloom1         
persistent1 intermediate in             
firmness4 ,skin medium to thin1 inclined
 to tender1 contains no      pigment4   
,flesh very pale green1 juicy1          
fine-grained1 somewhat      tough1      

slightly stringy1 agreeably vinous1     
sweet at skin to tart at      center1   
good to very good in quality4 ,seeds    
separate from the pulp      rather      
easily1 large to above medium1          
intermediate in length1 broad      to   
medium1 distinctly notched1 sometimes   
with a very short enlarged      neck1   
brownish2 raphe obscured in a deep      
groove2 chalaza of average      size1   
above center to nearly central1 oval to 
roundish1 somewhat      obscure4        
,,geneva4  7,vinifera1 ,labrusca47  #a4 
,an4 ,hort41 #ahhi3aja4 #b4 ,rural ,n4  
,y41 #dh3di1 #ej1 fig41 #afe4 #ahhi4 #c4
 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41        
#ce3ahj4 #ahij4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt41 #i3ccj4 #ahij4 #e4 ,rural ,n4    
,y41 #ej3fia4 #ahia4 #f4 ,ib41 #ea3fjg1 
#fee4 #ahib4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt41 #aa3fbc4 #ahib4 #h4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41 #eb3ga1 #abb1 #fee4 #ahic4 #i4     
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3abh4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecj1 #edh1 #eee4  
#ahih4 #aa4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41         

#afi3agj4 #ahii4  ,jacob ,moore's       
,geneva is another secondary hybrid     
between ,labrusca and ,vinifera in which
 the ,labrusca blood predominates4 ,in  
quality it is somewhat below any of the 
other grapes put out by ,moore and is   
surpassed by so many other grapes of its
 season that it has never become popular
 though it has much to recommend it4    
,thus it is vigorous1 though not quite  
hardy1 only fairly productive1 with     
ample foliage which is very healthy4    
,the berries and clusters are           
attractive4 ,the color is more nearly   
transparent than any other of our grapes
 and there is so little bloom that the  
grapes are a beautiful lustrous green   
often becoming iridescent in sunlight4  
,it is pure in flavor but somewhat      
insipid4 ,the berries cling well to the 
stem and the fruit keeps exceptionally  
well4  ,geneva was originated by ,jacob 
,moore1 ,brighton1 ,monroe ,county1 ,new
 ,york1 from seed planted in #ahgd of a 
hybrid vine fertilized by ,iona4 ,the   

maternal vine was from seed of a wild   
,labrusca fertilized with ,muscat       
,alexandria4 ,the variety was introduced
 by the ,r4 ,g4 ,chase ,company1 of     
,geneva4 ,it is still quite commonly    
found in varietal vineyards and is      
listed by a few grape nurserymen4       
,geneva seems to have succeeded somewhat
 better to the south of ,new ,york and  
is notably better in quality when grown 
in lower latitudes4       ,vine         
moderately vigorous to vigorous1 not    
very hardy1 healthy1      produces      
smaller crops than ,concord4 ,canes     
intermediate in length      and number1 
covered with slight blue bloom2 tendrils
 intermittent      to continuous1 bifid 
to trifid4 ,leaves medium in size1 light
      green2 lower surface              
grayish-white1 pubescent4 ,flowers      
nearly      sterile to partly fertile1  
open medium late2 stamens upright4      
,fruit      ripens soon after ,niagara1 
ships well and keeps into the winter4   
,clusters medium to above in size1 of   

average width1 often blunt at      ends1
 usually not shouldered1 intermediate in
 compactness1 with      many abortive   
fruits4 ,berries medium to large1       
slightly oval or      obovate1 dull     
green changing to a faint yellow tinge1 
covered with      thin gray bloom4      
,flesh pale green1 tender and soft1     
vinous1 nearly      sweet at skin to    
tart at center1 fair to good in quality 
but not      equal to some other white  
grapes of the same season4 ,seeds       
intermediate in size and length4        
,,glenfeld4#ahi  7,labrusca47  #a4 ,n4  
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fbd4 #ahib4   
#b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahig3ai4   
#c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecj1  
#edh1 #eee4 #ahih4  ,grown in the       
,station vineyard since #ahhi1 ,glenfeld
 has made a somewhat favorable          
impression because of its excellent     
quality but it seems not to have been   
well received throughout the ,state and 
it is doubtful if it has more than a    
local reputation about the place of its 

origin4 ,it is equaled or surpassed1    
however1 by many other varieties of its 
season in vine characters and there is  
therefore little need that it should be 
longer perpetuated1 though it may be    
worthy a place in the garden4  ,glenfeld
 was found on the place of ,george ,j4  
,magee of ,watkins1 ,new ,york4 ,mr4    
,magee reports that the vine was on the 
place when he purchased it and the      
former owner knew nothing of it4 ,the   
variety was locally supposed to be a    
seedling of ,concord4 ,it was sent to   
this ,station for testing in #ahhi4 ,for
 some reason it was placed upon the     
grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog for #ahig4 ,such
 action was hardly justified1 as the    
variety had never been tested except in 
one or two neighborhoods1 and it was    
taken off at the next meeting4          
,vine vigorous1 hardy except in severe  
winters1 produces good crops4           
,canes long1 numerous to medium1        
intermediate in thickness2 tendrils     

continuous to intermittent1 bifid to    
trifid4 ,leaves often very      large1  
variable in color1 medium to thick2     
lower surface tinged      with bronze1  
strongly pubescent4 ,flowers nearly     
fertile1 open in      mid-season or     
earlier2 stamens upright4 ,fruit ripens 
early in      ,october1 keeps fairly    
well4 ,clusters large to below medium1  
variable in shape1 usually with a       
medium-sized single shoulder1      not  
uniform in compactness4 ,berries nearly 
large to below medium1      roundish1   
unique in color being a rather dull     
olive green covered      with ash-gray  
bloom1 somewhat inclined to shatter4    
,flesh tender1      vinous1 with an     
agreeable flavor1 sweet at skin to tart 
at center1      good in quality4 ,seeds 
medium to below in size1 broad4         
,,goethe4  7,vinifera1 ,labrusca47  #a4 
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfj3hf4 #b4   
,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfa3fh4 #c4
 ,horticulturist1 #ah3ih1 #ii4 #ahfc4   
#d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfg3afj4   

#e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfg3dd4   
#f4 ,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4 #ahfi4 #g4
 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41 #e3bfa4 #ahfi4 #h4 
,grape ,cult41 #a3dc1 #aej1 #ahj1 #bci1 
#bda1 fig41 #bdb1 #bif4 #ahfi4 #i4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3ch1 #afb4 #aj4 
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3aja1 fig41 #ajb4    
#aa4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaej1 #aaeg4
 #ahih4 #ab4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ci1  
#dc1 #dd1 #de1 #ej1 #ed4 #ahii4 #ac4    
,miss4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3ad4 #ahii4      
,,rogers' ,,no4 #a 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e74
 ,rogers' ,no4 #a 7#f1 #g1 #h1 #aj74    
,of all ,rogers' hybrids ,goethe shows  
most of the ,vinifera characters1       
resembling in appearance to a marked    
degree the ,white ,malaga of ,european  
fame and not falling far short of the   
best ,old ,world grape in quality4 ,this
 is when it is well grown2 but here lies
 the fault with ,goethe1 for it is most 
difficult to grow well especially in the
 ,north where the seasons are usually   
not long enough for its full maturity4  
,when it does ripen in northern         

latitudes it is unsurpassed in flavor by
 any other of the grapes of its class4  
,the vine is hardy in ,new ,york2       
vigorous to a fault1 for in very rich   
soils it makes too great a growth2 it   
does best in sands or gravels2 it is    
fairly immune to mildew1 rot and other  
diseases2 and where it succeeds often   
bears so freely that thinning becomes a 
necessity4 ,added to its high quality1  
which makes it a splendid table grape1  
,goethe keeps well1 lasting long into   
the winter4 ,it is excellent for wine   
though it is too difficult to grow to   
make it profitable for this purpose4    
,unfortunately this variety ripens so   
late that it cannot be recommended for  
,new ,york4 ,the accompanying           
color-plate does not do the variety full
 justice as good specimens could not be 
obtained for illustration in the        
unfavorable season of #aijg4 ,neither   
size1 nor shape of cluster1 nor color of
 fruit are quite as we should like to   
have them shown4  ,illustration3        

,,goethe  ,e4 ,s4 ,rogers of ,salem1    
,massachusetts1 produced ,goethe as one 
of his famous ,labrusca-,vinifera       
hybrids and for its early history the   
reader is referred to ,rogers' ,hybrids4
 ,it is first mentioned separately from 
others of these productions in #aheh    
under the name ,rogers' ,no4 #a4 ,it was
 placed upon the grape list of the      
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahfg1 where it still        
remains4 ,in #ahfi ,mr4 ,rogers named   
the grape ,goethe after the great       
,german poet and naturalist4 ,while     
highly esteemed in the ,north1 it       
succeeds better and is therefore more   
commonly grown in the ,middle and ,south
 ,atlantic ,states and in the valleys of
 the ,ohio and of the lower ,missouri4  
,vine vigorous to medium1 hardy1        
variable in productiveness1             
somewhat subject to mildew in           
unfavorable locations4 ,canes above     
medium to short1 of average number and  
thickness1 rather dark      brown2 nodes

 enlarged1 slightly flattened2          
internodes very short2      diaphragm   
thick2 pith below medium in size2 shoots
 strongly      pubescent2 tendrils      
continuous with tendency to             
intermittent1      rather long1 bifid to
 trifid4       ,leaf-buds intermediate  
in size1 length and thickness1 conical  
to      nearly obtuse1 open very late4  
,young leaves tinged lightly on under   
side and along margin of upper side with
 rose-carmine4 ,leaves      variable in 
size1 irregularly roundish1 medium to   
somewhat thin2      upper surface light 
green1 glossy1 of average smoothness2   
lower      surface pale green to bronze1
 pubescent1 veins very distinct2 leaf   
usually not lobed1 with terminus broadly
 acute2 petiolar sinus of      average  
depth1 narrow1 closed and frequently    
overlapping2 basal      sinus usually   
lacking2 lateral sinus shallow1 often a 
mere notch2      teeth shallow to       
medium1 rather narrow4 ,flowers partly  
fertile1      open in mid-season2       

stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
considerably later than ,concord1 keeps 
unusually well4      ,clusters          
intermediate in size1 short to medium1  
rather broad1      widely tapering1     
frequently single-shouldered1 usually   
two bunches      to a shoot1            
intermediate in compactness2 peduncle   
short to medium1      of average        
thickness2 pedicel nearly long1 thick1  
covered with      numerous1 conspicuous 
warts1 wide at point of attachment to   
berry2      brush long1 slender to      
stout1 pale green to yellowish-brown4   
,berries very large to above medium1    
oval to nearly roundish1 pale      red1 
covered with thin gray or slightly lilac
 bloom1 persistent1 of      average     
firmness4 ,skin thin1 tender to medium1 
adheres slightly to      the pulp1      
contains no pigment1 faintly astringent4
 ,flesh pale      green1 translucent1   
inclined to tenderness1 rather coarse1  
nearly      sweet at skin but decidedly 
tart at center1 with some ,vinifera     

sprightliness1 ranking good to very good
 in quality1 does not reach      its    
best flavor in many localities in this  
,state4 ,seeds separate      from the   
pulp with difficulty unless fully ripe1 
one to three1      average two1 large1  
long1 of average thickness1 very        
slightly      notched1 inclined to      
bluntness1 brownish2 raphe obscure2     
chalaza of      fair size1 decidedly    
above center1 pear-shaped1 distinct4    
,must #gh4   ,,goff4  7,labrusca1       
,vinifera1 ,aestivalis47  ,during the   
quarter century the ,new ,york          
,agricultural ,experiment ,station has  
been in existence1 the breeding of      
grapes has been one of the chief lines  
of horticultural work4 ,professor ,e4   
,s4 ,goff1 the first ,station           
horticulturist1 began this work as early
 as #ahhe and produced a number of      
seedling grapes which were numbered but 
not named4 ,in continuing this work1    
,professor ,s4 ,a4 ,beach1 successor to 
,professor ,goff1 planted seed from some

 of the original seedlings and from one 
of these came a somewhat remarkable     
grape to which we have given the name   
,goff4 ,this new variety first bore     
fruit in #ahih and at once attracted    
attention4 ,in #aija it was awarded a   
silver medal as a meritorious seedling  
at the ,pan-,american ,exposition4      
,specimens of it sent to several        
viticultural experts were highly spoken 
of and in the years it has been in fruit
 on the ,station grounds it has made a  
most excellent record4  ,unfortunately  
the pedigree of this grape can never be 
known4 ,not only were the parents of the
 original seedling unknown1 but the     
immediate parent was open to            
cross-pollination in a vineyard of many 
varieties4 ,all who have examined the   
fruit and vines of ,goff are well agreed
 that the variety shows very distinctly 
,labrusca and ,vinifera characters and  
some maintain that there are indications
 of ,aestivalis as well4 ,as to the     
proportion of these three species1 if   

all be present1 no one would care to    
hazard a guess4  ,the general appearance
 of ,goff is well shown in the          
accompanying color-plate though the     
cylindrical shape and enlarged lower end
 of the bunch are more pronounced than  
in typical specimens4 ,because of the   
peculiar shape of both bunch and berry  
the fruit cannot be called handsome     
though the color is sufficiently        
attractive4 ,the quality of ,goff is of 
the highest1 being hardly surpassed by  
any of the commonly grown grapes of this
 country4 ,the flavor is sweet1 rich and
 vinous and the pulp1 while firm1 is    
tender and readily parts from the seeds4
 ,in general the flavor is that of a    
,labrusca-,vinifera hybrid though there 
is a spiciness in it that suggests an   
admixture of ,aestivalis2 the flesh     
characters are better than those of the 
average hybrid of the two first named   
species1 being less pulpy and coarse4   
,probably the most valuable character of
 ,goff is the long keeping quality of   

the fruit in which respect it far       
surpasses the several commercial        
varieties of this ,state and equals the 
best keeping ,american grapes known4 ,in
 a test during the winter of #aijg-jh of
 the keeping qualities of #bee varieties
 of grapes from the ,station vineyards1 
kept in eight-pound baskets in common   
storage1 unwrapped1 ,goff was one of the
 four best keepers1 ,canandaigua1       
,wilder and ,vergennes being the other  
three4 ,these four varieties kept in    
very good condition until ,april #af1   
and under circumstances not altogether  
favorable4  ,illustration3 ,,goff  ,the 
vine characters of ,goff are            
exceptionally good on the ,station      
grounds4 ,the vines are vigorous1 hardy1
 very productive1 and the foliage is    
healthy4 ,all of the above characters   
are developed to an extent seldom found 
in a variety showing the specific blood 
indicated in the ,goff4 ,in these       
respects1 taking all of them1 this      
variety surpasses any of ,rogers'       

hybrids1 grapes with which it can be    
best compared4 ,the variety is now      
distributed for testing in the various  
grape regions of the ,state and if the  
reports of its behavior are             
satisfactory1 it will be generally      
distributed within a few years4         
,vine vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy1 
very productive4 ,canes      medium to  
long1 numerous1 often rather thick1 dark
 brown with      slight reddish tinge2  
nodes enlarged1 flattened2 internodes   
intermediate in length2 diaphragm thick 
to medium2 pith of average      size2   
shoots pubescent2 tendrils continuous1  
sometimes      intermittent1 long1 bifid
 to trifid4       ,leaf-buds            
intermediate in size and thickness1     
short to medium1      plump1 conical to 
roundly obtuse1 open in mid-season4     
,young leaves      tinged on lower side 
and along margin of upper side with     
light      rose-carmine4 ,leaves        
healthy1 medium to large1 of average    
thickness2 upper surface light green2   

smooth to rugose1 dull2 lower           
surface pale green1 slightly cobwebby2  
veins fairly distinct2 lobes      three 
to five in number with terminal lobe    
obtuse to acute2      petiolar sinus    
deep1 narrow2 basal sinus medium to     
shallow1 rather      wide2 lateral sinus
 deep1 wide2 teeth shallow1 of average  
width4      ,flowers fertile1 open in   
mid-season or later1 sometimes on plan  
of      six2 stamens upright4           
,fruit ripens a little later than       
,concord1 keeps unusually well4         
,clusters variable in size1 long to     
medium1 frequently very slender1        
cylindrical1 surface of cluster often   
irregular with blunt end      larger    
than the part above1 usually not        
shouldered1 or with a small      single 
shoulder1 compact2 peduncle usually     
short1 intermediate in      thickness2  
pedicel rather short1 of average        
thickness1 covered with      few1 if any
 warts1 wide at point of attachment to  
fruit2 brush      short1 slender1 pale  

green with faint brown tinge4 ,berries  
variable      in size1 averaging about  
the size of ,concord1 frequently        
misshapen1      strongly flattened1 not 
uniform1 dark reddish-purple1 covered   
with      heavy lilac or bluish bloom1  
persistent1 firm4 ,skin thick1          
intermediate in toughness1 adheres      
slightly to the pulp1 with      bright  
red pigment1 slightly astringent4 ,flesh
 pale green1      translucent1 juicy1   
tender1 a little coarse1 somewhat       
vinous1 sweet      from skin to center1 
very good in quality4 ,seeds separate   
easily      from the pulp1 one to five1 
average three1 intermediate in size1    
variable in breadth1 of medium length1  
rather sharp-pointed1 light             
brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza of fair
 size1 above center1      distinct4     
,,gold ,,coin4  7,aestivalis1           
,labrusca47       #a4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41
 #bh3afb4 #ahia4 #b4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#bh3bfd4 #ahic4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahid3abh4 #d4 ,husmann1      #ahie3abi4

 #e4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #gc3ahc4 #ahig4 
#f4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,cat41        
#ahii3bh4 #g4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#ef3bfg1 #bgg4 #aijj4      #h4 ,rural   
,n4 ,y41 #fa3gbb4 #aijb4  ,gold ,coin is
 at the head of ,munson's ,gold ,coin   
,family#aij having been produced by     
crossing ,norton and ,martha4           
,unfortunately the variety is only of   
general interest in ,new ,york as it    
does not succeed so far north1 the      
summer seasons being too short4 ,where  
it succeeds it is a handsome market     
variety of very good quality and makes  
an excellent white wine4 ,the vines are 
productive and are reported to be       
unusually free from attacks of fungal   
diseases4  ,as indicated in the         
preceding paragraph1 this variety was   
originated by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson of        
,denison1 ,texas4 ,it sprung from seed  
of ,cynthiana or ,norton#aia pollinated 
by ,martha which was planted in #ahhc   
and was introduced by the originator in 
#ahid4 ,gold ,coin was placed on the    

grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog in #ahii4       
,vine medium to vigorous1 hardy1        
produces heavy crops4 ,canes            
intermediate in length and number1      
rather slender2 tendrils      continuous
 and sometimes intermittent1 trifid to  
bifid4 ,leaves      medium to above in  
size1 moderately light green1 slightly  
rugose2      lower surface pale green1  
tinged with bronze1 heavily pubescent4  
,flowers nearly fertile2 stamens        
upright4 ,fruit ripens after            
mid-season1 keeps long in good          
condition4 ,clusters medium to small1   
not very long1 usually                  
single-shouldered1 variable in          
compactness4      ,berries large to     
below medium1 roundish to slightly oval1
      yellowish-green with a distinct   
trace of reddish-amber1 covered         
with a medium amount of gray bloom1     
usually persistent4 ,skin      covered  
with small scattering brown dots1 thin1 
inclined to      toughness4 ,flesh      

somewhat tough1 faintly aromatic1 tart  
from skin      to center1 good in       
quality4 ,seeds separate easily from the
 pulp1      somewhat numerous1 above    
medium to medium in size1 not notched2  
raphe shows as a distinct cord4         
,,golden ,,drop4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1
 ,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,montreal    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhj3aab4 #b4      
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3ajb4 fig4 #c4  
,barry1 #ahhc3ddg4 #d4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4      
,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 #bh3ag4 #ahhc4 
#e4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3dd1 #ea4      
#aija4  ,golden ,drop is an early white 
grape now nearly lost to cultivation but
 once somewhat popular because of its   
high quality4 ,its hardiness and        
earliness might make it a valuable grape
 for northern latitudes where more      
commonly cultivated varieties do not    
mature with certainty4 ,it is somewhat  
susceptible to fungal diseases1 mildew  
especially1 and needs more than ordinary
 care4  ,this variety was originated by 
,c4 ,g4 ,pringle of ,charlotte1         

,vermont1 from seed of ,adirondac       
fertilized with ,delaware1 planted in   
#ahfi and introduced by ,b4 ,k4 ,bliss  
of ,new ,york1 about #ahhj4 ,it has     
never been popular but is still sold by 
an occasional nurseryman4       ,vine   
vigorous to weak1 not productive1       
inclined to mildew4 ,canes      long to 
medium1 numerous1 dark brown2 tendrils  
continuous to      intermittent1 bifid4 
,leaves intermediate in size1 light     
green2      lower surface pale green1   
very slightly pubescent4 ,flowers       
sterile      or nearly so1 open in      
mid-season2 stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens      shortly before ,niagara1    
keeps well4 ,clusters small1 of medium  
length1 slender1 rather cylindrical1    
loose4 ,berries medium to      small1   
roundish to slightly oval1 light green  
with dull      yellowish-red tinge in   
the sun1 covered with thin gray bloom1  
persistent4 ,flesh tender and soft1 not 
foxy1 sweet1 very mild1 good      in    
quality4 ,seeds medium to small1 short4 

,,green ,,early4  7,labrusca1           
,vinifera87       #a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt41 #aijb3bbc4 #b4 ,ib41 #aije3bif4 
,green ,early is a white grape coming in
 season with ,winchell which surpasses  
it in most characters1 quality in       
particular4 ,this variety is not to be  
confused with ,chas4 ,a4 ,green1 also a 
white grape1 which was originated by ,f4
 ,w4 ,loudon of ,janesville1 ,wisconsin1
 and was introduced by ,chas4 ,a4 ,green
 of ,rochester4 ,we have not been able  
to get a complete description of the    
latter variety4  ,green ,early was found
 growing by the side of a ditch near a  
,concord vineyard1 on land belonging to 
,o4 ,j4 ,greene of ,portland1           
,chautauqua ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,the   
vine was transplanted into a nursery in 
#ahhg4 ,the parentage of the variety is 
unknown but it is credited to ,concord  
owing to its resemblance to that        
variety4 ,it was introduced in the late 
nineties by ,j4 ,h4 ,greene of          
,portland1 ,new ,york1 and ,h4 ,w4      

,blowers of ,westfield1 ,new ,york4     
,vine medium to very vigorous1 usually  
hardy1 productive4 ,canes      variable 
in length and thickness1 dark-reddish   
brown2 tendrils      continuous1        
sometimes intermittent1 bifid to trifid4
 ,leaves      variable in size1 medium  
green2 lower surface pale green1        
pubescent2 stamens upright4 ,fruit      
ripens about with ,moore ,early or      
with ,concord in some locations1 does   
not keep long and is only a      fair   
shipper4 ,clusters variable in size1    
length and breadth1      sometimes      
single-shouldered1 variable in          
compactness4 ,berries above      medium 
to nearly small1 oval to slightly       
roundish1 light green      tinged with  
yellow1 covered with thin gray bloom1   
moderately      persistent1 rather soft4
 ,skin nearly thin1 tender1 inclined to 
crack4 ,flesh slightly tough and        
aromatic1 almost sweet at skin to       
acid at center1 fair flavor and quality4
 ,seeds medium to below in      size1   

intermediate in length and breadth1     
sharp-pointed4   ,,grein ,,golden4      
7,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cc4 #b4 ,ill4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahha3afb1     
#afd4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ajc4 #d4  
,kan4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41          
#ahhi-ij3bj4 app4 #e4 ,gar4 and ,for41  
#c3bij1 #dij1      #eii4 #ahij4 #f4     
,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aj3aj4 #ahij4 #g4   
,ill4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #bh3bfd4 #ahic4 
#h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ae3bid4  
#ahif4      #i4 ,ib41 #ag3eca1 #edh1    
#eee4 #ahih4       ,grein's ,no4 #b     
7#c74  ,grein ,golden ranks with        
,missouri ,riesling as the best of      
,nicholas ,grein's several seedlings of 
,taylor1 both being improvements over   
the parent variety4 ,it is very similar 
to ,missouri ,riesling but is1 on the   
,station grounds1 and in general1 a much
 stronger grower4 ,for a variety of the 
,taylor group1 both cluster and berry   
are large and uniform1 which1 with the  
attractive golden color of the berries1 

make it a most handsome fruit4 ,but as  
the variety grows in ,new ,york the     
flavor is not at all pleasing1 being an 
unusual commingling of sweetness and    
acidity quite disagreeable to most      
palates2 and so while its habit of      
growth1 hardiness1 health of vine and   
productiveness are such as would make   
the variety acceptable the quality of   
the fruit condemns it for table use4 ,in
 fact the last remark applies in a      
greater or less degree to all of the    
varieties of the ,taylor group for this 
,state--they fall so far short in       
quality that they can never be of value 
as market or table grapes4 ,all are     
suitable for wine and ,grein ,golden in 
particular is said to make a very good  
white wine4 ,the fruit of this variety  
cracks badly in wet weather and does not
 keep nor ship well1 skin and flesh     
being very tender4  ,illustration3      
,,grein ,,golden  ,nicholas ,grein of   
,hermann1 ,missouri1 produced ,grein    
,golden over thirty years ago4 ,it is   

generally supposed to be from seed of   
,taylor4 ,grein states that he planted  
seed of the ,european ,riesling and of  
,taylor at the same time1 and that the  
,taylor did not germinate but that the  
,european ,riesling did1 one of the     
seedlings being ,grein ,golden4 ,as the 
,grein ,golden shows ,riparia very      
plainly1 with no trace of ,vinifera1 it 
is generally supposed that the seeds    
were mixed and that ,grein ,golden is a 
,taylor seedling4 ,the variety has been 
and still is a commercial sort in the   
wine districts of the middle ,west4     
,vine vigorous1 hardy1 productive4      
,canes long to medium1 numerous1        
somewhat slender1 rather dark           
reddish-brown2 nodes slightly           
enlarged1 usually flattened2 internodes 
long to medium2 diaphragm      of       
average thickness2 pith intermediate in 
size2 shoots pubescent2      tendrils   
intermittent1 of fair length1 trifid to 
sometimes bifid4       ,leaf-buds of    
average size1 short to medium1          

intermediate in      thickness1 conical 
to pointed1 open in mid-season4 ,young  
leaves      faintly tinged on lower side
 only with faintest rose carmine4       
,leaves large to medium1 thick2 upper   
surface dark green1 dull1               
moderately smooth2 lower surface pale   
green1 slightly pubescent2      veins   
not conspicuous2 lobes none to three    
with terminus acute2      petiolar sinus
 deep1 medium to narrow2 basal sinus    
usually lacking2      lateral sinus     
shallow1 wide1 frequently obscure2 teeth
 medium to      deep1 of average width4 
,flowers sterile1 open in mid-season2   
stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens   
about with ,niagara1 does not keep nor  
ship well4      ,clusters large1 long to
 medium1 somewhat broad1 tapering1      
irregular1 often heavily                
single-shouldered1 loose to moderately  
compact2 peduncle above average length1 
thickish2 pedicel      intermediate in  
length and thickness1 covered with few1 
inconspicuous warts2 brush slender1     

medium in length1 pale green4           
,berries uniform in size1 rather large1 
roundish1 attractive light      green   
often with tinge of golden yellow or    
pinkish-yellow1 glossy1      covered    
with thin gray bloom1 persistent1       
intermediate in firmness4      ,skin    
very thin1 tender1 often inclined to    
crack1 does not adhere to      the pulp1
 contains no pigment4 ,flesh greenish1  
translucent1 very      juicy1 tender1   
vinous1 slightly sweet next the skin but
 decidedly      acid at center1 medium  
to good in quality1 better than ,elvira4
      ,seeds separate easily from the   
pulp when mature1 two to four in        
number1 average two and three1 above    
medium in size1 broad1      intermediate
 in length1 plump1 light to dark brown2 
raphe shows as      a small but         
prominent cord2 chalaza rather large1 at
 center or      slightly above1 oval1   
usually distinct4   ,,hartford4         
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87       #a4 ,mag4 
,hort41 #ah3aad4 #aheb4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  

,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahef3cf1 #afe4 #c4   
,mag4 ,hort41 #bd3aca4 #aheh4 #d4       
,horticulturist1 #ac3abb1 #aff4 #aheh4  
#e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41             
#ahfb3ij4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahfb3acf1 #adj4 #g4 ,ib41              
#ahha3aag1 #aai1 #abc1 #acf1 #ach1 #aec1
 #aed1 #aeh1 #afb1 #afh4 #h4      ,bush4
 ,cat41 #ahhc3ajc4 #i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4    
,an4 ,rpt41 #i3cbg4      #ahij4 #aj4    
,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #id3ace4 #ahih4 #aa4  
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #ag3eca1 
#eda1 #edd1 #edh1 #eeb1 #eee4 #ahih4    
#ab4 ,mo4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #df3ci1 #db1
 #dd1 #df4 #ahii4       ,,hartford      
,,prolific 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #h74
 ,steele's ,seedling 7#d74  ,for many   
years ,hartford was looked upon as one  
of the standard early black grapes1 if  
not the standard4 ,it is now being very 
largely superseded1 and greatly to the  
betterment of viticulture1 by other     
grapes of its season of better quality1 
though it is still quite commonly grown 
in ,new ,york at least4 ,it is probable 

that for many years there will be       
locations in which ,hartford may be     
profitably cultivated 7some in which it 
alone will be worth growing71 and       
purposes for which it may be            
recommended4 ,the many good characters  
of the vine make it a desirable grape   
for breeding work4  ,the vine of        
,hartford can be well characterized by  
its good qualities but the fruit is best
 described through its faults4 ,the     
plants are vigorous1 prolific1 healthy1 
and the fruit is borne early in the     
season1 ripening from a week to two     
weeks in advance of the ,concord4 ,after
 ,concord the ,hartford is one of the   
most fruitful of ,american grapes4 ,the 
canes are remarkable for their stoutness
 and for the crooks at the joints4 ,the 
bunches are not unattractive 7the       
color-plate fails to do them justice as 
to size and color71 but the quality of  
the fruit is low1 even for an early     
grape where the highest quality is      
hardly expected4 ,the flesh is pulpy and

 unpleasant to eat while the flavor is  
both too insipid and too foxy to be     
good4 ,because of its poor quality1 now 
that there are so many really good early
 grapes1 ,hartford should be discarded4 
,but there is another reason for ceasing
 its culture4 ,the berries shell badly  
either on the vine or when packed for   
shipping1 so that the fruit neither     
ships1 packs1 nor keeps well4 ,the      
competition of the southern states from 
which later and better varieties can be 
shipped to northern cities to compete   
with ,hartford is still another reason  
for the passing of this variety from    
commercial cultivation4 ,still other    
faults are that it colors a long while  
before it is ripe2 and it is only partly
 self-fertile so that in seasons when   
there is bad weather during blooming    
time the clusters are usually loose and 
straggling4  ,illustration3 ,,hartford  
,the original vine of ,hartford was a   
chance seedling in the garden of ,paphro
 ,steele of ,west ,hartford1            

,connecticut4 ,it fruited for the first 
time in #ahdi4 ,this seedling was       
supposed by those familiar with the     
surroundings at the time to be a cross  
of ,isabella and the wild fox grape4 ,it
 was named ,hartford ,prolific by the   
,hartford ,county ,horticultural        
,society4 ,the ,american ,pomological   
,society placed it in their fruit       
catalog in #ahfb and it has never been  
removed4 ,the word ,prolific appears to 
have been dropped from this name by     
common consent about #ahij4       ,vine 
medium to vigorous1 injured in severe   
winters1 very productive      as an     
early grape4 ,does not require as close 
pruning as many other      varieties4   
,canes above medium in length1          
intermediate in number1      not thick1 
dark brown1 covered with considerable   
pubescence2 nodes      enlarged1        
flattened2 internodes medium to short2  
diaphragm medium      to below in       
thickness2 pith of average size2 shoots 
very pubescent2      tendrils           

continuous1 long1 bifid4                
,leaf-buds of average size1 short1 thick
 to medium1 obtuse to      conical4     
,leaves nearly large1 thick2 upper      
surface dark green1      dull1 rugose2  
lower surface pale green1 often with    
trace of bronze1      thinly pubescent2 
veins indistinct2 lobes variable with   
terminus      blunt to acute2 petiolar  
sinus medium to deep1 narrow2 basal     
sinus      usually lacking2 lateral     
sinus shallow1 narrow1 often a mere     
notch2      teeth shallow1 of average   
width4 ,flowers fertile1 open in        
mid-season2 stamens upright4            
,fruit ripens early1 does not keep well4
 ,clusters above average      size1     
nearly long1 slender except when        
shouldered1 slightly      tapering1     
irregular1 often with a long1 large1    
single shoulder1      loose2 peduncle   
long to medium1 of fair size2 pedicel   
short1      intermediate in thickness1  
covered with few small warts2 brush     
greenish with dull tinge of             

reddish-brown4 ,berries regular in size 
averaging above medium1 roundish to     
oval1 black1 not glossy1      covered   
with blue bloom1 drop badly from        
pedicel1 of average      firmness4 ,skin
 thick1 tough1 adheres considerably to  
the pulp1      contains much            
purplish-red pigment1 somewhat          
astringent4 ,flesh      greenish1       
translucent1 juicy1 toughish1 stringy   
and foxy1 rather      sweet at skin but 
somewhat tart at center1 resembles      
,concord but      ranks below that      
variety in flavor and quality4 ,seeds   
separate      rather easily1 one to     
four1 average three or four1            
intermediate in      size1 almost broad1
 of fair length1 dark brown2 raphe      
obscure2      chalaza intermediate in   
size1 at center or slightly above1      
irregularly circular1 rather distinct4  
,must #ga4   ,,hayes4  7,labrusca1      
,vinifera87       #a4 ,gar4 ,mon41      
#ba3cdj4 #ahhj4 #b4 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3ajf4      fig4 #c4 ,mass4 ,hort4  

,soc4 ,rpt41 ,pt4 #a1 #ahhd3bb1 #bc4 #d4
      ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41         
#ahhe-f3afi4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41
      #ahhi3bd4 #f4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt41 #i3cca4 #ahij4 #g4 ,rural        
,n4 ,y41 #ec3faf1 #fde4 #ahid4 #h4 ,n4  
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3eca1          
#eda1 #edh1 #eeb4 #ahih4       ,f4 ,b4  
,,hayes 7#g74 ,,francis ,b4 ,,hayes 7#c1
 #d74 ,francis ,b4 ,hayes 7#b1      #f74
 ,moore's ,no4 #ca 7#b74  ,in #ahhj the 
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
awarded a first class certificate of    
merit to ,hayes and it was very         
favorably spoken of by many expert      
grape-growers in ,new ,england and the  
,east4 ,these recommendations brought it
 prominently before grape-growers and   
for a time it was a somewhat popular    
variety1 but as it became better known  
several defects became apparent and its 
popularity waned4 ,the vine is hardy and
 vigorous but the growth is slow and in 
,new ,york at least the variety is a shy
 or precarious bearer and both bunches  

and berries are too small and variable  
to make it an attractive grape4 ,besides
 it comes at a time1 a week or ten days 
earlier than ,concord1 when there are   
many other really good green grapes4    
,excellent though it is in quality1 it  
is hardly worth giving a place in this  
,state for any purpose4 ,the foliage is 
tender to the heat of summer and the    
variety is not therefore adapted to     
southern or western localities4  ,john  
,b4 ,moore of ,concord1 ,massachusetts1 
is the originator of ,hayes4 ,it is said
 to be a seedling of ,concord and one of
 the same lot of seedlings as ,moore    
,early4 ,it was first fruited in #ahgb  
and was exhibited at ,boston two years  
later4 ,the variety was not introduced1 
however1 until the fall of #ahhd4 ,it is
 a somewhat remarkable seedling of      
,concord for it shows no foxiness of    
flavor and has tender1 delicate flesh1  
which taken together make it of high    
quality4 ,hayes illustrates well the    
fact mentioned under ,concord that the  

light colored seedlings of that variety 
are usually of high quality4 ,the       
intermittent tendrils and certain       
characters of the seeds indicate that   
there is some species present besides   
,labrusca1 probably ,vinifera4          
,vine variable in vigor and             
productiveness1 usually hardy and       
healthy4 ,canes intermediate in length1 
numerous1 rather slender2      tendrils 
intermittent1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves  
not uniform in size1      nearly dark   
green2 lower surface considerably       
pubescent4 ,flowers      almost sterile1
 open medium late2 stamens upright4     
,fruit ripens      from a week to ten   
days earlier than ,concord1 keeps well4 
,clusters      variable in size and     
length1 often single-shouldered1 not    
uniform      in compactness4 ,berries   
above medium to small1 roundish1        
greenish-yellow to slightly golden      
yellow1 covered with thin gray          
bloom1 persistent4 ,skin thin1 tender1  
covered with few small                  

reddish-brown dots4 ,flesh fine-grained1
 tender1 vinous1 sweet at      skin to  
agreeably tart at center1 rather mild1  
good in quality4      ,seeds few1 of    
average size1 medium to short1 often    
plump4   ,,headlight4  7,vinifera1      
,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana47       #a4    
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #fj3fcg4 #aija4 #b4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #aijc3hb4 #c4  
,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,yr4 ,bk41 #aijc3bgf4   
col4 pl4 #d4      ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #aijd3cja1 #cjf4  ,headlight is  
one of the most promising of ,munson's  
many valuable grapes4 ,possibly it is   
more valuable for southern vineyards    
than for northern ones1 yet it is worthy
 of trial in the ,north4 ,its           
meritorious characters are3             
,productiveness1 outyielding ,delaware  
with which it would compete in ,new     
,york2 disease-resistant foliage and    
vines little affected by mildew and     
rarely attacked by black-rot even in the
 ,south2 more than average vigor of     
vine1 though it has fallen short of     

expectations in this respect in the     
,station vineyard2 high quality of the  
fruit1 being almost the equal of        
,delaware in flavor and having tender   
melting pulp which readily parts from   
the seeds2 and earliness1 ripening      
before ,delaware and hanging on the     
vines or keeping after being picked for 
some time without deterioration in      
either quality or appearance4 ,though a 
southern grape it has proved perfectly  
hardy here and were it not that it must 
compete in the ,north with many other   
good grapes1 ,delaware in particular1 it
 might take high place in northern      
viticulture4 ,even with such competition
 it is well worth a trial in either the 
amateur or commercial vineyards of ,new 
,york4 ,it would seem that for the      
,south its resistance to disease should 
make it a valuable commercial variety4  
,the originator of ,headlight1 ,t4 ,v4  
,munson1 states in a personal letter    
that it came from ,moyer seed fertilized
 by ,brilliant4 ,the seed from which the

 variety came was planted in #ahie and  
the new grape was introduced in #aija by
 the producer4 ,while ,headlight is as  
yet comparatively little known1 it is   
being tested in many of the grape       
regions of the country and its value    
should soon be known4 ,such reports of  
its behavior as have been made are in   
the main very favorable4       ,vine at 
this ,station medium to weak1 hardy1    
very productive4 ,canes      short to   
medium1 few in number1 slender1 dark    
brown to      reddish-brown with small  
amount of bloom at nodes1 which are     
enlarged and usually not flattened2     
internodes short2 diaphragm      thick2 
pith below medium to nearly small2      
shoots more or less      pubescent2     
tendrils continuous1 short1 bifid1 very 
persistent4       ,leaf-buds small and  
short1 inclined to slender1 pointed to  
conical1      open late4 ,young leaves  
heavily tinged on under side and lightly
 on      the upper side with bright     
carmine4 ,leaves medium to small1 thick2

      upper surface light green1 dull1  
smoothish2 lower surface pale           
green1 with some pubescence2 veins      
obscure2 lobes none to three      with  
terminus obtuse to acute2 petiolar sinus
 intermediate in depth      and width2  
basal sinus usually lacking2 lateral    
sinus shallow1      narrow2 teeth       
shallow1 of average width4 ,flowers     
sterile1 open in      mid-season2       
stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens   
before ,delaware1 keeps well4 ,clusters 
small1 short1 of      average breadth1  
tapering1 frequently single-shouldered1 
compact2      peduncle short to medium1 
slender2 pedicel short1 slender1 covered
      with a few small1 inconspicuous   
warts2 brush yellowish-brown4           
,berries medium to very small1 roundish1
 dark red to almost      purplish-black1
 not glossy1 covered lightly with blue  
bloom1      persistent1 very firm4 ,skin
 of average thickness1 tough1 adheres   
slightly to the pulp1 contains more or  
less light-red pigment1      astringent4

 ,flesh greenish1 translucent1 very     
juicy1 tender1      fine-grained1       
vinous1 sweet from skin to center1 good 
to very good      in quality4 ,seeds    
separate easily from the pulp1 one to   
three1      average two1 below medium in
 size1 intermediate in length1 light    
brown2 raphe obscure2 chalaza above     
center1 circular1 distinct4             
,,herbemont4  7,bourquiniana47       #a4
 ,amer4 ,farmer1 #f3cfi4 #ahbe4 #b4     
,ib41 #aj3baa1 #cbd4      #ahbh4 #c4    
,prince1 #ahcj3aed4 #d4 ,ib41 #ahcj3aed1
 #cci4 #e4      ,mag4 ,hort41 #i3cgc4   
#ahdc4 #f4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41   
#ahde3icg1 #idj4 #g4 ,downing1          
#ahde3beh4 #h4 ,horticulturist1         
#a3ih4 #ahdf4 #i4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4   
,rpt41 #ahdg3dfd1 #dfe1 #dfi4      #aj4 
,horticulturist1 #ab3dei4 #aheg4 #aa4   
,downing1 #aheg3cci4      #ab4          
,horticulturist1 #bj3dj4 #ahfe4 #ac4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41      #ahfg3dd4  
#ad4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3ag1 #ei1 #fi1    
#ih1 #agc1 #agi1 #beg1      fig41 #beh1 

#bfj1 #bif1 #cjb4 #ahfi4 #ae4 ,ib41     
#b3gf1 #aha1 #aie1      #bff4 #ahgj4    
#af4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3ci4  
#ag4 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3ajd1 #aje4
 fig4 #ah4 ,husmann1 #ahie3ahc4 #ai4    
,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3aha1 fig41 
#ahb1 #aie4 #ahif4 #bj4      ,tex4 ,farm
 and ,ranch1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahif3aa4 #ba4   
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #dh3aaej1 #aaeg4
 #ahih4 #bb4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ci1  
#dc1 #de1 #df1      #ej4 #ahii4 #bc4    
,trait gen4 de vit41 #f3bef4 #aijc4     
,bottsi 7#bj18bc74 ,brown ,french 7#bj1 
#bc74 ,dunn 7#bj74 ,,herbemont          
,,madeira 7#d1 #e1 #f74 ,herbemont's    
,madeira 7#aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1 
#bc74 ,hunt 7#a74 ,kay's ,seedling      
7#bj74 ,mc,kee 7#bj1 #bc74 ,neal        
grape 7#aa1 #bc74 ,neil grape 7#ag1 #ai1
 #bc74 ,,warren 7#b1 #g1 #aj74          
,warren 7#b1 #d1 #f1 #aa1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1
 #bj1 #bc74 ,warrenden 7#f74            
,,warrenton 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #e74 ,warrenton
 7#d1 #aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ag1 #ai1 #bj1     
#bc74 ,white ,herbemont 7#bj74          

,illustration3 ,,headlight  ,in the     
,south ,herbemont has the same relative 
rank among cultivated grapes that the   
,concord holds in the ,north4 ,the      
variety is injured by cold below zero or
 thereabouts and cannot be grown north  
of the ,ohio ,river and fails somewhat  
in ,missouri and ,arkansas because of   
its tenderness4 ,it requires1 too1 a    
long season for perfect maturity4       
,herbemont is also fastidious as to soil
 and its cultivation is somewhat limited
 by this factor4 ,it requires a         
well-drained warm soil and one which is 
abundantly supplied with humus2 though  
the variety often thrives on the        
comparatively poor hill-land of the     
,south4 ,despite these limitations1 this
 variety is grown in an immense         
territory1 extending from ,virginia and 
,tennessee to the ,gulf and westward    
through ,texas4 ,the synonyms given     
above are many of them allusions to the 
localities in which it has been grown1  
while most of the others pertain to its 

origin1 but all show to some extent the 
wide dissemination of this grape and    
indicate in a measure its merit4        
,herbemont is known and widely grown in 
,europe as well as in the southern      
,united ,states4 ,in southwestern       
,france where the demands of the variety
 seem to be particularly well fulfilled1
 it is firmly established and is highly 
regarded as a direct producer4 ,in      
northern and central ,france1 however1  
the winters are too cold and the seasons
 too short for its profitable culture4  
,its use as a stock in ,france is       
limited for it has been found to be but 
medium in its resistance to phylloxera2 
does not grow well from cuttings and is 
therefore propagated with difficulty2   
the wood does not bear grafts well and  
is worked with difficulty in either     
field or bench grafting2 and lastly the 
,french find it very subject to         
chlorosis1 especially in calcareous     
soils4  ,the vine is1 according to all  
accounts1 a remarkably vigorous1 rapid  

and healthy grower1 being hardly        
surpassed in these characters by any of 
our native grapes4 ,the wood is strong1 
abundant and very hard1 the latter a    
serious difficulty in grafting4 ,the    
fruits are attractive because of the    
size of the bunch and the glossy black  
of the berries1 which are small as      
compared with northern grapes4 ,fruit is
 borne abundantly and with certainty    
year in and year out in suitable        
localities4 ,the flesh characters of the
 fruit are good for a small grape1      
neither flesh1 skin nor seeds being     
especially objectionable in eating2 the 
pulp is tender and juicy2 rich1 sweet   
and highly flavored1 the combination of 
flesh and flavor characters giving a    
grape of high quality4 ,herbemont is    
greatly esteemed as a table grape and is
 said to make a very good light red     
wine4 ,the ample1 lustrous green foliage
 makes the variety one of the attractive
 ornamental plants of the ,south4       
,herbemont has been much used in        

grape-breeding and to advantage1 for    
probably no other species offers as many
 desirable characters for the ,south and
 ,southwest as the one to which this    
variety belongs and best represents4    
,there are now several pure-bred        
seedlings of ,herbemont under           
cultivation and a greater number in     
which it is one of the parents4 ,of the 
former ,black ,herbemont and the        
,onderdonk are good representatives and 
,jaeger1 ,delicious1 ,muench1 ,vinita1  
,perry1 ,mrs4 ,munson and ,neva ,munson1
 all from ,munson of ,texas1 are        
,herbemont cross-breeds4  ,the history  
of ,herbemont1 as it must be written    
from such information as can now be     
obtained1 is scarcely more than a       
collection of mythical stories4 ,the    
variety is known to have been in        
cultivation in ,georgia before the      
,revolutionary ,war1 when it was        
generally known under the name of       
,warrenton or ,warren4 ,in the early    
part of the last century it came to the 

hands of ,nicholas ,herbemont of        
,columbia1 ,south ,carolina1 who gave it
 the name ,madeira under a temporary    
supposition that it came from the island
 of that name4 ,this name was generally 
changed to ,herbemont's ,madeira4       
,herbemont made the variety known to the
 public1 sending it to ,william ,r4     
,prince of ,flushing1 ,long ,island1 and
 ,nicholas ,longworth of ,cincinnati1   
the two most prominent viticulturists of
 that time who1 in turn1 aided in its   
distribution4  ,there have been many    
contradictory accounts of the origin of 
the grape1 crediting it to ,georgia1 the
 ,carolinas1 or ,europe4 ,none is       
supported by sufficient evidence to make
 it creditable and most of them arose at
 so late a date that it was impossible  
for the writers to know anything about  
the facts of the case except by hearsay 
evidence4 ,the early idea of many that  
it is a ,vinifera was soon dropped4     
,later this variety and others of its   
class were known as southern            

,aestivalis2 however1 it was admitted   
that they were unlike other southern    
,aestivalis4 ,munson gave these grapes  
the name ,bourquiniana1 a name that has 
been accepted as a convenient           
designation for the group by some who do
 not accept his account of its origin4  
,the ,herbemont and ,lenoir are the two 
varieties commonly referred to as       
typical of this so-called species4  ,the
 history of the culture of ,herbemont in
 the ,north has been the same           
everywhere4 ,it was early introduced    
around ,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 and ,hermann1
 ,missouri1 and for a time the growers  
had high hopes of its value4 ,it        
winter-killed slightly but they overcame
 this by covering the vines2 then the   
variety showed itself susceptible to rot
 and its culture was soon dropped4 ,in  
#ahfg the ,herbemont was placed on the  
grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog and it has never
 been removed4  ,we have no vines of    
,herbemont growing in the ,station      

vineyard and the following description  
has been collected from a variety of    
sources4       ,vine vigorous to very   
vigorous4 ,canes rather long and strong1
      bright green1 with more or less   
purple1 with considerable               
bluish-white bloom2 internodes short2   
tendrils intermittent1 of      medium   
size1 bifid or trifid4 ,leaves large1   
roundish1 sometimes      entire1 or     
three- to seven-lobed1 nearly glabrous  
above and below2      upper surface     
clear green2 lower surface lighter      
green1 slightly      glaucous2 veins    
prominent and covered with rather       
abundant hair4      ,flowers            
self-fertile4 ,fruit ripens very late4  
,clusters large1 long1      tapering to 
cylindrical1 prominently shouldered1    
compact2 peduncle      long and strong2 
pedicels somewhat short with few rather 
large      warts2 brush pinkish4        
,berries round1 below medium in size1   
uniform1      reddish-black or brown    
with abundant blue bloom4 ,skin thin1   

rather      tough1 with considerable    
pigment below4 ,flesh tender1 very      
juicy2      juice colorless or slightly 
pink2 rather sweet1 sprightly to        
slightly acid4 ,seeds two to four1      
usually two1 small1      reddish-brown1 
slightly glossy2 chalaza round1         
prominent2 raphe      distinct4         
,,herbert4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47     
#a4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #ca3ajf4 #ahfe4 #b4   
,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4      #ahfi4   
#c4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3ahj1 #ahb4 #ahfi4 
#d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,cat41        
#ahfi3db4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahha3cb1 #dc1 #aba1      #abc1 #acf4   
#f4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3aji4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #aa3fbe4 #ahib4 
#h4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfj4 #ahic4  
#i4      ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      
#ag3eca1 #edh1 #edi1 #eee4 #ahih4       
,,rogers' ,,no4 #dd 7#a74 ,rogers' ,no4 
#dd 7#b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g74  ,although
 ,rogers' hybrids have not made a great 
impression upon the commercial grape    
culture of the country1 all will agree  

that they are hardly surpassed for the  
home vineyard and1 among them1 at least 
none of the black varieties is superior 
for this purpose to ,herbert4 ,barry    
equals it and possibly surpasses it to  
the taste of most grape connoisseurs in 
delicacy of flavor but ,herbert is the  
handsomer fruit1 is a little earlier and
 if anything its vine characters are    
somewhat better4 ,when at its best1     
,herbert1 and ,barry too1 nearly equal  
,black ,hamburg in the characters that  
constitute high quality4 ,they lack the 
richness of the ,old ,world variety but 
they are more sprightly and refreshing  
and do not cloy the appetite as does the
 ,vinifera variety4 ,in all that        
constitutes a fine table grape ,herbert 
is about as near perfection as we have  
yet reached in the evolution of         
,american grapes4 ,as is the case with  
most black grapes the fruit colors long 
before it is ripe and when thus picked  
there is an astringency in its taste    
that wholly disappears when the fruit is

 fully ripe4 ,for a ,vinifera-,labrusca 
hybrid the ,herbert is vigorous1 hardy  
and fruitful ranking in these respects  
above many pure-bred ,labruscas4 ,while 
the fruit ripens with ,concord it keeps 
long after and is a very good winter    
grape4 ,it keeps1 packs and ships well4 
,it is unable to fertilize itself and   
must be set near other varieties4       
,herbert is well deserving attention    
from commercial growers who supply a    
discriminating market and its many good 
qualities will give it a high place in  
the esteem of grape connoisseurs4  ,for 
an account of the origin and early      
history of ,herbert the reader is       
referred to ,rogers' ,hybrids4 ,the     
,herbert is first mentioned separately  
from the rest of ,rogers' seedlings in  
#ahfe1 under the designation ,rogers'   
,no4 #dd4 ,in #ahfi ,rogers gave names  
to several of his seedlings and the     
,rogers' ,no4 #dd received the name     
,herbert4 ,the same year it was placed  
on the grape list of the ,american      

,pomological ,society fruit catalog4 ,it
 has never been cultivated extensively  
but has always been a favorite with     
amateur growers4 ,the differences in the
 descriptions furnished by different    
growers leads one to suspect that there 
are two or more varieties passing under 
this name4       ,vine medium to very   
vigorous1 injured in severe winters1    
productive4 ,canes very long1 numerous1 
unusually thick1 dark brown2      nodes 
enlarged1 somewhat flattened2 internodes
 long to medium2      diaphragm thick2  
pith medium to large2 shoots pubescent2 
tendrils      intermittent1 long1 bifid 
to trifid4       ,leaf-buds above medium
 in size1 shortish1 plump1 obtuse1 open 
early4 ,young leaves strongly tinged on 
under side and along margin      of     
upper side with bright carmine4 ,leaves 
very large to medium1      roundish1 of 
average thickness2 upper surface dark   
green1 dull1      smooth2 lower surface 
pale green with some pubescence2 veins  
numerous and quite prominent2 leaf not  

lobed1 with terminus obtuse2            
petiolar sinus very deep1 narrow1 closed
 and overlapping2 basal and      lateral
 sinuses lacking2 teeth shallow to      
medium4 ,flowers sterile1      open in  
mid-season2 stamens reflexed4           
,illustration3 ,,herbert       ,fruit   
comes in season with ,concord1 keeps    
unusually well4 ,clusters      medium to
 large1 variable in length1 rather      
broad1 slightly      tapering1 two or   
three clusters per shoot1 often heavily 
single-shouldered1 loose to medium2     
peduncle of average length1      thick2 
pedicel intermediate in length1 thick1  
covered with small      russet warts2   
brush yellowish-green4 ,berries         
irregular in size but      usually above
 medium1 roundish to slightly flattened1
 rather dull      black1 covered with   
thick blue bloom1 persistent1 moderately
 firm4      ,skin variable in thickness 
and toughness1 adheres somewhat to the  
pulp1 contains a small amount of        
wine-colored pigment1 astringent4       

,flesh light green1 translucent1 juicy1 
tender1 fine-grained1 with a      little
 foxiness or muskiness1 nearly sweet at 
skin but quite acid      at center1     
quality good to very good4 ,seeds       
separate from the pulp      with        
difficulty1 three to six in number1     
average three1 large1      broadish1    
notched1 quite long1 with swollen neck1 
blunt1 light      brown with yellowish  
tips2 raphe obscure2 chalaza            
intermediate in      size1 decidedly    
above center1 circular to pear-shaped1  
distinct4   ,,hercules4  7,labrusca1    
,vinifera47       #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rpt41 #aa3fbe4 #ahib4 #b4 ,ill4 ,hort4
 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahic3hi4 #c4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ab3fbj4 #ahic4 #d4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3ace4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4    
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3eca1      #edh1   
#eee4 #ahih4  ,hercules is characterized
 by its extremely large berries1 the    
size being as great1 if not greater1    
than that of any of our native grapes1  
and approaching that of the largest ,old

 ,world grapes4 ,the fruit is handsomely
 colored and the cluster1 when at its   
best1 is large and well-formed with a   
striking resemblance to ,black ,hamburg4
 ,the flavor1 while not of the best1 is 
good4 ,but large size1 handsome         
appearance1 and good flavor cannot make 
up for the several defects of the       
variety4 ,the fruit drops and cracks    
badly and the pulp is too tough and     
adheres too firmly to the seed for a    
dessert grape4 ,these faults are so     
marked as to make ,hercules almost      
worthless except for breeding purposes4 
,added to the desirable characters of   
the fruit given above1 the vines are    
hardy1 vigorous and productive so that  
this variety offers an unusual array of 
valuable qualities for the              
grape-breeder4  ,at one time it was     
claimed that ,hercules was a seedling of
 a ,california grape but later it was   
said to have come from seed of one of   
,rogers' hybrids4 ,this opinion was     
based solely upon the characters of the 

plant1 as the originator1 the late ,g4  
,a4 ,ensenberger of ,bloomington1       
,illinois1 gave no satisfactory account 
of the parentage of the grape4 ,hercules
 was exhibited at the ,columbian        
,exposition at ,chicago1 where1 on      
account of its large size and showy     
appearance1 it attracted much attention4
 ,it is unfortunate that the parentage  
of this grape is not known as it is     
likely to be used not a little in the   
grape-breeding of the future in         
producing large-fruited varieties4      
,vine vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy  
except in extreme winters1      very    
productive4 ,canes long to medium1      
intermediate in number and              
thickness1 brown or dark reddish-brown2 
nodes slightly enlarged1      flattened2
 internodes medium to long2 diaphragm   
thick2 pith large      to medium2 shoots
 slightly pubescent2 tendrils           
continuous1 of      average length1     
bifid4       ,leaf-buds medium in size1 
short1 thickish1 pointed to conical1    

open      in mid-season4 ,young leaves  
lightly tinged on lower side and along  
margin of upper side with rose carmine4 
,leaves large1 intermediate      in     
thickness2 upper surface light green1   
slightly glossy1      smoothish2 lower  
surface grayish-green1 pubescent2 veins 
distinct2      lobes none to three1 with
 terminus acute2 petiolar sinus deep to 
medium1 intermediate to narrow2 basal   
sinus usually absent2 lateral      sinus
 shallow to a mere notch2 teeth medium  
to shallow1      intermediate in width4 
,flowers sterile1 open in mid-season2   
stamens      reflexed4       ,fruit     
comes in season about with ,concord1    
somewhat subject to rot1      keeps     
fairly well4 ,clusters attractive1      
somewhat resembling ,black              
,hamburg1 very large to medium1 of      
average length1 broad to medium1        
slightly tapering to nearly cylindrical 
below the single shoulder1      one to  
three clusters per shoot1 medium to     
rather compact2 peduncle      short and 

thick2 pedicel inclined to shortness1   
thickish1 much      enlarged at point of
 attachment to the fruit2 brush of      
average      length1 pale green4        
,berries unusually large but somewhat   
variable1      roundish1 black1 glossy1 
covered with more or less blue bloom1   
not      persistent1 firm4 ,skin cracks 
badly in some seasons1 intermediate     
in thickness and toughness1 adheres     
slightly to the pulp1 contains      some
 wine-colored pigment1 astringent4      
,flesh decided green1      slightly     
translucent1 juicy1 very tough1 coarse1 
stringy1 somewhat      foxy1 sweet near 
skin but acid at center1 fair to good in
 quality4      ,seeds very adherent to  
the pulp1 one to five in number1 average
      three1 large to medium1 above     
usual length1 broad to medium1 deeply   
notched1 blunt1 brownish2 raphe buried  
in a broad1 deep groove2      chalaza   
small1 plainly above center1 circular to
 oval1 distinct4   ,,hermann4           
7,aestivalis1 ,labrusca47       #a4     

,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfh3afh4 #b4
 ,grape ,cult41      #a3ag1 #ajd1 fig41 
#aje1 #bci1 #bfj1 #cbf1 #ccj4 #ahfi4 #c4
 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3ajg4 fig4 #d4 
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3da4      
#e4 ,ib41 #ahia3abh4 #f4 ,husmann1      
#ahie3agd4 #g4 ,tex4 ,sta4      ,bul41  
#dh3aaej1 #aaeg4 #ahih4 #h4 ,mo4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #df3ci1 #dc1      #de4 #ahii4 #i4
 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdf4 #aijb4    
,hermann is a southern grape1 a true    
,aestivalis in all characters1 and is   
not adapted to the ,north4 ,when the    
variety was introduced1 fifty or more   
years ago1 it was considered a valuable 
addition to the list of wine grapes but 
it has not grown in favor nor popularity
 nor been extensively planted in any of 
the grape regions of the ,south4 ,it is 
said to be vigorous1 hardy and          
productive2 to defy all attacks of      
phylloxera2 and to make a very superior 
wine4 ,but the berries are very small1  
ripen very late1 in some localities     
crack badly and in others rot4          

,illustration3 ,,hercules  ,the variety 
was originated by ,f4 ,langendoerfer of 
,hermann1 ,missouri1 from seed of       
,norton planted in #ahfj4 ,the first    
fruit was borne in #ahfc4 ,at one time  
it was considerably planted in ,missouri
 as a wine grape but it did not become  
popular nor spread from varietal        
vineyards to any extent on account of   
its lack of quality for either the table
 or wine4 ,it is of interest chiefly as 
a seedling of ,norton and for its very  
good vine characters4 ,the following    
description has been taken from a number
 of sources1 chiefly from the ,bushberg 
,catalogue3       ,vine vigorous1       
somewhat tender1 resembling ,norton in  
foliage except      that the leaves are 
of a lighter color and somewhat more    
deeply      lobed4 ,stamens erect4      
,clusters long and narrow1 rather       
compact1      rarely shouldered4        
,berries small1 round1 black with blue  
bloom2      pulp tender1 juicy1 and of  
the characteristic spicy ,aestivalis    

flavor4 ,must heavy and very fragrant1  
brownish-yellow making a wine      the  
color of ,brown ,sherry or ,madeira1 of 
great body and fine      flavor2        
registers #id-aje4   ,,hicks4           
7,labrusca47       #a4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt41 #ahih3df4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,rpt41      #ahii3hi4 #c4 ,ill4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijd3bbh4 #d4 ,iowa       
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijd3 #bbh1 #bdj1  
#bda4 #e4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4      ,bul41 
#cj3aa4 #aije4  ,hicks has proved itself
 a remarkably good grape in the vineyard
 of this ,station1 and were it not for  
the fact that the fruit is almost       
identical with that of ,concord1        
ripening with it or but a little        
earlier1 there certainly would be a     
place for it in the viticulture of the  
,state4 ,the fact that it was introduced
 some years ago and has not found great 
favor with growers is assumptive        
evidence that it cannot make headway    
against ,concord with which it must     
compete4 ,on the ,station grounds it is 

more prolific than ,concord and its     
vines are of stronger growth4 ,the      
variety is well worthy a trial4  ,the   
origin of the ,hicks is apparently      
unknown4 ,it was introduced in #ahih by 
,henry ,wallis of ,wellston1 ,missouri1 
who states that it is a chance seedling 
sent from ,california about #ahgj to    
,richard ,berry1 a well-known nurseryman
 of ,st4 ,louis ,county1 ,missouri4     
,after ,berry's death it passed into the
 hands of ,wallis1 who named it ,hicks4 
,it is supposed from its characters to  
be of ,concord parentage4       ,vine   
vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy1 very  
productive4 ,canes      medium to long1 
numerous1 of average thickness1         
moderately dark      brown to           
reddish-brown1 surface covered with thin
 blue bloom2      tendrils continuous1  
bifid to trifid4 ,leaves large1 medium  
to      thick2 upper surface dark green1
 slightly glossy1 of average            
smoothness2 lower surface whitish1      
changing to a rather heavy      bronze1 

strongly pubescent2 veins well defined4 
,flowers fertile or      nearly so1 open
 early2 stamens upright4       ,fruit   
ripens with ,concord or slightly        
earlier1 keeps fairly well4             
,clusters large to medium1 long to      
medium1 broad1 tapering1 often          
single-shouldered1 medium in            
compactness4 ,berries large1 roundish1  
dark purplish-black to black1 covered   
with heavy blue bloom1      inclined to 
shatter somewhat when overripe1 firm4   
,skin intermediate      in thickness1   
tender1 contains a small amount of very 
dark      wine-colored pigment4 ,flesh  
greenish1 juicy1 rather tough1          
fine-grained1 faintly foxy1 sweet at    
skin to acid at center1 mild      when  
fully ripe1 good in quality4 ,seeds     
somewhat adherent1 above      medium in 
size1 short1 broad1 blunt1 brownish2    
raphe buried in a      rather broad     
groove2 chalaza of average size1        
slightly above      center1 oval to     
circular4   ,,hidalgo4  7,vinifera1     

,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana47       #a4    
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #fj3fcg4 #aija4 #b4 ,mo4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #aijd3cjf4    
,hidalgo is a comparatively recent      
addition to the list of grapes for table
 use4 ,while it has not been tried      
generally1 and is not widely known as   
yet1 it is accorded a color-plate and a 
full description in this work chiefly   
because of its remarkably fine quality4 
,it is rich and sweet1 delicately       
flavored1 yet sprightly1 and with color1
 size and form of berry and bunch so    
well combined as to make it a singularly
 handsome fruit4 ,the skin is thin but  
firm and the variety keeps well and     
ships well4 ,the vine characters for    
this ,state are not well known4 ,on the 
grounds of this ,station it is          
doubtfully hardy1 variable in vigor1 and
 not always fruitful4 ,while ,hidalgo   
may not prove of value for the          
commercial vineyard1 in favorable       
situations it may be expected to give a 
supply of choice fruit for the amateur4 

,the parentage of ,hidalgo as given by  
its originator1 ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 is     
,delaware1 ,goethe and ,lindley4 ,the   
variety was introduced by the originator
 in #aijb and is now being tested in    
various parts of the country4 ,the      
reports that come from those who have   
seen or grown ,hidalgo agree in the main
 with the characterization given above  
and bespeak for it a high degree of     
popularity1 at least as a table grape   
for the garden and possibly for the     
vineyard4  ,illustration3 ,,hidalgo     
,vine variable in vigor1 not always     
hardy1 somewhat uncertain in            
bearing4 ,canes intermediate in length  
and number1 above average               
thickness1 dark reddish-brown2 nodes    
enlarged and flattened2      internodes 
of fair length2 diaphragm thick2 pith   
medium to below in      size2 shoots    
slightly pubescent to nearly glabrous2  
tendrils      intermittent to           
continuous1 intermediate in length1     
bifid to      trifid4       ,leaf-buds  

rather small and short1 medium to       
slender1 conical to      pointed1 open  
late4 ,young leaves faintly tinged on   
the under side      only with           
rose-carmine4 ,leaves medium to large1  
often irregularly      roundish1 thick2 
upper surface light green1 dull1 medium 
to      slightly rugose2 lower surface  
pale green to bronze1 heavily           
pubescent2 veins distinct2 lobes three  
when present with angle at      terminus
 variable2 petiolar sinus not uniform in
 depth1 narrow1      sometimes closed   
and overlapping2 basal sinus usually    
none2 lateral      sinus shallow1       
narrow1 often a mere notch2 teeth very  
shallow1      narrow to medium4 ,flowers
 semi-fertile1 open after mid-season2   
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
about with ,concord1 keeps and ships    
well4 ,clusters      large but smaller  
than ,niagara1 long to medium1 inclined 
to      slender1 cylindrical to slightly
 tapering1 often blunt1 usually not     
shouldered1 one to two bunches per      

shoot1 medium to compact2      peduncle 
long and slender2 pedicel long1         
moderately slender1      covered with   
numerous small warts2 brush of average  
size1 not      thick1 yellowish-green   
with brown tinge4 ,berries above medium 
in      size1 inclined to oval1         
attractive greenish-yellow1 rather      
glossy1      covered with thin gray     
bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin thin to  
medium1 tough1 adheres slightly to the  
pulp1 contains no pigment1              
astringent4 ,flesh greenish-white1      
somewhat transparent1 juicy1      tender
 and melting1 aromatic1 sweet from skin 
to center1 very good      to best4      
,seeds separate easily from the pulp1   
two to four in      number1 average two1
 above medium in size1 intermediate in  
length      and breadth1 plump1 light   
brown2 raphe obscure2 chalaza large1    
slightly above center1 irregularly      
circular1 distinct4   ,,highland4       
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,gar4 
,mon41 #af3cge4 #ahgd4 #b4              

,horticulturist1 #bi3cbi4      #ahgd4   
#c4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #ba3adi4 #ahgi4 #d4 ,w4
 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41       
#bg3bi4 #ahhb4 #e4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4   
,rpt41 #ahhb-c3df4      #f4 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahhc3aji4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rpt41      #aa3fbf4 #ahib4 #h4 ,ib41  
#ag3eca1 #edh1 #eeb4 #ahih4 #i4 ,kan4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bda4 #aijb4           
,,ricketts' ,,no4 #cg 7#b74 ,ricketts'  
,no4 #cg 7#a1 #f74  ,highland has been  
on trial in ,new ,york for at least     
thirty years but has not become widely  
distributed1 though few varieties of    
black grapes surpass it or equal it in  
appearance or in quality4 ,the chief    
trouble has been that the variety is too
 late for ,new ,york1 ripening with1 or 
a little later than ,catawba4 ,when     
given good care and under favorable     
conditions the bunches are unusually    
large and handsome in appearance1       
sometimes attaining a weight of two     
pounds and having beautiful bluish-black
 berries with something of the fine     

flavor and tender texture of the ,jura  
,muscat1 one of its parents4 ,the flesh 
is solid1 and while the skin is thin1   
yet it is firm and the fruit keeps and  
ships well4 ,the vine is fairly vigorous
 but doubtfully hardy and productive to 
a fault4 ,in all localities where the   
climate is sufficiently temperate and   
the season sufficiently long for vine   
and fruit of ,highland to develop       
perfectly1 it is one of the choicest of 
grapes for the amateur4  ,this fine     
grape was originated at about the close 
of the ,civil ,war by ,james ,h4        
,ricketts of ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 from
 seed of ,concord fertilized by ,jura   
,muscat4 ,it was introduced by ,messrs4 
,asher ,hance  ,sons1 who bought it of  
the originator4 ,it is very common in   
varietal vineyards but it has not become
 popular as a commercial sort2 it is a  
popular grape for exhibitions where1    
when well grown1 it is hardly surpassed 
in appearance by any other ,american    
grape4       ,vine variable in vigor1   

productive1 healthy1 often inclined to  
overbear4 ,canes long1 numerous1 medium 
to thick1 light and dark      brown1    
often with a dull1 ash-gray tinge1      
covered with thin bloom2      nodes     
strongly enlarged1 not flattened2       
internodes medium to very      long2    
diaphragm thick2 pith large to medium2  
shoots usually      pubescent2 tendrils 
intermittent1 of average length1 bifid  
to      trifid4       ,leaf-buds large  
to medium1 rather short and thick1      
obtuse to      conical4 ,leaves large1  
intermediate in thickness1 upper surface
      often dark green1 dull1 medium to 
rugose2 lower surface                   
grayish-green1 pubescent2 veins rather  
indistinct2 lobes none to      five1    
with terminal lobe acute to obtuse2     
petiolar sinus rather      deep1        
variable in width2 basal sinus shallow1 
narrow2 lateral sinus      of average   
depth and width1 sometimes a mere notch2
 teeth rather      deep and wide4       
,flowers fertile or nearly so1 open in  

mid-season2      stamens upright4       
,fruit ripens with ,catawba or after1   
keeps fairly well4 ,clusters      large1
 rather long and broad1 tapering1       
usually single-shouldered      but      
sometimes with a double shoulder1       
usually two bunches per      shoot1     
intermediate in compactness2 peduncle of
 average length and      thickness2     
pedicel long to medium1 moderately      
thick1 nearly smooth2      brush below  
average length1 green with              
yellowish-brown tinge4      ,berries    
large1 roundish-oval1 dark              
purplish-black to bluish-black1         
rather dull1 covered with dark lilac or 
slightly blue bloom1      persistent1   
moderately firm4 ,skin intermediate in  
thickness1 tough1      nearly free from 
the pulp1 contains little1 if any1      
pigment1 not      astringent4 ,flesh    
greenish1 translucent1 juicy1 somewhat  
tender1      slightly vinous1 good in   
quality4 ,seeds separate rather easily  
from      the pulp1 one to six1 average 

three1 above medium to large1 nearly    
long1 intermediate in breadth1 slightly 
notched with a one-sided      tendency1 
riper seeds brownish2 raphe obscure2    
chalaza of average      size1 above     
center1 variable in shape1 not distinct4
  ,illustration3 ,,highland   ,,hosford4
  7,labrusca47       #a4 ,can4 ,hort41  
#aa3bhg4 #ahhh4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41     
#di3gcg1      fig41 #gci1 #hef4 #ahij4  
#c4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahib3bfd4   
#d4      ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3ach4 #e4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahid3ge4       
#f4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3aga4 #ahii4
 #g4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #ec3de4     
#aija4       ,,hosford',s ,,mammoth     
,,seedling 7#b74 ,,hosford',s ,,seedling
 7#a74  ,hosford is an offspring of     
,concord1 differing from the parent     
chiefly in the greater size of bunch and
 berry and in being less fruitful4 ,the 
variety is surpassed by ,worden and     
,eaton1 of the same type1 and is        
probably not worth cultivation4 ,it is  
claimed by some that this variety is    

identical with ,eaton4 ,it is true that 
,hosford has a marked resemblance to    
,eaton but there are noticeable         
differences in both vine and fruit      
characters and the pure seedlings of the
 two varieties are entirely different1  
those of ,eaton being much darker in    
color and more vigorous4 ,hosford was   
sent out several years before ,eaton4   
,the vine of this variety looks very    
much like ,concord except that the      
indentations along the margins of the   
leaves are deeper4  ,as a rule the black
 seedlings of ,concord which have been  
introduced are larger in cluster and    
berry than the parent and either not as 
high in quality or no higher1 differing 
materially from ,concord's light-colored
 seedlings1 which are usually smaller in
 bunch and berry1 or at least not       
larger1 and of distinctly better        
quality4 ,hosford is a typical black    
seedling in the above respects4  ,this  
variety originated in the garden of     
,george ,hosford of ,ionia1 ,michigan4  

,it was found by the owner about #ahgf  
as a chance seedling growing between two
 ,concord vines4       ,vine not very   
vigorous1 nearly hardy1 unproductive4   
,canes short1      few in number1 rather
 slender2 tendrils continuous1 bifid to 
trifid4 ,leaves medium to below in size1
 intermediate in thickness2      lower  
surface grayish-white to bronze1 heavily
 pubescent4 ,flowers      semi-fertile1 
open in mid-season2 stamens upright4    
,fruit ripens      shortly before       
,concord1 does not keep very well4      
,clusters medium to      large1         
tapering1 slightly shouldered1          
moderately compact4 ,berries      large 
to medium1 roundish to slightly oval1   
dull black covered with      abundant   
blue bloom1 persistent4 ,skin medium to 
thick1 tender4      ,flesh very pale    
green1 unusually juicy1 fine-grained1   
rather      tender1 vinous1 sweet1 good 
in quality4 ,seeds not numerous1 nearly 
large1 very broad1 blunt1 plump4        
,,hybrid ,,franc4  7,vinifera1          

,rupestris47       #a4 ,am4 ,vines1     
#aijc3aij4       ,,franc',s ,,hybrid    
7#a74  ,hybrid ,franc is illustrated and
 described in full in ,the ,grapes of   
,new ,york because it is the best known 
cross between ,rupestris and ,vinifera4 
,it is one of the few varieties used in 
,europe as a resistant stock now        
recommended for a direct producer4 ,the 
vine characters are seemingly all       
good1--hardy1 vigorous and very         
productive4 ,the fruit is fit only for  
wine being too acid for a table grape4  
,the coloring matter in the fruit is    
very intense and it might be used for   
giving color to wines4 ,hybrid ,franc is
 of much interest to the grape-breeder1 
and experiments with it as a parent are 
desirable for ,new ,york4 ,the variety  
is of ,french origin4       ,vine       
vigorous1 hardy1 productive4 ,canes     
variable in length1      numerous1 thick
 to medium1 light brown1 covered with   
slight blue      bloom2 nodes enlarged1 
roundish2 internodes very short2        

diaphragm      thin2 pith unusually     
large2 shoots glabrous2 tendrils        
intermittent1      often rather long1   
bifid to trifid4       ,leaf-buds large 
to medium1 short1 above average         
thickness1 obtuse      to conical1 open 
moderately late4 ,young leaves tinged on
 upper and      lower sides with        
carmine2 the tips of the buds in opening
 show      strongly the leaf serrations4
 ,leaves very small to medium1 rather   
thin2 upper surface light green1        
decidedly glossy1 smooth2 lower         
surface greenish1 showing ,riparia      
characters1 quite hairy along      ribs 
and larger veins2 lobes usually three to
 five with terminal      lobe acute to  
acuminate2 petiolar sinus intermediate  
in depth1      narrow to medium1        
sometimes closed and overlapping2 basal 
sinus of      average depth and width2  
lateral sinus medium in depth to a mere 
notch2 teeth intermediate in depth and  
width4 ,flowers semi-fertile1      open 
early2 stamens upright4       ,fruit    

ripens before mid-season1 does not      
always keep well4 ,clusters      medium 
to below in size1 short1 intermediate in
 breadth1 tapering      to cylindrical1 
usually single-shouldered1 average three
 bunches      per shoot1 medium to      
compact2 peduncle below medium length1  
rather      slender2 pedicel long1      
slender1 covered with few1 small1       
inconspicuous warts2 brush short1       
wine-colored4 ,berries below      medium
 to small1 uniform1 slightly oblate to  
roundish1 black1      glossy1 covered   
with thick1 blue bloom1 persistent1     
firm4 ,skin      thin1 tender1 does not 
adhere to the pulp1 contains a very dark
      wine-colored pigment1 not         
astringent4 ,flesh pale green1 often    
with      a slight reddish tinge1       
translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained1       
somewhat      tender1 spicy1 tart to    
acid1 fair in quality4 ,seeds separate  
easily      from the pulp1 one to five1 
average three and four1 medium to       
small1 rather short1 intermediate in    

breadth1 light brown2 raphe             
obscure2 chalaza of average size1       
slightly above center1 oval to          
pear-shaped1 distinct4  ,illustration3  
,,hybrid ,,franc   ,,ideal4  7,labrusca1
 ,vinifera1 ,bourquiniana47       #a4   
,kan4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhf3ahg4 #b4
 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41          
#ahij3aee4 #c4 ,ib41 #ahia3abh4 #d4     
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3adj4 #e4 ,ill4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahig3af4 #f4 ,va4  
,sta4      ,bul41 #id3acg4 #ahih4 #g4   
,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ci1 #db1 #dd1 #df1
      #ee4 #ahii4 #h4 ,budd-,hansen1    
#b3chj4 #aijb4       ,burr ,no4 #i 7#a74
  ,ideal is a handsome seedling of the  
,delaware1 from which it differs chiefly
 in being much larger in bunch and      
berry1 attaining in both of these       
characters nearly the size of ,catawba4 
,in ,kansas and ,missouri it is most    
highly recommended1 not only for the    
high quality of the fruit1 ranking with 
,delaware in quality1 but because of    
vigorous1 healthy1 productive vines4    

,but in ,new ,york1 on the ,station     
grounds at least1 the vines are         
precariously hardy and not sufficiently 
fruitful1 healthy nor vigorous to       
warrant a very high recommendation for  
the variety4 ,were the variety of recent
 introduction it might be recommended   
for trial but it has been grown for more
 than twenty years and has1 therefore1  
been well tried and has not proved of   
general value4 ,it may be worth planting
 for home use4  ,originated by ,john    
,burr of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 over    
thirty years ago from seed of ,delaware1
 the attention of the public was        
attracted to ,ideal about #ahij1 first  
by glowing descriptions of the variety  
from the originator and his friend and  
co-worker1 ,dr4 ,stayman1 and later by  
reports from various persons who had    
tested the variety4 ,it does not appear 
to have ever been regularly introduced  
but was sent to various persons for     
testing by whom it was distributed4 ,it 
is now found only in the occasional     

variety vineyard and apparently not     
offered for sale by any nurserymen4     
,ideal is better known1 and possibly    
succeeds better in the ,west than in the
 ,east4       ,vine medium to vigorous1 
not always hardy1 productive1 but       
yielding      smaller crops than        
,concord2 tendrils intermittent1 bifid  
to trifid4      ,canes long1 numerous1  
rather slender4 ,leaves medium to large1
      variable in color2 lower surface  
pale green1 slightly pubescent and      
cobwebby4 ,fruit ripens about with      
,delaware1 keeps only fairly well4      
,clusters large to above medium1 long to
 medium1 often rather broad      and    
heavily shouldered1 intermediate in     
compactness4 ,berries large1            
roundish1 attractive dark red1 covered  
with abundant lilac bloom1      often   
with tinge of blue1 usually persistent1 
firm4 ,flesh greenish1      moderately  
tender1 aromatic1 nearly sweet next the 
skin to acid at      center1 good to    
very good in quality4 ,seeds adherent1  

large1 plump4   ,,imperial4  7,vinifera1
 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,horticulturist1 
#bi3cbh4 #ahgd4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41      #ahge3aad4 #c4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4  
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3de4 #d4 ,bush4
      ,cat41 #ahid3adj4       ,no4 #ic  
,a 7#a74  ,although introduced nearly   
forty years ago1 ,imperial is still     
little known and does not appear to have
 especial value4 ,perhaps its most      
valuable character is hardiness as it is
 reputed to be as hardy as ,concord     
which1 for a grape having its proportion
 of ,vinifera blood1 is the exception4  
,in appearance and quality ,imperial is 
very good and were its vine characters  
better1 and were there not so many      
excellent green grapes of its season    
with which it must compete1 the variety 
would be more generally cultivated4     
,imperial is a seedling of ,iona        
fertilized by ,sarbelle ,muscat and was 
raised by ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts of          
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 over thirty years
 ago4 ,the following description has    

been compiled from various sources3     
,vine vigorous1 healthy1 hardy4 ,leaves 
large1 attractive green4      ,fruit    
ripens late4 ,clusters large1           
symmetrical1 slightly      shouldered1  
rather compact4 ,berries large1         
greenish-white1 covered      with       
considerable bloom4 ,flesh tender1      
juicy1 vinous1 sprightly1      not high 
in flavor but agreeable1 good to very   
good in quality4      ,seeds small1 not 
numerous4   ,,iona4  7,labrusca1        
,vinifera47       #a4 ,horticulturist1  
#ah3cac4 #ahfc4 #b4 ,mag4 ,hort41       
#bi3dbj4      #ahfc4 #c4 ,grant1        
,descript4 ,cat41 #ahfd3h1 #i1 #ah1 #ai1
 #ba1 #cb4      #d4 ,grant1 ,grape      
,vines1 #ahfd3a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #aa1 #ab4  
#e4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41        
#ahfg3dd4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahfg3aje4      #g4 ,iowa ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #ahfg3ajh4 #h4 ,am4 ,jour4       
,hort41      #e3ae1 #ahg1 #bih1 #bii4   
#ahfi4 #i4 ,horticulturist1 #be3ahf4    
#ahgj4      #aj4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41

 #ahga3fi4 #aa4 ,horticulturist1        
#bi3bj1 #bde4 #ahgd4 #ab4 ,mich4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3cee4 #ac4      ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3ci4 #ad4 ,mich4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahha3bbb4 #ae4
 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41        
#ca3abj4 #ahhf4 #af4      ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #i3cbh4 #ahij4 #ag4 ,col4   
,sta4 ,bul41      #bi3ba4 #ahid4 #ah4   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3adj4 #ai4 ,n4 ,y4   
,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #ag3eca1 #edh1   
#eeb1 #eee1 #eei4 #ahih4 #bj4 ,va4 ,sta4
 ,bul41      #id3acg4 #ahih4 #ba4 ,miss4
 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3ae4 #ahii4 #bb4 ,mo4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ci1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #ea1
 #gf4 #ahii4  ,illustration3 ,,iona     
,iona is probably surpassed in delicacy 
and sprightliness of flavor1 in keeping 
quality1 and for making certain wines1  
as champagne1 by few1 if any1 other     
,american grapes4 ,in spite of these    
several good qualities it has never been
 very generally grown1 chiefly for the  
reason that it requires more care than  
commercial grape-growers are willing to 

give grapes1 though1 beside requiring   
the best of care1 its cultivation is    
hindered by several serious faults4     
,iona rivals ,delaware as the standard  
in quality of ,american grapes1 though  
if flavor alone be considered1 grape    
connoisseurs generally agree that it    
surpasses ,delaware and is the finest   
flavored of all our grapes4  ,in flavor 
,iona has a rare combination of         
sweetness and acidity1 pure1 delicate   
and vinous4 ,the flesh is transparent1  
melting1 tender1 juicy1 and of uniform  
consistence quite to the center4 ,the   
seeds are few and small and part readily
 from the flesh4 ,the color is a        
peculiar dark-red wine with a tint of   
amethyst1 somewhat variable and not     
always attractive4 ,the bunch1 at its   
best1 is large but rather loose with    
berries varying somewhat in size and    
ripening unevenly4 ,it cannot be called 
a particularly handsome grape4 ,the     
fruit does not decay readily and may be 
kept in a good fruit room until late    

winter without loss of flavor and with  
the berries adhering to the bunch4      
,beside being a most excellent table    
grape1 it is much sought for by         
wine-makers for champagne and for making
 finely-flavored white wines4  ,the vine
 characters of ,iona are not nearly as  
good as those of the fruit4 ,to do well 
it must have a soil exactly suited to   
its wants4 ,seemingly it does best in   
deep1 dry1 sandy or gravelly clays and  
cannot be grown in damp1 rich1 black    
soils on the one hand nor poor sands or 
gravels on the other4 ,vergil's lines as
 to the treatment of soils for vines are
 especially applicable to the ,iona4    
,a free loose earth is what the vines   
demand1      ,where wind and frost have 
help'd the lab'rer's hand1      ,and    
sturdy peasants deep have stirr'd the   
land4  ,this variety does especially    
well when trained against walls or      
buildings1 attaining under such         
conditions rare perfection4 ,it is not  
hardy in any but favored localities in  

,new ,york and in many parts of the     
,state must have careful winter         
protection4 ,the vines are not vigorous 
and are inclined to overbear1 to remedy 
which it must have close pruning1 or be 
grafted on a strong growing stock4 ,in  
localities where mildew and rot thrive  
,iona is badly attacked by these        
diseases4 ,the vines bear early and the 
fruit ripens at mid-season or shortly   
after4 ,iona is a grape for the amateur 
and for the careful vineyardist4 ,few   
varieties are more desirable or         
satisfactory for the garden when planted
 in soils to which it is adapted1 when  
given good care1 properly protected from
 cold1 and the vines restrained from    
overbearing4  ,iona was originated by   
,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,grant#aib of ,iona        
,island1 ,westchester ,county1 ,new     
,york1 and the name commemorates the    
scene of the viticultural labors of one 
of the founders of ,american            
viticulture4 ,grant states that ,iona is
 from seed of ,diana planted in #ahee1  

the plant from which fruited for the    
first time four years later4 ,caywood1  
however1 says that ,grant informed him  
that it was found growing as a chance   
seedling under a ,catawba vine4 ,since  
,diana is a seedling of ,catawba there  
is too little difference in the         
character of the older varieties to     
enable one to tell from which ,iona     
came4 ,this variety#aic was awarded the 
,greeley prize of #ajj1 offered by      
,horace ,greeley during the ,civil ,war 
for a grape adapted to general          
cultivation in the ,eastern and ,middle 
,states4 ,the requirements which a      
variety had to possess to secure this   
prize were certainly sufficiently high2 
it was asked that the vine should be as 
hardy1 healthy and vigorous as the      
strongest ,american vine and the fruit  
of a quality equal to the best          
,european4 ,such a grape would be a boon
 to ,european as well as to ,american   
grape-growers4 ,though the prize went to
 ,iona it must not be thought that it   

meets these requirements4  ,iona was    
introduced by the originator in #ahfd4  
,it was overpraised1 extensively        
advertised1 and for some time the prices
 of vines were kept at an exorbitant    
figure from which there was a reaction  
detrimental to the variety4 ,it was     
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahfg4 ,probably no ,american
 variety has been the subject of more   
caustic discussions than this one and it
 is only within the last few years that 
its merits could be impartially         
estimated4 ,iona was extensively tried  
in all the grape regions of ,america but
 has been generally dropped as a        
commercial grape4 ,it is still to be    
found in all varietal vineyards1 in     
occasional commercial plantings and     
somewhat commonly in gardens4           
,vine medium to weak1 precariously      
hardy1 unproductive1 often              
susceptible to attacks of mildew4 ,canes
 short to medium1 of average      number

 and size1 light brown2 nodes enlarged1 
roundish2 internodes      short2        
diaphragm thick2 pith nearly            
intermediate in size2 shoots      show  
some pubescence2 tendrils intermittent1 
of average length1      bifid4          
,leaf-buds about medium in size1 short  
to medium1 thick1 conical to            
pointed1 open very late4 ,young leaves  
tinged on under side and      along     
margin of upper side with carmine2 often
 heavily coated with      thick1 whitish
 pubescence4 ,leaves of average size1   
thick2 upper      surface light green1  
dull1 smooth to medium2 lower surface   
grayish-green1 heavily pubescent1       
somewhat cobwebby2 veins                
indistinct2 lobes three to five with    
terminal lobe acute2 petiolar      sinus
 intermediate in depth and width2 basal 
sinus shallow1 medium      to wide2     
lateral sinus shallow1 wide2 teeth not  
deep1 of average      width4 ,flowers   
nearly fertile1 open late2 stamens      
upright4       ,fruit ripens later than 

,concord1 keeps well4 ,clusters above   
medium      to small1 sometimes         
double-shouldered1 intermediate in      
length1      somewhat slender1 slightly 
tapering to conical1 medium to loose2   
peduncle short and slender2 pedicel     
intermediate in length1      slender1   
nearly smooth1 enlarged at point of     
attachment to fruit2      brush of      
average length1 not thick1 pale green4  
,berries      intermediate in size1     
uniform1 oval to nearly roundish1 dull1 
light      and dark red1 covered with   
thin lilac bloom1 persistent1 firm4     
,skin      of medium thickness1 tough1  
adheres considerably to the pulp1       
contains no pigment1 slightly           
astringent4 ,flesh greenish1            
translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained1 tender
 and melting1 vinous1 very      good in 
quality4 ,seeds separate easily1 one to 
four in number1      average three1     
small and broad1 plump1 brownish2 raphe 
usually      obscure but sometimes      
distinct2 chalaza small1 nearly central1

      circular1 distinct4 ,must #hh-ajj4
   ,,ironclad4  7,riparia1 ,labrusca47  
#a4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41           
#ahhb-c3aca4 #b4 ,gar4 and ,for41       
#e3eig4 #ahib4 #c4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#bh3bed4 #ahic4 #d4 ,gar4      and      
,for41 #g3eji4 #ahid4 #e4 ,bush4 ,cat41 
#ahid3adj4       ,ash 7#a1 #d1 #e74     
,diogenes 7#e74 ,,pearson',s ,,ironclad 
7#d74 ,pearson's      ,ironclad 7#e74   
,scott 7#d1 #e74  ,ironclad is of       
interest because of its history1 and    
because of its possible value for       
breeding purposes4 ,if the history given
 below is correct1 this variety is one  
of the oldest of our cultivated grapes4 
,from the accounts of those who have    
grown it1 ,ironclad is as free from     
mildew and rot1 in fruit at least1 as   
any of our cultivated native grapes4 ,it
 is also very resistant to phylloxera   
and has been used somewhat in ,france   
and ,spain as a resistant stock for     
,vinifera4 ,it is also extremely        
vigorous and hardy and is very          

productive4 ,the fruit is not of        
sufficiently high quality nor attractive
 enough in appearance to make a good    
table grape but it is said to make very 
excellent wine1 the juice having color  
and body enough to make it of value for 
adding color to lighter colored musts4  
,ironclad is a very capricious bearer   
and especially so on rampant growing    
vines1 one of the faults of the variety 
being that it makes too rank a growth4  
,the history of this grape1 as given by 
,a4 ,w4 ,pearson of ,vineland1 ,new     
,jersey1 is as follows3 ,in #ahgc       
,pearson secured from ,colonel ,scott1  
then president of the ,pennsylvania     
,railroad ,company1 cuttings of a vine  
growing on the latter's grounds1 near   
,darby about seven miles west of        
,philadelphia4 ,scott's gardener        
reported the vine to be free from rot   
and ,pearson1 who had named the variety 
,scott1 changed the name to ,ironclad   
when he found the gardener's report as  
to rot verified4 ,on investigation      

,pearson found that the variety was over
 two hundred years old1 and that it had 
been cultivated locally under the name  
of ,ash1 from a former owner of the     
,scott place and an ancestor of         
,pearson4 ,this account is not fully    
corroborated by early horticultural     
writers but appears to be sufficiently  
accurate to give the variety historical 
interest4 ,ironclad is said to be a     
hybrid between ,labrusca and ,riparia   
and its botanical characters justify    
such a supposition4  ,illustration3     
,,ironclad       ,vine a rank grower1   
hardy1 productive4 ,canes long1         
numerous1 thick      to slender1 dark   
reddish-brown2 nodes of average size1   
flattened2      internodes medium to    
long2 diaphragm thin2 pith large to     
medium2      shoots glabrous2 tendrils  
continuous1 of fair length1 bifid to    
sometimes trifid4       ,leaf-buds      
small1 short1 slender to medium1 conical
 to pointed4      ,leaves of medium     
size1 intermediate in thickness2 upper  

surface      dark green1 somewhat       
glossy1 smoothish2 lower surface pale   
green1      slightly pubescent2 veins   
rather distinct2 lobes none to three    
with      terminal lobe acute to        
acuminate2 petiolar sinus intermediate  
in      depth and width2 basal sinus    
usually lacking2 lateral sinus          
shallow1 usually wide2 teeth            
intermediate in depth and width4        
,flowers open early2 stamens reflexed4  
,fruit ripens about with ,concord but   
colors early1 appears to keep      well4
 ,clusters small and short1 slightly    
tapering1 sometimes                     
single-shouldered1 variable in          
compactness2 peduncle short1            
inclined to slender2 pedicel short1     
slender to medium1 covered with         
numerous inconspicuous warts2 brush     
short1 of average thickness1      dark  
wine color4 ,berries irregular in size1 
averaging small1      roundish to       
slightly oblate1 jet-black1 glossy1     
covered slightly      with blue bloom1  

usually persistent1 firm4 ,skin         
intermediate in      thickness1 tough1  
adheres slightly to the pulp1 contains a
 large      amount of dark purplish-red 
pigment1 not astringent4 ,flesh         
greenish1 with distinct tinge of red1   
rather transparent1      moderately     
juicy1 somewhat tender1 fine-grained1   
spicy1 sweet to      agreeably tart at  
center1 not good enough in quality for  
dessert      purposes4 ,seeds separate  
from the pulp somewhat easily1 one to   
four      in number1 average two1       
intermediate in size and breadth1 short 
to      medium1 sharp-pointed1 dark     
brownish2 raphe buried in a shallow1    
narrow groove2 chalaza large with       
surface roughened and warty1            
central to slightly above1 irregularly  
pear-shaped1 distinct4   ,,isabella4    
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,amer4
 ,farmer1 #e3bda4 #ahbc4 #b4 ,ib41      
#i3bba1 #bid1 #cji1      #cbe4 #ahbg4   
#c4 ,sou4 ,agr41 #b3eeb4 #ahbi4 #d4     
,prince1      #ahcj3afe4 #e4 ,spooner1  

#ahdf3ac1 #bi1 #di4 #f4 ,horticulturist1
      #f3daj1 #dab4 #ahea4 #g4 ,u4 ,s4  
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahea3dh-ea4 #h4     
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #aheb3ed4 #i4   
,horticulturist1 #ae3gc4      #ahfj4    
#aj4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #b3aef1 #bfe4 #ahfj4  
#aa4 ,ib41 #e3gc1      #gd4 #ahfc4 #ab4 
,n4 ,y4 ,agr4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfd3db1    
#de1 #ada4 #ac4      ,mag4 ,hort41      
#ca3ajg1 #aeg4 #ahfe4 #ad4 ,husmann1    
#ahff3ah1 #gi1      #abb4 #ae4 ,downing1
 #ahfi3edb4 #af4 ,grape ,cult41 #b3gf4  
#ahgj4      #ag4 ,ib41 #c3fg1 #ajc4     
#ahga4 #ah4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #ad3aje1 #afg1 
#bif4 #ahgb4 #ai4 ,horticulturist1      
#bi3bj1 #bde4 #ahgd4 #bj4 ,am4          
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3eg1 #abd1 #abh4
 #ba4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3aaj4 #bb4
 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ej3dah1 #dhb4 #ahia4  
#bc4 ,ill4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bee4   
#ahic4 #bd4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dd3aaf4 
#ahic4      #be4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt41 #ae3dcb1 #dcc4 #ahif4 #bf4 ,n4   
,y4 ,sta4      ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3eca1     
#eda1 #edd1 #edh1 #eeb4 #ahih4 #bg4     

,ala4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #aaj3hc4 #aijj4 
#bh4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ei3gai1 #gbb4     
#aijj4      fig4 #bi4 ,trait gen4 de    
vit41 #e3bjc4 #aijc4       ,alexander   
7#bi74 ,black ,cape 7#bi74 ,cape 7#bi74 
,captraube 7#bi74      ,champania 7#bi74
 ,cherokee8 7#aa74 ,christie's ,improved
 ,isabella      7#ae1 #ba1 #bi74        
,conckling's ,wilding 7#aa74 ,constantia
 7#bi74      ,,dorchester 7#a74         
,framboisier 7#bi74 ,garber's ,red-,fox 
7#bi74      ,gibb's grape 7#d1 #aa1     
#ah74 ,hanover 7southern7 7#aa74        
,hensell's      ,long ,island 7#aa74    
,isabella 7#a74 ,isabelle d',amerique   
7#bi74      ,lespeyre 7#b1 #aj1 #aa1    
#ah74 ,new ,hanover 7#aa74 ,paign's     
,isabella      7#ae1 #ba1 #bi74 ,payne's
 ,early 7#aa1 #ae1 #ba1 #bi74 ,raisin de
 ,cassis      7#bi74 ,raisin du ,cap    
7#bi74 ,raisin ,fraise 7#bi74 ,raisin   
,framboise 7#bi74 ,sainte-,helene 7#bi74
 ,saluda 7#aa74 ,sanbornton8      7#ae1 
#ba1 #bi74 ,schuylkill8 7#bi74 ,uva     
,fragola 7#bi74 ,vernet 7#f1      #aa1  

#ah74 ,woodward 7#ae1 #ba1 #bi74        
,isabella is now of little more than    
historical interest yet for a half      
century after its introduction1 about   
#ahaf1 it and ,catawba were the         
mainstays of ,american viticulture4 ,in 
the early days of grape-growing in this 
country ,isabella was the grape of the  
,north ,atlantic and ,new ,england      
,states while the vineyards of the      
,south were planted with ,catawba1 the  
latter requiring too long a season and  
being too susceptible to fungal diseases
 for a northern grape4 ,isabella has    
been almost wholly replaced in the      
,north by ,concord1 because the latter  
is earlier1 hardier and more productive1
 and the older variety can now hardly be
 found except in the collections of     
experimenters and amateurs4  ,in        
appearance ,isabella is quite as        
attractive as any of the black grapes1  
having large1 well-formed clusters and a
 deep black color with thick bloom4 ,the
 flavor is good but the thick skin and  

muskiness in taste are objectionable4   
,the fruit keeps and ships well and     
seldom rattles or cracks but the variety
 is surpassed in vine characters by many
 other standard kinds1 notably ,concord1
 which1 as stated above1 has taken its  
place4 ,the lustrous green1 ample       
foliage which remains late in the       
season1 and the vigor of ,isabella1 make
 it an attractive ornamental1 well      
adapted for growing on arbors1 porches  
and trellises4 ,individual vines of this
 variety growing in ,new ,york1 the     
,middle ,states1 and ,new ,england1     
realize more than any other grape that  
ideal of peace and plenty for which the 
grape has been the symbol since the     
vines of ,judah and of ,israel4 ,while  
it is of small commercial importance1   
,isabella is still worthy a place in the
 garden and as an ornamental4  ,the     
origin of ,isabella is not certainly    
known4 ,it was secured by ,william      
,prince of ,flushing1 ,long ,island1    
from ,mrs4 ,isabella ,gibbs1 the wife of

 ,geo4 ,gibbs1 a merchant then living in
 ,brooklyn1 ,new ,york4 ,prince states  
that he first saw this grape in #ahaf   
and was so struck with its appearance   
that he considered it worthy of a name  
and introduction to the public4 ,it was 
consequently named in honor of ,mrs4    
,gibbs and introduced shortly after     
#ahaf4 ,in answer to a request from     
,prince as to the place of its origin1  
,mrs4 ,gibbs reported that it had come  
originally from the vicinity of         
,dorchester1 ,south ,carolina4 ,this    
account of its origin was published at  
the time in several agricultural        
periodicals and later in ,prince's      
,treatise on the ,vine4 ,the whole      
question was thoroughly discussed in the
 agricultural press of that day but     
without a satisfactory solution of the  
place of its nativity4  ,illustration3  
,,isabella  ,nicholas ,herbemont#aid who
 sought the history of the variety in   
the neighborhood of ,dorchester1 ,south 
,carolina1 doubted its having originated

 there1 as he found it known only as a  
cultivated sort with a tradition of its 
having been introduced years before by a
 gentleman then dead4 ,there were       
various accounts published of its having
 originated in ,north ,carolina1        
,virginia1 ,delaware and ,europe1 none  
of which are worthy of any credence4    
,all that can be said is that it        
originated some time in the eighteenth  
century1 probably in one of the         
,carolinas and that it was cultivated in
 many widely separated neighborhoods    
prior to #ahjj4  ,in #aheb ,isabella was
 placed on the grape list of the        
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog1 for general cultivation4 ,in   
#ahfd1 on account of its susceptibility 
to mildew it was transferred to a list  
for cultivation in special localities4  
,it was soon1 however1 restored to the  
original list where it still remains4   
,after the introduction of ,concord1 as 
noted above1 the popularity of ,isabella
 waned but it is still to be found in   

many sections as one of the less planted
 of the market sorts and is in          
practically all varietal vineyards4 ,it 
was introduced into ,europe before #ahcj
 where it was quite extensively         
cultivated for the manufacture of a low 
grade wine1 and it is quite probable    
that the phylloxera1 which later became 
such a pest1 was introduced on roots of 
the ,isabella4  ,isabella is generally  
classed as a pure ,labrusca but there   
are many who think there is a strain of 
,vinifera present4 ,this is indicated by
 the shape of the berries1 certain      
characters of the seeds1 the            
susceptibility of the vine to mildew and
 of the fruit to black-rot4 ,the        
characters of ,isabella can be traced in
 a great number of offspring though     
comparatively few of them have outlived 
the parent in usefulness4 ,pure-bred    
progeny of the ,isabella differ but     
little from the parent and are classed  
as strains of the original rather than  
as new varieties4 ,hybrids of it with   

pure ,vinifera are usually worthless1   
lacking in vigor and hardiness1 and so  
much more so than in the case of hybrids
 of ,vinifera and known pure ,american  
grapes as to further suggest ,vinifera  
blood in ,isabella4 ,such hybrids1 too1 
usually bear a stronger resemblance to  
the ,old ,world grape than offspring of 
pure-bred parents of the two species4   
,vine vigorous to medium1 usually hardy1
 variable in productiveness1      but   
sometimes producing heavy crops1        
somewhat subject to mildew in           
certain locations4 ,canes short to above
 medium1 numerous1 covered      with    
heavy pubescence1 thick1 light to dark  
brown2 nodes enlarged1      strongly    
flattened2 internodes short to medium2  
diaphragm thick2      pith intermediate 
to below in size2 shoots covered with   
heavy      pubescence2 tendrils         
continuous1 long1 bifid to trifid4      
,leaf-buds small1 short1 thickish1      
conical1 open very late4 ,young         
leaves tinged on lower side and along   

margin of upper side with      light    
rose carmine4 ,leaves intermediate in   
size1 often roundish1      thick2 upper 
surface dark green1 smooth to medium1   
glossy2 lower      surface              
whitish-green1 heavily pubescent2 veins 
distinct2 lobes      three when present 
with terminal lobe obtuse to acute2     
petiolar      sinus shallow to medium1  
narrow1 often closed and overlapping2   
basal sinus usually none2 lateral sinus 
shallow1 narrow1 frequently             
notched2 teeth shallow1 medium to wide4 
,flowers usually strongly               
self-fertile1 open in mid-season2       
stamens upright4       ,fruit usually   
ripens with ,catawba or earlier1 keeps  
and ships well4      ,clusters large to 
medium1 intermediate in length1 nearly  
cylindrical to conical1 frequently      
single-shouldered1 variable in          
compactness2 peduncle short to medium1  
thick2 pedicel variable in      length1 
slender1 almost smooth1 much enlarged at
 point of      attachment to fruit2     

brush long1 yellowish-green4 ,berries   
variable      in size1 medium to large1 
oval1 deep black1 color long before     
ripe1      covered with considerable    
blue bloom1 usually persistent1 soft4   
,skin thick to medium1 very tough1      
adheres considerably to the pulp1       
contains no pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh 
pale green1 sometimes with              
yellowish tinge1 translucent1 juicy1    
fine-grained1 tender but      meaty1    
somewhat stringy1 inclined to foxiness1 
sweet to agreeably      tart at center1 
slightly astringent when not mature1    
ranks good in      quality4 ,seeds      
separate from the pulp with some        
difficulty unless      fully ripe1 one  
to three in number1 average two1 large  
to medium1      broad1 distinctly       
notched1 above medium to short1 brownish
 with      yellow tips2 raphe obscure2  
chalaza small1 above center1 circular1  
rather distinct4 ,must #fj-gi4          
,,isabella ,,seedling4  7,labrusca1     
,vinifera47       #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4

 ,rpt41 #aa3fcf4 #ahib4 #b4 ,ib41       
#ac3fjd4      #ahid4 #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41  
#ahid3ada4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41
      #ag3eca1 #edh1 #eee1 #eei4 #ahih4 
,isabella ,seedling is an early1        
vigorous1 productive offspring of       
,isabella4 ,in fruit characters it      
greatly resembles its parent but is much
 earlier1 ripening shortly after ,moore 
,early1 and has a more compact bunch4   
,like its parent1 the fruit is of good  
quality and keeps remarkably well for so
 early a grape4 ,it is now grown in ,new
 ,york more than ,isabella and while not
 of any considerable commercial         
importance1 is far more deserving       
attention as a market grape than some of
 the poorly flavored kinds more         
generally grown4  ,there are several    
varieties under this name4 ,two are     
mentioned by ,warder2 one of ,ohio and  
one of ,new ,york origin4 ,the ,isabella
 ,seedling here described was originated
 by ,g4 ,a4 ,ensenberger1 ,sr41 of      
,bloomington1 ,illinois1 who sent it to 

this ,station for testing in #ahhi4     
,full details of the origin and history 
of this grape are not known1 ,mr4       
,ensenberger having died soon after its 
dissemination1 without leaving a record 
of his work4       ,vine vigorous to    
very vigorous1 usually hardy1 healthy1  
productive4      ,canes long to medium1 
intermediate in number1 thickish1 dark  
brown1      often with a tinge of red1  
surface covered with thin bloom2        
tendrils intermittent to continuous1    
bifid4 ,leaves healthy1 medium      to  
large1 rather thick2 upper surface      
medium green1 dull1 of      average     
smoothness2 lower surface pale green or 
grayish-green1      occasionally with   
tinge of bronze1 pubescent2 veins       
distinct4      ,flowers nearly fertile2 
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
early but later than ,moore ,early1     
keeps well4 ,clusters      large to     
medium1 long1 slender to medium1        
cylindrical to slightly      tapering1  
usually single-shouldered1 loose to     

medium but more      compact than       
,isabella4 ,berries large to medium1    
distinctly oval1      often pear-shaped1
 dull black1 covered with a moderate    
amount of      blue bloom1 persistent1  
rather soft4 ,skin medium to thick1     
intermediate in toughness1 contains some
 red pigment4 ,flesh pale      green1   
juicy1 somewhat tender1 slightly coarse1
 vinous1 sweet next      the skin to    
acid at center1 good in quality4 ,seeds 
numerous1      separate rather easily   
from the pulp1 inclined to large1 of    
medium      length1 broad1 notched1     
plump1 dark brown2 raphe buried in a    
groove      of average width2 chalaza   
large1 above center1 circular to        
slightly      oval1 somewhat obscure4   
,,israella4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87    
#a4 ,horticulturist1 #ah3cac1 #cad4     
#ahfc4 #b4 ,grant1 ,descript4           
,cat41 #ahfd3e1 #h1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #cb4 
#c4 ,grant1 ,grape ,vines1      #ahfd3a1
 #b1 #ac4 #d4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #cc3gj1     
#adh1 #ccg4 #ahfg4 #e4      ,fuller1    

#ahfg3bbe4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41  
#ahfg3dd4 #g4      ,mag4 ,hort41 #cd3f1 
#ajc1 #ach1 #adj1 #cji1 #cej4 #ahfh4 #h4
 ,grape      ,cult41 #a3db1 #aaf1 #bfb1 
#cjb1 #cbf4 #ahfi4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahha3dj4 #aj4 ,bush4 ,cat41     
#ahhc3aaa4 #aa4 ,tex4 ,sta4      ,bul41 
#dh3aaej1 #aaeh4 #ahih4 #ab4 ,ga4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #ec3de4 #aija4  ,israella came   
from ,dr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,grant                
contemporaneously with ,iona1 and was   
heralded far and wide as the earliest   
good grape in cultivation4 ,for several 
years after its introduction it was     
widely tried and almost everywhere      
discarded because of the poor quality   
and unattractive appearance of the fruit
 and lack of vigor1 hardiness and       
productiveness of the vine4  ,dr4 ,grant
 grew the ,israella from seed of        
,isabella planted in #ahee4 ,in #ahei or
 #ahfj1 ,peter ,b4 ,mead1 then editor of
 the ,horticulturist1 selected this     
variety from several thousand seedlings 
of the same parentage and named it in   

honor of ,dr4 ,grant's wife4 ,the first 
fruit was borne in #ahei4 ,it was placed
 on the grape list of the ,american     
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahfg and was dropped from their list in
 #ahha4 ,it has been gradually dropped  
from cultivation although it is still to
 be found in many varietal vineyards and
 is listed for sale by an occasional    
nurseryman4       ,vine intermediate in 
vigor1 usually hardy1 hardly productive4
 ,canes      of average length1 not     
numerous1 slender1 medium to dark brown2
      tendrils continuous1 bifid4       
,leaves large to medium1 intermediate in
      thickness2 upper surface light    
green1 dull1 medium to rugose2 lower    
surface pale green to grayish-green1    
faintly pubescent4 ,stamens             
upright4       ,fruit ripens a little   
later than ,concord1 appears to keep    
well4      ,clusters above average size1
 intermediate in length and breadth1    
strongly tapering1 often                
single-shouldered1 usually compact1     

frequently with many abortive fruits4   
,berries small to medium1      roundish 
to oval1 black or purplish-black1 not   
glossy1 covered with      a fair amount 
of bloom1 inclined to drop somewhat from
 the pedicel1      not firm4 ,skin      
thick1 tough1 contains a large amount of
      purplish-red pigment4 ,flesh pale 
green1 juicy1 tender1 stringy1          
mild1 sweet from skin to center1 appears
 to lack character1 not so      good in 
flavor or quality as ,concord1 ranks no 
more than fair in      quality4 ,seeds  
separate easily from the pulp1 medium to
 below in      size1 intermediate in    
length1 broad to medium1 decidedly      
notched1      blunt1 light brown1       
seed-coat often covered with numerous   
grayish      warts2 raphe buried in a   
shallow1 wide groove2 chalaza small1 at 
center or above1 irregularly circular1  
obscure4   ,,ives4  7,labrusca1         
,aestivalis87       #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4   
,off4 ,rpt41 #ahef3dcc4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt41      #aheh3agf4 #c4        

,horticulturist1 #ba3cbg4 #ahff4 #d4    
,grape      ,cult41 #a3aj1 #ab1 #db1    
#hj1 #aaf4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat41      #ahfi3db4 #f4 ,grape ,cult41
 #b3aga1 fig41 #agb1 #big4 #ahgj4       
#g4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3djc4
 fig4 #h4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3aaa1 
#aab4 fig4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#bb3aff4 #ahhi4      #aj4 ,ala4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #aj3aj4 #ahij4 #aa4 ,va4 ,sta4   
,bul41      #cj3ajj1 #ajh4 #ahic4 #ab4  
,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3ci1 #db1 #de1 #df1
      #ed1 #gf4 #ahii4 #ac4 ,ga4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #bh3bhi1 #bia4 #ahie4 #ad4       
,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3ahb4 #ahif4
 #ae4 ,trait gen4 de vit41      #f3ahc4 
#aijc4       ,ives' ,madeira 7#f1 #h1   
#ae74 ,ives' ,madeira ,seedling 7#c74   
,ives'      ,seedling 7#a1 #c1 #d1 #g74 
,ives' ,seedling 7#f1 #h1 #ad1 #ae74    
,ives'      ,seedling ,madeira 7#ae74   
,kittredge 7#c1 #f1 #h1 #ae74           
,illustration3 ,,ives  ,a number of     
years ago ,ives attained a high         
reputation as a grape for the making of 

red wines and was held to be surpassed  
only by ,norton for this purpose4 ,it is
 hardy1 healthy1 vigorous1 and fruitful1
 but poor in quality as a table grape1  
not ranking above ,hartford1 with which 
it sometimes competes in the market     
though wrongfully1 as it is a much later
 grape4 ,ives colors long before it is  
ripe and is often sent to market before 
sufficiently matured1 at which stage of 
development it is barely edible4 ,even  
when ripe it has a foxy odor            
objectionable to nearly all2 moreover1  
its flesh is tough and pulpy4 ,the      
bunches are compact with well-formed1   
jet-black grapes1 which make it an      
attractive fruit4 ,it is easily         
propagated and is adapted to any good   
grape soil4 ,it is so rampant in growth 
that it is difficult to manage in the   
vineyard4 ,the good characters of the   
vine1 as well as one or two of the      
fruit1 indicate that ,ives might be     
desirable for breeding purposes1 but its
 special value is for the making of red 

wines of the claret type1 in which it is
 said to have a fine red color but a    
foxy taste and odor which1 however1     
improve with age4 ,ives is hardly as    
widely grown as formerly1 having been   
most popular at the time when the       
,catawba along the ,ohio ,river was     
succumbing to fungal diseases and a more
 healthy and productive grape was       
wanted4 ,it has never been very largely 
grown elsewhere4  ,ives was grown by    
,henry ,ives from seed planted in #ahdj 
in his garden in ,cincinnati1 ,ohio4 ,it
 was exhibited in #ahdd before the      
,cincinnati ,horticultural ,society4    
,ives insisted that it came from seed of
 ,madeira grapes which had been sent him
 from abroad4 ,as the variety is        
evidently largely1 if not wholly        
,labrusca1 it has always been supposed  
that his ,madeira seedlings became      
accidentally mixed with a chance        
seedling4 ,because of some of its       
characters the parentage of ,ives has   
been variously credited to ,isabella1   

,alexander1 ,hartford and others1 but   
nothing is positively known as to this  
phase of its origin4 ,it was placed on  
the grape list in the ,american         
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahfi where it is still retained4 ,ives 
was awarded in #ahfh the premium offered
 by the ,longworth ,wine ,house of      
,cincinnati for the best wine grape for 
the ,united ,states4 ,it is still       
cultivated to a considerable extent     
although not nearly so popular as forty 
years ago4       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1 
healthy1 productive to very productive4 
,canes      long to medium1 of average  
number1 thick1 dark brown to            
reddish-brown1 surface covered with thin
 blue bloom2 nodes      enlarged1       
slightly flattened2 internodes short2   
diaphragm thick2      pith medium to    
below in size2 shoots pubescent2        
tendrils      continuous1 of average    
length1 bifid to trifid4                
,leaf-buds medium to large1 short1      
thick1 obtuse to conical1      sometimes

 strongly compressed4 ,leaves large to  
medium1 of average      thickness2 upper
 surface dark green1 dull1 medium to    
slightly      rugose2 lower surface very
 pale green1 pubescent2 veins distinct2 
lobes three to five when present1 with  
terminal lobe acute to      acuminate2  
petiolar sinus deep1 narrow1 sometimes  
closed and      overlapping2 basal sinus
 shallow1 medium in width2 lateral sinus
 of      average depth1 rather narrow2  
teeth shallow to medium1 intermediate   
in width4 ,stamens upright4       ,fruit
 ripens about with ,concord or slightly 
later1 keeps well4      ,clusters of    
fair size1 intermediate in length and   
breadth1 tapering      to nearly        
cylindrical1 three or four bunches per  
shoot1 frequently                       
single-shouldered1 compact to medium1   
often with numerous abortive            
berries2 peduncle long to medium1 of    
average thickness2 pedicel      above   
medium in length1 slender1 covered with 
numerous1 small      warts2 brush short1

 slender1 pale green with reddish-brown 
tinge4      ,berries intermediate in    
size1 oval to roundish1 jet-black1      
covered      with a moderate amount of  
blue bloom1 very persistent1 firm4 ,skin
      of medium thickness1 tough1       
adheres slightly to the pulp1 contains  
a fair amount of wine-colored pigment1  
slightly astringent4 ,flesh      pale   
green1 translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained1
 very tough1 foxy1      sweet at skin to
 tart at center1 hardly good in quality4
 ,seeds      separate with difficulty   
from the pulp1 one to four1 average     
three1      below medium to small1 often
 abortive1 medium to broad1 rather      
short1 usually blunt and plump1         
brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza a      
small circular depression1 nearly       
central1 usually obscure4 ,must         
#hj4   ,,jaeger4  7,lincecumii1         
,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,ia4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahij3aag4 #b4 ,va4 ,sta4  
,bul41      #cj3ajg4 #ahic4 #c4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahid3acg1 fig41 #ach4 #d4       

,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ee3eia4 #ahif4 #e4     
,ark4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ci3ca4      #ahif4  
#h4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahig3bj4   
#g4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #dh3aaej1   
#aaeh4 #ahih4 #h4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41     
#df3ci1 #dc1 #de1 #gf4      #ahii4 #i4  
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bgg4 #ahii4 #aj4 
,ala4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #aaj3hc4 #aijj4 
,,hermann ,,jaeger 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 
#g1 #i1 #aj74 ,jaeger 7#c74 ,,jaeger1   
,hermann 7#f74 ,munson ,no4 #ha 7#b74   
,jaeger is a large-clustered1           
small-berried grape from ,munson of     
,texas4#aie ,it is said to be very      
successful in the ,south and ,southwest 
both as a table and a wine grape4 ,its  
meritorious qualities are vigorous1     
productive vines with foliage free from 
mildew and rot1 and well-flavored1      
tender-fleshed berries with thin tough  
skins4 ,it requires too long a season   
for maturity for successful cultivation 
in ,new ,york4  ,illustration3 ,,james  
,munson grew ,jaeger from seed of a     
selected wild ,post-oak vine pollinated 

by ,herbemont4 ,the seed was planted in 
#ahhe and the variety was introduced by 
the originator in #ahij4 ,the culture of
 ,jaeger seems to be slowly spreading4  
,it was placed on the grape list of the 
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahig and is still retained  
there4       ,vine vigorous1 doubtfully 
hardy1 an uncertain bearer in ,new ,york
 on      account of winter injury but   
yielding good crops farther south4      
,canes variable in length1 intermediate 
in number and thickness1      covered   
with considerable blue bloom2 tendrils  
intermittent1 bifid      to trifid4     
,leaves large1 not uniform in color2    
lower surface      grayish-green1       
slightly pubescent2 stamens upright4    
,fruit ripens      soon after ,concord1 
matures evenly1 keeps and ships well4   
,clusters      medium to large1         
frequently single-shouldered1 strongly  
compact4      ,berries below medium to  
small1 roundish1 frequently compressed  
on      account of compactness of       

cluster1 attractive black1 covered with 
abundant blue bloom1 persistent4 ,skin  
thin1 tough4 ,flesh medium      juicy1  
fine-grained1 tender1 spicy1 somewhat   
tart from skin to      center1 good in  
quality4 ,seeds separate very easily    
from the pulp1      not numerous1 long1 
intermediate in size1 sometimes with    
enlarged      neck4   ,,james4          
7,rotundifolia47       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi3acf4 #b4 ,bush4      
,cat41      #ahid3agh4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3cj4 #d4 ,ga4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #ec3de4 #aija4 #e4 ,n4 ,c4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #ahg3fa4 #aijc4 #f4      ,s4 ,c4 
,sta4 ,bul41 #acb3af1 #ah4 #aijg4       
,james is the only variety of           
,rotundifolia possible to illustrate in 
this work4 ,the accompanying            
color-plate1 while not wholly           
satisfactory1 yet shows characteristic  
fruit and foliage somewhat reduced in   
size4 ,james is one of the largest of   
the ,rotundifolia grapes and probably   
the best general purpose variety of this

 species4 ,it cannot be grown north of  
,maryland4  ,the variety was originated 
by ,j4 ,van ,lindley of ,pitt ,county1  
,north ,carolina4 ,it was introduced    
about #ahij and was placed on the grape 
list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog in #ahii4 ,it is 
not known in the ,north but is          
cultivated more or less throughout the  
habitat of ,vitis rotundifolia in the   
,south4  ,the following description of  
the variety is a compilation3           
,vine vigorous1 healthy1 productive4    
,flowers open very late2 stamens        
reflexed4 ,fruit ripens late1 hangs on  
the vines for three weeks1      keeps   
well4 ,clusters small1 containing from  
four to twelve berries1      irregular1 
loose4 ,berries large1 three-fourths to 
one and      one-quarter inches in      
diameter1 roundish1 black or blue-black4
 ,skin      very thin4 ,pulp juicy1     
sweet1 good to best in quality4         
,,janesville4  7,labrusca1 ,riparia47   
#a4 ,rec4 of ,hort41 #ahfh3de4 #b4      

,horticulturist1 #bd3eb1      #bjc4     
#ahfi4 fig4 #c4 ,montreal ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #ahgi3fe4 #d4      ,wis4 ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha-b3ada4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,cat41      #ahhc3bf4 #f4 ,rural 
,n4 ,y41 #de3fbb4 #ahhf4 #g4 ,wis4 ,sta4
 ,an4      ,rpt41 #e3afa4 #ahhh4 #h4    
,mass4 ,hatch ,sta4 ,bul41 #b3bj4 #ahhh4
      #i4 ,wis4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#ahhi3aag4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      
,rpt41 #aj3dif4 #ahia4 #aa4 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahid3adc4 #ab4 ,del4      ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #g3ace1 #ach4 #ahie4 #ac4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3eca1 
#ede1 #edg1 #eee4 #ahih4  ,endowed with 
a constitution which enables it to      
withstand a degree of cold to which most
 other varieties of grapes would        
succumb1 ,janesville has made a place   
for itself in far northern localities4  
,moreover1 it ripens very early1 being  
one of the first to color though not    
ripe until some time after fully        
colored2 and earliness is another       
requisite for a northern location4 ,the 

vine1 too1 is generally healthy1        
vigorous and productive4 ,but the fruit 
is worthless where better sorts can be  
grown4 ,the clusters and berries are    
small1 or of only medium size1 while the
 grapes are pulpy1 tough1 seedy1 with a 
thick skin and a disagreeable acid      
taste4 ,janesville has so many good vine
 characters that it may be of value for 
breeding purposes4 ,it is fit for       
cultivation only in northern localities 
where better grapes cannot be grown or  
where fruit for a cheap red wine is     
wanted4  ,illustration3 ,,janesville    
,janesville was grown by ,f4 ,w4        
,loudon1 of ,janesville1 ,wisconsin1    
from seed secured at the ,rock ,county  
,fair in #aheh4 ,it fruited for the     
first time in #ahfa and was introduced  
several years later by ,c4 ,h4 ,greenman
 of ,milton1 ,wisconsin1 who had bought 
the variety from the originator for     
#ajjj4 ,it was named by the ,wisconsin  
,horticultural ,society in #ahfh4       
,janesville was placed on the grape list

 in the ,american ,pomological ,society 
fruit catalog in #ahhc and is still     
retained4 ,it is said by many to be a   
cross of ,hartford and ,clinton but this
 is a surmise and nothing is positively 
known as to its parentage4 ,its         
botanical characters are plainly those  
of a ,labrusca-,riparia cross but with  
what admixture of the two species cannot
 be told4 ,the early blooming season1   
and sometimes intermittent tendrils1    
indicate ,vitis riparia1 while foliage  
and fruit show both this species and    
,vitis labrusca4       ,vine vigorous to
 very vigorous1 healthy1 hardy1         
productive to very      productive4     
,canes spiny1 intermediate in length1   
numerous1 medium      to below in size1 
dark brown2 nodes flattened2 internodes 
long to      medium2 diaphragm thick2   
pith intermediate in size2 shoots thinly
      pubescent2 tendrils intermittent  
to continuous1 long1 bifid to           
trifid4       ,leaf-buds medium to below
 in size1 short1 thick1 conical1        

prominent1 open early4 ,young leaves    
tinged on under side and      faintly   
along margin of upper side with rose    
carmine4 ,leaves small      to medium1  
somewhat thin2 upper surface variable in
 color1 glossy      and smooth2 lower   
surface pale green1 slightly pubescent2 
veins      indistinct2 leaf usually not 
lobed with terminus acute2 petiolar     
sinus intermediate in depth1 narrow1    
often closed and overlapping2      basal
 and lateral sinuses lacking2 teeth     
shallow1 of average width4      ,flowers
 fertile1 open very early2 stamens      
upright4       ,fruit ripens slightly   
earlier than ,concord although it colors
 much      earlier1 keeps well4         
,clusters medium to small1 short1 of    
average      breadth1 cylindrical to    
tapering1 usually single-shouldered1    
compact2 peduncle short1 slender2       
pedicel short1 slender1 covered         
with small scattering warts2 brush dark 
wine color4 ,berries      intermediate  
in size1 roundish to slightly oval1 dull

 black1      covered with rather heavy  
blue bloom1 usually persistent1 firm4   
,skin thick1 medium to nearly tough1    
adheres slightly to the pulp1           
contains considerable dark wine-colored 
pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh      pale   
reddish-green1 translucent1 juicy1 very 
tough1 rather coarse1      vinous1 sweet
 next the skin but quite acid at the    
center1 fair in      quality4 ,seeds    
adhere to the pulp1 one to six1 average 
three1 above      medium in size1 broad1
 often angular1 rather blunt1 dark      
brown2      raphe obscure2 chalaza      
large1 ovate1 moderately distinct4      
,,jefferson4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47   
#a4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #ba3cfb4 #ahgi4 #b4    
,ib41 #bb3adb1 #agf1 #aia4      #ahhj4  
#c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cc1   
#dd4 #d4 ,downing1      #ahha3afg app4  
#e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahha3bd4   
#f4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41        
#ahhe3hc1 #ajc1 #aje4 #g4 ,ohio ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhe-f3aga4 #h4 ,gar4
 and ,for41 #c3agh1 #bij4 #ahij4 #i4    

,bush4      ,cat41 #ahid3adc4 fig4 #aj4 
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3eca1      
#edh1 #eeb4 #ahih4 #aa4 ,va4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #id3acg4 #ahih4 #ab4 ,kan4       
,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bci4 #aijb4           
,jefferson is the offspring of ,concord 
crossed with ,iona1 resembling in vigor1
 productiveness and healthiness the     
,concord1 though not equal to it2 and in
 color and quality of fruit the ,iona4  
,it falls considerably short of being an
 ,iona fruit on a ,concord vine1        
however1 which would have made it one of
 the most valuable of ,american grapes4 
,the vine produces its fruit two weeks  
later than ,concord and is not nearly as
 hardy1 faults that debar it from taking
 high rank as a commercial grape in ,new
 ,york4 ,in its botanical characters and
 in immunity from diseases it is almost 
identical with ,concord4 ,fortunately   
the vines yield readily to laying down  
for winter protection so that even in   
commercial plantations it is not        
difficult to cover the vines and so     

prevent winter injury4  ,the fruit of   
,jefferson is handsomer than that of    
,iona and of almost equal quality4 ,the 
accompanying color-plate shows the      
large1 well-formed1 compact bunch1 with 
berries of uniform size and color1      
which1 taken together1 make it one of   
the most attractive of red grapes4 ,the 
flesh is firm1 yet tender and juicy with
 a rich1 vinous flavor and a delicate   
aroma which persists even after the     
berries have dried into raisins4 ,the   
fruit ships and keeps well1 the berries 
adhering to the cluster and the fruit   
retaining its freshness into late       
winter4 ,the vine characters1 with the  
exceptions of late bearing and          
tenderness to cold1 are in the main     
good4  ,jefferson is widely distributed 
and is well known by viticulturists in  
eastern ,america4 ,it is not particular 
as to localities1 if the season be long 
and the climate temperate1 and thrives  
in nearly all grape soils though it does
 not flourish in a soil strongly        

impregnated with lime4 ,this variety is 
deserving greater recognition as a      
commercial grape than it now receives4  
,in a discriminating market it should   
command a sufficiently high price to    
make it a profitable variety to grow in 
this ,state despite its need of         
protection4 ,few grapes1 and probably no
 red grape1 are more desirable          
inhabitants of the garden than          
,jefferson2 it not only furnishes an    
abundance of the best long-keeping      
fruit1 but is also very ornamental      
throughout the season4  ,this variety is
 one of ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts'#aif grapes   
from seed of ,concord pollinated with   
,iona4 ,it fruited for the first time in
 #ahgd and was introduced about #ahhj4  
,in #ahha it was placed on the grape    
list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog and has never    
been removed4 ,of all the remarkable    
seedlings raised by ,ricketts the       
,jefferson is best known and most widely
 disseminated4 ,the variety won for its 

originator the ,wilder silver medal and 
as grown by him seldom failed to take   
premiums at exhibitions where shown4 ,it
 is greatly to be regretted that the    
variety does not have all of the        
characters requisite to adapt it to     
culture in commercial vineyards4        
,vine normally vigorous1 healthy1 not   
always hardy1 medium in                 
productiveness4 ,canes short1 numerous1 
about medium in thickness1      light to
 dark brown2 nodes enlarged1 roundish2  
internodes short2      diaphragm thick2 
pith medium to below in size2 shoots    
heavily      pubescent2 tendrils        
intermittent1 medium to short1 bifid to 
trifid4       ,leaf-buds small1 short1  
slender1 pointed to conical1 open very  
late4 ,young leaves tinged on under side
 and along margin of upper      side    
with rose carmine4 ,leaves healthy1     
above medium to small1 of      average  
thickness2 upper surface light green1   
medium to rugose on      older leaves2  
lower surface very pale green1 strongly 

pubescent2      veins distinct2 leaf    
usually not lobed with terminus acute2  
petiolar sinus of mean depth1 narrow to 
wide1 sometimes closed and              
overlapping2 basal sinus usually absent2
 lateral sinus shallow1      often a    
mere notch2 teeth regular1 shallow1 of  
average width4      ,flowers nearly     
fully self-fertile1 open late2 stamens  
upright4       ,fruit ripens late1      
usually about with ,catawba1 keeps and  
ships      well4 ,clusters large to     
medium1 intermediate in length and      
width1      cylindrical to slightly     
tapering1 usually single-shouldered1 but
      sometimes double-shouldered1      
medium to compact2 peduncle short1      
slender2 pedicel medium to short1       
slender1 covered with a few1      small1
 inconspicuous warts1 enlarged at point 
of attachment to      fruit2 brush      
rather long1 slender1 pale              
yellowish-green4 ,berries      medium in
 size1 oval to nearly roundish1 light   
and dark red1      glossy1 covered with 

a moderate amount of lilac bloom1       
persistent1      very firm4 ,skin       
somewhat thick1 tough1 nearly free from 
pulp1      contains no pigment1 slightly
 astringent4 ,flesh light               
yellowish-green1 translucent1 very      
juicy1 coarse-grained1 tender1          
vinous1 sweet at skin to agreeably tart 
at center1 good to best in      quality4
 ,seeds separate easily from the pulp1  
one to four1 average      three1        
intermediate in size1 broad1 medium to  
short1 blunt1 usually      plump1       
brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza of     
medium size1 slightly      above center1
 circular to pear-shaped1 distinct4     
,,jessica4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47     
#a4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bd3cci4 #ahhb4 #b4 ,w4
 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41            
#bi3ai4 #ahhd4 #c4 ,can4 ,cen4 ,exp4    
,farms ,rpt41 #ahia3ace4 #d4      ,col4 
,sta4 ,bul41 #bi3bb4 #ahid4 #e4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahid3add4      #f4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4
 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3eca1 #edh1 #eeb4 #ahih4
 #g4 ,mich4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3aga4 

#ahii4 #h4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4 ,stas4      
,rpt41      #h3aj1 fig41 #dh4 #aija4 #i4
 ,can4 ,hort41 #bd3ddg4 #aija4 fig4     
,jessica is an early1 hardy green grape 
from ,canada4 ,in flavor it is very good
 for so early a variety1 being sweet1   
rich yet sprightly and almost free from 
foxiness4 ,but the fruit lacks in       
attractiveness and keeping quality1 and 
shells badly when overripe4 ,the        
clusters and berries are small1 and the 
color is too green and the cluster too  
loose for a good grape4 ,jessica may be 
commended for earliness and hardiness   
and is therefore desirable1 if at all1  
in northern regions4  ,william ,h4 ,read
 of ,port ,dalhousie1 ,ontario1 grew    
,jessica from seed planted some time    
between #ahgj and #ahhj4 ,it was        
introduced in #ahhd by ,d4 ,w4 ,beadle  
of ,st4 ,catharines1 ,ontario4 ,jessica 
has been quite thoroughly tested in     
different parts of the ,united ,states  
but has never become popular and is to  
be found only in varietal vineyards4    

,the parentage of the variety is unknown
 but it is generally considered to be of
 mixed ,labrusca and ,vinifera blood1   
the tendrils1 foliage1 fruit characters 
and the weaknesses of the grape all     
showing a ,vinifera hybrid4       ,vine 
medium in vigor1 usually healthy1 hardy1
 variable in      productiveness4 ,canes
 medium to long1 numerous1 thickish1    
moderately dark brown with red tinge    
changing to ash-gray on some      canes2
 tendrils continuous to intermittent1   
bifid or trifid4 ,leaves      small to  
medium1 intermediate in thickness2 upper
 surface medium to      dark green1     
glossy1 often somewhat rugose2 lower    
surface pale      green1 very pubescent2
 veins indistinct4 ,flowers nearly      
fertile1      open in mid-season2       
stamens upright4  ,illustration3        
,,jewell       ,fruit ripens among the  
earliest of the white grapes1 keeps only
      fairly well4 ,clusters medium to  
small1 not long1 slender1 tapering1     
usually single-shouldered1 intermediate 

in compactness4 ,berries      small to  
medium1 roundish1 light green1 often    
tinged with yellow1      covered with   
thin grayish-white bloom1 rather        
persistent unless      overripe1        
moderately soft4 ,skin rather thin1 of  
average toughness1      adheres but     
slightly to the pulp1 contains no       
pigment1 faintly      astringent4 ,flesh
 pale green1 almost transparent1 juicy1 
tender1      soft1 sprightly1 sweet1    
good to above in flavor and quality4    
,seeds      adhere somewhat to the pulp1
 about average in size and length1      
medium to broad1 notched1 brownish2     
raphe buried in a narrow      groove2   
chalaza small1 above center1 circular1  
nearly distinct4   ,,jewel4  7,labrusca1
 ,bourquiniana1 ,vinifera47       #a4   
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3gh4 #b4  
,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41               
#ahhe3bhj4 #c4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41
 #ahhe-f3abh4 #d4 ,kan4      ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhf3ahg4 #e4 ,ohio ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhf-g3bje4 #f4     

,rural ,n4 ,y41 #df3fjg4 #ahhg4 fig4 #g4
 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3ih4 
#h4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41           
#ahhh-i3ajg4 #i4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4      
,rpt41 #ahhi3cgc4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4          
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fbg4 #ahic4 #aa4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3add4      #ab4 ,n4  
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3eca1 #edh1    
#eee4 #ahih4 #ac4 ,mo4      ,sta4 ,bul41
 #df3ci1 #db1 #df1 #ea1 #gf4 #ahii4     
,,burr',s ,,early 7#a1 #b74 ,burr ,no4  
#a 7#d74 ,jewell 7#b74  ,jewel has much 
to recommend it1 yet it has been grown  
since #ahgd without having become widely
 distributed or well known4 ,its strong 
characters are earliness and high       
quality1 though as compared with        
,delaware1 its parent1 it is not lacking
 in vigor1 health1 or hardiness1 the    
vine characters that contribute most to 
a desirable variety4 ,for a grape of    
this parentage1 it is remarkably free   
from fungal diseases4 ,in form and size 
of bunch and berry it closely resembles 
,delaware but is a deep black in color4 

,the flesh characters and flavor are    
much like those of ,delaware1 the pulp  
being tender1 yet firm1 and the flavor  
having the same rich1 sprightly1 vinous 
taste found in the parent1 though it can
 hardly be said to equal the ,delaware  
in the characters which make high       
quality4 ,the seeds are few and small4  
,the skin is thin but tough1 and the    
fruit1 considering the tenderness of the
 flesh1 ships remarkably well4 ,it keeps
 long and does not shell1 and though an 
early grape1 will hang until frost if   
the robins1 one of the worst pests of   
the grape-grower1 can be kept from them4
  ,jewel is a most excellent little     
grape1 almost worthy the place among    
black grapes that ,delaware has among   
red ones4 ,in particular it is          
recommended for its earliness and for   
those localities to the ,north where    
standard varieties1 as ,concord1 do not 
ripen4 ,our list of early grapes is     
large1 but most of them are poor in     
quality1 while ,jewel is deserving in   

this respect to stand well toward the   
head of the list4  ,john ,burr of       
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 grew ,jewel from 
seed of ,delaware planted about #ahgd4  
,the blossoms being open to             
cross-pollination1 the male parent is   
unknown4 ,it was introduced in #ahhg by 
,stayman  ,black of ,leavenworth4 ,jewel
 has been quite widely tested in        
varietal vineyards but has never become 
popular and in the ,east1 in particular1
 is hardly known4       ,vine medium to 
vigorous1 healthy1 hardy except in      
exposed      locations1 medium to       
productive4 ,canes intermediate in      
length and      number1 slender1 light  
to dark reddish-brown2 nodes enlarged1  
flattened2 internodes medium to short2  
diaphragm thickish2 pith      medium to 
below in size2 shoots thinly pubescent2 
tendrils      continuous1 of average    
length1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds of      
medium size1 short1 thick1 conical1 open
 early4 ,young      leaves heavily      
tinged on under side and along margin of

 upper side      with rose-carmine4     
,leaves scant1 intermediate in size1    
thick2 upper      surface light green1  
dull1 medium to rugose2 lower surface   
tinged      with bronze1 heavily        
pubescent2 veins well defined2 lobes    
three      when present1 with terminus  
acute2 petiolar sinus of average depth1 
narrow to medium2 basal sinus usually   
lacking2 lateral sinus      shallow1    
wide2 teeth shallow1 of ordinary width4 
,flowers sterile1      open in          
mid-season or somewhat earlier2 stamens 
reflexed4       ,fruit ripens about with
 ,moore ,early1 keeps and ships well4   
,clusters      medium to small1 slender 
to medium1 tapering to cylindrical1     
single-shouldered1 medium to compact2   
peduncle inferior in length1      of    
average size2 pedicel short to medium1  
slender2 brush short1      wine-colored4
 ,berries medium in size1 roundish to   
oval1 dark      purplish-black1 dull1   
covered with heavy1 blue bloom1         
persistent1      moderately firm4 ,skin 

inclined to thin1 tough1 adheres to the 
pulp1      contains dark1 wine-colored  
pigment1 not astringent4 ,flesh pale    
green1 translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained1
 usually tender1 sprightly1      vinous1
 sweet from skin to center1 not foxy1   
good to very good in      quality4      
,seeds do not separate readily from the 
pulp1 one to four1      average two1    
intermediate in size and breadth1       
frequently      one-sided1 blunt1 light 
brown2 raphe hidden in a deep groove2   
chalaza small1 above center1 circular to
 oval1 distinct4   ,,kensington4        
7,vinifera1 ,riparia1 ,labrusca47       
#a4 ,can4 ,cen4 ,exp4 ,farms ,rpt41     
#ahia3ace4 #b4 ,bush4 ,cat41            
#ahid3add4 #c4 ,can4 ,cen4 ,exp4 ,farms 
,rpt41 #ahig3fc4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #ah3cie4 #ahii4  ,kensington
 is chiefly interesting as a cross      
between ,riparia and ,vinifera1 though  
it has several very meritorious fruit   
and vine characters4  ,illustration3    
,,kensington  ,it resembles ,clinton1   

its ,riparia parent1 in vigor1          
hardiness1 growth1 and productiveness of
 vine and in the botanical characters of
 vine and foliage2 but the fruit has    
many of the characters of the ,european 
parent1 ,buckland ,sweetwater4 ,the     
grape is a handsome yellowish-green with
 large oval berries in a somewhat loose 
cluster of medium size4 ,as it grows on 
the grounds of this ,station1 the       
clusters contain many undeveloped       
berries and are not as uniform in size  
and shape as might be desirable4 ,while 
the quality is not equal to that of     
,buckland ,sweetwater1 it is much better
 than ,clinton1 ranking among good to   
best grapes4 ,the flesh is tender and   
juicy1 though slightly stringy1 with a  
rich1 sweet1 vinous flavor4 ,the seeds  
are markedly those of ,vinifera4 ,the   
hardiness of the vine and the high      
quality of the fruit should make        
,kensington a favorite green grape in   
northern gardens4 ,it is doubtful if its
 good characters are sufficient in      

number or degree to make it of value for
 commercial vineyards4  ,this variety   
was produced by ,william ,saunders of   
,london1 ,ontario1 from seed of ,clinton
 pollinated by ,buckland ,sweetwater4   
,it was sent out for testing sometime   
between #ahgj and #ahhj and since that  
time has been carefully tried at the    
,canadian ,experiment ,station and this 
,station1 and with very favorable       
results4 ,for some reason it seems not  
to have been very generally introduced  
into cultivation and nurserymen scarcely
 handle it though it ought to be found  
in gardens and in northern vineyards at 
least4       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1     
usually productive but sometimes an     
uncertain      bearer1 somewhat         
susceptible to attacks of mildew and    
leaf-hoppers4      ,canes medium to     
long1 of average number1 somewhat       
slender1 light      brown2 nodes        
enlarged1 flattened2 internodes short to
 medium2      diaphragm intermediate in 
thickness2 pith of medium size2 shoots  

thinly pubescent2 tendrils persistent1  
intermittent to continuous1      rather 
long1 bifid to sometimes trifid4        
,leaf-buds medium to below in size1     
variable in length1 slender1            
conical to pointed1 open very late4     
,young leaves tinged with faint         
rose-carmine on lower side only2 upper  
side heavily pubescent1      prevailing 
color pale green with faintest trace of 
carmine4 ,leaves      small to medium1  
thin2 upper surface light green1 glossy1
 smooth to      medium2 lower surface   
pale green1 pubescent1 somewhat hairy2  
lobes      none to three with terminus  
obtuse to acute2 petiolar sinus of      
average depth1 moderately narrow2 basal 
sinus shallow when present2      lateral
 sinus shallow1 usually a notch2 teeth  
deep and wide4      ,flowers strongly   
self-fertile1 open medium early2 stamens
 upright4       ,fruit ripens about with
 ,concord1 does not keep very long in   
good      condition4 ,clusters medium to
 large1 intermediate in length and      

breadth1 cylindrical to tapering1 often 
heavily single-shouldered1              
sometimes double-shouldered1 loose to   
medium1 frequently with many            
undeveloped berries2 peduncle long to   
medium1 slender2 pedicel long      and  
slender1 covered with numerous small1   
inconspicuous warts1 wide      at point 
of attachment to fruit2 brush short1    
pale green4 ,berries      variable in   
size1 distinctly oval1 attractive green 
changing to      yellowish-green as the 
fruit matures1 glossy1 covered with thin
      gray bloom1 persistent1 moderately
 firm4 ,skin thin1 somewhat tough1      
adheres to the pulp1 contains no        
pigment1 faintly astringent4 ,flesh     
greenish1 transparent1 juicy1 tender1   
stringy1 vinous1 sweet1 good      in    
quality4 ,seeds separate easily from the
 pulp when fully ripe but               
frequently leave some flesh attached to 
the seed1 two to four1      average     
three1 heavily wrinkled1 large and long1
 broad to medium1      somewhat sharp   

pointed1 yellowish-brown2 raphe buried  
in a shallow      groove2 chalaza of    
average size1 above center1 very        
irregular in      shape1 rather         
distinct4   ,,king4  7,labrusca87       
#a4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aije3fjb4
 #b4 ,ib41 #aijf3bae4  ,king has not    
fruited on the grounds of this ,station1
 but one of the authors of this work was
 a committeeman from the ,michigan      
,horticultural ,society to name and     
describe the variety as it grew on the  
grounds of the originator4 ,the         
following was the estimate of it made at
 that time3  ,the ,king is more vigorous
 and prolific than the ,concord1 time of
 ripening and length of season the same1
 clusters are one-fourth larger1 grapes 
are more persistent in pedicels1 pulp is
 more tender1 flavor nearly the same1   
but more sprightly1 seeds fewer in      
number1 wood harder and of shorter      
joints and the pedicels are larger4     
,this variety was found growing in the  
,concord vineyard of ,w4 ,k4 ,munson1   

,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 in #ahib4    
,the vine was set for a ,concord1 and is
 either a bud-sport of that variety or  
is some other sort that became          
accidentally mixed with the ,concord    
vines4 ,mr4 ,munson believes it to be   
the former4 ,king is thought by some to 
be ,eaton on account of its close       
resemblance to that variety but the     
grape-growers who have examined it1     
generally hold it to be distinct4 ,it is
 in all respects a typical black        
offspring of ,concord1 whether superior 
remains to be determined4 ,it has been  
widely disseminated and its place in    
viticulture should soon be known4 ,in   
seeking the origin of the grapes        
described in this work1 an effort has   
been made to determine whether any could
 be said with certainty to have arisen  
from bud-sports4 ,king is the best      
authenticated bud-sport among the grapes
 here listed and yet there is1 as the   
above history shows1 some doubt as to   
its having originated in this way4      

,illustration3 ,,lady  ,the description 
of ,king given below was made from vines
 and fruit from ,ellwanger  ,barry's    
vineyards1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york4      
,vine vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy1 
productive4 ,canes medium to      above 
in length1 intermediate in number and   
thickness1 medium to      dark          
reddish-brown2 tendrils continuous to   
intermittent1 trifid to      bifid4     
,leaves unusually large1 thick2 upper   
surface medium green1      dull1 of     
average smoothness2 lower surface       
grayish-white changing      to slight   
bronze1 considerably pubescent2 veins   
fairly distinct4       ,fruit ripens    
between ,worden and ,concord1 appears to
 keep well4      ,clusters large to     
above medium1 above average length1     
broad to      medium1 irregularly       
tapering to slightly cylindrical1       
usually      single-shouldered1 compact 
to medium4 ,berries unusually large     
averaging slightly below ,mc,pike in    
size1 roundish1 reddish-black to        

black as the fruit fully matures1       
covered with heavy blue bloom1          
persistent1 firm4 ,skin medium to thick1
 tough1 adheres considerably      to the
 pulp1 contains a moderate amount of    
reddish pigment1      astringent4 ,flesh
 pale green1 very juicy1 somewhat tough1
 stringy      and with some foxiness1   
sweet at skin to agreeably tart at      
center1      good in quality4 ,seeds    
adherent1 not numerous1 above average in
      size1 short1 broad1 slightly      
notched if at all1 blunt to medium1     
plump1 light brown2 raphe hidden in a   
shallow groove2 chalaza      large1 at  
center or above1 obscure4   ,,lady4     
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4       
,horticulturist1 #bi3dh4 #ahgd4 #b4     
,ib41 #cj3hd1 fig41      #cfg4 #ahge4   
#c4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3bie1
 #daa4 fig4      #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4   
,rpt41 #ah3dj1 #ace1 #acf1 #adc1 #afb4  
#ahha4 #e4      ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 
#ahha3bd4 #f4 ,n4 ,j4 ,hort4 ,soc4      
,rpt41      #ahha3ab4 #g4 ,bush4 ,cat41 

#ahhc3aad4 #h4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4       
,rpt41 #ahhc3ha4 #aj4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41   
#de3bcd1 #fbb4 #ahhf4 #ab4      ,gar4   
and ,for41 #c3agh1 #bad1 #dij1 #eii4    
#ahij4 #ac4 ,ill4 ,sta4      ,bul41     
#bh3bfd4 #ahic4 #ad4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt41 #ag3ecb1 #edh1      #eeb4 #ahih4 
,lady is generally accredited with being
 the highest in quality of all the      
seedlings of ,concord and1 added to its 
high quality1 it is early1 fairly       
vigorous1 hardy1 and nearly as free from
 fungal diseases as its parent4 ,it is  
not1 however1 without faults1 one of    
which1 a thin1 tender skin which cracks 
badly1 wholly debars it from ever making
 a commercial variety for other than    
nearby markets4 ,the vine is much like  
that of ,concord1 though not as vigorous
 nor as productive1 but ripening its    
fruit fully two weeks earlier4 ,the     
fruit is much superior to ,concord in   
quality1 being richer1 sweeter1 and     
having less foxiness4 ,it hangs on the  
vines well but deteriorates rapidly     

after picking4 ,the term ironclad used  
by grape-growers to express hardiness   
and freedom from diseases1 is probably  
as applicable to ,lady as to any other  
of our ,labrusca grapes4 ,the foliage is
 dense and of a deep glossy green color1
 neither scalding under a hot sun1 nor  
freezing until heavy frosts1 making it  
an attractive ornament in the garden4   
,it is deservedly popular as an amateur 
grape and should be planted more for    
nearby markets4 ,it may be expected to  
succeed wherever ,concord is grown1 and 
because of its early ripening is        
especially adapted to northern latitudes
 where ,concord does not always mature4 
,though it ripens early it starts its   
buds late and blossoms late1 thereby    
often escaping late spring frosts4      
,when ,lady was first heard of1 it was  
in the hands of a ,mr4 ,imlay of        
,muskingum ,county1 ,ohio4 ,he had      
received it as a premium from an        
agricultural paper with others1 all     
represented to be pure ,concord         

seedlings4 ,this was during the ,civil  
,war4 ,later the variety was sold to    
,george ,w4 ,campbell of ,delaware1     
,ohio1 who introduced it in #ahgd4 ,lady
 was placed on the grape list of the    
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahha where it is still      
retained4 ,the ,lady is another example 
of a green seedling of ,concord which   
excels its parent in quality4 ,among    
several of such seedlings1 this variety 
is one of the highest in quality4       
,vine weak to moderately vigorous1      
hardy1 medium in productiveness1        
healthy4 ,canes short1 medium in number1
 slender1 dark      reddish-brown2 nodes
 of fair size1 flattened2 internodes    
short2      diaphragm thick2 pith       
intermediate in size2 shoots pubescent2 
tendrils intermittent1 of average       
length1 bifid to trifid4                
,leaf-buds small1 short1 pointed to     
conical4 ,leaves medium to below      in
 size1 of average thickness2 upper      
surface light green1 glossy1      medium

 to somewhat rugose2 lower surface pale 
green2 pubescent2      veins rather     
indistinct2 lobes none to five1 with    
terminal lobe      acuminate2 petiolar  
sinus shallow to medium1 wide2 basal    
sinus of      average width2 lateral    
sinus variable in depth and width2 teeth
      medium to shallow1 intermediate in
 width4 ,flowers fertile1 open in       
mid-season2 stamens upright4            
,fruit ripens with ,winchell1 does not  
keep well4 ,clusters not      uniform1  
small to above medium1 short1 slender1  
cylindrical1      sometimes             
single-shouldered1 compact to           
straggling2 peduncle medium      to     
short1 of average size2 pedicel         
intermediate in length1 thick      and  
smooth1 wide at point of attachment to  
fruit2 brush slender1      long1        
greenish-white4 ,berries variable in    
size1 large to below      medium1       
roundish1 light green1 often with tinge 
of yellow1 glossy1      covered with    
thin gray bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin

 covered with      small1 scattering1   
dark dots1 inclined to crack1 thin1     
tender1      adheres slightly to the    
pulp1 contains no pigment1 slightly     
astringent4 ,flesh greenish-white1      
translucent1 juicy1 tender1             
aromatic1 agreeably sweet from skin to  
center1 very good in      quality4      
,seeds separate from the pulp rather    
easily1 few in      number1 intermediate
 in size and length1 medium to broad1   
blunt1      light brown2 raphe obscure2 
chalaza large1 above center1 circular   
to oval1 not distinct4  ,illustration3  
,,lady ,,washington   ,,lady            
,,washington4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47  
#a4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #ai3ccf4 #ahgg4 #b4    
,ib41 #bj3dg4 #ahgh4 #c4      ,ib41     
#ba3adg4 #ahgi4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahha3cc1 #df4      #e4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahha3bd4 #f4 ,gar4  
,mon41 #bf3ad1      #ccd4 #ahhd4 #g4 ,n4
 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #e3afg1 #afh4    
#ahhf4 #h4      ,ib41 #i3cca4 #ahij4 #i4
 ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aj3aa4 #ahij4 #aj4 

,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3afd4 #ahia4 #aa4 
,col4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bi3bb4      #ahid4  
#ab4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3adg4 #ac4 ,n4  
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3ecb1     
#eda1 #edd1 #ede1 #edg1 #eeb4 #ahih4    
,were there not so many really fine     
green grapes1 and were they sought for  
by grape-buyers1 more might be said     
commendatory of ,lady ,washington4 ,it  
is in many respects a most excellent    
grape but it falls short in quality for 
a green grape and does not excel greatly
 in vine characters2 it cannot therefore
 be highly recommended to grape-growers 
except to give variety in the vineyard  
and for locations where it does         
preeminently well4 ,the fruit makes an  
excellent appearance1 keeps well and    
ships well1 and is fairly tender1 juicy 
and sweet1 with a delicate aroma4 ,the  
vine is very luxuriant1--too much       
so1--hardy for a grape with ,vinifera   
blood1 and healthy1 though slightly     
susceptible to mildew4 ,as an exhibition
 grape few green varieties show better  

when grown with all possible care and in
 a favorable location1 for the variety  
is somewhat capricious as to soils and  
locations4 ,it appears to be a desirable
 variety for home use4 ,in the ,west and
 ,southwest it is said to succeed better
 than most others of ,ricketts' grapes4 
,lady ,washington is another of ,j4 ,h4 
,ricketts' fine seedlings1 this variety 
having come from seed of ,concord       
fertilized by ,allen's ,hybrid4 ,it was 
introduced in #ahgh1 placed on the grape
 list of the ,american ,pomological     
,society fruit catalog in #ahha1 and is 
still retained there4 ,the vine         
characters of ,lady ,washington are     
mostly those of ,vitis labrusca but the 
fruit plainly shows the admixture of    
,vinifera4       ,vine usually more     
vigorous than ,concord1 sometimes       
sustains winter      injury1 productive1
 susceptible to mildew4 ,canes long1    
few1 thick1      moderately dark brown2 
nodes greatly enlarged1 variable in     
shape2      internodes medium to long2  

diaphragm thick2 pith large to medium2  
shoots strongly pubescent2 tendrils     
continuous1 long1 bifid to      trifid4 
,leaf-buds large to medium1 short1      
thick1 open late4 ,young leaves         
lightly tinged on under side and along  
margin of upper side with      light    
rose-carmine4 ,leaves medium to large1  
rather thick2 upper      surface dark   
green1 older leaves strongly rugose1    
glossy2 lower      surface pale green1  
strongly pubescent2 veins distinct2 leaf
 not      lobed1 with terminus acute2   
petiolar sinus medium to deep1 narrow1  
frequently closed and overlapping2 basal
 sinus usually none2      lateral sinus 
shallow1 often a mere notch2 teeth      
shallow to medium1      rather narrow4  
,flowers fully self-fertile1 open in    
mid-season2      stamens upright4       
,fruit ripens after mid-season1 keeps   
and ships well4 ,clusters large      to 
medium1 broad to medium1 irregularly    
cylindrical1      single-shouldered to  
frequently double-shouldered1 loose to  

medium2      peduncle long1 slender to  
medium2 pedicel inclined to short1 not  
thick1 covered with numerous conspicuous
 warts1 distinctly enlarged      at     
point of attachment to fruit2 brush very
 short1 greenish4      ,berries variable
 in size1 roundish to oblate1 dark green
 changing      to yellowish-amber1      
glossy1 covered with thin gray bloom1   
persistent1 of medium firmness4 ,skin   
thin1 tender1 adheres      considerably 
to the pulp1 contains no pigment1 not   
astringent4      ,flesh pale green1     
transparent1 juicy and tender1 somewhat 
stringy1      aromatic1 sweet1 ranks    
above ,concord in quality4 ,seeds       
separate      fairly well from the pulp1
 one to four1 average three1            
intermediate      in size and length1   
broad to medium1 brown with yellowish   
tinge2      raphe obscure2 chalaza      
intermediate in size1 above center1     
irregularly circular1 obscure4          
,,lenoir4  7,bourquiniana47       #a4   
,amer4 ,farmer1 #aa3bcg1 #dab4 #ahbi-cj4

 #b4 ,downing1      #ahde3bef4 #c4 ,u4  
,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahdg3dfi4 #d4   
,horticulturist1 #ab3dfj4 #aheg4 #e4    
,ib41 #ad3dhg4 #ahei4 #f4      ,u4 ,s4  
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahei3ce4 #g4 ,gar4  
,mon41 #e3gd4 #ahfc4      #h4 ,ib41     
#e3gc4 #ahfc4 #i4 ,fuller1 #ahfg3bbf4   
#aj4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4      ,a4 ,rpt41        
#ahhg3feb4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 
#ahhi3bd4 #ab4      ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahid3adh4 fig4 #ac4 ,husmann1 #ahie3hc1
 #ahc4      #ad4 ,ib41 #ahie3aba1 #abb4 
#ae4 ,tex4 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,feb4 #h1  
#ahif3aj1 #aa4 #af4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41  
#dh3aaej1 #aaei4 #ahih4 #ag4      ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,yr4 ,bk41 #ahih3eeg4 #ah4  
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #aaj3bdf4 #aijb4
 #ai4 ,trait gen4 de vit41 #f3cgd4      
#aijc4       ,alabama 7#ai74 ,archer8   
7#h74 ,black ,souvignon 7#g7 but incorr4
      ,black ,el ,paso 7#ae74 ,black    
,july 7#g74 ,black ,lenoir 7#ai74       
,,black      ,,spanish 7#ad74 ,black    
,spanish 7#h1 #ab1 #ae1 #ai74 ,blue     
,french 7#ae1      #ai74 ,blue ,grape of

 the ,south 7#g74 ,burgundy 7#ab1 #ae1  
#ai74 ,cigar      ,box ,grape 7#ai74    
,clarence 78#b1 #g74 ,devereaux of      
,gardening for      the ,south 7#d74    
,devereaux 7#ai74 ,devereux 7#e1 #g18i74
 ,early      ,black 7#d74 ,,el ,,paso   
7#f74 ,el ,paso 7#ab1 #ai74 ,harris8    
7#g1 #i74 ,,jack      7#h74 ,jack 7#ab1 
#ae1 #ai74 ,jacques 7#ab1 #ae1 #af1     
#ai74 ,,jacquez 7#ai74      ,jacquez    
7#ae74 ,jac 7#ai74 ,jacquet 7#ai74 ,july
 ,sherry 7#d74      ,lenoir 7#ad1 #ai74 
,long8 7#i74 ,longworth's ,ohio 7#ai74  
,louisville ,seedling8 7#i74            
,mac,candless 7#ai74 ,ohio 7#h1 #ai74   
,ohio ,cigar ,box8 7#i74 ,oldhouse8     
7#g74 ,pungo of ,n4 ,c48 7#g74          
,segar ,box 7#h1 #ai74 ,sherry of the   
,south 7#g74 ,springstein 7#g74         
,st4 ,genevieve8 7#i74 ,sumpter 78#b1   
#d1 #g74 ,thurmond 7#d1 #e1      #g18i74
 ,warren 7#h74 ,wylie8 7#i74  ,lenoir is
 a southern grape1 too tender and too   
late in ripening for even the ,middle   
,states4 ,this variety has been largely 

used in ,france1 both as a resistant    
stock and as a direct producer1 but for 
some years has been losing favor for    
either purpose4 ,it has also been grown 
more or less in ,california as a        
resistant stock4 ,it is highly valued   
for its dark red wine1 is considered a  
very good table grape1 is very resistant
 to phylloxera1 and withstands drouths  
well4  ,the origin of ,lenoir is        
unknown4 ,it was in cultivation in the  
,south as long ago as the early part of 
the last century4 ,nicholas             
,herbemont#aig states in #ahbi that its 
name was given it from a man named      
,lenoir who cultivated it near          
,stateburg1 ,south ,carolina1 in the    
vicinity of the ,santee ,river4 ,there  
are traditions of its being imported    
from ,europe1 of its being found by     
,lenoir alongside a hedge1 and so on1   
but none of them seem in any way        
authoritative4 ,all that can be said is 
that ,lenoir originated probably in one 
of the ,carolinas or ,georgia some time 

in the ,eighteenth ,century4 ,this      
variety was tried at an early day in the
 northern and middle states1 by         
,longworth at ,cincinnati1 by the       
,germans in ,missouri1 and in other     
places4 ,on account of its being only   
semi-hardy and somewhat susceptible to  
rot1 its cultivation was soon abandoned4
 ,it was early introduced into ,texas   
and cultivated in the vicinity of ,el   
,paso1 from which it derived one of its 
synonyms4 ,it was placed on the grape   
list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog in #ahhi and is  
still retained4 ,lenoir differs from    
,herbemont1 with which it is often      
confused1 in having wood of a darker    
color1 larger and darker leaves and     
slight differences in the fruit4  ,the  
following description is taken from     
various accounts of the variety3        
,vine vigorous1 thrifty1 semi-hardy1    
usually quite productive4 ,canes        
rather numerous with some bloom at the  
nodes2 tendrils      intermittent4      

,leaves from two to seven-lobed1 usually
 five1 and of      a characteristic     
bluish-green color above and a more pale
 green      below4 ,clusters quite      
variable1 medium to very large1         
tapering1      usually shouldered4      
,berries small to medium1 round1 of a   
dark      bluish-purple1 nearly black1  
with lilac bloom4 ,skin rather thick1   
tough4 ,flesh slightly juicy1 tender1   
subacidly sweet1 very rich in           
coloring matter4   ,,lindley4           
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfb3bae4 #b4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41      #ahfg3dd4 #c4   
,horticulturist1 #bd3abf1 #cab4 #ahfi4  
#d4 ,mich4      ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#ahha3bba4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#ahha3dj4      #f4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahhb3ge4 #g4 ,bush4 ,cat41      
#ahhc3aag4 fig4 #h4 ,gar4 and ,for41    
#e3edg4 #ahib4 #i4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt41 #i3cbi4 #ahij4 #aj4 ,ill4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfj4      #ahic4 #aa4  
,can4 ,hort41 #ag3bed1 #dje4 #ahid4 #ab4

 ,va4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #id3acg4 #ahih4 
#ac4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecb1 
#eda1      #edc1 #ede1 #edf1 #edh1 #eeb1
 #eeh4 #ahih4 #ad4 ,miss4 ,sta4 ,bul41  
#ef3ae4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#afi3agb4 #ahii4 #af4      ,tex4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #ef3bbc1 #bga4 #aijj4 #ag4 ,can4 
,hort41 #bf3ea1      #if1 #bih1 fig41   
#bii4 #aijc4       ,,rogers' ,,no4 #i   
7#a1 #b74 ,rogers' ,no4 #i 7#c1 #g1 #i1 
#aa1 #ag74  ,to ,lindley1 less          
productive than several others of its   
class1 but when cross-fertilized usually
 bearing a crop of excellent grapes1 is 
due much of the popularity of ,rogers'  
hybrids4 ,by common consent it is the   
best of the red grapes originated by    
,rogers in his crosses between ,labrusca
 and ,vinifera4 ,unfortunately the      
color-plate does not do the variety     
justice4 ,both berry and bunch should be
 shown a little larger1 even for        
average-sized specimens4  ,when well    
grown ,lindley is a very handsome grape4
 ,the bunches are of only medium size   

and are somewhat loose but the berries  
are well-formed1 of uniform size1 and of
 an attractive dark red color4 ,the     
flesh is firm1 fine-grained1 juicy and  
tender without pulpiness and with a     
peculiarly rich aromatic flavor4 ,the   
skin is thick and rather tough but is   
not objectionable in fully ripe fruit4  
,the fruit keeps well and ships well and
 the berries neither crack nor shatter4 
,the vine is vigorous1 comparatively    
hardy for a ,vinifera hybrid1 fairly    
healthy1 but as with most of its kind1  
susceptible to mildew4 ,the chief       
defects of ,lindley are its             
self-sterility and precariousness in    
bearing1 and its lack of adaptation to  
many soils4 ,lindley has long been a    
favorite grape in the garden and should 
continue to be such1 and might well be  
grown in commercial plantations as a    
fancy product4  ,for an account of the  
origin and parentage of ,lindley see    
,rogers' ,hybrids4 ,rogers' ,no4 #i1 or 
,lindley1 is first mentioned separately 

from the others of ,rogers' hybrids     
about #ahfb4 ,in #ahfi ,rogers gave this
 grape the name ,lindley in honor of    
,john ,lindley1 the ,english botanist4  
,the variety has been used by a number  
of breeders1 ,munson in particular1 as a
 parent for improved pure-bred or       
cross-bred offspring4 ,lindley was      
placed on the ,american ,pomological    
,society fruit catalog list in #ahfg and
 has not been removed4  ,illustration3  
,,lindley       ,vine vigorous to rank1 
usually hardy but sometimes injured in  
exposed locations1 not a heavy yielder1 
somewhat susceptible to      mildew1    
often subject to attacks of             
leaf-hoppers4 ,canes very long1         
intermediate in number1 of medium       
thickness1 dark reddish-brown1          
covered with thin blue bloom2 nodes     
enlarged1 usually flattened2            
internodes medium to long1 thick2 pith  
of medium size2 shoots      pubescent2  
tendrils continuous1 medium to long1    
bifid to trifid4       ,leaf-buds large1

 of average length1 above medium in     
thickness1      obtuse to conical1 open 
in mid-season4 ,young leaves heavily    
tinged      on upper and under sides    
with mahogany-red4 ,leaves medium to    
large1 thickish2 upper surface light    
green1 dull1 slightly rugose2      lower
 surface grayish-white1 pubescent2      
obscurely three-lobed with      terminus
 acute2 petiolar sinus deep1 narrow1    
often closed and      overlapping2 teeth
 shallow1 intermediate in width4        
,flowers sterile1      open in          
mid-season2 stamens reflexed4           
,fruit ripens in mid-season1 keeps and  
ships well4 ,clusters medium      in    
size1 long1 inclined to broad1 tapering 
to nearly cylindrical1      frequently  
single-shouldered1 the shoulder being   
connected to the      bunch by a rather 
long stem1 somewhat loose2 peduncle     
medium to      long1 thick2 pedicel     
short to medium1 slender1 nearly smooth1
      strongly enlarged at point of     
attachment to fruit2 brush short1       

stubby1 pale green4 ,berries large to   
medium1 roundish to slightly      oval1 
dark brick-red1 covered with lilac or   
faint blue bloom1 do      not usually   
drop from the pedicel1 of average       
firmness4 ,skin      variable in        
thickness1 tough1 adheres considerably  
to the pulp1      contains no pigment1  
strongly astringent4 ,flesh very pale   
green1      translucent1 juicy1         
fine-grained1 nearly tender1 vinous1    
sweet at      skin to tart at center1   
good to best in quality4 ,seeds do not  
separate easily from the pulp unless    
fully ripe1 two to five1      average   
three1 intermediate in size and length1 
distinctly notched1      brownish2 raphe
 buried in a deep1 broad groove2 chalaza
 small1      nearly central1 oval to    
pear-shaped4 ,must #hj4   ,,louisiana4  
7,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,husmann1    
#ahff3aaj4 #b4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41      
#c3cja4 #ahfh4      #c4 ,grape ,cult41  
#a3bb1 #db1 #ajj1 #bdd1 #cbf4 #ahfi4 #d4
 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3aah4 #e4      

,husmann1 #ahie3ahc4 #f4 ,texas ,farm   
and      ,ranch1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahif3aj1    
#aa4 #g4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3df4      
#aija4       ,amoreaux 7#f74 ,burgunder 
7#a74 ,clevener8 7#f74 ,red ,elben 7#f74
      ,rulander 7#f74 ,st4 ,genevieve   
7#f74 7,n4 ,b4 ,reference number #f is  
to a red grape4 ,louisiana is black47   
,the grape here discussed is of cultural
 value in the ,south and is of interest 
from the standpoint of grape-breeding   
and1 historically1 to northern          
grape-growers4 ,louisiana first came to 
notice in ,missouri4 ,it was received   
about #ahfj or before by ,frederick     
,muench of ,marthasville1 ,warren       
,county1 ,missouri1 from a ,mr4 ,theard 
of ,new ,orleans1 ,louisiana1 under the 
name ,white and ,red ,burgundy4 ,both   
supposed varieties proved to be alike4  
,theard informed ,muench that the       
varieties had been imported from ,france
 about the first of the century by his  
7,theard's7 father4 ,there has been much
 difference of opinion as to whether    

this imputed origin is correct or not4  
,munson classes it with the ,devereaux  
section of the ,bourquiniana4 ,it is    
undoubtedly closely related to          
,herbemont1 ,lenoir1 and others of that 
class4  ,the variety has been much      
confused with ,rulander and some are of 
the opinion that the two varieties are  
identical4 ,those who cultivated it     
earliest and most extensively were1     
however1 of the opinion that they were  
very similar but distinct4 ,the vine is 
too tender in the ,north for cultivation
 and there are complaints from some     
sections in the ,south of the fruit     
rotting badly4  ,the following          
description is taken from various       
sources3       ,vine very vigorous1     
stocky1 short-jointed2 leaves cordate1  
not      lobed4 ,cluster medium to      
small1 shouldered1 compact4 ,berry      
small1      round1 black with blue      
bloom1 without pulp1 juicy1 spicy1      
sweet4   ,,lucile4  7,labrusca47        
#a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ah3cie4  

#ahii4 #b4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41      #fj3afg4
 #aija4 #c4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3df4   
#aija4 #d4      ,budd-,hansen1 #b3chd4  
#aijb4  ,lucile is of interest and of   
value because of its truly remarkable   
vine characters4 ,in vigor1 health1     
hardiness and productiveness it is not  
surpassed by any of the cultivated      
native grapes4 ,it is probably a        
seedling of ,wyoming but the vine is    
much more vigorous than even that       
variety1 which is considered a very     
strong grower4 ,yet with all of its     
great growth ,lucile ripens its wood    
almost perfectly4 ,it is very           
productive1 as much so as any other of  
our native grapes1 often bearing four   
bunches to the shoot1 its crops         
exceeding those of ,concord4 ,it has    
never been known to winterkill in the   
grape regions of ,new ,york and is      
probably as hardy as any other of our   
,labruscas4 ,its fruit and foliage are  
very nearly immune to the fungal        
diseases of the grape4  ,unfortunately  

the fruit characters of ,lucile are not 
as desirable as the vine characters4    
,the size1 form1 and color of bunches   
and berries are all good1 making a very 
attractive fruit1 but it has an         
obnoxious1 foxy taste and odor          
objectionable to those who know good    
grapes though even in flavor it is      
better than its supposed parent and is  
on a par with some of the other         
varieties of its season4 ,a further     
objection to the berries is that they   
are both pulpy and seedy4 ,it is earlier
 than ,concord1 coming about with       
,worden or preceding it a few days4 ,for
 so early a variety the fruit keeps very
 well and in spite of its somewhat thin 
skin ships very well4 ,it is not at all 
capricious as to soils1 seemingly       
thriving in all good grape soils4       
,illustration3 ,,lucile  ,lucile may be 
recommended where an extra hardy grape  
is desired1 for localities where the    
season is short1 and as a variety for   
breeding purposes1 should it prove      

capable of transmitting its vine        
characters1 and for those who do not    
object to foxiness of taste and aroma in
 grapes4  ,j4 ,a4 ,putnam of ,fredonia1 
,chautauqua ,county1 ,new ,york1 is the 
producer of ,lucile4 ,the vine fruited  
for the first time in #ahij1 it being   
then two years old1 and was introduced  
by ,lewis ,roesch of ,fredonia in #ahii4
 ,it is supposed to be a seedling of    
,wyoming which it resembles very much in
 both fruit and vine characters and     
surpasses in both4 ,it is a typical red 
,labrusca in all of its characters4     
,vine vigorous1 hardy1 very productive1 
yielding as good or better      crops   
than ,concord4 ,canes medium to long1   
rather numerous1      intermediate in   
thickness1 light brown2 nodes strongly  
enlarged1      usually flattened2       
internodes medium to short2 diaphragm   
moderately      thick2 pith about medium
 in size2 shoots slightly pubescent2    
tendrils continuous1 of average length1 
bifid to trifid4       ,leaf-buds below 

medium to small1 short1 moderately      
thick1 pointed      to conical1 open in 
mid-season4 ,young leaves heavily tinged
 on      lower side and along margin of 
upper side with bright carmine4         
,leaves healthy1 medium to large1 of    
average thickness1 firm2 upper          
surface light green1 glossy1 moderately 
smooth2 lower surface pale      green or
 with tinge of bronze1 pubescent2 veins 
distinct2 leaf      usually not lobed1  
with terminus acute2 petiolar sinus     
shallow1      narrow to medium1         
sometimes closed and overlapping2 basal 
sinus      usually absent2 lateral sinus
 a mere notch when present2 teeth very  
shallow1 of average width4 ,flowers     
fertile1 open early2 stamens            
upright4       ,fruit ripens earlier    
than ,concord or in some seasons about  
with      ,worden1 keeps fairly well4   
,clusters medium to large1 above average
      length1 slender1 cylindrical to   
tapering1 usually                       
single-shouldered1 very compact2        

peduncle intermediate in length1        
large2 pedicel short1 thick1 covered    
with few1 small1 inconspicuous          
warts2 brush light brown4 ,berries large
 to medium1 roundish to      somewhat   
oval when strongly compacted1 dark red1 
duller than      ,wyoming1 covered with 
thin lilac bloom1 persistent1 firm4     
,skin      medium to thin1 somewhat     
tender1 contains a small amount of light
      red pigment and some astringency4 
,flesh pale green1 translucent1         
juicy1 rather tough1 sometimes stringy1 
foxy1 sweet next the skin      to       
slightly tart at center1 fair to good in
 quality1 not equal to      ,concord but
 superior to ,wyoming4 ,seeds separate  
with difficulty      from the pulp1 one 
to four1 average three1 small1 broad1   
short to      medium1 blunt1 dark brown2
 raphe obscure2 chalaza intermediate in 
size1 slightly above center1 oval1      
distinct4   ,,lutie4  7,labrusca47      
#a4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bf3cjg4 #ahhd4 #b4    
,ib41 #bg3cjd4 #ahhe4 #c4      ,am4     

,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3he4 #d4 ,ib41  
#ahhi3abj1 #acf4 #e4      ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3fje4 #ahid4 #f4 ,bush4  
,cat41      #ahid3aej4 #g4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 
,bul41 ,vol4 #i3aib4 #ahif4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecb1 #ede1 #edg1  
#eee4 #ahih4 #i4 ,mich4 ,sta4           
,bul41 #afi3agb4 #ahii4 #aj4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3bi4      #aa4 ,kan4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bcf4 #aijb4  ,as with 
the preceding variety1 ,lutie is chiefly
 valuable for its vine characters4 ,it  
is vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1 and        
fruitful1 though scarcely equaling      
,lucile in any of these characters4     
,pomologists differ widely as to the    
merits of the fruit1 some claiming high 
qualities for it and others declaring   
that it is no better than the average   
wild ,labrusca4 ,the difference in      
opinion is partly due to a peculiarity  
of the fruit4 ,if eaten fresh from the  
vines1 the quality1 while far from being
 of the best1 is not wholly bad1 but    
after being picked for several days it  

develops so much foxiness of flavor and 
aroma that it is scarcely edible4 ,as   
,lutie grows on the ,station grounds its
 fruit has little merit1 though somewhat
 attractive in appearance1 and the      
variety can be recommended only for     
vigor1 hardiness1 resistance to disease 
and fruitfulness4 ,it is given the      
prominence of an illustration in ,the   
,grapes of ,new ,york out of respect for
 the opinions of others rather than for 
its merits as it grows here4 ,it makes a
 better showing in other grape regions4 
,lutie is a chance seedling found on the
 grounds of ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm of   
,spring ,hill1 near ,nashville1         
,davidson ,county1 ,tennessee4 ,it was  
introduced in #ahhe by ,messrs4         
,coleman1 ,webber and ,newson of        
,nashville4 ,lutie was placed on the    
grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog in #ahii where  
it has since been retained4 ,its gross  
characters are much the same as those of
 ,dracut ,amber1 ,lucile1 ,wyoming1 and 

,woodruff1 all typical red ,labruscas   
and worthy of cultivation only where    
better-flavored varieties cannot be     
grown4       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1     
healthy1 productive4 ,canes short1 of   
average      number1 slender1 dark      
reddish-brown2 nodes enlarged1 roundish2
      internodes short2 diaphragm thin2 
pith inclined to small2 shoots          
pubescent2 tendrils continuous1 short to
 medium1 bifid4       ,illustration3    
,,lutie       ,leaf-buds small1 short to
 medium1 slender1 open in mid-season4   
,young leaves tinged on lower side and  
along margin of upper side      with    
bright carmine4 ,leaves medium to small1
 of average thickness2      upper       
surface dark green1 often rugose2 lower 
surface bronze to      whitish-green1   
pubescent2 veins somewhat distinct2 leaf
 usually not      lobed1 with terminus  
acute to acuminate2 petiolar sinus      
moderately      deep1 medium to         
sometimes wide2 basal sinus lacking2    
lateral sinus      rather shallow and   

narrow when present2 teeth shallow1     
narrow4      ,flowers fertile1 open     
somewhat early2 stamens upright4        
,fruit ripens earlier than ,concord1    
some seasons about with ,worden1        
does not keep nor ship well4 ,clusters  
medium to small1 short and      broad1  
blunt at end1 cylindrical to sometimes  
conical1 usually not      shouldered1   
compact2 peduncle intermediate in       
length1 rather thick2      pedicel      
short1 of average thickness1 covered    
with small1      scattering1            
inconspicuous warts2 brush slender1 of  
average length1      pale green4        
,berries large to below medium1         
roundish1 light to dark      red1 dull1 
covered with thin1 whitish or lilac     
bloom1 drop badly      from pedicel1    
nearly firm4 ,skin intermediate in      
thickness somewhat      tender1 adheres 
to the pulp1 contains no pigment1       
astringent4 ,flesh      pale green1     
translucent1 moderately juicy1 somewhat 
tough1 strongly      foxy1 sweet next   

the skin to slightly tart at center1    
fair to      possibly good in quality4  
,seeds adhere to the pulp unless the    
fruit      is fully ripe1 one to four1  
average two1 usually above medium size1 
broad1 often rather short and blunt1    
dark brown2 raphe buried in a           
small1 rather indistinct groove2 chalaza
 large1 at center or      slightly      
above1 irregularly circular1 rather     
distinct4   ,mc,p,i,k,e4  7,labrusca47  
#a4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ee3fbb1 fig41 #fbg4
 #ahif4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4 ,rpt41
 #ahig3ac4 #c4 ,nat4 ,nurs41 #g3aai4    
#ahii4 #d4      ,ib41 #h3ic4 #aijj4 #e4 
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #fj3agj1 #bbf1 #bij1    
#fad1      #gaj4 #aija4  ,mc,pike is    
noteworthy chiefly because of the large 
size of the berries1 though the bunches1
 too1 average large4 ,the accompanying  
illustration shows the size of the berry
 accurately but the bunch1 as shown     
here1 is too small4#aih  ,mc,pike in    
vine and fruit characters is very       
similar to its parent1 ,worden1         

differing in having fewer but larger    
berries per bunch1 grapes not as high in
 flavor1 and fewer and smaller seeds4   
,because of a thin1 tender skin the     
berries crack somewhat1 shell more or   
less1 and the vines are less productive 
than those of ,worden4 ,the faults just 
named seem to debar it pretty           
effectually from becoming a commercial  
grape in ,new ,york and it is not high  
enough in quality and is lacking in too 
many other fruit characters to make it  
of value for the amateur4 ,it should be 
said1 however1 that the variety has not 
been largely tested in ,new ,york and   
further experience with it is needed to 
fully determine its value in this       
,state4  ,this variety was originated by
 ,h4 ,g4 ,mc,pike of ,mount ,lookout    
,park1 ,alton1 ,illinois1 from seed of  
,worden planted in #ahij4 ,it was       
introduced in #ahig by ,silas ,wilson of
 ,atlantic1 ,iowa4 ,mc,pike is a typical
 black descendant of ,concord1 bearing a
 strong resemblance in its gross        

characters to ,eaton1 ,hosford1         
,chautauqua1 ,king1 and its parent1     
,worden4       ,vine vigorous to medium1
 hardy1 productive to very productive4  
,canes intermediate in length1 number   
and thickness1 dull dark                
reddish-brown2 nodes enlarged1          
flattened2 internodes very short2       
diaphragm thick to medium2 pith large2  
shoots thinly pubescent2      tendrils  
continuous1 of average length1 bifid to 
trifid4       ,leaf-buds about average  
size1 short1 thick to medium1 obtuse to 
conical1 compressed4 ,leaves large1     
thick2 upper surface light      green1  
dull1 medium to slightly rugose2 lower  
surface grayish-white      to bronze1   
heavily pubescent2 veins fairly         
distinct2 leaf not      lobed1 with     
terminus acute to obtuse2 petiolar sinus
 deep to      medium1 rather wide2 basal
 and lateral sinuses lacking2 teeth     
intermediate in depth and width4        
,flowers fertile or nearly so4          
,fruit ripens about with ,concord or    

earlier1 appears to keep well4          
,clusters variable in size1 medium to   
short1 rather broad1      irregularly   
tapering with slight tendency to        
cylindrical1 often      blunt at ends1  
usually not shouldered1 two to three    
bunches per      shoot1 of average      
compactness2 peduncle medium to above in
 length1      thick2 pedicel long to    
medium1 thick1 quite brittle1 nearly    
smooth2      brush long1 slender1       
greenish with brown tinge4 ,berries     
unusually      large1 roundish1         
purplish-black to black1 covered with   
blue bloom1      firm4 ,skin of medium  
thickness1 variable in toughness1       
sometimes      cracks1 adheres          
considerably to the pulp1 contains a    
large amount      of purplish-red       
pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh pale green1 
translucent1      very juicy1 rather    
tender1 stringy1 vinous1 nearly sweet at
 skin to      rather acid at center1    
fair to good in quality4 ,seeds         
moderately      adherent to the pulp1   

one to four1 average two1 medium to     
below in      size1 short1 broad1 blunt1
 rather plump1 light brown2 raphe buried
      in a wide1 shallow groove2 chalaza
 rather large1 at center or             
slightly above1 somewhat obscure4       
,,magnate4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87     
#a4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3acj4 
#b4 ,ib41 #ahib3bgj4      #c4 ,bush4    
,cat41 #ahid3aea4 #d4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#id3ada4      #ahih4 #e4 ,ga4 ,sta4     
,bul41 #ec3df4 #aija4  ,illustration3   
,mc,p,i,k,e  ,magnate is a green        
seedling of ,concord and1 like several  
others of ,concord's light-colored      
offspring1 as ,lady and ,martha1 it is  
better in quality than the parent though
 the flesh characters are not as good4  
,it does not compare favorably with the 
best green grapes of its season1 either 
in appearance or quality and is not     
recommended for ,new ,york4  ,the       
variety was originated by either ,john  
,burr1 or ,dr4 ,stayman of ,leavenworth1
 ,kansas1 from seed of ,concord4 ,it was

 introduced by ,stayman  ,black in #ahia
 but has not been widely grown4 ,it is  
better known in the ,west than in the   
,east4       ,vine medium to vigorous1  
hardy except in severe winters1 medium  
to      productive4 ,canes intermediate 
in length1 number and size2 tendrils    
continuous1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves not
 always healthy1 large to      medium1  
variable in color2 lower surface        
grayish-white1 pubescent4      ,flowers 
nearly fertile1 open in mid-season or   
earlier2 stamens      upright4 ,fruit   
ripens about with ,concord1 keeps well4 
,clusters      medium to large1         
sometimes rather broad1 occasionally    
with a      medium-sized single         
shoulder1 usually compact and with many 
abortive fruits4 ,berries variable in   
size1 roundish1 pale green      with    
trace of yellow1 covered with a medium  
amount of gray bloom1      persistent4  
,flesh pale green1 slightly tough1      
vinous1 somewhat      musky1 nearly     
sweet at skin to acid at center1 fair to

 good in      quality4 ,seeds below     
medium to small1 short1 broad1 plump4   
,,manito4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1       
,bourquiniana1 ,lincecumii1 ,rupestris47
       #a4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bgi4  
#aijj4 #b4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41            
#ec3df4 #aija4 #c4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41      
#fj3fad4 #aija4 #d4 ,ib41      #fb3gij4 
#aijc4 #e4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#aijd3cje4 #f4 ,can4      ,cen4 ,exp4   
,farms ,rpt41 #aije3ajg4  ,manito is one
 of ,munson's grapes recommended for    
both the ,north and the ,south4 ,it is  
remarkable in having for its immediate  
ancestors five species1 ,lincecumii1    
,rupestris1 ,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 and   
,bourquiniana4 ,as ,manito grows at this
 ,station1 its vine characters are all  
good and the fruit is passably so4      
,according to the originator1 the       
variety endures extremes of climate very
 well and has stood the cold of the ,new
 ,york winter and the heat of summer    
without any perceptible injury4 ,the    
fruit is not sufficiently handsome nor  

of high enough quality to recommend the 
variety highly for this ,state1 but it  
keeps well1 ships well1 is said to make 
good wine1 and is worthy a trial in     
experimental vineyards at least4 ,a     
point of merit is earliness1 as it      
ripens just before ,moore ,early4  ,the 
variety was produced from seed of       
,america pollinated by ,brilliant4 ,the 
seed of ,manito was planted in #ahie and
 the variety was introduced by the      
originator in #ahii4       ,vine medium 
to vigorous1 hardy1 medium to           
productive4 ,canes long1      rather    
numerous and thick1 dark reddish-brown1 
surface covered with      blue bloom1   
nodes enlarged1 often flattened2        
internodes      intermediate in length2 
diaphragm thick2 pith large to medium2  
shoots thinly pubescent2 tendrils medium
 to above in length1 bifid      to      
trifid4       ,leaf-buds large1 of      
average length1 thickish1 conical to    
obtuse1      open very late4 ,young     
leaves tinged on under side and along   

margin      of upper side with          
rose-carmine4 ,leaves medium to below1  
of average      thickness2 upper surface
 dark green1 glossy1 smooth to medium2  
lower surface duller than upper surface1
 thinly pubescent2 veins      moderately
 distinct2 lobes usually three in       
number1 with terminal      lobe         
variable2 petiolar sinus medium to deep1
 inclined to narrow2      basal sinus   
usually lacking2 lateral sinus shallow1 
narrow1 often a      mere notch2 teeth  
of average depth1 wide4 ,flowers        
semi-fertile1      open in mid-season or
 later2 stamens upright4       ,fruit   
ripens about with ,moore ,early1 keeps  
and ships well4 ,clusters      large to 
below medium1 often quite long1 slender 
to medium1      cylindrical1 sometimes  
with enlarged end1 usually not          
shouldered1      loose2 peduncle        
intermediate in length1 slender2 pedicel
 short1      slender1 nearly smooth2    
brush light green with faint reddish    
tinge4      ,berries intermediate in    

size1 roundish to slightly oval1 dull   
purplish-black1 covered with a medium   
amount of blue bloom1      persistent1  
moderately firm4 ,skin thin1 tender1    
adheres      considerably to the pulp1  
contains a large amount of wine-colored 
pigment1 slightly astringent4 ,flesh    
pale green1 with slight pink      tinge1
 translucent1 moderately juicy1 tender  
and almost melting1      not very       
aromatic1 sweet next the skin to        
agreeably tart at center1      good in  
quality4 ,seeds separate easily from the
 pulp1 one to four1      average two1   
surface often rough and warty1          
intermediate in size1      length and   
breadth1 darkish brown2 raphe obscure2  
chalaza of fair      size1 oval to      
rather pear-shaped1 often indistinct4   
,,marie ,,louise4  7,labrusca1          
,vinifera87       #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4   
,rpt41 #ahhg3fcd4 #b4 ,bush4 ,cat41     
#ahid3aea4      #c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt41 #ae3bie4 #ahif4 #d4 ,ib41        
#ag3ecb1      #edh1 #eee4 #ahih4 #e4    

,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #id3ada4 #ahih4 #f4   
,ga4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3df4 #aija4   
,the parentage of ,marie ,louise is     
unknown but it seems to be a typical    
green seedling of ,concord and1 as      
tested at this ,station1 is of no       
especial merit4 ,it is surpassed by     
,diamond1 ,lady1 ,martha1 and nearly a  
score of other green grapes4  ,the vine 
characters here are not satisfactory4   
,it is only moderately productive and   
for some years has been affected with   
chlorosis4  ,illustration3 ,,manito     
,marie ,louise was originated by        
,theophile ,huber of ,illinois ,city1   
,illinois1 about #ahhj4 ,besides the    
characters of the variety1 the work of  
the originator would indicate that it is
 a ,concord seedling4 ,there are no     
records of its ever having been widely  
disseminated4       ,vine intermediate  
in vigor1 not hardy nor productive4     
,canes short1      not numerous1 dark   
brown2 tendrils continuous1 bifid4      
,leaves small      to medium1           

intermediate in thickness and           
smoothness2 lower surface      tinged   
with bronze1 heavily pubescent4 ,flowers
 nearly fertile1 open      in           
mid-season2 stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens about with ,worden1      does not
 keep well4 ,clusters small to medium1  
short1 slender1      cylindrical1       
usually with a small single shoulder1   
rather loose4      ,berries small to    
medium1 roundish to oval1 pale green    
with tinge of      yellow1 covered with 
thin gray bloom1 shatter badly1 not very
 firm4      ,skin thin1 of medium       
toughness4 ,flesh pale green1 tender1   
sprightly1 somewhat vinous1 sweet at    
skin to tart at center1 good      to    
very good in quality4 ,seeds separate   
easily from the pulp1 not      numerous1
 small1 short and broad1 plump4   7,i7  
,,marion4  7,riparia1 ,labrusca47       
#a4 ,horticulturist1 #ac3ac4 #aheh4 #b4 
,mag4 ,hort41 #bf3ajj4      #ahfj4 #c4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfj3hc4 #d4   
,fuller1      #ahfg3bdd4 #e4 ,bush4     

,cat41 #ahhc3abj4 #f4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41
      #ad3hi4 #ahij4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt41 #aj3dig4 #ahia4 #h4         
,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bee4 #ahic4 #i4  
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3ecb1 
#ede1 #edf1 #edh1 #eee1 #eei4 #ahih4    
,black ,german 7#b74 ,,marion ,,port    
7#b1 #d74  ,marion is an old variety of 
unknown parentage but so closely        
resembling ,clinton in both botanical   
and horticultural characters as to be   
clearly of the type of that variety4 ,in
 many grape regions it is held that this
 variety surpasses ,clinton as both a   
table and a wine grape4 ,the growth of  
,marion is vigorous1 the vine is hardy  
but hardly sufficiently productive1 and 
is susceptible to mildew and to         
leaf-hoppers4 ,the fruit is pleasantly  
sweet and spicy though not of high      
enough quality for a table grape1 but   
making1 according to the following1 from
 a ,french authority1 a very good dark  
red wine4#aii  ,with regard to intense  
coloring1 without any foxy taste1       

nothing equals the wine made of the     
,marion grape2 one-twentieth part is    
sufficient to give to water even a      
superior wine color2 the somewhat violet
 shade is easily transformed into a     
lively red by adding some acid wine or a
 very small quantity of tartaric acid4  
,the fruit colors early in the season   
but ripens very late1 hanging well on   
the vines and improving with a light    
touch of frost4 ,marion is not much     
grown in ,new ,york as a wine grape1    
though it might prove of value because  
of its coloring properties for the      
making of some wines4  ,this variety was
 brought to notice by a ,mr4 ,shepherd  
of ,marion1 ,ohio1 over fifty years ago4
 ,it was first known as ,black ,german  
but this name was changed to ,marion    
,port4 ,at about the same time1         
,nicholas ,longworth received a variety 
resembling the ,isabella from ,marion1  
,ohio1 probably also from ,shepherd1    
which he disseminated under the name    
,marion4 ,owing to the similarity of the

 names1 the two varieties became badly  
confused4 ,the true ,marion1 which many 
believed to be identical with ,york     
,madeira1 was soon dropped from         
cultivation and the ,marion ,port       
assumed the name of ,marion4 ,shepherd  
did not know where the ,marion ,port had
 originated but stated that it had come 
originally from ,pennsylvania4 ,it is   
quite possible that it is some old      
variety reintroduced under this name4   
,the species of the variety is usually  
given as ,riparia but as the tendrils   
are often continuous1 there is evidently
 an admixture of ,labrusca blood4       
,vine vigorous1 usually hardy1 medium to
 productive1 susceptible to      injury 
from leaf-hoppers4 ,canes very long1    
intermediate in number      and         
thickness1 dark reddish-brown1 surface  
covered with blue bloom2      nodes     
slightly enlarged1 flattened2 internodes
 very long to medium2      diaphragm    
thin2 pith of average size2 shoots      
glabrous1 younger      shoots tinged    

with reddish-purple2 tendrils           
continuous1 sometimes      intermittent1
 long1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds nearly   
medium in size and thickness1 short1    
conical1      often strongly compressed1
 open early2 young leaves tinged on     
under      side and along margin of     
upper side with carmine4 ,leaves        
unusually      large1 of average        
thickness2 upper surface dark green1    
glossy2      lower surface pale green1  
somewhat cobwebby to nearly smooth2     
veins      well defined2 leaf not lobed 
with terminus acuminate2 petiolar       
sinus very deep1 narrow1 often closed   
and overlapping2 basal and      lateral 
sinuses lacking2 teeth shallow1 rather  
wide4 ,flowers      sterile1 open very  
early2 stamens reflexed4                
,illustration3 ,,marion       ,fruit    
ripens in mid-season1 keeps fairly well4
 ,clusters medium to      below1 short  
and slender1 cylindrical to tapering1   
single-shouldered1 compact2 peduncle    
short1 intermediate in      thickness2  

pedicel short1 slender1 covered with    
few1 inconspicuous      warts2 brush    
very short1 wine-colored4 ,berries      
medium to small1      roundish1 black1  
slightly glossy1 covered with abundant  
blue bloom1      persistent1 firm4 ,skin
 medium to thin1 rather tough1 adheres  
slightly to the pulp1 contains much dark
 wine-colored pigment1      slightly    
astringent4 ,flesh dark green1          
translucent1 juicy1      fine-grained1  
tough1 sprightly1 spicy1 agreeably tart 
but free from      astringency1 no more 
than fair in quality4 ,seeds adhere     
somewhat to      the pulp1 one to five1 
average four1 above medium in size1     
broad1      short1 usually not notched1 
very plump1 brownish2 raphe buried in a 
narrow1 shallow groove2 chalaza small1  
nearly central1 oval1      obscure4     
7,,ii7 ,,marion4  7,labrusca1           
,vinifera87       #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4     
,off4 ,rpt41 #ahef3dcc4 #b4 ,downing1   
#aheg3cda4      #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahfj3hc4 #d4 ,mag4 ,hort41      

#bf3ajj4      #ahfj4 #e4 787 ,gar4      
,mon41 #c3eb4 #ahfa4 #f4 ,fuller1       
#ahfg3bdd4      #g4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41     
#ec3gic4 #ahid4       ,,german ,,grape  
7#g74  ,this variety much resembles     
,isabella and was said by some to be    
identical with it4 ,it is probably the  
same as ,york ,maderia4 ,downing#bjj    
discusses it as follows3  ,origin       
unknown4 ,sent to ,mr4 ,longworth from  
,marion1 ,ohio1 and by him disseminated4
 ,it much resembles the ,isabella in    
shape and size of berry and form of     
bunch1 but more uniform in its ripening 
and more delicate in flavor1 ripening   
about the same time4 ,growth healthy1   
making firm and short-jointed wood1 with
 strong1 red tendrils2 a good bearer4   
,bunches large1 regular1 seldom         
shouldered4 ,berries large1 round1      
inclining to oval1 dark purple with a   
bloom1 juice abundant1 pulp thin1 not   
sufficiently tested for wine1 a         
promising variety4   ,,martha4          
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87       #a4 ,mag4 

,hort41 #cj3bf4 #ahfd4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4  
,a4 ,rpt41      #ahfe3aif4 #c4 ,fuller1 
#ahfg3bbg4 #d4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #cd3bcf4   
#ahfh4 #e4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3aj1 #ad1   
#ae1 #db1 #abi1 fig41 #acj4      #ahfi4 
#f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfi3db4   
#g4 ,bush4 ,cat41      #ahhc3aai4 fig4  
#h4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ad3hi4 #ahij4   
#i4 ,ill4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfe4    
#ahic4 #aj4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3dj1   
#db1 #dd1      #df4 #ahii4 #aa4 ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ah3cif4 #ahii4       
,miller ,no4 #a 7#b1 #e74  ,martha was  
at one time the most popular of the     
green grapes but the introduction of    
many other green varieties of superior  
fruit and vine characters has gradually 
reduced its popularity until it is now  
but little grown4 ,it is a seedling of  
,concord and resembles its parent       
greatly1 differing from it chiefly in   
the following particulars3 ,fruit green1
 a week or more earlier1 bunch and      
berries smaller1 quality far better1    
being sweeter1 more delicate1 and with  

less foxiness and less pulp4 ,about the 
only difference in the vines is a       
lighter shade of green in ,martha and   
less robustness1 with blossoms opening a
 few days earlier than ,concord4 ,martha
 is often sold in the markets as        
,niagara1 though the resemblance between
 the two is not strong1 the ,niagara    
being larger in bunch and berry and not 
as high in quality4 ,one of the defects 
of ,martha1 and the chief cause of its  
going out of favor1 is that it does not 
keep nor ship well4 ,a very good white  
wine is made from ,martha4 ,the variety 
is still being planted in some parts of 
the ,south1 but is generally abandoned  
in the ,north4  ,samuel ,miller1 then of
 ,calmdale1 ,lebanon ,county1           
,pennsylvania1 grew ,martha from seed of
 ,concord sent him by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull4    
,the variety was introduced about #ahfh 
by ,j4 ,knox of ,pittsburg1             
,pennsylvania4 ,it was placed on the    
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog list in #ahfi and dropped from  

that list in #ahii4       ,vine variable
 in vigor1 hardy1 intermediate in       
productiveness1      somewhat           
susceptible to attacks of mildew in     
unfavorable seasons4      ,canes medium 
to long1 of average number and size1    
rather dark      reddish-brown1 surface 
covered with thin bloom1 slightly       
roughened2      tendrils continuous to  
intermittent1 bifid4 ,leaves large to   
medium1      rather thick2 upper surface
 light green1 intermediate in           
smoothness2 lower surface light bronze1 
heavily pubescent2 veins      well      
defined4 ,flowers self-fertile1 open in 
mid-season2 stamens      upright4       
,fruit ripens somewhat earlier than     
,concord1 does not keep nor ship        
well4 ,clusters medium in size1 often   
below average length1      intermediate 
in width1 tapering to cylindrical1      
usually      single-shouldered1 inclined
 to be loose4 ,berries medium in size1  
roundish1 light green with tinge of     
yellow1 covered with thin gray          

bloom1 persistent1 medium in firmness4  
,skin thin1 very tender1 does      not  
usually crack1 adheres considerably to  
the pulp1 contains no      pigment1 with
 scarcely any astringency4 ,flesh pale  
yellowish-green1      juicy1 moderately 
tough1 fine-grained1 slightly foxy1     
sweet at skin      to somewhat tart at  
center1 mild1 good to very good in      
quality but      not as good as ,lady4  
,seeds few in number1 rather adherent1  
intermediate in size and length1 broad1 
rather blunt1 dark brown2      raphe    
obscure2 chalaza small1 slightly above  
center1 oval1      frequently shows as a
 mere depression4 ,must #he-ij4         
,illustration3 ,,massasoit              
,,massasoit4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47   
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfb3adh1  
#aeb4 #b4 ,horticulturist1      #ah3ii4 
#ahfc4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41      
#ahfg3dd4 #d4      ,horticulturist1     
#bd3abf4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,grape ,cult41      
#a3ahj1 #cbf4      #ahfi4 #f4 ,ind4     
,sta4 ,bul41 #cc3cd4 #ahij4 #g4 ,gar4   

and ,for41      #c3bad1 #bee1 #dij4     
#ahij4 #h4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3afd4  
#ahia4      #i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      
,rpt41 #aj3dig4 #ahia4 #aj4 ,bush4      
,cat41      #ahid3aed4 #aa4 ,n4 ,y4     
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #edh1 #eee4  
#ahih4       ,,rogers' ,,no4 #c 7#a1 #b1
 #c74 ,rogers' ,no4 #c 7#d1 #e1 #f1     
#aj74  ,massasoit is distinguished as   
being the earliest of ,rogers' hybrids  
though it is not1 as some viticulturists
 say1 as early as ,hartford1 ripening   
rather with ,delaware or a little later4
 ,it has the peculiarity or defect of   
being at its best before full maturity1 
and of developing after ripening a      
degree of foxiness which impairs its    
quality4 ,in shape and size of berry1   
and sometimes in bunch1 there is a      
striking resemblance to ,isabella1      
another suggestion of ,vinifera in the  
latter sort1 but the color is that of   
,catawba4 ,the texture of the fruit is  
especially good1 firm but tender and    
juicy1 while the flavor1 as with all of 

,rogers' grapes1 is rich and sweet1     
though in the case of ,massasoit1 hardly
 as good as others of these hybrids4    
,the vine is vigorous1 hardy and        
productive but very subject to mildew   
and rot4 ,massasoit is well worth a     
place in the home vineyard1 and as an   
early grape1 of fine quality for the    
local market4  ,for an account of the   
early history and parentage of          
,massasoit the reader is referred to    
,rogers' ,hybrids4 ,the variety         
attracted considerable attention even   
while it was known only as ,rogers' ,no4
 #c and was placed on the ,american     
,pomological ,society's list of         
recommended sorts as early as #ahfg4 ,in
 #ahfi it was named by ,rogers after    
,massasoit1 the ,indian chief who was so
 intimately connected with the early    
history of ,massachusetts4       ,vine  
vigorous to very vigorous1 hardy in all 
but unusually cold      winters1 often  
very productive1 very subject to rot and
 mildew4      ,canes long1 intermediate 

in number1 thick1 inclined to dark brown
      with slight reddish tinge2 nodes  
enlarged1 flattened2 internodes         
long to medium2 diaphragm of average    
thickness2 pith large2 shoots           
thinly pubescent2 tendrils continuous1  
long1 trifid to bifid4       ,leaf-buds 
large to medium1 long1 unusually thick1 
obtuse to      conical1 heavily coated  
with brownish pubescence4 ,young leaves 
tinged on upper and under sides with    
rose-carmine4 ,leaves variable      in  
size1 medium to thin1 upper surface     
light green1 dull1 smooth      to       
medium2 lower surface pale green1       
slightly pubescent2 veins well          
defined2 lobes three to sometimes       
obscurely five with terminus      acute2
 petiolar sinus deep1 narrow to medium2 
basal sinus shallow1      narrow1 often 
obscure2 teeth very shallow1 of average 
width4      ,flowers sterile1 open      
moderately late2 stamens reflexed4      
,fruit ripens about with ,delaware1     
keeps well4 ,clusters variable in       

size1 of medium length1 often rather    
broad1 cylindrical to      tapering1    
frequently single-shouldered1 variable  
in compactness2      peduncle short to  
medium1 thick2 pedicel of average       
length1 slender      to medium1 covered 
with few1 indistinct warts1 enlarged at 
point of      attachment to fruit2 brush
 of fair length1 pale green4 ,berries   
large to medium1 roundish to oval1 dark 
brownish-red1 dull1 covered      with   
lilac bloom1 very persistent1 moderately
 firm4 ,skin thin1      tender1 adheres 
considerably to the pulp1 contains no   
pigment1      astringent4 ,flesh pale   
green1 translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained1
      somewhat soft1 stringy1 foxy1     
sweet next the skin but acid at         
center1 good to very good in quality1   
somewhat resembling ,salem4      ,seeds 
slightly adherent1 one to five1 average 
three1 large to      medium1 somewhat   
broad1 distinctly notched1 above medium 
in length1      plump1 blunt2 raphe     
buried in a deep1 broad groove2 chalaza 

small1      slightly above center1      
circular to nearly oval1 often showing  
only      as a depression4              
,,maxatawney4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47  
#a4 ,horticulturist1 #ae3acd1 #aia1     
#ech4 #ahfj4 #b4 ,gar4 ,mon41           
#c3cda4 #ahfa4 col4 pl4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfb3ace1      #aeb4 #d4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfb3ij4 #e4   
,grape ,cult41      #a3aj1 #db1 #ada1   
#adi1 #bif1 #cfh4 #ahfi4 #f4 ,ib41      
#b3gf1 #he1      fig41 #hf1 #big4 #ahgj4
 #g4 ,bush ,cat41 #ahhc3abj1 #aba4 fig4 
#h4 ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aj3aa4 #ahij4   
#i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41           
#aa3fcj4 #ahib4 #aj4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41
 ,vol4 #i3ahd4 #ahif4 #aa4      ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #edh1 #eef4  
#ahih4  ,at one time very popular1      
grape-growers now seldom hear of        
,maxatawney4 ,at best it is not a       
northern grape1 ripening its fruit in   
,new ,york only occasionally1 and is    
much subject to fungal diseases4 ,it is 
an interesting variety historically as  

being one of the first good green grapes
 and as showing almost unmistakable     
,vinifera characters1 probably another  
example of the fortuitous hybridization 
which gave us so many valuable varieties
 before artificial hybridization of     
,vinifera with native grapes had been   
tried4  ,in #ahdc1 a man living in      
,eagleville1 ,montgomery ,county1       
,pennsylvania1 received several bunches 
of grapes from a friend in ,maxatawney1 
,berks ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the     
seeds of these grapes were planted and  
the following spring one seed grew4     
,this was the original vine of what was 
later named ,maxatawney4 ,it attracted  
no more than local attention until about
 #ahfj when1 through the efforts of     
,peter ,crans of ,philadelphia1 it      
received several favorable notices in   
the horticultural press and cuttings    
were disseminated for testing4 ,the man 
who had originated the variety1 for fear
 of being besieged by amateur grape     
cultivators1 never allowed his name to  

become known4 ,maxatawney was placed on 
the ,american ,pomological ,society list
 of sorts recommended for cultivation in
 #ahfb1 but was dropped in #ahig4 ,from 
the first it has been recognized that   
,maxatawney shows ,vinifera blood4 ,some
 have even gone so far as to say that it
 is a derivative1 in part1 from ,malaga4
 ,it does not appear1 however1 that such
 preciseness is justified4 ,the vine    
shows the continuous tendrils and the   
thick1 pubescent leaf of ,labrusca4 ,in 
the lobing of the leaves1 the           
susceptibility to mildew1 the oval      
berries1 the vinous flavor1 and the     
appearance of occasional seeds1 one can 
detect the characters of ,vinifera4     
,vine medium to vigorous1 not always    
hardy1 variable in      productiveness4 
,canes medium to above in length1 of    
average number1      slender to medium2 
tendrils continuous1 bifid4 ,leaves     
medium to      large1 dark green1 thick2
 lower surface grayish-white with tinge 
of      bronze1 heavily pubescent4      

,flowers sterile or nearly so1 some     
blossoms imperfectly self-fertile1 open 
in mid-season2 stamens      upright4    
,fruit ripens after ,concord1 in some   
seasons fully as late      as ,catawba1 
keeps fairly well4 ,clusters small to   
above medium1      often short and      
slender1 cylindrical1 occasionally with 
a small      single shoulder1 rather    
open to fairly compact4 ,berries        
variable in      size1 oval1 not uniform
 in color1 pale red or dull greenish    
with      amber tinge1 covered with thin
 gray bloom1 persistent4 ,skin medium   
in thickness1 often very tough1         
astringent4 ,flesh slightly tender1     
foxy1 sweet at skin to tart at center1  
good to very good in      quality4      
,seeds few1 separate easily from the    
pulp1 large1 of medium      length1 very
 broad1 blunt4 ,must #gf4   ,,merrimac4 
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfj3hf4 #b4 ,gar4  
,mon41 #f3bc1      #adj1 #bgf1 #bgg4    
fig4 #ahfd4 #c4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4     

,rpt41      #ahfe3dj4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ag4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfe3cci4 fig4 #e4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfg3dd4 #f4        
,fuller1 #ahfg3bbi1 #bcj4 #g4           
,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4 #ahfi4 #h4    
,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41 #e3bfc4      #ahfi4 
#i4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3aha1 #bci1 #cbg4  
#ahfi4 #aj4 ,mich4      ,pom4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #ahge3cig4 fig4 #aa4 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahhc3aba4      #ab4 ,mich4 ,sta4
 ,bul41 #g3acc4 #ahhe4 #ac4 ,ark4 ,sta4 
,bul41      #ci3cb4 #ahif4 #ad4 ,tenn4  
,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3ahd4 #ahif4 #ae4  
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaej1 #aaei4     
#ahih4 #af4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4          
,rpt41 #ag3ecc4 #eda1 #edd1 #edh1 #eef4 
#ahih4       ,,rogers' ,,no4 #ai 7#a1   
#b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f74 ,rogers' ,no4 #ai  
7#g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1      #aa1 #ac74       
,merrimac is accredited by some         
grape-growers as the best black grape   
among ,rogers' hybrids1 but an analysis 
of the characters of the several black  
varieties produced by ,rogers seems to  
show that it is surpassed at least by   

,wilder and ,herbert and possibly by    
,barry4 ,the attributes of ,merrimac are
 so nearly those given for the several  
others of these grapes hitherto         
described1 that there need be no general
 discussion of it here other than to    
state its chief points of difference4   
,it is stronger in growth1 slightly more
 productive1 possibly hardier1 and more 
exempt from fungal diseases than the    
average of ,rogers' hybrids4 ,its season
 is about that of ,concord1 a little    
earlier than that of most of its kindred
 hybrids4 ,it is not as high in quality1
 and its flesh1 skin and seed characters
 are such that it is not as pleasant to 
eat as the black varieties named above4 
,merrimac is worthy a place in          
collections and in the gardens for the  
sake of variety4  ,for a full account of
 the parentage and details of the origin
 of the variety see ,rogers' ,hybrids4  
,merrimac was first known as ,no4 #ai1  
and was considered by those to whom     
,rogers sent his grapes of peculiar     

excellence1 and was granted a premium by
 the ,essex ,agricultural ,society in   
#ahei4 ,in #ahfg1 ,merrimac1 with five  
others of ,rogers' numbered varieties1  
was placed on the grape list of the     
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog1 where it is still retained4 ,in
 #ahfi1 ,rogers gave this variety the   
name ,merrimac after the historic ,new  
,england river4       ,vine vigorous1   
usually hardy but subject to injury in  
severe      seasons1 moderately         
productive to productive4 ,canes        
intermediate in      length and number1 
medium to slender1 dark brown1 surface  
slightly      roughened2 nodes somewhat 
enlarged1 usually flattened2 internodes 
medium to short2 diaphragm thick2 pith  
of average thickness2 shoots      nearly
 glabrous2 tendrils intermittent1 short1
 bifid4       ,leaf-buds intermediate in
 size1 short to medium1 thick1 obtuse to
      conical1 open in mid-season4      
,young leaves tinged on lower side and  
along margin of upper side with         

rose-carmine4 ,leaves large to          
medium1 thin2 upper surface very light  
green1 glossy1 nearly      smooth2 lower
 surface pale green1 slightly pubescent 
and cobwebby2      veins distinct2 lobes
 usually three with terminal lobe       
obtuse2      petiolar sinus medium to   
deep1 narrow1 sometimes closed and      
overlapping2 basal sinus usually        
lacking2 lateral sinus shallow1         
narrow2 teeth shallow to medium1 of     
average width4 ,flowers sterile1        
open in mid-season2 stamens reflexed4   
,illustration3 ,,merrimac       ,fruit  
ripens with or later than ,concord1     
ships and keeps well4      ,clusters    
variable in size1 intermediate in       
length1 often broad1      tapering to   
cylindrical1 variable in compactness2   
peduncle short to      medium1 of       
average thickness2 pedicel intermediate 
in length1      slender1 covered with   
numerous1 small1 inconspicuous warts2   
brush      wine-colored4 ,berries large 
to medium1 roundish1 black1 glossy1     

covered with abundant blue bloom1       
persistent1 firm4 ,skin thick1          
tough1 adheres slightly to the pulp1    
contains a small amount of              
wine-colored pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh
 light green1 translucent1      juicy1  
moderately fine-grained1 medium tender1 
stringy1 with little      or no aroma1  
good in quality4 ,seeds rather adherent1
 one to five1      average four1        
somewhat large and broad1 long to       
medium1 frequently      with enlarged   
neck1 brownish2 raphe sometimes shows as
 a narrow      cord2 chalaza of average 
size1 plainly above center1 distinct4   
,,mills4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       
#a4 ,horticulturist1 #cj3ic4 #ahge4 #b4 
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #dg3add1      #adf4 fig4
 #ahhh4 #c4 ,can4 ,hort41 #aa3ajb1 #ajc4
 fig4 #ahhh4      #d4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4
 ,rpt41 #ahhh-i3ajg4 #e4 ,kan4 ,sta4    
,bul41      #ad3hi4 #ahij4 #f4 ,ib41    
#bh3afj4 #ahia4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt41 #ab3fba4 #ahic4 #h4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41 #ec3f4 #ahid4 #i4      ,bush4      

,cat41 #ahid3aee4 #aj4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41  
#ed3gae1 #ggi1 #gie4      #ahie4 #aa4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahig3ai4 #ab4  
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 
#edh1 #eef1 #eei4 #ahih4 #ac4 ,mich4    
,sta4 ,bul41      #afi3agc4 #ahii4 #ad4 
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3df1 #ea4 #aija4   
,probably none of the commonly          
cultivated grapes varies more under     
different cultural conditions than      
,mills4 ,it is chiefly from this fact   
that viticulturists are so diverse in   
their opinions of it1 some claiming that
 it is among our best grapes and others 
pronouncing it almost worthless4 ,mills 
grown in the vineyards of this ,station 
is one of the half dozen best out of    
#bgj varieties in its fruit characters4 
,the bunches and berries are large and  
well-formed1 the berries being a        
handsome black with bluish bloom and    
adhering so firmly to the stem that the 
fruit may be left until ,april without  
shelling4 ,the berries are firm and     
solid1 with the skin adherent to the    

pulp almost as in the ,viniferas1 and   
with the same texture of flesh as in    
,black ,hamburg4 ,the flesh1 despite the
 solidity1 is juicy and parts readily   
from the seeds4 ,its flavor is rich1    
sweet1 vinous1 with a trace of          
muskiness4 ,the grapes are hardly       
surpassed in keeping quality and seldom 
if ever crack or shatter4 ,the season is
 a little earlier than ,concord4  ,but  
when we have described its fruit        
characters1 practically all that can be 
is said in its favor4 ,the vines are of 
only medium vigor1 are not hardy1 are   
fruitful only under the most favorable  
conditions1 and are very subject to     
mildew4 ,in ,new ,york neither wood nor 
roots ripen well in the average season  
and the variety is a most difficult one 
for nurserymen to handle4 ,that it      
succeeds only on certain soils is known 
but data are not at hand to determine   
what conditions of soil suit it best4   
,the soil on which the vines of this    
,station are growing is a rather heavy1 

rich clay and ,mills makes a very fair  
growth here4 ,the variety is of doubtful
 commercial value1 unless it be for a   
special market1 but for the garden or   
the amateur viticulturist it is         
undoubtedly one of the best if adapted  
to the soil and location4 ,it is        
possible that the commercial grower may 
be able to graft it to advantage on some
 variety with better vine characters4   
,william ,h4 ,mills of ,hamilton1       
,ontario1 produced the ,mills grape     
about #ahgj from seed of ,muscat        
,hamburg fertilized by ,creveling4 ,it  
was not introduced to the public1       
however1 until #ahhh1 when it was       
offered for sale by ,ellwanger  ,barry  
of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,mills was   
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahig but was dropped from   
the list two years later4 ,the variety  
has been widely tested but as yet has   
not become of commercial importance in  
any of the grape regions of the country4

       ,vine medium to above in vigor1  
not hardy1 productive unless injured    
by the winter1 somewhat subject to      
mildew4 ,canes long1 of medium          
size1 rather thick1 light brown2 nodes  
slightly enlarged and      flattened1   
internodes medium to large2 diaphragm   
rather thick2 pith      quite large2    
shoots slightly pubescent2 tendrils     
intermittent1 of      average length1   
bifid to trifid4       ,leaf-buds small 
to medium1 short1 somewhat slender1     
conical to      pointed1 open very late4
 ,young leaves tinged with carmine      
slightly      on under side and along   
margin of upper side1 which is heavily  
coated with whitish pubescence4 ,leaves 
medium to large1 thick2      upper      
surface dark green1 dull1 medium to     
rugose2 lower surface      pale green1  
cobwebby2 lobes three to five with      
terminus acute to      acuminate2       
petiolar sinus intermediate in depth and
 width2 basal      and lateral sinuses  
quite deep and wide2 teeth deep1 of     

average      width4 ,flowers nearly     
fertile1 open in mid-season2 stamens    
upright4       ,fruit ripens somewhat   
later than ,concord1 an unusually good  
shipper      and keeper4 ,clusters large
 to medium1 long1 slender to medium1    
cylindrical to slightly tapering1 often 
single-shouldered but      sometimes    
double-shouldered1 compact2 peduncle    
short1 thick2      pedicel intermediate 
in length1 medium to slender1 covered   
with      numerous1 small warts1 much   
enlarged at point of attachment to      
fruit2 brush moderately long1           
wine-colored4 ,berries large1 oval to   
roundish1 very dark red to jet-black    
when fully ripe1 covered with           
abundant blue bloom1 very persistent1   
firm4 ,skin thick and somewhat          
tough1 strongly adherent to the pulp1   
not astringent4 ,flesh light      green1
 translucent1 juicy1 not tough but      
meaty1 with a rich1      sprightly      
flavor1 vinous1 sweet1 very good to     
best4 ,seeds separate      easily from  

the pulp1 one to three1 average two1    
medium to large1      variable in length
 and bluntness1 brownish1 frequently    
with      enlarged neck2 raphe obscure2 
chalaza small1 above center1            
irregularly oval to pear-shaped1        
distinct4  ,illustration3 ,,mills       
,,missouri ,,riesling4#bja  7,riparia1  
,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #ahha3cc1 #adi4 #b4 ,ill4 ,hort4 
,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahhc3gf4 #c4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahhc3ajc1 #acb4 #d4 ,am4        
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahhi3bd4 #e4 ,gar4  
and ,for41 #c3bij1 #eii4      #ahij4 #f4
 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ad3hi4 #ahij4 #g4  
,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #bh3bfe4 #ahic4 
#h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3fje4  
#ahid4 #i4      ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3e1  
#aef4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41    
#ag3ecc1      #edh1 #eef1 #ahih4 #aa4   
,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3hf4 #aijj4      
,,riesling 7#c74 ,grein's ,no4 #a 7#c1  
#i74  ,unfortunately the ,southern      
,riparia seedlings1 ,missouri ,riesling1
 ,elvira1 ,noah1 ,grein ,golden1 and    

others1 do not attain perfection in ,new
 ,york4 ,the vines are sufficiently     
hardy1 vigorous1 productive1 and        
healthy1 as a rule1 but the fruit is    
lacking in quality and not acceptable   
for table use nor wholly desirable in   
wine-making4 ,it is only in the long    
seasons and under the sunny skies of the
 ,south that the varieties of this group
 of ,riparias are well grown4 ,as one of
 these grapes1 ,missouri ,riesling is   
not adapted to ,new ,york2 as it grows  
here it is not of high quality and does 
not mature4 ,the variety is illustrated 
and described not because of intrinsic  
value in this region but as of interest 
as representing a somewhat distinct and 
important group of native grapes4 ,it is
 a beautiful fruit when well grown and  
has many good qualities as a wine grape1
 and should it prove adapted to some    
favored nook or corner of the ,state1   
its culture would probably prove        
profitable4  ,missouri ,riesling was    
originated by ,nicholas ,grein about    

#ahgj1 probably from seed of ,taylor4   
,grein planted seeds of the ,european   
,riesling and of ,taylor at the same    
time and he always supposed that none of
 the ,taylor seeds grew and that the    
,missouri ,riesling was a seedling of   
the ,riesling of ,germany4 ,since the   
,missouri ,riesling is evidently of     
,riparia-,labrusca lineage and shows no 
,vinifera whatever1 it is to be presumed
 that ,grein's labels were confused4 ,it
 was placed on the grape list of the    
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahhi and is still retained  
there4       ,vine variable in vigor1   
usually hardy1 medium to productive4    
,canes      very long1 numerous1 thick1 
dark brown2 nodes enlarged1 not         
flattened2 internodes long2 diaphragm   
below average thickness2      pith      
medium to above in size2 shoots         
pubescent2 tendrils      continuous1    
long1 trifid to bifid4       ,leaf-buds 
medium in size1 short1 thick1 obtuse to 
conical1 open in      mid-season4 ,young

 leaves slightly tinged on under side   
only with      faint brownish-carmine4  
,leaves large1 thick to medium2 upper   
surface dark green1 glossy1 nearly      
smooth2 lower surface pale      green1  
thinly pubescent2 veins distinct2 lobes 
usually five with      terminal lobe    
acuminate2 petiolar sinus deep1 narrow  
to medium2      basal sinus shallow and 
wide2 lateral sinus deep1 above average 
width2 teeth deep to medium1 wide4      
,flowers fertile to semi-fertile1       
open in mid-season2 stamens upright4    
,fruit usually ripens later than        
,concord and a little before            
,catawba1 does not keep nor ship well4  
,clusters variable in size1      medium 
to short1 of average width1 sometimes   
cylindrical1      frequently            
single-shouldered1 variable in          
compactness2 peduncle      medium to    
long1 slender2 pedicel above average    
length1 covered with      few small     
warts2 brush green with tinge of yellow4
 ,berries      intermediate in size1    

roundish to oval1 pale or               
yellowish-green      changing to light  
red or with tinge of pink when fully    
ripe1 not      glossy1 covered with thin
 gray bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin    
sprinkled with small brown dots1 thin1  
tough1 adheres to the pulp1             
contains no pigment1 slightly           
astringent4 ,flesh pale green1          
translucent1 moderately juicy1 tender1  
fine-grained1 lacking      somewhat in  
aroma1 sweet at skin to agreeably tart  
at center1 mild1      of fair quality4  
,seeds adherent1 one to four1 average   
two1 with      surface somewhat         
roughened1 intermediate in size and     
breadth1      medium to long1 not blunt1
 dark brown2 raphe obscure2 chalaza of  
fair size1 above center1 ovate1 very    
distinct4   ,,monroe4  7,labrusca1      
,bourquiniana87       #a4 ,gar4 ,mon41  
#bb3agf4 #ahhj4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41      #ahha3dj1 #dc4 #c4 ,bush4   
,cat41 #ahhc3abb4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
      ,rpt41 #i3cbg4 #ahij4 #e4 ,bush4  

,cat41 #ahid3aef4 #f4 ,va4 ,sta4        
,bul41 #id3ace4 #ahih4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4
 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #edf1      #edg1  
#eeb4 #ahih4 #h4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41    
#afi3agc4 #ahii4  ,it is now about      
thirty years since ,monroe was offered  
to the grape-growers of this ,state1 and
 as a ,new ,york seedling1 yet it can   
now scarcely be found under cultivation4
 ,it has failed because it is lacking in
 quality and because its vine characters
 are not sufficiently good to attract   
either the commercial or the amateur    
grape-grower4  ,illustration3 ,,missouri
 ,,riesling  ,this variety was raised by
 ,ellwanger  ,barry of ,rochester1 ,new 
,york1 from mixed seed of ,delaware1    
,diana1 ,concord1 and ,rebecca1 and was 
first fruited in #ahfg4 ,patrick ,barry 
at one time stated that it was a cross  
of ,delaware and ,concord4 ,this1 while 
evidently a surmise1 appears quite      
probable4 ,it was tested by the         
originators for many years and was      
finally introduced in #ahhj but was     

dropped some years ago from the list of 
recommended sorts in ,ellwanger         
,barry's catalog4       ,vine vigorous  
to medium1 hardy1 variable in           
productiveness1      somewhat           
susceptible to attacks of mildew and    
rot4 ,canes medium to      long1 often  
numerous1 medium to slender1 covered    
with considerable      blue bloom2      
tendrils continuous1 bifid4 ,leaves     
intermediate in size      and color2    
lower surface pale green1 thinly        
pubescent4 ,flowers      fertile1 open  
in mid-season2 stamens upright4 ,fruit  
ripens soon      after ,hartford1 keeps 
well4 ,clusters above medium to medium  
in size      and length1 often broad and
 cylindrical1 rather blunt at ends1     
usually single-shouldered1 the shoulder 
being attached to the bunch      by a   
long stem1 nearly compact1 sometimes    
with a number of abortive      fruits4  
,berries medium to above in size1       
roundish1 black or      purplish-black1 
covered with heavy blue bloom1          

persistent4 ,skin      thick1 tough1    
adheres considerably to the pulp1       
contains a large      amount of         
purplish-red pigment1 not astringent4   
,flesh pale green      with a tinge of  
yellow1 rather transparent1 tender and  
almost      melting1 nearly sweet1 lacks
 character1 no more than fair in        
quality4 ,seeds separate easily from the
 pulp1 intermediate in      length1     
size1 and width4   ,,montefiore4        
7,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3dd4 #b4 ,mo4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhc3dd1 #ahb4
 #c4 ,ib41 #ahhd3baf4 #d4 ,kan4 ,sta4   
,bul41      #ad3hi4 #ahij4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4  
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fcj4 #ahib4 #f4   
,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bef4 #ahic4 #g4  
,col4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bi3ai4      #ahid4  
#h4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aef4 fig4 #i4   
,husmann1      #ahie3cf4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4   
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #edh1 #eef4  
#ahih4       ,rommel's ,taylor ,seedling
 ,no4 #ad 7#h74 ,taylor's ,seedling ,no4
 #ad      7#a74  ,montefiore1 named in  

honor of the ,jewish philanthropist1    
,moses ,montefiore1 is one of ,rommel's 
seedlings of ,taylor4 ,the variety has  
been largely grown in ,missouri and the 
,southwest as a claret wine grape but is
 almost unknown in ,new ,york and the   
,east4 ,montefiore is reported as       
succeeding in the ,lake ,district of    
,ohio and1 with the exception that it is
 somewhat uncertain in bearing and not  
always productive on the grounds of this
 ,station1 it has grown well in this    
section of ,new ,york4 ,while           
,montefiore is essentially a wine grape1
 yet it is pleasing in taste and texture
 of fruit and is far better in quality  
than many of the coarser ,labruscas so  
commonly cultivated4 ,it keeps and ships
 well and presents an attractive        
appearance as a table grape4 ,were it   
not that the variety has been under     
cultivation for thirty years or more and
 therefore probably tested and discarded
 in ,new ,york1 we should recommend it  
for extensive trial1 especially as a red

 wine grape4  ,jacob ,rommel#bjb of     
,morrison1 ,missouri1 produced this     
variety from seed of ,taylor said to    
have been fertilized with ,ives4 ,it was
 exhibited by ,rommel at the ,american  
,pomological ,society meeting in #ahgi1 
where it attracted the attention of     
,isadore ,bush1 of ,bush  ,son          
,meissner1 who named it ,montefiore and 
introduced it the following year4       
,vine medium to vigorous1 hardy1 an     
uncertain bearer4 ,canes long1 of       
average number1 thick1 dark brown with  
slight reddish tinge1      surface      
covered with thin blue bloom2 nodes     
enlarged1 flattened2      internodes    
long to medium2 diaphragm thick2 pith   
medium to above in      size2 shoots    
thinly pubescent2 tendrils continuous1  
long1 bifid4       ,leaf-buds of average
 size1 short1 thick1 conical to obtuse1 
open in      mid-season4 ,young leaves  
tinged on under side and along margin of
      upper side with light             
brownish-carmine4 ,leaves intermediate  

in      size1 thick to medium2 upper    
surface light green1 dull1 smooth to    
medium2 lower surface grayish-white1    
pubescent2 veins well defined2          
lobes three when present with terminus  
acute to acuminate2 petiolar      sinus 
of average depth1 medium to wide2 basal 
sinus lacking2      lateral sinus very  
shallow and narrow when present2 teeth  
deep to      medium1 intermediate in    
width4 ,flowers self-sterile to         
imperfectly      self-fertile1 open in  
mid-season2 stamens upright4            
,fruit ripens about with ,concord or    
later1 keeps well4 ,clusters      medium
 to small1 rather short1 of average     
width1 tapering to      cylindrical1    
frequently single-shouldered1 the       
shoulder being      connected to the    
bunch by a long stem1 compact2 peduncle 
medium to      short1 intermediate in   
size2 pedicel short1 slender1 nearly    
smooth2      brush of fair length1      
tinged with red4 ,berries medium to     
small1      oval to roundish1 often     

compressed1 black1 glossy1 covered with 
abundant blue bloom1 persistent1 firm4  
,skin medium to thin1 tough1            
adheres slightly to the pulp1 with      
wine-colored pigment1      astringent4  
,flesh medium green1 translucent1 juicy1
 fine-grained1      tender and melting1 
vinous1 sweet to agreeably tart1 fair to
 good      in quality4 ,seeds separate  
easily from the pulp1 one to five1      
average three1 small1 broad1 faintly    
notched1 short1 plump1      brownish2   
raphe obscure2 chalaza intermediate in  
size1 slightly      above center to     
central1 oval to nearly circular1       
somewhat obscure4      ,must #ij4       
,illustration3 ,,montefiore             
,illustration3 ,,moore ,,early   ,,moore
 ,,early4  7,labrusca47       #a4 ,mass4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahga3dc4 #b4 ,ib41
 #ahgb3id4      #c4 ,ib41 #ahgc3aja4 #d4
 ,ib41 ,pt4 #b3ha1 #hb1 #aji4 #ahgg4 #e4
      ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cb1 
#dj1 #da4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41   
#ahha3bd4 #g4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 

#ahhf3bbe4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahhg3ig4 #i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt41 #i3cbg4 #ahij4      #aj4 ,can4   
,hort41 #ae3ie4 #ahib4 col4 pl4 #aa4    
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahic3afa4
 #ab4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3aeh4 fig4 #ac4
      ,col4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bi3ai4 #ahid4 
#ad4 ,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4          
#i3ahd1 #aie4 #ahif4 #ae4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #ae3dcj1 #dca1      #dcb1   
#dcc4 #ahif4 #af4 ,vt4 ,sta4 ,bul41     
#fb3da4 #ahih4 #ag4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #eda1 #edc1 #edd1  
#ede1 #edg1 #eeb4 #ahih4 #ah4           
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3agc4 #ahii4    
#ai4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ff3agc4           
#aijg4  ,moore ,early is the standard   
grape of its season in ,new ,york4 ,it  
cannot be better described than as an   
early ,concord4 ,it comes in season from
 two to three weeks earlier than        
,concord and the last fruits of it are  
sent to market before those of the later
 grape are picked4 ,the vines are       
readily recognizable from those of      

,concord1 differing chiefly in being    
less productive and more precarious     
bearers4 ,to grow the variety           
satisfactorily the soil must be rich1   
well drained and loose1 must be         
frequently cultivated and the vines     
should be carefully pruned and cared for
 in every way4 ,the bunches of ,moore   
,early are not as large as those of     
,concord and are more inclined to       
looseness1 and the berries sometimes    
shell rather badly4 ,the berries are    
larger and1 as with ,concord1 crack     
under unfavorable conditions4 ,the flesh
 characters and the flavor are          
essentially those of ,concord1 though   
the quality1 representing all of the    
characters which make a fruit pleasant  
to the palate1 is not as high as in the 
older variety2 it is however much higher
 than that of ,champion and ,hartford1  
its chief competitors in this ,state and
 varieties which it should replace4     
,moore ,early is by no means an ideal   
grape for its season but until something

 better is introduced it will probably  
remain the best early commercial grape  
for ,new ,york4  ,captain ,john ,b4     
,moore of ,concord1 ,massachusetts1 is  
said to have originated this variety    
from seed of ,concord4 ,in #ahga it was 
exhibited before the ,massachusetts     
,horticultural ,society with fifty other
 seedlings of the same parentage4 ,it   
was awarded a first class certificate of
 merit by this ,society in #ahgg1 and   
was introduced by the originator the    
same year4 ,in #ahha ,moore ,early was  
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog where it still remains4         
,vine medium to vigorous1 hardy1 not a  
heavy yielder4 ,canes medium      to    
short1 of average number1 medium to     
below in thickness1 rather      dark    
reddish-brown1 surface slightly         
roughened2 nodes enlarged1              
flattened2 internodes short to medium2  
diaphragm thinnish2 pith                
intermediate in size2 shoots pubescent2 

tendrils continuous1 of      fair       
length1 bifid to trifid4                
,leaf-buds small and slender1 short1    
pointed to conical1 open medium         
early4 ,young leaves tinged on lower    
side and along margin of upper      side
 with rose-carmine4 ,leaves large to    
medium1 thick2 upper      surface medium
 dark green1 dull1 of average           
smoothness2 lower      surface tinged   
with bronze1 heavily pubescent2 veins   
distinct2 leaf      usually not lobed1  
with terminus acute2 petiolar sinus of  
average      depth1 wide to medium2     
basal sinus lacking2 lateral sinus a    
notch      when present2 teeth shallow1 
narrow to medium4 ,flowers fertile1     
open in mid-season2 stamens upright4    
,fruit ripens from two to three weeks   
earlier than ,concord1 does not         
keep well4 ,clusters intermediate in    
size1 length1 and breadth1              
irregularly cylindrical to tapering1    
sometimes single-shouldered1            
inclined to looseness2 peduncle short to

 medium1 thick2 pedicel      short1     
thick1 nearly smooth2 brush short1 pale 
green4 ,berries large      to above     
medium1 roundish1 dark purplish-black to
 black1 covered      with abundant blue 
bloom1 not very persistent1 nearly firm4
 ,skin      intermediate in thickness1  
tender1 adherent to the pulp1 contains  
dark purplish-red pigment1 not          
astringent4 ,flesh greenish1            
translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained and    
tough1 with slight foxiness1      sweet 
next the skin but somewhat acid at      
center1 fair to good in      quality4   
,seeds adherent1 one to four1 average   
two and three1 large1      often        
irregular in shape1 broad and plump1    
blunt1 brown with yellow      tinge at  
tips2 raphe buried in a small and       
indistinct groove2      chalaza of      
average size1 obscure1 often showing as 
a faint1      irregular depression4     
,,moyer4  7,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana47   
#a4 ,columbus ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41       
#ahhg3bah4 #b4 ,ib41      #ahhg3bah4 #c4

 ,can4 ,hort41 #aa3bfe4 #ahhh4 col4 pl4 
#d4 ,w4      ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41
 #ce3agf4 #ahij4 #e4 ,ib41 #cf3db4      
#ahia4      #f4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41      
#bh3bfa4 #ahic4 #g4 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahid3aei4 #h4 ,can4 ,hort41 #bb3chf4   
#ahii4 fig4 #i4 ,mo4      ,sta4 ,bul41  
#df3dj1 #db4 #ahii4 #aj4 ,ont4 ,fr4     
,exp4 ,stas4 ,rpt41      #f3bj4 #ahii4  
fig4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41       
#ahii3bi4       ,,jordan 7#b74 ,jordan  
7#e1 #g74 ,,moyer',s ,,early ,,red 7#a74
  ,illustration3 ,,moyer  ,moyer at its 
best is almost a counterpart of its     
parent ,delaware4 ,it has all of the    
faults of ,delaware and some added ones4
 ,were it not for the fact that the     
variety is from one to two weeks earlier
 than its parent1 and somewhat hardier1 
hence better adapted for colder regions1
 it could not have received the         
recognition given it by viticulturists4 
,as compared with ,delaware1 it is      
hardly as vigorous and is less          
productive4 ,it is reputed to be more   

free from rot and mildew1 the latter    
especially4 ,the bunches are much like  
those of ,delaware but with the fault of
 setting fruit imperfectly oftentimes   
even when cross-pollination is insured4 
,the berries are a little larger but of 
much the same color and of like flavor1 
rich1 sweet1 and with pure vinousness   
without a trace of foxiness but withal  
not of so high quality as ,delaware4    
,the fruit keeps well1 ships well1 and  
does not crack nor shell in ,new ,york4 
,moyer is well established in ,canada1  
where it originated1 and is highly      
thought of1 proving perfectly hardy     
wherever the ,concord is grown and      
possibly standing even more cold4 ,its  
place is as an early ,delaware for      
northern regions4  ,w4 ,h4 ,read of     
,port ,dalhousie1 ,lincoln ,county1     
,ontario1 raised the original vine of   
,moyer about #ahhj1 from seed of        
,delaware fertilized by ,miller's       
,burgundy4 ,it was named after ,allan   
,moyer of ,st4 ,catharines1 ,ontario1   

who introduced the variety in #ahhh4    
,moyer was placed on the grape list of  
the ,american ,pomological ,society     
fruit catalog in #ahii4       ,vine     
vigorous to medium1 hardy1 healthy1 not 
productive4 ,canes      intermediate in 
length1 numerous1 medium to slender1    
rather dull      dark reddish-brown2    
nodes slightly enlarged1 flattened2     
internodes      short to medium2        
diaphragm thin2 pith medium to below in 
size2      shoots pubescent2 tendrils   
continuous1 medium to rather long1 bifid
      to trifid4       ,leaf-buds of    
about average size and thickness1 short1
 conical to      rather obtuse1 open    
very late4 ,young leaves tinged on under
 side      and along margin of upper    
side with rose-carmine4 ,leaves small to
      medium1 of average thickness2     
upper surface dark green1 dull and      
smooth2 lower surface very pale green or
 with faint blue tinge1      heavily    
pubescent2 lobes two to five with       
terminus acute2 petiolar      sinus     

shallow to medium1 not narrow2 basal    
sinus usually lacking1      but shallow 
when present2 lateral sinus shallow1    
narrow2 teeth very      shallow1 medium 
to narrow4 ,flowers sterile1 open early2
 stamens      reflexed4       ,fruit    
ripens from one to two weeks earlier    
than ,delaware1 keeps      well but     
loses its color if kept too long4       
,clusters medium to      small1 short   
and slender1 irregularly tapering1      
sometimes      single-shouldered1 medium
 in compactness2 peduncle intermediate  
in      length1 somewhat slender2       
pedicel inclined to short1 of average   
thickness1 covered with very small      
warts2 brush yellowish-green4           
,berries medium to small1 oblate1 dark  
red covered with dark lilac      to     
faint blue bloom1 persistent1 rather    
firm4 ,skin intermediate in             
thickness1 not tender1 does not adhere  
to the pulp1 astringent4      ,flesh    
light green1 translucent1 juicy1 rather 
tender1 fine-grained1      somewhat     

vinous1 good to very good4 ,seeds       
separate easily from the      pulp1 one 
to four1 average two or three1          
intermediate in size1      broad1 short1
 very blunt1 brown with yellow tinge at 
tips2 raphe      obscure2 chalaza of    
fair size1 slightly above center1       
irregularly      circular1 obscure4     
,,muscat ,,hamburg4  7,vinifera47       
#a4 ,gar4 ,chron41 #aheg3fde4 #b4       
,horticulturist1 #ac3afg4      #aheh4   
#c4 ,ib41 #ad3ie4 #ahei4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahfb3ib4 #e4 ,gar4   
,mon41 #i3bhe4 #ahfg4  ,as one of the   
parents of a number of valuable hybrids 
cultivated in ,american vineyards1      
,muscat ,hamburg is illustrated and     
described in ,the ,grapes of ,new ,york4
 ,it is described below in detail that  
grape-breeders may detect any of its    
characters transmitted to its offspring4
 ,the grapes and vines described here   
were grown under glass1 as the variety  
cannot be grown out of doors in eastern 
,america4  ,muscat ,hamburg is a forcing

 grape only and is apparently unknown in
 the grape-growing districts of ,europe4
 ,it is said to grow better grafted on  
,black ,hamburg than on its own roots4  
,seward ,snow of ,wrest ,park1          
,bedfordshire1 ,england1 originated     
,muscat ,hamburg more than a half       
century ago from seed of ,black ,hamburg
 fertilized by ,white ,muscat of        
,alexandria4 ,it was placed on the grape
 list of the ,american ,pomological     
,society fruit catalog for #ahfb as an  
exotic recommended for growing under    
glass4       ,vine very vigorous1       
tender1 productive4 ,canes long1        
numerous1      slender to medium1 light 
brown1 slightly darker at nodes which   
are      enlarged and somewhat          
flattened2 internodes short to medium2  
diaphragm thick2 pith nearly large2     
shoots glabrous2 tendrils      inclined 
to dehisce early1 intermittent or       
frequently with only one      tendril   
present with vacancy on either side1    
long1 bifid to trifid4       ,leaf-buds 

large1 long to medium1 inclined to      
thick4 ,leaves medium      to large1    
intermediate in thickness2 upper surface
 light green1      dull1 somewhat       
smooth2 lower surface slightly lighter  
green than      upper surface1 faintly  
pubescent1 densely hairy2 lobes usually 
five      with terminus acute to        
acuminate2 petiolar sinus of average    
depth1      medium to narrow1 rarely    
closed or overlapping2 basal sinus      
intermediate in depth2 lateral sinus    
deep2 teeth very irregular in      depth
 and width1 some teeth approaching a    
tendency to lobing4       ,illustration3
 ,,muscat ,,hamburg 7,reduced ,size7    
,fruit ripens the latter part of        
,october under glass1 keeps             
unusually well4 ,clusters very large to 
medium1 long1 broad1      tapering1     
frequently single-shouldered but        
sometimes      double-shouldered1 rather
 loose2 peduncle intermediate in length1
      medium to rather thick2 pedicel of
 average length and thickness1      very

 much enlarged at point of attachment to
 fruit4 ,berries large      to below    
medium1 oval1 dark red1 rather dull1    
covered with lilac      bloom1 very     
persistent1 of average firmness4 ,skin  
medium to thick1      adheres strongly  
to the pulp1 contains no pigment1 not   
astringent4      ,flesh pale green1     
translucent1 very juicy1 fine-grained1  
tender1      vinous1 sweet1 very good to
 best in quality4 ,seeds separate easily
      from the pulp1 one to four1       
average two1 large to medium1 long and  
broad1 sharply pointed1 brownish2 raphe 
hidden in a shallow1 broad      groove2 
chalaza intermediate in size1 decidedly 
above center1      pear-shaped1         
distinct4   ,,naomi4  7,vinifera1       
,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,gar4   
,mon41 #bb3agf4 #ahhj4 #b4 ,ohio ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhb-c3df4 #c4 ,bush4
 ,cat41 #ahhc3abd4 fig4 #d4 ,can4       
,hort41 #aa3bhg4 #ahhh4 #e4 ,kan4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #ad3ij4 #ahij4 #f4      ,tex4    
,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaea1 #aafj4 #ahih4    

,naomi is one of ,ricketts' seedlings   
and1 according to the originator1 one of
 the finest of all his score or more of 
worthy grapes4 ,but viticulturists have 
never agreed with the producer of ,naomi
 in his estimate of it and the variety  
is now scarcely known4 ,so far as ,new  
,york is concerned1 ,naomi has been     
discarded because it ripens too late for
 this latitude and is very subject to   
mildew4 ,moreover1 grapes of its color  
are not as highly esteemed as red or    
black grapes and the demand for green   
grapes does not sustain the varieties we
 have of this color4  ,this variety was 
originated by ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts of      
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 from seed of     
,clinton fertilized with ,muscat        
,hamburg4 ,it was first exhibited before
 the ,american ,pomological ,society in 
#ahgi4 ,it has not been widely          
disseminated4       ,vine vigorous1     
hardy1 variable in productiveness4      
,canes very long      to medium1        
numerous1 not uniform in size1 medium   

dark brown      deepening in color at   
the nodes2 tendrils intermittent1 bifid4
      ,leaves large to below medium1    
thin1 frequently inclined to be torn    
by heavy winds1 medium green2 lower     
surface pale green1 slightly            
pubescent4 ,stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens late4 ,clusters large to         
above medium1 above average in length1  
broad to medium1      single-shouldered 
to sometimes double-shouldered1 compact4
 ,berries      intermediate in size1    
roundish to oval1 light green1          
occasionally      with reddish-yellow   
tinge1 glossy1 covered with thin gray   
bloom1      persistent4 ,skin moderately
 thick1 tough1 not astringent4 ,flesh   
greenish1 juicy1 slightly tough and     
solid1 aromatic1 sweet at skin      to  
tart at center1 good in quality when    
fully ripened4 ,seeds medium      to    
below in size1 elongated1 sharp-pointed4
   ,,nectar4  7,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana1
 ,vinifera87  #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      
,rpt41 #ahhc3ib4 #b4 ,ib41 #ahhe3ajh4   

#c4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41           
#ahhh-i3ajg4 #d4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4     
,adv4 ,rpt41 #ahij3bb4 #e4 ,bush4 ,cat41
 #ahid3afj4 #f4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4      
,rpt41 #ahid-e3ab4 #g4 ,del4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt41 #g3acd1 #acf4 #ahie4 #h4         
,husmann1 #ahie3id4 #i4 ,mass4 ,hatch   
,sta4 ,bul41 #cg3aa1 #ad4 #ahif4 #aj4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #edh1
 #eef1 #eei4 #ahih4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3bi4 #ab4 ,miss4 ,sta4
 ,bul41 #ef3af4 #ahii4 #ac4 ,kan4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #aaj3bdb4 #aijb4 #ad4 ,rural ,n4 
,y41 #fa3fhe1 fig41 #fij4 #aijb4        
,,black ,,delaware 7#a1 #b1 #e1 #f1 #g1 
#i74  ,there are either two varieties   
under the supposedly synonymous names1  
,nectar and ,black ,delaware1 or else   
this variety varies greatly in different
 localities4 ,reports from different    
sources give the vigor as from weak to  
vigorous1 the hardiness from hardy to   
tender1 the season from earlier than    
,moore ,early to later than ,concord1   
the size of berry from small to large1  

the productiveness from unproductive to 
productive to a fault4  ,the ,nectar    
vines at this ,station were secured from
 ,caywood1 the originator1 in #ahhh1 and
 from the ,t4 ,s4 ,hubbard ,company1 in 
#ahhc4 ,vines from both sources are     
vigorous1 small-leaved1 bearing         
medium-sized black berries of good but  
not high quality4 ,these vines are      
nearly worthless on account of their    
susceptibility to mildew4 ,the          
resemblance to ,delaware is not         
apparent4  ,we have received from       
,massachusetts1 under the name ,black   
,delaware1 and there is described in    
several publications1 a grape which is  
strikingly like ,delaware except that   
the color is black4 ,it is a grape of   
high quality1 and the vine is described 
as being resistant to mildew4 ,this     
variety may be worth something4 ,the    
,nectar on the ,station grounds is not4 
,possibly ,nectar and ,rommel's ,black  
,delaware have been confused4  ,the     
variety here described was originated by

 ,caywood4 ,it is said to be from seed  
of ,concord fertilized by ,delaware4    
,nectar first became known to the public
 about #ahhj under the name ,black      
,delaware1 which was afterward changed  
by ,caywood to ,nectar4 ,it was placed  
on the grape list of the ,american      
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahii1 as a recommended variety4        
,illustration3 ,,nectar       ,vine     
medium to vigorous1 not always hardy1   
usually produces light      crops1 very 
susceptible to attacks of mildew4 ,canes
 long1 of      average number1 thick1   
surface roughened1 dark reddish-brown2  
nodes enlarged1 flattened2 internodes   
variable in length1 of medium           
thickness2 pith intermediate in size2   
shoots pubescent2 tendrils              
intermittent to continuous1 long1       
trifid4       ,leaf-buds medium to above
 in size1 short and thick1 open in      
mid-season4 ,young leaves faintly tinged
 on under side and along      margin of 
upper side with rose-carmine4 ,leaves   

small to medium1      thick2 upper      
surface dark green1 rugose1 often       
heavily wrinkled2      lower surface    
dull whitish or light gray1 strongly    
pubescent2 veins      distinct2 lobes   
three to five with terminus obtuse to   
acute2      petiolar sinus medium in    
depth1 wide2 basal sinus shallow and    
open      when present2 lateral sinus   
medium to deep1 often wide2 teeth very  
shallow1 medium to narrow4 ,flowers     
partly self-fertile1 open               
moderately late2 stamens upright4       
,fruit ripens about with ,concord1 does 
not keep long in good      condition4   
,clusters intermediate in size1 length1 
and thickness1      irregularly         
cylindrical to tapering1 often          
single-shouldered but      sometimes    
double-shouldered1 medium to compact2   
peduncle variable      in length1       
slender to medium2 pedicel medium to    
short1 slender1      smooth2 brush      
yellowish-green4 ,berries intermediate  
in size1      roundish1 dark            

purplish-black1 dull1 covered with heavy
 blue bloom1      not very persistent1  
soft4 ,skin of average thickness1 medium
 to      somewhat thin1 adheres         
considerably to the pulp1 with          
wine-colored      pigment1 slightly     
astringent4 ,flesh pale yellowish-green1
      translucent1 juicy1 tough1        
fine-grained1 vinous1 sweet next the    
skin but quite acid at the center1 good 
to very good in quality4      ,seeds    
rather adherent1 one to four1 usually   
three1 intermediate in      size1 medium
 to long1 brownish2 raphe obscure2      
chalaza of average      size1 much      
depressed1 strongly above center1       
circular1 obscure4   ,,niagara4         
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mass4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgi3afa4 #b4     
,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,rpt41          
#ahgi3aid1 #cbc4 fig4 #c4 ,mass4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhj3bdj1 #bed4 #d4  
,n4 ,j4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3i4 #e4
 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3df4 
#f4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3abd4 #g4        

,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahhe3bf4 #h4   
,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41              
#ahhf3acd1 #acf4 #i4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #ahhi3cgj4 #aj4      ,rural ,n4  
,y41 #dh3ah1 #ai4 #ahhi4 figs4 #aa4     
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #ad3ij4 #ahij4  
#ab4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41         
#ahia3bbj4 #ac4      ,rural ,n4 ,y41    
#ej3ff1 #bcj4 #ahia4 #ad4 ,ill4 ,sta4   
,bul41      #bh3bfe4 #ahic4 #ae4 ,bush4 
,cat41 #ahid3afa4 #af4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4    
,an4 ,rpt41 #ae3dcj1 #dca1 #dcb1 #dcc4  
#ahif4 #ag4 ,ib41 #ag3ecc1      #edg1   
#eeb4 #ahih4 #ah4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41     
#df3dj1 #dd1 #de4 #ahii4 #ai4           
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3agc4 #ahii4    
#bj4 ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #aaj3gj1   
#hg4 #aijj4 #ba4 ,n4 ,c4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#ahg3fj4 #aijc4 #bb4      ,mich4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijc3cj4  ,niagara is the 
leading ,american green grape1 holding  
the rank among grapes of this color that
 ,concord does among the black          
varieties4 ,it is1 however1 a less      
valuable grape than ,concord1 and all in

 all1 it is doubtful if it should be    
ranked much if any higher than several  
others of the green grapes with which it
 must compete4 ,much of the popularity  
of ,niagara is due to the novel way in  
which the variety was sold to the       
public4 ,for many years after its       
origin1 the entire stock of this grape  
was owned by the ,niagara ,grape        
,company1 who retained all of the       
propagating wood1 and in many instances 
well guarded interests in the vineyards 
of this variety4 ,the advantages gained 
by this method of distribution enabled  
the promoters of the variety to         
advertise it to an extent not equaled in
 the dissemination of any other grape4  
,as is likely to be the case with new   
fruits1 ,niagara was overpraised by the 
company selling it and for a time by the
 horticultural press and viticulturists 
as well4 ,when vineyards of the variety 
came into bearing1 a reaction set in1   
and ,niagara lost in popularity2 many   
who had planted it condemned it and     

oftentimes unjustly4 ,for years the     
reports for and against it were more or 
less colored by personalities and it has
 not been until a comparatively recent  
day that a just estimate of the variety 
could be obtained from grape-growers4   
,since one of the parents of ,niagara is
 ,concord1 and since the two grapes are 
largely grown in the same regions and   
for the same general markets1 and       
chiefly as table grapes1 we may best    
arrive at the status of ,niagara by     
comparing it with ,concord4  ,in vigor  
and productiveness1 where the two grapes
 are upon equal footing as to           
adaptability1 ,niagara and ,concord rank
 the same4 ,in these respects both are  
standards scarcely surpassed among our  
cultivated native grapes4 ,in hardiness 
of root and vine ,niagara falls somewhat
 short of ,concord2 practically all     
grape-growers who have tested the two   
varieties in cold climates agree as to  
the greater hardiness of ,concord4 ,in  
some of the grape regions of ,new ,york 

,niagara is not grown profitably because
 of its susceptibility to cold4 ,the    
variety cannot be relied upon without   
winter protection where the thermometer 
falls much below zero4 ,like ,concord   
the ,niagara has much of the foxiness of
 the wild ,labrusca1 distasteful to many
 palates4 ,on the other hand there are  
many ,americans who really like the foxy
 taste and aroma and count it an asset  
in these varieties4 ,the foxiness of    
,niagara is most marked just after the  
fruit is picked1 and it is usually      
better flavored after having stood for a
 few days4 ,the flavor is not at its    
best unless the grapes be fully ripe4   
,both bunches and berries of ,niagara   
are larger than those of ,concord and   
are better formed1 making a handsomer   
fruit if the colors are liked equally   
well4 ,the skin of ,niagara does not    
crack as easily as that of ,concord4    
,the fruit shells as badly and does not 
keep much1 if any1 longer4 ,both vines  
and fruits of ,niagara are more         

susceptible to fungal diseases than are 
those of ,concord and especially to     
black-rot1 which proves a veritable     
scourge with this variety in unfavorable
 seasons and localities4  ,illustration3
 ,,niagara  ,it is likely that ,niagara 
will continue for some time to be the   
leading green grape for the market4 ,as 
long as grape consumers demand a showy  
grape to be had at a low price1 and     
without much regard as to quality1 if   
the grape be passably good1 ,niagara    
will be popular4 ,for those who rank    
quality first1 with appearance and      
reasonable cost as secondary            
consideration1 there are other green    
grapes superior4  ,niagara was produced 
by ,c4 ,l4 ,hoag and ,b4 ,w4 ,clark of  
,lockport1 ,niagara ,county1 ,new ,york4
 ,the originators state that the variety
 was grown from seed of ,concord        
fertilized by ,cassady1 planted in      
#ahfh1 and that it fruited for the first
 time in #ahgb4 ,it was introduced about
 #ahhb by the ,niagara ,grape ,company4 

,in #ahhe it was placed on the grape    
list of the fruit catalog of the        
,american ,pomological ,society4        
,niagara has attained its greatest      
popularity and is most grown in ,new    
,york and in the ,north4 ,in the grape  
regions of the ,south and ,southwest1 it
 is too susceptible to fungi especially 
the mildews and black-rot4 ,it is said  
that the quality of the variety1        
however1 is improved as grown to the    
southward and that where comparatively  
free from diseases1 or when they are    
controlled by spraying1 it becomes a    
profitable early market grape4 ,in      
,ohio1 ,niagara is grown more or less   
for wine4 ,this variety is a typical    
white seedling of ,concord showing      
little trace of any other variety4      
,vine vigorous to medium1 less hardy    
than ,concord1 productive to      very  
productive1 somewhat subject to mildew  
and black-rot in      unfavorable       
locations4 ,canes medium to long1 of    
average number1      thick1 dark        

reddish-brown deepening in color at the 
nodes which are      strongly enlarged  
and slightly flattened2 internodes      
medium to      long1 thick2 pith large  
to medium2 shoots pubescent2 tendrils   
continuous1 long1 bifid to trifid4      
,leaf-buds medium in size and thickness1
 short1 slightly compressed1            
conical to pointed1 open in mid-season4 
,young leaves lightly tinged      on    
under side and along margin of upper    
side with rose-carmine4      ,leaves    
medium to large1 thick2 upper surface   
glossy1 medium dark      green1 rather  
smooth2 lower surface pale green1       
pubescent2 veins      distinct2 lobes   
three to five with terminus acute to    
acuminate2      petiolar sinus          
intermediate in depth and width2 basal  
sinus      shallow1 wide1 often toothed2
 lateral sinus of mean depth1 wide1     
frequently toothed2 teeth shallow1      
variable in width4 ,flowers             
fertile1 open in mid-season2 stamens    
upright4       ,fruit ripens about with 

,concord1 keeps fairly well4 ,clusters  
large      to medium1 long to medium1   
somewhat broad1 tapering to often       
cylindrical1 frequently                 
single-shouldered1 moderately compact2  
peduncle short to medium1 thick2 pedicel
 intermediate in length1      thick1    
covered with few1 small1 inconspicuous  
warts2 brush pale      green1 medium to 
long4 ,berries above medium to large1   
slightly      oval1 light green changing
 to a pale yellowish-green tinge as the 
ripening season advances1 covered with  
thin gray bloom1 persistent1      firm4 
,skin thin1 tender1 adheres somewhat to 
the pulp1 contains no      pigment1     
slightly astringent4 ,flesh light green1
 translucent1      juicy1 fine-grained1 
moderately tender1 foxy1 sweet next the 
skin      to agreeably tart at center1  
as good or better than ,concord in      
quality4 ,seeds separate rather easily  
from the pulp1 one to six1      average 
three1 intermediate in size1 length and 
breadth1 deeply      notched1 brownish2 

raphe buried in a deep groove2 chalaza  
of fair      size1 above center1        
circular to oval1 moderately distinct4  
,,noah4  7,riparia1 ,labrusca47         
#a4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bb3agf4 #ahhj4 #b4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41      #ahha3bd4  
#c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3eh4   
#d4 ,mo4 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41       
#ahhc3dj1 #ahe4 #e4 ,ib41 #ahhd3bag4 #f4
 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fca4
 #ahib4 #g4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfe4 
#ahic4 #h4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3afb4 fig4
 #i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41     
#ag3edh1 #eef1 #eei4 #ahih4 #aj4 ,tex4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaea1      #aafj4      
#ahih4 #aa4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3dj1   
#dc1 #dd1 #de4 #ahii4 #ab4      ,trait  
gen4 de vit41 #e3aga4 #aijc4  ,for some 
years after its introduction in #ahgf1  
,noah was quite popular on account of   
its vigor1 supposed health1             
productiveness1 and the high alcoholic  
content of its wine4 ,it is now1        
however1 but little grown outside of    
,missouri where it is still used        

somewhat in wine-making4 ,in ,france    
,noah was largely grown for a time both 
as a stock for grafting and as a direct 
producer for the making of wine and     
brandy4 ,probably no other ,american    
grape has caused more general           
discussion1 or received more praise and 
more condemnation in ,france1 with the  
result that it is now but little grown4 
,the name was given the variety on      
account of the alcoholic strength of its
 wine1 the originator holding that the  
lamentable accident which befell the    
patriarch ,noah could easily have       
happened had he partaken of the wine of 
this grape4  ,illustration3 ,,noah      
,noah is so like ,elvira that the two   
are often confused4 ,there are1 however1
 very marked differences in the vine    
characters2 and the clusters of ,elvira 
are smaller1 the berries more foxy in   
taste and the skins more tender and     
crack much more than do those of ,noah4 
,the large1 dark1 glossy green leaves   
make the vines of this variety very     

handsome and a vineyard of them is a    
pleasing sight4 ,as with ,elvira1       
,othello1 ,rommel1 and other varieties  
of this group of grapes1 ,noah is of    
little value in ,new ,york4 ,these      
grapes are fit only for wine but the    
wine-makers in this ,state seem not to  
have found them desirable for their     
wants4 ,noah shatters badly and does not
 keep nor ship at all well1 and buyers  
therefore do not care for it4  ,noah was
 originated by ,otto ,wasserzieher of   
,nauvoo1 ,illinois1 from seed of ,taylor
 planted in #ahfi1 and fruited for the  
first time in #ahgc4 ,it was exhibited  
before the ,american ,pomological       
,society in #ahgi4 ,it was placed on the
 grape list of the ,american            
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahha4 ,noah shows1 like its parent1    
characters of both ,riparia and         
,labrusca4 ,the vine characters are     
markedly those of ,riparia and1 among   
others of these1 the healthiness of the 
foliage is an asset of the variety2 the 

,labrusca shows more plainly in the     
fruit of ,noah than in that of ,taylor1 
the berries being larger and having more
 of the foxiness than the last named    
variety4       ,vine medium to sometimes
 vigorous1 not hardy in severe winters1 
productive1 susceptible to attacks of   
mildew4 ,canes long1 of      average    
number1 thick to medium1 dark brown1    
surface roughened2      nodes enlarged1 
flattened2 internodes intermediate in   
length2      diaphragm of mean          
thickness2 pith medium in size2 shoots  
slightly      pubescent2 tendrils       
usually continuous1 of average length1  
bifid to      trifid4       ,leaf-buds  
medium to small1 very short1 thick to   
medium1 somewhat      compressed1       
obtuse1 open very late4 ,young leaves   
faintly tinged on      under side and   
along margin of upper side with         
rose-carmine4 ,leaves      large to     
medium1 of average thickness2 upper     
surface dark green1      glossy1 smooth2
 lower surface pale green1 thinly       

pubescent2 veins      distinct2 leaf    
usually not lobed1 with terminus        
acuminate2 petiolar      sinus deep to  
medium1 rather wide2 basal sinus        
lacking2 lateral      sinus very shallow
 when present2 teeth somewhat shallow1  
moderately      wide4 ,flowers sterile  
to semi-fertile1 open early2 stamens    
upright4       ,fruit ripens with       
,concord or later1 does not ship nor    
keep well4      ,clusters variable in   
size and length1 above average breadth1 
cylindrical to nearly tapering1 usually 
single-shouldered1 medium      to       
compact2 peduncle intermediate in       
length1 thick2 pedicel short      to    
medium1 covered with few1 small warts2  
brush medium to short1      brownish4   
,berries small1 usually roundish1 light 
green tinged with      yellow1 somewhat 
dull1 covered with thin gray bloom1 not 
persistent1 nearly firm4 ,skin variable 
in thickness and tenderness1            
adheres to the pulp1 contains no        
pigment1 not astringent4 ,flesh         

yellowish-green1 translucent1 juicy1    
tough1 fine-grained1 vinous1      tart  
at skin to acid at center1 sprightly1   
good in quality4 ,seeds      separate   
with difficulty from the pulp1 one to   
four1 average two or      three1        
intermediate in size and breadth1 rather
 dark brown2 raphe      buried in a     
shallow groove2 chalaza of average size1
 slightly above      center1 oval1      
obscure4 ,must #ajj4   ,,norfolk4       
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mass4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3ie4 #b4 ,ib41
 ,pt4 #b3abj4      #ahge4 #c4 ,kan4     
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3afd4 #ahia4 #d4 ,ill4  
,sta4 ,bul41      #bh3bfa4 #ahic4 #e4   
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3afc1 #ahf4 #f4 ,del4
 ,sta4      ,an4 ,rpt41 #g3ace1 #aci4   
#ahie4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41    
#ag3ecc1 #edh4 #ahih4 #h4 ,va4 ,sta4    
,bul41 #id3ach4 #ahih4 #i4      ,mo4    
,sta4 ,bul41 #df3dj1 #db1 #dd1 #df1 #ea4
 #ahii4       ,,norfolk ,,muscat 7#a1   
#b74  ,norfolk was disseminated as an   
early ,catawba and it resembles that    

variety very much in appearance and     
somewhat in flavor1 but ripens much     
earlier4 ,unlike the ,catawba too1 the  
fruit does not keep well1 nor is the    
flavor quite up to the high quality of  
the older variety1 more nearly          
resembling1 as it grows here1 that of   
,agawam4 ,it is not1 however1 the fruit 
characters so much as those of the vine 
that have kept ,norfolk from becoming   
popular4 ,it falls short in several vine
 characters1 chiefly in productiveness1 
and after having been known for many    
years is now scarcely cultivated4  ,n4  
,b4 ,white#bjc of ,norwood1             
,massachusetts1 originated this variety 
some time in the sixties from seed of a 
native ,labrusca fertilized with ,black 
,hamburg4       ,vine medium to         
vigorous1 usually hardy1 variable in    
productiveness4      ,canes long1       
numerous1 thick2 tendrils usually       
intermittent1 bifid      to trifid4     
,leaves large to medium1 moderately     
light green1 thick2      lower surface  

grayish-white with tinge of bronze1     
pubescent4      ,flowers nearly fertile1
 open early2 stamens upright4 ,fruit    
ripens      earlier than ,concord1 does 
not keep very well4 ,clusters medium to 
small1 often broad1 tapering1 usually   
with a long single shoulder1      loose4
 ,berries large to medium1 oval to      
roundish1 dark      purplish-red        
somewhat resembling ,catawba1 covered   
with a fair      amount of dark lilac or
 faint blue bloom1 shatter1 rather soft4
      ,skin thin1 inclined to tender1   
astringent4 ,flesh somewhat tough1      
stringy1 rather coarse1 vinous1 sweet at
 skin to acid at center1      fair in   
quality4 ,seeds adhere to the pulp1     
numerous1 quite large1      long to     
medium1 distinctly notched4   ,,northern
 ,,muscadine4  7,labrusca47       #a4   
,horticulturist1 #i3eah4 #ahed4 #b4 ,u4 
,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41      #ahed3cae4  
#c4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bb3be4 #ahef4 #d4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahef3aff4 
#e4 ,ib41 #ahfb3adc4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4     

,soc4      ,cat41 #ahfb3ij4 #g4 ,phin1  
#ahfb3bei4 #h4 ,minn4 ,hort4 ,soc4      
,rpt41 #ahgg3ei4 #i4 ,bush4 ,cat41      
#ahhc3abf4 #aj4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4      ,an4 
,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #edh1 #eef4 #ahih4 #aa4 
,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #dh3aaea1 #aafj4
 #ahih4 #ab4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3dj1  
#db1 #dd1 #df4      #ahii4       ,,early
 ,,northern ,,muscadine 7#b1 #g74  ,to  
those who profess to like a foxy grape1 
the ,northern ,muscadine should be the  
grape par excellence4 ,many of the      
differences in opinion to be found in   
grape literature regarding the quality  
of grapes have hinged upon whether      
foxiness in taste and aroma is liked or 
not4 ,thus some horticulturists put     
,northern ,muscadine1 both for the table
 and for wine1 well toward the head of  
the list of ,american grapes1 while     
others condemn it as unfit to eat4 ,the 
fact that this variety1 with ,lucile1   
,lutie1 and others with the foxy taste  
strongly marked1 has not become popular1
 in spite of particularly good vine     

characters1 is presumptive evidence that
 the ,american public do not want such  
grapes4 ,in appearance of fruit         
,northern ,muscadine is much like       
,lutie1 and much like it in quality1 the
 two being distinguished from most other
 grapes by an unmistakable odor4 ,a     
serious defect of the fruit is that the 
berries shatter badly as soon as the    
grape reaches maturity4 ,taken as a     
whole1 the vine characters of this      
variety are very good and it offers     
possibilities for the grape-breeder     
because of them4 ,it cannot be          
recommended for either the vineyard or  
the garden4  ,this variety originated at
 ,new ,lebanon1 ,columbia ,county1 ,new 
,york4 ,it was first brought to notice  
by ,d4 ,j4 ,hawkins and ,philemon       
,stewart of the ,united ,society of     
,shakers at that place about #aheb4 ,it 
was placed on the grape list of the     
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahfb and dropped in #ahga4  
,it is a typical red ,labrusca in all of

 its characters4       ,vine variable in
 vigor and productiveness1 healthy1 not 
always      hardy4 ,canes intermediate  
in length and number1 medium to slender1
      dark brown1 sometimes with a a    
slight red tinge1 heavily pubescent2    
tendrils continuous1 bifid1 dehisce     
early4 ,leaves medium to very      large
 and of distinct ,labrusca type1        
inclined to roundish1 thick2      upper 
surface of medium greenness1 dull1      
medium to rugose2 lower      surface    
dark bronze1 heavily pubescent2 veins   
well defined4 ,flowers      fertile to  
sterile1 open in mid-season or earlier2 
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
about with ,worden1 does not keep well4 
,clusters medium      to small1 short1  
of average width1 frequently oval but   
sometimes      roundish1 occasionally   
single-shouldered1 medium to compact4   
,berries medium to large1 roundish to   
oval1 dark amber to dull                
brownish-red1 covered with thin gray    
bloom1 drop badly from      pedicel4    

,skin variable in thickness1 medium to  
tough1 adheres      considerably to the 
pulp1 contains little or no pigment1    
slightly      astringent4 ,flesh very   
pale green1 juicy1 fine-grained1 tender 
and      soft1 unusually foxy1 sweet1   
poor in quality4 ,seeds separate easily 
from the pulp1 often numerous1 large1   
broad1 faintly notched1 long1      not  
blunt1 brownish2 raphe obscure2 chalaza 
of average size1      slightly above    
center1 variable in shape1 often showing
 as an      obscure depression4         
,,norton4  7,aestivalis1 ,labrusca47    
#a4 ,prince1 #ahcj3ahf4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4     
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahde3ici4      #c4  
,horticulturist1 #ab3dfa4 #aheg4 #d4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #aheh3fh4  
#e4 ,ib41 #ahfj3hh4 #f4 ,horticulturist1
 #af3af1      #bhf4 #ahfa4 #g4 ,u4 ,s4  
,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahfe3aig4 #h4       
,horticulturist1 #bj3ci4 #ahfe4 #i4     
,husmann1 #ahff3ai1 #dh1 #he1      #hg1 
fig41 #ih4 #aj4 ,horticulturist1        
#bb3cee4 #ahfg4 #aa4 ,am4      ,pom4    

,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfg3dd4 #ab4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfg3aaa4      #ac4 ,grape
 ,cult41 #a3e1 #gd1 #ih1 #abb1 #ach1    
#aej1 #bab1 #bif4 #ahfi4      #ad4      
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3abf4 #ae4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhe3ajj4 #af4 ,ib41
 #ahhi3aji4 #ag4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4      
,rpt41      #ahia3aca4 #ah4 ,am4 ,gard41
 #bj3fhh4 #ahii4 #ai4 ,mo4 ,sta4        
,bul41 #df3dj1 #dc1 #de1 #ea1 #ed4      
#ahii4 #bj4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41   
#ah3cig4 #ahii4 #ba4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #aije3ei4       ,norton's        
,seedling 7#i74 ,,norton',s ,,virginia  
7#c1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1      #aa1 
#ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #ba74 ,norton's ,virginia
 7#ad1 #ah74 ,,norton',s      ,,virginia
 ,,seedling 7#a1 #b1 #d74 ,virginia     
,seedling 7#i1 #ac74  ,norton is the    
leading wine grape in eastern ,america1 
and1 if we except ,cynthiana1 which can 
hardly be told from it1 the wine made   
from it is the best of its class made in
 the regions in which the variety will  
grow4 ,the fruit is of small value for  

any other purpose than wine4 ,norton is 
fairly hardy but requires a long warm   
season to reach maturity4 ,while it is  
said that it may be grown wherever      
,catawba thrives1 this has not proved to
 be the case in ,new ,york2 ,norton in  
this ,state is far more precarious than 
,catawba in maturity1 so much so that it
 is now scarcely grown even in the most 
favored parts of ,new ,york4 ,it has    
great adaptability to soils and thrives 
in rich alluvials or clays1 gravels or  
sands1 the only requisite seemingly     
being a fair amount of fertility and    
soil warmth4 ,the vines are robust1 very
 productive1 especially on fertile      
soils1 as free1 or more so1 from fungal 
diseases than any others of our native  
grapes1 and very resistant to           
phylloxera4  ,illustration3 ,,norton    
,the bunches of ,norton are of medium   
size1 not averaging nearly as large as  
the one shown in the illustration1 and  
the berries are small2 the fruit is not 
at all attractive in appearance4 ,the   

grapes are pleasant eating when fully   
ripe1 rich and spicy1 and pure-flavored 
but tart if not quite ripe2 but still   
are in no sense table grapes4 ,the fruit
 keeps well4 ,the cluster usually ripens
 evenly and the berries neither shatter 
nor crack4 ,the variety is difficult to 
propagate from cuttings and to          
transplant1 and the vines do not bear   
grafts readily4  ,norton has been used  
to quite an extent in breeding work and 
the blood may be found in a number of   
desirable grapes but it is not a        
prolific parent of worthy grapes as has 
been the case with so many of its       
contemporary varieties4 ,like ,concord1 
,norton gives1 in experimental work1    
many white seedlings4  ,the origin of   
,norton is rather uncertain4 ,in #ahcj  
,prince writes that he received the     
grape from ,dr4 ,d4 ,n4 ,norton1 one of 
the pioneer grape-growers of ,richmond1 
,virginia1 who had originated it from   
the seed of ,bland with ,miller's       
,burgundy growing nearby4 ,this         

parentage1 it appeared later1 was       
undoubtedly an error as the ,norton     
shows none of the characters of either  
,bland or ,miller's ,burgundy4 ,prince's
 description leaves little doubt but    
that his ,norton was the ,norton of     
to-day4 ,in #ahfa there was an article  
published in the ,horticulturist#bjd by 
a ,mr4 ,lemosy saying that the original 
,norton vine had been discovered in     
#ahce by his father1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4       
,lemosy of ,richmond1 ,virginia1 on an  
island in the ,james ,river and that    
,dr4 ,norton secured the variety from   
this source4 ,since ,norton had sent    
this variety to ,prince prior to #ahcj1 
this story is evidently wrong as to     
dates and is suspicious as to facts4 ,it
 is probable that the true history of   
the variety will never be known4 ,many  
grapes of the ,norton class have been   
found at the ,south1 a fact which has   
led to much confusion as to the origin  
of varieties as well as in the varieties
 themselves4 ,grapes of the ,norton type

 were not looked upon with favor by the 
early viticulturists and it was not     
until some years after its introduction 
that the variety was widely planted--and
 then in ,missouri and not in the region
 of its origin4 ,the ,norton was placed 
on the grape list of the ,american      
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahfg1 and is yet retained4  ,this      
variety has been usually classed as     
,aestivalis1 which is approximately     
correct although most viticulturists    
agree that there is a strain of         
,labrusca present as indicated by the   
occasional continuity of tendrils4      
,millardet1 of ,france1 believes that   
the variety may contain a strain of     
,cinerea as well4 ,but in fruit at      
least1 ,norton is essentially a variety 
of ,aestivalis4       ,vine very        
vigorous1 healthy1 usually hardy but    
sometimes      half-hardy1 an uncertain 
bearer at this ,station but producing   
heavy      crops in more southern       
localities4 ,canes long1 of average     

number1      thick to medium1 dark brown
 to reddish-brown1 surface covered with 
considerable blue bloom2 nodes much     
enlarged2 internodes medium to          
long2 diaphragm thick2 pith large to    
medium2 shoots pubescent2      tendrils 
intermittent1 occasionally continuous1  
long1 bifid to      sometimes trifid4   
,leaf-buds above average size and       
thickness1 short to medium1 often       
compressed1 obtuse to conical1 open     
late4 ,young leaves considerably        
tinged on upper and under sides with    
bright carmine4 ,leaves medium      to  
large1 irregularly roundish1 of average 
thickness2 upper surface      green1    
dull1 rugose on older leaves2 lower     
surface pale green1      slightly       
pubescent2 veins indistinct2 leaf       
usually not lobed with      terminus    
acute to sometimes obtuse2 petiolar     
sinus deep to medium1      narrow1      
sometimes closed and overlapping2 basal 
sinus usually      absent2 lateral sinus
 shallow to a mere notch when present2  

teeth      variable in depth and width4 
,flowers self-fertile1 open late2       
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens too
 late for this locality1 keeps well when
 properly      matured4 ,clusters medium
 to small1 inclined to short1 moderately
      broad1 tapering1 usually          
single-shouldered1 medium to compact2   
peduncle short to medium1 thick1        
sometimes flattened2 pedicel            
intermediate in length1 slender1 covered
 with few warts2 brush      dull1       
wine-colored4 ,berries medium to small1 
roundish to oblate1      black1 somewhat
 glossy1 covered with heavy blue bloom1 
persistent1      soft4 ,skin thin1 of   
average toughness1 does not adhere to   
the pulp1      contains a large amount  
of dark red pigment1 no astringency4    
,flesh      greenish1 translucent1      
juicy1 tender1 spicy1 tart and somewhat 
astringent4 ,seeds separate fairly      
easily from the pulp1 two to six1       
average three1 numerous1 medium to      
small1 intermediate in breadth      and 

length1 not notched1 brownish2 raphe    
distinct2 chalaza small1      above     
center1 circular1 obscure4 ,must        
#aje-aaj4   ,,norwood4  7,vinifera1     
,labrusca47       #a4 ,mass4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhj3bca4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahha3dc4 #c4 ,ill4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bef4 #ahic4 #d4        
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3afd4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4    
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3fje4      #ahid4  
#f4 ,col4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bi3ai4 #ahid4   
#g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41      
#ag3ecc1 #ede1 #edf1 #edh1 #eeb4 #ahih4 
#h4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #aaj3bdb4   
#aijb4  ,norwood is a                   
,labrusca-,vinifera cross-breed of the  
same specific parentage as ,rogers'     
hybrids which it greatly resembles4 ,it 
is rather more hardy than most other    
grapes of its breeding and is           
preeminently a long keeper1 surpassing  
most of the similar hybrids in this     
respect1 though all of these are notable
 for their keeping quality4 ,but the    
variety is incapable of                 

self-fertilization and does not set its 
fruit well even in a mixed vineyard1    
which fault should debar it from either 
the commercial or the amateur list4 ,the
 quality is from good to very good4  ,n4
 ,b4 ,white originated ,norwood from    
seed of ,concord fertilized with ,black 
,hamburg4 ,it was introduced about #ahhj
 and has been rather widely tested but  
has never been popular1 and is now      
seldom seen in varietal vineyards4      
,vine vigorous1 subject to winter injury
 in unfavorable locations1      variable
 in productiveness4 ,canes intermediate 
in length and      number1 slender2     
tendrils continuous to intermittent1    
bifid4 ,leaves      large1 not uniform  
in color1 thin2 lower surface           
grayish-green1      thinly pubescent4   
,flowers sterile to imperfectly         
self-fertile1 open      late2 stamens   
short4 ,fruit ripens a little earlier   
than ,concord1      keeps and ships     
well4 ,clusters large to medium1 often  
long and      broad1 irregularly        

tapering1 sometimes heavily             
single-shouldered1      intermediate in 
compactness4 ,berries large1 roundish to
 oval1      purplish-black covered with 
heavy blue bloom1 very persistent1      
firm4 ,skin thick1 rather tough1 adheres
 considerably to the pulp1              
decidedly astringent4 ,flesh greenish1  
tough1 stringy1 slightly      foxy1     
sweet at skin to acid at center1 good to
 very good in      quality4 ,seeds      
adherent1 rather large1 long1           
sharp-pointed4   7,i7 ,,ohio4           
7,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,mag4 ,hort41
 #h3afh4 #ahdb4 #b4 ,ib41 #i3aia1 #dcj4 
#ahdc4      #c4 ,downing1 #ahde3bea1    
#beg4 #d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41    
#ahde3icg1 #idj4 #e4 ,ib41 #ahdg3dfe4   
#f4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ag4 ,soc4      ,rpt41      
#ahdh3cff4 #g4 ,thomas1 #ahdi3cih4 #h4  
,mag4 ,hort41      #af3edf4 #ahej4 #i4  
,horticulturist1 #f3bbd4 #ahea4 #aj4    
,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3abg4 #aa4 ,tex4
 ,farm and ,ranch1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahif3aa4  
#ab4 ,trait gen4 de vit41 #f3cgd4 #aijc4

       ,alabama 7#ab74 ,black ,spanish  
7#ab74 ,black ,spanish ,alabama         
7#ab18aj74 ,the ,black 7#ab74 ,blue     
,french 7#ab74 ,burgundy 7#ab74         
,cigar ,box 7#b1 #h1 #i1 #aa1 #ab74     
,devereaux 7#ab74 ,el ,paso 7#ab74      
,jack 7#i1 #aj1 #ab74 ,jacques 7#aj1    
#ab74 ,,jacquez 7#ab74 ,jac 7#ab74      
,jacquet 7#ab74 ,lenoir 7#ab74          
,,longworth',s ,,ohio 7#d1 #h74         
,longworth's ,ohio 7#c1 #g1 #aj1 #aa1   
#ab74 ,mac,candless 7#ab74 ,ohio        
7#ab74 ,segar ,box 7#c1 #f1 #g1 #aj1    
#ab74  ,at one time ,ohio attracted a   
great deal of attention in southern     
grape regions as a wine grape of the    
,lenoir group but was discarded as      
inferior to other similar grapes1       
lacking chiefly in hardiness and in     
health of vine4 ,the grape is somewhat  
interesting from its singular history4  
,in #ahcd some grape cuttings in a      
cigar-box were left at the home of      
,nicholas ,longworth of ,cincinnati1    
,ohio1 during ,mr4 ,longworth's absence 

from home4 ,the man who left them did   
not return and ,longworth could not     
succeed in tracing the donor's identity4
 ,from these came ,ohio4  ,the ,ohio    
has1 at different times1 been said to be
 the same1 in turn1 as ,herbemont1      
,lenoir and ,norton4 ,in regard to the  
first1 ,longworth had ,herbemont in     
cultivation before he received the ,ohio
 and neither he nor his vineyardists    
failed to see distinct and constant     
differences between the two varieties4  
,the last two are disposed of in the    
,cincinnati ,horticultural ,society     
,report given on the next page4         
,longworth and others corroborated these
 statements from their own comparisons  
of the varieties growing in the         
vineyards around ,cincinnati4 ,many     
grape-growers1 and ,longworth of the    
number1 have been of the opinion that   
,ohio might be the same as the variety  
cultivated in ,mississippi under the    
name ,jack or ,jacques1 both names being
 corruptions of ,jacquez1 an old        

,spaniard who had introduced the grape  
into the section around ,natchez4 ,the  
,ohio is probably now obsolete4 ,it did 
not succeed north of ,cincinnati and its
 culture was dropped in the place of its
 origin on account of its susceptibility
 to mildew and black-rot4  ,the         
following description of ,ohio is taken 
from a report to the ,cincinnati        
,horticultural ,society3#bje ,very fine 
specimens of the grape cultivated under 
this name1 were presented by ,n4        
,longworth and ,j4 ,e4 ,mottier1 some of
 the bunches measuring nine inches in   
length4 ,as there has been some belief  
expressed by eastern cultivators1 that  
this grape is the same as ,norton's     
,seedling1 of ,virginia1 the committee  
took pains to examine them together1 in 
,mr4 ,longworth's garden1 where both    
were pointed out to us by ,mr4 ,sleath1 
the gardener4 ,the difference between   
the two was at once apparent and        
striking4 ,in the grape shown as the    
,norton's ,seedling1 said by ,mr4       

,sleath to have been obtained from ,mr4 
,norton himself1 the wood is not so     
bright a red as in the ,ohio1 and the   
leaf is large and entire1 whereas that  
in the ,ohio is three-lobed2 the bud is 
also much less prominent and not so     
pointed as in the ,ohio4 ,the bunches of
 fruit in the ,norton's ,seedling were  
shorter and more compact1 with a thick  
pulp4 ,in the ,ohio1 the bunches were   
long1 very much shouldered1 conical or  
sharp-pointed1 and the fruit without    
pulp--sweeter1 more juicy and vinous in 
flavor1 and the seeds smaller1 darker   
colored and less numerous than in the   
,norton's ,seedling4  ,the ,committee   
think the grape brought into notice     
here1 by ,n4 ,longworth1 ,esq41 under   
the names of the ,ohio or ,cigar box1 a 
valuable and distinct variety1 and well 
worthy of cultivation4 ,this grape has a
 stronger resemblance to the ,le ,noir  
which was also growing near2 but its    
bunches were more shouldered1 more      
pointed1 and less compact4   7,,ii7     

,,ohio4  7,labrusca47       #a4 ,u4 ,s4 
,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahib3bfd4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahie3ge4  ,another  
,ohio originated with ,r4 ,h4 ,hunt of  
,euclid1 ,ohio1 about twenty years ago4 
,of this variety ,van ,deman says3      
,cluster large1 tapering1 slightly      
shouldered4 ,berry rather large1        
round1 black with slight bloom2 skin    
rather thick1 tender2 pulp              
moderately juicy1 tender4 ,seeds small1 
three or four in number4      ,flavor   
mild1 slightly subacid2 quality medium4 
,season early4  ,this variety is not in 
the collection of this ,station and we  
have not been able to find either vines 
or fruit4   ,,oneida4  7,vinifera1      
,labrusca47       #a4 ,bush4 ,cat41     
#ahhc3abh4 #b4 ,mass4 ,hatch ,sta4      
,bul41      #b3ba4 #ahhh4 #c4 ,ill4     
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfa4 #ahic4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4
      ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecc1 #edh1  
#eef4 #ahih4 #e4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41    
#afi3agd4 #ahii4 #f4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,an4    
,rpt41 #ac3cbh4 #aijj4 #g4 ,n4      ,y4 

,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ba3cif4 #aijb4       
,oneida is a ,new ,york seedling1       
interesting as an offspring of the      
,vinifera-,labrusca hybrid ,merrimac4   
,it was sold by subscription in #ahhd   
and thereby somewhat widely distributed 
but has not generally been reported upon
 with favor and is of doubtful value4   
,there are many complaints of its being 
unfruitful and some of its being        
unhealthy and in consequence a weak     
grower4 ,in some sections1 however1 it  
is fairly satisfactory4 ,while it keeps 
well it is said to lose flavor soon     
after picking4 ,oneida is one of the    
rare sorts with erect stamens and yet   
self-sterile4  ,h4 ,thacher of ,oneida  
,county1 ,new ,york1 originated ,oneida 
from seed of ,merrimac planted in #ahga4
 ,it bore its first fruit in #ahge and  
was introduced by ,a4 ,m4 ,purdy of     
,palmyra in #ahhd4 ,the vine characters 
are largely those of ,labrusca but the  
fruit shows very strongly the descent   
from ,vinifera4 ,unlike the berries of  

,labrusca there is no disagreeable taste
 near either skin or seeds and the      
texture of skin and flesh is much like  
that of the ,european ,malaga4          
,vine medium in vigor1 not hardy1       
variable in productiveness1             
somewhat subject to attacks of fungi4   
,canes medium to long1      numerous1   
often rather slender1 roughened2        
tendrils continuous1      bifid4 ,leaves
 large to medium1 moderately light      
green2 lower      surface pale green1   
pubescent4 ,flowers sterile1 open medium
 late2      stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens later than ,concord1 keeps well4 
,clusters small to medium1 tapering1    
usually single-shouldered1      loose4  
,berries variable in size1 roundish1    
handsome red in color1      almost equal
 to ,delaware although in some seasons  
the berries have      an unattractive   
greenish-red color4 ,skin thick1 adheres
      considerably to the pulp4 ,flesh  
somewhat stringy1 tender1 vinous1       
sweet from skin to center1 with some    

,vinifera sprightliness1 fair      to   
good in quality4 ,seeds separate easily 
from the pulp1 not      numerous1 rather
 large1 broad1 short1 plump1 usually    
with a small      enlarged neck2 chalaza
 large1 distinct1 roughened4   ,,oporto4
  7,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,mag4
 ,hort41 #bf3eeb4 #ahfj4 fig4 #b4 ,u4   
,s4 ,pat4 ,off4      ,rpt41 #ahfa3dgg4  
#c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfb3ij4   
#d4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41        
#ahfb3aeg4 #e4 ,strong1 #ahff3ceb4 #f4  
,husmann1      #ahff3abd4 #g4 ,fuller1  
#ahfg3bdg4 #h4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41      
#d3bge4 #ahfh4 #i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #ahga3ajh4 #aj4 ,mich4      ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3edj4 fig4 #aa4      
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3abh4       ,,blue   
,,tart 7#b74 ,blue ,vine ,grape 7#b74   
,oporto 7#b74  ,oporto was at one time  
somewhat sought for as a wine grape from
 the fact that its wine resembled in    
color and flavor that from ,oporto4 ,the
 name has given many the idea that the  
grape is a ,european variety--a misnomer

 in this respect1 as its botanical      
characters show it to be a cross between
 ,riparia and ,labrusca4 ,the variety is
 now scarcely known1 being inferior in  
most of its horticultural characters to 
others of its species1 but it might be  
valuable in breeding work for some of   
its characters4 ,oporto is very hardy1  
unusually free from fungal diseases1 and
 its must is very thick and dark1 even  
staining the hands a deep purple1 hence 
suitable for adding color to wines4 ,the
 variety is very resistant to phylloxera
 and has been used in ,france as a      
phylloxera-resistant grafting stock4    
,the origin of this variety is unknown4 
,it was introduced into cultivation     
about #ahfj by ,e4 ,w4 ,sylvester of    
,lyons1 ,new ,york4 ,the ,oporto was    
placed on the ,american ,pomological    
,society list in #ahfb and removed in   
#ahfg4 ,the botanical characters        
indicate that this variety is a         
,riparia-,labrusca cross-breed4 ,it has 
much the same vine characters as        

,clinton1 but is1 if anything1 more     
rampant in growth than that vigorous    
variety4       ,vine vigorous to very   
vigorous1 unusually hardy1 healthy1     
variable      in productiveness4 ,canes 
above medium to long1 of medium         
thickness1      dark brown to           
reddish-brown1 surface covered with thin
 blue bloom2      tendrils continuous1  
bifid4 ,stamens reflexed4       ,fruit  
ripens with ,concord1 ships and keeps   
well4 ,clusters medium to      small1   
inferior in length1 intermediate in     
width1 cylindrical to      oval1 often  
single-shouldered1 variable in          
compactness4 ,berries      below medium 
in size1 roundish to oblate1 frequently 
compressed on      account of           
compactness of cluster1 black1 glossy1  
covered with      abundant blue bloom1  
persistent1 firm4 ,skin very thin1      
tender1      contains a large amount of 
dark wine-colored pigment4 ,flesh nearly
      white1 or sometimes with purplish 
tinge1 moderately juicy1                

fine-grained1 inclined to solid1 sweet  
to somewhat acid1 decidedly      spicy1 
of fair quality4 ,seeds separate        
somewhat easily from the      pulp1     
often numerous1 below medium to small1  
of average length1      inclined to     
broad1 faintly notched1 often sharply   
pointed1 plump1      dark brown2 raphe  
sometimes shows as a partly submerged   
cord in the      shallow groove2 chalaza
 of average size1 above center1 oval1   
nearly      obscure4   ,,oriental4      
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca47       #a4       
,barry1 #ahhc3ddi4 #b4 ,kan4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi-ij3ie4      #c4 ,ill4
 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bef4 #ahic4 #d4 ,col4 
,sta4 ,bul41      #bi3ai4 #ahid4 #e4    
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3afe4  ,oriental is  
an excellent dark red                   
,vinifera-,labrusca hybrid resembling   
,rogers' red hybrids but not in any way 
surpassing them4 ,while a good grape1 it
 is doubtful if it can take the place of
 the better known varieties of ,rogers4 
,like many grapes of this class its     

fruit is of high quality but the vine is
 of only moderate vigor and is          
susceptible to mildew and black-rot4    
,oriental is more satisfactory in the   
dry portions of the middle ,west than in
 ,new ,york4  ,this variety was produced
 by ,n4 ,b4 ,white of ,norwood1         
,massachusetts1 from seed of a wild     
,labrusca fertilized with ,black        
,hamburg pollen4       ,vine vigorous1  
not always hardy1 averages with ,concord
 in      productiveness4 ,canes         
unusually long1 above medium in number  
and      thickness1 surface slightly    
roughened2 tendrils continuous1         
sometimes intermittent1 bifid to trifid4
 ,leaves large1 green2 lower            
surface grayish-green1 pubescent4 ,fruit
 ripens about ten days      before      
,concord1 keeps well4 ,clusters         
intermediate in size and      length1   
broad1 vary from single-shouldered to   
double-shouldered1      loose4 ,berries 
large to medium1 oval to roundish1 dull 
dark red1      covered with lilac bloom1

 inclined to drop somewhat from pedicel1
      soft4 ,skin thick1 tough1 with but
 little astringency4 ,flesh             
somewhat tough1 stringy1 coarse1 vinous1
 sweet from skin to center1      good in
 quality4 ,seeds adherent to the pulp1  
often numerous1 large1      long1 medium
 to broad1 blunt2 chalaza central to    
distinctly above      center1 frequently
 with shallow radiating furrows4        
,,othello4  7,vinifera1 ,riparia1       
,labrusca47       #a4 ,gar4 ,mon41      
#i3bb1 #bc4 #ahfg4 fig4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahfg3agc4 #c4        
,downing1 #ahfi3eeb4 #d4 ,grape ,cult41 
#b3bd1 #be4 #ahgj4 fig4 #e4 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahid3afg4 #f4 ,tenn4      ,sta4 
,bul41 ,vol4 #i3ahe4 #ahif4 #g4 ,tex4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaea1      #aafa4      
#ahih4 #h4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3dj1    
#dc1 #dd1 #de1 #gf4 #ahii4      #i4 ,ga4
 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3dg4 #aija4 #aj4 ,kan4 
,sta4 ,bul41      #aaj3bdf4 #aijb4 #aa4 
,trait gen4 de vit41 #e3afj4 #aijc4     
,arnold's ,hybrid ,no4 #a 7#d74         

,,arnold',s ,,no4 #a 7#a74 ,arnold's    
,no4 #a      7#c1 #e1 #f1 #aa74         
,,arnold',s ,,hybrid 7#b74 ,arnold's    
,hybrid 7#aa74      ,canadian ,hamburg  
7#c1 #aa74 ,canadian ,hybrid 7#c1 #aa74 
,challenge8      7#aa74  ,othello is    
interesting as being so far the most    
valuable hybrid between ,vinifera and   
,riparia1 having attracted much         
attention in ,europe as well as in      
,america4 ,the significance of the name 
is not apparent unless1 because of its  
dark color1 it was christened after     
,shakespeare's dusky ,moor4 ,in ,france1
 ,othello does remarkably well as a     
direct producer and is used somewhat for
 a resistant stock4 ,while most of its  
characters are spoken of in the         
superlative by the ,french1 in ,america 
it is not so highly thought of chiefly  
because of its susceptibility to fungi1 
though it shows other weaknesses which  
seem inherent to hybrids of ,vinifera   
and native species when grown in this   
country4 ,the fruit of ,othello matures 

so late that it could never become a    
valuable variety for any considerable   
portion of ,new ,york4 ,it is in no     
sense a table grape nor does it make1   
according to the ,french1#bjf a high    
grade of wine1 but rather a             
well-colored1 pleasant1 ordinary wine of
 considerable alcoholic strength4       
,illustration3 ,,othello  ,charles      
,arnold of ,paris1 ,brant ,county1      
,ontario1 produced ,othello from seed of
 ,clinton fertilized by ,black ,hamburg4
 ,the seed was planted in #ahei and the 
variety was sent out for testing about  
ten years later4 ,there seems           
considerable doubt whether ,arnold's    
,clinton was the same as the variety    
known under that name in the ,united    
,states1 but if not1 it was similar4    
,assuming that ,arnold's is the well    
known ,clinton1 ,othello is descended   
from ,labrusca1 ,riparia and ,vinifera4 
,the characters of the three species are
 shown in the variety4 ,the foxy flavor1
 the tomentum of the leaf1 the pulpy    

flesh1 and the usually continuous       
tendrils are all from ,labrusca4        
,riparia is revealed in the long1       
slender canes1 the resistance to        
phylloxera and the shallow1 spreading   
root system4 ,there are but few of the  
characters of ,black ,hamburg1 the      
,vinifera parent1 to be found and yet   
the much lobed leaf1 the cluster1 the   
oval berry and the flavor indicate the  
,old ,world grape and make fairly       
certain the triple origin4       ,vines 
vigorous1 hardy1 usually productive1    
slightly susceptible to      attacks of 
mildew in some localities4 ,canes long1 
intermediate in      number and size1   
light to dark brown2 nodes enlarged1    
frequently      strongly flattened2     
internodes medium to below in length2   
diaphragm      of average thickness2    
pith intermediate in size2 shoots       
pubescent2      tendrils continuous1    
sometimes intermittent1 of medium       
length1      bifid to trifid4           
,leaf-buds intermediate in size1 length 

and width1 conical to nearly            
obtuse4 ,leaves of average size and     
thickness2 upper surface light          
green1 dull and smooth2 lower surface   
pale green1 pubescent2 lobes      three 
to five with terminal lobe acute to     
obtuse2 petiolar sinus      deep to     
medium1 very narrow1 frequently closed  
and overlapping2      basal sinus       
shallow1 narrow2 lateral sinus deep to  
medium1 not      wide2 teeth medium to  
very deep1 rather wide2 stamens upright4
       ,fruit ripens late1 keeps fairly 
well4 ,clusters very large to above     
medium1 long1 broad1 tapering1          
frequently with a loose single          
shoulder1 two to three bunches per      
shoot1 compact2 peduncle medium      to 
long1 intermediate in thickness2 pedicel
 nearly long1 medium to      slender1   
covered with numerous small warts1      
enlarged at point of      attachment to 
fruit2 brush very short1 wine-colored4  
,berries large      to medium1 oval to  
roundish1 black1 glossy1 covered with   

abundant      blue bloom1 very          
persistent1 intermediate in firmness4   
,skin thin1      tough1 adheres strongly
 to the pulp1 contains a moderate amount
 of      bright colored red pigment1    
without astringency4 ,flesh dark green1 
very juicy1 fine-grained1 slightly      
tough1 sprightly1 low in quality        
for table use4 ,seeds separate somewhat 
easily from the pulp1 one to      three 
in number1 medium to below in size1 of  
average length and      breadth1 with   
neck sometimes slightly swollen1        
brownish2 raphe      usually distinct2  
chalaza small1 above center1 oval to    
circular1      not obscure4   ,,ozark4  
7,aestivalis1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,mo4
 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi3cgd4 #b4     
,ib41 #ahij3aef4      #c4 ,ib41         
#ahia3abh4 #d4 ,ib41 #ahib3bfg4 #e4     
,bush4 ,cat41      #ahid3afg4 #f4 ,va4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #id3ace4 #ahih4 #g4 ,mo4   
,sta4      ,bul41 #df3dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1
 #eb4 #ahii4 #h4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41    
#afi3agd4 #ahii4 #i4 ,ky4 ,sta4 ,bul41  

#ib3ie4 #aija4 fig4 #aj4      ,ga4 ,sta4
 ,bul41 #ec3dg4 #aija4 #aa4 ,mo4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #aije3bac4  ,ozark    
belongs to the ,south and to ,missouri1 
and the ,ozarks in particular1 and      
cannot be ripened in the average ,new   
,york season4 ,its merits and demerits  
have been threshed out by the ,missouri 
grape-growers with the result that its  
culture is somewhat increasing4 ,it is a
 wine and not a table grape1 of low     
quality1 partly1 perhaps1 from          
overbearing which it habitually does    
unless the fruit is thinned4 ,it is     
healthy and a very strong grower2 but is
 self-sterile1 which is against it as a 
market sort4 ,in spite of self-sterility
 and low quality1 however1 it is a      
promising sort for the country south of 
,pennsylvania4  ,ozark was originated by
 ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman of ,leavenworth1     
,kansas1 from seed which he states was  
from an unknown source4 ,the variety was
 introduced by ,stayman  ,black about   
#ahij4 ,the variety apparently is of    

,aestivalis descent with a slight       
admixture of ,labrusca4 ,there was      
another ,ozark#bjg raised by ,frederick 
,muench of ,marthasville1 ,warren       
,county1 ,missouri1 in #ahea4 ,it has   
probably long been obsolete4       ,vine
 vigorous to very vigorous1 usually     
hardy1 medium to very      productive4  
,canes rather long1 often somewhat      
thick1 intermediate      in number1     
covered with thin blue bloom1 surface   
slightly      roughened2 tendrils       
intermittent1 usually bifid4 ,leaves    
unusually      healthy and attractive1  
dense1 medium to large1 light green2    
lower      surface pale green1 thinly   
pubescent and cobwebby4 ,flowers sterile
      or nearly so1 open late2 stamens  
reflexed4 ,fruit ripens late1 keeps     
well4 ,clusters medium to large1 long to
 medium1 usually with a long      and   
loose single shoulder1 very compact4    
,berries variable in size1      dull    
black1 covered with abundant blue bloom1
 persistent4 ,skin      variable in     

thickness1 tough1 contains a large      
amount of      wine-colored pigment4    
,flesh not very juicy1 tender when fully
 ripe1      mild1 fair in quality4      
,seeds separate somewhat easily from the
      pulp1 medium to small1 not        
notched2 raphe shows as a distinct      
cord-like ridge2 chalaza plainly above  
center1 very distinct4   ,,peabody4     
7,riparia1 ,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       
#a4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3abi4 #b4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhc3ib4 #c4   
,mass4 ,hatch ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #f3bb4  
#ahic4 #d4      ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41       
#cj3ajh4 #ahic4 #e4 ,can4 ,cen4 ,exp4   
,farms ,rpt41      #ahid3aci4 #f4 ,mich4
 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3agd4 #ahii4 #g4 ,ib41
      #aid3eh4 #aija4  ,peabody is a    
comparatively unimportant offspring of  
,clinton produced by ,ricketts4 ,the    
grapes are too small for dessert        
purposes and their value for wine seems 
not to have been determined though from 
its parentage it would be called a wine 
grape4 ,in general appearance ,peabody  

resembles ,ricketts' ,advance but is    
later1 not so strong a grower1 nor so   
prolific nor hardy4 ,it appears to do   
better in the northern tier of states or
 in ,canada than farther south4  ,this  
variety is supposed to be a seedling of 
,clinton grown by ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts     
about #ahgj and introduced in #ahhb4    
,the fruit is distinctly different in   
several characters from ,clinton or     
other seedlings of that variety         
suggesting that ,peabody is not a       
pure-bred seedling4       ,vine         
vigorous1 hardy1 produces medium crops4 
,canes long1 numerous1      often thick1
 light brown with ash-gray tinge1       
considerably darker      at nodes1      
covered with thin blue bloom2 tendrils  
intermittent1      bifid to trifid4     
,leaves medium to above in size1 dark   
green1 thin1      lower surface pale    
green1 nearly glabrous4 ,flowers        
semi-fertile1      open in mid-season2  
stamens upright4 ,fruit ripens rather   
early1      keeps well4 ,clusters large 

to medium1 medium to long1 usually with 
a fair-sized shoulder connected to the  
bunch by a long stem1      compact to   
medium4 ,berries intermediate in size1  
distinctly oval to      roundish1 black1
 glossy1 covered with abundant blue     
bloom1      persistent4 ,skin thick1    
tough1 not astringent4 ,flesh very      
juicy1      tender1 vinous1 spicy1      
agreeably sweet at skin to tart at      
center1      good in quality4 ,seeds    
usually separate from the pulp easily   
when      fully mature1 intermediate in 
size1 broad2 raphe sometimes shows as   
a partially submerged cord in the bottom
 of a rather wide1 deep      groove2    
chalaza distinctly above center1 often  
roughened4   ,,perfection4  7,labrusca1 
,bourquiniana1 ,vinifera47       #a4    
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhi3cgb4 #b4 
,ib41 #ahib3bfh4      #c4 ,bush4 ,cat41 
#ahid3afh4 #d4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#id3ach4      #ahih4 #e4 ,ga4 ,sta4     
,bul41 #ec3dh4 #aija4  ,perfection is a 
seedling of ,delaware1 which it greatly 

resembles but does not equal in ,new    
,york1 being hardly as high in quality1 
does not keep as well1 shrivels before  
ripening1 and shells badly4 ,in its vine
 characters it is much more like a      
,labrusca than ,delaware1 suggesting    
that it is a ,delaware cross4 ,in the   
,southwest it is considered a valuable  
early red grape4  ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman of  
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 originated       
,perfection from seed of ,delaware2 sent
 out for testing about #ahij4           
,vine medium to vigorous1 healthy1      
injured in severe winters1              
productive4 ,canes intermediate in      
length and number1 slender2             
tendrils intermittent1 trifid to bifid4 
,leaves healthy1 medium in      size and
 color2 lower surface grayish-white with
 tinge of bronze1      heavily          
pubescent4 ,flowers fertile or nearly   
so1 open in      mid-season2 stamens    
upright4 ,fruit ripens before ,delaware1
 does not      keep well4 ,clusters     
intermediate in size1 averaging slightly

 larger      than ,delaware1 of fair    
length1 usually single-shouldered1      
compact4      ,berries medium to small1 
nearly roundish when not misshapen by   
compactness of cluster1 attractive red  
but slightly less brilliant      than   
,delaware1 covered with thin gray or    
faint lilac bloom1      inclined to drop
 from pedicel1 soft4 ,skin thin1        
variable in      toughness1 not         
astringent4 ,flesh medium in juiciness  
and      tenderness1 vinous1 mild1      
moderately sweet1 good in quality but   
inferior to ,delaware4 ,seeds adherent  
to the pulp1 quite numerous1      below 
medium to small1 of average length1     
often with slightly      enlarged neck4 
,,perkins4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47     
#a4 ,horticulturist1 #ad3bdf4 #ahei4 #b4
 ,mag4 ,hort41 #bg3ebc1      #ecb4      
#ahfa4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahfb3adg4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4    
,cat41 #ahge3bd4 #e4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahgh3h4 #f4      ,am4 ,pom4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3eh4 #g4 ,mo4 ,hort4  

,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhc3dj4 #h4 ,neb4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahij3ic4 #i4 ,ill4 
,sta4      ,bul41 #bh3bfa4 #ahic4 #aj4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3afh1 #afi4 fig4     
#aa4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecd1 
#edh1 #eef4 #ahih4 #ab4 ,mich4          
,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3agd4 #ahii4 #ac4 ,ala4
 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3fi1 #gj1      #hh4   
#aijj4 #ad4 ,s4 ,c4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #eh3g1 
#h4 #aija4 fig4  ,perkins was at one    
time grown largely as an early grape but
 has been very generally discarded on   
account of its poor quality4 ,its pulp  
is hard and its flavor is that of       
,wyoming1 ,northern ,muscadine and their
 like1 all easily identified and best   
characterized by their disagreeable     
foxiness4 ,as with nearly all ,labruscas
 it is a very poor keeper4              
,notwithstanding the faults of its      
fruit1 ,perkins may have value in       
regions where grape-growing is          
precarious2 for it is one of the most   
reliable grapes cultivated1 being hardy1
 vigorous1 productive1 and very free    

from fungal diseases4 ,added to the     
above qualities1 it is early1 thus      
making a plant well worthy the attention
 of the grape-breeder4  ,this variety is
 said to be an accidental seedling found
 about #ahcj in the garden of ,jacob    
,perkins of ,bridgewater1               
,massachusetts4 ,for many years it had  
only a local reputation and became known
 to viticulturists about #ahfj4 ,it was 
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahge and although several   
efforts have been made to have it       
removed it still remains4 ,it was       
suspected by some of those familiar with
 its early history to be a seedling of  
,isabella or ,catawba but there is      
little or nothing in the vine or fruit  
to substantiate such a supposition4     
,vine vigorous1 healthy1 hardy1         
productive4 ,canes long to medium1      
numerous1 thick to medium1 rather dark  
brown1 deepening in color at      the   
nodes1 surface heavily pubescent2       

tendrils continuous1 bifid to           
trifid4 ,leaves above medium to small1  
thick2 upper surface medium      green1 
medium to slightly rugose2 lower surface
 grayish-white1      heavily pubescent2 
veins distinct4 ,flowers nearly fertile1
 open      medium early2 stamens        
upright4       ,fruit ripens earlier    
than ,delaware1 ships well for an early 
grape4      ,clusters intermediate in   
size and length1 broad to medium1       
cylindrical to slightly tapering1 often 
with a short single      shoulder1      
compact4 ,berries large to medium1      
distinctly oval1 dull      green        
changing to an attractive pale lilac or 
light red when fully      ripe1 covered 
with rather abundant gray or lilac      
bloom1 inclined to      drop            
considerably from the pedicel1 somewhat 
soft4 ,skin thin1      tough1 contains  
no pigment4 ,flesh nearly white1 medium 
juicy1      stringy1 fine-grained1 firm 
and meaty1 very foxy1 sweet at skin to  
nearly acid at center1 poor to fair in  

quality4 ,seeds decidedly      adherent1
 numerous1 medium to above in size1     
width and length1      somewhat blunt1  
light brown with yellow tips2 raphe     
buried in a      narrow1 nearly deep    
groove2 chalaza small1 distinctly above 
center1      oval to pear-shaped1 rather
 distinct4   ,,pocklington4             
7,labrusca47       #a4 ,gar4 ,mon41     
#ba3bjg1 #cfb4 #ahgi4 #b4 ,mass4 ,hort4 
,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahhj3bch4 #c4 ,gar4  
,mon41 #bb3agf4 #ahhj4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cb1 #dd4 #e4 ,am4    
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahha3bd4      #f4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3eh4 #g4   
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #de3fbb1      #fec4     
#ahhf4 #h4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41    
#ahhf-hg3aga4 #i4 ,ill4      ,sta4      
,bul41 #bh3bff4 #ahic4 #aj4 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahid3afi4 #aa4      ,n4 ,y4     
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3fje4 #ahid4 #ab4  
,ib41 #ae3dcb1 #dcc4      #ahif4 #ac4   
,ib41 #ag3ecd1 #edb1 #edd1 #ede1 #edg1  
#eeb1 #eef4 #ahih4      #ad4 ,ga4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #ec3dh1 #eb1 #eh4 #aija4 #ae4    

,kan4 ,sta4      ,bul41 #aaj3bcg4 #aijb4
       ,golden ,pocklington 7#aj74      
,before the advent of ,niagara1         
,pocklington was1 all things considered1
 the leading white grape1 having very   
generally displaced ,martha4 ,the       
variety had the fatal fault1 however1 of
 ripening late in the latitude of ,new  
,york which1 with some minor defects1   
has caused it to fall below ,niagara in 
value for the grape districts of this   
region if not for the whole country4 ,it
 is now being grown less and less1 and  
though still commonly found1 must soon  
become largely a grape for the amateur  
and the collector4  ,pocklington is a   
seedling of ,concord and resembles its  
parent in most of its vine characters1  
fully equaling or surpassing it in      
hardiness1 but of slower growth and not 
quite as healthy1 vigorous or           
productive4 ,in quality it is as good if
 not better than either ,concord or     
,niagara1 being sweet1 rich and pleasant
 flavored1 though as with the other two 

grapes it has a little too much foxiness
 for critical consumers of grapes4 ,it  
is a handsome fruit1 a delicate golden  
yellow in color1 being often called the 
,golden ,pocklington1 and with finely   
formed bunches and berries making it one
 of the most attractive of all green    
grapes4 ,pocklington keeps and ships    
better than ,concord or than any of the 
latter's seedlings1 having a tough1     
though comparatively thin1 skin4 ,under 
some conditions1 it ripens unevenly and 
in some localities it is unfruitful4    
,pocklington is not equal to several    
other of the grapes of its season in    
quality1 as1 for instance ,iona1        
,jefferson1 ,diana1 ,dutchess and       
,catawba1 but it is far above the       
average as a table grape and for this   
reason and because of its handsome      
appearance1 one of the most attractive  
of all green grapes1 it should be       
retained in our list of grapes for the  
garden4  ,john ,pocklington of ,sandy   
,hill1 ,washington ,county1 ,new ,york1 

originated ,pocklington from seed of    
,concord about #ahgj4 ,the variety was  
first exhibited at the ,new ,york ,state
 fair in ,rochester1 in #ahgg1 and was  
exhibited before the ,american          
,pomological ,society two years later4  
,it was introduced by ,john ,charlton of
 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 about #ahhj4   
,in #ahha it was placed on the grape    
list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog4 ,in spite of its
 general failure as a commercial sort1  
it is still offered for sale by many    
nurserymen4       ,vine medium in vigor1
 hardy1 variable in productiveness1     
somewhat      subject to mildew in the  
,hudson ,river and ,central ,lakes      
districts4      ,canes intermediate in  
length1 number1 and size1 very dark     
reddish-brown2 nodes enlarged1          
flattened2 internodes medium to         
below in length2 diaphragm thin2 pith   
slightly above average size2      shoots
 pubescent2 tendrils continuous1 of fair
 length1 bifid to      trifid4          

,illustration3 ,,pocklington            
,leaf-buds small1 very short1 slender1  
pointed1 open late4 ,young      leaves  
tinged on lower side only1 prevailing   
color light      rose-carmine4 ,leaves  
variable in size1 medium to rather      
thick2      upper surface light green1  
glossy1 of average smoothness2 lower    
surface tinged with bronze1 pubescent2  
veins distinct2 lobes none      to three
 with terminus acuminate to acute2      
petiolar sinus medium to      deep1     
rather wide2 teeth of average depth1    
medium to rather narrow4      ,flowers  
fertile1 open in mid-season2 stamens    
upright4       ,fruit not uniform in    
season of ripening but averaging later  
than      ,concord1 keeps and ships     
fairly well4 ,clusters medium to large1 
intermediate in length and breadth1     
cylindrical to slightly      tapering1  
often single-shouldered1 medium to      
compact2 peduncle      medium to short1 
of average thickness2 pedicel short to  
medium1      thick1 covered with few    

small warts2 brush short1 greenish4     
,berries      large to above medium1    
slightly oblate1 attractive             
yellowish-green      or with tinge of   
amber1 covered with thin gray bloom1    
variable in      adhesion to pedicel1   
nearly firm4 ,skin covered with         
scattering      russet dots1 thin and   
tender1 adheres slightly to the pulp1   
contains no pigment1 faintly astringent4
 ,flesh light green1 often      with    
yellow tinge1 translucent1 juicy1 tough1
 fine-grained1      slightly foxy1      
nearly sweet at skin to tart at center1 
good in      quality4 ,seeds do not     
separate easily from the pulp1 one to   
six1      average three1 intermediate in
 size1 length and breadth1 brownish2    
raphe obscure2 chalaza of medium size1  
slightly above center1      usually     
oval1 obscure4   ,,poughkeepsie4        
7,bourquiniana1 ,labrusca1 ,vinifera47  
#a4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bb3agf4 #ahhj4 #b4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahha3add4 
#c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #i3cbi4   

#ahij4 #d4 ,ib41      #aa3fcb4 #ahib4   
#e4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3agj4 #f4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4      ,rpt41 #ag3ecd1 #edg4  
#ahih4 #g4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3da1    
#dc1 #dd1      #de1 #ec4 #ahii4 #h4     
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3age4 #ahii4 #i4
 ,ga4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3dh4 #aija4  
#aj4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bci4 #aijb4
       ,,poughkeepsie ,,red 7#a1 #b1 #d1
 #e1 #g1 #i74  ,poughkeepsie has been   
known on the ,hudson ,river for nearly a
 half century yet it is now but little  
grown there and has not been widely     
disseminated elsewhere4 ,there is no    
doubt as to its quality1 both as a table
 grape and for wine2 in this respect it 
is considered by many as equal to the   
best of our ,american varieties and     
quite the equal of some of the finer    
,european sorts4 ,but the vine          
characters are practically all poor and 
the variety is thus effectually debarred
 from common cultivation4 ,both vine and
 fruit greatly resemble ,delaware but it
 is not the equal of the latter variety 

in vine characters and does not surpass 
it in fruit4 ,in particular1 it is more 
easily winter-killed and is less        
productive than ,delaware4 ,it ripens   
with us a little earlier than the last  
named sort and this with its beauty and 
fine quality is sufficient to recommend 
it for the garden at least4  ,a4 ,j4    
,caywood of ,marlboro1 ,new ,york1      
originated ,poughkeepsie1 it is said1   
from seed of ,iona fertilized by mixed  
pollen of ,delaware and ,walter4 ,the   
original seedling was raised in the     
sixties but the variety was only known  
locally until about #ahhj when it was   
brought before the public4 ,it has never
 been popular in any section and is now 
nearly obsolete4       ,vine            
intermediate in vigor1 doubtfully hardy1
 variable in      productiveness1 some  
seasons producing such heavy crops that 
the      vine is weakened1 and on this  
account a somewhat uncertain bearer4    
,canes medium to short1 intermediate in 
number1 thick to medium1      dark      

reddish-brown2 tendrils intermittent1   
frequently three in      line1 bifid to 
trifid4 ,leaves not healthy1 medium to  
small1 of      average thickness2 upper 
surface medium green1 glossy1 somewhat  
rugose on older leaves2 lower surface   
pale green to grayish-green1      thinly
 pubescent4 ,flowers fertile1 open      
medium late2 stamens      upright4      
,fruit ripens about with ,delaware1     
keeps and ships fairly well4            
,clusters medium to below in size1      
intermediate in length and width1       
tapering to cylindrical1 usually        
single-shouldered1 very compact4        
,berries small1 roundish1 pale red to   
attractive red when properly            
ripened1 covered with a medium amount of
 dark lilac bloom1      persistent1     
firm4 ,skin thin and tender but does not
 crack1 contains      no pigment4 ,flesh
 pale green1 very juicy1 tender1 nearly 
melting1      fine-grained1 vinous1     
sweet or nearly so from skin to center1 
refreshing1 very good to best in        

quality4 ,the flesh characters          
closely resemble ,delaware4 ,seeds      
separate easily from the pulp1          
small1 of medium length1 medium to      
broad1 usually plump with      slightly 
enlarged neck1 brownish2 raphe obscure2 
chalaza of average      size1 distinctly
 above center1 circular1 obscure4       
,,prentiss4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47    
#a4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgh3ceg4
 #b4 ,ib41 #ahgi3aia1      #aid1 #cbj1  
fig41 #cba4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 
#ahha3bd4 #d4      ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #ahhc3ei1 #fa4 #e4 ,mo4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhd3cdc1 #cde4 #f4  
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ajc1 #ajf1
 #add4      #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4      
,rpt41 #i3ccb4 #ahij4 #h4 ,ill4 ,sta4   
,bul41      #bh3bff4 #ahic4 #i4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahid3aga4 fig4 #aj4             
,husmann1 #ahie3ic4 #aa4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecd1 #edb1      #ede1   
#edg1 #eeb4 #ahih4 #ab4 ,mich4 ,sta4    
,bul41 #afi3age4 #ahii4  ,prentiss is a 
green grape of good quality1 once well  

known and generally recommended1 but now
 going out of cultivation4 ,if popular  
preference turned upon quality1 we      
should still grow this variety1 but     
consideration must be given to other    
characters and in these ,prentiss fails4
 ,those who have grown it in the several
 grape districts of ,new ,york accredit 
the vines with about all the faults a   
grape can have4 ,thus1 it is almost     
universally considered tender to cold1  
lacking in vigor and being unproductive1
 while in some localities it is looked  
upon as uncertain in bearing1 and       
subject to rot and mildew4 ,on the other
 hand1 there are vineyards in which it  
does very well and in such it is a      
remarkably attractive green grape1      
especially in form of cluster and in    
form and color of berry1 in these       
respects resembling the one-time        
favorite ,rebecca though never so high  
in quality as that variety4 ,its season 
is given as both before and after       
,concord4 ,it must always remain a      

variety for the amateur and for special 
localities4  ,this variety is said to   
have been originated by ,j4 ,w4         
,prentiss of ,pulteney1 ,steuben        
,county1 ,new ,york1 about forty years  
ago1 from seed of ,isabella4#bjh ,it was
 introduced about #ahhj by ,t4 ,s4      
,hubbard of ,fredonia1 ,new ,york4 ,in  
#ahha it was placed on the catalog of   
the ,american ,pomological ,society and 
is still retained4       ,vine medium to
 weak1 with a tendency to winter injury1
 unfruitful1      capricious in bearing1
 somewhat subject to attacks of mildew4 
,canes      intermediate in length and  
number1 thick1 light to dark brown2     
tendrils continuous1 bifid4             
,leaves above medium to small1 thick2   
upper surface light green1      smooth  
to rugose in the older leaves2 lower    
surface pale green1      pubescent2     
veins obscure4 ,flowers self-fertile1   
open in mid-season2      stamens        
upright4       ,fruit variable in season
 of ripening averaging about with       

,concord1      keeps well4 ,clusters not
 large1 medium to short1 of average     
width1      tapering to cylindrical1    
sometimes with a slight single shoulder1
      compact4 ,berries above medium to 
small1 vary in shape from roundish      
to oval1 light green with strong        
yellowish tinge covered with thin       
gray bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin of  
medium thickness1 somewhat      tough1  
contains no pigment4 ,flesh pale green1 
juicy1 medium in      tenderness1       
slightly foxy1 sweet next the skin to   
agreeably tart at      center1 good in  
quality4 ,seeds adherent1 sometimes     
numerous1      intermediate in size1    
variable in width1 very slightly        
notched1      short to medium1          
sharp-pointed1 dark brown2 raphe buried 
in a      shallow1 narrow groove2       
chalaza large1 slightly above center1   
irregularly circular to oval1 surface   
often roughened1 obscure4   ,,rebecca4  
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,mag4 
,hort41 #bb3deh1 #dhd1 #ejb4 #ahef4 #b4 

,horticulturist1      #aa3ebh4 #ahef4   
#c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahef3ci1   
#afb1 #bja4      fig4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahef3bad4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4      ,rpt41 #aheh3fg4 #f4 ,gar4   
,mon41 #b3bjj4 #ahfj4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfb3ij4 #h4 ,grant's     
,descrip4 ,cat41 #ahfd3e4 #i4      ,mag4
 ,hort41 #cc3gj1 #adh4 #ahfg4 #aj4      
,grape ,cult41 #a3dc1 #aej1      #cbg4  
#ahfi4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#ahhc3ei4 #ab4 ,bush4      ,cat41       
#ahhc3acb4 #ac4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41      
#aaj3bcg4 #aijb4  ,during the middle and
 latter part of the last century1 when  
grape-growing was more in the hands of  
connoisseurs than now1 ,rebecca was one 
of the sterling green varieties4 ,it is 
wholly unsuited for commercial vineyards
 and for years has gradually been       
disappearing from cultivation4 ,the     
fruit of ,rebecca is exceptionally fine1
 consisting of well-formed bunches and  
berries1 the latter a handsome          
yellowish-white and semitransparent4 ,in

 quality it is of the best1 with a rich1
 sweet flavor and pleasing aroma4 ,but  
the vine characters condemn it for any  
but the amateur and even in the garden  
it must have exceptionally good care to 
succeed4 ,the vines lack in hardiness   
and vigor1 are susceptible to mildew and
 other fungi1 and are productive only   
under the best conditions4 ,it is       
recommended as being especially         
desirable to plant on south walls where 
it seems to succeed much better than in 
exposed situations4  ,the original vine 
of this variety was an accidental       
seedling found in the garden of ,e4 ,m4 
,peake at ,hudson1 ,new ,york4 ,it bore 
its first fruit in #aheb when the vine  
was four years old and was brought to   
the notice of the public four or five   
years later4 ,the ,massachusetts        
,horticultural ,society awarded the     
variety their silver medal in #ahef and 
it was exhibited before the ,american   
,pomological ,society the same year4    
,here it made so favorable an impression

 that it was placed with ,concord and   
,delaware under new varieties which     
promise well4 ,in #ahfb it was placed on
 the regular list where it remained till
 #ahia1 when it was removed4 ,it was    
introduced by ,w4 ,brooksbank of        
,hudson4       ,vine weak to vigorous1  
not always hardy1 not productive1       
somewhat      susceptible to attacks of 
mildew4 ,canes long to below medium1    
numerous1 above medium to slender1      
inclined to dull brown1      deepening  
in color at the nodes2 tendrils         
continuous to      intermittent1 bifid  
to trifid4 ,leaves variable in size1 of 
average      thickness2 upper surface   
dark green1 dull1 medium to rugose2     
lower      surface grayish-green1       
pubescent2 veins variable in            
distinctness4      ,flowers fertile or  
nearly so2 stamens upright4       ,fruit
 ripens with ,concord or later1 ships   
and keeps well4 ,clusters      medium to
 small1 medium to short1 of average     
width1 cylindrical to      roundish1    

rarely with a small single shoulder1    
compact4 ,berries      intermediate in  
size1 oval1 green with yellowish tinge  
sometimes      verging on amber1 not    
glossy1 covered with thin gray bloom1   
persistent1 firm4 ,skin intermediate in 
thickness and toughness1      contains  
no pigment4 ,flesh pale green1 very     
juicy1 tender1 nearly      melting1     
vinous and a little foxy1 sweet from    
skin to center1 good      to very good  
in quality4 ,seeds separate easily from 
the pulp1      medium to below in size1 
medium to short1 above medium to narrow1
      blunt1 medium brown2 raphe        
obscure2 chalaza of average size1 above 
center1 circular to oval1 not distinct4 
,must #fi4  ,illustration3 ,,red ,,eagle
   ,,red ,,eagle4  7,labrusca1          
,vinifera47       #a4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41
 #bh3afb4 #ahia4 #b4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt41      #aj3dih4 #ahia4 #c4 ,ib41   
#aa3fcc4 #ahib4 #d4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#cj3ajf4 #ahic4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4  
,rpt41 #ag3ebe1 #ecd1 #edh1      #eef4  

#ahih4 #f4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #id3ach4   
#ahih4 #g4 ,ga4 ,sta4      ,bul41       
#ec3dh4 #aija4       ,munson ,no4 #dg   
7#d74  ,red ,eagle is a pure-bred       
seedling of ,black ,eagle which it      
resembles in all characters except color
 of fruit4 ,it is one of comparatively  
few pure-bred offspring of              
,vinifera-,labrusca crosses of the      
second generation and therefore of      
interest to grape-breeders4 ,munson1 the
 originator of the variety1 does not    
include ,red ,eagle in his last catalog 
but on the grounds of this ,station it  
takes high rank as a grape of quality   
and at least can be recommended to the  
amateur4 ,in general it shows the       
characters found in ,rogers' first      
generation hybrids and ranks with them  
in fruit and vine4  ,the variety was    
originated by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson1 from whom
 it was received at this ,station in    
#ahhh4       ,vine medium in vigor1     
injured in severe winters1 moderately   
productive4 ,canes of average length1   

medium to few1 slender1 dark      brown1
 surface covered with a small amount of 
blue bloom2 nodes      prominent1       
slightly flattened2 internodes of fair  
length2 diaphragm      intermediate in  
thickness2 pith medium in size2 shoots  
pubescent2      tendrils continuous to  
intermittent1 long to medium1 bifid4    
,leaf-buds medium to below in size1     
short1 of average thickness1            
conical to obtuse1 open late4 ,young    
leaves heavily tinged on under      side
 and lightly along margin of upper side 
with rose-carmine4      ,leaves         
intermediate in size1 thick2 upper      
surface light green1      dull1 medium  
to slightly rugose2 lower surface       
grayish-green1      slightly pubescent2 
veins well defined2 lobes three to five 
with      terminus obtuse to acute2     
petiolar sinus deep1 medium to narrow1  
sometimes closed and overlapping2 basal 
sinus variable in depth1      wide2     
lateral sinus often very deep1 somewhat 
wide2 teeth medium to      deep1 wide4  

,flowers sterile to fertile1 open       
moderately late2      stamens reflexed4 
,fruit ripens a little before ,concord1 
keeps fairly well4 ,clusters      medium
 to small1 variable in length1 broad1   
slightly tapering1      usually         
single-shouldered but sometimes         
double-shouldered1 loose to      medium 
with many abortive berries2 peduncle    
nearly long to medium1      inclined to 
slender2 pedicel very long1 slender2    
brush pale green      with brown tinge1 
short to medium1 rather slender4        
,berries variable      in size1         
roundish1 light to very dark red1 not   
glossy1 covered with      heavy lilac or
 faint blue bloom1 persistent1 rather   
soft4 ,skin      medium to thick1       
tender1 adheres slightly to the pulp1   
contains a      small amount of red     
pigment1 without astringency4 ,flesh    
greenish1      transparent1 juicy1 very 
tender and melting1 slightly foxy1      
agreeably tart next the skin to slightly
 acid at center1 very good      in      

quality4 ,seeds separate easily from the
 pulp1 one to five1      average three  
or four1 often rather large1 of mean    
breadth1 long1      somewhat blunt1     
light brown2 raphe buried in a narrow1  
shallow      groove2 chalaza large1     
above center1 irregularly circular to   
oval1      distinct4   ,,regal4         
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,rural
 ,n4 ,y41 #fb3dcf4 #aijc4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #aijc3hb4 #c4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,state ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4 ,rpt41        
#aijd3da4  ,as was the case with the    
preceding grape1 ,regal is also a second
 generation hybrid of ,vinifera and     
,labrusca1 the parent of this variety   
being ,lindley1 which1 as the technical 
description shows1 it much resembles4   
,the fact is again demonstrated in this 
variety that the characters of          
grape-hybrids1 at least of these two    
species1 are passed to subsequent       
generations much as they were found in  
the first generation4 ,the fruit of     
,regal is attractive in appearance and  

in quality1 its characters being much   
the same as those of ,lindley4 ,a       
seemingly insignificant fault might make
 it somewhat undesirable in a commercial
 vineyard2 it is that the clusters are  
borne so close to the wood that it is   
difficult to harvest the fruit1 and     
especially to avoid injury to the       
berries next to the wood4 ,the variety  
is worthy of extensive trial in the     
vineyards and gardens of the ,state4    
,regal was originated in ,rockford1     
,illinois1 in #ahgi by ,a4 ,w4          
,woodward4 ,it was introduced some years
 later by ,m4 ,crawford of ,cuyahoga    
,falls1 ,ohio4 ,the original vine was   
one of a lot of ,lindley seedlings4     
,some vines of this variety were sent   
out by the introducer under the title   
,crawford ,no4 #ii4       ,vine         
vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1 very          
productive4 ,canes intermediate      in 
length and size1 rather numerous1 medium
 dark reddish-brown4      ,tendrils     
intermittent1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves  

healthy1 medium to      nearly large1 of
 average thickness2 upper surface green1
 slightly      glossy and rugose2 lower 
surface pale green with bronze tinge1   
strongly pubescent4 ,flowers fully      
self-fertile1 open in mid-season2       
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens    
with ,lindley or later2 keeps well4     
,clusters small to      medium1 shorter 
than ,lindley1 medium to broad1         
cylindrical to      tapering with       
sometimes an inclination to oval1       
usually with a      short single        
shoulder1 sometimes double-shouldered1  
very compact4      ,berries above medium
 to below1 averaging larger than        
,brighton1      roundish but frequently 
compressed on account of compactness of 
cluster1 purplish-red to dark red1      
covered with lilac bloom1               
persistent1 of average firmness4 ,skin  
thin1 medium to tough1      contains no 
pigment4 ,flesh pale green1 very juicy1 
fine-grained1      slightly stringy and 
solid until fully ripe when it becomes  

rather      tender1 sweet at skin to    
acid at center1 slightly musky1 good in 
quality but not equal to ,lindley4      
,seeds separate easily from the         
pulp1 rather numerous1 intermediate in  
size1 long to below medium1      above  
medium to narrow1 slightly notched1     
inclined to blunt1      frequently with 
a short enlarged neck1 brownish2 raphe  
buried in a      medium-sized groove2   
chalaza small1 above center1 circular to
 oval1      distinct4   ,,requa4        
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,u4   
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfd3acf4 #b4       
,horticulturist1      #bd3abf4 #ahfi4   
#c4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3aha4 #ahfi4 #d4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4      ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fcc4 
#ahib4 #e4 ,ib41 #ag3ecd1 #edh1 #eef4   
#ahih4      #f4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41       
#df3da1 #dc1 #dd1 #de4 #ahii4 #g4 ,mich4
 ,sta4      ,bul41 #afi3age4 #ahii4 #h4 
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3dh4 #aija4 #i4    
,can4 ,hort41 #bd3bfa4 #aija4 fig4 #aj4 
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #aaj3bdc4 #aijb4
       ,,rogers' ,,no4 #bh 7#a74        

,rogers' ,no4 #bh 7#b1 #c1 #d1 #i74     
,requa is one of ,rogers' hybrids hardly
 equaling others of its color and       
season4 ,it is an attractive grape in   
cluster and berry and of very good      
quality but quite subject to rot and    
ripening too late for the grape regions 
of this latitude1 being as late as      
,catawba4 ,in giving his grapes names1  
,rogers used those of ,english or       
,german horticultural or botanical      
celebrities and of some of the ,indian  
names of counties and towns of          
,massachusetts4 ,requa was dedicated by 
,rogers to a ,mr4 ,requa1 a             
horticulturist of local note1 of        
,salem-on-,erie1 ,massachusetts4  ,for  
an account of the parentage and early   
history of this variety see ,rogers'    
,hybrids4 ,in #ahfi this variety was    
named ,requa1 it having been previously 
known as ,rogers' ,no4 #bh4 ,there      
appear at present to be two varieties   
passing under this name4 ,georgia1      
,texas and ,missouri report this variety

 as having erect stamens but in our     
vineyard it shows only recurved stamens4
       ,vine medium to vigorous1 hardy  
except in severe winters1 medium in     
productiveness1 not always healthy4     
,canes medium to long1      intermediate
 in number and thickness2 tendrils      
continuous to      intermittent1 trifid 
to bifid4 ,leaves large to medium1 dark 
green1      often thick and rugose2     
lower surface grayish-green1 pubescent4 
,flowers sterile to partly fertile1 open
 late2 stamens reflexed4      ,fruit    
ripens about with ,catawba or earlier1  
keeps a long time in      good          
condition4 ,clusters large to medium1   
intermediate in length      and width1  
nearly cylindrical1 often with a long   
single shoulder1      compact4 ,berries 
medium to large1 slightly oval to       
roundish1 dark      dull red covered    
with thin gray or lilac bloom1 strongly 
adherent1      not firm4 ,skin thin1    
nearly tough1 adheres considerably to   
the      pulp4 ,flesh very pale green1  

somewhat tender1 rather stringy1        
vinous1 slightly foxy1 almost sweet from
 skin to center1 good to      very good 
in quality4 ,seeds slightly adherent to 
the pulp1 above      medium to medium in
 size and length1 often rather broad1   
somewhat      blunt4   ,,rochester4     
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,w4   
,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #bc3fj4     
#ahgh4 #b4 ,ib41      #bg3bb4 #ahhb4 #c4
 ,barry1 #ahhc3ddb4 #d4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4   
,an4 ,rpt41      #i3cbi4 #ahij4 #e4     
,ib41 #aa3fcd4 #ahib4 #f4 ,bush4 ,cat41 
#ahid3agc4 #g4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#id3ach4 #ahih4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4       
,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecd1 #edf1 #edg1 #eeb4  
#ahih4 #i4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41            
#df3da1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #ec4 #ahii4 #aj4 
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3age4           
#ahii4 #aa4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdj4
 #aijb4       ,barry's ,no4 #ai 7#a74   
,rochester1 as the color-plate shows1 is
 a large-clustered1 red grape1 very     
handsome in appearance4 ,it is also very
 good in quality4 ,the vine is a        

particularly strong grower and very     
productive and in the locality in and   
about ,rochester at least1 very free    
from diseases4 ,it is so very vigorous  
that it needs much room and long        
pruning4 ,the variety is difficult to   
propagate and therefore not in favor    
with nurserymen1 and is to be had1 if at
 all1 usually at extra expense4 ,the    
grapes are sweet1 rich1 and vinous1     
ranking from good to very good in       
quality4 ,the fruit1 however1 should be 
used as soon as ripe1 as it does not    
keep well and the berries quickly       
shatter from the bunch4 ,as an          
attractive early red grape ,rochester is
 well worth a place in the garden and   
possibly in favored locations for a     
special market4  ,ellwanger  ,barry of  
,rochester1 ,monroe ,county1 ,new ,york1
 in #ahfg fruited over one hundred      
seedling grapes which they had raised   
from mixed seed of ,delaware1 ,diana1   
,concord1 and ,rebecca4 ,only two of    
these seedlings were finally saved1 the 

,rochester and the ,monroe4 ,the        
,rochester was introduced by the        
originators about #ahhj4       ,vine    
medium to vigorous1 usually hardy1      
medium to productive4 ,canes      long1 
intermediate in number and size1 dark   
reddish-brown2 nodes      moderately    
enlarged1 slightly flattened2 internodes
 short2      diaphragm thick2 pith      
small1 shoots pubescent2 tendrils       
intermittent1 long1 bifid or trifid4    
,illustration3 ,,rochester              
,leaf-buds medium to below in size1     
short1 of average thickness1            
conical1 open in mid-season4 ,young     
leaves tinged on upper and under        
sides with dull rose-carmine4 ,leaves   
medium to large2 upper surface          
light green1 slightly glossy1 nearly    
smooth2 lower surface                   
grayish-green1 pubescent2 veins         
distinct2 lobes none to three with      
terminus acute2 petiolar sinus deep to  
medium1 variable in width2      basal   
sinus absent2 lateral sinus shallow to a

 mere notch when      present2 teeth    
shallow1 of average width4 ,flowers     
fertile1 open      mid-season2 stamens  
upright4       ,fruit ripens earlier    
than ,concord1 does not always ripen    
evenly1      does not keep well4        
,clusters large to medium1 about average
 length1      broad1 tapering1 usually  
single-shouldered but sometimes heavily 
double-shouldered1 very compact2        
peduncle short1 intermediate in         
thickness2 pedicel short1 slender1      
covered with few warts2 brush of        
medium length1 slender1 yellowish-brown4
 ,berries above medium to      small1   
oval1 dark red to purplish-red but the  
berries do not color      uniformly1    
dull1 covered with thin1 lilac bloom1   
inclined to drop      from pedicel1     
soft4 ,skin thick to medium1 somewhat   
tough1 inclined      to crack sometimes 
on account of compactness of cluster1   
does not      adhere to pulp1 contains  
no pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh pale     
green1      transparent1 juicy1 tender1 

fine-grained1 somewhat vinous and foxy1 
sweet1 good to very good in quality4    
,seeds separate easily from the         
pulp1 one to three1 average two1 large1 
medium to short1 rather      broad but  
often blunt1 quite variable1 however1 in
 general      characters1 medium to dark
 brown2 raphe buried in a slight groove2
      chalaza of average size1 above    
center1 circular to oval1 obscure4      
,,rockwood4  7,labrusca47       #a4     
,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgd3aed4   
#b4 ,an4 ,hort41      #ahhi3aja4 #c4 ,n4
 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ad3bgi4 #ahie4  
#d4 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahid3ajg4 #e4   
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecd1 #edh1
 #eef4      #ahih4 #f4 ,mich4 ,sta4     
,bul41 #afi3age4 #ahii4 #g4 ,ala4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #aaj3gd1 #hh4 #aijj4 #h4 ,ga4    
,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3di4 #aija4      #i4    
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bcg4 #aijb4 #aj4
 ,mich4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41        
#aijc3cj4  ,rockwood is a comparatively 
unimportant black seedling of ,concord  
and from the originator of ,concord4 ,it

 is of higher quality than its parent   
and since it is earlier1 coming with    
,moore ,early or just after1 it is      
worthy a place in garden collections as 
an early black grape4 ,it has been      
thoroughly tested and discarded as      
unprofitable by commercial vineyardists 
probably on account of its vine         
characters which on our grounds are not 
as good as those of ,concord and would  
disqualify it for a market variety4 ,in 
appearance the fruit is much like       
,concord4  ,the variety was originated  
by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull of ,concord1           
,massachusetts1 from seed of ,concord4  
,it was introduced in #ahhi by ,george  
,s4 ,josselyn of ,fredonia1 ,new ,york4 
,,rogers' ,,hybrids4       #a4 ,mag4    
,hort41 #bc3hf4 #aheg4 #b4              
,horticulturist1 #ac3hf1      #aai4     
#aheh4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahfj3ce1 #he4 #d4 ,ib41      #ahfb3adh4
 #e4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41         
#ahfd3ace1 #acf1 #acg4      figs4 #f4   
,n4 ,y4 ,ag4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfe3cch4    

figs4 #g4      ,horticulturist1 #bj3ha4 
#ahfe4 #h4 ,strong1 #ahff3ca1 #cci4 #i4 
,mead1 #ahfg3bjd4 #aj4 ,fuller1         
#ahfg3bbh1 #bdf4 #aj4 ,rec4 of          
,hort41 #ahfh3df4 #aa4 ,horticulturist1 
#bd3abf4 #ahfi4 #ab4      ,grape ,cult41
 #a3aec1 #aic1 fig41 #aid1 #bfb4 #ahfi4 
#ac4 ,am4      ,jour4 ,hort41 #e3bfa4   
#ahfi4 #ad4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#ahge3ci4      #ae4 ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahid3agc4 fig4 #af4 ,meehan's ,mon41   
#i3id4 #ahii4 #ag4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4     
,rpt41 #aija3aff4  ,the forty-five      
seedlings known as ,rogers' ,hybrids    
were originated by ,edward ,s4 ,rogers  
of ,salem1 ,massachusetts4#bji ,rogers  
states that the suggestion which started
 him in this work was an article by ,dr4
 ,lindley of the ,university of ,london1
 originally printed in the ,london      
,horticulturist and reprinted in        
,downing's ,horticulturist for          
,september1 #ahdg4 ,this article1 which 
is entitled ,remarks on ,hybridizing    
,plants1 is a general discussion of the 

results of this practice so far as they 
were then known4  ,the female parent    
used by ,rogers was a four or five year 
old1 large-fruited ,labrusca known      
locally as ,carter or ,mammoth ,globe1  
and very similar to1 but not identical  
with ,sage4 ,the pollen for fertilizing 
the blossoms of this vine was secured   
from vines of ,black ,hamburg and ,white
 ,chasselas growing in a cold grapery   
near by4 ,in the summer of #ahea1       
clusters of the ,carter were fertilized 
with pollen from the ,vinifera vines    
both at the time of emasculation and    
later1 and small cotton bags were tied  
on the blossoms to prevent the          
interference of foreign pollen4 ,in     
addition to the repeated applications of
 pollen to the stigmas1 ,rogers placed  
clusters of blossoms of the ,vinifera   
sorts in the enclosing sacks4 ,as a     
result of these pollinations1 he secured
 about one hundred and fifty seeds which
 were planted in the garden that fall4  
,in the spring of #aheb practically     

every seed germinated1 but cut worms and
 other accidents reduced the number to  
forty-five which finally fruited4 ,these
 were left to grow on poles where they  
were originally planted for three years1
 when1 because of crowding1 twenty-five 
of them were removed to another part of 
the garden4 ,the untransplanted vines   
began to bear fruit in #ahef and the    
transplanted ones a few years later4    
,the seedlings were numbered by ,rogers 
from one to forty-five and for a long   
time they were known under these        
numbers4 ,of these1 one to five         
inclusive were of the ,carter-,black    
,hamburg cross2 six to fourteen         
inclusive were of the ,carter-,white    
,chasselas cross2 and all of the numbers
 from fifteen to forty-five were of     
,hamburg parentage4 ,as will be noted   
under ,salem1 this was later given a    
number higher than forty-five1 owing to 
the confusion of the sort with some     
other after being sent out4 ,with this  
exception1 the original crosses were all

 included in these numbers4 ,in #aheh   
and #ahei1 ,rogers sent many of these   
varieties1 under the original numbers1  
to various people for testing4 ,he was  
compelled to do this1 owing to lack of  
room in the half acre which comprised   
the ,rogers' garden1 to properly test   
the sorts himself4 ,of this garden      
,marshall ,p4 ,wilder says3 ,it is #aej 
years old2 a cold matted soil1 filled   
with old apple and pear trees1 currant  
bushes1 flax1 and everything mingled in 
together4 ,it is in a close1 hived up   
place in the city of ,salem1 and it is a
 wonder that he ever had a bunch of     
grapes to show4  ,unfortunately1 this   
dissemination led to the confusion of   
some of the numbers1 a confusion which  
has never been satisfactorily           
straightened out4  ,in #ahfg1 ,no4 #bb1 
or #ec1 was given the name ,salem4 ,two 
years later at the earnest request of a 
committee from the ,lake ,shore ,grape  
,growers' ,association1 ,rogers gave    
names to several of his hybrids1 as     

listed below4 ,he stated that the names 
selected were either those of persons   
noted for scientific or literary        
attainments1 or else of counties and    
towns in ,massachusetts4 ,there was some
 criticism at the time from those who   
thought there were other numbers as well
 deserving of names as those which were 
so distinguished4 ,and it must be       
admitted that the vines of this         
collection are remarkably equal in their
 possession of good and bad characters4 
,about #ahgj1 ,bush of ,bushberg1       
,missouri1 received three sorts as      
,rogers' ,no4 #ci4 ,one of these which  
was particularly promising1 he1 with    
,rogers' consent1 named ,aminia4 ,none  
of the others has ever been named1      
although several of them are still      
cultivated to a minor extent4 ,the named
 varieties1 with the corresponding      
numbers1 are as follows3 #a4 ,goethe4   
#c4 ,massasoit4 #d4 ,wilder4 #i4        
,lindley4 #ad4 ,gaertner4 #ae4 ,agawam4 
#ai4 ,merrimac4 #bh4 ,requa4 #ci4       

,aminia4 #da4 ,essex4 #dc4 ,barry4 #dd4 
,herbert4 #ec or #bb4 ,salem 7but not   
the ,salem now known74  ,for some years1
 many grape-growers believed that these 
hybrids were nothing more than seedlings
 of the wild ,labrusca mother but it was
 soon generally accepted that they were 
genuine hybrids4 ,to those who are      
familiar with ,rogers' work1 this was   
evident from the first1 as the ,carter  
or ,mammoth ,globe is a self-sterile    
sort1 and the sacks enclosing the       
blossoms would prevent the introduction 
of other pollen than that intentionally 
placed on the stigmas by ,rogers        
himself4 ,a4 ,d4 ,rogers1 a brother of  
,e4 ,s4 ,rogers1 in a communication to  
the ,horticulturist1 in #aheh1 says that
 many of these seedlings had upright    
stamens1 but of the ones which were     
later named1 ,agawam alone is thus      
characterized4 ,this is important in    
considering the value of these          
varieties1 as no variety has ever become
 popular as a market sort which is      

self-sterile4  ,rogers' ,hybrids are    
unique in that the standard of          
excellence was so high in all of the    
forty-five seedlings produced4 ,some    
have credited this to the manner in     
which he did his work and in particular 
to the excess of pollen applied to the  
stigmas2 others consider it more likely 
due to his choice of parent vines4      
,unfortunately the evidence bearing on  
this point is not sufficient to form    
definite conclusions4  ,after the       
production of the seedlings mentioned   
above ,rogers continued the work1       
recrossing the varieties already        
produced with various ,vinifera         
varieties4 ,none of these ever showed   
sufficient promise to be introduced4    
,illustration3 ,,rommel   ,,rommel4     
7,labrusca1 ,riparia1 ,vinifera47       
#a4 ,an4 ,hort41 #ahhi3aja4 #b4 ,ia4    
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahij3aag4 #c4 
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3fjf4      
#ahid4 #d4 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahid3agd4
 fig4 #e4 ,husmann1 #ahie3abe4 #f4 ,kan4

 ,sta4      ,bul41 #gc3ahb4 #ahig4 #g4  
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ece1 #edh1
      #eef4 #ahih4 #h4 ,tex4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #dh3aaea1 #aafb4 #ahih4 fig4     
#i4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3da1 #db1 #dd1 
#de1 #ec1 #gf4 #ahii4 #aj4 ,am4         
,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3ca4 #aa4 ,tex4 
,sta4 ,bul41 #ef3bga1 #bhj4      #aijj4 
,rommel is rarely found under           
cultivation in ,new ,york1 lacking      
somewhat in robustness1 hardiness and   
productiveness1 and being very          
susceptible to the leaf-hopper4 ,the    
variety comes from ,munson of ,denison1 
,texas1 and is seemingly too far removed
 from the warm climate in which it      
originated to be profitable in ,new     
,york4 ,besides the defects named above1
 it does not attain its natural high    
quality in this latitude and the grapes 
crack badly as they ripen4 ,the bunch   
and berry are attractive in form1 size  
and color as shown in the color-plate1  
though the illustration does not do     
justice to the size of the bunch1 the   

season of #aijh1 in which the fruit was 
produced1 having been cold and wet and  
therefore very unfavorable to this      
variety4 ,at its best1 ,rommel is a very
 good table grape and the authorities   
say makes a very fine white wine4 ,the  
variety is of interest to the student of
 grapes from the standpoint of its      
breeding1 having very largely the vine  
characters of its maternal parent1      
,elvira1 with somewhat better fruit4    
,the name commemorates the service to   
viticulture of ,jacob ,rommel of        
,morrison1 ,missouri4  ,t4 ,v4 ,munson  
originated ,rommel in #ahhe and         
introduced it in #ahhi4 ,the parents are
 ,elvira pollinated by ,triumph4 ,rommel
 was placed on the grape list of the    
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahii4       ,vine medium to 
vigorous1 not always hardy1 medium to   
productive1      susceptible to injury  
by leaf-hoppers4 ,canes medium to long1 
moderately numerous1 thick to medium1   
light to dark reddish-brown1            

surface somewhat rough2 nodes enlarged1 
often flattened2 internodes      medium 
to short2 diaphragm thick or nearly so2 
pith medium to      large2 shoots       
slightly glabrous2 tendrils             
intermittent1 medium to      long1 bifid
 to trifid4       ,leaf-buds            
intermediate in size and thickness1     
short to medium1      prominent1 obtuse 
to conical1 open very late4 ,young      
leaves tinged      on under side and    
along margin of upper side with light   
rose-carmine4 ,leaves medium to above in
 size1 roundish1 thick2      upper      
surface light green1 dull1 rugose2 lower
 surface pale green1      nearly free   
from pubescence but slightly hairy2 leaf
 usually not      lobed with terminus   
acute to acuminate2 petiolar sinus      
medium to      deep1 narrow1 often      
closed and overlapping2 basal sinus     
lacking2      lateral sinus very shallow
 when present2 teeth medium to deep1 of 
average width4 ,flowers semi-fertile1   
open moderately late2 stamens           

upright4       ,fruit ripens in         
mid-season1 ships and keeps fairly well4
 ,clusters      variable in size1 above 
medium to short1 moderately broad1      
cylindrical to slightly tapering1       
usually single-shouldered1      compact 
to medium2 peduncle long to medium1     
thick2 pedicel of      average length1  
slender1 usually smooth2 brush short1   
pale green4      ,berries large to      
medium1 oblate to roundish1 frequently  
compressed      on account of           
compactness of cluster1 light green with
 yellow      tinge1 glossy1 covered with
 a moderate amount of gray bloom1       
persistent1 firm1 but breaking easily   
under pressure4 ,skin thin1      cracks 
badly1 medium to tender1 adheres very   
slightly to the pulp1      contains no  
pigment1 without astringency4 ,flesh    
greenish1      translucent1 juicy1      
tender and melting1 slightly stringy1   
sweet to      agreeably tart at center1 
variable in quality but ranks fair to   
good1 appears to be better in some      

locations4 ,seeds separate easily       
from the pulp1 one to four1 average two1
 medium in size and length1      rather 
broad1 sharp-pointed1 very plump1       
brownish2 raphe buried in      a        
somewhat wide groove2 chalaza           
intermediate in size1 above center1     
oval to circular1 indistinct4   ,r4 ,w4 
,,munson4  7,lincecumii1 ,labrusca1     
,vinifera47       #a4 ,mich4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahic3aah4 #b4 ,husmann1   
#ahie3abf4      #c4 ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41  
#ef3bhj4 #aijj4 #d4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#ec3di4 #aija4 #e4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41      
#fj3fad1 #gbf4 #aija4 #f4 ,ib41         
#fb3gij1 #hhf4 #aijc4 #g4 ,ia4 ,hort4   
,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijd3bci4  ,r4 ,w4        
,munson1 from ,texas1 is a somewhat     
promising variety for the ,north for its
 intrinsic value1 and is certainly      
interesting from the standpoint of its  
breeding as it gives ,northern growers a
 grape with a generous admixture of     
,lincecumii blood4 ,its several         
essential vine characters are very good 

though it is self-sterile and needs a   
companion variety which produces an     
abundance of pollen4 ,concord and       
,brilliant are recommended by the       
originator as notable pollenizers4 ,r4  
,w4 ,munson is particularly resistant to
 black-rot1 making it valuable for      
regions where this fungus is a scourge4 
,the fruit is sweet1 juicy and very     
pleasantly flavored1 with tender pulp1  
and while not of the highest quality yet
 a most pleasing and particularly       
refreshing grape4 ,the variety is well  
worthy more extensive trial in ,new     
,york4  ,t4 ,v4 ,munson of ,denison1    
,texas1 raised the original vine of ,r4 
,w4 ,munson from seed of ,big ,berry 7a 
variety of ,post-oak7 pollinated by     
,triumph4 ,the seed was planted in #ahhg
 and the resulting variety introduced by
 the originator in the fall of #ahid4   
,vine vigorous1 doubtfully hardy1       
productive1 healthy4 ,canes medium      
to nearly long1 intermediate in number1 
thick to medium1 dark red2              

internodes medium to long2 tendrils     
intermittent1 bifid4 ,leaves            
healthy4 ,flowers sterile or nearly so1 
open late2 stamens upright4       ,fruit
 ripens about with ,concord1 does not   
keep well4 ,clusters below      medium  
to small1 rather short1 often           
single-shouldered1 compact to           
medium4 ,berries medium to large1       
slightly oblate1 dull black      covered
 with a medium amount of blue bloom1    
inclined to shatter      considerably1  
not very firm4 ,skin thin1 variable in  
toughness1 not      astringent4 ,flesh  
pale green1 rather tender when fully    
ripe1      peculiarly vinous1 nearly    
sweet at skin to agreeably tart at      
center1 slightly spicy and with some    
,post-oak flavor1 good in      quality4 
,seeds separate easily from the pulp1   
rather numerous1      intermediate in   
size1 length1 and width4 ,raphe obscure 
in a very      shallow groove2 chalaza  
slightly above center1 oval2 obscure4   
,,sage4  7,labrusca47       #a4 ,allen1 

#ahdh3acd4 #b4 ,horticulturist1 #f3ege4 
#ahea4      ,ib41 #g3hg1 #ajh4 #aheb4   
#d4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41          
#ahec3cjj1      #cja4 #e4 ,mag4 ,hort41 
#bd3ia4 #aheh4 #f4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4  
,rpt41      #ahei3dh1 #ee1 #ff4 #g4 ,u4 
,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfd3acd4 #h4 ,n4   
,y4      ,ag4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfe3ccg4   
fig4 #i4787 ,bush4 ,cat41               
#ahid3aea4       ,mammoth 7#g1 #h74     
8,,mammoth ,,sage 7#i74 ,sage 7#g1 #h74 
,globe 7#h74  ,this variety1 which is   
variously known under the names ,sage1  
,mammoth ,sage1 ,mammoth1 and ,globe1 is
 of interest because it represents a    
type of large-fruited1 early-ripening   
,labruscas which have been used         
frequently by breeders as the native    
parent in a ,vinifera cross4 ,a variety 
similar to this was used in particular  
by ,e4 ,s4 ,rogers as the mother plant  
in making his notable crosses4 ,they    
have also been used by ,white and       
others4  ,the original vine was a chance
 seedling found by ,henry ,e4 ,sage     

about #ahaa on the banks of a small     
stream near ,portland1 ,connecticut4    
,the variety was first brought to public
 notice by ,john ,fiske ,allen in #ahdh 
through a very laudatory description    
which was much criticised by those who  
objected to the foxy aroma of the ,sage 
but as warmly defended by others who    
liked the foxiness4 ,the variety was    
later advertised and sent out by the    
,shaker community at ,harvard1          
,worcester ,county1 ,massachusetts4     
,within a few years it seems to have    
been disseminated throughout eastern    
,new ,england1 and was particularly     
acceptable in those sections where      
,isabella failed to ripen4 ,there is no 
evidence that it was ever planted except
 in gardens4 ,with the introduction of  
,concord and other early varieties of   
higher quality the cultivation of the   
,sage was dropped4 ,it is probably now  
obsolete4  ,the best description we have
 of ,sage is the following1 copied from 
the ,united ,states ,department of      

,agriculture ,report for #ahfd3         
,it is much like most of the wild ,fox  
grapes of this vicinity1                
,massachusetts but the berries are much 
larger1 light chestnut or      mahogany 
color1 and they have a flattened or     
compressed shape1      instead of being 
round1 frequently an inch in diameter4  
,the bunch      is small with three to  
six berries in a round1 ball-like       
cluster1      with sometimes a side stem
 with one berry at the end of it for a  
shoulder4 ,the stem of the bunch is not 
very long4 ,the leaves      usually are 
'entire' with a short pointed           
termination at the end of      the      
midrib1 and two other points of the     
other divisions into which      all     
,american leaves are divided1 making    
always either plainly1 or      in the   
rudimental state1 five lobes4 ,thus the 
leaves are not much      lobed1 scarcely
 toothed1 and have a rusty1 woolly      
appearance4 ,the      young wood1 last  
season's growth1 is hard and wiry and   

covered with      bristles4 ,the grape  
itself is sweet1 but has a hard pulp1   
that some      compare to a piece of    
,india-rubber when eating it4 ,it is    
early1 and      perfectly hardy1 as much
 so as any wild grape in this vicinity4 
,,st4 ,,louis4  7,labrusca47       #a4  
,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahii3ed4 #b4  
,ia4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #aije3aff4
 #c4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul41 #cj3aa4   
#aije4  ,as ,st4 ,louis grows on the    
,station grounds it is so similar to    
,worden and ,concord that it would seem 
to be superfluous in the grape list of  
the ,state4 ,but the variety is so      
highly recommended in the ,west1        
especially in the states from which the 
above references come1 that it is       
possibly worthy of trial in the grape   
regions of ,new ,york as an early type  
of ,concord4  ,st4 ,louis was introduced
 by ,henry ,wallis of ,wellston1        
,missouri1 about #ahig4 ,in #aijj1 he   
states that it is a seedling of         
,concord1 was originated in ,st4 ,louis1

 and that it had created a sensation for
 twenty years in the ,st4 ,louis        
markets4 ,the general character of both 
fruit and vine corroborates the ,concord
 parentage though the frequently        
intermittent tendrils indicate there is 
a strain of other than ,labrusca blood  
present4       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1   
medium to productive4 ,canes long to    
medium1      intermediate in number1    
often rather thick1 medium brown to     
nearly      dark reddish-brown deepening
 in color at the nodes1 covered with    
considerable pubescence2 tendrils       
continuous to intermittent1 bifid       
to trifid4 ,leaves very large to medium1
 variable in color1 thick2      lower   
surface grayish-white tinged with       
bronze2 heavily pubescent4      ,flowers
 fertile or nearly so1 open medium      
early2 stamens upright4      ,fruit     
ripens about with ,concord1 or slightly 
earlier1 keeps and      ships well4     
,clusters large to medium1 intermediate 
in length1      rather broad1 usually   

single-shouldered but occasionally with 
a      double shoulder1 medium to       
compact4 ,berries nearly large to       
medium1      roundish1 dull black1      
covered with thick blue bloom1          
persistent4      ,skin of average       
thickness and toughness4 ,flesh tough1  
foxy1 sweet      at skin to slightly    
acid at center1 good in quality with a  
slight      resemblance to ,concord4    
,seeds do not separate easily from the  
pulp1      medium to above in size and  
width1 intermediate in length4          
,,salem4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       
#a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfb3adh4  
#b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt41              
#ahfe3af4 #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahfg3aad4 #d4 ,mead1      #ahfg3bbb4   
#e4 ,rec4 of ,hort41 #ahfh3df4 #f4 ,n4  
,y4 ,ag4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahfh3bbh4   
#g4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #cd3g4 #ahfh4 #h4     
,horticulturist1 #bd3ach4 #ahfi4 fig4   
#i4 ,grape ,cult41      #a3aej1 #aha1   
#cbg4 #ahfi4 #aj4 ,am4 ,jour4 ,hort41   
#e3bfd4 #ahfi4      #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4     

,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfi3db4 #ab4 ,grape      
,cult41      #b3adh1 #adi1 fig41 #bih4  
#ahgj4 #ac4 ,mich4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahgg3bje4 #ad4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 
#ahha3db1 #ach4 #ae4 ,n4      ,y4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #i3cbi4 #ahij4 #af4 ,ill4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #bh3bfa4      #ahic4 #ag4  
,tenn4 ,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3ahg4 #ahif4
 #ah4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41    
#ag3ece1 #edb1 #edc1 #edd1 #edh1 #eec4  
#ahih4 #ai4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41    
#afi3age4 #ahii4       ,,rogers' ,,no4  
#bb 7#a1 #b74 ,rogers' ,no4 #bb 7#c1 #e1
 #f1 #i1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1      #ae74      
,rogers' ,no4 #ec 7#d1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1    
#ab1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag74  ,salem is the one 
of ,rogers' hybrids of which the        
originator is said to have thought most 
and to which he gave the name of his    
place of residence4 ,taking all of its  
characters1 the variety is as close an  
approximation to the ideal ,rogers had  
in mind of a ,european grape and an     
,american vine as any one of the score  
or more of his hybrids4 ,salem ranks    

among the best of these hybrids for     
either the garden or the commercial     
vineyard1 and while commonly found in   
both it has not been sufficiently       
recognized by those who grow grapes for 
the market4 ,it is difficult to say why 
it is not more largely grown as a market
 fruit in ,new ,york4 ,the two chief    
faults1 unproductiveness and            
susceptibility to mildew1 are not found 
in all localities1 and in these at least
 and especially near good markets1      
,salem ought to take high rank as a     
commercial fruit4  ,as compared with    
other hybrids of ,vinifera and          
,labrusca1 ,salem is early1 hardy1      
vigorous and fairly productive of       
handsome fruit of high quality both for 
table and for wine-making4 ,though the  
color-plate does not show it1 there is a
 suggestion in bunch and berry of ,black
 ,hamburg1 the paternal parent4 ,so1    
too1 there is such a suggestion in the  
flavor and the keeping quality and1 as  
with the parent1 the fruit neither      

cracks nor shatters and therefore ships 
well4 ,to the two faults named above    
must be added that of pulpiness of      
berry1 a defect common to many hybrids  
of the two species represented in       
,salem4 ,it is useless to recommend for 
testing varieties that have been known  
as long and as widely grown as ,salem   
but it is worth while1 is almost a duty1
 in a work of this kind to urge further 
trials of some of the grapes of highest 
quality1 as ,salem1 on a commercial     
basis4 ,such fruit properly grown1      
packed1 and placed in the market ought  
to bring remunerative prices4  ,this one
 of ,rogers' hybrids is ,no4 #bb of his 
,vinifera-,labrusca crosses4 ,it early  
attracted favorable attention from the  
various cultivators who had received    
vines from the originator for testing4  
,it was christened ,salem by ,rogers in 
#ahfg1 two years earlier than his other 
hybrids were named4 ,at about this time1
 owing to a confusion of this variety   
with some other1 and charges that       

certain parties were sending out a black
 grape under the name ,rogers' ,no4 #bb1
 ,rogers changed the number of ,salem to
 #ec4  ,salem was placed on the grape   
list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog in #ahfi and was 
removed in #ahga1 reinstated in #ahgc1  
and has since been retained4 ,it is     
possible that the dropping of the name  
from the catalog for the one year was a 
printer's oversight as there is nothing 
in the body of the text to indicate a   
reason for such action4 ,salem has      
always been one of the most popular of  
,rogers' hybrids and it is offered for  
sale to-day by practically all grape    
nurserymen4       ,vine medium to       
vigorous1 unusually hardy1 variable in  
productiveness1 susceptible to severe   
attacks of mildew4 ,canes      long1 of 
average number1 intermediate in         
thickness1 light to dark      brown2    
nodes enlarged1 usually not flattened2  
internodes medium to      above in      
length2 diaphragm thick2 pith medium to 

above in size2      shoots slightly     
pubescent2 tendrils continuous to       
intermittent1      long to medium1 bifid
 to trifid4       ,leaf-buds rather     
large1 of average size1 thick to medium1
 often      compressed1 roundish1 obtuse
 to conical1 open early4 ,young leaves  
faintly tinged on lower side with slight
 rose-carmine4 ,leaves      variable in 
size1 medium to thin2 upper surface dark
 green1 dull1      of medium smoothness2
 lower surface pale green with slight   
bronze      tinge1 pubescent2 veins     
moderately distinct2 lobes none to three
      with terminus acute2 petiolar     
sinus deep1 narrow1 often closed and    
overlapping2 basal sinus lacking2       
lateral sinus shallow1 narrow1          
often notched2 teeth intermediate in    
depth and width4 ,flowers      sterile1 
open in mid-season2 stamens reflexed4   
,illustration3 ,,salem       ,fruit     
ripens slightly before ,concord1 keeps  
and ships well4      ,clusters medium to
 large1 rather short and broad1 tapering

 to      cylindrical1 frequently heavily
 single-shouldered1 compact2            
peduncle short to medium1 thick2 pedicel
 medium to short1 thick1      covered   
with few small warts1 enlarged at point 
of attachment to      berry2 brush      
short1 pale green4 ,berries large to    
medium1 roundish1      very dark red1   
dull1 covered with a medium amount of   
blue bloom1      decidedly persistent1  
soft4 ,skin thick1 intermediate in      
toughness1      adheres strongly to the 
pulp1 contains no pigment1 astringent4  
,flesh slightly translucent1 juicy1     
tender1 somewhat stringy1               
moderately fine-grained1 inclined to    
vinous1 sprightly1 sweet at      skin   
but acid at center1 good to very good in
 quality4 ,seeds one to      six1       
average four1 large1 long and broad1    
blunt1 brownish2 raphe      shows as a  
distinct cord-like ridge2 chalaza small1
 roughened and      frequently with     
radiating furrows1 much above center1   
variable in      shape1 distinct4       

,,scuppernong4#baj  7,rotundifolia47    
#a4 ,amer4 ,farmer1 #a3cag4 #ahai4 #b4  
,ib41 #c3ccb4 #ahbb4 #c4      ,ib41     
#i3bi1 #cj4 #ahbg4 #d4 ,ib41 #i3aci4    
#ahbg4 #e4 ,prince1      #ahcj3afg4 #f4 
,ib41 #ahcj3agj4 #g4 ,downing1          
#ahde3beh4 #h4      ,horticulturist1    
#ab3deg4 #aheg4 #i4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 
,rpt41      #aheg3bca4 #aj4 ,gar4 ,mon41
 #e3gc1 #gd4 #ahfc4 #aa4 ,grape         
,cult41 #a3ch1 #bhj1 #bib4 #ahfi4 #ab4  
,ib41 #c3fj4 #ahga4 #ac4      ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahga3af4 #ad4 ,am4 ,pom4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahha3dj1 #fh1 #adg1  
#aec1 #aee4 #ae4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #bh3adj1  
#agc4      #ahhf4 #af4 ,ala4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #bi3ah4 #ahia4 #ag4 ,bush4 ,cat41
      #ahid3agg4 fig4 #ah4 ,am4 ,gard41 
#bj3fhh4 #ahii4 #ai4 ,ga4      ,sta4    
,bul41 #ec3di1 #ei4 #aija4 #bj4 ,n4 ,c4 
,sta4 ,bul41 #ahg3eh1      #fj4 #aijc4  
#ba4 ,s4 ,c4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #acb3ah4      
#aijg4       ,american ,muscadine 7#e1  
#aj1 of the ,south #g74 ,bull 7#i1 #ag1 
of the      ,south #g74 ,bullace 7#i1   

#ag74 ,bullet 7#ag1 of the ,south #g74  
,fox      grape of the ,south 7#g74     
,,green ,,scuppernong 7#f74 ,green      
,muscadine      7#f74 ,,hickman 7#c74   
,hickman 7#e1 #aj74 ,muscadine 7#i74    
,,roanoke 7#d74      ,roanoke 7#e1 #aj1 
#ag1 of the ,south #g74 ,scuppernong    
7#c1 #d1 #e74      ,white ,muscadine    
7#aa1 #ag74 ,,white ,,scuppernong 7#e74 
,wild green      ,muscadine 7#f74       
,yellow ,muscadine 7#ag74  ,the         
,scuppernong is preeminently the grape  
of the ,south4 ,it is the chief         
representative of the great species     
,vitis rotundifolia1 which runs riot in 
natural luxuriance from ,delaware and   
,maryland to the ,gulf1 and westward    
from the ,atlantic to ,arkansas and     
,texas4 ,the name ,scuppernong was taken
 from the ,indians and is now common in 
the geography of ,north ,carolina2 a    
river1 a town1 a lake1 and a swamp all  
bear this appellation4 ,calvin ,jones1  
an agriculturist of note in ,north      
,carolina during the early part of the  

last century1 gives the following       
history of the name as applied to the   
grape it now distinguishes3#baa ,this   
grape  wine had the name of ,scuppernong
 given to them by ,henderson  myself1 in
 compliment to ,james ,blount of        
,scuppernong1 who first diffused a      
general knowledge of it in several well 
written communications in our paper--and
 it is cultivated with more success on  
that river than in any other part of the
 state1 perhaps1 except the ,island of  
,roanoke4  ,scuppernong is said to have 
been found on ,roanoke ,island at the   
time of the landing of ,sir ,walter     
,raleigh's colony4 ,there is a tradition
 that an old vine now growing on this   
island is the original vine4 ,at an     
early day it was quite common to        
propagate ,scuppernong by seed1 pulling 
out all vines bearing black fruit as    
soon as the color of the fruit could be 
determined4 ,because of this practice it
 is probable that there are many seminal
 varieties under the general name       

,scuppernong4 ,all that seems to be     
required for a grape to pass under this 
name is that the vine should be a       
,rotundifolia and the fruit white4  ,in 
the horticultural accounts of the       
history of ,scuppernong it is commonly  
spoken of as having been found wild     
during the latter part of the eighteenth
 century4 ,but ,lawson1 writing about   
#agjj1 in the account quoted on page #cg
 of this work1 describes with sufficient
 accuracy a white ,rotundifolia which   
could hardly be any other than the      
,scuppernong4 ,it is1 thus1 in a sense1 
a botanical as well as a horticultural  
variety4 ,its close relationship to the 
black form of ,rotundifolia is attested 
by the fact that its seedlings are as   
often1 probably more often1 black than  
white4 ,that ,scuppernong is more       
distinct than the other varieties of    
,rotundifolia is indicated by the fact  
that of the ten cultivated varieties of 
,rotundifolia now grown in the ,south1  
,james1 ,thomas1 ,eden1 ,meisch1        

,flowers1 ,memory1 ,seedlin1            
,tenderpulp1 ,jeter1 and ,scuppernong as
 given by ,newman1#bab all are black but
 the last named4  ,scuppernong vines are
 to be found on arbors1 in gardens1 or  
half wild1 on trees and fences on nearly
 every farm in the ,south ,atlantic     
,states4 ,as a rule1 these vines receive
 little cultivation1 are unpruned1 and  
are given no care of any kind1 but even 
under neglect they produce large and    
sure crops1 are almost immune to mildew1
 rot1 phylloxera1 or other fungal or    
insect pests4 ,the plants give not only 
an abundance of fruit but on arbors and 
trellises are much prized for their     
shade and beauty4 ,the growth of the    
vine is prodigious2 seemingly well      
authenticated reports state that vines  
are known which cover an acre of land2  
other tales1 having at least the        
semblance of truth1 are equally         
marvellous4 ,thus there are accounts of 
vines of this variety over a hundred    
years old and which bear #ejj bushels of

 fruit and make #bjjj gallons of wine4  
,the fruit1 to a palate accustomed to   
other grapes1 is not very acceptable1   
having a musky flavor and a somewhat    
repugnant odor1 which1 however1 becomes 
with familiarity1 it is said1 quite     
agreeable4 ,the pulp is sweet and juicy 
but is lacking in sprightliness4 ,from  
the ,scuppernong are made several very  
good wines and it would seem that the   
future of this and other varieties of   
,rotundifolia1 from a commercial        
standpoint1 lies largely in their value 
for wine4 ,quite aside from the quality 
of the fruit as a table grape1 they are 
not suitable for the market from the    
fact that the berries drop from the     
bunch in ripening and become more or    
less smeared with juice so that as they 
are brought into market in quantity1    
their appearance is not at all          
appetizing4       ,vine vigorous to     
rank1 not hardy in the ,north1 very     
productive4      ,canes long1 numerous1 
slender1 vary from ash-gray to          

grayish-brown2      surface smooth1     
thickly covered with small1 light brown 
dots2 pith      greenish2 tendrils      
intermittent1 simple4 ,leaves small1    
thin2 upper      surface light green1   
smooth2 lower surface very pale green1  
slightly pubescent along the ribs1      
otherwise smooth2 veins                 
inconspicuous4 ,flowers open very late2 
stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens   
late1 even in the ,south1 often ripening
 unevenly1      appears to keep well but
 berries drop as they mature4 ,clusters 
small1 roundish1 not shouldered1 loose4 
,berries very few per      cluster1     
large1 roundish1 dull green often with  
brown tinge1 not      persistent1 firm4 
,skin very thick and tough1 covered with
 many      small russet dots2 no        
pigment4 ,flesh pale green1 juicy1      
tender and      soft1 fine-grained1 very
 foxy1 sweet to agreeably tart1 fair to 
good in quality4 ,seeds slightly        
adherent to pulp1 large1 medium to      
short1 often very broad1 not notched1   

quite blunt1 plump1 surface             
unusually smooth1 brownish2 raphe buried
 in a narrow1 shallow      groove2      
chalaza small1 nearly central1          
elongated1 rather obscure4      ,must   
#hh4   ,,secretary4  7,vinifera1        
,riparia1 ,labrusca47       #a4 ,grape  
,cult41 #b3aeh4 #ahgj4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4   
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahga3da1 #aab4 #c4   
,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgb3id4 #d4
      ,horticulturist1 #bi3cbh4 #ahgd4  
#e4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41           
#ahgf-g3cb4 #f4 ,n4 ,j4 ,hort4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahha3aa4 #g4 ,w4 ,n4      ,y4   
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #bg3ba4 #ahhb4 #h4  
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ace4      fig4 #i4  
,mass4 ,hatch ,sta4 ,bul41 #cg3aa1 #af4 
#ahif4 #aj4 ,tex4      ,sta4 ,bul41     
#dh3aaea1 #aafb4 #ahih4 #aa4 ,mich4     
,sta4 ,bul41      #afi3agf4 #ahii4 #ab4 
,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3da4 #ahia4        
,injured by mildew and rot which nearly 
every year attack leaves1 fruit and     
young wood1 ,secretary is able only in  
exceptional seasons and in favored      

localities to produce a crop of good    
grapes4 ,nevertheless it has many       
excellent qualities as an amateur grape 
and should not be lost to cultivation4  
,the fact that it is the result of the  
fecundation of a ,riparia by a          
,vinifera1 both parents being excellent 
varieties1 gives ,secretary added       
interest and value and makes its        
perpetuation still further worth while4 
,there is no question as to the rank of 
the fruit characters of ,secretary4     
,taken together they make it a grape of 
exceptionally high quality1 the berries 
being meaty yet juicy1 fine-grained and 
tender with a sweet1 spicy1 vinous      
flavor4 ,the bunches are large1 well    
formed with medium-sized1 purplish-black
 berries covered with thick bloom1      
making a very handsome cluster4 ,while  
the vine and foliage somewhat resemble  
those of ,clinton1 one of its parents1  
the variety is not nearly as hardy1     
vigorous or productive nor as healthy1  
falling short in all of these respects  

and making its culture in ,new ,york    
precarious4 ,moreover1 in any but       
favored localities in this ,state1 its  
maturity is somewhat uncertain4 ,these  
defects of vine have kept ,secretary    
from becoming of commercial importance  
and make it of value only to the        
amateur4  ,secretary is one of the first
 productions of ,ricketts of ,newburgh4 
,he grew the original vine from seed of 
,clinton fertilized by ,muscat ,hamburg4
 ,planted in #ahfg1 it is said to have  
borne a little fruit when one year old  
from the seed4 ,specimens of the variety
 were exhibited before the ,american    
,pomological ,society in #ahga4         
,ricketts sold the variety about #ahge  
to ,s4 ,w4 ,underhill of ,croton ,point1
 ,new ,york1 who introduced it a few    
years later4 ,on account of its many    
weak points it has never been popular   
and it is apparently not offered for    
sale by any of the nurserymen to-day4   
,illustration3 ,,senasqua       ,vine   
not uniform in vigor1 doubtfully hardy1 

quite variable in      productiveness1  
inclined to be an uncertain bearer1     
subject to      attacks of fungi4 ,canes
 medium to below in length1 numerous1   
intermediate in thickness1 light brown  
but conspicuously darker at      nodes1 
surface covered with thin blue bloom2   
tendrils intermittent1      bifid4      
,leaves small to medium1 thin2 upper    
surface light green1      nearly dull1  
smooth2 lower surface pale green1 almost
 glabrous2      veins indistinct4       
,flowers semi-fertile1 open early2      
stamens      upright4       ,fruit      
ripens soon after ,concord1 keeps and   
ships well4 ,clusters      medium to    
large1 long to medium1 of average width1
 cylindrical to      tapering1          
frequently with a medium to large single
 shoulder1      variable in compactness 
but often loose and with many abortive  
fruits4 ,berries large to medium1       
roundish to oval1 somewhat              
flattened at point of attachment to     
pedicel1 dark purplish-black1           

glossy1 covered with thick blue bloom1  
persistent1 firm4 ,skin                 
intermediate in thickness1 tough with   
wine-colored pigment4 ,flesh            
greenish1 juicy1 fine-grained1 tender1  
vinous1 sweet1 good in      quality4    
,seeds separate readily from the pulp1  
medium to nearly      large1 broad to   
medium1 slightly notched1 long to above 
medium1      dark brown2 raphe shows as 
a moderately distinct cord2 chalaza     
small1 above center1 distinctly oval4   
,must #ic4   ,,senasqua4  7,labrusca1   
,vinifera47       #a4 ,mass4 ,hort4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfh3aj4 #b4 ,downing1    
#ahgb3abj      app4 #c4 ,am4 ,jour4     
,hort41 #h3i4 #ahgj4 fig4 #d4 ,u4 ,s4   
,d4 ,a4      ,rpt41 #ahge3chd4 #e4      
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ach4 fig4 #f4 ,n4   
,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #i3cbg4 #ahij4 #g4
 ,ib41 #aa3fcf4 #ahib4 #h4      ,ib41   
#ag3ece1 #edf1 #edg4 #ahih4 #i4 ,ga4    
,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3di4      #aija4  ,it is
 almost a sufficient characterization of
 ,senasqua to say that it is a          

,labrusca-,vinifera hybrid4 ,the merits 
and demerits of the cross-breeds of     
these two species are so similar in the 
varieties of them now in cultivation    
that they can be placed in a group      
having as few variations as can be found
 in the parent species4 ,the characters 
of these hybrid grapes have been well   
discussed in writing of the varieties   
sent out by ,rogers and the place of    
,senasqua is well designated when the   
statement is made that it is very       
similar to ,rogers' hybrids4 ,the vine  
lacks somewhat in vigor1 hardiness1     
productiveness and health4 ,the grapes  
are of good quality and when well grown 
the variety is up to the average of such
 hybrids in fruit characters so far as  
the palate is concerned4 ,unfortunately 
the berries have a tendency to crack    
which is aggravated by the fact that the
 bunches are so compact as to crowd the 
berries and thus add to the cracking4   
,senasqua is one of the latest to open  
its buds and is therefore seldom injured

 by late frosts4 ,this variety is hardly
 as well adapted for commercial         
viticulture as several other such       
hybrids and can be recommended only for 
the garden for the sake of variety4     
,stephen ,w4 ,underhill of ,croton      
,point1 ,new ,york1 originated ,senasqua
 from seed of ,concord pollinated by    
,black ,prince4 ,the seed was planted in
 #ahfc and the resulting variety        
introduced about #ahgj4 ,this variety1  
although it attracted much attention at 
the time of its introduction1 was never 
popular4 ,it was rather widely tested   
but was soon dropped and is to-day      
practically obsolete4 ,the foliage and  
vines of ,senasqua show little trace of 
,vinifera but the descent from the      
foreign species is plainly marked in the
 fruit4       ,vine variable in vigor1  
sometimes weak and tender1 medium to    
unproductive1 somewhat susceptible to   
attacks of mildew4 ,canes      short1   
few in number1 above average size1 light
 to dark      reddish-brown2 nodes      

enlarged1 flattened2 internodes short to
      medium2 diaphragm thick2 pith of  
medium size2 shoots slightly            
pubescent2 tendrils intermittent1 long  
to medium1 trifid to bifid4             
,leaf-buds below average size1 short1 of
 medium thickness1 conical1      open   
very late1 tinged on under side and     
slightly along margin of      upper side
 with light rose-carmine4 ,leaves       
intermediate in size and      thickness1
 light green1 slightly glossy1 medium to
 somewhat rugose2      lower surface    
whitish-green1 pubescent2 veins         
distinct2 leaf      usually not lobed   
with terminus acute2 petiolar sinus of  
average      depth1 medium to narrow2   
basal and lateral sinuses shallow and   
narrow when present2 teeth intermediate 
in depth and width4 ,flowers            
fertile1 open late2 stamens upright4    
,fruit ripens a little later than       
,concord1 keeps well4 ,clusters         
large to medium1 intermediate in length1
 broad to medium1      irregularly      

tapering1 usually with a small single   
shoulder1 very      compact with uneven 
surface2 peduncle short to medium1      
thick2      pedicel intermediate in     
length1 thick1 usually smooth1 enlarged 
at      point of attachment to fruit2   
brush short to medium1 green with       
slight red tinge4 ,berries above medium 
in size1 roundish1      reddish-black to
 black1 covered with heavy blue bloom1  
persistent1      firm4 ,skin medium to  
thick1 tender1 inclined to crack1       
adheres      strongly to the pulp1      
contains a fair amount of light         
wine-colored      pigment1 without      
astringency4 ,flesh greenish1           
translucent1 very      juicy1 tender1   
meaty1 vinous1 somewhat spicy1          
sprightly1 good in      quality4 ,seeds 
separate readily from the pulp1 one to  
five1 average      two1 intermediate in 
size1 rather long1 narrow1 usually      
one-sided1      light brown2 raphe      
buried in a narrow groove2 chalaza      
small1 above      center1 oval1 obscure4

   ,,shelby4  7,labrusca1 ,riparia47    
#a4 ,vineyardist1 ,oct4 #ae1 #ahic4 #b4 
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #ec3fhc4      #ahid4 #c4
 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3ahj4 #d4 ,rural ,n4
 ,y41 #ee3fch1      fig41 #fdb4 #ahif4  
#e4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ece1  
#edf1 #edg1      #eeg4 #ahih4 #f4 ,ga4  
,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3di4 #aija4  ,shelby is 
hardly worth cultivating in ,new ,york4 
,it ripens at a time when there are many
 other grapes which surpass it in flavor
 and appearance4 ,it has1 however1 been 
somewhat highly spoken of and grape     
experimenters may want to try the       
variety4 ,the name is from ,shelby1     
,ohio1 the birthplace of the originator4
  ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin of ,watertown1 ,new   
,york1 originated the ,shelby about     
#ahhj4 ,it was introduced in the fall of
 #ahid4 ,the originator writes that the 
parentage of this variety is not        
positively known but it is supposed to  
be a ,labrusca-,riparia cross4 ,the     
botanical characters of the fruit and   
vine as it grows on the ,station grounds

 verify this supposition4       ,vine   
vigorous1 variable in hardiness1 medium 
to productive4 ,canes      long1        
numerous1 medium to slender2 tendrils   
intermittent1 sometimes      continuous1
 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves uniform in    
size1 green1 often      thin2 lower     
surface grayish-green with tinge of     
bronze1 strongly      pubescent4        
,flowers fertile or nearly so1 open in  
mid-season or      earlier2 stamens     
upright4 ,fruit ripens early1 sometimes 
before      ,winchell1 does not keep nor
 ship well4 ,clusters medium to below in
      size1 short1 frequently with a    
single shoulder1 shorter and more       
compact than ,winchell4 ,berries medium 
to small1 roundish1 light      green to 
yellowish-green1 covered with thin gray 
bloom1 somewhat      inclined to        
shatter4 ,skin thin1 variable in        
toughness1 peculiarly      astringent4  
,flesh tough1 stringy1 foxy1 sweet from 
skin to center1      mild1 fair to good 
in quality4 ,seeds do not separate      

readily from      the pulp1 not very    
numerous1 medium to below in size1      
short1 broad1      plump4   ,,standard4 
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,bourquiniana87  
#a4 ,kan4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhf3ahg4
 #b4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41      
#ahib3bff4 #c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41
 #aa3fcg4 #ahib4 #d4      ,bush4 ,cat41 
#ahid3ahj4 #e4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41        
#id3acf4 #ahih4      #f4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ece1 #edh1 #eeg4 #ahih4 
#g4 ,mo4      ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3da4      
#ahii4       ,burr's ,no4 #b 7#a74      
,standard is said to be a full sister of
 ,jewel1 but it is not equal to the     
sister nor nearly equal to the reputed  
parent1 ,delaware4 ,the variety seems to
 be thought highly of in the ,west and  
it is possible that it has greater value
 there than in ,new ,york4 ,the quality 
of the grape is high and it is said to  
make a light-colored wine of good body1 
taste and aroma1 but taking it all and  
all it does not rise above mediocre and 
cannot be recommended unless for trial4 

,the variety was originated by ,john    
,burr of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 from    
seed of ,delaware planted about #ahgd4  
,it was introduced in #ahhg by ,stayman 
,black of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4 ,there 
are few characters of either vine or    
fruit that show evidence of having come 
from ,delaware4       ,vine variable in 
vigor1 usually hardy in ordinary        
seasons1      productive4 ,canes short  
to medium1 few in number1 rather        
slender2      tendrils continuous to    
intermittent1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves  
not      very healthy1 medium to small1 
moderately light green2 lower           
surface tinged with bronze1 pubescent4  
,flowers partly fertile1 open      in   
mid-season2 stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens about with ,concord1      usually
 keeps fairly well4 ,clusters not       
uniform in size1 short1      frequently 
with a small single shoulder1 compact to
 medium4 ,berries      small to above   
medium1 roundish1 very dark             
reddish-black covered      with a large 

amount of lilac bloom1 sometimes shatter
 considerably      from pedicel4 ,skin  
thin1 rather tender4 ,flesh unusually   
pale green1      somewhat stringy1      
vinous1 tender1 sweet from skin to      
center1 good      in quality4 ,seeds    
slightly adherent1 medium to small1     
intermediate      in width2 chalaza     
oval1 often distinctly above center4    
,,stark-,,star4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 
,aestivalis47       #a4 ,national ,nur41
 #aj3abh1 #acc4 #aijb4 #b4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41      #fb3ghh4 #aijc4 #c4 ,ill4     
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijc3fe1 #bjh1     
#bgd1      #bgf4 #d4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #aijd3cja4  ,stark-,star is      
receiving careful attention in the      
,south and ,southwest but unfortunately 
it does not ripen early enough to       
promise well for this latitude4 ,on the 
,station grounds it ripens after        
,catawba1 which does not always mature4 
,if the variety fulfills the high       
expectations of it in the region of its 
origin it is worthy a trial in the      

regions of this ,state where the        
,catawba ripens4  ,the variety was      
originated by ,joseph ,bachman of       
,altus1 ,arkansas1 from seed of ,catawba
 fertilized by ,norton or ,hermann4 ,the
 seed was planted about #ahib4          
,stark-,star was introduced by ,stark   
,brothers1 of ,louisiana1 ,missouri4    
,vine vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1         
productive4 ,canes medium to short1     
numerous1 often slender1 roughened2     
tendrils continuous to                  
intermittent1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves  
large to medium1 dark green1            
frequently thin2 lower surface pale     
green1 slightly pubescent1              
cobwebby4 ,fruit ripens later than      
,catawba1 appears to be an              
excellent keeper4 ,clusters large1      
medium to long1 inclined to             
broadness1 frequently with a well marked
 short single shoulder1      very       
compact4 ,berries medium to below in    
size1 oval to roundish but              
frequently compressed on account of     

compactness of cluster1 black      when 
ripe1 covered with blue bloom1          
persistent4 ,skin intermediate      in  
thickness1 tender4 ,flesh pale green1   
not very juicy1 tough and      solid1   
slightly aromatic and spicy1 almost     
sweet1 fair to good in      quality4    
,seeds adhere somewhat to the pulp1     
numerous1 medium to      small1         
intermediate in length and width1 plump2
 raphe shows as a      distinct cord2   
chalaza distinctly above center to      
nearly central4   ,,superb4  7,labrusca1
 ,vinifera1 ,aestivalis47       #a4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahia3abf4 #b4 ,mo4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahia3abf4 #c4 
,rural ,n4 ,y41 #eb3fcf4 #ahic4 fig4 #d4
 ,bush4      ,cat41 #ahid3ahj4 #e4      
,husmann1 #ahie3ch4 #f4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4   
,an4      ,rpt41 #ah3cif4 #ahii4 #g4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahii3bh1 #h4   
,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3di4 #aija4  ,the  
quality of ,superb ranges from good to  
very good but the appearance of the     
fruit is against the variety4 ,it       

resembles ,eumelan1 the reputed parent1 
in size1 shape1 and color but is not as 
attractive4 ,the vine on the ,station   
grounds is not such as to recommend it  
highly1 and since it has been known for 
at least twenty years without having    
become at all popular with              
grape-growers1 it may be assumed that   
the grape has weaknesses elsewhere as   
well as here4  ,a4 ,f4 ,rice of         
,griswoldville1 ,georgia1 originated    
this variety1 it is said1 from seed of  
,eumelan4 ,the seed was planted in #ahhj
 near ,south ,weymouth1 ,massachusetts4 
,superb was placed on the grape list of 
the ,american ,pomological ,society     
fruit catalog in #ahii4       ,vine     
medium to vigorous1 usually hardy1      
healthy1 productive4 ,canes      short  
to medium1 few in number1 often         
tapering1 ash-gray changing      to     
light or dark brown2 tendrils           
continuous1 bifid4 ,leaves healthy1     
medium to large1 moderately light green2
 lower surface      grayish-green1      

thinly pubescent1 the pubescence being  
distributed      in flecks4 ,flowers    
strongly self-fertile1 open in          
mid-season or      later2 stamens       
upright4 ,fruit ripens before ,concord1 
keeps and      ships well4 ,clusters    
intermediate in size and width1 medium  
to      long1 frequently with a long1   
loose single shoulder1 compact4         
,berries medium to below in size1       
roundish to oval1 dark                  
purplish-black covered with thin blue   
bloom1 persistent1 not very      firm4  
,skin thick1 tough1 without astringency4
 ,flesh juicy1 tender1      aromatic1   
sweet from skin to center1 spicy1 good  
to very good in      quality4 ,seeds    
separate readily from the pulp1 medium  
to small1      medium to long1          
sharp-pointed2 raphe occasionally shows 
as a      partially submerged cord in a 
broad groove2 chalaza distinctly        
above center4   ,,taylor4  7,riparia1   
,labrusca47       #a4 ,valley ,farmer1  
#aheh3abb4 #b4 ,horticulturist1 #ad3dhf4

      #ahei4 #c4 ,ib41 #ae3cd4 #ahfj4   
#d4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #b3fh1 #aai1      #afc4
 #ahfj4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#ahfj3gh4 #f4      ,horticulturist1     
#ai3aef4 #ahfd4 #g4 ,husmann1 #ahff3ajd4
 #h4      ,fuller1 #ahfg3bca4 #i4 ,grape
 ,cult41 #a3dd1 #gd1 #bdb1 #bia1 #bif4  
#ahfi4 #aj4 ,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41   
#ahha3afa4 #aa4 ,am4 ,pom4      ,soc4   
,rpt41 #ahhc3acc4 #ab4 ,bush4 ,cat41    
#ahhc3bj1 #ach4 #ac4      ,tex4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #dh3aaea1 #aafb4 #ahih4 #ad4 ,mo4
 ,sta4 ,bul41      #df3da1 #dc1 #de1    
#df1 #gf4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#ec3di4      #aija4       ,,bullitt 7#a1
 #d74 ,bullitt 7#c1 #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa1    
#ab74 ,,taylor 7#b1 #e74      ,taylor   
7#d1 #aa74 ,,taylor ,,bullit 7#ac1 #ad74
 ,,taylor',s ,,bullitt 7#h1 #aa74       
,taylor's ,bullitt 7#ab74  ,taylor is   
hardly known in ,new ,york nor1 indeed1 
is it now much grown elsewhere4 ,it is  
of interest for the part it has played  
in the grape culture of the past and    
especially for its worthy offspring4    

,many of these now outrank the parent in
 the regions and for the purposes for   
which ,taylor is grown4 ,in truth1 the  
most valuable quality of ,taylor seems  
to be its capacity for transmitting its 
good characters to its seedlings2 some  
of course fall much below it1 as a table
 or wine grape1 but a considerable      
number quite equal it1 and a few surpass
 it1 but all resemble the parent vine   
much more than is common among grapes4  
,while it is from the species to which  
,taylor belongs that we must look for   
our hardiest vines yet this grape and   
its offspring1 though not particularly  
tender to cold1 do best in southern     
regions as they require a long1 warm    
summer and fall to mature properly4     
,taylor was long grown in both ,europe  
and ,california as a grafting stock for 
the ,old ,world varieties as a          
protection against phylloxera1 and is   
still somewhat cultivated in these      
regions for that purpose4  ,the quality 
of the fruit of ,taylor is from fair to 

good1 the flavor being sweet1 pure1     
delicate and spicy and the flesh tender 
and juicy1 but the bunches are small1   
the flowers infertile so that the       
berries do not set well and give very   
imperfect and unsightly clusters4 ,the  
skin is such1 too1 that it cracks badly1
 a defect that is seemingly transmitted 
to many of the seedlings of the variety4
 ,the vine is strong1 healthy1 hardy but
 not very productive4 ,taylor is        
essentially a wine grape1 and it is not 
likely that it or many of the varieties 
bred from it will make table grapes4    
,the wine is said to be exceptionally   
good1 of great body and high flavor4    
,the original vine of ,taylor was a wild
 seedling found in the early part of the
 last century on the ,cumberland        
,mountains near the ,kentucky-,tennessee
 line by a ,mr4 ,cobb who planted the   
vine on his farm in ,shelby ,county1    
,kentucky4 ,later the farm was sold to  
,cuthbert ,bullitt4 ,about #ahdj1 the   
grape came to the attention of ,judge   

,john ,taylor of ,jericho1 ,henry       
,county1 ,kentucky1 an enthusiastic     
amateur horticulturist who secured the  
vine from ,bullitt and sent cuttings to 
many grape-growers for testing4 ,it was 
early introduced into the grape region  
of the middle ,west where it was widely 
tested but was never extensively planted
 owing to its lack of productiveness4   
,its culture has been on the wane for   
many years and only an occasional       
nurseryman in that section handles the  
variety to-day4 ,this variety has1 at   
different times1 passed under the names 
,bullitt1 ,taylor1 ,taylor's ,bullitt1  
with various spellings of the name      
,bullitt4  ,the following description   
has been compiled from various sources3 
,vine vigorous to rank1 healthy1 hardy1 
variable in productiveness4      ,leaves
 small1 attractive in color1 smooth4    
,flowers bloom early2      stamens      
reflexed4 ,fruit ripens about two weeks 
before ,isabella4      ,clusters small  
to medium1 shouldered1 loose to         

moderately compact4      ,berries small 
to medium1 roundish1 pale               
greenish-white1 sometimes      tinged   
with amber4 ,skin very thin4 ,pulp      
sweet1 spicy1 fair to good      in      
quality4   ,,telegraph4  7,labrusca1    
,aestivalis47       #a4 ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 
,rpt41 #ahfc3edi4 #b4 ,gar4 ,mon41      
#i3ea4      #ahfg4 #c4 ,ib41 #aj3ai1    
#cdd4 #ahfh4 #d4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41
      #ahfi3db4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahfi3ef4 #f4 ,grape      ,cult41
 #a3dd1 #aae1 #bif4 #ahfi4 #g4 ,gar4    
,mon41 #aa3hc4 #ahfi4      #h4          
,horticulturist1 #cj3gc4 #ahge4 #i4     
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3hb1      #aci4 #aj4 
,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #cf3dc4 
#ahia4 #aa4 ,n4 ,y4      ,sta4 ,an4     
,rpt41 #aa3fcg4 #ahib4 #ab4 ,tenn4 ,sta4
 ,bul41 ,vol4      #i3ahg4 #ahif4 #ac4  
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ece1 #edf1
 #edg1      #eeg4 #ahih4 #ad4 ,mo4 ,sta4
 ,bul41 #df3da1 #db1 #dd1 #de4 #ahii4   
#ae4      ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bcg4  
#aijb4 #af4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41    

#aijf3fe1 #fg4       ,,christine 7#b1   
#c1 #g74 ,christine 7#d1 #h1 #i1 #aj1   
#ab74 ,telegraph 7#b1      #c74  ,the   
characters of ,telegraph are not such as
 to give it high rank among grapes and  
now that nearly forty years have passed 
since its origin1 and many better       
varieties have come into cultivation1   
the variety is worth mentioning only as 
a matter of record4 ,its most remarkable
 character is compact1 well shouldered  
bunches1 making them attractive in      
appearance though somewhat small for a  
commercial variety4 ,telegraph is       
susceptible to rot and the birds are    
particularly fond of its fruit4 ,it     
ripens very early and is of better      
quality than ,hartford--not high praise4
 ,the variety is peculiar in that the   
ripening season seems to vary from a few
 days after ,hartford to as late as     
,concord4 ,it is earlier1 comparatively1
 in the ,south than in the ,north2 that 
is1 in cool summers it matures slowly4  
,telegraph1 or ,christine1 as it appears

 to have first been called1 is a chance 
seedling which appeared about the middle
 of the last century in the yard of a   
,mr4 ,christine1 ,hestonville1 near     
,westchester1 ,chester ,county1         
,pennsylvania4 ,about #ahfj ,p4 ,r4     
,freas1 editor of the ,germantown       
,telegraph1 to whom fruit was sent1     
bestowed upon it the name of his paper1 
which finally supplanted the original   
name4 ,it was placed on the grape list  
of the ,american ,pomological ,society  
fruit catalog in #ahfi and removed in   
#ahii4 ,telegraph is apparently a       
,labrusca with a strain of ,aestivalis4 
,vine vigorous1 hardy1 usually healthy1 
very productive4 ,canes      unusually  
long1 medium to numerous2 tendrils      
continuous1 trifid to      bifid4       
,leaves healthy1 medium to large1       
inclined to roundish1 light      green2 
lower surface grayish-white1 pubescent4 
,flowers fertile1      open in          
mid-season or earlier2 stamens upright4 
,fruit usually      ripens soon after   

,hartford but sometimes later1 a fair   
shipper and      keeper4 ,clusters      
medium to small1 often short1 broad1    
cylindrical1      blunt at ends1        
single-shouldered1 very compact4        
,berries      intermediate in size1     
roundish to slightly oval on account of 
compactness of cluster1 dull black      
covered with a large amount of      blue
 bloom1 persistent4 ,skin intermediate  
in thickness1 tough1 does      not      
adhere to the pulp1 astringent4 ,flesh  
greenish1 tough and      solid1 slightly
 foxy1 pleasant flavor1 sweet at skin to
 tart at      center1 fair to good in   
quality4 ,seeds somewhat adherent and   
numerous1 medium to above in size1      
variable in shape and size4             
,,to-,,kalon4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47  
#a4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #a3dei4 #ahce4 #b4 ,n4
 ,y4 ,ag4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahdg3cec4  
#c4 ,mag4 ,hort41 #ba3db1 #ahee4 #d4    
,ib41 #bb3ejg4      #ahef4 #e4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahef3afc4 #f4       
,downing1      #aheg3cde4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4

 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aheh3gb4 #h4             
,horticulturist1 #ad3bii4 #ahei4 fig4   
#i4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41             
#ahfj3ha4 #aj4 ,ib41 #ahfb3adf4 #aa4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41      #ahfb3ij4  
#ab4 ,gar4 ,mon41 #e3gc1 #gd4 #ahfc4    
#ac4 ,grant1      #ahfd3aa4 #ad4 ,gar4  
,mon41 #h3cfb4 #ahff4 #ae4 ,grape       
,cult41      #a3cbg4 #ahfi4 #af4        
,downing1 #ahfi3eef4 #ag4 ,bush4 ,cat41 
#ahhc3aci4       ,the ,beautiful 7#af74 
,,carter 7#d74 ,carter 7#g1 #aj1 #af1   
#ag1 of      ,boston #ab74 ,spofford    
,seedling 7#af1 #ag74 ,,wyman 7#c74     
,wyman 7#aj1      #ab1 #af1 #ag74  ,the 
fruit characters of ,to-,kalon are so   
similar to those of ,catawba that it was
 hardly worthy of introduction4 ,beside 
duplicating the ,catawba in fruit the   
vines are not healthy1 being very       
susceptible to mildew and rot1 the fruit
 drops badly1 and the crop does not     
ripen well4 ,the quality of the fruit is
 very good1 once it can be secured4 ,a  
point in its favor is that it ripens a  

little before ,catawba4 ,the variety    
long since ceased to be of commercial   
importance and can now be found but     
rarely in collections4  ,to-,kalon was  
originated in the early part of the last
 century by ,dr4 ,spofford of           
,lansingburg1 ,new ,york4 ,the          
originator states that it is a seedling 
of a ,european grape1 but from its      
resemblance to ,catawba it is supposed  
by many to have been a seedling of that 
variety4 ,wyman and ,carter are two     
varieties of later introduction which   
are said to be identical with           
,to-,kalon1 but as the origin of each is
 apparently authentic and distinct it   
appears more probable that they are     
merely similar sorts4 ,to-,kalon was    
placed on the list of sorts recommended 
by the ,american ,pomological ,society  
in #ahfb but was dropped from this list 
in #ahga4  ,the following description   
has been compiled from various sources3 
,vine vigorous to rank1 variable in     
productiveness1 hardy1 often            

mildews badly4 ,foliage large1 abundant4
 ,flowers do not always set      well4  
,fruit ripens somewhat earlier than     
,catawba4 ,clusters large1              
shouldered4 ,berries large1 oval to     
oblate1 darker than ,catawba1           
covered with heavy bloom1 shells4 ,pulp 
sweet1 of pure flavor1      melting1    
very good in quality4   ,,triumph4      
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,grape
 ,cult41 #b3bie4 #ahgj4 #b4 ,am4 ,jour4 
,hort41 #i3hd4      #ahga4 #c4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3cc1 #dj1 #afb4 
#d4 ,downing1      #ahha3afi app4 #e4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahhc3bf4 #f4   
,bush4      ,cat41 #ahhc3adj1 fig41     
#ada4 #g4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      
#ahhd3bag4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#ahhe3ajd4 #i4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4      ,an4  
,rpt41 #aa3fcg4 #ahib4 #aj4 ,va4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #id3adb4 #ahih4      #aa4 ,n4 ,y4
 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ece1 #edh1 #eeg4 
#ahih4 #ab4 ,miss4      ,sta4 ,bul41    
#ef3ag4 #ahii4 #ac4 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#afi3agf4      #ahii4 #ad4 ,ala4 ,sta4  

,bul41 #aaj3hi4 #aijj4 #ae4 ,ga4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #ec3di1 #eb1 #ei4 #aija4 #af4    
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdc4      #aijb4
 #ag4 ,trait gen4 de vit41 #e3ahf4      
#aijc4       ,campbell's ,concord       
,hybrid ,no4 #f 7#f74 ,campbell's       
,seedling ,no4 #f      7#ag74 ,hybride  
de ,concord ,no4 #f 7#ag74  ,when       
quality1 color1 shape and size of bunch 
and berry are all considered1 ,triumph  
is one of the finest dessert grapes of  
,america4 ,when at its best it is a     
magnificent bunch of golden grapes of   
highest quality1 esteemed even in       
southern ,europe where it must compete  
with the best of the ,viniferas1 though 
unfortunately it is nearly as           
susceptible in that region to phylloxera
 as the ,old ,world varieties1 a defect 
which has caused its relegation there   
from commercial vineyards to the        
collections of experimenters and        
amateurs4 ,in ,america its commercial   
importance is curtailed by the fact that
 it requires a long season for its      

proper development and the variety      
justifies its name only in the ,south   
and more particularly in the ,southwest4
 ,in the latitude of ,new ,york it is   
doubtfully hardy and the short summer   
season never permits it to attain the   
quality and beauty which characterize it
 further south4  ,triumph has1 in       
general1 the vine characters of the     
,labrusca parent ,concord1 especially   
its habit of growth1 vigor1             
productiveness and foliage characters1  
falling short in hardiness1 resistance  
to fungal diseases and earliness of     
maturity4 ,even in ,new ,york the vines 
are as vigorous and set nearly as much  
fruit as ,concord2 but they are injured 
in cold winters unless protected1 and   
suffer in particular from the mildews4  
,the fruit matures with or a little     
later than the ,catawba4 ,it proves1 in 
regions where it is largely grown1 to be
 quite adaptable to different soils and 
locations and the small amount of data  
at hand on this point in ,new ,york     

suggests that this adaptability holds   
for the grape regions of this ,state as 
well4 ,it prefers1 if anything1 a deep  
soil to a shallow one and alluvial or   
clayey soils to lighter lands4  ,while  
the vine characters of ,triumph are     
those of ,labrusca there is scarcely a  
suggestion of the coarseness1 or of the 
foxy odor and taste of ,labrusca2 and   
the objectionable seeds1 pulp1 and skin 
of the native grape give way to the far 
less objectionable structures of        
,vinifera4 ,grapes of this variety do   
not have the firm and often disagreeable
 pulpiness of many other similar        
hybrids1 as for instance most of        
,rogers' hybrids4 ,the flesh is tender  
and melting and the flavor rich1 sweet1 
vinous1 pure and delicate1 giving the   
variety high rank among the best        
,american grapes4 ,in the ,north1 as    
would be expected from its lack of      
proper maturity1 the flavor is insipid  
as compared with the same character in  
the ,south4 ,the skins of the berries   

are faulty being more apparent in eating
 than those of ,vinifera and under      
unfavorable conditions crack badly2     
because of the tenderness of the skin   
the variety neither ships nor keeps     
remarkably well4 ,triumph is not only   
one of the best dessert grapes but it is
 said to make a very good white wine4   
,illustration3 ,,triumph  ,there are    
numerous pure-bred and cross-bred       
offsprings of ,triumph in ,america which
 indicate that this variety may be very 
successfully used in grape-breeding4    
,munson of ,texas1 in particular1 among 
other viticulturists1 has used it to    
advantage in breeding work1 his ,bailey1
 ,big ,extra1 ,big ,hope1 ,carman1      
,early ,golden1 ,fern ,munson1 ,governor
 ,ross1 ,newman1 ,ragan1 ,rommel1 ,r4   
,w4 ,munson1 ,w4 ,b4 ,munson1 all having
 been bred with ,triumph as an ancestor4
  ,when all of its qualities and        
characters are considered1 and for all  
parts of ,america1 it can hardly be     
disputed that ,triumph is the best of   

the hybrids of the two species from     
which it comes that has been produced by
 artificial fertilization4 ,that it does
 not succeed better in ,new ,york is a  
distinct loss to the viticulture of the 
,state4  ,triumph was originated nearly 
a half century ago by ,george ,w4       
,campbell of ,delaware1 ,ohio1 from seed
 of ,concord fertilized by ,chasselas   
,musque 7,joslyn's ,st4 ,albans74 ,the  
originator considered it of no value in 
his vineyard but sent it to ,samuel     
,miller of ,bluffton1 ,missouri1 who    
gave it the name ,triumph4 ,it was      
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahhc4       ,vine vigorous1 
doubtfully hardy1 medium to very        
productive1      somewhat subject to    
attacks of mildew4 ,canes medium to     
long1      intermediate in number and   
thickness1 moderately dark brown1       
surface covered with a slight amount of 
bloom2 nodes enlarged1      variable in 
shape2 internodes medium to above in    

length2 diaphragm      thick2 pith      
medium in size2 shoots slightly         
pubescent2 tendrils      intermittent1  
medium to long1 trifid1 sometimes bifid4
       ,leaf-buds large to medium1 long 
and thick1 obtuse to conical1 open      
late4 ,young leaves tinged on under side
 and along margin of upper      side    
with brownish-carmine4 ,leaves large1 of
 average thickness2      upper surface  
light green1 dull1 medium to slightly   
rugose2 lower      surface              
grayish-white1 pubescent2 veins         
distinct2 leaf usually not      lobed   
with terminus obtuse to acute2 petiolar 
sinus medium to deep1      narrow1 often
 closed and overlapping2 basal sinus    
absent2 lateral      sinus shallow and  
narrow when present2 teeth deep1 wide to
 medium4      ,flowers fertile1 open    
late2 stamens upright4       ,fruit     
ripens with ,catawba or later1 does not 
rank among the best      keepers4       
,clusters very large to medium1 long1   
broad1 tapering to      cylindrical1    

sometimes single-shouldered1 compact2   
peduncle short      to medium1 above    
average thickness2 pedicel medium to    
short1      slender1 smooth1            
considerably enlarged at point of       
attachment to      fruit2 brush short1  
pale yellowish-green4 ,berries medium to
 above      in size1 oval1 pale green or
 golden yellow1 glossy1 covered with    
heavy gray bloom1 persistent1 firm4     
,skin thin1 variable in      toughness1 
sometimes inclined to crack1 adheres    
considerably to the      pulp1 contains 
no pigment1 slightly astringent4 ,flesh 
light green1      translucent1 juicy1   
fine-grained1 tender1 somewhat vinous1  
good to      very good4 ,seeds separate 
easily from the pulp1 one to five1      
average three1 below medium to small1   
intermediate in width1 long1            
brownish2 raphe sometimes visible being 
partly submerged in the      short      
shallow groove2 chalaza of average size1
 above center1 oval      to circular1   
distinct4   ,,ulster4  7,labrusca1      

,vinifera47       #a4 ,bush4 ,cat41     
#ahhc3ada4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#ahhe3ajd4 #c4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41
 #ahhe-f3bbd4 #d4 ,am4      ,pom4 ,soc4 
,cat41 #ahhi3bd4 #e4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #ahia3abh4      #f4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41 #ej3fia4 #ahia4 #g4 ,ib41 #ea3agj1 
#fha4      #ahib4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4
 ,rpt41 #aa3fcg4 #ahib4 #i4 ,ill4 ,sta4 
,bul41 #bh3bfb4 #ahic4 #aj4 ,bush4      
,cat41 #ahid3ahc4 #aa4 ,w4 ,n4      ,y4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ci3bf4 #ahid4 #ab4 
,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41      #ag3ecf1 
#edh1 #eec1 #eeg4 #ahih4 #ac4 ,kan4     
,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdj4      #aijb4 #ad4 
,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #bje3da4 #aijc4     
,,ulster ,,prolific 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #e1 #i1
 #aa1 #ac74 ,ulster ,prolific 7#h1 #aj74
  ,the accompanying color-plate does not
 do justice to ,ulster as to size and   
beauty of the fruit but it well         
illustrates one of the chief faults of  
the variety4 ,the vines usually set too 
much fruit in spite of efforts to       
control the crop by pruning1 and two    

undesirable results follow3 ,the bunches
 are small and the vines1 lacking vigor 
at best1 fail to fully recover from the 
over-fruitfulness4 ,over-productiveness 
and lack of vigor are the two defects in
 ,ulster that have kept it from becoming
 of more importance commercially and a  
greater favorite as a garden grape4 ,the
 quality of the fruit is very good1     
being much like that of ,catawba both in
 flesh characters and in flavor4 ,the   
color of the berries seems to vary      
greatly1 sometimes being nearly as red  
as ,catawba and under other conditions  
an unattractive green with a reddish    
tinge4 ,as a rule the fruit keeps well  
but there are exceptions especially when
 the variety is not grown under the     
conditions best suited to it4 ,ulster   
has many good qualities but its         
deficiency in vigor and capriciousness  
in both vine and fruit characters       
prevent its becoming a grape of value   
for either vineyard or garden4  ,ulster 
was originated by ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood of   

,marlboro1 ,new ,york1 and was          
introduced by the originator about      
#ahhe4 ,it was included in the list of  
sorts recommended by the ,american      
,pomological ,society in #ahii4 ,its    
parents are said to be ,catawba         
pollinated by a wild ,aestivalis4 ,both 
vine and fruit show unmistakable traces 
of ,labrusca and ,vinifera1 but the     
,aestivalis characters1 if present1 are 
not apparent4  ,illustration3 ,,ulster  
,vine medium to weak1 usually hardy1    
productive1 often overbears1            
sometimes susceptible to attacks of     
mildew4 ,canes medium to short1      not
 numerous1 slender1 moderately dark     
brown1 surface roughened      and       
covered with faint pubescence2 nodes    
enlarged and flattened2      internodes 
short2 diaphragm of average thickness2  
pith intermediate      in size2 shoots  
pubescent2 tendrils usually             
intermittent1 of medium      length1    
bifid1 dehisce early4       ,leaf-buds  
intermediate in size1 short to medium1  

thick1 plump1      conical to pointed1  
open rather late4 ,young leaves faintly 
tinged      on under side and along     
margin of upper side1 which is rather   
glossy1 prevailing color pale green with
 considerable rose-carmine      tinge4  
,leaves small to medium1 thick2 upper   
surface light green1      glossy1       
somewhat smooth2 lower surface          
grayish-white1 pubescent2      veins    
distinct2 leaf usually not lobed with   
terminus acute to      acuminate2       
petiolar sinus of average depth1 medium 
to wide2 basal      sinus absent2       
lateral sinus a mere notch when present2
 teeth      shallow to medium1 above    
medium width4 ,flowers fertile or nearly
      so1 open rather early2 stamens    
upright4       ,fruit usually ripens    
with ,concord or a little later1 keeps  
and      ships well4 ,clusters          
intermediate in size1 above average     
length1      intermediate in breadth1   
cylindrical to slightly tapering1 often 
single-shouldered1 compact2 peduncle    

short1 slender2 pedicel                 
intermediate in length1 slender to      
medium1 covered with numerous           
warts2 brush short1 yellowish-green4    
,berries above medium to medium      in 
size1 roundish to roundish-oval1 rather 
dark dull red but do not      always    
color well1 covered with thin light to  
dark lilac bloom1      persistent1 of   
average firmness4 ,skin thick1 tough1   
adheres      slightly to the pulp1      
contains no pigment1 somewhat           
astringent4      ,flesh pale green1     
translucent1 juicy1 tender1             
fine-grained1 faintly      aromatic1    
slightly foxy1 sweet next the skin to   
tart at center1      good to very good  
in quality4 ,seeds separate easily from 
the pulp1      one to six1 average      
three1 medium to above in size1 variable
 in      length and breadth1 somewhat   
plump1 brownish2 raphe obscure2         
chalaza intermediate in size1 above     
center1 oval to circular1 not           
distinct2 surface of seeds slightly     

roughened4   ,,union ,,village4         
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera87       #a4       
,elliott1 #ahed3bdg4 #b4 ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4  
,off4 ,rpt41 #ahef3dcc4      #c4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahef3ci1 #afe4 #d4  
,downing1      #aheg3cdf4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aheh3fi4 #f4 ,am4 ,pom4  
,soc4 ,cat41 #aheh3bce4 #g4 ,mag4       
,hort41 #bd3ib1 #id4 #aheh4 #h4         
,horticulturist1 #ad3gd4 #ahei4 fig4 #i4
 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4      ,rpt41        
#ahfj3di4 #aj4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41  
#ahfj3hi4 #aa4      ,mag4 ,hort41       
#bg3ecc4 #ahfa4 #ab4 ,horticulturist1   
#af3bcd4      #ahfa4 fig4 #ac4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfb3adf4 #ad4 ,mag4
      ,hort41 #bi3dbb4 #ahfc4 #ae4 ,ib41
 #ca3ajc4 #ahfe4 #af4 ,mead1            
#ahfg3aih4 #ag4 ,grape ,cult41 #a3dc1   
#dd1 #aea1 #bci1 #bfb1 #cbg4      #ahfi4
 #ah4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3adb4 #ai4 ,am4
 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhc3ei4      
,,imitation ,,hamburg 7#a74 ,,ontario   
7#h1 #i1 #aj1 #ad74 ,ontario 7#ac1 #ae1 
#af1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai74 ,,shaker 7#b74     

,shaker 7#d1 #ag1 #ah74  ,rampant in    
vine1 with thick wood1 large coarse     
leaves1 bunches and berries1 ,union     
,village is marked by grossness in all  
of its characters4 ,its vigor of vine   
and showiness of fruit attracted the    
attention of the viticulturists of a    
half century ago and it was then quite  
commonly grown but has now been almost  
wholly discarded because of poor        
quality1 susceptibility to disease1 and 
lack of hardiness4 ,it ripens somewhat  
late and quite unevenly4 ,it might prove
 of some value in breeding for the      
characters for which1 even among the    
largest and most vigorous grapes of     
to-day1 it is distinguished4  ,this     
variety was originated by the ,shakers  
at ,union ,village1 ,warren ,county1    
,ohio4 ,it was introduced by ,nicholas  
,longworth of ,cincinnati about the     
middle of the last century4 ,in #aheh it
 was placed on the ,american            
,pomological ,society's list of grapes  
that promise well and in #ahfb was      

placed on the regular list of           
recommended sorts4 ,here it remained    
until #ahhc1 when it was dropped4       
,ontario1 another grape of this type1   
which was originated by ,w4 ,h4 ,read of
 ,port ,dalhousie1 ,ontario1 was        
considered by many synonymous with      
,union ,village but the evidence seems  
to show that1 though very similar1 it   
had a distinct origin4 ,union ,village  
is said to be a seedling of ,isabella4  
,the characters generally indicate      
,labrusca although the lobing of the    
leaves and the susceptibility to fungi  
may indicate a strain of ,vinifera4     
,the following description has been     
compiled from various sources3          
,vine vigorous to rank1 usually         
productive1 somewhat tender1 subject    
to attacks of fungi4 ,canes large1 long2
 internodes short4 ,leaves      coarse  
and large4 ,fruit ripens about one week 
before ,isabella1      matures unevenly4
 ,clusters large to very large1 often   
shouldered1      compact4 ,berries large

 to very large1 roundish1 dark          
purplish-black      covered with heavy  
bloom1 shell badly4 ,skin moderately    
thin4 ,flesh      tart1 resembling      
,isabella somewhat in flavor1 quality   
fair to good4   ,,vergennes4            
7,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahha3cd1 #aag4 #b4 ,barry1      
#ahhc3dej4      #c4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4    
,cat41 #ahhc3bf4 #d4 ,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 
,soc4      ,rpt41 #bi3ai1 #aab4 #ahhd4  
#e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3ajc1  
#aje4 #f4 ,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41     
#ahhf-g3agb4 #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4      ,an4
 ,rpt41 #i3ccj4 #ahij4 #h4 ,ill4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #bh3bfb4 #ahic4      #i4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahid3ahd4 fig4 #aj4 ,gar4 and   
,for41      #h3dhg4 #ahie4 #aa4 ,n4 ,y4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecf1 #edb1 #edc1  
#edd1 #edh1 #eec4 #ahih4 #ab4 ,ib41     
#ah3chc1 #chi1 #cif4 #ahii4 #ac4        
,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3da1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1
 #ec1 #gf4 #ahii4 #ad4 ,mich4      ,sta4
 ,bul41 #afi3agf4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,kan4     
,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bcg4      #aijb4 #af4 

,ont4 ,fr4 ,gr4 ,assoc4 ,rpt41 #cd3ii4  
#aijb4  ,illustration3 ,,vergennes      
,while not one of the leading commercial
 varieties in ,new ,york1 ,vergennes has
 steadily increased in popularity during
 the thirty years since its             
introduction4 ,one of the most valuable 
attributes of ,vergennes is that it     
seldom fails to bear a crop though it   
has a tendency to overbear which causes 
it to be variable in size of fruits and 
in time of ripening2 with a moderate    
crop it ripens with ,concord but with a 
heavy load of grapes the crop matures   
from one to two weeks later4 ,vergennes 
is somewhat unpopular with vineyardists 
because of the sprawling habit of the   
vine making a vineyard of this grape    
untractable for vineyard operations4    
,this fault is obviated somewhat by     
grafting it on other vines4 ,in some of 
the grape regions of ,new ,york the     
vines are precariously hardy though     
tenderness to cold can hardly be said to
 be a serious fault of the variety4     

,the appearance of the fruit is         
attractive and while the quality is not 
high1 yet it is good2 the flavor is     
agreeable1 the flesh is tender and seeds
 and skin are not objectionable4        
,considering all of its fruit           
characters1 ,vergennes may be said to be
 more than an ordinary grape--much      
better than several better known        
commercial varieties4 ,the variety is   
somewhat remarkable in being probably   
the best shipper and the best keeper    
among the pure ,labrusca varieties4     
,nearly all of the grapes which ship and
 keep well have more or less ,vinifera  
blood1 but if ,vergennes has any foreign
 blood it shows it only in its keeping  
and shipping qualities4 ,at present     
,vergennes is the standard late-keeping 
grape for this region being very        
commonly found in the markets as late as
 ,january and sometimes ,february4 ,a   
number of seedlings of ,vergennes1      
pure-bred and cross-bred1 growing on the
 ,station grounds1 show that this       

variety transmits its characters well to
 its offspring indicating that it has   
value for grape-breeding4 ,vergennes may
 be recommended for its intrinsic value 
for the vineyard and the garden and to  
the experimenter as one of the best pure
 ,labruscas for the production of new   
and improved varieties4  ,the original  
vine of this variety was a chance       
seedling found in the garden of ,william
 ,e4 ,greene1 ,vergennes1 ,vermont4 ,it 
fruited for the first time in #ahgd4 ,it
 was placed on the list of sorts        
recommended by the ,american            
,pomological ,society in #ahhc and is   
still retained4       ,vine variable in 
vigor1 not always hardy1 medium to very 
productive      depending upon amount of
 winter injury1 usually healthy4 ,canes 
long      to medium1 intermediate in    
number and size1 dark dull brown2 nodes 
enlarged1 strongly flattened2 internodes
 of average length2      diaphragm      
thick2 pith medium in thickness2 shoots 
pubescent2      tendrils continuous1    

long to medium1 bifid or sometimes      
trifid4       ,leaf-buds large to       
medium1 long1 thick2 open very late4    
,young      leaves tinged on under side 
and along margin of upper side with     
rose-carmine4 ,leaves large to medium1  
thin2 upper surface light      green1   
glossy1 somewhat rugose2 lower surface  
pale green1 very      pubescent2 veins  
indistinct2 leaf usually not lobed with 
terminus      broadly acute2 petiolar   
sinus of average depth1 medium to wide2 
teeth shallow1 often wide4 ,flowers     
nearly sterile1 open in      mid-season2
 stamens upright4       ,fruit variable 
in season but usually ripens one to two 
weeks later      than ,concord1 keeps   
and ships well4 ,clusters intermediate  
in size      and length1 broad1         
cylindrical to tapering1 sometimes      
single-shouldered1 variable in          
compactness but inclined to be          
loose2 peduncle short to medium1 thick2 
pedicel intermediate in      length and 
thickness1 covered with numerous small  

warts1 enlarged      at point of        
attachment to fruit2 brush slender1     
short1 pale green4      ,berries large  
to below medium1 oval to roundish1 light
 and dark      red1 covered with lilac  
bloom1 persistent1 medium in firmness4  
,skin      does not crack1 thick1 tough1
 adheres considerably to the pulp1      
contains no pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh 
pale green1 juicy1      fine-grained1   
somewhat stringy1 tender1 vinous1 sweet 
next the      skin1 agreeably tart at   
center1 good to very good in quality4   
,seeds      separate easily from the    
pulp1 one to five1 average three1       
variable      in size1 length and       
breadth1 not notched1 usually blunt1    
brownish2      raphe distinct2 chalaza  
small1 plainly above center1 usually    
roundish1 often with shallow radiating  
furrows1 distinct4   ,,victoria4        
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47       #a4 ,am4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3ib4 #b4 ,ib41  
#ahhe3ajd4 #c4      ,mo4 ,hort ,soc4    
,rpt41 #ahia3abi4 #d4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41   

#ej3fia1      #hdg4 #ahia4 #e4 ,n4 ,y4  
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fcg4 #ahib4 #f4   
,del4      ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #g3ace1    
#aci4 #ahie4 #g4 ,rural ,n4 ,y41        
#ef3hbb4      #ahig4 #h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4  
,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecf1 #edh1 #eeg4 #ahih4 
#i4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3agf4  
#ahii4 #aj4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3di4   
#aija4  ,as a green seedling of         
,concord1 ,victoria has much in common  
with others of its kind that have come  
from this parent4 ,in particular it     
resembles ,hayes but does not equal it1 
being of poorer quality and having      
smaller and less attractive fruits2     
neither does it equal ,martha4 ,victoria
 is marked by having more foxiness in   
flavor than do most of the white        
seedlings of ,concord4 ,in view of the  
many good green grapes1 there is little 
about ,victoria to recommend it1--there 
are many commonplace grapes of its color
 and season quite its equal4  ,this     
variety was originated by ,t4 ,b4 ,miner
 of ,linden1 ,union ,county1 ,new       

,jersey1 about #ahga4       ,vine of    
medium vigor1 usually hardy1 productive1
 subject to attacks      of mildew in   
unfavorable locations4 ,canes medium to 
short1 not      numerous1 slender2      
tendrils continuous1 trifid to bifid4   
,leaves      medium in size1 dark green2
 lower surface pale green with tinge of 
bronze1 covered with short down4        
,flowers nearly fertile1 open in        
mid-season2 stamens upright4 ,fruit     
ripens about with ,concord1 does        
not keep well4 ,clusters average in     
size1 long1 inclined to slender1        
often single-shouldered1 compact4       
,berries intermediate in size1          
roundish1 light green with pale yellow  
tinge1 covered with thin      gray      
bloom1 persistent4 ,skin thin1 tender4  
,flesh pale green1      slightly tough1 
foxy1 sweet at skin to acid at center1  
good in      quality4 ,seeds do not     
separate readily from the pulp1 medium  
to      below in size1 of average width 
and length4   ,,walter4  7,vinifera1    

,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana47       #a4    
,mag4 ,hort41 #ca3abj4 #ahfe4 #b4 ,ib41 
#cc3g1 #ed4 #ahfg4      #c4             
,horticulturist1 #bc3cei1 #cfj4 #ahfh4  
fig4 #d4 ,grape      ,cult41 #a3cjg1    
#cbg1 #cbi4 #ahfi4 #e4 ,am4 ,jour4      
,hort41 #f3cdb4      #ahfi4 fig4 #f4    
,ib41 #h3add1 #bii4 #ahgj4 #g4 ,am4     
,pom4 ,soc4      ,cat41 #ahga3af4 #h4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahge3ci4 #i4   
,ib41      #ahhc3ei1 #aed4 #aj4 ,bush4  
,cat41 #ahid3ahe4 fig4 #aa4 ,tex4       
,sta4 ,bul41 #dh3aaea1 #aafc4 #ahih4    
#ab4 ,ga4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #ec3di4          
#aija4 #ac4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdc4
 #aijb4  ,were it not almost impossible 
to grow healthy vines of ,walter it     
would take rank among the best of our   
,american grapes4 ,but stunted by fungi 
which nearly every year attack leaves1  
young wood and fruit1 it is only        
possible in exceptionally favorable     
seasons to produce a crop of grapes with
 this variety4 ,not infrequently the    
attacks of mildew are so severe that the

 vines are defoliated before mid-season4
 ,besides its susceptibility to         
cryptogamic diseases the variety is     
fastidious as to soils and even in      
localities to which it seems adapted it 
is variable in growth4 ,while not to be 
classed among the tender grapes yet it  
is injured in severe winters1 and is    
almost certain to suffer some injury    
after defoliation by fungi4 ,there are  
several reports at hand which seem to   
show that it is hardier and more        
vigorous on the roots of hardy1         
strong-growing varieties4  ,as if to    
atone for the faults of the vine the    
fruit of ,walter is almost perfect1     
lacking only in the size of bunch and   
berry4 ,the bunch and berry resemble    
,delaware1 one of its parents1 while it 
has the peculiar flavor of ,diana1 the  
other parent4 ,well grown1 the fruit is 
more attractive than that of ,delaware  
but it cannot be said that the quality  
is quite the equal of that of either of 
its parents4 ,it does not have the fault

 of ripening its berries unevenly1 one  
of the defects which debars ,diana from 
profitable cultivation4 ,though more    
fastidious1 ,walter is usually adapted  
to conditions under which ,delaware     
thrives4 ,the variety has been          
cultivated for nearly half a century but
 is seemingly less and less grown1 a    
fact to be regretted2 for there are few 
,american grapes of more exquisite      
flavor and aroma and more dainty        
appearance4 ,it is said that when       
protected from dew by walls or other    
shelter the vines are not so badly      
attacked by fungi1 if at all1 and that  
,walter may thus be grown to perfection4
 ,if this be true grape-lovers should   
see that the variety is long retained in
 collections and for the garden4  ,a4   
,j4 ,caywood originated this variety    
about #ahej from seed of ,delaware      
pollinated by ,diana4 ,it was placed on 
the grape list of the ,american         
,pomological ,society fruit catalog in  
#ahga4 ,walter is still to be found in  

an occasional varietal vineyard but it  
is seldom offered for sale by           
nurserymen4       ,vine moderately      
vigorous1 not hardy in exposed          
locations1 variable      in             
productiveness1 subject to attacks of   
fungi4 ,canes medium to      above in   
length and size1 dark reddish-brown1    
surface covered with      thin blue     
bloom2 nodes enlarged1 flattened2       
internodes medium to      above in      
length2 diaphragm thick2 pith of fair   
size2 shoots      pubescent2 tendrils   
intermittent1 medium to above in length1
 bifid4       ,leaf-buds small1         
intermediate in length and thickness1   
pointed to      conical4 ,foliage of    
average size1 thick2 upper surface dark 
green1      glossy1 smooth2 lower       
surface tinged with bronze1 heavily     
pubescent2 lobes none to three with     
terminus acute2 petiolar sinus      of  
average depth1 narrow to medium2 basal  
sinus lacking2 lateral      sinus       
usually a notch if present2 teeth       

intermediate in depth and      width4   
,flowers open in mid-season2 stamens    
upright4       ,fruit somewhat variable 
in season of ripening1 averaging about  
with      ,delaware1 keeps and ships    
well4 ,clusters medium in size and      
length1      broad1 cylindrical to      
tapering1 usually single-shouldered1    
compact2      peduncle short to medium1 
of average thickness2 pedicel medium in 
length1 slender1 covered with small     
scattering warts2 brush short1          
slender1 green with brownish tinge4     
,berries small to medium1 often         
strongly ovate1 red1 much like          
,delaware1 glossy1 covered with a       
moderate amount of lilac bloom1         
persistent1 firm4 ,skin intermediate    
in thickness1 very tough1 adheres but   
slightly to the pulp1      contains no  
pigment1 without astringency4 ,flesh    
pale green1      translucent1 juicy1    
tough1 somewhat foxy1 vinous1 quite     
strongly      aromatic1 sweet next the  
skin to tart at center1 good to very    

good      in quality4 ,seeds do not     
separate easily from the pulp1 one to   
four1 average three1 below medium in    
size and length1 intermediate      in   
width1 medium to sharp-pointed1 light   
brown2 raphe obscure2      chalaza      
large1 above center1 irregularly        
circular1 distinct4 ,must      #ajj4    
,illustration3 ,,walter   ,,wapanuka4   
7,labrusca1 ,riparia1 ,vinifera1        
,bourquiniana47       #a4 ,tex4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #ef3bhj4 #aijj4 #b4 ,rural ,n4   
,y41      #fj3fcg4 #aija4 #c4 ,ib41     
#fb3gij4 #aijc4 #d4 ,iowa ,hort4 ,soc4  
,rpt41 #aijd3bbh4 #e4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 
,rpt41 #aijd3cje4 #f4      ,ill4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41 #aije3cjb4  ,though there  
are many qualities to commend ,wapanuka1
 yet it is not as popular in the ,north 
as was expected it would become at the  
time of its introduction4 ,the chief    
reason for its failure is that it does  
not ship well1 seemingly a prime        
requisite for a commercial grape in ,new
 ,york1 though the markets are seldom   

far distant4 ,it is probable1 too1 that 
the flavor is not quite as high in this 
latitude as in the ,south1 or it may be 
that the grapes with which we compare it
 here are better flavored than in the   
,south4 ,at any rate it does not have   
the comparatively high quality in ,new  
,york that it is reported to have       
elsewhere1 being too insipid4 ,there is 
a tendency1 too1 for the grapes to      
shatter4 ,the fruits when well grown are
 attractive and the quality is from fair
 to good4 ,wapanuka is worthy a trial in
 commercial vineyards2 and because of   
the handsome appearance and distinct    
flavor of the fruit it deserves a place 
in the garden4  ,munson of ,texas1      
originated ,wapanuka from seed of       
,rommel fertilized by ,brilliant4 ,it   
was introduced by the originator in the 
fall of #ahih4       ,vine vigorous1    
usually hardy1 productive4 ,canes medium
 to short1      intermediate in number  
and size1 dark reddish-brown1 often with
      ash-gray tinge2 tendrils          

continuous1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves    
large1      moderately light green1     
somewhat rugose on older leaves2 lower  
surface dull green tinged with bronze1  
pubescent4 ,flowers fertile      or     
nearly so1 open before mid-season2      
stamens upright4 ,fruit ripens          
about with ,concord1 does not keep well4
 ,clusters intermediate in      size1   
long to medium1 frequently with a       
long-peduncled single      shoulder1    
compact4 ,berries large1 roundish1 very 
pale      yellowish-green1 covered with 
thin gray bloom1 with a tendency to     
shatter1 soft4 ,skin covered with few1  
small1 dark dots1 very thin      and    
tender4 ,flesh unusually pale green1    
tender1 somewhat foxy1      sweet and   
mild1 good in quality4 ,seeds separate  
easily from the      pulp1 intermediate 
in size1 broad1 distinctly notched1     
short4   ,,white ,,imperial4            
7,vinifera1 ,labrusca1 ,bourquiniana47  
#a4 ,mo4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3gh4  
#b4 ,ib41 #ahib3bgj4 #c4      ,bush4    

,cat41 #ahid3ahf4 #d4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#id3adb4 #ahih4      #e4 ,mich4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #afi3agg4 #ahii4 #f4 ,ga4 ,sta4  
,bul41      #ec3ej4 #aija4  ,white      
,imperial is one of ,stayman's#bac      
numerous productions4 ,the originator   
thought it one of the most valuable1 if 
not the most valuable1 of his white     
grapes4 ,as the variety grows in the    
,station vineyard the fruit is neither  
especially attractive in appearance nor 
of very high quality though better in   
the latter respect than the average4    
,white ,imperial is one of a somewhat   
large number of offspring of ,dutchess  
now known to viticulture in which the   
good qualities of the parent have been  
transmitted in a large measure to the   
progeny4 ,white ,beauty1 described in   
the next chapter1 is of the same        
parentage and is similar in general     
characters of vine and fruit1 though    
berries and bunches are a little larger 
and the vines a little more vigorous4   
,white ,imperial was introduced with    

great expectations in the ,west1 but1   
especially in the vineyards of          
,missouri1 while still grown somewhat is
 not holding its own with better known  
grapes of its class4  ,white ,imperial  
was produced by ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman of    
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 from seed of     
,dutchess4 ,the variety was introduced  
about twenty-five years ago by ,stayman 
,black4       ,vine medium to very      
vigorous1 hardy1 variable in            
productiveness1      susceptible to     
attacks of fungi under unfavorable      
conditions4 ,canes      intermediate in 
length1 rather numerous1 inclined to    
slender2      tendrils continuous to    
intermittent1 bifid to trifid4 ,leaves  
above      average size1 intermediate in
 color and thickness2 lower surface     
pale green1 often with considerable     
pubescence1 slightly cobwebby4          
,flowers partly sterile1 open early2    
stamens upright4 ,fruit ripens          
about a week before ,delaware1 keeps    
well4 ,clusters variable in      size1  

intermediate in length1 slender1        
frequently      single-shouldered1      
variable in compactness4 ,berries medium
 to      small1 oval to roundish1 light 
green1 sometimes with a yellow          
tinge1 covered with thin gray bloom1    
persistent4 ,skin sprinkled      with   
reddish-brown dots1 thin1 tender1       
without astringency4 ,flesh      pale   
green1 fine-grained1 tough1 sweet at    
skin to agreeably tart at      center1  
somewhat sprightly1 good to best in     
quality4 ,seeds not      numerous1      
medium to small1 sharp-pointed4         
,,wilder4  7,labrusca1 ,vinifera47      
#a4 ,mass4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfa3fh4
 #b4 ,horticulturist1      #ah3ih4      
#ahfc4 #c4 ,ib41 #ba3cbe4 #ahff4 fig4   
#d4 ,mead1      #ahfg3bje1 #bjg4 #e4    
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahfg3dd4 #f4   
,horticulturist1 #bd3abf4 #ahfi4 #g4    
,grape ,cult41 #a3aha4      #ahfi4 #h4  
,ib41 #b3bi1 fig41 #cj4 #ahgj4 #i4 ,am4 
,pom4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahha3dj1 #db1  
#abc1 #ach1 #aec1 #afb1 #afh4 #aj4 ,ill4

 ,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhc3ha4 #aa4
 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3ahg1 fig41 #ahh4   
#ab4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #id3acf4 #ahih4  
#ac4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41          
#ag3ecg1 #edh1 #eec4 #ahih4 #ad4 ,mo4   
,sta4 ,bul41 #df3da1 #dc1 #dd1      #df1
 #fd1 fig4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,ala4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #aaj3gj1 #hi4 #aijj4      #af4   
,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3bdc4 #aijb4     
,,rogers' ,,no4 #d 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e74
 ,rogers' ,no4 #d 7#f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 
#aa1      #ae74  ,the accompanying      
color-plate scarcely does ,wilder       
justice as to size of bunch and berry   
but were the illustration somewhat      
enlarged it would be very typical of the
 variety4 ,the berries when fully ripe  
are quite similar in size and color to  
,black ,hamburg but the bunches have    
fewer berries than the ,european parent 
and the quality1 as would be expected1  
is not so good1 falling short chiefly in
 flesh characters4 ,while ,wilder is    
surpassed in quality1 and1 as usually   
grown1 in appearance by other of        

,rogers' hybrids1 it is one of the most 
reliable of all of them for vineyard    
culture1 the vines being vigorous1      
hardy1 fairly productive1 and1 though   
somewhat susceptible to mildew1 as      
healthy as any of the hybrids of        
,labrusca and ,vinifera4 ,wilder is not 
as well known in the markets as it      
should be1 and now that fungal diseases 
can be controlled by spraying1 this1    
with other such hybrids1 should be more 
generally planted in commercial         
vineyards and especially for local and  
special markets4 ,the wine from this1   
and for that matter from any of ,rogers'
 grapes1 is not of quality such as      
recommends it and neither are the grapes
 suitable for grape juice4 ,surplus     
fruit would often1 therefore1 be a loss 
in large plantations4  ,wilder is one of
 the forty-five ,labrusca-,vinifera     
hybrids raised by ,e4 ,s4 ,rogers of    
,salem1 ,massachusetts4 ,for an account 
of its origin and parentage1 see        
,rogers' ,hybrids4 ,the first notes as  

to the qualities of this variety were   
published in #aheh4 ,the variety was    
placed on the ,american ,pomological    
,society list of recommended sorts in   
#ahfg and has never been removed4 ,in   
#ahfi1 ,rogers expressing a desire to   
name one of his seedlings after         
,marshall ,p4 ,wilder1 ,mr4 ,wilder     
selected this one as in his estimation  
the best of all ,rogers' hybrids and it 
was given his name4       ,vine medium  
to very vigorous1 hardy1 productive1    
somewhat      susceptible to attacks of 
mildew4 ,canes long1 moderately         
numerous1      often below average      
thickness1 ash-gray to dark             
reddish-brown with      darker tinge at 
the nodes which are usually not         
flattened2      internodes long2        
diaphragm of average thickness2 pith    
intermediate      in size2 shoots thinly
 pubescent2 tendrils intermittent1      
medium in      length1 bifid to trifid4 
,leaf-buds of average size1 short1      
thick1 roundly obtuse to conical1       

open early4 ,young leaves tinged on     
lower side and along margin of          
upper side with rose-carmine4 ,leaves   
large1 often irregularly      roundish1 
of average thickness2 upper surface dark
 green1 glossy1      smooth2 lower      
surface pale green1 pubescent2 veins    
distinct2      usually not lobed with   
terminus acute to obtuse2 petiolar sinus
      deep1 narrow1 often closed and    
overlapping2 basal sinus lacking2       
lateral sinus shallow1 narrow1 or a mere
 notch when present4      ,flowers      
sterile1 open mid-season or earlier2    
stamens reflexed4       ,fruit ripens   
with ,concord or earlier1 keeps and     
ships fairly well4      ,clusters       
variable in size but are not large1     
short and broad1      irregularly       
tapering1 heavily single-shouldered1    
sometimes      double-shouldered1 loose2
 peduncle of average length1 thick2     
pedicel long1 thick1 covered with       
numerous1 prominent warts2 brush      of
 fair length1 thick1 green with tinge of

 light red4 ,berries      large1        
slightly oval1 purplish-black to black1 
not glossy1 covered      with heavy blue
 bloom1 persistent1 firm4 ,skin thick1  
variable in      toughness1 adheres     
somewhat to the pulp1 with bright red   
pigment1      astringent4 ,flesh        
greenish1 translucent1 juicy1 tender1   
has some      ,vinifera sprightliness1  
sweet at skin to tart at the seeds1 good
      in quality4 ,seeds adherent to the
 pulp1 one to five1 average three1      
above medium in size1 often long1       
intermediate in breadth1 light          
brown2 raphe sometimes shows as a       
partially submerged cord2 chalaza       
small1 above center1 oval1 distinct4    
,illustration3 ,,wilder   ,,winchell4   
7,labrusca1 ,vinifera1 ,aestivalis47    
#a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #d3bbd4   
#ahhe4 #b4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4      ,rpt41 
#ahhg3ia4 #c4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 
#g3aje1 #ajh4 #ahhh4      #d4 ,rural ,n4
 ,y41 #dg3fge4 #ahhh4 fig4 #e4 ,gar4 and
 ,for41      #b3bd1 #dcb4 #ahhi4 #f4    

,ohio ,hort4 ,soc4 ,adv4 ,rpt41         
#ahij3ba4      #g4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4   
,rpt41 #i3cca4 #ahij4 #h4 ,am4 ,pom4    
,soc4      ,rpt41 #ahia3aea4 #i4 ,rural 
,n4 ,y41 #ej3fia1 #gje4 #ahia4 #aj4     
,ib41 #ea3ai1 #fc1 #fcc1 #fha4 fig4     
#ahib4 #aa4 ,bush4 ,cat41               
#ahid3acj1 #aca1 fig41 #ahh4 #ab4 ,wis4 
,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ac3bbc4      #ahif4  
#ac4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahig3ai4  
#ad4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41      #df3ci1 #db1
 #de1 #df1 #ej1 #ed1 #gf4 #ahii4 #ae4   
,rural ,n4 ,y41      #eh3bc4 #ahii4 #af4
 ,mich4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #afi3agg4 #ahhi4   
#ag4      ,ala4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aaj3hb4   
#aijj4 #ah4 ,kan4 ,sta4 ,bul41          
#aaj3bcf1 #bch4 #aijb4       ,,green    
,,mountain 7#c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 
#aj1 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah74          
,green ,mountain 7#aj1 #aa1 #ab1 #ac1   
#af74 ,winchell 7#f1 #i1 #ad1 #ag1      
#ah74  ,winchell is at once very early  
and of very good quality1 characters    
seldom found combined in grapes4 ,but   
this is not all that can be said2 the   

vines are vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1     
productive1 and the fruit keeps and     
ships well1 altogether making a most    
admirable early grape4 ,unfortunately   
the berries1 and under some conditions  
the bunches1 are small1 and this1       
combined with the fact that green grapes
 are not as popular as black and red    
ones1 has kept ,winchell from being as  
largely planted as it otherwise would   
have been4 ,then1 too1 as has been noted
 before1 the competition from the       
,south1 in which larger1 cheaper and as 
good grapes compete with early northern 
crops of this fruit1 is limiting the    
production of early varieties of grapes 
in the ,north4  ,there are some minor   
faults1 too1 which under some conditions
 become drawbacks to the culture of     
,winchell4 ,at best the bunch of this   
variety is loose and characterized by a 
large shoulder4 ,sometimes this         
looseness becomes so pronounced as to   
give a straggling1 poorly-formed        
cluster2 so1 too1 the shoulder when as  

large as the cluster itself1 which often
 happens1 makes the cluster unsightly4  
,there is a tendency1 under some        
conditions1 for the grapes to shell when
 fully ripe and this is often a serious 
fault4 ,again1 while the crop usually   
ripens evenly yet there are seasons when
 two pickings are needed because of     
unevenness in ripening4 ,lastly the skin
 is thin and there is danger in         
unfavorable seasons1 or in shipping1 of 
the berries cracking though this is     
seldom a serious fault4 ,these defects  
do not begin to offset the several good 
characters of ,winchell and it is1 for  
,new ,york at least1 the standard early 
green grape and deserving to rank with  
the best early grapes of any color4     
,the original vine of this variety was  
raised by ,james ,milton ,clough of     
,stamford1 ,bennington ,county1         
,vermont1 about the middle of the last  
century from seed of an unknown purple  
grape4 ,for some years it had a local   
reputation and was propagated by some of

 ,clough's neighbors4 ,by what name it  
was then known does not appear4 ,in     
,december1 #ahhe1 according to their    
statements1 ,ellwanger  ,barry of       
,rochester1 ,new ,york1 received this   
variety from ,c4 ,e4 ,winchell1 then of 
,stamford4 ,in #ahhh1 this firm         
introduced the variety to the trade4    
,the same year there was introduced by  
,stephen ,hoyt's ,sons of ,new ,canaan1 
,connecticut1 a variety under the name  
,green ,mountain4 ,this firm states that
 they bought the variety from ,james ,m4
 ,paul1 of ,north ,adams1               
,massachusetts1 in ,december1 #ahhe4    
,previous to his sale ,paul had sent a  
vine of the grape to this ,station2 he  
exhibited fruit of ,green ,mountain     
before the ,american ,pomological       
,society in #ahhg1 but without any name4
  ,later grape-growers found that       
,winchell and ,green ,mountain were very
 similar or identical4 ,unfortunately1  
in the meantime1 ,paul had died and no  
one knows positively where he secured   

his vines although there is every reason
 to believe they were from ,mr4 ,clough4
 ,those who consider the ,winchell and  
,green ,mountain separate varieties say 
the ,winchell has larger berries and is 
somewhat later in ripening than the     
,green ,mountain4 ,though unable to make
 a close comparison of vines and fruits 
of the two supposed varieties1 the      
authors of ,the ,grapes of ,new ,york   
choose to consider them so nearly       
identical1 if not identical1 as to pass 
under one name which should be the one  
first published1 ,winchell4  ,although  
the botanical characters of this variety
 are chiefly ,labrusca1 the thin bloom  
which sometimes shows on the canes1 the 
occasional intermittent tendrils1 and   
the lobing of the leaf1 indicate slight 
admixtures of ,vinifera and ,aestivalis4
  ,illustration3 ,,winchell       ,vine 
vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1 very          
productive4 ,canes long to      medium1 
numerous1 slender1 medium dark brown1   
surface covered with      very thin     

bloom2 nodes enlarged1 flattened2       
internodes above medium      to short2  
diaphragm thick2 pith medium to below in
 size2 shoots      pubescent2 tendrils  
continuous1 sometimes intermittent1 of  
average      length1 bifid4             
,leaf-buds medium to below in size1     
short to medium1 thick1 open      early4
 ,young leaves faintly tinged on under  
side only with faint      rose-carmine4 
,leaves large to medium1 of average     
thickness2 upper      surface light     
green1 glossy1 smooth to medium2 lower  
surface dull      green1 tinged with    
bronze1 faintly pubescent2 lobes three  
to five      with terminal lobe acute to
 acuminate2 petiolar sinus deep1 of     
medium width2 basal sinus shallow1      
intermediate in width2 lateral          
sinus variable in depth and width2 teeth
 shallow1 moderately wide4      ,flowers
 fertile1 open about mid-season or      
somewhat earlier2 stamens      upright4 
,fruit ripens very early1 sometimes     
before ,moore ,early1 keeps and         

ships well for an early grape4 ,clusters
 large to below medium1      long1      
slender1 cylindrical to slightly        
tapering1 often with a long      single 
shoulder1 loose to moderately compact2  
peduncle long1      moderately slender2 
pedicel short1 slender1 covered with    
few1      small1 inconspicuous warts2   
brush greenish-white4 ,berries above    
medium to small1 roundish1 light green1 
covered with thin white      bloom1     
usually persistent1 soft4 ,skin often   
marked with small      reddish-brown    
spots1 thin1 tender1 adheres very       
slightly to the      pulp1 contains no  
pigment1 slightly astringent4 ,flesh    
greenish1      translucent1 juicy1      
tender1 fine-grained1 sweet2 very good  
to best      in quality4 ,seeds separate
 fairly well from the pulp1 one to four1
      average two1 small1 plump1        
moderately wide and long1 blunt1        
brownish2 raphe obscure1 chalaza small1 
slightly above center1      circular1   
not distinct4   ,,woodruff4  7,labrusca1

 ,vinifera87       #a4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 
,rpt41 #ahha3dd1 #fe4 #b4 ,ib41         
#ahhe3ajg1      #ajh4 #c4 ,ohio ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhg-h3hg1 #bji4 #d4 ,ib41
      #ahhh-i3af4 #e4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4  
,cat41 #ahhi3bd4 #f4 ,gar4 and          
,for41 #c3dij1 #eii4 #ahij4 #g4 ,w4 ,n4 
,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahij3agi4 
#h4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #aa3fch4  
#ahib4 #i4 ,ill4      ,sta4 ,bul41      
#bh3bfb4 #ahic4 #aj4 ,bush4 ,cat41      
#ahid3ahh4 fig4      #aa4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 
,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecg1 #ede1 #edf1 #edh1  
#eec4 #ahih4      #ab4 ,mich4 ,sta4     
,bul41 #afi3agg4 #ahii4 #ac4 ,ib41      
#aid3ei4      #aija4 #ad4 ,kan4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #aaj3bch4 #aijb4 #ae4 ,kan4      
,hort4      ,soc4 ,rpt41 #aijd-je3bbh4  
,,woodruff ,,red 7#a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1   
#f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #ad74 ,woodruff ,red    
7#aj74  ,woodruff is a handsome1 showy1 
brick-red grape with large clusters and 
berries4 ,while very attractive in      
appearance its taste belies its looks1  
for the flesh is coarse and the flavor  

foxy4 ,in spite of its attractive       
appearance1 ,woodruff would scarcely be 
worth attention were it not for its     
excellent vine characters4 ,the vines   
are hardy1 vigorous1 productive and     
fairly healthy4 ,in appearance it is a  
typical strong-growing ,labrusca with   
the varied adaptabilities of that       
species for soils and ability to        
withstand adverse conditions4 ,it ripens
 a little before or with ,concord and   
comes on the market at a good time1     
especially for a red grape4 ,when       
introduced ,woodruff promised to be a   
valuable commercial grape but its poor  
quality1 the fact that it does not keep 
well1 and a pronounced tendency to crack
 and shatter1 have kept the variety from
 becoming prominent for either vineyard 
or garden4 ,while it is worthy of       
attention under some conditions because 
of hardiness and possibly other vine    
characters1 yet it is hardly worth      
growing where other varieties of its    
color and season can be had4  ,woodruff1

 or as it was first known1 ,woodruff    
,red1 came from ,c4 ,h4 ,woodruff of    
,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan4 ,he reported it 
as a chance seedling which came up in   
#ahgd and fruited for the first time in 
#ahgg4 ,it was supposed to be a cross of
 ,catawba and ,concord4 ,it was         
introduced in #ahhe and placed on the   
grape list of the ,american ,pomological
 ,society fruit catalog in #ahhi4       
,vine very vigorous1 hardy1 produces as 
heavy or heavier crops than             
,concord1 inclined to mildew in         
unfavorable locations4 ,canes           
intermediate in length1 number and      
thickness1 dark brown2 nodes            
slightly enlarged1 flattened2 internodes
 medium to short2 diaphragm      medium 
to above in thickness2 pith below       
average size2 shoots      pubescent2    
tendrils continuous1 of mean length1    
bifid to trifid4       ,leaf-buds small1
 short to medium1 slender1 pointed to   
conical4      ,leaves intermediate in   
size1 of average thickness1 somewhat    

roundish2 upper surface light green1    
dull1 rugose2 lower surface             
greenish-white to bronze1 pubescent2    
veins indistinct2 leaf usually      not 
lobed with terminus acute to obtuse2    
petiolar sinus      intermediate in     
depth1 medium to wide2 basal sinus      
lacking2 lateral      sinus shallow and 
narrow when present2 teeth very shallow 
and      narrow4 ,flowers semi-fertile1 
open moderately early2 stamens          
upright4       ,fruit variable in season
 of ripening1 usually shortly before    
,concord but sometimes slightly later1  
does not always keep well4              
,clusters variable in size1 of fair     
length1 broad1 often widely             
tapering1 usually single-shouldered or  
with largest clusters      sometimes    
double-shouldered1 compact2 peduncle    
medium to long1      variable in        
thickness2 pedicel medium to short1     
thick1 smooth1 with      scarcely any   
enlargement at point of attachment to   
fruit2 brush      long1 pale green4     

,berries large to below medium1 roundish
 to oval1      dark red1 dull1 covered  
with thin lilac to faint blue bloom1    
sometimes drop badly from pedicel1 firm4
 ,skin thin1 medium to      tender1     
adheres strongly to the pulp1 contains  
no pigment1 slightly      astringent4   
,flesh very pale green to nearly white1 
translucent1      juicy1 tough1 coarse1 
very foxy1 sweet at skin but quite tart 
at      center1 fair in quality4 ,seeds 
do not separate easily from the         
pulp1 one to five1 average1 three or    
four1 intermediate in size1      medium 
to broad1 short1 rather plump1 blunt1   
brownish2 raphe      obscure2 chalaza   
small1 slightly above center1 oval1 not 
distinct4  ,illustration3 ,,woodruff    
,,worden4  7,labrusca47       #a4 ,am4  
,hort4 ,an41 #ahgj3ie4 #b4 ,wis4 ,hort4 
,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahgc3ga4 #c4 ,mich4  
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahgd3beh4 #d4 ,am4  
,pom4      ,soc4 ,cat41 #ahha3bd4 #e4   
,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahha3db1 #aae1 
#aba1 #abc1 #acf1 #add1 #afh4 #f4 ,w4   

,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #bg3cj1     
#ig4 #ahhb4 #g4 ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 
#ahhe3ajc1 #ajf4 #h4 ,wis4      ,hort4  
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhe3agf4 #i4 ,ohio ,hort4
 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhf-g3aga4 #aj4    
,ill4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahhg3ia4 #aa4
 ,wis4      ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #e3afb4   
#ahhh4 #ab4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41   
#i3cbh4 #ahij4 #ac4 ,miss4 ,sta4 ,bul41 
#bb3ab1 #ac4 #ahib4 #ad4      ,bush4    
,cat41 #ahid3aij4 #ae4 ,col4 ,sta4      
,bul41 #bi3bj4 #ahid4      #af4 ,tenn4  
,sta4 ,bul41 ,vol4 #i3ahi4 #ahif4 #ag4  
,gar4 and ,for41      #i3cjj4 #ahif4    
#ah4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41 #ag3ecg1 
#edb1 #edc1      #edd1 #ede1 #edg1 #eec1
 #eeg4 #ahih4 #ai4 ,ev4 ,nat4 ,fruits1  
#ahih3ge4      #bj4 ,ont4 ,fr4 ,exp4    
,stas4 ,rpt41 #h3aa1 fig41 #di4 #aija4  
#ba4      ,mich4 ,sta4 ,sp4 ,bul41      
#bg3aj4 #aijd4       ,,worden',s        
,,seedling 7#a1 #f74 ,worden's ,seedling
 7#ab1 #ad74  ,worden possesses most of 
the good qualities of ,concord and lacks
 some of its bad ones4 ,of all the      

offspring of ,concord1 this variety is  
best known and is most meritorious4 ,it 
is of the type into which nearly all of 
the black seedlings of ,concord fall and
 surpasses all of these in quality      
though it does not equal the best of the
 green seedlings of the parent in fruit 
characters1 especially in flavor4 ,it   
differs chiefly from ,concord in having 
larger berries and bunches1 in having   
better quality and in being from a week 
to ten days earlier4 ,it is equally     
hardy1 healthy1 vigorous and productive4
 ,it is more fastidious in its          
adaptations to soil and other conditions
 than its parents but now and then it is
 found to do even better under some     
conditions4  ,worden is not as good a   
grape in many minor characters as the   
,concord and this is the chief reason   
why it is not grown as much as its      
distinguished parent4 ,its chief fault  
is that the fruit cracks badly1 often   
preventing the profitable marketing of a
 crop4 ,the ,concord cracks also in     

unfavorable weather but the cracked     
berries often1 or nearly always1 partly 
or wholly recover from the injury       
through the growing over of the wounds4 
,the ,worden lacks the power of         
overcoming the cracking4 ,beside this   
tenderness of skin1 the pulp of ,worden 
is softer than that of ,concord1 there  
is more juice and the keeping qualities 
are not as good1 so that the variety    
hardly ships as well as the more        
commonly grown grape4 ,in some seasons  
there is a decided tendency to shell or 
shatter if the fruit is overripe4       
,worden is very popular in ,new ,york   
and the ,north both for commercial      
plantations and the garden4 ,it is a    
more desirable inhabitant of the garden 
and for nearby markets1 because of      
higher quality1 than ,concord1 and under
 conditions well suited to it1 is better
 as a commercial variety1 as it is      
handsomer as well as of better quality4 
,in the markets it ought to sell for a  
higher price than ,concord if desired   

for immediate consumption and if it can 
be promptly harvested1 as it does not   
hang well on the vines4 ,in many markets
 ,worden is sold as ,concord and has the
 effect of extending the ,concord       
season4 ,its earlier season is against  
it for a commercial variety in the great
 ,chautauqua ,grape ,belt of ,new ,york 
and with the defects mentioned will     
prevent its taking the place of ,concord
 to a great degree4  ,the ,worden was   
originated by ,schuyler ,worden of      
,minetto1 ,oswego ,county1 ,new ,york1  
from seed of ,concord planted about     
#ahfc4 ,it bore its first fruit when    
four years old4 ,its history is peculiar
 in that it was for many years          
unappreciated1 being confused with      
,concord1 which was frequently sent out 
as ,worden4 ,it was placed on the grape 
list of the ,american ,pomological      
,society fruit catalog in #ahha1 where  
it still remains4 ,the variety was given
 its name by ,j4 ,a4 ,place of ,oswego1 
,new ,york1 a local horticulturist of   

some note and a friend of ,worden4      
,vine vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1         
productive1 yielding as heavy crops     
as ,concord4 ,canes above medium in size
 and number1 thick1 dark      brown with
 reddish tinge2 nodes enlarged1         
flattened2 internodes      intermediate 
in length2 diaphragm thick2 pith of fair
 size2 shoots      pubescent2 tendrils  
continuous1 somewhat slender1 bifid1    
sometimes      trifid4       ,leaf-buds 
small1 short1 slender1 pointed1 open in 
mid-season4 ,young      leaves tinged on
 under side and along extreme margin of 
upper side      with light rose-carmine4
 ,leaves healthy1 large1 thick2 upper   
surface dark green1 glossy1 smooth2     
lower surface light bronze1             
pubescent2 leaf usually not lobed2      
petiolar sinus of average depth1        
medium to wide1 often urn-shaped2 teeth 
shallow1 medium in width4      ,flowers 
fertile1 open in mid-season or earlier2 
stamens upright4       ,fruit ripens one
 or two weeks earlier than ,concord1    

does not keep      long4 ,clusters      
large1 medium to long1 broad1 tapering  
to      cylindrical1 usually            
single-shouldered1 somewhat compact2    
peduncle      short1 thick2 pedicel of  
medium length1 slender1 covered with few
      small warts2 brush long1 light    
green4 ,berries large1 roundish to      
oval1 dark purplish-black to black1     
glossy1 covered with heavy blue         
bloom1 not always persistent1 moderately
 firm4 ,skin of average      thickness1 
somewhat tender1 cracks badly1 adheres  
slightly to the      pulp1 contains     
considerable dark red pigment1          
astringent4 ,flesh      greenish1       
translucent1 juicy1 fine-grained1 tough1
 slightly foxy1      sweet at skin to   
tart at center1 mild1 good to very good 
in      quality4 ,seeds adherent1 one to
 five1 average three1 large1 broad1     
medium to short1 blunt1 brownish2 raphe 
buried in a shallow groove2      chalaza
 of average size1 slightly above center1
 oval1 somewhat      obscure4           

,illustration3 ,,worden   ,,wyoming4    
7,labrusca47       #a4 ,n4 ,y4 ,ag4     
,soc4 ,rpt41 #ahfh3bcj4 #b4 ,downing1   
#ahfi3eeh4      #c4 ,am4 ,hort4 ,an41   
#ahga3hc4 #d4 ,horticulturist1 #bi3cci4 
#e4 ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ade4 #f4 ,am4   
,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt41      #ahhe3ajc4 #g4  
,w4 ,n4 ,y4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,rpt41 #cj3hi4 
#ahhe4 #h4      ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,cat41 
#ahhi3bd4 #i4 ,am4 ,gard41 #ab3dh4      
#ahia4      #aj4 ,ill4 ,sta4 ,bul41     
#bh3bfb4 #ahic4 #aa4 ,va4 ,sta4 ,bul41  
#id3aci4 #ahih4 #ab4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 
,rpt41 #ag3ecg1 #edh1 #eeg4      #ahih4 
#ac4 ,mo4 ,sta4 ,bul41 #df3da1 #db1 #dd1
 #df1 #ed4 #ahii4 #ad4      ,mich4 ,sta4
 ,bul41 #afi3agh4 #ahii4 #ae4 ,kan4     
,sta4 ,bul41      #aaj3bch4 #aijb4      
,hopkins ,early ,red 7#b74 ,,wilmington 
,,red 7#c1 #e74 ,,wyoming ,,red 7#a1 #b1
      #d1 #f1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ac1    
#ad1 #ae74 ,wyoming ,red 7#e74  ,such   
value as ,wyoming has lies in its       
hardiness1 productiveness1 healthiness  
and earliness4 ,the general appearance  

of the fruit of the variety is very     
good2 the bunches are well-formed and   
composed of rich amber-colored berries  
of medium size4 ,but the quality is     
poor1 being that of the wild ,labrusca  
in foxiness of flavor and in the flesh  
characters4 ,it is not nearly as        
valuable as some other of the red       
,labruscas hitherto described and can   
hardly be recommended for either the    
garden or the vineyard4 ,it may be of   
value in breeding work and possibly for 
localities in which grapes are          
precariously hardy or in which more     
fastidious varieties cannot be grown4   
,wyoming is illustrated in ,the ,grapes 
of ,new ,york chiefly because it is a   
typical red ,labrusca though in times   
past it has been of commercial          
importance and hence has some historical
 interest4  ,wyoming was introduced to  
public notice by ,dr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,parker of
 ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 who states that it
 came from northern ,pennsylvania in    
#ahfa4 ,about #ahgj it was fruited in   

central ,new ,york where it immediately 
attracted attention and was exhibited at
 various fairs and horticultural society
 meetings4 ,it was named after the      
,wyoming ,valley1 beyond which place it 
could not be traced1 and where it       
presumably originated4 ,the variety was 
first known as ,wyoming ,red but later  
the ,red was dropped4 ,another variety  
under the name ,wyoming preceded this4  
,it was a black-fruited sort of         
apparently no value and seems now to be 
obsolete4 ,the name ,wilmington ,red has
 been used to designate this variety1 by
 what authority does not appear1 as it  
was apparently first described under the
 name ,wyoming ,red4 ,the ,wyoming was  
placed on the grape list of the         
,american ,pomological ,society fruit   
catalog in #ahhi and removed in #ahii4  
,in spite of the fact that this variety 
has been discarded by the ,american     
,pomological ,society1 it is still      
offered for sale by many grape          
nurserymen4       ,vine vigorous1 hardy1

 healthy1 productive to very productive4
 ,canes      medium to below in length1 
numerous1 slender1 dark reddish-brown1  
surface covered with a slight amount of 
blue bloom2 nodes enlarged1             
frequently flattened2 internodes short  
to medium2 diaphragm medium      to     
below in thickness2 pith medium in size2
 shoots thinly      pubescent2 tendrils 
continuous1 rather short1 bifid4        
,leaf-buds small1 short1 slender1       
pointed to conical1 open late4          
,young leaves slightly tinged on under  
side only with faint      rose-carmine4 
,leaves medium in size1 of average      
thickness2 upper      surface light     
green1 dull1 smooth2 lower surface dull 
green with      tinge of bronze1        
slightly pubescent2 lobes none to three 
with      terminus acute to acuminate2  
petiolar sinus medium to shallow1 wide  
to medium2 basal sinus usually none2    
lateral sinus shallow and wide      when
 present2 teeth shallow1 of average     
width4 ,flowers sterile1      open in   

mid-season2 stamens reflexed4           
,fruit usually ripens from a week to ten
 days earlier than ,concord1      keeps 
and ships well for a grape of its       
species4 ,clusters medium to      small1
 frequently below average length1 medium
 to rather slender1      slightly       
cylindrical to tapering1 usually not    
shouldered but      sometimes with a    
small single shoulder1 compact to       
medium4 ,peduncle      short to medium1 
slender2 pedicel short1 slender1 covered
 with few      small warts2 brush       
slender1 medium in length1 pale green   
with      brownish tinge4 ,berries above
 medium to small1 roundish1 dark dull   
red to rich amber red1 covered with thin
 lilac bloom1 persistent1      firm4    
,skin medium in thickness1 tender1      
adheres slightly to the      pulp1      
contains no pigment1 astringent4 ,flesh 
pale green1      translucent1 juicy1    
tough and solid1 strongly foxy1 vinous1 
sweet      at skin to tart at center1   
poor in quality4 ,seeds do not separate 

easily from the pulp1 one to three1     
average two and three1      intermediate
 in size1 breadth and length1 slightly  
notched1 usually      rather blunt1     
light brown2 raphe buried in a narrow1  
shallow      groove2 chalaza of average 
size1 slightly above center1 irregularly
      circular to oval1 obscure4        
,illustration3 ,,wyoming     ,,chapter  
,,vi  ,,the ,,minor ,,varieties ,,of    
,,american ,,grapes4   ,abby            
,clingotten4 7,lab47 ,noted by ,prince  
in #ahfc as a worthless ,labrusca4      
,ada4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,valk's ,seedling4  
7,see page #ef47 ,originated in #ahde by
 ,dr4 ,valk1 of ,flushing1 ,long        
,island1 from ,isabella fertilized by   
,black ,hamburg4 ,vigorous1 hardy2      
bunches very large1 compact to loose2   
berries large2 skin thin1 almost black2 
vinous flavor4 ,this is the first       
recorded hybrid between ,labrusca and   
,vinifera4  ,adelaide4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a 
hybrid between ,concord and ,muscat     
,hamburg1 by ,ricketts2 brought to      

notice in #ahgj4 ,bunch shouldered1     
loose2 berries large1 oval1 black2 sweet
 and sprightly4  ,adelia4 7,rip487      
,petit ,noir4 ,noted in the ,united     
,states ,patent ,office ,report1 #ahei1 
as a small black native grape1 raised in
 ,orange ,county1 ,new ,jersey4         
,adeline4 7,lab47 ,one of ,t4 ,b4       
,miner's seedlings of ,concord4         
,vigorous2 berry large1 light green4    
,admirable4 7,linc4 ,aest47 ,from       
,munson2 introduced in #ahid4 ,vigorous2
 leaves large1 smooth2 stamens reflexed2
 bunch medium1 shouldered1 moderately   
compact2 berry small1 black2 sweet and  
sprightly4  ,adobe4 7,long47 ,a wild    
variety of ,vitis longii2 found by      
,munson in ,hutchinson ,county1 ,texas4 
,stamens reflexed2 cluster small2 berry 
small1 black2 ripens early4  ,aiken4    
7,lab4 ,vin487 ,closely resembles       
,isabella and is the same variety or a  
seedling4  ,albaiis4 ,noted by ,warder  
in #ahfg as follows3 ,vine thrifty1     
hardy2 bunch large2 berry large1 round1 

black2 good4  ,albania4 7,linc4 ,aest4  
,lab4 ,bourq47 ,parents1 ,post-oak1     
,norton1 and ,herbemont2 from ,munson4  
,very vigorous1 prolific2 cluster large 
to very large1 shouldered2 berry medium1
 translucent white2 juicy1 tender1      
sprightly2 very late4  ,albert4 7,lab47 
,from ,theophile ,huber1 of ,illinois   
,city1 ,illinois4 ,vigorous2 leaf large1
 healthy2 bunch small1 compact2 berry   
very large1 round1 red with bluish      
bloom2 skin thin1 tender2 sweet1 spicy1 
vinous2 season about with ,concord4     
,albino4 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,garber's       
,albino2 ,garber's ,white4 ,from ,j4 ,b4
 ,garber1 ,columbia1 ,pennsylvania1     
previous to #ahcj1 from the seed of     
,york ,madeira4 ,bunch medium2 berry    
medium1 oval1 greenish-white2 sweet4    
,aledo4 7,lab47 ,from ,b4 ,f4 ,stinger1 
,charlottesville1 ,indiana1 about #ahhg4
 ,bunch medium1 compact2 berry medium to
 large1 green1 tinged with yellow1      
nearly round1 oblate2 ripens with       
,concord4  ,aletha4 7,lab4 ,vin47       

,brought to notice about #ahgj1 at      
,ottawa1 ,illinois2 said to be a        
,catawba seedling4 ,bunch medium2       
berries purple1 nearly black2 flesh     
pulpy1 foxy2 early4  ,alfarata4 7,lab4  
,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,brighton 
crossed with ,delaware2 from ,henry ,b4 
,spencer1 ,rocky ,river1 ,ohio1 about   
#ahij4 ,berries small1 dark red with a  
rich1 vinous flavor4  ,alice ,lee4      
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,lady      
,washington2 from ,w4 ,h4 ,lightfoot1   
,springfield1 ,illinois4 ,vigorous1     
moderately productive2 clusters medium1 
compact2 berries large1 golden yellow2  
very good2 ripens with ,concord4        
,allair4 ,described by ,downing in      
#ahfi4 ,bunch small1 loose2 berry       
medium1 reddish-brown2 flesh pulpy1     
harsh1 poor4  ,alma4 7,rip4 ,lab4       
,vin487 ,a seedling of ,bacchus         
fertilized with a doubtful hybrid       
seedling2 from ,ricketts4 ,vigorous1    
healthy2 bunch medium1 compact1 seldom  
shouldered2 berry medium1 black1 blue   

bloom2 spicy1 very sweet2 season with or
 after ,hartford4  ,alphonse4 7,lab4    
,rip4 ,vin47 ,from ,theophile ,huber1   
,illinois ,city1 ,illinois4 ,strong open
 grower2 leaf subject to disease2 a shy 
bearer2 bunch medium1 loose2 berry      
large1 oval1 yellowish2 later than      
,concord4  ,aluwe4 7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab4  
,bourq487 ,a seedling of ,lucky         
pollinated by ,carman2 from ,munson in  
#ahii4 ,stamens reflexed2 cluster large2
 berry medium1 black2 ripens late4      
,alvey4 7,aest4 ,vin47 ,hagar4 ,from    
,dr4 ,harvey1 of ,hagerstown1 ,maryland4
 ,brought to notice about #ahfj2 in     
#ahfg listed by the ,american           
,pomological ,society but dropped in    
#ahhc4 ,medium in vigor1 uncertainly    
productive1 mildews2 stamens reflexed2  
bunches medium1 loose1 shouldered2      
berries small1 round1 black2 juicy1     
sweet1 vinous2 very good2 skin thin2    
ripens early4  ,amalia4 7,lab4 ,rip47   
,amelia4 ,a cross between ,rommel's     
,faith and ,ives2 from ,f4 ,e4 ,l4      

,rautenberg1 ,lincoln1 ,illinois4 ,very 
hardy1 healthy2 leathery foliage2 bunch 
above medium2 berries medium1 round1    
black2 good quality2 almost like        
,rogers' ,aminia4  ,amanda4 7,lab47     
,from ,missouri1 about #ahfh4 ,strong   
grower1 productive2 bunches large1      
compact1 shouldered2 berries large1     
black1 blue bloom1 hard pulp1 thick     
skinned2 poor quality2 may be the same  
as ,august ,pioneer4  ,ambecon4 7,linc4 
,lab4 ,rup47 ,parentage1 ,america       
crossed with ,beacon2 from ,munson in   
#ahig4 ,stamens reflexed2 cluster large2
 berry medium1 black2 ripens late4      
,amber4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,rommel's ,amber4 
,the same parentage as ,elvira2 from    
,jacob ,rommel4 ,vigorous1 hardy1       
moderately productive2 bunches long1    
shouldered1 somewhat loose2 berry       
medium1 oblong1 pale amber2 pulp tender1
 sweet1 juicy2 skin thin2 season between
 ,concord and ,catawba4  ,amberbonte4   
7,bourq4 ,linc4 ,rup47 ,a cross between 
,america and ,herbemont2 from ,munson4  

,vigorous and prolific2 cluster very    
large2 berry small to medium1 dark red2 
skin thin1 tough2 flesh tender1 juicy2  
fine quality2 ripens with ,herbemont4   
,american ,hamburg4 7,lab47 ,a large    
black grape pronounced a worthless      
,labrusca by ,prince in #ahfc4          
,amersion4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,rup47         
,parentage1 ,america pollinated by      
,profusion2 from ,munson in #ahii4      
,stamens reflexed2 cluster large2 berry 
medium1 black2 ripens late4  ,amonta4   
7,mont4 ,rup4 ,linc47 ,a seedling of    
,vitis monticola pollinated by ,america2
 from ,munson in #ahii4 ,cluster medium2
 berry medium1 black2 ripens late4      
,amos4 7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a         
,delaware seedling grown in #ahfe by ,w4
 ,w4 ,jones1 ,douglas ,county1          
,illinois4 ,vigorous1 productive2 berry 
medium2 good keeper4  ,amy4 7,lab47 ,a  
seedling of ,concord2 from ,w4 ,h4      
,lightfoot1 ,springfield1 ,illinois4    
,healthy1 hardy2 berries                
greenish-yellow2 ripens with parent4    

,andover4 7,lab47 ,according to ,mitzky1
 #ahic1 a black fox grape of no value4  
,anida4 ,mentioned in the ,arkansas     
,experiment ,station ,report for #ahij  
as a variety1 the foliage of which was  
but little affected by the grape leaf   
folder4  ,anna4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a        
seedling of ,catawba2 from ,eli         
,hasbrouck1 of ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1   
fruited in #ahea and later introduced by
 ,dr4 ,grant of ,iona4 ,resembles the   
,catawba in appearance of vine but is   
unhealthy and feeble2 bunches medium1   
loose2 berries medium1 pale amber2      
meaty1 vinous2 ripens with ,catawba4    
,annie ,m4 7,lab47 ,a chance seedling   
from ,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm4 ,vigorous1      
unproductive2 stamens upright2 bunch    
medium1 compact2 berry medium1          
whitish-green2 sweet2 ripens with       
,diamond4  ,anuta4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab47 
,parentage1 ,america crossed with       
,beacon2 from ,munson in #ahii4 ,stamens
 reflexed2 cluster large2 berry large1  
black2 ripens medium late4  ,arbeka4    

7,linc4 ,lab4 ,rup47 ,parentage1        
,america crossed with ,profusion2 from  
,munson in #ahii4 ,stamens erect2       
cluster large2 berry medium1 black2     
ripens late4  ,archer4 7,vin4 ,lab487 ,a
 chance seedling which fruited about    
#ahea in the garden of ,ellis ,s4       
,archer1 ,philadelphia1 ,pennsylvania4  
,foliage shows ,vinifera2 bunch above   
medium2 berry medium1 round1 inclining  
to oval1 greenish-white to amber2 juicy1
 sweet2 very good2 ripens late4         
,ariadne4 7,vin4 ,rip4 ,lab47 ,a        
seedling of ,clinton and a ,vinifera2   
from ,ricketts4 ,vine moderately        
vigorous2 bunch small to medium1        
compact2 berry small1 round1 black4     
,arkansaw4 7,lab47 ,wells ,seedling4    
,from ,joseph ,hart1 ,fayetteville1     
,arkansas1 in #ahic4 ,vigorous1         
productive2 bunch medium1 moderately    
compact2 berry medium to large1 round1  
dull pink with minute red dots2 sweet1  
very foxy2 hardly fair in quality4      
,armalaga4 7,vin4 ,linc4 ,lab47 ,from   

,munson1 about #aijg1 who gives it as a 
hybrid of ,armlong and ,malaga4 ,very   
vigorous1 healthy2 cluster large1       
compact2 berry large1 yellowish-green4  
,armbrilong4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4        
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,armlong crossed
 with ,brilliant2 from ,munson in #ahii4
 ,stamens erect2 cluster very large2    
berry medium1 red2 ripens late4         
,armlong4 7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab47 ,a hybrid
 of ,ten-,dollar-,prize crossed with    
,black ,eagle2 from ,munson4 ,on account
 of its large clusters1 used largely by 
the originator in crossing4  ,aroma4    
7,lab47 ,noted in the ,hermann ,grape   
,nurseries ,catalog for #aijf as a new  
red variety2 bunches medium2 berries    
very large2 fine aroma4  ,arrold4 7,lab4
 ,vin47 ,according to ,husmann in #ahgj1
 so much like ,cassady that it will not 
pay to cultivate the two4  ,atavite4    
7,lab47 ,a ,concord seedling2 from      
,munson1 in #ahhe4 ,lacks vigor1        
unproductive2 stamens erect2 cluster    
small1 irregular2 berries small1 black2 

good2 very early2 now discarded by      
,munson4  ,atoka4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,bourq4 
,lab47 ,a cross-breed of ,america and   
,delaware2 listed by ,munson in #ahii4  
,vigorous1 healthy2 clusters large1     
often with short shoulder1 moderately   
compact2 berries small to medium1       
globular1 dark purplish-red2 skin thin2 
juicy1 sprightly2 good4  ,auburn ,pearl4
 7,lab47 ,noted by ,dr4 ,parker of      
,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 as from a ,mr4 ,cox
 of ,auburn1 ,new ,york4 ,white2 mild1  
sweet2 early4  ,aughwick4 7,rip47 ,found
 wild in the ,aughwick ,valley1         
,pennsylvania1 by ,william ,a4 ,fraker  
of ,shirleysburg4 ,resembles ,clinton2  
berries larger and vine less productive4
  ,august ,coral4 7,lab47 ,noted by     
,prince in #aheh as from ,north         
,carolina4 ,hardy2 berries bright red2  
early1 sweet4  ,august ,pioneer4 7,lab47
 ,origin unknown2 introduced about      
#ahfg4 ,a coarse1 large1 black grape    
with firm1 hard1 pulpy flesh2 early4    
,augusta4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of        

,concord2 from ,t4 ,b4 ,miner4          
,vigorous1 hardy1 unproductive2 bunch   
medium2 berries medium1 white2 fair     
quality2 early4  ,augusta4 7,lab47 ,from
 a ,mr4 ,broderick of ,st4 ,catherines1 
,ontario4 ,noted only as having been    
exhibited by ,ontario at the ,world's   
,fair in #ahic4  ,augustina4 7,bourq4   
,lab4 ,vin47 ,by ,munson2 from          
,delaware1 ,goethe and ,brilliant4      
,introduced in #aija under the name     
,augusta but changed to the above4      
,vigorous1 very prolific2 cluster large2
 berry very large1 translucent1 carmine2
 pulp meaty1 tender1 juicy4  ,australis4
 7,long47 ,a wild variety of ,vitis     
longii found by ,munson on the ,red     
,river in ,texas4 ,stamens reflexed2    
cluster small to medium2 berry very     
small1 black2 ripens very early4        
,auteonello4 ,mentioned in the ,ontario 
,fruit ,growers' ,association ,report   
for #ahhg as a variety of medium vigor4 
,avery ,prolific4 7,lab487 ,noted in the
 ,american ,horticultural ,annual for   

#ahgj as a black grape received from    
,john ,p4 ,avery1 ,norwich1             
,connecticut1 and as very early1 a great
 bearer1 and of poor quality4  ,avilla4 
7,aest47 ,noted in the ,missouri        
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahia as a black grape of the same type 
and character as ,cynthiana2 a native of
 southern ,kansas4 ,vigorous1           
productive1 hardy1 healthy2 fruit black2
 sweet1 sprightly1 vinous4  ,ayres      
,pride4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,e4 ,j4     
,ayres1 ,villa ,ridge1 ,illinois1 about 
#ahij4 ,healthy2 bunch large2 berry     
large1 black2 quality best2 resembles   
,norfolk4  ,azure4 7,aest47 ,noted in   
the ,united ,states ,department of      
,agriculture ,report for #ahic1 as from 
,j4 ,s4 ,breece1 ,fayetteville1 ,north  
,carolina4 ,cluster medium1 cylindrical1
 small shoulders1 moderately compact2   
berry medium to below1 roundish1        
adhering firmly1 black2 meaty1 sweet    
with pleasant aroma2 season with        
,catawba4  ,badart4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin47

 ,parentage1 ,ten-,dollar-,prize crossed
 with ,triumph2 from ,munson in #ahii4  
,stamens reflexed2 cluster large2 berry 
large2 ripens late4  ,bailey ,prolific4 
7,lab487 ,a ,mr4 ,weis1 in the ,illinois
 ,horticultural ,society ,report for    
#ahfe1 speaks of ,bailey ,prolific4     
,productive1 hardy1 healthy1 superior in
 flavor to ,hartford4 ,may be the same  
as ,avery ,prolific4  ,bailie4 ,from    
,samuel ,bailie1 of ,virginia1 about    
#ahcj4 ,fruit of medium size1 red1 free 
from pulp4  ,baker4 7,lab4 ,vin47       
,mentioned by ,mitzky in #ahic as a     
seedling of ,isabella which it          
resembles4  ,baldwin ,lenoir4 7,bourq47 
,a supposed seedling of ,lenoir from    
,westchester1 ,pennsylvania4 ,foliage   
and habit of growth like ,lincoln2 bunch
 small1 loose2 berries small1 black1    
sugary2 a wine grape4  ,balziger4 7,lab4
 ,aest47 ,a cross between ,norton and   
,martha2 from ,j4 ,balziger1 ,highland1 
,illinois4 ,of agreeable taste1 ripens  
very late4  ,balziger's ,concord        

,seedling ,no4 #b4 7,lab47 ,resembles   
,concord2 ripens later4  ,balziger's    
,no4 #cb4 7,lab47 ,a fine-flavored white
 ,concord seedling2 must #hd4           
,baltimore ,seedling4 ,noted in the     
,united ,states ,patent ,office ,report 
for #ahde as from ,sidney ,weller1      
,brinkleyville1 ,north ,carolina4       
,barbara4 ,from ,theophile ,huber4      
,moderately vigorous2 shy bearer2 bunch 
small and irregular2 berry medium1      
greenish-white2 sweet1 rich1 tender     
pulp2 ripens with ,agawam4  ,barnes4    
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,parker ,barnes1    
,boston1 ,massachusetts1 about #ahfd4   
,bunches shouldered2 berries medium1    
oval1 black2 sweet2 good2 in season with
 ,hartford4  ,barnes4 7,champ47 ,a wild 
vine of ,vitis champini2 found in ,bell 
,county1 ,texas1 by ,munson4 ,stamens   
reflexed2 clusters small2 berry medium1 
black2 ripens mid-season4  ,baroness4   
7,lab47 ,from ,dr4 ,h4 ,schroeder1      
,bloomington1 ,illinois4 ,resembles     
,moore ,early in vine and fruit4        

,bartlett4 7,lab47 ,a pale red variety  
found in the woods at ,lexington1       
,massachusetts1 by ,elias ,phinney4     
,pronounced a worthless ,labrusca by    
,prince in #ahfc4  ,bates4 7,lab47      
,given in the ,united ,states           
,department of ,agriculture ,report for 
#ahfi as a ,labrusca4  ,bauchman ,red   
,fox4 7,lab47 ,prince states in #ahcj   
that he received this vine from ,c4     
,bauchman of ,pennsylvania4 ,fruit of   
large size1 resembling the common red   
fox in flavor and color4  ,baxter4      
7,aest47 ,a southern grape considered   
worthless by ,prince in #ahfc4 ,clusters
 large2 berries small1 black2 season    
very late4  ,bay ,state4 7,vin4 ,rip4   
,lab47 ,from ,n4 ,b4 ,white2 parents1   
,marion crossed by ,black ,hamburg4     
,vigorous1 hardy2 bunch medium1         
shouldered2 berry slightly oblong1 red2 
juicy1 sweet1 sprightly2 season early4  
,beach4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,parentage1
 ,post-oak ,no4 #c crossed with         
,triumph2 from ,munson in #ahhi4        

,stamens reflexed2 clusters large2 berry
 medium1 black2 ripens early4  ,beagle4 
7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,elvira    
crossed with ,ives2 from ,munson1 about 
#ahhh4 ,vigorous1 moderately productive2
 bunch medium1 sometimes shouldered2    
berry small to medium1 oblong1 black    
with heavy bloom2 pulp firm1 sweet2     
ripens about with ,moore ,early4        
,beansville4 ,mentioned by ,william     
,saunders of the ,united ,states        
,department of ,agriculture in #ahfd1 as
 not being worthy of further attention4 
,beaufort4 7,rot47 ,given in the ,united
 ,states ,department of ,agriculture    
,report for #ahga as a cultivated       
variety of ,rotundifolia4  ,beauty of   
,minnesota4 7,lab4 ,bourq47 ,from ,j4   
,c4 ,kramer of ,la ,crescent1           
,minnesota1 about #ahff2 supposed       
parents1 ,delaware and ,concord4        
,vigorous1 healthy2 bunch large1        
compact1 often shouldered2 berry        
greenish-yellow2 good2 ripens early4    
,beaverdam4 7,lab48 ,vin487 ,prince1 in 

#ahcj1 gives this variety as from       
,virginia1 and states that vine and     
fruit resemble ,bland4  ,beeby ,black4  
,described in the ,illinois             
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahig as more productive than ,moore    
,early2 bunch and berry not as large2   
ripens a little earlier2 hardly as good4
  ,belinda4 7,lab47 ,from ,t4 ,b4       
,miner2 a white seedling of ,concord    
with large1 juicy1 sweet1 slightly foxy 
fruit2 ripens shortly after ,lady4      
,belton4 7,champ4 ,vin4 ,lab4 ,bourq47  
,parentage1 ,de ,grasset crossed with   
,brilliant2 from ,munson4 ,stamens      
erect2 cluster medium2 berry medium1    
black2 ripens medium early4  ,belvidere4
 7,lab47 ,supposed to be a seedling of  
,concord or ,hartford from ,belvidere1  
,illinois2 brought to notice by ,dr4 ,l4
 ,l4 ,lake in #ahgj4 ,resembles the     
,hartford in vine and fruit2 early4     
,belvin4 7,linc4 ,rip4 ,lab47 ,from     
,munson4 ,very strong grower2 large1    
loose1 oblong bunches2 berries medium1  

black with blue bloom2 quality fair2    
ripens very late4  ,ben4 7,linc4 ,aest4 
,lab47 ,a seedling of                   
,ten-,dollar-,prize crossed with        
,norton2 from ,munson in #ahhi4 ,stamens
 reflexed2 cluster large2 berry medium1 
black2 ripens late4  ,ben ,hur4 7,linc4 
,aest4 ,lab4 ,bourq47 ,a combination of 
,post-oak with ,norton and ,herbemont2  
from ,munson4 ,exhibited at the         
,american ,pomological ,society in #aijc
 and introduced about #aijd4 ,vigorous1 
prolific1 healthy2 cluster large1 rather
 loose2 berry small1 black2 shells2     
good2 ripens late4  ,benjamin4 7,lab47  
,from ,w4 ,h4 ,lightfoot1 ,springfield1 
,illinois2 offspring of ,northern       
,muscadine4 ,vigorous2 cluster large1   
loose to compact2 berry large1 black    
with blue bloom1 pulpy2 flavor similar  
to ,woodruff2 ripens with ,concord4     
,berks4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,lehigh4 ,a       
seedling of ,catawba2 from ,berks       
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 about #ahfc4    
,vigorous1 vine similar to parent2 bunch

 large1 shouldered1 compact2 berry      
large1 red2 of ,catawba flavor4         
,berlaussel4 7,berland4 ,linc4 ,lab47 ,a
 seedling of ,vitis berlandieri and     
,laussel2 from ,munson4 ,stamens        
reflexed2 clusters large2 berry medium1 
purple2 ripens very late4  ,berlin4     
7,lab47 ,a seedling of ,concord2 from   
,geo4 ,hosford1 ,ionia1 ,michigan4      
,vigorous1 hardy1 unproductive2 bunch   
large1 small-shouldered2 berry medium to
 large1 round1 greenish-yellow2 sweet1  
vinous1 with slight foxiness2 quality   
fair to good2 ripens mid-season4        
,bertha4 7,lab47 ,from ,theophile       
,huber1 ,illinois ,city1 ,illinois2     
about #ahib4 ,vigorous2 self-fertile2   
clusters medium to large1 compact2 berry
 medium1 white with yellowish tinge2 of 
fair quality2 ripens with ,worden4      
,bertha4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of   
,roenbeck2 from ,fred ,roenbeck1        
,bayonne1 ,new ,jersey4 ,bunch and      
berries not as large as the parent2     
white2 sweet2 of fair quality4  ,beta4  

7,lab4 ,rip487 ,a cross between ,carver 
and ,concord2 from ,l4 ,snelter1        
,carver1 ,minnesota4 ,very hardy1       
productive2 fruit of fair quality2      
early4  ,beta4 ,a ,labrusca-,vinifera   
hybrid given by the ,canada             
,experimental ,farms ,report1 #ahif1 as 
originating in ,london1 ,ontario4 ,a    
table grape1 neither large nor          
attractive4  ,bettina4 7,vin4 ,lab4     
,rip47 ,parentage1 ,hartford crossed    
with ,muscat ,hamburg2 from ,g4 ,w4     
,campbell1 ,delaware1 ,ohio4 ,in        
appearance and quality intermediate     
between the two parents4  ,big ,berry4  
7,linc47 ,big ,bunch2 ,great ,cluster8  
,a variety of the north ,texas glaucous 
form of ,lincecumii considerably used by
 ,munson in his breeding work4 ,it is   
characterized by great vigor of vine and
 large bunch and berry4 ,one parent of  
,bailey1 ,collier1 ,r4 ,w4 ,munson1 and 
many others4  ,big ,black4 7,linc4      
,lab47 ,from ,munson4 ,vigorous2 bunches
 large1 loose to compact1 shouldered2   

berries very large1 black1 similar to   
,concord in appearance2 poor in quality2
 ripens after ,concord2 good shipper4   
,big ,cluster4 7,mont47 ,a variety of   
,vitis monticola2 found by ,munson in   
,bell ,county1 ,texas4 ,stamens         
reflexed2 cluster large to medium2 berry
 small1 purple2 ripens very late4  ,big 
,hope4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,from       
,munson1 about #ahhi2 parents1 ,big     
,berry crossed with ,triumph4 ,vigorous2
 clusters medium to large1 variable in  
compactness2 berries small to medium1   
purplish2 fair in quality4  ,big ,ozark4
 7,lab47 ,in #ahfc1 ,prince noted this  
as a worthless ,labrusca4  ,bird's ,egg4
 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,downing1 in #ahfi1      
described ,bird's ,egg as follows3      
,bunch long1 pointed2 berry long1 oval1 
whitish1 with brown specks2 flesh pulpy2
 only good as a curiosity4 ,resembles   
,catawba4  ,bishop4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a    
chance seedling from ,d4 ,bishop1       
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 about #aije4 ,a  
supposed offspring of ,brighton         

fertilized by ,diamond4 ,fruit much like
 ,diamond in color and size but less    
compact2 ripens with ,winchell4         
,bismarck4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of 
,brighton2 produced by ,f4 ,e4 ,l4      
,rautenberg1 of ,lincoln1 ,illinois4    
,almost a reproduction of its parent    
except that it is hardier4  ,bismarck4  
7,lab487 ,a chance seedling from ,fred  
,roenbeck1 ,bayonne1 ,new ,jersey4      
,healthy1 vigorous1 productive2 bunch   
large2 berries large1 black1 agreeable  
aroma4  ,black ,bear4 ,mentioned in     
,texas ,station ,bulletin ,no4 #dh1     
#ahih1 as hardly desirable2 bunch       
oblong1 loose2 berries size of ,lenoir1 
black with blue bloom2 acid but rather  
pleasant2 self-sterile2 ripens          
mid-season4  ,black ,claret4 7,lab47    
,noted by ,w4 ,r4 ,prince in #ahfc as a 
worthless ,labrusca4  ,black ,cluster4  
,a very hardy1 very productive1 black1  
medium-sized native raised at an early  
day in the ,northwest4  ,black          
,delaware4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a     

seedling of ,delaware raised by ,rommel 
of ,missouri over thirty years ago4     
,fruit resembles ,delaware very closely 
except for the color which is black4    
,vine mildews in some neighborhoods4    
,black ,heart4 7,vin4 ,rip4 ,lab47      
,parentage1 ,marion crossed with ,black 
,hamburg2 originated by ,n4 ,b4 ,white  
of ,norwood1 ,massachusetts2 exhibited  
at the ,massachusetts ,horticultural    
,society in #ahgb4 ,berry medium2 sweet 
and juicy4  ,black ,herbemont4 7,bourq4 
,aest48 ,lab487 ,either a ,herbemont    
seedling or ,herbemont crossed with     
,norton2 from ,munson1 in #ahic4        
,vigorous1 productive1 healthy2 stamens 
upright2 clusters large1 loose2 berry   
small1 black2 poor quality2 ripens late4
  ,black ,king4 7,rip4 ,lab487 ,first   
noticed by ,prince in #ahfc1 who        
describes it as an early1 small1 good   
table and wine grape4 ,fuller received  
the variety from ,bucks ,county1        
,pennsylvania1 and in ,record of        
,horticulture for #ahfh he writes3 ,said

 to be a fox grape2 but the specimen    
vines we received from a very reliable  
source1 have persisted in bearing       
,clinton grapes4  ,black ,madeira4      
7,vin4 ,rip4 ,lab47 ,madeira4           
,parentage1 ,marion crossed with ,black 
,hamburg2 originated by ,n4 ,b4 ,white2 
exhibited before the ,massachusetts     
,horticultural ,society in #ahgc4       
,large1 open bunch2 berry very small2   
sprightly flavor2 good4  ,black ,rose4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,parentage1 ,concord      
crossed with ,salem2 raised by          
,rautenberg1 of ,lincoln1 ,illinois1 in 
#ahhd4 ,vine resembles ,concord1 hardy1 
subject to mildew2 bunch similar to     
,concord2 berries large1 black2 of fine 
flavor4  ,black ,september4 7,rip487    
,given in the ,united ,states ,patent   
,office ,report for #ahfj as a small1   
juicy1 unproductive native grape under  
test by the ,department of ,agriculture4
  ,blackstone4 7,lab47 ,an early black  
grape of poor quality1 pronounced a     
worthless ,labrusca by ,prince in #ahfc4

  ,black ,taylor4 7,rip4 ,lab47         
,rommel's ,no4 #ai4 ,from ,rommel1 about
 #ahhb2 similar to ,montefiore4  ,black 
,tennessee4 7,aest47 ,according to      
,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahei3 ,bunch     
large1 long1 shouldered1 compact2       
berries medium1 brownish-crimson with   
blue bloom2 very juicy1 sweet4  ,black  
,virginia4 7,rip47 ,a wild frost grape  
of ,virginia2 said to have been         
disseminated by ,peter ,raabe as the    
,emily4  ,blackwood4 7,lab4 ,vin4       
,bourq47 ,parentage1 ,delago by         
,governor ,ireland2 from ,munson1 in    
#ahig4 ,stamens erect2 cluster large2   
berry large1 black2 ripens early4       
,blanco4 7,rip4 ,vin4 ,lab47 ,seedling  
of ,elvira crossed with ,triumph2 from  
,munson4 ,unproductive1 self-sterile2   
cluster medium1 cylindrical1 loose2     
berry medium1 oval1 purple with blue    
bloom1 moderately juicy1 somewhat       
vinous1 sweet2 good2 season about with  
,concord4  ,bland4 7,lab4 ,vin47        
,bland's ,fox2 ,bland's ,madeira2       

,bland's ,pale ,red2 ,bland's ,virginia2
 ,carolina ,powel2 ,powell2 ,red ,bland2
 ,red ,scuppernong2 ,rose ,grape2       
,virginia ,muscadell4 ,an old variety   
brought to notice by ,colonel ,bland of 
,virginia in the latter part of the     
eighteenth century4 ,moderately         
vigorous2 leaves lobed1 light green1    
smooth1 delicate2 cluster long1 loose1  
often with imperfect berries2 berries   
large1 round2 pedicels long2 skin thick1
 light red to dark purple2 flesh pulpy1 
sprightly1 slightly foxy2 ripens late4  
,many of the early authorities consider 
,bland a probable ,vinifera hybrid on   
account of its resemblance to the       
,european ,chasselas4  ,blondin4        
7,bourq4 ,aest4 ,linc4 ,lab47 ,a        
combination of ,ten-,dollar-,prize1     
,post-oak1 ,norton and ,herbemont2 from 
,munson in #ahii4 ,very vigorous1       
prolific2 cluster large1 compact1       
shouldered2 berry medium1 white1        
translucent2 juicy1 sprightly1 acid2    
ripens with ,catawba4  ,blood4 7,linc4  

,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,lincecumii     
fertilized with ,herbemont2 from        
,munson4 ,moderate in vigor and         
productiveness2 bunch small to medium1  
compact2 berry small1 black1 juicy1 with
 a sprightly subacid flavor1 seedy2     
ripens a week later than ,concord4      
,blood ,black4 7,lab47 ,from a ,mr4     
,blood1 ,newburyport1 ,massachusetts1   
about #ahed4 ,hardy1 vigorous1          
productive2 bunch medium1 compact2 berry
 medium1 round1 black2 sweet1 with      
strong1 foxy flavor2 ripens early4      
,blood ,white4 7,lab47 ,from ,blood1    
,newburyport1 ,massachusetts1 about     
#ahed4 ,a red grape with the same       
general characters as ,blood ,black4    
,blue ,dyer4 7,rip47 ,according to      
,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahhc3 ,bunch     
medium2 berries small1 black4  ,blue    
,favorite4 7,aest487 ,purple ,favorite4 
,from ,georgia1 about #ahbe or earlier4 
,very vigorous1 resembling ,cunningham  
but not so prolific2 cluster large1     
conical2 berries small1 round1 black2   

juicy1 vinous2 good2 ripens with        
,herbemont4  ,blue ,imperial4 7,lab47   
,described by ,downing in #ahfi as      
follows3 ,vigorous1 healthy1            
unproductive2 bunch medium1 short2 berry
 large1 round1 black1 hard pulp2 poor in
 quality2 ripens with ,hartford4        
,boadicea4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a cross of    
,telegraph with ,black ,hamburg2 from   
,chas4 ,j4 ,copley1 ,stapleton1 ,new    
,york4 ,of medium vigor2 bunch medium1  
compact2 berry oval2 meaty1 sweet with a
 rich1 aromatic flavor2 good keeper2    
ripens with ,isabella4  ,boadicea4      
7,lab47 ,a ,concord seedling2 from ,t4  
,b4 ,miner of ,new ,jersey4 ,vigorous1  
unproductive2 bunch small2 berry small1 
white4  ,bokchito4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4  
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,early ,purple  
crossed with ,brilliant2 from ,munson in
 #ahii4 ,stamens erect2 cluster large2  
berry medium1 black2 ripens mid-season4 
,bonne ,madame4 ,listed with varieties  
which ripened earliest at the           
,experimental ,farms1 ,canada1 in #aije4

  ,bottsi4 7,bourq47 ,from ,south       
,carolina4 ,very vigorous1 productive2  
bunch very large1 loose2 berry below    
medium1 light to dark pink1 susceptible 
to black-rot4 ,very similar to          
,herbemont and names by some believed to
 be synonymous4  ,boulevard4 7,lab4     
,vin47 ,from ,a4 ,koeth1 ,charlotte1    
,new ,york2 ,concord crossed with       
,brighton4 ,vigorous1 productive2 bunch 
large1 compact1 shouldered2 berry       
medium1 round1 greenish-white2 juicy1   
sweet1 vinous2 ripens with ,concord4    
,bowman4 7,lab47 ,described in ,magazine
 of ,horticulture1 #ahfc1 by ,prince as 
a dark purple1 early table grape of good
 quality4  ,braddock4 7,lab47 ,w4 ,r4   
,prince1 in ,magazine of ,horticulture  
for #ahfc1 notes this as a purplish1    
early sweet table grape2 hardy and      
adapted to ,new ,england4  ,bradley4    
7,lab4 ,vin487 ,described by ,a4 ,c4    
,hubbard of ,troy1 ,michigan1 in the    
,united ,states ,patent ,office ,report 
for #ahdi as a grape of the ,isabella   

type but three or four weeks earlier4   
,braendly4 7,lab48 ,vin487 ,from        
,illinois4 ,very weak1 unproductive2    
stamens upright2 bunch small1           
irregularly loose2 berry small1 yellow2 
of poor quality2 ripens with ,cynthiana4
  ,brand ,white4 7,lab4 ,vin47          
,resembles ,cassady2 exhibited before   
the ,mississippi ,valley ,grape         
,growers' ,association in #ahfg4        
,breck4 7,lab47 ,exhibited before the   
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
in #ahee by ,thomas ,waterman who gave  
it the above name4 ,resembles ,winne4   
,hardy2 early4  ,bridgewater4 7,lab47   
,supposed to be a sport of ,worden1     
received at this ,station in #aija from 
,j4 ,b4 ,tuckerman1 ,cassville1 ,new    
,york4 ,very similar to ,worden but said
 by the originator to be a week or ten  
days earlier4  ,brunk4 7,linc4 ,vin4    
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,lincecumii       
crossed with ,triumph2 from ,texas4     
,medium in vigor and productiveness2    
stamens upright2 bunch medium1          

irregularly loose2 berry medium1 black2 
poor quality2 susceptible to black-rot4 
,buist4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,supposed to be a 
cross between ,catawba and ,brighton2   
from ,h4 ,b4 ,buist1 ,greenville1 ,south
 ,carolina1 about #ahgh4 ,vigorous1     
hardy1 inclined to mildew2 late in      
ripening4  ,bumper4 7,linc4 ,aest4      
,lab47 ,post-oak crossed with ,norton2  
from ,texas4 ,very vigorous2 stamens    
reflexed2 bunch large1 irregular1 very  
loose2 berry medium1 black2 of poor     
quality2 susceptible to black-rot2      
season with ,cynthiana4  ,buncombe4     
7,lab47 ,a variety of ,vitis labrusca   
found in ,north ,carolina and used by   
,munson in his breeding work4 ,stamens  
reflexed2 cluster small2 berry large1   
black2 ripens mid-season4  ,bundy4      
7,lab47 ,a black seedling of ,concord   
from the same lot of seeds as ,colerain2
 from ,david ,bundy1 ,colerain1 ,ohio4  
,vigorous1 productive1 hardy1 healthy2  
bunch and berry resemble parent in      
appearance and quality2 ripens with     

,moore ,early4  ,burlington4 ,given in  
,american ,farmer1 #ahbb1 as a ,new     
,jersey grape of high quality4          
,burlington4 7,lab47 ,a seedling from   
,a4 ,taylor1 ,burlington1 ,vermont1     
about #ahga4 ,reported hardy in northern
 ,new ,england and equal to ,adirondac  
as a table grape4  ,burnet4 7,lab4      
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,hartford crossed 
with ,black ,hamburg2 from ,p4 ,c4      
,dempsey1 ,albury1 ,prince ,edward      
,county1 ,ontario4 ,vigorous1           
productive1 mildews2 stamens reflexed2  
cluster large1 shouldered1 loose2 berry 
large1 oval1 black2 juicy2 earlier than 
,concord4  ,burroughs4 7,rip4 ,lab487   
,according to ,downing1 #ahfi1 from     
,vermont4 ,vine like ,clinton2 bunch    
small2 berry round1 black with thick    
bloom2 harsh1 acid2 ripens earlier than 
,isabella4  ,burrows ,no4 #db;,c4 7,lab4
 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,concord crossed 
with ,jefferson2 from ,j4 ,g4 ,burrows1 
,fishkill1 ,new ,york1 received at this 
,station in #ahhh4 ,sometimes           

unproductive2 bunch medium1 very        
compact1 handsome2 berry medium or      
above1 dark red with lilac bloom2 juicy1
 sweet1 tender1 slightly vinous1 fine   
flavor2 ripens about with ,concord4     
,burton ,early4 7,lab47 ,downing notes  
in #ahfi3 ,a large1 early grape2        
unworthy of culture4  ,bush4 7,bourq4   
,linc47 ,parentage1 ,herbemont crossed  
with a ,post-oak2 from ,munson4 ,stamens
 erect2 cluster medium2 berry medium1   
black2 ripens very late4  ,bushberg4    
7,aest4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,willie   
crossed with an ,aestivalis2 from ,dr4  
,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm1 ,tennessee4          
,aestivalis characters are predominant  
in both vine and fruit4 ,described by   
the originator as vigorous1 healthy2    
clusters above medium1 long1 loose1     
shouldered2 berries large1 oblong1      
black1 adherent2 sprightly1 vinous1     
tender2 ripens about with ,concord4     
,cabot4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,stetson ,no4 #a4 
,a seedling from ,a4 ,w4 ,stetson1      
,braintree1 ,massachusetts1 about #ahec2

 a cross of a native ,labrusca and      
,grizzly ,frontignan4 ,bunch long1 firm1
 short shoulder2 berries medium1 round1 
black with thick bloom2 skin thick2     
musky1 sweet4  ,cairnano4 ,tested by the
 ,united ,states ,department of         
,agriculture in #ahfd and discarded as  
worthless4  ,california ,rosea4         
,described by ,warder in #ahfg as3      
,bunch large1 compact2 berry large1     
round1 black1 sweet4  ,california       
,white4 ,noted by ,warder in #ahfg4     
,bunch full1 medium2 berry large1       
yellow2 very fine4  ,calloway4 7,bourq4 
,vin487 ,possibly a synonym of          
,ruckland4 ,vigorous1 healthy1          
productive2 cluster small to medium1    
compact2 berries medium1 oval1 red2 skin
 thin1 tough2 quality good2 ripens very 
late4  ,calypso4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,produced
 by ,chas4 ,j4 ,copley1 of ,stapleton1  
,new ,york1 from seed of ,lady crossed  
with ,secretary2 fruited in #ahhg4      
,hardy1 strong in growth2 bunches large1
 heavily shouldered2 berries large1     

black2 juicy1 vinous2 good2 ripens with 
or after ,concord4  ,camaks4 ,found     
growing in the garden of ,james ,camaks1
 about #ahdg4 ,bunch shouldered1 long1  
loose1 tapering2 berries small1 round1  
brownish-red2 flesh tender1 melting1    
sweet2 good4  ,cambridge4 7,lab47       
,originated in the garden of ,francis   
,houghton1 ,cambridge1 ,massachusetts1  
about #ahfg4 ,vigorous2 bunch large1    
shouldered1 compact2 berry large1 black1
 covered with heavy bloom2 similar to   
,concord2 ripens four days earlier4     
,camden4 7,lab47 ,bunch medium2 berry   
large1 greenish-white2 flesh with hard  
center1 acid2 poor4  ,canaan4 ,mentioned
 in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office 
,report in #ahdc1 as one of the         
varieties grown at that time4  ,canby4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,w4 ,canby1         
,wilmington1 ,delaware2 probably a      
seedling of ,isabella1 brought to notice
 about #aheb4 ,hardy1 vigorous2 cluster 
medium size1 compact2 berry medium size1
 purple2 flavor sweet2 quality best4    

,canonicus4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,d4 ,s4 
,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new ,york1 about  
#ahhh4 ,vigorous and productive2 stamens
 upright2 bunch loose1 medium2 berry    
medium1 round1 pale green1 translucent1 
whitish bloom2 skin thin2 pulp sweet1   
tender1 juicy1 sprightly2 ripens with   
,concord4  ,cape ,may ,prolific4 ,large 
,blue ,english4 ,mentioned by ,prince in
 #ahfc in a list of varieties in        
,gardener's ,monthly4  ,capital4 7,lab47
 ,given in ,bushberg ,catalogue in #ahid
 as a white ,concord seedling raised by 
,w4 ,h4 ,lightfoot of ,illinois4        
,carlotte4 7,lab47 ,produced by ,t4 ,b4 
,miner of ,linden1 ,new ,jersey1 from   
seed of ,concord4 ,vigorous1 hardy2     
greenish-white2 good4  ,carminet4       
7,bourq487 ,bunches small1 ragged2      
berries small1 black2 sweet2 skin and   
pulp tender4  ,carolina ,blue           
,muscadine4 ,jones' ,perfumed4          
,mentioned by ,prince in ,gardener's    
,monthly1 #ahfc4  ,caroline4 ,carolina4 
,said by ,husmann in #ahga to be the    

same as ,concord4  ,carter4 7,lab4      
,vin487 ,an old variety mentioned as    
early as #ahca2 a seedling of ,isabella4
 ,bunch large1 shouldered2 berries      
large1 round1 black1 heavy bloom2 good1 
very similar to ,isabella with which it 
ripens4  ,carter4 7,lab47 ,mammoth      
,globe4 ,a large-fruited red ,labrusca  
used by ,rogers4  ,carver4 ,given as one
 of the parents of ,beta4 ,not          
described4  ,case4 7,rip47 ,mentioned by
 the ,united ,states ,department of     
,agriculture in #ahfi4  ,case ,crystal4 
7,lab47 ,noted in the ,united ,states   
,patent ,office ,report for #ahei as a  
reliable variety for ,new ,england4     
,caspar4 7,bourq47 ,a seedling of       
,louisiana2 from ,a4 ,caspar of ,new    
,orleans1 supposed to be a cross with   
,herbemont4 ,vigorous2 cluster medium1  
compact2 berries brownish-red1 small2   
juice white2 good2 ripens late4         
,cassady4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,arcott2        
,arnott2 ,arrott4 ,a chance seedling    
from ,h4 ,p4 ,cassady1 ,philadelphia1   

,pennsylvania2 fruited in #aheb4 ,medium
 in vigor1 productive2 stamens upright2 
cluster medium1 compact1 sometimes      
shouldered2 berry medium1 round1        
greenish-white1 covered with white      
bloom2 skin thick1 tough2 flesh juicy1  
tender1 pleasant2 very good2 ripens with
 ,catawba4  ,catarobe4 ,mentioned in the
 ,horticulturist of #ahej as growing    
well in ,illinois4  ,catherine4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,from ,gen4 ,n4 ,m4 ,waterman of 
,hartford1 ,connecticut1 #ahed4         
,clusters small1 compact1 firm2 berries 
medium1 slightly oval1 green1           
translucent2 skin thin2 pulp soft1      
sweet1 well flavored1 foxy4  ,catoosa4  
7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab4 ,bourq487           
,parentage1 ,lucky crossed with ,carman2
 from ,munson in #ahii4 ,stamens erect2 
cluster large2 berry medium1 black2     
ripens late4  ,caywood ,no4 #a4 7,lab4  
,vin4 ,bourq47 ,from ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1  
,marlboro1 ,new ,york2 a red seedling of
 ,poughkeepsie fertilized with ,iona4   
,caywood ,no4 #ej4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from  

,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1 about #ahhh4          
,vigorous1 healthy1 productive2 stamens 
upright2 cluster medium1 compact1 often 
shouldered2 berry large1 roundish1 black
 with abundant bloom2 shatters2 skin    
thick1 tender2 pulp juicy1 sweet1 tough1
 vinous2 good2 ripens a little before   
,worden4  ,chambersburg ,white4         
,mentioned in ,gardener's ,monthly in   
#ahfc in a list of worthless varieties4 
,chambril4 7,champ4 ,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47
 ,parentage1 ,vitis champini crossed    
with ,brilliant2 from ,munson4 ,stamens 
upright2 cluster medium or above2 berry 
small1 purplish-black1 thin bloom2 skin 
thin1 tough2 pulp tender1 not juicy1    
vinous2 good4  ,champanel4 7,champ4     
,lab47 ,parents1 ,vitis champini crossed
 with ,worden2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous2 
clusters large1 conical2 berries        
globular1 large1 black2 season with     
,concord4  ,champovo4 7,champ4 ,vin4    
,lab4 ,bourq47 ,parentage1 ,de ,grasset 
crossed with ,brilliant2 from ,munson4  
,stamens reflexed2 cluster medium2 berry

 large1 black2 ripens mid-season4       
,chandler4 7,lab47 ,a chance seedling   
from ,n4 ,m4 ,chandler1 ,ottawa1        
,kansas1 about #ahhf2 probably from     
,worden4 ,vigorous1 productive2 stamens 
upright2 cluster medium1 shouldered1    
compact2 berry above medium1 round1 rich
 yellow2 good4  ,chapin4 ,noted in      
,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahfc1 as         
worthless4  ,charles4 7,rip4 ,lab487    
,mentioned by ,joseph ,hobbins about    
#ahfi as having been injured by winter2 
exhibited at ,wisconsin ,state ,fair    
that year4 ,resembles ,clinton4         
,charles ,a4 ,green4 ,a white grape     
originated by ,p4 ,w4 ,loudon1          
,janesville1 ,wisconsin2 introduced by  
the ,chas4 ,a4 ,green ,nursery ,company 
of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,said to be a
 vigorous grower1 and an enormous       
yielder of very large and beautiful     
clusters of excellent fruit4            
,charlotte4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,edmund 
,ward1 ,kelleys ,island1 ,ohio2 a       
seedling of ,catawba4 ,bunch medium1 not

 shouldered2 berries medium1 roundish1  
pale red2 flesh tender1 sweet1 vinous2  
skin thick2 season with ,delaware4      
,charlton4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a cross       
between ,brighton and ,mills2 from ,john
 ,charlton1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york2     
fruited about #ahic4 ,vigorous1         
productive1 hardy2 clusters large1      
generally well shouldered1 compact2     
berry large to medium1 roundish-oval1   
dark red2 skin rather thin1 tough2 pulp 
meaty1 tender releases seeds easily2    
juicy1 sweet1 rich1 vinous2 ripens a    
week before ,concord2 keeps well2       
promising4  ,charter ,oak4 7,lab4       
,aest47 ,a large coarse1 foxy grape from
 ,connecticut4 ,vigorous1 hardy2 canes  
long with blue bloom2 tendrils          
continuous2 clusters small1 loose2      
berries large1 roundish1 dull dark      
amber2 shatter2 flesh soft1 tough1 foxy2
 fair quality2 ripens with ,concord4    
,chavoush4 ,exhibited before the        
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
in #ahfh4 ,productive2 bunch large2     

berry large1 oval1 white2 keeps well4   
,cheowa4 ,noted in the ,united ,states  
,department of ,agriculture ,report for 
#ahfc as a variety to be discarded4     
,cherokee4 7,aest4 ,lab47 ,from         
,stayman1 of ,kansas2 the same parentage
 as ,ozark4 ,vigorous2 free from rot and
 mildew2 bunch large1 compact2 berry    
medium1 black2 tender1 juicy1 sweet2    
season with ,cynthiana4  ,chicago4      
7,lab47 ,a chance seedling found in     
,lincoln1 ,illinois1 by ,f4 ,e4 ,l4     
,rautenberg4 ,vigorous1 productive1     
hardy2 bunch medium1 sometimes double2  
berries medium1 round2 skin tough2 color
 red resembling ,delaware2 sweet1 rich2 
ripens early2 ships well4  ,chidester's 
,seedlings4 ,produced by ,c4 ,p4        
,chidester1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan1  
about thirty years ago4 ,all are        
apparently second generation            
,vinifera-native hybrids4 ,they are of  
high quality but all seem to have some  
weakness which makes their permanent    
popularity doubtful4 ,these varieties   

appear to have become confused1 as the  
,michigan ,experiment ,station          
,bulletins1 our chief source of         
information1 have published             
contradictory descriptions in different 
places4  ,no4 #a4 ,see ,lyon4  ,no4 #b4 
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,moderately vigorous1     
hardy2 stamens reflexed2 cluster medium1
 compact2 berry medium1 round1 dark red2
 flesh soft1 sweet1 vinous2 good2 ripens
 early2 shatters somewhat4  ,no4 #c4    
,vigorous2 cluster large1 loose1        
shouldered2 berry large1 dark purple2   
flesh firm1 juicy1 sweet2 keeps well4   
,no4 #d4 ,vigorous2 cluster medium1     
roundish1 shouldered1 loose2 berries    
large1 round1 nearly black2 flesh       
tender1 vinous2 good2 ripens just after 
,concord4  ,chillicothe4 7,lab4 ,vin47  
,from ,ohio4 ,mentioned in the ,united  
,states ,department of ,agriculture     
,report in #ahfc4 ,bunch long1 loose2   
berry medium1 oval1 dark purple4        
,chippewa4 ,found growing on the banks  
of ,chippewa ,creek1 ,ontario2 described

 in #aheh by ,w4 ,h4 ,read4 ,bunch      
large1 compact1 heavily shouldered2     
berry medium1 black2 flesh tender1      
sweet1 good4  ,chisholm's ,seedlings4   
,produced by ,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm1    
,spring ,hill1 ,tennessee4 ,of his named
 sorts there are3 ,annie ,m41 ,bushberg1
 ,delawba1 ,gilt ,edge1 ,la ,marie1     
,lutie1 and ,willie1 the best known     
being ,lutie4 ,the following unnamed    
seedlings from ,chisholm have been      
tested and described3  ,no4 #a4 7,bourq4
 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a ,delaware seedling4    
,weak1 healthy2 stamens reflexed2       
cluster small1 very loose2 berry medium1
 purple2 quality poor2 ripens with      
,worden4  ,no4 #c4 7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47
 ,a seedling of ,delaware4 ,medium in   
vigor1 healthy2 stamens upright2 cluster
 small1 compact2 berry small1           
reddish-purple2 quality fair2 ripens    
with ,worden4  ,no4 #d4 7,bourq4 ,lab4  
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,delaware4        
,vigorous2 cluster medium size2 berries 
light green1 sprightly1 vinous2 good2   

ripens with ,delaware4  ,no4 #e4        
7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a ,delaware      
seedling4 ,moderately vigorous2 berry   
light red2 good quality2 ripens just    
before ,concord4  ,no4 #f4 7,bourq4     
,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,delaware4  
,weak1 apparently healthy1 a shy bearer2
 stamens reflexed2 cluster small1 loose2
 berry medium1 purple2 fair quality2    
ripens with ,worden2 not a good keeper4 
,no4 #h4 7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a       
,delaware seedling4 ,vigorous1 hardy1   
productive2 cluster medium2 berry       
medium1 black2 very good2 ripens with   
,moore ,early4  ,no4 #i4 7,aest47       
,moderately vigorous1 attacked somewhat 
by black-rot1 hardy2 stamens upright2   
cluster medium2 berry medium1 red2      
quality hardly fair2 ripens with        
,concord4  ,chocolate4 ,mentioned in a  
list of worthless varieties in          
,gardener's ,monthly in #ahfc4          
,choteau4 7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab4 ,bourq487 
,parentage1 ,lucky crossed with ,carman2
 from ,munson in #ahii4 ,stamens erect2 

cluster large2 berry medium1 black2     
ripens late4  ,church ,seedling4 7,lab47
 ,from ,dr4 ,durfee1 ,fall ,river1      
,massachusetts2 a seedling of a wild    
grape unworthy of cultivation4  ,claret4
 7,rip47 ,from ,charles ,carpenter1     
,kelleys ,island1 ,ohio4 ,vigorous2     
bunch and berry medium2 claret red2     
acid2 resembles ,clinton4  ,clarissa4   
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a white seedling of      
,salem2 from ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,rautenberg1   
,lincoln1 ,illinois4  ,clark4 7,lab4    
,vin47 ,from ,j4 ,s4 ,phelps1           
,washington1 ,district of ,columbia4    
,cluster of medium length1 sometimes    
shouldered1 compact2 berry medium1 oval1
 dull red1 heavy bloom2 sweet1 foxy4    
,clark ,seedling4 7,lab47 ,from a ,mr4  
,clark of ,framingham1 ,massachusetts2  
described in ,magazine of ,horticulture 
in #ahfa4 ,hardy and early2 bunch loose2
 berry reddish2 quality excellent4      
,clarkes4 ,mentioned by ,prince in #ahcj
 as being grown in ,virginia4 ,bunch and
 berry large2 early2 keeps well4        

,claude4 7,lab47 ,from ,georgia4        
,vigorous2 stamens upright2 bunch       
medium1 loose2 berry large1 black2 poor 
quality2 ripens a little before ,norton4
  ,cleopatra4 7,lab4 ,rip47 ,parentage1 
,ives crossed with ,faith2 from ,f4 ,e4 
,l4 ,rautenberg1 ,lincoln1 ,illinois4   
,vigorous1 hardy1 productive2 bunch and 
berry medium2 black2 early4  ,clifton4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,parents1 ,telegraph      
crossed with ,white ,frontignan2 from   
,c4 ,j4 ,copley1 ,stapleton1 ,new ,york4
 ,vigorous1 productive2 bunch large1    
compact2 berries white1 large2 ripens in
 ,september4  ,climax4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a 
seedling from ,a4 ,reisinger of ,naples1
 ,new ,york1 about #ahhc2 supposed to be
 a seedling of ,catawba4 ,vigorous2     
berry medium to large1 red2 tender1     
sweet1 sprightly2 ripens with ,concord4 
,clinton-,vialia4 7,rip47 ,probably     
identical with ,franklin4 ,used in      
,france as a grafting stock4  ,cloantha4
 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,an ,isabella seedling   
from ,kentucky4 ,vigorous2 berry black1 

small2 foxy4  ,clover ,street ,black4   
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,diana     
crossed with ,black ,hamburg2 from      
,jacob ,moore4 ,bunches large1 compact2 
berries large1 round1 black2 flesh      
tender1 sweet1 ripens with ,concord4    
,clover ,street ,red4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a  
seedling of ,diana crossed with ,black  
,hamburg2 from ,jacob ,moore4 ,vigorous2
 berries large1 roundish-oval1 crimson2 
,diana flavor and season4  ,cluster4    
,mentioned in the ,united ,states       
,patent ,office ,report1 #aheb1 as a    
native grape4  ,clyde4 7,lab48 ,vin487  
,from ,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1        
,kansas4 ,bunch medium1 compact2 berry  
large1 red2 tender1 juicy1 sweet4       
,cochee4 7,lab4 ,bourq47 ,from ,john    
,burr1 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 #ahhg4    
,vigorous2 tendrils intermittent2       
cluster medium to small1 compact2 berry 
medium1 dark red1 lilac bloom2 flesh    
tender1 fine1 vinous1 sweet2 good2      
ripens about with ,concord4  ,coe4      
7,lab47 ,from ,iowa4 ,hardy1 vigorous2  

cluster small1 compact1 rarely          
shouldered2 berries small to medium1    
black2 a week earlier than ,concord4    
,colesvine4 7,lab48 ,vin487 ,enumerated 
in a list of unpromising grapes for     
,north ,carolina by ,sidney ,weller in  
#ahde4  ,collier4 7,linc4 ,lab47 ,big   
,red2 ,dr4 ,collier4 ,a seedling of     
,post-oak by ,concord2 from ,munson4    
,vigorous1 productive2 tendrils         
intermittent2 stamens upright2 cluster  
medium to large1 variable in            
compactness2 berries large1 roundish1   
dark reddish-purple1 heavy bloom2 flesh 
tender1 fine-grained1 vinous1 nearly    
sweet2 quality good2 ripens just after  
,concord4  ,collina4 ,hill ,grape of    
,ohio4 ,listed by ,prince in ,gardeners'
 ,monthly in #ahfc4  ,colorado4 ,from   
,john ,gravestock1 ,canon ,city1        
,colorado4 ,vigorous2 cluster medium1   
long1 shouldered1 compact2 berries      
medium2 sweet1 tender2 late4  ,colp4    
7,lab47 ,a wild vine of ,vitis labrusca 
found in ,maryland and used by ,munson4 

,stamens depressed2 cluster medium2     
berry large1 white2 ripens mid-season4  
,columbia4 7,rip47 ,said to have been   
found by ,major ,adlum on his farm at   
,georgetown1 ,district of ,columbia1    
previous to #ahcj4 ,vigorous1           
productive2 cluster small1 loose2       
berries round1 black1 small2 quality    
poor4  ,columbia4 7,lab47 ,from ,j4 ,t4 
,c4 ,clark1 ,washington1 before #ahhc4  
,vigorous2 cluster and berry medium1    
white2 good2 late4  ,columbian4         
,originated about the same time as      
,columbian ,imperial and probably       
identical with it4 ,the literature of   
the two is so confused1 ,columbian      
,imperial having been sold as           
,columbian1 that it is impossible to    
determine whether they are distinct4    
,columbus4 7,bourq4 ,aest4 ,rip47 ,from 
,john ,hertlein1 ,spielerville1         
,arkansas2 parents1 ,delaware and       
,norton4 ,vigorous2 bunches large1      
nearly compact2 berries medium1 black2  
sweet1 pleasant flavor2 ripens with     

,delaware4  ,compacta4 7,bourq4 ,vin4   
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,herbemont crossed
 with ,triumph2 from ,munson4 ,stamens  
erect2 cluster large2 berry small1      
white2 ripens very late4 ,now discarded 
by originator4  ,concord ,chasselas4    
7,vin4 ,lab47 ,from ,g4 ,w4 ,campbell1  
,delaware1 ,ohio1 #ahha2 a cross between
 ,golden ,chasselas and ,concord4       
,vigorous2 cluster long1 moderately     
compact1 sometimes shouldered2 berries  
large1 oval1 greenish-white2 pure       
flavor2 good2 ripens with ,concord4     
,concord ,muscat4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a      
seedling of ,concord crossed with       
,muscat2 from ,g4 ,w4 ,campbell4        
,vigorous2 cluster compact1 long1       
sometimes shouldered2 berries large1    
oval1 light greenish-white2 flesh tender
 and melting2 quality very good2 ripens 
with ,concord4  ,concordia4 7,lab4      
,bourq47 ,from ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman1       
,leavenworth1 ,kansas4 ,vigorous1 hardy2
 bunch large1 compact2 berry large1     
black2 pulp tender1 juicy1 sweet1       

vinous2 very good2 ripens about with    
,concord4  ,conelva4 7,lab4 ,rip47 ,a   
seedling of ,concord crossed with       
,elvira2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous1 hardy2
 stamens upright2 cluster medium1       
compact2 berry medium1 round1 black2    
quality fair2 ripens with ,cottage4     
,connecticut4 ,mentioned by ,prince in a
 list of worthless varieties in         
,gardener's ,monthly for #ahfc4         
,connecticut ,seedling4 ,cited in the   
,illinois ,horticultural ,society       
,report for #ahfh as a promising table  
grape4  ,conqueror4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,from 
,rev4 ,archer ,moore1 ,new ,jersey1     
about #ahfh2 supposed by him to be a    
cross between ,concord and ,royal       
,muscadine4 ,vigorous2 stamens upright2 
bunch medium1 loose2 berries medium1    
oval1 black1 pulpy2 quality fair2 ripens
 about with ,concord4  ,cooper ,wine4   
,from ,joseph ,cooper1 ,gloucester      
,county1 ,new ,jersey1 about #ahjj4     
,vigorous2 berry round1 medium1 purple2 
quality fair4  ,copley's ,hybrids4      

,chas4 ,j4 ,copley of ,stapleton1       
,staten ,island1 ,new ,york1 about      
thirty years ago originated and         
exhibited a large number of hybrid      
grapes4 ,his productions were chiefly   
the result of fertilizing cultivated    
,american varieties with pollen of      
standard ,viniferas1 particularly the   
,white ,frontignan4 ,his seedlings which
 received names are ,boadicea1 ,calypso1
 ,clifton1 ,cornelia1 ,daphne1          
,d',elboux1 ,lulie1 ,mineola1 ,paragon1 
and ,zelia4 ,they show too many         
,vinifera weaknesses1 particularly a    
tendency to mildew1 to become popular4  
,none of them was ever introduced4      
,coppermine4 ,discarded as worthless    
from test vineyards of the ,department  
of ,agriculture in #ahfd4  ,corby4      
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,c4 ,c4 ,corby1     
,montclair1 ,new ,jersey4 ,vigorous1    
hardy1 productive2 blooms mid-season2   
stamens upright2 clusters above medium1 
variable in compactness2 berries        
intermediate in size1 oval to roundish1 

dull black with heavy blue bloom2 flesh 
fine-grained1 sweet1 resembles ,concord 
in flavor2 good2 ripens about with      
,concord4  ,coriel4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from 
,new ,jersey4 ,hardy2 bunch medium2     
berry small1 oval1 black2 good4         
,cornelia4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of 
,telegraph crossed with ,white          
,frontignan2 from ,chas4 ,j4 ,copley1   
,stapleton1 ,new ,york4 ,bunch large1   
shouldered2 berries round1 white with   
amber tint2 juicy1 rich1 sweet4         
,cornucopia4 7,vin4 ,rip47 ,arnold's    
,no4 #b4 ,parents1 ,clinton crossed with
 ,black ,st4 ,peters2 from ,charles     
,arnold1 ,paris1 ,ontario1 #ahei4       
,vigorous2 stamens upright2 cluster     
large1 shouldered1 compact2 berry medium
 to large1 black2 flesh tender1 vinous1 
juicy2 good2 ripens with ,concord4      
,corporal4 7,lab4 ,aest4 ,vin47         
,parents1 ,eumelan crossed with ,worden2
 from ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin1 about #ahha4     
,bunch and berry medium1 loose2 black2  
vinous2 good4  ,corsican4 ,from ,ohio4  

,hardy2 bunch large2 berry small1 round1
 red2 very good4  ,cortland4 7,lab47    
,courtland4 ,a seedling of ,concord     
crossed with ,hartford2 from ,m4 ,f4    
,cleary1 ,cortland1 ,new ,york1 about   
#ahfc4 ,believed by some to be identical
 with ,champion4 ,vigorous2 clusters    
large1 compact2 berry large1 black2     
sweet2 early4  ,cotoctin4 ,described by 
,fuller in #ahfg as a chance seedling   
from ,pennsylvania4 ,bunch large1       
shouldered2 berries large1 white2 good2 
late4  ,covert4 7,lab47 ,a chance       
seedling2 from ,n4 ,b4 ,covert1 ,ann    
,arbor1 ,michigan4 ,bunch large1        
compact2 berries large1 greenish-white2 
sweet2 ripens with ,concord4  ,cowan4   
7,rip47 ,mc,cowan2 ,mc,gowan2 ,mc,owen4 
,an old variety of unknown origin2 once 
raised on ,lake ,champlain4 ,very hardy2
 clusters medium2 berries small1 black1 
heavy bloom2 juicy1 sour2 very early4   
,cozy4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,j4 ,s4      
,breece1 ,fayetteville1 ,north          
,carolina4 ,cluster large1 compact2     

berry oval1 medium1 black1 blue bloom2  
flesh translucent1 tender2 good2 ripens 
a week before ,ives4  ,craig4 7,rip487  
,french ,grape4 ,a variety found growing
 at ,franklin1 ,pennsylvania1 about     
#ahji2 perhaps synonymous with          
,franklin4 ,fruit dark-colored2 bunch   
and berry medium2 juicy2 good4  ,critic4
 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,a seedling of          
,jefferson2 from ,j4 ,s4 ,breece1       
,fayetteville1 ,north ,carolina2        
described in #ahib4 ,cluster large1     
shouldered1 compact2 berries round1     
medium1 dull red2 foxy2 good2 earlier   
than ,brighton4  ,crown4 7,linc4 ,vin4  
,lab47 ,from ,munson2 parents1 ,post-oak
 crossed with ,triumph4 ,vigorous2      
stamens upright2 cluster large1 compact2
 berry large1 black2 good2 ripens with  
,catawba4  ,crystal4 7,lab47 ,a native  
grape found by ,s4 ,d4 ,case1 ,canton   
,center1 ,connecticut4 ,vigorous2       
cluster medium2 berries large1 oblate1  
green with white dots2 sweet1 juicy4    
,culbert ,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from 

,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,m4 ,culbert1 ,newburgh1   
,new ,york4 ,parents1 ,iona crossed with
 ,muscat ,hamburg4 ,bunch and berry     
large2 purplish-black2 good4  ,curtis4  
,stetson's ,seedling ,no4 #d4 ,from     
,nahum ,stetson1 ,bridgewater1          
,massachusetts2 mentioned in the        
,magazine of ,horticulture in #aheg as  
being a seedling of superior flavor4    
,curtis4 7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab47           
,parentage1 ,post-oak ,no4 #c crossed   
with ,triumph2 from ,munson in #ahhi4   
,stamens erect2 cluster large2 berry    
medium1 black2 ripens mid-season4       
,cuyahoga4 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,coleman's    
,white2 ,wemple2 ,wemple's ,seedling4   
,found by a ,mr4 ,wemple at ,euclid1    
,ohio1 previous to #ahei1 and named     
after the county in which it was found4 
,vigorous2 cluster large1 shouldered1   
compact2 berries large1 round1 covered  
with bloom1 pale yellowish-green tinged 
with amber2 pulp melting1 juicy1 sweet1 
fine musky flavor2 ripens about with    
,catawba4  ,cuyarano4 7,lab47 ,given in 

a list of native fox grapes in the      
report of the ,department of            
,agriculture in #ahfi4  ,cyncon4 7,lab4 
,aest47 ,a seedling of ,cynthiana       
crossed with ,concord2 from ,munson4    
,vigorous1 healthy1 dark green foliage2 
bunch long2 berry black2 late4  ,dana4  
7,lab47 ,a seedling from ,francis ,dana1
 ,roxbury1 ,massachusetts1 about #ahfj4 
,vigorous1 hardy1 mildews slightly2     
bunch medium1 shouldered1 compact2      
berries large1 nearly round1 red with   
heavy bloom2 free from pulp as          
,delaware1 not as sweet2 ripens about   
with ,concord4  ,danbury4 7,lab47 ,a    
chance seedling from ,h4 ,c4 ,coble1    
,danbury1 ,connecticut4 ,hardy1 healthy2
 bunches medium1 compact1 sometimes     
shouldered2 berries large1 black2 flesh 
tender1 mild1 sweet2 good2 ripens       
earlier than ,hartford4  ,daphne4 7,lab4
 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,telegraph       
crossed with ,white ,frontignan2 from   
,chas4 ,j4 ,copley1 ,stapleton1 ,new    
,york1 about #ahge4 ,very vigorous1     

hardy1 healthy1 productive2 bunch medium
 to large with very long stem2 berry    
medium to large1 white2 without pulp1   
sweet1 rich1 ,muscat flavor2 ripens     
early4  ,dartmouth4 7,lab47 ,listed by  
,prince in ,gardener's ,monthly for     
#ahfc as a worthless variety4  ,darwin4 
7,aest4 ,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling
 of ,delaware crossed with some vigorous
 ,aestivalis2 from ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman4   
,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1 productive2  
foliage of ,aestivalis type2 bunch      
large1 compact1 double-shouldered2 berry
 medium1 red2 tender1 juicy1 vinous2    
ripens with ,delaware4  ,davis4 7,long47
 ,a variety of ,vitis longii found by   
,munson in ,hutchinson ,county1 ,texas4 
,stamens reflexed2 cluster small2 berry 
small1 black2 ripens early4  ,davkina4  
7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab47 ,a cross of        
,america and ,beacon2 from ,munson in   
#ahii4 ,stamens erect2 cluster large2   
berry large1 black2 ripens mid-season4  
,de ,grasset4 ,a variety of ,champini1  
noted by ,munson in ,texas ,station     

,bulletin ,no4 #ef as the female parent 
for a few of his crosses4  ,delago4     
7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of    
,delaware cross-pollinated by ,goethe2  
from ,munson in #ahhc2 introduced in    
#ahif4 ,medium in growth and            
productiveness1 not hardy1 susceptible  
to mildew2 stamens reflexed2 clusters   
below medium to small1 often oval1      
variable in compactness2 berries medium 
to above1 roundish to oval1 dark red1   
lilac bloom1 very persistent2 meaty1    
vinous1 sweet2 very good2 ripens late4  
,delaware ,seedling4 7,bourq4 ,vin4     
,lab47 ,j4 ,a4 ,warder in #ahfg         
describes a ,delaware ,seedling from    
,ohio4 ,healthy2 bunch short2 berry     
medium1 dull red2 rich1 sweet1 somewhat 
foxy2 very early4  ,delaware ,seedling4 
7,vin4 ,bourq4 ,lab47 ,delaware         
,seedling ,no4 #d4 ,a seedling of       
,delaware crossed with ,gen4 ,marmora2  
from ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,m4 ,culbert1         
,newburgh1 ,new ,york4 ,more vigorous   
grower than ,delaware1 hardy1 prolific4 

,delaware ,seedling ,no4 #b4 7,bourq4   
,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,jacob ,rommel4      
,vigorous1 healthy1 productive2 bunch   
above medium1 compact1 shouldered2 berry
 medium1 black2 pulpy1 sweet2 very good2
 ripens earlier than ,hartford4         
,delaware ,seedling ,no4 #i4 7,bourq4   
,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,jacob ,rommel4      
,moderate grower1 healthy1 hardy1 very  
productive2 bunch medium1 compact2 berry
 medium1 black1 firm1 sweet2 ripens     
before ,concord2 good keeper and        
shipper4  ,delaware ,seedling ,no4 #af4 
7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,jacob      
,rommel4 ,moderate grower1 very         
productive1 healthy2 bunch medium2 berry
 medium1 white with white bloom2 very   
sweet1 pure flavor1 pulpless2 ripens    
with ,concord2 fine keeper and shipper4 
,d',elboux4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,d',elboux    
,seedling4 ,a seedling of ,telegraph    
crossed with ,black ,hamburg2 from ,c4  
,j4 ,copley1 ,stapleton1 ,new ,york1 in 
#ahgf4 ,very vigorous1 productive1      
hardy1 healthy2 foliage like ,labrusca  

except smooth underneath2 bunch very    
large1 sometimes slightly shouldered1   
compact1 handsome2 berries very large1  
black with blue bloom1 oval1 persistent2
 juicy1 sweet1 rich1 vinous2 skin thick2
 ripens with ,hartford4  ,delgoethe4    
7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of    
,delaware crossed with ,goethe2 from    
,munson2 possibly same as ,delago4      
,noted by ,mitzky in #ahic as still     
under test4  ,delicious4 7,linc4        
,bourq47 ,big ,berry crossed with       
,herbemont2 from ,munson in #ahhg1      
introduced about #ahid4 ,vigorous1      
productive1 healthy2 stamens upright2   
bunch medium1 moderately compact2 berry 
medium1 round1 black with blue bloom2   
sprightly1 sweet2 skin thin1 tough2     
ripens a little after ,concord4         
,delmar4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47          
,mentioned by ,mitzky in #ahic as a     
seedling of ,delaware crossed with      
,martha2 from ,munson4  ,delmerlie4     
7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of    
,delago crossed with ,governor ,ireland2

 from ,munson1 in #ahih4 ,stamens erect2
 cluster large2 berry large1 black2     
ripens mid-season4  ,dempsey's          
,seedlings4 ,p4 ,c4 ,dempsey1 ,albury1  
,prince ,edward ,county1 ,ontario1 a    
noted ,canadian hybridist of various    
cultivated plants1 has produced several 
hybrid grapes which are mentioned in    
grape literature as follows3  ,no4 #d4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,medium in vigor4  ,no4   
#e4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,resembles ,massasoit 
in some respects but earlier4  ,no4 #ah4
 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,failure4  ,no4 #be4     
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,failure4  ,no4 #fj4      
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,hardy2 white1 vinous1    
very good4  ,apparently none of these   
were ever introduced4 ,besides these he 
originated ,burnet4 7,see p4 #ddc47     
,dempsey's work with grapes was done    
about thirty years ago4  ,denison4      
7,lab47 ,a seedling of ,moore ,early2   
from ,munson4 ,medium in vigor1         
unproductive1 usually healthy2 bunch    
medium in size and compactness2 berry   
large1 round1 black with blue bloom1 of 

,concord flavor4  ,dennis ,seedling4    
7,lab47 ,found growing wild on the bank 
of a river by ,john ,dennis1            
,hillsborough1 ,new ,hampshire4 ,compact
 grower1 hardy1 productive2 fruit large1
 amber-colored1 of fine flavor4         
,denniston4 7,lab47 ,a native grape     
found on an island in the ,hudson ,river
 below ,albany1 by ,isaac ,denniston    
about #ahbc4 ,very vigorous1 hardy2     
berry large1 yellowish-red2 slight musky
 flavor4  ,de ,soto4 7,rot4 ,muns47 ,a  
seedling of ,scuppernong pollinated by  
,vitis munsoniana2 from ,munson in      
#ahif4 ,stamens reflexed2 cluster small2
 berry medium1 black2 ripens very late4 
,detroit4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,supposed to be 
a ,catawba seedling2 found in the garden
 of ,t4 ,r4 ,chase1 ,detroit1 ,michigan1
 about #ahfj4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 with    
foliage like ,catawba2 bunch large1 very
 compact2 berry medium1 round1 darker   
than ,catawba2 rich1 sweet1 sprightly   
,catawba flavor2 earlier than its       
parent4  ,diller4 7,lab47 ,according to 

,strong1 #ahff1 pulpy and inferior to   
,isabella which it resembles4  ,dingwall
 ,white4 7,lab47 ,vigorous1 healthy2    
bunch short1 compact2 berry large1      
round1 white2 quality poor2 late4       
,dinkel4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a ,catawba      
seedling2 from ,munson4 ,vine and leaf  
much like parent2 bunch medium to large1
 compact1 slightly shouldered2 berry    
medium1 round1 deep coppery red with    
thick bloom2 much like ,catawba in      
flavor2 ripens with parent4  ,dixie4    
7,rot4 ,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47      
,parents1 ,san ,jacinto crossed with    
,brilliant1 from ,munson in #ahii4      
,stamens reflexed2 cluster small2 berry 
large1 amber-colored2 ripens late4  ,dr4
 ,bain4 7,lab47 ,a white seedling of    
,concord2 from ,illinois4  ,dr4 ,kemp4  
7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of         
,post-oak crossed with ,herbemont2 from 
,munson2 introduced in #ahif4 ,vigorous 
and productive1 subject to downy mildew2
 stamens upright2 bunch medium1 loose1  
shouldered2 berry small1 purple2 poor   

quality2 ripens a week after ,concord4  
,dr4 ,robinson ,seedling4 7,lab487      
,described by ,wisconsin ,experiment    
,station in #ahhh4 ,productive2 bunch   
medium1 compact2 berry medium1 round1   
black1 purple bloom2 poor quality2      
ripens with ,concord4  ,dr4 ,warder4    
7,lab47 ,of unknown parentage2 from     
,theophile ,huber1 ,illinois ,city1     
,illinois4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy2   
cluster medium to large1 compact1 often 
heavily shouldered2 berries large1      
round1 black1 heavy bloom2 pulp tough1  
juicy1 sprightly1 sweet2 good2 said to  
ripen before ,hartford which it closely 
resembles4  ,doder4 ,washington4 ,noted 
in the ,american ,pomological ,society  
,report for #ahgg as a seedling from a  
,mr4 ,doder1 ,washington ,county1 ,iowa4
  ,dog ,ridge4 7,champ47 ,a variety of  
,vitis champini found by ,munson in     
,bell ,county1 ,texas4 ,stamens         
depressed2 cluster small2 berry medium1 
black2 ripens mid-season4  ,dolle4      
,according to ,w4 ,f4 ,bassett in ,rural

 ,new ,yorker for #ahhe1 supposed to    
have come from ,germany but it has none 
of the characters of ,vinifera4         
,vigorous2 clusters sometimes loose2    
berry larger than ,moore ,early2 of good
 quality1 persistent2 ripens early4     
,dorinda4 7,lab47 ,said to be a seedling
 of ,rebecca2 from ,hudson1 ,new ,york1 
about #aheh4 ,bunch medium2 berry oval1 
greenish-white1 sweet1 sprightly1 with  
scarcely any pulp4  ,dorr ,seedling4    
7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,said to be a     
seedling of ,delaware2 from ,livingston 
,county1 ,new ,york4 ,resembles         
,delaware in form1 color1 and bunch but 
the berries are larger and have a foxy  
odor4  ,dry ,hill ,beauty4 ,described in
 ,hermann ,grape ,nursery ,catalog for  
#aijf as a red1 very sweet grape with   
medium bunches and small berries4       
,dufour4 7,linc4 ,aest47 ,jaeger ,no4   
#ef4 ,a seedling of ,post-oak 7,no4 #dc7
 crossed with ,aestivalis2 from ,hermann
 ,jaeger4 ,resembles ,herbemont in      
quality and size of bunch and berries1  

but is of ,catawba color2 ripens two    
weeks after ,norton4  ,dunlap4 7,lab4   
,vin47 ,one of ,rickett's hybrids2      
probably the same as ,lady ,dunlap4     
,dunn4 7,bourq487 ,g4 ,onderdonk1 of    
,texas1 obtained this variety from a    
,mr4 ,dunn1 of western ,texas4 ,it      
resembles ,herbemont but has larger1    
paler-colored berries and ripens two    
weeks later4  ,duquett4 7,lab4 ,vin47   
,duquett's ,seedling4 ,noted in the     
,rural ,new ,yorker1 #ahfh1 as a new    
variety from ,orleans ,county1 ,new     
,york4 ,hardy2 berries large1 white1    
transparent2 of ,white ,chasselas       
flavor4  ,eames ,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin4 
,bourq47 ,a cross between ,concord and  
,delaware2 from ,luther ,eames1         
,framingham1 ,massachusetts1 about      
#ahhg4 ,bunch large1 double-shouldered2 
berry large1 light amber2 pulp tender   
with ,muscat flavor4  ,early4 7,lab47 ,a
 pure seedling of ,pierce2 from ,luther 
,burbank1 ,santa ,rosa1 ,california4    
,according to originator1 the variety is

 vigorous1 productive1 and ripens two   
weeks earlier than ,concord2 berries    
large1 black with lilac bloom2 sweet and
 meaty4  ,early ,amber4 7,lab47 ,amber4 
,a native grape from the ,united        
,society of ,shakers1 ,harvard1         
,massachusetts2 possibly same as ,sage4 
,hardy1 productive1 healthy2 fruit dark 
amber2 sweet1 slightly foxy4  ,early    
,august4 7,lab47 ,burton's ,early       
,august4 ,a native seedling from the    
,united ,society of ,shakers1 ,lebanon1 
,new ,york4 ,large2 early2 foxy4  ,early
 ,august4 7,lab47 ,a twin seedling of   
,pocklington1 offspring of ,concord2    
from ,john ,pocklington1 ,sandy ,hill1  
,new ,york4 ,vigorous1 productive1      
healthy1 hardy1 ,concord foliage2 bunch 
medium to large1 moderately compact1    
sometimes shouldered2 berry medium1     
round1 greenish-yellow1 white bloom2    
translucent1 juicy1 sweet1 slightly acid
 flavor2 ripens before ,moore ,early4   
,early ,bird4 7,vin4 ,lab4 ,bourq47 ,a  
dark red grape from ,munson1 the        

parentage being a ,lincecumii seedling  
crossed with ,agawam for one parent1 and
 ,brilliant for the other4  ,early      
,black4 ,mentioned in ,united ,states   
,patent ,office ,report for #ahec as an 
early foreign variety which always      
ripens in ,utica1 ,new ,york4 ,ten years
 later ,prince pronounced this ,early   
,black a worthless ,labrusca4  ,early   
,black4 7,lab47 ,a seedling from ,j4 ,b4
 ,moore1 ,concord1 ,massachusetts2      
exhibited before the ,massachusetts     
,horticultural ,society in #ahhj4 ,bunch
 and berry large2 quality similar to    
,hartford4  ,early ,black4 7,bourq4     
,lab4 ,vin47 ,according to ,mitzky1     
#ahic1 a seedling of ,delaware2 from    
,jacob ,rommel4 ,vigorous1 productive1  
healthy2 bunch medium1 compact1         
shouldered2 berries medium1 black2 firm1
 sweet2 ripens with ,hartford4  ,early  
,black ,july4 7,rip4 ,vin487 ,described 
by ,dufour in #ahbf as a prolific       
bearer2 bunches small2 berries small1   
round1 black2 season early4 ,dufour     

suspects it to be a ,riparia-,vinifera  
hybrid4  ,early ,black ,summer ,grape4  
7,lab487 ,noted by ,prince in #ahcj as  
an early ,virginia variety with fruit of
 large size4  ,early ,concord4 7,lab47  
,a seedling from ,john ,kready1 ,mt4    
,joy1 ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania 
in #ahgd4 ,vigorous1 hardy2 bunch and   
berries resembling ,concord in size1    
color1 taste1 and substance2 ripens     
early4  ,early ,delmonico4 7,lab4 ,vin47
 ,noted in ,rural ,new ,yorker for #ahhf
 as a variety resembling ,brighton2 from
 ,wm4 ,e4 ,green1 ,vermont4 ,green      
states that the variety is very early   
and superior to ,vergennes or ,brighton4
  ,early ,golden4 7,lab4 ,vin47         
,campbell4 ,a seedling of ,triumph2 from
 ,munson from seed planted in #ahhc2    
disseminated as ,campbell but the name  
was changed in #ahid to ,early ,golden  
to avoid confusion with ,campbell       
,early4 ,weak grower1 productive2 bunch 
large1 usually shouldered1 compact2     
berry medium1 roundish1 yellowish-green1

 gray bloom1 usually persistent2 later  
than ,catawba4  ,early ,harvest4 7,lab47
 ,noted in ,united ,states ,patent      
,office ,report for #ahee as an early   
grape grown in ,indiana4 ,fruit larger  
and rounder than ,isabella2 light purple
 to amber2 sweet1 juicy1 musky flavor4  
,early ,hudson4 7,lab487 ,mentioned by  
,prince in #ahfc as a worthless variety4
 ,berries medium1 round1 black2 early2  
frequently seedless4  ,early ,june4     
7,rip48 ,lab487 ,described by ,warder in
 #ahfg as like ,vitis cordifolia4 ,bunch
 large2 berry large1 dark2 sweet2 very  
early4  ,early ,lebanon4 ,given by      
,warder in #ahfg as from ,pennsylvania4 
,bunch medium2 berry medium1 blue2 good2
 very early4  ,early ,malvasia4 7,vin487
 ,noted in ,united ,states ,patent      
,office ,report for #ahec as a foreign  
variety that habitually ripens at       
,utica1 ,new ,york4  ,early ,market4    
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,elvira1   
crossed with ,bacchus2 from ,munson1 in 
#ahhe4 ,vigorous1 productive2 subject to

 mildew2 bunch small to medium1         
moderately compact2 berry small1 round1 
black2 of fair quality2 ripens with     
,moore ,early4  ,early ,prolific4       
7,lab47 ,supposed to be a ,concord      
seedling4 ,described in ,missouri       
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahib1 as vigorous1 very hardy1         
productive2 bunch large1 shouldered1    
compact1 handsome2 berry large1 black1  
tender1 juicy1 sprightly1 sweet2 very   
good2 ripens a few days after ,jewel4   
,early ,purple4 7,linc47 ,a ,post-oak   
native grape found in the woods near    
,denison1 ,texas2 used by ,munson in    
grape-breeding4 ,described in his       
catalog for #aija as vigorous1 healthy2 
stamens reflexed2 clusters large1       
cylindrical1 shouldered2 berry large1   
purple1 persistent2 of fair quality4    
,early ,vicks4 ,noted in the ,wisconsin 
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahhf as a desirable red grape4  ,early 
,wine4 7,linc4 ,rup47 ,parentage1       
,jaeger ,no4 #gj crossed with a         

,rupestris seedling2 from ,munson about 
#ahid4 ,very vigorous1 productive2      
clusters small to medium1 moderately    
compact2 berries medium1 black with     
heavy bloom2 fair quality4  ,ebony4 ,one
 of ,munson's grapes which was not      
introduced on account of reflexed       
stamens4 ,vines tested at ,wisconsin    
,experiment ,station proved very        
vigorous and productive2 bunch and berry
 medium2 black2 fair quality4  ,echland4
 ,mentioned in the ,ontario ,fruit      
,growers' ,association ,report for #ahhg
 as a variety of medium vigor4  ,eden4  
7,rot47 ,exhibited by ,dr4 ,samuel      
,hape1 ,hapeville1 ,georgia1 before the 
,american ,pomological ,society in #ahhg
 as a new fruit4 ,very vigorous1        
productive2 bunches contain from four to
 twelve black berries2 good quality2    
ripens late4  ,edmeston4 7,lab47        
,edmeston ,no4 #a4 ,supposed to be a    
pure ,concord seedling2 from ,d4 ,g4    
,edmeston1 ,adrian1 ,michigan1 in #ahij4
 ,vigorous2 stamens upright2 bunch      

medium1 moderately compact2 berry medium
 to large1 dark purple with blue bloom2 
pulp moderately tough1 juicy1 vinous1   
sweet1 good2 ripens with ,concord4      
,edward4 7,lab47 ,from ,theophile       
,huber1 ,illinois ,city1 ,illinois4     
,vigorous2 stamens upright2 bunch       
medium1 compact1 shouldered2 berry      
medium1 golden yellow2 tender1 sweet2   
ripens about with ,concord4  ,elaine4   
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,supposed to be a seedling
 of ,salem2 from ,c4 ,engle1 ,paw ,paw1 
,michigan1 about #ahij4 ,vigorous1      
unproductive1 hardy1 healthy2 stamens   
reflexed2 bunch long1 loose2 berry      
medium1 dark red with bluish-white      
bloom2 juicy1 rich1 sprightly2 very     
good2 ripens early4  ,elbling4 7,lab47  
,mentioned in the ,united ,states       
,patent ,office ,report for #ahei as a  
northern grape under test in the        
government experimental garden4         
,eleala4 7,lab48 ,vin48 ,bourq487       
,described in the ,missouri             
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #aijd4 

,very vigorous2 bunch and berry much    
like ,concord2 white2 quality similar to
 ,wapanuka but flesh is more meaty4     
,electra4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a      
seedling of ,brighton crossed with      
,delaware2 from ,henry ,b4 ,spencer1    
,rocky ,river1 ,ohio1 about #ahij4 ,the 
berries resemble ,delaware but the      
bunches are larger4  ,elizabeth4 7,lab4 
,vin47 ,from ,joseph ,hart1 near        
,rochester1 ,new ,york1 about #ahde4    
,productive1 medium hardy2 bunches      
large1 compact1 sometimes shouldered2   
berries large1 oval1 greenish-white with
 reddish tinge in the sun2 juicy1       
pleasant1 brisk acid flavor4  ,elkton4  
7,lab47 ,described by ,adlum in #ahbh as
 an uncommonly large fox grape of a deep
 purple color4  ,ellen4 7,lab4 ,vin487  
,from ,charles ,carpenter1 ,kelleys     
,island1 ,ohio1 exhibited as a new      
variety before the ,massachusetts       
,horticultural ,society in #ahfb4       
,berries small1 amber-colored2 subacid1 
with slight ,catawba flavor4  ,elpo4    

7,linc4 ,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of     
,elvira crossed with ,lincecumii2 from  
,munson4 ,described by the ,virginia    
,experiment ,station in #ahih as        
vigorous1 productive2 bunch long1 rather
 loose1 sometimes shouldered2 berry     
small1 globular1 pale green1 not        
adherent2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp firm1  
meaty1 tender1 mild subacid1 almost     
sweet1 agreeable2 good2 resembles       
,elvira4  ,elsmere4 ,from ,texas4       
,described by ,georgia ,experiment      
,station in #aija as very vigorous1     
productive2 stamens upright2 bunch      
large1 moderately compact2 berry small1 
black2 ripens just after ,concord4      
,elvibach4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of 
,elvira crossed with ,bacchus2 from     
,munson4 ,vigorous and hardy1 very      
productive2 stamens reflexed2 clusters  
medium1 sometimes single-shouldered1    
compact2 berries medium to small1       
roundish1 black1 heavy blue bloom1 not  
adherent2 spicy1 good in flavor and     
quality2 skin thin1 tender2 ripens      

before ,concord4  ,elvin4 7,lab4 ,rip4  
,vin47 ,parentage1 ,elvira crossed with 
,irving2 from ,munson in #ahhe4 ,stamens
 erect2 cluster medium2 berry large1    
white2 ripens mid-season4  ,emerald4    
7,vin4 ,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a supposed cross 
of ,delaware and some foreign variety1  
possibly ,buckland ,sweetwater2 from    
,dr4 ,william ,saunders1 ,ottawa1       
,canada1 about #ahhf4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 
not productive2 stamens upright2        
clusters small to medium1 cylindrical1  
usually not shouldered1 medium to       
compact2 berries small1 roundish1       
jet-black with heavy bloom2 juicy1      
tender1 spicy1 vinous1 mildly sweet4    
,emma4 7,lab47 ,of unknown parentage2   
from ,theophile ,huber1 ,illinois ,city1
 ,illinois4 ,lacking in vigor2 stamens  
upright2 bunch medium to small1         
shouldered1 compact2 berry round1       
translucent1 yellow2 rich1 sweet1 tender
 pulp2 skin very thin1 tender4          
,enfield4 ,mentioned in the ,united     
,states ,patent ,office ,report for     

#ahde as a select ,american grape grown 
in ,north ,carolina4  ,engle's          
,seedlings4 ,c4 ,engle1 of ,paw ,paw1   
,michigan1 about twenty-five years ago  
originated ,elaine1 ,guinevra1 ,honey1  
,iris1 ,metis1 ,michigan1 ,pulpless1    
,themis1 and ,vesta4 ,they are all      
seedlings of ,salem4 ,none of them has  
ever been regularly introduced although 
some have been sent out for testing4    
,ensenberger's ,seedlings4 ,about       
twenty-five years ago1 ,g4 ,a4          
,ensenberger1 of ,bloomington1          
,illinois1 originated several varieties 
of grapes from seed of standard sorts4  
,of his varieties which received names  
there are3 ,herald1 ,hercules1 ,isabella
 ,seedling1 ,juno and ,mathilde4 ,none  
of them has apparently been introduced  
and none has qualities which would make 
it permanently popular4  ,eolia4 7,lab47
 ,according to ,mitzky1 #ahic1 a        
seedling of ,concord2 from ,robert      
,linville1 ,forsyth ,county1 ,north     
,carolina1 and introduced by ,n4 ,w4    

,craft1 ,shore1 ,north ,carolina4       
,hardy2 bunch large1 compact1           
shouldered2 berry medium1               
greenish-white2 tender1 sweet2 ripens   
with ,concord4  ,epurill4 7,linc4 ,vin4 
,lab4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,early    
,purple crossed with ,brilliant2 from   
,munson in #ahig4 ,stamens reflexed2    
cluster medium2 berry very large1 red2  
ripens late4  ,erickson4 7,lab47        
,pronounced a worthless ,labrusca by    
,prince in #ahfc4  ,essex ,county       
7,mass47 ,seedling4 7,lab47 ,given in   
the ,american ,pomological ,society     
,report1 #ahfb1 as from ,thomas ,c4     
,thurlow2 a variety of fox grape2 common
 all through the country4  ,estella4    
7,linc4 ,rup4 ,rip4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a     
seedling of ,jaeger ,no4 #gb crossed    
with ,rommel2 from ,munson in #ahii4    
,stamens erect2 cluster medium2 berry   
medium1 white2 ripens late4  ,etawa4    
7,lab4 ,vin487 ,woodruff's ,no4 #a4     
,described in the ,american ,pomological
 ,society ,report1 #ahhc1 as an         

accidental seedling from ,w4 ,w4        
,woodruff1 ,vineyard ,p4 ,o41 near      
,griffin1 ,georgia4 ,vigorous1 foliage  
luxuriant1 shows ,labrusca characters2  
bunch large2 berry large1 round1 blue2  
pulp dissolving1 vinous2 best2 fruit    
showy and hangs on the vines for two    
months4  ,eudora4 7,lab47 ,noted as a   
worthless ,labrusca by ,prince in       
,gardener's ,monthly for #ahfc4         
,eufaula4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,bourq4 ,lab4   
,aest4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,america   
crossed with ,laura2 from ,munson in    
#ahie4 ,weak grower2 stamens erect2     
cluster large1 loose2 berry small1 red2 
ripens late4  ,eugenia4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a
 seedling of ,white ,frontignan crossed 
with ,catawba2 from ,j4 ,t4 ,clark1 of  
,washington4 ,said to have been raised  
from seed of the same berry that        
produced the ,columbia1 a white grape4  
,a red grape of good quality2 late4     
,eugenia4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of        
,concord2 from ,t4 ,b4 ,miner4          
,vigorous1 hardy2 bunch medium2 berry   

medium1 white2 fair quality2 ripens     
early4  ,eumedel4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,aest4   
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,eumelan crossed
 with ,delaware2 from ,munson4 ,of      
medium growth1 usually hardy1 variable  
in productiveness1 susceptible to       
mildew2 stamens upright2 clusters medium
 to small1 shouldered1 compact2 berries 
small1 roundish1 black1 heavy blue      
bloom1 persistent2 flesh tender1        
slightly foxy1 sweet to agreeably tart2 
good4 ,the vine has pronounced ,labrusca
 characters4  ,eumorely4 7,lab4 ,aest4  
,vin47 ,parents1 ,eumelan crossed with  
,moore ,early2 from ,munson1 in #ahhg4  
,stamens erect2 cluster large2 berry    
large1 black2 ripens early4 ,discarded  
by originator4  ,eva4 7,lab47 ,miller's 
,no4 #b4 ,a ,concord seedling2 from     
,samuel ,miller1 ,calmdale1             
,pennsylvania1 about #ahfj4 ,on account 
of its close resemblance to its sister  
,martha1 it was dropped by the          
originator4 ,medium in vigor1 tender2   
stamens upright2 bunch small1 compact2  

berries medium1 greenish-yellow1 sweet1 
of mild flavor1 lacks sprightliness2    
ripens about with ,martha4  ,evaline4   
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,ideal2    
from ,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4
 ,vigorous1 hardy1 productive2 bunch    
medium1 compact2 berry medium1 white    
with light bloom2 very tender1 juicy1   
sweet1 sprightly1 vinous2 skin thin1    
tough2 ripens before ,concord4          
,everett4 ,noted in the ,united ,states 
,patent ,office ,report1 #ahfj1 as a    
native grape under propagation at the   
government experimental garden4  ,ewing4
 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,ewing's ,seedling4 ,a   
seedling of ,isabella2 from ,jefferson  
,city1 ,missouri4 ,husmann1 in #ahfi1   
considered this variety an improvement  
on its parent which it resembles4       
,exquisite4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a    
seedling of ,delaware2 from ,j4         
,stayman1 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4        
,moderate grower1 hardy1 healthy1       
productive2 bunch medium1 compact2 berry
 small1 black1 slight bloom2 very       

tender1 juicy1 sweet1 sprightly1 vinous2
 ripens with ,delaware4  ,extra4 7,linc4
 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,big ,extra4 ,a seedling  
of ,post-oak crossed with ,triumph2 from
 ,munson4 ,vigorous1 healthy1           
productive2 cluster large1 usually      
shouldered1 compact2 berry medium to    
large1 dark purple or black2 good in    
quality in the ,south2 does not mature  
at ,geneva4  ,fallwicke4 ,an undescribed
 variety from ,joseph ,fallwicke1       
,wartburg1 ,morgan ,county1 ,tennessee1 
about #ahfj4  ,fancher4 7,lab4 ,vin47   
,saratoga4 ,introduced by ,t4 ,b4       
,fancher of ,lansingburg1 ,new ,york1   
over fifty years ago4 ,a seedling of    
,catawba and so similar to it that many 
consider them identical4  ,fanny ,hoke4 
,a chance seedling of ,aestivalis or    
,bourquiniana reported from ,north      
,carolina in #ahga4 ,vigorous1          
short-jointed2 cluster rather large1 not
 shouldered2 berry medium1 black2 sweet1
 sprightly4  ,farmers ,club4 ,a seedling
 from ,david ,thompson of ,green        

,island1 near ,troy1 ,new ,york1 over   
forty years ago4 ,a green grape1        
undescribed4  ,farrell4 ,a seedling     
found in the garden of a ,dr4 ,farrell  
and introduced by ,dr4 ,stayman of      
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 about #ahhj4     
,hardy1 vigorous1 productive2 clusters  
medium1 tapering2 berries large1 light  
yellowish-green1 roundish or slightly   
oblate2 pulp firm1 moderately juicy1    
sweet2 good2 skin thin1 tender2 ripens  
with ,concord4  ,far ,west4 7,aest47 ,a 
variety of ,aestivalis2 found by        
,hermann ,jaeger in the woods of        
southwest ,missouri1 about #ahgj4       
,vigorous1 hardy2 leaves large2 clusters
 large1 shouldered2 berries small2 skin 
thin1 tough1 black with blue bloom2 pulp
 soft1 tender1 meaty1 sweet and spicy2  
seeds few2 ripens with ,norton4         
,feemster4 7,lab47 ,cluster and berry   
small2 foxy and worthless4  ,feemster   
,favorite4 7,lab47 ,from ,indiana4      
,hardy2 cluster medium2 berry large1    
green4  ,fena4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a 

seedling of ,jewel2 from ,ludwig        
,hencke1 ,collinsville1 ,illinois4      
,similar to its parent but more vigorous
 and with fruit larger in bunch and     
berry4  ,fisk4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,probably a
 seedling of ,isabella which it         
resembles very closely4 ,it was         
originated by ,john ,fisk ,allen of     
,salem1 ,massachusetts1 about fifty     
years ago4  ,fitchburg4 7,lab47 ,fox2   
,free ,black4 ,a local ,new ,england    
variety of ,labrusca1 apparently never  
known in cultivation4  ,flickwir4 7,rip4
 ,lab47 ,tested by the ,united ,states  
,department of ,agriculture about #ahfj 
and proved to be the same as ,clinton4  
,flora4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a ,vinifera      
hybrid2 from ,a4 ,m4 ,spangler of       
,philadelphia1 about the middle of the  
last century4 ,vine hardy and           
productive2 cluster small1 compact2     
berry medium1 oval1 dark purplish-red2  
somewhat pulpy1 juicy2 late4  ,florence4
 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,aest47 ,originated by    
,marine1 about #ahge4 ,it is a probable 

cross between ,eumelan and ,union       
,village and is a large1 handsome grape1
 resembling in some respects the        
,isabella4  ,florence4 7,lab47 ,a       
variety known for about thirty years and
 which has attracted considerable       
attention on account of its extreme     
earliness1 ripening earlier even than   
,hartford4 ,hardy1 vigorous2 bunches    
small1 imperfect2 berries medium1 black2
 resembles ,hartford in quality4        
,flower of ,missouri4 7,lab4 ,bourq4    
,vin47 ,a ,delaware seedling2 from      
,william ,poeschel1 ,hermann1 ,missouri4
 ,said to resemble ,walter4  ,flowers4  
7,rot47 ,a ,rotundifolia1 the origin of 
which is unknown2 introduced about      
#ahej4 ,vine tender1 very vigorous1 very
 productive2 berries large1 oval1       
growing in clusters of twelve to        
fifteen2 blossoms self-sterile2 ripens  
very late2 quality not as good as       
,scuppernong4 ,probably a strain of     
other than ,rotundifolia blood is       
present4  ,fluke's ,hybrids4 ,newton ,k4

 ,fluke1 of ,davenport1 ,iowa1 has      
originated a series of hybrids which are
 now being tested but as yet none has   
been introduced4  ,foster4 7,lab4 ,vin47
 ,a seedling of ,niagara2 from ,john    
,reichenbach1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,a white
 grape said by the originator to be of  
high quality4  ,fox4 ,this name has been
 applied to many varieties of ,labrusca 
and ,rotundifolia4 ,it does not indicate
 any particular variety4  ,framingham4  
7,lab47 ,resembles ,hartford so closely 
that they can hardly be distinguished4  
,it was raised by ,j4 ,g4 ,morneberg1   
,saxonville1 ,massachusetts1 about      
#ahej4  ,frances ,e4 ,willard4 7,lab48  
,bourq48 ,vin47 ,a seedling noted in the
 ,rural ,new ,yorker for #ahid4 ,said to
 resemble ,delaware but with a thicker  
skin4  ,franklin4 ,french grape4 ,a wild
 grape found at least sixty years ago on
 an island in ,french ,creek1 ,crawford 
,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,it resembles   
,clinton very closely but the wood is of
 lighter color1 the fruit sweeter1 and  

it matures earlier4  ,fredonia4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,from ,seth ,avery of ,fredonia1 
,new ,york4 ,vigorous1 hardy1           
productive2 tendrils continuous1        
sometimes intermittent2 leaves of the   
,labrusca type2 clusters medium1        
sometimes shouldered2 berries medium1   
oval1 light green with gray bloom1 some 
small1 dark-colored dots2 sweet2 good4  
,fritz4 ,a seedling of ,roenbeck2 raised
 by ,f4 ,roenbeck1 of ,bergen ,point1   
,new ,jersey4 ,vigorous2 cluster large1 
compact2 berry white2 skin thin1 tough2 
juicy2 ripens with ,concord4  ,frost4 ,a
 class name commonly applied in ,america
 to varieties of ,cordifolia though     
sometimes to those of ,riparia4  ,gallup
 ,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,probably a   
seedling of ,salem2 from ,adams ,basin1 
,new ,york4 ,resembles ,salem2 berries a
 little larger2 quality good2 excellent 
keeper2 ripens with ,concord4  ,garber4 
7,lab47 ,a seedling from ,j4 ,b4        
,garber1 ,columbia1 ,pennsylvania4      
,vigorous1 hardy1 very productive2 bunch

 below medium1 compact2 berries medium1 
black1 with very dark juice2 fair       
quality2 ripens early4  ,garber ,red    
,fox4 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,produced by ,j4   
,b4 ,garber1 of ,pennsylvania1 from the 
same lot of seed as ,albino4 ,fruit     
resembles the wild red ,labrusca1 except
 that it ripens later and is sweeter4   
,garfield4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of 
,missouri ,riesling1 from ,john         
,reichenbach1 ,columbus1 ,ohio1 about   
#aijb4 ,vigorous2 berries large1 green2 
rich and sweet4  ,garnet4 7,vin4 ,rip4  
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,red ,frontignan  
and ,clinton2 from ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,wylie1 
,chester1 ,south ,carolina4 ,bunch and  
berries larger than ,clinton2 deep      
garnet color2 flavor and texture that of
 a ,vinifera but foliage that of        
,clinton4  ,garrigues4 7,lab4 ,vin487   
,probably a seedling of ,isabella2 from 
,edward ,g4 ,kingsessing1 ,philadelphia1
 ,pennsylvania4 ,resembles ,isabella but
 is a few days earlier4  ,gassman4      
7,aest47 ,noted in the ,united ,states  

,department of ,agriculture ,report for 
#ahfi as a variety of ,aestivalis4      
,gauger4 ,described in the ,illinois    
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#aija as vigorous and healthy1 but too  
poor in flavor to be desirable4         
,gazelle4 ,a seedling from ,j4 ,h4      
,ricketts4 ,vigorous1 healthy and       
productive2 bunches medium1 compact2    
berry small1 greenish-white2 sprightly1 
sweet1 pleasant4  ,general ,pope4       
7,aest47 ,a seedling from ,john ,burr1  
of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 about #ahhj4  
,very vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and      
productive2 bunch and berries smaller   
than those of ,concord2 without         
foxiness4  ,genesee4 7,lab4 ,vin4       
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,delaware       
crossed with ,iona2 from near           
,rochester1 ,new ,york1 about #ahhj4    
,vigorous1 productive1 healthy2 bunch   
large1 compact2 berries large1 red2 high
 quality4  ,gerbig ,no4 #b4 7,lab4 ,vin4
 ,aest47 ,a seedling of ,eumelan1 open  
to cross fertilization2 from ,a4 ,v4    

,gerbig1 ,archbald1 ,pennsylvania1 about
 #ahij4  ,gerbig ,no4 #aj4 7,lab4 ,vin4 
,aest47 ,a seedling of ,gerbig ,no4 #b1 
open to cross fertilization2 from ,a4   
,v4 ,gerbig1 about #ahib4 ,vigorous1    
hardy1 productive2 cluster small1       
compact2 berry medium1 slightly oval1   
yellowish-green2 juicy1 slightly meaty1 
sweet1 mild2 good4  ,german ,seedling4  
7,rip47 ,noted in the ,illinois         
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #ahga1 
as much like ,clinton but not as        
productive4  ,giant4 7,rup47 ,a wild    
male ,rupestris2 found by ,munson in    
,missouri4 ,it is now discarded by him4 
,gibb4 7,rip47 ,from ,magloire ,dery1   
,st4 ,hilaire1 ,canada4 ,slow in growth1
 hardy2 bunch small1 loose1 sometimes   
shouldered2 berry small1 black with     
heavy bloom2 melting1 juicy2 good4      
,gilbert's ,white ,shonga4 7,lab4 ,vin47
 ,according to ,floy-,lindley1 #ahcc1   
this is a wild grape found by ,garret   
,gilbert on the ,shonga ,mountains1 ,new
 ,york1 in #ahbe4 ,similar to ,isabella 

in habits2 bunch and berries resemble   
,isabella in size and shape2 white with 
purple tinge on sunny side2 sweet2 good4
  ,gill ,wylie4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,noted in 
the ,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahhc1 as a   
new grape from ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,wylie1     
,chester1 ,south ,carolina4 ,foliage    
healthy1 of ,labrusca type2 bunch large1
 loose1 shouldered2 berry large1 oblong2
 texture soft1 rich2 ripens with        
,concord4  ,gilt ,edge4 7,lab4 ,bourq4  
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,delaware2 from   
,dr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm4 ,medium in      
vigor1 shy bearer2 stamens upright2     
bunch small1 compact2 berries small1    
yellowish-green2 subacid1 delicate      
flavor2 ripens a few days later than its
 parent4  ,gold ,dust4 7,lab4 ,vin4     
,bourq47 ,munson ,no4 #bb4 ,a seedling  
of ,lindley crossed with ,delaware2 from
 ,munson1 about #ahhj4 ,vigorous1       
productive2 stamens upright2 clusters   
medium to above1 usually shouldered1    
loose2 berries medium1 roundish1        
yellowish-green with thin gray bloom1   

persistent1 with tendency to shrivel    
before ripening2 juicy1 foxy1 mild2 fair
 in quality4  ,golden ,beauty4 7,lab47  
,a seedling of ,perkins2 from ,j4 ,b4   
,miller1 ,anna1 ,illinois4 ,bunches     
short2 berries medium2 sweet2 good2 long
 keeper4  ,golden ,berry4 7,vin4 ,lab47 
,culbert ,no4 #e4 ,a white seedling of  
,hartford and ,general ,marmora2 from   
,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,m4 ,culbert1 ,newburgh1   
,new ,york2 exhibited as a new fruit    
before the ,american ,pomological       
,society in #ahgg2 hardy and a free     
bearer4  ,golden ,clinton4 7,rip47      
,king4 ,a chance seedling1 probably of  
,clinton1 found in a garden in          
,rochester2 fruited in #aheg2 introduced
 by ,william ,king4 ,apparently the same
 as ,clinton except that it is less     
productive and the berries are          
greenish-white4  ,golden ,concord4      
7,lab47 ,valle's ,white ,concord4 ,a    
white seedling of ,concord2 from ,john  
,valle1 ,new ,haven1 ,missouri4         
,reported as inferior to ,martha4       

,golden ,drop4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a 
seedling of ,adirondac crossed with     
,delaware1 from ,c4 ,g4 ,pringle1       
,vermont1 in #ahfi4 ,medium in vigor1   
shy bearer2 stamens upright2 clusters   
small1 loose2 berries small1 roundish1  
greenish-yellow1 persistent2 firm1      
juicy2 tender1 sweet1 mild2 good4       
,golden ,gem4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a  
seedling of ,delaware crossed with      
,iona2 from ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts2 first    
exhibited before ,american ,pomological 
,society in #ahha4 ,vigorous1 hardy1    
productive2 clusters small1 shouldered1 
compact2 berries small1 roundish1 golden
 yellow1 thin bloom2 juicy1 sweet1      
vinous2 very good2 ripens with ,concord4
  ,golden ,grain4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 
,a seedling of ,lindley crossed with    
,delaware2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous1     
doubtfully hardy1 productive2 stamens   
upright2 clusters medium1 frequently    
shouldered1 compact2 berries small1     
oval1 light green1 thin bloom1 inclined 
to drop and to shrivel2 moderately      

juicy1 foxy1 sweet2 fair quality4       
,goldstein4 7,lab47 ,goldstein's ,early4
 ,from ,mississippi1 about #ahig2       
similar to ,champion4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 
productive2 stamens upright2 clusters   
medium1 shouldered1 compact2 berries    
large1 round1 black2 poor quality2      
ripens early4  ,good ,adle4 7,vin487    
,noted in the ,wisconsin ,horticultural 
,society ,report for #ahgb as a fine    
white ,german grape2 exhibited by a     
,mrs4 ,curtis1 ,milwaukee4  ,goodman4   
7,lab47 ,noted by ,prince in ,gardener's
 ,monthly for #ahfc as a worthless      
,labrusca4  ,governor ,ireland4 7,lab47 
,a pure seedling of ,moore ,early2 from 
,munson4 ,lacks vigor1 medium in        
productiveness2 bunch large1 loose2     
berry large1 globular1 black with       
whitish bloom2 resembles ,concord but is
 much coarser2 subject to rot4          
,governor ,ross4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a       
seedling of ,triumph2 from ,munson and  
introduced in #ahid4 ,weak to medium in 
growth1 not productive2 stamens upright2

 nearly self-sterile2 bunch large1      
oblong1 compact2 berries large1 oval2   
sprightly1 sweet2 good2 rots badly4     
,graham4 ,an accidental seedling1       
supposed to have been a cross of ,bland 
and ,elsinburgh2 from ,w4 ,graham of    
,philadelphia1 about #ahej4 ,cluster of 
medium size1 shouldered1 not compact2   
berry large1 round1 purple2 juicy1      
sweet1 sprightly2 very good4  ,gravel4  
,received by the ,united ,states        
,department of ,agriculture in #ahfc for
 testing4  ,grayson4 7,lab47 ,seedling  
of ,moore ,early2 raised by ,munson4 ,a 
black1 large-berried variety with       
clusters medium to large2 moderately    
vigorous and productive2 flavor sweet   
but lacks character2 good4  ,gray's     
,seedlings4 ,a number of seedlings of   
,concord were raised by ,w4 ,c4 ,gray of
 ,atwood1 ,illinois1 about #ahij4 ,none 
attained prominence4  ,green ,castle4   
7,lab47 ,a large-clustered1             
large-berried black seedling of         
,concord2 from ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin4  ,green 

,ulster4 7,lab47 ,a light green seedling
 of ,concord2 from ,j4 ,b4 ,moore1 of   
,concord1 ,massachusetts1 about #ahgj4  
,greer4 7,doan47 ,a wild male vine of   
,vitis doaniana found by ,munson in     
,greer ,county1 ,oklahoma4  ,grein      
,extra ,early4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,grein ,no4
 #g4 ,a yellowish-green seedling of     
,taylor2 from ,nicholas ,grein4         
,vigorous1 productive2 bunch medium2    
berry small with speck at distal end2   
good2 ripens with ,concord4  ,grein's   
,seedlings4 ,nicholas ,grein1 of        
,hermann1 ,missouri1 over thirty years  
ago planted a number of seeds of the    
,european ,riesling1 and also seeds of  
,taylor4 ,he stated that the ,taylor    
seedlings failed to germinate but that  
the ,european ,riesling seeds germinated
 and of the resulting seedlings         
,missouri ,riesling1 ,grein ,golden and 
,grein ,extra ,early were named and     
introduced4 ,as they are all of the     
,riparia type1 very similar to ,taylor1 
and show no trace of ,vinifera1 it has  

always been supposed that ,grein had his
 seeds confused and that it was the     
,european ,riesling that failed to      
germinate1 ,taylor being the real parent
 of these varieties4  ,grevaduly4 ,a    
,massachusetts seedling of over fifty   
years ago1 mentioned in the ,united     
,states ,patent ,office ,report of      
#ahei4  ,greverson4 ,a seedling received
 by the ,united ,states ,department of  
,agriculture over fifty years ago4      
,grote4 7,rip47 ,a wild variety of      
,vitis riparia secured by ,munson from  
,mauston1 ,wisconsin4 ,stamens reflexed2
 cluster small2 berry small1 black2     
ripens early4  ,grove4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a 
cross of ,clinton with ,concord4        
,vigorous1 hardy1 productive2 cluster   
and berry of medium size and of pale    
green to amber color2 flesh tender1     
sweet and spicy2 ripens shortly after   
,concord4  ,guesta4 ,a variety mentioned
 in the ,united ,states ,patent ,office 
,report for #ahfj as being blue2 sweet1 
slightly pulpy1 of agreeable flavor4    

,guignard4 ,black ,guignard4 ,origin    
unknown but at one time raised by       
,longworth1 of ,ohio4 ,vigorous1        
productive2 small1 brown berries2 high  
quality4  ,guinevra4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from
 ,c4 ,engle1 of ,paw ,paw1 ,michigan2 a 
seedling of ,salem4 ,hardy1 vigorous1   
productive2 clusters large1 sometimes   
shouldered1 compact2 berry large1       
yellowish-green2 very late4  ,gula4     
7,linc4 ,lab4 ,rup47 ,a seedling of     
,america crossed with ,beacon2 from     
,munson in #ahii4 ,stamens erect2       
cluster large2 berry large1 black2      
ripens mid-season4  ,gulch4 7,linc4     
,rup47 ,parents1 ,jaeger ,no4 #gj       
crossed with a seedling ,rupestris2 from
 ,munson in #ahhh4 ,stamens erect2      
cluster large2 berry medium1 black2     
ripens late2 now discarded by the       
originator4  ,hadden ,seedling4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,from a ,mr4 ,hadden1 of         
,pulteney1 ,new ,york1 about #ahij4     
,vigorous2 cluster small1 compact2      
berries red with a peculiarly wrinkled  

skin2 pleasant1 sweet1 ,muscat flavor4  
,hagar4 ,noted in the ,illinois         
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #ahic1 
as one of the varieties exhibited at the
 ,world's ,fair4  ,halifax4 7,lab47     
,weller's ,halifax4 ,noted by ,sidney   
,weller1 ,brinkleyville1 ,halifax       
,county1 ,north ,carolina1 in ,united   
,states ,patent ,office ,report for     
#ahde1 as a native grape4  ,halifax     
,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of 
,halifax by a ,vinifera2 from ,sidney   
,weller1 about #ahdj4 ,fruit like       
,catawba but sweeter4 ,used by ,dr4 ,a4 
,p4 ,wylie in the production of new     
varieties4  ,hall4 ,a seedling from     
,david ,hall1 ,urbana1 ,ohio2 first     
mentioned in #aheh4 ,berries larger and 
better flavored than ,clinton1 but not  
equal to ,isabella2 nearly black2 ripens
 earlier than ,isabella4  ,hall4 7,lab47
 ,from a ,mr4 ,hall1 ,michigan2 received
 at the ,michigan ,experiment ,station  
in #ahic4 ,very vigorous1 productive2   
bunches below medium1 cylindrical1      

compact1 shouldered2 berries above      
medium1 round1 black2 ripens with ,early
 ,victor4  ,hamilton4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a  
seedling of ,mills2 from a ,mr4         
,gardner1 of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4    
,less vigorous than parent2 bunches     
large1 shouldered1 compact1 attractive2 
berries adherent2 pulp tougher than     
,mills and the flavor is inferior2 keeps
 well4  ,hamill ,seedling4 7,lab4       
,vin487 ,tested by the ,united ,states  
,department of ,agriculture about #ahfj 
and proved to be so near like ,isabella 
that the two could not be distinguished4
  ,hardy ,chasselas4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,from
 a cross between ,diana and ,royal      
,muscadine2 from ,jacob ,moore2         
exhibited before the ,massachusetts     
,horticultural ,society1 #ahfe4 ,hardy1 
with ,vinifera foliage2 juicy2 good4    
,harmer4 7,lab4 ,rip47 ,a cross between 
,vitis labrusca and ,vitis riparia1     
found in ,hartford ,county1             
,connecticut1 by ,d4 ,alderton1         
,marlboro1 ,new ,york4 ,very vigorous1  

healthy1 hardy1 medium in               
productiveness2 bunch small1 compact2   
berries black with hard pulp2 sweet1    
spicy2 late4  ,harmer ,seedling4 7,lab4 
,vin47 ,noted in the ,american          
,horticultural ,annual for #ahgj as a   
native red grape with a small           
,catawba-like berry having hard pulp4   
,harrell4 7,lab47 ,a chance seedling2   
from ,obed ,harrell1 ,chrisman1         
,illinois1 about #ahij4 ,vigorous1      
productive2 cluster medium1 compact2    
berry medium1 white1 round2 very sweet4 
,harriet ,beecher4 ,from ,william ,m4   
,marine4 ,bunch small2 berry large1     
round1 dark red2 pulp soft2 skin thick2 
good4  ,harris4 7,bourq487 ,old ,house  
,grape4 ,found growing near a deserted  
house by a ,mr4 ,harris of              
,milledgeville1 ,georgia4 ,described in 
,horticulturist for #aheg as vigorous2  
clusters medium1 shouldered1 compact2   
berries small to medium1 round1 black   
with blue bloom2 a little pulpy1 sweet1 
juicy1 agreeable2 very good4  ,harrison4

 7,lab47 ,a seedling of ,concord2 from  
,isaac ,staples1 ,dayton1 ,ohio4        
,thrifty as ,concord1 hardy2 foliage    
thick1 healthy2 bunch large1 compact2   
berries medium1 red1 pure flavor2 ripens
 with ,concord4  ,harrison4 7,lab47 ,t4 
,t4 ,lyon1 in the ,michigan             
,horticultural ,society ,report for     
#ahha1 thinks this is ,woodruff's ,no4  
#b4 ,a black grape of the character of  
,concord1 but larger in both berry and  
bunch and a week earlier4  ,harvard     
,seedling4 7,lab47 ,noted in the ,united
 ,states ,patent ,office ,report for    
#ahec as a native seedling raised at    
,harvard1 ,worcester ,county1           
,massachusetts2 may be synonymous with  
,northern ,muscadine4  ,harwood4        
7,bourq47 ,improved ,warren2 ,sacks of  
,wine4 ,from ,major ,harwood1 ,gonzales1
 ,texas2 noted in the ,american         
,pomological ,society ,report for #ahha4
 ,like ,herbemont but not as vigorous   
and the fruit is about twice as large1  
lighter purple1 and ripens four or five 

days earlier4  ,haskell's ,seedlings4   
,george ,haskell1 of ,ipswich1          
,massachusetts1 was one of the early and
 persistent grape-breeders of the last  
century4 ,his efforts were similar to   
those of ,rogers in that he produced    
direct hybrids of ,vinifera with early  
ripening selected ,labruscas4 ,he used  
several varieties of both parent species
 and produced several thousand          
seedlings4 ,experts to whom samples were
 sent affirmed that their quality was of
 the best4 ,a few were sent out for     
testing but the most of them were       
destroyed as ,mr4 ,haskell did not think
 that any of the offers would recompense
 him for the cost of production4 ,those 
sent out were highly commended at first 
but soon dropped from sight4 ,the only  
named variety of his is ,ruby4  ,haskew4
 ,noted in the ,american ,horticultural 
,annual for #ahga as a native grape from
 ,w4 ,b4 ,kelly1 ,abingdon1 ,virginia4  
,hattie4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of   
,michigan or ,catawba2 from ,n4 ,r4     

,haskell1 ,monroe1 ,michigan2 fruited in
 #ahfa4 ,leaves similar to ,catawba but 
smaller2 bunch medium1 loose2 berries   
medium1 slightly oval1 red with white   
bloom2 little pulp1 pleasantly vinous2  
ripens with ,concord4  ,hattie4 7,lab47 
,given by ,mitzky1 #ahic1 as a chance   
seedling from ,j4 ,a4 ,putnam1          
,fredonia1 ,new ,york4 ,productive2     
bunch short1 compact2 berries medium1   
black2 very sweet1 flavor similar to    
,aminia2 ripens with ,moore ,early4     
,hattie4 7,lab47 ,noted by ,mitzky1 in  
#ahic1 as a supposed seedling of        
,concord2 from ,benjamin ,stratton1     
,richmond1 ,indiana2 nearly identical   
with ,concord4 ,probably the same       
variety that ,bush mentions as being    
introduced by ,e4 ,y4 ,teas1 of         
,richmond4  ,hatton4 7,lab4 ,rip47 ,a   
cross between ,faith and ,ives2 from ,f4
 ,e4 ,l4 ,rautenberg1 ,lincoln1         
,illinois4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1   
very productive2 foliage resembles      
,faith1 and fruit1 ,telegraph2 bunch    

medium1 compact2 berry medium1 black2   
vinous2 ripens a little after ,concord2 
a better keeper4  ,hattus4 7,lab4       
,vin487 ,noted by ,mead in #ahfg as     
perhaps the same as ,hattie4 ,said to be
 a seedling of ,catawba1 but of smaller 
size and quite acid2 of claret color4   
,hawkins ,no4 #c4 ,from ,william        
,hawkins1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario4          
,exhibited as a new grape at the        
,american ,pomological ,society meeting 
in #ahgi4 ,described as hardy2 bunch and
 berry large2 white2 vinous1 high       
flavored2 best4  ,hawkins ,no4 #aj4     
,from same grower as above and exhibited
 at the same time and place4 ,hardy2    
bunch and berry small2 white2 sweet1    
very good2 skin tough4  ,hearthenge4    
,listed with varieties of grapes under  
test by the ,united ,states ,department 
of ,agriculture in #ahfc4  ,helen4      
,noted by ,buchanan as a grape grown and
 exhibited by ,n4 ,longworth in #ahdf4  
,helen ,keller4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,aest487   
,said to be an accidental seedling from 

,james ,nicholson2 sent out in #ahie by 
,p4 ,r4 ,de ,muth1 ,connellsville1      
,pennsylvania4 ,very vigorous1 hardy1   
usually productive2 stamens reflexed2   
clusters medium1 usually shouldered1    
loose2 berries large1 roundish1 dark    
dull red with lilac bloom1 persistent2  
juicy1 tender1 vinous1 good2 skin thick1
 rather tender1 inclined to crack4      
,resembles ,salem in appearance2 worthy 
of further trial4  ,helpfer4 7,lab47    
,according to ,mitzky1 #ahic1 from      
,theophile ,huber1 ,illinois ,city1     
,illinois4 ,medium in vigor and         
hardiness2 bunch and berries medium1    
white2 good4  ,henrico4 ,noted by       
,prince in his ,treatise on the ,vine1  
#ahcj1 as a native grape found in       
,henrico ,county1 ,virginia4 ,berries   
size of ,bland2 clusters half the size2 
pale blue or purplish2 sweet1 agreeable4
  ,henry4 7,lab47 ,from ,theophile      
,huber4 ,described by ,mitzky in #ahic2 
bunch size of ,concord2 berry large1    
round1 white2 juicy1 sweet1 foxy2 ripens

 with ,concord4  ,henshaw4 ,a native    
grape from ,martinsburg1 ,virginia4     
,described in ,united ,states ,patent   
,office ,report for #ahei as purple and 
of medium size4  ,herald4 7,lab47       
,received from ,g4 ,a4 ,ensenberger1    
,bloomington1 ,illinois1 in #ahhi4      
,vigorous1 productive2 foliage good2    
stamens upright2 bunch medium1 compact2 
berry large1 poor in quality2 ripens    
early4  ,herbemont ,seedling4 7,bourq47 
,noted by ,warder in #ahfg as from      
,ohio2 like its parent2 very good2      
promising for wine4  ,hero4 7,lab47 ,a  
bud variation of ,concord2 introduced by
 ,ludwig ,hencke1 ,collinsville1        
,illinois2 exhibited at ,world's ,fair  
in #ahic4 ,moderate in growth2 apt to   
overbear2 foliage healthy2 bunch large1 
showy2 berry very large1 black2 in      
flavor similar to ,concord4  ,hertia4   
7,lab47 ,a seedling from ,c4 ,engle1    
,paw ,paw1 ,michigan2 brought to notice 
in #ahij4 ,bunch medium1 compact2 berry 
large1 round1 purple2 juicy1 sweet1     

slightly foxy2 good2 mid-season4        
,hettie4 ,husmann in the ,grape         
,culturist for #ahfi describes this     
variety as much like ,isabella1 but not 
better4 ,this may be the grape which    
,downing in #ahfi describes as bunch    
small2 berry black2 flesh somewhat      
pulpy2 a poor grower and bearer2 ripens 
early4  ,heunis4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47  
,a seedling of ,delaware2 from ,w4 ,w4  
,jones1 ,douglas ,county1 ,illinois1    
about #ahgj4 ,hardy1 productive2 bunch  
resembles ,clinton in shape2 berry      
medium1 white2 good4  ,hexamer4 7,linc4 
,lab4 ,vin47 ,dr4 ,hexamer4 ,a seedling 
of a wild ,post-oak crossed with        
,triumph2 from ,munson1 introduced in   
#ahic4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 productive1    
similar to ,america in foliage and fruit
 characters2 tendrils intermittent2     
stamens reflexed2 clusters medium1 often
 shouldered1 variable in compactness2   
berries medium to below1 slightly       
oblate1 black with heavy bloom1         
persistent2 tender1 spicy1 nearly sweet1

 with ,post-oak flavor4  ,hiawasse4     
,discarded by the ,united ,states       
,department of ,agriculture in #ahfc4   
,hine4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,hine ,seedling4   
,raised by ,jason ,brown 7son of the    
patriot1 ,john ,brown71 at ,put-in-,bay1
 ,ohio1 in #ahea1 from seed of ,catawba 
and ,isabella grapes growing close      
together4 ,hardy1 productive2 bunch and 
berry much like ,catawba in size and    
form1 but darker2 tender1 sprightly1    
sweet1 rich2 ripens earlier than        
,catawba4  ,hock4 7,bourq4 ,aest4 ,lab47
 ,a seedling of ,herbemont crossed with 
,norton2 from ,munson about #ahij4      
,hofer ,seedling ,no4 #b4 7,lab47 ,a    
volunteer grape from the ,concord       
vineyard of ,a4 ,f4 ,hofer1 ,iowa1 in   
#ahgf4 ,described as an improved        
,concord2 berries larger and the        
clusters more compact2 ripens with      
,worden4  ,holmes4 7,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a   
chance seedling believed to be a cross  
between a variety of the ,herbemont     
group and a ,labrusca2 from ,galveston1 

,texas4 ,onderdonk states that it       
combines1 in its growth and appearance1 
both ,aestivalis and ,labrusca blood4   
,very productive2 fruit about the size  
and color of ,lindley4  ,honey4 ,given  
in ,prince's ,treatise on the ,vine as a
 native variety1 grown near             
,philadelphia about #ahbg4 ,leaves      
deeply five-lobed1 indentures irregular1
 under surface covered with down2       
clusters medium1 compact2 sweet4        
,honey4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of    
,salem2 from ,c4 ,engle1 ,paw ,paw1     
,michigan1 about #ahij4 ,vigorous1      
hardy1 very productive2 bunch medium1   
compact1 shouldered2 berry medium to    
large1 white1 almost translucent2 of    
honeyed sweetness2 ripens with ,worden4 
,honey ,dew4 7,lab47 ,yonker's ,honey   
,dew2 ,youngken's ,honey ,dew2 ,yunker's
 ,honey ,dew4 ,a seedling of ,concord   
which was thought to have been          
fertilized by ,delaware2 from ,david    
,youngken1 ,richlandtown1 ,pennsylvania4
 ,lacks vigor2 fairly productive1       

foliage healthy2 bunch medium1 long1    
compact2 berry large1 round1 black with 
blue bloom2 pulpy1 very foxy1 sweet2    
ripens after ,hartford4  ,hooker4 ,given
 in the ,united ,states ,department of  
,agriculture ,report for #ahfi as a     
,labrusca4  ,hopeon4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4
 ,bourq487 ,a seedling of ,big ,hope    
crossed with ,carman2 from ,munson in   
#ahii4 ,stamens erect2 cluster large2   
berry large1 white2 ripens late4        
,hopherbe4 7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling 
of ,post-oak crossed with ,herbemont2   
from ,munson4 ,very vigorous1           
productive2 stamens upright2 bunch      
large1 very compact2 berry medium1 of   
dark copper color2 quality fair2 ripens 
late4  ,hopican4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,aest4    
,rip47 ,a seedling of ,eumelan          
fertilized by ,elvira2 from ,d4 ,s4     
,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new ,york1 about  
#ahhi4 ,vigorous1 not always hardy1     
productive2 stamens upright2 clusters   
large1 sometimes shouldered1 compact2   
berries medium1 roundish1 unattractive  

yellowish-green1 persistent1 moderately 
juicy1 tender2 fair in quality2 skin    
thin1 adheres to pulp2 ripens with      
,concord4  ,hopkins4 7,linc4 ,aest4     
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,post-oak crossed 
with ,cynthiana2 from ,munson4          
,vigorous1 not always hardy1 variable in
 productiveness1 susceptible to mildew2 
stamens upright2 clusters small1        
frequently shouldered1 very compact2    
berries small1 oblate1 black with heavy 
bloom1 persistent2 soft1 juicy1 tough1  
spicy1 vinous2 fair in flavor2 ripens   
after ,catawba4  ,horner4 7,lab47 ,a    
seedling of ,concord2 from ,joel        
,horner1 ,delair1 ,new ,jersey2 received
 at this ,station in #ahid4 ,moderately 
vigorous2 bunch large2 berries small1   
round1 black with blue bloom2 sweet1    
slightly foxy2 skin thick1 tough2 ripens
 early4  ,hoskins ,seedling4 ,a seedling
 which came up between an ,alvey and a  
,delaware2 from ,a4 ,hoskins1 ,toronto1 
,ontario1 in #ahhf4 ,bunches large1     
compact2 berries similar to ,clinton in 

size and color but inferior in quality2 
ripens unevenly and late4  ,howell4     
,from ,edward ,tatnall1 ,wilmington1    
,delaware1 about #ahfj4 ,bunch large2   
berries medium1 black2 pulp firm2 skin  
thick2 good2 ripens early4  ,hubbard    
,seedless4 7,lab47 ,grown by the ,t4 ,s4
 ,hubbard ,company1 ,fredonia1 ,new     
,york1 but has not been disseminated4   
,vigorous1 very hardy1 somewhat         
unproductive1 of ,labrusca type2 quality
 equal to ,delaware2 berries the size of
 ,delaware but darker in color4  ,huber4
 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,taylor2  
from ,jacob ,rommel1 ,morrison1         
,missouri4 ,vigorous1 healthy2 bunch    
smaller than ,concord2 color of         
,catawba2 late4  ,huber's ,seedlings4   
,theophile ,huber of ,illinois ,city1   
,illinois1 something over twenty years  
ago originated a large number of        
seedlings which he sent out for testing4
 ,he writes that1 with the exception of 
,huber ,no4 #ab1 which is from          
,hartford1 his seedlings are from mixed 

seed of ,concord1 ,clinton1 ,marion1    
,rebecca1 ,isabella1 ,delaware1 ,catawba
 and ,creveling4 ,of his named sorts    
there are3 ,albert1 ,alphonse1 ,bertha1 
,braendly1 ,doctor ,warder1 ,edward1    
,emma1 ,illinois ,city1 ,marguerite1    
,marie ,louise1 and ,theophile4 ,most of
 ,huber's grapes were named before      
disseminating but a few1 as follows1    
have gone out with numbers4  ,no4 #aa4  
,as tested by the ,virginia ,experiment 
,station1 weak1 unproductive2 stamens   
upright2 bunch small1 loose2 berries    
large1 black2 poor quality2 ripens      
between ,concord and ,catawba4  ,no4    
#ab4 ,described by ,illinois ,experiment
 ,station as very vigorous1 healthy1    
promising2 bunch medium1 oblong1        
sometimes shouldered1 compact2 berry    
small to large1 round1 black with heavy 
bloom2 juicy1 tender1 sweet1 very rich2 
skin tender2 about a week later than    
,concord4  ,no4 #ac4 ,described by the  
,virginia ,experiment ,station as weak2 
stamens upright2 bunch small1 compact2  

berry medium1 coppery in color2 ripens  
late4  ,hudson4 7,lab47 ,given by       
,downing in #aheg as from ,mr4 ,calkins1
 ,hudson1 ,new ,york4 ,growth similar to
 ,isabella2 two or three weeks earlier2 
bunch and berry much the same1 but less 
sprightly and not quite so rich4        
,hudson4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of   
,rebecca2 from ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1        
,marlboro1 ,new ,york1 about #ahgj4     
,according to ,caywood and several      
prominent horticulturists1 this variety 
is identical with ,prentiss4 ,caywood   
says he refrained from introducing this 
grape on the advice of several grape    
experts but sent it out for testing to  
several persons amongst whom was ,j4 ,w4
 ,prentiss1 introducer of the ,prentiss4
  ,hulkerson's ,seedlings4 7,lab4 ,vin47
 ,twenty-one seedlings from a single    
bunch of ,wilder1 from ,w4 ,g4          
,hulkerson and ,company1 ,oriel1        
,michigan1 were shown before the        
,american ,pomological ,society in      
#ahgi4 ,none was better than the parent1

 but all were interesting as they showed
 much variation in size of berries and  
in color1 the latter ranging from black 
to red4  ,humboldt4 7,rip4 ,bourq487 ,a 
seedling of ,louisiana1 probably crossed
 with ,riparia2 from ,frederick ,muench1
 ,marthasville1 ,warren ,county1        
,missouri4 ,vigorous vine of ,riparia   
character1 hardy1 healthy2 stamens      
upright2 cluster medium1 sometimes      
shouldered1 compact2 berries medium1    
oblate1 dull golden green with thick    
bloom1 amber when fully ripe2 sweet1 of 
,elvira flavor2 ripens with ,catawba4   
,hunterville4 ,mentioned by ,sidney     
,weller1 in the ,united ,states ,patent 
,office ,report for #ahde1 as a native  
variety1 subject to rot1 grown in ,north
 ,carolina4  ,huntingdon4 7,rip47       
,australian4 ,vigorous1 hardy1          
productive1 subject to mildew2 resembles
 ,clinton2 bunch small1 shouldered1     
compact2 berry small1 round1 black2     
juicy1 vinous2 drops badly2 ripens      
unevenly4  ,husmann4 7,linc4 ,vin4      

,lab47 ,a seedling of ,armlong crossed  
with ,perry2 from ,munson1 introduced in
 #aijj4 ,vigorous1 prolific1 subject to 
mildew2 clusters very large1 long1      
cylindrical1 compact2 berries medium1   
globular1 black1 with tendency to drop2 
juicy1 tender1 more vinous than ,black  
,eagle but less sweet2 skin thin1 tough2
 ripens with ,herbemont4  ,hutchinson4  
7,long47 ,a wild variety of ,vitis      
longii2 secured from ,hutchinson        
,county1 ,texas1 by ,munson4 ,stamens   
reflexed2 cluster small2 berry small1   
black2 ripens mid-season4  ,hutporup4   
7,long4 ,linc4 ,rup47 ,a seedling of    
,hutchinson fertilized by ,porup2 from  
,munson4 ,stamens reflexed2 cluster     
small2 berry small1 black2 ripens early4
  ,hyde ,black4 7,lab47 ,given in       
,prince's ,treatise on the ,vine1 #ahcj1
 as a native variety found on the farm  
of ,wilkes ,hyde1 near ,catskill1 ,new  
,york4 ,very vigorous and productive2   
berries medium1 black2 juicy1 tender1   
rather astringent1 foxy4  ,hyde ,eliza4 

7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling from ,wilkes  
,hyde1 about #ahbh4 ,this variety so    
closely resembles ,york ,madeira that it
 has caused much confusion4 ,charles    
,downing in the ,horticulturist for     
#ahfj says that it is more vigorous2    
bunch and berry larger1 somewhat like   
the ,isabella1 but a week or two        
earlier4  ,icterida4 7,aest4 ,lab4      
,linc4 ,bourq47 ,a cross of ,gold ,coin 
with ,bull2 from ,munson1 about #ahii4  
,vigorous1 healthy2 cluster medium1     
well-formed2 berry large1 light yellow1 
persistent2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp of   
medium tenderness1 juicy1 sweet2 good2  
ripens about with ,gold ,coin4  ,ida4   
7,lab47 ,a white seedling produced by   
,t4 ,b4 ,miner1 from seed of ,concord4  
,vigorous1 hardy but not productive2    
cluster large2 berry large and of light 
green color2 late4  ,iden4 ,lake4 ,noted
 in the ,american ,pomological ,society 
,report for #aheh as worthless4         
,illinois ,city4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of 
,concord2 from ,theophile ,huber1 about 

thirty years ago4 ,vigorous1 not always 
hardy1 unproductive2 cluster small2     
berries medium1 dull yellowish-green2   
skin thin and tender2 foxy1 mild1 sweet2
 good4 ,the flowers are sterile and the 
fruit ripens with ,concord4  ,illinois  
,early4 ,from ,g4 ,a4 ,ensenberger1     
,bloomington1 ,illinois1 about #ahig4   
,vigorous2 clusters small2 berries      
medium1 black2 ripens a few days later  
than ,moore ,early4  ,illinois          
,prolific4 ,noted as worthless in       
,gardener's ,monthly for #ahfc4         
,improved ,purple ,fox4 7,lab47         
,buchanan mentions this variety as      
having been raised and exhibited by     
,longworth in #ahdf4  ,indiana4         
,mentioned by ,buchanan in #aheb as     
having been tested by ,warder in #ahdf  
and found worthless4  ,indian ,field4 ,a
 staminate vine mentioned in ,gardener's
 ,monthly for #ahfc4  ,international4   
7,vin4 ,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of      
,marion fertilized by ,white            
,frontignan2 from ,n4 ,b4 ,white1       

,norwood1 ,massachusetts1 about #ahhh4  
,vigorous1 not always hardy1 very       
productive2 clusters large2 berries     
large1 light red2 flavor resembles      
,delaware but with an ,aestivalis taste2
 very good4  ,iola4 7,rip47 ,originated 
by ,john ,burr4 ,described by ,stayman3 
bunch medium1 compact2 berry medium1    
white2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp tender1   
juicy1 sprightly1 rich1 sweet1 best2    
vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and productive1
 free from rot and mildew2 ripe before  
,concord4 99 99 99 of the ,riparia      
class4  ,iowa4 ,mentioned about forty   
years ago as being of very high quality4
  ,iowa ,excelsior4 7,lab4 ,vin47       
,originated by ,professor ,mathews1 of  
,iowa1 about #ahhj4 ,clusters medium2   
berries large1 red2 high quality2 ripens
 early2 self-sterile4  ,iris4 7,lab4    
,vin47 ,a seedling of one of ,rogers'   
hybrids2 from ,c4 ,engle1 ,paw ,paw1    
,michigan1 about #ahhh4 ,vigorous2      
cluster large1 long1 compact2 berry     
large1 round1 dark amber1 thin bluish   

bloom2 skin thin2 pulp tough1 slightly  
astringent1 sweet1 vinous1 foxy2 good4  
,irvin ,october4 7,bourq47 ,originated  
on the ,irvin farm in ,guilford ,county1
 ,north ,carolina1 about #ahhe4         
,vigorous but inclined to mildew2       
cluster large1 long1 tapering2 berries  
medium in size1 of dingy red color2     
sweet2 good2 very late4  ,irving4 7,vin4
 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,catawba         
fertilized by ,chasselas de             
,fontainbleau2 from ,s4 ,w4 ,underhill  
in #ahfh4 ,vigorous canes1              
short-jointed2 clusters large1 long1    
shouldered1 not well filled2 berry      
large1 round1 yellowish-green1 thick    
bloom2 skin thick1 tough2 flesh tender1 
melting2 flavor vinous1 sweet2 very     
good2 rots and mildews badly4  ,ithaca4 
7,vin4 ,bourq4 ,lab47 ,parker2 ,tucker's
 ,parker4 ,a seedling of ,delaware      
fertilized by ,chasselas ,musque2 from a
 ,mr4 ,tucker1 of ,ithaca1 ,new ,york1  
about #ahfh4 ,of moderate vigor2 cluster
 large2 berry large1 pale green with    

amber tinge2 skin thick2 pulp tender1   
juicy1 sweet2 high quality4  ,jacent4   
7,rip4 ,lab47 ,noted by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson 
in ,gardener's ,monthly for #ahhd1 as   
undistinguishable from ,bacchus1 except 
that the saccharometer shows less sugar4
  ,jaeger's ,seedlings4 ,about forty    
years ago ,hermann ,jaeger1 of ,neosho1 
,missouri1 became interested in the     
horticultural possibilities of the wild 
grapes of his neighborhood4 ,he         
corresponded with ,frederick ,muench1 of
 ,marthasville1 who encouraged him in   
his efforts4 ,beside selecting various  
vines from the woods he made crosses of 
species4 ,his object was to secure more 
vigorous1 productive and                
disease-resistant sorts than any of our 
standard varieties4 ,he was particularly
 impressed with the ,lincecumii or      
so-called ,summer grapes of his section4
 ,his selections of this species are    
notable for their extreme vigor but many
 of them are susceptible to fungi and as
 they are all self-sterile they are     

uncertain bearers when removed from the 
wild male vines4 ,his most promising    
seedlings are as follows3  ,no4 #i4     
,productive2 subject to black-rot2      
cluster large2 berry below medium2      
juicy1 sweet2 good4  ,no4 #ab4 ,cluster 
and berry medium2 sweet4  ,no4 #ac4     
,hardy1 prolific2 as large as ,ives and 
of no better quality4  ,no4 #ag4        
,cluster large2 berries medium2 sweet2  
good4  ,no4 #db4 ,cluster very large2   
berry medium2 very sweet and juicy2     
good4  ,no4 #dc4 7,linc47 ,one of       
,jaeger's selections from the woods4    
,rank grower2 canes thick1 numerous1    
glaucous2 diaphragm thick2 shoots       
glabrous1 spiny2 tendrils intermittent2 
leaves large1 thick1 glossy green1      
glaucous below1 not lobed2 cluster      
large2 berry medium1 oblate1 black2     
ripens too late for this section4 ,does 
not ripen its wood well and is slightly 
tender and very susceptible to          
leaf-hopper here4 ,self-sterile4  ,no4  
#ej4 ,see ,longworth4  ,no4 #ef4 ,see   

,dufour4  ,no4 #gj4 ,see ,munson4  ,no4 
#gb4 7,linc4 ,rup47 ,a seedling of ,no4 
#dc crossed with a male vine of ,vitis  
rupestris4 ,bunch medium1 very compact2 
berry size of ,concord1 black with pale 
bloom2 sweet1 of pure flavor2 ripens    
with ,norton4  ,no4 #ajj4 7,rip4 ,lab47 
,a seedling of ,elvira4 ,vine shows     
,labrusca characters1 very hardy1       
productive2 bunch and berry as large as 
,concord1 yellowish with reddish tinge2 
quality and flavor similar to ,catawba2 
cracks when ripe2 season with ,delaware4
  ,james ,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from 
,j4 ,h4 ,james1 ,urbana1 ,ohio4         
,resembles ,catawba but is hardier and  
healthier4  ,jane ,wylie4 7,rip4 ,vin4  
,lab47 ,janie ,wylie4 ,a hybrid between 
,clinton and a foreign grape2 from ,dr4 
,a4 ,p4 ,wylie1 ,chester1 ,south        
,carolina1 about #ahgj4 ,vigorous1      
productive2 bunch large1 shouldered2    
berry large1 globular to oval1 dark red 
with thick bloom2 pulp firm1 meaty1     
juicy1 sweet1 rich1 vinous2 skin thick1 

tender2 early4  ,jelly4 ,exhibited      
before the ,american ,pomological       
,society in #ahef and described by      
,william ,g4 ,waring of ,pennsylvania as
 extremely productive1 good2 especially 
valuable for culinary use4 ,very good   
when dried4  ,jemina4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a  
seedling of ,elvira crossed with an     
unknown variety2 from ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin1  
,watertown1 ,new ,york1 about #ahia4    
,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy2 bunch short1 
compact2 berry medium1 black1 delicious2
 skin thin1 liable to crack2 much       
earlier than ,elvira4  ,jennie ,may4    
7,lab47 ,mitzky1 in #ahic1 states that  
this variety is a ,concord seedling     
grown by ,john ,laws1 ,geneva1 ,new     
,york4 ,apparently identical with       
,concord4  ,jennings4 7,lab47 ,a native 
grape from ,lexington1 ,massachusetts1  
noted in ,magazine of ,horticulture for 
#ahfj4 ,hardy1 productive1 free from    
mildew2 bunch medium2 berries black2    
pulpy1 foxy2 ripens very early4         
,jessie4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a       

seedling of a cross between ,delaware   
and ,diana2 received by the ,gardener's 
,monthly in #ahgi1 from ,f4 ,w4 ,loudon1
 ,janesville1 ,wisconsin4 ,described as 
looking like ,diana but of better       
flavor4  ,jeter4 7,rot47 ,described in  
,south ,carolina ,station ,bulletin ,no4
 #acb4 ,vigorous1 very productive2      
bunches contain three to eight large1   
brownish-black berries2 skin thick1 very
 tough2 pulp tender1 juicy2 quality     
good2 ripens about ,august #beth4       
,joen4 ,noted by ,prince in ,gardener's 
,monthly for #ahfc as a worthless       
variety4  ,john ,burr4 7,lab47 ,noted by
 ,mitzky1 in #ahic1 as a ,concord       
seedling grown by the late ,john ,burr1 
of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4  ,johnson4 ,a 
,south ,carolina seedling4 ,mentioned in
 the ,american ,pomological ,society    
catalogs for #ahge and #ahha4  ,jolly4  
,a ,pennsylvania grape noted by ,waring 
in #ahea4  ,joly4 7,champ47 ,a wild vine
 of ,vitis champini secured by ,munson  
from ,lampasas ,county1 ,texas4 ,stamens

 reflexed2 cluster small2 berry medium1 
black2 ripens early4  ,jonathan4 ,noted 
by ,s4 ,j4 ,parker of ,ithaca1 ,new     
,york1 in the ,united ,states ,patent   
,office ,report for #ahfa as a grape    
that grew well and ripened its wood4    
,joplin's ,peaks of ,otter4 ,a native   
grape of the ,blue ,ridge ,mountains1   
,virginia1 from ,j4 ,joplin4 ,noted in  
,gardener's ,monthly for #ahfi as having
 been in cultivation for thirty-five    
years4 ,very vigorous1 very productive1 
healthy2 fine wine grape4  ,jordan      
,large ,blue4 ,jordan's ,blue4 ,prince  
in #ahcj states that this grape is an   
exotic but that a ,mr4 ,smith of ,new   
,jersey believed it to be a native of   
,new ,england4 ,bunches large2 berries  
large1 blue2 flesh pulpy4  ,joseph      
,henry4 ,a seedling from ,d4 ,j4 ,piper1
 ,illinois2 received first premium at   
the ,state ,fair in ,freeport1          
,illinois1 in #ahgg1 as the best new    
grape4 ,said to be very early and as of 
high quality as ,delaware4  ,judd4      

,noted in the ,american ,horticultural  
,annual for #ahga1 as a seedling raised 
by ,p4 ,stewart of ,mt4 ,lebanon1 ,new  
,york4  ,judge4 7,doan47 ,a wild male   
vine of ,vitis doaniana secured by      
,munson from ,greer ,county1 ,oklahoma4 
,judge ,miller4 7,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a      
seedling of ,herbemont crossed with     
,martha2 from ,munson4 ,described by the
 ,georgia ,experiment ,station as       
moderately vigorous2 stamens upright2   
bunch large1 moderately compact2 berries
 medium1 greenish-yellow1 of good       
quality2 ripens a little earlier than   
,catawba4  ,july4 ,c4 ,e4 ,goodrich of  
,utica1 ,new ,york1 mentions this       
variety1 in the ,united ,states ,patent 
,office ,report for #ahec1 as valuable  
because of ripening early4  ,july       
,twenty-fifth4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,according 
to ,mitzky1 #ahic1 this is an ,elvira   
seedling2 from ,jacob ,rommel1          
,morrison1 ,missouri4  ,jumbo4 7,lab47  
,big ,concord4 ,probably a ,concord     
seedling2 from ,reuben ,rose1 ,marlboro1

 ,new ,york4 ,vigorous1 hardy1          
productive2 bunches and berries vary in 
size from year to year2 ripens a week   
earlier than ,concord4  ,juno4 7,bourq4 
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,delaware2 from   
,g4 ,a4 ,ensenberger1 ,bloomington1     
,illinois1 #ahhb4 ,vigorous and         
productive2 cluster medium1 sometimes   
shouldered2 berry white1 translucent    
with yellow tinge1 round1 medium2 pulp  
tender2 good4  ,juno4 7,vin4 ,lab47     
,uno4 ,a cross between ,muscat ,hamburg 
and ,belvidere2 from ,g4 ,w4 ,campbell1 
,delaware1 ,ohio1 about #ahhb4 ,rich and
 sweet4  ,juno's ,sister4 7,vin4 ,lab47 
,the same origin and parentage as the   
preceding4 ,berry black1 blue bloom2    
flesh meaty2 seeds part readily2 no     
acidity4  ,kalamazoo4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,from a ,mr4 ,dixon of ,steubenville1   
,jefferson ,county1 ,ohio1 about #ahfj1 
from seed of ,catawba4 ,resembles       
,catawba closely but is larger in bunch 
and berry2 not of as high quality and   
ripens ten days earlier4  ,kalista4     

7,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a white-fruited        
seedling of ,delaware produced by ,j4   
,sacksteder of ,louisville1 ,kentucky4  
,resembles the parent except for the    
color of fruit and greater vigor of     
vine4  ,kansas ,july4 7,rip487 ,a       
variety mentioned by ,mead forty years  
ago as an early grape from ,kansas with 
small bunches of very small sweet       
berries4 ,vine vigorous4  ,kay          
,seedling4 7,bourq47 ,a seedling of     
,herbemont from ,kentucky4  ,keller4    
,dr4 ,keller4 ,noted in ,gardener's     
,monthly in #ahfc4  ,keller ,white4     
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,noted by ,mitzky in #ahic
 as a seedling of ,catawba inferior to  
the parent4  ,kellog4 7,lab47 ,a wild   
,labrusca from ,new ,canaan1            
,connecticut1 and described by ,prince  
in #ahcj as having large1 purple1 foxy  
fruit of oblate form4  ,kemp4 7,linc4   
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,post-oak       
crossed with ,herbemont2 from ,munson in
 #ahhe4 ,stamens erect2 cluster large2  
berry medium1 dark red2 ripens very     

late4  ,kendall4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a       
seedling of ,isabella2 from ,brooklyn1  
,new ,york1 about #ahfe4 ,resembles     
,isabella very closely but larger in    
bunch and berry4  ,kenena4 7,linc4      
,rup47 ,a cross between ,munson of      
,america and a ,post-oak hybrid1 about  
#ahih4 ,very vigorous2 canes smooth1    
much branched2 leaves rather small1     
deeply four- to seven-lobed2 cluster    
above medium2 berries small1 purple1    
round1 persistent2 skin thin1 tough2    
flesh tender1 juicy2 good2 seeds small2 
ripens just before ,herbemont4          
,kenrick's ,native4 7,lab47 ,noted by   
,prince in #ahcj as a wild ,labrusca    
found near ,newton1 ,massachusetts4     
,fruit light green1 oval4  ,kentucky4   
7,aest4 ,lab47 ,a supposed seedling of  
,norton2 found by ,james ,childers of   
,auburn1 ,kentucky1 in #ahhg4 ,very     
vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and productive2
 canes rather slender2 tendrils         
continuous2 leaves large2 flowers       
self-sterile2 clusters large1           

shouldered1 tapering2 berries small1    
oblate1 purplish-black1 persistent2     
moderately juicy1 tough1 mild1 somewhat 
insipid1 hardly fair in quality2 seeds  
numerous1 medium size to above2 raphe a 
cord2 ripens late4  ,kentucky ,wine4    
,mentioned by ,prince in ,gardener's    
,monthly for #ahfc4  ,ketchum4 ,received
 by the ,united ,states ,department of  
,agriculture about #ahfj from an unknown
 source4 ,fruit described as black1     
sweet1 pulpy1 of medium size4           
,keystone4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of       
,concord2 from ,john ,kready1 ,mount    
,joy1 ,pennsylvania4 ,resembles ,concord
 very closely but considered by some as 
of better quality and as a better       
keeper4  ,kiamichi4 7,lab4 ,vin4        
,bourq47 ,parents1 ,delago crossed with 
,brilliant2 from ,munson1 in #ahii4     
,stamens reflexed2 cluster medium2 berry
 large1 purple2 ripens mid-season4      
,kilvington4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,bought by a 
,mr4 ,cassady of ,philadelphia for an   
,isabella1 in #ahdg4 ,grant considers it

 a seedling of ,catawba which it        
resembles in every respect except that  
the berries are smaller1 rounder and of 
a duller red4  ,king ,philip4 7,vin4    
,lab4 ,rip47 ,a second generation       
,vinifera-,labrusca-,riparia hybrid2    
produced by ,n4 ,b4 ,white of ,norwood1 
,massachusetts1 about ten years ago4    
,vine vigorous1 resembling ,labrusca2   
cluster large2 berry large1 roundish or 
slightly oval1 purple2 flesh solid1     
tender2 flavor vinous1 sweet2 very good4
  ,kingsessing4 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,of      
unknown origin1 mentioned in #ahff by   
,husmann4 ,vine tender1 subject to      
mildew and rot2 cluster large1 loose1   
shouldered2 berries medium1 round1 pale 
red with lilac bloom2 fair quality4     
,king ,william4 ,one of ,marine's       
seedlings1 not disseminated4  ,kinney's 
,seedlings4 ,according to ,mitzky1 ,i4  
,kinney of ,zanesville1 ,ohio1 has      
produced two seedlings as follows3      
,kinney ,no4 #a4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a       
seedling of ,vergennes4 ,bunch medium to

 large1 compact2 berries large1 round2  
skin tough2 very fine flavor2 good      
keeper2 ripens early4  ,kinney ,no4 #b4 
7,lab47 ,a seedling of ,concord4 ,bunch 
medium1 compact2 berries small1 round1  
white1 transparent1 but few seeds1 very 
sweet1 without any disagreeable taste2  
leaf similar to ,concord2 healthy2 good 
grower4  ,kiowa4 7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,a    
seedling of ,jaeger ,no4 #dc crossed    
with ,herbemont2 from ,munson1 in #ahih4
 ,described by him as follows3 ,growth  
very strong and healthy1 much branched1 
leaves small to medium1 #e to #g lobed2 
cluster medium to large1 with long      
peduncle2 berry small to medium1 nearly 
black1 round2 skin thin1 tough2 flesh   
tender1 juicy1 sprightly1 agreeable     
quality2 ripens just before ,herbemont4 
,kitchen4 7,rip47 ,a seedling of        
,franklin1 about #ahfe4 ,cluster medium2
 berry medium to small1 round1 black2   
skin thin1 tough2 flesh tender2 very    
late4  ,knob ,mountain4 ,a variety      
mentioned in #ahfi by the ,united       

,states ,department of ,agriculture as  
under trial4  ,kosomo4 7,lab4 ,linc4    
,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,delago   
crossed with ,beacon2 from ,munson in   
#ahii4 ,stamens reflexed2 cluster large2
 berry large1 purple2 ripens mid-season4
  ,kramer ,seedling4 7,lab47 ,a seedling
 of ,concord2 from ,j4 ,c4 ,kramer1 of  
,la ,crescent1 ,minnesota4 ,vine        
resembles ,concord but not thrifty2     
fruit resembles ,concord but is sweet   
and with a spicy flavor4  ,krause4      
7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a second         
generation ,herbemont-,niagara cross2   
from ,munson1 in #aijh4 ,munson says1   
,vine vigorous1 usually healthy1 very   
prolific2 clusters large1 handsome2     
berries medium size1 pearly white1 fine 
quality2 promising for ,southwest4      
,kruger4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab4 ,vin47     
,parents1 ,america by ,r4 ,w4 ,munson2  
from ,munson1 in #ahii4 ,stamens erect2 
cluster very large2 berry medium1 black2
 ripens late4  ,labe4 ,an accidental    
seedling from ,lebanon1 ,pennsylvania1  

about #ahej4 ,vigorous1 hardy2 bunch    
small1 short1 loose2 berry black2 flesh 
tender1 sweet4  ,lacon4 7,lab47 ,a      
seedling of ,concord from ,d4 ,h4 ,wier1
 ,lacon1 ,illinois1 about #ahfb4 ,medium
 in vigor1 hardy2 bunch small2 berry    
medium1 black2 ,concord flavor4         
,laconia4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,jos4 ,n4 
,sanborn1 ,laconia1 ,new ,hampshire4    
,received at this ,station in #aijc for 
testing but has not fruited4 ,rather    
weak grower2 self-sterile4  ,la ,crissa4
 7,bourq4 ,lab47 ,sacrissa2             
,saccharissa4 ,a ,delaware seedling2    
from ,j4 ,sacksteder1 ,louisville1      
,kentucky4 ,vigorous2 berry small1      
white2 good4  ,ladies4 7,lab47          
,mentioned by ,downing in #ahde as a fox
 grape with a strong scent1 harsh flavor
 and of no value for dessert4  ,lady    
,charlotte4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a    
seedling of ,delaware crossed with      
,iona2 from ,c4 ,g4 ,pringle of         
,vermont1 #ahfi4 ,vigorous2 bunch large1
 shouldered1 compact2 berry medium1     

round1 light green to golden2 juicy1    
sweet2 good4  ,lady ,dunlap4 7,lab4     
,vin47 ,dunlap8 ,from ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1
 about #ahge4 ,bunch medium1 compact2   
berry medium1 amber2 vinous2 good4      
,lady ,helene4 ,from ,fred ,roenbeck1   
,bergen1 ,new ,jersey4 ,vigorous2       
cluster large1 shouldered1 compact2     
berry large1 white2 good4  ,lady        
,younglove4 7,lab4 ,rip47 ,a cross      
between ,missouri ,riesling and         
,perkins2 from ,john ,sacksteder1       
,leavenworth1 ,indiana4 ,vigorous1      
hardy2 cluster medium1 generally        
shouldered2 berry large1 oval1 light    
red4  ,lake4 ,iden4 ,exhibited by       
,nicholas ,longworth in #aheb4 ,bunch   
and berry small1 black2 acid1 harsh2    
early4  ,la ,marie4 7,lab47 ,a seedling 
of ,willie2 from ,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm4     
,vigorous1 hardy2 bunch large1          
shouldered2 berry large1 very foxy1     
color ashes of roses4  ,la ,reine4      
7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of     
,america by ,beacon2 from ,munson in    

#ahii4 ,stamens erect2 cluster large2   
berry large1 black2 ripens mid-season4  
,large ,berry4 7,long47 ,a wild vine of 
,vitis longii secured by ,munson from   
,motley ,county1 ,texas4 ,stamens       
reflexed2 cluster small2 berry medium1  
black2 ripens early4  ,large ,leaf4     
7,long47 ,like the preceding1 this is   
one of ,munson's varieties1 a wild form 
of ,vitis longii from ,motley ,county1  
,texas4 ,stamens depressed2 cluster     
small2 berry small1 black2 ripens early4
  ,la ,salle4 7,rip4 ,linc4 ,rot47 ,a   
,scuppernong crossed with a ,post-oak   
hybrid2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous and     
comparatively hardy2 stamens depressed2 
cluster medium1 ovate1 short2 berries   
large to very large1 black with white   
specks2 juicy2 better than ,scuppernong4
  ,laughlin4 7,lab48 ,bourq48 ,vin487 ,a
 chance seedling1 probably of ,concord  
crossed with ,delaware2 from ,w4 ,r4    
,laughlin1 ,college ,springs1 ,iowa4    
,hardy2 cluster large1 compact1         
shouldered2 berries medium1 white2 skin 

tender2 sweet1 vinous1 high quality2    
early4  ,laura4 7,lab47 ,from ,h4 ,b4   
,lum1 ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 #ahfg4 ,hardy1  
productive2 berry large1 pale red2      
sweet1 somewhat foxy4  ,laura4 7,bourq4 
,lab4 ,aest4 ,vin47 ,lama2 ,watertown4  
,a cross of ,eumelan with ,delaware2    
from ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new  
,york1 about #ahhj4 ,medium in vigor2   
bunch small1 shouldered2 berry small1   
dark purple2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp     
tender1 juicy2 hardly good4  ,laussel4  
7,linc4 ,lab4 ,aest47 ,a seedling of a  
,post-oak crossed by ,gold ,coin2 from  
,munson4 ,vigorous1 hardy2 cluster      
medium1 moderately compact2 berry       
medium1 round1 dark purple or black2    
skin thin2 pulp firm2 good4  ,lavega4   
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a hybrid seedling2 from  
,w4 ,h4 ,mills1 ,hamilton1 ,ontario4    
,hardy2 bunch medium2 berry large1      
reddish2 vinous2 very good4  ,lawrence4 
7,lab47 ,found growing wild by ,dr4 ,r4 
,b4 ,black1 ,fay1 ,pennsylvania1 about  
#ahhj4 ,very vigorous2 cluster large1   

conical1 compact2 berry medium to large1
 round1 dark purple to black2 sub-acid2 
quality poor4  ,lawson4 7,lab47 ,from   
,e4 ,w4 ,bull1 ,massachusetts2 first    
exhibited before the ,massachusetts     
,horticultural ,society in #ahgd4 ,bunch
 large2 berry large1 white4  ,leader4   
7,lab4 ,vin487 ,a chance seedling of    
unknown parentage2 from the ,storrs and 
,harrison ,company1 ,painesville1 ,ohio1
 about #ahic4 ,variable in vigor and    
productiveness2 flowers semi-fertile2   
tendrils continuous2 clusters not       
uniform1 medium to short1 shouldered2   
berries medium1 roundish1 light green   
changing to yellowish2 skin thin1       
tender2 flesh tender1 vinous2 good to   
very good4  ,leavenworth4 7,lab4 ,vin47 
,burr ,no4 #dg4 ,a seedling of ,concord2
 from ,francis ,godard of ,leavenworth1 
,kansas1 about #ahhh4 ,weak1 hardy1     
medium in productiveness2 tendrils      
continuous2 flowers fertile or nearly   
so2 cluster small1 short1 moderately    
compact2 berries small1 slightly oval1  

dull green2 flesh tender and soft2 fair 
in quality4  ,lehman4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,from ,william ,lehman1 ,new ,lebanon1  
,pennsylvania2 parentage1 ,bland crossed
 with ,isabella4 ,bunch and berry large1
 nearly white2 late4  ,lenori4 ,alvey's 
,lenori4 ,noted in the ,united ,states  
,patent ,office ,report of #ahfa4       
,leon4 7,vin4 ,lab487 ,from ,william ,h4
 ,marine4 ,bunch medium2 berry large1   
oval1 pale red4  ,letovey4 7,linc4      
,lab48 ,vin47 ,from ,munson4 ,very      
vigorous2 shy bearer2 stamens reflexed2 
cluster large1 compact2 berry small1    
round1 deep purple to black2 pleasant   
flavor2 quality medium4  ,lewis4 ,noted 
in the ,illinois ,horticultural ,society
 ,report for #ahha as productive1       
healthy1 early2 berry black2 fair       
quality4  ,lexington4 7,lab47 ,a        
,concord seedling2 from ,t4 ,b4 ,miner1 
,new ,jersey4 ,hardy1 not productive2   
bunch large2 berry medium to large1     
black2 quality medium4  ,lida4 ,a chance
 seedling from ,ludwig ,hencke1         

,collinsville1 ,illinois4 ,bunch and    
berry medium1 red2 sweet1 not foxy2     
mid-season4  ,lightfoot's ,seedlings4   
,w4 ,h4 ,lightfoot1 of ,springfield1    
,illinois1 has raised a large number of 
seedlings from standard varieties1 such 
as ,concord1 ,northern ,muscadine1      
,goethe and others4 ,of his named       
seedlings there are ,alice ,lee1 ,amy1  
,benjamin1 ,capital1 ,lightfoot1        
,miriam1 ,sangamon and ,springfield4    
,lightfoot4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of
 ,niagara2 from ,w4 ,h4 ,lightfoot1     
,springfield1 ,illinois4 ,vigorous1     
healthy2 stamens upright2 leaves three- 
to five-lobed2 cluster medium1          
shouldered1 loose2 berry medium1 round1 
light green to yellowish2 flesh melting1
 juicy1 sweet2 good2 keeps well2 ripens 
after ,concord4  ,lightfoot ,seedling   
,no4 #cd4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of  
,lady ,washington2 from ,w4 ,h4         
,lightfoot1 ,springfield1 ,illinois4    
,vigorous and healthy2 bunch large1     
compact2 berries large1 round1 black2   

juicy and sweet4  ,limington ,white4    
7,lab47 ,described by ,cole in #ahdi4   
,hardy2 bunch and berry large2 good4    
,linceola4 7,linc4 ,rip4 ,lab47 ,a cross
 between a ,lincecumii and ,elvira      
credited to ,munson but not cataloged by
 him4 ,vigorous1 shy bearer4  ,lincoln4 
,hart2 ,mc,lean4 ,a southern grape found
 growing in the ,catawba ,river in      
,north ,carolina1 by ,dr4 ,wm4 ,mc,lean1
 about #ahjj4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 early2  
berry small1 round2 skin thin1 dark     
purple with light bloom2 flesh tender1  
juicy1 sweet1 rich1 vinous4 ,resembles  
,devereaux1 and by some considered      
identical4  ,lincoln4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,lincoln ,county2 ,read's ,hybrid4 ,a   
seedling of ,concord crossed with ,black
 ,hamburg2 from ,wm4 ,h4 ,read1 ,port   
,dalhousie1 ,ontario4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 
productive2 cluster below medium1       
compact1 cylindrical1 shouldered2 berry 
below medium1 round1 black2 skin thick1 
tough2 pulp firm but breaking1 sweet1   
sprightly1 slightly foxy2 good2 ripens  

with ,concord4  ,lincoln ,downer4       
7,lab47 ,listed in the ,united ,states  
,patent ,office ,reports of #ahei-fa as 
being under test4 ,vigorous4  ,lincrup4 
7,linc4 ,rup47 ,from ,texas4 ,vigorous2 
productive2 stamens reflexed2 bunch     
large1 medium in compactness2 berry     
small1 black2 medium in quality4        
,lincy4 7,linc47 ,from ,texas4          
,vigorous2 stamens upright2 cluster     
large1 compact2 berry medium1 black2    
quality medium4  ,lindell4 7,lab4 ,vin4 
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,lindley crossed
 with ,delaware2 from ,t4 ,v4 ,munson4  
,linden4 7,lab47 ,a ,concord seedling2  
from ,t4 ,b4 ,miner1 ,linden1 ,new      
,jersey4 ,hardy2 bunch and berry large1 
black1 firm4  ,linherbe4 7,bourq4 ,lab4 
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,lindley crossed  
with ,herbemont2 from ,munson4          
,vigorous2 cluster medium1 conical2     
berry small1 red1 translucent2 flavor   
sweet2 quality medium4  ,lindmar4 7,lab4
 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,lindley crossed 
with ,martha2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous1  

not always hardy1 variable in           
productiveness2 tendrils continuous2    
flowers partly fertile2 stamens upright2
 cluster small1 compact2 berries small1 
oval1 dull1 pale green1 thin gray bloom2
 flesh pale green1 slightly vinous1     
foxy2 good4  ,linelvi4 7,rip4 ,lab4     
,vin47 ,munson ,no4 #de4 ,from ,munson2 
parentage given as ,lindley by          
,humboldt1 or ,lindley by ,elvira4 ,so  
lacking in vigor as to be unpromising4  
,linley4 7,lab4 ,rip4 ,vin4 ,bourq47    
,parentage1 ,rommel crossed with        
,delaware2 from ,munson in #ahig4       
,stamens erect2 cluster medium2 berry   
medium1 yellow2 ripens early4  ,linn4   
7,lab47 ,from ,p4 ,b4 ,crandall1        
,ithaca1 ,new ,york1 about #ahij4       
,vigorous2 tendrils continuous2 cluster 
medium1 compact1 shouldered2 berry      
medium1 round1 yellowish-green with     
reddish dots2 pulp fibrous1 foxy and    
acid2 good4  ,linn ,queen4 7,lab47      
,vigorous2 cluster medium1 compact2     
berry large1 black1 poor2 stamens       

upright4  ,little ,blue4 7,lab4 ,vin4   
,aest47 ,from ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1         
,marlboro1 ,new ,york1 about #ahhh4     
,vigorous1 medium in productiveness2    
tendrils intermittent to rarely         
continuous2 diaphragm thick2 flowers    
partly fertile2 stamens upright2 cluster
 medium1 shouldered2 berry medium1      
oblong1 black2 pulp juicy1 sweet1 good2 
ripens after ,concord4  ,little ,giant4 
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,noted as under test in   
the vineyards of the ,united ,states    
,department of ,agriculture from #ahfc  
to #ahff4 ,resembles ,isabella very     
closely4  ,little ,ozark4 ,hardy2 bunch 
long1 loose2 berry medium1 black2 juicy2
 good4  ,livingston4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from
 ,john ,c4 ,wheaton1 ,dansville1        
,livingston ,county1 ,new ,york2        
believed to be a seedling of ,wilder or 
,aminia4 ,vigorous1 not always hardy1   
productive2 tendrils continuous2 leaves 
large1 dull green2 flowers nearly       
self-fertile2 stamens upright2 cluster  
large1 long1 frequently loosely         

single-shouldered1 very compact2 berries
 medium1 roundish1 black with blue      
bloom1 persistent2 skin thin1 tender2   
flesh tender1 faintly spicy2 good2      
characters of vine and fruit indicate   
,labrusca and ,vinifera4  ,lizzie4      
7,lab47 ,a seedling from ,e4 ,w4 ,bull1 
exhibited by him before the             
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society  
in #ahgd4 ,bunch and berry large1 white4
  ,lobata4 7,linc4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of
 ,munson crossed with ,profusion2 from  
,munson in #ahig4 ,stamens depressed2   
cluster large2 berry medium1 black2     
ripens late4  ,logan4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,david ,hall ,grape2 ,purple ,urbana2   
,urbana4 ,a seedling of unknown         
parentage1 brought to notice by ,dr4    
,thompson2 supposed to have come from   
,logan ,county1 ,ohio4 ,medium in vigor1
 usually hardy2 cluster medium1 compact1
 shouldered2 berries large1 oval1 dark  
purple to black2 sweet1 juicy2 good4    
,logan4 ,alvey's ,logan4 ,mentioned by  
,dr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,morris1 ,wilmington1      

,delaware1 in ,united ,states ,patent   
,office ,report1 #ahfa1 as a hardy      
grape4  ,long4 7,bourq47 ,madison       
,county4 ,found by ,col4 ,james ,long on
 his plantation near ,danielsville1     
,madison ,county1 ,georgia1 about #ahbg4
 ,vigorous2 cluster medium to large1    
compact1 shouldered2 berries small1 dark
 purple with thin bloom2 pulp tender1   
sweet1 vinous2 good2 ripens late4       
,considered by some synonymous with     
,cunningham4  ,long ,john4 7,linc4 ,lab4
 ,vin47 ,parents1 ,big ,berry crossed   
with ,triumph2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous1 
not hardy here2 cluster large1 long1    
cylindrical to tapering1 compact2 berry 
large1 roundish1 black2 skin thin1      
tough2 texture tough and coarse2 flavor 
tart1 slightly acid at center2 good2    
ripens very late4  ,longworth4 7,bourq47
 ,longworth ,no4 #bj4 ,found in the     
garden of ,nicholas ,longworth1         
,cincinnati1 ,ohio1 about #ahfg4        
,healthy1 vigorous1 productive2 clusters
 large1 shouldered2 berry small1 round1 

black1 juicy1 refreshing2 of the        
,herbemont type but ripens earlier4     
,longworth4 7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,jaeger    
,no4 #ej4 ,a seedling of ,jaeger ,no4   
#dc crossed with ,herbemont2 from       
,hermann ,jaeger1 ,neosho1 ,missouri1   
about #ahhj4 ,susceptible to mildew2    
bunches large2 berries medium1          
blue-black2 good2 very late4  ,longworth
 ,monster4 ,from ,ohio4 ,vigorous1      
healthy1 productive2 bunch medium2 berry
 large1 round1 blue4  ,loomis' ,honey4  
7,lab47 ,exhibited in #ahfc by ,peter   
,raabe of ,philadelphia1 in ,new ,york  
at the ,new ,york ,fruit ,growers'      
meeting4 ,hardy2 clusters large2 berries
 large1 black2 sweet4  ,looney          
,seedling4 7,lab47 ,from ,c4 ,s4        
,looney1 ,cowan1 ,tennessee1 about      
#aijb4 ,cluster small1 shouldered1 blunt
 at end1 loose2 berry large1 round1     
thick blue bloom over black2 skin thin1 
tender2 sweet1 slightly foxy2 good2     
ripens early4 ,resembles ,concord4      
,lorain4 ,from ,lorain1 ,ohio1 about    

#ahfe4 ,cluster medium2 berry large1    
amber-yellow2 sweet2 good4  ,loretto4   
7,lab47 ,queen ,loretto4 ,from          
,tennessee4 ,berry medium1 round1 white2
 good2 mid-season4  ,loudon ,seedling4  
7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of    
,delaware and ,diana2 from ,f4 ,w4      
,loudon1 ,janesville1 ,wisconsin4       
,resembles ,diana in bunch1 berry and   
flavor4  ,louisa4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,grown  
by ,samuel ,miller1 ,calmdale1          
,pennsylvania4 ,vigorous1 hardy2 cluster
 compact1 occasionally shouldered2 berry
 round1 oval1 black with blue bloom2    
flavor resembles ,isabella2 ripens      
early4  ,louise4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,given by
 ,mitzky as a seedling from ,new        
,jersey4 ,vigorous2 bunch large1        
compact2 berries large1 white2 juicy1   
sweet2 very good4  ,louisville4 ,noted  
in a list of supposed hardy grapes in   
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture ,report for #ahfc4  ,lowell
 ,globe4 ,noted in a list of worthless  
varieties in ,gardener's ,monthly in    

#ahfc4  ,lucky4 7,linc47 ,an undescribed
 variety used by ,munson as a parent in 
a number of crosses4  ,lucy ,winton4    
,noted in the ,gardener's ,monthly for  
#ahfa as being equal in quality to      
,isabella and four weeks earlier4       
,luders4 7,rip47 ,a wild male vine of   
,vitis riparia secured from near        
,madison1 ,wisconsin1 by ,munson4       
,luffborough4 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,found near
 ,georgetown1 ,district of ,columbia1   
before #ahbh4 ,berries large1 deep      
purple2 juice sweet1 foxy4 ,recommended 
by ,john ,adlum for wine and cited in a 
list of worthless varieties in          
,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahfc4  ,lugawana4
 ,noted in the ,ontario ,fruit ,growers'
 ,association ,report for #ahhg in a    
list of varieties ripening late4        
,lukfata4 7,champ4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of
 ,moore ,early crossed with ,vitis      
champini2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous1      
hardy2 cluster medium1 ovate1 compact2  
berries globular1 large1 black1         
persistent2 juicy1 very sweet and       

agreeable2 good2 early2 stamens         
reflexed4  ,luckyne4 7,linc4 ,bourq47   
,parents1 ,lucky crossed with ,sweety2  
from ,munson in #ahig4 ,stamens erect2  
cluster large2 berry medium1 black2     
ripens late4  ,lulie4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a  
seedling of ,telegraph crossed with     
,black ,hamburg2 from ,c4 ,j4 ,copley1  
,stapleton1 ,new ,york4 ,hardy1 healthy 
and productive2 cluster large2 berry    
very large1 black with a fine bloom2    
good4 ,awarded a medal at the ,world's  
,fair1 ,chicago1 #ahic4  ,luna4 7,lab47 
,from ,william ,m4 ,marine4 ,a large1   
hardy1 white grape4  ,lycoming4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,from a ,mr4 ,evenden1           
,williamsport1 ,lycoming ,county1       
,pennsylvania1 about #ahfj4 ,hardy2     
canes short-jointed2 cluster large2     
berry large1 oval1 light red4  ,lydia4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a chance seedling from   
,charles ,carpenter1 ,kelleys ,island1  
,ohio4 ,cluster short1 compact2 berries 
large1 oval1 greenish-white2 skin thick2
 pulp tender1 sweet1 slightly vinous2   

good2 ripens with ,delaware4  ,lyman4   
7,rip47 ,a northern variety said to have
 been brought from ,quebec more than    
fifty years ago4 ,hardy2 productive1    
vigorous2 cluster large1 handsome1      
compact2 berry medium1 round1 black with
 thick bloom2 juicy2 good4  ,lyon4      
7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,chidester ,no4   
#a2 ,pres4 ,lyon4 ,a seedling of        
,concord crossed with ,delaware2 from   
,c4 ,p4 ,chidester1 ,battle ,creek1     
,michigan1 named in honor of ,t4 ,t4    
,lyon of ,michigan about #ahij4         
,vigorous1 productive2 cluster medium to
 large1 cylindrical1 shouldered1 medium 
compact2 berries large1 round1 white1   
whitish bloom2 pulp tender1 sweet1 rich1
 vinous2 very good4  ,mabel4 7,lab4     
,bourq4 ,vin47 ,originated by ,a4 ,j4   
,caywood of ,marlboro1 ,new ,york1 from 
seed of ,walter4 ,moderately vigorous1  
not always hardy1 inclined to mildew1   
productive2 canes medium size with thin 
blue bloom2 tendrils intermittent2      
leaves medium size1 thin1 slightly      

pubescent2 flowers fertile2 clusters    
large1 usually shouldered2 berries      
large1 round1 black2 skin thin1 rather  
tough1 inclined to crack1 purplish      
pigment2 flesh tender1 juicy1 sweet1    
vinous2 good2 ripens before ,concord but
 not a good keeper4  ,mc,donald's ,ann  
,arbor4 7,lab47 ,noted in the ,american 
,pomological ,society ,report for #ahha4
 ,berry very large1 black with blue     
bloom2 quality of ,concord2 ripens with 
,worden4  ,macedonia4 7,lab47 ,miller's 
,no4 #c4 ,an early white seedling of    
,concord2 raised by ,samuel ,miller of  
,calmdale1 ,pennsylvania1 over fifty    
years ago4 ,said to resemble ,martha but
 not so vigorous4  ,mc,kinley4 7,lab4   
,vin47 ,originated by ,frank ,l4 ,young1
 ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 from seed of    
,niagara pollinated by ,moore ,early1   
planted in #ahia4 ,not vigorous1 usually
 hardy1 moderately productive2 tendrils 
continuous2 leaves of medium size2      
clusters medium to large1 usually       
single-shouldered1 compact2 berries     

large1 oval1 light green2 skin tender2  
flesh tender1 juicy1 sweet2 good2       
resembles ,niagara but about ten days   
earlier4  ,mc,neil4 7,lab48 ,rip487 ,a  
variety resembling ,clinton1 cultivated 
in the ,champlain region from fifty to  
seventy-five years ago4  ,madeira4 ,the 
name ,madeira is common in the early    
grape literature of the country4 ,its   
use was begun at the time when many of  
the cultivated sorts were supposed to be
 of foreign origin4 ,the significance of
 the word when found unqualified depends
 somewhat on the time and place4 ,thus1 
in the ,south1 ,madeira usually means   
,herbemont's ,madeira2 in ,ohio1 ,ives  
,madeira and in ,pennsylvania1 ,york    
,madeira4  ,madeline4 7,lab47 ,given by 
,mitzky1 in #ahic1 as a chance seedling 
grown by ,g4 ,henderson1 ,eddyville1    
,new ,york4 ,bunch medium to large1     
compact1 often shouldered2 berry large1 
round1 greenish-white with a white      
bloom2 skin medium thin but tough1      
translucent2 sweet1 juicy1 with a       

pleasant flavor2 ripens early4  ,magee4 
,given by ,mitzky as the name of the    
variety described in this work as       
,glenfeld4  ,magnificent4 7,lab48       
,vin487 ,from ,a4 ,f4 ,rice1            
,griswoldville1 ,georgia1 about         
twenty-five years ago4 ,cluster large1  
broad1 shouldered1 loose2 berries large2
 skin thin1 tender2 flesh tender1 juicy1
 sweet2 very good4  ,maguire4 7,lab47   
,this variety was known about fifty     
years ago as a very early black sweet   
grape of fair quality which originated  
at ,lansingburg1 ,new ,york4 ,similar to
 ,hartford but more foxy4  ,mahogany    
,colored4 7,lab47 ,mahogany4 ,a wild    
,labrusca introduced over fifty years   
ago by ,g4 ,w4 ,clark1 of ,malden1      
,massachusetts4 ,fruit of the ,labrusca 
type2 mahogany-red4  ,main4 7,lab47     
,mentioned in the horticultural         
periodicals of fifty years ago as a     
variety very similar to ,concord and    
thought by many to be the same2 from a  
,mr4 ,main1 of ,concord1 ,new           

,hampshire1 about #ahed4 ,said to be    
about ten days earlier than ,concord4   
,malinda4 ,an early white variety       
mentioned in ,gardener's ,monthly in    
#ahfi4  ,malvin4 ,one of ,marine's      
seedlings1 described as black1 of good  
quality and with cluster and berry of   
medium size4  ,manhattan4 ,an           
amber-green seedling of ,isabella which 
originated on ,long ,island about #ahej4
 ,unproductive2 cluster small1 compact2 
berry medium2 flesh tough1 foxy2 good2  
ripens late2 shatters4  ,manockanock4   
,listed by ,prince in ,gardener's       
,monthly in #ahfc as worthless4         
,mansfield4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of
 ,concord fertilized by ,iona2 raised in
 #ahfi by ,c4 ,g4 ,pringle of           
,charlotte1 ,vermont4 ,very vigorous2   
leaves large1 thick1 very pubescent     
below2 cluster large1 shouldered1       
compact2 berry large1 slightly oval1    
black2 flesh tender2 very good2 ripens  
before ,concord4  ,manson4 ,a cross     
between ,r4 ,w4 ,munson and ,gold ,coin2

 produced by ,munson in #ahii and       
introduced in #aijf4 ,munson says3      
,vigorous and productive2 clusters      
large2 berry above medium1 of yellow    
color2 skin thin and tough2 pulp tender2
 quality excellent2 ripens late1 with   
,triumph4  ,marguerite4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a
 ,labrusca-,vinifera variety2 from      
,theophile ,huber1 ,illinois ,city1     
,illinois4 ,vigorous1 not productive2   
stamens upright2 cluster small1 loose2  
berries medium1 light amber2 tender1    
sweet1 vinous2 good2 ripens a week after
 ,concord4  ,marguerite4 7,linc4        
,bourq47 ,originated by ,munson2 from   
,post-oak ,no4 #b fertilized by         
,herbemont4 ,very vigorous1 very        
productive2 shoots spiny1 not downy2    
leaves medium to large1 three- to       
five-lobed2 stamens upright2 clusters   
medium1 cylindrical1 shouldered1        
compact2 berries large1 round1 dark     
purple2 skin thin1 tough2 flesh tender2 
good2 ripens ten days later than        
,catawba4  ,marine's ,seedlings4 ,a     

number of varieties were produced by    
,wm4 ,m4 ,marine about #ahgj4 ,they were
 all crosses of native sorts produced by
 putting the pollen in water and then   
applying the water to the stigma of the 
sort to be fertilized4 ,of the varieties
 thus produced are ,nerluton1           
,greencastle1 ,leon1 ,lucas1 ,mianna1   
,malvin1 ,olympia1 ,king ,william1      
,minnie1 ,harriet ,beecher1 ,u4 ,b41    
,uncle ,tom1 ,red ,jacket1 and many     
others4  ,mariole4 ,joe's ,mariole4     
,mentioned by ,r4 ,o4 ,thompson1 of     
,nursery ,hill1 ,nebraska1 in the       
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture ,report for #ahff4         
,marique4 ,warder1 in #ahfg1 says1      
,ohio4 ,healthy1 vigorous1 very         
productive2 bunch full medium1 compact2 
berry oval1 large1 blue2 spicy2 very    
good4  ,marker4 ,listed by the          
,superintendent of the ,experimental    
,garden of the ,united ,states          
,department of ,agriculture in the      
report for #ahfc4  ,marsala4 7,lab47 ,a 

dark red grape introduced about thirty  
years ago by ,dr4 ,stayman4 ,cluster    
large2 berry large2 foxy1 somewhat      
solid1 tough2 good2 very resistant to   
rot4  ,marvin's ,seedlings4 ,d4 ,s4     
,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new ,york1 grew   
many crosses of ,american varieties1 few
 if any having been made by him with    
,vinifera4 ,his best known grapes are   
,cayuga1 ,centennial1 ,hopican1 ,rutland
 and ,shelby4 ,besides these he produced
 others1 many of which were never named 
nor disseminated4 ,one of these which   
was received at this ,station in #ahib  
was described in the ,thirteenth ,annual
 ,report under the name ,marvin's       
,seedling4 ,clusters medium1 compact2   
berry small1 pale green or yellow2 flesh
 firm1 sweet1 vinous2 good2 season last 
of ,september4  ,marvina4 7,lab4 ,vin4  
,bourq4 ,aest47 ,a seedling of ,laura by
 ,brilliant2 from ,munson in #ahig4     
,stamens erect2 cluster large2 berry    
medium1 white2 ripens early4  ,mary4    
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a chance seedling of     

,catawba found in #ahdi in the garden of
 ,datus ,kelley1 ,kelleys ,island1      
,ohio4 ,vigorous1 hardy2 leaf medium1   
light-colored1 downy beneath2 cluster   
large1 loose2 berry medium1 round1      
greenish-white1 gray bloom1 translucent2
 flesh tender1 juicy1 sweet1 sprightly2 
very good2 ripens with ,catawba2 mildews
 badly4  ,mary4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a        
seedling of ,catawba introduced by a    
,mr4 ,hasselkus1 of ,griffin1 ,georgia1 
about #ahhe4 ,resembles ,lindley very   
closely but is said to be more vigorous 
with larger and rounder berries of a    
lighter red and shorter1 more compact   
clusters2 ripens with ,concord4  ,mary  
,ann4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,north ,carolina    
,muscadine4 ,originated by ,j4 ,b4      
,garber1 ,columbia1 ,pennsylvania1 about
 #ahej4 ,vigorous and productive2       
cluster medium1 compact1 shouldered2    
berry medium1 oval1 black1 foxy1 poor2  
resembles ,isabella2 ripens with        
,hartford4  ,mary ,favorite4 ,from ,j4  
,t4 ,coffin1 of ,westland1 ,hancock     

,county1 ,indiana1 in #ahhi2 a chance   
seedling found growing near a trellis on
 which ,delaware and one of ,rogers'    
hybrids were growing4 ,vigorous1 usually
 hardy1 variable in productiveness2     
canes long2 tendrils continuous2 leaves 
large1 lower surface grayish-white1     
pubescent2 flowers fertile1 open early2 
clusters medium to small1 usually       
shouldered1 very compact2 berries small1
 roundish1 purplish-black1 persistent2  
skin thin1 tough2 flesh tough1 slightly 
vinous1 sweet1 tart at center2 good to  
best4  ,mary ,mark4 7,bourq4 ,lab4      
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,delaware2 from   
,dr4 ,stayman4 ,lacks vigor1 hardy1     
apparently healthy1 productive2 berry   
medium1 red2 flesh tender1 juicy1       
vinous1 sweet2 very good2 ripens with   
its parent which it closely resembles4  
,mary ,wylie4 7,vin4 ,rip4 ,lab47 ,a    
hybrid of ,clinton and ,red ,frontignan2
 from ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,wylie1 ,chester1    
,south ,carolina4 ,cluster large1 loose2
 berry above medium1 yellowish-green2   

flesh tender1 juicy1 vinous1 delicate2  
very good2 ripens late4  ,maryland      
,purple4 ,mentioned by ,prince in #ahcj 
as a seedling from the woods of         
,maryland4 ,berries medium1 purple1     
sweet and juicy2 ripens very late4      
,mason4 ,a chance seedling of #ahha2    
from ,mrs4 ,e4 ,mason1 ,lamont1 ,ottawa 
,county1 ,michigan4 ,vigorous2 clusters 
medium1 sometimes shouldered1 compact2  
berries large1 round1 reddish-amber2    
flesh tender1 sweet1 vinous1 sprightly1 
slightly foxy2 good2 ripens just before 
,worden4  ,mason4 7,lab47 ,mason's      
,seedling4 ,a white ,concord seedling   
raised by ,b4 ,mason1 of ,mascoutah1    
,illinois1 about thirty years ago4      
,moderately vigorous1 unproductive2     
cluster small1 compact2 berry large1    
round1 light yellowish-green2 skin thin2
 flesh tender1 juicy1 sweet1 sprightly1 
slightly foxy2 ripens a few days before 
,concord2 very persistent2 self-fertile4
  ,mason ,renting4 7,lab47 ,described in
 ,bulletin #aj1 #ahij1 ,alabama         

,experiment ,station4 ,vigorous1        
productive2 clusters small1 compact2    
berries small1 greenish-yellow2 good2   
ripens with ,catawba4  ,massachusetts   
,white4 7,lab47 ,a red foxy ,labrusca1  
apparently a wild grape sent out by ,b4 
,m4 ,watson1 of ,plymouth1              
,massachusetts1 about #ahfj4 ,utterly   
worthless and name a misnomer4          
,matchless4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq487      
,originated by ,john ,burr1 of          
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 about #ahhg1     
,vigorous1 hardy2 black with heavy      
bloom2 skin thin1 tough2 flesh tender1  
sprightly1 vinous2 very good2 ripens    
with ,brighton and hangs well for some  
time4  ,mathilde4 7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 
,originated by ,g4 ,a4 ,ensenberger1    
,bloomington1 ,illinois1 from seed of   
,delaware4 ,vigorous1 productive1 not   
quite hardy2 cluster large1 very        
compact2 berry small to large1 round1   
dark red with lilac bloom2 small ones   
seedless2 flesh tender1 juicy1 vinous2  
good2 very late4  ,mauston4 7,rip47 ,a  

wild vine of ,vitis riparia secured by  
,munson from near ,mauston1 ,wisconsin4 
,stamens reflexed2 cluster small2 berry 
small1 black2 ripens early4  ,may ,red4 
,mentioned in the ,report of the        
,ontario ,fruit ,growers' ,association  
for #ahhg as ripening with ,janesville4 
,mead ,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,found in
 #ahdg in the garden of ,john ,mead1    
,lowell1 ,massachusetts4 ,a supposed    
seedling of ,catawba which it strongly  
resembles but darker and with round     
berries4  ,meanko4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47
 ,parentage1 ,delago crossed with       
,brilliant1 from ,munson1 in #ahii4     
,stamens erect2 cluster medium2 berry   
large1 red2 ripens mid-season4  ,medora4
 7,bourq4 ,vin48 ,lab487 ,a seedling of 
,lenoir1 probably pollinated by ,croton2
 raised by ,dr4 ,thos4 ,r4 ,cooke1      
,victoria1 ,texas4 ,moderately vigorous2
 leaf resembles ,lenoir2 clusters large2
 berries pale green1 medium1 round1 very
 translucent2 sprightly1 vinous2 good4  
,melasko4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a      

seedling of ,delago by ,governor        
,ireland2 from ,munson in #ahii4        
,stamens erect2 cluster large2 berry    
large1 black2 ripens mid-season4        
,memory4 7,rot47 ,vigorous1 very        
productive1 tender2 cluster small1      
containing four to twelve large1 round1 
brownish-black berries2 skin thick2     
flesh tender1 juicy1 sweet2 good to     
best2 ripens early for a ,rotundifolia4 
,mendota4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,originated     
about #ahhc by ,john ,burr1 of          
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 from mixed seed4 
,not vigorous nor productive2 leaves    
round1 pale green2 stamens upright2     
cluster small1 very compact2 berry above
 medium1 round1 black2 skin tender2     
flesh tender1 melting1 sprightly1 sweet2
 good2 ripens just before ,brighton4    
,meno4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,mentioned in      
,bulletin #aj1 #ahij1 ,alabama          
,experiment ,station4 ,clusters small   
and compact2 berries medium size1 amber2
 good2 ripens with ,catawba2 rots and   
mildews4  ,merceron4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a   

somewhat recent seedling of ,catawba and
 so similar as to be difficult to       
distinguish from it4  ,merceron4 7,lab4 
,vin47 ,from ,f4 ,e4 ,merceron1         
,catawissa1 ,pennsylvania1 about #ahic2 
said to be a cross of ,wilder and       
,concord4 ,cluster large1 heavily       
shouldered2 berries large1 black2 sweet1
 sprightly2 very late4  ,mericadel4     
7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a   
seedling of ,america crossed with       
,delaware2 from ,munson1 in #ahih4 ,very
 vigorous1 very productive2 cluster     
large2 berry medium1 purple1 very       
persistent2 skin thin and tough2 flesh  
tender1 sweet2 very good2 ripens just   
after ,concord4  ,meta4 ,according to   
,mitzky1 a seedling of ,jewel produced  
by ,mr4 ,l4 ,hencke1 of ,illinois4      
,bunch large1 compact1 shouldered2 berry
 large1 red2 sweet and juicy2 good2     
ripens before ,concord4  ,metis4 7,lab4 
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,salem2 from ,c4  
,engle1 of ,paw ,paw1 ,michigan4        
,cluster small1 not compact1 sometimes  

shouldered2 berry large1 dark red1 gray 
bloom2 skin thick2 flesh rather tough1  
juicy1 vinous2 good4  ,metternich4      
7,rip4 ,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,metterny4  
,a seedling of ,clinton fertilized by   
,poughkeepsie2 from ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood1   
,marlboro1 ,new ,york4 ,moderately      
vigorous2 cluster medium1 long1         
cylindrical1 sometimes shouldered1      
compact2 berry small1 roundish or       
slightly oval2 skin thin1 tough1 light  
green to medium dark red2 flesh tender1 
not very sweet1 fine flavor2 good2      
ripens late4  ,mianna or ,mienna4 ,one  
of ,marine's seedlings which some call a
 white grape and others black4          
,michigan4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of 
,salem from ,c4 ,engle1 ,paw ,paw1      
,michigan4 ,vigorous1 hardy and         
productive2 cluster large1 compact1     
usually shouldered2 berry above medium1 
light green2 good2 ripens with ,concord4
 ,there was another sort named ,michigan
 or ,michigan ,seedling about fifty     
years ago which was said to resemble    

,catawba but about two weeks earlier4   
,middlesex4 7,lab47 ,one of ,e4 ,w4     
,bull's seedlings4 ,apparently never    
disseminated4  ,miland4 ,described in   
,alabama ,station ,bulletin ,no4 #bi1   
#ahia1 as a vigorous1 not very healthy  
vine with medium-sized amber berries4   
,miles4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,matlock4 ,from   
,west ,goshen ,township1 ,chester       
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 over sixty years
 ago4 ,vigorous1 productive1 very early 
but does not keep2 better than          
,hartford4  ,millardet4 7,berland47     
,from ,llano ,county1 ,texas4           
,moderately vigorous1 productive2       
stamens reflexed2 cluster large2 berry  
small1 black2 good2 ripens late4        
,miller4 7,cord4 ,vin47 ,mentioned by   
,john ,craig in the ,canadian           
,horticulturist as a new grape1 a very  
happy combination of the ,european ,v4  
vinifera and the ,american ,v4          
cordifolia4 ,it also keeps excellently4 
,miller4 7,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of 
,herbemont by ,martha2 from ,munson4    

,stamens erect2 cluster large2 berry    
medium1 white2 ripens late4  ,miller's  
,seedlings4 ,samuel ,miller1 during his 
early life a resident of ,calmdale1     
,pennsylvania1 later of ,bluffton1      
,missouri1 was one of the well known    
grape-breeders of the last century4 ,he 
started this work about the time of the 
introduction of ,concord and continued  
it until his death in #aija4 ,miller was
 an advocate of close breeding rather   
than cross-breeding as a means of       
improving fruit4 ,his best known grape  
productions are3 ,black ,hawk1 ,eva1    
,macedonia1 ,martha and ,young ,america4
 ,martha is the best known of these and 
this has been superseded4 ,at the time  
of ,miller's death he was engaged in    
improving the native persimmon4         
,millington4 7,lab47 ,tested by the     
,michigan ,experiment ,station and      
reported in #ahii as being fairly       
vigorous1 variable in productiveness2   
clusters large1 roundish1 moderately    
compact2 berries large1 round1 black    

with blue bloom2 flesh tender1 very     
light green1 sprightly1 sweet1 vinous1  
with a perceptible aroma2 fair to good2 
ripens mid-season4  ,millington ,white4 
7,rip47 ,mentioned by ,prince in #ahcj  
as having been found growing north of   
the ,missouri ,river1 in ,missouri1 by  
,dr4 ,millington of that state4 ,fruit  
of good size1 very juicy1 rather tart1  
the skin is thin and each berry         
generally contains three seeds4         
,mineola4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a cross between
 a seedling of ,telegraph and ,chasselas
 ,musque2 from ,c4 ,j4 ,copley1         
,stapleton1 ,new ,york4 ,of medium      
vigor1 healthy1 hardy and productive2   
bunches medium1 cylindrical1 compact1   
seldom shouldered2 berries large1       
roundish1 white or pale yellow1         
transparent1 no pulp2 very rich1 pure1  
,muscat flavor2 ripens very early4      
,miner's ,seedlings4 ,about forty years 
ago1 ,t4 ,b4 ,miner1 of ,linden1 ,union 
,county1 ,new ,jersey1 raised #aejj     
seedlings of ,concord in central ,new   

,york4 ,in #ahgi after ,miner's death1  
twelve of these seedlings were named and
 sent out for testing4 ,they are        
,adeline1 ,antoinette1 ,augusta1        
,belinda1 ,boadicea1 ,carlotta1         
,eugenia1 ,ida1 ,lexington1 ,linden1    
,rockingham and ,victoria4 ,none of     
these is of great value and they are    
chiefly of interest as indicating what  
may be expected from ,concord seedlings4
  ,mingo4 ,mentioned by ,samuel ,miller 
in #ahie as being among the newer       
varieties2 bunch and berry small1 black2
 ripens before any other2 makes a heavy 
dark wine4  ,minnehaha4 7,vin4 ,lab47   
,said to be a cross between ,muscat of  
,alexandria and ,massasoit2 from        
,marshall ,p4 ,wilder4 ,vigorous1       
productive1 not hardy2 bunch large1 very
 long1 variable in compactness1         
shouldered2 berry medium1 very sweet1   
vinous1 of the most delicious quality4  
,said by some to be ,croton4            
,minnesota4 7,rip47 ,a wild vine of     
,vitis riparia1 secured by ,munson from 

near ,carver1 ,minnesota4 ,stamens      
reflexed2 cluster small2 berry very     
small1 white2 ripens very early4        
,minnesota ,mammoth4 7,lab47 ,introduced
 by ,l4 ,w4 ,stratton1 ,excelsior1      
,minnesota1 about #ahgi4 ,vigorous1     
hardy and productive2 bunch and berry   
large1 dark red2 skin thick2            
characteristic spicy flavor1 sweet2     
poor4  ,minnie4 ,from ,william ,m4      
,marine4 ,bunch small2 berry medium1    
dark red2 sweet2 nearly equal to        
,delaware4  ,miriam4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a   
seedling of ,lady ,washington2 from ,w4 
,h4 ,lightfoot1 ,springfield1 ,illinois4
 ,very vigorous1 hardy1 healthy2 bunch  
large1 compact1 shouldered2 berries     
large1 black1 juicy and sweet2 of       
superior quality2 ripens two weeks later
 than ,concord4  ,mish4 7,rot47 ,meisch4
 ,origin in ,north ,carolina4 ,vine     
vigorous1 very productive2 bunches      
contain from six to fifteen             
medium-sized1 reddish-black oval berries
 with thin skin2 tender and sweet2 very 

good2 self-sterile4  ,mission4 7,vin4   
,gird487 ,el ,paso4 ,the exact origin of
 ,mission is unknown but it is believed 
to have originated in the remote        
,missions of northern ,mexico at a time 
when grape-growing was forbidden by     
,spain4 ,the variety was introduced into
 ,california at a very early day and was
 raised by the ,mission fathers1 hence  
the name4 ,mission is believed by some  
to be a hybrid between ,vinifera and    
,girdiana4 ,vigorous2 canes             
short-jointed1 dull dark brown to       
grayish2 leaf above medium size1        
slightly oblong1 five-lobed2 stamens    
erect2 clusters slightly shouldered1    
loose1 distinctly compound2 berries     
medium1 round2 skin thin1 purplish-black
 with heavy bloom2 flesh tender1 vinous1
 sweet2 very good2 ripens with ,concord 
in ,texas2 said to be imperfectly       
self-fertile4  ,missouri4 ,missouri     
,seedling4 ,mentioned by ,prince in     
#ahcj as a native grape4 ,vine weak1 not
 very productive2 bunches medium size1  

loose2 berries small1 round1            
bluish-black with little bloom2 tender  
with little pulp1 sweet and pleasant4   
,missouri ,bird ,eye4 ,mentioned in the 
,united ,states ,patent ,office ,report 
for #ahei as being free from rot in the 
vicinity of ,hermann1 ,missouri4        
,missouri ,muscadine4 ,mentioned in the 
,illinois ,horticultural ,society       
,report for #ahgg as being very hardy   
and very productive4  ,modena4 7,lab47  
,a ,concord seedling2 from ,caywood1    
about #ahfg4 ,vigorous and hardy2 bunch 
and berry medium1 roundish1 black2      
similar to ,concord in flavor and ripens
 about with that variety4  ,moffats4    
,mentioned in the ,minnesota            
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #ahgg1 
as being a large1 hardy grape4  ,moltke4
 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,salem2   
from ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,rautenberg1 of        
,lincoln1 ,illinois4 ,very productive   
and vigorous1 resembles ,agawam2 cluster
 medium1 sometimes shouldered2 berries  
very large1 oblong1 dark red2 skin      

thick2 sweet and aromatic2 ripens ten   
days earlier than ,agawam4  ,monarch4   
7,lab487 ,tested by the ,alabama        
,experiment ,station and reported as    
vigorous and a strong grower4 ,clusters 
large1 compact2 berries large1 round1   
black with blue bloom2 skin thick2 pulp 
half tender1 pleasant1 quality good2    
season last of ,august2 productive4 ,a  
promising market grape4  ,monard4 ,vine 
weak2 stamens reflexed2 bunch small to  
medium2 berry medium1 light red2 very   
good2 a few days later than ,concord4   
,monlintawba4 7,mon4 ,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab47
 ,a seedling of ,vitis monticola by     
,fern ,munson2 from ,munson4 ,stamens   
depressed2 cluster large2 berry small1  
purple2 ripens very late4  ,montclair4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,c4 ,c4 ,corby1 of  
,montclair1 ,new ,jersey4 ,moderately   
vigorous1 not fully hardy1 productive2  
stamens upright2 clusters above medium1 
long and broad1 tapering1 shouldered2   
variable in compactness2 berries large  
to medium1 slightly oval1 dark red with 

lilac bloom1 unusually persistent2 skin 
thin1 tough2 pulp greenish1 somewhat    
tough and solid1 slightly vinous1 sweet2
 good to very good2 late in ripening4   
,montisella4 7,mon4 ,linc4 ,lab4 ,aest47
 ,a seedling of ,vitis monticola crossed
 with ,laussel2 from ,munson4 ,stamens  
reflexed2 cluster medium2 berry medium1 
purple2 ripens very late4  ,montour4    
7,lab47 ,mentioned by the ,united       
,states ,department of ,agriculture in  
their report for #ahfi in a list of     
varieties of ,labrusca4  ,montreal4     
,noted in the ,rural ,new ,yorker for   
#ahhf as being a new black grape1       
superior to ,concord2 from ,wm4 ,e4     
,green of ,vermont4  ,morin4 ,noted by  
,prince in ,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahfc1 
in a list of worthless varieties4       
,morrell ,seedling4 ,raised by a ,mr4   
,morrell of ,germantown1 ,new ,york2    
noted in ,gardener's ,monthly for #ahga4
 ,a medium-sized blue grape with a sharp
 and pleasant flavor4 ,said to be a     
better grape than ,hartford ,prolific or

 ,concord1 but not equal to them in     
earliness4  ,morse4 ,noted by ,prince in
 #ahfc in a list of worthless varieties4
  ,mottled4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,carpenter's  
,seedling4 ,an offspring of ,catawba    
grown by ,chas4 ,carpenter1 ,kelleys    
,island1 ,ohio1 about #ahfj4 ,vigorous1 
hardy and prolific2 bunch medium1       
shouldered1 compact2 berries medium1    
round1 like ,catawba in color and       
mottled with darker shades2 skin thick2 
pulp tender1 sweet1 juicy1 brisk and    
sprightly1 rather pulpy and acid at     
center4  ,mountain4 ,one of a list of   
worthless varieties mentioned by ,prince
 in ,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahfc4  ,mount
 ,lebanon4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,george  
,curtis of the ,united ,society of      
,shakers1 ,mount ,lebanon1 ,columbia    
,county1 ,new ,york2 supposed to be a   
cross of ,spanish ,amber and ,isabella4 
,bunch medium2 berry round1 reddish2    
flesh pulpy1 tough1 sweet4  ,mrs4       
,mc,lure4 7,rip4 ,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47   
,mc,lure4 ,one of ,dr4 ,wylie's hybrids 

from a cross between ,clinton and ,peter
 ,wylie2 noted by the ,american         
,pomological ,society in #ahge4         
,vigorous1 productive2 foliage resembles
 ,clinton2 stamens upright2 bunch       
medium1 shouldered1 not very compact2   
berries medium1 round1 white2 good2     
ripens before ,catawba4  ,mrs4 ,munson4 
7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,from ,munson2 a cross 
between ,neosho and ,herbemont4         
,vigorous1 hardy1 very productive2      
clusters large1 conical1 shouldered1    
compact2 berry small1 purple with a     
thin1 tough skin2 pulp melting1 juicy1  
sprightly2 very good2 ripens late4      
,mrs4 ,stayman4 7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a
 ,delaware seedling2 from ,dr4 ,j4      
,stayman4 ,very vigorous1 hardy1 healthy
 and productive2 free from rot and      
mildew2 bunch large1 compact2 berry     
above medium1 red with light bloom2 skin
 thick1 tough2 pulp tender1 juicy1      
sprightly1 rich1 sweet2 very good2      
ripens about with ,concord4  ,muench4   
7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,parentage1 ,neosho    

crossed with ,herbemont2 from ,munson1  
in #ahhg4 ,very vigorous1 hardy2 cluster
 large1 usually shouldered2 berry below 
medium1 round2 skin thin1 tough1 dark   
purple2 flesh tender1 juicy4  ,multiple4
 7,bourq4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,munson's ,no4   
#ajg4 ,a seedling of ,herbemont         
pollinated by ,triumph2 produced by     
,munson4 ,vigorous1 self-fertile2       
cluster large2 berries medium1 purple2  
ripens very late4  ,muncie4 7,rip4      
,lab47 ,said to be a seedling of        
,elvira2 from ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4    
,described by ,stayman in ,missouri     
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #ahib1 
as follows3 ,bunch medium1 compact1     
handsome2 berry medium1 white2 skin     
thin1 rather tough2 pulp tender1 juicy1 
sprightly1 rich1 sweet1 very good2      
vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and productive2
 free from rot and mildew2 ripe about   
with ,concord4  ,muncy ,black4 7,lab47  
,mentioned by ,prince in #ahcj as having
 been found on the same farm as the     
,pale ,red ,muncy4 ,very productive1    

with harsh and unpleasant fruit4        
,munier4 ,noted in ,gardener's ,monthly1
 #ahfc1 as coming from a ,german near   
,massillon1 ,ohio4 ,early1 of excellent 
quality as a table grape1 productive and
 as hardy as the ,isabella or ,concord4 
,munson4 7,linc4 ,rup47 ,jaeger ,no4    
#gj4 ,a seedling of ,jaeger ,no4 #dc    
crossed with a male ,rupestris4 ,very   
vigorous1 productive2 clusters medium1  
shouldered1 moderately compact2 berries 
large1 black2 slight ,post-oak flavor2  
ripens before ,norton4  ,murdock4 ,a    
grape grown by ,judge ,murdock at       
,elkader1 ,clayton ,county1 ,iowa4      
,hardy and free from mildew2 very sweet4
  ,muscadine ,superior4 ,a seedling     
exhibited by ,john ,hopkins1 of         
,wilmington1 ,north ,carolina1 before   
the ,american ,pomological ,society in  
#ahga4  ,muscat4 ,the name of a group of
 ,vinifera grapes the best known variety
 of which is ,muscat of ,alexandria4    
,muscat ,catawba4 ,listed by ,prince in 
#ahfc as a worthless sort4  ,mylitta4   

7,lin4 ,rup4 ,lab47 ,from ,munson2 a    
cross between ,america and ,beacon4     
,cluster large2 berry large1 black2     
ripens late2 self-fertile4  ,nahab4     
7,lab47 ,described in ,alabama ,station 
,bulletin ,no4 #hg for #aijj as follows3
 ,vines lacking in vigor2 clusters      
medium in size1 compact2 berries medium1
 round1 white2 skin thin2 pulp tender1  
juicy1 slightly acid2 season middle of  
,august2 not productive4  ,nashua4      
,mentioned by ,prince in #ahcj as       
originating in ,maine4  ,nashua4 ,a     
variety under this name was exhibited at
 the ,massachusetts ,horticultural      
,society meeting in #ahfi by ,allen     
,putnam4 ,described as between the      
,hartford and ,concord1 but sweeter than
 either and does not drop4  ,naumkeag4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,isabella  
raised by a ,mr4 ,bowker of ,salem1     
,massachusetts1 which fruited in #ahdh4 
,bunches resemble the parent2 berries   
above medium1 round1 red with slight    
bloom2 pulpy1 with ,isabella flavor2 a  

little earlier than its parent4  ,nazro4
 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,prince1 in #ahcj1 states
 that this variety was originated from  
seed of the ,troy grape planted in #ahbe
 by ,henry ,nazro of this state2 fruited
 in #ahbh4 ,berries medium in size1     
oval2 sweet1 of pleasant flavor1        
slightly foxy2 ripens early4  ,nebraska4
 ,noted by ,fuller in #ahfg as a        
beautiful ornamental vine1 but the fruit
 of no value4  ,neff4 7,lab47 ,keuka4   
,from a ,mr4 ,neff1 near ,keuka1 ,new   
,york4 ,bunch and berry medium1 dark    
red2 foxy2 good2 early4  ,nell4 7,bourq4
 ,aest4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,herbemont
 crossed with ,norton2 from ,munson4 ,a 
very late1 large-clustered1             
small-berried1 white grape2             
self-fertile4  ,nelson4 ,a chance       
seedling from ,roger ,nelson1 ,ilion1   
,new ,york1 about #ahif2 undescribed4   
,neosho4 7,linc47 ,found growing wild on
 the farm of ,e4 ,schoenborn1 ,neosho1  
,missouri1 by ,h4 ,jaeger4 ,very        
vigorous1 hardy1 not productive2 large1 

glossy1 beautiful dark green foliage2   
stamens reflexed2 bunches medium to     
large1 long1 shouldered2 berries small1 
black with blue bloom2 skin thin2 pulp  
firm1 sweet1 spicy2 produces a light    
wine with a peculiar aroma4  ,neponset4 
,noted as a worthless sort by ,prince in
 #ahfc4  ,nerluton4 ,one of ,marine's   
seedlings4 ,vigorous2 leaf large1       
leathery2 cluster large2 berries medium1
 black4  ,neva ,munson4 7,linc4 ,bourq47
 ,neva4 ,one of ,munson's crosses       
between ,neosho and ,herbemont2         
originated about #ahhe4 ,very vigorous1 
hardy and productive2 stamens upright2  
clusters large1 cylindrical1 shouldered1
 compact2 berries small1 purple with    
thin1 tough skin2 pulp tender1 juicy1   
sprightly1 sweet flavor2 too late for   
the ,north4  ,neverfail4 ,mitzky in     
#ahic says3 ,this variety was found in  
,roanoke ,county1 ,virginia4 ,feeble at 
first but grows rapidly when older2 free
 from rot2 bunch and berry medium1      
black1 juicy and vinous2 too late for   

the ,north4  ,newark4 7,vin4 ,rip4      
,lab47 ,a hybrid between ,clinton and a 
,vinifera2 from ,newark1 ,new ,jersey4  
,vigorous1 hardy and very productive2   
bunches long1 loose1 shouldered2 berries
 medium1 dark1 almost black2 sweet1     
juicy and vinous1 of pleasant taste4    
,new ,buda4 7,lab47 ,tested by the      
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture in #ahfc and thought to be 
,concord4  ,newburgh4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a  
seedling of ,concord crossed with       
,trentham ,black2 from ,ricketts4       
,mitzky in #ahic says3 ,bunch and berry 
of the largest size1 bunch heavily      
shouldered2 berries large1 black1 with  
bluish-gray bloom2 flesh tender1 juicy  
with peculiar flavor2 very vigorous1 a  
fine amateur grape4  ,newburgh ,muscat4 
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,culberts ,no4 #c2 ,white 
,moline2 ,white ,muscat of ,newburgh4   
,from ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,m4 ,culbert of      
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 in #ahgg2 a      
seedling of ,hartford crossed with      
,iona2 exhibited before the ,american   

,pomological ,society in #ahgg4         
,vigorous and hardy1 unproductive2      
flowers sterile2 stamens reflexed2      
clusters medium1 short1 often           
single-shouldered1 loose2 berries       
medium1 roundish1 pale yellowish-green1 
gray bloom1 shatter badly2 skin thick1  
tender2 flesh soft and tender1 musky1   
sweet1 mild2 good4  ,new ,haven4 7,lab47
 ,new ,haven ,red4 ,a seedling of       
,concord2 from ,j4 ,valle of ,new       
,haven1 ,missouri4 ,vigorous1 thrifty1  
hardy1 productive2 stamens upright2     
bunches medium1 variable in compactness1
 sometimes shouldered2 berries large1   
black with blue bloom2 skin thin and    
tender2 pulp tender1 juicy1 good2 ripens
 about a week before ,concord4  ,newman4
 7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab47 ,a cross between  
,big ,berry and ,triumph2 from ,munson1 
introduced in #ahid4 ,vigorous1 hardy1  
productive2 stamens erect2 bunches      
large1 loose2 berry large1 black1 with  
thin tough skin2 pulp tender1 juicy1    
nearly sweet2 good2 late4  ,new ,mary4  

7,lab4 ,vin47 ,mitzky1 #ahic1 says this 
is ,lindley under a new name4  ,newport4
 7,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,herbemont2   
resembles its parent4  ,newton4 ,a      
large1 showy grape bought from an agent 
by ,stephen ,h4 ,shallcross1            
,louisville1 ,kentucky1 and exhibited at
 the ,mississippi ,valley ,horticultural
 ,society meeting at ,st4 ,louis in     
#ahha4  ,newtonia4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab4  
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,america          
pollinated by ,r4 ,w4 ,munson2 from     
,munson1 in #ahig4 ,cluster large2 berry
 medium1 black2 self-fertile2 ripens    
early4  ,nimalba4 7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,from
 ,texas4 ,tested by ,georgia ,experiment
 ,station and described as follows3     
,very weak1 light yielder2 stamens      
upright2 bunch small1 compact2 berry    
small1 white2 good2 ripens with         
,catawba4  ,nina4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,mitzky1
 #ahic1 says this is a seedling of      
,diana1 raised by ,c4 ,h4 ,woodruff1    
,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan4 ,vine very hardy
 and productive2 bunch medium to large2 

berries medium1 dark red1 very sweet and
 good quality2 ripens early with        
,champion and ,moore ,early1 in quality 
better than either4  ,ninekah4 7,lab4   
,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,delago   
crossed with ,brilliant2 from ,munson1  
in #ahii4 ,cluster medium2 berry large1 
red2 self-fertile2 ripens mid-season4   
,nizola4 ,noted by ,cole in #ahdi4 ,from
 ,col4 ,l4 ,chase1 ,cornish1 ,new       
,hampshire2 medium bunch and berry2     
vinous and excellent4  ,nonantum4 7,lab4
 ,vin47 ,a seedling raised by ,francis  
,dana near ,boston1 ,massachusetts2     
exhibited before the ,massachusetts     
,horticultural ,society in #ahfd4       
,vigorous2 bunch small1 shouldered2     
berries medium1 oval1 entirely free from
 pulp2 good2 in appearance very much    
like ,isabella and probably a seedling  
of that variety4  ,nonpareil4 7,linc4   
,vin4 ,lab4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of     
,early ,purple crossed with ,brilliant2 
from ,munson1 in #ahif4 ,cluster medium2
 berry large1 red2 self-fertile2 ripens 

early4  ,nora4 7,bicolor1 ,vin487       
,received for testing at this ,station  
in #aijb from ,dr4 ,g4 ,l4 ,tinker1 ,new
 ,philadelphia1 ,ohio4 ,lacks vigor2    
tendrils intermittent2 buds apparently  
tender4 ,has not fruited4  ,north       
,america4 7,lab4 ,rip487 ,noted         
frequently since #ahfj2 said to be a    
seedling of ,franklin4 ,vigorous1 hardy1
 healthy1 unproductive2 bunch small1    
shouldered2 berries round1 black2 juicy1
 sweet1 foxy2 early4  ,north ,carolina4 
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,north ,carolina          
,seedling4 ,from ,j4 ,b4 ,garber1       
,columbia1 ,pennsylvania4 ,very         
vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1 very          
productive2 stamens erect2 bunches      
medium to large1 generally shouldered1  
compact2 berries large1 oblong1 black   
with slight blue bloom2 skin very thick2
 pulpy1 sweet2 good2 ripens a few days  
after ,hartford4  ,north ,carolina      
,white4 ,noted by ,prince in #ahcj4     
,from ,north ,carolina and different    
from ,scuppernong2 white berries of good

 flavor4  ,northern ,light4 7,lab47 ,a  
chance seedling from ,john ,d4 ,cameron1
 ,l',original1 ,ontario1 about #ahhj4   
,vigorous1 hardy1 productive2 leaf      
thick1 leathery2 bunch long1            
cylindrical1 compact1 sometimes         
shouldered2 berries large1 round1       
greenish-white with thin whitish bloom2 
pulp juicy1 melting1 sweet1 vinous2     
good2 ripens a little later than        
,champion4  ,northern ,muscat4          
,mentioned in ,rhode ,island ,station   
,bulletin ,no4 #f1 #ahij1 as being a new
 variety received from ,ohio for        
testing2 bunch medium or above2 berry   
medium1 amber color2 good4  ,north      
,star4 ,noted in the ,wisconsin         
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #ahhf1 
as a seedling from ,waupaca ,county1    
,wisconsin4 ,a black grape with long    
clusters2 poor quality4  ,obed4 ,noted  
by ,mitzky1 #ahic1 as a chance seedling 
grown by ,obed ,harrell1 ,chrisman1     
,illinois4 ,cluster medium to large1    
moderately compact2 berry medium1 round1

 whitish-green with delicate bloom2     
vigorous and productive4  ,oberon4      
7,vin4 ,lab47 ,from ,g4 ,w4 ,campbell   
about #ahhj2 a cross between ,concord   
and ,muscat ,hamburg4 ,moderately       
vigorous1 productive1 not hardy2 bunch  
large2 berry large1 black1 resembles    
,muscat ,hamburg2 good4  ,occidental4   
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,produced by ,n4 ,b4      
,white from a cross between a wild      
,labrusca and ,black ,hamburg4 ,clusters
 compact with dark red berries4         
,octavia4 7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab4 ,bourq47  
,a seedling of ,early ,purple crossed   
with ,brilliant2 from ,munson1 in #ahif4
 ,cluster large2 berry large1 red2      
self-sterile2 ripens mid-season4        
,offer4 7,lab47 ,warder in #ahfg1 says  
of this variety3 ,bunch large2 berry    
large1 dark red1 sweet1 musky2 not      
approved4  ,ohio ,claret4 ,a native     
variety under test by the ,united       
,states ,department of ,agriculture in  
#ahfc4  ,oktaha4 7,champ4 ,vin4 ,lab4   
,bourq487 ,a seedling of ,vitis champini

 pollinated with ,brilliant or          
,delaware2 from ,munson and introduced  
in #ahih4 ,moderately vigorous1 healthy1
 productive2 cluster medium1            
cylindrical1 shouldered1 compact2       
berries medium1 round1 black with little
 bloom2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp melting1 
juicy1 sprightly1 good2 early4  ,old    
,ford4 7,lab47 ,noted by ,mitzky in     
#ahic as a wild grape from the mountains
 of ,north ,carolina4 ,remarkably       
healthy and vigorous1 productive2       
bunches medium2 berries large1 round1   
dark wine color2 pulpy1 juicy1 sweet2   
very early4  ,old ,gold4 7,rip4 ,lab4   
,vin47 ,munson's ,no4 #bi4 ,elvira      
crossed with ,brighton2 from ,munson4   
,tested by ,virginia ,experiment        
,station and discarded2 not introduced  
by the originator4  ,old ,hundred4      
7,cin4 ,aest487 ,mitzky1 in #ahic1 says 
of this variety3 ,introduced by ,j4 ,a4 
,francis1 ,salem1 ,virginia4 ,bunch     
medium1 not very compact2 about the size
 of ,clinton2 black2 very prolific2 good

 table and wine grape2 contains ,cinerea
 blood in large quantity with probably  
,aestivalis4  ,olita4 7,lab4 ,vin4      
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,delaware       
fertilized by ,irving2 from ,munson in  
#ahih4 ,moderately vigorous1 not hardy1 
moderately productive1 somewhat subject 
to attacks of mildew2 flowers           
semi-fertile2 stamens upright2 clusters 
variable in size1 long1 nearly          
cylindrical1 single-shouldered1 variable
 in compactness2 berries medium1 round1 
yellowish-green1 often with slight amber
 tinge1 gray bloom2 skin thin2 somewhat 
tough2 flesh tender and melting2 mild1  
slightly vinous1 nearly sweet2 fair2    
ripens about with ,concord2 of the      
,delaware type but inferior to that     
variety in both fruit and vine          
characters4  ,olitatoo4 7,vin4 ,lab4    
,linc47 ,a seedling of ,armlong crossed 
with ,excelsior2 from ,munson in #ahif4 
,cluster very large2 berry medium1      
white2 self-fertile2 ripens very late4  
,olmstead4 7,lab47 ,a fox grape         

mentioned by ,nicholas ,longworth in    
,buchanan's ,culture of the ,grape1     
#aheb4  ,olympia4 ,from ,william ,m4    
,marine about #ahgj4 ,bunch and berry   
medium1 round1 black4  ,omega4 7,lab4   
,vin487 ,from ,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1
 ,kansas4 ,moderately vigorous1 hardy1  
healthy1 not productive2 clusters medium
 to small1 short1 usually shouldered1   
compact2 berries medium1 oblate to      
roundish1 dull red with thin gray bloom1
 persistent1 soft2 flesh green1 tender1 
juicy1 sweet1 sprightly2 good2 ripens   
about with ,concord2 self-sterile4      
,omega4 ,noted in the ,record of        
,horticulture1 #ahfh1 as a new variety  
from the ,west1 resembling ,catawba but 
said to be better4 ,possibly the same as
 the preceding4  ,onderdonk4 7,bourq4   
,lab48 ,vin487 ,said to be a pure       
seedling of ,herbemont but also given as
 ,herbemont crossed with ,irving2 from  
,munson1 about #ahij4 ,very vigorous1   
hardy1 very productive2 affected some   
with soft rot2 stamens upright2 clusters

 large1 conical1 compact2 berries small1
 white1 translucent1 with scattering    
dots2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp juicy1     
sweet1 sprightly2 very good2 makes      
excellent white wine4  ,oneovem4 7,rip4 
,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a seedling from ,munson 
in #ahig2 from ,one ,seed fertilized by 
,rommel4 ,cluster medium2 berry large1  
white2 stamens reflexed2 ripens late4   
,one ,seed4 7,rip4 ,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a    
variety produced by ,munson from ,elvira
 crossed with ,humboldt2 used by him as 
a parent in some of his breeding work4  
,onondaga4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a     
seedling of a cross between ,diana and  
,delaware2 from ,lewis ,hueber1         
,fayetteville1 ,onondaga ,county1 ,new  
,york2 exhibited at the ,american       
,institute ,fair in #ahfe4 ,hardy1      
vigorous and prolific2 bunches large1   
compact2 berries medium1 amber color    
with thick skin2 pulp sweet1 rich1 fine 
flavored2 ripens with ,delaware4        
,ontario4 7,lab47 ,a very large black   
grape1 probably identical with ,union   

,village4  ,onyx4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 
,parentage1 ,delago crossed with ,golden
 ,gem2 from ,munson in #ahii4 ,cluster  
medium2 berry medium1 dark red2 stamens 
erect2 ripens early4  ,opal4 7,lab4     
,vin47 ,a white seedling of ,lindley    
crossed with ,martha2 from ,munson1     
introduced about #ahib4 ,lacks vigor2   
hardy1 not productive at this ,station2 
self-fertile2 bunch medium to large1    
shouldered1 compact2 berries medium1    
nearly round1 yellowish-white with thin 
white bloom2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp     
tough1 not readily releasing seed1      
juicy1 sweet1 sprightly1 vinous with    
little or no foxy flavor2 good2 ripens  
with ,niagara4  ,oriole4 7,linc4        
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,post-oak       
crossed with ,devereaux2 from ,munson4  
,vigorous and productive2 stamens erect2
 bunch medium to large1 cylindrical1    
shouldered1 moderately compact2 berries 
small1 black1 with thin1 tough skin2    
pulp tender1 sweet2 best quality2 very  
late4  ,orphan ,boy4 7,vin4 ,lab4       

,bourq47 ,noted by ,mitzky1 #ahic1 as   
from ,j4 ,h4 ,dawson1 ,weatherford1     
,texas1 and as a cross between ,delaware
 and ,wilder4 ,bunch medium1 shouldered2
 berry large1 black with fine bloom2    
quality much like ,delaware2 ripens a   
little after ,delaware4  ,orwigsburg4   
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,black ,palestine2        
,schuylkill4 ,found growing near        
,orwigsburg1 ,schuylkill ,county1       
,pennsylvania1 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,hulings 
of ,philadelphia4 ,generally supposed to
 be a hybrid between a ,vinifera and    
some native species1 probably ,labrusca2
 said to be productive1 hardy1 subject  
to mildew2 berries round1 small1 white2 
juicy1 sweet2 good4  ,osage4 7,lab4     
,vin47 ,a black seedling of ,concord2   
from ,john ,burr1 of ,kansas4 ,vigorous1
 usually hardy and healthy1 medium to   
very productive2 flowers sterile2       
stamens reflexed2 tendrils continuous2  
clusters variable in size1 usually      
short1 shouldered1 compact2 berries     
large1 distinctly flattened to sometimes

 roundish2 dull black with blue bloom1  
shatter badly1 not firm2 flesh tough1   
foxy1 sweet1 good2 of ,concord type but 
less foxy2 a week earlier than its      
parent4  ,osceola4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47
 ,a seedling of ,standard2 from ,dr4 ,j4
 ,stayman4 ,vigorous1 very hardy1       
healthy and productive2 stamens upright2
 bunch medium to large1 compact2 berry  
large1 white2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp    
tender1 sweet1 rich1 sprightly1 vinous2 
very good2 ripens with ,jewel4  ,osee4  
7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a white ,riparia from    
,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas2 said
 to be a seedling of ,grein ,golden4    
,variable in vigor1 very productive1    
hardy2 bunch medium1 short and thick1   
compact2 berry white1 very large2       
tender1 very juicy1 sprightly1 sweet    
with a peculiar flavor2 good only for   
wine2 ripens before ,concord4           
,oskaloosa4 7,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a ,delaware
 seedling2 from ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman4      
,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and           
productive2 bunch medium1 compact2 berry

 large1 black with bloom2 skin thick1   
tough2 pulp tender1 rich1 sweet1        
sprightly1 juicy1 vinous2 very good2    
very late4  ,osmond4 7,rip47 ,noted by  
,downing1 #ahfi1 as a seedling of       
,franklin from ,o4 ,t4 ,hobbs1          
,randolph1 ,pennsylvania4 ,bunch small2 
berry small1 round1 black1 blue bloom2  
flesh vinous1 harsh4  ,oswego4 7,lab47  
,noted in ,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahid2  
origin unknown1 from ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman  
of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4 ,vigorous1    
hardy and productive2 bunch and berry   
very large1 handsome1 resembling        
,concord in color2 little pulp and with 
native aroma2 ripens with ,concord4     
,otoe4 ,mentioned in the ,united ,states
 ,department of ,agriculture ,report1   
#ahfc1 as one of the varieties under    
trial in the government experimental    
garden4  ,ouachita4 7,aest47 ,a wild    
grape found on the plantation of ,dr4   
,g4 ,w4 ,lawrence near ,midland on the  
,ouachita ,river1 ,hot ,springs ,county1
 ,arkansas4 ,hardy and productive with  

long1 compact bunches2 one time popular 
in ,france for wine-making4  ,owego4    
,from ,john ,burr4 ,vigorous1 hardy1    
healthy and productive2 bunches medium1 
compact2 berry very large1 red2 tender1 
juicy1 sprightly and vinous2 best       
quality4  ,owens ,white4 7,lab47 ,noted 
by ,prince in #ahcj as from ,wm4 ,owens 
of ,virginia4 ,a large-fruited1 white   
,labrusca4  ,owosso4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a   
chance seedling from ,c4 ,h4 ,goodhue1  
,owosso1 ,michigan2 supposed to be from 
,catawba4 ,very vigorous1 hardy1        
productive2 self-sterile2 bunches medium
 to large1 round1 shouldered1 compact2  
berries large1 round1 dark amber with   
slight lilac bloom2 pulp tough1 sweet1  
vinous2 quality not high2 ripens with   
,delaware4  ,ozark ,seedling4 ,among the
 worthless sorts listed by ,prince in   
,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahfc4  ,pagan4   
,noted by ,mitzky1 in #ahic1 as on      
trial4  ,palermo4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 
,a seedling of ,delago crossed with     
,brilliant2 from ,munson1 fruited in    

#ahii4 ,intermediate in vigor1 hardy1   
not a heavy bearer2 tendrils usually    
intermittent2 foliage medium to large1  
light green1 pubescent2 flowers         
semi-fertile2 stamens upright2 clusters 
medium to below in size and length1     
often single-shouldered1 compact2       
berries average size1 roundish1         
yellowish-green with tinge of amber1    
covered with thin gray bloom1 adherent1 
firm2 skin thick1 tough2 flesh green    
with tinge of yellow1 tender and nearly 
melting1 vinous1 sweet from skin to     
center1 agreeable flavor2 very good4    
,palmer4 7,lab47 ,from a ,mrs4          
,millington1 of ,new ,york1 about #ahij4
 ,vigorous1 hardy2 cluster large2 berry 
large1 round1 black2 pulp soft1 sweet2  
very good4  ,palmetto4 7,bourq47 ,from  
,david ,johnson1 ,union1 ,south         
,carolina4 ,resembles ,herbemont very   
closely in form1 size of cluster and    
berry but is distinct4 ,berry dark red1 
heavy light blue bloom2 flesh soft1     
juicy1 sweet1 aromatic1 vinous4         

,pamlico4 7,rot47 ,noted in the ,united 
,states ,department of ,agriculture     
,report in #ahga as a ,rotundifolia with
 must having a saccharine strength of   
#hj4  ,paradox4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,seedling 
,no4 #ejb4 ,a seedling of ,hartford     
crossed with ,iona2 from ,ricketts4     
,vine variable in vigor1 not always     
hardy1 an uncertain bearer2 tendrils    
continuous2 foliage healthy1 large to   
medium2 flowers semi-fertile1 bloom     
medium late2 stamens upright2 fruit     
ripens about with ,concord or earlier1  
does not keep well2 clusters large1 of  
medium length1 broad1 compact2 berries  
medium1 roundish1 purplish-black1       
glossy1 covered with heavy blue bloom1  
drop considerably from pedicel1 firm2   
skin thin to medium1 often rather       
tender1 astringent2 flesh nearly tough1 
stringy1 somewhat vinous2 good in       
quality4  ,paragon4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a    
seedling of ,telegraph crossed with     
,black ,hamburg2 from ,chas4 ,j4        
,copley1 ,stapleton1 ,new ,york1 years  

ago4 ,moderate vigor2 leaves dark green1
 three- to five-lobed2 cluster large1   
compact2 berries large1 black2 quality  
very good2 good keeper2 rots some4      
,paragon4 7,lab47 ,burr's ,no4 #ae4     
,from ,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1        
,kansas4 ,lacks vigor2 tendrils         
intermittent2 flowers nearly fertile2   
stamens upright2 season between ,worden 
and ,concord2 keeps well2 clusters not  
uniform1 short1 compact2 berries medium1
 roundish1 black1 glossy1 covered with  
abundant blue bloom1 persistent2 skin   
varies in toughness1 tender1 not        
astringent2 flesh moderately tender1    
stringy and foxy1 nearly sweet at skin  
to acid at center2 good1 equal to       
,concord4  ,parker ,rocky ,mountain     
,seedling4 ,noted in a list of native   
grapes under test in the experimental   
vineyards of the ,department of         
,agriculture in #ahfj4  ,pattison4      
7,lab487 ,given in a list of earliest   
ripening varieties in the report of the 
,canada ,central ,experimental ,farms   

for #aije4  ,pauline4 7,bourq47         
,burgundy of ,georgia2 ,red ,lenoir4 ,a 
,southern grape valuable only for wine2 
grown rather extensively fifty years    
ago4 ,not vigorous2 leaves more downy   
than ,devereaux2 cluster large1 long1   
tapering1 shouldered1 compact2 berries  
below medium1 copper color or violet1   
lilac bloom2 brisk1 sweet1 vinous4      
,paultne4 ,described by ,wm4 ,falconer1 
,glen ,cove1 ,new ,york1 in ,country    
,gentleman in #ahhd4 ,cluster medium1   
loose2 berries greenish1 unequal1 not   
over medium2 foliage healthy4  ,pawnee4 
7,aest4 ,lab47 ,from ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman1 
,leavenworth1 ,kansas4 ,medium in vigor1
 productive2 stamens upright2 cluster   
large1 double-shouldered1 compact2 berry
 above medium2 skin thin1 tough1 black2 
pulp tender1 meaty1 not juicy1          
sprightly1 rich1 vinous1 sweet1 peculiar
 flavor resembling ,ozark2 quality      
medium4  ,paxton4 7,lab47 ,a ,concord   
seedling2 from ,f4 ,f4 ,merceron1       
,catawissa1 ,pennsylvania2 fruited in   

#ahfc4 ,said to be as hardy and         
productive as the ,concord1 which it    
much resembles2 large bunch and berry2  
quality given by originator as better   
than ,concord4  ,pearl4 7,rip4 ,lab47   
,rommel's ,taylor ,seedling ,no4 #aj4   
,from ,jacob ,rommel1 of ,morrison1     
,missouri4 ,very vigorous1 hardy1       
variable in productiveness2 tendrils    
continuous1 bifid to trifid2 leaves     
large1 light green2 lower surface pale  
green1 pubescent2 flowers semi-fertile1 
open early2 stamens upright2 fruit      
ripens with ,concord or later2 clusters 
intermediate in size1 short1 slender1   
usually with a small single shoulder1   
compact2 berries small1 roundish1 very  
light green1 often with amber or yellow 
tinge1 covered with thin gray bloom1    
shatter badly2 skin variable in         
thickness and toughness2 flesh          
moderately juicy1 tender and vinous1    
sweet from skin to center2 fair in      
quality4 ,the vine is peculiar in having
 very hairy petioles and nearly glabrous

 shoots4  ,pedee4 7,rot47 ,discovered on
 ,pedee ,river1 ,south ,carolina1 over  
thirty years ago4 ,vigorous2 stamens    
reflexed2 cluster very small1 loose1    
irregular2 berry very large1 black2     
medium in quality2 ripens a month after 
,scuppernong4  ,peerless4 7,lab4 ,vin47 
,a hybrid between ,hartford and ,muscat 
,hamburg2 from ,geo4 ,w4 ,campbell1     
,delaware1 ,ohio4 ,productive2 cluster  
long1 slightly shouldered1 rather loose2
 berry green1 large1 adherent2 skin     
thin1 tough2 seeds two to four2 pulp    
quite large1 firm1 separating easily    
from seeds1 juicy2 excellent quality4   
,peggy4 7,lab47 ,in #ahfi1 ,r4 ,w4      
,gandy1 ,troy1 ,iowa1 described ,peggy  
as hardy and healthy2 berry size of     
,isabella and equal to ,delaware in     
flavor2 ripens five days before         
,hartford4 ,in #ahgf1 ,john ,balsiger1  
of ,highland1 ,madison ,county1         
,illinois1 said of it3 ,a very foxy1    
small and valueless grape4  ,pell's     
,illinois4 7,rip487 ,found wild in      

prairies of ,illinois and sent to       
,prince by ,g4 ,t4 ,pell1 of ,illinois1 
about #ahcj4  ,peola4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,from ,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1        
,kansas1 about #ahij4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 
healthy and productive2 free from rot   
and mildew2 berry medium1 black1 with   
some bloom2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp      
tender1 juicy1 sweet1 sprightly1 vinous2
 very good2 ripens about with ,concord4 
,perfume4 ,named by a ,general ,jones   
previous to #ahcj4 ,the original vine   
grew on a small island in the ,roanoke  
,river a few miles above the ,great     
,falls1 in ,north ,carolina4 ,a4 ,j4    
,davie1 describing it in the ,american  
,farmer gives the color as purple2 berry
 one-third larger than common grape of  
woods1 slightly elongated2 fine flavor4 
,perry4 7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,parentage1    
,post-oak ,no4 #b fertilized with       
,herbemont2 from ,munson4 ,very         
vigorous1 healthy1 very productive2     
cluster large1 slender1 compact2 berry  
small to medium1 purple2 skin thin1     

tough2 pulp melting1 juicy1 good2 season
 two weeks later than ,concord4  ,peter 
,wylie4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,peter    
,wylie ,no4 #a4 ,parents1 ,halifax      
crossed with a ,vinifera1 fertilized    
with ,delaware crossed with a ,vinifera2
 from ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,wylie1 of ,chester1 
,south ,carolina4 ,vigor and hardiness  
medium1 inclined to rot in some places1 
not productive2 shoots smooth2 leaves   
medium to small1 shallow three-lobed1   
glabrous underneath2 stamens upright2   
cluster medium to large1 compact1 often 
shouldered2 berry medium1 greenish to   
greenish-yellow2 skin thin1 tender2     
flesh tender1 sweet1 vinous1 ,muscat    
flavor2 quality good2 ripens soon after 
,concord4  ,pierce4 7,lab4 ,vin47       
,isabella ,regia2 ,royal ,isabella4 ,a  
bud-sport from ,isabella1 originating   
about #ahhb with ,mr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,pierce1  
of ,santa ,clara1 ,california4 ,very    
vigorous1 large leaves1 prolific2       
cluster large2 berries very large1      
black1 light bloom1 not firm2 pulp      

tender1 sweet1 strongly aromatic2 good2 
a valuable grape west of ,rocky         
,mountains4  ,pioneer4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a 
seedling of ,isabella and very similar  
to it4  ,piqua4 ,mentioned by ,buchanan 
as raised and exhibited by ,longworth in
 #ahdf4  ,pittsburg ,seedling4 7,lab4   
,vin47 ,found growing wild in #ahea1 by 
,j4 ,s4 ,arthur1 of ,pittsburg1         
,pennsylvania4 ,does not yield as well  
as ,delaware1 but earlier1 more         
sprightly and vinous and with less pulp2
 ripens in ,august4  ,pizarro4 7,vin4   
,rip4 ,lab47 ,parents1 a ,clinton       
seedling crossed with a ,vinifera2 from 
,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new      
,york4 ,medium in vigor1 productive2    
stamens upright2 cluster large1 loose2  
berry medium1 black1 oblong2 juicy1     
sweet1 aromatic2 good quality2 ripens   
mid-season4  ,planchette4 7,bourq4 ,lab4
 ,vin47 ,herbemont fertilized by        
,triumph2 from ,munson4 ,self-fertile2  
cluster medium2 berry white2 season     
late4  ,planet4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from     

,ricketts2 parents1 ,concord crossed by 
,black ,muscat of ,alexandria4 ,healthy 
and productive2 cluster large1 loose1   
shouldered2 berries large1 intermixed   
with smaller ones which have no seeds1  
oblong2 pulp tender1 juicy1 sweet2 good 
flavor with slight taste of ,muscat4    
,plymouth4 7,lab47 ,plymouth ,white4    
,noted in the ,united ,states ,patent   
,office ,report of #ahfj as a native    
white grape1 suitable for culture in the
 ,northern and ,middle ,states4         
,pocohontas ,red4 7,lab47 ,a worthless  
variety noted in ,gardener's ,monthly   
for #ahfc4  ,poeschel ,mammoth4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,mammoth ,catawba2
 from ,michael ,poeschel1 ,hermann1     
,missouri4 ,healthy2 cluster medium1    
compact1 sometimes shouldered2 berry    
very large1 round1 red2 pulpy1 deficient
 in flavor2 season a week later than    
,catawba4  ,pollock4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from
 a ,mr4 ,pollock1 of ,tremont1 ,new     
,york1 previous to #ahfb4 ,a free       
grower2 foliage thick and leathery2 free

 from mildew2 cluster compact1 long1    
large2 berry dark purple or black2 flesh
 tender1 vinous1 not too sweet4  ,pond's
 ,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling   
grown by ,samuel ,pond of               
,massachusetts1 previous to #ahcj4 ,very
 vigorous1 short-jointed2 shy bearer2   
cluster long1 large2 berry round1       
purple2 juicy2 good quality4  ,ponroy4  
7,doan47 ,a named wild variety found by 
,munson in ,wilbarger ,county1 ,texas4  
,stamens reflexed2 cluster medium2 berry
 medium1 black2 season early4           
,pontotoc4 7,vin4 ,bourq4 ,lab47 ,a     
cross of ,delago fertilized with        
,brilliant2 from ,munson4 ,stamens      
reflexed2 cluster and berry large1 red2 
quality as good or better than          
,brighton2 season early4  ,porup4       
7,linc4 ,rup47 ,a seedling of ,post-oak 
by ,rupestris2 from ,munson4            
,mississippi ,station ,bulletin ,no4 #ef
 says3 ,a late ripening variety2        
shatters badly2 yield and quality poor4 
,post-oak ,no4 #a4 7,linc47 ,from       

,munson1 found in #ahha4 ,stamens       
reflexed2 cluster large2 berry medium to
 small2 black2 season late4  ,post-oak  
,no4 #b4 7,linc47 ,from ,munson1 found  
in #ahhc4 ,stamens reflexed2 cluster and
 berry medium2 black2 season very late4 
,post-oak ,no4 #c4 7,linc47 ,found by   
,munson in #ahhc4 ,stamens reflexed2    
cluster and berry black2 season very    
late4  ,potter4 7,lab47 ,potter's       
,early2 ,potter's ,seedling2 ,potter's  
,sweet4 ,originated in ,providence1     
,rhode ,island about #ahha4 ,vigorous2  
cluster compact1 medium size1 not       
shouldered2 berry large2 skin thick1    
black2 pulp rather tough2 season earlier
 than ,concord4  ,prairie ,state4       
7,lab47 ,from ,jacob ,christian1 ,mount 
,carroll1 ,illinois1 before #ahib4      
,hardy1 productive2 cluster large1      
compact2 berries large1 white1 fine     
bloom2 skin thin2 no pulp1 sweet1       
pleasant flavor2 good2 ripens ten days  
before ,concord4  ,president4 7,lab4    
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,herbert2 from    

,munson4 ,strong1 healthy1 prolific2    
flower perfect2 cluster medium1 compact2
 berry large1 black1 persistent1 does   
not crack2 quality better than ,concord2
 ripens with ,moore ,early4  ,presly4   
7,lab4 ,rip47 ,lyon2 ,president ,lyon4  
,a seedling of ,elvira crossed with     
,champion2 from ,munson1 the name       
changed by him from ,president ,lyon to 
,presly4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 produces good
 crops2 tendrils continuous2 flowers    
nearly fertile2 stamens upright2 fruit  
ripens the last of ,august2 clusters    
medium1 slender1 cylindrical1 frequently
 single-shouldered1 loose2 berries      
small1 roundish1 purplish-red1 heavy    
blue bloom1 persistent2 skin medium1    
tender1 adheres strongly to pulp2 flesh 
dull green1 juicy1 tender1 foxy1 mild1  
sweet from skin to center2 good quality4
  ,primate4 7,lab4 ,bourq487 ,originated
 by ,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 
from mixed seed4 ,vigorous1 hardy1      
healthy1 productive2 cluster long1      
compact1 handsome2 berry medium or      

above1 red1 firm2 pulp tender1 juicy1   
rich1 vinous2 quality very good2 season 
a little after ,concord4  ,professor    
,brunk4 ,vigorous1 healthy2 cluster     
medium size1 ragged2 ripens unevenly2   
very late4 ,reported upon at            
,mississippi ,experiment ,station in    
#ahii4  ,professor ,gulley4 ,according  
to ,mississippi ,station ,bulletin ,no4 
#ef1 #ahii1 vine and fruit resemble     
those of ,concord and fruit ripens      
irregularly about the same time4 ,yield 
not so large1 more subject to rot4      
,professor ,hilgard4 7,linc4 ,bourq47   
,parents1 ,post-oak crossed with        
,herbemont2 from ,munson4 ,cluster      
large1 shouldered1 compact2 berry       
medium1 purple2 juicy1 sweet and        
sprightly2 medium to late4  ,profitable4
 7,lab4 ,rip47 ,a seedling of ,elvira   
fertilized by ,perkins2 from ,munson4   
,vigorous and productive1 hardy2 stamens
 upright1 perfectly self-fertile2       
cluster medium to large1 long1 medium   
compact1 shouldered2 berry medium size1 

round1 inclined to oblong1 pale         
greenish-red2 skin rather thin1 tender2 
pulp tender1 sweet1 juicy2 flavor       
pleasant and agreeable2 season about    
with ,concord4  ,profusion4 7,linc4     
,lab47 ,ten-,dollar-,prize fertilized by
 ,worden2 from ,munson1 #ahhi4 ,very    
vigorous2 stamens upright2 cluster      
large1 compact2 berry small1 black1     
adheres well2 quality good2 later than  
,concord in ,texas4  ,progress4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,thought to be a hardy native    
,labrusca by ,black ,hamburg cross2 from
 ,a4 ,f4 ,rice1 of ,south ,weymouth1    
,massachusetts1 previous to #ahhc4 ,good
 grower2 cluster medium size1           
shouldered2 berries large1 dark red2    
skin thick1 rather tender2 quite pulpy1 
juicy1 not high flavored2 quality fair4 
,progress4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from ,john    
,burr1 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 previous  
to #ahhe4 ,very vigorous1 healthy1      
hardy2 cluster large1 compact1          
shouldered2 berry large1 medium1 black1 
fine bloom2 pulp tender1 juicy1 rich1   

vinous2 quality best2 season a little   
later than ,concord4  ,prolific4 7,lab47
 ,from ,dr4 ,stayman about #ahhj4       
,vigorous1 productive2 clusters large1  
double-shouldered1 compact1 hang well on
 vine2 berry large1 black2 season soon  
after ,jewel4  ,prolific ,chicken       
,grape4 7,rip487 ,a wild grape from     
,goochland ,county1 ,virginia2 mentioned
 by ,prince in #ahcj4 ,very productive2 
flavor pleasant2 ripens in ,august in   
,virginia4  ,provost ,white4 7,lab47    
,noted by ,strong in #ahff as a common  
wild variety of little value4           
,prunella4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a seedling    
from ,m4 ,vibert1 of ,france1 produced  
by crossing a ,vinifera with ,isabella1 
about #ahdb4 ,resembles ,wilder very    
closely4  ,pukwana4 7,mont4 ,rup47 ,a   
seedling of ,vitis monticola crossed    
with ,rupestris2 from ,munson4 ,stamens 
reflexed2 blooms mid-season2 cluster    
small2 berry small1 black4  ,pulaski4   
7,lab4 ,vin4 ,aest487 ,from ,john ,burr1
 ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4 ,vine vigorous1 

hardy1 medium to productive2 canes long2
 tendrils continuous to sometimes       
intermittent2 foliage large to medium2  
flowers nearly fertile2 stamens         
reflexed2 keeps well2 clusters small1   
inclined to short1 often with a small   
single shoulder1 compact2 berries       
intermediate in size1 roundish1 dark    
purplish-black covered with blue bloom2 
skin thin1 tender1 adheres to pulp2     
flesh greenish1 tender1 sweet2 good to  
very good in quality4  ,pulliat4        
7,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of          
,herbemont2 from ,m4 ,pulliat1 of       
,france2 received at this ,station in   
#ahif4 ,vigorous1 not hardy1 very       
productive2 foliage shows ,vinifera1    
mildews2 tendrils intermittent2 stamens 
upright2 clusters large1 compact1       
shouldered2 berries small1 round1 black2
 pulp tender1 moderately juicy1 of good 
flavor2 ripens about ten days later than
 ,herbemont4  ,pulpless4 7,lab4 ,vin47  
,a seedling of ,salem2 from ,c4 ,engle1 
,paw ,paw1 ,michigan4 ,vigorous1        

productive2 stamens upright2 cluster    
large1 shouldered1 medium in            
compactness2 berry large1 black1 oval2  
vinous1 rich2 quality very good2 ripens 
with ,concord4  ,purity4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 
,vin47 ,a cross between ,delaware and   
some native variety2 from ,g4 ,w4       
,campbell1 about #ahgj4 ,a white grape  
of the ,delaware type but a stronger1   
healthier grower2 foliage larger and    
thicker2 bunches smaller than ,delaware2
 berries larger2 sweet1 of very fine    
quality2 ripens very early2 difficult to
 propagate4  ,purple ,bloom4 7,lab4     
,vin47 ,culbert's ,seedling ,no4 #f4 ,a 
seedling of ,hartford and ,general      
,marmora2 from ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,m4         
,culbert1 ,newburgh1 ,new ,york1        
exhibited before the ,american          
,pomological ,society in #ahgg4         
,vigorous1 hardy1 productive2 bunches   
large1 showy2 berries above medium1     
purple1 of good quality4  ,purple       
,favorite4 7,aest47 ,discarded as a     
worthless variety by ,united ,states    

,department of ,agriculture in #ahfd4   
,purple ,marion4 ,mottier4 ,noted by ,w4
 ,r4 ,prince in ,gardener's ,monthly for
 #ahfc4  ,putnam4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 
,ricketts' ,delaware ,seedling ,no4 #b4 
,a cross between ,delaware and ,concord2
 from ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts1 ,newburgh1 ,new
 ,york1 previous to #ahga4 ,vine        
resembles ,concord more than ,delaware2 
tendrils intermittent2 clusters medium1 
moderately compact1 usually             
single-shouldered2 berries medium1 oval1
 black1 persistent2 pulp tender1 sweet1 
good2 ripens early4  ,quassaic4 7,vin4  
,rip4 ,lab47 ,a cross between ,clinton  
and ,muscat ,hamburg2 from ,ricketts of 
,newburgh1 about #ahgj4 ,usually        
vigorous1 productive2 stamens upright2  
bunch large1 shouldered1 sometimes      
double-shouldered1 moderately compact2  
berries large1 roundish-oval1 black with
 heavy blue bloom2 skin thin1 tough2    
pulp tender1 juicy1 sweet1 slightly     
vinous1 rich1 aromatic2 good2 ripens    
soon after ,concord4  ,queen of ,sheba4 

,sent out from ,connecticut about #ahfi 
as a promising variety but proved to be 
,diana4  ,quinnebang4 ,pronounced       
worthless by ,prince in #ahfc4          
,quintina4 7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling 
of ,early ,purple crossed with ,jaeger2 
from ,munson in #ahig4 ,cluster large2  
berry medium1 black2 stamens erect2     
ripens late4  ,raabe4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,honey2 ,raabe's ,honey2 ,raabe's ,no4  
#c4 ,raised by ,peter ,raabe of         
,philadelphia about #ahej2 supposed to  
be a ,catawba seedling but some say it  
is a cross between ,elsinburgh and      
,bland4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1      
prolific2 foliage much like ,catawba2   
bunches small1 compact1 rarely          
shouldered2 berries small1 round1 dark  
purplish-red1 heavy bloom2 pulp sugary1 
very juicy1 vinous with ,catawba aroma2 
very good2 early4  ,raabe's ,seedlings4 
,peter ,raabe1 of ,philadelphia1        
,pennsylvania1 years ago originated     
several varieties of pure ,vinifera     
seedlings4 ,the best known of these were

 ,brinckle and ,emily4 ,they were unfit 
for outdoor culture and are now long    
obsolete4 ,raabe originated native      
varieties as well as the above mentioned
 ,vinifera sorts4  ,rachel4 ,exhibited  
at the grape show in ,new ,york in #ahfg
 from the vineyard of ,rev4 ,j4 ,knox1  
,pittsburg1 ,pennsylvania4 ,healthy and 
vigorous2 bunch and berry medium1 white2
 early4  ,racine4 7,linc47 ,according to
 ,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahhc1 of similar
 origin as ,neosho and at first supposed
 to be the same grape but afterwards    
recognized as distinct4 ,hardy1 healthy1
 not very productive2 small pulpy       
berries of poor quality4  ,ragan4       
7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,reagan4 ,a        
seedling of ,post-oak crossed with      
,triumph2 from ,munson about #ahib4     
,vigorous and fairly productive2 stamens
 upright2 clusters large1 conical1      
sometimes shouldered1 compact2 berries  
medium1 roundish1 a little flattened2   
skin moderately thick1 tough1 shiny     
black with blue bloom2 pulp rather      

tender1 juicy1 some trace of ,post-oak  
flavor2 fair to good4  ,raisin4 ,noted  
in the ,illinois ,horticultural ,society
 ,report for #ahig4 ,very productive2 a 
medium-sized bunch with small1 black    
berries of fair quality4  ,raisin de    
,cote4 ,according to ,prince #ahcj1 this
 is a native of ,louisiana of which     
there are two varieties1 the more common
 one being dark blue1 round with thick  
skin1 somewhat pulpy1 extremely sweet   
and not musky4  ,ramsey4 7,champ47 ,one 
of ,munson's1 a variety of ,vitis       
champini found in ,san ,saba ,county1   
,texas4 ,cluster small2 berry medium1   
black2 ripens early2 self-sterile4      
,randall4 ,received at this ,station in 
#ahic from ,peter ,henderson and        
,company1 ,new ,york1 as a cutting of a 
seed sport originating in the garden of 
a ,mr4 ,randall1 ,bayonne1 ,new ,jersey4
 ,it proved to be very similar if not   
identical with ,agawam4  ,raritan4      
7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,ricketts'        
,delaware ,seedling ,no4 #a4 ,a seedling

 of ,delaware crossed with ,concord1    
from ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts4 ,moderately     
vigorous1 doubtfully hardy2 foliage much
 like ,delaware2 quite productive2 bunch
 medium1 shouldered1 resembles          
,delaware2 berry medium1 round1 black2  
flesh juicy1 sweet1 vinous2 ripens about
 with ,delaware4  ,rautenberg's         
,seedlings4 ,f4 ,e4 ,l4 ,rautenberg1 of 
,lincoln1 ,illinois1 has originated many
 varieties of grapes4 ,his varieties    
were raised from seed of various        
standard varieties and are most of them 
second generation hybrids4 ,his best    
known sorts are3 ,amalia1 ,black ,rose1 
,bismarck1 ,chicago1 ,clarissa1         
,cleopatra1 ,hatton and ,moltke4  ,read 
,seedling4 ,from ,m4 ,a4 ,read1 ,port   
,dalhousie1 ,ontario2 awarded the first 
premium at the ,industrial ,fair1       
,toronto1 #ahie1 as the best seedling   
grape4 ,described by the originator as  
vigorous with heavy foliage similar to  
,concord1 very productive2 bunch large1 
well shouldered1 very compact2 berry of 

fair size1 firm1 black2 good2 early4    
,red ,bird4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,munson's ,no4
 #cc4 ,a cross between ,lindley and     
,champion2 from ,munson1 about #ahhh4   
,vigorous1 hardy except in severe       
winters1 variable in productiveness2    
tendrils continuous2 flowers sterile2   
stamens reflexed2 clusters medium1      
usually shouldered1 variable in         
compactness2 berries medium1 roundish1  
dull dark red with heavy blue bloom2    
skin thick1 tough2 pulp tough1 sweet1   
juicy1 decidedly foxy2 good4  ,red      
,giant4 7,lab47 ,from ,pennsylvania1    
about #ahih4 ,vigorous1 healthy1        
prolific2 sterile2 bunch medium1        
compact2 berry very large2 skin thick   
and tough1 dark red2 pulp tender1 sweet1
 foxy2 similar to ,columbian ,imperial4 
,red ,jacket4 ,from ,william ,m4        
,marine4 ,a medium-sized bunch with     
large oval berries of the ,isabella     
type4  ,red ,juice4 ,mentioned by ,adlum
 in #ahbc4 ,said to make a claret wine4 
,red ,leaf4 7,rup47 ,a wild ,rupestris  

found in ,missouri and used by ,munson4 
,cluster very small2 berry small1 black2
 stamens reflexed2 ripens early4  ,red  
,riesling4 ,introduced by the ,hermann  
,grape ,nurseries1 ,hermann1 ,missouri4 
,described as being hardy and free from 
rot2 bunches medium2 berries dark red1  
large4  ,red ,rover4 7,lab4 ,vin47      
,found growing in the vineyard of ,c4   
,w4 ,seelye at ,vine ,valley1 on        
,canandaigua ,lake1 ,new ,york4         
,vigorous1 healthy1 fairly productive2  
clusters large1 shouldered1 moderately  
compact2 berries medium1 round1 resemble
 ,brighton in size and color2 skin      
moderately thick and tough2 pulp tender1
 sweet1 vinous1 juicy1 agreeable flavor2
 good2 ripens two weeks later than      
,brighton and is a better keeper but not
 so high in quality4  ,red ,sheperd4    
7,rip4 ,lab47 ,disseminated by a ,mr4   
,estell of ,rush ,county1 ,indiana4     
,very vigorous1 resembles ,taylor2      
bunches small and compact2 berries      
small1 round1 red2 sweet1 very foxy4    

,red ,sweet ,water4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a    
seedling exhibited at the ,ohio ,state  
,fair1 #ahgf1 from ,dr4 ,clark of       
,lebanon2 said to be of southern origin 
and of the ,catawba type4  ,regina4     
,listed among the grapes on trial in the
 government experimental garden in      
#ahfc4  ,reinecke4 7,lab47 ,from ,f4 ,e4
 ,l4 ,rautenberg of ,lincoln1 ,illinois4
 ,a seedling of ,woodruff and1 according
 to ,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahid1 not    
sufficiently distinct to be disseminated
 as a different variety4  ,reinike4     
7,rip4 ,lab47 ,noted in the ,wisconsin  
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #ahga1 
as a vigorous1 hardy grape resembling   
,clinton but with a less compact bunch4 
,reliance4 7,vin4 ,bourq4 ,lab47        
,exhibited by ,j4 ,g4 ,burrows1         
,fishkill1 ,new ,york1 before the       
,american ,pomological ,society in      
#ahha2 a probable cross between         
,delaware and ,iona4 ,vigorous1 hardy   
and very productive2 bunch resembles    
,delaware in size but not so compact2   

berry medium1 light red2 tender1 juicy1 
sweet2 ripens with ,delaware4  ,rentz4  
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,rentz ,seedling2 ,riatz4 
,a ,catawba seedling2 from ,sebastion   
,rentz1 of ,cincinnati4 ,vigorous1      
healthy1 hardy1 very productive2 stamens
 upright2 bunch medium1 compact1 usually
 shouldered2 berries large1 round1      
black1 shatter badly2 pulp firm1 sweet1 
juicy1 foxy2 early4  ,rhenish4 ,noted in
 the ,united ,states ,patent ,office    
,report1 #ahdi-ej1 as being an excellent
 variety1 grown in ,illinois2 supposed  
to be of ,european origin1 though       
doubtful4  ,richmond4 ,mentioned in the 
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture ,report1 #ahge1 as being a 
very early southern grape4  ,riehl's    
,seedlings4 ,seedlings originated by ,e4
 ,h4 ,riehl1 of ,alton1 ,illinois4      
,those tested at this ,station all show 
unmistakable traces of ,concord blood   
and are presumably seedlings of that    
variety4 ,the most promising of these is
 ,eclipse1 for a description of which   

see page #bed4 ,with the exception of   
,eclipse1 none of his seedlings has been
 named or introduced4  ,riesenblatt4    
7,aest47 ,giant ,leaf4 ,a chance        
seedling found growing in the vineyard  
of ,m4 ,poeschel at ,hermann1 ,missouri4
 ,hardy1 healthy1 productive2 with a    
very large leaf2 bunch and berries      
small4  ,roanoke ,red4 7,cord4 ,lab4    
,vin47 ,from ,texas1 previous to #aijj4 
,very vigorous2 stamens upright2 bunch  
medium1 moderately compact2 berry       
medium1 reddish-purple2 fair to good2   
ripens with ,pocklington4  ,robert      
,wylie4 ,produced by ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4       
,wylie1 ,chester1 ,south ,carolina4     
,described in ,bushberg ,catalogue1     
#ahhc1 as a great bearer but not quite  
hardy2 bunch large and long2 berry      
large1 blue2 skin thin2 rich and juicy2 
ripens as late as ,catawba4  ,robeson4  
,from a ,mr4 ,robeson1 of ,south ,texas4
 ,resembles ,devereaux2 probably a      
seedling of that variety but inferior to
 it in every respect4  ,robeson         

,seedling4 ,according to the ,bushberg  
,catalogue1 #ahid1 identical with       
,louisiana4 ,probably the same as       
,robeson4  ,robinson ,unnamed ,seedling4
 7,lab47 ,given in ,bushberg ,catalogue1
 #ahid1 as an accidental seedling found 
by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,mason1 ,lamont1 ,michigan1
 in #ahha4 ,moderate grower with        
,labrusca foliage2 bunch medium1 round1 
reddish-amber with thin whitish bloom2  
pulp tender1 juicy1 vinous1 sprightly1 a
 little foxy1 very good2 ripens with    
,delaware4  ,robusta4 7,long47 ,a       
variety of ,vitis longii found in       
,motley ,county1 ,texas1 and used by    
,munson4 ,cluster small2 berry small2   
self-sterile2 ripens early4             
,rockingham4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of     
,concord2 from ,t4 ,b4 ,miner1 of ,new  
,jersey4 ,described by ,mitzky1 #ahic1  
as hardy1 vigorous1 productive2 bunch   
and berry medium1 black2 quality like   
,concord4  ,rockland ,favorite4 7,lab47 
,a ,concord seedling from ,rockland1    
,massachusetts1 introduced by ,ellwanger

  ,barry as earlier1 hardier and better 
than its parent4 ,bunch and berry large1
 black2 sweet1 juicy4  ,roenbeck4       
7,vin487 ,a chance seedling originated  
on the grounds of ,jas4 ,w4 ,trask1     
,bergen ,point1 ,new ,jersey2 first     
fruited in #ahgj4 ,fairly vigorous1     
hardy1 very productive1 with tendency to
 overbear2 clusters medium1 compact1    
shouldered2 berries medium1 roundish1   
slightly flattened2 skin thin1 tough1   
greenish with yellowish tinge1 white    
bloom2 pulp nearly transparent1 melting1
 juicy1 sweet1 vinous2 fair to good4    
,rogers' ,no4 #e4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,one of 
,rogers' unnamed hybrids2 a seedling of 
,mammoth ,globe crossed with ,black     
,hamburg4 ,vigorous1 not always hardy1  
moderately productive2 tendrils         
continuous to intermittent2 leaves      
large2 stamens reflexed2 self-sterile2  
cluster medium size1 rather loose1      
frequently shouldered2 berries large1   
roundish to oval2 skin thin1 tough1 dark
 red to purplish-black2 slightly foxy   

and vinous2 good2 ripens with ,concord4 
,rogers' ,no4 #ac4 7,lab4 ,vin47        
,parentage1 ,mammoth ,globe crossed with
 ,white ,chasselas4 ,vigorous1 not      
always hardy1 uncertainly productive2   
tendrils continuous to intermittent2    
stamens upright2 self-fertile or nearly 
so2 clusters medium1 rather loose2      
berries large1 roundish to oblate2 skin 
medium thick1 rather tender1 dark red to
 almost black2 flesh tender1 foxy1      
rather sweet1 vinous2 good2 ripens with 
,concord2 not a good keeper4  ,rogers'  
,no4 #bd4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,parents1       
,mammoth ,globe crossed with ,black     
,hamburg4 ,vigorous1 productive1 not    
always hardy2 tendrils continuous to    
intermittent2 stamens upright2 flowers  
nearly self-fertile2 clusters large1    
attractive1 short1 rather broad1        
variably compact2 berries rather large1 
roundish to slightly oval1 persistent2  
skin rather thin1 rather tough1 medium  
to light red2 flesh somewhat tough1     
stringy1 sweet1 vinous2 good2 resembles 

,goethe and of about the same season4   
,rogers' ,no4 #cb4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a     
cross of ,mammoth ,globe and ,black     
,hamburg4 ,moderately vigorous1 usually 
hardy2 tendrils continuous1 sometimes   
intermittent2 stamens upright2 flowers  
partly self-fertile2 cluster medium     
size1 usually shouldered2 berries large 
to medium1 roundish to slightly oblate2 
skin rather thick and tough1 dark red2  
flesh slightly tough1 sweet1 vinous1    
musky2 very good2 ripens after ,concord 
and sometimes unevenly4  ,rombrill4     
7,lab4 ,rip4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a cross of 
,rommel and ,brilliant2 from ,munson in 
#ahig4 ,cluster large2 berry large1     
yellow2 medium early2 self-fertile4     
,rosalie4 7,lab47 ,one of ,e4 ,w4       
,bull's seedlings1 exhibited by him     
before the ,massachusetts ,horticultural
 ,society in #ahgd4 ,bunch large2 berry 
red2 very foxy2 shatters4  ,roscoe4     
7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of    
,delaware crossed with ,martha2 from    
,munson1 about #ahhh4 ,vigorous1        

healthy1 moderately productive2 clusters
 resemble ,delaware in size and shape2  
berries medium1 nearly round1 white or  
pale green with white bloom2 skin thin1 
tough2 pulp tough1 nearly sweet1        
sprightly2 good2 ripens with ,delaware2 
self-sterile4  ,rose4 7,lab4 ,vin4      
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,delaware       
fertilized with ,iona2 from ,j4 ,h4     
,ricketts1 about #ahgc4 ,bunch four     
inches long1 compact2 berries           
three-fourths of an inch in diameter1   
reddish purple2 skin thick2 pulp very   
tender1 sprightly2 very good2 one of the
 earliest4  ,roslyn4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a   
seedling of ,diana crossed with         
,hartford2 from ,c4 ,j4 ,copley1        
,stapleton1 ,new ,york1 about #ahhj4    
,bunch large1 shouldered1 very compact2 
berry large1 round1 sometimes           
compressed1 purplish with thin bloom2   
skin thick2 pulp firm1 sweet with a     
strong musky flavor4  ,roswither4 7,lab4
 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,jewel2 from   
,l4 ,hencke1 ,collinsville1 ,illinois4  

,described by ,mitzky1 in #ahic1 as very
 productive and hardy2 bunch and berry  
medium to large2 dark purplish1 nearly  
black2 quality fine2 ripens about ten   
days before ,concord4  ,ruby4 7,lab47 ,a
 seedling from ,geo4 ,haskell1 ,ipswich1
 ,massachusetts4 ,hardy1 variable in    
vigor2 somewhat subject to rot2 bunch   
medium1 loose2 berry above medium1      
round1 dark ruby red2 very good quality2
 ripens about with ,hartford2 stamens   
reflexed4  ,ruby4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,rip47 ,a
 seedling of ,elvira crossed with       
,brighton2 from ,munson1 about #ahij4   
,vigorous1 healthy1 not very hardy2     
bunches imperfectly filled1 small1      
shouldered2 berry medium1 round1 dull   
red with stripes1 resembling ,elvira in 
flavor and texture2 ripens about with   
,concord4  ,ruckland4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,grown in ,louisiana and said to have   
been brought from ,england4 ,munson     
pronounced it a ,labrusca-,vinifera     
hybrid4 ,very late2 red4  ,rulander4    
7,bourq47 ,amoreux2 ,red ,elben2 ,st4   

,genevieve4 ,a southern grape1 by some  
claimed to be a foreign seedling brought
 to this country by the early ,french   
settlers2 probably native4 ,vigorous1   
short-jointed1 healthy1 not productive  
nor hardy2 stamens upright2 bunch       
medium1 shouldered1 very compact2 berry 
small1 roundish-oval1 purplish-black2   
without pulp1 juicy1 sweet and rich2    
makes an excellent pale red wine closely
 resembling sherry2 ripens last of ,july
 in the ,south4  ,rupel4 7,rup4 ,rip4   
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,rupestris        
pollinated by ,july ,twenty-fifth2 from 
,munson4 ,cluster small2 berry small1   
black2 ripens early2 stamens upright4   
,rupert4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab4 ,vin4      
,bourq47 ,a cross between ,america and  
,brilliant2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous1 not
 very hardy1 variable in productiveness2
 stamens upright2 clusters medium1      
slender1 usually shouldered1 moderately 
compact2 berries medium1 nearly round1  
dark dull reddish-black with blue bloom2
 skin thin1 tough2 flesh pale green1    

tender1 melting1 somewhat musky1 with   
,post-oak flavor2 fair2 ripens with     
,worden4  ,rustler4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,from 
,munson1 about #ahhh2 a seedling of     
,lindley crossed with ,martha4 ,vine    
vigorous1 not always hardy1 variable in 
productiveness2 stamens reflexed2       
clusters medium1 cylindrical1 compact1  
sometimes shouldered2 berries medium1   
roundish2 skin medium thick1 tough1 dull
 light green with gray bloom1 covered   
with scattering russet dots2 pulp pale  
green1 tough1 stringy1 foxy1 sweet1     
somewhat musky2 fair to good2 ripens    
about with ,concord4  ,rusty ,coat4     
,described by ,mississippi ,station     
,bulletin ,no4 #ef as healthy1 fair     
yielder2 bunches long1 loose and        
irregular2 berries medium1 black2 good4 
,rutland4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,aest47 ,from ,d4
 ,s4 ,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new ,york1   
about thirty years ago2 a seedling of   
,eumelan pollinated by ,concord4 ,of    
medium vigor1 not very hardy or         
productive2 stamens upright2 clusters   

medium1 shouldered1 usually compact2    
berries small1 roundish1 inclined to    
shatter2 skin thin1 somewhat tough1 dark
 reddish-black with blue bloom2 flesh   
tender and nearly melting1 vinous1      
sweet2 very good2 ripens about with     
,worden4  ,saginaw4 ,noted in ,michigan 
,pomological ,society ,report1 #ahhj1 as
 a seedling from ,g4 ,wingworth1        
,saginaw ,city1 ,michigan4 ,vigorous1   
hardy1 early4  ,st4 ,albans4 7,lab4     
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,ives crossed with
 ,niagara2 from ,jacob ,p4 ,bossung1    
,jefferson ,county1 ,kentucky1 about    
#ahhi4 ,fair grower1 hardy1 healthy2    
described as a ,black ,niagara4  ,st4   
,augustine4 7,aest487 ,noted in         
,american ,pomological ,society ,report 
for #ahgg1 as a native variety from     
,florida4  ,st4 ,catherine4 7,lab47     
,from ,james ,w4 ,clark1 ,framingham1   
,massachusetts1 about #ahfj4 ,vigorous1 
hardy1 productive2 bunches large1 rather
 compact2 berries large1 round1 red2    
pulpy1 sweet1 foxy4  ,st4 ,hilaire4     

7,rip487 ,from ,alexis ,dery1 ,st4      
,hilaire1 ,quebec1 before #ahib4 ,hardy1
 vigorous2 cluster small1 rather loose2 
berry small1 black2 pulp tough with a   
marked acidity4  ,st4 ,john4 7,lab4     
,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,brighton 
pollinated by ,delaware2 from ,henry ,b4
 ,spencer1 ,rocky ,river1 ,ohio1 about  
#ahij4 ,vigorous1 healthy1 productive2  
foliage like ,delaware2 short-jointed2  
fruit resembles ,brighton2 pulp sweet1  
meaty1 tender1 vinous2 ripens about with
 ,delaware4  ,salabra4 ,described by    
,georgia ,experiment ,station in #aija  
as weak in vigor1 unproductive2 stamens 
reflexed2 bunches irregular1 very loose2
 berries small1 black1 of fair quality2 
ripens with ,delaware2 perhaps same as  
,salado4  ,salado4 7,champ4 ,lab4 ,vin47
 ,seedling of ,de ,grasset crossed with 
,brilliant2 from ,munson4 ,resistant to 
drought1 vigorous1 prolific2 pistillate2
 adapted to limy and black soils of the 
,south4  ,sally4 7,bourq4 ,vin4 ,rip47  
,a cross between ,delaware and ,sherman2

 from ,d4 ,s4 ,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new 
,york4 ,vigorous1 healthy2 bunch smaller
 than ,delaware2 berry same size1       
sweeter1 white2 very early4  ,salt      
,creek4 7,doan47 ,a variety of ,vitis   
doaniana found by ,munson in ,greer     
,county1 ,oklahoma2 stamens reflexed2   
small bunch with medium-sized black     
berry2 early2 an excellent graft stock4 
,saluda4 ,noted in ,united ,states      
,patent ,office ,report for #ahfj as    
very vigorous2 blue1 large2 juicy1      
somewhat pulpy4  ,salzer ,earliest4     
7,lab47 ,from ,john ,a4 ,salzer1 ,la    
,crosse1 ,wisconsin1 in #ahib4 ,very    
hardy1 prolific2 resembles ,concord in  
type but of better quality2 early4      
,samuels4 7,vin487 ,a cross between a   
,vinifera and a native ,texas species2  
exhibited by ,bruni  ,brother1 ,laredo1 
,texas1 at the ,columbian ,exposition in
 #ahic4 ,bunch large1 compact1 much     
compounded2 berries medium1 white2 skin 
adherent2 flavor not high4  ,sanalba4   
7,rot4 ,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a   

cross of ,san ,jacinto and ,brilliant2  
from ,munson1 about #aijf4 ,said to be  
very vigorous1 prolific2 cluster larger 
than ,scuppernong2 berry large1 white1  
rich in sugar1 tender1 of good quality2 
skin thin4  ,sanbornton4 7,lab4 ,vin47  
,sanborton4 ,purchased for an ,isabella 
by ,dr4 ,carr1 of ,sanbornton1 ,new     
,hampshire1 in #ahbf4 ,said to resemble 
,isabella except that it has rounder    
berries and ripens earlier4  ,san       
,jacinto4 7,rot4 ,linc47 ,a seedling of 
,scuppernong crossed with a ,lincecumii 
hybrid2 from ,munson1 about #ahih4      
,medium in vigor1 prolific1 healthy2    
stamens reflexed2 bunch small1          
irregular1 very loose2 berry large1     
black1 of fair quality2 ripens two to   
three weeks after ,scuppernong4         
,sanmelaska4 7,rot4 ,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4  
,bourq47 ,a hybrid of ,san ,jacinto and 
,brilliant2 from ,munson1 about #aijf4  
,said to be very vigorous1 prolific2    
bunch three times as large as           
,scuppernong2 berry about same size1    

sweeter1 black4  ,sanmonta4 7,bourq4    
,rip4 ,linc47 ,a seedling of ,san       
,jacinto crossed with ,herbemont2 from  
,munson1 about #aijf4 ,vigorous1 very   
prolific2 bunch above medium2 berry     
black2 very juicy1 melting1 sprightly2  
skin thin2 seeds small4  ,sanrubra4     
7,rot4 ,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a   
cross between ,san ,jacinto and         
,brilliant2 from ,munson1 about #aijf4  
,very vigorous1 productive2 cluster     
medium2 berry not quite as large as     
,scuppernong but more persistent2       
melting1 sweet1 of good quality2 skin   
thin1 tough4  ,santa ,clara4 7,vin4     
,lab4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of unknown   
parentage1 probably ,delaware2 from ,j4 
,b4 ,tuckerman1 ,cassville1 ,new ,york1 
first fruited in #aijj4 ,lacks vigor2   
strongly ,vinifera in vine characters2  
tendrils intermittent2 stamens upright2 
flowers sterile2 clusters usually       
single-shouldered2 berries small1       
roundish1 light green with thin gray    
bloom1 persistent1 rather soft2 fair in 

flavor and quality2 skin nearly thin1   
tender4  ,saxe ,white ,seedling4 ,found 
in ,catskill ,mountains by ,w4 ,h4      
,saxe1 ,palenville1 ,new ,york1 about   
#aijj4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 productive2    
ripens a little before ,early ,ohio4    
,schenck ,white4 ,noted in ,grape       
,culturist1 #ahga1 as supposed to have  
come from ,germany about #agij4         
,schiller4 7,bourq47 ,a seedling of     
,louisiana2 from ,frederick ,muench1    
,marthasville1 ,missouri4 ,vigorous1    
hardy1 healthy1 productive2 bunch below 
medium2 berries medium1 purplish-blue4  
,schmitz ,seedling4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,noted
 in ,magazine of ,horticulture for #ahec
 as a seedling grape from ,gerhard      
,schmitz1 ,pennsylvania4 ,resembles     
,isabella closely but may be a little   
earlier4  ,schoonemunk4 7,lab47         
,skunnymunk4 ,a native seedling found by
 ,w4 ,a4 ,woodward1 ,mortonville1       
,orange ,county1 ,new ,york1 about      
#ahfj1 named after a neighboring        
mountain4 ,said to be hardy1 productive2

 fruit equal in size and flavor to the  
,concord2 earlier in ripening4  ,scott4 
,noted by ,prince in #ahcj as a native  
,north ,carolina grape found by ,gen4   
,john ,scott of the same state4 ,berries
 medium1 round1 white1 amber when ripe2 
juicy1 of good flavor2 ripen late4      
,secunda4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47  
,a seedling of ,early ,purple crossed   
with ,brilliant2 from ,munson1 about    
#ahif4 ,stamens reflexed2 bunch medium2 
berry large1 red2 early4  ,seedlin4     
7,rot47 ,noted in ,south ,carolina      
,station ,bulletin ,no4 #acb1 #aijg1 as 
medium in vigor1 very productive2       
flowers perfect2 bunches contain three  
to six reddish-black berries2 pulp      
tender1 juicy1 slightly acid1 of good   
quality2 skin thick4  ,selma4 7,rip4    
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,elvira probably  
crossed with ,concord2 from ,g4         
,segessman1 ,amazonia1 ,missouri2 first 
mentioned about #ahij4 ,hardy1          
productive1 healthy2 bunches large1     
perfect1 shouldered2 berry medium1      

round1 black1 adherent2 juicy1          
sprightly1 pleasant flavored2 skin      
thick2 ripens a few days after ,moore   
,early4  ,seneca4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of
 ,hartford2 first exhibited at          
,hammondsport1 ,new ,york1 in #ahfg by  
,r4 ,simpson1 ,geneva1 ,new ,york4      
,similar to its parent4  ,seneca4 7,lab4
 ,vin47 ,from ,john ,burr1 ,leavenworth1
 ,kansas2 mentioned in ,missouri        
,horticultural ,society ,report in      
#ahib4 ,very vigorous1 not quite hardy1 
healthy1 productive2 bunch large1       
compact2 berry large1 red1 with slight  
bloom2 tender1 juicy1 sprightly1 sweet1 
of ,catawba flavor2 skin thin1 tough2   
ripens after ,concord4  ,septimia4      
7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab4 ,bourq487 ,from     
,munson1 in #ahig2 a cross between      
,early ,purple and ,carman4 ,stamens    
erect2 bunch large with medium-sized1   
black berries2 late4  ,seward4 ,a       
seedling from ,s4 ,v4 ,smith1 ,syracuse1
 ,new ,york2 exhibited as a new variety 
before the ,massachusetts ,horticultural

 ,society in #ahhj4 ,bunch medium1      
compact1 frequently shouldered2 berry   
large1 round1 color of ,catawba2 sweet1 
juicy1 rich1 not adherent2 skin medium  
thick4  ,shala4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab47 ,a 
seedling of ,america crossed with       
,beacon2 from ,munson1 in #ahii4        
,vigorous1 prolific2 stamens upright2   
clusters large2 berry large1 black1     
tender1 juicy1 delicious2 skin thin1    
tough2 ripens about with ,concord4      
,sharon4 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,a seedling of  
,adirondac2 introduced by ,d4 ,s4       
,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new ,york4        
,resembles its parent but is sweeter1   
hardier1 more reliable2 ripens at the   
same time4  ,sharp ,beak4 7,rup4 ,rip4  
,lab47 ,from ,munson2 parents1 ,vitis   
rupestris crossed with ,elvira4 ,stamens
 reflexed2 cluster and berry small1     
black2 early4  ,shelley ,seedling4 ,a   
seedling from ,daniel ,shelley1         
,cumberland ,county1 ,pennsylvania1     
exhibited in #ahgi4 ,fruit medium in    
size1 of ,catawba color and of very good

 flavor4  ,sheppard ,delaware4 7,lab4   
,vin47 ,noted by ,downing in #ahfi as a 
seedling of ,catawba from ,j4 ,n4       
,sheppard1 in #ahec4 ,the vine and fruit
 are similar in all respects to         
,delaware4  ,shepperd4 7,lab47 ,a       
seedling from ,e4 ,w4 ,bull1 ,concord1  
,massachusetts2 exhibited in #ahgd      
before the ,massachusetts ,horticultural
 ,society4 ,bunch and berry medium1     
black1 not adherent4  ,sherman4 7,rip47 
,resembles ,lyman in most characters and
 by some considered synonymous4 ,poor   
bearer2 stamens imperfect2 ripens       
earlier than ,hartford4  ,sheruah4      
7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling  
of ,america fertilized by ,r4 ,w4       
,munson2 from ,munson1 in #ahii4        
,described by originator as vigorous and
 prolific2 cluster very large2 berry    
large1 black and handsome2 skin thin and
 tough2 pulp tender1 juicy1 delicious2  
medium late season4 ,resembles ,concord 
in type of cluster and general          
appearance but is superior in the       

texture and flavor of the pulp4  ,shull 
,no4 #b4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a chance        
seedling of unknown parentage2 from ,j4 
,shull1 ,ilion1 ,new ,york1 about #ahib4
 ,very vigorous1 healthy1 productive2   
stamens long2 clusters medium to large1 
compact1 cylindrical2 berry medium1     
roundish-oblong2 skin thin1 tender1 pale
 green covered with thin bloom2 pulp    
tender1 releases seeds readily1 sweet2  
good but not equal to ,winchell2 early4 
,shurtleff ,seedling4 ,lilac4 ,a chance 
seedling1 probably from a foreign grape1
 found in the garden of ,dr4 ,s4 ,a4    
,shurtleff1 of ,pemberton ,hill1 near   
,boston1 in #ahbb4 ,bunches large1      
shouldered2 berries nearly large1 oval2 
skin thick1 light purple or lilac1 with 
a spotted appearance1 grayish bloom2    
pulp firm1 sweet1 rich2 very good2      
ripens early in ,september4  ,siglar4   
,mentioned in the ,gardener's ,monthly1 
#ahfi1 as a new variety resembling      
,delaware but with fruit twice as large4
 ,comparatively hardy1 productive2 rich 

and sweet4  ,silkyfine4 7,lab4 ,rip4    
,vin47 ,a cross of ,one ,seed with      
,rommel2 from ,munson1 in #ahih4        
,stamens erect2 bunch medium2 berry     
large1 white2 late4  ,silvain4 7,doan47 
,a wild staminate variety of ,vitis     
doaniana found in ,greer ,county1       
,oklahoma1 by ,munson4 ,it furnishes an 
excellent graft stock4  ,silver ,dawn4  
7,vin4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,israella  
fertilized with ,muscat ,hamburg1 of the
 same lot of seed as ,early ,dawn2 from 
,dr4 ,wm4 ,a4 ,m4 ,culbert1 ,newburgh1  
,new ,york1 about #ahgg4 ,vigorous1     
hardy2 white2 best4  ,sinawissa4 ,noted 
in the ,wisconsin ,horticultural        
,society ,report1 #ahgf1 as a grape of  
delicious flavor but not to be          
recommended for general cultivation4    
,sloe4 7,rot47 ,a variety of ,vitis     
rotundifolia which1 according to        
,prince1 #ahcj1 is probably the original
 vine whence the improved varieties of  
its race have emanated1 but inferior to 
all the others4 ,the fruit is sour and  

scarcely eatable1 and of a dark purple  
or black color4  ,small ,leaf4 7,rup47  
,a wild variety of ,vitis rupestris     
found by ,munson in ,texas4 ,stamens    
reflexed2 cluster very small2 berry     
small1 black2 very early4  ,smallwood4  
,a native of ,north ,carolina2 from ,e4 
,smallwood4 ,according to ,prince1      
#ahcj1 the fruit is about half the size 
of the ,muscatel1 and is much esteemed  
for making wine4  ,snelter4 ,mentioned  
by ,mitzky1 #ahic1 as a seedling of     
,riparia crossed with ,concord2 from ,l4
 ,snelter1 ,carver1 ,minnesota4         
,snowflake4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47       
,according to ,bushberg ,catalogue1     
#ahid1 a seedling of ,jewel1 from ,dr4  
,j4 ,k4 ,stayman4 ,vigorous1 hardy and  
productive2 bunch medium1 compact2 berry
 large1 white2 tender but firm1 juicy1  
sprightly1 vinous1 sweet2 of very good  
quality2 ripens about with ,concord4    
,solander ,large ,purple4 ,according to 
,prince1 #ahcj1 a variety highly        
esteemed in ,missouri1 from which place 

it was received by him4  ,solrupo4      
7,long4 ,linc4 ,rup47 ,a cross between  
,vitis longii and a seedling of         
,lincecumii crossed with ,rupestris2    
from ,munson4 ,stamens reflexed2 bunch  
and berry small1 black2 early4          
,somerville4 ,a large-berried variety1  
growing in the vineyard of ,sidney      
,weller1 ,brinkleyville1 ,north         
,carolina1 in #ahde4  ,sophia4 7,lab4   
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,concord          
fertilized with ,iona2 from ,d4 ,j4     
,piper1 ,forreston1 ,ogle ,county1      
,illinois1 about #ahhj4 ,equal to       
,concord in hardiness1 very productive2 
clusters compact2 berries having the    
rich vinous nature of the ,iona and the 
sweetness of the ,concord2 ripens with  
,concord and is a good keeper4          
,souland4 7,rip47 ,mentioned in the     
,illinois ,horticultural ,society       
,report1 #ahfh1 as a good winter grape1 
resembling ,clinton2 exhibited by ,john 
,h4 ,tice before the ,mississippi       
,valley ,grape ,growers' ,association in

 that year4  ,south ,carolina4          
,according to ,warder1 #ahfg1 from      
,ohio4 ,vigorous2 bunch large2 berry    
small1 black2 juicy1 spicy2 very        
promising4  ,southern ,champion4        
,exhibited by ,stephen ,h4 ,shallcross  
of ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 at the fruit 
show of the ,southern ,exposition in    
,louisville4  ,spencer4 7,vin4 ,lab47   
,wells2 ,wells ,white4 ,noted in the    
,united ,states ,patent ,office ,report1
 #ahfa1 as an accidental cross between  
,sweetwater and ,isabella4  ,spinosa4   
7,lab47 ,a wild variety of ,vitis       
labrusca from ,north ,carolina2         
collected by ,munson4 ,stamens reflexed2
 bunch very small2 berries large1 black2
 mid-season4  ,spotted ,globe4          
,according to ,fuller1 #ahfg1 a hybrid  
from ,jacob ,moore1 ,rochester1 ,new    
,york4 ,very feeble2 flesh sweet1 very  
tender2 good4  ,springfield4 7,lab47    
,according to ,bushberg ,catalogue1     
#ahid1 a seedling of ,northern          
,muscadine2 from ,w4 ,h4 ,lightfoot1    

,springfield1 ,illinois4 ,strong1       
healthy and hardy2 bunch medium to      
large1 very compact2 berries large1     
reddish-brown becoming dark brown when  
fully ripe2 pulpy yet juicy and very    
sweet2 ripens about a week before       
,concord4  ,stace ,white4 7,lab4 ,vin4  
,bourq47 ,an unnamed seedling from ,s4  
,stace1 ,barnard ,crossing1 ,monroe     
,county1 ,new ,york4 ,a cross between   
,delaware and ,isabella2 the vine       
closely resembles ,rebecca in foliage1  
habit and fruit4  ,stelton4 7,lab4      
,vin47 ,from ,w4 ,thompson1 of ,new     
,brunswick1 about #ahhb4 ,bunch large1  
shouldered1 rather loose2 berries       
medium1 greenish-white with white bloom2
 pulp juicy1 sweet2 ripens with         
,concord4  ,sterling4 7,lab4 ,vin47     
,from ,e4 ,p4 ,fisher1 ,sterling1       
,kansas1 about #aijd4 ,moderate grower1 
healthy and hardy2 bunch small to       
medium1 irregular in shape2 berry large1
 round2 ripens with ,concord2 good      
keeper4  ,stetson's ,seedlings4 ,from   

,amos ,stetson1 of ,east ,braintree1    
,massachusetts1 about sixty years ago4  
,no4 #a4 ,see ,cabot4  ,no4 #b4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,a red native ,labrusca crossed  
with ,grizzly ,frontignan4 ,berries     
nearly white1 with a little tinge of    
blush4  ,no4 #c4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a native
 red ,labrusca fertilized by ,grizzly   
,frontignan4 ,resembles ,no4 #b but has 
larger berries4  ,no4 #d4 7,lab4 ,vin47 
,a red native ,labrusca crossed with    
,black ,hamburg4 ,ripens early in       
,september1 fourteen days sooner than   
,isabella4  ,no4 #e4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a   
cross between a native red ,labrusca and
 ,sweetwater4 ,resembles ,sweetwater    
very closely2 color dark blue4  ,storm  
,king4 7,lab47 ,a sport of ,concord2    
from ,e4 ,p4 ,roe1 ,cornwall-on-,hudson1
 ,new ,york4 ,resembles its parent in   
all respects except that the berries are
 about twice as large and are less foxy4
  ,strawberry4 ,according to ,cole1     
#ahdi1 from ,col4 ,l4 ,chase1 ,cornish1 
,new ,hampshire4 ,bunch and berry small2

 pleasant1 sub-acid flavor4  ,striped   
,ruby4 ,munson's ,no4 #ac4 ,one of      
,munson's seedlings on trial at the     
,virginia ,experiment ,station in #ahic4
  ,success4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,bourq47      
,parentage1 ,post-oak1 ,rupestris and   
,bourquiniana2 from ,munson4 ,noted in  
the ,rural ,new ,yorker for #aija4 ,very
 vigorous and highly prolific2 cluster  
size of ,concord1 compact2 berries      
variable in size from small to above    
medium2 skin thin1 tough2 very sweet and
 rich1 of the best quality4  ,sugar     
,grape4 7,lab47 ,a wild variety of      
,vitis labrusca2 grows in great         
abundance near ,plymouth1               
,massachusetts4 ,growth moderate1       
short-jointed2 healthy2 bunches and     
berries of medium size1 round and flat2 
very sweet4  ,sugar ,grape4 7,rot47 ,a  
variety of the ,scuppernong family1     
cultivated by ,l4 ,froelich1 of         
,enfield1 ,halifax ,county1 ,north      
,carolina4 ,mentioned in the ,united    
,states ,department of ,agriculture     

,report1 #ahga1 as having a saccharine  
strength of #hj4  ,summer ,white4       
7,lab47 ,mentioned in the ,magazine of  
,horticulture1 #ahed1 as having been    
found wild2 ripens the last of ,july and
 in ,august and ,september2 decidedly   
superior to ,isabella4  ,sumner4 ,noted 
in the ,american ,horticultural ,annual 
for #ahga as a seedling raised by ,p4   
,stewart1 of ,mt4 ,lebanon1 ,new ,york4 
,sunrise4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,from   
,jos4 ,bachman1 ,altus1 ,arkansas1 about
 #ahig2 seedling of ,brilliant4         
,described by the originator as a strong
 grower2 bunches rather open2 berries   
red2 skin tender2 best2 ten days to two 
weeks earlier than ,delaware4           
,superior4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a     
seedling of ,jewel2 from ,john ,burr of 
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 about #ahij4     
,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and           
productive2 stamens upright2 bunch      
medium1 moderately compact2 berry       
medium1 black with heavy bloom2 skin    
thin1 tough2 pulp tender1 rich1 sweet1  

vinous1 sprightly2 very good2 ripens a  
few days later than ,jewel4  ,supreme4  
7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a ,delaware      
seedling2 from ,john ,burr1 of          
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 about #ahij4     
,variable in vigor and productiveness1  
hardy1 healthy2 stamens upright2 cluster
 medium1 usually compact2 berry medium1 
black2 tender1 sweet1 sprightly1 vinous2
 quality better than ,jewel and about a 
week earlier4  ,swatara4 ,from          
,pennsylvania2 according to             
,horticulturist1 #aheh1 this variety was
 discovered many years ago in a ravine  
through which the ,swatara ,river       
flowed4 ,bunch and berry below medium   
size1 compact2 sweet2 early4  ,sweetey4 
7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,munson's ,no4 #aaa4 ,a
 seedling of ,lincecumii fertilized with
 ,herbemont2 from ,munson4 ,very        
vigorous1 tender1 a shy bearer2 stamens 
upright2 bunch medium1 compact1         
shouldered2 berry small1 round1 dark    
purple or black with heavy bloom2 skin  
thin1 tender2 pulp large and tough2     

rather poor quality2 a few days earlier 
than ,concord4  ,taft4 ,given by ,prince
 in a list of worthless varieties in    
,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahfc4  ,talala4  
7,lab4 ,rip4 ,cand4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a   
cross between ,elvicand and ,brilliant2 
from ,munson4 ,an attractive compact    
bunch with large red berries of rather  
tough pulp2 not high quality4           
,talequah4 7,bourq4 ,rup4 ,linc47 ,a    
seedling of ,america crossed with       
,herbemont2 from ,munson1 about #ahie4  
,clusters large1 conical2 berries       
medium1 dark red2 skin thin1 tough2     
without pulp1 melting1 juicy2 nearly as 
good as ,delaware2 late4  ,tamala4      
7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of    
,delago crossed with ,governor ,ross2   
from ,munson2 first fruited in #ahii4   
,moderately vigorous2 stamens erect2    
bunch and berry medium1 yellowish-white2
 good2 ripens mid-season in ,texas4     
,tekoma4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,noted in the    
,american ,horticultural ,annual1 #ahgj1
 as a ,missouri seedling of ,catawba1   

more healthy than that variety4         
,tenderpulp4 7,rot47 ,a ,rotundifolia1  
originated about #ahgj4 ,vigorous1 very 
productive2 stamens reflexed2 berries   
medium1 black1 in clusters of four to   
twelve2 skin tough2 pulp tender1 juicy1 
sweet2 poor2 ripens about a month after 
,scuppernong4  ,ten-,dollar-,prize4     
7,linc47 ,a wild ,post-oak grape found  
by a ,mr4 ,hopkins1 of ,texas1 about    
#ahhc4 ,used by ,munson as one of the   
parents in a number of his crosses4     
,tennessee4 ,noted as on trial in the   
government experimental garden in #ahfj4
  ,tennessee ,island4 ,a wild grape     
growing in great abundance on the       
islands in the ,tennessee ,river4 ,very 
similar to ,scuppernong and ,prince says
 it is quite probable it may be the     
genuine ,scuppernong4  ,texas4 7,linc47 
,diverse ,leaved4 ,a variety of grape   
received by ,prince about #ahcj from the
 border of ,texas with leaves very      
variable in form2 produces a great      
abundance of very good grapes4  ,texas4 

7,linc47 ,according to ,prince1 #ahcj1 a
 large1 slightly reddish fruit1 very    
juicy1 sweet1 with little or no pulpy   
coherence4  ,texas4 7,bourq47 ,munson's 
,no4 #aha4 ,a ,herbemont seedling2 from 
,munson of ,texas4 ,variable in vigor2  
stamens upright2 bunches small1 compact2
 berries small1 black2 good2 ripens with
 ,herbemont4  ,texas ,highland4 7,linc4 
,vin4 ,lab47 ,munson's ,no4 #acj4 ,a    
seedling of ,post-oak crossed with      
,agawam2 from ,munson1 about #ahhe4     
,vigorous1 not very productive2 stamens 
erect2 bunch medium1 loose2 berries     
medium to large1 black2 juicy1 rich and 
pleasant2 late4  ,themis4 7,lab4 ,vin47 
,a seedling of ,salem2 from ,c4 ,engle1 
,paw ,paw1 ,michigan4 ,according to     
,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahid1 a strong   
grower1 hardy1 productive2 bunch medium1
 short1 compact1 sometimes shouldered2  
berries large1 ,catawba-colored2 meaty1 
firm2 good2 ripens with ,worden4        
,considered by some same as ,metis4     
,theodosia4 7,lab48 ,rip487 ,a chance   

seedling originating on the grounds of  
,e4 ,s4 ,salisbury1 ,adams1 ,new ,york1 
in #ahfb4 ,hardy and productive2 bunch  
medium1 very compact1 usually           
shouldered2 berries medium1 black2      
juicy1 quite tart2 very early4          
,theophile4 7,lab47 ,from ,theophile    
,huber1 ,illinois ,city1 ,illinois4     
,bunch medium1 compact1 sometimes       
shouldered2 berry large1                
yellowish-white2 pulp tender1 juicy1    
sweet1 vinous2 very good2 ripens before 
,concord4  ,thomas4 7,rot47 ,a variety  
of ,rotundifolia discovered in the woods
 near ,marion1 ,south ,carolina1 by     
,drury ,thomas1 about #ahde4 ,vigorous1 
very productive2 stamens erect2 berries 
growing in clusters of from four to ten2
 very large2 skin thin1 varies in color 
from a reddish-purple to a deep black2  
pulp tender1 sweet1 vinous2 good to very
 good2 ripens about with ,scuppernong or
 a little earlier4 ,one of the best of  
this species for wine4  ,thompson's     
,seedlings4 ,the following seedlings    

were originated about twenty years ago  
by ,jos4 ,t4 ,thompson of ,oneida1 ,new 
,york3  ,no4 #b4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of 
,brighton1 resembling it very closely1  
fully equal in quality and1 so far as   
tested1 earlier and a better keeper4    
,no4 #c4 ,a white grape of unknown      
parentage4  ,no4 #d4 ,a chance seedling2
 early1 black and large4  ,no4 #e4      
7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,worden and
 fruit somewhat of the same type4       
,clusters medium1 loose2 berries nearly 
large1 roundish1 reddish-purple with    
thin bloom2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp      
rather tough1 juicy1 sweet1 not foxy2   
good2 stamens reflexed2 shows ,vinifera2
 late4  ,no4 #g4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a       
seedling of ,agawam4 ,vigorous1 healthy2
 clusters nearly large1 compact2 berries
 medium to large1 round2 skin thick1    
tough1 dull dark red with blue bloom2   
pulp sweet1 rather tough1 vinous2 good2 
late4  ,thompson's ,seedlings4 ,a large 
number of seedlings were raised by      
,david ,thompson1 of ,green ,island1 in 

the ,hudson ,river1 near ,troy1 about   
forty years ago4 ,nearly all are of     
,vinifera parentage and consequently of 
little value for open vineyard culture4 
,among his named seedlings are3 ,david  
,thompson1 ,general ,grant1 ,l4 ,h4     
,tupper1 ,nathan ,c4 ,ely1 ,a4 ,b4      
,crandall1 ,bonticue1 ,early ,august1   
,william ,tell1 ,lavina1 ,elenor1 ,jas4 
,m4 ,ketchum4  ,thompson ,red ,seedling4
 ,according to ,grape ,culturist1 #ahfi1
 from a ,mr4 ,thompson1 originator of   
the ,missouri ,mammoth blackberry1 said 
to be a ,concord seedling but bears a   
strong resemblance to some of ,rogers'  
hybrids4  ,thompson ,wine4 7,lab4       
,vin487 ,received by the ,magazine of   
,horticulture in #ahfe from ,mr4 ,r4 ,o4
 ,thompson1 of ,nebraska4 ,bunch and    
berry resembling ,isabella in shape2    
black4  ,tishomingo4 7,lab4 ,vin4       
,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,delago crossed 
with ,governor ,ireland2 from ,munson1  
about #ahii4 ,stamens erect2 bunch      
medium with large black berry2 ripens   

mid-season4  ,togni4 7,aest47 ,a        
seedling of ,st4 ,augustine cultivated  
in ,florida about thirty years ago4     
,tonkawa4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a      
seedling of ,delago crossed with        
,brilliant2 from ,munson1 of ,texas1    
about #ahii4 ,vigorous1 nearly hardy1   
productive2 stamens upright2 clusters   
medium1 rather slender1 shouldered1     
variable in compactness2 berries not    
uniform in size1 oval1 dull dark red    
with lilac bloom2 skin moderately thick 
and tough2 pulp slightly tough1 vinous1 
sweet2 good2 ripens with ,concord4      
,transparent4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a ,taylor  
seedling2 from ,jacob ,rommel1 of       
,missouri1 about #ahhj4 ,vine vigorous1 
healthy1 moderately productive2 stamens 
upright2 bunch small1 compact1          
shouldered2 berry very juicy1 sweet2    
good2 ripens a few days before ,concord4
  ,trask4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,the ,bushberg  
,catalogue says1 a chance seedling that 
first fruited in #ahge4 ,introduced by  
,peter ,henderson and ,company4         

,healthy2 leaves smooth2 bunches large1 
long1 often shouldered2 berries medium  
to large1 brown or bluish-black2 tender1
 melting1 very sweet1 vinous2 ripens    
before ,concord4  ,triumphant4 ,a       
failure at the ,ontario ,experimental   
,farm where it was tested in #ahhf4     
,trollinger4 ,mentioned in ,united      
,states ,patent ,office ,report for     
#ahei as being on trial in the          
government experimental garden4         
,trowbridge4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,according to
 ,american ,horticultural ,annual1      
#ahgj1 a sport from the ,isabella with  
much larger bunches and berries than    
those of its parent4  ,troy4 7,lab4     
,vin47 ,purple ,hamburgh of ,troy2 ,troy
 ,hamburg4 ,described by ,prince in     
#ahcj as hardy1 vigorous1 productive2   
berries large1 oval1 a little foxy1     
pleasant2 very good2 similar to         
,isabella4  ,tryone4 7,lab4 ,rip4 ,vin4 
,bourq47 ,from a cross by ,munson       
between ,one ,seed and ,rommel1 about   
#ahig4 ,stamens erect2 bunch and berry  

large1 white2 very late4  ,tuckerman4   
,from ,j4 ,b4 ,tuckerman1 ,cassville1   
,oneida ,county1 ,new ,york1 about      
#ahgj4 ,a white grape4  ,tuskahoma4     
7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a member of      
,munson's ,delago family1 the male      
parent being ,brilliant2 first fruited  
in #ahii4 ,stamens erect2 bunch and     
berry large1 translucent red2 equal to  
,brighton in quality2 early4  ,u4 ,b4   
,one of ,marine's seedlings2 a black    
grape1 of ,labrusca type4  ,uhland4     
7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,taylor2   
from ,wm4 ,weidmeyer1 ,hermann1         
,missouri4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy1   
usually a shy bearer2 stamens erect2    
bunch medium1 nearly cylindrical1       
compact1 sometimes shouldered2 berry    
medium1 slightly oblong1 greenish-yellow
 with thin bloom2 skin thin1 tender1    
cracks2 pulp tender1 juicy1 sweet1      
pleasant2 good2 ripens a few days later 
than ,concord2 subject to rot in some   
sections2 makes a very good wine4       
,uller ,mammoth4 ,reported by the       

,tennessee ,experiment ,station in #ahid
 as an exceedingly large grape of       
inferior quality2 a vigorous vine4      
,ulrey4 ,mentioned by ,warder in #ahfg4 
,from ,indiana2 medium bunch with large 
white berry2 sweet1 rich4  ,una4 7,lab47
 ,a ,white ,concord seedling2 from ,e4  
,w4 ,bull1 about #ahfg4 ,healthy and    
vigorous2 bunch and berries medium2     
resembles ,martha but not so sweet and  
more foxy2 ripens a week before         
,concord4  ,underhill4 7,lab47          
,underhill's ,celestial2 ,underhill's   
,seedling4 ,a variety of the wild ,fox  
grape2 from ,dr4 ,a4 ,k4 ,underhill1    
,charlton1 ,saratoga ,county1 ,new      
,york1 about #ahfc4 ,of medium vigor1   
hardy1 healthy and productive2 stamens  
reflexed2 bunches medium to large1      
cylindrical1 frequently shouldered1     
moderately compact2 berries large1      
usually roundish1 dark dull red with    
lilac bloom1 inclined to drop when ripe2
 skin thick1 tough1 very astringent2    
pulp tough1 sweet1 foxy1 moderately     

juicy1 fair2 ripens about with ,concord2
 of the ,wyoming type but inferior to   
that variety4  ,undine4 7,lab4 ,rip47   
,from ,j4 ,h4 ,ricketts2 a seedling of  
,concord and ,clinton2 vigorous and     
healthy2 bunch large1 shouldered2       
berries large1 yellowish-white when     
fully ripe2 sprightly1 very good4       
,universal4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,rup47 ,a     
seedling of ,america crossed with       
,profusion2 from ,munson1 about #ahig4  
,stamens erect2 bunch large with        
medium-sized black berry2 equal to      
,concord in quality2 very late4         
,urbana4 7,lab47 ,a seedling of         
,concord2 from ,indiana4 ,bunch medium1 
shouldered2 berry large1 white2 juicy1  
vinous1 not very sweet2 ripens about    
with ,isabella4  ,ursula4 7,lab47       
,according to ,mitzky1 #ahic1 produced  
by ,t4 ,huber1 ,sr41 ,illinois4 ,bunch  
small1 compact2 berries small1 white2   
flesh melting1 juicy and sweet2 fine    
quality2 vigorous grower2 ripens with   
,concord4  ,valencia4 ,grown by ,munson 

from seed secured in ,south ,spain1 near
 ,valencia4 ,described by the originator
 as vigorous1 short-jointed2 healthy1 a 
light cropper2 cluster small1           
shouldered1 very compact2 berry small1  
brownish-red2 pulp melting1 juicy1 very 
sweet and fine4 ,munson gives the       
species as ,bourquiniana4  ,valentine4  
,august ,isabella4 ,mentioned by ,prince
 in ,gardener's ,monthly for #ahfc4     
,valhallah4 7,lab4 ,cand4 ,rip4 ,vin4   
,bourq47 ,from ,munson1 about #aijb2 a  
hybrid of ,elvicand and ,brilliant4     
,described by the originator as a very  
vigorous1 drouth-enduring1 prolific     
vine2 cluster medium2 berry large1      
bright clear red2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp
 juicy1 tender1 nearly equaling         
,brilliant in quality2 ripens about with
 ,concord4  ,valverde4 7,champ4 ,lab4   
,vin4 ,bourq47 ,from ,munson2 a seedling
 of ,de ,grasset fertilized with        
,brilliant4 ,stamens erect2 bunch and   
berry large2 ripens mid-season in       
,texas4  ,van ,deman4 7,linc4 ,lab4     

,vin47 ,from ,texas2 a cross of         
,lincecumii and ,triumph4 ,vigorous2    
stamens erect2 bunch medium1 compact2   
berry medium1 black2 poor to good2      
ripens about two weeks after ,catawba4  
,vanderburgh4 ,noted in ,record of      
,horticulture for #ahfh as a new and    
promising variety from ,lansingburg1    
,new ,york2 not yet sent out4  ,venango4
 7,lab47 ,minor's ,seedling4 ,according 
to ,buchanan 7,mss471 an old variety1   
said to have been cultivated by the     
,french at ,fort ,venango1 on ,allegheny
 ,river1 over a century ago4 ,very      
vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and usually    
productive2 stamens erect2 bunch medium1
 compact2 sometimes shouldered2 berries 
medium1 round or sometimes flattened by 
compactness2 skin thick and tough1 pale 
red with white bloom2 flesh sweet1      
aromatic2 pulpy and foxy2 ripens about  
with ,concord4  ,vermont4 ,listed by    
,prince in ,gardener's ,monthly1 #ahfc1 
as a worthless sort4  ,vermont ,giant4  
7,lab47 ,from ,c4 ,g4 ,pringle of       

,charlotte1 ,vermont4 ,noted in the     
,western ,new ,york ,horticultural      
,society ,report1 #ahhb1 as a black1    
very pulpy grape with poor flavor4      
,vermorel4 7,champ47 ,a wild variety of 
,vitis champini from ,williamson        
,county1 ,texas2 collected by ,munson4  
,stamens reflexed2 bunch small with     
medium-sized black berry2 early4        
,vesta4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of    
,salem2 from ,c4 ,engle1 ,paw ,paw1     
,michigan4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 productive2
 stamens upright2 bunches medium to     
large1 long1 shouldered1 moderately     
compact2 berries large1 round1          
greenish-white2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp  
tender1 juicy1 vinous1 rich2 very good2 
about a week later than ,concord4       
,viala4 7,champ47 ,a wild variety of    
,vitis champini1 from ,coryell ,county1 
,texas2 collected by ,munson4 ,stamens  
reflexed2 bunch small2 berry medium1    
black2 early4  ,vialla4 7,rip47         
,according to ,bushberg ,catalogue1     
#ahhc1 a ,franco-,american variety1     

recommended as a grafting stock2        
resembles the ,franklin and is by some  
supposed to be the same variety2 others 
contend that it is distinct from and    
superior to ,franklin4  ,victoria4      
,origin unknown4 ,moderately vigorous1  
open1 healthy2 bunch very small1 short  
and thick2 berry large1 round1 dark     
purple1 scarcely black1 with thin bloom2
 skin tender2 pulp tender but stringy1  
juicy1 mild acid1 without decided       
character2 poor2 about a week later than
 ,concord4  ,victoria4 7,lab47 ,ray's   
,victoria4 ,introduced in #ahgb by ,m4  
,m4 ,samuels1 of ,clinton1 ,kentucky4   
,vigorous1 healthy1 and productive2     
bunch medium2 berry medium1 round1 amber
 color2 skin thin2 pulp tender1 sweet   
and of high flavor2 very good2 resembles
 ,venango4  ,vine ,arbor4 ,mentioned in 
the ,united ,states ,patent ,office     
,report1 #ahde1 as being grown at       
,brinkleyville1 ,halifax ,county1 ,north
 ,carolina1 at that time4 ,so called on 
account of its very large leaf and      

extended growth1 consequently adapted   
for arbors4  ,vinita4 7,linc4 ,bourq47  
,a seedling of ,post-oak crossed with   
,herbemont2 from ,munson1 about #ahhe4  
,very vigorous1 productive2 stamens     
erect2 bunch large1 conical1 shouldered1
 compact2 berries small to medium1      
purple2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp juicy1   
melting2 best2 very late4  ,vinrouge4   
7,lab4 ,aest4 ,vin4 ,bourq4 ,rup4       
,linc47 ,from a cross between ,america  
and ,laura2 by ,munson about #ahid4     
,vigorous1 healthy2 stamens erect2 bunch
 large2 berry medium2 black2 early4     
,virginia4 ,noted by ,buchanan1 #aheb1  
as a grape raised and exhibited by ,n4  
,longworth in #ahdf4  ,vivie ,hybrid4   
,vivie's ,hartford4 ,according to       
,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahhc1 produced by
 ,m4 ,vivie in ,france1 and by some     
called ,vivie's ,hartford4 ,of very     
vigorous growth1 very productive and its
 grape of good quality making a very    
good wine4  ,waddel4 7,lab47 ,noted in  
the ,united ,states ,department of      

,agriculture ,report for #ahic4 ,found  
in the woods of ,highland ,county1      
,ohio1 about #ahfc1 by ,john ,f4        
,waddel4 ,productive and hardy2 cluster 
medium1 heavily shouldered1 moderately  
compact2 berry oval1 medium to large1   
persistent2 skin thick1 tender1 dark    
purple or black with heavy blue bloom2  
pulp translucent1 tender1 melting1 very 
juicy1 mildly sweet1 rich1 pleasant with
 slightly musky aroma2 good to very     
good2 season ,september #bj-cjth in     
,ohio4  ,waldo ,seedling4 7,lab47 ,a    
chance seedling found on the farm of ,j4
 ,b4 ,waldo1 ,johnsville1 ,dutchess     
,county1 ,new ,york1 about #ahha4 ,of   
medium vigor1 healthy1 hardy1           
productive2 clusters as large or larger 
than ,concord1 often nearly double1     
somewhat loose2 berries large1 black    
with abundant blue bloom2 skin variable 
in thickness1 tender2 pulp moderately   
sweet1 juicy1 slightly foxy with        
,concord flavor2 good2 ripens a little  
before ,moore ,early4 ,resembles        

,concord closely4  ,wales4 7,lab47 ,a   
seedling having a medium-sized bunch1   
exhibited by ,e4 ,w4 ,bull at the       
meeting of the ,massachusetts           
,horticultural ,society in #ahgd4       
,waneta4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a       
seedling of ,delago crossed with        
,brilliant2 from ,munson1 about #ahif4  
,stamens erect2 bunch medium with large 
red berry2 equal to ,brighton in flavor2
 late4  ,warmita4 7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab47  
,from a cross between ,america and      
,beacon2 by ,munson1 about #ahif4       
,healthy and vigorous2 stamens erect2   
bunch and berry large1 black2 ripens    
mid-season4  ,warren4 ,supposed by some 
to be identical with ,herbemont but     
claimed to be distinct by others4 ,the  
original vine grew near ,warrenton in   
,warren ,county1 ,georgia4  ,washington4
 ,noted by ,warder in #ahfg4 ,from ,new 
,york4 ,early1 black4  ,washita4 7,lab4 
,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a seedling of ,delago   
crossed with ,governor ,ireland2 from   
,munson1 about #ahif4 ,stamens erect2   

bunch medium with large1 black berry1   
equal to ,concord in flavor2 early4     
,washita4 ,a white grape from ,arkansas2
 on trial in the government experimental
 gardens in #ahei4  ,waterloo4 ,rock    
,house ,indian4 ,a native grape from    
,illinois1 grown by ,f4 ,muench4        
,vigorous and a good bearer2 cluster and
 berry small4  ,watertown4 ,from ,d4 ,s4
 ,marvin1 ,watertown1 ,new ,york4       
,according to ,mitzky1 #ahic1 a good    
grower2 bunch medium1 sometimes         
shouldered2 berry medium1 slightly      
oblong1 white2 sweet2 fine quality4     
,watova4 7,lab4 ,rip4 ,vin4 ,aest47 ,a  
cross between ,gold ,coin and ,rommel2  
from ,munson1 in #ahii4 ,stamens erect2 
bunch and berry large1 yellow2 late4    
,waubeck4 7,linc4 ,lab4 ,aest47 ,a      
seedling of ,jaeger ,no4 #dc fertilized 
with ,laussel2 from ,munson1 about      
#ahic4 ,stamens erect2 bunch large2     
berry medium1 black1 equal to ,concord  
in flavor2 very late4  ,waverly4 7,vin4 
,rip4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,clinton and

 one of the ,muscats2 from ,jas4 ,h4    
,ricketts1 about #ahgj4 ,usually        
vigorous and productive1 hardy1 healthy2
 bunch medium1 shouldered1 compact2     
berry medium1 round to oval1 black with 
blue bloom2 pulp tender1 juicy1 sweet1  
vinous2 good2 ripens with ,brighton4    
,w4 ,b4 ,munson4 7,linc4 ,vin4 ,lab47 ,a
 seedling of ,post-oak ,no4 #c1 crossed 
with ,triumph2 from ,munson1 about      
#ahhg4 ,vigorous1 very productive1      
subject to mildew in the ,south2 stamens
 erect2 bunch medium or sometimes large1
 cylindrical1 compact1 sometimes        
shouldered2 berry medium1 round1 black1 
persistent2 pulp juicy1 melting1        
sprightly2 very good2 late4  ,webb      
,grape4 ,mentioned by ,prince in #ahcj4 
,discovered by ,samuel ,webb1 of        
,philadelphia1 near ,woodbury1          
,pennsylvania4 ,berries large1 black4   
,weeks ,seedling4 ,mentioned in the     
,american ,horticultural ,annual1 #ahga4
 ,raised by ,dr4 ,cyrus ,weeks1 of      
,bellville1 ,new ,jersey4 ,medium bunch 

and berry2 very sweet2 pleasant flavor4 
,wells4 7,lab47 ,wells' ,seedling4      
,originated in ,ohio where it was       
discovered by a ,mr4 ,wells about #ahhb4
 ,vigorous1 healthy1 very productive2   
clusters large1 cylindrical1 shouldered1
 moderately compact2 berries large1     
bronze or wine-colored1 oval2 pulp      
tender1 mild1 very juicy with a peculiar
 musky flavor and foxy aroma2 fair      
quality2 ripens about two weeks after   
,concord4  ,western ,beauty4 ,grown from
 mixed seed by ,e4 ,p4 ,fisher1         
,sterling1 ,kansas1 about #aijd4        
,described by the originator as a black 
or purple grape of superior quality1    
better than ,concord1 a stronger grower 
than that variety and perfectly hardy2  
ripens about with ,catawba4  ,wetumka4  
7,lab4 ,aest4 ,rip4 ,bourq47 ,from a    
cross by ,munson between ,one ,seed and 
,gold ,coin1 about #ahic4 ,of medium    
vigor1 healthy1 productive2 stamens     
erect2 clusters medium1 ovate1          
moderately compact1 sometimes           

shouldered2 berries large1 globular1    
yellowish-green2 pulp juicy1 tender2    
good2 ripens after ,concord4  ,wewoka4  
7,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab47 ,produced by       
,munson1 about #ahic1 by crossing       
,america with ,beacon4 ,stamens         
reflexed2 bunch very large2 berry large1
 black2 late4  ,wheaton4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 
,vin47 ,a seedling of ,delaware2 from   
,john ,c4 ,wheaton1 of ,dansville1 ,new 
,york1 in #ahgc4 ,rather weak grower1   
hardy1 variable in productiveness2      
tendrils irregularly continuous2 foliage
 not very healthy2 stamens upright2     
flowers nearly fertile2 clusters medium 
to small1 much like ,delaware1          
cylindrical1 nearly compact1 sometimes  
shouldered2 berries small1 roundish1    
light green with yellow tinge1 with thin
 gray bloom2 pulp tender1 nearly sweet2 
good2 ripens about with ,delaware4      
,white ,ann ,arbor4 7,lab47 ,ann ,arbor4
 ,a seedling of ,concord2 raised by     
,chas4 ,h4 ,woodruff1 of ,ann ,arbor1   
,michigan1 in #ahgj4 ,of medium vigor1  

very hardy1 moderately productive2 bunch
 and berry large1 white with white      
bloom2 pulp tough1 sweet2 good2 ripens  
about two weeks before ,concord4  ,white
 ,beauty4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a      
seedling of ,dutchess2 from ,stayman of 
,kansas4 ,very vigorous1 hardy1 healthy 
and very productive2 bunch large1 long1 
shouldered1 compact2 berries medium     
size1 white2 pulp tender1 sprightly1    
rich1 vinous1 sweet2 best2 ripens with  
,concord and will hang until frost4     
,white ,cape4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,according  
to ,mitzky1 #ahic1 similar to ,alexander
 except that it is greenish-white in    
color4  ,white ,catawba4 7,lab4 ,vin47  
,a seedling of ,catawba2 raised by ,john
 ,e4 ,mottier1 of ,ohio1 about #ahdi4   
,bunch medium1 shouldered2 berry large1 
round1 greenish2 pulpy1 foxy4  ,white   
,clinton4 ,white ,delaware4 ,mentioned  
in the ,united ,states ,department of   
,agriculture ,report for #ahfd1 as being
 a hardy and vigorous vine with a small 
white grape1 insipid and worthless4     

,white ,cloud4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,a 
seedling of ,dutchess2 from ,stayman1 of
 ,kansas4 ,vigorous1 hardy1 healthy and 
productive2 clusters large1 long1       
compact2 berries large1 white2 skin     
thin1 tough2 pulp tender1 juicy1 rich1  
sprightly1 vinous1 sweet2 best2 ripens  
with ,concord4  ,white ,delaware4 7,lab4
 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,from ,geo4 ,w4         
,campbell1 of ,delaware1 ,ohio4 ,lacking
 in size and productiveness as compared 
with its parent2 resembles ,delaware in 
form of bunch and berry1 compact and    
shouldered2 greenish-white with thin    
white bloom2 early4  ,white ,delaware4  
7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,according to     
,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahid1 from       
,hermann ,jaeger1 of ,neosho1 ,missouri2
 bunch and berries closely resemble the 
,delaware in shape and size but it has  
some ,labrusca characteristics4  ,white 
,delaware4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47        
,produced by ,jacob ,rommel of          
,morrison1 ,missouri4 ,described by     
,mitzky1 #ahic1 as healthy1 moderate    

grower1 very productive2 bunch medium1  
compact1 shouldered2 berry medium1 white
 with white bloom2 skin tough2 without  
pulp1 very sweet1 pure flavor1          
delicious2 ripens with ,concord4  ,white
 ,delaware4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,from 
,c4 ,j4 ,copley1 ,stapleton1 ,new ,york4
 ,described in ,massachusetts           
,horticultural ,society ,report1 #ahhj1 
as having a small bunch1 exceedingly    
compact2 berries very small1 round1     
green with an amber tint in the sun1    
thin bloom2 skin very thick2 sweet with 
not much pulp but pretty hard4  ,white  
,delaware seedlings have also been      
produced by ,john ,burr1 ,j4            
,sacksteder1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,stayman1 ,d4 ,b4 
,woodbury and others4  ,white           
,elizabeth4 ,hart's ,white2 ,white      
,isabella4 ,listed by ,prince in        
,gardener's ,monthly for #ahfc4  ,white 
,english4 ,mentioned in the ,united     
,states ,patent ,office ,report for     
#ahde as being grown by ,sidney ,weller1
 ,brinkleyville1 ,north ,carolina4      

,whitehall4 7,lab47 ,supposed to be a   
chance seedling from ,geo4 ,goodale1 of 
,whitehall1 ,washington ,county1 ,new   
,york2 first fruited in #ahgj4 ,of      
medium vigor1 not very productive1      
comparatively healthy2 stamens reflexed2
 clusters large1 moderately compact1    
shouldered2 berry medium1 dark purple or
 nearly black with thin bloom2 pulp     
tender1 melting and sweet2 ripens about 
with ,hartford4  ,white ,jewel4 7,rip4  
,lab47 ,burr's ,no4 #ai4 ,a seedling of 
,elvira2 supposed to be from ,john      
,burr1 of ,leavenworth1 ,kansas4        
,vigorous1 hardy and very productive2   
stamens upright2 bunch medium1 long1    
compact2 berry medium1 round1 white with
 abundant bloom2 skin thin1 rather      
tender2 pulp very juicy1 tender1 sweet1 
sprightly1 very good2 ripens about with 
,moore ,early4  ,white ,mountain4 ,from 
,connecticut2 very early4  ,white       
,muscadine4 ,mentioned in the ,united   
,states ,patent ,office ,report1 #ahfb1 
in a list of grapes that do well as far 

north as ,burlington1 ,vermont4  ,white 
,musk4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,according to      
,fuller1 #ahfg1 a hybrid from ,jacob    
,moore1 of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,vine
 resembles ,sweetwater but does not     
require protection2 of medium size with 
insipid flavor4  ,white ,northern       
,muscat4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,culinary ,grape2
 ,white's ,northern ,muscadine4 ,a      
seedling of ,brighton fertilized with   
,muscat2 from ,w4 ,t4 ,white1 ,troy1    
,ohio1 about #ahhi4 ,vigorous1 tender1  
moderately productive2 stamens upright2 
bunch medium size1 compact2 berries     
large1 nearly round1 brownish-green or  
amber color2 skin thick1 tough2 pulp    
large1 tender1 juicy1 sweet2 high       
flavor2 about ten days earlier than     
,concord4  ,white ,norton4 7,aest4      
,lab47 ,a seedling of ,norton2 from ,f4 
,langendoerfer1 ,hermann1 ,missouri4    
,noted in ,missouri ,horticultural      
,society ,report1 #ahhc1 as a slow      
grower1 moderately productive1 very     
hardy2 smaller than its parent1 of a    

golden yellow color and a few days      
earlier4  ,white ,norton4 7,aest4 ,lab47
 ,white ,virginia ,seedling4 ,another   
,norton seedling1 probably crossed with 
some ,labrusca2 produced by ,j4         
,balziger1 ,highland1 ,illinois4        
,strong1 hardy2 healthy and vigorous2   
fruit similar to ,elvira but better in  
quality2 very late2 shows some ,labrusca
 blood4  ,white ,rose4 ,received at this
 ,station for testing in #aijf from     
,miss ,r4 ,r4 ,short1 ,clifton ,springs1
 ,new ,york4  ,white ,sugar4 ,w4 ,r4    
,prince in ,gardener's ,monthly for     
#ahfc1 mentions this variety as a       
worthless ,labrusca4  ,white ,tennessee4
 ,according to ,grape ,culturist1 #ahga1
 grown by ,w4 ,valiant1 of ,clarksville1
 ,tennessee1 and known by him for about 
fifty years4 ,hardy1 productive and free
 from disease4  ,white ,ulster4 7,lab4  
,vin47 ,according to ,bushberg          
,catalogue1 #ahid1 an amateur variety1  
raised by ,a4 ,j4 ,caywood from a       
seedling of ,ulster crossed with ,white 

,concord4  ,wilcox4 ,mentioned in the   
,united ,states ,patent ,office ,report1
 #ahde1 as being grown by ,sidney       
,weller1 ,brinkleyville1 ,north         
,carolina4  ,wilding4 7,rip4 ,lab47 ,a  
seedling found by ,jacob ,rommel1       
,morrison1 ,missouri4 ,vigorous1 hardy  
and healthy1 moderately productive2     
stamens reflexed2 bunch medium1 loose1  
shouldered2 berry medium1 round1 pale   
green1 almost transparent2 skin very    
thin1 and tender2 no pulp1 juicy1 very  
sweet2 very good2 ripens with ,concord4 
,wilkins ,seedling4 7,lab47 ,from ,o4   
,fitzalwyn ,wilkins1 ,bridgeburgh1      
,ontario1 about #ahie4 ,described in the
 ,canadian ,horticulturist1 #ahih1 as   
follows3 ,bunch of good size and form2  
berries white1 round1 of medium size2   
skin thin and tender2 pulp tender and   
separates readily from the seeds2 flavor
 agreeable1 somewhat foxy1 but much     
sweeter and pleasanter than ,concord2   
early4  ,willard4 7,lab47 ,from ,e4 ,p4 
,fisher1 ,sterling1 ,kansas2 received at

 this ,station for testing in #aije4    
,described by originator as a vigorous1 
short-jointed grower1 perfectly hardy1  
sometimes mildews2 bunch a little       
smaller than ,concord1 compact2 berry   
nearly large1 round1 red2 sweet1 without
 any foxiness2 lacks vigor here2        
tendrils continuous or sometimes        
intermittent4  ,williamson4 7,cand47 ,a 
wild variety of ,candicans from         
,williamson ,county1 ,texas2 collected  
by ,t4 ,v4 ,munson4 ,stamens reflexed2  
small bunch with very large1 black      
berry2 early4  ,williamsport4 ,noted in 
the ,magazine of ,horticulture1 #ahfj1  
as a new variety originated on the      
mountain near ,williamsport1            
,pennsylvania4 ,perfectly hardy1 and    
very prolific4  ,william ,wine4 7,lab4  
,aest47 ,mentioned by ,s4 ,j4 ,parker in
 the ,united ,states ,department of     
,agriculture ,report for #ahfd4 ,cluster
 small with long peduncle2 berry large1 
round1 having the fox grape perfume     
mingled with that of a rose4  ,willie4  

7,lab47 ,said to be a seedling of       
,northern ,muscadine crossed with       
,concord2 from ,l4 ,c4 ,chisholm1       
,spring ,hill1 ,tennessee4 ,vigorous1   
rampant grower1 healthy and very        
productive2 fruit larger than ,concord1 
shouldered1 very showy2 black with white
 bloom2 pulp vinous and sprightly1 no   
foxiness2 excellent wine grape2 ripens  
with or a few days later than ,concord4 
,willis4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a       
seedling of ,delaware2 from ,willis ,w4 
,jones1 ,camargo1 ,illinois1 about      
#ahfe4 ,usually vigorous1 as hardy as   
,concord1 healthy1 generally quite      
productive2 bunch medium1 compact1      
shouldered1 in shape like the ,delaware2
 berry medium1 round1 pale green or     
amber-yellow with a slight bloom2 pulp  
tender1 very juicy1 slightly vinous1    
sweet1 foxy2 good2 early4  ,willis      
,fredonia4 ,guernsey ,grape2 ,jersey    
,grape4 ,origin unknown2 grown by ,john 
,willis1 of ,maryland4 ,according to    
,prince1 #ahcj1 a vigorous rampant      

grower1 healthy1 very productive2 fruit 
black and pleasant for the table4       
,willis ,large ,black4 ,great ,black    
,muscadine4 ,an old variety mentioned by
 ,prince in #ahcj1 who says1 according  
to a traditional account of the         
,southern ,indians1 this vine and the   
,white ,scuppernong have been in bearing
 among them for more than five hundred  
years4 ,very vigorous2 berries very     
large2 foxy4  ,wilmington4 7,lab4 ,vin47
 ,wilmington ,white4 ,originated with a 
,mr4 ,jeffries1 near ,wilmington1       
,delaware1 about #ahef4 ,very vigorous1 
hardy1 productive2 bunches large1 loose1
 shouldered2 berries large1 roundish or 
inclining to oval1 greenish-white2      
tender and not pulpy1 sweet and pleasant
 when properly ripened but requires a   
long southern season2 late4             
,winchester4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,brackett's  
,seedling2 ,brackett's ,winchester4 ,a  
seedling of ,union ,village2 from ,e4   
,a4 ,brackett1 ,winchester1             
,massachusetts1 first fruited in #aheh4 

,vigorous1 hardy2 bunch large2 berry    
large1 round1 black1 heavy bloom2 juicy1
 sweet1 vinous2 resembles parent but    
ripens a week earlier4  ,windsor4 ,noted
 by ,prince in #ahcj4 ,found growing    
wild twelve miles north of ,baltimore1  
at ,windsor1 on the plantation of       
,george ,fitzhugh4 ,very luxuriant and  
productive2 clusters large and long2    
berries round1 blue1 juicy4  ,winedrop4 
7,linc4 ,bourq47 ,a cross between       
,post-oak ,no4 #a and ,herbemont by     
,munson1 in #ahhd4 ,stamens reflexed2   
bunch large with small1 dark red berry2 
late4  ,wine ,house4 ,noted in ,united  
,states ,patent ,office ,report1 #ahed4 
,found growing spontaneously in the     
vineyard of ,frederick ,muench4 ,sweet  
and aromatic2 not very juicy4  ,wine    
,king4 7,aest4 ,linc4 ,rup4 ,lab47 ,a   
seedling of ,winona crossed with        
,america2 from ,munson1 in #ahih4 ,very 
vigorous1 prolific1 healthy2 stamens    
erect2 cluster large1 compact2 berry    
medium1 black with blue bloom2 very     

little pulp1 tender1 very juicy1 vinous1
 rich and sprightly2 good4  ,winona4    
7,aest4 ,lab47 ,a seedling of ,norton2  
from ,munson1 about #ahie4 ,vigorous1   
productive2 stamens upright2 cluster    
large1 loose1 conical2 berries small to 
medium1 black2 skin thin1 tough2 pulp   
juicy1 tender1 good2 about a week       
earlier than ,norton4  ,winslow4        
7,rip487 ,a seedling raised by ,charles 
,winslow1 of ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 about   
#aheg4 ,hardy and productive2 bunch     
medium1 long1 compact2 berries small1   
round1 black2 pulp vinous and juicy2    
resembles ,clinton but is less acid2    
very early4  ,winter ,wine4 7,simp4     
,linc4 ,bourq47 ,a cross between ,vitis 
simpsoni and ,marguerite by ,munson in  
#ahih4 ,stamens reflexed2 bunch large   
with medium-sized black berry2 extra    
late4  ,witt4 7,lab47 ,a white seedling 
of ,concord2 from ,michael ,witt1 of    
,columbus1 ,ohio1 about #ahhj4 ,not very
 vigorous1 hardy1 moderately healthy1   
very productive2 clusters medium to     

large1 conical1 moderately compact1     
sometimes shouldered2 berries variable  
in size1 usually large1 roundish1       
greenish-white or pale yellow with thin 
whitish bloom2 pulp tender1 juicy1      
vinous1 sweet2 good2 ripens with        
,concord or a little before4  ,woodbury4
 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,woodbury ,white4
 ,a seedling of ,delaware from ,d4 ,b4  
,woodbury1 ,paris1 ,maine1 about #ahia4 
,described in ,bushberg ,catalogue1     
#ahid1 as resembling ,delaware in growth
 and foliage2 bunch medium1 compact2    
berry larger than ,delaware1 slightly   
oblong1 greenish-white with fine bloom2 
skin thin1 yet tough1 almost            
transparent2 juicy1 sweet1 good2 ripens 
two weeks before ,concord2 a very good  
keeper4  ,woodbury4 ,mentioned in the   
,united ,states ,department of          
,agriculture ,report for #ahfc1 as being
 on trial in the government experimental
 garden4  ,woodcock ,seedling4          
,exhibited by ,h4 ,woodcock at the      
,western ,new ,york ,horticultural      

,society meeting in #ahhg4 ,a large red 
grape1 of very good quality2 ripens with
 ,delaware4  ,woodford4 ,on trial in the
 ,united ,states ,department of         
,agriculture experimental vineyard in   
#ahfj4 ,vigorous2 purple2 pulpy1 juicy1 
sweet4  ,woodriver4 ,according to       
,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahhc1 originated 
near ,woodriver1 ,washington ,county1   
,rhode ,island1 by a ,mr4 ,brown4       
,white1 very early1 fine quality4       
,woodson4 ,from ,prince ,edward ,county1
 ,virginia1 previous to #ahcj4 ,bunch   
medium1 very compact2 berry medium red2 
no pulp1 rich2 good for table and wine2 
later than ,cunningham4  ,wyman4 7,lab4 
,vin47 ,wyman's ,seedling4 ,exhibited by
 ,joseph ,breck in #ahed at a session of
 the fruit committee of the             
,massachusetts ,horticultural ,society4 
,said to be a seedling of ,catawba2     
berries large1 sweet and free of pulp2  
ripens with or before ,isabella4        
,wynant4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,according to    
,mitzky1 #ahic1 a chance seedling grown 

by ,d4 ,w4 ,babcock1 ,dansville1 ,new   
,york2 almost identical with ,dutchess4 
,wyoming4 ,noted in the ,united ,states 
,patent ,office ,report1 #ahfj4         
,vigorous2 black2 juicy1 somewhat pulpy4
  ,wylie's ,seedlings4 ,unnamed         
seedlings of ,dr4 ,a4 ,p4 ,wylie1 of    
,chester1 ,south ,carolina3  ,no4 #d4 ,a
 cross between two hybrids4 ,described  
by originator in ,bushberg ,catalogue1  
#ahhc1 as bunch somewhat larger than    
,lenoir2 berry medium1 of a clear       
transparent golden color2 finest texture
 and flavor1 resembles ,white           
,frontignan2 ripens as early as         
,concord4  ,concord and ,foreign ,no4   
#h4 7,vin4 ,lab47 ,seedling of ,concord 
and ,bowood ,muscat4 ,strong grower2    
foliage ,labrusca2 cluster very large1  
loose2 berry very large1 black1 of      
foreign texture2 skin thick2 ripens with
 ,catawba4  ,delaware and ,concord ,no4 
#a4 7,lab4 ,vin4 ,bourq47 ,very hardy   
with ,labrusca foliage2 a great bearer2 
bunch and berry medium2 skin thick1 dark

 red2 juicy1 rich and sweet1 slightly   
musky4  ,halifax and ,delaware ,no4 #cj4
 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,the same color  
as ,delaware with bunch of same size and
 berries one half larger2 texture and   
flavor also much like ,delaware2        
generally more healthy than that        
variety2 a great bearer4  ,halifax and  
,delaware ,no4 #ch4 7,lab4 ,bourq4      
,vin47 ,hardy and healthy with ,labrusca
 foliage1 not so strong a grower as ,no4
 #cj2 dark red in color with purple     
bloom and superior to ,no4 #cj in       
flavor4  ,halifax and ,delaware ,no4    
#di4 7,lab4 ,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a black     
grape of high vinous flavor4  ,halifax  
and ,delaware ,no4 #ee4 7,lab4 ,bourq4  
,vin47 ,bunch medium1 long1 shouldered2 
berries large1 dark blue or purple with 
a purple bloom2 flesh tender1 juicy1    
very sweet1 sprightly1 high flavored2   
best4  ,halifax and ,hamburg ,no4 #aa4  
7,vin4 ,lab47 ,very productive and      
healthy2 bunch medium2 berry medium1    
black1 with thick skin4  ,hybrid        

,scuppernong ,no4 #d4 7,rot47 ,exhibited
 at the ,american ,pomological ,society 
in #ahgg4 ,healthy1 very productive2    
bunches medium1 compact2 berry round1   
greenish-white2 pulp nearly melting1    
very juicy1 sprightly1 vinous1 with a   
musky aroma2 good4  ,hybrid ,scuppernong
 ,no4 #e4 7,rot4 ,vin47 ,parentage1     
,bland ,madeira and ,foreign ,no4 #a1   
crossed with a staminate hybrid         
,scuppernong produced by impregnating   
,black ,hamburg with ,scuppernong4      
,healthy and hardy2 bunch medium2       
berries large1 white1 transparent with  
thin tough skin2 almost pulpless1 rich1 
sweet1 with a peculiar flavor2 as early 
as ,concord4  ,xenia4 7,lab4 ,vin4      
,bourq47 ,parentage1 ,delaware1 ,goethe 
and ,triumph2 from ,munson4 ,vigorous2  
cluster medium1 compact2 berry very     
large1 white2 skin thin and tough2 pulp 
meaty1 tender1 sprightly1 high flavor2  
best2 very late1 with ,fern ,munson or  
just before4  ,xlnta4 7,linc4 ,rup4     
,vin4 ,lab474 ,one of ,munson's         

seedlings2 ,america fertilized with ,r4 
,w4 ,munson4 ,vigorous1 hardy in        
,southern ,states2 stamens reflexed2    
cluster large1 cylindrical1 shouldered1 
fairly compact2 berries medium to large1
 globular1 black1 with little bloom2    
skin thin2 pulp meaty1 tender1          
sprightly2 season with or later than    
,concord4  ,yoakum4 7,bourq47 ,according
 to ,bushberg ,catalogue1 #ahid1        
resembling the ,herbemont1 its juice is 
of deeper color1 its foliage is more    
deeply lobed1 but otherwise much        
inferior2 ripening unevenly and being   
less productive4  ,yomago4 7,lab4 ,vin4 
,bourq47 ,a cross between ,delago and   
,brilliant1 by ,munson1 about #ahid4 ,as
 grown at this ,station1 a weak grower1 
not hardy1 variable in productiveness2  
flowers fertile1 bloom late2 stamens    
upright2 clusters large1 usually        
single-shouldered1 compact2 berries     
large1 roundish1 black1 glossy1 covered 
with heavy blue bloom2 skin thin and    
tender2 flesh pale green1 tender1 spicy1

 sweet with ,post-oak flavor2 fair to   
good2 it is doubtful if it will ripen in
 this locality4  ,yonkers4 7,lab47 ,a   
,concord seedling2 from ,j4 ,w4 ,gray1  
,atwood1 ,illinois4 ,hardy1 not a strong
 grower2 bunch medium1 shouldered1      
compact2 berries large1 round1 light    
green2 sweet2 good2 ripens a little     
before ,concord4  ,york ,claret4 7,lab47
 ,according to ,prince1 #ahcj1 a native 
cultivated near ,york1 ,pennsylvania1   
where it is much esteemed for wine4     
,bunches and berries smaller than those 
of ,alexander2 without pulp1 very juicy1
 sweet4  ,york ,lisbon4 7,lab4 ,vin47   
,noted by ,prince in #ahcj4 ,grown      
around ,york1 ,pennsylvania4 ,resembles 
,alexander but larger and a little      
elongated and the pulp is more acid2    
coarse1 pulpy and foxy2 some consider it
 identical with ,alexander4  ,york      
,madeira4 7,lab4 ,vin487 ,baldwin's     
,early2 ,black ,german2 ,canby's        
,august2 ,german ,wine2 ,large ,german2 
,marion ,port2 ,monteith2 ,shepherd's   

,port ,wine2 ,small ,german2 ,tryon2    
,wolfe4 ,an old variety of ,isabella    
type1 originated at ,york1              
,pennsylvania4 ,vigorous1 generally     
hardy1 productive2 cluster medium1      
compact1 shouldered2 berries medium1    
roundish1 inclining to oval1 black2 pulp
 juicy1 sweet1 somewhat vinous1         
pleasant2 ripens with ,isabella or      
before4 ,some consider ,marion 7,,ii7   
identical with this variety4  ,young    
,america4 7,lab47 ,raised by ,samuel    
,miller1 of ,calmdale1 ,pennsylvania1   
about #ahfj4 ,a seedling of ,concord and
 resembling its parent in color and     
shape but three weeks later4  ,zane4    
,from a ,mr4 ,zane1 ,wheeling1 ,west    
,virginia2 found by him growing wild on 
,wheeling ,island4 ,berry medium1 red4  
,zelia4 7,lab4 ,vin47 ,parentage1       
,telegraph crossed with ,black ,hamburg2
 from ,c4 ,j4 ,copley1 ,stapleton1 ,new 
,york4 ,medium in vigor1 productive1    
quite hardy2 leaves five-lobed1 some    
indistinctly so1 dull green2 cluster    

large1 compact2 berry very large1 black2
 skin thin1 fine bloom2 pulp tender1    
rich1 sweet1 aromatic2 season earlier   
than ,concord4  ,zinnia4 7,lab47 ,origin
 unknown4 ,cluster large1 loose1        
shouldered2 berry medium1 round1 black  
with a rich bloom4  ,zita4 7,lab4       
,bourq4 ,vin47 ,a seedling of ,delaware2
 from ,john ,sacksteder1 ,leavenworth1  
,crawford ,county1 ,indiana4 ,vigorous1 
productive1 healthy2 cluster above      
medium2 berry medium1 round1 yellow4    
,zoe4 ,mentioned by ,campbell in ,garden
 and ,forest1 #ahij1 as a northern grape
 attaining its best quality in long     
seasons4     ,,bibliography ,,and       
,,references ,,with ,,abbreviations     
,,used   ,in the standard works listed  
below1 the date of copyright has been   
preferred to that of the title page     
although where there are several        
editions from the same copyright they   
are given1 so far as our knowledge      
permits4 ,this is thought to be more    
just to the writers as the copyright    

date is usually a better indication of  
the time when the book was written than 
the date of publication4 ,an effort has 
been made to present a complete         
bibliography of grape literature in the 
,united ,states including many books    
which1 owing to their nature1 have been 
of no use in the preparation of this    
work4 ,in addition there are given all  
agricultural works and periodicals to   
which references will be found in the   
preceding pages4 ,reports and bulletins 
of experiment stations and reports of   
horticultural societies are not included
 as in each case the abbreviation used  
is standard and sufficiently full for   
ready recognition4 ,only such ,european 
works have been included as were found  
useful in preparing the volume4         
,adlum ,a ,memoir on the ,cultivation of
 the ,vine in ,america and the          
,best ,mode of ,making ,wine4 ,by ,john 
,adlum4 ,washington3 #ahbc4 ,second     
edition1 #ahbh4       ,allen ,a         
,practical ,treatise on the ,culture and

 ,treatment of the      ,grape ,vine1   
etc4 ,by ,j4 ,fisk ,allen4 ,second      
edition1 ,boston3 #ahdh4      ,third    
edition1 #ahec4       ,amer4 ,farmer    
,the ,american ,farmer4 ,baltimore3     
#ahai-ahcb4       ,amer4 ,gard4 ,the    
,american ,garden4 #ahhh-ahia4 ,american
 ,gardening1 ,new      ,york3           
#ahib-aijd4 7,the ,american ,garden and 
,popular ,gardening were      combined  
in #ahib to form ,american ,gardening47 
,am4 ,hort4 ,an4 ,american              
,horticultural ,annual4 ,a ,year ,book  
of      ,horticultural ,progress1 etc4  
,new ,york3 #ahfg-ahga4       ,am4      
,jour4 ,hort4 ,the ,american ,journal of
 ,horticulture and ,florist's           
,companion4 ,name changed in #ahfi to   
,tilton's ,journal of ,horticulture     
and ,florist's ,companion4 ,boston3     
#ahfg-ahga4       ,am4 ,pom4 ,soc4 ,rpt4
 ,american ,pomological ,society        
,report4 ,issued      usually biennially
 from #aheb to date4       ,andrae ,a   
,guide to the ,cultivation of the ,grape

 ,vine in ,texas1 and      ,instructions
 for ,wine-,making4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,andrae4
 ,dallas1 ,texas3      #ahij4       ,an4
 ,hort4 ,annals of ,horticulture in     
,north ,america4 ,a ,witness of         
,passing ,events and a ,record of       
,progress4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,new    
,york3      #ahhi-ahic4 7,appearing     
annually47       ,antill ,an ,essay on  
the ,cultivation of the ,vine1 etc4 ,by 
,edward      ,antill4 7,appearing in    
,transactions ,american ,philosophical  
,society47      ,philadelphia3 #agga4   
,bailey ,american ,grape ,training2 ,an 
,account of the ,leading ,forms ,now    
in ,use of ,training the ,american      
,grapes4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey4 ,new      
,york3      #ahic4       ,barry ,the    
,fruit ,garden2 ,a ,treatise1 etc4 ,by  
,p4 ,barry4 ,new ,york3      #ahea4     
,revised edition 7,barry's ,fruit       
,garden71 ,new ,york3 #ahgb4            
,revised edition 7,barry's ,fruit       
,garden71 ,new ,york3 #ahhc4            
,bolling ,sketch of ,vine ,culture4 ,by 

,robert ,bolling4 7,never printed       
but several manuscript copies were      
circulated during the latter      half  
of the #ahth century4 ,extracts were    
published in several      periodicals47 
,bright ,bright's ,single ,stem ,dwarf  
and ,renewal ,system of ,grape          
,culture1 etc4 ,by ,william ,bright4    
,new ,york3 #ahfj4 ,second edition1     
,new ,york3 #ahfa4 7,same copyright date
 as first edition47       ,buchanan ,the
 ,culture of the ,grape and             
,wine-,making4 ,by ,robert              
,buchanan4 ,cincinnati3 #aheb-ahfj or   
later4 7,eight editions or more47       
,budd-,hansen ,american ,horticultural  
,manual1 etc4 ,by ,j4 ,l4 ,budd and     
,n4 ,e4 ,hansen4 ,new ,york and ,london3
 #aijc4       ,busby ,journal of a      
,recent ,visit to the ,principal        
,vineyards of ,spain      and ,france1  
etc4 ,by ,james ,busby1 ,esq4 ,new ,york
 and ,boston3 #ahce4       ,bush4 ,cat4 
,illustrated ,descriptive ,catalogue of 
,american ,grape      ,vines1 etc4 ,by  

,bush and ,son and ,meissner4 ,third    
edition1 ,st4 ,louis3      #ahhc4       
,fourth edition same1 ,st4 ,louis3      
#ahid4       ,can4 ,hort4 ,canadian     
,horticulturist4 ,toronto3 #ahgh to     
date4       ,chorlton ,the ,cold        
,grapery1 from ,direct ,american        
,practice1 etc4 ,by      ,wm4 ,chorlton4
 ,new ,york3 #ahec4       ,chorlton ,the
 ,american ,grape ,growers' ,guide1 etc4
 ,by ,wm4 ,chorlton4      ,many         
editions4 ,with the exception of a final
 chapter added to the      later        
editions there are no revisions4 ,new   
,york3 #aheb-ahhc4       ,cole ,the     
,american ,fruit ,book1 etc4 ,by ,s4 ,w4
 ,cole4 ,boston and ,new      ,york3    
#ahdi4       ,cope ,physiography in its 
,application to ,grape ,culture4 ,an    
essay in      ,saunders' ,both ,sides of
 the ,grape ,question4       ,de        
,berneaud ,the ,vine-,dresser's         
,theoretical and ,practical ,manual1    
etc4 ,by ,thiebaut de ,berneaud4        
7,translated from the ,french47 ,new    

,york3 #ahbi4       ,denniston ,grape   
,culture in ,steuben ,county1 ,new      
,york4 ,by ,g4      ,denniston4 ,albany3
 #ahfe4 7,in ,new ,york ,agricultural   
,society ,report1      and also as a    
separate47       ,dom4 ,enc4 ,the       
,domestic ,encyclopedia2 or a           
,dictionary of ,facts1 etc4      ,by ,a4
 ,f4 ,m4 ,willich4 ,first ,american     
edition with additions by ,james        
,mease4 ,in five volumes4 7,the fifth   
volume contains an article on           
grapes by ,william ,bartram and ,james  
,mease47 ,philadelphia3 #ahjd4          
,downing ,the ,fruits and ,fruit ,trees 
of ,america4 ,by ,a4 ,j4 ,downing1      
#ahde4 ,second edition1 same text1 with 
colored plates1 #ahdg4 ,first           
revision1 by ,charles ,downing1 #aheg4  
,second revision1 #ahfi4 ,first         
appendix1 #ahgb4 ,second appendix1      
#ahgf4 ,third appendix1 #ahha4       ,du
 ,breuil ,the ,thomery ,system of ,grape
 ,culture4 7,a translation from      the
 ,french47 ,new ,york3 ,no date4        

,du ,breuil ,vineyard ,culture1 etc4 ,by
 ,a4 ,du ,breuil4 ,translated 7from     
the ,french7 by ,e4  ,c4 ,parker1 with  
notes and adaptations by ,john      ,a4 
,warder4 ,cincinnati3 #ahfg4            
,dufour ,the ,american ,vine-,dresser's 
,guide1 etc4 ,by ,john ,james           
,dufour4 ,cincinnati3 #ahbf4            
,eisen ,the ,raisin ,industry1 etc4 ,by 
,gustav ,eisen4 ,san ,francisco3        
#ahij4       ,elliott ,elliott's ,fruit 
,book1 or the ,american ,fruit ,growers'
 ,guide1      etc4 ,by ,f4 ,r4 ,elliott4
 ,new ,york3 #ahed4 ,revised edition    
7same71      #ahei4       ,ev4 of ,nat4 
,fruits ,sketch of the ,evolution of our
 ,native ,fruits4 ,by      ,l4 ,h4      
,bailey4 ,new ,york3 #ahih4             
,fisher ,observations on the ,character 
and ,culture of the ,european           
,vine1 etc4 ,by ,s4 ,i4 ,fisher4        
,philadelphia3 #ahcd4       ,flagg      
,three ,seasons in ,european ,vineyards1
 etc4 ,by ,wm4 ,j4 ,flagg4      ,new    
,york3 #ahfi4       ,floy-,lind4 ,guide 

to the ,orchard and ,fruit ,garden1 etc4
 ,by ,george      ,lindley2 edited by   
,john ,lindley4 ,american edition with  
notes and      additions by ,michael    
,floy4 ,new ,york3 #ahcc4       ,fuller 
,the ,grape ,culturist2 a ,treatise1    
etc4 ,by ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller4      ,new 
,york3 #ahfd4 ,same1 new and enlarged   
edition1 ,new ,york3 #ahfg4      ,same1 
new revised and enlarged edition1 ,new  
,york3 #ahid4       ,gard4 ,chron4      
,gardener's ,chronicle1 etc4 ,london3   
#ahda to date4       ,gar4 ,mon4        
,gardener's ,monthly1 etc4 ,thomas      
,meehan1 editor4      ,philadelphia3    
#ahei-ahhg4       ,goessman             
,contribution to the ,chemistry of the  
,american ,grape ,vine4      ,by ,c4 ,a4
 ,goessman4 ,in ,proceedings ,american  
,chemical ,society1 volume      #b1 and 
also as separate4       ,grape ,cult4   
,the ,grape ,culturist1 a ,monthly      
,journal1 etc4 ,george      ,husmann1   
editor4 ,st4 ,louis3 #ahfi-ahga4        
,grant ,manual of the ,vine4 ,by ,c4 ,w4

 ,grant1 ,iona1 ,n4 ,y43 #ahfd4         
,haraszthy ,grape ,culture1 ,wines and  
,wine-,making1 etc4 ,by ,a4             
,haraszthy4 ,new ,york3 #ahfb4          
,haskell ,an ,account of ,various       
,experiments for the ,production of ,new
      and ,desirable ,grapes4 ,ipswich1 
,mass43 #ahgg4       ,hoare ,a          
,practical ,treatise on the ,cultivation
 of the ,grape ,vine on      ,open      
,walls4 ,by ,clement ,hoare4 ,boston3   
#ahcg4 ,same1 ,boston3 #ahdj4           
,same1 ,boston3 #ahde4 ,same1 ,new      
,york3 #ahdg4       ,hofer ,grape       
,growing4 ,a ,simple ,treatise on the   
,single ,pole ,system1      etc4 ,by ,a4
 ,f4 ,hofer4 ,new ,york3 #ahgh4         
,hooper ,hooper's ,western ,fruit ,book1
 etc4 ,by ,e4 ,j4 ,hooper4              
,cincinnati3 #aheg4       ,horticola    
,the pseudonym of ,dr4 ,charles ,siedhof
 who translated and      added notes to 
,mohr's ,the ,grape ,vine1 etc4         
,horticulturist ,the ,horticulturist and
 ,journal of ,rural ,art and      ,rural

 ,taste4 ,albany1 ,philadelphia and ,new
 ,york3 #ahdf-ahge4       ,husmann ,the 
,cultivation of the ,native ,grape and  
,manufacture of      ,american ,wines4  
,by ,george ,husmann4 ,new ,york3 #ahff4
       ,husmann ,american ,grape        
,growing and ,wine ,making4 ,by ,george 
,husmann4      ,fourth edition1 ,new    
,york3 #ahie4       ,hyatt ,hyatt's     
,handbook of ,grape ,culture1 etc4 ,by  
,t4 ,hart ,hyatt4 ,san      ,francisco3 
#ahfg4       ,johnson ,rural ,economy1  
etc4 ,by ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson4 ,new ,york3  
#ahjf4       ,keech ,the ,grape         
,growers' ,guide4 ,by ,j4 ,keech4       
,waterloo1 ,n4 ,y43 #ahfi4       ,lond4 
,hort4 ,soc4 ,cat4 ,a ,catalog of the   
,fruits ,cultivated in the      ,garden 
of the ,horticultural ,society of       
,london4 ,first edition1      ,london3  
#ahbf4 ,same1 second edition1 #ahca4    
,longworth ,the ,cultivation of the     
,grape and ,manufacture of ,wine4 ,by   
,n4 ,longworth4 ,cincinnati3 #ahdf4     
,loubat ,the ,american ,vine ,dresser's 

,guide4 ,by ,alphonse ,loubat4 ,new     
,york3 #ahbg4 ,same1 #ahgb4             
,mc,mahon ,the ,american ,gardener's    
,calendar1 etc4 ,by ,bernard ,mc,mahon4 
,philadelphia3 #ahjf4       ,mc,minn ,a 
,contribution to the ,classification of 
the ,species and      ,varieties of the 
,grape ,vine4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,mc,minn4 7,an
 essay appearing      in ,saunders'     
,both ,sides of the ,grape ,question47  
,mc,murtrie ,report upon ,statistics of 
,grape ,culture and ,wine               
,production in the ,united ,states for  
#ahhj4 ,by ,wm4 ,mc,murtrie1 ,united    
,states ,department of ,agriculture4    
,washington3 #ahha4       ,mag4 ,hort4  
,magazine of ,horticulture4 ,published  
first two years      under name         
,american ,gardener's ,magazine4 ,c4 ,m4
 ,hovey1 editor4      ,boston3          
#ahce-ahfh4       ,mead ,an ,elementary 
,treatise on ,american ,grape ,culture  
and ,wine      ,making4 ,by ,peter ,b4  
,mead4 ,new ,york3 #ahfg4       ,mitzky 
,our ,native ,grape1 etc4 ,published by 

,c4 ,mitzky  ,co4      ,rochester3      
#ahic4       ,mohr ,the ,grape ,vine4 ,a
 ,practically ,scientific ,treatise on  
its      ,management1 etc4 ,by          
,frederick ,mohr4 ,translated from the  
,german by      ,horticola 7,charles    
,siedhof74 ,new ,york3 #ahfg4           
,muench ,school for ,american ,grape    
,culture1 etc4 ,by ,frederick ,muench4  
,translated from the ,german by         
,elizabeth ,h4 ,cutter4 ,st4 ,louis3    
#ahfe4       ,munson ,classification and
 ,generic ,synopsis of the ,wild ,grapes
 of      ,north ,america4 ,by ,t4 ,v4   
,munson4 ,united ,states ,department of 
,agriculture1 ,division of ,pomology1   
,bulletin #c4 ,washington3 #ahij4       
,my ,vineyard ,my ,vineyard at          
,lakeview4 ,by a western grape-grower   
7,a4      ,n4 ,prentiss74 ,new ,york3   
#ahff4       ,persoz ,new ,process for  
the ,culture of the ,vine4 ,by ,persoz4 
,translated by ,j4 ,o4 ,c4 ,barclay4    
,new ,york3 #ahef4       ,phelps ,the   
,vine3 ,its ,culture in the ,united     

,states1 etc4 ,by ,r4 ,h4      ,phelps4 
,hartford3 #ahee4       ,phin ,open ,air
 ,grape ,culture1 etc4 ,by ,john ,phin4 
,new ,york3 #ahfb4      ,same1 #ahgf4   
,prince ,a ,treatise on the ,vine1 etc4 
,by ,william ,robert ,prince1 aided     
by ,william ,prince4 ,new ,york3 #ahcj4 
,rafinesque ,american ,manual of the    
,grape ,vines1 etc4 ,by ,c4 ,s4         
,rafinesque4 ,philadelphia3 #ahcj4      
,rec4 of ,hort4 ,woodward's ,record of  
,horticulture4 ,edited by ,a4 ,s4       
,fuller4 7,an annual74 ,new ,york3      
#ahff-ahfh4       ,reemelin ,the        
,vine-,dresser's ,manual2 ,an           
,illustrated ,treatise1 etc4      ,by   
,charles ,reemelin4 ,new ,york3 #ahef4  
,rural ,n4 ,y4 ,rural ,new ,yorker4     
,rochester and ,new ,york3 #ahej to     
date4       ,saunders ,both ,sides of   
the ,grape ,question1 etc43 ,three      
essays on      grape culture by ,wm4    
,saunders1 ,f4 ,j4 ,cope and ,j4 ,m4    
,mc,minn4      ,philadelphia3 #ahfj4    
,siedhof1 ,charles 7,see ,mohr47        

,sou4 ,agr4 ,southern ,agriculturist1   
,horticulturist1 etc4 ,charleston3      
#ahbh-ahdf4       ,speechly ,a ,treatise
 on the ,culture of the ,vine1 etc4 ,by 
,william      ,speechly4 ,dublin3 #agia4
       ,spooner ,the ,cultivation of    
,american ,grape ,vines1 etc4 ,by ,alden
      ,spooner4 ,brooklyn3 #ahdf4       
,story of the ,vine ,the ,story of the  
,vine4 ,by ,edward ,r4 ,emerson4 ,new   
,york and ,london3 #aija4       ,strong 
,culture of the ,grape4 ,by ,w4 ,c4     
,strong4 ,boston3 #ahff4       ,thomas  
,the ,american ,fruit ,culturist4 ,by   
,j4 ,j4 ,thomas4 ,published at          
various places4 ,first edition1 #ahdf2  
twenty-first edition1 #aijc4            
,tomes ,the ,champagne ,country4 ,by    
,robert ,tomes4 ,new ,york3 #ahfg4      
,trait gen4 de vit4 ,trait general de   
viticulture1 etc4 ,published      under 
the direction of ,p4 ,viala and ,v4     
,vermorel assisted by many      others4 
,in six volumes4 ,paris3 #aijc4         
,tryon ,a ,practical ,treatise on ,grape

 ,culture1 etc4 ,by ,j4 ,h4 ,tryon4     
,willoughby1 ,ohio3 #ahhg4 ,same1 second
 edition1 ,willoughby1 ,ohio3           
#ahic4       ,u4 ,s4 ,d4 ,a4 ,rpt4      
,reports of the ,united ,states         
,department of      ,agriculture3 #ahfb 
to date4       ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt4
 ,reports of the ,agricultural ,section 
of the      ,united ,states ,patent     
,office3 #ahcg to #ahfa4                
,vineyardist ,the ,vineyardist4 ,penn   
,yan1 ,n4 ,y4       ,wait ,wines and    
,vines of ,california1 etc4 ,by ,frona  
,eunice ,wait4 ,san      ,francisco3    
#ahhi4       ,warder ,see ,du ,breuil4  
,west4 ,hort4 ,rev4 ,western            
,horticultural ,review4 ,j4 ,a4 ,warder1
      editor4 ,cincinnati3 #ahej-ahec4  
,woodward ,woodward's ,graperies and    
,horticultural ,buildings4 ,by ,geo4    
,e4  ,f4 ,w4 ,woodward4 ,new ,york3     
#ahfe4     ,,index4   7,names of        
varieties in this index1 if accepted    
names1 appear in roman type2 if         
synonyms1 in italics47  ,abby           

,clingotten1 #dcc  ,ada1 #dcc           
,adaptation1 #fh2   influence of air    
current1 #ga2   of altitude and         
latitude1 #fi2   of fertility1 #gj2   of
 insects and fungi1 #gb2   of moisture1 
#fi1 #gj2   of soil1 #ga2   of          
temperature1 #fi  ,adelaide1 #dcc       
,adelia1 #dcc  ,adeline1 #dcc           
,adirondac1 #aeg  ,adlum1 ,john1 attempt
 to establish an experimental farm1 #de1
 #df2   book by1 #de2   life of1 #de2   
quoted1 #de1 #df1 #afa2   var4 found by1
 #ddi  ,admirable1 #dcc  ,admirable     
7syn4 of ,fern ,munson71 #bga  ,admiral 
7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,adobe1
 #dcc  ,adobe ,land grape 7syn4 of ,v4  
champini71 #abd  ,advance1 #aeh         
,agawam1 #aeh  ,aiken1 #dcc  ,air       
currents1 #ga  ,alabama1 grapes in1 #bj 
,alabama 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh        
,alabama 7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771 #cfi     
,albaiis1 #dcc  ,albania1 #dcc  ,albert1
 #dcc  ,albino1 #dcc  ,alderton1 ,d41   
var4 found by1 #dff  ,aledo1 #dcc       
,aletha1 #dcc  ,alexander1 #ag1 #de1    

#ej1 #afj  ,alexander 7syn4 of          
,isabella71 #cjg  ,alexander1 ,john1    
var4 found by1 #afa  ,alexander1 ,s4    
,r41 var4 orig4 by1 #afc  ,alexander    
,winter1 #afc  ,alexander's 7syn4 of    
,alexander71 #afj  ,alexandria 7syn4 of 
,alexander71 #afj  ,alfarata1 #dcd      
,alice 7,i71 #afd  ,alice 7,,ii71 #afd  
,alice ,lee1 #dcd  ,allair1 #dcd        
,allen1 ,john ,fisk1 var4 orig4 by1     
#aff1 #dfa  ,allen's ,hybrid #ef1 #eg1  
#afe  ,alma1 #dcd  ,alphonse1 #dcd      
,aluwe1 #dcd  ,alvey1 #dcd  ,alvey's    
,lenori 7syn4 of ,lenori71 #dgi         
,alvey's ,logan 7syn4 of ,logan71 #dha  
,amadas and ,barlowe1 quoted1 #cj1 #ca1 
#ea  ,amalia1 #dcd  ,amanda1 #dcd       
,ambecon1 #dcd  ,amber1 #dcd  ,amber    
7syn4 of ,early ,amber71 #dee  ,amber   
,queen1 #aff  ,ambrosia1 #afg  ,amelia  
7syn4 of ,amalia71 #dcd  ,amerbonte1    
#dcd  ,america1 #afh  ,american grapes1 
characters of1 #c1 #d1 #ih1 #ajc1 #aje2 
distribution of1 #bf2   early history   
of1 #bf et seq42   resistance to        

disease1 #f2   species of1 #ajg         
,american grape vine 7syn4 of ,v4       
aestivalis71 #ach  ,american ,hamburg1  
#dcd  ,american ,muscadine 7syn4 of     
,scuppernong71 #cii  ,amersion1 #dcd    
,amethyst1 #afi  ,aminia1 #agj  ,amonta1
 #dce  ,amoreaux 7syn4 of ,louisiana71  
#cca  ,amoreux 7syn4 of ,rulander71 #ejh
  ,amos1 #dce  ,amy1 #dce  ,andover1    
#dce  ,anida1 #dce  ,anna1 #dce  ,ann   
,arbor 7syn4 of ,white ,ann ,arbor71    
#ebc  ,annie ,m41 #dce  ,anthracnose1   
#hg  ,antill1 ,edward1 essay by1 #ae1   
#dj2   quoted1 #da  ,antoinette1 #aga   
,anuta1 #dce  ,arbeka1 #dce  ,archer1   
#dce  ,archer 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh   
,archer1 ,ellis ,s41 var4 orig4 by1 #dce
  ,arcott 7syn4 of ,cassady71 #dde      
,ariadne1 #dce  ,arizona grape 7syn4 of 
,v4 arizonica71 #acc  ,arizonensis 7syn4
 of ,v4 arizonica71 #acc  ,arkansas1    
grapes in1 #ed  ,arkansas 7syn4 of      
,catawba71 #bjd  ,arkansas 7syn4 of     
,cynthiana71 #bbh  ,arkansas 7syn4 of   
,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji  ,arkansaw1 #dce

  ,armalaga1 #dce  ,armbrilong1 #dce    
,armlong1 #dce  ,arnold1 ,charles1 life 
of1 #bjj2   var4 orig4 by1 #agd1 #aij1  
#bjj1 #cge1 #dej  ,arnold's ,hybrid ,no4
 #a 7syn4 of ,othello71 #cgd  ,arnold's 
,no4 #b 7syn4 of ,cornucopia71 #dej     
,arnold's ,no4 #e 7syn4 of ,autuchon71  
#agc  ,arnold's ,no4 #h 7syn4 of        
,brant71 #aij  ,arnold's ,no4 #af 7syn4 
of ,canada71 #aii  ,arnott 7syn4 of     
,cassady71 #dde  ,aroma1 #dce  ,arrold1 
#dcf  ,arrott 7syn4 of ,cassady71 #dde  
,arthur1 ,j4 ,s41 var4 found by1 #ejj   
,ash 7syn4 of ,ironclad71 #cjf          
,ash-leaved grape 7syn4 of ,v4 cinerea71
 #aca  ,ashy grape 7syn4 of ,v4         
cinerea71 #aca  ,asiatic ,wine grape    
7syn4 of ,v4 vinifera71 #aed  ,atavite1 
#dcf  ,atoka1 #dcf  ,auburn ,pearl1 #dcf
  ,aughwick1 #dcf  ,august ,coral1 #dcf 
,august ,giant1 #agb  ,august ,isabella 
7syn4 of ,valentine71 #eai  ,august     
,pioneer1 #dcf  ,augusta1 #dcf          
,augustina1 #dcf  ,australian 7syn4 of  
,huntingdon71 #dga  ,australis1 #dcf    

,auteonello1 #dcf  ,autuchon1 #agc      
,avery1 ,john ,p41 var4 orig4 by1 #dcf  
,avery1 ,seth1 var4 orig4 by1 #dfb      
,avery ,prolific1 #dcf  ,avilla1 #dcf   
,ayres1 ,e4 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #dcf    
,ayres ,pride1 #dcf  ,azure1 #dcf       
,babcock1 ,d4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebg  
,bacchus1 #agd  ,bachman1 ,joseph1 var4 
orig4 by1 #agg1 #djf1 #eae  ,badart1    
#dcg  ,bailey1 #agf  ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h41  
cited1 #ajf1 #aba1 #adi2   life of1     
#adb2   quoted1 #d1 #aab1 #acc1 #add2   
work on ,vitis by1 #aja2   writings of1 
#adb  ,bailey ,prolific1 #dcg  ,bailie1 
#dcg  ,bailie1 ,samuel1 var4 orig4 by1  
#dcg  ,baker1 #dcg  ,baldwin ,lenoir1   
#dcg  ,baldwin's ,early 7syn4 of ,york  
,madeira71 #ebi  ,baltimore ,seedling1  
#dcg  ,balziger1 #dcg  ,balziger1 ,j41  
var4 orig4 by1 #dcg  ,balziger's        
,concord ,seedling ,no4 #b1 #dcg        
,balziger's ,no4 #cb1 #dcg  ,banner1    
#agg  ,barbara1 #dcg  ,bark1 taxonomic  
value of1 #aje  ,barnes1 #dcg  ,barnes1 
,parker1 var4 orig4 by1 #dcg  ,baroness1

 #dcg  ,barry1 #agg  ,barry1 ,patrick1  
cited1 #cej  ,barry's ,no4 #ai 7syn4 of 
,rochester71 #chh  ,bartlett1 #dcg      
,bartram1 ,john1 life of1 #ig  ,bartram1
 ,william1 cited1 #afa1 #afb2   life of1
 #ig2   quoted1 #d1 #fg1 #aci2   species
 compared by1 #ih2   works of1 #ig      
,bashtite1 ,h4 ,t41 var4 found by1 #baa 
,bates1 #dcg  ,bauchman ,red ,fox1 #dcg 
,baxter1 #dcg  ,bay ,state1 #dcg        
,beach1 #dch  ,beach1 ,dr4 ,soloman1    
mentioned1 #bjf  ,beach1 ,s4 ,a41       
quoted1 #aje  ,beach grape 7syn4 of ,v4 
longii71 #abc  ,beacon1 #agi            
,beaconsfield 7syn4 of ,champion71 #baj 
,beagle1 #dch  ,beansville1 #dch        
,beaufort1 #dch  ,beauty1 #ahj  ,beauty 
of ,minnesota1 #dch  ,beaverdam1 #dch   
,beeby ,black1 #dch  ,belinda1 #dch     
,bell1 #aha  ,bellomont1 ,earl of1      
cited1 #ac2   quoted1 #ab  ,belton1 #dch
  ,belvidere1 #dch  ,belvin1 #dch  ,ben1
 #dch  ,ben ,hur1 #dch  ,benjamin1 #dch 
,bentham1 ,george1 life of1 #ace2       
works of1 #ace  ,berckmans1 #ahb        

,berckmans1 ,p4 ,j41 mentioned1 #ahb    
,berks1 #dci  ,berlandier1 ,jean ,louis1
 life of1 #aca  ,berlaussel1 #dci       
,berlin1 #dci  ,bermuda vine 7syn4 of   
,v4 riparia71 #aag  ,bertha1 #dci       
,bertrand1 #ahc  ,bessey1 ,c4 ,e41      
cited1 #ajf  ,beta1 #dci  ,bettina1 #dci
  ,beverly1 ,robert1 quoted1 #h1 #cc1   
#ch1 #ci  ,big ,b ,con 7syn4 of         
,beacon71 #agi  ,big ,berry1 #dci  ,big 
,black1 #dci  ,big ,bunch 7syn4 of ,big 
,berry71 #dci  ,big ,cluster1 #dci  ,big
 ,concord 7syn4 of ,jumbo71 #dge  ,big  
,extra 7syn4 of ,extra71 #dfj  ,big     
,hope1 #dci  ,big ,ozark1 #dci  ,big    
,red 7syn4 of ,collier71 #ddi  ,bird    
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 munsoniana71 #aab    
,bird's ,egg1 #dci  ,bird's-eye rot     
7,see ,anthracnose7  ,bishop1 #ddj      
,bishop1 ,d41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddj       
,bismarck1 #ddj  ,bissell1 ,j4 ,w41     
cited1 #bad  ,black1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,b41 var4 
found by1 #dgh  ,black ,bear1 #ddj      
,black ,cape 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  
,black ,claret1 #ddj  ,black ,cluster1  

#ddj  ,black ,delaware1 #ddj  ,black    
,delaware 7syn4 of ,nectar71 #ceh       
,black ,defiance1 #ahd  ,black ,eagle1  
#ahe  ,black ,el ,paso 7syn4 of         
,lenoir71 #cbh  ,black ,fox 7syn4 of ,v4
 labrusca71 #aej  ,black ,german 7syn4  
of ,marion 7,i771 #cci  ,black ,german  
7syn4 of ,york ,madeira71 #ebi  ,black  
,gibraltar 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71   
#ahf  ,black ,grape 7syn4 of            
,alexander71 #afj  ,black ,guignard     
7syn4 of ,guignard71 #dfe  ,black       
,hamburg1 #ahf  ,black ,hawk1 #ahh      
,black ,heart1 #ddj  ,black ,herbemont1 
#ddj  ,black ,imperial1 #ahi  ,black    
,july 7syn4 of ,devereaux71 #bce  ,black
 ,july 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,black  
,king1 #ddj  ,black ,lenoir 7syn4 of    
,lenoir71 #cbh  ,black ,madeira1 #ddj   
,black ,palestine 7syn4 of ,orwigsburg71
 #dig  ,black ,pearl1 #ahi  ,black      
,portugal 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71    
#ahf  ,black ,rose1 #ddj  ,black-rot1   
#hf  ,black ,september1 #ddj  ,black    
,souvignon 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh      

,black ,spanish 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh 
,black ,spanish 7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771   
#cfi  ,black ,spanish ,alabama 7syn4 of 
,ohio 7,i771 #cfi  ,blackstone1 #dda    
,black ,taylor1 #dda  ,black ,teneriffe 
7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,black 
,tennessee1 #dda  ,black ,virginia1 #dda
  ,blackwood1 #dda  ,blanco1 #dda       
,bland1 #dda  ,bland's ,fox 7syn4 of    
,bland71 #dda  ,bland's grape 7syn4 of  
,v4 rubra71 #abe  ,bland's ,madeira     
7syn4 of ,bland71 #dda  ,bland's ,pale  
,red 7syn4 of ,bland71 #dda  ,bland's   
,virginia 7syn4 of ,bland71 #dda        
,blondin1 #dda  ,blood1 #dda  ,blood1   
,mr41 var4 originated by1 #dda  ,blood  
,black1 #dda  ,blood ,white1 #dda       
,bloom 7syn4 of ,creveling71 #bbd       
,bloomburg 7syn4 of ,creveling71 #bbd   
,blue ,dyer1 #dda  ,blue ,elsingburg    
7syn4 of ,elsingburgh71 #beg  ,blue     
,favorite1 #ddb  ,blue ,french 7syn4 of 
,lenoir71 #cbh  ,blue ,french 7syn4 of  
,ohio 7,i771 #cgj  ,blue grape 7syn4 of 
,v4 aestivalis71 #ach  ,blue ,grape     

7syn4 of ,devereaux71 #bce  ,blue grape 
7syn4 of ,v4 bicolor71 #add  ,blue      
,grape of the ,south 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 
#cbh  ,blue ,imperial1 #ddb  ,blue      
,seedling 7syn4 of ,bertrand71 #ahc     
,blue ,tart 7syn4 of ,oporto71 #cgb     
,blue ,trollinger 7syn4 of ,black       
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,blue ,vine ,grape     
7syn4 of ,oporto71 #cgb  ,boadicea1 #ddb
  ,bocksaugen 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71
 #ahf  ,bogue's ,eureka 7syn4 of ,eureka
 7,i771 #bfh  ,bokchito1 #ddb  ,bolling1
 ,col4 ,robert1 book by1 #ae2   quoted1 
#dj  ,bommerer 7syn4 of ,black          
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,bonne ,madame1 #ddb   
,bossung1 ,jacob ,p41 var4 orig4 by1    
#eji  ,bostwick1 ,rev4 ,william1        
mentioned1 #ed1 #hc  ,bottsi1 #ddb      
,bottsi 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 #bhh      
,boulevard1 #ddb  ,bowker1 ,mr41 var4   
orig4 by1 #dib  ,bowman1 #ddb           
,brackett's ,seedling 7syn4 of          
,winchester71 #ebf  ,brackett's         
,winchester 7syn4 of ,winchester71 #ebf 
,braddock1 #ddb  ,bradley1 #ddb         

,braendley1 #ddb  ,brand ,white1 #ddb   
,brant1 #aij  ,breck1 #ddb  ,breece1 ,j4
 ,s41 var4 orig4 by1 #dcf1 #dea         
,bridgewater1 #ddb  ,brighton1 #aia     
,brilliant1 #aic  ,broderick1 ,mr41 var4
 orig4 by1 #dcf  ,brown1 #aie  ,brown1  
,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebg  ,brown1      
,jason1 var4 orig4 by1 #dfi  ,brown1    
,wm4 ,b41 quoted1 #aie2   var4 found by1
 #aie  ,brown ,french 7syn4 of          
,herbemont71 #bhh  ,brown ,hamburgh     
7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,brown 
,seedling 7syn4 of ,brown71 #aie        
,brown's ,early 7syn4 of ,brown71 #aie  
,bruce1 ,philip ,alexander1 quoted1 #cb 
,brunk1 #ddc  ,buck ,grape 7syn4 of     
,alexander71 #afj  ,buckley1 ,samuel    
,botsford1 cited1 #abh2   life of #aaf1 
#aag  ,buist1 #ddc  ,buist1 ,h4 ,b41    
var4 orig4 by1 #ddc  ,bull 7syn4 of     
,scuppernong71 #cii  ,bull1 ,ephraim    
,w41 life of1 #bba2   var4 orig4 by1    
#bba1 #bbc1 #bfd1 #chi1 #dgi1 #dha1     
#dhh1 #ejh1 #eai  ,bull grape 7syn4 of  
,v4 rotundifolia71 #ajh  ,bull's        

,seedling 7syn4 of ,concord71 #bai      
,bullace 7syn4 of ,scuppernong71 #cii   
,bullace 7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71    
#aji  ,bullet 7syn4 of ,scuppernong71   
#cii  ,bullet grape 7syn4 of ,v4        
rotundifolia71 #ajh  ,bullis 7syn4 of   
,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji  ,bullit 7syn4  
of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji  ,bullitt    
7syn4 of ,taylor71 #djh  ,bullitt1      
,cuthbert1 mentioned1 #dji  ,bumper1    
#ddc  ,bunch grape 7syn4 of ,v4         
aestivalis71 #ach  ,buncombe1 #ddc      
,bundy1 #ddc  ,bundy1 ,david1 var4 orig4
 by1 #bag1 #ddc  ,burbank1 ,luther1 var4
 orig4 by1 #dee  ,burgunder 7syn4 of    
,louisiana71 #cca  ,burgundy 7syn4 of   
,lenoir71 #cbh  ,burgundy 7syn4 of ,ohio
 7,i771 #cgj  ,burgundy of ,georgia     
7syn4 of ,pauline71 #dii  ,burlington1  
#ddc  ,burnet1 #ddc  ,burr1 ,john1 life 
of1 #bea2   var4 orig4 by1 #bea1 #bef1  
#cja1    #cbb1 #ccg1 #dje1 #ddi1 #dfj1  
#dfb1 #dgb1 #dgd1 #dhf1    #dhg1 #dif1  
#dig1 #dih1 #dii1 #ejj1 #ejb1 #ejc1     
#eaa1 #eae1 #ebd  ,burr ,no4 #a 7syn4 of

 ,jewel71 #cba  ,burr ,no4 #i 7syn4 of  
,ideal71 #cja  ,burr ,no4 #dg 7syn4 of  
,leavenworth71 #dgi  ,burr's ,early     
7syn4 of ,jewel71 #cba  ,burr's ,no4 #ae
 7syn4 of ,paragon71 #dii  ,burr's ,no4 
#ai 7syn4 of ,white ,jewel71 #ebd       
,burroughs1 #ddc  ,burrows1 ,j4 ,g41    
var4 orig4 by1 #ddc  ,burrows ,no4      
#db;,c1 #ddc  ,burton ,early1 #ddc      
,burton's ,early ,august 7syn4 of ,early
 ,august71 #dee  ,bush1 #ddc  ,bush1    
,isadore1 cited1 #aai1 #ahj1 #bjh2      
life of1 #aai2   quoted1 #add  ,bush    
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 longii71 #abc  ,bush 
grape of ,texas 7syn4 of ,v4 rupestris71
 #aac  ,bushberg1 #ddc  ,bushberg       
,catalogue1 quoted1 #ahi1 #bcf  ,bushy  
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji  
,cabot1 #ddd  ,cairnano1 #ddd           
,california grape 7syn4 of ,v4          
californica71 #ace  ,california grape   
7syn4 of ,v4 girdiana71 #acf            
,california1 grapes in1 #be2   raisins  
in1 #fg  ,california region1 #fa        
,california ,rosea1 #ddd  ,california   

,white1 #ddd  ,calkins1 ,mr41 var4 orig4
 by1 #dga  ,calloway1 #ddd  ,caloosa    
7syn4 of ,v4 cariboea71 #adf  ,caloosa  
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 candicans coriacea71 
#adh  ,calypso1 #ddd  ,camaks1 #ddd     
,camaks1 ,james1 var4 orig4 by1 #ddd    
,cambridge1 #ddd  ,camden1 #ddd         
,cameron1 ,john ,d41 var4 orig4 by1 #did
  ,campbell 7syn4 of ,campbell ,early71 
#aif  ,campbell 7syn4 of ,early         
,golden71 #def  ,campbell1 ,geo4 ,w41   
cited1 #aae2   life of1 #aih2   var4    
orig4 by1 #aih1 #dac1 #dci1 #dge1 #die1 
#ejj1 #ejc1 #ebc1 #edi1 #eej  ,campbell 
,early1 #aif  ,campbell's ,concord      
,hybrid ,no4 #f 7syn4 of ,triumph71 #daa
  ,campbell's ,seedling ,no4 #f 7syn4 of
 ,triumph71 #daa  ,canaan1 #ddd         
,canada1 #aii  ,canadian ,hamburg 7syn4 
of ,othello71 #cgd  ,canadian ,hybrid   
7syn4 of ,othello71 #cgd  ,canandaigua1 
#bja  ,canby1 #ddd  ,canby1 ,w41 var4   
orig4 by1 #ddd  ,canby's ,august 7syn4  
of ,york ,madeira71 #ebi  ,canon grape  
7syn4 of ,v4 arizonica71 #acc           

,canonicus1 #ddd  ,canyon grape 7syn4 of
 ,v4 arizonica71 #acc  ,cape 7syn4 of   
,alexander71 #afj  ,cape 7syn4 of       
,isabella71 #cjg  ,cape grape 7syn4 of  
,alexander71 #ej  ,cape ,may ,prolific1 
#ddd  ,cape of ,good ,hope grape 7syn4  
of ,alexander71 #afj  ,capital1 #ddd    
,captain1 #bja  ,captraube 7syn4 of     
,isabella71 #cjg  ,carlotte1 #ddd       
,carman1 #bjb  ,carminet1 #dde          
,carolina 7syn4 of ,caroline71 #dde     
,carolina ,blue ,muscadine1 #dde        
,carolina ,powel 7syn4 of ,bland71 #dda 
,caroline1 #dde  ,carpenter1 ,charles1  
var4 orig4 by1 #ddh1 #deh1 #dhc1 #dia   
,carpenter's ,seedling 7syn4 of         
,mottled71 #dia  ,carter1 #dde  ,carter 
7syn4 of ,to-,kalon71 #daj  ,carver1    
#dde  ,case1 #dde  ,case1 ,s4 ,d41 var4 
found4 by1 #dea  ,case ,crystal1 #dde   
,caspar1 #dde  ,caspar1 ,a41 var4 orig4 
by1 #dde  ,cassady1 #dde  ,cassady1 ,h4 
,p41 var4 orig41 by1 #dde  ,cat ,bird   
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 rubra71 #abe  ,cat   
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 rubra71 #abe         

,catarobe1 #dde  ,catawba1 #ej1 #bjc    
,catawba ,tokay 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd
  ,catawissa 7syn4 of ,creveling71 #bbd 
,catawissa ,bloom 7syn4 of ,creveling71 
#bbd  ,catherine1 #dde  ,catoosa1 #dde  
,cayuga1 #bjh  ,caywood1 ,andrew        
,jackson1 life of1 #bdg2   var4 orig4   
by1 #bdg1 #bgb1 #ceh1 #cha1 #dad1 #dbj1 
#dde1 #dga1 #dhj1 #dhc1 #dhg1 #dij1 #ebd
  ,caywood ,no4 #a1 #dde  ,caywood ,no4 
#ej1 #dde  ,centennial1 #bjh  ,central  
lake district1 #gb2   acreage of1 #he2  
climate of1 #hb1 #hc2   first plantings 
in1 #hc2   first shipments from1 #hd2   
fungi in1 #hf1 #hg2   geology of1 #ha2  
insects in1 #he1 #hf2   pruning and     
training in1 #he2   season of1 #hd1 #he2
   soils of1 #hb2   topography of1 #hb2 
wine in1 #hd  ,challenge1 #bji          
,challenge 7syn4 of ,othello71 #cgd     
,chambersburg ,white1 #dde  ,chambril1  
#dde  ,champagne1 #fe2   production of  
in ,u4 ,s41 #fe  ,champanel1 #ddf       
,champania 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg    
,champin grape 7syn4 of ,v4 champini71  

#abd  ,champion1 #baj  ,champova1 #ddf  
,chandler1 #ddf  ,chandler1 ,n4 ,m41    
var4 orig4 by1 #ddf  ,chapin1 #ddf      
,charles1 #ddf  ,charles ,a4 ,green1    
#ddf  ,chas4 ,downing 7syn4 of          
,downing71 #bdb  ,charlotte1 #ddf       
,charlton1 #ddf  ,charlton1 ,john1 var4 
orig4 by1 #ddf  ,charter ,oak1 #ddf     
,chase1 ,col4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #did1 
#ege  ,chautauqua1 #baa  ,chautauqua    
district1 #fa1 #gb2   acreage of1 #gh2  
care of vineyards in1 #gi2   climate of1
 #ge1 #gf2   first plantings in1 #ed1   
#gf2   first shipments from1 #gg2       
geology of1 #gc2   grape juice in1 #ff2 
history of1 #gf et seq42   insects in1  
#gi2   production of grapes in1 #gi2    
rank of varieties in1 #gi2   soil of1   
#gd1 #ge2   wine in1 #gg  ,chavoush1    
#ddf  ,cheowa1 #ddf  ,cherokee1 #ddf    
,cherokee 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd      
,cherokee 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg     
,chicago1 #ddf  ,chicken-grape 7syn4 of 
,v4 aestivalis71 #ach  ,chidester1 ,c4  
,p41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddf1 #ddg1 #dhc    

,chidester ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,lyon71 #dhc
  ,chidester's ,seedlings1 #ddf1 #ddg   
,childers1 ,james1 var4 found by1 #dgf  
,chillicothe1 #ddg  ,chippewa1 #ddg     
,chisholm1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,c41 var4 orig4 by1 
#bce1 #ccd1 #dce1 #ddc1 #ddg1 #dfc1     
#dgh1 #ebe  ,chisholm's ,seedlings1 #ddg
  ,chlorosis1 #hg  ,chocolate1 #ddg     
,choteau1 #ddh  ,christian1 ,jacob1 var4
 orig4 by1 #ejb  ,christie's ,improved  
,isabella 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg     
,christine 7syn4 of ,telegraph71 #dji   
,christine1 ,mr41 var4 found by1 #daj   
,church ,seedling1 #ddh  ,cigar ,box    
7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771 #cgj  ,cigar ,box 
,grape 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh          
,cincinnati ,horticultural ,society     
,report1 quoted1 #cgj1 #cga  ,clarence  
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,claret1 #ddh  
,clarissa1 #ddh  ,clark1 #ddh  ,clark1  
,b4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #cfa  ,clark1   
,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejf  ,clark1 ,j4  
,t4 ,c41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddi1 #dei      
,clark1 ,james ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddh1
 #eji  ,clark ,seedling1 #ddh  ,clarkes1

 #ddh  ,classification of ,vitis1 #ajg  
,claude1 #ddh  ,cleary1 ,m4 ,f41 var4   
orig4 by1 #dea  ,clement1 ,asa1 var4    
orig4 by1 #bdd  ,cleopatra1 #ddh        
,clevener1 #bab  ,clevener 7syn4 of     
,louisiana71 #cca  ,clifton1 #ddh       
,clifton1 ,william1 mentioned1 #afa     
,clifton's ,constantia 7syn4 of         
,alexander71 #afj  ,climax1 #ddh        
,clinton1 #bac  ,clinton-,vialia1 #ddh  
,cloantha1 #ddh  ,cloeta1 #baf  ,clough1
 ,james ,milton1 var4 orig4 by1 #dbf    
,clover ,street ,black1 #ddh  ,clover   
,street ,red1 #ddh  ,cluster1 #ddh      
,clyde1 #ddi  ,cobb1 ,mr41 var4 found   
by1 #dji  ,coble1 ,h4 ,c41 var4 orig4   
by1 #deb  ,cochee1 #ddi  ,coe1 #ddi     
,coffin1 ,j4 ,t41 var4 orig4 by1 #dhe   
,coleman's ,white 7syn4 of ,cuyahoga71  
#dea  ,colerain1 #bag  ,colesvine1 #ddi 
,collier1 #ddi  ,collina1 #ddi          
,colorado1 #ddi  ,colp1 #ddi  ,columbia1
 #ddi  ,columbia ,bloom 7syn4 of        
,creveling71 #bbd  ,columbia ,county    
7syn4 of ,creveling71 #bbd  ,columbian1 

#ddi  ,columbian 7syn4 of ,alexander71  
#afj  ,columbian 7syn4 of ,columbian    
,imperial71 #bah  ,columbian ,imperial1 
#bah  ,columbus1 #ddi  ,common ,blue    
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71 #ach    
,compacta1 #ddi  ,conckling's ,wilding  
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,concord1    
#ee1 #eg1 #ff1 #bai  ,concord           
,chasselas1 #ddi  ,concord ,muscat1 #dej
  ,concordia1 #dej  ,conelva1 #dej      
,connecticut1 #dej  ,connecticut        
,seedling1 #dej  ,conqueror1 #dej       
,constantia 7syn4 of ,alexander71 #afj  
,constantia 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg   
,continental 7syn4 of ,centennial71 #bjh
  ,cooke1 ,dr4 ,thos4 ,r41 var4 orig4   
by1 #dhg  ,cooper1 ,joseph1 var4 orig4  
by1 #dej  ,cooper ,wine1 #dej  ,copley1 
,c4 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddb1 #ddd1     
#ddh1    #dej1 #deb1 #dec1 #dhb1 #dhh1  
#dih1 #ejh1 #ebc1 #ebi  ,copley's       
,hybrids1 #dej  ,coppermine1 #dej       
,corby1 #dej  ,corby1 ,c4 ,c41 var4     
orig4 by1 #dej1 #dij  ,coriel1 #dej     
,cornelia1 #dej  ,cornucopia1 #dej      

,corporal1 #dea  ,corsican1 #dea        
,cortland1 #dea  ,cotoctin1 #dea        
,cottage1 #bbb  ,courtland 7syn4 of     
,cortland71 #dea  ,covert1 #dea         
,covert1 ,n4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1 #dea   
,cowan1 #dea  ,cox1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1
 #dcf  ,cozy1 #dea  ,craig1 #dea        
,crandall1 ,p4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1 #dhj 
,crans1 ,peter1 mentioned1 #cdd         
,crehore1 ,mrs4 ,diana1 var4 orig4 by1  
#bdj  ,creveling1 #bbd  ,critic1 #dea   
,croton1 #bbe  ,crown1 #dea  ,crystal1  
#dea  ,culbert1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,m41 var4  
orig4 by1 #bdi1 #dea1 #deb1 #dfc1 #dic1 
#ejc1 #eac  ,culbert ,seedling1 #dea    
,culbert's ,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,newburgh   
,muscat71 #dic  ,culbert ,no4 #e 7syn4  
of ,golden ,berry71 #dfc  ,culbert's    
,seedling ,no4 #f 7syn4 of ,purple      
,bloom71 #ejc  ,culinary ,grape 7syn4 of
 ,white ,northern ,muscat71 #ebd        
,cunningham1 #bbg  ,cunningham1 ,jacob1 
var4 orig4 by1 #bbh  ,currant grape     
7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji        
,curtis1 #dea  ,curtis1 ,dr41 cited1    

#bcf  ,curtis1 ,geo41 var4 orig4 by1    
#dia  ,curtis1 ,mrs41 var4 orig4 by1    
#dfd  ,cuyahoga1 #dea  ,cuyarano1 #deb  
,cyncon1 #deb  ,cynthiana1 #bbh         
,daisy1 #bcj  ,dale1 ,sir ,thomas1      
mentioned1 #cb  ,dana1 #deb  ,dana1     
,francis1 var4 orig4 by1 #deb1 #did     
,danbury1 #deb  ,dankers1 ,jasper1      
quoted1 #aj  ,daphne1 #deb  ,dartmouth1 
#deb  ,darwin1 #deb  ,david ,hall ,grape
 7syn4 of ,logan71 #dha  ,davis1 #deb   
,davkina1 #deb  ,davy1 ,general1        
mentioned1 #bjf  ,dawson1 ,j4 ,h41 var4 
orig4 by1 #dig  ,de ,candolle1 ,augustin
 ,pyramus1 life of1 #adf2   writings of1
 #adf  ,de ,candolle1 ,alphonse ,louis  
,pierre ,pyrame1 life of1 #adf2         
writings of1 #adf2   cited1 #aee  ,de   
,grasset1 #deb  ,delago1 #deb  ,delaware
 and ,clinton ,no4 #a 7syn4 of          
,berckmans71 #ahb  ,delaware1 #bca      
,delaware1 grapes in1 #cd  ,delaware1   
,lord1 mentioned1 #cb2   quoted1 #f1 #i 
,delaware ,seedling1 #deb  ,delaware    
,seedling ,no4 #b1 #dec  ,delaware      

,seedling ,no4 #d 7syn4 of ,delaware    
,seedling71 #deb  ,delaware ,seedling   
,no4 #i1 #dec  ,delaware ,seedling ,no4 
#af1 #dec  ,delawba1 #bcd  ,d',elboux1  
#dec  ,d',elboux ,seedling 7syn4 of     
,d',elboux71 #dec  ,delgoethe1 #dec     
,delicious1 #dec  ,delmar1 #dec         
,delmerlie1 #dec  ,de ,lyon1 ,abraham1  
mentioned1 #i  ,dempsey1 ,p4 ,c41 var4  
orig4 by1 #ddc1 #dec  ,dempsey's        
,seedlings1 #dec  ,denison1 #dec        
,dennis1 ,john1 var4 found by1 #ded     
,dennis ,seedling1 #ded  ,denniston1    
#ded  ,denniston1 ,isaac1 var4 found by1
 #ded  ,department of ,agriculture      
,report1 quoted1 #cif  ,dery1 ,alexis1  
var4 orig4 by1 #eji  ,dery1 ,magloire1  
var4 orig4 by1 #dfc  ,de ,soto1 #ded    
,detroit1 #ded  ,devereaux1 #bce        
,devereaux of ,gardening for the ,south 
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,devereaux     
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,devereaux     
7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771 #cgj  ,devereaux1 
,samuel ,m41 mentioned1 #bcf  ,devereux 
7syn4 of ,devereaux71 #bce  ,devereux   

7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,diamond1 #bcf 
,diamond1 ,moore 7syn4 of ,diamond71    
#bcf  ,diana1 #bch  ,diana ,hamburg1    
#bda  ,diaphragm1 taxonomic value of1   
#ajb  ,dickens1 ,albert1 cited1 #bga    
,diller1 #ded  ,dingwall ,white1 #ded   
,dinkel1 #ded  ,diogenes 7syn4 of       
,ironclad71 #cjf  ,dissected vine 7syn4 
of ,v4 aestivalis lincecumii71 #adj     
,distribution1 factors of1 #fi  ,diverse
 ,leaved 7syn4 of ,texas71 #eaf  ,dixie1
 #ded  ,dixon1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #dge
  ,doan's grape 7syn4 of ,v4 doaniana71 
#acg  ,dr4 ,bain1 #ded  ,dr4 ,collier   
7syn4 of ,collier71 #ddi  ,dr4 ,keller  
7syn4 of ,keller71 #dge  ,dr4 ,kemp1    
#ded  ,dr4 ,robinson ,seedling1 #ded    
,dr4 ,warder1 #ded  ,doder1 #ded        
,doder1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ded  ,dog 
,ridge1 #ded  ,dolle1 #dee  ,don ,juan1 
#bdb  ,donnelly1 ,r4 ,j41 mentioned1    
#baj  ,dorchester 7syn4 of ,isabella71  
#cjg  ,dorinda1 #dee  ,dorr ,seedling1  
#dee  ,downing1 #bdb  ,downing1 ,a4 ,j41
 quoted1 #ef1 #afc  ,downing1 ,charles1 

quoted1 #aia1 #aie1 #cda  ,downy ,canyon
 grape 7syn4 of ,v4 arizonica71 #acc    
,downy grape 7syn4 of ,v4 cinerea71 #aca
  ,downy mildew1 #hf  ,dracut ,amber1   
#bdd  ,dry ,hill ,beauty1 #dee          
,duck-shot grape 7syn4 of ,v4           
aestivalis71 #ach  ,dufour1 #dee        
,dufour1 ,john ,james1 cited1 #afc2     
life of1 #ag2   quoted1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1  
#bj1 #bd1 #dg1 #eg1 #afb  ,dunlap1 #dee 
,dunlap 7syn4 of ,lady ,dunlap71 #dgh   
,dunn1 #dee  ,dunn 7syn4 of ,herbemont71
 #bhh  ,duquett1 #dee  ,duquett's       
,seedling 7syn4 of ,duquett71 #dee      
,durfee1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddh      
,dutch1 ,american grape culture by1 #aj 
,dutch ,hamburgh 7syn4 of ,black        
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,dutchess1 #bdf        
,eames1 ,luther1 var4 orig4 by1 #dee    
,eames ,seedling1 #dee  ,early1 #dee    
,early ,amber1 #dee  ,early ,amber 7syn4
 of ,dracut ,amber71 #bdd  ,early       
,august1 #dee  ,early ,bird1 #def       
,early ,black1 #def  ,early ,black 7syn4
 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,early ,black ,july1

 #def  ,early ,black ,summer ,grape1    
#def  ,early ,champion 7syn4 of         
,champion71 #baj  ,early ,concord1 #def 
,early ,daisy1 #bdh  ,early ,dawn1 #bdi 
,early ,delmonico1 #def  ,early ,golden1
 #def  ,early ,harvest1 #def  ,early    
,hudson1 #def  ,early ,june1 #def       
,early ,lebanon1 #def  ,early ,malvasia1
 #def  ,early ,market1 #deg  ,early     
,northern ,muscadine 7syn4 of ,northern 
,muscadine71 #cfe  ,early ,ohio1 #bdi   
,early ,prolific1 #deg  ,early ,purple1 
#deg  ,early ,vicks1 #deg  ,early       
,victor1 #bej  ,early ,wine1 #deg       
,eastern region1 #ei1 #fa  ,eaton1 #beb 
,eaton1 ,calvin1 var4 orig4 by1 #bec    
,eaton's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,eaton71    
#beb  ,ebony1 #deg  ,echland1 #deg      
,eclipse 7,i71 #bed  ,eclipse 7,,ii71   
#bef  ,eden1 #deg  ,edmeston1 #deg      
,edmeston1 ,d4 ,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #deg 
,edmeston ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,edmeston71  
#deg  ,edward1 #deg  ,eggert1 ,h41      
mentioned1 #aae  ,eggert's grape 7syn4  
of ,v4 rubra71 #abe  ,eichelberger1     

,thomas1 mentioned1 #dd  ,elaine1 #deg  
,elbling1 #deg  ,eleala1 #deg  ,electra1
 #deh  ,elizabeth1 #deh  ,elkton1 #deh  
,ellen1 #deh  ,ellwanger and ,barry1    
var4 orig4 by1 #cej1 #chh  ,el ,paso    
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,el ,paso 7syn4
 of ,mission71 #dhi  ,el ,paso 7syn4 of 
,ohio 7,i771 #cgj  ,elpo1 #deh          
,elsenburgh 7syn4 of ,elsinburgh71 #beg 
,elsinboro 7syn4 of ,elsinburgh71 #beg  
,elsinborough 7syn4 of ,elsinburgh71    
#beg  ,elsinburg 7syn4 of ,elsinburgh71 
#beg  ,elsingburg 7syn4 of ,elsinburgh71
 #beg  ,elsinburgh1 #beg  ,elsmere1 #deh
  ,elvibach1 #deh  ,elvicand1 #beh      
,elvin1 #deh  ,elvira1 #bei  ,elvira    
,seedling ,no4 #h 7syn4 of ,etta71 #bfe 
,emerald1 #deh  ,emma1 #deh  ,empire    
,state1 #bfa  ,enfield1 #deh            
,englemann1 ,george1 life of1 #aca1     
#acb2   cited1 #ajf1 #aah1 #abc1 #abh1  
#acb2   quoted1 #ajd1 #aje1 #adc2   work
 on ,vitis by1 #ajj1 #aja  ,engle1 ,c41 
var4 orig4 by1 #deg1 #deh1 #dfe1 #dfh1  
#dfi1 #dgb1 #dhg1 #dhh1 #ejc1 #eaf1     

#ebj1 #efe  ,engle's ,seedlings1 #deh   
,english1 ,american grape culture by1 #f
  ,ensenberger1 ,g4 ,a41 var4 orig4 by1 
#bic1 #caa1 #dei1 #dfh1 #dgb1 #dge1 #dhf
  ,ensenberger's ,seedlings1 #dei       
,eolia1 #dei  ,epurill1 #dei  ,erickson1
 #dei  ,erskine1 ,e4 ,m41 mentioned1    
#fb2   quoted1 #ec  ,essex1 #bfc  ,essex
 ,county 7,mass47 ,seedling1 #dei       
,estave1 ,andrew1 mentioned1 #h         
,estell1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejf      
,estella1 #dei  ,ester1 #bfd  ,etawa1   
#dei  ,etta1 #bfe  ,eudora1 #dei        
,eufala1 #dei  ,eugenia1 #dei  ,eumedel1
 #dei  ,eumelan1 #bff  ,eumorely1 #dfj  
,eureka 7,i71 #bfh  ,eureka 7,,ii71 #bfh
  ,european grape 7syn4 ,v4 vinifera71  
#aed  ,european grapes1 ,american       
culture by ,french1 #i2   characters of1
 #c1 #d1 #aee2   culture in ,virginia1  
#h2   first plantings in ,america1 #f   
,eva1 #dfj  ,evaline1 #dfj  ,evenden1   
,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #dhc  ,everbearing 
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 munsoniana71 #aab    
,everett1 #dfj  ,ewing1 #dfj  ,ewing's  

,seedling 7syn4 of ,ewing71 #dfj        
,excelsior1 #bfi  ,exquisite1 #dfj      
,extra1 #dfj   ,faith1 #bgj  ,fall grape
 7syn4 of ,v4 berlandieri71 #acj        
,fallwicke1 #dfj  ,fallwicke1 ,joseph1  
var4 orig4 by1 #dfj  ,false ,scuppernong
 7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji       
,fancher1 #dfj  ,fancher 7syn4 of       
,catawba71 #bjd  ,fanny ,hoke1 #dfj     
,farmers ,club1 #dfj  ,farrell1 #dfj    
,farrell1 ,d41 var4 found by1 #dfj  ,far
 ,west1 #dfa  ,fay1 ,elijah1 mentioned1 
#ed2   life of1 #gf  ,fay1 ,lincoln1    
mentioned1 #gg  ,feemster1 #dfa         
,feemster ,favorite1 #dfa  ,fena1 #dfa  
,fern 7syn4 of ,fern ,munson71 #bga     
,fern ,munson1 #bga  ,fidia1 #gi1 #hj   
,fidia viticida 7,see ,fidia7  ,fisher1 
,e4 ,p41 var4 orig4 by1 #ead1 #ebb1 #ebe
  ,fisk1 #dfa  ,fitchburg1 #dfa         
,flea-beetle1 #hj  ,fleish ,traube 7syn4
 of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,flickwir1  
#dfa  ,flora1 #dfa  ,florence1 #bgb     
,florence1 #dfa  ,florida1 grapes in1   
#cj  ,florida ,bird grape 7syn4 of ,v4  

munsoniana71 #aab  ,florida grape 7syn4 
of ,v4 munsoniana71 #aab  ,flower of    
,missouri1 #dfa  ,flowers1 #dfa  ,fluke1
 ,newton ,k41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfa       
,fluke's ,hybrids1 #dfa  ,folsom1 ,s41  
var4 orig4 by1 #bfh  ,foreign grape     
7syn4 of ,v4 vinifera71 #aed  ,foster1  
#dfa  ,fox1 #dfa  ,fox 7syn4 of         
,fitchburg71 #dfa  ,fox grape1 #ci1 #da 
,fox grape 7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71    
#abg  ,fox grape 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71
 #adi  ,fox grape 7syn4 of ,v4          
rotundifolia71 #ajh  ,fox grape of the  
,northern ,states 7syn4 of ,v4          
labrusca71 #aej  ,fox grape of the      
,south 7syn4 of ,scuppernong71 #cii     
,foxy1 defined1 #d  ,frakenthaler 7syn4 
of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,fraker1     
,william ,a41 var4 found by1 #dcf       
,framboisier 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  
,framingham1 #dfa  ,frances ,e4         
,willard1 #dfb  ,franc's ,hybrid 7syn4  
of ,hybrid ,franc71 #cjj  ,frankendale  
7syn4 ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf            
,frankenthaler gros noir 7syn4 of ,black

 ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,franklin1 #dfb       
,fredonia1 #dfb  ,free ,black 7syn4 of  
,fitchburg71 #dfa  ,french1 ,american   
grape culture by1 #i  ,french ,grape    
7syn4 of ,craig71 #dea  ,french grape   
7syn4 of ,delaware71 #bca  ,french      
,grape 7syn4 of ,franklin71 #dfb        
,fritz1 #dfb  ,frost1 #dfb  ,frost 7syn4
 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag  ,frost grape    
7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71 #ach  ,frost  
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg    
,frost-grape 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71    
#aej  ,fruit1 taxonomic value of1 #ajc  
,gaertner1 #bgb  ,gallup ,seedling1 #dfb
  ,gandy1 ,r4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejj  
,garber1 #dfb  ,garber1 ,j4 ,b41 var4   
orig4 by1 #dcc1 #dfb1 #dhe1 #did        
,garber ,red ,fox1 #dfb  ,garber's      
,albino 7syn4 of ,albino71 #dcc         
,garber's ,red-,fox 7syn4 of ,isabella71
 #cjg  ,garber's ,white 7syn4 of        
,albino71 #dcc  ,gardner1 ,mr41 var4    
orig4 by1 #dff  ,garfield1 #dfb         
,garnet1 #dfb  ,garrigues1 #dfb         
,gassman1 #dfb  ,gauger1 #dfb  ,gazelle1

 #dfb  ,gelbholziger ,trollinger 7syn4  
of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,general     
,pope1 #dfb  ,genesee1 #dfc  ,geneva1   
#bgd  ,georgia1 grapes in1 #i1 #ed      
,gerbig1 ,a4 ,v41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfc   
,gerbig ,no4 #b1 #dfc  ,gerbig ,no4 #aj1
 #dfc  ,german ,grape 7syn4 of ,marion  
7,,ii771 #cda  ,german ,seedling1 #dfc  
,german ,wine 7syn4 of ,york ,madeira71 
#ebi  ,giant1 #dfc  ,giant ,leaf 7syn4  
of ,riesenblatt71 #ejf  ,gibb1 #dfc     
,gibbs1 ,mrs4 ,isabella1 mentioned1 #cjh
  ,gibb's grape 7syn4 of ,isabella71    
#cjg  ,gibralter 7syn4 of ,black        
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,gilbert1 ,garret1 var4
 orig4 by1 #dfc  ,gilbert's ,white      
,shonga1 #dfc  ,gill ,wylie1 #dfc  ,gilt
 ,edge1 #dfc  ,glenfeld1 #bge  ,globe   
7syn4 of ,sage71 #cie  ,godard1         
,francis1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgi  ,goethe1 
#bgf  ,goff1 #bgg  ,goff1 ,e4 ,s41 var4 
orig4 by1 #bgh  ,gold ,coin1 #bhj  ,gold
 ,dust1 #dfc  ,golden ,beauty1 #dfc     
,golden ,berry1 #dfc  ,golden ,clinton1 
#dfc  ,golden ,concord1 #dfd  ,golden   

,drop1 #bha1 #dfd  ,golden ,gem1 #dfd   
,golden ,grain1 #dfd  ,golden           
,pocklington 7syn4 of ,pocklington71    
#cgi  ,goldstein1 #dfd  ,goldstein's    
,early 7syn4 of ,goldstein71 #dfd  ,good
 ,adle1 #dfd  ,goodale1 ,geo41 var4     
orig4 by1 #ebd  ,goodhue1 ,c4 ,h41 var4 
orig4 by1 #dih  ,goodman1 #dfd          
,governor ,ireland1 #dfd  ,governor     
,ross1 #dfd  ,graham1 #dfd  ,graham1    
,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfd  ,grant1 ,dr4  
,c4 ,w41 life of1 #cjd2   var4 orig4 by1
 #cjd1 #cab  ,grape districts of ,new   
,york1 #gb  ,grape fruit worm1 #hj1 #ha 
,grape-growers1 early1 in ,united       
,states1 #dh  ,grape-growing1           
development of1 #eh2   rank of1 in      
states1 #gb2   specialization of1 #ei2  
status of in #ahcj1 #dg1 #dh1 #di2      
status of in #ahei1 #ec1 #ee2   status  
of in #ahhj1 #ei2   status of in #ahij1 
#ei1 #fa  ,grape juice1 #ff  ,grape     
leaf-hopper1 #hj  ,grape regions1 #ei1  
#fj  ,grape-vine flea-beetle1 #hj       
,grape-vine fidia1 #gi  ,grapes1        

adaptation of1 #fh2   culture by ,dutch1
 #aj2   culture by ,english1 #f1 #g2    
culture by ,spaniards1 #f2   culture by 
,swedes1 #aj2   early history of1 #bf2  
evolution of1 #cf2   accounts of by     
early explorers1 #bi2   classification  
of1 #ajg1 #ajh2   improvement of1 #bh2  
evolution of1 #bf2   first records of1  
#bi2   habitat of1 #bg2   means of      
distribution of1 #bg2   native1 #ci2    
value of1 #cf2   self-fertility of1     
#ajd2   self-sterility of1 #ajd2   soil 
for1 #ga2   wild1 as index to grape     
regions1 #bh2   wild1 in ,north         
,america1 #bf  ,gravel1 #dfd            
,gravestock1 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #ddi 
,gray1 ,asa1 cited1 #ajf  ,gray1 ,j4    
,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebh  ,gray1 ,w4    
,c41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfd  ,gray         
,delaware 7syn4 of ,delaware71 #bca     
,gray's ,seedlings1 #dfd  ,grayson1 #dfd
  ,great ,black ,muscadine 7syn4 of     
,willis ,large ,black71 #ebe  ,great    
,cluster 7syn4 of ,big ,berry71 #dci    
,greeley1 ,horace1 mentioned1 #bbb2     

quoted1 #bbj  ,green ,castle1 #dfd      
,green ,early1 #bha  ,greene1 ,o4 ,j41  
var4 found by1 #bha  ,greene1 ,william  
,e41 var4 found by1 #dag  ,green1       
,william ,e41 var4 orig4 by1 #def1 #dij 
,green ,mountain 7syn4 of ,winchell71   
#dbe  ,green ,muscadine 7syn4 of        
,scuppernong71 #cii  ,green ,scuppernong
 7syn4 of ,scuppernong71 #cii  ,green   
,ulster1 #dfe  ,greer1 #dfe  ,grein     
,extra ,early1 #dfe  ,grein ,golden1    
#bhb  ,grein1 ,nicholas1 var4 orig4 by1 
#bhc1 #cdi1 #dfe  ,grein ,no4 #g 7syn4  
of ,grein ,extra ,early71 #dfe  ,grein's
 ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,missouri ,riesling71 
#cdi  ,grein's ,no4 #b 7syn4 of ,grein  
,golden71 #bhb  ,grein's ,seedlings1    
#dfe  ,grevaduly1 #dfe  ,greverson1 #dfe
  ,grote1 #dfe  ,grove1 #dfe  ,guernsey 
,grape 7syn4 of ,willis ,fredonia71 #ebe
  ,guesta1 #dfe  ,guignard1 #dfe        
,guignardia bidwellii 7,see ,black-rot7 
,guinevra1 #dfe  ,gula1 #dfe  ,gulch1   
#dfe  ,gulch grape 7syn4 of ,v4         
arizonica71 #acc  ,gulch grape 7syn4 of 

,v4 longii71 #abc  ,gunn1 ,ward ,d41    
var4 found by1 #afd   ,hadden1 ,mr41    
var4 orig4 by1 #dfe  ,hadden ,seedling1 
#dfe  ,hagar1 #dff  ,hagar 7syn4 of     
,alvey71 #dcd  ,halifax1 #dff  ,halifax 
,seedling1 #dff  ,hall1 #dff  ,hall1    
,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #dff  ,hall1       
,david1 var4 orig4 by1 #dff  ,haltica   
chalybea 7,see ,grape-vine flea-beetle7 
,hamill ,seedling1 #dff  ,hamilton1 #dff
  ,hampton ,court ,vine 7syn4 of ,black 
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,hanover 7southern7    
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,hardy       
,chasselas1 #dff  ,hariot1 ,thomas1     
cited1 #ca  ,harmer1 #dff  ,harmer      
,seedling1 #dff  ,harmonists1 grape     
culture by1 #ai1 #bj  ,harrell1 #dff    
,harrell1 ,obed1 var4 orig4 by1 #dff1   
#die  ,harriet ,beecher1 #dff  ,harris1 
#dff  ,harris 7syn4 ,lenoir71 #cbh      
,harris1 ,mr41 var4 found by1 #dff      
,harrison1 #dff1 #dfg  ,hart 7syn4 of   
,devereaux71 #bce  ,hart 7syn4 of       
,lincoln71 #dhj  ,hart1 ,joseph1 var4   
orig4 by1 #dce1 #deh  ,hartford1 #bhd   

,hart's ,white 7syn4 of ,white          
,elizabeth71 #ebc  ,hartford ,prolific  
7syn4 of ,hartford71 #bhd  ,harvard     
,seedling1 #dfg  ,harvey1 ,dr41 var4    
orig4 by1 #dcd  ,harwood1 #dfg          
,harwood1 ,major1 var4 orig4 by1 #dfg   
,hasbrouck1 ,eli1 var4 orig4 by1 #dce   
,haskell1 ,george1 var4 orig4 by1 #dfg1 
#ejh  ,haskell1 ,n4 ,r41 var4 orig4 by1 
#dfg  ,haskell's ,seedlings1 #dfg       
,haskew1 #dfg  ,hattie1 #dfg  ,hatton1  
#dfg  ,hattus1 #dfg  ,hawkins1 ,captain 
,john1 cited1 #cj  ,hawkins1 ,d4 ,j41   
mentioned1 #cfe  ,hawkins1 ,william1    
var4 orig4 by1 #dfg1 #dfh  ,hawkins ,no4
 #c1 #dfg  ,hawkins ,no4 #aj1 #dfh      
,hayes1 #bhf  ,headlight1 #bhg          
,hearthenge1 #dfh  ,heart-leaved vitis  
7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg  ,heath  
7syn4 of ,delaware71 #bca  ,helen1 #dfh 
,helen ,keller1 #dfh  ,helpfer1 #dfh    
,hencke1 ,ludwig1 var4 orig4 by1 #dfa1  
#dgi1 #dhg1 #ejh  ,henderson1 ,g41 var4 
orig4 by1 #dhc  ,henrico1 #dfh  ,henry1 
#dfh  ,hensell's ,long ,island 7syn4 of 

,isabella71 #cjg  ,henshaw1 #dfh        
,herald1 #dfh  ,herbemont1 #bhh         
,herbemont1 ,nicholas1 cited1 #cbi2     
mentioned1 #bij1 #cji  ,herbemont       
,madeira 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 #bhh     
,herbemont ,seedling1 #dfh  ,herbert1   
#bia  ,hercules1 #bic  ,heriulfusson1   
,biarni1 mentioned1 #bi  ,hermann1 #bid 
,hermann ,jaeger 7syn4 of ,jaeger71 #cad
  ,hero1 #dfh  ,hertia1 #dfh  ,hertlein1
 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #ddi  ,hettie1   
#dfh  ,heunis1 #dfh  ,hewitt1           
,alexander1 quoted1 #i  ,hexamer1 #dfi  
,hexamer1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfi     
,hiawasse1 #dfi  ,hickman 7syn4 of      
,scuppernong71 #cii  ,hicks1 #bie       
,hidalgo1 #bif  ,higginson1 ,francis1   
quoted1 #ab  ,highland1 #big  ,hilgarde 
7syn4 of ,fern ,munson71 #bga  ,hill    
,grape of ,ohio 7syn4 of ,collina71 #ddi
  ,hine1 #dfi  ,hine ,seedling 7syn4 of 
,hine71 #dfi  ,history1 of ,old ,world  
grape1 #a  ,hoag1 ,c4 ,l41 var4 orig4   
by1 #cfa  ,hobbs1 ,o4 ,t41 var4 orig4   
by1 #dig  ,hock1 #dfi  ,hofer1 ,a4 ,f41 

var4 orig4 by1 #dfi  ,hofer ,seedling   
,no4 #b1 #dfi  ,holmes1 #dfi  ,honey1   
#dfi  ,honey 7syn4 of ,raabe71 #ejd     
,honey ,dew1 #dfi  ,hooker1 #dfi        
,hopeon1 #dfi  ,hopherbe1 #dfi          
,hopican1 #dgj  ,hopkins1 #dgj          
,hopkins1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #eaf     
,hopkins ,early ,red 7syn4 of ,wyoming71
 #dca  ,horner1 #dgj  ,horner1 ,joe1    
var4 orig4 by1 #dgj  ,hosford1 #bii     
,hosford1 ,george1 var4 orig4 by1 #bii1 
#dci  ,hosford's ,mammoth ,seedling     
7syn4 of ,hosford71 #bii  ,hosford's    
,seedling 7syn4 of ,hosford71 #bii      
,hoskins1 ,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgj      
,hoskins ,seedling1 #dgj  ,houghton1    
,francis1 var4 orig4 by1 #ddd  ,howell1 
#dgj  ,hubbard ,seedless1 #dgj  ,huber1 
#dgj  ,huber1 ,theophile1 var4 orig4 by1
 #cci1 #dcc1 #dcd1    #dcg1 #dci1 #ded1 
#deg1 #deh1 #dfh1 #dga1 #dgb1 #dhd1     
#eaf1 #eai  ,huber's ,seedlings1 #dgj1  
#dga  ,hudler 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71
 #ahf  ,hudson1 #dga  ,hudson ,river    
district1 #gb1 #hh2   acreage of1 #hh2  

climate of1 #hi2   diseases in1 #ib2    
early plantings in1 #hi1 #ij2   early   
viticulturists in1 #ij2   first         
plantings in1 #ee2   geology of1 #hh2   
packing and shipping in1 #ia1 #ib2      
rain-fall in1 #hi2   training and       
pruning in1 #ia2   varieties in1 #ij1   
#ia  ,hueber1 ,lewis1 var4 orig4 by1    
#dif  ,huguenots1 #ch  ,hulings1 ,dr41  
mentioned1 #beh  ,hulkerson's           
,seedlings1 #dga  ,humboldt1 #dga  ,hunt
 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 #bhh  ,hunt1 ,r4 
,a41 var4 found by1 #bej  ,hunt1 ,r4    
,h41 var4 found by1 #cga  ,hunterville1 
#dga  ,huntingdon1 #dga  ,husmann1 #dga 
,husmann1 ,g41 cited1 #aae1 #bba2       
quoted1 #aad  ,husson 7syn4 of          
,devereaux71 #bce  ,hutchinson1 #dga    
,hutporup1 #dga  ,hybride de ,concord   
,no4 #f 7syn4 of ,triumph71 #daa        
,hybrid1 first ,labrusca-vinifera1 #ef  
,hybrid ,franc1 #cjj  ,hyde1 ,wilkes1   
var4 orig4 by1 #dga  ,hyde ,black1 #dga 
,hyde ,eliza1 #dga   ,icterida1 #dgb    
,ida1 #dgb  ,ideal1 #cja  ,iden1 #dgb   

,iden 7syn4 of ,lake71 #dgh  ,illinois1 
grapes in1 #ec1 #ed  ,illinois ,city1   
#dgb  ,illinois ,early1 #dgb  ,illinois 
,prolific1 #dgb  ,imitation ,hamburg    
7syn4 of ,union ,village71 #dae  ,imlay1
 ,mr41 mentioned1 #cbf  ,imperial1 #cjb 
,imperial 7syn4 of ,columbian           
,imperial71 #bah  ,improved ,purple     
,fox1 #dgb  ,improved ,warren 7syn4 of  
,harwood71 #dfg  ,indiana1 #dgb         
,indiana1 grapes in1 #bj1 #ed  ,indian  
,field1 #dgb  ,infloresence1 taxonomic  
value of1 #ajb  ,international1 #dgb    
,iola1 #dgb  ,iona1 #cjb  ,iowa1 #dgb   
,iowa1 grapes in1 #fa  ,iowa ,excelsior1
 #dgb  ,iris1 #dgb  ,ironclad1 #cjf     
,irvin ,october1 #dgb  ,irving1 #dgc    
,isabella1 #ej1 #cjg  ,isabella ,regia  
7syn4 of ,pierce71 #ejj  ,isabella      
,seedling1 #caj  ,isabelle d',amerique  
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,israella1   
#caa  ,italian wine grape 7syn4 of      
,delaware71 #bca  ,ithaca1 #dgc  ,ives1 
#cab  ,ives1 ,henry1 var4 orig4 by1 #cac
  ,ives' ,maderia 7syn4 of ,ives71 #cab 

,ives' ,maderia ,seedling 7syn4 of      
,ives71 #cab  ,ives' ,seedling 7syn4 of 
,ives71 #cab  ,ives' ,seedling ,maderia 
7syn4 of ,ives71 #cab   ,jac 7syn4 of   
,lenoir71 #cbh  ,jac 7syn4 of ,ohio     
7,i771 #cgj  ,jacent1 #dgc  ,jack 7syn4 
of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,jack 7syn4 of ,ohio 
7,i771 #cgj  ,jacques 7syn4 of ,lenoir71
 #cbh  ,jacques 7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771   
#cgj  ,jacquet 7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771    
#cgj  ,jacquet 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  
,jacquez 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh        
,jacquez 7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771 #cgj     
,jaeger1 #cad  ,jaeger1 ,hermann1 cited1
 #aae2   var4 found by1 #dfa2   var4    
orig4 by1 #dee1 #dgc1 #dgd1 #dha1 #dib1 
#ebc  ,jaeger1 ,herman 7syn4 of         
,jaeger71 #cad  ,jaeger ,no4 #ej 7syn4  
of ,longworth71 #dha  ,jaeger ,no4 #ef  
7syn4 of ,dufour71 #dee  ,jaeger ,no4   
#gj 7syn4 of ,munson71 #dib  ,jaeger's  
,seedlings1 #dgc  ,james1 #cae  ,james1 
,j4 ,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgd  ,james    
,seedling1 #dgd  ,janesville1 #caf      
,jane ,wylie1 #dgd  ,janie ,wylie 7syn4 

of ,jane ,wylie71 #dgd  ,jaques1 ,john1 
mentioned1 #hi  ,jefferson1 #cag        
,jefferson1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #de1 #afa  
,jeffries1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebf    
,jelly1 #dgd  ,jemina1 #dgd  ,jennie    
,may1 #dgd  ,jennings1 #dgd  ,jersey    
,grape 7syn4 of ,willis ,fredonia71 #ebe
  ,jessica1 #cbj  ,jessie1 #dgd         
,jesuits1 #ag  ,jeter1 #dgd  ,jewel1    
#cba  ,jewell 7syn4 of ,jewel71 #cba    
,joen1 #dgd  ,joe's ,mariole 7syn4 of   
,mariole71 #dhe  ,john ,burr1 #dgd      
,johnson1 #dgd  ,johnson1 ,david1 var4  
orig4 by1 #dih  ,johnson1 ,j41          
mentioned1 #bjf  ,johnson1 ,s4 ,w41     
cited1 #ag2   quoted1 #dd  ,jolly1 #dgd 
,joly1 #dgd  ,jonathan1 #dgd  ,jones1   
,calvin1 quoted1 #ea1 #djj  ,jones1     
,judge ,j4 ,b41 var4 found by1 #ahd     
,jones1 ,w4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #dce1   
#dfh1 #ebe  ,jones ,perfumed 7syn4 of   
,carolina ,blue ,muscadine71 #dde       
,joplin1 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgd       
,joplin's ,peaks of ,otter1 #dgd        
,jordan 7syn4 of ,moyer71 #ced  ,jordan 

,large ,blue1 #dge  ,jordan's ,blue     
7syn4 of ,jordan ,large ,blue71 #dge    
,joseph ,henry1 #dge  ,josselyn1 ,john1 
quoted1 #ce  ,judd1 #dge  ,judge1 #dge  
,judge ,miller1 #dge  ,july1 #dge  ,july
 ,sherry 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,july 
,twenty-fifth1 #dge  ,jumbo1 #dge       
,jumbo 7syn4 of ,columbian ,imperial71  
#bah  ,june ,grape 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia 
prcox71 #aba  ,juno1 #dge  ,juno's      
,sister1 #dge   ,kalamazoo1 #dge        
,kalista1 #dge  ,kansas ,july1 #dge     
,kay ,seedling1 #dge  ,kay's ,seedling  
7syn4 of ,herbemont71 #bhh  ,keller1    
#dge  ,keller ,white1 #dge  ,keller's   
,white 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd         
,kelley1 ,datus1 var4 orig4 by1 #dhe    
,kellog1 #dgf  ,kelly1 ,w4 ,b41 var4    
orig4 by1 #dfg  ,kemp1 #dgf  ,kendall1  
#dgf  ,kenena1 #dgf  ,kenrick's ,native1
 #dgf  ,kensington1 #cbb  ,kentucky1    
#dgf  ,kentucky1 grapes in1 #ag1 #ed    
,kentucky wine1 #dgf  ,ketchum1 #dgf    
,keuka 7syn4 of ,neff71 #dib  ,keuka    
,lake1 first plantings about1 #ed  ,key 

to species of ,vitis1 #ajg1 #ajh        
,keystone1 #dgf  ,kiamichi1 #dgf        
,kilvington1 #dgf  ,king1 #cbd  ,king   
7syn4 of ,golden ,clinton71 #dfc  ,king 
,philip1 #dgf  ,kingsessing1 #dgf       
,kingsessing1 ,edward ,g41 var4 orig4   
by1 #dfb  ,king ,william1 #dgf  ,kinney1
 ,i41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgf1 #dgg         
,kinney's ,seedlings1 #dgf1 #dgg        
,kiowa1 #dgg  ,kitchen1 #dgg  ,kittredge
 7syn4 of ,ives71 #cab  ,kniffin1       
,william1 mentioned1 #ia  ,kniffin      
system of training1 #ia  ,knob          
,mountain1 #dgg  ,knox1 ,rev4 ,j41 var4 
orig4 by1 #ejd  ,koeth1 ,a41 var4 orig4 
by1 #ddb  ,kosomo1 #dgg  ,kramer1 ,j4   
,c41 var4 orig4 by1 #dch1 #dgg  ,kramer 
,seedling1 #dgg  ,krause1 #dgg  ,kready1
 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #bdh1 #def1 #dgf 
,kruger1 #dgg   ,labe1 #dgg  ,labrusca1 
origin of the name1 #adi  ,lacon1 #dgg  
,laconia1 #dgg  ,la ,crissa1 #dgg       
,ladies1 #dgg  ,ladies ,choice 7syn4 of 
,delaware71 #bca  ,lady1 #cbe  ,lady    
,charlotte1 #dgg  ,lady ,dunlap1 #dgh   

,lady ,helene1 #dgh  ,lady ,washington1 
#cbg  ,lady ,younglove1 #dgh  ,lake1    
#dgh  ,lake 7syn4 of ,iden71 #dgb  ,lama
 7syn4 of ,laura71 #dgh  ,la ,marie1    
#dgh  ,lane1 ,ralph1 cited1 #ca         
,langendoerfer1 ,f41 var4 orig4 by1     
#bie1 #ebd  ,languedoc 7syn4 of ,black  
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,langworthy1 ,l4 ,b41  
var4 found by1 #bad  ,la ,reine1 #dgh   
,large ,berry1 #dgh  ,large ,blue       
,english 7syn4 of ,cape ,may ,prolific71
 #ddd  ,large ,german 7syn4 of ,york    
,madeira71 #ebi  ,large ,leaf1 #dgh     
,larrowe1 ,hon4 ,jacob1 mentioned1 #hc  
,la ,salle1 #dgh  ,laughlin1 #dgh       
,laughlin1 ,w4 ,r41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgh 
,laura1 #dgh  ,laura ,beverly 7syn4 of  
,creveling71 #bbd  ,laussel1 #dgh       
,lavega1 #dgh  ,lawrence1 #dgh  ,laws1  
,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgd  ,lawson1    
#dgi  ,lawson1 ,john1 life of1 #cf2     
quoted1 #cg  ,leader1 #dgi  ,leaf-hopper
 7,see ,grape leaf-hopper7              
,leather-,leaf grape 7syn4 of ,v4       
candicans coriacea71 #adh  ,leavenworth1

 #dgi  ,leaves1 taxonomic value of1     
#aje1 #ajf  ,lebanon ,seedling 7syn4 of 
,catawba71 #bjd  ,le ,conte1 ,john      
,eaton1 life of1 #add2   work on ,vitis 
by1 #ajj2   writings of1 #add  ,legaux1 
,peter1 cited1 #db2   life of1 #af2     
mentioned1 #ae1 #ah1 #afa1 #afb  ,lehigh
 7syn4 of ,berks71 #dci  ,lehman1 #dgi  
,lehman1 ,william1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgi  
,leif the ,lucky1 #bi1 #cj  ,lemosy1    
,mr41 cited1 #cfg  ,lenoir1 #cbh        
,lenoir 7syn4 of ,devereaux71 #bce      
,lenoir 7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771 #cgj      
,lenori1 #dgi  ,leon1 #dgi  ,lespeyre   
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,letovey1    
#dgi  ,lewis1 #dgi  ,lexington1 #dgi    
,lida1 #dgi  ,lightfoot1 #dgi           
,lightfoot1 ,w4 ,h41 var4 orig4 by1     
#dcd1 #dce1 #dch1 #ddd1 #dgi1 #dhi1 #ead
  ,lightfoot ,seedling ,no4 #cd1 #dgi   
,lightfoot's ,seedlings1 #dgi  ,lilac   
7syn4 of ,shurtleff ,seedling71 #eab    
,limington ,white1 #dgi  ,linceola1 #dgi
  ,lincoln1 #dhj  ,lincoln 7syn4 of     
,catawba71 #bjd  ,lincoln 7syn4 of      

,devereaux71 #bce  ,lincoln ,county     
7syn4 of ,lincoln71 #dhj  ,lincoln      
,downer1 #dhj  ,lincrup1 #dhj  ,lincy1  
#dhj  ,lindell1 #dhj  ,linden1 #dhj     
,lindley1 #cbi  ,lindley1 ,john1        
mentioned1 #ccj  ,lindmar1 #dhj         
,linelvi1 #dhj  ,linherbe1 #dhj         
,linley1 #dhj  ,linn1 #dhj  ,linn       
,queen1 #dhj  ,linnaeus1 ,carolus1 life 
of1 #adi1 #aej2   quoted1 #aah1 #aea1   
#aee  ,linville1 ,robert1 var4 orig4 by1
 #dei  ,little ,blue1 #dhj  ,little     
,giant1 #dha  ,little grape 7syn4 of ,v4
 aestivalis71 #ach  ,little ,mountain   
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 berlandieri71 #acj   
,little ,ozark1 #dha  ,livingston1 #dha 
,lizzie1 #dha  ,lobata1 #dha  ,logan1   
#dha  ,london ,company1 #f1 #g  ,long1  
#dha  ,long 7syn4 of ,cunningham71 #bbg 
,long 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,long1   
,col4 ,james1 var4 found by1 #dha  ,long
 ,john1 #dha  ,long ,no4 #b 7syn4 of    
,cunningham71 #bbg  ,longfellow1 quoted1
 #bjd  ,long's 7syn4 of ,v4 longii71    
#abc  ,long's ,arkansas 7syn4 of ,v4    

longii71 #abc  ,longworth1 #dha         
,longworth ,monster1 #dha  ,longworth1  
,nicholas1 books by1 #bc2   grapes      
imported by1 #bc2   life of1 #bb1 #bc2  
mentioned1 #bjf1 #bcf1 #cdj1 #daf2      
var4 found by1 #cgj2   var4 orig4 by1   
#dha  ,longworth ,no4 #bj 7syn4 of      
,longworth71 #dha  ,longworth's ,ohio   
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,longworth's   
,ohio 7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771 #cgj        
,loomis' ,honey1 #dha  ,looney1 ,c4 ,s41
 var4 orig4 by1 #dhb  ,looney ,seedling1
 #dhb  ,lorain1 #dhb  ,loretto1 #dhb    
,loubat1 ,alphonse1 mentioned1 #bd      
,loudon1 ,f4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #bha1  
#caf1 #ddf1 #dgd1 #dhb  ,loudon         
,seedling1 #dhb  ,louisa1 #dhb  ,louise1
 #dhb  ,louisiana1 #cca  ,louisiana1    
grapes in1 #ac  ,louisville1 #dhb       
,louisville ,seedling 7syn4 of ,lenoir71
 #cbh  ,lowell ,globe1 #dhb  ,lucile1   
#ccb  ,lucky1 #dhb  ,luckyne1 #dhb      
,lucy ,winton1 #dhb  ,luders1 #dhb      
,luffborough1 #dhb  ,lugawana1 #dhb     
,lugiana nera 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71

 #ahf  ,lukfata1 #dhb  ,lulie1 #dhb     
,lum1 ,h4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1 #dgh      
,luna1 #dhb  ,lutie1 #ccd  ,lycoming1   
#dhc  ,lydia1 #dhc  ,lyman1 #dhc  ,lyon1
 #dhc  ,lyon 7syn4 of ,presly71 #ejb    
,mabel1 #dhc  ,mac,candless 7syn4 of    
,lenoir71 #cbh  ,mac,candless 7syn4 of  
,ohio 7,i771 #cgj  ,mc,cowan 7syn4 of   
,cowan71 #dea  ,mc,donald's ,ann ,arbor1
 #dhc  ,mc,gowan 7syn4 of ,cowan71 #dea 
,macedonia1 #dhc  ,mc,kay1 ,e4 ,a41     
mentioned1 #hc  ,mc,kee 7syn4 of        
,herbemont71 #bhh  ,mc,kinley1 #dhc     
,mc,kinley1 ,j4 ,s41 var4 orig4 by1 #bah
  ,mc,lean 7syn4 of ,devereaux71 #bce   
,mc,lean 7syn4 of ,lincoln71 #dhj       
,mc,lean1 ,dr4 ,wm41 var4 orig4 by1 #dhj
  ,mc,lure 7syn4 of ,mrs4 ,mc,lure71    
#dia  ,mc,mahon1 ,bernard1 cited1 #dd   
,mc,murtrie1 ,dr4 ,william1 mentioned1  
#ei  ,mc,neil1 #dhc  ,mc,owen 7syn4 of  
,cowan71 #dea  ,mc,pike1 #cce  ,mc,pike1
 ,h4 ,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #ccf  ,madeira1
 #dhc  ,madeira 7syn4 of ,black         
,madeira71 #ddj  ,madeira of ,york1 ,pa4

 7syn4 of ,alexander71 #afj  ,madeline1 
#dhc  ,madison ,county 7syn4 of ,long71 
#dha  ,magee1 #dhd  ,magee1 ,george ,j41
 cited1 #bge2   var4 found by1 #bge     
,magnate1 #ccf  ,magnificent1 #dhd      
,maguel1 ,francis1 cited1 #cb  ,maguire1
 #dhd  ,mahogany 7syn4 of ,mahogany     
,colored71 #dhd  ,mahogany ,colored1    
#dhd  ,main1 #dhd  ,main1 ,mr41 var4    
orig4 by1 #dhd  ,maine1 grapes in1 #ac  
,malinda1 #dhd  ,malvasier 7syn4 of     
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,malvin1 #dhd   
,mammoth 7syn4 of ,sage71 #cie  ,mammoth
 ,catawba 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd      
,mammoth ,globe 7syn4 of ,carter71 #dde 
,mammoth ,sage 7syn4 of ,sage71 #cie    
,manhattan1 #dhd  ,manito1 #ccg         
,manockanock1 #dhd  ,mansfield1 #dhd    
,manson1 #dhd  ,marguerite1 #dhd  ,marie
 ,louise1 #cch  ,marine's ,seedlings1   
#dhe  ,marine1 ,william ,m41 var4 orig4 
by1 #dfa1 #dff1 #dgf1    #dgi1 #dhb1    
#dhd1 #dhe1 #dhg1 #dhi1 #dic1 #dif1 #eje
  ,mariole1 #dhe  ,marion 7,i71 #cci    
,marion 7,,ii71 #cda  ,marion ,port     

7syn4 of ,marion 7,i771 #cc  ,marion    
,port 7syn4 of ,york ,madeira71 #ebi    
,marique1 #dhe  ,marker1 #dhe  ,marsala1
 #dhe  ,marshall1 ,humphrey1 life of1   
#if2   quoted1 #aea2   writings of1 #if 
,martha1 #cda  ,marvin1 ,d4 ,s41 var4   
orig4 by1 #bjh1 #bji1 #dje1    #ddd1    
#dea1 #dfd1 #dgj1 #dgd1 #dgh1 #dhe1     
#eji1 #eaj1 #eba  ,marvina1 #dhe        
,marvin's ,seedlings1 #dhe  ,mary1 #dhe 
,mary ,ann1 #dhe  ,mary ,favorite1 #dhe 
,mary ,mark1 #dhf  ,maryland1 grapes in1
 #i1 #aj1 #ah  ,maryland ,purple1 #dhf  
,mary ,wylie1 #dhf  ,mason1 #dhf        
,mason1 ,mrs4 ,e41 var4 orig4 by1 #dhf1 
#ejg  ,mason1 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1 #dhf  
,mason ,renting1 #dhf  ,mason's         
,seedling 7syn4 of ,mason71 #dhf        
,massachusetts1 grapes in1 #ab          
,massachusetts ,white1 #dhf  ,massasoit1
 #cdc  ,matchless1 #dhf  ,mathews1      
,professor1 var4 orig4 by1 #dgb         
,mathilde1 #dhf  ,matlock 7syn4 of      
,miles71 #dhh  ,mauston1 #dhf           
,maxatawney1 #cdd  ,may ,red1 #dhf      

,mead1 ,john1 mentioned1 #hd  ,mead1    
,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #dhf  ,mead       
,seedling1 #dhf  ,mead's ,seedling 7syn4
 of ,catawba71 #bjd  ,meanko1 #dhg      
,mease1 ,dr4 ,james1 life of1 #db1 #dc2 
mentioned1 #de2   paper by1 #dc         
,medora1 #dhg  ,meisch 7syn4 of ,mish71 
#dhi  ,melasko1 #dhg  ,memory1 #dhg     
,mendota1 #dhg  ,meno1 #dhg  ,merceron1 
#dhg  ,merceron 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd
  ,merceron1 ,f4 ,e41 var4 orig4 by1    
#dhg1 #dii  ,mericadel1 #dhg  ,merrimac1
 #cde  ,meta1 #dhg  ,metis1 #dhg        
,metternich1 #dhg  ,mianna or ,mienna1  
#dhg  ,michaux1 ,andr1 cited1 #abf2     
life of1 #ajh2   quoted1 #aah2   works  
of1 #ajh  ,michaux1 ,f4 ,andr1 life of1 
#ajh2   works of1 #ajh  ,michigan1 #dhh 
,michigan 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd      
,michigan1 grapes in1 #fa  ,middle      
region1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa  ,middlesex1 #dhh 
,mignonette vine 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 
#aag  ,miland1 #dhh  ,mildew 7,see      
,downy and ,powdery mildew7  ,miles1    
#dhh  ,millardet1 #dhh  ,millardet1     

cited1 #ajb1 #bcc1 #cfh  ,miller1 #dhh  
,miller1 ,j4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfc   
,miller1 ,samuel1 var4 orig4 by1 #ahh1  
#cdb1 #dfj1 #dhb1 #dhc1 #dhh1 #ebi      
,miller ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,martha71 #cda 
,miller's ,no4 #b 7syn4 of ,eva71 #dfj  
,miller's ,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,macedonia71 
#dhc  ,miller's ,no4 #d 7syn4 of ,black 
,hawk71 #ahh  ,miller's ,seedlings1 #dhh
  ,millington1 #dhh  ,millington1 ,dr41 
var4 found by1 #dhh  ,millington1 ,mrs41
 var4 orig4 by1 #dih  ,millington       
,white1 #dhh  ,mills1 #cdg  ,mills1 ,w4 
,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #cdh1 #dgh          
,mineola1 #dhh  ,miner1 ,t4 ,b41 var4   
orig4 by1 #agb1 #dah1 #dcc1    #dcf1    
#dch1 #ddb1 #ddd1 #dei1 #dgb1 #dgi1     
#dhj1 #dhi1 #ejg  ,miner's ,seedlings1  
#dhi  ,mingo1 #dhi  ,minnehaha1 #dhi    
,minnesota1 #dhi  ,minnesota ,mammoth1  
#dhi  ,minnie1 #dhi  ,minor's ,seedling 
7syn4 of ,venango71 #ebj  ,miriam1 #dhi 
,mish1 #dhi  ,mission1 #dhi  ,missouri1 
#dhi  ,missouri1 grapes in1 #eb         
,missouri ,bird ,eye1 #dij  ,missouri   

,bird's ,eye 7syn4 of ,elsinburgh71 #beg
  ,missouri grape 7syn4 of ,v4 rubra71  
#abe  ,missouri ,muscadine1 #dij        
,missouri ,riesling1 #cdi  ,missouri    
,seedling 7syn4 of ,missouri71 #dhi     
,modena1 #dij  ,moffats1 #dij           
,mohrendutte 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71 
#ahf  ,moltke1 #dij  ,monarch1 #dij     
,monard1 #dij  ,monlintawba1 #dij       
,monroe1 #cej  ,montclair1 #dij         
,montefiore1 #cea  ,monteith 7syn4 of   
,york ,madeira71 #ebi  ,montisella1 #dij
  ,montour1 #dij  ,montreal1 #dij       
,moore1 ,captain ,john ,b41 var4 orig4  
by1 #bhf1 #cec1 #def1 #dfe  ,moore1     
,jacob1 life of1 #aib2   var4 orig4 by1 
#aib1 #bcg1 #bda1 #bgd1 #ddh1 #dff1     
#ead1 #ebd  ,moore1 ,rev4 ,archer1 var4 
orig4 by1 #bji1 #dej  ,moore ,early1    
#cec  ,moore's ,diamond 7syn4 of        
,diamond71 #bcf  ,moore's ,no4 #ca 7syn4
 of ,hayes71 #bhf  ,morin1 #dij         
,morneberg1 ,j4 ,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfa
  ,morrell1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #dij   
,morrell ,seedling1 #dij  ,morse1 #dia  

,morton1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #ce  ,mosher1 
,s41 mentioned1 #bjf  ,mottier1 ,john   
,e41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebc  ,mottier 7syn4
 of ,purple ,marion71 #ejd  ,mottled1   
#dia  ,mountain1 #dia  ,mountain grape  
7syn4 of ,v4 berlandieri71 #acj         
,mountain grape 7syn4 of ,v4 monticola71
 #aaf  ,mountain grape of ,texas 7syn4  
of ,v4 rupestris71 #aac  ,mount         
,lebanon1 #dia  ,moyer1 #ced  ,moyer's  
,early ,red 7syn4 of ,moyer71 #ced      
,mrs4 ,mc,lure1 #dia  ,mrs4 ,munson1    
#dia  ,mrs4 ,stayman1 #dia  ,muench1    
#dia  ,muench1 ,f41 var4 orig4 by1 #cgf1
 #dga1 #eaa1 #eba  ,multiple1 #dia      
,muncie1 #dia  ,muncy 7syn4 of          
,catawba71 #bjd  ,muncy ,black1 #dia    
,muncy ,pale ,red 7syn4 of ,catawba71   
#bjd  ,munier1 #dia  ,munson1 #dib      
,munson1 ,thomas ,volney1 cited1 #aje1  
#ajf1 #aad1    #aah1 #abd1 #abh1 #acd1  
#adc1 #adi1 #bcc1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bhg1     
#bij1 #cca2   life of1 #abb2   quoted1  
#abb1 #abf1 #baf2   var4 orig4 by1 #abb1
 #afi1 #agj1 #agf1 #agi1 #aha1    #aid1 

#bjb1 #baf1 #bei1 #bga1 #bhj1 #bhg1     
#bif1 #cae1 #ccg1    #che1 #cic1 #cid1  
#dba1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #dce1 #dcf1 #dcg1     
#dch1    #dci1 #ddj1 #dda1 #ddb1 #ddc1  
#dde1 #ddh1 #ddi1 #dej1 #dea1    #deb1  
#dec1 #ded1 #def1 #deg1 #deh1 #dei1     
#dfj1 #dfc1 #dfd1    #dfe1 #dgj1 #dga1  
#dgd1 #dge1 #dgf1 #dgg1 #dgh1 #dgi1     
#dhj1    #dha1 #dhb1 #dhd1 #dhe1 #dhf1  
#dhg1 #dhh1 #dhi1 #dij1 #dia1    #dib1  
#dic1 #did1 #die1 #dif1 #dig1 #dih1     
#ejj1 #eja1 #ejb1    #ejc1 #ejd1 #eje1  
#ejh1 #eji1 #eaj1 #eaa1 #eab1 #eac1     
#ead1    #eae1 #eaf1 #eag1 #eah1 #eai1  
#ebj1 #eba1 #ebb1 #ebe1 #ebf1 #ebh2     
work on ,vitis by1 #aja  ,munson1 ,w4   
,k41 var4 found by1 #cbd  ,munson's ,no4
 #ac 7syn4 of ,striped ,ruby71 #eae     
,munson's ,no4 #ba 7syn4 of ,bell71 #aha
  ,munson ,no4 #bb 7syn4 of ,gold       
,dust71 #dfc  ,munson's ,no4 #bi 7syn4  
of ,old ,gold71 #die  ,munson's ,no4 #cc
 7syn4 of ,red ,bird71 #eje  ,munson    
,no4 #de 7syn4 of ,linelvi71 #dhj       
,munson ,no4 #dg 7syn4 of ,red ,eagle71 

#che  ,munson's ,no4 #gf 7syn4 of ,fern 
,munson71 #bga  ,munson ,no4 #ha 7syn4  
of ,jaeger71 #cad  ,munson's ,no4 #ajg  
7syn4 of ,multiple71 #dia  ,munson's    
,no4 #aaa 7syn4 of ,sweetey71 #eae      
,munson's ,no4 #acj 7syn4 of ,texas     
,highland71 #eaf  ,munson's ,no4 #aha   
7syn4 of ,texas71 #eaf  ,munson's       
,riparia 7syn4 of ,v4 longii            
microsperma71 #abc  ,munson's ,riparia  
7syn4 of ,v4 longii71 #abc  ,murdock1   
#dib  ,murdock1 ,judge1 var4 orig4 by1  
#dib  ,murry1 ,william1 mentioned1 #bjf 
,muscadine ,superior1 #dib  ,muscadine  
7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji        
,muscadine 7syn4 of ,scuppernong71 #cii 
,muscadine grape 7syn4 of ,v4           
rotundifolia71 #ajh  ,muscat1 #dib      
,muscat ,catawba1 #dib  ,muscat         
,hamburg1 #cef  ,musky1 defined1 #d     
,mustang 7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71    
#aji  ,mustang grape 7syn4 of ,v4       
candicans71 #adg  ,mustang grape of     
,chapman 7syn4 of ,v4 munsoniana71 #aab 
,mylitta1 #dib   ,nahab1 #dib  ,naomi1  

#ceg  ,nashua1 #dib  ,native grape1 #ci1
 #da1 #db1 #dc2   described by ,prince1 
#di2   evolution of1 #cf2   habitat of1 
#bg2   means of distribution of1 #bg2   
value of1 #cf  ,naumkeag1 #dib  ,nazro1 
#dib  ,nazro1 ,henry1 var4 orig4 by1    
#dib  ,neal grape 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 
#bhh  ,nebraska1 #dib  ,nectar1 #ceh    
,neff1 #dib  ,neff1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1
 #dib  ,neil grape 7syn4 of ,herbemont71
 #bhh  ,nell1 #dib  ,nelson1 #dib       
,nelson1 ,roger1 var4 orig4 by1 #dib    
,neosho1 #dib  ,neponset1 #dic          
,nerluton1 #dic  ,neva 7syn4 of ,neva   
,munson71 #dic  ,neva ,munson1 #dic     
,neverfail1 #dic  ,newark1 #dic  ,new   
,buda1 #dic  ,newburgh1 #dic  ,newburgh 
,muscat1 #dic  ,new ,england1 grapes in1
 #ab1 #ac1 #cd1 #ce2   wine in1 #ac     
,new ,hanover 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg 
,new ,haven1 #dic  ,new ,haven ,red     
7syn4 of ,new ,haven71 #dic  ,new       
,jersey1 grapes in1 #ec  ,newman1 #dic  
,newman1 ,c4 ,c41 cited1 #aaa1 #djj     
,new ,mary1 #dic  ,new ,netherland1     

grapes in1 #aa  ,newport1 #dic  ,newton1
 #dic  ,newtonia1 #did  ,new ,york1     
champagne in1 #fe2   grapes in1 #aj1    
#aa1 #ab1 #bc1 #bd1 #ec1 #ed2   grape   
districts of1 #gb et seq42   viticulture
 in1 #fh2   wine in1 #aa1 #ab  ,niagara1
 #cei  ,niagara district1 #gb2   acreage
 of1 #ib2   climate of1 #ic2   diseases 
in1 #id2   geology of1 #ib2   markets   
of1 #ic2   soil of1 #ic  ,nicholson1    
,james1 var4 orig4 by1 #dfh  ,nicolls1  
mentioned1 #aa  ,nimalba1 #did  ,nina1  
#did  ,ninekah1 #did  ,nizola1 #did     
,no4 #ic ,a 7syn4 of ,imperial71 #cjb   
,noah1 #cfb  ,nonantum1 #did            
,nonpareil1 #did  ,nora1 #did  ,norfolk1
 #cfd  ,norfolk ,muscat 7syn4 of        
,norfolk71 #cfd  ,norseman1 account of  
grapes by1 #bi  ,north ,america1 #did   
,north ,california grape 7syn4 of ,v4   
californica71 #ace  ,north ,carolina1   
#did  ,north ,carolina1 grapes in1 #ch1 
#ed  ,north ,carolina ,muscadine 7syn4  
of ,mary ,ann71 #dhe  ,north ,carolina  
,seedling 7syn4 ,north ,carolina71 #did 

,north ,carolina ,white1 #did  ,north   
,star1 #die  ,northern aestivalis 7syn4 
of ,v4 bicolor71 #ade  ,northern ,fox   
,grape 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej     
,northern ,light1 #did  ,northern       
,muscadine1 #cfe  ,northern ,muscat1    
#die  ,northern ,summer grape 7syn4 of  
,v4 bicolor71 #ade  ,norton1 #cff       
,norton 7syn4 of ,cynthiana71 #bbh      
,norton1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,n41 mentioned1 #cfg  
,norton1 ,e4 ,q41 quoted1 #bg  ,norton's
 ,seedling 7syn4 of ,norton71 #cff      
,norton ,virginia 7syn4 of ,cynthiana71 
#bbh  ,norton's ,virginia 7syn4 of      
,norton71 #cff  ,norton's ,virginia     
,seedling 7syn4 of ,cynthiana71 #bbh    
,norton's ,virginia ,seedling 7syn4 of  
,norton71 #cff  ,norwood1 #cfi  ,noyes1 
,dr41 mentioned1 #bae  ,nuttall1        
,thomas1 quoted1 #ef1 #eg2   life of    
#ih2   writings of1 #ih   ,obed1 #die   
,oberon1 #die  ,occidental1 #die        
,octavia1 #die  ,odart1 ,count1 quoted1 
#add  ,offer1 #die  ,ohio 7,i71 #cfi    
,ohio 7,,ii71 #cga  ,ohio 7syn4 of      

,lenoir71 #cbh  ,ohio1 grapes in1 #bb1  
#eb1 #ec1 #ed  ,ohio ,cigar ,box 7syn4  
of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,ohio ,claret1 #die  
,oklahoma1 grapes in1 #fa  ,oktaha1 #die
  ,old ,ford1 #die  ,old ,gold1 #die    
,oldhouse 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,old 
,house ,grape 7syn4 of ,harris71 #dff   
,old ,hundred1 #die  ,old ,world grape1 
#ai1 #bd2   failure in ,america1 #bi2   
habitat of1 #a   history of1 #a1 et seq4
  ,olita1 #die  ,olitatoo1 #dif         
,olmstead1 #dif  ,olympia1 #dif  ,omega1
 #dif  ,omega 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd  
,onderdonk1 #dif  ,onderdonk1 ,g41 var4 
orig4 by1 #dee  ,oneida1 #cga  ,oneovem1
 #dif  ,one ,seed1 #dif  ,onondaga1 #dif
  ,ontario1 #dif  ,ontario 7syn4 of     
,union ,village71 #dae  ,onyx1 #dif     
,opal1 #dif  ,oporto1 #cgb  ,oriental1  
#cgc  ,oriole1 #dig  ,orphan ,boy1 #dig 
,orwigsburg1 #dig  ,osage1 #dig         
,osceola1 #dig  ,osee1 #dig  ,oskaloosa1
 #dig  ,osmond1 #dig  ,oswego1 #dig     
,othello1 #cgd  ,otoe1 #dig  ,ouachita1 
#dih  ,owego1 #dih  ,owens ,white1 #dih 

,owens1 ,wm41 var4 orig4 by1 #dih       
,owosso1 #dih  ,ozark1 #cgf  ,ozark     
,seedling1 #dih   ,pacific region1 #ei2 
development of1 #fj1 #fa  ,pagan1 #dih  
,paign's ,isabella 7syn4 of ,isabella71 
#cjg  ,pale1 ,tennis1 mentioned1 #cd    
,pale ,wooded ,trollinger 7syn4 of      
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,palermo1 #dih  
,palmate grape 7syn4 of ,v4 rubra71 #abe
  ,palmate-leaved grape 7syn4 of ,v4    
rubra71 #abe  ,palmate-leaved vine 7syn4
 of ,v4 rubra71 #abe  ,palmated leaves  
7syn4 of ,v4 rubra71 #abe  ,palmer1 #dih
  ,palmetto1 #dih  ,palmetto-leaved     
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 simpsoni71 #adi      
,pamlico1 #dih  ,paradox1 #dih          
,paragon1 #dih1 #dii  ,parker 7syn4 of  
,ithaca71 #dgc  ,parker1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,j41  
cited1 #dca  ,parker ,rocky ,mountain   
,seedling1 #dii  ,parmentier1 ,m41      
mentioned1 #bc1 #bd  ,parry1 cited1 #acd
  ,pattison1 #dii  ,pauline1 #dii       
,paultne1 #dii  ,pawnee1 #dii  ,paxton1 
#dii  ,payne's ,early 7syn4 of          
,isabella71 #cjg  ,peabody1 #cgg        

,peake1 ,e4 ,m41 var4 found by1 #chd    
,pearl1 #dii  ,pearson1 ,a4 ,w41 cited1 
#cjf  ,pearson's ,ironclad 7syn4 of     
,ironclad71 #cjf  ,pedee1 #dii          
,peerless1 #ejj  ,peggy1 #ejj  ,pell1   
,g4 ,t41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejj  ,pell's   
,illinois1 #ejj  ,penn1 ,william1       
mentioned1 #aj  ,pennsylvania1 grapes   
in1 #ai1 #dd1 #ec1 #ed  ,peola1 #ejj    
,perfection1 #cgg  ,perfume1 #ejj       
,perkins1 #cgh  ,perkins1 ,jacob1 var4  
orig4 by1 #cgh  ,perry1 #ejj  ,peter    
,wylie1 #ejj  ,peter ,wylie ,no4 #a     
7syn4 of ,peter ,wylie71 #ejj  ,petit   
,noir 7syn4 of ,adelia71 #dcc  ,phelps1 
,j4 ,s41 var4 orig4 by1 #ddh  ,phinney1 
,elias1 var4 found by1 #dcg             
,phylloxera1 #e  ,phylloxera vastatrix  
7,see ,phylloxera7  ,pierce1 #ejj       
,pigeon grape 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71 
#ach  ,pine-wood grape 7syn4 of ,v4     
aestivalis lincecumii71 #adj  ,pioneer1 
#ejj  ,piper1 ,d4 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1   
#dge1 #eac  ,piqua1 #ejj  ,pittsburg    
,seedling1 #ejj  ,pizarro1 #ejj         

,planchette1 #eja  ,planchon1 ,jules    
,emile1 cited1 #ajf1 #abd1 #abf1 #aca2  
life of1 #abd  ,planet1 #eja  ,plant    
lice 7,see ,phylloxera7  ,plantagenet1  
,beauchamp1 quoted1 #cd  ,plasmopara    
viticola 7,see ,downy mildew7  ,pliny1  
cited1 #b  ,plum grape 7syn4 of ,v4     
labrusca71 #aej  ,plymouth1 #eja        
,plymouth ,white 7syn4 of ,plymouth71   
#eja  ,pocklington1 #cgi  ,pocklington1 
,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #chj1 #dee        
,pocohontas ,red1 #eja  ,poeschel       
,mammoth1 #eja  ,poeschel1 ,william1    
var4 orig4 by1 #dfa1 #eja  ,pollock1    
#eja  ,pollock1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1    
#eja  ,polychrosis viteana 7,see ,grape 
fruit worm7  ,pond1 ,samuel1 var4 orig4 
by1 #eja  ,pond's ,seedling1 #eja       
,ponroy1 #eja  ,pontotoc1 #eja  ,porup1 
#eja  ,possum grape 7syn4 of ,v4        
baileyana71 #abi  ,possum grape 7syn4 of
 ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg  ,post-oak grape 
7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis lincecumii71    
#eb1 #adj  ,post-oak ,no4 #a1 #eja      
,post-oak ,no4 #b1 #eja  ,post-oak ,no4 

#c1 #eja  ,potter1 #eja  ,potter's      
,early 7syn4 of ,potter71 #eja          
,potter's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,potter71  
#eja  ,potter's ,sweet 7syn4 of         
,potter71 #eja  ,poughkeepsie1 #cha     
,poughkeepsie ,red 7syn4 of             
,poughkeepsie71 #cha  ,powdery mildew1  
#hf  ,powell 7syn4 of ,bland71 #dda     
,prairie ,state1 #ejb  ,prentiss1 #chb  
,prentiss1 ,j4 ,w41 mentioned1 #hc2     
var4 orig4 by1 #chc  ,president1 #ejb   
,president ,lyon 7syn4 of ,presly71 #ejb
  ,presly1 #ejb  ,pres4 ,lyon 7syn4 of  
,lyon71 #dhc  ,primate1 #ejb  ,prince   
,edward 7syn4 of ,cunningham71 #bbg     
,prince ,nurseries1 #dh  ,prince1       
,william ,robert1 cited1 #aba2   life   
of1 #ba1 #bb2   quoted1 #eg1 #afa2      
writings of1 #bb  ,pringle1 ,c4 ,g41    
var4 orig4 by1 #bha1 #dfd1 #dgg1 #dhd1  
#ebj  ,professor ,brunk1 #ejb  ,prof4   
,curtis' grape 7syn4 of ,v4 cariba71    
#adf  ,professor ,gulley1 #ejb          
,professor ,hillgard1 #ejb  ,profitable1
 #ejb  ,profusion1 #ejb  ,progress1 #ejb

  ,prolific1 #ejc  ,prolific ,chicken   
,grape1 #ejc  ,provost1 ,paul ,h41      
mentioned1 #bcc  ,provost ,white1 #ejc  
,prunella1 #ejc  ,pukwana1 #ejc         
,pulaski1 #ejc  ,pulliat1 #ejc          
,pulliat1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejc      
,pulpless1 #ejc  ,pungo of ,n4 ,c4 7syn4
 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,purity1 #ejc       
,purple ,bloom1 #ejc  ,purple ,favorite1
 #ejc  ,purple ,favorite 7syn4 of ,blue 
,favorite71 #ddb  ,purple ,fox 7syn4 of 
,v4 labrusca71 #aej  ,purple ,hamburgh  
7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,purple
 ,hamburgh of ,troy 7syn4 of ,troy71    
#eah  ,purple ,marion1 #ejd  ,purple    
,urbana 7syn4 of ,logan71 #dha  ,pursh1 
cited1 #abh  ,putnam1 #ejd  ,putnam1 ,j4
 ,a41 var4 orig4 by #afd1 #ccc1 #dfg    
,quassaic1 #ejd  ,queen ,loretto 7syn4  
of ,loretto71 #dhb  ,queen of ,sheba1   
#ejd  ,quinnebang1 #ejd  ,quintina1 #ejd
   ,raabe1 #ejd  ,raabe1 ,peter1 var4   
orig4 by1 #ejd  ,raabe's ,honey 7syn4 of
 ,raabe71 #ejd  ,raabe's ,no4 #c 7syn4  
of ,raabe71 #ejd  ,raabe's seedlings1   

#ejd  ,raccoon grape 7syn4 of ,v4       
cordifolia71 #abg  ,rachel1 #ejd        
,racine1 #ejd  ,rafinesque1 ,constantine
 ,samuel1 book by1 #dg2   life of1 #ii2 
quoted1 #db1 #dg1 #aac2   works of1 #ii 
,ragan1 #ejd  ,raisin1 #ejd  ,raisin de 
cassis 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg        
,raisin de ,cote1 #eje  ,raisin du ,cap 
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,raisin      
,fraise 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg       
,raisin ,framboise 7syn4 of ,isabella71 
#cjg  ,raisins1 how made1 #fg  ,ramsey1 
#eje  ,randall1 #eje  ,randall 7syn4 of 
,agawam71 #aei  ,randall1 ,mr41 var4    
orig4 by1 #eje  ,raritan1 #eje          
,rautenberg1 ,f4 ,e4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1
 #dcd1 #ddj1    #ddf1 #ddh1 #dfg1 #dij1 
#eje1 #ejf  ,rautenberg's ,seedlings1   
#eje  ,ravenel1 ,h4 ,w41 cited1 #aad2   
mentioned1 #bjf  ,ravesies1 ,frederick1 
quoted1 #ba  ,ray's ,victoria 7syn4 of  
,victoria71 #ebj  ,read1 ,m4 ,a41 var4  
orig4 by1 #eje  ,read1 ,william ,h41    
var4 orig4 by1 #cbj1 #cee1 #daf1 #dhj   
,read ,seedling1 #eje  ,read's ,hybrid  

7syn4 of ,lincoln71 #dhj  ,reagan 7syn4 
of ,ragan71 #ejd  ,rebecca1 #chc  ,red  
,bird1 #eje  ,red ,bland 7syn4 of       
,bland71 #dda  ,red ,eagle1 #che  ,red  
,elben 7syn4 of ,louisiana71 #cca  ,red 
,elben 7syn4 of ,rulander71 #ejh  ,red  
,fox 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej  ,red 
,giant1 #eje  ,red grape 7syn4 of ,v4   
rubra71 #abe  ,red ,hamburgh 7syn4 of   
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,red ,jacket1   
#eje  ,red ,juice1 #eje  ,red ,leaf1    
#eje  ,red ,lenoir 7syn4 of ,pauline71  
#dii  ,red ,muncy 7syn4 of ,catawba71   
#bjd  ,red ,riesling1 #eje  ,red        
,riesling 7syn4 of ,delaware71 #bca     
,red ,river 7syn4 of ,cynthiana71 #bbh  
,red ,rover1 #eje  ,red ,scuppernong    
7syn4 of ,bland71 #dda  ,red ,sheperd1  
#ejf  ,red ,sweet ,water1 #ejf  ,regal1 
#chf  ,regina1 #ejf  ,regions of grape  
growing1 #ei  ,reichenbach1 ,john1 var4 
orig4 by1 #dfa1 #dfb  ,reinecke1 #ejf   
,reinike1 #ejf  ,reisinger1 ,andrew1    
mentioned1 #ed1 #hc2   var4 orig4 by1   
#ddh  ,reliance1 #ejf  ,rentz1 #ejf     

,rentz1 ,sebastian1 var4 orig4 by1 #ejf 
,rentz ,seedling 7syn4 of ,rentz71 #ejf 
,requa1 #chg  ,rhenish1 #ejf  ,rhode    
,island1 grapes in1 #ac  ,riatz 7syn4 of
 ,rentz71 #ejf  ,rice1 ,a4 ,f41 var4    
orig4 by #djg1 #dhd1 #ejb  ,richards1   
,paul1 mentioned1 #aa1 #ab  ,richmond1  
#ejf  ,richmond ,villa ,hamburgh 7syn4  
of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,ricketts1   
,james ,h41 life of1 #cah1 #cai2        
quoted1 #bfi2   var4 orig4 by1 #aeh1    
#afi1 #age1 #bdb1 #bdc1 #beg1 #bfb1     
#bfi1    #bih1 #cjb1 #cah1 #cai1 #cbg1  
#ceg1 #cgg1 #djb1 #dcc1 #dcd1 #dce1     
#dee1 #dfb1 #dfd1 #dgh1 #dic1 #ejj1     
#eja1 #ejd1 #eje1 #ejh1 #eai1 #ebb      
,ricketts' ,delaware ,seedling ,no4 #a  
7syn4 of ,raritan71 #eje  ,ricketts'    
,delaware ,seedling ,no4 #b 7syn4 of    
,putnam71 #ejd  ,ricketts' ,no4 #a 7syn4
 of ,downing71 #bdb  ,ricketts' ,no4 #cg
 7syn4 of ,highland71 #big  ,riehl1 ,e4 
,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #bee1 #ejf  ,riehl's
 ,new ,early ,grape 7syn4 of ,eclipse71 
#bed  ,riehl's ,no4 #aj 7syn4 of        

,eclipse71 #bed  ,riehl's ,seedlings1   
#ejf  ,riesenblatt1 #ejf  ,riesling     
7syn4 of ,missouri ,riesling71 #cdi     
,riverbank 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag  
,river grape 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag
  ,riverside grape 7syn4 of ,v4         
riparia71 #aag  ,roanoke 7syn4 of       
,scuppernong71 #cii  ,roanoke ,red1 #ejf
  ,robert ,wylie1 #ejf  ,robeson1 #ejg  
,robeson1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejg     
,robeson ,seedling1 #ejg  ,robinson     
,unnamed ,seedling1 #ejg  ,robusta1 #ejg
  ,rochester1 #chh  ,rock grape 7syn4 of
 ,v4 rupestris71 #aac  ,rock ,house     
,indian 7syn4 of ,waterloo71 #eba       
,rockingham1 #ejg  ,rockland ,favorite1 
#ejg  ,rockwood1 #chi  ,roe1 ,e4 ,p41   
var4 orig4 by1 #ead  ,roenbeck1 #ejg    
,roenbeck1 ,fred1 var4 orig4 by1 #dci1  
#ddj1 #dfb1 #dgh  ,rogers1 ,a4 ,d41     
quoted1 #cib  ,rogers1 ,edward          
,staniford1 life of1 #cij2   var4 orig4 
by1 #aeh1 #agj1 #agh1 #bfc1 #bgc1 #bgf1 
#bib1    #ccj1 #cdc1 #cdf1 #chg1 #cij1  
#cig1 #dbd1 #ejg1 #ejh  ,rogers'        

,hybrids discussed1 #cij  ,rogers' ,no4 
#a 7syn4 of ,goethe71 #bgf  ,rogers'    
,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,massasoit71 #cdc      
,rogers' ,no4 #d 7syn4 of ,wilder71 #dbc
  ,rogers' ,no4 #e1 #ejg  ,rogers' ,no4 
#i 7syn4 of ,lindley71 #cbi  ,rogers'   
,no4 #ac1 #ejg  ,rogers' ,no4 #ad 7syn4 
of ,gaertner71 #bgb  ,rogers' ,no4 #ae  
7syn4 of ,agawam71 #aei  ,rogers' ,no4  
#ai 7syn4 of ,merrimac71 #cde  ,rogers' 
,no4 #bb 7syn4 of ,salem71 #cig         
,rogers' ,no4 #bd1 #ejg  ,rogers' ,no4  
#bh 7syn4 of ,requa71 #chg  ,rogers'    
,no4 #cb1 #ejh  ,rogers' ,no4 #ci 7syn4 
of ,aminia71 #agj  ,rogers' ,no4 #da    
7syn4 of ,essex71 #bfc  ,rogers' ,no4   
#dc 7syn4 of ,barry71 #agh  ,rogers'    
,no4 #dd 7syn4 of ,herbert71 #bia       
,rogers' ,no4 #ec 7syn4 of ,salem71 #cig
  ,rombrill1 #ejh  ,rommel1 #cic        
,rommel1 ,jacob1 life of1 #ceb2   var4  
orig4 by1 #ahj1 #bfj1 #bfe1 #bgj1 #ceb1 
#dcd1    #ddj1 #dda1 #dec1 #def1 #dgj1  
#dge1 #dii1 #eah1 #ebc1 #ebe  ,rommel's 
,amber 7syn4 of ,amber71 #dcd  ,rommel's

 ,etta 7syn4 of ,etta71 #bfe  ,rommel's 
,no4 #c 7syn4 of ,etta71 #bfe  ,rommel's
 ,no4 #ai 7syn4 of ,black ,taylor71 #dda
  ,rommel's ,taylor ,seedling ,no4 #aj  
7syn4 of ,pearl71 #dii  ,rommel's       
,taylor ,seedling ,no4 #ad 7syn4 of     
,montefiore71 #cea  ,root worm 7,see    
,fidia7  ,rosalie1 #ejh  ,roscoe1 #ejh  
,rose1 #ejh  ,rose1 ,alfred1 var4 orig4 
by1 #afg  ,rose1 ,henry1 mentioned1 #hd 
,rose1 ,reuben1 var4 orig4 by1 #dge     
,rose ,colored ,delaware 7syn4 of       
,delaware71 #bca  ,rose ,grape 7syn4 of 
,bland71 #dda  ,rose of ,tennessee 7syn4
 of ,catawba71 #bjd  ,roslyn1 #ejh      
,roswither1 #ejh  ,rot 7,see ,black-rot7
  ,rothrock of ,prince 7syn4 of         
,alexander71 #afj  ,royal ,isabella     
7syn4 of ,pierce71 #ejj  ,ruby1 #ejh    
,ruckland1 #ejh  ,ruff 7syn4 of         
,delaware71 #bca  ,rulander1 #ejh       
,rulander 7syn4 of ,louisiana71 #cca    
,rupel1 #eji  ,rupert1 #eji  ,rustler1  
#eji  ,rusty ,coat1 #eji  ,rutland1 #eji
  ,r4 ,w4 ,munson1 #cid  ,ryckman1 ,g4  

,e41 cited1 #gh   ,saccharissa 7syn4 of 
,la ,crissa71 #dgg  ,sacks of ,wine     
7syn4 of ,harwood71 #dfg  ,sacksteder1  
,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #dge1 #dgg1 #dgh    
,sacrissa 7syn4 of ,la ,crissa71 #dgg   
,sage1 #cie  ,sage1 ,henry ,e41 var4    
found by1 #cie  ,saginaw1 #eji  ,st4    
,albans1 #eji  ,st4 ,augustine1 #eji    
,st4 ,catherine1 #eji  ,st4 ,genevieve  
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,st4 ,genevieve
 7syn4 of ,louisiana71 #cca  ,st4       
,genevieve 7syn4 of ,rulander71 #ejh    
,st4 ,hilaire1 #eji  ,st4 ,john1 #eji   
,st4 ,louis1 #cif  ,sainte-,helene 7syn4
 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,salabra1 #eaj    
,salado1 #eaj  ,salem1 #cig  ,salisbury1
 ,e4 ,s41 var4 orig4 by1 #eaf           
,salisbury ,violet 7syn4 of ,black      
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,sally1 #eaj  ,salt    
,creek1 #eaj  ,saluda1 #eaj  ,saluda    
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,salzer      
,earliest1 #eaj  ,salzer1 ,john ,a41    
var4 orig4 by1 #eaj  ,samuels1 #eaj     
,samuels1 ,m4 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebj  
,sanalba1 #eaj  ,sanborn1 ,jos4 ,n41    

var4 orig4 by1 #dgg  ,sanbornton1 #eaj  
,sanbornton 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg   
,sanborton 7syn4 of ,sanbornton71 #eaj  
,sand-beach grape 7syn4 of ,v4          
rupestris71 #aac  ,sand grape 7syn4 of  
,v4 longii71 #abc  ,sand grape 7syn4 of 
,v4 rupestris71 #aac  ,san ,jacinto1    
#eaj  ,sanmelaska1 #eaj  ,sanmonta1 #eaj
  ,sanrubra1 #eaj  ,santa ,clara1 #eaa  
,saratoga 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd      
,saratoga 7syn4 of ,fancher71 #dfj      
,saunders1 ,dr4 ,william1 var4 orig4 by1
 #cbc1 #deh  ,saxe ,white ,seedling1    
#eaa  ,saxe1 ,w4 ,h41 var4 orig4 by1    
#eaa  ,schenck ,white1 #eaa  ,schiller1 
#eaa  ,schmitz ,seedling1 #eaa  ,scholl1
 ,mrs41 mentioned1 #bje  ,schoonemunk1  
#eaa  ,schraidt1 ,casper1 var4 orig4 by1
 #aij  ,schraidt's ,seedling 7syn4 of   
,black ,pearl71 #ahi  ,schroeder1 ,dr4  
,h41 var4 orig4 by1 #dcg  ,schuylkill   
7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg  ,schuylkill  
7syn4 of ,orwigsburg71 #dig  ,schuylkill
 ,muscadel 7syn4 of ,alexander71 #afj   
,schuylkill ,muscadell 7syn4 of         

,alexander71 #ej  ,schuylkill ,muscadine
 7syn4 of ,alexander71 #afj             
,schwarzeblauer ,trollinger 7syn4 of    
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,schwarzer      
,gutedel 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf
  ,schwarzwelscher 7syn4 of ,black      
,hamburg71 #ahf  ,scott1 #eaa  ,scott   
7syn4 of ,ironclad71 #cjf  ,scott1      
,colonel1 mentioned1 #cjf  ,scott1 ,gen4
 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1 #eaa             
,scuppernong1 #cii  ,scuppernong 7syn4  
of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji              
,scuppernong1 origin of the word1 #ea   
,secretary1 #djb  ,secunda1 #eaa        
,seedlin1 #eaa  ,seedling ,no4 #ejb     
7syn4 of ,paradox71 #dih  ,seeds1       
taxonomic value of1 #ajc  ,seelye1 ,c4  
,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #eje  ,segar ,box   
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,segar ,box    
7syn4 of ,ohio 7,i771 #cgj  ,segessman1 
,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #eaa                
,self-fertility1 #ajd1 #aje             
,self-sterility1 #ajd1 #aje  ,selma1    
#eaa  ,senasqua1 #djc  ,seneca1 #eaa    
,septimia1 #eab  ,seward1 #eab  ,sex1   

taxonomic value of1 #ajd  ,shaker 7syn4 
of ,union ,village71 #dae  ,shala1 #eab 
,sharon1 #eab  ,sharon 7syn4 of         
,cayuga71 #bjh  ,sharp ,beak1 #eab      
,shelby1 #djd  ,shelley1 ,daniel1 var4  
orig4 by1 #eab  ,shelley ,seedling1 #eab
  ,shephard1 ,orlando1 mentioned1 #hc   
,shepherd1 ,mr41 mentioned1 #cdj        
,shepherd's ,port ,wine 7syn4 of ,york  
,madeira71 #ebi  ,sheppard1 ,j1 ,n41    
var4 orig4 by1 #eab  ,sheppard          
,delaware1 #eab  ,sheppard1 #eab        
,sherman1 #eab  ,sherry 7syn4 of        
,devereaux71 #bce  ,sherry of the ,south
 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,sheruah1 #eab
  ,shirland1 ,w4 ,w41 mentioned1 #hc    
,short1 ,miss ,r4 ,r41 var4 orig4 by1   
#ebd  ,shull1 ,j41 var4 orig4 by1 #eab  
,shull ,no4 #b1 #eab  ,shurtleff1 ,dr4  
,s4 ,a41 var4 orig4 by1 #eab  ,shurtleff
 ,seedling1 #eab  ,shuttleworth1        
mentioned1 #adh  ,siglar1 #eac          
,silkyfine1 #eac  ,silvain1 #eac        
,silver ,dawn1 #eac  ,simpson1 ,j4 ,h41 
mentioned1 #aac  ,simpson1 ,r41 var4    

orig4 by1 #eaa  ,simpson's grape 7syn4  
of ,v4 simpsoni71 #adh  ,sinawissa1 #eac
  ,singleton 7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd   
,skunk grape 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71    
#aej  ,skunnymunk 7syn4 of              
,schoonemunk71 #eaa  ,skuppernong 7syn4 
of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji  ,sloe1 #eac 
,sluyter1 ,peter1 quoted1 #aj  ,small   
,german 7syn4 of ,york ,madeira71 #ebi  
,small grape 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71  
#ach  ,small ,leaf1 #eac  ,smart's      
,elsingborough 7syn4 of ,elsingburgh71  
#beg  ,smart's ,elsingburgh 7syn4 of    
,elsingburgh71 #beg  ,smallwood1 #eac   
,smallwood1 ,e41 var4 orig4 by1 #eac    
,smith1 ,captain ,john1 quoted1 #ca1 #cb
  ,smith1 ,s4 ,v41 var4 orig4 by1 #eab  
,smooth ,canyon ,grape 7syn4 of ,v4     
treleasei71 #abb  ,snelter1 #eac        
,snelter1 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1 #dci1 #eac
  ,snow1 ,seward1 var4 orig4 by1 #cef   
,snowflake1 #eac  ,solander ,large      
,purple1 #eac  ,solrupo1 #eac           
,somerville1 #eac  ,sophia1 #eac        
,souland1 #ead  ,sour grape 7syn4 of ,v4

 aestivalis71 #ach  ,sour or ,pungent   
,winter grape 7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 
#abg  ,sour ,winter grape 7syn4 of ,v4  
cordifolia71 #abg  ,south ,california   
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 girdiana71 #acf      
,south ,carolina1 #ead  ,south          
,carolina1 grapes in1 #ed  ,southern    
,aestivalis 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis     
bourquiniana71 #adb  ,southern          
,champion1 #ead  ,southern ,fox grape   
7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji        
,southern region1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa         
,spangler1 ,a4 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #dfa 
,spaniards1 ,american grape culture by1 
#f  ,spanish grape 7syn4 of ,v4         
berlandieri71 #acj  ,species1 blooming  
order of1 #ajc2   botanical key to1     
#ajg1 #ajh2   compared by ,bartram1 #ih2
   conspectus of1 #ajg1 #ajh2           
resistance to ,phylloxera1 #e2   seed   
characters of1 #ajc  ,spencer1 #ead     
,spencer1 ,henry ,b41 var4 orig4 by1    
#dcd1 #deh1 #eji  ,sphaceloma ampelinum 
7,see ,anthracnose7  ,spinosa1 #ead     
,spofford1 ,dr41 var4 orig4 by1 #daa    

,spofford ,seedling 7syn4 of            
,to-,kalon71 #daj  ,spotswood1          
,alexander1 mentioned1 #h  ,spotted     
,globe1 #ead  ,springfield1 #ead        
,spring ,mill ,constantia 7syn4 of      
,alexander71 #afj  ,springstein 7syn4 of
 ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,stayman1 ,dr4 ,j41    
life of1 #dbb2   quoted1 #aee1 #dbb2    
var4 orig4 by1 #ahi1 #bcj1 #bfh1 #ccg1  
#cgf1 #cgh1    #dbb1 #dbc1 #ddf1 #dej1  
#deb1 #dfj1 #dhf1 #dia1 #dig1 #dii1     
#ejc1 #eac1 #ebc  ,stace1 ,s41 var4     
orig4 by1 #ead  ,stace ,white1 #ead     
,standard1 #dje  ,staples1 ,isaac1 var4 
orig4 by1 #dff  ,stark-,star1 #djf      
,steele1 ,paphro1 var4 found by1 #bhe   
,steele's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,hartford71
 #bhd  ,stelton1 #ead  ,sterling1 #ead  
,stetson1 ,amos ,w41 var4 orig4 by1     
#ddd1 #ead  ,stetson1 ,nahum1 var4 orig4
 by1 #dea  ,stetson ,no4 #a 7syn4 of    
,cabot71 #ddd  ,stetson's ,seedling ,no4
 #d 7syn4 of ,curtis71 #dea  ,stetson's 
,seedlings1 #ead  ,stewart1 ,philemon1  
mentioned1 #cfe  ,stewart1 ,p41 var4    

orig4 by1 #dge1 #eae  ,stinger1 ,b4 ,f41
 var4 orig4 by1 #dcc  ,stock1 #aab1     
#aad1 #aba1 #adh  ,stone1 ,j4 ,i41      
mentioned1 #baj  ,storm ,king1 #ead     
,strachey1 ,william1 quoted1 #cb        
,stratton1 ,benjamin1 var4 orig4 by1    
#dfg  ,strawberry1 #eae  ,striped ,ruby1
 #eae  ,success1 #eae  ,sugar ,grape1   
#eae  ,sugar grape 7syn4 of ,v4         
rupestris71 #aac  ,summer grape 7syn4 of
 ,v4 aestivalis71 #ach  ,summer grape   
7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis lincecumii71    
#ada  ,summer ,white1 #eae  ,sumner1    
#eae  ,sumpter 7syn4 of ,devereaux71    
#bce  ,sumpter 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  
,sunrise1 #eae  ,superb1 #djg           
,superior1 #eae  ,supreme1 #eae  ,swamp 
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71 #ach    
,swatara1 #eae  ,swedes1 ,american grape
 culture by1 #aj  ,sweet ,mountain grape
 7syn4 of ,v4 monticola71 #aaf  ,sweet  
scented 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag     
,sweet scented grape 7syn4 of ,v4       
riparia71 #aag  ,sweet ,winter grape    
7syn4 of ,v4 cinerea71 #aca  ,sweetey1  

#eae   ,taft1 #eae  ,talala1 #eaf       
,talequah1 #eaf  ,tallman 7syn4 of      
,champion71 #baj  ,tallman's ,seedling  
7syn4 of ,champion71 #baj  ,tamala1 #eaf
  ,tasker1 ,mr41 mentioned1 #ej1 #afa   
,tasker's grape 7syn4 of ,alexander71   
#afj  ,tatnall1 ,edward1 var4 orig4 by1 
#dgj  ,taylor1 #djh  ,taylor1 ,a41 var4 
orig4 by1 #ddc  ,taylor1 ,judge ,john1  
mentioned1 #dji  ,taylor ,bullit 7syn4  
of ,taylor71 #djh  ,taylor's ,seedling  
,no4 #ad 7syn of ,montefiore71 #cea     
,tekoma1 #eaf  ,tekomah 7syn4 of        
,catawba71 #bjd  ,telegraph1 #dji       
,tenderpulp1 #eaf  ,ten-,dollar-,prize1 
#eaf  ,tendrils1 continuous1 #ajb2      
intermittent1 #ajb2   taxonomic value   
of1 #ajb  ,tennessee1 #eaf  ,tennessee1 
grapes in1 #ed  ,tennessee ,island1 #eaf
  ,texas1 #eaf  ,texas ,highland1 #eaf  
,texas ,panhandle ,large ,grape 7syn4 of
 ,v4 doaniana71 #acg  ,texas ,post-oak  
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis           
lincecumii71 #ada  ,thacher1 ,h41 var4  
orig4 by1 #cgb  ,the ,beautiful 7syn4 of

 ,to-,kalon71 #daj  ,the ,black 7syn4 of
 ,ohio 7,i771 #cfi  ,themis1 #eaf       
,theodosia1 #eaf  ,theophile1 #eag      
,thomas1 #eag  ,thomas1 ,drury1 var4    
found by1 #eag  ,thompson1 ,abram1      
mentioned1 #bcb  ,thompson1 ,david1 var4
 orig4 by1 #dfj1 #eag  ,thompson1 ,mr41 
var4 orig4 by1 #eag  ,thompson1 ,r4 ,o41
 var4 orig4 by1 #eag  ,thompson1 ,w41   
var4 orig4 by1 #ead  ,thompson ,red     
,seedling1 #eag  ,thompson's ,seedlings1
 #eag  ,thompson ,wine1 #eag  ,thorne1  
,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #bfg  ,thurmond    
7syn4 of ,devereaux71 #bce  ,thurmond   
7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,thurlow1      
,thomas ,c41 var4 orig4 by1 #dei        
,tinker1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,l41 var4 orig4 by1   
#did  ,tishomingo1 #eag  ,togni1 #eag   
,to-,kalon1 #daj  ,tokay 7syn4 of       
,catawba71 #bjd  ,tolman 7syn4 of       
,champion71 #baj  ,tolman's ,seedling   
7syn4 of ,champion71 #baj  ,tonkawa1    
#eah  ,tournefort1 ,joseph ,pitton de1  
life of1 #ie2   mentioned1 #aah         
,traminer 7syn4 of ,delaware71 #bca     

,transparent1 #eah  ,trask1 #eah  ,trask
 7syn4 of ,brighton71 #aia  ,trask1     
,jas4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejg          
,triumph1 #daa  ,triumphant1 #eah       
,troller 7syn4 ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf   
,trollinger1 #eah  ,trollinger 7syn4 of 
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,trowbridge1    
#eah  ,troy1 #eah  ,troy ,hamburg 7syn4 
of ,troy71 #eah  ,true ,frost grape     
7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg  ,tryon  
7syn4 of ,york ,madeira71 #ebi  ,tryone1
 #eah  ,tucker1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1    
#dgc  ,tucker's ,parker 7syn4 of        
,ithaca71 #dgc  ,tuckerman1 #eah        
,tuckerman1 ,j4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1     
#ddb1 #eaa1 #eah  ,tuley 7syn4 of       
,devereaux71 #bce  ,turkey grape 7syn4  
of ,v4 aestivalis lincecumii71 #ada     
,tuskahoma1 #eah  ,two-colored-leaved   
vine 7syn4 of ,v4 bicolor71 #add        
,typhlocyba comes 7,see ,grape          
leaf-hopper7  ,tyrker1 mentioned1 #cj   
,u4 ,b41 #eah  ,uhland1 #eah  ,uller    
,mammoth1 #eah  ,ulrey1 #eai  ,ulster1  
#dad  ,ulster ,prolific 7syn4 of        

,ulster71 #dad  ,una1 #eai  ,uncinula   
necator 7,see ,powdery mildew7          
,underhill1 #eai  ,underhill1 ,dr4 ,a4  
,k41 var4 orig4 by1 #eai  ,underhill1   
,robert1 life of1 #bbf2   mentioned1    
#bc1 #bd  ,underhill1 ,r4 ,t41 life of1 
#bbf2   mentioned1 #bd  ,underhill1     
,stephen ,w41 life of1 #bf2   var4 orig4
 by1 #ahd1 #ahe1 #bbf1 #djd1 #dgc       
,underhill1 ,william ,a41 life of1 #bbf2
   mentioned1 #bd  ,underhill's         
,celestial 7syn4 of ,underhill71 #eai   
,underhill's seedling 7syn4 of          
,underhill71 #eai  ,underhill's #h-h    
,hybrid 7syn4 of ,black ,defiance71 #ahd
  ,underhill's #h-ab 7syn4 of ,black    
,eagle71 #ahe  ,undine1 #eai  ,union    
village1 #dae  ,universal1 #eai  ,uno   
7syn4 of ,juno71 #dge  ,urbana1 #eai    
,urbana 7syn4 of ,logan71 #dha  ,ursula1
 #eai  ,uva ,fragola 7syn4 of           
,isabella71 #cjg   ,vahl1 ,martin1      
cited1 #abf2   life of1 #abe  ,valencia1
 #eai  ,valentine1 #eai  ,valentines    
7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf         

,valhallah1 #eai  ,valiant1 ,w41 var4   
orig4 by1 #ebd  ,valk1 ,dr4 ,william    
,w41 mentioned1 #ef2   var4 orig4 by1   
#dcc  ,valk's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,ada71 
#dcc  ,valle1 ,john1 var4 orig4 by1     
#dfd1 #dic  ,valle's ,white ,concord    
7syn4 of ,golden ,concord71 #dfd        
,valley grape 7syn4 of ,v4 girdiana71   
#acf  ,valverde1 #eai  ,van,deman1 #eai 
,van ,deman1 ,h4 ,e41 quoted1 #cga      
,vanderburgh1 #eai  ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 
var4 orig4 by1 #cae  ,van ,wormer1 ,e4  
,l41 var4 found by1 #bja  ,variable     
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej      
,venango1 #ebj  ,vergennes1 #daf        
,vergil1 quoted1 #b1 #c1 #cjc  ,vermont1
 #ebj  ,vermont ,giant1 #ebj  ,vermorel1
 #ebj  ,vernet 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg
  ,vesta1 #ebj  ,vevay 7syn4 of         
,alexander71 #afj  ,viala1 #ebj  ,viala1
 ,p41 cited1 #bbi  ,vialla1 #ebj        
,vibert1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #ejc       
,victoria1 #dah1 #ebj  ,victoria 7syn4  
of ,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,villars1    
,charles1 cited1 #bj  ,vine and ,olive  

,colony1 #bj1 #ba  ,vine ,arbor1 #ebj   
,vine ,wood grape 7syn4 of ,v4          
aestivalis lincecumii71 #ada  ,vinita1  
#ebj  ,vinland1 #bi  ,vinrouge1 #ebj    
,virginia1 #eba  ,virginia1 grapes in1  
#h1 #ad1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #ch2   wine in1 
#h1 #dj  ,virginia ,amber 7syn4 of      
,catawba71 #bjd  ,virginia grape 7syn4  
of ,v4 rubra71 #abe  ,virginia          
,muscadell 7syn4 of ,bland71 #dda       
,virginia ,seedling 7syn4 of ,norton71  
#cff  ,viticulture of ,new ,york1 #fh   
,vitis1 characters of1 #bh              
classification of1 #ajg1 #ajh           
classified by ,rafinesque1 #ajj         
described by ,linnaeus1 #ie1 #if2     by
 ,marshall1 #if2     by ,michaux1 #ig2  
by ,nuttall1 #ih1 #ii2     by           
,tournefort1 #ie2     by ,walter1 #if1  
#ig   distribution of1 #bf   genus of1  
#ie   number of species of1 #ajf        
sexual status of1 #ajd  ,vitis          
acerifolia 7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71  
#aji   aestivalis1 #ajh1 #ach2     7syn4
 of ,v4 bicolor71 #add2     7syn4 of ,v4

 riparia71 #aag  ,vitis aestivalis      
bourquiniana1 #adb   lincecumii1 #adj   
var4 bicolor 7syn4 of ,v4 bicolor71 #ade
     canescens 7syn4 of ,v4 cinerea71   
#aca     canescens 7syn4 of ,v4 cinerea 
canescens71 #acc     cinerea 7syn4 of   
,v4 cinerea71 #aca     ,lincecumii 7syn4
 of ,v4 aestivalis lincecumii71 #ada    
monticola 7syn4 of ,v4 berlandieri71    
#acj   ,americana 7syn4 of ,v4          
aestivalis71 #ach   angulata 7syn4 of   
,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji   araneosus     
7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71 #ach          
,argentifolia 7syn4 of ,v4 bicolor71    
#add   ,arizonensis 7syn4 of ,v4        
arizonica71 #acc   arizonica1 #ajg1 #acc
   arizonica glabra1 #acd   ,arizonica  
var4 glabra 7syn4 of ,v4 arizonica      
glabra71 #acd   baileyana1 #ajg1 #abi   
berlandieri1 #ajg1 #acj   bicolor1 #ajh1
 #add   blanda 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71  
#aej   blandi 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71   
#aej   ,bourquina 7syn4 of ,v4          
aestivalis bourquiniana71 #adb          
,bourquiniana 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis   

bourquiniana71 #adb   bracteata 7syn4 of
 ,v4 aestivalis71 #ach   californica1   
#ajg1 #ace   ,californica 7syn4 of ,v4  
arizonica71 #acc     var4 ,girdiana     
7syn4 of ,v4 girdiana71 #acf   callosa  
7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag             
,canadensis aceris folio 7syn4 of ,v4   
riparia71 #aag   candicans1 #ajh1 #adg2 
as stock1 #adh     coriacea1 #adh       
,florida form 7syn4 of ,v4 candicans    
coriacea71 #adh   canina 7syn4 of ,v4   
labrusca71 #aej   cariba1 #ajh1 #adf    
,caribea 7syn4 of ,v4 candicans         
coriacea71 #adh   caribea var4 coriacea 
7syn4 of ,v4 candicans coriacea71 #adh  
champini1 #ajg1 #abd   cinerea1 #ajg1   
#aca     canescens1 #acc     floridana1 
#acc   var4 canescens 7syn4 of ,v4      
cinerea canescens71 #acc     ,floridana 
7syn4 of ,v4 cinerea floridana71 #acc   
cordifolia #ajg1 #abg2 7syn4 of ,v4     
riparia71 #aag     coriacea 7syn4 of ,v4
 berlandieri71 #acj     foetida1 #abh   
helleri1 #abi     sempervirens1 #abi    
cordifolia var4 7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia 

helleri71 #abi     foetida 7syn4 of ,v4 
cordifolia foetida71 #abh     ,helleri  
7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia helleri71 #abi  
riparia 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag     
sempervirens 7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia    
sempervirens71 #abi   coriacea 7syn4 of 
,v4 candicans coriacea71 #adh           
dimidiata 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag   
diversifolia 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis    
lincecumii71 #adj   doaniana1 #ajh1 #acg
   ferruginea 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71   
#aej   ,floridana 7syn4 of ,v4          
munsoniana71 #aab   ,floridana 7syn4 of 
,v4 rotundifolia71 #aji   girdiana1     
#ajh1 #acf   hyemalis 7syn4 of ,v4      
riparia71 #aag   ,illinoensis 7syn4 of  
,v4 riparia71 #aag   incisa 7syn4 of ,v4
 cordifolia71 #abg2     7syn4 of ,v4    
riparia71 #aag2     7syn4 of ,v4        
rotundifolia71 #ajh   incisifolia 7syn4 
of ,v4 aestivalis lincecumii71 #ada     
intermedia 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71    
#ach2     7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag   
labrusca1 #d1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #adi          
,labrusca 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71     

#ach2     7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg
   labrusca var4 aestivalis 7syn4 of ,v4
 aestivalis71 #ach   ,labrusca var4 alba
 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej     nigra 
7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej     rosea  
7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej            
labruscoides 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71    
#aej   latifolia 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71
 #aej   linsecomii 7syn4 of ,v4         
aestivalis lincecumii71 #adj   longii1  
#ajg1 #abc   longii microsperma1 #abc   
luteola 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej    
,missouriensis 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71   
#aag   monosperma 7syn4 of ,v4 rubra71  
#abe   monticola1 #ajg1 #aaf2     7syn4 
of ,v4 berlandieri71 #acj   multiloba   
7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis lincecumii71    
#adj   munsoniana1 #ajg1 #aab           
muscadina 7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71   
#ajh   ,mustangensis 7syn4 of ,v4       
candicans71 #adg   ,nortoni 7syn4 of ,v4
 aestivalis71 #ach2     7syn4 of        
,cynthiana71 #bbh   ,novo ,mexicana     
7syn4 of ,v4 longii71 #abc2     var4    
7syn4 of ,v4 longii microsperma71 #abc  

,nuevo ,mexicana 7syn4 of ,v4 longii71  
#abc   obovata 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71  
#aej   occidentalis 7syn4 of ,v4        
aestivalis71 #ach2     7syn4 of ,v4     
labrusca71 #aej   odoratissima 7syn4 of 
,v4 riparia71 #aag2     7syn4 of ,v4    
riparia prcox71 #aba   ,palmata 7syn4 of
 ,v4 rubra71 #abe   peltata 7syn4 of ,v4
 munsoniana71 #aab2     7syn4 of ,v4    
rotundifolia71 #aji   prolifera 7syn4 of
 ,v4 labrusca71 #aej   pullaria 7syn4 of
 ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg   riparia1 #ajg1 
#aag2     7syn4 of ,v4 arizonica71 #acc 
var4 palmata 7syn4 of ,v4 rubra71 #abe  
prcox1 #aba   rotundifolia1 #ej1 #ea1   
#ajg1 #ajh   rubra1 #ajg1 #abe   rugosa 
7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej            
rupestris1 #gj1 #ga1 #ajg1 #aac1 #aad   
dissecta1 #aae     var4 dissecta 7syn4  
of ,v4 rupestris dissecta71 #aae        
serotina 7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg2
     7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag        
simpsoni1 #ajh1 #adh   ,solonis 7syn4 of
 ,v4 longii71 #abc     var4 microsperma 
7syn4 of ,v4 longii microsperma71 #abc  

sylvestris 7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71    
#ach2     7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #aej  
,virginiana 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #adi
   taurina 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71 #adi2
     7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #ajh   
tenuifolia 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag  
,texana 7syn4 of ,v4 monticola71 #aaf   
treleasei1 #ajg1 #abb   verrucosa 7syn4 
of ,v4 rotundifolia71 #ajh     vinifera1
 #c1 #d1 #be1 #ajh1 #aed     americana  
7syn4 of ,v4 aestivalis71 #ach          
sylvestris americana 7syn4 of ,v4       
labrusca71 #adi   ,virginiana 7syn4 of  
,v4 baileyana71 #abi2     7syn4 of ,v4  
cordifolia71 #abg2 7syn4 of ,v4         
riparia71 #aag   virginiana 7syn4 of ,v4
 rubra71 #abe   ,virginiensis 7syn4 of  
,v4 rubra71 #abe   vulpina 7syn4 of ,v4 
aestivalis71 #ach2     7syn4 of ,v4     
cordifolia71 #abg2     7syn4 of ,v4     
labrusca71 #adi2     7syn4 of ,v4       
riparia71 #aag2     7syn4 of ,v4        
rotundifolia71 #ajh     var4 cordifolia 
7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg          
prcox 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia prcox71 #aba 

,vivie1 ,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #eba  ,vivie
 ,hybrid1 #eba  ,vivie's ,hartford 7syn4
 of ,vivie ,hybrid71 #eba  ,waddel1 #eba
  ,waddel1 ,john ,f41 var4 orig4 by1    
#eba  ,waldo1 ,j4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1   
#eba  ,waldo ,seedling1 #eba  ,wales1   
#eba  ,wallis1 ,henry1 cited1 #cif2     
mentioned1 #bie  ,walter1 #dai  ,walter1
 ,thomas1 life of1 #if  ,waneta1 #eba   
,wapanuka1 #dba  ,ward1 ,edmund1 var4   
orig4 by1 #ddf  ,warder1 ,j4 ,a41       
mentioned1 #caa2   var4 orig4 by1 #deb  
,warmita1 #eba  ,warner's 7syn4 of      
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,warner's ,black
 ,hamburgh 7syn4 of ,black ,hamburg71   
#ahf  ,warner's ,hamburgh 7syn4 of      
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,warren1 #eba   
,warren 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 #bhh      
,warren 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh         
,warrenden 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 #bhh   
,warrenton 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 #bhh   
,warty grape 7syn4 of ,v4 rotundifolia71
 #aji  ,washington1 #eba  ,washington   
7syn4 of ,doder71 #ded  ,washington     
7syn4 of ,eumelan71 #bff  ,washita1 #eba

  ,wasserzieher1 ,otto1 var4 orig4 by1  
#cfc  ,waterloo1 #eba  ,waterman1 ,n4   
,m41 var4 orig4 by1 #dde  ,watertown1   
#eba  ,watertown 7syn4 of ,laura71 #dgh 
,watova1 #ebb  ,waubeck1 #ebb  ,waverly1
 #ebb  ,w4 ,b4 ,munson1 #ebb  ,webb     
,grape1 #ebb  ,webb1 ,samuel1 var4 orig4
 by1 #ebb  ,weeks1 ,dr4 ,cyrus1 var4    
orig4 by1 #ebb  ,weeks ,seedling1 #ebb  
,weidmeyer1 ,wm41 var4 orig4 by1 #eah   
,weissholziger ,trollinger 7syn4 of     
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,weller1        
,sidney1 var4 orig4 by1 #dff  ,weller's 
,halifax 7syn4 of ,halifax71 #dff       
,wells1 #ebb  ,wells 7syn4 of ,spencer71
 #ead  ,wells1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebb
  ,wells ,seedling 7syn4 of ,arkansaw71 
#dce  ,wells' ,seedling 7syn4 of        
,wells71 #ebb  ,wells ,white 7syn4 of   
,spencer71 #ead  ,welscher 7syn4 of     
,black ,hamburg71 #ahf  ,wemple 7syn4 of
 ,cuyahoga71 #dea  ,wemple1 ,mr41 var4  
found by1 #dea  ,wemple's ,seedling     
7syn4 of ,cuyahoga71 #dea  ,western     
,beauty1 #ebb  ,western region1 #ei1    

#fj1 #fa  ,wetumka1 #ebb  ,wewoka1 #ebb 
,wheaton1 #ebb  ,wheaton1 ,john ,c41    
var4 orig4 by1 #dha1 #ebb  ,white1      
,nelson ,bonney1 life of1 #cfd2   var4  
orig4 by1 #aff1 #agb1 #cfd1 #cfi1 #cgd1 
#dcg1 #ddj1 #dgb1 #dgf1 #die  ,white1   
,hugh1 mentioned1 #bae  ,white ,ann     
,arbor1 #ebc  ,white ,beauty1 #ebc      
,white ,cape1 #ebc  ,white ,catawba     
7syn4 of ,catawba71 #bjd  ,white        
,clinton1 #ebc  ,white ,cloud1 #ebc     
,white ,delaware1 #ebc  ,white ,delaware
 7syn4 of ,white ,clinton71 #ebc  ,white
 ,elizabeth1 #ebc  ,white ,english1 #ebd
  ,white ,fox 7syn4 of ,v4 labrusca71   
#aej  ,white grape 7syn4 of ,v4         
monticola71 #aaf  ,whitehall1 #ebd      
,white ,herbemont 7syn4 of ,herbemont71 
#bhh  ,white ,imperial1 #dbb  ,white    
,isabella 7syn4 of ,white ,elizabeth71  
#ebc  ,white ,jewel1 #ebd  ,white       
,moline 7syn4 of ,newburgh ,muscat71    
#dic  ,white ,mountain1 #ebd  ,white    
,muscadine1 #ebd  ,white ,muscadine     
7syn4 of ,scuppernong71 #cii  ,white    

,muscat of ,newburgh 7syn4 of ,newburgh 
,muscat71 #dic  ,white ,musk1 #ebd      
,white's ,northern ,muscadine 7syn4 of  
,white ,northern ,muscat71 #ebd  ,white 
,northern ,muscat1 #ebd  ,white ,norton1
 #ebd  ,white ,rose1 #ebd  ,white       
,scuppernong 7syn4 of ,scuppernong71    
#cii  ,white ,sugar1 #ebd  ,white       
,tennessee1 #ebd  ,white ,ulster1 #ebd  
,white ,virginia ,seedling 7syn4 of     
,white ,norton71 #ebd  ,wier1 ,d4 ,h41  
var4 orig4 by1 #dgg  ,wilcox1 #ebe      
,wilder1 #dbc  ,wilder1 ,marshall ,p41  
quoted1 #cia2   var4 orig4 by1 #dhi     
,wild ,grape 7syn4 of ,v4 californica71 
#ace  ,wild green ,muscadine 7syn4 of   
,scuppernong71 #cii  ,wilding1 #ebe     
,wilkins1 ,o4 ,fitzalwyn1 var4 orig4 by1
 #ebe  ,wilkins ,seedling1 #ebe         
,willard1 #ebe  ,williamson1 #ebe       
,williamsport1 #ebe  ,william ,wine1    
#ebe  ,willie1 #ebe  ,willie ,bell 7syn4
 of ,bell71 #aha  ,willis1 #ebe  ,willis
 ,fredonia1 #ebe  ,willis ,large ,black1
 #ebe  ,wilmington1 #ebf  ,wilmington   

,red 7syn4 of ,wyoming71 #dca           
,wilmington ,white 7syn4 of             
,wilmington71 #ebf  ,winchell1 #dbe     
,winchell1 ,c4 ,e41 mentioned1 #dbf     
,winchester1 #ebf  ,windsor1 #ebf       
,wine1 #ec1 #fb2   color of1 #fb1 #fc2  
how made1 #fb1 #fc2   kinds of1 #fc2    
production of in ,u4 ,s41 #fc1 #fd      
,winedrop1 #ebf  ,wine ,grape 7syn4 of  
,delaware71 #bca  ,wine grape 7syn4 of  
,v4 vinifera71 #aed  ,wine ,house1 #ebf 
,wine ,king1 #ebf  ,wineland1 #cj       
,wine-making1 #ee2   premiums for1 #g   
,wingworth1 ,g41 var4 orig4 by1 #eji    
,winne 7syn4 of ,alexander71 #afj       
,winona1 #ebf  ,winslow1 #ebf  ,winslow1
 ,charles1 var4 orig4 by1 #ebf          
,winslow1 ,governor ,edward1 quoted1 #ce
  ,winter grape 7syn4 of ,v4            
berlandieri71 #acj  ,winter grape 7syn4 
of ,v4 bicolor71 #ade  ,winter grape    
7syn4 of ,v4 cordifolia71 #abg  ,winter 
grape 7syn4 of ,v4 riparia71 #aag       
,winter ,wine1 #ebf  ,winthrop1 ,john1  
mentioned1 #ac  ,witherbee1 ,j4 ,g41    

var4 found by1 #aeg  ,witt1 #ebf  ,witt1
 ,michael1 var4 orig4 by1 #ebf  ,wolfe  
7syn4 of ,york ,madeira71 #ebi  ,wood1  
,william1 quoted1 #ce  ,woodbury1 #ebf1 
#ebg  ,woodbury1 ,d4 ,b41 var4 orig4 by1
 #ebf  ,woodbury ,white 7syn4 of        
,woodbury71 #ebf  ,woodcock ,seedling1  
#ebg  ,woodford1 #ebg  ,woodriver1 #ebg 
,woodruff1 #dbg  ,woodruff1 ,c4 ,h41    
var4 orig4 by1 #dbh1 #did1 #ebc         
,woodruff1 ,w4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #dei 
,woodruff's ,no4 #a 7syn4 of ,etawa71   
#dei  ,woodruff ,red 7syn4 of           
,woodruff71 #dbg  ,woodson1 #ebg        
,woodward 7syn4 of ,isabella71 #cjg     
,woodward1 ,a4 ,w41 var4 orig4 by1 #chf 
,woodward1 ,w4 ,a41 var4 found by1 #eaa 
,wooly ,riparia 7syn4 of ,v4 longii71   
#abc  ,worden1 #dbi  ,worden1 ,schuyler1
 var4 orig4 by1 #dcj  ,worden's         
,seedling 7syn4 of ,worden71 #dbi       
,worthington 7syn4 of ,clinton71 #bac   
,wylie 7syn4 of ,lenoir71 #cbh  ,wylie1 
,dr4 ,a4 ,p41 life of1 #ahb1 #ahc2      
var4 orig4 by1 #ahb1 #dfb1 #dfc1 #dgd1  

#dhf1 #dia1 #ejj1 #ejf1 #ebg1 #ebh      
,wylie's ,seedlings1 #ebg1 #ebh  ,wyman1
 #ebg  ,wyman 7syn4 of ,to-,kalon71 #daj
  ,wyman's ,seedling 7syn4 of ,wyman71  
#ebg  ,wynant1 #ebg  ,wyoming1 #dca1    
#ebg  ,wyoming ,red 7syn4 of ,wyoming71 
#dca   ,xenia1 #ebh  ,xlnta1 #ebh       
,yellow-leaf 7,see ,chlorosis7  ,yellow 
,muscadine 7syn4 of ,scuppernong71 #cii 
,yoakum1 #ebh  ,yomago1 #ebh  ,yonkers1 
#ebh  ,yonkers ,honey ,dew 7syn4 of     
,honey ,dew71 #dfi  ,york ,claret1 #ebh 
,york ,lisbon1 #ebi  ,york ,lisbon 7syn4
 of ,alexander71 #afj  ,york ,madeira1  
#ebi  ,young1 ,frank ,l41 var4 orig4 by1
 #dhc  ,young ,america1 #ebi            
,youngken's ,honey ,dew 7syn4 of ,honey 
,dew71 #dfi  ,yunker's ,honey ,dew 7syn4
 of ,honey ,dew71 #dfi   ,zane1 #ebi    
,zane1 ,mr41 var4 orig4 by1 #ebi        
,zelia1 #ebi  ,zinnia1 #ebi  ,zita1 #ebi
  ,zoe1 #ebi         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,footnotes3  #a  
,de ,candolle1 ,alphonse4 ,origin of    
,cultivated ,plants3 #aia4 #ahhb4  #b   

,translation of ,dryden4  #c ,perhaps   
the most marked distinguishing feature  
between ancient and modern grape-growing
 is the training of vines to trees as   
indicated in the above verse4 ,pliny    
says of this practice3 ,in ,campania    
they attach the vine to the poplar2     
embracing the tree to which it is thus  
wedded1 the vine grasps the branches    
with its amorous arms1 and as it climbs1
 holds on with its knotted trunk till it
 has reached the very summit2 the height
 being sometimes so stupendous that the 
vintager when hired1 is wont to         
stipulate for his funeral pile and grave
 at the owner's expense4  #d ,bailey    
gives the following interpretation of   
the word fox and its derivatives as     
applied to grapes3 ,the term fox-grape  
was evidently applied to various kinds  
of native grapes in the early days1     
although it is now restricted to the    
,vitis labrusca of the ,atlantic slope4 
,several explanations have been given of
 the origin of the name fox-grape1 some 

supposing that it came from a belief    
that foxes eat the grapes1 others that  
the odor of the grape suggests that of  
the fox--an opinion to which ,beverly   
subscribed nearly two centuries ago--and
 still others thinking that it was      
suggested by some resemblance of the    
leaves to a fox's track4 ,william       
,bartram1 writing at the beginning of   
this century1 in the ,medical           
,repository1 is pronounced in his       
convictions3 ',the strong1 rancid smell 
of its ripe fruit1 very like the        
effluvia arising from the body of the   
fox1 gave rise to the specific name of  
this vine1 and not1 as many have        
imagined1 from its being the favourite  
food of the animal2 for the fox 7at     
least the ,american species7 seldom eats
 grapes or other fruit if he can get    
animal food4' ,i am inclined to suggest1
 however1 that the name may have        
originated from the lively foxing or    
intoxicating qualities of the poor wine 
which was made from the wild grapes4 ,at

 the present day we speak of 'foxiness' 
when we wish to recall the musk-like    
flavor of the wild ,vitis labrusca2 but 
this use of the term is of later origin1
 and was suggested by the name of the   
grape4 ,bailey1 ,l4 ,h4 ,evolution of   
,our ,native ,fruits3 #e4 #ahih4  #e    
,the phylloxera 7,phylloxera vastatrix  
,planch47 has four forms3 the leaf-gall 
form1 the root form1 the winged form1   
and the sexual form4 ,individual leaf   
insects produce from #ejj to #fjj eggs1 
the root insect about #ajj1 the winged  
insect from #c to #h1 and the sexual    
insect but #a4 ,the last is laid in the 
fall on old wood2 the following spring a
 louse hatches from it and at once goes 
to the upper surface of a leaf and      
inserts its beak4 ,the irritation thus  
produced causes a gall to form on the   
lower side of the leaf4 ,in fifteen days
 the louse becomes a full-grown wingless
 female and proceeds to fill the gall   
with eggs after which it dies4 ,in about
 a week females hatch from the eggs and 

migrate to form new colonies4 ,several  
generations of females occur in a       
summer4 ,at the approach of winter the  
lice go into the ground where they      
remain dormant until spring when they   
attack the roots forming galls analogous
 to those on the leaves and passing     
through a series of generations similar 
to those above ground4 ,in the fall of  
the second year some of the root forms  
give rise to winged females which fly to
 neighboring vines4 ,these lay eggs in  
groups of two or four on the wood of the
 grape4 ,the eggs are of two sizes2 from
 the smaller size1 males hatch in nine  
or ten days2 from the larger1 females4  
,in the sexual stage no food is taken   
and the insects quickly pair4 ,the      
female produces an egg which fills its  
entire body and after three or four days
 lays it1 this being the winter egg1 the
 beginning of the cycle4  ,there are no 
remedies worthy the name and the only   
efficient preventive is to graft        
susceptible varieties on resistant      

stocks4 ,species are resistant about in 
the order named3 ,v4 rotundifolia1 ,v4  
riparia1 ,v4 rupestris1 ,v4 cordifolia1 
,v4 berlandieri1 ,v4 cinerea1 ,v4       
aestivalis1 ,v4 candicans1 ,v4 labrusca1
 ,v4 vinifera4  #f ,delaware wrote as   
follows3 ,in every boske and hedge1 and 
not farr from our pallisade gates we    
have thousands of goodly vines running  
along and leaving to every tree1 which  
yealds a plentiful grape in their kinde4
 ,let me appeale1 then1 to knowledge if 
these naturall vines were planted1      
dressed and ordered by skilfull         
vinearoons1 whether we might not make a 
perfect grape and fruitfull vintage in  
short time8 ,delaware's ,relation4      
,brown's ,genesis of the ,united        
,states4 #afaa4  #g ,discourse of the   
,old ,company1 ,british ,state ,papers1 
,vol4 ,,iii3#dj ,see ,virginia ,magazine
 of ,history1 ,vol4 ,i3#aei4  #h ,laws  
and ,orders of ,assembly1 ,feb4 #af1    
#afbc4 ,mc,donald ,papers1 ,vol4 ,i3#ig4
 ,va4 ,state ,library4  #i ,the clause  

in this act reads3 ,that all workers    
upon corne and tobacco shall this spring
 plant five vyne plants per pol1 and the
 next year1 before the first day of     
,march1 #bj per pol1 upon penaltie to   
forfeite one barrell of corne for every 
one that shall make default4  #aj ,roger
 ,beverly1 writing a century later1     
describes the early grape-growing in    
,virginia as follows3 ,the ,year before 
the ,massacre1 ,anno #afbb1 which       
destroyed so many good projects for     
,virginia2 some ,french vignerons were  
sent thither to make an experiment of   
their vines4 ,these people were so in   
love with the country1 that the         
character they then gave of it in their 
letters to the company in ,england1 was 
very much to its advantage1 namely3     
',that it far excelled their own country
 of ,languedoc1 ,the vines growing in   
great abundance and variety all over the
 land2 that some of the grapes were of  
that unusual bigness1 that they did not 
believe them to be grapes1 until by     

opening them they had seen their        
kernels2 that they had planted the      
cuttings of their vines at ,michaelmas1 
and had grapes from those very cuttings1
 the spring following4 ,adding in the   
conclusion1 that they had not heard of  
the like in any other country4' ,neither
 was this out of the way1 for ,i have   
made the same experiment1 both of their 
natural vine1 and of the plants sent    
thither from ,england4 ,beverly's       
,virginia1 ,second ,edition3 #ajg4      
#agbb4  #aa ,fiske1 ,john4 ,old         
,virginia and ,her ,neighbors4 ,vol4    
,,ii3#cgb1 #che4  #ab ,american ,farmer1
 ,baltimore1 #aa3ce4 #ahbi-cj4 ,ib41    
#ab3cif4 #ahcj-ca4  #ac ,dankers1       
,jasper1 and ,sluyter1 ,peter4 ,journal 
of a ,voyage to ,new ,york in #afgi-hj3 
#acj4  #ad ,documents ,relating to the  
,colonial ,history of the ,state of ,new
 ,york1 ,holland ,documents1 #afjc-afef4
 ,vol4 ,i3#bgg4  #ae ,the grant of the  
bounty is recorded in ,volume ,,ii1     
,deeds of ,new ,york1 page #hg1 on file 

in the office of the ,secretary of      
,state at ,albany4 ,it runs as          
follows3--  ,whereas ,paul ,richards an 
inhabitant of this ,citty of ,new ,york 
hath made knowne to mee his intent to   
plant vines at a certaine ,plantation   
that hee hath upon ,long ,island1 called
 the little ffiefe1 which if it succeed1
 may redound very much to the future    
benefitt and advantage of the           
inhabitants within this ,government2 and
 in regard1 it will require much labour 
and a considerable charge to provide    
vines and to p'pare the ground and make 
it fitt for production of wines2 ffor an
 ,encouragemt to the said ,paul         
,richards in his proceedings therein1 ,i
 have thought fitt to grant unto him    
these following privileges 7viz47  ,that
 all wines of the growth of such vines  
as the said ,paul ,richards shall plant1
 or cause to bee planted at the place   
aforesaid1 shall be free from any kind  
of impositions for ever if sold in      
grosse1 and not by retaile3  ,that the  

said ,paul ,richards1 his heirs1        
executors1 or assignes shall have the   
privilege to have such wines sold by    
retaile in any one house in ,new ,york  
for the term of thirty years to come1   
from the time of the first selling of   
his wines1 free from all imposts or     
excise3  ,that every person who shall   
hereafter for thirty years to come1     
plant vines within any place in this    
,government1 shall upon the first yeares
 improvement pay unto the said ,paul    
,richards1 his heirs1 executors1 or     
assignes1 five shillings for every acre 
so planted as an acknowledgement of his 
being the first undertaker and planter  
of vines in these parts4 ,for the       
confirmacon of the privileges above     
specified1 ,i have hereunto put my hand 
and seale4  ,given at ffort ,james in   
,new ,york this #ajth day of ,january1  
#affd4 ,,ric4 ,,nicolls4  #af           
,bellomont's letter is as follows3 ,as  
to propagating vines in these           
plantations to supply all of the        

dominions of the ,crown1 ,i can easily  
make that appear4 ,in the first place   
,nature has given us an index in these  
,plantations that points to us what may 
be done in that by the help of art4     
,there grows wild grapes in all of the  
woods here in very great abundance2 ,i  
have observed them in many places but   
especially above ,albany on the side of 
the ,hudson river where the vines all   
along twine around great trees and fair 
clusters of grapes appear sometimes     
above #cj foot from the ground4 ,i have 
eaten of the wild grapes which ,i       
thought tastefull enough1 only somewhat 
harsh as an effect of their wildness4   
,then follows an account of how the     
,french had previously made wine in     
,canada but that the ,court of ,france  
had forbade its being made fearing that 
it might be prejudicial to the wine     
trade of the ,french4 ,earl of          
,bellomont to the ,lords of ,trade1     
,nov4 #bh1 #agjj4 ,documents ,relating  
to ,colonial ,history of the ,state of  

,new ,york1 #d3ghg4  #ag ,francis       
,higginson wrote in #afcj3 excellent    
,vines are here up and downe in the     
,woods4 ,our ,governour hath already    
planted a ,vineyard with great hope of  
encrease4  #ah ,bellomont records that a
 company of ,french immigrants had made 
good wine in ,rhode ,island toward the  
close of the #agth century but they were
 driven out of the ,colony by the       
,english and the industry ceased4 ,n4   
,y4 ,col4 ,doc41 #d3ghg4  #ai ,american 
,farmer1 ,baltimore1 #aj3chg4 #ahbh-bi4 
#bj ,american ,farmer1 ,baltimore1      
#aj3chg4 #ahbh-bi4 ,ib41 #aa3agb4       
#ahbi-cj4  #ba ,vol4 ,i3#aag-aih4       
#agfi-ga4  #bb ,all that is known of the
 life of ,edward ,antill is found in    
,johnson's ,rural ,economy where he is  
spoken of as ,mr4 ,antill1 late of      
,middlesex ,county1 ,new-,jersey1 a     
gentleman who cultivated the grape with 
sedulous attention4 ,johnson's ,rural   
,economy3 #afd4 #ahjf4  #bc ,legaux's   
paper is found as a treatise on the     

cultivation of the vine in ,the ,true   
,american of ,march #bd1 #ahjj4 ,the    
article contains about #bjjj words1 the 
main part of it being ,a ,statement of  
the ,expense and ,income of a ,vineyard1
 ,made on ,four ,acres of ,land1        
situated in ,pennsylvania1 in the #djth 
,degree of ,latitude4  ,of ,legaux's    
life1 little is known1 other than that  
he was a ,french vine-grower with an    
experimental vineyard1 as he says in the
 above article1 at ,spring ,mill1 #ac   
miles ,n4 ,n4 ,w4 from ,philadelphia4   
,johnson speaks of ,legaux as a         
philanthropist2 ,mc,mahon calls him a   
gentleman of ,worth and ,science2 while 
,rafinesque accuses him of fraud and    
deception in the matter of calling the  
native grapes ,bland and ,alexander1    
,madeira and ,cape4  ,judging the man   
from his article in ,the ,true ,american
 and from the words of his              
contemporaries1 he was a capable1       
enthusiastic and intelligent            
grape-grower4 ,his philanthropy is more 

doubtful4 ,it is true that he           
distributed many grape plants but as he 
himself says to fellow citizens         
possessing pecuniary means4 ,that he    
practiced deceit in the matter of the   
introduction of the ,alexander as the   
,cape is probable4 ,however1 his deceit1
 if such it were1 may be forgotten and  
he should be remembered as the chief    
disseminator of the ,alexander1 the     
first distinctive ,american variety of  
commercial value4  #bd ,the ,true       
,american1 ,march #bd1 #ahjj4  #be      
,johnson1 ,s4 ,w41 ,rural ,economy3     
#aef4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41 #ahjf4  
#bf ,john ,james ,dufour1 born in the   
canton of ,vaud1 ,switzerland1 in #agfc1
 came to ,america in #agif to engage in 
grape-growing and wine-making4 ,an      
account of his work is given in the     
text4 ,in #ahbf ,dufour published the   
,vine ,dresser's ,guide1 which became   
the authority on the culture of this    
fruit at that time4 ,dufour must be     
remembered for this book1 for the       

dissemination of the ,cape or ,alexander
 grape1 and as one of the pioneer       
vineyardists and wine-makers of the ,new
 ,world4  #bg ,dufour1 ,john ,james4    
,vine ,dresser's ,guide3 #cjg4 #ahbf4   
#bh ,u4 ,s4 ,statutes at ,large1 #c3cgd4
  #bi ,american ,state ,papers1 ,public 
,lands1 #c3cif4  #cj ,for fuller        
accounts of this dramatic episode in    
,french and ,american history1 and in   
,american agriculture1 see3 ,the        
,napoleonic ,exiles in ,america1 ,j4 ,s4
 ,reeves1 ,johns ,hopkins ,university   
,studies1 #bc ,series1 pp4 #ecj-fef2    
,the ,bonapartists in ,alabama1 ,a4 ,b4 
,lyon1 ,gulf ,state ,historical         
,magazine1 ,march1 #aijc2 ,the ,french  
,grant in ,alabama1 ,g4 ,whitfield ,jr41
 ,ala4 ,hist4 ,soc41 ,vol4 ,,iv2 ,the   
,vine and ,olive ,colony1 ,t4 ,c4       
,mc,corvey1 ,alabama ,historical        
,reports1 ,april1 #ahhe4  #ca ,the last 
official account of this colony in the  
records of the ,united ,states          
,government is found in ,american ,state

 ,papers1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,in a letter of  
,frederick ,ravesies to the treasury    
department dated ,january #ah1 #ahbh1 is
 the following3 ',we have suffered      
severely from the unparalleled drought  
of the last summer2 many of our largest 
and finest looking vines1 which had just
 commenced bearing luxuriantly1 were    
totally killed by the dry hot weather4  
,yet1 notwithstanding this misfortune1  
the grantees1 with increased diligence1 
are using every exertion to procure     
others which are thought to be more     
congenial to the soil and climate1 and  
are now generally engaged in            
replanting4' ,quoted from ,studies in   
,southern and ,alabama ,history1        
#aijd3aca4  #cb ,william ,robert        
,prince1 fourth proprietor of the       
,prince ,nursery and ,linnan ,botanic   
,garden1 ,flushing1 ,long ,island1 was  
born in #agie and died in #ahfi4 ,prince
 was without question the most capable  
horticulturist of his time and an       
economic botanist of note4 ,his love of 

horticulture and botany was a heritage  
from at least three paternal ancestors1 
all noted in these branches of science1 
and all of whom he apparently surpassed 
in mental capacity1 intellectual        
training and energy4 ,he was a prolific 
writer1 being the author of three       
horticultural works which will always   
take high rank among those of ,prince's 
time4 ,these were3 ,a ,treatise on the  
,vine1 ,pomological ,manual1 in two     
volumes1 and the ,manual of ,roses1     
beside which he was a lifelong          
contributor to the horticultural press4 
,all of ,prince's writings are          
characterized by a clear1 vigorous style
 and by accuracy in statement4 ,his     
works are almost wholly lacking the     
ornate and pretentious furbelows of most
 of his contemporaries though it must be
 confessed that he fell into the then   
common fault of following ,european     
writers somewhat slavishly4 ,during the 
lifetime of ,wm4 ,r4 ,prince1 and that  
of his father ,wm4 ,prince1 who died in 

#ahdb1 the ,prince ,nursery at ,flushing
 was the center of the horticultural    
nursery interests of the country2 it was
 the clearing-house for foreign and     
,american horticultural plants1 for new 
varieties and for information regarding 
plants of all kinds4  #cc ,prince1 ,wm4 
,r4 ,a ,treatise on the ,vine3 #ccg4    
#ahcj4  #cd ,nicholas ,longworth1 known 
as the father of ,american grape        
culture1 was born in #aghc1 in ,newark1 
,new ,jersey4 ,at an early age he went  
,west making his home in ,cincinnati    
where he became a lawyer1 banker1 and a 
man of large business affairs in what   
was then the far frontier4 ,from his    
boyhood ,longworth was interested in    
horticulture and as a young man became  
greatly interested in native grapes4 ,he
 was one of the men to whom ,john ,adlum
 sent the ,catawba and he became its    
disseminator and a promoter for the     
region in which he lived1 making this   
grape the first great ,american grape   
and ,cincinnati the center of the       

foremost grape-growing region of the    
,continent4 ,he was the first           
vineyardist to make wine on a large     
scale and perfected methods of making   
wine from the native grapes so that the 
product was comparable to that from the 
best wine cellars of ,europe4 ,longworth
 introduced the first cultivated variety
 of the wild black raspberry1 ,rubus    
occidentalis1 under the name of the     
,ohio ,everbearing4 ,his interest in the
 strawberry was second only to that in  
the grape and he not only did much to   
encourage its cultivation in ,america   
but also1 after a long controversy with 
horticulturists and botanists1 fully    
established the fact that many varieties
 of this fruit are infertile with       
themselves and that under cultivation   
infertile varieties must have sorts     
planted near them capable of            
cross-pollinating them4 ,longworth took 
a deep interest in horticulture         
generally and gathered about him a group
 of pioneer horticulturists who did much

 for ,american fruit-growing in the     
middle of the nineteenth century1 in    
many respects molding and guiding the   
horticulture of that time in this       
country4 ,longworth wrote much for the  
contemporary horticultural magazines and
 published two small books1 ,the        
,cultivation of the ,grape and          
,manufacture of ,wine and ,character and
 ,habits of the ,strawberry ,plant4 ,he 
died in #ahfc1 aged #hj1 at ,cincinnati1
 one of the most distinguished1         
enterprising and wealthy citizens of his
 ,state4 ,for further discussion of his 
life see ,bailey's ,evolution of ,our   
,native ,fruits3 #fa-fe4 #ahih4  #ce    
,probably the northern part of the vine 
region of ,france2 the ,jura mountains  
are in the east central part4  #cf      
,transactions ,new ,york ,state         
,agricultural ,society1 #f3fhi4 #ahdf4  
#cg ,fuller1 ,andrew ,s4 ,record of     
,horticulture3 #ba4 #ahff4  #ch ,there  
is a wild grape vine 7probably ,vitis   
aestivalis7 near ,daphne1 ,alabama1 on  

the shores of ,mobile ,bay1 known as the
 ,general ,jackson vine because of      
,general ,jackson having camped under it
 during the war with the ,seminole      
,indians in #ahag-ah1 which for age and 
size is truly remarkable4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,q4  
,norton of ,daphne writes of this vine  
as follows3 ,there is little known      
regarding the ,jackson grape vine beyond
 the fact that the oldest man living    
here when ,i came here--#bj years       
ago--told me that the ,indians told him 
when he came here as a boy--#ij years   
ago--that the vine was at that time an  
old one1 which had been growing longer  
than any of them could remember4 ,it was
 #bg inches through the trunk1 four feet
 above the ground1 when ,i measured it  
ten years since1 and the vines were     
running over the surrounding trees for  
many rods4 ,the grapes were very small1 
quite hard and not very juicy4  #ci ,the
 following is an account of the         
discovery of grapes in ,vinland         
translated from the ,icelandic          

manuscript by ,reeves3  ,when they had  
completed their house ,leif said to his 
companions1 ',i propose now to divide   
our company into two groups1 and to set 
about an exploration of the country2 one
 half of our party shall remain at home 
at the house1 while the other half shall
 investigate the land1 and they must not
 go beyond a point from which they can  
return home the same evening1 and are   
not to separate4 ,thus they did for a   
time2 ,leif himself1 by turns1 joined   
the exploring party or remained behind  
at the house4 99 99 99  ,it was         
discovered one evening that one of their
 party was missing1 and this proved to  
be ,tyrker the ,german4 ,leif was sorely
 troubled by this1 for ,tyrker had lived
 with ,leif and his father for a long   
time1 and had been very devoted to      
,leif1 when the latter was a child4     
,leif severely reprimanded his          
companions1 and prepared to go in search
 of him1 taking twelve men with him4    
,they had proceeded but a short distance

 from the house1 when they were met by  
,tyrker1 whom they received most        
cordially4 ,leif observed at once that  
his foster-father was in lively spirits4
 99 99 99 ,leif addressed him1 and      
asked3 ',wherefore art thou so belated1 
foster-father mine1 and astray from the 
others'4 ,in the beginning ,tyrker spoke
 for some time in ,german1 rolling his  
eyes1 and grinning1 and they could not  
understand him2 but after a time he     
addressed them in the ,northern tongue3 
',i did not go much further than you1   
and yet ,i have something of novelty to 
relate4 ,i have found vines and grapes4'
 ',is this indeed true1 foster-father8' 
said ,leif4 ',of a certainty it is      
true'1 quoth he1 'for ,i was born where 
there is not lack of either grapes or   
vines4' ,they slept the night through1  
and on the morrow ,leif said to his     
shipmates3 ',we will now divide our     
labours1 and each day will either gather
 grapes or cut vines and fell trees1 so 
as to obtain a cargo of these for my    

ship4' ,they acted upon this advice1 and
 it is said1 that their after-boat was  
filled with grapes4 ,a cargo sufficient 
for the ship was cut1 and when the      
spring came1 they made their ship ready1
 and sailed away2 and from its products 
,leif gave the land a name1 and called  
it ,wineland4 ,finding of ,wineland the 
,good3 #ff4 ,oxford ,university ,press1 
,london1 #ahij4  #dj ,winsor1 ,justin4  
,narrative and ,critical ,history of    
,america1 ,vol4 ,,iii3#fa4  #da ,first  
,voyage to ,virginia1 ,hakluyt's        
,voyages1 #c3cja-cjf4  #db ,hakluyt's   
,voyages1 #c3caa4  #dc ,discourse of    
,thomas ,hariot1 ,hakluyt's ,voyages1   
#c3cbf4  #dd ,smith's ,history of       
,virginia1 #a3abb 7#afbi7 ,reprint      
#ahai4  #de ,works of ,capt4 ,john      
,smith1 p4 #ejb4  #df ,bruce1 ,philip   
,alexander4 ,economic ,history of       
,virginia in the ,seventeenth ,century1 
,vol4 #a3bai4 #ahif4  #dg ,report of    
,francis ,maguel1 ,spanish ,archives1   
,brown's ,genesis of the ,united        

,states3 #cie4 #afaj4  #dh ,the ,history
 of ,travaile into ,virginia3 #abj4     
#afaj1 printed #ahdi4  #di ,anonymous4  
,a ,perfect ,description of ,virginia4  
#afdi1 ,peter ,force's ,tracts1 ,vol4   
,,ii1 #ahch4  #ej ,grape vines of the   
,english stock1 as well as those of     
their own production1 bear most         
abundantly1 if they are suffered to run 
near the ground1 and increase very      
kindly by slipping2 yet very few have   
them at all in their gardens1 much less 
endeavor to improve them by cutting or  
laying4 ,but since the first impression 
of this book1 some vineyards have been  
attempted1 and one is brought to        
perfection1 of seven hundred and fifty  
gallons a year4 ,the wine drinks at     
present greenish1 but the owner doubts  
not of good wine1 in a year or two more1
 and takes great delight that way4      
,when a single tree happens in clearing 
the ground1 to be left standing1 with a 
vine upon it1 open to the sun and air1  
that vine generally produces as much as 

four or five others1 that remain in the 
woods4 ,i have seen in this case1 more  
grapes upon one single vine1 than would 
load a ,london cart4 ,and for all this1 
the people till of late never removed   
any of them into their gardens1 but     
contented themselves throughout the     
whole country with the grapes they found
 thus wild4 ,beverly1 ,robert4 ,the     
,history of ,virginia3 #bfj4 #agbb1     
,reprint1 #ahee4  #ea ,will fox1 i4 e4  
intoxicate4 ,see footnote on page #d4   
#eb ,new ,english ,canaan1 #afcb4       
,reprinted in ,force's ,tracts1 #ahch4  
#ec ,vine1 much differing in the fruit1 
all of them very fleshy1 some reasonably
 pleasant2 others have a taste of ,gun  
,powder1 and these grow in swamps1 and  
low wet ,grounds4 ,josselyn1 ,john1     
,gent4 ,new ,england's ,rarities3 #ff4  
,london1 #afgb4  #ed ,speaking of the   
,horne-bound tree 7probably hornbeam    
from his description7 he says3 ,this    
,tree growing with broad spread ,armes1 
the vines winde their curling branches  

about them2 which vines affoard great   
store of grapes1 which are very big both
 for the grape and ,cluster1 sweet and  
good3 these be of two sorts1 red and    
white1 there is likewise a smaller kind 
of grape which groweth in the ,islands  
which is sooner ripe and more           
delectable2 so that there is no knowne  
reason why as good wine may not be made 
in those parts1 as well as in ,burdeuax 
in ,france2 being under the same degree4
 ,it is a great pittie no man sets upon 
such a venture1 whereby he might in     
small time inrich himselfe1 and benefit 
the ,countrie1 ,i know nothing which    
doth hinder but want of skilfull men to 
manage such an employment2 ,for the     
countrey is hot enough1 the ground good 
enough1 and many convenient hills lye   
towards the south ,sunne1 as if they    
were there placed for the purpose4      
,wood1 ,william4 ,new ,england's        
,prospect3 #bj4 ,london1 #afcd4  #ee    
,lawson1 ,john4 ,history of ,north      
,carolina3 #afi-aga4 #agad1 ,reprint    

#ahfj4  #ef ,lawson1 ,john4 ,history of 
,north ,carolina3 #ada4 #agad1 ,reprint 
#ahfj4  #eg ,ib43 #ahd-ahi4  #eh        
,beverly1 ,robert4 ,history of          
,virginia3 #aje-ajg4 #agbb1 ,reprint    
#ahee4  #ei ,transactions ,american     
,philosophical ,society1 #a3aia-aic4    
#agfi-ga4  #fj ,the ,true ,american1    
,philadelphia1 ,march #bd1 #ahjj4  #fa  
,but little is known of ,dr4 ,james     
,mease other than that he was one of the
 editors of ,the ,domestic              
,encyclopedia1 a ,fellow of the         
,american ,philosophical ,society and   
,vice-,president of the ,philadelphia   
,agricultural ,society4 ,that he was a  
student of ,american grapes is shown in 
his letter of transmissal of ,bartram's 
paper to the ,medical ,repository in    
which he says3 ,it is my present        
intention to publish the description of 
one species of vine every year in ,latin
 and ,english1 with a coloured plate1   
and ,i had made arrangements for the    
publication of the first fascicle last  

year2 but the very unfavourable season1 
which had prevented the ripening of the 
species 7,bland's ,grape7 ,i had        
resolved first to describe1 obliging me 
to defer the task until the present     
year1 when ,i hope the weather will     
prove more favourable4 ,medical         
gentlemen1 and others fond of natural   
history1 and anxious to have the        
description of ,american vines and their
 classification completed1 will have it 
much in their power to assist my        
undertaking4 ,i have taken measures to  
have the ,bull or ,bullet grape of      
,carolina and ,georgia sent me2 but ,i  
shall nevertheless be much indebted for 
any specimens of the plant that may be  
transmitted4  #fb ,the same year1 #ahjd1
 ,mease published ,bartram's paper1 with
 some omissions1 in the ,medical        
,repository 7,second ,hexade1 #a3ai7    
under the heading1 ,account of the      
,species1 ,hybrids1 and other ,varieties
 of the ,vine of ,north-,america4 ,by   
,mr4 ,william ,bartram1 of              

,pennsylvania4 ,the same paper was again
 published in #ahcj in ,prince's ,a     
,treatise on the ,vine1 pp4 #baf-bbj4   
#fc ,bartram states that bull is an     
abbreviation of bullet2 the grapes being
 so called because they were of the size
 of a bullet4 ,he held that the name    
taurina applied to the species was not  
proper4  #fd ,johnson's ,rural ,economy3
 #aee-aig4 ,new ,brunswick1 ,n4 ,j41    
#ahjf4  #fe ,mc,mahon's ,gardening3     
#bbf-bda4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa41 #ahjf4   
#ff ,american ,farmer1 #h3aaf4          
,baltimore1 #ahbf4  #fg ,adlum1 ,john4  
,cultivation of the ,vine3 #adi4 ,second
 ,edition1 ,washington1 #ahbh4  #fh     
,john ,adlum1 a native of ,pennsylvania1
 was born in #agei and died at          
,georgetown1 ,d4 ,c41 in #ahcf4 ,adlum  
was one of the first men to see clearly 
the possibility of improving the wild   
grapes of ,america and of bringing them 
under cultivation4 ,he published        
accounts of this fruit in his           
,cultivation of the ,vine and in the    

agricultural papers of his time1 thereby
 aiding in bringing it into public      
notice as a cultivated plant4 ,at ,the  
,vineyard1 near ,georgetown1 he         
established an experimental plantation  
of grapes from which he distributed many
 vines1 chief of which were those of the
 ,catawba1 a variety for whose          
dissemination he is largely responsible4
 ,adlum tried without avail to have the 
national government found an            
experimental farm for the culture of    
grapes and his effort was one of the    
first to secure governmental aid in     
agricultural experimentation4 ,beside   
his work with the grape1 ,adlum was     
deeply interested in other phases of    
agriculture and in the scientific       
movements of his time4 ,he was a soldier
 of the ,revolution1 a brigadier-general
 in the militia of ,pennsylvania1 a     
county judge1 and a civil engineer and  
surveyor4 ,in spite of his work in the  
early part of the last century for      
agriculture and for his ,state and      

country1 ,adlum was practically unknown 
to the present generation until a sketch
 of his life and work appeared in       
,bailey's ,the ,evolution of ,our       
,native ,fruits from which this sketch  
is written4 ,adlum's memory is          
perpetuated in the name of the beautiful
 climbing fumitory of one of the        
,northern ,atlantic ,states1 ,adlumnia  
cirhosa1 bestowed upon him by his       
contemporary1 ,rafinesque4 7,for a more 
complete account of ,adlum's life1 see  
,bailey's ,evolution of ,our ,native    
,fruits1 pp4 #ej-fa47  #fi ,adlum1      
,john4 ,cultivation of the ,vine4       
,preface4 #ahbc4  #gj ,for a full       
account of ,dufour's attempts to grow   
,european grapes see ,bailey's          
,evolution of ,our ,native ,fruits1 pp4 
#ba-db4  #ga ,rafinesque has also       
preserved for us the names of many of   
the vine-growers of his time4 ,the      
following is his list3 ,wishing to      
preserve the names of the public        
benefactors who had in #ahbe established

 our first vineyards1 ,i herewith insert
 their names4 ,they are independent of  
the vineyards of ,york1 ,vevay1 and     
,vincennes4  ,in ,new ,york1 ,george    
,gibbs1 ,swift1 ,prince1 ,lansing1      
,loubat1 etc4  ,in ,pennsylvania1 ,carr1
 ,james1 ,potter1 ,j4 ,webb1 ,legaux1   
,echelberger1 ,e4 ,bonsall1 ,stoys1     
,lemoine1 ,rapp4  ,in ,delaware1        
,broome1 ,j4 ,gibbs1 etc4  ,in          
,maryland1 ,adlum1 ,w4 ,bernie1 ,c4     
,varle1 ,r4 ,sinclair1 ,w4 ,miles1 etc4 
,in ,virginia1 ,lockhart1 ,zane1 ,r4    
,weir1 ,noel1 ,j4 ,browne1 ,j4 ,duling1 
etc4  ,in ,carolina1 ,habersham1        
,noisette1 etc4  ,in ,georgia1 ,maurick1
 ,james ,gardiner1 ,s4 ,grimes1         
,checteau1 ,m',call4  ,in ,new ,jersey1 
,cooper at ,camden4 ,another at ,mount  
,holly4  ,in ,ohio1 ,gen4 ,harrison1    
,longworth1 ,dufour1 etc4  ,in ,indiana1
 ,rapp of ,harmony1 the ,french of      
,vincennes4  ,in ,alabama1 ,dr4 ,s4     
,brown1 at ,eagleville4  ,continuing1 he
 gives an idea of grape production in   

#ahcj3--,the average crop of wine with  
us is #cjj gallons per acre4 ,at ,york1 
where #bgjj vines are put on one acre1  
each vine has often produced a quart of 
wine1 and thus #fge gallons per acre1   
value #fge in #ahbc1 besides #bjj for   
#ejjj cuttings4 ,one acre of vineyard   
did then let for #bjj or #cjj1 thus     
value of the acre about #ejjj3 ,this was
 in poor soil unfit for wheat1 and for  
mere ,claret4  ,now in #ahcj1 that      
common ,french ,claret often sells only 
at #ej cents the gallon1 the income must
 be less4 ,i hope our claret may in time
 be sold for #be cents the gallon1 and  
the table grapes at one cent the lb4 and
 even then an acre of vineyard will give
 an income of #ge1 and be worth #ajjj   
the acre4  ,the greatest check to this  
cultivation is the time required for    
grapes to bear well1 from #c to #f      
years3 our farmers wishing to have quick
 yearly crops2 but then when a vineyard 
is set and in bearing1 it will last     
forever1 the vines themselves lasting   

from #fj to #ajj years1 and are easily  
re-placed as they decay4  ,the next     
check is the precarious crops if badly  
managed4 ,every year is not equally     
plentiful and sometimes there is a total
 failure when rains drown the blossoms2 
but an extra good crop of #ejj or #fjj  
gallons commonly follows and covers     
their loss4 ,rafinesque1 ,c4 ,s4        
,american ,manual of the ,grape ,vines41
 ,philadelphia4 #ahcj4 pp4 #dc-de4  #gb 
,tradition relates that the first       
,scuppernong vine known by civilized man
 was found on the coast of ,north       
,carolina by ,amadas and ,barlowe in    
#aehd and was transplanted by them to   
,roanoke ,island4 ,an old vine of great 
diameter of stem and spread of vine1    
gnarled in trunk and branch1 evidently  
of great age1 is known as the ,mother   
,scuppernong and is supposed to be the  
vine transplanted in #aehd4  #gc ,calvin
 ,jones writing ,june #ag1 #ahag1 in the
 ,american ,farmer1 #c3ccb1 from        
,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina1 gives the   

following account of the name           
,scuppernong3 ,this grape  wine1 had the
 name of ,scuppernong1 given to them by 
,henderson  myself1 in compliment to    
,jas4 ,blount1 of ,scuppernong1 who     
first diffused a general knowledge of it
 in several well written communications 
in our paper--and it is cultivated with 
more success on that river1 than in any 
other part of the state1 perhaps1 except
 the ,island of ,roanoke4 ,it is worthy 
of note that ,scuppernong is largely a  
sea-board name for ,vitis rotundifolia  
and is not commonly applied to it       
outside of the ,atlantic ,states4  #gd  
,there is some evidence to show that the
 ,clinton contains ,labrusca blood4  #ge
 ,buchanan1 ,robert4 ,grape ,culture3   
#fa4 #ahej4  #gf ,british ,parliamentary
 ,papers 7,library of ,congress71 ,vol4 
#cj4 #ahei4  #gg ,american ,pomological 
,society ,report for #aheb3de4  #gh     
,horticulturist1 #f3dde4 #ahea4  #gi    
,horticulturist1 #f3ddd4 #ahea4  #hj    
,american ,pomological ,society ,report 

for #aheb3de4  #ha ,magazine of         
,horticulture1 #aa3acd4 #ahde4  #hb     
,nuttall says3 ,it is probable that     
hybrids betwixt the ,european ,vine     
7,vitis vinifera7 and those of the      
,united ,states would better answer the 
variable climates of ,north ,america1   
than the unacclimated vine of ,europe4  
,when a portion of the same industry    
shall have been bestowed upon the       
cultivation of the native vines of      
,america1 which has for so many ages and
 by so many nations1 been devoted to the
 amelioration of ,vitis vinifera1 we    
cannot imagine that the citizens of the 
,united ,states will be longer indebted 
to ,europe for the luxury of wine4 ,it  
is not however in the wilds of          
uncultivated nature that we are to      
obtain vines worthy of cultivation4     
,were this the case1 ,europe would to   
the present have known no other ,malus  
than the worthless austere crab1 in     
place of the finest apple2 no other     
,pyrus than the acerb and inedible      

,pyraster or stone ,pear1 from which    
cultivation has obtained all the other  
varieties4 ,it is from seed that new and
 valuable varieties are invariably to be
 obtained4 ,there is however at the     
present time1 a variety of one of the   
native species cultivated under the name
 of ',bland's grape'1 a hybrid no way in
 my opinion inferior to some of the best
 ,european grapes4  #hc ,people who have
 a good deal of leisure time1 ought to  
make those experiments which take many  
years to know the result4 ,if any where 
in the ,united ,states a public ,botanic
 garden should be established1 there    
would be the proper place1 to have a    
corner of it appropriated solely for the
 purpose of trying the raising of new   
species of grapes1 either by seeds or   
grafts2 and if there was a green or hot 
house1 several species of the best      
grapes1 and even a male plant of the    
most vigorous indigenous ought to be    
introduced in it1 and trained so that   
the crossing of the breed may be easily 

done1 by bringing two different sorts of
 grapes together in time of blossoming1 
and sow the seeds4 ,i think we may      
anticipate some very good results from  
such an arrangement4 ,vine ,dresser's   
,guide3 #bbh4 #ahbf4  #hd ,of           
hybridization he says3 ,in all attempts 
at artificial fecundation1 ,i would     
recommend that one of the varieties     
selected be of native origin1 as there  
exists no want of hybrids between       
,european varieties alone2 a large      
proportion of those now in cultivation  
having been doubtless produced by       
natural admixture of the pollen1 in the 
vineyards where they originated4 ,for   
the purpose of hybridizing1 the         
varieties of ,vitis aestivalis should be
 selected in preference to those of     
,vitis labrusca1 on account of the much 
higher vinous properties of the former2 
and there cannot exist a doubt but that 
we may readily produce well acclimated  
hybrids between the native and foreign  
varieties1 without the trouble of       

continuing the course of reproduction   
for many generations1 although such     
reproduction from species so dissimilar 
may continue to present additional      
modifications of character4 ,a ,treatise
 on the ,vine3 #bec-bed4 #ahcj4  #he ,u4
 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 ,special   
,report1 ,no4 #cf4 #ahhj4  #hf ,wine is 
the fermented juice of the grape4 ,when 
the juice or must of the grape is       
exposed to temperatures ranging from #ee
 to #fe;,f4 the micro-organisms which   
accompany the fruit1 the yeast of the   
wine-maker1 are transformed from a      
comparatively dormant state to one of   
great activity4 ,the action of the      
organisms on grape must is called       
fermentation and through it certain     
physical and chemical changes take place
 whereby the must is changed in taste   
and in color1 and a part or all of its  
sugar is changed into alcohol4 ,the     
methods of making wine differ in        
different countries and in different    
localities depending upon the climate1  

kind of grapes grown1 condition of      
growth1 and the kind of wine produced1  
yet the principles and chief processes  
are much the same and may be briefly    
described as follows3  ,in general      
grapes are not picked for wine-making   
until they have reached full maturity   
thus insuring a higher sugar content1   
richness of flavor and perfect color4   
,it is customary to determine the       
composition of the must as to sugar and 
acid content by various instruments     
devised for the purpose and if it lack  
sugar this ingredient is added2 if it be
 too acid water is added2 or the        
composition may be otherwise changed    
depending upon a number of circumstances
 though manifestly reputable wine-makers
 change the natural grape juice as      
little as possible4 ,soon after         
harvesting the grapes are crushed4 ,the 
ancient method1 which still prevails in 
many parts of ,europe1 was to tramp the 
grapes with bare feet or wooden shoes4  
,tramping is for most part superseded by

 mechanical crushers which break the    
skins but do not crush the seeds4 ,for  
some wines the stems of the grapes are  
removed2 for others it is essential that
 the grapes be not stemmed4 ,stemming   
may be done by hand1 by a rake over a   
screen1 or by specially devised         
machines4 ,if white wine is to be made  
the juice is separated from skins and   
pulp at once2 if red wine is desired    
fermentation takes place in the crushed 
grapes or marc4  ,fermentation is       
carried on in large tanks or vats       
varying in capacity from #ajjj gallons  
to #aj1jjj gallons or more4 ,some       
wine-makers prefer open vats1 others    
keep them closed4 ,the duration of      
fermentation depends upon many          
conditions and varies from two or three 
to fifteen or twenty days1 depending    
upon the amount of sugar in the must1   
the temperature1 activity of ferments1  
etc41 etc4 ,wine-makers observe several 
distinct stages of fermentation which   
must be closely watched and controlled4 

,a most important influence is exerted  
on fermentation by temperature4 ,the    
limits below which and above which      
fermentation does not take place are #ee
 and #ij;,f4 ,in general it is desirable
 that fermentation take place at        
temperatures ranging about #gj4 ,when it
 is found that the sugar is practically 
all converted into alcohol1 or that such
 conversion has proceeded far enough1   
the new wine is drawn or pumped from the
 fermenting vats into casks or barrels  
where it ages though it may require     
special treatment for clearing4 ,before 
bottling it is usually necessary to rack
 the wine into new barrels twice or     
three times to stop secondary           
fermentations which invariably take     
place4  ,special treatments result in   
several distinct classes of wine4 ,thus 
we can divide wine into red and white as
 to color4 ,red wines are produced from 
colored grapes the color being extracted
 in the process of fermentation4 ,white 
wines are made from light colored grapes

 or if from colored fruit the must is   
not allowed to ferment on the marc and  
so extract the color4 ,we may again     
divide wines into dry and sweet4 ,dry   
wines are those in which the sugar is   
practically all converted into alcohol4 
,sweet wines are those which retain more
 or less sugar4 ,these are often        
fortified by the addition of alcohol4 ,a
 third division is that of still and    
sparkling wines4 ,still wines are those 
in which the carbonic acid gas formed by
 fermentation has wholly escaped4       
,sparkling wines retain a greater or    
less amount of this carbonic acid gas4  
,all of the above classes are further   
divided into well marked types according
 to their color and taste1 their        
alcoholic content1 and the countries in 
which they are produced4 ,the following 
are the leading wines made from native  
grapes3 ,catawba1 ,delaware1 ,concord1  
,norton's ,virginia1 ,ives1             
,scuppernong1 ,iona1 ,claret1 ,port and 
,champagne4 ,of these ,claret1 ,norton's

 ,virginia and ,ives are red dry wines4 
,catawba1 ,delaware1 ,iona and          
,scuppernong may be either dry or sweet 
white wines4 ,port is a red sweet wine4 
#hg ,vol4 #bb3 ,no4 #c3bb4  #hh         
,champagne obtains its name from the    
fact that it is chiefly produced in the 
,province of ,champagne in ,france4 ,its
 special characteristic is that during  
fermentation1 which is usually brought  
about in the bottle1 the carbonic acid  
gas generated is absorbed by the wine4  
,when the bottle is opened the gas is   
disengaged and the wine effervesces or  
sparkles4 ,good champagne requires      
grapes of high quality and of special   
adaptability2 the fruit must be well    
ripened1 free from decayed berries1 and 
clean4 ,the first fermentation takes    
place during a period of several months 
in the regular receptacles for this     
purpose after which the wine from       
several varieties of grapes is blended4 
,good champagne usually contains some   
old wine4 ,after bottling1 the wine is  

held at slightly different temperatures 
for varying lengths of time to secure   
proper fermentation in the bottle until 
at the end of several months it is held 
at a comparatively low temperature in   
which the bottles remain from three to  
four years4 ,the bottles must then      
receive some treatment which will remove
 the sediment which has been formed by  
fermentation4 ,this is usually done by  
placing them in racks cork down at about
 an angle of #de degrees or a little    
more4 ,by dexterously shaking and       
jarring the bottles the sediment is     
loosened and deposited in the neck of   
the bottle4 ,lastly the sediment is     
disgorged by skillfully withdrawing the 
cork1 a small portion of the wine being 
wasted in the operation4 ,the bottles   
are then filled with a dosage of        
rock-candy dissolved in an old dry wine1
 the amount used determining the        
sweetness of the champagne4 ,the bottles
 are then corked1 wired1 capped1        
labelled and cased1 after which the     

champagne is ready for the market4  #hi 
,champagne3 ,decrease in ,imports and   
,increase in ,domestic ,production1     
,april #be1 #aijg1 p4 #dbg4  #ij ,grape 
juice is made from clean1 sound but not 
over-ripe grapes4 ,the juice is pressed 
out by machinery in commercial practice 
but in the home manufacture of the      
product1 the grapes may be pressed by   
the hands4 ,if a light-colored juice is 
desired the liquid is extracted without 
heating the grapes2 for a red juice the 
pulp is heated before pressing and the  
grapes must be dark in color4 ,in either
 case the heating is done in a double   
boiler so that the juice does not come  
in direct contact with the fire4 ,the   
proper temperature ranges from #ahj ,f4 
to #bjj ,f4 and must never exceed the   
#bjj mark if the flavor of uncooked     
grapes is desired4 ,after heating1 the  
juice is allowed to settle for          
twenty-four hours in a glass1 crockery  
or enameled vessel after which it is    
carefully drained from the sediment and 

strained through some sterilized filter4
 ,in home practice several thicknesses  
of flannel1 previously boiled1 will do  
for a filter4 ,the liquid is then filled
 into clean bottles leaving room for    
expansion in the second heating4 ,the   
bottled juice is now heated a second    
time after which it is immediately      
corked and sealed4 ,the principles      
involved in making grape juice are the  
same as those observed in canning fruit 
and the operation may be varied in the  
former as it is in the latter if only   
certain fundamental processes are       
followed4  #ia ,a raisin is a dried and 
cured grape4 ,raisin-making is a simple 
process4 ,the grapes are arranged on    
shallow trays1 and placed in the sun to 
dry1 being turned now and then by       
placing an empty tray on a full one and 
turning both over after which the top   
tray is removed4 ,when the grapes are   
properly dried they are put in bins to  
sweat preparatory to packing and        
shipping4 ,the finishing touch in the   

drying is sometimes given in            
curing-houses1 however1 to avoid injury 
from rain or dust4 ,seeding1 grading1   
packing and selling are now separate    
industries from growing and curing4 ,at 
present all raisins are made from       
varieties of the ,old ,world grape1 no  
,american sort having been found        
suitable for raisin-making4 ,a variety  
adapted for making a raisin1 something  
better than simply a dried grape1 must  
have a large percentage of sugar and    
solids1 a thin skin1 and a high flavor4 
,american grapes lack in sugar content  
and have a skin so thick and tough that 
the fruit does not cure properly for a  
good raisin4 ,the raisin industry in the
 ,united ,states is carried on only in  
,california1 the great bulk of the crop 
coming from the ,san ,joaquin ,valley   
and a few of the southern counties of   
that ,state4 ,formerly the raisins used 
in this country were wholly imported2   
now this product of the grape is        
exported and in increasing quantities4  

,the annual production of raisins is in 
the neighborhood of #ajj1jjj1jjj pounds4
  #ib ,according to ,bartram1 the       
aborigines of eastern ,america made     
raisins from the wild grapes4 ,he       
describes the process they used as      
follows3 ,the ,indians gather great     
quantities of wild grapes which they    
prepare for keeping1 by first sweating  
them on hurdles over a gentle fire1 and 
afterwards dry them on their bunches in 
the sun and air1 and store them up for  
provisions4  #ic ,tarr1 ,r4 ,s41        
,cornell 7,n4 ,y47 ,exp4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#aji4 #ahif4  #id ,burke1 ,r4 ,t4 ,avon1
 and ,marean1 ,herbert1 ,field          
,operations1 ,bureau of ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 
,dept4 of ,agriculture4 #aija4  #ie     
,tarr1 ,r4 ,s41 ,cornell 7,n4 ,y47 ,exp4
 ,sta4 ,bul41 #aji4 #ahif4  #if ,burke1 
,r4 ,t4 ,avon1 and ,marean1 ,herbert1   
,field ,operations1 ,bureau of ,soils1  
,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture4 #aija4  
#ig ,elijah ,fay was born in            
,southborough1 ,massachusetts1 in #agha4

 ,he moved to ,brocton1 ,chautauqua     
,county1 ,new ,york1 in the fall of     
#ahaa4 ,the early history of not only   
the viticulture but of the horticulture 
of the ,chautauqua region is            
interwritten with that of the ,fay      
family4 ,elijah ,fay's children and     
grandchildren inherited a love of       
horticulture from their ancestor and    
several of them1 as mentioned in the    
text1 have been noted for their         
horticultural work in this region4      
,lincoln ,fay1 a nephew of ,elijah ,fay1
 one of the first men to grow and sell  
grape vines in the region1 originated   
the ,fay currant which was afterwards   
introduced by him and his son ,elijah   
,h4 ,fay4 ,of the ,fay family1 noted in 
the annals of grape-growing in this     
region1 only ,g4 ,e4 ,ryckman and ,l4   
,r4 ,ryckman1 grandchild and            
great-grandchild of ,elijah ,fay1 are   
now living4 ,elijah ,fay lived to the   
ripe age of eighty1 dying in #ahfj4 ,his
 memory should be long cherished as one 

of the founders of the viticulture of   
,new ,york4  #ih ,the writer is indebted
 to ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,ryckman of this firm1 
for the information given here4  #ii    
,the ,grape ,belt1 #af3 ,no4 #bj1 ,feb4 
#bf1 #aijg4  #ajj ,the ,grape ,belt1    
#af3 ,no4 #bj1 ,feb4 #bf1 #aijg4  #aja  
,the grape-vine fidia 7,fidia viticida  
,walsh7 is a robust beetle1 a quarter of
 an inch in length1 brown in color but  
whitened by a thick covering of         
yellowish-white hairs4 ,the beetle lays 
its eggs in the cracks and crevices of  
the bark of the grape vines well above  
ground4 ,the eggs are produced in large 
numbers1 often as many as several       
hundred to the vine4 ,upon hatching1 the
 larvae quickly worm their way into the 
ground and begin to feed upon the       
fibrous roots of the vine1 passing from 
these to the larger roots4 ,possibly the
 chief damage is done on the larger     
roots which are often entirely stripped 
of bark for a length of several feet4   
,the larvae attain their full size1 a   

half inch in length1 by the middle of   
,august1 and then hibernate until the   
following ,june4 ,the winter is spent in
 earthen cells4 ,after about two weeks  
as pupae in ,june1 the full grown       
beetles emerge from the ground and begin
 to feed upon the upper surface of the  
leaves1 eating out the cellular tissue1 
thus skeletonizing the foliage4 ,the    
adults disappear the succeeding ,august4
 ,the most efficient means of checking  
the fidia so far found is an application
 of an arsenical spray applied during   
the time the beetles are feeding on the 
foliage4  #ajb ,grape-vine flea-beetle  
7,haltica chalybea ,ill474--,the adult  
insects are shining steel-blue          
flea-beetles measuring about one-fifth  
of an inch in length4 ,they live during 
the winter under the bark of the old    
vines or in rubbish in the fields4 ,they
 emerge from their winter quarters      
during the first warm days of spring1   
and feed upon the opening buds and young
 leaves4 ,egg-laying begins late in     

,april or early in ,may4 ,the eggs are  
placed singly near the buds or upon the 
leaves and hatch in about ten days4 ,the
 young larvae are dark brown in color   
but soon become prominently marked with 
black dots and patches4 ,they are full  
grown in from three to four weeks at    
which time they measure about a quarter 
of an inch in length4 ,they feed on the 
leaves devouring only the soft parts at 
first1 but finally eating irregular     
holes through the leaves4 ,when ready to
 pupate they go a short distance into   
the ground4 ,the adults emerge during   
the latter part of ,june or early in    
,july4 ,they probably feed during all of
 the summer1 finally seeking shelter for
 the winter as above indicated4  ,the   
vines should be sprayed with paris      
green1 one pound to fifty gallons of    
water1 just before the buds begin to    
swell or with some other arsenite4 ,much
 pains should be taken to make this     
application thorough4 ,later when the   
worms appear on the leaves1 paris green 

may be applied at the usual strength1   
one pound to #aej gallons of lime and   
water1 or combined with bordeaux        
mixture4 ,both upper and under surfaces 
of the leaves should be covered4        
,applications of arsenicals for the     
grape-vine fidia will help greatly to   
keep this insect in check4  #ajc ,grape 
leaf-hopper 7,typhlocyba comes          
,say74--,there are several species of   
leaf-hoppers which attack the grape but 
this species is probably the most common
 in this ,state4 ,these little          
leaf-hoppers are often erroneously      
called thrips4 ,the adult insects       
measure about one-eighth of an inch in  
length4 ,they vary greatly in color but 
the prevailing color is usually light   
yellowish-green4 ,the back and wings are
 ornamented with bright red1 yellow and 
brown4 ,they are found upon the vines   
from spring until fall4 ,they feed      
together1 sucking the sap from the      
leaves1 principally from the under      
surface1 causing them to turn brown in  

patches4 ,the eggs are deposited singly 
in the tissue of the under surface of   
the leaves4 ,the young resemble the     
adults in form but are not provided with
 wings and are green or yellowish-green 
in color4 ,there are several broods     
during the season4 ,some of the adults  
of the last brood hibernate in any      
convenient rubbish about the vineyard4  
,treatment for young hoppers should be  
made early in ,july4 ,to obtain the best
 results use whale-oil soap at the rate 
of one pound to ten gallons of water1   
directing the spraying with the hand4   
,vineyards and adjacent land should be  
kept as free as possible from grass and 
weeds as they afford shelter to the     
insect4  #ajd ,grape berry moth         
7,polychrosis viteana ,clem474--,the    
young caterpillars feed within the      
grapes finally causing them to turn dark
 colored and to wither4 ,this injury is 
sometimes mistaken for the black-rot4   
,after devouring the soft parts of one  
grape the caterpillar goes to another1  

fastening the two together by a silken  
thread4 ,this may be continued until    
several in a bunch have been destroyed  
by one caterpillar4 ,the young          
caterpillars are very light green in    
color with a brown head4 ,when full     
grown they measure about one-fourth of  
an inch in length and are dark olive    
green in color tinged slightly with red4
 ,the cocoon is formed on a leaf and is 
partially composed of two small pieces  
cut out of the leaf4 ,the adults of the 
spring brood emerge in from twelve to   
fourteen days4 ,the fore-wings have a   
bluish tinge and are marked with brown1 
while the posterior wings are dull      
brown4 ,the moths are small measuring   
nearly half an inch from tip to tip when
 the wings are spread4 ,the eggs are    
probably laid late in ,june or early in 
,july4 ,there are two broods annually in
 this ,state4 ,as the caterpillars spend
 most of their lives within the grape   
berries1 spraying does not entirely     
control the pest4 ,yet the arsenicals   

applied for the grape-vine fidia will   
help much in keeping it in check4       
,picking and destroying the infested    
fruit and the leaves containing the     
cocoons helps much4  #aje ,for a full   
account of the geology of these lakes   
and the valleys in which they lie1 see  
the ,physical ,geography of ,new ,york  
,state by ,ralph ,s4 ,tarr4 ,new ,york4 
#aijb4  #ajf ,black-rot 7,guignardia    
bidwellii 7,ell47 ,v4  ,r47 usually     
appears first on the leaves where it    
forms circular1 reddish-brown spots on  
which black pimples1 or spore cases1    
develop4 ,within these spore cases1 at  
maturity1 are the summer spores4 ,these 
are distributed by the elements to the  
growing parts of the plant and form new 
centers of infection4 ,the diseased     
berries show analogous circular spots   
bearing spores and as the disease       
progresses the grapes wither1 turn      
black1 and become hard and shrivelled1  
sometimes clinging to the vine until the
 following spring4 ,growing shoots are  

attacked as well as leaves and fruit4   
,during the winter and spring the       
resting spores are formed1 usually upon 
the shrivelled berries4  ,treatment     
consists of destroying as far as        
possible all diseased fruit1 old leaves 
and prunings and in spraying thoroughly 
with bordeaux mixture as follows3--  #a4
 ,just as the pink tips of the first    
leaves appear4  #b4 ,from ten days to   
two weeks after the first spraying4  #c4
 ,just after the blossoming4  #d4 ,from 
ten to fourteen days after the third    
spraying4  #e4 ,after an interval of    
from ten to fourteen days from the      
fourth spraying4  #ajg ,downy mildew    
7,plasmopara viticola 7,b4  ,c47 ,berl4 
,de ,toni7 is a troublesome fungus      
attacking all of the tender growing     
parts of the grape4 ,it does most damage
 to the leaves1 upon the upper surface  
of which it produces greenish-yellow    
spots of irregular outline4 ,at the same
 time a loose white downy growth appears
 on the under side of the leaves4 ,this 

growth consists of short filaments      
bearing spores1 the summer spores1 which
 are carried by the elements to other   
growing parts of the plant1 thus        
spreading the disease4 ,affected        
berries1 if young1 first show a brown   
spot1 and become covered with the gray  
down which distinguishes the fungus4 ,on
 older berries the fungus causes a      
brown-purple spot which spreads until it
 takes in the whole berry1 which then   
becomes soft and often falls1 or they   
may become hard and persist4 ,at this   
stage the disease is commonly known as  
brown rot4 ,the winter1 or resting1     
spores are produced in the tissue of    
fruit and leaves and with a thick       
protective covering4 ,the winter spores 
are dark1 almost black1 in color4 ,downy
 mildew spreads and does most damage in 
hot wet weather4 ,spraying with bordeaux
 mixture as indicated for black-rot will
 keep downy mildew in check4  #ajh      
,powdery mildew 7,uncinula necator      
7,schw47 ,burr47 is caused by a fungus  

which lives on the surface of the       
leaves4 ,it subsists by means of        
sucker-like organs which penetrate the  
walls of the surface layer of cells4    
,the vegetative portion of the parasite 
consists of fine white filaments which  
spread over the surface of the leaves1  
shoots and fruit4 ,in the summer these  
filaments send up short1 irregular      
stalks upon which large numbers of      
barrel-shaped spores are produced in    
chain-like arrangement4 ,these are the  
summer spores of the fungus4 ,they are  
borne in greatest quantity on the upper 
surfaces of the leaves and give the leaf
 a gray1 powdery appearance--hence the  
name1 powdery mildew4 ,affected leaves  
finally become light brown and often    
fall4 ,diseased fruits are gray in      
color1 scurfy1 become specked with      
brown1 fail to develop and often burst  
on one side thereby showing the seeds4  
,the winter or resting spores are borne 
in sacs1 in the latter part of the      
season4 ,the spore sacs1 in their turn1 

are borne in small1 black1 spherical    
spore cases1 each furnished with a      
number of slender appendages having     
curled tips4 ,the powdery mildew1 unlike
 most other fungus troubles of the      
grape1 is most prevalent in hot dry     
weather4 ,the disease is combatted by   
dusting with flowers of sulphur or by   
spraying with bordeaux mixture as for   
black-rot4  #aji ,anthracnose           
7,sphaceloma ampelinum ,de ,by474--,this
 disease attacks any of the tender      
portions of the growing vine4 ,when the 
leaves are affected dark spots are first
 formed on their surface4 ,as the       
disease advances these spots enlarge1   
and irregular cracks are often formed   
through the dead tissue4 ,frequently    
many of these small cracks run together1
 forming a long irregular slit through  
the leaf4 ,similar marks are formed on  
the tender shoots1 though they are not  
so noticeable4 ,when the fruit is       
attacked the disease is sometimes called
 bird's-eye rot4 ,circular spots are    

formed on the surface of the berry4 ,the
 spots may be of different colors and   
usually have a dark border2 as the spots
 enlarge and eat in1 a seed is often    
exposed in the center4 ,in rotting the  
tissue becomes hard and wrinkled4       
,sometimes the disease girdles the stem 
of a fruit cluster1 cutting off the     
supply of sap from the grapes beyond the
 diseased line and causing them to      
shrivel and die4  ,anthracnose does not 
spread as rapidly as some other vineyard
 diseases1 neither does it yield as     
readily to treatment4 ,when a vineyard  
is badly infested with anthracnose1 it  
requires prompt attention and a careful 
treatment to control the disease4 ,it is
 not satisfactorily controlled by       
bordeaux mixture alone4 ,it is suggested
 that in addition to such treatment with
 this mixture as is given for black-rot 
the plan be followed which is advocated 
by certain ,european authorities1 of    
applying a warm saturated solution of   
copperas 7iron sulphate7 in spring when 

the buds are swelling but before they   
begin to open4 ,one per ct4 or more of  
sulphuric acid may be added to the      
solution before it is applied4 ,this    
solution must be handled with care as it
 is very caustic4 ,it is applied with   
swabs or if the acid is not used it may 
be sprayed4 ,it is essential that the   
work be done thoroughly1 covering all   
the surface of the canes4  #aaj         
,chlorosis or yellow leaf4--,the name is
 applied to a grape disease in which the
 foliage turns yellow1 later becoming   
brown4 ,it is common in several parts of
 the ,state but more particularly in the
 ,central ,lakes district4 ,chlorosis is
 more likely to appear in wet seasons4  
,some varieties1 as the ,diamond1 are   
much more susceptible than others4 ,in  
some seasons portions of the leaves may 
become yellow but eventually regain     
their normal color so that at the close 
of the season the vine appears to be in 
a healthy condition4 ,in other instances
 the yellow color extends over the      

entire leaf2 brown1 dead patches appear2
 the leaf curls and eventually drops    
from the vine4 ,if the vine loses its   
leaves two or three seasons in          
succession it is likely to die4 ,one    
striking peculiarity of the disease is  
the fact that a badly diseased vine may 
appear by the side of a perfectly       
healthy vine of the same variety4  ,the 
cause of chlorosis1 as given by foreign 
investigators1 is the presence of a     
large amount of lime in the soil which  
prevents the roots from taking up an    
amount of iron sufficient for           
satisfactory growth4 ,their experiments 
seem to show that the difficulty may be 
overcome by applying a small amount of  
sulphate of iron around affected plants4
 ,but since there are a number of good  
,american varieties that are not subject
 to chlorosis1 perhaps the better method
 to pursue is to plant only such        
varieties as are known to be free from  
this trouble4  ,the standard varieties  
given in the following list are1 so far 

as we know1 practically exempt from     
chlorosis3 ,moore ,early1 ,concord1     
,winchell1 ,delaware1 ,worden1 ,niagara1
 ,catawba1 ,vergennes and ,agawam4  #aaa
 ,tarr1 ,r4 ,s41 ,the ,physical         
,geography of ,new ,york ,state3 #d4    
#aijb4  #aab ,see ,story of the ,vine1  
,e4 ,r4 ,emerson3 #aih4 #aijb4  #aac    
,joseph ,pitton de ,tournefort1 a       
,french botanist of considerable        
reputation in his day1 was born at ,aix1
 ,provence1 in #afef and died in #agjh4 
,he was educated by the ,jesuits for a  
priest but following a natural          
inclination he later became a botanist4 
,in #afhc he became professor of botany 
at the ,jardin des ,plantes in ,paris4  
,while occupying this position he made  
trips through western ,europe1 ,greece  
and ,asia ,minor4 ,his principal work1  
and the one quoted here1 is             
,institutiones ,rei ,herbariae in three 
volumes1 published in ,paris in #agjj4  
,he was one of the most prominent       
systematic botanists who preceded       

,linnaeus4  #aad ,humphrey ,marshall was
 born in the town of ,west ,bradford1   
,pennsylvania1 in #agbb1 of ,quaker     
parents4 ,he was a cousin of ,john      
,bartram1 their mothers being sisters4  
,like ,bartram1 he had few opportunities
 for education1 not going to school     
after he was twelve years of age4 ,he   
was a stone-mason by trade1 studying    
botany in his leisure moments4 ,in #aggc
 he started a botanic garden at         
,marshallton4 ,in #aghe he published    
,arbustrum ,americanum1 ,the ,american  
,grove1 or ,an ,alphabetical ,catalog of
 ,forest ,trees and ,shrubs1 ,natives of
 the ,american ,united ,states4 ,this   
work had been in preparation about five 
years previous to its publication4 ,it  
is said to be the first botanical work  
of a native ,american4 ,marshall died in
 #ahja4  #aae ,but little is known of   
the life of ,thomas ,walter4 ,he was a  
native of ,hampshire1 ,england1 and     
migrated to ,st4 ,john's ,parish1 ,south
 ,carolina1 where he had a plantation on

 the ,santee ,river4 ,here he died in   
#aghh at about the age of forty-eight   
years4 ,his only publication of note is 
the ,flora ,caroliniana1 published in   
the year of his death4 ,he must have    
been in correspondence with ,european   
botanists of that time as his herbarium 
is preserved in the ,british ,museum4   
#aaf ,grapes are not to-day considered  
dioecious but polygamo-dioecious1 a     
distinction which will be defined later4
  #aag ,john ,bartram was born near the 
village of ,darby in ,delaware 7then    
,chester7 ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 in    
#afii4 ,bartram is generally credited   
with having established the first       
botanical garden in ,america4 ,this     
garden was founded about #agbh1 some    
four miles south of what was the town of
 ,philadelphia and is now a part of the 
,park ,system of that city4 ,he was bred
 a ,quaker but owing to his liberal     
opinions was excluded from that ,society
 in #ageh4 ,during his life he was in   
correspondence with many of the leading 

scientific men of ,europe to whom he    
sent many specimens of plants and other 
things of scientific interest4 ,he made 
many trips into various parts of the    
colonies1 to ,ontario1 ,lake ,george1   
the ,carolinas1 ,florida and ,georgia1  
in search of information4 ,the last of  
these journeys1 that to the southern    
states1 was made after he was seventy   
years of age4 ,bartram is blamed by all 
of his contemporaries for not having    
published more than he did4 ,his death  
occurred in #aggg4  ,william ,bartram1  
son of ,john ,bartram1 was born in #agci
 and died in #ahbc4 ,much of his work   
was done in connection with his father  
under whom he received his botanical    
training4 ,his best known work is his   
,travels in the ,carolinas1 ,georgia and
 ,florida 7#agia71 in which he gives an 
interesting account of that region1     
including descriptions of a number of   
new southern plants4 ,his article on    
grapes which is here quoted was         
published in the ,domestic              

,encyclopedia1 #ahjd1 and also in the   
,medical ,repository of the same year4  
#aah ,thomas ,nuttall was born in       
,settle in ,yorkshire1 ,england1 in     
#aghf4 ,he migrated to the ,united      
,states in #ahjg1 making his home in    
,philadelphia where he became acquainted
 with ,william ,bartram and ,dr4        
,barton4 ,it was largely owing to the   
influence of these men that he turned   
his attention to botany4 ,nuttall was an
 extensive traveler and made botanical  
expeditions into many parts of the      
country4 ,he explored the ,middle ,west 
up to the ,rocky ,mountains and made a  
trip around the ,horn to ,california4   
,from #ahbe to #ahcd he was connected   
with ,harvard ,college4 ,in #ahdb he was
 called to ,england by a bequest from an
 uncle left to him conditional on his   
residing for nine months of each year in
 ,england2 compliance with this request 
caused a cessation of his botanical work
 in ,america4 ,he died at ,nutgrove1    
,lancashire1 in #ahei4 ,nuttall's first 

and probably greatest work was his      
,genera of ,north ,american ,plants and 
,catalogue of the ,species1 published in
 #ahah4 ,besides various accounts of his
 expeditions he made an addition of     
three volumes to ,michaux's ,sylva      
bringing that work up to six volumes4   
#aai ,constantine ,samuel ,rafinesque   
was born in ,galata1 a suburb of        
,constantinople in ,european ,turkey1 in
 #aghc4 ,he was of ,french-,german      
descent1 his father being a ,french     
merchant of ,marseilles1 and his mother 
of ,saxon parentage4 ,in #ahjb he came  
to ,philadelphia4 ,while here he was    
busied with mercantile pursuits1        
occupying a position as clerk1 but      
studied botany out of office hours for  
amusement4 ,in #ahje he went to ,sicily 
where he spent the next ten years4 ,here
 he commenced the extensive series of   
publications which have made his name so
 well known to scientists4 ,in #ahae he 
returned to the ,united ,states1        
traveling about from place to place for 

some time and finally settling in       
,lexington1 ,kentucky1 where he became a
 professor in ,transylvania ,university4
 ,he left ,lexington in #ahbe1 removing 
to ,philadelphia1 where he spent the    
remainder of his life1 dying in poverty 
in #ahdj4 ,rafinesque's biographer gives
 #dbj differently titled articles on    
nearly all scientific subjects as the   
product of his pen4 ,his monograph on   
grapes1 entitled ,american ,manual of   
the ,grape ,vine and ,the ,art of       
,making ,wines1 etc41 was published in  
,philadelphia in #ahcj4  #abj ,mo4 ,ent4
 ,rpt41 #ahgd3ga4  #aba ,bush4 ,cat41   
#ahhc3i4  #abb ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,an4 ,rpt41
 #ag3eah4 #ahih4 ,n4 ,y4 ,sta4 ,bul4    
#aeg4 #ahih4  #abc ,tex4 ,sta4 ,bul41   
#ef3bci4 #aijj4  #abd ,gar4 and ,for41  
#h3dg4 #ahie4  #abe ,w4 ,brennan1       
,gilgandra1 ,n4 ,s4 ,w4  #abf ,andr     
,michaux was a ,french botanist1 born at
 ,satory1 ,versailles1 in #agdf4 ,he    
took up the study of botany and made    
many trips to foreign lands in behalf of

 the ,french ,government4 ,one of these 
was an expedition to ,north ,america    
where he remained from #aghe to #agif   
exploring the country and gathering many
 botanical specimens through ,canada1   
,nova ,scotia and the ,united ,states as
 far west as the ,mississippi4 ,his     
chief works are ,histoire des chenes de 
l',amerique ,septentrionale 7,history of
 the ,oaks of ,north ,america71 #ahja2  
and ,flora ,boreali ,americana1 #ahjc4  
,he described and named ,vitis          
rotundifolia1 ,v4 aestivalis1 ,v4       
cordifolia1 ,v4 riparia1 and ,v4 rubra1 
as well as giving much information on   
other species4 ,michaux died on the     
,island of ,madagascar in #ahjb4  ,f4   
,andr ,michaux was born at ,versailles  
in #aggj and died at ,vaureal in #ahee4 
,he was a son of ,andr ,michaux and also
 a botanist1 and like his father        
employed by the ,french ,government to  
explore ,north ,america with a view of  
introducing valuable plants into        
,france4 ,he published in #ahaj-ac a    

,histoire des ,arbres ,forestieres de   
l',amerique ,septentrionale which was   
later translated into ,english under the
 name ,north ,american ,sylva4 ,he also 
published ,a ,voyage a l-ouest des      
,monts ,alleghanys1 #ahjd4  #abg ,for   
discussion of ,vitis vulpina see        
foot-note under ,vitis riparia4  #abh   
,all grapes1 other than the             
,rotundifolia1 are in the ,south known  
as bunch grapes because they are sold on
 the market in clusters1 the            
,rotundifolia being sold off the stems4 
#abi ,s4 ,c4 ,sta4 ,bul4 #acb4 #aijg4   
#acj ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3bb4  #aca      
,husmann1 #ahie3ahh4  #acb ,husmann1 ,g4
 ,c41 ,california ,fruit ,grower1 ,mar4 
#ad1 #aijh4  #acc ,samuel ,botsford     
,buckley was born in #ahji1 in ,yates   
,county1 ,new ,york1 and was educated at
 ,wesleyan ,university1 where he        
graduated in #ahcf4 ,in #ahff he was    
appointed ,state ,geologist of ,texas   
where he resided until he died in #ahhd4
 ,buckley traveled extensively in       

connection with his work1 explored the  
southwestern region of the ,appalachian 
,mountains1 as well as the southwestern 
portion of the ,united ,states4 ,he was 
at great disadvantage in his            
publications in that they were prepared 
without the benefit of a library4 ,his  
articles on grapes were published in the
 ,proceedings of the ,philadelphia      
,academy of ,natural ,sciences for      
#ahfa1 and in the ,united ,states       
,patent ,office ,report for the same    
year4  #acd ,the description of ,vitis  
vulpina by ,linnaeus is so meager1      
including the leaves only1 that for many
 years botanists were in doubt as to the
 species intended4 ,muhlenberg was the  
single exception when he gave ,linnaeus'
 ,vulpina and ,michaux's ,cordifolia as 
synonymous4 ,whether he did this from   
knowledge1 or whether it was by chance1 
it is impossible to say4 ,he states no  
reasons and consequently received no    
following among other botanists4        
,elliott supposed that ,linnaeus        

intended to describe the southern       
,rotundifolia and this view seems to    
have been generally accepted4  ,in the  
late eighties or early nineties1        
,planchon first1 and later ,britton1 by 
referring to ,linnaeus' specimens1      
determined that the latter's ,vulpina   
was the same as ,riparia1 and in        
accordance with botanical rules1        
presented the name ,vulpina as the      
correct name for this species4 ,bailey1 
however1 states 7,ev4 ,nat4 ,fr41       
#ahih3ajb7 that he found two specimens  
in the ,linnaeus collection labeled     
,vulpina1 one of which was the true     
,riparia and the other ,cordifolia4     
,since a change of the name would bring 
confusion to more than ninety years of  
botanical and horticultural literature1 
it seems inadvisable to make one on such
 contradictory evidence4  #ace ,planchon
 is our authority for calling this      
,riparia4  #acf ,translation from the   
,latin4  #acg ,isadore ,bush was born at
 ,prague1 ,bohemia1 in #ahbb4 ,bush was 

one of those ,germans who1 taking part  
in the troubles of the ,fatherland in   
#ahdh1 found it necessary to seek a home
 in the ,new ,world4 ,he went to        
,missouri upon his arrival in the       
country and there spent the remainder of
 his life4 ,during the ,civil ,war he   
was secretary to ,general ,frmont and at
 various times occupied many other      
positions of trust4 ,he established the 
,bushberg nursery which for many years  
was the leading grape nursery of this   
country4 ,with the aid of ,engelmann and
 others he wrote the ,bushberg          
,catalogue and ,grape ,manual1 a work   
which has passed through many editions  
and has probably been more popular and  
useful than any other book on ,american 
grapes published in the ,english        
language4 ,bush died in ,st4 ,louis in  
#ahih1 having been a citizen of that    
place for forty-nine years4  #ach       
,thomas ,volney ,munson1 the well-known 
nurseryman1 viticulturist1 and          
plant-breeder1 was born near ,astoria1  

,illinois1 ,september #bf1 #ahdc4 ,he   
graduated from ,kentucky ,university1   
,lexington1 ,kentucky1 in #ahgj4 ,his   
nursery has for thirty-one years been   
located at ,denison1 ,texas4 ,munson has
 introduced more hybrid grapes than any 
other man in ,america and probably in   
the world4 ,he has paid great attention 
to grape botany1 particularly to the    
southwestern species4 ,monographs on    
grapes1 from his hand1 have appeared in 
the proceedings of various horticultural
 societies and in horticultural         
journals4 ,bulletins written by him have
 been issued by the ,united ,states     
,department of ,agriculture and the     
,texas ,experiment ,station4 ,he has at 
present a book ready for publication    
entitled ,foundations of ,american      
,grape ,culture4 ,the varieties produced
 by ,munson are particularly successful 
in the ,southwest where conditions are  
such that most of our northern varieties
 fail4 ,the most valuable of those that 
have been thoroughly tested are         

,brilliant1 ,america1 ,carman1 ,gold    
,coin and ,rommel4  #aci ,see page #ba4 
#adj ,jules ,emile ,planchon1 a ,french 
systematic and horticultural botanist1  
was born in ,ganges 7,herault7 in #ahbc1
 and died at ,montpellier in #ahhh4     
,planchon was a writer of many valuable 
monographs on botanical subjects and in 
combination with ,f4 ,sahut and ,j4     
,bazille discovered that the cause of a 
mysterious and serious malady which had 
been affecting the ,french vineyards for
 some years1 was due to an insect on the
 roots1 the phylloxera4 ,later1 he and  
,c4 ,v4 ,riley determined that this     
insect was a native of ,america4        
,planchon was one of the first to       
suggest1 and always urged1 the          
reconstitution of ,french vineyards by  
the use of ,american stocks4 ,during the
 later years of his life he was         
professor of botany in the ,school at   
,montpellier4 ,his most noted           
contribution to grape literature is his 
monograph of the grape vine and other   

plants of the ,ampelopsis family which  
appeared as the second half of the fifth
 volume of the continuation of ,de      
,candolle's ,prodromus ,systematis      
,naturalis4  #ada ,martin ,vahl1 a      
,norwegian1 was born in #agdi1 and died 
in #ahjd4 ,as a pupil of the great      
,linnaeus1 ,vahl became a prominent     
worker in botany and natural history in 
,denmark and was an author and writer of
 note on these subjects1 publishing much
 on botany4 ,he traveled extensively1   
but it does not appear that he visited  
,north ,america1 though he wrote three  
large volumes on the flora of tropical  
,america4 ,it is probable that he named 
and described ,vitis palmata from       
herbarium specimens4  #adb ,jean ,louis 
,berlandier was a ,belgian pupil of the 
great ,de ,candolle1 but left ,europe   
about #ahbh for ,america and became a   
druggist in ,matamoras1 ,mexico4 ,he was
 one of the first botanists to explore  
northern ,mexico and ,texas4 ,in        
attempting to cross one of the small    

streams south of the ,rio ,grande in    
#ahea1 he was drowned4 ,many of his     
papers1 plants and some paintings are   
preserved in the herbarium of ,harvard  
,university and his services to botany  
are commemorated by the genus           
,berlandiera1 dedicated to him by ,de   
,candolle1 and the species ,vitis       
berlandieri here described4  #adc       
,george ,engelmann was born at          
,frankfurt-on-the-,main in #ahji4 ,he   
was educated at the ,universities of    
,heidelberg1 ,berlin and ,wurzburg1     
receiving a doctor's degree in medicine 
from the latter institution4 ,in #ahcb  
,dr4 ,engelmann sailed for ,america and 
spent some months in exploring the      
forests of the ,mississippi ,valley     
studying the plants of the region1      
having become deeply absorbed in botany4
 ,he soon after began the practice of   
medicine in ,st4 ,louis where he spent  
the remainder of his life1 dying in     
#ahhd4 ,engelmann was one of the most   
patient and devoted students of natural 

history of his time4 ,he mastered       
several difficult genera of plants1     
doing his work so well that his         
monographs will long remain1 not only   
authorities on the plants described1 but
 models for the systematic botanist4    
,among the genera to which he devoted   
his time was ,vitis1 upon which he      
published several monographs4 ,these    
appeared in various publications1       
particularly the ,proceedings of the    
,academy of ,science of ,st4 ,louis in  
#ahfj1 the ,american ,naturalist for    
#ahfh1 ,riley's reports as entomologist 
of ,missouri for #ahgb and #ahgd1 and   
the third and all later editions of the 
,bushberg ,catalogue4  #add ,george     
,bentham was born near ,plymouth1       
,england1 in #ahjj4 ,his father was a   
man of considerable wealth and the son  
was privately educated4 ,early in life  
he showed an inclination toward botany1 
writing a book on ,the ,plants of the   
,pyrenees and ,lower ,languedoc which   
was published when he was only          

twenty-six years old4 ,for a time he    
studied law in which he showed          
considerable talent and where his       
original views attracted some attention4
 ,later1 however1 he gave his attention 
to botany almost exclusively1 joined the
 ,london ,horticultural ,society and the
 ,linnaean ,society1 and was more or    
less closely connected with the workers 
at ,kew4 ,in connection with ,j4 ,d4    
,hooker he wrote the ,genera ,plantarum4
 ,others of his well-known works are    
,flora ,australiensis and ,handbook of  
the ,british ,flora4 ,bentham died in   
#ahhd4  #ade ,this name has been spelled
 ,lincecumii and ,linsecomii4 ,buckley  
tells us 7,u4 ,s4 ,pat4 ,off4 ,rpt41    
#ahfa3dhf7 that this grape was named in 
honor of ,dr4 ,gideon ,linsecom of ,long
 ,point1 ,washington ,county1 ,texas4   
,engelmann changed the spelling to      
,lincecum without giving any reason for 
the change4 ,munson states that a       
daughter of ,dr4 ,lincecum says that her
 father always spelled his name         

,lincecum4 ,it is inconceivable that    
,buckley did not know how to spell his  
friend's name4 ,there is other          
corroborative evidence that ,buckley was
 either a poor penman1 or did not read  
proof1 or both4 ,in his ,latin          
description of this species nearly every
 other word is misspelled1 and the      
mistakes are those of a printer rather  
than of one whose ,latin is weak1 such  
as totis for lobis1 etc4 ,munson says   
that on the different herbarium         
specimens of this species collected by  
,buckley1 the name is spelled both ways 
but he is not able to tell which are in 
,buckley's hand4 ,as the original error 
seems to be one by the printer or       
amanuensis it does not seem desirable to
 perpetuate it4 ,we have consequently   
adopted the spelling of ,engelmann and  
,munson4  #adf ,liberty ,hyde ,bailey   
was born in #aheh in ,south ,haven1     
,michigan4 ,he graduated from the       
,michigan ,agricultural ,college in     
#ahhb and then studied botany for two   

years with ,asa ,gray at ,harvard       
,university4 ,he became professor of    
horticulture at his ,alma ,mater in     
#ahhe and resigned in #ahhh to accept   
the ,chair of ,horticulture in ,cornell 
,university1 a position which he filled 
until #aijd when he became ,director of 
the ,cornell ,university ,agricultural  
,experiment ,station and ,dean of the   
,new ,york ,state ,college of           
,agriculture4 ,in #aijg he was given the
 degree of ,doctor of ,laws by the      
,university of ,wisconsin4 ,dr4 ,bailey 
is known as a teacher and experimenter  
but is better known for his             
horticultural and botanical writings4   
,he has published many popular books on 
agricultural subjects4 ,the best known  
of these are3 ,the ,nursery ,book2 ,the 
,rule ,book2 ,principles of ,vegetable  
,gardening2 ,garden ,making2 ,the       
,pruning ,book2 ,the ,survival of the   
,unlike2 ,the ,evolution of ,our ,native
 ,fruits4 ,besides these popular1 or    
semi-popular works he has published two 

cyclopedias3 ,the ,cyclopedia of        
,american ,horticulture and ,the        
,cyclopedia of ,american ,agriculture4  
,dr4 ,bailey's position in ,american    
horticultural literature is unique in   
that he represents the botanical side of
 horticulture4 ,he has written          
monographs on several of our cultivated 
fruits1 notably grapes and plums1 both  
appearing in ,the ,evolution of ,our    
,native ,fruits4  #adg ,am4 ,gard41     
#ab3ehd4 #ahia4  #adh ,john ,eaton ,le  
,conte was born near ,shrewsbury1 ,new  
,jersey1 in #aghd and died at           
,philadelphia in #ahfj4 ,in #ahag he    
entered the army as a topographical     
engineer1 and in #ahca was retired with 
the grade of major4 ,le ,conte early    
became interested in natural history and
 his military expeditions gave him ample
 opportunity for studying the flora and 
fauna of eastern ,america4 ,he published
 a number of important botanical papers1
 one of which was ,the ,vines of ,north 
,america published in #ahed-ee4 ,his    

contributions to the genus ,vitis will  
be found under that head4  #adi         
,augustin ,pyramus ,de ,candolle was    
born at ,geneva1 ,switzerland1 #aggh1   
and died at ,turin1 ,italy1 in #ahda4   
,he came of an ancient ,french family   
which had been driven out of ,provence  
in the middle of the sixteenth century  
owing to their religion4 ,he began his  
scientific studies at the ,college of   
,geneva1 but later removed to ,paris    
where he attended courses of lectures on
 natural science under the greatest     
scientists of that day4 ,his best known 
works are3 ,historia plantarum          
,succulentarum2 ,synopsis plantarum in  
flora ,gallica descriptarum2 and        
,prodromus ,systematis regni vegetabilis
 7#ahbd-71 this last being only about   
two-thirds completed at the time of his 
death4  ,alphonse ,louis ,pierre ,pyrame
 ,de ,candolle was born in ,paris1      
,france1 in #ahjf4 ,like his father1    
whose life is sketched above1 he became 
a noted botanist4 ,his most important   

works have been translated into ,english
 and are as follows3 ,geographical      
,botany1 #ahee2 ,origin of ,cultivated  
,plants1 #ahhc2 and the ,memoirs of his 
father1 #ahfb4 ,he died in ,geneva1     
,switzerland1 in #ahic4  #aej ,the name 
,labrusca is an old one originally      
applied to a grape growing wild in      
,italy4 ,engelmann states that this     
grape is still known to the ,italians by
 the name ,brusca4 ,it was probably     
applied to the ,american species by     
,linnaeus under the mistaken supposition
 that our northern ,fox grape was the   
same as the wild ,italian species4  #aea
 ,carl von ,linne1 better known in the  
,latin form of ,carolus ,linnaeus1 was  
born in #agjg at ,rashult in the        
province of ,smland1 ,sweden4 ,his      
father1 a minister1 endeavored to       
educate his son to follow the same      
profession4 ,in this he failed1 as      
,linnaeus from his earliest years took  
no interest in the classical studies    
then taught4 ,his father was finally    

induced to educate young ,linnaeus as a 
physician4 ,linnaeus was the greatest   
systematist in the history of botany4   
,his general system1 though much        
modified1 is still in use4 ,although he 
named many species of plants1 it was not
 as a traveler and explorer but as a    
recipient of the results of travels of  
others that the specimens were secured  
from which the descriptions were made4  
,linnaeus died at ,upsala1 ,sweden1 in  
#aggh4 ,his herbarium after his death   
was sold and finally became the property
 of the ,linnaean ,society of ,london1  
where the specimens are frequently used 
by botanists from various parts of the  
world for purposes of comparison4  #aeb 
,husmann1 #ahie3ahi4  #aec ,grape       
,cult41 #a3d4 #ahfi4  #aed ,u4 ,s4 ,d4  
,a4 ,rpt41 #ahfb3aih4  #aee ,gar4 and   
,for41 #b3ehd4 #ahhi4  #aef ,numbers in 
parentheses designate authors or        
publications cited in the list of       
references4  #aeg ,adlum1 ,john4        
,cultivation of the ,vine3 #adi4 #ahbh4 

#aeh ,downing1 #ahgb3aai app4  #aei     
,trait gen4 de vit41 #e3bja4 #aijc4     
#afj ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ga4  #afa      
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahid3hi4  #afb ,dr4 ,a4  
,p4 ,wylie was a southern hybridizer4   
,his life was one of exceptionally      
varied usefulness4 ,besides being a     
physician he worked with many different 
plants1 producing new varieties of      
cotton1 peach1 nectarine1 magnolia and  
other species4 ,his hybrids were        
produced chiefly during the sixties and 
early seventies4 ,his method of testing 
hybrid grapes was unique2 as soon as the
 fruit from the cross-fertilized        
blossoms ripened1 the seeds were planted
 and the seedlings forced the first     
winter in a hothouse4 ,in the spring it 
was planted by the side of a mature vine
 outside and the seedling grafted by    
inarching on the established vine4 ,in  
this manner1 his son writes us1 he      
frequently secured fruit the second     
summer4 ,in #ahgc he suffered the       
irreparable misfortune of losing his    

residence by fire4 ,this destroyed all  
of his seeds and also his seedlings1    
which were in an adjacent hothouse4 ,the
 number of ,dr4 ,wylie's grape seedlings
 cannot be accurately told as many of   
them were never disseminated4 ,of his   
better known sorts there are ,berckmans1
 ,dr4 ,wylie1 ,mrs4 ,mc,clure1 and      
,peter ,wylie1 the best known of which  
is the first4 ,dr4 ,wylie was the first 
man to hybridize the ,vitis rotundifolia
 with other species of grapes4          
,unfortunately these hybrids appear to  
have been lost to cultivation4 ,he died 
at his home in ,chester1 ,south         
,carolina1 in #ahgg4  #afc ,tex4 ,sta4  
,bul41 #dh3aaec4 #ahih4  #afd ,mag4     
,hort41 #ahfc3fg4  #afe ,fuller1        
#ahfg3bcg4  #aff ,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3ge4
  #afg ,downing1 #ahfi3ecb4  #afh ,jacob
 ,moore was born in ,brighton1 ,new     
,york1 in #ahce4 ,he early engaged in   
the nursery business and about #ahfj    
began to experiment in hybridizing      
grapes1 his first production of note    

being ,diana ,hamburg which proved too  
tender to be of value in ,new ,york4 ,in
 #ahgc he sold the ,brighton to its     
introducer1 the grape having come from a
 union of ,diana ,hamburg and ,concord4 
,in #ahhb ,moore's third grape of note1 
the ,diamond1 was introduced1 its       
parents being ,concord1 fertilized by   
,iona4 ,one other grape completes his   
list of varieties of this fruit--the    
,geneva1 a ,vinifera-,labrusca hybrid   
from seed planted in the spring of      
#ahgd4 ,beside these grapes1 ,moore was 
the originator of the ,ruby1 ,red ,cross
 and ,diploma currants and the          
,bar-seckel pear4 ,jacob ,moore died in 
,january1 #aijh1 having devoted a life  
to the improvement of fruits and having 
spent a patrimony of no small amount and
 all of his earnings in carrying on     
experiments in horticulture4 ,it saddens
 one to know that after having devoted a
 half century to the enrichment of      
agriculture1 poor ,moore should have    
passed his last years in comparative    

poverty1 and that they were embittered  
with the thought that1 unlike the       
inventor1 the producer of new fruits can
 in no way protect the products of his  
originality1 even though they added     
millions to the wealth of the country as
 have his fruits4  #afi ,advertising    
circular sent out by ,wm4 ,b4 ,brown in 
#ahii4  #agj ,george ,w4 ,campbell was  
born in ,cortlandville1 ,new ,york1 in  
#ahag4 ,the family moved to ,ohio in    
#ahba4 ,in early life ,campbell was a   
printer and editor1 as his father had   
been before him4 ,in #ahdi he moved from
 ,sandusky1 ,ohio1 to ,delaware in the  
same ,state and it was in the latter    
place that his attention was first      
turned to horticulture as a livelihood1 
although he had been interested in it as
 an amateur much earlier4 ,he was a     
continuous member of the ,american      
,pomological ,society from the time of  
its organization in #ahej until his     
death4 ,he raised thousands of seedling 
grapes1 of which the following were     

given names3 ,campbell ,early1 ,concord 
,chasselas1 ,concord ,muscat1 ,juno1    
,lady1 ,purity1 ,triumph1 ,white        
,delaware4 ,all of these are practically
 obsolete in the ,north except ,campbell
 ,early and ,lady4  ,campbell died at   
his home in ,delaware1 ,ohio1 in #ahih4 
,for many years before his death he had 
been the leading writer and speaker in  
the ,north on the culture of the grape  
and on grape-breeding1 and his work had 
a marked influence on the improvement of
 viticulture4  #aga ,charles ,arnold was
 born in ,bedfordshire1 ,england1 in    
#ahah4 ,in #ahcc he removed to ,paris1  
,ontario4 ,he was an enthusiastic       
hybridizer in many lines1 producing a   
white wheat1 the ,ontario apple1 and the
 ,american ,wonder pea4 ,in #ahec he    
established the ,paris ,nurseries4 ,of  
his numerous seedling grapes he gave    
names to ,autuchon1 ,brant1 ,canada1    
,cornucopia and ,othello4 ,he was for   
many years prominent in the agricultural
 and scientific associations of his     

adopted country4 ,his object in crossing
 grapes was to secure varieties         
sufficiently hardy and early for the    
,canadian climate4 ,in this he was in a 
measure successful but his crosses are  
so susceptible to mildew and rot that   
their culture has been generally        
abandoned in both ,canada and the       
,united ,states4 ,he died at his home in
 ,paris1 ,canada1 in #ahhc4  #agb ,cat41
 #aijh3ah4  #agc ,ephraim ,w4 ,bull was 
born in ,concord1 ,massachusetts1 in    
#ahje and died in #ahie4 ,he will long  
be remembered by grape-growers as the   
originator and introducer of the        
,concord grape1 the history of which is 
given in the above account of that      
variety4 ,bull grew many other          
seedlings1 none of which attained a     
reputation among growers unless it be   
,cottage4 ,ephraim ,bull's ninety years 
were spent in the quiet of his ,concord 
home and he would have remained unknown 
by others than his neighbors1 who       
honored and loved him1 had it not been  

for his fortunate discovery of the      
,concord grape1 which must always give  
him a place in the history of ,american 
grape culture4 ,the grape which has     
added immensely to the wealth of a      
nation1 brought its originator scarcely 
a year's competence4 ,as a partial      
recompense for his great service to     
horticulture and to the nation1 the     
memory of ,ephraim ,w4 ,bull should live
 long4  #agd ,no one family has         
furnished so many members who have been 
prominent in ,american grape-growing as 
the ,underhills4 ,the first of this     
remarkable family1 ,robert ,underhill1  
was born in ,yorktown1 ,westchester     
,county1 ,new ,york1 in #agfa4 ,during  
his early life he appears to have been  
engaged in various enterprises4 ,at one 
time he was part owner and conductor of 
a flouring mill at the head of          
navigation on the ,croton ,river2 later 
he sold his interest in this business   
and in #ahjd removed to ,croton ,point1 
which he had previously bought4 ,here1  

during the ,war of #ahab1 the supply of 
watermelons from the ,south being cut   
off1 he planted eighty acres of melons1 
and it is said that as many as six      
vessels were lying off ,croton ,point at
 one time waiting for the melons to     
mature4 ,among other of his ventures was
 the growing of castor beans1 and toward
 the end of his life he became          
interested in viticulture4 ,an account  
of his operations cultivating grapes is 
given in the first part of this work4   
,robert ,underhill died at ,croton      
,point in #ahbi4 ,after his death his   
two sons1 ,william ,alexander ,underhill
 and ,robert ,t4 ,underhill1 bought from
 their father's estate the two hundred  
and fifty acres comprising ,croton      
,point4 ,their holdings were not in     
common1 ,william ,a4 ,underhill having  
about one hundred and sixty-five acres  
and his brother the balance4  ,r4 ,t4   
,underhill was born on the ,croton      
,river in #ahjb and died in #ahga at    
,croton ,point4 ,william ,a4 ,underhill 

was born at the same place as his       
brother in #ahjd1 and died suddenly     
while on a trip to ,new ,york ,city in  
#ahgc4 ,the first three ,underhills were
 pioneer vineyardists in this ,state1   
and were men of great enterprise and    
initiative1 contributing much to        
,american viticulture by precept and    
example2 but none of them was an        
originator of new varieties4  ,stephen  
,w4 ,underhill1 son of ,william ,a4     
,underhill1 was born at ,croton ,point  
in #ahcg4 ,in his boyhood he became     
familiar with the grape-growing         
operations of his father and uncle1 and 
about #ahfj became interested in        
hybridizing as a means of originating   
new varieties4 ,most of his work was    
done between #ahfj and #ahgj4 ,he       
originated ,black ,defiance1 ,black     
,eagle1 ,croton1 ,irving1 ,senasqua and 
many other named and unnamed sorts4 ,of 
his varieties it may be said that they  
generally show too many ,vinifera       
weaknesses for profitable commercial    

sorts4 ,s4 ,w4 ,underhill is still      
living at ,croton-on-,hudson1 a short   
distance from ,croton ,point1 the scene 
of the labors of three generations of   
the ,underhill family4 ,since the death 
of his father1 in #ahgc1 he has devoted 
himself almost exclusively to           
brick-making1 an occupation in which his
 father had been interested4  #age      
,bush4 ,cat41 #ahhc3hi4  #agf ,trait    
gen4 de vit41 #f3bgh4 #aijc4  #agg ,ib41
 p4 #bgi4  #agh ,the grape vine in the  
vineyard is not ornamental1 but only    
because its beauty is marred by the     
formal shapes in which it must be       
trained to meet the purposes of the     
cultivator4 ,but as a festoon for an    
arbor1 or for hiding a neglected        
building1 for the porch of the          
farmhouse1 or for any place where a bold
 or picturesque effect is wanted1 or for
 giving an expression of strength1 no   
vine surpasses some of the varieties of 
our native grapes4 ,properly planted    
they are not only beautiful in          

themselves but attractive through their 
suggestiveness4 ,to sit under one's own 
vine and fig tree is the ancient idea of
 a life of peace1 contentment and       
security2 and this association with the 
patriarchal use of the vine is one of   
the charms of the grape4  #agi ,often   
incorrectly spelled ,devereux4  #ahj    
,horticulturist1 #ab3deh4 #aheg4  #aha  
,gar4 ,mon41 #b3bfe4 #ahfj4  #ahb ,bush4
 ,cat41 #ahid3aaf4  #ahc ,after the     
above was in type we received a         
communication from ,ricketts stating    
that ,downing came from seed of ,concord
 fertilized by ,muscat ,hamburg4 ,if    
this is true it is difficult to account 
for the apparent ,aestivalis characters4
  #ahd ,this variety was named after    
,dutchess ,county1 ,new ,york1 and the  
spelling is as given in this text and   
not ,duchess as usually spelled4  #ahe  
,andrew ,jackson ,caywood was born near 
,modena1 ,ulster ,county1 ,new ,york1 in
 #ahai4 ,during his early life he was a 
mason and contractor and engaged in     

building operations in ,orange and      
,ulster counties4 ,when about           
twenty-five years of age he became      
interested in fruit culture and was soon
 one of the leading fruit-growers in his
 section4 ,caywood's grape-breeding work
 appears to have started about #ahej1   
while he still lived at ,modena4 ,in    
#ahfa he removed to ,poughkeepsie1 and  
about #ahfe1 what was probably his first
 grape1 the ,walter1 was brought to the 
attention of the public4 ,in #ahgg he   
removed to ,marlboro1 where for many    
years he conducted a nursery business in
 connection with fruit raising1 first   
under the firm name of ,ferries         
,caywood1 and later as ,caywood  ,son1  
his son ,walter having entered the      
business4 ,caywood's last years were    
clouded with financial troubles and     
failing health4 ,in #ahhi he died at his
 home in ,marlboro4 ,no record is       
available of ,caywood's productions nor 
his manner of work4 ,he appears to have 
differed from the grape-breeders of his 

day in that he produced second rather   
than first generation hybrids4 ,of these
 his most important productions are3    
,dutchess1 ,metternich1 ,nectar1        
,poughkeepsie1 ,ulster and ,walter1     
though he raised many others1 most of   
which were never named nor disseminated4
 ,caywood's years of unremitting labor  
in improving grapes will long make his  
name prominent in ,american viticulture4
  #ahf ,john ,burr was born in          
,bridgeport1 ,connecticut1 in #ahjj4 ,in
 early life he removed to ,ohio1 where1 
although he was engaged in mercantile   
pursuits1 he passed his leisure time in 
experimenting with strawberries4 ,in    
this work he was quite successful1      
producing ,burr's ,pine and ,burr's     
,seedling1 once popular sorts4 ,in #aheh
 ,burr moved to ,kansas and soon after  
began breeding grapes4 ,for this work he
 was a believer in natural pollination  
and planted the varieties which he      
desired to use as parents in close      
proximity that they might pollinate each

 other4 ,burr at first used ,concord1   
,hartford1 ,isabella1 and other grapes  
of this class as parents1 but later he  
destroyed all of the seedlings of these 
and used ,delaware1 ,goethe1 ,salem1    
,catawba1 and other ,vinifera hybrids4  
,he did not take trouble to note from   
which variety the seed came but mixed   
and planted all together4 ,the records  
of the parentage of his productions are 
consequently usually unsatisfactory4    
,most of his grape productions were     
introduced to the public by ,stayman    
,black1 a nearby nursery firm4 ,of      
,burr's many seedlings he gave names to 
the following3 ,cochee1 ,early ,victor1 
,eclipse1 ,evaline1 ,ideal1 ,iola1      
,jewel1 ,magnate1 ,matchless1 ,mendota1 
,omega1 ,osage1 ,osee1 ,paragon1 ,peola1
 ,primate1 ,pulasky1 ,seneca1 ,superior1
 ,standard1 ,supreme1 and ,white ,jewel4
 ,burr died at his home in ,leavenworth1
 ,kansas1 in #ahib4  #ahg ,trait gen4 de
 vit41 #f3aib4 #aijc4  #ahh ,cat41      
#aijg-h3ah4  #ahi ,this variety was     

named ,glenfeld by ,mr4 ,magee1 its     
originator1 not ,glenfield as it is     
frequently spelled4  #aij ,tex4 ,sta4   
,bul41 #ef3bfg4 #aijj4  #aia ,munson    
regards them as identical4  #aib ,dr4   
,c4 ,w4 ,grant was born in ,litchfield1 
,connecticut1 in #ahaj4 ,early in life  
he became a ,doctor of ,medicine but    
soon became dissatisfied with that      
profession as it was then practiced1 and
 entered dentistry4 ,he settled in      
,newburgh1 ,new ,york1 where he built up
 a very large dental practice4 ,dr4     
,grant was an enthusiastic amateur      
horticulturist and numbered among his   
friends such men of national note as ,a4
 ,j4 and ,charles ,downing1 ,horace     
,greeley1 ,henry ,ward ,beecher1 ,w4 ,c4
 ,bryant1 ,donald ,g4 ,mitchell and     
others like these who were interested in
 rural pursuits4 ,he bought ,iona       
,island in the ,hudson ,river and       
planted thereon a commercial vineyard4  
,on the death of his wife in #ahef he   
gave up his dental practice and took up 

his residence on ,iona ,island4 ,here   
for twelve years he grew grapes and     
conducted a grape nursery4              
,unfortunately ,dr4 ,grant's business   
experience was not such as to enable him
 to make a success of a commercial      
nursery4 ,in #ahfh he retired from      
active pursuits and returned to his old 
home at ,litchfield1 where he died in   
#ahha4 ,dr4 ,grant's chief interest to  
grape-growers lies in the fact that he  
was the originator of ,iona and         
,israella and the introducer of ,anna   
and ,eumelan4 ,he was one of the first  
and a most ardent grape-breeder1 working
 especially toward improving the quality
 of commercial varieties of grapes4     
#aic ,on account of criticisms of the   
justice of the award1 ,grant returned   
the prize to be competed for a second   
time4 ,at the second trial it went to   
,concord on vine characters4  #aid ,sou4
 ,agr41 #b3eeb4 #ahbi4  #aie ,in #ahhi  
,munson sent out a grape under the name 
,jaeger and in #ahij he introduced the  

variety here described under the name   
,hermann ,jaeger1 at the same time      
withdrawing the former variety from     
further dissemination4 ,as the first    
named ,jaeger is apparently obsolete    
there seems to be no objection to       
shortening the name so as to conform in 
nomenclature with the recommendations of
 the ,american ,pomological ,society4   
#aif ,james ,h4 ,ricketts was born in   
,oldbridge1 ,middlesex ,county1         
,massachusetts1 in #ahcj1 the family    
moving to ,indiana while ,ricketts was  
still a child4 ,when a young man        
,ricketts learned the trade of          
bookbinding in ,cincinnati and later    
practiced this art in ,new ,york ,city4 
,in #aheg he established a bookbinding  
business at ,newburgh1 ,new ,york2 here 
he became interested in raising fruit1  
devoting to it such time as could be be 
spared from his business4 ,in #ahfa he  
started his work in grape improvement1  
reading all the books then published on 
this subject in order to prepare himself

 to carry on the work intelligently4    
,his first production was ,raritan which
 he says he thought not much            
improvement4 ,in #ahfb1 he built a glass
 house in order that he might have      
,vinifera vines for crossing with       
natives outside4 ,his first production  
of foreign cross-breeds was the ,charles
 ,downing1 now known as ,downing4       
,ricketts produced many hundred         
seedlings1 and for ten or twelve years  
exhibited them at various fairs1        
horticultural society meetings and other
 places1 where their magnificent        
appearance and fine flavor attracted    
universal and favorable attention and   
made him the recipient of many medals   
and prizes4 ,unfortunately ,ricketts1   
like many other ,american               
grape-breeders1 fell into financial     
difficulties1 and in #ahgg lost his     
vineyard and home by foreclosure4 ,in   
#ahhh1 he moved to ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41
 to work at his trade but has again     
started to improve grapes and is now    

growing a number of new varieties which 
will probably be shown to the public in 
the near future4  ,illustration3        
,,jefferson  ,ricketts' seedlings are   
characterized by a large size of bunch  
and berry1 and by high quality4         
,unfortunately it has been the          
experience of growers in nearly all     
grape regions that the vine characters  
of his varieties are not equal to those 
of the fruit1 the vines being subject to
 mildew and other ,vinifera weaknesses4 
,however1 ,ricketts produced magnificent
 specimens of his grapes1 year after    
year1 under conditions which every one  
admits were less favorable than those of
 the average grape-grower4 ,the secret  
of his success seems never to have been 
discovered4 ,this anomaly is so striking
 that ,campbell did not hesitate to     
suggest that the fault was with the     
,american grape-grower rather than with 
,ricketts' grapes or the location of the
 vineyard4 ,the best known of his       
varieties are3 ,advance1 ,bacchus1 ,don 

,juan1 ,downing1 ,eldorado1 ,empire     
,state1 ,highland1 ,jefferson1 ,lady    
,washington and ,secretary4 ,besides    
these he produced many others1 some of  
which were named but many of which were 
known only under numbers4  #aig ,amer4  
,farmer1 #aa3bcg1 #dab4 #ahbi-cj4  #aih 
,the illustrations in ,the ,grapes of   
,new ,york1 unless otherwise mentioned1 
are life-size2 but it must be remembered
 that when objects having three         
dimensions are reproduced on a flat     
surface there is seemingly a            
considerable reduction in size4         
,allowance should be made for this      
illusion in comparing fruit with        
illustration4  #aii ,bush4 ,cat41       
#ahhc3abj4  #bjj ,downing1 #aheg3cda4   
#bja ,pronounced ,reezling4  #bjb ,jacob
 ,rommel was born in ,philadelphia1     
,pennsylvania1 in #ahcg4 ,the family    
moved to ,hermann1 ,missouri1 in #ahch  
where his father1 ,jacob ,rommel1 ,sr41 
engaged in the nursery business and     
became interested in grape-growing and  

wine-making4 ,in #ahfj the younger      
,rommel removed to ,morrison where he   
entered into partnership with ,h4 ,sobbe
 to grow nursery stock and cultivate    
grapes4 ,at this time much              
dissatisfaction was felt among the      
grape-growers of the ,middle ,west with 
the standard varieties then grown1 most 
of which were table grapes secured from 
the ,east1 and were poorly adapted to   
wine-making and to ,missouri conditions4
 ,to remedy this defect ,rommel         
originated many new varieties1 using    
,taylor chiefly as a parent4 ,among     
others he produced ,amber1 ,beauty1     
,black ,delaware1 ,elvira1 ,etta1       
,faith1 ,montefiore1 ,pearl1            
,transparent and ,wilding4 ,rommel's    
seedlings are characterized by extreme  
vigor and productiveness4 ,they were not
 designed for table grapes and they lack
 the qualities to recommend them as     
such4 ,in #aijj ,rommel retired from    
business and removed to ,chamois1       
,missouri1 where he still lives4  #bjc  

,nelson ,bonney ,white was born in the  
town of ,putney1 ,windham ,county1      
,vermont1 in #ahbd4 ,during his younger 
years he lived for a time in ,ohio and  
in ,new ,york but finally settled in    
,norwood1 ,massachusetts4 ,white was a  
cabinet maker by trade1 but coming under
 the influence of ,e4 ,s4 ,rogers at the
 time when ,rogers' hybrids were causing
 a stir in ,new ,england1 he took up    
grape-breeding as a pastime4 ,he is     
probably the oldest grape-breeder of    
note now alive1 as he has been engaged  
in this occupation over fifty years4    
,his best known productions are ,august 
,giant1 ,amber ,queen1 and ,norfolk4    
,two other of his varieties1            
,international and ,king ,philip1 are   
very highly spoken of but have not yet  
been distributed4  #bjd ,horticulturist1
 #af3bhf4 #ahfa4  #bje ,mag4 ,hort41    
#i3dcj4 #ahdc4  #bjf ,trait gen4 de     
vit41 #f3aff4 #aijc4  #bjg ,u4 ,s4 ,pat4
 ,off4 ,rpt41 #ahee3cjh4  #bjh ,a4 ,j4  
,caywood1 of ,marlboro1 ,new ,york1     

published the claim that this variety   
was originated by him1 that he had named
 it ,hudson but had delayed sending it  
out on the advice of several grape      
experts till it had been further tested4
 ,for this purpose ,caywood says he sent
 the variety to about sixty men1 among  
them ,j4 ,w4 ,prentiss4 ,those who      
examined fruit from the two original    
vines said they were certainly very     
similar if not identical4  #bji ,edward 
,staniford ,rogers was born in the old  
family mansion on ,essex ,street1       
,salem1 ,massachusetts1 ,june #bh1      
#ahbf1 and died in ,peabody1            
,massachusetts1 ,march #bi1 #ahii4 ,he  
was the son of ,nathaniel ,leverett     
,rogers1 an old-time ,salem merchant1   
who1 with his brothers ,john and        
,richard1 was engaged in the maritime   
trade4 ,edward ,rogers was educated in  
,master ,ira ,cheever's school1 a famous
 ,salem school of the day1 and1 later1  
he made several voyages in his father's 
ships as clerk and supercargo and1      

finally1 passed a number of years in the
 counting-room of the firm in ,salem4   
,after his father's death1 ,mr4 ,rogers 
lived in the old family home with his   
brother and their mother1 and in the    
garden back of the house1 quite large   
for a city lot1 he indulged his natural 
taste for horticulture and conducted his
 experiments in grape hybridization4    
,by temperament ,mr4 ,rogers was quiet  
and retiring and so generous that he    
gained practically no profit from his   
horticultural productions1 for he freely
 gave cuttings and rooted plants of the 
hybrids he raised to friends and        
visitors before his own stock was by any
 means large4 ,mr4 ,rogers possessed    
literary ability and was an extensive   
reader1 but could rarely be drawn into  
conversation excepting among his most   
intimate friends who were wont to drop  
in at his long1 low greenhouse in the   
garden or at his office1 extemporized in
 the old colonial barn at the rear of   
the house4 ,after the death of his      

mother the old house was sold and the   
brothers removed to another house in    
,salem and some years later1 after the  
death of his brother1 ,mr4 ,rogers      
bought the place1 his last home1 in     
,peabody1 ,massachusetts1 where he      
cultivated trees and flowers for        
pleasure and experiment4 ,an accident   
which resulted in a permanent lameness  
prevented much physical labor during his
 last years and probably in a measure   
hastened his death4  #baj ,in the       
eastern portion of the ,southern        
,states1 the section where this variety 
originated and where it is still most   
largely grown1 ,scuppernong is applied  
only to a white variety of ,vitis       
rotundifolia4 ,unfortunately in many    
portions of the ,south and in the       
,north1 the word ,scuppernong is        
apparently taken as meaning a grape of  
the southern ,fox or ,rotundifolia      
class2 thus we find some writers using  
such contradictory expressions as ,white
 ,scuppernong1 ,green ,scuppernong1 and 

,black ,scuppernong4 ,in the ,south1 at 
least1 this use of the term appears to  
have arisen in the last fifty years1    
usage previous to that time being       
practically unanimous in recognizing    
that the ,scuppernong was the white     
,rotundifolia which had been selected at
 an early day for cultivation on account
 of certain superior cultural characters
 distinguishing it from the rest of the 
species4  #baa ,amer4 ,farmer1 #c3ccb4  
#ahbb4  #bab ,s4 ,c4 ,sta4 ,bul41       
#acb3ag1 #ah4 #aijg4  #bac ,dr4 ,joseph 
,stayman was born in ,cumberland        
,county1 ,pennsylvania1 in #ahag4 ,the  
family was of ,german descent and had   
long been identified with the           
,mennonites of the region of his        
birthplace4 ,stayman's father was a     
farmer and miller and during early life 
the son was engaged in these            
occupations4 ,in #ahci he accompanied   
his parents to ,ohio1 where he was      
engaged in the milling business with his
 father for a time and later entered the

 lecture field and studied medicine4 ,in
 #ahdi he married and established his   
home in ,carlisle1 ,pennsylvania1       
removing two years later to ,abingdon1  
,illinois4 ,for several years he        
practiced medicine but in #aheh         
purchased a nursery which was the       
beginning of his connection with the    
fruit business4 ,in #ahfj he removed to 
,leavenworth1 ,kansas1 where he lived   
the remainder of his life1 dying at his 
home in that city in #aijc4  ,dr4       
,stayman was a man of great originality 
and had varied interests4 ,in           
plant-breeding he worked with           
strawberries1 apples1 raspberries and   
grapes1 producing among others the      
,clyde strawberry1 the ,stayman apple   
and a host of varieties of grapes4 ,of  
his named sorts of grapes there are3    
,black ,imperial1 ,cherokee1 ,concordia1
 ,daisy1 ,darwin1 ,exquisite1 ,marsala1 
,mary ,mark1 ,mrs4 ,stayman1 ,osceola1  
,oscaloosa1 ,oswego1 ,ozark1 ,pawnee1   
,perfection1 ,prolific1 ,snowflake1     

,white ,beauty1 ,white ,cloud and ,white
 ,imperial4  ,stayman and ,john ,burr   
were neighbors and friends1 and held    
similar opinions as to the best methods 
of procedure in originating new         
varieties4 ,neither believed in         
artificial pollination but grew the     
several varieties from which crosses    
were desired in close proximity and then
 planted seed from the best developed   
fruits4 ,their methods certainly gave   
them varieties with a high standard of  
excellence4 ,stayman may be regarded as 
one of the leading viticulturists of the
 ,great ,plains region4 ,he was1 too1   
one of the pioneers of ,america in      
breeding fruits4 ,his many contributions
 to our lists of fruits make his name   
memorable to fruit-growers and lovers of
 fine fruits4          99       99      
99       99       99  ,typographical    
errors corrected by the etext           
transcriber3  suspectible susceptible pg
 #acf  while the the chalaza while the  
chalaza pg #aai  suceptible sucseptible 

pg #bbh  ,must #hhh ,must #hh pg #bfa   
,must #hjh ,must #hj pg #cad  #ahhi and 
it still retained #ahhi and is still    
retained pg #cbi  possiby possibly pg   
#cdf  apperance appearance pg #dfi      
goverment government pg #eba  ,munson'  
scrosses ,munson's crosses pg #dic      
enlongated elongated pg #ejj  ,brillant1
 #aic ,brilliant1 #aic pg #edj index    
selfsterility of1 #ajd2 self-sterility  
of1 #ajd2 pg #edf index  means of       
dstribution of1 #bg2 means of           
distribution of1 #bg2 pg #eec