,,p>allel ,,pa?s ,all ,rights ,res]v$ ,,p>allel ,,pa?s ,a ,,/udy ,,9 ,,biology1 ,,e?ics1 ,,& ,,art ,,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,rolle/on 8,il faudrait1 en un mot1 suivre la gr&e r\te si pr(ondm5t creuse 444 mais il s]ait ncessaire aussi de trac] en l'air un *em9 p>allele1 une autre r\te1 d'atte9dre les en dea et les aprs1 de faire1 en un mot1 un naturalisme spirituali/e2 ce s]ait autrem5t fi]1 autrem5t complet1 autrem5t =t40 ,j4 ,k4 ,huysmans4 ,,london ,,duckwor? ,,co4 #c1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d5 #aijh ,,preface ,9 a rec5t "w by an em95t man ( sci5ce1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,re9ke1 ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ! ,univ]sity ( ,kiel1 !re occurs a passage :i* ,i _c d bett] ?an place 9 ! =efront ( ?is book z an indication ( its aim4 8,physiology10 writes ,pr(essor ,re9ke1 8has become ! /udy ( ! movem5ts :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 make up life4 ,!re is no mann] ( d\bt t n\ri%m5t1 metabolism1#a reproduction1 developm5t1 & s5sation re/ on processes ( movem5t :i* dep5d on mat]ial sy/ems ( peculi> molecul> con=mation4 ,= ! bodies ( plants & ( animals are mat]ial sy/ems ^: con=mation is ( a mo/ intricate "*4 8,s f> z physiology has at pres5t advanc$ 9 ! analysis ( ^! ph5om5a ( movem5t1 _! problems h fall5 naturally into two gr\ps4 ,! fir/ ( ^! gr\ps ( ph5om5a is comp>atively transp>5t1 & /&s 9 agreem5t ) ! g5]al processes ( ! mat]ial _w2 x c be inve/igat$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,we may1 !re=e1 hope to deciph] x completely1 & to r$uce x1 9 ! end1 to *emico-physical processes4 ,( ?is k9d are ! ph5om5a ( nutrition1 tak+ t ^w 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,b beh9d ^! processes !re /& ! facts ( developm5t & ( reproduction1 & "h1 9 all inve/igations1 & 9 spite ( e attempt to demon/rate a basis ( physical en]gy1 rese>* f9ds itself confront$ by an ,x1 a factor :i* mocks e ef=t to expla9 x by physics or *emi/ry4 ,& ?is ,x :i* lurks 9 all ! ph5om5a ( developm5t takes a "p 9 ! nutritive processes also2 s ess5tial a factor does x appe> 9 all ! processes ( life t *emical & physical =ces alone w\ld n suffice to keep alive ev5 ! mo/ rudim5t>y ( organisms1 n to m5tion creat+ su* an organism out ( non-liv+ *emical con/itu5ts40#b ,if ?is ,x =ce exi/s & c be e/abli%$1 x w give u ! clue1 ,i believe1 to mu* m ?an ! op]ations ( physical nature4 ,! foll[+ pages are an attempt to e/abli% x1 to def9e its "*1 & to indicate ! l9es on :i* ?is unkn[n factor 9 evolution seems to br+ into a rational unity ! ph5om5a ( ! physical _w & ! moral & /hetic faculties ( man4 ,! "t appe>s to h come = su* an attempt4 ,! f]m5tation ( m9d produc$ by ,d>w9's massive & victori\s promulgation ( ! evolution !ory is beg9n+ to subside2 x is n[ possible 9 "s measure to take /ock ( :at has be5 de/roy$1 ( :at has be5 left intact1 by ! imm5se tidal wave ( new ?\ght :i* !n swept ov] ! _w4 ,"s conceptions :i* 7 ?\ght to h be5 subm]g$ = ev] are reappe>+ 9 m or less alt]$ %apes1 & sci5ce is call$ on to recon/ruct a univ]se less "o-sid$1 less aridly simple1 ?an t :i* ,d>w9ism1 z at fir/ und]/ood1 appe>$ to h left u4 ,! result1 s f> z x is successful1 w be ! e/abli%m5t ( a spiritual view ( ! univ]se on a natural basis4 ,x is an attempt :i* is at pres5t occupy+ _m m9ds1 & :i* w d\btless h to occupy _m m be=e complete success is atta9$4 ,i propose1 9 ! foll[+ pages1 to take ! read] ov] ! mo/ mat]ial & significant "p ( ! gr\nd by :i* ,i h myself travell$ t[>ds c]ta9 conclusions4 ,mu* ( ?is gr\nd lies 9 ! region ( biological sci5ce4 ,no d\bt to read]s acqua9t$ ) t sci5ce ,i %all (t5 seem to delay too long 9 well-trodd5 & famili> pa?s4 ,b ,i h _h to consid] ! fact t ,engli% education is /ill v mu* specializ$4 ,x is ei!r lit]>y or x is sci5tific4 ,9 ! great majority ( cases x is lit]>y4 ,& ?\gh sci5tific problems & !ories are und]/ood by e educat$ man & woman to be ( deep importance & int]e/1 & ?\gh que/ions l ^? discuss$ 9 ! pres5t "w are que/ions on :i* all su* p]sons are well entitl$1 & _m feel !mselves b\nd1 to h an op9ion1 v few1 comp>atively1 h ev5 ! elem5t>y k ( sci5ce & its t]m9ology necess>y to enable !m to take up ! discussion at an advanc$ po9t4 ,:5 x is ann\nc$ f "t to "t t "s *emi/ has aga9 succe$$ 9 =m+ an organic comp\nd out ( inorganic *emical con/itu5ts 9 8 laboratory1#c h[ _m read]s are !re out ( ! small circle ( tra9$ *emi/s :o w\ld n be f> m impress$ if !y he>d t he _h made a diamond8 ,x is = ^! p]sons--! layman & ! lay-woman 9 po9t ( sci5ce--t ,i ma9ly write1 & my own tra9+ hav+ be5 philosophical & lit]>y r ?an sci5tific ,i ?9k ,i und]/& mo/ ( _! difficulties4 ,i h1 !re=e1 tri$ to #8beg9 at ! beg9n+'2 & ,i hope t ?is book1 besides :atev] value its conclusions may h1 w prove useful to "s read]s by putt+ !m 9 a position to appreciate ! extraord9>ily int]e/+ & fruitful discov]ies ( biology 9 rec5t ye>s4 8,! lotus ( physics10 z ,s*op5hau] says1 8is root$ 9 ! soil ( metaphysics10 & if ^! /udies pret5d$ to (f] a complete explanation ( ! riddle ( exi/5ce1 ! metaphysical basis = ! speculations conta9$ 9 !m w\ld h to be elaborat$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! conclusions rea*$ w\ld only be ^? :i* mo/ p are will+ to accept z a necess>y assumption1 if all ?\ght on ! con/itution ( ! univ]se is n to be a pure futility4 ,suffice x to say ,man is "h reg>d$ z an organic "p ( ,nature1 & 8 consci\sness z ,nature's way ( mirror+ h]self to h]self4 ,s9ce1 l o!r natural ?+s1 ! s\l is n a complete & unalt]able entity1 b is "p ( ! et]nal ,becom+1 x nev] c be claim$ t its reflection ( ! _w is absolutely pure & complete1 yet "s reality1 "s significance ?is reflection mu/ surely h4 ,! fact t man is n some?+ diff]5t f ! _w1 obs]v+ x f outside1 b is vitally relat$ to x1 w\ld alone entitle u to believe t1 h[ev] mu* 8 obs]vations may ne$ to be purifi$ & correct$1 & h[ev] false may be ! argum5tative d$uctions sometimes drawn f !m1 he is /ill capable ( a real & fruitful appreh5sion ( ! ph5om5a by :i* he is surr\nd$1 & ( _! relations to ea* o!r & to himself4 ,all s9c]e ?\ght mu/ !re=e t5d to bright5 a little ! mirror ( ! human s\l4 ,if ?is book %\ld d s 9 any degree1 7 x m]ely by provok+ o!r m9ds to m successful lab\rs1 ! writ] w ?ankfully say1 l ,apollo's temple-sweep] 9 ! play ( ,euripides1 ,fair is ! s]vice ( ,light4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,rolle/on4 ,gl5ealy1 ,co4 ,wickl[4 ,i h to ?ank ,! ,macmillan ,co4 = p]mission to reproduce two illu/rations 7,figs4 #a & #b7 f ,wilson's ,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t & ,inh]itance1 & ,mr4 ,edw>d ,arnold = a simil> fav\r 9 reg>d to ,fig4 #c f ,weismann's ,! ,evolution ,!ory4 ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i4 ,,biology ,,*apt] ,i ,! ,argum5t f ,design ,,page ,paley & ! ,wat* #a ,! ,analogy ,inapplicable #d ,paley's ,conception ( ,design #h ,! ,evolution>y ,conception #aa ,conque/ ( ,nature by ! ,evolution ,!ory #af ,! ,philosophic ,basis ( ,nature-/udy #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,:eel ( ,life ,cont9uity ( ,animal1 ,vegetable1 & ,m9]al ,life #ba ,*>act]s ( ,organic ,life #bc ,liv+ ,matt]3 ,its ,functions #bd ,its ,sub/ance #bg ,its ,/ructure #bh ,,*apt] ,,iii ,de ,m9imis ,gr[? & ,developm5t #cb ,developm5t a ,cell-problem #cc ,! ,me*anical ,conception ( ,life #cd ,! ,cell & its ,/ructure #ch ,cell-division & ,h]$ity #dj ,reproductive ,cells & ,body-cells #de ,! ,orig9 ( ,conjugation #df ,! ,me*anism ( ,conjugation #ea ,significance ( ,elem5t>y ,vital ,processes #ei ,adaptability1 a ,fundam5tal ,"* ( ,life #fc ,,*apt] ,,iv ,! ,me*anical ,!ory ( ,evolution3 ! ,d>w9-,lam>ck ,explanation ,! ,fixity ( ,species1 h[ ,ma9ta9$ #ff ,! ,mutability ( ,species #fg ,lam>ck's ,explanation ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species #fh ,natural ,selection ( ,innate ,v>iations #gb ,difficulties ( ,lam>ckism #gg ,ne$ ( a deep] ,explanation #hi ,,*apt] ,v ,! ,me*anical ,!ory ( ,evolution3 ! ,d>w9-,weismann ,explanation ,lam>ck1 or #8,metaphysics'8 #ia ,weismann's ,escape #ic ,! ,/ruggle among ! ,det]m9ants #ie ,*ance-,v>iations & ,co-adaptation #ig ,o!r ,difficulties ( ! ,*ance-,v>iation ,!ory #ii ,natural ,selection #ajc ,impossible be=e ,competition ,exi/$ #ajd ,co-op]ation & ,competition #ajd ,protective ,mimicry1 ,inexplicable by ,*ance-,v>iations & ,natural ,selection #ajf ,innate ,capacities ( ,life #aji ,outl9e ( ,prec$+ ,argum5ts #aaa ,,*apt] ,,vi ,! ,directive ,!ory ( ,evolution ,nature's ,p[] ( ,response #aae ,re9ke's ,!ory ( ,dom9ants #abj ,cases ( _! ,action 9 ,evolution #abc ,law & ,directivity #abh ,intellig5ce & ,directivity #acj ,! ,analogy ( ,social ,evolution #aca ,! ,analogy ( ,language #acc ,syn!tic ,movem5t ( ! ,cosmic ,reason #acg ,objections f ,imp]fect ,adaptations & ,regressive ,=ms ,/at$ #adc ,me*anical & ,psy*ic ,ag5cies1 h[ ,di/+ui%$ #adf ,sci5ce v]sus #8,my/icism' #aej ,reply to ,objection f ,imp]fect ,adaptations1 etc4 #aeb ,man1 ! ,gr[+-po9t ( ,e>?ly ,life #aed ,imman5ce or ,transc5d5ce ( ! ,cosmic ,reason8 #aee ,man's ,relations to ! ,:ole #aeg ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,e?ics ,,*apt] ,,vii ,law1 ,free ,w1 ,p]sonality ,free ,w & ,det]m9ism #afa ,! ,det]m9i/ ,position #afc ,! ,free ,w ,position #afd ,conditions necess>y = ,free ,w #afh ,has ! ,w an ,e?ical ,bias8 #afi ,limitations ( ,free ,w #agb ,evolution ( ! ,w #agd ,free ,w & ,monism #agf ,free ,w & ,bra9-/ructure #agg ,relations ( ,m9d & ,matt] #ahf ,immortality #ahi ,,*apt] ,,viii ,! ,e?ical ,crit]ion ,! ,visible & ! ,invisible ,worlds #aid ,dualism & ,monism #aie ,monism & ! ,moral ,law #aih ,! ,h$oni/ic ,basis ( ,morals #bjj ,! ,natural ,basis ( ,morals #bjc ,,*apt] ,,ix ,! ,e?ical ,sanction ,! ,individual & ! ,:ole #bjh ,a ,scale ( ,motives #baj ,consci5ce & its ,comm&s1 h[ respectively ,d]iv$ #baa ,results ( ,duty & ( ,self-indulg5ce ,comp>$ #bab ,! ,false & ! ,true ,asceticism #bad ,e?ics = ,life3 ,implications ( ?is ,doctr9e #bbj ,is ,life ,dep5d5t on ,matt]8 #bbb ,! ,cosmic ,life gives ,immortality to ! ,individual #bbe ,& ,dem&s 8 ,allegiance #bbf ,e?ics ,orig9ates 9 ! ,visible ,ord]1 b does n end !re #bbh ,h5ce1 ,e?ics is = ,dea? z well z ,life #bbi ,! ,m>tyrdoms ( ,socrates & ( ,*ri/ #bcj ,outl9e ( ! ,conclusions arriv$ at #bcc ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,art ,,*apt] ,x ,art & ,life ,tol/oy's ,acc\nt ( ! ,nature ( ,art #bcf ,( ! ,/&>d ( ,art #bda ,( ! ,purpose ( ,art #bda ,criticism ( 8 ,conclusions #bde ,art1 ,man's expression ( ,life #bdf ,art & ,beauty #bea ,ord] & ,*ange z ,pr9ciples ( ,life & ,art #bec ,classification ( ! ,arts #bed ,examples ( ! ,pres5tative ,arts--7a7 ,ar*itecture #bef 7b7 ,ornam5t #bei 7c7 ,music #bfa ,! ,repres5tative ,arts--7a7 ,! ,pla/ic ,arts #bfe 7b7 ,danc+ #bgj ,! ,evocative ,art3 ,lit]ature #bga ,! ,union ( ,music & ,poetry #bgb ,conclusion #bgc ,,app5dix ,a ,sum ergo ,cogito #bge ,,app5dix ,b ,co-op]ation & ,competition #bgi ,,app5dix ,c ,is ,life wor? ,liv+8 #bhb ,,app5dix ,d ,/4 ,francis ! ,poet #bhe ,,app5dix ,e ,isabella & ,claudio #bhh ,index #bie ,,p>allel ,,pa?s ,,"p ,i3 ,,biology ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,design 8,! wisdom ( ! div9e rule is app>5t n 9 ! p]fection b 9 ! improvem5t ( ! _w40--,"l ,acton4 ,paley's ,natural ,!ology ?\gh n by any means an epo*-mak+ may p]haps be call$ an epo*-m>k+ book4 ,x 0 ! cr[n ( ! endeav\r ( eighte5?-c5tury religi\s philosophy to f\nd a !ology on ! evid5ces ( ext]nal nature4 ,accord+ to su* exact k ( ,nature's op]ations z 0 !n g5]ally available1 ,paley's attempt might well be ?\ght to h succe$$4 ,he op5s 8 argum5t ) a /rik+ & effective illu/ration4 ,he imag9es a wayf>] cross+ a hea? :o /rikes 8 foot aga9/ a /one1 & :o asks himself h[ x came into be+4 ,paley ?9ks he might be cont5t ) vaguely suppos+ t x 0 !re #8always4' ,b suppose t :at he _h f\nd at 8 foot 0 n a /one b a wat* & t he n[ saw su* an in/rum5t = ! fir/ "t4 ,he w\ld !n c]ta9ly h n be5 s easily cont5t$ ) an answ] to ! riddle ( its exi/5ce4 ,he w\ld1 if he exam9$ x m9utely1 h obs]v$ t x 0 a /ructure int5d$ = a c]ta9 purpose1 & hav+ all its p>ts arrang$ = t object1 & mutually int]dep5d5t ,! diff]5t sub/ances ( :i* x 0 compos$ w\ld be discov]$ to h ea* its special appropriat5ess = ! fulfill+ ( "s p>ticul> function 9 ! economy ( ! :ole4 ,?\gh unacqua9t$ ) wat*es he w\ld1 if he 0 a man ( s5se & cultivation1 infallibly conclude t he _h be=e him an in/rum5t intellig5tly con/ruct$ ) a c]ta9 object 9 view--! object ( measur+ ! flight ( "t4 ,he w\ld feel assur$ ( ?is1 ev5 ?\gh he %\ld f9d t ! object ( ! me*anism 7 n atta9$ ) absolute accuracy1 & ev5 ?\gh !re 7 "s p>ts ( x ^: functions 7 n cle> to him4 ,! wat* w\ld be rightly reg>d$ z a "w ( design2 & ! obs]v] w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 argu+ f x to ! exi/5ce ( a design]1 end[$ ) ! faculties ( intellig5ce & consci\s purpose1 by :om ! wat* mu/ h be5 put toge!r4 ,! re/ ( ,paley's ,natural ,!ology is an application ( ?is analogy to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,rang+ ov] ! :ole field ( animate & inanimate nature he po9ts to in/ance aft] in/ance ( :at appe>s to be ! m9ute & ?\ghtful adaptation ( means to ends1 ! co-ord9ation ( "p ) "p 9 ! int]e/ ( ! :ole1 & he has no difficulty1 f ?is po9t ( view1 9 %[+ ! _w ( nature to be a piece ( me*anism f> m wond]fully & +5i\sly con/ruct$ ?an any wat*1 & be>+ prima facie evid5ce ( ! mo/ conv9c+ k9d ( its con/ruction by a ,be+ possess$ ( intellig5ce1 purpose & =esight precisely resembl+ ^? attributes z display$ by man1 b va/ly height5$ & enl>g$4 ,z ! wat* mu/ h be5 made by man1 s a manlike be+1 end[$ ) ! necess>y p[]s & faculties1 mu/ be po/ulat$ z ! mak] ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,& ?us ! exi/5ce ( a ,god made 9 ! image ( man appe>$ to h be5 demon/rat$ to ! satisfaction ( eighte5?-c5tury !ology4 ,b m9ds ( real philosophic dep? h always %runk f press+ home d$uctions ( ?is sort4 ,!y h felt t ! matt] is probably n q s simple z x might appe> on ! surface1 & !y h recognis$ t if "o is all[$ to argue f ! ph5om5a ( nature to ! qualities ( ! au?or ( nature "o _c draw an arbitr>y l9e includ+ only ^? facts :i* te/ify to wisdom1 p[] & goodness1 & exclud+ f view all ^? :i* reveal imp]fection ( design & execution1 or :i* w\ld convict a man1 if he 7 _! au?or1 ( inhumanity & inju/ice4 ,if ! univ]se is really analog\s to a wat* "o is entitl$ to exam9e x ?r\gh\t z "o w\ld exam9e a wat*4 ,all wat*es te/ify to intellig5ce & design1 b besides good wat*es !re are bad ones1 !re are ^? :i* are made ( *eap mat]ials1 rudely put toge!r1 ) %[y ext]iors & unreliable works4 ,e wat*1 if exam9$ by exp]ts 9 me*anism1 9 art1 & s =?1 w\ld reveal ! *>act]i/ics ( its design] & mak]1 & ^! *>act]i/ics w\ld n always be admirable4 ,!y w\ld r>ely1 9 fact1 be altoge!r admirable4 ,if we apply ^! me?ods ( inquiry to a univ]se :i* conta9s mal>ial mosquitoes1 slave-mak+ ants1 snakes1 e>?quakes1 & all ! pe/s :i* blight & de=m life )\t call+ =? any /rong or noble qualities to c>ry on ! conte/ ) !m1 we %all g :]e ,paley c]ta9ly nev] int5d$ to lead u1 b we %all g !re by ,paley's road4 ,! fact is t ^! me?ods are altoge!r fanta/ic & inapplicable4 ,! univ]se is n made l a wat*4 ,:5 we obs]ve a human be+ or "o ( ! high] animals we say1 #8,he has su* & su* qualities2 he is fai?ful1 false1 brave1 c[>dly1 dilig5t1 indol5t1 /rong1 weak1 beautiful or ugly1' b we d n ?9k ( ref]r+ 8 qualities back to c]ta9 attributes ( an unkn[n mak] ( 8 physical & m5tal organism4 ,a philosophy wor?y ( ! "n has always t5d$ to reg>d ! _w z 9 "s s5se a vital organism1 & has ask$ #8,:at is x8' r ?an #8,:at does x prove ab\t "s o!r be+8' 8,h[ gre5 mu/ be ! mak] ( all grass0 0 q a legitimate satire on all su* attempts to d$uce ! qualities ( a hypo!tical creator f ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,?us ! mi/ake ( ,paley & 8 s*ool 0 fundam5tal4 ,x 0 ! mi/ake ( seek+ ,god 9 fragm5t>y ph5om5a--! same mi/ake1 ess5tially1 z t rebuk$ by ,*ri/1 by :i* e calamity or mat]ial bless+ is reg>d$ z a #8judgm5t' or a rew>d4 ,8 me?od1 if appli$ ) ?or\gh-go+ consi/5cy1 de/roys its own basis1 = ! ,"o & ! ,_m1 ! ,:ole & ! ,p>ts1 _c be appreh5d$ at "o & ! same "t by "o & ! same faculty ( any human m9d4 ,look+ at ph5om5a alone1 & ?9k+ 9 t sph]e1 we _c say t ,god made ! _w b r t ! _w is becom+ div9e4 ,philosophically & religi\sly1 ,god is all 9 all--hi/orically1 ,he is n ! beg9n+1 ,he is r ! end1 ! end 9 :i* ! :ole hi/ory is resum$4 ,paley's elaborate argum5t 0 felt by ! or?odox ( 8 "t to be call$ =1 ev5 ?\gh at ?is p]iod 8 way ( ?9k+ 0 popul>4 ,! conception ( ! _w z a vital organism 0 z yet1 inde$1 v vague1 & unsupport$ by any detail$1 sci5tific scrut9y ( ! facts ( nature1 b x 0 9 ! air--x _h always be5 9 ! air2 x always held ! m9ds ( cauti\s /ud5ts back f a complete surr5d] to ! facile b illusory way ( ?9k+ typifi$ by ,paley's fam\s analogy ( ! univ]se & ! wat*4 ,bacon knew t species c\ld be trans=m$ by ! action ( a new environm5t4#d ,goe! _h a cle> conception ( ! evolution !ory1 bas$ on a /udy ( organic /ructure4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 9 #agid1 _h utt]$ ! great & f9al ^w3 8,! _w has be5 g5]at$ r ?an creat$40#e ,lam>ck's ,philosophie ,zoologique 0 n publi%$ till #ahji1 n9e ye>s aft] ,paley's ,natural ,!ology1 b 8 conception ( ! developm5t ( special *>act]i/ics by habitual ex]cise & _! transmission by inh]itance _h be5 freely moot$ 9 ,paley's day1 = ,paley frequ5tly takes occasion to combat x4 ,ev5 ! conception ( natural selection z an ag5cy 9 ! =mation ( types ( be+ may be trac$ 9 a fanta/ic =m z f> back z to ,emp$ocles1#f :ile ,plato1 or :oev] compos$ a /rik+ c\plet attribut$ to him 9 ! ,greek ,an?ology1 _h div9$ ! pla/icity ( natural =ms4 8,"t10 he wrote1 8sways ! :ole _w2 "t has p[] 9 its prolong$ lapse to *ange ! names & %apes1 ! nature & ! de/9y ( ?+s40#g ,fifty ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ,paley's "w1 ! gr&son ( ,erasmus ,d>w9 wrote #8,no ?or\ghf>e' on ! entrance to ,paley's l9e ( speculation1 & clos$ x to mank9d = ev]4 ,he did ?is 9 two ways--fir/ by m>%all+ f 8 /udies ( comp>ative anatomy & ( embryology an extraord9>y volume ( conv9c+ evid5ce = ! fact ( ! mutability ( natural =ms1 & secondly by 8 attempt to e/abli% a plausible me?od by :i* ! *ange & developm5t ( organs & types might actually h tak5 place4 ,! me?od1 summ$ up 9 ! phrases #8natural selection' & #8survival ( ! fitte/1' 0 :at really caught ! att5tion ( ! _w1 & gave 8 doctr9e ! w+s :i* c>ri$ x into almo/ e sph]e ( human ?\ght4 ,h[ev] we take x1 x 0 c]ta9ly an imm5se contribution to ! organization ( k1 b :e!r x is really :at x fir/ seem$ to be1 ! basic fact at ! bottom ( all ! ph5om5a ( evolution1 is com+ to look m & m d\btful 9 ! light ( lat] rese>*es4#h ,?is "q w h to be consid]$ lat] on 9 ! c\rse ( ?is /udy1 & 9 relation to its ma9 inquiry1 :i* is ?is3 ,:at precisely 0 ! *ange 9 philosophic & religi\s outlook br\ght ab\t by ! full & f9al e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( evolution8 ,:]e has evolution left ! argum5t f design8 ,mu/ we /udy nature z a mass ( unrelat$ ph5om5a1 or c we disc]n1 ?r\gh ^!1 any fundam5tal unity to :i* !y /& 9 organic relation2 & if we c1 :at is ! nature ( ?is unity8 ,x w be useful 9 ! fir/ place to h be=e u a typical specim5 ( ,paley's me?od4 ,i %all *oose z an example ! case :i* he consid]$ s /rik+ t he deem$ x almo/ suffici5t 9 itself to be> ! :ole weight ( 8 argum5t ,9 8 n9? *apt]1 #8,on ! ,muscles1' he writes3-- 8,! next circum/ance :i* ,i %all m5tion "u ?is head ( muscul> arrangem5t is s decisive a m>k ( int5tion1 t x always appe>$ to me to sup]s$e1 9 "s measure1 ! necessity ( seek+ = any o!r obs]vation ^u ! subject2 & t circum/ance is1 ! t5dons :i* pass f ! leg to ! foot be+ b\nd d[n by a ligam5t to ! ankle4 ,! foot is plac$ at a consid]able angle ) ! leg4 ,x is manife/1 !re=e1 t flexible /r+s1 pass+ along ! int]ior ( ! angle1 if left to !mselves1 w\ld1 :5 /ret*$1 />t f x4 ,! obvi\s prev5tive is to tie !m d[n4 ,& ?is is done1 9 fact4 ,across ! in/ep1 or r j above x1 ! anatomi/ f9ds a /rong ligam5t1 "u :i* ! t5dons pass to ! foot4 ,! effect ( ! ligam5t z a b&age c be made evid5t to ! s5ses2 = if x be cut1 ! t5dons />t up4 ,! simplicity1 yet ! cle>ness ( ?is contrivance1 its exact resemblance to e/abli%$ res\rces ( art1 place x among/ ! mo/ indubitable manife/ations ( design ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 8,!re is also a fur!r use to be made ( ! pres5t example1 & t is1 z x precisely contradicts ! op9ion t ! p>ts ( animals may h be5 =m$ by :at is call$ appet5cy1 i4e4 endeav\r p]petuat$ & imp]ceptibly work+ its effect ?r\gh an incalculable s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,we h "h no endeav\r b ! rev]se ( x--a con/ant r5it5cy & reluctance4 ,! endeav\r is all ! o!r way4 ,! pressure ( ! ligam5t con/ra9s ! t5dons2 ! t5dons react ^u ! pressure ( ! ligam5t4 ,x is impossible t ! ligam5t %\ld ev] h be5 g5]at$ by ! ex]cise ( ! t5don1 or 9 ! c\rse ( t ex]cise1 =asmu* z ! =ce ( ! t5don p]p5dicul>ly resi/s ! fibre1 :i* conf9es x1 & is con/antly endeav\r+ n to =m1 b to rupture & displace1 ! ?reads ( :i* ! ligam5t is compos$40 ,paley's acc\nt ( ! function ( ! annul> ligam5t at ! ankle is correct1 & /rik+ly put4 ,a simil> ligam5t occurs at ! wri/1 & navvies :o h h>d muscul> "w to d 9 digg+ & %ovell+ are wont to re9=ce ?is ligam5t & to keep x f rupture by a lea!r /rap r\nd ! wri/4 ,! /rap p]=ms exactly ! same function z ! ligam5t1 & f ,paley's po9t ( view "o is z artificial1 z mu* a #8contrivance1' z ! o!r4 ,b 8 po9t ( view is wrong4 ,he conceives ! ,creator z hav+ at 8 disposal fully =m$ elem5ts or mat]ials--s9ews1 bones1 ligam5ts1 & ! l--& assembl+ !m into a work+ me*anism4 ,9 fact1 h[ev]1 none ( ^! ?+s is n[ :at x 0 orig9ally--"t1 z ,plato says1 has *ang$ its 8"n & %ape40 ,! annul> ligam5ts are recogniz$ by mod]n anatomi/s z hav+ orig9at$ 9 special ?ick5+s ( ! fascial %ea?s ( ! adjo9+ muscles ( ! wri/ & ankle4 ,!y _h a function :i* 0 n orig9ally connect$ ) keep+ d[n ! long t5dons t run along ! int]ior angle ( ! leg & foot4 ,contractility1 z biologi/s tell u1 is a fundam5tal prop]ty ( liv+ protoplasm2 & x is easy to imag9e t1 at ! v beg9n+ ( ! =mation ( muscul> /ructure & bone articulation1 two l9es ( contractile =ce might cross ea* o!r & ?us p]mit ! gradual evolution ( ! pres5t arrangem5t1 nature cont9ually visit+ ) disability & ext9ction ^? individuals 9 :om ! resi/+ p[] ( ! muscles :i* 7 ev5tually to =m ! annul> ligam5t 0 unduly feeble1 & giv+ a bett] *ance ( life1 & ( ! propagation ( _! k9d1 to ^? 9 :om x 0 /rong4 ,! in/ance1 9 fact1 is "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! explanation ( developm5t by natural selection is mo/ obvi\s & plausible4 ,9 8 second p>agraph ,paley t\*es on ! !ory ( 8appet5cy10 ! suppos$ t5d5cy ( natural /ructure to alt] & adapt itself on ! l9es indicat$ by ! actual ex]cise ( function1 & 9 consequ5ce ( t ex]cise4 ,?is is practically ! !ory s9ce id5tifi$ ) ! "n ( ,lam>ck4 ,paley sc>cely does x ju/ice1 = no ,lam>ckian w\ld sugge/ t a muscle c\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( its ex]cise1 develop ! ligam5t ^: function is to re/ra9 x4 ,! ligam5t w\ld be develop$ by its own ex]cise4 ,b z ,lam>ckism w be discuss$ lat] on1 ! issue z betwe5 ^! rival !ories ne$ n be debat$ "h4 ,let u set beside ,paley's argum5t on ! annul> ligam5t ( ! ankle a passage f a mod]n sci5tific "w1 ,/rasburg]'s ,text ,book ( ,botany4 ,x w introduce u1 f ! side ( ! /ricte/ sci5tific obs]vation & ( ! fulle/ acceptance ( ! evolution !ory1 to ! same k9d ( problems z ^? discuss$ 9 ,paley's ,natural ,!ology1 & x w raise 9 a v di/9ct & unevadable fa%ion ! "q1 :at we are to ?9k ( ! p[] manife/$ 9 ! op]ations ( ,nature4 ,9 ! introduction to 8 "w1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,/rasburg] _h associat$ ) him ?ree o!r em95t ,g]man botani/s1 we f9d ! foll[+ rem>kable passage deal+ ) circum/ances obs]v$ to exi/ 9 ! #8phylog5etic' or tribal 7z oppos$ to ! #8ontog5etic' or individual7 hi/ory ( plant species3-- 8,al?\gh ! great importance ( natural selection 9 ! developm5t ( ! organic _w has be5 fully recognis$ by mo/ naturali/s1 ! objection has be5 rais$ t x alone is n a suffici5t explanation ( all ! diff]5t processes 9 ! phylog5y ( an organism4 ,att5tion has be5 call$ to su* organs z w\ld be incapable ( ex]cis+ _! function until 9 an advanc$ /age ( developm5t1 & s c\ld n orig9ally h be5 ( any advantage 9 a /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,h[ c\ld natural selection t5d to develop an organ :i* w\ld be useless s long z x 0 /ill 9 a rudim5t>y condition8 ,?is objection has l$ to ! supposition ( an int]nal =ce resid+ 9 ! sub/ance ( ! organisms !mselves & controll+ _! developm5t 9 c]ta9 def9ite directions4 ,_m naturali/s inde$ h gone s f> z to affirm t only ! less advantage\s qualities h be5 affect$ by ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 :ile ! m advantage\s h be5 un9flu5c$ by x0#i ,"o c easily imag9e :at a mod]n ,paley b5t on reconcil+ or?odoxy & evolution w\ld say to ?is4 ,he w\ld cry1 ,design1 =e?\ght1 intellig5ce--"h is ! cle>e/ evid5ce ( x6 ,& inde$ !re are _m mod]n biologi/s :o d n %r9k f ! admission t ! processes ( nature mu/ ultimately be int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( w or int5tion1 n 9 t]ms ( *ance or bl9d me*anism4 ,?us1 to ! ,d>w9ian argum5t t organs c be & are1 demon/rably1 =m$ by gradual adaptation to surr\nd+ conditions )\t assum+ ! necessity ( purposeful design1 x is (t5 repli$ t ! v fact ( adaptability is itself "o ( ! /ronge/ evid5ces if n ( design at lea/ ( purpose4 ,& ,j4 v4 ,uexkll1 :o describes life z consi/+ ess5tially 9 ! fact t x proce$s accord+ to design 7planmssig71 has ! foll[+ rem>kable passage 9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,biology#aj3-- 8,:5 we look backw>ds1 e phase 9 ! process ( developm5t seems to u to h proce$$ 9 a /rictly causal mann] f physico-*emical processes4 ,b :5 we turn to look =w>d1 x is c]ta9 t ! physico-*emical processes if left to _! own causality mu/ imm$iately br+ ab\t ! de/ruction ( ! organism4 ,9 fact1 ! cle>e/ def9ition we c give ( dy+ is to say ( an organism t its processes n[ g on no long] teleologically 7zweckmssig7 b only causally40#aa ,yet ! mod]n ,paley w\ld be ra% 9 argu+ f facts l ^! 7suppos+ !m fully e/abli%$7 to ! consci\s1 intellig5t contrivance ( a s+le =esee+ ,m9d4 ,= v few ?+s 9 ?is univ]se appe> to be done z a presid+1 consci\s intellig5ce w\ld d !m4 ,consci\s intellig5ce w\ld n h evolv$ ! giant armadillo only t ! :ole species might be de/roy$ by ! sabre-too!d tig]1 & w\ld n h arm$ ! sabre-too!d tig] = ! attack on ! armadillo 9 su* a way t :5 he _h ext]m9at$ ! victim-species ! =mation ( 8 tee? r5d]$ x impossible = him to prey on any o!r animal4#ab ,consci\s intellig5ce w\ld n h all[$ ! relic ( a disus$ organ1 9 ! %ape ( ! v]mi=m app5dix1 to be a con/ant s\rce ( dang] & suff]+ to c\ntless g5]ations ( m5--dang] aga9/ :i* no ex]cise ( prud5ce or en]gy c secure !m4 ,let u exam9e a c\ple ( o!r crucial cases4 ,! embryo ( e mammalian animal is prep>$ 9 ! womb = ! life x is to live "u :olly diff]5t conditions4 ,lungs are =m$ :5 !re is no air = !m to brea!1 eyes :5 !re is no light1 a dige/ive sy/em :5 n\ri%m5t is d]iv$ z yet direct f ! "m's blood4 ,?is capacity = anticipatory developm5t dur+ a p]iod ( ge/ation or incubation becomes absolutely necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( life z soon z animals1 ceas+ to multiply by m]ely divid+ 9 two1 become m highly organiz$ & h to devote special g]m-cells to reproductive purposes4 ,"h is c]ta9ly purpose1 or1 z ,i %\ld pref] to call x1 directivity--"h we recognize :at ,re9ke calls ! ,x-factor 9 nature4 ,b consci\s1 intellig5t contrivance8 ,we mu/ recollect h[ _m ( ^! embryos are de/9$ to p]i% at bir? or be=e atta9+ any appreciable degree ( indep5d5t life4 ,w\ld n intellig5ce =esee t1 & br+ to bir? only :at 0 de/9$ to endure8 ,aga91 !re are c]ta9 species ( butt]flies :i* h put on a coloration & a =m ! effect ( :i* is to aid !m 9 evad+ ! attacks ( birds4 ,!y 7 n creat$ s2 !y h become s2 & ! precise mann] ( ! becom+ w be fully discuss$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,let u assume = ! mom5t t ?is adaptation did n occur by a s]ies ( lucky accid5ts or by any m]ely me*anical process4 ,are we1 !n1 b\nd to attribute x to intellig5t contrivance8 ,! "q w be be/ answ]$ by simply putt+ a case :i* admits ( no d\bt4 ,suppose !re 7 an isl& 9 :i* !re 7 no birds1 except su* z prey on fi%es or on ea* o!r1 b nev] on insects4 ,! butt]flies on ?is isl&1 if !re 7 any1 w\ld c]ta9ly %[ no trace ( protective =m or coloration4 ,b at "s "t or o!r insect-eat+ birds might be introduc$ to ! isl&1 z ! ,engli% sp>r[ has be5 introduc$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,!n1 if ! ext]m9ation ( ! butt]flies did n proce$ too rapidly1 we might expect1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 to see protective adaptations assum$4 ,b c\ld we expect to see !m assum$ 9 anticipation ( ! adv5t ( ! de/roy]s8 ,we c\ld n4 ,naturali/s1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff]1 z !y d diff]1 ^u ! "q z to h[ protective adaptations actually take place1 w\ld all agree t !y c\ld n possibly take place 9 anticipation ( ne$s n yet pres5t4 ,if !y did1 we %\ld h a miracle1 & :]e miracle comes 9 k goes out4 ,! cases :]e consci\s1 intellig5t contrivance w\ld be unmi/akably recognizable are j ! cases :i* nev] occur4 ,! signal s]vice r5d]$ by ! *ampions ( ! evolution !ory1 ,quos nec fama ,dem1 nec fulm9a1 nec m9itanti ,murmure compressit ,clum1 is t !y conqu]$ ! realm ( organic nature = true k1 & gave ! drama ( its developm5t a new & pr(\nd int]e/1 by %[+ ) an uncompromis+ c\rage only equall$ by ! extraord9>ily m9ute & pati5t rese>* :i* ju/ifi$ x1 t ! app>5t in/ances ( div9e contrivance ) :i* nature teems mu/ be expla9$ by ! responsiv5ess1 ! adaptability1 ( liv+ protoplasm4 ,ne$less to say1 ?is demon/ration does n 9 ! lea/ disprove ! exi/5ce ( ,god z a supreme1 consci\s1 p]sonal ,intellig5ce4#ac ,b x does =bid u to d$uce ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,be+ f ! obs]vation ( natural ph5om5a4 ,a liv+1 develop+ univ]se has be5 set 9 ! place ( a ,div9e ,me*anician op]at+ on dead matt]4 ,! "q1 :at conception we are to =m ( ! =ces ( evolution1 w be m fully discuss$ 9 ! succe$+ *apt]s on ,biology1 z a f\ndation = views :i* w aft]w>ds be put =w>d 9 relation to ,e?ics & to ,art4 ,b fir/ we mu/ cle> ! gr\nd a little by consid]+ :at x really is t we are to /udy1 & if x be possible to /udy x at all4 ,nature-/udy if x is to be possible mu/ beg91 & if x is to be fruitful mu/ end1 9 some?+ :i* is n /rictly ! /udy ( nature1 b :i* we call ,philosophy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant examples ( t union ( philosophic speculation ) nature-/udy :i* is s m>k$ a feature ( ! ,g]man ?\ght ( our day is ,h4 von ,keys]l+'s "w1 ,! ,/ructure ( ! ,_w4#ad ,keys]l+ beg9s by lay+ x d[n z a po/ulate ( ?9k+ t 8,! ,univ]se is a r\nd$1 inw>dly coh]5t ,:ole40 ,a po/ulate ( ?9k+ ?is is inde$1 & m ?an t--x is a po/ulate ( liv+4 ,if "u all ! v>iety & app>5t discont9uity ( ! univ]se !re does n lie ,"o all-p]vad+ & unify+ ,p[]1 !n m$itation & action are alike va91 = none c tell ! h\r :5 "s incursion ( ! unkn[n may n %att] our cosmos into *aos1 or leave u 9 a new univ]se ) ! edifice ( our pa/ exp]i5ce1 ! famili> home ( ! _s1 ly+ 9 ru9s ar\nd u4 ,e "o assumes1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 t !re is su* a ,p[]1 t ! univ]se is ,"o1 t h[ev] my/]i\s1 h[ev] little kn[n or und]/ood x may be1 x is n ess5tially deceptive or incalculable4 ,! savage & ! philosoph] alike assume ?is1 & act ^u ! assumption4 ,x is p]haps possible n m]ely to assume b to prove x4 ,= let u try to imag9e :at w\ld be ! case if x 7 n true4 ,if ! ,pr9ciple1 ! ultimate ,reality ( ! univ]se1 be n "o x mu/ be at lea/ dual4 ,!re mu/ be n less ?an two pr9ciples4 ,n[ !re are only ?ree ways 9 :i* ^! two pr9ciples--& :at we say w hold good = any great] numb]--c be relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,!y mu/ ei!r 7#a7 be id5tical1 or 7#b7 !y mu/ be complem5t>y1 ea* possess+ some?+ :i* ! o!r is lack+ 91 or 7#c7 !y mu/ negate ea* o!r & be mutually contradictory & exclusive4 ,b two absolutely id5tical pr9ciples1 if we c conceive su* a ?+1 are indi/+ui%able f "o4 ,two or m complem5t>y pr9ciples1 aga91 make up1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 b a s+le :ole1 z 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity4 ,!re=e if ! univ]se be really dual1 its two pr9ciples mu/ negate & contradict ea* o!r4 ,n[ ^! two ho/ile pr9ciples mu/ ei!r be equal 9 =ce or "o mu/ be m p[]ful ?an ! o!r4 ,9 ! latt] ev5t1 see+ t !y divide betwe5 !m ! sum total ( exi/5ce & ?us /& 9 nak$ & ess5tial antagonism1 ) no place = evasion1 & no auxili>y or modify+ =ces to call 91 x foll[s ( necessity t if "o surpass$ ! o!r by ev5 ! smalle/ conceivable excess1 x mu/1 9 et]nity1 ma/] x & r$uce x to impot5ce4 ,s by ?is road we come back to unity aga94 ,if1 h[ev]1 we suppose our two =ces to be co-equal & co-et]nal1 we h to ask ourselves :at we mean by suppos+ !m to be antagoni/ic4 ,antagonism c only arise :5 !re is action4 ,b two equal =ces act+ 9 direct contradiction to ea* o!r mu/ mutually cancel ea* o!r1 & ! result is z]o4 ,on su* an hypo!sis ! univ]se c\ld nev] h come into be+4 ,x may also be po9t$ out t ! hypo!sis itself seems to be irrational4 ,= action means ! production ( a *ange ( "s k9d1 *ange 9 ! nature or situation ( objects4 ,b if "o ( our =ces is produc+ *anges ( a c]ta9 k9d & ! o!r produc+ *anges ( ano!r k9d1 !n !y are n contradictory b complem5t>y4 ,! only real antagonism betwe5 two ultimate pr9ciples mu/ consi/ 9 "o ( !m be+ id5tifi$ ) action1 *ange1 life1 ! o!r ) immobility & dea?4 ,b a pr9ciple ( immobility & dea?1 if !re c\ld be su* a ?+1 c\ld n also be a pr9ciple ( action1 n ev5 ( de/ructive action1 = to act at all w\ld be a contradiction ( its own nature4 ,x w\ld beg9 & end 9 total 9action1 & ! field w\ld be cle> = ! o!r ,p[]1 j z if no?+ else exi/$4 ,x foll[s t1 9 ! liv+ & mov+ univ]se ar\nd u1 !re _c be any su* ?+ z an active pr9ciple ( de/ruction & dea?4 ,we are oblig$ to p]ceive ,be+ "u ! guise ( ,becom+ & ,becom+ "u ! guise ( ,*ange & ,progression4 ,?is is a process tak+ place 9 ! visible & temporal ord] ( ?+s & capable1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ( p>tial arre/ or retrogression4 ,b ! ,:ole1 reg>d$ z a :ole1 c be & c conta9 no?+ b life1 & mu/ "u all its div]sity 7:i* is an aspect ( life7 be ,"o4 ,x is ?is unity :i* alone c make intelligible & rational ! div]sity ( :i* e /udy ( life mu/ treat4 ,x is my endeav\r 9 ! pres5t "w to br+ into cle> light "s important aspects ( ?is unity1 z reveal$ 9 ! int]-relations ( ! p>ts ( :i*1 to our eyes1 x seems to be compos$4#ae ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,:eel ,,( ,,life ,i he>d !m 9 _! sadness say ,! e>? rebukes ! ?\ght ( ,god2 ,we are b emb]s wrapp$ 9 clay1 ,a little nobl] ?an ! sod4 ,b ,i h t\*$ ! lips ( clay2 ,"m1 ?y rude/ sod to me ,is ?rill$ ) fire ( hidd5 day1 ,& haunt$ by all my/]y4--,a4,e4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t no def9ite l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 ! animal & ! vegetable worlds4 ,!re are l[ly organisms :i* _c be decisively ref]r$ ei!r to ! "o or to ! o!r4 ,x has be5 m rec5tly %[n t ! app>5tly m /rongly m>k$ l9e betwe5 ! liv+ & ! non-liv+ also gr[s wav]+ & indi/9ct 9 places4 ,metals are kn[n to respond to /imuli & to %[ #8fatigue' 9 a mann] commonly attribut$ only to ! n]v\s sy/em ( animals1#af :ile "s ( ! ph5om5a ( cry/allization /rongly resemble ^? ( vitality4#ag ,le ,dantec has utt]$ ! late/ ^w ( physics on ?is subject1 :]e he insi/s on ! 8abs5ce ( all ess5tial diff]5ce & all absolute discont9uity betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ matt]40#ah ,inde$1 "o may say ( nature-/udy 9 g5]al1 t if1 z ,plato said1 ! beg9n+ ( k is 9 def9itions & classification1 ! end ( x lies 9 gett+ rid ( !m4 ,!re is probably no su* ?+ z a univ]sally applicable def9ition ( any gr\p ( natural ph5om5a4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no condition ( matt] ( :i* we are entitl$ to say t ,life is impossible )\t x4 ,/ill1 natural gr\ps h well-m>k$ c5tral features1 ev5 if at _! m>g9s !y melt into some?+ else4 ,n[ ! ?+s :i* 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w we call ,liv+ are m>k$ by ^! *>act]s3 ,_! *emical con/itu5ts are always comp\nds ( c>bon4 ,^! comp\nds are :at is call$ #8un/able'--!y #8consume' or dis9tegrate by comb9+ ) oxyg5 9 air or wat]4 ,9 ?is process organisms obta9 ! en]gy necess>y = assimilation & gr[?4 ,! above *>act]s 7c>bon-comp\nds1 *emical in/ability1 & faculty ( assimilation7 apply to plants & animals alike4 ,b we f9d1 9 g5]al1 t plants are able1 f inorganic m9]al con/itu5ts su* z c>bonic acid1 wat]1 nitrates1 sulphates1 etc41#ai to build up ! organic comp\nds l proteid1 album91 ! c>bohydrates1 alcohol1 fat2 :ile animals use = _! n\ri%m5t n ! inorganic sub/ances b only organic comp\nds already =m$ by plants or by o!r animals4 ,a well-develop$ vegetable _w mu/ !re=e1 x w\ld seem1 h prec$$ ! appe>ance ( animal life on ! globe4#bj ,x 0 long believ$ t ^! organic comp\nds ( c>bon c\ld only be =m$ by ! vital action ( liv+ vegetation4 ,"o ( ! epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n *emi/ry has be5 ! demon/ration 7fir/ by ,whl]1 9 #ahbh17 t _m ( !m c be produc$ 9 ! laboratory f inorganic *emical con/itu5ts4 ,b ?is is only effect$ by circuit\s & difficult ways1 &--a circum/ance (t5 ov]look$--x only resembles :at is accompli%$ 9 nature if we include "u nature ! directive ag5cy repres5t$ by ! *emi/ himself1 z well z ! mat]ials ) :i* he deals4 ,! *>act]i/ic col\r ( liv+ vegetation is gre54 ,?is is also ! r>e/ ( col\rs among ! high] animals4#ba ,x is due 9 vegetables to ! pres5ce 9 _! cells ( gra9s ( ! sub/ance kn[n z *lorophyll1 :i* v few animals possess or h ne$ (4 ,x is develop$ normally "u ! action ( sunlight1 & plays a mo/ important "p 9 ! economy ( ! plant4 ,! usual me?od by :i* any organism obta9s ! en]gy necess>y = its vital functions is ?r\gh ! oxidization1 i4e4 ! sl[ burn+1 ( its sub/ance1 by comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,! process is to all int5ts ! same z ! m rapid oxidization1 "u great heat1 ( coal 9 a /eam-eng9e4 ,if a plant c obta9 sug>1 :i* oxidizes easily 9 contact ) atmosph]ic oxyg51 x has ?us a fund ( en]gy to draw on = all ! processes ( its life4 ,n[ sug> is compos$ ( c>bon & wat]4 ,c>bon exi/s 9 ! air1 9 comb9ation ) oxyg51 9 ! =m kn[n z c>bonic acid4 ,*lorophyll1 9 "s way z yet unexpla9$1 enables plants1 :5 act$ ^u by light1 to take 9 c>bonic acid f ! air & to dis9tegrate x into its con/itu5ts1 c>bon & oxyg54 ,! oxyg5 disappe>s aga9 9 ! air1 & ! releas$ c>bon comb9es ) wat] 9 ! plant to =m sug>1#bb ?us giv+ ! plant its ne$$ /ore ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,all x does ) ?is en]gy is to live1 gr[1 & reproduce its k9d2 till at l5g? a "t comes :5 ! assimilative en]gy weak5s relatively to ! =ces ( decay1 & ! plant dies2 x is aga9 resolv$ into ! *emical con/itu5ts f :i* x 0 built up2 b n )\t hav+ pass$ on ! flame ( life to burn afre% 9 its desc5dants4 ,plants :i* h no *lorophyll1 l c]ta9 bact]ia & m\lds1 & :i*1 !re=e1 _c decompose ! c>bonic acid 9 ! air = _! n\ri%m5t1 (f] an int]e/+ example ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,nature contrives to get h] way1 if n by ! normal in/rum5ts1 !n by ! utilization ( o!rs4 ,!y acquire _! fir/ /ore ( en]gy sometimes l animals1 f o!r organic comp\nds1 or !y take c>bon f acetates & t>trates4 ,! nitro-bact]ia appe> to dep5d on ammonia d]iv$ f decay+ animal matt]1 & ! m\lds draw _! en]gy f sug>1 :i* 7z 9 our jams1 etc47 !y f9d already =m$4 ,!re are o!r plants1 su* z ! fly-eat+ ,dros]a1 :i* fe$ ^u organic sub/ances ) ! aid ( dige/ive juices1 exactly z animals d2 & !re are animals1 su* z ,hydra & o!rs1 ( v primitive =m1#bc :i* produce *lorophyll & are !reby enabl$1 l plants1 to fe$ ^u c>bonic acid4 ,! di/9ction !re=e :i* has be5 drawn betwe5 ! two k+doms z reg>ds _! modes ( n\ri%m5t mu/1 l o!r def9itions ( natural gr\ps1 be tak5 to apply to c5tral & typical =ms & n to con/itute a di/9ct b\nd>y l9e4 ,all[+ = ^! exceptional cases1 we may say broadly t ! :eel ( life makes its full circle 9 pass+ f inorganic matt] ?r\gh plants to animals & !nce back to gases & m9]als aga94 ,! process ( tak+ 9 fre% matt]1 trans=m+ x *emically into liv+ tissue1 & ?us repair+ ! wa/e occasion$ by ! decomposition ( ! c>bon-comp\nds ( t tissue1 is te*nically kn[n z ,metabolism4 ,?is is ! typical & *>act]i/ic function ( organic life4 ,n[ ?is function ( liv+ matt]1 or ,protoplasm1 dep5ds ^u two elem5ts3 fir/1 its ,sub/ance2 secondly1 its ,/ructure4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 we are 9 ?is s]i\s difficulty1 t liv+ matt] c nev] be *emically inve/igat$ by any means at pres5t kn[n1 = x dies imm$iately 9 pres5ce ( any ( ! reag5ts :i* are us$ to asc]ta9 its *emical composition4 ,x is kn[n t !re are no elem5t>y sub/ances 9 liv+ matt] :i* are n also f\nd 9 ! _w ( inorganic matt]1 b x is also kn[n t _! syn!tic comb9ation 9 liv+ is diff]5t f t :i* obta9s 9 dead tissue1#bd & x is precisely ?r\gh ?is factor--t ( ! gr\p+ or syn!sis ( elem5ts--t ! mo/ rem>kable =ms ( en]gy are develop$4 ,! secret ( life1 !re=e1 _c be /at$ 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry1 because we _c surprise ! secret ( its *emical syn!sis4 ,ev5 if we c\ld d ?is we %\ld /ill be unable to say :y c]ta9 syn!ses %\ld appe> 9 liv+ matt] & resolve !mselves into o!rs at dea?4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 9 ! inve/igation ( organic tissue 7plant or animal7 by su* means z are available1 t "o sub/ance is common to all ! organic & is nev] f\nd 7z su*7 9 ! inorganic _w4 ,?is is call$ ,proteid4 ,x is compos$ ( five elem5ts--,c>bon1 ,hydrog51 ,sulphur1 ,nitrog51 & ,oxyg51 :i* are comb9$ 9 proportions n at pres5t asc]ta9$4 ,subject to ! limitations j set =? we may say t proteid is ! ess5tial /uff ( organic tissue4 ,! two o!r usual 7?\gh n1 l proteid1 univ]sal7 con/itu5ts ( ?is tissue--! ,c>bohydrates 7sug>1 />*1 etc47 & ! ,fats--are1 x is believ$1 =m$ p>tly f ! products ( ! metabolism ( proteid4 ,:5 we come to deal ) ! ess5tial ,/ructure ( life we are 9 mu* ! same difficulty z t 9 :i* we f\nd ourselves 9 inve/igat+ its *emical ,sub/ance4 ,we c obs]ve liv+ cells "u ! microscope1 b ! mo/ p[]ful microscope has nev] rea*$ ! limits beyond :i* we c say t !re is no /ructure4 ,!re is ano!r limitation too4 ,! microscope has reveal$ ! fact t all liv+ tissue is made up ( cells1 b ! int]nal /ructure ( ! cell1 beyond ! fact t x is compos$ ( a fluid sub/ance )9 :i* a d>k] col\r$ nucleus is usually emb$d$1 c\ld n be asc]ta9$ until ! rec5t device ( /a9+ ! object ) anil9e dyes _h be5 ?\ght (4 ,diff]5t sub/ances 9 ! cell are f\nd to take ^! dyes diff]5tly1 & ?us a _w ( /ructure ( ! mo/ s+ul> k9d has be5 reveal$ 9 :at =m]ly seem$ a simple1 semi-transp>5t fluid4 ,"s p>ts ( ?is /ructure hov]1 z x 71 ^u ! v edge ( p]ceptibility1 ! mo/ suitable dyes = br++ !m "u obs]vation n hav+ be5 z yet discov]$4 ,!re may be o!rs :i* no dye c reveal1 b :i* are yet active & necess>y p>ts ( ! organism4 ,moreov]1 "h too ! cell is kill$ by ! means tak5 to obs]ve x1 & ! processes 9 :i* its /ructure is engag$ c only z a rule be d$uc$ f ! obs]vation ( a great numb] ( cells 9 :i* _! int]nal movem5ts are arre/$ at diff]5t /ages ( completion4 ,x has be5 practically demon/rat$ t all organic life mu/ be at lea/ duplex if n multiplex 9 its con/itu5t elem5ts4 ,9 its simple/ kn[n =m x consi/s ( ,protoplasm & ,nucleus4 ,we "k t ! c>ry+-on ( all vital functions dep5ds on peculi> relations exi/+ betwe5 ^! two elem5ts1 b :at ^! relations exactly are is /ill q obscure4 ,bo? protoplasm & nucleus are comp\nds ( proteid ) o!r *emical sub/ances n yet fully det]m9$4 ,protoplasm is a fluid1 & has be5 %[n by ! epo*-mak+ obs]vations ( ,bts*li#be to h a /ructure resembl+ t ( an exce$+ly m9ute foam4 ,! nucleus usually exi/s 9 ! =m ( a s+le def9ite body1 b x may be scatt]$ ?r\gh ! protoplasm ( ! organism 9 little granules4 ,9 ! l[lie/ ( organisms1 ! ,amb1 we h simply a speck ( protoplasm conta9+ a nucleus1 b ) no surr\nd+ wall ( ! h>d] sub/ance :i* protoplasm builds up = itself 9 ! cells belong+ to high] =ms ( life4 ,su* amboid =ms are ! :ite corpuscles 9 ! human blood1 ^: sl[ *anges ( =m we c obs]ve "u ! microscope1 & :i* play s important a "p 9 our economy by fe$+ on ! noxi\s bact]ia :i* produce ! v>i\s =ms ( blood-poison+ & zymotic disease4 ,a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! functions & /ructure ( ! cell mu/ be res]v$ = ! next *apt]4 ,9 consid]+ ^! & all o!r ph5om5a ( vitality let me aga9 recall ! w>n+ express$ 9 ! taunt ( ,mephi/opheles to ! "y /ud5t3 ! l9es are z true to-day z !y 7 :5 ,goe! wrote !m ov] a hundr$ ye>s ago3-- 8,if "s liv+ ?+ y w\ld le>n ab\t1 ,y beg9 by driv+ its ,_s out2 ,!re lie ! p>ts ( x1 "o by "o1 ,b ! b9d+ ,_s1 alas1 is gone60 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,de ,,m9imis ,imm5se h be5 ! prep>ations = me1 ,fai?ful & fri5dly ! arms t h help'd me4 99 99 99 99 99 8,be=e ,i 0 born out ( my "m g5]ations guid$ me1 ,my embryo has nev] be5 torpid1 no?+ c\ld ov]lay x40 ,walt ,:itman4 ,!re are two functions ( organic life :i* are (t5 confus$ toge!r1 b :i* x is well to keep di/9ct 9 our ?\ght4 ,^! are ,gr[? & ,developm5t4 ,! m>k ( gr[? is t an organism1 by assimilation f ! outside _w1 becomes l>g] ?an x 04 ,b 9 developm5t x becomes diff]5t f :at x 04 ,! hi/ory ( an embryo 9 ! womb pres5ts a succession ( ph5om5a :i*1 :5 "o comes to realize !m1 almo/ /agg] ?\ght2 =1 :ile rema9+ ! same ?+ all ?r\gh1 x is cont9ually becom+ a diff]5t class ( ?+--fir/ two cells1 !n "o cell1 !n a fi%1 a quadrup$1 ultimately a human be+4 ,?is is ,developm5t4 ,once born1 x is laid hold ( by ! pr9ciple ( ,gr[? :i* la/s until maturity4 ,n[ 9 ! gr\ps call$ ,species1 z well z 9 individuals1 we obs]ve exactly ! same di/9ction4 ,! memb]s ( a species multiply & increase _! numb]s4 ,?is is ,gr[?4 ,b "u c]ta9 conditions1 :i* we h n[ to inve/igate1 !y v>y 9 type & ultimately give rise to new species diff]+ widely f t f :i* !y sprang4 ,?is we call ,developm5t or1 9 ! m popul> t]m = ! process :5 appli$ to species1 ,evolution4 ,! inve/igation ( ?is process 9 all its details has be5 ! ma/]-impulse ( biology ev] s9ce ! fact ( ! process 0 e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( ,d>w94 ,9 ,d>w9's "t ! /udy ( evolution 0 ma9ly an affair ( :at is call$ ,natural ,hi/ory ,b x has n[ be5 realiz$ t fully to compreh5d ! processes involv$--s f> z !y c ev] be compreh5d$--x is necess>y to f9d out ( :at k9d ( mat]ial liv+ be+s are compos$1 & h[ _! fundam5tal processes take place4 8,! ultimate problems ( sex1 f]tilization1 inh]itance1 & developm5t10 says ,wilson1 h be5 n[ 8%[n to be cell-problems40#bf ,be=e go+ fur!r1 !re=e1 we mu/ give "s acc\nt ( ! lead+ facts connect$ ) ! /ructure & vital action ( ! cell4 ,s9ce ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 probably ! mo/ important contribution to biological !ory is to be f\nd 9 ! rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,weismann1 & p>ticul>ly 9 8 l>ge "w1 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ( :i* a ma/]ly ,engli% translation has rec5tly appe>$4#bg ,weismann1 on "o side1 repres5ts an h]oic attempt to br+ back to ! /rictly me*anical pr9ciples ( ,d>w9ism ! tide ( biological speculation1 :i* has be5 fl[+ m & m 9 ! direction ( recogniz+ an ess5tial & n a m]ely =tuit\s connexion betwe5 ! goal ( ! evolution ( natural =ms & ! means tak5 by nature to atta9 x4 ,on ano!r side he has br\ght ! physiology ( ! cell into true relation ) ! natural hi/ory ( ! organism & ( ! species1 & has become ! au?or1 or at lea/ ! fir/ great exp\nd] & sy/ematiz]1 ( a !ory ( h]$ity--! n[ fam\s ,g]m-,plasm !ory--mu* ( :i* seems a solid1 p]man5t1 & deeply important contribution to k4 ,b ?is !ory seems to lead /raight to a non-me*anical or psy*ic conception ( ! driv+-=ce ( evolution1 & ,weismann has !re=e suppli$ ! o!r "p :i*1 9 ! view ( ! pres5t writ] & ( _m o!rs bett] qualifi$ to judge1 seems to be ( ! nature ( a baseless & improbable hypo!sis1 devis$ to f9d a means ( avoid+ rec\rse to any non-me*anical conception ( ! ultimate nature ( evolution>y processes4 ,z we %all be mu* conc]n$ ) ,weismann's views1 let u place at ! head ( our /udy ( !m a c\ple ( passages 9 :i* 8 g5]al attitude t[>ds ! ph5om5a ( vital processes is express$4 8,9 our "t10 he writes1 8! great riddle has be5 solv$--! riddle ( ! orig9 ( :at is be/ suit$ to its purpose )\t ! co-op]ation ( purposive =ces40#bh 8,we mu/ c]ta9ly assume10 he decl>es1 8t ! me*anical !ory ( life is correct40#bi ,a long] passage %[s u :at he und]/&s by #8me*anical'3-- 8,! liv+ ma*9e diff]s ess5tially f o!r ma*9es 9 ! fact t x con/ructs itself2 x arises by developm5t f a cell1 by go+ ?r\gh num]\s /ages ( developm5t1 b none ( ^! /ages is a dead ?+1 ea* 9 itself is a liv+ organism ^: *ief function is to give rise to ! next /age4 ,?us ea* /age ( ! developm5t may be comp>$ to a ma*9e ^: function consi/s 9 produc+ a simil> b m complex ma*9e4 ,ea* /age is ?us compos$1 j l ! complete organism1 ( a numb] ( su* #8con/ellations' ( elem5t>y sub/ances & elem5t>y =ces1 ^: numb] 9 ! beg9n+s is relatively small1 b increases rapidly ) ea* new /age40#cj ,x w\ld h be5 simpl]1 b x w\ld n h suit$ ,weismann's conception ( nature1 to say t ! 8liv+ ma*9e0 diff]s ess5tially f o!r ma*9es 9 n be+ a ma*9e at all1 or any?+ 9 ! lea/ l "o4 ,no ma*9e con/ructs itself4 ,no ma*9e c d any?+ b repeat a c]ta9 s]ies ( movem5ts1 ea* s]ies exactly simil> to ! la/4 ,:at ,weismann has describ$ is n a ma*9e1 j because x is a liv+ organism4 ,x is surely z true 9 biology z x is 9 me*anics t 9 any purely physical *a9 ( sequ5ces y _c by any possibility get m out at ! end ?an y put 9 at ! beg9n+1 unless y take x 9 ^u ! way4 8,developm5t10 writes ,weismann1 8is an expression ( life40#ca ,b 8life10 aga91 is m]ely 8a *emico-physical ph5om5on40#cb ,to say t developm5t is an expression ( a *emico-physical ph5om5on does n seem a v illum9at+ or helpful g5]alization4 ,! fact is t ! /atem5t t life is a *emico-physical ph5om5on does n take u fur!r t[>ds an und]/&+ ( ! subject ?an :5 we say1 :at is equally true1 t *emical & physical ph5om5a are a manife/ation ( life4 ,life is ev]y:]e4 ,we use x z a conv5i5t t]m = ! en]gies associat$ ) #8liv+' protoplasm1 because we obs]ve t :5 x is pres5t protoplasmic /ructures act & react 7z 9 ! ph5om5a ( nutrition1 = in/ance7 9 c]ta9 *emico-physical ways1 :ile1 if x be abs5t1 ! same protoplasm acts 9 o!r ways1 also *emico-physical1 b q diff]5t f ! =m]1 & analog\s to ! ways ( m9]als & ( gases into :i* dead protoplasm f9ally resolves itself4 ,! *emico-physical actions & reactions appe> 9 a liv+ plant or animal to be "u ! direction ( a =ce devot$ to ! pres]vation ( t p>ticul> organism4 ,! smalle/ atom ( organic life includes n only a *emical comp\nd b a *emi/4 ,9 ! m9]al _w we may say broadly t !re is no individuality ( p>ts4#cc ,) protoplasmic /ructure1 !re=e1 a /age is rea*$ 9 ! evolution ( life :i* we may rightfully call #8life' p> excell5ce1 b !re has be5 no brea* ( cont9uity1 & x is highly probable1 z ,weismann himself sugge/s1 t f> bel[ ! limits ( microscopic obs]vation ! trans=mation ( #8dead' into #8liv+' matt] is cont9ually go+ =w>d4 ,:51 !re=e1 we speak ( ! action ( liv+ protoplasm ! di/9ction is r betwe5 ?is action & t ( a piece ( me*anism ?an betwe5 protoplasm & m9]als or gases4 ,! ph5om5a ( cell-gr[?1 reproduction1 & h]$ity are ^? :i* lie at ! basis ( all organiz$ protoplasmic life1 & 9 all ! =ms ( t life1 vegetable z well z animal1 !y are extraord9>ily simil>2 !re is1 9 fact1 no?+ :i* all ! species ( liv+ ?+s h s mu* 9 common4 ,"o ( ! mo/ wond]ful & fasc9at+ *apt]s 9 ! :ole range ( sci5ce is t :i* conta9s ! acc\nt ( ^! processes1 & x is only )9 ! la/ few ye>s t x has be5 possible to write x4 ,weismann1 9 a c]ta9 section ( 8 ,evolution ,!ory1 has br\ght ! facts toge!r 9 a mann] :i*1 = its lucidity & ma/]y ( ! subject-matt]1 des]ves to be call$ a classic example ( sci5tific exposition4#cd ,to und]/& ! basis ( ! high] manife/ations ( life1 ^! processes1 z we h said1 mu/ fir/ be und]/ood1 & an acc\nt ( !m1 bas$ on ,weismann1 & accept+ 8 g]m-plasm !ory s f> z x seems to accord ) e/abli%$ facts1 w be giv51 ( c\rse only 9 ! broade/ outl9es4#ce ,at ! same "t x w be attempt$1 "h & !re1 to ?r[ "s light on ! rationale ( ! processes describ$4 ,all animal & vegetable /ructure arises f cellul> tissue1 & 9 fact is ei!r cellul> tissue or1 z 9 ! case ( bones1 scales1 etc41 ! m9]al deposit =m$ by ! action ( cells4 ,! simple/ liv+ =ms are compos$ ( s+le cells1 & ! mo/ complex & huge ( !m 7 ea* once no?+ m ?an a s+le cell1 possess$ ( ! p[]s ( developm5t & gr[?4 ,9 multicellul> organisms1 ?is s+le orig9at+ cell is usually =m$ by ! fusion ( two imp]fect cells by :at is indiff]5tly call$ conjugation1 sexual reproduction1 or #8amphimixis4' ,all cells1 :e!r !y are ! product ( conjugation or n1 gr[1 :5 !y d gr[1 fundam5tally 9 ! same way1 & ?is way mu/ n[ be describ$4 ,! cont5ts ( ! typical cell are broadly diff]5tiat$ into 7#a7 a m or less h>d5$ envelope conta9+ 7#b7 a sub/ance call$ cytoplasm 7,gk4 1 a cell71 & 7#c7 a small1 r\nd$1 d>k-col\r$ body call$ ! nucleus4 ,until rec5tly no?+ m ?an ?is 0 kn[n ( ! /ructure ( ! cell1 & no?+ at all ( ! functions ( ! nucleus4 ,n[1 ke5] microscopic rese>* & bett] in/rum5ts h ?r[n a flood ( light on cell-organization1 & ! nucleus is reveal$ z a p[]ful factor 9 ! vital processes ( ! cell & ! be>] ( its h]$it>y sub/ance#cf--t :i* makes x a cell ( "s p>ticul> organism1 plant or animal1 & ( no o!r4 ,?is h]$it>y sub/ance1 div9$ by ! botani/ ,ngeli1 & s9ce obs]v$ by ,weismann & o!rs1 is call$ #8*romat9' 7f ! fact t x is obs]v$ by means ( ! /a9 x takes f ! addition ( an anil9e dye71 or #8idioplasm' 7,ngeli's appellation71 :i* might be r5d]$ ! #8selfhood sub/ance' ( ! cell4 ,cellul> /ructure beg9s1 z has long be5 kn[n1 by ! division ( a cell into two1 ea* ( ! p>ts !n proce$+ to gr[ by ! assimilative p[] ( protoplasm & 9 due "t to divide 9 its turn4 ,a mass ( ^! cells is call$ #8cellul> tissue4' ,! s-call$ #8budd+' ( a small cell f ! side ( ! p>5t is1 ( c\rse1 simply a =m ( division4 ,! process ( division & r$ivision goes on1 accompani$ by a diff]5tiation 9 ! %ape & function ( ! diff]5t cells or gr\ps ( cells :i* are =m$1 until ! /ructure ( ! plant or animal is complet$4 ,9 ^! op]ations ! nucleus plays ! pr9cipal "p4 ,! division ( ! cell is ess5tially ! division ( ! nucleus4 ,a deta*$ portion ( a cell :i* conta9s no?+ ( ! nucleus c reproduce itself no m2 x p]i%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 ,i4 ,?is illu/ration1 :i* 7by p]mission ( ,! ,macmillan ,co47 ,i take f ,wilson's "w1 ,! ,cell1 is "o ( rem>kable int]e/1 = 9 x ! microscope has caught1 9 a piece ( actual tissue f ! sk9 ( ! salam&]1 ,ambly/oma1 ?ree nuclei 9 diff]5t /ages ( mitotic division4 ,mo/ ( ! nuclei1 :i* are se5 z l>ge1 r\ndi% objects 9 _! respective cells1 %[ ! *romat9 9 its #8re/+' condition int]sp]s$ ?r\gh ! nucleus4 ,! nucleus "u a %[s ! *romat9 ga!r$ into *romosomes4 ,at b ! c5trosomes ) _! a/ral figures 7:i* c b>ely be detect$7 h be5 =m$1 ! *romosomes h c>ri$ out _! longitud9al division1 & are be+ attract$ half t[>ds "o c5trosome & half t[>ds ! o!r4 ,a little above ?is ! process has be5 c>ri$ fur!r1 & ! sides ( ! cell are beg9n+ to contract1 prep>atory to =m+ two new ones4 ,9 ,fig4 #b w be f\nd a cle> repres5tation ( ! a/ral figures4 ,to face p4 #dj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! above illu/ration f ,wilson's ,! ,cell %[s 9 m or less diagrammatic =m ! /age ( nucle> division 9 :i* ! *romosomes1 z yet undivid$1 h arrang$ !mselves 9 ! c5tre ( ! nucleus4 ,! c5trosomes ) _! a/ral figures h be5 =m$1 & h tak5 _! places ne> ea* pole ( ! nucleus4 ,! next /age is repres5t$ at b 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,:5 a cell is ab\t to divide1 an organ ( rec5t discov]y1 t]m$ ! #8c5trosome1' comes into play4 ,?is appe>s z ! core ( a sort ( ray$ or />-l figure1 & x takes up its position beside ! nucleus4 ,:5 ! cell is re/+1 ! *romat9 is disp]s$ ?r\gh ! nucleus 9 a mass ( brok5 l9es1 =m+ a k9d ( network4 ,:5 division beg9s1 ?is brok5-up sub/ance =ms itself into a s]ies ( small ?reads1 sometimes /raight1 sometimes loop$ or curv$4 ,^! are call$ #8*romosomes4' ,!re are always a def9ite & inv>iable numb] ( *romosomes = e species ( plant or animal--! cell ( a man has s _m1#cg ( a gras%opp] s _m1 ( a lily s _m4 ,! *romosomes range !mselves 9 a belt across ! c5tre ( ! nucleus1 & ! c5trosome breaks into two p>ts1 :i* take up a position "o at ea* end ( ! nucleus4 ,reg>d+ ! nucleus z a t9y globe1 we may say t ! *romosomes lie 9 ! equatorial plane1 :ile ! two p>ts ( ! c5trosome move t[>ds ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles respectively4 ,! c5trosomes1 at ! two poles ( ! nucleus1 are surr\nd$ ea* ) a halo ( ray-l processes 7! c5trosph]e71 & on ! sides next ea* o!r ^! rays p5etrate ! nucleus & jo91 =m+ a sp9dle-%ap$ figure ) a c5trosph]e at ea* end4 ,?is sp9dle figure appe>s to be ! organ by :i* ! division is accompli%$1 = ea* ( ! *romosomes n[ splits itself 9 two longitud9ally1 z "o cleaves a log ( wood1 & "o half passes ov] to ea* c5trosph]e1 ?us mak+ an exact division ( ! :ole *romat9 or h]$it>y sub/ance4 ,an ind5tation n[ appe>s 9 ! out] wall ( ! cell & also 9 ! nucleus--x deep5s & deep5s1 & f9ally two cells appe> in/ead ( "o1 ea* ) a nucleus1 a c5trosome1 & a supply ( *romat91 ! latt] n[ break+ up into its orig9al condition ( diffusion ?r\gh ! nucleus4 ,9 multicellul> organisms ! two new cells1 ( c\rse1 d n sep>ate1 b a wall is =m$ betwe5 !m4 ,"s plant-cells conta9 sev]al nuclei2 9 ?is case division ( ! nucleus is n necess>ily foll[$ by t ( ! cell4#ch ,?r\gh\t ! processes ( cell division x is app>5t t ! utmo/ c>e is tak5 to ensure an exact p>tition ( ! *romat9 betwe5 ! two new cells4 ,?is p>tition has to be qualitative z well z quantitative2 = "o *romosome may1 & no d\bt does1 diff] 9 function & influ5ce f ano!r1 & has v>i\s elem5ts )9 itself4 ,! longitud9al division ( ea* *romosome1 9 :i* ! elem5ts are arrang$ l beads on a ros>y1 ensures t ! diff]5t elem5ts ( ! :ole h]$it>y sub/ance %all appe> 9 ea* new cell 9 exactly ! same relative proportion z 9 ! p>5t cell2 j z if two p]sons _h to divide betwe5 !m a doz5 apples ( diff]5t v>ieties1 & secur$ p]fect equality1 n by tak+ six apples ea*1 b by divid+ e apple 9 two4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal cause ( ! fixity ( species1 :i* means ! production ( (fspr+ hav+ ! same specific *>act]i/ics z _! p>5ts4 ,h[1 "u ^! conditions1 ! mutability ( species is br\ght ab\t mu/ be discuss$ lat]4 ,x is fir/ ( all necess>y to inquire m closely into ! composition ( ! *romat91 & to /udy ! special ph5om5a ( cell-gr[? 9 connexion ) conjugation1 :]e new & extraord9>y features come to light4 ,a *romosome is n1 or is n usually1 a simple body4 ,9 all b ! v l[e/ organisms x is compos$1 z we h said1 ( a numb] ( elem5ts4 ,ea* ( ^! elem5ts is /yl$ a #8det]m9ant1' & x controls ! =m1 col\r1 & function ( "s def9ite "p ( ! future plant or animal4 ,weismann believes ! det]m9ants to be gr\p$ into complex bodies call$ #8ids1' ea* id conta9+ all ! det]m9ants necess>y = a :ole be+1 & ea* *romosome be+ compos$ ( a numb] ( ids4 ,^! ids are microscopically visible2 !y =m ! beads on ! ros>y already ref]r$ to2 b _! exact composition & pot5cy are l>gely conjectural at pres5t4 ,h[ f> ! subdivision ( det]m9ants may g1 x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to asc]ta94 ,we _c say1 = in/ance1 :e!r !re is a det]m9ant = e hair ( ! head1 or "o = ! hirsute cov]+ 9 g5]al1 or "o = ea* ( ! diff]5t sections ( ! scalp4 ,b ! division is v m9ute4 ,ea* ( ! ids may be a v complex body1 z we see by ! mann] 9 :i*1 9 "s families1 small physical signs l a pat* ( hair diff]+ f ! col\r ( ! re/1 or a t9y pit or mole on ! sk9 ( a c]ta9 "p ( ! body1 may be h&$ d[n1 9 t precise position1 = g5]ations4 ,!re may be1 &1 9 fact1 9 ! high] plants & animals !re mu/ be1 a numb] ( det]m9ants = ea* "p ( ! /ructure1 & ! f9al *>act]i/ics ( t "p mu/ be ! resultant ( a bl5d ( all ^! det]m9ants1 ! m p[]ful pr$om9at+ 9 proportion to _! vitality & =ce4 ,! :ole body ( ! *romosomes may !re=e be said to repres5t "o or m complete be+s 9 diagrammatic =m1 ea* "p ( ! complete animal or plant be+ repres5t$ by "s "p ( a *romosome1 ?\gh ( c\rse n physically resembl+ x4 ,& we ?us /rike on ! v curi\s & />tl+ fact t1 z f> z we c see1 e cell 9 e organism ?r\gh\t ! _w ( life conta9s all ! elem5ts ( ! :ole be+ to :i* x belongs1 & is1 pot5tially1 t be+4#ci ,all ! high] organisms possess two k9ds ( cells--reproductive cells :i* h ! faculty ( fus+ toge!r to reproduce _! k9d1 & #8somatic' or body cells1 :i*1 al?\gh !y all orig9ate 9 a reproductive cell1 multiply only by division1 & h ! function ( =m+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! bodily /ructure4 ,( ! nucleus ( a g]m cell 8we _c say t x diff]s 9 any ess5tial or def9ite way f ! nucleus ( any o!r cell40#dj ,all possess ! *romat9 or h]$it>y sub/ance ( ! organism1 ?\gh1 accord+ to ,bov]i1 ! g]m cells alone receive all ! *romat9 ( ! p>5t cell1 ! d]iv$ somatic cells hav+ to "p ) "s ( x4#da ,!re may be "s di/9ction1 ?\gh on :at x may be bas$ x is at pres5t impossible to say1 betwe5 cells t are capable ( develop+ into a complete organiz$ creature & ^? t are n4 ,e somatic cell is doom$ to p]i%1 b e reproductive cell n[ ^u ! globe is unit$1 n metaphorically1 n by a *a9 ( successive orig9ations or impulses1 b by actual id5tity ( sub/ance1 ) ! fir/ beg9n+s ( protoplasmic life 9 ! abyss ( "t2 & x has be=e x a pot5tial immortality comm5surate ) life itself4 ,x is n1 z us$ to be ?\ght1 a physiological product ( ! organism 9 :i* x dwells2 x is a "p ( ! orig9al reproductive cell f :i* t organism sprang4 ,to und]/& ^! conceptions we mu/ n[ /udy ! ph5om5a ( reproduction 9 ! light ( rec5t discov]ies4 ,! l[e/ =m ( ! reproductive process is1 ( c\rse1 by simple division & r$ivision4 ,?is is *>act]i/ic ( _m ( ^? organisms :i* consi/ only ( a s+le cell1 & x may co-exi/1 ev5 9 ^!1 ) a consid]able degree ( /ructural complexity1 z 9 ! #8trumpet animalcule1' ,/5tor raselii4 ,b among ! l[e/ ( ^! unicellul> organisms a curi\s process is sometimes obs]v$ to take place1 9 :i* we may d\btless recognize ! orig9 ( sexual reproduction4 ,two1 ?ree1 or m ,amb#db approa* ea* o!r1 p>tially coalesce1 & rema9 unit$ = "s "t4 ,!y !n sep>ate aga94 ,no new creatures are =m$ by ?is contact2 !re are no visible results at all4 ,b t some?+ :i* is = ! advantage ( ! organisms takes place dur+ ?is p]iod ( union is c]ta91 & 9 ! light ( :at is kn[n ( processes 9 o!r organisms we c make a v good guess at :at ?is some?+ is4 ,ea* ,amba p>ts ) "s ( its *romat9 to "s o!r & receives an equival5t 9 ex*ange4 ,! creature is ?us recon/itut$4 ,! elem5t ( *ange1 :i* always provides s m>k$ a /imulus to vital processes1 has be5 obta9$4 ,! process has actually be5 obs]v$ 9 a c]ta9 ,infusorian1 ,noctiluca4 ,two ,noctilucas coalesce1 & !n proce$ to divide at "r angles to ! plane ( contact4 ,?is necess>ily has ! effect ( giv+ to ea* ( ! two new ,noctilucas :i* result f ! division half ! nucleus & *romat9 ( "o p>5t & half ( ! o!r4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no actual new bir? or multiplication ( be+s2 !re are only two ,noctilucas z be=e4 ,we c n[ imag9e t if a c]ta9 class ( unicellul> organisms are 9 ! habit ( approa*+ ea* o!r = ! purpose ( ?is int]*ange ( portions ( _! *romat91 !y might occasionally1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! approa*+ conjugation1 expel ^? portions ( *romat9 be=e ano!r cell 0 9 a position to receive x4 ,:at w\ld happ5 if two cells1 ea* ( :i* _h ?us got rid ( half its *romat91 7 to come into contact8 ,pla9ly1 !y w\ld fuse toge!r2 !y w\ld n sep>ate aga92 !y w\ld become a new organism4 ,ea* w\ld h suppli$ j :at ! o!r lack$4 ,?is process1 =m+ ! bridge f m]e cell division to sexual reproduction1 is a hypo!tical "o2 x has n1 ,i believe1 be5 actually obs]v$ 9 unicellul> organisms1 b x is exactly :at we f9d to be tak+ place :5 we rea* ! /age ( sexual reproduction among multicellul>s4 ,multicellul> organisms ( m or less elaborate /ructure pla9ly _c1 )\t break+ up1 fuse toge!r l s+le cells4 ,h[1 !n1 are !y1 z a species1 to ga9 ! advantages ( ! tempor>y union & int]*ange ( elem5ts :i* we h obs]v$ 9 ! l[ unicellul> organisms8 ,only 9 "o way--by produc+ special cells = ?is purpose4 ,^! cells mu/ repres5t ! :ole p>5t1 !y mu/ be capable ( %$d+ half _! *romat91 &1 :5 !y h fus$1 mu/ be capable ( gr[+ into a complete organism l ! p>5t4 ,:5 ^! specializ$ cells h be5 =m$1 ! o!rs1 ! somatic cells1 w at ! same "t h be5 specializ$ = o!r functions1 & w ?us naturally lose ! orig9al capacity = int]*ang+ *romat9 ) o!r cells1 i4e4 = conjugation4 ,we see ! significance1 !n1 ( ,weismann's rem>k1 8g]m cells made _! appe>ance along ) ! multicellul> body40#dc ,!y are an in/ance ( t diff]5tiation ( /ructure & function :i* takes place 9 all highly organiz$ life4 ,we mu/ note also t ! b5efits ( conjugation :i* are realiz$ individually by ! l[e/ unicellul> =ms are only realiz$ z a species by ! multicellul>s4 ,a species mu/1 !n1 be reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se an organic :ole1 & n z a m]e aggregate ( individuals4 ,9 "s v curi\s cases :i* /& on ! bord]l& betwe5 sexual & non-sexual reproduction1 ! same organism is capable ( employ+ bo? me?ods4 ,?us1 among ! l[] seawe$s 7,alg71 ! g5us ,p&or9a consi/s ( a colony ( sixte5 gre5 cells conta9$ 9 a k9d ( gelat9\s matrix :i* ! cells excrete4 ,ea* cell is ord9>ily capable ( recreat+ ! :ole organism by division4 ,b aft] ?is process has gone on = "s "t1 ! ne$ ( conjugation is felt1 ! colony breaks up & cells beg9 to fuse ) ea* o!r1 ?\gh nev] ) ^? ( ! same colony4 ,9 ,p&or9a ! two conjugat+ cells are simil> 9 appe>ance1 b 9 ! g5us ,volvox we beg9 to see a diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! two k9ds ( conjugat+ cells4 ,:at may be call$ ! #8female' cells 7g]m cells7 are l>ge & quiesc5t2 ! #8male' 7sp]m cells7 are small] & active4 ,! prim>y mean+ ( ?is is t ! l>g] cells h /or$ up a supply ( nutrim5t = ! "y organism1 & are !re=e bulki] & less active1 :ile ! o!rs conta9 only ! b>e elem5ts ( cell-/ructure & are !re=e able1 z !y are oblig$1 to be active 9 ord] to se>* out _! quiesc5t mates4 ,a /rictly vegetable organism1 9 ?is /age1 may !re=e possess organs ( locomotion1 & be z free-mov+ z a fi%4 ,a rem>kable fact has come to light respect+ ^? organisms 7l "s ,alg among vegetables & ,infusorians among animals71 :i* are capable bo? ( conjugation & ( reproduction by division1 namely1 t ! supply ( nutrim5t (t5 det]m9es :i* me?od %all be foll[$4 ,if nutrim5t is abundant1 division is practis$2 if x becomes scanty1 an impulse appe>s to be giv5 to conjugation4 ,infusorians1 :i* ord9>ily conjugate at pretty regul> int]vals1 c be kept indef9itely f do+ s1 & conf9$ to division1 by ! simple process ( supply+ abundance ( nutritive matt] 9 ! wat] 9 :i* !y live4 8,z f> z we c see f an a priori po9t ( view10 writes ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson 9 8 great "w on cell /ructure & cell ph5om5a1 8!re is no reason :y1 b>r+ accid5t1 cell-division %\ld n foll[ cell-division 9 endless succession 9 ! /ream ( life4 ,x is possible1 inde$ probable1 t su* may be ! fact 9 "s ( ! l[] & simpl] =ms ( life :]e no =m ( sexual reproduction is kn[n to occur4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( liv+ =ms1 h[ev]1 ! s]ies ( cell-divisions t5ds to run 9 cycles 9 ea* ( :i* ! en]gy ( division gradually comes to an end & is only re/or$ by an admixture ( liv+ matt] d]iv$ f ano!r cell4 ,?is op]ation1 kn[n z f]tilization1 or fecundation1 is ! ess5ce ( sexual reproduction1 & 9 x we behold a process by :i*1 on ! "o h&1 ! en]gy ( division is re/or$1 & by :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 two indep5d5t l9es ( desc5t are bl5d$ into "o4 ,:y ?is dual process %\ld take place we are z yet unable to say40#dd ,! actual me*anism ( sexual reproduction is ess5tially ! same :]ev] x occurs1 :e!r 9 a seawe$ or a human be+4 ,two cells h to play _! "p 9 x1 ! ,g]m cell & ! ,sp]m cell1 & ^!1 9 ! high] ord]s ( organiz$ be+s1 come to be locat$ respectively 9 di/9ct classes or sexes ( individuals4 ,reproduction beg9s by ! fusion ( a sp]m1 or male cell ) a g]m1 or female cell4 ,^! cells orig9ally resemble ! o!r cells ( ! same species1 conta9+ ! same numb] ( *romosomes4 ,if ?is numb] 01 say1 sixte51 :i* is believ$ to be ! numb] 9 man1 !n a fusion ( two complete cells1 if x 7 possible1 w\ld produce a cell ) ?irty-two *romosomes1 & t w\ld mean a diff]5t species ( animal4 ,:at happ5s is t ea* ( ! reproductive cells1 male & female1 prep>es itself = conjugation by gett+ rid ( half its *romosomes4 ,two divisions ( ! nucleus take place1 n z 9 ! ord9>y fa%ion ( cell-division1 :5 ! *romosomes split longitud9ally1 b 9 su* a way t1 9 ea* division1 f\r ( ! sixte5 *romosomes are bodily expell$ f ! nucleus & f ! cell1 :5 !y ei!r p]i% or1 9 "s cases1 appe> to help 9 =m+ an envelope ( nutritive matt] r\nd ! g]m cell4 ,^! divisions are call$ #8maturation divisions1' & until !y are accompli%$1 fecundation is impossible4 ,:5 a sp]m cell aft] maturation comes into ! neighb\rhood ( a g]m cell1 x p5etrates into its sub/ance1 us+ ! long flagellum1 or tail-l process1 ) :i* x is equipp$ z an organ ( locomotion4 ,! two nuclei come into contact & coalesce1 & we h ?us a new cell ) its sixte5 *romosomes complete4 ,?is cell is ! orig9 ( ! new be+4 ,x divides 9 two1 & ea* "p divides & r$ivides1 diff]5t cells gradually diff]5tiat+ !mselves z muscul> tissue1 c>tilage1 blood-corpuscles1 n]ves1 reproductive cells1 & s =?1 until ! :ole animal is built up & is ready = bir?4 ,"o po9t ( c>d9al importance mu/ "h be not$4 ,! orig9at+ cell1 z we h se51 has eight ( its sixte5 *romosomes f "o p>5t & eight f ano!r4 ,:5 division takes place1 ^! *romosomes1 z we h se51 split longitud9ally1 & ! result is t ea* new cell gets exactly ! same mixture ( *romat9 z t ( ! orig9at+ cell--half f ea* p>5t4 ,?is pr9ciple ( division is c>ri$ on ?r\gh\t ! :ole process ( build+ up ! new be+--e cell ( ! latt]1 d[n to ! m9ute/ details ( its /ructure1 conta9+ an exactly equal quantity ( h]$it>y elem5ts f ea* ( its p>5ts4 ,x w be se5 f ! above acc\nt t ! old conception ( ! g]m-cell z a passive body1 incapable ( a *ange till #8f]tiliz$' by a male or sp]m cell1 0 altoge!r wrong4 ,bo? male & female cells prep>e !mselves = conjugation long be=e x takes place1 & nei!r ( !m c be said to be a m active ag5t 9 f]tilization ?an ! o!r4 ,n #8f]tilization' b #8fusion' is ! keyword ( ! process4 ,! my/ical conception1 z old z ,plato1 ( ! male & female z repres5t+ respectively ! two halves ( a complete be+1 turns out to be no poetic metaphor4 ,z reg>ds ! ess5tial features ( reproduction1 x is a lit]al fact4 ,if we n[ ask :y & by :at my/]i\s law all ^! exact & elaborate *oric movem5ts take place ,weismann & 8 s*ool ref] u to 8*emotactic =ces10 ! nature ( :i* is yet unkn[n4 ,*emotaxis means simply ! effect ( ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 sub/ances on vital organisms )\t specific *emical action4 ,! really ess5tial fact is t ^! special *emotactic =ces are work+ 9 liv+ protoplasm4 ,life is n ! product or ! slave ( any *emotactic =ces1 b _! mak] & /e]sman4 ,! foll[+ passage f a "w ( ! late ,pr(4 ,geo4 ,rolle/on may be p]t95tly quot$ "h3-- 8,!re exi/s1 z is well kn[n1 a t5d5cy to resolve all physiological into physico-*emical ph5om5a3 und\bt$ly _m h be51 & "s m may /ill rema9 to be1 s resolv$2 b ! public may re/ assur$ t 9 ! k+dom ( ,biology no desire = a rectification ( fronti]s w ev] be call$ out by any su* attempts at1 or successes 9 ! way (1 encroa*m5t2 & t :]e physics & *emi/ry c %[ t physico-*emical ag5cies are suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a1 !re _! claim ^u ! t]ritory w be acc$$ to1 z 9 ! cases we h be5 glanc+ at c]ta9 animal poisons1 & :]e su* claims _c be e/abli%$ & fail to come up to ! quantitative requirem5ts ( /rict sci5ce1 z 9 ! cases ( cont9u\s & ( discont9u\s developm5t or self-multiplication ( a contagi\s g]m1 & 9 "s o!rs1 !y w be disall[$40#de ,?is 0 writt5 9 #ahgj4 ,a g5]ation lat] ! attempt to r$uce life to a physico-*emical ph5om5on _h n made mu* way1 z may be judg$ by ! foll[+ passage f ,/rasburg]'s ,text ,book ( ,botany3--#df 8,vital ph5om5a are ess5tially b\nd up ) ! liv+ protoplasm4 ,no o!r sub/ance exhibits a simil> s]ies ( rem>kable & v>i$ ph5om5a1 su* z we may comp>e ) ! attributes ( life4 ,z bo? physics & *emi/ry h be5 re/rict$ to ! inve/igation ( lifeless bodies1 any attempt to expla9 vital ph5om5a solely by *emical & physical laws c\ld only be induc$ by a false conception ( _! real significance1 & mu/ lead to fruitless results4 ,! physical attributes ( air1 wat]1 & ( ! glasses & metals made use ( 9 physical app>atus1 c nev] expla9 qualities l nutrition1 respiration1 gr[?1 irritability & reproduction40 ,& ,wilson concludes 8 "w by ! admission t 8! /udy ( ! cell has on ! :ole seem$ to wid5 r ?an to n>r[ ! enorm\s gap t sep>ates ev5 ! l[e/ =ms ( life f ! inorganic _w40#dg 8,! l[e/ obs]v$ =ms ( life0 w\ld h be5 a m exact way ( /at+ ! fact4 ,_m que/ions ( detail w occur to ! read] at ?is po9t1 :i* he w f9d answ]$ 9 ! pages ( ,weismann or o!r inve/igators4 ,"h we mu/ conf9e ourselves to :at has a di/9ct be>+ on ! objects ( ?is /udy4 ,"o ( ! po9ts :i* may be briefly t\*$ on is ! "q h[ x comes t two g]m cells1 once hav+ pass$ ?r\gh _! maturation divisions1 _c fuse & =m a new be+2 nor c two sp]m cells4 ,7 ?is possible we might h #8self-f]tilization1' & virg9al conception or p>!nog5esis1 :5ev] two g]m cells 9 ! ov>y ( a female animal or 9 t ( a plant happ5$ to come into contact4 ,b s9ce ! object ( fusion is ! union ( 7m or less7 unlike1 & n closely relat$1 elem5ts1 we f9d t ev5 :5 a k9d ( self-f]tilization occurs1 z 9 "s plants1 ! sp]m or poll5 cells are diff]5tiat$ visibly1 & probably /ill m invisibly1 f ! g]m cells4 ,b1 ap>t f ?is1 ! object ( prev5t+ ! union ( reproductive cells ( ! same sex is me*anically atta9$ by a v curi\s device4 ,! cell-organ by :i* division is c>ri$ out is ! c5trosome4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( ! two maturation divisions ( ! g]m cell1 t cell loses its c5trosome1 :i* seems to be absorb$ into ! protoplasmic sub/ance ( ! cell :5 once its task is accompli%$4 ,no fusion ( any numb] ( su* cells c !re=e lead to any fur!r *ange or gr[?1 = gr[? is bas$ on cell division1 & ! c5trosome is ! organ ( division4 ,! sp]m cell1 on ! o!r h&1 does n lose its c5trosome2 x reta9s x to =m ! organ ( division = ! new cell aft] conjugation4 ,b1 r$uc$ z x is to little m ?an a b>e nucleus )\t any envelope ( nutritive matt]1 ! sp]m cell _c support ! int5se vital activity call$ = 9 ! initial /ages ( ! life ( a new be+1 & !re=e sp]m cells1 l ! g]m cells1 ?\gh = a diff]5t reason1 w\ld be incapable ( mutual conjugation1 ev5 if ! elem5t ( mutual attraction exi/$ among !m4 ,ano!r po9t ( int]e/ is ! "q ( ! det]m9ation ( sex4 ,! kn[n facts af=d a /rong corroboration ( ! g5]al !ory ( reproduction outl9$ above4 ,x has n be5 asc]ta9$1 nor is x1 p]haps1 asc]ta9able1 :e!r ! sp]m cells ( ! male conta9 9 _! *romat9 a prepond]ance ( male1 :ile ! g]m cells provide *iefly ! female det]m9ants4#dh ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is c]ta9 t det]m9ants :i* sev]ally control ! =mation bo? ( male & ( female /ructure are always pres5t 9 e comb9ation ( ! sp]m & g]m cells1 ^? :i* exhibit ! greate/ en]gy & vitality probably prevail+ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! sex ( ! future be+4 ,?is acc\nts at once n only = ! cases 7r>e 9 ! high] animals7 ( actual h]maphroditism1 :5 ! sex is really indi/+ui%able1 b = ! univ]sal occurr5ce 9 all male animals ( rudim5t>y female organs 7su* z mamm7 & 9 all females ( rudim5t>y male organs4 ,bo? sets ( det]m9ants are always pres5t2 ! m p[]ful prevail1 b ! weak] h a deflect+ influ5ce on ! total result4 ,:5 ! prim>y sexual *>act]s ( ! embryo are det]m9$1 !y appe> to communicate a /imulus :i* />ts into activity ! appropriate second>y *>act]s1 su* z col\r+ & o!r modifications n directly sexual4 ,an extraord9>y case1 :i* ,i take f ,b$d>d's ,animal ,coloration1#di is t ( a *aff9* :i* 0 f\nd to h on ! left side ( its body ! plumage ( a h5 bird & on its "r t ( a cock4 ,on dissection ! mean+ ( ?is freak ( physiology 0 reveal$4 ,! bird 0 an h]maphrodite1 hav+ ! female organs ( g5]ation on ! left side ( its body & ! male on ! "r4 ,h]maphroditism is n 9 itself a v uncommon ph5om5on 9 birds 7?\gh "h x is a mon/rosity1 n1 z 9 slugs & snails1 a natural & useful condition72 b ! way 9 :i* 9 ?is in/ance x gov]n$ ! di/ribution ( col\r is mo/ peculi>2 & ( c\rse x /rongly re9=ces ,weismann's conception ( di/9ct det]m9ants = ! v>i\s details ( bodily /ructure4#ej ,?is br+s u to ! recognition ( a competition among det]m9ants :i* is an important1 inde$ a c>d9al1 feature 9 ,weismann's !ory ( evolution4 ,he makes1 z ,i am =c$ to believe1 an illegitimate & extravagant use ( x1 b ! pr9ciple may really exi/ & be op]ative )\t furni%+ ! ma/]-^w to ! riddle ( organiz$ be+4 ,! ma/]-^w1 z ,i %all try to %[1 is nature's w to live4 ,b be=e go+ fully into ?is argum5t1 let u fix 9 our m9ds ! rationale ( ^? processes ( elem5t>y organic life :i* h be5 describ$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,protoplasmic life may be suppos$ to h orig9at$1 & p]haps to be /ill orig9at+1 9 c]ta9 molecul> comb9ations ( matt]4 ,9 o!r words1 ! comb9ation1 :5 x took place1 develop$ c]ta9 peculi> =ces ?r\gh :i* x 0 enabl$ to ma9ta9 itself & to gr[1 by ! processes call$ assimilation & nutrition4 ,^! =ces1 !n1 7 pot5tially pres5t 9 nature be=e ! molecules comb9$ to evoke !m4 ,!y are among ! lat5t p[]s ( life4 ,!y wait$1 ready to be call$ into action :5 ! requir$ ext]nal =m %\ld be arriv$ at 9 ! play ( molecul> en]gy4 ,life fir/ orig9at$1 no d\bt1 9 unconnect$ & inconceivably small units ( protoplasm4 ,betwe5 ! units ?us =m$ & _! comb9ation into ! elaborate /ructure :i* we n[ "k a cell to be--pack$ z full ( v>i$ en]gies1 x has be5 said1 z an ironclad is ( ma*9]y--!re is evid5tly a v wide gap4 ,all we "k is t :5 we h got ! cell1 we f9d x 9 possession ( a complex app>atus = subdivision1 :i*1 tak5 toge!r ) ! faculties ( nutrition & gr[?1 enable any "o cell to multiply indef9itely by produc+ replicas ( itself4 ,to life & gr[?1 !n1 has be5 add$ ! faculty = multiplication4 ,"h we /rike on a v]itable my/]y4 ,:y %\ld any new movem5t ev] take place8 ,:y %\ld a cell ev] divide 9 two8 ,we c only say t x is its prop]ty to d s4#ea ,x does s because x is alive4 ,did ?is prop]ty fir/ arise z "o ( a multitude ( aimless movem5ts--! only "o :i* ensur$ p]man5ce & multiplicity to ! organisms :i* exhibit$ x8 ,if s1 !n ,nature1 at ! "t :5 life began on ! e>?1 behav$ 9 a mann] mo/ unlike t 9 :i* %e behaves at pres5t4 ,if we are to int]pret ! processes hidd5 9 ! remote pa/ by ! light ( :at we see at pres5t1 we %all conclude t1 at bottom1 ! w to live made molecul> action--& ! same =ce incorporat$ itself 9 ! comb9ations :i* orig9at$ protoplasmic life1 ord]$ ! /ructure ( ! cell1 & gave x ! ne$ & ! p[] to multiply4 ,nature is = ev] *ang+1 = ev] /ra9+ aft] new life1 aft] m life4 ,hav+ arriv$ at ! cell ) its p[]s ( division1 ! next /ep 0 ! p[] ( conjugation betwe5 cells ) _! int]*ange ( vital sub/ance1 br++ ab\t1 9 ,weismann's words1 8a weal? & div]sity ( organic ar*itecture :i* )\t x w\ld h be5 unatta9able40 ,x takes place by means ( physical en]gies1 b ! process is entirely inexplicable unless we assume t x exi/s to satisfy a ne$1 a ,drang1 = life4 ,& ?is ne$1 al?\gh ( c\rse x displays itself 9 physical processes1 is n 9 itself a physical process4 ,at ! v beg9n+s ( /ructural life1 if n be=e x1 we are oblig$ to pass beyond physics 9 ord] to compreh5d physical ph5om5a4 ,:5ev] we f9d an aggregate ( liv+ units1 su* z a ,p&or9a colony1 liv+ ) a communal life :i* is o!r ?an ! sum-total ( ! lives ( ! individual units1 we are 9 pres5ce at once ( ! necessity = a metaphysical conception1 to r5d] intelligible ! unity 9 div]sity :i* we p]ceive4 ,! response ( liv+ protoplasm to ! /imuli x receives f ! outside _w is normally direct$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! life & =m ( ! organism4 ,! response ( :at is call$ #8lifeless' matt] is ( ano!r nature2 n because x is really lifeless1 = if x 7 x w\ld n respond at all1 b because x has no organisms to protect & fo/]4 ,we all "k ! nature ( ! action ( gravity on ,newton's apple4 ,x 0 treat$ z a dead sub/ance1 l a /one1 & gravity act$ ^u x z ^u all o!r pond]able matt]4 ,b :5 x _h fall5 to ! e>?1 _h decay$1 & "o ( its pips began to gr[1 ! action ( gravity began to be manife/$ 9 a q diff]5t & v peculi> fa%ion4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by a s]ies ( +5i\s exp]im5ts t gravity is ! =ce :i* obliges ! roots ( a plant to s9k d[nw>ds into ! e>?4 ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 mean t ! roots are drawn d[nw>ds by attraction ( ! e>?1 b t ! pull ( gravitation gives a c]ta9 /imulus to ! cells conc]n$ :i* makes !m gr[ 9 t direction4 ,precisely ! same /imulus communicat$ to ! cells ( ! /em has ! v opposite effect--^! x causes to gr[ upright into ! air & light4 ,?us ! roots are1 z x is t]m$1 positively1 & ! /ems negatively1 geotropic4 ,! sub/ance ( ! root cells & ( ! /em cells is ! same1 ! /imulus is ! same1 b ! effects on gr[? agree 9 only "o po9t1 t !y are respectively :at ! plant requires !m to be4 ,!re is no d\bt t if a species ( plants 7 plac$ 9 su* a position t x w\ld s]ve !m = ! roots to gr[ upw>ds1 !n upw>d-gr[+ roots w\ld ev5tually be evolv$2 9 fact1 ?is is actually ! case 9 ! lat]al und]gr\nd roots ( c]ta9 mangroves :i* rise to ! surface & become modifi$ z brea?+ organs1 & 9 ! a]ial roots ( v>i\s or*ids1 etc4#eb ,:5 a *ange ( habitat takes place call+ = new developm5ts ( /ructure to meet new conditions1 ^! developm5ts are n1 z a matt] ( actual obs]vation1 f\nd to be me*anically #8select$' f a mass ( r&om movem5ts & modifications ( tissue--!y rea* _! goal1 x is true1 by a s]ies ( gradual approximations1 b ! goal is 9 sight f ! beg9n+4 ,9 o!r words1 adaptability is a fundam5tal "* ( life4 ,h5ce ! fact t multicellul> organisms :i* _c1 z a :ole1 fuse ) o!rs1 adapt !mselves to ^! conditions by ! allotm5t ( special cells = t purpose2 :ile1 aga91 ! production ( multicellul> organisms is itself an adaptation to ,nature's ne$ = ! high] organization ( life4 8,! botani/ ,re9ke10 writes ,weismann1 8has rec5tly call$ att5tion once aga9 to ! fact t ma*9es _c be directly made up ( prim>y physico-*emical =ces or en]gies1 b t1 z ,lotze said1 =ces ( a sup]ior ord] are indisp5sable1 :i* s dispose ! fundam5tal *emico-physical =ces t !y mu/ act 9 ! way aim$ at by ! purpose ( ! ma*9e4444 ,organisms also accord+ to ,re9ke are ma*9es :i* p]=m a p>ticul> & purposeful k9d ( "w1 & !y are only capable ( do+ s because ! en]gies :i* p]=m ! "w are =c$ into def9ite pa?s by sup]ior =ces2 ^! sup]ior =ces are ?us #8! /e]sm5 ( ! en]gies4'0#ec ,weismann admits t !re is 8und\bt$ly a k]nel ( tru? 9 ?is view10 b he is cont5t ) ?is p]functory ackn[l$gm5t4 ,8 ma9 ef=ts are devot$ to ! sub/itution ( =tuit\sly develop$ 8con/ellations0 ( molecul> en]gy = any =ce :i* c be deem$ to h ! slighte/ t9cture ( intellig5ce or purpose4 8,9 our "t10 z he writes1 8! great riddle has be5 solv$--! riddle ( ! orig9 ( :at is be/ suit$ to its purpose )\t ! co-op]ation ( purposive =ces40 ,! nature ( ! propos$ solution c be be/ describ$ & discuss$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 :5 we %all be 9 a position to consid] x 9 relation to ! :ole hi/ory ( organic developm5t f its orig9 9 protoplasmic life to ! evolution ( species 9 plants & animals4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution3 ,,! ,,d>w9-,,lam>ck ,,explanation 8,quelle e/ donc cette nature sujette tre efface8 ,la c\tume e/ une seconde nature qui detruit la premire4 ,p\rquoi la c\tume n'e/ elle pas naturelle8 ,j'ai bi5 peur que cette nature ne soit elle-mme qu'une premire c\tume1 comme la c\tume e/ une seconde nature40--,pascal4 ,we n[ approa* ! arcana ( ,evolution4 ,! processes we h to deal ) 9 ?is *apt] are n1 & probably nev] w be1 ! subjects ( direct obs]vation4 ,all we c hope to d is to g5]alize f ! results :i* h ris5 to ! surface ( life ab\t ! unse5 =ces f :i* !y spr+4 ,! problem is to f9d 7if possible7 a g5]alization :i* w cov] all ! facts relat+ to t modification ( natural =ms1 habits1 & in/9cts :i*1 :5 x rea*es a c]ta9 po9t1 means ! e/abli%m5t ( a new species4 ,we "k t ! ?+ happ5s1 b we %all n und]/& h[ x happ5s until ei!r ! me*anism ( ! process is laid b>e1 or until x is cle> t we are 9 pres5ce ( an ag5cy n entirely def9able 9 t]ms ( me*anical action4 ,! fixity ( species is ma9ta9$ by a numb] ( conditions1 *ief among :i* mu/ be reckon$ ! law ( reproduction by conjugation1 ) ! consequ5t int]mixture ( num]\s diff]5t l9es ( desc5t4 ,f "o po9t ( view conjugation1 z ,weismann s (t5 insi/s1 greatly fav\rs ! adaptability ( ! organism to new & v>i$ conditions ( life1 inasmu* z x results 9 ! m+l+ toge!r 9 ea* individual ( a great numb] ( v>i$ det]m9ants4 ,b :5 ! conditions are con/ant1 conjugation has also ! obvi\s effect ( con/antly reabsorb+1 z x 71 any h]itable abnormalities :i* may occur 9 individuals or ! species1 & br++ !m back to type4 ,an individual possess+ "s abnormality ( /ructure w be mo/ unlikely to f9d a mate possess+ ! same abnormality--! mate w be ei!r an ord9>y individual or w possess1 if any1 "s q diff]5t v>iation4 ,_! desc5dants w1 !re=e1 usually %[ m resemblance to ! normal type ?an to ! "o abnormal p>5t1 & 9 _! desc5dants aga91 = ! same reason1 ! abnormal feature w be /ill fur!r r$uc$1 until f9ally x disappe>s4 ,x is only by ! c>eful selection ( mates ext5d+ ov] _m g5]ations t pigeon-fanci]s1 to take "o prom95t in/ance1 are able to e/abli% a new type4 ,left to mate uncontroll$ among !mselves we %\ld nev] h _h ! great v>iety ( bre$s :i* h be5 produc$ by ! art ( ! fanci] f ! orig9al rock-pigeon4 ,! small v>iations :i* =m ! />t+ po9ts ( 8 op]ations w\ld1 "u natural conditions1 h soon be5 resolv$ into ! normal type4 ,:at is x 9 nature1 !n1 t sometimes appe>s to play ! "p ( ! intellig5t bre$] & to urge ! pla/ic =ms ( life into new m\lds8 ,! goal ( ! bre$] is "s new =m :i* x pleases him to produce1 ei!r = its use1 or its beauty1 or = its m]e s+ul>ity4 ,! goal ( nature1 at lea/ ! app>5t & imm$iate goal1 is ! adaptation ( ea* species to ! circum/ances ( its life4 ,& ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes ! inve/igator is ! way1 (t5 inde$ n p]fect1 b usually mo/ impressive 9 its app>5t ?\ghtfulness & c>e1 9 :i* ! organs ( plants & animals are fa%ion$ to secure ! mo/ fav\rable results4 ,b all ?is is ! result ( developm5t4 ,! :ale is a creature excell5tly adapt$ = its pres5t mode ( life1 b we "k t x 0 once a furry l& animal ) f\r legs2 ! legs are all !re /ill1 9 modifi$ or rudim5t>y =m1 & ! fur appe>s at a c]ta9 /age ( embryonic developm5t4 ,:5 we ask1 ,h[ did ?is extraord9>y trans=mation come ab\t8 :at we really mean is1 ,h[ did ! det]m9ants compos+ ! *romat9 9 ! reproductive cells ( ! orig9al l& animal s come to alt] z to produce ! *>act]i/ics ( ! :ale8 ,= new species c only be evolv$ by means ( /ructural modifications capable ( be+ transmitt$ by inh]itance2 & no?+ c be inh]it$ except ?r\gh ! action ( ! det]m9ants4 ,a modification :i* does n affect ! reproductive cells has no significance 9 ! evolution ( species4 ,to ?is "q ,d>w9ism has giv5 u our *oice ( two answ]s1 :i* may be t]m$ respectively ! ,d>w9-,lam>ck & ! ,d>w9-,weismann !ories4 ,lam>ck expla9$ ! orig9 ( species by ! accumulat$ effect ( ! inh]itance1 ?r\gh _m g5]ations1 ( modifications acquir$ by ! ex]cise1 or ! disuse1 ( ! modifi$ organs4 ,obs]v+ t liv+ protoplasm responds to dem&s ^u x 7?us1 = in/ance1 a muscle :5 sy/ematically ex]cis$ attracts m n\ri%m5t f ! blood & gr[s /rong]1 & callosities =m to protect ! sk9 ( ! h&s ( a manual work]71 he assum$ t modifications s acquir$ might be transmitt$ by inh]itance4 ,ea* new g5]ation1 !n1 w\ld />t ) a slightly bett] equipm5t 9 ?is p>ticul> respect ?an ! =m] "o _h :5 x />t$2 & s1 by sl[ degrees1 a new organ1 or "o m>k$ly diff]+ f ! orig9al =m1 might be built up4 ,! _w1 s9ce protoplasmic life fir/ appe>$ ^u x1 has gone ?r\gh _m *anges1 & has always pres5t$ a va/ v>iety ( climatic & o!r conditions1 call+ = ! mo/ v>i$ types ( organic /ructure4 ,z animal life gradually spread ov] ! e>? & sea1 ! ef=t to cope ) ! diff]5t conditions x met ) w\ld gradually1 by ! comb9$ action ( ex]cise1 ( disuse1 & ( h]$ity1 produce multitudes ( diff]5t types2 & ^! are :at we "k z families1 ord]s1 g5]a1 & species4 ,:5 a species is fairly well adapt$ to its surr\nd+s & way ( life x may g on indef9itely )\t *ange4 ,b %\ld any memb]s ( x be oblig$ to migrate1 f sc>city ( food or any o!r reason1 to "s new locality :]e some:at diff]5t conditions prevail1 /ructural alt]ations w\ld soon beg9 to appe> to suit ^? new conditions4 ,?us ! giraffe1 if we c\ld trace its ance/ry back1 w\ld probably be f\nd to h orig9at$ 9 "s animal n diff]+ f ! va/ majority ( quadrup$s 9 ! relative proportions ( its =e & h9d qu>t]s4 ,b "s memb]s ( ?is orig9al species--or ! :ole species1 ow+ to "s *ange 9 _! surr\nd+s--f\nd !mselves oblig$ to rely l>gely = food on leaves gr[+ at a consid]able height4 ,!y /ret*$ up to rea* !m1 & a prolongation ( ! bones ( ! neck 7! giraffe has only ! usual sev5 c]vical v]tebr7 & ( ! =e-legs w\ld ensue1 especially 9 ! "y2 ?is prolongation w\ld be h&$ on by inh]itance1 & s by degrees ! new type ( animal w\ld be evolv$4 ,! horn ( ! rh9oc]os1 ! antl]s ( ! /ag1 ! can9e tee? ( bea/s ( prey1 ! flat gr9d]s ( rum9ants1 ! flipp]s ( ! :ale1 ! proboscis ( ! honey-fe$+ butt]fly1 ! jaws ( ! ant or ! beetle1 & a ho/ ( o!r adaptations :i* seem obvi\sly to owe _! orig9 to ! ex]cise ( _! functions1 occur to ! m9d 9 confirmation ( ?is !ory4 ,besides ,adaptation1 we h :at appe>s ! /rik+ly confirmatory case ( :at is call$ ,co-adaptation1 :]e ! v>iation ( "o organ or /ructure 9 an animal puts a /ra9 ^u o!r p>ts1 :i* accord+ly respond by auxili>y adaptations4 ,su* co-adaptations are num]\s 9 e animal /ructure1 &1 z we _c suppose !m to h all orig9at$ simultane\sly & by *ance1 ! conclusion drawn by ,lam>ckians is t "o 0 produc$ by use1 &1 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 produc$ ! o!rs 9 ! same way4 ,a typical case is t ( ! ,iri% elk4 ,! enorm\s antl]s ( ?is bea/1 sometimes weigh+ a hundr$weight1 mu/ h ne$$ 7besides o!r /ructural *anges7 a c]vical ligam5t ( imm5se size & p[] to support !m1 & f ! peculi> /ructure ( ! c]vical v]tebr x is demon/rable t su* a ligam5t mu/ h exi/$4 ,:at m natural ?an to suppose t ! antl]s 7 develop$ by fight+ wild bea/s ( prey1 combats betwe5 male elks1 etc41 & t !n 9 _! gradual gr[?1 z ! species 0 evolv$1 ! ligam5t & ! bony /ructure associat$ ) x respond$ to ! increas+ /ra94 ,t is exactly :at w\ld happ5 9 an individual4 ,we h only to assume ! h]itability ( modifications acquir$ by use to und]/& h[ ^! co-adaptations became con/ant *>act]s 9 a species4 ,n less app>5t cog5cy = ! argum5t = modifications by use h ^? cases :]e ! modification has be5 app>5tly due to disuse4 ,x is well kn[n t liv+ creatures f\nd 9 ! total d>kness ( great lime/one cav]ns1 l ^? at ,k5tucky1 are bl9d1 ?r\gh imp]fections ( "o k9d or ano!r 9 ! organs ( sight4 ,b ! rudim5t>y /ructures :i* rema9 tell u t ^! creatures _h ance/ors :i* 7 once fully equipp$ 9 ?is respect1 & :i* _h w&]$ into ! cav]ns f ! sunlit out] _w4 ,?us ! case ( a crab has be5 not$1 9 :i* ! /alks on :i* a crab's eyes are set 7 pres]v$1 :ile ! eyes _h disappe>$3 x is1 z ,d>w9 obs]ves1 z if ! /& ( a telescope _h be5 reta9$ :ile ! telescope itself _h gone4 ,sometimes ! eyes ( cave-fi%es are cov]$ ) a horny lay]1 sometimes ! :ole /ructure is atrophi$ & )]$4 ,b nev] is an animal f\nd "u ^! conditions :i* has reta9$ its p[] ( sight4 ,! conclusion seems obvi\s4 ,9 individuals1 a muscle or o!r organ is kn[n to /r5g!n & develop by use & to atrophy by disuse4 ,z use & disuse appe> to be inv>iably accompani$ by precisely ! same effects 9 ! species z 9 ! individual1 & z !re seems no way ( acc\nt+ = ?is by any kn[n physiological law )\t assum+ t modifications acquir$ by ! individual are transmitt$ to its prog5y1 ! case = ! inh]itability ( su* modifications appe>s1 at fir/ sight1 irresi/ible4#ed ,s matt]s /ood :5 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species c>ri$ ! argum5t = evolution a long /ep fur!r4 ,accept+ fully ! views ( ,lam>ck1 ,d>w9 attempt$1 by 8 doctr9e ( ,natural ,selection1 fir/ to re9=ce ^? views1 secondly to expla9 mu* t !y c\ld n be made to cov]4 ,x is pla9 t if we assume ! exi/5ce ( a sev]e competition = livelihood among ! memb]s ( a species1 any fav\rable v>iations ( /ructure or in/9ct :i* may occur among c]ta9 memb]s ( ! species w give _! type an advantage ov] ! normal type 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,!y w1 on ! av]age1 live long] & produce m (fspr+4 ,ultimately1 z ! /ruggle = life is always mo/ sev]e among ne>ly relat$ organisms1 :i* seek a liv+ f ! same s\rces1 ! less p]fectly equipp$ type w be ext+ui%$1 & s on1 until a species exhibit+ ! mo/ complete =m ( adaptation has be5 evolv$4 ,! v>iations on :i* ,natural ,selection has to "w are produc$1 accord+ to ,d>w91 n only by ! ex]cise ( p>ticul> organs z 9 ,lam>ck's !ory1 b also & m pot5tly by 8innate v>iations0 orig9at+ f unasc]ta9$ causes 9 ! reproductive cells4 ,v>iations1 x is indisputable1 are always occurr+2 probably no two memb]s ( any species exactly resemble ea* o!r4 ,among l[ & primitive organisms1 su* z ! ,=am9if]a1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,c>p5t] 7,i quote f ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace's ,d>w9ism7 f\nd1 on c>eful exam9ation1 ! range ( v>iation s great t *>act]i/ics typical n m]ely ( species b ( g5]a & ev5 ( ord]s 7 liable to v>y1#ee :ile at ! o!r end ( evolution1 9 man1 to give only "o in/ance1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,wood is /at$ by ,d>w9 to h obs]v$ no less ?an five hundr$ & fifty-eight v>iations 9 ! muscul> /ructure ( ?irty-six subjects exam9$4#ef ,! cause ( ^! v>iations is (t5 q obscure1 b x is c]ta9 t "s k9ds ( !m are capable ( aris+ z ! natural response ( ! organism to *ang$ conditions ( food or habitat ,conditions su* z ^!1 affect+ ! :ole con/itution ( ! organism1 h be5 prov$ capable ( affect+ ! reproductive cells1 & ?us ( giv+ rise to h]$it>y *>act]i/ics4 ,natural ,selection1 !n1 by pres]v+ & enc\rag+ ! bett] fitt$ z oppos$ to ! less fit1 acts z a spur to ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciples ( developm5t by ex]cise ( function1 :ile x also lays hold ( & int5sifies all k9ds ( o!r fav\rable v>iations occurr+ ei!r casually or 9 consequ5ce ( *ange ( habitat1 & we$s out ! types 9 :i* su* v>iations happ5 to be unfav\rable4 ,accord+ to ,d>w91 !re=e1 giv5 7#a7 con/ant v>iations ( /ructure aris+ f use1 disuse1 or f o!r kn[n or unkn[n causes1 7#b7 ! capacity to transmit by inh]itance ^! v>iations :e!r innate or acquir$1 7#c7 a con/ant /ruggle = exi/5ce among organisms bo? aga9/ ea* o!rs' competition & aga9/ ! g5]al conditions ( life#eg--;giv5 ^! simple data1 ! secret spr+s ( evolution are laid b>e1 & ! va/ complexity ( natural =ms ^u ! globe is adequately acc\nt$ = )\t call+ 9 ! ag5cy ( special creations4 ,b v>iations are ! />t+-po9t 9 ! process3 ,natural ,selection c orig9ate no?+--x c only act on :at is pres5t$ to x by "s q diff]5t =ce4 ,! relative p>ts play$ by ! v>i\s ag5cies at "w are1 ) *>act]i/ic mod]ation ( /atem5t1 ?us describ$ by ,d>w93-- 8,on ! :ole ,i ?9k we may conclude t habit1 use1 & disuse1 h1 9 "s cases1 play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! modification ( ! con/itution1 & 9 ! /ructure ( v>i\s organs2 b t ! effects ( use & disuse h (t5 be5 l>gely comb9$ )1 & sometimes ov]ma/]$ by ! natural selection ( innate v>iations40#eh ,to expla9 evolution1 !n1 we mu/ fir/ expla9 ! occurr5ce ( appropriate v>iations1 /rong en\gh & widespread en\gh to ma9ta9 !mselves aga9/ ! con/ant r$uc+ influ5ce ( promiscu\s int]cross+1 & !y mu/ be v>iations capable ( be+ transmitt$ by inh]itance4 ,?is1 we n[ see1 is ! true field ( ! inquiry4 ,! new factors introduc$ by ,d>w9 into ! process ( evolution--,natural ,selection & ,innate ,v>iations--7 de/9$ 9 our day to h ! :ole weight ( ! argum5t = evolution sudd5ly ?r[n ^u !m4 ,! inh]itability ( v>iations acquir$ by ! individual ?r\gh use & disuse :5 subject$ to fre% inve/igation by ! y\ng] s*ool ( biologi/s has turn$ out to be op5 to ! grave/ d\bts1 bo? !oretically1 on acc\nt ( ! great difficulty ( reconcil+ x ) :at has n[ be5 asc]ta9$ ( ! nature ( ! reproductive me*anism 9 plants & animals1 & also on ! score ( a clos] consid]ation ( ! facts commonly adduc$ z evid5ce = ! law4 ,to take ^! po9ts sep>ately3 ,! reproductive cells 9 e liv+ creature are n[ believ$ to be =m$ directly f ! reproductive cells ( its p>5ts4 ,!y are n a product ( ! organism 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves4 ,!y are n\ri%$ by its blood1 & are !re=e liable to be affect$ by any?+ :i* produces a broad g5]al effect on ! con/itution ( ! be+ 9 :om !y are lodg$1 b x is difficult to see h[ special modifications ( individual p>ts ( t be+ c\ld affect !m s z to influ5ce ! det]m9ants 9 ! direction ( reproduc+ t modification4 ,h[1 = example1 c\ld ! habit ( grubb+ = roots 9 an animal ( ! pig tribe s affect its reproductive cells z to ensure ! bir? ( an (fspr+ ) callosities on _! sn\ts8 ,! physiological me*anism by :i* su* a result c\ld be produc$ seems h>dly conceivable--at any rate no "o has yet (f]$ a plausible conception ( x4 ,( c\rse if ! fact 7 indisputably prov$ "o w\ld only h to accept x1 & endeav\r1 if possible1 to discov] ! :y & h[4 ,b ! fact1 :i* once look$ s solidly e/abli%$1 is tak+ on a m & m insub/antial appe>ance 9 ! light ( clos] inve/igation4 ,! argum5t aga9/ ,lam>ckism re/s on ! basis 7#a7 artificial exp]im5t1 7#b7 ( obs]vation ( nature "u normal conditions4 ,z to ! evid5ce f exp]im5t1 op9ions fluctuat$ = "s "t--,d>w9 0 dispos$ at "o "t to d5y1 at ano!r to admit ! alleg$ pro(s x (f]$4 ,9 ! pres5t day op9ion is ov]:elm+ly aga9/ ! validity ( ^! pro(s4 ,! cases :]e artificially produc$ mutilations are said to h be5 inh]it$ h1 :5 inve/igat$1 turn$ out to be by no means z cle> & tru/wor?y z 0 suppos$1 nor c "o place mu* reliance on a few cases ( /rik+ co9cid5ce su* z are c]ta9 to occur f "t to "t4#ei ,! adv]se in/ances are v cle> inde$4 ,*9ese girls are nev] born ) abnormally small feet4 ,jews are n born circumcis$4 ,among tribes :]e tattoo+ is practis$1 no traces ( ?is embelli%m5t are ev] f\nd to be inh]it$4 ,if x is a physiological law t ! disuse ( an organ n only atrophies x 9 ! individual b 7by inh]itance ( ! atrophy7 elim9ates x f ! species1 !re is no app>5t reason :y ?is law %\ld n op]ate 9 cases :]e ! organ is artificially remov$4 ,yet x r>ely or nev] seems to d s4 ,exp]im5ts ^u animals1 su* z bre$+ = _m g5]ations f mice ^: tails h be5 cut (f1 h nev] result$ 9 produc+ a cle> case ( inh]it$ mutilation4 ,a /rong presumption is !re=e rais$ t ! effects app>5tly due to use & disuse "u natural conditions 7z 9 ! eyeless fi%es ( ! ,k5tucky caves7 mu/ be set d[n to "s o!r cause4 ,! que5s 9 colonies ( ants & bees h nev] ex]cis$ ! functions ( work]s = ?\s&s ( c5turies1 yet !y transmit ^! functions unimpair$4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a case (t5 ref]r$ to 9 ?is connexion :i* mu/ be "h m5tion$4 ,dr4 ,br[n-,squ>d f\nd t by injur+ or compress+ ! sciatic n]ve 9 gu9ea-pigs epilepsy 0 produc$1 & t ! desc5dants ( animals s injur$ _h a m>k$ t5d5cy to epileptic fits4 ,?is is und\bt$ly a v significant & important fact 9 biology1 b x gives no support to ! ,lam>ckian !ory4 ,:at is inh]it$ by ! gu9ea-pigs is n ! injury to ! n]ve b ! pa?ological condition result+ !refrom4 ,x rema9s to be discov]$ h[1 precisely1 ?is takes place1 & ! exp]im5t may end 9 illum9at+ a v obscure region 9 physiology1 b on ,lam>ckism x has no be>+ at all4 ,a bett] case is t ( atrophy ( a toe1 :i* is said to h be5 inh]it$ 9 consequ5ce ( its orig9al production by sev]ance ( ! sciatic n]ve1 b1 aga91 :at is inh]it$ is n an actual injury b an effect ( x4 ,x is cle>1 h[ev]1 t bodily conditions ( a l>ge & compreh5sive k9d produc$ naturally or artificially 9 an individual may h an effect on ! reproductive cells1 especially :5 ! n]v\s sy/em is affect$4 ,com+ to ! obs]vation ( :at happ5s "u natural conditions1 we are /ruck at ! outset by ! fact t ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 if x works at all1 mu/ "w "u "s sy/em ( salut>y control & n z a bl9d physiological law4 ,= if ea* g5]ation />ts ) "s measure at lea/ ( :at ! =m] g5]ation _h acquir$1 & adds to x by its own activity1 !n all acquir$ *>act]i/ics w\ld ere long atta9 a mon/r\s developm5t1 & ! species w\ld p]i% "u !m4 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d is obs]v$ to happ54 ,! cont9ual use ( ! muscles 9 ! lab\r+ classes has n made m5 /rong] ?an !y 7 ?\s&s ( g5]ations ago4 ,! habit ( h&l+ ! spade & hoe has nev] produc$ a peasant *ild born ) callosities on its h&s4 ,! horn ( ! rh9oc]os1 :i* on ,lam>ckian pr9ciples we mu/ reg>d z develop$ by ! gradual increase ( a callosity =m$ by grubb+ = roots1 does n gr[ beyond a c]ta9 size1 h[ev] ! species may g on grubb+4 ,! ,lam>ckian law1 !n1 if x has any real effect at all1 c only express half ! tru? ab\t ! action ( h]$ity on acquir$ *>act]i/ics4 ,z ! column ( wat] 9 a f\nta9 hov]s ab\t a c]ta9 height1 s ! action ( h]$ity 9 ! accumulation ( ! effects produc$ by ! use ( organs seems to h a limit beyond :i* x _c pass4 ,may x n be t h]$ity is really z false an expression = ! ph5om5on z ! popul> sup]/ition ab\t #8wat] seek+ its own level' is = ! upspr++ ( a f\nta98 ,! cases ( co-adaptation1 :]e "o organ appe>s to be develop$ by use & o!rs by ! use ( t1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,iri% elk ref]r$ to above1 are met by in/ances j z /rik+ :]e ! elem5ts ( modification by use _c come into play4 ,weismann m5tions ! case ( ! +5i\s bru% arrangem5t on ! ant]ior legs ( ! bee1 :i* ! insect uses = cleans+ its ant5n4 ,two adaptations are "h develop$--a little semicircul> not* 9 ! leg1 set ) small bri/les1 & a movable projection or flap us$ = press+ ! ant5na into ! not* z x is drawn ?r\gh4 ,! bee1 no d\bt1 w\ld naturally try to clean its ant5n ) its =e-legs1 b h[ c\ld ?is process develop ! special arrangem5ts ref]r$ to 9 ! h>d or scaly cov]+ ( its limbs8 ,x is n until ! %ell ( ! insect has gr[n q h>d & incapable ( fur!r vital *anges t ! arrangem5t comes into use4 ,aga91 ! /ridulat+ noise produc$ by ! legs ( ! gras%opp] is due to s]rations occurr+ on diff]5t jo9ts ( ! limb4 ,s]rations on "o jo9t w\ld 9 no way t5d to develop !m on ! o!r1 b r ! contr>y1 yet !re !y are1 9 h>moni\s co-op]ation4 ,if ,nature c obta9 ^! effects1 z %e does 9 numb]less in/ances1 )\t ! aid ( ,lam>ck's pr9ciple1 we _c help ask+ :e!r t pr9ciple is ev] op]ative at all4 ,! ?ree in/ances :i* we %all next consid] seem to (f] v s]i\s ob/acles to ! ,lam>ckian !ory4 ,a modification ( /ructure caus$ by ! special use ( a c]ta9 organ takes place 9 probably ov] #ij p] c5t ( ! :ole human race1 male & female4 ,! records ( art1 ( language1 & ! evid5ce ( actual rema9s1 t5d to %[ t ! habitude 9 "q1 ) ! att5dant modification1 goes back to v anci5t1 ev5 p]haps to paloli?ic times4#fj ,i ref] to ! pref]5tial use ( ! "r h& & ! enl>gem5t ( /ructure ?us br\ght ab\t 9 ! "r h& & arm4 ,e "r-h&$ adult man & woman %[s ?is enl>gem5t ( bony & muscul> /ructure4 ,! orig9 ( ! habitude does n conc]n u "h4 ,let u suppose x due1 z ,dr4 ,d4 ,j4 ,cunn+ham sugge/s1 to 8a transmitt$ functional pre-em95ce ( ! left bra910#fa :i* is l>g] ?an ! "r1 & :i* gov]ns ! movem5ts ( ! "r side ( ! body4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 x is cle> t if bodily *>act]i/ics acquir$ by ex]cise are transmissible by inh]itance ! new-born *ild ( "r-h&$ ance/ry ought to %[ "s appreciable prepond]ance 9 weight & size ( ! "r ov] ! left limb4 ,!re c\ld h>dly be a m crucial te/ ( ! validity ( ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple4 ,:at d ! inve/igations ( ! dissect+-room reveal8 ,i %all quote ! two mo/ rec5t au?orities :o h /udi$ ?is int]e/+ "q4 ,dr4 ,cunn+ham1 9 ! lecture already ref]r$ to1 writes3-- 8,al?\gh ! matt] has n be5 inve/igat$ s fully z to place ! "q outside ! region ( dispute1 ! evid5ce at our disposal di/9ctly fav\rs ! view t at bir? ! two upp] limbs />t ^u _! individual duties equally end[$ 9 s f> z /r5g? ( muscle & size ( bones are conc]n$4 ,bo? 9 mass & weight ! two limbs are to all int5ts & purposes simil> at bir?1 & ! prepond]ance 9 bulk & /r5g? :i* lat] on di/+ui%es ! "r arm is acquir$ dur+ life1 & is caus$ by ! great] am\nt ( "w x is call$ ^u to p]=m40#fb ,dr4 ,t4 ,g4 ,moorhead1 ,*ief ,demon/rator 9 ,anatomy 9 ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 aft] giv+ ! results ( ! rese>*es ( v>i\s o!r inquir]s1 writes3-- 8,f ?is mass ( conflict+ evid5ce ,i am =c$ to ! conclusion t no real diff]5ces exi/44 44 ,aft] weigh+ z a :ole ! limbs ( eight foetuses ,i 0 unable to detect any con/ant diff]5ce40#fc ,^! results appe> to conflict mo/ s]i\sly ) ! !ory ( ! transmissibility ( acquir$ modifications4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,kallima p>alecta1 z x appe>s at re/1 ) w+s clos$4 ,f ,weismann's ,! ,evolution ,!ory4 ,k1 ! head2 ,b1 ! limbs4 ,e "o is famili> ) ! fact t species ( animals :i* are prey$ on by o!rs1 or :i* require to be inconspicu\s = ! purpose ( prey+1 are v apt to take ! col\r ( _! habitual surr\nd+s4 ,individuals ( ! same species w ev5 diff] accord+ to _! special habitat4 ,p]haps ! mo/ m>vell\s in/ances ( ?is k9d ( adaptation are to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 tropical butt]flies1 su* z ! ,indian butt]fly1 ,kallima p>alecta1 "h illu/rat$4 ,we h "h1 pa9t$ on ! butt]fly's w+1 ! picture ( a leaf belong+ to a %rub :i* x frequ5ts--a picture1 :5 se5 "u natural conditions1 capable ( baffl+ all b ! close/ inspection4 ,! diff]5t p>ts--! midrib1 ! lat]al ve9+s1 ! little blot*es & spots :i* repres5t pat*es ( m\ld or drops ( wat]1 ev5 ! out] cont\r ( ! w+ itself--all =m an h>moni\s :ole compos$ ( relat$ p>ts :i* h sep>ately no mean+ or use4 ,!y c]ta9ly did n all appe> 9 full developm5t at ! same "t4 ,nor c\ld any "o ( !m1 if x appe>$ fir/1 h ex]cis$ ! smalle/ influ5ce on ! appe>ance ( ! o!rs1 z ! antl]s ( ! elk 7 suppos$ to h influ5c$ ! developm5t ( ! ligam5tum nu*4 ,! e>ly /ages mu/ h be5 anticipatory ( ! lat] ones1 b ex]cise c\ld h _h no?+ to d ) ! result f fir/ to la/4 ,! butt]fly nev] practis$ look+ l a leaf4 ,nor c any l>ge *emical & elem5tal influ5ces h be5 at "w4 ,if nature is capable ( produc+ su* effects z ?is )\t ! ag5cy ( ,lam>ck's pr9ciple1 are !re n excell5t gr\nds = seek+ = "s o!r ag5cy :i* w cov] all ! ph5om5a alike8 ,f9ally let u take ! case ( ! slave-own+ #8,amazon' ants1 ,poly]gus rufesc5s4 ,"h we h a case :i* at ! fir/ blu% looks l a p]fect picture ( an evolution>y process conduct$ on ! pr9ciples ( ,lam>ck's !ory4 ,^! ants1 x may be suppos$1 7 orig9ally ( ! ord9>y type ( t indu/ri\s & respectable insect1 b !y 7 l$ by ! weakness ( "s ( _! neighb\rs ( ano!r species to make occasional attacks on !m = ! purpose ( c>ry+ (f _! immature brood1 ! pup1 z food4 ,"s ( ^! pup1 ne> maturity at ! p]iod ( _! capture1 w\ld come out :ile /or$-up 9 ! ne/ ( ! conqu]ors1 & :5 !y did s w\ld imm$iately set ab\t do+ ! h\sehold "w ( ! hive z if !y 7 at home4 ,poly]gus rufesc5s ultimately became aw>e t a life ( ari/ocratic leisure await$ him if he only captur$ en\gh pup ( ano!r species ( ant to d 8 "w4 ,he accord+ly conf9$ himself entirely to piratical exp$itions ( ?is nature1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t und]w5t a moral & physical trans=mation ( a mo/ rem>kable k9d4 ,! ord9>y ant in/9cts h disappe>$ 9 ?is v>iety4 ,!y d n make _! ne/s1 !y d n ga!r /ores1 !y d n m9d _! "y1 !y d n ev5 fe$ !mselves--an ,amazon ant w p]i% ( />vation 9 ! pres5ce ( food if !re is n a slave ant to put x into 8 m\?4 ,b !y fight f]oci\sly 9 _! slave-raids1 & ! =m ( _! m&ible has *ang$ to suit _! mode ( life4 ,x has become a pair ( sabre-l nipp]s1 excell5t = slay+ a foe1 b ill-adapt$ = c>ry+ objects & o!r indu/rial occupations4 ,correspond+ *anges h tak5 place 9 ! head & 9 ! *it9\s & muscul> /ructure4 ,we h be=e u1 !n1 :at w\ld seem to an un9=m$ obs]v]1 a /rik+ picture ( ! acquirem5t ( a c]ta9 bodily =m & a c]ta9 set ( in/9cts by use1 & ! total loss ( o!r traits by disuse1 & ( ! fix+ ( ^! *>act]s 9 a species by h]$ity4 ,yet ! picture is altoge!r an illusion4 ,h[ev] we are to expla9 ! facts--( :i* m anon--we _c d s by ,lam>ckism1 = ! simple reason t ! peculi> in/9cts & bodily /ructure ( ! ,amazon ants are conf9$ to ! s-call$ #8work]1' or 9 ?is case #8soldi]1' ca/e1 :i* are sexless1 & incapable ( reproduc+ _! k9d4 ,if ^! 7 ! individuals :i* orig9ally />t$ ! slave sy/em among ! species1 !y c\ld n possibly h transmitt$ ! modifications1 moral & physical1 :i* !y acquir$4 ,! que5-ants1 :i* normally are ! only f]tile ants1 transmit !m1 b d n possess !m1 & nei!r d ! drones4 ,! case ( ^! my/]i\s communities ( insects1 compos$ l>gely ( neut]s :i* d ! "w ( ! community b d n reproduce _! k9d1 0 "o ( ! difficulties 9 ! way ( ,d>w9's !ory ( evolution :i*1 he said1 /agg]$ him e "t he reflect$ on x4#fd ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ?is difficulty came to be ! battlefield1 or a ma9 position !re(1 9 a mo/ int]e/+ & illum9at+ controv]sy on ,natural ,selection v]sus ,lam>ckism1 wag$ betwe5 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,dr4 ,weismann 9 ! ye>s #ahic-d4fe ,sp5c] consid]$ ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics a factor 9 evolution ( ! v fir/ importance2 & s1 inde$1 f 8 po9t ( view x is4 8,ei!r10 he decl>$1 8!re has be5 inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 or !re has be5 no evolution40 ,met by ! case1 among o!rs1 ( ! slave-mak+ ants1 8 explanation is sub/antially z foll[s3 ,x 0 n ! work]s 7soldi]s7 :i* orig9ally acquir$ milit>y traits1 b ! que5s1 ! fully develop$ females1 :i* lo/ !m4 ,!re 0 once1 z e "o admits1 a "t :5 all ants1 bees1 etc4 7 sexually mature4 ,!re 7 only males & females4 ,at ?is /age1 possibly1 ! ,amazon ants 7 already pr$atory4 ,x 0 !n t !y may h acquir$ ! milit>y habits & /ructure1 :i* !y 7 !n able to p]petuate by inh]itance4 ,h[1 !n1 did ! que5s lose ^! traits8 8,f ! que5s10 replies ,sp5c]1 8!y h sl[ly disappe>$ by inh]itance ( ! effects ( disuse40 ,! obvi\s & unansw]able rejo9d] made by ,weismann & 8 foll[]s 0 t ,sp5c] _h only %ift$ ! difficulty to ano!r gr\nd--f ! work]s to ! que5s4 ,if ! que5s 7& drones7 lo/ ! milit>y *>act]i/ics by disuse1 h[ d !y come to transmit !m unimpair$ to ! work]s8 ,x is ! v ess5ce ( ,lam>ckism t :atev] modifications are produc$ by use or by disuse %all be transmissible by inh]itance4 ,9 ?is controv]sy1 h[ev]1 !re 0 ano!r /r+ to ! ,lam>ckian b[4 ,work]-ants1 bees1 etc4 are imp]fectly develop$ females4 ,!y h f\r or five egg-tubes :]e ! que5 has two hundr$1 b !y _c be f]tiliz$ by ! drones4 ,x occasionally happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ^! neut] insects d lay a few eggs4 ,^! unf]tiliz$ eggs always develop into drones4 ,"o ( ^! drones might1 x 0 sugge/$1 n[ & !n f]tilize a g5u9e que51 & ?us h& on ! traits ( ! work] f :i* x sprang4 ,b ap>t f ! fact t an occasional occurr5ce ( ?is sort w\ld h>dly suffice to ma9ta9 ! work]-*>act]i/ics unimpair$ ?r\gh\t ! ages1 !re is ! decisive answ]1 z ,weismann po9ts out1 t we "k at lea/ "o species ( ant 9 :i* ! evolution ( a neut] ca/e is absolutely complete1 = ! work]s ( ,tetramorium caespitum possess no egg-tubes at all4 ,yet ! transmission ( *>act]i/ics f que5s & drones :o nev] ex]cise !m to work]s :o _c pass !m on1 goes =w>d 9 ?is species ( any ant j z 9 any o!r4 ,nature1 !re=e1 :ile do+ 9 ! case ( ^! insect communities exactly :at %e appe>s to be do+ else:]e by ! accumulation ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics1 mu/1 9 reality1 h be5 work+ on entirely diff]5t l9es4 ,if we c discov] :at ^? l9es 71 !y w cov] ! app>5tly ,lam>ckian cases z well1 b ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple c]ta9ly w n cov] ^!4 ,9 ! next *apt] we %all review ! alt]native explanation (f]$ by ,d>w9ism1 ! explanation ( ,weismann2 & we %all see :e!r ,sp5c] 0 n z successful 9 demoli%+ x z ,weismann 0 9 %[+ t1 if evolution exi/s at all1 "s o!r basis mu/ be f\nd = x ?an t on :i* x 0 s l>gely re/$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,me*anical ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution3 ,,! ,,d>w9-,,weismann ,,explanation 8,*ance guides all ?+s3 m9d & =e?\ght mu/ call x ,god alone60--,m5&]4 8,9 ! end10 writes ,m4 ,edmond ,p]ri]1 8e imag9able !ory ( evolution mu/ lead up to "o or o!r ( two absolute doctr9es1 ess5tially antagoni/ic to ea* o!r4 ,ei!r ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics mu/ be admitt$ 9 its full scope 7dans t\te sa gnralit71 or else we mu/ believe 9 ! pr$e/9ation ( protoplasm1 develop+ by virtue ( its own int]nal =ces4 ,b 9 ! latt] case we pass f ! doma9 ( pure sci5ce to ent] t ( metaphysics40#ff ,we h n[ to consid] ! mo/ conspicu\s attempt made 9 rec5t times to escape f ?is tragic dilemma4 ,if ! acquir$ & inh]it$ v>iations ( ! ,lam>ckian !ory drop out z a contribution to ! explanation ( evolution1 we are r$uc$ to two =ces only--innate1 or g]m9al1 v>iability ( (fspr+1 & natural selection4 ,inde$ x might be said t we are r$uc$ to v>iability alone1 s9ce natural selection c d no?+ until suitable v>iations are pres5t$ to x4 ,! suitable v>iations d1 h[ev]1 turn up1 & ! "q is1 :at causes !m8 ,! real difficulty = ! s*ool ( biologi/s :o1 l ,weismann1 8assume ! me*anical !ory ( ! _w to be correct10 is h[ to reconcile ! aptness & app>5t purposefulness ( ^! v>iations ) any me*anical !ory4 8,we are ju/ifi$ 9 inquir+10 writes ,weismann1 8:e!r ! assumption ( #8*ance' g]m9al v>iations1 :i* we h hi!rto made ) ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 af=ds a suffici5t basis = selection4 ,osborn says v neatly 9 ?is connection1 #8,we see ) ,weismann & ,galton ! elem5t ( *ance2 b ! dice appe> to be load$1 & 9 ! long run turn 8sixes0 up4 ,"h arises ! "q1 ,:at loads ! dice8'0#fg ,:at loads ! dice8 ,!re is ! great "q 9 :i* ! realms ( biology & ( philosophy meet ea* o!r6 ,?r\gh t bord]l& no def9ite fronti] has ev] be5 trac$1 = 9 ?\ght z 9 matt] ! say+ is true t natural gr\p+s h nuclei1 b no b\nd>ies4 ,x is all ! m ess5tial t m5 ( sci5ce %\ld und]/& philosophy & its me?ods1 & t philosoph]s %\ld und]/& sci5ce4 ,x is to be fe>$ t at pres5t ! second ( ^! desid]ata is mu* m fully realiz$ ?an ! fir/4 ,h[ev]1 we h to see n[ :at ,weismann1 protagoni/ among contempor>y biologi/s ( ! me*anical !ory ( ! _w1 has to answ] to ! crucial "q :i* he has all[$ ,osborn to set him4 ,! problem is to discov] h[ innate1 g]m9al v>iations c come ab\t1 ( su* a nature z to adapt an organism ) /rik+ accuracy to its surr\nd+s & way ( life1 )\t our assum+ ei!r 7#a7 t ! ex]cise ( function _h any influ5ce 9 caus+ h]itable v>iations1 or 7#b7 t !y 7 caus$ by any non-me*anical p[]1 :i*1 s to speak1 _h 9 view ! objects :i* !y fulfil4 ,= ! v>iations are to be reg>d$1 on ,weismann's !ory ( life1 z completely =tuit\s 9 respect ( ! objects !y s]ve4 ,h[1 !n1 d !y come to s]ve !m1 9 mo/ cases1 s admirably well8 ,! g5]al nature ( ,weismann's explanation may be summ$ up 9 a curi\s illu/ration giv5 by him 9 ,! ,evolution ,!ory4#fh ,let u suppose1 he says1 a sn[-field surr\nd$ by precipices on all sides1 b ) a n>r[ track lead+ away f x at "o po9t4 ,scatt]$ ab\t on ! sn[-field are a numb] ( p]sons4 ,a sleigh is n[ project$ among !m f "s outside po9t4 ,ea* p]son1 :5 ! sleigh comes ne> him1 gives x a pu%1 b he has no object 9 pu%+ x any:]e 9 p>ticul>1 & simply s5ds x fly+ (f 9 :atev] direction he *ances to be look+4 ,:at w happ5 "u ^! circum/ances8 ,aft] m or less b&y+ ab\t1 ! sleigh w1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 fall into "o ( ! abysses r\nd ! sn[-field & be lo/ ,b ano!r is !n laun*$ on to ! sn[-field1 & !n ano!r & ano!r )\t end2 & s1 at la/1 x may happ5 t a s]ies ( pu%es w take place :i* w s5d ! sleigh ov] ! n>r[ track to its goal4 ,! goal is suppos$ to repres5t "s condition to :i* ! organism 7! sleigh7 has to adapt itself4 ,! r&om pu%es :i* x receives are ! multitude ( v>iations con/antly occurr+ 9 ! reproductive cells4 ,mo/ ( ^! v>iations h no decisive t5d5cy1 fav\rable or unfav\rable4 ,if a s]ies ( unfav\rable ones %\ld occur1 lead+ to "s developm5t :i* m>k$ly impairs ! *ances ( ! organism = success 9 life1 x1 or its l9e ( succession1 dies out1 & ! unfav\rable v>iation is1 !re=e1 n p]petuat$4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! sleigh go+ into ! abyss4 ,b if a fav\rable v>iation occurs1 & is increas$ till x rea*es #8selection value1' i4e4 till x gives ! organisms possess+ x a di/9ct advantage ov] o!rs 9 ! battle ( life1 !n ?is fav\r$ type w ultimately1 by ! action ( natural selection1 drive out ! less fav\r$1 & w e/abli% itself z ! sole repres5tative ( ! species4 ,hav+ rea*$ ?is level1 ( c\rse ! same process w g on fur!r indef9itely4 ,be=e criticiz+ ?is conception ( evolution>y processes1 we mu/ inquire into ! vital po9t ( h[ ! v>iations1 ! r&om pu%es giv5 to ! sleighs1 ev] rise to su* int5sity z to h selection-value1 & to make head aga9/ ! influ5ce ( int]cross+4 ,! explanation is c]ta9ly +5i\s1 b is s purely hypo!tical & has an air s fanta/ic t x has comm5d$ itself to v few /ud5ts ( biology4 ,weismann w\ld h u suppose t ! det]m9ants ( :i* ! h]$it>y sub/ance 9 ! reproductive cells is made up are c>ry+ on ) ea* o!r an incessant /ruggle = nutrim5t4 ,if "o ( !m succe$s 9 gett+ a little m ?an its neighb\rs x !reby gr[s /rong]1 & is able to attract /ill m nutrim5t to itself1 & to impov]i% ^? ar\nd x4 ,x is ?us laun*$1 z x 71 on an asc5d+ scale1 & w g on automatically if ! v>iation caus$ by x proves fav\rable to ! species4 ,if x proves unfav\rable 7:i* ex hypo!si x is j z likely to d7 its c>e] w be put a /op to by ! ext9ction ( ! l9e ( desc5t :i* inh]its ?is v>iation4 ,weismann's !ory ( 8,g]m9al ,selection0 is !re=e simply an application to ! reproductive cell & its cont5ts ( ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection4 ,! !ory is "o :i* pla9ly makes imm5se dem&s ^u our fai?4 ,z reg>ds ! exi/5ce ( a cont9ual competition among ! det]m9ants1 !re may be reason to accept x1 b h>dly 9 ! ,weismann s5se4 ,suppose two p>5ts to unite1 "o heal?y1 well-n\ri%$1 full-blood$1 ! o!r />v$ & weakly1 x is v likely t1 9 ! result+ (fspr+1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! det]m9ants com+ f ! well-n\ri%$ frame w be se5 to h surpass$ 9 pot5cy ^? f ! weakly "o4 ,= ! det]m9ants are liv+ protoplasm--!y dep5d on n\ri%m5t d]iv$ f ! blood ( ! organism 9 :i* !y are lodg$1 & !y are capable1 no d\bt1 ( be+ well-n\ri%$ or ill-n\ri%$ or possibly ov]-n\ri%$1 accord+ to ! con/itution & hi/ory ( t organism4 ,b ?is is a v diff]5t ?+ f suppos+ t "o det]m9ant c beg9 to gr[ 9 ! same cell at ! exp5se ( ano!r1 :5 bo? are absolutely emb$d$ 9 an ocean ( ! same nutritive matt]4 ,!re is n--( c\rse 9 ! nature ( ?+s !re _c be--a p>ticle ( evid5ce = ! supposition4 ,x is a pure imag9ative hypo!sis1 & on ! face ( x a mo/ improbable "o4 ,x is difficult to believe t x c\ld ev] h be5 adopt$ save z a desp]ate attempt to break ?r\gh ! ev]-n>r[+ r+ ( evid5ce :i* is =c+ inve/igation m & m t[>ds a non-me*anical explanation ( ! processes ( life4 ,b ev5 if x 7 true1 :at is ga9$ by x8 8,appropriate v>iational t5d5cies10 writes ,weismann1 8n only may pres5t !mselves1 !y mu/ d s1 if ! g]m-plasm conta9s det]m9ants at all by ^: fluctuations 9 a plus or m9us direction ! appropriate v>iation is atta9able40#fi ,b :y mu/ !y8 ,!re is no #8mu/' ab\t ,*ance1 unless "o ext5ds its op]ations to inf9ity4 ,:y is x s c]ta9 t ! inequalities ( nutrim5t1 on :i* h]$it>y v>iability is suppos$ to dep5d1 mu/ necess>ily run ! gamut ( all possible v>iations8 ,!re is no #8mu/' 9 ?is !ory1 except t x is ! la/ dit* ( ! 8me*anical conception ( ! economy ( life40 ,x #8mu/' be true--or t conception mu/ quit ! field4 ,7 evolution to dep5d on ! occurr5ce1 by pure *ance1 ( a few appropriate v>iations among a va/ multitude ( indiff]5t or disadvantage\s ones1 is x conceivable t we %\ld f9d 9 nature any?+ l ! inf9ite weal? ( closely & beautifully adapt$ /ructure :i* is actually pres5t8 ,9 p>ticul>1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! cases 9 :i* a numb] ( p>ts are s modifi$ z to "w toge!r 9 h>moni\s co-adaptation8 ,ea* ( ^! p>ts1 accord+ to ,weismann1 orig9ates q indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs4 ,take ! case ( ! ,indian leaf-butt]fly already ref]r$ to4#gj ,! fir/ beg9n+s ( ! midrib on ,weismann's !ory _h no?+ to d ) ! re/ ( ! rib1 nor _h any ( ! ve9+s ) ?is1 or ) "o ano!r2 & ! cont\r ( ! leaf1 s5d+ out a little projection l a /alk exactly :]e ! midrib />ts1 orig9at$ q indep5d5tly ( t m>k+1 & equally s ( ! leaf x mimics6 ,to expla9 co-adaptations l ?is on ,weismann's !ory is really mu* ! same z to suppose t a picture c\ld be pa9t$ by simply pla/]+ ! scrap+s ( a palette on a canvas1 if only "o cont9u$ ! process long en\gh4 ,& ! m>vel 9 "q1 ! co-adaptation ( v>i\s p>ts1 has n be5 atta9$ once or twice b1 to a great] or less degree1 9 e organism possess+ any /ructural complexity4 ,! difficulty1 ( c\rse1 has n escap$ ,weismann4 ,8 explanation dep5ds on "s conception ( ! pot5tialities ( conjugation & int]cross+ :i* ,i confess ,i _c und]/&4 ,he f9ds ! key to ! my/]y 9 ! m+l+ & con/ant recomb9ation ( det]m9ants f diff]5t individuals produc$ by promiscu\s int]cross+4 8,x is only ?r\gh amphimixis conjugation t simultane\s h>moni\s adaptation ( _m p>ts becomes possible40#ga ,b surely ?is cont9ual m+l+ & recomb9ation w\ld1 prim facie1 be j z likely to break up co-adaptations already =m+ z to give rise to new ones8 ,amphimixis1 z we h se51 is "o ( ! mo/ pot5t =ces aga9/ :i* ! evolution ( a new species has to cont5d4 ,evolution has to make head aga9/ ! con/ant t5d5cy ( int]cross+ to oblit]ate individual di/9ctions4 ,true1 if p>5ts exhibit+ ! same h]itable v>iation unite1 _! (fspr+ w h t v>iation 9 a /rongly m>k$ =m1 & w transmit x fur!r4 ,b ?is1 to be ( value = evolution1 presupposes ! same v>iation occurr+ simultane\sly 9 a numb] ( individuals )9 rea* ( ea* o!r4 ,weismann _h inde$ good reason to ascribe to ! action ( int]cross+ 8a weal? & div]sity ( organic ar*itecture o!rwise unatta9able10 b 7 x n supplem5t$ by an ar*itectural in/9ct ( nature1 ! only ar*itecture atta9able w\ld be t ( ! *ild :5 x empties its bricks on ! floor4 ,consid] ! !ory ( g]m9al selection 9 ! light ( ! foll[+ v curi\s case4#gb ,mo/ p h se5 an example ( ! k9d ( spectacles hav+ :at are call$ bifocal l5ses4 ,ea* l5s is divid$ across ! c5tre1 & ! focal l5g?s ( ! upp] & ! l[] halves are diff]5t4 ,!y are int5d$ = p]sons :o see indi/9ctly bo? at ne> & at f> di/ances--! upp] half ( ! l5s is us$ = look+ at di/ant objects & ! l[] = read+1 etc41 s z to avoid ! inconv5i5ce ( hav+ a diff]5t pair ( glasses = ea* requirem5t4 ,n[ !re is a fi%1 nam$ ,anableps 7! ,uplook]71 liv+ 9 e/u>ies on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica :i* actually has its eye-l5ses con/ruct$ on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! pupil ( ! eye is divid$ lat]ally by prolongations f ! iris4 ,! significance ( ?is extraord9>y arrangem5t is t ! fi% is 9 ! habit ( swimm+ ne> ! surface1 & (t5 has its eyes :olly or p>tly out ( wat]1 presumably to look out = attacks f birds ( prey4 ,! upp] half ( ! eye has become adapt$ = vision 9 ! air & ! l[] = vision 9 ! wat]4 ,accord+ to ,weismann1 ! habits & ne$s ( ! fi% c\ld h _h no influ5ce :atev] 9 produc+ ?is peculi> adaptation z an inh]it$ *>act]i/ic ( a species4 ,any o!r fi% or mammal w\ld h be5 j z likely z ,anableps to beg9 ! developm5t ( a bifocal eye4 ,h[ does x come1 !n1 t f ! ?\s&s ( species ( ey$ animals "o1 & "o only1 possesses ?is bifocal eye1 & t precisely ! "o :i* s greatly ne$s x8 ,weismann's answ] w\ld d\btless be t1 9 ! case ( o!r creatures1 ,natural ,selection w\ld n h act$ 9 protect+ ! individuals :i* possess$ ! bifocal eye & p5aliz+ ^? :i* did n4 ,b c we imag9e t ?is pr9ciple act$ v /rongly :5 ! bifocal arrangem5t 9 ,anableps 0 9 a m]e rudim5t>y /age1 z x mu/ at fir/ h be58 ,& %\ld we n occasionally see at lea/ traces ( ! arrangem5t 9 ! eyes ( o!r creatures1 if its full developm5t 9 ,anableps 0 m]ely ! result ( ,natural ,selection lay+ hold ( & p]fect+ an orig9ally q =tuit\s v>iation8 ,a case /ill m curi\s & conv9c+ occurs 9 connexion ) ! h]maphroditism exhibit$ by a :ole class ( animals belong+ to _m diff]5t ord]s1 b alike 9 ! "o respect t x is specially desirable = !m to h bo? sexes compris$ 9 ! same individual4 ,^! are animals capable only ( sluggi% movem5t1 ! diff]5t sexes ( :i* h !re=e "s difficulty 9 f9d+ ea* o!r out4 ,t]re/rial snails & slugs are an example4 ,all ^! creatures are d\ble-sex$2 any two snails :i* meet c conjugate1 s9ce ea* c act ei!r z male or z female at w4 ,oy/]s are ano!r in/ance1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! two sexes foll[ ea* o!r at diff]5t p]iods 9 ! life-hi/ory ( ea* individual4 ,cle>ly1 ?is faculty gives to snails & slugs twice z _m opportunities ( reproduc+ _! k9d z if ! sexes 7 di/9ct4 ,x is c]ta9 f g5]al biological consid]ations t !y 7 di/9ct orig9ally4 ,"o c easily und]/& h[1 if any small gr\p ( ! orig9al species f :i* all ! pres5t tribes are desc5d$1 happ5$ to ?r[ up ^! bisexual peculi>ities1 _! prog5y w\ld multiply fa/] ?an ! re/ & might ultimately ext]m9ate !m by ! op]ation ( natural selection4 ,b exactly ! same might be said ( any o!r tribe ( unisexual animals4 ,any ( ^! might1 a priori1 on ! 8me*anical conception ( ! economy ( life10 be j z reasonably expect$ to develop bisexuality2 = no "o supposes t !re is any physical connexion betwe5 sluggi%ness & h]maphroditism1 or swiftness & di/9ction ( ! sexes2 & ! causes :i* h op]at$ to ext5d & confirm ! type 9 sluggi% & s$5t>y animals w\ld h ! same effect 9 swift ones4 ,yet ?is rem>kable adaptation occurs j :]ev] !re is special ne$ = x2 !re always & !re only4 ,:at me*anism c acc\nt = su* a ph5om5on z ?is8 ,no2 ! dice are load$4 ,nature ga9s h] end sl[ly & n )\t hesitations & failures1 b ! ph5om5a are :olly unlike ! results ( ! play ( uncontroll$ & =tuit\s =ces4 ,imag9e a bl9dfold$ ar*] %oot+ arr[s upw>ds1 d[nw>ds1 & all ar\nd him 9 e direction z x may take 8 fancy4 ,!re is1 unkn[n to him1 a t>get "s di/ance (f4 ,if he w5t on long en\gh x is conceivable1 ?\gh by no means necess>y1 t "s arr[ w\ld hit ! bull's eye4 ,b ! facts pla9ly po9t n to ! above analogy1 b r to an aim at a desir$ object4 ,"s ( ! arr[s miss1 "s light ne> ! m>k1 o!rs hit x precisely4 ,! flight1 on ! :ole1 is 9 ! "r direction1 z ! imm5se proportion ( complete or p>tial successes pla9ly proves4 ,! two pill>s ( ,weismann's !ory ( evolution are g]m9al v>iation & natural selection4 ,! "o is suppos$ to orig9ate ceaseless *anges ( /ructure1 ! o!r to elim9ate ^? *anges :i* are useless#gc or unfav\rable & to fo/] & confirm ! fav\rable4 ,we h se51 if ! =ego+ consid]ations are s\nd1 t =tuit\s v>iations d n provide ! mat]ial ) :i* natural selection c build up a univ]se ( organic life l ours4 ,we h n[ to turn our att5tion to ! o!r prop ( ! sy/em & to inquire :e!r natural selection c play & does play ! "p :i* ,d>w9 & 8 s*ool assign to x 9 ! economy ( nature4 ,natural selection is suppos$ to dep5d = its efficacy on ! exi/5ce ( a /ate ( /r5u\s competition = n\ri%m5t1 or = ! avoidance ( foes1 9 ! type out ( :i* ! fav\rable v>iations em]ge4 ,b 9 rec5t times ! fact ( any su* competition has be5 gravely d\bt$4 ,let u look back to ! beg9n+s ( animal life 9 ! _w4 ,! fir/ primitive animal organisms f\nd !mselves swimm+ 9 a b\ndless sea ( n\ri%m5t & _h no foes at all6 ,yet !y develop$ into high] & high] grades ( life4 ,competition did n aid 9 ! developm5t ( ^! high] grades--x 0 !y :i* ultimately creat$ ! /ate ( competition4 ,:at ,nature !n a*iev$ )\t competition %e is equally able to p]=m n[4 ,ev5 n[ :5 ! e>? is sw>m+ ) v>i$ life competition plays a mu* small] "p ?an 0 tak5 = grant$ 9 ! fir/ flu% ( ,d>w9ism4 ,creatures ( ! same type b on diff]5t grades ( organization1 l ! hive-bee & ! humble bee1 are con/antly f\nd side by side1 draw+ _! n\ri%m5t f ! same s\rces1 b ea* hold+ its own )\t difficulty4 ,facts l ^! 7 n unobs]v$ by ,d>w91 :o met !m by ! supposition t competition came *iefly into play at exceptional p]iods1 dur+ a dr\ght1 an inundation1 a sev]e w9t]1 or ! l1 9 :i* ! less fitt$ memb]s ( ! race p]i%$ :olesale4 ,b1 z ,kropotk91 9 8 int]e/+ "w1 ,mutual ,aid among ,animals1 has rem>k$1 8,if ! evolution ( ! animal _w 7 bas$ exclusively1 or ev5 *iefly1 ^u ! survival ( ! fitte/ dur+ p]iods ( calamities2 if natural selection 7 limit$ 9 its action to p]iods ( exceptional dr\ght1 or sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 or inundations1 retrogression w\ld be ! rule 9 ! animal _w4 ,^? :o survive a fam9e1 or a sev]e epidemic ( *ol]a1 or small-pox1 or diph!ria1 su* z we see !m 9 unciviliz$ c\ntries1 are nei!r ! /ronge/1 nor ! heal?ie/1 nor ! mo/ intellig5t4 ,no progress c\ld be bas$ on su* survivals--! less s z all survivors usually come out ( ! ordeal ) an impair$ heal?1 l ! ,transbaikalian horses j m5tion$1 or ! ,arctic crews1 or ! g>rison ( a =tress :i* has be5 compell$ to live = a few mon?s on half rations1 & comes out ( its exp]i5ce ) a brok5 heal?1 & subsequ5tly %[s a q abnormal mortality40#gd ,kropotk9's book %[s good reason to believe t ! pr9ciple ( mutual aid & support plays at lea/ z great a "p 9 ! animal _w z does t ( mutual competition & ext]m9ation4 ,t ! competition ( organisms1 animal & vegetable1 = n\ri%m5t & = protection may fav\r c]ta9 types1 & depress or ev5 ext]m9ate o!rs1 is ( c\rse indisputable4 ,we see x :5 ! ,japanese work] & ! ,cali=nian meet 9 indu/rial rivalry on ! ,pacific slopes--we see x :5 ! will[s plant$ by ,new ,zeal& riv]s de/roy ! we$ :i* infe/$ !m1 by absorb+ ! n\ri%m5t f ! riv]-b$ on :i* x liv$4#ge ,:at we h to consid]1 h[ev]1 is ! efficacy ( competition 9 giv+ pr$om9ance & p]man5ce to a type diff]+ b slightly 9 ! initial /ages f t ( ! re/ ( ! species1 & diff]+ b 9 a v few individuals4 ,we h to consid]1 9 fact1 :e!r natural selection is n a consequ5ce r ?an a cause ( evolution4 ,on no me*anical !ory ( evolution c we suppose t ! fir/ leaf-m>k+s ( ! butt]fly1 ,kallima p>alecta1 7 ei!r at all pron\nc$ 9 _! mimicry1 or t !y orig9at$ simultane\sly 9 any l>ge gr\p ( ! orig9al species f :i* ,kallima p>alecta sprang4 ,!re=e1 ) v small advantage 9 ! way ( protection f enemies1 & ) ! con/ant & p[]ful influ5ce ( int]cross+ ev] t5d+ to oblit]ate ! di/9ctive leaf-m>ks1 h[ c\ld natural selection alone enable ! new1 ! mimick+ type1 to ass]t & develop itself1 z x has done n only 9 ?is p>ticul> species ( butt]fly b 9 hundr$s ( species ( ! ,lepidopt]a & o!r insects8 8,a consid]able initial resemblance10 writes ,mr4 ,b$d>d 9 8 mo/ valuable ?\gh some:at *aotic "w on ?is subject1#gf 8may be fairly set d[n to o!r causes ?an natural selection2 because x is impossible to believe t a slight move 9 ! requir$ direction w\ld be ( suffici5t importance to s]ve z mat]ial = ! action ( natural elim9ation40 ,! mo/ conv9c$ ,d>w9ian w h>dly d5y t ! problem involv$ 9 ?is case is a s]i\s "o4 ,ano!r s+ul> fact to be not$ 9 ?is connexion is ! 8conclusion arriv$ at by ! /udy ( mimetic butt]flies 9 all p>ts ( ! _w--t ! females are f> m liable to assume ?is me?od ( def5ce ?an ! males40#gg ,an in/ance 9 po9t1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( mu* discussion1 is t ( ! yell[ & black swall[-tail$ butt]fly1 ,papilio m]iones1 f\nd 9 ,madagasc>4 ,! isl& is suppos$ to be ! orig9al home ( ! species1 & "h bo? sexes are mu* alike4 ,on ! ma9l& ( ,s\? ,africa1 h[ev]1 :ile ! male has und]gone ! v slight trans=mations repres5t$ by ! species ,p4 m]ope & ,p4 c5ea1 ! females imitate closely ?ree diff]5t species ( ! ,danais butt]fly :i* is protect$ by its disagreeable ta/e f ! usual enemies ( ! tribe1 & :i* is altoge!r unlike 9 %ape & coloration to ! swall[-tail4 8,! new =ms10 writes ,mr4 ,p\lton1 8h aris5 at s rec5t a date t _m ( ! int]m$iate /ages c /ill be se51 :ile ! p>5t =m has be5 pres]v$ un*ang$ 9 a fri5dly l&1 :]e ! ke5] /ruggle ( cont95tal areas is unkn[n40#gh ,! significance ( su* a fact z ?is is obvi\s4 ,if mimicry arose f =tuit\s v>iations ( col\r+ & ( =m1 males alone might %[ x 9 "s species1 females alone 9 o!rs1 & bo? 9 yet o!rs1 b x is difficult to und]/& h[ we c\ld arrive at ! actual condition1 & f9d x ei!r common to bo? sexes or practically conf9$ to ! female4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 mimicry & o!r simil> adaptations are ultimately to be int]pret$ z ! common response ( ! species to ! attack ( its foes1 x is q natural t ! female1 z ! egg-be>]1 ! mo/ important factor 9 ! cont9uance ( ! species1 %\ld be specially protect$4 ,x is probable also t %e is mo/ 9 ne$ ( protection1 z h] functions may r5d] h] r m expos$ ?an ! male to attack4 ,t natural selection _c h be5 ! dom9ant factor 9 ! case we are consid]+ seems cle>2 = h[ c\ld x h act$ at all )\t a some:at vigor\s we$+ out ( unprotect$ =ms8 ,&1 9 t case1 :at w\ld h become ( ! unprotect$ males ( ! species8 ,difficulties ( ?is k9d h1 9 diff]5t cases1 be5 rais$ aga9 & aga9 s9ce ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & h _h to be answ]$ s (t5 t !re seems good prima facie gr\nd = d\bt+ :e!r !y h ev] really be5 answ]$ at all4 ,! /ronge/ advocates ( ! pure me*anical !ory are oblig$1 z we h se51 to admit t ! drift ( contempor>y sci5tific op9ion is to place little reliance on casual v>iation & natural selection & to look = ! driv+ =ce ( evolution 9 o!r directions4#gi ,9 ! introduction to ,/rasburg]'s ,text ,book ( ,botany#hj we f9d ?is important passage3-- 8,! t5d5cy is to assume ! exi/5ce ( a developm5t ( ! organic _w due to orig9al1 innate capabilities ( ! liv+ sub/ance & n dep5d5t on selection4 ,! orig9 ( ! l>ge subdivisions ( ! animal & vegetable k+doms1 ! #8,ar*etypes1' w\ld be due to ?is sort ( evolution4 ,^! ar*etypes h be51 & are /ill1 cont9ually influ5c$ by ! environm5t1 &1 by _! reaction to ext]nal conditions1 organisms become m or less directly adapt$4444 ,! progressive evolution ( ! ar*etypes1 z well z ! direct adaptations to ext]nal conditions %[n by !m1 is indep5d5t ( selection4 ,! latt] does1 h[ev]1 ex]t an influ5ce on ! process ( evolution ( ! organic _w1 ?\gh to a mu* m limit$ ext5t ?an 0 =m]ly suppos$40 ,x is cle> t 9 ^! orig9al innate capabilities ( ! liv+ sub/ance we h a p[] :i* alone may fully acc\nt = ! evolution ( ! organic _w1 ?\gh natural selection c emphasize & ha/5 its action4 ,its nature & limits are /ill undet]m9$4 ,biologi/s are v *>y ( express+ ?is p[] save 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry & physics4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are afraid--sometimes ,i v5ture to ?9k ev5 morbidly afraid--( op5+ any door by :i* ! fanta/ic horde ( arbitr>y dogmas & sup]/itions :i* !y h ca/ out ) s mu* toil & p]il might f9d _! way back into ! temple ( ,k4 ,b philosophy mu/ w>n !m t 9 %utt+ out all =ces t _c be weigh$ & measur$ 9 a laboratory !y may be %utt+ out life itself4 ,& ^? :o /r5u\sly insi/ on r$uc+ nature to a me*anism (t5 f9d !mselves oblig$ to let 9 ! my/]i\s life-=ce by "s m or less cl&e/9e entry 9 ord] to make _! me*anism "w4 ,?us ,ngeli1 ! orig9ator ( ! !ory ( h]$ity :i* ,weismann has develop$1 attributes ! ph5om5a ( gr[? & evolution n to natural selection b to 8int]nal =ces40#ha ,he disclaims = ^! =ces any b a physical & *emical significance2 b ,pr(essor ,eim]1 9 spite ( all disclaim]s1 _c get rid ( ! suspicion1 well ju/ifi$ 9 my op9ion1 t !re is 9 ^! =ces1 z conceiv$ by ,ngeli1 some?+ purposeful & teleological--admit !m1 he says 9 effect1 & :o kn[s :at we %all next be ask$ to believe8#hb ,yet = ,eim] himself we f9d t1 z ,s*op5hau] says1 8! lotus ( physics is root$ 9 metaphysics40 ,twice 9 8 "w on organic evolution1 he ref]s ) approval to ! view ( 8our pr(\nd philosoph]1 ,ok510#hc :o reg>d$ all exi/+ be+s z memb]s or organs ( "s va/ & transc5d5tal organism ^: developm5t condition$ !irs4 ,eim] ev5 makes a some:at d>+ application ( ?is pr9ciple to a concrete in/ance 9 ! physical _w1 "o :i* we h already ref]r$ to1 ! problem ( ! inh]itance ( qualities 9 ants1 bees1 etc41 :5 ^! qualities are possess$ & ex]cis$ only by individuals :o _c transmit !m4 8,we mu/ reg>d10 he writes1 8! diff]5t =ms ( bees1 que5s1 drones1 work]s1 z discont9u\s organs ( "o :ole1 :i* h be5 evolv$ f a s+le indiff]5t ance/ral =m4444 ,only ?us c we expla9 to ourselves ! fact t ! peculi>ities ( ! work]s1 not)/&+ t !y d n reproduce1 are inh]it$40#hd ,:5 we are ask$ to believe 9 physico-*emical laws ( su* a nature t !y enable ! habits ( life ( a work]-ant or bee to react ^u ! g]m-cells ( ! que51 j z ! ex]cise ( an organ1 on ,lam>ckian pr9ciples1 affects ! reproductive cells ( ! creature to :i* x belongs1 x becomes pla9 en\gh t = mod]n inve/igators ! s-call$ me*anical & ! s-call$ psy*ic conceptions ( ! univ]se are really runn+ out at ! same po9t4 ,! gulf betwe5 ^! conceptions1 :i* seem$ to yawn s widely aft] ,d>w9ism1 0 a m]e illusion1 aris+ f a po9t ( view n[ left beh9d4 ,to resume ! argum5t ( ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,we h se5 t at ! basis ( all !ories ( evolution lies ! fact ( ! responsive p[]s ( liv+ protoplasm4 ,b :at does x respond to8 ,t is ! "q ( que/ions4 ,to put x accurately 9 relation to ! process ( evolution we mu/ ask1 ,to :at d ! det]m9ants 9 ! g]m9al cells ( plants & animals respond8 ,to :at call did unicellul> organisms respond :5 !y fir/ began to int]*ange *romat9 ) ea* o!r8 ,to :at1 :5 !y began to divide & =m new organisms8 ,to :at1 :5 multicellul> organisms began to specialize c]ta9 cells = reproduction1 & ^! cells to mature !mselves = fusion by ?r[+ out half _! *romosomes8 ,& :5 ! high] plants & animals came on ! sc5e1 reproduc+ _! k9d "u conditions :i* make /rongly = ! fixity ( species1 h[ are we to int]pret ! response ( protoplasm :5 we see organs & /ructures melt away1 & o!rs gr[1 giv+ rise to ! innum]able types :i* yield u ! exi/+ _w ) its ov]:elm+ ri*ness & v>iety ( life8 ,weismann tells u t ! response is only to diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( nutrim5t obta9able by ! v>i\s det]m9ants ( ! g]m cell1 & has b a =tuit\s connexion ) ! results atta9$4 ,we h se5 ! inadequacy ( ?is !ory1 9 ! light ( ! _m adaptations su* z t ( :i* ! fi%1 ,anableps1 ) its bifocal eyes1 & ! d\ble sexual organs ( t]re/rial snails1 are types4 ,lam>ck & ,d>w91 besides ! belief 9 =tuit\s v>iation1 held t h]itable *>act]s arise f ex]cise ( function4 ,innum]able cases c be quot$ 9 fav\r ( ?is explanation1 b we h se5 in/ances 9 :i* x is absolutely unt5able1 & yet :]e ! requir$ response takes place j ! same4 ,! influ5ce ( light & col\r tells on ! col\r+ ( animals1 & imp>tially protects !m :5 !y are prey$ ^u1 or helps !m to secure _! prey2 & ?is influ5ce is frequ5tly expla9able by *emical or electric ag5cies orig9at+ 9 ! environm5t ( ! animal1 act+ on ! blood1 & ?us influ5c+ pigm5tation ( ! sk91#he b *emi/ry is helpless to acc\nt = ! mann] 9 :i* nature %apes ! cont\r ( ! w+ ( a tropical butt]fly & pa9ts ^u x ! ve9+s ( a leaf1 or protects a h>mless fly by giv+ x a resemblance to a /++ "o1 or protects a cat]pill> by mak+ x look l a vici\s & dang]\s reptile4 ,yet all ^! protective arrangem5ts are evid5tly1 at bottom1 facts ( ! same ord]4 ,protoplasm lives & responds n only discretely 9 ! l[e/ unit p]ceptible by ! microscope1 b collectively 9 ! connect$ gr\ps ( ^! units call$ multicellul> organisms1 & 9 ! disconnect$ gr\ps ( ^! organisms call$ species4 ,x really responds n to ! ex]cise ( function or to ! play ( physical =ces1 b to vital t5d5cies ( ! organism4 ,!re seems an expansive =ce 9 nature :i*1 ?\gh work+ /rictly "u ! dom9ion ( physical laws1 is capable ( us+ ! comb9ations br\ght ab\t by ^? laws = ! pres]vation & developm5t ( life4 ,x is 9 love ) life1 x is ev] press+ t[>d action & self-realization1 & all roads are "o to x if !y lead to t end4 ,9 x are includ$ ! v *emical & physical ag5cies :i* x obeys1 & also t some?+ beyond :i* eludes ! analysis ( ! laboratory4 ,h[ x acts1 "u :at conditions1 :at limitations1 :y "h 9 "o way1 !re 9 ano!r1 are que/ions ( pr(\nd int]e/1 ! fr+e ( :i* philosophy has h>dly begun to t\*4 ,nor is philosophy yet 9 a position to d m1 = ! sci5tific conception ( nature is b a rec5t bir? ( ?\ght2 mu* rema9s to d 9 ! collection & organization ( ! facts ) :i* ! framework mu/ be fill$ 91 & a philosophy :i* does n keep closely 9 t\* ) sci5tific fact c h no message = ! mod]n _w4 ,b x does seem possible to disc]n1 & x %all n[ be our endeav\r to set =?1 9 broad outl9e1 c]ta9 pr9ciples ( deep significance f :i* we may obta9 an answ] to ! "q3 ,:at c we le>n f ! physical univ]se t has a be>+ on ! spiritual life ( man8 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,directive ,,!ory ,,( ,,evolution 8,:o is !re t _c di/+ui% betwe5 ! actual cause ( a ?+ & t )\t :i* ! cause c\ld nev] be a cause80--,plato1 ,phd4 ,! problem set at ! close ( our fir/ *apt] 0 to f9d a fit explanation ( ! guid+ p[] app>5t 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,we h n be5 able to int]pret ?is guid+ p[] ei!r 9 t]ms ( consci\s1 intellig5t contrivance or 9 t]ms ( bl9d1 me*anical law4 ,! inve/igations :i* foll[$ h l$ u up to ano!r explanation4 ,we h se5 t ! vivify+1 trans=m+1 progressive p[] 9 nature may be conceiv$ z a p[] ( ,response4 ,e p>ticle ( matt]1 organic & inorganic1 has ?is p[]4 ,e p>ticle ( matt] c react & respond to "s /imulus4 ,! m x c respond to1 ! high] x is 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,& we h f\nd1 z ,i ?9k1 "o con/ant & univ]sal /imulus to :i* bo? ! fixity ( nature's laws & ! pla/icity ( h] my/]i\s sub/ance may be conceiv$ z a response4 ,?is /imulus is ! call ( ,life4 ,/imulus & response tak5 toge!r con/itute ! directive =ce 9 ob$i5ce to :i* ! _w unfolds itself 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,we h be5 l$ to int]pret nature z ! concrete expression ( ! w to live1 a w :i* = ! fir/ "t comes into rational consci\sness 9 man4 ,hav+ br\ght ?is conception1 ,i hope1 into cle> light1 x is ! aim ( ! pres5t *apt] to illu/rate & en=ce x 9 m detail1 & ?us to ga9 a secure f\ndation = ! application ( ! conception to ! m /rictly human problems ) :i* we h ultimately to deal4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! exi/5ce 9 nature ( any directive p[] transc5d+ & utiliz+ ! me*anical =ces & relations ( matt]1 call x #8vital =ce1' ! #8h& ( ,provid5ce1' ! #8,x' ( evolution1 or :at "o w1 has nev] readily be5 admitt$ by sci5tific naturali/s4 ,!y feel t1 if once admitt$1 x (f]s a prompt & facile explanation ( e difficulty1 & is available z ! *eap res\rce ( all ^? :o /udy nature ) a view to ! gr9d+ ( _! moral or religi\s axes1 r ?an to ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,^? :o feel oblig$ to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( "s su* p[] are !re=e b\nd to be m ?an ord9>ily on _! gu>d aga9/ all loose ?9k+4 ,!y mu/ n be cont5t ) vague g5]alities1 b mu/ be prep>$ to indicate z exactly z possible ! di/9ction exi/+ betwe5 ! me*anical & ! non-me*anical or transc5d5tal ag5cies 9 nature4 ,x does n foll[ t "o's acc\nt ( ! matt] w prove to be exactly true 9 e detail4 ,"o mu/ always speak 9 su* matt]s ) t wise res]vation ( ,socrates1 8,if ?is be n ! tru?1 some?+ ( ! k9d is40 ,b x is n all[able to fall back on t 8some?+ ( ! k9d0 until an attempt has be5 made def9itely to e/abli% ! 8k9d10 by se>*+ into ! inmo/ he>t ( ! fact4 ,! fact "h is ! responsive p[] ( liv+ protoplasm4 ,x w be well to exam9e x fir/ 9 its op]ation 9 an individual organism be=e we consid] x 9 relation to ! species4 ,reaction or response ( a *emical & me*anical type takes place alike 9 dead matt] & 9 liv+ organisms1 b c]ta9 /imuli w induce action 9 an organism :i* !y c\ld n possibly induce 9 a m9]al4 ,= 9 e cell1 z ,re9ke well says1 !re are a *emi/ & an ar*itect :o guide its en]gies1 & :o h some?+ q diff]5t f *emi/ry & physics 9 view4 ,consid] ! foll[+ case4 ,e tub] ( a potato plant is cov]$ ) a light sk9 compos$ ( a corky sub/ance int5d$ to protect ! int]nal /ructure f injury4 ,?is sk9 is produc$ by ! action ( ! surface cells ( ! tub]4 ,*emically & physically ^! cells are j ! same z ! cells 9 ! int]ior ( ! tub]4 ,b ! int]ior cells d n produce ?is corky sub/ance1 because x w\ld be injuri\s to ! plant if !y did4 ,! cells bel[ ! surface ( ! tub]1 ?\gh !y are by no means seclud$ f ! *emical influ5ces ( ! e>? ar\nd !m1 behave q diff]5tly f ^? actually 9 contact ) ! e>?4 ,n[ let u take our tub]1 slice x 9 half1 & replace x 9 ! e>? aga94 ,if we look at x aga9 9 a few days we %all f9d t ! int]ior cells1 n[ expos$ by ! cutt+1 h done :at !y c\ld n or did n d be=e--!y h produc$ a lay] ( sk9 to cov] ! expos$ surface ( ! tub] j z if !y _h be5 surface cells f ! outset4 ,?is k9d ( response seems to take u q out ( ! region ( *emical & physical action z und]/ood 9 ! case ( inorganic matt]4 ,x is a response direct$ to ma9ta9+ z f> z possible ! life & =m ( ! organism1 a ?+ :i* m]e *emical action 9 m9]al sub/ances nev] does4 ,x may p]haps1 h[ev]1 be argu$ t ! actual contact ) ! e>? has a possible *emical /imulus :i* is n communicable to cells ev5 a hair's-bread? bel[ ! surface1 & t ! cells laid b>e by slic+ react z !y d simply because !y are expos$ to ?is /imulus4 ,let u take1 !n1 ano!r common & typical case ( response to alt]$ conditions 9 plant life4 ,! taproot ( a tree1 z we h se51#hf gr[s /raight d[nw>ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>? 9 ob$i5ce to ! /imulus giv5 by ! pull ( gravitation4 ,! same /imulus impels ! /em to %oot upw>ds1 & ! o!r roots & ! bran*es to gr[ m or less lat]ally4 ,new gr[? always takes place at ! extreme tip ( ! %oot or root4 ,lay b>e ! taproot1 cut away ?is gr[+ tip1 & t root c gr[ no m2 no fre% tip *>g$ ) vegetative vitality c =m itself ov] ! sc>4 ,b m>k :at happ5s6 ,! ne>e/ lat]al root1 in/ead ( pursu+ its normal c\rse1 /raightway beg9s to b5d d[nw>ds & takes ! place ( ! mutilat$ taproot4 ,simil>ly if ! lead+ %oot ( ! /em is nipp$ (f1 ! ne>e/ lat]al bran* w turn upw>ds4 ,9 ?is case ! lat]al root or %oot has n be5 subject$ to any new influ5ces :atev]1 or at lea/ to none ( a *emical or physical nature4 ,yet x responds1 n to any?+ affect+ itself1 b to ! ne$s ( ! organism z a :ole4#hg ,none ( ! =ces :i* liv+ organisms h 9 common ) m9]als w acc\nt = ?is k9d ( response4 ,h[ are we to repres5t to our m9ds ! nature ( ! =ces :i* apply to ! innum]able cases ( :i* ! above is a type8 ,re9ke1 :o deals exhau/ively ) ?is "q1 conceives ! vitality ( liv+ ?+s1 manife/$ 9 gr[?1 developm5t1 & reproduction1 z lodg$ 9 :at he calls 8,dom9ants40#hh ,^! dom9ants exi/ 9 all p>ts ( ! organism1 & gov]n ^? processes :i* ord9>y physical laws d n expla91 i4e4 ! ph5om5a :i* are specifically vital4 ,!y are n !mselves *emical or physical en]gies1 b !y guide ^! en]gies t[>d ! fulfilm5t ( ! objects ( life4 8,dom9ants10 he writes1#hi 8are ^? second>y#ij =ces 9 ! organism ^: exi/5ce we recognize 9 _! op]ations1 b :i* we _c fur!r analyse4 ,?us ,i und]/& "u ?is =m t pr9ciple ( control :i* takes effect 9 e organism & :i* sways :atev] en]gies are available j z m5 use tools & ma*9es4 ,s9ce ?is control is manifold 9 its manife/ations1 "o is oblig$1 :5 seek+ = a te*nical designation = x1 to express x 9 ! plural4 ,! dom9ants are !re=e an ab/raction2 a symbol = ph5om5a1 j l ! conceptions1 ,=ce1 ,matt]1 ! ,atom1 etc42 ! t]m has be5 devis$ 9 ord] to provide a %ort explanatory description ( c]ta9 ess5tial processes4 8,i !re=e repel ! objection1 if anyone %\ld make x1 t ! dom9ants are a fiction1 a troop ( gho/s ) :i* ,i h peopl$ ! cells & organs ( animals & plants4 ,!y are1 9 "s s5se1 m]ely a p>aphrase ( ! description ( c]ta9 ph5om5a1 a p]sonification ( =ces n to be rang$ "u ! conception ( en]gy--! directive impulses 9 ! animal & vegetable _w40 ,to cont9ue ,re9ke's explanation3 ,two diff]5t classes ( dom9ants are to be recogniz$4 ,^! are ! op]ative & ! =mative4 ,! =m] control pr9cipally ! *emical activities ( ! organism1 z :5 a plant turns inorganic sub/ances into sug>1 album51 etc42 ! latt] are ! invisible ar*itects 9 ! organism :o control its =m & /ructure4 ,bo? are h]itable1 & are capable ( modification )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,closely b\nd up ) matt] & en]gy1 !y are nei!r matt] nor en]gy4 ,!y c be indef9itely multipli$ & 7to all appe>ance7 totally de/roy$4 ,_! multiplication does n ab/ract en]gy f o!r kn[n s\rces1 nor does _! de/ruction re/ore x2 !y d n !re=e come 7visibly7 "u ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,!y op]ate entirely )9 ! framework ( natural laws1 & c only utilize :at en]gies are available = !m at ! giv5 "t & place4 ,e cell has its dom9ants2 & z an organism is a syn!sis1 n a m]e aggregate1 ( cells1 s its individual dom9ant is a syn!sis ( ! dom9ants ( its p>ts4 ,! evolution ( species1 l ! developm5t ( an embryo1 is "u ! control ( dom9ants4 ,! conditions "u :i* !y "w = ?is end are mat]ial & physical2 ^! conditions c1 to a great ext5t1 be asc]ta9$ & def9$1 b ! driv+ =ce lies beyond sci5tific analysis4 ,su* is ! conception ( ,re9ke2 & tak5 z he pres5ts x1 t is to say1 m]ely z a k9d ( work+ hypo!sis1 z a means ( mak+ intelligible a va/ & v>i\s mass ( ph5om5a1 x seems admirably suit$ to its purpose4 ,x rema9s to add1 ?\gh ,re9ke himself does n say s1 t ?is conception ( ! dom9ants appe>s to h>monize rem>kably ) :at has be5 put =w>d 9 reg>d to cell-/ructure & reproduction4 ,! *romosomes are probably ! mat]ial vehicles ( ! dom9ants2 9 fact1 ,weismann's det]m9ants seem to be ! same ?+ "u ano!r "n1 ?\gh ,weismann conceives !m r f ! po9t ( view ( ! sci5ti/1 & ,re9ke f t ( ! metaphysician4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at an intellectual conception "u :i* to range ! ph5om5a 7n ! ultimate nature7 ( vital response4 ,let u apply x to ! "q ( evolution4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,h5sl['s ,orig9 ( ,plant ,/ructures#ia may s]ve to introduce ?is "p ( our discussion3-- 8,! "q 444 resolves itself into ?is3 :i* probability or hypo!sis d ! facts ( ! case seem to fav\r mo/1 viz4 t indef9ite v>iations arise f "s assum$ int]nal causes1 ( :i* v>iations only ^? 9 h>mony ) ! environm5t survive1 & are said1 !re=e1 metaphorically1 to be select$ by x2 or is x t ! ext]nal =ces ( ! environm5t excite ! v>iability :i* is inh]5t 9 plants1 & call into action ! responsive p[] ( ! protoplasm 9 ! v>i\s species ( plants1 :i* ?us all t5d to put on ! same1 or simil>1 or at lea/ adaptive & def9ite v>iations ( "o sort or ano!r1 s t !re are no indiscrim9ate or wa/$ v>iations#ib at all8 ,i "k an abundance ( facts :i* support ! latt] cont5tion1 b none :atev] 9 illu/ration ( ! =m] hypo!sis40 ,"h is ! action ( ! dom9ants 9 evolution plac$ 9 ! cle>e/ light4 ,to prove ! tru? ( ,pr(essor ,h5sl['s cont5tion x is necess>y n only to /udy organisms 9 situations :]e !y h be5 e/abli%$ = _m g5]ations or c5turies1 b to see h[ !y behave on transportation to a new k9d ( environm5t4 ,! cases :i* c be adduc$ are num]\s & conv9c+4 ,?us ,mr4 ,d4 ,dew> report$ to ,mr4 ,h5sl[ t on introduc+ at ,kew a cress1 ,arabis ana*ortica1 f\nd 9 cave-l situations 9 ! ,alps1 & hav+ v ?91 pap]y leaves1 x turn$1 :5 rais$ f se$1 into a diff]5t species1 ,arabis alp9a4 ,! *ange took only ?ree g5]ations to accompli%4#ic ,bulb\s roots h x among _! functions to /ore up moi/ure = ! plant !y belong to4 ,haeckel has %[n t ! grass ,poa bulbosa1 on be+ cultivat$ 9 moi/ soil1 almo/ lo/ its bulb\s "*4 ,contr>iwise we f9d t _m plants n bulb\s else:]e are obs]v$ to be s :5 gr[+ on ! dry ,k>oo 9 ,s\? ,africa4#id ,sp9es on a plant are usual accompanim5ts ( dryness 9 soil or atmosph]e4 ,ononis sp9osa has an excessively sp9y v>iety1 t]m$ horrida1 :i* is f\nd on m>itime s&s4 ,gr[n 9 v ri* moi/ situations1 x gradually loses its sp9es & !y ultimately disappe> entirely4#ie ,9 ! animal _w exp]im5tal cultivation is n at all s easy1 b ! facts obs]v$ all g to support ! view t ! response to environm5t is direct & def9ite4 ,! small %rimp-l cru/acean1 ,artemia sal9a is a case frequ5tly quot$4 ,x lives 9 salt pools by ! ,black ,sea1 & x has be5 f\nd t by bre$+ x 9 wat] ( :i* ! sal9ity is gradually decreas$1 ! creature 9 a few g5]ations assumes a type commonly assign$ n m]ely to a diff]5t species b to a diff]5t g5us--,bran*ipus /agnalis4#if ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance ( a trans=mation produc$ by ! influ5ce ( environm5t is t ( ! ,mexican wat]-newt1 ,axolotl4 ,:5 gradually accu/om$ to live on dry l&1 ?is creature usually ?r[s (f its gills1 develops lungs1 alt]s ! %ape ( its tail1 & takes on all ! *>act]i/ics ( a t]re/rial in/ead ( an aquatic reptile4 ,?is trans=mation does n take g5]ations to accompli%--x happ5s 9 "o individual 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks or mon?s4 ,:5 f\nd 9 ! t]re/rial =m1 ! ,axolotl is call$ ,ambly/oma tigr9um1 & is class$ among ! salam&]s4 ,its prog5y are !n ,ambly/omas1 & !y d n naturally rev]t to ! ,axolotl type1 al?\gh "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! /eps ( ?is amaz+ trans=mation c be retrac$4 ,! ,axolotl is n a l>va 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 = x is n an imp]fect creature2 x is sexually mature1 & 9 mo/ cases1 9 nature1 probably nev] develops into an ,ambly/oma1 nor d ! prog5y ( ! ,ambly/omas beg9 z ,axolotls4 ,:at we h "h is probably1 z ,weismann plausibly sugge/s1 a case ( a species :i* has almo/ rea*$ ! /age ( evolution f an aquatic into a t]re/rial =m1 s t a suffici5t impulse f its environm5t suffices to s5d x ov] ! bord]4 ,int]nal =ces h evid5tly prep>$ ! way = ! *ange1 & ! process does n 9 ! lea/ resemble ! me*anical selection ( suitable *>act]s f a cr[d ( =tuit\s v>iations4#ig ,! case ( ! ,porto ,santo rabbit may also be quot$ 9 ?is connexion4 ,9 ! ye> #adai ! "y born ( a tame ,spani% rabbit 7 put a%ore on ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo ne> ,madeira4 ,no rabbits !n exi/$ on ! isl&4 ,!y h s9ce increas$ enorm\sly1 & h q *ang$ _! appe>ance4 ,!y h acquir$ a peculi> col\r1 are v small1 rat-l 9 %ape1 h nocturnal habits1 & are not$ = _! extreme wildness4 ,!y no long] pair ) ! ,european rabbit4 ,! case 0 obs]v$ by ,haeckel1 :o /yl$ ! new species ,lepus ,huxleyi4#ih ,cases l ! =ego+ %[ ! organism affect$ dur+ its process ( trans=mation by l>ge elem5tal influ5ces1 & ! response to ^! influ5ces is s famili> t (t5 x does n surprise u4 ,we veil ! real my/]y ( ! process by talk+ ( ! *emical & o!r physical prop]ties ( protoplasm :i* r5d] ?is response possible4 ,b :5 we come to ! protective mimicry ( /++ insects by /+less ones1 ( leaves by butt]flies1 & s =?1 ^! physical explanations manife/ly fail u4 ,! explanation :i* assumes ! build+ up ( ^! extraord9>y resemblances bit by bit1 ?r\gh natural selection work+ ^u a multitude ( =tuit\s v>iations1 fails u z completely4 ,x w\ld be difficult to accept x if only a s+le species ( insect %[$ ^! mimetic m>k+s4 ,! unlikelihood ( _! production by m]e *ance 9 ! case n ( "o b ( hundr$s ( species ( butt]flies1 flies1 & cat]pill>s is /up5d\s1 & defies all calculation4 ,x mu/1 we repeat1 always be borne 9 m9d t1 if *ance v>iations are all we c po/ulate1 ^! v>iations mu/ at fir/ be conf9$ to "o or few individuals1 & t ! influ5ce ( int]cross+ w\ld always be at "w to oblit]ate individual peculi>ities be=e !y c\ld develop to ! po9t ( af=d+ any protection wor? m5tion+4 ,we are b\nd1 !re=e1 s f> z ,i c see1 to conclude1 fir/1 t ^! mimetic m>k+s orig9ate n 9 individuals b 9 ! species z a :ole1 & are an expression ( ! communal life ( ! species2 secondly1 t !y are a real & direct response to ! ext]nal conditions ( dang] f attacks ( birds1 etc41 & ( protection af=d$ by deceiv+ ^! foes ?r\gh mimicry ( some?+ :i* !y d n c>e to attack4 ,!y c only orig9ate 9 ! dom9ants ( ! reproductive cells1 & !re1 :]e und\bt$ly =ces & aff9ities ( :i* we h no conception are ev] at "w1 ! initial *anges take place4 ,^! *anges1 no d\bt1 take place by =m+ new comb9ations or modifications ( exi/+ dom9ants4 ,! directive =ce mu/ h some?+ to "w on4 ,x does n foll[ t because "s ?+s are possible to x !re=e all ?+s are4 ,x is n to be expect$1 = in/ance1 t human be+s1 al?\gh x w\ld be a great advantage to !m to fly1 c\ld ev] develop w+s1 l ! conv5tional angels ( m$ival art1 = t w\ld violate ! ess5tial "* ( ! ar*etypal =m4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t life is ultimately responsible = ! mat]ial ) :i* x works z well z ! directive ag5cy t brea!s ?r\gh x4 ,?is po9t is ( importance & mu/ be made p]fectly cle>4 ,! view ( cosmic action "h put =w>d does n contemplate #8int]v5tions' 9 ! ord] ( nature f a s\rce outside x4 ,!re nev] 0 a mom5t :51 if law prevail$1 "o result w\ld take place1 :ile ano!r result actually does occur 9 ob$i5ce to "s my/]i\s life-=ce4 ,no2 x is ! life-impulse :i* makes ! law1 obeys x & utilizes x4 ,"o c nev] say1 8,su* & su* w\ld h happ5$ if ! life-=ce _h n be5 9 action1 b1 z x 01 ! ev5t 0 s-&-s02 = if x 7 n 9 action no?+ w\ld ev] happ5 at all--! ,univ]se w\ld be ! ,et]nal ,no?+4 ,"o might z well speculate z to :at w\ld happ5 9 a game ( :i/ if nobody held a trump4 ,! volunt>y limitations "u :i* nature works resemble1 9 ! conception "h put =w>d1 ! play+ ( a game1 say a game ( #8,pati5ce1' :]e !re is only "o play]1 :o plays ! game ) himself4 ,!re are laws to be obey$1 comb9ations :i* are necess>y1 b a guid+ =ce c take advantage ( ! conditions z !y arise & lead !m to a c]ta9 end4 ,if !re 7 no laws & conditions !re w\ld be no game4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 matt] 7 absolutely pla/ic life c\ld n realize itself2 nature's game w\ld be f9i%$ ere x 0 begun4 ,a concrete illu/ration may1 :ile we are on ?is topic1 s]ve to sugge/ ! k9d ( limitations "u :i* nature seems to "w4#ii ,dur+ ! la/ c5tury or s ! ,african elephant has be5 ru?lessly hunt$ d[n = its ivory1 & s9ce rifles & exp&+ bullets came into play ! process ( ext]m9ation has be5 greatly ha/5$4 ,elephants are n[1 ,i believe1 protect$ by law ov] a great "p ( ,s\? ,africa1 b if x 7 n = ?is ! species w\ld at pres5t be 9 consid]able dang] ( ext9ction4 ,! case is v l t ( ! ,kallima butt]fly & simil> mimetic =ms be=e !y acquir$ _! protective m>k+s4 ,n[1 h[ might we expect nature to attempt ! protection ( ! elephant8 ,d\btless by increas$ fleetness1 cunn+1 wat*fulness1 capacity ( "o k9d or ano!r = conceal+ itself f ho/ile obs]vation4 ,b c\ld we look = any su* developm5t z1 = example1 a det]ioration 9 ! quality ( ! ivory8 ,suppose1 = example1 ! int]ior /ructure ( ! tusk 7 to become spongy & cellul> in/ead ( be+ d5se4 ,! tusk1 if coat$ ) h>d enamel1 might be almo/ if n q z useful to ! elephant1 b x w\ld cease to be ( any use = mo/ ( ! purposes to :i* x is n[ appli$ by man4 ,! protection w\ld be mo/ effective2 yet we "k t no?+ ( ?is k9d c possibly take place1 ?\gh intr9sically ! process w\ld be f> less rem>kable ?an ! pa9t+ ( ! butt]fly's w+4 ,x _c take place because x w\ld ei!r imply a sup]natural k on ! "p ( ! evolution-dom9ants ( ! elephant tribe ( ! reasons :y x is hunt$1 or a consci\s sup]vis+ & co-ord9at+ p[] above nature1 a manlike ,deity1 omnipot5t & omnisci5t1 su* z ,paley assum$2 to bo? ( :i* explanations ! actual processes ( nature /& uncompromis+ly oppos$4 ,x is mu* easi] to say :at ! life-impulse is n ?an :at x is4 ,i _c1 = my own "p1 conceive x z p]sonal or consci\s1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i feel myself a consci\s p]son4 ,if we ask1 ,has x or has x n ! quality ( intellig5ce8 we %all f9d bo? ! affirmative & ! negative answ]s equally h>d to squ>e ) ! facts4 ,our own intellig5ces work+ 9 a my/]i\s relation to a bodily organism are p]haps fundam5tally incapable ( =m+ a cle> idea ( ! nature ( ! cosmic intellig5ce :i* is reveal$ to u 9 ! outside _w1 8l ! dim view ( a c\ntry se5 9 ! twilight1 ) =ms half extricat$ f ! d>kness1 ) brok5 l9es1 & isolat$ masses40#ajj ,b ^? :o f9d x difficult to believe t any?+ hav+ ! nature ( intellig5ce is at "w 9 ! physical _w might reflect on ! /rik+ analogy :i* t _w (f]s to a c]ta9 sph]e :]e x is q c]ta9 t ! human _s1 includ+ its intellig5ce z well z its appetites & in/9cts1 is ! gov]n+ p[]4 ,social in/itutions are a product ( ! human _s4 ,yet ! developm5t ( ^! in/itutions is extraord9>ily l t ( ! functions & /ructures ( an animal or vegetable organism4 ,! value ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s philosophic sy/em may be disput$ on _m po9ts1 b 8 elaborate analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( social life & 8 exposition ( ! m9ute analogies !y exhibit to ! processes ( evolution 9 nature mu/ always rema9 a l&m>k indicat+ ! conque/ ( a great t]ritory ( human ?\ght4#aja ,"h1 z 9 nature1 we f9d a pr9ciple ( movem5t & progress conflict+ ) a pr9ciple ( in]tia4 ,we f9d all grades ( developm5t exi/+ at ! same "t4 ,we see ! gradual progression1 by means ( all k9ds ( by-ways1 to a goal :i* "o might h expect$ intellig5ce to atta9 simply & directly4 ,we see p>allels 9 human societies to art]ies1 n]ves1 to co-ord9at+ & rul+ bra9-c5tres1 to ! specialization ( diff]5t memb]s or organs = diff]5t tasks2 & we see all ^! ?+s gr[+ up sl[ly1 f po9t to po9t1 9 ob$i5ce to imm$iate & press+ requirem5ts4 ,we f9d1 bo? 9 nature & 9 society1 survivals ( pa/ /ructures1 ^: use is gone1 c>ri$ =w>d into new /ages ( developm5t4 ,a p>ticul>ly int]e/+ analogy is t ( /ructures :i* develop to meet "o k9d ( requirem5t1 &1 on ! cessation ( t1 p]si/ into a fur!r /age & are !n modifi$ to meet q o!r requirem5ts4 ,?us ! swim-bladd] ( ! fi% became1 x is suppos$1 ! lung ( ! t]re/rial animal4 ,we may comp>e ?is ) ! developm5t ( municipal in/itutions4 ,orig9ally int5d$ to enable bodies ( craftsm5 & m]*ants to make head aga9/ ! aggressions ( a feudal ari/ocracy !y h surviv$ ! fall ( feudalism1 & h become m important ?an ev] z indep5d5t ag5cies = c>ry+ on ! functions ( social adm9i/ration & education4 ,?us1 op]ations 9 ! physical _w :i* c]ta9ly d n look z if !y 7 ! "w ( intellig5ce1 z we und]/& x1 are se5 to be closely p>allel$ by transactions 9 ! hi/ory ( man's social life4 ,! developm5t ( life1 9 fact1 is c>ri$ =w>d :5 ! plane ( human consci\sness is rea*$ on j ! same l9es z ^? :i* prevail$ on ! vegetable & ! animal plane3 !re is no brea* ( cont9uity 9 ! broad outl9es ( evolution>y progress4 ,x is difficult to ov]-e/imate ! significance ( ?is fact4 ,p]haps no?+ t man has evolv$ is s purely a "w ( m9d z ,language4 ,"h1 ! analogy ) ! ph5om5a ( physical evolution is v close & v illum9at+4 ,z 9 nature1 ! ultimate orig9s are obscure--we c only =m hypo!ses z to h[ language came to arise f ! cries ( animals1 z we c only =m hypo!ses h[ life arose f ! play ( molecul> =ces4 ,b :5 bo? are once e/abli%$ on ! e>? we see 9 !m ! same g5]al features--unity1 9 a few lead+ types1 bran*+ out into inf9ite modifications 9 subord9ate gr\ps4 ,greek1 ,erse1 ,g]man1 ,russian1 ,sanskrit are all ,aryan tongues & h all a common ance/ry4 ,!y diff] widely among ea* o!r1 b all alike are m>k$ (f f ! ,semitic or ! ,mongolian families4 ,s a man1 a snake1 a be>1 a fi% are all v]tebrates1 & belong to a type ess5tially di/9ct f t ( a lob/] or a snail4 ,z 9 nature1 we f9d all /ages ( developm5t exi/+ at ! same "t--"s l9es ( developm5t %[ a rapid advance1 "s a v sl[ "o4 ,"s types h1 9 bo? cases1 p]i%$ completely--!re are fossil languages z !re are fossil species4 ,a new inv5tion1 an advance p] saltum1 )\t ! utilization ( exi/+ con/itu5ts1 is almo/ z r>e 9 ! evolution ( language z 9 t ( species4 ,j z ! lung is develop$ f ! swim-bladd]1 s ! human m9d1 9 ! developm5t ( language1 takes hold ( :atev] exi/+ =m w suit its purpose & trans=ms x to ano!r end1 z :5 x takes a ^w = #8brea?' & makes x #8_s4' ,!re are laws gov]n+ ! developm5t ( root-=ms1 l+ui/ic or physical1 9 v>i\s diff]5t ord]s or species4 ,! same osse\s framework yields u 9 "o class ( animal a h&1 9 ano!r a ho(1 9 ano!r a paw1 9 ano!r 7z 9 bats7 a w+4 ,s 9 language ! same root yields u ! words1 9 diff]5t languages1 = %9+1 %[+1 speak+1 prov+1 a face1 a /ory1 :it5ess4 ,ano!r gives u1 "y1 a /epmo!r1 a c]ta9 musical /r+1 a mess5g]4#ajb ,contr>iwise we see bo? 9 nature & 9 language =ms :i* h gr[n f entirely diff]5t roots into a close ext]nal & functional simil>ity4 ,:at unle>n$ obs]v] w\ld suspect t a :ale 0 n a fi%1 & t x desc5ds f a furry l& animal ) f\r legs1 or t ! ,lat9 ,deus & ! ,greek ,!os ) _! p]fect id5tity ( mean+ & _! almo/ p]fect id5tity ( s\nd h probably a widely div]g5t etymological p$igree8#ajc ,on ! o!r h&1 ! etymological id5tity ( su* words z vque & bi%op is z obscure on ! surface z w\ld probably be ! relation%ip ( a greyh\nd ) a bull-dog to an anatomi/ :o saw !m only 9 fossil =m4 ,aga9 we note t languages1 l species1 :5 !y s5d out a migratory colony1 are capable ( gradual trans=mation to meet new conditions1 & ( m>k$ div]g5ce f ! p>5t /ock4 ,?us ,engli%1 z spok5 & writt5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 spite ( ! reta9+ influ5ce ( a common lit]>y tradition1 is /eadily div]g+ f ! ,engli% ( ,great ,brita94#ajd ,s ) ! ,fr5* ( ,canada1 ! ,spani% ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,dut* ( ! ,cape4 ,we note also 9 bo? cases t curi\s ph5om5on1 ! survival ( ! useless relics ( e>li] /ructure1 e4g4 9 ! sil5t lett]s :i* reveal ! hi/oric orig9 ( innum]able ,engli% words1 :i* are p>allel$ 9 nature by ! v]mi=m app5dix ( man1 or ! spl9t bones 9 a horse1 or ! rudim5t>y legs ( ! :ale or ! py?on4 ,b analogies ( detail l ^!1 int]e/+ z !y are1 are n ! ma9 ?+4 ,! ma9 ?+ is ! organic lik5ess prevail+ betwe5 ! "w ( nature & ?is "w ( man--! lik5ess ( gr[+ & develop+ /ructures1 ) _! response to imm$iate ne$s1 _! developm5t by specialization ( function1 _! lack ( a /rict logical s*eme1 _! anomalies & caprici\s v>iations1 & _! control ( ^! v>iations )9 c]ta9 ar*etypal =ms4 ,! sub/ance ( language is s\nd1 z ! sub/ance ( life is protoplasm4 ,phonetic laws gov]n ! "o z me*anical & *emical laws d ! o!r4 ,b phonetic laws & ! capability ( produc+ s\nd c\ld nev] h made a language4 ,! evolution ( language is urg$ =w>d by ! con/ant pressure & expansion ( human ?\ght2 & on human ?\ght1 9 its turn1 x reacts1 giv+ ! /imulus & ! />t+ gr\nd = fre% expansion4 ,we h ! he>t ( ! analogy be=e u n[4 ,z ?\ght acts on language s ! pressure & expansion ( ! life-impulse acts on ! =ms ( matt]4 ,let u see :i!r ! comp>ison leads u4 ,language is a product ( ! human m9d1 b n ( a m9d4 ,:5 a human m9d consci\sly applies itself to ! fa%ion+ ( a language x produces ,esp]anto4 ,if we 7 liv+ 9 an ,esp]anto univ]se1 su* z ,paley makes out ?is to be1 we might draw ,paley's easy conclusions z to its ,mak]2 b ! reality is v unlike t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if m9d has produc$ ! natural languages :i* we see1 ) all _! anomalies1 imp]fections1 & sl[ organic gr[?1 !n ! correspond+ ph5om5a 9 nature1 z ! evolution doctr9e has br\ght !m out1 are evid5tly no b> to ! belief t m9d has _h a "p 9 ?is "w also4 ,i %\ld g f>!r & say t ! facts compel a belief 9 ! exi/5ce 9 nature ( some?+ t c only be describ$ 9 t]ms ( m9d4 ,9 o!r words1 ! univ]se is1 at bottom1 rational4 ,x is true t ! cosmic ,reason acts n z a s+le p]sonal be+1 b m or less indep5d5tly at a multitude ( po9ts4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t x is obs]v$1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 to act ?r\gh gr\ps z well z ?r\gh units4 ,ev5 ! life & /ructure ( a s+le cell %[ u di/9ct p>ts act+ 9 h>moni\s subord9ation to ! int]e/s ( ! :ole4 ,an organism compos$ ( _m ( ^! cells exhibits a s]ies ( syn!ses or gr\p+s ris+ 9 compreh5siv5ess & complexity till ! individual is complete & ! :eel ( developm5t has come full circle1 beg9n+ ) a s+le unit & end+ ) a complex unit4 ,b ! syn!tic movem5t ( cosmic control does n end !re1#aje = aggregates ( individuals c be collectively animat$ by x4 ,! num]\s cases ( co-op]ation among animals ( ! same species are an in/ance ( ?is4 ,all animals :i* live 9 communities exhibit ?is co-op]ation habitually1 & _m o!rs d s occasionally4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,eim]1 z we h se51 reflect$ on ! ph5om5a ( reproduction & h]$ity 9 ants & bees1 he 0 driv51 l ,ok51 to acc\nt = !m by reg>d+ ^! creatures z 8discont9u\s organs0 ( "o be+1 hav+ ! same p[] ( affect+ ea* o!r z h ! di/9ct1 ?\gh connect$1 p>ts ( any s+le animal or plant4#ajf ,z an illu/rative analogy1 help+ u to und]/& ! invisible bond ( ! communal life ( a species1 ?is conception is ( s]vice1 b ,i h>dly ?9k t we are 9 a position at pres5t to affirm x 9 any exact & lit]al s5se4 ,c we1 h[ev]1 trace ! analogy1 z ,ok5 did1 beyond species1 & %[ any?+ ( ! nature ( an adaptation ( "o ord] ( be+s to ! use ( ano!r8 ,to d s conv9c+ly1 x is evid5t t ! adaptation mu/ be ( no use to ! creature possess+ x2 =1 if x 71 we might expect to see x evolv$1 :e!r x 7 incid5tally ( use to a neighb\r species or n4 ,honey1 = in/ance1 ?\gh app>5tly ( no direct use to fl[]s1 is secret$ by !m because x attracts insects1 & insects f]tilize ! fl[]s4 ,if fl[]s secret$ honey solely = insects' use1 d]iv+ no b5efit f _! visits1 we %\ld h a case ( a syn!sis ( communal life wid] ?an t ( ! species4 ,are !re su* cases1 or does e species fight exclusively = its own h&8 8,if10 wrote ,d>w91 8x c\ld be prov$ t any "p ( ! /ructure ( any "o species _h be5 =m$ = ! exclusive good ( ano!r species1 x w\ld annihilate my !ory1 = su* c\ld n h be5 produc$ ?r\gh natural selection40#ajg ,c]ta9ly x c\ld n1 b nei!r c\ld o!r adaptations4 ,natural selection1 z ,d>w9 knew well en\gh1 does n 8produce0 any?+--all x c d is to depress ! less fav\rable v>iations pres5t$ to x 9 fav\r ( ! m fav\rable ones4 ,z ,d>w9 nev] pr(ess$ to h s\nd$ ! dep?s ( ! problem ( v>iation1 x is n cle> :y v>iations fav\rable to ano!r species ?an ! "o 9 :i* !y occur %\ld be presum$ to be impossible4 ,x is true t !y w\ld n illu/rate or come "u ! op]ation ( natural selection1 b nei!r w\ld !y contradict x--!y w\ld simply be outside x4 ,individuals unque/ionably exhibit modifications int5d$ n = _! own p]sonal b5efit1 b = t ( ! species--= in/ance1 ! mat]nal in/9cts4 ,! modification ( a "p 9 ! int]e/ ( ! :ole to :i* x belongs may1 p]haps1 turn out to h ! same ess5tial significance :e!r ! "p is an organ or in/9ct belong+ to ! syn!sis call$ an individual1 or an individual belong+ to ! syn!sis call$ a species1 or a species belong+ to "s fauna or flora ( ! globe4 ,9 any case1 ! "q :]e syn!sis is arre/$1 & :]e ! fight = "o's own h& beg9s1 is "o ( great int]e/ & mu/ be "h briefly discuss$4 ,cases su* z ^? ( :i* ,d>w9 reject$ ! possibility c]ta9ly appe> to be r>e1 if !y exi/ at all4 ,! naturali/s ( ! old] s*ool1 ( c\rse1 saw !m ev]y:]e--! rattlesnake's rattle 0 to w>n its victims1 ! col\r+ ( fl[]s 0 to give pleasure to man1 & s =?4 ,mo/ ( ^! cases h be5 explod$ by mod]n rese>*4 ,! mod]n naturali/s1 h[ev]1 may n be "r 9 refus+ to see !m any:]e4 ,! "q dem&s mu* special /udy & obs]vation4 ,rev]t+ to ! case ( fl[]s & _! secretion ( honey1 "o is /ruck by ! fact t 9 ! ,viola family !re exi/ fl[]s m or less conspicu\s1 & end[$ ) sc5t & ) honey-fill$ nect>ies1 :i* usually d n play any "p at all 9 f]tilization4 ,! process ( f]tilization 9 ,viola is c>ri$ on by small fl[]s hidd5 "u ! leaves :i* nev] op51 & :i* f]tilize !mselves4 ,aga91 at ! base ( ! laurel leaf1 on ea* side ( ! midrib1 !re are two small gl&s fill$ ) honey1 & bees may be obs]v$ bit+ into ^! 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> be=e fl[]-honey is pl5tiful4 ,ngeli has an +5i\s argum5t to %[ ! exi/5ce1 n exactly ( dis9t]e/$ aid among species1 b ( some?+ :i* w\ld make su* aid look m possible ?an x does1 ( a mutual responsiv5ess1 namely1 betwe5 ! =m ( ! honey-receptacles ( c]ta9 fl[]s & ! probosces ( ! insects :i* frequ5t !m4 ,tak+ a %ort honey-tube z ! normal & orig9al condition among plants1 & a %ort proboscis among insects1 he argues t ! honey-tube c\ld n h l5g!n$ )\t depriv+ ! species 9 :i* x did s ( ! *ances ( insect-f]tilization unless ! insect-proboscis 9 c]ta9 species l5g!n$ simultane\sly4#ajh ,cases also h be5 notic$ ( sea-anemones1 :i* atta* !mselves to ! %ells ( h]mit crabs & by _! poison\s t5tacles repel attacks on ! crab4#aji ,! crab is no d\bt useful to its gue/ by provid+ x ) ! means ( locomotion4 ,/ill1 ! case ( mutual help betwe5 two su* diff]5t ord]s ( be+s is rem>kable4 ,a v peculi> case is t ( ! wat]f]n1 ,azolla1 :i* has c]ta9 roomy cavities on ! und]side ( its leaves4 ,^! are always f\nd to be occupi$ by a small unicellul> organism ( ! ,alga ord] 7,anabna74 ,x is ( no app>5t use to ! ,azolla1 :i* provides x a home4 ,! arrangem5t mu/ h be5 ( imm5sely long /&+1 = x occurs 9 all ! f\r species ( ,azolla1 "o ( :i* is f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 two di/ribut$ ov] ,au/ralia1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 & "o only 9 ! ,nile4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 h aris5 be=e ! orig9al species split into f\r4#aaj ,x w\ld be ra% to conclude f ^! & "s simil> curiosities t we are really 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ph5om5on ( dis9t]e/$ aid giv5 by "o species to ano!r4 ,! "q ne$s m inve/igation4 ,b an important g5]al consid]ation arises 9 ?is connexion4 ,x is cle> t !re c\ld be no advance 9 evolution if nature consi/$ solely ( a multitude ( indep5d5t units ( life1 fi]cely compet+ aga9/ or w>r+ ) ea* o!r4 ,x is equally cle> t no advance c\ld take place if e organism f\nd an environm5t s p]fectly adapt$ to x z to call = ! v m9imum ( ef=t & /ra9 9 ! ma9t5ance ( life4 ,betwe5 ! *aos ( ! fir/ supposition & ! lubb]l& ( ! second !re mu/ be a condition ( nature 9 :i* syn!tic organization is c>ri$ j to ! po9t at :i* life w h ! maximum p[] to p]fect & to realize itself4 ,look+ at ! conditions ( nature z we "k !m1 & at ! maje/ic expression ( mat]ial & spiritual life :i* ^? conditions h p]mitt$1 we may well be cont5t to believe t bo? ! syn!tic process1 z f> z x goes1 & its app>5t susp5sion at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! asc5d+ scale1 are ! outcome ( "o & ! same motive & h "o & ! same significance--!y bo? alike mean & make = ! cons]vation1 ! developm5t1 ! enri*m5t ( life4 ,aga9/ ?is view !re is an argum5t :i* has hi!rto only be5 glanc$ at1 b :i* mu/ n[ be discuss$ 9 m detail4 ,x is repres5t$ 9 a rec5t "w by ,pr(4 ,conrad ,gn!r1 "o ( ! late/ *ampions ( ! !ory ( *ance v>iations & natural selection z ! sole explanation ( evolution1 :o has assembl$ a numb] ( in/ances to %[ t ! 8purposive =ce0 :i* biologi/s are n[ com+ to believe 9 8(t5 fails 9 liv+ be+s40 ,su* are1 = example1 ! fact t an ,amba seek+ n\ri%m5t w take 9 a p>ticle ( /one or any?+ t comes 9 its way2#aaa t ! mutual relations ( fl[]s & insects are (t5 unsuitable2 t a bee w /+ a human be+ j z x w ano!r insect1 al?\gh ! /+1 only meant = ! latt] k9d ( use1 _c be )drawn f ! human sk92 t embryos (t5 g a/ray dur+ developm5t2 t a cricket :i* tries to escape 9 ! op5 by bury+ itself 9 ! e>? w act simil>ly if y set x on a glass plate2 & s =?4 ,nature1 ( c\rse1 teems ) su* cases--"o might add ! s+ul> deg5]ation ( ! slave-mak+ ants already describ$ 9 "s detail4#aab 8,if10 he concludes1 8! purposive reaction 9 ! vital =ce ( animals 7 indep5d5t ( ! ext]nal _w1 !y w\ld be arm$ aga9/ all cont+5cies1 & t is n ! case40#aac ,?us1 too1 ,pr(4 ,eim]1 :o 9 deal+ ) cases :]e ! alleg$ ,x factor 9 ,nature has gone wrong1 writes3-- 8,! zoologi/ c h>dly accept ! exi/5ce ( su* a dom9ant inn] factor ev] pu%+ t[>d advance1 :5 he recalls ! ho/ ( regressive /ructures :i* he has to see40#aad ,n[ :5 ! cause ( physico-*emical v]sus vital ag5cies comes to be tri$1 n 9 ! laboratory b 9 ! /udy1 n by sci5ce b by philosophy1 ! fir/ "q t w be ask$ is1 ,:at1 !n1 is y\r di/9ction betwe5 #8vital' & #8physico-*emical' en]gies8 ,h[ are we to recognize :5 we are 9 pres5ce ( ! "o or ( ! o!r8 ,! usual answ] to ?is se>*+ "q is t 9 vital ag5cy we f9d a directive1 a purposeful1 a psy*ic elem5t1 :]eas physico-*emical en]gies seem to be no?+ b ! play ( a bl9d1 indiff]5t me*anism4 ,b1 x w be rejo9$1 h[ c any "o affirm t physico-*emical en]gies are n also vital1 directive1 psy*ic8 ,is !re n1 9 fact1 some?+ psy*ic 9 ! v conception ( en]gy8 ,to ^! que/ions !re seems to me no conceivable reply4 ,:5 a #8vital' en]gy has be5 r$uc$ to a #8physico-*emical1' we h evid5tly expla9$ no?+--we h only ex*ang$ "o my/]y = ano!r4 ,yet if !re is no diff]5ce 9 ess5tial nature betwe5 "o k9d ( en]gy & ano!r1 !re does appe> a m>k$ diff]5ce :5 we come to consid] !m 9 relation to p>ticul> results ( _! op]ation4 ,let u take an example4 ,we expla9 t classic in/ance ( gravitation1 ! fall ( an apple1 by ref]5ce to ! law =mulat$ by ,newton :i* ext5ds to e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! visible univ]se4 ,b we also f9d t ! fall ( ! apple is1 = apples1 a necessity ( life2 if ! se$ did n fall to ! gr\nd :5 ripe !re w\ld be no m apple trees4 ,yet gravitation acts q indiff]5tly to ! life ( ! apple4 ,:e!r ! bran*es ov]hang a riv]1 or a /reet1 or a plot ( f]tile gr\nd1 ! apple w fall /raight t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?4 ,! fulfilm5t1 !re=e1 ( ! vital ne$s ( ! apple is pla9ly a by-product ( ! =ce ( gravitation4 ,9 ?is relation1 gravity has no directive or psy*ic elem5t4 ,yet 9 l>g] relations1 we h to take note ( ! fact t if !re 7 no su* ?+ z gravity1 !re w\ld be no apples & no e>?4 ,?us ! law ( gravitation is a condition ( life z we n[ "k x4 ,! fact t x acts me*anically1 )\t selection or purpose1 9 relation to p>ticul> occurr5ces is q consi/5t ) ! view t x1 or ! conditions ( ! e!r f :i* x possibly arises1 may be directive & psy*ic 9 relation to life z a :ole1 or r to :at we recognize z ! manife/ation ( life 9 ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,we h n[ got hold ( a valid di/9ction betwe5 me*anical & directive ag5cies4 ,we c di/+ui% !m n by _! nature b 9 relation to ! p>ticul> ph5om5on we are consid]+4 ,we call !m me*anical :]e t ph5om5on is a by-product ( ! ag5cy1 & directive :]e1 if ! ag5cy 7 consci\s1 we %\ld say t ?is 0 its ma9 int5t4 ,i c see no m fundam5tal di/9ction4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! same action c be at once bo? me*anical 7physico-*emical7 & directive4 ,! old di/9ction betwe5 vital & me*anical en]gy disappe>s4 ,! "q resolves itself simply into t ( ! numb] ( di/9ct ag5cies :i* are deem$ necess>y to acc\nt = ! univ]se4 ,n[ ! true way ( deal+ ) ?is problem ( ! unity or multiplicity ( ag5cies 9 nature is1 ,i w\ld sugge/1 to assume ! exi/5ce ( a s+le p[] :i* is ( c\rse psy*ic & directive b :i* c only be communicat$ to matt] by degrees & "u c]ta9 conditions /ill v obscure4 ,^! conditions x itself bo? creates & uses4 ,its developm5t 9 ,"t & t ( matt] g on1 z x 71 on p>allel pa?s1 et]nally ap>t 7to our limit$ view7 yet et]nally insep>able4 ,! key to ! c\rse ( its developm5t 9 nature lies 9 ! ^w ,syn!sis4#aae ,"h we seem to h ! explanation ( ! app>5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! s-call$ #8vital' & ! physico-*emical =ces4 ,:5 matt] has be5 s gr\p$ z to =m n a m]e aggregate ( p>ticles b a syn!sis1 !n t syn!sis is enabl$ to make use ( en]gy 9 a mann] n op5 to its p>ts4 ,syn!sis is a condition ( ! discov]y ( lib]ation ( unsuspect$ =ces4 ,?us a syn!sis ( molecules produces ! /age = ,life1 a syn!sis ( liv+ p>ticles produces ! ,cell1 a syn!sis ( cells produces an organism1 a syn!sis ( organisms is a species--= ! evid5ce 7mo/ notably t d]iv$ f ! consid]ation ( bee & ant communities7 seems to %[ t mat]ial discont9uity 9 ! memb]s does n preclude ! exi/5ce ( a true syn!tic union4#aaf ,! *>act]i/ic p[] ga9$ by a species is t ( evolution>y developm5t work+ 9 ! obscure region ( g]m9al comb9ation & v>iation4 ,( c\rse1 ,i am aw>e t all ?is is m]ely a way ( repres5t+ facts s z to make !m intelligible to & manageable by ! m9d4 ,if any "o %\ld object t we d n "k :at k9d ( gr\p+ a syn!sis is1 except precisely ?r\gh t v organic activity :i* ,i h describ$ z its product or accompanim5t1 ,i entirely agree4 ,all ^! t]ms are intellectual =ms--l atoms1 molecules1 & o!r concepts ( physics4 ,!y d n reveal any?+2 !y m]ely help u to compreh5d4 ,9 ! region ( ! controv]sy ( ,vitalism v]sus ,me*anism1 ! conceptions :i* ,i h be5 try+ to expla9 enable u1 )\t introduc+ a multiplicity ( diff]5t en]gies1 to und]/& h[ an organism syn!tiz$ by life may exhibit directive action :i* looks entirely diff]5t f any action possible 9 dead matt]4 ,yet x works "u laws ( its own1 & no d\bt ! p>ticles ( su* an organism1 if !y 7 consci\s1 w\ld be unaw>e t any b physico-*emical processes 7 9 op]ation2 9 fact1 ,i %\ld h no hesitation 9 agree+ ) ! /atem5t ) :i* ! great physiologi/1 ,v]worn1 concludes an exhau/ive analysis ( ?is obscure subject3 8,! g5]al fact mu/ be reg>d$ z e/abli%$1 t all ! "w ( ! organism is bas$ f9ally ^u *emical en]gy40#aag ,b :at directs ! *emical en]gy8 ,some?+ :i* is n itself a *emical en]gy & :i* is associat$ ) ! organic syn!sis :i* t en]gy s]ves to ma9ta94 ,v]worn's /atem5t1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 is z true ( ! composition ( ! ,iliad z x is ( ! dige/ive process ( an animalcule4 ,! explanations above sugge/$ are purely t5tative2 b s1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are ! !ories :i* !y combat4 ,no "o pret5ds t ! me*anical explanation ( ! univ]se1 includ+ ! ph5om5a ( organic life1 is at pres5t made out s z to cov] ! kn[n facts1 or ev5 t exp]t op9ion is at all unanim\s 9 ! belief t x c ev] d s4 ,i "k no s+le "w 9 :i* ! pres5t position ( ! controv]sy is s well set =? z 9 ,pr(essor ,v4 ,l4 ,kellogg's ,d>w9ism ,to-day4#aah ,a great array ( sci5tific au?orities w !re be f\nd mu/]$1 & ! v]dict ( ,pr(essor ,kellogg 7reluctantly giv51 = he cl+s to ! me*anical explanation ( ! univ]se7 is t evolution is n expla9$ by any me*anical =ce at pres5t kn[n to sci5ce4 8,) ,osborn10 he concludes1 8let u jo9 ! believ]s 9 ! unkn[n factors 9 evolution40#aai ,he does n1 h[ev]1 contemplate _! rema9+ unkn[n--we h to say ,ignoramus1 n ,ignorabimus2 & by #8kn[n' he means app>5tly1 r$ucible to a me*anical process4 ,he w h no?+ to say to any int]nal =ce direct+ ! en]gies ( matt]1 su* z ! ,v]vollkomnungsbewegung ( ,ngeli4#abj 8,su* an assumption10 he writes1 8( a my/ic1 ess5tially teleologic =ce1 :olly indep5d5t ( & dom9at+ all ! physico-*emical =ces & influ5ces t we d "k1 & ! reactions & behavi\r ( liv+ matt] to _! influ5ces :i* we are beg9n+ to recognize & und]/& ) "s cle>ness & fulness--su* a surr5d] ( all our h>dly won actual sci5tific k 9 fav\r ( an unkn[n1 unprov$1 my/ic1 vital =ce we are n prep>$ to make40#aba ,! above passage is v well fitt$ to be ! pivot ( ! :ole controv]sy4 ,we %all exam9e x !re=e 9 "s detail4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 h>dly correct to say t ! ,x factor 9 life & evolution is suppos$ by ?9k]s l ,dries*1 ,re9ke1 & ,ngeli to be #8:olly indep5d5t (' & to #8dom9ate' all ! physico-*emical =ces t we d sci5tifically "k4 ,man1 = example1 _c be said to be #8:olly indep5d5t' ( ! physico-*emical en]gies ( :i* he makes use = a multitude ( objects4 ,he is v dep5d5t1 bo? on ^? outside him & ^? 9 8 own organism4 ,he _c orig9ate ! smalle/ quantum ( physical en]gy4 ,yet he is unque/ionably capable ( directive action ^u matt]4 ,9 ! second place x mu/ be po9t$ out t ! ,x factor1 conceiv$ z x is 9 ?is book1 ?\gh ,pr(4 ,kellogg may call x #8my/ic' if he likes1 is c]ta9ly any?+ b #8unkn[n4' ,!re is no?+ m my/ic ?an ! human _s--does n my/icism mean ! attribution ( spiritual significance to mat]ial ?+s8--b !re is no?+ m real & c]ta94 ,! v act ( kn[+1 h[ev] mat]ial or me*anical may be ! object ( k1 is an act ( ! _s1 & we "k ! _s itself bett] ?an any?+ else4 ,h[ did ?is _s come into active be+8 ,!re are only two conceivable ways4 ,ei!r x 0 at a c]ta9 mom5t project$ into ! univ]se f )\t by a ,supreme ,_s1 or x 01 l ev]y?+ else1 evolv$4 ,if we accept ! =m] view we may say good-bye to sci5ce4 ,miracul\s int]v5tions w expla9 any?+1 & if we admit !m 9 "o case !y may be valid ev]y:]e4 ,b if we take ! second view1 z d practically all m5 ( sci5ce1 we are b\nd to admit t _s _h f ! beg9n+ "s con/ant & natural relation to matt]1 = evolution does n "w miracles--x _c make some?+ out ( no?+4 ,if1 !n1 we reg>d ,man n z an outside obs]v] ( ! univ]se b z an organic "p ( x--& ,i believe no ?9k+ ab\t nature c be ( any value until we h grasp$ & fully realiz$ t position--!n !re c be no?+ to surprise u if we f9d traces ( a directive control 9 ! elem5t>y processes ( life & developm5t4 ,x w\ld be m surpris+ if we did n4 ,if we r$uce ! :ole univ]se1 ap>t f ! human _s1 to physico-*emical processes we are at once confront$ ) ! problem ( evolv+ ! human _s out ( su* processes2 & t1 on ! face ( x1 is a %e] impossibility4 ,all physical & all *emical ph5om5a z su* are r$ucible to ! movem5ts & gr\p+s ( atoms & molecules4 ,^! movem5ts & gr\p+s c affect ! _s :i* f9ds itself my/]i\sly implicat$ 9 _! activity1 & ! _s c affect !m4 ,b t molecul> movem5ts c create _s is un?9kable by any "o :o realizes :at _s is & :at movem5t4 ,r %\ld we say t 9 ! p[] ( movem5t1 9 action1 *ange ( any k9d1 we are to see ! evid5ces ( _s4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to discuss ! difficulty rais$ by ,eim] & by ,gn!r1 :5 !y po9t to in/ances :]e ! suppos$ psy*ic =ce 9 nature has fail$ to a*ieve its end4 ,x fails because1 on its me*anical side1 x sometimes enc\nt]s ob/acles :i* on ! psy*ic side 7 n provid$ =4 ,! law ( gravitation is a condition ( life1 b x w kill a man :o falls ov] a precipice4 ,! adaptability ( protoplasm is a necess>y condition ( evolution1 b circum/ances w occur 9 :i* ! adaptation means deg5]acy = ! organism z a :ole4 ,eim]'s argum5t is good1 inde$1 aga9/ ! my?ological conception ( a supreme ,creator1 p]fect 9 presci5ce & 9 p[]1 :o ord]s ! go+s-on ( ! univ]se f 8 ?rone above & outside x4 ,b we seek = no su* be+ 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,p]fection is no attribute ( any?+ t op]ates 9 ,"t1 & s f> z we reg>d ! div9e life z work+ 9 ,"t we mu/ reg>d x z becom+1 n z be+1 p]fect4 ,aga91 ,eim]'s objection %[s t he conceives ! psy*ic =ce aga9/ :i* he is argu+ z 9 itself some?+ me*anical1 a me*aniz$ k9d ( vitality1 :i* ought to a*ieve its end ) a flawless exactitude4 ,( ?is1 also1 nature kn[s no?+4 ,! univ]se is :at x is precisely because ! ,p[] beh9d its ph5om5a is nei!r bl9d ,*ance on ! "o h& nor rigid det]m9ation on ! o!r--because x is vital1 progressive1 & free4 ,?is p[] is c]ta9ly capable ( mak+ imp]fect adaptations & ( div]g+ into false side-tracks ( developm5t4 ,t is a fact ( mu* significance1 b x is no argum5t aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( su* a p[]--x m]ely reveals its "*4 ,a special /udy ( regressive /ructures & ( ! laws & pr9ciples :i* lead to !m w\ld h extreme int]e/1 bo? = biology & = philosophy4 ,b x c\ld n affect ! significance ( ! broad fact t1 9 a _w :]e ! highe/ liv+ be+ 0 once a p>ticle ( %apeless protoplasm1 we h n[ ,man1 a be+ lam5tably unfit1 inde$1 to be ! la/ bir? ( ,"t1 b uniquely great by 8 v consci\sness ( t unfitness4 ,9 contemplat+ ?is wond]ful asc5d+ movem5t let u n =get t ! w>rant = its cont9uance re/s 9 ourselves4 ,! false tracks1 ! regressive =ms1 :i* meet u 9 nature prove at lea/ ?is3 t ! l9e ( developm5t :i* we obs]ve on e>? may conceivably end 9 a disa/] :i* w\ld be> to ! c\rse ( ,life 9 g5]al j su* a relation z ! deg5]ation ( ! ,amazon ants does to life on ?is globe4 ,we are by no means entitl$ to sit /ill & expect t ! curr5t ( evolution w be> mank9d along irresi/ibly to its goal4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! consci\s w we are made responsible = ! advance ( life 9 ! only sph]e :i* we "k & :i* our actions c affect4 ,man is1 z x 71 ! gr[+-po9t ( t progressive life4 ,if 8 /range passion = ! p]fection :i* he has nev] se5 %\ld be smo!r$ 9 ! /ruggle = m]e exi/5ce1 or corrupt$ by brutal luxury1 !n gr[? w be at an end1 atrophy or deg5]ation w set 94 ,! vision ( a nobl]1 fre]1 m humane life ?an is any:]e widely possible on e>? at pres5t _c be realiz$ )\t ! /r5u\s help ( m5 & wom5 :o h le>n$ to subdue ! ,ego ) its fi]ce egotisms into h>mony ) ! purposes ( ! div9e ,:ole4 ,b ?is mu* we may say--t !y w n fight alone4 ,no "o ev] pursu$ a high & wor?y aim )\t f9d+ t he _h drawn to himself ^? #8great allies' ( :om ,wordswor? has writt5 s greatly2 p[]s implicit 9 ! nature ( ! _w1 & always wait+ to be unlock$ by ! h]oic ,w4 ,! ,p[]1 "s ( ^: work+s x has be5 attempt$ to trace 9 ! =ego+ pages1 is a controll+ & directive =ce1 mak+1 ?r\gh c\ntless v>ieties ( be+1 = "o cle> & def9able end--! realization ( life4 ,x may be ask$1 ,are we to reg>d ?is div9e ,p[] z :olly imman5t 9 matt] or z p>tly transc5d+ x & gov]n+ x f )\t8 ,! nature ( ! div9e pr9ciple1 s f> z we are able to disc]n x1 _c be fully discuss$ until we come to consid] x 9 ! highe/ sph]e ( manife/ation yet kn[n to u1 t ( ! human s\l4 ,b ) ! "q :i* has j be5 rais$ we are n[ 9 "s measure able to deal1 & ! consid]ation ( x may br+ ?is section ( our /udy to a close4 ,9 ! _w ( inorganic matt]1 ! t5d5cy ( units to =m !mselves into gr\ps hav+ relation to o!r gr\ps is already visible4 ,a =ce imman5t 9 ! atom cle>ly becomes transc5d5t 9 relation to ! atom :5 atoms gr\p !mselves into molecules4 ,& :5 molecul> aff9ities come into play1 & obey def9ite laws ( =m1 z 9 ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( cry/allization1 we see t ! =ce imman5t 9 ea* molecule becomes transc5d5t1 z reg>ds ! molecules tak5 sep>ately1 :5 we look at !m f ! po9t ( view ( ! complet$ gr\p4 ,cry/allization is a process :i* trembles on ! v v]ge ( vital action4 ,& 9 vital action ! alt]nation ( imman5ce & transc5d5ce 9 an ev]-asc5d+ scale becomes /ill cle>] & m significant4 ,e cell is a collection ( =ces controll$ by a p[] :i* transc5ds ea* "o ( !m1 or any numb] ( !m bel[ ! :ole4 ,e cell colony1 l ! ,alga describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1#abb has a life :i* is imman5t 9 ! colony b transc5d5t z reg>ds its compon5t memb]s4 ,def9ite gr\ps ( cells make up ! /ructure ( ! highly organiz$ plant or animal1 & exhibit ! same comb9ation ( =ces imman5t 9 ! p>ts & transc5d5t1 z reg>ds ^? p>ts1 9 ! :ole4 ,aga91 ea* :ole1 ea* individual1 is mov$ by life-impulses imman5t 9 itself b transc5d5t 9 s f> z !y repres5t ! communal life ( ! species to :i* x belongs4 ,?is communal life ( ! species becomes imman5t aga9 :5 we reg>d x z embrac$ 9 ! life ( ! totality ( be+s on ! globe4 ,! ?\ght mu/ at once occur1 z ! asc5d+ s]ies passes out ( rea* ( man's intellig5ce3 ,:i!r1 !n1 does x lead u 9 ! end8 ,is !re any end8 ,& is our k ( ,be+ absolutely limit$ to ^? p>ts ( x :i* lie b5ea? u8 ,we are1 ,i ?9k1 able1 )\t go+ beyond ! limits ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 to frame a syn!sis ( all physical nature1 & to express its "* 9 t]ms ( ,life & ,response4 ,b at ! next /ep we h to embrace man ) 8 moral nature1 8 intellig5ce1 8 p]sonal consci\sness1 & !re may = aught we "k be be+s f> high] ?an man :o mu/ also be includ$4 ,n[ "h we are n only 9 ! syn!sis & !re=e unable to grasp & survey x1 b we are also q unaw>e ( its cont5ts & limits4 ,we ask1 ,is ! ,all ( ,?+s p]sonal8 is ,x consci\s8 has ,x a manlike intellig5ce8 & s =?1 & ,i confess ,i see no way ( answ]+ ^! que/ions ) our pres5t capacities4 ,we c only say--b ?is is mu*--t z ! univ]se is "o1 ! "p ( x :i* we d n see _c /& 9 any ess5tial contradiction to t :i* we d4 ,fur!rmore we mu/ rememb] t s9ce1 9 t aspect ( u :i* obs]ves & /udies1 we are di/9ct p]sonalities1 we are oblig$1 9 s obs]v+ & /udy+1 to reg>d ?+s z outside ( ourselves4 ,?is is ! core ( ! :ole difficulty4 ,at bottom1 ! relativity ( human k does n dep5d on ! fact t "t1 space1 & causality are1 z ,kant has taught u1 modes ( ?\ght impos$ ^u our #8,i1' ) no?+ ext]nal answ]+ to !m2 x goes deep]1 x dep5ds on ! ultimate fact t ,i am an #8,i1' & !re=e sep>ate 7z su*7 f :at ,i obs]ve1 & !re=e only capable ( /udy+ my own /ates z affect$ by ext]nal ?+s1 n ! v ?+s !mselves4 ,real k1 !n1 mu/ consi/ 9 gett+ out ( ?is prison ( #8,i'-hood & ent]+ into actual union ) :at we obs]ve4 ,c\ld we d t1 we %\ld at once live n 9 our #8selves' b 9 ! ,:ole4 ,! "q !n is1 :e!r x is ev] possible s to escape1 & h[8 ,we mu/ note1 h[ev]1 t no "o :o has done ?is c\ld ev] tell u precisely :at he has done4 ,= ! mom5t he beg9s to put 8 exp]i5ces into an intellectual =m1 ! laws ( ! m9d reass]t !mselves1 ?+s ext]nalize !mselves aga91 ! #8,i' reappe>s1 ! gulf yawns aga9 betwe5 subject & object4 ,& yet ! in/9ctive language ( man %[s t he does reg>d x z possible to lose himself 9 ! contemplation ( some?+ transc5d+ 8 p[]s ( ord9>y intellectual appreh5sion4 ,:y %\ld he n8 ,if a transc5d5t ,reality exi/s1 z x mu/1 !n ! faculty ( ent]+ into consci\s relation ) x is "o :i* ,"t w\ld surely "s day br+ to bir?4 ,& al?\gh no man1 z ,i h said1 c ev] express to o!r m9ds 9 t]ms ( ! intellect ! reality he has ?us witness$1 he has f\nd means to d bett] ?an ?is--he c help !m to %>e 8 vision4 ,^! means we call ,poetry1 ,art1 & ,religion :i* is ! poetry ( ,e?ics4 ,?r\gh ^! x is t man mo/ truly lives1 because unit$ 9 _s ) a l>g] life ?an 8 #8self' & 8 s5ses are aw>e (4 ,?r\gh !m x is t :ile ! eye sees ! sunrise1 ! _s sees ! glory1 t :ile ! intellect appreh5ds ,tru?1 ! s\l is ready to die = x1 t :ile self-int]e/ b&s m5 toge!r 9 communities = mutual s]vice1 ,love prompts to ! s]vices t w nev] be recomp5s$4 ,we are n !n1 x seems1 absolutely imprison$ 9 our #8,i1' /rait z ! bonds may seem4 ,b ?is mu/ be add$1 t !y w nev] seem s /rait z :5 we fancy t we c get out ( !m by any purely intellectual conception ( ! ,ultimate ,reality4 8,god10 says s*ylus mo/ nobly1 8is ! ,air1 ,god is ! ,e>?1 ,god is ! ,heav5s2 yea1 ,god is all ?+s1 & ,t :i* is above !m40#abc ,!re is always a #8beyond' = ! explorations ( ! intellect4 ,! function ( ! intellect is to comb9e & r$uce to ord] ! exp]i5ces ( s5se1 ?us guid+ u ) def9ite aim ?r\gh ! bewild]+ wond]s ( life4 ,b let u n dream t x c ev] guide u to any goal or t]m9us4 ,! goal is at once inf9itely di/ant & ne>] ?an our brea? & blood4 ,! se>* = x w la/ z long z ,"t4 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( ! view ( ! univ]se "h put =w>d t ! intellect c nev] embrace x 9 any clos$ sy/em ( ?\ght4 ,turn z we may to "o aft] ano!r ( ^! clos$ sy/ems z ea* gr[s out ( h>mony ) advanc+ k & insight1 ! true conclusion1 at lea/ = read]s :o h foll[$ ^! pages ) ass5t1 w be to /& *e]fully ready to r5\nce all sy/ems1 tru/+ 9 ! la/ resort to no =mulas1 b to ! play ( et]nal ,p[]s on ! imag9ation1 ! he>t1 ! w3-- 8,!y br+ none to 8 or h] t]m9us or to be cont5t & full1 ,:om !y take !y take into space to behold ! bir? ( />s1 to le>n "o ( ! mean+s1 ,to laun* (f ) absolute fai?1 to sweep ?r\gh ! ceaseless r+s & nev] be quiet aga940#abd ,,"p ,,ii3 ,,e?ics ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,law1 ,,free ,,w1 ,,p]sonality 8----,& ?is ma9 miracle t ?\ art ?\1 ,) p[] on ?9e own act & on ! _w40 ,t5nyson4 ,!re is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 a "q ly+ at ! root ( all e?ics1 a "q :i* mu/ be 8def9itely rais$ & answ]$ be=e ent]+ on any e?ical discussion40#abe ,?is is 8! "q ( late mu* agitat$1 ,is life wor? liv+80#abf ,i confess t ?is "q does n seem to me at all a radical or press+ "o 9 comp>ison ) ano!r ( :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 9 8 ,data ( ,e?ics1 takes no acc\nt :atev]--! "q :e!r we h any real *oice 9 ! way we ought to live s z to make life ( value1 or 9 o!r words :e!r !re is an #8ought' 9 ! bus9ess at all4 ,c any man regulate 8 own liv+8 ,is he n1 ev5 :ile he lives & ?9ks1 ,roll$ r\nd 9 ,e>?'s diurnal c\rse ,) rocks & /ones & trees1 z mu* a helpless victim ( ext]nal =ces z !y are8 ,does ! realm ( natural law ext5d to human actions & volitions2 & if s1 mu/ x n be an illusion to suppose t ^! c possess any e?ical quality :atev]8 ,a great deal ( ! p]plexity atta*+ to ! old problem1 h[ to reconcile human free w ) div9e pr$e/9ation & omnisci5ce1 has1 x seems to me1 be5 c>ri$ =w>d q ne$lessly into ! new problem ( ! reconciliation ( free w ) ! reign ( natural law4 ,! problem 9 ! old =m :i* occupi$ ,milton's rebel angels has sc>cely any mean+ = mod]n ?\ght4 ,human actions are a "p ( ! _w ( ph5om5a1 exi/+ 9 "t & space4 ,:5 we ?9k 9 t sph]e ( ?+s we conceive ! ,deity z ! syn!sis ( all ?+s1 & z ! intellect c nev] arrive at ?is syn!sis1 x foll[s t we c nev] repres5t ! ,deity 9 t]ms ( ! intellect4 ,an inf9itely wise1 inf9itely good & p[]ful ,be+ has no def9able relation to ! ph5om5al _w at all4 ,!re=e !re c be no "q ei!r ( reconcilem5t or ( opposition betwe5 ! attributes ( ea*4 ,god has n plann$ be=eh& ! c\rse ( ! _w because 7speak+ 9 ?is sph]e7 ,god is ! _w--pa/1 pres5t1 & to come2 & ,8 be+ is 9 process ( completion by ! _w's developm5t4 ,9 ano!r sph]e1 beh9d ! veils ( space & "t1 ( causality & ( s5se1 resides ! ,et]nal ,beauty1 ! ,et]nal ,wisdom1 ! ,et]nal ,love1 approa*able inde$ by ^? :o come to x 8z a little *ild10 b evad+ ! que/ion+s ( ! intellect4 ,b ! mod]n problem ( ,det]m9ism & ,free ,w has mean+ en\gh = u all1 )\t br++ any transc5d5tal relation into ! "q4 ,let u /ate briefly ! position ( ! ,det]m9i/s4 ,x is held by !m t e human ?\ght--9 fact1 e m5tal *ange :e!r ( ! nature ( volition1 ?\ght1 or emotion--is a necess>y effect ( c]ta9 antec$5t causes1 j l e *ange 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,e act ( w is1 on ?is view1 ! me*anically accurate resultant ( two =ces3 7a7 ! p>ticul> nature ( ! man :o wills2 7b7 ! circum/ances :i* suppli$ ! occasion = ! volition4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[ f ?is t no man c be held morally acc\ntable = 8 actions4 ,7 we suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) 8 nature & ) ! c\rse ( ext]nal circum/ances1 we c\ld pr$ict 8 action ?r\gh\t 8 :ole lifetime z surely z we c =etell an eclipse4 ,he is :at he has be5 made by ! circum/ances ( 8 life act+ on ! :ole m5tal & temp]am5tal make-up :i* he inh]it$ f 8 p>5ts4 ,he does good or ill z a tree be>s good fruit or bad accord+ to its nature & to ! treatm5t x has receiv$4 ,! old !ory ( ,free ,w1 :i* 0 cont5t to decl>e t ea* man's *oice 9 any e?ical situation pres5t$ to him by life 0 n impos$ on him by ! w ( a ,deity b 0 8 own *oice1 ?us mak+ him responsible to ,god & man = 8 acts1 evid5tly requires to be re/at$ 9 view ( ! conception ( sci5tific ,det]m9ism j describ$1 :i* does n seek to impose on man ! w ( any o!r p]sonal be+4 ,b :5 we come to re/ate x1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ,free ,w & ,det]m9ism appe>s to be by no means s cle> & intelligible z x seem$ at fir/ sight4 ,! ess5ce ( ! ,det]m9i/ !ory is simply t ! same man w always1 "u ! same set ( ext]nal circum/ances1 act 9 exactly ! same way4 ,b h[ f> does ! advocate ( ,free ,w really d5y ?is8 ,imag9e a man :om we reg>d z a type ( hon\r & integrity1 a ,g5]al ,gordon1 = in/ance1 9 ! position ( be+ (f]$ a bribe to betray a tru/ repos$ 9 him4 ,we are q assur$ t he w\ld reject x1 & t he w\ld reject x aga9 & aga9 to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,s long z 8 m9d & "* rema9$ un*ang$1 8 action w\ld nev] v>y4 ,0 8 w !re=e n free8 ,& if s1 h[ d we di/+ui% its fre$om f sci5tific ,det]m9ism8 ,we %all f9d t :ile ! /atem5t ( ! ,det]m9i/ position is q easy & simple1 ! /atem5t ( ,free ,w1 ! explanation ( :at we really mean :5 we talk ( ! w be+ #8free1' is1 :5 we look closely into x1 a matt] ( mu* intricacy4 ,believ]s 9 ,free ,w1 says ,j4 ,s4 ,mill 9 8 essay #8,on ,social ,fre$om1' are ^? :o 8believe1 9 fact1 t !y !mselves c1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 d :at !y please40#abg ,?is is1 inde$1 ! answ] :i* comes at once to ! lips ( ! av]age man :5 ,socratically int]rogat$ z to :at he means by ,free ,w4 ,b ! nature ( ! limits is j ! critical "p ( ! "q4 ,i _c fly because ,i please4 ,i _c write a l9e ( poetry because ,i please4 ,c ,i live a sa9tly life because ,i please8 ,p]haps n1 x may be repli$2 b aft] all ,free ,w does n ess5tially mean ! ext]nal fact ( do+1 x means ! int]nal act ( *oos+--let u sub/itute ! ^w #8*oose' = ! ^w #8d' & see :at we arrive at4 ,v well1 !n2 ,i c *oose :at ,i please3 let u try ?is =mula4 ,b at once we p]ceive t ?is is a tautological expression1 = :at ,i #8please' to d is simply :at ,i *oose4 ,s ! =mula is f9ally /ripp$ to ?is b>e expression1 #8,i c *oose4' ,b n[ ! ,det]m9i/ w say1 #8,:o d5ies x8' ,! psy*ological process kn[n z #8*oos+' is )9 e "o's exp]i5ce4 ,! "q z to :at gov]ns ! *oice rema9s unt\*$4 ,! core ( ! problem1 !n1 has be5 f\nd to lie n 9 ! ^w #8d1' n 9 ! ^w #8please1' n 9 ! ^w #8*oose4' ,:]e is x !n8 ,x is n 9 #8c1' = #8,i c *oose' adds no?+ philosophically to ! cont5ts ( #8,i *oose4' ,! core ( ! problem is ! ^w #8,i4' ,& until we h settl$ :at #8,i' am1 we %all n rea* a cle> issue betwe5 ,free ,w & ,det]m9ism4 ,s ! te/ :i* we h appli$ to human actions ) a view to f9d+ out :e!r !y con=m to law z d physical ph5om5a or n--! te/1 namely1 :e!r !y always come out ! same "u ! same circum/ances or n--breaks d[n4 ,! #8circum/ances' include ! man himself1 & ! "q #8,:at is a man8' turns out to be ! real po9t at issue4 ,! ,det]m9i/ usually belongs to a s*ool :i* has a cle> & simple answ] to ?is "q4 ,man1 = him1 is a complex ( vessels1 n]ves1 ganglia1 & molecul> configurations ( bra9 matt] respond+ to ext]nal /imuli z uni=mly & inevitably z a plant4 ,consci\sness is m]ely a sort ( by-product ( ?is me*anism1 :i* w\ld g on j ! same )\t x4#abh ,b ?is view is 9 direct contradiction to ! deepe/ & cle>e/ deliv]ance ( human consci\sness1 :i* affirms t ,i am a delib]ative & rul+ ,m9d1 & bids me reg>d my ,w z ,reason 9 action4 ,i seem to "k ?is s intimately & pr(\ndly t if x is an illusion !re appe>s to be no?+ else 9 ! _w ( :i* ,i c ev] v5ture to feel sure4 ,we "k ! outside _w only at two removes4 ,! ext]nal object has fir/ to impress itself 9 "s z yet unexpla9$ mann] on our physical organism1 & ! latt] has !n 9 a mann] equally my/]i\s to produce a /ate ( consci\sness 9 ! obs]v]4 ,b consci\sness1 9 ,man1 c turn ^u & int]rogate itself2 x is subject & object 9 "o2 & its deliv]ances1 s f> z !y g1 s f> z !y are pure deliv]ances ( consci\sness ) no argum5tative d$uction subtly m+l$ ) !m1 are ! true/ ?+s we "k or ev] c "k4 ,i d n see h[ !y c possibly be br\ght to ! te/ by any o!r k9d ( k3 !y are ! te/ ( ev]y?+4 ,we f9d1 !n1 t :5 we talk ( #8free' *oice z ! pr]ogative ( man :at we mean at bottom is ! *oice ( a self-det]m9+ ,m9d4 ,we f9d1 also1 t :ile = e ev5t 9 ! physical _w we are oblig$ to assume an antec$5t cause1 we are "u no su* obligation z reg>ds ,m9d4 ,:5 we h trac$ any sequ5ce ( causes & effects up to a ,m9d1 we require to g no fur!r4 ,we c conceive a self-det]m9+ ,m9d4 ,if man is su*1 or s f> z he is su*1 8 w is :at we call free4 ,b to say t we are pr(\ndly consci\s ( ! exi/5ce ( our w does n by any means get rid ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ?is belief1 & x is incumb5t on u ei!r to attempt a solution ( !m or frankly to dismiss !m z1 = ! pres5t1 insoluble4 ,if possible1 to beg9 )1 we mu/ obta9 a cle> idea ( ! diff]5ce ( ! w f o!r =ms ( vital action4 ,at "o end ( ! asc5d+ scale ( organic life we see an animalcule swimm+ 9 ! direction 9 :i* x is attract$ by food4 ,at ! o!r end1 we f9d a man 9 ! full flu% ( consci\s life go+ delib]ately to a %ock+ dea? r ?an d5y 8 fai? or break a tru/4 ,:at is ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! action ( ! animalcule & t ( ! m>tyr8 ,to ! ,det]m9i/ !re is none4 ,bo? are alike ! inevitable response to c]ta9 /imuli f ! outside _w act+ on a c]ta9 n]v\s sy/em4 ,b !re is "o diff]5ce 9 ! circum/ances ( ! action :i* w be admitt$ by all4 ,! animalcule has no *oice4 ,! m>tyr has4 ,! animalcule-consci\sness has n be5 develop$ to ! po9t at :i* x c take 9 alt]native c\rses ( action & comp>e !m ) "o ano!r4 ,x is d\btful to me :e!r any ( ! l[] animals or ev5 ( ! l[] races ( man c really d ?is4 ,at any rate !re c cle>ly be no ,w :]e !re is no di/9ct consci\sness ( at lea/ two possible c\rses ( action4 ,! ,w1 !re=e1 mu/ be reg>d$ z com+ = ! fir/ "t into action :5 a c]ta9 /age 9 ! developm5t ( consci\sness has be5 rea*$1 ! /age at :i* man is fully consci\s ( m ?an "o motive4 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 :5 ! consci\sness has be5 develop$ to ?is po9t we _c recognize a true act ( w unless1 on t p>ticul> occasion1 two or m motives 7 fully pres5t4 ,= in/ance1 a lad br\ght up 9 a ?ieves' kit*51 :5 he sees an opportunity = /eal+ a purse1 _c prop]ly be said to h any c\nt]-motive to ! !ft4 ,& common s5se1 )\t hav+ philosophically analyz$ ! matt]1 q recognizes ?is position ( affairs & graduates ! moral responsibility ( e crim9al action r\ghly 9 accordance ) ! facilities :i* ! subject has _h = #8kn[+ bett]4' ,two or m motives1 !n1 fully pres5t to consci\sness1 =m ! conditions "u :i* alone ! ,w c be said to act4 ,?is is 9 accord ) ! :ole s*eme ( evolution4 ,! pres5ce ( c]ta9 conditions gradually evokes ! faculty or organ :i* deals ) !m4 ,b "h an important "q arises4 ,:5 ^! motives diff] f ea* o!r morally1 c ! ,w be said ev] to *oose ! evil "o8 ,has x any moral b5t8 ,& if n1 :at is ! use ( x8 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ascription to ! ,w ( a c]ta9 moral "*1 & t a v l(ty "o1 is *>act]i/ic ( ne>ly all ?9k]s :o accept its exi/5ce at all4 8,ill = him10 writes ,t5nyson 9 l9es ( ,sophoclean dignity1 8,:o1 bett]+ n ) "t ,corrupts ! /r5g? ( heav5-desc5d$ ,w10 z ?\gh evil came f ! corruption & slackness ( ,w1 n f its wrong direction4 ,9 ! e?ics ( ,plato x 0 a c>d9al pr9ciple t m5 did evil only ?r\gh ignorance4 ,make ! s\l consci\s ( goodness1 & x c\ld n fail to foll[ x4 ,yet x seems t ?is doctr9e1 /rongly z x appeals to ! moral s5se ( man1 w\ld1 if held ) philosophic rig\r1 really make ! ,w unfree4 ,no man c truly *oose ! good :o is unable to *oose ! evil4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e may1 h[ev]1 be fully acc\nt$ =1 & ev5 put 9 a =m 9 :i* x c1 to a great ext5t1 be ju/ifi$1 if we give weight to ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,moral action is usually recogniz$ 9 ! r5unciation ( a /rong p]sonal gratification = ! sake ( "s social or o!r altrui/ic end4 ,n[ 9 su* cases we are always sure t ! two motives h be5 duly pres5t1 ! moral motive1 = o!rwise x w\ld n h be5 foll[$1 & ! p]sonal motive1 = ^! are common to all liv+ ?+s1 !y are at ! base ( our be+1 & our own exp]i5ce tells u only too well h[ insi/5t & p[]ful su* motives are4 ,! volitional "* ( su* an act is !re=e manife/4 ,b if ! l[] motive be foll[$1 ! significance ( ! ev5t is m obscure4 ,= we all und]/& ^! l[] motives1#abi & !y are fairly uni=m ov] ! :ole ( humanity4 ,we c always take = grant$ t !y are pres5t 9 full =ce4 ,! m>tyr und\bt$ly hates ! idea ( be+ burnt4 ,b we are n s sure ( ! o!r class ( motives4 ,we _c 9 e case feel c]ta9 7unless ! ev5t has v]ifi$ x7 t !y 7 di/9ctly 9 view1 = man's moral nature is /ill only at ! beg9n+ ( its developm5t1 we are /ill f> f hav+ evolv$ any?+ l a univ]sal moral code1 n to speak ( ! in/9cts = obey+ x4 ,we are incl9$ to assume1 !re=e1 & ,i ?9k we are p]fectly "r 9 assum+1 t :5 ! ,w appe>s 9 human action x is f> m (t5 to good purpose ?an to evil4 ,9 ord] t x may be free to act on any e?ical "q1 !re mu/ be a suffici5t degree ( e?ical developm5t2 ! "* ( moral wor? mu/ h be5 impress$ ^u ! _s4 ,9 ! /r5g? & /ay :i* x af=ds to su* a _s1 ! faculty ( ,w is mo/ cle>ly recogniz$ & hon\r$4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to meet "o ( ! grave/ ( ! objections :i* h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ,free ,w4 ,if temp]am5t & circum/ance1 x is urg$1 det]m9e human action1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 no place = ! ,w--x is a m]e illusion4 ,b if ,w is pres5t & is supreme1 h[ c temp]am5t & circum/ance play ! "p !y manife/ly d--h[ does ! hi/ory ( man come to pres5t1 z we h se51 an aspect s /rik+ly simil> to t ( ! ord]ly evolution ( physical organisms "u natural law8 ,if y br+ 9 ,w at all z an arbit] ( human action1 d y n !reby drive out ev]y?+ else8 ,! answ] w be cle> to ^? :o accept ! =ego+ analysis ( ! elem5ts ( *oice4 ,! ,w is nei!r a faculty ( p]ception nor a faculty ( judgm5t1 b a p[] ( free *oice4 ,free z x is1 x c only act on :at is pres5t$ to x2 & "h1 beyond "q1 x is subject to s]i\s limitations4 ,e man has r\nd 8 s\l1 z x 71 a refract+ m$ium1 ?r\gh :i* ! ext]nal objects t excite ! ,w to action mu/ normally pass be=e !y rea* ! c5tres ( decision & control4 ,& ?is m$ium is probably nev] q ! same 9 any two individuals4 ,(t5 x is v widely diff]5t4 ,! sight ( an ungu>d$ heap ( treasure may appe> to "o man simply 9 ! aspect ( a p]fectly legitimate opportunity = enri*+ himself4 ,to ano!r man x may come z a viol5t temptation to d :at he kn[s 9 8 s\l to be wrong4 ,a ?ird1 equally ne$y1 equally capable ( enjoy+ all t weal? repres5ts1 may nev] h a ?\ght on ! subject except t ( protect+ ! treasure = its true own]4 ,! object is ! same1 ! physical p]ception ( x is ! same1 b ! #8app]ception' 9 ea* case is z diff]5t z ,pet] ,bell's p]ception ( ! 8primrose by ! riv]'s brim0 0 f t ( ,wordswor?4 ,?is diff]5ce is caus$ by ! modify+ influ5ce ( temp]am5t1 tra9+1 all t =ms a man's disposition1 :e!r acquir$ or inh]it$4 ,x is z ?\gh ea* man mov$ 9 an atmosph]e1 an aura ( 8 own :i* col\rs all ! objects ( 8 ?\ght4 ,:e!r e invitation to action t c be pres5t$ to ! ,w mu/ necess>ily pass ?r\gh ?is aura is a v obscure "q & "o on :i* ,i d n at pres5t wi% to dogmatize4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ! great majority pass ?r\gh x4 ,?us on e occasion :]e ! ,w is ex]cis$1 x has to act n only on ! facts :i* are p]ceiv$ b z !y are p]ceiv$4 ,n[ s f> z ! influ5ce ( :at is call$ app]ception is conc]n$ we are 9 ! realm ( natural law4 ,ea* man1 to t ext5t1 is unque/ionably "u ! dom9ion ( 8 environm5t1 t is to say ( geographic1 hi/oric1 social1 & o!r influ5ces :i* affect :ole communities1 & :i* v>y b sl[ly :5 !y v>y at all4 ,! ,w1 9 fact1 acts )9 ! framework ( nature & its laws exactly z does t directive ag5cy to :i*1 9 ! view ( ! writ]1 is to be attribut$ ! ph5om5on ( progressive evolution f l[] =ms ( life to high] =ms1 t is1 f =ms :i* admit ( less life to ^? :i* admit ( m4 ,! ,w is really ?is directive ag5cy com+ into consci\sness 9 ,m9d4 ,9 all life1 :e!r human1 animal1 or mat]ial1 !re is an elem5t ( *ange & an elem5t ( con/ancy4 ,betwe5 ^! poles x moves & has its be+1 nor c\ld life1 z we "k x1 exi/ = a mom5t if ei!r ( ^! two oppos+ b complem5t>y pr9ciples 7 )drawn4 ,we h n[ se5 t ) a full belief 9 ! innovat+ & incalculable quality ( ! ,w1 ) ! inf9ite vi/as :i* t belief op5s up to human hope & ef=t1 !re is yet ample room = ! oppos+ & equally necess>y elem5t 9 life1 ! elem5t ( con/ancy1 uni=mity1 law4 ,human ,w does n come into nature z a cata/rophic =ce--x develops p>i passu ) ! developm5t ( consci\sness2 & x w naturally be f\nd 9 its highe/ developm5t :]e ! :ole nature is mo/ :olesomely attun$ to ! purposes ( ! cosmic ,w4 ,we h n[ to notice c]ta9 grave objections :i* e /ud5t ( mod]n sci5ce & philosophy w expect to see dealt ) by a def5d] ( ! pr9ciple ( ,free ,w4 ,x has be5 object$ f ! evolutioni/ /&po9t t1 z no "o attributes ,free ,w to ! l[] =ms ( animal life1 x is impossible to conceive x z hav+ aris5 9 man except by a miracle4 ,at :at po9t1 x is ask$1 did x fir/ appe>8 ,& if "o _c fix ! po9t1 ! presumption is suppos$ to be t x has nev] appe>$ at all4 ,x w be rememb]$ t "s sci5tific ?9k]s su* z ,mr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 & "o may add ,pr(4 ,re9ke1 h be5 s mu* impress$ by ! m5tal diff]5ce betwe5 man & ! bea/s t !y h assum$ ! gulf to h be5 bridg$ by a cata/rophic or miracul\s act & n by any evolution>y process4 ,n[ ,i q admit t "o _c conceive m9d be+ evolv$ f n-m9d4 ,b nei!r c ,i conceive life be+ evolv$ f n-life1 nor1 9 fact1 :5 "o looks into ! process m9utely1 c ,i believe 9 any?+ :atev]1 physical or spiritual1 turn+ into some?+ else4 ,i conceive ! evolution>y process /rictly z ! #8unfold+' ( lat5t capacities1 faculties1 organs1 by means ( psy*ic ag5cies act+ )9 ! framework ( ! fix$ relations :i* we call natural law4 ,! fact t "o _c lay "o's f+] on ! exact po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( nature :]e m9d & w began to be is n relevant to ! "q :e!r !y are n[ pres5t or n4 ,z well might "o be *all5g$ to fix ! mom5t :5 ! embryo becomes a man4 ,!re are no su* exact po9ts 9 nature4 ,if !re 71 nature w\ld be discont9u\s1 & ! smalle/ real discont9uity 9 nature w\ld be en\gh to %att] ! frame ( ! univ]se4 ,f ano!r side x has be5 urg$ t ! conception ( ! cont9uity or on5ess ( ! univ]se is fatal to ,free ,w4 ,! ,moni/1 accord+ to t brilliant *ampion ( *aos1 ,mr4 ,william ,james1#acj mu/ believe 9 a univ]se fix$ l ca/-iron 9 all its p>ts1 =1 be+ all int]relat$1 n "o ( !m c be diff]5t )\t alt]+ ! :ole /ructure ( ?+s4 ,b does n ,mr4 ,james "h ov]look ! fact t ess5tial on5ess is n incompatible ) temporal incomplet5ess8 ,! univ]se is "o1 true--b ?is "o univ]se comprises n only all t has be5 & t is1 b all t w be4 ,x is to be conceiv$ at pres5t z a gr[+ organism2 x w n be a fix$ & complet$ :ole till "t is at an end4 ,on ?is basis ,i see no difficulty 9 fitt+ into a ,moni/ic s*eme ( ?\ght ,mr4 ,james's admirable /atem5t ( ! ,free ,w position3-- 8,our acts1 our turn+-places1 :]e we seem to ourselves to make ourselves & gr[1 are ! p>ts ( ! _w to :i* we are close/1 ! p>ts ( :i* our k is mo/ intimate & complete4 ,:y %\ld we n take !m at _! face-value8 ,:y may !y n be ! actual turn+-places & gr[+-places ( ! _w--:y n ! work%op ( be+ :]e we cat* fact 9 ! mak+80#aca ,! next & la/ objection ,i propose to deal ) cuts clos] to ! he>t ( ! "q & w h to occupy u1 ,i hope n unfruitfully1 = "s "t4 ,i in/anc$ "s "t ago ! case ( m>tyrdom z "o 9 :i* e "o w\ld recognize ! action ( ! ,w1 if x c be recogniz$ any:]e4 ,let me recall t extreme/ =m ( m>tyrdom :i* ,john ,/u>t ,mill once decl>$ himself ready to face r ?an outrage 8 moral s5se4 ,speak+ 9 8 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy ( :at pass$ 9 8 day = ! #8or?odox' conception ( ! ,supreme ,be+ he wrote3-- 8,:atev] p[] su* a be+ may h ov] me1 !re is "o ?+ :i* he %all n d3 he %all n compel me to wor%ip him4 ,i w call no be+ good1 :o is n :at ,i mean :5 ,i apply t epi!t to my fell[ creatures2 & if su* a be+ c s5t5ce me to hell = n s call+ him1 to hell ,i w g40#acb ,mill1 z we see1 reli$ on 8 p]sonal fre$om ( ,w to /iff5 8 neck aga9/ any homage to a ,p[] :om 8 moral s5se decl>$ unwor?y ( rev]5ce4 ,b a mod]n physiologi/ w\ld tell him--& ev5 if ! fact be n fully demon/rat$ at pres5t1 x w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be v ra% = any psy*ologi/ to d5y x--t by a slight *ange 9 ! molecul> configuration ( ! bra9 cells ! h]oic recusant c\ld h be5 turn$ into a dev\t wor%ipp] ( any be+ :o 0 able to exhibit ! cr$5tials ( sup]ior =ce4 ,su* a *ange w\ld c]ta9ly n be beyond ! p[]s ( a be+ :o _h heav5 & hell at 8 disposal2 ev5 a skilful surgeon might accompli% x4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! fre$om ( ! ,w wor? 7x may be ask$7 if ! direction x takes is at ! m]cy ( ! physical configuration ( our bra9-matt]8 ,& ! #8,i' :i*1 we say1 wills--if mat]ial *anges c ?us pr(\ndly alt] its "*1 h[ c we attribute to x any k9d ( real & indep5d5t exi/5ce8 ,mu/ n ! complete disp]sal ( ! molecules ( ! bra9 at dea? cause ! #8,i' to vani% altoge!r l a bl[n-out flame8 ,mu/ x n be at _! m]cy dur+ ! brief illusion ( exi/5ce8 ,our discussion has ?us plung$ u into ! intricate "q ( ! relations ( m9d & matt]1 & we mu/ pause to dwell on x = a :ile4 ,:at is matt]8 ,nobody c tell4 ,x is t :i* resi/s :5 we pu% aga9/ x--a tactile or muscul> s5sation4 ,x is t ( :i* two portions _c occupy ! same space at ! same "t--a visual s5sation4 ,x is ! s\rce ( c]ta9 s5sations2 & ! mo/ rec5t physical inve/igations po9ts to its be+ compos$ ( innum]able c5tres ( =ce4 ,b =ce manife/+ itself 9 ord]ly & h>moni\s fa%ion is ,reason4 ,if1 !n1 ,reason is at ! base ( ?+s1 ,matt] ceases to be a bogey4 ,/ill ! fact rema9s t x is n ,i & x is n ,y1 & ! real cog5cy ( ! physiological argum5t aga9/ ,free ,w & ! s\l 7:i*1 z we saw1 mu/ /& or fall toge!r7 is t some?+ done1 p]haps by m]e accid5t1 to ?is ,n-me1 c1 x appe>s1 p[]fully influ5ce & *ange ! ,me 9 spite ( all ! w ,i c ex]t to ! contr>y4 ,! fact t ,i1 ! inn]mo/ ,i1 c be got at ?r\gh my bra91 means philosophically exactly ! same z ! old sup]/ition accord+ to :i* ,i c be got at by an enemy :o /icks a wax5 image ( me full ( p9s & dissolves x be=e a fire4 ,& normally 7!re seem to me good reasons = n go+ fur!r ?an t71 normally1 x is only ?r\gh ,matt] t ! ,me c be rea*$ & influ5c$ at all1 ev5 by ! o!r ,me's 9 ! univ]se4 ,n[ ,matt]1 :atev] else we may say ab\t x1 is c]ta9ly "u ! law ( causation4 ,f ! o!r1 ! spirituali/ic1 side ( ! argum5t1 x has be5 s\ght to meet ! above consid]ations by an int]e/+ analogy4 ,matt] 7! bra9 9 ?is case7 may1 x is urg$1 be reg>d$ z ! in/rum5t by :i*1 "u pres5t conditions1 ,?\ght manife/s itself & acts4 ,y c take a piano & put x out ( tune or o!rwise damage x1 s z to r5d] x incapable ( convey+ ! real m9d ( ! p]=m]1 :o1 nev]!less1 rema9s q unaffect$4 ,! s\l is ! invisible p]=m]4 ,y c damage ! bra9 s t ! s\l c no long] express itself "u ! conditions ( our pres5t exi/5ce1 b x is an entirely unw>rantable inf]5ce to say t y h !reby damag$ or de/roy$ ! s\l itself4 ,! analogy ( physical en]gy w make ?is cle>4 ,y c make an eng9e "w by ! oxidization ( coal1 b ?is process c only loosely be describ$ z ! s\rce ( ! en]gy :i* is manife/$ by ! eng9e4 ,all t "o does by burn+ ! coal is to turn pot5tial en]gy into active or k9etic en]gy4 ,:5 ! eng9e goes to pieces1 or ! coal burns out1 n a p>ticle ( en]gy is lo/2 x m]ely goes back into ! %ape ( pot5tial en]gy aga94 ,i ?9k ?is reply is sub/antially a s\nd & effective "o4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be all[$ t ! physiological argum5t is m subtle ?an is usually recogniz$ by ^? :o try to meet x z above4 ,y may s damage a piano z to r5d] x incapable ( be+ prop]ly play$ on--y may get f x ! incoh]5t jangl+s ( insanity1 )\t affect+ our belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a real musician beh9d ^! un9telligible manife/ations4 ,b h[ if x c be %[n t c]ta9 me*anical alt]ations w result1 n 9 nons5se b1 let u say1 9 br++ out m]e ,(f5ba* :5 ! p]=m] has always hi!rto be5 wont to play ,bee?ov58 ,a simple injury to ! in/rum5t1 x may ju/ly be argu$1 has no su* vital significance z ?is *ange 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ express$4 ,%all we n h to conclude t ! man really is ! in/rum5t1 t ! m9d is a ph5om5on accompany+ ! tempor>y comb9ation ( c]ta9 mat]ial con/itu5ts1 la/+ only z long z t comb9ation %all endure & v>y+ pro tanto ) ev]y?+ t causes x to v>y8 ,n[1 = my own "p1 ,i mu/ confess t if m9d ) all its nobl] manife/ations su* z ,w1 ,love1 ,duty1 & s =?1 be a m]e ra9b[ hov]+ above ! cat>act ( mat]ial =ce1 x does n seem to me wor? :ile to discuss any?+1 = we1 m]e p>ticles t glimm] = a mom5t1 c nev] affect any?+1 & mu/ soon be :]e no?+ c any long] affect u4 ,x is happily q true z ,santayana says 9 8 ,reason 9 ,sci5ce1#acc t p :o d n ?9k ab\t ^! matt]s at all may 8"k h[ to live *e]ily & virtu\sly = life's own sake0 on ! /r5g? ( ! normal s\rce ( vitality :i* has made = its own ends f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s )\t ! aid ( our consci\sness or criticism4 ,b ?is consci\sness1 turn+ inw>d z well z outw>d1 ?is que/ion+ & speculative _s1 are !mselves =ms ( vitality1 phases 9 ! gradual conque/ ( ,no?+ness 7i4e4 undiff]5tiat$ ,be+7 by ,life4 ,we /unt & maim ourselves if we try to keep !m alo(4 ,x is true t 9 enc\rag+ !m we may (t5 seem to be turn+ ! t]rible1 two-edg$ weapon ( ,analysis aga9/ our own high] life4 ,be x s6 ,we h tak5 t sword 9 h&2 we h cut d[n ) x a hundr$ =ms ( sup]/ition & wrong2 & ! "t to %ea? x is n yet4 ,:atev] dang]s !re may be 9 x1 we mu/ face ^? dang]s2 & ?\gh x may be left to ano!r g5]ation completely to ov]come !m1 let t g5]ation1 at lea/1 say ( u t we did n drop our weapons on ! field ( battle1 ev5 if our own life-blood sometimes fl[$ ^u ! blade4#acd ,let u n[ return to t analogy ( ! piano & ! unse5 play] & see if we c get "s m light f x ?an has yet appe>$4 ,9 view ( ! la/ consid]ations :i* 7 urg$ 9 ?is connexion--! possibility ( effect+ n m]ely ! ru9 ( ! in/rum5t b ! m vital *ange ( ! "* ( ! music x w p]=m1 we mu/ slightly alt] "o ( ! t]ms ( ! comp>ison4 ,! analogy w be a /rik+ly close & sugge/ive "o if we br+ into view ! late/ developm5t 9 musical me*anism1 ! pianola4 ,suppose t ! music-rolls ( a pianola 7 made ( diff]5t sizes & %apes accord+ to ! diff]5t classes ( music4 ,!re w\ld !n1 let u say1 be "o k9d ( roll = classical music1 ano!r = ,italian op]a1 ano!r = ,pale/r9ian polyphony1 ano!r = music-hall ditties1 & subv>ieties ( all ^!4 ,n[ let u suppose t ea* pianola 7 s con/ruct$ z to take "s p>ticul> type ( music easily1 o!r types ) m difficulty1 & o!rs1 aga91 n at all1 & let u assume t all ^! types are cont9ually be+ pres5t$ = p]=mance4 ,! con/ruction ( ! pianola w !n correspond to ! physical con/itution ( ! bra94 ,?is con/itution1 9 ea* case1 is ! mat]ial equival5t ( ! dom9ance ( a p>ticul> k9d ( p]sonality1 or :at we h call$ above aura4 ,b ! records :i* h lately be5 s mu* /udi$ ( cases ( :at is call$ #8multiple p]sonality' t5d to %[ t 9 ea* ( u !re are sev]al di/9ct p]sonalities--or if t ^w seems to beg an important "q z to ! unit>y "* ( p]sonality1 let u say /reams ( consci\sness--:i* are press+ = manife/ation4 ,! bra9 selects automatically among ^!1 & normally keeps "o p>ticul> type to ! front4 ,b j z a me*anical alt]ation 9 our hypo!tical pianola might entirely *ange ! type ( music x w\ld play1 s a lesion or %ock ( any k9d might *ange1 m or less1 ! type ( p]sonality :i* a p>ticul> bra9 0 fitt$ to express2 & su* cases are1 ( c\rse1 well kn[n to occur4 ,b n[ we come to a fact ?an :i* none is bett] kn[n1 none m absolutely v]ifiable 9 exp]i5ce1 b to :i* !re is no?+ 9 ! lea/ analog\s 9 ! pianola or any o!r piece ( me*anism tak5 by itself4 ,i c1 ) "t & toil1 ) pati5ce & resolution1 *ange ! /ructure ( my bra9 & make easy = x t :i* be=e 0 difficult or impossible4 ,)9 limits :i* _c be def9$ 7because human life is too %ort71 ,i c ev5 adapt x to ! expression ( a new type ( p]sonality4 ,no musical in/rum5t c d t to itself4 ,"o w\ld h to call 9 = t purpose ! initiat+ & controll+ =ce ( ! man :o made x4#ace ,a consci\s pianola1 ev5 if we suppos$ x to possess ! end[m5t ( memory1 w\ld only recognize itself z a succession ( s5sations4 ,! hegemonic faculty1 ! s5se ( comm& & control1 :i* ,plato#acf laid 8 f+] on1 z indicat+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 a human p]sonality & a musical me*anism1 & :i* ,h]mann ,lotze1#acg 9 ! full light ( mod]n sci5ce1 /ill ?\ght valid = ! same purpose1 w\ld be want+4 ,man does n live 9 ! mom5t4 ,z ,goe! wrote 9 "s ( 8 greate/ l9es--l9es t read l hamm]-/rokes nail+ up ! *>t] ( human "r3-- ,nur alle9 d] ,m5s* ,v]mag das ,unmgli*e2 ,er unt]s*eidet1 ,whlet und ri*tet2 ,er kann dem ,aug5blick ,dau] v]leihn4#ach ,beh9d ! me*anism ( ! pianola1 beh9d ! me*anism ( ! bra91 !re /&s ?is liv+ directive =ce ( :i* we c give no sci5tific acc\nt :atev]--we c only say t x is !re4 ,inde$1 x is j at ?is po9t t all comp>ison betwe5 me*anism1 z usually und]/ood1 & vital action ( any k9d mu/ break d[n4 ,b ! fact is t me*anism is usually n und]/ood at all4 ,i spoke above ( a piece ( me*anism tak5 by itself4 ,b 9 tru? we _c take x by itself4 ,no?+ 9 nature c be truly isolat$1 x only exi/s 9 relation to o!r ?+s4 ,e ma*9e has a s\l1 ! s\l ( ! man :o made or :o works x4 ,)\t t x w\ld be m]ely scrap-iron2 & ev5 z scrap-iron x has relations ) ?+s ab\t x--air1 wat]1 acids1 & ! l4 ,9 ^! relations we detect ! s\l ( nature4 ,no?+ exi/s by itself--nor ev51 p]man5tly1 z itself4 ,! liv+ univ]se ( our exp]i5ce is n a ,be+ b an ,act+ & a ,becom+4 ,x is precisely ?is fact :i*1 on ! "o h&1 imposes a my/]i\s limit on ! intellect1 &1 on ! o!r1 op5s a b\ndless horizon be=e ! w4 ,! human bra91 ! mo/ highly organiz$ =m ( protoplasm kn[n to u1 may be call$ 9 "o s5se a ma*9e ?r\gh :i* ! p]sonal w1 ! moral emotions1 ! /hetic s5se1 ! faculties ( reason+1 h to ass]t !mselves 9 action4 ,b to say t !y w\ld nev] h exi/$ b = ?is special =m ( protoplasm is to say t !y 7 creat$ by x out ( no?+4 ,&1 no d\bt1 "o c say t1 "o c say any?+2 b "o _c ?9k x4 ,i d n see h[ to repres5t ! matt] to our ?\ght except by suppos+ t e /age 9 physical evolution is accompani$ by :at has be5 call$ #8involution1' a draw+ 91 f ! pot5tialities ( ,be+1 ( p[]s & faculties ( liv+ = :i* ! opportunity to become actual _h rip5$4 ,an image may make cle>] :at ,i mean1 & ,i (f] x only = ?is purpose1 well kn[+ t 8! be/ 9 ?is k9d are b %ad[s40 ,suppose t a man 7 enclos$ 9 a %ea? compos$ ( metal hav+ c]ta9 peculi> prop]ties3 x is opaque :5 cold1 b :5 heat$ x becomes transp>5t1 & ! hott] x is ! m transp>5t x gr[s4 ,su* a sub/ance might easily exi/1 at any rate x is entirely conceivable4 ,we mu/ assume 9 addition t ! heat is n su* z to be injuri\s to ! occupant4 ,n[ a man enclos$ 9 su* a %ea? w\ld1 :5 x 0 at ! prop] temp]ature1 see :at 0 go+ on ar\nd him2 he c\ld also be se51 he c\ld hold communication ) o!r m51 & direct op]ations :i* he wi%$ c>ri$ out4 ,if ! %ea?1 9 addition to be+ transp>5t at ! "r temp]ature1 7 also1 "u ! same conditions1 flexible1 & fitt$ him l a sk91 he c\ld d ?+s himself4 ,if x got cold1 h[ev]1 & !reby became1 9 ! measure ( its coolness1 opaque & rigid1 ! man w\ld be %ut (f f all communication or int]action ) ! _w outside1 he w\ld be :at we call dead4 ,i sugge/ t ,consci\sness ) all its att5dant ph5om5a is repres5t$ by ! man1 ! %ea? is ,matt]1 ! heat is ,life4 ,matt]1 hi/orically1 prec$es ! manife/ation ( consci\sness1 b z x is nev] )\t a c]ta9 degree ( life1 s1 ev5 9 ! nebul> =m 9 :i* x exi/s be=e x has coh]$ into worlds & sy/ems1 x is n )\t ! elem5t ( directivity1 ( h>moni\s int]-relation & int]action4 ,a high] organization ( life makes possible ! subtl] s5sitiv5ess ( ! vegetable k+dom4 ,! mo/ vital1 ! mo/ highly organiz$ =m ( matt] we "k is ! human bra9 & n]v\s sy/em4 ,"h ! %ea? has assum$ a consid]able degree ( transp>5cy & flexibility4 ,b d\btless a f> high] degree ( organization is possible1 & :5 ?is is rea*$ ! capacities ( consci\sness w h develop$ to an ext5t altoge!r inconceivable to u at pres5t1 ?\gh e n[ & !n "s exceptionally con/itut$ individual gives u a h9t ( /ages ( developm5t z yet f> beyond ! capacities ( ! race 9 g5]al4 ,we may conceive matt]1 !n1 z be+ con/antly fann$ up into ! heat ( life1 i4e4 z elaborat+ =ms into :i* consci\sness c ent] & ?r\gh :i* x c act4 ,& we obs]ve t consci\sness1 :5 x has f\nd a suitable =m1 c act on x & improve x4 ,two que/ions n[ arise4 ,! fir/ is3 ,:y %\ld consci\sness h ne$ ( ^! =ms at all8 ,& ! second is3 ,if x has ?is ne$1 :at becomes ( ! individual consci\sness :5 ! =m has gr[n f9ally cold 9 dea? & is resolv$ into its inorganic elem5ts8 ,to ! fir/ "q ,i _c sugge/ any answ]1 except ! obvi\s "o t an individual consci\sness mu/ h "s =ms ?r\gh :i* x c h relations ) ?+s n itself4 ,9 ! _w1 z we h x1 x is g5]ally true--x w\ld be unwise to v5ture any absolute /atem5t on ! subject--t consci\sness only ent]s into relation ) ano!r consci\sness1 or ) matt]1 by means ( ! peculi>ly organiz$ =m ( matt] :i* we call a bra94 ,i mu/ leave ! "q !re4 ,?\ght & rese>*1 & ! advance 9 physical organization :i* ,i h ref]r$ to1 may1 9 ! ne> or di/ant future1 ?r[ fur!r light ^u x4 ,x is n a difficulty1 b x is c]ta9ly a my/]y4 ,z reg>ds ! second "q1 t ( p]sonal immortality1 all we are ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ on ! negative side is t :5 a c]ta9 body & bra9 h p]i%$1 consci\sness c express itself ?r\gh t =m no m4 ,b consci\sness itself _c be less inde/ructible ?an ev]y?+ else t exi/s4 ,we may1 s f> z ,i c see1 ei!r conceive an individual consci\sness at dea? z be+ resolv$ into ! g5]al consci\sness f :i* x sprang1 ev5 z ! matt] compos+ any organic be+ is resolv$ into inorganic matt]1 or we may suppose t1 hav+ won & consolidat$ its selfhood by :at x has done & :at x has endur$ 9 ! fle%1 ! selfhood is !nce=? capable ( an indep5d5t exi/5ce "u =ms at pres5t beyond our k54 ,ei!r ( ^! conceptions implies :at we call ! #8immortality' ( ! s\l1 ! real & p]man5t significance ( ! exp]i5ces ( ! s\l4 ,"h a little fur!r elucidation may be desirable4 ,i h spok5 ( ! possibility ( ! s\l or self be+ resolv$ into some?+ :i* "o c only describe z a g5]al spiritual sub/ance relat$ to individual s\ls z matt] 9 g5]al is relat$ to p>ticul> mat]ial organisms4 ,b ! p>allel ) matt] mu/ n be pu%$ too f>4 ,a mat]ial organism1 be+ compos$ ( diff]5t sub/ances1 c be dis9tegrat$4 ,b consci\sness _c1 /rictly speak+1 suff] dis9tegration1 = x has no diff]5t sub/ances into :i* to dis9tegrate4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 z we see1 appe> 9 ! =m ( a numb] ( diff]5t p]sonalities2 & ?is1 ! normal exi/+ condition1 is ! psy*ical analogue to physical dis9tegration4 ,if ^! p]sonalities are aga9 to m]ge into "o imp]sonal consci\sness1 ! process w\ld n be comp>able to dis9tegration2 x w\ld be ! v rev]se2 x w\ld be re9tegration2 & ! process1 !re=e1 implies no?+ resembl+ ! loss or dissipation ( any =m ( psy*ic be+4 ,fur!r1 we h to obs]ve t :5 a mat]ial organism p]i%es & is dis9tegrat$1 !re is1 s f> z we c see1 an utt] & complete end ( x4 ,! human bra91 = example1 q ap>t f its association ) a consci\sness1 has 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t & activity gone ?r\gh a m>vell\s *a9 ( processes1 9 :i* electric & molecul> =ce1 undulations1 radiations1 & probably o!r physical factors ( :i* we h no conception at pres5t1 h play$ a "p4 ,yet :5 ! bra9 dies & is resolv$ into s mu* ammonia1 phosphorus1 c>bon1 gases1 & :at n1 ^! elem5ts diff] 9 no :it f o!r ammonia1 phosphorus1 & c>bon 9 ! _w4 ,= any ult]ior purpose !y are nei!r bett] nor worse2 !y are :olly un*ang$1 by all ! extraord9>y hi/ory :i* !y h pass$ ?r\gh "u ! spell ( life4 ,?is is equally true ( ! elem5ts1 n]v\s & o!r1 ( any liv+ be+4 ,b ! physical sy/em ( e liv+ be+ bel[ man is organiz$ = two ends only3 7#a7 ! upkeep1 dur+ its lifetime1 ( its own physical p[]s2 7#b7 ! reproduction & multiplication ( its k9d4#aci ,:5 an organism has fulfill$ ^! functions1 x is ju/ifi$2 ! object ( life has be5 atta9$4 ,^! functions1 ( c\rse1 p]si/ 9 man1 b he has add$ to !m _m o!rs2 8 bra9 has to s]ve him = e?ics1 art1 philosophy1 religion1 & is !re=e organiz$ ) a subtlety q unkn[n 9 ! animal _w4 ,"h1 !n1 is a k9d ( organic action :i* has no significance :atev] except 9 relation to consci\sness4 ,if x h none !re x has none at all1 x is absolutely irrational & futile4 ,n[ ! molecul> & o!r action ( a bea/'s bra9 has ref]5ce to its physical life1 & x passes on ?is physical life to its desc5dants4 ,b ! action1 or a great "p ( ! action1 ( a man's bra9 has ref]5ce to 8 consci\sness1 & ( ?is he passes on at mo/ ! pot5tiality4 ,a lion's cub is a lion2 a philosoph]'s *ild is n necess>ily or ev5 probably a philosoph]4 ,t pa? ( developm5t1 :atev] we may say ab\t ! lion1 mu/ h its goal else:]e4 ,we mu/1 if ! univ]se is n irrational1 believe t 9 "s way consci\sness1 :e!r aft] ! dea? ( ! body x p]si/s 9 individual =m or n1 c>ries =w>d into ! new /ate ! results ( its exp]i5ces1 its acquisitions1 its losses1 9 ! bodily relation4 ,^! are n transitory1 n indiff]5t2 8great or small !y furni% _! p>ts t[>d ! s\l40 ,! read] w h probably notic$ t "o consid]ation ( ! greate/ mom5t has be5 left unt\*$4 ,i h spok5 ( matt] & consci\sness z ( two sep>ate ?+s1 & ( ! =m] z prior to ! latt]4 ,?is is a =m ( ?\ght impos$ ^u u by ! space & "t relations by :i* our be+ is condition$4 ,b x is evid5t t ! int]action ( ! two _c be =tuit\s4 ,we _c suppose t matt] pursu$ its long c\rse ( evolution1 ref9+ & subtiliz+ at e /age to admit m & m ( ! activity ( consci\sness1 9 total disconnexion ) t consci\sness4 ,! two mu/ be co-ord9at$ 9 "s high] syn!sis4 ,c\ld we escape f ! limitations ( our ?\ght we %\ld see !m1 !re=e1 n z two1 b "o1 & we %\ld see t ! meane/ =m ( be+ has an aspect 9 :i* x belongs to et]nity4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,e?ical ,,crit]ion 8,?+s h life--,god is life40--,sp9oza4 8,i am come t !y may h life1 & t !y may h x m abundantly40--,rabbi ,b>-elah94 ,! view ( ! mean+ & purpose ( cosmic developm5t set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s mu/ cle>ly h a be>+ on ! pr9ciples ( human conduct4 ,m5 above a c]ta9 /age ( culture d n live by bl9d in/9ct4 ,!y endeav\r to h>monize _! lives ) "s conception ( ! ratio ess5di ( ! _w 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves1 & 9 s do+ !y are mo/ truly m54 ,! ,/oic express$ ?is attempt 9 ! simple =mula1 #8,live accord+ to ,nature4' ,b nature is n simple1 & ! endeav\r to int]pret nature has l$ to "s v div]g5t ideals ( human conduct4 ,e "o :o has m$itat$ on ! subject at all has become aw>e t ! _w :i* we see & he> & feel1 ! _w ( s5se-p]ception1 is n all t we h to d )4 ,beh9d ! visible & mat]ial _w !re lies ! invisible1 ! ,x _w1 :i* we _c weigh & analyze1 b ! exi/5ce & pot5cy ( :i* we are compell$ to assume4 ,x is ! lit]al tru? to say t no man c take a s+le /ep ev5 9 ! mo/ mundane & practical affairs ( life )\t a belief1 implicit or explicit1 9 ! spiritual unity & reality und]ly+ ! fleet+ panorama ( s5se-impressions4 ,no?+ else c give him any assurance ( ! con/ancy1 ! ord]ly int]-relation1 ( ! ph5om5a ) :i* he has to deal1 & ) :i* he c\ld n deal intellig5tly did n ?is con/ancy exi/4 ,n[ :5 man beg9s to be aw>e t !re is some?+ m 9 ! _w ?an is imm$iately app>5t to s5se1 8 ?9k+ on ! subject may take sev]al diff]5t l9es1 b x is probable t all ( !m may be ref]r$ to "o or o!r ( two ma9 divisions1 ! ,duali/ic & ! ,moni/ic4#adj ,! ,duali/ w reg>d ! _w ( s5se-p]ception1 :e!r orig9ally produc$ & organiz$ by ! invisible or n1 z n[ m or less indep5d5t ( ! latt]1 or ev5 ho/ile to x1 & he w g5]ally int]pret 8 own be+ z some?+ prop]ly belong+ to ! invisible _w b = a "t my/]i\sly & unhappily entangl$1 ?r\gh ! fle%1 ) ! o!r4 ,?is is ,platonic !ology1 c>ri$ by ,paul into ,*ri/ianity1 & x ev5tuates1 :5 driv5 to its conclusion by a rigor\s & inhuman logic1 9 ,asceticism4 ,in/ead ( ! ,/oic1 #8,live accord+ to ,nature' 7a =mula 9 complete h>mony1 x may be not$1 ) ! ,/oic ,pan!ism71 we get1 z ! =mula = ideal conduct1 #8,d5y ,nature1 ?9k ! fle% a burd5 & a %ame1 fit y\rself = ! "t :5 y\r real self w ca/ x (f z a fil?y g>m5t4' ,on ! o!r h& ! ,moni/ic view repres5t$ 9 anci5t ,europe by ! great ,/oic s*ool1 & 9 mod]n times by names su* z ^? ( ,sp9oza1 ,hegel1 ,s*op5hau]1 ,lotze1 ,walt ,:itman1 refuses to sep>ate ! visible & ! invisible worlds4 ,! =m] is ! latt]1 made p>tially accessible to our m9ds4 ,man is a "p ( nature1 b\nd up 9 all 8 be+ ) ! framework ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! fle% is n a bond on ! _s b an in/rum5t ( life1 & :at we acquire ?r\gh x is j z valuable & z et]nal z any?+ else4 8,objects gross & ! unse5 s\l are "o10 says ,:itman--! di/9ction betwe5 subject & object1 ! p]ceiv] & ! p]ceiv$1 z ,s*op5hau] argues1 is b a mode ( cognition4 ,t ! human m9d c re/ only 9 "s k9d ( ,monism1 t ,dualism mu/ be reg>d$ z a natural b a pass+ phase ( ?\ght1 bas$ on a ha/y int]pretation ( c]ta9 aspects ( man's moral exp]i5ce1 w\ld seem to foll[ f :at has be5 urg$ previ\sly f ! a priori side ( ! "q4#ada ,inde$1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re are any ?9k]s :o s]i\sly ma9ta9 ! ,duali/ic view z a philosophic doctr9e4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 includ+ ! :ole s*ool ( ,ca?olic !ology1 ) its ascetic ideal & its doctr9e ( et]nal hell1 turn practically ,duali/ 9 ! sph]e ( e?ics1 :ile !y w\ld be horrifi$ at a suspicion ( any?+ b ! pure/ ,monism 9 _! conception ( ! ultimate reality ( be+4 ,! cause ( ?is inconsi/5cy is evid5t4 ,we feel in/9ctively t no di/9ction 9 ! _w ( our pres5t exp]i5ce goes deep] ?an ! di/9ction betwe5 moral good & moral evil4 ,we feel ! dang] ( oblit]at+ ?is di/9ction1 & sett+ loose ! gre$y & viol5t passions ( man to "w _! w un*eck$ by any s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,& und\bt$ly ! ,moni/ic pr9ciple might1 by a %all[ int]pretation ( x1 be held to oblit]ate ! di/9ction4 ,if ,god is ,"o1 x might be argu$1 & ,god is ,all1 !n evil is ju/ifi$ 9 ! _w equally ) goodness1 & ! s5se ( duty is1 :at %all we say8 an illusion1 a sup]/ition1 a relic ( feti%ism4 ,h5ce ! practical ,dualism on ! e?ical & es*atological side :i* has f\nd its way into ,moni/ic ?\ght4 ,x is br\ght 9 to save morality4 ,b inconsi/5cies l ?is d n la/ = ev]2 !y c only p]si/ :]e ?\ght has become atrophi$1 & ,dualism is n[ rapidly disappe>+ f ! religi\s ?\ght ( ,europe4 ,:at is to take its place8 ,! problem be=e u is to discov] a basis = e?ics on ! ,moni/ic hypo!sis )\t ! slighte/ acceptance ( ! facile solutions (f]$ by ,dualism4 ,if we succe$ 9 t1 & e/abli% a real ,moni/ic mean+ = ! t]ms "r & wrong1 we %all next h to deal ) ! sanction ( ! law ( righte\sness1 & to %[ :y x %\ld be obey$ ev51 if necess>y1 at ! co/ ( pa9 & dea?4 ,& fir/1 let u unres]v$ly admit t on ! ,moni/ic view ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong1 moral good & moral evil1 is n fundam5tal4 ,bo? mu/ be reg>d$ z mov+ t[>ds compreh5sion 9 "s unity z yet unimag9able by man4 ,)\t r5\nc+ 8 fai?1 ! ,moni/ c nev] escape f t position1 & he mu/ be true to ! light :atev] ! app>5t consequ5ces may be4 ,a great] ,p[] ?an he w look aft] ! consequ5ces3 4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is di/9ction may be j z real & vital z any o!r 9 ! _w ( exp]i5ce4 ,nobody ?9ks t pleasure & pa9 are indiff]5t because !y are bo? necess>y =ms ( active life1 or t beauty & ugl9ess are indiff]5t1 or t success & failure are indiff]5t4 ,h[ we /ra9 = success 9 a game1 = in/ance1 al?\gh we are p]fectly well aw>e t ! game is ! real object1 n ! triumph6 ,yet )\t ! possibilities ( triumph or defeat1 !re w\ld be no game4 ,! problem is really "p ( ! primal my/]y ( ! orig9 ( cosmic life4 ,if we assume at ! beg9n+ ( ?+s 7s f> z we c conceive a beg9n+7 "o inf9ite1 homog5e\s1 absolutely undiff]5tiat$ ,exi/5ce1 & !n conceive ?is ,exi/5ce z impell$ to act1 & to become consci\s ( itself1 x is pla9 t to d s x mu/ diff]5tiate itself4 ,!re mu/ arise )9 x ! relations ( subject & object1 simple & complex1 bett] & worse1 & all t is involv$ 9 *ange1 v>iety1 progression4 ,& ?is applies z mu* to ! moral life z to ! life ( ! s5ses4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t if !re 7 no ,wrong to /rive ) !re w\ld be no visible & active ,"r4 ,7 !re no hate1 love w\ld be incapable ( ! noble/ "p ( its m9i/ry4 ,7 !re no weakness1 /r5g? c\ld nev] h be5 call$ on = ! /ra9 by :i* x is develop$4 ,& if good %\ld ev] ov]come & absorb evil ! /age ?us atta9$ w assur$ly reveal "s new contra/ ( pursuit & avoidance p]haps z /range to u n[ z moral di/9ctions w\ld be to ! l[] animals4 ,! ,moni/ w also urge t nature1 z we behold x1 is n a fix$ & r\nd$ entity1 b is some?+ 9 process ( completion4 ,we mu/ !re=e int]pret nature n alone by its cont5ts at any giv5 mom5t1 b by its drift & t5d5cy4 ,?is is precisely ! consid]ation :i* sep>ates ,pan!ism z enlight5$ by sci5ce f ! ,pan!ism ( a primitive nature-wor%ip4 ,9 x1 ! ,greek & ! ,hebrew ideals are bl5d$ & reconcil$4 ,b :at1 = e?ical purposes1 is ?is drift & t5d5cy8 ,:at significance d ,i mean to atta* to ! t]ms moral good & moral evil8 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ,i d n propose 9 a c\ple ( *apt]s ( "o %ort book to elaborate an e?ical sy/em ) all its gr\ndwork1 & ) details ramify+ into e bran* ( e?ical action1 z ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has essay$ to d 9 8 ,data ( ,e?ics4 ,all ,i c d "h1 or 9 any section ( ?is book1 is to indicate a way ( look+ at ?+s--at nature1 at human life1 at art--9 :i* ! mean+ ( ! univ]se has seem$ to become intelligible & satisfy+ to my own ?\ght4 ,hav+ f\nd ! way1 e "o mu/ use x = himself or h]self4 ,i c1 9 ! pres5t "w1 g no fur!r into detail ?an is necess>y to make my mean+ cle>2 to set :atev] read]s ,i may f9d at my po9t ( view4 ,if ,i c at all succe$ 9 do+ ?is1 let !m use _! own eyes3 !y w f9d a wond]ful l&scape1 vital1 fre% & b\ndless1 op5+ be=e !m4 ,! conception ( e?ical law :i* ,i wi% to put =w>d diff]s f :at is commonly und]/ood z evolution>y or sci5tific e?ics at ! pres5t day4 ,?is sy/em appe>s ultimately to re/ on ,j]emy ,b5?am z its f\nd]1 b ,b5?am's lat] disciples h modifi$ 8 doctr9e at v>i\s po9ts by a deep] appreciation ( ! difficulties ( ! position4 ,!y h approximat$ m closely to :at ,i consid] to be ! tru?1 b !y h nev] %ak5 (f ! entanglem5t ( ! orig9al false position ( ! mod]n f\nd] ( ! s*ool4 ,b5?am1 :o pursu$ 8! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]0 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! mo/ depress+ sy/em ( philosophy :i* ! _w has ev] kn[n1 made ,pleasure ! ultimate crit]ion ( moral action & decl>$ = ! summ>y /rik+ out ( ! ^w #8ought' f ! language ( morals1 z correspond+ to an idea :i*1 s f> z x re/$ on any reality1 0 m]ely a relic ( primitive sup]/ition4#adb ,b ,j4 ,s4 ,mill saw t ! s5tim5t ( duty & moral obligation 0 bas$ on some?+ deep] & m in/9ctive ?an a ^w misund]/ood1 & t x (t5 surviv$ 9 p]sons s+ul>ly free f sup]/ition4 ,he s\ght its orig9 9 ! psy*ology & physiology ( man1 & int]pret$ x1 on ! pr9ciple ( association ( ideas1 z a survival ( ! deep impression made by puni%m5ts & rew>ds atta*$ respectively to diff]5t classes ( actions 9 ea* man's e>ly life4#adc ,! position 0 a m rational & sci5tific "o ?an t ( ,b5?am1 b x /ill fail$ to acc\nt = ! a priori "* ( ! moral s5se1 ! ready responsiv5ess ) :i* e>ly tra9+ evokes 9 man ! s5tim5t ( duty4 ,x seem$1 z x 71 to h be5 someh[ prep>$ be=eh& & to lie lat5t await+ only ! "r t\* to spr+ into action4 ,f9ally1 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o may be said to h br\ght all ?is l9e ( ?9k+ to its climax1 seiz$ on ! evolution doctr9e z expla9+ ?is intuitive & innate quality ( e?ical feel+4 ,x 0 prep>$ be=eh&1 f> back 9 ! ance/ry ( ! race4 ,n ! puni%m5ts & rew>ds appli$ to ! mod]n individual 9 8 own p]son1 b ^? :i* affect$ 8 ne> & remote prog5itors1 _h1 9 ! c\rse ( c\ntless g5]ations1 built up 8moral p]ceptions0 result+ f 8inh]it$ modifications caus$ by accumulat$ exp]i5ces40#add ,! moral s5se1 !re=e1 is n[ really innate because inh]it$1 b 0 once acquir$ by ! op]ation ( pleasures & pa9s aris+ f man's int]c\rse ) nature & ) 8 fell[s4 ,& ! ultimate moral crit]ion 9 ! pres5t day rema9s simply ! /rik+ ( a balance betwe5 pleasure & pa94#ade ,x is cle> t if ! ,lam>ckian doctr9e ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics is a delusion1 ! bottom is at once knock$ out ( ! ,sp5c]ian sy/em ( e?ics4 ,b ap>t f ?is1 t sy/em1 on ! hi/orical side at lea/1 is vitiat$ by ! c>d9al defect 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s m9d--8 failure to appreciate ! true nature ( ! data ) :i* he _h to deal4 ,! philosophic m9d is n a m]e logic-ma*9e4 ,x mu/ include ! faculty ( vision1 ! vital p]ception ( ! objects ( ?\ght1 z well z ! faculty ( obs]v+ & ( g5]aliz+ ab\t _! action & reaction on ea* o!r1 & f ?is po9t ( view ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s defici5cy z a philosoph] is enorm\s4 ,a vital p]ception ( ! object 9 ?is case makes u at once aw>e t y _c evolve a s5se ( ,duty1 8/]n daught] ( ! voice ( ,god10 out ( pleasures & pa9s4 ,pleasures & pa9s p] se w yield no?+ to ! end ( ! *apt] b ! s5se or ! recollection ( pleasure & ( pa94 ,x is z impossible 9 psy*ology z x is 9 me*anics to juggle m p[] out ( ! end ( a sequ5ce ( causes & effects ?an y put 9 at ! beg9n+4 ,b :at has a natural e?ics to put 9 ! place ( pleasure z ! goal ( "r action8 ,! "q is answ]$ :5 we ask1 ,:at does ,nature h]self put8 ,nature is said to h no morals1 yet a "m bird w imp]il & (t5 lose its life = ! sake ( its "y4 ,is x seek+ pleasure !n8 ,c]ta9ly n--x is protect+ & fo/]+ life1 ! life ( ! race4 ,& "h1 z we h insi/$ s (t51 is ! ma/]-impulse ( nature4 ,we are tak+ a false & contract$ view :5 we assume t a liv+ ?+ c h no o!r goal ( action except pleasure4 ,f> e>li] ?an ! appe>ance ( man 9 ! _w is ! appe>ance ( ! social in/9ct :i* prompts ! individual to live1 & if necess>y to die1 = ! l>g] life ( ! race4 ,:at really beg9s 9 man is ! p[] to ?9k ( himself1 to *oose1 to analyze1 ! p[] to say1 ,:y8 ,to ?is "q ! sci5ce ( e?ics mu/ provide an answ] if x c--t1 9 fact1 is its orig9 & function4 ,b if x b9ds itself to provide an answ] 9 t]ms ( pleasure1 x is ent]+ ! li/s ) nak$ ,egotism at a fatal disadvantage4 ,on t gr\nd1 x seems to me1 ,egotism mu/ always w94 ,b x is n ! only gr\nd4 ,nature kn[s a :ole _w ( impulse & ef=t :i* has no?+ to d ) pleasure4 ,nature does n directly want pleasure at all1 b is resolv$1 at ! co/ ( pleasure & ev]y?+ else1 to h life4 ,n[ life is ma9ta9$ at its highe/ po9t by h>mony--a h>mony ( ! faculties ) ea* o!r &1 z a :ole1 ) ! mighty life outside !m4 ,&1 z ,santayana admirably says1 8h>mony :5 made to rule 9 life gives reason a noble satisfaction :i* we call happ9ess4 ,happ9ess is impossible & ev5 inconceivable to a m9d )\t scope & )\t pause1 a m9d driv5 by crav+1 pleasure1 & fe>40#adf ,9 ?is s5se we may say t happ9ess is organically connect$ ) "r action4#adg ,b "r action 9 itself is simply ! action :i* be/ subs]ves ! c5tral purpose ( nature4 ,if t purpose is summ$ up 9 ! "o ^w ,life1 we mu/ ?9k ( ! moral s5se1 if we w\ld n g a/ray & be bewild]$1 9 t]ms ( liv+ & n 9 t]ms ( enjoy+4 ,to take ! greate/ ( exempl>s1 :o c v5ture to affirm t ,*ri/ _h m pleasure liv+ z he did & utt]+ to ! la/ syllable ! message t 0 giv5 him to deliv]1 ?an if he _h prud5tly re/ra9$ himself & l$ ! life ( a dec5t & respectable artisan 9 8 ,syrian village8 ,inde$1 ev5 if we take v long views1 :o c affirm t1 on ! :ole1 he has by 8 life & dea? increas$ ! sum ( pleasure 9 ! _w8 ,i d\bt x v mu*4 ,no "o c d5y t x is mo/ que/ionable4 ,to ?9k ( ! matt] 9 t]ms ( pleasure seems to lead to no?+ b p]plexity & d\bt4 ,b !re c be no d\bt :atev] t he liv$ to ! full ! life t x 0 9 him to live1 & t he imm5sely deep5$ & enri*$ ! spiritual life ( man4 ,:5 we fix our m9ds on life z ! goal & dep? & fulness ( life z ! crit]ion1 we come out at once into ! cle> light :]e high inspirations are born & ju/ifi$4 ,b x is n only ! conception ( life z exi/+ = pleasure t ,i ?9k a true e?ics w repudiate4 ,we mu/ cle> our m9ds ( ! idea t life has any goal outside itself--pleasure1 moral discipl9e1 or :at n4 ,we mu/ fully realize ! conception ( life z its own goal1 its own complete satisfaction & ju/ification4 ,:oev] has done ?is w feel z if he _h escap$ f a jungle ( contradiction & gloom1 :]e man c only live at all by cle>+ "s little space = 8 *ur* & 8 home/ead1 & giv+ up ! re/ to ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,yet a /ep br+s him to a po9t ( view f :i* ! physical1 ! animal & ! human features ( ! _w's va/ l&scape seem to fl[ into a happy & organic union1 :]e e "p becomes lum9\s ) mean+ & *>g$ ) div9e purpose4 ,moral action !n1 ,i conceive1 z a c]ta9 k9d ( life-promot+ action4 ,x is action :i* promotes life 9 ! :ole z oppos$ to ! "p1 :i* sacrifices ! l[]1 n>r[]1 m imm$iate life = ! full]1 nobl]1 m p]man5t life1 :5ev] !y are f\nd to cla%4 ,x does n diff] 9 k9d f o!r :olesome vital action1 b x diff]s 9 ! height5+1 ! sali5cy1 ! int5tion conf]r$ ^u x by ! circum/ances "u :i* x is tak54 ,& if we ask h[ x 0 evolv$ 9 man1 ! answ] is t x 0 !re already 9 ! in/9cts ( ! l[] animals1 :i* are nev]1 z man (t5 s sadly is1 at odds ) _! true functions & duties4 ,x is n morality :i* has be5 evolv$ 9 man1 b ! capacity = immorality1 due to 8 p]sonal self-consci\sness4 ,! ultimate "q1 !n1 z reg>ds ! ab/ract morality ( any act or class ( acts mu/ be1 ,does x make = life8 ,does x t5d to help man t[>ds ! maximum developm5t ( all 8 faculties & capacities8 ,^! faculties & capacities are :at ! univ]se has n[ evolv$ at ! highe/ level ( :i* we h any k4 ,none ( !m is evil1 except 9 s f> z x may ?w>t & /unt ! developm5t ( o!rs4 ,9 ! h>mony ( ! :ole range ( man's p[]s ( s5se & _s lies ! gold5 ideal :i* none ( u may realize1 b = :i* ea* ( u may /rive2 or--= su* is ! supreme & fatal pr]ogative ( man--:i* he may set himself to di%on\r & d5y4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,e?ical ,,sanction 8,f>1 f>1 h[ f>8 f o'er ! gates ( ,bir?1 ,! fa9t horizons1 all ! b\nds ( e>?40 ,t5nyson4 ,e?ical philosophy c5tres on two ma9 po9ts--! e?ical crit]ion & ! e?ical sanction4 ,we h to ask ourselves1 ,:at k9d ( life ought ,i to live1 & secondly1 ,:y ought ,i to live x8 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions we h answ]$ simply ?us3 ,life is self-ju/ifi$2 9 m]ely liv+ we fulfil ! :ole purpose ( nature2 & z life is a ?+ admitt+ ( degrees x foll[s t t life is be/ 9 :i* !re is mo/ ( life4 ,b ?is does n mean app>5t life = ! individual at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,x means mo/ life = ! ,:ole1 s f> z ! individual acts ^u ! ,:ole4 ,& he acts on x 9 two ways--fir/ 7"o :i* is (t5 ov]look$7 by liv+ 8 own life :i* is equally a "p ( t ,:ole :e!r he lives on a des]t isl& or 9 ! he>t ( a city2 & secondly by ! influ5ce he radiates on o!r lives ) :i* 8 own is socially relat$4 ,?is1 x is cle>1 is q ! same ?+ z to say t ! "r life = any man is t 9 :i* = him !re is mo/ ( life--! ri*e/ & ! fulle/ life--if he 7 to g on liv+ indef9itely4 ,= :atev] depresses or exalts life 9 ! ,:ole mu/ ultimately depress or exalt x 9 ! individual also2 ! two int]e/s are cle>ly id5tical 9 ! long run4 ,?is #8long run' or univ]sal po9t ( view1 :i* makes id5tical ! int]e/s ( ! ,:ole & ! int]e/s ( ! individual1 gives to a natural e?ics ! crit]ion = all human action4 ,x gives ! cont5ts1 ?\gh n ! cog5cy--) ?is we h to deal 9 ! pres5t *apt]--( ! ^w #8ought4' ,by ! m]e fact ( 8 social relations ) o!r m5 ea* individual is cont9ually be+ tra9$ to take ?is view1 to h>monize toge!r 8 egoi/ic & 8 altrui/ic in/9cts2 & is cont9ually amass+ a /ore ( social exp]i5ces out ( :i* a univ]sal moral code is gradually %ap+ itself4 8,life10 x has be5 well said1 8has sav$ up mu* wisdom40 ,e?ical wisdom1 9 ?is reg>d1 w cle>ly involve su* k9d ( action1 ( organization1 z w af=d to ea* individual ! fulle/ opportunities = vital developm5t 9 m9d & body4 ,! life 9 :i* !re is mo/ ( life6 ,by hold+ fa/ to ?is clue we %all1 ,i ?9k1 see our way ?r\gh _m ( ! obscurities 9 :i*1 p>tly by ! se>* = an extra-natural basis ( morality1 p>tly by ! reaction>y attempt to base morality simply on ! /rik+ ( a balance betwe5 pleasures & pa9s1 ! philosophy ( "r & wrong has be5 involv$4 ,we get a natural basis = e/abli%+ a scale 9 human action1 a di/9ction betwe5 #8high]' & #8l[]1' )\t :i* a philosophic e?ics is cle>ly impossible4 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean to say t x is possible to apply a me*anical rule & measure to moral action 9 ! mann] ( ,ca?olic casui/ry1 accord+ to :i* x is a v5ial s9 to /eal #ais4 #f;d4 b a mortal s9 to /eal #a4adh ,/ill1 ! exi/5ce ( a natural scale is evid5t at once :5 we consid] ! fact t man is con/antly be+ plac$ 9 positions 9 :i* 8 action may ei!r ?w>t & depress life1 or simply ma9ta9 x1 or m>k$ly enri* & ext5d x4 ,! e?ical quality ( 8 action appe>s to arise f ! fact t x is possible = him1 "u ! impulse ( imm$iate p]sonal gratification1 to d ?+s :i* if commonly done by m5 w\ld de/roy ! beauty & ord] ( human life4 ,! int]e/s ( ! :ole & ( ! individual may be id5tical1 z we h said1 9 ! long run1 b at ! mom5t !y are (t5 9 viol5t conflict4 ,all[+ = ! fact t x is nev] possible 9 nature to draw a %>p divid+ l9e betwe5 diff]5t classes ( be+1 & to say absolutely t ?+s are ?us on "o side ( x & ?us on ! o!r1 we may repeat t ?is opposition betwe5 ! long-run or univ]sal & ! mom5t>y or p]sonal int]e/ is a *>act]i/ic ( human life z oppos$ to t ( ! l[] animals4 ,x arises f ! /rong s5se ( individuality1 ( selfhood1 :i* em]ges 9 man & ( :i* ! animals "k little or no?+4 ,9 itself x is a new & noble p[] ( life1 b x has its fatal & mis*iev\s aspect4 ,)\t x we %\ld "k nei!r good nor evil4 ,p]sonality is at once man's pride & 8 fall4 ,) ?is s5se ( selfhood !re h gr[n up 9 humanity ! faculties ( ,consci5ce & ( ,w4 ,consci5ce ,i int]pret z ! s5se ( :at is due to ! ,:ole1 to ! nobl] & m p]man5t self4 ,inasmu* z man is only gradually discov]+ :at x really is t ! ,:ole dem&s ( u1 x foll[s t ! utt]ances ( consci5ce may be misdirect$1 & t !y ne$ to be correct$ & purifi$ by intellig5ce & exp]i5ce4 ,we see "h an example ( t pr9ciple ( ! comb9ation ( evolution & involution :i* alone seems to make intelligible ! developm5t ( life4 ,nev]1 by organiz+ into a social sy/em a multitude ( individual appet5cies1 c "o produce a moral s5se1 a consci5ce4 ,b nei!r is consci5ce conc]n$ to give ! true laws ( t organization4 ,x adds its peculi> num51 its sanctity1 to e ef=t to ,set up a m>k ( ev]la/+ light ,above ! h[l+ s5ses' ebb & fl[1 & ?\gh ! m>k itself may1 inde$ mu/1 %ift & be trans=m$ ) ! rip5+ insight ( man1 yet1 z betwe5 x & ! temptations ( s5se1 consci5ce mu/ always be obey$4 ,n[ z nature is organically "o1 we %\ld expect to f9d ?is tru? n dep5d5t m]ely on an intuitive p]ception b writt5 9 ! exp]i5ces ( life4 ,& is n ?is exactly :at we d f9d8 ,! e?ical ideals ( ,judaism1 ( ,h9duism1 & ( ,roman ,ca?olicism1 ) _! extreme reliance on ext]nal obs]vance & ritual1 are l[]1 no d\bt1 ?an ^? ( ,*ri/ianity z conceiv$1 say1 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,yet let a ,jew or a ,h9du turn ,*ri/ian1 or a ,ca?olic turn ,prote/ant or ,free?9k]1 = ! m]e sake ( mat]ial advantages or an easi] way ( liv+1 & a g5]al moral det]ioration seems at once to set 94#adi ,:5ev] a man all[s 8 s5se ( p]sonal ease & gratification to ov]p[] 8 s5se ( :at is due to 8 fell[ man1 to 8 own high] self1 to 8 ,god1 he weak5s 8 w & 8 capacity = liv+ ! nobl] life4 ,ultimately he de/roys ! capacity altoge!r1 & ) x vani%es ev5 t = :i* he s9n$1 ! capacity = pleasure itself4 ,! poison ( self-indulg5ce w slack5 & corrupt e fibre ( 8 moral & physical be+4 ,to grasp at pleasure indiscrim9ately1 recklessly1 gre$ily is a way t makes n = life b dea?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! capacity = r5unciation & self-control1 ! foll[+ ( ! law ( love1 ! passion = ju/ice & equality1 n only gr[ /rong by ex]cise b1 f> f injur+ ! o!r capacities :i* x may1 on occasion1 be "r to suppress = _! sake1 !y r int5sify ^!4 ,z self-indulg5ce corrupts & fatigues ! :ole man1 ev5 on ! self-indulg5t side1 s duty & righte\sness vitalize & brace ! :ole man1 bo? on _! own side & ! o!r4 ,= ,nature is "o--sweet & mighty are ! p[]s :i* conspire to create ! h>mony %e loves 9 ! spirits fai?ful to h] _w-wide revelation4 ,n[ s9ce ! moral faculties be> ?is common /amp ^u !m1 t !y are ^? :i* oppose to ! temptations ( p]sonal gratification ! s5se ( duty to some?+ outside ourselves1 & s9ce1 :5 ^! two cla%1 ! claim ( ! moral law is always to be obey$1 x is inevitable t m5 w sometimes take ! d5ial ( p]sonal gratification = an end p] se & atta* to x a notion ( peculi> hol9ess & purity4 ,& ?is error w be int5sifi$ by ! anci5t & invet]ate habit ( reg>d+ ! ,supreme ,be+ z a malignant ,p[]1 to be propitiat$ by suff]+4 ,?us we get ! false sanction ) its ,ascetic ideal :i* has appe>$ s (t5 9 hi/ory4 ,x is ! o!r extreme to lic5ce1 & re/s equally on disreg>d = ! rational ideal ( ,sophrosyne or ,temp]ance :i* lies betwe5 !m4 ,yet x may truly be said t asceticism has its due place 9 ! _w4 ,! ascetic life _c inde$ be ! ideal life = any "o :o holds t pl5itude ( life is ! true ideal4 ,b x may be ! be/ life = ?is or t individual4 ,a nature maim$ or sca!d f bir?1 or by unhappy =tune1 may be/ be able to realize itself 9 complete )drawal f ! int]e/s ( ord9>y social life4 ,su* )drawal may also be necess>y = ! pione] or lead] ( a cause1 = a great re=m]1 = a tea*] absorb$ 9 8 mission4 ,philosophy1 9 fact1 has its sa9ts & ascetics z well z any religion t re/s on extra-natural sanctions4 ,b 9 ea* case ! ascetic ideal re/s on q a diff]5t basis4 ,look+ broadly at ! "p :i* religi\s ,ord]s h play$ 9 ! religi\s & intellectual hi/ory ( ,europe1 x may well be d\bt$ :e!r ev5 ! mo/ graci\s & human figure 9 ! hi/ory ( asceticism1 ,francis ( ,assisi1 w\ld n h bett] s]v$ 8 "t & l& by ! natural developm5t1 9 secul> life & activity1 ( ! beautiful if sometimes wildly ebulli5t "* portray$ 9 ! records ( 8 y\?1 ?an by cutt+ away half 8 life 9 ord] to =ce ! o!r half into a di/ort$ r>ity4 ,9 recogniz+ ! beauty & sweetness ( 8 nature let u n be misl$ into attribut+ x 9 any degree to ! influ5ce ( t fatal miasma f a fai? m anci5t ?an any religion :i* has a "n & place on e>? to-day1 ! dim t]ror ( ! unse5 :i* has embodi$ itself = ages 9 expiatory sacrifices & rites ( blood & pa94 ,_h ,francis n be5 a sa9t he w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 "o ( 8 c\ntry's greate/ poets4#aej ,diff]5t m9ds w probably e/imate diff]5tly ! loss & ga94 ,z a poet he produc$ ! #8,canticle ( ! ,sun'2 z an ascetic1 ! ,franciscan ,ord]4 ,n[ x is fair to po9t out t ?is1 l o!r ,ord]s ( 8 *ur*1 mu/ n be judg$ by :at x is l 9 times :5 x is surr\nd$ by wat*ful & by no means adorant eyes4 ,a ,ca?olic religi\s ,ord] 9 a ,ca?olic c\ntry naturally lives & moves 9 an atmosph]e ( v5]ation4 ,to pres]ve ?is atmosph]e pure f ! sceptical ?\ght :i*1 f ! mona/ic po9t ( view1 w\ld vitiate x s dang]\sly1 is naturally a prime object ( e religi\s community2 h5ce ! bigotries1 sup]/itions1 & tyrannies ( :i* ^! communities h s (t5 be5 ! s\rces or ag5ts1 f ! days ( ,hypatia to ! days ( ,dreyfus4 ,su* communities1 develop+ !mselves "u su* circum/ances1 _c attract _m m5 ( intellect & "* to jo9 !m4 ,!y rapidly det]iorate1 & ,european lit]ature f ,boccaccio & ,*auc] to ,erasmus %[s u ! repute 9 :i* !y come to be held by ! uncloi/]$ intellect4 ,a false ideal may /imulate1 b x poisons4 ,/4 ,francis1 dream+ t he s]ves ,god by mak+ himself bl9d to ,god's _w ?r\gh a c\rse ( pitiless au/]ities1#aea produces an ,ord] ^: lic5ce 9 "o g5]ation aft] 8 dea? has become a sc&al to ,*ri/5dom4#aeb ,let u turn n[ to ! !ory ( asceticism z conceiv$ by ! humane & rational _s ( ,/oic philosophy4 ,epictetus--to my m9d ! greate/ e?ical ?9k] ( antiquity--has a valuable & c>efully reason$ *apt] on ! subject 9 8 ,diss]tations4 ,9 read+ ?is aft]1 let u say1 ,! ,little ,fl[]s ( ,/4 ,francis1 "o seems to pass f ! drugg$ atmosph]e ( a m$ival *ur* to ! free air & sunlight ( ! _w4 ,! ascetic1 or ,cynic z he 0 call$ 9 ,/oic phraseology1 is pa9t$ = u z a man :o adv5tures himself to ! extreme limit ( abnegation1 n f any my/ic s5tim5t ( ! hol9ess ( pa9 & pov]ty1 b simply to help himself & o!rs to realize ! s\l's indep5d5ce ( ext]nal ?+s4 ,x 0 a c>d9al doctr9e ( ,/oicism 7z x 0 ( ! ,*ri/ianity ( ,*ri/7 t ! ?+s :i* a man wr\ght & ?\ght1 ! ?+s "u ! control ( 8 w1 7 ! only ?+s t really matt]$4 ,:at happ5$ to a man f outside 01 inde$1 ( great importance 9 reg>d to h[ he dealt ) x2 9 itself x 0 ( none2 x 0 l a ball 9 a game :i* y h to d y\r be/ to cat*1 kn[+ well t y d s n = ! sake ( ! ball b ( ! game4 ,su* 0 ! ,/oic view ( life1 & ! ,cynic repres5t$ n ! p]fect$ ,/oic1 n an ideal t[>ds :i* all %\ld t5d--= ! ideal 0 t ( citiz5%ip & well-ord]$ social life--b simply ! me?od ( v]ification :i* consi/s 9 tak+ an extreme case & %[+ t "o's !ory w fit 9 ) x4 ,& s ,diog5es liv$ 9 a b>rel in/ead ( a h\se1 & ask$ no?+ ( ,alex&] except to /& out ( 8 light4 ,x is n m pleas+ to ,god1 n bett] 9 any way1 t a man %\ld live 9 a b>rel r ?an 9 a h\se1 t he %\ld be s+le r ?an m>ri$1 poor r ?an ri*2 yet 9 ! *ances & *anges ( ?is mortal life all ^! ?+s may happ5 to a man1 w he1 nill he1 & ! po9t is to %[ t he may /ill be confid5t & *e]ful1 kn[+ t 8 true self is unt\*$ by ^! calamities4 ,& :ile ,/4 ,francis & ! m devot$ ( 8 foll[]s s tortur$ & wreck$ ! body :i* ,/4 ,paul _h call$ ! temple ( ! ,holy ,_s t _m ( !m p]i%$ or _h to l+] out _! lives 9 ! infirm>y1#aec ) ! ,cynic ! cultivation ( ! body & its faculties 0 a "p ( 8 discipl9e4 8,=10 says ,epictetus1#aed 8if he %all appe> consumptive1 meagre & pale1 8 witness ha? n ! same emphasis4 ,n only by %[+ =? ! ?+s ( ! _s mu/ he conv9ce fooli% m5 t x is possible1 )\t ! ?+s t are admir$ ( !m1 to be good & wise1 b also 9 8 body mu/ he %[ t pla9 & simple & op5-air liv+ are n mis*iev\s ev5 to ! body3 #8,behold1 ev5 ( ?is ,i am a witness1 ,i & my body4' ,s ,diog5es 0 wont to d1 = he w5t ab\t radiant ) heal?1 & ) 8 v body he turn$ _m to good4 ,b a ,cynic t m5 pity seems to be a begg>--all m5 turn away f him1 all /umble at him4 ,= he mu/ n appe> squalid2 s t nei!r 9 ?is respect %all he sc>e m5 away2 b 8 v au/]ity %\ld be cleanly & pleas+40 ,h[ sane & :olesome1 h[ wisely adapt$ to ! fundam5tal facts ( life1 is ! ,/oic ideal z comp>$ ) ! mona/ic6 ,9 x we see t !re is a place 9 a natural e?ics = a rational asceticism4 ,( su* !re w always be ne$--we mu/ admit1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! #8spirituality' ( self-de/ruction1 t !re are1 & are always likely to be1 _m m m5 & wom5 :o det]iorate 9 s\l & body ?r\gh petty acts ( self-indulg5ce ?an :o d s by an excess ( au/]ity4 ,& ?is makes x all ! m necess>y t ! matt] %\ld be conceiv$ rightly1 reasonably1 f ! side ( a rev]5ce = life & its manife/ations1 n f t ( disda9 & repulsion2 t we %\ld take hold ( x 7to quote ,epictetus aga97 by ! h&le by :i* x c be c>ri$1 n t by :i* !ory & exp]i5ce alike h %[n t x nev] c4 ,:5 ,t5nyson wrote 8,move upw>d1 work+ out ! bea/10 he 0 n s well inspir$ z 9 "s ( 8 o!r appreciations ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! religi\s ascetic aims at work+ out ! bea/--n s ,nature1 :o does n progress by sub/itut+ "o =m ( liv+ = ano!r1 b by gr[+ f a c5tral core & cont9ually h>moniz+ ! old radical elem5ts ( be+ ) ! new assimilations4 ,"o c1 p]haps1 "w out ! bea/--:at _c ! w a*ieve8 ,b ! bea/ surely av5ges himself1 & (t5 9 t]rible fa%ion4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we h recogniz$ ! false sanction & ! false ideal associat$ ) x1 we h /ill ! m difficult problem ( e/abli%+ ! true4 ,if ,righte\sness--to use t t]m = all k9ds ( action e?ically "r--is to be foll[$ 9 ! int]e/s ( life1 h[ c x ev] be requir$ t mu* suff]+1 & ev5 dea? itself may h to be fac$ = its sake8 ,man is a "p ( a ,:ole--9 ! effective realization ( t conception all e?ics is summ$ up--b he is also an individual4 ,:y %\ld ! individual give way to ! ,:ole if _! int]e/s seem to cla%8 ,9 o!r words1 ?\gh we h ! cont5ts1 ! /atic significance ( ! ^w #8ought1' we h /ill to f9d its dynamic significance1 its cog5cy4 ,e bea/ does :at x #8ought' )\t any "q1 & ?is con/antly involves acts ( co-op]ation or self-sacrifice = ! int]e/s ( ! race4 ,9 man1 e?ical action has a great] value = life1 simply because1 unlike ! bea/1 he is able to "q its gr\nds & to =go x if he *ooses4 ,he obs]ves1 z we h said1 t ! #8long run' or univ]sal po9t ( view is (t5 9 conflict ) ! individual po9t ( view4 8,let u eat & dr9k1 = to-morr[ we die0 is ! extreme expression ( ! individual po9t ( view4 ,x has be5 call$ a #8pig-philosophy1' & if ! expression is j1 x is n because ! pig w die to-morr[1 = x w probably live z long z any?+ else1 b because no matt] h[ long x lives x is1 qua pig1 incapable ( any o!r =m ( life4 ,b a man is capable ( o!r =ms ( life1 & to realize ^! he mu/ keep ! pig-life 9 *eck1 n despis+ or dis[n+ x1 b re/ra9+ x1 le/ x %\ld ?r[ him out ( h>mony4 ,un*eck$1 x w d t 9 ! long run2 b :at if he is to h no long run8 ,:]e ! l[] life c yield an h\r ( delight1 :y d5y x = ! sake ( a high] life1 if 9 ! next h\r bo? mu/ end toge!r8 ,i confess t ,i see no escape f ! impli$ conclusion if ! premiss is true4 ,b if ! view ( life outl9$ 9 ^! pages be true1 !n ?is premiss is palpably false4 ,nei!r ! high] nor ! l[] life c ev] h any end1 ?\gh no d\bt !y may pass into =ms outside ! category ( ,"t1 9 :i* ! t]ms beg9n+ & end h no long] any mean+4 ,life is n dep5d5t on its visible & tangible =ms4 ,! "q "h involv$ is "o on :i* ! drift ( c]ta9 mod]n speculations 9 physics obliges u to dwell = a little4 ,! "q ( ! pres5t inhabitability ( ,m>s or o!r planets has be5 mu* debat$ ( late1 pro & con4 ,op9ions diff] on ?is po9t2 b !re is a v g5]al agreem5t among physici/s t ! /ate ( ! moon1 cold1 dead1 & b>r5 z a burnt-out c9d]1 mu/1 by ! equalization ( en]gy1 be soon] or lat] ! necess>y fate ( e planet & ( e sun 9 ! univ]se4 ,sci5ce has ?us app>5tly come to ju/ify by its solemn v]dict t cry ( ! ,lat9 poet1 m *>g$ ) ! pa?os ( et]nal dea? ?an p]haps any o!r human utt]ance3-- 8,soles occid]e et r$ire possunt3 ,nobis1 cum semel occidit brevis lux1 ,nox e/ p]petua una dormi5da40#aee ,! conditions "u :i* life is possible w !n no long] exi/4 ,"o no?+ness awaits ! sa9t1 ! sage1 ! ox1 ! oak tree1 & ! fungus4 8,life10 says ,le ,dantec1 8has n always exi/$ on ! e>?02 we are to reg>d x z m]ely 8a surface accid5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! !rmic evolution ( ! globe40#aef ,?is rem>k1 :i* is "o t a !rmomet] might be expect$ to make if x c\ld talk1 is 9 ,le ,dantec's m\? probably no m ?an a little rhetorical fl+ at or?odoxy1 = x is really answ]$ by 8 :ole book4 ,8 ma9 !sis is 8! abs5ce ( all ess5tial diff]5ce & all absolute discont9uity betwe5 liv+ & n-liv+ matt]40 8,a surface accid5t0 c h>dly be a reasonable description ( a developm5t ?us prep>$ = 9 ! ess5tial nature ( ! sub/ance ( ! _w4 ,b o!r physici/s h lately cut deep]1 & w n all[ ! suns ( ,catullus1 ev5 :5 cold1 to set & rise aga9 = ev]4 ,accord+ to ! v int]e/+ & app>5tly well-support$ speculations ( ,gu/ave ,le ,bon1#aeg all matt] is at pres5t engag$ 9 t process ( dis9tegration ( :i* radium (f]s ! mo/ conspicu\s example4 ,! en]gy :i* produces life & response ( all k9ds is expla9$ z simply ! result ( ?is long1 dis9tegrat+ process1 & may be comp>$ to ! action ( a releas$ spr+1 seek+ its /ate ( quiesc5ce & immobility4#aeh ,:5 ! process is complete1 matt] w be resolv$ into ! primordial ,some?+ f :i* x someh[ orig9at$4 ,& :]e w ! sa9t & ! sage1 or any?+ t we c recognize z life1 be !n8 ,! answ] to all ?is rises to ! m9d at once :5 we ab&on ! po9t ( view ( ! !rmomet] & place ourselves at t ( rational ,man4 ,?is ,matt]1 on ^: /ates life is suppos$ to be dep5d5t1 is1 aft] all1 kn[n to u only ?r\gh ! fact t we are liv+ to obs]ve x4 ,if x disappe>$1 no d\bt we %\ld cease to see x1 & if x 7 trans=m$ we %\ld see x o!rwise1 b to make ! life :i* sees dep5d5t on our see+ any?+ exactly z x appe>s n[ on ?is globe is surely ! wilde/ ( assumptions4 ,we obs]ve t life makes use ( c]ta9 conditions ( matt]--a c]ta9 range ( temp]ature1 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 m9]als & gases--9 ord] to express itself4 ,we reg>d ^! conditions z ! product ( a ,p[] :i* desires life & has produc$ !m to obta9 x4 ,b !re may be _m o!r conditions too4 ,all we c tell is t beyond c]ta9 physical limits our s5ses _c p]ceive life or get responses f x4 ,m4 ,le ,dantec w\ld1 no d\bt1 treat z an illusion ! belief t man c communicate ) & be respond$ to by a ,p[]1 a ,life1 transc5d+ t ( :i* ! s5ses in=m u4 ,i am1 ) ! multitude ( m51 pr(\ndly conv9c$ t we c4 ,b leav+ ?is entirely aside1 is x n evid5t t1 ev5 z !re are invisible rays 9 ! spectrum :i* are n[ & !n discov]$ by "s unexpect$ *emical or electrical action1 s !re may be modes ( liv+ ( :i* none ( our pres5t s5ses c give u ! fa9te/ conception8 ,:oev] may d5y ?is possibility1 & on :atev] gr\nds1 x c]ta9ly _c be d5i$ on any gr\nds t physics or biology are aw>e (4 ,& to ^? :o believe t life is ! c5tral ?+1 & t matt] exi/s only = x1 ! possibility is a c]ta9ty1 = life mu/ h be5 :5 z yet matt] 0 n--life set x go+4 ,to convey ! idea t ev]y?+ t exi/s1 h[ev] x may be trans=m$1 is "p ( a div9e ,:ole :i* _c die because x is ess5tial ,life1 we say t x is #8immortal1' & conceive ourselves z exi/+ aft] dea? 9 a spiritual =m j z ! body exi/s aft] ! bodily dea? 9 o!r bodily =ms4 ,:e!r "t & space1 or ev5 p]sonality1 w exi/ = u aft] dea? we d>e n say2 we are totally unable to imag9e ! conditions ( su* an exi/5ce4 ,b we c p]fectly grasp ! broad fact t :atev] we d & are1 :atev] we ?9k1 :atev] transacts itself ev5 9 ! unconsci\s sph]e ( our exi/5ce1 mu/ h et]nal endurance & significance because x is knit ) ! et]nal ,:ole4 8,to ! foot10 says ,epictetus1 8,i %all say t x is accord+ to ,nature t x be clean2 b if y take x z a foot1 & n z a solit>y ?+1 x %all beseem x to g into ! mud1 & to tread on ?orns1 & p]*ance to be cut (f1 = ! sake ( ! :ole2 o!rwise x is no long] a foot4 8,& "s su* ?+ we %\ld suppose ab\t ourselves also4 ,:at art ?\8 ,a man4 ,look at ?yself z a solit>y creature1 & x is accord+ to ,nature = !e to live to old age1 to gr[ ri*1 & to keep good heal?4 ,b if ?\ look ^u ?yself z a man1 & z a "p ( a c]ta9 :ole1 = ! sake ( t :ole x may become !e n[ to h sickness1 n[ to sail ! seas1 & run into p]il1 n[ to suff] ne$1 & p]*ance to die be=e ?y "t4 8,:y1 !n1 do/ ?\ be> x h>d8 ,kn[e/ ?\ n t1 z ! foot1 alone1 is n a foot1 s ?\1 alone1 art n a man40#aei ,! broad fact on :i* a sy/em ( natural e?ics mu/ be bas$1 if x is to h any e?ical quality at all1 is t ! individual life f9ds its goal 9 ! cosmic life1 n 9 pleasure1 or any o!r t]m by :i* we may *oose to express a s5sation ( p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! bonum hone/um & ! bonum delectabile is really a valid "o--x is no inv5tion ( morali/s 8suckl$ 9 a cre$ outworn10 b is reveal$ by a /udy ( life & its manife/ations to h be5 deeply root$ 9 nature f a p]iod f> ant]ior to ! adv5t ( man ^u ! e>?4 ,9 man1 ! bonum hone/um takes ! =m ma9ly ( :at ,epictetus calls ! s5se ( 8natural fell[%ip0 among m51 & :at ,*ri/ express$ 9 ! ^w :i* gave to ! ideas ( ,/oicism ! p5etrat+ p[] !y _h lack$1 ! great & div9e ^w1 ,love4 ,b we mu/ nev] =get t ev5 ?is ^w w n take u to our end & sum up a sy/em ( e?ical ?\ght unless we rightly conceive ! ultimate object to :i* x is direct$4 ,?is is n ! visible community ( m51 nor ev5 t ( all nature1 n[ exi/+ or to exi/ 9 ! future4 ,x is ! ideal1 et]nal community1 ( :i* e man rema9s equally an organic "p1 :e!r he has any means ( physical communication ) 8 fell[s or n4 ,x is t )\t :i* ! visible community1 ) all its laws & int]-relations1 w\ld nev] h come into be+4 ,x is ! 8city ( ,god10 build$ )\t h&s1 ! ,univ]sal ,polity ^: 8tr\bl$ image10 z ,plato says1 we disc]n 9 ! polity we "k4 ,:5 ,socrates1 aft] 8 s5t5ce1 lay 9 prison await+ ! summons to die1 8 fri5ds ga!r$ r\nd him entreat+ him to make 8 escape1 & expla9+ to him ! safe & easy means !y _h provid$ = t end4 ,freely & *e]fully z 0 8 wont1 delight+ 9 ! play ( dialectical f5ce1 he debat$ ! matt] ) !m4 ,!n he laid dialectics aside1 & spoke to !m f ! heights ( vision4 ,rightly or wrongly1 he decl>$1 ! laws ( 8 "m-city1 to :i* he ow$ all he _h & all he 01 _h bidd5 him die4 ,:atev] happ5$ n[1 !re c\ld be no escape 9 ! end4 ,"s day he mu/ face dea?1 & /& be=e ! ,laws ( ! ,und]world4 ,:at answ] %\ld he make to ,!m :5 !y dem&$ h[ he _h dealt 9 life by _! bre?r5 9 ! _w above8 ,?is gr& imp]sonation ( ! et]nal ,laws 9 _! k9%ip ) ! laws ( ! visible _w illum9es a :ole region ( ?\ght1 ext5d+ f> beyond ! limits ( ! p>ticul> moral "q :i* evok$ x4 ,x /rikes ! note ( all high ?9k+ on man's duty to man4 ,! laws1 writt5 or unwritt51 t gov]n societies ( m5 c claim no rev]5ce f ! individual :o does n feel t !y are ! %ad[s or copies ( laws belong+ to ! sph]e ( ! et]nal4 ,x is "o ?+ to admit t ! social relations ( mank9d give ! />t to e?ical feel+1 provide x ) a wide & v>i$ field ( action1 & ) a crit]ion z to :at is "r & :at is n4 ,x is q ano!r to argue t ?is e?ical feel+ is m]ely a product ( ^! relations1 & has1 ap>t f !m1 no mean+ or purpose4 ,?is is ano!r case ( ! pr9ciple :i* ,i h describ$ be=e#afj 9 speak+ ( ,evolution & ,involution4 ,)\t bo? ( ^! ,i _c see h[ any movem5t f "o /ate ( be+ to ano!r is to be acc\nt$ =4 ,p1 or ev5 animals1 liv+ 9 communities f9d t mutual aid is useful to !m1 & !y practise x4 ,! utilit>ian s*ool ?9k1 :5 !y h demon/rat$ ?is1 t ! :ole e?ical "q is solv$4 ,b 9 reality !y h n ev5 approa*$ x4 ,mutual aid is useful8 ,well1 !n1 x is useful4 ,h[ are we go+ to get any fur!r8 ,h[ are we go+ to acc\nt = love1 duty1 fidelity1 self-sacrifice8 ,because c]ta9 ?+s appe> 9 ! _w "u c]ta9 conditions we h1 _m ( u1 got into a slip%od way ( say+ t !y are ! product ( ^! conditions1 b a /rict exam9ation ( ! t]ms w frequ5tly %[ t !y are no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!re is no valid reason :y social life & mutual aid %\ld n g on = ev] )\t produc+ any?+ high] ?an ! s5se ( mutual advantage4 ,! nobl] passions d inde$ come into life :5 ! prop] /age ( social evolution has be5 rea*$1 b _! s\rce is n )9 ! b\nds ( ! visible ord]1 nor d ,i see h[ !y c ev] ju/ify !mselves ) ref]5ce to x alone4 ,nei!r1 on ! o!r h&1 c !y be realiz$ )\t x4 ,! div9e air :i* we brea! on ! m\nta9 height is n made by ! m\nta91 b we mu/ climb ! m\nta9 to brea! x4 ,e /ep we take upw>ds 9 ! visible ord] is1 z x 71 ! discov]y ( some?+ 9 t invisible ord] :i* is its spiritual c\nt]p>t & gives x its spiritual significance4 ,i h said t e?ics is = life2 b to ! individual x mu/ sometimes appe> to be r = dea? ?an = life1 unless he kn[s t !re is a life beyond ! visible life4 ,9 ?is fai? only--9 :atev] v>i$ =ms ! intellect ( man has embodi$ & express$ x--are m>tyrdoms possible4 ,& m>tyrdoms h be5 s (t5 ! great turn+-po9ts & inspirations ( human hi/ory t an e?ics :i* _c ju/ify !m w\ld seem to be an e?ics at odds ) nature4 ,consid] f our po9t ( view ! significance ( ! two m>tyrdoms ( hi/ory :i* h mo/ deeply impress$ & influ5c$ ! m9ds ( m54 ,socrates _h no gospel1 no new tru? to proclaim4 ,he dissociat$ himself f ! #8rationali/ic' !ories ( 8 "t1 n inde$ because he 0 p>ticul>ly atta*$ to anci5t ideas 9 religion1 b because !oriz+ on ^! subjects _h no int]e/ = him4#afa ,on 8 trial he expressly disclaim$ h]etical views on religion4 ,x is cle> t ^! 7 only *>g$ aga9/ him because ! real (f5ce 0 no crime 9 ,a!nian or any o!r law4 ,! real (f5ce 0 t ,socrates 0 a rel5tless critic1 )9 rea* ( ^: tongue no patriotic rhetorician c\ld feel himself confid5t & com=table4 ,x 0 a "t ( rhetorical patriotism 9 ,a!ns4 ,f ! bitt] humiliation ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w> _h aris5 an impulse t[>ds national reg5]ation1 a g5u9e & wor?y impulse 9 itself1 b "o :i* un=tunately took %ape n 9 a manly fac+ ( facts1 a c\rage\s m>* =w>d to ! future1 b r 9 a panic-/rick5 retreat to old cons]vative =mulas & bigotries1 to ! ab&onm5t ( :i* by cultivat$ ,a!nians 0 ascrib$ all ! evil t _h fall5 on ! city4 ,socrates1 h[ev]1 delight$ 9 tak+ popul> convictions & r$uc+ !m by a s]ies ( +5i\s int]rogations to _! v]ifiable residuum ( tru?1 if !re happ5$ to be any4 ,!y commonly em]g$ f ! ordeal 9 a dilapidat$ condition4 ,at a "t :5 ! :ole city 0 high /rung ) patriotic f]v\r :ile inw>dly v unc]ta9 ab\t its pr9ciples ( action1 ! pres5ce ( a ?9k] l ,socrates1 ) 8 pitiless arraignm5t ( e gaudy fallacy be=e ! b> ( ,reason1 0 a cont9ual sc&al & (f5ce1 & 0 easily int]pret$ z a public dang]4 ,_h he cons5t$ to keep sil5t1 & affect$ to fall 9 ) ! g5]al tr5d ( public s5tim5t1 he w\ld1 z he well knew1 h be5 safe4 ,b he refus$ all compliance & compromise1 & decl>$ ) absolute tru? t ,a!ns w\ld d bett] to rew>d him = /++ x into a p]ception ( realities ?an to puni% him = ! :olesome pa9 ( ! process4 ,s he w5t ) cle>-sight$ delib]ation to 8 dea?1 & t dea?1 s wond]fully record$ = u by ! greate/ prose writ] ( all "t1 has ennobl$ all criticism1 all sceptical ?\ght1 !nce=w>d4 ,none c ?9k lightly ( :at ,socrates ?\ght x wor? 8 :ile to die =4 ,turn to ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 & into h[ diff]5t an atmosph]e we seem to pass6 ,no philosoph] has "h record$ = u ! dea? ( a philosoph]4 ,my? & leg5d h clu/]$ r\nd ! great ev5t--! ,jewi% conception ( an expiatory sacrifice--! tru] & pr(\nd] my? ( a sla9 & re-aris5 ,god--& ^! h wrapp$ ! ,crucifixion 9 su* a cl\d ( my/ical light & col\r t ! outl9es ( ! hi/orical fact are lo/ to view4 ,:5 ?is cl\d is pi]c$1 h[ev]1 an intelligible human transaction rema9s4 ,9 ,*ri/ ! lum9\s purity ( ,greek reason 0 s bl5d$ ) ! religi\s f]v\r ( ! ,ea/]n m9d t he may ju/ly be call$ ! ideal man1 ! ,son ( ,man & ( ,god1 ! inc>nation ( ! div9e ?\ght4 ,unlike ,socrates1 he 0 di/9ctly a h]etic 9 8 place & "t4 ,he appe>$ among a p deeply religi\s b "o 9 :om religion _h tak5 ! =m ( an imm5se fabric ( c]emonial & obs]vance1 gu>d$ & adm9i/]$ by a special ca/e :o conceiv$ !mselves z ! appo9t$ vehicle ( ! w ( ,god = ! untaught multitude4 ,to ?is multitude ,*ri/ w5t direct4 ,he l$ !m /raight to ! anci5t f\nts ( light & life1 disreg>d+ ! n>r[ *annels hewn by ,ph>isaic =malism4 ,he bade !m op5 _! eyes & see = !mselves2 he taught !m t ! tru? 0 = all m52 beside ! conceptions ( ! au?oriz$ religion he set new conceptions :i* made ! old seem b>r5 or ludicr\s4 ,! p he>d him gladly1 & ! great fabric ( ,ph>isaism 0 manife/ly tott]+4 ,! fury ( a monopoli/ ca/e 0 ar\s$4 ,!re is no m m]ciless ang] ?an ! ang] ( ! religi\s monopoli/ :o sees 8 monopoly ?reat5$1 & to ?is ang] ,*ri/ fell a victim4 ,z ,socrates di$ = ! "r to disbelieve1 s ,*ri/ di$ = ! "r to believe1 & :atev] ! *ur*es h made ( him he has inspir$ e revolt aga9/ prie/craft & au?ority ev] s9ce4 ,no cre$ is wor? liv+ = :i* is n wor? dy+ =4 ,*ri/'s dea? & spiritual resurrection#afb set ! seal on ?is tru? & gave ! _w ! mo/ signal in/ance 9 hi/ory ( triumph aris+ out ( defeat & dea?4 ,volumes ( argum5t & analysis c\ld n confute an e?ical sy/em s effectually & s sev]ely z ! b>e fact t x look$ paltry or incongru\s beside su* lives & dea?s z ^!4 ,! conclusions we h rea*$ 9 ?is discussion ( ! basis ( a natural e?ics may n[ be summ$ up4 ,we h int]pret$ ! object ( ph5om5al ,be+ z ,life4 ,! e?ical quality ( life lies 9 its consci\s & active h>mony ) ! ,:ole4 ,! motive = e?ical action lies 9 ! fact t we are a "p ( t ,:ole4 ,! s5se ( ?is relation is z deep a "p ( man's nature z ! s5se ( 8 selfhood1 or deep]4 ,to live = ,o!rs1 !n1 is no m ! true epitome ( a natural e?ics ?an is1 to live = ,self4 ,! true epitome is1 ,live = ! ,:ole--! ,:ole :i* includes bo? o!rs & y\rself1 :i* is great] ?an all humanity1 yet is capable ( be+ fai?fully s]v$ 9 ! sil5ce ( "o human brea/4 ,we h n[ be=e u1 !re=e1 a cle> conception ( ! crit]ion & ! sanction ( e?ical action4 ,! crit]ion is appli$ :5 we ask ( any?+ done by man1 8,does x fur!r life 9 ! ,:ole80 ,! sanction is f\nd 9 ! fact t ea* ( u is an organic "p ( t ,:ole4 ,! ri*e/ & fulle/ life is evid5tly to be won by ! mo/ complete developm5t ( all our faculties :i* is all[$ u by our opportunities4 ,e?ics1 !re=e1 exi/s = life1 n life = e?ics4 ,?is simple proposition arises inevitably f ! sci5tific conception ( ! _w4 ,! greate/ ( fallacies is to conceive life z exi/+ = any o!r object :atsoev]1 or to def9e its aim z some?+ m or less remote f our pres5t exi/5ce4 ,our #8et]nal life' is n some?+ to come--we are liv+ x "h & n[4 ,?is is n a pilgrimage or a place ( prep>ation2 x leads u to no heav51 no hell1 no di/ant judgm5t seat4 ,we are be=e t judgm5t seat e h\r2 ! heav5 & ! hell :i* x disp5ses are ! daily exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i* we move2 & ! sa9ts & prophets ( ?is fai? are ^? :o h felt mo/ deeply & reveal$ mo/ pr(\ndly ! great realities ( exi/5ce1 hidd5 f u n s mu* by ! d>kness ( ! grave z by ! impalpable veils ( use & wont4 ,! grave has my/]y inde$ b no t]ror ( gloom = ^? :o realize t ! univ]se is b an eddy on ! /ream ( life4 ,by t eddy we see ! /ream1 we feel its p[] & movem5t2 & we "k t ! sub/ance ( :i* x is made is ! /uff ( life itself4 ,,"p ,,iii3 ,,art ,,*apt] ,x ,,art ,,& ,,life 8,l a liv+ ?+1 "o & :ole40--,ari/otle4#afc ,! ?ird *apt] ( ,tol/oy's book1 ,:at is ,art8 conta9s a summ>y ( ! op9ions ( "s sixty mod]n writ]s 7tak5 *iefly f ,s*asl]'s ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,ae/hetik7 on ! ess5tial mean+ ( ! t]ms ,art & ,beauty4 ,all ^! op9ions1 aft] hav+ be5 duly p>ad$ across ! /age1 are dismiss$ by ,tol/oy z a mass ( 8en*ant$ confusion & contradictor9ess10 & he !n proce$s to build up 8 own !ory ( art4 ,z ! late/ critical treatm5t ( ! subject on a l>ge scale by a ?9k] & an arti/ :o has made a deep impression on ! m9ds ( m51 8 conclusions des]ve c>eful att5tion on ! "p ( any lat] writ] :o desires to deal ) ! p]5nially attractive b v obscure problems ( /hetics4 ,let me beg9 by quot+ ! passage ) :i* ,tol/oy closes ! f\r? *apt] ( 8 "w3-- 8,to ! "q ,:at is ?is ,art1 to :i* is (f]$ up ! lab\r ( millions1 ! v lives ( m51 & ev5 morality itself8 we h extract$ replies f ! exi/+ /hetics :i* am\nt to ?is--t ! aim ( art is beauty1 t beauty is recogniz$ by ! enjoym5t x gives1 & t arti/ic enjoym5t is a good & important ?+ because x is enjoym5t4 ,9 a ^w1 t enjoym5t is good because x is enjoym5t4 ,?us1 :at is consid]$ ! def9ition ( art is no def9ition at all1 b only a %uffle to ju/ify exi/+ art4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] /range x may seem to say s1 9 spite ( ! m\nta9s ( books writt5 ab\t art1 no exact def9ition ( art has be5 con/ruct$4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is t ! conception ( art has be5 bas$ on ! conception ( beauty40#afd ,n[ 9 "o po9t at lea/1 t :i* is embodi$ 9 ! la/ s5t5ce1 ^! words ( ,tol/oy's appe> to me to g /raight to ! m>k4 ,art c no m be f\nd$ on beauty ?an morality c be f\nd$ on pleasure4 ,a great] ?an ,tol/oy has spok5 ! same tru? 9 a c\ple ( 8 mighty l9es4 ,! great ma/]s1 says ,:itman1 444 d n seek beauty1 !y are s\ght1 ,=ev] t\*+ !m or close ^u !m foll[s beauty1 long+1 fa91 love-sick4 ,b let u see :at ,tol/oy w\ld set up 9 place ( :at he ?r[s d[n4 ,art1 he tells u1 is 8"o ( ! means ( int]c\rse betwe5 man & man40 8,by words a man transmits 8 ?\ghts to ano!r1 by means ( art he transmits 8 feel+s40 ,b ! transmission mu/1 if x is art1 be int5tional1 prem$itat$4 8,art beg9s :5 "o p]son ) ! object ( jo9+ ano!r or o!rs to himself 9 "o & ! same feel+ expresses t feel+ by c]ta9 ext]nal indications40 ,! 8indications0 may1 ( c\rse1 be a c]ta9 k9d ( language1 or ge/ure1 or pla/ic repres5tation1 or s\nd4 ,if1 by su* means1 a man has succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 own feel+ infecti\s1 & affect+ o!rs by x1 he has1 to t ext5t a*iev$ art4 ,art is !re=e 8a means ( union among m51 jo9+ !m toge!r 9 ! same feel+s1 & is indisp5sable = ! life & progress t[>ds well-be+ ( individuals & ( humanity40#afe ,c]ta9ly "o _c b admire ! /rong cle>-head$ness & common s5se ) :i* ,tol/oy bl[s away ! mi/s into :i* he _h plung$ u 9 8 ?ird *apt]1 & br+s u into a region ( daylight realities1 ) firm e>? "u our feet4 ,und\bt$ly if man does want to get into real contact ) 8 fell[-m5 he mu/ n m]ely tell !m :at he feels1 he mu/ make !m feel ! same ?+4 ,& art1 produc$ ) 8individuality1 cle>ness & s9c]ity0 has ?is prop]ty1 to use ,tol/oy's own t]m1 ( infecti\sness4 ,moreov] x is ( enorm\s antiquity & has exce$+ly primitive =ms4 ,!re may h be5 art be=e !re 0 spee*--!re 0 c]ta9ly art be=e !re 0 writ+1 be=e !re 0 any?+ remotely resembl+ intellectual culture or religion4 ,! metaphysical def9itions ( ,hegel1 8,! ,idea %9+ ?r\gh ,matt]10 or ( ,knight1 8,! union ( object & subject1 ! draw+ =? f nature ( t :i* is cognate to man10 & ( ! re/ ( ! sixty & odd philosoph]s1 d1 ,i ?9k1 look a little irrelevant :5 we ?9k ( ! cave-man scrat*+ 8 bit ( mammo? ivory4 ,b ,tol/oy's acc\nt ( ! matt] gl[s ) reality4 ,! cave-arti/ 0 /ruck ) some?+ 9 nature--! re9de] dr9k+ at a pool1 ! mammo? sw++ ?r\gh ! jungle--he long$ to express x1 to make o!rs see4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is 0 ! orig9 ( art z art4#aff ,i ?9k x is its fundam5tal quality ev5 n[1 ?\gh we mu/ include among ! objects r5d]$ ?+s n 9 ext]nal nature b 9 ! arti/'s own imag9ation4 ,! que/ions !n arise1 ,:at is x t ! arti/ is try+ to infect o!r p )8 ,is art q indiff]5t to ! nature ( ! feel+ communicat$8 ,is !re any common feel+ express$ by ?+s app>5tly s div]se z a /ra9 ( music1 a piece ( pott]y1 a ca!dral1 a lyric1 a /atue1 & a l&scape pa9t+8 ,tol/oy does n ov]look ^! que/ions2 he has1 9 fact1 a great deal to say ab\t !m4 ,b "h1 9 8 analysis ( ! /hetic faculty1 ! obsession ) ! exclusively e?ical view ( ?+s :i* has s mu* impair$ 8 own art seems to h l$ him on a false track4 ,hav+ decid$ t infecti\sness is ! common quality ( all art1 he is /ruck ) ! fact t ?is quality v>ies v mu* 9 diff]5t works1 & he uses x to obta9 a scale ( m]it3-- 8,n only10 he writes1 8is infection a sure sign ( art1 b ! degree ( infecti\sness is also ! sole measure ( excell5ce 9 art4 ,! /rong] ! infection ! bett] is ! art1 z art1 speak+ n[ ap>t f its subject matt]1 i4e4 n consid]+ ! quality ( ! feel+s x transmits40#afg ,?is /atem5t is obvi\sly mean+less unless y def9e ! nature ( ! p]son :o is to be infect$4 ,infection is z mu* a matt] ( ! m9d infect$ z ( ! ag5t :i* infects4 8,! /rong] ! infection = su* & su* an audi5ce 4440 is :at we %all h to read4 ,! audi5ce mu/ be a con/ant elem5t if ! def9ition is to convey any di/9ct mean+4 ,p]ceiv+ ?is1 z s acute a m9d c\ld n fail to d1 ,tol/oy falls back on exactly ! same crit]ion z t ( ,bi%op ,butl] :5 he endeav\r$ to get a univ]sal /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,butl] set up z f9al judge 9 ^! matt]s ! 8pla9 hone/ man40#afh ,y 7 to appeal to ! unsophi/icat$ consci5ce ( ?is ideal be+1 & t end$ ! matt]4 ,s1 ) ,tol/oy1 y are to get ! 8unp]v]t$0 man :o1 l an animal1 8un]r+ly f9ds :at he ne$s40#afi ,mo/ p 9 our society1 says ,tol/oy1 8are q unable to di/+ui% a "w ( art f ! grosse/ c\nt]feit40 ,!y l1 or pret5d to l1 ,bee?ov5 bett] ?an a peasant folk-song6 ,b ! peasant's1 i4e4 ! untaught1 appreciation1 :i* is m]ely bewild]$ by ,bee?ov51 is "r4#agj ,?is1 we ultimately f9d1 simply means t ! 8pla9 hone/ man10 z conceiv$ by ,tol/oy1 is "o :o appreciates ! moral cont5ts ( a "w ( art1 provid$ t x has any1 & t x has infection en\gh to get !m into 8 m9d4 ,& ,tol/oy 7! art-critic7 does n c>e ab\t any?+ except ^! moral cont5ts4 ,?is is cle> :5 he comes to deal ) ! elem5t :i* he m5tions above z hav+ be5 omitt$ f 8 consid]ation ( ! comp>ative value ( art-"w1 namely ! quality ( ! feel+ transmitt$ by ! m$ium ( art4 ,"h he lays x d[n t ! object ( all art is to unite mank9d1 & to make !m feel at "o ) ,god & ) ea* o!r4#aga ,?is may pass v well if by unit+ is meant enabl+ u to ent] ) sympa?y into ! life ( man1 & ev5 ( ?+s t are n man4 ,ev5 s a draw+ by ,nettle%ip c make u feel at "o ) a py?on or a tigress4 ,b ,tol/oy does n mean t4 ,8 unit+ is a moral & practical idea bas$ on ! doctr9e t combat1 & ev]y?+ t c\ld lead to combat1 is wrong4 ,anci5t religi\s p]ceptions1 he argues1 conf9$ ! s5se ( unity to ! tribe or nation1 & art _h to glorify solely ! might or greatness ( ! p :o produc$ x4 ,mod]n religion1 on ! contr>y1 takes acc\nt ( all humanity )\t exception4 8,& !re=e ! feel+s transmitt$ by ! art ( our "t n only _c co9cide ) ! feel+s transmitt$ by =m] art1 b mu/ run c\nt] to !m40#agb ,only two k9ds ( art1 accord+ to ,tol/oy1 8c be consid]$ good art 9 our "t40 ,^! are fir/1 8art transmitt+ feel+s fl[+ f a religi\s p]ception ( man's position 9 ! _w 9 relation to ,god & to 8 neighb\rs10 & secondly1 8art transmitt+ ! simple/ feel+s ( common life1 b su*1 always1 z are accessible to all m5 9 ! :ole _w--! art ( common life--! art ( a p--univ]sal art40#agc ,z in/ances ( ^! types ( good mod]n art1 ,tol/oy gives 8 amaz+ li/--,s*ill]'s ,robb]s1 ,les ,misrables1 ,dick5s's & ,do/oievsky's novels1 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab91 & ,adam ,b$e4 ,9 pa9t+ we are to take z types ( excell5ce 8! draw+ by ,kramskoy 7wor? _m ( 8 f9i%$ pictures71 %[+ a draw+-room ) a balcony pa/ :i* troops are m>*+ 9 triumph on _! return f ! w>4 ,on ! balcony /&s a wet-nurse hold+ a baby & a boy4 ,!y are admir+ ! procession ( ! troops1 b ! "m1 cov]+ h] face ) a h&k]*ief1 has fall5 back on ! s(a1 sobb+40 ,or "o may turn to 8a picture by ! ,fr5* arti/1 ,morlon1 depict+ a lifeboat ha/5+ 9 a heavy /orm to ! relief ( a /eam] t is be+ wreck$40#agd ,x is easy to make fun ( ?is headlong desc5t to ! level ( ! p>i% magaz9e1 b x is n s easy to *all5ge ! position f :i* ,tol/oy d$uces 8 criticisms ( individual works1 or to d5y t he has aga9 & aga9 /ruck home ) incomp>able =ce aga9/ ! factiti\s art s curr5t 9 ! pres5t day4 ,8 book is a piece ( g5u9e ?9k+1 & 9 ?is x has few rivals among contempor>y works ( /hetic criticism1 especially 9 ,engli%4 ,mo/ ( ^! works are ei!r pans ( praise = :at ! critic f9ds attractive & /imulat+ to 8 own temp]am5t1 or attacks conduct$ ) e res\rce ( satire & ridicule on :at he does n und]/& or c>e =4 ,b a s]i\s attempt l t ( ,tol/oy to discov] & to apply a true pr9ciple ( art criticism is v mu* to seek2 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t _m critics :o are horrifi$ at ! notion ( putt+ ,uncle ,tom's ,cab9 above ,k+ ,le> w\ld f9d x by no means s easy z !y suppose to give a rational acc\nt ( ! fai? t is 9 !m4 ,tol/oy's conclusions1 l ^? ( ,plato 9 ,! ,republic 7:i* !y v mu* resemble71 are wrong-head$1 b 8 mann] ( ?9k+ is t ( a massive & nobly ord]$ intellect1 & is well wor?y ( respectful imitation at :atev] di/ance less] p[]s c contrive to foll[ x4 ,i "k no?+ :atev] 7,i regret to say7 ab\t ! art ( ,kramskoy or ( ,morlon1 b "o imag9es1 f ,tol/oy's way ( talk+ ab\t ! works ref]r$ to1 t !y are attempts to capture admiration = a "w ( art by ! aid ( some?+ :i* is n art1 b s5tim5t4 ,at any rate1 t is j :at ,tol/oy desires !m to d4 ,is art1 !n1 entirely indiff]5t to subject1 z "s ( ! philosoph]s ( ! ,impressioni/ s*ool cont5d8 ,n at all--s long z ! subject is some?+ 9 ! picture1 & capable ( be+ express$ 9 ! m$ium ( t bran* ( art4 ,a crew ( m5 pull+ a boat ?r\gh a heavy sea may be a good subject = a pa9t+1 b to ! arti/ x does n matt] a p9's po9t :e!r !y are go+ to rescue life or to bo>d an enemy or to cat* lob/]s4 ,"u ! circum/ances !y w all look j ! same4 ,! wreck 9 ! (f+ has its value 9 ! design ( ! picture1 no m & no less4 ,& ^? :o are always on ! look out = false values1 s5tim5tal values1 w nev] le>n :at art really has to tea* !m1 :at art alone c tea*4 ,:at is ?is8 ,! ma/] key ) :i* we h tri$ to op5 c]ta9 doors 9 biology & 9 e?ics w1 ,i hope1 s]ve u also 9 discov]+ ! pr9ciples ( art4 ,i accept fully ,tol/oy's po/ulate ( infecti\sness z a prim>y quality ( art4 ,!re c be no art :i* does n communicate to o!rs ! feel+ ( ! arti/4 ,?is implies t ! arti/ mu/ h a di/9ct & s9c]e feel+ to communicate4 ,b x does n at all imply t ! f9e/ art is t :i* is mo/ widely or p[]fully communicable at its fir/ appe>ance or at any giv5 p]iod 9 hi/ory4 ,to say t infecti\sness is an ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( art is n ! same ?+ z to say t ! m x infects1 ei!r ext5sively or int5sively1 ! bett] art x is4 ,"o might z well say t if1 z has be5 done1 y def9e man z #8a political animal1' x w\ld foll[ t ! m /r5u\sly political he 0 ! m he fulfill$ ! purpose ( 8 be+ z a man4 ,b politics & art are bo? ( !m simply ways 9 :i* man endeav\rs to rem\ld 8 univ]se 8ne>] to ! he>t's desire40 ,h[ does he make use ( political me?ods = 8 true purpose8 ,h[ does he make use ( art & its infecti\sness = 8 true purpose8 ,^! are ! real1 ! decisive que/ions4 ,:at is ! ess5tial ?+ communicat$ 9 art8 ,! "q is answ]$ at once if we reflect t z life c h no ult]ior object beyond life1 & is satisfi$ :5 ! maximum ( liv+ is atta9$1#age s life mu/ be ! ultimate object ( art also4 ,x is ! quality ( art to communicate feel+2 x is ! object ( art to communicate a feel+ = life4 ,art is man's expression ( life2 & he delights 9 art precisely because & 9 s f> z he delights 9 life4 ,b if ?is be all1 x may be object$1 :y1 ) life 9 full gl[ & activity all ar\nd him1 %\ld man turn to ?is reflection or r5d]+ ( x :i* he calls art8 ,:at place does ! reality leave = ! enjoym5t ( ! %ad[8 ,?is 0 sub/antially ,plato's indictm5t ( art 9 ! la/ book ( ,! ,republic4 ,all ?+s exi/1 accord+ to 8 well-kn[n doctr9e ( ideas1 9 an ideal or ar*etypal =m1 a 8patt]n laid up 9 heav540 ,!re is su* a patt]n1 let u say1 ( a ,b$1 & ?is is ! real1 ! ar*etypal ,b$4 ,copy+ "s reflection ( ?is 9 8 own m9d1 ! c>p5t] makes a mat]ial1 individual b$4 ,!n comes 9 ! pa9t]1 :o copies ! b$ ( ! c>p5t]1 & :o is ?us at two removes f ,reality2 art1 9 ,plato's view1 be+ simply imitation1 & !re=e some:at despicable4#agf ,!re are "s m9or1 yet by no means trivial1 reasons :i* might be giv5 9 answ] to ?is objection2 z1 = in/ance1 t art enables "o to assemble toge!r 9 small compass ! expressions ( a great v>iety ( life n to be directly enjoy$1 save at wide int]vals ( "t & place4 ,b ! prim>y & fundam5tal reasons are our ma9 conc]n "h4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! mat]ial _w ar\nd u1 or su* portion ( x z we are able to p]ceive1 is n1 z x /&s1 a pure expression ( life4 ,hold+ z we d ) ,clean!s 9 8 maje/ic ,hymn to ,zeus t all ?+s r$undant h _! place 9 ! ,:ole1 & t 9 x all ?+s ugly h _! beauty & all ?+s hateful _! %>e ( love1#agg x is /ill true t ! _w z we see x pres5ts u ) a pell-mell ( v>i$ =ms--"s mature & beautiful1 "s 9 process ( transition1 "s 9 decay1 "s /ation>y1 un*ang+1 dead4 ,! inn] h>mony :i* holds !m toge!r is r>ely p]ceptible 9 any "o fragm5t ( actual life4 ,b ! arti/ adds ?is h>mony1 ?is complet5ess2 8 "w1 )9 its own limits1 is a :ole4 ,he gives u some?+ :i* nature _c give4 ,tak+ "s aspect ( life :i* he wi%es to convey by means ( l9e1 col\r1 or tone1 he suppresses1 alt]s1 composes1 emphasizes1 till he has express$ 8 feel+ 9 its purity1 ) ev]y?+ immat]ial left out & ) ! ?+s ess5tial to 8 conception lift$ cle>ly into view4 ,8 "w is !re=e great] & m vital ?an nature1 t is to say ?an any fragm5t ( nature1 = he is look+ at ! "p he r5d]s sub specie aet]nitatis1 9 ! light ( ! ,:ole4 ,& liv+ 9 ! conception ( a great "w ( art1 we live 9 ! ,:ole2 ! individual has sunk f view4 ,zola has f9ely said1 8,art is a bit ( ,nature se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a temp]am5t40 ,?is temp]am5t means ! arti/'s p]sonal way ( see+ life2 x means all t makes 8 art diff]5t f a m]e record4 ,& ! audi5ce :o see or he> 8 "w become acqua9t$ ) ?is temp]am5t--!re is no o!r way 9 :i* ! arti/ c express x s well4 ,! arti/1 !n1 is giv+ u himself along ) 8 subject1 & ?is is ! greate/ ?+ he c give4 ,:e!r ! w>s ( ,troy ev] happ5$ is ( v little consequ5ce comp>$ ) ,hom]'s way ( imag9+ !m4 ,& :5 we h le>n$ ,hom]'s way we c & d apply x = ourselves1 = has he n #8infect$' u ) x8 ,! arti/ op5s our eyes1 & leaves u 9 a _w inf9itely m significant & beautiful ?an )\t 8 aid we %\ld ev] h kn[n x to be4 ,8 function is ?us ! lib]ation )9 u ( faculties1 ( p[]s ( liv+1 :i* o!rwise might nev] h ris5 into consci\sness4 ,we commonly call ?is #8idealiz+ ! facts ( life4' ,x w\ld be ne>] ! m>k to say t x makes !m real4 ,art turns our =mal1 s5sible1 ext]nal p]ceptions ( ?+s into real & vital p]ceptions1 & ?us enorm\sly increases ! range & volume ( life ( :i* ^? :o appreh5d x are capable4 ,! glory ( light1 ! music ( w9ds & wat]s1 ! dignity ( man's common occupations1 ! wond] & sweetness ( ! love ( m5 & wom51 all ^! h be5 reveal$ to u by ! arti/1 8a man speak+ to m5 444 pleas$ ) 8 own passions & volitions1 :o rejoices m ?an o!r m5 9 ! _s ( life t is )9 him40#agh ,! ess5tial purpose ( any art-"w1 !n1 is to be expressive ( life--m expressive ?an ! raw facts ( life ev] c be4 ,! practical problem = e arti/ 9 e k9d ( mat]ial is h[ to make 8 "w expressive2 only ?us c x be :at ,tol/oy calls 8infecti\s40 ,to d ?is1 besides ! acquirem5t ( te*nique1 he mu/ cle>ly h some?+ to express4 ,let u n imag9e1 h[ev]1 z ! 8pla9 hone/ man0 is apt to d1 t ?is mu/ necess>ily be some?+ capable ( be+ put into t]ms ( ! intellect--a fact1 a /ory1 a 8criticism ( life40 ,art is r an exploration ?an a criticism ( life4#agi ,& life is v great & manifold4 ,prim>ily ! pa9t] is a man :o likes to appreh5d life 9 col\r1 ! sculptor "o :o appreh5ds x 9 ! =m ( masses1 ! musician 9 s\nd1 ! poet 9 actions1 emotions1 ideas4 ,ea* may1 & probably mu/1 h "s ( ! gifts & faculties ( ! o!rs1 b z pa9t]1 musician1 or :atev] he may be1 he ?9ks & feels 9 ! mat]ial ( 8 own art1 & he uses t mat]ial to express its own virtues1 n to imitate ^? ( ano!r4 ,! "q ( ! relation ( art to beauty1 & ! mean+ ( beauty itself1 may n[ be consid]$4 ,:at is ?is my/]i\s elem5t ab\t ! nature ( :i* su* a torr5t ( op9ion has be5 p\r$ out s9ce man fir/ began to reflect on 8 own /ates ( m9d8 ,betwe5 ! view :i* holds x to be an absolute & ultimate pr9ciple1 recogniz$ 91 r ?an aris+ f1 exp]i5ce1 & t :i* d5ies x any "r to be call$ a pr9ciple at all1 ref]r+ x simply to ! effect ( habit1 & refus+ to see any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,hott5tot conception ( beauty & ! ,greek1 we c f9d1 ,i ?9k1 a position 9 /rict accordance bo? ) ! hi/orical facts ( ! evolution ( ! conception & ) ! claims ( ! ,ideali/s4 ,let u look back a mom5t to ! analysis ( moral action :i* we made 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,we f\nd !n t :ile all heal?y action t5ds to ma9ta9 & promote life1 !re are circum/ances "u :i* ?is life-promot+ quality comes m sali5tly into view ?an is usual4 ,?is happ5s 9 g5]al :5 m]e p]sonal desires are subject$ to ! l>g] life ( ! ,:ole1 or :5 a l[] =m ( liv+ is subject$ to a high]4 ,?is height5+ & int5sification ( life-promot+ action we call$ moral action4 ,& we drew no %>p & di/9ct l9e betwe5 x & ord9>y heal?y action1 = nature kn[s no su* di/9ctions1 & ! philosophy :i* tries to e/abli% !m is /amp$ ) unreality4 ,9 reg>d to ,beauty we h only to take up ! same po9t ( view z we did 9 reg>d to ,e?ics1 & ! my/]y lies cle> be=e u at once4 ,all nature is 9 "s s5se expressive ( life1 ev5 :5 x seems mo/ desolate or mo/ degrad$2 = life z we "k x means *ange1 v>iety1 contra/1 &1 "u ! conditions ( space & "t1 "o c no m h life )\t dea? & decay ?an "o c h height )\t dep?4 ,b all nature does n equally express life1 & mu* ( x1 z we h se51 does n express x at all to our p]ceptions4 ,beauty arises1 !n1 :5 we f9d a c]ta9 height5+1 a sali5cy1 an int5sity 9 ! expression or vitality1 :e!r by ext]nal nature or1 9 art1 by man4 ,?us ,life1 n ,beauty1 is ! m>k ( art1 b beauty is ! signal t ! m>k has be5 hit4 ,z ) ! moral1 s ) ! /hetic s5se--we f9d x 9 all /ages ( developm5t4 ,a man or a race ^: range ( life is contract$ to a few physical enjoym5ts & pa9s w set ! idea ( beauty 9 :atev] expresses or is associat$ ) ^! enjoym5ts4 ,a wid]1 l(ti]1 subtl] conception ( life w br+ =? a nobl] beauty4 ,we are n1 on ?is !ory1 ab&on$ to a m]e subjective & arbitr>y pref]5ce1 accord+ z we are tra9$ & accu/om$ to ?is type or to t4 ,!re is a p]fectly valid & objective crit]ion 9 ! "q1 ,:i* repres5ts ! fulle/ & /ronge/ life8 ,! ,greek ideal surpasses ! ,hott5tot--to take two extremes--because ! ,greek is capable ( all t ! ,hott5tot c d or feel--he takes x all up into 8 l>g] life2 b ! ,hott5tot c only live 9 a small sector ( ! sph]e occupi$ by ! ,greek4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ! two oppos+ battlecries ( #8,art = ,morals' & #8,art = ,art1' let u set t ( #8,art = ,life4' ,= ,life is great] ?an ei!r art or morals2 x includes & ju/ifies !m bo?4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ,beauty w be fur!r discuss$ 9 connexion ) "s ( ! individual arts1 :i* we h n[ to range "u our g5]al pr9ciple4 ,! m deeply life is /udi$ & felt1 ! m /rongly d two great & c>d9al pr9ciples ( x come into view4 ,^! are oppos$ to ea* o!r1 b complem5t>y2 & ?us life 9 g5]al appe>s to exhibit t s+ul> quality ( pol>ity :i* seems s intimately to p]vade all its sep>ate manife/ations2 ev]y?+ :i* lives & moves appe>+ to d s by virtue ( ! action ( two oppos+ =ces4 ,^! two poles ( ! axis ( life are1 on ! "o h&1 :at we call ,ord]1 ,cont9uity1 ,rhy?m2 & on ! o!r1 ,*ange1 ,v>iety1 ,contra/4 ,if ,ord] 7 n1 ,*ange w\ld become *aos4 ,if ,*ange 7 n1 ,ord] w\ld become dea?4 ,9 nei!r case w\ld gr[? & developm5t be possible4 ,an art1 !re=e1 h[ev] ab/ract1 l ,music or l ! decorative patt]n 9 a ,celtic ,,ms41 :i* express$ ! union ( ^! two pr9ciples might be pr(\ndly expressive ( life4 ,x ne$ n set be=e u any def9ite liv+ ?+ provid$ x expresses ! c>d9al pr9ciples ( all life4 ,x w d ?is ! bett] ! m intimately ^! pr9ciples are bl5d$1 z 9 nature1 into a vital unity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 art does1 ( c\rse1 frequ5tly repres5t individual objects1 & probably _h its fir/ di/+ui%able beg9n+s 9 s do+4#ahj ,we may1 !n1 get a broad classification ( ! arts by plac+ on "o side ^? :i* deal ) objects ( s5se1 & on ! o!r ^? :i* convey life "u =ms devis$ by ! arti/ himself1 & n f\nd 9 ! ext]nal _w4 ,"o is tempt$ to call ^! respectively ,imitative & ,creative4 ,b1 aft] all1 :at is ess5tially arti/ic 9 ! fir/ category is j ! fact t x is n purely imitative1 =1 z ,mr4 ,:i/l] obs]v$1 to suppose t y c get art by copy+ nature is equival5t to ?9k+ t y c get music by sitt+ on ! piano4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n seem fitt+ to use s exalt$ a ^w z creation ) ref]5ce to ! patt]n :i* a ,zui ,indian draws on a piece ( pott]y1 :ile d5y+ x to a pa9t+ by ,titian4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( us+ ! words ,creative & ,imitative--n[ t we "k :at we mean by !m--we %all contra/ ^? arts :i* are directly ,pres5tative ) ^? :i* are ,repres5tative4 ,9 ! "o case ! arti/ pres5ts u ) ! :ole arti/ic product1 =m & sub/ance1 z devis$ by himself4 ,9 ! o!r1 he repres5ts to u =ms already pres5t$ by nature1 b re-compos$1 re-pres5t$1 & h>moniz$ by him = an /hetic purpose4 ,! ,pres5tative arts fall into two classes4 ,9 "o ( ^! ,music /&s alone4 ,"h ! arti/ic purpose is n only dom9ant b 7,i speak1 ( c\rse1 ( music 9 its highe/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic developm5t7 !re is no o!r purpose :atev]4 ,! =ms elaborat$ by comb9ations & sequ5ces ( s\nd h no object except t ( art & mean no?+ ap>t f t4 ,h5ce ,music has be5 call$ #8pure /yle4' ,we %all recur to ?is subject :5 we h dealt ) ! o!r class1 t ( ! ,decorative arts1 ! ess5ce ( :i* x is to add an expression ( rhy?m1 ( _w-h>mony1 to objects ^: prim>y purpose is some?+ diff]5t--a build+1 a vase1 a piece ( furniture1 or a hang+4 ,?is class1 aga91 c be subdivid$ into arts :i* atta9 ?is effect by ! /ructure ( ! object1 & ^? :i* d s by ! application ( ornam5t to its surface2 bo? be+1 ( c\rse1 (t5 comb9$ 9 ! same object4 ,9 /ructure ! expression ( life is ga9$ by s arrang+ ! l9es & masses z to give an impression t p[] is at "w--t some?+ is be+ done--done triumphantly yet n )\t /ra9 & ef=t4 ,e object ( utility does some?+--art %[s x to u 9 ! act4 ,an example may help to make cle> :at ,i mean1 & may %[ h[ ! pr9ciple c be appli$ to any k9d ( object :i* may be ! subject ( arti/ic treatm5t4 ,a ,greek temple 9 its simple/ ext]nal aspect consi/s ( a quadrilat]al gr\p ( columns surr\nd+ a wall$ %r9e & support+ a l[-pit*$ ro(4 ,no?+ c\ld well be simpl] ?an ! /ructural conditions ?us express$4 ,b ! arti/ic expression ( !m is n s simple4 ,?is dep5ds 9 ! ma9 ^u ! proportion obs]v$ betwe5 ! pill>s & ! weight1 or app>5t weight1 above !m4 ,if ! pill>s are too massive or too num]\s !re w be no s5se ( /ra91 & if !y are too sl5d] or too few !re w be no s5se ( security4 ,9 ei!r case ! expression ( vital en]gy 9 ! /ructure w be imp]fect1 & beauty1 :i* waits on ! gold5 mom5t ( ! p]fect adaptation ( means to ends1 w n dwell 9 t /ructure4 ,!re is no?+ m in>ti/ic ?an sup]fluity2 & !re is no lesson m emphatically taught by nature ?an ?is4 ,! avoidance ( insuffici5cy is g5]ally en=c$ 9 practice on utilit>ian gr\nds1 b its arti/ic ju/ification is equally evid5t4 ,! gold5 mean is :at we call ,j ,proportion4 ,! k9d ( vitality express$ 9 ,greek ar*itecture is q diff]5t f t express$ 9 ,go?ic1 b ! /hetic basis ( bo? /yles is ! same2 ! pr9ciple we h 9 view w ju/ify any art 9 :i* !re is ! _s ( life4 ,a ,greek temple %[s u p[]1 brac$ & consci\s1 b 9 repose4 ,!re is no?+ d>+ or s5sational 9 its con/ruction4 ,/ress & ?ru/ answ] ea* o!r directly1 simply1 massively4 ,! /ately calm ( su* a /ructure might easily become dull & monoton\s 7 x n = ! delicate s5se ( proportion gov]n+ ! relations ( ! p>ts1 = ! introduction ( slight deviations f /rict rectangul>ity & symmetry1#aha & = ! beautiful decoration 9 =m & col\r on frieze1 p$im5t1 & capital4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ar* 0 kn[n 9 v e>ly times to ,pelasgians 9 ,greece & to ,etruscans 9 ,italy1 bo? ( :om1 no d\bt1 d]iv$ x f ! ,ea/4 ,b x 0 valu$ m = its utility 9 c]ta9 con/ructions ?an = its arti/ic quality1 & ,greek classical ar*itecture kn[s no?+ ( x4 ,x 0 freely us$ 9 ,rome1 & "h its extraord9>y effect ( vital en]gy z a support] ( weight fir/ began to be p]ceiv$4 ,:5 ,romanesque & ,go?ic ar*itecture seiz$ on ?is pr9ciple1 ! /r5g? ( /onework1 h]et(ore ess5tially placid1 leapt into vehem5t life & action4 ,a ,go?ic ca!dral is ! expression ( a w> ( mighty =ces held 9 equilibrium by _! own antagonism4 ,e "p seems to ?reat5 de/ruction to "s o!r4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a w> ( =ces 9 a ,greek temple also1 b !re ! weight & ?ru/ answ] ea* o!r1 z we h said1 directly2 a v]tical column supports a horizontal ar*itrave1 & mu/ support x1 = no?+ c give way )\t crumbl+ to pieces4 ,9 ,go?ic build+ ! c\nt]-/resses meet indirectly1 a dead weight or a ?ru/ is met by ! spr++ curve ( an ar*2 ! :ole /ructure w\ld fall to ru9 7 x n = some?+ 9 ! /one :i* is n m]e solidity1 :i* arises f some?+ vital & en]getic 9 ! s*eme ( ! /ructure4 ,! expression ( conflict1 !re=e1 z comp>$ ) ,greek ar*itecture1 is greatly int5sifi$2 ! s]5ity ( p[] has giv5 place to ! play ( =ces ru%+ into eag] & (t5 tempe/u\s action1 & sav$ f be+ mutually de/ructive by ! control ( a f>-see+ design4#ahb ,to treat fully ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* /ructure may be made expressive ( life w\ld ne$ a volume r ?an a *apt]4 ,en\gh has h[ev] be5 said to indicate ! pr9ciple & to sugge/ a crit]ion by :i* good & bad /ructure may be judg$4 ,let u turn to ! "q ( ornam5t4 ,9 ,european art x is v common = ornam5t to be us$ z a k9d ( adjunct to /ructure2 x foll[s ! l9es ( /ructure & acc5tuates !m4 ,9 ,japanese art1 h[ev]1 ! cont\rs ( an object (t5 appe> to det]m9e ! ornam5t appli$ to x z little z a w9d[-frame det]m9es ! l&scape we see ?r\gh x4 ,! app>5t ins\ciance ( ,japanese ornam5t is1 h[ev]1 c>efully calculat$ 9 relation to ! field :i* is to be cov]$4 ,9 ei!r case ornam5t z su*--t is to say1 ap>t f :atev] *>m ( col\r & rhy?m its individual =ms may h--is to be int]pret$ z an attempt to give life by introduc+ :at is s *>act]i/ic ( life--! elem5t ( *ange & v>iety4 ,popul> language has hit ! m>k :5 x talks ( a #8dead' wall1 mean+ !reby a wall ^: surface is unbrok5 by op5+s or ornam5t4 ,rusk9 has some:]e spok5 ( ! magnific5t "w ( ,ghib]ti on ! bronze doors ( ! ,bapti/]y 9 ,flor5ce z hav+ be5 prim>ily design$ to produce 8a pleasant boss9ess ( surface40 ,! break+ up ( ! surface w n1 h[ev]1 be pleasant unless ! =ms ( ! decoration are 9 !mselves good & in/9ct ) life4 ,! beauty :i* s (t5 arises f ! effects ( use & exposure may p]haps seem 9 "s cases h>d to reconcile ) ! pr9ciple :i* x is "h s\ght to e/abli%4 ,if aptness = use1 x may be ask$1 is an elem5t 9 ! beauty ( an object ( use1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! /rong appeal :i* ! ru9 ( a noble build+ c]ta9ly makes to ! s5se ( beauty8 ,= my own "p ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! ta/e = ru9s is (t5 a sign ( a want ( ta/e = art4 ,a beautiful ?+ is bett] :ole & s\nd ?an 9 decay4 ,yet ! spectacle ( ! sil5t /ruggle ( /r5g? & grace ) de/ructive =ces has 9 x a s5se ( action1 ( drama1 to :i* beauty _c be d5i$4 ,ap>t f ! "q ( actual decay1 e "o feels ! /hetic ga9 :i* has be5 made :5 a ?+ ceases to be blankly new4 ,a natural adornm5t has !n be5 add$ to x4 ,a room t has be5 liv$ 91 a piece ( silv] t has be5 rubb$ & h&l$ = a lifetime1 ! /eps ( an anci5t build+ worn by ?\s&s ( pass+ feet1 a wall ^: angles are s(t5$ & ^: surface is /a9$ by hav+ front$ ! sun & ra9 = _m ye>s--all ^! h ! natural & inimitable *>m produc$ by ! t\* ( life--!y no long] /& 9 crude isolation1 !y are relat$ to ! go+s-on ( ! _w4 ,( all ! arts !re is none :i* seems to evade analysis s mu* z ,music2 none ^: p[] is at once s mighty & s my/]i\s4 ,say+ no?+ x seems to mean ev]y?+4 ,we c ?9k ( no?+ 9 ! _w s l(ty1 s sweet1 s pr(\nd z to be ! fit embodim5t ( :at ,music conveys to u4 ,closely analog\s 9 its outw>d =m to :at 9 l9e & col\r is call$ ,patt]n1 we are yet evid5tly f> %ort ( express+ ! :ole "* ( ,music :5 we say1 :at 9 itself is q true1 t x is beautiful patt]n 9 s\nd4 ,x has m ( humanity ab\t x ?an patt]n c h4 ,x nei!r gives u repres5tations ( objects ( s5se1 nor ev5 def9ite emotions1 b x has a unique p[] ov] ! moods ( ! s\l4 ,?is p[] seems to arise fir/ f its complete control ov] ! res\rces ( movem5t & rhy?m1 secondly f ! fact t by virtue ( c]ta9 ac\/ic laws x c excite ! s5se ( fulfilm5t1 ( susp5se1 ( unexpect$ sweetness1 unexpect$ failure & depression1 9 a way op5 to no o!r art :i* appeals directly to ! s5ses4 ,b rhy?m & movem5t are ! ma9 ?+s 9 ,music1 & ! nature ( ! p[] :i* x ex]cises by means ( !m mu/ n[ be consid]$4 ,rhy?m & movem5t are closely relat$ to ea* o!r1 b !y are n q ! same ?+4 ,! t]m rhy?m is giv5 to any k9d ( movem5t :i* is m>k$ by ! regul> recurr5ce ( /resses1 undulations1 beats4 ,?is is ! ess5tial "* ( ! movem5t ( life4 ,action & reaction1 sy/ole & dia/ole1 ! vibrations ( ! atom1 ! break+ ( sea-waves1 ! *anges ( day & night1 ! alt]nations ( ! seasons--:]ev] we look1 into ?+s great or small1 we f9d ! same pr9ciple ( rhy?mic movem5t p]vad+ all4 ,man has f\nd out h[ to turn ?is pr9ciple to acc\nt 9 8 me*anical contrivances1 inde$ 9 all ways 9 :i* he endeav\rs to ex]cise =ce on matt]4 ,once get y\r =ce to "w rhy?mically1 & x w d t5 times ! "w x is capable ( :5 ev5ly cont9u\s4 ,our own bodies & n]v\s sy/ems are attun$ to ! same law4 ,"u ! spell ( rhy?m ! m9d is capable ( moods & emotions :i* )\t x c\ld nev] h be5 evok$ into consci\sness4 ,& t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 tell+ a ?+ 9 v]se & 9 prose4 ,v]se ar\ses ! mood 9 :i* ! subject has emotional value & significance4 ,ev5 prose always becomes m or less rhy?mic :5 impassion$4 ,n[ ,music has a control unrivall$ among ! arts ov] ?is elem5t ( rhy?m4 ,o!r arts c sugge/ rhy?m1 ,music actually is rhy?m--x is ! v pulse ( life4 ,x c produce rhy?m1 moreov]1 9 a great v>iety ( ways4 ,! m]e succession ( s\nds is rhy?m1 b music also has at comm& ! v>y+ /resses or acc5ts ( notes1 alt]nations 9 volume ( s\nd1 alt]nations 9 pit* & quality ( s\nd4 ,& s9ce a sequ5ce ( notes w cl+ to ! memory1 ,music c put into rhy?mical relations1 n only s+le notes1 b gr\ps ( notes1 i4e4 musical phrases1 & *ords1 :i* are musical phrases play$ all at once4 ,music c !re=e n only ?und] ^u ! bra9 ) mighty %ocks ( s\nd1 b c en*ant x ) ! mo/ delicate complexities4 ,! range ( its p[] ov] rhy?m is incomp>ably great] & subtl] ?an t ( ! only two o!r arts 9 :i* rhy?m works directly on ! s5ses--danc+ & metrical v]se4 ,! elem5t ( beauty 9 a rhy?mical phrase seems to dep5d ma9ly on ! k9d ( mood x awak5s4 ,!re are moods ( m$itation1 moods ( t5d]ness1 moods ( ard\r1 moods ( ye>n+1 moods ( gaiety--all ^! & _m m are "u ! control ( rhy?mic phrases4 ,& !re are common-place1 self-ass]tive1 b\nc+ rhy?ms :i* produce correspond+ moods1 & :i* may !re=e be call$ ugly4 ,! precise connexion ( c]ta9 phrases ) c]ta9 moods dep5d+1 z x does1 on a _w ( dim associations /ret*+ f> beyond our p]sonal1 consci\s life1 is probably incapable ( sci5tific /atem5t4 ,9 ! la/ result ,i ?9k we %\ld f9d t ! *>act]s ( diff]5t rhy?ms are associat$ ) bodily movem5ts1 attitudes1 ge/ures1 9 %ort ) danc+2 b a ho/ ( o!r associations1 bran*+ out f ?is 9 _m directions1 h introduc$ a complexity ( mean+ :i* defies analysis4 ,to turn to ! consid]ation ( ,movem5t 9 art1 we f9d t ! p[] ( r5d]+ ?is *>act]i/ic ( life is %>$ by ,music only ) ,danc+ & ) ,lit]ature4 ,by movem5t 9 an art-"w ,i mean movem5t ^: sequ5ces h proportion & design1 progress+ by /ages l9k$ to ea* o!r ?r\gh natural & organic associations t[>ds a significant conclusion4 ,9 nature1 movem5t c be imm5sely v>i$ 9 "*4 ,x c be sl[ or swift1 r\gh & lab\r$ or smoo? & flu5t1 massive & volum9\s or arr[y & int5se2 x c leap or undulate1 m>* or dance1 so> or swoop1 & ea* ( ^! k9ds ( movem5t means some?+ to ! _s ( man4 ,all ^! ,music controls1 & c ord] & h>monize at w4 ,x c repres5t t 9 ! movem5t ( nature :i* goes beyond & ov]ma/]s ,rhy?m2 = ,rhy?m 9 itself does n involve ,progression2 9 fact1 a p]fect rhy?m w\ld =bid x4 ,if ,action & ,reaction 7 always precisely equal1 we %\ld h a univ]se z /ation>y z a sp9n+ top--x might be 9 vehem5t action1 b x w\ld nev] develop into some?+ new4#ahc ,music by its complete comm& ( ! phases ( movem5t c illu/rate ! progressive =ce1 ! life-impulse 9 nature1 & ?is n m]ely by symbols & intellectual =ms1 b by play+ directly on ! n]v\s sy/em z a h>p-play] on ! /r+s ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,no art is m s5su\s ?an ,music1 & none m ab/ract1 m remov$ f :at are call$ realities1 9 ! sub/ance ( :at x conveys4 ,its entire indep5d5ce ( objects ( s5se z giv5 9 exp]i5ce1 comb9$ ) its ma/]y ( ! inn] law1 ! spiritual significance1 ( life has l$ to its be+ rank$ by "s z ! highe/ ( ! arts4 ,i d\bt if su* comp>isons are pr(itable1 b x is easy to recognize a s5se 9 :i* ,s*op5hau] speaks tru? :5 he says t ! o!r arts deal ) ! %ad[s ( life1 ,music1 h[ev]1 ) its ess5ce4#ahd ,let u n[ consid] ! ,repres5tative ,arts 9 ! light ( ! pr9ciple :i* we are try+ to e/abli%4 ,s9ce !y dep5d on ! portrayal ( objects actually f\nd 9 nature & n creat$ by ! arti/1 _! relation to life is obvi\s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s m9or problems ( great int]e/ & intricacy connect$ ) !m1 & ^! we mu/ briefly t\* on4 ,a great s*ool ( arti/s & art critics has 9 rec5t times ma9ta9$ t ,pa9t+ is conc]n$ ) no?+ except h>monies ( light & col\r1 & t subject is !re=e completely indiff]5t to x save 9 s f> z x af=ds opportunity = ! r5d]+ ( surfaces v>i\sly illum9at$ & compos$4 ,! sun fall+ on a heap ( refuse is on ?is !ory z mu* to ! arti/ z :5 x lights up ! features ( ,cordelia "u h] tragic fate4 ,a *ampion ( ?is1 z x is call$1 ,impressioni/ s*ool has expla9$ its p>ticul> po9t ( view by sugge/+ ! mann] 9 :i* two pa9t]s1 "o ( ! old] type & "o an ,impressioni/1 w\ld treat su* a subject z ! dea? ( ,agamemnon4 ,! =m] w\ld ?9k ( ! magnitude ( ! ev5t & ! greatness ( ! *>act]s ( ^? conc]n$ 9 x--! ,impressioni/ w\ld probably try to fix ! att5tion ( ! spectator on "s note ( col\r su* z ! r$ robe :i* a "* 9 ! sc5e might be we>+4#ahe ,c we judge betwe5 ^! rival conceptions ( ! function ( ! repres5tative arts8 ,let u rev]t to our =mula--,art is ! expression ( ,life4 ,9 ! ,repres5tative ,arts x is ! expression ( visible life4 ,if "o wi%es to pa9t ! dea? ( ,agamemnon x w n d to rely = "o's effect ^u ! spectator's k ( t bit ( ,greek hi/ory & to make "o's art impressive simply because its allusions are freely recognizable4 ,s f> und\bt$ly ! ,impressioni/s are "r4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 ! assass9ation ( a great man is a bit ( life & a v notable & memorable "o4 ,! visible _w is1 aft] all1 n entirely summ$ up 9 ! texture ( surfaces "u light4 ,"* & _s h also _! visible manife/ations1 & ! pa9t] :o c r5d] !m1 z well z ! aspects ( physical life by :i* !y are accompani$1 is surely cutt+ a wid] swa! ( life ?an he :o ?9ks only ( ! r$ robe ( ! actor 9 a tragic sc5e4 ,goe! satiriz$ a :ole false !ory ( art :5 he rem>k$ 9 a well-kn[n epigram t 8pictures :i* "w miracles are mo/ly v poor pa9t+s40 ,yet "o is rem9d$ ( 8 own feel+ be=e ! pa9t+ ( ,/4 ,aga?a1 by ,raphael1 :i* he saw on 8 fir/ ,italian j\rney at ,bologna4 8,i h m>k$ ?is figure well10 he writes4 8,i %all "o day read my ,iphig5ia be=e h] 9 _s1 & %all put no words 9 ! m\? ( my h]o9e :i* might n h be5 spok5 by ?is sa9t40 ,0 !re n some?+ "h = ,goe!1 = all ( u1 beyond pa9t+ = ! sake ( light & col\r8 ,9 consid]+ ! pla/ic arts 9 relation to subject1 ! l>ge "q ( _! function z illu/ration comes into view4 ,an imm5se range ( art1 f t :i* deals ) religion & hi/ory d[n to ! draw+s 9 our comic j\rnals1 evid5tly presupposes 9 ! spectator's m9d a backgr\nd ( in=mation ) :i* ! "w ( art itself does n & _c furni% him4 ,a "w ( ?is k9d mu/ c]ta9ly be said to rely = "p ( its int]e/ ^u some?+ :i* is n 9 ! picture4 ,x is !re=e n a pure art product2 x is a complex ( arti/ic ) hi/orical or religi\s or critical int]e/2 b s long z we d n confuse ! diff]5t elem5ts x w\ld be absurd to say t !y may n be legitimately unit$4 ,/ill1 ! subject ( a picture1 z a picture1 rema9s always some?+ :i* is 9 ! picture4 ,x w\ld !re=e be a contradiction 9 t]ms to speak ( a poor picture on a great subject4 ,if ! pa9t+ be poor1 ! subject is poor--! pa9t]'s int5tion may h be5 great1 b he has n express$ x4 ,a ref]5ce to portraiture may help to make ! matt] cle>4 ,an indiff]5t portrait ( a p]son held 9 special love or v5]ation by me w\ld1 if x 7 n s bad z to belie him1 h an int]e/ & value = me :i* x w\ld entirely lack 9 ! case ( "o :o knew or c>$ no?+ = ! p]son repres5t$4 ,?is sup]add$ int]e/1 ! int]e/ :i* travels ?r\gh ! pa9t+ to "s concrete p]son or ?+ beh9d x1 mu/ be ?\ght away be=e a "w ( art c be judg$ z a "w ( art4 ,! application to religi\s or hi/orical art is obvi\s4 ,"h is a pa9t+ 9 :i* an un9=m$ obs]v] sees a woman & an angel4 ,:at is he to make ( x8 ,! pa9t] is evid5tly repres5t+ a mom5t ( great exaltation & significance4 ,! woman is receiv+ a message2 & ! pa9t] c tell u1 )9 ! limits ( 8 art1 n :at ! message is1 b ( :at k9d x is--sad1 or solemn1 or joyful1 or tragic4 ,he c make all ! accessories ( ! !me1 ! light+1 col\r1 etc41 re9=ce 8 conception1 & ! obs]v] c disc]n1 if he has intellig5ce 9 su* ?+s1 t ! pa9t] is putt+ be=e u 8 conception ( ! way 9 :i* a s\l conceives a mighty de/9y4 ,t is ! subject2 ! univ]sal idea1 al?\gh ! label on ! frame be #8,! ,annunciation4' ,i hope x w n be ?\ght t ,i am 9 any degree seek+ to disp>age ! beautiful art ( ! ,impressioni/s 9 ma9ta9+ t ! highe/ art is t 9 :i* !re is mo/ ( life4 ,life is s abundant & ri* t "o c f9d x almo/ any:]e 9 suffici5t measure to delight & to en*ant4 ,moreov]1 ! great laws by :i* life acts & endures1 ! laws ( rhy?m1 contra/1 h>mony1 c be amply sugge/$ 9 ! pla/ic arts ev5 :5 deal+ ) ! mo/ famili> ?+s ( e>?1 & ^! exalt & glorify any !me4 ,i rememb] to h he>d once ( a visitor to an exhibition ( pa9t+s by--,i ne$ n "n him--a c]ta9 well-kn[n purveyor ( s5su\s religiosities1 a k9d ( n9ete5?-c5tury ,c>lo ,dolci4 ,on ent]+ he met two ladies pass+ out ?r\gh ! ante-room1 :i* happ5$ to be hung ) l&scapes by an arti/ :om ,i ne$ n hesitate to "n1 ,mr4 ,m>k ,fi%]4 ,"o ( !m wi%$ to pause ov] ^!4 ,! o!r1 :o walk$ ) wet eyes & flu%$ *eek1 cri$1 8,trees1 trees6 ,d y want me to look at trees aft] hav+ _h my s\l uplift$80 ,?is little anecdote w be> "s ?9k+ ov]4 ,c we call an art bad :i* has p[] to uplift ! s\l8 ,b we h to ask1 ,0 x really ! art :i* did s1 or ! allusions 9 ! art8 ,& aga91 z 9 ! case ( ,tol/oy & 8 canon ( infecti\sness1 we mu/ ask1 ,:at s\l8 ,x is difficult to imag9e t ! s\l capable ( be+ uplift$ by ! art ( ! pa9t] 9 "q w\ld be v quick to recognize ! signs ( nobility & h]oic passion 9 real life4 ,to recognize t ! trees ( ,mr4 ,m>k ,fi%] might be wor? _m ,m>tyrdoms w\ld be at lea/ a s\nd beg9n+ ( an arti/ic education4 ,danc+1 s f> z x is an art1 mu/ be class$ "u ! ,repres5tative ,arts4 ,unlike mo/ ( ^! x c r5d] movem5t2 & its art is to display movem5ts 9 a progressive & a rhy?mic sequ5ce4 ,x is sculpture 9 motion4 ,unless :5 comb9$ ) ,music1 h[ev]1 its range ( arti/ic expression is n great1 beautiful effects are n "u /rict control1 & 9 _! rapid *ange ! eye _c prop]ly take !m 94 ,! impression left by a succession ( attitudes seems m confus$ & m transitory ?an t ( a musical phrase4 ,! "q ( ! place ( ,lit]ature 9 ! s*eme is "o ( "s difficulty4 ,unlike all ! o!r arts1 its subject matt] is n br\ght directly be=e ! s5ses1 b evok$ by conv5tional symbols :i* h 9 !mselves no /hetic value :atev]4 ,?us 9 "o s5se x may be call$ ! only /rictly national art 9 exi/5ce4 ,! mo/ beautiful poem 9 ! _w1 ?\gh x 7 grav5 9 ,egyptian basalt1 w\ld be a collection ( mean+less scrat*es if ! language 9 :i* x 0 writt5 7 lo/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! language be kn[n1 ,lit]ature has n only ! p[] ( evok+ ! conceptions desir$ by ! mak]1 b also t ( work+ directly on ! s5ses by means ( ! rhy?mic qualities ( spee*4 ,/ill ! range ( rhy?mic expression 9 language is s limit$ t 9 itself 7i4e4 z we might feel x if spok5 9 an unkn[n tongue7 x may be reg>d$ z q subord9ate to ! matt] convey$4 ,/rictly1 !re=e1 we ought p]haps to call ,lit]ature nei!r a ,pres5tative nor a ,repres5tative1 b an ,evocative art4 ,)9 its own circle1 h[ev]1 x falls naturally into classes correspond+ to ^? ( ! o!r arts1 = n>rative lit]ature & drama1 :i* deal ) actions & images tak5 f ext]nal life1 are cle>ly ,repres5tative 9 "*1 :ile lyrical & m$itative poetry1 :i* place ! mak]'s m9d1 mood1 or passion directly be=e u1 are ,pres5tative4 ,lit]ature has "o great sup]iority ov] ! pla/ic arts4 ,l ,music1 x c r5d] ! movem5t ( life4 ,9 ! dramatic =m ?is movem5t c be br\ght to be> directly ^u ! s5ses4 ,x resembles ,pa9t+ & ,sculpture 9 be+ able to deal ) concrete objects ( s5se1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 its me?od ( deal+ ) !m is n /rictly repres5tative4 ,x /&s absolutely alone 9 ! fact t x c r5d] ?\ghts#ahf z well z passions or moods4 ,i %\ld1 !n1 be incl9$ to reckon ,drama z ! greate/ ( all ! arts 9 its range ( expression1 :ile at ! same "t x _c be claim$ = x t x approa*es ,music 9 ! control ( moods or 9 ! int5sity ( effect :i* audible rhy?m alone seems to comm&4 ,! conclusion drawn by ,wagn]1 t ! supreme art mu/ be s\ght 9 a comb9ation ( ,music & ,drama1 is a tempt+ "o1 b ,i d\bt its validity4 ,! "q arises :e!r 9 ?is comb9ation "o or o!r ( ! unit$ arts does n surr5d] mu* ( its own special p[]4 ,s at lea/ "o great poet seems to h felt4 8,c'e/ def5du10 ann\nc$ ,victor ,hugo ab\t 8 dramas1 8de mettre des notes de musique le long de ces v]s40 ,! poetic use ( language has its own conv5tions & laws1 & ^!1 :5 us$ by a ma/]1 are s subtle & s p[]ful t to set 8 words to music is (t5 to produce an effect ( di/ortion4 ,:at is mo/ truly poetic 9 ! language is turn$ into an empty mask by )draw+ ! und]ly+ sub/ance to place x "u ! control ( ano!r conv5tion1 ano!r law4 ,"o c1 no d\bt1 z 9 ! case ( a ,greek *orus1 set great poetry to ! measure ( a simple *ant1 or "o c unite rhy?mic diction ( a broad & simple "* ) great music1 b ! highe/ poetry & ! highe/ music d n seem to comb9e to good purpose4 ,9 ?is rapid survey ( ! arts !re are1 ( c\rse1 l>ge & attractive fields ( exploration :i* h n be5 ev5 glanc$ at4 ,x has be5 s\ght on ! pres5t occasion m]ely to give ! clue by :i* ! arts may be relat$ to ! ma9 !sis ( ?is book4 ,e?ics & ,art con/itute ! two great fields ( :at we may call ! dis9t]e/$ activity ( man4 ,!y engage 8 highe/ p[]s1 !y set him on fire ) ard\r & sympa?y1 yet !y d no?+1 directly at lea/1 t[>ds satisfy+ ! prim>y & p]sonal ne$s ( 8 nature4 ,our problem has be5 to relate !m to life1 & to give !m a place 9 a s*eme ( organic unity4 ,bo? h be5 se5 to h t place only by ref]5ce to some?+ :i* 9 "o s5se is imman5t 9 nature1 & cle>ly p]ceptible !re1 b :i* 9 ano!r aspect is outside 8! realm ( clock-"t & measur+ rod10 ! transc5d5t ,:ole4 ,all spiritual e?ics1 all art :i* is n ( ! nature ( a m]e record1 mu/ 9 ! la/ resort rely on ?is :ol5ess ( ?+s = _! ju/ification4 ,b 9 ! e>li] p>ts ( ?is /udy we h tri$ to %[ t ev5 ! physical organization ( nature mu/ rely on x too2 = ! driv+ =ce ( evolution1 z well z ! framework ( law 9 :i* x works1 h be5 bo? int]pret$ z a manife/ation ( ! ,w to live1 to act2 ( ! impulse t[>ds ! ri*e/ & fulle/ developm5t ( ! mat]ial1 animal1 & spiritual life4 ,x is 9 ?is life-impulse t ,god reveals ,himself 9 ! _w ( "t & space4 ,?is is ! visible aspect ( ,8 all-embrac+ unity2 ?is is ,8 ess5tial relation to e>?ly ?+s2 & ?is is ! clue to _! rational int]pretation z p>ts ( a div9e cosmic ,ord]4 ,to le>n to appreh5d ! va/ ,purpose ) consci\s intellig5ce1 to fur!r x ) consci\s w & ) delib]ate fai?1 is ! sweet & :olesome gospel :i* ,nature prea*es to all :o h e>s to he>4 ,,app5dix ,a ,,sum ,,ergo ,,cogito ,n to encumb] ! text ) too mu* ab/ruse metaphysics1 ,i place "h :at seem to me "s important coroll>ies ( ! position /at$ at ! close ( ,*apt] ,i4 ,if ! ,univ]se is n a m]e aggregate b a coh]5t ,:ole1 !n x foll[s ( necessity t ! units :i* compose x w h relations n only ) ea* o!r b also ) ! ,:ole4 ,:5 any ( ^! units rea*es ! /age ( consci\sness x may be expect$ t x w become consci\s ( ^! relations1 & t ?is consci\sness w1 l o!r ?+s1 develop 9 "t to great] & great] fulness4 ,b "h1 f ! analytic side ( ! ,kantian philosophy1 comes ! w>n+ :i* tells u t all we c really "k is ! /ream ( s5sation :i* passes ?r\gh our m9d & :i* d]ives ! ord] & coh]5ce x seems to possess f ! laws ( t m9d4 ,h[ c we transc5d ?is appreh5sion ( fleet+ appe>ances1 & atta9 k ( ! ,"o1 ! ,real1 & ( our relations ) ,x8 ,to answ] ?is "q we mu/ look a little deep] into ! basis ( ?is doctr9e ( ! subjectivity ( human k4 ,?is subjectivity1 :5 we exam9e x closely1 does n 7z x is (t51 ,i ?9k1 suppos$7 appe> to be a special & inexplicable condition impos$ 9 "s ext]nal way on human consci\sness4 ,x is a condition absolutely b\nd up ) ! /ate ( exi/5ce impli$ 9 be+ a ,p]son1 an #8,i4' ,! mom5t ! m9d is able to turn inw>d ^u itself & to sep>ate ! ?+ kn[n or felt f t :i* kn[s & feels1 9 t mom5t ! ,?+ /&s a :ole inf9ity away f ! #8,i'2 !y are sep>at$ by ! analytic faculty ( ! ,ego & !y c nev] by t faculty be reunit$4 ,! /ate ( be+ an #8,i' is ess5tially a /ate ( analytic consci\sness4 ,! intuitions ( space & "t are simply ! in/rum5ts by :i* ! analytic faculty works1 = x is only by _! relations 9 space & "t t ?+s 9 ! _w c be divid$ & di/+ui%$ by ! intellect4 ,?is analytic faculty has1 x mu/ be not$1 an unb\nd$ p[] ( dis9tegration4 ,x does n sp>e ev5 ! ,ego itself1 :i* x r$uces to a m]e flux ( s5sations4 ,!re is no answ] to its de/ructive logic except ! suffici5t "o1 t ?is b\ndless p[] ( analysis 9 bo? directions1 inw>d & outw>d1 is simply a function inevitably b\nd up ) be+ an #8,i' at all--x is because ( t function t ,i am an #8,i4' ,e be+ possess+ #8,i'-hood mu/1 eo ipso1 be capable ( r$uc+ all ext]nal ?+s to its own s5sations1 & ( ext]naliz+ its own self4 ,"o _c be an #8,i' on any o!r t]ms4 ,n[ let u suppose t ?is analytic faculty did n exi/1 & t consci\sness w5t on1 z p]haps x does 9 bea/s1 by acts ( pure intuition1 )\t ev] turn+ inw>d to reg>d itself1 )\t ev] mak+ di/9ctions betwe5 ext]nal objects1 save z a matt] ( unreason$ s5se-responsiv5ess2 :at w\ld ! consequ5ces be !n8 ,cle>ly 9 t case object & subject w\ld be "o1 & k1 s f> z x w5t1 w\ld be absolute k4 ,b x w\ld nei!r be true nor false1 s9ce )\t analysis & comp>ison !re c\ld be no crit]ion ( tru? & falsity4 ,nor1 simil>ly1 c\ld ! actions spr++ f ?is /ate ( :at may be call$ ,imp]sonal ,consci\sness be ei!r e?ically good or bad 9 relation to ! creature :i* p]=m$ !m4 ,9 ?is /ate1 ?+s 9 space & "t w\ld be se5 simply z !y really are--z mom5ts 9 ! life ( ! ,_s4 ,our relations ) ! ,:ole1 !n1 mu/ be s\ght 9 ?is region ( pure imp]sonal consci\sness1 :i* implies entire =getfulness ( ,self1 entire surr5d] to ! life-movem5t ( ! univ]se4 ,we c und]/& n[ :y man has always _h ye>n+s = ?is /ate1 & has s (t5 s\ght to atta9 x by false means1 by ! trance or ec/asy produc$ ?r\gh self-hypnotism1 drugs1 etc42 means ultimately & necess>ily de/ructive ( _! object s9ce a self-reg>d+ motive lies at ! root ( !m4 ,if !re are illegitimate ways ( atta9+ ?is /ate :at1 x may be ask$1 are ! legitimate ones8 ,! difficulty ( ?is "q lies 9 ! fact t ! /ate ( imp]sonal consci\sness disappe>s ! mom5t we beg9 to ?9k ab\t x4 ,we live 9 x1 9 fact1 a great deal m ?an1 9 our /ates ( analytic self-consci\sness1 we h any idea (4 ,b z a rule we only live 9 x ) a "p ( our nature--! in/9ctive1 animal "p4 ,to ent] x ) our :ole nature1 to live 9 x z ,man1 two ways h be5 f\nd & ^! we call ! way ( ,religion & ! way ( ,art2 or1 if we describe !m by ! faculties respectively dom9ant 9 ea*1 z ! way ( ,love & ! way ( ,beauty4 ,?r\gh ^! ess5tially h>moniz+ & syn!siz+ p[]s ,man c = a :ile m]ge himself 9 ! va/ ocean ( ,be+1 & return f x1 r5ew$ & purifi$1 to ! n>r[ conf9es ( 8 selfhood4 ,b return he mu/2 = selfhood is n an accid5t or a de=mity1 n a ?+ to be despis$ & %uffl$ (f ! mom5t we c get rid ( x4 ,x1 also1 is a p[] ( life1 & ?r\gh x we are enabl$ to h>ve/ an imm5se /ore ( exp]i5ces4 ,?r\gh ! ,ego1 no d\bt1 ) its rapaci\s egotisms1 come s9 & wrong into ! _w2 b1 z ,h]acleitus f9ely says1 8,m5 w\ld n h kn[n ! "n ( ,ju/ice if ^! ?+s _h n be540 ,moreov]1 man has to act z well z to be & to feel4 ,= all complex action1 reg>d+ di/ant ends & involv+ *oice & discrim9ation1 ! faculty ( analysis1 ) :i* selfhood is b\nd up1 is absolutely ess5tial4 ,man is n to be rais$ 9 ! scale ( be+ by cutt+ away any "p ( 8 nature1 b by develop+ ! :ole h>moni\sly2 & ! analytic self-consci\sness is h>moniz$ ) ! imp]sonal consci\sness :5 ! "o is us$ to translate into its own sph]e ! exp]i5ces ( ! o!r--to fa%ion 9 ! visible & mat]ial life "s c\nt]p>t ( ! realities kn[n 9 ! _s4 ,,app5dix ,b ,,co-,,op]ation ,,& ,,competition ,9 ,kropotk9's ,mutual ,aid3 ,a ,factor 9 ,evolution1 x seems to me 7= all t x f9ds little fav\r ) "s m5 ( sci5ce7 t real light has be5 ?r[n on c]ta9 pr9ciples ( c>d9al importance :i* _h be5 obscur$ 9 ! too exclusive contemplation ( ! ,d>w9ian pr9ciple ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,ample pro( is giv5 by ,kropotk9 ( ! tru? ( ! foll[+ passage3-- 8,z soon z we /udy animals--n 9 laboratories & museums only1 b 9 ! =e/ & ! prairie1 9 ! /eppe & ! m\nta9s--we at once p]ceive t ?\gh !re is an imm5se am\nt ( w>f>e & ext]m9ation go+ on amid/ v>i\s species1 & especially among v>i\s classes ( animals1 !re is1 at ! same "t1 z mu*1 or p]haps ev5 m1 ( mutual support1 mutual aid1 & mutual def5ce amid/ animals belong+ to ! same species1 or1 at lea/1 to ! same society4 ,sociability is z mu* a law ( nature z mutual /ruggle4 ,( c\rse x w\ld be extremely difficult to e/imate1 h[ev] r\ghly1 ! relative num]ical importance ( bo? ^! s]ies ( facts4 ,b if we resort to an indirect te/1 & ask ,nature3 #8,:o are ! fitte/3 ^? :o are cont9ually at w> ) ea* o!r1 or ^? :o support "o ano!r8' we at once see t ^? animals :i* acquire habits ( mutual aid are und\bt$ly ! fitte/4 ,!y h m *ances to survive1 & !y atta91 9 _! respective classes1 ! highe/ developm5t ( intellig5ce & bodily organization4 ,if ! numb]less facts :i* c be br\ght =w>d to support ?is view are tak5 into acc\nt1 we may safely say t mutual aid is z mu* a law ( animal life z mutual /ruggle1 b t1 z a factor ( evolution1 x mo/ probably has a f> great] importance1 inasmu* z x fav\rs ! developm5t ( su* habits & *>act]s z ensure ! ma9t5ance & fur!r developm5t ( ! species1 toge!r ) ! greate/ am\nt ( welf>e & enjoym5t ( life = ! individual1 ) ! lea/ wa/e ( en]gy0 7pp4 #e1 #f4 #aijc74 ,f ! mass ( facts :i* ,kropotk9 has adduc$ 9 support ( ! above-quot$ view1 ,i _c =be> quot+ "o1 an obs]vation ( 8 own1 relat+ to a creature ( by no means high organization3-- 8,z to ! big ,molucca crab 7,limulus71 ,i 0 /ruck 79 #ahhb1 at ! ,brighton ,aqu>ium7 ) ! ext5t ( mutual assi/ance :i* ^! clumsy animals are capable ( be/[+ ^u a comrade 9 case ( ne$4 ,"o ( !m _h fall5 ^u its back 9 a corn] ( ! tank1 & its heavy1 saucepan-l c>apace prev5t$ x f return+ to its natural position1 ! m s z !re 0 9 ! corn] an iron b> :i* r5d]$ ! task /ill m difficult4 ,its comrades came to ! rescue1 & = "o h\r's "t ,i wat*$ h[ !y endeav\r$ to help _! fell[-prison]4 ,!y came two at once1 pu%$ _! fri5d f b5ea?1 & aft] /r5u\s ef=ts succe$$ 9 lift+ x upright2 b !n ! iron b> w\ld prev5t !m f a*iev+ ! "w ( rescue1 & ! crab w\ld aga9 fall heavily ^u its back4 ,aft] _m attempts1 "o ( ! help]s w\ld g 9 ! dep? ( ! tank & br+ two o!r crabs1 :i* w\ld beg9 ) fre% =ces ! same pu%+ & lift+ ( _! helpless comrade4 ,we /ay$ 9 ! ,aqu>ium = m ?an two h\rs1 &1 :5 leav+1 we aga9 came to ca/ a glance ^u ! tank3 ! "w ( rescue /ill cont9u$6 ,s9ce ,i saw t1 ,i _c refuse cr$it to ! obs]vation quot$ by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w91 namely1 t #8! common crab dur+ ! m\lt+ season /ations z s5t9el an unm\lt$ or h>d-%ell$ individual to prev5t m>9e enemies f injur+ m\lt$ individuals 9 _! unprotect$ /ate'0 7pp4 #aj1 #ab74 _/ ,,app5dix ,c ,,is ,,life ,,wor? ,,liv+8 ,?is grave "q is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 "o :i* mu/ be 8def9itely rais$ & answ]$ be=e ent]+ on any e?ical discussion0 7,data ( ,e?ics1 #i74 ,he goes on to re/ate x 9 ! =m3 ,does life yield 8a surplus ( pleasurable feel+ ov] pa9ful feel+80 & he argues t 8goodness or badness c be ascrib$ to acts :i* subs]ve life or h9d] life only on ?is supposition0 7 #aj74 ,b c "o really /rike a balance betwe5 pleasures & pa9s 9 human life8 ,mr4 ,sp5c] himself admits1 lat] on1 t pleasures & pa9s1 8unlike 9 _! k9ds1 int5sities & times ( occurr5ce1 are incomm5surable0 7 #eg74 ,moreov]1 ! ma9t5ance ( life 9 ! pres5t day means pass+ x on = c\ntless g5]ations ahead1 & h[ c we feel satisfi$ t ! conditions !n exi/+ w make m = pleasure ?an = pa91 ev5 assum+ t !y d s n[8 ,! "q1 !n1 :e!r x is good to ma9ta9 life does n seem capable ( philosophic decision on ?is gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s s5se ( logic1 h[ev]1 seems to me to be "h at fault z well z 8 fundam5tal conception ( e?ics4 ,! "q :i* he beg9s by ask+ is n ! "q :i* he ends by answ]+4 ,9 ! orig9al "q1 ,is life wor? liv+8 a comp>ison is set up betwe5 liv+ & n-liv+4 ,b we f9d ?is m]g+1 9 ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s m9d1 into ! q diff]5t comp>ison ( "o k9d ( liv+ ) ano!r k9d ( liv+--! pleasurable & ! pa9ful4 ,let u translate ! orig9al "q into ! language ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s e?ical sy/em4 ,9 t sy/em 8! good is univ]sally ! pleasurable0 7 #aj74 ,! ^w #8wor?1' !n1 connotes pleasure1 & ! "q resolves itself simply into ?is1 ,is x m pleasurable to live ?an n to live8 ,see+ t 9 n-liv+ !re is no pleasure at all1 ! only possible answ] is an affirmative--! "q answ]s itself4 ,& 9 fact ?is mu/ always be ! case :atev] connotation we atta* to ! ^w #8wor?1' = life has at any rate possibilities1 :]eas n-liv+ has none4 ,! "q1 !n1 8( late s mu* agitat$10 is really a nons5se "q1 & ! reason :y x is necess>ily devoid ( mean+ w appe> at once :5 we analyze ! t]ms4 ,= #8wor?1' #8goodness1' #8bless$ness1' #8pleasure1' & s =?1 are simply t]ms ( life & h no significance :atev] ap>t f x4 ,s ! "q1 ,is x bett] to live ?an n to live8 is m]ely ! same ?+ z to ask1 ,is !re m life 9 liv+ ?an 9 n liv+8 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ! unv]ifiable assumption on :i* ,sp5c] bases 8 sy/em ( e?ics1 t life yields on ! :ole a surplus ( pleasure ov] pa91 we m]ely affirm ! indubitable proposition t x yields a surplus ( life4 ,f ano!r side ?an t ( ! ,sp5c]ian e?ics1 h[ev]1 x may be argu$1 aga9/ ! conception :i* we are try+ to sub/itute = x1 t1 if ,life is some?+ m ?an ! physical ph5om5a att5d+ x on e>?1 if1 9 fact1 x is :at we call #8immortal1' we ne$ be at no pa9s to pres]ve x = ourselves or o!rs 9 ! =m 9 :i* we f9d x go+ on "h1 s9ce dea? c m]ely h ! effect ( translat+ x into ano!r =m4 ,true2 b suppose u to hold z lightly by t =m z we are urg$ to d by ?is--suppose u to %[ no p]si/5ce 9 any ( ! =ms ( be+ into :i* our life may pass1 :at k9d ( life w\ld be realizable "u su* conditions ( et]nal volatility8 ,c\ld life ev] h ris5 above ! /age ( ! ,amba if ! ,amba _h n ! in/9ct to ma9ta9 itself on e>?8 ,c ,man ev] hope to rise to any?+ high] )\t a /rong elem5t ( cont9uity1 ( fixity1 ( #8fight+ x out on ^! l9es' 9 8 feel+ ab\t ! =m ( life 9 :i* he actually f9ds himself8 ,x is ?r\gh ! ?\s& ties ( duty & s]vice1 love & joy1 :i* we =m ) ! visible _w ar\nd u t we realize ! highe/ life ( :i* we are at pres5t capable4 ,a light-m9d$ read9ess to snap ^? ties w\ld imply an incapacity = =m+ !m4 ,"h1 z always1 we f9d t ,nature tells u no?+ to any good purpose unless we look at h] z an organic :ole4 ,"o _c live by any isolat$ pr9ciple or factor1 h[ev] great & true4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,/4 ,,francis ,,! ,,poet ,no "o c read ,/4 ,francis's "o poem1 ! ,canticle ( ! ,sun1 )\t feel+ t _h poetry claim$ & won him 9 "t1 8 might h be5 "o ( ! greate/ & sweete/ ( ,italian voices4 ,! /ory ( its composition has a t\*+ beauty4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 life1 :5 9 ! deepe/ dejection ov] ! failure ( 8 ,ord] to live ! life ( joyful humility1 unworldl9ess1 & pov]ty to :i* he _h pl$g$ x1 he came1 bl9d & ill1 to ,s4 ,cl>e's ,conv5t at ,/4 ,dami51 on 8 way to ,rieti1 :]e 8 malady 0 to be treat$4 ,9 ?is d>ke/ h\r ( 8 life ! untr\bl$ fai? & lov+ sympa?y ( 8 old fri5d br\ght consolation & peace to 8 torn _s4 ,%e made him1 x is said1 a cell ( re$s 9 ! conv5t g>d51 :]e he c\ld be free to come & g z he wi%$4 8,little by little10 writes ,paul ,sabati] 9 8 ,vie de ,s4 ,franois1 8! man ( anci5t days reviv$ 9 him1 & at times ! ,si/]s he>d ! e*o ( /range *ants1 :i* m+l$ ) ! murmur+ ( ! p9es & olives1 & :i* seem$ to come f ! cell ( re$s40 ,"o day1 aft] a long conv]sation ) ,cl>e1 he _h sat d[n at ! mona/]y table = refection4 ,sc>cely _h he begun to eat :5 he fell into a k9d ( trance4 8,praise be to ,god60 he cri$1 on com+ to himself4 ,he _h complet$ ! ,canticle ( ! ,sun4 ,x is said t = a week aft]w>ds he =got 8 brevi>y1 & pass$ 8 days 9 repeat+ to himself ! /rophes ( 8 wond]ful poem--a "w 9 :i*1 = all its religi\s ard\r1 ! note ( asceticism is little app>5t2 unless "o sees x 9 8 usual qua9t adoption ( ! ?+s ( creation into a religi\s community6 ,i app5d a lit]al translation1 omitt+ two lat] v]ses compos$ = special occasions & n belong+ to ! fir/ pure inspiration4 ,x is writt5 9 unrhym$ irregul> /anzas3-- ,,canticle ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,mo/ high1 all-p[]ful1 good ,"l1 ?9e are praises1 glory1 hon\r & all b5$iction4 ,to ,!e alone1 ,mo/ high1 !y are due1 & no man is wor?y to "n ,!e4 ,h praise1 ,"l1 ) all ,?y creatures1 especially ,bro!r my ,"l ! ,sun4 ,he gives ! day1 & by him ,?\ %[e/ light1 & he is beautiful & radiant1 ) great spl5d\r4 ,( ,!e1 ,mo/ ,high1 he is ! symbol4 ,h praise1 ,"l1 = ,si/] ,moon & = ! ,/>s2 9 ! sky ,?\ ha/ =m$ !m1 bright1 preci\s & beautiful4 ,h praise1 ,"l1 = ,bro!r ,w9d1 & = ! ,air & ! ,cl\ds1 & = ! cle> sky1 & = e k9d ( wea!r1 by :i* ,?\ give/ su/5ance to all ,?y creatures4 ,h praise1 ,"l1 = ,si/] ,wat] :o is s s]viceable & humble & preci\s & *a/e4 ,h praise1 ,"l1 = ,bro!r ,fire1 by :om ,?\ do/ illum9ate ! night4 ,he is h&some & gay1 bold & /rong4 ,h praise1 ,"l1 = ,si/] our ,"m1 ! ,e>?1 :o n\ri%es & takes c>e ( u1 & br+s =? div]s fruits ) col\r$ fl[]s1 & ! grass4 ,praise ye & bless ! ,"l & r5d] ?anks to ,him1 & s]ve ,him ) great humility6 ,,app5dix ,e ,,isabella ,,& ,,claudio ,! e?ics ( sex-relations has always =m$ a crucial "q 9 e?ical sy/ems4 ,let me recall a rem>kable debate ^u x :i* took place rec5tly betwe5 a *ampion ( ! ,sp5c]ian sy/em1 ,dr4 ,saleeby1 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,lilly1 :o repres5t$1 ( c\rse1 ! view ( ,ca?olic or?odoxy4 ,mr4 ,lilly1 9 an article on ,%akesp]e's ,religion contribut$ to ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,june1 #aijd1 0 l$ to dwell on 8! /rik+ly ,ca?olic e?os ( ! play ,measure = ,measure1 in=m$ z x is by ! idea1 q ali5 f ! ,prote/ant m9d1 ( ! surpass+ excell5ce & sacrosanct "* ( virg9al *a/ity40 ,hazlitt1 :om ,mr4 ,lilly takes to repres5t ! typical ,prote/ant view1 _h decl>$ himself 8n greatly enam\r$0 ( ,isabella's inflexible purity1 & _h express$ 8 want ( 8confid5ce 9 ! virtue t is sublimely good at ano!r's exp5se40 ,mr4 ,lilly add$ t ,sp5c]'s tea*+ w\ld h c\nt5anc$ ,hazlitt's judgm5t & enjo9$ ^u ,isabella compliance ) ,angelo's desire4 ,dr4 ,saleeby hav+ d5\nc$ ?is z an 8outrage\s0 p]v]sion ( ,sp5c]'s mean+1 ,mr4 ,lilly v9dicates himself 9 a lett] to ! ,=tnightly z foll[s3-- 8,i po9t$1 9 a lett] appe>+ 9 y\r ,july numb]1 to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s express decl>ation1 9 ! ,data ( ,e?ics1 t ! elem5ts out ( :i* ! conceptions ( "r & wrong are fram$ are pleasures & pa9s1 & t #8conduct is consid]$ by u z good or bad1 accord+ z its aggregate results to self or o!rs1 or bo?1 are pleasurable or pa9ful4' ,i conclud$1 !re=e1 t if we are to g by ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s #8sci5tific e?ics1' ,isabella ought to h be5 will+ to make ! sacrifice ( h] virg9ity 9 ord] to prev5t ! disagreeable feel+ :i* w\ld be caus$ to h]self ?r\gh ! loss ( a belov$ bro!r1 to ,claudio ?r\gh ! process ( decapitation1 & to ,angelo ?r\gh disappo9t$ desire1 & ?us to h procur$1 z #8aggregate results1' a great balance ( pleasure ov] pa9 to all conc]n$0 7,=tnightly ,review1 ,septemb]1 #aijf74 ,dr4 ,saleeby's answ] to ?is is ! obvi\s "o t ! ,sp5c]ian e?ics d n contemplate imm$iate p]sonal pleasures & pa9s1 b r ultimate utility to ! race at l>ge1 & t 8,isabella's virtue1 if m]ely by example alone1 w\ld make = ! /r5g!n+ ( ! society 9 :i* %e f\nd h]self40 ,mr4 ,lilly !n practically surr5d]s 8 fir/ position--he admits t ,sp5c]'s 8sci5tific e?ics0 are int5d$ to h little or no conc]n ) ! imm$iate s5sations ( ,isabella1 ,claudio1 & ,angelo1 b he turns to confront ,dr4 ,saleeby & ,sp5c] f a new & mu* /rong] position4 ,:at claim1 he asks1 h 8sci5tific e?ics0 on ! individual8 ,ultimate utility = ! race might 7if "o c\ld e/imate x correctly7 be tak5 z giv+ u ! :at ( moral action1 b c x ev] give u ! :y8 ,isabella 0 n ?9k+ ( 8ultimate utility0 9 h] refusal1 b ( ! laws t ,sophocles wrote ( s memorably1 8unwritt5 & inv9cible laws :i* ev] live1 & no man kn[s _! bir?place40 ,%e 0 n ?9k+ ( ! effect ( h] example--h] action w\ld h be51 & ought to h be51 j ! same ?\gh %e _h _h ! mo/ complete assurance t none b ,angelo & h]self w\ld ev] "k ! reason = ,claudio's p>don4 ,! motive :i* con/ra9$ h] 0 d]iv$ f ! sy/em ( e?ics :i* ,sp5c]'s 0 con/ruct$ to replace4 ,?is new sy/em has nev] succe$$ 9 supply+ an answ] to ! dem& ( ! individual man or woman1 #8,:at is ! advantage ( ! race to me t ,i %\ld sacrifice ! lea/ ( my incl9ations = its sake8' ,b till t pi]c+ "q is answ]$1 all h$oni/ic sy/ems1 h[ev] elaborate & p]fect _! fabric1 are build+ on 8wood1 hay1 /ubble40 ,t\* _! f\ndations ) ! pitiless edge ( t "q1 & 9 a mom5t !y are 9 ! du/4 ,s f>1 9 effect1 ,mr4 ,lilly4 ,be=e we g on to deal ) ^! conflict+ views ( ! e?ical problem 9 ,measure = ,measure1 let u take a p>allel pres5tation 9 lit]ature ( ! same problem1 9 :i* ! impli$ judgm5t ( ! dramati/ appe>s entirely diff]5t4 ,maet]l9ck1 9 8 ,monna ,vanna1 %[s u a beautiful & high-s\l$ woman1 ! lov+ & fai?ful wife ( ! comm&ant ( ! city ( ,pisa4 ,! city is beleagu]$ by foes1 its p[] ( def5ce is at an end1 an assault is imm95t1 & ! inhabitants w be expos$ to all ! havoc & outrage :i* att5d$ w>f>e 9 ! days :5 ! conceptions s mu* priz$ by ,mr4 ,lilly held undisput$ sway4 ,! capta9 ( ! besieg+ ,flor5t9e =ces1 a great soldi] ( =tune nam$ ,pr9zivalle1 _h be5 an anci5t playmate ( ,monna ,vanna1 &1 unkn[n to h]1 _h be5 h] ard5t lov]4 ,be+ entreat$ = m]cy1 he s5ds an ultimatum4 ,let ,monna ,vanna sp5d a night 9 8 t5t1 & he w provision ! city & )draw 8 army next day4 ,amid ! indignation & di/raction :i* ! cruel dilemma causes 9 ! h\sehold ( ! pr9ce1 ,monna ,vanna's resolve %apes & h>d5s itself4 ,%e decides to sacrifice h]self = ! city4 ,b ,pr9zivalle f9ds h] a woman ( m>ble4 ,h] s\l is s high-/rung ) h]oic devotion t %e reg>ds h] body z little z a ca/-(f rag--%e is become z incapable ( fe> or %r9k+ z %e is ( base desire4 ,8 passion is *ill$ by ! icy complet5ess ( h] self-surr5d]1 :ile all t is noble 9 him responds to h] nobility1 & ! city is sav$ )\t ! t]rible sacrifice :i* %e 0 ready to p]=m4 ,su* is ! tale ( ,monna ,vanna1 s f> z x conc]ns our pres5t discussion4 ,9 read+ x1 x is impossible n to feel t %e 0 "r1 j z 9 read+ ,measure = ,measure x is impossible n to feel t ,isabella 0 "r4 ,:at has a sy/em ( natural e?ics1 a sy/em bas$ on ! conception ( life & nature put =w>d 9 ?is book1 to say ^u ! se>*+ e?ical "q involv$ 9 ^! two great dramas8 ,x is n an easy nor a pleasant "q to subject to philosophic analysis1 b x is a v important & critical "o4 ,9 ! fir/ place nei!r sci5ce nor s5se w1 ,i ?9k1 agree ) ,mr4 ,lilly's e/imate ( 8! surpass+ excell5ce & sacrosanct "* ( virg9al *a/ity40 ,virg9ity1 9 itself & ap>t f all qualify+ circum/ances1 is ! rev]se ( excell5t & admirable4 ,x means dea?1 n life2 x violates nature4 ,:at is really s\nd doctr9e 9 ?is connexion is n ! sanctity & excell5ce ( virg9ity1 b ! deep degradation ( mak+ sexual relations a subject ( b>t]4 ,:]ev] ?is prevails1 :atev] ! *ur* & ! law may or may n h _h to d ) ! transaction1 ! beauty & romance ( life is blight$ & de/roy$4 ,!re is no conque/ ( culture :i* %\ld be gu>d$ m devot$ly ?an ! dignity & sweetness :i* are br\ght into ! relations ( man & woman by love1 z ! great poets h und]/ood t ^w1 love mov+ 9 its gu>d$ circle ( mutual tru/ & intimacy4 ,a life is well lo/ 9 def5ce ( ?is mo/ sacr$ treasure ( ! _s4 ,isabella & ,monna ,vanna bo? felt ?is tru? 9 ! dep?s ( _! nature z all good wom5 d4 ,yet absolute laws ( action c r>ely1 if ev]1 be laid d[n to cov] e individual case4 ,"o c conceive ei!r ( !m decid+ z ,monna ,vanna actually did4 ,b 9 ! realm ( high trag$y :i* we are n[ deal+ )1 :]e pr9ciples & actions h a simplicity & integrity r>ely f\nd 9 common life1 x mu/ be felt t nei!r ( !m c\ld h tak5 up life aga9 z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,_h !y recogniz$ t !re 7 high] reasons /r+5t en\gh to compel !m to tread ! way to t sacrifice1 !y w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 l ! ,roman ,lucretia1 h solemnly m>k$ x ) _! life-blood z an expiation1 & z a w>n+1 7 x only to ,pr9zivalle or ,angelo1 t su* a ?+ mu/ n be done save at ! mo/ t]rible co/ t man c pay4 ,= ,isabella1 !n1 ! problem w\ld practically resolve itself into ! "q :e!r %e %\ld surr5d] h] own life = t ( a s+le wor?less relative4 ,!re 0 no moral obligation on h] to d t4 ,_h %e lov$ him s int5sely z to g will+ly to h] doom = 8 sake1 no "o c\ld h blam$ h]2 no "o c\ld blame h] if %e refus$1 & bade him summon up 8 manhood to die = 8 own s94 ,b 9 ,monna ,vanna's case x 0 n a s+le life t 0 at /ake1 b ! life & hon\r ( a multitude ( m5 & wom5 ) ^: protection1 moreov]1 %e 01 9 "p1 *>g$ by ! high position %e held 9 _! mid/4 ,if "r & wrong are to be int]pret$ z ,mr4 ,lilly w\ld int]pret !m1 solely ) reg>d to ! arbitr>y comm&s ( a sup]natural ,p[]1 !n ! ext5t to :i* a giv5 action may influ5ce life c h>dly be a matt] ( any mom5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,sp5c]'s s*eme1 ) its crit]ion ( ! greate/ ultimate pleasure ( ! greate/ numb]1 h>dly any?+ else c matt] except precisely ?is "q ( ! ext5t or area affect$ by our action4 ,9 ! s*eme ( natural e?ics :i* ,i am try+ to comm5d1 & :i*1 if ,i am "r1 gr[s logically out ( ! conception ( a liv+ univ]se1 ! elem5t ( ext5t has its due place 9 det]m9+ action1 b none 9 fix+ ! "* ( ! action4 ,& ?is1 x may be obs]v$1 is j :at ! good s5se ( humanity has practically arriv$ at 9 its daily judgm5ts & do+s4 ,no ord9>y man w\ld be requir$ by any e?ical law to lay d[n 8 life z a sub/itute = ano!r :o _h no claim on him4 ,b = a community1 or a man su* z a sovran1 :o = ! "t repres5ts a community & embodies its int]e/s1 x w\ld be ?\ght base n to die if occasion dem&$ x4 ,& s ,monna ,vanna might rightly feel h]self con/ra9$ to d = h] city :at ,isabella 0 9 no way requir$ to d = a bro!r1 b ! quality ( ! action w\ld rema9 9 ea* case ! same1 & ! trag$y c\ld h end$ nobly only 9 ! "o /]n way4 ,on ! g5]al "q ( ! ord]+ ( sex-relations1 x ne$s no argum5t to %[ t ! conditions fix$ by nature =bid !m1 9 ! int]e/s ( life1 to be casual & fleet+4 ,on ! o!r h& to require t1 :5 ^! relations h once be5 ent]$ into1 no vices1 no cruelty1 no v>iance ( any k9d on ei!r side w\ld ju/ify ! dissolution ( ! connexion & ! =mation ( a new "o1 is surely a sup]/iti\s exagg]ation ( a pr9ciple 9 itself "r & s\nd4 ,probably ! law & practice 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day are z good a r\gh approximation to a s\nd m>riage sy/em z man has yet devis$2 )1 h[ev]1 ?is l>ge qualification1 t cases ( divorce :5 !y come be=e ! law %\ld be he>d 9 cam]a4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon has n yet got rid ( all 8 sup]/itions1 & 8 belief 9 salvation by publicity is di/9ctly "o ( !m4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,metabolism3 see p4 #bg4 #b ,j4 ,re9ke4 ,die ,welt als ,tat1 p4 #agc4 ,! t]m #8developm5t' 7,entwicklung7 includes bo? :at we commonly und]/& by t t]m 7z1 ! trans=mation ( an embryo into a complete animal7 & also :at we call ,evolution1 ! developm5t ( "o species into ano!r4 #c ,see p4 #bd4 #d ,sylva ,sylv>um1 ,c5tury ,,vi4 #e ,zoonomia1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bdg1 ?ird edition1 #ahja4 ,d>w9 is "h adopt+ ,david ,hume's conjecture1 :i* is work$ out 9 "s detail 9 ! ,zoonomia1 ! conclusion be+ t probably 8"o & ! same k9d ( liv+ filam5ts is & has be5 ! cause ( all organic life0 7p4 #bdd74 ,he attribut$ evolution to int]nal =ces impress$ on liv+ matt] by ! ,creator4 #f ,he taught t nature _h produc$ a multitude ( disconnect$ p>ts :i* aft]w>ds comb9$ & recomb9$ at r&om until ! appropriate p>ts _h come toge!r & rema9$ /able4 #g 4 4 ,jac4 ,an?41 ,,ii1 #bj4 #h 8,x has lately become ! fa%ion1 at lea/ among ! y\ng] s*ool ( biologi/s1 to atta* small value to natural selection1 if n1 inde$1 to reg>d x z a sup]s$$ =mula40 7,a4 ,weismann1 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,engl4 trans41 ,,ii1 #cia47 #i ,text ,book ( ,botany1 p4 #c4 ,engli% translation by ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,port]1 #ahih4 ,9 ! fif? ,g]man edition1 :i* s]v$ z ! basis ( a revis$ ,engli% translation 7#aijc71 ano!r passage 7tak+ note ( ,de ,vries' ,mutations ,!ory7 is sub/itut$ = ! above quot$1 b ! ess5tial mean+ is ! same4 #aj ,leitfad5 9 das ,/udium d] exp]im5tell5 ,biologie d] ,wass]ti]e1 p4 #fg4 ,! subject is ably treat$ by ,keys]l+1 ,das ,gefge d] ,welt1 p4 #aij4 #aa ,= in/ance1 ! developm5t ( an embryo 9 ! womb takes place 9 /rict accordance ) physico-*emical laws4 ,b )draw ! elem5t :i* we call life & h[ diff]5t a set ( processes w\ld at once sup]v5e6 ,yet ! physical en]gies 9 ! embryo w\ld rema9 9 am\nt exactly :at !y 7 be=e4 #ab ,see ,weismann1 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,,ii1 #ceh4 #ac ,= my own "p1 ,i may say ,i h a difficulty 9 conceiv+ ! ,div9e "u ! human & limit$ category ( intellig5t p]sonality4 #ad ,das ,gefge d] ,welt1 ,h]mann ,graf v4 ,keys]l+1 #aijf4 #ae ,see ,app5dix ,a4 #af ,see ,jagadis ,*und] ,bose1 ,response 9 ! ,liv+ & ! ,non-,liv+1 passim4 ,! foll[+ passage sums up ! results ( _m delicate exp]im5ts 9 ! response to electrical /imulus4 8,we h se510 writes ! ,indian physici/1 8t ! crit]ion by :i* vital response is diff]5tiat$ is its abolition by ! action ( c]ta9 reag5ts--! s-call$ poisons4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t #8poisons' also aboli% ! response 9 plants & metals4 ,j z animal tissues pass f a /ate ( responsiv5ess :ile liv+ to a /ate ( irresponsiv5ess :5 kill$ by poisons1 s also we f9d metals trans=m$ f a responsive to an irresponsive condition by ! action ( simil> poison\s reag5ts0 7p4 #ahh74 #ag ,at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #aije1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,a4 ,mi]s1 9 a lecture on #8,! ,gr[? ( a ,cry/al1' is report$ to h said1 ,! mo/ wond]ful feature ( cry/als 0 ! mann] 9 :i* !y grew1 j z ?\gh !y 7 liv+ ?+s4 ,two features des]v$ special att5tion4 ,! fir/ 0 ! rem>kable p[] cry/als possess$ ( heal+ !mselves :5 mutilat$4 ,if a gr[+ cry/al 7 remov$ f a solution1 brok5 at "o ( its corn]s1 & re-imm]s$ 9 ! solution1 x w\ld cont9ue to gr[1 & z x grew w\ld re/ore ! miss+ "p1 & become once m a completely symmetrical figure4 ,?is p[] ( cont9u+ to gr[ 0 possess$ by a cry/al ev5 aft] c\ntless ages1 s soon z x 0 imm]s$ into ! appropriate solution4 ,9 ?is s5se ! cry/al 0 immortal1 = x nev] lo/ its vitality1 or p[] ( gr[+4 ,! o!r rem>kable feature 0 ! gr[? ( cry/als 9 ov]-saturat$ solutions4 ,9 solutions only slightly ov]-saturat$1 no spontane\s g5]ation ( cry/als 0 possible4 ,x 0 true t a solution only slightly ov]-saturat$ w\ld (t5 beg9 to cry/allize1 app>5tly spontane\sly1 :5 expos$ to ! air1 b ?is 0 because !re 7 m9ute cry/al fragm5ts ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance float+ ab\t 9 ! air :i* got into ! solution ) ! du/ & s inoculat$ ! solution ) cry/al g]ms1 j z ! human body might be inoculat$ ) disease by a disease g]m4 ,if ^! g]ms 7 kept out1 ! solution w\ld n cry/allize until x 0 v /rongly ov]-saturat$1 & !n1 at a c]ta9 /r5g?1 x w\ld sudd5ly beg9 to cry/allize spontane\sly & ) great rapidity4--,times1 ,augu/ #e1 #aijg4 #ah ,! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,life 7,eng4 trans471 p4 #bej4 #ai ,x is n to be assum$1 h[ev]1 t ^! sub/ances are m]ely passive objects 9 ! process4 ,! life :i* is 9 !m has d\btless z mu* to d ) ! result z ! life :i* is 9 ! plant4 ,?is is a side ( ! "q :i* calls = fur!r inve/igation4 #bj ,x is h[ev] sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 9 8 article1 #8,protozoa1' 9 ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 t ! mo/ primitive =ms ( organic life did n possess *lorophyll b f$ on album9oids1 etc41 :i* con/itut$ ! e>lie/ /eps 9 _! own evolution4 #ba ,9 ,b$d>d's ,animal ,coloration note is tak5 ( ! gre5 fur ( ! slo? z a mo/ uncommon if n unique ph5om5on4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ! slo? has groov$ or flut$ hairs1 :i* =m ! habitat ( a m9ute gre5 fungus to :i* ! col\r is due4 #bb ,or />*1 :i* easily decomposes into sug>1 & :i* is compos$ ( ! same elem5ts4 #bc ,ray ,lanke/]1 op4 cit4 #bd ,v]worn1 ,g5]al ,physiology1 pp4 #ajb1 #dgh3 8,physiological *emi/ry has %[n t betwe5 ! two k9ds ( sub/ance v ess5tial *emical diff]5ces exi/1 :i* prove t liv+ sub/ance exp]i5ces 9 dy+ pron\nc$ *emical *anges4 ,a widespread diff]5ce betwe5 ! two consi/s 9 _! reaction4 ,! reaction ( liv+ sub/ance is almo/ )\t exception alkal9e or neutral1 & ) dea? *anges usually to acid4444 ,physiological *emi/ry has %[n simil> *anges 9 dea? 9 great numb]4 ,all ^! facts prove t 9 ! dea? ( liv+ cell-sub/ance c]ta9 *emical comp\nds und]go trans=mations2 h5ce sub/ances exi/ 9 x :i* are n to be f\nd 9 dead cell-sub/ance40 #be ,9 #ahib4 ,an ,engli% translation ( ,bts*li's "w on ,microscopic ,foams & ,protoplasm1 by ,e4 ,a4 ,m9*91 appe>$ 9 #ahid4 ,! nucleus is really a =m ( protoplasm1 *iefly diff]5tiat$ f ! #8cytoplasm1' or protoplasm ( ! cell1 by conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( phosphorus4 #bf ,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t & ,inh]itance1 #bnd edition1 p4 #i4 #bg ,by ,j4 ,a4 & ,m4 ,r4 ,?omson1 #aijd4 #bh ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,,ii1 p4 #cia4 #bi ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #cfh4 #cj ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #djd4 #ca ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,i1 p4 #cec4 #cb ,ibid41 ,,ii1 p4 #eb4 #cc ,b note ! transition /age exemplifi$ 9 ! natural hi/ory ( cry/als 7vide p4 #bb74 #cd 8,x has be5 ,weismann's great s]vice to place ! key/one betwe5 ! "w ( ! evolutioni/s & t ( ! cytologi/s1 & ?us to br+ ! cell-!ory & ! evolution-!ory into organic connexion0 7,e4 ,b4 ,wilson1 ,! ,cell1 p4 #ac74 #ce ,pr(4 ,wilson's "w on ! cell 7see note on p4 #cc7 may be ref]r$ to = a compreh5sive & detail$ /atem5t ( all t is kn[n at pres5t on ?is subject4 #cf ,accord+ to ,wilson 7op4 cit47 ?is 0 guess$ by ,haeckel 9 #ahff1 & confirm$ 9 #ahhd-e by ! almo/ simultane\s discov]ies ( ,o4 ,h]twig1 ,/rasburg]1 ,kllik]1 & ,weismann4 #cg ,sixte5 h be5 c\nt$ 9 ! human cell4 ,a gras%opp] has twelve1 a lily tw5ty-f\r4 ,! numb] is almo/ always an ev5 "o1 b z ) ev]y?+ 9 ,nature !re are exceptions to ! rule4 #ch ,! process briefly describ$ above is t ( #8mitotic' division 71 a ?read1 f ! appe>ance ( ! *romosomes74 ,amitotic division1 9 :i* ! cell & nucleus simply divide 9 two )\t ! =mation ( *romosomes1 also occurs "u c]ta9 conditions1 b is usually an abnormal or deg5]ative process 7cf4 ,wilson1 ,! ,cell1 pp4 #aaf-aai74 #ci 8,e animal appe>s z a sum ( vital entities1 ea* ( :i* be>s )9 itself ! complete "* ( life0 7,vir*[1 ,cellul>-pa?ologie1 p4 #ab1 #aheh74 #dj ,weismann1 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,i1 #bea4 #da ,x is ca/ out into ! cytoplasm--! sub/ance surr\nd+ ! nucleus--:]e x deg5]ates 7see ,wilson1 ,! ,cell1 p4 #adg74 #db ,amb4 ,see p4 #cj4 #dc ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,i1 #bfe4 #dd ,! ,cell1 p4 #agh4 #de ,sci5tific ,pap]s & ,addresses1 ,,ii1 pp4 #hfb-c4 #df ,engli% trans41 #bnd edition 7#aijc71 p4 #aei4 #dg ,! ,cell1 p4 #dcd4 #dh ,aga9/ ?is view might be quot$ ! fact t ! unf]tiliz$ eggs sometimes laid by ! work]s 7imp]fect females7 ( bee & ant communities always develop into drones4 #di ,pp4 #bfb-c4 ,! bird 0 exam9$ by ,pr(4 ,max ,web]1 ( ,am/]dam1 & ,mr4 ,b$d>d ref]s to ! ,zoologis*] ,anzeig] = #ahij1 p4 #ejh1 = ,web]'s acc\nt ( ! case4 #ej ,! n[ fam\s ,m5delian ,law ( ,inh]itance1 fir/ discov]$ 9 #ahfe by ,m5del1 an ,augu/9ian monk & ,abbott ( ,brnn1 & completely ignor$ till ! ye> #aijj1 :5 x 0 r$iscov]$ by ,de ,vries & o!rs1 is also /rongly confirmatory ( ,weismann's analysis ( ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity4 ,accord+ to ?is law x is possible1 z x 71 to isolate any p>ticul> *>act]i/ic ( a species or ev5 7if h]itable7 ( an individual1 & by a def9ite sy/em ( cross+ to atta* ?is *>act]i/ic alone to any o!r v>iety capable ( cross+ ) ! fir/4 ,?is means t inh]itance is gov]n$ by sep>able units ( =mative en]gy4 ,^! units are ,weismann's det]m9ants4 ,! discov]y ( ! me?ods ( turn+ ?is pr9ciple to practical acc\nt is obvi\sly ( great importance = agriculture & /ockbre$+4 ,! law has "s inexplicable limitations :i* are n[ closely engag+ ! att5tion ( biologi/s4 ,x is impossible to ent] ^u ! subject m fully "h1 b a good acc\nt ( x w be f\nd 9 ,lock's ,rec5t ,progress 9 ! ,/udy ( ,v>iation1 & 9 a bro*ure1 ,an ,address on ,m5delian ,h]$ity1 by ,w4 ,bateson1 repr9t$ f ,bra91 pt4 cxiv1 #aijf4 #ea ,! actual /imulus :i* prompts ! division is probably to be f\nd 9 ! di/urbance ( equilibrium :i* arises :5 ! cell is tak+ 9 m nutrim5t ?an its dige/ive sy/em c deal )4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 does n expla9 :y x %\ld divide in/ead ( dy+ ( indige/ion4 #eb ,see ,/rasburg]1 loc4 cit4 #ec ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,i1 #djb-c4 #ed ,! subject ( deg5]at$ & lo/ organs is v fully treat$ by ,m4 ,edmond ,p]ri] 9 8 ,trait de ,zoologie1 pp4 #cbe sqq4 ,x may be not$ t animals :i* are fix$ usually lack eyes1 ev5 9 light4 ,9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 :]e total d>kness reigns except = ! phosphoresc5ce emitt$ by c]ta9 animals1 x is f\nd t "s creatures h completely lo/ _! organs ( sight1 :ile o!rs h !m extraord9>ily develop$4 ,^? :i* h lo/ !m are ! walk]s 7,cru/ace72 ^? :i* %[ an exceptional developm5t are ! swimm]s4 ,?is goes to %[ t ! ne$s ( ! animal1 r ?an ! ext]nal conditions1 are ! det]m9+ cause4 ,cave fi%es are all extremely s5sitive to light1 :i* affects !m disagreeably1 ev5 :5 ! optic n]ve is :olly de/roy$4 ,see ,arm& ,vir1 ,la ,faune ,actuelle des ,cav]nes1 ,revue des ,ides1 ,m>* #ae1 #aije1 & ,la ,faune ,s\t]ra9e de ,france1 #aijj4 #ee ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism1 *apt]s ,,iii4 & ,,xv4 #ef ,orig9 ( ,species1 *apt] ,,ii4 #eg ,sexual selection--! competition ( males & females = _! mates--is m]ely a =m ( natural selection1 & ne$ n be specially dealt ) "h4 #eh ,orig9 ( ,species1 *apt] ,v4 #ei ,see ,eim]1 ,organic ,evolution 7,eng4 trans471 pp4 #agc-ahd1 = a full discussion ( ! "q f ! ,lam>ckian /&po9t4 #fj #8,"r-h&$ness & ,left-bra9$ness' by ,d4 ,j4 ,cunn+ham3 ! ,huxley ,lecture = #aijb4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 ,vol4 ,,xxxii1 pp4 #bgc-ie4 ,i may ref] also to a bro*ure by ,dr4 ,geo4 ,sig]son1 ,f4,r4,u4,i41 ,consid]ation ( ! ,/ructural & ,acquisitional ,elem5ts 9 ,dextral ,pre-em95ce1 ,dubl91 #ahhd4 ,dr4 ,sig]son believes t primitive man 0 ambidextr\s1 & t #8dext]ity' is a case ( specialization ( function1 & has support$ ?is view by a novel & int]e/+ l9e ( pa?ological obs]vation4 #fa ,op4 cit41 p4 #bhe4 #fb ,ibid41 pp4 #bhd-e4 #fc ,j\rnal ( ,anatomy & ,physiology1 ,vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #dja4 #8,on ! relative weights ( ! "r & left sides ( ! body 9 ! foetus4' #fd ,orig9 ( ,species1 *ap4 ,,vi4 #fe #8,! ,inadequacy ( ,natural ,selection1' ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahic4 #8,pr(4 ,weismann's ,!ories1' ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,may1 #ahic4 #8,! ,all-,suffici5cy ( ,natural ,selection1' ,aug4 ,weismann4 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,septemb]1 #ahic4 #8,a ,rejo9d] to ,pr(4 ,weismann1' ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,contempor>y ,review1 ,decemb]1 #ahic4 ,! ,romanes ,lecture = #ahid1 by ,aug4 ,weismann 7,fr[de74 #ff #8,lam>ck et le ,trans=misme actuel'3 ,musum d',hi/oire ,naturelle1 ,c5t5aire2 ,vol4 ,commemoratif1 #aijc1 p4 #ejh4 ,m4 ,p]ri] adds t ! metaphysical alt]native 8e/1 en effet1 quoi le pr(esseur ,a4 ,weismann1 de ,frib\rg1 a t conduit40 ,?is1 ,i ?9k1 c only be ,m4 ,p]ri]'s way ( say+ t he f9ds ,weismann un9telligible1 = ,weismann's o/5sible object is c]ta9ly to /e] betwe5 ! ,scylla ( ,lam>ckism & ! ,*>ybdis ( #8metaphysics4' ,) :at success he attempts ?is feat we %all see4 #fg ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,,ii1 p4 #gh4 #fh ,,ii1 p4 #ccj sqq4 #fi ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,,ii41 #cdf4 #gj ,see p4 #hc4 #ga ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,,ii1 #bfd4 #gb ,i take ?is f ,j4 ,t4 ,cunn+ham's ,sexual ,dimorphism1 p4 #af4 #gc ,useless /ructures & organs are reg>d$ by ,weismann1 & ,i ?9k ) ju/ice1 z 9 "s degree unfav\rable4 ,!y make dem&s on ! organism = n\ri%m5t1 & are ?us 9 ! position ( non-productive memb]s ( a work+ family4 #gd ,op4 cit41 p4 #gc4 ,see ,app5dix ,b4 #ge ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism1 p4 #bd4 #gf ,animal ,coloration1 p4 #beb4 #gg ,p\lton1 ,! ,col\rs ( ,animals1 p4 #bch4 #gh ,ibid41 p4 #bcg4 #gi ,see p4 #g1 note #b4 #hj ,eng4 trans4 revis$ f fif? ,g]man edition1 #aijc1 p4 #c4 #ha ,me*anis*-physiologis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre4 #ahhd4 #hb ,see especially ,organic ,evolution1 pp4 #eb1 #c4 #hc ,organic ,evolution1 pp4 #bbe1 #dcc4 ,eim] is a believ] 9 ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics2 h5ce ,ok5's conception1 tak5 lit]ally1 (f]s him a ready me?od ( dispos+ ( ! ant-problem dealt ) on p4 #he1 sqq4 #hd ,organic ,evolution1 p4 #bfh4 #he ,see ,eim]1 ,organic ,evolution1 p4 #ace sqq4 #hf p4 #fb4 #hg 8,x is10 writes ,wilson1 8becom+ m & m cle>ly app>5t 444 t ,s*wann w5t too f> 9 d5y+ ! influ5ce ( ! totality ( ! organism ^u ! local activities ( ! cells4 ,x w\ld ( c\rse be absurd to ma9ta9 t ! :ole c consi/ ( m ?an ! sum ( its p>ts4 ,yet1 z f> z gr[? & developm5t are conc]n$1 x has n[ be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ t only 9 a limit$ s5se c ! cells be reg>d$ z co-op]at+ units4 ,!y are r local c5tres ( a =mative p[] p]vad+ ! gr[+ mass z a :ole0 7,! ,cell1 pp4 #eh1 #i74 ,:at ,pr(4 ,wilson1 absorb$ l mo/ sci5ti/s 9 ! consid]ation ( pond]able & visible masses1 assumes to be 8absurd0 is ( c\rse ! v ?+ :i* he is prov+ to be a fact ,! :ole c be n m]ely ! 8sum0 b ! syn!sis ( its p>ts4 #hh ,die ,welt als ,t41 *ap4 ,,xxiv4 #hi ,loc4 cit4 #ij ,krfte zweit] ,h&4 ,! prim>y =ces are ! *emical & me*anical =ces1 ! second>y are ^? :i* control & guide ^! = c]ta9 ends4 #ia ,pp4 #i1 #aj4 ,! italics are ,pr(4 ,h5sl['s4 #ib ,?is /atem5t tak5 lit]ally is1 ( c\rse1 q too sweep+4 ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ cle>ly means "h by 8v>iations0 ^? alone :i* are important en\gh to h selection-value1 fav\rable or o!rwise4 ,insignificant v>iations are always occurr+4 #ic ,h5sl[1 ,orig91 etc41 p4 #ajb4 #id ,ibid41 p4 #hj4 #ie ,ibid41 p4 #dj4 #if ,a4 ,r4 ,wallace1 ,d>w9ism 7#ahij71 p4 #dbg4 #ig ,m>ie v4 ,*auv91 #8,ueb] die ,v]w&lungsfhigkeit des mexikanis*5 ,axolotl4' ,zeits*rift fr wiss5s*aftli*e ,zoologie1 ,,xli1 p4 #che4 ,see also ,! ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 sub voce4 #ih ,haeckel1 ,hi/ory ( ,creation 7,engli% trans471 ,i1 p4 #aej4 #ii ,see also pp4 #ae1 #af4 #ajj ,j4 ,h4 ,newman4 #aja ,see ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,"p ,,ii4 #ajb ,see ,curtius1 ,grie*is*e ,etymologie1 s4v41 1 4 #ajc ,deus desc5ds f a root mean+ #8to %9e1' h5ce ! ,day1 ! ,sun1 ,god2 is ref]r$ by ,curtius to a root 1 to desire1 pray--,god is 8d] ,angeflehte40 #ajd ,are !re _m ,engli%m5 :o w\ld und]/& ! foll[+ s5t5ce :i* ,i lately came across 9 a ,/4 ,l\is pap]8 8,?is graft 0 "o ( ! scrap-head v>iety1 & x 0 h>d !re=e to get ! boodl]s good40 #aje ,! #8:eel' is really a spiral--! l9e ( all natural gr[?4 #ajf ,see p4 #aaa4 #ajg ,orig9 ( ,species1 *apt] ,,vi4 #ajh ,me*anis*-,physiologis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre1 p4 #aej4 #aji ,weismann1 ,! ,evolution ,!ory1 ,i1 p4 #afb4 #aaj ,ibid41 ,i1 p4 #agg4 #aaa ,s ! cog:eels ( a ma*9e design$ = "s useful purpose w lac]ate ! h& ( a man :o gets 9 _! way4 #aab ,see p4 #he4 #aac ,d>w9ism & ! ,problems ( ,life1 #aijd4 ,eng4 transl4 by ,j4 ,mc,cabe1 #aije1 pp4 #ced sqq4 #aad ,or?og5esis d] ,s*mett]l+e 7#ahig74 ,! passage w be f\nd 9 ,kellogg's ,d>w9ism ,to-day1 p4 #bhe4 ,in/ances ( #8regression1' etc41 are giv5 by ,kellogg1 op4 cit41 p4 #bbg4 #aae ,:5 ,h]acleitus wrote 8,! ,"o arises f ! ,all & ! ,all f ! ,"o0 7,frag4 ,,lix4 ,bywat]7 he 0 /at+ ) 8 usual pregnant brevity a position ( deep significance = mod]n sci5tific ?\ght4 #aaf ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t /rict physical cont9uity does n exi/ 9 nature4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge has some:]e rem>k$ t sci5ce is entirely at a loss to expla9 h[ x comes t :5 "o picks up a /ick by "o end ! re/ ( ! /ick comes up ) x4 #aag ,g5]al ,physiology1 p4 #eej4 #aah ,publi%$ by ,bell ,son1 #aijg4 #aai ,d>w9ism ,to-day1 p4 #cgg1 quot+ ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn's ,! ,unkn[n ,factors ( ,evolution4 ,osborn1 l ! writ] 7see p4 #ij71 holds ,sp5c] & ,weismann to be mutually de/ructive4 8,if acquir$ v>iations are transmitt$ !re mu/ be !re=e "s unkn[n pr9ciple 9 h]$ity2 if !y are n transmitt$ !re mu/ be "s unkn[n factor 9 evolution40 #abj ,me*anis*-,physiologis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre4 ,see especially pp4 #acb1 & #cdj sqq4 #aba ,d>w9ism ,to-day1 p4 #bgh4 #abb p4 #di4 #abc 1 1 ' 1 1 ' 4 ,frag41 #bie4 #abd ,walt ,:itman1 #8,! ,answ]]4' #abe ,data ( ,e?ics1 #bi4 #abf ,see ,app5dix ,c4 #abg ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,review1 ,june1 #aijg4 ,sic also ,bi%op ,b]keley1 ,alciphron1 ,dial4 ,,vii1 #ai1 8,a man is said to be free1 s f> =? z he c d :at he w40 ,b]keley's analysis ( ?is /atem5t is sub/antially ! same z t 9 ! text4 #abh ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 translat+ ^! physical t]ms into _! psy*ic equival5ts1 decl>es t ! illusion ( ,free ,w 8consi/s 9 suppos+ t at ea* mom5t ! ego is some?+ m ?an ! aggregate ( feel+s & ideas1 actual & nasc5t1 :i* !n exi/s0 7,psy*ology1 ,i1 p4 #ejj74 ,! pivot ( ! doctr9e is ! ^w aggregate4 ,we h se5 t ! mo/ primitive liv+ organism is some?+ m ?an t4 ,cf4 p4 #aai note4 #abi ,( c\rse !y are only relatively l[]--!re are no ess5tially #8l[' motives 9 life at all4 #acj ,! ,w to ,believe--#8,! ,dilemma ( ,det]m9ism1' p4 #ade sqq4 #aca ,pragmatism1 pp4 #bhg-h4 ,comp>e ,bi%op ,b]keley4 8,to me x seems1 t if we beg9 f ,?+s p>ticul> & concrete1 & !nce proce$ to g5]al ,notions & ,conclusions1 !re w be no ,difficulty 9 ?is ,matt]4 ,b if we beg9 ) ,g5]alities1 & lay our ,f\ndation 9 ab/ract ,ideas1 we %all f9d ourselves entangl$ & lo/ 9 a ,labyr9? ( our own mak+40 ,alciphron1 ,dial4 vii4 #bj4 ,b]keley _h fully appreh5d$ ! ,det]m9i/ position2 see vii4 #af4 #acb p4 #abi1 #e? edition1 #ahgh4 ,!re is an evid5t fallacy 9 ,mill's position4 ,! ,deity :o c\ld make a hell & s5t5ce m5 to x = n wor%ipp+ him c\ld n also h creat$ ! consci5ce :i* w\ld resi/ him4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! moral s5se & ( hell are n to be comb9$ 9 our conception ( ! div9e4 ,b ,mill1 ( c\rse1 9 ?is fla% ( rhetoric1 0 m]ely tak+ popul> religi\s conceptions z he f\nd !m4 #acc p4 #bih4 #acd ,plato1 9 t great dialogue1 ! ,pha$o1 has a notewor?y passage on ^? :o :5 once betray$ by ,reason are apt to fall into unbelief or sup]/ition1 j z ^? :o1 :5 !y h f\nd bad fai? among m51 may fall into cynicism3-- 8,w\ld x n1 ,pha$o10 said ,socrates1 8be a lam5table condition1 :5 a c]ta9 !sis is true1 firm1 & intelligible1 if a man support+ some?+ ( ! k9d %\ld f9d argum5ts :i* seem$ true at "o "t to be false at ano!r1 & 9 ! end1 in/ead ( blam+ himself or 8 own want ( skill1 %\ld1 9 8 ill-temp]1 make ha/e to %uffle (f ! blame f 8 own %\ld]s to ,reason itself1 & sp5d ! re/ ( 8 life 9 hat+ & sl&]+ x1 be+ depriv$ ( ! tru? & sci5ce ( ?+s80 8,by ,zeus10 said ,i1 8x w\ld be lam5table40 8,let u take he$ !n1 be=e all else1 t we nev] admit into our m9ds ! idea t !re c be no s\ndness 9 reason+s1 b r believe t we ourselves are n yet s\nd1 & /udy manfully & ) a w h[ to be s0 7 xxxix74 #ace ,e m5tal acquisition1 su* z ! k ( a new language1 results 9 a def9ite alt]ation 9 a c]ta9 locality ( ! bra94 ,! human bra91 z an in/rum5t ( ?\ght & k1 is1 9 fact1 built up by a long s]ies ( purposeful ef=ts beg9n+ 9 e>ly infancy4 ,^! ef=ts d n1 ( c\rse1 orig9ate 9 ! matt] ( ! bra9 itself1 nor c ! diff]5t n]ves1 :i* br+ x messages f ! outside _w1 c>ry ) !m any?+ ( ! nature ( consci\s purpose & w4 ,^! arise f ,p]sonality4 ,i may ref] = a full & v int]e/+ treatm5t ( ?is subject to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,?omson's "w1 ,bra9 & ,p]sonality 7#aijg74 #acf ,9 ! ,pha$o1 xliii4 #acg ,microcosmus1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 ,*aps4 ,,ii & ,v4 #ach ,man1 & man only ,c d ! impossible2 ,he c ,di/+ui%1 ,*oose1 & give ,judgm5t2 ,he to ! mom5t l5ds ,p[] to endure4 #aci ,?is includes ! n\ri%m5t & protection ( its "y :ile helpless4 #adj ,?is ^w is1 ,i believe1 us$ by ,pr(4 ,haeckel to describe 8 sy/em ( philosophy4 ,i am v imp]fectly acqua9t$ ) t sy/em1 & !re=e ?9k x well to note "h t ! t]m mu/ n be tak5 ) any special implications :i* ,haeckel may h atta*$ to x4 #ada ,see pp4 #ag-bj4 #adb ,deontology1 ,i1 p4 #cb4 #adc ,exam9ation ( ,hamilton1 pp4 #ehf sqq4 #add ,data ( ,e?ics1 #bj4 #ade 8,i conceive x to be ! bus9ess ( moral sci5ce to d$uce1 f ! laws ( life & ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 :at k9ds ( action necess>ily t5d to produce happ9ess1 & :at k9ds to produce unhapp9ess0 7,data ( ,e?ics1 #ba74 ,happ9ess is always tak5 by ,sp5c] z equival5t to pleasurable feel+4 #adf ,reason 9 ,sci5ce1 p4 #beb4 #adg ,see ,data ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cf4 ,x has be5 prov$ by exact physiological exp]im5t t happ9ess promotes heal?y vital action 9 ! liv+ organism1 & t sorr[ & pa9 depress x4 ,b ( c\rse human life is n conduct$ solely on ! physiological plane4 #adh ,sic1 ,fr4 ,slat]1 ,s4,j41 9 ! ,iri% ,ecclesia/ical ,record1 ,febru>y1 #aije4 8,if su* a sum l c\ld be /ol5 )\t grave s91 its am\nt w\ld prove too great a temptation = ! virtue ( l>ge numb]s ( p :o wi% to save _! s\ls1 b make little ( v5ial s9s0 7p4 #aji74 ,b ,fr4 ,ojetti is mu* m lib]al to p]sons ( ! class describ$1 & gives !m up to #d 7p4 #ajj74 #adi ,i may draw att5tion 9 ?is connexion to a /rik+ & valuable /udy ( ! effect ( ,am]ican democracy on ,jewi% immigrants publi%$ 9 ! ,times ( ,janu>y #d1 #aijh4 ,z reg>ds ,ca?olicism1 x appe>s f a comp>ison ( ! /ati/ics ( emigration f ,irel& ) ^? ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! ,u4,s4,a4 t ab\t #ej p] c5t ( ! ,iri% ,ca?olics ab&on _! religion 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,iri% are also %[n by ! crim9al /ati/ics ( ! ,/ates z well z by ! obs]vation ( /ud5ts ( ! crim9al classes l ,mr4 ,josiah ,flynt1 to furni% a f> great] proportion ( crim9als 9 t c\ntry ?an obta9s 9 ! case ( any o!r nationality contribut+ to its population4 ,yet !y also give to ,am]ican life "s ( its v be/ elem5ts1 & !y are notori\sly ! mo/ crimeless ( p at home4 ,! degradation ( "* commonly produc$ by ,*ri/ianiz+ ! ,h9du is s uni=mly atte/$ by resid5ts 9 ,india t x _c be discr$it$4 ,see1 9 ?is ref]5ce1 an article entitl$ #8,! ,failure ( ,*ri/ian ,missions 9 ,india1' by ,dr4 ,josiah ,oldfield1 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ,april1 #aijc4 ,( c\rse x may be said t ! orig9al error lies 9 ! id5tification ( ritual & obs]vance ) religion & morality4 #aej ,see ,app5dix ,d4 #aea 8,p] l' asprezza della p5it5za e cont9uo piagn]e1 era div5tato quasi cieco1 e poco v$ea40--,fioretti1 ,,iii4 ,he _h 8:olly %att]$ 8 body10 says ,?omas ( ,celano 7,second ,life ( ,/4 ,f41 ,*4 ,,clx474 #aeb ,a discussion ( ! subject1 ) special ref]5ce to ! rapid decay ( ! ,franciscan ,ord]1 w be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,g4 ,g4 ,c\lton's pap] #8,! ,failure ( ! ,fri>s1' 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,janu>y1 #aijg4 ,see also criticisms on ?is pap] by two ,engli% ,franciscans1 ,fri> ,cu?b]t & ,fri> ,/anilaus1 9 ! same j\rnal = ,april1 #aijg1 & ,mr4 ,c\lton's rejo9d]1 ,july1 #aijg4 #aec ,:5 ! ascetic ideal is reg>d$ z admirable 9 a sa9t1 x naturally leads to /ill m lam5table p]v]sions by be+ practis$ by p]sons :o h nev] )drawn !mselves f ord9>y social relations4 ,?us a ,ca?olic prie/ has lately giv5 z an in/ance ( ! 8spiritual t5d5cy & unworldl9ess ( ! ,iri% peasant0 ! case ( a f>m]'s wife1 ! "m ( a l>ge family1 :o1 by a long c\rse ( secret au/]ities1 br\ght h]self 8to an untimely grave1 &1 no d\bt10 adds ! rev]5d au?or1 8a m>tyr's cr[n40 ,to keep h]self 9 heal? & d h] duty to h] husb& & *ildr5 w\ld1 x appe>s1 h be5 8worldl9ess40 ,su* cases1 we are told1 are n uncommon4 7,sc5es & ,sket*es 9 an ,iri% ,p>i%1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,gu9an1 ,c4,c41 #d? ed41 #aijf1 p4 #hg47 #aed ,! ,tea*+ ( ,epictetus1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,rolle/on1 p4 #cf4 ,diss]tations1 ,,iii1 xxii4 #aee ,suns t h set return z bright1 ,b we1 :5 sets our little light1 ,sleep on ?r\gh "o et]nal night4--,catullus1 ,v4 #aef ,! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,life1 by ,felix ,le ,dantec1 p4 #bb 7,engl4 trans41 #aijg74 #aeg ,! ,evolution ( ,matt]4 #aeh ,( c\rse ! "q rema9s1 ,:at compress$ ! spr+8 ,if ,matt] & ,motion are cont9ually wa/+1 x foll[s t !y mu/ at "s "t h be5 orig9at$1 & t ! p[] :i* orig9at$ !m is n dep5d5t on !m4 #aei ,! ,tea*+ ( ,epictetus1 p4 #ajc4 ,diss]tations1 ,,ii1 v1 #bd1 etc4 #afj ,see pp4 #ahf1 #ahg4 #afa ,see1 e4g41 ! op5+ ( ! ,phdrus4 #afb ,= a discussion ( ?is subject ,i may ref] ! read] to an article by ! writ] 9 ! ,hibb]t ,j\rnal = ,april1 #aijf3 #8,! ,resurrection3 ,a ,layman's ,dialogue4' #afc 4 ,poetics1 ,,xxiii1 #a4 ,he is speak+ ( ! design ( a n>rative poem4 #afd ,:at is ,art81 by ,leo ,tol/oy4 ,engli% translation by ,aylm] ,maude1 pp4 #dd-e4 #afe ,:at is ,art81 *ap4 v4 #aff ,i d n mean to exclude ! possibility t man may h fir/ le>n$ 8 capacity = art by mak+ signs int5d$ = q o!r purposes1 su* z id5tification ( tribehood1 etc4 #afg ,:at is ,art81 p4 #aec4 #afh ,fifte5 ,s]mons1 ,,iii4 #afi ,:at is ,art81 p4 #adf4 #agj ,ibid41 p4 #adh4 #aga ,:at is ,art81 p4 #afc4 #agb ,ibid41 p4 #afa4 ,h[ wide ( ! m>k all ?is is becomes cle> :5 we ?9k1 = in/ance1 ( ! sympa!tic treatm5t ( ! ,trojans 9 ,hom]1 or ! nobility ( feel+ ab\t ! ,moors :i* runs ?r\gh ,! ,cid4 ,a great art may glorify battle1 b cant & fanaticism are hateful to x4 #agc ,:at is ,art81 p4 #aff4 #agd ,ibid41 p4 #afg4 #age ,z1 ( c\rse1 x nev] c be 9 ,"t4 #agf ,x is v h>d to und]/& :y1 :5 ,a!ns 0 produc+ "s ( ! greate/ art ( ! _w & ! pr(\nde/ philosophic ?\ght1 ! attempt to develop a philosophy ( ! arts %\ld n h succe$$ bett] ?an x did4 ,plato felt in/9ctively t he _h entangl$ himself 9 a *a9 ( false logic1 & he appeals to ,art to v9dicate its tru?1 if x c4 ,he w\ld yield himself to its 8en*antm5t0 only too gladly 7 x n 8a s9 to betray :at seems to u ! cause ( tru?40 ,b x nev] occurs to him t :at ! pa9t] is really copy+ is n ! c>p5t]'s b$1 b ! heav5ly4 ,ari/otle1 on ! o!r h&1 well knew t !re is some?+ creative ab\t art4 ,witness 8 fam\s say+ t 8,poetry is bo? a m philosophic & a high] ?+ ?an ,hi/ory1 s9ce ,poetry looks at ?+s 9 a univ]sal1 ,hi/ory only 9 a p>ticul> aspect0 7,poetics1 ,,ix1 #c74 ,he 01 h[ev]1 /ill too mu* "u ! control ( ! popul> view ( ,art z ,imitation to be able to see ! full scope ( 8 own pr9ciple4 ,?us1 he exclud$ ,ar*itecture f ! realm ( ,art because x did n imitate any?+ 9 nature4 #agg 1 1 4 #agh ,preface to ,wordswor?'s ,lyrical ,ballads4 #agi 8,i h n be5 afraid ( ! *>ge ( obscurity10 says ,walt ,:itman1 89 ei!r ( my two volumes1 because human ?\ght1 poetry or melody1 mu/ leave dim escapes & outlets--mu/ possess a c]ta9 fluid1 a]ial "*1 ak9 to ,space itself1 obscure to ^? ( little or no imag9ation1 b indisp5sable to ! highe/ purposes4 ,poetic /yle1 :5 address'd to ! ,s\l1 is less def9ite =m1 outl9e1 sculpture1 & becomes vi/a1 music1 half-t9ts1 & ev5 less ?an half-t9ts4 ,true1 x may be ar*itecture2 b aga9 x may be ! =e/ wild-wood1 or ! be/ effects !re(1 at twilight1 ! wav+ oaks & c$>s 9 ! w9d1 & ! impalpable od\r0 7,preface to ,two ,rivulets1 p4 #ac74 ,let me set beside ?is a passage f t s+ul>ly beautiful book1 ,kakasu ,okakura's ,ideals ( ! ,ea/3 8,%akaku 9 ! fif? c5tury lays d[n six canons ( pictorial art1 9 :i* ! idea ( ! depict+ ( ,nature falls into a ?ird place1 subs]vi5t to two o!r ma9 pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is #8! ,life-movem5t ( ! ,_s ?r\gh ! ,rhy?m ( ,?+s4' ,= art is to him ! great ,mood ( ! ,univ]se1 mov+ hi!r & ?i!r amid/ ^? h>monic laws ( matt] :i* are ,rhy?m0 7p4 #eb74 #ahj ,i may ref] 9 pass+ to ! rese>*es ( ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon & ,h5ry ,balf\r1 :o h made x seem at lea/ highly probable t all decorative =ms orig9at$ 9 ! copy+ ( natural objects4 #aha ,f4 ,c4 ,p5rose %[$ 9 #ahea t all ! quasi-horizontal l9es 9 ! ,p>!non are really arcs ( circles1 t ! #8entasis' or swell+ ( e pill> is ! true arc ( an hyp]bola1 & t !re is n a true "r-angle nor a /rictly v]tical column 9 ! build+4 ,all good ,greek build+s are simil>ly full ( 8curves1 lean+ faces1 irregul> spac+s1 & o!r optical ref9em5ts0 7,inve/ig4 ( ! ,pr9cs4 ( ,a!nian ,ar*itecture74 ,?is pr9ciple1 call$ by ,rusk9 #8life' 7,sev5 ,lamps7 & by "s #8symmetrophobia1' 0 mo/ d>+ly appli$ 9 m$ival build+4 ,a v /rik+ & well illu/rat$ s]ies ( articles on ! subject 0 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,goodye> to ! ,ar*itectural ,record1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 #ahif-g4 #ahb ,i am indebt$ 9 connexion ) ^! rem>ks on ,go?ic ar*itecture to a v int]e/+ pap] by ,mr4 ,l4 ,m>* ,phillipps 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,septemb]1 #aijg4 #ahc ,= example1 :5 molecules fir/ gr\p$ !mselves 7suppos+ t 0 h[ x came ab\t7 into ! =m :i* result$ 9 liv+ protoplasm1 _! action 0 "o ( a *emico-physical nature1 b ! response is n expressible 9 purely *emico-physical t]ms4 ,simil>ly :5 s5sation fir/ appe>$ 9 protoplasm4 #ahd ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ,drittes ,bu*1 ,die ,platonis*e ,idee das ,objekt d] ,kun/4 #ahe ,camille ,mauclair1 ,fr5* ,impressioni/s4 8,light10 writes ,m4 ,mauclair1 8becomes ! sole subject ( ! picture2 ! int]e/ ( ! object ^u :i* x plays is second>y4 ,pa9t+ ?us conceiv$ becomes a purely optic art0 7p4 #cb74 8,! pr9cipal p]son 9 a picture10 said ,manet1 8is ! light0 7p4 #db74 #ahf ,no "o :o has se5 8,le ,p5seur10 by ,rod91 w d\bt t pla/ic art c r5d] ,?\ght4 ,b lit]ature alone c\ld tell u :at he is ?9k+4 ,,index ,:5 a subject is treat$ on m ?an "o consecutive page1 ref]5ce is usually made to ! fir/ page only4 ,action & ,reaction1 #bfd ,adaptability1 #ac1 #fc ,adaptation1 9 nature1 h[ reg>d$ by ,paley1 #c2 argum5t f imp]fect adaptations1 #d1 #ad1 #acf1 #adc1 #aeb2 h[ conceiv$ by evolution !ory1 #aj1 #ab2 ,lam>ck's !ory (1 #fh2 ,weismann's !ory1 #ic sqq42 ,d>w9's explanation1 #gb2 directive !ory1 #aae sqq42 effects ( new environm5t1 #abc sqq4 ,see ,co-adaptation s*ylus1 #aei ,ambly/oma1 #dj 7illu/ration fac+71 #abe ,amba1 #cj1 #dg1 #adc ,amphimixis1 #ci1 #ih ,anabna1 #ada ,anableps1 #ajj1 #aab ,ants1 #gh1 #he1 #hi1 #aaa1 #aed ,app]ception & ,free-w1 #agb ,ar*1 effect (1 9 ar*itecture1 #beh ,ari/otle1 #bdg note ,art1 #aeh2 & ,beauty1 #bcg1 #bea2 orig9 (1 #bci2 "q ( subject 91 #bdd1 #bfh2 an expression ( life1 #bdf1 #bej2 ,greek & ,hott5tot ideals (1 #bec2 classification ( ! arts1 #bed2 art 9 /ructure1 #bef2 9 ornam5t1 #bei2 arti/ic effect ( use & s]vice1 #bfj4 ,see ,music1 ,danc+1 ,lit]ature1 etc4 ,asceticism1 #bad sqq41 #bah note ,axolotl1 #abe ,azolla f]n1 #ada ,bacon1 ,f41 #f ,becom+1 ! univ]se a1 #bj1 #ahf2 ,deity conceiv$ z #8becom+1' #e ,b$d>d1 ,f4 ,e41 #bd note1 #eh1 #ajf ,b5?am1 ,j41 #bjj ,b]keley1 ,bp41 #afe note1 #agf note ,bifocal eyes 9 fi%1 #ii ,bisexuality1 significance (1 9 ,mollusca1 #aja ,bose1 ,j4 ,c41 #ba note ,bra9-/ructure & ,w1 #agh1 #ahd ,br[n-,squ>d1 #gh ,butl]1 ,bp41 #bda ,bts*li1 ,o41 #cj ,butt]flies1 protective col\r+ (1 #ae1 #hc1 #ih1 #ajf1 #aac1 #abg ,catullus1 #bbb ,cave-animals1 #ga1 #gb note1 #gh ,cell1 !1 #bi1 #ch2 division (1 #dj sqq42 g]m & sp]m cells1 #de1 #ea2 fusion (1 9 reproduction1 #ec ,*aff9*1 case ( h]maphrodite1 #eh ,*lorophyll1 #bd2 9 animals1 #bf ,*ri/1 #bje2 m>tyrdom (1 #bcb ,*romat91 #ci sqq4 ,clean!s1 #bdg ,co-adaptation1 #gj1 #hj1 #ih1 #ach ,competition1 #eh1 #aje ,conjugation1 #dg ,consci5ce1 #baa ,co-op]ation among animals1 #ajd1 ,app5dix ,b2 among species1 #ach ,crabs1 h]mit1 #ada2 ,molucca1 #bhj ,cry/allization1 #bb note1 #aef ,danc+1 #bgj ,d>w91 ,erasmus1 #f1 #bha ,d>w91 ,francis1 #g1 #cc1 #gb1 #hg1 #ach ,dea?1 significance (1 = ! _s1 #aij1 #bce ,deity1 ! end1 n beg9n+ ( nature1 #e2 p]sonality (1 #ad1 #ag2 imman5t or transc5d5t8 #aee2 def9$ by s*ylus1 #aei2 an inf9ite1 n relat$ to ph5om5a1 #afb2 h[ approa*$ by man1 #aei1 #afb1 ,app5dix ,a ,det]m9ants1 #dd2 competition among1 #ih2 significance (1 9 evolution1 #fh1 #if ,det]m9ism1 doctr9e (1 #afc sqq4 ,developm5t contra/$ ) gr[?1 #cb ,dice1 ( nature load$1 #ib1 #ajb ,dom9ants4 ,see ,re9ke ,drama1 #bgb ,dualism1 #aie ,duty1 s5se (1 n creat$ by pleasures & pa9s1 #bjc2 effects (1 comp>$ ) ^? ( self-indulg5ce1 #bab ,ego1 !1 #aeg1 #bjg1 ,app5dix ,a ,eim]1 ,g41 #gg note1 #aaj1 #aac note1 #acg1 #adc1 #aeb ,elk1 ! ,iri%1 #gj ,en]gy1 h[ obta9$ by plants1 #be2 develop$ by syn!sis1 #bg1 #adg2 vital & me*anical1 h[ di/+ui%$1 #add1 #adf1 #adh2 suppos$ effects ( ! equal di/ribution (1 #bbb ,epictetus1 #bah1 #bbf ,e?ics1 h[ affect$ by det]m9ism1 #afb-c2 e?ical developm5t a condition ( ,free-w1 #aga2 ! problem ( evil1 #aii1 #bjg2 utilit>ian sy/ems (1 #bja2 goal ( e?ical action1 #bjc sqq42 sanction ( e?ical action1 #bcd2 e?ics epitomiz$1 #bcd2 e?ics ( sex relations1 ,app5dix ,e ,evolution1 *ange 9 po9t ( view produc$ by1 #g1 #h1 #af1 #ag2 produc$ competition1 #ajd2 unkn[n factors 91 #adi2 evolution & involution1 #ahf1 #bbh4 ,see ,adaptation1 species ,fi%]1 ,m41 #bgj ,francis ( ,assisi1 #bae1 ,app5dix ,d ,free-w1 position /at$1 #afd sqq42 reason 9 action1 #aff2 ,sp5c] on1 #aff note2 conditions (1 #afi2 moral bias (1 #afi sqq42 limitations (1 #aga sqq42 h[ evolv$1 #agd2 c x be reconcil$ ) ,monism8 #age2 w & bra91 #agg sqq4 ,g]m9al ,selection1 #ic1 #if ,goe!1 #f1 #ca1 #ahe1 #bfg ,goodye>1 ,w4 ,h41 #beh note ,gravity1 action (1 on plants1 #fb1 #ade ,gu9an1 ,rev4 ,j41 #bah note ,gn!r1 ,c41 #adb1 #aeb ,haeckel1 ,e41 #ci note1 #abd1 #abf1 #aif1 #bci ,h5sl[1 ,g41 #abc ,h]acleitus1 #adf note1 #bgh ,h]maphroditism1 #eh1 #aja ,hugo1 ,v41 #bgc ,hume1 ,d41 #f note ,hydra1 #bf ,ids1 #dd ,immortality1 #ahi1 #bbe1 #bhc ,imp]fections 9 nature1 #d1 #ad1 #adc1 #aeb ,impressioni/ s*ool1 #bff ,intellig5ce 9 nature1 #ad1 #af1 #acj1 #aeg ,iri%1 !1 9 ! ,u4,s4,a41 #bab note ,isabella & ,claudio1 problem (1 ,app5dix ,e ,james1 ,w41 on ,free-w1 #agf ,kakasu ,okakura1 #bej note ,kallima p>alecta1 #hc1 #abi ,kellogg1 ,v4 ,l41 #add note1 #adi ,keys]l+1 ,h4 v41 #ac note1 #ag ,knight1 ,w41 #bci ,kramskoy1 #bdc ,kropotk91 ,p41 #ajd1 ,app5dix ,b ,lam>ck1 ,j4 ,b41 #f1 #fh2 argum5ts aga9/ 8 !ory1 #ge1 #aab1 #bjb2 ,lam>ckism ! only alt]native to #8metaphysics1' #ia ,language1 evolution (1 #acc ,lanke/]1 ,ray1 #bd note ,le ,bon1 ,g41 #bbc ,le ,dantec1 ,f41 #bb1 #bbb ,lepus ,huxleyi1 #abf ,life1 univ]sality (1 #ba2 *>act]i/ics ( organic1 #bc2 me*anical conception (1 #ce1 #ib1 #ig2 cont9ually be+ produc$1 #cg2 innate capabilities (1 #aji2 f9al cause (1 #bjf1 #bjh2 ! individual & ! cosmic1 #bbf2 ! goal ( nature1 #aad1 #bdf2 pol>ity (1 #bec ,lit]ature1 #bga ,lodge1 ,o41 #adg note ,lotze1 ,h41 #ahe1 #aif ,maet]l9ck1 ,m41 #bij ,manet1 ,e41 #bff note ,man1 ! gr[+-po9t ( life1 #aed ,m>tyrdoms1 significance (1 = e?ics1 #bcj1 #bcc2 ( ,socrates1 #bcj2 ( ,*ri/1 #bcb ,matt]1 its nature unkn[n1 #agh2 transmitt] ( consci\sness1 #ahh2 relation ) consci\sness n =tuit\s1 #aib2 kn[n only ?r\gh life1 #bbd ,mauclair1 ,c41 #bff note ,m5del1 ,abbott1 #eh note ,metabolism1 #bg ,metaphysics1 physics root$ 91 #aaj ,mi]s1 ,h4 ,a41 #bb ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #afd1 #agg1 #bja ,m9d1 #acg1 #afg4 ,see ,_s1 ,intellig5ce ,mitosis1 #db note ,monism1 #ag sqq42 compatible ) ,free-w1 #agf2 dualism &1 #aie ,moorhead1 ,t4 ,g41 #hc ,morlon1 #bdc ,movem5t1 9 music1 #bfb1 #bfd2 9 lit]ature1 #bgb ,music1 #bfa sqq41 #bgb ,my/icism1 #aej ,ngeli1 ,c4 v41 #ci1 #aaj1 #adj1 #adi ,natural ,selection1 a #8sup]s$$ =mula1' #g note2 mean+ (1 #gb2 orig9ates no?+1 #ge2 a pill> ( ,weismann's !ory1 #ajc2 effect1 n cause1 ( evolution1 #ajd2 a real ?\gh n ! ma9 =ce1 #aje1 #aji2 9 relation to mimetic m>k+s1 #ajf sqq42 & to mutual aid among species1 #ach ,neut] insects4 ,see ,ants ,noctiluca1 #dg ,nucleus1 ( cell1 #cj1 #ci4 ,ojetti1 ,fr41 #baj note ,ok51 ,l41 #aaj1 #acg ,oldfield1 ,j41 #bac note ,osborn1 ,h4 ,f41 #adi note #8,ought1' ,b5?am on ! ^w1 #bja2 cont5ts ( ! ^w1 #bji ,oy/]s1 bisexuality 91 #aja ,paley1 ,w41 8 analogy ( ! wat*1 #a sqq42 on ! annul> ligam5t1 #h2 8 conception ( an #8,esp]anto' univ]se1 #acf ,p&or9a1 #di1 #fa1 #aef ,papilio m]iones1 #ajg ,p>!nog5esis1 #ee ,p5rose1 ,f4 ,c41 #beg note ,p]ri]1 ,e41 #gb note1 #ia ,p]sonality1 #aeg1 #aff1 #bjg1 #baa1 ,app5dix ,a ,pianola1 analogy (1 #ahc #8,pig-philosophy1' #bba ,plato1 #f1 #agj1 #ahb note1 #ahe1 #aie1 #bbg1 #bdd1 #bdf ,poetry1 #aeh4 ,see ,lit]ature ,porto ,santo rabbit1 #abf ,potato1 response to mutilation1 #aag ,p\lton1 ,e4 ,b41 #ajg ,proteid1 #bc1 #bh ,protoplasm1 ! sub/ance ( life1 #bg2 /ructure (1 #cj2 di/+ui%$ f m9]als1 #cg2 response 91 #fa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aag1 #aai note1 #add2 a syn!sis ( molecules1 #adg ,re9ke1 ,j41 on ! ,x factor 9 life1 #a1 #fc1 #aag2 8 !ory ( dom9ants1 #abj1 #age ,religion1 #aei1 #bab1 #bgg ,reproduction1 #ci1 #df2 9 multicellul> organisms1 #dh2 sexual1 #ea ,response1 #fa1 #aab1 #aae4 ,see1 ,life1 ,protoplasm ,rhy?m1 #bed1 #bfb ,"r-h&$ness1 #ha ,rolle/on1 ,geo41 #ed ,rusk91 ,j41 #beh note ,saleeby1 ,c4 ,w41 #bhh ,sanction1 e?ical1 #bad1 #bbj1 #bbf sqq41 #bcd ,santayana1 ,g41 #aha1 #bjd ,s*op5hau]1 ,a41 #aaj1 #aif1 #bfe ,selection4 ,see ,natural ,selection1 ,g]m9al ,selection ,sex1 det]m9ation (1 #eg2 e?ical problems connect$ )1 ,app5dix ,e ,sig]son1 ,g41 #ha note ,s9s1 mortal & v5ial1 #baj note ,slat]1 ,fr41 #baj note ,slo?1 gre5 fur (1 #bd note ,snails1 bisexuality 91 #aja ,species1 fixity (1 #dc1 #ff2 mutability (1 #fg2 orig9 (1 n modification ( /ructure by use1 *4 ,,iv42 n *ance v>iations1 *4 ,v42 due to directive or psy*ic factor1 *4 ,,vi42 species an organic :ole1 #di1 #ach1 #adg4 ,see ,adaptation1 ,evolution ,sp5c]1 ,h41 controv]sy ) ,weismann1 #hg1 #adi note2 on social in/itutions1 #aca2 on ,free-w1 #aff note2 8 e?ical sy/em1 #bjb1 ,app4 ,c ,e ,sp9oza1 ,b41 #aif ,_s1 ! human1 h[ acc\nt$ =1 #aea1 #age2 relations to ,matt]1 #agh2 dea? n a dis9tegration (1 #aij ,socrates1 #bbg1 #bcj ,/oicism1 e?ical =mula (1 #aid2 conception ( ,asceticism1 #bag2 :at ,/oicism lack$1 #bbg ,/rasburg]1 ,e41 #aa1 #ed1 #aji ,syn!sis1 pr9ciple (1 9 nature1 #aai note1 #acg1 #adb1 #adf1 #aeg ,t5nyson1 ,a41 #agj1 #bai ,?omson1 ,w4 ,h41 #ahd ,tol/oy1 ,l41 on ,art1 #bcf sqq4 ,tree1 response ( roots & %oots to mutilation 91 #aai ,uexkll1 ,j4 v41 #ac ,unity ( nature1 #ag1 #aeg ,useless /ructures1 #ajc note ,utilit>ian s*ool ( e?ics1 #bjj1 #bbi1 ,app5dices ,c ,e ,v>iations1 9 reproduction cells1 #gc1 #ge2 d *ance v>iations af=d basis = selection8 #ib1 #id sqq4 ,v]worn1 ,max1 #bg note1 #adh ,viola1 #adj ,vir*[1 ,r41 #de note ,vir1 ,a41 #gb note ,volvox1 #di ,wagn]1 ,r41 #bgb ,wallace1 ,a4 ,r41 #aje1 #abe note1 #age ,wat*1 ,paley's analogy (1 #a sqq4 ,we$1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 de/roy$ by will[s1 #aje ,weismann1 ,a41 #g note1 #cd1 #dh1 #fa1 #fc2 controv]sy ) ,sp5c]1 #hg2 8 alt]native to ,lam>ckism1 #ic2 8 det]m9ants equival5t to ,re9ke's dom9ants1 #abb ,:ale1 evolution (1 #fg ,:itman1 ,walt1 #afj1 #aif1 #bcg1 #bej note ,:ole1 !1 its dem&s on ! individual1 #bbj2 :at x gives to ! individual1 #bbe2 ! univ]se a1 #ag2 a :ole m ?an ! sum ( its p>ts1 #aai note2 consci\sness1 etc41 ( !1 #aeg ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b41 #cc1 #ch notes1 #da1 #ej1 #ee1 #aai note ,whl]1 #bd ,wordswor?1 ,w41 #bdi ,x factor 9 life1 #a2 directive "* (1 #fc1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abh4 ,see ,adaptation1 ,intellig5ce1 ,language ,zola1 ,e41 #bdh ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd4 ,,plym\? 8,a model ( :at a sci5tific "w = ! g5]al public ought to be40 ,,life ,,& ,,evolution ,,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,headley1 ,f4,z4,s4 ,) upw>ds ( #ajj ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #hs4 net4 ,extract f ,preface4--8,ev]y?+ has be5 done1 by means ( head+s to sections1 ref]5ces to pages 9 ! table ( cont5ts1 & a fairly complete index1 to make x easy to f9d "o's way ab\t 9 ! book40 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,plants & ,animals4 ,,ii4 ,! ,sea & its ,inhabitants4 ,,iii4 ,gills & ,lungs4 ,,iv4 ,reptiles & _! ,k94 ,v4 ,f a ,reptile to a ,bird4 ,,vi4 ,! ,flight ( ,birds4 ,,vii4 ,! ,m9ds ( ,m5 & ,animals4 ,,viii4 ,! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,,ix4 ,natural ,selection4 ,^! 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migrations ( birds1 ! effects ( ! action ( wat] on ! con=mation ( l&scape1 z well z ) ! life hi/ories ( fl[]s1 trees1 insects1 reptiles1 birds & mammals4 ,,webb1 ,,wilfr$ ,,m>k1 & ,,sillem1 ,,*>les4 ,,! ,,briti% ,,woodlice3 ,be+ a ,monograph ( ! ,t]re/rial ,isopod ,cru/acea4 ,by ,wilfr$ ,m>k ,webb1 ,f4,l4,s41 & ,*>les ,sillem4 ,) #be plates & #ei figures 9 ! text4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,,ow51 ,j4 ,a41 & ,,b\lg]1 ,,pr(essor4 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,mon? ,,by ,,mon?4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,ow5 7,collaborator 9 all ! ,"w sign$ 8,a ,son ( ! ,m>%es07 & ,pr(essor ,g4 ,s4 ,b\lg]4 ,new ,edition1 ) ,notes by ! late ,"l ,lil=d4 ,9 "o volume4 ,demy #hvo4 #ejj pp4 #fs4 net4 ,london3 ,,duckwor? ,,co41 #c ,h5rietta ,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,w4,c4 ,,massee1 ,,george4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,plant ,,diseases1 caus$ by ,cryptogamic ,p>asites4 ,by ,george ,massee1 ,mycologi/ & ,pr9cipal ,assi/ant1 ,royal ,h]b>ium1 ,kew4 ,) #ib illu/rations1 drawn f ,nature by ! ,au?or4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 net4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,f>m]s' ,gazette4--8,! 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