,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,religion ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,old ,,te/am5t ,,religion ,,by ,w4 ,e4 ,,or*>d1 ,b4,d4 ,,london ,,james ,,cl>ke ,,co41 #ac #ad1 ,,fleet ,,/reet #aijh ,,to ,my ,wife ,,preface ,! sub/ance ( ?is book 0 orig9ally deliv]$ z a ,c\rse ( ,lectures to a week-night congregation4 ,! ,lecture =m has be5 reta9$1 & ?is acc\nts = ! repetition ( ! lead+ ideas1 :ile ! practical int]e/s ( ,*ur* life acc\nt = ! insi/5ce on ! religi\s value & lesson4 ,x is hop$ t ?is1 :i* might be irritat+ to ! pr(essional /ud5t1 may be helpful to ! ord9>y read] :o is repell$ by ! te*nicality ( critical works1 & (t5 fails to disc]n ! dev\t _s by :i* su* works are inspir$1 or to discov] :at religi\s int]e/ is s]v$ by !m4 ,:]e ev]y?+ is borr[$ f o!r writ]s1 & no claim to orig9ality is made1 detail$ ackn[l$gm5t w\ld be impossible1 b ! resolve to attempt "s su* c\rse 9 place ( ! usual =m ( a week-night s]vice 0 =m$ 9 ! ,hebrew class-room ( ,we/m9/] ,college1 ,cambridge1 :ile li/5+ to ! ,lectures on ,old ,te/am5t ,!ology & ,messianic ,prophecy1 deliv]$ by ! ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,sk9n] 7n[ ,pr9cipal71 9 :i* accurate s*ol>%ip 0 comb9$ ) a deep insight into ! pres5t religi\s importance ( ^! subjects4 ,grateful ackn[l$gm5t is also due to ! ,rev4 ,j4,r4 ,coates1 ,b4,a41 :o k9dly read ?r\gh ! pro(s & made _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,or*>d4 ,,enfield1 ,augu/1 #aijh4 ,,cont5ts ,,lecture ,,page ,,introduction vii ,i4 ,,! ,,semitic ,,races #ai ,,ii4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews #ca ,,iii4 ,,mosaism #ee ,,iv4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,canaan #hc ,v4 ,,prophetism--,,e>ly ,,/ages #ajg ,,vi4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,prophets #ace ,,vii4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,exile #afi ,,viii4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,prie/s #aie ,,ix4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,psalmi/s #bae ,x4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,wise #bda ,,xi4 ,,messianic ,,expectations #bfe ,,introduction ,x is a matt] ( common k t )9 ! la/ few decades a trem5d\s *ange has come ov] our e/imate ( ! value ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & t ?is *ange is ( ! grave/ importance = our und]/&+ ( religion4 ,b :at ! exact nature ( ! *ange is1 & :at we are to d$uce f x1 is a matt] ( debate1 = ! facts are only kn[n to pr(essional /ud5ts & to a few o!rs :o may h be5 l$ to int]e/ !mselves 9 ! subject4 ,) "s1 = in/ance1 ! idea prevails t ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 s discr$it$ by mod]n rese>* t its religi\s significance is n[ practically wor?less4 ,o!rs believe t ! results arriv$ at are untrue1 & reg>d !m z ! outcome ( wick$ attacks made ^u ! v]acity ( ! ,^w ( ,god by m5 ^: s*ol>%ip is a cloak = _! s9i/] designs or a mask ( _! incapacity to compreh5d its spiritual message4 ,!re is p]haps a middle c\rse op5 to "s :o h f\nd a message ( ,god to _! s\ls 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & :o1 on he>+ t ! au?or%ip ( ?is book has be5 que/ion$ or ! hi/oricity ( t passage assail$1 are unmov$1 because !y believe t x does n matt] :o wrote ! ,p5tateu* or ! ,psalms s long z ?r\gh ^! docum5ts !y he> ! voice ( ! liv+ ,^w ( ,god4 ,"h !n is a subject on :i* !re exi/s a di/ress+ confusion1 &1 moreov]1 a subject 9 :i* ignorance plays no small "p4 ,save ) a few dev\t s\ls :o h made a long & cont9u\s /udy ( ! ,scriptures1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re is any widespread k ( ! actual message ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ev5 among ,*ri/ian p4 ,!re are c]ta9ly _m p will+ to def5d ! au?ority ( ! ,bible :o sp5d v little "t 9 read+ x4 ,! fav\rite ,psalms & ! evangelical passages ( ,isaiah are probably well kn[n1 & beyond ?is !re is b ! k ga9$ 9 e>ly days1 f :i* /& out 9 ! memory ! p]sonalities ( ,samson & ,saul1 ,david & ,golia?1 & ,daniel 9 ! lion's d51 toge!r ) ! impressive /ories ( ! ,flood1 ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 & ! fall ( ,j]i*o4 ,a v little is probably c>ri$ away f ! public read+ ( ! ,scriptures 9 places ( wor%ip4 ,x _c be said t ?is acqua9tance conveys any real impression ( ! magnific5t message t lies emb$d$ 9 ^! ?irty-n9e books :i* g to make up ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,n[ :atev] h>m may be *>g$ to ! mod]n me?ods1 x c at lea/ be claim$ t neglect$ portions h be5 c>efully /udi$1 ! mean+ ( obscure passages discov]$1 & mu* ( importance & int]e/ br\ght to light2 b m ?an ?is1 x has be5 discov]$ t ! ess5tial message ( ! ,old ,te/am5t lies l>gely ap>t f ^? n>ratives & p]sonalities t impress ! sup]ficial read]1 & r 9 ! record ( a gradual developm5t ( ! conception ( ,god & ( ,8 purpose 9 call+ ,israel to be ! recipi5t ( ,8 self-disclosure4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! /rik+ figures ( ! l&scape are ( less importance ?an ! road t w9ds among !m along :i* revelation moves to its f9al goal4 ,x may be object$ t ! new inspiration1 :i* s _m :o h /udi$ ! ,scriptures by ^! me?ods claim to h felt1 ?r[s q a new emphasis on our conception ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & is revolution>y ( all t we h be5 accu/om$ to believe conc]n+ x2 t ! me?ods are su* z c\ld n legitimately be appli$ to ! ,^w ( ,god1 & are ! products ( a criticism :i* is puff$ up ) a s5se ( its own sup]iority2 & t ! results are discr$itable to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 s9ce !y allege t "s ( ! n>ratives are unhi/orical1 "s passages & ev5 :ole books unau!ntic1 & traditions on :i* ! grave/ issues h be5 /ak$ %[n to h no?+ m ?an a leg5d>y basis4 ,!re is mu* 9 ^! objections t is natural1 b mu* t is misund]/&+4 ,x is true t ! contribution :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t makes to religion is e/imat$ diff]5tly f :at x 0 fifty ye>s ago1 & x mu/ be all[$ t ?is br+s a *>ge ( hav+ misund]/ood ! ,scriptures aga9/ g5]ations ( s*ol>s & sa9ts4 ,b x is admitt$ t all matt]s ( k are op5 to misund]/&+4 ,x is no argum5t aga9/ ! conception t ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun1 t ! contr>y idea 0 held 9 o!r ages4 ,we "k t ! und]/&+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t has be5 obscur$1 (t5 by ^? :o ought to h be5 ! greate/ au?orities on its mean+4 ,jesus read into ! ,scriptures a mean+ unrecognis$ by ! au?orities ( ,8 day1 & dealt ) !m 9 a fa%ion t 0 reg>d$ z revolution>y4 ,to "s ( ! ,scriptures ,he appeal$ z to a f9al au?ority1 b o!rs ,he reg>d$ z imp]fect & only suit$ to ! "t 9 :i* !y 7 writt54 ,! ,jews ( ,8 day v5]at$ e lett] ( ! sacr$ writ+s1 & reg>d$ ! v copies ( ! ,law z sacr$ to ! t\*1 & yet on _! und]/&+ ( ! ,scriptures !y reject$ ! mission & message ( ,jesus4 ,*ri/ian s*ol>%ip has und\bt$ly foll[$ r aft] ! ,rabbis ?an aft] ,*ri/4 ,! message ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t ! new me?ods h made cle> c]ta9ly appe>s to be m 9 con=mity ) ! ,_s ( ,*ri/ ?an ) t ( ,8 oppon5ts1 & if ?is is revolution>y !n x is no new ?+2 religion always moves along su* l9es4 ,great (f5ce has be5 caus$ & insup]able prejudice ar\s$ among _m by ! "n "u :i* ^! me?ods h become kn[n4 ,! "n1 high] criticism1 conveys to mo/ p a sugge/ion ( c>p+ fault-f9d+ & an assumption ( sup]iority4 ,?is is due to an entire misund]/&+ ( a te*nical t]m4 ,criticism is no?+ m ?an ! ex]cise ( ! faculty ( judgm5t1 &1 moreov]1 judgm5t t ought to be p]fectly fair4 ,! s9i/] sugge/ion t is convey$ 9 ! ^w is due to ! fact t our criticisms are s (t5 biass$ by p]sonal prejudices4 ,b ?is only condemns our faults1 & n ! me?od4 ,high] criticism does n mean any assumption ( sup]iority1 b is simply a t]m us$ to di/+ui% x f l[] criticism4 ,! criticism t endeav\rs to asc]ta9 ! orig9al text by a comp>ison ( ! v>i\s docum5ts available is call$ l[]1 & t :i* deals ) matt]s high] up ! /ream ( desc5t by :i* ! writ+s h be5 convey$ to u1 namely1 matt]s ( date & au?or%ip1 is call$ high] criticism4 ,x might well be call$ lit]>y & hi/orical criticism1 9 di/9ction f textual criticism4 ,x employs hi/orical me?ods1 & uses ! simple te/s ( comp>ison & contemporaneity4 ,= ! und]/&+ ( a p>ticul> age1 x pref]s ^? docum5ts t describe ! times 9 :i* !y 7 writt51 & give indirect evid5ce1 r ?an ^? hi/ories :i* 7 writt5 long aft] ! ev5t & :i* reveal a purpose o!r ?an ! /rictly hi/orical4 ,=tunately1 we h 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t _m su* contempor>y & indirect witnesses 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets4 ,!y are n consci\sly writ+ hi/ory1 b !y tell u indirectly :at ! practices ( _! day 71 & especially :at religi\s ideas 7 preval5t2 = x is ^! ?+s t !y feel call$ ^u to attack4 ,) ^! reliable /&>ds we c comp>e ! regul> hi/ories1 :i* 7 necess>ily writt5 at a mu* lat] age1 & v (t5 to s]ve "s religi\s purpose4 ,n[ x is ?is me?od1 :i* is surely a true & prop] "o1 t has *ang$ our e/imate ( ! hi/ory & developm5t ( religion 9 ,israel4 ,are we to condemn ! me?od )\t exam9ation because x de/roys c]ta9 traditions ab\t ! ,bible :i* we h receiv$ l>gely f ,judaism8--! ,judaism :i* c\ld f9d no place = ,jesus6 ,b x w be answ]$ t ^! me?ods yield results t are incompatible ) ! inspiration ( ! ,bible1 & are unwor?y ( ,god's revelation to u4 ,b h[ are we to decide :at is compatible ) inspiration8 ,we c only tell1 surely1 by see+ :at ^! results are & by discov]+ :e!r !y br+ any inspiration to u4 ,c we be c]ta91 )\t exam9+ ! facts1 to :at l9es ! revelation ( ,god is to be re/rict$8 ,is ?is n com+ to ! ,bible ) a !ory :i* we h manufactur$ & :i* w surely di/ort ! facts8 ,x w be said t any?+ less ?an absolute accuracy makes void any claim to be a ,div9e revelation4 ,let u consid] :at ?is means4 ,we "k t ! hi/orical _s1 :i* endeav\rs to see hi/ory z x actually happ5$ q ap>t f our desires or sympa?ies1 is an ideal :i* has only em]g$ ) ! g5]al spread ( education1 & t 9 anci5t times hi/ory 0 writt5 l>gely ) a view to edification1 & especially = giv+ su* lessons z w\ld lead to "r pr9ciples be+ adopt$ = ! future4 ,x 0 n ! accuracy ( ! mat]ial b suitability = its purpose t weigh$ ) ! hi/orian4 ,n[1 ) ^! conditions exi/+1 0 x impossible = ,god to speak to m5 ?r\gh _! conceptions ( hi/ory1 or _h ,he to wait until ! hi/orical _s prevail$8 ,c\ld ,he n use ! e>ly leg5ds :i* !y believ$1 & ?r\gh !m br+ ! tru? to m58 ,we "k t ! greate/ ( all religi\s tea*]s did n scruple to embody ! highe/ tru?s 9 su* p>ables z l[ly m9ds c\ld receive4 ,we may dem& t revelation %all be infallible1 b ?is w\ld ne$ 9 turn an infallible p]son to receive x1 & ev5 !n an infallible int]pret]4 ,an infallible revelation w\ld mean t !re c\ld nev] be any progress 9 revelation2 t x w\ld h to be giv5 p]fect 9 "o process2 t x w\ld h to be au!nticat$ to m5 by au?ority1 s9ce x w\ld be beyond ! und]/&+ ( a fallible m9d2 t x w\ld break 9 ^u e o!r exp]i5ce1 rema9 isolat$1 & nev] be grasp$ by t /rong conviction :i* we call fai?2 & ?is w\ld entail a de/ruction ( ! m5tal faculties ( man1 & an ackn[l$gm5t t communication betwe5 ,god & man is really impossible4 ,c\ld n ,god speak to man 9 8 infancy1 & ) ! gr[+ und]/&+ w\ld !re n be gr[+ light8 ,mean:ile1 :atev] we feel ab\t ^! ab/ract pr9ciples1 we ought to "k ! facts4 ,9 ! pages t foll[ an endeav\r is made to pres5t ! results at :i* a cons5sus ( op9ion has arriv$4 ,!re w be no great "t sp5t 9 argum5t = or aga9/ ^! facts4 ,su* are to be s\ght 9 ! sci5tific works & 9 ! diction>ies1 :i* alone c deal adequately ) ^! facts1 b s9ce _m altoge!r refuse to consid] ! facts because ( ! inf]5ces :i* !y ?9k c be drawn f !m1 ?is book is an e>ne/ plea = e>ne/ m5 to consid] :e!r x is n op5 to be %[n t f ^! facts !re comes to u a mu* cle>] und]/&+ ( ,god's ways ) man2 a m c]ta9 conviction t 9 ! pa/ ,god has actually spok5 ?r\gh ! ,scriptures2 a clue to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! place ,jesus occupies 9 ! hi/ory ( revelation2 & :at we all ne$ greatly to-day3 a prep>ation ( he>t t we may foll[ ! lead+ ( t ,_s :o ev] has & :o ev] w guide into all tru? ^? :o are will+ to foll[ ,him4 ,! aim ( ?is book is t ! read] may feel t ! voice :i* speaks 9 8 own he>t & ! voice :i* has guid$ man ?r\gh all 8 /range hi/ory is ,"o1 & is ( ,god4 ,,! ,,semitic ,,races ,read1 z ,introduction to ?is ,lecture1 ! ,t5? ,*apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ docum5ts 9 an?ropology4 ,x is an attempt at a sci5tific e?nology1 & seems to h be5 exp&$ f ! clos+ v]ses ( ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x w be notic$ t ^? v]ses are 9 poetical =m 7,r4,v471 & are likely to be v anci5t4 ,note ! pr9ciples ( classification3-- 7#a7 ,geographical4 ,x is a v incomplete summ>y ( ! peoples ( ! e>?4 ,only ^? nations are m5tion$ t fill ! horizon ( ! writ]'s k4 ,t horizon w be f\nd to correspond v l>gely ) t ( ! prophets ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel4 7#b7 ,prejudice4 ,! evid5t k9%ip ( "s peoples is d5i$ on ! gr\nd ( dislike2 = ! same reason1 ,moab & ,ammon1 :o are well kn[n1 are simply omitt$4 ,! real te/ ( k9%ip is language1 :i* is "h ignor$4 ,! names are n to be tak5 z individuals4 ,( ?is ! v =m is witness3 ,ludim is plural1 ,mizraim is dual1 ,t>%i% is ! "n ( a place1 & ,amorite is g5tilic4 ,notes3-- ,v]se #b4 ,madai ,m$es4 ,javan ! ,greeks1 or m p>ticul>ly1 ! ,ionians4 ,v]se #d4 ,t>%i% is probably ,spa94 ,kittim ! ,cretans4 ,dodanim 7read ,rodanim #a ,*4 i4 #g7 ! inhabitants ( ,rhodes4 ,v]se #f4 ,mizraim3 ! "n = ,egypt4 ,canaan3 "h & else:]e said to be desc5d$ f ,ham4 ,beyond all d\bt ! ,canaanites 7 a ,semitic p & spoke a language ak9 to ,hebrew4 ,religi\s antagonism & ! fact ( _! conque/ dem&$ 9 ! popul> imag9ation a diff]5t ance/ry4 ,v]se #ad4 ,:5ce w5t =? ! ,phili/9es is misplac$1 & %\ld foll[ aft] ,caphtorim 7,amos ix4 #g74 ,v]se #ba4 ,eb]3 ! "n ( ! suppos$ ance/or ( ! ,hebrews4 ,v]se #bb4 ,elam ,p]sia4 ,racially ! ,elamites 7 q di/9ct f ! ,semites4 ,?is inclusion may be a clue to ! date ( ?is ,table ( ,nations2 fri5d%ip ) ,p]sia dates f ,cyrus 7,six? ,c5tury ,b4,c474 7,see ,driv]'s ,g5esis47 ,lecture ,i ,,! ,,semitic ,,races ,! ,hebrew nation =ms a bran* ( t gr\p ( ! human family kn[n z ! ,semites4 ,_! relation to ! o!r great racial divisions ( mank9d is f> beyond ! rea* ( our enquiry1 & we _c ev5 p5etrate to a p]iod :5 ! ,semites =m$ an unbrok5 family4 ,at ! remote/ date to :i* hi/ory c take u we f9d ! family already widely disp]s$1 ) di/9ct national *>act]i/ics well develop$1 & _! common ance/ry q =gott5 9 _! viol5t hatr$s ( _! unrecognis$ k9sm54 ,inde$ x is only ! te/ ( language :i* /ill pres]ves = u an indisputable pro( ( _! common orig94 ,_! exi/5ce c be trac$ back to a v remote date1 = fragm5ts ( _! lit]ature & o!r evid5ces ( civilisation h be5 discov]$ t h be5 dat$ #ejjj-djjj ,b4,c41 & ev5 at t p]iod ! language %[s signs ( phonetic deg5]ation t require a /ill fur!r p]iod = ! process to h rea*$ ?is /age4 ,! primitive home ( ! ,semites _c h be51 h[ev]1 :]e ^! anci5t rema9s h be5 f\nd1 namely1 9 ! ,euphrates valley1 = ! records !mselves %[ t !y 7 only immigrants !re & _h replac$ ! orig9al inhabitants1 :o came ( ,sum]ian /ock4 ,nei!r 0 x 9 ,pale/9e1 z our own ,bible w tell u2 b x is probably to be s\ght 9 ,arabia1 :]e ! pure/ ,semitic /ock is /ill to be f\nd4 ,9 ?is des]t home ! race 0 br$ t 0 de/9$ to h su* a trem5d\s influ5ce on ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & x is l>gely to ?is des]t tra9+ t we c trace influ5ces :i* h made !m :at !y are4 ,! battle = life 9 t inhospitable l& w\ld m\ld a physique capable ( extraord9>y endurance1 & to ?is we c p]haps trace ! virility ( ! mod]n ,jew1 :o has resi/$ = c5turies ! poison\s ghettos ( ,european cities & rema9s f> heal?i] ?an 8 indig5\s neighb\rs4 ,?is h>d tra9+ fitt$ !m = an exact+ life1 & 9 ! ,pho5icians !y became ! trad]s ( antiquity1 & 9 ! ,c>?ag9ians & ,s>ac5s1 w>riors n to be despis$4 ,h>dness easily becomes cruelty1 & purely ,semitic empires1 su* z ,assyria1 develop$ a b>b>\s cruelty1 ! /ory ( :i* is told on _! inscriptions & 9 ! d5unciations ( ! ,hebrew ,prophets4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! ,semitic "* t is dislik$ by ,we/]n nations1 & ! ,jews h be5 subjects ( rel5tless p]secution 9 m$ival times1 & are /ill capable ( ar\s+ bitt] ho/ility1 z may be se5 f ^? viol5t eruptions ( anti-,semitism :i* occasionally bur/ ?r\gh ! cosmopolitanism ( ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! well-def9$ limitations ( _! primitive home--cru%$ 9 betwe5 ! cont95ts ( ,europe1 ,africa & ,asia1 ! neutral gr\nd ( ! ,ea/]n & ,we/]n worlds--seem almo/ to be reflect$ 9 ! limitations ( _! m5tal developm5t4 ,! ,semitic tongue is crude 9 its simplicity & incapable ( express+ an ab/ract idea1 & x is natural to f9d z a result t ! philosophical faculty is almo/ entirely miss+4 ,al?\gh !y h giv5 to ! _w an alphabet1 a sy/em ( num]ation :i* has made ma!matics possible1 & ! beg9n+s ( measurem5t & ( ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 yet _! m9d is n sci5tific 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,!y possess1 z p]haps no o!r race1 ! gift ( tell+ /ories ( wond] & my/]y1 & = a simple tale ( love & pa?os !y are unsurpass$4 ,!y h produc$ ! f9e/ lyrical lit]ature ( ! anci5t _w1 b h contribut$ h>dly any?+ to dramatic or epic poetry1 & _! a*ievem5ts 9 art h be5 cramp$ by _! religi\s prejudices4 ,b 9 ! realm ( religion !y are supreme1 & h become ! high-prie/s ( humanity1 = f !m h gone =? ?ree great religions1 & "o ( ^! capable ( developm5t into ! univ]sal religion ( mank9d4 ,^! fai?s h n be5 sl[ly evolv$ f ! national consci\sness1 b h bo? sprung f & be5 embodi$ 9 inspir+ p]sonalities2 = h !y n giv5 to ! _w ,moses & ! ,prophets1 ,mahomet1 & ! ,son ( ,man8 ,! ,semites are divid$ by an?ropologi/s into ! foll[+ gr\ps3 ,s\!rn ,gr\p--,nor? ,arabians1 ,sabans1 ,abyss9ians2 ,nor!rn ,gr\p--,babylonians1 ,assyrians1 ,aramans1 ,canaanites1 ,hebrews2 & all ^! gr\ps seem to h be5 =m$ f ! orig9al /ock by migrations f _! home 9 ,arabia4 ,! contract$ area ( ! ,arabian p59sula1 ! inability ( ! l& to support a l>ge population1 c\pl$ ) _! re/less _s & ! con/ant feuds betwe5 ! tribes1 made emigration a necessity at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! exact hi/ory & ord] ( ^! migrations x is n[ impossible to trace1 b x w\ld seem t ! fir/ great movem5t 0 ea/w>d1 :i!r !y 7 drawn by ! culture & weal? ( ! ,sum]ian civilisation 9 ! ,euphrates valley4 ,x is q possible t ?is movem5t comm5c$ #fjjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,at a lat] date !y seem to h invad$ ,egypt & left "s traces ^u ! language & cu/oms ( t l&4 ,! l& ( ,syria w\ld (f] a ne> & easy home = ! emigrants1 & yet ! fir/ ,semites to arrive 9 ,pale/9e seem to h come f ! ,euphrates4 ,! inhabitants !y displac$ 7 ! ,hittites1 :o probably came f ,asia ,m9or2 !y 7 ,turanians1 & 7 ak9 to ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,arm5ia4 ,x is only lately t excavation has reveal$ ! rema9s ( a ,hittite ,empire 9 ,pale/9e4 ,! fir/ ,semitic tribes to rea* ,pale/9e pu%$ d[n to ! seabo>d1 :]e !y develop$ a wond]ful m>itime civilisation & became ! d>+ trad]s & explor]s :o are kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,pho5icians2 ! o!r tribes occupi$ ! hill c\ntry & became ! ,canaanites ( ,bible /ory4 ,( ! next migration we/w>d1 ! ,bible pres]ves a popul> acc\nt 9 ! /ory ( ! j\rney ( ,abraham f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees4 ,n[ ,abraham & 8 desc5dants 7 call$ ,hebrews1 & ?is "n is trac$ to an ance/or :o 0 call$ ,eb] or ,heb]4 ,x is d\btful :e!r an individual s nam$ ev] exi/$4 ,! "n ,hebrew means "o f ! o!r side1 & w\ld !re=e h be5 a suitable "n = ^? :o cross$ ! ,euphrates1 com+ f ,arabia2 b ( ?is movem5t ! ,bible kn[s no?+4 ,"s h suppos$ t ! "n 0 giv5 mu* lat] to ! tribes :o ent]$ ,pale/9e across ! ,jordan4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,tel-el-,am>na tablets has some:at complicat$ our und]/&+ ( ^! ev5ts4 ,^! tablets 7 lett]s writt5 by ! vassal-k+s ( ,syria to _! ov]lord ,am5ophis ,,iii41 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 & 9 !m ! ,k+ ( ,j]usalem calls = help aga9/ "s tribes :o are invad+ ! c\ntry & :om he names ,habiri4 ,n[ ! date ( ?is correspond5ce is ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 & if ^! are ! ,hebrews1 we %all h to suppose t n all ! tribes ( ,israel w5t d[n into ,egypt or t ! ,exodus took place "s two c5turies e>li] ?an ! date giv5 9 ! ,bible2 b ! :ole "q ( ! id5tification ( ! ,habiri is n yet c]ta94 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ) ^? ,hebrew tribes :o 7 aft]w>ds kn[n z ! *ildr5 ( ,israel t we h to d2 & h[ev] remote1 & by :atev] /ages x is to be trac$1 _! ,semitic relation%ip is c]ta94 ,_! own tradition ( ! bir?place ( ,abraham %[s t !y are consci\s ( _! common orig9 ) ! ,babylonians2 ! /ories 9 ,g5esis ackn[l$ge _! k9%ip ) ,moab & ,ammon1 ev5 ?\gh national hatr$ has col\r$ ! acc\nt ( _! bir? 7,g54 xix4 #cj-ch74 ,!y =m$ a bro!rly cov5ant ) ,edom1 & ,i%mael is recognis$ n only to be k9 b to be ! eld]4 ,! ,canaanites 7 dis[n$ wrongly1 = !y 7 c]ta9ly ,semites2 b ! ,phili/9es rightly1 = !y came into ,pale/9e ov]-sea f ,crete4 ,we ne$ always to be> 9 m9d t our ,bible is ! product ( ,semitic ?\ght1 & :atev] its univ]sal message1 x is express$ 9 ! =ms ( ,semitic g5ius2 & yet t ! ,hebrews /& out f ! o!r ,semitic nations is indisputable1 & ! di/+ui%+ m>k is ! purity ( _! religion4 ,:at is ! cause ( t diff]5ce8 ,h[ came su* a t5d] root out ( su* a dry gr\nd8 ,r5an is responsible = ! popul> idea t ! ,semites h a natural t5d5cy t[>ds ,mono!ism4 ,! idea %\ld pres5t no difficulties = a !ory ( ,revelation1 b x is c]ta9ly n true4 ,x is n true ( ! g5]al type ( ,semitic religion1 & x _c be claim$1 9 ! face ( ! ,prophets' record ( _! c\ntrym5's lapses1 t x 0 true ev5 ( ! ,hebrews4 ,if x 7 said t !re 0 t 9 ,semitic hi/ory & "* :i*1 provid$ opportunity 7 giv51 w\ld (f] a cong5ial soil = ! reception ( mono!i/ic ideas1 x w\ld be ! utmo/ t c\ld be said4 ,nei!r is !re m tru? 9 ! anti!sis t contra/s ! ,aryan conception ( ,god z imman5t ) ! ,semitic z transc5d5t2 = 9 _! primitive /ages ,aryan & ,semitic religions are alike4 ,primitive ,semitic religion is inde$ q poly!i/ic2 e tribe has its own god & ?is god is closely id5tifi$ ) a p>ticul> locality4 ,!re=e1 to be an outca/ f ! tribe meant to be an exile f ! protection & s]vice ( ! god4 ,?is idea c be f\nd 9 ! ,bible z late z ,david1 :o ?\ght t if he 7 driv5 =? f 8 own l& he w\ld h to s]ve o!r gods 7#a ,sam4 xxvi4 #ai74 ,! god is conceiv$ to be ! fa!r ( ! tribe1 :ile ! l& is ! "m1 & ?is 9 q a physical & lit]al s5se4 ,! same idea is ( c\rse frequ5t 9 ! ,greek religions1 & "s su* conception mu/ be ! orig9al ( ! /range tradition 9 ,g5esis 7vi4 #a71 :i* describes a union betwe5 ! sons ( ,god & ! daught]s ( m54 ,! connection ( ! god ) ! tribe is !re=e simply a matt] ( blood desc5t1 & ! blood becomes 9 consequ5ce inve/$ ) sacr$ virtues4 ,! blood ( ! tribe _c be %$ by "o ( ! memb]s )\t incurr+ ! v5geance ( ! god2 & ! use ( ! blood ( animals 9 v>i\s c]emonies may po9t to ! belief 9 a common ance/ry = m5 & animals2 9 "s tribes ! animal is reg>d$ z a sup]ior be+1 & is actually wor%ipp$4 ,! blood ( animals ev5 is ?\ght to be too sacr$ = human consumption1 & is !re=e set ap>t by libation z suitable food = ! god4 ,see+ t ! connection betwe5 ! god & man is only tribal1 ! %$d+ ( ! blood ( any o!r tribe is q all[able2 = ! tribal god c>es only = 8 own p1 & o!rs _c approa* him 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #bg74 ,x is evid5t t a religion bas$ ^u su* ideas c nev] be a factor 9 ! moral developm5t ( a p4 ,x only ne$s to provide = help aga9/ enemies1 c\nsel 9 times ( national affliction1 & oracles = difficult problems ( judgm5t2 !re=e1 9 times ( national prosp]ity & security1 x w play no "p beyond t ( cu/om2 & cu/om (t5 seems ! /rong] 9 proportion to its lack ( mean+4 ,we may insi/ t ! ,hebrew religion is sup]ior to all ?is because x owes its orig9 to ! special revelation ( ,god2 b ev5 t does n preclude u f enquir+ ?r\gh :at natural causes ?is revelation came1 if we believe t natural causes =m "s "p ( ! work+ ( ! ,div9e m9d4 ,n[ ^! ideas common to ,semitic religion p]si/$ among ! ,hebrews & 7 only %ak5 by ! e>ne/ m9i/ry ( ! ,prophets1 & ev5tually de/roy$ by ! reflection :i* foll[$ ! national disa/] ( ! ,exile4 ,! cont9u$ national tr\ble ( ,israel 0 !re=e a factor 9 h] advance 9 ! tru?1 & %e /&s z a witness to ! possibility ( suff]+ be+ an educative =ce4 ,moreov]1 %e f\nd t h] ,promis$ ,l& 0 only a little /rip hemm$ 9 betwe5 ! des]t & ! sea1 :]e all dreams ( _w-empire 7 =bidd54 ,!n x 0 t ?is nation turn$ h] ?\ghts to a spiritual k+dom1 & look+ across ! sea t %e fe>$ to cross saw a day :5 ! di/ant isles %\ld be h] possession1 because %e _h giv5 to !m ! ,law ( ,jehovah1 & ! k ( ,god4 ,,! ,,primitive ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews ,,! ,,/rata ,,( ,,! ,,p5tateu* ,we give "h = ref]5ce ! propos$ id5tification ( ! docum5ts t critics say c be recognis$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fir/ five books ( ! ,bible4 ,! !ory has be5 develop$ s z to include ! ,books ( ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 & "s p>ts ( ,samuel1 all ( :i* are said to be> ! same m>ks ( composition f pre-exi/+ docum5ts4 ,j4 ,jahvi/ic4 ,dat$ #ijj-gjj ,b4,c4 ,?is docum5t is especially di/+ui%$ = us+ ! "n ( ,jehovah1 or ,yahw1 & is an?ropomorphic 9 its conception ( ,god4 ,e4 ,elohi/ic4 ,dat$ #gej-fej ,b4,c4 ,! "n = ,god 9 ?is docum5t is ,elohim1 & its conception ( ,god is m spiritual & elevat$ ?an 9 ,j4 ,d4 ,deut]onomi/4 ,dat$ #fej-eej ,b4,c4 ,?is docum5t has ! /yle & ?\ght ( ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 :]e x is *iefly1 ?\gh by no means exclusively f\nd4 ,! c5tral idea ( ?is docum5t is ! "o sanctu>y4 ,p4 ,prie/ly ,code4 ,dat$ #eej-djj ,b4,c4 ,?is docum5t supplies ! framework ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & is di/+ui%$ by its int]e/ 9 que/ions ( ritual1 & by its v legal & /]eotyp$ /yle4 ,! dates giv5 above are arriv$ at f a comp>ison ( ! ideas express$ 9 ^! docum5ts ) _! em]g5ce 9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,only = ! la/ two c x be claim$ t !re are hi/orical ev5ts :i* are said to confirm !m4 ,^! are3 ! f9d+ ( ! ,book ( ! ,law 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1 & ! promulgation ( ! ,law by ,ezra4 ,lecture ,,ii ,,! ,,primitive ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,hebrews ,we h se5 f ! la/ lecture t an exam9ation ( ! g5]al type ( ,semitic ,religion gives u no explanation ( ! mature developm5t ( ! ,religion ( ! ,hebrews2 on ! contr>y1 t developm5t w\ld seem to take place 9 spite ( ! common ,semitic *>act]i/ics1 = x is aga9/ ^! *>act]i/ics & ! natural t5d5cy to return to !m t we f9d ! ,prophets cont9ually at w>4 ,if ?is is s1 c we p5etrate to ! fir/ /age at :i* ! new religi\s movem5t beg9s :i* 0 to rea* su* glori\s heights 9 ,j]emiah1 ! ,psalmi/s & ! ,son ( ,man8 ,x is c]ta9ly n to be f\nd 9 ! g5]al "* ( ,semitic religion2 does x comm5ce ) ! ance/or ( ! ,hebrew race1 ! ,patri>* ,abraham8 ,to ?is "q ! editor ( ,g5esis means to return a decid$ answ]3 ! true religion ( ,jehovah exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times1 & all l[] =ms are det]iorations f t pure orig9al revelation4 ,! e>lie/ /ories 9 ,g5esis are made to be> witness to ?is2 ,abel (f]$ ! true wor%ip ( ,god 9 t he br\ght ( ! be/ ( 8 flock1 ?us agree+ ) ! sacrifice ( animals set =? 9 ! fully-develop$ ritual ( ,leviticus z ! only means ( approa* to ,god2 ,noah (f]s ( clean animals2 ! ,patri>*s (f] animal sacrifices1 & call ^u ! "n ( ,jehovah2 ,rebekah goes to enquire ( ,jehovah & obta9s an oracle4 ,! au?or means to convey by ?is t ! e>lie/ religion 0 ! religion :i* we f9d outl9$ 9 ,leviticus & ,deut]onomy1 ) ! exceptions t a prie/ is n necess>y1 & t sacrifice is p]mitt$ at o!r places besides ! "o *os5 sanctu>y4 ,?is idea is en%r9$ 9 t fav\rite "n = ,god :i* we f9d 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac & ,jacob4 ,we h n[ to enquire :e!r ?is is a correct view ( ! hi/ory1 or only ! writ]'s speculations ab\t an age long remov$ f 8 own4 ,we are mov$ to d ?is because !re are c]ta9 facts 9 ?is hi/ory t d n seem to fit 9 ) ! au?or's view4 ,x is evid5t at ! outset1 t ! writ]1 :oev] he be1 is deal+ ) subjects conc]n+ :i* he c h at be/ only second-h& k4 ,?is may h be5 convey$ to him 9 docum5ts1 or 9 popul> tradition4 ,if ! object ( ! compilation ( ?is hi/ory 0 n s mu* to produce an accurate & exact hi/ory z to int]pret ! pa/ z a religi\s lesson = 8 own age1 x _c be in/antly dismiss$ z improbable t he may h alt]$ "s ( 8 mat]ial s z to accord m closely ) 8 own religi\s views4 ,n[ s*ol>s say t !y c detect ! pres5ce ( v>i\s docum5ts1 :i* h be5 loosely comb9$ & col\r$ ) ! editor's own ideas ( :at %\ld h tak5 place4 ,!re is h>dly any !ory :i* has excit$ m ridicule f a c]ta9 class ( ,biblical /ud5ts4 ,! idea is dismiss$ (fh& z utt]ly unwor?y ( a sacr$ writ]2 & ev5 if he did adopt su* a scissors-&-pa/e me?od ( compil+ hi/ory1 x is d5i$ t anyone c\ld detect ! v>i\s /rata n[4 ,no def5ce ( ^! claims ( ! critical s*ool ne$ be attempt$ "h1 = we are tak+ _! !ories z grant$1 ) ! idea ( see+ :at _! acceptance z true w\ld mean to our e/imate ( ! ,bible & ,revelation2 b x may be %[n t ! ,evangeli/ ,luke is n a%am$ to confess t he us$ some?+ l ?is me?od 9 compil+ 8 ,gospel4 ,f ! ,table t faces ?is lecture1 x w be se5 t ! critics give dates = ^! docum5ts t lie v f> ap>t1 & if ! dates are ev5 approximately true1 x is a fair conclusion t ) su* wide sep>ation ( "t1 & ) ! consequ5t diff]5ce bo? 9 language & idea1 !re %\ld be suffici5t crit]ia to detect ! diff]5t /rata4 ,! critics :o h attempt$ ! dis9tegration ( ! orig9al docum5ts ( ! ,p5tateu* h be5 *all5g$ to %[ _! fitness = su* a task by extricat+ ! respective contributions 9 a jo9t au?or%ip novel su* z ,! ,*apla9 ( ! ,fleet1 by ,walt] ,besant & ,james ,rice4 ,or1 aga91 su* claims are disc\nt$ on ! gr\nd ( ! kn[n failures ( pr(essional lit]>y critics to recognise "u pseudonym or anonymity1 ! /yle ( a well-kn[n au?or1 or ev5 to guess correctly ! sex ( ! writ]4 ,! analogy fails because ! circum/ances are entirely diff]5t4 ,x w\ld be on m equal t]ms to d5y t x w\ld be possible to di/+ui%1 say1 ! p]sonal op9ions ( ! au?or ( an ,engli% ,hi/ory f ! passages quot$ f ! ,doomsday ,book1 ,*auc]1 or an ,act ( ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 if all quotation m>ks & ref]5ces 7 omitt$4 ,= accord+ to ! witness ( ! v docum5ts !mselves ?is conception ( ! e>ly hi/ory mu/ be set aside z n q correct4 ,! hi/ory 9 ,g5esis is consci\s t "s new />t began ) ,abraham3 he ab&on$ idolatry4 ,/ill m cle>ly is x se5 t ) ,moses ano!r epo* began1 = accord+ to "o docum5t1 ! v "n ( ,jehovah 0 unkn[n be=e its revelation to ,moses 7,exod4 vi4 #b1 #c74 ,we are1 !re=e1 fac$ ) ! necessity ( enquir+ h[ mu* ( ! /ories ( ! ,patri>*s c be call$ hi/ory 9 any true s5se4 ,! reasons = & aga9/ _! hi/orical value may be summ>is$3 ,aga9/3 7#a7 ,! /ories mu/ h be5 compos$ long aft] ! ev5ts took place4 7#b7 ,tribal movem5ts & p]sonal incid5ts seem to h be5 confus$4 7#c7 ,! endeav\r to expla9 ! orig9 ( p]sonal & geographical names is (t5 m]ely popul>1 & etymologically incorrect4 7,comp>e ) ?is ! common errors ( our own day2 = in/ance1 ! explanation ( ! "n ( ,liv]pool f a suppos$ bird call$ ! liv]1 n[ kn[n to be entirely my?ical47 7#d7 ,:ile ! contempor>y hi/ory ( ?is p]iod is n[ q an enlight5$ field1 & ! life1 "*1 & cu/oms ( ! inhabitants ( ,pale/9e 9 ?is age ( ! ,patri>*s comp>atively well kn[n1 we look 9 va9 = any m5tion ( ^! p]sons !mselves4 ,=37#a7 ,! n>ratives ( ! ,patri>*s are admitt$ by critics to h be5 tak5 f at lea/ two docum5ts ( sep>ate orig9 & ( diff]5t dates4 ,?is %\ld d\ble ! weight ( ! evid5ce4 7#b7 ,! simplicity ( ! n>ratives 9 _m places looks l a relation ( fact4 7,b ov] aga9/ ?is mu/ be plac$ ! g5ius = relat+ a /ory ( pure fiction :i* is s peculi> a di/9ction ( ! ,semites4 ,"s ( ! n>ratives are q artificial2 z ! /ory ( ,isaac's lie to %ield 8 wife1 :i* foll[s a simil> /ory relat$ ( ,abraham47 7#c7 ,we might appeal to ! memory ( ! ,b$aw9 recit]s1 :o c repeat almo/ incr$ibly long portions ( ! ,koran4 ,! mo/ likely solution ( ?is conflict+ evid5ce w\ld seem to be t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,patri>*s we h a modicum ( hi/orical f\ndation :i* has be5 work$ up into popul> & idealis$ leg5ds4 ,if ! /ories ( ! ?ree ,patri>*s be c>efully /udi$1 x w be notic$ t :ile ! /ories ( ,jacob are matt] ( fact1 & d outl9e a conceivable "*1 ! /ories ( ,isaac produce only a nebul\s "* impression1 :ile ,abraham /&s =? z a "* :i* has be5 idealis$4 ,?is w\ld be an acc\ntable psy*ological process3 9 ! case ( ,jacob a good deal ( detail is rememb]$1 ,isaac is almo/ =gott51 :ile 9 ! case ( ,abraham1 only ! "n & a few incid5ts are kn[n1 :i* s]ve to =m ! framework ( a religi\s lesson4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! conception ( _! religion t idealisation has mo/ pla9ly occurr$1 = x is ma9ly ! religion ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 t is1 ( ! age imm$iately prec$+ ! great lit]>y ,prophets4 ,9 ! docum5ts !mselves !re is left to ! c>eful read] ample indication 9 cu/oms & n>ratives1 ! mean+ ( :i* has escap$ ! notice ( ! editor1 t a m primitive =m ( religion prevail$4 ,x w\ld seem1 z we h se51 t ! "n ( ,jehovah 0 unkn[n to !m1 :ile !re are evid5t tok5s ( poly!i/ic belief 7,g54 xxxi4 #ai2 xxxv4 #a-d74 ,! crudity ( ! wor%ip may be se5 9 ! frequ5t ref]5ce to ! erection ( pill>s & /ones1 :i*1 x w be se5 lat]1 h m ?an a m]ely memorial purpose4 ,! ease ) :i* we f9d idolatry always reappe>+ 9 lat] hi/ory po9ts to "s h]$it>y t5d5cy at "w among ! mass ( ! p4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we suppose t ! primitive religion 0 entirely hea!n we %all be fac$ ) ! problem ( discov]+ "s necess>y po9t ( dep>ture to :i* ! high] revelation c\ld affix itself4 ,we may suppose1 !re=e1 t among ! ance/ors ( ! ,hebrews !re 0 held a fai? t 0 relatively pur] ?an t common to ! ,semites1 a fai? :i* conta9$ 9 itself ! gu>antee ( ! possibility ( advance1 if only fav\rable conditions arose2 t ,el1 ! ,mighty ,"o 7,%addai71 0 wor%ipp$1 b along ) ! ret5tion ( cu/oms & ideas t are to be f\nd 9 "s =ms ( demon wor%ip1 t is1 ) ! recognition ( _m o!r great spirits1 n all ( :om are ?\ght ( z inimical to man2 v mu* z we f9d among ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians ! idea ( a ,great ,_s1 exi/+ side by side ) hea!n practices & beliefs4 ,s f> our enquiry has n tak5 u on to v sure gr\nd1 & we mu/ seek o!r me?ods4 ,9 ! /udy ( ,comp>ative ,religion ! idea ( a c]ta9 natural ord] ( ! evolution ( religion pr$om9ates1 b ! actual orig9 ( religion is /ill only a matt] ( speculation1 z inde$ x is b\nd to rema9 f ! v nature ( religion itself1 s9ce x is a vision ( fai?1 ris+ 9 diff]5t ages & races ?r\gh q diff]5t processes4 ,we propose n[ to take bo? ! speculations & ! assur$ results ( ! /udy ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 & us+ ^! z te/s1 see if !y h left any traces 9 ! evolution ( ! ,hebrew religion or if !y c guide u to its possible orig9s4 ,! pr9ciples ( su* enquiry & application may be /at$4 7#a7 ,! asc]ta9$ cu/oms & ideas ( o!r religions1 especially ^? ( ! ,semites1 w =m a work+ hypo!sis1 & if we !n f9d any ref]5ce to ^! cu/oms or ideas 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 x w make t[>ds reasonable pro( ( a simil> orig94 7#b7 ,we mu/ be c>eful1 h[ev]1 to exclude cu/oms t are kn[n to h be5 borr[$ f ! ,canaanites1 su* z ! practice ( ,baal-wor%ip4 7#c7 ,at ! same "t we mu/ bew>e ( assum+1 )\t fur!r enquiry1 t all ! obs]vances orda9$ by ! religion ( ,jehovah ^: orig9s are connect$ ) "s hi/orical ev5t are to be ?\ght ( z hav+ _! beg9n+ !n4 ,x is m ?an likely t :5 a long-e/abli%$ cu/om 0 recognis$ to be hea!n 9 its orig9 or t5d5cy1 x w\ld be /rictly =bidd51 z 9 ! case ( ! hea!n practice ( necromancy2 o!rs :i* _h lo/ _! orig9al mean+ w\ld be baptis$ into a new significance "u ! new religion4 7,) ?is ph5om5on may be comp>$ our own fe/ival ( ,*ri/mas ,day1 tak5 ov] f ! ,roman ,saturnalia1 & our m\rn+ cu/oms1 :i* are survivals ( hea!nism1 & c only ) great difficulty be made to take on a ,*ri/ian mean+47 ,let u !n exam9e ! suppos$ orig9s ( hea!n religion1 & fir/ ( all1 t kn[n z ,totemism4 ,totemism is a cu/om exce$+ly common among savage tribes1 9 :i* "s animal is *os5 z ! badge1 or ! "n ( ! tribe1 & a blood cov5ant =m$1 :5 ! animal becomes ! totem or god ( ! tribe4 ,popul> in/ances may be giv5 9 ! names ( _m ( ! ,indian tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 or ev5 9 ! cre/s & emblems ( our n[ disrupt$ clans 9 ,scotl&1 :i* c be trac$ back to a simil> idea4 ,9 o!r cases ! totem may be "o ( ! well-kn[n flora ( ! c\ntry or "s o!r natural object4 ,! cu/om is1 ( c\rse1 se5 9 ! well-kn[n wor%ip ( animals :i* has cont9u$ ev5 among nations ( advanc$ civilisation4 ,are !re any traces ( ! influ5ce ( ?is idea at "w 9 ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,!re are "o or two tribal names :i* are names ( animals4 ,simeon is probably ! "n ( a hybrid betwe5 a wolf & a hyna4 ,leah means a wild c[1 & ,ra*el is ! ,hebrew "n = an ewe4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 clean & unclean animals might be trac$ to ?is influ5ce1 b x does n altoge!r expla9 ! li/s 9 ,lev4 xi4 & ,deut4 xiv4 ,ano!r !ory ( ! orig9 ( religion is t kn[n z ,animism4 ,?is is ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( spirits1--a belief prompt$ by ! ph5om5a ( dreams1--:i* usually takes ! =m ( belief 9 ! activity ( ! spirits ( ! rec5tly deceas$1 an activity :i* is sometimes ?\ght to be h>mful & !re=e fe>$4 ,animism1 z a belief 9 a spiritual activity beh9d natural ph5om5a1 especially ^? ( ! fe>ful type1 survives 9 "s =m or o!r 9 ! highe/ religions1 & 0 p>ticul>ly active 9 ! ,hebrew idea t ,jehovah controll$ natural =ces = ! deliv]ance ( ,8 p & = ,8 own wond]ful manife/ations4 ,animism g5]ally survives among uncivilis$ peoples 9 ! practice ( ance/or wor%ip1 ( :i* !re is no trace among ! ,hebrews4 ,nev]!less1 ! belief 9 ,animism has left "s cu/oms beh9d x4 ,especially is ?is se5 9 ! m\rn+ cu/oms :i* are design$ to r5d] ! relatives unrecognisable to ! dep>t$ _s4 ,?is 0 effect$ by spr9kl+ a%es on ! head1 go+ nak$ or clo!d 9 sackclo?4 ,cutt+ ! fle% = ?is purpose is expressly =bidd5 7,lev4 xix4 #bh74 ,! ritual uncleanness ( "o :o has come into contact ) a dead body is also a relic ( ,animism1 z is also ! /range idea 9 ,num4 xix4 #ae1 :i* is int5d$ to gu>d aga9/ ! _s tak+ up its abode 9 a position f :i* x w\ld be difficult to dislodge x4 ,! fun]al fea/ is held ) ! idea t ! dead c /ill p>take1 b 9 ?is case fri5dly feel+s r ?an fe> op]ate4 ,! conclusion is t ,animism has play$ its "p 9 ! %ap+ ( ,israel's religion1 b t ! crud] =ms ( x 7 dropp$ at a v e>ly age4 ,! religion ( savage tribes is g5]ally f\nd to be poly!i/ic1 & ?is is suppos$ to be "o ( ! e>lie/ /ages 9 ! developm5t ( religion4 ,x takes ! =m ( ! deification ( ! =ces ( ,nature or ( /rik+ natural objects1 :i* are wor%ipp$ & g5]ally fe>$1 & is !re=e a =m ( ,animism4 ,if ! !ories ( ! critics z to ! composition ( ! e>ly books ( ! ,bible are correct1 we %\ld expect to f9d t1 if any traces ( ,poly!ism c\ld be detect$1 !y w\ld be c>efully oblit]at$ f ! orig9al docum5ts by ! late/ editor4 ,!re are indications disc]nible :i* %[ t ?is has be5 done1 = al?\gh ! wor%ip ( o!r gods is always sev]ely condemn$ z ! greate/ ( s9s1 yet at ! same "t we f9d no cle> recognition ( ! idea ( ! ,"o ,god until ! "t ( ! ,prophets4 ,! gods ( ! hea!n are m5tion$ z if !y 7 real be+s :o are to be fe>$4 ,! evid5ce = ?is may be object$ to 9 detail1 b ! accumulation ( facts does press ! read] to ! unavoidable conclusion t until ! ,prophets1 ! fai? ( ,israel 0 ,monolatry r ?an ,mono!ism1 t is1 ! wor%ip ( "o ,god r ?an ! def9ite belief t ,he is ! ,only ,god4 ,! v "n = ,god 9 ! ,hebrew language has a plural =m 7,elohim71 b ?is is expla9$ by a grammatical cu/om by :i* ?+s ( exalt$ idea are spok5 ( 9 ! plural1 call$ by gramm>ians1 ! plural ( em95ce4 ,! evid5ce = ,poly!ism quot$ above f ,g54 xxxi4 #ai2 xxxv4 #a-d1 might be ref]r$ to ! introduction ( ali5 idolatr\s practices2 b ?is c h>dly be claim$ 9 ! case ( ! practice m5tion$ 9 ,lev4 xvii4 #g1 :i* mu/ be a ref]5ce to ! cult ( satyrs1 or goat-l demons :i* 7 commonly suppos$ to inhabit ! des]t1 to ! disc\ragem5t ( :i* ! c]emony m5tion$ 9 ,lev4 xvi4 #h1 #aj1 #ba ff1 w\ld seem to be direct$4 ,?is /range figure call$ ,azazel is n else:]e describ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 b we le>n f ! ,book ( ,eno* t ?is 0 ! "n = ! ,k+ ( ! ,demons1 a k9d ( dj9n :o inhabit$ ! wild]ness & dem&$ toll ( human life4 7,9 agreem5t ) :at has be5 said be=e x w be notic$ h[ ?is practice has be5 absorb$ 9 ! ritual ( ! ,tab]nacle1 b ) a diff]5t mean+47 ,ev5 ! ,fir/ ,comm&m5t does n explicitly d5y ! exi/5ce ( o!r gods2 x m]ely prohibits _! wor%ip by ! ,israelites4 ,x may be t ?is comm& l$ to ! full mono!i/ic belief :i* we f9d 9 m5 l ,isaiah1 b t full conception _c be fairly read into ! ,fir/ ,comm&m5t4 ,*emo%1 ! god ( ! ,amorites1 is m5tion$ 9 ,judges xi4 #bd1 z a real be+ :o _h giv5 ! ,amorites ! possession ( _! l&1 ev5 z ,jehovah _h giv5 ,canaan to ! ,israelites4 ,9 ! popul> imag9ation ^! hea!n gods w\ld rema9 z real be+s probably long aft] ! mono!i/ic belief _h be5 held by ! m enlight5$1 be+ ?\ght ( z demon p[]s1 9 mu* ! same way z ! e>ly ,*ri/ians reg>d$ ! gods ( ,greece & ,rome4 ,:5 we turn to ! evid5ce f ! cu/oms ( wor%ip t owe _! orig9 to hea!n ideas1 ! supposition t ! e>ly religion ( ! ,hebrews 0 h>dly di/+ui%able f t ( ! ,semitic races f9ds a full confirmation4 ,! mo/ det]m9ative ( ^! ideas is t ( ! localisation ( ! god1 :o appe>s only at c]ta9 specifi$ places ) :i* he is insep>ably connect$4 ,! appe>ance is g5]ally 9 "s =m m or less human1 & ! site ( ! manife/ation is ei!r m>k$ = po/]ity by ! erection ( a suitable memorial1 9 ! %ape ( a /one or an alt>1 or else "s natural object is tak5 to be ! actual resid5ce ( ! god4 ,! god is !re=e connect$ r ) ! l& ?an ) ! p1 & x is ?is antagonism ( ! popul> idea ) t ( ! ,prophets1 :o /& = ! relation betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel z n t]ritorial b cov5ant$1 :i* is ! key to ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,ap>t f ?is preval5t idea1 :i* is 9 itself a suffici5t pro(1 we h ! frequ5t ref]5ce to ! sacr$ness ( c]ta9 memorials & objects ^: orig9al significance _c be hidd5 f ! c>eful read]4 ,we %all exam9e fir/ ^! objects ( rev]5tial reg>d & !n proce$ to notice "s ( ! m out/&+ cu/oms ^: orig9 is hea!n4 7a7 ,sacr$ ,/ones4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,old ,te/am5t we meet ) num]\s ref]5ces to /ones or circles t =m conv5i5t l&m>ks or natural r5dezv\s = national c]emonies4 ,adonijah /r5g!ns 8 rebellion by a great sacrifice at ! /one ( ,zohele?--! s]p5t's /one4 ,! extremely important "p :i* ! s]p5t plays 9 all ,semitic religion & my?ology1 toge!r ) ! sacrificial act at ?is spot1 po9ts to its hav+ be5 ! anci5t site ( "s idolatr\s cult4 ,_m ( ^! sacr$ /ones may h be5 ! %r9es ( ! ,canaanites1 & to "s ( ^! ! invad+ religion atta*$ its own mean+4 ,! circle at ,gilgal1 :i* is said to commemorate ! cross+ ( ! ,jordan1 may be an example ( ?is1 = !re is "s contradiction 9 ! acc\nt :i* ref]s x to a memorial erect$ by ,jo%ua = ?is purpose 7comp>e ,jo%4 iv4 #b-f1 #bj ff1 ) iv4 #i71 & x is m ?an likely t ! circle ( grav5 images m5tion$ 9 ,judges iii4 #ai 7,r4,v4 m>g97 is to be id5tifi$ ) x4 ,among ?is class ( sacr$ objects mu/ be m5tion$ ! obscure ,mazzebah1 translat$ 9 ! m>g9 ( ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ,obelisk4 ,! use ( ! ,mazzebah is /rictly =bidd5 9 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #ac1 z "o ( ! idolatr\s cu/oms ( ! =m] inhabitants ( ! l&1 b 9 ! ,eigh? ,c5tury ! ,mazzebah is reckon$ by ,hosea z "o ( ! ess5tials ( ,hebrew wor%ip1 z if he knew no?+ ( ?is proscription 9 ! ,law 7,hosea iii4 iv474 ,^! pill>s 7 evid5tly us$ to m>k ! place ( wor%ip1 & !y are said to h be5 f\nd at ,%e*em1 ,be!l1 ,gilgal1 ,mizpeh1 & else:]e4 ,f _! usage 9 primitive ,semitic religion z well z f _! prohibition 9 ,exodus x c be se5 t !y _h idolatr\s significance1 & x is ?\ght t !y 7 rudely c>v$ to resemble ! lik5ess ( ! god4 ,! two pill>s plac$ be=e ! temple1 call$ ,ja*9 & ,boaz1 are probably connect$ ) ! ,mazzebah4 7b7 ,sacr$ ,trees4 ,! cont9ual ref]5ce to ^! 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t %[s t !y _h "s special & sacr$ significance4 ,su* are ! t]eb9?s ( ,mamre 7,g54 xiii4 #ah2 %\ld be s+ul> accord+ to ! ,septuag9t71 ! tam>isk at ,be]%eba 7,g54 xxi4 #cc71 ! palm ( ,deborah 7,judges iv4 #e71 & ! t]eb9? 9 ,ophrah 7,judges vi4 #aa74 ,we c und]/& h[ to des]t peoples trees naturally /ood = objects ( ?ankful rev]5ce1 & 9 ! popul> m9d 7 reg>d$ z ! special seat & haunt ( a deity4 ,t !y also s]v$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ oracles may be se5 f #b ,sam4 v4 #bd2 ) :i* may be comp>$ ! practice ( oracul> decision by ! ru/l+ ( ! fam\s oaks ( ,delphi4 ,) ?is species ( tree-wor%ip we mu/ comp>e ! use ( ! ,a%]ah m5tion$ z a sacr$ symbol 9 ,judges vi4 #be2 ?is is expressly =bidd5 9 ,exod4 xxxiv4 #ac1 ,deut4 xvi4 #ba4 ,x us$ to be suppos$ t ?is 0 a wood5 symbol ( a goddess ,a%]ah1 b f ! description 9 ! passage quot$ f ,deut]onomy1 & f ,isa4 xvii4 #h1 x w\ld seem to be a tree-l po/1 & is m likely to be a remnant ( tree wor%ip1 z our own ,maypole may be4 ,x came to pass t ! tree or tree-l pole c\ld !re=e /& beside any alt> z ! sign ( ! pres5ce ( ! god1 & 9 ! pre-,prophetic religion ( ,israel ?is 0 transf]r$ to a sign ( ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah until ! ,a%]ah 0 =bidd51 9 t great attempt to make return to idolatry impossible1 ! re=m "u ,josiah4 7c7 ,sacr$ ,spr+s4 ,a simil> orig9 may be suppos$ = ! recognis$ sacr$ness ( spr+s4 ,f ! names giv5 to "s ( ^! x is evid5t t !y 7 reg>d$ z ! special seat ( ,div9e p[]1 natural en\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ! trees1 to a des]t-br$ race & to dwell]s 9 a l& :i* nev] _h too pl5tiful a supply ( wat]4 ,! proximity ( ! spr+ to an alt> or sacr$ /one confirms ?is1 z 9 ! case ( ! /one ,zohele? ne> ! spr+ ,en-rogel1 ! spr+ ( ! full]4 ,! "n ( ,en-,mi%pat 7,g54 xiv4 #g71 ! spr+ ( judgm5t1 w\ld seem to indicate t spr+s 7 us$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ oracles1 b by :at signs ?is 0 effect$ is n kn[n4 ,! "n ( ! spr+ 9 ,g54 xvi4 #ad1 :]e ! angel appe>$ to ,hag>1 is significant 9 ?is connection3 ! well ( ! liv+ "o :o see? me4 ,9 ! cu/oms ( wor%ip1 & 9 all cu/oms to :i* !re is atta*$ a def9ite religi\s significance1 we f9d analogies 9 ! hea!n religions :i* %[ t !y mu/ h _h a common orig94 ,*ief among ^! mu/ be class$ ! cu/om ( sacrifice4 ,x is natural1 !re=e1 to f9d t sacrifice1 :i* has su* an und\bt$ly natural explanation 9 hea!n religions z ei!r ! food ( ! god or a means ( propitiation1 is n[h]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t explicitly def9$ z to its int5t & mean+4 ,! root idea is1 h[ev]1 cle>ly se5 9 su* cu/oms z t ( ! sett+ =? ( ! ,%ewbread1 h[ev] mu* ! mean+ may h become spiritualis$ by a pur] idea ( ! nature ( ,jehovah1 :ile 9 ,ezek4 xliv4 #g1 #ae1 ?is seems to be q explicitly /at$4 ,z ! conception ( ,deity 0 spiritualis$1 ! idea ( mat]ial food w\ld d\btless gr[ too repugnant to be reta9$ 9 ! b>e (f]+ ( fle%1 & s we get ! burnt-(f]+1 ! smoke ( :i* ,jehovah c smell4 ,! blood especially1 =ms ! correct (f]+1 s9ce be+ ! seat ( life1 x belongs altoge!r to ,god4 ,on ! idea ( ! sacrifice be+ us$ z a propitiation to ! ,deity1 x foll[s naturally t ! m co/ly ! victim ! m acceptable x w be1 & ( all sacrifices ! mo/ efficaci\s w be t ( a human be+4 ,! /ory ( ,abram & ,isaac 9 ,g54 xxii4 is made to s]ve z a condemnation ( human sacrifices1 b ! orig9 ( ! /ory may v well h po9t$ ! o!r way1 z inde$ ! fir/ "p ( ! /ory does2 & t ! practice 0 common may be se5 f #b ,k+s xvi4 #c2 xxi4 #f2 ,j]4 vii4 #ca2 xix4 #e 7,delete ! la/ words ( ,j]4 xix4 #e1 z an evid5t gloss f vii4 #ca74 ,true1 9 ^! passages human sacrifice is said to be 9 express contrav5tion ( ! w ( ,jehovah1 b no su* comm5t is add$ to ! /ory ( ,jeph?ah 7,judges xi4 #cj ff471 :ile 9 ,micah vi4 #g1 ! sacrifice ( ! fir/born is simply class$ among o!r sacrifices z "p ( ! common idea4 ,a remnant ( ?is horrible practice is probably to be f\nd 9 ! consecration ( ! fir/born to ,jehovah1 :ile ! legality ( human sacrifice is det]m9ative 9 ! common practice ( ! ban1 by :i* all captives 7 devot$ to ,jehovah1 & any violation visit$ by ! dire/ v5geance2 z 9 ! case ( ,saul & ,agag4 ,ano!r use ( ! sacrifice 0 t ( ratify+ a cov5ant by cutt+ a victim 9 p>ts1 betwe5 :i* ! contract+ p>ties pass$ 7,g54 xv4 #i-ag2 ,j]4 xxxiv4 #ah74 ,mu* ! same result w be f\nd f enquiry into ! orig9 ( special fea/s & cu/oms t are said to h be5 in/igat$ at ! express comm& ( ,jehovah2 = !re is evid5ce :i* %[s t !y 7 (t5 cu/oms common among/ ! hea!n1 & 7 only inve/$ ) a new significance by ! high] religion ( ! ,hebrews4 ,among ^! x is likely t we mu/ reckon ev5 ! ,passov]1 = ! daub+ ( ! l9tels is said to be a common hea!n practice1 & x w be notic$ 9 support ( ! pre-,mosaic orig9 ( ! c]emony t at its fir/ m5tion 9 ,exod4 xii4 #ba1 x is call$ ! ,passov]4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ ,passov] is also capable ( ano!r mean+ ?an t giv5 9 ! /ory ( its in/itution1 a mean+ :i* also po9ts to its be+ ! survival ( a ,semitic & hea!n cu/om4 ,simil> enquiry into anci5t religions ( ! ,semitic type %[s t orig9ally circumcision _h no special religi\s significance1 b 0 probably a sign ( pub]ty & ! "r to m>ry4 ,z mann]s s(t5$ x became a family rite & !re 0 no ne$ to po/pone x till ye>s ( manhood4 ,! practice ( we>+ special g>m5ts at religi\s rites is also f\nd 9 hea!n religions1 & /ill ma9ta9s itself 9 our habit ( we>+ ,sunday clo!s4 ,! results ( ^! enquiries are suffici5tly />tl+ to ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to reg>d ! religion ( ,israel z />t+ f "s def9ite act ( revelation :i* orda9$ ^! ord9ances & _! religi\s mean+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,b x is common en\gh 9 hi/ory to f9d t cu/oms p]si/ long aft] _! orig9al significance has be5 =gott51 & t !y are gradually inve/$ ) a mean+ m appropriate to ! _s ( ! age4 ,we are n1 h[ev]1 %ut up to ! conclusion1 t1 because we c trace mu* ( ! wond]ful religion ( ,israel to common causes act+ ^u hea!n religion1 !re is no real "w ( revelation 9 ?is gradual progress f l[] to high] /ages4 ,x w\ld be q useless1 f ! po9t ( view ( ?is book1 to ent] on ! fruitless discussion z to :e!r 9 ! evolution ( religion we h to deal ) a natural process or ) a sup]natural revelation4 ,is any su* anti!sis necess>y8 ,surely ! "o c come ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,if revelation is to rea* u x mu/ come ?r\gh ! ord9>y processes ( our m9ds2 ! recognition t x is f ,god _c be au!nticat$ to u by any miracle or outw>d au?ority1 b simply by ! possibility ( ! m9d1 :i* ,god has made1 be+ able to recognise its ,mak]4 ,x may be m ( a difficulty to o!rs t we %\ld h su* errone\s conceptions ( hi/ory 9 a ,book t has be5 reg>d$ z infallible on ^! matt]s4 ,we h to face ! fact1 f :i* !re is no escape1 t ! hi/orian may n h kn[n ! orig9 ( ! ?+s ( :i* he wrote1 or may h int5tionally obscur$ ! fact ( ! hea!n orig9 ( cu/oms t _h become to all pi\s ,israelites expressions ( ,jehovah's special revelation to ,israel4 ,if we are go+ to call ?is fraud1 !n x means t we are go+ to =ce on t e>ly age a conception ( hi/orical accuracy :i* x c]ta9ly did n possess1 & :i*1 z a matt] ( fact1 is only a late dem& ( ! human m9d4 ,& aft] all1 !re 0 tru? 9 ?is ref]5ce ( all _! religion to ! revelation ( ,jehovah4 ,x witnesses to ! fact t beh9d ev5 ! crude/ religion !re is some?+ :i* defies explanation1 & t we h 9 hea!n religions ! sl[ dawn+ consci\sness ( ,god )9 man's s\l4 ,9 ,israel ^! ?+s nev] /ood /ill4 ,t c5tral idea ( ! localisation ( ,jehovah grew too small to conta9 ! wid5+ conception ( ,him z x 0 evolv$ ?r\gh reflection & national exp]i5ce1 until ! ,prophets bur/ =? ) ! proclamation t ,he 0 ! ,god ( ! :ole e>?1 & ,8 relation to ,israel n tribal or t]ritorial1 b moral1 & only to be ma9ta9$ by righte\sness & true hol9ess4 ,,mosaism ,! read] is recomm5d$ to make a c>eful /udy ( ! foll[+ passages1 :i* are among ! mo/ important adduc$ by ! critics z evid5ce = ! non-,mosaic au?or%ip ( ! ,p5tateu*4 7#a7 ,mosaic au?or%ip is nev] claim$ = ! ,p5tateu* z a :ole4 ,only 9 c]ta9 places is x not$ t ,moses wrote d[n special ?+s 7,exod4 xvii4 #ad2 xxiv4 #d2 xxxiv4 #bg2 ,num4 xxxiii4 #b2 ,deut4 xxxi4 #i1 #bb1 #bd74 ,moses is consi/5tly spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son1 & x is h>dly likely t ?is is a /yle purposely adopt$1 or ! /atem5t ( ,num4 xii4 #c w\ld be extraord9>y 9 ! circum/ances4 ,obvi\sly ! la/ *apt] ( ,deut]onomy 0 n writt5 by him1 nor is ! common op9ion t x 0 add$ by ,jo%ua at all probable1 = !re is no diff]5ce 9 /yle f ! re/ ( ! book disc]nible1 &1 moreov]1 ,dan is ref]r$ to 7,deut4 xxxiv4 #a2 cp4 also ,g54 xiv4 #ad71 :i* 0 n s nam$ until aft] ! conque/4 7,jo%4 xix4 #dg2 ,judges xviii4 #bi47 ,w\ld ,moses ne$ to au!nticate 8 hi/ory ( contemporane\s ev5ts by quot+ f :at are reg>d$ z anci5t books3 f ! ,book ( ! ,w>s ( ,jehovah 7,num4 xxi4 #ad71 w>s :i* c\ld h only j comm5c$1 or f ! poem :i* ref]s to ! victory ov] ,sihon 7,num4 xxi4 #bg ff471 :i* took place at ! v end ( ! =ty ye>s' w&]+8 7#b7 ,! /&po9t z a :ole is t ( an age lat] ?an ,moses4 ,! rem>k 9 ,g54 xxxvi4 #ca c only h _h any mean+ 9 ! age ( ,david :5 ,edom 0 9 submission to ,israel4 ,a late date is also ne$$ = ! foll[+ passages3 ,g54 xii4 #f2 xiii4 #g2 xxxiv4 #g 79 ,israel6 cp4 ,judges xx4 #aj2 #b ,sam4 xiii4 #ab72 ,lev4 xviii4 #bg2 ,deut4 ii4 #ab2 iv4 #ch4 ,9 fact1 ! :ole geographical outlook is t ( an inhabitant ( ,we/]n ,pale/9e1 z may be se5 f ! use ( ! t]m ,seaw>d to indicate ! we/1 & ( ,negeb1 or ! des]t l&1 = ! s\?4 ,^! t]ms are us$ ev5 9 ! description ( ! ,tab]nacle1 :i*1 if tak5 f ! site ( ,m\nt ,s9ai1 w\ld be altoge!r wrong & mean+less4 ,comp>e ,num4 xxii4 #a2 xxxiv4 #ae2 ,deut4 i4 #a1 #e2 iii4 #h2 iv4 #da1 #df1 #di3 beyond ! ,jordan1 %[+ cle>ly t ! writ]'s position is 9 ,pale/9e1 we/ ( ! ,jordan4 7#c7 ,!re is no trace 9 ! hi/ory ( any obs]vance ( ! ,levitical ritual until aft] ! exile2 ! day ( atonem5t1 ! s9-(f]+1 ! high-prie/1 all are unhe>d ( until ?is date4 ,nor c x be claim$ t x 0 ! ignorance ( ! common p1 or _! apo/asy1 t 0 responsible = ?is condition ( ?+s4 ,! great lead]s ( ! v>i\s re=mations are app>5tly also q ignorant t none b a prie/ c\ld sacrifice1 & none b a ,levite take *>ge ( ! ark4 ,samuel1 :o 0 n a ,levite1 sleeps beside ! ark & (f]s sacrifice4 ,elijah does no?+ to recall ! p to ! ritual ( ,leviticus4 7#d7 ,! conclusion is t1 :ile lat] ages 7 "r 9 attribut+ to ,moses ! f\nd+ ( _! religion & "s ( _! ritual1 all ! accumulation ( law1 :i* _h only be5 ! gr[? ( _m c5turies1 has be5 plac$ to 8 cr$it4 ,:at ! actual contribution ( ,moses 0 x is n[ impossible to say1 b ! orig9al ( ! ,t5 ,words & ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xx4 #b-xxiii4 #cc7 may well g back to t age1 z may be se5 f ! relative simplicity ( ! laws & rules4 ,= example1 comp>e ! simple regulations = ! alt> 9 ,exod4 xx4 #bd ) ! elaborate alt> describ$ 9 ,exod4 xxvii4 #a-h4 ,lecture ,,iii ,,mosaism ,! national consci\sness ( ,israel goes back to a s]ies ( rem>kable ev5ts 9 :i* ! nation 0 born1 & :i* are too deeply grav5 on ! m9d ( ! p to be m]e leg5ds )\t hi/orical f\ndation4 ,^! ev5ts are ! deliv]ance f ! bondage 9 ,egypt & ! great cov5ant made ) ,jehovah at ,s9ai4 ,! indisp5sable p]sonal c5tre1 r\nd :i* ^! ev5ts revolve1 is t ( ! great national lead]1 ,moses4 ,! fact t1 outside ! ,p5tateu* & ! closely connect$ ,book ( ,jo%ua1 little is kn[n ( ! "w ( ,moses until aft] ! exile1 has giv5 rise to d\bts conc]n+ 8 hi/orical reality4 ,if we take ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t t are contempor>y ) ! p]iod !y describe1 !re /& out 9 indisputable primacy ! writ+s ( ! great lit]>y ,prophets4 ,to ^! mod]n criticism has rightly turn$ to discov] ! op9ions1 cu/oms1 & religion1 prevail+ 9 ! ,eigh? ,c5tury2 & x is claim$ t by ^! writ+s we c te/ ! hi/orical value ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & ( ! o!r hi/orical books4 ,n[ x mu/ be admitt$ t 9 ! pre-exilic ,prophets ! m5tion ( ,moses is less frequ5t ?an we %\ld expect f ! position :i* is claim$ = him 9 ! books ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 ,numb]s & ,deut]onomy4 ,! ,prophets d appeal ) "o cons5t to ! orig9al cov5ant ( ,jehovah ) ,israel1 to ! fulfilm5t ( :i* !y w\ld recall ! nation2 b only r>ely is ! "n ( ,moses associat$ ) t cov5ant4 ,!re are only f\r ref]5ces to ,moses 9 ! ,prophets be=e ! exile 7,hosea xii4 #ac--,moses n actually nam$2 ,micah vi4 #d2 ,j]4 xv4 #a2 ,isa4 lxiii4 #ab--reckon$ po/-exilic by critics71 & 9 none ( ^! is ,moses ref]r$ to z a law-giv]1 b z a prophet & national deliv]]4 ,we h to come to ,prophets writ+ aft] ! exile to f9d any ref]5ce to ! legislative "w ( ,moses 7,mal4 iv4 #d2 ,dan4 ix4 #aa-ac74 ,! purpose ( ! prophetic writ+s is moral r ?an hi/orical1 & ?is =bids putt+ m evid5tial weight ^u ?is argum5t f sil5ce ?an x w be>2 b 9 face ( _! cont9ual appeal to ! cov5ant ( ,s9ai1 ?is sil5ce is at lea/ significant4 ,evid5tly ,moses 0 n a "n to conjure ) 9 _! age4 7,comp>e ,j]4 xxxi4 #ca1 #cb1 :]e ! m5tion ( ! "n ( ,moses w\ld h be5 mo/ natural47 ,we h1 on ^! & o!r gr\nds1 to disreg>d ! lat] idea t ,moses 0 ! only law-giv] ( ,israel & ! au?or ( ! ,p5tateu*1 al?\gh ! fact t ! lat] legislation c\ld only f9d sanction z x 0 includ$ "u 8 "n1 po9ts to him z 9 "s way ! initiator ( ,israel's great ,code ( ,laws4 ,:ile 9 addition to ?is1 x mu/ be admitt$ t a great deal ( ! /ory ( 8 life is due to ! gr[? ( leg5d1 !re is no ne$ to reg>d ! figure ( ,moses z entirely my?ical4 ,! ev5ts by :i* a motley cr[d ( s]fs became a nation & cov5ant$ !mselves to an almo/ new religion n only ne$ = _! explanation a great int]pret]1 b also a great lead]2 & ?is dem& & ne$ ,moses fills4 ,we may !re=e safely reg>d ,moses z "o ( ! great ,f\nd]s ( ,religion4 ,we h n[ to enquire h[ mu* ( ! m>vell\s /ory ( 8 life c be safely reckon$ z hi/ory4 ,! docum5t :i* gives ! e>lie/1 & !re=e ! mo/ tru/wor?y1 /ory ( 8 life is dat$ by ! critics 9 ! ,n9? ,c5tury1 al?\gh x is n d5i$ t x may1 & probably does1 g back = its mat]ial to a mu* e>li] p]iod4 ,?is docum5t1 kn[n to ! critics z ,j1 owes its orig9 to e>ly prophetic influ5ce4 ,9 ?is docum5t1 z might be expect$ f ! analogy 9 simil> cases 7comp>e ! abs5ce ( ! bir? /ories 9 ,m>k71 ! /ory ( ! bir? & f9d+ ( ,moses is omitt$2 x is probably no?+ m ?an an ef=t to f9d a popul> explanation ( 8 "n1 z d]iv$ f ,ma%ah1 to draw out4 ,a mu* m likely orig9 ( ! "n is f\nd by mod]n s*ol>s 9 ! ,egyptian ^w = son 7,mesu74 ,! important ?+ to be notic$ is t 9 ?is e>ly docum5t he appe>s fir/ ( all 9 ,midian1 al?\gh !re are indications :i* %[ t x is kn[n t he _h previ\sly be5 9 ,egypt4 ,"h1 alone 9 ! wild]ness1 or 9 int]c\rse ) ! /range ,b$aw9 :o /ill inhabit t region1 !re came to him a revelation ( ,jehovah & ! call to deliv] ,israel f _! bondage4 ,he return$ to ,egypt ) a message at once religi\s & national4 ,he calls ^u ! ,israelites to leave ,egypt & to seek a cov5ant ) ,jehovah at ,8 %r9e at ,s9ai4 ,dur+ a plague1 ! passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea 0 effect$ "u conditions t 7 int]pret$ to be due to ! direct int]v5tion ( ,jehovah2 &1 ! return+ tide cutt+ (f ! pursu+ ,egyptians :o *all5g$ _! flight1 ! ,israelites /ood deliv]$ f _! enemies & _! fir/ tru/ 9 ,jehovah 0 v9dicat$4 ,x is n = u to enquire into ! exact causes :i* prov$ s fav\rable to ! ,israelites & s disa/r\s to ! ,egyptians2 we only ne$ to "k t !y 7 int]pret$ religi\sly4 ,!n ar\nd ,m\nt ,s9ai1 ) its impressive solitude & its awful /orms1 ,moses ga!r$ ! p1 imp>t$ ! secret ( ! new wor%ip1 made a solemn cov5ant by :i* ! p ( ,israel became = ev] ! p ( ,jehovah1 & probably laid d[n "s rudim5ts ( legislation fitt$ = _! primitive & nomadic condition4 ,?is mu* at lea/ ! aft] hi/ory dem&s z ! irr$ucible m9imum4 ,if ?is is at all an accurate view ( ! f\nd+ ( ! religion ( ,jehovah1 !n we are fac$ ) ! ph5om5on ( a nation practically adopt+ a new religion4 ,we d n ignore revelation :5 we feel compell$ to seek = natural causes :i* might prep>e ! way = ?is ev5t2 & ?is we may attempt by an enquiry into ! mean+ ( ! "n ,jehovah4 ,x %\ld be not$ at ! outset t ,jehovah is a p]sonal "n1 l t ( ,zeus or ,poseidon1 convey+ ! idea ( "s aspect ( deity4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n is exce$+ly obscure4 ,! g5]al "n = deity common to all ,semites1 & !re=e belong+ to ! undivid$ primitive /ock1 is ,el1 mean+ ei!r ! ,mighty ,"o or1 & m 9 accord ) ,semitic conceptions ( ,god1 ! ,lead]4 ,! mean+ ( ! "n ,jehovah is difficult to discov]1 because 9 ! fir/ place ! exact pronunciation ( ! ^w has be5 lo/1 probably beyond recov]y4 ,! ^w ,jehovah is a hybrid comp\nd1 & z a matt] ( fact 0 nev] us$ z a "n = ,god until ! ,re=mation4 ,we c be c]ta9 only t ! consonants ( ! ^w 7 ,,jhvh 7or ,,yh:1 ,hebrew pronunciation74 ,?is extraord9>y /ate ( ?+s is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t = c5turies ! ,hebrew ,scriptures 7 unpo9t$ or unvocalis$--t is1 ! consonants only 7 writt5 & ! necess>y connect+ v[els 7 taught orally1 & only reta9$ 9 ! memory = use :5 ! ,scriptures 7 read al\d4 ,:5 9 ! ,n9? ,c5tury ,a4,d4 x 0 likely t ! pronunciation ( ! sacr$ language w\ld be entirely =gott51 a device = its pres]vation 0 made :]eby ! v[el pronunciation 0 indicat$ by means ( po9ts plac$ *iefly und]nea? ! consonantal text2 v mu* l ! dots & da%es us$ = v[els 9 ,pitman's sy/em ( %or?&4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x came to ! po9t+ ( ,,jhvh1 x 0 f\nd t ! pronunciation ( ?is ^w _h be5 entirely lo/4 ,rev]5ce = ! "n ( ,god _h become s exagg]at$ t1 9 read+ al\d f ! ,scriptures1 :]ev] ! sacr$ "n occurr$ ano!r ^w _h always be5 sub/itut$4 ,?is ^w 0 "o ( respect1 b ( less m>k$ exaltation--,adonai1 equal to our ^w ,"l4 ,! only c\rse op5 to ! punctuators 0 t ( ins]t+ "u ! consonants ,,jhvh1 ! v[els 7) suitable euphonic modifications7 ( ! ^w ,adonai1 ) ! result t we get ! conflate ,jehovah1 a ^w :i* has become inve/$ ) s mu* solemnity to our e>s1 b :i* 0 c]ta9ly n ! "r pronunciation1 & :i* has nev] be5 us$ by ! ,jews4 ,s*ol>s h endeav\r$1 at pres5t )\t any univ]sally accept$ result1 to recov] ! lo/ pronunciation by l+ui/ic enquiries1 ) ! desire to discov] :at ! ^w orig9ally meant1 9 ! hope t x w\ld ?r[ "s light on ! orig9 ( ! religion f\nd$ by ,moses4 ,9 ,exod4 iii4 #ac ff4 7,r4 ,v4 m>g97 we h ! traditional explanation ( ! ^w1 an explanation :i* is n altoge!r satisfactory f a grammatical po9t ( view2 ! great ,hebrai/ ,ewald goes s f> z to pron\nce x highly artificial4 ,x has be5 object$ t ! man :o wrote ?is acc\nt1 ab\t #gej ,b4,c41 surely und]/ood 8 own language4 ,probably2 b t is n to say t he und]/ood ! etymology ( x1 = etymology is a new sci5ce1 & has upset _m popul> d]ivations 9 ! case ( our own language4 ,if ! explanation giv5 9 ,exodus is correct1 & we _c ) c]ta9ty put any?+ mu* bett] 9 its place1 !n ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,jehovah w\ld be ,he t is1 p]haps an equival5t 9 ,hebrew =m to ! ,we/]n idea ( ,! ,et]nal4 ,only "o ( ! num]\s guesses z to ! mean+ ( ! orig9al "n ne$ be quot$ "h3 t ! ^w comes f a v]b1 hawah1 mean+ ei!r to fall1 or to bl[4 ,simil> ideas w\ld seem to acc\nt = ei!r ( ^! mean+s4 ,he :o bl[s1 looks l ! "n = ! ,tempe/ ,god1 :ile t :i* falls has be5 tak5 to indicate a fall5 meteorite1 :i* may h be5 pres]v$ z a symbol ( ,jehovah4 ,:5 we rememb] ! ?und]/orms at ,s9ai1 & ! common belief t ?und] 0 a special !ophany ( ,jehovah1 ^! ideas are n to be ha/ily dismiss$ z altoge!r incr$ible4 ,nor %\ld we be prev5t$ f consid]+ su* an idea f ! prejudice t x w\ld make ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,israel a piece ( ,nature-wor%ip & sup]/ition4 ,god has tak5 man :]e ,he has f\nd him1 & none c d>e to def9e ! limits ( *ildi% & crude conceptions )9 :i* ! ,_s ( ,god c beg9 ,8 "w 9 man's m9d4 ,! conclusion d]iv$ f ! exam9ation ( ! mean+ ( ! "n ,jehovah mu/ !re=e rema9 op5 until "s fur!r light is ?r[n on ! subject4 7,s*ol>s usually adopt ! pronunciation1 ,yahwe1 z our ne>e/ approa* to ! orig9al47 ,an endeav\r has be5 made to discov] ! orig9 ( ! religion ( ,israel f ! p]si/5t connection ( ,jehovah ) ! locality ( ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,?is idea cont9ues long aft] 9 ! ,promis$ ,l& 7,deut4 xxxiii4 #b2 ,judges v4 #e71 & ,elijah takes a long j\rney back to ! sacr$ spot1 presumably to get into clos] t\* ) ,jehovah 7#a ,k+s xix474 ,) ! prevail+ beliefs ( t age 9 ! localisation ( ! god1 ?is connection mu/ be ?\ght ( z ( m ?an accid5tal significance4 ,x is fair to assume t ! seat ( ,jehovah at ,s9ai mu/ h be5 kn[n be=e ! great cov5ant1 & is inde$ requir$ by ! n>rative itself 7,exod4 iii42 iv4 #bg71 :ile rec5t discov]ies are said to prove t ! traditional ,s9ai mu/ h be5 a sacr$ place f ! e>lie/ times4 ,moses1 h[ev]1 is cle>ly repres5t$ z com+ to "k ( ,jehovah dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,midian4 ,! exact means ( ! revelation is said to h be5 ! sight ( a bu% on fire1 yet miracul\sly unconsum$4 ,:at actually lies beh9d ?is /ory--:e!r x is a creation ( ! religi\s imag9ation :i* sees e common bu% afire ) ,god--x is useless = u to try & discov]4 ,a natural explanation has be5 s\ght 9 ! fact t ,je?ro1 ! ,k5ite1 0 ! prie/ ( ,midian1 & presumably ( "s %r9e ( ,jehovah4 ,c]ta9ly ,je?ro knew ! "n ( ,jehovah1 b app>5tly only reg>d$ ,him z "o ( ! gods1 until ! m>vell\s deliv]ance ( ! ,exodus prov$ ,him to be ! greate/ ( gods 7,exod4 xviii4 #i-aa74 ,je?ro p]=ms an act ( sacrifice to ,jehovah1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,a>on & ! eld]s1 t looks rem>kably l an act ( initiation by :i* ,israel are introduc$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah by ! regul> prie/ ( ! %r9e 7,exod4 xviii4 #ab74 ,! hypo!sis is fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! fact t ! ,k5ites are f\nd lat] dwell+ 9 ,pale/9e 7,judges i4 #af71 & are always rememb]$ long aft] z ! fri5ds ( ! ,israelites 7#a ,sam4 xv4 #f2 xxvii4 #aj2 xxx4 #bi74 ,! inf]5ce f ?is is t ,moses fir/ le>n$ ( ,jehovah f 8 fa!r-9-law ,je?ro1 b t he und]/ood m ( ! "* ( ,jehovah ?an ,je?ro1 & by 8 sup]ior religi\s consci\sness conceiv$ ( ,him z 9 "s way ,supreme :o to ,je?ro _h be5 only "o ( ! des]t gods4 ,?is !ory w\ld c]ta9ly be /r5g!n$ if ,s9ai c\ld be id5tifi$1 n ) ! traditional site ( ,jebel ,musa 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,s9aitic p59sula1 b ) "s spot 9 ! l& ( ,midian1 across ! gulf ( ,akaba4 ,?is does inde$ seem necess>y f ! n>rative1 = f ! mo/ natural int]pretation ( ,exod4 iii4 #a1 ,horeb1 ! m\nt ( ,god1 0 9 ,midian4 ,x is g5]ally tak5 = grant$ t ,horeb & ,s9ai are id5tical2 ! respective names are us$ by diff]5t docum5ts4 ,x is said t1 = "s reasons1 ,midian w\ld fit 9 ) ! record ( ! j\rney ?r\gh ! wild]ness bett] ?an ! ,s9aitic p59sula4 ,if ! p>allelism ( ,s9ai ) ,seir 9 ,deut4 xxxiii4 #b c be tak5 to %[ id5tity1 z is natural1 we h a fur!r confirmation1 = ,seir is 9 ,midian4 ,! grave difficulty ( all ?is is t x w\ld make ! religion ( ,jehovah a di/9ct importation4 ,is su* a ?+ z its reception by ! ,hebrews cr$ible on ?is acc\nt8 ,! idea ( a nation *ang+ its religion is c]ta9ly repugnant to ! ,semitic m9d 7,j]4 ii4 #aj1 #aa71 & "s m natural connection seems necess>y1 bo? f ! n>rative & f g5]al consid]ations4 ,n[ ! n>rative h9ts t ! religion 0 n entirely new 7,exod4 vi4 #c71 b 0 kn[n to ! ,patri>*s "u diff]5t =ms2 :ile ! sanctity ( ,s9ai w\ld seem to h be5 already kn[n to "s ( ! tribes 7,exod4 iv4 #bg74 ,!re is no?+ "h def9ite en\gh = u to proce$ to hi/orical c]ta9ty1 b x is fair to suppose t ! %r9e at ,s9ai 0 kn[n to ! ,patri>*s 9 _! w&]+s1 & t ,jehovah w\ld be wor%ipp$2 z w\ld any o!r local god ^: t]ritory !y happ5$ to be 94 ,grant t ?is 0 p>tly kn[n to ! ,hebrew slaves 9 ,egypt2 t ,moses receiv$ ! revelation ( ! p[] ( ,jehovah 9 8 exile 9 ,midian1 & by a spl5did leap ( inspiration id5tifi$ ! actual %r9e & ! ,p]son ( ,jehovah ) ! ,mighty ,_s dimly kn[n to ! ,patri>*s1 & we h an explanation t is natural & is also true2 = ! ,object ( man's wor%ip has be5 ,"o ?r\gh all hi/ory4 ,:5 ! successful passage ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! defeat ( ! ,egyptians 7 int]pret$ by ,moses z ! direct int]v5tion ( ,jehovah1 ! transition to ! great cov5ant is made possible4 ,all ?is may be v contr>y to ! traditional idea ( h[ ,moses receiv$ ! revelation ( ,jehovah1 b ! facts d po9t ?is way2 & x is n = u to d5y t ! ,_s ( ,god c\ld "w ?r\gh ^! natural ev5ts & ?r\gh ! m9d ( ?is comm&+ p]sonality1 & s br+ ab\t ?is id5tification ( ,jehovah & ! ,great ,_s ( ! ,patri>*al ?\ght1 :i* 0 to lead to su* great results = religion4 ,we are n[ free to inve/igate :at ! "* ( ! religion introduc$ by ,moses actually 04 7#a7 ,g5]al ,"*4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( its "* %[s t :ile x is by no means id5tical ) ! religion taught by ! ,prophets1 & :ile x reta9$ _m hea!n ideas & cu/oms1 yet x conta9$ )9 itself ! promise & gu>antee ( developm5t4 ,we h already _h occasion to notice t x is n pure ,mono!ism4 ,jehovah is n ! only ,god2 ,he is ! only ,god = ,israel4 ,! hea!n deities are /ill reg>d$ z hav+ a real exi/5ce4 ,nei!r c x be call$ a purely spiritual religion1 = ,jehovah is r said to h a _s ?an to be a _s2 ,he has a =m :i*1 ?\gh t]rible 9 its effect on ! behold]1 by reason ( its glory1 c nev]!less be se52 ,he inhabits a special place1 :i* is ,8 sacr$ t]ritory1 & on ?is ,moses /umbles all unwitt+ly 9 ,midian4 ,/ill m emphatically aga9/ ! idea ( a purely spiritual religion is ! fact--:i* ! editors h done _! be/ to hide1 b n successfully--t images ( "s k9d 7 all[$1 or exi/$ unreprov$4 ,! ,ephod1 ( :i* we he> s (t51 0 evid5tly at "o "t an idol4 ,! mean+ ( ! ^w is ( some?+ cov]$1 z may be se5 f ,isa4 xxx4 #bb1 :]e ! fem99e =m ( ! ^w 7aphuddah7 is us$ ( ! gold plat+ ( images2 b accord+ to a lat] idea 7,exod4 xxviii4 #f-ad71 ! ,ephod =m$ "p ( ! dress ( ! ,high ,prie/1 & 0 a k9d ( embroid]$ wai/coat4 ,?is explanation1 h[ev]1 does viol5ce to a numb] ( passages :]e ! ,ephod is m5tion$4 ,gideon exp5d$ sev5te5 hundr$ %ekels ( gold on an ,ephod :i* he set up 9 ,ophrah 7,jud4 viii4 #bf f472 ?is _c be a wai/coat4 ,only ! explanation t ! ,ephod 0 an image c d ju/ice to ! ref]5ce 9 ,judges xvii4 #e1 & x suits ! passage 9 #a ,sam4 xxi4 #i1 if we ?9k ( ! sword hang+ beh9d an image4 ,if ! ephod 0 no?+ m ?an a wai/coat by :i* lots 7 det]m9$1 we h to expla9 :y x is s %>ply condemn$ 9 ,judges viii4 #bg1 & :y ! text ( #a ,sam4 xiv4 #ah1 :i* 9 ! ,septuag9t reads ephod1 9 ! ,hebrew text has be5 alt]$ to read ark2 an alt]ation :i* is q impossible "h1 z ! ark 0 at ?is "t 9 ,kirja? ,je>im1 &1 moreov]1 0 nev] us$ = ! purpose ( obta9+ oracles4 7,! only explanation is t "s scribe has made ?is alt]ation because he knew t !re 0 some?+ idolatr\s ab\t ! ephod47 ,ev5 z late z ,hosea 7iii4 #d7 we f9d ! ephod m5tion$ 9 a connection :]e x c only /& = an object ( idolatr\s wor%ip4 ,x is c]ta9ly /range t ! same "n %\ld be 9 use = an image1 & !n lat] = a g>m5t ( ! high-prie/2 b ! likely explanation ( ?is is t ! image 0 at "o "t clo!d ) a dress1 z 0 usual 7,j]4 x4 #i71 & t 9 ! pockets ( ?is ! lots 7 kept4 ,:5 ! use ( ! image became (f5sive ! g>m5t 0 reta9$ z "p ( ! high-prie/'s dress4 ,! transition is made m natural if we c suppose t ! ,prie/ ( ! ,oracle1 9 ! e>ly days1 0 accu/om$ to put on ! g>m5t ( ! image1 "u ! cu/om>y idea t ?us ! div9e k ( ! idol w\ld be communicat$ to him4 ,9 #b ,k+s xviii4 #d1 we read ( ,nehu%tan1 ! braz5 s]p5t :i* ,moses _h made1 be+ us$ idolatr\sly2 b p]haps ?is has be5 wrongly ascrib$ to ,moses4 ,f ! intimate connection ( bull-wor%ip ) ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 x w\ld seem t ! bull 0 reg>d$ z a symbol ( ,jehovah2 a simil> idea may h in/itut$ ,a>on's gold5 calf4 ,:ile admitt+ ! =ce ( ?is evid5ce1 we mu/ /ill keep op5 ! possibility t ! religion in/itut$ by ,moses 0 ( a pur] type1 b 0 nev] /rong en\gh to drive out ! remnants ( hea!n practice4 ,m indisputable evid5ce ( ! mat]iali/ic conception ( ! ,p]son ( ,jehovah is f\nd 9 ! rev]5ce paid to :at is kn[n z ! ark ( ,jehovah1 ! mak+ ( :i* is c]ta9ly ascrib$ to ,moses4 ,! "n ! ark ( ! cov5ant1 0 n ! orig9al "n giv5 to ! ark1 b is tak5 f ! incid5t record$ 9 ,deut4 x4 #a-e4 ,! idea t ! ark 0 built to conta9 ! tables ( ! ,law does n appe> until ! "t ( ,deut]onomy1 & is q unkn[n to ! old] /rata ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,9 ^! old] /rata all m5tion ( ! actual mak+ ( ! ark is omitt$1 al?\gh !re is evid5ce t !y did conta9 an acc\nt ( its prep>ation & mean+4 ,en\gh1 h[ev]1 is told u ( ! rev]5tial treatm5t ( x1 to %[ t x 0 a symbol ( high] sanctity ?an a m]e receptacle = ! /ones ( ! law w\ld be likely to be4 ,x is c]ta9ly v closely id5tifi$ ) ,jehovah ,himself1 z may be se5 f ,num4 x4 #ce4 7,?is is 9 poetic =m1 & is !re=e likely to be a v e>ly fragm5t4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t ! ark app>5tly />ts ( itself47 ,its pres5ce 9 ! battlefield ensures victory1 :ile its abs5ce br+s ab\t defeat 7,num4 xiv4 #db-de2 #a ,sam4 iv4 #c-g2 v4 #a ff474 ,x c h>dly be t ! ark 0 tak5 = ,jehovah ,himself1 b x mu/ h conta9$ some?+ t 0 closely id5tifi$ ) ,jehovah2 a box is n built except ) ! idea ( hold+ some?+4 ,we h se5 t x is unlikely t t some?+ 0 orig9ally ! two tables ( ! law2 0 x some?+ else ( /one :i* made ! transf]5ce to ! tables ( ! law at once necess>y & natural8 ,0 x a /one image ( ,jehovah8 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t x may h conta9$ meteoritic /ones1 :i* w\ld agree ) ! propos$ d]ivation ( ,jehovah f ! ,/orm ,god ( ,s9ai4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t :i* gives any support to ^! conjectures1 b 9 face ( ! fact t ! orig9al n>rative ( ! mak+ ( ! ark has be5 omitt$1 & 9 view ( ! ideas ( religion :i* 7 common 9 t p]iod1 we _c say t !y are absolutely exclud$ f consid]ation4 ,! ark 0 c]ta9ly b\nd up ) ! idea ( w>1 & w\ld seem to h be5 kept 9 a soldi]'s t5t4 ,x 0 transf]r$ to ! d>k inn] temple till #ehf ,b4,c41 & f t date all trace ( x is lo/4 ,! ,prie/'s ,code 7,p7 makes provision = x 9 ! second temple1 b we h unimpea*able ,jewi% te/imony t ! %r9e ( ! inn] temple 0 absolutely empty 7,josephus1 ,w> ( ! ,jews1 v4 v4 #e74 ,j]emiah may h be5 aw>e ( ! orig9al significance ( ! ark z t5d+ t[>ds idolatry1 & h5ce 8 words 9 ,j]4 iii4 #af4 7#b7 ,ord9ances ( ,wor%ip4 ,x rema9s = u to enquire into ! "* ( ! religion f\nd$ by ,moses by an exam9ation ( "s ( ! out/&+ ord9ances t regulat$ ! idea ( wor%ip4 ,"h ! traditional ascription ( ! fully develop$ ritual ( ! ,book ( ,leviticus to ,moses has to be set aside1 on ! consid]ation t we h no record ( its obs]vance until late 9 ! p]iod ( ! mon>*y1 & f !n x c be trac$ z a gradual gr[? ( cu/om & ideal until its complete obs]vance aft] ! ,exile4 ,!re does n seem to h be5 any prie/hood ( ! exclusive ,levitical ord] f\nd$ by ,moses4 ,! /ory ( ! ,levites 9 ,exod4 xxxii4 c only be a late /ory1 = !re is no record ( _! monopoly ( ! ritual s]vice until ! ,re=m "u ,josiah3 ,jo%ua1 an ,ephraimite1 is ! s]vant ( ! t5t2 ,samuel1 also an ,ephraimite1 sleeps beside ! ark 7#a ,sam4 iii4 #c72 ,david & ,solomon assume a k9d ( *ief prie/hood 7#b ,sam4 vi4 #ac2 #a ,k+s viii4 #e1 #fb ff471 & ( c\rse nei!r ( !m 7 ,levites4 ,! /ory 9 ,judges xvii4 gives :at is p]haps ! true position ( ! ,levites3 anyone c\ld be consecrat$ z a family prie/1 b ! pres5ce ( a ,levite 0 reckon$ propiti\s4 ,d[n to a v late age sacrifice seems to h rema9$ l>gely a tribal or family act1 & al?\gh a desc5dant ( ,moses' tribe 7,levi7 0 reg>d$ z possess+ special advantage1 !re 0 no law by :i* ,levites alone 7 reckon$ capable ( dis*>g+ prie/ly functions4 ,9 ! matt] ( sacrifice1 x w\ld seem t ,moses simply adopt$ :at 0 a v anci5t & common practice4 ,9 face ( ! evid5t neglect ( ! ,levitical ritual 9 matt]s ( sacrifice1 bo? by ! common p & by su* great re=m]s z ,samuel & ,elijah1 toge!r ) ! fact t 9 ! tea*+ ( ! prophets d\bts are ca/ on its div9e orig9 7,isa4 i4 #aa2 ,amos v4 #be2 ,micah vi4 #f-h71 we _c inf] t ! detail$ & explicit comm&s conc]n+ sacrifice f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,leviticus are ! "w ( ,moses1 or belong to an e>ly age4 ,to ! ,prophets1 sacrifice is always rem9isc5t ( paganism4 ,! "t :5 ! *ange came 9 may be detect$ 9 ! diff]5t value giv5 to sacrifice by ! po/-exilic prophets 7,mal4 i4 #ac f471 :ile ! incompatibility ( ! two views1 prophetic & prie/ly1 c be se5 f ! addition :i* has be5 made to ,ps4 li41 to br+ x into accord ) ! lat] view4 ,nei!r is x possible = u to believe t ! elaborate %r9e kn[n z ! ,tab]nacle ow$ its exi/5ce to ,moses4 ,! impossibility ( transport+ ! cumbr\s fixtures ?r\gh ! wild]ness _h be5 notic$ be=e ! mod]n era ( critical /udy4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! details ( con/ruction %[s t x is no?+ m ?an an ideal projection f ! m9d ( a prie/ly writ] :o believ$ t a t5t-l c\nt]p>t ( ,ezekiel's temple 0 ess5tial to ,israel's wor%ip 9 ! wild]ness4 ,x is en\gh to recall t ! tab]nacle ( ! prie/ly writ]'s imag9ation is q unkn[n to ! hi/orical books4 ,9 ,exod4 xxxiii4 #g ff41 :i* may be se5 to be only a fragm5t ( an e>ly docum5t1 s9ce x />ts abruptly by describ+ ! t5t1 :i* is kn[n z ! ,t5t ( ,meet+1 we h :at has be5 tak5 to be ! ,tab]nacle2 b x is no?+ m ?an a t5t = keep+ ! ark 94 7#c7 ,legislation4 ,h[ mu* ( ! legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* is to be ascrib$ to ,moses we _c tell4 ,too _m h&s h be5 at "w on x = ! orig9al to be discov]$4 ,a rem>kable discov]y 0 made 9 ! ye> #aija ( "s enorm\s /eles1 :i* be> 9 cunei=m *>act]s :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,code ( ,hammurabi1 ! olde/ code ( laws 9 ! _w1 ! date ( :i* is reckon$ to be #bbej ,b4,c4 ,!y presuppose an advanc$ /ate ( civilisation & morality exi/+ 9 ! ,euphrates valley at t p]iod4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ! ,p5tateu*al ,code & ! ,code ( ,hammurabi argues dep5d5ce ( ! =m] on ! latt] to a v consid]able ext5t1 & supplies a /ill fur!r te/imony to ! ext5t to :i* ! religion ( ,israel is indebt$ to ,babylon4 ,! exact be>+ ( ?is discov]y ^u critical !ories1 & especially ^u ! date ( ! ,p5tateu* has p]haps h>dly be5 e/imat$ yet2 x does n1 h[ev]1 refute ! !ory :i* d5ies t ! ,p5tateu* z x /&s is f ! h& ( ,moses4 ,we naturally ?9k ( ! ,decalogue z ! "w ( ,moses1 b "h we are fac$ by ! difficulty t ! ,decalogue appe>s to exi/ 9 ?ree rec5sions 7,exod4 xx4 #a-ag2 xxxiv4 #ad-bh2 ,deut4 v4 #f-ba74 ,! acc\nt 9 ,exod4 xxxiv41 :i* =ms "p ( ! docum5t ,j1 is reckon$ to be ! olde/ ( ^!1 & ! orig9al ( ?is might well g back to ! "t ( ,moses4 ,x has be5 object$ t ! ,decalogue is too e?ical to suit ! "t ( ,moses1 b is ?is n because we are incl9$ to read into ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts f> m ?an is to be f\nd !re8 ,x c be %[n t !y are little m ?an t5 laws ( rights4 ,a special difficulty is f\nd 9 ascrib+ ! second comm&m5t to ?is age1 9 view ( its frequ5t unc5sur$ brea*2 b p]haps !re is "s diff]5ce t escapes u betwe5 a molt5 image1 :i* is prescrib$ 9 ! fir/ draft 7,exod4 xxxiv4 #ag71 & ! lat] prohibition ( ! grav5 image 7,exod4 xx4 #d74 ,9 ! =ego+ exam9ation we h all[$ = ! mo/ rigor\s dem&s ( advanc$ criticism1 dem&s :i* may h to be modifi$ z criticism becomes m ( a sci5ce1 b !re rema9s ! ne$ to discov] :at !re 01 on ^! critical assumptions1 9 ! ,mosaic religion t provid$ ! way = a fur!r advance into ! fai? :i* became ! glory ( ,israel4 ,:at is x t makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,mosaism & ! hea!n ,semitic religions1 a diff]5ce :i* 0 to make ! gradual gr[? ( a pure ,mono!ism possible8 ,! fir/ important elem5t :i* ne$s to be reckon$ ) is t x 0 a religion ( *oice r ?an a religion ( nature4 ,we saw t x 0 difficult to conceive h[ ! religion ( ,jehovah c\ld h be5 adopt$ by ,israel unless !re _h be5 "s previ\s contact4 ,:at is s difficult to und]/& is nev]!less ! "o elem5t t conta9$ ! possibility ( progress4 ,! relation ( ,israel to ,jehovah 0 nei!r by physical desc5t nor ?r\gh ! connection ( ! god ) ! l&1 z ) ! hea!n ,semitic religions4 ,jehovah 0 at fir/ conceiv$ ( z ! ,god ( ! tribe only1 b ev5 ?is 0 n by nature1 b by ,8 graci\s *oice4 ,_! l& 0 giv5 to !m by ,jehovah1 b ,8 natural connection 0 ) a f> di/ant %r9e4 ,?is fact 9 itself mu/ h r5d]$ necess>y "s m spiritual conception ( ,8 habitation1 &1 ?\gh h>d en\gh = ! common p to realise1 :5 !y ent]$ ,canaan & f\nd a full-gr[n cultus & religion 9 connection ) ! god ( ! l& already 9 possession1 x 0 ?is fact ^u :i* ! ,prophets fa/5$ & :i* c\ld n be d5i$3 ! religion ( ,jehovah 0 a matt] ( *oice & n ( racial or local connection4 ,t *oice _h be5 ratifi$ by solemn cov5ant1 to :i* ! ,prophets appeal$4 ,! relation betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel dep5d$ !re=e on ! conditions ( ! cov5ant be+ fai?fully kept4 ,:5 we comp>e ! religions ( ! o!r ,semites1 :i* made ! relation ( ! god & 8 p "o :i* no?+ c\ld break1 & f :i* nei!r ! god nor ! p c\ld escape1 we c see h[ ?is diff]5ce con/itut$ "o ( ! e?ical g]ms ( ! religion :i* 0 de/9$ to gr[ into full] p[] & life4 ,!re 0 ano!r important conception1 :i* 0 int5sifi$ by ! fact t ! religion ( ,jehovah 0 a religion ( *oice3 t ( ! jeal\sy ( ,jehovah4 ,?is 0 (t5 int]pret$1 especially 9 ! pre-prophetic p]iod1 9 a v crude & 9 ev5 a cruel way4 ,! jeal\sy ( ,jehovah 0 v l ! human passion3 unc]ta91 arbitr>y & irrational1 manife/+ itself accord+ to ! popul> m9d 9 outbreaks ( fury = c]emonial mi/akes1 or = causes ev5 less compreh5sible 7,num4 iii4 #d2 #b ,sam4 vi4 #g74 ,9 all ! religions x 0 ?\ght to be a s]i\s ?+ to dep>t f ! allegiance to ! rightful god1 & sure to lay "o op5 to 8 jeal\sy & v5geance2 b some?+ m is n[ f\nd 9 ?is idea z x develops 9 ,hebrew ?\ght3 x is t ! jeal\sy ( ,jehovah is due to ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ,him & ! o!r gods1 a diff]5ce :i* came to be recognis$ z "o ( "*4 ,some?+ ( ?is mu/ g back to ,moses himself4 ,?is diff]5ce is also express$ 9 ! idea t ,he is a ,god ( righte\sness4 ,! ^w righte\sness does n always h 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures ! absolute mean+ :i* x has = u4 ,x 0 r equal to our ^w rights1 :i* we (t5 employ q une?ically4 ,jehovah 0 "o :o gave "r judgm5ts :5 que/ions 7 submitt$ & answ]$ by ! lot1 & ,"o :o br\ght victory to ! "r4 ,x 0 und\bt$ly ,israel's "r t 0 *iefly consid]$1 b !re 0 hidd5 9 x an e?ical g]m :i* 0 to br+ =? notable fruit :5 man's s5se ( "r 0 wid5$4 ,?is at lea/ 0 ! m>k ( ! new religion :i* ,moses impress$ on ! p1 impress$ ) su* a =ce t x c\ld nev] be q =gott54 ,x _h new ?\ghts pregnant ) mean+ = ! m9d ( man & = ! future ( religion1 & ^! became ! fulcrum ( ! ,prophets' appeal4 ,f ! bosom ( ?is p 0 to come =? ,"o :o 0 to reveal ! ,fa!r z p]fectly righte\s & imp>tial1 & :o dem&s = ,8 s]vice a righte\sness t mu/ f> exce$ t ( ! /raite/ obs]v]s ( ext]nal religion4 ,x w\ld be easy = u to despise ?is day ( small beg9n+s1 or to refuse to see 9 x any real revelation ( ,god at all4 ,d\btless ?is enquiry may necessitate a *ange 9 our conceptions ( ! "w ( ,moses1 b x is "o t we are =c$ to by a multitude ( facts1 & we mu/ f9d a !ory ( inspiration wide en\gh to fit !m4 ,crude z we may make ! beg9n+s ( ,israel's fai?1 natural z we may feel are ! laws by :i* x work$ t[>ds its gr[?1 we h n be5 able to get any ne>] to "s ( ^? ultimate que/ions :i* ask h[ religion beg9s1 :at ! nature ( revelation is1 & h[ x comes to man's m9d4 ,we ne$ n ?9k t ,god _h to break 9 on ! m9d ( ,moses1 s t ! p]sonality ( ! man 0 9 abeyance :ile ,god work$ ?r\gh him4 ,:5 ,god wi%es to br+ m5 to a high] tru? ,he does n sup]naturally communicate x2 ,he makes human nature to produce p]sonalities ^: m9ds come naturally to ! tru?4 ,!re c be no sep>ation ( natural & sup]natural "h2 :]ev] t sep>ation is to be made1 we c]ta9ly _c make x4 ,!re c be no mean+ 9 revelation1 & no possibility ( x1 unless ,god has made man's m9d to be gr[+ly 9 t\* ) ,him & to be capable ( receiv+ ,8 revelation by ! natural work+ ( ?\ght1 s t x seems to spr+ up )9 8 own consci\sness4 ,deep] into ?is "q we are n call$ ^u to g at pres5t1 b no "o c object t x is less rev]5t1 or t x %[s signs ( a decay ( fai?1 if m5 c see ,god to-day n only 9 ! extraord9>y & ! sup]natural1 b also 9 ! ord9>y & ! natural4 ,if ! recognition ( ,god dep5ds on spiritual vision1 !n ^? :o refuse to n>r[ ! limits )9 :i* ,god c be se51 & :o !re=e welcome all tru? ) gladness & )\t fe>1 are n to be call$ godless & unspiritual4 ,we %\ld le>n to be ?ankful = ,moses1 = he 0 fai?ful z f> z he knew2 if we 7 z fai?ful 9 proportion to ! full] light :i* has come to u1 religion w\ld be a v real & inclusive ?+4 ,we %\ld also le>n to take he>t1 if f ^! beg9n+s su* mighty movem5ts h sprung4 ,! mi/akes inevitable to ! human m9d d n de/roy ! possibility ( revelation1 ! error _c ev]la/+ly obscure ! tru?1 nor 9 ! long run w evil triumph ov] good4 ,x 0 possible 9 t f> (f age1 x 0 possible 9 all ages1 x is possible n[1 = a m9d /ill f> f ! true conception ( ! ultimate nature ( ,god to yet grasp some?+1 & by a supreme fai? 9 ! lead+ ( a ,mighty ,p[] to lift a :ole nation1 & ?r\gh x ! _w1 "o /age fur!r on 9 goodness & tru?4 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,canaan ,z an introduction to ,lecture ,,iv4 ! read] is advis$ to make a c>eful /udy ( ,judges i4 #a-;ii4 #e1 a mutilat$ fragm5t ( a v e>ly & reliable acc\nt ( ! invasion ( ,canaan4 ,! op5+ words 7v]se #a7 ref] ! ev5ts :i* foll[ to ! p]iod aft] ! dea? ( ,jo%ua2 b ! ,book ( ,jo%ua has already record$ ! complete conque/ ( ,canaan1 s t !re c be no place = ?is fur!r invasion on a f> less ambiti\s plan1 & app>5tly ) less successful results4 ,x w be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ?is acc\nt easily falls away f ! ma9 body ( ! n>rative2 ,judges ii4 #f foll[s naturally aft] ,jo%ua xxiv4 #bh1 & ignores :at comes betwe54 ,we h1 !re=e1 9 ?is acc\nt ano!r hi/ory ( ! conque/ ( ,canaan1 :i* contradicts altoge!r ! impression--:i* we get f read+ ! ,book ( ,jo%ua--t ! conque/ ( ,canaan 0 effect$ by ! tribes act+ 9 unison1 t x 0 complete1 & t ! conqu]$ 7 ext]m9at$2 x records a movem5t ( tribes act+ indep5d5tly1 !re is no conque/ 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! t]m1 b a foot+ is obta9$ alongside ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! l&4 ,?is acc\nt ( a gradual immigration ( tribes is confirm$ by ! discov]y ( inscriptions1 :i* seem to %[ t !re 7 "s tribes ( ! ,hebrews 9 ,pale/9e be=e ! traditional date ( ! ,conque/1 & ev5 be=e ! ,exodus4 ,until q lately ! hi/ory ( ,egypt has ?r[n no light on ^! ev5ts4 ,x has n ev5 be5 possible to id5tify ) any c]ta9ty ! ,ph>aoh "u :om ! ,exodus took place4 ,"o id5tification is n[ fairly c]ta94 ,! ,ph>aoh :o enslav$ ! ,israelites 0 ,rameses ,,iii41 = discov]ies h prov$ t x 0 he :o built ,pi?om 7,exod4 i4 #aa72 ! ,exodus has !re=e be5 ref]r$ to ! reigns ( ,m]neptah or ,seti ,,ii41 8 imm$iate successors4 ,! objection to ?is is t 9 ^! reigns bo? ! p59sula ( ,s9ai & ! l& ( ,pale/9e 7 "u full ,egyptian control1 & !re=e ! ,exodus mu/ be put lat] on1 :5 ?is control slack5$4 ,?is w\ld br+ ! ,exodus to ! date ( #abjj-aahj ,b4,c4 & ! ,conque/ "s fifty ye>s lat]4 ,! late/ discov]ies t5d to ?r[ ?is result into confusion4 ,names1 :i* x is propos$ to id5tify ) tribes ( ! ,israelites1 h be5 f\nd 9 inscriptions belong+ to e>li] reigns4 ,on an inscription ( ,rameses ,,ii4 ! "n ( ,a%] is f\nd z dwell+ 9 ,nor? ,pale/9e4 ,9 a li/ ( ,?otmes ,,iii4 7/ill e>li]1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 ,b4,c47 we f9d ! names ,jacob & ,joseph 9 ! significant comb9ation1 ,jacob-el & ,joseph-el1 us$ to describe ! ,dan-,ephraim di/rict ( ,pale/9e4 ,?is makes x m likely t ! ,tel-el-,am>na tablets 7dat$ ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 ,b4,c47 ref] to ! ,hebrews4 ,9 ^! lett]s1 address$ to ,am5ophis ,,iv41 ! ,k+ ( ,j]usalem appeals = help aga9/ an invasion ( ! ,habiri1 :o are l$ by ,abd ,a%]a4 ,! invasion is n by a l>ge =ce1 z may be se5 f ! fact t x is ?\ght ?irty or =ty ,egyptian soldi]s w be suffici5t = ! purpose ( resi/+ _! attacks4 ,m c]ta9 ?an any ( ^! ref]5ces is ! occurr5ce ( ! "n ( ,israel on a ,/ele ( ,m]neptah1 9 connection ) a recital ( 8 triumphs 9 ,syria4 ,! =m 9 :i* ?is ref]5ce is made leaves no d\bt t1 by ?is p]iod1 ,israel 0 already settl$ 9 ,pale/9e4 7,israel is laid wa/e1 its corn is annihilat$47 ,!re is no confirmation ( a ,syrian campaign "u ,m]neptah1 & x may be t 9 accordance ) ! fa%ion ( ! age1 he is includ+ among 8 victories ! exploits ( 8 pr$ecessors2 ?is w\ld agree ) ! e>li] date = ! occupation ( ,canaan by ,israel :i* ! previ\s ref]5ces seem to require4 ,! exact be>+ ( ^! discov]ies has yet to be det]m9$1 b !y ei!r require u to put ! date ( ! ,exodus e>li]1 :i* w\ld 9 itself be difficult1 or1 :at w\ld br+ light on _m problems1 assume t n all ! tribes 7 9 bondage 9 ,egypt1 & t ! invasion ( ,canaan by v>i\s tribes1 only long aft] weld$ into a nation1 0 spread ov] a long p]iod4 ,lecture ,,iv ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,canaan ,if ! nation ( ,israel may be said to h be5 born 9 captivity1 baptis$ 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 & awak5$ to national consci\sness at ,m\nt ,s9ai1 !n ! settlem5t 9 ,canaan corresponds to ! no less critical p]iod ( adolesc5ce1 :51 tra9+ & tutelage be+ ov]1 y\? mu/ *oose its own pa? & fight its way 9 ! _w4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! entrance into ,canaan l>gely det]m9$ ! future ( ?is p1 = x mu/ h pr(\ndly modifi$ ! national "*1 turn+ z x did nomadic tribes into a settl$ & civilis$ p2 b above all1 & :at m conc]ns u1 x prov$ extremely critical = ! fate ( t z yet untri$ revelation ( ,jehovah1 :i* _h /ill to w9 its way aga9/ ! hea!nism ( ! common p1 & 0 n[ by ?is new exp]i5ce call$ ^u to measure its /r5g? aga9/ ! attraction ( a compet+ fai?4 ,! peculi> & pa!tic love ( ! ,jews = ,canaan is l>gely due to ! remembrance t x 0 n _! own l& b ! long promis$ gift ( ,jehovah1 /&+ !re=e to all "t z ! mat]ial pro( ( ,8 love = ,israel2 :ile _! e/imate ( x 0 int5sely deep5$ by ! wild]ness exp]i5ce :i* prec$$4 ,t e/imate seems to u some:at exagg]at$1 = to-day ,pale/9e has almo/ giv5 up ! /ruggle aga9/ ! always ?reat5+ advance ( ! des]t4 ,x has c]ta9ly *ang$ = ! worse "u neglect & misrule1 b x c nev] h be5 a too indulg5t l&2 only comp>ison ) ! b>e & awful des]t c h call$ =? ! description1 a l& fl[+ ) milk & honey4 ,) ! long memory ( re/less nomadic life & ! bitt] ?\ght ( bondage1 any l& w\ld seem welcome t (f]$ !m fre$om & safety2 :ile to ^? approa*+ x f ! des]t x seem$ z fair & fruitful a l& z m5 c\ld desire4 ,all l&s h contribut$ l>gely to ! "* ( ! nations !y h re>$1 & ! wild]ness ance/ry & ! "* ( ,canaan h play$ _! "p 9 ! developm5t ( ,israel4 ,! v geographical position ( ,canaan helps u to und]/& ! ,hebrews1 & ev5 to see h[ x 0 t 9 ?is l& x 0 possible to nurture f su* unpromis+ beg9n+s ! wond]ful developm5t ( religion t 0 to make ?is smalle/ ( all l&s "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ spots on e>?1 & ?is /range & limit$ p among ! greate/ contributors to ! moral & religi\s ideas ( humanity4 ,cru%$ 9 betwe5 ! sea & ! des]t1 hemm$ 9 by great milit>y p[]s1 ! little buff] /ate itself ! v crossways ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 its roads nev] long at re/ f ! tramp ( armies2 "h 0 a l& 9 :i* all dreams ( fame & empire 7 hamm]$ out1 & no?+ left possible save an empire ( spiritual p[] & ! fame ( a unique religion4 ,a p /rangely pr\d & passionately exclusive1 !y c\ld nev] re/ "u ! dom9ion ( _! great neighb\rs1 h[ev] light ! burd5 impos$2 & s9ce su/a9$ resi/ance 0 out ( ! "q by reason ( _! inf]ior numb]s & lack ( milit>y p[]1 !y resort$ to irritat+ acts ( rebellion1 or intrigu$ ) ! enemies ( _! ov]lords1 & s br\ght d[n on _! l& frequ5t v5geance4 ,su* 0 _! untameable nature t ! only practical policy op5 to ,babylon1 if %e wi%$ to insure ! loyalty1 or at lea/1 ! neutrality ( ,pale/9e1 0 to deport ! ,jews bodily to :]e !y c\ld be "u obs]vation4 ,s we f9d ! greate/ h]oes ( ,jewi% hi/ory--f ,moses1 ?r\gh ,gideon & ,samson1 to ,david & ,judas ,maccabu--are ^? :o deliv] ! nation f oppression2 :ile ,israel's pray]s are l>gely cries = succ\r aga9/ enemies1 or = ,div9e v5geance on ! oppressor2 only too eloqu5t a witness ( ! s5se ( _! own impot5ce4 ,yet x 0 precisely ?is exp]i5ce t =c$ _! religion to rise above ! common type1 to conqu] its natural t5d5cies1 & to become ! mo/ magnific5t fai? 9 ,god t ! _w has se54 ,( ?is !y !mselves 7 n ignorant2 = "o ( _! writ]s po9ts to ! easy lot ( ,moab z ! cause ( _! irreligion 7,j]4 xlviii4 #aa71 & "o ( ! ,psalmi/s says t x is ! m5 :o h no *anges :o fe> n ,god 7lv4 #ai74 ,we ne$ n consid] ! utt]ly feeble objection t all ?is makes ! religion ( ,israel ! outcome ( natural necessity1 r ?an ( ,div9e revelation2 = ,god made ! l& t made ,israel4 ,! entry into ,canaan 0 !re=e "o ( ! mo/ critical p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is p & 9 ! developm5t ( ! religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 extremely difficult to discov] f ! means at our disposal j h[ or :5 t entry 0 effect$4 ,! s\rces = ?is p]iod are f\nd 9 ! ,books ( ,jo%ua & ,judges1 b1 f comp>ison ) mu* 9 ! hi/ory t foll[s1 x is cle> t !y d n pres5t u ) absolute hi/ory2 yet a critical exam9ation ( ^! books enables u to recov] ! ess5tial facts4 ,a /udy ( ! preface to ?is lecture w %[ t ! /ory ( ! ,conque/ is obscure 9 its details & difficult to reconcile ) mod]n discov]ies4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( our s\rces %[s t ! description ( ! entry ( ! ,hebrews into ,canaan z a conque/1 :i* 0 settl$ by a few decisive battles1 is at lea/ r fanciful2 & z a matt] ( fact we h q ano!r picture 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,judges1 :i* p>takes m ( ! "* ( an ali5 immigration1 a me?od ( conque/ 9 :i* ! ,jews h always be5 rem>kably successful4 ,! hi/ory 9 ,jo%ua c]ta9ly repres5ts ! ,conque/ z /rik+1 complete1 & foll[$ by a ru?less ext]m9ation ( ! def5d]s ( _! native l&4 ,9 view ( ! relations t 7 = long ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! ,canaanites & ! ,hebrews1 ! repres5tation 9 ,judges i4 mu/ be reg>d$ z ne>] to ! facts ?an ! /ory ( ! ,conque/ accord+ to ! ,book ( ,jo%ua4 ,! *ildr5 ( ,israel dwelt side by side ) ! ,canaanites1 simply because !y 7 n able to drive !m out2 & z a result ! tribes 7 frequ5tly divid$ by /rong belts ( ,canaaniti% t]ritory4 ,"r ?r\gh ! "t ( ! ,judges we get w>f>e betwe5 ! ,israelites & ! inhabitants ( ! l&2 sometimes 9 pit*$ battles betwe5 ! ,canaanites & ! unit$ tribes ( ,israel 7,judges iv4 v471 b m g5]ally 9 gu]illa w>f>e or 9 ! sudd5 surprise ( a ,canaaniti% g>rison 7,judges xviii474 ,! result ( ! conflict seems to h be5 ! gradual absorption ( ! two elem5ts into "o nation4 ,! records def9itely admit t x 0 n until ! "t ( ,david t ! ,jebusites 7 driv5 f ,j]usalem 7#b ,sam4 v4 #f1 #g71 & n until ,solomon t ! sup]iority ( ! ,israelites 0 f9ally e/abli%$ 7#a ,k+s ix4 #bj1 #ba74 ,x surely is an imm5se relief to ?9k t ! huge slaught]s record$ 9 ! ,book ( ,jo%ua are1 to say ! lea/1 exagg]ations4 ,! hi/ory 9 ,judges also cle>ly %[s t !re 0 little cohesion betwe5 ! tribes4 ,!y filt]$ across ! ,jordan only by degrees1 & !re is evid5ce t ?is process may h ext5d$ ov] a consid]able "t4 ,we h records ( qu>rels betwe5 ,gideon & ,ephraim 7,judges viii4 #a71 & betwe5 ,jeph?ah & ,ephraim 7,judges xii4 #a74 ,^! int]-tribal conflicts might h be5 s]i\s1 7 x n = ! circum/ance t ! ,israelites 7 no soon] settl$ 9 ! l& ?an o!r tribes ( des]t invad]s began to press ^u !m1 & !y _h to s9k family diff]5ces 9 ord] to comb9e aga9/ ! common enemy4 ,! song ( ,deborah 7,judges v47 is "o ( ! mo/ valuable docum5ts we possess = ! light :i* x ?r[s on ! conditions ( religi\s & national life 9 ?is p]iod1 = x is probably ! only docum5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 e>li] ?an ! f\nd+ ( ! mon>*y1 t is contempor>y ) ! ev5ts x describes4 ,x %[s t ! tribes _h some:at improv$ _! position1 = !y n[ seem to be 9 possession ( ! highl&s ( ,ephraim1 al?\gh ! pla9s are /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! ,canaanites4 ,! gr[+ p[] ( ! ,israelites & _! ?reat5+ pr$om9ance mov$ ! ,canaanites to a unit$ ef=t to repress ,israel4 ,x is to face ?is dang] t ! ,prophetess ,deborah calls ! tribes2 b f ! way 9 :i* ! praise & blame is met$ out we c see t a /rong s5se ( national unity 0 /ill lack+4 ,! important po9t to be notic$ is t ! bond ( unity to :i* ,deborah c\ld appeal 0 ! "n ( ,jehovah4 ,x %\ld be not$ also t 9 ! enum]ation ( ! tribes1 ,judah1 ,simeon1 & ,levi are altoge!r omitt$4 ,9 ! case ( s important a tribe z ,judah ?is is significant1 = x agrees ) ! fact t until ! "t ( ,david ?is tribe does n come into prom95ce4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ,judah 0 only a small tribe1 & may h invad$ ,canaan f ! s\?1 = x is difficult to conceive h[ x c\ld h cross$ ! /rong ,canaaniti% t]ritory :i* sep>at$ x f ! o!r tribes4 ,at any rate1 at ?is "t x 0 n reg>d$ z "o ( ! tribes ( ,israel2 x may h be5 t ?is tribe embrac$ a /rong ,canaaniti% elem5t 7,g54 xxxviii471 & ?is fact may h contribut$ to ! res5tm5t :i* broke out among ! o!r tribes :5 ,judah assum$ ! hegemony 9 ! "t ( ,david1 & :i* l$ 9 ! end to ! disruption ( ! ,k+dom4 ,9 our s\rces ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod has atta*$ to x a religi\s int]pretation3 apo/asy1 & disob$i5ce to ! comm&s ( ,jehovah 7 ! causes ( ! p be+ sold into ! p[] ( _! enemies2 :5 !y return$ to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah & p5it5tly plead$ = ,8 =giv5ess !n deliv]]s 7 rais$ up :o vanqui%$ _! oppressors4 ,?is c be no?+ b a late int]pretation1 = ! religion ( ! ,book ( ,judges is ( q a fix$ ord]1 & _m ( ! /ories record$ 9 x w n l5d !mselves to any su* int]pretation4 ,! h& t suppli$ ?is read+ ( ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! au?or ( ,deut]onomy1 or1 z "s w\ld pref] to say1 ) ! s*ool ( ?\ght t produc$ t "w4 ,!re is a religi\s lesson 9 ?is hi/ory1 z 9 all hi/ory2 b x is h>dly to be f\nd 9 a s]ies ( apo/asies & returns4 ,!re are really f\r sep>ate endeav\rs to acc\nt = ! und\bt$ fact ( ! ,canaanites be+ sp>$4 7#a7 ,israel 0 n able to drive !m out 7,judges i4 #ai1 #bg74 7#b7 ,israel 0 only comm&$ to drive !m out by degrees1 le/ ! bea/s ( ! field increase ^u !e 7,deut4 vii4 #bb74 7#c7 ,x 0 a provid5tial arrangem5t to keep ! ,israelites practis$ 9 w> 7,judges iii4 #a1 #b74 7#d7 ,x 0 due to direct disob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,jehovah 7,judges ii4 #bj74 ,! hi/ory does n entitle u to assume t ! judges 7 (ficials :o ex]cis$ k+ly rights ov] a unit$ ,israel4 ,! ^w translat$ ,judge m (t5 means ,deliv]]1 & ?is is c]ta9ly ! "p t !y play4 ,( "s ( ! s-call$ m9or judges we "k no?+ beyond _! names1 & !re is evid5ce t !y h simply be5 us$ to fill out a traditional p]iod ( #dhj ye>s 7#a ,k+s vi4 #a74 ,:5ev] ! ,judges assum$ k+ly or judicial functions tr\ble & rebellion always foll[$4 ,! figure ( ,samson displays little fitness = rul+ a nation or guid+ x 9 religion1 b ! /ones ( 8 life are illum9at+ = ! und]/&+ ( ! morality & int]e/s ( t age4 ,) ?is revis$ conception ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,conque/1 & ( ! ev5ts :i* foll[$1 we are 9 a bett] position to e/imate ! effect ( ! *ange f nomadic life to a settl$ exi/5ce1 & to und]/& h[ critical = ! future ( ! religion ( ,jehovah ?is *ange 04 ,we see tribes possess+ little national unity1 b b\nd toge!r by a religion 9 :i* lay ! g]m ( a mighty future1 ent]+ a l& :]e ! inhabitants _h rea*$ a high] /age ( civilisation1 & possess$ a religion t drew its p[] f ! fact t x 0 ! wor%ip ( ,baal1 ! possessor & own] ( ! l&4 ,9 face ( ^! conditions x 0 almo/ inevitable t _m ( ! cu/oms ( ! orig9al inhabitants %\ld be gradually adopt$1 & t ! religion ( ,jehovah %\ld borr[ some?+ f ! religion indig5\s to ! l&4 ,?is 0 c]ta9ly ! result :i* foll[$4 ,= a consid]able p]iod we f9d a religion preval5t among ! common p1 :i* is simply a conflation ( ! two religions4 ,!re 7 c]ta9 elem5ts common to bo?1 & c]ta9 advantages 9 ! "o1 toge!r ) correspond+ weaknesses 9 ! o!r1 t prep>$ ! way = ?is syncretism4 ,we %all n[ turn to exam9e ! religion ( ! ,canaanites1 :i* we %all f9d to p>take l>gely ( ! common elem5ts ( ,semitic religion4 ,_! deities 7 p]sonifications ( natural =ces1 & among ^! !re is no "o :i* is supreme1 & no?+ t t5ds to ,mono!ism4 ,! gods are fri5dly & de/ructive by turn1 & ( unreliable "*4 ,x is no?+ m ?an an undevelop$ ,poly!ism4 ,! religion1 z x is se5 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 gr\ps itself ar\nd ?ree names3 ,baal1 ,a%tore? 7(t5 writt5 9 plural =m ,a%t>o?71 & ,mole* 7o!rwise writt5 ,molo*1 ,milcom1 & kn[n to ! ,pho5icians z ,melk>t74 ,! "n ( ,baal has a hateful memory 9 ! pages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z ! ,canaaniti% deity to :om ,israel con/antly apo/atis$4 ,! exact significance ( ,baal 9 ! ,canaaniti% religion is a matt] ( dispute4 ,he has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 & by ! ,greeks ) ,zeus2 s t x has be5 inf]r$ t ,baal 0 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,canaaniti% ,pan!on4 ,?is view is no long] g5]ally accept$1 = x c]ta9ly fails to fit 9 ) ! records ( ! cult pres]v$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ^w ,baal is n a prop] "n1 b signifies ! ,possessor2 x is us$ 9 ,semitic language = husb&1 z ! possessor ( ! wife1 & is us$ z ! "n = deity1 z ! possessor ( ! l&4 ,e l&1 & inde$ e locality1 w !re=e h its own ,baal2 s t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t we he> ( ! ,baalim 7! ,hebrew plural71 & ^! local ,baalim are fur!r di/+ui%$ by ! addition ( ! "n ( _! locality or ( "s ev5t ) :i* !y 7 connect$1 z ,baal-,peor1 ,baal-,b]i?1 ,baal-,zebul4 ,! ,baal is especially responsible = s5d+ ra9 & sun%9e1 & = giv+ fruitful seasons4 ,he is1 !re=e1 ! god ( agriculture1 & ! great ev5ts ( ! agricultural ye>1 su* z h>ve/ & v9tage1 are obs]v$ z 8 fe/ivals4 ,x is natural to f9d ! unc]ta9ty ( ! wea!r reflect$ 9 ! "* ( ! ,baalim1 ) ! result t we get a religion alt]nat+ betwe5 intoxicat+ joy & ! deepe/ gloom4 ,to appease ! fickle god or to w9 8 fav\r sacrifices1 ev5 ( human lives1 are pres5t$1 & if ,baal cont9ues unhe$+1 sc5es ( ! mo/ unre/ra9$ fanaticism prevail4 ,x is ?is gloomy religion :i* d>k5s ! times ( ! lat] ,k+s ( ,judah4 ,! ,canaaniti% ,baal %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! ,baal ( ,tyre 7,melk>t7 ^: wor%ip 0 introduc$ by ,ahab4 ,"h ! introduction ( an ali5 ,baal1 ) probably diff]5t rites & c]emonies1 awoke ! res5tm5t ( ! prophetic p>ty "u ! lead]%ip ( ,elijah1 b ! wor%ip ( ! ,canaanite ,baal 0 ma9ta9$ = long un*eck$4 ,closely connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,baalim we f9d ! wor%ip ( ! ,a%t>o? 7,judges ii4 #ac74 ,! pronunciation ( ?is ^w is obscure2 x 0 probably ,a%t>t1 & ! s+ul> =m1 ,a%tore? 7#a ,k+s xi4 #e71 has be5 =m$ by ins]t+ ! v[els ( ! ^w bo%e? 7%ame71 a common device 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t = express+ contempt4 ,a%t>t is ! female c\nt]p>t ( ,baal1 & is spok5 ( 9 ! plural = a simil> reason4 ,monum5ts ( ! wor%ip ( ,a%t>t are /ill to be f\nd1 & f ^! x is evid5t t we h "h ! wor%ip ( ! goddess ( sexual passion1 z common 9 poly!i/ic sy/ems1 & be/ kn[n 9 ! ,greek wor%ip ( ,aphrodite4 ,! :ole conception ( ,a%t>t c be trac$ to ! fam\s goddess ,i%t> ( ,babylonian religion1 & !re is only too c]ta9 evid5ce t 9 ,canaan z else:]e ! degrad+ rite ( religi\s pro/itution 0 us$ 9 ?is wor%ip ( female div9ity 7,hosea iv4 #ac74 ,! id5tification ( ,a%t>t ) ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 7,j]4 vii4 #ah2 xliv4 #ae-be7 is n s c]ta94 ,z f> z ! wor%ip ( ! latt] is describ$ to u1 x looks l an importation ( ! ,babylonian wor%ip ( ,i%t>1 :o 0 id5tifi$ ) ! planet ,v5us or sometimes ) ! moon4 ,! cakes to p\rtray h] 7,j]4 xliv4 #ai7 may h be5 cresc5t-%ap$ cakes4 ,( a simil> "* 0 ! wor%ip t ga!r$ ar\nd ! "n ( ,mole*4 ,we h "h simply ! ^w = k+ 7,milk7 ) ! v[els ( bo%e?4 ,( ?is "n1 ,molo*1 ,milcom1 & ,melk>t ( ,tyre are v>iations4 ,mole* is n to be di/+ui%$ f ,baal1 z may be se5 f ,j]4 xix4 #e1 :]e ! practice ( pass+ *ildr5 ?r\gh ! fire1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ,mole*1 is a "p ( ! wor%ip ( ,baal4 ,?is burnt-sacrifice ( *ildr5 evid5tly belong$ to ! ,canaaniti% religion 7#b ,k+s xvi4 #c74 ,?is !n 0 ! religion ( ! ,canaanites3 9 times ( prosp]ity & fruitful seasons1 "o ( rejoic+ & fe/ivity2 b 9 "t ( fam9e1 dr\ght or national dang]1 "o ( ! mo/ hopeless gloom & ( ! mo/ fe>ful fanaticism4 ,9 conflict ) ?is religion1 ! pur] wor%ip ( ,jehovah yet pres5t$ c]ta9 weaknesses2 ^! are f\nd *iefly 9 po9ts ( possible id5tification1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory actually took place4 ,?is may be difficult = u to und]/& until we rememb] t ,baal & ,mole*1 to ,semitic e>s1 simply meant ,"l & ,k+2 & ,jehovah 0 ! ,"l & ,k+ ( ,israel4 ,if ! "* ( ,jehovah 0 n cle>ly appreh5d$ z moral by ! common p1 we c see h[ easy x 0 = confusion to take place4 ,! great weakness ( ! religion ( ,jehovah 0 t ,he 0 n ! ,god ( ,canaan4 ,8 home 0 9 di/ant ,s9ai1 & ! only symbol ( ,8 pres5ce 0 ! ark1 a symbol b\nd up ) ! idea ( w>4 ,z ! p settl$ d[n to a peaceful agricultural life1 ! ne$ = ,jehovah1 ! w>rior ,god1 w\ld n be ke5ly felt4 ,!re 0 c]ta9ly a p>ty f ! v fir/ :o recognis$ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,jehovah & ,baal & f\ght aga9/ _! id5tification1 b s long z ,baal 0 believ$ to be a real be+ ! dang] ( 8 secret wor%ip at lea/ 0 nev] f> away4 ,e l& _h its own god1 & al?\gh ! p knew t ,jehovah 0 _! ,god1 yet !y might ?9k x necess>y1 & n inconsi/5t1 to pay _! respects to ! local ,baalim on :om !y 7 dep5d5t = ! fruits ( ! e>? 7,hosea ii4 #h74 ,no?+ !re=e b a national calamity c\ld revive ! old religion 9 face ( ! attractions ( ! new2 if peace _h be5 cont9u\s x is h>d to see h[ ! religion f\nd$ by ,moses c\ld h p]sev]$4 ,su* dang]\s peace ! ,*ildr5 ( ,israel 7 n to enjoy4 ,we soon he> ! r\s+ call to ! help ( ,jehovah 9 ! ,song ( ,deborah1 & x 0 ! ?reat5$ dom9ation by ! ,phili/9es t call$ ! mon>*y into exi/5ce & reviv$ ! religion ( ,jehovah4 ,mean:ile1 h[ev]1 a process ( syncretism 0 gradually tak+ place1 :i* x 0 to be ! task ( ! ,prophets to unravel2 & h[ f> x _h gone may be se5 f ! difficulty !y f\nd 9 mak+ ! "* ( ,jehovah & ! moral dem& made ^u ,8 wor%ipp]s cle> to ! p4 ,jehovah1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 a "n l>gely p]sonal4 ,baal 0 a g5]al "n = deity1 & c\ld be appli$ to ,jehovah q tru?fully4 ,t ?is actually took place may be se5 f a numb] ( passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! mo/ in/ructive in/ance is to be f\nd 9 ,hosea ii4 #af2 b ! names giv5 to places po9t 9 ! same direction3 ,david calls ! spot :]e ,jehovah broke 8 enemies1 ,baal-p]azim2 ! same god is call$ indiscrim9ately1 ,baal-b]i? 7,judges viii4 #cc2 ix4 #d7 & ,el-b]i? 7,judges ix4 #df74 ,?is practice acc\nts = ! names ( ,saul's son1 ,e%baal1 & ( ,jona?an's son1 ,m]ibbaal 7#a ,*ron4 viii4 #cc1 #cd71 bo? ( :i* h be5 alt]$ 9 ! ,book ( ,samuel to bo%e?4 7,9 ob$i5ce to ! comm& ( ,exod4 xxiii4 #ac1 ,bo%e? 0 sub/itut$ = ,baal 9 read+ ! ,scriptures4 ,! writt5 text 0 alt]$ 9 _m places at a lat] p]iod2 ! ,*ronicl] mu/ h f\nd ,baal 9 8 text ( ,samuel2 t is ab\t #bjj ,b4,c47 ,! names ( ,jehovah & ,baal !re=e came to h ! same significance1 & ! di/9ction began to be miss$2 ,jehovah 0 /ill ! ,god ( ,israel1 b ! moral elem5ts ( ,8 religion 7 gradually dilut$ ) ! naturali/ic conceptions ( ! wor%ip ( ,baal4 ,jehovah becomes ! ,baal ( ! l&2 t is1 ! relation betwe5 ,him & ,israel is conceiv$ 9 a natural & ev5 physical way4 ,x is !re=e no long] a cov5ant relation1 :i* dep5ds on ! obs]vance ( moral obligations1 b "o ( nature :i* _c be brok5 by ei!r p>ty4 ,naturally ! sanctu>ies ( ! ,canaanites are tak5 ov] by ! ,israelites1 & ,jehovah is wor%ipp$ 9 ! high places4 ,all ?r\gh ! hi/ory wor%ip at ^! local sanctu>ies is condemn$1 b only f a lat] /&po9t1 = ! e>lie/ ,book ( ,laws p]mitt$ an alt> to be erect$ any:]e :]e ,jehovah _h manife/$ ,himself 7,exod4 xx4 #bd74 ,ar\nd "s ( ^! und\bt$ly ,canaaniti% sanctu>ies ! /ories ( ! ,patri>*s ga!r$1 b f ! practices :i* prevail$ at su* places z ,be!l we c see t hea!n rites 7 us$1 = "h ,j]oboam set up ! gold5 calves1 :i* seem to h be5 us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 = nei!r ,elijah nor ,amos condemns !m4 ,jehovah is n[ wor%ipp$ all ov] ! l&1 b !re is ! same t5d5cy to reg>d ea* sep>ate place z hav+ its local deity1 & s ,jehovah is multipli$ 7p]haps1 ,j]4 xi4 #ac7 & ne$s to be fur!r id5tifi$ by ! addition ( place names1 z 9 ! /range "n ,el-be!l 7,g54 xxxv4 #g71 ,el-elohe-,israel 7,g54 xxxiii4 #bj71 9 a way t is v l ! multiplication ( ! ,baalim4 ,s deeply 0 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah mix$ up ) ,canaaniti% ideas t 9 ! reign ( ,josiah ! only possibility ( re=m lay 9 =bidd+ ! wor%ip at ! local sanctu>ies altoge!r & conc5trat+ all wor%ip at ! c5tral sanctu>y ( ,j]usalem4 ,no?+ b ?is process ( syncretism c expla9 ! condition ( religion 9 ! subsequ5t hi/ory1 & x is ne$$ to enable u to und]/& bo? ! difficulty ( ! "w ( ! ,prophets & ! =m _! message takes4 ,nev]!less1 !re mu/ h be5 f ! e>lie/ times elem5ts t made = a pur] fai?1 & t nev] acquiesc$ 9 ?is confusion betwe5 ,jehovah & ,baal1 :i* c]ta9ly prevail$ 9 ! popul> m9d2 o!rwise ! ,re=mation ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury w\ld be an isolat$ & inexplicable movem5t1 & )\t t hi/orical support ! ,prophets claim$4 ,!re 0 a p>ty aga9/ ,baal altoge!r1 al?\gh !y d n em]ge until ! mon>*y4 ,?is p>ty may h consi/$ ( ! prie/s ( ,jehovah4 ,at m5tion ( ^! we mu/ n ?9k ( ! sacrific+ prie/s describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,leviticus4 ,no su* p]sons are kn[n until aft] ! exile2 dur+ ?is p]iod anyone c\ld sacrifice4 ,! /ory ( ! prie/ 9 ,judges xvii4 gives a good idea ( ?is class2 8 *ief duties seem to h consi/$ 9 keep+ ! oracle & obta9+ decisions by ! lot4 ,^! decisions became ! basis on :i* !re 0 gradually built up ! ,torah 7! ,law71 :i*1 z ! ^w implies1 0 a collection ( decisions obta9$ by ca/+ lots4 ,= ! purpose ( obta9+ ^! decisions ! prie/s seem to h us$ an idol ( "s k9d2 = ?is is ! mo/ natural explanation ( ! ,ephod & its use 9 ! e>ly hi/ory4 ,!re w\ld be diff]5t degrees ( intellectual & moral capacity f\nd 9 ! ranks ( ! prie/s1 & _m ( !m may h _h high] ideals ( _! duties ?an ! "o m5tion$ 9 ,judges4 ,x w\ld be likely t ^? :o 7 9 *>ge ( ! ,sacr$ ,ark possess$ a sup]ior dignity & ma9ta9$ a pur] tradition4 ,gradually ! magical accompanim5ts to _! oracul> decisions may h giv5 way to m judicial deliv]ances1 al?\gh 9 ! "t ( ,david & ,abia?> !y 7 app>5tly /ill us$ 7#a ,sam4 xxx4 #g74 ,at any rate ! prie/s kept alive ! idea ( ,jehovah z ! disp5s] ( ju/ice1 & help$ to build up t sy/em ( laws = :i* ,israel is s ju/ly fam\s4 ,?is high] critical view ( ! hi/ory is simply "o to :i* we are driv5 by ! records t /& ne>e/ to ! times !y describe4 ,x c]ta9ly alt]s consid]ably ! ord9>y conceptions ( ! type ( religion t prevail$ 9 ^? e>ly days1 be=e ! com+ ( ! ,prophets2 b t su* 0 ! type is only too cle>ly %[n by ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets !mselves4 ,nev]!less ?is view ( ! p]iod1 :ile x %uts out a some:at /iff & me*anical religi\s int]pretation ( ! hi/ory :i* has be5 =c$ ^u x by a lat] age1 is /ill n )\t a valuable lesson1 :i* is p]haps n taught else:]e 9 ! ,bible1 & yet is "o t we ne$ to h always be=e u4 ,x is "o1 ! possibility ( :i* always exi/s & (t5 ?reat5s a spiritual religion3 ! dang] ( a gradual encroa*m5t & assimilation ( pagan ideas until ! orig9al purity is lo/ almo/ beyond recov]y4 ,if ?is has happ5$ any:]e x has happ5$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 ! awak5+ to ?is paganisation ( ,*ri/ianity t provok$ ! /ruggle ( ! ,re=mation1 n yet decid$4 ,_m ( ! conceptions t are /ill popul>ly id5tifi$ ) ,*ri/ianity are ! remnants ( paganism4 ,x is n necess>y to enum]ate ! common cu/oms :i* we> only a ?9 v5e] ( ,*ri/ianity2 b _m ( ! ideas 9 connection ) ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e c]ta9ly owe m to pagan philosophy ?an !y d to ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! syncretism betwe5 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity has n be5 de/roy$ by ! ,re=mation4 ,_m ( ! popul> ideas ( ! ,atonem5t1 = in/ance1 re/ on a pagan conception ( ,god & a mat]iali/ic idea ( ,*ri/'s "w :i* are s deeply involv$ 9 ! common pres5tation ( ,*ri/ianity t to pres5t ! actual ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ w\ld seem to _m l a d5ial ( ! f\ndation tru?s ( ! ,gospel4 ,/ill m dang]\s is ! localisation ( ! god z ! peculi> patron ( ! l&1 :i* ju/ifies _m unholy w>s & makes su* a ?+ z a national rep5tance almo/ impossible4 ,!re is a god ( ! ,briti% ,empire :o is rem>kably l ! ,jehovah-,baal ( ! old syncretis$ religion t rul$ 9 ! p]iod :i* we h be5 /udy+1 & ^: wor%ip begets equal indiff]5ce to ! claims ( true religion1 & equally cruel treatm5t = ! prophet :o /rives to call m5 to a pur] fai?4 ,x is a relief to turn to a m com=t+ lesson4 ,x is t :i* assures u t man's ?\ght ( ,god is n entirely 8 own1 t x _c be de/roy$ & is nev] :olly =gott51 b ev] makes its way to high] tru? & great] p[]4 ,! way 9 :i* ! high] religion comes is ?r\gh ! pure m9ds ( ^? :o wi% only to live up to ! fulness ( ! tru?1 & h[ev] mi/ak5 !y be1 wi% only to "k & to d ! w ( ,god4 ,a simil> task lies equally be=e e hone/ man & e true ,*ri/ian4 ,! lesson is pla93 bew>e ( a /agnant religion t dreads progress1 & keep ! m9d op5 z a *ild's to ,god's fur!r revelation ( ,himself1 :i* has yet _m ?+s to tell u4 ,,prophetism--,,e>ly ,,/ages ,! read] is recomm5d$ to inve/igate = himself ! orig9s ( ,prophetism by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! foll[+ passages3-- ,i4 ,!re 7 orig9ally ,guilds or ,s*ools ( ,prophets2 f :i* x w\ld appe> t ,prophetism 0 a k9d ( pr(ession 7#a ,sam4 x4 #e2 xix4 #bj2 #b ,k+s ii4 #c1 #e74 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! records t we possess t m>ks ^! b&s ( prophets z possess$ ( great spiritual p[]2 !y 7 devot$ to ! cause ( ,israel & ,jehovah1 & ! way 9 :i* ?is 0 manife/$ 0 tak5 to imply t !y 7 fill$ ) ! _s ( ,jehovah2 x incl9es some:at to ! ,d]vi% ord] ( en?usia/ic devotion 7#a ,sam4 x4 #e2 xix4 #bj-bd74 ,x is significant t :]ev] ^! s*ools are f\nd !re is kn[n to h exi/$ a high place1 i4e41 an old ,canaaniti% sanctu>y1 n[ us$ = ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah-,baal4 ,a simil> ord] ( prophets 0 connect$ ) ! wor%ip ( ! ,tyrian ,baal 7#a ,k+s xviii474 ,,ii4 ,samuel 7#a ,sam4 xix4 #bj7 ,eli%a 7#b ,k+s ii4 #ae2 iv4 #ch2 vi4 #a-g7 & 9 mu* less degree1 ,elijah 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #d2 xix4 #aj7 _h "s connection ) ^! s*ools4 ,,iii4 ,! lat] ,prophets did n claim desc5t f ^! guilds ( prophecy1 & ev5 repudiat$ any connection ) !m 7,amos vii4 #ad74 ,?is conflict betwe5 ! call$ prophet & ! pr(essionals is reveal$ 9 ! fi]ce d5unciations ( ,isaiah 7xxix4 #aj7 & ,j]emiah 7v4 #ca2 xiv4 #ac1 #ad2 xxvi4 #g1 #h74 ,,iv4 ,! id5tification ( ^! prophets ) prie/s & se]s probably gives a clue to _! orig9 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #i2 ,isa4 xxix4 #aj2 ,j]4 xxvi4 #g1 #h2 ,amos vii4 #ab74 ,v4 ,c]ta9 individuals :o are call$ prophets or se]s _h (ficial c\rt connection 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #aa2 #a ,*ron4 xxv4 #e2 ,amos vii4 #aj74 ,betwe5 ^! prophets & ! great writ]s :o be> ! same designation1 we _c fail to recognise an imm5se diff]5ce2 ,samuel & ,elijah are connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! two classes4 ,elijah is r a h]o ?an a prophet 9 ! lat] s5se1 = he gives u no new doctr9e1 & ,samuel is a se] :o has ris5 to political p[]1 r ?an a religi\s rul]4 ,critics h discov]$ evid5ce ( a d\ble n>rative 9 our docum5ts4 7,e>li]7 #a ,sam4 ix4 #a-x4 #af2 xi4 xiii4 #b-xiv4 #eb4 7,lat]7 #a ,sam4 i4 ii4 iii4 iv4 vii4 #c-ag2 viii4 x4 #ag-be2 xii4 xv4 ,if ^! be exam9$ & contra/$1 x w be f\nd t ,samuel is m alli$ 9 ! e>li] n>ratives ) ! prie/-se] ?an ) ! ,prophet ( ! type ( ,amos4 ,a confirmation ( ?is d\ble n>rative is f\nd 9 ! diff]5t acc\nts ( ! orig9 ( ! mon>*y :i* !y give4 ,samuel1 accord+ to ! e>li] s\rces1 is j ! type we ne$ = ! int]m$iate /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,prophet4 ,= ! diff]5t hi/orical conceptions ( ! "w & "* ( ,david ! n>ratives 9 ,samuel %\ld be comp>$ ) ! repres5tation giv5 9 ,*ronicles1 & ) t inf]r$ by ! ascription ( v>i\s ,psalms to 8 au?or%ip4 ,lecture ,v ,,prophetism--,,e>ly ,,/ages ,we h se5 t 9 ! "t ( ! ,judges ! religion ( ,jehovah became s mix$ ) elem5ts tak5 ov] f ! ,canaanites t ! orig9al revelation ga9$ ?r\gh ,moses 0 9 dang] ( be+ lo/4 ,we h n[ to trace ! /eps by :i* ?is syncretism 0 brok5 up1 & ! advance made to ! purely mono!i/ic conception & ! l(ty morality ( ! great lit]>y ,prophets4 ,h[ev] ?is came ab\t x is c]ta9 t x 0 n due to any gradual movem5t among ! mass ( ! p1 = ! type ( religion :i* we h be5 consid]+ rema9s l>gely unalt]$ 9 its hold ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ! e>li] prophets c]ta9 re=ms 7 attempt$1 b none ( !m seem to h t\*$ ! he>t ( ! nation4 ,hezekiah & ,josiah attempt$ to re=m religion by c5tralis+ ! national wor%ip1 b1 f :atev] cause1 x left ! p /ill 9 opposition to ! prophetic type ( religion1 a conflict t 0 only end$ by ! calamity ( ! exile4 ,x is1 !re=e1 to ! prophetic b& !mselves t we mu/ turn4 ,c we trace )9 ?is m limit$ circle a movem5t t %all 9 any way prep>e u = ! appe>ance ( m5 ( ! type ( ,amos8 ,to answ] ?is "q we mu/ turn to ! ,books ( ,samuel & ,k+s4 ,^! pres5t u ) a hi/ory ( ! p]iod :i*1 l mo/ hi/ory1 has be5 writt51 or ov]-writt51 f a lat] /&po9t & made to con=m ) lat] ideals4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 & by contra/+ x ) ! /ill lat] conceptions ( ! ,books ( ,*ronicles1 we c =m an accurate impression ( ! /ate ( religion at ?is "t2 & incid5tally we h a valuable acc\nt ( a movem5t t evid5tly gave bir? to ^? great conceptions ( religion :i* 7 to be voic$ ) su* p[] & =ce by ! great ,prophets4 ,! writ]s :o1 ap>t f ! value ( _! religi\s tea*+1 h by _! di/9ctive /yle made ! ,old ,te/am5t a contribution to ! lit]ature ( ! _w1 are kn[n to u z ,prophets4 ,?is "n !y %>e1 h[ev]1 ) o!rs :o h left u no fir/-h& record ( _! religi\s op9ions1 & :o1 z describ$ to u 9 ! e>ly s\rces1 be> only ! slighte/ resemblance to ,prophets z we conceive !m4 ,our task w be1 !re=e1 to inve/igate ! orig9s ( ?is movem5t :i* embraces su* div]se elem5ts1 & ?is we may comm5ce by exam9+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,prophet 7,nabi74 ,l _m o!r words 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t t lock up important secrets1 ! orig9 ( ! ^w ,prophet is obscure & its mean+ disput$4 ,! conception :i* is mo/ natural to our ^w ,prophet is ( "o :o sees into ! future2 ?is is n ev5 ! ma9 *>act]i/ic ( ! writ+ ,prophets1 nor does x embrace all ! ph5om5a connect$ ) ! movem5t1 especially 9 its e>ly /ages4 ,all t c be said ( ! ^w f an etymological /&po9t is t x has no orig9 :i* c be trac$ 9 hi/orical ,hebrew1 & ! inf]5ce is t x is ei!r a v anci5t ^w1 or "o borr[$ f "s o!r language4 ,! ^w c1 h[ev]1 h>dly be anci5t1 = x is n common to ,semitic tongues1 z is ! ^w prie/1 = in/ance1 :ile we h a def9ite /atem5t t )9 hi/oric times x sup]s$$ ! old] ^w se] 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #i74 ,! "n 0 also us$ = c]ta9 devotees ( ! ,tyrian ,baal1 ^: wor%ip 0 import$ by ,ahab2 b x c h>dly be t ! "n w\ld be adopt$ directly f a ph5om5on t 0 s repugnant to ! ,israelites1 al?\gh ! common "n h9ts t !re 0 a common ance/ry some:]e4 ,x seems fair to assume f ! facts m5tion$ t ! ^w is1 at lea/1 n old] ?an ! entry into ,canaan1 & :ile x _c be def9itely prov$ t x 0 borr[$ f ! ,canaanites1 !re is "s confirmation ( ?is 9 ! fact t ! e>lie/ occurr5ce ( ! "n is 9 connection ) ! sons ( ! prophets1 :o are always f\nd 9 places :]e x is kn[n t !re 7 ,canaaniti% sanctu>ies4 ,! ^w ,nabi has be5 v>i\sly connect$ ) ! root1 nab'a1 to bubble1 & s "o inspir$2 ) ! ,arabic ^w1 to speak1 & s a speak] or h]ald4 ,! ^w seems to exi/ 9 ,assyrian 9 ! =m nabu1 to ann\nce1 b ?is is probably f ! "n ( ! ,babylonian deity1 ,nebo1 ! ,god ( ,eloqu5ce1 s t ! ^w might mean "o possess$ by ,nebo4 ,"s h ev5 look$ to ?is z ! ultimate d]ivation ( ! ^w4 ,! inve/igation ( ! ^w really gives no?+ satisfactory1 & we mu/ !re=e turn to exam9e ! "* ( ! p]sons to :om x 0 appli$4 ,9 v>i\s passages 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,se] & ,prophet are s us$ z to lead u to inf] t !y embrac$ id5tical ideas 7,isa4 xxix4 #aj2 ,amos vii4 #ab71 & 9 "o passage1 :i* has only ! au?ority ( a late annotation ( ! text1 we le>n t !y 7 id5tical 9 _! application 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #i74 ,! o!r "n ) :i* ,prophet is frequ5tly bracket$ is t ( ,prie/2 !y are plac$ toge!r 9 ! d5unciations ( ,j]emiah 7ii4 #h2 v4 #ca74 ,our previ\s /udies %[$ u t ^! classes 7 all some:at ak9 9 _! orig9s2 ! duties ( ! prie/ 7 dis*>g$ 9 keep+ ! oracles1 :ile ! ,se] is evid5tly ak9 to ! ,soo?say]1 a type t has appe>$ 9 all religions4 ,we h a concrete example ( ^! classes be+ comb9$ 9 ,samuel4 ,9 ! e>ly /ory ( ,samuel's fir/ meet+ ) ,saul1 we f9d ,saul turn+ to consult ! fam\s ,se] 9 ord] to discov] :]e 8 fa!r's lo/ asses are to be f\nd2 & ev5 ! "q ( ! ,se]'s usual fee is m5tion$ 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #h74 ,?is picture1 :i* makes ,samuel a notable ,se]1 is e>li] & m au!ntic ?an t :i* makes him ne>ly a rul] ov] ,israel4 ,al?\gh he is n[h]e call$ a prie/1 yet he himself sacrifices1 & 8 pres5ce at a sacrifice is reckon$ an advantage 7#a ,sam4 xiii4 #h-ac72 :ile we h ! /ory ( 8 sleep+ by ! ark 9 8 y\?4 ,! ,se] is1 !re=e1 an exalt$ type ( prie/ :o has obta9$ r5[n by ! success ( 8 progno/ications1 & s we read ( ,se]s atta*$ to ! c\rts ( ! ,k+s 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #aa2 #a ,*ron4 xxv4 #e72 b ! lat] s\rces h recognis$ t !re is some?+ hea!ni% ab\t ! ^w1 & h cov]$ x up ) ! "n ,prophet4 ,f ! e>ly descriptions ( ! b&s ( prophets 9 ! books ( ,samuel1 x w\ld seem t !y are m alli$ to ! prie/ly ord] ?an to ! ,se]s1 = x is c]ta9 t d[n to ! middle ( ! ,n9? ,c5tury ! "n ,prophet /&s = some?+ diff]5t f its use z appli$ to ,moses & ! lit]>y ,prophets4 ,! "n is appli$ to b&s ( m5 :o prophesy1 b ?is prophesy+ is entirely unlike ! me?ods associat$ by u ) ! prophetic _s4 ,x is evid5tly some?+ :i* is done1 n individually1 b 9 companies1 & app>5tly 9 solemn procession to ! accompanim5t ( noisy music4 ,x mu/ h be5 a species ( viol5t incantation1 lead+ to acts ( fi]ce fanaticism1 9 :i* ! clo?+ might be /ripp$ (f1 & (t5 end+ 9 complete m5tal pro/ration 7#a ,sam4 x4 #e1 #f2 xix4 #bc1 #bd74 ,! connection ( music ) religi\s ex]cises is almo/ univ]sal1 & x always _h a conspicu\s place 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah 7#b ,sam4 vi4 #e2 ,isa4 xxx4 #bi71 :ile music has (t5 be5 us$ to induce ! prophetic vision 7#b ,k+s iii4 #ae74 ,^! prophets seem to h liv$ toge!r 9 s*ools1 semi-mona/ic ord]s1 or guilds1 & to h be5 f\nd :]e !re 7 high places1 or ,canaaniti% sanctu>ies2 & f _! behavi\r we are =c$ to admit t we h "h a common manife/ation 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 :]e companies ( m5 devote !mselves to fanatical outbur/s t are tak5 to indicate possession by ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,to ! accompanim5t ( music & fr5zi$ danc+ !y "w !mselves into a /ate t approa*es madness--always among uncivilis$ peoples tak5 to be a sign ( ! h& ( ,god 7,hosea ix4 #g74 ,we _c fail to be rem9d$ ( ! great] excesses ( ! prophets ( ,baal1 ! extraord9>y p]=mances ( ! d]vi% b&s1 & ! fanatical excesses t h always disfigur$ mona/ic in/itutions4 ,x _c be dismiss$1 !re=e1 z incr$ible t ?is ph5om5on 0 d]iv$ f ! ,canaanites1 & develop$ a zeal = ,jehovah t 0 manife/$ aft] a fa%ion common to ! devotees ( o!r religions4 ,d[n to a v late date 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,k+dom1 ! lit]>y ,prophets f\nd !mselves 9 conflict ) b&s ( prophets1 :o to _! judgm5t prophesi$ falsely2 & f ! way 9 :i* ^! are (t5 associat$ ) ! prie/s1 x seems probable t !y repres5t ! det]iorat$--or p]haps simply ! /agnant--remnant ( ?is e>li] movem5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y to assume t ev5 9 ! e>li] movem5t !re 7 pur] elem5ts ?an ^? :i* we h notic$1 & t x embrac$ individuals :o 7 l$ into a real fell[%ip ) ! m9d ( ,god1 ( :i* ,samuel & ,eli%a are conspicu\s examples4 ,religi\s movem5ts ( ! revival type1 :i* h und\bt$ly inspir$ & produc$ great e?ical *anges & result$ f9ally 9 sane religion1 h (t5 be5 accompani$ 9 _! e>li] /ages by ^! fr5zi$ outbreaks4 ,x w\ld be 9 response to "s ( ^? /range m5tal movem5ts :i* mod]n psy*ology is endeav\r+ to und]/&1 b also :5ev] dang] ?reat5$ ! nation or ! national religion1 t ^! en?usia/s w\ld take ! field4 ,z ! movem5t %$ its purely hy/]ical elem5ts1 x may h be5 occupi$ 9 ! compilation ( ! records ( ,israel's hi/ory1 = _m ( ^! h>dly reflect ! high] prophetic /&po9t1 or 9 writ+ d[n su* /ories ( _! great h]oes z we f9d connect$ ) ,elijah & ,eli%a4 ,a connection ) ! lit]>y productions ( ! great ,prophets may be ?us indirectly trac$1 z x also mo/ c]ta9ly c 9 ! prophetic /yle1 :i* 9 its fi]ce rhy?m ( d5unciation or its sobb+ sweeps ( passionate appeal recalls some?+ ( ! incantation ( ! prophetic b&s4 ,samuel1 ,elijah & ,eli%a1 by _! connection ) ?is e>ly ph5om5on ( prophetism & by ! approximation ( _! "w to ! ideals ( ! lat] ,prophets1 are ! true l9ks betwe5 ! e>li] & lat] /ages ( ! prophetic movem5t4 ,x is bo? cr$ible & natural t1 :5 ! movem5t _h sp5t itself 9 "s wond]ful advance into e?ical p[] & religi\s insight1 ! less noble elem5ts %\ld h /ill rema9$ & cont9u$ to claim div9e inspiration1 & yet h be5 f\nd 9 op5 conflict ) its own nobl] productions4 ,x w\ld seem t ! obscure sect kn[n z ,naz>ites 7 connect$ 9 "s way ) ! e>ly prophetic movem5t1 = !y are m5tion$ side by side ) ! prophets 7,amos ii4 #aa1 #ab72 & x is probable t ,samuel 0 bo? a ,naz>ite & a prophet 7#a ,sam4 i4 #aa71 :ile ,samson1 9 :om ! ,_s ( ,jehovah seem$ to produce ^! /range outbur/s ( savage fr5zy1 0 c]ta9ly a ,naz>ite 7,judges xiii4 #d1 #e1 #g1 #ad74 ,x w\ld appe> t ! ,naz>ites 7 m5 :o devot$ !mselves to ! s]vice ( ,jehovah "u c]ta9 v[s ( ab/95ce f w9e & c]emonial defilem5t4 ,! v[s might be tak5 = life or = a limit$ p]iod1 b :ile "u ! v[ ! hair 0 left un%orn4 ,!re is evid5ce t ?is is an old ,semitic cu/om1 & t :5 ! v[ 0 accompli%$ ! hair 0 made an (f]+ to ! god 7,num4 vi4 #ah72 to ?is day ! pilgrims to ,mecca are =bidd5 to cut _! hair until ! j\rney is complet$4 ,! law ( ! ,naz>ites 7,num4 vi47 is only a late attempt to legislate = a cu/om t _h exi/$ indep5d5tly ( ! in/itutions ( ! religion ( ,jehovah1 & s to secure a place )9 ! (ficial religion = a cu/om t w\ld h be5 difficult to suppress by prohibition4 ,simil> 9 _m respects to ! ,naz>ites1 b ev5 m obscure1 7 ! ,re*abites1 :o ab/a9$ f w9e 7,j]4 xxxv4 #b-aj71 b :o seem also to h prote/$ aga9/ ! adoption ( any ( ! arts & cu/oms ( settl$ life1 especially z ^! cu/oms 7 typifi$ 9 ! cultivation ( ! v9e4 ,!y *ose ^! me?ods 9 ord] to resi/ ! influ5ce ( ,canaan1 :i* 0 ?reat5+ s dang]\sly ! integrity ( ! nation & ! national religion4 ,!y probably hop$ by ^! cons]vative mann]s to de/roy ! syncretism betwe5 ,baal & ,jehovah2 = ! only o!r m5tion ( ! sect 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is 9 connection ) ! extirpation ( ! h\se ( ,ahab 7#b ,k+s x4 #ae-ag74 ,x may appe> repulsive to ^? :o h made up _! m9ds z to ! me?ods by :i* ! ,_s ( ,god c "w to trace back ! supreme g5ius1 ! impassion$ e?ical ideals1 & ! practical /atesman%ip ( ! great ,prophets ( ,israel to movem5ts bord]+ on insanity2 yet x is f en?usiasm t mo/ ( ! great sav+ movem5ts ( ! _w h come4 ,c]ta9ly ! great religi\s revival :i* 0 soon to come 9 ,israel ow$ almo/ z mu* ( its success to ^! b&s ( en?usia/s z to ! p]sonality ( ,elijah4 ,x falls n[ to our task to trace ! movem5t f b&s to individuals1 f ,prophetism to ,prophecy1 f a ph5om5on to a tea*+4 ,we h records ( m5 :o seem to h mov$ beyond ! mantic /age & :o prep>e ! way = ! great ,prophets4 ,we c conv5i5tly call ^! transition prophets4 ,we %all f9d t !y be> "s resemblance to ! old /yle ( ,se]1 or to ! guild prophets1 or to bo?4 ,( "s ( ^! we h only ! m]e/ m5tion1 s t !y may be call$ ! m9or transition prophets4 ,two /& toge!r by _! connection ) ,david & f ! fact t !y bo? seem to h be5 ,c\rt (ficials 7#b ,sam4 vii4 #b2 xxiv4 #aa2 #a ,k+s i4 #aj74 ,!re is no ^w "h ( ! mantic fury ( ! e>ly prophets2 al?\gh 9 ,gad1 :o makes kn[n ! be/ way to escape ! ang] ( an (f5d$ ,deity1 we h a survival ( ! anci5t se]2 b 9 ,na?an we h a truly noble example ( "o :o1 al?\gh he may h be5 dep5d5t on ,david = 8 daily bread1 yet fac$ him ) ! unsp>+ d5unciation ( 8 s94 ,"h is a man :o reg>ds "r 9 ,israel m ?an ! smile ( pr9ces1 & :o has a high] conception ( 8 (fice ?an t ( a conv5i5t manipulator ( oracles = ! flatt]+ ( a ,k+4 ,na?an is a true ance/or ( ,amos & ,j]emiah4 ,ahijah ! ,%ilonite is fam\s because he =etold ! disruption ( ! ,k+dom 7#a ,k+s xi4 #bi-ca71 & we may see 9 ?is ! beg9n+s ( t political judgm5t :i* 0 to become notable 9 ! lat] ,prophets2 al?\gh a p>tisan motive might be suspect$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 :5 ,j]oboam1 9 lat] ye>s1 s5t 8 wife to consult ,ahijah1 accompani$ ) ! usual fee 7#a ,k+s xiv4 #b71 ! message he receiv$ %[s t 9 ,ahijah we h no p>ty politician1 b ! imp>tial judgm5t ( ! lat] ,prophets4 ,!re is a pa!tic & some:at my/]i\s /ory ( an unnam$ man ( ,god :o deliv]$ ! ^w ( ,jehovah to ,j]oboam at ! alt> at ,be!l1 & :o1 refus+ ! accu/om$ hospitality due to a prophet1 aft]w>ds accept$ ! invitation ( ! old prophet ( ,be!l1 & paid ! p5alty ) 8 dea?4 ,we h "h a /ory1 ! moral ( :i* may be obscure en\gh1 b :i* c]ta9ly illu/rates ! gr[+ conflict betwe5 ! two prophetic ideals4 ,"h is a prophet :o travels f 8 own l& to rebuke ! s9 ( a ,k+ to 8 face1 aft]w>ds yield+ to ! bl&i%m5ts ( "o ( ! (ficial prophets4 ,! new ,prophetism1 tempt$ f its sup]ior position by ! old1 fell2 yet n _m ye>s 7 to elapse be=e ^! two ord]s1 9 ! p]sons ( ,amos & ,amaziah1 7 aga9 to face "o ano!r at ?is same spot1 & ?is "t ! new ,prophetism 0 to ma9ta9 its integrity 7#a ,k+s viii42 ,amos vii4 #aj-ag74 ,be=e we pass on to ! major transition prophets1 x w be well to consid] "h ! effect :i* ! f\ndation ( ! ,mon>*y _h on ! developm5t ( ! religion ( ,israel4 ,( ! inauguration ( ! ,mon>*y we possess two acc\nts2 "o extremely unfav\rable1 writt5 d\btless aft] ,judah's exp]i5ce ( "s ( h] notori\s ,k+s1 & 9 ! light ( a some:at ideal conception ( ! ,!ocratic gov]nm5t t 0 suppos$ to h fl\ri%$ be=e ! "t ( ,saul 7#a ,sam4 x4 #ag-bd72 ! o!r acc\nt1 9 :i* ,samuel himself at ! revelation ( ,jehovah initiates ! movem5t t[>ds ! ,mon>*y 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #ae-x4 #a7 by ano9t+ ,saul1 is ! "o t is plac$ e>li] by ! critics4 ,! ,mon>*y 0 an inevitable /age 9 ! social developm5t ( a settl$ p1 & x 0 ! policy ( ,samuel to make ! ,mon>*y ! organ ( ! ,!ocracy4 ,= all ?is ,saul does n seem to h _h any influ5ce on religion1 or to h ev] realis$ ! ne$s ( 8 times1 & "u ! s5se ( failure he became a prey to fe> & depress+ influ5ces :i* ev5tually wreck$ 8 reason4 ,r\nd ! "n ( ,david h ga!r$ ! national ideals ( h]oism & sa9?ood s (t5 f\nd 9 comb9ation 9 e>ly /ory4 ,!y _h a true orig9 9 ,david1 if we judge f ! /&>ds ( piety & rul]%ip t 7 natural to 8 age4 ,outlaw1 h]o1 poet1 sa9t--,david is ! d>l+ ( ,israel's hi/ory4 ,x w\ld be unfair to ,david to picture him z ! sa9tly au?or ( "s ( ! t5d] ,psalms t be> 8 "n1 al?\gh o!rs ( a m robu/ "* might well be f 8 h&4 ,t ,david 0 a poet seems to be c]ta91 & ! songs ( lam5t ov] ,saul & ,abn]1 :i* h /rong claims to be g5u9e1 be> witness to 8 true poetic gift2 b !y are defici5t 9 any display ( deep religi\s feel+4 ,we may h also to r$uce some:at ! conception ( ! ext5t or ! absolut5ess ( 8 k+ly rule4 ,he 0 r "o ( ^? freeboot]s :o by _! h]oism & r\gh manly c\rage are able to ga!r r\nd !m m5 ( _! own nature & to inspire 9 _! foll[]s a loyal devotion4 ,to ?is pleasant adv5tur] ! e>ly ,k+dom fell1 b = long x 0 only a k+dom ( p]sonal foll[]s2 nor does he ev] seem to h be5 en?usia/ically ackn[l$g$ by ! :ole nation1 or to h e/abli%$ 8 claims absolutely beyond dispute4 ,8 h]oic def5ce aga9/ ! ,phili/9e invasion 0 suffici5t to give him a great place 9 ! affection ( ! p1 yet he nev] assum$ ! imp]ial rule 9 ! mann] ( 8 successor ,solomon4 ,) all ?is necess>y all[ance = ! idealis+ process ( a lat] age1 ,david 0 ! indisp5sable c5tre r\nd :i* ! e>ly ideals & leg5ds ( ! ,mon>*y c\ld collect4 ,8 "w 0 ( imm5se importance = ! future2 especially 8 conque/ ( ,j]usalem1 n[ = ! fir/ "t wre/$ f ! ,canaanites & de/9$ to become 9 ! future ! c5tre ( ! national life1 to be b\nd up ) 8 "n1 & above all to be ! peculi> dwell+-place ( ,jehovah4 ,to make ,j]usalem 8 capital 0 a v diplomatic /roke1 = x 0 neutral t]ritory to bo? ,ephraim & ,judah1 & ?is fact quiet5$ ! mutual jeal\sy ( ^! tribes4 ,x 0 also a great "w ( ,david t by 8 r\gh piety he def9itely connect$ ! ,k+%ip ) devotion to ! cause ( ,jehovah4 ,?is devotion f\nd expression 9 8 c>e = ! sacr$ palladium ( ! ,tribes1 al?\gh x 0 policy z well z piety t br\ght ! ,ark to ,j]usalem2 = we are =c$ to admit t 9 matt]s ( religion ,david 0 n greatly 9 advance ( 8 times4 ,he reg>d$ ! jurisdiction ( ,jehovah z n ext5d+ beyond ,pale/9e 7#a ,sam4 xxvi4 #ai71 & al?\gh he himself may h ab&on$ idols1 yet he all[$ !m 9 8 h\se 7#a ,sam4 xix4 #ac71 :ile he reta9$ ! old cu/om ( consult+ ! w ( ,jehovah by ! ,ephod 7#a ,sam4 xxx4 #g7 or by ! movem5ts ( trees 7#b ,sam4 v4 #bc-be74 ,8 conception ( ,jehovah 0 t ( a ,be+ ( unc]ta9 temp]1 :o w\ld take v5geance = any acts ( c]emonial violation 7#b ,sam4 vi4 #i7 or ^: ang] might be ar\s$ = reasons beyond human discov]y 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #aj-ag74 ,b x w\ld be equally wrong to blame ,david because he does n come up to ! ideals ( a lat] age4 ,s f> z x w5t1 we may believe t 8 piety 0 real2 he 0 a man aft] ,jehovah's own he>t1 = ^? times4 ,he c]ta9ly did 8 be/ to f\nd a ,k+dom on p]sonal affection & to e/abli% "s k9d ( imp>tial ju/ice4 ,9 ! matt] ( ,ba?%eba & ,uriah ,david has be5 judg$ by impossible /&>ds1 & especially by ! religi\s ideas ( ! #ea/ ,psalm1 :i* be>s 9 its e l9e evid5ce ( a morality f> too deep = ! age ( ,david1 & :i* is q unsuitable = a confession ( murd] & adult]y4 ,x 0 no crime 9 ! eyes ( an ori5tal mon>* to take 8 neighb\r's wife1 & x 0 novel doctr9e t ,david he>d f ! lips ( ,na?an2 x is to be laid to 8 ev]la/+ cr$it t he li/5$ to ?is prophetic judgm5t1 0 convict$ ( ! s9fulness ( 8 act1 & rep5t$ v pr(\ndly4 ,:5 we pass to ,solomon we come to a "* altoge!r diff]5t1 b "o t is v difficult to e/imate f ! portrait pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! writ]s all[ !mselves to be c>ri$ away by ! tradition ( 8 magnific5ce1 & by ! ext]nal evid5ce ( 8 piety pres]v$ 9 ! spl5did ,temple :i* he re>$ to ! glory ( ,jehovah2 b !y _c produce mu* evid5ce = ! dep? ( 8 p]sonal religion4 ,he attempt$ to build an empire on ! l9es ( ! b>b>ic & sup]ficial glories ( 8 greate/ neighb\rs2 b its spl5d\r & c]ta9ly its significance h be5 r ov]drawn by ! lat] hi/orians4 ,x 0 a reign ( spl5d\r1 b = ! religion ( ,israel x 0 unimportant1 = x 0 9 ! ma9 irreligi\s4 ,save = ! pres5ce ( ,na?an at 8 coronation1 ! prophetic m9i/ry almo/ disappe>s 9 ?is reign2 :at prophets rema9 are oppos$ to 8 policy4 ,solomon 0 little m ?an a worldly cosmopolitan2 8 empire 0 magnific5t 9 comp>ison ) ! a*ievem5ts ( 8 pr$ecessors1 b x re/$ n z ,david's on ! devotion ( ! p to a popul> h]o1 b dep5d$ = its /r5g? on a sy/em ( taxation & a false imp]ialism3 =c$ lab\r 0 employ$ & ! loyalty ( ! tribes 0 /ra9$4 ,x 0 an endeav\r to *ange ! gov]nm5t f a natural & tribal sy/em to t ( an ,ea/]n despotism2 & x end$ 9 failure4 ,! build+ ( ! ,temple 0 only a "p ( ?is policy1 & x 0 a policy res5t$ by ! prophetic p>ty1 :o 7 all = simplicity 9 matt]s ( wor%ip 7#b ,sam4 vii42 omit v]se #ac74 ,! ,temple did n occupy too out/&+ a place 9 ! block ( royal build+s1 & !re is no evid5ce t 9 ?is age x 0 any?+ m ?an ,solomon's private *apel built ) ! desire to rival ! spl5did royal %r9es ( o!r c\ntries4 ,x 0 evid5tly design$ l>gely on hea!n models1 & conta9$ hea!n symbols :i* ! lat] religion absorb$ ) difficulty4 ,! adoption ( ! ,temple z ! supreme c5tre ( ,israel's wor%ip 0 n ! "w ( ,solomon1 b ! effect ( ! tea*+ ( ,isaiah ( ,j]usalem & ! consequ5ce ( ! re=ms ( ,hezekiah & ,josiah4 ,! h>em & ! /range wor%ip 7 simil>ly p>ts ( an int]national policy4 ,solomon 0 c]ta9ly ! fir/ to give to ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah an impos+ spl5d\r & regul>ity1 b x 0 n a spl5d\r t appeal$ to ! ,prophets4 ,! beautiful pray] ( ! d$ication c h>dly be ! composition ( ,solomon1 b is m likely to h be5 ! production ( a lat] age :i* endeav\r$ to give to ?is display a piety :i* ! orig9al did n possess4 ,9 "t ! ,temple 0 to become ( enorm\s importance1 b 9 ?is p]iod x rema9$ only a magnific5t %r9e = ! ,ark4 ,! fact t two ( ! prophets sid$ ) ,j]oboam may po9t to a revolt aga9/ ?is religi\s spl5d\r4 ,! bulls ( ,j]oboam 7 a c\nt]bla/ to ! ,temple1 & al?\gh 8 "n is ev] aft]w>ds connect$ ) ! introduction ( ?is idolatr\s wor%ip1 & ! succe$+ ,k+s ( ,israel condemn$ = _! p>ticipation1 x is evid5t t ^! /rictures are some:at int5sifi$ by ! conception t 9 ! qu>rel betwe5 ,israel & ,judah1 ,judah 0 9 ! "r1 & by ! refusal to all[ = ! fact t ?is me?od ( wor%ip _h n be5 condemn$ by any contempor>y4 ,! calves 7 mo/ likely anci5t symbols ( ,semitic div9ity1 & 7 c]ta9ly int5d$ z symbols ( ,jehovah4 ,nev]!less1 ! future lay ) ! ,temple & ! ,s\?1 = ! revolution 0 bas$ on a m]ely cons]vative impulse & conta9$ no ideal4 ,9 ! ,s\?1 ,jehovah 0 nev] wor%ipp$ ) su* an excess ( hea!n symbolism1 & ?i!r ! voice ( ,prophecy soon transf]r$ itself to f9d 9 ,judah its greate/ sph]e4 ,we are br\ght n[ to "o ( ! mo/ pregnant movem5ts ( ?is "t1 kn[n z ! nor!rn prophetic revolt1 & to ! "w & p]sonalty ( ! major transition prophets1 ,elijah & ,eli%a4 ,! introduction ( ! wor%ip ( ! ,tyrian ,baal by ,ahab 0 ! signal = revolt4 ,"h 0 a violation ( ! commone/ conceptions ( religion3 ! transplantation ( ! wor%ip ( ano!r god1 ,melk>t1 ! ,baal ( ,tyre1 into ! t]ritory ( ,jehovah1 :o 0 reg>d$ z ! ,baal ( ,canaan4 ,x op5$ ! eyes ( ! s*ools ( ! ,prophets to ! dang] ( ! use ( ! "n ( ,baal1 & 0 ! cause ( its complete disuse z a "n = ,jehovah 7,hosea ii4 #af1 #ag74 ,9 ! revolt aga9/ ! wor%ip ( ?is hea!n ,baal !re /&s out z its *ief inspiration & lead] ! magnific5t figure ( ! prophet ,elijah4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! /ory ( 8 life we h mu* t is leg5d>y & probably "s confusion ) ! "w ( ,eli%a1 b ! religi\s significance is suffici5tly cle>4 ,we h notic$ t ,elijah is remotely connect$ ) ! prophetic s*ools1 & !y %>e ) him ! p]secution organis$ by ! devotees ( ,baal2 ! old mantic accompanim5ts ( prophecy are /ill f\nd 9 ,elijah2 he seems to *>m ! ra9 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #db71 & he c]ta9ly he>s x com+4 ,) all 8 c\rage & insight he does n fully compreh5d ! true me?ods by :i* ! religion ( ,jehovah is to w9 its way2 conviction is to be br\ght by ?und] & fire2 if ^! fail !re rema9s ! sword4 ,x may be difficult to decide :e!r ,elijah actually conceiv$ ! wond]ful revelation at ,m\nt ,horeb1 b x is m ?an likely t to ?is man !re came 9 ! h\r ( failure ! discov]y t !re 7 o!r ways m to ! m9d ( ,jehovah :]eby m5 %\ld realise ,8 pres5ce2 a discov]y :i* has be5 dramatis$ 9 ! !ophany on ,horeb4 ,revelation by ! /ill small voice ( inn] conviction c]ta9ly ga9$ great] recognition aft] ! m9i/ry ( ,elijah4 ,if we seek to und]/& ! mean+ ( ,elijah's /& = ,jehovah1 we %all see t x 0 fir/ ( all a prote/ aga9/ ! syncretism ( ! ,baal & ,jehovah religions4 ,?is prote/ may h be5 f\nd$ initially on conceptions n too exalt$1 namely1 t ,jehovah & ,melk>t c\ld n be wor%ipp$ 9 ! same l&1 b !re are evid5ces t ,elijah _h advanc$ fur!r ?an t4 ,8 d>+ taunts to ,baal am\nt to complete scepticism z to 8 exi/5ce1 or at lea/ ( 8 p[] to injure ! true foll[] ( ,jehovah4 ,if t is s1 !n we h 9 ,elijah ! fir/ mono!i/4 ,he cle>ly p]ceiv$ t 9 "* ,baal & ,jehovah 7 utt]ly diff]5t4 ,! cruelty connect$ ) ! religion ( ,jehovah /ill p]si/s "u ,elijah1 b ! incompatibility betwe5 ! true religion & hea!nism is recognis$ & affirm$4 ,we may sum up ,elijah's religion 9 8 own phrase3 ,i h be5 v jeal\s = ,jehovah4 ,!re is ano!r aspect ( ,elijah's "w :i* c]ta9ly =ms a true transition to ! tea*+ ( ! lat] ,prophets2 he d5\nces ! murd] ( ,nabo? almo/ z mu* z ! wor%ip ( ,baal4 ,we trace "h ! rise ( ! e?ical conception ( ! s]vice ( ,jehovah & ! prote/ aga9/ social wrongs :i* 0 to become s great a "p ( ! burd5 ( su* m5 z ,amos & ,micah4 ,) ,elijah we c see =m+1 h[ev] dimly1 ! ?\ght ( a ,k+dom ( ,god1 & ! peculi> patriotism ( ! ,prophets3 he desires an ,israel indep5d5t ( all hea!n alliances2 x is a conception ( a ,k+dom :i* %all be great 9 int5sion r ?an wide 9 ext5sion4 ,x 0 ?is conflict ( ! prophetic & ! s-call$ patriotic ideals t 0 to contribute l>gely to ! f9al ov]?r[ ( ! ,/ate4 ,x may h be5 t ! ,prophets c\ld nev] h built up a /rong ,/ate on ! l9es !y indicat$1 & _! v prote/ may h weak5$ ! arm ( /atesm5 & contribut$ to ! de/ruction ( ! ,k+dom f\nd$ by ,david & ,solomon4 ,we c only feel t we side ) ! ,prophets4 ,if ! prophetic voice _h be5 sil5c$ we might h _h ,israel ) a k+dom z mighty z ,assyria1 al?\gh t is highly d\btful2 b x w\ld h be5 a k+dom z useless = its contribution to religion z t pr\d1 va91 & cruel empire4 ,! !ophany at ,horeb1 !re=e1 :atev] its embelli%m5t & h[ev] symbolical its dress1 is ! true hi/ory ( ?is p]iod4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! prophetic religion1 magic & my/]y are fail+1 display & ext]nal glory are pass+ away1 & !re ent]s f ?is "t ! conception ( ! religion ( ! inw>d voice on :i* ! "w ( ! lat] ,prophets is built4 ,eli%a is b a pale reflection ( 8 ma/]1 & makes little contribution to religion2 b we soon he> ( ,micaiah 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #h71 ^: message reveals ! /ill wid5+ gap betwe5 ! pr(essional prophet & ! new ord] ( m5 :o he> ) great] cle>ness ! true voice ( ,jehovah4 ,b sixty ye>s h to pass1 & ,nor!rn ,pale/9e awak5s to ! e*oes ( a new voice1 & li/5s to ! new message ( ! fir/ ( t prophetic b& :o h enri*$ lit]ature :ile !y h exalt$ religion--,amos ! h]dman ( ,tekoa4 ,:]e else:]e 9 hi/ory has !re be5 a religion t1 />t+ 9 comp>ative hea!nism1 almo/ lo/ 9 conflict ) a fully-develop$ paganism1 has yet mov$ /eadily upw>d1 break+ away f its orig9s1 %$d+ ! false *>ms ( magic & sorc]y1 & ris+ by gradual asc5t into fell[%ip ) ! ,w ( ,god8 ,x is ?is movem5t t con/itutes ! inspiration ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & t makes x /ill a ,^w ( ,god to u4 ,_m ( ^! conclusions1 :i* h be5 put =w>d & e/abli%$ by critical me?ods1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ! religi\s feel+ ( ^? times1 & 9 ! diff]5t conception ( ! piety ( m5 l ,david & ,solomon1 may /rike ! read] z />tl+ & di/urb+4 ,t may well be1 b t is no excuse = our read+ into ,bible /ory m ?an c be legitimately f\nd !re1 :ile x w be sure to obscure "s ( its highe/ tea*+1 :i* is to be f\nd n 9 isolat$ texts1 b 9 great movem5ts4 ,x is ! facts t we h to face1 & ! facts are obscur$ n s mu* by ! corrections ( ! hi/ory by ! lat] hi/orians1 z by our =c+ into !m ! /ill lat] conceptions ( our own times4 ,we h n giv5 detail$ pro( ( _m ( ! positions "h tak5 up2 !y may be s\ght 9 detail by ! read] 9 ! works ( ,biblical s*ol>%ip4 ,our object is to discov] :e!r ^! ?+s be+ s1 we c /ill f9d a true revelation 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is p1 & he> 9 x ! ,voice ( ,god4 ,d we n get f ?is correct$ view ( ! hi/ory1 a s5se ( ! spl5did onw>d movem5t ( ?is religion1 :i* 9 itself is s mu* m inspir+ ?an ! monoton\s conception1 :i* is only ! product ( lat] ,judaism1 t ! hi/ory ( ,israel's religion is no?+ b a s]ies ( apo/asies f a pure & p]fect fai?8 ,t late conception is n borne out by a c>eful & critical /udy ( ! s\rces1 & x r owes its /r5g? to-day to a c]ta9 dogmatic conception ( human nature t is ne$lessly pessimi/ic1 & to an idea ( ! weakness ( ! ,_s ( ,god 9 ,8 deal+s ) man t ne>ly approa*es a!ism4 ,"o or two lessons ( ! p]iod /& out 9 /rong relief4 ,"o is t bett] ?+s come ( en?usiasm1 ev5 :5 x is mi/ak51 ?an f indiff]5ce4 ,! ref]5ce ( all ! in/itutions ( ,israel to ! def9itely reveal$ ,w ( ,jehovah may seem to "s1 aft] ^! inve/igations1 a mi/ake4 ,?is c only arise f too n>r[ a conception ( ! work+ ( ,god & ! means ?r\gh :i* ,8 ,_s rea*es man1 = x is ?is v ref]5ce to ! ,w ( ,god t is responsible = ! advance 9 ,israel's fai?4 ,to believe 9 ! ,w ( ,god1 & to ref] all to x1 does gradually increase ! k ( t ,w1 & s leads to a true revelation4 ,ano!r lesson is1 n to despise ! accompanim5ts ( ! fir/ movem5ts ( ! ,_s ( ,god 9 man4 ,x is n )9 ! scope ( ?is "w to enquire :y x is t :5 a man is mov$ by ! ,_s ( ,god su* /range ph5om5a z we h be5 /udy+ 9 ! prophetic b&s1 :i* /ill accompany _m revivals1 %\ld be ! imm$iate results4 ,!re mu/ be pati5ce ) ^! ?+s z beg9n+s2 b equally mu/ !re be impati5ce ) !m :5 !y elevate !mselves into a p]man5t claim to recognition z ! only signs ( a true religi\s life1 & :5 !y refuse to recognise z high] ! sane & e?ical movem5t to :i* !y !mselves h giv5 bir?4 ,"o ( ! *ief difficulties 9 ?+s religi\s is to recognise ! (fspr+ ( a great movem5t1 to discov] ! "t :5 ! *ild mu/ be all[$ its new-f\nd fre$om1 to "k :5 symbols may be dropp$ & ! reality br\ght 94 ,prote/antism has giv5 bir? to wid] ?\ghts ab\t ,god & deep] appreciations ( ! ext5t ( ,8 work+1 :i* are ! logical outcome ( ,prote/antism1 & yet :i* are (t5 repudiat$ by ^? ^: ,prote/antism is ( ! aggressive type4 ,a progressive movem5t ( any k9d always has ^! /rifes4 ,!y are z con/ant 9 ,sci5ce z 9 ,religion1 only 9 ,sci5ce !y are m easily ov]come by ! great] read9ess to accept new revelation4 ,*ri/ianity is a religion t moves1 &1 z ,*ri/ ,himself =etold1 x causes ! son to rise up aga9/ 8 fa!r1 ! new g5]ation to come into conflict ) ! old4 ,ours x is nev] to =get t ! ,k+dom ( ,god is on ! side ( ! *ild2 except ye receive ! ,k+dom ( ,god z a *ild1 9 ! _s ( enquiry & gr[?1 except ye nev] gr[ old1 ye _c ent] !re94 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,prophets ,,! ,,*ronology ,,( ,,! ,,prophets ,assyrian ,p]iod4 ,b4,c4 ,amos #gfj-gej ,b4,c4 ,hosea #gej-gcg ,accession ( ,tigla? ,piles] ,,iii #gde ,isaiah #gdj-gjj ,invasion ( ,s5na*]ib #gja ,micah #gbd- ,fall ( ,sam>ia #gbb ,zephaniah circa #fbg ,we/]n ,pale/9e invad$ by ,scy?ians ,nahum #faj-fjh8 ,fall ( ,n9eveh #fjg ,*aldan ,p]iod4 ,j]emiah #fbf-ehf ,deut]onomy discov]$ #fba ,habakkuk #fje-fjj8 ,fir/ ,great ,exile #eig ,ezekiel #eic-egc ,second ,great ,exile #ehf ,p]sian ,p]iod4 ,isa4 xiii4-xiv42 xxi4 #a-aj2 xxxiv41 7,date unc]ta91 b xxxv4 def9itely aft] ! ,exile47 ,isa4 xl4-lv4 7,! ,second ,isaiah7 c#edj4 ,cyrus takes ,babylon #ech ,isa4 lvi4-lxvi4 7,v>i\s prophecies1 to be dat$ aft] ! return47 ,return ( ! ,exiles #ecg ,haggai c#ebj ,ze*4 i4-viii4 c#ebj ,mal4 #dfj-dej ,promulgation ( ! ,law #ddd ,ze*4 ix4-xiv4 #cbb ,!re is no?+ to enable u to decide ! dates ( ,jonah1 ,joel1 & ,obadiah ) great] def9it5ess ?an to say t !y 7 writt5 aft] ! ,re/oration4 ,diagram repres5t+ ! religi\s significance ( ! ,prophets3-- ,,f9al ,,embodim5t ,,gold5 ,,age ,,( ,,prophecy ,,silv] ,,age ,,( ,,prophetic ,,tea*+ ,exile -------- ,,psalms -------------- #b ,,isaiah --- ,,j]emiah -- ,,hosea ,,amos ------- ,,micah--,,nah4--,,hab4 ---------------- ,,wisdom ,,lit]ature ----------- ,,isaiah ,,deut4 ------------- ,,ezekiel ----- ,,! ,,law ,judg+ f ! /&>d ( ,new ,te/am5t religion & _! contribution to x1 ! ,prophets may be r\ghly classifi$ 9 ! above ord]4 ,! high] t5d5cy seems to vani% f ! hi/orical works :i* 7 compos$ aft] ! ,exile1 save 9 _m ( ! ,psalms1 :]e religion rea*es its highe/ expression outside ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! t5d5cy repres5t$ by ! middle & horizontal l9e ends 9 ! some:at sup]ficial e?ics ( su* works z ! ,book ( ,prov]bs4 ,! l[] t5d5cy is only to be judg$ s f comp>ison2 x s]v$ its purpose1 & x 0 an hone/ endeav\r to r$uce ! ,prophetic ideals to a def9ite sy/em4 ,x is 9 l9e ) ! _s ( _m ( ! ,psalms t ! religion ( ! revelation ( ,*ri/ takes its rise1 & we may see 9 ! ,sadducees & ! ,ph>isees ! deg5]ate effect ( ! o!r l9es ( developm5t4 ,lecture ,,vi ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,prophets ,among ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,prophetical ,books1 :e!r consid]$ z lit]ature or religion1 are ackn[l$g$ to /& out z unsurpass$4 ,if ! ,psalms claim to rival !m x is to be rememb]$ t ! ,psalms are probably to be trac$ to ! ,prophetic tea*+4 ,! ,prophets !mselves beg9 a new era2 !y are creative & owe b little to _! pa/4 ,t = s long a p]iod1 9 unbrok5 cont9uity1 !re %\ld em]ge f a t9y nation a succession ( m5 ( diff]+ temp]am5t1 tra9+1 & social position1 :o %\ld ) rem>kable unity voice tru?s ( religion n only hi!rto unrecognis$ b r>ely surpass$ or appreh5d$ 9 subsequ5t hi/ory1 is 9 itself a unique ph5om5on 9 comp>ative religion4 ,equally notable is ! fact1 t 9 ! majority ( ! ,prophets we h n only ! gift ( religi\s intuition1 b t ?is is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) great oratorical p[]1 true poetic g5ius1 & practical /atesman%ip4 ,!y rema9 = all "t an indisputable witness to ! ,div9e revelation 9 ! developm5t ( ,israel's religion4 ,previ\s /ages :i* we h be5 able to recognise 9 ! developm5t ( ,israel's religion d n c>ry u on to ,amos by s inevitable a movem5t1 t 8 message c\ld be pr$ict$ z ! next /age to be rea*$4 ,:5 we come fre% f ! inve/igation ( ! religion held by ! lead]s ( ! p 9 ! times ( ,david & ,solomon1 we recognise ! imm5se /rides made :5 we op5 ! ,book ( ,amos4 ,we c trace a lik5ess betwe5 ,elijah & ,amos 9 _! d5unciation ( wrong2 b1 9 ! sph]e ( religion1 !re is a great gulf betwe5 !m :i* no records ( ! int]v5+ p]iod q help u to bridge ov]4 ,we _c ?9k ( ,amos tak+ "p 9 ! great v9dication ( ,c>mel2 x is probable t he w\ld h recognis$ x z useless4 ,9 ,samuel1 ,elijah & ,eli%a we und\bt$ly h ! religi\s ance/ors ( ! ,lit]>y ,prophets1 b :ile !y /ood at ! head ( popul> movem5ts :i* !y l$ 9 triumph aga9/ ! intrusion ( ali5 fai?s1 ! ,prophets t we are n[ to /udy /& 9 decid$ antagonism to ! popul> fai?1 & ! conceptions ( ,israel's religion :i* !y reit]ate ) su* passion & insi/5cy 7 nev] acceptable to ! p4 ,_! religion has to make its way aga9/ ! national religion4 ,! importance ( ! ,prophets is ! natural />t+ po9t = ! mod]n /udy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & x is f ! e>ne/ p]usal ( _! writ+s t mod]n ,biblical sci5ce has be5 =c$ to take up a rigor\s criticism ( ! entire lit]ature ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,"u ! old me?ods1 ! ,prophets _h only a second>y position 9 ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t revelation1 s9ce _! message 0 conceiv$ z r conc]n$ ) an age yet to come ?an ) _! own times & ne$s4 ,! ,div9e ,law _h already be5 giv5 to ! p1 con/itut+ a p]fect norm ( religion4 ,:5 ! p fail$ to obey ! ,law1 !n ! ,prophet appe>$1 en=c$ its pr9ciples1 & condemn$ ! p's apo/asy4 ,if t message 0 reject$1 z x (t5 01 !n no?+ 0 left = ! ,prophet b ! proclamation ( v5geance1 or ! pr$iction ( a "t :5 ! ,law %\ld be ideally fulfill$ by ! revelation ( ! ,gospel4 ,betwe5 ! ,law & ! ,gospel1 !re=e1 /ood ! ,prophets1 b !y act$ only z a bridge f ! "o to ! o!r4 ,! natural me?od ( /udy+ _! writ+s 0 to se>* = ! fulfilm5t ( _! pr$ictions 9 hi/ory4 ,) ^! aims x 0 p]haps inevitable t _! words %\ld (t5 be int]pret$ 9 a q unw>rantable mann]2 ev5ts 7 read back into _! prophecies1 or ! fulfilm5t 0 f\nd 9 su* ord9>y co9cid5ces t ! dignity ( pr$iction 0 itself lo/1 ! /udy became pu]ile & morbid1 :ile a fanci$ necessity z to :at !y mu/ mean prev5t$ any s*ol>ly & unbiass$ int]pretation4 ,_! works h consequ5tly be5 l>gely us$ z my/]i\s oracles f :i* ! future hi/ory ( ! _w c\ld be accurately pr$ict$4 ,to read ! ,prophets 9 ord] to obta9 a picture ( _! own age 0 reg>d$ z a secul> occupation1 :ile e attempt to recov] ! orig9al application ( _! words 0 reg>d$ z an endeav\r to disc\nt5ance ! pro(s ( ,div9e revelation4 ,_m ( _! words be> rem>kable lik5ess to ! graci\s invitations ( ! ,gospel1 s t !y h be5 us$ equally ) ! ,new ,te/am5t = ,gospel prea*+1 b x 0 nev] dream$ t !y 7 real invitations to ! p ( _! own times1 f\nd$ on ! et]nal laws ( ,god's =giv5ess aft]w>ds made cle> 9 ,*ri/2 !y 7 simply words spok5 "u m5tal effects :i* transf]r$ ! speak]s to ! "t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,:atev] ! f9al results ( ! application ( hi/orical criticism may be1 x has already laid religion "u a p]man5t obligation 9 its discov]y ( ! hi!rto unrealis$ importance ( ! ,prophets4 ,at fir/ att5tion 0 direct$ to _! exalt$ e?ical & religi\s /&po9t1 appe>+ z x did 9 an age t nei!r produc$ nor respond$ to x2 m9ute /udy !n %[$ t !y gave fir/-h& & incid5tal acc\nts ( _! own times4 ,_! messages be> witness to ! contempor>y /ate ( ! religion ( ,jehovah & ! p's morals1 & al?\gh x may be t !y sometimes judg$ ^! f _! own high /&>d1 :i* caus$ !m to pa9t !m some:at d>k] ?an an absolutely hi/orical judgm5t w\ld dem&1 yet on :at ! prevail+ religi\s op9ions ( ! day really 71 !y are ! be/ evid5ce4 ,! />tl+ b unassailable d$uction made f ! ,prophets' acc\nts ( _! own times is1 t 9 matt]s religi\s !y 7 proclaim+ doctr9es t seem$ to _! contempor>ies entirely novel4 ,! ,prophets d n1 h[ev]1 acquiesce 9 ! *>ge ( novelty4 ,!y pr(ess to g back to ! orig9al & inn] mean+ ( ,jehovah's *oice ( ! nation4 ,!y ref] to ?is *oice1 z a cov5ant1 & to ! religion dem&$ by x1 z ! law ( ! ,"l4 ,! fir/ inf]5ce is t !y ref] to t :i* we "k z ! ,law1 ! ,p5tateu*1 or ,law ( ,moses4 ,a comp>ison ) ! ,prophetic tea*+ ) ! ord9ances (1 say1 ! ,book ( ,leviticus1 %[s t ?is _c be ! case1 = !y d n correspond4 ,_m ?+s !re comm&$ z ess5tial are pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce by ! ,prophets2 b ! =ce ( ! argum5t is n :olly drawn f t1 al?\gh x has a weight "h :i* ! argum5t f sil5ce _c usually c>ry1 because bo? ,leviticus & ! ,prophets' tea*+ set =? ! ess5tials ( religion1 & !re c be no possibility ( d\bt t ! conceptions ( ! ess5tials h an altoge!r diff]5t outlook4 ,x is *iefly1 ?\gh n by any means entirely1 f ! /&po9t ( ! ,prophetical writ+s t mod]n criticism is =c$ to revise ! conception ( ! progress & decl9e ( religion t ,jewi% tradition has embodi$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( its ,scriptures1 & especially 9 ! ascription ( ! ,p5tateu* z a :ole to ! age & au?or%ip ( ,moses4 ,! v]dict f ?is comp>ison betwe5 ! ,prophets & ! ,law is1 t ! five ,books ( ,moses ei!r did n exi/ 9 _! pres5t =m at ! "t ( ! ,prophets1 or1 if !y did1 rema9$ entirely unkn[n to !m4 ,! hi/orical value ( ! ,prophets is !re=e to be rat$ v high1 n only because ( _! transp>5t s9c]ity1 b also because ! hi/orical data :i* c be secur$ f !m are giv5 indirectly1 & are valuable = ! same reason z ! rem>ks ( a contempor>y di>i/4 ,!y are unaw>e t !y are writ+ hi/ory1 & are consequ5tly free f ! almo/ unescapable t5d5cy ( ! hi/orian to make ! facts fit into preconceiv$ !ories4 ,mod]n criticism1 !re=e1 does rightly 9 mak+ ! ,prophets ( p>am\nt importance = ! und]/&+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & :5 ! ,prophets are ?us made ! te/1 mu* 9 ! hi/ory t 0 ei!r completely hidd5 or difficult to und]/&1 becomes visible & cle>1 & ! progress ( ,israel's religion is display$ 9 all its gr&eur & movem5t4 ,we c n[ turn to exam9e ! ext5t ( ! s\rces f :i* we may draw1 9 ord] to e/imate ! religi\s op9ions & influ5ce ( ! ,prophets1 & to exam9e ! peculi> "* ( ! lit]ature = :i* !y are responsible4 ,fir/ 9 importance /& ! ,books ( ! ,prophets prop]4 ,9 ! anci5t division ( ! ,hebrew ,bible into1 7#a7 ,! ,law1 7#b7 ,! ,prophets1 7#c7 ,! ,hagiographa1 or ! holy writ+s1 ,! ,prophets includ$1 beside our ,books ( ! ,prophets1 su* hi/orical ,books z ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel & ,k+s4 ,significantly en\gh1 h[ev]1 ,daniel is n gr\p$ ) ! ,prophets1 b ) ! ,hagiographa1 ei!r because x 0 n class$ z prophecy1 or m probably because ! ,canon ( ,! ,prophets _h be5 clos$ by ! "t x 0 writt54 ,!re=e1 9 addition to ! writ+s ascrib$ to ! ,prophets1 !re is a lit]ature :i* has be5 influ5c$ by _! tea*+1 & ?is is f\nd l>gely 9 ^? hi/orical ,books :i* h ?us be5 rightly includ$ 9 ! ,prophetical division ( ! ,hebrew ,bible4 ,t is to say1 h[ev]1 t ,books deal+ ) hi/ory prior to ! rise ( ! ,prophets1 %[ traces ( an influ5ce t c only h em]g$ lat]4 ,x is "h t criticism seems to ! ord9>y read] to ent] v debatable gr\nd1 al?\gh among critical /ud5ts ( ! ,bible ! "q is no long] an op5 "o4 ,!y claim t ! peculi> conditions "u :i* ,hebrew hi/ory 0 compil$ all[ u to disc]n1 & to sep>ate ) ease1 ?is lat] prophetical edit+1 :]eas 9 o!r lit]atures su* w\ld be impossible4 ,hi/ory 0 compil$ among ! ,jews l>gely f pre-exi/+ docum5ts1 mu* z x is ev]y:]e1 ) ! diff]5ce t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! records h be5 simply piec$ toge!r ) :atev] corrections & r$uctions 7 r5d]$ necess>y1 :ile ! conceptions ( ! lat] times1 :5 ?is re-edit+ 0 accompli%$1 are (t5 simply sup]impos$2 ?is me?od has be5 ridicul$ z an inv5tion ( ! critical m9d1 b x is simply an indisputable if tiresome fact :i* has to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 any s]i\s /udy ( ! lit]ature4 ,! n>ratives ( ! docum5ts t h be5 nam$ ,j & ,e be> ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 comb9$ "u ! influ5ce ( prophetical tea*+1 s9ce ?is tea*+1 x is to be not$1 is recognisably incompatible ) o!r p>ts ( ! /ories :i* h be5 left unt\*$4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t criticism seems to assume t religion progress$ until x rea*$ a c]ta9 height 9 ! ,eigh? ,c5tury1 & to enable ?is !ory to /& all m>ks ( ?is suppos$ lat] type appe>+ e>li] are class$ z int]polations4 ,x is usual to trace ?is !ory to ,evolution gone mad4 ,ev5 on ! critical !ories ?is _c h[ev] be legitimately %[n to result1 s9ce critical recon/ruction %[s t ! supreme height ga9$ 9 ! ,prophets 0 nev] ma9ta9$1 b suff]$ a p]ceptible decl9e4 ,:atev] ! guid+ idea ( criticism may be1 x _c be an endeav\r to make ! hi/ory ( ,israel's religion confirm "s !ory ( ! natural developm5t & evolution ( religion4 ,! critical !ories leave u ) ! problem ( moral lapses to acc\nt = & ) ! failure ( vision to expla91 & dem& /ill a moral insight to detect ! cause4 ,b x is cle> to _m t ! moral causes d /& out m cle>ly discov]able by ?is me?od4 ,! critical !ory ( ! priority ( ! ,prophets is n bas$ only ^u ! em]g5ce "u _! tea*+ ( c]ta9 !ological ideas = ! fir/ "t2 b also on ! diff]5ce ( /yle & vocabul>y :i* c be recognis$ aft] only a slight acqua9tance ) ! language2 & on ! g5]al outl9e ( ! hi/ory t ! ,bible itself =ces ^u u4 ,x is a fact :i* ! read] c soon discov] = himself1 t ! hi/orical ,books are compilations f ! records ( v>i\s ages1 & ^! v>i\s ages c be z easily disc]n$ z ! conflict+ /yles ( an (t-re/or$ *ur*1 or ! di/urbance ( ! normal geological /rata t dem&s "s upheaval = its explanation4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t all ?is is made possible f ! fact ( ! rem>kable uni=mity ( ideas t *>act]ises ! v>i\s /ages ( ,hebrew religion4 ,! ,prophets' tea*+ c !re=e be trac$ outside _! own writ+s2 ma9ly 9 fragm5t>y comm5ts add$ to ! n>ratives2 or 9 a sup]impos$ col\r+1 :i* easily falls (f1 leav+ ! orig9al outl9es 9 view2 b x is suppos$ to be f\nd gr\p$ into "o great mass 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,! critics' !ory ( ?is ,book is t x is an endeav\r to r$uce ! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets1 m especially t ( ,isaiah1 to a code1 & to secure re=m by ! c5tralisation ( wor%ip at ,j]usalem4 ,?is idea ( a c5tral wor%ip1 :i* leaves no record ( its actual obs]vance until ! "t ( ,josiah1 or p]haps an attempt 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah1 is s unmi/akable & is s uni=mly express$ t ! "w ( ?is au?or 7p]haps we %\ld say1 ?is s*ool7 c be easily detect$1 & _m ( ! ,books1 su* z ,judges & ,k+s1 c be se5 to h be5 subject$ to a ,deut]onomi/ r$action4 ,9 all ^! ph5om5a we h tea*+ t presupposes ! ,prophets1 & t /&s 9 contra/ & (t5 9 conflict ) ! g5]al tone ( ! orig9al4 ,x is rem>kable t ) su* r$actions ( hi/ory any clue to ! e>li] conceptions %\ld h be5 left to u1 especially t !re %\ld h be5 left 9 ! records any?+ t w\ld be 9 disagreem5t ) ! editors' ideas1 b ! ,jews1 l ! o!r nations ( antiquity1 did n possess mod]n notions ( exactness1 & _! notions ( hi/ory prev5t$ !m f und]/&+ ?+s t 7 remov$ only a %ort di/ance f _! own times4 ,x is h>dly surpris+ to f9d t ?is ,prophetical lit]ature 0 9 turn liable to r$action1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t degree & = a diff]5t reason1 s9ce x has be5 pres]v$ to u "u peculi> conditions4 ,?is at fir/ may seem t]ribly confus+ to ! bewild]$ /ud5t1 & x is "h t tir$ m5 reject criticism & all its works4 ,to su* ! rem9d] _c be sp>$ t 9 any bran* ( ,sci5ce ! same conditions h to be ov]come1 & if he w\ld und]/& ! ,old ,te/am5t & reap ! magnific5t rew>d t its e>ne/ /udy gives1 he mu/ be prep>$ to face ! facts & lab\r at _! solution4 ,fir/ ( all !n1 x mu/ be not$ t ! ,books ( ! ,prophets are n s mu* lit]ature1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 z report$ rhetoric1 ) ! qualification t ! report] & ! speak] may be usually assum$ to be ! same4 ,9 mo/ cases ! spee*es 7 writt5 out by ! ,prophet himself soon aft] !y 7 deliv]$1 al?\gh sometimes ?is 0 done by o!rs long aft]1 & exp&$ or alt]$1 z is actually report$ to h be5 ! case ) ! prophecies ( ,j]emiah 7,j]4 xxxvi474 ,9 ! second place1 ! lit]ature reveals ! fact t !re does n seem to h be5 9 t age any conception ( lit]>y prop]ty2 ideas are borr[$ directly f "o ,prophet by ano!r1 & sometimes direct quotation is made )\t any ackn[l$gm5t or indication ( ! s\rce4 ,! ,prophet's scribe1 8 s*ool or foll[]s1 c\ld am5d or p>aphrase2 lat] g5]ations c\ld evid5tly ins]t a qualify+ phrase1 temp] a ?reat ) a qualify+ condition1 or to ! doom ( exile add a promise ( re/oration4 ,:5 x is notic$ t messages l ^? ( ,amos or ,hosea end unexpect$ly 9 hopeful words1 & :5 x is recollect$ t ^! ,prophets h be5 us$ z ,s]vice ,books 9 ! ,synagogue & may h be5 !re=e alt]$ to suit ! purpose1 !n we %all und]/& ! problem t faces u & :y a %ad[ ( suspicion %\ld re/ on promises ( re/oration t are to be f\nd 9 pre-exilic writ+s4 ,let x be rememb]$ h[ev] t x is no true critical canon to assume t pr$iction _c be made2 b :at are we to d :5 su* a pr$iction fits ill ) ! context1 breaks ! s5se1 is =eign to ! outlook ( ! speak]1 & is 9 lat] /yle8 ,f9ally1 !re seem to h be5 _m prophecies circulat$ anonym\sly1 & s9ce a place _h to be f\nd = ^! !y 7 ins]t$ 9 o!r writ]s1 on no pr9ciple t we c discov]1 or m (t5 7 gr\p$ toge!r at ! end ( "s notable ,prophet's works4 ,9 ,ze*>iah we h to suppose ?ree /rata ( diff]5t au?or%ip & date1 or give up ! rational /udy ( ! ,book altoge!r2 & 9 ! fam\s case ( ! ,book ( ,isaiah we h to suppose t "s ( ! e>ly *apt]s are ! "w ( a po/-exilic au?or1 :ile *apt]s xl4-lxvi4 are a het]og5e\s collection by a numb] ( writ]s1 ( :i* *apt]s xl4-lv4 are recognis$ to be by "o h&1 & t1 "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful p]sonalities :i* has contribut$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t2 ab\t t gr& figure we only "k "o ?+1 t he 0 n ,isaiah ( ,j]usalem4 ,?is has be5 call$ saw+ ,isaiah asund] & mak+ ! ,bible a piece ( pat*work & ! critics are blam$2 b if !y are "r1 ^! compla9ts are n direct$ at !m1 b at ! ,bible itself1 a proce$+ :i* to say ! lea/1 is n pi\s4 ,:5 a writ] c\ld say _m ye>s lat] t revelation came ( old "t 9 _m fragm5ts 7,heb4 i4 #a71 o!rs beside critics fall "u ^! ha/y condemnations4 ,x is refre%+ to turn f ?is less int]e/+ "p ( our subject1 :i* nev]!less dem&s s]i\s /udy f anyone :o w\ld be in=m$ :]e ignorance has done & /ill is do+ s mu* h>m1 & to exam9e ! features :i* di/+ui% ! "w ( ! lit]>y ,prophets4 ,we h already spok5 ( ! novelty ( _! message4 ,:atev] !ory is *os5 = ! /udy ( ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 no?+ q prep>es u = ! message ( ! ,prophet ,amos4 ,:at an inspiration we miss because he does n /& 9 our ,bibles 9 8 rightful place1 at ! head ( ! ,prophets6 ,8 brav]y & rugg$ness rem9d u ( ,elijah1 b he br+s some?+ t ,elijah is f> f giv+ u4 ,elijah 0 v jeal\s = ! due recognition ( ,jehovah z ! only ,god = ,israel2 ,amos is jeal\s = ! recognition ( ! true "* ( ,jehovah4 ,t is to say1 we receive f ,amos def9ite tea*+ conc]n+ ! "* ( ,jehovah & ,8 relations to ! p ( ,israel1 & ^! doctr9es are />tl+ to ,israeliti% e>s4 ,almo/ ! fir/ ?+ t /rikes u z an out/&+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,prophets is t !y are consci\s ( a call to :i* !y (t5 appeal4 ,five ( !m def9itely ref] to ! circum/ances ( _! call 7,amos vii4 #ad2 ,hosea i4 #b2 ,isaiah vi42 ,j]4 i4 #d-aj2 ,ezek4 i4 #a-;ii4 #c74 ,! same is true ( _! pr$ecessors1 b 9 a diff]5t way2 !y /& z def5d]s ( ! national religion because !y belong to ! prophetic guilds or possess c]ta9 gifts ( vision4 ,on ! o!r h& ! lit]>y ,prophets are aga9/ ! national religion z a p]v]sion ( ! true1 & to ?is we>y & w>like "w !y are call$ by imm$iate & special summons ( ,god4 ,?is call is n self-orig9at$ nor c x be evad$ 7,j]4 xx4 #i71 & 9 "s cases !re has be5 no prep>ation = ! (fice 7,amos vii4 #ad1 #ae71 & ev5 positive unfitness 7,j]4 i4 #f74 ,!y are v c>eful !re=e to di/+ui% !mselves f ! s*ools ( prophets4 ,pr(essionalism has disappe>$1 & 9 ,j]emiah ! (ficial idea also vani%es4 ,! peculi> m5tal condition ( ! ,prophets has ( late ye>s attract$ a great deal ( att5tion4 ,! rapture & holy fr5zy into :i* !y are sometimes ?r[n rem9d u ( ! ph5om5a accompany+ ! e>ly ,prophetism1 /udi$ 9 our la/ lecture2 b ?is is n[ accid5tal & is becom+ r>e4 ,! ,prophets (t5 speak ( ?is z ! h& ( ! ,"l ^u !m 7,isa4 viii4 #aa72 9 ! visions ( ,ezekiel ! effect is (t5 describ$ z ov]p[]+ 7,ezek4 iii4 #ad ff474 ,!re is a simil>ity betwe5 ! accompanim5ts ( ^! /ates & ! trances :i* h be5 f\nd 9 s _m religi\s movem5ts1 & :i* are n[ attract+ ! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w s s]i\sly4 ,only ! results diff] rem>kably f ! effects obta9$ 9 hypnotic & sub-consci\s /ates1 ) :i* ! prophetic gift has sometimes be5 comp>$4 ,! ,prophet /ill exhibits 8 natural /yle :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,^w ( ! ,"l4 ,yet x may be t !re is some?+ to be le>n$ along ! l9es ( mod]n rese>*2 we "k t if c]ta9 /ates ( m5tal passivity c be induc$1 !re lies op5 a new realm ( k1 :i*1 al?\gh x c be acc\nt$ =1 _c be summon$ "u ord9>y m5tal conditions2 add to ?is ! sup]ior moral con/itution :i* seems to be miss+ f ! m$iums ( spirituali/ic ph5om5a to-day1 & ! prophetic consci\sness becomes m compreh5sible4 ,! ,prophets (t5 speak ( visions1 b x is difficult to ga!r _! actual "*4 ,x c h>dly be objective2 x is m l ! arti/ic vision :i* creates )9 ! m9d 9 p]fect detail & objectivity1 s t :at is se5 has great] reality ?an any reproduction on canvas or 9 /one4 ,! m9d w\ld seem to project its vision by ! /r5g? ( its imag9ative p[]s1 s t1 ow+ to ! emotion ar\s$ by ! nature ( ! tru? p]ceiv$1 ! revelation appe>s to come f an entirely ext]nal s\rce4 ,sometimes x w\ld seem to be an actual behold+ ( "s natural object1 :i* induces a tra9 ( ?\ght1 z ! case ( ,amos's vision ( ! plumb-l9e may well be4 ,we _c ?9k ei!r ( any organic he>+ ( _! message1 s9ce !y sometimes also decl>e t !y see x4 ,_! pr$ictive p[] has be5 exagg]at$1 *iefly because x 0 ?\ght t ?is 0 ! only (fice ( ! ,prophet4 ,:]e x occurs x is mo/ly a natural d$uction f _! insight into ! movem5ts ( _! age1 _! conception ( ! un*angeable "* ( ,jehovah1 & _! belief 9 ,8 provid5tial gov]nm5t2 ! emphasis is nev] ^u details1 & x may be add$ t ! pr$iction is by no means always fulfill$4 ,_! vision ( ! future usually takes a c]ta9 outl9e1 or ord]2 a national calamity is imm$iately imp5d+1 9 :i* !y recognise ! puni%m5t ( ! p's s9s & ! complete triumph & v9dication ( ,jehovah2 ?is w result 9 a purify+ ( ! nation1 & 9 ! imm$iate succession !re w come ! ,messianic or ideal era4 ,/ill !re are pr$ictions :i* _c be expla9$ on any !ory yet broa*$1 su* z ! pr$iction by ,isaiah ( ! de/ruction ( ,s5na*]ib's army1 or ,j]emiah's prophecy ( ! ,re/oration4 ,if ?is is ord9>y second sight1 !n x is /range t x %\ld h occurr$ 9 s _m cases at ?is "t :5 prophecy 0 dropp+ its my/]i\s accompanim5ts4 ,yet x may be recall$ t 9 ! hi/ory ( all nations !re has be51 9 times ( great national affliction1 a t5d5cy to prophecy ( ?is ord]1 :i* c sometimes claim a rem>kable fulfilm5t4 ,! di/+ui%+ glory ( ,israel's prophecy is1 h[ev]1 to be s\ght 9 its e?ical "*1 & x is p]haps to ! writ+s ( m5 l our own ,c>lyle1 :]e we (t5 cat* ! old prophetic r+1 t we are to look = its analogy4 ,among ! ?+s t sep>ate ,amos f 8 pr$ecessors is ! use ( a lit]>y *annel = ! dissem9ation ( 8 tea*+1 :i* 0 ( c\rse prim>ily prea*+4 ,?is 9 itself m>ks a great *ange4 ,:at 0 x t l$ ! ,prophet to write d[n ! message :i* he _h deliv]$8 ,x may h be5 t !re 0 a t5d5cy t[>ds lit]ature at t p>ticul> p]iod1 b ev5 be=e ?is ! habit ( keep+ records mu/ h comm5c$1 :ile !re is evid5ce ( collections ( poems or sagas1 su* z ! ,book ( ,ja%]1 or ! ,book ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,"l1 be+ 9 exi/5ce f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t we ne$ "s p>ticul> occurr5ce to acc\nt = ! adoption ( lit]ature z ! vehicle ( ,prophecy4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! cause is to be s\ght initially 9 ! rejection ( ! message ( ,amos by ^? to :om x 0 deliv]$3 he 0 aw>e ( ! p]man5t application ( ! tru?s t he _h deliv]$1 & s9ce 8 own times w\ld n he>k5 he resolv$ to commit !m to ! v]dict ( po/]ity4 ,! example once set1 x 0 natural = ! succe$+ ,prophets to wi% to give some?+ m ?an ! fleet+ "* ( ! spok5 ^w to tea*+ t 0 new & t _h be5 reject$1 & !re=e to adopt ?is =m 7,isa4 viii4 #af f474 ,:atev] ! cause1 we are ?ankful = ! results4 ,! *annel *os5 = ! pres]vation ( _! messages 0 n purely lit]>y2 ! =m is n t ( ! essay1 or !sis2 x has n ! /udi$ elegance ( poetry1 yet x rises above prose1 & rhy?mic v]se is f\nd scatt]$ ?r\gh\t _! writ+s4 ,^! reports ( passionate oratory fall naturally into poetic =m z ! ,prophet is c>ri$ away by 8 message4 ,especially d we f9d a v ext5sive use ( symbolism1 :i* has prov$ a trap into :i* ! lit]ali/ has ha/5$ to fall4 ,! relation ( ! ,prophets to ! ,/ate is difficult = u accurately to appreciate4 ,samuel1 ,elijah1 & ,eli%a head$ :at 7 practically popul> revolutions2 9 !m nationalism ov]%ad[s ! univ]sally religi\s1 or ! purely moral ideal4 ,to appreciate ! contra/ t ! lit]>y ,prophets pres5t to ?is1 a c>eful /udy %\ld be made ( #b ,k+s ix4 #g-aj2 x4 #cj1 & ?is comp>$ ) ! v]dict ( ,hosea1 :i* rises above ! /&>d ( ,/ate int]e/ to a judgm5t ( univ]sal morals 7,hosea i4 #d74 ,! lit]>y ,prophets h no (fice at c\rt & receive no fee 7,micah iii4 #b72 b !y h an (ficial connection ) ! nation1 :i* !y reg>d z ! *os5 in/rum5t = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,god's reign2 !y h no conception ( a secul> /ate = ,israel4 ,x became !re=e a trag$y = ,j]emiah to be s completely reject$ by ! nation1 = !n he felt 8 prophetic (fice really ceas$4 ,x 0 ?is t drove him into a p]sonal relation%ip ) ,god t is n rea*$ by any o!r ( ! ,prophets4 ,x is n correct to say t ! ,prophets 7 social re=m]s or practical politicians4 ,_! sole conc]n is ) religion1 b x is a religion t goes v deep1 & t mu/ express itself 9 social & national e?ics4 ,x is h[ev] ^u _! di/9ctive message t ! *ief int]e/ c5tres1 n only = ! und]/&+ ( _! age1 b = _! p]man5t contribution to religion4 ,x is a decl>ation ( pure e?ical ,mono!ism4 ,jehovah is n simply ! tutel>y deity ( ,israel2 ,he is ! ,only ,god4 ,! gods ( ! o!r nations are n real be+s2 ?is tru? is vividly express$ 9 ! scorn :i* is p\r$ on idols & _! wor%ip4 ,jehovah is a spiritual ,be+2 !re=e ! crusade aga9/ ! idols t _h be5 us$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah is an outcome ( prophetic tea*+4 ,?is condemnation ( idols 9 ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah is n actually met ) until ,hosea 7xiii4 #b71 b t any visible =m ( ,jehovah is d]ogatory to ! true conception ( ,8 glory is ! only possible d$uction f prophetic tea*+4 ,we /ill get ! nave t]ms t ref] to ,jehovah z if ,he _h bodily p>ts2 b ?is is no?+ m ?an ! necess>y imag]y :i* all spiritual conceptions h to employ1 & :i* are n mi/ak5 by any save ! mo/ ignorant4 ,?is purely spiritual ,be+ fills ! :ole univ]se 7,deut4 x4 #ad2 #a ,k+s viii4 #bg2 ,j]4 xxiii4 #bd2 esp4 ,isa4 xxxi4 #c1 :i* implies m cle>ly ?an any o!r /atem5t 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ! spirituality ( ,god1 & ?us anticipates ! decl>ation ( ,jesus to ! woman ( ,sam>ia74 ,b x is ) ! e?ical "* ( ,jehovah t !y are mo/ly conc]n$4 ,he is righte\s2 :i* means m ?an ! e>ly conception t ,he simply def5ds ,israel's "r4 ,!y insi/ on ,8 complete imp>tiality1 :i* no *oice ( ,israel = ,8 own c turn aside3 ,y only h ,i kn[n ( all ! families ( ! e>?1 !re=e w ,i visit ^u y all y\r iniquities4 ,!y fall back aga9 & aga9 on ,8 absolute fidelity & tru?fulness4 ,! arbitr>y "* :i* is ascrib$ to ,jehovah 9 ! ,books ( ,samuel has completely disappe>$2 ! ,prophet c say3 ,come & let u reason toge!r1 sai? ,jehovah4 ,univ]salism is ! necess>y coroll>y to ,mono!ism1 b ! /rong s5se ( ,israel z ,8 *os5 in/rum5t h9d]s ! cle> /atem5t ( ?is tru? by ! ,prophets4 ,a p>ticul> reg>d = ,israel /ill col\rs _! vision2 b !y are altoge!r aga9/ ! popul> e/imate 9 ma9ta9+ t ?is *oice 0 made solely z a means = rea*+ ! :ole _w4 ,univ]salism is se5 =m+ 9 ! idea t ,jehovah is conc]n$ ) ! puni%m5t ( o!r nations1 s9ce ,he x is :o w puni% !m = _! s9s2 n only = _! hatr$ ( ,8 *os51 b = _! cruelty to o!r nations3 ,he w puni% ,moab = 8 inhumanity to ,edom 7,amos ii4 #a74 ,?is is a great advance4 ,ev5 :5 ! surr\nd+ nations afflict ,israel x is n because ! ,"l has no control ov] !m1 b x is ,he t raises up ! ho/ile p[]s z in/rum5ts ( ,8 *a/isem5t4 ,ev5 k9d] views are to be f\nd 9 ,amos1 9 ^: t9y book we f9d ne>ly all ! *>act]i/ic ideas ( ! ,prophets2 = ,jehovah is said to h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! e>ly migratory movem5ts n only ( ! ,hebrews1 b ( ! hat$ ,phili/9es & ,assyrians 7,amos ix4 #g74 ,! gr& univ]salism ( ,isaiah xix4 #ai-be only ne$s u to recall ! "p t ,egypt & ,assyria play$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 9 ord] to appreciate its magnanimity4 ,yet 9 spite ( ^! passages1 ! outlook z a :ole is c5tr$ on ,israel1 & works ( a def9itely univ]sali/ic nature c\ld h>dly h f\nd a place 9 ! canon4 ,?is _s probably made x necess>y = ! writ] ( ,jonah to embody 8 univ]sali/ic doctr9es 9 ! =m ( an obscure p>able ab\t a ,prophet & a :ale4 ,x 0 ! same national bigotry t l$ to ! rejection ( ! ,son ( man4 ,x is 9 ! idea ( ! conditions ( ! cov5ant betwe5 ,jehovah & ,israel t ! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets /&s 9 su* contra/ to ! conceptions ( ! p4 ,t relation 0 conceiv$ (1 z we h se51 z tribal2 ! ,prophets decl>e x to re/ on a cov5ant ( *oice1 :i* is to be ma9ta9$ by ! adh]5ce ( ! p>ties to ! orig9al t]ms4 ,!y love to place 9 contra/ ! unwe>i$ fai?fulness ( ,jehovah & ! fickl5ess ( ! p2 :ile !y alt]nate betwe5 ?reats ( ,jehovah's complete rejection & ! recurr+ ?\ght t despite all ,he c nev] *ange1 & aga9/ all kn[n cu/om w ev5 welcome back ! h>lot nation4 ,jehovah's requirem5ts f ,israel1 = ! prop] ma9t5ance ( ! cov5ant1 are simply ! full allegiance ( ! p2 b h[ ?is is to be display$ is n s def9itely describ$4 ,!re mu/ be a pure wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 b ?is is n to f9d expression 9 accurate ritual or great sacrifices4 ,inde$ x _c be claim$ t ! ,prophets are at all conc]n$ ab\t ritual4 ,! ,book ( ,deut]onomy di/9ctly lays d[n t ! true wor%ip ( ,jehovah is to be p]=m$ at "o *os5 c5tral spot1 :ile ,leviticus provides an elaborate me?od ( approa*1 :i* c only be neglect$ at ! p]il ( ! wor%ipp]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is c]ta9 t ! ,prophets f\nd ! p wor%ipp+ at ! high places1 ! old ,canaaniti% %r9es1 ) _m cu/oms :i* w\ld be a direct infr+em5t ( ! ,code ( ,leviticus1 yet !y are entirely unconc]n$ ) ^! faults4 ,! pr9ciple ( sacrifice z a means ( wor%ip _h exi/$ f anci5t times1 & is to be f\nd 9 ne>ly all religions2 yet !re is an ov]:elm+ v]dict f ! pre-exilic ,prophets t %[s t !y are d\btful ( its ,div9e appo9tm5t or ( its necessity4 7,^! passages %\ld be c>efully exam9$3--,amos v4 #be2 ,hosea vi4 #f2 ,isa4 i4 #aa-ag2 ,micah vi4 #f-h2 #a ,sam4 xv4 #bb2 ,j]4 vi4 #bj2 vii4 #ba-bc2 & ,j]emiah may h be5 a prie/67 ,!re is only "o conclusion possible2 ^! ,prophets _h nev] se5 ! ,book ( ,leviticus4 ,! ritual :i* ! ,prophets seek is t ( an upright life4 ,!y base all _! morality on religi\s ideas4 ,! great inc5tive to moral conduct is ! recognition t ! :ole nation & l& is ! prop]ty ( ,jehovah2 any social wrong is wrong aga9/ ,him4 ,s we f9d t ! e>lie/ attempt to =mulate ?is tea*+ 9 a code conta9s _m regulations :i* are purely humanit>ian 7,deut4 xiv4 #bi2 xix4 #b ff42 xxi4 #aj-ag2 xxii4 #a-c2 xxiv4 #f1 #aj-ae74 ,ritual is turn$ into e?ics4 ,aga9/ ! inequalities & inju/ices ( _! day ! ,prophets set _! faces1 ) an utt] disreg>d = consequ5ces3 !y hurl$ _! accusations at ! nation ) trem5d\s en]gy1 9 public1 be=e k+s1 z m5 w5t up to wor%ip2 fi]y d5unciation m+l+ ) a patriot's te>s2 = ! "t1 all unavail+4 ,yet !y h _h _! h>ve/1 & to-day !y are among ! voices t call m5 to social re=m4 ,x w be well to endeav\r to %[1 9 ! briefe/ possible outl9e1 ! hi/oric sett+ ( ?is mighty message4 ,x 0 %ortly aft] ! op5+ ( ! ,eigh? ,c5tury t ?reat5+ indications began to ga!r on ! horizon ( ,nor!rn ,israel4 ,! situation call$ = a ,prophet's message4 ,amos1 ! h]dman ( ,tekoa1 comes l a :irlw9d f ,judah1 utt]s 8 message at ,be!l & returns4 ,he is ! fir/ & 9 _m respects ! greate/ ( t meteoric b& :o illum9e ! d>k night ( ,israel's hi/ory2 lat] ,prophets repeat 8 words & %>e 8 ideas4 ,hosea1 f ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom1 foll[s 9 8 /eps1 b ) a message made ! m t5d] f ! fact t ! :ole drama ( ,israel's unfai?fulness to h] husb& ,jehovah _h be5 br\ght home to him 9 a p]sonal dome/ic trag$y4 ,! t5d] he>t :i* l$ him to =give 8 unfai?ful wife1 wond]$ if ,jehovah w\ld n be equally =giv+1 & ?r\gh ?is exp]i5ce he almo/ p5etrates to ! ?\ght ( ,god z ,love4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 a voice is he>d 9 ! villages ( ,judah proclaim+ ! message ( ,amos ) ! same call to simple reality3 ,micah pleads = simple life1 simple wor%ip1 simple ju/ice4 ,) ?is transf]5ce ( ! prophetic voice to ! ,s\!rn ,k+dom !re falls an awful sil5ce on ! ,nor?4 ,9 #gbb ,b4,c41 ,sam>ia fell be=e ! arms ( ,assyria1 & ,israel ceas$ to exi/4 ,= c5turies t l& 0 to rema9 sil5t & despis$1 until !re %\ld come f ,galilee ( ! ,g5tiles ,he ( :om all ! ,prophets spake4 ,"o w\ld expect t ! awful doom :i* _h ov]tak5 ! ,nor!rn ,k+dom w\ld n h be5 )\t effect on ,judah4 ,its only visible effect 0 ! /r5g!n+ ( h] belief 9 h] own inviolability1 & ! acceptance ( ! idea t ,israel's fall 0 due to h] sep>ation f ,judah4 ,if a ,prophet c\ld h turn$ ! p's ?\ght 9 a san] direction1 !n x w\ld h be5 accompli%$ by ,isaiah1 ! mo/ pr9cely & ! mo/ lit]>y ( all ! ,prophets4 ,8 "w 0 n inde$ )\t effect4 ,he 0 ! means ( lift+ prophecy into popul> fav\r1 & a revival foll[$ 8 tea*+4 ,! *ief cause ( ?is fav\r 0 ! ev5ts ( ! memorable ye>1 #gja ,b4,c4 ,9 face ( ! dem&s ( ,assyria1 ,isaiah _h all along c\nsell$ submission & ! avoidance ( all intrigues ) ,egypt4 ,b ! violation ( ! treaty by ,s5na*]ib1 :o dem&$ ! surr5d] ( ! city aft] he _h be5 b\ght (f1 r\s$ ! ang] ( ,isaiah4 ,9 answ] to ! insult+ message ( ! ,rab%akeh1 :ile ! army lay r\nd ! city1 9 ob$i5ce to ! ^w ( ,jehovah he c\nsels resi/ance4 ,no?+ seem$ m improbable ?an t !re c\ld be any escape = ,j]usalem2 nev]!less he decl>$ t ! holy city %\ld be inviolable4 ,! great ho/ ) _! insol5t capta9 lay be=e ! gates1 b 9 ! morn+ ,! ,g5tile1 unsmote by ! sword1 ,_h melt$ l sn[ 9 ! glance ( ! ,"l4 ,:atev] ! actual cause ( ! rais+ ( ! siege may h be51 !re c be no d\bt t some?+ did happ5 to ! ,assyrian army :i* ,isaiah 0 able to attribute to ! int]v5tion ( ,jehovah1 = f ?is "t ,isaiah became fam\s4 ,to ^? :o see 9 ! fulfilm5t ( pr$iction ! *ief end ( prophecy ?is ev5t w naturally seem ( pr(\nd importance4 ,to ano!r view ( ! function ( prophecy ?is is ! lea/ ?+ t ,isaiah did1 = :ile x lift$ 8 "n into popul> fav\r1 t same deliv]ance prov$ a sn>e to ! inhabitants ( ,j]usalem4 ,= 8 decl>ation ( ! city's inviolability 0 rememb]$ long aft]1 & quot$ z if x _h be5 ( univ]sal1 in/ead ( tempor>y application1 :ile 8 moral tea*+ 0 =gott54 ,to t trick ( national memory ! exile 0 l>gely due4 ,f ?is "t ! sacrosanct "* ( ! city obsess$ ! popul> m9d1 & 9 consequ5ce ! ,temple became1 = ! fir/ "t s9ce its erection1 ( supreme significance 9 ,jewi% eyes4 ,foll[+ ,isaiah1 !re 0 a movem5t1 comm5c$ probably by 8 disciples1 t /rove to br+ ! ,temple into prom95ce z ! "o au?oris$ place ( wor%ip4 ,possibly dur+ ! reaction>y reign ( ,manasseh1 :5 _! ma/] is said to h be5 m>tyr$1 !y work$ at ?is idea1 & driv5 into sil5ce by ! p]secutions ( ! k+ !y employ$ _! p5s 9 produc+ a code ( laws1 :i* und\bt$ly ga!r$ into legal =m _m ( ! cu/oms :i* _h exi/$ = c5turies1 & endeav\r$ to give !m ! religi\s int]pretation ( ! prophetic tea*+4 ,its *ief injunction 0 ! suppression ( ! high places z no long] au?oris$ = ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 hop+ to c5tre !reby ! :ole ( ! nation's wor%ip at ! ,temple4 ,?is code 0 probably laid up = publication 9 bright] days1 & 0 discov]$ 9 ! reign ( ,josiah1 9 ! ye> #fba ,b4,c4 ,!re c be b little d\bt1 f ! re=ms in/itut$1 & f ! total disreg>d ( !m until ?is "t1 t ?is code 0 our ,book ( ,deut]onomy4 ,s9ce x 0 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,moses1 _m mod]ns h look$ ^u its compilation z a pi\s =g]y4 ,?is is to read into a pa/ age ! legal conceptions ( ,we/]n civilisation4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t _m ( ^! laws c\ld be legitimately trac$ back to ,moses or to 8 influ5ce1 & !re 0 no idea ( deception 9 us+ 8 "n4 ,! h& ( ! ,s*ool :i* produc$ ?is "w c also be trac$ 9 ! compilation & r$action ( o!r hi/orical works1 :i* 7 und]tak5 ) ?is idea ( mak+ ! pa/ hi/ory tea* ! value ( ! re=ms !y wi%$ ! p to adopt4 ,?is 0 n only reg>d$ z legitimate1 b z a sacr$ duty impos$ ^u !m4 ,! mod]n hi/orical ideal1 :i* in/igates rese>* ) ! sole int5tion ( discov]+ ! facts1 is only ! product ( our own age1 & is /ill unsuccessfully /riv5 aft]4 ,! re=mation "u ,josiah is !re=e kn[n z ! ,deut]onomic re=mation4 ,f ?is "t ! ,temple becomes ! only spot :]e ,god c be publicly wor%ipp$1 & ! local %r9es are =bidd54 ,?is may seem an arbitr>y action1 & x is possible t = "s "t x call$ =? l\d compla9ts2 b x 0 c]ta9ly = ! b5efit ( religion4 ,x _h be5 prov$ to be impossible to dissociate ! local %r9es f ! cu/oms & ideas :i* _h desc5d$ f ! orig9al ,canaaniti% wor%ip c>ri$ on !re4 ,) a c5tral wor%ip x 0 f\nd possible to *eck practices t 7 n 9 accordance ) ! religion ( ,jehovah4 ,! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets f9ds !n 9 ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy its fir/-fruits ( re=m4 ,! relation ( "o "y man to ?is new movem5t is full ( peculi> int]e/ & difficulty4 ,x 0 at ?is v "t t ,j]emiah began 8 m9i/ry1 & x is possible t he took "s "p 9 ! movem5t 7,j]4 xi4 #h74 ,he also liv$ to see ! reaction & to prove t ! re=m 0 only sup]ficial4 ,!re is "o passage :i* seems to po9t to a *ange ( view & ev5 to ! suspicion t ! new code 0 n au?oritative 7,j]4 vii4 #h74 ,:5 ,j]emiah attack$ ! s9 ( ! p1 & w>n$ !m t ! pres5ce ( ,jehovah's ,temple w\ld n suffice to protect !m if !y p]si/$ 9 _! iniquity1 8 message 0 reject$ & ev5tually he 0 imprison$ & sil5c$ by a coalition ( ! prie/s & prophets4 ,j]emiah ceas$ !re=e to be ! ,prophet ( t nation4 ,9 8 lonel9ess & sorr[1 8 ?\ghts turn$ 9 an hi!rto unexplor$ direction4 ,he compla9s to ,god 9 words :i* s\nd almo/ blasphem\s1 & p\rs =? expo/ulations t are ! rev]se ( ! submissive _s usually ?\ght prop] to religion2 b x is ?r\gh ?is agony t ,j]emiah discov]s t ,god c be some?+ to him1 n only z ! ,prophet ( ! nation1 b = himself4 ,he discov]s p]sonal religion4 ,8 next discov]y is equally mom5t\s2 = he is l$ to see t no promulgation ( laws c save ! nation3 ord9ances d n *ange ! he>t4 ,he sorr[fully pron\nces ! doom ( ! nation1 b z he /&s by its op5 grave he s+s ( its resurrection4 ,:5 purg$ by trial ! nation %all return1 & ! ,new ,cov5ant %all be set up1 9 :i* ,jehovah %all write ,8 laws 9 _! he>ts4 ,x is a long f>-(f look t he gives1 & ! picture is n complete until ,"o sits at a la/ supp] & says3 ,?is cup is ! ,new ,cov5ant 9 my blood4 ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,exile ,dates = ref]5ce3-- ,b4,c4 #eig4 ,jehoia*9 & #aj1jjj captives deport$ to ,babylon1 & ,z$ekiah made k+ 9 8 /ead4 ,,fir/ ,,captivity4 #ehg-f4 ,j]usalem besieg$1 ,z$ekiah tak5 to ,babylon1 ,j]usalem & ! ,temple de/roy$1 & ! :ole population1 save ! v poore/1 deport$ to ,babylon4 ,,second ,,captivity4 #ech4 ,cyrus issues edict = ,return4 ,return "u ,%e%bazz> 787 7,ezra i474 #ecg4 ,return "u ,z]ubbabel 7,ezra ii474 #deh4 ,arrival ( ,ezra4 #dde4 ,fir/ ,mission ( ,nehemiah4 #dcc4 ,second ,mission ( ,nehemiah4 ,!re is a good deal ( unc]ta9ty ab\t ! above dates1 & ! condition ( ! docum5ts 9 ,ezra-,nehemiah (f]s difficulties :i* h n1 s f>1 f\nd acceptable solutions4 ,"s h s\ght to id5tify ,%e%bazz> ) ,z]ubbabel1 & to br+ d[n ! date ( ! ,return to #ebb-ba4 ,x w be se5 f ! above ,table t ,j]emiah's prophecy ( ,sev5ty ,ye>s 0 n lit]ally fulfill$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /ud5t w\ld receive a cle> idea ( ! gr[? ( ,israel's in/itutions & ! way 9 :i* !y h be5 incorporat$ 9 ! successive docum5ts1 by trac+ ! developm5t ( ! ,sabba? 9 ! foll[+ passages4 ,"s claim t ! ,records ( ,babylonia %[ t ! obs]vance ( ! sev5? day z sacr$ goes back to ! orig9s ( primitive ,semitic religion4 7#a7 ,9 ,j-,e 7:i* may be prior to ,amos 9 oral =m1 & p]haps slightly lat] z docum5ts73 ,exod4 xxiii4 #ab2 xxxiv4 #ba2 xx4 #h4 7#b7 ,9 hi/orical books3 #b ,k+s iv4 #bb1 #bc2 ,amos viii4 #e2 ,hosea ii4 #aa2 ,isa4 i4 #ac4 7#c7 ,9 ,d3 ,deut4 v4 #ad4 7#d7 ,9 ,j]4 xvii4 #ai-bg4 7,j]emiah is ! fir/ writ] to %[ traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,deut]onomy47 7#e7 ,9 ,h1 ,! ,code ( ,hol9ess 7,lev4 xvii4-xxvi473 ,lev4 xix4 #c1 #cj2 xxvi4 #b4 7#f7 ,9 ,ezek4 xx4 #ab1 #ac4 7#g7 ,9 ,p3 ,g54 ii4 #a-c2 ,exod4 xx4 #aj1 #aa2 xxxi4 #ab-ag2 xxxv4 #a-c2 ,lev4 xxiii4 #c2 ,num4 xv4 #cb-cf2 ,exod4 xvi4 #e1 #bb-cj4 7#h7 ,9 po/-exilic obs]vance3 ,neh4 xiii4 #ae-bb2 ,isa4 lvi4 #b1 #d1 #f2 lviii4 #ac1 f42 lxvi4 #bc4 ,lecture ,,vii ,,! ,,effect ,,( ,,! ,,exile ,9 ! ye> #eig ,b4,c41 a cata/rophe long =etold befell ! ,k+dom ( ,judah4 ,nebu*adrezz> invad$ ! l&1 took ,j]usalem1 & robb+ ! l& ( e p]son ( importance or usefulness1 transport$ !m toge!r ) ,k+ ,jehoia*9 to ,babylon1 hop+ d\btless to prev5t any fur!r tr\ble ) ,juda4 ,9 :at a conflict ( emotion mu/ ! exiles h left t city :i* !y _h fondly imag9$ inviolable6 = ev5 9 ,babylon !y cont9u$ to believe t s long z ,j]usalem /ood1 ,jehovah w\ld h a citadel1 & ! holy city w\ld rema9 a symbolic witness to _! unconqu]$ religion4 ,) ! captives !re w5t a "y man :o 0 de/9$ to leave a deep impression ^u ! future ( 8 nation--! prie/ ,ezekiel4 ,arriv$ 9 ,babylon1 he felt himself call$ to a prophetic m9i/ry to ! exiles1 & 8 fir/ message 0 direct$ to ! cru%+ ( _! rema9+ hopes2 = ) dramatic symbolism he pr$ict$ t ,j]usalem w\ld be utt]ly de/roy$4 ,! suicidal policy ( ,z$ekiah1 :om ,nebu*adrezz> _h left to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t z 8 vassal1 soon fulfill$ ?is prophecy2 = s$ition & intrigue soon compell$ ,nebu*adrezz> to adopt /ill /rict] measures4 ,he aga9 m>*$ into ,juda & besieg$ ,j]usalem4 ,?is "t ! ,jews expect$ no m]cy1 & resi/$ ) su* t5acity t ! siege la/$ = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,on ! n9? day ( ! ,f\r? mon?1 7our ,july7 #ehf ,b4,c41 a day /ill kept ) solemn fa/+ by ! ,jews1 a brea* 0 made 9 ! walls & ! city capitulat$4 ,a mon? lat] ! entire de/ruction ( ! city & ,temple 0 ru?lessly c>ri$ out1 & ! :ole population1 ) ! exception ( a few husb&m51 0 deport$ to swell ! company ( exiles n[ at ,babylon4 ,?is 0 ! inevitable culm9ation ( ! policy ( ! ,k+dom ( ,judah "u h] late/ mon>*s4 ,! position ( _! l& laid !m op5 to conflicts ) ! p[]s ( ,assyria & ,babylon4 ,! wise & peaceful policy ( ,solomon _h be5 dep>t$ f1 & inde$ r5d]$ impossible by ! disruption ( ! ,tribes4 ,a p]iod ( national decad5ce seems to h foll[$1 9 :i* luxury & corruption und]m9$ all political sanity1 & bo? rul]s & p became bl9d to ! dang]s t ?reat5$4 ,su* religion z exi/$1 only express$ itself 9 bur/s ( fanaticism1 & fill$ ! p ) ! fatal idea t ,jehovah w\ld nev] suff] ! ,temple to be violat$ or ! holy city to be tak54 ,! disa/] ( ! ,exile is *>g$ by ! ,prophets to ! unrep5t$ s9s ( ! nation1 & :ile ?is is a religi\s int]pretation x is n unsupport$ by a review ( ! hi/ory4 ,! p _h set _! he>ts ^u a glori\s k+dom ( mat]ial prosp]ity1 presid$ ov] & protect$ by a mighty national deity2 ! ,prophets want$ a k+dom ( righte\sness1 :i* w\ld reflect ! "* ( ,jehovah & be a witness to ! nations ( ,8 reality & p[]4 ,:ile !y saw 9 ! ,exile a calamity :i* meant ! de/ruction ( ! nation1 & an evid5ce t ,jehovah _h brok5 ,8 cov5ant because ( disob$i5ce1 !y clung to ! belief t ! end = :i* ,jehovah _h *os5 ,israel might /ill be atta9$4 ,t nation might be de/roy$1 yet f its ru9s !re w\ld arise a ,k+dom ( ,god2 a remnant w\ld return1 wean$ f a false religion1 to "w out a new ideal ( hol9ess & s]vice4 ,! p]iod :i* foll[s is "o ( great obscurity & ! records :i* are actually dat$ f ?is "t are scanty4 ,lit]>y criticism h[ev] ?r[s great light on ?is p]iod because x believes t x is f ! ,exile t we are to date _m in/itutions & writ+s t h be5 ref]r$ to a previ\s age4 ,?is may seem at fir/ sight a desp]ate device1 s9ce s little is kn[n ( ! actual conditions2 & yet unfett]$ inve/igation c arrive at no o!r conclusion1 ! exilic /amp be+ (t5 unmi/akable & ev5 %[+ itself 9 geographical outlook 7#a ,k+s iv4 #bd74 ,if we take ! ,bible z x /&s1 x pres5ts u ) ! /ory ( an e>ly legislation giv5 by ,moses1 neglect$ h[ev] by ! entire p1 includ+ ! ,re=m]s & ,prophets1 until x sudd5ly appe>s aft] ! ,exile z ! ackn[l$g$ code = ! regulation ( religion & common life4 ,x w\ld be q possible to conceive t ! %ock ( ! ,exile drove ! ,jews to exam9e ! details ( ! neglect$ cov5ant ( ,jehovah & to re/ore ! au?ority ( ! ,law ( ,moses4 ,su* h[ev] is impossible1 n only f t fact t !re is no m5tion ( ! ,law ( ,moses 9 ! records t c be dat$ betwe5 ! ,conque/ ( ,canaan & ! ,exile1 b t 9 ?is p]iod we c disc]n cu/oms & ideas gradually gr[+ up t f9d _! full & f9al embodim5t 9 ! ,p5tateu* z we n[ possess x4 ,f ! lawless condition ( ! ,judges & ! e>ly mon>*y1 we advance to ! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets4 ,x is ,isaiah :o contributes ! ideas :i* lie at ! basis ( ! ,deut]onomic ,code1 & ! "t ( ,josiah is ! fir/ to %[ ! influ5ce ( t code4 ,ezekiel is ! fir/ to %[ any trace ( ! ideas :i* we f9d embodi$ 9 ,leviticus1 b ^!1 z we %all see1 h to be expla9$ z anticipations (1 r ?an z an acqua9tance )1 ! f9i%$ ,levitical ,code4 ,:5 we consid] :at effect ! ,exile w\ld h ^u ! m ?\ghtful ( ! ,jews1 we c imag9e t consci5ce w\ld be %ock$ into activity1 & a new int]e/ w\ld be tak5 9 _! /range hi/ory1 especially 9 its prophetic int]pretation4 ,x is common 9 hi/ory to f9d t rep5tance r>ely goes s deep z to grasp ! inn] mean+ ( its discov]$ s91 b is apt to cont5t itself ) some:at sup]ficial me?ods ( %[+ its s9c]ity & secur+ future compliance ) religion4 ,s at lea/1 ! records ( ,israel's hi/ory assure u1 happ5$ 9 ?is in/ance1 & "o ( ! resolutions ( _! p5it5ce took concrete =m 9 ! writ+ or edit+ ( _! hi/ory s t x %\ld be a w>n+ to ! future1 & 9 codify+ cu/oms & draw+ up regulations :i* %\ld make apo/asy = ev] impossible4 ,_m ref]5ces 9 ! anci5t records or 9 ! oral tradition :i* sav\r$ ( idolatry or ( a too an?ropomorphic conception ( ,god 7 correct$1 z ^? ref]5ces1 ! t5d5cy ( :i* 0 n detect$1 h rema9$ to be> witness2 & ! :ole hi/ory 0 fitt$ some:at clumsily into a me*anical s*eme1 :i* 0 r :at !y ?\ght ought to h happ5$ ?an :at really did happ54 ,"o example ( ?is may be se5 9 ! condemnation :i* is navely pass$ on k+ aft] k+ because he _h all[$ sacrifice to be made at ! high places2 ! fact be+ t ?is 0 n made illegitimate until ! reign ( ,josiah4 ,9 ?is way ext]nal (f5ces 7 m>k$ & ab&on$1 :ile ! deep] incongruity betwe5 ! national religion & ! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets 0 miss$4 ,if we seek 9 ?is p]iod = ! rise ( ideas :i* %all bridge ov] ! *ange f ! popul> religion on ! "o h&1 & ! religion ( ,j]emiah on ! o!r1 to ! complete unity ( ! national religion "u ,nehemiah & ,ezra1 we %all f9d a mo/ important l9k 9 ! ,book ( ,ezekiel4 ,! ,book ( ,ezekiel is said to be ! lea/ read book 9 ! ,bible1 yet its au?or plays a mo/ important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel's religion1 & to grasp ! position :i* he occupies is to h a focus po9t f :i* ! :ole developm5t may be conv5i5tly grasp$4 ,! ,prophet probably got a bett] he>+ f 8 contempor>ies ?an any ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he accompani$ ! body ( captives :o left ,j]usalem = ,babylon 9 ! ye> #eig1 & 8 works date f soon aft] t ye> & g d[n to ab\t #egj4 ,! m5 to :om he 0 call$ to speak 7 !re=e 8 fell[ captives1 & he _h n to look f> = a text = 8 s]mons4 ,8 he>]s 7 9 ,babylon = _! s9s1 & !y knew x4 ,8 /yle ( prea*+ is difficult1 & 8 me?od ( embody+ 8 message 9 visions m>ks a new ph5om5on 9 ,israel's religion4 ,he /ates tru? 9 /range & fanciful figures1 a me?od :i* 0 to =m an example = ! lat] works ( ,judaism1 & if we detect 9 ,ezekiel a return to ! extravagance ( ! e>li] prophecy1 we mu/ make all[ance = ! tragic times 9 :i* he liv$2 especially mu/ we d ?is :]e we trace a fall+ (f f 8 pr$ecessors 9 moral insight & 9 ! rituali/ic influ5ce :i* 8 "w und\bt$ly left beh9d him4 ,ezekiel cont9ues ! "w ( ! pre-exilic ,prophets 9 t he proclaims _! *>act]i/ic doctr9es1 & naturally he %[s di/9ct traces ( ! influ5ce ( ,j]emiah4 ,:at is new1 is t he gives to ^? doctr9es a m fix$ & some:at p$antic =m1 & a great] self-consci\sness is disc]nible2 ! prophecies are accurately arrang$1 & ! language is m>k$ by precision2 rhetoric is less frequ5t1 & ! prophecies look m fit = read+ ?an = deliv]y4 ,! idea ( ,god is ! same z 9 ! e>li] ,prophets1 b 9 ,ezekiel x is elevat$ & r>ifi$2 especially is great emphasis laid ^u ! attribute ( hol9ess1 :i* is h[ev] a c]emonial r ?an a purely e?ical conception4 ,! *>act]i/ic idea ( ! ,prophets1 t ,jehovah *ose ,israel n = _! own sakes1 becomes ! idea t ,jehovah did ?is = ,8 own sake alone1 & ?is is s (t5 repeat$ t x almo/ looks l arbitr>9ess4 ,! cause ( ,judah's puni%m5t is /ill trac$ to ! s9 ( ! p1 b t s9 is n[ def9itely det]m9$ to be idolatry2 & ?is is insi/$ on almo/ to ! exclusion ( ! social & e?ical wrongs assail$ by ! e>li] ,prophets4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ,ezekiel en=ces ! bitt] lessons ( ! ,exile1 he c>efully di/+ui%es ! true int]pretation ( t disa/] f t :i* rose readily to ! popul> m9d4 ,he disposes ( ! conception t ! ,captivity 0 due to ! inability ( ,jehovah to def5d ,8 own l& 7xxxvi4 #bj72 x 0 a puni%m5t = s9 7xxxix4 #bc71 & 9 ,8 own "t ,he w prove ?is by re/or+ !m to _! l& aga9 7xxxix4 #be74 ,nei!r w he all[ !m to re/ 9 ! flatt]+ ?\ght t !y 7 only suff]+ = ! unvisit$ s9s ( a =m] g5]ation2 he insi/s1 probably ) great] rig\r ?an exp]i5ce w\ld sanction1 t ea* man be>s 8 own s91 & nev] suff]s = ! s9s ( o!rs4 ,b to ^? :o admit ! ju/ice ( 8 *>ges1 & :o !re=e reg>d ! future z hopeless1 he prea*es a t5d] doctr9e ( =giv5ess & ! possibility ( cleans+ f s94 ,f ! ev5ts ( 8 times1 he seeks to draw lessons :i* %\ld r$eem ! mi/akes t _h be5 made 9 ! pa/3 ! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets mu/ be kept be=e ! p 9 def9ite rules & religi\s c]emonies4 ,old cu/oms1 ^: orig9al significance _h long be5 =gott51 7 inve/$ ) new int]pretations wor?y ( ! true religion ( ,jehovah1 & 7 made n only cu/oms1 b religi\s comm&s4 ,9 ! book :i* be>s 8 "n1 & especially 9 *apt]s xl4-xlviii41 he outl9es a policy 9 :i* ! :ole ( national life is compreh5d$ 9 its religi\s significance1 & ?us ! calamity ( future apo/asy prev5t$4 ,! new ,/ate is to c5tre r\nd ! idea ( wor%ip3 ! ,temple ) its s]vices & appo9tm5ts is to be ! expression ( ! national life4 ,n[ 9 ?is s*eme !re is little d\bt t we h ! beg9n+ ( ! ,levitical sy/em1 = ,ezekiel is relat$ to ,leviticus z ! r\gh sket* to ! f9i%$ plan4 ,if ,leviticus 9 its pres5t =m exi/$ 9 ,ezekiel's "t1 !n ! "w ( ! ,prophet 0 n only entirely unnecess>y1 b c>eless & presumptu\s4 ,"s ( ! facts :i* po9t to ! priority ( ,ezekiel to ! ,levitical ,code may be notic$4 ,9 ! ,levitical ,code we f9d t a di/9ction is made betwe5 prie/s & ,levites4 ,?is is n f\nd 9 ,deut]onomy 7xvii4 #i1 #ah2 xviii4 #a7 b is fir/ f\nd 9 ,ezekiel 7xliv4 #aj-ae71 :]e x is expla9$ to be due to ! degradation ( ! ,levites z a puni%m5t = lead+ ! p into idolatry2 9 ,leviticus we rea* ! f9al /age1 :]e ! di/9ction is accept$ )\t explanation4 ,9 ,ezekiel we h no m5tion ( ! high-prie/ or ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 bo? ( :i* figure s l>gely 9 ! ,prie/'s ,code1 al?\gh we c f9d =e%ad[+s ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t 7,ezek4 xlv4 #ah-bj74 ,inde$ we meet ) no m5tion ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t1 ap>t f ! ,prie/ly ,code1 until ,ze*>iah 7vii4 #e2 viii4 #ai74 ,! g5]al conclusion may be safely drawn1 t dur+ & aft] ! ,exile1 ,ezekiel's ideas 7 /iff5$ & develop$ into ! full legislation n[ pres]v$ = u 9 ,leviticus4 ,we may rightly claim ,ezekiel to be ! f\nd] ( ,judaism1 ) its transc5d5t conception ( ,jehovah & its great att5tion to c]emonial detail1 & we are b\nd !re=e to recognise 9 ,ezekiel a fall+ (f f ! ideals ( ! pre-exilic ,prophets2 he is a prophet 9 prie/'s clo?+4 ,yet x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! ideali/ic tea*+ ( ! ,prophets c\ld h be5 pres]v$ ?r\gh ! p]iods ( ! ,exile & ! ,re/oration1 )\t ?is =mal process4 ,an out] husk ( =mality _h to develop 9 ord] t ! liv+ k]nel might be protect$ dur+ ! critical ye>s :5 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,rome 7 to press _! ali5 ideas ^u ?is p4 ,x has be5 well = ! _w t ,ezekiel clo!d ! ,prophets' tea*+ 9 ! resi/+ g>m5ts ( ,judaism4 ,! ,exile c\ld n fail to leave ^u ! ,jewi% nation an imp]i%able m>k1 & !y em]g$ f t trial a diff]5t p4 ,x 0 a %ock t br\ght a rep5tance ! ,prophets _h (t5 lab\r$ = 9 va91 & ?is rep5tance 0 m>k$ by ! initiation ( _m new movem5ts 9 ?\ght1 & by a m /r+5t & solemn obs]vance ( _! peculi> in/itutions4 ,probably 9 t ali5 l& _m ( ! ,jews adopt$ ! cu/oms ( _! conqu]ors1 s9ce x is e/imat$ t n m ?an a small fraction return$ to ,pale/9e4 ,?is defection w\ld impress ^u ^? :o rema9$ fai?ful ! necessity = a /rict policy ( sep>ation1 & f ?is "t c]ta9 in/itutions :i* _h be5 inh]it$ f anci5t ,semitic practice receiv$ a new mean+4 ,*ief among ^! may be notic$ ! obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?1 & ! rite ( circumcision4 ,! obs]vance ( a c]ta9 day z sacr$ to ! gods is a cu/om t is f\nd 9 ne>ly all e>ly religions1 & !re are traces ( su* an obs]vance 9 ! ,babylonian religion4 ,we d n f9d h[ev] 9 ! hi/orical books ( ! ,bible t m5tion ( ! ,sabba? :i* w\ld be expect$1 if x 0 obs]v$ ) ! /rictness common aft] ! ,exile4 ,!re are traces ( an obs]vance1 n /rictly def9$1 save t x is 9 association ) ! new moon fea/s1 & is comb9$ ) social relaxation 7#b ,k+s iv4 #bb1 #bc2 ,hosea ii4 #aa2 ,amos viii4 #e2 ,isa4 i4 #ac74 ,ev5 be=e ! ,exile h[ev] a m religi\s conception _h aris5 7,j]4 xvii4 #ai-bg71 & is ev5 !n ref]r$ to z an e>li] comm&4 ,! *ange aft] ! ,exile 0 t[>ds an ev] increas+ /rictness 7,isa4 lvi4 #b1 #d1 #f2 lviii4 #ac2 lxvi4 #bc2 ,neh4 xiii4 #ae-bb74 ,! rite ( circumcision 0 by no means peculi> to ! ,jewi% religion 7,j]4 ix4 #be1 #bf71 except p]haps 9 s f> z x 0 p]=m$ 9 infancy3 its orig9 & gr[? are v obscure4 ,its orig9al significance 0 e>ly lo/ & its int]pretation 0 probably due to ! ,prophets !mselves1 :o (t5 ref]r$ to a spiritual circumcision1 & ?us made possible ! full c]emonial int]pretation :i* became s important a feature 9 lat] ,judaism4 ,we h se5 t !re is evid5ce to prove t ! religion ( ,israel _h n always be5 av]se to ! use ( idols z "p ( ! legitimate wor%ip ( ,jehovah4 ,! ,prophets began ! prote/ aga9/ ?is1 n s mu* because ( its pr9ciples1 b because ( ! immoral practices ) :i* idol wor%ip 0 connect$4 ,b aft] ! ,exile1 idolatry 0 = ev] sep>at$ f ! wor%ip ( ,jehovah1 & 9 ! lat] ,prophets idolatry becomes ! t>get = _! mo/ scornful invective4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is new abhorr5ce acc\nts = ! non-return ( ! ,ark1 :i* 9 ?is p]iod disappe>s f hi/ory4 ,among ! mo/ important ( ! new in/itutions t c be trac$ back to ! p]iod ( ! ,exile is ! f\nd+ ( ! ,synagogue4 ,9 ! l& ( ,exile1 away f ! "o spot :]e sacrifice 0 p]mitt$1 wor%ip _h to be c>ri$ on )\t ! aid ( sacrificial or c]emonial rites1 b !re 0 no?+ to prev5t ! p f ga!r+ toge!r = pray] or to he> read _! newly rev]5c$ prophetic books4 ,x is q possible t ?is l$ to a collection ( ! ,prophets' writ+s be+ made1 & p]haps to "s edit+ to meet _! pres5t ne$s4 ,?is movem5t 0 ( pr(\nd importance = ! future developm5t ( religion1 = x 0 9 ! ,synagogue r ?an 9 ! ,temple t ,*ri/ianity 0 to f9d ! readie/ m$ium = its dissem9ation & ! e>lie/ model = its wor%ip4 ,! ,synagogue itself prep>$ ! way = ! m spiritual developm5ts )9 ,judaism1 = away f ! ,temple sacrifices & _! always dang]\s sugge/ions m5 le>n$ t ! sacrifice ( ! brok5 he>t 0 m acceptable to ,jehovah2 & s ! way 0 prep>$ = t magnific5t collection ( pray]s & songs :i* we call ! ,psalms1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds to be us$ z an accompanim5t to a =m ( wor%ip t !y frequ5tly condemn4 ,! ext]nal & legal conceptions 71 h[ev]1 to be ! mo/ visible results ga9$ f ! ,exile1 & !y 7 to m\ld religion = _m a ye>4 ,! mat]ials = an exact hi/ory ( ! return f ,exile d n exi/ 9 our ,bibles2 ! acc\nts f\nd 9 ,ezra & ,nehemiah raise que/ions :i* h n yet be5 satisfactorily answ]$4 ,! ,prophets :o _h =etold ! de/ruction ( ! k+dom ( ,judah _h nev] be5 able to re/ 9 ! ?\ght t ?is 0 ! f9al *apt] 9 ,jehovah's deal+s ) ,8 p1 & _! fai? =c$ !m to pe] ?r\gh ?is imp5d+ disa/] & dimly disc]n a purpose yet to be disclos$4 ,?is is (t5 pictur$ 9 m]ely g5]al t]ms1 b 9 ,j]emiah & ,ezekiel ^! hopes issu$ 9 ! def9ite prophecy ( ! re/oration ( ! ,jews to _! own l& )9 a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,:5 political *anges br\ght ?is on ! horizon ( possibility1 ! times wak5$ ! voice ( "o cry+ 9 ! wild]ness1 9 "s respects ! mo/ wond]ful ( all t noble b& we h be5 /udy+4 ,! "n ( ?is h]ald has n be5 pres]v$1 b he is kn[n to criticism z ! ,second ,isaiah4 ,?is does n ( c\rse mean t he bore t "n1 b x is a conv5i5t designation = ! writ+s t occupy ! second half ( ! "w includ$ "u ! "n ( ,isaiah4 ,! sep>ation ( *apt]s xl4-lxvi4 f ^? :i* prec$e1 z f diff]5t h&s1 is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sally accept$ results ( criticism4 ,! prec$+ *apt]s end ) a hi/oric survey ( ev5ts t happ5$ 9 ! lifetime ( ! great ,isaiah ( ,j]usalem1 & !n sudd5ly ! :ole outlook & atmosph]e *ange4 ,critics claim t ! te/ ( language & /yle is itself decisive1 b :ile ?is mu/ rema9 a "q on :i* only ,hebrew exp]ts are qualifi$ to pron\nce1 ! diff]5ce ( !ological ideas1 & ! *ange ( situation _c be miss$ by any att5tive ,engli% read]4 ,inde$ t ! situation has *ang$ is a fact :i* has nev] be5 *all5g$4 ,f *apt] xl41 ! audi5ce address$ consi/s no long] ( ! pr\d & scornful peoples ( ! "t ( ,hezekiah1 b ( p5it5t captives f> f _! native l& "s #aej ye>s lat]2 ! accept$ explanation us$ to be t ,isaiah transport$ himself to ?is lat] "t by a miracle ( prophetic inspiration4 ,b !re is really only "o adducible reason = attribut+ ?is prophecy to ,isaiah3 x is b\nd up ) ! book t be>s 8 "n z ! title4 ,?is reason is ( little value :5 we admit our ignorance ( ! me?od by :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 f9ally edit$1 & :5 ! int]nal evid5ce entirely contradicts ! traditional !ory4 ,= x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! explanation t ?is is due to a prophetic transportation is only a hypo!sis fram$ to fit ! conditions1 & has no claim to acceptance if !re c be f\nd "o t does equal ju/ice to ! facts )\t appeal+ to su* an unusual me?od4 ,moreov]1 ! hypo!sis ( pr$iction does n fit ! facts1 = :ile "s p>ts ( ! prophecy h pr$ictive =m1 o!rs h n4 ,= in/ance1 ! picture ( ,cyrus & 8 conque/s1 complete ev5 to ! "n ( ! h]o1 is n only pres5t$ z if he 7 on ! /age ( actual hi/ory1 b 8 appe>ance is adduc$ z a conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! fulfilm5t ( prophecy4 ,:at fulfilm5t w\ld x be if ,cyrus 0 yet a figure ( ! unkn[n future8 ,if x is claim$ t ?is pres5tation is due to :at is kn[n to ,hebrew gramm>ians z a use ( ! prophetic pres5t t5se1 9 :i* ?+s future 9 fact1 are /at$ z pres5t1 ow+ to ! vividness ( ! prophetic consci\sness1 !n we mu/ ask :y x is t ,cyrus is pres5t$ z a figure ( contempor>y hi/ory1 :ile ! fall ( ,babylon is /ill spok5 ( z future4 ,?is di/9ction w\ld be mean+less if ! :ole ( ?is p]iod 0 se5 f "s ant]ior "t4 ,! settl$ results ( criticism 7 greatly ridicul$ :5 fur!r inve/igation pron\nc$ t only *apt]s xl4-lv4 c h come f ?is great ,prophet1 & t ! rema9d] ( ! book is ( a composite "*1 ext5d+ at lea/ to ! "t ( ! ,second ,temple4 ,to h to br+ 9 a ?ird au?or1 or ev5 m1 to expla9 ?is book is quot$ z an example ( ! fooli%ness ( criticism4 ,n[ ! critics may be wrong1 b _! !ories are simply endeav\rs to und]/& ^! prophecies by sett+ !m 9 _! exact hi/orical surr\nd+s4 ,surely ?is is a task wor?y ( any rev]5t /ud5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & if x br+s1 z _m believe1 wond]ful light on ^! messages1 & ?us sets free _! et]nal significance1 !n ^! m5 %\ld e>n gratitude r ?an ridicule1 :5 ! difficulty ( _! task calls = a cont9ual re>rangem5t & a f9] adju/m5t4 ,! critical recon/ruction ( ?is prophecy !re=e places *apt]s xl4-lv4 among ! sc5es x depicts1 & 9 ! v hi/ory ^: movem5ts call$ x =?4 ,! exact conditions c be disc]n$4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,nebu*adrezz> ! k+dom ( ! ,*aldans began to decl9e1 & :5 ,cyrus succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,p]sia its fate 0 det]m9$4 ,8 victori\s campaigns1 culm9at+ 9 ! fall ( ,s>dis 9 ,b4,c4 #edg1 c\ld n fail to rea* ! e>s ( ! exiles 9 ,babylon1 & _m a :isp] ( hope mu/ h be5 ex*ang$1 & _m a prophecy h&$ on4 ,babylon itself fell be=e ! conqu]or 9 #ech & betwe5 ^! two dates1 & p]haps ne>] to ! latt]1 ! int]nal witness ( ! prophecy dem&s t x %\ld be plac$4 ,:5 we turn to exam9e ! "w ( ?is unkn[n mess5g] we _c help notic+ ! diff]5ce 9 /yle1 :i* ev5 ! translation _c obscure4 ,! great ,isaiah writes 9 t]se1 closely-pack$ s5t5ces1 ) all ! au?oritative mann] cu/om>y ) ! ,prophets4 ,?is writ]1 on ! o!r h&1 is rhetorical1 & loves to dwell on 8 fav\rite ideas4 ,! %>p ^w ( ! prophetic deliv]ance "h gives way to a reason+ exposition & a plead+ t5d]ness t makes ?is prophecy a ,gospel be=e ! ,gospels4 ,! di/9ctive religi\s ideas c be easily m>k$4 ,absolute ,mono!ism is insi/$ on ) a fulness & repetition :i* %[s t x is 9 "s degree a new tru?4 ,!re is none beside ,jehovah2 ,he is alone1 unique2 & description is exhau/$ 9 ! endeav\r to picture ,8 glory & p[]4 ,he is n[ con/antly ref]r$ to z ! ,creator ( ! _w1 ! fram] ( ! />s on high1 ! mak] ( bo? d>kness & light1 bo? good & evil2 s t no room is left = ! dualism t ! ,prophet may h le>n$ to despise 9 ! ,babylonian religion4 ,8 f9e/ scorn is res]v$ = ! conception t an idol c h any claim to div9ity4 ,he depicts ! process ( _! manufacture1 _! utt] helplessness2 x may be t he _h se5 !m borne 9 to ! capital z ! suburbs fell be=e ! invad]4 ,univ]salism /ruggles = expression 9 ?is writ]1 b x is n always s cle> & def9ite z 9 ! writ+s ( ! great ,isaiah4 ,?is arises h[ev]1 n s mu* f ! racial prejudices t h s clogg$ ! ,hebrew m9d1 z f a read+ ( ,israel's hi/ory :i* ! prophet 0 well entitl$ to make1 namely1 t %e 0 to be ! premi] nation 9 ! in/ruction ( ! _w 9 righte\sness & ! k ( ,god1 ! prie/-nation ( humanity4 ,?is conception ( ! nation's hi/ory & de/9y is embodi$ 9 a p]sonification kn[n z ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah4 ,israel has be5 *os5 z ! ,s]vant s t ! light may be br\ght to ! nations4 ,9 ?is mission ! ,s]vant meets ) p]secution1 yet turns n back f ^? :o pluck (f ! hair nor hides 8 face f %ame & spitt+4 ,! slighte/ retrospect ( ,israel's hi/ory %[s t ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah 0 tra9$ = 8 task only ?r\gh suff]+4 ,israel _h suff]$ = h] s9s ( presumption & disob$i5ce2 b 7 ! nations :o puni%$ h] any m righte\s8 ,moreov]1 _m ( ^? :o sat d[n by ! wat]s ( ,babylon & wept :5 !y rememb]$ ,zion mu/ h be5 pi\s & righte\s1 & innoc5t ( ! causes ( _! nation's calamities4 ,z ! prophet broods ov] ! mean+ ( ! ,exile1 z x affect$ ! godly remnant1 he beg9s to see t ?is suff]+1 undes]v$ ?\gh x might be 9 p>ticul> cases1 w\ld become a supreme lesson 9 righte\sness to ! _w4 ,?is assumption is embodi$ 9 ! a/oni%+ drama ( ! suff]+ ,s]vant2 "o :o suff]s f a disfigur+ disease1 :i* m>ks him out to all behold]s z ! afflict$ ( ,jehovah1 & :o is !re=e despis$ & reject$ ( m54 ,b ! day comes :5 ! idea sl[ly dawns ^u m5 t ?is s]vant-nation suff]$ = ! sake ( ! _w1 bore ! consci\sness ( s9 :5 o!r nations liv$ 9 c>elessness & fl\ri%$ on cruelty4 ,! ,prophet believ$ t ?is pati5t suff]+ w\ld be an awak5+ =ce & w\ld be ! means ( br++ ! _w to ! k ( ,god4 ,x is a m>vell\s read+ ( ,israel's hi/ory2 b x is true1 = t little nation despis$ & reject$ by ,empires1 batt]$ by ! arm$ =ces :i* surr\nd$ h]1 has made ! :ole _w h] debtor4 ,b indirectly ?is int]pretation is a revelation ( ! mean+ ( all hi/ory1 & especially ( t /range law ( vic>i\s suff]+ :i* b9ds all ! _w "o & makes e new age 9 debt to ! pa/4 ,?is unkn[n writ] has contribut$ "o ( ! mo/ fruitful ideas to ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,x is n surpris+ t mo/ e>ly comm5tators h tri$ to read 9 ! #ecrd *apt] a picture1 n ( a nation1 b ( "s def9ite p]son2 al?\gh ! ,prophet def9itely id5tifies ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l ) ,israel 7,isa4 xli4 #h74 ,b :5 did ,israel embody su* a conception8 ,x c only /& = an ideal ( :at ,israel ought to h be52 & !re h be5 _m ?+s :i* h ent]$ into ! composition ( ! picture4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t "o ( ! ,prophets sat = ?is picture1 j z sometimes an arti/ pa9t+ a symbolical picture w get "o ( 8 fri5ds to sit = ! model2 & :o c\ld be bett] = ?is purpose ?an ,j]emiah1 ! reject$ ( ! nation8 ,! int]pretation t f9ds 9 ?is picture a m9ute pr$iction ( ! life & passion ( ,jesus is n sanction$ by a c>eful /udy ( ! passage2 b ! in/9ct t has l$ to ?is is "r 9 ! ma91 = z we travel d[n ! ages look+ = ! fulfilm5t ( ?is ideal1 we only re/ ) complete satisfaction on ! /ory ( ! life & dea? ( ,"o :o /epp+ out f ?is v race1 by ,8 un9t]rupt$ communion ) ,god1 ,8 hatr$ ( s9 & ,8 pr(\nd sympa?y ) mank9d1 bore away ! s9 ( ! _w on ! r$ flood ( sacrifice1 & br\ght 9 = ev] ! true ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,an increas+ numb] ( ,old ,te/am5t s*ol>s believe t ano!r ( ! ,prophets conta9s an int]pretation ( ! ,exile1 conceiv$ 9 ! same _s z t ( ! ,second ,isaiah1 al?\gh veil$ "u su* a /range allegorical =m t c5turies ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian int]pretation h entirely miss$ its mean+4 ,! book ( ! ,prophet ,jonah belongs to a lat] age1 & %\ld probably /& la/ ( all ! ,m9or ,prophets1 b ! critical int]pretation ( ! prophecy falls naturally to be consid]$ "h4 ,! "* ( ! ,book reveals on close inspection t x 0 nev] int5d$ = hi/ory2 z its inclusion among ! prophetical writ+s p]haps recognises4 ,x is n only ! improbability ( ! :ale episode t has l$ to ?is conclusion1 b ! :ole "* ( ! ev5ts n>rat$3 ! sudd5 gr[? & )]+ ( ! g\rd1 ! in/ant rep5tance ( ! ,n9evites1 :i* includ$ a =c$ rgime ( fa/+ ev5 = ! cattle6 ,moreov]1 ! clos+ words ( ! book brea! a _s ( univ]salism & humanity t is almo/ ! high-wat] m>k ( ,old ,te/am5t inspiration1 & ?is enc\rages ! read] to look = "s deep] mean+ 9 ! re/ ( ! book4 ,! /ory z int]pret$ by critical me?ods is t ,jonah is ! nation ( ,israel1 *os5 to be a mission>y nation to ! hea!n4 ,on refus+ ! task :i* ,div9e selection _h m>k$ out = h] %e is ?r[n into exile1 & has be5 re/or$ = ! purpose ( c>ry+ out h] orig9al mission4 ,?is is "h symbolis$ by ! :ale swall[+ ,jonah1 :o on be+ ca/ up proce$$ on 8 neglect$ commission1 ?\gh /ill ) little love = 8 "w4 ,! imag]y is crude & may /rike ! read] z exce$+ly improbable1 until 8 att5tion is drawn to ! fact t ! :ale or sea-mon/] plays a great "p 9 ,old ,te/am5t imag]y & is once actually us$ z a symbol ( ! ,exile4 ,nebu*adrezz> ! ,k+ ( ,babylon ha? dev\r$ me1 444 he ha? swall[$ me up l a dragon1 444 he ha? ca/ me out4444 ,i w d judgm5t ^u ,bel 9 ,babylon1 & ,i w br+ out ( 8 m\? t :i* he ha? swall[$ up 7,j]4 li4 #cd1 #dd74 ,) ?is int]pretation z a clue1 ! book becomes lum9\s4 ,x is an apology = ! ,g5tiles :o are %[n to be capable ( rep5tance2 ,israel is blam$ = h] grudg+ e/imate ( ! hea!n1 = h] refusal to convey to !m ! light :i* %e enjoy$1 & = h] fe> le/ o!rs %\ld %>e ! fav\r ( ,jehovah4 ,p]haps ! symbolic "* ( ! book 0 adopt$1 because ! au?or knew t if su* tru?s 7 boldly /at$ !y w\ld nev] be receiv$ by 8 age2 & s he hop$ t ! tru? might ent] 9 ?r\gh an int]e/+ /ory ( wond] & adv5ture4 ,x c h>dly be claim$ t ! au?or has be5 successful2 = ! ,jews resi/$ ! univ]salism ( ! ,son ( ,man & ! propag&i/ me?ods ( ! ,apo/le ,paul1 :ile ,*ri/5dom has be5 f> m conc]n$ 9 prov+ t a :ale c swall[ a man1 ?an 9 c>ry+ out ! comm& to evangelise ^? :o "k n _! "r h& f _! left4 ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,prie/s ,! foll[+ passage 7,exod4 vii4 #ad-be7 illu/rates ! attempt to dis9tegrate ! v>i\s docum5ts 7,j is indicat$ by roman type1 ,e by italics1 & ,p by ,,capitals74 ,& ,yahwe said unto ,moses1 ,ph>aoh's he>t is /ubborn1 he refuse? to let ! p g4 ,get !e unto ,ph>aoh 9 ! morn+2 lo1 he goe? out unto ! wat]2 & ?\ %alt /& by ! riv]'s br9k to meet him2 & ! rod :i* 0 turn$ to a s]p5t %alt ?\ take into ?9e h&4 ,& ?\ %alt say unto him1 ,yahwe1 ! ,god ( ! ,hebrews1 ha? s5t me unto !e1 say+1 ,let my p g1 t !y may s]ve me 9 ! wild]ness3 &1 behold1 hi!rto ?\ ha/ n he>k5$4 ,?us sai? ,yahwe1 9 ?is ?\ %alt "k t ,i am ,yahwe3 behold1 ,i w smite 444 ) ! rod t is 9 m9e h& ^u ! wat]s :i* are 9 ! riv]1 & !y %all be turn$ to blood4 ,& ! fi% t is 9 ! riv] %all die1 & ! riv] %all /9k2 & ! ,egyptians %all loa! to dr9k wat] f ! riv]4 ,,& ,,yahwe ,,said ,,unto ,,moses1 ,,say ,,unto ,,a>on1 ,,take ,,?y ,,rod1 ,,& ,,/ret* ,,out ,,?9e ,,h& ,,ov] ,,! ,,wat]s ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,ov] ,,_! ,,riv]s1 ,,ov] ,,_! ,,/reams1 ,,& ,,ov] ,,_! ,,pools1 ,,& ,,ov] ,,all ,,_! ,,ponds ,,( ,,wat]1 ,,t ,,!y ,,may ,,become ,,blood2 ,,& ,,!re ,,%all ,,be ,,blood ,,?r\gh\t ,,all ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,egypt1 ,,bo? ,,9 ,,vessels ,,( ,,wood ,,& ,,9 ,,vessels ,,( ,,/one4 ,,& ,,moses ,,& ,,a>on ,,did ,,s1 ,,z ,,yahwe ,,comm&$2 & he lift$ up ! rod1 & smote ! wat]s t 7 9 ! riv]2 9 ! sight ( ,ph>aoh1 & 9 ! sight ( 8 s]vants2 & all ! wat]s t 7 9 ! riv] 7 turn$ to blood4 ,& ! fi% t 0 9 ! ,riv] di$2 & ! riv] /ank1 & ! ,egyptians c\ld n dr9k wat] f ! riv]2 ,,& ,,! ,,blood ,,0 ,,?r\gh\t ,,all ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,egypt4 ,,& ,,! ,,magicians ,,( ,,egypt ,,did ,,9 ,,l ,,mann] ,,) ,,_! ,,en*antm5ts3 ,,& ,,ph>aoh',s ,,he>t ,,0 ,,h>d5$1 ,,& ,,he ,,he>k5$ ,,n ,,unto ,,!m2 ,,z ,,yahwe ,,_h ,,spok54 ,& ,ph>aoh turn$ & w5t into 8 h\se1 nei!r did he lay ev5 ?is to he>t4 ,& all ! ,egyptians digg$ r\nd ab\t ! riv] = wat] to dr9k2 = !y c\ld n dr9k ( ! wat] ( ! riv]4 ,& sev5 days 7 fulfill$1 aft] t ,yahwe _h smitt5 ! riv]4 ,notes3--,! acc\nt 9 ,j evid5tly _h no?+ ab\t ! wat] be+ turn$ into blood4 ,yahwe himself w smite ! riv] 7,ye' or2 ! ,nile7 s t ! fi% w die4 ,! riv] probably /ood aft] smite 444 9 ,j4 ,9 ,e ,moses is comm&$ to smite ) 8 rod1 & ! ,nile w be turn$ into blood4 ,9 v]se #ag ?9e mu/ h /ood 9 ! orig9al & 0 alt]$ to m9e :5 ! docum5ts 7 piec$ toge!r4 ,9 ,p ,a>on is to take ! rod1 & n[ all ! riv]s ( ,egypt1 & ev5 ! wat] 9 ! h\ses1 is to be turn$ into blood4 ,notice ! =mal repetition 9 ,p4 ,lecture ,,viii ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,,! ,,prie/s ,we h se5 t ! ,exile produc$ two important prophetical works4 ,! "o is a vision ( a re/or$ ,jewi% /ate1 contemplat$ "u ! guise ( a ,*ur* r ?an z a ,nation2 ! "w ( ! prie/ly ,prophet ,ezekiel4 ,! o!r is incorporat$ 9 ! second half ( ! prophecies ascrib$ to ,isaiah2 ! au?or is unkn[n1 b ! "w is an attempt to int]pret ! calamit\s hi/ory ( ! ,exile 9 su* a fa%ion t ! nation might be l$ to take z its ideal = ! future1 ! ,s]vant ( ,jehovah1 ! be>] ( light to ! nations ( ! _w4 ,! outlook 9 ^! two works is entirely diff]5t1 yet bo? seem to h call$ =? a s*ool :i* endeav\r$ to "w out _! ideals1 b ! s*ool ( ,ezekiel obta9$ a m imm$iate recognition & ex]t$ ! great] influ5ce on ! nation4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ,israel's hi/ory a prophet is f\nd :o is conc]n$ ) matt]s ( ritual1 ! regulation ( a prie/hood1 & ! details ( ecclesia/icism4 ,ezekiel endeav\r$ to secure ! re=ms dem&$ by ! ,prophets1 n only by ! effect ( 8 own prea*+1 b by ! =mation ( def9ite organisations & ! e/abli%m5t ( c]ta9 cu/oms4 ,! prie/ly s*ool :i* foll[$ ,ezekiel & develop$ 8 conceptions1 possess$ suffici5t pre/ige to p]suade ! nation t _! s*eme 0 ( ,div9e au?ority4 ,_! "w 0 c>ri$ on dur+ & aft] ! ,exile1 b ) ! exception ( ,ezra1 ! names ( ! au?ors h n be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ! ,bible hi/ory _! "w sudd5ly appe>s "u ! "n ( ! law ( ,moses 9 #ddd ,b4,c4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 m5tion ( ! recognition & obs]vance ( ?is law is f\nd 9 ,nehemiah 7viii471 :]e a memorable sc5e is describ$4 ,ezra ! ,scribe1 ! writ] ( ! words ( ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l & ( 8 /atutes to ,israel 7,ezra vii4 #aa71 has come f ,babylon1 br++ ) him ! law ( ,moses4 ,! p are ga!r$ toge!r on a c]ta9 day1 & f morn+ to noon1 ! law is read 9 _! he>+1 ) su* comm5ts & explanations z seem$ necess>y4 ,! imm$iate result ( ?is publication 0 ! discov]y t important provisions _h be5 neglect$ & comm&s v s]i\sly transgress$1 & !re foll[$ su* grief & al>m among ^? :o li/5$1 t x 0 difficult = ! au?orities to p]suade ! p to ab&on _! m\rn+ & rejoice 9 ! fact t ! law _h n[ be5 made kn[n to !m4 ,on ! morr[ a fur!r read+ took place1 :5 !y discov]$ t on t v day !y ought to be keep+ a fea/ ( tab]nacles4 ,! fea/ 0 !re=e obs]v$ = ! appo9t$ "t ( eight days1 & x is expressly not$ t ?is _h n be5 done s9ce ! "t ( ,jo%ua4 ,o!r re=ms 7 imm$iately set 9 motion2 m>riage ) ^? n ( pure ,jewi% blood 0 n only =bidd5 b1 :]e su* _h actually be5 contract$1 an imm$iate dissolution 0 en=c$2 a tax ( "o ?ird ( a %ekel 0 levi$ = ! upkeep ( ! ,temple ,s]vices1 & ! law ( ! ,sabba? 0 rigor\sly en=c$4 ,n[ ?is picture 0 n writt5 by a contempor>y1 & critics h f\nd su* difficulty 9 discov]+ ! exact hi/orical facts t consid]able d\bt has be5 ar\s$1 n only conc]n+ ! hi/oricity ( ?is ev5t1 b ev5 conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( ,ezra himself4 ,b x is c]ta9 t 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury ,b4,c41 laws 7 obey$ & in/itutions 7 recognis$1 ( :i* we h no record1 outside ! ,p5tateu*1 9 ! e>li] hi/orical books4 ,! "q to be answ]$ is3 ,:at 0 t law ( ,moses :i* ,ezra br\ght to ,j]usalem & read to ! p8 ,lat] ,judaism calls ! fir/ five books ( ! ,bible ! ,law ( ,moses1 & = c5turies bo? ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian s*ol>s h id5tifi$ ,ezra's law ) ^! books1 h suppos$ t !y exi/$ f ! "t ( ,moses d[nw>ds1 b 7 entirely neglect$ by ! ,jews until ?is "t4 ,mod]n rese>* is compell$ to diss5t altoge!r f ?is tradition4 ,our purpose 9 ?is book prev5ts u f discuss+ ! details ( ?is controv]sy1 b 9 addition to :at has be5 already said 9 an e>li] lecture1 ! ma9 results ( critical /udy on ! orig9 ( ! ,law may be outl9$4 ,f ! "t occupi$ by ,ezra 9 read+ 8 law x is inf]r$ t x c\ld h>dly h be5 our fir/ five books ( ! ,bible2 & s9ce to c>ry out ! laws conta9$ 9 !m w\ld involve endless discussion because ( _! contradictory "* 7comp>e = example ! directions = keep+ ! fea/ ( ,tab]nacles 9 ,deut4 xvi4 #ac1 #ae1 :i* comm&s sev5 days1 ) ,lev4 xxiii4 #ci1 :i* adds an eigh? day = a solemn assembly2 comp>e also ! acc\nt 9 #a ,k+s viii4 #ff1 ) #b ,*ron4 vii4 #h1 #aj71 x is ?\ght t ?is law ( ,ezra mu/ h be5 mu* small] ?an ! ,p5tateu*1 & mu* m homog5e\s4 ,! ,p5tateu* n only conta9s m ?an laws1 b ev5 ! legal sections be> ! m>ks ( su* widely diff]5t aims & conditions t we are compell$ to assume a gradual collection1 ) cont9ual r$action & codification1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! v>i\s ph5om5a4 ,! e>lie/ /rata may g back to a great antiquity1 & ! cu/oms !mselves mu/ (t5 be primitive ,semitic survivals1 b ! critical cont5tion is t1 z a :ole1 ! ,law ( ,moses owes its pres5t =m to an age lat] ?an ! ,exile1 & some:at lat] ?an ,ezra himself2 = ,ezra's code has itself be5 revis$ 7comp>e ,neh4 x4 #cb1 :]e a ?ird ( a %ekel is appo9t$1 ) ,exod4 xxx4 #ac1 :]e x has increas$ to half a %ekel71 be=e x 0 amalgamat$ ) ! ,p5tateu* 9 its exi/+ =m4 ,! critical basis = ?is !ory ( ! gradual =mation ( ! law is f\nd fir/ 9 ! fact t ! legislation ( ! ,p5tateu* is n homog5e\s3 x is s contradictory t to c>ry out ! law z x /&s w\ld be f\nd impossible4 ,x is claim$ t ! pres5ce ( ! v>i\s /rata c be detect$ by ! num]\s repetitions 7e4g41 ! comm&m5ts exi/ 9 ?ree rec5sions3 ,exod4 xx4 #a-ag2 xxxiv4 #ag-bh2 ,deut4 v4 #f-ba72 by ! use ( diff]5t names = ,god1 by ! diff]5ce 9 language & /yle1 & by ! *ange 9 !ological conceptions2 & moreov]1 t ^! diff]5t /rata c be r\ghly assign$ to v>i\s ages1 :i* c be actually confirm$ by ! record ( _! obs]vance 9 ! hi/orical books 7comp>e ! provisions made = ! ,ark 9 ,exod4 xxv4-xl42 ,num4 iii4-iv41 ) its actual treatm5t 9 #a ,sam474 ,! diff]5t /rata ( ! laws1 & ! ages to :i* !y may be r\ghly assign$1 are z foll[s3--,! e>lie/ code ( laws is said to be t ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xxiv4 #g71 f\nd 9 ,exod4 xx4 #bj-xxiii4 #cc4 ,! primitive "* ( ?is code c be disc]n$1 by ! comp>ison ( its directions = wor%ip ) ^? ( lat] ages4 ,x sanction$ ! erection ( rude alt>s at any place :]e ,jehovah _h be5 reveal$1 :]eas 9 lat] codes no place except ! "o *os5 spot c be us$ = wor%ip1 & ! alt> mu/ be ( highly specialis$ con/ruction 7comp>e ,exod4 xx4 #bd-bf & ,deut4 xii4 #d-bd1 ) ,exod4 xxvii4 #a-h74 ,n[ x is precisely ?is in=mal wor%ip1 :i* c\ld be p]=m$ by any "o & at any place1 t appe>s to h be5 ! cu/om until ! "t ( ! re=mation "u ,josiah2 & 9 8 times1 & z ! cause ( 8 re=m1 ! critics place ! ,book ( ,deut]onomy1 v4-xxvi42 = x presupposes ! tea*+ ( ! prophets & is ! programme foll[$ by ,josiah4 ,!n next foll[s ! ,law ( ,hol9ess 7,lev4 xvii4-xxvi472 :i* is ei!r ! outcome ( ,ezekiel's "w or is %ortly prior to x2 anyh[1 ! connection is close4 ,!n 9 #ddd ,b4,c4 appe>s ! code ( ,ezra1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds develop$ & set 9 a brief n>rative describ+ ! hi/orical prep>ation = ! law & its actual deliv]ance by ,moses2 ?is docum5t ( hi/ory & laws is kn[n = conv5i5ce z ! ,prie/ly ,code1 & is d5ot$ by ! lett] ,p4 ,! editorial framework ( ! complet$ ,hexateu* 7! fir/ six books ( ! ,bible71 is ( ! same /amp z ! ,prie/s' ,code1 & ! date ( its f9al compilation mu/ n be put v mu* lat] ?an ,ezra1 s9ce ! ,sam>itan ,p5tateu* probably goes back to ! ,f\r? ,c5tury1 f :i* date x c claim an indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,x is ?is "w ( ! ,prie/s t we are n[ to exam9e4 ,p is to be f\nd at pres5t scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,hexateu*1 & embraces ne>ly ! :ole ( ,leviticus1 ,numb]s & a good portion ( ,exodus2 is f\nd 9 _m scatt]$ passages 9 ,g5esis & 9 a small portion ( ,jo%ua & ,judges1 especially1 9 ! latt] case1 9 ! clos+ *apt]s2 !re is only a v little 9 ,deut]onomy4 ,al?\gh n ! "w ( "o h&1 ^! passages c be detect$ by _! unity ( motive1 ! uni=m phraseology1 ! prie/ly outlook1 & _! conc]n ) legal & rituali/ic regulations4 ,! /yle is /]eotyp$1 measur$1 & prosaic1 & is r5d]$ some:at monoton\s by ! repetition ( /at$ =mulae4 ,! !ological ideas are dom9at$ by ! ?\ght ( ! awful hol9ess ( ,god & ! dang] t !re lies 9 approa*+ ,him 9 any o!r ?an ! orda9$ way4 ,:at 7 ! s\rces f :i* ?is code drew its mat]ial8 ,x is n sugge/$ t ! code 0 simply inv5t$ dur+ ! ,exile4 ,_m ( ! legal comm&s conc]n+ uncleanness1 leprosy1 & m>riage are really anci5t cu/oms1 & only ow$ _! codification to ?is late age2 = !y reflect a l[ /age ( culture1 & _! rites ( purification are primitive4 ,aga9 sacrifice _h be5 p]=m$ z f> back z ,semitic hi/ory c be trac$1 & cu/oms :i* _h p]si/$ 7 n[ simply tabulat$ & _! =m fix$4 ,_m ( ! sacrificial rites prescrib$ 9 ! code /ill be> ! m>ks ( _! e>ly orig91 especially 9 ! case ( ! burnt & ! peace-(f]+s1 b ! law ( ! s9-(f]+ %[s artificial elaboration4 ,und\bt$ly :5 ,solomon's ,temple 0 built a new sacrificial ritual w\ld be develop$ m 9 keep+ ) ! spl5d\r ( ! edifice1 & z ! ,temple increas$ 9 pre/ige1 & :5 "u ,isaiah's influ5ce x became ! "o spot at :i* sacrifice c\ld be p]=m$1 ! prie/ly ca/e w\ld keep ! rite 9 _! own h&s & p]=m x ) m c>e2 & all ?is w\ld become ! basis = a new rituali/ic legislation4 ,! m9ut5ess ( ! ,prie/ly ,code (t5 gives ! impression ( a record ( exact hi/ory1 b a c>eful exam9ation ( su* measurem5ts z are giv5 9 ! case ( ! ,ark or ! ,tab]nacle d n confirm ! hi/orical accuracy2 = ! ,tab]nacle _c be made exactly z describ$1 & if x c\ld be1 w\ld nei!r /& up1 nor be suitable = ! purpose = :i* x 0 int5d$1 nor be able to be transport$ ?r\gh ! des]t4 ,x is simply a t5t-l model ( ! ,temple project$ into ! e>ly hi/ory on ! !ory t ! wor%ip :i* exi/$ 9 ! writ]'s "t 0 t :i* _h always exi/$4 ,! artificial conception ( ! hi/ory :i* ,p foll[s c ( c\rse be se51 if we sep>ate ! v>i\s /rata ( ! fir/ six books 9 ! ,bible1 b x c be se5 )\t ?is difficult & controv]sial me?od by comp>+ ! hi/ory ( ,k+s ) ,*ronicles3 ! "o writt5 l>gely be=e & ! o!r entirely aft] ! legislation ( ,p _h be5 accept$4 ,! law ( ! ,day ( ,atonem5t is almo/ entirely late1 & orig9at$ 9 ! deep5$ s5se ( guilt produc$ dur+ ! ,exile2 nei!r is !re any trace ( its obs]vance until t "t4 ,a difficult "q has aris5 conc]n+ ! date ( ?is legislation s9ce ! discov]y ( ! ,code ( ,hammurabi4 ,hammurabi 0 a ,babylonian k+ :o liv$ some:]e ab\t #b1bej ,b4,c41 & :o has be5 id5tifi$ by "s ) ! ,amraphael ( ,g54 xiv4 ,8 code reveals a fairly advanc$ /age ( civilisation & morality exi/+ 9 ,babylon at t "t1 b its *ief int]e/ = u is f\nd 9 ! fact t _m ( ! laws conc]n+ common life1 m>riage1 etc41 are n only l ! laws ( ! ,bible1 b 9 "s cases are v]bally simil>4 ,?is ph5om5on dem&s "s !ory ( contact betwe5 ! two codes1 b no !ory has yet be5 f\nd t expla9s all ! facts4 ,! idea ( direct borr[+ on ei!r side c h>dly be tak5 s]i\sly1 & ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! two codes h>dly requires t2 s t ! "q is n>r[$ to "o ( influ5ce4 ,?is influ5ce w\ld seem to be mo/ natural 9 ! "t ( ! ,exile1 7 x n t ! /rictly exclusive _s !n develop$ by ! ,jews makes x un?9kable4 ,!re rema9s ei!r ! explanation ( a common basis = ! two codes1 traceable to _! ,semitic orig91 or :at has receiv$ ! great] support f s*ol>s1 ! idea t ! influ5ce ( ,hammurabi's laws on ,israel's legislation is to be trac$ ?r\gh ! =m] inhabitants ( ,canaan4 ,to und]/& h[ ?is is possible1 we mu/ rememb] t x is n[ kn[n t ,babylon _h pr$om9at+ influ5ce ov] ,we/]n ,pale/9e be=e ! conque/ ( ,canaan by ! ,hebrews2 t ! inhabitants ( ! l& 7 mu* m civilis$ ?an _! conqu]ors2 & t ! invad]s did n ext]m9ate ! inhabitants1 b quietly effect$ a settlem5t among !m & adopt$ _m ( _! cu/oms4 ,:ile on ! subject ( ! influ5ce ( ,babylon x w be conv5i5t to notice "h t ?is influ5ce is n conf9$ to legal matt]s1 b c be trac$ 9 c]ta9 leg5d>y elem5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ideal ( ! ,prie/s' ,code w\ld n tol]ate hea!n my?ology t c\ld be detect$ z su*1 to appe> 9 its "w1 & yet !re are def9ite traces ( su* my?ology to be f\nd 9 ,ps acc\nt ( ! creation 9 ,g54 i4 ,! discov]y ( ! libr>ies ( ,assurbanipal has br\ght to light records ( a my?ological cosmogony :i*1 :ile utt]ly diff]5t 9 conception & _s f ,g5esis1 is suffici5tly simil> to sugge/ "s degree ( connection4 ,?is ,babylonian ,epic ( creation deals n s mu* ) ! rem>kably sci5tific idea ( a gradual creation ( our e>? out ( *aotic mat]ials1 b ) a conflict ( gods & mon/]s :i* is suppos$ to h tak5 place be=e ! creation4 ,9 ! op5+ v]ses ( ! ,bible !re is a ref]5ce to ! p>tition ( ! deep1 :i* is "h call$ by ! non-,hebrew "n ,tehom1 into two p>ts3 ! wat]s above & ! wat]s "u ! firmam5t4 ,n[ 9 ! ,babylonian /ory ! actual creation ( ! e>? is prec$$ by a mighty /ruggle betwe5 ,m>duk1 ! sun-god 7! ,m]oda* ( ! ,bible7 & a great dragon symbolical ( ! primeval wat]s1 :i* be>s ! "n ,tiamat1 ! ,babylonian =m ( ,tehom4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is my? is ! m c]ta9ly to be trac$ 9 ,g5esis1 because x appe>s else:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t "u ! =m ( a leg5d ( a conflict betwe5 ,jehovah & ,rahab1 a mighty dragon2 & ?is leg5d is g5]ally 9 "s way connect$ ) creation 7,job ix4 #ac2 xxvi4 #ab2 ,isa4 li4 #i2 ,ps4 lxxxix4 #aj74 ,!re is also a ,babylonian /ory ( ! flood :i* keeps ev5 clos] to ! ,bible n>rative1 & x may be se5 f ! ,babylonian v]sion t ?is is m probably ano!r =m ( ! dragon my? ?an a common memory ( a trem5d\s deluge4 ,a ,babylonian seal cyl9d] 9 ! ,briti% ,museum be>s ! picture ( a man & woman /&+ "o on ea* side ( a sacr$ tree1 f :i* !y are pick+ fruit1 :ile a s]p5t coils ar\nd ! tree2 b no writt5 explanation ( ?is v sugge/ive picture has be5 discov]$4 ,^! my?ical /ories h come d[n f primitive ,semitic times1 b we _c fail to notice t :ile _! ance/ry is und\bt$ly common1 !re is a trem5d\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! /age rea*$ "u ! inspiration ( ! ,hebrew g5ius & ! crude ,poly!ism ( ! ,babylonian /ories4 ,_! connection 9 "s way is unmi/akable1 b /ill m c]ta9 is _! diff]5t e?ical & religi\s level4 ,! fact ( ! borr[+ does n d5y ! inspiration2 x r reveals h[ p[]ful t inspiration 04 ,to turn n[ to a consid]ation ( ! "w ( ! ,prie/s4 ,we mu/ d\btless conc$e to ! work]s a v l(ty motive3 x 0 no?+ less ?an an endeav\r to include ! :ole ( ! nation's life "u ! conception t ,god 0 dwell+ among ,8 p1 & t ! nation mu/ be holy because ,he is holy4 ,b 9 ! work+ out ( ?is purpose ! ideal is nei!r secur$ nor ma9ta9$4 ,! hol9ess ( ,god is insi/$ on ) mu* reit]ation1 b x is conceiv$ ( z a physical r ?an a moral attribute4 ,x is really only a conception ( ! unapproa*ability ( ,god unless c]ta9 purely ritual & physical conditions are obs]v$4 ,= ! en=cem5t ( ?is idea ! old cu/om ( sacrifice 0 elaborat$ & /rictly def9$1 b /rangely en\gh1 )\t explicit tea*+ z to its mean+4 ,?is is peculi>1 & x seems to h rema9$ l>gely unnotic$1 = _m ,biblical expositors h adopt$ )\t inquiry ! idea t ! sacrifices 7 sub/itution>y1 piacul>1 & typical ( ! sacrifice ( ,*ri/4 ,! piacul> mean+ sugge/s itself at s _m po9ts t x is />tl+ to f9d t x _c be borne out by c>eful exam9ation4 ,! sacrifices are 9 mo/ in/ances only efficaci\s = ! =giv5ess ( un9t5tional s9s1 or = ! atonem5t ( rituali/ic mi/akes made 9 ignorance or ?r\gh inadv]t5ce4 ,! c]emony ( lay+ ! h&s ( ! (f]] on ! head ( ! int5d$ victim1 sugge/s t a symbolical transf]5ce ( guilt is tak+ place1 & yet only 9 "o case is ?is accompani$ by a confession ( s9s1 & !re ! victim is n sla91 b l$ away = ,azazel4 ,! s9-(f]+ involv$ ! dea? ( ! animal1 b an animal 0 n absolutely necess>y = ! purpose1 & fl\r might be sub/itut$2 & ev5 :]e we h ! sla9 animal1 ! idea t ! animal has tak5 ! place ( ! s9n] seems to be exclud$ by ! fact t its fle% is reg>d$ z mo/ holy4 ,! (f]+s are said to make atonem5t1 b we are n told h[ ?is is affect$ unless 9 ! passage t /ates t x is ! blood t make? atonem5t1 by reason ( ! life4 ,! ^w translat$ atonem5t means simply a cov]+1 & ( c\rse may mean t ! blood1 :i* is symbolical ( ! (f]$ life1 ei!r cov]s ! eyes ( ,god f behold+ ! s91 or cov]s ! s9n]4 ,we are left !n1 ei!r ) ! d$uction t ! exact significance ( ! sacrifices 0 n m5tion$ because ev]yone knew :at x 01 or t x has n be5 told because x 0 too my/]i\s1 or t !re 0 no def9ite mean+ atta*$ to !m4 ,orig9ally sacrifice did n be> a piacul> significance1 b x w\ld be unsafe to argue f ?is t no sub/itution>y value 0 atta*$ to ! ,levitical sacrifices by ^! prie/ly lawy]s2 inde$ ! only safe conclusion seems to be t ! prie/s adopt$ ^! sacrifices1 :i* 7 "t-hon\r$1 z ! prop] ritual = ! approa* to ,god1 )\t any def9ite inquiry z to _! mean+4 ,b tak+ ! ,levitical sy/em z a :ole !re seems to und]lie x ! !ory ( symbolical1 al?\gh n piacul> sub/itution4 ,god owns man entirely1 & t by "r3 8 "t1 possessions1 flocks1 & l&s2 & dem&s f him ! complete/ recognition ( ?is own]%ip4 ,n[ 9 practice1 ?is absolute dem& c only be recognis$ by sub/itute & proxy2 & s we h ! recognition ( ,god's claims by ! obs]vance ( "o holy day 9 sev51 by ! ransom ( ! fir/-born1 by ! sabbatical & jubilee ye>s1 by ! ti!s1 & especially by ! sacrifices4 ,8 dwell+ 9 ! l& is symbolis$ by ! respect paid to "o symbolical holy place2 & ! cont9ual s]vice ,he dem&s is repres5t$ by ! daily s]vice c>ri$ on by ! ,levitical ca/e4 ,b ev5 if ?is be ! int5tion ( ! sy/em1 x is n[h]e s def9$1 & !re=e x is n surpris+ to f9d t p soon =got ! symbolical mean+1 & treat$ ! symbol z a ?+ suffici5t 9 itself2 ) ! result1 t ! s]vice ( ,god came to be re/rict$ to a p]=mance ( rites t _h lo/ all significance4 ,"o explanation w\ld soon sil5ce any criticism ( ?is s*eme t might arise1 namely1 t ,god _h s orda9$ t m5 %\ld wor%ip ,him4 ,b deep] /ill !re lay a radical misconception ( ! v nature ( ,god & ( ! s]vice ,he seeks4 ,god 0 conceiv$ z inimical n s mu* to man's s91 z to man himself2 & ?is dang] 0 av]t$ by ! use ( protective rites :i* ne$$ to be p]=m$ ) scrupul\s c>e1 le/ a mi/ake might br+ d[n on ! wor%ipp] imm$iate & awful de/ruction1 q irrespective ( 8 moral condition4 ,d\btless ! nation might be impress$ by ^! means ) ! awful alo(ness ( ,god1 & !re mu/ (t5 h accompani$ ?is "s notion ( ! e?ical "* t 0 express$ 9 ?is sep>at5ess2 b ! means tak5 = satisfy+ ?is "* & dem& 9 ! nature ( ,god c\ld nev] h _h any o!r result ?an x did1 namely1 ! conception t att5tion to details ( ritual c\ld be a sub/itute = ! mu* m difficult s]vice ( rep5tance & righte\sness4 ,x is possible t we may be "u-e/imat+ ! real motive ( ! ,prie/s' "w & its actual success 9 pres]v+ religion "u ^! =ms2 b ! radical evil is cle>ly expos$ :5 we come to ! "t ( ano!r calamity1 t :i* befel ! nation "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 :5 no o!r me?od ( av]t+ ! ang] ( ,god seems to h be5 ?\ght (1 except t ( increas+ ! rig\r ( ?is ritual law & f5c+ x r\nd ) /ill fur!r re/rictions1 until x became a burd5 too heavy to be borne4 ,su* a rgime utt]ly fail$ to und]/& ! tea*+ ( ,jesus & c\ld only reg>d ,8 religion z impi\s & lack+ 9 all t 0 ess5tial1 rev]5tial1 or good1 & x 0 ! ,law :i* put ,jesus to dea?4 ,x is mu* to be deplor$ t ! ,sacrifice ( ,*ri/ has 9 turn be5 expla9$ to ! consci5ce t\*$ to p5it5ce & t5d]ness by ! /ory ( ! ,cross1 r by ! analogy ( ! ,old ,te/am5t sacrifices ?an by its complete sup]iority to !m z bas$ ^u a diff]5t & e?ical ord]2 = ! rags & tatt]s ( ! ,levitical sy/em /ill imp$e ! religi\s life2 all[+ m5 to ?9k t ,god is cont5t ) sub/itutes1 c be placat$ ) blood1 & is m conc]n$ ) ab/ract regulations ?an ) moral *ange4 ,& s !re /ill hang ab\t religion ! same inconsi/5cies1 ! same slaught] ( ! prophets1 ! same bl9dness to ! et]nal dem&s ( p]sonal & social righte\sness4 ,! motive ( ! "w ( ! ,prie/s may h be5 to en=ce ! prophetic rep5tance1 b to ga9 ?is end !y compromis$ ) unspiritual ritual1 & on t compromise ,*ri/ 01 & is /ill crucifi$4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,psalmi/s ,titles ( ! ,psalms1 descriptive ( _! cont5ts3-- 7#a7 ,song1 ,heb4 ,%irah4 ,a lyrical poem = s++4 ,probably ! e>lie/ title1 :i* 9 "s in/ances may h belong$ to ! orig9al composition4 7#b7 ,mi*tam1 p]haps1 a gold5 piece4 ,! title indicates _! arti/ic =m & *oice cont5ts4 ,!y 7 probably all tak5 f a previ\s collection4 7#c7 ,mas*il1 a m$itative poem1 f a collection made p]haps 9 ! late ,p]sian p]iod4 7#d7 ,psalm1 ,heb4 ,mizmor4 ,! "n giv5 to a collection us$ = public wor%ip1 probably 9 ! e>ly ,greek p]iod4 7#e7 ,%iggaion1 7,ps4 vii42 also 9 plural1 ,hab4 iii4 #a47 ,"s take ?is to mean a wild1 passionate composition1 b ?is ,psalm h>dly be>s t "*4 ,p]haps we may expect a textual corruption f ,neg9ah3 a song accompani$ ) musical in/rum5ts4 7#f7 ,a song ( ,asc5ts3 us$ 9 ! processions to ! ,temple4 7#g7 ,a pray]4 ,on ! "q ( ! ,davidic au?or%ip ( ! ,psalms1 ! foll[+ passages %\ld be exam9$2 !y w\ld appe> to be 9 hopeless disagreem5t ) ! life ( ,david z depict$ 9 ! hi/orical books4 ,ps4 v4 #h-aj2 vi4 #g1 f42 xii4 #a-d2 xvii4 #i-ad2 xxii42 xxvii4 #aj1 #ab2 xxxv4 #aa-ba2 xli4 #e-i2 liv4 #b-f2 lxii4 #c1 f4 ,! ,psalms :i* are ascrib$ to "s def9ite occasion 9 ,david's life are n on ! :ole any m suitable to ! situation1 al?\gh !re is g5]ally "s s+le phrase :i* probably gave rise to ?is id5tification4 ,! great comm5tator ,ewald1 on lit]>y gr\nds ascrib$ ! foll[+ ,psalms to ,david because ( _! orig9ality & dignifi$ _s3 ,ps4 iii42 iv42 vii42 viii42 xi42 xv42 xviii42 xix4 #a-f2 xxiv4 #a-f2 xxiv4 #g-aj2 xxix42 xxxii42 lx4 #f-i2 lxviii4 #ac-ah2 ci42 cxliv4 #ab-ad4 ,briggs w\ld n g s f> z to indicate ,davidic ,psalms1 b w\ld put z f> back z ! ,e>ly ,mon>*y1 ,ps4 vii41 xiii41 xviii41 xxiii41 xxiv4 b1 lx4 a1 & cx4 ,lecture ,,ix ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,psalmi/s ,! pr9ciples ( ,biblical criticism h (t5 be5 trac$ to a vigor\s application ( ! !ory ( evolution to ! gr[? ( religi\s ideas4 ,su* an application1 if )\t ! support ( facts1 w\ld discr$it all critical results2 b z a matt] ( fact1 ! critical readju/m5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t does n give a p]fect progression 9 religi\s developm5t4 ,inde$1 x leaves u ) a p]plex+ /ory ( decl9e f high atta9m5t4 ,! ,law foll[s ! ,prophets1 & no !ory c recognise ! ,law z an advance ^u prophetic tea*+4 ,! national rejection ( ! ,prophets is ! c5tral trag$y ( ,hebrew hi/ory & prep>es u = ! national rejection ( ,jesus4 ,yet betwe5 ! ,prophets & ! religion ( ! ,gospels we are able to trace an almo/ cont9u\s l9k 9 ! religion ( ! ,psalmi/s4 ,?is connection is some:at obscur$ by ! e>ly date assign$ to ! ,psalms by uncritical tradition1 by ! het]og5e\s "* ( ! collection1 & by its cont9ual r$action 9 ! int]e/ ( ! purpose to :i* !y 7 adapt$4 ,9 adopt+ ?is collection ( religi\s poems = ! purpose ( public praise1 x is m ?an likely t additions 7 made1 9 ord] t !y might m fitly express ! ne$ ( ! "t1 :ile rev]5ce = ! writ+s1 by ! "t at lea/1 ( ! f9al edition ( ! "w1 op]at$ to pres]ve ! orig9al2 z may be se51 = in/ance1 9 ! addition made to ! fifty-fir/ ,psalm 7v]4 #ah1 #ai71 :i* 9 its orig9al =m condemns ! v wor%ip 9 :i* x 0 us$4 ,moreov] ! collection is z mu* a pray]-book z a hymn-book1 = _m ( ! ,psalms are really pray]s1 & five ( !m are actually s entitl$4 ,! book 0 c]ta9ly us$ 9 ! ,temple s]vices1 b on ! :ole x mu/ h seem$ m fitt$ = ! non-sacrificial & non-c]emonial wor%ip ( ! synagogue1 or = ! private devotions ( pi\s m5 & wom54 ,h[ev] & :]ev] us$1 x mu/ h n\ri%$ a deep p]sonal religion & kept alive hopes to :i* ,*ri/ianity aft]w>ds appeal$4 ,no o!r s+le book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t has _h su* an influ5ce on ,*ri/ian piety & wor%ip4 ,f anci5t times to ! pres5t day ! ,psalms h be5 *ant$1 & 9 ,*ur*es ( widely diff]+ ritual !y h be5 consid]$ ! only fit vehicle = ,*ri/ian praise4 ,no?+ m cle>ly demon/rates _! proximity to ! ,*ri/ian view ( ?+s1 al?\gh ! mod]n _s 9 ,*ri/5dom is f9d+ x increas+ly difficult to express itself 9 ! language ( all ! ,psalms1 on acc\nt ( _! imprecatory wi%es4 ,p]haps /ill m1 ! pr$om9ant tone ( ! book1 :i* is "o ( cry+ = deliv]ance f ov]:elm+ enemies & oppression1 h>dly suits ! safety ( our times1 or meets ! dem& = a joyful religi\s _s4 ,_m ( ! ,psalms become real only 9 times ( sev]e spiritual trial1 & :]e !re exi/s a deep s5se ( contrition2 /ill bett] d !y express ! emotions :i* arise 9 times ( national calamity or religi\s p]secution2 & mo/ ( all :5 m5 are con/ra9$ to take arms 9 ! cause ( religion & righte\sness4 ,!y h nev] s\nd$ s fitt+ z on ! lips ( ! ,re=m]s1 ,cromwell's ,ironsides1 or ! ,scotti% ,cov5ant]s4 ,& yet _! great bread? ( appeal1 _! t\*+ ( e possible note 9 religi\s exp]i5ce--p5it5ce & joy1 que/ion+ & tru/1 long+ & satisfaction1 defeat & victory1--_! maje/ic lit]>y =m1 & _! poetic inspiration w pres]ve !m = ev] z sublime utt]ances ( univ]sal religion4 ,b our "w is n to appraise _! et]nal value1 b to e/imate _! significance1 influ5ce1 & position 9 ! developm5t ( ,old ,te/am5t religion2 & to d ?is we mu/ endeav\r to trace ! orig9 & compilation ( ! ,psalt]4 ,! criticism ( ! ,psalt] is fac$ by a peculi>ly difficult & complex problem1 aris+ f ! lack ( hi/oric connection1 ! possible oblit]ation by editorial r$action1 & ! difficulty ( int]pret+ ) c]ta9ty ev5 ^? data :i* ! text pres5ts1 & x has by no means yet rea*$ settl$ conclusions2 only g5]al & t5tative results c be not$ "h4 ,t1 h[ev]1 ! book is ! result ( a gradual process1 may be se5 f ! pres5ce ( d\blets 7liii4 xiv42 lxx4 xl4 #ac-ag2 cviii4 lvii4 #g-aa lx4 #e-ab71 & f ! subscription at ! end ( ,book ,,ii41 :i* displays ignorance ( ! fact t fur!r ,psalms1 ascrib$ to ,david foll[4 ,x w be m conv5i5t to />t f ! f9al position & "w backw>d2 & t f9al position is und\bt$ly ?is1 t ! ,book ( ,psalms z x /&s 9 our ,bible is ! hymn-book ( ! re/or$ ,second ,temple4 ,x is a book prep>$ = musical accompanim5t2 ?is may be se5 f ! titles /ill pres]v$ at ! head ( _m ( ! ,psalms4 ,^! titles are ( ?ree k9ds3 !y describe ! nature ( ! poetic composition2 !y give ! names ( ! au?ors & sometimes ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 compos$2 & ! ?ird k9d are mo/ probably to be expla9$ z in/ructions = musical sett+4 ,^! la/-nam$ titles are 9 mo/ cases v obscure2 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion has simply translit]at$ ! ,hebrew words4 ,on ! assumption t ^! are musical t]ms1 we h ?ree classes ( !m 9 ! ,psalms4 ,"o class app>5tly gives directions = ! tune to :i* ! ,psalm is to be sung1 & ?is tune is nam$1 l "s mod]n hymn tunes1 aft] ! words ) :i* ! tune _h be5 orig9ally or cu/om>ily associat$2 ^! appe> to h be5 popul> songs1 n necess>ily ( an entirely religi\s "* 7,ps4 lvi41 ,r4,v4 title3 set to ,jona? elem rehokim2 m>4 translates3 ,! sil5t dove ( !m t are af> (f2 ,ps4 lvii41 lviii43 set to ,al ta%he?1 :i* means3 ,d n de/roy4 ,9 ! ,septuag9t ! sett+ ( ,ps4 lxx4 has be5 alt]$ to3 ,save me1 ,o ,"l74 ,o!r titles seem to direct ! voice to be us$ 9 s++1 z ei!r falsetto or bass 7,ps4 xlvi41 set to ,alamo?2 probably maid5-l voices1 & z wom5 took no "p 9 ! s]vice ( ! *oirs1 ?is mu/ ref] ei!r to t5or1 or male falsetto2 ,ps4 vi41 xii41 set to ! ,%em9i?4 ,r4,v4 m>41 ! eigh?4 ,?is is probably ! octave or bass voice74 ,two ref]5ces are to be f\nd to ! in/rum5tal accompanim5t to be us$1 z ei!r /r+$ or w9d in/rum5ts 7,ps4 iv41 vi41 etc41 on /r+$ in/rum5ts2 ,ps4 v41 ) ! ,nehilo?1 m>41 w9d in/rum5ts74 ,! mu* discuss$ mean+ ( ,selah is mo/ probably to be s\ght 9 a musical direction4 ,! ^w means3 lift up4 ,! ,septuag9t translates1 int]lude1 b _m o!r v]sions 7,v]sion ( ,aquila1 ,syriac ,pe%itto1 ,j]ome & ! ,t>gum7 translate1 = ev]4 ,?is duplicate translation sugge/s ! v possible clue t at ! places :]e ,selah appe>s1 ! ,psalm might be end$1 if desir$1 & ! = ev]1 or ! doxology1 :i* 0 usually sung at ! end ( ! ,psalm & :i* is f\nd at ! end ( ea* book1 c\ld be tak5 !re4 ,z complet$1 ! ,psalt] is !re=e a book ) directions = a fully organis$ & *oral wor%ip1 & we h to seek = a "t :5 su* a wor%ip 0 9 exi/5ce4 ,! difficulty is t ^! musical directions are some:at r>e & are n f\nd 9 ! lat] books1 b only 9 connection ) ^? ,psalms entitl$1 = ! ,director4 ,z ! in/rum5ts m5tion$ are only ( ! simple/ k9d & n ( ! v>i$ "* us$ 9 ! ornate wor%ip ( ! ,temple 7cxlix4 #c2 cl4 #c-e71 & z by ! "t ! ,greek translation 0 made 7#aej ,b4,c471 _! significance 0 =gott51 we h to put ! f9al edition long aft] ! f\nd+ ( synagogue wor%ip1 9 :i* ! ,director's ,psalm ,book 0 fir/ us$1 & at "s p]iod :5 !re _h be5 a complete *ange 9 musical practice4 ,?is dem&s a "t :5 ,hell5i/ic culture _h m\ld$ ev5 ! ,temple wor%ip4 7,! ,jews 7 "u ,greek influ5ce & rule f ,b4,c4 #ccc to ,b4,c4 #fc47 ,! "t f :i* a full *oral s]vice 0 9 use 9 ! ,temple is to be c>ri$ back1 accord+ to ! ,*ronicl]1 to ! "t ( ,solomon & ,david1 b a comp>ison ) ! e>li] hi/ory conta9$ 9 ! ,books ( ! ,k+s does n confirm ?is4 ,! ,*ronicl]1 :o f 8 int]e/ 9 ^! matt]s seems to h be5 a memb] ( "o ( ! ,levite *oirs1 really gives u ! cu/oms curr5t 9 8 times1 & inf]s t !y w5t back un*ang$ to ! "t ( ! build+ ( ! fir/ ,temple & to ! prep>atory "w ( ,david4 ,^! consid]ations1 toge!r ) ! admitt$ lat5ess ( _m ( ! ,psalms1 "s ( !m und\bt$ly belong+ to ! times ( ! ,maccaban w>s1 br+ u d[n to t late age & p]haps m precisely to ! "t ( ! r$$icat$ ,temple 7#afe ,b4,c471 & dem& t ! f9al edition ( ! ,psalt] is to be plac$ some:]e ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 ,we might expect to f9d traces ( ! gr[? ( ! ,psalt] 9 ! division into five books 7at xli41 lxxii41 cvi41 cl41 see ,r4 ,v471 b !re seems no real division necess>y betwe5 ,books ,,iv4 & ,v4 & ! five-fold division may be due to ! desire to imitate ! divisions ( ! ,law2 ! o!r divisions h[ev] conta9 m hopeful sugge/ions4 ,! fir/ book1 = in/ance1 is almo/ entirely ascrib$ to ,david 7,ps4 i4 is an introduction to ! :ole book1 compos$ = ! f9al edition1 & ,ps4 ii4 may h be5 also plac$ 9 front z "p ( ! introduction4 ,ps4 xxxiii41 :i* is v late1 may h be5 add$ z a k9d ( doxology to ,ps4 xxxii4 ,! re/ are ascrib$ to ,david74 ,! second book is l>gely ,davidic & x concludes ) ! /atem5t3 ! pray]s ( ,david ! son ( ,jesse are end$4 ,9 spite ( ?is notice ,psalms are f\nd ascrib$ to ,david 9 ! books t foll[1 s t ! rem>k mu/ h be5 f\nd app5d$ to a collection t ! f9al editor took ov]2 x _c be due to 8 own h&4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( compilation is to be f\nd 9 ! /range occurr5ce ( ! diff]5t names = ,god3 ,elohim & ,jehovah4 ,9 ! fir/ book ! "n ( ,jehovah prepond]ates4 ,9 ,book ,,ii4 ! "n ,elohim is f\nd mo/ frequ5tly4 ,!n 9 ,book ,,iii4 ,psalms lxxiii4-lxxxiii4 use ,elohim only1 & lxxxiv4-lxxxix4 ,jehovah ma9ly2 & 9 practically ! :ole ( ,books ,,iv4 & ,v4 ,jehovah is almo/ solely us$1 ,! reason = ?is ph5om5on mu/ be s\ght 9 editorial r$action1 = 9 ! duplicate ,psalms1 xiv4 & liii41 xl4 #ac-ag & lxx41 ,jehovah is f\nd 9 ! fir/ rec5sion & ,elohim 9 ! second4 ,! ,elohi/ic "* ( lxxiii4-lxxxiii4 may be due to ! orig9al compil] s9ce !y are all ascrib$ to ,asaph & o!rwise be> m>ks ( common production4 ,! ,elohi/ic r$action may h be5 made 9 a p]iod :5 ! "n ,jehovah s\nd$ tribal & almo/ hea!ni%2 b a simil> te/ leads to ! conclusion t ! fir/ collection enjoy$ by ?is "t a liturgical famili>ity1 :i* did n p]mit ( alt]ation4 ,! rev]sion to ! "n ( ,jehovah 9 ,books ,,iv4 & ,v4 might be expla9$ by ! fact t 9 lat] times ! "n 0 writt5 b nev] pron\nc$4 ,on ! l9e ( ^! sugge/ions we %\ld expect to f9d t ,book ,i4 conta9$ ! e>lie/ ,psalms & ,books ,,iv4 & ,v4 ! late/2 ?is is r\ghly correct1 if we all[ = ! possibility ( m9or ins]tions be+ made = v>i\s purposes 9 ! la/ edition4 ,9 ,book ,v4 !re is a gr\p ( ,psalms 7civ4-cvi41 cxi4-cxiii41 cxv4-cxvii41 cxxxv41 cxlvi4-cl471 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ei!r comm5c+ or end+ ) ,hallelujah1 & are kn[n z ! ,hallels4 ,f _! cont5ts1 x may be obs]v$ t !y are suitable = use at ! ,great ,fe/ivals1 & x is kn[n t !y 71 & are /ill s us$ by ! ,jews4 ,!y imply a highly organis$ musical s]vice 7,ps4 cl471 !y require a "t :5 ! fe/ivals 7 regul>ly obs]v$ & :5 ! wor%ip ( ! ,temple c\ld be c>ri$ on )\t fe>4 ,su* conditions are to be f\nd toge!r only aft] ! ,exile1 & !n only dur+ ! p]iod ( ,greek rule2 & to ?is late p]iod ! composition ( ^! ,psalms is to be ref]r$4 ,an ev5 lat] date is dem&$ = "s ,psalms t are said to reflect ! rebellion aga9/ ! ,hell5iz+ movem5t en=c$ by ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 9 :i* ! ,maccabees play$ su* a h]oic "p4 ,?is date is confirm$ by ! ref]5ces to3 ! assembly ( ! sa9ts 7,ps4 cxlix4 #a1 ,heb4 hasidim1 ! puri/ p>ty =m$ 9 t "t72 ! cruel p]secution = religi\s op9ions 7,ps4 xliv4 #ag-bb2 lxxix4 #b2 lxxxiii4 #c1 #d72 ! defil+ ( ! ,temple1 ! burn+ ( ! synagogues1 & ! sil5ce ( ! ,prophetic voice 7,ps4 lxxiv4 #g-i2 lxxix4 #a74 ,o!r ,maccaban ,psalms are said to be3 cx41 :]e !re is a ref]5ce to "s prie/ :o is n 9 ! legitimate succession1 :i* entirely describes ! ,prie/-,k+s ( ! ,maccaban dyna/y 7o!r s*ol>s w\ld put ?is ,psalm v e>ly2 on ! o!r h& !re are alleg$ traces ( an acro/ic t w\ld spell ,simon1 ! fir/ ( ! ,maccaban ,prie/-,k+s72 cxv4 cxviii41 :i* celebrate successful w>s 9 :i* ! lead]s h be5 ! h\se ( ,a>on1 to :i* h\se ! ,maccabees ( c\rse belong$4 ,?is is ! late/ date t is dem&$ = any ( ! ,psalms1 & 9 ! pres5t condition ( criticism we c only say t betwe5 ?is & "s e>li] p]iod ! book is to be plac$4 ,x mu/ n[ be our task to discov] ! e>lie/ date t any ( ! ,psalms dem&4 ,we h se5 t ,book ,i4 seems to be ! e>lie/ collection1 & tradition assumes t ?is 0 ! "w ( ,david & 0 ! ,psalm ,book us$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,temple4 ,to discuss ?is po9t x is necess>y to enquire into ! reliability ( ! titles t ascribe ! ,psalms to def9ite au?ors4 ,^! titles give3 "o ea* to ,moses1 ,e?an1 & ,heman2 two to ,solomon2 elev5 to ! ,sons ( ,korah2 twelve to ,asaph2 & sev5ty-?ree to ,david 7x is d\btful :e!r ,j$u?un is a p]son2 if s he is probably ! same z ,e?an3 ,ps4 xxxix41 lxii41 lxxvii41 titles2 cp4 #a ,*ron4 vi4 #dd ) #a ,*ron4 ix4 #af74 ,n[ x %\ld be notic$ t none ( ! au?ors are lat] ?an ,solomon 7,e?an1 #a ,k+s iv4 #ca1 #a ,*ron4 vi4 #dd2 ,heman1 #a ,k+s iv4 #ca1 #a ,*ron4 vi4 #cc1 xv4 #ag1 #ai1 xxv4 #e2 ,asaph1 #a ,*ron4 vi4 #ci1 xxv4 #a;f1 ,neh4 xii4 #df2 9 ,ezra ii4 #da1 ,neh4 vii4 #dd1 ,asaph seems to mean a guild ( s+]s r ?an an individual74 ,if any ( ! ,psalms ascrib$ to au?ors might be expect$ to yield confirmation by int]nal evid5ce1 x w\ld be ,ps4 xc42 b !re is no?+ 9 its language or ?\ght t po9ts to extreme antiquity4 ,!re is also no?+ 9 ! ,psalms !mselves t confirms ! au?or%ip ( ! contempor>ies ( ,solomon1 ,e?an & ,heman4 ,! title ( ,ps4 cxxvii41 ( ,solomon1 is miss+ 9 ! ,septuag9t & is evid5tly a late gloss1 & ! title ( ,ps4 lxxii4 is translat$ 9 ! ,septuag9t3 a psalm = ,solomon1 :i* c]ta9ly describes ! cont5ts bett]4 ,! ,psalms ascrib$ to ! ,sons ( ,korah 7xlii4-xlix41 lxxxiv41 lxxxv41 lxxxvii41 lxxxviii42 #b ,*ron4 xx4 #ai1 #a ,*ron4 xxvi4 #ai2 b #a ,*ron4 vi4 #cc-ch %[s t ,koha?ite & ,korahite are ! same71 h common features1 z h also ! ,psalms ascrib$ to ,asaph1 :i* imply t !y are at lea/ guild collections2 b _! exalt$ conception ( ,god1 _! consci\sness ( national righte\sness1 ! ref]5ce to synagogue wor%ip & ! cessation ( prophecy 7lxxiv4 #h;f7 po9t to a "t subsequ5t to ,ezra4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! titles is f\nd 9 ! ascription ( s _m ,psalms to ,david4 ,x 0 long ?\ght t ,david 0 n only ! au?or ( ! ,psalms ascrib$ to him1 b t he 0 also editor ( ! entire ,psalt]4 7,:5 z e>ly z ,!odore ( ,mopsue/ia x 0 recognis$ t "s ( ! ,psalms 7 ,maccaban1 x 0 suppos$ t ,david wrote !m 9 ! _s ( prophecy47 ,our enquiry may be n>r[$ d[n to ^? ,psalms t are ascrib$ to ,david 9 ! e>lie/ collection1 ,book ,i4 ,d ^! reflect ! conditions & developm5t ( 8 times8 ,x mu/ be repli$ t !re is no?+ 9 ! ,davidic ,psalms z a :ole to di/+ui% !m f o!r ,psalms1 & :at hi/orical connection !y betray seems ev]y:]e to belong to an age lat] ?an ,david4 ,! ,temple is spok5 ( z already 9 exi/5ce 7,ps4 v4 #g2 xi4 #d7 & ! "n = ,j]usalem1 my holy hill1 seems to dem& a "t subsequ5t to ! mission ( ,isaiah4 ,! g5]al conditions ( life reflect$ are cle>ly ^? 9 :i* a godly m9ority is oppress$ & wick$ness is e/abli%$ 9 ! l&2 a condition :i* f9ds no p>allel 9 ! ,books ( ,samuel4 ,moreov]1 ! religi\s ideas are f> 9 advance ( ^? t seem to h be5 preval5t 9 ! "t ( ,david or t c be trac$ to him4 ,! g5]al tone ( ! ,psalms is "o ( a *a/5$ piety t h>dly exi/$ 9 ! "t ( ! k+dom1 & ! religi\s ideas ev]y:]e %[ dep5d5ce ^u ! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets4 ,!re is h>dly a v]se ( ! fifty-fir/ ,psalm :i* _c be p>allel$ 9 ,j]emiah1 b !re is almo/ no?+ 9 ! ,psalm t makes x a fitt+ confession = an adult]] & murd]]4 ,^! consid]ations lead u to enquire :e!r ! ,hebrew preposition translat$ ( ,david d5otes au?or%ip2 its accurate signification is belong+ to1 & f ! analogy ( ! o!r titles we inf] ?is to mean t ! editor f\nd ^! ,psalms 9 a collection ascrib$ to ,david4 ,:at gave ! "n ( ,david to t collection8 ,"s ( ! ,psalms may be pre-exilic & may ev5 g d[n to ! e>ly mon>*y2 ,ps4 xx4 may belong to ! ,old ,k+dom1 b x c h>dly h come f ! lips ( ,david2 x is ,ps4 xviii4 t has p]haps ! greate/ claim to ,davidic au?or%ip4 ,?is ,psalm is also f\nd 9 #b ,sam4 xxii41 b !re x seems to be an int]polation1 = x breaks ap>t v]ses t app>5tly once /ood toge!r 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #bb & xxiii4 #h74 ,yet we meet ) a ref]5ce to ! ,temple ev5 9 ?is ,psalm 7#b ,sam4 xxi4 #g72 at ! same "t sev]al ( its passages w\ld come v fitt+ly f ! ,w>rior ,k+1 & w\ld be suitable to 8 b>b>\s times4 ,9 ?is ,psalm1 if any:]e1 we may possess "s orig9al ,davidic fragm5ts4 ,we mu/ conclude !re=e1 t ! ,davidic ,psalt] 0 s call$ because its orig9 0 someh[ due to ,david1 or because x conta9$ "s ,song ( ,david :i* mu/ h be5 consid]ably alt]$ to suit liturgical purposes4 ,! e>ly tradition ( ,david ascribes to him a poetic & musical gift 7#a ,sam4 xvi4 #ah2 ,amos4 vi4 #e71 & ( ?is ! lam5t ov] ,saul & ,jona?an 7#b ,sam4 i47 is a suffici5t confirmation1 b x %\ld be notic$ t x is rem>kably free f any religi\s s5tim5t :atsoev]4 ,x mu/ be due to ! lat] tradition ( ! ,*ronicl] t ,david has be5 cr$it$ z ! sa9tly au?or ( ! :ole ,book ( ,psalms4 ,! conclusion is t ! titles are n1 /rictly speak+1 a claim to au?or%ip1 b are names giv51 = v>i\s reasons1 to pre-exi/+ collections2 t ! e>lie/ ( ^! collections may conta9 pre-exilic ,psalms1 b t ev]y?+ po9ts to ! collection be+ made = use 9 ! "t ( ! ,second ,temple4 ,! ref]5ces to a k+ d n necessitate any re-consid]ation ( ?is v]dict2 !y may be p]sonifications ( ! nation 9 ! light ( ,messianic conceptions4 ,?is position has be5 /eadily resi/$ by "s 9 ! int]e/s ( tradition1 b )\t any real religi\s reason be+ adduc$2 = ! idea t ?is decision d5ies ! au?ority ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les is dispos$ ( by ! simple fact t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,david is simply a "n = ! ,psalt] 7,ps4 ii4 is ascrib$ to ,david 9 ,acts ii4 #cd2 x is anonym\s 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,heb4 iv4 #g has 9 ,david2 ?is does n ref] to au?or%ip1 = ! au?or ( ?is ,epi/le nev] quotes ! ,scriptures save anonym\sly74 ,to o!rs x w p]haps come z a great relief to feel t ! writ] ( "s ( ! mo/ spiritual utt]ances ( p]sonal religion ne$ n be id5tifi$ ) ! hi/orical ,david4 ,!re are awful possibilities ( failure 9 ! mo/ religi\s m51 b ! problem "h is m difficult ?an t3 x w\ld compel u to ?9k ( ,david z display+ 9 public no h9t ( ! secrets ( 8 inn] religi\s life1 b v mu* t contradicts !m4 ,! traditional idea ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,psalms has done grave inju/ice to ! s9c]e if passionate "* ( ! hi/orical ,david4 ,! orig9 ( su* a tradition is due z mu* to ! spiritual bl9dness z to ! c>eless hi/oric judgm5t ( lat] ,judaism1 & its acceptance by g5]ations ( ,*ri/ian /ud5ts speaks a great] rev]5ce = tradition ?an = religi\s insight4 ,to be compell$ to date ! great majority ( ! ,psalms )9 ! p]iod #ejj-aej ,b4,c41 is inde$ a com=t+ int]pretation ( ,jewi% hi/ory2 = x %[s t ! b>r5 gr\nd ( po/-exilic times 0 n )\t its t5d] fl[]s ( piety & an appreciation ( ! prophetic religion f> beyond t ( ! ,prophets' contempor>ies4 ,! gloss ( legalism1 :i* c be trac$ 9 ! ,psalt]1 & :i* 0 inevitable :5 ^! private devotions 7 adapt$ to ! ,levitical wor%ip ( ! ,temple1 has n succe$$ 9 obscur+1 b r br+s into great] cle>ness ! spiritual elem5ts 9 ! ,psalms4 ,x is welcome to turn f ?is task ( lit]>y criticism1 :i* f9ds 9 ! ,psalms its mo/ difficult field1 & :i* p]haps yields "h less help ?an 9 o!r bran*es ( ,bible lit]ature1 to an endeav\r to appreciate ! religion ( ! ,psalmi/s4 ,!re is difficulty "h also2 b n[ x is 9 ! spl5d\r ( ! composition1 ! magnific5t bread? ( exp]i5ce !y embrace1 ! classic utt]ance ( ! et]nal religion ( ! he>t4 ,we h recognis$ ! het]og5e\s "* ( ! collection1 & x is only to be expect$ t ?is %\ld be reflect$ 9 ! v>iety ( religi\s ideas4 ,a !ology ( ! ,psalt] is z impossible z x is mi/ak54 ,! quality ( poetic g5ius v>ies1 ! heights ( religi\s inspiration sometimes rea*$ are n consi/5tly ma9ta9$1 & !re are _m l[] levels4 ,& yet !re rema9s a suffici5t unity to leave a v def9ite impression2 t unity owes little to simil>ity ( circum/ances1 to contemporaneity1 or to ! influ5ce ( a !ological s*ool2 x is r due to ! unreflective simplicity ( ! human m9d 9 ! realis$ pres5ce ( ,god4 ,9 t position all unfett]$ religion speaks "o tongue3 ! only "m tongue ( humanity4 ,! inspiration ( ! ,psalmi/ owes its beauty to ! abs5ce ( self-consci\sness4 ,!re is no?+ "h ( ! prophetic claim to speak 9 ! "n ( ,god2 9 ! ,psalms ,god does n speak to m51 m5 speak to ,god1 b x is j because ( ?is t ! revelation 9 ! ,psalms rea*es s f> beyond ! limits ( ,old ,te/am5t religion & seems to grasp t religion :i* 0 to be p]sonifi$ 9 ! consci\sness ( ,jesus4 ,we are compell$ to recognise t m5's pray]s are !mselves a revelation ( ,god1 & t :5 m5 seek to voice _! highe/ aspiration we cat* ! s\nd ( a deep und]tone1 ! supplication ( ! ,_s t int]c$es )94 ,z an expression ( et]nal religion ! ,psalms h "o s]i\s defect1 :i* really unfits !m1 )\t c>eful selection1 = use 9 ,*ri/ian wor%ip--_! awful imprecations ^u enemies4 ,!re are h>dly to be f\nd 9 ! :ole realm ( lit]ature m fe>ful desires = v5geance ?an 9 ! ,psalms 7cix4 #f-ae4 cxxxvii4 #i2 cxl4 #aj74 ,to date ! ,psalms f ! com=table times ( ! mon>*y1 "u ! m>tial supremacy ( ,david & ,solomon1 is to make !m cruel )\t mean+2 b imag9e ! suff]+s ( ! ,israelites 9 ,exile1 or 9 ! /ill worse times :5 ! pi\s remnant 7 p]secut$ by _! own irreligi\s & apo/ate c\ntrym51 :i* 0 s (t5 _! lot 9 po/-exilic times1 & ^! expressions c be expla9$1 ev5 if !y _c be ju/ifi$4 ,! desire = v5geance does n arise f p]sonal motives1 b is d\btless due to ! complete id5tification ( ! ,psalmi/ ) ! cause ( ,god & righte\sness1 & to 8 burn+ indignation aga9/ ! cruelty1 inju/ice1 & craft9ess ( ! imp5it5t wick$4 ,?us und]/ood1 !re is a moral elem5t 9 ?is ang]1 :i* is n only to be condon$ b ev5 admir$4 ,?is deep moral revulsion has be5 "o ( ! greate/ factors 9 m\ld+ hi/ory along righte\s l9es4 ,b :5 all ?is has be5 said1 x rema9s to be ackn[l$g$ frankly t ?is is n ! religion ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,! ang] at s9 is "r1 b ! desire = v5geance is no real cure = s94 ,x is f> f ! deep wisdom ( ! ,son ( ,man2 b we h to rememb]1 :5 we judge ! ,psalms f t /&>d1 t ,8 wisdom is /ill unaccept$1 n only by ! _w1 b by _m :o pr(ess ,8 "n4 ,x is 9 ! ,psalms t p]sonal religion receives its cle>e/ exposition 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & ?is _s owes mu* to ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ,j]emiah4 ,!re has be5 an endeav\r to f9d ! speak+ subject ( ! ,psalms n 9 ! individual b 9 ! nation4 ,!re are national ,psalms1 b _m o!rs _c be successfully int]pret$ save z ! expressions ( p]sonal devotion4 ,national religion c\ld nev] rea* ^! heights2 x is b\nd d[n to ! av]age level1 x is always op5 to une?ical movem5ts & ideas4 ,! p]sonal elem5t is n to be confus$ ) ! individuali/ic2 ! p]sonal is wid] ?an ! individual2 x realises ! ?+s t lie at ! base ( all human life1 & :5 x is mo/ p]sonal x speaks ! mo/ univ]sal language4 ,x is 9 ! deep s5se ( s9 & ! assurance ( =giv5ess t ! ,psalms are ! classics = all :o "k ! secrets !y utt]2 & ! s5se ( s9 c nev] be felt save "u ! se>*+ light ( ,god's v pres5ce4 ,to be deeply consci\s ( s9 is ! fir/ /ep t[>ds any high revelation ( ,god1 & ( ?is ! fifty-fir/ ,psalm is ! mo/ p]fect expression2 !re we see ! s5se ( inw>d s91 op5+ up ! possibility ( a sep>ation betwe5 ! self & t high] self1 ! holy _s1 & br++ ab\t ! sev]e/ m5tal pa9 & angui%4 ,naturally1 ! ,psalms h>dly rise to ! ,*ri/ian gr\nd ( =giv5ess1 b ! ?irty-second ,psalm vibrates ) ! joy t ! ,*ri/ian kn[s &1 :5 m]e figures ( spee* are disc\nt$1 x spr+s f ! same reason3 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( "o's s9 & ! consci\sness ( its =giv5ess 9 ! newly realis$ communion ) ,god4 ,9 deal+ ) ! problem ( ! provid5tial ord] ( ! _w1 ! ,psalms h>dly reflect any high] conceptions ?an ^? f\nd else:]e 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 if !y ev5 rise z high z ! conception ( ! ,second ,isaiah4 ,! idea t goodness is rew>d$ by long life & prosp]ity1 & t wick$ness is always m>k$ by outw>d disa/] is ! root idea2 & ! fact t ?is is n confirm$ by obs]vation is ! cause ( ! compla9t ( _m a ,psalm4 ,?is problem receives no consci\s solution ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,! revelation giv5 ?r\gh ! wor%ip ( ! sanctu>y only %[s t ! prosp]ity ( ! wick$ is tempor>y 7,ps4 xxxvii41 lxxiii472 b h[ (t5 ev5 ?is mu/ seem to be untrue1 = 9 _m cases !re are no b&s 9 _! dea?4 ,no?+ high] is rea*$ ?an pride 9 "o's integrity & ! assurance t someh[ & some:]e retribution is sure4 ,!re is no conception ( ! pr9ciple ( vic>i\s suff]+1 & ! values set ^u righte\sness & prosp]ity nev] atta9 to ^? words ( ,jesus3 ,bless$ are !y t h be5 p]secut$ = righte\sness sake4 ,! pressure ( ?is problem ( ,provid5ce is suppos$ to h driv5 ! ,psalmi/s to pi]ce ! veil & to descry beyond ! grave a comp5sation = ! inequalities ( ?is life1 & passages are frequ5tly adduc$ to prove ?is 7,ps4 xvi4 #aj1 #aa2 xvii4 #ae2 xlix41 #ae2 lxxiii4 #bc-bf74 ,! curr5t belief ( ,israel embrac$ an exi/5ce aft] dea?1 b only 9 ! =m ( unconsci\s & %ad[y life 9 ! "u _w1 ,%eol1 & ?is is mo/ explicitly express$ 9 _m ( ! ,psalms 7vi4 #e2 xxx4 #i2 xlix4 #ad2 lxxxviii4 #aj-ab74 ,:at !n is ! significance ( ! expressions :i* seem to po9t to some?+ m8 ,an accurate translation & a correct exegesis dispose ( ne>ly all ( ^! passages z 9 any s5se explicit evid5ce = a def9ite belief 9 immortality2 b !re rema9s a witness ( mu* great] value4 ,x is ?r\gh communion ) ,god1 & because ( ! significance ) :i* x inve/s consci\s life t ! ,psalmi/s are l$ to feel t _! exp]i5ce c nev] be int]rupt$ by dea?4 ,to ^? :o "k ! reality ( p]sonal communion ) ,god1 ?is has m cog5cy ?an any o!r argum5t = immortality4 ,! exp]i5ce ( communion ?r[s a new value on p]sonality & gives a deep] mean+ to ?is life1 & 9 face ( ?is discov]y dea? becomes no?+ m ?an a pass+ %ad[4 ,:ile !re=e ! application ( ,ps4 xvi4 #aj to ! resurrection ( ,*ri/ is =eign to ! me?ods ( mod]n int]pretation1 t passage does %[ ! real significance ( ! resurrection ( ,*ri/2 = x is ! p]son ( ,*ri/ 9 communion ) ,god t has br\ght life & immortality to light4 ,! ,psalmi/ %>$ ?is vital exp]i5ce :e!r he 0 able to inf] immortality ( ! s\l f x or n4 ,b ! glory ( ! ,psalms is f\nd 9 _! realisation ( ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,?is expresses itself 9 ! vivid consci\sness ( a pres5t & helpful ,p]sonality r ?an 9 intellectual concepts or !ological def9itions4 ,! transc5d5ce ( ,god receives full appreciation1 b x is nev] 9 t]ms ( spatial di/ance1 b 9 an inw>d realisation ( ,8 moral excell5ce 7,ps4 xxxvi4 #e-g74 ,to ! disc]n+ s\l ! pres5ce ( ,god is inescapable & is absolutely omnipres5t 7,ps4 cxxxix4 #g-aj74 ,"r alongside ( ! recognition ( ! might ( ,god & ,8 hol9ess1 !re is f\nd ! s5se ( ,8 fa!rly pity1 ,8 g5tl5ess1 & ,8 und]/&+ ( u 7,ps4 ciii4 #ac2 xviii4 #ce74 ,x w\ld be altoge!r mi/ak5 to look 9 ! ,psalms = t conception ( ,nature :i* has become "o ( ! greate/ ga9s ( mod]n culture4 ,to ! ,psalmi/ ,nature has no mean+ ap>t f ,god1 & x is m]ely ! sph]e ( ,8 activity4 ,b ! beg9n+s ( a poetic delight 9 ?+s is felt almo/ on e page 7,ps4 xxiii4 #b2 lv4 #f2 lxv4 #h1 #i2 xciii4 #c2 cvii4 #bd2 cx4 #c;b2 cxxiv4 #e2 cxxx4 #f2 cxxxix4 #ah;b72 :ile ! s-call$ ,nature ,psalms 7viii41 xix41 xxix41 lxv41 xciii41 civ41 cxlviii47 yield a conception ( creation & ( ! relation ( ,god to ! _w t has n suffici5tly %ap$ !ology1 & z a consequ5ce has made x possible = u to ?9k ( a conflict betwe5 religion & sci5ce4 ,! consci\sness ( ,god z ( a pres5t liv+ ,p]sonality is ! great contribution ( ,hebrew religion1 & ( ?is ! ,psalms are ! supreme expression4 ,all conception ( a m]ely unconsci\s1 all-p]vad+ ess5ce is transc5d$ by ! int5se exp]i5ce ( communion2 ,he is an ev] pres5t help 9 "t ( tr\ble4 ,! ,hebrew ,psalmi/ may be a *ild beside ! ,h9du sage or ! ,greek philosoph]1 b no "o has ev] s\nd$ ! human he>t z he4 ,! exp]i5ce he has bequea!d to ! _w is t ( a ,god :o is inf9ite1 mighty & all-pres5t1 & yet ,"o :o c be kn[n 9 ! exp]i5ces ( temporal life & felt 9 ! limitations ( ! human m9d2 ,"o :o %eph]ds & guides m51 & :o c take ! place ( human fri5d or ne>e/ relative4 ,?is is 9 ! direct l9e ) ,*ri/'s consci\sness ( ! ,fa!r4 ,)\t ?is we may h a my/icism t mu/ p]=ce rema9 sil5t1 or a philosophy t loses itself 9 ! endeav\r to reconcile ! ant9omies ( ?\ght1 b )\t ?is we _c h a religion t c satisfy ! crav+ ( ! human he>t = an inf9ite1 holy1 & help+ ,companion4 ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,wise ,9 det]m9+ f int]nal evid5ce :e!r ,job is lat] or e>li] ?an ,prov]bs1 ! foll[+ comp>isons %\ld be exam9$3-- ,job v4 #ag & ,prov4 iii4 #aa4 xi4 #h ix4 #ah4 xv4 #g viii4 #be4 xviii4 #e1f xiii4 #i4 xxi4 #ag xxiv4 #bj4 xxii4 #bh iv4 #ah4 xxviii4 #ah iii4 #ae2 viii4 #aa4 xxviii4 #bh i4 #g4 ,9 ^! examples1 x might be not$1 x is ! fri5ds ( ,job :o quote ! ,prov]bs2 except 9 ,job xxi4 #ag1 :]e ,job que/ions ! ,prov]b already quot$ by ,bildad1 r ?an quotes x ) approval2 & 9 ! case ( xxviii4 #ah1 #bh1 ! :ole *apt] is reg>d$ by critics z suspici\s1 on ! gr\nd t ! s5tim5ts "h express$ by ,job are 9 contradiction to 8 g5]al attitude4 ,^! passages w\ld seem some:at to confirm ! idea t ! ,book ( ,job is int5d$ to be a criticism ( ! !ory ( ,provid5ce f\nd 9 ,prov]bs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! sugge/ion t ,ecclesia/es owes its disjo9t$ "* to "s dis>rangem5t ( ! orig9al %eets ( ! ,,ms41 ,bickell proposes to read ! book 9 ! foll[+ ord]3-- 7#a7 i4 #a-;ii4 #aa4 7#b7 v4 #i-vi4 #g4 7#c7 iii4 #i-;iv4 #h4 7#d7 ii4 #ab-;iii4 #h4 7#e7 viii4 #f-;ix4 #c4 7#f7 ix4 #aa-x4 #a4 7#g7 vi4 #h-vii4 #bb4 7#h7 iv4 #i-v4 #h4 7#i7 x4 #af-xi4 #f 7#aj7 vii4 #bc-viii4 #e4 7#aa7 x4 #b-x4 #ae4 7#ab7 ix4 #d-aj4 7#ac7 xi4 #g-xii4 #h4 ,bickell w\ld reg>d ! ,app5dix1 xii4 #i-ad1 z a lat] addition4 ,lecture ,x ,,! ,,religion ,,( ,,! ,,wise ,c]ta9 books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t h a m>k$ resemblance bo? 9 _! subject-matt] & 9 _! religi\s & e?ical outlook4 ,!y /& out f ! o!r classes ( ! lit]ature1 = !y are nei!r prophetical1 l ! writ+s ( ! ,prophets or ! hi/ories writt5 "u _! influ5ce1 nor legali/ic1 l ! great codes ( ! ,p5tateu*1 nor liturgical & devotional1 l ! ,psalms2 & = conv5i5ce !y are designat$3 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature4 ,^! writ+s deal *iefly ) wisdom1 or ! practical ord]+ ( life1 & we frequ5tly f9d a ref]5ce to ! words ( ! wise1 z if !re 0 a s*ool ( tea*]s :o 7 devot$ to ! discussion ( ^! problems4 ,! *ief contributions ( ?is s*ool are1 9 our ,bible1 ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 & 9 ! ,apocrypha1 ,wisdom & ,ecclesia/icus4 ,job & ,ecclesia/es are occupi$ ) ! same problems1 b _! attitude is critical & _! me?od ( treatm5t peculi>4 ,no "o c fail to feel ! almo/ p]plex+ diff]5ce ( ?is lit]ature f ! re/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 unlike ! prophetic x has less a message to ! consci5ce ?an a problem = ! m9d2 unlike ! hi/orical books x is p]fectly timeless1 & utt]ly deta*$ f ! national hopes2 x is n occupi$ ) c]emonies or ritual1 b ) religion z a matt] ( conduct4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ?is is to be f\nd 9 "s ( ! ,psalms1 :i*1 pass+ f ! emotions ( ! dev\t _s1 become engag$ ) ! problems & inju/ices ( life4 ,its religion is m univ]sal ?an t ( ! ,prophets or ev5 ( ! ,psalmi/s1 b x is less emotional2 ! religion ( ! he>t has giv5 way to ! wisdom ( ! m9d4 ,we h "h ! beg9n+s ( a philosophy1 a m5tal activity /rangely abs5t f ! ,hebrew race2 x is n h[ev] a speculative philosophy1 b "o purely conc]n$ ) practical life2 & yet !re is a direct progression traceable f ! *apt]s 9 ,prov]bs 7i4-ix471 :i* are devot$ to ! praise ( wisdom1 ?r\gh ! "w kn[n z ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon1 to ,philo1 ! great ,jewi% philosoph]1 :o endeav\r$ to int]pret ,moses by ,plato & to reconcile ,hebrew religion ) ,greek speculation4 ,al?\gh 9 ?is lit]ature we h ! beg9n+s ( a philosophy x is r t ( ! /reet ?an ( ! academy2 a cultivation ( a philosophic attitude t[>ds life1 its problems & duties1 r ?an any speculation on metaphysical reality or ! absolute orig9 ( ?+s4 ,! wisdom we he> s mu* ( is an intellectual virtue1 al?\gh x embraces nei!r speculation nor le>n+1 b is limit$ to mean sagacity1 %rewdness1 prud5ce 9 ! conduct ( life4 ,?is is ! ma9 !me ( ! ,prov]bs1 b ! problem ( ! correct ord]+ ( life une>?s a deep] & d>k] "o--! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( evil1 ! inju/ice ( life z reveal$ 9 ! bl9d indiscrim9ation ( tr\ble1 pa91 & dea?4 ,) ?is problem "s ( ! ,psalms & ! ,books ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es especially deal4 ,9 seek+ to place ?is lit]ature1 we are met ) an ev5 worse difficulty ?an 9 ! case ( ! ,psalms2 = ! entire abs5ce ( hi/orical allusion1 & ! _s ( deta*m5t 9 :i* religi\s que/ions are discuss$1 leave no trace ( date or age4 ,! ?ree books 9 our ,bible belong+ to ?is lit]ature are ascrib$ to v e>ly au?ors2 two to ,solomon & "o traditionally to ,job or ,moses1 al?\gh ! ,book ( ,job is really anonym\s4 ,n[ x is exce$+ly difficult to ga!r f ! prophetic or hi/orical books any trace ( ! op9ions t are f\nd 9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature4 ,! problem ( evil c]ta9ly began to occupy ! m9ds ( m5 l ,j]emiah ev5 be=e ! ,exile2 b 9 ! picture :i* ! ,prophets give u ( ! ,jewi% /ate "u ! late mon>*y1 we get no glimpse ( a p :o look$ on life & religion z d ! writ]s ( ^! books4 ,9 ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature we f9d ref]5ces to ! wise z to a special class 9 ! community 7,prov4 i4 #f2 xxii4 #ag2 xxiv4 #bc2 ,job xv4 #ah72 9 ! hi/orical lit]ature we f9d ! wisdom ( c]ta9 m5 extoll$ 7,solomon1 #a ,k+s iii4 #af-bh2 iv4 #bi-cd2 x4 #c ff42 ,joseph1 ,g54 xli4 #ci2 ! f\r wise m51 #a ,k+s iv4 #ca1 ! wisdom ( ,egypt1 ! ,ea/1 #a ,k+s iv4 #cj1 & ( ,edom1 ,ob4 #h2 ,j]4 xlix4 #g71 & 9 ! prophetic writ+s ! wise are m5tion$ z a class di/9ct f ! prophet & ! prie/ 7,j]4 xviii4 #ah7 & (t5 9 a depreciatory way 7,isa4 xxix4 #ad2 ,j]4 viii4 #h2 ix4 #ab74 ,x seems almo/ impossible to id5tify ! wise m5 ( ,prov]bs ) ?is class :o receive s little praise f ! ,prophets4 ,! wise m5 ( ,prov]bs d n speak z if !y ne$$ to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! claims ( ! prophet 7,prov4 xxix4 #ah2 ! ref]5ce to vision1 :i* c only mean a communication to ! prophet1 is n f\nd else:]e 9 ,prov]bs & is d\bt$ by _m s*ol>s71 nor c we und]/& ! ne$ = ! message ( ! ,prophets if ?is practical religion ( ! wise 0 curr5t 9 _! times4 ,?is religion may lack passion & be )\t national consci\sness1 b ,isaiah & ,micah w\ld surely h f\nd some?+ to _! he>t's desire 9 its pure e?ical "*4 ,inde$1 ! religi\s ?\ght seems to be dep5d5t on ! tea*+ ( ! ,prophets1 b only at a di/ance1 = x is e?ically advanc$ & has become some:at r>efi$ & unemotional4 ,! lit]>y "* seems also to po9t to a lat] age2 = x is academical1 sophi/ical1 & poli%$4 ,! poli% ( ! ,prov]bs might be due to con/ant use among ! common p1 b !y are n l popul> say+s 7cp4 #a ,sam1 xxiv4 #ac2 #a ,k+s xx4 #aa2 ,j]4 xxxi4 #bi2 ,ezek4 xviii4 #b71 & _! evid5t k9%ip ) ,wisdom & ,ecclesia/icus indicates a late po/-exilic orig94 ,we %all fir/ devote "s "t to an exam9ation ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs4 ,! ,hebrew prov]b 7ma%al7 means a repres5tation1 & may be us$ ( a fable or a taunt1 b is m especially conf9$ to any g5]alisation f exp]i5ce or obs]vation on life & "* express$ 9 a rhy?mic & poli%$ =m4 ,! mo/ usual =m ( ! prov]b is a c\plet 9 :i* a common fact ( ,nature is plac$ beside a common fact ( human life3 ,:]e !re is no wood ! fire goes out1 & :]e !re is no talebe>] /rife w cease4 ,! book z a :ole w\ld seem to be ascrib$ to ,solomon 7i4 #a71 b ?is is only ! tradition ( ! f9al editor2 =1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,psalt]1 ,prov]bs %[s e trace ( gradual compilation1 & ! names ( o!r au?ors are giv54 ,! ma9 divisions ( ! book are z foll[s3-- ,a4 7i4 #a-f74 ,! prologue1 by ! f9al editor1 ei!r ascrib+ ! "w to ,solomon or else prais+ 8 prov]bs4 ,b4 7i4 #g-;ix474 ,?is seems to be ! late/ addition to ! book2 x is n a collection ( prov]bs at all1 b is a cont9u\s disc\rse 9 praise ( ,wisdom4 ,9 viii4 #bb ,wisdom is p]sonifi$ z a creature ( ,god pres5t at ! creation ( ! _w4 ,?is hypo/atization ( an attribute ( ,god is "o ( ! late/ developm5ts ( ,hebrew ?\ght1 & is s unusual to its g5ius t we are compell$ to seek = "s possibility ( infiltration f =eign s\rces4 ,! idea is /ill fur!r develop$ 9 ,ecclesia/icus 7xxiv471 & 9 ! ,book ( ,wisdom has become q a ,platonic speculation 7vii4 #bb-viii4 #a74 ,! appe>ance ( ?is idea 9 ,hebrew ?\ght seems to be mo/ explicable 9 ! p]iod ( ,greek influ5ce1 :5 ,plato's doctr9e ( ! ,idea might become kn[n 9 ,pale/9e2 some:]e ab\t #bej ,b4,c4 seems a likely date4 ,! id5tification ( virtue ) k1 :i* we f9d 9 ! book1 is also due to ,greek ?\ght4 ,x 0 along ?is l9e ( developm5t t ! conception ( ! ,logos 0 welcom$ into ,jewi% ?\ght1 to h ?r\gh ,philo su* a pr(\nd influ5ce on "s ( ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,c4 7x4-xxii4 #af74 ,?is collection ( prov]bs is ascrib$ to ,solomon & is g5]ally ?\ght by critics to be ! olde/ ma9 collection2 _m w\ld ev5 be will+ to assign x to ! gold5 age ( ! mon>*y4 ,! ,solomonic au?or%ip is1 h[ev]1 un?9kable2 ! s5tim5ts express$ are unsuitable = a luxuri\s & polygam\s mon>* 7xv4 #af1 xxi4 #ca2 xxii4 #ad2 xiii4 #a2 cp4 #a ,k+s iv4 #bf2 xi4 #a1 #d1 #e-ac2 xii4 #aj1 #aa71 & ! ascription to ,solomon is probably due to circum/ances simil> to ^? :i* op]at$ 9 ! case ( ! ascription ( ! ,psalms to ,david4 ,!re are _m objections to any pre-exilic "t z a suitable hi/oric backgr\nd = ?is collection2 !re is no m5tion ( idolatry1 :]eas we le>n f ,ezekiel 7vi41 viii41 xxiii47 t idolatry 0 practis$ 9 ,j]usalem d[n to ! "t ( ! city's de/ruction2 monogamy seems to be tak5 q = grant$1 :]eas x w\ld appe> t polygamy 0 g5]al be=e ! prophetic re=ms2 & ( ! great upheaval t ^! re=ms involv$1 ?is collection %[s no trace4 ,! national religion has "h giv5 place to univ]salism1 a developm5t t seems to dem& "s exp]i5ce ( contact ) o!r nations & especially "s acqua9tance ) =eign culture4 ,! ref]5ces to ! k+ nei!r require ,solomonic au?or%ip nor dem& an age :5 ! mon>*y 0 e/abli%$2 = !y are only g5]al s5tim5ts conc]n+ ! duties ( ! k+ 9 ! ,/ate1 & are ( su* a nature t !y %[ v little rem9isc5ce ( ,israel's actual exp]i5ce ( a mon>*y4 ,d4 7xxii4 #ag-xxiv4 #bb7 & ,e4 7xxiv4 #bc-cd7 are two collections ( ! say+s ( ! wise1 ^: ascription1 toge!r ) ! ref]5ce to in/ruction1 po9ts to an advanc$ /age ( reflection & tea*+1 & p]haps to ! exi/5ce ( philosophic tea*]s :o _h s*ools & pupils4 ,f4 7xxv4-xxix474 ,^! also are prov]bs ( ,solomon1 :i* ! m5 ( ,hezekiah1 ,k+ ( ,judah1 copi$ out4 ,?is title has an air ( circum/antiality ab\t x :i* looks l a g5u9e hi/orical note1 & x has be5 obs]v$ t !re is a *ange ( tone1 9 ?is collection1 9 reg>d to ! mon>*y1 z if "s actual exp]i5ce ( k+ly tyranny _h be5 lately borne2 s t if we 7 to ref] ?is collection to ! age m5tion$ 9 ! title we %\ld h to ante-date ! collection1 ,c4 ,b 9 view ( ! /ate ( society "h portray$1 :i* is simil> to t ( ,ecclesia/icus1 we h no alt]native b to reg>d ! title1 z 9 ! case ( "s ( ! ,davidic ,psalms1 z due to lat] ,jewi% scribes1 & z )\t au?ority4 ,g41 ,h4 & ,i4 are ?ree small collections 7xxx42 xxxi4 #a-i2 xxxi4 #aj-ca71 ! fir/ by ,agur3 a v obscure passage1 app>5tly quot+ a decl>ation ( rev]5t agno/icism1 ) a reply to x by "s m believ+ scribe4 ,! second is ascrib$ to ,k+ ,lemuel1 & ! ?ird is 9 praise ( a virtu\s woman1 by an anonym\s writ]4 ,! religi\s tea*+ ( ! ,prov]bs w\ld seem to be a ref9em5t ( ! prophetic religion1 /&+ q ap>t f ! legal & ritual developm5t4 ,religion has become entirely a matt] ( e?ics2 ! cre$ is wond]fully col\rless & simple1 & ! inducem5t to virtue rema9s almo/ entirely on ! plane ( utilit>ianism & prud5ce4 ,!re is a good deal t is q worldly wisdom1 b pure religion is by no means want+ 7xxi4 #c2 xiv4 #cd72 ! fe> ( ! ,"l is n slavi% fe>1 b is a guid+ pr9ciple = life & ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,m5 are divid$ some:at r\ghly into ! fooli% & ! wise2 & al?\gh no book 9 ! _w has ev] depict$ ! fooli%ness ( m5 ) great] v>iety & reality1 yet !re seems no hope t folly may be ov]come1 or t wick$ m5 c be turn$ f _! ways2 ,wisdom kn[s no =giv5ess & c only mock :5 m5 turn to h] too late 7i4 #bd-bh74 ,yet ! e?ical level is high2 woman especially is highly e/imat$1 & ! home life is held sacr$2 k9dness to animals is inculcat$ 7xii4 #aj71 & !re is a real approa* to absolute e?ics 9 su* say+s z3 ,say n ?\1 ,i w recomp5se evil2 ,say n ,i w d s to him z he ha? done to me 7xx4 #bb2 xxiv4 #ag1 #bi2 xxv4 #ba1 #bb74 ,! writ]s h be5 call$ humani/s1 & ?is rightly describes _! position2 x is ! highe/ level rabb9ical religion ev] rea*$2 x has its p>allel 9 "s ( ! aphori/ic tea*+ ( ,jesus1 b x has no message = ! outca/ & fall52 x kn[s no secret :]eby ! fool may be made wise & ! he>t be *ang$ by a great emotion2 x is ! religion ( ! sage1 n ! religion ( ! ,savi\r4 ,! doctr9e ( retribution is /ill ?\ght to be q satisfactory 9 its work+ 7ii4 #ba f42 x4 #be2 xi4 #ba74 ,9 an e>li] & less reflective age ?is idea w\ld n h be5 unexpect$2 b x is rem>kable t x %\ld be acquiesc$ 9 by ! wise m52 & yet x is an idea ( life t seems to p]si/ aga9/ all exp]i5ce3 x is f\nd 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/ & x /ill obta9s1 especially 9 ! judgm5t ( ! cause ( pov]ty4 ,p]haps its p]si/5ce is to be trac$ to an ideal ( ju/ice s /rong z to obscure accurate obs]vation ( ! facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we turn to ! ,book ( ,job we come to a "w n only ! greate/ product ( ! wise m51 b ! supreme lit]>y production ( ! ,hebrew nation4 ,! gr&eur ( its language has some:at obscur$ ! real mean+ ( ! book2 = ! op9ions t ! book 0 writt5 to controv]t are /at$ ) su* vivid p[] & poetic grace t !y are n[ (t5 quot$ z ,biblical tru?s ( equal value ) ! op9ions app>5tly support$ by ! au?or4 ,x is our task1 n s mu* to admire ! lit]>y tal5t ( ! au?or1 z to e/imate 8 contribution to ! religion ( ,israel4 ,! ,book ( ,job has be5 ref]r$ to almo/ e age f ,moses to po/-exilic times4 ,!re is c]ta9ly an endeav\r to reproduce ! conditions ( ! patri>*al age1 9 ! avoidance ( ! "n ,jehovah 7,exod4 vi4 #c71 & 9 ! money /&>d adopt$ 7,job4 xlii4 #aa72 b !re is no desire to deceive ! read]1 = ?is ar*aic atmosph]e is adopt$ m]ely z ! appropriate sett+ ( ! dialogue1 & is n ma9ta9$3 ! "n ,jehovah slips f ! au?or's p51 he takes no pa9s to conceal 8 k ( ! ,law & 8 int]e/ 9 ! que/ions ( 8 own times4 ,! "q ( age is n to be complicat$ by ! "q ( au?or%ip2 !re 0 a p]son nam$ ,job1 kn[n to ,ezekiel 7xiv4 #ad71 b !re is n[h]e any assumption t ,job himself wrote ! book2 & ! me*anical & symbolical "* ( ! disa/]s :i* befall ,job1 & ! nature ( ! comp5sation1 %[ t we h "h only dramatic sett+s = ! spee*es & n actual hi/ory4 ,x is likely t !re 0 a well-kn[n tradition ( a man nam$ ,job :o _h suff]$ ov]:elm+ tr\bles & ev5tually _h be5 re/or$ to 8 =m] prosp]ity1 & ?is is made ! basis = a discussion ( ! problem ( suff]+4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t 9 ! ,prologue & ,epilogue we h fragm5ts ( t old tradition1 s9ce ^! passages are 9 prose :ile ! body ( ! book is 9 semi-poetic rhy?m2 b ! prose =m is be/ expla9$ z t always adopt$ by ! ,hebrews = n>rative1 = we f9d ideas 9 ^! p>ts t betray z late a date z any?+ 9 ! body ( ! "w4 ,consid]$ on int]nal evid5ce1 ev]y?+ seems to po9t to ! age :i* produc$ ! re/ ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature2 & m precisely1 a date %ortly be=e or %ortly aft] ,prov]bs1 seems indicat$4 ,! mat]ial = decid+ m p>ticul>ly is su* t diff]5t conclusions may be drawn f x4 ,= in/ance1 ! p]sonification ( wisdom 9 ,prov]bs seems to be 9 advance ( ! idea ( wisdom 9 ,job2 & if we c\ld ?9k ( ! developm5t ( an idea always co9cid+ ) *ronological progression1 !n ,job w\ld ne$ to be plac$ e>li] ?an ,prov]bs2 b ?is is complicat$ by ! fact t ! ma9 body ( ! book ( ! ,prov]bs may h be5 9 circulation be=e ! e>li] *apt]s 7 add$4 ,yet !re are app>5t quotations f ! ,prov]bs 9 ! ,book ( ,job 7xv4 #g f4 ,prov4 viii4 #bb-be71 & ! ref]5ce to ! lamp ( ! wick$ be+ put out 7,prov4 xiii4 #i2 xxiv4 #bj7 seems cle>ly to h ,prov]bs 9 m9d 7,job4 xxi4 #ag74 ,dep5d5ce might1 ( c\rse1 be tak5 to lie ! o!r way1 b on ! :ole1 x w\ld appe> t ! problems dealt ) 9 ,job h n yet em]g$ = ! writ]s ( ! ,prov]bs1 & inde$ ,job seems r an indictm5t ( ! sup]ficial idea1 :i* we f9d ev]y:]e assum$ 9 ! e>li] "w t prosp]ity & goodness are insep>able4 ,! mo/ satisfactory ord] seems !re=e to be3 ,prov]bs1 ,job1 ,ecclesia/es4 ,! idea t ,job is to be und]/ood z a p]sonification ( ! nation1 su* z we 7 l$ to conceive 9 ! allegory ( ,jonah & 9 ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 c h>dly be ma9ta9$ 9 face ( ! p]fect deta*m5t f ! hi/ory & ! national hopes t *>act]ises ! book4 ,! book deals ) a problem already /irr+ 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,prophets & ! !me ( _m ( ! ,psalms1 b "h /at$ ) an awful d>+ & int5sity & z ! subject-matt] ( an entirely new =m ( lit]>y composition4 ,! ,book ( ,job is n a drama1 9 ! s5se t x 0 ev] int5d$1 or w\ld be suitable1 = pres5tation on ! /age2 b x is a poem ) dramatic elem5ts & x has a dramatic movem5t4 ,! endeav\r to und]/& ! message ( ! book is r5d]$ difficult because diff]5t po9ts ( view are pres5t$1 & ?is has sugge/$ diff]5t au?ors4 ,! book c]ta9ly has well-m>k$ divisions1 & !y appe> to yield di/9ct & diff]5t solutions ( ! problem ( suff]+4 ,! ,prologue %[s u :at has tak5 place 9 heav51 & seems to inf] t ! trials came ^u ,job to e/abli% 8 fai? & righte\sness2 b ! spee*es betwe5 ,job & 8 fri5ds1 9 ! second division1 if by ! same au?or z ! ,prologue1 skilfully avoid ?is explanation1 & ! drama pursues its c\rse ) ! actors rema9+ 9 complete ignorance ( ! solution t has be5 disclos$ to ! audi5ce4 ,! ?ird division is tak5 up ) ! spee*es ( ,elihu3 ^! break ! cont9uity ( ! poem1 ,job makes no reply to him1 & ,elihu is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,epilogue4 ,an exam9ation ( ^! spee*es %[s t !y fall some:at bel[ ! level ( brilliance & orig9ality ma9ta9$ 9 ! re/ ( ! book1 & ! idea t !y proce$ f ano!r writ] ( ! same s*ool1 :o felt t ! argum5ts ( ! ?ree fri5ds _h n be5 pres5t$ 9 ! be/ possible way1 is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,! spee*es ( ,jehovah are by ! au?or ( ! ma9 portion & are wond]fully impressive & gr&1 al?\gh ! exact contribution t !y make to ! discussion ( ! problem is difficult to disc]n4 ,! ,epilogue falls back into prose1 & 0 c]ta9ly writt5 by "o :o _h ! entire "w be=e him2 b x s misses ! mean+ ( ! :ole argum5t1 & is cont5t ) su* a sup]ficial solution ( re/oration1 t x has be5 ?\ght by _m to be an addition to ! orig9al "w4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! idea ( plural au?or%ip z a solution ( ^! div]g5ces1 ! div]g5ces !mselves mu/ be borne 9 m9d 9 any attempt to e/imate ! message ( ! book4 ,b are ^! diff]5t po9ts ( view incompatible ) a s+le au?or8 ,) an au?or ( su* extraord9>y tal5t 9 voic+ op9ions ) :i* he evid5tly does n agree1 x _c be said to be impossible2 & x may be t he only wi%$ to /ate ! problem & to give ^? answ]s :i* 7 curr5t 9 8 age1 leav+ x to ! read] to discov] :e!r ^! answ]s 7 really solutions2 ! ,prologue & ,epilogue may h no?+ to d ) ! didactive motive1 b only be due to dramatic & arti/ic dem&s4 ,! !ology ( ,job c]ta9ly dem&s a late age & an advanc$ /age ( reflection4 ,"o int]e/+ po9t is rais$ by ! employm5t1 9 ! ,prologue1 ( ! figure ( ,satan4 ,?is p]sonality1 s fruitful a factor 9 speculation on ! cause ( evil1 dem&s a c>eful /udy4 ,x %\ld be not$1 fir/1 t he is ref]r$ to z ! ,satan1 t is1 ! ,adv]s>y2 x is a g5]ic1 n a prop]1 "n4 ,?is creature is repres5t$ z appe>+ toge!r ) ! angels 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god1 & al?\gh 8 designs are s9i/] & 8 sugge/ions unwor?y1 he is /ill a m9i/] do+ ! w ( ,god4 ,?is delegation ( evil advocacy c be trac$1 f ! idea t x is due to ,god ,himself 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a71 to ! "w ( ! sep>ate _s :o (f]$ to entice ,ahab 7#a ,k+s xxii4 #ba71 & !n to ! great] def9it5ess ( our au?or4 ,beyond ?is book1 aga91 ! adv]s>y is a d>k] "* :o has to be rebuk$ by ,god 7,ze*4 iii471 & 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ronicl] ! ,satan has become ,satan1 a prop] "n 7#a ,*ron4 xxi4 #a2 cp4 #b ,sam4 xxiv4 #a72 b we h to g outside ! ,old ,te/am5t ,canon to get a completely duali/ic opposition ( ,god & ,satan 7,wisdom ii4 #bd74 ,! conception ( ,god has pass$1 9 ?is book1 entirely beyond ! tribal ,deity ,jehovah1 & ev5 beyond ! e?ical ,p]sonality kn[n to ! ,prophets1 to ,"o :o is felt to be unkn[able2 & yet )al ,job cl+s to ! idea t he %all "o day see ! face ( ! ,r$eem] :o n[ hides ,himself4 ,z 9 ! ,psalms1 ! alleg$ idea ( immortality 7xix4 #be ff47 is n v def9ite1 & s contradicts ! g5]al expectation ( ! book 7vii4 #i f4 x4 #ba f4 xiv4 #aj ff4 #bj ff4 xvi4 #bb2 xxi4 #bf2 xxx4 #bc71 t x mu/ be tak5 to ref] to ,job's conviction t "s v9dication ( 8 cause w be made "h 9 ?is life4 ,at ! same "t ! idea ( a future judgm5t :i* %all proclaim 8 innoc5ce & ! ill-des]t ( 8 suff]+s1 is s /rong1 t x sweeps dea? out ( vision1 & ! hope ( ! future life hov]s 9 ! ?\ght if x does n break into language4 ,a dispassionate exam9ation ( ! solutions "h (f]$ to ! problem ( suff]+ %[s t no?+ really beyond a negative position is rea*$ 9 ?is book4 ,! spee*es ( ,job mu/ be tak5 to convey ! au?or's op9ions1 & !y are a mo/ emphatic repudiation ( ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce express$ by ! ?ree fri5ds4 ,!y c only repeat ! accept$ notion t suff]+ is ev]y:]e ! cause ( s91 & ) scorn & indignation ,job repudiates ! *>ge1 s f> z he is conc]n$2 he ma9ta9s 8 innoc5ce & appeals to ,god z 8 witness2 b ! ,witness is sil5t & !re is no daysman betwixt !m4 ,job's prote/ is n conc]n$ ) m]e innoc5ce1 = 9 "o magnific5t passage he appeals to 8 b5efic5t life sp5t 9 ! s]vice ( ! poor & ne$y 7xxxi474 ,! answ]s ( ,job leave ! little sy/em ( ,provid5ce support$ by 8 fri5ds1 completely discr$it$1 & 9 ?is p>ticul> ,jehovah sides ) ,job4 ,! !ophany & spee*es ( ,jehovah d n1 h[ev]1 seem to convey any fur!r contribution to ! problem ?an p]haps ! idea t = man x is insoluble1 because he does n & _c see ! :ole2 & s no?+ is left = man b to be> 8 griefs 9 sil5ce & ma9ta9 8 tru/ 9 ,god4 ,job rema9s1 n only ! f9e/ contribution ( ,semitic g5ius to ! realm ( lit]ature1 b a classic = all ^? :o feel ! angui% ( ! _w & ! un9telligible p]plexities ( life4 ,if x conveys no real solution1 x at lea/ disposes ( "o long accept$ z adequate1 & its complete ov]?r[ removes "o ( ! wor/ mi/akes ( human obs]vation & refutes "o ( ! cruelle/ judgm5ts ( m54 ,! idea t prosp]ity always foll[s goodness has be5 a mo/ disa/r\s beque/ ( ,hebrew ?\ght1 & has m ?an any?+ else obscur$ f m5's eyes ! real mean+ ( life1 prev5t$ an accurate judgm5t ( "*1 & done mu* to turn aside ! expression ( sympa?y & obscure ! duty ( pity & =giv5ess4 ,t a solution 0 n )9 ! limits ( ,israel's fai? _c be affirm$ ) ,isa4 liii4 be=e u2 b t x _h nev] be5 rightly und]/ood & _h nev] tak5 deep hold ( ev5 noble m9ds is driv5 home ) a tell+ =ce1 9 a fur!r contribution ( ! ,wisdom ,lit]ature1 ! ,book ( ,ecclesia/es4 ,! "n ,ecclesia/es is borr[$ f ! attempt to translate ! ,hebrew t]m ,qohele? into ,greek4 ,( ?is "n a v>iety ( int]pretations h be5 put =w>d 7,qohele?1 f qahal an assembly1 is ! active fem99e p>ticiple & means1 "o :o calls1 or addresses1 or is m]ely memb] (1 an assembly2 ,a4,v41 ! ,prea*]2 ,r4,v4 ! great ,orator71 b ! "o t p]haps be/ describes ! t]m is t ( ! debat]4 ,! "w is put =w>d 9 ! "n ( ,solomon1 & ( all ! works ascrib$ to him !re is none t w\ld come s suitably f ! p5 ( t mon>*1 if he ev] reflect$ deeply on 8 c>e]2 b ?is ascription is n kept up ) any idea ( deceiv+ ! read]1 b is simply "o ( ! lit]>y cu/oms ( ! "t & a way ( hon\r+ a great "n1 = !re are biographical /atem5ts impossible to ,solomon 7,i 0 k+1 i4 #ab2 above all t 7 be=e me 9 ,j]usalem1 i4 #af71 :ile ! reflection ( society & ! /age ( ?\ght1 b mo/ notably ! extremely late language1 betray :at is "o ( ! late/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s4 ,ecclesia/es is a "w t has held an unusual fasc9ation = c]ta9 types ( disposition1 ,r5an decl>+ t x 0 ! only lovely ?+ t ev] came f a ,hebrew m9d4 ,! pres5ce ( ! book at all 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is /range1 & !re 7 /rong op9ions aga9/ admitt+ x into ! ,canon2 x 0 p]haps only ev5tually sanction$ because its contradictory /atem5ts made x possible to int]pret ! book z a "w writt5 to controv]t pessimi/ic ideas1 :i* are br\ght =w>d only to be refut$4 ,= ! int5tion ( ! "w is difficult to ga!r ow+ to its disjo9t$ & incomplete "*1 :i* makes ! book z x /&s a mass ( contradictions4 ,"s passages pr(ess utt] pessimism & unbelief 9 ,god's provid5ce1 :ile o!rs1 l ! clos+ *apt]1 seek to inculcate religi\s fe> & tru/4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 propos$ to expla9 ^! ph5om5a occurr+ 9 "o book4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! "w is a dialogue betwe5 a d\bt+ s*ol> & an or?odox believ]4 ,) a view ( /raight5+ out ! argum5t x has be5 conjectur$ t ! %eets ( ! orig9al h someh[ become dis>rang$1 & o!rs h ?\ght ( a s]ies ( int]polations 9 an orig9ally q unbeliev+ "w2 fir/ by a writ] :o wi%es to def5d ,wisdom f ! au?or's *>ges ( unpr(itabl5ess1 & !n by a writ] :o wi%es to def5d ! provid5ce ( ,god4 ,if int]polation is to be ?\ght ( at all--& x %\ld only be a refuge ( despair--x is to be s\ght 9 ! op5+ & clos+ v]ses ( ! la/ *apt] 7xii4 #a1 #ac1 #ad71 :i* may h be5 add$ to correct ! influ5ce ( ! "w2 b ev5 !y are n impossible f ?is /rangely vacillat+ au?or4 ,c]ta9ly no explanations c remove ! gloomy tone ( ! book4 ,! writ] seems to h come into contact ) ,greek pessimism1 & f ?is /&po9t he sees no?+ true 9 ! ,hebrew doctr9e ( retribution1 & especially does he reject ! too optimi/ic doctr9es ( ! ,wisdom s*ool4 ,! problems t are solv$ s simply 9 ,prov]bs1 /at$ & left unansw]$ by ,job1 are by ?is au?or answ]$ 9 entirely negative fa%ion3 no?+ is pr(itable 9 ?is life1 no?+ is new2 nature & man move 9 an endless cycle )\t hope or mean+4 ,! pursuit ( ,wisdom is j z fooli% z ! pursuit ( folly3 ! end ( ! fool & ! end ( ! wick$ is ! same2 life is n wor? liv+2 vanity ( vanities1 all is vanity4 ,9 ?is book we at la/ come ^u a cle> recognition ( ! doctr9e ( immortality1 b only to f9d x explicitly d5i$ by our au?or 7iii4 #ai-ba74 ,! only solution t ! writ] proposes is a sad ,epicureanism3 make ! be/ ( a bad _w4 ,& yet 9 spite ( ?is conclusion ! au?or /ill believes 9 ,god 7iii4 #aa1 #ad2 viii4 #ag72 b ,he is a ,god :o has hidd5 ,8 purpose f man & :om man c d no?+ to turn f ,8 ways4 ,?is is m l ! inscrutable ,fate ( ! ,greek trag$ians ?an ! ,jehovah ( ! ,prophets3 inde$ ! ^w ,jehovah is nev] once us$ ?r\gh\t ! book4 ,if ! conclud+ *apt] comes f ! orig9al au?or1 !n x recomm5ds a religi\s attitude t[>ds ^! my/]ies2 b !re is no revelation ( any?+ t gives assurance ( ! reasonabl5ess ( ?is position or ( ! goodness ( ,god4 ,:at are we to le>n f ?is ,book8 ,are we to refuse to read x & to rev]se ! judgm5t t includ$ x 9 ! ,canon8 ,h>dly t4 ,x is well t man's d\bts %\ld f9d a place 9 ! same sacr$ collection ) 8 sure/ beliefs1 = d\bt may be b a /age 9 a process f an inadequate to a full] fai?4 ,! book %[s t ! common appreciation ( ,israel's fai? c\ld n satisfy ! m9d t _h its att5tion fix$ ^u ! facts ( life2 & especially does x %[ t ! hope ( immortality1 ap>t f :i* ,israel's fai? _h l>gely develop$1 is n ! "o ?+ t is lack+4 ,t hope1 ) its promise ( retribution 9 a future & bett] _w1 w always appe> too speculative to "s m9ds to relieve ! burd5s ( ! life t n[ is1 & ev5 if believ$ 91 x w\ld (f] no real clue to ! mean+ ( our trials "h1 b only t5d to take m5's eyes (f ?is life :]e p]*ance !y might f9d ! solution !y h miss$4 ,= !re is an attitude to life t solves its d>ke/ problems1 a disposition :i* transmutes its pa9 & failure1 f9d+ x no enigma1 b an opportunity = le>n+ ! w ( ! ,fa!r2 our pres5ce "h n a ?+ to be reluctantly borne1 b a task to be joyfully accept$ z ! commission ( ,god4 ,! book ( ,ecclesia/es %[s u1 !re=e1 t ! revelation ?r\gh ,israel is n yet complete2 = x voices ! unsatisfi$ ne$ & /ret*es out h&s ( fai? = some?+ n yet made kn[n4 ,x is ! deep d>k ( ! night2 ! next h\r w see ! ,morn+ ,/> ( ,be?lehem above ! horizon1 ! flee+ %ad[s & ! break+ ( ! day4 ,,messianic ,,expectations ,! preval5ce ( ! expectation ( a p]sonal ,messiah reflect$ 9 ! ,gospels1 & ! cle>ness & consi/5cy ( ! idea1 are n to be expla9$ solely f ! ,old ,te/am5t prophecies4 ,9 ! ,apocrypha ! ,messianic expectation has almo/ di$ out 7,ecclus4 xlix4 #aa2 #a ,macc4 ii4 #eg71 b aft] ! ,maccaban revolt x reviv$1 ow+ d\btless to ! disappo9tm5t caus$ by ! det]ioration ( ! ,hasmonan dyna/y1 ( :i* s mu* _h be5 expect$4 ,! ,ph>isees1 :o res5t$ ! policy ( ! ,hasmonans1 made ! idea ( a re/oration ( ! ,davidic l9e ! peculi> prop]ty ( _! p>ty1 & f ?is "t until ! appe>ance ( ,jesus1 ,messianic expectation rea*$ a po9t nev] be=e atta9$4 ,! foll[+ summ>y %[s ! em]g5ce ( ! idea 9 ! lit]ature ( ! p]iod3-- 7#a7 ,! ,dream-,visions ( ,eno*4 ,b4,c4 #aff-afa4 ,! ,messiah appe>s "u ! figure ( a :ite bullock1 & ! sa9ts are *ang$ into ,8 image4 ,! ,messiah has only an (ficial function 9 ! _w-drama1 & a human ?\gh glorifi$ p]sonality4 7#b7 ,! ,sibyll9e ,oracles4 ,9 a passage assign$ to ,b4,c4 #adj1 ! ,messiah is repres5t$ z a ,god-s5t ,k+1 :o is expect$ to arise f ! ,ea/1 & ^: appe>ance w be a signal = an attack ^u ! ,temple by ! ,g5tiles4 7#c7 ,! ,book ( ,jubilees4 ,b4,c4 #ace-aje4 ,! writ] is conc]n$ m ) ! ,messianic ,k+dom1 :i* he conceives ( spiritually1 ?an ) ! ,messiah1 :o is only allud$ to once1 & :o is expect$ to arise f ,judah4 7#d7 ,! ,similitudes ( ,eno*4 ,b4,c4 #ie-hj4 ,?is "p ( ! ,book ( ,eno* is mu* occupi$ ) ! p]son ( ! ,messiah4 ,he is def9itely nam$ ! ,messiah1 & also be>s ! titles ! ,elect ,"o1 ! ,righte\s ,"o1 & ! ,son ( ,man4 ,he is a ,prophet & a ,tea*]1 ! light ( ! ,g5tiles1 all judgm5t is committ$ unto ,him1 & ,he w sit on ! ?rone ( ,8 glory4 ,he w raise aga9 to life all ! righte\s :o h di$4 7#e7 ,! ,psalms ( ,solomon4 ,b4,c4 #gj-dj4 ,! ,messiah is to be s9less2 ,he is ! ,son ( ,david2 ,he w n adopt ! ord9>y me?ods ( w>f>e1 b w smite ! e>? ) ! rod ( ,8 m\?4 ,! foll[+ works all belong to ! ,*ri/ian era1 b !y may reflect ideas t _h an e>li] orig93-- 7#f7 ,! ,assumption ( ,moses4 ,a4,d4 #g-cj4 ,! hope ( an e>?ly ,messiah is ab&on$ & x is ,god ,himself :o is expect$ to take v5geance on ,8 enemies4 7#g7 ,! ,apocalypse ( ,b>u*4 c4 #gj ,a4,d4 ,! ,messiah w appe> aft] ,israel's enemies h be5 de/roy$4 ,8 ,k+dom is lik5$ to ! bright lightn+1 & at ! end ( ,8 reign ,he is to return 9 glory to heav54 7#h7 #b ,esdras4 ,a4,d4 #ha-if4 ,! ,messiah1 al?\gh m ?an e>?ly1 dies aft] a reign ( #djj ye>s4 ,he is pictur$ z a lion rebuk+ an eagle 7! ,roman p[]71 & z x 7 ) ! lik5ess ( a man aris+ f ! mid/ ( ! sea1 & fly+ ) ! cl\ds ( heav54 ,lecture ,,xi ,,messianic ,,expectations ,9 all ! /ages ?r\gh :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t religion pass$ !re seems to h exi/$ a consci\sness ( _! imp]fection1 & ?is produc$ a t5d5cy to gaze into ! future1 9 :i* x 0 ?\ght ! ideal religion w\ld exi/1 & :]e c\ld be descri$ ! p]fect realisation ( ,god's dwell+ among m54 ,x is natural t ?is *>act]i/ic %\ld f9d its cle>e/ expression 9 ! ,prophets4 ,:5 _! eyes are ^u ! pres5t1 !y condemn2 :5 !y look to ! imm$iate future1 !y utt] grave w>n+ & ! %ad[s deep5 ^u _! faces2 b :5 !y lift _! eyes to ! di/ant hills ( "t1 ! light is on _! faces1 & !y break into songs ( ! days t are yet to be4 ,x is ?is vision ( ! future & ! endeav\r to give x a def9ite outl9e t runs l a ?read ?r\gh ! ,old ,te/am5t & =ces u to look beyond its bord]s = ! ultimate issue ( its religi\s developm5t4 ,?is subject may be/ be /udi$ "u ! g5]al head ( ,messianic expectations4 ,! imm$iate difficulty 9 und]/&+ ?is subject is f\nd 9 ! circum/ance t x has receiv$ f ,bible /ud5ts an exagg]at$ att5tion1 & has be5 pursu$ ) me?ods t ! be/ mod]n s*ol>%ip _c sanction4 ,! eag] hunt+ = ,messianic prophecy1 & ! desire to f9d lit]al fulfilm5t1 has (t5 /ret*$ ! mean+ ( passages unw>rantably & made a sane exegesis appe> tame & un9t]e/+4 ,b m disa/r\s has be5 ! effect ^u ! und]/&+ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t z a :ole4 ,! lit]ature has be5 treat$ z a my/]i\s typology1 9 :i* "s indirect picture ( ! ,messiah 0 to be discov]$1 or a s]ies ( exact pr$ictions ( ,8 life & "w4 ,?is has de/roy$ ! s5se ( p]spective1 x has ignor$ ! message ( ! ,prophets to _! own age1 & x has be5 responsible = ! idea t ! religion ( ! ,psalmi/s 0 simply a pi\s expectation ( ! ,messiah1 in/ead ( a real communion ) ,god4 ,x is difficult to ga9 a "r appreciation ( ?is subject aft] x has suff]$ su* abuse1 b a s]i\s ef=t %\ld be made2 = x is 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! ,messianic expectation t we %all f9d a key to ! ,new ,te/am5t & m especially to t conflict ( s\l :i* ! acceptance ( ! ,messiah%ip seems to h br\ght ^u ,jesus4 ,! me?od ( /udy foll[$ w be an endeav\r to read all alleg$ ,messianic pr$ictions1 fir/ ( all 9 ! light ( _! actual mean+ = ! age 9 :i* !y 7 utt]$2 b m p>ticul>ly x w embrace ! g5]al ideas ( ! future ( :i* ! conception ( ! ,messiah =ms only a "p4 ,we %all f9d t ! consci\s pr$iction ( ! ,messiah is some:at r$uc$ 9 bulk1 & t ! ,messianic expectation includes some?+ m ?an a figure ( ! ,messiah himself1 & is inde$ sometimes f\nd )\t any su* feature4 ,! ,messianic ideal involves ! :ole conception ( ! religi\s future ( ,israel4 ,! ,hebrew religion receives mu* inspiration f its tradition ( ! pa/1 b inf9itely m f its hopes = ! future3 ! gold5 age is n ?\ght to lie f> back 9 hi/ory1 b 9 a "t yet to come4 ,x seems likely t ?is idea 0 widely disp]s$ ev5 among ! common p1 & x is !re=e only natural t x %\ld (t5 h be5 held 9 an unspiritual mann] & express$ aft] a mat]ial fa%ion4 ,?is hope 0 seiz$ ^u by ! ,prophets1 & by !m elevat$ above a m]ely mat]ial expectation2 !y enri*$ x by ! weal? ( _! creative g5ius1 & f _! "t x receives a def9ite cont5t4 ,/&+ f> above _! contempor>ies 9 _! conception ( ! mean+ ( ,jehovah's cov5ant ) ,israel1 ! ,prophets 7 =c$ to realise ! failure ( _! message to w9 imm$iate acceptance1 & sometimes !y witness$ its entire rejection by ! p2 & !re=e x 0 inevitable t !y %\ld look to ! future to yield :at ! pres5t seem$ unable to produce3 a religion pure1 simple1 & free f all limitations4 ,if we inquire ! reason ( ?is hope1 we f9d x 9 _! tru/ 9 ,jehovah's cov5ant & 9 _! conviction ( ! ultimate triumph ( tru?4 ,n[ x 0 n unnatural1 ) ! peculi> "* ( _! national hi/ory1 = _! hopes to gr\p !mselves ar\nd "s comm&+ figure2 = all along ,israel _h be5 mov$ by spl5did p]sonalities4 ,!y 7 accu/om$ to ! appe>ance ( m5 ^: p[] & g5ius m>k$ !m out z fitt$ by ,jehovah = "s mighty task2 s t :5ev] !y ?9k ( ! future & come to a detail$ description ( _! vision !y descry "o dom9ant figure1 ! symbol & repres5tative ( ! p1 b also ! symbol & repres5tative ( ! p[] ( ,jehovah dwell+ among !m4 ,?is figure receives 8 peculi> outl9e l>gely f ! ne$s ( _! imm$iate times1 & any p]son ( :om great ?+s are expect$ may be hail$ z ! ,messiah 7,cyrus1 ,isa4 xlv4 #a2 ,haggai ii4 #bj-bc1 seems to sugge/ t ,z]ubbabel is ! expect$ ,messiah2 & ,ze*4 vi4 #ab uses ,messianic language ( ,jo%ua ! ,high ,prie/74 ,we %\ld h expect$ t ! figure ( ! ,messiah1 z conceiv$ by ! ,prophets1 w\ld p>take l>gely ( ! prophetic (fice idealis$ & accept$ by an ob$i5t p4 ,?is h[ev] is n ! case4 ,!re is a promise ( a prophet made ?r\gh ,moses1 :i* 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t has be5 int]pret$ z a ,messianic prophecy 7,deut4 xviii4 #ah2 ,acts iii4 #bb1 vii4 #cg71 b an exam9ation ( ! passage1 :i* foll[s a d5unciation ( ! practices ( div9ation1 necromancy1 & sorc]y1 out ( :i* primitive ,prophetism arose1 %[s t x is a promise ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! prophetic (fice r ?an ( any "o p]son4 ,else:]e ,moses is made to exclaim3 w\ld t all ! ,"l's p 7 prophets 7,num4 xi4 #bi74 ,bo? ^! passages are due to prophetic tea*+1 & ?is is ! ,prophets' conception ( _! (fice3 !y d n rejoice 9 _! spl5did isolation & _! unique relation to ,god2 !y are griev$ t ! p d n %>e _! possession ( ! ,_s ( ,god & _! he>+ ( ,8 ^w1 = to !m ^! ?+s are ! ess5ce ( all true religion4 ,s !y look =w>d to a "t :5 _! (fice w no long] be necess>y 7,j]4 xxxi4 #cd71 & :5 ! ,_s ( ! ,"l %all be p\r$ out on all fle% 7,joel ii4 #bh;f74 ,x is n 9 any contradiction to ?is t ! picture ( ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 del9eat$ by ! ,second ,isaiah1 is l>gely drawn f ! prophetic (fice 7,isa4 xlii4 #a-d1 xlix4 #a-f1 l4 #d72 = ! ,s]vant is ! ,nation ( ,israel fulfill+ h] prophetic role among ! nations ( mank9d4 ,9 ! late prophecy ( ,mala*i ! figure ( ,elijah ! prophet is se5 9 ! future1 b only z ! h]ald ( ! com+ ( ! ,messianic era 7,mal4 iv4 #e74 ,! ,prie/ contributes little m ?an ! ,prophet to ! picture 7,ze*4 iii42 vi4 #ab2 ,psa4 cx472 = to ! prophetic conception ( ?+s ! ,prie/hood is h>dly a necess>y (fice 9 a true religion4 ,x is f ! (fice ( ! ,k+ t ! ,messiah is l>gely drawn4 ,?is conception c\ld only h aris5 aft] ! f\nd+ ( ! mon>*y & only :5 ! real ,david _h fad$ f> en\gh into ! pa/ to be idealis$4 ,x 0 9 _! exp]i5ce ( ! imp]fection ( ! ,k+s ( ,israel & ,judah t ! ,prophets saw ! ne$ = a true k+ly head2 & 9 ! oppression ( milit>y k+doms1 ! ne$ = a mighty w>rior4 ,& yet x is n a k+ :o fills ! picture ( ! future1 s mu* z a k+dom4 ,outside ! ,prophets & ! ,psalms we f9d little expectation ( a p]sonal ,messiah1 b we f9d almo/ ev]y:]e ! conception ( an ideal or ,messianic age4 ,:at has be5 call$ ! ,protevangelium1 ! promise to ! woman t h] se$ %\ld bruise ! s]p5t's head 7,g54 iii4 #ae71 does n po9t explicitly to any "o p]son1 b simply promises t 9 man's et]nal w>f>e ) temptation he %all at l5g? ga9 ! victory4 ,! prophecy ( ,balaam 7,num4 xxiv4 #ag-ai7 involves no?+ m ?an ! future supremacy ( ,israel4 ,jacob's bless+ on ,judah 7,g54 xlix4 #aj7 promises a /able dyna/y to t tribe1 & ! ref]5ce to ,%iloh is s obscure t no?+ c be built ^u x 7,%iloh may mean peace1 b 9 ! ,septuag9t ! phrase is translat$3 until t :i* is 8 %all come4 ,ano!r anci5t read+ is3 till he come ^: x is4 ,%iloh might ref] to ! t[n ( t "n1 b ?is w\ld give no help to ! int]pretation4 ,! text mu/ be corrupt74 ,x w be necess>y = u to exam9e ! circle ( ideas :i* =m ! backgr\nd ( ! ,messianic hope & f :i* ! idea ( ! ,messiah em]ges4 ,:5 ! ,prophets speak ( ! future !y (t5 use a /range phrase3 ! day ( ! ,"l4 ,?is is f\nd fir/ 9 ,amos 7v4 #ah71 b its occurr5ce !re %[s t x 0 already a t]m 9 use among ! p1 = ,amos _h to diss5t f ! popul> idea ( its "*4 ,! t]m comes f ! ,hebrew idiom ( ! day ( battle1 & x comes to be us$ ( ! great conflict 9 :i* ,jehovah w entirely ov]?r[ ! enemies ( ,israel2 x is !re=e look$ = ) expectant hope4 ,amos po9ts out t ! manife/ation ( ,jehovah w be fatal to s91 :e!r 9 ,israel or 9 o!r nations3 dies ir1 dies illa4 ,?us modifi$ by ,amos ?is is ! conception :i*1 ) v>y+ details1 becomes ! prophetic idea ( ! ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,x may !re=e come 9 "s ?reat5$ invasion2 lat]1 x is conceiv$ z a ga!r+ ( all ! nations aga9/ ,j]usalem1 f :i* we get ! picture ( ,armag$don1 ! la/ great w> be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( peace2 & f9ally x becomes ! _w assize1 & s ! day ( judgm5t ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is day is to sep>ate ! hi/ory ( ,god's deal+s ) m5 into two di/9ct p]iods1 & w be ! divid+ l9e betwe5 ! p]fect & ! imp]fect2 s t all ! bright visions ( ! future are to be aft] ^? days4 ,! ,prophets believe t recon/ruction c only come aft] de/ruction1 t hi/ory w rea* its ideal ov] a precipice2 !y believe 9 a re=m by cataclysm r ?an by evolution4 ,e ?reat5+ ( political *ange or national disa/] may h]ald ! com+ ( t day2 x is always at h&2 to _! vision1 !y are liv+ ne> ! f9ality ( ?+s4 ,!re is a great deal 9 ?is imag]y t fails to appeal to mod]n ideas ( hi/ory & progress4 ,x 0 "p ( ! prophetic s*eme & z su* 0 a limitation ( p]fect vision2 b %orn ( its m]e =m x rema9s a witness to _! consci\sness ( ! activity ( ,god 9 human hi/ory & ( ,8 judgm5t 9 ! crises ( ! _w4 ,! =m 0 a limitation ess5tial to _! /age ( m5tal evolution & to its intelligibility to _! age2 its _s is an et]nal message to mank9d4 ,imm$iately aft] ! ,day ( ! ,"l1 ! ,messianic ,age is u%]$ 91 & 9 depict+ ! conditions ( t "t ! lyrical g5ius ( ! ,prophets rea*es its supreme expression1 & ^! passages /ill inspire ! re=m] & move m5 ) _! ideals ( peace4 ,! picture ( t age is compos$ by project+ into ! future _! own in/itutions & especially _! religi\s conceptions4 ,!y picture a condition ( human society :i* is be/ describ$ 9 ! phrase1 ! k+dom ( ,god2 = al?\gh su* an expression nev] breaks =? f _! lips1 its cont5ts are obvi\sly 9 _! m9ds4 ,x is to be a community 9 :i* ! w ( ,god is p]fectly realis$1 :5 religion %all no long] consi/ 9 /atutes & comm&s1 b 9 ! recognition ( an inn] law4 ,absolute righte\sness1 individual & civil1 w prevail1 & ! nations %all le>n w> no m4 ,! animal & natural creation w %>e 9 ?is b5efic5t ord]3 ! lion %all lie d[n ) ! lamb1 & ! wild]ness %all blossom l ! rose2 ! veil %all be torn f m5's vision1 all te>s %all be wip$ away1 & dea? %all be swall[$ up 9 victory4 ,:5 !y come to depict ! subjects ( ?is k+dom !y fail to atta9 to ! inn] & e?ical requirem5ts enunciat$ by ,jesus1 = national hopes & ambitions /ill cl\d _! outlook4 ,!re are two /reams ( ?\ght--"o frankly p>ticul>i/ic1 :]e ! future ( ! hea!n is ignor$1 or :]e !y are simply to be ext]m9at$2 & ! o!r univ]sali/ic1 :]e ! conv]sion ( ! :ole _w is expect$ 7,isa4 xlv4 #bb2 ,j]4 xii4 #ad ff1 xvi4 #ai2 cp4 ,isa4 xi4 #ad-af ) xix4 #ah-be74 ,x is some:at surpris+1 9 view ( ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ^! ideas "u ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 t ! sph]e ( ?is trem5d\s *ange is conceiv$ to be ?is pres5t e>?2 & ev5 :5 ! necessity ( a new e>? & a new heav5 is consid]$1 x is /ill e>? t is to be ! *ief !atre ( ev5ts4 ,heav5 is conceiv$ ( z ! dwell+ place ( ,jehovah1 b !re is no idea t ?is great *ange is to be po/pon$ or relegat$ to "s heav5ly condition2 heav5 is to come d[n to e>? & ,jehovah is to dwell among ,8 p & be _! ,god4 ,x is f ! gr\nd ( ^! ideas t !re arises ! conception ( ! p]son kn[n z ! ,messiah1 :o %all be ! ,div9e in/rum5t 9 br++ ab\t ?is bless$ condition4 ,messiah is f ! ,hebrew1 ,ma%iah1 & means ano9t$ "o4 ,! actual phrase1 ! ,messiah1 )\t fur!r qualification1 is n f\nd 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 7,dan4 ix4 #be1 ,a4,v4 ,! ,messiah is incorrect2 x %\ld read3 an ano9t$ "o1 a pr9ce1 z ,r4,v4 m>472 b aft] ! clos+ ( ! ,canon ! phrase 0 con/antly us$ to d5ote ! ,jewi% hope ( ! appe>ance ( a s+ul> p]son1 ( ,davidic desc5t1 :o %\ld be sup]humanly end[$1 & :o %\ld ov]turn ! enemies ( ! ,jews & place _! nation at ! head ( ! _w4 ,! title recalls ! mode ( consecration us$ = prie/s & k+s by ano9t+ !m ) oil 7,lev4 iv4 #c1 #e1 #af2 vi4 #bb2 #a ,sam4 ii4 #ce2 xii4 #c71 & ! ano9t$ ( ,jehovah is ! common title = ! k+s ( ,israel4 ,! orig9 ( ?is idea ( ! ,messianic ,k+ may c]ta9ly be trac$ to ,na?an's promise to ,david ( a p]petual se$ :i* %\ld occupy 8 ?rone & be ! special delight & c>e ( ,jehovah 7#b ,sam4 vii4 #b-ag74 ,9 ! pres5ce ( a weak or unwor?y occupant ( ! ?rone ?is promise w\ld come to m9d1 & w\ld ga!r new mean+ z ! ,prophets saw 9 ! tr\bles ( _! times ! imm95ce ( ! ,day ( ! ,"l4 ,x is to ! prophet ,isaiah t we owe a /rik+ conception ( a mon>* :o n only fulfils 8 promise b transc5ds x 9 a way t is h>dly conceivable 9 a m]ely human k+4 ,! fir/ em]g5ce ( ?is hope 9 ! m9d ( ! prophet occurs :5 he attempts to re/ra9 ,ahaz f jo9+ ! fatal conf$]acy ( ,syria & ,ephraim aga9/ ,assyria4 ,:5 ,ahaz dem&s "s confirmation1 ! prophet promises ! sign ( a "y woman :o %all be> a *ild nam$ ,immanuel 7,isa4 vii4 #ad-ag74 ,foll[+ ,mat!w1 ,*ri/ian expositors h tak5 ?is to be a prophecy ( ! virg9 bir? ( ,jesus2 al?\gh x is difficult to see h[ ?is c\ld be a sign to ,ahaz4 ,! subject is obscure to ! la/ degree4 ,! ,hebrew ^w r5d]$ a virg91 al?\gh capable ( su* a special application1 means simply a "y woman4 ,! translation virg9 0 fir/ made by ! ,septuag9t1 & ?is may po9t to ! fact t at ! "t ?is v]sion 0 made ! ,messiah 0 expect$ to be born ( a virg94 ,! prophecy seems to h aris5 f ! conviction t ! ,assyrian invasion w\ld br+ into exi/5ce "s p]son :o %\ld repres5t ! active pres5ce ( ,god ) ,8 p2 & beyond ?is explanation !re is no?+ b m]e speculation4 ,b 9 a lat] oracle ( ,isaiah's 7ix4 #f;f71 ! conception has gr[n 9 def9it5ess1 & ?is expect$ p]son is cr[n$ ) su* honorific titles z ,wond] ( a ,c\nsellor1 ,h]o-,god1 ,fa!r ( ,et]nity1 ,pr9ce ( ,peace4 ,to our e>s ^! titles convey ! s5se ( absolute ,div9ity1 b x is que/ionable :e!r !y meant t to ,isaiah4 ,ea/]n mon>*s h always be5 address$ ) high-s\nd+ titles1 & ,isaiah's language may h be5 col\r$ by =eign c\rt cu/oms2 b /ill x w\ld rema9 t ! titles lead u to expect an unexampl$ figure :o possesses attributes t m>k him out z specially equipp$ by ,god4 ,once m ,isaiah returns to ?is figure 7xi4 #a-ab71 & n[ def9itely ass]ts t he %all spr+ f ,david's l9e2 only n[ ! maje/y ( 8 p]son is conceiv$ z due to 8 sev5-fold possession ( ! ,_s ( ,jehovah1 & 8 "* fits him r = adm9i/rative & prophetic "w4 ,micah1 a contempor>y ( ,isaiah1 has mu* ! same figure 7v4 #b-e7 ( a mighty pr9ce ( ,davidic l9eage & ( my/]i\s bir? 7,be?lehem simply /&s "h = ,david's l9e1 & ^: outgo+s h be5 f et]nity probably means no?+ m ?an t 8 desc5t %all spr+ f ?is anci5t ance/or74 ,!re is an inexplicable elem5t 9 ^! pr$ictions1 b !y h be5 f\nd else:]e1 outside ,israel1 9 times ( great national dang] or expectation4 ,9 ,israel1 ! idealisation ( ,david1 ! p]sonal elem5t 9 h] hi/ory1 & ! increas$ possibilities discov]$ 9 human p]sonality :5 "u ! complete dom9ion ( ! ,_s ( ,jehovah1 h contribut$ to ! creation ( ?is figure4 ,x _c be said t x 0 a m5tal vision ( ! p]son ( ,jesus t %ap$ ! prophecy1 = x mu/ n be =gott5 t x 0 an imm$iate fulfilm5t t !y expect$2 & inde$ _! picture s utt]ly misl$ ! ,jews1 t1 :5 ,*ri/ claim$ to be ! ,messiah1 !y treat$ ,8 claim z blasphem\s4 ,:ile we c see t ,*ri/ 0 inde$ a ,k+1 x is only by a spiritual conception ( k+%ip1 & only aft] ! v]dict ( hi/ory has cr[n$ ,him z a true rul] ( m52 n by any actual resemblance to ! ext]nal magnific5ce ( ! ,messianic ,k+4 ,:5 ! ,messianic call came to ,jesus ,he f\nd 9 ^! passages a difficulty1 = !y outl9$ a programme ,he c\ld only reject2 b x 0 o!r & indirect allusions ( ! old ,te/am5t1 "s ( :i* _h nev] be5 consid]$ z ,messianic1 t ,jesus took = ,8 patt]n4 ,?is meant a read+ ( prophecy v diff]5t f t ( ! ,jews ( ,8 "t1 & x is surely "h t ! views we h f\nd ourselves =c$ to accept 9 reg>d to ,old ,te/am5t prophecy c claim ! support ( ,jesus ,himself4 ,x is important to grasp ?is po9t3 ! argum5t f pr$ictions def9itely fulfill$ 9 ,jesus has fail$ to conv9ce ! ,jews1 :o ought to und]/& _! own ,scriptures be/1 & we mu/ recognise t x is only a spiritual int]pretation ( prophecy & a valuation ( ,jesus :i* owes no?+ to fle% & blood t c see 9 ,him ,"o ( :om all ! ,prophets bore witness4 ,x is to ^! o!r conceptions1 to :i* ! spiritual intuition ( ,jesus l$ ,him 9 ,8 se>* = support = ,8 ,messianic ideals1 t we mu/ n[ turn4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 9 importance is und\bt$ly ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l4 ,we saw :5 exam9+ ?is idea t x 0 an ideal ( a nation r ?an ( an individual1 & yet x 0 ^u ?is t ,jesus fix$1 & x 0 ?is idea t seem$ to m\ld ,8 :ole conception ( ,8 mission4 ,accord+ to ,luke1 ! fir/ disc\rse ( ,jesus took place 9 ! ,synagogue at ,naz>e?1 :]e ,he set =? ,8 programme & policy1 & /at$ !m to be id5tical ) ^? ! prophet _h outl9$ = ! nation c5turies be=e 7,luke iv4 #af-ba2 ,isa4 lxi4 #a1 #b72 & ! evangeli/ ,mat!w sees 9 ! me?ods ( ,jesus a fulfilm5t ( ! prophecy ( ! ,s]vant 7,matt4 xii4 #ah-ba2 ,isa4 xlii4 #a-d74 ,x 0 probably z ,jesus saw ! cl\ds ga!r ab\t ,8 life & disa/] began to ?reat5 t ,he 0 l$ to /udy ! c>e] ( t ,s]vant & see t x involv$ suff]+1 be+ despis$ & reject$ ( m52 & s ,he came to f9d ! key to ! my/]y ( ,8 ,cross 9 t classic ( ! vic>i\s life1 ! fifty-?ird *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,jesus 0 probably ! fir/ to int]pret t passage 9 a ,messianic s5se4 ,8 reason = adopt+ ! title ( ! ,son ( ,man is exce$+ly difficult to trace2 x may be said t no completely satisfactory explanation ( ! orig9 or mean+ ( ! t]m has yet be5 discov]$1 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( rese>* on ! subject x w\ld be folly to commit ourselves to any ( ! !ories t h be5 prop\nd$4 ,we c only keep 9 m9d ! v>i\s facts1 :i* ! use ( ?is title 9 ! ,gospels pres5ts to u4 ,x is cle> t ,jesus did n int5d ! title to be a decl>ation to ! _w t ,he _h accept$ ! ,messianic call2 = all along x 0 ,8 delib]ate purpose to conceal ,8 ,messiah%ip1 & = reasons t are obvi\s1 :5 we consid] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,8 conception ( ,messianic function & t ( ! ,jews ( ,8 day4 ,aga91 al?\gh !re is a slight diff]5ce betwe5 ,daniel1 :]e we only he> ( "o l unto a son ( man1 & ,jesus :o calls ,himself ! son ( man1 yet :5 *all5g$ by ! high-prie/ ,jesus c]ta9ly quotes f ,daniel 7,dan4 vii4 #ac2 ,m>k xiv4 #fb74 ,n[ 9 ,daniel x is n a p]son :o is figur$ by ?is title1 s mu* z a humane k+dom :i* is to replace ! k+doms t 7 m l bea/s 9 _! "*4 ,x is only 9 ! ,book ( ,eno* t ! ,son ( ,man is def9itely id5tifi$ ) ! ,messiah4 ,did ,jesus ev] read t ,book1 or 7 its ideas at all commonly kn[n8 ,if s we %\ld h to conc$e t ! ,son ( ,man meant ! ,messiah1 bo? to ,jesus & to ! p1 & yet ?is is an app>5t contradiction ( ,8 g5]al motive 9 keep+ ! ,messiah%ip secret4 ,p]haps1 & ! sugge/ion is made ) ! k t 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! problem x c be no?+ m ?an a sugge/ion1 !re is a l9e t has n be5 exhau/$1 & along :i* help may yet be f\nd4 ,x />ts f ! fact t ,jesus seems to h adopt$ ! "* ( ! ,s]vant ( ! ,"l "u ! "n ( ! ,son ( ,man2 & we h se5 t bo? ^! are ideals ( a community or a nation r ?an ( a p]son4 ,aga91 t someh[ ! title ! ,son ( ,man _h ,messianic significance1 & 9 ! m9d ( ,jesus 0 connect$ ) ! figure 9 ,daniel1 is se5 f ,8 confession be=e ,caiaphas4 ,! contradiction betwe5 ^! facts & ! purpose ( conceal+ ,8 ,messiah%ip c p]haps be solv$ by notic+ t ,jesus nev] explicitly id5tifies ,himself ) ! ,son ( ,man2 & if all ! passages :]e ?is title is f\nd 9 ! ,synoptics are exam9$1 !y seem to sep>ate !mselves into ?ree di/9ct gr\ps3 7#a7 :]e ! ref]5ce might be n only to ,jesus ,himself b to ,man fulfill+ 8 ideal2 7#b7 :]e ! ref]5ce is to ! suff]+ :i* ! ,son ( ,man mu/ und]go2 7#c7 & mo/ important1 ?is t]m is always us$ :5 ,jesus speaks ( t my/]i\s return on ! cl\ds :i* is kn[n z ! ,second ,adv5t4 ,! conclusion to :i* x is sugge/$ all ^! facts po9t is t al?\gh ,jesus believ$ ,himself to be ! p]sonal c5tre on :i* ! ,messianic hope conv]g$1 x 0 n to ,himself p]sonally1 b to ! new humanity :i* ,8 ,_s %\ld beget1 t ,he look$ = ! complete fulfilm5t ( ! ,messianic hope4 ,?us at lea/ are l9k$ toge!r ! fact t ! ,prophets are occupi$ r ) ! ,messianic community ?an ) ! ,messiah1 & ! fact t ,jesus made ! c5tre & aim ( ,8 tea*+ ! ,k+dom r ?an its p]sonal embodim5t 9 ,himself4 ,jesus c]ta9ly read ^! ,prophets m accord+ to _! real inw>dness ?an any ( ,8 contempor>ies or ?an _m g5]ations ( ,*ri/ian s*ol>s2 & !re is no bett] prep>ation = ! s]i\s /udy ( ! ,gospels ?an a c>eful exam9ation ( ! gr[+ revelation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t religion1 & ! inn] mean+ ( ! ,messianic hope4 ,( ?is wond]ful gr[? & mov+ revelation1 x c be said1 9 a way deep] ?an ! old typological & prophetic me?ods ( /udy c\ld und]/&1 t ,*ri/ is ! aim & ! goal2 n only ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ) ,8 unique ,p]sonality1 b t /ill m transc5d5t my/]y1 ! ,*ri/ )9 ! he>t1 ,*ri/ ! head ( e man4 ,if we h le>n$ no?+ else1 surely we h le>n$ ?is3 t beh9d ! hopes ( mank9d1 beh9d _! mi/y dreams1 _! grop+s aft] tru?1 _! /ruggles = righte\sness1 are ! et]nal ?\ghts ( ,god2 & al?\gh ^! may transc5d _! poor reflection 9 ! m9d ( man1 z ! heav5s ! e>?1 yet ?is rema9s3 t = e hope implant$1 !re is an answ] beyond our expectation2 = e desire ,godw>d1 ! revelation ( ! ,fa!r-fri5d2 = e ideal ( ! human he>t1 ! ,*ri/2 & = e ef=t aft] human progress1 ! ev] ne>] com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,,index ,abraham1 emigration (1 #bc2 hi/oricity (1 #cf2 religion (1 #ca1 #cd ,adonai1 #fj ,ahijah1 #aag ,alt>s1 erect$ any:]e1 #ih2 con/ruction (1 #bjj ,amaziah1 #aah ,amos1 #ih1 #aah1 #acf1 #adh1 #aeb1 #aei1 #bga ,animals1 z tribal names1 #ci2 clean & unclean1 #dj2 wor%ip (1 #bf1 #ci1 #fh1 #abd ,animism1 #dj1 #da ,apo/asy1 #ij1 #abi ,arabia1 home ( ,semites1 #bj1 #bb ,ark1 #fi1 #gj1 #aba1 #ahj ,armag$don1 #bgb ,aryan conception ( ,god1 #be ,asaph1 #bbb1 #bbe ,a%]ah1 #df ,a%tore?1 or ,a%t>t1 #id ,assembly ( ! sa9ts1 #bbc ,assyria1 #aef1 #afj1 #afa ,atonem5t1 #ajb1 #bjh2 ( ,*ri/1 #baj1 #baa2 ,day (1 #agg1 #agh ,azazel1 #db1 #bjg1 #bjh ,baal1 #ch1 #ib1 #if1 #ih ,baal ( ,tyre1 #id1 #aji1 #abe4 ,see also "u ,melk>t ,babylon1 fall (1 #ahe2 ,jews 91 #afi-agd1 #agi1 #ahe1 #bjd ,babylonian epic ( ,creation1 #bje2 influ5ce (1 #bjd-bjf ,babylonian religion1 #ahf ,balaam1 prophecy (1 #bga ,ban1 !1 #di ,blood1 significance (1 #bf1 #bjh2 food ( deity1 #dh ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 #bjj ,bo%e?1 #id1 #ig ,bull-wor%ip1 #fh1 #ih1 #abd ,calf-wor%ip4 ,see "u ,bull ,canaan1 influ5ce (1 #bg1 #hc-hf1 #agj2 conque/ (1 #hb1 #hf1 #hg2 ,jewi% love =1 #hc2 limitations (1 #hd ,canaanites1 cu/oms (1 borr[$1 #ib1 #ih2 orig9 (1 #bc1 #bd2 religion (1 #ch1 #ib-ie2 sanctu>ies (1 #ih1 #aeh1 #afc2 :y n ext]m9at$1 #ij2 & ,hebrews1 #hg ,c5tralization ( wor%ip1 #add1 #aeg1 #afc ,*emo%1 #dc ,*oice ( ,israel1 ,jehovah's1 #ge2 prophetic conception (1 #aef1 #ahg ,*ri/ ! goal ( ,old ,te/am5t1 #bhb4 ,& see "u ,jesus ,*ri/ianity1 #aja1 #bgd ,*ronicl]1 !1 #bba ,circumcision1 #ej1 #ahj ,comp>ative religion1 #ch ,conditions ( life among ,semites1 #bj2 9 "t ( ,judges1 #hg2 aft] exile1 #aif1 #bcb2 9 "t ( ,psalms1 #bbf1 #bca1 #bcb2 reflect$ 9 ,wisdom lit41 #bdg2 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #bei2 9 ,messianic age1 #bgc ,cov5ant at ,s9ai1 #eh1 #fe2 prophetic conception (1 #gf1 #aeg1 #bfg ,cov5ant-sacrifice1 #di1 #fc ,creation1 #ahf1 #bje2 ,babylonian leg5d (1 #bje ,cu/oms reta9$ ) new significance1 #ci1 #ej1 #agf ,cu/oms1 m\rn+1 #dj ,cyrus1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #bfh ,daniel1 ,book (1 #ada ,david1 "* (1 #aai1 #aba1 #bbi2 influ5ce (1 #abj2 8 k+dom1 #hh1 #abj2 a poet1 #aai2 8 religi\s ideas1 #aba2 8 "w1 #abj2 & ! ,messiah1 #bgj1 #bge ,day ( ,atonem5t1 #agg2 ( ! ,"l1 #bga2 ( judgm5t1 #bgb ,deborah1 ,song (1 #hh ,decalogue1 !1 #gd ,deluge1 !1 #bjf ,deut]onomy1 ,book (1 #ade1 #aeg1 #afb1 #bjj ,developm5t ( ,religion1 xiv1 #bg1 #cg1 #gi1 #hf1 #ii1 #abh1 #abi1 #aca1 #adb1 #bae1 #bhb ,director's ,psalm ,book1 #bbj ,docum5ts1 v>i\s1 h[ detect$1 #cc1 #aid1 #aii ,e1 #cj1 #adb1 #aid ,ecclesia/es1 "n1 #beh2 ,book (1 #bfj2 ascrib$ to ,solomon1 #beh2 significance (1 #bfb ,el1 #cg1 #ei ,elijah1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajf1 #aad1 #abe1 #abf1 #acf1 #adh ,eli%a1 #aac1 #aad1 #abe1 #abh ,elohim1 #cj1 #db1 #bbb ,ephod1 #fg1 #ajj ,e?ical conceptions1 #abg1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aeh1 #bdd1 #bdi ,e?nology ( ,old ,te/am5t1 #ah ,exile1 date (1 #acd1 #afh2 cause (1 #aga1 #agf2 critical view (1 #aga1 #agb2 lessons f1 #aij2 religion aft]1 #bcj ,exilic /amp on lit]ature1 #agb ,exodus1 !1 #eh2 date (1 #bd1 #hb ,ezekiel1 #afi1 #agd1 #age1 #agh1 #aie2 ,book (1 #agd1 #agg2 8 s*ool1 #aie2 & ,leviticus1 #agb1 #agg ,ezra1 #aha2 introduces ! ,law1 #aif1 #aig2 :at did x include8 #aih1 #bjj ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 #aig1 #aih ,=giv5ess1 #bjg1 #bcc ,fun]al fea/s1 #da ,gad1 #aag ,god1 "n (4 ,see "u ,elohim1 ,el & ,jehovah ,god1 conception (1 ,semitic1 #be1 #bf2 ,aryan1 #be2 an?ropomorphic1 #dh1 #ff1 #aee2 e?ical1 #if1 #aee1 #baa2 local1 #dc1 #eb1 #fb1 #ge1 #if2 spiritual1 #aee2 tribal1 #bf1 #cb1 #ge2 mat]iali/ic1 #fi1 #gj2 z ! ,/orm ,god1 #gj2 z ! ,creator1 #ahf ,god1 conception (1 by ,david1 #bf2 by ,prophets1 #aed1 #aee1 #age1 #ahf2 by ,psalmi/s1 #bcf2 9 ,job1 #bef2 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #bfa ,god1 hol9ess (1 #age1 #bjg2 jeal\sy (1 #gf2 righte\sness (1 #gg1 #aee1 #bcb ,habiri1 #bd1 #hb ,hallel ,psalms1 #bbc ,hammurabi1 code (1 #gc1 #bjc1 #bjd ,hea!n deities1 #db1 #dc1 #ff1 #aed ,hebrew1 mean+ ( "n1 #bc ,hebrew ,bible1 divisions (1 #ada ,hebrews1 relation to o!r nations1 #ah1 #ai1 #bb1 #bd1 #he1 #aef ,h]oes ( ,israel1 #he ,hexateu*1 #bjj ,high places1 wor%ip at1 condemn$1 #agc4 ,see also ,canaaniti% sanctu>ies ,high] criticism1 xi1 xii ,hi/orical value ( ,hebrew tradition1 #cb1 #ahc1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bde1 #bdg ,hi/orical books1 ,prophets' influ5ce on1 #aad1 #ada1 #adb ,hi/ory1 anci5t conception (1 xiii1 #cb1 #ea1 #ade1 #afc2 h[ compil$1 #aad1 #adb1 #adc2 religi\s int]pretation (1 #ij1 #aja1 #abi1 #aga1 #agf1 #ahg1 #ahi4 ,see also "u ,r$action ,hittites1 #bc ,hol9ess1 #age1 #bjg1 #bcf2 code (1 #bjj ,horeb1 ,!ophany at1 #abf1 #abh ,hosea1 #aei ,human sacrifice1 #dh1 #di1 #ie ,ideal ,israel1 #ahh ,idolatry & images1 #cg1 #de1 #fg1 #fh1 #gj1 #aed1 #agf1 #ahj1 #ahf1 #bdg ,immortality 9 ,psalms1 #cd1 #ce2 9 ,job1 #bef2 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #bfa1 #bfb ,inspiration1 xiii1 #abi1 #bjf1 #bca2 h[ relat$ to infallibility1 xiii1 xiv ,int]polations1 #adf ,isaiah1 #afj1 #bie2 ,book (1 #adg1 #aef2 au?or%ip (1 #adg1 #ahb-ahe ,israel4 ,see "u ,hebrews ,j1 #cj1 #cb1 #aid ,jehovah1 "n1 #ei2 pronunciation1 #fj1 #fb2 explanation (1 #fa ,jehovah & o!r nations1 #aef2 & ,baal1 #ig1 #ih2 & ,israel1 #dd ,jehovah1 religion (1 date1 #ca1 #cd1 #fe2 weakness (1 #ib1 #ie1 #if2 prophetic conception (1 #aed1 #aee2 a religion ( *oice1 #fe1 #ge ,jehovah4 ,see also "u ,god ,j]emiah1 #aed1 #afd1 #ahh ,j]oboam1 #abd ,j]usalem1 connection ) ,david1 #abj2 idea ( inviolability1 #afa1 #afi1 #agj2 besieg$ by ,s5na*]ib1 #afa2 deliv]ance (1 #afa2 besieg$ by ,nebu*adrezz>1 #agj2 de/ruction (1 #afi1 #agj ,jesus & ,messiah%ip1 #bff1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bhj1 #bha2 & new cov5ant1 #gg2 & ,levitical sy/em1 #baj2 & ,revelation1 xv1 #gg2 & ,prophets1 #bgc1 #bhb2 & ,psalms1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bcd2 & ,prov]bs1 #bej2 & ,isa4 liii41 #ahi2 & ,book ( ,daniel1 #bhj1 #bha2 & ,book ( ,eno*1 #bhj2 & ,old ,te/am5t1 x ,je?ro1 #fb ,jews4 ,see "u ,hebrews ,job1 #bea2 ,book (1 #bej2 date (1 #bea1 #beb2 au?or1 #bea1 #bed1 #bee2 divisions (1 #bec ,jonah1 ,book (1 #aef1 #ahi ,jo%ua1 ,book (1 #hb1 #hf1 #hg ,josiah1 re=m (1 #afb1 #afc1 #bjj ,judah1 tribe (1 #hi ,judaism1 #agh ,judges1 functions (1 #ia2 ,book (1 #hb1 #hg1 #hh1 #ij1 #add ,k5ites1 #fd ,k+4 ,see "u ,mon>*y & ,messiah ,k+dom ( ,god1 #bh1 #abg1 #aca1 #aga1 #bgc1 #bhb ,korah1 sons (1 #bbe ,law1 orig9 (1 #agc2 ( ,moses1 #aif-aih2 lat] ?an ,prophets1 #acg1 #aeh2 no obs]vance (1 until aft] exile1 #ed1 #agb1 #aii4 ,see also "u ,p5tateu* & ,moses ,levi1 tribe (1 #hi ,levite *oirs1 #bba ,levites1 #ga2 di/+ui%$ f prie/s1 #agg ,levitical sy/em1 #bjh2 int5tion (1 #bji ,leviticus1 ,book (1 #aeg1 #aeh1 #agb ,lit]>y ideals1 #adf1 #afc1 #bea1 #bei ,localization ( ,god1 #dc1 #if1 #ajc ,local sanctu>ies1 #eh1 #ei ,l[] criticism1 xi ,maccabees1 !1 #bbc1 #bbd2 times (1 #bba2 ,psalms (1 #bbd1 #bbf ,manasseh1 #afb ,mazzebah1 !1 #de ,melk>t1 #id1 #ie1 #abe4 ,see also ,baal ( ,tyre ,memorial /ones1 #cg1 #dd ,messiah1 "n1 #bgd2 title1 #bgf2 ,davidic desc5t (1 #bge1 #bgg ,messiah 9 ! ,prophets1 #bfi1 #bgf2 9 ,apocrypha1 #bfd ,messiah z ,prophet1 #bfi2 ,prie/1 #bgj2 ,k+1 #bgj1 #bge ,messianic age1 #aea1 #bgj1 #bgc ,messianic ,k+1 #bbh ,messianic prophecy1 #bff1 #bfg1 #bfi-bga1 #bge-bgg2 includes m ?an a p]son1 #bfg1 #bga1 #bha ,micah1 #afj1 #bgg ,micaiah1 #abh ,midian1 #fd ,mole*1 #ie1 #if ,mon>*y1 orig9 (1 #ig1 #ajf1 #aah2 9 ,psalms1 #bbh2 9 ,prov]bs1 #bdg1 #bdh ,mono!ism among ,semites1 #be2 ,hebrews1 #ci1 #dc2 n taught by ,moses1 #ff2 9 ! ,prophets1 #db1 #aed1 #ahf ,moses1 "n1 #eg2 hi/orical reality1 #ee1 #eg2 8 call1 #eh1 #fc2 m5tion be=e exile1 #ef2 n au?or ( ,p5tateu*1 #ed1 #eg4 ,see also "u ,law1 & ,p5tateu* ,music & prophecy1 #aab ,musical directions 9 ,psalt]1 #bah-bbj ,musical s]vices1 #bbc ,na?an1 #aag1 #abb1 #bge ,nature 9 ,psalt]1 #bcf ,naz>ites1 #aad ,nebu*adrezz>1 #afi ,necromancy1 #ci ,nehu/an1 #fh ,new ,cov5ant1 !1 #afe ,new ,te/am5t1 ,psalms quot$ 91 #bbi ,new ,te/am5t & ,old ,te/am5t1 #bff4 ,see also "u ,*ri/ianity1 & ,jesus ,old ,te/am5t1 attitude ( ,jesus to1 x2 ,jewi% rev]5ce =1 x4 ,see also "u ,hebrew ,bible ,oracles1 #bg1 #df1 #dg1 #fh1 #gg1 #ajj ,orig9 ( religion1 #ea1 #fb ,p1 #aid4 ,see "u ,prie/ly ,code ,pale/9e4 ,see "u ,canaan ,p>ticul>ism1 #aee1 #ahf1 #aia1 #bgc ,passov]1 !1 #di ,patri>*s1 hi/oricity (1 #ce ,p5tateu*1 /rata (1 #cj1 #aid1 #aii1 #bjj2 h[ discov]$1 #cd1 #aid1 #aii2 n by ,moses1 #ed1 #gc2 ,sam>itan1 #bja4 ,see also "u ,law1 & ,moses ,p]sonal conception ( religion1 #aed1 #aff1 #bcb1 #bcc1 #bce1 #bcg ,p]sonalities1 influ5ce (1 on hi/ory1 #bfh ,p]sonification1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bcb1 #bdf1 #beb1 #bec ,ph>aoh ( ! ,exodus1 #hb ,phili/9es1 #bd1 #ig ,philo1 #bdb1 #bdf ,philosophy1 #ba1 #bdf1 #beb ,pho5icians1 #bj1 #bc ,poetry1 sign ( e>ly date1 #ah1 #fi1 #hh2 ( ,david1 #aai1 #bbh2 9 ,prophets1 #aec2 9 ,psalms1 #bcf2 9 ,prov]bs1 #bde ,poly!ism among ,semites1 #be2 among ,hebrews1 #cg2 ! religion ( savages1 #da2 9 orig9al docum5ts1 #da2 evid5ce (1 #db ,pray]1 #baf1 #bca ,pr$iction1 #acg1 #aea1 #ahb1 #ahc1 #bff1 #bgh ,prie/hood1 #fc2 9 "t ( ,moses1 #ga1 #aaa1 #bjb2 9 "t ( ,judges1 #ed1fh1 #ajj2 9 ,ezekiel1 #agg2 aft] exile1 #bji2 ( ,messiah1 #bgj4 ,see also "u ,levites ,prie/ly code1 !1 #bjj-bjb2 ideals (1 #bjf1 #baj4 ,see also "u ,levitical sy/em ,prie/ly s*ool1 !1 #aif1 #bjf ,problem ( ,provid5ce1 #bcd1 #bej1 #bec1 #beg1 #bei1 #bfj ,problem ( suff]+1 #ahg1 #bdc1 #bea1 #bec1 #beg1 #beh1 #bfb ,progress1 causes (1 #ge1 #ig1 #ajb4 ,see "u ,developm5t ,prophesy+1 #aab ,prophet1 "n (1 #aji1 #aaj ,prophetic b&s1 #ajf1 #aab1 #abe ,prophetic consci\sness1 #adi1 #aej ,prophetic lit]ature1 h[ compil$1 #ade1 #adf1 #aeb ,prophetic /yle1 #aad1 #ade1 #aej1 #aec1 #ahe ,prophets1 orig9 (1 #ajf2 two classes1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #adi1 #aec2 conflict betwe51 #aac1 #abh2 _! call1 #adh2 _! relation to ,/ate1 #aag1 #abg1 #aec2 & national religion1 #acf1 #adi2 & ! ,cov5ant1 #aci1 #aeg2 *ronology (1 #acd2 _! place 9 hi/ory1 #acg2 importance (1 = criticism1 xii1 #acg1 #ach2 _! picture ( _! age1 #ach1 #aci2 !y are creative1 #ace2 _! relation to ! ,law1 #acg1 #aci1 #adj1 #adc1 #afd1 #bae2 & ! ,gospel1 #acf1 #acg1 #ach2 _! s*eme ( ! future1 #aea1 #bgb ,prote/antism1 #aca ,protevangelium1 !1 #bgj ,prov]b1 !1 #bde ,prov]bs1 ,book (1 #bde2 its relation to ,job1 #bdj1 #beb2 divisions (1 #bde2 date (1 #bdg ,psalms1 titles (1 #bad1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbh2 ascription to ,david1 #bad1 #bah1 #bba1 #bbb1 #bbe-bbi2 au?or%ip (1 #bbd1 #bbe2 "s are pray]s1 #baf2 use 9 synagogue1 #baf2 9 ! temple1 #baf1 #bah2 ,hallels1 #bbc2 ,maccaban1 #bbd1 #bbf2 tone (1 #bag2 imprecations 91 #bag1 #bca1 #bcb2 & ! ,gospel1 #bae2 & ,*ri/ianity1 #baf2 _! conception ( ,god1 #bbe1 #bcf ,psalt]1 !1 criticism (1 #bag1 #bah2 date (1 #bba1 #bbe-bbg1 #bbi1 #bca2 ,books (1 #bba2 a gradual compilation1 #bah1 #bba ,que5 ( ,heav51 #ie ,rahab1 #bje ,re*abites1 #aae ,r$action1 #add1 #ade1 #agc1 #bae1 #bah ,re=m1 #ajg2 ( ,elijah1 #abf2 ( ,prophets1 #aci2 "u ,josiah1 #add1 #afb1 #afc2 aft] exile1 #ahj1 #aha2 "u ,ezra1 #aif1 #bjj ,religion1 orig9 (1 #ch1 #gh2 primitive1 #cb1 #ci1 #dj1 #db1 #dc2 ,semitic1 #be2 ( ,patri>*s1 #ca1 #cb1 #cd1 #cf1 #cg1 #fe2 9 "t ( ,moses1 #ed2 9 "t ( ,judges1 #fg1 #ga2 ( ,canaanites1 #ib-ie2 "u mon>*y1 #ajh1 #aab1 #aeh2 aft] exile1 #agi1 #aha2 ,levitical conception (1 #bji1 #baj2 ( ,psalmi/s1 #bcj1 #bca-bce2 9 ,wisdom lit41 #bdb1 #bdd2 9 ,prov]bs1 #bdi2 9 ,job1 #bee2 9 ,ecclesia/es1 #bfa2 ( ! future1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bgc ,rep5tance1 #agc1 #agh ,re/oration1 !1 #aha1 #ahb ,retribution1 #bej1 #bfb4 ,& see "u ,problem ( ,provid5ce ,revelation1 xiii1 #ea1 #fc1 #ff1 #gh1 #gi1 #bca ,ritual1 #aeg1 #bji1 #baa ,sabba?1 #afh1 #agi ,sacr$ spr+s1 #dg ,sacr$ /ones1 #dd ,sacr$ trees1 #df ,sacrifice1 primitive1 #dg1 #dh2 adopt$ by ,moses1 #gb2 cov5ant1 #di1 #fc2 human1 #dh1 #di2 ,prophetic e/imate (1 #gb1 #aeh2 9 ,p1 #bjb1 #bjg2 mean+ (1 #bjg1 #bjh2 ( ,*ri/1 #baj1 #baa4 ,see also "u ,atonem5t ,sam>ia1 fall (1 #acd1 #afj ,samson1 #aae ,samuel1 #ajf1 #aaa1 #aac1 #aad1 #aai ,satan1 #bee1 #bff ,saul1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aai ,scepticism1 #bdh1 #bfj1 #bfa ,sci5ce1 #ba1 #aca1 #bcg ,second ,isaiah1 #adg1 #ahj4 ,see also "u ,isaiah ,se]1 #ajj ,selah1 #bai1 #bbj ,semites1 home (1 #bj2 des]t life1 #bj2 ,we/]n antipa?y to1 #ba2 _! contribution to ?\ght1 #ba2 to sci5ce1 #ba2 to religion1 #bb2 gr\ps (1 #bb2 migrations (1 #bb ,semitic "* ( our ,bible1 #be ,semitic language1 #ai ,semitic religion1 #be1 #bf2 tribal1 #bf2 value (1 #bg2 does n acc\nt = ,hebrew religion1 #be1 #ca ,s5na*]ib1 #afj ,s]vant ( ! ,"l1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #bfi1 #bgh1 #bhj2 ! suff]+1 #ahg1 #bgi ,%ekel1 temple1 #aig1 #aii ,%ewbread1 #dh ,%iloh1 #bga ,simeon1 tribe (1 #hi ,simon ,maccabu1 #bbd ,s91 #agf1 #bjg1 #bji1 #bcb1 #bcc ,s9-(f]+1 !1 #bjg ,s9ai1 #eh1 #fb1 #fd1 #fe ,social conceptions1 #abg1 #aeh1 #aei ,solomon1 #hh1 #abb1 #bbd1 #bbe2 ,prov]bs ascrib$ to1 #bde1 #bdf1 #bdh2 & ,ecclesia/es1 #bei ,son ( ,man1 !1 title (1 #bgi-bha ,sons ( ! ,prophets1 #ajf1 #aaj-aab4 ,see also "u ,prophetic b&s ,sub/itution1 #bjh1 #bji ,sup]natural1 !1 #gi ,symbolism1 #bjh1 #bji ,synagogue1 !1 #ahj1 #aha1 #baf ,syncretism1 #ib1 #ig1 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajg ,tab]nacle1 !1 #gb1 #gc1 #bjb ,tab]nacles1 ,fea/ (1 #aig1 #aih ,tehom1 ,tiamat1 #bje ,tel-el-,am>na1 tablets1 #bd1 #hb ,temple1 !1 #abb-abd1 #afb1 #afd1 #agg1 #bjb2 wor%ip (1 #bbj1 #bcj2 m5tion$ 9 ,psalms1 #bbf1 #bbg ,torah1 #ajj ,totemism1 #ci ,tradition1 ,jewi%1 #bbi ,tribes1 names (1 #dj2 unity (1 #hh1 #ia ,univ]salism1 #aee1 #aef1 #ahf1 #aij1 #aia1 #bdb1 #bgd ,virg9 bir?1 !1 #bgf ,wisdom1 #bdc1 #bdf1 #bdi1 #bfa ,wisdom lit]ature1 #bda2 comp>$ ) re/ ( ,bible1 #bdc-bdd2 date (1 #bde ,wise m51 !1 #bdd1 #bdh ,wor%ip1 prophetic conception (1 #aeg2 ( synagogue1 #aha2 ( temple1 #bbj1 #bcj4 ,& see "u ,alt>s1 ,religion1 ,god1 & ,sacrifice ,ze*>iah1 ,book (1 #acd1 #adg ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew1 ,,co4 ,,ld41 ,,pr9t]s1 ,,london ,,& ,,tonbridge4 ,transcrib]s' ,notes3 ,cov] creat$ by ,transcrib] & plac$ 9 ! ,public ,doma94 ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ?is book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 occasional unbalanc$ quotation m>ks reta9$4 ,ambigu\s hyph5s at ! ends ( l9es 7 reta9$4 ,miss+ p]iods at ! ends ( ! ,roman numb]s ( ,biblical citations h be5 add$4 ,index n *eck$ = prop] alphabetization or correct page ref]5ces1 b on page #bhe1 ref]5ce to page #bie "u ,isaiah %\ld be to page #aie4 ,page #bjh3 h[ ?is is affect$ p]haps %\ld be effect$4 ,page #bhh3 ,,bradbury1 ,,agnew1 ,,co4 ,,ld4 0 pr9t$ t way1 z ,,ld4