file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #deifb-;h4htm or #deifb-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #deifb_/pg#deifb-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#deif b_/deifb-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/organisma s:olef#jjloeb ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,subscript$ *>act]s are enclos$ by curly brackets1 = example1 ,c,h 7indicat+ 'conc5tration ( hydrog5'74 ,a few sup]scripts1 indicat$ by ! c>at "* 77 occur 9 ! adv]tis+ mat]ial at ! end ( ! book :]e #ho & #hvo are us$ z alt]native abbreviations = 'octavo' 7pap] size74 ,,! ,,organism ,,z ,a ,,:ole ,f a ,physico*emical ,viewpo9t by ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,sc4,d4 ,memb] ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>* ,) #ea ,illu/rations ,g4 ,p4 ,putnam's ,sons ,new ,york & ,london ,! ,knick]bock] ,press ,copyright1 #aiaf by ,jacques ,loeb ,! ,knick]bock] ,press1 ,new ,york ,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,d5is ,,did]ot ,( ! ,encyclopdie & ! ,sy/me de la nature 8,he 0 "o ( ^? simple1 dis9t]e/$1 & intellectually /]l+ work]s to :om _! own p]sonality is z no?+ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! va/ subjects t engage ! ?\ghts ( _! lives40 ,,john ,,morley4 7,article ,did]ot1 ,encyclopdia ,britannica47 ,,preface ,x is g5]ally admitt$ t ! individual physiological processes1 su* z dige/ion1 metabolism1 ! production ( heat or ( electricity1 are ( a purely physico*emical "*2 & x is also conc$$ t ! functions ( individual organs1 su* z ! eye or ! e>1 are to be analys$ f ! viewpo9t ( ! physici/4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! biologi/ is confront$ ) ! fact t 9 ! organism ! p>ts are s adapt$ to ea* o!r z to give rise to a h>moni\s :ole2 & t ! organisms are end[$ ) /ructures & in/9cts calculat$ to prolong _! life & p]petuate _! race1 d\bts z to ! adequacy ( a purely physico*emical viewpo9t 9 biology may arise4 ,! difficulties besett+ ! biologi/ 9 ?is problem h be5 r increas$ ?an dim9i%$ by ! discov]y ( ,m5delian h]$ity1 accord+ to :i* ea* "* is transmitt$ indep5d5tly ( any o!r "*4 ,s9ce ! numb] ( ,m5delian *>act]s 9 ea* organism is l>ge1 ! possibility mu/ be fac$ t ! organism is m]ely a mosaic ( indep5d5t h]$it>y *>act]s4 ,if ?is be ! case ! "q arises3 ,:at m\lds ^! indep5d5t *>act]s into a h>moni\s :ole8 ,! vitali/ settles ?is "q by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a pre-e/abli%$ design = ea* organism & ( a guid+ 8=ce0 or 8pr9ciple0 :i* directs ! work+ out ( ?is design4 ,su* assumptions remove ! problem ( acc\nt+ = ! h>moni\s "* ( ! organism f ! field ( physics or *emi/ry4 ,! !ory ( natural selection invokes nei!r design nor purpose1 b x is incomplete s9ce x disreg>ds ! physico*emical con/itution ( liv+ matt] ab\t :i* little 0 kn[n until rec5tly4 ,9 ?is book an attempt is made to %[ t ! unity ( ! organism is due to ! fact t ! egg 7or r its cytoplasm7 is ! future embryo ^u :i* ! ,m5delian factors 9 ! *romosomes c impress only individual *>act]i/ics1 probably by giv+ rise to special hormones & enzymes4 ,we c cause an egg to develop into an organism )\t a sp]matozon1 b app>5tly we _c make a sp]matozon develop into an organism )\t ! cytoplasm ( an egg1 al?\gh sp]m & egg nucleus transmit equally ! ,m5delian *>act]s4 ,! conception t ! cytoplasm ( ! egg is already ! embryo 9 ! r\gh may be ( importance also = ! problem ( evolution s9ce x sugge/s ! possibility t ! g5us- & species-h]$ity are det]m9$ by ! cytoplasm ( ! egg1 :ile ! ,m5delian h]$it>y *>act]s _c contribute at all or only to a limit$ ext5t to ! =mation ( new species4 ,su* an idea is support$ by ! "w on immunity1 :i* %[s t g5us- & probably species-specificity are due to specific prote9s1 :ile ! ,m5delian *>act]s may be det]m9$ by hormones :i* ne$ nei!r be prote9s nor specific or by enzymes :i* also ne$ n be specific = ! species or g5us4 ,su* a conception w\ld remove ! difficulties :i* ! "w on ,m5delian h]$ity has seem+ly creat$ n only = ! problem ( evolution b also = ! problem ( ! h>moni\s "* ( ! organism z a :ole4 ,s9ce ! book is int5d$ z a companion volume to ! writ]'s =m] treatise on ,! ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra9 a discussion ( ! functions ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is omitt$4 ,complet5ess 9 reg>d to quotation ( lit]ature 0 out ( ! "q1 b ! writ] notices ) regret1 t he has fail$ to ref] 9 ! text to s important a contribution to ! subject z ,sir ,e4 ,a4 ,s*f]'s ma/]ly presid5tial address on 8,life0 or ! addresses ( ,corr5s & ,golds*midt on ! det]m9ation ( sex4 ,cr$it %\ld also h be5 giv5 to ,pr(essor ,raymond ,pe>l = ! discrim9ation betwe5 species & individual inh]itance4 ,! writ] wi%es to ackn[l$ge 8 indebt$ness to 8 fri5ds ,pr(essor ,e4 ,g4 ,conkl9 ( ,pr9ceton1 ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,golds*midt ( ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,in/itut ( ,b]l91 ,dr4 ,p4 ,a4 ,lev5e ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & ,pr(essor ,h>dolph ,wa/5eys ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia :o k9dly read "o or m *apt]s ( ! book & (f]$ valuable sugge/ions2 & he wi%es especially to ?ank 8 wife = sugge/+ _m corrections 9 ! manuscript & ! pro(4 ,! book is d$icat$ to t gr\p ( free?9k]s1 includ+ d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot1 ,holba*1 & ,voltaire1 :o fir/ d>$ to foll[ ! consequ5ces ( a me*ani/ic sci5ce--incomplete z x !n 0--to ! rules ( human conduct & :o !reby laid ! f\ndation ( t _s ( tol]ance1 ju/ice1 & g5tl5ess :i* 0 ! hope ( our civilization until x 0 buri$ "u ! wave ( homicidal emotion :i* has swept ?r\gh ! _w4 ,did]ot 0 s+l$ out1 s9ce to him ! words ( ,"l ,morley are devot$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are m or less *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,j4 ,l4 ,! ,rockefell] ,in/itute = ,m$ical ,rese>*1 ,augu/1 #aiaf ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,introductory ,rem>ks #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,specific ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,liv+ & ,dead ,matt] & ! ,"q ( ! ,orig9 ( ,life #ad ,,*apt] ,,iii ,! ,*emical ,basis ( ,g5us & ,species3 #dj ,i4--,! ,incompatibility ( ,species n ,closely ,relat$ #dd ,,ii4--,! ,*emical ,basis ( ,g5us & ,species & ( ,species ,specificity #ec ,,*apt] ,,iv ,specificity 9 ,f]tilization #ga ,,*apt] ,v ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis #ie ,,*apt] ,,vi ,det]m9ism 9 ! ,=mation ( an ,organism f an ,egg #abh ,,*apt] ,,vii ,reg5]ation #aec ,,*apt] ,,viii ,det]m9ation ( ,sex1 ,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s1 & ,sexual ,in/9cts3 ,i4--,! ,cytological ,basis ( ,sex ,det]m9ation #aih ,,ii4--,! ,physiological ,basis ( ,sex ,det]m9ation #bad ,,*apt] ,,ix ,m5delian ,h]$ity & its ,me*anism #bbi ,,*apt] ,x ,animal ,in/9cts & ,tropisms #bec ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! ,influ5ce ( ,environm5t #bhf ,,*apt] ,,xii ,adaptation to ,environm5t #cah ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,evolution #cdf ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,dea? & ,dissolution ( ! ,organism #cdi ,index #cga ,! ,organism z a ,:ole ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,rem>ks #a4 ,! physical rese>*es ( ! la/ t5 ye>s h put ! atomi/ic !ory ( matt] & electricity on a def9ite & 9 all probability p]man5t basis4 ,we "k ! exact numb] ( molecules 9 a giv5 mass ( any sub/ance ^: molecul> weight is kn[n to u1 & we "k ! exact *>ge ( a s+le electron4 ,?is p]mits u to /ate z ! ultimate aim ( ! physical sci5ces ! visualization ( all ph5om5a 9 t]ms ( gr\p+s & displacem5ts ( ultimate p>ticles1 & s9ce !re is no discont9uity betwe5 ! matt] con/itut+ ! liv+ & non-liv+ _w ! goal ( biology c be express$ 9 ! same way4 ,?is idea has m or less consci\sly prevail$ = "s "t 9 ! explanation ( ! s+le processes occurr+ 9 ! animal body or 9 ! explanation ( ! functions ( ! individual organs4 ,nobody1 n ev5 a sci5tific vitali/1 w\ld ?9k ( treat+ ! process ( dige/ion1 metabolism1 production ( heat1 & electricity or ev5 secretion or muscul> contraction 9 any o!r ?an a purely *emical or physico*emical way2 nor w\ld anybody ?9k ( expla9+ ! functions ( ! eye or ! e> f any o!r /&po9t ?an t ( physics4 ,:5 ! actions ( ! organism z a :ole are conc]n$1 we f9d a totally diff]5t situation4 ,! same physiologi/s :o 9 ! explanation ( ! individual processes w\ld foll[ ! /rictly physico*emical viewpo9t & me?od w\ld consid] ! reactions ( ! organism z a :ole z ! expression ( non-physical ag5cies4 ,?us ,claude ,b]n>d1#a :o 9 ! inve/igation ( ! individual life processes 0 a /rict me*ani/1 decl>es t ! mak+ ( a h>moni\s organism f ! egg _c be expla9$ on a me*ani/ic basis b only on ! assumption ( a 8directive =ce40 ,b]n>d assumes1 z ,bi*at & o!rs _h done be=e him1 t !re are two opposite processes go+ on 9 ! liv+ organism3 7#a7 ! ph5om5a ( vital creation or organiz+ syn!sis2 7#b7 ! ph5om5a ( dea? or organic de/ruction4 ,x is only ! de/ructive processes :i* give rise to ! physical manife/ations by :i* we judge life1 su* z respiration & circulation or ! activity ( gl&s1 & s on4 ,! "w ( creation takes place unse5 by u 9 ! egg :5 ! embryo or organism is =m$4 ,?is vital creation occurs always accord+ to a def9ite plan1 & 9 ! op9ion ( ,b]n>d x is impossible to acc\nt = ?is plan on a purely physico*emical basis4 #a ,b]n>d ,c41 ,leons sur les ,phnomnes de la ,vie4 ,p>is1 #ahhe1 i41 #bb-fd4 ,!re is s to speak a pre-e/abli%$ design ( ea* be+ & ( ea* organ ( su* a k9d t ea* ph5om5on by itself dep5ds ^u ! g5]al =ces ( nature1 b :5 tak5 9 connection ) ! o!rs x seems direct$ by "s invisible guide on ! road x foll[s & l$ to ! place x occupies4444 ,we admit t ! life ph5om5a are atta*$ to physico*emical manife/ations1 b x is true t ! ess5tial is n expla9$ !reby2 = no =tuit\s com+ toge!r ( physico*emical ph5om5a con/ructs ea* organism aft] a plan & a fix$ design 7:i* are =ese5 9 advance7 & ar\ses ! admirable subord9ation & h>moni\s agreem5t ( ! acts ( life4444 ,we c only "k ! mat]ial conditions & n ! intimate nature ( life ph5om5a4 ,we h !re=e only to deal ) matt] & n ) ! fir/ causes or ! vital =ce d]iv$ !refrom4 ,^! causes are inaccessible to u1 & if we believe any?+ else we commit an error & become ! dupes ( metaphors & take figurative language z real4444 ,det]m9ism c nev] be b physico*emical det]m9ism4 ,! vital =ce & life belong to ! metaphysical _w4 ,9 o!r words1 ,b]n>d ?9ks x 8 task to acc\nt = individual life ph5om5a on a purely physico*emical basis--b ! h>moni\s "* ( ! organism z a :ole is 9 8 op9ion n produc$ by ! same =ces & he consid]s x impossible & hopeless to inve/igate ! 8design40 ,?is attitude ( ,b]n>d w\ld be incompreh5sible 7 x n = ! fact t1 :5 he made ^! /atem5ts1 ! ph5om5a ( specificity1 ! physiology ( developm5t & reg5]ation1 ! ,m5delian laws ( h]$ity1 ! animal tropisms & _! be>+ on ! !ory ( adaptation 7 unkn[n4 ,?is explanation ( ,b]n>d's attitude is app>5tly contradict$ by ! fact t ,dries*#b & v4 ,uexkll1#c bo? brilliant biologi/s1 occupy today a /&po9t n v diff]5t f t ( ,claude ,b]n>d4 ,dries* assumes t !re is an ,ari/otelian 8entele*y0 act+ z direct+ guide 9 ea* organism2 & v4 ,uexkll sugge/s a k9d ( ,platonic 8idea0 z a peculi> *>act]i/ic ( life :i* acc\nts = ! purposeful "* ( ! organism4 v4 ,uexkll supposes z did ,claude ,b]n>d & z does ,dries* t 9 an organism or an egg ! ultimate processes are purely physico*emical4 ,9 an egg ^! processes are guid$ into def9ite p>ts ( ! future embryo by ! ,m5delian factors ( h]$ity--! s-call$ g5es4 ,^! g5es he comp>es to ! =em5 = ! diff]5t types ( "w to be done 9 a build+4 ,b !re mu/ be some?+ t makes ( ! "w ( ! s+le g5es a h>moni\s :ole1 & = ?is purpose he assumes ! exi/5ce ( 8sup]g5es40#d v4 ,uexkll's ideas conc]n+ ! nature ( a ,m5delian factor & ( ! 8sup]g5es0 are express$ 9 metaphorical t]ms & ! assumption ( ! 8sup]g5es0 begs ! "q4 ,! writ] is "u ! impression t ?is au?or 0 l$ to 8 views by ! belief t ! egg is entirely undiff]5tiat$4 ,b ! unf]tiliz$ egg is n homog5e\s1 on ! contr>y1 x has a simple b def9ite physico*emical /ructure :i* suffices to det]m9e ! fir/ /eps 9 ! diff]5tiation ( ! organism4 ,( c\rse1 if we suppose z d v4 ,uexkll & ,dries* t ! egg has no /ructure1 ! developm5t ( /ructure becomes a difficult problem--b ?is is n ! real situation4 #b ,dries*1 ,h41 ,! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism4 #b vols4 ,! ,gif=d ,lectures1 #aijg & #aijh4 #c v4 ,uexkll1 ,j41 ,bau/e9e zu e9] biologis*5 ,weltans*auung4 ,mn*51 #aiac4 #d v4 ,uexkll1 ,j41 ,bau/e9e zu e9] biologis*5 ,weltans*auung4 ,mn*51 #aiac1 p4 #baf4 #b4 ,claude ,b]n>d does n m5tion ! possibility ( expla9+ ! h>mony or app>5t design 9 ! organism on ! basis ( ! !ory ( evolution1 he simply consid]s ! problem z outside ( biology4 ,x 0 probably cle> to him z x mu/ be to ev]yone ) an adequate tra9+ 9 physics t natural selection does n expla9 ! orig9 ( v>iation4 ,dries* & v4 ,uexkll consid] ! ,d>w9ian !ory a failure4 ,we may admit t ! !ory ( a =mation ( new species by ! cumulative effect ( aimless fluctuat+ v>iations is n t5able because fluctuat+ v>iation is n h]$it>y2 b ?is w\ld only dem& a slight *ange 9 ! !ory2 namely a replacem5t ( ! influ5ce ( fluctuat+ v>iation by t ( equally aimless mutations4 ,) ?is slight modification :i* is propos$ by de ,vries1#e ,d>w9's !ory /ill s]ves ! purpose ( expla9+ h[ )\t any pre-e/abli%$ plan only purposeful & h>moni\s organisms %\ld h surviv$4 ,x mu/ be said1 h[ev]1 t any !ory ( life ph5om5a mu/ be bas$ on our k ( ! physico*emical con/itution ( liv+ matt]1 & nei!r ,d>w9 nor ,lam>ck 0 conc]n$ ) ?is4 ,moreov]1 we _c consid] any !ory ( evolution z prov$ unless x p]mits u to trans=m at desire "o species into ano!r1 & ?is has n yet be5 accompli%$4 #e de ,vries1 ,h41 ,die ,mutation/heorie4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 ,x may be ( "s int]e/ to po9t out t we d n ne$ to make any def9ite assumption conc]n+ ! me*anism ( evolution & t we may yet be able to acc\nt = ! fact t ! surviv+ organisms are to all appe>ances h>moni\s4 ,! writ] po9t$ out t ( all ! #ajj1jjj1jjj conceivable crosses ( teleo/ fi% 7_m ( :i* are possible7 n _m m ?an #aj1jjj1 i4 e41 ab\t "o-hundr$? ( "o p] c5t41 are able to live & propagate4 ,^? t live & develop are free f ! gross] type ( di%>monies1 ! re/ are doom$ on acc\nt ( a gross lack ( h>mony ( ! p>ts4 ,^! latt] we nev] see & ?is gives u ! errone\s conception t h>mony or 8design0 is a g5]al "* ( liv+ matt]4 ,if anybody wi%es to call ! non-viability ( #ii-ii_/ajj p] c5t4 ( possible teleo/s a process ( we$+ out by 8natural selection0 we %all raise no objection1 b only wi% to po9t out t our way ( expla9+ ! lack ( design 9 liv+ nature w\ld be valid ev5 if !re 7 no !ory ( evolution or if !re _h nev] be5 any evolution4 #c4 v4 ,uexkll is p]fectly "r 9 connect+ ! problem ( design 9 an organism ) ,m5delian h]$ity4 ,! "w on ,m5delian h]$ity has %[n t an extremely l>ge numb] ( indep5d5tly transmissible ,m5delian factors help to %ape ! individual4 ,x is n yet prov5 t ! organism is no?+ b a mosaic ( ,m5delian factors1 b no writ] c be blam$ = consid]+ su* a possibility4 ,if we assume t ! organism is no?+ b a mosaic ( ,m5delian *>act]s x is difficult inde$ to und]/& h[ !y c =ce ea* o!r into a h>moni\s :ole#f2 ev5 if we make ample all[ance = ! law ( *ance & ! correspond+ wa/efulness 9 ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r ?is idea ( ! rle ( ,m5delian factors is correct4 ,! facts ( exp]im5tal embryology /rongly indicate ! possibility t ! cytoplasm ( ! egg is ! future embryo 79 ! r\gh7 & t ! ,m5delian factors only impress ! individual 7& v>iety7 *>act]s ^u ?is r\gh block4 ,?is idea is support$ by ! fact t ! fir/ developm5t--9 ! sea ur*9 to ! ga/rula /age inclusive--is indep5d5t ( ! nucleus1 :i* is ! be>] ( ! ,m5delian factors4 ,n be=e ! skeleton or mes5*yme is =m$ 9 ! sea ur*9 egg is ! influ5ce ( ! nucleus noticeable4 ,?is has be5 %[n 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,bov]i 9 :i* an enucleat$ fragm5t ( an egg 0 f]tiliz$ ) a sp]matozon ( a =eign species4 ,if ?is is g5]ally true1 x is conceivable t ! g5]ic & possibly also ! species *>act]s ( organisms are det]m9$ by ! cytoplasm ( ! egg & n by ! ,m5delian factors4 #f ,?is difficulty is also felt by me*ani/ic writ]s l ,*ild1 :o on page #ab ( 8 rec5t book on ,s5esc5ce & ,rejuv5esc5ce 7,*icago1 #aiae7 makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,^! !ories ( ,weismann d n acc\nt satisfactorily = ! peculi>ly con/ant c\rse & "* ( developm5t & morphog5esis4 ,if we foll[ !m to _! logical conclusion1 :i* _! au?ors h n done1 we f9d ourselves =c$ to assume ! exi/5ce ( "s sort ( controll+ & co-ord9at+ pr9ciple outside ! units !mselves & sup]ior to !m4 ,if ! units con/itute ! physico*emical basis ( life1 z _! au?ors ma9ta91 !n ?is controll+ pr9ciple1 s9ce x is an ess5tial feature ( life1 mu/ ( necessity be some?+ :i* is n physico*emical 9 nature4 ,9 %ort ^! !ories lead u 9 ! f9al analysis to ! same conclusion z t rea*$ by ! neovitali/s4 ,if we are n cont5t to accept ?is conclusion we mu/ reject ! !ories40 ,^! la/ s5t5ces d n exhau/ all ! possibilities1 s9ce ! writ] is try+ to %[ 9 ?is book t ! wide/ acceptance ( ! *romosome !ory ( h]$ity is compatible ) a consi/5t physico*emical conception ( ! organism z a :ole4 ,9 any case1 we c /ate today t ! cytoplasm conta9s ! r\gh pre=mation ( ! future embryo4 ,?is w\ld %[ !n t ! idea ( ! organism be+ a mosaic ( ,m5delian *>act]s :i* h to be put into place by 8sup]g5es0 is unnecess>y4 ,if ! egg is already ! embryo 9 ! r\gh we c imag9e ! ,m5delian factors z giv+ rise to specific sub/ances :i* g into ! circulation & />t or accel]ate diff]5t *emical reactions 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! embryo1 & !reby call =? ! f9] details *>act]i/ic ( ! v>iety & ! individual4 ,! idea t ! egg is ! future embryo is support$ by ! fact t we c call =? a normal organism f an unf]tiliz$ egg by artificial means2 :ile x is app>5tly impossible to cause ! sp]matozon to develop into an organism outside ! egg4 #d4 ,! influ5ce ( ! :ole on ! p>ts is n[h]e %[n m /rik+ly ?an 9 ! field ( reg5]ation4 ,x is kn[n t pieces cut f ! plant or animal may give rise to new gr[? :i* 9 _m cases w re/ore some:at ! orig9al organism4 ,in/ead ( ask+ :at is ! cause ( ?is s-call$ reg5]ation we may ask1 :y ! same pieces d n reg5]ate z long z !y are p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,9 ?is =m ! my/]i\s influ5ce ( ! :ole ov] its p>ts is put into ! =egr\nd4 ,we %all see t gr[? takes place 9 c]ta9 cells :5 c]ta9 sub/ances 9 ! circulation c collect !re4 ,! my/]i\s influ5ce ( ! :ole on ^! p>ts consi/s (t5 m]ely ( ! fact t ! circulat+ specific or non-specific sub/ances--we _c yet decide :i*--w 9 ! :ole be attract$ by c]ta9 spots & t ?is w prev5t !m f act+ on o!r p>ts ( ! organism4 ,if su* p>ts are isolat$ ! sub/ances c no long] fl[ away f ^! p>ts & ! p>ts w beg9 to gr[4 ,x ?us becomes utt]ly unnecess>y to end[ su* organisms ) a 8direct+ =ce0 :i* has to elaborate ! isolat$ p>ts into a :ole4 #e4 ,! same difficulty :i* we h discuss$ 9 reg>d to morphog5esis exi/s also 9 connection ) ^? in/9cts :i* pres]ve ! life ( ! organism & ( ! race4 ,! read] ne$ only be rem9d$ ( all ! complicat$ in/9cts ( mat+ by :i* sp]m & eggs are br\ght toge!r2 or ^? by :i* ! "y are prev5t$ f />vation to realize ! app>5tly desp]ate problems 9 /ore = a me*ani/1 to :om ! assumption ( design is mean+less4 ,& yet we are bett] (f 9 reg>d to our k ( ! in/9cts ?an we are 9 reg>d to morphog5esis1 z 9 ! =m] we c %[ t ! app>5t in/9cts 9 "s cases obey simple physico*emical laws ) almo/ ma!matical accuracy4 ,s9ce ! validity ( ! law ( gravitation has be5 prov$ = ! sol> sy/em ! idea ( design 9 ! motion ( ! planets has lo/ its usefulness1 & ?is fact mu/ s]ve u z a guide :]ev] we attempt to put sci5ce beyond ! possibility ( my/icism4 ,z soon z we c %[ t a life ph5om5on obeys a simple physical law !re is no long] any ne$ = assum+ ! action ( non-physical ag5cies4 ,we %all see t ?is has be5 accompli%$ = "o gr\p ( animal in/9cts2 namely ^? :i* det]m9e ! relation ( animals to light1 s9ce ^! are be+ gradually r$uc$ to ! law ( ,buns5 & ,roscoe4 ,?is law /ates t ! *emical effect ( light equals ! product ( int5sity into duration ( illum9ation4 ,"s au?ors object to ! t5d5cy t[>d r$uc+ ev]y?+ 9 biology to ma!matical laws or figures2 b :]e w\ld ! !ory ( h]$ity be )\t figures8 ,figures h be5 responsible = %[+ t ! laws ( *ance & n ( design rule 9 h]$ity4 ,biology w be sci5tific only to ! ext5t t x succe$s 9 r$uc+ life ph5om5a to quantitative laws4 ,^? famili> ) ! !ories ( evolution "k ! ext5sive rle ascrib$ to ! adaptations ( organisms4 ,! writ] 9 #ahhi call$ att5tion to ! fact t reactions to light--e4 g41 positive heliotropism--are f\nd 9 organisms t nev] by any *ance make use ( !m2 & lat] t a great _m organisms %[ def9ite in/9ctive reactions t[>ds a galvanic curr5t--galvanotropism--al?\gh no organism has ev] _h or ev] w h a *ance to be expos$ to su* a curr5t except 9 laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,?is ?r[s a diff]5t light ^u ! seem+ly purposeful "* ( animal reactions4 ,heliotropism dep5ds prim>ily ^u ! pres5ce ( photos5sitive sub/ances 9 ! eye or ! epid]mis ( ! organism1 & ^! sub/ances are inh]it$ reg>dless ( :e!r !y are useful or n4 ,x is only a metaphor to call reactions result+ f ! pres5ce ( photos5sitive sub/ances 8adaptation40 ,9 ?is book o!r examples are giv5 :i* %[ t au?ors h too (t5 spok5 ( adaptation to environm5t :]e ! environm5t 0 n responsible = ! ph5om5a4 ,! bl9dness ( cave animals & ! resi/ance ( c]ta9 m>9e animals to high] conc5trations ( sea wat] are su* cases4 ,cun speaks ( 8preadaptation0 to express ?is relation4 ,! fact is t ! 8adaptations0 (t5 exi/$ be=e ! animal 0 expos$ to surr\nd+s :]e !y 7 ( use4 ,?is relieves u also ( ! necessity ( po/ulat+ ! exi/5ce ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 al?\gh x is q possible t ! future may furni% pro( t su* a mode ( inh]itance exi/s4 #f4 ,we h m5tion$ t accord+ to ,claude ,b]n>d two gr\ps ( ph5om5a occur 9 ! liv+ organism3 7#a7 ! ph5om5a ( vital creation or organiz+ syn!sis 7especially 9 ! egg & dur+ developm5t72 7#b7 ! ph5om5a ( dea? or organic de/ruction4 ,^! two processes are briefly discuss$ 9 ! fir/ & la/ *apt]s4 ,^! introductory rem>ks may p]haps make x easi] = ! read] to reta9 ! ?read ( ! ma9 ideas 9 ! details ( exp]im5ts & tables giv5 9 ?is book4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,specific ,,diff]5ce ,,betwe5 ,,liv+ ,,& ,,dead ,,matt] ,,& ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,life #a4 ,ea* organism is *>act]iz$ by a def9ite =m & we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t ?is =m is det]m9$ by def9ite *emical sub/ances4 ,! same is true = cry/als1 :]e sub/ance & =m are def9itely connect$ & !re are fur!r analogies betwe5 organisms & cry/als4 ,cry/als c gr[ 9 a prop] solution1 & c reg5]ate _! =m 9 su* a solution :5 brok5 or injur$2 x is ev5 possible to prev5t or ret>d ! =mation ( cry/als 9 a sup]saturat$ solution by prev5t+ 8g]ms0 9 ! air f gett+ into ! solution1 an obs]vation :i* 0 lat] utiliz$ by ,s*ro$] & ,pa/eur 9 _! exp]im5ts on spontane\s g5]ation4 ,h[ev]1 ! analogies betwe5 a liv+ organism & a cry/al are m]ely sup]ficial & x is by po9t+ out ! fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 ! behavi\r ( cry/als & t ( liv+ organisms t we c be/ und]/& ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 non-liv+ & liv+ matt]4 ,x is true t a cry/al c gr[1 b x w d s only 9 a sup]saturat$ solution ( its own sub/ance4 ,j ! rev]se is true = liv+ organisms4 ,9 ord] to make bact]ia or ! cells ( our body gr[1 solutions ( ! split products ( ! sub/ances compos+ !m & n ! sub/ances !mselves mu/ be available to ! cells2 second1 ^! solutions mu/ n be sup]saturat$1 on ! contr>y1 !y mu/ be dilute2 & ?ird1 gr[? leads 9 liv+ organisms to cell division z soon z ! mass ( ! cell rea*es a c]ta9 limit4 ,?is process ( cell division _c be claim$ ev5 metaphorically to exi/ 9 a cry/al4 ,a correct appreciation ( ^! facts w give u an insight into ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 non-liv+ & liv+ matt]4 ,! =mation ( liv+ matt] consi/s 9 ! syn!sis ( ! prote9s1 nucle9s1 fats1 & c>bohydrates ( ! cells1 f ! split products4 ,to give an hi/orical example1 ,pa/eur %[$ t yea/ cells & o!r fungi c\ld be rais$ on ! foll[+ /]iliz$ solution3 wat]1 #ajj gm41 cry/alliz$ sug>1 #aj gm41 ammonium t>trate1 #j4b gm4 to #j4e gm41 & fus$ a% f yea/1 #j4a gm4#g ,he und]took ?is exp]im5t to disprove ! idea t prote9 or organic matt] 9 a /ate ( decomposition 0 ne$$ = ! orig9 ( new organisms z ! def5d]s ( ! idea ( spontane\s g5]ation _h ma9ta9$4 #g ,pa/eur1 ,l41 ,annal4 d4 ,*im4 et d4 ,physique1 #ahfb1 #c sr41 lxiv41 #a4 #b4 ,t su* a solution c s]ve = ! syn!sis ( all ! comp\nds ( liv+ yea/ cells is due to ! fact t x conta9s ! sug>s4 ,f ! sug>s organic acids c be =m$ & ^! ) ammonia 7:i* 0 (f]$ 9 ! =m ( ammonium t>trate7 may give rise to ! =mation ( am9o acids1 ! 8build+ /ones0 ( ! prote9s4 ,x is ?us obvi\s t ! syn!sis ( liv+ matt] c5tres ar\nd ! sug> molecule4 ,! phosphates are requir$ = ! =mation ( ! nucle9s1 & ! "w ( ,h>d5 & ,"y sugge/s t !y play also a rle 9 ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug>4 ,*lorophyll1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! r$ rays ( light1 manufactures ! sug>s f ! ,,co ( ! air4 ,?is makes x appe> z ?\gh life on our planet %\ld h be5 prec$$ by ! exi/5ce ( *lorophyll1 a fact difficult to und]/& s9ce x seems m natural to conceive ( *lorophyll z a "p or a product ( liv+ organisms r ?an ! rev]se4 ,:]e !n %\ld ! sug> come f1 :i* is a con/itu5t ( ! majority ( culture m$ia & :i* seems a pr]equisite = ! syn!sis ( prote9s 9 liv+ organisms8 ,! inve/igations ( ,w9ogradsky on nitrify+1#h sulphur & p]haps also on iron bact]ia h to all appe>ances po9t$ a way out ( ?is difficulty4 ,x seem$ probable t !re 7 specific micro-organisms :i* oxidiz$ ! ammonia =m$ 9 sewage or 9 ! putrefaction ( liv+ matt]1 b ! attempts to prove ?is assumption by rais+ su* a nitrify+ micro-organism on "o ( ! usual culture m$ia1 all ( :i* conta9$ organic comp\nds1 fail$4 ,l$ by ! results ( 8 obs]vations on sulphur bact]ia x occurr$ to ,w9ogradsky t ! pres5ce ( organic comp\nds /ood 9 ! way ( rais+ ^! bact]ia1 & ?is idea prov$ correct4 ,! bact]ia oxidiz+ ammonia to nitrites 7 gr[n on ! foll[+ m$ium2 #a gm4 ammonium sulphate1 #a gm4 potassium phosphate1 #a gm4 magnesium c>bonate1 to #a litre ( wat]4 ,f ?is m$ium1 :i* is free f sug> & conta9s only con/itu5ts :i* c\ld exi/ on ! planet be=e ! appe>ance ( life1 ! nitrify+ bact]ia 7 able to =m sug>s1 fatty acids1 prote9s1 & ! o!r specific con/itu5ts ( liv+ matt]4 ,w9ogradsky prov$1 by quantitative det]m9ation1 t ) ! nitrification an increase 9 ! am\nt ( c>bon comp\nds takes place4 8,s9ce ?is b\nd c>bon 9 ! cultures c h no o!r s\rce ?an ! ,,co & s9ce ! process itself c h no o!r cause ?an ! activity ( ! nitrify+ organism1 no o!r alt]native 0 left b to ascribe to x ! p[] ( assimilat+ ,,co40#i 8,s9ce ! oxidation ( ,,nh is ! only s\rce ( *emical en]gy :i* ! nitrify+ organism c use x 0 cle> a priori t ! yield 9 assimilation mu/ correspond to ! quantity ( oxidiz$ nitrog54 ,x turn$ out t an approximately con/ant ratio exi/s betwe5 ! values ( assimilat$ c>bon & ^? ( oxidiz$ nitrog540 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! results ( v>i\s exp]im5ts z %[n 9 ,table ,i4 #h ,w9ogradsky1 ,s41 8,die ,nitrification10 ,h&b4 d4 te*4 ,mykol41 #aijd-jf1 iii41 #acb4 #i ,w9ogradsky1 loc4 cit41 p4 #afc & ff4 ,,table ,i ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,no4 #e ,no4 #f ,no4 #g ,no4 #h ------------------------------------ mg4 mg4 mg4 mg4 ,oxidiz$ ,n #gbb4j #ejf4a #ibh4c #hae4d ,assimilat$ ,c #ai4g #ae4b #bf4d #bb4d ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,ratio ,n3,c #cf4f #cc4c #ce4b #cf4d ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,x is obvi\s t #a "p ( assimilat$ c>bon corresponds to ab\t #ce4d p>ts oxidiz$ nitrog5 or #if p>ts ( nitr\s acid4 ,^! results ( ,w9ogradsky 7 confirm$ 9 v c>eful exp]im5ts by ,e4 ,godlewski1 ,sr4#aj #aj ,godlewski1 ,e41 ,anz4 d4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*4 9 ,krakau1 #ahib1 #djh2 #ahie1 #agh4 ,! nitrites are fur!r oxidiz$ by ano!r k9d ( micro-organisms into nitrates & !y also c be rais$ )\t organic mat]ial4 ,w9ogradsky _h already previ\sly discov]$ t ! hydrog5 sulphide :i* is =m$ z a r$uction product f ,ca,s,o or 9 putrefaction by ! activity ( c]ta9 bact]ia c be oxidiz$ by c]ta9 gr\ps ( bact]ia1 ! sulphur bact]ia4 ,su* bact]ia1 e4 g41 ,beggiatoa1 are also commonly f\nd at ! outlet ( sulphur spr+s4 ,!y utilize ! hydrog5 sulphide :i* !y oxidize to sulphur & aft]w>ds to sulphates1 accord+ to ! s*eme3 7#a7 #b;,h,s ,o #b;,h,o ,s 7#b7 ,s #c,o #b;,h,o #b;,h,,s ,! sulphuric acid is at once neutraliz$ by c>bonates4 ,w9ogradsky assumes t ! oxidation ( ,h,s by ! sulphur bact]ia is ! s\rce ( en]gy :i* plays ! same rle z ! oxidation ( ,,nh plays 9 ! nitrify+ bact]ia1 or ! oxidation ( c>bon comp\nds--sug> & o!rs--9 ! case ( ! o!r l[] & high] organisms4 ,w9ogradsky has made x v probable t sulphur bact]ia d n ne$ any organic comp\nds & t _! nutrition may be accompli%$ ) a purely m9]al culture m$ium1 l t ( ! nitrite bact]ia4 ,on ! basis ( ?is assumption !y %\ld also be able to =m sug>s f ! ,,co ( ! air4 ,na?anson#aa discov]$ 9 ! sea wat] ! exi/5ce ( bact]ia :i* oxidize ?iosulphate to sulphuric acid4 ,!y w develop if "s ,na,s,o1 is add$ to sea wat]4 ,^! bact]ia c only develop if ,,co f ! air is admitt$ or :5 c>bonates are pres5t4 ,= ^! organisms ! ,,co _c be replac$ by glucose1 urea1 or o!r organic sub/ances4 ,su* bact]ia mu/ !re=e possess ! p[] ( produc+ sug> & />* f ,,co )\t ! aid ( *lorophyll4 ,simil> obs]vations 7 made by ,beij]9ck on a species ( fre%-wat] bact]ia4#ab #aa ,na?anson1 ,mitteil4 d4 zool4 ,/ation1 ,neapel1 #aijb4 #ab ,beij]9ck1 ,m41 ,folia ,microbiologica1 #aiad1 iii41 #ia4 ,f9ally ! case ( iron bact]ia may briefly be m5tion$ ?\gh ,w9ogradsky's views are n accept$ by ,molis*4 ,we may1 !re=e1 consid] x an e/abli%$ fact t !re are a numb] ( organisms :i* c\ld h liv$ on ?is planet at a "t :5 only m9]al con/itu5ts1 su* z phosphates1 ,k1 ,mg1 ,,s1 ,,co1 & ,o besides ,,nh1 or ,,%1 exi/$4 ,?is w\ld lead u to consid] x possible t ! fir/ organisms on ?is planet may h belong$ to t _w ( micro-organisms :i* 0 discov]$ by ,w9ogradsky4 ,if we c conceive ( ?is gr\p ( organisms z produc+ sug>1 :i* 9 fact !y d1 !y c\ld h s]v$ z a basis = ! developm5t ( o!r =ms :i* require organic mat]ial = _! developm5t4 ,9 #ahhc ! small isl& ( ,krakatau 0 de/roy$ by ! mo/ viol5t volcanic eruption on record4 ,a visit to ! isl&s two mon?s aft] ! eruption %[$ t 8! ?ree isl&s 7 cov]$ ) pumice & lay]s ( a% rea*+ on an av]age a ?ickness ( ?irty metres & frequ5tly sixty metres40#ac ,( c\rse all life on ! isl&s 0 ext9ct4 ,:5 ,treub 9 #ahhf fir/ visit$ ! isl&1 he f\nd t blue-gre5 alg 7 ! fir/ coloni/s on ! pumice & on ! expos$ blocks ( rock 9 ! rav9es on ! m\nta9 slopes4 ,inve/igations made dur+ subsequ5t exp$itions demon/rat$ ! association ( diatoms & bact]ia4 ,all ( ^! 7 probably c>ri$ by ! w9d4 ,! alg ref]r$ to 7 accord+ to ,eul] ( ! no/oc type4 ,no/oc does n require sug>1 s9ce x c produce t comp\nd f ! ,,co ( ! air by ! activity ( its *lorophyll4 ,?is organism possesses also ! p[] ( assimilat+ ! free nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,f ^! obs]vations & because ! ,no/ocace g5]ally appe> z ! fir/ settl]s on s& ! conclusion has be5 drawn t !y or ! gr\p ( ,s*izophyce to :i* !y belong =m$ ! fir/ settl]s ( our planet4#ad ,?is conclusion is n q safe s9ce 9 ! settlem5t ( ,krakatau z well z 9 ! fir/ coloniz+ ( s& areas ! nature ( ! fir/ settl] is det]m9$ *iefly by ! c>ry+ p[] ( w9d 7or waves & birds74 #ac ,ern/1 ,a41 ,! ,new ,flora ( ! ,volcanic ,isl& ( ,krakatau1 ,cambridge1 #aijh4 #ad ,eul]1 ,h41 ,pflanz5*emie1 #aiji1 ii4 & iii41 #adj4 ,we may n[ return f ?is digression to ! real object ( our discussion1 namely t ! nutritive solutions ( organisms mu/ be v dilute & consi/ ( ! split products ( ! complicat$ comp\nds ( :i* ! organisms consi/4 ,! examples giv5 suffici5tly illu/rate ?is /atem5t4 ,! nutritive m$ium ( our body cells is ! blood1 & :ile we take up z food ! complicat$ comp\nds ( plants or animals1 ^! sub/ances und]go a dige/ion1 i4 e41 a splitt+ up into small con/itu5ts be=e !y c diffuse f ! inte/9e into ! blood4 ,?us ! prote9s are dige/$ d[n to ! am9o acids & ^! diffuse into ! blood z demon/rat$ by ,fol9 & by ,van ,slyke4 ,f "h ! cells take !m up4 ,! diff]5t prote9s diff] 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t types ( am9o acids :i* !y conta94 ,:ile ! bact]ia & fungi & app>5tly ! high] plants c build up all _! diff]5t am9o acids f ammonia1 ?is p[] is no long] f\nd 9 ! mammals :i* c =m only c]ta9 am9o acids 9 _! body & mu/ receive ! o!rs ?r\gh _! food4 ,z a consequ5ce x is usually necess>y to fe$ "y animals on m ?an "o prote9 9 ord] to make !m gr[1 s9ce "o prote91 z a rule1 does n conta9 all ! am9o acids ne$$ = ! manufacture ( all ! prote9s requir$ = ! =mation ( ! mat]ial ( a gr[+ animal4#ae #ae ,?is fact 0 ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by ,m5del & ,osborne4 ,a summ>y ( _! "w is giv5 9 ,und]hill1 ,f4 ,p41 ,physiology ( ! ,am9o ,acids1 #aiaf4 #c4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 liv+ & non-liv+ matt] consi/s !n 9 ?is3 ! liv+ cell syn!tizes its own complicat$ specific mat]ial f indiff]5t or non-specific simple comp\nds ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium1 :ile ! cry/al simply adds ! molecules f\nd 9 its sup]saturat$ solution4 ,?is syn!tic p[] ( trans=m+ small 8build+ /ones0 into ! complicat$ comp\nds specific = ea* organism is ! 8secret ( life0 or r "o ( ! secrets ( life4 ,:at clew h we 9 reg>d to ! nature ( ?is syn!tic p[]8 ,we "k t ! comp>atively great velocity ( *emical reactions 9 a liv+ organism is due to ! pres5ce ( enzymes 7f]m5ts7 or to catalytic ag5cies 9 g5]al4 ,"s ( ^! catalytic ag5cies are specific 9 ! s5se t a giv5 catalyz] c accel]ate ! reaction ( only "o /ep 9 a complicat$ *emical reaction4 ,:ile ^! enzymes are =m$ by ! action ( ! body !y c be sep>at$ f ! body )\t los+ _! catalytic effici5cy4 ,x 0 a long "t be=e sci5ti/s succe$$ 9 isolat+ ! enzyme ( ! yea/ cell :i* causes ! alcoholic f]m5tation ( sug>2 & ?is gave rise to ! premature /atem5t t x 0 n possible to isolate ?is enzyme s9ce x 0 b\nd up ) ! life ( ! yea/ cell4 ,su* a /atem5t 0 ev5 made by a man l ,pa/eur1 :o 0 usually a model ( re/ra9t 9 8 utt]ances1 & yet ! "w ( ,bu*n] prov$ him to be wrong4 ,! g5]al me*anism ( ! action ( ! hydrolyz+ enzymes is kn[n4 ,! old idea ( de la ,rive1 t a molecule ( enzyme comb9es transitorily ) a molecule ( sub/rate2 ! fur!r idea1 :i* may possibly g back to ,engl]1 t ! molecule ( sub/rate is disrupt$ 9 ! 8/ra90 ( ! new comb9ation & t ! brok5 fragm5ts fall (f or are easily knock$ (f by collision f ! f]m5t molecule :i* is n[ ready to repeat ! process1 seems to be correct4 ,on ! assumption t ! velocity ( enzyme reaction is proportional to ! mass ( ! enzyme & t de la ,rive's idea 0 correct1 ,van ,slyke & ,cull5 7 able to calculate ! coeffici5ts ( ! velocity ( enzyme reactions = ! f]m5tation ( urea & o!r sub/ances1 & ! agreem5t betwe5 calculat$ & obs]v$ values 0 rem>kable4#af #af ,van ,slyke1 ,d4 ,d41 & ,cull51 ,g4 ,e41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiad1 xix41 #ada4 ,:ile ! hydrolytic action ( enzymes is ?us cle> ! syn!sis 9 ! cell is /ill a riddle4 ,an int]e/+ sugge/ion 0 made by van't ,h(f1 :o 9 #ahih express$ ! idea t ! hydrolytic enzymes %\ld also act 9 ! opposite direction1 namely syn!tically4 ,?us x %\ld n only be possible to dige/ prote9s ) peps9 b also to syn!tize !m f ! products ( dige/ion ) ! aid ( ! same enzyme4 ,?is expectation 0 bas$ on ! idea t ! enzyme did n alt] ! equilibrium betwe5 ! hydrolyz$ & non-hydrolyz$ "p ( ! sub/rate b only accel]at$ ! rate ) :i* ! equilibrium 0 rea*$4 ,van't ,h(f's idea omitt$1 h[ev]1 ! possibility t 9 ! transitory comb9ation betwe5 enzyme molecule & sub/rate a *ange 9 ! molecul> configuration ( ! sub/rate or 9 ! di/ribution ( intramolecul> /ra9 may take place4 ,! fir/ app>5tly complete confirmation ( van't ,h(f's sugge/ion appe>$ 9 ! =m ( ! syn!sis ( maltose f grape sug> by ! enzyme maltase1 :i* decomposes maltose into grape sug>4 ,by add+ ! enzyme maltase f yea/ to a =ty p] c5t4 solution ( glucose ,cr(t ,hill#ag obta9$ a good yield ( maltose4 ,x turn$ out1 h[ev]1 t :at he took = maltose 0 n ?is comp\nd b an isom]1 namely isomaltose1 :i* has a diff]5t molecul> configuration & _c be hydrolyz$ by ! enzyme maltase4 #ag ,hill1 ,c41 ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ahih1 lxxiii41 #fcd4 ,lactose is hydrolyz$ f kephyr by an enzyme lactase into galactose & glucose2 by add+ ?is enzyme to galactose & glucose a syn!sis 0 obta9$ n ( lactose b ( isolactose2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is n decompos$ by ! enzyme lactase4 ,e4 ,f4 ,arm/rong has work$ out a !ory :i* tries to acc\nt = ?is /rik+ ph5om5on by assum+ 8t ! enzyme has a specific influ5ce 9 promot+ ! =mation ( ! biose :i* x _c hydrolyze40#ah ,! !ory is v +5i\s & seems support$ by fact4 ,?is !n w\ld lead to ! result t c]ta9 hydrolytic enzymes may h a syn!tic action b n 9 ! mann] sugge/$ by van't ,h(f4 #ah ,arm/rong1 ,e4 ,f41 ,proc4 ,royal ,soc41 #aije1 ,b4 lxxvi41 #eib4 ,! pr9ciple enunciat$ by ,arm/rong1 t 9 ! syn!tic action ( hydrolytic enzymes n ! orig9al comp\nd b an isom] is =m$ :i* c n be hydrolyz$ by ! enzyme1 may possibly be ( great importance 9 ! und]/&+ ( life ph5om5a4 ,x %[s u h[ ! cell c gr[ 9 ! pres5ce ( hydrolytic enzymes & :y 9 hung] ! dis9tegration ( ! cell mat]ial is s sl[4 ,x 0 at fir/ ?\ght t ! =mation ( isom]s contradict$ ! idea ( ! rev]sible action ( enzymes1 b ?is is n ! case2 on ! contr>y1 x supports x b makes an addition :i* may solve ! riddle ( :at ,claude ,b]n>d call$ ! creative action ( liv+ matt]4 ,we %all come back to ?is problem 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,ka/le & ,loev5h>t demon/rat$ ! syn!sis ( a trace ( e?ylbutyrate by lipase if ! latt] enzyme 0 add$ to ! products ( ! hydrolysis ( e?ylbutyrate1 e?yl alcohol1 & butyric acid by ! same enzyme4#ai ,taylor#bj obta9$ ! syn!sis ( a slight am\nt ( triole9 by ! addition ( ! dri$ fat-free residue ( ! ca/or bean to a mixture ( ole9ic acid & glyc]9e4444 ,no syn!sis occurr$ ) acetic1 butyric1 palmitic1 & /e>ic acids ) glyc]9e1 mannite1 & dulcite1 & ! exp]im5ts ) ! la/ two alcohols & ole9ic acid likewise yield$ no syn!sis4 #ai ,ka/le1 ,j4 ,h41 & ,loev5h>t1 ,a4 ,s41 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j\r41 #aijj1 xxiv41 #dia4 #bj ,taylor1 ,a4 ,e41 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub41 #aijd1 ,pa?ology1 i41 #cc2 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aijf1 ii41 #hg4 ,?is sugge/s possibly a specific action ( ! enzyme4 ,if ?is slight rev]sible action _h any biological significance 7:i* might be possible1 s9ce 9 ! organism second>y fav\rable conditions might be at "w :i* are lack+ 9 vitro7 !re %\ld be a p>allelism betwe5 masses ( lipase 9 diff]5t k9ds ( tissues & fat syn!sis4 ,loev5h>t indicat$ t ?is might be a fact1 b a m ext5sive inve/igation by ,h4 ,c4 ,bradley has made ?is v dubi\s4#ba #ba ,bradley1 ,h4 ,c41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiac1 xiii41 #djg4 ,v little is kn[n conc]n+ ! rev]sible action ( ! hydrolytic prote9 enzymes4 ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor dige/$ protam9e sulphate ) tryps9 & f\nd t aft] add+ tryps9 to ! products ( dige/ion a precipitate 0 =m$ aft] long /&+2 & we may also ref] to exp]im5ts ( ,rob]tson ) peps9 on ! products ( case9og5 to :i* we %all return 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x !re=e looks at pres5t z if van't ,h(f's idea ( rev]sible enzyme action might hold 9 ! modification (f]$ by ,arm/rong4 ,x rema9s d\btful1 h[ev]1 :e!r ?is rev]sibility c expla9 all ! syn!tic processes 9 ! cell4 ,no objection c be (f]$ at pres5t if any "o makes ! assumption t ea* cell has specific syn!tic enzymes or "s o!r syn!tic me*anisms :i* are /ill unkn[n4 ,! me*anisms = ! syn!sis ( prote9s mu/ h "o o!r peculi>ity3 !y mu/ be specific 9 _! action4 ,we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t ea* species seems to possess "o or m prote9s n f\nd 9 any o!r b closely relat$ species4 ,ea* organism develops f a t9y microscopic g]m & gr[s by syn!tiz+ ! non-specific build+ /ones 7am9o acids7 into ! specific prote9s ( ! species4 ,?is mu/ be ! "w ( ! yet unkn[n syn!tic enzymes or me*anisms4 ,! elucidation ( _! "* w\ld seem "o ( ! ma9 problems ( biology4 ,ne$less to say cry/allography is n confront$ ) problems ( su* a nature4 ,! fact t ! liv+ cell gr[s aft] tak+ up food has giv5 rise to curi\s misund]/&+s4 ,traube has %[n t drops ( a liquid surr\nd$ ) a semip]meable membrane may increase 9 volume :5 put into a solution ( l[] osmotic pressure4 ,?is has l$ & is possibly /ill lead+ to ! /atem5t t ! process ( gr[? by a liv+ cell has be5 imitat$ artificially4 ,only "o feature has be5 imitat$1 ! increase 9 volume2 b ! ess5tial feature ( ! process 9 ! liv+ cell1 i4 e41 ! =mation ( ! specific con/itu5ts ( ! liv+ cell f non-specific products1 has ( c\rse n be5 imitat$4 #d4 ,! con/ant syn!sis !n ( specific mat]ial f simple comp\nds ( a non-specific "* is ! *ief feature by :i* liv+ matt] diff]s f non-liv+ matt]4 ,) ?is "* is correlat$ ano!r "o2 namely1 :5 ! mass ( a cell rea*es a c]ta9 limit ! cell divides4 ,?is is p]haps mo/ obvi\s 9 bact]ia :i* on ! prop] nutritive m$ium take up food1 gr[1 & divide into two bact]ia1 ea* ( :i* takes up food1 divides1 & gr[s ad inf9itum1 z long z ! food la/s1 provid$ ! h>mful products ( metabolism are remov$4 ,if x be true t specific syn!tic f]m5ts exi/ 9 ea* cell x foll[s t ! cell mu/ syn!tize ^! also1#bb z o!rwise ! syn!sis ( specific prote9s w\ld h to come to a /&/ill4 #bb ,?is w\ld lead to ! idea t ! enzymes 9 ! cell also syn!tize molecules ( _! own k9d1 or t1 9 o!r words1 ! syn!tic processes 9 ! cell are ( ! nature ( autocatalysis4 ,loeb1 ,d] *emis*e ,"* des ,befru*tungsvorgangs1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,b41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwicklngsme*41 #aijh1 xxv41 #eha2 xxvi41 #ajh2 #aiac1 xxxvii41 #dig2 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aiae1 xxxvii41 #a2 ,rob]tson & ,wa/5eys1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwicklngsme*41 #aiac1 xxxvii41 #dhe4 ,o/wald1 ,wo41 b] die zeitli*5 ,eig5s*aft5 d] ,entwicklungsvorgnge1 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 ,?is problem ( syn!sis leads to ! assumption ( immortality ( ! liv+ cell1 s9ce !re is no a priori reason :y ?is syn!sis %\ld ev] come to a /&/ill ( its own accord z long z en\gh food is available & ! prop] outside physical conditions are gu>ante$4 ,x is well kn[n t ,weismann has claim$ immortality = all unicellul> organisms & = ! sex cells ( metazoa1 :ile he claim$ ! necessity ( dea? = ! body cells ( ! latt]4 ,leo ,loeb 0 l$ by 8 inve/igations on ! transplantation ( canc] to assume immortality n only = ! canc] cell b also = ! body cell ( ! organism4 ,he _h f\nd 9 transplant+ a malignant tumor f "o individual to ano!r t ! tumor grew2 t x 0 n ! cells ( ! ho/ b ! transplant$ tumor cells ( ! graft :i* grew & multipli$1 & t ?is process c\ld be repeat$ app>5tly indef9itely s t x 0 obvi\s t ! transplant$ tumor cells outliv$ ! orig9al animal4 ,su* exp]im5ts h s9ce be5 c>ri$ on s long t we may n[ say t an individual canc] cell tak5 f an animal & transplant$ f "t to "t on a new ho/ lives app>5tly indef9itely4 ,leo ,loeb _h f\nd t ^! tumor cells are simply modifi$ somatic cells4 ,he !re=e sugge/$ t ! somatic cells might be consid]$ immortal ) ! same "r z we speak ( ! immortality ( ! g]m cells ( su* animals4#bc #bc ,loeb1 ,leo1 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,res41 #aija1 vi41 #bh2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwicklngsme*41 #aijg1 xxiv41 #fee4 ,?is view receives its support fir/ f ! fact t c]ta9 trees l ! ,sequoia live sev]al ?\s& ye>s & may !re=e be consid]$ immortal & second1 f ! me?od ( tissue culture4 ,! me?od ( cultivat+ tissue cells 9 a te/ tube1 9 ! same way z is done = bact]ia1 0 fir/ propos$ & c>ri$ out by ,leo ,loeb1 9 #ahig1bd b 8 te/-tube me?od did n p]mit ! obs]vation ( ! transplant$ cell "u ! microscope4 ,?is 0 made possible by a modification ( ! me?od by ,h>rison1 :o e/abli%$ ! fact t ! axis cyl9d] gr[s out f ! ganglionic cell4 ,h>rison & ,burr[s !n p]fect$ ! me?od = ! cultivation ( ! cells ( w>m-blood$1 animals1 & ) ! aid ( ^! me?ods ,c>rel succe$$ 9 keep+ connective-tissue cells ( ! he>t ( an e>ly *ick embryo alive m ?an f\r ye>s1 & ^! cells are /ill gr[+ & divid+4#be ,only v t9y masses ( cells c be kept alive 9 ?is way s9ce all ! cells 9 ! c5tre ( a piece die on acc\nt ( lack ( oxyg52 & e two days a few cells f ! m>g9 ( ! piece h to be transf]r$ to a new culture m$ium4 #bd ,loeb1 ,leo1 b] die ,ent/ehung von ,b9degewebe1 ,leucocyt5 und ro!n ,blutkrp]*5 aus ,epi!l und b] e9e ,me?ode isoli]te ,geweb/eile zu z*t54 ,*icago1 #ahig4 #be ,:ile ?is has be5 demon/rat$ ?us f> only = connective-tissue cells x may be true also = o!r cells4 ,?is effect ( lack ( oxyg5 expla9s also :y ! immortality ( ! somatic cells is n obvi\s4 ,dea? 9 a human be+ consi/s 9 ! /opp+ ( he>t beat & respiration1 :i* also t]m9ates ! action ( ! bra9 or at lea/ ( consci\sness4 ,imm$iately aft] ! cessation ( he>t beat & respiration ! cells ( muscle & ( ! sk9 & probably _m or mo/ o!r organs are /ill alive & might cont9ue to live if transf]r$ to ano!r body ) circulation & respiration4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! lack ( oxyg5 supply 9 ! dead body !y w1 h[ev]1 die comp>atively rapidly4 ,x may be /at$ t he>ts tak5 out ( ! body aft] a numb] ( h\rs c /ill beat aga9 :5 put into ! prop] solutions & ^u receiv+ an adequate oxyg5 supply4 ,! idea t ! body cells are naturally immortal & die only if expos$ to extreme injuries su* z prolong$ lack ( oxyg5 or too high a temp]ature helps to make "o problem m intelligible4 ,! m$ical /ud5t1 :o = ! fir/ "t realizes t life dep5ds ^u t "o organ1 ! he>t1 do+ its duty incessantly = ! sev5ty ye>s or s allott$ to man1 is amaz$ at ! prec>i\sness ( our exi/5ce4 ,x seems inde$ uncanny t s delicate a me*anism %\ld function s regul>ly = s _m ye>s4 ,! my/icism connect$ ) ?is & o!r ph5om5a ( adaptation w\ld disappe> if we c\ld be c]ta9 t all cells are really immortal & t ! fact :i* dem&s an explanation is n ! cont9u$ activity b ! cessation ( activity 9 dea?4 ,?us we see t ! idea ( ! immortality ( ! body cell if x c be g5]aliz$ may be de/9$ to become "o ( ! ma9 supports = a complete physico*emical analysis ( life ph5om5a s9ce x makes ! durability ( organisms intelligible4 #e4 ,?is g5]aliz$ idea ( ! immortality ( "s or possibly mo/ or all somatic cells has a be>+ ^u ! problem ( ! orig9 ( life on our planet4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,spallanzani1 ,s*wann1 ,s*ro$]1 ,pa/eur1 ,tyndall1 & all ^? :o h work$ ) pure cultures ( micro-organisms1 h prov$ t no spontane\s g5]ation ( liv+ f non-liv+ matt] c be demon/rat$2 & ! /atem5ts to ! contr>y 7 due to exp]im5tal errors inasmu* z ! new organisms =m$ 7 ! (fspr+ ( o!rs :i* _h ent]$ into ! culture m$ium by mi/ake4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ( t mo/ fasc9at+ book ,worlds 9 ! ,mak+1#bf ,arrh5ius discusses ! possibility ( life be+ et]nal & ( liv+ g]ms ( v small dim5sions--e4 g41 ! spores ( micro-organisms--be+ c>ri$ ?r\gh space f "o planet to ano!r or ev5 f "o sol> sy/em to ano!r4 ,if x be true t !re is no spontane\s g5]ation2 if x be true t all cells are pot5tially immortal1 we may inde$ s]i\sly raise ! "q3 ,may n life aft] all be et]nal8 ,su* ideas 7 advocat$ by ,ri*t] 9 a r phanta/ic way & m def9itely by ,helmholtz z well z ,kelv94 ,! latt] au?ors assum$ t 9 ! collision ( planets or worlds on :i* !re is life1 fragm5ts conta9+ liv+ organisms w be torn (f & ^! fragm5ts w move z se$-be>+ /ones ?r\gh space4 8,if at ! pres5t in/ant no life exi/$ ^u ?is e>?1 "o su* /one fall+ ^u x might 444 lead to its becom+ cov]$ ) vegetation40 ,arrh5ius po9ts out ! difficulties :i* oppose su* a view1 z1 e4 g41 ! fact 8t ! meteorite 9 its fall t[>ds ! e>? becomes inc&esc5t all ov] its surface & any se$s on x w\ld !re=e be depriv$ ( _! g]m9at+ p[]40 #bf ,arrh5ius1 ,s41 ,worlds 9 ! ,mak+1 ,london & ,new ,york1 #aijh1 p4 #bab4 ,arrh5ius sugge/s ano!r & mu* m +5i\s idea bas$ on ! fact t = p>ticles bel[ a c]ta9 size ! me*anical pressure produc$ by light waves--! radiation pressure--c ov]come ! attractive =ce ( gravitation4 ,bodies :i* accord+ to ,s*w>zs*ild w\ld und]go ! /ronge/ influ5ce ( sol> radiation mu/ h a diamet] ( #j4jjjaf mm4 suppos+ !m to be sph]ical4 ,! fir/ "q is !re=e3 ,are !re any liv+ se$s ( su* extraord9>y m9ut5ess8 ,! reply ( ! botani/ is t spores ( _m bact]ia h a size ( #j4jjjc or #j4jjjb mm41 & !re are no d\bt mu* small] g]ms :i* our microscopes fail to disclose4 ,?is assumption is und\bt$ly correct4 ,we w1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 make a r\gh calculation ( :at w\ld happ5 if su* an organism 7 deta*$ f ! e>? & pu%$ out into space by ! radiation pressure ( our sun4 ,! organism w\ld fir/ ( all h to cross ! orbit ( ,m>s2 !n ! orbits ( ! small] & ( ! out] planets4444 ,! organisms w\ld cross ! orbit ( ,m>s aft] tw5ty days1 ! ,jupit] orbit aft] eighty days1 & ! orbit ( ,neptune aft] f\rte5 mon?s4 ,our ne>e/ sol> sy/em w\ld be rea*$ 9 n9e ?\s& ye>s4 ,= ! assumption ( et]nity ( life only ! transf]5ce ( g]ms f "o sol> sy/em to ano!r w\ld h to be consid]$ & ! "q arises :e!r or n g]ms c keep _! vitality s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,arrh5ius ?9ks t ?is is possible on acc\nt ( ! l[ temp]ature 7:i* mu/ be bel[ -#bbj ,c47 at :i* no *emical reaction & h5ce no decomposition & det]ioration are possible 9 ! spores2 & on acc\nt ( ! abs5ce ( wat] vap\r4 ,! "q !n arises3 ,h we any facts to w>rant ! assumption t spores may rema9 alive = ?\s&s ( ye>s "u su* conditions & reta9 _! p[] ( g]m9ation8 ,we "k t se$s h a v limit$ vitality1 & ! /atem5t t gra9 f\nd 9 ! ,egyptian tombs 0 /ill able to g]m9ate has long be5 recogniz$ z a my?4 ,miss ,:ite#bg f\nd t 9 :eat gra9s1 !re appe>$ a well-m>k$ drop 9 _! g]m9at+ p[] aft] ab\t ! f\r? ye>1 rea*+ z]o 9 elev5 to sev5te5 ye>s4 ,9 a dri] climate !y la/ long] ?an 9 a moi/ climate4 ,x is ( importance t ! hydrolyz+ enzymes 9 ! se$s1 su* z dia/ase1 ereps91 rema9$ unimpair$ ev5 aft] ! g]m9at+ p[] ( ! se$s _h disappe>$4 ,! se$s 7 able to resi/ = two days ! temp]ature ( liquid air1 ?\gh ! subsequ5t g]m9ation 0 delay$ by ?is treatm5t4 ,macfady5#bh expos$ non-spor+ bact]ia1 viz41 ,b4 typhosus1 ,b4 coli communis1 ,/aphylococcus pyog5es aureus1 & a ,sac*>omyces to liquid air4 ,! exp]im5ts %[$ t a prolong$ exposure ( six mon?s to a temp]ature ( ab\t -#aij has no appreciable effect on ! vitality ( micro-organisms4 ,to judge by ! results !re appe>$ no reason to d\bt t ! exp]im5t might h be5 successfully prolong$ = a /ill long] p]iod4 #bg ,:ite1 ,j41 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #aiji1 ,b1 lxxxi41 #dag4 #bh ,macfady51 ,a41 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #aijc1 lxxi41 #gf4 ,paul ,becqu]el#bi f\nd t se$s :i* possess a v ?ick integum5t may live long] ?an ! gra9 9 ,miss ,:ite's exp]im5ts4 ,! ?ickness ( ! integum5t prev5ts ! ex*ange ( gases betwe5 air & se$4 ,?us se$s ( legum9oses 7,cassia bicapsul>is1 ,cytisus biflorus1 ,leucna leucocephala1 & ,trifolium arv5se7 _h reta9$ _! p[] ( g]m9ation = eighty-sev5 ye>s4 ,becqu]el has %[n t ! dryness ( ! membrane is v ess5tial = su* a duration ( life1 s9ce :5 dry x is imp]meable = gases & ! sl[ *emical reactions inside ! gra9 become impossible4 #bi ,becqu]el1 ,p41 ,revue gnrale des ,sci5ces1 #aiad1 xxv41 #eei4 ,9 ! cosmic space !re is no wat] vap\r1 no atmosph]e1 & a l[ temp]ature1 & !re is h5ce no reason :y spores %\ld lose appreciably m ( _! g]m9at+ p[] 9 t5 ?\s& ye>s ?an 9 six mon?s4 ,we mu/ !re=e admit ! possibility t spores may move = an almo/ inf9ite l5g? ( "t ?r\gh cosmic space & yet be ready = g]m9ation :5 !y fall ^u a planet 9 :i* all ! conditions = g]m9ation & developm5t exi/1 e4 g41 wat]1 prop] temp]ature1 & ! "r nutritive sub/ances dissolv$ 9 ! wat] 7inclusive ( free oxyg574 ,:ile ?us ev]y?+ is fav\rable to ,arrh5ius's hypo!sis1 ,becqu]el raises ! objection t ! spores go+ ?r\gh space w\ld yet be de/roy$ by ultraviolet light4 ,?is dang] w\ld probably exi/ only z long z ! g]m is n too f> f a sun4 ,! difficulty is a real "o s9ce ! ultraviolet rays h a de/ructive effect ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t !re are spores :i* c resi/ ?is effect ( ultraviolet light4 ,arrh5ius's !ory c n ( c\rse be disprov$ & we mu/ agree ) him t x is consi/5t n only ) ! !ories ( cosmogony b also ) ! seem+ pot5tial immortality ( c]ta9 or ( all cells4 ,! alt]native to ,arrh5ius's !ory is t liv+ matt] did orig9ate & /ill orig9ates f non-liv+ matt]4 ,if ?is idea is correct x %\ld "o day be possible to discov] syn!tic enzymes :i* are capable ( =m+ molecules ( _! own k9d f a simple nutritive solution4 ,) su* syn!tic enzymes z a />t+ po9t ! task might be und]tak5 ( creat+ cells capable ( gr[? & cell division1 at lea/ 9 ! app>5tly simple =m 9 :i* ^! ph5om5a occur 9 bact]ia2 viz41 t aft] ! mass has rea*$ a c]ta9 7/ill microscopic7 size x divides into two cells & s on4 ,if ,arrh5ius is "r t liv+ matt] has _h no m beg9n+ ?an matt] 9 g5]al1 ?is hope ( mak+ liv+ matt] artificially appe>s at pres5t z futile z ! hope ( mak+ molecules out ( electrons4 ,! problem ( mak+ liv+ matt] artificially has be5 comp>$ to t ( con/ruct+ a p]petuum mobile2 ?is comp>ison is1 h[ev]1 n correct4 ,! idea ( a p]petuum mobile contradicts ! fir/ law ( !rmodynamics1 :ile ! mak+ ( liv+ matt] may be impossible ?\gh contradict+ no natural law4 ,pa/eur's pro( t spontane\s g5]ation does n occur 9 ! solutions us$ by him does n prove t a syn!sis ( liv+ f dead matt] is impossible "u any conditions4 ,x is at lea/ n inconceivable t 9 an e>li] p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory radio-activity1 electrical dis*>ges1 & possibly also ! action ( volcanoes might h furni%$ ! comb9ation ( circum/ances "u :i* liv+ matt] might h be5 =m$4 ,! /agg]+ difficulties 9 imag9+ su* a possibility are n m]ely on ! *emical side--e4 g41 ! production ( prote9s f ,,co1 & ,n--b also on ! physical side if ! necessity ( a def9ite cell /ructure is consid]$4 ,we %all see 9 ! six? *apt] t )\t a /ructure 9 ! egg to beg9 )1 no =mation ( a complicat$ organism is imag9able2 & :ile a bact]ium may h a simple /ructure1 su* a /ructure z x possesses is z necess>y = its exi/5ce z are its enzymes4 ,attempts h repeat$ly be5 made to imitate ! /ructures 9 ! cell & ( liv+ organisms by colloidal precipitates4 ,x is ne$less to po9t out t su* precipitates are ( importance only = ! /udy ( ! orig9 ( /ructures 9 ! liv+1 b t !y are n o!rwise an imitation ( ! liv+ s9ce !y are lack+ ! *>act]i/ic syn!tic *emical processes4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,*emical ,,basis ,,( ,,g5us ,,& ,,species #a4 ,x is a truism t f an egg ( a species an organism ( ?is species only & ( no o!r w arise4 ,x is also a truism t ! s-call$ protoplasm ( an egg does n diff] mu* f t ( eggs ( o!r species :5 look$ at ?r\gh a microscope4 ,! "q arises3 ,:at det]m9es ! species ( ! future organism8 ,is x a /ructure or a specific *emical or gr\ps ( *emicals8 ,9 a lat] *apt] we %all %[ t ! egg has a simple ?\gh def9ite /ructure1 b 9 ?is *apt] we %all see t ! egg mu/ conta9 specific sub/ances & t ^! sub/ances :i* det]m9e ! 8species0 & specificity 9 g5]al are 9 all probability prote9s4 ,s9ce solutions ( diff]5t prote9s look alike "u a microscope we ne$ n wond] t x is impossible to discrim9ate microscopically betwe5 ! protoplasm ( diff]5t eggs4 ,! idea ( def9it5ess & con/ancy ( species1 a matt] ( daily obs]vation 9 ! case ( man & high] animals 9 g5]al1 0 n s readily accept$ 9 ! case ( ! micro-organisms1 :i* on acc\nt ( _! m9ut5ess & simplicity ( /ructure are n s easy to diff]5tiate4 ,!re exi/$ = a long "t s]i\s d\bt :e!r or n ! simple/ organisms1 ! bact]ia1 possess$ a def9ite 8specificity0 l ! high] organisms1 or :e!r !y 7 n end[$1 z ,w>m+ put x1 ) an 8unlimit$ pla/icity10 :i* =bade classify+ !m accord+ to _! =m into def9ite species z ,cohn _h done4 ,an int]e/+ episode 9 ?is discussion1 :i* 0 settl$ ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago arose conc]n+ ! sulphur bact]ia1 :i* (t5 develop 9 l>ge masses on p>ts ( decay+ plants or animals along ! %ore4 ,sir ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/] f\nd collections ( r$ bact]ia cov]+ putrefy+ animal matt] 9 a vessel & =m+ a cont9u\s membrane along its wall4 ,^! r$ bact]ia 7 ( v diff]5t %ape1 size1 & gr\p+1 b !y seem$ to be connect$ by transition =ms4 ,!y _h a common "*1 h[ev]1 namely1 _! pea*-col\r$ appe>ance4 ,?is common "*1 toge!r ) _! association 9 ! same habitat1 l$ ,lanke/] to ! !n ju/ifiable belief t !y all belong$ to "o species :i* 0 protean 9 "* & t ! diff]5t =ms 7 only to be consid]$ z phases ( gr[? ( ?is "o species4 ,! pres5ce ( ! same r$ pigm5t 8,bact]io-purpur90 seem$ ju/ly to indicate ! exi/5ce ( common *emical processes4 ,cohn1 on ! contr>y1 consid]$ ! diff]5t =ms among ^! r$ bact]ia 7!y are today call$ sulphur bact]ia s9ce !y oxidize ! hydrog5 sulphide produc$ by bact]ia ( putrefaction to sulphur & sulphates7 z def9ite & di/9ct species1 9 spite ( _! common col\r & _! association4 ,lat] obs]vations %[$ t ,cohn 0 "r4 ,w9ogradsky#cj succe$$ 9 prov+ by pure culture exp]im5ts t ea* ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( sulphur bact]ia 0 specific & did n give rise to any ( ! o!r =ms ( ! same col\r f\nd 9 ! same conditions4 #cj ,w9ogradsky1 ,s41 ,beitrge zur ,morphologie und ,physiologie d] ,bact]i54 ,leipzig1 #ahhh4 ,! me?od ( pure l9e bre$+ inaugurat$ by ,johanns5#ca has %[n t ! degree ( def9it5ess goes s f> t app>5tly id5tical =ms ) only slight diff]5ces 9 size may bre$ true to ?is size2 b = reasons :i* w become cle> lat] on we may d\bt :e!r !y are to be consid]$ z def9ite species4 #ca ,johanns51 ,w41 ,elem5te d] exact5 ,erbli*keitslehre4 #b;d ed41 #aiac4 ,! fact ( specificity is support$ by ! fact ( con/ancy ( =ms4 de ,vries has po9t$ out t reg>dless ( ! possible orig9 ( new species by mutation ! old species may p]sev]e4 ,walcott has f\nd fossils ( annelids1 snails1 cru/aceans1 & alg 9 a precambrian =mation 9 ,briti% ,columbia ^: age 7e/imat$ on ! rate ( =mation ( radium f uranium7 may be ab\t two hundr$ million ye>s & e/imat$ on ! basis ( s$im5tation sixty million ye>s4 ,& yet ^! inv]tebrates are s closely relat$ to ! =ms exi/+ today t ! sy/emati/s h no difficulty 9 f9d+ ! g5us among ! mod]n =ms into :i* ea* ( ^! organisms belongs4 ,w4 ,m4 ,:eel]1 9 8 inve/igations ( ! ants enclos$ 9 amb]1 0 able to id5tify "s ( !m ) =ms liv+ today1 ?\gh ! ants obs]v$ 9 ! amb] mu/ h be5 two million ye>s old4 ,! con/ancy ( species1 i4 e41 ! p]man5ce ( specificity may !re=e be consid]$ z e/abli%$ z f> back z two or possibly two hundr$ millions ( ye>s4 ,! def9it5ess & con/ancy ( ea* species mu/ be det]m9$ by some?+ equally def9ite & con/ant 9 ! egg1 s9ce 9 ! latt] ! species is already fix$ irrevocably4 ,we %all %[ fir/ t species if suffici5tly sep>at$ are g5]ally incompatible ) ea* o!r & t any attempt at fus+ or mix+ !m by graft+ or cross-f]tiliz+ is futile4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! *apt] we %all take up ! facts :i* seem de/9$ to give a direct answ] to ! "q z to ! cause ( specificity4 ,x is ne$less to say t ?is latt] "q is ( p>am\nt importance = ! problem ( evolution1 z well z = t ( ! con/itution ( liv+ matt]4 ,i4 ,! ,incompatibility ( ,species n closely ,relat$ #b4 ,x is practically impossible to transplant organs or tissues f "o species ( high] animals to ano!r1 unless ! two species are v closely relat$2 & ev5 !n ! transplantation is unc]ta9 & ! graft may ei!r fall (f aga9 or be de/roy$4 ,?is specificity ( tissues goes s f> t surgeons pref]1 :5 a transplantation ( sk9 9 ! human is int5d$1 to use sk9 ( ! pati5t or ( close blood relations4 ,! reason :y ! tissues ( a =eign species 9 w>m-blood$ animals _c gr[ well on a giv5 ho/ has be5 expla9$ by ! rem>kable exp]im5ts ( ,james ,b4 ,murphy ( ! ,rockefell] ,in/itute4#cb ,murphy discov]$ t x is possible to transplant successfully any k9d ( =eign tissue ^u ! e>ly embryo ( ! *ick4 ,ev5 human tissue transplant$ ^u ! *ick embryo w gr[ rapidly4 ,?is %[s t at ?is e>ly /age ! *ick embryo does n yet react aga9/ =eign tissue4 ,?is lack ( reaction la/s until ab\t ! tw5ty-fir/ day 9 ! life ( ! embryo2 !n ! gr[? ( ! graft n only ceases b ! graft itself falls (f or is de/roy$4 ,murphy notic$ t ?is critical p]iod co9cides ) ! developm5t ( ! sple5 & ( lymphatic tissue 9 ! *ick & t a c]ta9 type ( migrat+ cells1 ! s-call$ lymphocytes1 :i* develop 9 ! lymphatic tissue1 ga!r at ! edge ( ! graft 9 great numb]s1 & he sugge/$ t ^! lymphocytes 7by a secretion ( "s sub/ance87 rid ! ho/ ( ! graft4 ,he appli$ two te/s bo? ( :i* confirm$ ?is idea4 ,fir/ he %[$ t :5 small fragm5ts ( ! sple5 ( an adult *ick5 are transplant$ into ! embryo ! latt] loses its tol]ance = =eign grafts4 ,! second pro( is /ill m int]e/+4 ,x 0 kn[n t by treatm5t ) ,ro5tg5 rays ! lymphocytes 9 an animal c\ld be de/roy$4 ,x 0 to be expect$ t an animal s treat$ w\ld h lo/ its specific resi/ance to =eign tissues4 ,murphy f\nd t ?is 0 actually ! case4 ,on fully gr[n rats 9 :i* ! lymphocytes _h be5 de/roy$ by ,x-rays 7z asc]ta9$ by blood c\nts7 tissues ( =eign species grew p]fectly well4 ,^! exp]im5ts h assum$ a great practical importance s9ce !y c also be appli$ to ! immunization ( an animal aga9/ transplant$ canc] ( its own species4 ,murphy f\nd t by increas+ ! numb] ( lymphocytes 9 an animal 7:i* c be accompli%$ by a mild treatm5t ) ,x-rays7 ! immunity aga9/ =eign grafts z well z aga9/ canc] f ! same species c be increas$4 ,x is q possible t ! app>5t immunity to a transplantation ( canc] produc$ by ,j5s51 ,leo ,loeb1 & ,ehrli* & ,apolant ?r\gh ! previ\s transplantation ( tissue 9 su* an animal 0 due to ! fact t ?is previ\s tissue transplantation l$ to an increase 9 ! numb] ( lymphocytes 9 ! animal4 ,! m$ical side1 h[ev]1 lies outside ( our discussion1 & we mu/ satisfy ourselves ) only a pass+ notice4 ,! facts %[ t ea* w>m-blood$ animal seems to possess a specificity :]eby its lymphocytes de/roy transplant$ tissue tak5 f a =eign species4 #cb ,murphy1 ,j4 ,b41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,m$41 #aiac1 xvii41 #dhb2 #aiad1 xix41 #aha2 xix41 #eac2 ,murphy & ,morton1 ,j4 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,m$41 #aiae1 xxii41 #bjd4 ,a less] ?\gh /ill m>k$ degree ( incompatibility exi/s also 9 l[] animals = grafts f a diff]5t species4#cc ,! graft may app>5tly take hold1 b only = a few days1 if ! species are n closely relat$4 ,joe/ app>5tly succe$$ 9 mak+ a p]man5t union betwe5 ! ant]ior & po/]ior ends ( two species ( e>?worms1 ,lumbricus rubellus & ,allolobophora t]re/ris4 ,born & lat] ,h>rison heal$ pieces ( tadpoles ( diff]5t species toge!r4 ,an individual made up ( two species ,rana viresc5s & ,rana palu/ris liv$ a consid]able "t & w5t ?r\gh metamorphosis4 ,ea* half rega9$ ! *>act]i/ic features ( ! species to :i* x belong$4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t if species ( tadpoles ( two m di/ant species are graft$ ^u ea* o!r no la/+ graft c be obta9$1 e4 g41 ,rana escul5ta & ,bomb9ator igneus4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 made at a "t :5 ! nature & be>+ ( ! problem ( specificity 0 n yet fully recogniz$4 ,! rle ( lymphocytes 9 ^! cases has nev] be5 inve/igat$4 ,! graft$ piece always reta9$ ! *>act]i/ics ( ! species f :i* x 0 tak54 #cc ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,morgan's book on ,reg5]ation 7,new ,york1 #aija71 = ! lit]ature on ?is subject4 ,plants possess no leucocytes & we !re=e see t !y tol]ate a graft ( =eign tissues bett] ?an is ! case 9 animals4 ,z a matt] ( fact het]opla/ic graft+ is a common practice 9 horticulture1 al?\gh ev5 "h x is kn[n t indiscrim9ate het]opla/ic graft+ is n feasible & t !re=e ! specificity is n )\t influ5ce4 ,! ho/ is suppos$ to furni% only nutritive sap to ! graft & 9 ?is respect does n behave v diff]5tly f an artificial nutritive solution = ! rais+ ( a plant4 ,! law ( specificity1 h[ev]1 rema9s true also = ! graft$ tissues3 nei!r 9 animals nor 9 plants does ! graft lose its specificity1 & x nev] assumes ! specific *>act]s ( ! ho/1 or vice v]sa4 ,! app>5t exceptions :i* ,w9kl] believ$ he _h f\nd 9 ! case ( grafts ( night%ade on tomatoes turn$ out to be a fur!r pro( ( ! law ( specificity4 ,w9kl]1 aft] ! graft _h tak51 cut ?r\gh ! place ( graft+1 aft] :i* op]ation a callus =mation occurr$ on ! w\nd4 ,9 mo/ cases ei!r a pure night%ade or a pure tomato grew out f ?is callus4 ,9 "s cases he obta9$ %oots f ! place :]e graft & ho/ _h unit$1 :i* on "o side 7 tomato1 on ! o!r side night%ade4 ,:at really happ5$ 0 t ! %oots _h a gr[+ po9t ^: cells on ! "o side consi/$ ( cells ( night%ade1 on ! o!r side ( tomato4#cd ,we "k ( no case 9 :i* ! cell ( a graft has lo/ its specificity & und]gone a trans=mation into ! cell ( ! ho/4 #cd ,baur1 ,e41 ,e9fhrung 9 die exp]im5telle ,v]]bungslehre4 ,b]l91 #aiaa1 p4 #bcb4 #c4 ,ano!r manife/ation ( ! incompatibility ( di/ant species is f\nd 9 ! doma9 ( f]tilization4 ,! eggs ( ! majority ( animals _c develop unless a sp]matozon ent]s4 ,! entrance ( a sp]matozon into an egg seems also to fall "u ! law ( specificity1 inasmu* z 9 g5]al only ! sp]m ( ! same or a closely relat$ species is able to ent] ! egg4 ,! writ]#ce has f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x is possible to ov]come ! limitation ( specificity 9 c]ta9 cases by physico*emical means1 & by ! k ( ^! means we may p]haps "o day be able to m closely def9e ! me*anism ( specificity 9 ?is case4 ,he f\nd t ! eggs ( a c]ta9 ,cali=nian sea ur*91 :i* _c be f]tiliz$ by ! sp]m ( />fi% 9 normal sea wat]1 w lose _! specificity t[>ds ?is type ( =eign sp]m if ! sea wat] is r5d]$ a little m alkal9e1 or if a little m ,ca is add$ to ! sea wat]1 or if bo? ^! v>iations are effect$4 ,godlewski has confirm$ ! effici5cy ( ?is me?od = ! f]tilization ( sea-ur*9 eggs ) ! sp]m ( cr9oids4 #ce ,lit]ature on ?is subject 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,five-days-old l>v f a sea ur*9 7,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus7 & a />fi% 7,a/]ias7 4 7,front view47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,five-days-old l>v ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus produc$ by artificial p>!nog5esis4 7,side view47 ,! l>v 9 ,figs4 #a & #b are id5tical 9 appe>ance1 prov+ t het]og5e\s hybridization leads to a l>va ) purely mat]nal *>act]s4 ,if su* het]og5e\s hybridizations are c>ri$ out1 two /rik+ results are obta9$4 ,! "o is t ! result+ l>va has only mat]nal *>act]i/ics 7,figs4 #a & #b71 z if ! sp]m _h contribut$ no h]$it>y mat]ial to ! develop+ embryo4 ,?is result c\ld n h be5 pr$ict$1 = if we f]tilize ! egg ( ! same ,cali=nian sea ur*91 ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus1 ) ! sp]m ( a v closely relat$ sea ur*91 ,s4 franciscanus1 ! h]$it>y effect ( ! sp]matozon is se5 v di/9ctly 9 ! primitive skeleton =m$ by ! l>va4#cf 7,fig4 #c47 ,9 ! case ( ! het]og5e\s hybridization ! sp]matozon acts practically only z an activat+ ag5cy ^u ! egg & n z a transmitt] ( pat]nal qualities4 #cf ,loeb1 ,j41 ,k+1 ,w4 ,o4 ,r41 & ,moore1 ,a4 ,r41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwicklngsme*41 #aiaj1 xxix41 #ced4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,five-days-old l>v ( two closely relat$ =ms ( sea ur*9s 7,s4 purpuratus & ,s4 franciscanus 74 ,9 ?is case ! l>va has also pat]nal *>act]s z %[n by ! skeleton4 ,! second /rik+ fact is t :ile ! sea-ur*9 eggs f]tiliz$ ) />fi% sp]m develop at fir/ p]fectly normally !y beg9 to die 9 l>ge numb]s on ! second & ?ird day ( _! developm5t1 & only a v small numb] live long en\gh to =m a skeleton2 & ^! are usually sickly & =m ! skeleton consid]ably lat] ?an ! pure bre$4 ,x is n q c]ta9 :e!r ! sickl9ess ( ^! het]og5e\s hybrids beg9s or assumes a sev]e "* ) ! developm5t ( a c]ta9 type ( w&]+ cells1 ! mes5*yme cells2 x w\ld p]haps be wor? :ile to inve/igate ?is possibility4 ,! writ] 0 "u ! impression t ?is sickl9ess might h be5 br\ght ab\t by a poison gradually =m$ 9 ! het]og5e\s l>v4 ,he inve/igat$ ! effects ( het]og5e\s hybridization also 9 fi%es1 :i* are a mu* m fav\rable object4 ,! egg ( ! m>9e fi% ,fundulus het]oclitus c be f]tiliz$ ) ! sp]m ( almo/ any o!r teleo/ fi%1 z ,mo5khaus#cg fir/ obs]v$4 ,?is au?or did n succe$ 9 keep+ ! hybrids alive m ?an a day1 b ! writ] has kept _m het]og5e\s hybrids alive = a mon? or long]1#ch & f\nd ! same two /rik+ facts :i* he _h already obs]v$ 9 ! het]og5e\s cross betwe5 sea ur*9 & />fi%3 fir/1 practically no transmission ( pat]nal *>act]s1 & second1 a sickly condition ( ! embryo :i* beg9s e>ly & :i* increases ) fur!r developm5t4 ,! het]og5e\s fi% hybrids betwe51 e4 g41 ,fundulus het]oclitus & ,m5idia h usually no circulation ( blood1 al?\gh ! he>t is =m$ & beats & blood-vessels & blood cells are =m$2 ! eyes are (t5 incomplete or abnormal ?\gh !y may be normal at fir/2 ! gr[? ( ! embryo is mo/ly ret>d$4 ,9 exceptional cases circulation may be e/abli%$ & 9 ^! a normal embryo may result1 b su* an embryo is *iefly mat]nal4 #cg ,mo5khaus1 ,w4 ,j41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,anat41 #aijd1 iii41 #bi4 #ch ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,morphol41 #aiab1 xxiii41 #a4 ,?is incompatibility ( two gametes f diff]5t species does n %[ itself 9 ! case ( het]og5e\s hybridization only1 b also ?\gh less (t5 9 ! case ( cross+ betwe5 two m closely relat$ =ms4 ,! cross betwe5 ! two relat$ =ms ,s4 purpuratus & ,s4 franciscanus is v /urdy & %[s no abnormal mortality z f> z ! writ]'s obs]vations g4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! reciprocal cross+ is c>ri$ out1 namely t ( ,s4 franciscanus & ,s4 purpuratus 1 ! developm5t is at fir/ normal1 b beg9n+ ) ! "t ( mes5*yme =mation ! majority ( l>v become sickly & die2 & aga9 ! "q may be rais$ :e!r or n ! beg9n+ ( sickl9ess co9cides ) ! developm5t ( mes5*yme cells4 ,if we assume t ! sickl9ess & dea? are due to ! =mation ( a poison1 we mu/ assume t ! poison is =m$ by ! protoplasm ( ! egg1 s9ce o!rwise we c\ld n und]/& :y ! reciprocal cross %\ld be heal?y4 ,all ( ^! data agree 9 ?is "o po9t1 t ! fusion by graft+ or f]tilization ( two di/ant species is impossible1 al?\gh ! me*anism ( ! incompatibility is n yet und]/ood4 ,x is q possible t ?is me*anism is n ! same 9 all ! cases m5tion$ "h1 & t x may be diff]5t :5 two diff]5t species are mix$ & :5 incompatibility exi/s betwe5 v>ieties1 z is ! case 9 ! graft on mammals4 ,,ii4 ,! ,*emical ,basis ( ,g5us & ,species & ( ,species ,specificity #d4 ,fifty or sixty ye>s ago surgeons did n hesitate to transfuse ! blood ( animals into human be+s4 ,! practice 0 a failure1 & ,l&ois#ci %[$ by exp]im5t t if blood ( a =eign species 0 introduc$ into an animal ! blood corpuscles ( ! transfus$ blood 7 rapidly dissolv$ & ! animal into :i* ! transfusion 0 made 0 r5d]$ ill & (t5 di$4 ,! result 0 diff]5t :5 ! animals ^: blood 0 us$ = ! purpose ( transfusion belong$ to ! same species or a species closely relat$ to ! animal into :i* ! blood 0 transfus$4 ,?us :5 blood 0 ex*ang$ betwe5 horse & donkey or betwe5 wolf & dog or betwe5 h>e & rabbit no hemoglob9 appe>$ 9 ! ur9e & ! animal into :i* ! blood 0 transfus$ rema9$ well4#dj ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! inve/igations 9 ! field ( s]um specificity :i* 7 de/9$ to play su* a prom95t rle 9 ! developm5t ( m$ic9e4 ,fri$5?al 0 able to %[ lat] t if to #aj c4c4 ( s]um ( a mammal ?ree drops ( defibr9at$ blood ( a =eign species are add$ & ! :ole is expos$ 9 a te/ tube to a temp]ature ( #ch;,c4 = fifte5 m9utes ! blood cells conta9$ 9 ! add$ blood are all cytolyz$2 t ?is1 h[ev]1 does n occur s rapidly :5 ! blood ( a relat$ species is us$4 ,he c\ld ?us %[ t human blood s]um dissolves ! ery?rocytes ( ! eel1 ! frog1 pigeon1 h51 horse1 cat1 & ev5 t ( ! l[] monkeys b n t ( ! an?ropoid apes4 ,! blood ( ! *impanzee & ( ! human are no long] incompatible1 & ?is discov]y 0 ju/ly consid]$ by ,fri$5?al z a confirmation ( ! idea ( ! evolutioni/s t ! an?ropoid apes & ! human are blood relations4#da #ci ,l&ois1 ,l41 ,zur ,lehre von d] ,bluttransfusion4 ,leipzig1 #ahge4 #dj ,?is is probably true only )9 ! limits ( exactness us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 #da ,fri$5?al1 ,h41 8,exp]im5tell] ,na*weis d] ,blutv]w&ts*aft40 ,ar*4 f4 ,physiol41 #aijj1 #did4 ,?is l9e ( inve/igation _h 9 ! mean:ile ent]$ ^u a new /age :5 ,kraus1 ,t*i/[it*1 & ,bordet discov]$ & develop$ ! precipit9 reaction1 :i* consi/s 9 ! fact t if a =eign s]um 7or a =eign prote97 is introduc$ into an animal ! blood s]um ( ! latt] acquir$ aft] "s "t ! p[] ( caus+ a precipitate :5 mix$ ) ! antig51 i4 e41 ) ! =eign sub/ance orig9ally introduc$ into ! animal = ! purpose ( caus+ ! production ( antibodies 9 ! latt]2 :ile1 ( c\rse1 no su* precipitation occurs if ! s]um ( a non-treat$ rabbit is mix$ ) ! s]um ( ! blood ( ! =eign species4 ,9 #ahig ,kraus discov]$ t if ! filtrates f cultures ( bact]ia 7e4 g41 typhoid bacillus7 are mix$ ) ! s]um ( an animal immuniz$ ) ! same s]um 7e4 g41 typhoid s]um7 x causes a precipitate2 & t ?is precipit9 reaction is specific4 ,?is fact 0 confirm$ & has be5 ext5d$ by ! "w ( _m au?ors4 ,t*i/[it* 9 #ahii obs]v$ t ! s]um ( rabbits :i* _h receiv$ injections ( horse or eel s]um caus$ a precipitate :5 mix$ ) ! s]um ( ^! latt] animals4 ,bordet f\nd 9 #ahii t if milk is inject$ into a rabbit ! s]um ( su* a rabbit acquires ! p[] ( precipitat+ case91 & ,fi% f\nd t ?is reaction is specific inasmu* z ! lactos]um f c['s milk c precipitate only ! case9 ( c['s milk b n t ( human or goat milk4 ,wass]mann & ,s*tze rea*$ ! same result indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,my]s & lat] ,uhl5hu? %[$ t if :ite ( egg f a h5's egg is inject$ into a rabbit1 precipit9s = :ite ( egg are f\nd 9 ! s]um ( ! latt]1 & ,uhl5hu?#db f\nd1 by try+ ! :ite ( egg ( diff]5t species ( birds1 t ! precipit9 reaction call$ =? by ! blood ( ! immuniz$ animal is specific1 inasmu* z ! prote9s f a h5's egg w call =? ! =mation ( precipit9s 9 ! blood ( ! rabbit :i* w precipitate only ! :ite ( egg ( ! h5 or ( closely relat$ birds4 #db ,uhl5hu?1 ,p41 & ,/eff5hag51 ,k41 ,kolle-,wass]mann1 ,h&b4 d4 pa?ol4 ,mikroorg41 #bnd ,ed41 #aiac1 iii41 #beg4 ,to ,nuttall#dc belongs ! cr$it ( hav+ work$ out a quantitative me?od = measur+ ! am\nt ( precipitate =m$1 & 9 ?is way he made x possible to draw m valid conclusions conc]n+ ! degree ( specificity ( ! precipit9 reaction4 ,he f\nd by ?is me?od t :5 ! immune s]um is mix$ ) ! s]um or ! prote9 solution us$ = ! immunization a maximum precipitate is =m$1 b if x is mix$ ) ! s]um ( relat$ =ms a quantitatively small] precipitate is produc$4 ,9 ?is way ! degree ( blood relation%ip c\ld be asc]ta9$4 ,he ?us 0 able to %[ t :5 ! blood ( "o species1 e4 g41 ! human1 0 inject$ into ! blood ( a rabbit1 aft] "s "t ! s]um ( ! rabbit 0 able to cause a precipitate n only ) ! s]um ( man1 or *impanzee1 b also ( "s l[] monkeys2 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! precipitate 0 mu* heavi] :5 ! immune s]um 0 add$ to ! s]um ( man4 ,! me?od ?us %[s ! exi/5ce ( n an absolute b ( a /rong quantitative specificity ( blood s]um4 ,?is /atem5t may be illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ table f ,nuttall4 ,! antis]um us$ = ! precipit9 reaction 0 obta9$ by treat+ a rabbit ) human blood s]um4 ,! =ty-five bloods te/$ _h be5 pres]v$ = v>i\s l5g?s ( "t 9 ! refrig]ator ) ! addition ( a small am\nt ( *lor(orm4 #dc ,nuttall1 ,george ,h4 ,f41 ,blood ,immunity & ,blood ,relation%ip1 ,cambridge ,univ4 ,press1 #aijd4 ,,table ,,ii ,,quantitative ,,te/s ,,) ,,anti-,,primate ,,s]a ,te/s ) ,antihuman ,s]um ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,blood ( ,precipitum ,p]c5tage ,am\nt ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,primates ,man 4#jca #ajj ,*impanzee 4#jd #acj 7loose precipitum7 ,gorilla 4#jba #fd ,ourang 4#jac #db ,cynocephalus mormon 4#jac #db ,cynocephalus sph9x 4#jji #bi ,ateles ge(froyi 4#jji #bi ,insectivora ,c5tetes ecaudatus 4#j #j ,c>nivora ,canis aureus 4#jjc #aj 7loose precipitum7 ,canis famili>is 4#jja #c ,lutra vulg>is 4#jjc #aj 7conc5trat$ s]um7 ,ursus tibetanus 4#jjbe #h ,g5etta tigr9a 4#jja #c ,felis dome/icus 4#jja #c ,felis c>acal 4#jjjh #c ,felis tigris 4#jjje #b ,ungulata ,ox 4#jjc #aj ,%eep 4#jjc #aj ,cobus unctuosus 4#jjb #g ,c]vus porc9us 4#jjb #g ,rangif] t>&us 4#jjb #g ,capra megac]os 4#jjje #b ,equus caballus 4#jjje #b ,sus scr(a 4#j #j ,rod5tia ,dasyprocta cri/ata 4#jjb #g 7conc5trat$ s]um clots7 ,gu9ea-pig 4#j #j ,rabbit 4#j #j ,m>supialia ,petrogale xan?opus ,petrogale p5icillata ,ony*ogale fr5ata ,ony*ogale unguif]a 4#j #j ,ony*ogale unguif]a ,macropus b5netti ,?ylac9us cynocephalus ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,among ! ,primate bloods t ( ! ,*impanzee gave too high a figure1 ow+ to ! precipitum be+ floccul5t & n settl+ well1 = "s reason :i* c\ld n be det]m9$4 ,! figure giv5 by ! ,ourang is some:at too l[1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,cynocephalus sph9x & ,ateles is n z m>k$ z might h be5 expect$ 9 view ( ! qualitative te/s & ! s]ies foll[+4 ,! possibilities ( error mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 judg+ ( ^! figures2 repeat$ te/s %\ld be made to obta9 some?+ l a con/ant4 ,o!r bloods ?an ^? ( ,primates give small reactions or no reactions at all4 ,! high figures 7#aj7 obta9$ ) two ,c>nivore bloods c be expla9$ by ! fact t "o gave a loose precipitum1 & ! o!r 0 a some:at conc5trat$ s]um4#dd #dd ,nuttall1 ,blood ,immunity & ,blood ,relation%ip1 pp4 #cai & #cbj4 ,we h m5tion$ t ev5 ! prote9s ( ! egg are specific accord+ to ,uhl5hu?4 ,graham ,smi?1 "o ( ,nuttall's collaborators1 appli$ ! latt]'s quantitative me?od to ?is problem & confirm$ ! results ( ,nuttall4 ,a few examples may s]ve z an illu/ration4 ,,table ,,iii ,,te/s ,,) ,,anti-,,duck',s-,,egg ,,s]um ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mat]ial te/$ ,am\nt ( ,p]c5tage precipitum ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,duck's egg-album9 4#jchd #ajj ,pheasant's 4#jcbh #he ,f[l's 4#jbcd #fa ,silv] ,pheasant's 4#jadj #cf ,blackbird's 4#jjfe #ae ,crane's 4#jjea #ad ,moorh5's 4#jjdf #ab ,?ru%'s 4#jjdf #ab ,emu's 4#jjah #e ,h$ge-,sp>r['s trace 8 ,*aff9*'s 4 #j ,tortoise s]um trace 8 ,turtle s]um 8 ,alligator s]um 4 #j ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,frog1 ,amphiuma1 & ,dogfi% s]a1 z well z ,tortoise & ,dogfi% egg-album9s1 7 also te/$1 ) negative results4 ,,table ,,iv ,,te/s ,,) ,,anti-,,f[l',s-,,egg ,,s]um ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,mat]ial te/$ ,am\nt ( ,p]c5tage precipitum ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,f[l's egg-album9 7old7 4#jaei #ajj ,f[l's 7fre%7 4#jadj #hh ,silv] ,pheasant's 4#jjge #dg ,pheasant's 4#jjge #dg ,crane's 4#jjdf #bi ,blackbird's 4#jjdf #bi ,duck's 4#jjcg #bc ,moorh5's 4#jjbh #ah ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,?ru%1 ,emu1 ,gre5f9*1 & ,h$ge-sp>r[ egg-album9s 7 te/$ & gave traces ( precipita1 z also did ,tortoise & ,turtle s]a4 ,! egg-album9s ( ! ,tortoise1 ,frog1 ,skate1 & two species ( ,dogfi% did n react4 ,alligator1 ,frog1 ,amphiuma1 & ,dogfi% s]a also yield$ no results4#de #de ,nuttall1 pp4 #cde & #cdf4 ,by improv+ ! quantitative me?od 9 v>i\s ways1 ,wel% & ,*apman#df 7 able to expla9 :y ! precipit9 reaction ) egg-:ite 0 n /rictly specific b gave also1 ?\gh quantitatively weak]1 results ) ! egg-:ite ( relat$ birds4 ,!y f\nd t by a new me?od devis$ by !m 8x is possible to indicate 9 an avian egg-:ite antis]um ! pres5ce ( a g5]al avian antisub/ance 7precipit97 toge!r ) ! specific antisub/ance40 #df ,wel%1 ,d4 ,a41 & ,*apman1 ,h4 ,g41 ,j\r4 ,hygi5e1 #aiaj1 x41 #agg4 ,! ,bordet reaction 0 n only useful 9 indicat+ ! specificity & blood relation%ip = animals b also among plants4 ,?us ,magnus & ,fri$5?al#dg 7 able to demon/rate ) ,bordet's me?od ! relation%ip betwe5 yea/ 7,sac*>omyces c]evisi7 & truffle 7,tub] brumale74 #dg ,magnus1 ,w41 & ,fri$5?al1 ,h41 ,b]4 d4 deuts*4 bot4 ,gesells*41 #aijf1 xxiv41 #fja4 #e4 ,we mu/ n =get1 :ile "u ! spell ( ! problem ( immunity1 t we are int]e/$ at ! mom5t 9 ! "q ( ! nature ( ! specificity ( liv+ organisms4 ,x is only logical to conclude t ! fossil =ms ( inv]tebrate animals & ( alg & bact]ia1 :i* ,walcott f\nd 9 ! ,cambrian & :i* may be two hundr$ million ye>s old1 mu/ h _h ! same specificity at t "t z !y or _! close relatives h today2 & ?is raises ! "q3 ,:at is ! nature ( ! sub/ances :i* are responsible = & transmit ?is specificity8 ,x is obvi\s t a def9ite answ] to ?is "q br+s u also to ! v problem ( evolution z well z t ( ! con/itution ( liv+ matt]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t on ! basis ( our pres5t k prote9s are 9 mo/ or practically all cases ! be>]s ( ?is specificity4 ,?is has be5 f\nd out n only ) ! aid ( ! precipit9 reaction b also ) ! anaphylaxis reaction1 by :i*1 z ! read] may "k1 is meant t :5 a small dose ( a =eign sub/ance is introduc$ into an animal a hyp]s5sitiv5ess develops aft] a numb] ( days or weeks1 s t a new injection ( ! same sub/ance produces s]i\s & 9 "s cases fatal effects4 ,?is hyp]s5sitiv5ess1 :i* 0 fir/ analys$ by ,ri*et1#dh is specific = ! sub/ance :i* has be5 inject$4 ,n[ all ^! specific reactions1 ! precipit9 reaction z well z ! anaphylactic reaction1 c be call$ =? by prote9s4 ,?us ,ri*et1 9 8 e>lie/ exp]im5ts1 %[$ t only ! prote9-conta9+ "p ( ! extract ( act9ians1 by :i* he call$ =? anaphylaxis1 0 able to produce ?is ph5om5on1 & lat] he %[$ t x 0 g5]ally impossible to produce any?+ resembl+ anaphylaxis by non-prote9 sub/ances1 e4 g41 coca9 or apomorph94#di ,wells isolat$ f egg-:ite f\r diff]5t prote9s 7?ree coagulable prote9s & "o non-coagulable7 :i* c be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! anaphylaxis reaction1 al?\gh all come f ! same biological object4#ej ,mi*aelis z well z ,wells f\nd t ! split products ( ! prote9 molecule are no long] able to call =? ! anaphylaxis reaction4 ,s9ce peptic dige/ion has ! effect ( annihilat+ ! p[] ( prote9s to call =? anaphylaxis1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t ! fir/ cleavage products ( prote9s h already lo/ ! p[] ( call+ =? immunity reactions4 #dh ,ri*et1 ,c41 ,l'anaphylaxie4 ,p>is1 #aiab4 #di ,quot$ f ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 ,j\r4 ,infect4 ,diseases1 #aijh1 v41 #ddi4 #ej ,ibid41 #aiaa1 ix41 #adg4 ,a pretty exp]im5t by ,gay & ,rob]tson#ea %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ?is connection4 ,rob]tson _h %[n t a sub/ance closely resembl+ p>anucle9s bo? 9 its prop]ties & its ,c1 ,h1 & ,n cont5t c be =m$ f ! filt]$ products ( ! complete peptic hydrolysis ( an approximately f\r p] c5t4 neutral solution ( potassium case9ate by ! action ( pure peps9 at #cf;,c4 #ea ,gay1 ,f4 ,p41 & ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,b41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiab1 xii41 #bcc4 ,he consid]$ ?is a case ( a real syn!sis ( prote9s f ! products ( its hydrolytic cleavage4 ,?is int]pretation 0 n g5]ally accept$ & receiv$ a diff]5t int]pretation by ,bayliss & o!r work]s4 ,gay & ,rob]tson 7 able to %[ t p>anucle9 :5 inject$ into an animal w s5sitize gu9ea-pigs = anaphylactic intoxication = ei!r p>anucle9 or case9 & app>5tly indiscrim9ately4 ,! products ( complete peptic dige/ion ( case9 _h no su* effect1 b ! syn!tic product ( ?is dige/ion obta9$ by ,rob]tson's me?od has ! same specific antig5ic prop]ties z p>anucle91 ?us mak+ x appe> t ,rob]tson _h inde$ succe$$ 9 caus+ a syn!sis ( p>anucle9 ) ! aid ( peps9 f ! products ( dige/ion ( case9 by peps94 ,!re are a few /atem5ts 9 ! lit]ature to ! effect t ! specificity ( organisms might be due to o!r sub/ances ?an prote9s4 ,?us ,bang & ,=ssmann claim$ t ! sub/ances 7antig5s7 responsible = ! production ( hemolysis 7 ( a lipoid nature1 b _! /atem5ts h n be5 confirm$1 & ,fitzg]ald & ,lea!s#eb rea*$ ! conclusion t lipoids are non-antig5ic4 ,=d claims to h obta9$ pro( t a glucoside conta9$ 9 ! poison\s mu%room ,amanita phalloides c act z an antig54 ,b aside f ?is "o fact we "k t prote9s & only prote9s c act z antig5s & are !re=e ! be>]s ( ! specificity ( liv+ organisms4 #eb ,fitzg]ald1 ,j4 ,g41 & ,lea!s1 ,j4 ,b41 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub41 #aiab1 8,pa?ology10 ii41 #ci4 ,bradley & ,sansum#ec f\nd t gu9ea-pigs s5sitiz$ to beef or dog hemoglob9 fail to react or react b slightly to hemoglob9 ( o!r orig94 ,! hemoglob9s tri$ 7 dog1 beef1 cat1 rabbit1 rat1 turtle1 pig1 horse1 calf1 goat1 %eep1 pigeon1 *ick51 & man4 #ec ,bradley1 ,h4 ,c41 & ,sansum1 ,w4 ,d41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiad1 xviii41 #dig4 #f4 ,x w\ld be ( ! greate/ importance to %[ directly t ! homolog\s prote9s ( diff]5t species are diff]5t4 ,?is has be5 done = hemoglob9s ( ! blood by ,rei*]t & ,br[n1#ed :o h %[n by cry/allographic measurem5ts t ! hemoglob9s ( any species are def9ite sub/ances = t species4 ,! cry/als obta9$ f diff]5t species ( a g5us are *>act]i/ic ( t species1 b diff] f ^? ( o!r species ( ! g5us 9 angles or axial ratio1 9 optical *>act]s1 & especially 9 ^? *>act]s compris$ "u ! g5]al t]m ( cry/al habit1 s t "o species c usually be di/+ui%$ f ano!r by its hemoglob9 cry/als4 ,b ^! diff]5ces are n su* z to preclude ! cry/als f all species ( a g5us be+ plac$ 9 an isomorph\s s]ies 7p4 #cbg74 #ed ,rei*]t1 ,e4 ,t41 & ,br[n1 ,a4 ,p41 8,! ,diff]5tiation & ,specificity ( ,correspond+ ,prote9s & o!r ,vital ,sub/ances 9 ,relation to ,biological ,classification & ,organic ,evolution40 ,c>negie ,in/itution ,publication ,no4 #aaf1 ,wa%+ton1 #aiji4 ,z f> z ! g5us is conc]n$ x 0 f\nd t ! hemoglob9 cry/als ( any g5us are isomorph\s4 ,9 "s cases ?is isomorphism may be ext5d$ to include sev]al g5]a1 b ?is is n usually ! case1 unless z 9 ! case ( dogs & foxes1 = example1 ! g5]a are v closely relat$4 ,! mo/ important "q = u is ! foll[+3 ,are ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! correspond+ hemoglob9 cry/als ( diff]5t species ( ! same g5us su* z to w>rant ! /atem5t t !y indicate *emical diff]5ces8 ,if ?is 7 ! case we might say t blood reactions z well z hemoglob9 cry/als indicate t diff]5ces 9 ! con/itution ( prote9s det]m9e ! species specificity &1 p]haps1 also species h]$ity4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces by ,rei*]t & ,br[n seem to indicate t ?is may be true = ! cry/als ( hemoglob94 ,! hemoglob9s ( any species are def9ite sub/ances = t species4 ,b ^u comp>+ ! correspond+ sub/ances 7hemoglob9s7 9 diff]5t species ( a g5us x is g5]ally f\nd t !y diff] ! "o f ! o!r to a great] or less degree2 ! diff]5ces be+ su* t :5 complete cry/allographic data are available ! diff]5t species c be di/+ui%$ by ^! diff]5ces 9 _! hemoglob9s4 ,z ! hemoglob9s cry/allize 9 isomorph\s s]ies ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! angles ( ! cry/als ( ! species ( a g5us are n1 z a rule1 great2 b !y are z great z is usually f\nd to be ! case ) m9]als or *emical salts t belong to an isomorph\s gr\p 7p4 #cbf74 ,z ,pr(essor ,br[n writes me1 ! difficulty 9 answ]+ ! "q def9itely1 :e!r or n ! hemoglob9s ( diff]5t species are *emically diff]5t1 lies 9 ! fact t !re is z yet no crit]ion :i* all[s u to discrim9ate betwe5 a species & a ,m5delian mutation except ! morphological diff]5ces4 ,x is n impossible t :ile species diff] by ! con/itution ( "s or mo/ ( _! prote9s1 ,m5delian h]$ity has a diff]5t *emical basis4 ,x is regrettable t "w l t ( ,rei*]t & ,br[n _c be ext5d$ to o!r prote9s1 b x seems f anaphylaxis reactions t we might expect results simil> to ^? 9 ! case ( ! hemoglob9s4 ,! prote9s ( ! l5s are an exception inasmu* z1 accord+ to ,uhl5hu?1 ! prote9s ( ! l5s ( mammals1 birds1 & amphibians _c be discrim9at$ f ea* o!r by ! precipit9 reaction4#ee #ee ,uhl5hu?1 ,das biologis*e ,v]fahr5 zur ,erk5nung und ,unt]s*eidung von ,m5s*5 und ,ti]blut1 ,j5a1 #aije1 p4 #ajb4 #g4 ,! s]um ( c]ta9 humans may cause ! de/ruction or agglut9ation ( blood corpuscles ( c]ta9 o!r humans4 ,?is fact ( ! exi/5ce ( 8isoagglut99s0 seems to h be5 e/abli%$ = man1 b ,hekto5 /ates t he has n be5 able to f9d any isoagglut99s 9 ! s]um ( rabbits1 gu9ea-pigs1 dogs1 horses1 & cattle4 ,l&/e9] f\nd ! rem>kable fact t ! s]a ( c]ta9 individuals ( humans c\ld hemolyze ! corpuscles ( c]ta9 o!r individuals1 b n ^? ( all individuals4 ,a sy/ematic inve/igation ( ?is v>iability l$ him to ! discov]y ( ?ree di/9ct gr\ps ( individuals1 ! s]a ( ea* gr\p act+ 9 a def9ite way t[>ds ! corpuscles ( ! repres5tatives ( ea* o!r gr\p4 ,lat] obs]v]s1 = example ,jansky & ,moss1 e/abli%$ f\r gr\ps4 ,^! gr\ps are1 accord+ to ,moss1#ef z foll[s3 ,gr\p #a4 ,s]a agglut9ate no corpuscles4 ,corpuscles agglut9at$ by s]a ( ,gr\ps #b1 #c1 #d4 ,gr\p #b4 ,s]a agglut9ate corpuscles ( ,gr\ps #a1 #c4 ,corpuscles agglut9at$ by s]a ( ,gr\ps #c1 #d4 ,gr\p #c4 ,s]a agglut9ate corpuscles ( ,gr\ps #a1 #b4 ,corpuscles agglut9at$ by s]a ( ,gr\ps #b1 #d4 ,gr\p #d4 ,s]a agglut9ate corpuscles ( ,gr\ps #a1 #b1 #c4 ,corpuscles agglut9at$ by no s]um4 #ef ,moss1 ,w4 ,l41 ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital ,bullet91 #aiaj1 xxi41 #fb4 ,! relative frequ5cy ( ! f\r gr\ps foll[s f ! foll[+ figures4 ,( "o hundr$ bloods te/$ by ,moss 9 s]ies ( tw5ty !re 7 f\nd3 #aj belong+ to ,gr\p #a4 #dj belong+ to ,gr\p #b4 #g belong+ to ,gr\p #c4 #dc belong+ to ,gr\p #d4 ,gr\ps #b & #d are 9 ! majority & 9 ov]:elm+ numb]s1 :i* indicates t1 z a rule1 ! s]a agglut9ate ! blood corpuscles ( individuals ( ! o!r gr\ps1 b n ^? ( individuals belong+ to ! same gr\p4 ,! ph5om5on t a s]um agglut9ates no corpuscles 7,gr\p #a71 or t ! corpuscles are agglut9at$ by no s]um 7,gr\p #d71 are ! exceptions4 ,x is obvi\s t1 z f> z our problem is conc]n$1 only ,gr\ps #b & #c are to be consid]$4 ,!re is no ,m5delian "* :i* ref]s only to "o half ( ! individuals except sex4 ,s9ce no?+ is said ab\t a relation ( ,gr\ps #b & #c to sex su* a relation probably does n exi/4 #h4 ,! facts ?us f> report$ imply ! sugge/ion t ! h]$ity ( ! g5us is det]m9$ by prote9s ( a def9ite con/itution diff]+ f ! prote9s ( o!r g5]a4 ,?is con/itution ( ! prote9s w\ld !re=e be responsible = ! g5us h]$ity4 ,! diff]5t species ( a g5us h all ! same g5us prote9s1 b ! prote9s ( ea* species ( ! same g5us are app>5tly diff]5t aga9 9 *emical con/itution & h5ce may give rise to ! specific biological or immunity reactions4 ,we may consid] x z e/abli%$ by ! "w ( ,mc,clung1 ,sutton1 ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson1 ,miss ,/ev5s1 ,morgan1 & _m o!rs1 t ! *romosomes are ! c>ri]s ( ! ,m5delian *>act]s4 ,^! *romosomes occur 9 ! nucleus ( ! egg & 9 ! head ( ! sp]m4 ,n[ ! latt] consi/s1 9 c]ta9 fi%1 ( lipoids & a comb9ation ( nucle9ic acid & protam9e or hi/one1 ! latt] a non-coagulable prote91 m resembl+ a split product ( "o ( ! l>g] coagulable prote9s4 ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor#eg f\nd t if ! sp]matozoa ( ! salmon are inject$ into a rabbit1 ! blood ( ! animal acquires ! p[] ( caus+ cytolysis ( salmon sp]matozoa4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! isolat$ protam9es or nucle9ic acid or ! lipoids prep>$ f ! same sp]m 7 inject$ into a rabbit no results ( ?is k9d 7 obs]v$4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells m rec5tly te/$ ! relative effici5cy ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! te/es ( ! cod 7:i* 9 addition to ! con/itu5ts ( ! sp]m conta9$ ! prote9s ( ! te/icle74 ,f ! te/icle he prep>$ a hi/one 7! prote9 body ( ! sp]m nucleus71 a sodium nucle9ate1 & f ! sp]m-free aque\s extract ( ! te/icles a prote9 resembl+ album9 0 sep>at$ by precipitation4#eh ,! album9 behav$ l ord9>y s]um album9 or egg album91 produc+ typical & fatal anaphylactic reactions & be+ specific :5 tri$ aga9/ mammalian s]a4 ,! nucle9ate did n produce any reactions :5 gu9ea-pigs 7 giv5 small s5sitiz+ & l>g] intoxicat+ doses 7#j4a gm47 9 a ?ree weeks' int]val2 a result to be expect$1 s9ce no prote9 is pres5t 9 ! prep>ation4 ,! hi/one 0 s toxic t its anaphylactic prop]ties c\ld n be /udi$4 #eg ,taylor1 ,a4 ,e41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aijh1 v41 #caa4 #eh ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 ,j\r4 ,infect4 ,diseases1 #aiaa1 ix41 #aff4 ,x is n impossible t protam9es & hi/ones might be f\nd to act z specific antig5s if !y 7 n s toxic4 ,! positive results :i* ,taylor obs]v$ aft] injection ( ! sp]m might h be5 due to ! prote9s conta9$ 9 ! tail ( ! sp]matozoa1 :i* 9 c]ta9 animals at lea/ does n ent] ! egg & h5ce c h no influ5ce on h]$ity4 ,x is ?us d\btful :e!r or n any ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! nucleus contribute to ! det]m9ation ( ! species4 ,?is 9 its ultimate consequ5ces might lead to ! idea t ! ,m5delian *>act]s :i* are equally transmitt$ by egg & sp]matozon1 det]m9e ! individual or v>iety h]$ity1 b n ! g5us or species h]$ity4 ,x is1 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 impossible to cause a sp]matozon to develop into an embryo1#ei :ile we c induce ! egg to develop into an embryo )\t a sp]matozon4 ,?is may mean t ! protoplasm ( ! egg is ! future embryo1 :ile ! *romosomes ( bo? egg & sp]m nuclei furni% only ! individual *>act]s4 #ei ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,bancr(t1 ,f4 ,w41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiab1 xii41 #cha4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,specificity ,,9 ,,f]tilization #a4 ,we h become acqua9t$ ) two *>act]i/ics ( liv+ matt]3 ! specificity due to ! specific prote9s *>act]i/ic = ea* g5us & possibly species & ! syn!sis ( liv+ matt] f ! split products ( _! ma9 con/itu5ts in/ead ( f a sup]saturat$ solution ( _! own sub/ance1 z is ! case 9 cry/als4 ,we are ab\t to discuss 9 ?is & ! next *apt] a ?ird *>act]i/ic1 namely1 ! ph5om5on ( f]tilization4 ,:ile ?is is n f\nd 9 all organisms x is f\nd 9 an ov]:elm+ majority & especially ! high] organisms1 & ( all ! my/]ies ( animat$ nature t ( f]tilization & sex seems to be ! mo/ captivat+1 to judge f ! space x occupies 9 folklore1 !ology1 & 8lit]ature40 ,bact]ia1 :5 furni%$ ! prop] nutritive m$ium1 w syn!tize ! specific mat]ial ( _! own body1 w gr[ & divide1 & ?is process w be repeat$ indef9itely z long z ! food la/s & ! temp]ature & o!r outside conditions are normal4 ,x is purely due to limitation ( food t bact]ia or c]ta9 species ( !m d n cov] ! :ole planet4 ,b1 z e layman kn[s1 ! majority ( organisms gr[ only to a c]ta9 size1 !n die1 & ! propagation takes place ?r\gh sex cells or gametes3 a female cell--! egg--conta9+ a l>ge bulk ( protoplasm 7! future embryo7 & res]ve mat]ial2 & ! male cell :i* 9 ! case ( ! sp]matozon conta9s only nucle> mat]ial & no cytoplasmic mat]ial except t conta9$ 9 ! tail :i* 9 "s & possibly _m species does n ent] ! egg4 ,! male elem5t--! sp]matozon--ent]s ! female gamete--! egg--& ?is />ts ! developm5t4 ,9 ! case ( mo/ animals ! egg _c develop unless ! sp]matozon ent]s4 ,! "q arises3 ,h[ does ! sp]matozon activate ! egg8 ,& also h[ does x happ5 t ! sp]matozon ent]s ! egg8 ,we w fir/ consid] ! latt] "q4 ,^! problems c be answ]$ be/ f exp]im5ts on =ms 9 :i* ! egg & ! sp]m are f]tiliz$ 9 sea wat]4 ,_m m>9e animals1 f fi%es d[n to l[] =ms1 %$ _! eggs & sp]m into ! sea wat] :]e ! f]tilization ( ! egg takes place1 outside ! body ( ! female4 ,! fir/ ph5om5on :i* /rikes u 9 ?is connection is aga9 a ph5om5on ( specificity4 ,! sp]matozon c1 z a rule1 only ent] an egg ( ! same or a closely relat$ species1 b n t ( "o m di/antly relat$4 ,:at is ! "* ( ?is specificity8 ,! writ] 0 "u ! impression t a clue might be obta9$ if artificial means c\ld be f\nd by :i* ! egg ( "o species might be f]tiliz$ ) a di/ant species = :i* ?is egg is naturally immune4 ,su* an exp]im5t w\ld mean t ! lack ( specificity _h be5 comp5sat$ by ! artificial means4 ,x is well kn[n t ! egg ( ! sea ur*9 _c z a rule be f]tiliz$ ) ! sp]m ( a />fi% 9 normal sea wat]4 ,! writ] tri$ :e!r ?is hybridization c\ld n be accompli%$ provid$ ! con/itution ( ! sea wat] 7 *ang$4 ,he succe$$ 9 caus+ ! f]tilization ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! eggs ( ! ,cali=nian sea ur*91 ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus1 ) ! sp]m ( v>i\s />fi% 7e4 g41 ,a/]ias o*racea7 & ,holo?urians by slightly rais+ ! alkal9ity ( ! sea wat]1 ?r\gh ! addition ( "s base 7,na,o,h or tetrae?ylammoniumhydroxide or v>i\s am9es71 ! optimum be+ rea*$ :5 #j4f c4c4 ,n_/#aj ,na,o,h is add$ to #ej c4c4 ( sea wat]4 ,x is a peculi> fact t ?is solution is effici5t only if bo? egg & sp]m are toge!r 9 ! hyp]alkal9e sea wat]4 ,if ! eggs & sp]m are treat$ sep>ately ) ! hyp]alkal9e sea wat] & are !n br\ght toge!r 9 normal sea wat] no f]tilization takes place z a rule1 :ile ) ! same sp]m & eggs ! f]tilization is successful aga9 if bo? are mix$ 9 ! hyp]alkal9e solution4 ,f ?is ! writ] conclud$ t ! f]tiliz+ p[] dep5ds on a rapidly rev]sible action ( ! alkali on ! surface ( ! two gametes4 ,x 0 f\nd t an increase ( ! conc5tration ( calcium 9 ! sea wat] also fav\r$ ! entrance ( ! ,a/]ias sp]m into ! egg ( purpuratus2 & t if ,c,ca 0 increas$ x 0 n necess>y to add z mu* ,na,o,h4 ,! sp]matozon ent]s ! egg ?r\gh ! s-call$ f]tilization cone1 i4 e41 a protoplasmic process comp>able to ! pseudopodium ( an amboid cell4 ,! analogy ( ! process ( phagocytosis--i4 e41 ! tak+ up ( p>ticles by an amboid cell--& t ( ! engulf+ ( ! sp]matozon by ! egg pres5ts itself4 ,we d n "k def9itely ! nature ( ! =ces :i* act 9 ! case ( phagocytosis--al?\gh surface t5sion =ces & agglut9ation h be5 sugge/$2 bo? are surface ph5om5a & are rapidly rev]sible4 ,we %\ld !n say t ! specificity 9 ! process ( f]tilization consi/s 9 a peculi>ity ( ! surface ( ! egg & sp]matozon :i* 9 ! case ( ,s4 purpuratus & ,a/]ias c be suppli$ by a slight increase 9 ! ,c,,oh or ,c,ca4 ,by ?is me?od fifty p] c5t4 or m ( ! eggs ( purpuratus c\ld be f]tiliz$ ) ! sp]m ( ! />fi% ,a/]ias o*racea1 capitata1 ,ophiurians1 & ,holo?urians1 :ile ) ! sp]m ( ano!r />fi%1 ,pycnopodia spuria1 only five p] c5t41 & ) ! sp]m ( ,a/]9a only "o p] c5t4 c\ld be f]tiliz$4#fj ,godlewski succe$$ by ! same me?od 9 f]tiliz+ ! eggs ( a ,naples />fi% ) ! sp]m ( a cr9oid4#fa ,! writ] did n succe$ 9 br++ ab\t ! f]tilization ( ! egg ( ano!r sea ur*9 9 ,cali=nia1 ,/rongyloc5trotus franciscanus1 ) ! sp]m ( a />fi%4 ,al?\gh ^! eggs =m$ a membrane 9 contact ) ! sp]m1 ! latt] did n ent] ! egg2 nor has ! writ] z yet succe$$ 9 caus+ ! sp]m ( ,a/]ias to ent] ! egg ( ,arbacia4 #fj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aijc1 xcix41 #cbc2 #aijd1 civ41 #cbe2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiaj1 xxx41 ,,ii41 #dd2 #aiad1 xl41 #caj2 ,sci5ce1 #aiad1 xl41 #caf4 #fa ,godlewski1 ,e41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aijf1 xx41 #egi4 ,kupelwies]#fb obs]v$ t ! sp]matozon ( molluscs may occasionally ent] into ! egg ( ,s4 purpuratus 9 normal sea wat] & lat]1 at ,naples1 he obs]v$ ! same = ! sp]m ( annelids4 ,9 ^! cases no developm5t took place4 ,9 teleo/ fi%es ! sp]matozon c ent] ! eggs ( widely diff]5t species b ) r>e exceptions all ! embryos w die 9 an e>ly /age ( developm5t4#fc #fb ,kupelwies]1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiji1 xxvii41 #dcd2 ,ar*4 f4 ,zell=s*41 #aiab1 viii41 #ceb4 #fc ,see ,*apt] ,,ii4 #b4 ,! fact t an increase 9 ! alkal9ity or 9 ! conc5tration ( calcium all[$ =eign sp]m to ent] ! egg ( ! sea ur*91 sugge/$ ! idea t a dim9ution ( alkal9ity or calcium 9 ! sea wat] might block ! entrance ( ! sp]m ( sea ur*9 into eggs ( _! own species4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be correct2 :5 we put eggs & sp]m ( ! same species ( sea ur*9 into solutions ^: conc5tration ( ,ca or ( ,,oh is too small1 ! sp]m1 al?\gh x may be int5sely active1 _c ent] ! egg4 ,= ! purpose ( ^! exp]im5ts ! ov>ies & te/es ( ! sea ur*9s 7 n put into sea wat]1 b in/ead into pure m_/#b ,na,cl & aft] sev]al wa%+s 9 ?is solution 7 kept 9 x 7!y rema9 alive = sev]al days 9 pure m_/#b ,na,cl74 ,sev]al drops ( su* sp]m & "o drop ( eggs 7 9 "o s]ies ( exp]im5ts put into #b4e c4c4 ( a neutral mixture ( m_/#b ,na,cl & #c_/h m ,mg,cl 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! two salts exi/ 9 ! sea wat]4 ,9 su* a neutral solution eggs ( ,arbacia or purpuratus are n f]tiliz$ no matt] h[ long !y rema9 9 x1 al?\gh ! sp]matozoa swim ar\nd ! eggs v actively4 ,t no sp]matozon ent]s ! eggs c be %[n by ! fact t ! eggs d n divide 7al?\gh !y c segm5t 9 su* a solution if previ\sly f]tiliz$ 9 sea wat] or "s o!r effici5t solution74 ,:51 h[ev]1 eggs & sp]m are put into #b4e c4c4 ( ! same solution ( ,na,cl,mg,cl1 conta9+ 9 addition "o drop ( a ,n_/#ajj solution ( ,na,o,h 7or ,,nh or b5zylam9e or butylam9e7 or eight drops ( m_/#ajj ,na,h,c,o1 mo/1 & (t5 practically all ( ! eggs at once =m f]tilization membranes & segm5t at ! prop] "t1 indicat+ t f]tilization has be5 accompli%$4 ,! same result c be obta9$ if ! eggs are transf]r$ into a neutral mixture ( ,na,cl,mg,cl,ca,cl 79 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! salts exi/ 9 ! sea wat]7 or into a neutral mixture ( ,na,cl,mg,cl,k,cl,ca,cl4 ,9 su* neutral mixtures ! eggs =m f]tilization membranes & beg9 to segm5t4 ,! eggs are n f]tiliz$ 9 a neutral solution ( ,na,cl or ( ,na,cl,k,cl4#fd #fd ,loeb1 ,j41 ,sci5ce1 #aiad1 xl41 #caf2 ,am4 ,naturali/1 #aiae1 xlix41 #beg4 ,x is1 !re=e1 obvi\s t if we dim9i% ! alkal9ity ( ! solution surr\nd+ ! egg & deprive ?is solution ( ,ca,cl we e/abli% ! same block to ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon ( ,arbacia into ! egg ( ! same species z exi/s 9 normal sea wat] = ! entrance ( ! sp]m ( ! />fi% into ! egg ( purpuratus4 ,! 8block0 creat$ 9 ?is way1 to ! entrance ( ! sp]m ( ,arbacia into ! egg ( ! same species is also rapidly rev]sible4 ,we rea* ! conclusion1 !re=e1 t ! specificity :i* all[s ! sp]m to ent] an egg is a surface effect :i* c be increas$ or dim9i%$ by an increase or dim9ution 9 ! conc5tration ( ,,oh z well z ( ,ca4 ,! writ] has %[n t an increase 9 ! conc5tration ( bo? sub/ances may cause an agglut9ation ( ! sp]matozoa ( />fi% to ! jelly :i* surr\nds ! egg ( purpuratus4#fe ,x is ?us n impossible t ! specificity :i* fav\rs ! entrance ( a sp]matozon into an egg ( its own species may consi/ 9 an agglut9ation betwe5 sp]matozon & egg protoplasm 7or its f]tilization cone72 & t ?is agglut9ation is fav\r$ if ! ,c,,oh or ,c,ca or bo? are increas$ )9 c]ta9 limits4 #fe ,loeb1 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiad1 xl41 #caj4 ,godlewski discov]$ a v int]e/+ =m ( block to ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon into ! egg :i* takes place if two diff]5t types ( sp]m are mix$4 ,he _h f\nd t ! sp]m ( ! annelid ,*topt]us is able to ent] ! egg ( ! sea ur*9 & t 9 s do+ x causes membrane =mation4 ,! egg1 h[ev]1 does n develop b dies rapidly1 z is ! case :5 we induce artificial membrane =mation1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]4 ,godlewski f\nd t if ! sp]m ( ,*topt]us & ! sp]m ( sea ur*9s are mix$ ! mixture is n able to induce developm5t or membrane =mation1 s9ce n[ nei!r sp]matozon c ent]2 blood has ! same inhibit+ effect z ! =eign sp]m4 ,! mixture does n int]f]e ) ! developm5t ( ! eggs if !y are previ\sly f]tiliz$4#ff #ff ,godlewski1 ,e41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiaa1 xxxiii41 #aif4 ,! ph5om5on 0 fur!r inve/igat$ by ,h]lant#fg :o f\nd t if ! sp]m ( a sea ur*9 is mix$ ) ! sp]m ( c]ta9 annelids 7,*topt]us7 or molluscs1 & if aft] "s "t ! eggs ( ! sea ur*9 are add$ to ! mixture ( ! two k9ds ( sp]m no egg is f]tiliz$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! solution is subsequ5tly dilut$ ) sea wat] or if ! egg t 0 9 ?is mixture is wa%$ 9 sea wat]1 ! same sp]m mixture 9 :i* ! egg previ\sly rema9$ unf]tiliz$ w n[ f]tilize ! egg4 ,f ^! & simil> obs]vations ,h]lant draws ! conclusion t ! block exi/$ at ! surface ( ! egg1 inasmu* z a reaction product ( ! two types ( sp]m is =m$ aft] "s "t :i* alt]s ! surface ( ! egg & !reby prev5ts ! sp]m f ent]+4 ,?is view is support$ n only by all ! exp]im5ts b also by ! obs]vation ( ! writ] t =eign sp]m or blood is able to cause a real agglut9ation aft] "s "t if mix$ ) ! sp]m ( a sea ur*9 or a />fi%4#fh ,we c imag9e t ! precipitate =ms a film ar\nd ! egg & acts z a block = ! agglut9ation betwe5 egg & sp]matozon4 ,! block c be remov$ me*anically by wa%+4 #fg ,h]lant1 ,m41 ,anat4 ,anzeig]1 #aiab1 xlii41 #efc4 #fh ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiad1 xvii41 #abc4 #c4 ,! fact has be5 m5tion$ t ! mo/ motile sp]m w n be able to ent] into ! egg if c]ta9 o!r conditions 7specificity or ,c,,oh or ,c,ca7 are n fulfill$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 liv+ b immobile sp]m _c ent] ! egg "u any conditions4 ,if we add a trace ( ,,kcn to ! sp]m ( ,arbacia s t ! sp]matozon becomes immobile no egg is f]tiliz$ ev5 if ! eggs & ! sp]m are ?or\ghly %ak5 toge!r2 :ile ! same sp]matozoa w f]tilize ^! eggs z soon z ! ,,hcn has evaporat$ & !y aga9 become motile4 ,x 0 =m]ly ?\ght t ! sp]matozon _h to bore itself into ! egg1 be+ propell$ by ! movem5ts ( ! flagellum4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m probable t only a c]ta9 en]gy ( vibration is ne$$ on ! "p ( ! sp]matozon to make ! latt] /ick to ! surface ( ! egg & agglut9ate & t lat] =ces ( a diff]5t "* br+ ! sp]matozon into ! egg4 ,! fact t "u normal conditions a v slight degree ( motility on ! "p ( ! sp]matozon all[s x to ent] ! egg ( its own species seems to fav\r su* a view4 ,x is a common exp]i5ce t sp]matozoa become v active :5 !y rea* ! neighb\rhood ( an egg4 v4 ,dung]n assum$ t only =eign sp]m became ?us active1 b ,f4 ,r4 ,lillie#fi has po9t$ out t ?is may be a specific effect4 ,! writ] te/$ ?is idea on ! sp]m & eggs ( two species ( />fi% & ( sea ur*9s4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! eggs ( ! />fi% us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 7 completely immature & c\ld n be f]tiliz$1 :ile ! eggs ( ! sea ur*9s 7 mature4 ,! te/icles & ov>ies _h be5 kept 9 ,na,cl & all ! sp]m 0 immotile4 ,eggs & sp]m 7 mix$ toge!r 9 a pure m_/#b ,na,cl solution :]e ! sp]m 0 only r5d]$ motile by ! proximity ( eggs4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! result4#gj #fi ,lillie1 ,f4 ,r41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiad1 xvi41 #ebc4 #gj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,am4 ,naturali/1 #aiae1 xlix41 #beg4 ,,table ,v ,,specificity ,,( ,,activation ,,( ,,sp]m ,,by ,,eggs ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a/]ias ,a/]9a ,franciscanus,purpuratus ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a/]ias ,imm$iately,no ,mod]ately ,slight effect 7immature7 v activation4 active4 9 imm$iate motile4 contact ) egg4 ,a/]9a ,n motile4,viol5t ,viol5t ,slight effect 7immature7 activity4 activity4 only ne> ! egg4 ,franciscanus,slightly ,no motility4 ,imm$iately ,imm$iately 7mature7 motile4 active4 active4 ,purpuratus ,slightly ,slight effect,imm$iately ,imm$iately 7mature7 motile 9 imm$iate active4 active4 aft] "s contact "t4 ) eggs4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! sp]matozoa ( />fi% %[ a m>k$ specificity inasmu* z !y are /rongly activat$ only by ! eggs ( _! own species1 al?\gh 9 ?is exp]im5t ^! 7 immature1 & to a slight degree only by ! eggs ( ! sea ur*9 purpuratus4 ,b x is also obvi\s t ! specificity is f> f exclusive s9ce ! immature eggs ( ,a/]9a activate ! sp]m ( ! sea ur*9 franciscanus z p[]fully z is done by ! mature eggs ( ! sea ur*9 purpuratus & franciscanus4 ,9 /udy+ ^! results ! read] mu/ keep 9 m9d fir/ t all ^! exp]im5ts 7 made 9 a ,na,cl solution & second t x requires a /rong] influ5ce to activate ! sp]matozoa ( ! />fi%1 :i* are n motile at fir/ ev5 9 sea wat]1 ?an ! sea ur*9 sp]matozoa :i* are f ! fir/ v active 9 su* sea wat]1 & :i* may !re=e be consid]$ z be+ at ! ?re%old ( activity 9 pure ,na,cl solution4 ,wa/5eys & ! writ] 79 exp]im5ts n yet publi%$7 did n succe$ 9 demon/rat+ an activat+ effect ( ! eggs ( v>i\s m>9e teleo/s ^u sp]m ( ! same species4 #d4 ,f4 ,r4 ,lillie#ga has /udi$ ! v /rik+ ph5om5on ( transitory sp]m agglut9ation :i* takes place :5 ! sp]m ( a sea ur*9 or ( c]ta9 annelids is put into ! sup]natant sea wat] ( eggs ( ! same species4 ,if we put "o or m drops ( a v ?ick sp]m susp5sion ( ! ,cali=nian sea ur*9 ,s4 purpuratus c>efully into ! c5tre ( a di% conta9+ #c c4c4 ( ord9>y sea wat] & let ! drop /& = "o-half to "o m9ute & !n by g5tle agitation mix ! sp]m ) ! sea wat] ! mass ( ?ick sp]m :i* is at fir/ r visc\s is di/ribut$ equally 9 sea wat] 9 a few seconds & ! result is a homog5e\s sp]m susp5sion4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! same exp]im5t is made ) ! sea wat] :i* has be5 /&+ = a %ort "t ov] a l>ge mass ( eggs ( ! same species1 ! ?ick drop ( sp]m seems to be less miscible & in/ead ( a homog5e\s susp5sion we get1 z a result1 ! =mation ( a l>ge numb] ( di/9ct clu/]s :i* are visible to ! nak$ eye & :i* may possess a diamet] ( #a or #b mm4 ,! re/ ( ! sea wat] is almo/ free f sp]m4 ,^! clu/]s ( sp]matozoa may la/ = f two to t5 m9utes & !n dissolve by ! gradual deta*m5t ( ! sp]matozoa f ! p]iph]y ( ! clu/]4 #ga ,lillie1 ,f4 ,r41 ,sci5ce1 #aiac1 xxxviii41 #ebd2 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiad1 xvi41 #ebc2 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aiae1 xxviii41 #ah4 ,?is ph5om5on seems to occur 9 sea ur*9s & annelids4 ,! writ] has va9ly look$ = x 9 diff]5t =ms ( ! ,cali=nian />fi% or molluscs & 9 fi% at ,woods ,hole4 ,lillie fail$ to f9d x 9 ! />fi% at ,woods ,hole4 ,! writ] f\nd t ! sp]m ( ! ,cali=nian sea ur*9 ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus w =m clu/]s ) ! egg sea wat] ( purpuratus b n ) t ( franciscanus2 :ile ! sp]m ( franciscanus w agglut9ate ) ! egg sea wat] ( bo? species1 b ! clu/]s la/ a little long] ) ! eggs ( its own species4 ,he also f\nd t ! clu/]s are m durable 9 a neutral ?an 9 a slightly alkal9e solution & t ! agglut9ation disappe>s ! m rapidly ! m alkal9e ! solution4 ,! pres5ce ( bival5t cations1 especially ,ca1 also fav\rs ! agglut9ation4 ,x 0 also f\nd t ?is agglut9ation occurs only :5 ! sp]matozoa are v motile2 ?us if a trace ( ,,kcn is add$ to a mass ( ?ick sea-ur*9 sp]m s t ! sp]matozoa become immotile a drop ( ?is sp]m w n agglut9ate :5 put 9 egg sea wat] ( ! same species2 :ile lat]1 aft] ! ,,hcn has evaporat$1 ! same sp]m w agglut9ate :5 put into su* sea wat]4 ,! writ] sugge/s ! foll[+ explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! egg sea wat] conta9s a sub/ance :i* =ms a precipitate ) a sub/ance on ! surface ( ! sp]matozon :]eby ! latt] becomes slightly /icky4 ,?is precipitate is sl[ly soluble 9 sea wat] & ! m rapidly ! m alkal9e 7)9 c]ta9 limits74 ,only :5 ! sp]matozoa run aga9/ ea* o!r ) a c]ta9 impact w !y /ick toge!r1 z ,lillie sugge/$4 ,lillie assumes t ?is agglut9at+ sub/ance conta9$ 9 egg sea wat] is requir$ to br+ ab\t f]tilization & he !re=e calls x 8f]tiliz940#gb ,b ?is assumption seems to g beyond ! facts inasmu* z ! exi/5ce ( su* an agglut9at+ sub/ance c only be prov$ 9 a few species ( animals 7sea ur*9s & annelids72 & z1 moreov]1 sea-ur*9 sp]m c f]tilize eggs :i* w n cause ! sp]m to agglut9ate1 e4 g41 ! egg ( franciscanus c be f]tiliz$ by sp]m ( purpuratus1 al?\gh ! egg sea wat] ( franciscanus causes no agglut9ation ( ! sp]m ( purpuratus4 ,:5 ! jelly surr\nd+ ! egg ( ! ,cali=nian sea ur*9 ,s4 purpuratus is dissolv$ ) acid & ! eggs are wa%$1 ! eggs w n cause any m sp]m agglut9ation2 & yet "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ( su* eggs c be f]tiliz$ by sp]m4#gc #gb ,lillie1 ,f4 ,r41 loc4 cit4 #gc ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiad1 xvii41 #abc2 ,am4 ,naturali/1 #aiae1 xlix41 #beg4 #e4 ,x is well kn[n t if an egg is once f]tiliz$ x becomes imp]meable = o!r sp]matozoa4 ,?is _c well be due to ! fact t ! egg develops2 = ! writ] f\nd "s "t ago t eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus :i* are induc$ to develop by means ( artificial p>!nog5esis c be f]tiliz$ by sp]m4 ,! foll[+ obs]vation leaves no d\bts 9 ?is respect4 ,:5 ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( purpuratus are put = two h\rs into hyp]tonic sea wat] 7#ej c4c4 ( sea wat]#h c4c4 #b-a_/b m ,na,cl7 & !n transf]r$ into sea wat] x occasionally happ5s t a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( ! eggs w beg9 to divide into #b1 #d1 #h or m cells1 )\t develop+ any fur!r4 ,:5 to su* eggs aft] !y h rema9$ 9 ! re/+ /age = a numb] ( h\rs or a day1 sp]m is add$1 "s or all ( ! bla/om]es =m a f]tilization membrane & n[ beg9 to develop into l>v2 & if ! sp]matozon gets into a bla/om]e ( ! #b- or #d-;cell /age normal plutei w result4 ,:5 ! sp]m is add$ :ile ! eggs are 9 active p>!nog5etic cell division ! individual bla/om]es into :i* a sp]matozon ent]s w also =m a f]tilization membrane1 b su* bla/om]es p]i% v rapidly4 ,x is n yet possible to /ate :y x %\ld make su* a diff]5ce = ! possibility ( developm5t :e!r ! sp]matozon ent]s into a bla/om]e :5 at re/ or :5 x is 9 active nucle> division1 al?\gh ! idea pres5ts itself t 9 ! latt] case an abnormal mix-up & sep>ation ( *romosomes & o!r con/itu5ts may be responsible = ! fatal result4 ,:atev] may be ! explanation ( ?is ph5om5on x proves to u t x is n ! process ( developm5t 9 itself :i* acts z a block to ! entrance ( a sp]matozon into an egg :i* is already f]tiliz$4#gd #gd ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aijg1 xxii41 #dgi2 ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis & ,f]tilization1 ,*icago1 #aiac1 p4 #bdj4 ,:5 ! sp]matozon ent]s ! egg ( ! sea ur*9 x calls =? ! =mation ( a membrane--! f]tilization membrane4 ,x might be consid]$ possible t ?is membrane =mation or ! alt]ation und]ly+ or accompany+ x is responsible = ! fact t an egg once f]tiliz$ becomes immune aga9/ a sp]matozon4 ,we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t x is possible to call =? ! membrane 9 an unf]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 egg by treat+ x ) butyric acid4 ,?is membrane is s t\gh 9 ! egg ( ,/rongyloc5trotus t no sp]matozon c get ?r\gh x2 9 ! egg ( ,arbacia ! membrane is occasionally replac$ by a s(t gelat9\s film4 ,if no second treatm5t is giv5 to su* eggs !y w dis9tegrate 9 a comp>atively %ort "t1 b :5 sp]m is add$ "s or mo/ ( ! eggs w develop 9 ! way *>act]i/ic ( f]tiliz$ eggs4#ge ,:5 ! membrane is too t\gh to all[ ! sp]matozon to ent] ! egg x c be %[n t if ! membrane is torn me*anically ! egg c /ill be f]tiliz$ by sp]m4 #ge ,loeb1 ,j41 ,sci5ce1 #aiac1 xxxviii41 #gdi2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiad1 xxxviii41 #bgg2 ,wa/5eys1 ,h41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiaf1 xxiv41 #bha4 ,%\ld x be possible t ! sp]matozon c no long] agglut9ate ) ! f]tiliz$ egg or t ^? phagocytotic reactions :i* we suppose to play a rle 9 ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon into ! egg are no long] possible aft] a sp]matozon has ent]$8 ,! m]e fact ( developm5t is app>5tly n ! cause :i* b>s a sp]matozon f ent]+ an egg already f]tiliz$ by sp]m4 ,lillie assumes t ! egg loses its 8f]tiliz90 9 ! process ( membrane =mation s9ce ! sea wat] conta9+ su* eggs no long] gives ! agglut99 reaction ) sp]m1 & he believes t ! lack ( 8f]tiliz90 9 ! f]tiliz$ egg or 9 ! egg aft] membrane =mation is ! cause ( ! block 9 ! f]tiliz$ egg4 ,b we h se5 t ! artificial membrane =mation does n create su* a block al?\gh x puts an end to ! 8f]tiliz90 reaction4 ,9 ! egg ( purpuratus ! 8f]tiliz90 reaction ceases :5 ! jelly surr\nd+ ! egg is dissolv$ by an acid & ! eggs are repeat$ly wa%$2 yet su* eggs c easily be f]tiliz$ by sp]m4 ,lillie does n assume t ! 8f]tiliz90 causes an agglut9ation betwe5 egg & sp]matozon--we %\ld ass5t to su* an assumption--b t ! 8f]tiliz90 acts l an 8amboceptor0 betwe5 egg & sp]matozon1 ! latt] be+ ! complem5t1 ! =m] ! antig54 ,! pa?ologi/ w\ld probably object to ?is int]pretation s9ce no 8amboceptor0 is ne$$ = agglut9ation4 ,! writ] has _h "s d\bts conc]n+ ! value ( ,ehrli*'s side-*a9 !ory :i*1 besides1 c only be appli$ 9 a metaphorical s5se to ! me*anism ( ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon into ! egg4#gf #gf ,loeb1 ,j41 ,am4 ,naturali/1 #aiae1 xlix41 #beg4 ,! writ] may be p]mitt$ to illu/rate by a special case 8 reason = decl9+ to accept ,ehrli*'s side-*a9 !ory4 ,ehrli* & ,sa*s f\nd t if to a giv5 mass ( tox9 small quantities ( antitox9 are add$ successively ! fir/ fraction add$ neutraliz$ m ?an ! lat] fractions2 & on ! basis ( ?is reason+ ,ehrli* conclud$ t t5 diff]5t tox9s 7 conta9$ 9 ! diph!ria tox94 ,arrh5ius %[$ t ! same ph5om5on c be obta9$ :5 a weak base l ,,nh,,oh is neutraliz$ by a weak acid 7e4 g41 boric acid72 h5ce we %\ld assume t ,,nh,,oh consi/s ( t5 diff]5t =ms ( ammonia4 ,bo? cases1 ! saturation ( tox9 ) antitox9 & ammonia ) boric acid are equilibrium ph5om5a4 7,arrh5ius1 ,s41 ,quantitative ,laws 9 ,biological ,*emi/ry1 ,london1 #aiae47 #f4 ,! reason t an egg once f]tiliz$ ) sp]m _c be f]tiliz$ aga9 may be f\nd 9 a gr\p ( facts :i* we w n[ discuss1 namely1 ! self-/]ility ( _m h]maphrodites4 ,! fact t h]maphrodites are (t5 self-/]ile1 :ile _! eggs c be f]tiliz$ ) sp]m f a diff]5t individual ( ! same species has play$ a great rle 9 ! !ories ( evolution4 ,we are "h only conc]n$ ) ! me*anism :i* det]m9es ! block to ! entrance ( a sp]matozon into an egg ( ! same h]maphroditic individual4 ,ca/le#gg obs]v$ & /udi$ ! ph5om5on ( self-/]ility 9 an ,ascidian1 ,ciona inte/9alis1 :i* is h]maphroditic4 ,animals :i* 7 kept isolat$ dis*>g$ bo? eggs & sp]m into ! surr\nd+ sea wat]4 ,(t5 no egg 0 f]tiliz$1 b 9 "s cases five1 t51 or z _m z fifty p] c5t4 ( ! eggs c\ld be successfully f]tiliz$ ) sp]m f ! same individual2 :ile if sev]al individuals 7 put into ! same di% z a rule "o hundr$ p] c5t4 ( ! eggs :i* 7 dis*>g$ segm5t$4 ,morgan#gh f\nd t ! eggs ( v>i\s females diff] 9 _! p[] ( be+ f]tiliz$ by sp]m ( ! same individual :ile "o hundr$ p] c5t4 c\ld usually be f]tiliz$ ) sp]m ( a diff]5t individual4 ,he f\nd 9 addition t if ! eggs ( ,ciona are put = ab\t t5 m9utes into a two p] c5t4 e!r solution 9 sea wat] 9 a numb] ( cases ! p]c5tage ( eggs f]tiliz$ by sp]m ( ! same individual %[s a slight increase4 ,fu*s#gi has report$ results simil> to ^? ( ,ca/le & ,morgan4 #gg ,ca/le1 ,w4 ,e41 ,bull4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zol41 ,h>v>d1 #ahif1 xxvii41 #bjc4 #gh ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aijd1 i41 #ace2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiaj1 xxx41 #bjf4 #gi ,fu*s1 ,h4 ,m41 ,j\r4 ,g5et41 #aiae1 iv41 #bae4 ,a new po9t ( attack has be5 introduc$ into ! "w ( self-/]ility 9 plants by ! consid]ation ( h]$ity4 ,d>w9 f\nd t 9 ,res$a :i* is monci\s 7or h]maphroditic7 c]ta9 individuals are ei!r completely self-/]ile or completely self-f]tile2 & ,compton %[$ t app>5tly self-f]tility is a ,m5delian dom9ant to self-/]ility4#hj #hj ,quot$ f ,fu*s4 ,accord+ to ,jo/ ?is self-/]ility 9 h]maphroditic plants is due to ! fact t if poll5 ( ! same plant is us$ ! normal gr[? ( ! poll5 tube is inhibit$1 :ile ?is inhibition does n exi/ = poll5 f a diff]5t individual4 ,corr5s calls ^! sub/ances :i* prev5t ! adequate gr[? ( poll51 8inhibitory0 sub/ances1 & f9ds t !y c app>5tly be transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,he made exp]im5ts on ,c>dam9e prat5sis :i* is self-/]ile4#ha ,he f]tiliz$ two individuals ( ,c>dam9e crosswise & rais$ sixty plants ( ! fir/ g5]ation4 ,he comp>$ ! f]tility ( ^! ,f plants t[>d 7a7 _! p>5ts1 & 7b7 =eign plants4 ,all ! f]tilizations ) ! =eign plants 7 successful1 b ! f]tilizations ) ! p>5ts 7 only p>tly successful4 ,accord+ to _! reaction !y c\ld be divid$ into f\r gr\ps3 7,a7 f]tile ) bo? p>5ts4 ,type bg 7,b7 f]tile ) "o 7,b71 /]ile ) ! o!r p>5t 7,g74 7a7 f]tile ) ,b1 /]ile ) ,g4 ,type b,g 7b7 f]tile ) ,g1 /]ile ) ,b4 ,type ,bg 7,c7 /]ile ) bo? p>5ts4 ,type ,,bg #ha ,corr5s1 ,c41 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 #aiac1 xxxiii41 #chi4 ,x 0 f\nd t approximately fifte5 ( ! sixty *ildr5 belong$ to ea* ( ! f\r gr\ps4 ,?is %\ld be expect$ if ! inhibitory sub/ance to ea* p>5t is transmitt$ to ! *ildr5 indep5d5tly4 ,half ( ! *ildr5 w ?us inh]it ! inhibitory sub/ance ( "o p>5t & ! o!r half w inh]it ! inhibitory sub/ance ( ! o!r p>5t4 ,?is agrees ) ! assumption t !re are def9ite det]m9]s = ! inhibitory sub/ances 9 ! *ildr5 :i* w be transmitt$ to half ( ! *ildr54 ,r complicat$ assumptions are ne$$ to expla9 all ! facts obs]v$ by ,corr5s on ?is basis & s9ce ! subject is /ill "u inve/igation we ne$ n g fur!r into ! details4 ,to u ! assumption & exp]im5tal support ( ! idea t self-/]ility is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( a sub/ance inhibitory to ! entrance ( a sp]matozon is important4 ,%\ld x be possible t ! block creat$ by ! entrance ( a sp]matozon into ! egg is also due to an inhibitory sub/ance c>ri$ by a sp]matozon into ! egg2 & fur!rmore t ! effect ( ! inhibitory sub/ance %\ld be ! prev5tion ( fur!r agglut9ation ( ! sp]matozon ) ! egg or ( ! gr[? ( ! poll5 tube 9 plants8 ,on su* an assumption self-/]ility w\ld be due to a lack ( agglut9ation betwe5 ! egg ( a h]maphrodite & a sp]matozon ( ! same individual4 ,! exp]im5ts on ! agglut99s h %[n t :ile isoagglut99s 7i4 e41 agglut99s = o!r individuals ( ! same species7 are common auto-agglut99s 7i4 e41 agglut99s = cells ( ! same individual7 r>ely if ev] occur4 #g4 ,a positive *emotropism ( ! sp]matozoa t[>d an egg ( ! same species has be5 demon/rat$ 9 a few cases1 b x seems t ?is ph5om5on is n det]m9$ by t type ( sub/ances :i* give rise to species specificity4 ,! fam\s exp]im5t ( ,pfeff] on ! sp]matozoa ( f]ns inaugurates ?is l9e ( inve/igation4 ,he f\nd t su* sp]matozoa :5 mov+ 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh ! wat] w be deviat$ 9 _! c\rse if !y come ne> an ar*egonium2 !y w !n turn t[>d x1 ent] x1 & ent] ! egg4 ,pfeff] %[$ t #j4ja p] c5t4 malic acid if put into a capill>y tube w attract ! sp]matozoa ( f]ns4 ,:5 ! liquid 9 ! tube conta9s only #j4ja p] c5t4 malic acid ! sp]matozoa ( f]ns v soon move t[>d ! op5+ ( ! capill>y tube & )9 f five to t5 m9utes _m hundr$s ( sp]matozoa may accumulate 9 ! tube4 ,! malic acid acts z well 9 ! =m ( a free acid z 9 ! =m ( salts4#hb #hb ,pfeff]1 ,unt]su*ung5 aus dem botanis*5 ,in/itut zu ,tb+51 #ahha-ahhe1 i41 #cfc4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 cont9u$ & amplifi$ by ,%ibata4 ,bru*mann#hc f\nd t ! sp]matozoa ( ,lycopodium are positively *emotactic to citric acid & salts ( ?is acid1 al?\gh no citric acid c\ld be %[n 9 ! cont5ts ( ! ar*egonia4 ,!y are also positively *emotactic to ! wat]y extract f ar*egonia4 #hc ,bru*mann1 ,h41 ,flora1 #aiji1 ic41 #aic4 ,dewitz1 ,bull]1 & ! writ] h va9ly tri$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( a positive *emotropism ( sp]matozoa to eggs ( ! same species4 ,lillie claims to h prov$ a positive *emotropism ( ! sp]m ( sea ur*9s to 8f]tiliz910 b su* a conclusion is only ju/ifi$ if a me?od simil> to t ( ,pfeff]'s ) capill>y tubes1 gives positive results2 su* a me?od 0 n us$ 9 ,lillie's exp]im5ts4 ,x seems t ! f]tilization ( ! egg by sp]m is r5d]$ possible by two facts2 fir/ t :]e f]tilization takes place outside ! body egg & sp]m are %$ simultane\sly by ! two sexes4 ,?is c be easily obs]v$ 9 ! case ( fi%4 ,b x is also ! case 9 inv]tebrates4 ,?us ! writ] has obs]v$ t ! sea ur*9s ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus at ! %ore ( ,pacific ,grove all spawn simultane\sly4 ,! exam9ation ext5d$ ov] sev]al miles ( %ore4 ,at su* spawn+ seasons ! sea wat] becomes a susp5sion ( sp]m4 ,! second fact gu>antee+ ! f]tilization ( ! eggs is ! ov]:elm+ excess ( sp]matozoa ov] eggs4 ,! enorm\s wa/e 9 animat$ nature is 9 agreem5t ) ! idea ( a lack ( purpose2 s9ce 9 ?is case ! laws ( *ance mu/ play a great rle2 & ! orig9 ( durable organisms by laws ( *ance is only compreh5sible on ! basis ( an enorm\s wa/efulness1 = :i* evid5ce is n lack+4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,artificial ,,p>!nog5esis #a4 ,! majority ( eggs _c develop unless !y are f]tiliz$1 t is to say1 unless a sp]matozon ent]s into ! egg4 ,! "q arises3 ,h[ does ! sp]matozon cause ! egg to develop into a new organism8 ,! sp]matozon is a liv+ organism ) a complicat$ /ructure & x is impossible to expla9 ! causation ( ! developm5t ( ! egg f ! /ructure ( ! sp]matozon4 ,no progress 0 possible 9 ?is field until ways 7 f\nd to replace ! action ( ! liv+ sp]matozon by well-kn[n physico*emical ag5cies4#hd ,v>i\s obs]v]s su* z ,ti*omir(f1 ,r4 ,h]twig1 & ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan _h f\nd t unf]tiliz$ eggs may beg9 to segm5t "u c]ta9 conditions1 b su* eggs always dis9tegrat$ 9 _! exp]im5ts )\t giv+ rise to l>v4 ,9 #ahii ! writ] succe$$ 9 caus+ ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ! sea ur*9 ,arbacia to develop into swimm+ l>v1 bla/ul1 ga/rul1 & plutei1 by treat+ !m ) hyp]tonic sea wat] ( a def9ite osmotic pressure = ab\t two h\rs4 ,:5 su* eggs 7 !n put back into normal sea wat] _m segm5t$ & a c]ta9 p]c5tage develop$ into p]fectly normal l>v1 bla/ul1 ga/rul1 & plutei4#he ,soon aft]w>d ?is 0 accompli%$ by o!r me?ods = ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( a l>ge numb] ( m>9e animals1 su* z />fi%1 molluscs1 & annelids4 ,none ( ^! eggs c develop "u normal conditions unless a sp]matozon ent]s4 ,^! exp]im5ts furni%$ pro( t ! activat+ effect ( ! sp]matozon ^u ! egg c be replac$ by a purely physico*emical ag5cy4#hf #hd ,! sub/itution ( well-kn[n physico*emical ag5cies = ! my/]i\s action ( ! sp]matozon 0 ! task ! writ] set himself 9 ?is "w & n ! explanation ( natural p>!nog5esis1 z ! au?or ( a rec5t text-book seems to assume4 #he ,loeb1 ,j41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #ahii1 iii41 #ace2 #aijj1 iii41 #dcd4 #hf ,loeb1 ,j41 ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis & ,f]tilization1 ,*icago1 #aiac4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ?is book = ! lit]ature on ! subject4 ,! fir/ me?od us$ 9 ! production ( l>v f ! unf]tiliz$ eggs did n l5d itself to an analysis ( ! activat+ effect ( ! sp]matozon ^u ! egg1 s9ce no?+ 0 kn[n ab\t ! action ( a hyp]tonic solution1 except t x )draws wat] f ! egg2 & !re 0 no indication t ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon causes ! egg to lose wat]4 ,no fur!r progress 0 possible until ano!r me?od ( artificial p>!nog5esis 0 f\nd4 ,:5 a sp]matozon ent]s ! egg ( a sea ur*9 or />fi% or c]ta9 annelids1 ! surface ( ! egg und]goes a *ange :i* is call$ membrane =mation2 & :i* consi/s 9 ! appe>ance ( a f9e membrane ar\nd ! egg1 sep>at$ f ! latt] by a liquid 7,figs4 #d & #e74 ,o4 & ,r4 ,h]twig & ,h]b/ _h obs]v$ t su* a membrane c\ld be produc$ 9 an unf]tiliz$ egg if ! latt] 0 put into *lor(orm or xylol1 b su* eggs p]i%$ at once4 ,x 0 g5]ally assum$1 moreov]1 t ! process ( membrane =mation 0 ( no significance 9 ! ph5om5on ( f]tilization1 except p]haps t ! f]tilization membrane gu>d$ ! f]tiliz$ egg aga9/ a fur!r invasion by sp]m4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ! f]tiliz$ egg is protect$ aga9/ ?is possibility by o!r means ! membrane is h>dly ne$$ = su* a purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,unf]tiliz$ egg surr\nd$ by sp]matozoa 7^: flagellum is omitt$ 9 ! draw+74 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! same egg aft] a sp]matozon has ent]$4 ,! f]tilization membrane is sep>at$ f ! egg by a cle> space4 ,9 #aije ! writ] f\nd t membrane =mation1 or r ! *ange ( ! surface ( ! egg und]ly+ ! membrane =mation1 is ! ess5tial feature 9 ! activation ( ! egg by a sp]matozon4 ,he obs]v$ t :5 unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ! ,cali=nian sea ur*9 ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus are put = f "o & a half to ?ree m9utes into a mixture ( #ej c4c4 ( sea wat]#b4f c4c4 ,n_/#aj acetic or propionic or butyric or val]ianic acid & are !n put into normal sea wat] all or ! majority ( ! eggs =m membranes2 & t su* eggs :5 ! temp]ature is v l[ w segm5t once or repeat$ly & may ev5--if ! temp]ature is z l[ z #d;,c4 or less--develop into swimm+ bla/ul#hg2 b !y w !n dis9tegrate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !y are kept at room temp]ature !y w develop only z f> z ! a/] =mation & nucle> division & !n beg9 to dis9tegrate4 ,x %\ld be m5tion$ t ! "t :i* elapses betwe5 artificial membrane =mation & nucle> division is great] ?an t betwe5 ! entrance ( a sp]matozon & nucle> division4 #hg ,! read] w f9d a description ( ! developm5t ( ?is egg 9 ! next *apt]4 ,x 0 obvi\s1 !re=e1 t artificial membrane =mation induc$ by butyric acid initiates ! processes und]ly+ developm5t ( ! egg b t = "s reason ! egg is sickly & p]i%es rapidly4 ,:51 h[ev]1 su* eggs 7 giv5 a %ort treatm5t ) hyp]tonic sea wat] or ) lack ( oxyg5 or ) ,,kcn !y develop$ into normal l>v4 ,?is new or improv$ me?od ( artificial p>!nog5esis is z foll[s3 ,! eggs are put = f two to f\r m9utes into #ej c4c4 sea wat] conta9+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ,n_/#aj butyric acid 7#b4f c4c4 9 ! case ( ,s4 purpuratus 9 ,cali=nia & #b4j c4c4 9 ! case ( ,arbacia 9 ,woods ,hole74 ,t5 or fifte5 m9utes lat] ! eggs are put into hyp]tonic sea wat] 7#ej c4c4 sea wat]#h c4c4 #b-a_/b m ,na,cl or ,r+] solution or cane sug>7 9 :i* !y rema91 at #ae ,c4 f ?irty-five to sixty m9utes 9 ! case ( purpuratus1 & f #ag-a_/b m9utes to #bb-a_/b m9utes at #bc 9 ! case ( ,arbacia at ,woods ,hole4 ,if ! eggs are !n transf]r$ to normal sea wat] !y w develop4 ,9 mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 repeat$ & confirm$ by num]\s inve/igators1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ?is effect ( ! hyp]tonic solution has a high temp]ature coeffici5t 7ab\t two = #aj ,c47 & t a slight ov]exposure to ! hyp]tonic sea wat] injures ! eggs s t developm5t is abnormal4 ,by ?is me?od x is possible to imitate ! activat+ effect ( ! liv+ sp]matozon ^u ! egg 9 e detail & eggs treat$ 9 ?is way w develop 9 l>ge numb]s into p]fectly normal l>v4 ,we %all see lat] t !y c also be rais$ to ! adult /ate4 #b4 ,! next task 0 to f9d out ! nature ( ! action ( ! two ag5cies ^u ! developm5t ( ! egg4 ,x soon became obvi\s t ! membrane =mation 7or ! alt]ation und]ly+ membrane =mation7 0 ! m important ( ! two1 s9ce 9 ! eggs ( />fi% & annelids ?is 0 suffici5t = ! production ( l>v1 & t ! second treatm5t _h only ! corrective effect1 ( ov]com+ ! sickly condition 9 :i* m]e membrane =mation _h left ! eggs4 ,x 01 !re=e1 ( great int]e/ to asc]ta9 :at sub/ances or ag5cies caus$ membrane =mation 9 ! egg1 s9ce x n[ became cle> t ! sp]matozon c\ld only cause membrane =mation by c>ry+ "o su* sub/ance into ! egg4 ,^! inve/igations l$ ! writ] to ! result t all ^? sub/ances & ag5cies :i* are kn[n to cause cytolysis or hemolysis 7see ,*apt] ,,iii7 w also induce membrane =mation1 & t ! ess5tial feature 9 ! causation ( developm5t is a cytolysis ( ! sup]ficial or cortical lay] ( ! egg4 ,z soon z ?is lay] is de/roy$ ! developm5t ( ! egg c beg94 ,! sub/ances & ag5cies :i* cause cytolysis & h5ce1 if _! action is re/rict$ to ! surface ( ! egg1 w induce developm5t are1 besides ! fatty acids3 7#a7 sapon9 or solan9 or bile salts2 7#b7 ! solv5ts ( lipoids1 b5zol1 toluol1 amyl5e1 *lor(orm1 aldehyde1 e!r1 alcohols1 etc42 7#c7 bases2 7#d7 hyp]tonic or hypotonic solutions2 7#e7 rise 9 temp]ature1 & 7#f7 c]ta9 salts1 e4 g41 ,ba,cl & ,sr,cl 9 ! case ( ! egg ( purpuratus1 & accord+ to ,r4 ,lillie1 ,na,i or ,na,c,n,s 9 ! egg ( ,arbacia4 ,:5ev] we submit an unf]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 egg to any ( ^! ag5cies & re/rict ! cytolysis to ! sup]ficial or cortical lay] ( ! egg 7i4 e41 if we transf] ! egg to normal sea wat] be=e ! cytolytic ag5t has _h "t to diffuse into ! ma9 egg7 ! egg w =m a membrane & behave z if ! membrane =mation _h be5 call$ =? by a fatty acid1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! v>i\s ag5cies are n all equally h>mless = ! egg4#hh #hh ,! read] is ref]r$ = details to ! writ]'s book on ! subject4 ,if ! idea 0 correct t ! *ange und]ly+ membrane =mation 0 ess5tially a cytolysis ( ! cortical lay] ( ! egg1 x 0 to be expect$ 7f ! data conta9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii7 t ! blood s]um or ! cell extracts ( =eign species w\ld also cause membrane =mation & ?us induce ! developm5t ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg1 :ile s]um ( animals ( ! same species or g5us w\ld h no su* effects4 ,?is 0 f\nd to be correct4 ,9 #aijg ! writ] %[$ t ! blood s]um ( a ,gephyrean worm1 ,d5dro/oma1 0 able to cause membrane =mation 9 ! egg ( ! sea ur*94 ,:5 add$ 9 a dilution ( #a c4c4 ( s]um to #ejj or #ajjj c4c4 ( sea wat] to eggs ( purpuratus a c]ta9 numb] =m$ f]tilization membranes4 ,x 0 f\nd lat] t ! s]um & tissue extracts ( a l>ge numb] ( animals1 especially ( mammals 7rabbit1 pig1 ox1 etc471 _h ! same effect1 ?\gh x 0 necess>y to use high] conc5trations1 "o-half sea wat] & "o-half isotonic blood s]um4 ,! eggs ( e female sea ur*91 h[ev]1 did n give ! reaction & n all ! eggs ev5 ( s5sitive females =m$ membranes4 ,! writ] f\nd1 h[ev]1 t x 0 possible to increase ! susceptibility ( ! eggs aga9/ =eign blood s]um by putt+ !m into a #c_/h m solution ( ,sr,cl = f five to t5 m9utes 7or possibly a little long]7 be=e expos+ !m to ! =eign blood s]um4 ,ba,cl acts simil>ly4 ,! fact t ,sr,cl alone c cause membrane =mation 9 unf]tiliz$ eggs if !y are left long en\gh 9 ! solution sugge/s t ! s5sitiz+ effect ( ! sub/ance consi/s 9 a modification ( ! cortical lay] simil> to t und]ly+ membrane =mation2 & t ! sublim9al effect ( a %ort treatm5t ) ,sr,cl & ! sublim9al effect ( ! =eign s]um :5 comb9$ suffice to br+ ab\t ! membrane =mation4 ,n only ! wat]y extract ( =eign cells b also t ( =eign sp]m1 induces membrane =mation 9 ! sea-ur*9 egg4 ,! wat]y extract ( sp]m ( />fi% is especially active1 b ! degree ( activity v>ies consid]ably ) ! species ( />fi% f :i* ! sp]m is tak54 ,! eggs ( diff]5t species ( sea ur*9s also %[ a diff]5t degree ( susceptibility = ! sp]m ( =eign species4 ,?us ! eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus require a high] conc5tration ( sp]m extract ?an ! eggs ( ,s4 franciscanus4 ,= ! latt] ! am\nt ( =eign cell con/itu5ts :i* suffices to call =? membrane =mation is s small t contact ) almo/ any =eign liv+ sp]matozon produces ?is effect2 & z a rule no previ\s s5sitiz+ action ( ,sr,cl is requir$4 ,:5 we br+ ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ,s4 franciscanus into contact ) ! liv+ sp]m ( />fi% or %>k or ev5 ( f[l1 ! eggs =m a f]tilization membrane )\t previ\s s5sitization4 ,a specific sub/ance f ! =eign sp]matozon causes membrane =mation be=e ! sp]matozon has "t to ent] ! egg4 ,! effect is ! same z if artificial membrane =mation _h be5 call$ =? ) butyric acid1 i4 e41 !y beg9 to develop & !n dis9tegrate unless !y receive a second %ort treatm5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we treat ! eggs ) ! wat]y extracts f ! cells ( _! own or closely relat$ species we f9d t ^! extracts are utt]ly inactive1 ev5 if us$ 9 comp>atively /rong conc5trations4 ,?is agrees ) ! results giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,^! ph5om5a lead to a v p>adoxical result2 namely t :ile 9 ! case ( =eign sp]m we c cause membrane =mation by bo? ! liv+ & ! dead sp]matozon1 only ! liv+ sp]matozon ( ! same species c induce membrane =mation4 ,?is might f9d its explanation on ! assumption t ! active sub/ance conta9$ 9 ! =eign sp]m or s]um is wat]-soluble & a prote91 :ile ! activat+ or membrane-=m+ sub/ance 9 ! sp]matozon is insoluble 9 wat] b soluble 9 ! egg 7or 9 lipoids74 ,if ?is assumption is correct ! two sub/ances are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,rob]tson#hi has succe$$ 9 extract+ a sub/ance f ! sp]m ( ! sea ur*9 :i* causes membrane =mation ( ! sea-ur*9 egg aft] ! latt] has be5 s5sitiz$ by a treatm5t ) ,sr,cl4 ,x seems to ! writ] t if ! sub/ance extract$ by ,rob]tson 7 ! real f]tiliz+ ag5t conta9$ 9 ! sp]matozon x %\ld f]tilize ! egg )\t a previ\s s5sitization ( ! egg ) ,sr,cl be+ requir$4 #hi ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,b41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiab1 xxxv41 #fd4 #c4 ,! action ( acids 9 ! me*anism ( artificial p>!nog5esis provides "s int]e/+ physiological problems4 ,:5 unf]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 eggs are left 9 sea wat] conta9+ any ( ! l[] fatty acids up to capronic1 ! eggs w =m no membranes1 :ile 9 su* sea wat]1 & !y w %[ no out] signs ( cytolysis 7swell+74 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! eggs are left 9 sea wat] conta9+ any ( ! fatty acids f heptylic upw>d ! eggs w =m membranes :ile 9 ! acid sea wat] & soon aft]w>d w cytolyze completely & swell enorm\sly4 ,9 solutions ( ! m9]al acids no membranes are =m$ & none are =m$ z a rule :5 ! eggs are transf]r$ back to sea wat]4 ,:5 bo? a m9]al & a l[] fatty acid1 e4 g41 butyric1 are add$ to sea wat] ! m9]al acid acts z if x 7 n pres5t1 i4 e41 ! eggs =m membranes :5 transf]r$ back to sea wat] if ! conc5tration ( ! butyric acid is high en\gh4 ,all ^! data are compreh5sible if we assume t only t "p ( ! acid causes membrane =mation :i* is lipoid soluble1 :ile ! wat] soluble "p is n involv$ 9 ! process ( membrane =mation2 & t ! cytolysis or swell+ ( ! :ole egg c only take place 9 ! high] fatty acids 7heptylic or above7 :i* are little soluble 9 wat] & v soluble 9 lipoids1 :ile ! l[] fatty acids1 ^: wat] solubility is comp>atively high1 c only br+ ab\t a cytolysis & swell+ 9 ! cortical lay] b n 9 ! re/ ( ! egg4 ,?is makes x appe> z ?\gh ! "p und]go+ an alt]ation 9 membrane =mation 0 a lipoid2 & ?is w\ld h>monize ) ! assumption t ! specific membrane-induc+ sub/ance 9 ! sp]matozon is n soluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 fat4 #d4 ,^! & o!r obs]vations l$ ! writ] to ! view t ! ess5tial process :i* causes developm5t might be an alt]ation ( ! surface ( ! egg1 9 all probability an alt]ation ( ! sup]ficial lay] probably ( ! nature ( a sup]ficial cytolysis4 ,! "q rema9s3 ,:at c\ld be ! physico*emical nature ( ?is cytolysis8 ,! writ] _h sugge/$ 9 =m] pap]s t 9 ! cytolysis und]ly+ membrane =mation lipoids 7 dissolv$1 & he suppos$ t ! sub/ance to be dissolv$ might be a calcium-lipoid comp\nd :i* might =m a cont9u\s lay] "u ! surface ( ! egg4#ij v4 ,knaffl1 work+ on ! cytolysis ( eggs 9 ! writ]'s laboratory1 gave ! foll[+ idea ( ! process3 ,protoplasm is ri* 9 lipoids2 probably x is ma9ly an emulsion ( ^! & prote9s4 ,any physical or *emical /imulus :i* c liquefy ! lipoids causes cytolysis ( ! egg4 ,! prote9 ( ! egg c really only swell or be dissolv$ if ! condition ( aggregation ( ! lipoid is alt]$ by *emical or physical ag5cies4 ,! me*anism ( cytolysis consi/s 9 ! liquefaction ( ! lipoids & !reupon ! lipoid-free prote9 swells or is dissolv$ by tak+ up wat]4444 ,h5ce ?is supports ,loeb's view t membrane =mation is induc$ by ! liquefaction ( lipoids4#ia #ij ,loeb1 ,j41 b] d5 *emis*5 ,*>akt] des ,befru*tungsvorgangs1 etc41 ,leipzig1 #aijh4 #ia v4 ,knaffl1 ,e41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aijh1 cxxiii41 #bgi4 ,! writ] sugge/$ t ! de/ruction ( an emulsion 9 ! cortical lay] might possibly be ! ess5tial feature ( ! alt]ation lead+ to membrane =mation & developm5t4 ,x _h be5 long obs]v$ t unf]tiliz$ />fi% eggs may beg9 to develop app>5tly )\t any outside 8/imulus10 & ,a4 ,p4 ,ma!ws f\nd t slight me*anical agitation ( ^! eggs 9 sea wat] increas$ ! numb] :i* develop$4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 num]\s exp]im5ts by ,delage1 ,r4 ,s4 ,lillie1 & ! writ]1 t ! sub/ances caus+ developm5t 9 ! />fi% egg are id5tical or closely relat$ to ^? :i* br+ ab\t ?is effect 9 ! egg ( ! sea ur*9 & 9 bo? cases ! developm5t is prec$$ by a membrane =mation4 ,b h[ c membrane =mation be produc$ by m]e agitation8 ,x seems to me t ?is c be und]/ood if we suppose t x dep5ds ^u ! de/ruction ( an emulsion 9 ! cortical lay] ( ! egg4 ,x is conceivable t 9 ! egg ( c]ta9 =ms ! /ability ( ?is emulsion is s small t m]e %ak+ w\ld be en\gh to de/roy x & ?us induce membrane =mation & developm5t4#ib #ib ,loeb1 ,j41 ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis & ,f]tilization1 p4 #bee4 ,! durability ( emulsions v>ies1 & :]e an emulsion is v durable %ak+ has no effect1 :ile :]e x is at ! critical po9t ( sep>at+ into two cont9u\s phases a slight %ak+ w br+ ab\t ! sep>ation1 & :]e ! emulsion is /ill less durable we obs]ve ! ph5om5on ( a 8spontane\s0 p>!nog5esis4 ,eggs l ^? ( mo/ sea ur*9s belong to ! =m]1 eggs l ^? ( "s />fi% & annelids belong to ! second or ?ird type4 ,x is impossible to /ate at pres5t :e!r ! f]tilization membrane is pre=m$ 9 ! f]tiliz$ egg & m]ely lift$ (f f ! egg or :e!r its =mation is due to ! h>d5+ ( a colloidal sub/ance sep>at$ f ! emulsion 7or excret$7 & h>d5$ 9 t\* ) sea wat]4 ,b we c be sure ( "o ?+1 namely1 t ! liquid betwe5 egg & membrane conta9s "s colloidal sub/ance :i* det]m9es ! t5sion & sph]ical %ape ( ! membrane4 ,! membrane is obvi\sly p]meable n only to wat] b also to dissolv$ cry/alloids1 :ile x is imp]meable to colloids4 ,:5 we add "s colloidal solution 7e4 g41 :ite ( egg1 blood s]um1 or tannic acid7 to ! sea wat] conta9+ f]tiliz$ eggs ( purpuratus1 ! membrane collapses & lies close ar\nd ! egg2 :ile if ! eggs are put back into sea wat] or a sug> solution ! membrane soon assumes its sph]ical %ape4 ,?is is intelligible on ! assumption t 9 ! process ( membrane =mation 7or 9 ! de/ruction ( ! emulsion 9 ! cortical lay]7 a colloidal sub/ance goes into solution :i* _c diffuse into ! sea wat] s9ce ! membrane is imp]meable to ! colloidal p>ticles4 ,! membrane is1 h[ev]1 p]meable to ! con/itu5ts ( sea wat] or to sug>4 ,consequ5tly sea wat] w diffuse into ! space betwe5 membrane & egg until ! t5sion ( ! membrane equals ! osmotic pressure ( ! colloid dissolv$ 9 ! space betwe5 egg & ! membrane4 ,if we add en\gh colloid to ! outside solution s t its osmotic pressure is high] ?an t ( ! colloidal solution inside ! membrane ! latt] w collapse4 ,x %\ld also be /at$ t ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( _m m>9e animals are surr\nd$ by a jelly 7*orion7 :i* is dissolv$ :5 ! egg is f]tiliz$4#ic ,! writ] has %[n t ! same *emical sub/ances :i* w induce membrane =mation & artificial p>!nog5esis w z a rule also cause a swell+ & liquefaction ( ! *orion4 #ic ,x has be5 /at$ by sev]al writ]s t ! eggs ( ! sea ur*9 c no long] =m ! f]tilization membrane :5 ! jelly surr\nd+ ! egg is dissolv$4 ,! writ] has f\nd t if ! jelly surr\nd+ ! eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus is dissolv$ by acid ! eggs /ill =m a f]tilization membrane ^u ! entrance ( a sp]matozon4 ,we h devot$ s mu* space to ! me*anism ( membrane =mation s9ce x is likely to give a cle>] insight into ! physico*emical nature ( physiological processes ?an ! ph5om5a ( muscul> /imulation & contraction or n]ve /imulation1 ^u :i* ! majority ( physiologi/s base _! conclusions conc]n+ ! me*anism ( life ph5om5a4 ,be=e we come to ! discussion ( ! second factor 9 ! activation ( ! egg x %\ld be /at$ m def9itely t = ! eggs ( "s =ms ! fir/ factor1 ! process und]ly+ membrane =mation1 suffices = ! developm5t ( ! egg into a l>va & t no second factor is requir$ 9 ^! cases4 ,?is is true = ! eggs ( />fi% & c]ta9 annelids4 ,?us 9 #aija ,loeb#id & ,neilson %[$ t a %ort treatm5t ) ,h,cl & ,,hno suffic$ to cause "s eggs ( ,a/]ias 9 ,woods ,hole to develop into l>v )\t a second treatm5t be+ ne$$1 & ,delage#ie %[$ ! same = ,,co2 & 9 #aije ! writ] f\nd t ! eggs ( ! ,cali=nian />fi% ,a/]9a c be induc$ to =m a membrane by butyric acid treatm5t & t t5 p] c5t4 ( ^! eggs develop$ into normal l>v4 ,q rec5tly ,r4 ,s4 ,lillie obs]v$ t ! eggs ( ,a/]ias at ,woods ,hole c be caus$ to =m membranes & develop into l>v by a treatm5t ) butyric acid & t ! "t ( exposure requir$ to get a maximal numb] ( l>v v>ies approximately inv]sely ) ! conc5tration ( ! acid1 )9 a range ( #j4jjje to #j4jjf ,n butyric acid4 ,if ! exposure is too %ort membrane =mation w occur )\t normal developm5t4#if #id ,loeb1 ,j41 ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis & ,f]tilization1 #aiac1 p4 #bej & ff4 #ie ,delage1 ,y41 ,ar*4 d4 ,zol4 expr4 et gn41 #aijb1 x41 #bac2 #aijd1 ii41 #bg2 #aije1 iii41 #ajd4 #if ,lillie1 ,r4 ,s41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiaf1 xxiv41 #bcc4 ,all ?is leads u to ! conclusion t ! ma9 effect ( ! sp]matozon 9 induc+ ! developm5t ( ! egg consi/s 9 an alt]ation ( ! surface ( ! latt] :i* is app>5tly ( ! nature ( a cytolysis ( ! cortical lay]4 ,any?+ t causes ?is alt]ation )\t endang]+ ! re/ ( ! egg may induce its developm5t4 ,! sp]matozon1 !re=e1 causes ! developm5t ( ! egg by c>ry+ a sub/ance into ! latt] :i* effects an alt]ation ( its surface lay]4 #e4 ,we w n[ discuss ! action ( ! second1 corrective factor1 9 ! inducem5t ( developm5t4 ,:5 we cause membrane =mation 9 a sea-ur*9 egg by ! prop] treatm5t ) butyric acid x w comm5ce to develop & segm5t b w dis9tegrate rapidly if kept at room temp]ature & ! m rapidly ! high] ! temp]ature4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! eggs are treat$ aft]w>d = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t 7f ?irty-five to sixty m9utes at #ae ,c4 = purpuratus & #ag-a_/b to #bb-a_/b m9utes = ,arbacia at #bc ,c47 9 a solution :i* is isosmotic ) #ej c4c4 sea wat] #h c4c4 #b-a_/b m ,na,cl1#ig !y w develop into l>v1 _m ( :i* may be normal4 ,any hyp]tonic solution ( ?is osmotic pressure1 sea wat]1 sug>1 or a s+le salt1 w suffice provid$ ! solution does n conta9 sub/ances t are too de/ructive = liv+ matt]4 ,! hyp]tonic solution produces its corrective effect only if ! egg conta9s free oxyg52 & 9 a slightly alkal9e m$ium m rapidly ?an 9 a neutral m$ium4 ,! "t ( exposure 9 ! hyp]tonic solution dim9i%es 9 c]ta9 limits ) ! conc5tration ( ,,oh ions 9 ! solution4 #ig ,x is necess>y to call att5tion to ! fact t sug> solutions ( a high conc5tration 7e4 g41 m solutions7 h a mu* high] osmotic pressure ?an t :i* !y %\ld h !oretically 7,"l ,b]keley & ,h>tley74 ,delage by ignor+ ?is fact has mis9t]pret$ 8 exp]im5ts ) sug> solutions4 ,see ,lloyd1 ,d4 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiad1 xxxviii41 #djb4 ,x is /range t 9 ! eggs ( purpuratus ! corrective effect c also be br\ght ab\t by expos+ ! eggs aft] ! artificial membrane =mation = ab\t ?ree h\rs to normal sea wat] free f oxyg52 or to sea wat] 9 :i* ! oxidations h be5 ret>d$ by ! addition ( ,,kcn4 ,?is me?od is n s reliable z ! treatm5t ) hyp]tonic solution4 ,:at does ! hyp]tonic solution d to prev5t ! dis9tegration ( ! egg aft] ! artificial membrane =mation8 ,! writ] sugge/$ 9 #aije t ! artificial membrane =mation alone />ts ! developm5t b leaves ! eggs usually 9 a sickly condition & t ! hyp]tonic solution or ! lack ( oxyg5 all[s !m to recup]ate f su* a condition4 ,! second factor is1 accord+ to ?is view1 m]ely a corrective or curative factor4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations w expla9 ! reasons = su* an assumption4 ,! writ] f\nd t if we keep ! unf]tiliz$ eggs aft] artificial membrane =mation 9 sea wat] depriv$ ( oxyg5 ! dis9tegration ( ! egg foll[+ artificial membrane =mation is prev5t$ = a day at lea/4 ,! same result c be obta9$ by add+ t5 drops ( #a_/aj p] c5t4 ,,kcn to #ej c4c4 ( sea wat]1 & c]ta9 n>cotics1 e4 g41 *loral hydrate1 act 9 ! same way4 ,wa/5eys & ! writ] f\nd t *loral hydrate 7& o!r n>cotics7 9 ! conc5tration requir$ d n suppress or ev5 l[] ! oxidations 9 ! egg to any consid]able ext5t1#ih b !y prev5t ! processes ( cell division4 ,h5ce x seems t ! egg dis9tegrates s rapidly aft] artificial membrane =mation because x is kill$ by ^? processes lead+ to nucle> division or cell division :i* are induc$ by ! artificial membrane =mation4 ,if we suppress ^! ph5om5a ( developm5t 7= n too long a "t7 we give ! egg a *ance to recov] & if n[ ! impulse to develop is /ill active we notice a p]fectly normal developm5t4 ,if ! egg is kept too long )\t oxyg5 x suff]s = o!r reasons & _c develop2 ! writ] has %[n t if eggs f]tiliz$ by sp]m are kept = too long a "t )\t oxyg5 !y also w no long] be able to develop normally4 ,! %ort treatm5t ) a hyp]tonic solution supplies ! corrective factor requir$1 s t ! egg c !n und]go cell division at room temp]ature )\t dis9tegrat+4 #ih ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,wa/5eys1 ,h41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiac1 xiv41 #eag2 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiac1 lvi41 #bie4 ,! correctness ( ?is int]pretation1 :i* is 9 reality ma9ly a /atem5t ( obs]vations1 is prov$ by ! two foll[+ gr\ps ( facts4 ,! old] obs]v]s _h already notic$ t ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ! sea ur*9 :5 ly+ 9 sea wat] w die aft] a day or m1 & t occasionally su* eggs %[ nucle> division or ev5 ! beg9n+ ( cell division %ortly be=e dis9tegration sets 94 ,! writ] has /udi$ ?is ph5om5on 9 ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( purpuratus & f\nd t only ! eggs ( c]ta9 females %[ ?is cell division be=e dis9tegration & t ! cell division is prec$$ by an atypical =m ( membrane =mation2 ! eggs surr\nd+ !mselves by a f9e gelat9\s film comp>able to t produc$ 9 ! egg ( ,arbacia by a treatm5t ) butyric acid4 ,x is difficult to /ate :at induces ! alt]ation ( ! surface 9 ! eggs t lie s long 9 sea wat]4 ,x may be due to ! ,,co =m$ by ! eggs--s9ce we "k t ,,co may induce membrane =mation--or x may be due to ! alkal9ity ( ! sea wat] or to a sub/ance orig9at+ f ! jelly surr\nd+ ! eggs4 ,x 0 f\nd t if su* eggs are kept )\t oxyg5 _! dis9tegration 7& cell division7 w be delay$ consid]ably4 ,! presumable explanation = ?is is t ! lack ( oxyg5 prev5ts ! int]nal *anges und]ly+ cell division & ?us prev5ts ! dis9tegration ( ! egg4 ,! direct pro( t an egg 9 ! process ( cell division is m endang]$ by abnormal solutions ?an an egg at re/ has be5 furni%$ by num]\s obs]vations ( ! writ]4 ,he %[$ 9 #aijf t ! f]tiliz$ egg ( purpuratus dies r rapidly 9 a pure m_/#b ,na,cl or any o!r abnormal isotonic solution1 :ile ! unf]tiliz$ egg c live = days 9 su* solutions4#ii ,9 a s]ies ( pap]s1 beg9n+ 9 #aije1 he %[$ t ! f]tiliz$ egg w live long] 9 hyp]tonic1 hypotonic1 & o!rwise abnormally con/itut$ solutions :5 ! cell divisions are suppress$ by lack ( oxyg5 or by ! addition ( ,,kcn or ( *loral hydrate4#ajj ,x is ?us obvi\s t co9cid5t ) ! *anges und]ly+ nucle> division or cell division alt]ations occur 9 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! egg to salt solutions ( abnormal conc5tration or con/itution1 e4 g41 ,na,cl,ca,cl isotonic ) sea wat]1 hyp]tonic1 or hypotonic solutions4 #ii ,loeb1 ,j41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aijf1 ii41 #ha4 #ajj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aijf1 cxiii41 #dhg2 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiaj1 xxvi41 #bgi1 #bhi2 xxvii41 #cjd2 xxix41 #hj2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiad1 xl41 #cbb4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 conclude t artificial membrane =mation induces developm5t b t x leaves ! egg 9 a sickly condition 9 :i* ! v processes lead+ to cell division br+ ab\t its de/ruction2 t if x is giv5 "t x c recov] f ?is condition & t ! treatm5t ) ! hyp]tonic solution also br+s ab\t ?is recov]y rapidly & reliably4 ,h]lant#aja sugge/$ t ! corrective effect ( ! hyp]tonic solution consi/$ 9 ! prop] developm5t ( ! a/rosph]es requir$ = cell division4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or m]e membrane =mation does n lead to ! =mation ( suffici5tly l>ge a/rosph]es & h5ce cell division may rema9 impossible4#ajb ,! writ] has no a priori objection to ?is sugge/ion :i* agrees ) e>li] obs]vations by ,morgan except t x is at pres5t difficult to h>monize x ) all ! facts4 ,:y %\ld x be possible to replace ! treatm5t ) ! hyp]tonic solution by a susp5sion ( ! oxidations 9 ! egg = ?ree h\rs :ile we "k t lack ( oxyg5 suppresses ! =mation ( a/rosph]es 9 ! f]tiliz$ eggs8 ,:at becomes ( ! a/rosph]es if ! treatm5t ) ! hyp]tonic solution prec$es ! membrane =mation by a numb] ( h\rs or a day 7:i* is possible z we %all see71 & :y d !y n induce cell division1 if ,h]lant's idea is correct8 ,nev]!less ! sugge/ion ( ,h]lant des]ves to be tak5 into s]i\s consid]ation4 #aja ,h]lant1 ,m41 ,ar*4 de ,biol41 #aiac1 xxviii41 #eje4 #ajb ,x is also important to rememb] t ! =mation ( a/rosph]es aft] m]e membrane =mation occurs consid]ably m sl[ly ?an if ! egg has also receiv$ a treatm5t ) a hyp]tonic solution4 #f4 ,h[ c an alt]ation ( ! surface ( ! egg--e4 g41 a cytolytic or o!r de/ruction ( ! cortical lay]--lead to a beg9n+ ( developm5t8 ,! answ] is possibly giv5 9 ! relation ( oxidation to developm5t4 ,! writ] f\nd 9 #ahie t if oxyg5 is )drawn f ! f]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 egg x c n segm5t & ?is seems to be ! case = eggs 9 g5]al4#ajc ,9 #aijf he f\nd t ! rapid dis9tegration ( ! eggs ( ! sea ur*9 :i* foll[s artificial membrane =mation c\ld be prev5t$ :5 ! eggs 7 depriv$ ( oxyg5 or :5 ! oxidations 7 suppress$ 9 ! eggs by ,,kcn4 ,?is sugge/$ a connection betwe5 ! dis9tegration ( ! egg aft] artificial membrane =mation & ! increase 9 ! rate ( oxidations2 & he f\nd fur!r t ! =mation ( acid is great] 9 ! f]tiliz$ ?an 9 ! unf]tiliz$ egg4 ,he1 !re=e1 express$ ! view 9 #aijf t ! ess5tial feature 7or possibly "o ( ! ess5tial features7 ( ! process ( f]tilization 0 ! increase ( ! rate ( oxidations 9 ! egg & t ?is increase 0 caus$ by ! membrane =mation alone4#ajd ,^! conclusions h be5 s9ce amply confirm$ by ! measurem5ts ( ,o4 ,w>burg z well z ^? ( ,loeb & ,wa/5eys1 bo? %[+ t ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon into ! egg raises ! rate ( oxidations f #djj to #fjj p] c5t41 & t membrane =mation alone br+s ab\t an increase ( simil> magnitude4 ,loeb & ,wa/5eys f\nd t ! hyp]tonic solution does n increase ! rate ( oxidations 9 a f]tiliz$ egg4 ,x does d s1 h[ev]1 9 an unf]tiliz$ egg )\t membrane =mation1 b m]ely = ! reason t 9 su* an egg ! hyp]tonic solution br+s ab\t ! cytolytic *ange 9 ! cortex ( ! egg und]ly+ membrane =mation4#aje ,accord+ to ,w>burg x is probable t ! oxidations occur ma9ly if n exclusively at ! surface ( ! egg s9ce ,na,o,h1 :i* does n diffuse into ! egg1 raises ! rate ( oxidations m ?an ,,nh,,oh :i* does diffuse into ! egg4 ,& f9ally1 ! same au?or %[$ t ! oxidations 9 ! sea-ur*9 egg are due to a catalytic process 9 :i* iron acts z a catalyz]4#ajf ,9 view ( all ^! facts & _! h>mony ) ! me?ods ( artificial p>!nog5esis ! sugge/ion is ju/ifiable t ! alt]ation or cytolysis ( ! cortical lay] ( ! egg is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! increas$ rate ( oxidations4 #ajc ,! writ] f\nd t ! eggs ( ,fundulus w segm5t a numb] ( times ev5 if all ! oxyg5 has app>5tly be5 remov$4 #ajd ,loeb1 ,j41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aijf1 ii41 #ahc4 #aje ,?us ! treatm5t ( an unf]tiliz$ egg )\t membrane ) a hyp]tonic solution comb9es two effects1 fir/ ! g5]al cytolytic alt]ation ( ! cortical lay] ( ! membrane & ! corrective effect ( ! hyp]tonic solution4 ,! =m] effect raises ! rate ( oxidations 9 ! egg1 ! latt] does n4 #ajf ,w>burg1 ,o41 ,sitzungsb]4 d4 ,heidelb]g] ,akad4 d4 ,wissns*41 ,b4 #aiad4 ,! "q rema9s !n3 ,h[ c membrane =mation or ! alt]ation ( ! cortical lay] und]ly+ membrane =mation cause an increase 9 ! rate ( oxidations8 ,"o possibility is t ! iron 7or :atev] ! nature ( ! catalyz] may be7 exi/s 9 ! cortex ( ! egg 9 a mask$ condition--or 9 a condition 9 :i* x is n able to act--:ile ! alt]ation ( ! cortical lay] makes ! iron active4 ,x might be t ei!r ! iron or ! oxidizable sub/rate is conta9$ 9 ! lipoid lay] 9 ! unf]tiliz$ condition ( ! egg & t ! de/ruction or cytolysis ( ! cortical lay] br+s bo? ! iron & ! oxidizable sub/rate into ! wat]y phase 9 :i* !y c int]act4 ,ano!r possibility is t ! act ( f]tilization increases ! p]meability ( ! egg4 ,?is idea1 :i* seems attractive1 0 fir/ sugge/$ & discuss$ by ! writ] 9 #aijf4ajg ,he _h f\nd t :5 f]tiliz$ & unf]tiliz$ eggs 7 put into abnormal salt solutions1 e4 g41 pure solutions ( ,na,cl1 ! f]tiliz$ eggs di$ m rapidly ?an ! unf]tiliz$ eggs & he po9t$ out t ^! exp]im5ts sugge/$ ! possibility t f]tilization increases ! p]meability ( ! egg = salts4 ,! reason = 8 hesitation to accept ?is int]pretation 01 t ! f]tiliz$ egg is also m easily injur$ by lack ( oxyg5 ?an ! unf]tiliz$ egg & 9 ?is case ! great] s5sitiv5ess ( ! f]tiliz$ egg 0 obvi\sly due to its great] rate ( metabolism4 ,lat] exp]im5ts by ! writ] %[$ t ! f]tiliz$ egg c be made m resi/ant to abnormal salt solutions if its developm5t is suppress$ by lack ( oxyg5 or by ,,kcn or by c]ta9 n>cotics4 ,) our pres5t k x does n seem v probable t lack ( oxyg5 dim9i%es ! p]meability ( ! egg1 b we "k t x inhibits ! developm5tal processes4 ,w>burg has made x appe> v probable t ! f]tiliz$ egg is imp]meable = ,na,o,h & if ?is is ! case x %\ld also be imp]meable = ,na,cl4#ajh #ajg ,loeb1 ,j41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aijf1 ii41 #hg4 #ajh ,unless ! egg is left s long 9 ! pure ,na,cl solution t its p]meability is increas$4 ,! idea t f]tilization & membrane =mation cause an increase 9 ! p]meability ( ! egg 0 lat] accept$ & elaborat$ by ,r4 ,lillie4 ,?is au?or assumes t ! unf]tiliz$ egg _c develop because x conta9s too mu* ,,co b t ! ,,co c escape f ! egg z soon z its p]meability is increas$ ?r\gh ! de/ruction ( ! cortical lay] ( ! egg4#aji ,aft] ! ,,co has escap$1 ! excessive p]meability mu/ be re/or$ to its normal value & ?is is ! rle ( ! hyp]tonic treatm5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 difficult to h>monize ! assumption ( an imp]meability ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg = ,,co ) ! fact t if ! unf]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 egg is cut into two1 z is done 9 m]ogony1 no developm5t takes place1 :ile su* pieces w develop :5 a sp]matozon ent]s4 ,! cortical lay] is remov$ along ! cut surface & !re is no reason :y ! ,,co %\ld n escape4 ,besides1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,godlewski & ! writ] prove t ! cortical lay] ( ! unf]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 egg is app>5tly v p]meable = ,,co s9ce ! latt] causes membrane =mation if conta9$ 9 ! sea wat] 9 suffici5tly high conc5tration4 #aji ,lillie1 ,r4 ,s41 ,j\r4 ,morphol41 #aiaa1 xxii41 #fie2 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aiaa1 xxvii41 #bhi4 ,lillie assumes t ! hyp]tonic treatm5t re/ores ! p]meability rais$ to excess by ! butyric acid treatm5t1 b ?is assumption is n 9 h>mony ) ! foll[+ facts4 ,! writ] has %[n t x is immat]ial :e!r ! eggs are treat$ fir/ ) ! hyp]tonic solution & !n ) butyric acid or ! rev]se1 if only ! eggs rema9 long] 9 ! hyp]tonic solution :5 ! hyp]tonic treatm5t prec$es ! butyric acid treatm5t4 ,x 0 /at$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] t ! developm5t ( ! egg c be induc$ by hyp]tonic sea wat]1 & we "k ! reason s9ce hyp]tonic sea wat] is a cytolytic ag5cy4 ,! writ] f\nd t :5 we expose unf]tiliz$ eggs ( purpuratus = f two to two & a half-h\rs to hyp]tonic sea wat] !y w (t5 n develop & only a few eggs w und]go ! fir/ cell divisions1 !n go+ into a condition ( re/4 ,:5 ^! eggs1 bo? ! segm5t$ & unsegm5t$1 7 treat$ tw5ty-f\r or ?irty-six h\rs lat] ) butyric acid1 s t !y =m$ a membrane1 !y all develop$ into l>v )\t fur!r treatm5t4 ,x is impossible to apply ,lillie's !ory to ^! facts1 = ! simple reason t ! treatm5t ) hyp]tonic sea wat] 0 j long en\gh to induce developm5t 9 "s eggs & h5ce accord+ to ,lillie's ideas mu/ h increas$ ! p]meability ( ^! eggs4 ,yet ^! same eggs 7 induc$ to develop normally :5 subsequ5tly treat$ ) butyric acid1 :i* accord+ to ,lillie also acts by increas+ ! p]meability4 ,no?+ indicates t ! treatm5t ( ! eggs ) a hyp]tonic solution dim9i%es _! p]meability2 ! rev]se w\ld be mu* m probable4 ,lillie's !ory also fails to expla9 t m]e treatm5t ( ! eggs ) a hyp]tonic solution c br+ ab\t _! developm5t into l>v4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is intelligible on ! assumption t ! hyp]tonic solution 9 ?is case has two diff]5t effects1 fir/ a cytolysis ( ! cortical lay] ( ! egg & second an entirely diff]5t effect1 possibly ^u ! int]ior ( ! egg1 :i* repres5ts ! second or corrective effect4 ,mc,clendon#aaj has %[n t ! electrical conductivity ( ! egg is increas$ aft] f]tilization1 & ,j4 ,gray#aaa has f\nd t ?is increase 9 conductivity is only transitory & disappe>s 9 fifte5 m9utes4 ,?is might indicate t ! egg becomes transitorily m p]meable = salts aft] ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon or aft] membrane =mation2 al?\gh an increase 9 conductivity might be caus$ by o!r *anges ?an a m]e increase 9 p]meability ( ! egg4 ,! writ] is ( ! op9ion t x is necess>y to meet all ^! & o!r difficulties be=e we c /ate t ! alt]ation ( ! cortical lay]1 :i* is ! ess5tial feature ( developm5t1 acts *iefly or exclusively by an increase 9 ! p]meability ( ! egg4#aab #aaj ,mc,clendon1 ,j4 ,f41 ,publications ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution1 ,no4 #ahc1 #abe2 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aiaj1 xxvii41 #bdj4 #aaa ,gray1 ,j41 ,proc4 ,cambridge ,philosophical ,society1 #aiac1 xvii41 #a4 #aab ,r4 ,lillie has rec5tly %[n t 9 a hypotonic solution wat] diffuses m rapidly into a f]tiliz$ ?an into an unf]tiliz$ egg4 ,?is is exactly :at "o %\ld expect s9ce ! unf]tiliz$ egg is n only surr\nd$ by ! cortical lay] b also by a ?ick lay] ( jelly bo? ( :i* are lack+ 9 ! f]tiliz$ egg4 ,x is difficult to und]/& h[ ?is obs]vation c ?r[ any light on ! me*anism ( developm5t1 s9ce wat] diffuses rapidly en\gh into ! unf]tiliz$ egg4 #g4 ,:5 ! exp]im5ts on artificial p>!nog5esis 7 fir/ publi%$ !y ar\s$ a good deal ( antagonism n only among reaction>ies 9 g5]al b also among a c]ta9 gr\p ( biologi/s4 ,o4 ,h]twig _h def9$ f]tilization z consi/+ 9 ! fusion ( two nuclei1 ! egg nucleus & ! sp]m nucleus4 ,no su* fusion ( two nuclei takes place 9 artificial p>!nog5esis s9ce no sp]matozon ent]s ! egg1 & x became necess>y1 !re=e1 to ab&on ,h]twig's def9ition z wrong4 ,! objection rais$ t ! ph5om5a are limit$ to a few species soon became unt5able s9ce x has be5 possible to produce artificial p>!nog5esis 9 ! egg ( plants 7,fucus1 accord+ to ,ov]ton7 z well z ( animals1 f e*9od]ms up to ! frog2 & x may possibly "o day be accompli%$ also 9 w>m-blood$ animals4 ,a second objection 0 t ! eggs caus$ to develop by ! me?ods ( artificial p>!nog5esis c\ld nev] rea* ! adult /age & t h5ce ! ph5om5on 0 m]ely pa?ological4 ,!re 0 no basis = su* a /atem5t1 except t x is extremely difficult to raise m>9e inv]tebrates4 ,delage#aac 0 c\rage\s en\gh to make an attempt to raise p>!nog5etic l>v ( ! sea ur*9 beyond ! l>val /age & he succe$$ 9 "o case 9 c>ry+ ! animal to ! mature /age4 ,x prov$ to be a male4 #aac ,delage1 ,y41 ,compt4 r5d4 ,acad4 ,sc41 #aiji1 cxlviii41 #dec4 ,bett] opportunities 7 (f]$ :5 a me?od 0 discov]$ :i* induc$ ! developm5t ( ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ! frog4 ,9 #aijg1 ,guy] made ! surpris+ obs]vation t if he inject$ lymph or blood into ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( frogs he succe$$ 9 />t+ developm5t & he ev5 obta9$ two free-swimm+ tadpoles4 8,app>5tly ! :ite r ?an ! r$ corpuscles are ! /imulat+ ag5ts :i* br+ ab\t developm5t1 because injections ( lymph :i* conta9s only :ite corpuscles produce ! same effects z injections ( blood40 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ,guy] ?\ght t probably ! cells :i* he introduc$ & n ! egg 7 develop+4 ,9 #aiaj1 ,bataillon %[$ t a m]e puncture ( ! egg ) a ne$le c\ld induce developm5t b he believes t = ! full developm5t ! introduction ( a fragm5t ( a leucocyte is requir$4 ,bataillon has call$ att5tion to ! analogy ) ! writ]'s results on l[] =ms1 ! punctur+ ( ! egg correspond+ to ! cytolysis ( ! surface lay] ( ! egg & ! introduction ( a leucocyte z ! analogue ( ! second or corrective factor4 ,! me?od ( produc+ artificial p>!nog5esis by punctur+ ! egg has ?us f> be5 successful only 9 ! egg ( ! frog4 ,! writ] has tri$ x 9 va9 on ! eggs ( _m o!r =ms4 ,he has at pres5t sev5 p>!nog5etic frogs ov] a ye> old1 produc$ by m]ely punctur+ ! eggs ) a f9e ne$le 7,fig4 #f74 ,^! frogs h rea*$ ov] half ! size ( ! adult frog4 ,!y c 9 no way be di/+ui%$ f ! frogs produc$ by f]tilization ) a sp]matozon4 ,?is makes ! pro( conclusive t ! me?ods ( artificial p>!nog5esis c result 9 ! production ( normal organisms :i* c rea* ! adult /age4 ,bancr(t & ! writ] tri$ to det]m9e ! sex ( a p>!nog5etic tadpole & ( a frog j c>ri$ ?r\gh metamorphosis4 ,s9ce 9 e>ly life ! sex gl&s ( bo? sexes 9 ! frog conta9 eggs x is n q easy to det]m9e ! sex1 except t 9 ! male ! eggs gradually disappe> & f ?is & o!r crit]ia we came to ! conclusion t bo? p>!nog5etic specim5s1 :i* 7 f\r mon?s old1 7 males4 ,! writ] has rec5tly exam9$ ! gonads ( a t5 mon?s old p>!nog5etic frog4 ,"h no d\bt conc]n+ ! sex 0 possible s9ce ! gonads 7 well-develop$ te/icles conta9+ a l>ge numb] ( sp]matozoa ( normal appe>ance1 & no eggs4#aad 7,figs4 #g & #h47 ,?is w\ld indicate t ! frog belongs to ^? animals 9 :i* ! male is het]ozyg\s = sex4 #aad ,s9ce ?is 0 writt51 two m ( ! p>!nog5etic frogs ov] a ye> old di$4 ,bo? 7 males4 #h4 ,! fact t ! egg ( s high a =m z ! frog c be made to develop into a p]fect & normal animal )\t a sp]matozon--al?\gh normally ! egg ( ?is =m does n develop unless a sp]matozon ent]s--corroborates ! idea express$ 9 previ\s *apt]s t ! egg is ! future embryo & animal2 & t ! sp]matozon1 aside f its activat+ effect1 only transmits ,m5delian *>act]s to ! egg4 ,! "q arises3 ,is x possible to cause a sp]matozon to develop into an embryo8 ,! idea has be5 express$ t ! egg 0 only ! nutritive m$ium on :i* ! sp]matozon develop$ into an embryo1 b ?is idea has be5 r5d]$ unt5able by ! exp]im5ts on artificial p>!nog5esis4 ,nev]!less ! "q :e!r or n ! sp]matozon c develop into an embryo on a suitable culture m$ium rema9s1 & x c only be decid$ by direct exp]im5ts4 ,x 0 %[n by ,bov]i1 ,morgan1 ,delage1 ,godlewski1 & o!rs1 t if a sp]matozon ent]s an enucleat$ egg or piece ( egg x c develop into an embryo1 b s9ce ! cytoplasm ( ! egg is ! future embryo ?is exp]im5t proves only t ! egg nucleus may be replac$ by ! sp]m nucleus2 & also t ! sp]m nucleus c>ries into ! egg1 ! sub/ances :i* induce developm5t4 ,incid5tally ^! exp]im5ts on m]ogony also prove t ! m]e me*anical te>+ ( ! cortical lay]1--:i* mu/ happ5 9 ! sep>ation ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg into p>ts ) & )\t a nucleus1--by dissection or by %ak+1 is n suffici5t to />t developm5t 9 ! sea-ur*9 egg4 ,j4 de ,mey] put ! sp]matozoa ( sea ur*9s into sea wat] conta9+ an extract ( ! eggs ( ! same species b f\nd only t ! sp]matozoa swell 9 su* a solution4 ,loeb & ,bancr(t made ext5sive exp]im5ts 9 cultivat+ sp]matozoa ( f[l 9 vitro on suitable culture m$ia4 ,9 yolk & :ite ( egg ! head ( ! sp]matozon und]w5t trans=mation into a nucleus1 b no mitosis or a/] =mation 0 obs]v$4#aae ,^! exp]im5ts %\ld be cont9u$4 #aae ,loeb1 ,j41 ,artificial ,p>!nog5esis & ,f]tilization1 ,*icago1 #aiac4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,det]m9ism ,,9 ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,an ,,organism ,,f ,,an ,,egg #a4 ,! writ] 9 a =m] book 7,dynamics ( ,liv+ ,matt]1 #aijf1 p4 #a71 def9$ liv+ organisms z *emical ma*9es consi/+ *iefly ( colloidal mat]ial & possess+ ! peculi>ity ( pres]v+ & reproduc+ !mselves4 ,"s au?ors l ,dries*1 & v4 ,uexkll seem to f9d x impossible to acc\nt = ! developm5t ( su* ma*9es f an undiff]5tiat$ egg on a purely physico*emical basis4 ,a /udy ( ,dries*'s v int]e/+ & important book#aaf %[s t he assumes ! eggs ( c]ta9 animals1 e4 g41 ! sea ur*91 to consi/ ( homog5e\s mat]ial2 & he concludes t nature has solv$1 9 ! =mation ( highly diff]5tiat$ organisms f su* undiff]5tiat$ mat]ial1 a problem :i* does n seem capable ( a solution by physico*emical ag5cies alone4 ,b ! supposition ( a /ructureless egg is wrong1 s9ce ,bov]i has demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( a v simple b def9ite /ructure 9 ! unf]tiliz$ egg ( ! sea ur*92 & a simil> simple /ructure has be5 demon/rat$ by o!r au?ors1 especially ,conkl91 9 ! eggs ( o!r =ms4 #aaf ,dries*1 ,h41 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism4 ,london1 #aijh & #aiji4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all attempt ! task among o!rs ( %[+ h[1 on ! basis ( ! simple physico*emical /ructure ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg1 ! ma9 organ ( self-pres]vation ( ! organism1 ! inte/9e1 is =m$ ?r\gh ! m]e process ( cell division & gr[?4 ,cell division is ! mo/ g5]al ( ! specific functions ( liv+ matt] & x is ! basis und]ly+ ! diff]5tiation ( ! comp>atively simple /ructure ( ! egg into a m complex organism4 ,if cell division & gr[? 7 equal 9 all p>ts ( ! egg no diff]5tiation w\ld be possible1 b ! diff]5t regions ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg conta9 diff]5t con/itu5ts & ^!1 probably on acc\nt ( _! *emical diff]5ce1 d n all beg9 to gr[ or divide simultane\sly & equally4 ,bov]i#aag f\nd t 9 ! unf]tiliz$ egg ( ! sea ur*9 ,/rongyloc5trotus lividus at ,naples a def9ite /ructure is indicat$ by ! fact t ! yell[i%-r$ pigm5t is n equally di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole surface ( ! egg b is arrang$ 9 a wide r+ f ! equator almo/ to "o ( ! poles4 ,?us ?ree zones c be recogniz$ 9 ! egg 7,fig4 #i71 a small cle> cap ,a at "o pole1 a pigm5t$ r+ ,b1 & ! re/ aga9 unpigm5t$ ,c4 ,obs]vation has %[n t ea* "o ( ^! regions gives rise to a def9ite con/itu5t ( ! egg3 ,a furni%es ! mes5*yme f :i* ! skeleton & ! connective tissue orig9ate2 ,b is ! mat]ial = ! =mation ( ! inte/9e1 & ,c gives rise to ! ectod]m4 #aag ,bov]i1 ,?41 ,v]h&l4 d4 physik4-m$4 ,gesells*41 ,wrzburg1 #aija1 xxxiv41 #ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i ,! pigm5t is only at ! surface ( ! egg1 & its collection at ,b indicates only t ! mat]ial 9 ,b diff]s physico*emically f ,a & ,c4 ,! real det]m9]s ( ! ?ree diff]5t gr\ps ( organs are ?ree diff]5t gr\ps ( sub/ances ^: di/ribution is approximately b probably n :olly id5tical ) ! regions indicat$ by di/ribution ( pigm5t4 ,! inte/9e-=m+ mat]ial is probably n entirely lack+ 9 ,c b is conta9$ "h 9 a l[] conc5tration & probably ! m s ! great] ! di/ance f ,b2 & ! same may probably be said = ! sub/ances det]m9+ mes5*yme & ectod]m =mation4 ,h5ce ! unf]tiliz$ egg conta9s already a r\gh pre=mation ( ! embryo inasmu* z ! ma9 axis ( ! embryo & ! arrangem5t ( its fir/ organs are det]m9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa ,aft] ! egg is f]tiliz$ ! cell divisions beg94 ,! fir/ division is z a rule at "r angles to ! /ratification ( ! egg1 ea* ( ! two cells conta9s "o-half ( ! pigm5t r+ 7& ( ea* ( ,a & ,c7 7,fig4 #aj71 & aft] ! next division ea* conta9s "o-f\r? ( ! pigm5t$ "p4 ,ea* ( ! f\r cells is a dim9utive :ole egg s9ce ea* conta9s ! ?ree lay]s 9 ! normal arrangem5t 7,fig4 #aa74 ,! next divisions br+ ab\t an unequal division ( ! mat]ial4 ,f\r cells w be =m$ ( ectod]m mat]ial ,c & only little inte/9e mat]ial ,b1 ! o!r f\r cells conta9+ ,b & ,a4 ,^! latt] =m at ! next division f\r v small col\rless cells1 ! s-call$ microm]es1 ,a 7,fig4 #ab71 f :i* ! mes5*yme1 skeleton1 & connective tissue are =m$1 f\r l>g] cells1 ,b1 f :i* ! inte/9e is =m$1 & eight cells1 ,c1 f :i* ! ectod]m w arise4 ,! sep>ation ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( sub/ances is probably n z complete z our purely diagrammatic draw+ 7,fig4 #ab7 indicates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab ,! cell division proce$s & ! cells become small] & small] & all ga!r at ! surface ( ! egg1 ?us =m+ a holl[ sph]e4 ,x is n kn[n :at br+s ab\t ?is ga!r+ ( ! cells at ! surface1 :e!r x is protoplasmic creep+ or /ream+ or :e!r ! cells are held by a jelly-l lay] :i* cov]s ! surface ( ! egg 7hyal9e membrane7 7,fig4 #ac74 ,!n ! cilia are =m$ at ! ext]nal surface ( ^! cells & ! egg beg9s to swim2 we say x has rea*$ ! fir/ l>val1 ! s-call$ bla/ula /age4 ,?is happ5s accord+ to ,dries* aft] ! t5? s]ies ( cell divisions1 :5 ! numb] ( cells is !oretically #ajbd1 9 reality n q s _m 7betwe5 #hjj & #ijj74 ,! next /ep consi/s 9 ! cells d]iv$ f ! mat]ial ,a 7mes5*yme & microm]es7 glid+ into ! holl[ sph]e1 :]e !y =m a r+1 ! physico*emical process responsible = ?is glid+ be+ yet unkn[n4 ,at ! op5+ ( ?is r+ an active gr[+ ( ! cells ( ! entod]m into ! holl[ sph]e takes place & ! holl[ cyl9d] =m$ by ?is gr[? is ! inte/9e 7,fig4 #ad74 ,:y ! cells gr[ into ! holl[ sph]e & n into ! opposite direction is unkn[n4 ,! next /ep is ! =mation ( a skeleton by ! =mation ( cry/als consi/+ ( ! ,ca,c,o by ! mes5*yme cells surr\nd+ ! inte/9e4 ,= ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciple 9 :i* we are int]e/$ ! description ( morphog5esis ne$ n be c>ri$ f>!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad ,?is pr9ciple :i* is "u discussion "h is ! developm5t ( a purposeful arrangem5t ( organs out ( ! egg4 ,if we assume t ! egg consi/s ( homog5e\s mat]ial we are inde$ confront$ ) a riddle4 ,s9ce ! facts contradict su* an assumption b %[1 z ,bov]i has po9t$ out1 a pre>rangem5t :i* all[s u to indicate 9 ! unf]tiliz$ egg already ! exact spot :]e ! inte/9e w gr[ into ! bla/ula cavity1 we are on solid physico*emical gr\nd1 al?\gh _m que/ions ( detail _c yet be answ]$4 ,su* a pre=mation z ,bov]i has demon/rat$ is only conceivable if ! mat]ial ( ! egg has n too high a degree ( fluidity2 we may consid] x z consi/+ ess5tially ( a semi-solid gel :i* is n homog5e\s ?r\gh\t ! egg b divid$ into ?ree /rata4 #b4 ,lyon#aah tri$ to asc]ta9 :e!r by c5trifug+ ! sea-ur*9 egg x 0 possible to modify its /ructure & !reby affect ! lat] embryo4 ,he & subsequ5t exp]im5t]s f\nd t x only is possible to *ange ! position ( ! nucleus & ! di/ribution ( ! pigm5t 9 ! egg4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! nucleus & ! pigm5t are susp5d$ 9 r fluid mat]ial1 ! =m] 9 ! c5tre1 ! pigm5t at or ne> ! surface4 ,! position ( ! nucleus det]m9es ! fir/ plane ( segm5tation1 s9ce ! nucle> division prec$es ! division ( ! cytoplasm ( ! egg & ! plane ( nucle> division becomes also ! plane ( ! division ( ! :ole egg--a po9t :i* ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 by ,lyon & ! subsequ5t inve/igators t ! place :]e ! microm]es are =m$ & :]e ! inte/9e ( ! embryo lat] orig9ates is little influ5c$ by ! c5trifug+ ( ! egg4 ,! localization ( ?is spot mu/ !re=e be det]m9$ by a /ructure suffici5tly solid n to be %ift$ by ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,! inte/9al /ratum 9 ! egg conta9s ! =]unn]s ( ! tissues :i* secrete hydrolyz+ enzymes1 e4 g41 tryps9 into ! dige/ive tract4 #aah ,lyon1 ,e4 ,p41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aijg1 xxiii41 #aea2 ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 & ,spoon]1 ,g4 ,b41 ibid41 #aiji1 xxviii41 #ajd2 ,morgan1 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiaj1 ix41 #eid2 ,conkl91 ,e4 ,g41 ibid41 #aiaj1 ix41 #dag2 ,lillie1 ,f4 ,r41 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aiji1 xvi41 #ed4 ,:5 ! surr\nd+ solution is alt]$ 9 con/itution or :5 ! temp]ature is too high1 ! inte/9e in/ead ( gr[+ into ! holl[ sph]e gr[s outside1 we get an evag9ation in/ead ( an invag9ation ( ! inte/9e4 ,su* l>v may live = a few days b !y _c gr[ into a liv+ organism4 ,! =ces :i* make ! inte/9e gr[ into ! holl[ sph]e are unkn[n2 x may possibly be only ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! t5sion on ! ext]nal & int]nal surfaces ( ! holl[ sph]e2 "u normal conditions1 ! resi/ance on ! inn] surface be+ small]1 ! inte/9e gr[s into ! holl[ sph]e4 ,! inte/9e is "o ( ! organs requir$ = ! self-pres]vation ( a m complicat$ organism1 9 fact a high] organism )\t a dige/ive tract is n capable ( liv+ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,9 ! ga/rula--i4 e41 ! bla/ula ) an inte/9e--we h an organism :i* is durable1 b ! processes lead+ up to ! =mation ( ! inte/9e are s simple t x is difficult to und]/& :y ! assumption ( a 8sup]g5e0 %\ld be requir$ 9 ?is case4 #c4 ,dries*#aai 0 ! fir/ to %[ t if we isolate "o ( ! fir/ two cells ( a divid+ egg ea* develops into a :ole embryo ( half size4 ,?is is p]fectly intelligible1 s9ce ea* ( ! two cells conta9s all ! ?ree lay]s 9 ! normal arrangem5t 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! cells divide & ! cells hav+ ! t5d5cy to creep to ! surface ( ! mass arrange !mselves 9 a holl[ sph]e1 ! bla/ula4 ,s9ce microm]es & inte/9e mat]ial are pres5t & 9 _! normal position an inte/9e w gr[ into ! bla/ula & a :ole organism w result4 ,all ( ?is is z necess>y z is ! =mation ( "o embryo f ! :ole egg mat]ial4 ,yet ! two half-embryos betray _! orig9 f two cleavage cells ( ! same egg1 9 t ! two ga/rul =m$ are (t5 if n always symmetrical to ea* o!r 7,fig4 #ae71 z ! writ] _h a *ance to obs]ve 9 ! egg ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus#abj 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,! eggs ( ! sea ur*9 ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus are put soon aft] f]tilization into solutions :i* diff] f sea wat] 9 two po9ts2 namely t !y are neutral or v fa9tly acid 7?r\gh ! ,,co absorb$ f ! air7 in/ead ( be+ fa9tly alkal9e1 & second1 t "o ( ! foll[+ ?ree con/itu5ts ( ! sea wat] is lack+2 namely3 ,k1 ,na1 or ,ca4 ,:5 ! eggs are all[$ to segm5t 9 su* a solution ! fir/ two cleavage cells are z a rule 9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( cases--(t5 z _m z n9ety p] c5t4--sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & :5 ! eggs are put into normal sea wat] 7ab\t tw5ty m9utes aft] ! cell division7 ea* cell develops into a normal embryo4 ,9 a numb] ( cases ! embryos rema9$ inside ! egg membrane & did n move until aft] ! invag9ation ( ! inte/9e 0 f> advanc$2 9 su* cases x 0 f\nd q (t5 t ! invag9ation began at ! plane ( cleavage at symmetrical po9ts ( ! two embryos1 & ! gr[? ( ! inte/9e 0 symmetrical 9 bo? embryos4 #aai ,dries*1 ,h41 ,zts*r4 f4 wissns*4 ,zol41 #ahia1 liii41 #afj4 #abj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiji1 xxvii41 #aai4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae ,?is symmetry is probably due to ! foll[+ fact3 ! fir/ cleavage plane goes ?r\gh t spot :]e ! inte/9e gr[s into ! bla/ula cavity4 ,if ! microm]e mat]ial does n *ange its position aft] ! two cleavage cells are sep>at$ & ! new bla/ul d n become completely sph]ical ! symmetry :i* we obs]v$ is b\nd to occur4 ,! occurr5ce is a confirmation ( ,bov]i's obs]vation4 ,x is natural t ,dries* also f\nd t ea* cell 9 ! f\r-cell /age %\ld give rise to a full embryo1 s9ce ea* ( ^! cells is 9 reality a dim9utive egg conta9+ ! ?ree /rata 9 ! "r arrangem5t4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! cells ( ! eight- or sixte5-cell /age 7 isolat$ ,dries*'s results 7 diff]5t4 ,9 ?is case ! isolat$ cells f ! ectod]m mat]ial did no long] all =m a ga/rula2 :5 su* a cell /ill =m$ a ga/rula x 0 probably due to ! fact t x conta9$ "s entod]m mat]ial2 :ile ! cells tak5 f ! entod]m region all =m$ embryos & !re=e conta9$ ectod]m mat]ial4#aba ,! isolat$ ectod]m cells ( a bla/ula c\ld no long] =m an inte/9e2 !y 7 lack+ ! entod]m mat]ial4 ,x looks z if a gradual migration ( all ! entod]m mat]ial f ! ectod]m into ! entod]m took place dur+ ! bla/ula =mation4 #aba ,dries*1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aijj1 x41 #cfa4 ,:5 ! cont5ts ( ! egg are displac$ by pressure ! result w be det]m9$ by ! location ( ! ma9 mass ( ! inte/9e-=m+ mat]ial2 :]e ! ma9 mass ( ?is body is locat$ ! invag9ation ( ! inte/9e w take place4 ,9 8 e>li] "w ,dries* assum$ f pressure exp]im5ts t ! egg _h a great p[] ( 8regulation40 ,9 a lat] pap]#abb he express$ to a l>ge ext5t 8 agreem5t ) ,bov]i :o d5i$ ?is p[] ( 8regulation0 & %[$ t ! exi/5ce ( ! /ructure ( ! egg--i4 e41 a division into ?ree /rata1 "o =m+ ! ectod]m1 ! second ! entod]m1 & ! ?ird ! mesod]m--0 suffici5t to expla9 ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( app>5t 8regulation40 ,dries*'s idea ( a regulation 9 ?is case has (t5 be5 us$ to insi/ ^u ! non-explicability ( ! ph5om5a ( developm5t f a purely physico*emical viewpo9t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only fair to po9t out t ,bov]i#abc has furni%$ ! facts = a simpl] explanation1 :i* seems to h escap$ ! notice ( antime*ani/s4#abd #abb ,dries*1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entswcklngsme*41 #aijb1 xiv41 #ejj4 #abc ,bov]i1 ,?41 ,v]h&l4 d4 physik4 m$4 ,gesells*41 ,wrzburg1 ,n4,f41 #aija1 xxxiv41 #ade4 #abd v4 ,uexkll makes 9 8 la/ book 7,bau/e9e zu e9] biologis*5 ,weltans*auung1 ,mn*51 #aiac1 p4 #bd7 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,dries* succe$$ 9 %[+ t ! g]m cell has no trace ( a ma*9e-l /ructure b consi/s entirely ( equival5t p>ts40 ,?is is n correct4 ,! objection may be rais$ t 9 accept+ ,bov]i's facts & int]pretation we pu%$ ! miracle only "o /ep f>!r & t we n[ h to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! /ructure 9 ! unf]tiliz$ egg4 ,?is ,bov]i has done by %[+ t ! egg gr[s f ! wall ( ! ov>y & t t "p ( ! egg :i* is connect$ ) ! wall ( ! ov>y gives rise to ! ectod]m lay]1 :ile ! opposite "p gives rise to ! mes5*yme & ! inte/9e4 ,?is %[s a connection betwe5 ! ori5tation ( ! egg 9 ! wall ( ! ov>y & its /ratification4 ,:ile ?is does n solve ! problem ( /ratification 9 ! egg x gives ! clue to its solution4 ,! ultimate orig9 ( /ratification probably goes back to ! fact ( ! pres5ce ( wat]y & wat]-immiscible sub/ances1 su* z fats4 ,! exp]im5ts by ,beutn] & ! writ] h %[n t ! electromotive =ces :i* are obs]v$ 9 liv+ tissues orig9ate at ! b\nd>ies betwe5 a wat]y & a wat]-immiscible phase1 l oleic acid or leci?94#abe ,9 8 e>li] writ+s#abf ! writ] _h ?\ght t ! colloids _h special significance & ?is idea seems to prevail today2 b ! actual obs]vations h %[n t ! phase b\nd>y fat-wat] is ( great] importance4 ,ne$less to say ! fats if n pres5t 9 ! cell f ! beg9n+ c be =m$ 9 ! metabolism4 #abe ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,beutn]1 ,r41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiab1 xli41 #a2 xliv41 #cjc2 #aiac1 li41 #bhh2 li41 #cjj2 #aiad1 lix41 #aie4 #abf ,loeb1 ,j41 ,! ,dynamics ( ,liv+ ,matt]4 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,introductory ,rem>ks4 #d4 ,all ! 8regulation0 9 ! egg is ( a purely physico*emical "*2 x consi/s ess5tially ( a fl[ ( mat]ial4 ,if ?is idea is correct1 ! app>5t p[] ( 8regulation0 ( ! bla/om]es %\ld diff] accord+ to ! degree ( fluidity & ! possibility ( diff]5t lay]s sep>at+1 & ?is assumption is app>5tly support$ by facts4 ,! fir/ plane ( segm5tation ( ! egg is usually ! plane ( symmetry ( ! lat] organism & :]e ! degree ( fluidity is less ?an 9 ! sea-ur*9 egg1 a sep>ation ( ! two fir/ bla/om]es %\ld easily result 9 ! =mation ( two half-embryos in/ead ( two :ole embryos4 ,?is is ! case = ! frog's egg z ,r\x %[$ 9 a classical exp]im5t4 ,r\x de/roy$ "o ( ! two fir/ cleavage cells ( a frog's egg ) a hot ne$le & f\nd t z a rule ! surviv+ cell develop$ into only a half-embryo4#abg ,! frog's egg consi/s ( two sub/ances1 a light] "o :i* is on top & a heavi] "o bel[4 ,al?\gh visc\s1 ! two sub/ances are n too visc\s to prev5t a fl[ if ! egg is turn$ upside d[n4 ,o4 ,s*ultze f\nd t if a normal egg is turn$ upside d[n 9 ! two-cell /age & held 9 t position1 two full embryos arise1 "o f ea* ( ! two bla/om]es4 ,?r\gh ! fl[ ( ! light] liquid 9 ! egg upw>ds ! two halves ( ! protoplasm on top become sep>at$ & develop indep5d5tly into two :ole embryos in/ead ( into two half-embryos4 ,9 ,r\x's exp]im5t ?is fl[ ( protoplasm 0 avoid$4 ,morgan %[$ t if ,r\x's exp]im5t is repeat$ ) ! modification t ! egg is put upside d[n aft] ! de/ruction ( ! "o cell1 ! intact cell w give rise n to a half b to a :ole embryo4#abh ,^! exp]im5ts prove t ea* ( ! fir/ two cleavage cells ( ! frog's egg repres5ts "o-half ( ! embryo & t a :ole embryo c develop f ea* half only :5 a r$i/ribution ( mat]ial takes place1 :i* 9 ! egg ( ! frog c be br\ght ab\t by gravitation s9ce ! egg consi/s ( a light] & a heavi] mass4 #abg ,r\x1 ,w41 ,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ahhh1 cxiv41 #aac4 #abh ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,embryology ( ! ,frog4 ,new ,york4 ,:51 !re=e1 9 ! egg ( ! sea ur*9 ea* ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es naturally gives rise to a :ole embryo x is due to a great] degree ( fluidity ( ! protoplasm & n to a lack ( pre=mation ( ! embryo 9 ! cytoplasm4 ,?is idea is confirm$ by ! obs]vations on ! egg ( ,ct5ophores ^: cytoplasm seems to be m solid ?an t ( mo/ o!r eggs4 ,*un f\nd t ! isolat$ bla/om]e ( ! fir/ cell division produc$ a half-l>va1 possess+ only f\r in/ead ( ! eight locomotor plates ( ! normal animal4 ,x seems t 9 ! egg ( molluscs1 also1 ! simple symmetry relations ( ! body are already pre=m$4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are %ells ( snails :i* turn to ! "r :ile o!rs turn 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! %ells ( ,lymnu turn to ! "r1 ^? ( ,planorbis to ! left4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by ,crampton#abi1 ,k(oid1 & ,conkl9 t ! eggs ( "r-w\nd snails d n segm5t 9 a symmetrical1 b 9 a spiral1 ord]1 & t 9 left-h&$ snails ! direction ( ! spiral segm5tation is ! rev]se ( t ( ! segm5tation 9 ! "r-h&$ snails4 ,conkl9 0 able to %[ t ! asymmetrical spiral /ructure is already pre=m$ 9 ! egg be=e cleavage4 ,! asymmetry ( ! body 9 snails is !re=e already pre=m$ 9 ! egg4#acj #abi ,crampton1 ,h4 ,e41 ,new ,york ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #ahid2 ,k(oid1 ,c4 ,a41 ,proc4 ,am4 ,acad4 ,arts & ,sci5ces1 #ahid1 xxix4 #acj ,conkl91 ,e4 ,g41 ,anat4 ,anzeig41 #aijc1 xxiii41 #egg2 ,h]$ity & ,environm5t 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,man4 ,pr9ceton1 #aiae1 p4 #aga4 ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson#aca has f\nd a m>k$ diff]5tiation 9 ! eggs ( "s annelids & molluscs4 ,he isolat$ ! fir/ two bla/om]es ( ! egg ( ,lanice1 an ,annelid4 ,^! two bla/om]es are some:at diff]5t 9 size2 f ! l>g] "o ( ! fir/ two bla/om]es1 ! segm5t$ trunk ( ! worm orig9ates4 ,wilson f\nd t :5 ei!r cell ( ! two-cell /age is de/roy$1 ! rema9+ cell segm5ts z if x /ill =m$ a "p ( an entire embryo4#acb ,! lat] developm5t ( ! two cells diff]s 9 an ess5tial respect1 & 9 accordance ) :at we %\ld expect f a /udy ( ! normal developm5t4 ,! po/]ior cell develops into a segm5t$ l>va ) a prototro*1 an asymmetrical pre-tro*al or head region1 & a ne>ly typical metam]ic seta-be>+ trunk region1 ! active movem5ts ( :i* %[ t ! muscles are normally develop$4 ,! pre-tro*al or head region be>s an apical organ1 b is m or less asymmetrical1 &1 9 e case obs]v$1 b a s+le eye 0 pres5t1 :]eas ! normal l>va has two symmetrically plac$ eyes4 ,! developm5t ( ! ant]ior cell contra/s %>ply ) t ( ! po/]ior4 ,?is embryo likewise produces a prototro* & a pre-tro*al region1 ) an apical organ1 b produces no po/-tro*al region1 develops no trunk or set1 & does n become metam]ic4 ,except = ! pres5ce ( an apical organ1 ^! ant]ior embryos are simil> 9 _! g5]al features to ! correspond+ ones obta9$ 9 ,d5talium4 ,none ( ! individuals obs]v$ develop$ a def9ite eye1 ?\gh "o ( !m bore a some:at vague pigm5t spot4 ,?is result %[s t f ! beg9n+ ( developm5t ! mat]ial = ! trunk region is ma9ly localiz$ 9 ! po/]ior cell2 &1 fur!rmore1 t ?is mat]ial is ess5tial = ! developm5t ( ! metam]ic /ructure4 ,! developm5t ( ?is animal is1 !re=e1 to ?is ext5t1 at lea/1 a mosaic "w f ! fir/ cleavage onw>d--a result t is exactly p>allel to t :i* ,i e>li] rea*$ 9 ,d5talium1 :]e ,i 0 able to %[ t ! po/]ior cell conta9s ! mat]ial = ! mesobla/1 ! foot1 & ! %ell2 :ile ! ant]ior cell lacks ?is mat]ial4 ,i did n succe$ 9 det]m9+ :e!r1 z 9 ,d5talium1 ?is e>ly localization 9 ,lanice pre-exi/s 9 ! unsegm5t$ egg4 ,! fact t ! l>va f ! po/]ior cell develops b a s+le eye1 sugge/s ! possibility t ea* ( ! fir/ two cells may be already specifi$ = ! =mation ( "o eye2 b ?is int]pretation rema9s d\btful f ! fact t ! l>va f ! ant]ior cell did n1 9 ! five or six cases obs]v$1 produce any eye4 #aca ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b41 ,sci5ce1 #aijd1 xx41 #gdh2 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aijd1 i41 #a1 #aig4 #acb ,! read] w notice ! abs5ce ( 8regulation40 ,conkl9 has e/abli%$ ! exi/5ce ( a def9ite /ructure 9 ! unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ,ascidians1 ,amphioxus1 & _m molluscs4 ,9 all cases ! results ( ! isolation ( ! fir/ bla/om]es seem to agree ) ! demon/rable /ructure ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg4 #e4 ,^! examples may suffice to %[ t ! egg has f ! beg9n+ a simple /ructure1 & we w n[ po9t out by :i* means fur!r diff]5tiation may come ab\t4 ,sa*s sugge/$ t all diff]5tiation & ! =mation ( e organ presupposes ! previ\s exi/5ce ( specific sub/ances responsible = ! =mation4 ,^! sub/ances :i* are n[ call$ int]nal secretions or hormones develop gradually dur+ embryonic developm5t4 ,:at exi/s fir/ is a jelly-l block ( protoplasmic mat]ial ) a v>y+ degree ( viscosity & ) j en\gh diff]5tiation to indicate head & tail end1 a "r & left1 & a dorsal & v5tral side ( ! future embryo4 ,aside f su* simple diff]5ces ph5om5a ( protoplasmic /ream+ contribute to ! fur!r diff]5tiation4 ,su* /ream+ beg9s1 accord+ to ,conkl91#acc 9 ! egg j be=e f]tilization :5 ! surface lay] ( ! egg protoplasm /reams to ! po9t ( entrance ( ! sp]m1 & ^! movem5ts may lead to ! segregation ( diff]5t k9ds ( plasma 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! egg & to ! unequal di/ribution ( ^! sub/ances 9 diff]5t regions ( ! egg4 #acc ,conkl91 ,e4 ,g41 ,h]$ity & ,environm5t 9 ! ,developm5t ( ,man4 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiae4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ?is book = ! lit]ature & ma9 facts on ! /ructure ( ! egg2 x %\ld also be /at$ t ,conkl9's book is "o ( ! be/ introductions to mod]n biology 9 ! ,engli% lit]ature4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ cases ( ?is is f\nd 9 ! ,ascidian ,/yela 9 :i* !re are f\r or five diff]5t k9ds ( sub/ances 9 ! egg :i* diff] 9 col\r1 s t _! di/ribution to diff]5t regions ( ! egg & to diff]5t cleavage cells may be easily foll[$ & ev5 photograph$ :ile 9 ! liv+ condition4 ,! p]iph]al lay] ( protoplasm is yell[ & :5 x ga!rs at ! l[] pole ( ! egg :]e ! sp]m ent]s x =ms a yell[ cap4 ,?is yell[ sub/ance !n moves foll[+ ! sp]m nucleus1 up to ! equator ( ! egg on ! po/]ior side & !re =ms a yell[ cresc5t ext5d+ ar\nd ! po/]ior side ( ! egg j bel[ ! equator4 ,on ! ant]ior side ( ! egg a grey cresc5t is =m$ 9 a some:at simil> mann] & at ! l[] pole betwe5 ^! two cresc5ts is a slate-blue sub/ance1 :ile at ! upp] pole is an area ( col\rless protoplasm4 ,! yell[ cresc5t goes into cleavage cells :i* become muscle & mesod]m1 ! grey cresc5t into cells :i* become n]v\s sy/em & noto*ord1 ! slate-blue sub/ance into endod]m cells1 & ! col\rless sub/ance into ectod]m cells4 ,?us )9 a few m9utes aft] ! f]tilization ( ! egg & be=e or imm$iately aft] ! fir/ cleavage1 ! ant]ior & po/]ior1 dorsal & v5tral1 "r & left poles are cle>ly di/+ui%able1 & ! sub/ances :i* w give rise to ectod]m1 endod]m1 mesod]m1 muscles1 noto*ord1 & n]v\s sy/em are pla9ly visible 9 _! *>act]i/ic positions4#acd #acd ,conkl91 ,e4 ,g41 loc4 cit41 p4 #aag4 ,we may f9ally allude briefly to ! fact t :5 once a numb] ( tissues are diff]5tiat$ ea* "o may influ5ce ! o!r by call+ =? tropi/ic reactions4 ,?us ! writ] %[$ t 9 ! yolk sac ( ! fi% ,fundulus ! pigm5t cells lie at fir/ )\t any def9ite ord] b t !y gradually are compell$ to creep entirely on ! blood-vessels & =m a %ea? ar\nd !m ) ! result t ! yolk sac assumes a tig]-l m>k+4#ace ,dries*#acf has po9t$ out t ! mes5*yme cells are direct$ 9 _! migration2 & x seems t ! direction ( ! gr[? ( ! axis cyl9d] is det]m9$ by ! tissues into :i* x gr[s4 ,! idea ( tropi/ic reactions 9 ! =mation ( organs has be5 discuss$ by ,h]b/4#acg #ace ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,morphol41 #ahic1 xiii41 #afa2 ,! ,me*ani/ic ,conception ( ,life4 ,*icago1 #aiab1 p4 #ajf4 #acf ,dries*1 ,h41 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism1 i41 p4 #ajd4 #acg ,h]b/1 ,c41 ,=mative ,reize 9 d] ti]is*5 ,ontog5ese4 ,leipzig1 #aija4 #f4 ,z a consequ5ce ( fur!r *anges def9ite anlag5 or buds orig9ate lat] 9 ! embryo :i* are de/9$ to give rise to def9ite organs4 ,?us 9 ! tadpole e>ly mes5*yme cells are =m$ :i* are ! anlag5 = ! f\r legs1 :i* w gr[ out "u ! prop] conditions4 ,^! anlag5 are specific inasmu* z f ! anlage ( a =eleg only a =eleg1 & f ! anlage = a h9dleg only a h9dleg1 w develop4 ,braus#ach has prov$ ?is by transplant+ ! anlage ( a =eleg to diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,no matt] into :i* "p ( ! body !y are transplant$ ! mes5*yme cells = ! =eleg w give rise to a =eleg only2 ev5 if !y are transplant$ into ! spot f :i* ! h9dlegs gr[ out "u natural conditions4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ to indicate 8regulation40 #ach ,braus1 ,h41 ,mn*5] ,m$4 ,wo*ns*r41 #aijc1 #a 7,,ii471 ,no4 #dg1 p4 #bjgf4 ,! same is true = ! =mation ( ! eye & probably 9 g5]al4 ,we h to consid] ! =mation ( ! v>i\s organs ( ! body z be+ due to ! developm5t ( specific cells 9 def9ite locations 9 ! organisms :i* w gr[ out into def9ite organs no matt] into :i* "p ( ! organism !y are transplant$4 ,x is at pres5t unkn[n :at det]m9es ! =mation ( ^! specific anlag54 ,!y may lie dormant = a long "t & !n beg9 to gr[ at def9ite p]iods ( developm5t4 ,we %all see lat] t we "k m ab\t ! conditions :i* cause !m to gr[4 #g4 ,! fact t ! egg1 & probably e cell1 has a def9ite /ructure %\ld det]m9e ! limits ( ! divisibility ( liv+ matt]4 ,9 mo/ cases ! complete de/ruction ( a cell means ! cessation ( life ph5om5a4 ,a bra9 or kidney :i* has be5 gr\nd to a pulp is no long] able to p]=m its functions2 yet we "k t su* pulps c /ill p]=m "s ( ! *>act]i/ic *emical processes ( ! organ2 e4 g41 ! alcoholic f]m5tation *>act]i/ic ( yea/ c be caus$ by ! press juice f yea/2 or *>act]i/ic oxidations c be induc$ by ! gr\nd pulp ( organs4 ,! "q arises z to h[ f> ! divisibility ( liv+ matt] c be c>ri$ )\t int]f]+ ) ! total ( its functions4 ,are ! smalle/ p>ticles ( liv+ matt] :i* /ill exhibit all its functions ( ! ord] ( magnitude ( molecules & atoms1 or are !y ( a diff]5t ord]8 ,! fir/ /ep t[>d obta9+ an answ] to ?is "q 0 tak5 by ,moritz ,nussbaum1#aci :o f\nd t if an infusorian be divid$ into two pieces1 "o ) & "o )\t a nucleus1 only ! piece ) a nucleus w cont9ue to live & p]=m all ! functions ( self-pres]vation & developm5t :i* are *>act]i/ic ( liv+ organisms4 ,?is %[s t at lea/ two diff]5t /ructural elem5ts1 nucleus & cytoplasm1 are ne$$ = life4 ,we c und]/& to a c]ta9 ext5t f ?is :y an organ aft] be+ r$uc$ to a pulp1 9 :i* ! diff]5tiation into nucleus & protoplasm is def9itely & p]man5tly lo/1 is unable to accompli% all its functions4#adj #aci ,nussbaum1 ,m41 ,ar*4 f4 mikroscop4 ,anat41 #ahhf1 xxvi41 #dhe4 #adj ,x mu/ n be ov]look$ t 9 bact]ia & ! blue alg no di/9ct diff]5tiation into nucleus & protoplasm c be %[n4 ,to ^! organisms1 !re=e1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,nussbaum _c be appli$4 ,! obs]vations ( ,nussbaum & ^? :o repeat$ 8 exp]im5ts %[$ t al?\gh two diff]5t /ructures are requir$1 n ! :ole mass ( an infusorian is ne$$ to ma9ta9 its life4 ,! "q !n arose3 ,h[ small a fraction ( ! orig9al cell is requir$ to p]mit ! full ma9t5ance ( life8 ,! writ] tri$ to decide ?is "q 9 ! egg ( ! sea ur*94 ,he _h f\nd a simple me?od by :i* ! eggs ( ! sea ur*9 7,arbacia7 c easily be divid$ into small] fragm5ts imm$iately aft] f]tilization4 ,:5 ! egg is br\ght f five to t5 m9utes aft] f]tilization 7long be=e ! fir/ segm5tation occurs7 into sea wat] :i* has be5 dilut$ by ! addition ( equal p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]1 ! egg takes up wat]1 swells1 & causes ! membrane to bur/4 ,"p ( ! protoplasm !n fl[s out1 9 "o egg m1 9 ano!r less4 ,if ^! eggs are aft]w>d br\ght back into normal sea wat] ^? fragm5ts :i* conta9 a nucleus beg9 to divide & develop4#ada ,x 0 f\nd t ! degree ( developm5t :i* su* a fragm5t rea*es is a function ( its mass2 ! small] ! piece1 ! soon] z a rule its developm5t ceases4 ,! smalle/ fragm5t :i* is capable ( rea*+ ! pluteus /age possesses ! mass ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( ! :ole egg4 ,bov]i has s9ce /at$ t x 0 ab\t "o tw5ty-sev5? ( ! :ole mass4 ,inasmu* z only ! l9e> dim5sions are directly measurable1 a slight diff]5ce 9 measurem5t w cause a great discrepancy 9 ! calculation ( ! mass4 ,dries*'s results disagree ) ! /atem5t ( ,bov]i & support ! obs]vation ( ! writ]4 #ada ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 d4 f4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahic1 lv41 #ebe4 ,if we raise ! "q :y su* a limit exi/s 9 reg>d to ! divisibility ( liv+ matt]1 x seems probable t only ^? fragm5ts ( an egg are capable ( developm5t into a pluteus :i* conta9 a suffici5t am\nt ( mat]ial ( ea* ( ! ?ree lay]s4 ,if ?is be correct1 x w\ld c]ta9ly n suffice to mix ! *emical con/itu5ts ( ! egg 9 ord] to produce a normal embryo2 ?is w\ld require besides ! prop] *emical sub/ances a def9ite arrangem5t or /ructure ( ?is mat]ial4 ,! limits ( divisibility ( a cell seem !re=e to dep5d ^u its physical /ructure & mu/ = ?is reason v>y = diff]5t organisms & cells4 ,! smalle/ piece ( a sea-ur*9 egg t c rea* ! pluteus /age is /ill visible ) ! nak$ eye1 & is !re=e consid]ably l>g] ?an bact]ia or _m alg1 :i* also may be capable ( fur!r division4 #h4 ,! mo/ important fact :i* we ga!r f ^! data is t ! cytoplasm ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg may be consid]$ z ! embryo 9 ! r\gh & t ! nucleus has app>5tly no?+ to d ) ?is pr$et]m9ation4 ,?is mu/ raise ! "q sugge/$ already 9 ! ?ird *apt] :e!r x might n be possible t ! cytoplasm ( ! eggs is ! c>ri] ( ! g5us or ev5 species h]$ity1 :ile ! ,m5delian h]$ity :i* is det]m9$ by ! nucleus adds only ! f9] details to ! r\gh block4 ,su* a possibility exi/s1 & if x %\ld turn out to be true we %\ld come to ! conclusion t ! unity ( ! organism is n due to a putt+ toge!r ( a numb] ( indep5d5t ,m5delian *>act]s accord+ to a 8pre-e/abli%$ plan10 b to ! fact t ! organism 9 ! r\gh exi/$ already 9 ! cytoplasm ( ! egg be=e ! egg 0 f]tiliz$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! h]$it>y ,m5delian factors or g5es consi/$ only 9 impress+ ! num]\s details ^u ! r\gh block & 9 ?us det]m9+ its v>iety & individuality2 & ?is c\ld be accompli%$ by sub/ances circulat+ 9 ! liquids ( ! body z we %all see 9 lat] *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,reg5]ation #a4 ,! action ( ! organism z a :ole seems n[h]e m pron\nc$ ?an 9 ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation1 = x is ! organism z a :ole :i* represses ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation 9 its p>ts1 & x is ! isolation ( ! "p f ! influ5ce ( ! :ole :i* sets 9 action ! process ( reg5]ation4 ,! leaf ( ! ,b]muda 8life plant0--,bryophyllum calyc9um--behaves l any o!r leaf z long z x is "p ( a heal?y :ole plant1 :ile :5 isolat$ x gives rise to new plants4 ,! p[] ( s do+ 0 possess$ by ! leaf :ile a "p ( ! :ole1 & x 0 ! 8:ole0 :i* suppress$ ! =mative =ces 9 ! leaf4 ,:5 a piece is cut f ! bran* ( a will[ x =ms roots ne> ! l[] end & %oots at ! upp] end1 s t a tol]ably pres5table 8:ole0 is re/or$4 ,h[ does ! 8:ole0 prev5t ! basal end ( ! %oot f =m+ roots z long z x is "p ( ! plant8 ,a c]ta9 fre%-wat] flatworm has ! m\? & ph>ynx 9 ! middle ( ! body4 ,:5 a piece is excis$ betwe5 ! head & ! ph>ynx a new head is =m$ at ! oral end1 a new tail at ! opposite end1 & 9 ! middle ( ! rema9+ old tissue a new m\? & ph>ynx is =m$4 ,h[ does ! 8:ole0 suppress all ?is =mative p[] 9 ! "p be=e ! latt] is isolat$8 ,x almo/ seems z if ! isolation itself 7 ! emancipation ( ! "p f ! tyranny ( ! :ole4 ,! explanation ( ?is tyranny or ( ! correlation ( ! p>ts 9 ! :ole is to be f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 a diff]5t influ5ce4 ,! e>li] botani/s1 ,bonnet1 ,dutro*et1 & especially ,sa*s1#adb po9t$ out t ! ph5om5a ( correlation are det]m9$ by ! fl[ ( sap 9 ! body ( a plant4 ,^! au?ors =mulat$ ! idea t ! =mation ( new organs 9 ! plant is det]m9$ by ! exi/5ce ( specific sub/ances :i* are c>ri$ by ! asc5d+ or desc5d+ sap4 ,specific %oot-produc+ sub/ances are c>ri$ to ! apex1 :ile specific root-produc+ sub/ances are c>ri$ to ! base ( a plant4 ,:5 a piece is cut f a bran* ( will[ ! root-=m+ sub/ances mu/ cont9ue to fl[ to ! basal end ( ! piece1 & s9ce _! fur!r progress is block$ !re !y induce ! =mation ( roots at ! basal end4 ,goebel#adc & de ,vries h accept$ ?is view & ! writ] made use ( x 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts on reg5]ation & het]omorphosis 9 animals4#add ,at t "t ! idea ( ! exi/5ce ( su* specific organ-=m+ sub/ances 0 receiv$ ) "s scepticism1 b s9ce !n s _m pro(s = _! exi/5ce h be5 obta9$ t ! idea is no long] que/ion$4 ,su* sub/ances are kn[n n[ "u ! "n ( 8int]nal secretions0 or 8hormones02 _! connection ) ! !ory ( ,sa*s 0 =gott5 ) ! introduction ( ! new nom5clature4 #adb v4 ,sa*s1 ,j41 8,/(f und ,=m d] ,pflanz5organe10 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung51 #ahib1 ii41 #aafj4 ,arbeit5 a4 d4 bot4 ,in/4 ,wrzburg1 #ahhj-hb4 #adc ,goebel1 ,k41 ,e9leitung 9 die exp]im5telle ,morphologie d] ,pflanz51 #aijh4 #add ,loeb1 ,j41 ,unt]su*ung5 zur physiologis*5 ,morphologie d] ,ti]e4 ,i4 ,het]omorphose4 ,wrzburg1 #ahia4 ,,ii4 ,organbildung und ,wa*/hum4 #ahib4 ,repr9t$ 9 ,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,physiology4 ,*icago1 #aijf4 ,x may be well to enum]ate "s ( ! cases 9 :i* ! influ5ce ( specific sub/ances circulat+ 9 ! blood ^u ph5om5a ( gr[? has be5 prov54 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ obs]vations 9 ?is direction is ! "o made by ,gud]nats* on ! gr[? ( ! legs ( tadpoles ( frogs & toads4#ade ,! "y tadpoles h no legs1 b ! mes5*yme cells f :i* ! legs are to gr[ out lat] are pres5t at an e>ly /age4 ,f f\r mon?s to a ye> or m may elapse be=e ! legs beg9 to gr[4 ,gud]nats* f\nd t legs c be induc$ to gr[ 9 tadpoles at any "t1 ev5 9 v "y specim5s1 by fe$+ !m ) ! ?yroid gl& 7no matt] f :at animal74 ,no o!r mat]ial seems to h su* an effect4 ,! ?yroid conta9s iod9e1 & ,morse#adf /ates t if in/ead ( ! gl&1 iodiz$ am9o acids are f$ to ! tadpole ! same result c be produc$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 draw ! conclusion t ! normal outgr[? ( legs 9 a tadpole is due to ! pres5ce 9 ! body ( sub/ances simil> to ! ?yroid 9 _! action 7x may possibly be ?yroid sub/ance7 :i* are ei!r =m$ 9 ! body or tak5 up 9 ! food4 #ade ,gud]nats*1 ,j4 ,f41 ,z5tralbl4 f4 ,physiol41 #aiab1 xxvi41 #cbc2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiab1 xxxv41 #deg2 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,anat41 #aiad1 xv41 #dca4 #adf ,morse1 ,m41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiad1 xix41 #dba4 ,?us we see t ! mes5*yme cells giv+ rise to legs may lie dormant = mon?s or a ye> b w gr[ out :5 a c]ta9 type ( sub/ances1 e4 g41 ?yroid1 circulates 9 ! blood4 ,!re may exi/ an analogy betwe5 ! activat+ effect ( ! ?yroid sub/ance & ! activat+ effect ( ! sp]matozon or butyric acid 7or o!r p>!nog5etic ag5cies7 ^u ! egg1 b we _c /ate t ! ?yroid sub/ance activates ! mes5*yme cells by alt]+ _! cortical lay]4 ,! fact t ! sub/ance ( ! ?yroid may induce g5]al gr[? 9 ! human is too well kn[n to require m ?an an allusion 9 ?is connection4 ,:5 gr[? /ops 9 *ildr5 z a consequ5ce ( a deg5]ation ( ! ?yroid1 fe$+ ( ! pati5t ) ?yroid aga9 induces gr[?4 ,x may also suffice m]ely to call att5tion to ! connection betwe5 acromegaly & ! hypophysis4 ,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t ! n]v\s sy/em act$ z a regulator ( ! ph5om5a ( metamorphosis 9 animals1 b x 0 possible to %[ by simple exp]im5ts t ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em does n play ?is rle & t ! regulator mu/ be ! blood or sub/ances conta9$ !re94 ,9 ! metamorphosis ( ! ,ambly/oma l>va ! gills at ! head & tail und]go *anges simultane\sly1 ! gills be+ absorb$ completely4 ,! writ] %[$ t 9 l>v 9 :i* ! sp9al cord 0 cut 9 two1 no matt] at :i* level1--! sympa!tic n]ves 7 9 all probability also cut--! two organs cont9u$ to und]go metamorphosis simultane\sly4#adg ,uhl5hu? f\nd t if ! eye ( a salam&] l>va is transplant$ into ano!r l>va ! transplant$ eye und]goes its metamorphosis into ! typical eye ( ! adult =m1 simultane\sly ) ! normal eyes ( ! individual into :i* x 0 transplant$4#adh ,^! & o!r obs]vations ( a simil> "* leave no d\bt t sub/ances circulat+ 9 ! blood & n ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em are responsible = ! ph5om5a ( gr[? & metamorphosis4 #adg ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #ahig1 iv41 #ejb4 #adh ,uhl5hu?1 ,e41 ibid41 #aiac1 xxxvi41 #baa4 ,an int]e/+ obs]vation on ! rle ( int]nal secretion 9 gr[? 0 made by ,leo ,loeb4#adi ,:5 ! f]tiliz$ ovum comes 9 contact ) ! wall ( ! ut]us x calls =? a gr[? !re1 namely ! =mation ( ! mat]nal plac5ta 7decidua74 ,?is au?or %[$ t ! corpus luteum ( ! ov>y gives (f a sub/ance to ! blood :i* alt]s ! tissues 9 ! ut]us 9 su* a way t contact ) any =eign body induces ?is deciduoma =mation4 ,! case is ( int]e/ s9ce x indicates t ! sub/ance giv5 (f by ! corpus luteum does n induce gr[? directly1 b t x all[s me*anical contact ) a =eign body to d s :ile )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! corpus luteum sub/ance no su* effect ( ! me*anical /imulus w\ld be obs]vable4 ,! action ( ! sub/ance ( ! corpus luteum is indep5d5t ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 s9ce 9 a ut]us :i* has be5 cut out & retransplant$ ! same ph5om5on c be obs]v$4 #adi ,loeb1 ,leo1 ,z5tralbl4 f4 allg4 ,pa?4 u4 pa?4 ,anat41 #aijg1 xviii41 #efc2 ,z5tralbl4 f4 ,physiol41 #aijh1 xxii41 #dih2 #aiji1 xxiii41 #gc2 #aiaj1 xxiv41 #bjc2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiji1 xxvii41 #hi1 #dfc2 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,m$4 ,assoc41 #aijh1 l41 #ahig2 #aiji1 liii41 #adga4 ,b\9 & ,ancel#aej h %[n t ! corpus luteum1 :i* 9 ! case ( pregnancy cont9ues to exi/ = a long "t1 is responsible = ! *anges 9 ! mamm>y gl& 9 ! fir/ half ( pregnancy1 :5 an active cell prolif]ation takes place 9 ! gl&4 ,?is process c be int]rupt$ by de/roy+ ! corpus luteum artificially4 ,dur+ ! second half ( gravidity no fur!r cell prolif]ation takes place1 b ! cells beg9 to secrete milk :ile dur+ ! p]iod ( cell prolif]ation su* secretions d n occur4 #aej ,quot$ f ,m4 ,caull]y1 ,les ,problmes de la ,sexualit1 ,p>is1 #aiac1 p4 #abf4 ,claude ,b]n>d & ,vitz\ _h %[n t ! p]iod ( gr[? & m\lt+ ( ! high] cru/acea is accompani$ by a heap+ up ( glycog5 9 ! liv] & subd]mal connective tissue4 ,smi?#aea f\nd t dur+ ! p]iod betwe5 two m\lt+s1 :5 !re is no gr[?1 ! /orage cells are se5 to be fill$ ) l>ge & num]\s fat globules in/ead ( ) glycog54 ,he also f\nd t 9 ! ,cladoc]a 8! p]iod ( active gr[? is accompani$ by glycog5--z oppos$ to fat--metabolism40 ,he obs]v$1 moreov]1 t if ,cladoc]a are cr[d$ at a l[ temp]ature ! fat metabolism 7) inhibition to gr[?7 is fav\r$1 :ile at high temp]atures & ) no cr[d+ ( individuals ! glycog5 metabolism is fav\r$4 ,9 ! latt] case a purely p>!nog5etic mode ( propagation is obs]v$1 :ile 9 ! =m] sexual reproduction takes place4 ,! effect ( cr[d+ ( individuals is possibly due to products ( excretion1 :i* !n act on gr[? & reproduction indirectly by *ang+ ! 8glycog5 metabolism0 to 8fat metabolism40 #aea ,smi?1 ,ge(frey1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b4 #aiae1 lxxxviii41 #dah4 ,all ^! cases agree 9 ?is1 t app>5tly specific sub/ances induce or fav\r gr[?1 n 9 ! :ole body1 b 9 special p>ts ( ! body4 ,sa*s sugge/$ t !re mu/ be 9 ea* organism z _m specific organ-=m+ sub/ances z !re are organs 9 ! body4 ,we w n[ %[ t ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( su* 8organ-=m+0 sub/ances 7:i* may or may n be specific7 & ( _! fl[ 9 def9ite *annels expla9s ! inhibitory influ5ce ( ! :ole on ! p>ts z well z ! unbridl$ reg5]ation ( ! isolat$ p>ts4 #b4 ,we h se5 t ! re/+ egg c be ar\s$ to developm5t & gr[? by sub/ances conta9$ 9 a sp]matozon or by c]ta9 o!r sub/ances m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,we w assume t plants conta9 a l>ge numb] ( cells or buds :i* are comp>able to ! re/+ egg cell1 b :i* c be ar\s$ to action by c]ta9 sub/ances circulat+ 9 ! sap2 & t ! same is effect$ = animal cells by sub/ances 9 ! blood4 ,9 plants ! cells :i* c be ar\s$ to new gr[? h v (t5 a r def9ite location :ile 9 l[] animals !y are m ubiquit\s4 ,= exp]im5tal purposes organisms :]e ^! buds h a def9ite location are m fav\rable1 s9ce we are bett] able to /udy ! me*anism und]ly+ ! process ( activation & inhibition 7correlation74 ,:5 a leaf ( ! plant ,bryophyllum calyc9um is cut (f & put on moi/ s& or into wat] or ev5 into air saturat$ ) wat] vap\r1 new plants w arise f not*es ( ! leaf4 ,?is is ! usual way ( propagat+ ! plant & 9 no o!r "p ( ! leaf except ! not*es w new plants arise4 ,^! not*es !re=e conta9 cells comp>able to se$s or to unf]tiliz$ eggs or to ! mes5*yme cells :i* give rise to legs 9 ! tadpole ( ! frog4 ,! "q arises3 ,:y d not*es 9 ! leaf nev] beg9 to gr[ :ile ! leaf is atta*$ to an intact plant1 & :y d !y gr[ :5 ! leaf is isolat$8 ,to ?is we are incl9$ to give an answ] 9 ! s5se ( ,bonnet1 ,sa*s1 de ,vries1 & ,goebel1 namely t ! fl[ ( 7specific87 sub/ances 9 ! plant det]m9es :5 & :]e dormant buds or anlag5 %all beg9 to gr[4 ,su* sub/ances may orig9ate or may be pres5t 9 ! leaf2 b z long z x is connect$ ) a normal plant !y w be c>ri$ by ! circulation to ! gr[+ po9ts ( ! /em & ( ! roots & !y _c rea* ! not*es2 :ile :5 we deta* ! leaf1 ei!r a new di/ribution or a new fl[ ( liquids w be e/abli%$ :]eby ! sub/ances rea* "s ( ! not*es2 & 9 ^! not*es new roots & a new %oot w be =m$4 ,:5 we cut (f a leaf & put x into moi/ air1 n all b only a few ( ! not*es w1 z a rule1 gr[ out 7,fig4 #af72 b :5 we isolate ea* not* leav+ z mu* ( ! re/ ( ! leaf z possible atta*$ to x1 ea* not* w give rise to a new plant4#aeb 7,fig4 #ag47 ,we see1 !re=e1 t x does n ev5 require a :ole plant to cause inhibition b t we may obs]ve ! tyranny ( ! :ole ov] ! p>ts 9 a s+le leaf4 ,! explanation is z foll[s3 ,:5 we isolate a leaf1 "s ( ! not*es w comm5ce to gr[ into new plants & ?is gr[? w arre/ ! developm5t ( ! o!r not*es ( ! leaf 9 ! same way z _! developm5t 0 suppress$ by ! :ole plant4 #aeb ,loeb1 ,j41 ,bot4 ,gazette1 #aiae1 lx41 #bdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,gr[? ( roots & %oots 9 a few not*es ( an isolat$ leaf ( ,bryophyllum calyc9um ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,if all ! not*es ( a leaf are isolat$ f ea* o!r ea* not* w give rise to roots & a %oot1 b ! gr[? w be less rapid ?an 9 ,fig4 #af4 ,figs4 #af & #ag 7 two leaves tak5 f ! same node ( a plant4 ,! explanation is ! same2 ^? not*es :i* beg9 to gr[ fir/ w attract ! fl[ ( sub/ances to !mselves1 ?us prev5t+ ! o!r not*es f gett+ ^? sub/ances4 ,?is idea is support$ by ! fact t if all ! not*es are isolat$ f ! leaf ea* not* w give rise to a sl[ly gr[+ plant1 :ile if ! leaf is n cut into pieces1 & a few not*es only gr[ out1 _! gr[? is mu* m rapid4 ,9 all ^! exp]im5ts ! idea t ! 8isolation0 9 itself is responsible = ! gr[? /ill pres5ts itself4 ,x c be dispos$ ( by ! foll[+ exp]im5t :i* nev] fails4 ,?ree leaves ( ,bryophyllum calyc9um are susp5d$ 9 an atmosph]e saturat$ ) wat] vap\r b _! tips are subm]s$ 9 wat] 7,figs4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj74 ,! fir/ leaf1 ,fig4 #bj1 is entirely sep>at$ f its /em1 ! second leaf1 ,fig4 #ai1 rema9s connect$ ) ! adjac5t piece ( /em1 & ! ?ird leaf1 ,fig4 #ah1 rema9s also connect$ ) ?is piece ( /em b ! latt] /ill possesses bo? leaves4 ,! fir/ leaf1 ,fig4 #bj1 produces new roots & %oots 9 ! subm]g$ "p 9 a few days2 ! second leaf1 ,fig4 #ai1 produces no roots or %oots = a long "t4 ,?is might f9d its explanation by ! assumption t ! fir/ leaf1 be+ m isolat$ ?an ! second1 reg5]ates m quickly4 ,b ?is explanation becomes unt5able ow+ to ! fact t ! ?ird leaf1 ,fig4 #ah1 be+ less isolat$ ?an bo? 7possess+ a second leaf 9 addition to ! /em71 =ms new roots & %oots also m quickly ?an ! second leaf4 ,! ph5om5a become intelligible 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! fact t 9 ! second leaf %oots & roots are =m$ v late1 if at all1 f9ds its explanation n 9 ! less5$ isolation ( ?is leaf1 b 9 ! fact t ! =mation ( a new %oot or ( a callus 9 ! piece ( /em takes place m quickly ?an ! =mation ( roots & %oots 9 ! not*es ( a completely isolat$ leaf4 ,! /em acts !re=e z a c5tre ( suction = ! fl[ ( sub/ances f ! leaf & ?is prev5ts or ret>ds ! =mation ( roots & %oots 9 ! not*es4 ,9 ! isolat$ leaf ( ,bryophyllum calyc9um no callus =mation takes place & h5ce no fl[ ( ! sap away f ! leaf w occur4 ,?is w all[ "o or m ( ! not* buds ( ?is leaf to gr[ out & !n a fl[ w be e/abli%$ t[>ds ^! gr[+ buds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah ,,fig4 #ai ,,fig4 #bj ,9 ! ?ird specim51 ,fig4 #ah1 ! pres5ce ( two leaves suppresses or1 z a rule1 ret>ds ! gr[? ( a %oot on ! /em & possibly also ! fl[ f "o leaf may block to "s ext5t ! fl[ f ! opposite leaf if ! piece ( /em is v %ort4 ,?is puts ! leaves 9 a condition n z good z t 9 leaf ,fig4 #bj1 b bett] ?an 9 leaf ,fig4 #ai4aec #aec ,) l>g] leaves ! exp]im5t may also succe$ 9 moi/ air4 ,9 ! normal plant ! buds 9 ! not*es ( ! leaf rema9 dormant s9ce ! fl[ ( ! 8/imulat+0 sub/ances takes place t[>ds ! tips ( ! /em & root1 & because ^! sub/ances are reta9$ !re 9 excess4 ,?is is probably ! real basis ( ! my/]i\s dom9ance ( ! 8:ole0 ov] its 8p>ts0 or ( ! anlag5 ( ! tip ( ! /em ov] ^? f>!r bel[4 ,:5 a piece ( ! /em ( ,bryophyllum is cut (f & its leaves are remov$1 ! two apical buds w gr[ out fir/4 ,?is 8dom9ance0 f9ds its explanation probably 9 ! anatomical /ructure & ! me*anism ( sap fl[ :i* t5d to br+ ! 8/imulat+0 sub/ances fir/ to ! anlag5 9 ! tip4 ,9 ,lam9>ia ,set*ell has be5 able to %[ directly t reg5]ation always />ts f t tissue :i* conducts nutritive mat]ial4 ,:5 we cut out a piece ( a /em ( ,bryophyllum1 & remove all ! leaves1 new %oots w be =m$ f ! two apical buds ( ! /em1 & roots w arise f ! mo/ basal nodes2 provid$ t ! /em is susp5d$ 9 air saturat$ ) wat] vap\r4 ,! gr[? 9 su* a /em depriv$ ( all leaves is sl[4 ,if we remove all ! leaves on su* a piece ( /em except ! two at ! apical end1 ! /em w =m only roots1 b ^! w develop mu* m rapidly ?an on a /em )\t leaves4 ,if we remove all ! leaves except ! two at ! basal end1 ! /em w only =m %oots 7at ! apical end7 b ^! w develop mu* m rapidly ?an 9 a leafless /em4 ,h5ce ! leaves accel]ate ! gr[? ( roots t[>ds ! basal end & inhibit x t[>ds ! apical end2 & !y fav\r ! gr[? ( %oots t[>ds ! apical end & inhibit x 9 ! nodes locat$ ne>] ! base4 ,we ?us see t :ile ! /em inhibits ! gr[? ( ! leaves connect$ ) x1 ! latt] accel]ate ! gr[? 9 ! /em4 ,bo? facts c probably be expla9$ on ! same basis2 namely1 on ! assumption t x is ! fl[ ( sub/ances f ! leaf to ! /em :i* inhibits ! gr[? ( ! not*es & accel]ates ! gr[? ( ! buds 9 ! /em4 ,on ?is assumption x w\ld also foll[ t ! leaves s5d root-=m+ sub/ances t[>ds ! basal & %oot-=m+ sub/ances t[>ds ! apex ( ! /em4 ,x also seems to foll[ f rec5t z yet unpubli%$ exp]im5ts by ! writ] t ! root-=m+ sub/ances are associat$ or id5tical ) ! sub/ances :i* cause geotropic curvature 9 ! /em4 ,^! obs]vations %[ t ! ph5om5a ( correlation or ( ! influ5ce ( ! :ole ov] ! p>ts is due to peculi>ities ( circulation or ! fl[ ( sap2 & t ! isolation prev5ts ! sap f fl[+ away to o!r p>ts ( ! plant4 ,!re is no ne$ = assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a my/]i\s =ce :i* directs ! piece to gr[ into a :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba #c4 ,ph5om5a ( inhibition or correlation su* z we h describ$ 9 ,bryophyllum are n lack+ 9 ! reg5]ation ( animals1 z exp]im5ts on ,tubul>ia %[4#aed ,tubul>ia mesembryan!mum 7,fig4 #ba7 is a hydroid consi/+ ( a long /em t]m9at+ at "o end 9 a /olon :i* atta*es itself to solid bodies su* z rocks1 at ! o!r end 9 a polyp4 ,! writ] f\nd t if we cut a piece f a /olon & susp5d x 9 an aqu>ium x =ms z a rule a polyp at ei!r end 7,fig4 #bb71 b ! velocity ) :i* ! two polyps are =m$ is n ! same1 ! polyp at ! oral end ( ! piece be+ =m$ mu* m rapidly--a day or "o or two weeks soon]--?an ! aboral polyp4 ,! process ( polyp reg5]ation at ! aboral pole c\ld1 h[ev]1 be accel]at$ & its velocity made equal to t ( ! reg5]ation ( ! oral polyp by suppress+ ! =mation ( ! latt]4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by depriv+ ! oral pole ( ! oxyg5 necess>y = reg5]ation1 e4 g41 by m]ely putt+ ! oral end ( ! piece ( /em into ! s&4 ,x 01 !re=e1 obvi\s t ! =mation ( ! oral polyp ret>d$ ! =mation ( ! aboral polyp4 ,?is inhibition might h be5 due to ! fact t a specific organ-=m+ mat]ial ne$$ = ! =mation ( a polyp exi/$ 9 suffici5t quantity 9 ! /em = ! =mation ( "o polyp only at a "t4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd to be incorrect s9ce :5 ! /em 0 cut into two or m pieces ea* piece =m$ a polyp at once at its oral pole & reg5]at$ ! aboral polyps also1 b aga9 ) ! usual delay4 ,x seem$ m probable !n t ! cause ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! rapidity ( polyp =mation at bo? ends lay 9 ! fact t c]ta9 mat]ial fl[$ fir/ to ! oral pole & induc$ polyp =mation "h b t ?is fl[ 0 rev]s$ z soon z ! polyp at ! oral pole 0 =m$ or z soon z ! =mation ( ! oral polyp 0 inhibit$ by lack ( oxyg54 ,! p>tial or full completion ( ! =mation ( ! oral polyp act$ z an inhibition to ! fur!r fl[ ( mat]ial to ?is pole4 ,?is idea 0 support$ by an obs]vation made indep5d5tly by ,godlewski & ! writ] t if a piece ( /em be cut out ( a ,tubul>ia1 & if ! piece be ligatur$ some:]e betwe5 ! two ends1 ! oral & ! aboral polyps are =m$ simultane\sly4 ,?is w\ld be compreh5sible on ! assumption t ! ret>d+ effect :i* ! =mation ( ! oral has on ! aboral polyp 0 inde$ ( ! nature ( a fl[ ( mat]ial t[>ds ! oral pole4 #aed ,loeb1 ,j41 ,unt]su*ung5 zur physiologis*5 ,morphologie4 ,i4 ,het]omorphose4 #ahia4 ,,ii4 ,organbildung und ,wa*/hum4 ,wrzburg1 #ahib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc ,miss ,bick=d#aee f\nd t ! diff]5ce 9 "t betwe5 ! =mation ( ! two polyps disappe>s also :5 ! piece cut f ! /em becomes s small t x is ( ! ord] ( magnitude ( a s+le polyp4 ,9 t case two incomplete polyps are =m$ simultane\sly at ea* end 7,fig4 #bc74 ,! new head 9 ! reg5]ation ( ,tubul>ia arises1 z ,miss ,bick=d obs]v$1 f ! tissue ne> ! w\nd4 ,at "s di/ance f ! w\nd 9 ! old tissue two r[s ( t5tacles arise1 :i* are noticeable z r[s ( longitud9al l9es inside ! /em be=e ! head is =m$4 ,dries* notic$ t ! newly =m$ head is ! small] ! small] ! :ole piece4 7,?is is true1 h[ev]1 only 9 r small pieces47 ,!re is1 !re=e1 9 small pieces a r\gh proportionality betwe5 size ( head & size ( reg5]at+ piece4 ,dries*#aef uses ?is int]e/+ fact to prove ! exi/5ce ( an entele*y1 :ile we are incl9$ to see 9 x an analogue to ! obs]vation ( ,leo ,loeb1 t ! velocity ( ! process ( heal+ 9 ! case ( a defici5cy ( ! epi!lium decreases :5 ! size ( ! uncov]$ area dim9i%es4 ,:ile we d n wi% to (f] any sugge/ion conc]n+ ! me*anism ( ^! quantitative ph5om5a--!y may be relat$ 9 "s way ) ! velocity ( c]ta9 *emical reactions--we see no reason = assum+ t !y _c be expla9$ on a purely physico*emical basis4 #aee ,bick=d1 ,e4 ,e41 ,j\r4 ,morphol41 #ahid1 ix41 #dag4 #aef ,dries*1 ,h41 ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism1 i41 #abg4 ,! writ] notic$ t c]ta9 pigm5t$ cells f ! entod]m ( ! organism always ga!r at t end :]e a new polyp is ab\t to be =m$4 ,^! r$ or yell[i% cells always collect fir/ at ! oral end ( a piece ( /em4 ,x may be t c]ta9 sub/ances giv5 (f by ! pigm5t$ cells at ! cut end are responsible = ! polyp =mation1 b ?is is only a surmise4 ,ano!r sugge/ion made by ,*ild1#aeg is t !re exi/s an axial gradi5t 9 ! /em :]eby ! cells reg5]ate ! m quickly ! ne>] !y are to ! oral pole4 ,if ?is 7 correct1 & we cut a long piece f ! /em ( a ,tubul>ia & bisect ! piece1 ! oral pole ( ! ant]ior half %\ld reg5]ate m quickly ?an ! oral pole ( ! po/]ior half4 ,accord+ to ! writ]'s obs]vations on a ,tubul>ian 7,t4 crocea7 gr[+ 9 ! e/u>ies ne> ,oakl&1 ,cali=nia1 bo? oral ends reg5]ate equally fa/ 9 su* cases4 #aeg ,*ild1 ,c4 ,m41 8,die physiologis*e ,isolation von ,teil5 des ,organismus10 ,r\x's ,vortrge und ,aufstze1 ,leipzig1 #aiaa4 #d4 ,! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation 9 ,c]ian?us membranaceus1 a sea anemone1 c be easily und]/ood f ! exp]im5ts on ,tubul>ians1 if we imag9e ! body wall ( ,c]ian?us to consi/ ( a s]ies ( longitud9al elem5ts runn+ p>allel to ! axis ( symmetry ( ! animal f ! t5tacles to ! foot4 ,! numb] ( ^! elem5ts may be suppos$ to correspond to ! numb] ( t5tacles 9 ! out] r[ ( ! normal animal4 ,ea* su* elem5t behaves l a ,tubul>ian1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! elem5ts 9 ,c]ian?us are m /rongly pol>iz$ ?an 9 ,tubul>ia1 & t ea* "o is able to =m a t5tacle at its oral pole only4 ,?is fact c be nicely illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 if a squ>e or oblong piece 7a b c d1 ,fig4 #bd7 be cut f ! body wall ( a ,c]ian?us 9 su* a way t "o side1 a c1 ( ! oblong is p>allel to ! longitud9al axis ( ! animal1 t5tacles w gr[ on "o ( ! f\r sides only2 namely1 on ! side a b4#aeh 7,fig4 #be47 ,! o!r ?ree free edges are n able to produce t5tacles4 ,if an incision be made 9 ! body wall ( a ,c]ian?us1 t5tacles w gr[ on ! l[] edge ( ! incision 7,fig4 #bf74 #aeh ,loeb1 ,j41 8,unt]su*ung5 zur physiologis*5 ,morphologie d] ,ti]e40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf ,! writ] tri$ :e!r or n by ty+ a ligature ar\nd ! middle ( a piece ( an ,act9ian ?is pol>ity c\ld be suppress$2 b ! exp]im5ts did n succe$1 inasmu* z ! cells compress$ by ! ligature di$1 & 7 liquefi$ ?r\gh bact]ial action s t ! pieces 9 front & beh9d ! ligature fell ap>t4 ,x is !re=e impossible to decide :e!r or n a curr5t or a fl[ ( sub/ances 9 a c]ta9 direction ?r\gh ^! elem5ts is responsible = ?is pol>ity1 ?\gh ?is may be possible4 ,! writ] f\nd1 h[ev]1 t "o condition is necess>y = ! gr[? & reg5]ation ( t5tacles :i* also plays a rle 9 ! correspond+ ph5om5a 9 plants1 namely turgidity4 ,! t5tacles ( ,c]ian?us are holl[ cyl9d]s clos$ at ! tip1 & by liquid be+ press$ into !m !y c be /ret*$ & appe> turgid4 ,if1 h[ev]1 an incision is made 9 ! body1 ! t5tacles above ! incision c no long] be /ret*$ out4 ,9 "o exp]im5t ! oral disk ( a ,c]ian?us 0 cut (f2 v soon new t5tacles began to gr[ at ! top1 & aft] hav+ rea*$ a c]ta9 size1 an incision 0 made 9 ! animal4 ,! t5tacles above ! incision collaps$ 9 consequ5ce & ceas$ to gr[1 :ile gr[? ( ! o!rs cont9u$4 ,on ! l[] edge ( ! incision new t5tacles began to gr[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg ,x seems also possible t ,morgan's well-kn[n exp]im5t on reg5]ation 9 ,plan>ia c be expla9$ by a fl[ ( sub/ances4 ,he#aei f\nd t if a piece a c d b be cut out ( a fre%-wat] ,plan>ian at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis 7,fig4 #bg71 at ! front end a new normal head1 at ! back end a new tail1 w be reg5]at$ 7,fig4 #bh72 b t if a piece a c d b be cut f a ,plan>ian obliquely 7,fig4 #bi7 in/ead ( at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis a t9y head is =m$ at ! =emo/ corn] ( ! piece a & a t9y tail at ! h9dmo/ corn] b 7,fig4 #cj74 ,:y is x t 9 ! oblique piece ! head is =m$ 9 ! corn] & n all along ! cut surface z is ! case :5 ! cut is made at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis8 ,! writ] is incl9$ to believe t ! "r answ] to ?is "q has be5 giv5 by ,b>de54#afj ,?is au?or has po9t$ out ! app>5t rle t ! circulatory 7or s-call$ dige/ive7 canals 9 ,plan>ians play 9 ! localization ( ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation1 inasmu* z ! new head always =ms symmetrically at ! op5+ ( ! circulatory vessel or bran* :i* is situat$ z mu* z possible at ! =emo/ end ( ! reg5]at+ piece ( worm4 ,he assumes t ?r\gh muscul> action ! liquids ( ! body are =c$ to /ream t[>d ?is end1 & t ?is fact has "s connection ) ! =mation ( a new head4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! facts "h m5tion$ agree ) ,b>de5's sugge/ion4 ,! oblique pieces 9 ,morgan's exp]im5ts :i* at fir/ h ! heads & tails outside ! l9e ( symmetry ( ! middle piece1 gradually assume a normal position 7,figs4 #ca1 #cb74 ,! writ] is incl9$ to believe t ?is is due to me*anical conditions4 ,! head a e c ( su* an oblique piece is asymmetrical1 ! "o side a e be+ less /ret*$ ?an ! o!r e c4 ,! high] t5sion ( ! piece e c w h ! effect ( br++ e ne>] c1 s9ce we "k t acid =mation & h5ce en]gy production increases 9 proportion to surface1 i4 e41 x mu/ be ! great] ! m x is /ret*$4 ,! rev]se is true = ! tail d f b1 & ! effect "h w be t f w be pull$ ne>] d4 ,9 ?is way purely me*anical conditions are responsible = ! fact t ! s(t tissues ( ! animal are gradually re/or$ to _! true ori5tation4 #aei ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,reg5]ation1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #afj ,b>de51 ,c4 ,r41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aija1 v41 #a2 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aijc1 xvi41 #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb ,z a f9al possible example ( ! influ5ce ( int]nal secretion or sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! blood may be m5tion$ ! foll[+ curi\s obs]vation ( ,przibram4#afa ,9 a cru/acean1 ,alpheus1 ! two *el 7p9c]s7 are n equal 9 size & =m1 "o be+ v mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,przibram f\nd t :5 he cut (f ! l>g] p9c] 9 su* cru/aceans ! rema9+ p9c] assumes 9 ! next m\lt+ ! size & %ape ( ! remov$ l>ge p9c]2 :ile 9 place ( ! remov$ p9c] "o ( ! small type is produc$4 ,h5ce a rev]sal ( ! two p9c]s is ?us br\ght ab\t4 ,if lat] on ! l>ge p9c] is aga9 cut (f ! process is repeat$ & ! orig9al dissymmetry is re/or$4 ,przibram 0 able to %[ t ! n]v\s sy/em has no connection ) ?is ph5om5on4 #afa ,przibram1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aija1 xi41 #cbi4 ,! elem5ts :i* h ent]$ into ! discussion ?us f> are1 fir/1 ! fl[ ( sub/ances 9 pre=m$ *annels2 second1 ! exi/5ce ( g5]al or specific sub/ances requir$ = ! gr[+ or reg5]at+ organ4 ,a ?ird elem5t is to be add$2 namely ! 8suction0 effect ^u ^! sub/ances ( a develop+ organ4 ,?us we see t if "o or a few ( ! not*es 9 a leaf ( ,bryophyllum gr[ out ! o!r not*es ( ! leaf are inhibit$ f gr[+4 ,!re is en\gh mat]ial pres5t 9 ! leaf = all ! not*es to gr[ into %oots z is prov$ by ! fact t all w gr[ out if !y are isolat$ f ea* o!r4 ,?is 0 expla9$ on ! assumption t ! not*es ( a :ole :i* happ5 to develop fir/1 create a fl[ ( ^! sub/ances f ! re/ ( ! leaf to !mselves & ?us prev5t any gett+ to ! o!r not*es4 ,we /at$ t ?is is support$ by ! fact t ! few not*es gr[+ out 9 an undivid$ leaf gr[ m rapidly ?an ! _m %oots gr[+ f ea* not* ( a divid$ leaf4 ,b :y %\ld a gr[+ %oot or a gr[+ po9t 9 g5]al produce su* a suction8 ,i ?9k ?is may be possible on ! assumption t ! consumption ( ^! sub/ances by ! gr[+ organs causes a l[ osmotic pressure ( ^! sub/ances 9 ! gr[+ region & ?is fall ( osmotic pot5tial w act z a cause = ! fur!r fl[4 ,?is br+s ab\t ! app>5t 8suction0 effect ( ! gr[+ elem5ts ^u ! fl[ ( sub/ances4 #e4 ,we m5tion$ t :5 a piece is cut f a ,plan>ia betwe5 ph>ynx & head a new m\? is =m$ 9 ! middle4 ,x %\ld also be m5tion$ t accord+ to ,*ild ! piece aft] reg5]ation is small] ?an x 0 be=e4#afb ,?is indicates t mat]ial 9 ! old cells has be5 dige/$ or has und]gone hydrolysis 9 ord] to furni% ! nutritive mat]ial = ! new head & tail1 s9ce ! piece _c take up any food f ! outside be=e a m\? is =m$4 ,^! ph5om5a ( autodige/ion--! process itself w be discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]--seem to occur 9 _m 7if n all7 ph5om5a ( reg5]ation4 ,x may be t ! collect+ ( r$ cells at ! end 9 a ,tubul>ian :]e reg5]ation is ab\t to beg9 has to d ) ! furni%+ ( mat]ial by self-dige/ion1 s9ce ^! cells are p>tly at lea/ de/roy$ 9 ! process4 ,x is ( int]e/ to look = m examples ( autodige/ion accompany+ ph5om5a ( reg5]ation4 #afb ,*ild1 ,c4 ,m41 ,s5esc5ce & ,rejuv5esc5ce4 ,*icago1 #aiae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc ,! writ] has obs]v$ m closely ! trans=mation ( an organ into m undiff]5tiat$ mat]ial 9 ,campanul>ia 7,fig4 #cc71 a hydroid4#afc ,?is organism %[s a rem>kable /]eotropism4 ,its /olons atta* !mselves to solid bodies1 & ! /ems appe> on ! side ( ! /olon exactly opposite ! po9t or area ( contact ) ! solid body4 ,! /ems gr[1 moreov]1 exactly at "r angles to ! solid surface elem5t to :i* ! /olon is atta*$4 ,if su* a /em be cut & put into a wat* glass ) sea wat]1 x c be obs]v$ t ^? polyps :i* d n fall (f g ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges :i* make x appe> z if ! diff]5tiat$ mat]ial ( ! polyp 7 trans=m$ into undiff]5tiat$ mat]ial4 ,! t5tacles are fir/ put toge!r l ! hairs ( a camel's-hair bru% 7,fig4 #cd71 & gradually ! :ole fuses to a m or less %apeless mass :i* fl[s back into ! p]id]m 7,fig4 #ce74 ,x foll[s f ?is t 9 ?is process c]ta9 solid con/itu5ts ( ! polyp1 e4 g41 ! cell walls1 mu/ be liquefi$4 ,?is undiff]5tiat$ mat]ial =m$ f ! polyp may aft]w>d fl[ out aga91 giv+ rise to a /olon or a polyp2 to ! =m] :]e x comes 9 contact ) a solid body1 to ! latt] :]e x is surr\nd$ by sea wat]4 ,^! obs]vations sugge/ ! idea ( rev]sibility ( ! process ( diff]5tiation ( organs & tissues1 9 c]ta9 =ms at lea/4 ,we h to imag9e t "s ( ! cells or int]/itial tissue is dige/$ & t z a consequ5ce ! organ loses its *>act]i/ic %ape4 #afc ,loeb1 ,j41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aijj1 iv41 #fj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce ,gi>d & ,caull]y h f\nd t a regressive metamorphosis occurs 9 ,synascidians1 & t ! animals hib]nate 9 ?is condition4 ,! muscles ( ! gills ( ^! animals are decompos$ into _! individual cells4 ,! result is ! =mation ( a p>5*yma :i* consi/s ( s+le cells & ( cell aggregates resembl+ a morula4#afd #afd ,! writ] quotes ?is aft] ,dries*4 ,dries*1#afe exp]im5t+ on ! reg5]ation ( an ,ascidian1 f\nd t :5 he cut (f ! gills & siphons ( ! animal ! portion remov$ 0 able to reg5]ate a :ole animal4 ,! gill-piece excis$ conta9$ no he>t1 no inte/9e1 & no /olon1 & all ^! organs 7 reg5]at$ f ! gills4 ,9 a numb] ( cases ! reg5]ation took place by bud =mation at ! edge ( ! w\nd1 b 9 o!r cases ! gills 7 trans=m$ into an undiff]5tiat$ mass ( tissue f :i* ! miss+ p>ts ( ! animals arose by budd+ & new gills 7 =m$4 #afe ,dries*1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aijb1 xiv41 #bdg4 ,x is probable t ! two cases are only quantitatively diff]5t4 ,9 bo?1 autodige/ion ( c]ta9 cell con/itu5ts & possibly ( :ole cells mu/ take place 9 ord] to obta9 mat]ial = ! =mation ( ! lo/ "p ( ! ,ascidian4 ,if an int]/itial tissue is dige/$ x becomes a "q ( h[ mu* ( ?is tissue und]goes hydrolysis4 ,if !re is little de/roy$ ! old %ape ( ! gills rema9s1 if too mu* is dige/$ ! old gills become a %apeless mass 9 :i* a c]ta9 numb] ( ! old cells are ma9ta9$ & give rise to ! new animal by cell division4 ,! mat]ial = ! new organs mu/ ( c\rse be furni%$ f old cells :i* h be5 dige/$4 ,if reg5]ation takes place 9 pieces :i* take up no food ! newly =m$ organs mu/ orig9ate f mat]ial absorb$ f cells ( ! animal :i* are hydrolyz$ & ^: mat]ial s]ves z food = ^? cells :i* gr[4 ,v (t5 ?is process ( dige/ion takes place )\t loss ( ! total =m ( ! organ & is ov]look$ by ! pure morphologi/s4 ,9 ,campanul>ia also ! process ( collapse describ$ above is only app>5t 9 a fraction ( ! cases z 9 ,dries*'s obs]vations on ,clavell9a4#aff ,x is also possible t ! r$ & yell[ entod]m cells :i* ga!r at ! end :]e ! new polyp =ms furni% ! mat]ial :i* is utiliz$ = ! process ( gr[? ( ! cells f :i* ! t5tacles arise 7) or )\t giv+ (f specific 8hormones0 besides74 #aff ,"o au?or1 ,miss ,?at*]1 9 try+ to repeat ^! obs]vations1 did n notice ! total collapse ( ! tissues & conclud$ t my obs]vations mu/ h be5 wrong4 ,! writ] is fairly c]ta9 t 8 obs]vations 7 correct4 #f4 ,we h m5tion$ ! ideas conc]n+ a design1 or 8entele*y10 act+ z a guide to ! develop+ egg & h %[n t ?is revival ( ,platonic & ,ari/otelian philosophy 9 biology 0 due to a misconception2 namely1 t ! egg consi/$ ( homog5e\s mat]ial :i* 0 to be diff]5tiat$ into an organism4 ,= ?is sup]natural task sup]natural ag5cies seem$ requir$4 ,b we h se5 t ! unf]tiliz$ egg is already diff]5tiat$ 9 a way :i* makes ! fur!r diff]5tiation a natural affair4 ,?is idea ( a quasi sup]human intellig5ce presid+ ov] ! =ces ( ! liv+ is met ) 9 ! field ( reg5]ation1 & "h aga9 x is bas$ ^u a misconception4 ,! l5s ( ! eye is =m$ 9 ! embryo f ! epi!lium ly+ above ! s-call$ optic cup 7! primitive ret9a74 ,:]e ?is ret9a t\*es ! epi!lium ! latt] beg9s to gr[ into ! cup1 ! +r[+ piece ( epi!lium is cut (f & =ms ! l5s1 :i* probably "u ! influ5ce ( sub/ances secret$ by ! optic cup becomes transp>5t4 ,c]ta9 animals l ! salam&] are able to =m a new l5s :5 ! old "o has be5 remov$ by op]ation1 b ! new l5s is =m$ 9 an entirely diff]5t way2 namely1 f ! upp] edge ( ! iris4 ,g4 ,wolf1 :o obs]v$ ?is reg5]ation us$ x to end[ ! organism ) a k ( its ne$s2 ! idea ( a ,platonic preconceiv$ plan or an ,ari/otelian purpose sugge/$ itself4 ,b x c be %[n t ! organism does 9 ?is case :at x is compell$ to d by its physical & *emical /ructure4 ,uhl5hu?#afg has %[n by way ( tissue culture t ! cells ( ! iris _c gr[ & divide z long z !y are full ( pigm5t granules z !y normally are4 ,:5 ! f9e sup]ficial membrane ( ! iris is torn ! pigm5t granules fall out & ! cells c n[ gr[ & multiply4 ,if ! l5s is tak5 out ( ! eye ( ! salam&] ! f9e membrane ( ! iris is torn & ! pigm5t cells at ! edge 7especially ! upp] edge7 lose _! pigm5t granules :i* fall d[n on acc\nt ( _! specific gravity4 ,z soon z ?is happ5s ! cells w prolif]ate4 ,a sph]ical mass ( cells is =m$ :i* become transp>5t & :i* w cease to gr[ z soon z !y rea* a c]ta9 size4 ,! unansw]$ "q is3 ,:y does ! mass ( cells become transp>5t s t x c s]ve z a l5s8 ,! answ] is t "y cells :5 put into ! optic cup always become transp>5t no matt] :at _! orig92 x looks z if ?is 7 due to a *emical influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! optic cup or by ! liquid x conta9s4 ,lewis has %[n t :5 ! optic cup is transplant$ into any o!r place "u ! epi!lium ( a l>va ( a frog ! epi!lium w always gr[ into ! cup :]e ! latt] comes 9 contact ) ! epi!lium2 & t ! +r[+ "p w always become transp>5t4 ,?is leaves u !n ) "o puzzle /ill3 ,:y is ! gr[? ( ! l5s limit$8 ,! limitation 9 ! gr[? ( organs is "o ( ! mo/ important problems 9 gr[? & organ =mation1 ?\gh un=tunately our k ( ?is topic is inadequate4 #afg ,n yet publi%$4 #g4 ,! botani/ ,j4 ,sa*s 0 ! fir/ to def9itely /ate t 9 ea* species ! ultimate size ( a cell is a con/ant1 & t two individuals ( ! same species b ( diff]5t size diff] 9 reg>d to ! numb]1 b n 9 reg>d to ! size ( _! cells4#afh ,amelung1 a pupil ( ,sa*s1 det]m9$ ! correctness ( ,sa*s's !ory by actual c\nts4 ,sa*s1 9 addition1 recogniz$ t :]ev] !re 7 l>ge masses ( protoplasm1 e4 g41 9 siphone & o!r clobla/s1 _m nuclei 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! protoplasm4 ,he inf]r$ f ?is t 8ea* nucleus is only able to ga!r ar\nd itself & control a limit$ mass ( protoplasm40#afi ,he po9ts out t 9 ! case ( ! animal egg ! res]ve mat]ial--fat granules1 prote9s1 & c>bohydrates--are p>tly trans=m$ into ! *romat9 sub/ances ( ! nuclei1 & t ! cell division ( ! egg results 9 ! cells rea*+ a f9al size 9 :i* ea* nucleus has ga!r$ ar\nd itself t mass ( protoplasm :i* x is able to control4 ,morgan#agj & ,dries*#aga te/$ & confirm$ ! idea ( ,sa*s = ! eggs ( ,e*9od]ms4 ,we /at$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] t ,dries* produc$ artificially l>v ( sea ur*9s ( "o-eigh?1 "o-f\r?1 & "o-half _! normal size by isolat+ a s+le cleavage cell 9 "o ( ! fir/ /ages ( segm5tation ( ! f]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 egg4 ,he c\nt$ 9 ea* ( ! dw>f ga/rul result+ f ^! p>tial eggs ! numb] ( mes5*yme cells & f\nd t ! l>v f a "o-half bla/om]e possess$ only "o-half1 ^? f a "o-f\r? bla/om]e only "o-f\r?1 & ^? f a "o-eigh? bla/om]e only "o-eigh? ( ! numb] ( cells :i* a normal l>va develop+ f a :ole egg possess$4 ,moreov]1 he c\ld %[ t :5 two eggs 7 caus$ to fuse s z to produce a s+le l>va ( d\ble size1 ! ga/rul ( su* l>v _h twice ! numb] ( mes5*yme cells4 ,dries* drew ! conclusion f 8 obs]vations t ea* morphog5etic process 9 an egg rea*es its natural end :5 ! cells =m$ 9 ! process h rea*$ _! f9al size4 #afh v4 ,sa*s1 ,j41 8,physiologis*e ,notiz510 vi41 ,flora1 #ahic4 #afi ,ibid41 ix41 #dbe1 ,flora1 #ahie4 #agj ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #ahie1 ii41 #ha2 #aija1 xiii41 #daf2 #aijc1 xvi41 #aag4 #aga ,dries*1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #ahih1 vi41 #aih2 #aijj1 x41 #cfa4 ,s9ce ea* daught] nucleus ( a divid+ bla/om]e has ! same numb] ( *romosomes z ! orig9al nucleus ( ! egg1 x is cle> t 9 a normally f]tiliz$ egg ea* nucleus has twice ! mass ( *romosomes t is conta9$ 9 ! nucleus ( a m]ogonic egg1 i4 e41 an enucleat$ fragm5t ( protoplasm into :i* a sp]matozon has ent]$ & :i* is able to develop4 ,su* a fragm5t has only ! sp]m nucleus4 ,?is ph5om5on ( m]ogony 0 discov]$ by ,bov]i & 0 elaborat$ by ,delage4#agb ,bov]i1 9 comp>+ ! f9al size ( ! cells 9 normal & m]ogonic eggs aft] ! cell divisions _h come to a /&/ill1 f\nd t ?is size is always 9 proportion to ! orig9al mass ( ! *romat9 conta9$ 9 ! egg2 ! cells ( ! m]ogonic embryo1 e4 g41 ! mes5*yme cells1 are only half ! size ( ! same cells 9 ! normally f]tiliz$ embryo4 ,dries* furni%$ a fur!r pro( ( ,bov]i's law1 t ! f9al ratio ( ! mass ( ! *romat9 sub/ance 9 a nucleus to ! mass ( protoplasm is a con/ant 9 a giv5 species4 ,dries* comp>$ ! size ( ! mes5*yme cells 9 a sea-ur*9 embryo produc$ by artificial p>!nog5esis ) ^? ( a normally f]tiliz$ egg & f\nd !m half ( ! size ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ! f]tiliz$ eggs & ! p>!nog5etic eggs are equal 9 size f ! />t1--:i* is practically ! case if eggs ( ! same female are us$1--! process ( ! =mation ( mes5*yme cells comes to a /&/ill :5 _! numb] 9 ! normally f]tiliz$ eggs is half z l>ge z ! f9al numb] 9 ! p>!nog5etic egg4#agc ,bov]i's results z well z ^? ( ,dries* 7 obta9$ by c\nt+ ! cells =m$ by eggs ( equal size & n by simply measur+ ! size ( ! cells4 ,x is mo/ rem>kable t c]ta9 app>5t exceptions to ,bov]i's law :i* ,dries* has actually f\nd _h be5 pr$ict$ by ,bov]i4 #agb ,delage1 ,y41 ,ar*4 ,zol4 expr41 #ahii1 vii41 #chc4 #agc ,dries*1 ,h41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aije1 xix41 #fdh4 ,^! facts %[ t ! gr[? ( an organ comes to a /&/ill :5 a c]ta9 size is rea*$ or a c]ta9 numb] ( cells are =m$4 ,we _c yet /ate :y ?is %\ld be1 b we are able to add t ! =mation ( a l5s ( normal size 9 ! reg5]ation ( ! eye is 9 h>mony ) ! ph5om5a 9 ! embryo4 ,!re seems !re=e no reason = /at+ t ! reg5]ation ( ! l5s _c be expla9$ on a purely physico*emical basis4 ,! only ju/ification = su* a /atem5t on ! "p ( ,wolf is t he 0 n 9 possession ( ! m complete set ( facts n[ available ?r\gh ! "w ( ,fis*el & ,uhl5hu?4 ,! heal+ ( a w\nd is a process ess5tially simil> to ! reg5]ation ( ! l5s4 ,normally ! cells :i* beg9 to prolif]ate aft] a w\nd is made 9 ! sk9 lie dormant1 inasmu* z !y nei!r gr[ nor divide4 ,:5 a w\nd is made c]ta9 lay]s ( epid]mal cells und]go rapid cell division4 ,leo ,loeb#agd has /udi$ ?is case ext5sively4 ,he f\nd t if ! sk9 is remov$ any:]e1 epid]mis cells f ! w\nd edge creep ^u ! d5ud$ spot & =m a cov]+4 ,?is may be a tropism 7/]eotropism7 or x may be a m]e surface t5sion ph5om5on4 ,next a rapid process ( cell division beg9s 9 ! cells adjac5t to ! w\nd ^! cells hav+ be5 h]et(ore dormant4 ,he is incl9$ to attribute ?is increase 9 ! rate ( cell division to ! /ret*+ ( ! epi!lial cells1 & he is support$ 9 ?is reason+ by ! obs]vation t ! l>g] ! w\nd ! m rapid ! process ( heal+4#age ,dur+ w\nd heal+ ! mitoses fir/ increase m>k$ly 9 ! old epi!lium4 ,) ! closure ( ! w\nd a sudd5 fall 9 ! mitoses takes place4 ,! closure ( ! w\nd causes an increase 9 ! numb] ( epi!lial r[s ov] ! defect4 ,?is increase is !re=e rea*$ at an e>li] p]iod 9 ! l>g] w\nd s9ce ! process ( mitosis is m rapid "h4 ,leo ,loeb ?9ks t ! pressure ( ! epi!lial cells ^u ea* o!r leads to a rapid dim9ution 9 ! mitotic prolif]ation4#agf #agd ,loeb1 ,leo1 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #ahih1 vi41 #big4 #age ,spa91 ,k4 ,c41 & ,loeb1 ,leo1 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,m$41 #aiaf1 xxiii41 #ajg2 ,loeb1 ,l41 & ,addison1 ,w4 ,h4 ,f41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiaa1 xxxii41 #dd2 #aiac1 xxxvii41 #fce4 #agf ,! excessive =mation ( epi!lial cells 9 ! heal+ ( w\nds has l$ ! old] pa?ologi/s to ! g5]alization t if some?+ is remov$ 9 ! body an excessive comp5sation w take place4 ,! =mation ( antibodies has ev5 be5 expla9$ on ?is basis by ,weigg]t & ,ehrli* 9 _! side-*a9 !ory4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is g5]alization is entirely incorrect & 9 reg5]ation ( />fi%1 act9ians1 flatworms1 annelids1 & possibly 9 all =ms ! rev]se is true2 e4 g41 if we cut (f ! ant]ior half ( ! body 9 ,c]ian?us less is reproduc$ ?an 0 cut away namely only t5tacles & ! m\?1 b n ! miss+ piece ( ! body4 ,weigg]t's conception ( reg5]ation 0 probably bas$ on ! ph5om5on ( ! heal+ ( w\nds1 b ! excessive epi!lium =mation 9 ?is case is n ! expression ( a g5]al law ( reg5]ation b ( ! peculi> me*anical conditions :i* lead to mitoses4 ,x w\ld be a v /range co9cid5ce inde$ if a !ory ( antibody =mation bas$ on su* an errone\s g5]alization %\ld be correct4 ,%\ld x be possible t ?is is m g5]ally ! case1 e4 g41 also 9 ! l5s aft] x has rea*$ a c]ta9 size8 ,! conditions limit+ gr[? require fur!r inve/igation4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out t 9 ^! cases we are seem+ly deal+ ) cases ( ! inhibition ( gr[? :i* _c be expla9$ by ! tyranny ( ! :ole ov] ! p>ts1 & t !re mu/ be conditions at "w o!r ?an ! m]e fl[ ( sub/ances :i* c cause a cessation ( gr[?4 ,?is c be illu/rat$ by c]ta9 obs]vations on ! egg4 #h4 ,! hi/ory ( ! egg %[s a rev]sible condition ( re/ & ( activity4 ,! primordial egg cell multiplies actively until a l>ge numb] ( eggs are =m$ 9 ! ov>y :i* may rea* into ! millions 9 ! case ( sea ur*9s or c]ta9 annelids4 ,^! cell divisions !n /op & ! egg goes into ! re/+ /age 9 :i* x deposits ! res]ve mat]ial = ! developm5t ( ! embryo4 ,f ?is condition x c only be call$ into activity aga9 by ! sp]matozon or ! ag5cies ( artificial p>!nog5esis4 ,x seem$ ( int]e/ to f9d out :e!r or n ! developm5t ( ! egg may be rev]s$ once m aft] x has be5 activat$4 ,f all t has be5 said 9 ! *apt] on artificial p>!nog5esis1 su* a rev]sal %\ld take place 9 ! cortical lay]4 ,! result ( ^! exp]im5ts seems to be t if a complete de/ruction or *ange 9 ! cortical lay] has once tak5 place--su* z t caus$ by ! entrance ( a sp]matozon into ! egg--no rev]sal is possible2 al?\gh ! developm5t ( ! f]tiliz$ egg may be suppress$ = a long "t by ei!r l[ temp]ature or lack ( oxyg51 or1 9 ! case ( se$s & spores1 by lack ( wat]4 ,b z soon z ! conditions = ! *emical reactions 9 ! egg are normal aga91 ! developm5t may g on unless ! egg has suff]$ by ! me?ods us$ to prev5t developm5t or by ! long duration ( ! suppression4 ,) an incomplete de/ruction ( ! cortical lay] bo? developm5t z well z rev]sal ( developm5t are possible4 ,?us ! writ] has %[n t 9 ! egg ( ,arbacia ! effect ( ! cortical alt]ation ( ! egg induc$ by ! butyric acid treatm5t or by ! treatm5t ) bases c be rev]s$4 ,:5 unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ,arbacia are put = f two to five m9utes into #ej c4c4 sea wat] #b4j c4c4 ,n_/#aj butyric acid !y w all =m a gelat9\s1 some:at atypical f]tilization membrane2 :5 put back into normal sea wat] all w p]i% 9 a few h\rs unless !y are submitt$ to ! %ort treatm5t ) a hyp]tonic solution m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 :ile if submitt$ to ?is treatm5t !y w develop4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ^! eggs are transf]r$ f ! butyric acid sea wat] n into normal sea wat] b into sea wat] conta9+ "s ,na,c,n 7#aj drops ( #a_/aj p] c5t4 ,na,c,n or ,,kcn 9 #ej c4c4 sea wat]71 & if !y rema9 "h = "s "t 7e4 g4 ov]night7 !y w n p]i% :5 subsequ5tly transf]r$ back to normal sea wat]4 ,su* eggs w develop :5 f]tiliz$ ) sp]m4 ,! activat+ effect ( ! membrane =mation has1 !re=e1 be5 rev]s$ & ! eggs h gone back into ! re/+ /age4#agg ,wa/5eys has f\nd t ! rate ( oxidation :i* 0 rais$ consid]ably by ! artificial membrane =mation goes back to ! value *>act]i/ic = ! re/+ eggs aft] ! rev]sal ( _! developm5tal t5d5cy4#agh ,simil> results 7 obta9$ 9 eggs activat$ ) ,,nh,,oh4 ,x appe>s f ?is z ?\gh ! *ange 9 ! cortical lay] :i* leads to ! developm5t ( ! egg & ! increase 9 ! rate ( oxidations 7 rev]sible 9 ! egg ( ,arbacia4#agi #agg ,loeb1 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiad1 xxxviii41 #bgg4 #agh ,wa/5eys1 ,h41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiaf1 xxiv41 #bha4 #agi ,f4 ,lillie ?9ks t ! ,,kcn 9 ?is exp]im5t m]ely inhibits ! *ange ( ! cortical lay] necess>y = developm5t4 ,?is is contradict$ by two facts3 fir/1 ! writ] has %[n 9 #aijf t ,,kcn does n inhibit ! membrane =mation1 &1 second1 ! eggs w n return to ! re/+ /age :5 put back into sea wat] too soon2 9 t case !y w dis9tegrate4 ,?is %[s t 9 ! ,,kcn some?+ m happ5s ?an ! m]e block to dis9tegration4 ,! writ] _h previ\sly notic$ t eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus1 :i* _h be5 treat$ = two h\rs ) hyp]tonic sea wat]1 n infrequ5tly began to divide into two1 f\r1 or eight cells 7& sometimes m7 & !n w5t back into ! re/+ /ate 7except t !y possess$ ! second factor requir$ = developm5t z /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,v74 ,x may be rem>k$ incid5tally t su* eggs at ! "t ( cell division conta9$ ! c5trosomes & a/rosph]es1 & yet w5t back into a re/+ /ate1 ?us %[+ t ! c5trosomes are only transitory organs or organs :i* are only active "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,x is q possible t 9 ^! ph5om5a ( rev]sal n ! :ole ( ! cortical lay] has und]gone alt]ation4 ,! writ] mu/ leave x undecid$ :e!r ! *anges f ! re/+ to ! active /ate 9 body cells c also be expla9$ 9 analogy ) ^! exp]im5ts4 #i4 ,9 ! =mation ( ! l5s we h already notic$ an in/ance :]e ! adjac5t organ influ5ces gr[? inasmu* z ! optic cup controll$ ! =mation ( ! l5s4 ,su* influ5ces are q commonly obs]v$4 ,a piece ( ,tubul>ia :5 cut out f a /em & susp5d$ 9 wat] w reg5]ate at ! aboral pole n a /olon b a polyp1 s t we h an animal t]m9at+ at bo? ends ( its body 9 a head4 ,! writ] call$ su* cases 9 :i* an organ is replac$ by an organ ( a diff]5t k9d het]omorphosis4 ,contact ) a solid body fav\rs ! =mation ( /olons4 ,fig4 #cf %[s a piece ( a /em ( ,p5n>ia ano!r hydroid1 :i* 0 ly+ on ! bottom ( an aqu>ium & :i* =m$ /olons at bo? ends a & b4 ,9 ,m>gelis1 ano!r hydroid1 ! writ] obs]v$ t )\t any op]ation ! apical ends ( bran*es :i* 7 9 contact ) solid bodies cont9u$ to gr[ z /olons1 :ile ^? surr\nd$ by sea wat] cont9u$ to gr[ z /ems4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf ,h]b/ discov]$ a v int]e/+ =m ( het]omorphosis 9 c]ta9 cru/aceans2 namely1 t 9 ! place ( an eye :i* 0 cut (f1 an entirely diff]5t organ c\ld be =m$1 namely1 an ant5na4 ,he %[$ t ! exp]im5t] has x 9 8 p[] to det]m9e :e!r ! cru/acean %all reg5]ate an eye or an ant5na 9 place ( ! eye4 ,! latt] w take place :5 ! optic ganglion is remov$ ) ! eye1 ! =m] :5 x is n remov$4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out successfully on ,palmon1 ,palmonetes1 ,sicyonia1 ,pal9urus1 & o!r cru/aceans4 ,! influ5ce ( gravitation is v famili> 9 plants2 9 /ems ( ,bryophyllum plac$ horizontally ! roots usually come out f ! l[] end ( ! callus4 ,su* ph5om5a are n (t5 f\nd 9 animals b !y exi/ "h too z ! foll[+ obs]vation %[s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg ,if we cut a piece a b 7,fig4 #cg71 f ! /em s s ( ,ant5nul>ia ant5n9a 7,fig4 #ch71 a hydroid1 & put x into ! wat] 9 a horizontal position1 new /ems c d 7,fig4 #cg7 may arise on its upp] side4 ,! small bran*es on ! "u side ( ! old /em a b beg9 sudd5ly to gr[ v]tically d[nw>d4#ahj ,9 appe>ance & function ^! d[nw>d-gr[+ elem5ts are entirely diff]5t f ! bran*es ( ! normal ,ant5nul>ia2 !y are roots4 ,9 ord] to und]/& bett] ! trans=mation :i* ?us occurs 9 ^! bran*es1 x may be /at$ t "u normal conditions !y h a limit$ gr[? 7see ,fig4 #ch71 are direct$ upw>d1 & h polyps on _! upp] side4 ,! p>ts :i* gr[ d[n 7,fig4 #cg7 h no polyps1 b atta* !mselves l true roots to solid bodies4 ,?us ! *ang$ position ( ! /em alone1 )\t any op]ation1 suffices to trans=m ! lat]al bran*es1 ^: gr[? is limit$1 into roots ) unlimit$ gr[?4 ,! lat]al bran*es on ! upp] side ( ! /em d n und]go su* a trans=mation into roots except 9 ! imm$iate surr\nd+s ( ! place :]e a new /em arises4 ,x seems t ! =mation ( a new /em also causes an excessive gr[? ( roots1 possibly because ! =mation ( new bran*es causes ! removal ( sub/ances :i* naturally inhibit ! =mation ( roots4 ,if a piece f ! /em be put v]tically into ! wat] ) top d[nw>d1 ! upp]mo/ po9t may cont9ue to gr[ z a /em1 :ile ! l[e/ po9t may give rise to roots4 ,9 ?is case1 !re=e1 a *ange 9 ! ori5tation ( organs has ! effect ( *ang+ ! "* ( organs4 #ahj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,unt]su*ung5 zur physiologis*5 ,morphologie d] ,ti]e4 ,,ii4 ,organbildung und ,wa*/hum4 ,wrzburg1 #ahib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch ,!re are only two ways by :i* we c acc\nt = ^! influ5ces ( gravitation4 ,ei!r c]ta9 sub/ances fl[ to ! l[e/ level & collect+ !re induce gr[? & possibly *anges 9 ! "* ( gr[? 7z 9 ,ant5nul>ia7 or if ! cells h elem5ts ( diff]5t specific gravity ! relative position ( ^! elem5ts may possibly *ange & influ5ce 9 ?is way ! conditions = gr[?4 ,! influ5ce ( gravitation z well z ( contact ^u life ph5om5a are at pres5t little und]/ood4 ,9 all ^! cases ( het]omorphosis ! orig9al =m is n re/or$4 ,x is ne$less to say t !y are incompatible ) ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,! read] w h notic$ t 9 ?is *apt] "o t]m has n be5 m5tion$ :i* is commonly met ) 9 ! lit]ature1 namely ! 8w\nd /imulus40 ,z ! writ] _h indicat$ 9 a =m] publication1#aha ! ^w 8/imulus0 is g5]ally us$ to disguise our ignorance ( 7& also our lack ( int]e/ 97 ! causes :i* und]lie ! ph5om5a :i* we inve/igate4 ,reg5]ation v (t5 does n take place ne> ! w\nd b at "s di/ance f x4 ,b ev5 :5 ! reg5]ation takes place at ! edge ( ! w\nd ! latt] only s]ves to create conditions = reg5]ation1 & ^! conditions _c be express$ by ! ^w 8/imulus40 #aha ,loeb1 ,j41 ,die *emis*e ,entwicklungs]regung des ti]is*5 ,eies4 ,b]l91 #aiji4 ,:ile our k ( ! rle ( ! :ole 9 reg5]ation is incomplete 9 a great _m details x seems t ! kn[n facts w>rant ! /atem5t t ! ph5om5a ( reg5]ation belong z mu* to ! doma9 ( det]m9ism z ^? ( any ( ! p>tial ph5om5a ( physiology4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,sex1 ,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s1 ,,& ,,sexual ,,in/9cts ,i4 ,! ,cytological ,basis ( ,sex ,det]m9ation #a4 ,x is a g5]al fact t bo? sexes appe> 9 approximately equal numb]s1 provid$ a suffici5tly l>ge numb] ( cases are exam9$4 ,?is fact has furni%$ ! clue = ! discov]y ( ! me*anism :i* det]m9es ! relative numb] ( ! two sexes4 ,! hon\r ( hav+ po9t$ ! way to ! solution ( ! problem belongs to ,mc,clung4#ahb ,x has be5 kn[n t c]ta9 insects1 e4 g41 ,hemipt]a & ,or?opt]a1 possess two k9ds ( sp]matozoa b only "o k9d ( eggs4 ,! two k9ds ( sp]matozoa diff] 9 reg>d to a s+le *romosome1 :i* is ei!r lack+ or diff]5t 9 "o-half ( ! sp]matozoa4 #ahb ,mc,clung1 ,c4 ,e41 8,! ,accessory ,*romosome--,sex ,det]m9ant80 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aijb1 iii41 #dc4 ,! fir/ "o to recognize ! exi/5ce ( two k9ds ( sp]matozoa 0 ,h5k+1 :o /at$ t 9 ,pyrrhocoris 7a ,hemipt]an7 "o-half ( ! sp]matozoa ( ea* male possess$ a nucleolus1 :ile 9 ! o!r half x 0 lack+4 ,montgom]y aft]w>d %[$ t ,h5k+'s nucleolus 0 an accessory *romosome4 ,mc,clung 0 ! fir/ to recognize ! importance ( ?is fact = ! problem ( sex det]m9ation4 ,he obs]v$ an accessory *romosome 9 "o-half ( ! sp]matozoa ( two =ms ( ,or?opt]a1 ,bra*y/ola & ,hippiscus1 & rea*$ ! foll[+ conclusion3 ,a mo/ significant fact1 & "o ^u :i* almo/ all inve/igators are unit$ 9 op9ion1 is t ! elem5t is apportion$ to b "o-half ( ! sp]matozoa4 ,assum+ x to be true t ! *romat9 is ! important "p ( ! cell 9 ! matt] ( h]$ity1 !n x foll[s t we h two k9ds ( sp]matozoa t diff] f ea* o!r 9 a vital matt]4 ,we expect1 !re=e1 to f9d 9 ! (fspr+ two sorts ( individuals 9 approximately equal numb]s1 "u normal conditions1 t exhibit m>k$ diff]5ces 9 /ructure4 ,a c>eful consid]ation w sugge/ t no?+ b sexual *>act]s ?us divides ! memb]s ( a species into two well-def9$ gr\ps1 & we are logically =c$ to ! conclusion t ! peculi> *romosome has "s be>+ ^u ! arrangem5t4 ,n4 ,m4 ,/ev5s & ,e4 ,b4 ,wilson#ahc h n only prov$ ! correctness ( ?is idea = a numb] ( animals b h laid ! f\ndation ( our pres5t k ( ! subject4 ,wilson %[$ t 9 ^? cases :]e !re are two types ( sp]matozoa1 "o ) & "o )\t an accessory or z x is n[ call$ an ,x *romosome1 all ! cells ( ! female h "o *romosome m ?an ! cells ( ! male4 ,f ?is he concludes correctly t 9 su* species a female is produc$ :5 ! egg is f]tiliz$ by a sp]matozon conta9+ an ,x *romosome1 :ile a male is produc$ :5 a sp]matozon )\t an ,x *romosome ent]s ! egg4 #ahc ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b41 8,/udies on ,*romosomes10 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aije1 ii41 #cga1 #ejg2 #aijf1 iii41 #a2 #aiji1 vi41 #fi1 #adg2 #aiaj1 ix41 #ec2 #aiab1 xiii41 #cde4 8,croonian ,lecture10 #aiad1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 ,b4 lxxxviii41 #ccc4 ,su* a =m is ,prot5or1 "o ( ! ,hemipt]a4 ,wilson made sure t all ! eggs are alike 9 ! numb] ( *romosomes1 ea* egg conta9+ an ,x *romosome 9 addition to ! six *romosomes *>act]i/ic ( ! species ,prot5or4 ,!re are two types ( sp]matozoa 9 equal numb]s 9 ?is species1 ea* ) six *romosomes1 b "o )1 ! o!r )\t1 an ,x *romosome4 ,! two possible *romosome comb9ations betwe5 egg & sp]matozoa are !re=e z foll[s 7see ! diagrammatic ,fig4 #ci73 ,egg ,sp]matozon ,result 7#a7 #f ,x #f #ab ,x ,male 7#b7 #f ,x #f ,x #ab #b,x ,female ,! egg :i* receives a sp]matozon )\t an ,x *romosome has aft] f]tilization #ab,x *romosomes & develops into a male2 :ile ! egg into :i* a sp]matozon ) an ,x *romosome ent]s gives rise to a female4 ,s9ce all ! body cells arise f ! f]tiliz$ egg by nucle> division & ! *romosomes rema9 con/ant 9 numb] 9 all cells1 ! consequ5ce is t all ! cells ( a female ,prot5or h two ,x *romosomes2 :ile all ! cells ( a male ,prot5or h only "o ,x *romosome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci ,! *romosome situation 9 ,prot5or is a some:at extreme case1 inasmu* z "o ,x *romosome is entirely lack+ 9 ! male4 ,9 o!r =ms ( ,hemipt]a1 e4 g41 ,lygu1 !re are also two types ( sp]matozoa appe>+ 9 equal numb]s diff]+ 9 reg>d to ! ,x *romosome1 b "h x is only a diff]5ce 9 size2 "o-half ( ! sp]matozoa hav+ a l>ge ,x *romosome1 ! o!r half in/ead a small] *romosome4 ,call+ ?is latt] ! ,y *romosome1 ! sex det]m9ation 9 ?is =m is z foll[s3 leav+ aside ! *romosomes :i* are equal 9 bo? egg & sp]matozon we may say t !re is "o type ( egg conta9+ "o l>ge ,x *romosome2 !re are two types ( sp]matozoa 9 equal numb]s1 "o possess+ a l>ge ,x *romosome1 ! o!r possess+ a small ,y *romosome4 ,wilson %[$ by a /udy ( ! *romosomes 9 males & females t :5 "o ( ! sp]matozoa conta9+ a l>ge ,x *romosome ent]s ! egg1 ! egg w develop into a female2 :ile :5 "o ( ! sp]matozoa conta9+ a small ,y *romosome ent]s x w give rise to a male4 ,leav+ aside ! common *romosomes ( bo? sexes1 a f]tiliz$ egg conta9+ ,,xx gives rise to a female1 :ile "o conta9+ ,,xy gives rise to a male4 ,!re is 9 ?is case z 9 t ( ,prot5or a prepond]ance ( *romosome mat]ial 9 ! female1 b ?is quantitative diff]5ce is n ess5tial = ! det]m9ation ( sex1 s9ce 9 "s species ! ,y *romosome may be z l>ge z ! ,x *romosome4 ,! ma9 fact is t ! female cells h ! *romat9 composition ,,xx1 ! male cells ! composition ,,xy1 :]e ,y is app>5tly qualitatively diff]5t & (t51 b n necess>ily1 small] ?an ,x1 or entirely lack+4 ,x may be m5tion$ 9 pass+ t indirect evid5ce exi/s indicat+ t 9 man !re are also two k9ds ( sp]matozoa & "o k9d ( egg1 & t sex dep5ds on :e!r a male det]m9+ or a female det]m9+ sp]matozon ent]s ! egg4 #b4 ,?is mode ( sex det]m9ation holds only = ^? animals 9 :i* !re is "o type ( egg & two types ( sp]matozoa4 ,exp]im5tal evid5ce furni%$ fir/ by ,donca/] 9 #aijh on a mo?1 ,abraxas1 indicat$ t a numb] ( o!r =ms exi/s 9 :i* matt]s are rev]s$1 inasmu* z !re are two types ( eggs & "o type ( sp]matozoa4 ,?is condition ( affairs exi/s n only 9 ! mo? ,abraxas1 b also 9 ! f[l z %[n by ,pe>l4 ,9 ^! =ms x is assum$ t all ! sp]matozoa h "o sex *romosome ,x1 :ile !re are two types ( eggs1 "o possess+ ! sex *romosome ,x1 ! o!r possess+ ,y4 ,:5 a sp]matozon ent]s an egg ) an ,x *romosome1 ! egg w give rise to a male1 :ile if x ent]s a ,y egg1 a female w arise4 ,! evid5ce po9t+ t[>d ?is result is *iefly conta9$ 9 exp]im5ts on sex-limit$ or m correctly sex-l9k$ h]$ity2 i4 e41 a =m ( h]$ity :i* foll[s ! sex 9 a peculi> way4 ,?us col\r-bl9dness is a case ( sex-l9k$ inh]itance1 s9ce ?is abnormality appe>s ov]:elm+ly 9 ! male (fspr+ ( a col\r-bl9d p]son4 ,donca/] cross$ two v>ieties ( ,abraxas diff]+ 9 "o "* :i* 0 sex-l9k$1 & ! results ( 8 cross+s indicat$ t 9 ?is =m !re are two types ( eggs & "o type ( sp]matozoa4#ahd #ahd ,donca/]1 ,l41 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ,sex4 ,cambridge1 #aiad4 ,^! obs]vations on sex-l9k$ h]$ity confirm ! idea t ! sex *romosomes det]m9e ! sex4 ,! mo/ ext5sive & conclusive exp]im5ts along ?is l9e are ^? by ,morgan on ! fruit fly ,drosophila4 ,9 ?is =m !re are two k9ds ( sp]matozoa & "o k9d ( eggs2 ! egg has "o ,x *romosome1 :ile "o-half ( ! sp]matozoa has an ,x ! o!r a ,y *romosome2 ! entrance ( ! latt] into an egg gives rise to a male1 ( ! =m] to a female4 ,:ile ! eyes ( ! wild fruit fly ,drosophila ampelophila are r$1 ,morgan#ahe notic$ 9 "o ( 8 cultures a male t _h :ite eyes4 ,?is :ite-ey$ male 0 mat$ to a r$-ey$ female4 ,! (fspr+1 ! ,f g5]ation1 7 all r$ ey$1 males z well z females4 ,^! 7 inbr$ & n[ gave 9 ! ,f g5]ation ! foll[+ ?ree types ( (fspr+3 #ahe ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,h]$ity & ,sex4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 7#a7 #ej p] c5t4 females1 all ) r$ eyes4 7#b7 #ej p] c5t4 males #be p] c5t4 ) r$ eyes4 #be p] c5t4 ) :ite eyes4 ,! "* :ite eye 0 !re=e transmitt$ only to half ! gr&sons2 x 0 a sex-l9k$ "*4 ,x is kn[n f a /udy ( ! p$igrees ( col\r-bl9d individuals t if ! correspond+ exp]im5t _h be5 c>ri$ out ) !m1 in/ead ( ) :ite-ey$ flies1 ! same proportions ( normal & col\r-bl9d w\ld h be5 f\nd3 namely1 normal col\r vision 9 ! ,f g5]ation1 9 bo? males & females1 & half ( ! males ( ! ,f g5]ation col\r-bl9d1 ! o!r half & all ! females ) normal vision4 ,( c\rse1 9 man1 int]m>riage betwe5 two diff]5t ,f /ra9s w\ld h be5 requir$ 9 place ( ! inbre$+ ( ! ,f g5]ation1 :i* took place 9 ,morgan's exp]im5ts4 ,morgan int]prets 8 exp]im5ts z foll[s4 ,! normal r$-ey$ ,drosophila has "o k9d ( eggs1 ea* possess+ "o ,x *romosome4 ,?is ,x *romosome has also ! factor = ! developm5t ( r$-eye pigm5t4 ,! :ite-ey$ male has two k9ds ( sp]matozoa1 "o ) an ,x *romosome1 ! o!r ) a ,y *romosome1 bo? lack+ ! factor = r$-eye pigm5t4 ,if we designate ! ,x *romosome ) ! factor = r$-eye pigm5t by ,x & ! ,x & ,y *romosomes lack+ ! factor = r$ness ) ,x & ,y ! foll[+ comb9ations mu/ result if we cross a normal r$-ey$ female ) a :ite-ey$ male3 ,eggs ,sp]m ,result ,x ,x ,x,x r$-ey$ female ,x ,y ,x,y r$-ey$ male ,x is obvi\s t all ! (fspr+ ( ! fir/ g5]ation 7! ,f g5]ation7 mu/ be r$ ey$1 s9ce all ! eggs h "o ,x *romosome ) ! factor = r$4 ,accord+ to ! results obta9$ f cytological /udies :i* w be expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]1 ! females ) ! *romat9 con/itution ,x,x w =m two types ( eggs 9 equal numb]s3 namely1 eggs ) an ,x & eggs ) an ,x1 i4 e41 all eggs h "o ,x *romosome1 b 9 fifty p] c5t4 ( ! eggs ! ,x has ! factor = r$1 9 fifty p] c5t4 ?is factor is lack+ 7,x74 ,! males hav+ ! *romosome con/itution ,x,y =m two types ( sp]matozoa1 "o ) an ,x possess+ ! factor = r$ pigm5t & "o1 ! ,y *romosomes1 lack+ ?is factor4 ,if inbr$ ! next ,f g5]ation w give rise to ! foll[+ f\r types ( (fspr+3 7#a7 ,x,x1 7#b7 ,x,x1 7#c7 ,x,y1 7#d7 ,,xy1 all f\r types 9 equal numb]s4 7#a7 & 7#b7 give females1 bo? r$ ey$1 s9ce bo? conta9 a r$-factor$ ,x *romosome4 7#c7 & 7#d7 give males1 7#c7 giv+ rise to r$-ey$ males1 s9ce x conta9s a r$-factor$ ,x *romosome1 7#d7 produc+ males ) :ite eyes s9ce ?is ,x *romosome is lack+ ! factor = r$ eyes4 ,s9ce all f\r comb9ations mu/ appe> 9 equal numb]s 7provid$ ! exp]im5tal mat]ial is ample en\gh1 :i* 0 ! case 9 ^! exp]im5ts71 9 ! ,f g5]ation bo? males & females %\ld h r$ eyes & 9 ! ,f g5]ation all ! females %\ld h r$ eyes & half ( ! males %\ld h r$1 half :ite eyes4 ,^! results 7 obta9$4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ fur!r4 ,no :ite-ey$ females _h appe>$ ?us f>4 ,on ! same assumptions ( ! relation ( ! ,x1 ,x1 & ,y *romosomes to ! h]$ity ( sex z well z to eye col\r x 0 possible to pr$ict "u :at conditions & 9 :i* proportions :ite-ey$ females %\ld arise4 ,?us if a r$-ey$ female ( ! ,f g5]ation 7a cross betwe5 :ite-ey$ male & normal female7 be mat$ ) a :ite-ey$ male ! result %\ld be an equal numb] ( :ite-ey$ males & :ite-ey$ females if ! *romosome !ory ( sex det]m9ation 7 correct4 ,! reason+ w\ld be z foll[s3 ,! r$-ey$ female1 hav+ ! *romosome con/itution ,x,x %\ld =m two k9ds ( eggs 9 equal numb]s ) ! con/itution ,x & ,x2 ! :ite-ey$ male hav+ ! *romosome con/itution ,,xy %\ld =m two k9ds ( sp]matozoa ,x & ,y4 ,! foll[+ f\r types ( individuals mu/ !n be produc$ 9 equal numb]s3 7#a7 ,x,x1 7#b7 ,,xx1 7#c7 ,x,y1 & 7#d7 ,,xy4 ,9 ?is case 7#b7 mu/ give rise to :ite-ey$ females & 7#d7 to :ite-ey$ males1 :ile 7#a7 mu/ give rise to r$-ey$ females & 7#c7 to r$-ey$ males4 ,h5ce :ite-ey$ males & females & r$-ey$ males & females are to be expect$ 9 ?is case 9 equal numb]s1 & ?is 0 actually obs]v$4 ,! num]ical agreem5t 9 ?is & ! o!r exp]im5ts betwe5 ! expect$ & obs]v$ result _c well be an accid5t4 ,! fact t ! inh]itance ( sex-l9k$ *>act]s 9 man foll[s ! same laws z 9 ,drosophila is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! assumption t 9 man1 also1 sex is det]m9$ by two k9ds ( sp]matozoa4 ,morgan & 8 /ud5ts discov]$ no less ?an ?irty-six sex-l9k$ *>act]s 9 ,drosophila1 & ea* behav$ 9 a simil> way to ! r$ & :ite eye col\r 9 reg>d to sex-l9k$ inh]itance1 s t ! *romosome !ory ( sex det]m9ation re/s on a safe basis4 ,t sex is m]ely det]m9$ by ! numb] ( ,x *romosomes1 n by ! ,y *romosome1 is prov$ by ! facts t ! ,y *romosome may be completely abs5t z 9 ,prot5or & t ,bridges#ahf has f\nd a type ( female ,drosophila ) a *romosome =mula ,,xxy ^: sex 0 n affect$ by ! sup]num]>y ,y4 #ahf ,bridges1 ,c4 ,b41 ,g5etics1 #aiaf1 i41 #a4 #c4 ,on ! basis ( all ^! exp]im5ts & !ories x is comp>atively easy to expla9 a numb] ( ph5om5a conc]n+ sex ratios :i* be=e _h be5 v puzzl+4 ,9 bees x _h be5 %[n _m ye>s ago by ,dzi]zon t ! males develop f unf]tiliz$ eggs :ile ! females1 que5s & work]s1 develop f f]tiliz$ eggs4 ,?is is intelligible on ! assumption t ! unf]tiliz$ egg conta9s only "o ,x *romosome :ile ! sp]matozon c>ries into ! egg ! second ,x *romosome4 ,b if ! male bee produces two types ( sp]matozoa we %\ld expect t only "o-half ( ! f]tiliz$ eggs %\ld be females1 ! o!r half males4 ,b x happ5s t ( ! two types ( sp]matozoa only "o is =m$ s9ce 9 "o ( ! cell divisions :i* lead to ! =mation ( sp]matozoa "o viable sp]matozon only is =m$ :ile ! o!r "o p]i%es4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q possible t x is ! female-produc+ sp]matozon :i* survives :ile ! male-produc+ sp]matozon dies4 ,x is occasionally obs]v$ t an insect %[s "o sex on "o side ( its body & ! opposite sex on ! o!r side4 ,bov]i sugge/$ t ?is ph5om5on ( gyn&romorphism is due to ! fact t ! sp]matozon = "s unkn[n reason does n fuse ) ! egg nucleus until aft] ! egg has und]gone its fir/ cell division4 ,9 ?is case x fuses ) ! nucleus ( "o ( ! two cells into :i* ! egg divides 7or 9 "s cases ev5 "o ( ! lat] cells874 ,z a consequ5ce ! "o-half ( ! embryo :i* arises f ! cell :i* 0 n f]tiliz$ w\ld h only "o ,x *romosome & 9 a case l ! bee w\ld develop p>!nog5etically1 :ile ! o!r half ( ! body1 develop+ f ! cell into :i* a sp]matozon has p5etrat$1 w\ld be f]tiliz$4 ,! latt] half ( ! body w\ld be female1 ! =m] male4 ,9 8 la/ pap] be=e 8 untimely dea?1 ,bov]i has giv5 pro( = ! correctness ( ?is int]pretation z f> z gyn&romorphism 9 ! bee is conc]n$4#ahg #ahg ,bov]i1 ,?41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiae1 xlii41 #bfd4 ,x seems to be g5]ally true t :]e sexual reproduction leads only to ! =mation ( females ! case f9ds its explanation 9 ! fact t ! male-produc+ sp]matozoa p]i% & only ! female-produc+ sp]matozoa survive4 ,su* an obs]vation 0 made by ,morgan on a c]ta9 species ( phyllox]ans4 ,! slight prepond]ance 9 ! numb] ( "o sex :i* is occasionally f\nd--an excess ( six p] c5t4 males ov] females 9 ! human race--may well f9d its explanation on ! assumption ( a slightly great] mortality ( ! female-det]m9+ sp]matozoa4 ,9 c]ta9 =ms p>!nog5etic & sexual reproduction may alt]nate 9 a cycle1 e4 g41 9 plant lice1 ,daphnia1 & rotif]s4 ,9 plant lice x has be5 obs]v$ = a long "t t :5 ! plant is normal & ! wea!r w>m ! aphides rema9 w+less1 reproduce p>!nog5etically1 & only females exi/1 & ?is may la/ = ye>s & = m ?an fifty g5]ations2 b t :5 ! plant is all[$ to dry out bo? sexes appe>4 ,"h we are deal+ ) a limit$ det]m9ation ( sex inasmu* z ! exp]im5t] has x 9 8 p[] to prev5t or all[ ! production ( males4 ,! facts d n 9 all probability contradict ! /atem5ts made conc]n+ ! rle ( ! ,x *romosomes 9 ! det]m9ation ( sex4 ,we h se5 t :]e sex is det]m9$ by two types ( sp]matozoa "o type ( eggs is produc$ :i* possesses only "o ,x *romosome4 ,su* eggs might produce males if n f]tiliz$ 7z !y d 9 bees71 b !y _c produce females because = t purpose !y mu/ h two ,x *romosomes4 ,x has be5 %[n = c]ta9 cases1 & x may be true g5]ally1 t if eggs ( ?is type give rise to p>!nog5etic females !y may d s because !y h = "s reason two ,x *romosomes4 ,usually su* an egg loses "o ( ! ,x *romosomes 9 a process ( nucle> division 7! s-call$ r$uction division7 :i* usually prec$es f]tilization4 ,if ?is r$uction division is omitt$ ! egg has two ,x *romosomes & if su* an egg develops p>!nog5etically x gives rise to a female4 ,^! cases d n1 !re=e1 contradict ! connection betwe5 ,x *romosomes & sex det]m9ation e/abli%$ by cytological obs]vations & bre$+ exp]im5ts1 on ! contr>y1 !y confirm x4 ,! "q rema9s3 ,h[ c ext]nal conditions br+ x ab\t t ! r$uction division is omitt$8 ,to ?is "q no def9ite answ] c be giv5 at pres5t4 ,we may 9 pass+ m5tion ! well-kn[n obs]vation t tw9s :i* orig9ate f ! same egg always h ! same sex2 :ile tw9s aris+ f diff]5t eggs %[ ! usual v>iation z to sex4 ,tw9s com+ f "o egg h ! same *orion & c !reby be diagnos$ z su*4 ,!y c be produc$ z we h /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,v by a sep>ation ( ! fir/ two cleavage cells ( ! egg1 ea* "o giv+ rise to a full embryo4 ,x h>monizes ) all t has be5 said above t ! sex ( two su* individuals mu/ be ! same s9ce !y h ! same numb] ( ,x *romosomes1 ! latt] be+ det]m9$ 9 ! human race by ! nature ( ! sp]matozon :i* ent]s ! egg4 #d4 ,:ile ?us f> all ! facts agree ) ! dom9at+ influ5ce ( c]ta9 *romosomes ^u sex det]m9ation1 "o gr\p ( facts has n yet be5 expla9$3 namely1 h]maphroditism4 ,by h]maphroditism is meant ! exi/5ce ( complete & sep>ate sets ( female & male gonads 9 ! same individual4 ,?is condition exi/s regul>ly n only 9 def9ite gr\ps ( animals1 e4 g41 c]ta9 snails1 lee*es1 tape-worms1 b also1 z ev]ybody kn[s1 9 fl[]+ plants4 ,:ile 9 "s =ms bo? k9ds ( sex cells1 male & female1 are =m$ & mature simultane\sly1 z1 e4 g41 9 ! ,ascidian ,ciona 7see ,*apt] ,,iv71 9 o!rs !y are =m$ successively1 v (t5 ! sp]matozoa appe>+ fir/ 7prot&ric h]maphroditism74 ,9 ! long tapeworm ,tnia ea* r+ has te/es & ov>ies1 b ! "y r+s are only male :ile 9 ! old] r+s ! te/es disappe> & ! ov>ies are =m$4 ,! same r+ is 9 succession male & female4 ,h[ c we reconcile ! facts ( h]maphroditism ) ! *romosome !ory ( sex det]m9ation8 ,rhabdonema nigrov5osum1 a p>asite liv+ 9 ! lungs ( ! frog1 is h]maphroditic1 b its eggs produce n a h]maphroditic g5]ation b "o ) ! two sep>ate sexes2 ?is g5]ation is n p>asitic & lives 9 ! soil4 ,! g5]ation produc$ by ^! sep>ate males & females gives rise aga9 to a h]maphrodite :i* migrates into ! lungs ( ! frogs4 ,accord+ to ,bov]i & ,s*leip#ahh ! cells ( ! h]maphrodite h twelve *romosomes4 ,x produces two types ( sp]matozoa ) six & five *romosomes respectively 7"o-half ( ! cells los+ "o *romosome :i* is left at ! l9e ( cleavage betwe5 ! two cells72 & "o type ) six *romosomes4 ,9 ?is way sep>ate males & females are produc$ by ! h]maphrodite1 females ) twelve & males ) elev5 *romosomes4 #ahh ,bov]i1 ,?41 ,v]h&4 d4 phys4-m$4 ,gesells*4 ,wrzburg1 #aiaa1 xli41 #he4 ,s*leip1 ,w41 ,b]4 d4 naturf4 ,gesells*41 ,freiburg i4 ,br41 #aiaa1 xix4 ,! males produce aga9 two k9ds ( sp]matozoa1 male & female produc+1 b ! male-produc+ sp]matozoa become functionless4 ,?is fusion ( ! o!r sp]matozon conta9+ six *romosomes ) an egg hav+ six *romosomes leads aga9 to ! =mation ( ! h]maphrodite ) twelve *romosomes4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is case ! cause = ! h]maphroditism is n disclos$4 ,if *romosomes h any?+ to d ) h]maphroditism !re mu/ be an undiscov]$ elem5t 9 ! *romosomes :i* may expla9 :y ! female z well z ! h]maphrodite h ! same *romosome con/itution2 or we are =c$ to look = ano!r det]m9ant outside ! ,x *romosomes or ! *romosomes altoge!r4 ,?is seems to be ! only cytological "w on ! problem ( h]maphroditism4 ,exp]im5tal "w has be5 begun by ,corr5s#ahi & by ,%ull on ! det]m9ation ( h]maphroditism 9 plants b lack ( space =bids u to give details4 #ahi ,corr5s1 ,c41 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 #aiaf1 xxxvi41 #ab4 ,,ii4 ,! ,physiological ,basis ( ,sex ,det]m9ation #e4 ,z /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! *romosome !ory ( sex det]m9ation expla9$ only "o feature ( ! problem1 namely1 ! relative numb]s 9 :i* bo? sexes or only "o sex1 z ! case may be1 are produc$2 & 9 ?is respect ! evid5ce is s complete t we mu/ accept x4 ,b ) all ?is1 ! problem ( sex det]m9ation is n exhau/$1 s9ce a physiological solution ( ! problem ( sex det]m9ation dem&s an acc\nt ( h[ ! sex *romosomes c induce ! =mation n only ( ov>ies & te/es b also ( ! o!r sex *>act]s4 ,= ! solution ( ?is problem biology w h to dep5d l>gely on exp]im5ts 9 :i* x is possible to influ5ce ! =mation ( sex *>act]s & ( ! sex gl&s !mselves4 ,! mo/ /rik+ obs]vations 9 ?is direction 7 made by ,baltz] on a m>9e worm1 ,bonellia4 ,9 ?is animal ! two sexes are v diff]5t1 ! male be+ a t9y p>asite1 a few millimetres 9 l5g?1 :i* sp5ds its life 9 ! ut]us ( ! female1 ^: size is ab\t five c5timetres4 ,a female c>ries z a rule sev]al & (t5 a l>ge numb] ( ! male p>asites 9 its ut]us1 :i* indicates t ! males prevail num]ically4 ,! f]tiliz$ eggs ( ! animals are laid 9 ! sea wat] :]e ! l>v hat*4 ,at ! "t ( hat*+ all l>v are alike4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! l>v into ! dw>f males & ! giant females c be det]m9$ at w4 ,! l>v h a t5d5cy to atta* !mselves to ! proboscis ( ! female z soon z !y hat*4 ,if giv5 a *ance to d s & if !y /ick to ! proboscis = m ?an ?ree days !y w develop into males1 :i* soon aft]w>ds creep into ! female :]e !y cont9ue _! p>asitic exi/5ce4 ,if1 h[ev]1 no adult female ,bonellia is put into ! aqu>ium 9 :i* ! l>v hat*1 ab\t n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! l>v w1 aft] a p]iod ( re/1 develop into females2 ! re/ develop into males4 ,^? :i* develop into females w (t5 %[ a prim>y mal5ess :i* may manife/ itself 9 ! production ( sp]m or ( o!r second>y male sexual *>act]s4 ,?is t5d5cy is /rong] ! long] ! p]iod ( re/ la/s4 ,if ! l>v are all[$ to settle on ! proboscis ( ! adult female b are remov$ too e>ly h]maphrodites are produc$ hav+ male & female *>act]s mix$4 ,baltz] has sugge/$ on ! basis ( "s obs]vations t ! l>v :ile on ! proboscis ( ! female absorb "s sub/ance secret$ by ! proboscis1 & ?is sub/ance accel]ates ! fur!r developm5t into a male & suppresses ! female t5d5cy4 ,if ?is sub/ance f ! proboscis does n rea* ! l>v ! t5d5cy to become males is gradually suppress$ 9 ! majority & only a few develop into pure males or prot&ric h]maphrodites1 :ile ! female *>act]s are giv5 a *ance to develop4 ,baltz] assumes1 !re=e1--z x seems to u correctly--t 9 all l>v ! t5d5cy = bo? sexual *>act]s is pres5t1 t !y are1 9 o!r words1 h]maphrodites1 b ! *ance = ! suppression ( "o & ! developm5t ( ! o!r gr\p ( *>act]s c be influ5c$ by c]ta9 *emical sub/ances :i* ! l>va may take up4#aij #aij ,baltz]1 ,f41 ,mitteil4 d4 zolog4 ,/ation1 ,neapel1 #aiad1 xxii4 ,gi>d has /udi$ ! effects ( a curi\s =m ( ca/ration br\ght ab\t by p>asites1 :i* is foll[$ by a *ange 9 ! sexual "* ( ! ca/rat$ animal4 ,! ph5om5on is v /rik+ 9 c]ta9 =ms ( crabs :5 !y are attack$ by a p>asitic cru/acean1 ,saccul9a4 ,! two sexes diff] 9 ! crab ,c>c9us mnas by ! =m ( ! abdom51 b :5 a male is attack$ by ! p>asite its abdom5 assumes ! female %ape4 ,smi? obs]v$ 9 ano!r crab t 9 su* cases ev5 ! abdom9al app5dages ( ! male may be trans=m$ into ^? ( a female4 ,! trans=mation is s complete t ! old] obs]v]s _h rea*$ ! conclusion t ! p>asite attack$ only ! females1 s9ce !y ov]look$ ! fact t ! ca/ration by ! p>asite trans=m$ ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( ! male into ^? ( a female4 ,gi>d obs]v$ t 9 a dici\s plant1 ,ly*nis dioica1 a p>asitic fungus br+s ab\t ! trans=mation ( ! ho/ into a h]maphrodite4 ,g4 ,smi? has discov]$ a fact :i* %[s t *emical *anges mu/ und]lie ^! morphological trans=mations ( prim>y or second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,he notic$ t 9 male crabs ! pres5ce ( ! p>asite ,saccul9a *anges ! cont5ts ( ! fatty con/itu5ts 9 ! blood1 mak+ !m equal to t ( ! female4 ,vaney & ,meignon _h previ\sly %[n t dur+ ! *rysalid /age ! female silkworms h always m glycog5 & less fat ?an ! males4 ,! ca/ration by p>asites is p>allel$ by :at ,caull]y calls ! ca/ration by s5ility4#aia ,9 c]ta9 birds & also 9 mammals at ! "t :5 ! sexual gl&s cease to function c]ta9 second>y sexual *>act]s ( ! o!r sex make _! appe>ance4 ,! mo/ common case is t c]ta9 second>y male *>act]s appe> 9 ! old female 7exceptionally also 9 ! "y female ) abnormal ov>ies7 7arrh5oidy74 ,?us old female pheasants assume ! plumage ( ! male1 & 9 ! human female aft] ! m5opause & especially among /]ile wom5 a be>d may beg9 to gr[4 ,! opposite ph5om5on1 ! old male assum+ female *>act]s1 is n s common4 ,v int]e/+ obs]vations on *anges 9 ! plumage ( ca/rat$ f[l h rec5tly be5 made by ,goodale4#aib #aia ,caull]y1 ,m41 ,les ,problmes de la ,sexualit4 ,p>is1 #aiac4 #aib ,goodale1 ,h4 ,d41 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aiaf1 xxx41 #bhf4 ,x _h long be5 obs]v$ by cattle bre$]s t 9 ! case ( tw9s ( diff]5t sex ! female--! s-call$ free-m>t9--is usually /]ile4 ,f4 ,lillie#aic has rec5tly discov]$ ! cause ( ?is int]e/+ ph5om5on4 ,su* tw9s orig9ate f two diff]5t eggs s9ce ! "m has two corpora lutea1 "o 9 ea* ov>y4 ,9 normal s+le pregnancies 9 cattle !re is nev] m ?an "o corpus luteum pres5t4 ,! two eggs beg9 to develop sep>ately 9 ea* horn ( ! ut]us4 #aic ,lillie1 ,f41 ,sci5ce1 #aiaf1 xliii41 #faa4 ,! rapidly elongat+ ova meet & fuse 9 ! small body ( ! ut]us at "s "t betwe5 ! #aj mm4 & ! #bj mm4 /age4 ,! blood-vessels f ea* side !n ana/omose 9 ! connect+ "p ( ! *orion2 a p>ticul>ly wide art]ial ana/omosis develops1 s t ei!r fetus c be inject$ f ! o!r4 ,! art]ial circulation ( ea* also ov]laps ! v5\s t]ritory ( ! o!r1 s t a con/ant int]*ange ( blood takes place4 ,if bo? are males or bo? are females no h>m results f ?is2 b if "o is male & ! o!r female1 ! reproductive sy/em ( ! female is l>gely suppress$1 & c]ta9 male organs ev5 develop 9 ! female4 ,?is is unque/ionably to be int]pret$ z a case ( hormone action4 ,! reproductive sy/em ( ^! /]ile females is = ! mo/ "p ( ! female type1 ?\gh greatly r$uc$4 ,! gonad is ! "p mo/ affect$2 s mu* s t mo/ au?ors h int]pret$ x z te/is4 ,x %\ld be add$1 h[ev]1 t ?is result _c at pres5t be g5]aliz$1 s9ce 9 ! h]maphrodites ! specific hormones ( bo? sexes mu/ circulate )\t suppress+ ea* o!r's effici5cy4 ,all ^! facts indicate t c]ta9 sub/ances secret$ by ! ov>ies or te/es may inhibit ! developm5t ( c]ta9 sexual *>act]s ( ! opposite sex4 ,:5 ^! inhibitions are p>tly or entirely remov$ ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( ! opposite sex may appe>4 ,?is fact may also be int]pret$ z an indication ( a lat5t h]maphroditism & if ?is be correct ! real & lat5t h]maphrodites diff] only by ! degree ( inhibition = "o sex1 ?is inhibition be+ lack+ or less complete 9 ! real ?an 9 ! lat5t h]maphrodite4 ,9 ! light ( ?is conclusion ! obs]vations on ! reg5]ation ( bo? ov>ies & te/icles :i* ,j&a obs]v$ 9 a h]maphroditic worm1 ,criodrilus lacuum1#aid is no long] s my/]i\s4 ,?is worm normally possesses 9 ! segm5ts ne> ! head a pair ( ov>ies & sev]al pairs ( te/es4 ,j&a f\nd t if ! ant]ior p>ts conta9+ ! gonads ( ^! worms are cut (f a complete reg5]ation takes place1 includ+ bo? types ( gonads1 ov>ies z well z te/es4 ,z a rule1 m ?an "o pair ( ov>ies appe> 9 ! reg5]at$ piece4 ,?is important exp]im5t %[s t 9 a h]maphrodite bo? types ( sex organs c be produc$ f body cells or f lat5t buds resembl+ body cells4 ,?is ph5om5on w\ld be intelligible on ! assumption t 9 ! body ( a h]maphrodite sub/ances circulate :i* fav\r ! developm5t ( bo? types ( sex organs1 :ile 9 a dician animal probably only "o type ( sex organ w\ld be develop$2 ! =mation ( ! o!r be+ inhibit$4 #aid ,j&a1 ,v41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiab1 xxxiii41 #cde2 xxxiv41 #eeg4 ,ri*>d ,golds*midt has discov]$ 9 8 bre$+ exp]im5ts on ! gipsy-mo? 7,lymantria disp>7 a ph5om5on :i* w probably ?r[ mu* light on ! physiology ( sex det]m9ation4 ,he f\nd t c]ta9 crosses betwe5 ! ,japanese & ! ,european gipsy-mo? d n give pure sexes1 males or females1 b mixtures ( ! sexual *>act]s ( bo? sexes1 & ?is mixture is a v def9ite "o = def9ite crosses4 ,^! diff]5ces are su* t x is possible to grade ! hybrids accord+ to _! manife/ations ( mal5ess or femal5ess1 bo? 9 morphological *>act]s & in/9cts4 ,golds*midt calls ?is peculi> ph5om5on int]sexualism1 & its ess5tial feature is t ! v>i\s degrees ( int]sexualism c be produc$ at w by ! "r comb9ation ( races4 ,female int]sexualism beg9s ) animals :i* %[ fea!r$ ant5n ( m$ium size 7fea!r$ ant5n are a male "*71 b :i* are o!rwise entirely female 9 appe>ance except t !y produce a small] numb] ( eggs :i* are f]tiliz$ normally4 ,9 ! next /age pat*es ( ! br[n male pigm5t appe> on ! :ite female w+s 9 /eadily increas+ quantity4 ,! in/9cts are /ill female1 ! males are attract$ & copulate4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic egg sponge laid by ! animal conta9s no?+ b anal hairs 9 spite ( ! fact t ! abdom5 is fill$ ) ripe eggs4 ,9 ! next /age :ole sections ( ! w+s %[ male col\ration1 ) cunei=m female sectors betwe51 ! abdom5 becomes small]1 conta9s few] ripe eggs1 ! in/9cts are only slightly female1 ! males are attract$ v little1 & reproduction is impossible4 ,9 ! next /age ! male pigm5t cov]s practically ! :ole w+1 ! abdom5 is almo/ male1 b /ill conta9s ov>ies ) a few ripe eggs1 ! in/9cts are int]m$iate betwe5 male & female4 ,!n foll[ v male-l animals :i* /ill %[ 9 diff]5t organs _! female orig9 & h rudim5t>y ov>ies4444 ,! end ( ! s]ies is =m$ by males1 :i* %[ 9 "s m9or *>act]s1 su* z ! %ape ( w+s1 /ill "s traces ( _! female orig94 ,! s]ies ( ! male int]sexes />ts ) males %[+ a few :ite female spots on _! w+s4 ,^! become l>g] & l>g]1 ! am\nt ( br[n pigm5t correspond+ly decreas+4444 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is ! abdom5 increases 9 size1 rea*+ 9 ! mo/ extreme cases two-?irds ( ! female size 7)\t conta9+ eggs74 ,! same is true = ! in/9cts :i* become m & m female4 7,& also = ! copulatory organs :i* also become m & m female47 ,z /at$ above1 ! ma9 fact t e desir$ degree ( int]sexualism c be produc$ at w by prop]ly comb9+ ! races = bre$+1 & ! int]sexual pot5cies ( ! diff]5t races has be5 work$ out by ,golds*midt4#aie #aie ,golds*midt1 ,r41 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,acad4 ,sc41 #aiaf1 ii41 #ec2 ,zts*r4 induct4 ,ab/ammungslehre1 #aiab1 vii41 & #aiad1 xi4 #f4 ,! relation betwe5 *emical sub/ances circulat+ 9 ! body--ei!r d]ivatives ( food tak5 up f )\t or ( *emical comp\nds =m$ naturally inside ! body--& ! production ( sexual *>act]s is be/ %[n 9 ! polymorphism f\nd among ! social ants1 bees1 & wasps4 ,"h we h1 z a rule1 9 addition to ! two sexes a ?ird "o1 ! work]s1 :i* are 9 reality rudim5t>y & = t reason /]ile females4 ,!y diff] m or less m>k$ly f bo? ! typical male & female 9 _! ext]nal =m1 &1 z a rule _c copulate ow+ to _! defici5t /ructure4 ,?is ?ird sex1 ! /]ile neut]s1 c be trans=m$ at desire into sexual females 9 c]ta9 species1 z ,p4 ,m>*al has demon/rat$4 ,he work$ ) a =m ( social wasps 9 :i* ! work]s are /]ile & small] ?an ! real females4 ,9 su* a society ( wasps all ! males & work]s die 9 ! fall & only ! f]tiliz$ females survive1 ea* "o f\nd+ a new ne/ 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,f ! fir/ eggs laid1 work]s arise1 small 9 /ature & /]ile2 ^! work]s are n\ri%$ by _! "m4 ,!n ^! work]s take c>e ( ! fe$+ ( all ^? l>v :i* arise f ! eggs :i* _! "m cont9ues to lay4 ,?r\gh\t ! spr+ only work]s arise f ! eggs4 ,! males appe> 9 ! summ]1 ! real females t[>ds ! end ( ! season :5 ! sexes copulate4 ,m>*al isolat$ a numb] ( ! /]ile work]s1 provid+ !m ) food b giv+ !m no l>v to raise4 ,he f\nd t ! work]s :i* ?us f> _h be5 /]ile became f]tile1 produc+1 h[ev]1 only males4 ,?is latt] fact is easily und]/ood f :at has be5 said reg>d+ ! bees1 namely1 t ! female produces only "o type ( eggs1 h5ce ! unf]tiliz$ egg c give rise only to males4 ,! a/oni%+ or important po9t is t ! ov>ies ( ! work]s beg9 to develop z soon z !y no long] h a *ance to n\ri% ! l>v1 provid$ ! food :i* w\ld h be5 giv5 to ! l>v is n[ at _! disposal4 ,9 o!r words1 ! developm5t ( _! ov>ies is ! outcome ( eat+ ! food :i* "u normal conditions !y w\ld h giv5 to ! l>v4 ,! food mu/1 !re=e1 conta9 a sub/ance :i* induces ! developm5t ( eggs4 ,! natural /]ility ( ! neut]s or work]s is1 !re=e1 to use ,p4 ,m>*al's expression1 a case ( 8food ca/ration10 78ca/ration nutriciale074#aif ,! work]s orig9ate f f]tiliz$ eggs & are !re=e females1 b = ! full developm5t ( ! ov>ies & ! o!r sexual *>act]s some?+ else besides ! ,,xx *romosomes is ne$$ & ?is is suppli$ 9 ?is case by ! quantity or quality ( ! food4 ,may we n conclude t ! same ?+ may happ5 g5]ally1 except t ^! sub/ances are =m$ by ! body "u ! normal conditions ( nutrition ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( con/itu5ts ( ! second ,x *romosome8 #aif ,?is acc\nt ( ,m>*al's beautiful exp]im5ts is tak5 f ,caull]y1 ,m41 ,les ,problmes de la ,sexualit4 ,p>is1 #aiac4 ,x is kn[n t ! future que5s among ! bees receive also a special type ( food :i* ! work]s d n receive4 ,aga9 ! idea ( 8food ca/ration0 ( ! latt] is sugge/$4 ,9 rotif]s ,:itney#aig has %[n t ! cycle 9 ! production ( males & females c be regulat$ by ! food4 ,9 "s species a scanty supply ( gre5 flagellates produc$ purely female (fspr+1 :ile a copi\s diet ( ! same gre5 flagellates produc$ a pr$om9ance ( male gr&*ildr51 sometimes z high z n9ety-five p] c5t4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by ,%ull & ,lad(f4#aih #aig ,:itney1 ,d4 ,d41 ,sci5ce1 #aiaf1 xliii41 #agf4 #aih ,%ull1 ,a4 ,f41 & ,lad(f1 ,s41 ,sci5ce1 #aiaf1 xliii41 #agg4 #g4 ,! effects ( ! removal ( ! ov>ies or te/es ^u ! developm5t ( second>y sexual *>act]s diff] = diff]5t species4 ,9 insects ! second>y sexual *>act]s are n alt]$ by an op]ative removal ( ! sexual gl&s z 9 ! cat]pill>1 e4 g41 ,ocn]ia disp>1 accord+ to ,oudemans4 ,?is result has be5 inv>iably confirm$ by all subsequ5t work]s1 especially by ,meis5heim]4 ,crampton graft$ ! heads ( pup ( butt]flies ^u ! bodies ( o!r specim5s ( ! opposite sex1 b ! sexual *>act]s ( ! head rema9$ unalt]$4 ,9 v]tebrates1 h[ev]1 !re exi/s a di/9ct influ5ce ( a secretion f ! sexual gl&s ^u ! developm5t ( c]ta9 ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s1 :i* d n develop until sexual maturity4 ,9 a way ! obs]vations on arrh5oidy & !lyidy ref]r$ to above are indications ( ?is influ5ce4 ,b\9 & ,ancel _h already sugge/$ t ! sexual gl&s ( mammals h two indep5d5t con/itu5ts1 ! sexual cells & ! int]/itial tissue2 & t ! latt] tissue is responsible = ! developm5t ( ! second>y sexual "*4 ,?is has be5 prov$ def9itely by ,/e9a*1#aii :o %[$ t :5 "y rats are ca/rat$ c]ta9 second>y sexual *>act]s are n fully develop$4 ,! sem9al vesicles & ! pro/ate rema9 rudim5t>y & ! p5is develops incompletely4 ,su* animals :5 adult recognize ! female & seem to foll[ x1 b d n p]si/ 9 _! att5tion & nei!r erection nor cohabitation occurs4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! te/es are retransplant$ into ! muscles ( ! ca/rat$ "y animal 7s t !y are no long] connect$ ) _! n]ves7 sem9al vesicles1 pro/ate1 & p5is develop normally1 & ^! animals %[ normal sexual ard\r & cohabitate ) a female al?\gh ! female _c become pregnant s9ce ! males _c ejaculate any sp]m4 ,:5 ! retransplant$ te/es 7 exam9$ x 0 f\nd t all ! sp]m cells _h p]i%$1 only ! int]/itial tissue ( ! te/es rema9+4 ,x 01 !re=e1 prov$ t ! developm5t ( ! sem9al vesicles1 ! pro/ate1 ! p5is1 & ! normal sexual in/9cts & activities dep5ds ^u ! int]nal secretions f ?is int]/itial tissue & n ^u ! sex cells prop]4 ,?is agrees ) ! conclusions at :i* ,b\9 & ,ancel _h arriv$ by ligatur+ ! vasa def]5tia ( male animals4 #aii ,/e9a*1 ,e41 ,z5tralbl4 f4 ,physiol41 #aiaj1 xxiv41 #eea2 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aiab1 cxliv41 #gb4 ,/e9a* 9 ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts ca/rat$ "y male rats & transplant$ into !m ! ov>ies ( "y females4 ,^! ov>ies did n dis9tegrate1 ! eggs rema9+1 & corpora lutea 7 =m$4 ,9 su* fem9iz$ individuals ! sem9al vesicles1 pro/ate1 & p5is did n rea* _! normal developm5t1 & x 0 !reby prov$ t ! int]nal secretions f ! ov>y d n promote ! gr[? ( ! second>y sexual male *>act]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,/e9a* 0 able to %[ t ! gr[? ( ! p5is 0 directly inhibit$ by ! ov>y1 s9ce 9 ! fem9iz$ males ?is organ rema9$ small] ?an 9 ! m]ely ca/rat$ animals4 ,on ! o!r h& ! infantile ut]us & tube :5 transplant$ into ! "y male ) ! ov>ies gr[ 9 a normal way1 & ,/e9a* ?9ks t pregnancy 9 su* fem9iz$ males is possible if sp]m be inject$ into ! ut]us4 ,9 "s reg>ds ! fem9iz$ males %[$ ! morphological habitus ( females4 ,soon aft] ! transplantation ( ov>ies into a ca/rat$ male ! nipples ( its mamm>y gl&s beg9 to gr[ to ! l>ge size :i* !y h 9 ! female & by :i* ! two sexes c easily be discrim9at$4 ,9 addition ! /rong] longitud9al gr[? ( ! body 9 ! male does n occur 9 ! fem9iz$ specim5s1 ! body gr[? becomes t ( a female2 & likewise ! fat & hair ( ! fem9iz$ male resemble t ( a real female4 ,:ile ! ca/rat$ males %[ an int]e/ 9 ! females1 ! fem9iz$ males are absolutely indiff]5t to females & behave l !m :5 put toge!r ) normal males2 &1 :at is m int]e/+1 !y are treat$ by normal males l normal females4 ,! sexual in/9cts h1 !re=e1 also be5 rev]s$ 9 ! fem9iz$ males by ! sub/itution ( ov>ies = te/es4 ,! inhibition ( ! gr[? ( ! p5is by ! ov>y is ( importance2 x supports ! idea already express$ t 9 h]maphrodites ?is inhibition ( ! gr[? ( ! second>y organs ( ! o!r sex is only feeble or does n exi/ at all4 ,we may f9ally ask :e!r !re is any connection betwe5 ! cytological basis ( sex det]m9ation by special sex *romosomes & ! physiological basis ( sex det]m9ation by specific sub/ances or int]nal secretions4 ,x is possible t ! sex *romosomes det]m9e or fav\r1 9 a way z yet unkn[n1 ! =mation ( ! specific int]nal secretion discuss$ 9 ! second "p ( ?is *apt]4 ,9 ?is way all ! facts ( sex det]m9ation might be h>moniz$1 & x may become cle> t :5 x is possible to modify secretions by outside conditions or to fe$ ! body ) c]ta9 z yet unkn[n specific sub/ances ! influ5ce ( ! sex *romosomes ^u ! det]m9ation ( sex may be ov]come4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,m5delian ,,h]$ity ,,& ,,its ,,me*anism#bjj ,i #a4 ,! sci5tific era ( ! inve/igation ( h]$ity beg9s ) ,m5del's pap] on plant hybridization :i* 0 n appreciat$ by 8 contempor>ies4 ,m5del inv5t$ a me?od = ! quantitative /udy ( h]$ity :i* consi/$ ess5tially 9 cross+ two =ms ( peas diff]+ only 9 "o well-def9$ h]$it>y "*2 & 9 foll[+ /ati/ically & sep>ately ! results ( ?is cross+ & t ( ! inbre$+ ( ! second & ?ird g5]ations ( hybrids4 ,?is l$ him to ! recognition ( "o ess5tial feature ( h]$ity2 namely1 t :ile ! hybrids ( ! fir/ g5]ation are all alike1 ea* hybrid produces two types ( sex cells 9 equal numb]s1 "o = ea* ( ! pure bre$s :i* has be5 us$ = ! cross+4 ,?is takes place n only :5 ! =ms us$ = ! cross+ diff] 9 reg>d to "o "* only b also if !y diff] = two or m *>act]s4 ,! /atem5t made is ,m5del's law ( h]$ity1 or1 m correctly1 ,m5del's law ( ! segregation ( ! h]$it>y *>act]s ( ! p>5ts 9 ! sex cells ( ! hybrids4#bja ,m5del's law all[s u to tabulate & calculate be=eh& ! relative numb] ( diff]5t =ms :i* appe> if ! (fspr+ ( a mat+ ( two v>ieties are br$ among !mselves4 #bjj ,= ! lit]ature on ! subject ! read] is ref]r$ to ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,/urtevant1 ,a4 ,h41 ,mull]1 ,h4 ,j41 & ,bridges1 ,c4 ,b41 ,! ,me*anism ( ,m5delian ,h]$ity4 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 #bja ,m5del1 ,g41 8,exp]im5t 9 ,plant-,hybridization10 translat$ 9 ,w4 ,bateson's classical book on ,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity4 ,cambridge1 #aiji4 ,9 ord] to d ?is x mu/ be rememb]$ also t :ile 9 "s cases ! hybrid is an int]m$iate betwe5 ! two p>5t =ms1 9 o!r cases x _c be discrim9at$ f "o ( ! two p>5t =ms4 ,9 su* cases ! "* :i* appe>s 9 ! hybrid 0 call$ by ,m5del ! dom9ant "* & ! "o :i* disappe>$ ! recessive "*4 ,accord+ to ,bateson1 :o 0 ! fir/ to sy/ematize ! ph5om5a ( ,m5delian h]$ity1 recessiv5ess means g5]ally ! abs5ce ( a "* :i* is pres5t 9 ! dom9ant type4 ,:51 e4 g41 ! cross betwe5 a tall & a dw>f =m ( pea gives 9 ! fir/ g5]ation only tall peas1 on ! basis ( ! pres5ce & abs5ce !ory ! dom9ant =m conta9s a factor = gr[? :i* is lack+ 9 ! dw>f =m4 ,:ile ?is !ory fits _m cases x meets ) difficulties 9 o!rs4 ,?us ! pres5ce ( a factor = pigm5t %\ld be dom9ant ov] ! abs5ce ( su* a factor1 :i* is usually ! case1 inasmu* z ! cross ( a col\r$ rat or rabbit ) an alb9o is black or col\r$4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 also a case :]e :it5ess is dom9ant ov] col\r1 z we %all see lat]4 ,?is fact does n necess>ily contradict ! pres5ce & abs5ce !ory4#bjb #bjb ,! read] w f9d a critical discussion ( ! pres5ce & abs5ce !ory on page #bbj ( ,morgan1 ,/urtevant1 ,mull]1 & ,bridges1 ,! ,me*anism ( ,m5delian ,h]$ity4 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 ,:5 two pure bre$s ( p>5ts diff] 9 "o "*1 e4 g41 two v>ieties ( beans1 "o ) a violet ! o!r ) a :ite fl[]1 ! cross betwe5 ! two species 7! ,f g5]ation7 has pale violet fl[]s1 approximately int]m$iate betwe5 ! two p>5ts4 ,if ^! hybrids are br$ among !mselves ! (fspr+ is call$ ! ,f g5]ation4 ,accord+ to ,m5del's law ! hybrids ( ! fir/ ,f g5]ation all h two k9ds ( eggs 9 equal numb]s1 "o k9d repres5t+ ! pure bre$ ( ! p>5ts ) violet1 ! o!r ( ! pure bre$ ) :ite fl[]s4 ,! same is true = ! poll5 cells4 ,h5ce ! foll[+ possible comb9ations mu/ appe> 9 ! (fspr+ :5 ! pale violet hybrids are inbr$3 violet :ite 4444 eggs _/ ,x _/ violet :ite 4444 poll5 ,! f\r possible comb9ations are3 7#a7 violet--violet2 7#b7 violet--:ite2 7#c7 violet--:ite2 7#d7 :ite--:ite4 ,! fir/ w result 9 pure violet fl[]s1 ! f\r? 9 pure :ite1 & ! second & ?ird 9 pale violet fl[]s4 ,s9ce all f\r comb9ations w appe> 9 equal numb]s :5 ! numb] ( cross+s is suffici5tly l>ge ! num]ical result w be3 violet3 pale violet3 :ite #a3b3a ,fifty p] c5t4 ( ! ,f g5]ation w be pale violet1 #be p] c5t4 violet1 & #be p] c5t4 :ite4 ,! violets & :ites ea* w bre$ true :5 br$ among !mselves s9ce !y are pure1 & produce only "o type ( eggs & poll54 ,! pale violets are hybrids & w aga9 produce ! two types ( eggs & poll51 t is1 if br$ among !mselves w aga9 give violets1 pale violets1 & :ites 9 ! ratio #a3b3a4 ,?is ! exp]im5t confirms4 ,z has be5 /at$1 x n infrequ5tly happ5s t all ! hybrids ( ! fir/ g5]ation are alike4 ,9 su* cases ! "o "* is 8recessive10 i4 e41 ov]%ad[$ or cov]$ by ! o!r ! 8dom9ant0 "*1 :i* alone appe>s 9 ! hybrids4 ,?us :5 ,m5del cross$ peas hav+ r\nd se$s ) peas hav+ angul> se$s all ! hybrids _h r\nd se$s4 ,! r\nd =m is dom9ant1 ! angul> recessive1 i4 e41 all ! hybrids h r\nd se$s4 ,:5 ^! hybrids 7 br$ among !mselves ! next g5]ation produc$ r\nd & angul> se$s 9 ! ratio ( #c3a 7#edgd r\nd to #ahej angul>74 ,! explanation is z foll[s4 ,let ,r d5ote r\nd1 ,a angul> "*2 ! pure bre$s ( p>5ts h ! gametic con/itution ,,rr & ,,aa respectively4 ,:5 cross$1 all ! (fspr+s h ! con/itution ,,ra & s9ce ,a is recessive ?is hybrid g5]ation resembles ! pure ,,rr p>5ts4 ,! ,f g5]ation produces two k9ds ( eggs ,r & ,a & two k9ds ( poll5 ,r & ,a 9 equal numb]s1 & ^! if inbr$ give ! foll[+ f\r comb9ations 9 equal numb]s3 ,,rr1 ,,ra1 ,,ar1 ,,aa4 ,s9ce ,,ra1 ,,ar1 & ,,rr all give r\nd se$s ! ,f g5]ation produces r\nd se$s to angul> se$s 9 ! ratio ( #c3a4 ,! two organisms ) ! gametic con/itution ,,rr & ,,ra look alike1 yet !y are diff]5t 9 reg>d to h]$ity4 ,! gametically pure =m ,,rr is call$ homozyg\s1 ! impure =m ,,ra het]ozyg\s4 #b4 ,w4 ,s4 ,sutton#bjc 0 ! fir/ to %[ t ! behavi\r ( ! *romosomes furni%es an adequate basis on :i* to acc\nt = ,m5del's law ( ! segregation ( ! *>act]s 9 ! sex cells ( ! hybrids4 ,if we disreg>d ! cases ( p>!nog5esis & ! ,x *romosomes1 we may /ate t ea* species is *>act]iz$ by a def9ite numb] ( *romosomes1 e4 g4#bjd #bjc ,sutton1 ,w4 ,s41 8,! ,*romosomes 9 ,h]$ity10 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aijd1 iv41 #bca4 #bjd ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,/urtevant1 ,a4 ,h41 ,mull]1 ,h4 ,j41 & ,bridges1 ,c4 ,b41 ,me*anism ( ,m5delian ,h]$ity4 ,new ,york1 #aiae1 p4 #bf4 man 7probably7 #bd corn #bj m\se #bj ev5+ primrose #g snail 7,helix hort5sis7 #bb night%ade #cf potato beetle #ah tobacco #bd cotton #bh tomato #ab f\r o'clock #af :eat #h g>d5 pea #g ,9 ! f]tilization ( ! egg ! numb] ( *romosomes is d\bl$ 7if we disreg>d = ! mom5t ! complication caus$ by ! ,x & ,y *romosomes :i* 0 consid]$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]74 ,x 0 notic$ by ,montgom]y t ea* *romosome _h a def9ite size & individuality1 & he sugge/$ t homolog\s *romosomes exi/$ 9 sp]m & egg & t 9 f]tilization ! homolog\s *romosomes ( egg & sp]m always jo9$ & fus$ 9 ! special /age designat$ z synapsis1 :i* w int]e/ u lat]4 ,on ! basis ( ?is sugge/ion ,sutton develop$ ! *romosome !ory ( ! me*anism ( ,m5delian h]$ity or segregation4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 all ! cells ( an individual 7inclusive ( ! egg cells & sp]m cells7 h two sets ( homolog\s *romosomes1 "o f ! fa!r1 ! o!r f ! "m4 ,be=e ! egg & sp]m are ready = ! production ( a new individual1 ea* loses "o set ( homolog\s *romosomes 9 ! s-call$ r$uction division1 b ! lo/ set is made up indiscrim9ately ( mat]nal z well z pat]nal *romosomes1 s t :ile "o egg reta9s ! mat]nal *romosome ,a ! o!r w reta9 ! pat]nal "o1 & s on4 ,if be=e ! r$uction division all ! eggs _h ! *romosome con/itution ,,aa1 ,,bb1 ,,cc1 ,,dd 7:]e ,a ,b ,c ,d are ! pat]nal & ,a ,b ,c ,d ! mat]nal *romosomes71 aft] ! r$uction division ea* daught] cell has a full set ( f\r *romosomes1 b mat]nal & pat]nal mix$4 ,?us ! "o cell may h ,,ab,,cd1 ! o!r ,a,b,c,d1 etc4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,sutton1 is ! basis ( ! ,m5delian h]$ity4 ,suppose ! det]m9] ( a c]ta9 "* 7violet col\r ( fl[] 9 ! bean7 is locat$ 9 a *romosome ,a ( ?is species4 ,! homolog\s *romosome 9 beans ) :ite col\r may be designat$ z a4 ,accord+ to ! *romosome !ory ( ,m5delian h]$ity a diff]s f ,a 9 "o po9t1 ?\gh ?is diff]5ce is probably only ( a *emical "* & n visible4 ,if an egg ) ,a is f]tiliz$ by a poll5 ) a 7or vice v]sa71 aft] f]tilization ! *romosome con/itution ( ! f]tiliz$ egg is ,aa4 ,all ! o!r homolog\s *romosomes are id5tical & !re=e ne$ n be consid]$4 ,all ! nuclei ( ! ,f g5]ation h ! *romosome con/itution ,aa4 ,all w =m eggs & poll5 ) nuclei ( ! same *romosome con/itution ,aa1 b all ^! sex cells w g ?r\gh ! maturation division be=e !y are f]tiliz$2 & ?is r$uction division leads to ! exi/5ce ( two k9ds ( eggs 9 equal numb]s1 "o conta9+ only ! ,a1 ! o!r only ! a *romosome2 & ! same happ5s 9 ! poll54 ,:5 !re=e ! hybrids ,f are mat$ among !mselves1 ! foll[+ f\r *romosome comb9ations w be produc$3 ,eggs ,poll5 ,a a ,a a ,transcrib]'s note3 ,diagram illu/rat+ ! f\r possible pair+s ( *romosomal *>act]s ,possible comb9ations 9 f]tiliz$ eggs ,,aa1 ,aa1 aa1 9 ! ratio #a3b3a4 ,n[ ?is is exactly ! ratio ( ,m5delian h]$ity 9 ! ,f g5]ation4 ,! plant ) ! *romosome con/itution ,,aa w =m violet fl[]s1 ^? ) ! *romosome con/itution ,aa w =m pale violet fl[]s1 & ^? ) ! *romosome con/itution aa w =m :ite fl[]s4 ,to quote ,sutton's words3 ,! result w\ld be express$ by ! =mula ,,aa3 ,aa3 aa :i* is ! same z t giv5 = any "* 9 a ,m5delian case4 ,?us ! ph5om5a ( g]m cell division & ( h]$ity are se5 to h ! same ess5tial features viz41 purity ( units 7*romosomes1 *>act]s7 & ! indep5d5t transmission ( ! same2 :ile z a coroll>y x foll[s 9 ea* case t ea* ( ! two antagoni/ic units 7*romosomes1 *>act]s7 is conta9$ by exactly half ! gametes produc$4 ,x is obvi\s t ,sutton by ?is idea did = h]$ity 9 g5]al :at ,mc,clung _h done = sex det]m9ation or sex h]$ity1 t is1 he %[$ t ! num]ical results obta9$ 9 ,m5delian h]$ity c be acc\nt$ = on ! basis t factors = h]$it>y *>act]s are c>ri$ by def9ite *romosomes4 ,! cytological basis ( sex det]m9ation becomes only a special case ( ! cytological basis ( ,m5delian h]$ity4 ,9 ! examples quot$ ! plants giv+ rise to violet & to :ite fl[]s are homozyg\s = ! col\r ( fl[] hav+ ! *romosome con/itution ,,aa & aa respectively2 :ile ! plants ) pale violet fl[]s are het]ozyg\s1 hav+ ! *romosome con/itution ,aa 9 _! nuclei4 ,! =m] give rise to id5tical sex cells ,a & ,a or a & a2 :ile ! het]ozyg\s plants give rise to diff]5t sex cells ,a & a4 ,f ?is po9t ( view 9 ,drosophila 7& v probably also 9 man7 ! female is homozyg\s = sex hav+ 9 all its cells ! critical *romosome con/itution ,,xx & giv+ rise to "o type ( eggs only1 ea* ) "o ,x *romosome2 :ile ! male 9 ^! =ms is het]ozyg\s = sex hav+ 9 all its cells ! *romosome con/itution ,,xy & =m+ two diff]5t types ( sp]matozoa 9 equal numb]s ,x & ,y4 ,9 ,abraxas & 9 ! f[l ! female is het]ozyg\s = sex & ! male homozyg\s4 #c4 ,if ! *romosomes are ! vehicle = ,m5delian h]$ity x %\ld be possible to %[ t ! v>i\s h]$it>y *>act]s :i* foll[ ,m5del's law mu/ be di/ribut$ ov] ! v>i\s *romosomes2 & x %\ld be possible to f9d out :i* *>act]s are conta9$ 9 ! same *romosome4 ,x has already be5 /at$ t sex-l9k$ h]$ity is intelligible on ! assumption t ! ,x *romosome c>ries ! sex-l9k$ *>act]s4 ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan & 8 pupils h %[n ) ! greate/ degree ( probability t correspond+ l9kages occur 9 ! o!r *romosomes & t !re are 9 ,drosophila exactly z _m gr\ps ( l9kage z !re are diff]5t *romosomes1 namely f\r4#bje #bje ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 ,/urtevant1 ,a4 ,h41 ,mull]1 ,h4 ,j41 & ,bridges1 ,c4 ,b41 ,! ,me*anism ( ,m5delian ,h]$ity4 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 ,m5del _h f\nd t :5 he cross$ two species ( peas diff]+ 9 reg>d to two pairs ( *>act]s1 he obta9$ 9 ! ,f g5]ation results :i* he calculat$ on ! assumption t ! segregation ( ! two pairs ( *>act]s 9 ! sex cells ( ! hybrids took place indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,to illu/rate by an example3 ,:5 cross+ a yell[ r\nd pea ) a gre5 wr9kl$ v>iety 9 :i* ! *>act]s r\nd & yell[ are dom9ant1 gre5 & wr9kl$ recessive1 all ! hybrids ( ! ,f g5]ation _h ! *>act]s r\nd & yell[4 ,:5 ^! 7 inbr$ ! ,f g5]ation produc$ f\r types ( se$ 9 ! ratio #i3 #c3 #c3 #a1 namely3 7#a7 yell[ r\nd 7#cae se$s7 7#b7 yell[ wr9kl$ 7#aja se$s7 7#c7 gre5 r\nd 7#ajh se$s7 7#d7 gre5 wr9kl$ 7#cb se$s7 ,! explanation accord+ to ,m5del's !ory is z foll[s3 ,s9ce ! segregation ( ea* pair ( *>act]s occurs indep5d5tly1 !re mu/ be #c yell[ to #a gre5 & also #c r\nd to #a wr9kl$ 9 ! ,f g5]ation4 ,! yell[ w1 !re=e1 be r\nd & wr9kl$ 9 ! ratio ( #c3a1 :i* w give #i yell[ r\nd to #c yell[ wr9kl$4 ,! gre5 w also be r\nd & wr9kl$ 9 ! ratio ( #c3a1 :i* w give #c gre5 r\nd to #a gre5 wr9kl$1 :i* is ! ratio ( #i3 #c3 #c3 #a f\nd by ,m5del4 ,on ! basis ( ! *romosome !ory ! foll[+ explanation c\ld be giv5 ( ?is num]ical relation4 ,! peas ) yell[ r\nd se$s h sex cells ) a factor = bo? yell[ & = r\nd 9 two diff]5t *romosomes2 ^! two diff]5t *romosomes we w designate ) ,y & ,r4 ,! peas ) gre5 & wr9kl$ se$s w h 9 _! sex cells factors = ^! *>act]s 9 two homolog\s *romosomes g & w1 :]e g is ! homologue ( ,y & w ( ,r4 ,! cells ( ! hybrids ( ! ,f g5]ation w h ! *romosome con/itution ,yg ,rw1 :]e ,y & g & ,r & w are homolog\s *romosomes :i* w lie alongside ea* o!r ,y,rgw,transcrib]'s note3 display$ 9 ! text z ,,yr ov] gw1 i4e4 l a fraction b )\t a divid+ b>4 ,9 ! =mation ( sex cells a r$uction ( ^! f\r *romosomes to two takes place :]eby1 accord+ to ! !ory ( ,sutton1 ! foll[+ two types ( sep>ation c take place3 ,,yr & gw1 or g,r & ,yw4 7,a sep>ation into ,yg & ,rw is impossible s9ce ! division takes place only betwe5 homolog\s *romosomes47 ,h5ce !re w be f\r types ( eggs1 ,,yr1 gw1 g,r1 & ,yw & ! same f\r types ( poll5 cells4 ,! ,f g5]ation w produce ! sixte5 possible comb9ations 9 equal numb]s3 namely1 ,,yryr ,y,rgw ,y,rg,r ,y,r,yw gw,y,r gwgw gwg,r gw,yw g,r,y,r g,rgw g,rg,r g,r,yw ,yw,y,r ,ywgw ,ywg,r ,yw,yw ,s9ce w & g are recessives & !re=e disappe> :5 9 comb9ation ) _! respective dom9ants ,y & ,r ! result w be #i ,,yr 7yell[ r\nd71 #c ,yw 7yell[ wr9kl$71 #c ,rg 7r\nd gre571 & #a gw 7gre5 wr9kl$7 z ,m5del actually obs]v$ & z all inve/igators s9ce h confirm$4 ,bateson made ! discov]y t ^! ,m5delian ratios #i3 #c3 #c3 #a did n always occur :5 =ms diff]+ 9 two *>act]s 7 cross$4 ,he f\nd typical & v con/ant deviations f ?is ratio 9 def9ite cases & ^! cases he int]pret$ z be+ due to 8gametic c\pl+40 ,^! ph5om5a demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( a complex int]relation betwe5 ! factorial units4 ,?is int]relation is su* t c]ta9 comb9ations betwe5 factors may be m frequ5t ?an o!rs4 ,! circum/ances 9 :i* ?is int]relation is develop$ & takes effect we _c z yet di/+ui%1 /ill less c we (f] ) confid5ce any positive conception z to ! mode 9 :i* x is ex]t$4#bjf #bjf ,bateson1 ,w41 loc4 cit41 p4 #aeg4 ,morgan has giv5 an +5i\s explanation ( ^! deviations on ! basis ( ! *romosome !ory ( ,m5delian h]$ity4 ,he assumes t !y occur 9 ^? cases :]e ! two or m *>act]s are conta9$ 9 ! same *romosome4 ,9 t case ! two factors ly+ 9 ! same *romosome %\ld g5]ally be f\nd toge!r4 ,su* 0 ! case = in/ance 9 ! exp]im5ts ) flies hav+ r$ eyes & yell[ body col\r v]sus :ite eyes & grey body col\r1 ! "* = :ite eyes & yell[ body be+ locat$ 9 ! ,x *romosome 7see prec$+ *apt]71 or 9 ! exp]im5ts on ,abraxas4 ,^! ph5om5a are call$ l9kage1 & ! num]ical results ( l9kage 7 giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] 9 connection ) ! cross+ ( sex-l9k$ *>act]s4 ,we h already m5tion$ t be=e ! maturation division occurs ! homolog\s mat]nal & pat]nal *romosomes fuse--! s-call$ synapsis ( ! cytologi/s--& aft]w>d sep>ate aga94 ,x _h be5 obs]v$ by ,janss5s t 9 ?is /age ( fusion & subsequ5t sep>ation a p>tial twi/+ & a p>tial ex*ange betwe5 two *romosomes may take place4 ,morgan assumes t ?is ex*ange acc\nts = c]ta9 deviations 9 ! ratio ( l9kage4 ,if 9 ,fig4 #dj ! :ite & black signify two homolog\s *romosomes ,i & ,i conta9+ ! two pairs ( homolog\s factors ,,ab & ab respectively1 ! synapsis /ate w\ld be z 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,if ! sep>ation 7 complete1 ei!r ,i or its homologue ,i might be lo/ 9 ! maturation division ( ! egg4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! synapsis is slightly irregul>1 z 9 ,fig4 #db1 :]e ! *romosomes are slightly twi/$1 ,i & ,i w n sep>ate completely b an ex*ange w take place1 "p ( ,i & ,i becom+ ex*ang$4 ,?is w\ld result 9 ! =mation ( two mix$ *romosomes ,ab & a,b 7,fig4 #db74 ,?is p>tial ex*ange ( homolog\s *romosomes1 :i* ,morgan calls 8cross+ ov]10 occurs1 z he f\nd 9 ,drosophila1 9 ! egg only1 n 9 ! maturation division ( ! sp]m4 ,he in=ms me t 9 ! silkworm mo? ,tanaka f\nd t x occurs only 9 ! male1 :ile 9 ,primula x takes place bo? 9 ! ovules & 9 ! poll5 z %[n by ,gregory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db ,morgan & 8 fell[-work]s h put ?is !ory to num]\s te/s by bre$+ exp]im5ts & ! results h fully support$ x4 ,accord+ to ! *romosome !ory l9kage %\ld occur only :5 factors lie 9 ! same *romosome4 ,h5ce x %\ld be possible1 on ! basis ( ?is l9kage !ory1 to =etell h[ _m l9kage gr\ps !re may occur 9 a species2 namely1 z _m z !re are *romosomes4 ,9 ,drosophila !re are f\r pairs ( *romosomes1 & ,morgan & 8 fell[-work]s f\nd only f\r gr\ps ( l9k$ *>act]s4#bjg ,?is agreem5t c be no m]e accid5t4 #bjg ,! numb] ( h]$it>y *>act]s exam9$ to te/ ! !ory 0 ov] #acj4 ,c>ry+ ! assumption /ill f>!r1 ^! au?ors 7 able to %[ t ea* individual "* has 9 all probability a def9ite location 9 ! *romosome1 s t x seems z if ea* individual *romosome consi/$ ( a s]ies ( small] *romosomes1 ea* ( :i* may be a factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( a h]$it>y "* :i* is transmitt$ accord+ to ,m5del's law ( segregation4 ,biology has ?us rea*$ 9 ! *romosome !ory ( ,m5delian h]$ity an atomi/ic conception1 accord+ to :i* indep5d5t mat]ial det]m9]s = h]$it>y *>act]s exi/ 9 a l9e> arrangem5t 9 ! *romosomes4 ,,ii #d4 ,we are n conc]n$ 9 ?is volume ) ! _m applications ( ! !ory ( h]$ity to ! bre$+ ( plants1 animals1 & man2 ! read] w f9d a discussion ( ^! topics 9 ! num]\s writ+s ( ! special work]s on g5etics4#bjh ,we are1 h[ev]1 int]e/$ 9 ! be>+ ?is "w has on ! conception ( ! organism4 ,two que/ions pres5t !mselves3 ,is ! organism no?+ b a mosaic ( h]$it>y *>act]s det]m9$ ess5tially by def9ite elem5ts locat$ 9 ! *romosomes2 & if ?is be true1 :at makes a h>moni\s :ole organism out ( ?is kaleidoscopic assortm5t8 ,we call x a kaleidoscopic assortm5t s9ce a glance at ! li/ ( h]$it>y *>act]s f\nd 9 "o *romosome1 accord+ to ,morgan1 %[s t !re is app>5tly no physiological or *emical connection betwe5 !m1 & second3 ,h[ c a factor conta9$ 9 ! *romosome det]m9e a h]$it>y "* ( ! organism8 ,to ! fir/ "q we v5ture to (f] ! answ] :i* has be5 already sugge/$ 9 v>i\s *apt]s ( ?is book1 t ! cytoplasm ( ! egg is ! future embryo 9 ! r\gh2 & t ! factors ( h]$ity 9 ! sp]m only act by impress+ ! details ^u ! r\gh block4 ,?is metaphor w receive a m def9ite mean+ by ! answ] to ! second "q4 ,! *>act]s :i* foll[ ,m5delian h]$ity are morphological features z well z in/9cts4 ,= ! =m] we h already _h occasion to %[ 9 previ\s *apt]s to :at ext5t !y dep5d ^u ! int]nal secretions or ! exi/5ce ( specific comp\nds 9 ! circulation1 & ! same is true = ! in/9cts 7,*apt]s ,,viii & ,x74 ,?is !n leads u to ! sugge/ion t ^! det]m9]s conta9$ 9 ! *romosomes give rise ea* to ! =mation ( "o or m specific sub/ances :i* influ5ce v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,we probably d n notice all ! effects 9 ea* case1 b :5 a special organ is affect$ 9 a conspicu\s way1 we connect ! factor ) ?is organ or ! special feature ( ! organ :i* is alt]$1 & speak ( a det]m9] or factor = t organ1 or = "o ( its *>act]s4 ,we also und]/& 9 ?is way :y outside conditions %\ld be able to ov]come ! h]$it>y t5d5cy 9 c]ta9 cases1 = in/ance :y ! influ5ce ( c]ta9 h]$it>y factors = pigm5tation %\ld dep5d ^u temp]ature z ,e4 ,baur obs]v$4 #bjh ,bateson1 ,w41 ,m5del's ,pr9ciples ( ,h]$ity1 #c;d ed41 #aiac2 ,dav5port1 ,*as4 ,b41 ,h]$ity 9 ,relation to ,eug5ics1 #aiaa4 ,pe>l1 ,r41 ,modes ( ,rese>* 9 ,g5etics4 ,! view1 accord+ to :i* ! det]m9]s 9 ! *romosomes only t5d to give special *>act]s to ! embryo or to ! adult :ile ! cytoplasm ( ! egg may be consid]$ ! real embryo1 receives "s support f ! fact t ! fir/ developm5t ( ! egg is purely mat]nal1 ev5 if ! egg nucleus has be5 replac$ by sp]m ( a diff]5t species4 ,if an egg ( a sea ur*9 be cut into two pieces1 "o ) & "o )\t a nucleus1 & ! enucleat$ piece be f]tiliz$ ) ! sp]m ( a diff]5t species ( sea ur*91 ! bla/ula & ga/rula /ages are purely mat]nal & only ! skeleton ( ! pluteus /age beg9s to betray ! influ5ce ( ! =eign sp]m inasmu* z ?is skeleton is purely pat]nal1 accord+ to ,bov]i4 ,9 all exp]im5ts on hybridization x has be5 f\nd t ! rate ( cell division ( ! egg is a purely mat]nal "*4 ,?us :5 fi% eggs ( a species1 9 :i* ! rate ( fir/ segm5tation ( ! egg is ab\t eight h\rs1 are f]tiliz$ ) sp]m ( a species = :i* ! same process requires ab\t ?irty m9utes or less at ! same temp]ature1 ! rate ( segm5tation is aga9 ab\t eight h\rs4 ,!re is !n no *romosome influ5ce noticeable 9 ! e>ly developm5t4 ,:5 two =ms ( sea ur*9s1 ,/rongyloc5trotus franciscanus & purpuratus1#bji are cross$1 c]ta9 features ( ! skeleton ( ! embryo1 e4 g41 ! s-call$ cross-b>s1 are a dom9ant1 inasmu* z !y are f\nd 9 purpuratus & bo? ! crosses1 :ile !y are abs5t 9 franciscanus4 ,! developm5t prior to ! =mation ( ! skeleton is purely mat]nal4 ,^! obs]vations aga9 l5d support to ! idea t ! ,m5delian factors ( h]$ity mu/ h ! embryo to "w on & t ! organism is n to be consid]$ a m]e mosaic ( ,m5delian factors4 ,?is is fur!r support$ by ! idea t ! species specificity resides 9 ! prote9s ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg 7see ,*apt] ,,iii71 & x is q likely t ?is species specificity decides :i* type ( animal %\ld arise f an egg4 #bji ,loeb1 ,j41 ,k+1 ,w4 ,o4 ,r41 & ,moore1 ,a4 ,r41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiaj1 xxix41 #ced4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 repeat$ at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> & 9 diff]5t ye>s & h be5 f\nd to be con/ant4 ,! idea _h be5 sugge/$ t ! factors :i* det]m9e ! future "* might be f]m5ts or enzymes1 or sub/ances f :i* su* f]m5ts develop4 ,a4 ,r4 ,moore#baj po9t$ out t ! cross-b>s 9 ! skeleton ( ! hybrid betwe5 ,s4 purpuratus & franciscanus develop m sl[ly ?an 9 ! pure bre$ & t ?is %\ld be expect$ if ! det]m9]s 7 enzymes4 ,s9ce ! pure purpuratus has two det]m9]s = ! developm5t ( ! cross-b>s 7f bo? egg & sp]m71 ! hybrids only "o 7f ei!r egg or sp]m71 ! pure purpuratus %\ld h twice ! enzyme mass ( ! hybrid4 ,x is kn[n t ! velocity ( a *emical reaction increases 9 proportion ) ! mass 7or 9 "s cases 9 proportion ) ! squ>e root ( ! mass7 ( ! enzyme2 ! cross-b>s %\ld !re=e develop fa/] 9 ! pure ?an 9 ! hybrid bre$s1 z 0 obs]v$ by ,moore4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 n possible to obta9 quantitative data4 #baj ,moore1 ,a4 ,r41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiab1 xxxiv41 #afh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is obvi\s t ?is reason+ w\ld n hold = all cases4 ,?us :5 beans ) violet fl[]s are cross$ ) :ite-fl[]$ beans ! hybrids are pale blue1 :i* indicates t ! hybrids h less pigm5t ?an ! pure violet4 ,n[ we "k t ! mass ( enzyme does n influ5ce ! *emical equilibrium b only ! velocity ( ! reaction4 ,! hybrids & pure violets diff]1 h[ev]1 9 ! mass ( violet pigm5t =m$1 t is to say1 9 reg>d to ! equilibrium4 ,h5ce ! idea t ! det]m9]s are enzymes or give rise to enzymes is probably n applicable to cases ( ?is type4 ,! exp]im5ts on ! h]$ity ( pigm5ts are at pres5t almo/ ! only ones :i* c be us$ = an analysis ( ! *emical nature ( ! "* & its possible det]m9]4 ,! important "w ( ,g4 ,b]tr&#baa & ( ,*odat#bab on ! production ( black pigm5t 9 ! cells ( animals & plants ) ! aid ( enzymes has pav$ ! way = su* "w4 ,b]tr& has %[n t tyros9e 7p-oxyph5ylam9opropionic acid7 is trans=m$ into a black pigm5t by an enzyme tyros9ase :i* occurs 9 num]\s organisms & is obvi\sly ! cause ( pigm5t & col\ration 9 a great numb] ( species4 ,?is discov]y 0 utiliz$ 9 ! /udy ( ! h]$ity ( pigm5ts by ,miss ,durham1 ,gortn]1#bac & v rec5tly by ,onsl[4#bad ,! latt] %[$ t f ! sk9s ( c]ta9 col\r$ rabbits & mice a p]oxidase c be extract$ :i* behaves l a tyros9ase t[>d tyros9e 9 ! pres5ce ( hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,?is p]oxidase 0 f\nd 9 ! sk9s ( black ag\ti1 *ocolate & blue rabbits1 b n 9 yell[ or orange rabbits4 ,! recessive :it5ess 9 rabbits & mice accord+ to ?is au?or is due to ! lack ( ! p]oxydase4 ,!re exi/s a dom9ant :it5ess 9 ! ,engli% rabbit :i* is due to a tyros9ase inhibitor :i* de/roys ! activity ( ! tyros9ase 8& ! dom9ant :ite bellies ( yell[ & ag\ti rabbits are due to ! same cause40 8,v>iations 9 coat col\r are probably due to a quantitative r ?an to a qualitative diff]5ce 9 ! pigm5t pres5t40 #baa ,b]tr&1 ,g41 ,ann4 d4 l',in/4 ,pa/eur1 #aijh1 xxii41 #cha2 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,*im41 #ahif1 xv41 #gia4 #bab ,*odat1 ,r41 ,ar*4 d4 ,sc4 phys4 et nat41 #aiae1 xxxix41 #cbg4 #bac ,gortn]1 ,r4 ,a41 ,trans4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aiaj1 xcvii41 #aaj4 #bad ,onsl[1 ,h41 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #aiae1 ,b4 lxxxix41 #cf4 ,"o po9t might /ill be m5tion$ s9ce x may help to ov]come a difficulty 9 visualiz+ ! connection betwe5 ! localization ( a factor 9 ! *romosome & ! production ( a comp>atively l>ge quantity ( a specific *emical comp\nd1 e4 g41 a *romog5 or a tyros9ase4 ,we mu/ rememb] t all ! cells ( an organism h id5tical *romosomes1 s t a factor = an enzyme l tyros9ase is conta9$ 9 e cell ?r\gh\t ! :ole body4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t ! same factor 7:i* we may conceive to be a def9ite *emical comp\nd7 w f9d a diff]5t *emical sub/rate to "w on 9 ! cells ( diff]5t organs ( ! body1 s9ce ! diff]5t organs diff] 9 _! *emical composition4 ,?us x is conceivable t 9 ! production ( tyros9ase or ( tyros9e n a s+le *romom]e ( "o s+le cell is engag$1 b ! sum total ( all ^! individual *romom]es ( all ! cells 9 "o or sev]al organs ( ! body4 ,! writ] has add$ ?is rem>k especially 9 consid]ation ( ! fact t "s au?ors seem to feel t ! *romosome conception ( h]$ity is incompatible ) a physico*emical view ( ?is process4 ,s9ce we h m5tion$ ?is difficulty :i* "s writ]s seem to f9d 9 ! *romosome !ory ( ,m5delian h]$ity1 x may be add$ t a s+le factor may suffice to det]m9e a s]ies ( complicat$ reflexes4 ,?us ! heliotropic reactions ( animals are due to ! pres5ce ( photos5sitive sub/ances1 & x suffices = ! h]$it>y transmission ( ! complicat$ purposeful reactions bas$ on ^! tropisms t a factor = ! =mation ( ! photos5sitive sub/ance %\ld exi/4#bae #bae ,loeb1 ,j41 8,egg ,/ructure & ! ,h]$ity ( ,in/9cts10 ,! ,moni/1 #ahig1 vii41 #dha4 #e4 ,ano!r po9t %\ld be emphasiz$1 namely t = ,m5delian h]$ity x is immat]ial :e!r ! "* is introduc$ by ! sp]matozon or by ! egg4 ,?is fact :i* ,m5del himself already recogniz$ is 9 full h>mony ) ! conclusion t ! *romosomes & n ! cytoplasm are ! be>]s ( ,m5delian h]$ity1 s9ce only 9 respect to ! *romosome con/itution are egg & sp]m alike1 :ile !y diff] enorm\sly 9 reg>d to ! mass ( protoplasm !y c>ry4 ,we c1 !re=e1 be tol]ably sure t :]ev] we deal ) a h]$it>y factor :i* is det]m9$ by ! egg alone ! cytoplasm ( ! latt] is p>tly or exclusively responsible = ! result4 ,we h already m5tion$ ! fact t ! rate ( segm5tation ( ! egg is su* a "*4 ,yet ?is "* is z def9ite z any ,m5delian "*1 & x w\ld be z easy to discrim9ate two species ( eggs by ! "t requir$ f insem9ation to ! beg9n+ ( cell division z x w\ld be by any ,m5delian "* ( _! p>5ts4 ,! application ( our mod]n k ( h]$ity to human affairs has be5 discuss$ 9 a v orig9al way by ,bateson 9 8 address be=e ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,sydney to :i* ! read] may be ref]r$4#baf #baf ,bateson1 ,w41 ,nature1 #aiaf1 xciii41 #fgd4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,animal ,,in/9cts ,,& ,,tropisms#bag #a4 ,! idea t ! organism z a :ole _c be expla9$ f a physico*emical viewpo9t re/s mo/ /rongly on ! exi/5ce ( animal in/9cts & w4 ,_m ( ! in/9ctive actions are 8purposeful10 i4 e41 assi/+ to pres]ve ! individual & ! race4 ,?is aga9 sugge/s 8design0 & a design+ 8=ce10 :i* we d n f9d 9 ! realm ( physics4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a "t :5 ! same 8purposefulness0 0 believ$ to exi/ 9 ! cosmos :]e ev]y?+ seem$ to turn lit]ally & metaphorically ar\nd ! e>?1 ! abode ( man4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! an?ropo- or geoc5tric view came to an end :5 x 0 %[n t ! motions ( ! planets 7 regulat$ by ,newton's law & t !re 0 no room left = ! activities ( a guid+ p[]4 ,likewise1 9 ! realm ( in/9cts :5 x c be %[n t ^! in/9cts may be r$uc$ to elem5t>y physico*emical laws ! assumption ( design becomes sup]flu\s4 #bag ,ideas simil> to ^? express$ 9 ?is *apt] may be f\nd 9 ! writ]'s =m] book ,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra9 & ,comp>ative ,psy*ology1 ,new ,york1 #aijj1 & 9 ! books by ,george ,bohn1 ,la ,naissance de l',intellig5ce1 ,p>is1 #aiji1 & ,la n\velle ,psy*ologie animale1 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 ,if we look at ! animal in/9cts purely z obs]v]s we might well get ! impression t !y _c be expla9$ 9 me*ani/ic t]ms4 ,we ne$ only consid] :at my/icism app>5tly surr\nds all ^? in/9cts by :i* ! two sexes are br\ght toge!r & by :i* ! entrance ( ! sp]matozon into ! egg is secur$2 or ! rem>kable in/9cts :i* result 9 provid+ food & %elt] = ! "y g5]ation4 ,we h already _h occasion to record "s cases ( in/9cts :i* sugge/ ! possibility ( physico*emical explanation2 = example ! curi\s exp]im5t ( ,/e9a* on ! rev]sal ( ! sexual in/9cts ( ! male ^: te/es _h be5 ex*ang$ = ov>ies4 ,!re is little d\bt t 9 ?is case ! sexual activities ( ea* sex are det]m9$ by specific sub/ances =m$ 9 ! int]/itial tissue ( ! ov>y & te/es4 ,! *emical isolation ( ! active sub/ances & an inve/igation ( _! action ^u ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body w\ld seem to promise fur!r progress along ?is l9e4 ,m>*al's obs]vations on ! lay+ ( eggs by ! naturally /]ile work] wasps are a simil> case4 ,! fact t su* work]s lay eggs :5 ! que5 is remov$ or :5 !y are tak5 away f ! l>v may be consid]$ z a manife/ation ( "o ( ^? wond]ful in/9cts :i* =m ! delight ( read]s ( ,maet]l9ck's romances f insect life4 ,imag9e ! social =esight ( ! /]ile work]s :o :5 ! occasion dem&s x 8raise0 eggs to pres]ve ! /ock f ext9ction6 ,& yet :at really happ5s is t ^! work]s1 :5 !re are no l>v1 c consume ! food :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 dev\r$ by ! l>v2 & "s sub/ance conta9$ 9 ?is food induces ! developm5t ( eggs 9 ! o!rwise dormant ov>ies4 ,:at appe>$ at fir/ sight z a my/]i\s social in/9ct is reveal$ z an effect comp>able to t ( ?yroid sub/ance ^u ! gr[? ( ! legs ( tadpoles 9 ,gud]nats*'s exp]im5t 7,*apt] ,,vii74 #b4 ,if we wi% to %[ 9 an unmi/akable way ! me*ani/ic "* ( in/9cts we mu/ be able to r$uce !m to laws :i* are also valid 9 physics4 ,t in/9ct1 or r t gr\p ( in/9cts1 = :i* ?is has be5 accompli%$ are ! reactions ( organisms to light4 ,! read] is famili> ) ! t5d5cy ( _m insects to fly into ! flame4 ,x c be %[n t _m species ( animals1 f ! l[e/ =ms up to ! fi%es1 are at c]ta9 /ages--v (t5 ! l>val /age--( _! exi/5ce1 slaves ( ! light4 ,:5 su* animals1 e4 g41 ! l>v ( ! b>nacle or c]ta9 w+$ plant lice or ! cat]pill>s ( c]ta9 butt]flies1 are put into a tr\gh or te/-tube illum9at$ f "o side only1 !y w ru% to ! side f :i* ! light comes & w cont9ue to d ?is :5ev] ! ori5tation ( ! tr\gh or te/-tube to ! light is *ang$2 :ile !y w be held at ! w9d[ side ( ! vessel if ! light or ! position ( ! vessel rema9s un*ang$4 ,?is in/9ct to get to ! s\rce ( light is s /rong t1 e4 g41 ! cat]pill>s ( ,por!sia *rysorrha die ( />vation on ! w9d[ side ( ! vessel1 ) pl5ty ( food close beh9d4 ,?is p[]ful 8in/9ct0 is1 z we int5d to %[1 9 ! la/ analysis1 ! expression ( ! ,buns5-,roscoe law ( photo*emical reactions4 ,a l>ge numb] ( *emical reactions are induc$ or accel]at$ by light1 & ! ,buns5-,roscoe law %[s t ! *emical effect is 9 ^! cases1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 equal to ! product ( ! int5sity into ! duration ( illum9ation4 ,! 8attraction0 or 8repulsion0 ( animals by ! light _h be5 expla9$ by ! biologi/s 9 an an?ropomorphic way by ascrib+ to ! animals a 8fondness0 = light or = d>kness4 ,?us ,grab]1 :o _h made ! mo/ ext5sive exp]im5ts1 gave z a result ! /atem5t t animals :i* are fond ( light are also fond ( blue :ile !y hate ! r$1 & ^? :i* are fond ( ! 8d>k0 are fond ( r$ & hate ! blue4#bah ,9 #ahhh ! writ] publi%$ a pap] 9 :i* he po9t$ out t ! s-call$ fondness ( animals = light & blue & = d>k & r$ 0 simply a case ( an automatic ori5tation ( animals by ! light comp>able to ! turn+ ( ! tips ( a plant t[>ds ! w9d[ ( ! room 9 :i* ! plant is rais$4#bai #bah ,grab]1 ,v41 ,grundl9i5 zur ,er=s*ung des ,helligkeits- und ,f>b5s9nes d] ,ti]e4 ,prag1 #ahhd4 #bai ,loeb1 ,j41 ,sitzungsb]4 d4 physik4-m$4 ,gesells*4 ,wrzburg1 #ahhh4 ,d] ,heliotropismus d] ,ti]e und se9e b]e9/immung mit dem ,heliotropismus d] ,pflanz54 ,wrzburg1 #ahhi4 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahig1 lxvi41 #dci4 ,! ph5om5on ( a plant b5d+ or gr[+ to ! s\rce ( light is call$ positive heliotropism 7:ile we speak ( negative heliotropism 9 all cases 9 :i* ! plant turns away f ! light1 z is obs]v$ 9 _m roots74 ,! writ] po9t$ out t animals :i* g to ! light are positively heliotropic 7or phototropic7 & d s because !y are compell$ automatically by ! light to move 9 ?is direction1 :ile he call$ ^? animals :i* move away f ! light negatively heliotropic2 !y are automatically compell$ by ! light to move away f x4 ,:at ! light does is to direct ! motions ( ! animals & to expla9 ?is ! foll[+ !ory 0 propos$4 ,animals possess photos5sitive elem5ts on ! surface ( _! bodies1 9 ! eyes1 or occasionally also 9 epi!lial cells ( _! sk94 ,^! photos5sitive elem5ts are arrang$ symmetrically 9 ! body & ?r\gh n]ves are connect$ ) symmetrical gr\ps ( muscles4 ,! light causes *emical *anges 9 ! eyes 7or ! photos5sitive elem5ts ( ! sk974 ,! mass ( photo*emical reaction products =m$ 9 ! ret9a 7or its homologues7 influ5ces ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em & ?r\gh ?is ! t5sion or en]gy production ( ! muscles4 ,if ! rate ( photo*emical reaction is equal 9 bo? eyes ?is effect on ! symmetrical muscles is equal1 & ! muscles ( bo? sides ( ! body "w ) equal en]gy2 z a consequ5ce ! animal w n be deviat$ f ! direction 9 :i* x 0 mov+4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! axis or plane ( symmetry ( ! animal goes ?r\gh ! s\rce ( light1 provid$ only "o s\rce ( light be pres5t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! light falls sidewise ^u ! animal1 ! rate ( photo*emical reaction w be unequal 9 bo? eyes & ! rate at :i* ! symmetrical muscles ( bo? sides ( ! body "w w no long] be equal2 z a consequ5ce ! direction 9 :i* ! animal moves w *ange4 ,?is *ange w take place 9 "o ( two ways1 accord+ z ! animal is ei!r positively or negatively heliotropic2 9 ! positively heliotropic animal ! result+ motion w be t[>d1 9 ! negatively heliotropic f1 ! light4 ,:]e we h no c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 z 9 plants or l[] animals1 ! t5sion ( ! contractile or turgid organs is influ5c$ 9 a diff]5t way1 :i* we ne$ n discuss "h4 ,! read] w p]ceive t accord+ to ! writ]'s !ory two ag5cies are to be consid]$ 9 ^! reactions3 fir/1 ! symmetrical arrangem5t ( ! photos5sitive & ! contractile organs1 & second1 ! relative masses ( ! photo*emical reaction products produc$ 9 bo? ret9 or photos5sitive organs at ! same "t4 ,if a positively heliotropic animal is /ruck by light f "o side1 ! effect on t5sion or en]gy production ( muscles connect$ ) ?is eye w be su* t an automatic turn+ ( ! head & ! :ole animal t[>ds ! s\rce ( light takes place2 z soon z bo? eyes are illum9at$ equally ! photo*emical reaction velocity w be ! same 9 bo? eyes1 ! symmetrical muscles ( ! body w "w equally1 & ! animal w cont9ue to move 9 ?is direction4 ,9 ! case ( ! negatively heliotropic animal ! picture is ! same except t if only "o eye is illum9at$ ! muscles connect$ ) ?is eye w "w less en]getically4 ,! !ory c be nicely te/$ = negatively heliotropic animals 9 ! l>v ( ! bl[fly :5 !y are fully gr[n1 & = positively heliotropic animals on ! l>v ( ,balanus1 & _m o!r organisms4 ,"o ( ! difficulties 9 id5tify+ ! motions ( animals to or f ! light ) ! positive & negative heliotropism ( plants consi/$ 9 ! fact t plants are mo/ly sessile 7& respond to a "o-sid$ illum9ation ) heliotropic curvatures to or f ! light71 :ile mo/ animals are free mov+ & respond to ! "o-sid$ illum9ation by be+ turn$ & compell$ to move to or f ! light4 ,?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ! obs]vation t sessile animals l ! hydroid ,eud5drium 7,fig4 #dc7 or ! tube worm ,spirographis 7,fig4 #dd7 react to a "o-sid$ illum9ation also ) heliotropic curvatures l sessile plants4#bbj ,on ! o!r h&1 x _h be5 f\nd be=e by ,/rassburg] t free-swimm+ plant organisms l ! sw>mspores ( alg move to or f ! s\rce ( light z d free-swimm+ animals4 #bbj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahij1 xlvii41 #cia2 #ahif1 lxiii41 #bgc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd #c4 ,! writ] sugge/$ 9 #ahigbba t ! light acts *emically 9 ! heliotropic reactions & 9 #aiab t ! heliotropic reactions probably foll[ ! law ( ,buns5 & ,roscoe1#bbb & x 0 possible to confirm ?is idea by direct exp]im5ts4#bbc ,?is law /ates t ! photo*emical effect ( light equals i t :]e i is ! int5sity ( ! light & t ! duration ( illum9ation4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out on "y reg5]at+ polyps ( ,eud5drium by measur+ ! "t requir$ to cause fifty p] c5t4 ( ! polyps to b5d to ! s\rce ( light4 ,! int5sity ( light 0 v>i$ by alt]+ ! di/ance ( ! s\rce ( light f ! polyps4 ,table ,,vi gives ! result4 #bba ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahig1 lxvi41 #dci4 #bbb ,loeb1 ,j41 ,! ,me*ani/ic ,conception ( ,life1 ,*icago1 #aiab1 p4 #bg4 #bbc ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,ewald1 ,w4 ,f41 ,z5tralbl4 f4 ,physiol41 #aiad1 xxvii41 #aafe4 ,,table ,,vi ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,di/ance ,"t ,requir$ to ,cause ,fifty ,p] ,c5t4 ( ! betwe5 ,polyps to ,b5d t[>ds ! ,s\rce ( ,light ,polyps & ---------------------------------------- ----- ,s\rce ( ,obs]v$ ,calculat$ f ,light ,buns5-,roscoe ,law ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,metres ,m9utes ,m9utes ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #j4be #aj #j4ej betwe5 #ce & #dj #dj #a4jj #aej #afj #a4ej betwe5 #cfj & #dbj #cfj ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ! heliotropic curvature ( ! polyps is det]m9$ by a photo*emical action ( ! light4 ,! light br+s ab\t or accel]ates a *emical reaction :i* foll[s ! ,buns5-,roscoe law4 ,z soon z ! product ( ?is reaction on "o side ( ! polyp exce$s t on ! o!r by a c]ta9 quantity1 ! b5d+ occurs4 ,:5 ! product x is ! same = symmetrical spots ( ! organism no b5d+ c result4 ,?is is :at our !ory sugge/$4 ,x is v difficult to prove directly ! applicability ( ! ,buns5-,roscoe law = free-mov+ animals1 b x c be %[n t int]mitt5t light is z effective z con/ant light ( ! same int5sity1 provid$ t ! total duration ( ! illum9ation by ! int]mitt5t light is equal to t ( ! con/ant light1 & ! duration ( ! int]mission is suffici5tly small 7,talbot's law74 ,talbot's law is 9 reality only a modification ( ! ,buns5-,roscoe law4 ,ewald has prov$ 9 a v elegant way ! applicability ( ,talbot's law to ! ori5tation ( ! eye/alk ( ,daphnia4#bbd ,?is makes x probable t ! law ( ,buns5-,roscoe und]lies g5]ally ! heliotropic reaction ( animals4 #bbd ,ewald1 ,w4 ,f41 ,sci5ce1 #aiac1 xxxviii41 #bcf4 ,x is ( importance = ! !ory ( ! id5tity ( ! heliotropism ( animals & plants t 9 ! latt] organisms ! law ( ,buns5 & ,roscoe is also applicable4 ,?is _h be5 %[n previ\sly by ,frs*el#bbe & by ,blaauw4#bbf ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! results ( ,blaauw's exp]im5ts on ! applicability ( ! ,buns5-,roscoe law = ! heliotropic curvature ( ! se$l+s ( oats 7,av5a sativa74 ,! "t requir$ to cause heliotropic curvatures = int5sities ( light v>y+ f #j4jjjag to #bfebj metre-c&les 0 measur$4 ,! product i t1 namely metre-c&les-seconds1 v>ies v little 7betwe5 #af & #bf74 #bbe ,frs*el1 ,p41 ,sitzungsb]4 d4 k4 ,akad4 d4 ,wiss5s*41 ,wi51 #aijh1 cxvii4 #bbf ,blaauw1 ,h4 ,a41 ,rec4 d4 travaux botaniques ,nerl&ais1 #aiji1 v41 #bji4 ,,table ,,vii --------------------------------------- ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,duration ( ,metre- ,metre- ,illum9ation ,c&les ,c&les- ,seconds --------------------------------------- #dc h\rs #j4jjjag #bf4c #ac #j4jjjdci #bj4f #aj #j4jjjfji #ba4i #f #j4jjjhee #ah4f #c #j4jjagfi #ai4a #ajj m9utes #j4jjbgjf #af4b #fj #j4jjdggc #ag4b #cj #j4jajah #ah4c #bj #j4jafdj #ai4g #ae #j4jbdi #bb4d #h #j4jdih #bc4i #d #j4jhih #ba4f #dj seconds #j4faef #bd4h #be seconds #a4jiih #bg4e #h #c4jbhac #bd4b #d #e4def #ba4h #b #h4dec #af4i #a #ah4id #ah4i #b_/e #de4je #ah4j #b_/be #cjh4g #bd4g #a_/be #eaa4d #bj4e #a_/ee #abee #bb4h #a_/ajj #aijb #ai4j #a_/djj #gije #ai4h #a_/hjj #acjid #af4d #a_/ajjj #bfebj #bf4e --------------------------------------- ,x is1 !re=e1 obvi\s t ! bl9d in/9ct :i* =ces animals to g to ! light1 e4 g41 9 ! case ( ! mo?1 is id5tical ) ! in/9ct :i* makes a plant b5d to ! light & is a special case ( ! same law ( ,buns5 & ,roscoe :i* also expla9s ! photo*emical effects 9 inanimate nature2 or 9 o!r words1 ! w or t5d5cy ( an animal to move t[>ds ! light c be express$ 9 t]ms ( ! ,buns5-,roscoe law ( photo*emical reactions4 ,! writ] _h %[n 9 8 e>ly publications on light effects t aside f ! heliotropic reaction ( animals1 :i* z we n[ "k dep5ds ^u ! product ( ! int5sity & duration ( illum9ation1 !re is a second reaction :i* dep5ds ^u ! sudd5 *anges 9 ! int5sity ( illum9ation4 ,^! latt] !re=e obey a law ( ! =m3 ,effect f 7di_/dt74#bbg ,j5n+s has ma9ta9$ t ! heliotropic reactions ( unicellul> organisms are all ( ?is k9d1 b inve/igations by ,torrey & by ,bancr(t#bbh on ,eugl5a h %[n t ,j5n+s's /atem5ts 7 bas$ on incomplete obs]vations4 #bbg ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahic1 liv41 #ha2 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aijg1 iv41 #aea4 #bbh ,bancr(t1 ,f4 ,w41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiac1 xv41 #chc4 #d4 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts only "o s\rce ( light 0 appli$4 8,:5 two s\rces ( light ( equal int5sity & di/ance act simultane\sly ^u a heliotropic animal1 ! latt] puts its m$ian plane at "r angles to ! l9e connect+ ! two s\rces ( light40#bbi ,?is fact has be5 amply v]ifi$ by ,bohn1 by ,p>k] & 8 pupils1 & especially by ,bradley ,patt51 :o us$ x to comp>e ! relative effici5cy ( two diff]5t lights4 #bbi ,loeb1 ,j41 ,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,physiology1 ,*icago1 #aije1 p4 #b4 ,! behavi\r ( ! animals "u ! influ5ce ( two lights is a confirmation ( our !ory ( heliotropism inasmu* z ! animal moves 9 su* a direction t ! symmetrical elem5ts ( ! surface ( ! body are /ruck by light ( ! same int5sity at ! same angle1 s t z a consequ5ce equal masses ( photos5sitive sub/ances are produc$ 9 symmetrical elem5ts ( _! eyes or sk9 9 equal times4 ,! effect on ! symmetrical muscles w be id5tical4 ,z soon z "o ( ! lights is a little /rong] ! animal w deviate t[>ds ?is light1 9 case x is positively heliotropic & t[>ds ! weak] light if x is negatively heliotropic4 ,?is deviation aga9 is n ! product ( *ance b foll[s a def9ite law z ,patt5#bcj has rec5tly %[n4 ,he us$ ! negatively heliotropic l>v ( ! bl[fly4 ,^! l>v 7 made to record _! trail :ile mov+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! two lights4 ,! results ( ! measurem5ts ( #bejj trails %[+ ! progressive increase 9 angul> deviation ( ! l>v 7f ! p]p5dicul> ^u ! l9e connect+ ! two lights71 ) increas+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! lights1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,s9ce ! deviation or angul> deflection ( ! l>v is t[>ds ! weak] ( ! two lights x is m>k$ negative4 #bcj ,patt51 ,bradley ,m41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aiae1 xxxviii41 #cac4 ,,table ,,viii ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,p]c5tage ,diff]5ce ,av]age ,angul> ,deflection ( 9 ! ,int5sity ! ,two ,pa?s ( ! ,l>v ( ! ,two ,lights t[>ds ! ,weak] ,light ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,p] ,c5t4 ,degrees #j -#j4ji #h-a_/c -#b4gg #af-b_/c -#e4ge #be -#h4hf #cc-a_/c -#aa4ib #ej -#bj4bh #ff-b_/c -#cj4ij #hc-a_/c -#df4ha #ajj -#gg4ef ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,let u assume t ! negatively heliotropic animal is at an equal di/ance f ! two unequal lights & plac$ s t at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t its m$ian plane is at "r angles to ! l9e connect+ ! two lights1 b ) its head turn$ away f !m4 ,9 t case ! velocity ( reaction 9 ! symmetrical photos5sitive elem5ts ( ! eyeless l>v is great] on ! side ( ! /rong] light4 ,s9ce ! animal is negatively heliotropic ?is w result 9 a great] relaxation or a dim9ution ( ! en]gy production ( ! muscles turn+ ! head ( ! animal t[>ds ! side ( ! /rong] light4 ,h5ce ! animal w automatically deviate f ! /raight l9e t[>ds ! side ( ! weak] light4 ,by ! alt]ation ( ! position ( its body ! photos5sitive elem5ts expos$ to ! /rong] ( ! two lights w be put at a less effici5t angle & h5ce ! rate ( photo*emical reaction on ?is side w be dim9i%$4 ,! deviation f ! p]p5dicul> 9 :i* ! animal w ultimately move w be su* t z a consequ5ce1 ! rate ( photo*emical reaction 9 symmetrical elem5ts is aga9 equal4 ,! ultimate direction ( motion w1 accord+ to our !ory always be su* t ! mass ( *emical products =m$ "u ! influ5ce ( light 9 symmetrical photos5sitive elem5ts dur+ ! same "t is equal4 ,patt5 also inve/igat$ ! "q :e!r ! same diff]5ce ( p]c5tage betwe5 two lights w\ld give ! same deviation1 reg>dless ( ! absolute int5sities ( ! lights us$4 ,! absolute int5sity 0 v>i$ by us+ 9 turn f "o to five gl[]s4 ,! relative int5sity betwe5 ! two lights v>i$ 9 succession by #j1 #h-a_/c1 #af-b_/c1 #be1 #cc-a_/c1 & #ej p] c5t4 ,yet ! angul> deflections 7 )9 ! limits ( error id5tical = ea* relative diff]5ce ( int5sity ( ! two lights no matt] :e!r1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 or #e gl[]s 7 us$4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! result4 ,,table ,,ix ,a ,,table ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,measurem5ts ,,( #bgjj ,,trails ,,%[+ ,,! ,,angul> ,,deflections ,,at ,,five ,,diff]5t ,,absolute ,,int5sities ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,diff]5ce ( ,int5sity betwe5 ! ,two ,lights ,numb] ---------------------------------------- -------------- ( #j #h-a_/c #af-b_/c #be #cc-a_/c #ej ,gl[]sp] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,deflection 9 ,degrees #a -#j4ee -#b4cb -#e4bg -#i4jd -#aa4hf -#ai4df #b -#j4aj -#c4je -#f4ab -#h4ee -#aa4ib -#bb4bh #c #j4de -#b4fj -#e4fe -#h4gc -#ac4ae -#bj4eb #d -#j4jbe -#b4ih -#f4fj -#i4ff -#aa4gf -#ai4hh #e -#j4bbe -#b4ib -#e4abe -#h4cj -#aj4ib -#ai4bh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,av]age -#j4ji -#b4gg -#e4ge -#h4hf -#aa4ib -#bj4bh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,su* con/ancy ( quantitative results is only possible :]e we are deal+ ) purely physico*emical ph5om5a or :]e life ph5om5a are unequivocally det]m9$ by purely physico*emical conditions4 #e4 ,x seems difficult = "s biologi/s1 ev5 ) ! validity ( ! ,buns5-,roscoe law prov51 to imag9e t ! movem5ts ( ! animals "u ! influ5ce ( light are n volunt>y 7or n dictat$ by ! my/]i\s 8trial & error0 me?od ( ,j5n+s74#bca ,b "o wond]s h[ x is possible on su* an assumption to acc\nt = ! fact t ! angle ( deflection ( ! l>va ( ! fly :5 "u ! influ5ce ( two lights ( diff]5t int5sities %\ld be always ! same = a giv5 diff]5ce 9 int5sity2 or :y ! "t = curvature 9 ,eud5drium %\ld v>y inv]sely ) ! int5sity ( illum9ation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible to complete ! case = ! purely physico*emical analysis ( ^! in/9cts4 ,john ,hays ,hammond1 ,jr41 has succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ heliotropic ma*9es :i* 9 ! d>k foll[ a lant]n v mu* 9 ! mann] ( a positively heliotropic animal4 ,! eyes ( ?is heliotropic ma*9e consi/ ( two l5ses 9 ^: focus is situat$ ! 8ret9a0 consi/+ ( sel5ium wire4 ,! two eyes are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a project+ piece ( wood :i* repres5ts ! nose & all[s "o eye to receive light :ile ! o!r is %ad$4 ,! galvanic resi/ance ( sel5ium is alt]$ by light2 & :5 "o sel5ium wire is %ad$ :ile ! o!r is illum9at$1 ! electric en]gy 7suppli$ by batt]ies inside ! ma*9e7 :i* makes ! :eels turn 7^! take ! place ( ! legs ( ! normal animal7 no long] fl[s symmetrically to ! /e]+ :eel1 & ! ma*9e turns t[>ds ! light4 ,9 ?is way ! ma*9e foll[s a lant]n 9 a d>k room 9 a way simil> to t ( a positively heliotropic animal4 ,"h we h a model ( ! heliotropic animal ^: purely me*ani/ic "* is beyond suspicion1 & we may be sure t x is n 8fondness0 = light or = brightness nor w-p[] nor a me?od ( 8trial & error0 :i* makes ! ma*9e foll[ ! light4 #bca ,accord+ to ?is !ory ! animal is n directly ori5t$ by ! outside =ce1 e4 g4 ! light1 b selects among its r&om movem5ts ! "o :i* is mo/ 8suit$0 & keeps on mov+ 9 ?is direction4 ,?is idea is unt5able = mo/ if n all ! cases ( tropisms & has be5 refut$ by practically all ! work]s 9 ?is field1 e4 g41 ,p>k] & 8 pupils1 ,bohn1 ,h4 ,b4 ,torrey1 ,holmes1 ,bancr(t1 ,ewald1 & o!rs4 ,x is only upheld by ,j5n+s & ,ma/2 & is accept$ among ^? to :om ! idea ( a physico*emical explanation ( life ph5om5a does n appeal4 ,torrey & ,bancr(t 7= ! lit]ature ! read] is ref]r$ to ,bancr(t's pap]1 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiac1 xv41 #chc7 h %[n directly t ! !ory ( trial & error is n ev5 correct = ! organism = :i* ,j5n+s has develop$ ?is idea2 namely ,eugl5a4 #f4 ,x may also be ( int]e/ to "k t 9 heliotropism ! motions ( ! legs are automatically controll$ by ! *emical *anges tak+ place 9 symmetrical elem5ts ( ! ret9a4 ,9 ord] to prove ?is po9t we w turn to ! ph5om5on ( galvanotropism4 ,! galvanic curr5t =ces c]ta9 animals to move 9 ! direction ( "o ( ! two electrodes j z ! light =ces ! heliotropic animals to move t[>ds 7or f7 ! s\rce ( light4 ,! *ange 9 ! conc5tration ( ! ions at ! b\nd>y ( ! v>i\s organs1 especially ! n]ves1 det]m9es ! galvanotropic reactions4 ,:5 ! %rimp ,palmonetes is put into a tr\gh ) dilute salt solution ?r\gh :i* a curr5t ( a c]ta9 int5sity fl[s1 ! animal is compell$ to move t[>ds ! anode4#bcb ,x c walk =w>ds1 backw>ds1 or sidewise4 ,"h we c obs]ve directly t ! effect ( ! curr5t consi/s 9 alt]+ ! t5sion ( ! muscles ( ! legs 9 su* a way z to make x easy = ! animal to move t[>d ! anode & difficult to move t[>d ! ca?ode4 ,?us if ! curr5t be s5t sidewise ?r\gh ! animal1 say f left to "r 7,fig4 #de71 ! legs ( ! left side assume ! flexor position1 ^? ( ! "r ! ext5sor position4 ,) ?is position ( its legs ! animal c easily move to ! left1 i4 e41 ! anode1 & only ) difficulty to ! "r1 i4 e41 ! ca?ode4 ,?is *ange 9 ! position ( ! legs occurs :5 ! animal is n mov+ at all1 ?us %[+ t ! galvanotropic movem5ts take place n because ! animal int5ds to g to ! anode1 b t ! animal goes to ! anode because its legs are practically prev5t$ by ! galvanic curr5t f work+ 9 any o!r way4 ,?is is exactly :at happ5s 9 ! heliotropic motions ( animals4#bcc #bcb ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,maxwell1 ,s4 ,s41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahif1 lxiii41 #aba4 #bcc ,t ! me*anisms by :i* heliotropic & galvanotropic ori5tation is br\ght ab\t are id5tical 0 %[n by ,bancr(t 9 ,eugl5a 7,bancr(t1 loc4 cit474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de ,to und]/& :at happ5s :5 ! curr5t goes l5g?wise ?r\gh ! body x %\ld be /at$ t ,palmonetes uses ! ?ird1 f\r?1 & fif? pairs ( legs = its locomotion4 ,! ?ird pair pulls 9 ! =w>d movem5t1 & ! fif? pair pu%es4 ,! f\r? pair g5]ally acts l ! fif?1 & requires no fur!r att5tion4 ,if a curr5t be s5t ?r\gh ! animal longitud9ally1 f tail to head1 & ! /r5g? be increas$ gradually1 a *ange soon takes place 9 ! position ( ! legs 7,fig4 #df74 ,9 ! ?ird pair ! t5sion ( ! flexors pr$om9ates1 9 ! fif? ! t5sion ( ! ext5sors4 ,! animal c ?us move easily ) ! pull+ ( ! ?ird & ! pu%+ ( ! fif? pairs ( legs1 t is to say1 ! curr5t *anges ! t5sion ( ! muscles 9 su* a way t ! =w>d motion is r5d]$ easy1 ! backw>d motion is difficult4 ,h5ce x c easily move t[>d ! anode1 b only ) difficulty t[>d ! ca?ode4 ,if a curr5t be s5t ?r\gh ! animal 9 ! opposite direction1 namely1 f head to tail1 ! ?ird pair ( legs is ext5d$1 ! fif? pair b5t2 t is1 ! ?ird pair c pu%1 & ! fif? pair pull4 ,! animal w ?us move backw>d easily & =w>d ) difficulty1 & x is ?us driv5 to ! anode aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df ,! explanation :i* ,loeb & ,maxwell propos$ = ?is influ5ce ( ! curr5t on ! legs assumes t !re are ?ree gr\ps ( ganglion cells 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em ( ^! animals :i* are ori5t$ accord+ to ! ?ree ma9 axes ( ! body2 7#a7 "r-left & left-"r1 7#b7 backw>d1 & 7#c7 =w>d4 ,x dep5ds ^u :e!r ! ganglion cells or ! n]ve elem5ts are 9 anelectrotonus1 :i* muscles are b5t & :i* relax$4 ,x w\ld lead u too f> to recapitulate ! !ory 9 ?is place1 & ! read] :o is int]e/$ 9 x is ref]r$ to ,loeb & ,maxwell's pap]4#bcd ,! importance ( ! obs]vations lies 9 ! fact t !y %[ t any elem5t ( w or *oice on ! "p ( ! animal 9 ^! motions is elim9at$1 t ! animal moves :]e its legs c>ry x1 & n t ! legs c>ry ! animal :]e ! latt] 8wi%es0 to g4 #bcd ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,maxwell1 ,s4 ,s41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahif1 lxiii41 #aba4 #g4 ,?is may be ! place to dispel an error :i* has sometimes crept into ! discussion ( ! tropi/ic reactions ( animals4 ,x has be5 /at$ occasionally t x is ! en]gy gradi5t & n ! automatic ori5tation ( ! animal by ! light :i* makes ! positively heliotropic animal move t[>ds ! s\rce ( light & ! negatively heliotropic away f x4 ,?us ! positively heliotropic animal w\ld be compell$ to move t[>ds ! s\rce ( light z a consequ5ce ( ! fact t ! int5sity ( ! light increases ! m ! ne>] ! animal approa*es ! s\rce ( light4 ,if ! s\rce ( light be ! reflect$ sky-light ! diff]5ce ( int5sity at bo? ends ( a microscopic organism is s slight t x is b5ea? ! limit capable ( influ5c+ ! motions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg ,a simple exp]im5t publi%$ by ! writ] 9 #ahhi suffices to dispel ! idea t ! en]gy gradi5t det]m9es ! direction ( ! motion ( an animal 9 tropi/ic reactions4 ,let direct sunlight 7,s1 ,fig4 #dg7 fall ?r\gh ! upp] half ( a w9d[ 7w w7 ^u a table1 & diffus$ daylight 7,d7 ?r\gh ! l[] half ( ! w9d[ on ! same table4 ,a te/-tube a c is plac$ on ! table 9 su* a way t its long axis is at "r angles to ! plane ( ! w9d[2 & "o half a b is 9 ! direct sunlight1 ! o!r half 9 ! %ade4 ,if at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t ! positively heliotropic animals are 9 ! direct sunlight at a1 !y promptly move t[>d ! w9d[1 ga!r+ at ! w9d[ end c ( ! tube1 al?\gh by s do+ !y g f ! sun%9e into ! %ade4#bce ,?is exp]im5t is 9 h>mony ) our idea t ! effect ( light consi/s 9 turn+ ! head ( ! animal & subsequ5tly its :ole body t[>d ! s\rce ( light4 ,by go+ f ! /rong light into ! %ade ! reaction velocity 9 bo? eyes is dim9i%$ equally & h5ce !re is no reason = ! animal to *ange its ori5tation1 ?\gh its progressive motion may be /opp$ = an in/ant by ! *ange4 ,b at ! b\nd>y betwe5 sunlight & daylight a sudd5 *ange f /rong to weak light occurs4 ,if ! en]gy gradi5t det]m9$ ! direction ( ! positively heliotropic animal1 ! motion %\ld /op at ! b\nd>y f /rong to weak light1 :i* may happ5 = an in/ant b :i* w n int]f]e ) ! progressive motion ( ! animal4 #bce ,loeb1 ,j41 ,dynamics ( ,liv+ ,matt]1 p4 #abf4 #h4 ,grab] _h f\nd t :5 animals are put into a tr\gh cov]$ half ) blue & half ) r$ glass1 ^? t are 8fond0 ( light g "u ! blue1 ^? t are 8fond0 ( d>kness g "u ! r$ glass4 ,! writ] po9t$ out t ?is result %\ld be expect$ on ! basis ( 8 !ory ( heliotropism1 if ! assumption be correct t ! r$ light is consid]ably less effici5t ?an light :i* goes ?r\gh blue glass 7su* glass also all[s gre5 rays to g ?r\gh74 ,! botani/s _h already %[n t r$ glass is imp]meable = ! rays :i* cause heliotropic reactions ( plants1 & ! writ] 0 able to %[ ! same = ! heliotropic reactions ( animals4 ,r$ glass acts1 !re=e1 almo/ l an opaque body = ^! animals4 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! mo/ effici5t rays = ! heliotropic reactions ( diff]5t organisms has reveal$ ! fact t = "s organisms a region 9 ! blue #dfj-dij 1 = o!rs a region 9 ! yell[i%-gre51 ne> ab\t #ebj-ecj is ! mo/ effici5t4#bcf ,= _m plants & = "s animals1 l ,eud5drium & ! l>v ( ! worm ,ar5icola1 a region 9 ! blue is mo/ effici5t2 = c]ta91 if n mo/1 animals a region 9 ! yell[-gre5 is mo/ effici5t4 ,among unicellul> gre5 alg1 ,*lamydomonas1 has its maximal effici5cy 9 ! yell[i%-gre5 & ,eugl5a 9 ! blue4 ,accord+ to obs]vations by ,ma/1 "s gre5 unicellul> organisms l ,p&or9a1 ,eudor9a1 & ,spondylomorum seem to behave m l ,*lamydomonas1 :ile c]ta9 o!rs behave m l ,eugl5a4#bcg ,wa/5eys & ! writ] sugge/$ t !re are two gr\ps ( heliotropic sub/ances1 "o ) a maximum ( photos5sitiv5ess 9 ! blue1 ! o!r 9 ! yell[i%-gre52 & t ! latt] gr\p may or may n be relat$ or id5tical ) ! visual purple :i* is mo/ rapidly blea*$ by light ( a wave l5g? ne> #ebj-ecj 4 #bcf ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,maxwell1 ,s4 ,s41 ,univ4 ,cal4 ,pub41 #aiaj1 ,physiol41 iii41 #aie2 ,loeb & ,wa/5eys1 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,acad4 ,sc41 #aiae1 i41 #dd2 ,sci5ce1 #aiae1 xli41 #cbh2 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiae1 xix41 #bc2 #aiaf1 xx41 #bag4 #bcg ,ma/1 ,s4 ,o41 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,acad4 ,sc41 #aiae1 i41 #fbb4 ,! oph?almologi/ ,hess#bch has utiliz$ ! heliotropic reactions ( animals 9 an attempt to prove t all animals f ! l[e/ inv]tebrates up to ! fi%es inclusive suff] f total col\r-bl9dness4 ,?is /atem5t 0 bas$ on ! obs]vation t = mo/ positively heliotropic animals ! region 9 ! yell[i%-gre5 ne> #ebj seems ! mo/ effici5t4 ,s9ce ?is region ( ! spectrum appe>s also z ! brighte/ to a totally col\r-bl9d man1 he conclud$ t all ^! animals are totally col\r-bl9d4 ,!re is no reason :y heliotropic reactions %\ld be us$ z an indicator = col\r s5sations2 if totally col\r-bl9d human be+s 7 possess$ ( an irresi/ible impulse to run into a flame ,hess's assumption might be consid]$1 b no su* ph5om5on exi/s 9 col\r-bl9d man4 ,moreov]1 v4 ,fris*#bci has %[n by exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce ( ! backgr\nd on ! col\ration ( fi% z well z by exp]im5ts on bees & on ,daphnia t ! reactions ( ^! animals to light ( diff]5t wave-l5g?s indicate diff]5t effects besides ^? ( m]e int5sity4 ,?us v4 ,fris* c\ld tra9 bees to g to a blue piece ( c>dbo>d di/ribut$ among _m c>dbo>ds ( diff]5t %ades ( grey4 ,bees ?us tra9$ w\ld alight on any blue object ev5 if x conta9$ no food4 ,x w\ld be impossible to d ?is ) totally col\r-bl9d organisms4 #bch ,hess1 ,c41 8,gesi*tss9n10 ,w9t]/e9's ,h&b4 d4 v]gl4 ,physiol41 #aiac1 iv4 #bci v4 ,fris*1 ,k41 8,d] ,f>b5s9n und ,=m5s9n d] ,bi5e10 ,zol4 ,jahrb4 ,abt4 f4 allg4 ,zol4 u4 ,physiol41 #aiad1 xxxv4 ,see also ,ewald1 ,w4 ,f41 ,zts*r4 f4 ,s9nesphysiol41 #aiad1 xlviii41 #bhe4 #i4 ,heliotropic reactions play a great rle 9 ! pres]vation ( individuals z well z ( species4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is rle x mu/ be /at$ t ! photos5sitive sub/ances appe> (t5 only "u c]ta9 conditions & t _! effect is inhibit$ "u o!r conditions4 ,?us among ants ! w+$ males & females alone %[ positive heliotropism1#bdj :ile ! w+less work]s are free f ?is reaction4 ,?is positive heliotropism becomes viol5t at ! "t ( ! nuptial flight & ?is ph5om5on itself seems to be a heliotropic ph5om5on s9ce x takes place 9 ! direction ( ! light4 ,:5 ! que5 f\nds h] ne/ %e loses h] w+s & becomes negatively heliotropic aga94 ,kellogg#bda has %[n t ! nuptial flight ( ! bees is also a purely heliotropic ph5om5on4 ,:5 a "p ( ! hive remote f ! entrance is illum9at$ ! bees ru% to ! light & c ?us be prev5t$ f sw>m+4 ,^! ph5om5a sugge/ t ! pres5ce ( "s sub/ance secret$ by ! sex gl&s may cause ! int5sification ( ! heliotropism :i* leads to ! nuptial flight4 #bdj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,d] ,heliotropismus d] ,ti]e1 #ahhi4 #bda ,kellogg1 ,v4 ,l41 ,sci5ce1 #aijc1 xviii41 #fic4 ,9 c]ta9 species ( ,daphnia1 fre%-wat] copepods1 & ( ,volvox1 a trace ( ,,co suffices to make negatively heliotropic or indiff]5t specim5s viol5tly positively heliotropic4#bdb ,c]ta9 =ms ( m>9e copepods & ! l>v ( ,polygordius c be made positively heliotropic by l[]+ ! temp]ature#bdc & ! l>v ( ! b>nacle c be made negatively heliotropic by /rong light4#bdd ,x is q possible t a *ange 9 ! s5se ( heliotropism by temp]ature & light is to "s ext5t at lea/ responsible = ! p]iodic dep? migrations ( heliotropic animals4 ,_m if n all positively heliotropic animals c be made negatively heliotropic by exposure to ultraviolet light4#bde #bdb ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aijf1 cxv41 #efd4 #bdc ,ibid41 #ahic1 liv41 #ha4 #bdd ,groom1 ,!o4 ,t41 & ,loeb1 ,j41 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 #ahij1 x41 #afj2 ,ewald1 ,w4 ,f41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiab1 xiii41 #eia4 #bde ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aijf1 cxv41 #efd2 ,moore1 ,a4 ,r41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiab1 xiii41 #egc4 ,a mo/ int]e/+ example ( ! rle ( heliotropism 9 ! pres]vation ( a species is %[n 9 ! cat]pill>s ( ,por!sia *rysorrha4 ,! butt]fly lays its eggs ^u a %rub4 ,! l>v hat* late 9 ! fall & hib]nate 9 a ne/ on ! %rub1 z a rule n f> f ! gr\nd4 ,z soon z ! temp]ature rea*es a c]ta9 height1 !y leave ! ne/2 "u natural conditions1 ?is happ5s 9 ! spr+ :5 ! fir/ leaves h begun to =m on ! %rub4 7,! l>v c1 h[ev]1 be induc$ to leave ! ne/ at any "t 9 ! w9t] provid$ ! temp]ature is rais$ suffici5tly47 ,aft] leav+ ! ne/1 !y crawl directly upw>d on ! %rub :]e !y f9d ! leaves on :i* !y fe$4 ,%\ld ! cat]pill>s move d[n ! %rub1 !y w\ld />ve1 b ?is !y nev] d1 always crawl+ upw>d to :]e !y f9d _! food4 ,:at gives ! cat]pill> ?is nev]-fail+ c]ta9ty :i* saves its life1 & = :i* a human be+ might envy ! little l>va8 ,is x a dim recollection ( exp]i5ces ( =m] g5]ations8 ,x c be %[n t x is ! light reflect$ f ! sky :i* guides ! animal upw>d4 ,:5 we put ^! animals into a horizontal te/-tube 9 a room1 !y all crawl t[>d ! w9d[1 or t[>d a lamp2 ! animal is positively heliotropic4 ,x is ?is positive heliotropism :i* makes !m move upw>d :]e !y f9d _! food1 :5 ! mild air ( ! spr+ calls !m =? f _! ne/4 ,at ! top ( ! bran*1 !y come 9 contact ) a leaf1 & *emical or tactile influ5ces set ! m&ibles ( ! "y cat]pill> into activity4 ,if we put ^! l>v into clos$ te/-tubes :i* lie ) _! longitud9al axes at "r angles to ! w9d[1 !y w all migrate to ! w9d[ end1 :]e !y /ay & />ve1 ev5 if _! fav\rite leaves are close beh9d !m4 ,!y are slaves ( ! light4 ,! few "y leaves on top ( a twig are quickly eat5 by ! cat]pill>4 ,! light1 :i* sav$ its life by mak+ x creep upw>d :]e x f9ds food1 w\ld cause x to />ve c\ld x n free itself f ! bondage ( positive heliotropism4 ,! animal1 aft] hav+ eat51 is no long] a slave ( ! light1 b c & does creep d[nw>d4 ,x c be %[n t a cat]pill>1 aft] hav+ be5 f$1 loses its positive heliotropism almo/ completely & p]man5tly4 ,if we submit unf$ & f$ cat]pill>s ( ! same ne/ conta9$ 9 two diff]5t te/-tubes to ! same artificial or natural s\rce ( light1 ! unf$ w creep to ! light & /ay !re until !y die1 :ile ^? t h eat5 w pay little or no att5tion to ! light4 ,_! s5sitiv5ess to light has disappe>$2 aft] hav+ eat5 !y become indep5d5t ( light & c creep 9 any direction4 ,! re/lessness :i* accompanies ! condition ( hung] makes ! animal creep d[nw>d--:i* is ! only direction op5 to x--:]e x f9ds new "y leaves on :i* x c fe$4 ,! wond]ful h]$it>y in/9ct1 ^u :i* ! life ( ! animal dep5ds1 is its positive heliotropism 9 ! unf$ condition & its loss ( ?is heliotropism aft] hav+ eat54 ,! latt] ph5om5on is 9 h>mony ) ! exp]im5ts :i* %[ t ! heliotropism ( c]ta9 species ( ,daphnia disappe>s :5 ! wat] becomes neutral4 ,& f9ally x may be po9t$ out t ! majority ( gre5 plants c\ld n exi/ if _! /ems 7 n positively1 _! roots negatively1 heliotropic4 ,x is ! positive heliotropism :i* makes ! top gr[ t[>d ! light1 :i* enables ! leaves to get ! light necess>y = assimilation1 & ! roots to gr[ into ! soil :]e !y f9d ! wat] & nutritive salts4 #aj4 ,:ile we d n wi% to deal "h ) ! diff]5t tropisms x %\ld be /at$ t aside f heliotropism1 *emotropism z well z /]eotropism play ! mo/ ess5tial rle 9 ! s-call$ in/9ctive actions ( animals4 ,x is a problem ( ori5tation by ! diffusion ( molecules f a c5tre :5 a male butt]fly is deviat$ f its flight & alights on ! wood5 box 9 :i* is enclos$ a female ( ! same species4 ,we h already allud$ to c]ta9 ph5om5a ( *emotropism 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,c]ta9 organisms h a t5d5cy to br+ _! bodies z mu* z possible on all sides 9 contact ) solid bodies2 ?us ! butt]fly ,amphipyra1 :i* is a fa/ runn]1 w come to re/ "u a glass plate :5 ! plate is put high en\gh above ! gr\nd s t x t\*es ! back ( ! butt]fly4 ,! animals :i* live "u /ones or und]gr\nd or 9 caves are z a rule bo? negatively heliotropic & positively /]eotropic4 ,_! tropisms pr$e/9e or =ce !m into ! life !y lead4 ,! s5sitive area :i* =ms ! basis ( tropisms is z a rule develop$ n 9 ! :ole organism b only 9 c]ta9 segm5ts ( ! body4 ,?us ! eyes are locat$ 9 ! head4 ,b :5 ! action ( "o segm5t becomes ov]p[]+ ! :ole organism foll[s ! segm5t4 ,x has be5 cu/om>y among physiologi/s to speak ( reflexes 9 su* cases4 ,?us1 e4 g41 ! arms ( ! male frog develop a p[]ful positive /]eotropism on _! v5tral surface dur+ ! spawn+ season4 ,x w\ld avoid confusion to realize t !re is no?+ ga9$ 9 apply+ to ?is tropism ! mean+less t]m 8reflex02 x is bett] to call !m tropisms s9ce ! organism z a :ole is involv$4 ,if necess>y we might speak ( segm5tal tropisms4 ,! act ( seek+ ! female z well z t ( cohabitation are 9 _m cases comb9ations ( *emotropism & /]eotropism4 ,! developm5t ( ^! tropisms dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 specific sub/ances 9 ! body1 a fact emphasiz$ already 9 ! case ( heliotropism4 ,9 case ( ! developm5t ( ! segm5tal /]eotropism ( ! male frog at ! "t ( spawn+ x has be5 %[n t x dep5ds on an int]nal secretion f ! te/es4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ by "s au?ors t ! tropi/ic reactions are det]m9$ by "s feel+ or emotion on ! "p ( ! organism4 ,we h no means ( judg+ ! emotions ( l[] animals 7except by 8intuition074 ,! writ] sugge/$ 9 #ahii 9 8 book on bra9 physiology t emotions may be det]m9$ by specific sub/ances :i* also det]m9e ! tropi/ic reaction 7z well z ph5om5a ( organ =mation1 al?\gh ?is latt] ph5om5on has no?+ to d ) ! subject ( in/9cts72 & ! excell5t "w ( ,cannon#bdf has %[n ! rle ( adr5al9 9 ! expression ( fe>4 ,x is1 !re=e1 bo? unw>rant$ & unnecess>y to /ate t hypo!tical emotions det]m9e ! tropi/ic reactions4 #bdf ,cannon1 ,w4 ,b41 ,bodily ,*anges 9 ,pa91 ,hung]1 ,fe>1 & ,rage1 ,new ,york1 #aiae4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,environm5t #a4 ,! t]m environm5t 9 relation to an organism may easily assume a my/ic rle if we assume t x c modify ! organisms s t !y become adapt$ to its peculi>ities4 ,su* ideas are difficult to compreh5d f a physico*emical viewpo9t1 accord+ to :i* environm5t _c affect ! liv+ organism & non-liv+ matt] 9 ess5tially diff]5t ways4 ,( c\rse we "k t prote9s w z a rule coagulate at temp]atures f> bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( wat] & t no life is conceivable = any l5g? ( "t at temp]atures above #ajj ,c41 b heat coagulation ( prote9s occurs z well 9 ! te/-tube z 9 ! liv+ organism4 ,if we sub/itute = ! indef9ite t]m environm5t ! individual physical & *emical =ces :i* con/itute environm5t x is possible to %[ t ! influ5ce ( ea* ( ^! =ces ^u ! organism f9ds its expression 9 simple physico*emical laws & t !re is no ne$ to introduce any o!r consid]ations4 ,we select = our discussion fir/ ! mo/ influ5tial ( ext]nal conditions1 namely temp]ature4 ,! read] kn[s t !re is a l[] z well z an upp] temp]ature limit = life4 ,set*ell has asc]ta9$ t 9 hot spr+s ^: temp]ature is #dc ,c41 or above1 no animals or gre5 alga are f\nd4#bdg ,9 hot spr+s ^: temp]ature is above #dc he f\nd only ! ,cyanophyce1 ^: /ructure is m closely relat$ to t ( ! bact]ia ?an to t ( ! alg1 inasmu* z !y h nei!r def9itely diff]5tiat$ nuclei nor *romophores4 ,! highe/ temp]ature at :i* ,cyanophyce occurr$ 0 #fc ,c4 ,n all ! ,cyanophyce 7 able to /& temp]atures above #dc ,c41 b only a few species4 ,! o!r ,cyanophyce 7 f\nd at a temp]ature bel[ #dj ,c41 & 7 no m able to /& high] temp]atures ?an ! real alg or animals4 ,! ,cyanophyce ( ! hot spr+s 7 z a rule kill$ by a temp]ature ( #gc4 ,f ?is we mu/ conclude t !y conta9 prote9s ^: coagulation temp]ature lies above t ( animals & gre5 plants1 & may be z high z #gc4 ,among ! fungi _m =ms c resi/ a temp]ature above #dc or #de2 ! spores c g5]ally /& a high] temp]ature ?an ! vegetative organs4 ,duclaux f\nd t c]ta9 bacilli 7,tyro?rix7 f\nd 9 *eese are kill$ 9 "o m9ute at a temp]ature ( f #hj to #ij2 :ile = ! spores ( ! same bacillus a temp]ature ( f #aje to #abj 0 requir$4#bdh #bdg ,set*ell1 ,w4 ,a41 ,sci5ce1 #aijc1 xxvii41 #icd4 #bdh ,duclaux1 ,e41 ,trait de microbiol41 #ahih1 i41 #bhj4 ,duclaux has call$ att5tion to a fact :i* is ( importance = ! inve/igation ( ! upp] temp]ature limit = ! life ( organisms4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or x is errone\s to speak ( a def9ite temp]ature z a fatal "o2 in/ead we mu/ speak ( a deadly temp]ature zone4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! l5g? ( "t :i* an organism is expos$ to a high] temp]ature is ( importance4 ,duclaux quotes z an example a s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,*ri/5 on ! spores ( soil & hay bacilli4 ,! spores 7 expos$ to a /ream ( /eam & ! "t det]m9$ :i* 0 requir$ at ! v>i\s temp]atures to kill ! spores4 ,x took at #ajj ov] sixte5 h\rs #aje-aaj two to f\r h\rs #aae ?irty to sixty m9utes #abe-acj five m9utes or m #ace "o to five m9utes #adj "o m9ute ,9 w>m-blood$ animals #de is g5]ally consid]$ a temp]ature at :i* dea? occurs 9 a few m9utes2 b a temp]ature ( #dd1 #dc1 or #db is also to be consid]$ fatal ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t x takes a long] "t to br+ ab\t dea?4 ,?is fact is to be consid]$ 9 ! treatm5t ( fev]4 ,x is g5]ally held t dea? 9 ^! cases is due to an irrev]sible heat coagulation ( prote9s4 ,accord+ to ,duclaux1 x c be directly obs]v$ 9 micro-organisms t 9 ! fatal temp]ature zone ! normally homog5e\s1 or f9ely granulat$1 protoplasm is fill$ ) ?ick1 irregul>ly arrang$ bodies1 & ?is is ! optical expression ( coagulation4 ,! fact t ! upp] temp]ature limit diff]s s widely 9 diff]5t =ms is expla9$ by ,duclaux ?r\gh diff]5ces 9 ! coagulation temp]ature ( ! v>i\s prote9s4 ,x is1 e4 g4 kn[n t ! coagulation temp]ature v>ies ) ! am\nt ( wat] ( ! colloid4 ,accord+ to ,cram]1 ! mycelium ( ,p5icillium conta9s #hg4f wat] to #ab4d dry matt]1 :ile ! spores h #ch4i wat] & #fa4a dry sub/ance4 ,?is may expla9 :y ! mycelium is kill$ at a l[] temp]ature ?an ! spores4 ,accord+ to ,*evreul1 ) an increase 9 ! am\nt ( wat]1 ! coagulation temp]ature ( album9oids decreases4 ,! reaction ( ! protoplasm influ5ces ! temp]ature ( coagulation1 inasmu* z x is l[] :5 ! reaction is acid1 high] :5 ! reaction is alkal9e4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,pauli %[ also a m>k$ influ5ce ( salts ^u ! temp]ature ( coagulation ( colloids4 ,! process ( heat coagulation ( colloids is also a function ( "t4 ,if ! exposure to high temp]ature is n suffici5tly long1 only "p ( ! colloid coagulates2 9 ?is case an organism may aga9 recov]4 ,inside ( ^! upp] & l[] temp]ature limits we f9d t life ph5om5a are influ5c$ by temp]ature 9 su* a way t _! rate is ab\t d\bl$ = an increase ( ! temp]ature ( #aj ,c41 & t ?is temp]ature coeffici5t = #aj1 ,q1 v (t5 /eadily dim9i%es f ! l[] to ! high] temp]ature2 s t ne> ! l[] temp]ature limit x becomes (t5 consid]ably great] ?an #b & ne> ! high] temp]ature limit x becomes v (t5 less ?an #b4bdi ,?is influ5ce ( temp]ature is s g5]al t we are b\nd to associate x ) an equally g5]al feature ( life ph5om5a2 & su* a feature w\ld be mo/ likely ! *emical reactions4 ,x is kn[n ?r\gh ! "w ( ,b]!lot1 van't ,h(f1 & ,arrh5ius t ! temp]ature coeffici5t = ! velocity ( *emical reactions is also g5]ally ( ab\t ! same ord] ( magnitude2 namely #b = a diff]5ce ( #aj4 ,9 *emical reactions !re is also a t5d5cy = ,q to become l>g] = l[] temp]ature1 & coeffici5ts ( ,q ab\t #e or #f h repeat$ly be5 f\nd = purely *emical reactions betwe5 #j & #aj1 e4 g41 = ! inv]sion ( cane sug> by ! hydrog5 ion4 ,! temp]ature coeffici5t = ! reaction velocity ( f]m5ts %[s ! same dim9ution ( ,q ) ris+ temp]ature :i* is also notic$ 9 mo/ life ph5om5a4 ,?us ,van ,slyke & ,cull5#bej f\nd t ! reaction rate ( ! enzyme urease 8is ne>ly d\bl$ by e #aj rise 9 temp]ature betwe5 #aj & #ej4 ,)9 ?is range ! temp]ature coeffici5t is ne>ly con/ant & av]ages #a4ia4 ,f ,o to #aj x is #b4hj1 f #ej to #fj x is only #a4ji4 ,! optimum is at ab\t #ee40 ,! rapid fall ( ! temp]ature coeffici5t = enzyme action at ! upp] temp]ature limit has be5 ascrib$ by ,tammann to a progressive de/ruction ( ! active mass ( enzyme by ! high] temp]ature 7by hydrolysis74 ,?is w1 h[ev]1 n acc\nt = ! high value ( ! coeffici5t ne> ! l[] limit4 ,b is x n imag9able t at l[ temp]ature an aggregation ( ! enzyme p>ticles exi/s :i* is also equival5t to a dim9ution ( ! active mass ( ! enzyme & t ?is aggregation is gradually disp]s$ by ! ris+ temp]ature8 ,?is w\ld acc\nt = ! fact t at a temp]ature ne> #j;,c life ph5om5a /op because ! enzymes are all 9 a /ate ( aggregation or gelation2 t !n m & m are dissolv$ & ! rate ( *emical reaction increases s9ce ! mass ( enzyme p>ticles increases until all ! enzyme molecules are dissolv$ or r5d]$ active4 ,"u ?is assumption ?ree processes are sup]pos$ 9 ! v>iation ( ! value ( ,q ) temp]ature3 7#a7 ! suppos$ increase 9 ! numb] ( available f]m5t molecules ) increas+ temp]ature ne> ! l[] temp]ature limit2 7#b7 ! temp]ature coeffici5t ( ! reaction velocity :i* is ne>ly #b = #aj;,c42 7#c7 ! dim9ution ( ! numb] ( available f]m5t molecules by hydrolysis or "s o!r action ( ! increas+ temp]ature4 ,?is latt] is noticeable ne> ! upp] temp]ature limit4 ,! reason t #a & #c int]f]e m /rongly 9 life ph5om5a ?an 9 ! *emical reactions ( cry/alloid sub/ances may possibly be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! enzymes & mo/ ( ! con/itu5ts ( liv+ matt] are colloidal1 i4 e41 consi/ ( p>ticles ( a consid]ably great] ord] ( magnitude ?an ! molecules ( cry/alloids4#bea #bdi ,a full discussion ( ! lit]ature on temp]ature coeffici5ts is giv5 9 ,a4 ,kanitz's book on ,temp]atur & ,leb5svorgnge1 ,b]l91 #aiae4 #bej ,van ,slyke1 ,d4 ,d41 & ,cull51 ,g4 ,e41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiad1 xix41 #ada4 #bea ,^! consid]ations may meet ! objections ( ,krogh to ! application ( ! van't ,h(f rule ( temp]ature effect on reaction velocity to life ph5om5a4 ,see also ! discussion ( ?is subject 9 ,kanitz's book4 ,we w n[ %[ ! rle ( ! temp]ature coeffici5t ^u ph5om5a ( developm5t4 ,f4 ,r4 ,lillie & ,kn[lton#beb fir/ det]m9$ ! influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u ! developm5t ( ! egg ( ! frog & %[$ t x 0 ( ! same nature z t ( a *emical reaction4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ a ye> lat] by ,o4 ,h]twig4#bec #beb ,lillie1 ,f4 ,r41 & ,kn[lton1 ,e4 ,p41 ,zol4 ,bull41 #ahig1 i4 #bec ,h]twig1 ,o41 ,ar*4 mikrosk4 ,anat41 #ahih1 li41 #cai4 ,see also ,e4 ,coh51 ,vortrge fr ,a]/e b] physikalis*e ,*emie4 #b;d ed4 ,leipzig1 #aijg4 ,! "t requir$ = ! eggs to rea* def9ite /ages 0 measur$ = diff]5t temp]atures & x 0 f\nd t ! temp]ature coeffici5t ,q betwe5 #b4e & #f 0 equal to #aj or m2 betwe5 #f & #ae x 0 betwe5 #b4f & #d4e2 betwe5 #aj & #bj x 0 #b4i to #c4c1 & betwe5 #bj & #bd x 0 betwe5 #a4d & #b4j4 ,to anybody :o has work$ on ?is problem x is obvi\s t no exact figures c be obta9$ 9 ?is way1 s9ce ! po9t :5 a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t is rea*$ is n s %>ply def9$ z to exclude a c]ta9 latitude ( arbitr>9ess4 ,! writ] f\nd t v exact figures c be obta9$ on ! influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u developm5t ( ! sea-ur*9 egg by measur+ ! "t f insem9ation to ! fir/ cell division4 ,su* exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 a cold-wat] =m ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus & a =m liv+ 9 w>m] wat]1 ,arbacia4#bed ,! figures on ,arbacia h be5 v]ifi$ by diff]5t obs]v]s 9 diff]5t ye>s4 #bed ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aijh1 cxxiv41 #daa2 ,loeb ,j41 & ,wa/5eys1 ,h41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiaa1 xxxvi41 #cde2 ,loeb ,j41 & ,*amb]la91 ,m4 ,m41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiae1 xix41 #eei4 ,,table ,x ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,temp]ature ,,^u ,,! ,,"t 7,,9 ,,m9utes7 ,,requir$ ,,f ,,insem9ation ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,cell ,,division ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,arbacia ,temp]ature------------------------,/ron gyloc5trotus ,loeb & ,loeb & purpuratus ,wa/5eys ,*amb]la9 #aiaa #aiae ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,c4 ,m9utes ,m9utes ,m9utes #c #ecb #d #dfi #e #ceb #f #bge #g #dih #bia #h #daj #daa #baj #i #cjh #big4e #aei #aj #bag #bjh #adc #aa #age #age #ab #adg #adh #aca #ac #abi #ad #aaf #aba #ae #ajj #ajj #ajj #af #he4e #ag #gj4e #ah #fh #fh #hg #ai #fe #gh #bj #ef #ef #ge #ba #ec4c #gh #bb #dg #df #ge #bc #de4e ,upp] temp]ature #bd #db limit #be #dj #ci4e #bf #cc4e #bg4e #cd #cj #cc #ca #cg ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,^! figures p]mitt$ ! det]m9ation ( ! temp]ature coeffici5ts ,q ) a suffici5t degree ( accuracy 7see next table74 ,x seem$ ( importance to attempt to decide :at ! *emical reaction und]ly+ ^! reaction velocities is 7if x is a *emical reaction74 ,loeb & ,wa/5eys#bee inve/igat$ ! temp]ature coeffici5t = ! rate ( oxidations 9 ! newly f]tiliz$ egg ( ,arbacia & f\nd t ! temp]ature coeffici5t ,q = t process does n v>y 9 ! same way z ! temp]ature coeffici5t = cell division4 #bee ,loc4 cit4 ,,table ,,xi ,,temp]ature ,,coeffici5ts ,q ,,= ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,segm5tation ,,& ,,oxidations ,,9 ,,! ,,eggs ,,( ,/rongyloc5trotus ,,& ,arbacia ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,q = ,rate ( ,segm5tation 9 ,q = ,rate ( ,temp]ature----------------------------- -- ,oxidations 9 ,/rongyloc5trotus ,arbacia ,arbacia ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,c4 #c-ac #c4ia #b4ah #d-ad #c4hh #e-ae #c4eb #b4af #g-ag #c4bg #g4c #b4jj #h-ah #f4j #i-ai #b4jd #d4g #aj-bj #a4ij #c4h #b4ag #aa-ba #c4c #ab-bb #a4gd #c4a #ac-bc #b4h #b4de #ae-be #b4e #b4bd #af-bf #b4f #ag4e-bg4e #b4b #b4jj #bj-cj #a4g #a4if ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,x is obvi\s t ! temp]ature coeffici5t ( ! rate ( oxidations is rem>kably con/ant1 ab\t #b = #aj1 = v>i\s temp]atures & does n %[ ! v>iation f #g or m to #b4b = ,q = ! rate ( segm5tation4 ,kanitz#bef has %[n t 9 a graph 9 :i* ! log>i?ms ( ! segm5tation velocities are drawn z ord9ates & ! temp]atures z absciss ! log>i?ms =m two /raight l9es :i* are jo9$ at an angle4 ,accord+ to ! law ( van't ,h(f & ,arrh5ius conc]n+ ! influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u velocities ( *emical reactions ! log>i?ms %\ld lie 9 a /raight l9e4 ,we are deal+ !re=e 9 ^! cases ) two expon5tial curves1 "o repres5t+ 9 ,arbacia ! int]val #g-ac & ! second f #ac-bf2 9 ,/rongyloc5trotus betwe5 #c-i & #i-bj4 #bef ,kanitz1 ,a41 loc4 cit41 p4 #abc4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ^! exp]im5ts t if measurem5ts ( ! ,q ( lat] /ages ( developm5t are attempt$ ! v>iations due to unavoidable difficulties become too great to p]mit an equal degree ( reliability 9 ! det]m9ations4 ,! va/ importance ( ?is influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u ! rate ( developm5t is se5 9 ! fact t 9 addition to ! food supply ! rate ( ! matur+ ( plants & animals dep5ds on ?is factor4 #b4 ,?is influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u developm5t has be5 us$ to f9d ! conditions det]m9+ fluctuat+ v>iation4 ,! read] kn[s t by ?is expression are und]/ood ! diff]5ces betwe5 individuals ( a pure /ra9 or bre$4 ,^! v>iations are n inh]it$1 a fact contr>y to ! idea ( ,d>w91 :o assum$ t by ! selection ( extreme cases ( fluctuat+ v>iation new v>ieties c\ld develop4 ,:at is ! basis ( ?is fluctuat+ v>iation8 ,! writ] conclud$ t if fluctuat+ v>iations 7 due to a slight v>iation 9 ! quantity ( a specific sub/ance--9 "s cases an enzyme--requir$ = ! =mation ( a h]$it>y "*1 ! temp]ature coeffici5t might be us$ to te/ ! idea4 ,we h j se5 t ! "t requir$ f insem9ation until ! cell division ( ! fir/ egg occurs is v %>ply def9$ = ea* temp]ature4 ,if a l>ge numb] e4 g4 "o hundr$ or m eggs are "u obs]vation simultane\sly 9 a microscopic field x c be se5 t !y d n all segm5t at ! same "t b 9 succession2 ?is is ! expression ( fluctuat+ v>iation4 ,miss ,*amb]la9 & ! writ] h measur$ ! "t :i* elapses betwe5 ! mom5t ! fir/ egg ( su* a gr\p segm5ts & ! mom5t ! la/ egg beg9s its segm5tation1 & f\nd t ?is latitude ( v>iation is also v def9ite = ea* temp]ature1 & t its temp]ature coeffici5t is = ea* int]val ( #aj practically id5tical ) ! temp]ature coeffici5t ( ! segm5tation = ! same int]val4#beg ,! slight deviations are practically all 9 ! same s5se & acc\nt$ = by a slight defici5cy 9 ! nature ( ! exp]im5ts4 ,! two foll[+ tables give ! latitude ( v>iations = diff]5t temp]atures = ! fir/ segm5tation 9 ,arbacia & ! temp]ature coeffici5t = ?is latitude & ! rate ( segm5tation4 ,^! two latt] coeffici5ts are practically id5tical4 #beg ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,*amb]la91 ,m4 ,m41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiae1 xix41 #eei4 ,,table ,,xii ---------------------------- ,latitude ,temp]ature ( ,v>iation ---------------------------- ,c4 ,m9utes #i #eb4e #aj #ci4e #aa #bf4j #ab #bb4e #ac #ai4b #ad #ag4e #ae #ac4j #ah #ab4j #ai #ab4e #bj #i4f #ba #h4j #bb #g4h #bc #h4j #bd #h4j #be #e4j ---------------------------- ,,table ,,xiii ---------------------------------------- ---- ,,temp]ature ,,coeffici5t ,,( ----------------------------- ,temp]ature ,latitude ,int]val ( ,segm5tation ,v>iation ---------------------------------------- --- ,c4 #i-ai #d4b #d4g #aj-bj #c4i #c4h #aa-ba #c4b #c4c #ab-bb #b4h #c4a #ac-bc #b4d #b4h #ad-bd #b4c #b4h #ae-be #b4f #b4e ---------------------------------------- --- ,if we assume t ! temp]ature coeffici5t = ! segm5tation ( ! egg is t ( a *emical reaction 7o!r ?an oxidation7 und]ly+ ! process ( segm5tation1 ! fluctuat+ v>iation 9 ! "t ( ! segm5tations ( ! v>i\s eggs f]tiliz$ at ! same "t is due to ! fact t ! mass ( ! enzyme controll+ t reaction v>ies )9 def9ite limits 9 diff]5t eggs4 ,! fir/ egg segm5t+ at a giv5 temp]ature has ! maximal1 ! la/ egg segm5t+ has ! m9imal mass ( enzyme4 ,x %\ld be add$ t ! "t ( ! fir/ segm5tation is det]m9$ by ! cytoplasm & is n a ,m5delian "*1 z 0 /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]4 #c4 ,! po9t ( importance to u is t ! influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u ! organism is s con/ant t if di/urb+ factors are remov$ x w\ld be possible to use ! "t f insem9ation to ! fir/ segm5tation ( an egg ( ,arbacia z a !rmomet] on ! basis ( ! table on page #bie4 ,facts ( ?is "* %\ld dispose ( ! idea t ! organism z a :ole does n react ) t degree ( ma*9e-l precision :i* we f9d 9 ! realm ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,su* an idea c\ld only arise f ! fact t biologi/s h n be5 9 ! habit ( look+ = quantitative laws1 *iefly1 p]haps1 because ! difficulties due to di/urb+ second>y factors 7 too great4 ,! work] 9 physics kn[s t 9 ord] to discov] ! laws ( a ph5om5on all ! di/urb+ factors :i* might influ5ce ! result mu/ fir/ be remov$4 ,:5 ! biologi/ works ) an organism z a :ole he is r>ely able to accompli% ?is s9ce ! v>i\s di/urb+ influ5ces1 be+ insep>able f ! life ( ! organism1 c (t5 n be entirely remov$4 ,9 ?is case ! biologi/ mu/ look = an organism 9 :i* by *ance ?is elim9ation ( second>y conditions is possible4 ,! foll[+ example may s]ve z an illu/ration ( ?is r important po9t 9 biological "w4 ,al?\gh all normal human be+s h ab\t ! same temp]ature1 yet if ! he>t-beats ( a l>ge numb] ( heal?y human be+s are measur$ ! rate is f\nd to v>y enorm\sly4 ,?us v4 ,krsy f\nd among soldi]s "u ! mo/ fav\rable & mo/ con/ant conditions ( obs]vations--! soldi]s 7 exam9$ e>ly 9 ! morn+ be=e ris+--v>iations 9 ! rate ( he>t-beat betwe5 #db & #ajh4 ,9 view ( ?is fact1 ^? oppos$ to ! idea t ! organism z a :ole obeys purely physico*emical laws might f9d x prepo/]\s to imag9e t ! rate ( he>t-beat c\ld be us$ z a !rmomet]4 ,yet if we obs]ve ! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! rate ( ! he>t-beat ( a l>ge numb] ( embryos ( ! fi% ,fundulus1 :ile ! embryos are /ill 9 ! egg1 we f9d t at ! same temp]ature ea* he>t beats at ! same rate1 ! deviations be+ only slight & su* z ! fluctuat+ v>iations w\ld dem&4#beh ,?is con/ancy is s great t ! rate ( he>t-beat ( ^! embryos c\ld 9 fact be us$ z a r\gh !rmomet]4 ,! influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u ! rate ( he>t-beat is completely rev]sible s t :5 we measure ! rate = increas+ z well z = decreas+ temp]atures we get approximately ! same values z ! foll[+ table %[s4 #beh ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,ewald1 ,w4 ,f41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiac1 lviii41 #agi4 ,,table ,,xiv ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,temp]ature ,"t ,requir$ = ,n9ete5 ,he>t-beats 9 ! ,embryo ( ,fundulus ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,c4 ,seconds #cj #f4be #be #h4e #bj #aa4e #ae #ai4j #aj #cb4e #e #fa4j #aj #cc4e #ae #ah4h #bj #ab4j #be #aj4j #cj #f4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,:y does ea* embryo h ! same rate ( he>t-beat at ! same temp]ature 9 contradi/9ction to ! enorm\s v>iability ( ! same rate 9 man8 ,! answ] is1 on acc\nt ( ! elim9ation ( all second>y di/urb+ factors4 ,9 ! embryo ( ,fundulus ! he>t-beat is a function almo/ if n exclusively ( two v>iables1 ! mass ( enzymes = ! *emical reactions und]ly+ ! he>t-beat & ! temp]ature4 ,by inh]itance ! mass ( enzymes is approximately ! same & 9 ?is way all ! embryos beat at ! same rate 7)9 ! limits ( ! fluctuat+ v>iation7 at ! same temp]ature4 ,?is id5tity exi/s1 h[ev]1 only z long z ! embryo is relatively quiet 9 ! egg4 ,z soon z ! embryo beg9s to move ?is equality disappe>s s9ce ! motion influ5ces ! he>t-beat & ! motility ( diff]5t embryos diff]s4 ,9 man ! numb] ( di/urb+ factors is s great t no equality ( ! rate = ! same temp]ature c be expect$4 ,diff]5ces 9 emotions or ! int]nal secretions foll[+ ! emotions1 diff]5ces 9 previ\s diseases & _! aft]-effects1 diff]5ces 9 metabolism1 diff]5ces 9 ! use ( n>cotics or drugs1 & diff]5ces 9 activity are only "s ( ! numb] ( v>iables :i* ent]4 #d4 ,z /at$ above ! temp]ature influ5ces practically all life ph5om5a 9 a simil> *>act]i/ic way1 e4 g41 ! production ( ,,co 9 se$s#bei & ! assimilation ( ,,co by gre5 plants4#bfj ,! writ] w\ld n be surpris$ if ev5 ! ab]rations 9 ! col\r ( butt]flies "u ! influ5ce ( temp]ature turn$ out to be connect$ ) ! temp]ature coeffici5t4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,dorfmei/]1 ,weismann1 ,m]rifield1 ,/&fuss1 & ,fis*]1 on seasonal dimorphism & ! ab]ration ( col\r 9 butt]flies h s (t5 be5 discuss$ 9 biological lit]ature t a %ort ref]5ce to !m w suffice4 ,by seasonal dimorphism is meant ! fact t species may appe> at diff]5t seasons ( ! ye> 9 a some:at diff]5t =m or col\r4 ,vanessa prorsa is ! summ] =m1 ,vanessa levana ! w9t] =m ( ! same species4 ,by keep+ ! pup ( ,vanessa prorsa sev]al weeks at a temp]ature ( f #j to #a ,weismann succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ! summ] *rysalids specim5s :i* resembl$ ! w9t] v>iety1 ,vanessa levana4 #bei ,claus51 ,h41 ,l&wirts*aftl4 ,jahrb41 #ahij1 xix41 #hic4 #bfj ,mat?aei1 ,g4 ,l4 ,c41 ,trans4 ,philosoph4 ,soc41 #aijd1 cxcvii41 #dg2 ,blackman1 ,f4 ,f41 ,ann4 ( ,bot41 #aije1 xix41 #bha4 ,if we wi% to get a cle> und]/&+ ( ! causes ( v>iation 9 ! col\r & patt]n ( butt]flies1 we mu/ direct our att5tion to ! exp]im5ts ( ,fis*]1 :o work$ ) m extreme temp]atures ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 & f\nd t almo/ id5tical ab]rations ( col\r c\ld be produc$ by bo? extremely high & extremely l[ temp]atures4 ,?is c be se5 cle>ly f ! foll[+ tabulat$ results ( 8 obs]vations4 ,at ! head ( ea* column ! read] f9ds ! temp]ature to :i* ,fis*] submitt$ ! pup1 & 9 ! v]tical column bel[ are f\nd ! v>ieties t 7 produc$4 ,9 ! v]tical column ,a are giv5 ! normal =ms3 ,,table ,,xv ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- #j to #j to ,a #ce to #cf to #db to -#bj;,c4 #aj;,c4 7,normal #cg;,c4 #da;,c4 #df;,c4 ,=ms7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- i*nusoidespol>is urtic i*nusa pol>is i*nusoides 7nigrita7 7nigrita7 antigone fis*]i io ---- fis*]i antigone 7ioka/e7 7ioka/e7 te/udo dixeyi poly*lorosery?romelasdixeyi te/udo hygia artemis antiopa epione artemis hygia elymi wiskotti c>dui ---- wiskotti elymi klym5e m]rifieldiatalanta ---- m]rifieldiklym5e weismanni porima prorsa ---- porima weismanni ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,! read] w notice t ! ab]rations produc$ at a v l[ temp]ature 7f #j to -#bj;,c47 are absolutely id5tical ) ! ab]rations produc$ by expos+ ! pup to extremely high temp]atures 7#db to #df;,c474 ,moreov]1 ! ab]rations produc$ by a mod]ately l[ temp]ature 7f #j to #aj;,c47 are id5tical ) ! ab]rations produc$ by a mod]ately high temp]ature 7#cf to #da;,c474 ,f ^! obs]vations ,fis*] concludes t x is errone\s to speak ( a specific effect ( high & ( l[ temp]atures1 b t !re mu/ be a common cause = ! ab]ration f\nd at ! high z well z at ! l[ temp]ature limits4 ,?is cause he seems to f9d 9 ! inhibit+ effects ( extreme temp]atures ^u developm5t4 ,if we try to analyse su* results z ,fis*]'s f a physico*emical po9t ( view1 we mu/ realize t :at we call life consi/s ( a s]ies ( *emical reactions1 :i* are connect$ 9 a cat5>y way2 inasmu* z "o reaction or gr\p ( reactions 7a7 7e4 g41 hydrolyses7 causes or furni%es ! mat]ial = a second reaction or gr\p ( reactions 7b7 7e4 g41 oxidations74 ,we "k t ! temp]ature coeffici5t = physiological processes v>ies slightly at v>i\s p>ts ( ! scale2 z a rule x is high] ne> #j & l[] ne> #cj4 ,b we "k also t ! temp]ature coeffici5ts d n v>y equally = ! v>i\s physiological processes4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to be expect$ t ! temp]ature coeffici5ts = ! gr\p ( reactions ( ! type 7a7 w n be id5tical ?r\gh ! :ole scale ) ! temp]ature coeffici5ts = ! reactions ( ! type 7b74 ,if !re=e a c]ta9 sub/ance is =m$ at ! normal temp]ature ( ! animal 9 su* quantities z are ne$$ = ! cat5>y reaction 7b71 x is n to be expect$ t ?is same p]fect balance w be ma9ta9$ = extremely high or extremely l[ temp]atures2 x is m probable t "o gr\p ( reactions w exce$ ! o!r & ?us produce ab]rant *emical effects1 :i* may und]lie ! col\r ab]rations obs]v$ by ,fis*] & o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,x is important to notice t ,fis*] 0 also able to produce ab]rations ?r\gh ! application ( n>cotics4 ,wolfgang ,o/wald has produc$ exp]im5tally1 ?r\gh v>iation ( temp]ature1 dimorphism ( =m 9 ,daphnia4 #e4 ,next or equal 9 importance ) ! temp]ature is ! nature ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! cells are liv+4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out t ! m>9e animals & ! cells ( ! body ( metazoic animals are surr\nd$ by a m$ium ( simil> con/itution1 ! sea wat] & ! blood or lymph1 bo? m$ia be+ salt solutions diff]+ 9 conc5tration b conta9+ ! ?ree salts ,na,cl1 ,k,cl1 & ,ca,cl 9 ab\t ! same relative conc5tration1 namely #ajj molecules ,na,cl3 #b4b molecules ( ,k,cl3 #a4e molecules ( ,ca,cl4 ,?is has sugge/$ to "s au?ors ! poetical dream t our home 0 once ! ocean1 b we _c te/ ! idea s9ce un=tunately we _c exp]im5t ) ! pa/4 ,plants1 unicellul> fre%-wat] alg1 & bact]ia d n dem& su* a m$ium = _! exi/5ce4 ,h]b/ _h %[n t :5 sea-ur*9 l>v 7 rais$ 9 a m$ium 9 :i* only "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! sea wat] 0 lack+ 7n only ,na,cl1 ,k,cl1 or ,ca,cl1 b also ,na,,s1 ,na,h,c,o1 or ,na,,hpo71 ! eggs c\ld n develop into plutei2 f :i* he conclud$ t e con/itu5t ( ! sea wat] 0 necess>y4 ,?is w\ld indicate a case ( extreme adaptation to all ! m9uti ( ! ext]nal m$ium4 ,exp]im5ts on a mu* m fav\rable animal = ?is purpose1 namely1 ! eggs ( ! m>9e fi% ,fundulus1 gave altoge!r diff]5t results4 ,! eggs ( ?is m>9e fi% develop naturally 9 sea wat] b !y develop j z well 9 fre% or 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & ! "y fi% :5 !y are made to hat* 9 di/ill$ wat] w cont9ue to live 9 ?is m$ium4 ,?is proves t ^! eggs require none ( ! salts ( ! sea wat] = _! developm5t4 ,:5 ^! eggs are put imm$iately aft] f]tilization into a pure solution ( ,na,cl ( t conc5tration 9 :i* ?is salt exi/s 9 ! sea wat] practically all ! eggs die )\t =m+ an embryo2 b if a small quantity ( ,ca,cl is add$ e egg is able to =m "o1 & ^! embryos w develop into fi% & ! latt] w hat*4 ,?is l$ ! writ] to ! conclusion t ^! fi% 7& p]haps m>9e animals 9 g5]al7 ne$ ! ,ca ( ! sea wat] only to c\nt]act ! injuri\s effects :i* a pure ,na,cl solution has if x is pres5t 9 too high a conc5tration4#bfa ,:5 we raise ! eggs 9 a pure ,na,cl solution ( a conc5tration m_/#h practically e egg w develop2 & ev5 9 a m_/#d or #c_/h m _m or "s eggs w =m embryos )\t add+ ,ca2 x may be t a trace ( ,ca pres5t 9 ! membrane ( ! egg may suffice to c\nt]-balance ! injuri\s action ( a weak salt solution4 #bfa ,loeb1 ,j41 8,! ,poison\s ,"* ( a ,pure ,na,cl ,solution40 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aijj1 iii41 #cbi2 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aija1 lxxxviii41 #fh2 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aijb1 vi41 #daa2 ,bio*em4 ,zis*r41 #aijf1 ii41 #ha4 ,! conc5tration ( ! ,na,cl 9 ! sea wat] at ,woods ,hole 7:]e ^! exp]im5ts 7 made7 is ab\t m_/#b1 & z soon z ?is conc5tration ( ,na,cl is rea*$ ! eggs are all kill$ z a rule be=e !y c =m an embryo1 unless a small b def9ite am\nt ( ,ca is add$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! eggs c be rais$ 9 mu* high] conc5trations ( ,na,cl1 b 9 t case m ,ca mu/ be add$4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! m9imal am\nt ( ,ca,cl :i* mu/ be add$ 9 ord] to all[ fifty p] c5t4 ( ! eggs to =m embryos4 7,! eggs 7 put into ! solution an h\r or two aft] f]tilization47 ,,table ,,xvi -------------------------------------- ,conc5tration ,cc4 m_/#af ,ca,cl ( ,requir$ = #ej c4c4 ,na,cl ,na,cl ,solution -------------------------------------- m4 #c_/h #j4a #d_/h #j4c #e_/h #j4e #f_/h #j4f #g_/h #j4i #h_/h #a4b-a4d #i_/h #a4h-b4j #aj_/h #b4j-b4e #aa_/h #b4j8 #ab_/h #c4j-c4e #ac_/h #f4j -------------------------------------- ,?is indicates t ! quantity ( ,ca,cl requir$ to c\nt]act ! injuri\s effects ( a pure solution ( ,na,cl increases approximately 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! conc5tration ( ! ,na,cl solution4#bfb ,! read] w notice t ! eggs c survive & develop 9 a solution ( ?ree times ! conc5tration ( sea wat]1 provid$ en\gh ,ca is add$4 #bfb ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiae1 xxiii41 #dbc4 ,x 0 f\nd also t n only ,ca b a l>ge numb] ( o!r bival5t metals 7 able to c\nt]act ! injuri\s action ( an excessive ,na,cl solution2 namely ,mg1 ,sr1 ,ba1 ,mn1 ,co1 ,zn1 ,pb1 & ,fe2#bfc only ,hg & ,cu c\ld n be us$ s9ce !y are !mselves too toxic4 ,! antagoni/ic effici5cy ( ! bival5t cations o!r ?an ,ca 01 h[ev]1 small] ?an t ( ,ca4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! highe/ conc5tration ( ,na,cl solution 9 :i* ! newly f]tiliz$ eggs ( ,fundulus c /ill =m an embryo4#bfd #ej c4c4 #aj_/h m ,na,cl#d c4c4 m_/#a ,mg,cl #ej c4c4 #ad_/h m ,na,cl#a c4c4 m_/#a ,ca,cl #ej c4c4 #aa_/h m ,na,cl#a c4c4 m_/#a ,sr,cl #ej c4c4 #g_/h m ,na,cl#a c4c4 m_/#a ,ba,cl #bfc ,loeb1 ,j41 8,on ! ,physiological ,effects ( ! ,val5cy & ,possibly ! ,electrical ,*>ges ( ,ions10 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aijb1 vi41 #daa4 #bfd ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiad1 xix41 #dca4 ,on ! o!r h& x 0 se5 t 9 all ! *lorides ) a unival5t cation1 ,li,cl1 ,k,cl1 ,rb,cl1 ,cs,cl1 ,,nh,cl1 ! eggs c\ld =m embryos up to a c]ta9 conc5tration ( ! salt2 b t ?is conc5tration c\ld be rais$ by ! addition ( ,ca4 ,,table ,,xvii ,,conc5trations ,,at ,,:i* ,,! ,,eggs ,,no ,,long] ,,are ,,able ,,to ,,=m ,,embryos ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 ! ,9 ! ,same ,salts ) ! ,pure ,salts ,addition ( #a c4c4 m ,ca,cl to #ej c4c4 ,solution ---------------------------------------- -------- ,li,cl ab\t #f_/cbm #e_/h m ,na,cl m_/#b #ad_/h m ,k,cl #aa_/af m #h_/h m #f_/h m ,rb,cl #h_/h m #i_/h m #g_/h m ,cs,cl #c_/h m #h_/h m #d_/h m ---------------------------------------- -------- ,9 %ort x turn$ out t ! injuri\s action ( ! pure solution ( any *loride 7or any o!r anion7 ) a unival5t metal c\ld be c\nt]act$ to a consid]able ext5t by ! addition ( small quantities ( a salt ) a bival5t metal4 ,x 0 also f\nd 9 ! e>ly exp]im5ts ( ! writ] t ! bival5t or polyval5t anions _h no su* antagoni/ic effect ^u ! injuri\s action ( ! salts ) a unival5t cation4 ,we !re=e see t :at at fir/ sight appe>$ 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,h]b/ a necessity1 namely1 ! pres5ce ( ea* con/itu5t ( ! sea wat]1 turns out z a special case ( a m g5]al law2 ! salts ) unival5t ions are injuri\s if _! conc5tration exce$s a c]ta9 limit & ?is injuri\s action is dim9i%$ by a trace ( a salt ) a bival5t cation4 ,:y 0 x n possible to prove ?is fact = ! eggs ( ! sea ur*98 ,be=e we answ] ?is "q1 we wi% to ent] ^u ! discussion ( ! nature ( ! injuri\s action ( a pure ,na,cl solution ( a c]ta9 conc5tration & ( ! annihilation ( ?is action by ! addition ( a small quantity ( ,ca4 ,! writ] sugge/$ 9 #aije t ! injuri\s action ( a pure ,na,cl solution consi/$ 9 r5d]+ ! membrane ( ! egg p]meable = ,na,cl1 :]eby ! g]m inside ! membrane is kill$2 :ile ! addition ( a small am\nt ( ,ca 7or any o!r bival5t metal7 prev5ts ! diffusion ( ,na into ! egg1#bfe possibly1 z ,t4 ,b4 ,rob]tson#bff sugge/$1 by =m+ a precipitate ) "s con/itu5t ( ! membrane1 :]eby ! latt] becomes m imp]meable4 ,! correctness ( ?is idea c be demon/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,:5 eggs ( ,fundulus1 :i* are ?ree or f\r days old & conta9 an embryo1 are put into a te/-tube conta9+ #c m ,na,cl !y w float on ?is solution = ab\t ?ree or f\r h\rs2 aft] t !y w s9k to ! bottom4 ,be=e ?is happ5s ! egg w %r9k & :5 x ceases to float ! embryo is usually dead4 ,?is is intelligible on ! assumption t ! ,na,cl solution ent]$ ! egg1 increas$ its specific gravity s t x c\ld n float any long] & kill$ ! embryo4 ,:5 we add1 h[ev]1 #a c4c4 #aj_/h m ,ca,cl to #ej c4c4 #c m ,na,cl ! eggs w float1 ! he>t w cont9ue to beat normally & ! embryo w cont9ue to develop = ?ree days or m1 because ! calcium prev5ts ! ,na,cl f ent]+ into ! egg4#bfg ,= if we put a newly hat*$ embryo into #ej c4c4 #c m ,na,cl#a c4c4 #aj_/h m ,ca,cl x w die almo/ in/antly2 h5ce ! membrane mu/ h act$ = ?ree or m days z a %ield :i* prev5t$ ! ,na,cl f diffus+ into ! egg 9 ! pres5ce ( ,ca,cl4 #bfe ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aije1 cvii41 #beb4 #bff ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,b41 ,ergeb4 d4 ,physiol41 #aiaj1 x41 #baf4 #bfg ,loeb1 ,j41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiab1 xlvii41 #abg4 ,! same exp]im5ts _c be demon/rat$ 9 ! sea-ur*9 egg1 fir/1 because x c live nei!r 9 di/ill$ wat] nor 9 v dilute nor v conc5trat$ solutions2 & second1 because x is n sep>at$ z is ! g]m ( ! ,fundulus egg f ! surr\nd+ solution by a membrane :i* is "u prop] conditions practically imp]meable = wat] & salts4 ,nev]!less x c be %[n t ! results at :i* we arriv$ 9 our exp]im5ts on ,fundulus are ( a g5]al application4 ,o/]h\t#bfh has %[n t plants :i* gr[ 9 ! soil or 9 fre% wat] are readily kill$ by a pure ,na,cl solution ( a c]ta9 conc5tration1 :ile !y c resi/ ! same conc5tration ( ,na,cl if "s ,ca,cl is add$4 ,wo4 ,o/wald#bfi has %[n ! same = a species ( ,daphnia4 ,we1 !re=e1 come to ! conclusion t ! injuri\s action foll[+ an alt]ation 9 ! con/itution ( ! sea wat] is 9 "s ( ! cases due to an increase 9 ! p]meability ( ! membranes ( ! cell1 :]eby sub/ances c diffuse into ! cell :i* :5 ! prop] balance prevails _c diffuse4 ,= ?is balance ! ratio ( ! conc5tration ( ! salts ) unival5t cation ,na & ,k ov] ^? ) bival5t cation ,ca & ,mg ,c,na,k salts_/,c,ca,mg salts is ( ! greate/ importance4 #bfh ,o/]h\t1 ,w4 ,j4 ,v41 ,bot4 ,gazette1 #aijf1 xlii41 #abg2 #aijg1 xliv41 #beg2 ,j\r4 ,biol41 ,*em41 #aijf1 i41 #cfc4 #bfi ,o/wald1 ,wo41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aije1 cvi41 #efh4 #f4 ,! importance ( ?is quoti5t appe>s 9 ! s-call$ 8behavi\r0 ( m>9e animals4 ,we h m5tion$ ! newly hat*$ l>v ( ! b>nacle 9 connection ) heliotropism4 ,^! l>v swim 9 a tr\gh ( normal sea wat] at ! surface1 be+ ei!r /rongly positively or negatively heliotropic4 ,!y collect z a rule 9 two d5se clu/]s1 "o at ! w9d[ & "o at ! room side ( ! di%4 ,if su* animals are put into a solution ( ,na,cl,k,cl 79 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! salts exi/ 9 ! sea wat]71 !y w fall to ! bottom unable to rise to ! surface4 ,!y w1 h[ev]1 rise to ! surface & swim en]getically to or f ! w9d[ if a c]ta9 quantity ( any ( ! *lorides ( a bival5t metal1 ,mg1 ,ca1 or ,sr1 is add$1 b ^! movem5ts w la/ only a few m9utes :5 only "o ( ^! ?ree salts is add$2 & !n ! animals w fall to ! bottom aga94 ,if1 h[ev]1 two salts1 e4 g41 ,mg,cl & ,ca,cl1 are add$ ! animals w /ay p]man5tly at ! surface & react to light z !y w\ld h done 9 normal sea wat]4 ,^! animals also c resi/ comp>atively l>ge *anges 9 ! conc5tration ( ! sea wat]1 & x seem$ ( int]e/ to f9d out :e!r ! quoti5t ,c,na,cl,k,cl_/,c,mg,cl,ca,cl1 :i* j all[$ all ! animals to swim at ! surface1 _h a con/ant value4 ,! ,mg,cl,ca,cl solution 0 #c_/h m & conta9$ ! two metals 9 ! proportion 9 :i* !y exi/ 9 ! sea wat]2 namely1 #aa4h molecules ,mg,cl to #a4e molecules ,ca,cl4 ,! next table gives ! result4#bgj ,s9ce ^! exp]im5ts la/$ a day or m ea*1 usually two diff]5t conc5trations ( ,na,cl,k,cl ( ! ratio #a3b or #a3d 7 comp>$ 9 "o exp]im5t4 #bgj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiae1 xxiii41 #dbc4 ,,table ,,xviii ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,numb] ,conc5tration ,c4c4 #c_/h m ,value ( ( ( ,ca,cl,mg,cl ,c,na,k_/ ,exp]im5t ,na,cl,k,cl ,requir$ ,c,mg,ca ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a m_/#af #j4c #bg4h m_/#h #j4d-j4e #cg4j #b m_/#h #j4e #cc4c m_/#d #j4i-a4j #ce4a #c #c_/af m #j4g #ce4g #c_/h m #a4c #ch4e #d m_/#h #j4e #cf4j m_/#b #a4h-a4i #ci4b #e m_/#d #j4h-j4i #ci4b m_/#b #a4f-a4g #dj4c #f #e_/af m #j4i #df4c #e_/h m #a4g #di4j #g #c_/af m #j4f #da4g #f_/h m #b4d #da4g ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,^! exp]im5ts indicate t ! ratio ( ,c,na,k_/,c,ca,mg rema9s v ne>ly con/ant ) v>y+ conc5trations ( ,c,na,k4 ,9 =m] exp]im5ts on jellyfi% ! writ] _h %[n t !re exi/s an antagonism betwe5 ,mg & ,ca#bga1 & ?is obs]vation 0 subsequ5tly confirm$ by ,meltz] & ,au]#bgb = mammals4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t 9 a solution ( ,na,cl,k,cl,mg,cl ! l>v ( ! b>nacle 7 also n able to rema9 at ! surface = m ?an a few m9utes1 :ile an addition ( "s ,ca,cl made !m swim p]man5tly at ! surface4 ,v>i\s quantities ( ,mg,cl 7 add$ to a mixture ( m_/#d or m_/#b ,na,cl,k,cl1 to f9d out h[ mu* ,ca,cl1 0 requir$ to all[ !m to swim p]man5tly at ! surface4 #bga ,loeb1 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aije-jf1 i41 #dbg4 #bgb ,meltz]1 ,s4 ,j41 & ,au]1 ,j41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aijh1 xxi41 #djj4 ,,table ,,xix ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,c4c4 ( m_/#af ,ca,cl ,necess>y to ,induce ! ,majority ( ! ,l>v to ,swim 9 --------------------------- m_/#b 7,na,k7 m_/#d 7,na,k7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #ej c4c4 ,na,cl,k,cl#j4ge c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl #j4b #ej c4c4 ,na,cl,k,cl #a4e c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl #j4d #j4c #ej c4c4 ,na,cl,k,cl #b4e c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl #j4d #j4d #ej c4c4 ,na,cl,k,cl #e4j c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl #j4g-j4h #j4g-j4h #ej c4c4 ,na,cl,k,cl#aj4j c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl #a4f #a4f #ej c4c4 ,na,cl,k,cl#ae4j c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl #a4h #ej c4c4 ,na,cl,k,cl#bj4j c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl #a4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,9 ord] to int]pret ^! figures correctly we mu/ rememb] t we are deal+ ) two diff]5t antagonisms1 "o betwe5 ! salts ) unival5t & bival5t metals & ! o!r betwe5 ,mg & ,ca4 ,! =m] antagonism is satisfi$ by ! addition ( ,mg1 inasmu* z en\gh ,mg 0 pres5t = ?is purpose 9 all solutions4 ,:at 0 lack+ 0 ! balance betwe5 ,mg & ,ca4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 ,table ,,xix !re=e answ] ! "q ( ! ratio betwe5 ,mg & ,ca4 ,if we consid] only ! conc5trations ( ,mg betwe5 #b4e & #aj4j c4c4 #c_/h m ,mg,cl--:i* are ^? close/ to ! normal conc5tration ( ,mg 9 ! sea wat]--we notice t ,c,ca mu/ v>y 9 proportion to ,c,mg4 ,if we n[ comb9e ! results ( ?is & ! previ\s p>agraph we may express !m 9 ! =m ( ! !ory ( physiologically balanc$ salt solutions1 by :i* we mean t 9 ! ocean 7& 9 ! blood or lymph7 ! salts exi/ 9 su* ratio t !y mutually antagonize ! injuri\s action :i* "o or sev]al ( !m w\ld h if !y 7 alone 9 solution4#bgc ,?is law ( physiologically balanc$ solutions seems to be ! g5]al expression ( ! effect ( *anges 9 ! con/itution ( ! salt solutions = m>9e or all aquatic organisms4 #bgc ,?is !ory 0 fir/ express$ by ! writ] 9 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aijj1 iii41 #dcd4 ,?is *apt] w\ld n be complete )\t an intimation ( ! rle ( buff]s 9 ! sea wat] & ! blood1 by :i* ! reaction ( ^! m$ia is prev5t$ f *ang+ 9 a way injuri\s to ! organism4 ,^! buff]s are ! c>bonates & phosphates4 ,in/ead ( say+ t ! organisms are adapt$ to ! m$ium1 ,l4 ,h5d]son has po9t$ out ! fitness ( ! environm5t = ! developm5t ( organisms & "o ( ^! elem5ts ( fitness are ! buff]s aga9/ alt]ations ( ! hydrog5 ion conc5tration4#bgd ,! ratio 9 :i* ! salts ( ! diff]5t metals exi/ 9 ! sea wat] is ano!r4 ,x is obvi\s t ! quantitative laws prevail+ 9 ! effect ( environm5t ^u organisms leave no m room = ! int]f]5ce ( a 8direct+ =ce0 ( ! vitali/ ?an d ! laws ( ! motion ( ! sol> sy/em4 #bgd ,h5d]son1 ,l41 ,! ,fitness ( ! ,environm5t4 ,see also ,mi*aelis1 ,l41 ,die ,wass]/(fion5conz5tration4 ,b]l94 #aiad4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,adaptation ,,to ,,environm5t #a4 ,x is assum$ by c]ta9 biologi/s t ! environm5t influ5ces ! organism 9 su* a way z to increase its adaptation4 ,7 ?is correct x w\ld n contradict a purely physico*emical conception ( life2 x w\ld only call = an explanation ( ! me*anism by :i* ! adaptation is br\ght ab\t4 ,!re are /rik+ cases on record :i* w>n u aga9/ ! univ]sal correctness ( ! view t ! environm5t causes an adaptive modification ( ! organism4 ,?us ! writ] po9t$ out 9 #ahhi t positive heliotropism occurs 9 organisms :i* h no opportunity to make use ( x1#bge e4 g41 ,cuma ra?kii1 a cru/acean liv+ 9 ! mud1 & ! cat]pill>s ( ! will[ bor] liv+ "u ! b>k ( ! trees4 ,we und]/& today :y ?is %\ld be s1 s9ce heliotropism dep5ds ^u ! pres5ce ( photos5sitive sub/ances1 & x c readily be se5 t ! "q ( use or disuse has no?+ to d ) ! production ( c]ta9 h>mless *emical comp\nds 9 ! body4 ,a mu* m /rik+ example is (f]$ 9 ! case ( galvanotropism4 ,_m organisms %[ ! ph5om5on ( galvanotropism1 yet1 z ! writ] po9t$ out ye>s ago1 galvanotropism is purely a laboratory product & no animal has ev] _h a *ance or w ev] h a *ance to be expos$ to a con/ant curr5t except 9 ! laboratory ( a sci5ti/4 ,?is fact is z mu* ( a puzzle to ! selectioni/ & to ! ,lam>ckian 7:o w\ld be at a loss to expla9 h[ outside conditions c\ld h develop$ ?is tropism7 z to ! vitali/ :o w\ld h to admit t ! g5es & sup]g5es indulge occasionally 9 que] freaks & lapses4 ,! only consi/5t attitude is t ( ! physici/ :o assumes t ! reactions & /ructures ( animals are consequ5ces ( ! *emical & physical =ces1 :i* no m s]ve a purpose ?an ^? =ces responsible = ! sol> sy/ems4 ,f ?is viewpo9t x is compreh5sible :y utt]ly useless tropisms or /ructures %\ld occur 9 organisms4 #bge ,loeb1 ,j41 ,d] ,heliotropismus d] ,ti]e & se9e b]e9/immung mit dem ,heliotropismus d] ,pflanz54 ,wrzburg1 #ahij 7appe>$ 9 #ahhi74 #b4 ,a fam\s case = ! app>5t adaptation ( animals to environm5t has be5 ! bl9d cave animals4 ,x is kn[n t 9 caves bl9d salam&]s1 bl9d fi%es1 & bl9d insects are common1 :ile su* =ms are comp>atively r>e 9 ! op54 ,?is fact has sugge/$ ! idea t ! d>kness ( ! cave 0 ! cause ( ! deg5]ation ( ! eyes4 ,a clos] inve/igation leads1 h[ev]1 to a diff]5t explanation4 ,eig5mann has %[n t ( ! species ( salam&]s liv+ habitually 9 ,nor? ,am]ican caves1 two h app>5tly q normal eyes4 ,!y are ,spel]pes maculicauda & ,spel]pes /ejneg]i4 ,two o!rs liv+ 9 caves h q deg5]ate eyes1 ,typhlotriton spelu & ,typhlomolge ra?buni4 ,if disuse is ! direct cause ( bl9dness we mu/ inquire :y ,spel]pes is n bl9d4 ,ano!r difficulty arises f ! fact t a bl9d fi% ,typhlogobius is f\nd 9 ! op5 7on ! coa/ ( s\!rn ,cali=nia7 9 %all[ wat]1 :]e x lives "u rocks 9 holes occupi$ by %rimps4 ,! "q mu/ aga9 be rais$3 ,h[ c x happ5 t 9 spite ( exposure to light ,typhlogobius is bl9d8 ,! mo/ important fact is p]haps ! "o f\nd by ,eig5mann 9 ! fi%es ( ! family ( ,amblyopsid4 ,six species ( ?is gr\p live p]man5tly 9 caves1 are n f\nd 9 ! op51 & h abnormal eyes1 :ile "o lives p]man5tly 9 ! op51 is nev] f\nd 9 caves1 & "o comes f subt]ranean spr+s4 ,! "o =m :i* is f\nd only 9 ! op51 ,*ologa/] cornutus1 has a simplifi$ ret9a z well z a comp>atively small eye1 9 o!r words1 its eye is n normal4 ,?is indicates ! possibility t ! o!r repres5tatives :i* are f\nd only 9 caves also might h abnormal eyes ev5 if !y _h nev] liv$ 9 caves4 ,?r\gh ^! facts ! old idea becomes que/ionable1 namely1 t ! cave animals _h orig9ally be5 animals ) normal eyes :i* ow+ to disuse _h und]gone a gradual h]$it>y deg5]ation4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts made on ! embryos ( ! fi% ,fundulus h yield$ ! result t x is possible to produce bl9dness 9 fi% by v>i\s means o!r ?an lack ( light4#bgf ,?us ! writ] f\nd t by cross+ ! egg ( ,fundulus ) ! sp]m ( a widely diff]5t species1 namely1 ,m5idia1 bl9d embryos 7 produc$ v frequ5tly2 t is to say su* embryos _h ! deg5]ate eyes *>act]i/ic ( bl9d cave fi%es4 ,v (t5 no o!r ext]nal trace ( an eye1 except a ga!r+ ( pigm5t1 c\ld be f\nd1 :ile a close hi/ological exam9ation w\ld possibly h result$ 9 ! demon/ration ( rudim5ts ( a l5s & o!r tissues ( ! eye4 #bgf ,loeb1 ,j41 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aiae1 xxix41 #ej4 ,ano!r me?od ( produc+ bl9d fi% embryos consi/s 9 expos+ ! egg imm$iately1 or soon aft] f]tilization1 to a temp]ature betwe5 #j & #b ,c4 = a numb] ( h\rs4 ,_m embryos are kill$ by ?is treatm5t1 b ^? :i* survive behave v mu* l ! hybrids betwe5 ,fundulus & ,m5idia1 i4 e41 a numb] ( !m h q deg5]at$ eyes4 ,if ! eggs h once =m$ an embryo !y c be kept at ! temp]ature ( #j = a mon? or m )\t giv+ rise to bl9d animals4 ,occasionally su* rudim5t>y eyes 7 also obs]v$ :5 eggs 7 kept 9 a solution conta9+ a trace ( ,,kcn4 ,/ock>d has succe$$ 9 produc+ cyclopean eyes 9 ,fundulus by add+ an excess ( magnesium salt to ! sea wat] 9 :i* ! eggs develop$ or by add+ alcohol1 & ,mc,clendon has confirm$ & add$ to ^! results4 ,! writ] tri$ repeat$ly1 b 9 va91 to produce ,fundulus ) defici5t eyes by keep+ ! embryos 9 ! d>k4 ,sp]m & egg 7 n all[$ to be expos$ to ! light yet ! embryos )\t exception _h normal eyes4 ,f4 ,payne rais$ sixty-n9e successive g5]ations ( a fly ,drosophila 9 ! d>k1 b ! eyes & ! reaction ( ! insects to light rema9$ p]fectly normal4 ,uhl5hu? has rec5tly demon/rat$ 9 a v /rik+ way t ! developm5t ( ! eyes does n dep5d ^u ! influ5ce ( light or ^u ! eyes function+4 ,he transplant$ ! eyes ( "y salam&]s into diff]5t p>ts ( _! bodies :]e !y 7 no long] connect$ ) ! optic n]ves4 ,! eyes aft] transplantation und]w5t a deg5]ation :i* 0 foll[$ by a complete reg5]ation4 ,he %[$ t ?is reg5]ation took place 9 complete d>kness & t ! transplant$ eyes rema9$ normal 9 salam&]s kept 9 ! d>k = fifte5 mon?s4 ,h5ce ! eyes :i* 7 no long] 9 connection ) ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 :i* _h receiv$ no light1 & c\ld n h function$1 reg5]at$ & rema9$ normal4 ,! deg5]ation :i* took place 9 ! eyes imm$iately aft] be+ transplant$ 0 app>5tly due to ! int]ruption ( ! circulation 9 ! eye1 & ! reg5]ation comm5c$ 9 all probability ) ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! circulation 9 ! transplant$ organ4 ,9 our own exp]im5ts x c be %[n t ! circulation 9 ! embryo 0 defici5t 9 all cases :]e ! eyes deg5]at$4 ,! hybrids betwe5 ,fundulus & ,m5idia h (t5 a beat+ he>t b r>ely a circulation 7al?\gh !y =m blood72 & ! same ph5om5on occurr$ 9 ! embryos :i* 7 expos$ to a l[ temp]ature at an e>ly p]iod ( _! lives4 ,h5ce all ! facts agree t conditions :i* lead to an abnormal circulation 7& consequ5tly also to an abnormal or inadequate nutrition ( ! embryonic eye7 may prev5t developm5t & lead to ! =mation ( bl9d fi%es4 ,eig5mann /ates t no blood-vessels ent] ! eye ( ! bl9d cave salam&] ,typhlotriton4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( light does n usually int]f]e ) ! circulation or nutrition ( ! embryonic eye1 & h5ce does n z a rule lead to ! =mation ( deg5]at$ eyes4 ,?is w\ld lead u to ! assumption t ! bl9d fi% owe _! defici5cy n to lack ( light b to a condition :i* int]f]es ) ! circulation 9 ! embryonic eye4 ,su* a condition might be br\ght ab\t by an anomaly 9 ! g]m plasm or 9 "o *romosome1 ! nature & cause ( :i* we are n able to det]m9e at pres5t2 b :i*1 s9ce x occurs 9 ! g]m plasm or ! *romosomes1 mu/ be h]$it>y4 ,?is w\ld expla9 :y x is1 t animals ) p]fect eyes may occur 9 caves & :y p]fectly bl9d animals may occur 9 ! op54 ,x leaves1 h[ev]1 "o po9t unexpla9$2 namely1 ! great] frequ5cy ( bl9d species 9 caves or 9 ! d>k & ! relative sc>city ( su* =ms 9 ! op54 ,eig5mann has %[n t all ^? =ms :i* live 9 caves 7 adapt$ to life 9 ! d>k be=e !y ent]$ ! cave4#bgg ,^! animals are all negatively heliotropic & positively /]eotropic1 & ) ^! tropisms !y w\ld be =c$ to ent] a cave :5ev] !y are put at ! entrance4 ,ev5 ^? among ! ,amblyopsid :i* live 9 ! op5 h ! tropisms ( ! cave dwell]4 ,?is elim9ates ! idea t ! cave adapt$ ! animals = ! life 9 ! d>k4 #bgg ,cun has propos$ ! t]m preadaptation = su* cases & ?is t]m expresses ! situation correctly4 ,cun1 ,l41 ,la ,gnse des ,espces animales4 ,p>is1 #aiaa4 ,only ^? animals c ?rive 9 caves :i* = _! fe$+ & mat+ d n dep5d ^u visual me*anisms2 & conv]sely1 animals :i* are n provid$ ) visual me*anisms c hold _! own 9 ! op51 :]e !y meet ! competition ( animals :i* c see1 only "u exceptional conditions4 ,?is seems to acc\nt = ! fact t 9 caves bl9d species are comp>atively m preval5t ?an 9 ! op54 ,9 o!r words1 ! adaptation ( bl9d animals to ! cave is only app>5t2 !y 7 adapt$ to cave life be=e !y ent]$ ! cave4 ,_m animals are obvi\sly burd5$ ) a g]m9al abnormality giv+ rise to imp]fection & smallness ( ! eye--! h]$it>y factor involv$ may h to d ) ! developm5t ( ! blood-vessels & lymphatics ( ! eye4 ,su* mutants c survive m easily 9 ! cave1 :]e !y d n h to meet ! competition ( see+ =ms1 ?an 9 ! op54 ,9 man also an h]$it>y =m ( bl9dness is kn[n1 ! s-call$ h]$it>y glaucoma4 ,x has no?+ to d ) light1 b ! disease seems to be due to an h]$it>y anomaly ( ! circulation 9 ! eye4 ,kamm]]#bgh has rec5tly report$ t by keep+ ! bl9d ,european cave salam&] ,proteus angu9us "u c]ta9 conditions ( illum9ation he succe$$ 9 produc+ two specim5s ) l>g] eyes4 ,accord+ to him ! eyes ( ,proteus may develop to a c]ta9 po9t & !n retrogress aga94 ,he /ates t by keep+ "y salam&]s alt]nately = a week or two 9 sunlight & 9 a d>k room :]e !y 7 expos$ to r$ inc&esc5t light1 two males =m$ some:at l>g] eyes4 ,! fir/ ye> no alt]ation 0 visible4 ,9 ! second ye> a slight increase 9 ! size ( ! eyes 0 noticeable "u ! sk94 ,9 ! ?ird ye> ! eye protrud$ slightly & ?is increas$ some:at 9 ! f\r? ye>4 #bgh ,kamm]]1 ,p41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiab1 xxxiii41 #cdi4 ,!re is ?us f> only "o case on record 9 animal biology 9 :i* ! light influ5ces ! =mation ( organs4 ,! writ] f\nd t ! reg5]ation ( ! polyps ( ! hydroid ,eud5drium does n take place if ! animals are kept 9 ! d>k1 :ile ! polyps w reg5]ate if expos$ to ! light2#bgi & ! "t ( exposure may be r %ort accord+ to ,goldf>b4#bhj ,x is possible t ,proteus resembles 9 ?is respect ,eud5drium2 x %\ld be /at$1 h[ev]1 t ( _m diff]5t =ms tri$ by ! writ] ov] a numb] ( ye>s1 ,eud5drium 0 ! only "o :i* gave evid5ce ( su* an influ5ce ( light4 ,( c\rse x is n impossible t ! light might influ5ce reflexly ! developm5t ( blood-vessels 9 ! eyes ( c]ta9 animals1 e4 g41 ,proteus1 & ?us all[ ! eyes ( ,proteus to gr[ a little l>g]4 #bgi ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 d4 f4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahif1 lxiii41 #bgc4 #bhj ,goldf>b1 ,a4 ,j41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aijf1 iii41 #abi2 #aiaj1 viii41 #acc4 ,we !re=e come to ! conclusion t x is n ! cave t made animals bl9d b t animals ) a h]$it>y t5d5cy t[>ds a deg5]ation ( ! eyes c survive 9 a cave :ile !y c only exceptionally survive 9 ! op54 ,! cause ( ! deg5]ation is a di/urbance 9 ! circulation & nutrition ( ! eye1 :i* is z a rule indep5d5t ( ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( light4 ,we may by way ( a digression /op = a mom5t to consid] ! mo/ a/oni%+ & uncanny case ( adaptation2 namely1 ! =mation ( ! transp>5t refractive m$ia1 especially ! l5s 9 front ( ! ret9a4 ,x is due to ^! m$ia t ! rays :i* are s5t out by a lum9\s po9t c be unit$ to an image po9t on ! ret9a4 ,"o "p ( ?is process is und]/ood2 namely1 ! =mation ( a l5s4 ,:]ev] ! optic cup ( ! embryo is transplant$ "u ! epi!lium ! latt] w be trans=m$ into a transp>5t l5s4 ,:5 ! upp] edge ( ! iris is injur$ 9 ! salam&] s t ! cells c multiply1 ! mass ( newly =m$ cells also becomes transp>5t & a l5s is =m$4 ,?is indicates ! exi/5ce ( a sub/ance 9 ! optic cup :i* makes ! epi!lial cells transp>5t2 & :i* also limits ! size ( ! l5s :i* is =m$4 ,! l5s is n always a p]fect optical in/rum5t1 on ! contr>y1 x is z a rule some:at defective4 ,( c\rse1 a great _m details conc]n+ ! process ( l5s reg5]ation h /ill to be work$ out4 #c4 ,x is well kn[n t mo/ m>9e animals die if put into fre% wat] & vice v]sa2 & 9 salt lakes or ponds ) a conc5tration ( salt s high t mo/ m>9e animals w\ld succumb if sudd5ly transf]r$ to su* a solution we h a limit$ fauna & flora4 ,! common idea is t m>9e animals become adapt$ to fre% wat] or vice v]sa2 or to ! conditions 9 salt lakes2 especially if ! *anges take place gradually4 ,yet x c be %[n t ! exi/5ce ( ^! diff]5t faunas c be expla9$ )\t ! assumption ( an adaptive effect ( ! environm5t4 ,! writ] has work$ ) a m>9e fi% ,fundulus ^: eggs develop naturally 9 sea wat] :i*1 h[ev]1 w develop j z well 9 di/ill$ wat]2 & ! "y fi% hat*+ 9 di/ill$ wat] live & gr[ 9 ?is m$ium4 ,mo/ ( ! adult fi% die aft] sev]al days1 :5 put sudd5ly into di/ill$ wat]1 b !y c live 9 fre% wat] :i* conta9s only a trace ( salt4 ,!y c also live 9 v conc5trat$ sea wat]1 e4 g41 twice ! normal conc5tration4 ,suppose t a bay ( ! ocean conta9+ su* fi% %\ld sudd5ly become l&lock$ & ! conc5tration ( ! sea wat] be ?us rais$ to twice its natural am\nt2 ! majority ( =ms w\ld die & only ,fundulus & possibly a few o!r species ) ! same degree ( resi/ance w\ld survive4 ,an inve/igator exam9+ ! sal9ity ( ! wat] & n kn[+ ! natural resi/ance ( ,fundulus to *anges 9 conc5tration w\ld be incl9$ to assume t he _h be=e him an in/ance ( a gradual adaptation ( ! fi% to a high] conc5tration ( ! sea wat]2 :]eas ! fi% 0 already immune to ?is high conc5tration be=e com+ 9 contact ) x4 ,?is fi% seem$ a fav\rable object f :i* to f9d out h[ f> an adaptation to ! environm5t really exi/$2 & ! result 0 surpris+4 ,by *ang+ ! conc5tration ( ! sea wat] gradually x is possible to raise ! natural resi/ance ( ! fi% only a trifle1 n mu* ov] t5 p] c5t4 ,! conc5tration ( ! natural sea wat] is a little ov] t ( a m_/#b solution ( ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! ?ree salts exi/ 9 ! sea wat]4 ,:5 adult ,fundulus are put into a #aj_/h m solution ( ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl 9 ! proportion 9 :i* ^! salts occur 9 sea wat] !y die 9 less ?an a day1 b :5 put f sea wat] directly into a #h_/h m or #i_/h m solution !y c live indef9itely4 ,x 0 f\nd#bha t if ! conc5tration ( ! sea wat] 0 rais$ gradually 7by m_/#h a day7 ! fi% on ! fif? day c\ld resi/ a #aj_/h m solution ( ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl = a mon? 7or possibly indef9itely2 ! exp]im5t 0 discont9u$ aft] t p]iod74 ,:5 a #aj_/h m solution 0 all[$ to become m conc5trat$ sl[ly by evaporation 7at room temp]ature7 all ! fi% di$ rapidly :5 ! conc5tration 0 #ab_/h m or ev5 bel[4 ,9 high] conc5trations !y c live only a day or two4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t :ile ! fi% is naturally immune to a #i_/h m ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl solution1 by ! me?od ( sl[ly rais+ ! conc5tration x may be made to tol]ate a #aj_/h m or #aa_/h m solution1 b n m4 ,^! fi% :5 once adapt$ to a #aj_/h m solution c be put sudd5ly into a v weak solution1 e4 g41 a m_/#hj ,na,cl1 )\t suff]+ & :5 br\ght back into a #aj_/h m solution ( ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl !y w cont9ue to live4 ,if !y rema9 = sev]al days 9 ! weak solution _! p[] ( resi/ance to #aj_/h m ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl solution is weak5$4 #bha ,loeb1 ,j41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiac1 liii41 #cia4 ,:at *ange takes place :5 ! fi% is made m resi/ant & :y is its normal resi/ance s great8 ,! answ] bas$ on ! writ]'s exp]im5ts seems to be z foll[s3 ,fundulus is comp>atively resi/ant to sudd5 *anges 9 ! conc5tration ( ! sea wat] betwe5 m_/#hj & #i_/h m because x possesses a comp>atively imp]meable sk9 ^: p]meability is n s]i\sly alt]$ by sudd5 *anges )9 ^! limits ( conc5tration2 :ile if ^! limits are exce$$ & ! fi% are br\ght sudd5ly into too high a conc5tration ! sk9 becomes p]meable & ! fi% dies1 ! gills becom+ unfit = use or n]ves be+ injur$ by ! salt :i* diffuses into ! fi%4 ,! fact1 t by sl[ly rais+ ! conc5tration to #aj_/h m ! fi% may resi/ ?is limit1 is 9 reality no adaptation4 ,!re is no %>p limit betwe5 ! injuri\s & non-injuri\s conc5tration4 ,we h se5 t ! fi% is naturally immune to a #i_/h m solution4 ,x is also naturally immune to a #aj_/h m or #aa_/h m solution if we give x "t to comp5sate ! injuri\s effects ( a #aj_/h m solution by ! repair+ action ( its blood or kidneys4 ,beyond ?is no rise is possible4 ,9 reality adaptation does n exi/ 9 ?is case4 ,9 =m] exp]im5ts ! writ] _h %[n t a pure ,na,cl solution ( t conc5tration 9 :i* ?is fi% naturally lives kills x v rapidly1 :ile x lives 9 su* a solution indef9itely if a little ,ca,cl is add$4 ,! explanation ( ?is fact is t ! pure ,na,cl solution is able to diffuse into ! tissues ( ! animal :ile ! addition ( a trace ( ,ca,cl r5d]s ! membrane practically imp]meable to ,na,cl4 ,! "q !n arose :e!r x 0 possible to make ! fi% m resi/ant to a pure ,na,cl solution ( suffici5tly high conc5tration & h[ ?is c\ld be done4 ,on ! basis ( ! idea ( an adaptive effect ( ! environm5t we %\ld expect t by gradually rais+ ! conc5tration ( a pure ,na,cl solution ! latt] w\ld gradually alt] ! animal & make x m resi/ant4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure sugge/$ 0 !re=e to put ! fi% fir/ 9 l[ & gradually into increas+ conc5trations ( ,na,cl4 ,?is me?od 0 tri$ & f\nd futile = ! purpose4 ,fundulus :5 put f sea wat] 7aft] hav+ be5 wa%$7 into a #f_/h m ,na,cl solution die 9 ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,:5 kept previ\sly 9 a weak] ,na,cl solution !y die if any?+ m quickly4 ,b x is possible to make !m live long] 9 a #f_/h m solution ( ,na,cl2 we h to proce$1 h[ev]1 by a me?od :i* is 9 contra/ ) ! ideas ( ! adaptive influ5ce ( ! environm5t4 ,:5 ! fi% are fir/ treat$ ) sea wat] 7or ) a mixture ( ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl7 ( a high] conc5tration s t !y become adapt$ to a #aj_/h m solution ( ,na,cl,k,cl,ca,cl or to #aj_/h m sea wat]1 !y become also m resi/ant to an o!rwise toxic solution ( ,na,cl4 ,fi% tak5 directly f sea wat] 7 kill$ 9 less ?an f\r h\rs :5 put into a #f_/h m ,na,cl solution1 :ile fi% ( ! same lot previ\sly adapt$ to #aj_/h m sea wat] 9 ! mann] describ$ above liv$ two or ?ree days 9 a #f_/h m ,na,cl solution4#bhb #bhb ,loeb1 ,j41 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #aiac1 liii41 #cia4 ,x is n impossible t x 0 ! high conc5tration ( calcium 9 ! #aj_/h m sea wat] :i* r5d]$ ! fi% m immune to a subsequ5t treatm5t ) ,na,cl4 ,we "k :y a pure ,na,cl solution kills !m & we also "k :y ! addition ( ,ca,cl protects !m aga9/ ?is p]nici\s effect4 ,x is r /range t :]e ! conditions ( ! exp]im5ts are cle> we f9d no?+ to indicate an adaptive effect ( ! environm5t4 #d4 ,ehrli*'s "w on trypanosomes seems to indicate a rem>kable p[] ( adaptation on ! "p ( organisms to c]ta9 poisons4 ,if ! writ] und]/&s ^! exp]im5ts correctly !y consi/$ 9 infect+ a m\se ) a c]ta9 /ra9 ( trypanosomes1 & treat+ x ) a c]ta9 ars5ic comp\nd1 :i* inhibit$ some:at ! propagation ( ! p>asites b did n kill !m all4 ,f\r or five days lat] trypanosomes f ?is m\se 7 transmitt$ to ano!r m\se & aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?is m\se 0 treat$ ) a /rong] dose ( ! same ars5ic comp\nd2 & ?is process 0 repeat$4 ,aft] ! ?ird transmission or lat]1 ! trypanosomes c resi/ consid]ably high] doses ( ! same poison ?an at fir/ & ?is resi/ance is reta9$ = ye>s4 ,ehrli* seems to h tak5 x = grant$ t he _h succe$$ 9 trans=m+ ! surviv+ trypanosomes into a type :i* is p]man5tly m resi/ant to ! ars5ic comp\nd ?an 0 ! orig9al /ra94 ,! writ] is n entirely conv9c$ t 9 ^! exp]im5ts a possibility 0 suffici5tly consid]$ :i* is sugge/$ by ,johanns5's exp]im5ts on ! importance ( pure l9es 9 "w on h]$ity4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or a /ra9 ( trypanosomes tak5 at r&om %\ld1 9 all likelihood1 conta9 a population consi/+ ( /ra9s ) diff]5t degrees ( resi/ance4 ,if a high b n ! maximal conc5tration ( an ars5ic comp\nd is repeat$ly inject$ into ! infect$ mice ! weak] populations ( trypanosomes are kill$ & only ! m resi/ant survive4 ,^! ( c\rse cont9ue to reta9 _! resi/ance if transplant$ to ho/s ( ! same species4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation ! ars5ic-fa/ /ra9 may possibly h exi/$ be=e ! exp]im5ts 7 made1 & ,ehrli*'s treatm5t consi/$ only 9 elim9at+ ! less resi/ant /ra9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 %[n t if an ars5ic-fa/ /ra9 ( trypanosomes is c>ri$ ?r\gh a tsetse fly x loses its ars5ic-fa/ness4 ,?is fact may possibly elim9ate ! applicability ( ! pure l9e !ory to a discussion ( ! nature ( ! ars5ic-fa/ness1 b x seems t fur!r exp]im5ts are desirable4 #e4 ,dall+] /at$ t he succe$$ 9 adapt+ c]ta9 protozoans to a temp]ature ( #gj ,c4 by gradually rais+ _! temp]ature dur+ sev]al ye>s4 ,x is desirable t ?is /atem5t be v]ifi$2 until ?is is done d\bts are ju/ifi$4 ,s*ottelius f\nd t colonies ( ,micrococcus prodigiosus :5 transf]r$ f a temp]ature ( #bb to t ( #ch no long] =m$ pigm5t & trime?ylam9e4 ,aft] ! cocci _h be5 cultivat$ = t5 or fifte5 g5]ations at #ch !y fail$ to =m pigm5t ev5 :5 transf]r$ back to #bb ,c4 ,dieudonn#bhc us$ ,bacillus fluoresc5s = simil> purposes4 ,at #bb x =ms a fluoresc+ pigm5t & trime?ylam9e1 b n at #ce4 ,by con/antly cultivat+ ?is bacillus at #ce ,dieudonn f\nd t aft] ! fifte5? g5]ation _h be5 cultivat$ at #ce ! bacillus produc$ pigm5t & trime?ylam9e at #ce4 ,dav5port & ,ca/le#bhd f\nd t tadpoles ( a frog kept at #ae w5t into heat rig\r at #dj4c ,c41 :ile ^? kept = tw5ty-eight days at #be 7 n affect$ by ?is temp]ature b w5t into heat rig\r at #dc4e4 ,:5 ! latt] tadpoles 7 put back = sev5te5 days to a temp]ature ( #ae !y _h lo/ _! resi/ance to high temp]ature p>tially1 b n completely1 s9ce !y w5t into heat rig\r at #da4f4 ,! au?ors sugge/ t ?is adaptation to a high] temp]ature is due to a loss ( wat] on ! "p ( protoplasm1 :]eby ! latt] becomes m resi/ant to an increase 9 temp]ature4 ,?is idea 0 put to a te/ by ,kry#bhe1 :o f\nd t ! coagulation temp]ature ( _! muscle plasm is n alt]$ by keep+ cold-blood$ animals at diff]5t temp]atures4 #bhc ,dieudonn1 ,a41 ,arb4 a4 d4 kais4 ,gesndhtsmt41 #ahid1 ix41 #dib4 #bhd ,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b41 & ,ca/le1 ,w4 ,e41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #ahif1 ii41 #bbg4 #bhe ,kry1 ,f41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aijg1 xxiii41 #efj4 ,loeb & ,wa/5eys#bhf f\nd t ,fundulus tak5 f a l[ temp]ature ( #aj ,c4 die 9 less ?an two h\rs :5 sudd5ly transf]r$ to sea wat] ( #bi ,c42 & 9 a few m9utes if sudd5ly transf]r$ to a temp]ature ( #ce ,c4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! fi% 7 transf]r$ to a temp]ature ( #bg ,c4 = =ty h\rs !y c\ld live indef9itely 9 sea wat] ( #ce4 ,by expos+ ! fi% ea* day two h\rs to a gradually ris+ temp]ature !y c\ld r5d] !m resi/ant to a temp]ature ( #ci4 ,! rem>kable fact 0 t fi% if once made resi/ant to a high temp]ature 7#ce7 did n lose ?is resi/ance :5 kept = f\r weeks at f #aj to #ad ,c4 ,control fi% tak5 f ! same temp]ature di$ 9 f two to f\r m9utes2 immuniz$ fi% tak5 f #aj & put directly to #ce ,c4 liv$ = _m h\rs or indef9itely4 ,!y w ev5 reta9 ?is immunity :5 kept = two weeks at a temp]ature ( #j4d ,c4 #bhf ,loeb1 ,j41 & ,wa/5eys1 ,h41 ,j\r4 ,exp]4 ,zol41 #aiab1 xii41 #edc4 ,:y is x t an animal c 9 g5]al resi/ a high temp]ature bett] if ! latt] is rais$ gradually ?an :5 x is rais$ sudd5ly8 ,physics (f]s u an analogy to ?is ph5om5on 9 ! exp]i5ce t glass vessels :i* bur/ easily :5 _! temp]ature is rais$ sudd5ly1 rema9 intact :5 ! temp]ature is rais$ gradually4 ,glass is a poor conductor ( heat & :5 ! temp]ature is rais$ sudd5ly inside a glass cyl9d] ! inn] lay] ( ! cyl9d] exp&s :ile ! out] lay] on acc\nt ( ! sl[ness ( conduction ( heat does n exp& equally & ! cyl9d] may bur/4 ,we might assume t ! sudd5 increase 9 temp]ature br+s ab\t c]ta9 *anges 9 ! cells 7e4 g41 an increase 9 p]meability or de/ruction ( ! surface lay]874 ,if ! rise ( temp]ature occurs gradually ! blood or lymph or ! cell sap may h "t to repair ! damage1 & ?is repair seems to be irrev]sible1 at lea/ = "s "t1 z ! exp]im5ts on ,fundulus seem to indicate4 ,if ! temp]ature rises too rapidly ! damage _c be repair$ quickly en\gh by ! cell or body liquids4 ,x is also to be consid]$ t sub/ances might be =m$ 9 ! body at a high] temp]ature :i* d n exi/ at a l[] temp]ature1 & vice v]sa1 & ?is might expla9 results l ^? ( ,s*ottelius or ,dieudonn & _m o!rs4 #f4 ,! !ory ( an adapt+ effect ( ! environm5t has (t5 be5 l9k$ ) ! assumption ( ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,! old] claims ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 su* z ,br[n-,squ>d's epilepsy 9 gu9ea pigs aft] ! cutt+ ( ! sciatic n]ve1 h be5 %[n to be unju/ifi$ or h f\nd a diff]5t & m rational explanation4 ,rec5tly ,p4 ,kamm]] has claim$ to h prov5 by new exp]im5ts t by environm5tal *anges1 h]$it>y *anges c be produc$4 ,x has be5 m5tion$ already t ! mature male frogs & toads possess dur+ ! bre$+ season lumps on ! ?umbs or arms :i* are pigm5t$ & :i* be> num]\s m9ute horny black sp9es2 ^! second>y sexual *>act]s s]ve ! male frog 9 hold+ ! females 9 ! wat] dur+ copulation4 ,!re is "o species :i* does n possess ?is sexual "*1 namely ! male ( ! s-call$ midwife toad 7,alytes ob/etricans74 ,9 ?is species ! animals copulate on l&1 & x is natural to connect ! lack ( ?is second>y sexual "* 9 ! male ) its diff]5t bre$+ habit4 ,kamm]] n[ =c$ su* toads to copulate 9 wat] in/ead ( on l& 7by keep+ ! animals 9 a t]r>ium ) a high temp]ature74 ,he makes ! /atem5t t by =c+ ! p>5ts to lay _! eggs dur+ successive spawn+ p]iods 9 wat] he f9ally obta9$ (fspr+ :i* "u normal temp]ature conditions lay _! eggs naturally 9 wat]2 9 o!r words1 !y h *ang$ _! habits4 ,we w n discuss ?is "p ( 8 /atem5t s9ce ! bre$+ habits ( animals 9 captivity are liable to be abnormal4 ,b ,kamm]] makes ! fur!r important /atem5t#bhg t ! male (fspr+ ( su* c\ples w 9 ! ?ird g5]ation produce ! swell+ on ! ?umb & ! usual r\ghness1 & 9 ! f\r? g5]ation black pads & hyp]trophy ( ! muscles ( ! =e>m w appe>4 ,9 o!r words1 he reports hav+ succe$$ 9 produc+ an inh]itance ( an acquir$ morphological "* :i* has nev] be5 kn[n to occur 9 ?is species4 ,bateson1 on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ! case1 wi%$ to exam9e x m closely & ,i w quote 8 report4 ,! sy/emati/s :o h made a special /udy ( ,batra*ia appe> to be agre$ t ,alytes 9 nature does n h ^! /ructures2 & :5 individuals possess+ !m c be produc$ = inspection x w1 ,i ?9k1 be "t to exam9e ! evid5ce = ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s m s]i\sly4 ,i wrote to ,dr4 ,kamm]] 9 ,july1 #aiaj1 ask+ him = ! loan ( su* a specim5 & on visit+ ! ,biologis*e ,v]su*san/alt 9 ,septemb] ( ! same ye> ,i made ! same reque/1 b hi!rto none has be5 produc$4 ,9 matt]s ( ?is k9d mu* g5]ally dep5ds on int]pretations made at ! "t ( obs]vation2 "h1 h[ev]1 is an example :i* c\ld readily be atte/$ by pres]v$ mat]ial4#bhh #bhg ,kamm]]1 ,p41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiji1 xxviii41 #ddh4 #bhh ,bateson1 ,w41 ,problems ( ,g5etics1 pp4 #bja-bjb4 ,yale ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiac4 ,m rec5tly ! same au?or has report$ ano!r h]$it>y morphological *ange br\ght ab\t by outside conditions4#bhi ,a c]ta9 salam&] 7,salam&ra maculosa7 has yell[ spots on a g5]ally d>k sk94 ,kamm]] /ates t if su* salam&]s are kept on a yell[ gr\nd !y become m yell[1 n by an ext5sion ( ! *romatophores 7:i* w\ld n be surpris+7 b by actual multiplication & gr[? ( ! yell[ pigm5t cells2 :ile ! black sk9 is inhibit$ 9 its gr[?4 ,! rev]se is true if ^! salam&]s are kept on black soil2 9 ?is case accord+ to ,kamm]] ! gr[? ( ! yell[ cells ( ! sk9 is inhibit$ :ile ! black "p ( ! sk9 gr[s4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 accord+ to him1 ^! induc$ *anges are h]$it>y4 ,"h aga9 we are deal+ ) ! inh]itance ( an acquir$ morphological "*4 #bhi ,kamm]]1 ,p41 ,ar*4 f4 ,entwcklngsme*41 #aiac1 xxxvi41 #d4 ,megus>#bij has repeat$ ,kamm]]'s exp]im5ts on salam&]s b contradicts him by /at+ t ! col\r ( ! soil has no influ5ce on ! col\ration ( salam&]s4 ,( c\rse1 we "k ! ph5om5on ( col\r adaptation 9 :i* ! animal *anges its col\r patt]n accord+ to ! environm5t4 ,?is is an effect ( ! ret9a image on ! sk9 & has be5 int]pret$ by ! writ] z a case ( col\r telephotography1 = :i* no physical explanation has yet be5 f\nd4#bia ,?is ph5om5on1 h[ev]1 does n lead to any h]$it>y *ange ( col\r4 #bij ,w]n]1 ,f41 ,biol4 ,c5tralbl41 #aiae1 xxxv41 #agf4 #bia ,loeb1 ,j41 ,! ,me*ani/ic ,conception ( ,life4 ,*icago1 #aiab4 ,kamm]] makes _m /atem5ts on ! h]$ity ( acquir$ modifications ( in/9ct2 inde$ he claims t an int]e/ 9 music on ! "p ( p>5ts produces (fspr+ ) musical tal5t4 ,9 su* claims mu* dep5ds ^u ! subjective int]pretation ( ! obs]v]4 ,! writ] is n aw>e t !re is at pres5t on record a s+le adequate pro( ( ! h]$ity ( an acquir$ "*4 ,we h records ( *anges 9 ! (fspr+ by poison+ ! g]m plasm by alcohol giv5 to p>5ts--z 9 ,/ock>d's well-kn[n exp]im5ts--or by expos+ butt]flies to extreme temp]atures1 b 9 ^! cases ! g]m cells 7 poison$ or alt]$ by ! alcohol or by *emical comp\nds produc$ at v l[ or v high temp]atures4 ,?is is ( c\rse an entirely diff]5t ?+ f /at+ t by induc+ ! midwife toad to lay its eggs 9 ! wat] ! male (fspr+ acquires ! pads & horns ( o!r species ( frogs on its ?umb2 or t by keep+ black salam&]s on yell[ pap] ! (fspr+ is m yell[4 ,yet if !re is an inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s :i* c 9 any way ?r[ light on ! s-call$ ph5om5a ( adaptation x mu/ consi/ 9 results su* z ,kamm]] claims to h obta9$4 ,:ile ! writ] does n decl9e to accept ,ehrli*'s int]pretation ( ! ars5ic-fa/ /ra9s ( trypanosomes or ,kamm]]'s /atem5ts 9 reg>d to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ "*1 he feels t m "w %\ld be done be=e !y c be us$ = our problem4 #g4 ,?is attitude leaves u 9 a qu&>y4 ,! :ole animat$ _w is seem+ly a symphony ( adaptation4 ,we h m5tion$ already ! eye ) its refractive m$ia s well curv$ & plac$ t a m or less p]fect image ( ! outside objects is focuss$ exactly on ! ret9a2 & ?is 9 spite ( ! fact t l5s & ret9a develop indep5d5tly2 we h m5tion$ & discuss$ ! cases ( in/9cts or automatic arrangem5ts :i* are requir$ to p]petuate life--! attraction ( ! two sexes & ! automatic me*anisms by :i* sp]m & egg are br\ght toge!r2 ! mat]nal in/9cts by :i* ! "y are tak5 c>e (2 & all ^? adaptations by :i* animals get _! food & ! suitable conditions ( pres]vation4 ,c we und]/& all ^! adaptations1 )\t a belief 9 ! h]$ity ( acquir$ *>act]s8 ,z a matt] ( fact ! t5acity ) :i* "s au?ors cl+ to su* a belief is dictat$ by ! idea t ?is is ! only alt]native to ! supra-naturali/ic or vitali/ic ideas4 ,! writ] is ( ! op9ion t we d n ne$ to dep5d ^u ! assumption ( ! h]$ity ( acquir$ *>act]s1 b t physiological *emi/ry is adequate = ?is purpose4 ,! e>li] writ]s expla9$ ! gr[? ( ! legs 9 ! tadpole ( ! frog or toad z a case ( an adaptation to life on l&4 ,we "k ?r\gh ,gud]nats* t ! gr[? ( ! legs c be produc$ at any "t ev5 9 ! y\nge/ tadpole1 :i* is unable to live on ! l&1 by fe$+ ! animal ) ! ?yroid gl&4 ,z we h /at$ 9 ,*apt] ,,vii1 x is q possible t 9 nature ! legs ( ! tadpole beg9 to gr[ :5 en\gh ( ! ?yroid or a simil> comp\nd has be5 =m$ or is circulat+ 9 ! animal4 ,x might ju/ly be claim$ z a case ( adaptation t ! egg atta*es itself to ! wall ( ! ut]us & calls =? ! =mation ( ! decidua4 ,we h m5tion$ ! obs]vation ( ,leo ,loeb t ! corpus luteum ( ! ov>y gives (f a sub/ance to ! blood :i* alt]s ! tissues 9 ! ut]us 9 su* a way t contact ) any =eign body 7e4 g41 ! egg7 induces ?is decidua =mation4 ,aga9 :at appe>$ z adaptation :5 unkn[n turns out to be a result ( ! action ( a def9ite *emical sub/ance circulat+ 9 ! body4 ,x appe>s z a case ( adaptation t ! eggs ( ! majority ( animals _c develop )\t a sp]matozon1 & yet we c imitate ! activat+ effect ( a sp]matozon on ! egg by def9ite *emical comp\nds1 :i* leads to ! sugge/ion t ! activat+ effect ( ! sp]matozon on ! egg might be due to ! fact t x c>ries su* a comp\nd4 ,! wond]ful adaptations exhibit$ 9 ! mat+ in/9cts seem to be due to def9ite sub/ances secret$ by ! sex gl&s1 z 0 %[n by ,/e9a* 7,*apt] ,,vii74 ,"h1 aga91 ! process z popul>ly conceiv$1 is ! rev]se ( ! tru?2 ^? survive t h ! equipm5t1--!y did n acquire ! equipm5t "u ! influ5ce ( environm5t4 ,x is absolutely imp]ative = gre5 plants t _! /ems & leaves be expos$ to ! light s9ce only 9 ?is way are !y able to =m c>bohydrates2 & x is equally ess5tial t ! roots %\ld gr[ into ! soil s t ! plant may get ! nitrates & phosphates requir$ to build up its prote9s & nucle9s4 ,?is result is1 9 ! language ( adaptationi/s1 br\ght ab\t by an adaptive response ( ! plant to ! light4 ,9 reality ?is adaptive response is due 7,*apt] ,x7 to ! pres5ce ( a photos5sitive sub/ance pres5t 9 almo/ all gre5 plants4 ,lewis has %[n t if ! optic cup is transplant$ "u ! sk9 ( a "y l>va into any "p ( ! body ! sk9 9 contact ) ! optic cup w =m a l5s2 x looks z if a *emical sub/ance f ! optic cup 7 responsible = ! =mation ( ! l5s4 ,^! examples might be multipli$ indef9itely4 ,!y all indicate t app>5t morphological & in/9ctive adaptations are m]ely caus$ by *emical sub/ances =m$ 9 ! organism & t !re is no reason = po/ulat+ ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,we mu/ n =get t !re are j z _m cases :]e *emical sub/ances circulat+ 9 ! body lead to indiff]5t or h>mful results4 ,z an example ( ! fir/ type1 we may m5tion ! exi/5ce ( heliotropism 9 animals liv+ 9 ! d>k1 ( ! latt] type1 ! inh]itance ( defici5cies l col\r-bl9dness or glaucoma4 ,:ile x is possible = =ms ) mod]ate di%>monies to survive1 ^? ) gross di%>monies _c exi/ & we are n rem9d$ ( _! possible exi/5ce4 ,z a consequ5ce ! cases ( app>5t adaptation prevail 9 nature4 ,! foll[+ obs]vation may s]ve to give an idea h[ small is ! numb] ( exi/+ or durable =ms comp>$ ) ! numb] ( =ms incapable ( exi/5ce4 ,we h m5tion$ ! fact obs]v$ by ,mo5kh\se1 ! writ]1 & ,newman1 t x is possible to f]tilize ! eggs ( ea* m>9e bony fi% ) ! sp]m ( practically e o!r m>9e bony fi%4 ,! numb] ( teleo/s at pres5t 9 exi/5ce is ab\t t5 ?\s&4 ,if we accompli% all possible hybridizations1 "o hundr$ million diff]5t crosses w result4 ,( ^! only a small fraction ( "o p] c5t4 c live 7see ,*apt] ,i71 & x is g5]ally ! lack ( a prop] circulation :i* inhibits !m f rea*+ maturity4 ,x is1 !re=e1 no exagg]ation to /ate t ! numb] ( species exi/+ today is only an extremely small fraction ( ^? :i* c & possibly d orig9ate1 b :i* escape our notice & disappe> because !y _c live or reproduce4 ,if we consid] ^! facts we realize t ! m]e laws ( *ance are adequate to acc\nt = ! fact ( ! app>5tly purposeful adaptations2 z !y are adequate to acc\nt = ! ,m5delian numb]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,evolution ,d>w9's "w has be5 comp>$ to t ( ,cop]nicus & ,galileo inasmu* z all ^! m5 fre$ ! m9d f ! incubus ( ,ari/otelian philosophy :i*1 ) ! effici5t co-op]ation ( ! *ur* & ! pr$atory sy/em ( economics1 caus$ ! /agnation1 squalor1 immorality1 & mis]y ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,cop]nicus & ,galileo 7 ! fir/ to deliv] ! intellect f ! idea ( a univ]se creat$ = ! purpose ( man2 & ,d>w9 r5d]$ a simil> s]vice by 8 insi/5ce t accid5tal & n purposeful v>iations gave rise to ! v>iety ( organisms4 ,9 ?is /ruggle = intellectual fre$om ! names ( ,huxley & ,haeckel mu/ be gratefully rememb]$1 s9ce )\t !m ,d>w9's idea w\ld n h conqu]$ humanity4 ,d>w9 assum$ t ! small fluctuat+ v>iations c\ld accumulate to l>g] v>iations & ?us cause new =ms to orig9ate4 ,x 0 ! m]it ( de ,vries#bib to h po9t$ out t fluctuat+ v>iations are n h]$it>y & h5ce c\ld n h play$ ! rle assign$ to !m by ,d>w91 :ile discont9u\s v>iations z !y appe> 9 ! s-call$ 8sports0 or mutations are inh]it$4 ,?is 0 an important /ep 9 ! hi/ory ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,x did n t\* ! f\ndation ( ,d>w9's "w1 namely ! sub/itution ( ! idea ( an accid5tal evolution = t ( a purposeful creation2 x only modifi$ ! conception ( ! possible me*anism ( evolution4 ,accord+ to de ,vries1 !re are special species or gr\ps ( species :i* are 9 a /ate ( mutation4 ,he consid]s ! ev5+ primrose on :i* he made 8 obs]vations z "o ( ^! =ms4 ,morgan & 8 pupils h obs]v$ ov] #acj mutations 9 a fly ,drosophila4 ,f our pres5t limit$ k we mu/ admit ! possibility t ! t5d5cy t[>d ! production ( mutants is n equally /rong 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,:e!r ?is "p ( de ,vries's idea is or is n correct !re c be no d\bt t v>iations occur :i* consi/ 9 ! loss & app>5tly1 ?\gh 9 r>] cases1 9 ! ga9 or a modification ( a ,m5delian factor4 ,if we wi% to visualize ! basis ( su* a *ange we may d s by imag9+ well-def9$ *emical con/itu5ts 9 "o or m ( ! *romom]es und]go+ a *emical *ange4 #bib de ,vries1 ,h41 ,! ,mutation ,!ory1 translat$ by ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b41 & ,d>bi%ire1 ,a4 ,d41 ,*icago1 #aiji4 ,species & ,v>ieties4 ,*icago1 #aijf4 ,grupp5weise ,artbildung4 ,b]l91 #aiac4 ,?is way ( look+ at ! orig9 ( v>iation has _h ! effect ( putt+ an end to ! vague speculations conc]n+ ! evolution ( "o =m f ano!r4 ,we dem& today ! exp]im5tal te/ :5 su* a /atem5t is made & z a consequ5ce ! am\nt ( m]e speculation 9 ?is field has dim9i%$ consid]ably4 ,x is possible t any fur!r progress conc]n+ evolution mu/ come by exp]im5tal attempts to br+ ab\t at w def9ite mutations4 ,su* attempts h be5 report$ b !y are n all beyond ! possibility ( error4#bic ,! mo/ rem>kable among !m are ^? by ,t[] :o by a v complicat$ comb9ation ( effects ( temp]ature & moi/ure claims to h produc$ def9ite mutations 9 ! potato beetle4 ,! conditions = ^! exp]im5ts are s exp5sive & complicat$ t a repetition by o!r inve/igators has n yet be5 possible4 #bic ,= a critical discussion ( ! details1 see ,bateson1 ,w41 ,problems ( ,g5etics1 ,new ,hav51 #aiac1 ,*apt] ,x4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 /ill unc]ta9 :e!r ! m]e addition or loss ( ,m5delian *>act]s c lead to ! orig9 ( new species4 ,species specificity is det]m9$ by specific prote9s 7,*apt] ,,iii471 :ile "s ,m5delian *>act]s at lea/ seem to be det]m9$ by hormones or sub/ances :i* ne$ nei!r be prote9s nor specific = ! species4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,dea? ,,& ,,dissolution ,,( ,,! ,,organism #a4 ,x is an old say+ t we _c und]/& life unless we und]/& dea?4 ,! dead body1 if its temp]ature is n too l[ & if x conta9s en\gh wat]1 und]goes rapid dis9tegration4 ,x 0 natural to argue t life is t :i* resi/s ?is t5d5cy to dis9tegration4 ,! old] obs]v]s ?\ght t ! =ces ( nature det]m9$ ! decay1 :ile ! vital =ce resi/$ x4 ,?is idea f\nd its t]se/ expression 9 ! def9ition ( ,bi*at1 t 8life is ! sum total ( ! =ces :i* resi/ dea?40 ,sci5ce is n ! field ( def9itions1 b ( pr$iction & control4 ,! problem is3 fir/1 h[ does x happ5 t z soon z respiration has ceas$ only = a few m9utes ! human body is dead1 t is to say1 w comm5ce to und]go dis9tegration1 & second1 :at protects ! body aga9/ ?is decay :ile ! respiration goes on1 al?\gh temp]ature & moi/ure are su* z to fav\r decay8 ,! e>li] biologi/s _h already rais$ ! "q :y x 0 t ! /oma* & inte/9e did n dige/ !mselves4 ,! hydro*loric acid & ! peps9 9 ! /oma* & ! tryps9 9 ! inte/9e dige/ prote9s tak5 9 9 ! =m ( food2 :y d !y n dige/ ! prote9s ( ! cells ( ! /oma* & ! inte/9e8 ,!y w promptly dige/ ! /oma* z soon z ! individual is dead1 b n dur+ life4 ,a self-dige/ion may also be caus$ if ! art]ies ( ! /oma* are ligatur$4 ,claude ,b]n>d & o!rs sugge/$ t ! lay] ( mucus protect$ ! cells ( ! /oma* & ( ! inte/9e f ! dige/ive enzymes2 or t ! epi!lial lay] _h a protective effect4 ,pavy sugge/$ t ! alkali ( ! blood _h a protective action4 ,all ^! !ories became unt5able :5 ,f]mi %[$ t all k9ds ( liv+ organisms1 protozoans1 worms1 ar?ropods1 are n dige/$ 9 solutions ( tryps9 z long z !y are alive1 :ile !y are promptly dige/$ 9 ! same solution :5 dead4#bid ,?is is 9 h>mony ) ! fact t _m p>asites live 9 ! inte/9e )\t be+ dige/$ z long z !y are alive4 ,f]mi conclud$ t ! liv+ cell _c be attack$ by ! dige/ive f]m5ts1 :ile ) dea? a *ange occurs by :i* !y c be attack$4 ,b :at is ?is *ange8 ,f]mi seems to be incl9$ to ?9k t ! 8liv+ molecule0 ( prote9 is n hydrolysable 7p]haps because ! enzyme _c atta* itself to x871 :ile a *ange 9 ! con/itution or configuration ( ! prote9s takes place aft] respiration has ceas$4 ,! fact t ! liv+ cell resi/s ! dige/ive action ( tryps9 & peps9 has f\nd two o!r modes ( explanation1 fir/1 t ! cells are surr\nd$ by a membrane or envelope ?r\gh :i* ! enzyme _c diffuse1 & second1 t ! liv+ cells possess antif]m5ts4 ,b ! s-call$ antif]m5ts are also said to exi/ aft] ! dea? ( ! cell1 :]eas aft] dea? ! cell is promptly dige/$4 ,frdricq1 z well z ,klug1 has %[n t worms :i* are n attack$ by tryps9 are dige/$ by ?is enzyme :5 !y are cut into small pieces2 al?\gh ! pieces ( c\rse conta9 ! anti5zyme4 ,! o!r sugge/ion t a membrane imp]meable = tryps9 protects ! cells w\ld expla9 :y liv+ protozoa are n dige/$ by tryps91 b x leaves ano!r fact unexpla9$1 namely1 ! autodige/ion ( all ! cells aft] dea? by enzymes conta9$ 9 ! cells !mselves4 #bid ,f]mi1 ,c41 ,c5tralbl4 f4 ,bact]iologie1 ,abt4 #a1 #aiaj1 lvi41 #ee4 #b4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! body aft] dea? is n caus$ exclusively or ev5 *iefly by ! dige/ive enzymes ( ! inte/9al tract or ! micro-organisms ent]+ ! dead body f ! outside1 b by ! enzymes conta9$ 9 ! cells !mselves4 ,?is ph5om5on ( autolysis#bie 0 fir/ *>act]iz$ by ,hoppe-,seyl]4#bif ,all organs suff]+ dea? )9 ! organism1 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg51 und]go s(t5+ & dissolution 9 a mann] resembl+ t ( putrefaction4 ,9 ! c\rse ( t process1 album9\s matt] gives rise to leuc9 & tyros91 fat to free acids & soaps4 ,?is mac]ation1 id5tical ) ! pa?ological conception ( s(t5+1 is accompli%$ )\t giv+ rise to ill od\r & is a process simil> to ! "o result+ f ! action ( wat]1 acids1 & dige/ive enzymes4 #bie ,lev5e1 ,p4 ,a41 ,autolysis4 ,! ,h>vey ,lectures1 #aije-aijf1 p4 #gc1 gives a full acc\nt ( ! "w on ?is subject up to #aije4 #bif ,hoppe-,seyl]1 ,f41 ,tb+] m$4-*em4 ,unt]su*ung51 #ahga1 ,p4 #dii4 ,9 "w ( ?is k9d1 rigid asepsis is requir$ to exclude ! possibility ( bact]ial infection & ?is 0 fir/ done by ,salk[ski1 :o %[$ t 9 aseptically kept tissues l liv] & muscle ! am\nt ( sub/ances t c be extract$ ) hot wat] increases consid]ably4 ,by ! "w ( o!rs1 especially ,m>t9 ,jacoby & ,lev5e1 x 0 e/abli%$ t ! p[] ( self-dige/ion is %>$ by all organs4 ,analysis ( ! products ( ! autodige/ion ( tissues %[s t1 e4 g41 ! am9o acids1 :i* con/itute ! prote9s1 are produc$4 ,dak91 ,jones1 & ,lev5e demon/rat$ ! hydrolytic products ( ! nucle9s1 9 ! case ( ! self-dige/ion ( tissues4#big #big ,lev5e1 ,p4 ,a41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #aijd1 xii41 #bgf4 ,aga9 ! "q arises3 ,:y d ! tissues n und]go autolysis dur+ lifetime & :at protects !m1 & ! answ] is t self-dige/ion is a consequ5ce ( ! lack ( oxidations4 ,! pres5ce ( antif]m5ts mu/ cont9ue aft] dea? & _c be ! cause :i* prev5ts ! self-dige/ion dur+ life1 s9ce no?+ indicates ! de/ruction ( ! hypo!tical antidige/ive enzymes ?r\gh lack ( oxyg54 ,! rec5t "w ( ,bradley & ,morse#bih & ( ,bradley#bii has ?r[n "s light on ! problem4 ,^! au?ors f\nd t prote9s ( ! liv] :i* are indige/ible c be made dige/ible by ! liv] enzymes if an acid salt or a trace ( acid is add$ to ! mixture4 ,a m_/#bjj ,h,cl solution gives m>k$ accel]ation ( ! autodige/ion ( ! liv]4 ,?is w\ld expla9 :y autodige/ion takes place aft] oxidations cease4 ,9 _m if n all ! cells1 acids are con/antly =m$ dur+ lifetime1 e4 g41 lactic acid1 :i* ?r\gh oxidation are turn$ to ,,co1 & ?is diffuses into ! blood s t ! ,h ion conc5tration 9 ! cells does n rise mat]ially4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! oxidations cease1 z is ! case aft] dea?1 ! =mation ( lactic acid cont9ues1 b ! acid is n oxidiz$ to ,,co & ?us remov$1 & z a consequ5ce ! ,h ion conc5tration increases 9 ! cells & ! self-dige/ion ( prote9s1 :i* ! dige/ive enzymes conta9$ 9 ! cells !mselves c\ld n attack =m]ly1 becomes possible4 ,acid increases ! dige/ibility ( a prote91 probably by salt =mation4 ,!oretically we %\ld n be surpris$ t :ile 9 ! liv] an increase 9 ! ,c,h fav\rs autolysis 9 o!r tissues ! same result is produc$ by ! rev]se effect4 ,we might say t ! pres]vation ( a c]ta9 ,c,h probably at or ne> ! po9t ( neutrality dur+ life prev5ts self-dige/ion1 :ile ! gross alt]ation ( ! ,c,h 9 ei!r direction aft] dea? 7or aft] ! cessation ( oxidations 9 ! tissues7 induces autolysis4 ,bradley inde$ sugge/s t _m ( ! ph5om5a ( autolysis dur+ lifetime1 su* z atrophy1 necrosis1 involution1 might be due to an increase 9 ! ,c,h 9 ! tissues4 #bih ,bradley1 ,h4 ,c41 & ,morse1 ,m41 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #aiae1 xxi41 #bji4 #bii ,bradley1 ,h4 ,c41 ibid41 #aiae1 xxii41 #aac4 ,^! facts agree ) ! sugge/ion ( ,f]mi t 9 ! liv+ cell ! prote9s _c be attack$ by ! dige/ive enzymes b relieves u ( ! necessity ( mak+ ! mon/r\s assumption ( a 8liv+ molecule0 ( prote9s z di/9ct f a 8dead0 molecule4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 life & dea? is n "o betwe5 liv+ & dead molecules1 b m likely betwe5 ! excess ( syn!tic ov] hydrolytic processes4 ,9 ! second *apt] we m5tion$ ! int]e/+ idea ( ,arm/rong t :5 a syn!sis is br\ght ab\t by a dige/ive enzyme 7e4 g41 maltase7 n ! orig9al sub/rate is =m$ 7e4 g41 maltose7 b an isom]1 9 ?is case isomaltose2 & ?is isom] is n attack$ by ! enzyme maltase4 ,we ?us get a rational und]/&+ ( ! /atem5t :i* ,claude ,b]n>d us$ to make b :i* rema9$ at 8 "t my/]i\s3 la vie1 c'e/ la cration4 ,dur+ life1 :5 nutritive mat]ial is abundant1 ?r\gh ! rev]sible action ( c]ta9 enzymes1 syn!tic comp\nds are =m$ f ! build+ /ones furni%$ by ! blood4 ,^! syn!tic isom]s _c be hydrolyz$ by ! enzymes by :i* !y are =m$ & h5ce on acc\nt ( ! isom]ic /ructure are immune aga9/ de/ruction4 ,x is n impossible t ! increase ( ! conc5tration ( acid 9 ! cells aft] dea? trans=ms ! isom]s into t =m 9 :i* !y c be dige/$ by ! enzymes conta9$ 9 ! cell4 ,ano!r possibility is t ! increase 9 dige/ibility br\ght ab\t by an increase 9 ,c,h 9 ! cell is due to ! hydrat+ effect ( acids on prote9s ) a subsequ5t increase 9 dige/ibility4 ,:atev] ! answ] may be1 ! "w done s9ce ,claude ,b]n>d has remov$ t cl\d ( obscurity :i* 9 8 days surr\nd$ ! preval5ce ( syn!tic action 9 ! liv+ & ( dis9tegration 9 ! dead tissues4 #c4 ,we h already ref]r$ to ! connection betwe5 ! lack ( oxyg5 & ! onset ( autolysis & dis9tegration ( tissues 9 ! body4 ,x is ( int]e/ t !re are cells 9 :i* ! dis9tegration "u ! influ5ce ( lack ( oxyg5 is s rapid t x c be foll[$ "u ! microscope4 ,! writ] has obs]v$ t c]ta9 cells und]go complete irrev]sible dissolution 9 a v %ort "t "u ! influ5ce ( lack ( oxyg51 e4 g41 ! fir/ segm5tation cells ( ! egg ( a teleo/ fi% ,ct5olabrus4#cjj #cjj ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #ahie1 lxii41 #bdi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea ,:5 ^! eggs are depriv$ ( oxyg5 at ! "t !y rea* ! eight- or sixte5-cell /age1 x c be notic$ t ! membranes ( ! bla/om]es are trans=m$ into small droplets )9 half an h\r or m1 accord+ to ! temp]ature4 ,^! droplets beg9 to fl[ toge!r1 =m+ l>g] drops4 ,figures #dh to #ea %[ ! successive /ages ( ?is process4 ,:5 ! eggs are expos$ to ! air 9 "t1 segm5tation c beg9 aga92 b if a slightly long] "t is all[$ to elapse1 ! process becomes irrev]sible & life becomes ext9ct4 ,su* cle> /ructural *anges _c (t5 be obs]v$ 9 ! eggs ( o!r animals "u ! same conditions4 ,are ^! *anges ( /ructure 7app>5tly liquefaction ( solid elem5ts7 responsible = dea? "u su* conditions8 ,9 ord] to obta9 an answ] to ?is "q1 ! writ] inve/igat$ ! effect ( ! lack ( oxyg5 ^u ! he>t-beat ( ! embryo ( ! same fi% ,ct5olabrus4 ,?is egg is p]fectly transp>5t & ! he>t-beat c easily be wat*$4 ,:5 ^! eggs are put into an ,engelmann gas *amb] & a curr5t ( pure hydrog5 is s5t ?r\gh1 ! he>t may cease to beat 9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes2 x /ops beat+ sudd5ly1 be=e ! numb] ( he>t-beats has dim9i%$ noticeably1 & ceases beat+ be=e all ! free oxyg5 c h _h "t to diffuse f ! egg4 ,9 "o case ! he>t beat n9ety times p] m9ute be=e ! hydrog5 0 s5t ?r\gh2 f\r m9utes aft] ! curr5t ( hydrog5 _h pass$ ?r\gh ! gas *amb]1 ! rate ( ! he>t-beat 0 eighty-sev5 p] m9ute1 ?ree m9utes lat] x 0 sev5ty-sev51 & !n ! beats /opp$ sudd5ly4 ,x is h>d to believe t ?is cessation c\ld h be5 caus$ by lack ( en]gy4 ,hydrolytic processes alone c\ld furni% suffici5t en]gy to ma9ta9 ! he>t-beat = "s "t1 ev5 if all ! oxyg5 _h be5 us$ up4 ,! sudd5ness ( ! /&/ill at a "t :5 ! rate _h h>dly dim9i%$ seems to be m easily expla9$ by a sudd5 collapse ( ! ma*9e2 x might be t liquefaction or "s o!r *ange ( /ructure occurs 9 ! he>t or its ganglion cells1 comp>able to t :i* we m5tion$ be=e4 ,9 ano!r fi% ,fundulus1 :]e ! cleavage cells und]go no visible *anges 9 ! case ( lack ( oxyg51 ! he>t ( ! embryo c cont9ue to beat = ab\t twelve h\rs 9 a curr5t ( hydrog54 ,9 ?is case ! rate ( ! he>t-beat s9ks dur+ ! fir/ h\r 9 ! hydrog5 curr5t f ab\t "o hundr$ to tw5ty or t5 p] m9ute2 !n x cont9ues to beat at ?is rate = t5 h\rs or m4 ,9 ?is case "o might believe t dur+ ! p]iod ( /eady dim9ution ( ! t5sion ( oxyg5 9 ! he>t 7dur+ ! fir/ h\r71 ! he>t-beat s9ks /eadily :ile x keeps up at a l[ b /eady rate z long z ! en]gy = ! beat is suppli$ solely by hydrolytic processes2 b !re is c]ta9ly no *ange 9 ! physical /ructure ( ! cells noticeable 9 ,fundulus1 & consequ5tly !re is no sudd5 /&/ill ( ! he>t4 ,budgett has obs]v$ t 9 _m infusorians visible *anges ( /ructure occur 9 ! case ( lack ( oxyg5#cja2 z a rule ! membrane ( ! infusorian bur/s or breaks at "o po9t1 :]eby ! liquid cont5ts fl[ out4 ,h>de/y & ! writ] f\nd t ,p>amcium becomes m /rongly vacuoliz$ :5 depriv$ ( oxyg51 & at la/ bur/s4 ,amb likewise become vacuoliz$ & bur/ "u ^! conditions4 ,budgett f\nd t a numb] ( poisons1 su* z potassium cyanide1 morph9e1 qu99e1 antipyr9e1 nicot9e1 & atrop9e1 produce /ructural *anges ( ! same "* z ^? describ$ = lack ( oxyg54 ,z f> z ,,kcn is conc]n$1 ,s*o5be9 _h already obs]v$ t x ret>ds ! oxidation 9 ! tissues1 & ,claude ,b]n>d & ,gepp]t confirm$ ?is obs]vation4 ,= ! alkaloids1 ,w4 ,s4 ,"y has %[n t !y are capable ( ret>d+ c]ta9 processes ( autoxidation4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact t ! above-m5tion$ poisons produce *anges simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! case ( lack ( oxyg54#cjb #cja ,budgett1 ,s4 ,p41 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,physiol41 #ahih1 i41 #baj4 #cjb ,loeb1 ,j41 ,! ,dynamics ( ,liv+ ,matt]1 ,new ,york1 #aijf1 pp4 #ai-ba4 ,! ph5om5on ( rapid dis9tegration :5 depriv$ ( oxyg5 7or 9 ! pres5ce ( ,,kcn7 seems to be g5]al z ,*ild#cjc has %[n 9 ext5sive exp]im5ts4 ,*ild has us$ x to %[ t y\ng] animals dis9tegrate m rapidly ?an old] or l>g] ones1 & he uses ?is fact = a !ory ( s5esc5ce4 ,he connects ! m rapid dis9tegration ( ! "y animal ) a great] metabolism4#cjd ,)\t wi%+ to d\bt ,*ild's int]e/+ obs]vations ! writ] is n q c]ta9 :e!r ! m rapid dis9tegration ( ! y\ng] =ms is n a result ( ! fact t ! walls ( membranes 9 ! "y are s(t] ?an ^? ( ! old] animals1 & h5ce are m readily liquefi$4 ,su* a diff]5ce c\ld be due to m]e *emical con/itution1 e4 g41 ! increase 9 ,ca 9 ! membrane ) ! increase 9 age4 ,9 old age 9 man ! deposit ( ,ca 9 ! blood-vessels is a frequ5t occurr5ce4 #cjc ,*ild1 ,c4 ,m41 ,s5esc5ce & ,rejuv5esc5ce1 ,*icago1 #aiae4 #cjd ,x is a fact t 9 ! e>ly cells ( ,ct5olabrus ! dissolution ( ! cell walls ?r\gh lack ( ,o prec$es dea?1 s9ce :5 oxyg5 is admitt$ e>ly en\gh ! cells recov] aga94 ,9 infusorians ! bur/+ ( ! animal due to lack ( ,o occurs sudd5ly1 :ile ! animal is /ill mov+1 & ?is bur/+ is ! cause ( dea?1 & n ! rev]se4 ,^! facts may help u to und]/& ! nature ( dea? & dissolution ( ! body 9 high] animals4 ,dea? 9 ^! animals is due to cessation ( oxidations1 b ! surpris+ fact is t if ! oxidations h be5 int]rupt$ b a few m9utes life _c be re/or$ ev5 by artificial respiration4 ,?is sugge/s t ! respiratory ganglia 9 ! m$ulla oblongata suff] an irrep>able injury or an irrev]sible *ange 7comp>able to t j describ$ 9 ! cells ( ,ct5olabrus7 ev5 :5 depriv$ ( oxyg5 = only a %ort "t4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! irrev]sible injury to ! m$ulla ! respirations cease p]man5tly1 ! he>t-beat mu/ also cease1 & gradually ! diff]5t tissues mu/ und]go ! dissolution *>act]i/ic ( dea?4 ,:ile all ! cells may be immortal !y are only s 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 & ! nutritive solution :i* ! circulat+ blood furni%es4 ,) ! prop] supply ( oxyg5 cut (f !y c no long] live4 #d4 ,x is an unque/ionable fact t ea* =m has a q def9ite duration ( life4 ,unicellul> organisms are immortal2 b = ! high] organisms ) sexual reproduction ! duration ( life is almo/ z *>act]i/ic z any morphological peculi>ity ( a species4 ,no species c exi/ unless ! natural life ( its individuals outla/s ! p]iod ( sexual maturity2 & unless ! av]age duration ( life is long en\gh to all[ z _m (fspr+ to be br\ght into ! _w z w comp5sate = loss by dea?4 ,! male bee dies be=e x is a ye> old1 :ile ! que5 may live sev]al ye>s4 ,9 a c]ta9 species ( butt]flies1 ! ,psy*id1 ! p>!nog5etic female lays its eggs :ile /ill 9 ! cocoon & !n dies )\t ev] leav+ ! cocoon4 ,! imago ( ! ephem]a leaves ! wat] 9 ! ev5+1 copulates1 lets its eggs fall into ! wat]1 & is dead ! next morn+4 ,! imp]fect condition ( _! m&ibles & alim5t>y canal makes !m unfit = a long duration ( life4 ,! males ( ! rotif]s :i* are devoid ( organs ( dige/ion live b a few days4 ,9 ! ,zological ,/ation at ,naples 9 #aijf1 an act9ian1 ,act9ia equ9a1 0 alive aft] hav+ be5 9 captivity fifte5 ye>s1 & ano!r "o1 ,c]ian?us1 _h be5 obs]v$ = tw5ty-f\r ye>s4 ,kors*elt kept e>?worms = z long z t5 ye>s4 ,! fre%-wat] mussel may rea* ! age ( sixty ye>s or m & crayfi% may live = ov] tw5ty ye>s4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! duration ( life ( mammals are too well kn[n to ne$ discussion4 ,if ! cells & tissues are immortal1 h[ does x happ5 t ! duration ( life is s *>act]i/ic = ea* species8 ,met*nik(f#cje has rec5tly inve/igat$ ! cause ( 8natural0 dea? 9 ! butt]fly ( ! silkworm4 ,! butt]fly 9 ?is species lacks ! organs necess>y = tak+ up food1 l ! male rotif] or ! ephem]id & h5ce is already1 by ?is fact1 condemn$ to a %ort life4 ,met*nik(f obs]v$ t ^! butt]flies c\ld live tw5ty-?ree days1 b ! av]age duration ( life 0 #ae4f = ! males & #af4f days = ! females2 & t sev5ty-five p] c5t4 ( !m conta9$ no p>asitic fauna or flora 9 _! inte/9e4 ,!y lose consid]ably 9 weight dur+ _! lives1 b ! males /ill conta9 ! fat body at ! "t ( dea?4 ,none ( ! *anges accompany+ 8old age0 9 man are f\nd 9 ! tissues ( ^! butt]flies be=e dea?4 ,met*nik(f is incl9$ to believe t ! animal is poison$ by "s excretion reta9$ 9 ! body2 namely1 ! ur9e1 & t ?is poison also causes ! symptoms ( weakness :i* *>act]ize ! animal4 ,he c\ld prove ! toxic "* ( _! ur9e on o!r animals4 ,?is comb9$ ) />vation c\ld suffici5tly acc\nt = ! %ort duration ( life4 ,! facts ( ! case %[ t x is due to an imp]fection 9 ! con/ruction ( ! organism su* z "o w\ld expect to f9d m or less 9 ea* animal if "o disc>ds ! idea ( purposefulness & div9e wisdom 9 nature4 ,only a slight1 p]haps an inf9itesimal1 fraction1 ( ^? species :i* are !oretically possible & :i* at "o "t or ano!r arise c survive4 ,^? :i* are durable %[ all transitions f ! grosse/ di%>monies to an app>5t lack ( su* %ortcom+s4 #cje ,met*nik(f1 ,e41 ,ann4 d4 l',in/4 ,pa/eur1 #aiae1 xxix41 #dgg4 #e4 ,m9ot _h tri$ to prove t ! dea? ( metazoa is due to ! great] diff]5tiation & specialization ( _! tissues4 ,admitt+ ! immortality ( ! unicellul> organisms he argues t dea? is ! price metazoa pay = ! high] diff]5tiation ( _! cells4 ,?is is ( c\rse purely metaphorical1 b we may put x into a =m 9 :i* x is capable ( discussion 9 physico*emical t]ms1 by assum+ t dea? is a necess>y /age 9 ! developm5t ( a species4 ,we are incl9$1 h[ev]1 to foll[ ,met*nik(f & suspect "s poison accid5tally or unavoidably =m$ 9 ! body or "s /ructural %ortcom+ z ! cause ( 8natural0 dea?4 ,an unusually fav\rable object = ! /udy ( natural dea? is ! animal egg4 ,! egg ( ! />fi% ,a/]ias =besii :5 tak5 out ( ! body is usually immature1 b 9 ! spawn+ season x rip5s 9 sea wat]4 ,! writ]#cjf obs]v$ t eggs :i* rip5 dis9tegrate v rapidly :5 n f]tiliz$4 ,?is dis9tegration may be due to a process ( autolysis1 :i* sets 9 only aft] ! egg has extrud$ ! two pol> bodies4 ,! writ] f\nd t by prev5t+ ! maturation ( ! egg ei!r by )draw+ ! oxyg5 or by replac+ ! alkal9e sea wat] by a neutral solution or by expos+ ! eggs = "s "t to acidulat$ sea wat]1 ! dis9tegration c\ld also be prev5t$4 #cjf ,loeb1 ,j41 ,biol4 ,bull41 #aijb1 iii41 #bie4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts %[$ t ev5 9 ! mature egg rapid dis9tegration c\ld be prev5t$ by lack ( oxyg51 & simil> results 7 obta9$ by ,ma!ws4 ,:5 ! egg is f]tiliz$ x does n dis9tegrate 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 b x gradually dies 9 ! abs5ce ( oxyg54 ,"o is almo/ tempt$ to say t :ile ! f]tiliz$ egg is a /rict arobe ! mature unf]tiliz$ egg is an anarobe4 ,?is latt] /atem5t1 h[ev]1 becomes d\btful s9ce ! pres5ce ( oxyg5 may help ! dis9tegration only indirectly by all[+ c]ta9 *anges to g on 9 ! egg4 ,! important po9ts = u are t duration ( life 9 ! mature unf]tiliz$ egg is comp>atively %ort & t ! entrance ( a sp]matozon or ! process ( artificial p>!nog5esis saves ! life ( ! egg4 ,loeb & ,lewis f\nd t ! life ( ! unf]tiliz$ sea-ur*9 egg 7:i* is usually mature :5 remov$ f ! ov>ies7 c also be prolong$ :5 its oxidations are suppress$4 ,! decay ( ! unf]tiliz$ egg seems to be due to ! fact t ^? alt]ations 9 ! cortical lay] :i* und]lie ! membrane =mation & :i* are responsible = ! />t+ ( developm5t gradually take place4 ,9 su* a condition ! egg w die quickly unless depriv$ ( oxyg54 ,?is view is support$ by ! obs]vation ( ,wa/5eys t unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ,arbacia %[ an increas$ rate ( oxidations :5 all[$ to rema9 = "s "t 9 sea wat]2 we h se5 9 ,*apt] ,v t su* an increase also accompanies artificial membrane =mation4 #f4 ,if ! limit$ duration ( life ( an organism is det]m9$ by "o or m def9ite h>mful *emical processes1 we %\ld expect to f9d a temp]ature coeffici5t = ! duration ( life or at lea/ be able to %[ t if all o!r conditions are ! same ! duration ( life is = a giv5 organism a function ( temp]ature4 ,! writ]#cjg inve/igat$ ! duration ( life ( f]tiliz$ & unf]tiliz$ eggs ( ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus = ! upp] temp]ature limits4 #cjg ,loeb1 ,j41 ,ar*4 f4 d4 ges4 ,physiol41 #aijh1 cxxiv41 #daa4 ,,table ,,xx ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,duration ( life ( ! eggs ( ,s4 purpuratus ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,temp]ature ,unf]tiliz$ ,f]tiliz$ ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,c4 ,m9utes ,m9utes #cb #a-a_/f #a-a_/b #b #ca #b-a_/d #c #cj #c #d #e #e #bi #f #g #bh #h #aa #aj #ac #bg ab\t #ah #bj #bb #bf #ce #ce #dj #dj #be #gf #ha #bd #afh #aib #bjj #bji ,h\rs #bb #aj-a_/e #ba #bd #bj #gb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,^! obs]vations %[ a v high temp]ature coeffici5t ne> ! upp] temp]ature limit1 & ?is may acc\nt at lea/ p>tly = ! fact t 9 tropical seas ! pelagic fauna is s mu* m limit$ ?an 9 pol> seas4#cjh ,x is q probable t ! high temp]ature coeffici5ts at ! utmo/ limits are only an expression ( ! coagulation "t ( c]ta9 prote9s4 #cjh ,k4 ,br&t 78b] d5 ,nitratgehalt des ,ozeanwass]s & se9e biologis*e ,b$eutung10 ,abh4 d4 kais4 ,leop4 ,c>ol4 deuts*4 ,akad4 d4 ,naturfos*]41 #aiae7 acc\nts = ?is fact by ! assumption t ?r\gh ! great] activity ( ! d5itrify+ bact]ia 9 ! tropical wat]s ! am\nt ( available nitrates is "h comp>atively small] ?an 9 ! pol> oceans4 ,! writ] fully appreciates ! importance ( ?is fact b nev]!less is incl9$ also to see a limit+ factor 9 ! enorm\sly rapid decl9e ( ! duration ( life at ! upp] temp]ature limits4 ,p4 & ,n4 ,rau /ate t 9 ! cold c]ta9 butt]flies live long]1 & simil> /atem5ts exi/ = ! silkworm1 b ^! /atem5ts are n bas$ on exact exp]im5ts1 :i* are difficult4 ,dr4 ,nor?rop & ! writ] h />t$ exp]im5ts on ! influ5ce ( temp]ature on ! duration ( life ( ! fly ,drosophila4 ,newly hat*$ flies 7 kept fir/ )\t food except wat] & air at #cd1 #bh1 #bd1 #ai1 #ad1 & #aj1 & second ) cane sug>4 ,! av]age duration ( life 0 z foll[s3 ,) wat] days ,) cane sug> days #cd #b4a #f4b #bh #b4d #g4b #bd #b4d #i4d #ai #d4a #ab4c #ad #h4c #aj #aa4i ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t !re is a def9ite temp]ature coeffici5t = ! duration ( life & t ?is coeffici5t is ( ! ord] ( magnitude ( t ( a *emical reaction4 ,we are cont9u+ ^! exp]im5ts ) animals 9 ! pres5ce ( food4 ,x %\ld1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! fly c>ries ) x a good deal ( res]ve mat]ial f ! l>val p]iod4 ,we h c>ri$ on simultane\sly det]m9ations ( ! temp]ature coeffici5ts ( ! duration ( ! l>val & pupa /age ( ^! organisms at ! same temp]atures & f\nd ratios simil> to ^? giv5 above = ! duration ( life ) wat] only4 #g4 ,met*nik(f#cji has furni%$ ! sci5tific facts = our und]/&+ ( s5esc5ce4 ,he has demon/rat$ t ! *anges 9 tissue :i* give rise to ph5om5a ( s5ility are due to ! action ( phagocytes4 ,?us ! ganglion cells are alt]$ 7dige/$87 & de/roy$ by 8neuronophags0 & ?is is ! ma9 cause ( m5tal s5ility4 ,def9ite phagocytic cells1 ! o/eocla/s1 sl[ly dissolve ! bones 7by ! excretion ( an acid87 & ?is leads to ! kn[n fragility ( ! bones 9 old age4 ,! :it5ess ( ! hair is due to ! action ( phagocytes2 9 ! muscles 9 old age ! contractile elem5ts are de/roy$ by ! s>coplasm1 & s on4 ,x agrees ) ^! facts t :]e organs are absorb$ 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( an animal1 z e4 g41 ! tail ( ! tadpole 9 metamorphosis1 ! ph5om5on is due to a process ( phagocytosis 7& autolysis74 ,we h m5tion$ ! fact t 9 ! l>va ( ! ,ambly/oma ! absorption ( ! gills & ( ! tail occurs simultane\sly & t bo? mu/ be caus$ by a con/itu5t ( ! blood4 ,su* a con/itu5t may be responsible = phagocytosis & autolysis 9 ! organs und]go+ absorption4 ,met*nik(f calls att5tion to ! fact t c]ta9 infecti\s diseases1 e4 g41 syphilis1 may br+ ab\t precoci\s s5ility2 & he m5tions also ! s5ile appe>ance ( "y cret9s :i* is due to ! diseas$ ?yroid4 8,x is no m]e analogy to suppose t human s5esc5ce is ! result ( a sl[ b *ronic poison+ ( ! organism40 ,he assumes t 9 man ?is poison+ is caus$ by ! products ( f]m5tation 9 ! l>ge inte/9e & t ! micro-organisms responsible = ^! f]m5tations may !re=e be reg>d$ z ! real cause ( s5ility 9 man4 ,p>rots :i* are long-liv$ birds h a limit$ flora ( microbes 9 _! inte/9e1 :ile c[s & horses :i* are %ort-liv$ 9 comp>ison ) man possess an extraord9>y ri*ness ( ! inte/9al flora4 ,b1 ne$less to say1 x is n ! quantity ( microbes alone :i* is to be consid]$1 ! nature ( ! microbes is ( mu* great] importance4 #cji ,met*nik(f1 ,e41 ,! ,prolongation ( ,life4 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,c]ta9 plants l ! ,cali=nian ,sequoia gigantea may be consid]$ z practically immortal s9ce !y live sev]al ?\s&s ( ye>s2 o!r plants1 ! annuals1 die aft] fructification4 ,met*nik(f quotes f a lett] by de ,vries t ?is au?or prolong$ ! life ( no!ras by cutt+ ! fl[]s be=e f]tilization4 ,"u ord9>y conditions ! /em dies aft] produc+ f =ty to fifty fl[]s1 b if cutt+ be practis$ new fl[]s are produc$ until ! w9t] cold int]v5es4 ,by cutt+ ! /em suffici5tly e>ly ! plants are induc$ to develop new buds at ! base & ^! buds survive w9t] & resume gr[? 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 ,met*nik(f sugge/s t x is a poison =m$ 9 ! plant 79 connection ) fructification87 :i* kills ! annuals1 :ile x is n =m$ or is less h>mful 9 ! p]5nials4 ,he comp>es ! situation to ! dea? ( ! lactic acid bacilli if ! lactic acid is all[$ to accumulate4 ,?is hypo!sis is c]ta9ly wor?y ( consid]ation1 & x is q possible t 9 addition to /ructural %ortcom+s poisons =m$ by c]ta9 organs ( ! body z well z poisons =m$ by bact]ia acc\nt = ! ph5om5on ( dea? 9 metazoa4 ,,index ,abraxas1 #bjc1 #bch1 #bda ,acquir$ *>act]s1 inh]itance (1 #ccg ff4 ,act9ia equ9a1 #cfa ,adaptation1 #ab1 #cah ff42 to life 9 caves1 #cai ff42 fre% & salt wat]1 #cbg ff42 poisons1 #ccb ff42 temp]ature1 #ccd ff42 caus$ by hormones1 #cdb ,addison1 ,w4 ,h4 ,f41 #ahh ,agglut9ation1 ( corpuscles by s]a1 #fg ff42 ( sp]m1 #gh1 #hb ff4 ,allolobophora t]re/ris1 #df ,alpheus1 #agf ,alytes ob/etricans1 #ccg1 #cch ,amanita phalloides1 #fc ,ambly/oma1 #aeg1 #cfh ,amelung1 #ahd ,amphipyra1 #bhc ,analogies betwe5 liv+ & dead matt]1 #ad ff4 ,anaphylaxis reaction1 #fa ff4 ,ancel1 #aeh1 #bbe ff4 ,antagoni/ic salt action4 ,see ,balanc$ salt solutions4 ,ant5nul>ia ant5n9a1 #aid1 #aif ,apes1 blood relation%ip to man1 #ed1 #ef ff4 ,apolant1 #de ,arbacia1 #ge ff41 #if1 #ii1 #aja1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aej1 #aij ff41 #bic ff41 #bih1 #bii1 #cfd ,ar5icola1 #bgg ,arm/rong1 ,e4 ,f41 #bf1 #bh1 #ced ,arrh5ius1 ,s41 #cc ff41 #hh1 #bij1 #bif ,arrh5oidy1 #bah1 #bbe ,artificial p>!nog5esis1 #ie ff42 9 sea ur*9s1 #ie ff42 new me?od (1 #ih1 #ii2 by blood1 #aja ff42 by sp]m extract1 #ajc2 by acids1 #aje2 by me*anical agitation1 #ajg2 9 />fi%1 #aaj2 rle ( hyp]tonic solution1 #aab1 #aae1 #aaf2 & oxidation1 #aaf1 #aag1 #aah2 & p]meability1 #aai ff42 9 frogs1 #abd2 & det]m9ation ( sex1 #abe ,artificial production ( life1 #ch-ci ,assimilation ( ,,co )\t *lorophyll1 #ag ff4 ,a/]ias1 #di1 #ha1 #aaj1 #cfc2 o*racea1 #gc ff42 capitata1 #gd ,a/]9a1 #ge1 #ha1 #aaj ,a/rosph]es1 #aae ff41 #aib ,au]1 ,j41 #cae ,autolysis1 #cea ff4 ,av5a1 #bfc ,b4 coli communis1 #cf2 typhosus1 #cf2 fluoresc5s1 #ccd ,bact]ia1 gr[? (1 #ae ff41 #bi1 #ga ff42 specificity 91 #da ff4 8,bact]io-purpur910 #da ,balanc$ salt solutions1 #cjg-cag2 !ory (1 #cag2 & adaptation1 #cca ff4 ,balanus1 #bei ,baltz]1 ,f41 #bae ff4 ,bancr(t1 ,f4 ,w41 #gj1 #abe1 #abg1 #bfd1 #bfi ff4 ,bang1 #fc ,b>de51 ,c4 ,r41 #agd ff4 ,b>nacle1 l>v (1 #cac ff4 ,bataillon1 #abd ,bateson1 ,w41 #bcj1 #bdj ff41 #cch1 #cdh ,batra*ia1 #cch ,baur1 ,e41 #dh1 #bdf ,bayliss1 #fc ,becqu]el1 ,p41 #cf ff4 ,beggiatoa1 #ai ,beij]9ck1 ,m41 #bj ,b]keley1 ,"l1 #aaa ,b]n>d1 ,claude1 #b ff41 #bf1 #aei1 #cej1 #ced1 #cee1 #ceh ,b]!lot1 #bij ,b]tr&1 ,g41 #bdh ff4 ,beutn]1 ,r41 #adj ,bi*at1 #b1 #cdi ,bick=d1 ,e4 ,e41 #afi ,blaauw1 ,h4 ,a41 #bfc ,blackman1 ,f4 ,f41 #cjb ,bla/om]es1 #ada ff4 ,bl9d animals1 #cai ff4 ,blood1 transfusion (1 #ec ff4 ,blood relation%ip1 e/abli%$ by transfusion1 #ec1 #ed ff42 precipit9 reaction1 #ee ff42 anaphylaxis reaction1 #fa ff42 hemoglob9 cry/als1 #fd ff4 ,blood s]um1 precipit9 reaction (1 #ed ff42 effect (1 on unf]tiliz$ eggs1 #aja ff41 #abd ,bl[fly1 heliotropism ( l>v (1 #bfe ff4 ,bohn1 ,g41 #bec1 #bfd1 #bfi ,bomb9ator igneus1 #df ,bonellia1 #bae ,bonnet1 #aed1 #afa ,bordet1 #ed ff41 #fj ,b\91 #aeh1 #bbe ff4 ,bov]i1 ,?41 #h1 #abf1 #abh ff41 #acd1 #ach ff41 #aej ff41 #ahf ff41 #bji ff41 #bdf ,bra*y/ola1 #aii ,bradley1 ,h4 ,c41 #bg1 #fd1 #cec1 #ced ,br&t1 #cff ,braus1 ,h41 #adg ,bridges1 ,c4 ,b41 #bjh1 #bbi1 #bca ff4 ,br[n1 ,a4 ,p41 #fd ff4 ,bru*mann1 ,h41 #ic ,bryophyllum calyc9um1 #aec1 #afj ff41 #agg ,bu*n]1 #bd ,budgett1 #ceh ,bull]1 #ic ,buns5-,roscoe1 law (1 #aa1 #bef ff41 #bfa1 #bfc1 #bfd ,burr[s1 #ca ,campanul>ia1 #agh1 #aha ,cannon1 ,w4 ,b41 #bhe ,c>c9us mnas1 #bag ,c>dam9e prat5sis1 #ij ,c>rel1 #ca ,cassia bicapsul>is1 #cg ,ca/le1 ,w4 ,e41 #hi ff41 #cce ,caull]y1 ,m41 #aeh1 #ahj1 #bag ,cave animals1 #cai ff4 ,cell division1 #ae1 #bi1 #abi ff42 suppression (1 #aac ff4 ,cells1 nutritive m$ia (1 #ae ff2 immortality (1 #cj ff42 migrat+1 #dd2 mes5*yme1 #ea ff41 #acj ff41 #adg1 #aee ff4 ,c]ian?us membranaceus1 #aga ff41 #ahh1 #cfa ,*topt]us1 #gh ff4 ,*amb]la91 ,m4 ,m41 #bic1 #big ,*apman1 ,h4 ,g41 #fj ,*emotropism ( sp]matozoa1 #ib ff4 ,*evreul1 #bhi ,*ild1 ,c4 ,m41 #g1 #agj1 #agg1 #ceh ,*lamydomonas1 #bgg ,*odat1 ,r41 #bdh ,*ologa/]1 #cbj ,*ri/51 #bhh ,*romosomes1 rle (1 9 sex det]m9ation1 #aih ff42 !ory ( ,m5delian h]$ity1 #bcc ,*un1 #adb ,ciona inte/9alis1 #hi ff41 #bab ,cladoc]a1 #aei ,claus51 ,h41 #cjb ,clavell9a1 #aha ,coh51 ,e41 #bib ,cohn1 #da ff4 ,compton1 #ij ,conkl91 ,e4 ,g41 #abi1 #acd1 #adc1 #ade ff4 ,con/ancy ( species1 #dj-dc ,cop]nicus1 #cdf ,corpus luteum1 action (1 #aeg-aeh ,correlation1 #aed1 #afg ,corr5s1 ,c41 #ij ff41 #bad ,cram]1 #bhi ,crampton1 ,h4 ,e41 #adc1 #bbe ,criodrilus lacuum1 #bai-bbj ,cross+ ov] ( *romosomes1 #bda ff4 ,cry/als1 diff]5ces betwe5 liv+ organisms &1 #ad ff4 ,ct5olabrus1 #cee1 #ceg1 #cei ,ct5ophores1 #adb ,cun1 ,l41 #ab1 #cbd ,cull51 ,g4 ,e41 #bd1 #bia ,cuma ra?kii1 #cah ,cyanophyce1 #bhg ,cytisus biflorus1 #cg ,cytoplasm ( eggs z future embryo1 #h1 #i1 #gj1 #abf1 #aea ff4 ,dak91 #ceb ,dall+]1 #ccd ,daphnia1 #baj1 #bfb1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #cjf1 #cab ,d>bi%ire1 ,a4 ,d41 #cdg ,d>w91 #ij1 #big1 #cdf ff4 ,d>w9ian !ory1 #e ff4 ,dav5port1 ,c4 ,b41 #bdd1 #cce ,dea?1 #cdi ff42 natural1 cause (1 #cfd1 #cfi ,decidua =mation induc$ by corpus luteum1 #aeg-aeh ,delage1 ,y41 #ajg1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abc1 #abf1 #ahf de la ,rive1 #bd de ,mey]1 ,j41 #abg ,d5dro/oma1 #aja ,d5talium1 #add ,design1 #d1 #e ,det]m9ation ( sex1 9 bees1 #bjh ff42 9 phyllox]ans1 #baj2 9 ,bonellia1 #bae ,developm5t ( egg1 #abg ff4 de ,vries1 ,h41 #f1 #db1 #aed1 #afa1 #cdg1 #cfi ,dewitz1 #ic ,dieudonn1 ,c41 #ccd1 #ccg 8,directive =ce10 #b ,di%>monies1 #g ,divisibility ( liv+ matt]1 limits (1 #adh-aea ,dom9ance1 #bcj ,donca/]1 ,l41 #bjc ,dorfmei/]1 #cjc ,dries*1 ,h41 #d ff41 #abh1 #acc1 #acf1 #ach ff41 #adg1 #aej1 #afi ff41 #ahj ff41 #ahd ff4 ,drosophila ampelophila1 #bjd ff41 #bcg1 #bdc1 #cbb1 #cdg1 #cff ,duclaux1 ,e41 #bhh1 #bhi v4 ,dung]n1 #hj ,duration ( life1 #cfj ff4 ,durham1 #bdi ,dutro*et1 #aed ,dzi]zon1 #bjh ,ectod]m =mation1 #acj ff4 ,egg1 z ! future embryo1 #h1 #i1 #gj1 #abf1 #aea2 artificial p>!nog5esis (1 #ie ff42 organisms f1 #abh ff42 det]m9+ unity ( organism1 #aea-aeb2 *romosomes 91 #aih ff4 ,egg /ructure1 #abi ff42 influ5ce ( c5trifugal =ce on1 #ace2 & regulation1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada2 & fluidity ( protoplasm1 #ada ,ehrli*1 #de1 #cbb1 #ccb ff41 #cda2 side-*a9 !ory (1 #hh1 #ahh ,eig5mann1 #cbj1 #cbc ff4 ,electromotive =ces1 orig9 9 liv+ organs1 #adj ,engelmann1 #ceg ,engl]1 #bd ,entele*y1 #d1 #agj1 #ahb ,environm5t1 influ5ce (1 #bhf ff42 temp]ature1 #bhh ff41 #cdd ff42 sal9ity1 #cjf2 adaptation to1 #cai ,enzyme action1 #bc ff41 #big1 #cjb ,ern/1 ,a41 #ba ,et]nity ( life1 #cd ff41 #cfj ,eud5drium1 #bfj1 #bfa1 #bfi1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #cbf ,eudor9a1 #bgg ,eugl5a1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #bgb1 #bgg ,eul]1 ,h41 #ba ,evolution1 #cdf ff42 & mutation1 #cdh ,ewald1 ,w4 ,f41 #bfa ff41 #bfi1 #bhj1 #cja ,f>m]1 ,j4 ,b41 #cdg ,f]mi1 #cej1 #ced ,f]tilization1 het]og5e\s1 #dh ff41 #ea1 #gc ff42 specificity 91 #ga ff42 & oxidation1 #aag ff42 & p]meability1 #aai ff4 8,f]tiliz910 #hd1 #hg ff41 #ic ,fis*el1 #ahg ,fis*]1 #cjc ff4 ,fi%1 #ee ,fitness ( environm5t1 #cag ,fitzg]ald1 ,j4 ,g41 #fc ,fl[ ( sub/ances & reg5]ation 9 ,bryophyllum1 #afa ff4 ,fluctuat+ v>iations1 #f1 #big ff41 #cdf ff4 ,fol91 #bb ,food1 influ5ce on polymorphism 9 wasps1 #bbb ff4 ,food ca/ration1 #bbd2 influ5ce on sexual cycle 9 rotif]s1 #bbd2 on metamorphosis 9 tadpoles1 #aee ,=d1 #fc ,=ssmann1 #fc ,frdricq1 #cea ,free-m>t91 cause ( /]ility1 #bah-bai ,fri$5?al1 ,h41 #ec ff41 #fj ,fris*1 ,k41 #bgh1 #bgi ,frs*el1 ,p41 #bfc ,fu*s1 ,h4 ,m41 #ij ,fucus1 #abc ,fundulus het]oclitus1 #ea1 #aaf1 #adg1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjb1 #cjg ff41 #cba ff41 #cbh ff41 #cce1 #ccg1 #ceg ff4 ,galileo1 #cdf ,galvanotropism1 #aa1 #bgj ff41 #cai ,gay1 ,f4 ,p41 #fb ff4 ,g5]ation1 spontane\s1 #ad ff41 #cd ,g5es1 #d ff41 #aeb1 #cai ,g5us & species1 *emical basis (1 #dj ff4 ,gepp]t1 #ceh ,g]m9ation 9 se$s1 #ce ff4 ,gi>d1 #ahj1 #baf ff4 ,godlewski1 ,e41 #dh1 #ge1 #gh1 #abj1 #abf1 #afi ,godlewski1 ,e41 ,sr41 #ah ,goebel1 ,k41 #aed1 #afa ,goldf>b1 ,a4 ,j41 #cbf ,golds*midt1 ,r41 #bbj ff4 ,goodale1 ,h4 ,d41 #bah ,gortn]1 ,r41 #bdi ,grab]1 ,v41 #bef1 #bgf ,graft+1 het]opla/ic1 9 animals1 #df2 9 plants1 #dg ,gravitation1 influ5ce on organ =mation 9 ,ant5nul>ia1 #aid ff42 on ! egg ( ! frog1 #ada ,gray1 ,j41 #abb ,gregory1 #bdc ,groom1 ,t4 ,t41 #bhj ,gr[?1 t]m9ation (1 #ahd2 influ5ce ( cell size1 #ahg ,gud]nats*1 ,j4 ,f41 #aee1 #bee1 #cdb ,guy]1 #abd ,gyn&romorphism1 #bji ,haeckel1 #cdf ,half-embryos & :ole embryos1 #ada1 #adb ,hammond1 ,j4 ,h41 ,jr41 #bfi ,h>d51 #af ,h>de/y1 #ceh ,h>moni\s "* ( organism1 #e1 #f1 #cah ff41 #cda ff4 ,h>rison1 #ca ,h>tley1 #aaa ,heal+ ( w\nd1 #ahg ,hekto51 #ff ,heliotropism1 #aa ff41 #beg ff41 #cah2 h]$ity (1 #bej ff42 *ange (1 #bgi1 #bhj ff42 & adaptation1 #cah ,helmholtz1 #cd ,hemoglob9s1 cry/allographic measurem5ts (1 #fd ff4 ,h5d]son1 ,l41 #cag ,h5k+1 #aih ff4 ,h]b/1 ,c41 #ig1 #adg1 #aic1 #cjf1 #caj ,h]$ity1 ( g5us & species1 #dj ff41 #gj1 #aea1 #aeb2 ,m5delian1 #gj1 #aea ff41 #bbi ff41 #cdh2 ( sex1 #aih2 sex-l9k$1 #bjc ff41 #bch ff42 & evolution1 #cdh ,h]lant1 ,m41 #gh ff41 #aae ff4 ,h]maphroditism1 #hi ff41 #bab ff41 #baf1 #bai ff4 ,see also ,inhibition & ,reg5]ation4 ,h]twig1 ,o41 #ig1 #abc1 #bib ,h]twig1 ,r41 #ie1 #ig ,hess1 ,c41 #bgh ,het]og5e\s hybrids1 purely mat]nal1 #di1 #ej ,het]og5e\s transplantation1 ,murphy's exp]im5ts on1 #dd ff42 limitation (1 #df ,het]omorphosis1 #aee1 #aic-aif ,hill1 ,c41 #be ,hippiscus1 #aii ,holmes1 ,s4 ,j41 #bfi ,hoppe-,seyl]1 #cea ,hormones1 #ade1 #aee1 #aha1 #bai2 & ,m5delian h]$ity1 #bde ff41 #cdh2 & adaptation1 #cdb4 ,see also ,organ-=m+ sub/ances4 ,huxley1 #cdf ,hybridization1 het]og5e\s1 9 sea ur*9s1 #dh ff41 #gc ff42 9 fi%es1 #ea2 9 plants 7,m5del's71 #bcj ff4 ,hydrolytic enzymes1 action (1 #bd2 rev]sible action (1 #bd ff4 ,hyp]tonic solution1 #ii1 #aaa ff4 ,imitation ( cell /ructures by colloids1 #ci ,immortality1 ( canc] cells1 #cj2 ( somatic cells1 #cj ff42 ( life 9 g5]al1 #cd ff4 ,inh]itance1 ( col\r-bl9dness1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bje2 ( eye pigm5t 9 ,drosophila1 #bjd ff42 ( pigm5ts1 #bdh ff42 ( acquir$ *>act]s1 #ccg ff4 ,inhibition ( reg5]ation 9 ,bryophyllum1 #afb ff4 ,inhibition ( sexual *>act]s ( opposite sex1 9 pheasants1 #bah2 lack ( 9 h]maphrodites1 #bai2 9 ,bonellia1 #bbf ,in/9cts1 #aj ff41 #bec ff42 sexual1 #aih ff4 ,int]sexualism1 #bba ,inte/9e1 =mation (1 #acj ff4 ,isoagglut99s1 #ff ff41 #ib ,isolation ( bla/om]es1 #acf ff4 ,jacoby1 #ceb ,j&a1 ,v41 #bai ff4 ,jansky1 #fg ,janss5s1 #bdb ,j5n+s1 ,h4 ,s41 #bfd ff4 ,j5s51 #de ,joe/1 #df ,johanns51 ,w41 #db1 #ccc ,jones1 #ceb ,jo/1 #ij ,kamm]]1 ,p41 #cbe1 #ccg ff4 ,kanitz1 ,a41 #bij1 #bib1 #bif ,ka/le1 ,j4 ,h41 #bf ff4 ,kellogg1 ,v4 ,l41 #bgi ,kelv91 #cd ,k+1 ,w4 ,o4 ,r41 #ej1 #bdg ,klug1 #cea v4 ,knaffl1 ,e41 #ajf ,kn[lton1 ,e4 ,p41 #bib ,k(oid1 ,c4 ,a41 #adc v4 ,krsy1 #cjj ,kors*elt1 #cfa ,krakatau1 #ba ,kraus1 #ed ff4 ,krogh1 #bib ,kry1 ,f41 #cce ,kupelwies]1 ,h41 #ge ,lack ( oxyg51 influ5ce on dis9tegration ( tissue1 #cee ff4 ,lad(f1 ,s41 #bbd ,lam>ck1 #f ,lam9>ia1 #afe ,l&ois1 ,l41 #ec ,l&/e9]1 #ff ,lanice1 #adc ff4 ,lanke/]1 ,e4 ,r41 #da ,lea!s1 ,j4 ,b41 #fc ,leucna leucocephala1 #cg ,lev5e1 #cea1 #ceb ,lewis1 #ahc1 #cdd1 #cfd ,light1 influ5ce on organ =mation1 9 cave animals1 #cai ff42 9 ,proteus1 #cbe2 9 ,eud5drium1 #cbf4 ,see also ,heliotropism4 ,lillie1 ,f4 ,r41 #hj1 #hb ff41 #hg ff41 #ic1 #acd1 #aia1 #bah1 #bib ,lillie1 ,r4 ,s41 #aja1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #abj ff4 ,lipase1 syn!tic action (1 #bf ,liv+ & dead matt]1 specific diff]5ces betwe51 #ad ff4 ,lloyd1 ,d4 ,j41 #aaa ,localization ( ,m5delian *>act]s 9 individual *romosomes1 #bdc1 #bdd ,loeb1 ,leo1 #cj ff41 #de1 #aeg1 #agj1 #ahg ff41 #cdb ,loev5h>t1 ,a4 ,s41 #bf ff4 ,lumbricus rubellus1 #df ,ly*nis dioica1 #bag ,lycopodium1 #ic ,lygu1 #bja ,lymantria disp>1 #bbj ,lymnu1 #adb ,lymphocytes1 rle (1 #de ff4 ,lyon1 ,e4 ,p41 #acd ff4 ,macfady51 ,a41 #cf ,maet]l9ck1 #bee ,magnus1 ,w41 #fj ,maltase1 syn!tic action (1 #be ,m>*al1 ,p41 #bbb ff41 #bed ,m>gelis1 #aib ,mass ( *romat9 & ( cytoplasm1 #ahf ,ma/1 #bfi1 #bgg ,ma!ws1 ,a4 ,p41 #ajg1 #cfc ,mat?aei1 ,g4 ,l4 ,c41 #cjb ,maxwell1 ,s4 ,s41 #bgj1 #bgd1 #bgg ,mc,clendon1 ,j4 ,f41 #abb1 #cbb ,mc,clung1 ,c4 ,e41 #fh1 #aih ff41 #bcg ,megus>1 #cdj ,meignon1 #bag ,meis5heim]1 #bbe ,meltz]1 ,s4,j41 #cae ,membrane =mation1 #hf ff42 artificial1 #ih ff4 ,m5del1 ,g41 #bc1 #bbi ff4 ,m5delian *>act]s1 & evolution1 #gj1 #cdh2 & int]nal secretions1 #bdc1 #cdh2 & enzymes1 #bdg1 #bdh1 #bdi ,m5delian1 factors ( h]$ity1 #d ff41 #fh1 #aea ff42 mutation1 #ff2 dom9ant1 #ij2 segregation1 #bbi ff4 ,see also ,non-,m5delian inh]itance4 ,m5delian h]$ity1 me*anism (1 #bbi ff42 & *romosomes1 #bcc ff42 & hormones1 #bde ff41 #cdh2 & enzymes1 #bdg ff4 ,m5idia1 #ea1 #cba1 #cbc ,m]ogony1 #abj1 #abf1 #ahf ,m]rifield1 #cjc ,mes5*yme =mation1 #acj ff4 ,metamorphosis ( tadpoles induc$ by ?yroid1 #aee1 #aef ,met*nik(f1 #cfa ff41 #cfg ff4 ,mi*aelis1 ,l41 #fb1 #cag ,micrococcus prodigiosus1 #ccd ,microm]es1 #acb ff4 ,m9ot1 #cfb ,mo5khaus1 ,w4 ,j41 #ea1 #cdd ,molis*1 #bj ,montgom]y1 #aii1 #bcd ,moore1 ,a4 ,r41 #ej1 #bdg ff41 #bhj ,morgan1 ,t4 ,h41 #df1 #fh1 #hi ff41 #ie1 #aaf1 #abf1 #acd1 #ada ff41 #agc1 #age1 #ahd1 #bjd ff41 #bbi ff41 #bda ff41 #bdd1 #cdg ,morse1 ,m41 #aef1 #cec ,morton1 ,j4 ,j41 #dd ,moss1 ,w4 ,l41 #fg ,mull]1 ,h4 ,j41 #bbi1 #bca ff4 ,murphy1 ,j4 ,b41 #dd ff4 ,mutation1 #f1 #db1 #bdc2 & evolution1 #cdg1 #cdh ,my]s1 #ee ,na?anson1 #ai ,natural dea?1 #cfa ff4 ,neilson1 #aaj ,newman1 #cdd ,newton's ,law1 #bec ,nitrify+ bact]ia1 #af ff4 ,non-,m5delian inh]itance1 g5us & species *>act]s1 #gj1 #aea1 #bea2 rate ( segm5tation1 #bdf2 fir/ developm5t1 #bdg ,nor?rop1 #cff ,no/ocace1 #ba ,nussbaum1 ,m41 #adi ,nuttall1 ,g4 ,h4 ,f41 #ef ff4 ,ocn]ia disp>1 #bbe no!rus1 #cfi ,onsl[1 ,h41 #bdi ,organ-=m+ sub/ances or hormones 9 reg5]ation1 #aed ff42 caus+ metamorphosis 9 tadpoles1 #aee-aeg2 decidua =mation1 #aeh2 developm5t ( milk gl&s1 #aeh2 ,sa*s's !ory (1 #aei ,organisms f eggs1 #abh ff4 ,orig9 ( life1 #ad ff41 #cc ff4 ,osborne1 #bc ,o/]h\t1 ,w4 ,j4 ,v41 #cab ,o/wald1 ,wo41 #bi1 #cje1 #cab ,oudemans1 #bbe ,ov]ton1 #abc ,palmon1 #aic ,palmonetas1 #aic2 geotropism (1 #bgj ,pal9urus1 #aic ,p&or9a1 #bgg ,p>k]1 ,g4 ,h41 #bfd1 #bfi ,p>!nog5esis1 artificial1 #ie ff42 8spontane\s10 #ajg ,pa/eur1 #ad ff41 #bd1 #cc1 #ch ,patt51 ,b41 #bfd ff ,pauli1 ,w41 #bhi ,pavy1 #cej ,payne1 ,f41 #cbb ,pe>l1 ,r41 #bjc1 #bdd ,p5icillium1 #bhi ,p5n>ia1 #aib ,peps91 syn!tic action (1 #bh1 #fb1 #fc ,pfeff]1 #ib ff4 ,phagocytosis1 #cfg ,plan>ia1 #agc ff41 #agg ,planorbis1 #adb ,plants1 het]opla/ic graft+ 91 #dg ff42 reg5]ation 91 #afj ff4 ,polygordius1 #bhj ,polymorphism1 #bbb ,por!sia1 #bef1 #bhj ff4 ,preadaptation1 #ab1 #cbd ,precipit9 reaction1 #ed ff4 ,pre=mation ( organism 9 egg1 #abh ff41 #adb-ade ,pres5ce & abs5ce !ory1 #bcj ff4 ,primula1 #bdc ,prote9s1 specific reactions (1 #ed ff42 & species specificity1 #fh2 & evolution1 #gj1 #cdh ,prot5or1 #bjj ff41 #bjh ,proteus1 #cbe ff4 ,przibram1 ,h41 #agf ,pure l9es1 #ccc1 #ccd ,pycnopodia spuria1 #gd ,pyrrhocoris1 #aih ,radiation pressure1 rle 9 transmission ( spores ?r\gh int]/ell> space1 #cd ff4 ,rana1 escul5ta1 #df2 palu/ris1 #df2 viresc5s1 #df ,rate ( segm5tation1 a non-,m5delian h]$it>y "*1 #bdf ,rau1 #cff ,reaction1 tropi/ic1 #aa ff41 #ib ff41 #adg1 #agh1 #ahg1 #bee ff42 precipit91 #ed ff42 anaphylaxis1 #fa ff4 ,reg5]ation1 #i ff41 #aec ff42 9 plants1 #afj ff42 9 ,bryophyllum1 #afa-afg2 9 animals1 #afg ff42 9 ,tubul>ia1 #afg-agj2 9 ,c]ian?us1 #aga ff42 9 ,plan>ians1 #agc-agf2 9 ,alpheus1 #agf2 & autolysis1 #agh-aha2 ( l5s1 #ahb1 #ahc2 ext]nal influ5ces on1 #aib ff42 ( gonads 9 h]maphrodites1 #bai ,regulation1 #aci1 #adj1 #ada2 9 reg5]ation1 see ,reg5]ation4 ,rei*]t1 ,e4 ,t41 #fd ff4 ,res$a1 #ij ,resi/ance ( spores1 #cf2 se$s1 #cf ff4 ,rev]sibility ( developm5t1 9 ,campanul>ia1 #agh ff42 9 ,ascidians1 #ahj2 9 egg1 #ahi ff42 9 ,ant5nul>ia1 #aid ,rhabdonema nigrov5osum1 #bac ,ri*et1 ,c41 #fa ,ri*t]1 #cd ,r+] solution1 #ii ,rob]tson1 ,t4 ,b41 #bh ff41 #fb ff41 #ajd1 #caa ,ro5tg5 rays1 #de ,roscoe1 see ,buns5 ,rotif]s1 det]m9ation ( sexual cycle by food1 #bbd ,r\x1 ,w41 #ada ff4 ,sac*>omyces1 #cf2 c]evisi1 #fj ,saccul9a1 #baf ff4 ,sa*s1 #hh v4 ,sa*s1 ,j41 #ade1 #aed ff41 #aei1 #afa1 #ahd ,salam&ra maculosa1 #cci ,salk[ski1 #ceb ,salts requir$ = life1 #cjf ff4 ,sansum1 ,w4 ,d41 #fd ,s*izophyce1 #ba ,s*leip1 ,w41 #bac ,s*o5be91 #ceh ,s*ottelius1 #ccd1 #ccg ,s*ro$]1 #ad1 #cc ,s*ultze1 ,o41 #ada ,s*tze1 #ee ,s*wann1 #cc ,s*w>zs*ild1 #cd ,secretions1 int]nal1 #ade1 #aee1 #aeg ,self-dige/ion1 #cej ff4 ,self-/]ility1 #hi ff4 ,s5esc5ce1 #cfg ,sequoia1 #ca1 #cfh ,set*ell1 ,w4 ,a41 #afe1 #bhg ,sex1 ( p>!nog5etic frogs1 #abe2 ( tw9s1 #baa ,sex *romosome1 #aii ff4 ,sex det]m9ation1 cytological basis (1 #aih ff42 physiological basis (1 #bad ff4 ,sexual *>act]s1 #aih ff4 ,%ibata1 #ic ,%ull1 ,a4 ,f41 #bad1 #bbd ,sicyonia1 #aic ,side-*a9 !ory1 #hh1 #ahh ,smi?1 ,ge(frey1 #aei1 #bag ,smi?1 ,graham1 #eh ,spa91 ,k4 ,c41 #ahh ,spallanzani1 #cc ,species1 *emical basis (1 #dj ff42 specificity (1 #da ff42 incompatibility (1 n closely relat$1 #dd ff4 ,species specificity1 det]m9$ by prote9s1 #fc1 #fh1 #cdh2 app>5tly n by nucle9s1 #fi ,specificity1 ( graft$ tissues1 #dg2 ( sp]matozoa1 #dh2 ( blood s]a1 #ec ff42 9 f]tilization1 #ga ff42 ( activation ( sp]m by eggs1 #hj ff4 ,spel]pes1 #cbj ,sp]matozoa1 f]tilization ( eggs by1 #gb ff42 activation by eggs (1 #hj ff42 agglut9ation (1 #hb ff42 clu/] =mation (1 #hc2 *emotropism (1 #ib ff42 cultivat+ (1 #abf ff42 *romosomes (1 #aih ff4 ,spirographis1 #bfj ,spondylomorum1 #bgg ,spontane\s g5]ation1 #cc1 #ch ,spoon]1 ,g4 ,b41 #acd ,/&fuss1 #cjc ,/aphylococcus pyog5es aureus1 #cf ,/eff5hag51 ,k41 #ee ,/e9a*1 ,e41 #bbe ff41 #bed1 #cdc ,/]eotropism1 #agh1 #ahg1 #bhc ,/ev5s1 ,miss1 #fh1 #aii ,/imulus1 #aif ,/ock>d1 #cbb1 #cdj ,/rassburg]1 #bfj ,/ream+ z means ( egg diff]5tiation1 #ade1 #adf ,/rongyloc5trotus franciscanus1 #ej1 #eb1 #ge1 #ha ff41 #ajc1 #bdg ,/rongyloc5trotus lividus1 #abi ,/rongyloc5trotus purpuratus1 #eb1 #gc ff41 #ha ff41 #id1 #ih ff41 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa ff41 #acg1 #aia1 #bdf ff41 #bic ff41 #cfd2 l>v (1 #di ff4 ,/urtevant1 ,a4 ,h41 #bbi ff4 ,/yela1 #adf ,sulphur bact]ia1 #ai ff4 ,sup]g5es1 #e1 #i1 #acf1 #cai ,sutton1 ,w4 ,s41 #fh1 #bcc ff4 ,syn!sis ( liv+ matt]1 by micro-organisms1 #ae ff42 by enzymes1 #bd ff4 ,syn!tic action ( enzymes1 #bc ff41 #ch ,tnia1 #bab ,talbot1 #bfb ,tammann1 #bia ,tanaka1 #bdc ,taylor1 ,a4 ,e41 #bg1 #fi ff4 ,t*i/[it*1 #ed ff4 ,teleo/ fi%1 crosses (1 #f ff41 #cde ,temp]ature1 effect on heliotropism1 #bhj2 upp] limit = organisms1 #bhg ff42 effect on life1 #bhh ff42 on butt]flies1 #cjc ff42 adaptation to1 #ccd ff4 ,temp]ature coeffici5t1 #bij ff41 #cje2 = enzyme1 #bia2 = developm5t1 #bib ff42 = oxidations1 #bie2 & fluctuat+ v>iation1 #bif ff42 = he>t-beat1 #cjj ff42 = duration ( life1 #cff ,?at*]1 ,miss1 #aha ,?yroid induc+ metamorphosis 9 tadpoles1 #aee1 #aef ,ti*omir(f1 #ie ,tissue culture ( sp]matozoa1 #abg ,tissues1 transplantation (1 #cj ff41 #dd ff42 cultivation (1 #ca ff42 specificity (1 #dd ff4 ,torrey1 ,h4 ,b41 #bfd1 #bfi ,t[]1 #cdh ,transfusion ( blood1 #ec ,transplantation1 ( tissues1 #cj ff41 #dd ff42 ( canc]s1 #de2 ( anlag51 #adh2 ( eye ( salam&]1 #aeg2 ( te/es1 #bbf2 ( ov>ies1 #bbg ,traube1 #bh ,treub1 #ba ,trial & error1 #bfh1 #bgj ,trifolium arv5se1 #cg ,tropisms1 #aa ff41 #ib ff41 #adg1 #agh1 #ahg1 #bec ff42 & in/9cts1 #bec2 !ory (1 #beg ff4 ,tropisms1 9 embryonic developm5t1 #adg2 ( cave animals1 #cbd ,trypanosomes1 #ccb ff4 ,tryps91 syn!tic action (1 #bg ,tub] brumale1 #fj ,tubul>ia crocea1 #aga ,tubul>ia mesembryan!mum1 #afg1 #afi1 #aib ,tw9s1 orig9 (1 #acf ff42 sex (1 #baa ,tyndall1 #cc ,typhlogobius1 #cbj ,typhlomolge1 #cbj ,typhlotriton1 #cbj1 #cbc ,tyros9ase1 #bdi1 #bej ,tyros9e1 #bdi1 #bej v4 ,uexkll1 ,j41 #d ff41 #abh1 #aci ,uhl5hu?1 ,e41 #aeg1 #ahc1 #ahg ,uhl5hu?1 ,p41 #ee1 #eh1 #ff1 #cbb ,und]hill1 ,f4 ,p41 #bc ,vanessa1 prorsa1 #cjc2 levana1 #cjc ,vaney1 #bag ,van ,slyke1 ,d4 ,d41 #bb1 #bd1 #bia van't ,h(f1 #bd ff41 #bij1 #bib1 #bif ,v>iation1 #f1 #big ff41 #cdf-cdh ,vitz\1 #aei ,volvox1 #bhj ,walcott1 #db1 #fa ,w>burg1 ,o41 #aag ff4 ,w>m+1 #da ,wasps1 polymorphism 91 #bbb-bbd2 sex det]m9ation1 #bee ff4 ,wass]mann1 #ee ,wa/5eys1 ,h41 #bi1 #hb1 #hg1 #aab1 #aac1 #aag1 #aia1 #bgg1 #bic1 #bie1 #cce1 #cfd ,weigg]t1 #ahh ,weismann1 #g1 #cj1 #cjc ,wells1 ,h4 ,g41 #fb1 #fi ,wel%1 ,d4 ,a41 #fj ,w]n]1 ,f41 #cdj ,:eel]1 ,w4 ,m41 #dc ,:ite1 ,j41 #cf ,:itney1 ,d4 ,d41 #bbd ,wilson1 ,e4 ,b41 #fh1 #adc1 #aii ff4 ,w9kl]1 #dg ,w9ogradsky1 ,s41 #af ff41 #db ,wolf1 ,g41 #ahb1 #ahg ,yea/ cells1 cultivation (1 #ae ff4 ,"y1 #af1 #ceh ,a ,selection f ! ,catalogue ( ,g4 ,p4 ,,putnam',s ,,sons ,complete ,catalogues s5t on application ,putnam's ,sci5ce ,s]ies #a4--,! ,/udy ( ,man4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc41 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,a timely & useful volume4444 ,! au?or wields a pleas+ p5 & kn[s h[ to make ! subject attractive4444 ,! "w is calculat$ to spread among its read]s an attraction to ! sci5ce ( an?ropology4 ,! au?or's obs]vations are exce$+ly g5u9e & 8 descriptions are vivid40--,london ,a!num4 #b4--,! ,gr\ndwork ( ,sci5ce4 ,a ,/udy ( ,epi/emology4 ,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 #ho4 8,! book is clev]ly writt5 & is "o ( ! be/ works ( its k9d ev] put be=e ! public4 ,x w be int]e/+ to all read]s1 & especially to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( sci5ce40--,new ,hav5 ,lead]4 #c4--,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a ,read+ ,lesson = ,/ud5ts ( ,geography & ,geology4 ,by ,,israel ,c4 ,,russell1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology1 ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 au?or ( 8,lakes ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 8,glaci]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 8,volcanoes ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 etc4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,!re has n be5 9 ! la/ few ye>s until ! pres5t book any au?oritative1 broad rsum on ! subject1 modifi$ & deep5$ z x has be5 by mod]n rese>* & reflection1 :i* is c\*$ 9 language suitable = ! multitude4444 ,! text is z ent]ta9+ z x is in/ructive40--,bo/on ,transcript4 #d4--;,e>? ,sculpture2 or1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,l&-,=ms4 ,by ,,james ,,geikie1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 etc41 ,mur*ison ,pr(essor ( ,geology & ,m9]alogy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 au?or ( 8,! ,great ,ice ,age10 etc4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,?is volume is ! be/ popul> & yet sci5tific treatm5t we "k ( ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( l&-=ms1 & we imm$iately adopt$ x z ! be/ available text-book = a college c\rse 9 physiography4444 ,! book is full ( life & vigor1 & %[s ! sympa!tic t\* ( a man deeply 9 love ) nature40--,sci5ce4 #e4--,volcanoes3 ,_! ,/ructure & ,significance4 ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,fully illu/rat$4 #ho4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 ,illu/rat$4 8,x is n only a f9e piece ( "w f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 b x is uncommonly attractive to ! g5]al read]1 & is likely to h a l>g] sale ?an mo/ books ( its class40--,spr+field ,republican4 #f4--;,bact]ia3 ,especially z !y are relat$ to ! economy ( nature1 to indu/rial processes1 & to ! public heal?4 ,by ,,george ,,newman1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 7,ed9471 ,d4,p4,h4 7,camb471 etc41 ,demon/rator ( ,bact]iology 9 ,k+'s ,college1 ,london4 ,) #bd micro-photographs ( actual organisms & ov] #gj o!r illu/rations4 #ho4 8,dr4 ,newman's discussions ( bact]ia & disease1 ( immunity1 ( antitox9s1 & ( me?ods ( dis9fection1 are illum9at+1 & are to be comm5d$ to all seek+ in=mation on ^! po9ts4 ,any discussion ( bact]ia w seem te*nical to ! un9itiat$1 b all su* w f9d 9 ?is book popul> treatm5t & sci5tific accuracy happily comb9$40--,! ,dial4 _/ #g4--;,a ,book ( ,:ales4 ,by ,f4 ,e4 ,,b$d>d1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,mr4 ,b$d>d has done well to devote a :ole volume to :ales4 ,!y are wor?y ( ! biograph] :o has n[ well gr\p$ & describ$ ^! creatures4 ,! g5]al read] w n f9d ! volume too te*nical1 nor has ! au?or fail$ 9 8 attempt to produce a book t %all be acceptable to ! zologi/ & ! naturali/40--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 #h4--;,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra9 & ,comp>ative ,psy*ology4 ,) special ref]5ce to ! ,inv]tebrates4 ,by ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,no /ud5t ( ?is mo/ int]e/+ phase ( ! problems ( life c af=d to rema9 9 ignorance ( ! wide range ( facts & ! sugge/ive s]ies ( int]pretations :i* ,pr(essor ,loeb has br\ght toge!r 9 ?is volume40--,,joseph ,,ja/r[1 9 ! ,*icago ,dial4 #i4--,! ,/>s4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,simon ,,newcomb1 ,u4,s4,n41 ,nautical ,almanac ,(fice1 & ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 #ho4 ,illu/rat$4 8,! "w is a ?or\ghly sci5tific treatise on />s4 ,! "n ( ! au?or is suffici5t gu>antee ( s*ol>ly & accurate "w40--,sci5tific ,am]ican4 #aj4--,! ,basis ( ,social ,relations4 ,a ,/udy 9 ,e?nic ,psy*ology4 ,by ,,daniel ,g4 ,,br9ton1 ,a4,m41 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,sc4,d41 ,late ,pr(essor ( ,am]ican ,ar*aeology & ,l+ui/ics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania2 ,au?or ( 8,hi/ory ( ,primitive ,religions10 8,races & ,peoples10 8,! ,am]ican ,race10 etc4 ,edit$ by ,,liv+/on ,,f>r&1 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #ho4 8,pr(essor ,br9ton 8 %[n 9 ?is volume an intimate & appreciative k ( all ! important an?ropological !ories4 ,no "o seems to h be5 bett] acqua9t$ ) ! v great body ( facts repres5t$ by ^! sci5ces40--,am4 ,j\rnal ( ,sociology4 #aa4--;,exp]im5ts on ,animals4 ,by ,,/eph5 ,,paget4 ,) an ,introduction by ,"l ,li/]4 ,illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,to a l>ge class ( read]s ?is pres5tation w be attractive1 s9ce x gives to !m 9 a nut-%ell ! meat ( a hundr$ sci5tific diss]tations 9 curr5t p]iodical lit]ature4 ,! volume has ! au?oritative sanction ( ,"l ,li/]40--,bo/on ,transcript4 #ab4--;,infection & ,immunity4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,prev5tion ( ,infecti\s ,diseases4 ,by ,,george ,m4 ,,/]nb]g1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,u4 ,s4 ,army 7,retir$74 ,illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,a di/9ct public s]vice by an em95t au?ority4 ,?is admirable little "w %\ld be a "p ( ! prescrib$ read+ ( ! head ( e in/itution 9 :i* *ildr5 ( y\?s are ga!r$4 ,conspicu\sly useful40--,n4 ,y4 ,times4 #ac4--;,fatigue4 ,by ,a4 ,,mosso1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur94 ,translat$ by ,,m>g>et ,,drummond1 ,m4,a41 & ,w4 ,b4 ,,drummond1 ,m4,b41 ,c4,m41 ,f4,r4,c4,p4,e42 extra ,physician1 ,royal ,hospital = ,sick ,*ildr51 ,ed9burgh2 ,au?or ( 8,! ,*ild1 ,8 ,nature & ,nurture40 ,illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,a book = ! /ud5t & = ! in/ructor1 full ( int]e/1 also = ! intellig5t g5]al read]4 ,! subject con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ical sci5ce & ( philosophical rese>*40--,york%ire ,po/4 _/ #ad4--;,e>?quakes4 ,9 ! ,light ( ! ,new ,seismology4 ,by ,,cl>5ce ,e4 ,,dutton1 ,major1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,! book summ>izes ! results ( ! m5 :o h accompli%$ ! great ?+s 9 _! pursuit ( seismological k4 ,x is abundantly illu/rat$ & x fills a place unique 9 ! lit]ature ( mod]n sci5ce40--,*icago ,tribune4 #ae4--,! ,nature ( ,man4 ,/udies 9 ,optimi/ic ,philosophy4 ,by ,,lie ,,met*nik(f1 ,pr(essor at ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,translation & introduction by ,p4 ,,*amb]s ,,mit*ell1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,sc4 ,oxon4 ,illu/rat$4 #ho4 8,a book to be set side by side ) ,huxley's ,essays1 ^: _s x c>ries a /ep fur!r on ! long road t[>ds its goal40--,mail & ,express4 #af4--,! ,hygi5e ( ,n]ves & ,m9d 9 ,heal? & ,disease4 ,by ,,augu/ ,,=el1 ,m4,d41 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,psy*iatry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,zuri*4 ,au?oriz$ ,translation4 #ho4 ,a compreh5sive & concise summ>y ( ! results ( sci5ce 9 its *os5 field4 ,its au?or%ip is a gu>antee t ! /atem5ts made are au?oritative z f> z ! /atem5t ( an individual c be s reg>d$4 #ag4--,! ,prolongation ( ,life4 ,optimi/ic ,essays4 ,by ,,lie ,,met*nik(f1 ,sub-,director ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute4 ,au?or ( 8,! ,nature ( ,man10 etc4 #ho4 ,illu/rat$4 ,net1 #b4ej4 ,popul> ,edition4 ,) an introduction by ,pr(4 ,,*>les ,s4 ,,m9ot4 ,9 8 new "w ,pr(essor ,met*nik(f exp\nds at great] l5g?1 9 ! light ( additional k ga9$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 8 ma9 !sis t human life is n only unnaturally %ort b unnaturally burd5$ ) physical & m5tal disabilities4 ,he analyzes ! causes ( ^! di%>monies & expla9s 8 reasons = hop+ t !y may be c\nt]act$ by a rational hygi5e4 #ah4--,! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,a ,/udy ( ,rec5t ,obs]vations4 ,by ,pr(4 ,,*>les ,,lane ,,poor1 ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #ho4 ,illu/rat$4 ,! subject is pres5t$ 9 unte*nical language & )\t ! use ( ma!matics4 ,pr(essor ,poor %[s by :at /eps ! precise k ( to-day has be5 rea*$ & expla9s ! m>vell\s results ( mod]n me?ods & mod]n obs]vations4 #ai4--;,h]$ity4 ,by ,j4 ,,ar?ur ,,?omson1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de52 ,au?or ( 8,! ,sci5ce ( ,life10 etc4 #ho4 ,illu/rat$4 ,! aim ( ?is "w is to exp\nd1 9 a simple mann]1 ! facts ( h]$ity & inh]itance z at pres5t kn[n1 ! g5]al conclusions :i* h be5 securely e/abli%$1 & ! m important !ories :i* h be5 =mulat$4 #bj4--;,climate--,consid]$ ,especially 9 ,relation to ,man4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,dec\rcy ,,w>d1 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,climatology 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 #ho4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?is volume is int5d$ = p]sons :o h n _h special tra9+ 9 ! te*nicalities ( climatology4 ,climate cov]s a :olly diff]5t field f t includ$ 9 ! meteorological text-books4 ,x h&les broad que/ions ( climate 9 a way :i* has n be5 attempt$ 9 a s+le volume4 ,! ne$s ( ! tea*] & /ud5t h be5 kept con/antly 9 m9d4 #ba4--;,age1 ,gr[?1 & ,dea?4 ,by ,,*>les ,s4 ,,m9ot1 ,james ,/illman ,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & ,au?or ( 8,human ,embryology10 8,a ,laboratory ,text-book ( ,embryology10 etc4 #ho4 ,illu/rat$4 ,?is volume deals ) "s ( ! fundam5tal problems ( biology1 & pres5ts a s]ies ( views 7! results ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s ( /udy71 :i* ! au?or has correlat$ = ! fir/ "t 9 sy/ematic =m4 _/ #bb4--,! ,int]pretation ( ,nature4 ,by ,c4 ,,lloyd ,,morgan1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,dr4 ,morgan seeks to prove t a belief 9 purpose z ! causal reality ( :i* nature is an expression is n inconsi/5t ) a full & :ole-he>t$ acceptance ( ! explanations ( naturalism4 #bc4--,mosquito ,life4 ,! ,habits & ,life ,cycles ( ! ,kn[n ,mosquitoes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ,me?ods = _! ,control2 & ,keys = ,easy ,id5tification ( ! ,species 9 _! ,v>i\s ,/ages4 ,an acc\nt bas$ on ! inve/igation ( ! late ,james ,william ,dupree1 ,surgeon-,g5]al ( ,l\isiana1 & ^u ! orig9al obs]vations by ! ,writ]4 ,by ,,evelyn ,,groesbeeck ,,mit*ell1 ,a4,b41 ,m4,s4 ,) #fd ,illu/rations4 #ho4 ,?is volume has be5 design$ to meet ! dem& ( ! con/antly increas+ numb] ( /ud5ts = a "w pres5t+ 9 compact =m ! ess5tial facts s f> made kn[n by sci5tific inve/igation 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t phases ( ?is1 z is n[ conc$$1 important & highly int]e/+ subject4 ,:ile aim+ to keep )9 reasonable b\nds1 t x may be us$ = "w 9 ! field & 9 ! laboratory1 no portion ( ! "w has be5 slight$1 or fundam5tal in=mation omitt$1 9 ! endeavor to c>ry ?is plan into effect4 #bd4--,?9k+1 ,feel+1 ,do+4 ,an ,introduction to ,m5tal ,sci5ce4 ,by ,e4 ,w4 ,,scripture1 ,ph4,d41 ,m4,d41 ,assi/ant ,neurologi/ ,columbia ,univ]sity1 =m]ly ,director ( ! ,psy*ological ,laboratory at ,yale ,univ]sity4 #ahi ,illu/rations4 #b;d ,edition1 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 #ho4 8,! *apt]s on ,"t & ,action1 ,reaction ,"t1 ,?9k+ ,"t1 ,rhy?mic ,action1 & ,p[] & ,w are mo/ int]e/+4 ,?is book %\ld be c>efully read by e "o :o desires to be famili> ) ! advances made 9 ! /udy ( ! m9d1 :i* advances1 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 h be5 q z /rik+ & epo*-mak+ z ! /rides made 9 ! m mat]ial l9es ( k40--,j\r4 ,am]4 ,m$4 ,ass'n41 ,feb4 #bb1 #aijh4 #be4--,! ,_w's ,gold4 ,by ,l4 ,,de ,,launay1 ,pr(essor at ! cole ,suprieure des ,m9es4 ,translat$ by ,orl&o ,cyprian ,williams4 ,) an ,introduction by ,*>les ,a4 ,conant1 au?or ( 8,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,banks ( ,issue10 etc4 #ho4 ,m4 de ,launay is a pr(essor ( consid]able repute n only 9 ,france1 b among sci5ti/s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,9 ?is "w he traces ! v>i\s uses & phases ( gold2 fir/ its geology2 secondly1 its extraction2 ?irdly1 its economic value4 #bf4--,! ,int]pretation ( ,radium4 ,by ,,fr$]ick ,,soddy1 ,lectur] 9 ,physical ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,glasg[4 ,?ird ,edition1 rewritt51 ) data br\ght d[n to #aiab4 #ho ,) #cc ,diagrams & ,illu/rations4 ,z ! application ( ! pres5t-day int]pretation ( ,radium 7t x is an elem5t und]go+ spontane\s dis9tegration7 is n conf9$ to ! physical sci5ces1 b has a wide & g5]al be>+ ^u our :ole outlook on ,nature1 ,mr4 ,soddy has pres5t$ ! subject 9 non-te*nical language1 s t ! ideas involv$ are )9 rea* ( ! lay read]4 ,no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to get to ! root ( ! matt] & to secure accuracy1 s t ! book %\ld prove s]viceable to o!r fields ( sci5ce & inve/igation1 z well z to ! g5]al public4 #bg4--,! ,social ,evil4 ,) ,special ,ref]5ce to ,conditions ,exi/+ 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york4 ,a ,report ,prep>$ 9 #aijb "u ! ,direction ( ! ,committee ( ,fifte54 ,second ,edition1 ,revis$1 ) ,new ,mat]ial ,cov]+ ! ,ye>s #aijb-aiaa4 ,edit$ by ,,edw9 ,r4 ,a4 ,,seligman1 ,,ll4,d41 ,mc,vickar ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 #hvo4 ,a /udy t is f> f be+ ( m]ely local int]e/ & application4 ,! problem is consid]$ 9 all its aspects &1 = ?is purpose1 ref]5ce has be5 made to conditions prevail+ 9 o!r communities & to ! diff]5t attempts =eign cities h made to regulate vice4 #bh4--,microbes & ,tox9s4 ,by ,,eti5ne ,,burnet1 ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 ,p>is4 ,) an ,introduction by lie ,met*nik(f1 ,sub-,director ( ! ,pa/eur ,in/itute1 ,p>is4 ,) ab\t #ga ,illu/rations4 ,a well-kn[n ,engli% au?ority said 9 recomm5d+ ! volume3 8,incomp>ably ! be/ book !re is on ?is trem5d\sly important subject4 ,9 fact1 ,i am assur$ t no?+ exi/s :i* gives any?+ l s full a /udy ( microbiology40 ,9 ! volume are consid]$ ! g5]al functions ( microbes1 ! microbes ( ! human sy/em1 ! =m & /ructure ( microbes1 ! physiology ( microbes1 ! pa?og5ic protozoa1 tox9s1 tub]cul9 & malle91 immunity1 applications ( bact]iology1 vacc9es & s]ums1 *emical rem$ies1 etc4 _/ #bi4--,problems ( ,life & ,reproduction4 ,by ,,m>cus ,,h>tog1 ,d4 ,sc41 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,cork4 #hvo4 ,! au?or uses all ! legitimate arms ( sci5tific controv]sy 9 assail+ c]ta9 views t h be5 widely press$ on ! g5]al public ) an assurance t mu/ h giv5 _m ! impression t !y 7 protect$ by ! univ]sal cons5sus ( biologi/s4 ,among ! subjects consid]$ are3 8,! ,cellul> ,p$igree & ! ,problem ( ,h]$ity02 8,! ,relation ( ,brood-,=mation to ,ord9>y ,cell-,division02 8,! ,new ,=ce1 ,mitok9etism02 8,nucle> ,r$uction & ! ,function ( ,*roism02 8,f]tilization02 8,! ,transmission ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s02 8,me*anism & ,life02 8,! ,biological ,writ+s ( ,samuel ,butl]02 8,int]polation 9 ,memory02 8,! ,tea*+ ( ,nature ,/udy40 #cj4--,problems ( ! ,sexes4 ,by ,,jean ,,f9ot1 ,au?or ( 8,! ,sci5ce ( ,happ9ess10 etc4 ,translat$ "u au?ority by ,m>y ,j4 ,saf=d4 #hvo4 ,a ma/]ly pres5tation ( ! attitude ( ! ages t[>d wom5 & an eloqu5t plea = h] fur!r enfran*isem5t f impos$ & unnatural limitations4 ,! range ( s*ol>%ip t has be5 enli/$ 9 ! writ+ may well excite "o's wond]1 b ! tone ( ! book is popul> & its appeal is n to any small section ( ! read+ public b to all ! classes & degrees ( an age t1 f pres5t indications1 w g d[n 9 hi/ory z ! c5tury ( ,woman4 #ca4--,! ,positive ,evolution ( ,religion4 ,its ,moral & ,social ,reaction4 ,by ,,fr$]ic ,,h>rison4 #hvo4 ,! au?or has und]tak5 to e/imate ! moral & social reaction ( v>i\s =ms ( ,religion--beg9n+ ) ,nature ,wor%ip1 ,poly!ism1 ,ca?olicism1 ,prote/antism1 & ,deism4 ,! volume may be look$ ^u z ! f9al ^w1 ! summ>y ( ! celebrat$ au?or's philosophy--a sy/ematic /udy ( ! entire religi\s problem4 #cb4--,! ,sci5ce ( ,happ9ess4 ,by ,,jean ,,f9ot1 ,au?or ( 8,problems ( ! ,sexes10 etc4 ,translat$ f ! ,fr5* by ,m>y ,j4 ,saf=d4 #ho4 ,9 ?is "w1 :i* 0 cr[n$ by ! ,academy1 ! au?or consid]s a subject1 ! solution ( :i* (f]s m enticem5t to ! well-wi%] ( ! race ?an ! gold ( ! ,incas did to ! treasure-seek]s ( ,spa91 :o !mselves d\btless look$ ^u ! covet$ yell[ metal1 h[ev] mi/ak5ly1 z a key to ! happ9ess :i* all are try+ to f9d4 8,amid ! noisy tumult ( life1 amid ! dissonance t divides man f man10 rem>ks ,m4 ,f9ot1 8! ,sci5ce ( ,happ9ess tries to discov] ! div9e l9k :i* b9ds humanity to happ9ess ?r\gh ! s\l & ?r\gh ! union ( s\ls40 ,! au?or consid]s ! nature ( happ9ess & ! means ( its atta9m5t1 z well z _m alli$ que/ions4 #cc4--;,g5etic ,!ory ( ,reality4 ,be+ ! ,outcome ( ,g5etic ,logic z ,issu+ 9 ! /hetic ,!ory ( ,reality ,call$ ,pancalism4 ,by ,,james ,,m>k ,,baldw91 ,ph4,d41 ,d4,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,=eign ,correspond5t ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 ,au?or ( 8,hi/ory ( ,psy*ology10 etc4 ,! au?or "h /ates ! g5]al results ( ! ext5d$ /udies 9 g5etic & social sci5ce & an?ropology made by him & o!rs1 & gives a critical acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( ! int]pretation ( nature & man1 bo? racial & philosophical4 ,! book (f]s an ,introduction to ,philosophy f a new po9t ( view4 ,x conta9s1 also1 a valuable gloss>y ( ! t]ms employ$ 9 ^! & simil> discussions4 #cd4--,mosquito ,control 9 ,panama4 ,! ,eradication ( ,mal>ia & ,yell[ ,fev] 9 ,cuba & ,panama4 ,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,le ,,pr9ce1 ,c4,e41 ,a4 ,m41 ,*ief ,sanit>y ,inspector1 ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission1 #aijd-aiad1 & ,a4 ,j4 ,,or5/e91 ,m4,d41 ,assi/ant ,*ief ,sanit>y ,inspector1 ,i/hmian ,canal ,commission4 ,) an introduction by ,l4 ,o4 ,,h[>d1 ,ph4,d41 ,entomologi/ & ,*ief1 ,bureau ( ,entomology1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 #ho4 #ie illu/rations4 ,mr4 ,le ,pr9ce's books w be n only ( great practical importance z a guide to future "w ( ! same "*1 especially 9 ! ,tropics1 b also ( p]man5t hi/oric value4 #ce4--,! ,organism z a ,:ole4 ,f a ,physico-,*emical ,viewpo9t4 ,by ,,jacques ,,loeb1 ,au?or ( 8,comp>ative ,physiology ( ! ,bra940 #ho4 ,! au?or acc\nts = ! h>moni\s "* ( ! organism on a purely physico-*emical basis1 )\t ! assumption ( design on ! "o h&1 & )\t ! =mulation ( too def9ite a !ory ( evolution on ! o!r4 ,! book conta9s1 9 addition to ! text1 all ! necess>y illu/rations4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,footnotes h be5 reposition$ to bel[ ! p>agraph ( ref]5ce or bel[ ! relevant block quote4 ,a small numb] ( spell+ anomalies 7 not$ & ^! h mo/ly be5 correct$1 b a few t possibly repres5t au!ntic contempor>y alt]natives h be5 left un*ang$ - see bel[4 ,corrections3 sp]matozoon--sp]matozon i4e4--i4 e4 e4g4--e4 g4 n]maphrodite--h]maphrodite suce$$--succe$$ f--( tryos9ase--tyros9ase 9-z-mu*--inasmu* ultra-violet--ultraviolet view-po9t--viewpo9t ,fr$]icq--,frdricq ,korsy--,krsy ,sitzngsb]--,sitzungsb] negac]os--megac]os ,v>iants3 clew_/clue ,entswcklngsme*_/,entwcklngsme*_/,entwic klngsme* p]oxidase_/p]oxydase 7latt] spell+ 9 quot$ text47 #bj;,c_/#bj ,c 7spac$ & unspac$ temp]ature specifications7 #hvo_/#ho