,transcrib]'s note3 ,words 9 bold *>act]s are enclos$ )9 ,plus 77 signs4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies4 ,,volume ,,xlviii4 ,,! ,,int]national ,,sci5tific ,,s]ies4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,,by ,,alphonse ,,de ,,c&olle1 ,,=eign ,,associate ,,( ,,! ,,academy ,,( ,,sci5ces ,,( ,,! ,,in/itute ,,( ,,france2 ,,=eign ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,societies ,,( ,,london1 ,,ed9burgh1 ,,& ,,dubl92 ,,( ,,! ,,academies ,,( ,,/4 ,,pet]sburg1 ,,/ockholm1 ,,b]l91 ,,muni*1 ,,brussels1 ,,cop5hag51 ,,am/]dam1 ,,rome1 ,,tur91 ,,madrid1 ,,bo/on1 ,,etc4 ,,new ,,york3 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 #aijh4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,,! k ( ! orig9 ( cultivat$ plants is int]e/+ to agriculturi/s1 to botani/s1 & ev5 to hi/orians & philosoph]s conc]n$ ) ! dawn+s ( civilization4 ,i w5t into ?is "q ( orig9 9 a *apt] 9 my "w on geographical botany2 b ! book has become sc>ce1 &1 moreov]1 s9ce #ahee important facts h be5 discov]$ by travell]s1 botani/s1 & ar*ologi/s4 ,in/ead ( publi%+ a second edition1 ,i h drawn up an entirely new & m ext5d$ "w1 :i* treats ( ! orig9 ( almo/ d\ble ! numb] ( species belong+ to ! tropics & ! temp]ate zones4 ,x includes almo/ all plants :i* are cultivat$1 ei!r on a l>ge scale = economic purposes1 or 9 or*>ds & kit*5 g>d5s4 ,i h always aim$ at discov]+ ! condition & ! habitat ( ea* species be=e x 0 cultivat$4 ,x 0 ne$ful to ?is end to di/+ui% f among innum]able v>ieties t :i* %\ld be reg>d$ z ! mo/ anci5t1 & to f9d out f :at qu>t] ( ! globe x came4 ,! problem is m difficult ?an x appe>s at fir/ sight4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury & up to ! middle ( ! pres5t au?ors made little acc\nt ( x1 & ! mo/ able h contribut$ to ! propagation ( errone\s ideas4 ,i believe t ?ree out ( f\r ( ,l9nu' indications ( ! orig9al home ( cultivat$ plants are incomplete or incorrect4 ,8 /atem5ts h s9ce be5 repeat$1 & 9 spite ( :at mod]n writ]s h prov$ t\*+ sev]al species1 !y are /ill repeat$ 9 p]iodicals & popul> works4 ,x is "t t mi/akes1 :i* date 9 "s cases f ! ,greeks & ,romans1 %\ld be correct$4 ,! actual condition ( sci5ce all[s ( su* correction1 provid$ we rely ^u evid5ce ( v>i$ "*1 ( :i* "s portion is q rec5t1 & ev5 unpubli%$2 & ?is evid5ce %\ld be sift$ z we sift evid5ce 9 hi/orical rese>*4 ,x is "o ( ! r>e cases 9 :i* a sci5ce f\nd$ on obs]vation %\ld make use ( te/imonial pro(4 ,x w be se5 t ?is me?od leads to satisfactory results1 s9ce ,i h be5 able to det]m9e ! orig9 ( almo/ all ! species1 sometimes ) absolute c]ta9ty1 & sometimes ) a high degree ( probability4 ,i h also endeav\r$ to e/abli% ! numb] ( c5turies or ?\s&s ( ye>s dur+ :i* ea* species has be5 9 cultivation1 & h[ its culture spread 9 diff]5t directions at successive epo*s4 ,a few plants cultivat$ = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 & ev5 "s o!rs1 are n n[ kn[n 9 a spontane\s1 t is1 wild condition1 or at any rate ?is condition is n prov$4 ,que/ions ( ?is nature are subtle4 ,!y1 l ! di/9ction ( species1 require mu* rese>* 9 books & 9 h]b>ia4 ,i h ev5 be5 oblig$ to appeal to ! c\rtesy ( travell]s or botani/s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w to obta9 rec5t in=mation4 ,i %all m5tion ^! 9 ea* case ) ! expression ( my grateful ?anks4 ,9 spite ( ^! records1 & ( all my rese>*es1 !re /ill rema9 sev]al species :i* are unkn[n wild4 ,9 ! cases :]e ^! come f regions n completely explor$ by botani/s1 or :]e !y belong to g5]a z yet insuffici5tly /udi$1 !re is hope t ! wild plant may be "o day discov]$4 ,b ?is hope is fallaci\s 9 ! case ( well-kn[n species & c\ntries4 ,we are "h l$ to =m "o ( two hypo!ses2 ei!r ^! plants h s9ce hi/ory began s *ang$ 9 =m 9 _! wild z well z 9 _! cultivat$ condition t !y are no long] recogniz$ z belong+ to ! same species1 or !y are ext9ct species4 ,! l5til1 ! *ick-pea1 probably no long] exi/ 9 nature2 & o!r species1 z :eat1 maize1 ! broad bean1 c>?am9e1 v r>ely f\nd wild1 appe> to be 9 c\rse ( ext9ction4 ,! numb] ( cultivat$ plants ) :i* ,i am "h conc]n$ be+ two hundr$ & =ty-n9e1 ! ?ree1 f\r1 or five species1 ext9ct or ne>ly ext9ct1 is a l>ge proportion1 repres5t+ a ?\s& species1 out ( ! :ole numb] ( phan]ogams4 ,?is de/ruction ( =ms mu/ h tak5 place dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( a few hundr$ c5turies1 on cont95ts :]e !y might h spread1 & "u circum/ances :i* are commonly consid]$ unv>y+4 ,?is %[s h[ ! hi/ory ( cultivat$ plants is alli$ to ! mo/ important problems ( ! g5]al hi/ory ( organiz$ be+s4 ,,g5eva1 #ahhb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,rem>ks4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,9 ,,:at ,,mann] ,,& ,,at ,,:at ,,epo*s ,,cultivation ,,began ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries #a ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,= ,,discov]+ ,,or ,,prov+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species #h ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,species1 ,,consid]$ ,,z ,,to ,,_! ,,orig91 ,,_! ,,e>ly ,,cultivation1 ,,& ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,facts ,,( ,,_! ,,diffusion4 ,i4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,subt]ranean ,,p>ts1 ,,su* ,,z ,,roots1 ,,tub]cles1 ,,or ,,bulbs #bi ,,ii4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,/ems ,,or ,,leaves #hc ,,iii4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,fl[]s1 ,,or ,,= ,,! ,,organs ,,:i* ,,envelop ,,!m #afa ,,iv4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,fruits #afh ,v4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,se$s #cac ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,conclusion4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,table ,,( ,,species1 ,,) ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,! ,,epo* ,,( ,,_! ,,e>lie/ ,,cultivation #dcf ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,conclusions #ddg ,,index #dfc ,,orig9 ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,,"p ,i4 ,g5]al ,rem>ks4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,9 ,,:at ,,mann] ,,& ,,at ,,:at ,,epo*s ,,cultivation ,,began ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,c\ntries4 ,,! traditions ( anci5t peoples1 embelli%$ by poets1 h commonly attribut$ ! fir/ /eps 9 agriculture & ! introduction ( useful plants1 to "s div9ity1 or at lea/ to "s great emp]or or ,inca4 ,reflection %[s t ?is is h>dly probable1 & obs]vation ( ! attempts at agriculture among ! savage tribes ( our own day proves t ! facts are q o!rwise4 ,9 ! progress ( civilization ! beg9n+s are usually feeble1 obscure1 & limit$4 ,!re are reasons :y ?is %\ld be ! case ) ! fir/ attempts at agriculture or horticulture4 ,betwe5 ! cu/om ( ga!r+ wild fruits1 gra91 & roots1 & t ( ! regul> cultivation ( ! plants :i* produce !m1 !re are sev]al /eps4 ,a family may scatt] se$s ar\nd its dwell+1 & provide itself ! next ye> ) ! same product 9 ! =e/4 ,c]ta9 fruit trees may exi/ ne> a dwell+ )\t our kn[+ :e!r !y 7 plant$1 or :e!r ! hut 0 built beside !m 9 ord] to pr(it by !m4 ,w> & ! *ase (t5 int]rupt attempts at cultivation4 ,rivalry & mi/ru/ cause ! imitation ( "o tribe by ano!r to make b sl[ progress4 ,if "s great p]sonage comm& ! cultivation ( a plant1 & in/itute "s c]emonial to %[ its utility1 x is probably because obscure & unkn[n m5 h previ\sly spok5 ( x1 & t successful exp]im5ts h be5 already made4 ,a long] or %ort] succession ( local & %ort-liv$ exp]im5ts mu/ h occurr$ be=e su* a display1 :i* is calculat$ to impress an already num]\s public4 ,x is easy to und]/& t !re mu/ h be5 det]m9+ causes to excite ^! attempts1 to r5ew !m1 to make !m successful4 ,! fir/ cause is t su* or su* a plant1 (f]+ "s ( ^? advantages :i* all m5 seek1 mu/ be )9 rea*4 ,! l[e/ savages "k ! plants ( _! c\ntry2 b ! example ( ! ,au/ralians & ,patagonians %[s t if !y d n consid] !m productive & easy to re>1 !y d n ent]ta9 ! idea ( cultivat+ !m4 ,o!r conditions are suffici5tly evid5t3 a n too rigor\s climate2 9 hot c\ntries1 ! mod]ate duration ( dr\ght2 "s degree ( security & settlem5t2 la/ly1 a press+ necessity1 due to insuffici5t res\rces 9 fi%+1 hunt+1 or 9 ! production ( indig5\s & nutriti\s plants1 su* z ! *e/nut1 ! date-palm1 ! banana1 or ! breadfruit tree4 ,:5 m5 c live )\t "w x is :at !y l be/4 ,besides1 ! elem5t ( haz>d 9 hunt+ & fi%+ attracts primitive1 & sometimes civiliz$ man1 m ?an ! rude & regul> lab\r ( cultivation4 ,i return to ! species :i* savages are dispos$ to cultivate4 ,!y sometimes f9d !m 9 _! own c\ntry1 b (t5 receive !m f neighb\r+ peoples1 m fav\r$ ?an !mselves by natural conditions1 or already possess$ ( "s sort ( civilization4 ,:5 a p is n e/abli%$ on an isl&1 or 9 "s place difficult ( access1 !y soon adopt c]ta9 plants1 discov]$ else:]e1 ( :i* ! advantage is evid5t1 & are !reby div]t$ f ! cultivation ( ! poor] species ( _! own c\ntry4 ,hi/ory %[s u t :eat1 maize1 ! sweet potato1 sev]al species ( ! g5us ,panicum1 tobacco1 & o!r plants1 especially annuals1 7 widely diffus$ be=e ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,^! useful species oppos$ & arre/$ ! timid attempts made "h & !re on less productive or less agreeable plants4 ,& we see 9 our own day1 9 v>i\s c\ntries1 b>ley replac$ by :eat1 maize pref]r$ to buck:eat & _m k9ds ( millet1 :ile "s vegetables & o!r cultivat$ plants fall into disrepute because o!r species1 sometimes br\ght f a di/ance1 are m pr(itable4 ,! diff]5ce 9 value1 h[ev] great1 :i* is f\nd among plants already improv$ by culture1 is less ?an t :i* exi/s betwe5 cultivat$ plants & o!rs completely wild4 ,selection1 t great factor :i* ,d>w9 has _h ! m]it ( introduc+ s happily into sci5ce1 plays an important "p :5 once agriculture is e/abli%$2 b 9 e epo*1 & especially 9 its e>lie/ /age1 ! *oice ( species is m important ?an ! selection ( v>ieties4 ,! v>i\s causes :i* fav\r or ob/ruct ! beg9n+s ( agriculture1 expla9 :y c]ta9 regions h be5 = ?\s&s ( ye>s peopl$ by husb&m51 :ile o!rs are /ill inhabit$ by nomadic tribes4 ,x is cle> t1 ow+ to _! well-kn[n qualities & to ! fav\rable conditions ( climate1 x 0 at an e>ly p]iod f\nd easy to cultivate rice & sev]al legum9\s plants 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 b>ley & :eat 9 ,mesopotamia & 9 ,egypt1 sev]al species ( ,panicum 9 ,africa1 maize1 ! potato1 ! sweet potato1 & manioc 9 ,am]ica4 ,c5tres 7 ?us =m$ :5ce ! mo/ useful species 7 diffus$4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,asia1 ( ,europe1 & ( ,am]ica1 ! climate is unfav\rable1 & ! indig5\s plants are unproductive2 b z hunt+ & fi%+ (f]$ _! res\rces1 agriculture mu/ h be5 introduc$ !re late1 & x 0 possible to disp5se ) ! good species ( ! s\? )\t great suff]+4 ,x 0 diff]5t 9 ,au/ralia1 ,patagonia1 & ev5 9 ! s\? ( ,africa4 ,! plants ( ! temp]ate region 9 our hemisph]e c\ld n rea* ^! c\ntries by reason ( ! di/ance1 & ^? ( ! int]tropical zone 7 exclud$ by great dr\ght or by ! abs5ce ( a high temp]ature4 ,at ! same "t1 ! indig5\s species are v poor4 ,x is n m]ely ! want ( intellig5ce or ( security :i* has prev5t$ ! inhabitants f cultivat+ !m4 ,! nature ( ! indig5\s flora has s mu* to d ) x1 t ! ,europeans1 e/abli%$ 9 ^! c\ntries = a hundr$ ye>s1 h only cultivat$ a s+le species1 ! ,tetragonia1 an insignificant gre5 vegetable4 ,i am aw>e t ,sir ,joseph ,hook]#a has enum]at$ m ?an a hundr$ ,au/ralian species :i* may be us$ 9 "s way2 b z a matt] ( fact !y 7 n cultivat$ by ! natives1 &1 9 spite ( ! improv$ me?ods ( ! ,engli% coloni/s1 no "o does cultivate !m4 ,?is cle>ly demon/rates ! pr9ciple ( :i* ,i spoke j n[1 t ! *oice ( species is m important ?an ! selection ( v>ieties1 & t !re mu/ be valuable qualities 9 a wild plant 9 ord] to lead to its cultivation4 ,9 spite ( ! obscurity ( ! beg9n+s ( cultivation 9 ea* region1 x is c]ta9 t !y occurr$ at v diff]5t p]iods4 ,"o ( ! mo/ anci5t examples ( cultivat$ plants is 9 a draw+ repres5t+ figs1 f\nd 9 ,egypt 9 ! pyramid ( ,gizeh4 ,! epo* ( ! con/ruction ( ?is monum5t is unc]ta94 ,au?ors h assign$ a date v>y+ betwe5 fifte5 hundr$ & f\r ?\s& two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,suppos+ x to be two ?\s& ye>s1 its actual age w\ld be f\r ?\s& ye>s4 ,n[1 ! con/ruction ( ! pyramids c\ld only h be5 ! "w ( a num]\s1 organiz$ p1 possess+ a c]ta9 degree ( civilization1 & consequ5tly an e/abli%$ agriculture1 dat+ f "s c5turies back at lea/4 ,9 ,*9a1 two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ! ,emp]or ,*5m+ in/itut$ ! c]emony at :i* e ye> five species ( useful plants are s[n--rice1 sweet potato1 :eat1 & two k9ds ( millet4#b ,^! plants mu/ h be5 cultivat$ = "s "t 9 c]ta9 localities be=e !y attract$ ! emp]or's att5tion to su* a degree4 ,agriculture appe>s1 !n1 to be z anci5t 9 ,*9a z 9 ,egypt4 ,! con/ant relations betwe5 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia lead u to suppose t an almo/ contemporane\s cultivation exi/$ 9 ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile4 ,& x may h be5 equally e>ly 9 ,india & 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,dravidian & ,malay peoples does n rea* f> back1 & is suffici5tly obscure1 b !re is no reason to believe t cultivation has n be5 kn[n among !m = a v long "t1 p>ticul>ly along ! banks ( ! riv]s4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians & ! ,phnicians propagat$ _m plants 9 ! region ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ! ,aryan nations1 ^: migrations t[>ds ,europe began ab\t #bejj1 or at late/ #bjjj ye>s ,b4,c41 c>ri$ ) !m sev]al species already cultivat$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,we %all see1 9 /udy+ ! hi/ory ( sev]al species1 t "s plants 7 probably cultivat$ 9 ,europe & 9 ! nor? ( ,africa prior to ! ,aryan migration4 ,?is is %[n by names 9 languages m anci5t ?an ! ,aryan tongues2 = in/ance1 ,f9n1 ,basque1 ,b]b]1 & ! spee* ( ! ,guan*os ( ! ,can>y ,isles4 ,h[ev]1 ! rema9s1 call$ kit*5-midd5s1 ( anci5t ,dani% dwell+s1 h hi!rto furni%$ no pro( ( cultivation or any indication ( ! possession ( metal4#c ,! ,sc&9avians ( t p]iod liv$ pr9cipally by fi%+ & hunt+1 & p]haps ek$ out _! subsi/5ce by indig5\s plants1 su* z ! cabbage1 ! nature ( :i* does n admit any remnant ( traces 9 ! dung-heaps & rubbi%1 & :i*1 moreov]1 did n require cultivation4 ,! abs5ce ( metals does n 9 ^! nor!rn c\ntries argue a great] antiquity ?an ! age ( ,p]icles1 or ev5 ! palmy days ( ! ,roman republic4 ,lat]1 :5 bronze 0 kn[n 9 ,sw$5--a region f> remov$ f ! !n civiliz$ c\ntries--agriculture _h at l5g? be5 introduc$4 ,among ! rema9s ( t epo* 0 f\nd a c>v+ ( a c>t drawn by two ox5 & driv5 by a man4#d ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ,ea/]n ,switz]l&1 at a "t :5 !y possess$ in/rum5ts ( poli%$ /one & no metals1 cultivat$ sev]al plants1 ( :i* "s 7 ( ,asiatic orig94 ,he]#e has %[n1 9 8 admirable "w on ! lake-dwell+s1 t ! inhabitants _h int]c\rse ) ! c\ntries s\? ( ! ,alps4 ,!y may also h receiv$ plants cultivat$ by ! ,ib]ians1 :o occupi$ ,gaul be=e ! ,kelts4 ,at ! p]iod :5 ! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& & ,savoy possess$ bronze1 _! agriculture 0 m v>i$4 ,x seems t ! lake-dwell]s ( ,italy1 :5 9 possession ( ?is metal1 cultivat$ few] species ?an ^? ( ,savoy1#f & ?is may be due ei!r to a great] antiquity or to local circum/ances4 ,! rema9s ( ! lake-dwell]s ( ,layba* & ( ! ,mondsee 9 ,au/ria prove likewise a completely primitive agriculture2 no c]eals h be5 f\nd at ,layba*1 & b a s+le gra9 ( :eat at ! ,mondsee4#g ,! backw>d condition ( agriculture 9 ?is ea/]n "p ( ,europe is contr>y to ! hypo!sis1 bas$ on a few words us$ by anci5t hi/orians1 t ! ,aryans soj\rn$ fir/ 9 ! region ( ! ,danube1 & t ,?race 0 civiliz$ be=e ,greece4 ,9 spite ( ?is example1 agriculture appe>s 9 g5]al to h be5 m anci5t 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe ?an we %\ld be incl9$ to believe f ! ,greeks1 :o 7 dispos$1 l c]ta9 mod]n writ]s1 to attribute ! orig9 ( all progress to _! own nation4 ,9 ,am]ica1 agriculture is p]haps n q s anci5t z 9 ,asia & ,egypt1 if we are to judge f ! civilization ( ,mexico & ,p]u1 :i* does n date ev5 f ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,h[ev]1 ! widespread cultivation ( c]ta9 plants1 su* z maize1 tobacco1 & ! sweet potato1 argues a consid]able antiquity1 p]haps two ?\s& ye>s or !reab\ts4 ,hi/ory is at fault 9 ?is matt]1 & we c only hope to be enlight5$ by ! discov]ies ( ar*ology & geology4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,me?ods ,,= ,,discov]+ ,,or ,,prov+ ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species4 #a4 ,g5]al reflections4 ,z mo/ cultivat$ plants h be5 "u culture f an e>ly p]iod1 & ! mann] ( _! introduction into cultivation is (t5 little kn[n1 diff]5t means are necess>y 9 ord] to asc]ta9 _! orig94 ,= ea* species we ne$ a rese>* simil> to ^? made by hi/orians & ar*ologi/s--a v>i$ rese>*1 9 :i* sometimes "o process is employ$1 sometimes ano!r2 & ^! are aft]w>ds comb9$ & e/imat$ accord+ to _! relative value4 ,! naturali/ is "h no long] 9 8 ord9>y doma9 ( obs]vation & description2 he mu/ support himself by hi/orical pro(1 :i* is nev] dem&$ 9 ! laboratory2 & botanical facts are requir$1 n ) respect to ! physiology ( plants--a fav\rite /udy ( ! pres5t day--b ) reg>d to ! di/9ction ( species & _! geographical di/ribution4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 h to make use ( me?ods ( :i* "s are =eign to naturali/s1 o!rs to p]sons v]s$ 9 hi/orical le>n+4 ,i %all say a few words ( ea*1 to expla9 h[ !y %\ld be employ$ & :at is _! value4 #b4 ,botany4 ,"o ( ! mo/ direct means ( discov]+ ! geographical orig9 ( a cultivat$ species1 is to seek 9 :at c\ntry x gr[s spontane\sly1 & )\t ! help ( man4 ,! "q appe>s at ! fir/ glance to be a simple "o4 ,x seems1 inde$1 t by consult+ floras1 works ^u species 9 g5]al1 or h]b>ia1 we ought to be able to solve x easily 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,un=tunately x is1 on ! contr>y1 a "q :i* dem&s a special k ( botany1 especially ( geographical botany1 & an e/imate ( botani/s & ( collectors1 f\nd$ on a long exp]i5ce4 ,le>n$ m51 occupi$ ) hi/ory or ) ! int]pretation ( anci5t au?ors1 are liable to grave mi/akes :5 !y cont5t !mselves ) ! fir/ te/imony !y may happ5 to light ^u 9 a botanical "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 travell]s :o collect plants = a h]b>ium are n always suffici5tly obs]vant ( ! places & circum/ances 9 :i* !y f9d !m4 ,!y (t5 neglect to note d[n :at !y h rem>k$ on ! subject4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t a plant may h sprung f o!rs cultivat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood2 t birds1 w9ds1 etc41 may h borne ! se$s to great di/ances2 t !y are sometimes br\ght 9 ! balla/ ( vessels or mix$ ) _! c>goes4 ,su* cases pres5t !mselves ) respect to common species1 mu* m s ) respect to cultivat$ plants :i* ab\nd ne> human dwell+s4 ,a collector or travell] _h ne$ be a ke5 obs]v] to judge if a plant has sprung f a wild /ock belong+ to ! flora ( ! c\ntry1 or if x is ( =eign orig94 ,:5 ! plant is gr[+ ne> dwell+s1 on walls1 among rubbi%-heaps1 by ! wayside1 etc41 we %\ld be cauti\s 9 =m+ an op9ion4 ,x may also happ5 t a plant /rays f cultivation1 ev5 to a di/ance f suspici\s localities1 & has nev]!less b a %ort duration1 because x _c 9 ! long run support ! conditions ( ! climate or ! /ruggle ) ! indig5\s species4 ,?is is :at is call$ 9 botany an adv5tive species4 ,x appe>s & disappe>s1 a pro( t x is n a native ( ! c\ntry4 ,e flora (f]s num]\s examples ( ?is k9d4 ,:5 ^! are m abundant ?an usual1 ! public is /ruck by ! circum/ance4 ,?us1 ! troops ha/ily summon$ f ,alg]ia into ,france 9 #ahgj1 dissem9at$ by fodd] & o!rwise a numb] ( ,african & s\!rn species :i* excit$ wond]1 b ( :i* no trace rema9$ aft] two or ?ree w9t]s4 ,"s collectors & au?ors ( floras are v c>eful 9 not+ ^! facts4 ,?anks to p]sonal relations ) "s ( !m1 & to frequ5t ref]5ces to _! h]b>ia & botanical works1 ,i flatt] myself ,i am acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 will+ly cite _! te/imony 9 d\btful cases4 ,= c]ta9 c\ntries & c]ta9 species ,i h address$ myself directly to ^! em95t naturali/s4 ,i h appeal$ to _! memory1 to _! notes1 to _! h]b>ia1 & f ! answ]s !y h be5 s k9d z to return1 ,i h be5 enabl$ to add unpubli%$ docum5ts to ^? f\nd 9 works already made public4 ,my s9c]e ?anks are due = in=mation ( ?is nature receiv$ f ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,cl>ke on ! plants ( ,india1 f ,m4 ,boissi] on ^? ( ! ,ea/1 f ,m4 ,sagot on ! species ( ,fr5* ,guiana1 f ,m4 ,cosson on ^? ( ,alg]ia1 f ,,mm4 ,decaisne & ,brets*neid] on ! plants ( ,*9a1 f ,m4 ,pancic on ! c]eals ( ,s]via1 f ,messrs4 ,b5?am & ,bak] on ! specim5s ( ! h]b>ium at ,kew1 la/ly f ,m4 ,ed\>d ,&r on ! plants ( ,am]ica4 ,?is zeal\s travell] 0 k9d en\gh to l5d me "s mo/ int]e/+ specim5s ( species cultivat$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* he f\nd pres5t+ e appe>ance ( indig5\s plants4 ,a m difficult "q1 & "o :i* _c be solv$ at once1 is :e!r a plant gr[+ wild1 ) all ! appe>ance ( ! indig5\s species1 has exi/$ 9 ! c\ntry f a v e>ly p]iod1 or has be5 introduc$ at a m or less anci5t date4 ,= !re are naturaliz$ species1 t is1 ^? t are introduc$ among ! plants ( ! anci5t flora1 & :i*1 al?\gh ( =eign orig91 p]si/ !re 9 su* a mann] t obs]vation alone _c di/+ui% !m1 s t hi/orical records or botanical consid]ations1 :e!r simple or geographical1 are ne$$ = _! detection4 ,9 a v g5]al s5se1 tak+ into consid]ation ! l5g!n$ p]iods ) :i* sci5ce is conc]n$1 ne>ly all species1 especially 9 ! regions ly+ outside ! tropics1 h be5 once naturaliz$2 t is to say1 !y h1 f geographical & physical circum/ances1 pass$ f "o region to ano!r4 ,:51 9 #ahee1 ,i put =w>d ! idea t conditions ant]ior to our epo* det]m9$ ! great] numb] ( ! facts ( ! actual di/ribution ( plants--?is 0 ! s5se ( sev]al ( ! articles1 & ( ! conclusion ( my two volumes ( geographical botany#h--;x 0 receiv$ ) consid]able surprise4 ,x is true t g5]al consid]ations ( palontology _h j l$ ,dr4 ,ung]1#i a ,g]man savant1 to adopt simil> ideas1 & be=e him ,edw>d ,=bes _h1 ) reg>d to "s species ( ! s\!rn c\nties ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 sugge/$ ! hypo!sis ( an anci5t connection ) ,spa94#aj ,b ! pro( t x is impossible to expla9 ! habitations ( ! :ole numb] ( pres5t species by means ( ! conditions exi/+ = "s ?\s&s ( ye>s1 made a great] impression1 because x belong$ m especially to ! dep>tm5t ( botani/s1 & did n relate to only a few plants ( a s+le c\ntry4 ,! hypo!sis sugge/$ by ,=bes became an assur$ fact & capable ( g5]al application1 & is n[ a truism ( sci5ce4 ,all t is writt5 on geographical or zoological botany re/s ^u ?is basis1 :i* is no long] conte/$4 ,?is pr9ciple1 9 its application to ea* c\ntry & ea* species1 pres5ts a numb] ( difficulties2 = :5 a cause is once recogniz$1 x is n always easy to discov] h[ x has affect$ ea* p>ticul> case4 ,luckily1 s f> z cultivat$ plants are conc]n$1 ! que/ions :i* occur d n make x necess>y to g back to v anci5t times1 nor to dates :i* _c be def9$ by a giv5 numb] ( ye>s or c5turies4 ,no d\bt ! mod]n specific =ms date f a p]iod e>li] ?an ! great ext5sion ( glaci]s 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e--a ph5om5on ( sev]al ?\s& ye>s' duration1 if we are to judge f ! size ( ! deposits transport$ by ! ice2 b cultivation began aft] ?is epo*1 & ev5 9 _m in/ances )9 hi/oric "t4 ,we h little to d ) previ\s ev5ts4 ,cultivat$ species may h *ang$ _! abode be=e cultivation1 or 9 ! c\rse ( a long] "t !y may h *ang$ _! =m2 ?is belongs to ! g5]al /udy ( all organiz$ life1 & we are conc]n$ only ) ! exam9ation ( ea* species s9ce its cultivation or 9 ! "t imm$iately be=e x4 ,?is is a great simplification4 ,! "q ( age1 ?us limit$1 may be approa*$ by means ( hi/orical or o!r records1 ( :i* ,i %all pres5tly speak1 & by ! pr9ciples ( geographical botany4 ,i %all briefly enum]ate ^!1 9 ord] to %[ 9 :at mann] !y c aid 9 ! discov]y ( ! geographical orig9 ( a giv5 plant4 ,z a rule1 ! abode ( ea* species is con/ant1 or ne>ly con/ant4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 sometimes disconnect$2 t is to say1 t ! individuals ( :i* x is compos$ are f\nd 9 widely sep>at$ regions4 ,^! cases1 :i* are extremely int]e/+ 9 ! /udy ( ! vegetable k+dom & ( ! surface ( ! globe1 are f> f =m+ ! majority4 ,!re=e1 :5 a cultivat$ species is f\nd wild1 frequ5tly 9 ,europe1 m r>ely 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x is probable t1 9 spite ( its indig5\s appe>ance 9 ,am]ica1 x has become naturaliz$ aft] be+ accid5tally transport$ ?i!r4 ,! g5]a ( ! vegetable k+dom1 al?\gh usually compos$ ( sev]al species1 are (t5 conf9$ to a s+le region4 ,x foll[s1 t ! m species includ$ 9 a g5us all belong+ to ! same qu>t] ( ! globe1 ! m probable x is t "o ( ! species1 app>5tly indig5\s 9 ano!r "p ( ! _w1 has be5 transport$ ?i!r & has become naturaliz$ !re1 by escap+ f cultivation4 ,?is is especially ! case ) tropical g5]a1 because !y are m (t5 re/rict$ ei!r to ! old or to ! new _w4 ,geographical botany tea*es u :at c\ntries h g5]a & ev5 species 9 common1 9 spite ( a c]ta9 di/ance1 & :at1 on ! contr>y1 are v diff]5t1 9 spite ( simil>ity ( climate or inconsid]able di/ance4 ,x also tea*es u :at species1 g5]a1 & families are scatt]$ ov] a wide area1 & ! m limit$ ext5t ( o!rs4 ,^! data are ( great assi/ance 9 det]m9+ ! probable orig9 ( a giv5 species4 ,naturaliz$ plants spread rapidly4 ,i h quot$ examples else:]e#aa ( in/ances )9 ! la/ two c5turies1 & simil> facts h be5 not$ f ye> to ye>4 ,! rapidity ( ! rec5t invasion ( ,ana*>is ,als9a/rum into ! riv]s ( ,europe is well kn[n1 & t ( _m ,european plants 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ,au/ralia1 ,cali=nia1 etc41 m5tion$ 9 sev]al floras or mod]n travels4 ,! great abundance ( a species is no pro( ( its antiquity4 ,agave ,am]icana1 s common on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 al?\gh introduc$ f ,am]ica1 & our c>doon1 :i* n[ cov]s a great "p ( ! ,pampas ( ,la ,plata1 are rem>kable in/ances 9 po9t4 ,z a rule1 an invad+ species makes rapid way1 :ile ext9ction is1 on ! contr>y1 ! result ( ! /rife ( sev]al c5turies aga9/ unfav\rable circum/ances4#ab ,! designation :i* %\ld be adopt$ = alli$ species1 or1 to speak sci5tifically1 alli$ =ms1 is a problem (t5 pres5t$ 9 natural hi/ory1 & m (t5 9 ! category ( cultivat$ species ?an 9 o!rs4 ,^! plants are *ang$ by cultivation4 ,man adopts new & conv5i5t =ms1 & propagates !m by artificial means1 su* z budd+1 graft+1 ! *oice ( se$s1 etc4 ,x is cle> t1 9 ord] to discov] ! orig9 ( "o ( ^! species1 we mu/ elim9ate z f> z possible ! =ms :i* appe> to be artificial1 & conc5trate our att5tion on ! o!rs4 ,a simple reflection may guide ?is *oice1 namely1 t a cultivat$ species v>ies *iefly 9 ^? p>ts = :i* x is cultivat$4 ,! o!rs rema9 unmodifi$1 or pres5t trifl+ alt]ations1 ( :i* ! cultivator takes no note1 because !y are useless to him4 ,we may expect1 !re=e1 to f9d ! fruit ( a wild fruit tree small & ( a d\btfully agreeable flav\r1 ! gra9 ( a c]eal 9 its wild /ate small1 ! tub]cles ( a wild potato small1 ! leaves ( indig5\s tobacco n>r[1 etc41 )\t1 h[ev]1 go+ s f> z to imag9e t ! species develop$ rapidly "u cultivation1 = man w\ld n h begun to cultivate x if x _h n f ! beg9n+ pres5t$ "s useful or agreeable qualities4 ,:5 once a cultivat$ plant has be5 r$uc$ to su* a condition z p]mits ( its be+ reasonably comp>$ ) analog\s spontane\s =ms1 we h /ill to decide :at gr\p ( ne>ly simil> plants x is prop] to designate z con/itut+ a species4 ,botani/s alone are compet5t to pron\nce an op9ion on ?is "q1 s9ce !y are accu/om$ to appreciate diff]5ces & resemblances1 & "k ! confusion ( c]ta9 works 9 ! matt] ( nom5clature4 ,?is is n ! place to discuss :at may reasonably be t]m$ a species4 ,i h /at$ 9 "s ( my articles ! pr9ciples :i* seem to me ! be/4 ,z _! application w\ld (t5 require a /udy :i* has n be5 made1 ,i h ?\ght x well occasionally to treat quasi-specific =ms z a gr\p :i* appe>s to me to correspond to a species1 & ,i h s\ght ! geographical orig9 ( ^! =ms z ?\gh !y 7 really specific4 ,to sum up3 botany furni%es valuable means ( guess+ or prov+ ! orig9 ( cultivat$ plants & = avoid+ mi/akes4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 by no means =get t practical obs]vation mu/ be supplem5t$ by rese>* 9 ! /udy4 ,aft] ga9+ in=mation f ! collector :o sees ! plants 9 a giv5 spot or di/rict1 & :o draws up a flora or a catalogue ( species1 x is indisp5sable to /udy ! kn[n or probable geographical di/ribution 9 books & 9 h]b>ia1 & to reflect ^u ! pr9ciples ( geographical botany & on ! que/ions ( classification1 :i* _c be done by travell+ or collect+4 ,o!r rese>*es1 ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly1 mu/ be comb9$ ) ^? ( botany if we w\ld arrive at satisfactory conclusions4 #c4 ,ar*ology & ,palontology4 ,! mo/ direct pro( :i* c be conceiv$ ( ! anci5t exi/5ce ( a species 9 a giv5 c\ntry is to see its recognizable fragm5ts 9 old build+s or deposits1 ( a m or less c]ta9 date4 ,! fruits1 se$s1 & diff]5t portions ( plants tak5 f anci5t ,egyptian tombs1 & ! draw+s :i* surr\nd !m 9 ! pyramids1 h giv5 rise to mo/ important rese>*es1 :i* ,i %all (t5 h to m5tion4 ,nev]!less1 !re is a possible s\rce ( error2 ! fraudul5t introduction ( mod]n plants into ! s>cophagi ( ! mummies4 ,?is 0 easily discov]$ 9 ! case ( "s gra9s ( maize1 = in/ance1 a plant ( ,am]ican orig91 :i* 7 introduc$ by ! ,arabs2 b species cultivat$ 9 ,egypt )9 ! la/ two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s may h be5 add$1 :i* w\ld ?us appe> to h belong$ to an e>li] p]iod4 ,! tumuli or m\nds ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! monum5ts ( ! anci5t ,mexicans & ,p]uvians1 h furni%$ records ab\t ! plants cultivat$ 9 t "p ( ! _w4 ,"h we are conc]n$ ) an epo* subsequ5t to ! pyramids ( ,egypt4 ,! deposits ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s h be5 ! subject ( important treatises1 among :i* t ( ,he]1 quot$ j n[1 holds ! fir/ place4 ,simil> works h be5 publi%$ on ! vegetable rema9s f\nd 9 o!r lakes or peat mosses ( ,switz]l&1 ,savoy1 ,g]many1 & ,italy4 ,i %all quote !m ) ref]5ce to sev]al species4 ,dr4 ,gross has be5 k9d en\gh to s5d me se$s & fruits tak5 f ! lake-dwell+s ( ,neu*tel2 & my colleague1 ,pr(essor ,he]1 has fav\r$ me ) sev]al facts collect$ at ,zri* s9ce ! publication ( 8 "w4 ,i h already said t ! rubbi%-heaps ( ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 call$ kit*5-midd5s1 h furni%$ no trace ( cultivat$ vegetables4 ,! tufa ( ! s\? ( ,france conta9s leaves & o!r rema9s ( plants1 :i* h be5 discov]$ by ,,mm4 ,m>t9s1 ,plan*on1 de ,saporta1 & o!r savants4 ,_! date is n1 p]haps1 always e>li] ?an t ( ! fir/ lacu/r9e deposits1 & x is possible t x agrees ) t ( anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts1 & ( anci5t ,*9ese books4 ,la/ly1 ! m9]alogic /rata1 ) :i* geologi/s are specially conc]n$1 tell u mu* ab\t ! succession ( vegetable =ms 9 diff]5t c\ntries2 b "h we are deal+ ) epo*s f> ant]ior to agriculture1 & x w\ld be a /range & c]ta9ly a mo/ valuable *ance if a mod]n cultivat$ species 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,european t]ti>y epo*4 ,no su* discov]y has hi!rto be5 made ) any c]ta9ty1 ?\gh uncultivat$ species h be5 recogniz$ 9 /rata prior to ! glacial epo* ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,= ! re/1 if we d n succe$ 9 f9d+ !m1 ! consequ5ces w n be cle>1 s9ce x may be said1 ei!r t su* a plant came at a lat] date f a diff]5t region1 or t x _h =m]ly ano!r =m :i* r5d]s its recognition impossible 9 a fossil /ate4 #d4 ,hi/ory4 ,hi/orical records are important 9 ord] to det]m9e ! date ( c]ta9 cultures 9 ea* c\ntry4 ,!y also give indications z to ! geographical orig9 ( plants :5 !y h be5 propagat$ by ! migrations ( anci5t peoples1 by travell]s1 or by milit>y exp$itions4 ,! ass]tions ( au?ors mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be accept$ )\t exam9ation4 ,! great] numb] ( anci5t hi/orians h confus$ ! fact ( ! cultivation ( a species 9 a c\ntry ) t ( its previ\s exi/5ce !re 9 a wild /ate4 ,x has be5 commonly ass]t$1 ev5 9 our own day1 t a species cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica or ,*9a is a native ( ,am]ica or ,*9a4 ,a no less common error is ! belief t a species comes orig9ally f a giv5 c\ntry because x has come to u f !nce1 & n direct f ! place 9 :i* x is really indig5\s4 ,?us ! ,greeks & ,romans call$ ! pea* ! ,p]sian apple1 because !y _h se5 x cultivat$ 9 ,p]sia1 :]e x probably did n gr[ wild4 ,x 0 a native ( ,*9a1 z ,i h else:]e %[n4 ,!y call$ ! pomegranate1 :i* _h spread gradually f g>d5 to g>d5 f ,p]sia to ,mauritania1 ! apple ( ,c>?age 7,malum ,punicum74 ,v anci5t au?ors1 su* z ,h]odotus & ,b]osius1 are yet m liable to error1 9 spite ( _! desire to be accurate4 ,we %all see1 :5 we speak ( maize1 t hi/orical docum5ts :i* are complete =g]ies may deceive u ab\t ! orig9 ( a species4 ,x is curi\s1 = x seems to be no "o's int]e/ to lie ab\t su* agricultural facts4 ,=tunately1 facts ( botany & ar*ology enable u to detect errors ( ?is nature4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty1 :i* commonly occurs 9 ! case ( anci5t hi/orians1 is to f9d ! exact translation ( ! names ( plants1 :i* 9 _! books always be> ! common names4 ,i %all speak pres5tly ( ! value ( ^! names & h[ ! sci5ce ( language may be br\ght to be> on ! que/ions ) :i* we are occupi$1 b ,i mu/ fir/ indicate ^? hi/orical notions :i* are mo/ useful 9 ! /udy ( cultivat$ plants4 ,agriculture came orig9ally1 at lea/ s f> z ! pr9cipal species are conc]n$1 f ?ree great regions1 9 :i* c]ta9 plants grew1 regions :i* _h no communication ) ea* o!r4 ,^! are--,*9a1 ! s\?-we/ ( ,asia 7) ,egypt71 & int]tropical ,am]ica4 ,i d n mean to say t 9 ,europe1 9 ,africa1 & else:]e savage tribes may n h cultivat$ a few species locally1 at an e>ly epo*1 z an addition to ! res\rces ( hunt+ & fi%+2 b ! great civilizations bas$ ^u agriculture began 9 ! ?ree regions ,i h indicat$4 ,x is wor?y ( note t 9 ! old _w agricultural communities e/abli%$ !mselves along ! banks ( ! riv]s1 :]eas 9 ,am]ica !y dwelt on ! high l&s ( ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,?is may p]haps h be5 due to ! orig9al situation ( ! plants suitable = cultivation1 = ! banks ( ! ,mississippi1 ( ! ,amazon1 ( ! ,or9oco1 are n m unheal?y ?an ^? ( ! riv]s ( ! old _w4 ,a few words ab\t ea* ( ! ?ree regions4 ,*9a _h already possess$ = "s ?\s&s ( ye>s a fl\ri%+ agriculture & ev5 horticulture1 :5 %e ent]$ = ! fir/ "t into relations ) ,we/]n ,asia1 by ! mission ( ,*ang-,ki51 dur+ ! reign ( ! ,emp]or ,wu-ti1 9 ! second c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! records1 kn[n z ,p5t-sao1 writt5 9 our ,middle ,ages1 /ate t he br\ght back ! bean1 ! cucumb]1 ! luc]n1 ! saffron1 ! sesame1 ! walnut1 ! pea1 sp9a*1 ! wat]-melon1 & o!r we/]n plants1#ac !n unkn[n to ! ,*9ese4 ,*ang-,ki51 x w be obs]v$1 0 no ord9>y ambassador4 ,he consid]ably enl>g$ ! geographical k1 & improv$ ! economic condition ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,x is true t he 0 con/ra9$ to dwell t5 ye>s 9 ! ,we/1 & t he belong$ to an already civiliz$ p1 "o ( ^: emp]ors _h1 #bgjj ,b4,c41 consecrat$ ) impos+ c]emonies ! cultivation ( c]ta9 plants4 ,! ,mongolians 7 too b>b>\s1 & came f too cold a c\ntry1 to h be5 able to introduce _m useful species into ,*9a2 b :5 we consid] ! orig9 ( ! pea* & ! apricot1 we %all see t ^! plants 7 br\ght into ,*9a f ,we/]n ,asia1 probably by isolat$ travell]s1 m]*ants or o!rs1 :o pass$ nor? ( ! ,himalayas4 ,a few species spread 9 ! same way into ,*9a f ! ,we/ be=e ! embassy ( ,*ang-,ki54 ,regul> communication betwe5 ,*9a & ,india only began 9 ! "t ( ,*ang-,ki51 & by ! circuit\s way ( ,bactriana2#ad b gradual transmissions f place to place may h be5 effect$ ?r\gh ! ,malay ,p59sula & ,co*9-,*9a4 ,! writ]s ( ,nor!rn ,*9a may h be5 ignorant ( !m1 & especially s9ce ! s\!rn prov9ces 7 only unit$ to ! empire 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4#ae ,regul> communications betwe5 ,*9a & ,japan only took place ab\t ! ye> #eg ( our era1 :5 an ambassador 0 s5t2 & ! ,*9ese _h no real k ( _! ea/]n neighb\rs until ! ?ird c5tury1 :5 ! ,*9ese "* 0 introduc$ into ,japan4#af ,! va/ region :i* /ret*es f ! ,ganges to ,arm5ia & ! ,nile 0 n 9 anci5t times s isolat$ z ,*9a4 ,its inhabitants ex*ang$ cultivat$ plants ) great facility1 & ev5 transport$ !m to a di/ance4 ,x is en\gh to rememb] t anci5t migrations & conque/s cont9ually int]mix$ ! ,turanian1 ,aryan1 & ,semitic peoples betwe5 ! ,caspian ,sea1 ,mesopotamia1 & ! ,nile4 ,great /ates 7 =m$ ne>ly at ! same "t on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates & 9 ,egypt1 b !y succe$$ to tribes :i* _h already cultivat$ c]ta9 plants4 ,agriculture is old] 9 t region ?an ,babylon & ! fir/ ,egyptian dyna/ies1 :i* date f m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! ,assyrian & ,egyptian empires aft]w>ds f\ght = supremacy1 & 9 _! /ruggles !y transport$ :ole nations1 :i* c\ld n fail to spread cultivat$ species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,aryan tribes :o dwelt orig9ally to ! nor? ( ,mesopotamia1 9 a l& less fav\rable to agriculture1 spread we/w>d & s\?w>d1 driv+ out or subjugat+ ! ,turanian & ,dravidian nations4 ,_! spee*1 & ^? :i* are d]iv$ f x 9 ,europe & ,h9du/an1 %[ t !y knew & transport$ sev]al useful species4#ag ,aft] ^! anci5t ev5ts1 ( :i* ! dates are = ! mo/ "p unc]ta91 ! voyages ( ! ,phnicians1 ! w>s betwe5 ! ,greeks & ,p]sians1 ,alex&]'s exp$ition into ,india1 & f9ally ! ,roman rule1 complet$ ! spread ( cultivation 9 ! int]ior ( ,we/]n ,asia1 & ev5 introduc$ x into ,europe & ! nor? ( ,africa1 :]ev] ! climate p]mitt$4 ,lat]1 at ! "t ( ! crusades1 v few useful plants yet rema9$ to be br\ght f ! ,ea/4 ,a few v>ieties ( fruit trees :i* ! ,romans did n possess1 & "s ornam5tal plants1 71 h[ev]1 !n br\ght to ,europe4 ,! discov]y ( ,am]ica 9 #adib 0 ! la/ great ev5t :i* caus$ ! diffusion ( cultivat$ plants into all c\ntries4 ,! ,am]ican species1 su* z ! potato1 maize1 ! prickly pe>1 tobacco1 etc41 7 fir/ import$ into ,europe & ,asia4 ,!n a numb] ( species f ! old _w 7 introduc$ into ,am]ica4 ,! voyage ( ,magellan 7#aebj-aeba7 0 ! fir/ direct communication betwe5 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,asia4 ,9 ! same c5tury ! slave trade multipli$ communications betwe5 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,la/ly1 ! discov]y ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & ! gr[+ facility ( ! means ( communication1 comb9$ ) a g5]al idea ( improvem5t1 produc$ t m g5]al disp]sion ( useful plants ( :i* we are witnesses at ! pres5t day4 #e4 ,philology4 ,! common names ( cultivat$ plants are usually well kn[n1 & may af=d indications t\*+ ! hi/ory ( a species1 b !re are examples 9 :i* !y are absurd1 bas$ ^u errors1 or vague & d\btful1 & ?is involves a c]ta9 caution 9 _! use4 ,i c\ld quote a numb] ( su* names 9 all languages2 x is en\gh to m5tion1 9 ,fr5*1 bl de ,turquie1 maize1 a plant :i* is n a :eat1 & :i* comes f ,am]ica2 9 ,engli%1 ,j]usalem arti*oke 7,helian?us tub]osus71 :i* does n come f ,j]usalem1 b f ,nor? ,am]ica1 & is no arti*oke4 ,a numb] ( names giv5 to =eign plants by ,europeans :5 !y are settl$ 9 ! colonies1 express false or insignificant analogies4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,new ,zeal& flax resembles ! true flax z little z possible2 x is m]ely t a textile sub/ance is obta9$ f its leaves4 ,! mahogany apple 7ca%ew7 ( ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india ,isles is n an apple1 nor ev5 ! fruit ( a pomace\s tree1 & has no?+ to d ) mahogany4 ,sometimes ! common names h *ang$1 9 pass+ f "o language to ano!r1 9 su* a mann] z to give a false or absurd mean+4 ,?us ! tree ( ,judea ( ! ,fr5* 7,c]cis ,siliqua/rum7 has become ! ,judas tree 9 ,engli%4 ,! fruit call$ by ! ,mexicans ahuaca1 is become ! avocat 7lawy]7 ( ! ,fr5* coloni/s4 ,n unfrequ5tly names ( plants h be5 tak5 by ! same p at successive epo*s or 9 diff]5t prov9ces1 sometimes z g5]ic1 sometimes z specific names4 ,! ,fr5* ^w bl1 = in/ance1 may mean sev]al species ( ! g5us ,triticum1 & ev5 ( v diff]5t nutriti\s plants 7maize & :eat71 or a giv5 species ( :eat4 ,sev]al common names h be5 transf]r$ f "o plant to ano!r ?r\gh error or ignorance4 ,?us ! confusion made by e>ly travell]s betwe5 ! sweet potato 7,convolvulus ,batatas7 & ! potato 7,solanum tub]osum7 has caus$ ! latt] to be call$ potato 9 ,engli% & patatas 9 ,spani%4 ,if mod]n1 civiliz$ peoples1 :o h great facilities = comp>+ species1 le>n+ _! orig9 & v]ify+ _! names 9 books1 h made su* mi/akes1 x is probable t anci5t nations h made _m & m grave errors4 ,s*ol>s display va/ le>n+ 9 expla9+ ! philological orig9 ( a "n1 or its modifications 9 d]iv$ languages1 b !y _c discov] popul> errors or absurdities4 ,x is left = botani/s to discov] & po9t !m out4 ,we may note1 9 pass+1 t ! d\ble or comp\nd names are ! mo/ d\btful4 ,!y may consi/ ( two mi/akes2 "o 9 ! root or pr9cipal "n1 ! o!r 9 ! addition or accessory "n1 de/9$ almo/ always to indicate ! geographical orig91 "s visible quality1 or "s comp>ison ) o!r species4 ,! %ort] a "n is1 ! bett] x m]its consid]ation 9 que/ions ( orig9 or antiquity2 = x is by ! succession ( ye>s1 ( ! migrations ( peoples1 & ( ! transport ( plants1 t ! addition ( (t5 errone\s epi!ts takes place4 ,simil>ly1 9 symbolic writ+1 l t ( ! ,*9ese & ! ,egyptians1 unique & simple signs indicate long-kn[n species1 n import$ f =eign c\ntries1 :ile complicat$ signs are d\btful or indicate a =eign orig94 ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t ! signs h (t5 be5 rebuses1 bas$ on *ance resemblances 9 ! words1 or on sup]/iti\s & fanciful ideas4 ,! id5tity ( a common "n = a giv5 species 9 sev]al languages may h two v diff]5t explanations4 ,x may be because a plant has be5 spread by a p :i* has be5 disp]s$ & scatt]$4 ,x may also result f ! transmission ( a plant f "o p to ano!r ) ! "n x bore 9 its orig9al home4 ,! fir/ case is t ( ! hemp1 ( :i* ! "n is simil>1 at lea/ z to ! root1 9 all ! tongues d]iv$ f ! primitive ,aryan /ock4 ,! second is se5 9 ! ,am]ican "n ( tobacco1 ! ,*9ese ( tea1 :i* h spread into a numb] ( c\ntries1 )\t any philological or e?nographic filiation4 ,?is case has occurr$ (t5] 9 mod]n ?an 9 anci5t times1 because ! rapidity ( communications all[s ( ! simultane\s introduction ( a plant & ( its "n1 ev5 :]e ! di/ance is great4 ,! div]sity ( names = ! same species may also spr+ f v>i\s causes4 ,z a rule1 x indicates an e>ly exi/5ce 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b x may also arise f ! mixture ( races1 or f names ( v>ieties :i* take ! place ( ! orig9al "n4 ,?us 9 ,engl& we f9d1 accord+ to ! c\nty1 a ,keltic1 ,saxon1 ,dani%1 or ,lat9 "n2 & flax be>s 9 ,g]many ! names ( fla*s & le91 words :i* are evid5tly ( diff]5t orig94 ,:5 we desire to make use ( ! common names to ga!r f !m c]ta9 probabilities reg>d+ ! orig9 ( species1 x is necess>y to consult diction>ies & ! diss]tations ( philologi/s2 b we mu/ take into acc\nt ! *ances ( error 9 ^! le>n$ m51 :o1 s9ce !y are nei!r cultivators nor botani/s1 may h made mi/akes 9 ! application ( a "n to a species4 ,! mo/ consid]able collection ( common names is t ( ,nemni*1 publi%$ 9 #agic4ah ,i h ano!r 9 manuscript :i* is yet m complete1 drawn up 9 our libr>y by an old pupil ( m9e1 ,moritzi1 by means ( floras & ( sev]al books ( travel writt5 by botani/s4 ,!re are1 besides1 diction>ies ( ! names ( ! species 9 giv5 c\ntries or 9 "s special language4 ,?is k9d ( gloss>y does n (t5 conta9 explanations ( etymology2 b 9 spite ( :at ,hehn#ai may say1 a naturali/ possess$ ( an ord9>y g5]al education c recognize ! connection or ! fundam5tal diff]5ces betwe5 c]ta9 names 9 diff]5t languages1 & ne$ n conf\nd mod]n ) anci5t languages4 ,x is n necess>y to be initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( suffixes or affixes1 ( d5tals & labials4 ,no d\bt ! rese>*es ( a philologi/ into etymologies are m pr(\nd & valuable1 b ?is is r>ely necess>y :5 our rese>*es h to d ) cultivat$ plants4 ,o!r sci5ces are m useful1 especially t ( botany2 & philologi/s are m (t5 defici5t 9 ^! ?an naturali/s are defici5t 9 philology1 = ! v evid5t reason t m place is giv5 to languages ?an to natural hi/ory 9 g5]al education4 ,x appe>s to me1 moreov]1 t philologi/s1 notably ^? :o are occupi$ ) ,sanskrit1 are always too eag] to f9d ! etymology ( e "n4 ,!y d n all[ suffici5tly = human /upidity1 :i* has 9 all "t giv5 rise to absurd words1 )\t any real basis1 & d]iv$ only f error or sup]/ition4 ,! filiation ( mod]n ,european tongues is kn[n to e "o4 ,t ( anci5t languages has1 = m ?an half a c5tury1 be5 ! object ( important lab\rs4 ,( ^! ,i _c "h give ev5 a brief notice4 ,x is suffici5t to recall t all mod]n ,european languages are d]iv$ f ! spee* ( ! ,we/]n ,aryans1 :o came f ,asia1 ) ! exception ( ,basque 7d]iv$ f ! ,ib]ian language71 ,f9ni%1 ,turki%1 & ,hung>ian1 into :i*1 moreov]1 words ( ,aryan orig9 h be5 introduc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]al mod]n languages ( ,india1 ,ceylon1 & ,java1 are d]iv$ f ! ,sanskrit ( ! ,ea/]n ,aryans1 :o left ,c5tral ,asia aft] ! ,we/]n ,aryans4 ,x is suppos$1 ) suffici5t probability1 t ! fir/ ,we/]n ,aryans came into ,europe #bejj ,b4,c41 & ! ,ea/]n ,aryans into ,india a ?\s& ye>s lat]4 ,basque 7or ,ib]ian71 ! spee* ( ! ,guan*os ( ! ,can>y ,isles1 ( :i* a few plant names are kn[n1 & ,b]b]1 are probably connect$ ) ! anci5t tongues ( ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,botani/s are 9 _m cases =c$ to d\bt ! common names attribut$ to plants by travell]s1 hi/orians1 & philologi/s4 ,?is is a consequ5ce ( _! own d\bts respect+ ! di/9ction ( species & ( ! well-kn[n difficulty ( asc]ta9+ ! common "n ( a plant4 ,! unc]ta9ty becomes yet great] 9 ! case ( species :i* are m easily conf\nd$ or less g5]ally kn[n1 or 9 ! case ( ! languages ( little-civiliz$ nations4 ,!re are1 s to speak1 degrees ( languages 9 ?is respect1 & ! names %\ld be accept$ m or less readily accord+ to ^! degrees4 ,9 ! fir/ rank1 = c]ta9ty1 are plac$ ^? languages :i* possess botanical works4 ,= in/ance1 x is possible to recognize a species by means ( a ,greek description by ,dioscorides or ,!ophra/us1 & by ! less complete ,lat9 texts ( ,cato1 ,columella1 or ,pl9y4 ,*9ese books also give descriptions4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1 ( ! ,russian legation at ,pek91 has writt5 "s excell5t pap]s ^u ^! books1 f :i* ,i %all (t5 quote4#bj ,! second degree is t ( languages possess+ a lit]ature compos$ only ( !ological & poetical works1 or ( *ronicles ( k+s & battles4 ,su* works make m5tion "h & !re ( plants1 ) epi!ts or reflections on _! mode ( fl[]+1 _! rip5+1 _! use1 etc41 :i* all[ _! names to be div9$1 & to be ref]r$ to mod]n botanical nom5clature4 ,) ! add$ help ( a k ( ! flora ( ! c\ntry1 & ( ! common names 9 ! languages d]iv$ f ! dead language1 x is possible to discov] approximately ! s5se ( "s words4 ,?is is ! case ) ,sanskrit1#ba ,hebrew1#bb & ,arm5ian4#bc ,la/ly1 a ?ird category ( dead languages (f]s no c]ta9ty1 b m]ely presumptions or hypo!tical & r>e indications4 ,x compreh5ds ^? tongues 9 :i* !re is no writt5 "w1 su* z ,keltic1 ) its dialects1 ! anci5t ,sclavonic1 ,pelasgic1 ,ib]ian1 ! spee* ( ! primitive ,aryans1 ,turanians1 etc4 ,x is possible to guess c]ta9 names or _! approximate =m 9 ^! dead languages by two me?ods1 bo? ( :i* %\ld be employ$ ) caution4 ,! fir/ & be/ is to consult ! languages d]iv$1 or :i* we believe to be d]iv$1 directly f ! anci5t tongues1 z ,basque = ! ,ib]ian language1 ,albanian = ! ,pelasgic1 ,breton1 ,erse1 & ,gaelic = ,keltic4 ,! dang] lies 9 ! possibility ( mi/ake 9 ! filiation ( ! languages1 & especially 9 a mi/ak5 belief 9 ! antiquity ( a plant-"n :i* may h be5 introduc$ by ano!r p4 ,?us ! ,basque language conta9s _m words :i* seem to h be5 tak5 f ! ,lat9 at ! "t ( ! ,roman rule4 ,b]b] is full ( ,arab words1 & ,p]sian ( words ( e orig91 :i* probably did n exi/ 9 ,z5d4 ,! o!r me?od consi/s 9 recon/ruct+ a dead language :i* _h no lit]ature1 by means ( ^? :i* are d]iv$ f x2 = in/ance1 ! spee* ( ! ,we/]n ,aryans1 by means ( ! words common to sev]al ,european languages :i* h sprung f x4 ,fick's diction>y w h>dly s]ve = ! words ( anci5t ,aryan languages1 = he gives b few plant-names1 & 8 arrangem5t r5d]s x un9telligible to ^? :o h no k ( ,sanskrit4 ,adolphe ,pictet's "w#bd is f> m important to naturali/s1 & a second edition1 augm5t$ & improv$1 has be5 publi%$ s9ce ! au?or's dea?4 ,plant-names & agricultural t]ms are expla9$ & discuss$ 9 ?is "w1 9 a mann] all ! m satisfactory t an accurate k ( botany is comb9$ ) philology4 ,if ! au?or attributes p]haps too mu* importance to d\btful etymologies1 he makes up = x by o!r k1 & by 8 excell5t me?od & lucidity4 ,! plant-names ( ! ,eusk>ian or ,basque language h be5 consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( _! probable etymology by ! ,comte de ,*>5cey1 9 ,les ,actes de la ,socit ,philologique 7vol4 i4 ,no4 #a1 #ahfi74 ,i %all h occasion to quote ?is "w1 ( :i* ! difficulties 7 great1 9 ! abs5ce ( all lit]ature & ( all d]iv$ languages4 #f4 ,! necessity = comb9+ ! diff]5t me?ods4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( :i* ,i h spok5 are ( unequal value4 ,x is cle> t :5 we h ar*ological records ab\t a giv5 species1 l ^? ( ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 or ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 ^! are facts ( rem>kable accuracy4 ,!n come ! data furni%$ by botany1 especially ^? on ! spontane\s exi/5ce ( a species 9 a giv5 c\ntry4 ,^!1 if exam9$ ) c>e1 may be v important4 ,! ass]tions conta9$ 9 ! works ( hi/orians or ev5 ( naturali/s respect+ an epo* at :i* sci5ce 0 only beg9n+1 h n ! same value4 ,la/ly1 ! common names are only an accessory means1 especially 9 mod]n languages1 & a means :i*1 z we h se51 is n entirely tru/wor?y4 ,s mu* may be said 9 a g5]al way1 b 9 ea* p>ticul> case "o me?od or ! o!r may be m or less important4 ,ea* c only lead to probabilities1 s9ce we are deal+ ) facts ( anci5t date :i* are beyond ! rea* ( direct & actual obs]vation4 ,=tunately1 if ! same probability is atta9$ 9 ?ree or f\r diff]5t ways1 we approa* v ne> to c]ta9ty4 ,! same rule holds good = rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( plants z = rese>*es into ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,a good au?or consults hi/orians :o h spok5 ( ev5ts1 ! ar*ives 9 :i* unpubli%$ docum5ts are f\nd1 ! inscriptions on anci5t monum5ts1 ! newspap]s1 private lett]s1 f9ally memoirs & ev5 tradition4 ,he ga!rs probabilities f e s\rce1 & !n comp>es ^! probabilities1 weighs & discusses !m be=e decid+4 ,x is a lab\r ( ! m9d :i* requires intellig5ce & judgm5t4 ,?is lab\r diff]s widely f obs]vation employ$ 9 natural hi/ory1 & f pure reason :i* is prop] to ! exact sci5ces4 ,nev]!less1 :51 by sev]al me?ods1 we rea* ! same probability1 ,i repeat t ! latt] is v ne>ly a c]ta9ty4 ,we may ev5 say t x is z mu* a c]ta9ty z hi/orical sci5ce c pret5d to atta94 ,i h ! pro( ( ?is :5 ,i comp>e my pres5t "w ) t :i* ,i compos$ by ! same me?ods 9 #ahee4 ,= ! species :i* ,i !n /udi$1 ,i h n[ m au?orities & bett] au!nticat$ facts1 b my conclusions on ! orig9 ( ea* species h sc>cely alt]$4 ,z !y 7 already bas$ on a comb9ation ( me?ods1 probabilities h usually become c]ta9ties1 & ,i h n be5 l$ to conclusions absolutely contr>y to ^? previ\sly =m$4 ,ar*ological1 philological1 & botanical data become m & m num]\s4 ,by _! means ! hi/ory ( cultivat$ plants is p]fect$1 :ile ! ass]tions ( anci5t au?ors lose in/ead ( ga9+ 9 importance4 ,f ! discov]ies ( antiqu>ies & philologi/s1 mod]ns are bett] acqua9t$ ?an ! ,greeks ) ,*aldea & anci5t ,egypt4 ,!y c prove mi/akes 9 ,h]odotus4 ,botani/s on _! side correct ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 & ,pl9y f _! k ( ! flora ( ,greece & ,italy1 :ile ! /udy ( classical au?ors to :i* le>n$ m5 h appli$ !mselves = ?ree c5turies has already furni%$ all t x has to give4 ,i _c help smil+ :51 at ! pres5t day1 savants repeat well-kn[n ,greek & ,lat9 phrases1 & draw f !m :at !y call conclusions4 ,x is try+ to extract juice f a lemon :i* has already be5 repeat$ly squeez$4 ,we mu/ say x frankly1 ! works :i* repeat & comm5tate on ! anci5t au?ors ( ,greece & ,rome )\t giv+ ! fir/ place to botanical & ar*ological facts1 are no long] on a level ) ! sci5ce ( ! day4 ,nev]!less1 ,i c\ld "n sev]al ,g]man works :i* h atta9$ to ! hon\r ( a ?ird edition4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to repr9t ! e>li] publications ( ,fraas & ,l5z1 ( ,t>gioni & ,heldrei*1 :i* h always giv5 m weight to ! mod]n data ( botany1 ?an to ! vague descriptions ( classic au?ors2 t is to say1 to facts ?an to words & phrases4 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,on ! ,/udy ( ,species1 consid]$ z to _! ,orig91 _! e>ly ,cultivation1 & ! ,pr9cipal ,facts ( _! ,diffusion4#be ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,subt]ranean ,,p>ts1 ,,su* ,,z ,,roots1 ,,tub]cles1 ,,or ,,bulbs4#bf ,radi%4--,raphanus sativus1 ,l9nu4 ,! radi% is cultivat$ = :at is call$ ! root1 :i* is1 prop]ly speak+1 ! l[] "p ( ! /em ) ! tap root4#bg ,e "o kn[s h[ ! size1 %ape1 & col\r ( ^? organs :i* become fle%y v>y accord+ to ! soil or ! v>iety4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! species is indig5\s 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! old _w2 b1 z x has be5 cultivat$ 9 g>d5s f ! e>lie/ hi/oric times1 f ,*9a & ,japan to ,europe1 & z x s[s itself frequ5tly r\nd cultivat$ plots1 x is difficult to fix ^u its />t+-po9t4 ,=m]ly ,raphanus sativus 0 conf\nd$ ) k9dr$ species ( ! ,m$it]ranean region1 to :i* c]ta9 ,greek names 7 attribut$2 b ,gay1 ! botani/1 :o has done a good deal t[>ds elim9at+ ^! analog\s =ms1#bh consid]$ ,r4 sativus z a native ( ! ,ea/1 p]haps ( ,*9a4 ,l9nu also suppos$ ?is plant to be ( ,*9ese orig91 or at lea/ t v>iety :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,*9a = ! sake ( extract+ oil f ! se$s4#bi ,sev]al floras ( ! s\? ( ,europe m5tion ! species z subspontane\s or escap$ f cultivation1 nev] z spontane\s4 ,l$eb\r _h se5 a specim5 f\nd ne> ,m\nt ,ar>at1 _h s[n ! se$s ( x & v]ifi$ ! species4#cj ,h[ev]1 ,boissi]1#ca 9 #ahfg1 9 8 ,ea/]n ,flora1 says t x is only subspontane\s 9 ! cultivat$ p>ts ( ,anatolia1 ne> ,m]sivan 7accord+ to ,wi$71 9 ,pale/9e 7on 8 own au?ority71 9 ,arm5ia 7accord+ to ,l$eb\r71 & probably else:]e1 :i* agrees ) ! ass]tions f\nd 9 ,european floras4#cb ,buhse names a locality1 ! ,ssah5d m\nta9s1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 :i* appe>s to be f> en\gh f cultivation4 ,! rec5t ,flora ( ,briti% ,india#cc & ! e>li] ,flora ( ,co*9-,*9a by ,l\reiro1 m5tion ! radi% only z a cultivat$ species4 ,maxim[icz saw x 9 a g>d5 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,*9a4#cd ,?unb]g speaks ( x z a plant ( g5]al cultivation 9 ,japan1 & gr[+ also by ! side ( ! roads1#ce b ! latt] fact is n repeat$ by mod]n au?ors1 :o are probably bett] in=m$4#cf ,h]odotus 7,hi/41 #a4 #b1 c4 #abe7 speaks ( a radi% :i* he calls surmaia1 us$ by ! build]s ( ! pyramid ( ,*eops1 accord+ to an inscription ^u ! monum5t4 ,ung]#cg copi$ f ,lepsius' "w two draw+s f ! temple ( ,k>nak1 ( :i* ! fir/1 at any rate1 appe>s to repres5t ! radi%4 ,f all ?is we ga!r1 fir/1 t ! species spreads easily f cultivation 9 ! we/ ( ,asia & ! s\? ( ,europe1 :ile x does n appe> ) c]ta9ty 9 ! flora ( ,ea/]n ,asia2 & secondly1 t 9 ! regions s\? ( ! ,caucasus x is f\nd )\t any sign ( culture1 s t we are l$ to suppose t ! plant is wild !re4 ,f ^! two reasons x appe>s to h come orig9ally f ,we/]n ,asia betwe5 ,pale/9e1 ,anatolia1 & ! ,caucasus1 p]haps also f ,greece2 its cultivation spread+ ea/ & we/ f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! common names support ^! hypo!ses4 ,9 ,europe !y (f] little int]e/ :5 !y ref] to ! quality ( ! root 7radis71 or to "s comp>ison ) ! turnip 7ravanello 9 ,italian1 rabica 9 ,spani%1 etc471 b ! anci5t ,greeks co9$ ! special "n raphanos 7easily re>$74 ,! ,italian ^w ramoraccio is d]iv$ f ! ,greek armoracia1 :i* 0 us$ = ,r4 sativus or "s alli$ species4 ,mod]n int]pret]s h errone\sly ref]r$ ?is "n to ,co*le>ia ,armoracia or horse-radi%1 :i* ,i %all come to pres5tly4 ,semitic#ch languages h q diff]5t names 7fugla 9 ,hebrew1 fuil1 fidgel1 figl1 etc41 9 ,arab474 ,9 ,india1 accord+ to ,roxburgh1#ci ! common "n ( a v>iety ) an enorm\s root1 z l>ge sometimes z a man's leg1 is moola or moolee1 9 ,sanskrit mooluka4 ,la/ly1 = ,co*9-,*9a1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 au?ors give v>i\s names :i* diff] v mu* "o f ! o!r4 ,f ?is div]sity a cultivation :i* rang$ f ,greece to ,japan mu/ be v anci5t1 b no?+ c !nce be conclud$ z to its orig9al home z a spontane\s plant4 ,a totally diff]5t op9ion exi/s on ! latt] po9t1 :i* we mu/ also exam9e4 ,sev]al botani/s#dj suspect t ,raphanus sativus is simply a p>ticul> condition1 ) enl>g$ root & non-articulat$ fruit1 ( ,raphanus raphani/rum1 a v common plant 9 ! temp]ate cultivat$ di/ricts ( ,europe & ,asia1 & :i* is also f\nd 9 a wild /ate 9 s& & light soil ne> ! sea--= in/ance1 at ,/4 ,seba/ian1 9 ,dalmatia1 & at ,trebizond4#da ,its usual haunts are 9 des]t$ fields2 & _m common names :i* signify wild radi%1 %[ ! aff9ity ( ! two plants4 ,i %\ld n insi/ ^u ?is po9t if _! suppos$ id5tity 7 a m]e presumption1 b x re/s ^u exp]im5ts & obs]vations :i* x is important to "k4 ,9 ,r4 raphani/rum ! siliqua is articulat$1 t is to say1 contract$ at int]vals1 & ! se$s plac$ ea* 9 a division4 ,9 ,r4 sativus ! siliqua is cont9u\s1 & =ms a s+le cavity4 ,"s botani/s _h made ?is diff]5ce ! basis ( two di/9ct g5]a1 ,raphani/rum & ,raphanus4 ,b ?ree accurate obs]v]s1 ,webb1 ,gay1 & ,spa*1 h notic$ among plants ( ,raphanus sativus1 rais$ f ! same se$1 bo? unilocul> & articulat$ pods1 "s ( !m bilocul>1 o!rs plurilocul>4 ,webb#db arriv$ at ! same results :5 he aft]w>ds repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts1 & he obs]v$ yet ano!r fact ( "s importance3 ! radi% :i* s[s itself by *ance1 & is n cultivat$1 produc$ ! siliqu ( ,raphani/rum4#dc ,ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two plants is 9 ! root1 fle%y 9 ,r4 sativus1 sl5d] 9 ,r4 raphani/rum2 b ?is *anges ) cultivation1 z appe>s f ! exp]im5ts ( ,c>rire1 ! head g>d5] ( ! nurs]ies ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,p>is4#dd ,x occurr$ to him to s[ ! se$s ( ! sl5d]-root$ ,raphani/rum 9 bo? /iff & light soil1 & 9 ! f\r? g5]ation he obta9$ fle%y radi%es1 ( v>i$ col\r & =m l ^? ( our g>d5s4 ,he ev5 gives ! figures1 :i* are really curi\s & conclusive4 ,! pung5t ta/e ( ! radi% 0 n want+4 ,to obta9 ^! *anges1 ,c>rire s[$ 9 ,septemb]1 s z to make ! plant almo/ bi5nial in/ead ( annual4 ,! ?ick5+ ( ! root 0 ! natural result1 s9ce _m bi5nial plants h fle%y roots4 ,! inv]se exp]im5t rema9s to be tri$--to s[ cultivat$ radi%es 9 a poor soil4 ,probably ! roots w\ld become poor] & poor]1 :ile ! siliqu w\ld become m & m articulat$4 ,f all ! exp]im5ts ,i h m5tion$1 ,raphanus sativus might well be a v>iety ( ,r4 raphani/rum1 an un/able v>iety det]m9$ by ! exi/5ce ( sev]al g5]ations 9 a f]tile soil4 ,we _c suppose t anci5t unciviliz$ peoples made essays l ^? ( ,c>rire1 b !y may h notic$ plants ( ,raphani/rum gr[n 9 ri*ly manur$ soil1 ) m or less fle%y roots2 & ?is soon sugge/$ ! idea ( cultivat+ !m4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 "o objection to make1 f\nd$ on geographical botany4 ,raphanus raphani/rum is a ,european plant :i* does n exi/ 9 ,asia4#de ,x _c1 !re=e1 be ?is species t has furni%$ ! inhabitants ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan ) ! radi%es :i* !y h cultivat$ = c5turies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ c\ld ,r4 raphani/rum1 :i* is suppos$ to h be5 modifi$ 9 ,europe1 h be5 transmitt$ 9 anci5t times across ! :ole ( ,asia8 ,! transport ( cultivat$ plants has commonly proce$$ f ,asia into ,europe4 ,*ang-,ki5 c]ta9ly br\ght vegetables f ,bactriana into ,*9a 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 b ! radi% is n nam$ among ! numb]4 ,horse-radi%--,co*le>ia ,armoracia1 ,l9nu4 ,?is ,crucif]1 ^: r h>d root has ! ta/e ( mu/>d1 0 sometimes call$ 9 ,fr5* cran1 or cranson de ,bretagne4 ,?is 0 an error caus$ by ! old botanical "n ,armoracia1 :i* 0 tak5 = a corruption ( ,armorica 7,brittany74 ,armoracia occurs 9 ,pl9y1 & 0 appli$ to a crucif] ( ! ,pont9e prov9ce1 :i* 0 p]haps ,raphanus sativus4 ,aft] ,i _h =m]ly#df po9t$ out ?is confusion1 ,i express$ myself z foll[s on ! mi/ak5 orig9 ( ! species3--,co*le>ia ,armoracia is n wild 9 ,brittany1 a fact n[ e/abli%$ by ! rese>*es ( botani/s 9 ! we/ ( ,france4 ,! ,abb ,delal&e m5tions x 9 8 little "w1 entitl$ ,hdic et ,h\at1#dg 9 :i* he gives s int]e/+ an acc\nt ( ! cu/oms & productions ( ^! two little isl&s ( ,brittany4 ,he quotes ! op9ion ( ,m4 le ,gall1 :o1 9 an unpubli%$ flora ( ,morbihan1 decl>es ! plant =eign to ,brittany4 ,?is pro(1 h[ev]1 is less /rong ?an o!rs1 s9ce ! s\? coa/ ( ! p59sula ( ,brittany is n yet suffici5tly kn[n to botani/s1 & ! anci5t ,armorica ext5d$ ov] a portion ( ,norm&y :]e ! wild horse-radi% is n[ f\nd4#dh ,?is leads me to speak ( ! orig9al home ( ! species4 ,engli% botani/s m5tion x z wild 9 ,great ,brita91 b are d\btful ab\t its orig94 ,watson#di consid]s x z introduc$ by cultivation4 ,! difficulty ( extirpat+ x1 he says1 f places :]e x is cultivat$1 is well kn[n to g>d5]s4 ,x is !re=e n surpris+ t ?is plant %\ld take possession ( wa/e gr\nd1 & p]si/ !re s z to appe> indig5\s4 ,bab+ton#ej m5tions only "o spot :]e ! species appe>s to be really wild1 namely1 ,swansea4 ,we w try to solve ! problem by fur!r argum5ts4 ,co*le>ia ,armoracia is a plant belong+ to ! temp]ate1 & especially to ! ea/]n regions ( ,europe4 ,x is diffus$ f ,f9l& to ,a/rakhan1 & to ! des]t ( ,cuman4#ea ,griseba* m5tions also sev]al localities 9 ,turkey 9 ,europe1 ne> ,enos1 = in/ance1 :]e x ab\nds on ! sea-%ore4#eb ,! fur!r we advance t[>ds ! we/ ( ,europe1 ! less ! au?ors ( floras appe> sure t ! plant is indig5\s1 & ! localities assign$ to x are m scatt]$ & d\btful4 ,! species is r>] 9 ,norway ?an 9 ,sw$51#ec 9 ! ,briti% ,isles ?an 9 ,holl&1 :]e a =eign orig9 is n attribut$ to x4#ed ,! specific names confirm ! impression ( its orig9 9 ! ea/ r ?an 9 ! we/ ( ,europe2 ?us ! "n *r5#ee 9 ,russia recurs 9 all ! ,sclavonic languages1 kr5ai 9 ,li?uanian1 *r5 9 ,illyrian1#ef etc4 ,x has introduc$ itself into a few ,g]man dialects1 r\nd ,vi5na1#eg = in/ance1 :]e x p]si/s1 9 spite ( ! spread ( ! ,g]man tongue4 ,we owe to x also ! ,fr5* names cran or cranson4 ,! ^w us$ 9 ,g]many1 ,me]retig1 & 9 ,holl&1 me]-radys1 :5ce ! ,italian ,swiss dialect has tak5 ! "n mridi1 or mrdi1 means sea-radi%1 & is n primitive l ! ^w *r54 ,x comes probably f ! fact t ! plant gr[s well ne> ! sea1 a circum/ance common to _m ( ! ,crucif]1 & :i* %\ld be ! case ) ?is species1 = x is wild 9 ! ea/ ( ,russia :]e !re is a good deal ( salt soil4 ,! ,sw$i% "n pepp>-rot#eh sugge/s ! idea t ! species came into ,sw$5 lat] ?an ! introduction ( pepp] by comm]ce into ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,h[ev]1 ! "n may h tak5 ! place ( an old] "o1 :i* has rema9$ unkn[n to u4 ,! ,engli% "n ( horse-radi% is n ( su* an orig9al nature z to lead to a belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! species 9 ! c\ntry be=e ! ,saxon conque/4 ,x means a v /rong radi%4 ,! ,wel% "n rhuddygl maur?#ei is only ! translation ( ! ,engli% ^w1 :5ce we may inf] t ! ,kelts ( ,great ,brita9 _h no special "n1 & 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! species4 ,9 ! we/ ( ,france1 ! "n rai=t1 :i* is ! commone/1 m]ely means /rong root4 ,=m]ly x bore 9 ,france ! names ( ,g]man1 or ,capu*9 mu/>d1 :i* %[s a =eign & rec5t orig94 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ^w *r5 is 9 all ! ,sclavonic languages1 a ^w :i* has p5etrat$ into "s ,g]man & ,fr5* dialects "u ! =ms ( kre51 cran1 & cranson1 & :i* is c]ta9ly ( a primitive nature1 & %[s ! antiquity ( ! species 9 temp]ate ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,x is !re=e mo/ probable t cultivation has propagat$ & naturaliz$ ! plant we/w>d f ! ea/ = ab\t a ?\s& ye>s4 ,turnips--,brassica species et v>ietates radice 9 crassata4 ,! innum]able v>ieties & sub-v>ieties ( ! turnip kn[n z sw$es1 ,kohl-rabi1 etc41 may be all attribut$ to "o ( ! f\r species ( ,l9nu--,brassica napus1 ,br4 ol]acea1 ,br4 rapa1 ,br4 campe/ris--( :i* ! two la/ %\ld1 accord+ to mod]n au?ors1 be fus$ into "o4 ,o!r v>ieties ( ! species are cultivat$ = ! leaves 7cabbages71 = ! infloresc5ce 7caulifl[]s71 or = ! oil :i* is extract$ f ! se$ 7colza1 rape1 etc474 ,:5 ! root or ! l[] "p ( ! /em#fj is fle%y1 ! se$ is n abundant1 nor wor? ! tr\ble ( extract+ ! oil2 :5 ^? organs are sl5d]1 ! production ( ! se$1 on ! contr>y1 becomes m important1 & decides ! economic use ( ! plant4 ,9 o!r words1 ! /ore ( nutriti\s matt] is plac$ sometimes 9 ! l[]1 sometimes 9 ! upp] "p ( ! plant1 al?\gh ! organization ( ! fl[] & fruit is simil>1 or ne>ly s4 ,t\*+ ! "q ( orig91 we ne$ n occupy ourselves ) ! botanical limits ( ! species1 & ) ! classification ( ! races1 v>ieties1 & sub-v>ieties1#fa s9ce all ! ,brassic are ( ,european & ,sib]ian orig91 & are /ill to be se5 9 ^! regions wild1 or half wild1 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,plants s commonly cultivat$ & ^: g]m9ation is s easy (t5 spread r\nd cultivat$ places2 h5ce "s unc]ta9ty reg>d+ ! really wild nature ( ! plants f\nd 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,nev]!less1 ,l9nu m5tions t ,brassica napus gr[s 9 ! s& on ! sea-coa/ 9 ,sw$5 7,go?l&71 ,holl&1 & ,engl&1 :i* is confirm$1 z f> z ,sw$5 is conc]n$1 by ,fries1#fb :o1 ) 8 usual att5tion to que/ions ( ?is nature1 m5tions ,br4 ,campe/ris1 ,l4 7type ( ! ,rapa ) sl5d] roots71 z really wild 9 ! :ole ,sc&9avian p59sula1 9 ,f9l& & ,d5m>k4 ,l$eb\r#fc indicates x 9 ! :ole ( ,russia1 ,sib]ia1 & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,! floras ( temp]ate & s\!rn ,asia m5tion rapes & turnips z cultivat$ plants1 nev] z escap$ f cultivation4#fd ,?is is already an indication ( =eign orig94 ,! evid5ce ( philology is no less significant4 ,!re is no ,sanskrit "n = ^! plants1 b only mod]n ,h9du & ,b5galee names1 & ^? only = ,brassica rapa & ,b4 ol]acea4#fe ,kmpf]#ff gives ,japanese names = ! turnip--busei1 or m commonly aona--b !re is no?+ to %[ t ^! names are anci5t4 ,brets*neid]1 :o has made a c>eful /udy ( ,*9ese au?ors1 m5tions no ,brassica4 ,app>5tly !y d n occur 9 any ( ! anci5t works on botany & agriculture1 al?\gh sev]al v>ieties are n[ cultivat$ 9 ,*9a4 ,x is j ! rev]se 9 ,europe4 ,! old languages h a numb] ( names :i* seem to be orig9al4 ,brassica rapa is call$ meip5 or erf95#fg 9 ,wales2 repa & rippa 9 sev]al ,slav tongues1#fh :i* answ]s to ! ,lat9 rapa1 & is alli$ to ! neipa ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,! ,brassica napus is 9 ,wel% bresy* yr yd2 9 ,erse braisscagh buigh1 accord+ to ,?relkeld1#fi :o sees 9 braisscagh ! root ( ! ,lat9 ,brassica4 ,a ,poli% "n1 k>piele1 a ,li?uanian1 jellazoji1#gj are also giv51 )\t speak+ ( a ho/ ( o!r names1 transf]r$ sometimes 9 popul> spee* f "o species to ano!r4 ,i %all speak ( ! names ( ,brassica ol]acea :5 ,i come to vegetables4 ,! ,hebrews _h no names = cabbages1 rapes1 & turnips1#ga b !re are ,arab names3 selgam = ! ,br4 napus1 & subjum or subjumi = ,br4 rapa2 words :i* recur 9 ,p]sian & ev5 9 ,b5gali1 transf]r$ p]haps f "o species to ano!r4 ,! cultivation ( ^! plants has !re=e be5 diffus$ 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,asia s9ce ,hebrew antiquity4 ,f9ally1 e me?od1 :e!r botanical1 hi/orical1 or philological1 leads u to ! foll[+ conclusions3-- ,fir/ly1 ! ,brassic ) fle%y roots 7 orig9ally natives ( temp]ate ,europe4 ,secondly1 _! cultivation 0 diffus$ 9 ,europe be=e1 & 9 ,asia aft]1 ! ,aryan invasion4 ,?irdly1 ! primitive sl5d]-root$ =m ( ,brassica napus1 call$ ,br4 campe/ris1 _h probably f ! beg9n+ a m ext5d$ range1 f ! ,sc&9avian p59sula t[>ds ,sib]ia & ! ,caucasus4 ,its cultivation 0 p]haps introduc$ into ,*9a & ,japan1 ?r\gh ,sib]ia1 at an epo* :i* appe>s n to be mu* e>li] ?an ,greco-,roman civilization4 ,f\r?ly1 ! cultivation ( ! v>i\s =ms or species ( ,brassica 0 diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! s\?-we/ ( ,asia at an epo* lat] ?an t ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,skirret--,sium ,sis>um1 ,l9nu4 ,?is vivaci\s ,umbellif]1 furni%$ ) sev]al div]g+ roots 9 ! =m ( a c>rot1 is believ$ to come f ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,l9nu indicates ,*9a1 d\btfully2 & ,l\reiro1#gb ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a1 :]e he says x is cultivat$4 ,o!rs h m5tion$ ,japan & ! ,corea1 b 9 ^! c\ntries !re are species :i* x is easy to conf\nd ) ! "o 9 "q1 p>ticul>ly ,sium ,n9si & ,panax ,g9s5g4 ,maxim[icz1#gc :o has se5 ^! plants 9 ,*9a & 9 ,japan1 & :o has /udi$ ! h]b>iums ( ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1 recognizes only ! ,altaic region ( ,sib]ia & ! ,nor? ( ,p]sia z ! home ( ! wild ,sium ,sis>um4 ,i am v d\btful :e!r x is to be f\nd 9 ! ,himalayas or 9 ,*9a1 s9ce mod]n works on ! region ( ! riv] ,amoor & on ,briti% ,india make no m5tion ( x4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans knew ?is plant4 ,! names ,sis>on ( ,dioscorides1 ,sis] ( ,columella & ( ,pl9y1#gd are attribut$ to x4 ,c]ta9ly ! mod]n ,italian "n sis>o or sis]o seems to confirm ?is idea2 b h[ c\ld ^! au?ors h fail$ to notice t sev]al roots desc5d f ! base ( ! /em1 :]eas all ! o!r umbels cultivat$ 9 ,europe h b a s+le tap-root8 ,x is j possible t ! sis] ( ,columella1 a cultivat$ plant1 may h be5 ! p>snip2 b :at ,pl9y says ( ! sis] does n apply to x4 ,accord+ to him x 0 a m$ic9al plant1 int] m$ica dic5dum4#ge ,he says t ,tib]ius caus$ a quantity to be br\ght e ye> f ,g]many1 :i* proves1 he adds1 t x ?rives 9 cold c\ntries4 ,if ! ,greeks _h receiv$ ! plant direct f ,p]sia1 ,!ophra/us w\ld probably h kn[n x4 ,x came p]haps f ,sib]ia into ,russia1 & !nce into ,g]many1 9 :i* case ! anecdote ab\t ,tib]ius might well apply to ! skirret4 ,i _c f9d any ,russian "n1 c]ta9ly1 b ! ,g]mans h orig9al names1 ,krizel or ,grizel1 ,grle9 or ,gi]le91 :i* indicate an anci5t cultivation1 m ?an ! ord9>y "n ,zuck]wurzel1 or sug>-root4#gf ,! ,dani% "n has ! same mean+--sok]ot1 :5ce ! ,engli% skirret4 ,! "n sis>on is n kn[n 9 mod]n ,greece2 nor 0 x kn[n !re ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! plant is n n[ cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry4#gg ,!re are reasons = d\bt z to ! true s5se ( ! words sis>on & sis]4 ,"s botani/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ?\ght t sis>on 0 p]haps ! p>snip prop]1 & ,spr5gel#gh supports ?is idea4 ,! ,fr5* names *]vis & girole#gi w\ld p]haps tea* u some?+ if we knew _! orig94 ,littr d]ives *]vis f ! ,spani% *irivia1 b ! latt] is m likely d]iv$ f ! ,fr5*4 ,bauh9#hj m5tions ! l[ ,lat9 names s]villum1 *]villum1 or s]villam1 words :i* are n 9 ,ducange's diction>y4 ,?is may well be ! orig9 ( *]vis1 b :5ce came s]villum or *]villum8 ,arraca*a or ,arracacia--,arraca*a escul5ta1 de ,c&olle4 ,an umbel g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ,v5ezuela1 ,new ,granada1 & ,ecuador z a nutriti\s plant4 ,9 ! temp]ate regions ( ^? c\ntries x be>s comp>ison ) ! potato1 & ev5 yields1 we are assur$1 a light] & m agreeable fecula4 ,! l[] "p ( ! /em is swell$ into a bulb1 on :i*1 :5 ! plant ?rives well1 tub]cles1 or lat]al bulbs1 =m !mselves1 & p]si/ = sev]al mon?s1 :i* are m priz$ ?an ! c5tral bulb1 & s]ve = future plant+4#ha ,! species is probably indig5\s 9 ! region :]e x is cultivat$1 b ,i d n f9d 9 any au?or a positive ass]tion ( ! fact4 ,! exi/+ descriptions are drawn f cultivat$ /ocks4 ,griseba* inde$ says t he has se5 7presumably 9 ! h]b>ium at ,kew7 specim5s ga!r$ 9 ,new ,granada1 9 ,p]u1 & 9 ,tr9idad1#hb b he does n say :e!r !y 7 wild4 ,! o!r species ( ! same g5us1 to ! numb] ( a doz51 gr[ 9 ! same di/ricts ( ,am]ica1 :i* r5d]s ! above-m5tion$ orig9 m probable4 ,! introduction ( ! arraca*a into ,europe has be5 attempt$ sev]al times )\t success4 ,! damp climate ( ,engl& acc\nts = ! failure ( ,sir ,william ,hook]'s attempts2 b ours1 made at two diff]5t times1 "u v diff]5t conditions1 h met ) no bett] success4 ,! lat]al bulbs did n =m1 & ! c5tral bulb di$ 9 ! h\se :]e x 0 plac$ = ! w9t]4 ,! bulbs pres5t$ to diff]5t botanical g>d5s 9 ,france & ,italy & else:]e %>$ ! same fate4 ,x is cle> t if ! plant is 9 ,am]ica really equal to ! potato 9 productiv5ess & ta/e1 ?is w nev] be ! case 9 ,europe4 ,its cultivation does n 9 ,am]ica spread z f> z ,*ili & ,mexico1 l t ( ! potato & sweet potato1 :i* confirms ! difficulty ( propagation obs]v$ else:]e4 ,madd]--,rubia t9ctorum1 ,l9nu4 ,! madd] is c]ta9ly wild 9 ,italy1 ,greece1 ! ,crimea1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,syria1 ,p]sia1 ,arm5ia1 & ne> ,l5koran4#hc ,z we advance we/w>d 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! wild1 indig5\s nature ( ! plant becomes m & m d\btful4 ,!re is unc]ta9ty ev5 9 ,france4 ,9 ! nor? & ea/ ! plant appe>s to be 8naturaliz$ 9 h$ges & on walls10#hd or 8subspontane\s10 escap$ f =m] cultivation4#he ,9 ,prov5ce & ,langu$oc x is m spontane\s or wild1 b "h also x may h spread f a some:at ext5sive cultivation4 ,9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula x is m5tion$ z 8subspontane\s40#hf ,x is ! same 9 ! nor? ( ,africa4#hg ,evid5tly ! natural1 anci5t1 & und\bt$ habitation is we/]n temp]ate ,asia & ! s\?-ea/ ( ,europe4 ,x does n appe> t ! plant has be5 f\nd beyond ! ,caspian ,sea 9 ! l& =m]ly occupi$ by ! ,indo-,europeans1 b ?is region is /ill little kn[n4 ,! species only exi/s 9 ,india z a cultivat$ plant1 & has no ,sanskrit "n4#hh ,nei!r is !re any kn[n ,hebrew "n1 :ile ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,slavs1 ,g]mans1 & ,kelts _h v>i\s names1 :i* a philologi/ c\ld p]haps trace to "o or two roots1 b :i* nev]!less indicate by _! num]\s modifications an anci5t date4 ,probably ! wild roots 7 ga!r$ 9 ! fields be=e ! idea ( cultivat+ ! species 0 sugge/$4 ,pl9y1 h[ev]1 says#hi t x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,italy 9 8 "t1 & x is possible t ! cu/om 0 ( old] date 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or4 ,! cultivation ( madd] is (t5 m5tion$ 9 ,fr5* records ( ! ,middle ,ages4#ij ,x 0 aft]w>ds neglect$ or ab&on$1 until ,al!n re9troduc$ x into ! neighb\rhood ( ,avignon 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x fl\ri%$ =m]ly 9 ,alsace1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & especially 9 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ,syria1 :5ce ! exportation 0 consid]able2 b ! discov]y ( dyes extract$ f inorganic sub/ances has suppress$ ?is cultivation1 to ! great detrim5t ( ! prov9ces :i* drew l>ge pr(its f x4 ,j]usalem ,arti*oke--,helian?us tub]osus1 ,l9nu4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #afaf t ,european botani/s fir/ m5tion$ ?is ,composite1 ) a l>ge root bett] adapt$ = ! food ( animals ?an ( man4 ,columna#ia _h se5 x 9 ! g>d5 ( ,c>d9al ,f>nese1 & call$ x ,a/] p]uanus tub]osus4 ,o!r au?ors ( ! same c5tury gave x epi!ts %[+ t x 0 believ$ to come f ,brazil1 or f ,canada1 or f ! ,indies1 t is to say1 ,am]ica4 ,l9nu#ib adopt$1 on ,p>k9son's au?ority1 ! op9ion ( a ,canadian orig91 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 he _h no pro(4 ,i po9t$ out =m]ly#ic t !re are no species ( ! g5us ,helian?us 9 ,brazil1 & t !y are1 on ! contr>y1 num]\s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,s*le*t5dal1#id aft] hav+ prov$ t ! ,j]usalem arti*oke c resi/ ! sev]e w9t]s ( ! c5tre ( ,europe1 obs]ves t ?is fact is 9 fav\r ( ! idea ( a ,canadian orig91 & contr>y to ! belief ( its com+ f "s s\!rn region4 ,decaisne#ie has elim9at$ f ! synonymy ( ,h4 tub]osus sev]al quotations :i* _h occasion$ ! belief 9 a ,s\? ,am]ican or ,mexican orig94 ,l ! ,am]ican botani/s1 he recalls :at anci5t travell]s _h n>rat$ ( c]ta9 cu/oms ( ! aborig9es ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ( ,canada4 ,?us ,*ampla91 9 #afjc1 _h se51 89 _! h&s1 roots :i* !y cultivate1 & :i* ta/e l an arti*oke40 ,lesc>bot#if speaks ( ^! roots ) ! arti*oke flav\r1 :i* multiply freely1 & :i* he _h br\ght back to ,france1 :]e !y began to be sold "u ! "n ( top9ambaux4 ,! savages1 he says1 call !m *iquebi4 ,decaisne also quotes two ,fr5* horticulturi/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,col9 & ,sag>d1 :o evid5tly speak ( ! ,j]usalem arti*oke1 & say x came f ,canada4 ,x is to be not$ t ! "n ,canada _h at t "t a vague mean+1 & compreh5d$ "s p>ts ( ! mod]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,gook91 an ,am]ican writ] on ! cu/oms ( ! aborig9es1 says t !y put pieces ( ! ,j]usalem arti*oke into _! s\ps4#ig ,botanical analogies & ! te/imony ( contempor>ies agree1 z we h se51 9 consid]+ ?is plant to be a native ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,am]ica4 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 see+ t x is n f\nd wild1 _h =m]ly suppos$ x to be a v>iety ( ,h4 doronicoides ( ,lam>ck1 b he has s9ce ab&on$ ?is idea 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhc1 p4 #bbd74 ,an au?or gives x z wild 9 ! ,/ate ( ,indiana4#ih ,! ,fr5* "n top9amb\r comes app>5tly f "s real or suppos$ ,indian "n4 ,! ,engli% "n ,j]usalem arti*oke is a corruption ( ! ,italian girasole1 sunfl[]1 comb9$ ) an allusion to ! arti*oke flav\r ( ! root4 ,salsify--,tragopogon porrifolium1 ,l9nu4 ,! salsify 0 m cultivat$ a c5tury or two ago ?an x is n[4 ,x is a bi5nial composite1 f\nd wild 9 ,greece1 ,dalmatia1 ,italy1 & ev5 9 ,alg]ia4#ii ,x frequ5tly escapes f g>d5s 9 ! we/ ( ,europe1 & becomes half-naturaliz$4#ajj ,comm5tators#aja give ! "n ,tragopogon 7goat's be>d7 ( ,!ophra/us sometimes to ! mod]n species1 sometimes to ,tragopogon crocifolium1 :i* also gr[s 9 ,greece4 ,x is difficult to "k if ! anci5ts cultivat$ ! salsify or ga!r$ x wild 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,olivi] de ,s]res says x 0 a new culture 9 8 c\ntry1 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,our ^w ,salsifis comes f ! ,italian ,sassefrica1 t :i* rubs /ones1 a s5seless t]m4 ,scorzon]a--,scorzon]a hispanica1 ,l9nu4 ,?is plant is sometimes call$ ! ,spani% salsify1 f its resemblance to ,tragopogon porrifolium2 b its root has a br[n sk91 :5ce its botanical "n1 & ! popul> "n corce noire 9 "s ,fr5* prov9ces4 ,x is wild 9 ,europe1 f ,spa91 :]e x ab\nds1 ! s\? ( ,france1 & ,g]many1 to ! region ( ,caucasus1 & p]haps ev5 z f> z ,sib]ia1 b x is want+ 9 ,sicily & ,greece4#ajb ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ,g]many ! species is probably naturaliz$ f cultivation4 ,x seems t ?is plant has only be5 cultivat$ )9 ! la/ hundr$ or hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,! botani/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury speak ( x z a wild species introduc$ occasionally into botanical g>d5s4 ,olivi] de ,s]res does n m5tion x4 ,x 0 =m]ly suppos$ to be an antidote aga9/ ! bite ( add]s1 & 0 sometimes call$ ! vip]'s plant4 ,z to ! etymology ( ! "n ,scorzon]a1 x is s evid5t1 t x is difficult to und]/& h[ e>ly writ]s1 ev5 ,t\rne=t1#ajc h decl>$ ! orig9 ( ! ^w to be escorso1 vip] 9 ,spani% or ,catalan4 ,vip] is 9 ,spani% m commonly vibora4 ,!re exi/s 9 ,sicily a ,scorzon]a deliciosa1 ,gussone1 ^: v sug>y root is us$ 9 ! confection ( bonbons & %]bets1 at ,pal]mo4#ajd ,h[ is x t its cultivation has n be5 tri$8 ,x is true t ,i ta/$ at ,naples ,scorzon]a ices1 & f\nd !m dete/able1 b !y 7 p]haps made ( ! common species 7,scorzon]a hispanica74 ,potato--,solanum tub]osum1 ,l9nu4 ,9 #ahee ,i /at$ & discuss$ :at 0 !n kn[n ab\t ! orig9 ( ! potato1 & ab\t its introduction into ,europe4#aje ,i w n[ add ! result ( ! rese>*es ( ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,x w be se5 t ! data =m]ly acquir$ h become m c]ta91 & t sev]al some:at d\btful accessory que/ions h rema9$ unc]ta91 ?\gh ! probabilities 9 fav\r ( :at =m]ly seem$ ! tru? h gr[n /rong]4 ,x is prov$ beyond a d\bt t at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica ! cultivation ( ! potato 0 practis$1 ) e appe>ance ( anci5t usage1 9 ! temp]ate regions ext5d+ f ,*ili to ,new ,granada1 at altitudes v>y+ ) ! latitude4 ,?is appe>s f ! te/imony ( all ! e>ly travell]s1 among :om ,i %all "n ,aco/a = ,p]u1#ajf & ,p$ro ,cieca1 quot$ by de l',ecluse1#ajg = ,quito4 ,9 ! ea/]n temp]ate region ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 on ! heights ( ,guiana & ,brazil1 = in/ance1 ! potato 0 n kn[n to ! aborig9es1 or if !y 7 acqua9t$ ) a simil> plant1 x 0 ,solanum ,comm]sonii1 :i* has also a tub]\s root1 & is f\nd wild 9 ,montevideo & 9 ! s\? ( ,brazil4 ,! true potato is c]ta9ly n[ cultivat$ 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 b x is ( su* rec5t introduction t x has receiv$ ! "n ( ! ,engli% ,batata4#ajh ,accord+ to ,humboldt x 0 unkn[n 9 ,mexico1#aji a fact confirm$ by ! sil5ce ( subsequ5t au?ors1 b to a c]ta9 degree contradict$ by ano!r hi/orical fact4 ,x is said t ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 or r ,?omas ,h]riott1 8 companion 9 sev]al voyages1 br\ght back to ,irel&1 9 #aehe or #aehf1 "s tub]s ( ! ,virg9ian potato4#aaj ,its "n 9 its own c\ntry 0 op5awk4 ,f ,h]riott's description ( ! plant1 quot$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1#aaa !re is no d\bt t x 0 ! potato1 & n ! batata1 :i* at t p]iod 0 sometimes conf\nd$ ) x4 ,besides1 ,g]>d#aab tells u t he receiv$ f ,virg9ia ! potato :i* he cultivat$ 9 8 g>d51 & ( :i* he gives an illu/ration :i* agrees 9 all po9ts ) ,solanum tub]osum4 ,he 0 s pr\d ( x t he is repres5t$1 9 8 portrait at ! beg9n+ ( ! "w1 hold+ 9 8 h& a fl[]+ bran* ( ?is plant4 ,! species c\ld sc>cely h be5 introduc$ into ,virg9ia or ,c>ol9a 9 ,raleigh's "t 7#aehe71 unless ! anci5t ,mexicans _h possess$ x1 & its cultivation _h be5 diffus$ among ! aborig9es to ! nor? ( ,mexico4 ,dr4 ,r\l91 :o has c>efully /udi$ ! works on ,nor? ,am]ica1 has assur$ me t he has f\nd no signs ( ! potato 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e ! arrival ( ! ,europeans4 ,dr4 ,asa ,gray also told me s1 add+ t ,mr4 ,h>ris1 "o ( ! m5 mo/ intimately acqua9t$ ) ! language & cu/oms ( ,nor? ,am]ican tribes1 0 ( ! same op9ion4 ,i h read no?+ to ! contr>y 9 rec5t publications1 & we mu/ n =get t a plant s easy ( cultivation w\ld h spread itself ev5 among nomadic tribes1 _h !y possess$ x4 ,x seems to me mo/ likely t "s inhabitants ( ,virg9ia--p]haps ,engli% coloni/s--receiv$ tub]s f ,spani% or o!r travell]s1 trad]s or adv5tur]s1 dur+ ! n9ety ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,evid5tly1 dat+ f ! conque/ ( ,p]u & ,*ili1 9 #aece to #aehe1 _m vessels c\ld h c>ri$ tub]s ( ! potato z provisions1 & ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 mak+ w> on ! ,spani>ds z a private]1 may h pillag$ "s vessel :i* conta9$ !m4 ,?is is ! less improbable1 s9ce ! ,spani>ds _h introduc$ ! plant into ,europe be=e #aehe4 ,sir ,joseph ,banks#aac & ,dunal#aad 7 "r to insi/ ^u ! fact t ! potato 0 fir/ introduc$ by ! ,spani>d1 s9ce = a long "t ! cr$it 0 g5]ally giv5 to ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 :o 0 ! second introduc]1 & ev5 to o!r ,engli%m51 :o _h introduc$1 n ! potato b ! batata 7sweet potato71 :i* is m or less conf\nd$ ) x4#aae ,a celebrat$ botani/1 de l',ecluse1#aaf _h nev]!less def9$ ! facts 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,x is he :o publi%$ ! fir/ good description & illu/ration ( ! potato1 "u ! significant "n ( ,papas ,p]uanorum4 ,f :at he says1 ! species has little *ang$ "u ! culture ( ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 = x yield$ 9 ! beg9n+ z _m z fifty tub]s ( unequal size1 f "o to two in*es long1 irregul>ly ovoid1 r$di%1 rip5+ 9 ,novemb] 7at ,vi5na74 ,! fl[] 0 m or less p9k ext]nally1 & r$di% )91 ) five longitud9al /ripes ( gre51 z is (t5 se5 n[4 ,no d\bt num]\s v>ieties h be5 obta9$1 b ! orig9al =m has n be5 lo/4 ,de l',ecluse comp>es ! sc5t ( ! fl[] ) t ( ! lime1 ! only diff]5ce f our mod]n plant4 ,he s[$ se$s :i* produc$ a :ite-fl[]$ v>iety1 su* z we sometimes see n[4 ,! plants describ$ by de l',ecluse 7 s5t to him 9 #aehh1 by ,philippe de ,sivry1 ,seigneur ( ,waldheim & ,gov]nor ( ,mons1 :o _h receiv$ !m f "s "o 9 att5dance on ! papal legate 9 ,belgium4 ,de l',ecluse adds t ! species _h be5 introduc$ into ,italy f ,spa9 or ,am]ica 7c]tum e/ vel ex ,hispania1 vel ex ,am]ica habuisse71 & he wond]s t1 al?\gh ! plant _h become s common 9 ,italy t x 0 eat5 l a turnip & giv5 to ! pigs1 ! le>n$ m5 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua only became acqua9t$ ) x by means ( ! tub] :i* he s5t !m f ,g]many4 ,t>gioni#aag has n be5 able to discov] any pro( t ! potato 0 z widely cultivat$ 9 ,italy at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury z de l',ecluse ass]ts1 b he quotes ,fa!r ,magazz9i ( ,vallombrosa1 ^: po/hum\s "w1 publi%$ 9 #afbc1 m5tions ! species z "o previ\sly br\ght1 )\t nam+ ! date1 f ,spa9 or ,portugal by b>efoot$ fri>s4 ,x 01 !re=e1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? or at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury t ! cultivation ( ! potato became kn[n 9 ,tuscany4 ,indep5d5tly ( :at de l',ecluse & ! agriculturi/ ( ,vallombrosa say ( its introduction f ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 x is n at all likely t ! ,italians _h any deal+s ) ,raleigh's companions4 ,no "o c d\bt t ! potato is ( ,am]ican orig92 b 9 ord] to "k f :at "p ( t va/ cont95t x 0 br\ght1 x is necess>y to "k if ! plant is f\nd wild !re1 & 9 :at localities4 ,to answ] ?is "q cle>ly1 we mu/ fir/ remove two causes ( error3 ! confusion ( alli$ species ( ! g5us ,solanum ) ! potato2 & ! o!r1 ! mi/akes made by travell]s z to ! wild "* ( ! plant4 ,! alli$ species are ,solanum ,comm]sonii ( ,dunal1 ( :i* ,i h already spok52 ,s4 maglia ( ,mol9a1 a ,*ili species2 ,s4 immite ( ,dunal1 a native ( ,p]u2 & ,s4 v]rucosum#aah ( ,s*le*t5dal1 :i* gr[s 9 ,mexico4 ,^! ?ree k9ds ( ,solanum h small] tub]s ?an ,s4 tub]osum1 & diff] also 9 o!r *>act]i/ics indicat$ 9 special works on botany4 ,!oretically1 x may be believ$ t all ^!1 & o!r =ms gr[+ 9 ,am]ica1 are d]iv$ f a s+le e>li] species1 b 9 our geological epo* !y pres5t !mselves ) diff]5ces :i* seem to me to ju/ify specific di/9ctions1 & no exp]im5ts h prov$ t by cross+ "o ) ano!r a product w\ld be obta9$ ( :i* ! se$ 7n ! tub]s7 w\ld propagate ! race4 ,leav+ ^! m or less d\btful que/ions ( species1 let u try to asc]ta9 :e!r ! common =m ( ,solanum tub]osum has be5 f\nd wild1 & m]ely rem>k t ! abundance ( tub]\s solanums gr[+ 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,am]ica1 f ,*ili or ,bu5os ,ayres z f> z ,mexico1 confirms ! fact ( an ,am]ican orig94 ,if we knew no?+ m1 ?is w\ld be a /rong presumption 9 fav\r ( ?is c\ntry be+ ! orig9al home ( ! potato4 ,! second cause ( error is v cle>ly expla9$ by ! botani/ ,w$dell1#aai :o has c>efully explor$ ,bolivia & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 8,:5 we reflect10 he says1 8t on ! arid ,cordill]a ! ,indians (t5 e/abli% _! little plots ( cultivation on po9ts :i* w\ld appe> almo/ inaccessible to ! great majority ( our ,european f>m]s1 we und]/& t :5 a travell] *ances to visit "o ( ^! cultivat$ plots1 long s9ce ab&on$1 & f9ds !re a plant ( ,solanum tub]osum :i* has accid5tally p]si/$1 he ga!rs x 9 ! belief t x is really wild2 b ( ?is !re is no pro(40 ,we come n[ to facts4 ,^! ab\nd conc]n+ ! wild "* ( ! plant 9 ,*ili4 ,9 #ahbb1 ,alex&] ,caldcleugh1#abj ,engli% consul1 s5t to ! ,london ,horticultural ,society "s tub]s ( ! potato :i* he _h f\nd 9 ! rav9es r\nd ,valp>aiso4 ,he says t ^! tub]s are small1 sometimes r$1 sometimes yell[i%1 & r bitt] 9 ta/e4#aba 8,i believe10 he adds1 8t ?is plant exi/s ov] a great ext5t ( ! littoral1 = x is f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,*ili1 :]e ! aborig9es call x maglia40 ,?is is probably a confusion ) ,s4 maglia ( botani/s2 b ! tub]s ( ,valp>aiso1 plant$ 9 ,london1 produc$ ! true potato1 z we see f a glance at ,sab9e's col\r$ figure 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,horticultural ,society4 ,! cultivation ( ?is plant 0 cont9u$ = "s "t1 & ,l9dley c]tifi$ anew1 9 #ahdg1 its id5tity ) ! common potato4#abb ,"h is ! acc\nt ( ! ,valp>aiso plant1 giv5 by a travell] to ,sir ,william ,hook]4#abc 8,i notic$ ! potato on ! %ore z f> z fifte5 leagues to ! nor? ( ?is t[n1 & to ! s\?1 b ,i d n "k h[ f> x ext5ds4 ,x gr[s on cliffs & hills ne> ! sea1 & ,i d n rememb] to h se5 x m ?an two or ?ree leagues f ! coa/4 ,al?\gh x is f\nd 9 m\nta9\s places1 f> f cultivation1 x does n exi/ 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! fields & g>d5s :]e x is plant$1 except+ :5 a /ream crosses ^! enclosures & c>ries ! tub]s into uncultivat$ places40 ,! potato describ$ by ^! two travell]s _h :ite fl[]s1 z is se5 9 "s cultivat$ ,european v>ieties1 & l ! plant =m]ly re>$ by de l',ecluse4 ,we may assume t ?is is ! natural col\r ( ! species1 or at lea/ "o ( ! mo/ common 9 its wild /ate4 ,d>w91 9 8 voyage 9 ! ,beagle1 f\nd ! potato gr[+ wild 9 great abundance on ! s& ( ! sea-%ore1 9 ! ar*ipelago ( ,s\!rn ,*ili1 & gr[+ ) a rem>kable vig\r1 :i* may be attribut$ to ! damp climate4 ,! talle/ plants atta9$ to ! height ( f\r feet4 ,! tub]s 7 small z a rule1 ?\gh "o ( !m 0 two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y 7 wat]y1 insipid1 b ) no bad ta/e :5 cook$4 8,! plant is und\bt$ly wild10 says ! au?or1#abd 8& its specific id5tity has be5 confirm$ fir/ by ,h5sl[1 & aft]w>ds by ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 9 8 ,flora ,ant>ctica4#abe0 ,a specim5 9 ! h]b>ium collect$ by ,claude ,gay1 consid]$ by ,dunal to be ,solanum tub]osum1 be>s ?is inscription3 8,f ! c5tre ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,talcag\ay1 & ( ,cauqu5es1 9 places visit$ only by botani/s & geologi/s40 ,! same au?or1 ,gay1 9 8 ,flora ,*il5a1#abf insi/s ^u ! abundance ( ! wild potato 9 ,*ili1 ev5 among ! ,araucanians 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,malv>co1 :]e1 he says1 ! soldi]s ( ,p9*eira us$ to g & seek x = food4 ,?is evid5ce suffici5tly proves its wild /ate 9 ,*ili1 s t ,i may omit o!r less conv9c+ te/imony--= in/ance1 t ( ,mol9a & ,mey51 ^: specim5s f ,*ili h n be5 exam9$4 ,! climate ( ! coa/ ( ,*ili is cont9u$ ^u ! heights z we foll[ ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 & ! cultivation ( ! potato is ( anci5t date 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,p]u1 b ! wild "* ( ! species !re is n s entirely prov$ z 9 ! case ( ,*ili4#abg ,pavon decl>$ he f\nd x on ! coa/ at ,*ancay1 & ne> ,lima4 ,! heat ( ^! di/ricts seems v great = a species :i* requires a temp]ate or ev5 a r cold climate4 ,moreov]1 ! specim5 9 ,boissi]'s h]b>ium1 ga!r$ by ,pavon1 belongs1 accord+ to ,dunal1#abh to ano!r species1 to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( ,s4 immite4 ,i h se5 ! au!ntic specim51 & h no d\bt t x belongs to a species di/9ct f ! ,s4 tub]osum4 ,sir ,w4 ,hook]#abi speaks ( ,mc,lean's specim51 ga!r$ 9 ! hills r\nd ,lima1 )\t any in=mation z to :e!r x 0 f\nd wild4 ,! specim5s 7m or less wild7 :i* ,mat!ws s5t f ,p]u to ,sir ,w4 ,hook] belong1 accord+ to ,sir ,joseph1#acj to v>ieties :i* diff] a little f ! true potato4 ,mr4 ,hemsley1#aca :o has se5 !m rec5tly 9 ! h]b>ium at ,kew1 believes !m to be 8di/9ct =ms1 n m di/9ct1 h[ev]1 ?an c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! species40 ,w$dell1#acb ^: caution 9 ?is matt] we already "k1 expresses himself z foll[s3--8,i h nev] f\nd ,solanum tub]osum 9 ,p]u "u su* circum/ances z left no d\bt t x 0 indig5\s2 & ,i ev5 decl>e t ,i d n atta* m belief to ! wild nature ( o!r plants f\nd scatt]$ on ! ,&es outside ,*ili1 hi!rto consid]$ z indig5\s40 ,on ! o!r h&4 ,m4 ,ed4 ,&r#acc collect$ ) great c>e1 9 two elevat$ & wild di/ricts ( ,columbia1 & 9 ano!r ne> ,lima1 specim5s :i* he believ$ he might attribute to ,s4 tub]osum4 ,m4 ,&r has be5 k9d en\gh to l5d !m to me4 ,i h comp>$ !m att5tively ) ! types ( ,dunal's species 9 my h]b>ium & 9 t ( ,m4 ,boissi]4 ,none ( ^! ,solanace belong1 9 my op9ion1 to ,s4 tub]osum1 al?\gh t ( ,la ,union1 ne> ! riv] ,cauca1 comes ne>] ?an ! re/4 ,none--& ?is is yet m c]ta9--answ]s to ,s4 immite ( ,dunal4 ,!y are ne>] to ,s4 columbianum ( ! same au?or ?an to ,s4 tub]osum or ,s4 immite4 ,! specim5 f ,m\nt ,qu9dio pres5ts a s+ul> *>act]i/ic--x has po9t$ ovoid b]ries4#acd ,9 ,mexico ! tub]\s ,solanums attribut$ to ,s4 tub]osum1 or1 accord+ to ,hemsley1#ace to alli$ =ms1 d n appe> to be id5tical ) ! cultivat$ plant4 ,!y belong to ,s4 ,f5dl]i1 :i* ,dr4 ,asa ,gray consid]$ at fir/ z a sep>ate species1 & aft]w>ds#acf z a v>iety ( ,s4 tub]osum or ( ,s4 v]rucosum4 ,we may sum up z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! potato is wild 9 ,*ili1 9 a =m :i* is /ill se5 9 our cultivat$ plants4 #b4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r its natural home ext5ds to ,p]u & ,new ,granada4 #c4 ,its cultivation 0 diffus$ be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica f ,*ili to ,new ,granada4 #d4 ,x 0 introduc$1 probably 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 into t "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ kn[n z ,virg9ia & ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 #e4 ,x 0 import$ into ,europe betwe5 #aehj & #aehe1 fir/ by ! ,spani>ds1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,engli%1 at ! "t ( ,raleigh's voyages to ,virg9ia4#acg ,batata1 or ,sweet ,potato--,convolvulus batatas1 ,l9nu2 ,batatas edulis1 ,*oisy4 ,! roots ( ?is plant1 swell$ into tub]s1 resemble potatoes1 :5ce x arose t sixte5?-c5tury navigators appli$ ! same "n to ^! two v diff]5t species4 ,! sweet potato belongs to ! ,convolvulus family1 ! potato to ! ,solanum family2 ! fle%y p>ts ( ! =m] are roots1 ^? ( ! latt] subt]ranean bran*es4#ach ,! sweet potato is sug>y z well z f>9ace\s4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 all c\ntries )9 or ne> ! tropics1 & p]haps m 9 ! new ?an 9 ! old _w4#aci ,its orig9 is1 accord+ to a great numb] ( au?ors1 d\btful4 ,humboldt1#adj ,mey51#ada & ,boissi]#adb hold to its ,am]ican1 ,boy]1#adc ,*oisy1#add etc41 to its ,asiatic orig94 ,! same div]sity is obs]v$ 9 e>li] works4 ,! "q is ! m difficult s9ce ! ,convolvulace is "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ families1 ei!r f a v e>ly epo* or 9 consequ5ce ( mod]n transportation4 ,!re are p[]ful argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an ,am]ican orig94 ,! fifte5 kn[n species ( ! g5us ,batatas are all f\nd 9 ,am]ica2 elev5 9 t cont95t alone1 f\r bo? 9 ,am]ica & ! old _w1 ) possibility or probability ( transportation4 ,! cultivation ( ! common sweet potato is widely diffus$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x dates f a v e>ly epo*4 ,m>cgraff#ade m5tions x 9 ,brazil "u ! "n ( jetica4 ,humboldt says t ! "n camote comes f a ,mexican ^w4 ,! ^w ,batatas 7:5ce comes by a mi/ak5 transf] ! ^w potato7 is giv5 z ,am]ican4 ,sloane & ,hughes#adf speak ( ! sweet potato z ( a plant mu* cultivat$1 & hav+ sev]al v>ieties 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,!y d n appe> to suspect t x _h a =eign orig94 ,clusius1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ to m5tion ! sweet potato1 says he _h eat5 "s 9 ! s\? ( ,spa91 :]e x 0 suppos$ to h come f ! new _w4#adg ,he quotes ! names ,batatas1 camotes1 amotes1 ajes1#adh :i* 7 =eign to ! languages ( ! old _w4 ,! date ( 8 book is #afja4 ,humboldt#adi says t1 accord+ to ,gom>a1 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus1 :5 he appe>$ = ! fir/ "t be=e ,que5 ,isabella1 (f]$ h] v>i\s productions f ! new _w1 sweet potatoes among o!rs4 ,?us1 he adds1 ! cultivation ( ?is plant 0 already common 9 ,spa9 f ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,ovi$o1#aej writ+ 9 #aebf1 _h se5 ! sweet potato freely cultivat$ by ! natives ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 & _h introduc$ x himself at ,avila1 9 ,spa94 ,rumphius#aea says positively t1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion1 sweet potatoes 7 br\ght by ! ,spani% ,am]icans to ,manilla & ! ,moluccas1 :5ce ! ,portuguese diffus$ x ?r\gh\t ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,he quotes ! popul> names1 :i* are n ,malay1 & :i* indicate an introduction by ! ,ca/illians4 ,la/ly1 x is c]ta9 t ! sweet potato 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,arabs2 t x 0 n cultivat$ 9 ,egypt ev5 eighty ye>s ago1#aeb a fact :i* x w\ld be h>d to expla9 if we suppos$ its orig9 to be 9 ! old _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an ,asiatic orig94 ,! ,*9ese ,encyclopdia ( ,agriculture speaks ( ! sweet potato1 & m5tions diff]5t v>ieties2#aec b ,brets*neid]#aed has prov$ t ! species is describ$ = ! fir/ "t 9 a book ( ! second or ?ird c5tury ( our era4 ,accord+ to ,?unb]g1#aee ! sweet potato 0 br\ght to ,japan by ! ,portuguese4 ,la/ly1 ! plant cultivat$ at ,tahiti1 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s1 & 9 ,new ,zeal&1 "u ! names um>a1 gum>ra1 & gumalla1 describ$ by ,=/]#aef "u ! "n ( ,convolvulus *rysorhizus1 is1 accord+ to ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ! sweet potato4#aeg ,seemann#aeh rem>ks t ^! names resemble ! ,qui*u5 "n ( ! sweet potato 9 ,am]ica1 :i* is1 he says1 cum>4 ,! cultivation ( ! sweet potato became g5]al 9 ,h9du/an 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4#aei ,sev]al popul> names are attribut$ to x1 & ev51 accord+ to ,pidd+ton1#afj a ,sanskrit "n1 ruktalu1 :i* has no analogy ) any "n kn[n to me1 & is n 9 ,wilson's ,sanskrit ,diction>y4 ,accord+ to a note giv5 me by ,adolphe ,pictet1 ruktalu seems a ,b5galee "n compos$ f ! ,sanskrit alu 7,rukta plus lu1 ! "n ( ,arum campanulatum74 ,?is "n 9 mod]n dialects designates ! yam & ! potato4 ,h[ev]1 ,walli*#afa gives sev]al names omitt$ by ,pidd+ton4 ,roxburgh#afb m5tions no ,sanskrit "n4 ,rhe$e#afc says ! plant 0 cultivat$ 9 ,malab>1 & m5tions common ,indian names4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an ,am]ican orig9 seem to me mu* /rong]4 ,if ! sweet potato _h be5 kn[n 9 ,h9du/an at ! epo* ( ! ,sanskrit language x w\ld h become diffus$ 9 ! old _w1 s9ce its propagation is easy & its utility evid5t4 ,x seems1 on ! contr>y1 t ?is cultivation rema9$ long unkn[n 9 ! ,sunda ,isles1 ,egypt1 etc4 ,p]haps an att5tive exam9ation might lead u to %>e ! op9ion ( ,mey]1#afd :o di/+ui%$ ! ,asiatic plant f ! ,am]ican species4 ,h[ev]1 ?is au?or has n be5 g5]ally foll[$1 & ,i suspect t if !re is a diff]5t ,asiatic species x is n1 z ,mey] believ$1 ! sweet potato describ$ by ,rumphius1 :i* ! latt] says 0 br\ght f ,am]ica1 b ! ,indian plant ( ,roxburgh4 ,sweet potatoes are gr[n 9 ,africa2 b ei!r ! cultivation is r>e1 or ! species are diff]5t4 ,rob]t ,br[n#afe says t ! travell] ,lockh>dt _h n se5 ! sweet potato ( ^: cultivation ! ,portuguese mission>ies make m5tion4 ,?onn+#aff does n "n x4 ,vogel br\ght back a species cultivat$ on ! we/]n coa/1 :i* is c]ta9ly1 accord+ to ! au?ors ( ! ,flora ,nigritiana1 ,batatas paniculata ( ,*oisy4 ,x 01 !re=e1 a plant cultivat$ = ornam5t or = m$ic9al purposes1 = its root is purgative4#afg ,x might be suppos$ t 9 c]ta9 c\ntries 9 ! old or new _w ,ipoma tub]osa4 ,l41 _h be5 conf\nd$ ) ! sweet potato2 b ,sloane#afh tells u t its enorm\s roots are n eatable4#afi ,ipoma mammosa1 ,*oisy 7,convolvulus mammosus1 ,l\reiro2 ,batata mammosa1 ,rumphius71 is a ,convolvulace\s plant ) an edible root1 :i* may well be conf\nd$ ) ! sweet potato1 b ^: botanical "* is nev]!less di/9ct4 ,?is species gr[s wild ne> ,amboyna 7,rumphius71 :]e x is also cultivat$4 ,x is priz$ 9 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,z = ! sweet potato 7,batatas edulis71 no botani/1 z f> z ,i "k1 has ass]t$ t he f\nd x wild himself1 ei!r 9 ,india or ,am]ica4#agj ,clusius#aga affirms ^u he>say t x gr[s wild 9 ! new _w & 9 ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,9 spite ( ! probability ( an ,am]ican orig91 !re rema9s1 z we h se51 mu* t is unkn[n or unc]ta9 t\*+ ! orig9al home & ! transport ( ?is species1 :i* is a valuable "o 9 hot c\ntries4 ,:e!r x 0 a native ( ! new or ( ! old _w1 x is difficult to expla9 its transportation f ,am]ica to ,*9a at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 & to ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s at an e>ly epo*1 or f ,asia & f ,au/ralia to ,am]ica at a "t suffici5tly remote = its cultivation to h be5 e>ly diffus$ f ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to ,brazil & ,*ili4 ,we mu/ assume a prehi/oric communication betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica1 or adopt ano!r hypo!sis1 :i* is n inapplicable to ! pres5t case4 ,! ord] ,convolvulace is "o ( ^? r>e families ( dicotyl$ons 9 :i* c]ta9 species h a widely ext5d$ area1 ext5d+ ev5 to di/ant cont95ts4#agb ,a species :i* c at ! pres5t day endure ! diff]5t climates ( ,virg9ia & ,japan may well h exi/$ fur!r nor? be=e ! epo* ( ! great ext5sion ( glaci]s 9 our hemisph]e1 & prehi/oric m5 may h transport$ x s\?w>d :5 ! climatic conditions alt]$4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 cultivation alone pres]v$ ! species1 unless x is at la/ discov]$ 9 "s spot 9 its anci5t habitation--9 ,mexico or ,columbia1 = in/ance4#agc ,beetroot--,beta vulg>is & ,b4 m>itima1 ,l9nu2 ,beta vulg>is1 ,moqu94 ,?is plant is cultivat$ sometimes = its fle%y root 7r$ beet71 sometimes = its leaves1 :i* are us$ z a vegetable 7:ite beet71 b botani/s are g5]ally agre$ 9 n divid+ ! species4 ,x is kn[n f o!r examples t plants sl5d] root$ by nature easily become fle%y root$ f ! effects ( soil or cultivation4 ,! sl5d]-root$ v>iety gr[s wild 9 s&y soil1 & especially ne> ! sea 9 ! ,can>y ,isles1 & all along ! coa/s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & z f> z ! ,caspian ,sea1 ,p]sia1 & ,babylon1#agd p]haps ev5 z f> z ! we/ ( ,india1 :5ce a specim5 0 br\ght by ,jaquemont1 al?\gh x is n c]ta9 t x 0 gr[+ wild4 ,roxburgh's ,indian flora1 & ,ait*ison's m rec5t flora ( ! ,punjab & ( ! ,s9dh1 only m5tion ! plant z a cultivat$ species4 ,x has no ,sanskrit "n1#age :5ce x may be inf]r$ t ! ,aryans _h n br\ght x f we/]n temp]ate ,asia1 :]e x exi/s4 ,! nations ( ,aryan race :o _h previ\sly migrat$ into ,europe probably did n cultivate x1 = ,i f9d no "n common to ! ,indo-,european languages4 ,! anci5t ,greeks1 :o us$ ! leaves & roots1 call$ ! species teutlion2#agf ! ,romans1 beta4 ,heldrei*#agg gives also ! anci5t ,greek "n sevkle1 or sfekelie :i* resembles ! ,arab "n selg1 silq1#agh among ! ,naba!ans4 ,! ,arab "n has pass$ into ! ,portuguese selga4 ,no ,hebrew "n is kn[n4 ,ev]y?+ %[s t its cultivation does n date f m ?an ?ree or f\r c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! r$ & :ite roots 7 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 b ! numb] ( v>ieties has greatly increas$ 9 mod]n times1 especially s9ce ! beetroot has be5 cultivat$ on a l>ge scale = ! food ( cattle & = ! production ( sug>4 ,x is "o ( ! plants mo/ easily improv$ by selection1 z ! exp]im5ts ( ,vilmor9 h prov$4#agi ,manioc--,manihot utilissima1 ,pohl2 ,jatropha manihot1 ,l9nu4 ,! manioc is a %rub belong+ to ! ,euphorbia family1 ( :i* sev]al roots swell 9 _! fir/ ye>2 !y take ! =m ( an irregul> ellipse1 & conta9 a fecula 7tapioca7 ) a m or less poison\s juice4 ,x is commonly cultivat$ 9 ! equatorial or tropical regions1 especially 9 ,am]ica f ,brazil to ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,9 ,africa ! cultivation is less g5]al1 & seems to be m rec5t4 ,9 c]ta9 ,asiatic colonies x is decid$ly ( mod]n introduction4 ,x is propagat$ by budd+4 ,botani/s are divid$ 9 op9ion :e!r ! innum]able v>ieties ( manioc %\ld be reg>d$ z =m+ "o1 two1 or sev]al diff]5t species4 ,pohl#ahj admitt$ sev]al besides 8 ,manihot utilissima1 & ,dr4 ,mll]1#aha 9 8 monograph on ! ,euphorbiace1 places ! v>iety aipi 9 an alli$ species1 ,m4 palmata1 a plant cultivat$ ) ! o!rs 9 ,brazil1 & ( :i* ! root is n poison\s4 ,?is la/ "* is n s di/9ct z might be believ$ f c]ta9 books & ev5 f ! ass]tions ( ! natives4 ,dr4 ,sagot1#ahb :o has comp>$ a doz5 v>ieties ( manioc cultivat$ at ,cay5ne1 says expressly1 8,!re are maniocs m poison\s ?an o!rs1 b ,i d\bt :e!r any are entirely free f noxi\s pr9ciples40 ,x is possible to acc\nt = ^! s+ul> diff]5ces ( prop]ties 9 v simil> plants by ! example ( ! potato4 ,! ,manihot & ,solanum tub]osum bo? belong to suspect$ families 7,euphorbiace & ,solanace74 ,sev]al ( _! species are poison\s 9 "s ( _! organs2 b ! fecula1 :]ev] x is f\nd1 is nev] h>mful1 & ! same holds good ( ! cellul> tissue1 fre$ f all deposit2 t is to say1 r$uc$ to cellulose4 ,9 ! prep>ation ( cassava1 or manioc fl\r1 great c>e is tak5 to scrape ! out] sk9 ( ! root1 !n to p\nd or cru% ! fle%y "p s z to express ! m or less poison\s juice1 & f9ally ! pa/e is submitt$ to a bak+ :i* expels ! volatile p>ts4#ahc ,tapioca is ! pure fecula )\t ! mixture ( ! tissues :i* /ill exi/ 9 ! cassava4 ,9 ! potato ! out] pellicle contracts noxi\s qualities :5 x is all[$ to become gre5 by exposure to ! light1 & x is well kn[n t unripe or diseas$ tub]s1 conta9+ too small a proportion ( fecula ) mu* sap1 are n good to eat1 & w\ld cause positive h>m to p]sons :o consum$ any quantity ( !m4 ,all potatoes1 & probably all maniocs1 conta9 some?+ h>mful1 :i* is obs]v$ ev5 9 ! products ( di/illation1 & :i* v>ies ) sev]al causes2 b only matt] =eign to ! fecula %\ld be mi/ru/$4 ,! d\bts ab\t ! numb] ( species into :i* ! cultivat$ manihots %\ld be divid$ are no s\rce ( difficulty reg>d+ ! "q ( geographic orig94 ,on ! contr>y1 we %all see t !y are an important means ( prov+ an ,am]ican orig94 ,! ,abb ,raynal _h =m]ly spread ! errone\s op9ion t ! manioc 0 import$ into ,am]ica f ,africa4 ,rob]t ,br[n#ahd d5i$ ?is 9 #ahah1 b )\t giv+ reasons 9 support ( 8 op9ion2 & ,humboldt1#ahe ,moreau de ,jonnes1#ahf & ,sa9t ,hilaire#ahg insi/$ ^u its ,am]ican orig94 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ = ! foll[+ reasons3-- #a4 ,maniocs 7 cultivat$ by ! natives ( ,brazil1 ,guiana1 & ! w>m region ( ,mexico be=e ! arrival ( ! ,europeans1 z all e>ly travell]s te/ify4 ,9 ! ,we/ ,indies ?is cultivation 01 accord+ to ,aco/a1#ahh common en\gh 9 ! sixte5? c5tury to inspire ! belief t x 0 also !re ( a c]ta9 antiquity4 #b4 ,x is less widely diffus$ 9 ,africa1 especially 9 regions at a di/ance f ! we/ coa/4 ,x is kn[n t manioc 0 introduc$ into ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon by ! ,gov]n\r ,lab\rdonnais4#ahi ,9 ,asiatic c\ntries1 :]e a plant s easy to cultivate w\ld probably h spread _h x be5 long kn[n on ! ,african cont95t1 x is m5tion$ "h & !re z an object ( curiosity ( =eign orig94#aij #c4 ,! natives ( ,am]ica _h sev]al anci5t names = ! v>ieties ( manioc1 especially 9 ,brazil1#aia :i* does n appe> to h be5 ! case 9 ,africa1 ev5 on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4#aib #d4 ,! v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,brazil1 9 ,guiana1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies are v num]\s1 :5ce we may presume a v anci5t cultivation4 ,?is is n ! case 9 ,africa4 #e4 ,! =ty-two kn[n species ( ! g5us ,manihot1 )\t c\nt+ ,m4 utilissima1 are all wild 9 ,am]ica2 mo/ ( !m 9 ,brazil1 "s 9 ,guiana1 ,p]u1 & ,mexico2 n "o 9 ! old _w4#aic ,x is v unlikely t a s+le species1 & t ! cultivat$ "o1 0 a native bo? ( ! old & ( ! new _w1 & all ! m s s9ce 9 ! family ,euphorbiace ! area ( ! woody species is usually re/rict$1 & s9ce phan]ogam\s plants are v r>ely common to ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,! ,am]ican orig9 ( ! manioc be+ ?us e/abli%$1 x may be ask$ h[ ! species has be5 introduc$ into ,gu9ea & ,congo4 ,x 0 probably ! result ( ! frequ5t communications e/abli%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury by ,portuguese m]*ants & slave-trad]s4 ,! ,manihot utilissima & ! alli$ species or v>iety call$ aipi1 :i* is also cultivat$1 h n be5 f\nd 9 an und\bt$ly wild /ate4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 inde$1 f\nd ^u ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a a plant ( ,manihot utilissima :i* !y call$ almo/ wild1#aid b ,dr4 ,sagot assures me t x has n be5 f\nd 9 ,guiana1 & t botani/s :o h explor$ ! hot region 9 ,brazil h n be5 m =tunate4 ,we ga!r z mu* f ! expressions ( ,pohl1 :o has c>efully /udi$ ^! plants1 & :o 0 acqua9t$ ) ! collections ( ,m>tius1 & _h no d\bt ( _! ,am]ican orig94 ,if he _h obs]v$ a wild v>iety id5tical ) ^? :i* are cultivat$1 he w\ld n h sugge/$ ! hypo!sis t ! manioc is obta9$ f 8 ,manihot pusilla#aie ( ! prov9ce ( ,goyaz1 a plant ( small size1 & consid]$ z a true species or z a v>iety ( ,manihot palmata4#aif ,m>tius decl>$ 9 #ahfg1 t is aft] hav+ receiv$ a quantity ( in=mation ( a lat] date ?an 8 j\rney1 t ! plant 0 n kn[n 9 a wild /ate4#aig ,an e>ly travell]1 usually accurate1 ,piso1#aih speaks ( a wild m&ihoca1 ( :i* ! ,tapuy]is1 ! natives ( ! coa/ to ! nor? ( ,rio ,janeiro1 ate ! roots4 8,x is10 he says1 8v l ! cultivat$ plant20 b ! illu/ration he gives ( x appe>s unsatisfactory to au?ors :o h /udi$ ! maniocs4 ,pohl attributes x to 8 ,m4 aipi1 & ,dr4 ,mll] passes x ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,= my "p1 ,i am dispos$ to believe :at ,piso says1 & 8 figure does n seem to me entirely unsatisfactory4 ,x is bett] ?an t by ,vellozo1 ( a wild manioc :i* is d\btfully attribut$ to ,m4 aipi4#aii ,if we d n accept ! orig9 9 ea/]n tropical ,brazil1 we mu/ h rec\rse to two hypo!ses3 ei!r ! cultivat$ maniocs are obta9$ f "o ( ! wild species modifi$ by cultivation1 or !y are v>ieties :i* exi/ only by ! ag5cy ( man aft] ! disappe>ance ( _! fell[s f mod]n wild vegetation4 ,g>lic--,allium sativum1 ,l9nu4 ,l9nu1 9 8 ,species ,plant>um1 indicates ,sicily z ! home ( ! common g>lic2 b 9 8 ,hortus ,clif=tianus1 :]e he is usually m accurate1 he does n give its orig94 ,! fact is t1 accord+ to all ! mo/ rec5t & complete floras ( ,sicily1 ,italy1 ,greece1 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,alg]ia1 g>lic is n consid]$ to be indig5\s1 al?\gh specim5s h be5 ga!r$ "h & !re :i* _h m or less ! appe>ance ( be+ s4 ,a plant s con/antly cultivat$ & s easily propagat$ may spread f g>d5s & p]si/ = a consid]able "t )\t be+ wild by nature4 ,i d n "k on :at au?ority ,kun?#bjj m5tions t ! species is f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,accord+ to au?ors :o are m accurate#bja 9 _! acc\nts ( ! plants ( t c\ntry1 x is only f\nd !re "u cultivation4 ,boissi]1 ^: h]b>ium is s ri* 9 ,ea/]n plants1 possesses no wild specim5s ( x4 ,! only c\ntry :]e g>lic has be5 f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( its really be+ s1 is ! des]t ( ! ,kirghis ( ,sung>i2 bulbs 7 br\ght !nce & cultivat$ at ,dorpat1#bjb & specim5s 7 aft]w>ds se5 by ,regel4#bjc ,! latt] au?or also says t he saw a specim5 :i* ,walli* _h ga!r$ z wild 9 ,briti% ,india2 b ,bak]1#bjd :o _h access to ! ri* h]b>ium at ,kew1 does n speak ( x 9 8 review ( ! 8,alliums ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan40 ,let u see :e!r hi/orical & philological records confirm ! fact ( an orig9 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,sib]ia alone4 ,g>lic has be5 long cultivat$ 9 ,*9a "u ! "n ( suan4 ,x is writt5 9 ,*9ese by a s+le sign1 :i* usually indicates a long kn[n & ev5 a wild species4#bje ,! floras ( ,japan#bjf d n m5tion x1 :5ce ,i ga!r t ! species 0 n wild 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia & ,dahuria1 b t ! ,mongols br\ght x into ,*9a4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ! anci5t ,egyptians made great use ( x4 ,ar*ologi/s h n f\nd ! pro( ( ?is 9 ! monum5ts1 b ?is may be because ! plant 0 consid]$ unclean by ! prie/s4#bjg ,!re is a ,sanskrit "n1 mah\%\da1#bjh become lo%\n 9 ,b5gali1 & to :i* appe>s to be relat$ ! ,hebrew "n s*\m or s*um91#bji :i* has produc$ ! ,arab ?\m or t\m4 ,! ,basque "n b>at*\ria is ?\ght by de ,*>5cey#baj to be alli$ ) ,aryan names4 ,9 support ( 8 hypo!sis ,i may add t ! ,b]b] "n1 tisk]t1 is q diff]5t1 & t consequ5tly ! ,ib]ians seem to h receiv$ ! plant & its "n r f ! ,aryans ?an f _! probable ance/ors ( ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,! ,lettons call x kiplohks1 ! ,e/honians krunslauk1 :5ce probably ! ,g]man ,knoblau*4 ,! anci5t ,greek "n appe>s to h be5 scorodon1 9 mod]n ,greek scordon4 ,! names giv5 by ! ,slavs ( ,illyria are bili & cesan4 ,! ,bretons say qu951#baa ! ,wel% craf1 c5h9n51 or g>lleg1 :5ce ! ,engli% g>lic4 ,! ,lat9 allium has pass$ into ! languages ( ,lat9 orig94#bab ,?is great div]sity ( names intimates a long acqua9tance ) ! plant1 & ev5 an anci5t cultivation 9 ,we/]n ,asia & 9 ,europe4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! species has exi/$ only 9 ! l& ( ! ,kirghis1 :]e x is n[ f\nd1 ! ,aryans might h cultivat$ x & c>ri$ x into ,india & ,europe2 b ?is does n expla9 ! exi/5ce ( s _m ,keltic1 ,slav1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 names :i* diff] f ! ,sanskrit4 ,to expla9 ?is div]sity1 we mu/ suppose t its orig9al abode ext5d$ f>!r to ! we/ ?an t kn[n at ! pres5t day1 an ext5sion ant]ior to ! migrations ( ! ,aryans4 ,if ! g5us ,allium 7 once made1 z a :ole1 ! object ( su* a s]i\s /udy z t ( ,gay on "s ( its species1#bac p]haps x might be f\nd t c]ta9 wild ,european =ms1 includ$ by au?ors "u ,a4 ar5>ium1 ,l41 ,a4 ar5>ium1 ,sm41 or ,a4 scorodoprasum1 ,l41 are only v>ieties ( ,a4 sativum4 ,9 t case ev]y?+ w\ld agree to %[ t ! e>lie/ peoples ( ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia cultivat$ su* =m ( ! species j z !y f\nd x f ,t>t>y to ,spa91 giv+ x names m or less diff]5t4 ,,onion--,allium ,cepa1 ,l9nu4 ,i w /ate fir/ :at 0 kn[n 9 #ahee2bad ,i w !n add ! rec5t botanical obs]vations :i* confirm ! inf]5ces f philological data4 ,! onion is "o ( ! e>lie/ ( cultivat$ species4 ,its orig9al c\ntry is1 accord+ to ,kun?1 unkn[n4#bae ,let u see if x is possible to discov] x4 ,! mod]n ,greeks call ,allium ,cepa1 :i* !y cultivate 9 abundance1 krommunda4#baf ,?is is a good reason = believ+ t ! krommuon ( ,!ophra/us#bag is ! same species1 z sixte5?-c5tury writ]s already suppos$4#bah ,pl9y#bai translat$ ! ^w by cpa4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans knew sev]al v>ieties1 :i* !y di/+ui%$ by ! names ( c\ntries3 ,cyprium1 ,cret5se1 ,samo?raciae1 etc4 ,"o v>iety cultivat$ 9 ,egypt#bbj 0 held to be s excell5t t x receiv$ div9e hon\rs1 to ! great amusem5t ( ! ,romans4#bba ,mod]n ,egyptians designate ,a4 ,cepa by ! "n ( basal#bbb or bussul1#bbc :5ce x is probable t ! bezalim ( ! ,hebrews is ! same species1 z comm5tators h said4#bbd ,!re are sev]al di/9ct names--pal&u1 lat>ka1 sak&aka1#bbe & a numb] ( mod]n ,indian names4 ,! species is commonly cultivat$ 9 ,india1 ,co*9-,*9a1 ,*9a1#bbf & ev5 9 ,japan4#bbg ,x 0 l>gely consum$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! draw+s on _! monum5ts (t5 repres5t ?is species4#bbh ,?us its cultivation 9 ,s\!rn ,asia & ! ea/]n region ( ! ,m$it]ranean dates f a v e>ly epo*4 ,moreov]1 ! ,*9ese1 ,sanskrit1 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,lat9 names h no app>5t connection4 ,f ?is la/ fact we may d$uce ! hypo!sis t its cultivation 0 begun aft] ! sep>ation ( ! ,indo-,european nations1 ! species be+ f\nd ready to h& 9 diff]5t c\ntries at once4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s1 = we h>dly f9d ev5 vague indications ( ! wild /ate ( ,a4 ,cepa4 ,i h n discov]$ x 9 ,european or ,caucasian floras2 b ,hasselqui/#bbi says1 8,x gr[s 9 ! pla9s ne> ! sea 9 ! environs ( ,j]i*o40 ,dr4 ,walli* m5tion$ 9 8 li/ ( ,indian plants1 ,no4 #ejgb1 specim5s :i* he saw 9 di/ricts ( ,b5gal1 )\t m5tion+ :e!r !y 7 cultivat$4 ,?is indication1 h[ev] insuffici5t1 toge!r ) ! antiquity ( ! ,sanskrit & ,hebrew names1 & ! communication :i* is kn[n to h exi/$ betwe5 ! peoples ( ,india & ( ,egypt1 lead me to suppose t ?is plant occupi$ a va/ area 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 ext5d+ p]haps f ,pale/9e to ,india4 ,alli$ species1 sometimes mi/ak5 = ,a4 ,cepa1 exi/ 9 ,sib]ia4#bcj ,! specim5s collect$ by ,anglo-,indian botani/s1 ( :i* ,walli* gave ! fir/ idea1 are n[ bett] kn[n4 ,/okes discov]$ ,allium ,cepa wild 9 ,belu*i/an4 ,he says1 8wild on ! ,*ehil ,tun40 ,griffi? br\ght x f ,afghani/an & ,?omson f ,lahore1 to say no?+ ( o!r collectors1 :o are n explicit z to ! wild or cultivat$ nature ( _! specim5s4#bca ,boissi] possesses a wild specim5 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ( ! ,khorassan4 ,! umbels are small] ?an 9 ! cultivat$ plant1 b !re is no o!r diff]5ce4 ,dr4 ,regel1 jun41 f\nd x to ! s\? ( ,kulds*a1 9 ,we/]n ,sib]ia4#bcb ,?us my =m] conjectures are completely ju/ifi$2 & x is n unlikely t its habitation ext5ds ev5 z f> z ,pale/9e1 z ,hasselqui/ said4 ,! onion is designat$ 9 ,*9a by a s+le sign 7pron\nc$ tsung71 :i* may sugge/ a long exi/5ce !re z an indig5\s plant4#bcc ,i v mu* d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! area ext5ds s f> to ! ea/4 ,humboldt#bcd says t ! ,am]icans h always be5 acqua9t$ ) onions1 9 ,mexican xonacatl4 8,cortes10 he says1 8speak+ ( ! come/ibles sold at ! m>ket ( ! anci5t ,t5o*tillan1 m5tions onions1 leeks1 & g>lic40 ,i _c believe1 h[ev]1 t ^! names appli$ to ! species cultivat$ 9 ,europe4 ,sloane1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 _h only se5 "o ,allium cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica 7,a4 ,cepa71 & t 0 9 a g>d5 ) o!r ,european vegetables4#bce ,! ^w xonacatl is n 9 ,h]n&ez1 & ,aco/a#bcf says di/9ctly t ! onions & g>lics ( ,p]u are ( ,european orig94 ,! species ( ! g5us ,allium are r>e 9 ,am]ica4 ,spr+1 or ,wel% ,onion--,allium fi/ulosum1 ,l9nu4 ,?is species 0 = a long "t m5tion$ 9 floras & works on horticulture z ( unkn[n orig92 b ,russian botani/s h f\nd x wild 9 ,sib]ia t[>ds ! ,alta m\nta9s1 on ! ,lake ,baikal 9 ! l& ( ! ,kirghis4#bcg ,! anci5ts did n "k ! plant4#bch ,x mu/ h come into ,europe ?r\gh ,russia 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or a little lat]4 ,dodo5s1#bci an au?or ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 has giv5 a figure ( x1 h>dly recognizable1 "u ! "n ( ,cepa oblonga4 ,%allot--,allium ascalonicum1 ,l9nu4 ,x 0 believ$1 accord+ to ,pl9y1#bdj t ?is plant took its "n f ,ascalon1 9 ,juda2 b ,dr4 ,f\rni]#bda ?9ks t ! ,lat9 au?or mi/ook ! mean+ ( ! ^w ,askalnion ( ,!ophra/us4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ^w has be5 reta9$ 9 mod]n languages "u ! =m ( *alote 9 ,fr5*1 *alote 9 ,spani%1 scalogno 9 ,italian1 ,as*alu* or ,es*lau* 9 ,g]man4 ,9 #ahee ,i _h spok5 ( ! species z foll[s3#bdb-- 8,accord+ to ,roxburgh1#bdc ,allium ascalonicum is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,india4 ,! ,sanskrit "n pul&u is attribut$ to x1 a ^w ne>ly id5tical ) pal&u1 attribut$ to ,a4 ,cepa4#bdd ,evid5tly ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two species is n cle> 9 ,indian or ,anglo-,indian works4 8,l\reiro says he saw ,allium ascalonicum cultivat$ 9 ,co*9-,*9a1#bde b he does n m5tion ,*9a1 & ,?unb]g does n indicate ?is species 9 ,japan4 ,its cultivation1 !re=e1 is n univ]sal 9 ! ea/ ( ,asia4 ,?is fact1 & ! d\bt ab\t ! ,sanskrit "n1 lead me to ?9k t x is n anci5t 9 ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,nei!r1 9 spite ( ! "n ( ! species1 am ,i conv9c$ t x exi/$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,rauwolf1 ,=skal1 & ,delile d n m5tion x 9 ,sib]ia1 9 ,arabia1 or 9 ,egypt4 ,l9nu#bdf m5tions ,hasselqui/ z hav+ f\nd ! species 9 ,pale/9e4 ,un=tunately1 he gives no details ab\t ! locality1 nor ab\t its wild condition4 ,9 ! ,travels ( ,hasselqui/#bdg ,i f9d a ,cepa montana m5tion$ z gr[+ on ,m\nt ,tabor & on a neighb\r+ m\nta91 b !re is no?+ to prove t x 0 ?is species4 ,9 8 article on ! onions & g>lics ( ! ,hebrews he m5tions only ,allium ,cepa1 !n ,a4 porrum & ,a4 sativum4 ,sib?orp did n f9d x 9 ,greece1#bdh & ,fraas#bdi does n m5tion x z n[ cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ,ko*1#bej x is naturaliz$ among ! v9es ne> ,fiume4 ,h[ev]1 ,viviani#bea only speaks ( x z a cultivat$ plant 9 ,dalmatia4 8,f all ^! facts ,i am l$ to believe t ,allium ascalonicum is n a species4 ,x is en\gh to r5d] its primitive exi/5ce d\btful1 to rem>k3 7#a7 t ,!ophra/us & anci5t writ]s 9 g5]al h spok5 ( x z a =m ( ! ,allium ,cepa1 hav+ ! same importance z ! v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,greece1 ,?race1 & else:]e2 7#b7 t its exi/5ce 9 a wild /ate _c be prov$2 7#c7 t x is little cultivat$1 or n all1 9 ! c\ntries :]e x is suppos$ to h _h its orig91 z 9 ,syria1 ,egypt1 & ,greece2 7#d7 t x is commonly )\t fl[]s1 :5ce ! "n ( ,cepa /]ilis giv5 by ,bauh91 & ! numb] ( its bulbs is an alli$ fact2 7#e7 :5 x does fl[]1 ! organs ( ! fl[] are simil> to ^? ( ,a4 ,cepa1 or at lea/ no diff]5ce has be5 hi!rto discov]$1 & accord+ to ,ko*#beb ! only diff]5ce 9 ! :ole plant is t ! /alk & leaves are less swell$1 al?\gh fi/ul\s40 ,su* 0 =m]ly my op9ion4#bec ,! facts publi%$ s9ce #ahee d n de/roy my d\bts1 b1 on ! contr>y1 ju/ify !m4 ,regel1 9 #ahge1 9 8 monograph ( ! g5us ,allium1 decl>es he has only se5 ! %allot z a cultivat$ species4 ,au*] ,eloy has di/ribut$ a plant f ,asia ,m9or "u ! "n ( ,a4 ascalonicum1 b judg+ f my specim5 ?is is c]ta9ly n ! species4 ,boissi] tells me t he has nev] se5 ,a4 ascalonicum 9 ! ,ea/1 & x is n 9 8 h]b>ium4 ,! plant f ! ,morea :i* be>s ?is "n 9 ! flora ( ,bory & ,*aub>d is q a diff]5t species1 :i* he has nam$ ,a4 gomphr5oides4 ,bak]1#bed 9 8 review ( ! ,alliums ( ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 m5tions ,a4 ascalonicum 9 di/ricts ( ,b5gal & ( ! ,punjab1 f specim5s ( ,griffi? & ,ait*ison2 b he adds1 8,!y are probably cultivat$ plants40 ,he attributes to ,a4 ascalonicum ,allium sulvia1 ,ham41 ( ,nepal1 a plant little kn[n1 & ^: wild "* is unc]ta94 ,! %allot produces _m bulbs1 :i* may be propagat$ or pres]v$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( cultivation1 & ?us cause mi/akes z to its orig94 ,f9ally1 9 spite ( ! progress ( botanical inve/igations 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ,india1 ?is =m ( ,allium has n be5 f\nd wild ) c]ta9ty4 ,x appe>s to me1 !re=e1 m probable ?an ev] t x is a modification ( ,a4 ,cepa1 dat+ f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era--a modification less consid]able ?an _m ( ^? obs]v$ 9 o!r cultivat$ plants1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! cabbage4 ,rocambole--,allium scorodoprasum1 ,l9nu4 ,if we ca/ a glance at ! descriptions & names ( ,a4 scorodoprasum 9 works on botany s9ce ! "t ( ,l9nu1 we %all see t ! only po9t on :i* au?ors are agre$ is ! common "n ( rocambole4 ,z to ! di/9ctive *>act]s1 !y sometimes approximate ! plant to ,allium sativum1 sometimes reg>d x z altoge!r di/9ct4 ,) su* diff]5t def9itions1 x is difficult to "k 9 :at c\ntry ! plant1 well kn[n 9 its cultivat$ /ate z ! rocambole1 is f\nd wild4 ,accord+ to ,cosson & ,g]ma91#bee x gr[s 9 ! environs ( ,p>is4 ,accord+ to ,gr5i] & ,godron1#bef ! same =m gr[s 9 ! ea/ ( ,france4 ,burnat says he f\nd ! species und\bt$ly wild 9 ! ,alpes-,m>itimes1 & he gave specim5s ( x to ,boissi]4 ,willkomm & ,lange d n consid] x to be wild 9 ,spa91#beg ?\gh "o ( ! ,fr5* names ( ! cultivat$ plant is ail or es*alote d',espagne4 ,_m o!r ,european localities seem to me d\btful1 s9ce ! specific *>act]s are s unc]ta94 ,i m5tion1 h[ev]1 t1 accord+ to ,l$eb\r1#beh ! plant :i* he calls ,a4 scorodoprasum is v common 9 ,russia f ,f9l& to ! ,crimea4 ,boissi] receiv$ a specim5 ( x f ,dobruts*a1 s5t by ! botani/ ,s9t5is4 ,! natural habitat ( ! species bord]s1 !re=e1 on t ( ,allium sativum1 or else an att5tive /udy ( all ^! =ms w %[ t a s+le species1 compris+ sev]al v>ieties1 ext5ds ov] a great "p ( ,europe & ! bord]+ c\ntries ( ,asia4 ,! cultivation ( ?is species ( onion does n appe> to be ( anci5t date4 ,x is n m5tion$ by ,greek & ,roman au?ors1 nor 9 ! li/ ( plants recomm5d$ by ,*>lemagne to ! int5dants ( 8 g>d5s4#bei ,nei!r does ,olivi] de ,s]res speak ( x4 ,we c only give a small numb] ( orig9al common names among anci5t peoples4 ,! mo/ di/9ctive are 9 ! ,nor?4 ,skovlg 9 ,d5m>k1 keipe & rack5boll 9 ,sw$54#bfj ,rock5bolle1 :5ce comes ! ,fr5* "n1 is ,g]man4 ,x has n ! mean+ giv5 by ,littr4 ,its etymology is ,bolle1 onion1 gr[+ among ! rocks1 ,rock54#bfa ,*ives--,allium s*noprasum1 ,l9nu4 ,?is species occupies an ext5sive area 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,x is f\nd all ov] ,europe1 f ,corsica & ,greece to ! s\? ( ,sw$51 9 ,sib]ia z f> z ,kamts*atka1 & also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b only ne> ! ,lakes ,huron & ,sup]ior & fur!r nor?#bfb--;a rem>kable circum/ance1 consid]+ its ,european habitat4 ,! v>iety f\nd 9 ! ,alps is ! ne>e/ to ! cultivat$ =m4#bfc ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans mu/ c]ta9ly h kn[n ! species1 s9ce x is wild 9 ,italy & ,greece4 ,t>gioni believes x to be ! ,scorodon s*i/on ( ,!ophra/us2 b we are deal+ ) words )\t descriptions1 & au?ors ^: specialty is ! int]pretation ( ,greek text l ,fraas & ,l5z1 are prud5t en\gh to affirm no?+4 ,if ! anci5t names are d\btful1 ! fact ( ! cultivation ( ! plant at ?is epo* is yet m s4 ,x is possible t ! cu/om ( ga!r+ x 9 ! fields exi/$4 ,colocasia--,arum escul5tum1 ,l9nu2 ,colocasia antiquorum1 ,s*ott4#bfd ,?is species is cultivat$ 9 ! damp di/ricts ( ! tropics1 = ! swell$ l[] portion ( ! /em1 :i* =ms an edible rhizome simil> to ! subt]rane\s "p ( ! iris4 ,! petioles & ! "y leaves are also utiliz$ z a vegetable4 ,s9ce ! diff]5t =ms ( ! species h be5 prop]ly class$1 & s9ce we h possess$ m c]ta9 in=mation ab\t ! floras ( ! s\? ( ,asia1 we _c d\bt t ?is plant is wild 9 ,india1 z ,roxburgh#bfe =m]ly1 & ,wight#bff & o!rs h m rec5tly ass]t$2 likewise 9 ,ceylon1#bfg ,sumatra1#bfh & sev]al isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4#bfi ,*9ese books make no m5tion ( x be=e a "w ( ! ye> #ajj ,b4,c4#bgj ,! fir/ ,european navigators saw x cultivat$ 9 ,japan & z f> z ! nor? ( ,new ,zeal&1#bga 9 consequ5ce probably ( an e>ly introduction1 & )\t ! c]ta9 co-exi/5ce ( wild /ocks4 ,:5 portions ( ! /em or ( ! tub] are ?r[n away by ! side ( /reams1 !y naturalize !mselves easily4 ,?is 0 p]haps ! case 9 ,japan & ! ,fiji ,isl&s1#bgb judg+ f ! localities indicat$4 ,! colocasia is cultivat$ "h & !re 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & else:]e 9 tropical ,am]ica1 b mu* less ?an 9 ,asia or ,africa1 & )\t ! lea/ indication ( an ,am]ican orig94 ,9 ! c\ntries :]e ! species is wild !re are common names1 sometimes v anci5t1 totally diff]5t f ea* o!r1 :i* confirms _! local orig94 ,?us ! ,sanskrit "n is ku*oo1 :i* p]si/s 9 mod]n ,h9du languages--9 ,b5gali1 = in/ance4#bgc ,9 ,ceylon ! wild plant is /yl$ gahala1 ! cultivat$ plant k&alla4#bgd ,! ,malay names are kelady1#bge tallus1 tallas1 tales1 or taloes1#bgf f :i* p]haps comes ! well-kn[n "n ( ! ,otahitans & ,new ,zeal&]s--tallo or t>ro1#bgg dalo#bgh 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s4 ,! ,japanese h a totally di/9ct "n1 imo1#bgi :i* %[s an exi/5ce ( long duration ei!r indig5\s or cultivat$4 ,european botani/s fir/ knew ! colocasia 9 ,egypt1 :]e x has p]haps n be5 v long cultivat$4 ,! monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt furni% no indication ( x1 b ,pl9y#bhj spoke ( x z ! ,arum gyptium4 ,prosp] ,alp9 saw x 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & speaks ( x at l5g?4#bha ,he says t its "n 9 its c\ntry is culcas1 :i* ,delile#bhb writes qolkas1 & k\lkas4 ,x is cle> t ?is ,arab "n ( ! ,egyptian arum has "s analogy ) ! ,sanskrit ku*oo1 :i* is a confirmation ( ! hypo!sis1 suffici5tly probable1 ( an introduction f ,india or ,ceylon4 ,de l',ecluse#bhc _h se5 ! plant cultivat$ 9 ,portugal1 z introduc$ f ,africa1 "u ! "n alcoleaz1 evid5tly ( ,arab orig94 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! s\? ( ,italy1 :]e ! plant has become naturaliz$1 x is1 accord+ to ,p>latore1 call$ aro di ,egitto4#bhd ,! "n colocasia1 giv5 by ! ,greeks to a plant ( :i* ! root 0 us$ by ! ,egyptians1 may evid5tly come f colcas1 b x has be5 transf]r$ to a plant diff]+ f ! true colcas4 ,inde$1 ,dioscorides applies x to ! ,egyptian bean1 or nelumbo1#bhe :i* has a l>ge root1 or r rhizome1 r /r+y & n good to eat4 ,! two plants are v diff]5t1 especially 9 ! fl[]4 ,! "o belongs to ! ,arace1 ! o!r to ! ,nymphace2 ! "o belongs to ! class ( ,monocotyl$ons1 ! o!r to t ( ! ,dicotyl$ons4 ,! nelumbo ( ,indian orig9 has ceas$ to gr[ 9 ,egypt1 :ile ! colocasia ( mod]n botani/s has p]si/$ !re4 ,if !re is any confusion1 z seems probable 9 ! ,greek au?ors1 x mu/ be expla9$ by ! fact t ! colcas r>ely fl[]s1 at lea/ 9 ,egypt4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( botanical nom5clature1 x matt]s little t mi/akes 7 =m]ly made ab\t ! plants to :i* ! "n colocasia %\ld be appli$4 ,=tunately1 mod]n sci5tific names are n bas$ ^u ! d\btful def9itions ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & x is suffici5t to say n[1 if ! etymology is insi/$ ^u1 t colocasia comes f colcas 9 consequ5ce ( an error4 ,ap1 or ,l>ge-root$ ,alocasia--,alocasia macrorrhiza1 ,s*ott2 ,arum macrorrhizum1 ,l9nu4 ,?is arace\s plant1 :i* ,s*ott places n[ 9 ! g5us ,colocasia1 n[ 9 ! ,alocasia1 & ^: names are f> m complicat$ ?an might be suppos$ f ^? indicat$ above1#bhf is less frequ5tly cultivat$ ?an ! common colocasia1 b 9 ! same mann] & ne>ly 9 ! same c\ntries4 ,its rhizomes atta9 ! l5g? ( a man's arm4 ,!y h a di/9ctly bitt] ta/e1 :i* x is indisp5sable to remove by cook+4 ,! aborig9es ( ,otahiti call x ap1 & ^? ( ! ,fri5dly ,isles kappe4#bhg ,9 ,ceylon1 ! common "n is hab>a1 accord+ to ,?waites4#bhh ,x has o!r names 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 :i* argues an exi/5ce prior to t ( ! m rec5t peoples ( ^! regions4 ,! plant appe>s to be wild1 especially 9 ,otahiti4#bhi ,x is also wild 9 ,ceylon1 accord+ to ,?waites1 :o has /udi$ botany = a long "t 9 t isl&4 ,x is m5tion$ also 9 ,india#bij & 9 ,au/ralia1#bia b its wild condition is n affirm$--a fact always difficult to e/abli% 9 ! case ( a species cultivat$ on ! banks ( /reams1 & :i* is propagat$ by bulbs4 ,moreov]1 x is sometimes conf\nd$ ) ! ,colocasia indica ( ,kun?1 :i* gr[s 9 ! same mann]1 & is f\nd "h & !re 9 cultivat$ gr\nd2 & ?is species gr[s wild1 or is naturaliz$ 9 ! dit*es & /reams ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 al?\gh its hi/ory is n yet well kn[n4 ,konjak--,amorphophallus ,konjak1 ,ko*2 ,amorphophallus ,rivi]i1 du ,rieu1 v>4 ,konjak1 ,engl]4#bib ,! konjak is a tub]\s plant ( ! family ,arace1 ext5sively cultivat$ by ! ,japanese1 a culture ( :i* ,vidal has giv5 full details 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',acclimatation ( ,july1 #ahgg4 ,x is consid]$ by ,engl] z a v>iety ( ,amorphophallus ,rivi]i1 ( ,co*9-,*9a1 ( :i* horticultural p]iodicals h giv5 sev]al illu/rations 9 ! la/ few ye>s4#bic ,x c be cultivat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 l ! dahlia1 z a curiosity2 b to e/imate ! value ( ! bulbs z food1 !y %\ld be prep>$ ) lime-wat]1 9 ,japanese fa%ion1 s z to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( fecula :i* a giv5 area w produce4 ,dr4 ,vidal gives no pro( t ! ,japanese plant is wild 9 t c\ntry4 ,he supposes x to be s f ! mean+ ( ! common "n1 :i* is1 he says1 konniyak\ or yamagonniyak\1 yama mean+ 8m\nta940 ,fran*et & ,savati]#bid h only se5 ! plant 9 g>d5s4 ,! ,co*9-,*9a v>iety1 believ$ to belong to ! same species1 gr[s 9 g>d5s1 & !re is no pro( ( its be+ wild 9 ! c\ntry4 ,yams--,dioscorea sativa1 ,d4 batatas1 ,d4 japonica & ,d4 alata4 ,! yams1 monocotyl$on\s plants1 belong+ to ! family ,dioscoride1 con/itute ! g5us ,dioscorea1 ( :i* botani/s h describ$ ab\t two hundr$ species1 scatt]$ ov] all tropical & sub-tropical c\ntries4 ,!y usually h rhizomes1 t is1 und]gr\nd /ems or bran*es ( /ems1 m or less fle%y1 :i* become l>g] :5 ! annual1 expos$ "p ( ! plant is ne> its decay4#bie ,sev]al species are cultivat$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries = ^! f>9ace\s rhizomes1 :i* are cook$ & eat5 l potatoes4 ,! botanical di/9ction ( ! species has always pres5t$ difficulties1 because ! male & female fl[]s are on diff]5t individuals1 & because ! *>act]s ( ! rhizomes & ! l[] "p ( ! expos$ /ems _c be /udi$ 9 ! h]b>ium4 ,! la/ complete "w is t ( ,kun?1#bif publi%$ 9 #ahej4 ,x requires revision on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( specim5s br\ght home by travell]s 9 ^! la/ few ye>s4 ,=tunately1 ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( cultivat$ species1 c]ta9 hi/orical & philological consid]ations w s]ve z a guide1 )\t ! absolute necessity ( kn[+ & e/imat+ ! botanical *>act]s ( ea*4 ,roxburgh enum]ates sev]al ,dioscore#big cultivat$ 9 ,india1 b he f\nd none ( !m wild1 & nei!r he nor ,pidd+ton#bih m5tions ,sanskrit names4 ,?is la/ po9t argues a rec5t cultivation1 or "o ( orig9ally small ext5t1 9 ,india1 aris+ ei!r f indig5\s species z yet undef9$1 or f =eign species cultivat$ else:]e4 ,! ,b5gali & ,h9du g5]ic "n is alu1 prec$$ by a special "n = ea* species or v>iety2 kam alu1 = in/ance1 is ,dioscorea alata4 ,! abs5ce ( di/9ct names 9 ea* prov9ce also argues a rec5t cultivation4 ,9 ,ceylon1 ,?waites#bii indicates six wild species1 & he adds t ,d4 sativa1 ,l41 ,d4 alata1 ,l41 & ,d4 purpurea1 ,roxb41 are cultivat$ 9 g>d5s1 b are n f\nd wild4 ,! ,*9ese yam1 ,dioscorea batatas ( ,decaisne1#cjj ext5sively cultivat$ by ! ,*9ese "u ! "n ( ,sa9-91 & introduc$ by ,m4 de ,montigny into ,european g>d5s1 :]e x rema9s z a luxury1 has n hi!rto be5 f\nd wild 9 ,*9a4 ,o!r less-kn[n species are also cultivat$ by ! ,*9ese1 especially ! *\-yu1 t\-t*\1 *an-yu1 m5tion$ 9 _! anci5t works on agriculture1 & :i* has sph]ical rhizomes 7in/ead ( ! pyri=m sp9dles ( ! ,d4 batatas74 ,! names mean1 accord+ to ,/anislas ,juli51 m\nta9 arum1 :5ce we may conclude ! plant is really a native ( ! c\ntry4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]#cja gives ?ree ,dioscore z cultivat$ 9 ,*9a 7,d4 batatas1 alata1 sativa71 add+1 8,! ,dioscorea is indig5\s 9 ,*9a1 = x is m5tion$ 9 ! olde/ "w on m$ic9e1 t ( ! ,emp]or ,s*5-nung40 ,dioscorea japonica1 ,?unb]g1 cultivat$ 9 ,japan1 has also be5 f\nd 9 cle>+s 9 v>i\s localities1 b ,fran*et & ,savati]#cjb say t x is n positively kn[n to :at degree x is wild or has /ray$ f cultivation4 ,ano!r species1 m (t5 cultivat$ 9 ,japan1 gr[s "h & !re 9 ! c\ntry accord+ to ! same au?ors4 ,!y assign x to ,dioscorea sativa ( ,l9nu2 b x is kn[n t ! fam\s ,sw$e _h conf\nd$ sev]al ,asiatic & ,am]ican species "u t "n1 :i* mu/ ei!r be ab&on$ or re/rict$ to "o ( ! species ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,if we *oose ! latt] c\rse1 ! true ,d4 sativa w\ld be ! plant cultivat$ 9 ,ceylon ) :i* ,l9nu 0 acqua9t$1 & :i* ,?waites calls ! ,d4 sativa ( ,l9nu4 ,v>i\s au?ors admitt$ ! id5tity ( ! ,ceylon plant ) o!rs cultivat$ on ! ,malab> coa/1 9 ,sumatra1 ,java1 ! ,philipp9e ,isles1 etc4 ,blume#cjc ass]ts t ,d4 sativa1 ,l41 to :i* he attributes pl4 #ea 9 ,rhe$e's ,hortus ,malab>icus1 vol4 viii41 gr[s 9 damp places 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,java & ( ,malab>4 ,9 ord] to put fai? 9 ^! ass]tions1 x w\ld be necess>y to h c>efully /udi$ ! "q ( species f au!ntic specim5s4 ,! yam1 :i* is mo/ commonly cultivat$ 9 ! ,pacific ,isles "u ! "n ubi1 is ! ,dioscorea alata ( ,l9nu4 ,! au?ors ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies speak ( x z widely spread 9 ,tahiti1 9 ,new ,gu9ea1 9 ! ,moluccas1 etc4#cjd ,x is divid$ into sev]al v>ieties1 accord+ to ! %ape ( ! rhizome4 ,no "o pret5ds to h f\nd ?is species 9 a wild /ate1 b ! flora ( ! isl&s :5ce x probably came1 9 p>ticul> t ( ,celebes & ( ,new ,gu9ea1 is z yet little kn[n4 ,pass+ to ,am]ica1 we f9d !re also sev]al species ( ?is g5us gr[+ wild1 9 ,brazil & ,guiana1 = in/ance1 b x seems m probable t ! cultivat$ v>ieties 7 introduc$4 ,au?ors indicate b few cultivat$ species or v>ieties 7,plumi] "o1 ,sloane two7 & few common names4 ,! mo/ widely spread is yam1 igname1 or inhame1 :i* is ( ,african orig91 accord+ to ,hughes1 & s also is ! plant cultivat$ 9 8 "t 9 ,b>bados4#cje ,he says t ! ^w yam means 8to eat10 9 sev]al negro dialects on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,x is true t two travell]s ne>] to ! date ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 :om ,humboldt quotes1#cjf he>d ! ^w igname pron\nc$ on ! ,am]ican cont95t3 ,vespucci 9 #adig1 on ! coa/ ( ,p>ia2 ,cabral 9 #aejj1 9 ,brazil4 ,accord+ to ! latt]1 ! "n 0 giv5 to a root ( :i* bread 0 made1 :i* w\ld bett] apply to ! manioc1 & leads me to ?9k !re mu/ be "s mi/ake1 m especially s9ce a passage f ,vespucci1 quot$ else:]e by ,humboldt1#cjg %[s ! confusion he made betwe5 ! manioc & ! yam4 ,d4 ,clif=tiana1 ,lam41 gr[s wild 9 ,p]u#cjh & 9 ,brazil1#cji b x is n prov$ to be cultivat$4 ,presl says v]osimilit] colitur1 & ! ,flora ,brasili5sis does n m5tion cultivation4 ,! species *iefly cultivat$ 9 ,fr5* ,guiana1 accord+ to ,sagot1#caj is ,dioscore triloba1 ,lam41 call$ ,indian yam1 :i* is also common 9 ,brazil & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,! common "n argues a native orig91 :]eas ano!r species1 ,d4 cay5n5sis1 ,kun?1 also cultivat$ 9 ,guiana1 b "u ! "n ( negro-c\ntry yam1 0 mo/ likely br\ght f ,africa1 an op9ion ! m probable t ,sir ,w4 ,hook] lik5s a yam cultivat$ 9 ,africa on ! banks ( ! ,nun & ! ,quorra1#caa to ,d4 cay5n5sis4 ,la/ly1 ! free yam ( ,guiana is1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,sagot1 ,d4 alata introduc$ f ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ,polynesia4 ,9 ,africa !re are few] indig5\s ,dioscore ?an 9 ,asia & ,am]ica1 & ! culture ( yams is less widely spread4 ,on ! we/ coa/1 accord+ to ,?onn+1#cab only "o or two species are cultivat$2 ,lockh>dt#cac only saw "o 9 ,congo1 & t only 9 "o locality4 ,boj]#cad m5tions f\r cultivat$ species 9 ,mauritius1 :i* are1 he says1 ( ,asiatic orig91 & "o1 ,d4 bulbif]a1 ,lam41 f ,india1 if ! "n be correct4 ,he ass]ts t x came f ,madagasc>1 & has spread into ! woods beyond ! plantations4 ,9 ,mauritius x be>s ! "n ,camb>e m>ron4 ,n[1 camb>e is some?+ l ! ,h9du "n kam1 & m>ron 7m>roon7 indicates a plant escap$ f cultivation4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians cultivat$ no yams1 :i* argues a cultivation less anci5t 9 ,india ?an t ( ! colocasia4 ,=skal & ,delile m5tion no yams cultivat$ 9 ,egypt at ! pres5t day4 ,to sum up3 sev]al ,dioscore wild 9 ,asia 7especially 9 ! ,asiatic ,ar*ipelago71 & o!rs less num]\s gr[+ 9 ,am]ica & 9 ,africa1 h be5 introduc$ into cultivation z alim5t>y plants1 probably m rec5tly ?an _m o!r species4 ,?is la/ conjecture is bas$ on ! abs5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n1 on ! limit$ geographical range ( cultivation1 & on ! date1 :i* appe>s to be n v anci5t1 ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,pacific ,isles4 ,arr[root--,m>anta arund9acea1 ,l9nu4 ,a plant ( ! family ( ! ,scitam9e1 alli$ to ! g5us ,canna1 ( :i* ! und]gr\nd suck]s#cae produce ! excell5t fecula call$ arr[root4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & 9 sev]al tropical c\ntries ( cont95tal ,am]ica4 ,x has also be5 introduc$ into ! old _w--on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 = in/ance4#caf ,m>anta arund9acea is c]ta9ly ,am]ican4 ,accord+ to ,sloane1#cag x 0 br\ght f ,dom9ica to ,b>bados1 & !nce to ,jamaica1 :i* leads u to suppose t x 0 n indig5\s 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,krnicke1 ! la/ au?or :o /udi$ ! g5us ,m>anta1#cah saw sev]al specim5s :i* 7 ga!r$ 9 ,guadal\pe1 9 ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ,mexico1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 9 ,guiana1 & 9 ,brazil2 b he did n conc]n himself to discov] :e!r !y 7 tak5 f wild1 cultivat$1 or naturaliz$ plants4 ,collectors h>dly ev] indicate ?is2 & = ! /udy ( ! ,am]ican cont95t 7except+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates7 we are unprovid$ ) local floras1 & especially ) floras made by botani/s resid+ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 publi%$ works ,i f9d ! species m5tion$ z cultivat$#cai or gr[+ 9 plantations1#cbj or )\t any explanation4 ,a locality 9 ,brazil1 9 ! ?9ly peopl$ prov9ce ( ,matto ,grosso1 m5tion$ by ,krnicke1 supposes an abs5ce ( cultivation4 ,seemann#cba m5tions t ! species is f\nd 9 sunny spots ne> ,panama4 ,a species is also cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,m>anta indica1 :i*1 ,tussac says1 0 br\ght f ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,krnicke believes t ,m4 ramosissima ( ,walli* f\nd at ,sillet1 9 ,india1 is ! same species1 & ?9ks x is a v>iety ( ,m4 arund9acea4 ,out ( ?irty-six m or less kn[n species ( ! g5us ,m>anta1 ?irty at lea/ are ( ,am]ican orig94 ,x is !re=e unlikely t two or ?ree o!rs %\ld be ,asiatic4 ,until ,sir ,joseph ,hook]'s ,flora ( ,briti% ,india is complet$1 ^! que/ions on ! species ( ! ,scitam9e & _! orig9 w be v obscure4 ,anglo-,indians obta9 arr[root f ano!r plant ( ! same family1 ,curcuma angu/ifolia1 ,roxburgh1 :i* gr[s 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,deccan & 9 ,malab>4#cbb ,i d n "k :e!r x is cultivat$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,/ems ,,or ,,leaves4 ,article ,i4--,vegetables4 ,common ,cabbage--,brassica ol]acea1 ,l9nu4 ,! cabbage 9 its wild /ate1 z x is repres5t$ 9 ,eng4 ,bot41 t4 #fcg1 ! ,flora ,danica1 t4 #bjef1 & else:]e1 is f\nd on ! rocks by ! sea-%ore3 7#a7 9 ! ,isle ( ,lal&1 9 ,d5m>k1 ! isl& ( ,heligol&1 ! s\? ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 ! ,*annel ,isles1 & ! isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,*>5te ,infrieure2#cbc 7#b7 on ! nor? coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ne> ,nice1 ,g5oa1 & ,lucca4#cbd ,a travell] ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,sib?orp1 said t he f\nd x at ,m\nt ,a?os1 b ?is has n be5 confirm$ by any mod]n botani/1 & ! species appe>s to be =eign 9 ,greece1 on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian1 z also 9 ,sib]ia1 :]e ,pallas =m]ly said he _h se5 x1 & 9 ,p]sia4#cbe ,n only ! num]\s travell]s :o h explor$ ^! c\ntries h n f\nd ! cabbage1 b ! w9t]s ( ! ea/ ( ,europe & ( ,sib]ia appe> to be too sev]e = x4 ,its di/ribution into some:at isolat$ places1 & 9 two diff]5t regions ( ,europe1 sugge/s ! suspicion ei!r t plants app>5tly indig5\s may 9 sev]al cases be ! result ( self-s[+ f cultivation1#cbf or t ! species 0 =m]ly common1 & is t5d+ to disappe>4 ,its pres5ce 9 ! we/]n isl&s ( ,europe fav\rs ! latt] hypo!sis1 b its abs5ce 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean is oppos$ to x4#cbg ,let u see :e!r hi/orical & philological data add any?+ to ! facts ( geographical botany4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is 9 ,europe t ! c\ntless v>ieties ( cabbage h be5 =m$1#cbh pr9cipally s9ce ! days ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,!ophra/us di/+ui%$ ?ree1 ,pl9y d\ble t numb]1 ,t\rne=t tw5ty1 ,de ,c&olle m ?an ?irty4 ,^! modifications did n come f ! ,ea/--ano!r sign ( an anci5t cultivation 9 ,europe & ( a ,european orig94 ,! common names are also num]\s 9 ,european languages1 & r>e or mod]n 9 ^? ( ,asia4 ,)\t repeat+ a numb] ( names ,i h giv5 else:]e1#cbi ,i %all m5tion ! five or six di/9ct & anci5t roots f :i* ! ,european names are d]iv$4 ,kap or kab 9 sev]al ,keltic & ,slav names4 ,! ,fr5* "n cabus comes f x4 ,its orig9 is cle>ly ! same z t ( caput1 because ( ! head-%ap$ =m ( ! cabbage4 ,caul1 kohl1 9 sev]al ,lat9 7caulis1 /em or cabbage71 ,g]man 7,*li 9 ,old ,g]man1 ,kohl 9 mod]n ,g]man1 kaal 9 ,dani%71 & ,keltic languages 7kaol & kol 9 ,breton1 cal 9 ,iri%74#ccj ,bresic1 bresy*1 brassic1 ( ! ,keltic & ,lat9 7brassica7 languages1 :5ce1 probably1 b]za & v]za ( ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese1 v>za ( ! ,r\manians4#cca ,aza ( ! ,basques 7,ib]ians71 consid]$ by de ,*>5cey#ccb z prop] to ! ,eusk>ian tongue1 b :i* diff]s little f ! prec$+4 ,krambai1 crambe1 ( ! ,greeks & ,lat9s4 ,! v>iety ( names 9 ,keltic languages t5ds to %[ ! exi/5ce ( ! species on ! we/ coa/ ( ,europe4 ,if ! ,aryan ,kelts _h br\ght ! plant f ,asia1 !y w\ld probably n h inv5t$ names tak5 f ?ree diff]5t s\rces4 ,x is easy to admit1 on ! contr>y1 t ! ,aryan nations1 see+ ! cabbage wild1 & p]haps already us$ 9 ,europe by ! ,ib]ians or ! ,ligurians1 ei!r inv5t$ names or adopt$ ^? ( ! e>li] inhabitants4 ,philologi/s h connect$ ! krambai ( ! ,greeks ) ! ,p]sian "n k>amb1 k>am1 kalam1 ! ,kurdi% kalam1 ! ,arm5ian gaghamb2#ccc o!rs ) a root ( ! suppos$ "m-tongue ( ! ,aryans2 b !y d n agree 9 matt]s ( detail4 ,accord+ to ,fick1#ccd k>ambha1 9 ! primitive ,indo-,g]manic tongue1 signifies 8,gemsepflanze 7vegetable71 ,kohl 7cabbage71 k>ambha mean+ /alk1 l caulis40 ,he adds t k>ambha1 9 ,sanskrit1 is ! "n ( two vegetables4 ,anglo-,indian writ]s d n m5tion ?is suppos$ ,sanskrit "n1 b only a "n f a mod]n ,h9du dialect1 kopee4#cce ,pictet1 on 8 side1 speaks ( ! ,sanskrit ^w kalamba1 8vegetable /alk1 appli$ to ! cabbage40 ,i h consid]able difficulty1 ,i mu/ own1 9 admitt+ ^! ,ea/]n etymologies = ! ,greco-,lat9 ^w crambe4 ,! mean+ ( ! ,sanskrit ^w 7if x exi/s7 is v d\btful1 & z to ! ,p]sian ^w1 we ought to "k if x is anci5t4 ,i d\bt x1 = if ! cabbage _h exi/$ 9 anci5t ,p]sia1 ! ,hebrews w\ld h kn[n x4#ccf ,= all ^! reasons1 ! species appe>s to me ( ,european orig94 ,! date ( its cultivation is probably v anci5t1 e>li] ?an ! ,aryan invasions1 b no d\bt ! wild plant 0 ga!r$ be=e x 0 cultivat$4 ,g>d5-,cress--,lepidium sativum1 ,l9nu4 ,?is little ,crucif]1 n[ us$ z a salad1 0 valu$ 9 anci5t times = c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! se$s4 ,"s au?ors believe t x answ]s to a c]ta9 c>damon ( ,dioscorides2 :ile o!rs apply t "n to ,eruc>ia aleppica4#ccg ,9 ! abs5ce ( suffici5t description1 z ! mod]n common "n is c>damon1#cch ! fir/ ( ^! two suppositions is probably correct4 ,! cultivation ( ! species mu/ date f anci5t times & be widely diffus$1 = v diff]5t names exi/3 res*ad 9 ,arab1 turehtezuk#cci 9 ,p]sian1 diges#cdj 9 ,albanian1 a language d]iv$ f ! ,pelasgic2 )\t m5tion+ names drawn f ! simil>ity ( ta/e ) t ( ! wat]-cress 7,na/urtium (fic9ale74 ,!re are v di/9ct names 9 ,h9du/ani & ,b5gali1 b none are kn[n 9 ,sanskrit4#cda ,at ! pres5t day ! plant is cultivat$ 9 ,europe1 9 ! nor? ( ,africa1 9 ,ea/]n ,asia1 ,india1 & else:]e1 b its orig9 is some:at obscure4 ,i possess sev]al specim5s ga!r$ 9 ,india1 :]e ,sir ,joseph ,hook]#cdb does n consid] ! species indig5\s4 ,kots*y br\ght x back f ,k>rak1 or ,k>ek ,isl&1 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! label does n say t x 0 a cultivat$ plant4 ,boissi]#cdc m5tions x )\t comm5t1 & he aft]w>ds speaks ( specim5s f ,ispahan & ,egypt ga!r$ 9 cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,olivi] is quot$ z hav+ f\nd ! cress 9 ,p]sia1 b x is n said :e!r x 0 gr[+ wild4#cdd ,x has be5 ass]t$ t ,sib?orp f\nd x 9 ,cyprus1 b ref]5ce to 8 "w %[s x 0 9 ! fields4#cde ,poe* does n m5tion x 9 ,cyprus4#cdf ,ung] & ,kots*y#cdg d n consid] x to be wild 9 t isl&4 ,accord+ to ,l$eb\r1#cdh ,ko* f\nd x r\nd ! conv5t on ,m\nt ,ar>at2 ,pallas ne> ,s>epta2 ,falk on ! banks ( ! ,oka1 a tribut>y ( ! ,volga2 la/ly1 ,h4 ,m>tius m5tions x 9 8 flora ( ,mosc[2 b !re is no pro( t x 0 wild 9 ^! v>i\s localities4 ,l9demann1#cdi 9 #ahfj1 did n reckon ! species among ^? ( ,russia1 & he only indicates x z cultivat$ 9 ! ,crimea4#cej ,accord+ to ,nyman1#cea ! botani/ ,s*ur f\nd x wild 9 ,transylvania1 :ile ! ,au/ro-,hung>ian floras ei!r d n m5tion ! species1 or give x z cultivat$1 or gr[+ 9 cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,i am l$ to believe1 by ?is assemblage ( m or less d\btful facts1 t ! plant is ( ,p]sian orig91 :5ce x may h spread1 aft] ! ,sanskrit epo*1 into ! g>d5s ( ,india1 ,syria1 ,greece1 & ,egypt1 & ev5 z f> z ,abyss9ia4#ceb ,purslane--,portulaca ol]acea1 ,l9nu4 ,purslane is "o ( ! kit*5 g>d5 plants mo/ widely diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! old _w f ! e>lie/ times4 ,x has be5 transport$ into ,am]ica1#cec :]e x spreads itself1 z 9 ,europe1 9 g>d5s1 among rubbi%1 by ! wayside1 etc4 ,x is m or less us$ z a vegetable1 a m$ic9al plant1 & is excell5t food = pigs4 ,a ,sanskrit "n = x is kn[n1 lonica or l\nia1 :i* recurs 9 ! mod]n languages ( ,india4#ced ,! ,greek "n &ra*ne & ! ,lat9 portulaca are v diff]5t1 z also ! gr\p ( names1 *olza 9 ,p]sian1 khursa or k\rsa 9 ,h9du/ani1 k\rfa k>a-or 9 ,arab & ,t>t>1 :i* seem to be ! orig9 ( kurza noka 9 ,poli%1 kurj-noha 9 ,bohemian1 ,kreusel 9 ,g]man1 )\t speak+ ( ! ,russian "n s*ru*a1 & "s o!rs ( ,ea/]n ,asia4#cee ,"o ne$ n be a philologi/ to see c]ta9 d]ivations 9 ^! names %[+ t ! ,asiatic peoples 9 _! migrations transport$ ) !m _! names = ! plant1 b ?is does n prove t !y transport$ ! plant itself4 ,!y may h f\nd x 9 ! c\ntries to :i* !y came4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exi/5ce ( ?ree or f\r diff]5t roots %[s t ,european peoples ant]ior to ! ,asiatic migrations _h already names = ! species1 :i* is consequ5tly v anci5t 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,asia4 ,x is v difficult to discov] 9 ! case ( a plant s widely diffus$1 & :i* propagates itself s easily by means ( its enorm\s numb] ( little se$s1 :e!r a specim5 is cultivat$1 naturaliz$ by spread+ f cultivation1 or really wild4 ,x does n appe> to be s anci5t 9 ! ea/ z 9 ! we/ ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 & au?ors nev] say t x is a wild plant4#cef ,9 ,india ! case is v diff]5t4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] says#ceg t x gr[s 9 ,india to ! height ( five ?\s& feet 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,he also m5tions hav+ f\nd 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india ! v>iety ) upright /em1 :i* is cultivat$ toge!r ) ! common species 9 ,europe4 ,i f9d no?+ positive ab\t ! localities 9 ,p]sia1 b s _m are m5tion$1 & 9 c\ntries s little cultivat$1 on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caucasus1 & ev5 9 ! s\? ( ,russia1#ceh t x is difficult n to admit t ! plant is indig5\s 9 t c5tral region :5ce ! ,asiatic peoples ov]ran ,europe4 ,9 ,greece ! plant is wild z well z cultivat$4#cei ,fur!r to ! we/1 9 ,italy1 etc41 we beg9 to f9d x indicat$ 9 floras1 b only gr[+ 9 fields1 g>d5s1 rubbi%-heaps1 & o!r suspici\s localities4#cfj ,?us ! evid5ce ( philology & botany alike %[ t ! species is indig5\s 9 ! :ole ( ! region :i* ext5ds f ! we/]n ,himalayas to ! s\? ( ,russia & ,greece4 ,new ,zeal& ,sp9a*--,tetragonia expansa1 ,murray4 ,?is plant 0 br\ght f ,new ,zeal& at ! "t ( ,cook's fam\s voyage1 & cultivat$ by ,sir ,joseph ,banks1 & h5ce its "n4 ,x is a s+ul> plant f a d\ble po9t ( view4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is ! only cultivat$ species :i* comes f ,new ,zeal&2 & secondly1 x belongs to an ord] ( usually fle%y plants1 ! ,ficoide1 ( :i* no o!r species is us$4 ,horticulturi/s#cfa recomm5d x z an annual vegetable1 ( :i* ! ta/e resembles t ( sp9a*1 b :i* be>s dr\ght bett]1 & is !re=e a res\rce 9 seasons :5 sp9a* fails4 ,s9ce ,cook's voyage x has be5 f\nd wild *iefly on ! sea coa/1 n only 9 ,new ,zeal& b also 9 ,tasmania1 9 ! s\? & we/ ( ,au/ralia1 9 ,japan1 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4#cfb ,x rema9s to be discov]$ :e!r 9 ! latt] places x is n naturaliz$1 = x is f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t[ns 9 ,japan & ,*ili4#cfc ,g>d5 ,cel]y--,apium graveol5s1 ,l9nu4 ,l _m ,umbellif]s :i* gr[ 9 damp places1 wild cel]y has a wide range4 ,x ext5ds f ,sw$5 to ,alg]ia1 ,egypt1 ,abyss9ia1 & 9 ,asia f ! ,caucasus to ,belu*i/an1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,briti% ,india4#cfd ,x is spok5 ( 9 ! ,odyssey "u ! "n ( sel9on1 & 9 ,!ophra/us2 b lat]1 ,dioscorides & ,pl9y#cfe di/+ui% betwe5 ! wild & cultivat$ cel]y4 ,9 ! latt] ! leaves are blan*$1 :i* greatly dim9i%es _! bitt]ness4 ,! long c\rse ( cultivation expla9s ! num]\s g>d5 v>ieties4 ,! "o :i* diff]s m widely f ! wild plant is t ( :i* ! fle%y root is eat5 cook$4 ,*]vil--,sc&ix c]efolium1 ,l9nu2 ,an?riscus c]efolium1 ,h(fmann4 ,n long ago ! orig9 ( ?is little ,umbellif]1 s common 9 our g>d5s1 0 unkn[n4 ,l _m annuals1 x sprang up on rubbi%-heaps1 9 h$ges1 9 wa/e places1 & x 0 d\bt$ :e!r x %\ld be consid]$ wild4 ,9 ! we/ & s\? ( ,europe x seems to h be5 introduc$1 & m or less naturaliz$2 b 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,russia & 9 we/]n temp]ate ,asia x appe>s to be indig5\s4 ,/ev5#cff tells u t x is f\nd 8"h & !re 9 ! woods ( ! ,crimea40 ,boissi]#cfg receiv$ sev]al specim5s f ! prov9ces to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 f ,turcomania & ! m\nta9s ( ! nor? ( ,p]sia1 localities ( :i* ! species is probably a native4 ,x is want+ 9 ! floras ( ,india & ! ea/ ( ,asia4 ,greek au?ors d n m5tion x4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! plant by anci5t writ]s occurs 9 ,columella & ,pl9y1#cfh t is1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x 0 !n cultivat$4 ,pl9y calls x c]efolium4 ,! species 0 probably introduc$ into ! ,greco-,roman _w aft] ! "t ( ,!ophra/us1 t is 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?ree c5turies :i* prec$$ our era4 ,p>sley--,petrosel9um sativum1 ,mn*4 ,?is bi5nial ,umbellif] is wild 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 f ,spa9 to ,turkey4 ,x has also be5 f\nd at ,tlemc5 9 ,alg]ia1 & 9 ,lebanon4#cfi ,dioscorides & ,pl9y speak ( x "u ! names ( ,petrosel9on & ,petrosel9um1#cgj b only z a wild m$ic9al plant4 ,no?+ proves t x 0 cultivat$ 9 _! "t4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ,*>lemagne c\nt$ x among ! plants :i* he ord]$ to be cultivat$ 9 8 g>d5s4#cga ,olivi] de ,s]res 9 ! sixte5? c5tury cultivat$ p>sley4 ,engli% g>d5]s receiv$ x 9 #aedh4cgb ,al?\gh ?is cultivation is nei!r anci5t nor important1 x has already develop$ two v>ieties1 :i* w\ld be call$ species if !y 7 f\nd wild2 ! p>sley ) cr9kl$ leaves1 & t ( :i* ! fle%y root is edible4 ,smyrnium1 or ,alex&]s--,smyrnium olus-atrum1 ,l9nu4 ,( all ! ,umbellif]s us$ z vegetables1 ?is 0 "o ( ! commone/ 9 g>d5s = ne>ly fifte5 c5turies1 & x is n[ ab&on$4 ,we c trace its beg9n+ & end4 ,!ophra/us spoke ( x z a m$ic9al plant "u ! "n ( ,ipposel9on1 b ?ree c5turies lat] ,dioscorides#cgc says t ei!r ! root or ! leaves might be eat51 :i* implies cultivation4 ,! ,lat9s call$ x olus-atrum1 ,*>lemagne olisatum1 & comm&$ x to be s[n 9 8 f>ms4#cgd ,! ,italians made great use ( x "u ! "n mac]one4#cge ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! tradition exi/$ 9 ,engl& t ?is plant _h be5 =m]ly cultivat$2 lat] ,engli% & ,fr5* horticulturi/s d n m5tion x4#cgf ,! ,smyrnium olus-atrum is wild ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,europe1 9 ,alg]ia1 ,syria1 & ,asia ,m9or4#cgg ,corn ,salad1 or ,lamb's ,lettuce--,val]ianella olitoria1 ,l9nu4 ,frequ5tly cultivat$ z a salad1 ?is annual1 ( ! ,val]ian family1 is f\nd wild ?r\gh\t temp]ate ,europe to ab\t ! sixtie? degree ( latitude1 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 9 ! ,can>y ,isles1 ,madeira1 & ! ,azores1 9 ! nor? ( ,africa1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ! ,caucasus4#cgh ,x (t5 gr[s 9 cultivat$ gr\nd1 ne> villages1 etc41 :i* r5d]s x some:at difficult to "k :]e x grew be=e cultivation4 ,x is m5tion$1 h[ev]1 9 ,s>d9ia & ,sicily1 9 ! mead[s & m\nta9 pa/ures4#cgi ,i suspect t x is indig5\s only 9 ^! isl&s1 & t ev]y:]e else x is introduc$ or naturaliz$4 ,! gr\nds = ?is op9ion are ! fact t no "n :i* x seems possible to assign to ?is plant has be5 f\nd 9 ,greek or ,lat9 au?ors4 ,we _c ev5 "n any botani/ ( ! ,middle ,ages or ( ! sixte5? c5tury :o has spok5 ( x4 ,nei!r is x m5tion$ among ! vegetables us$ 9 ,france 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ei!r by ! ,j>d9i] ,franais ( #afea1 or by ,laur5b]g's "w1 ,horticultura 7,frankfurt1 #afcb74 ,! cultivation & ev5 ! use ( ?is salad appe> to be mod]n1 a fact :i* has n be5 notic$4 ,c>doon--,cyn>a c>dunculus1 ,l9nu4 ,arti*oke--,cyn>a scolymus1 ,l9nu2 ,c4 c>dunculus1 v>4 sativa1 ,moris4 ,= a long "t botani/s h held ! op9ion t ! arti*oke is probably a =m obta9$ by cultivation f ! wild c>doon4#chj ,c>eful obs]vations h lately prov$ ?is hypo!sis4 ,moris1#cha = in/ance1 hav+ cultivat$1 9 ! g>d5 at ,tur91 ! wild ,s>d9ian plant side by side ) ! arti*oke1 affirm$ t true *>act]i/ic di/9ctions no long] exi/$4 ,willkomm & ,lange1#chb :o h c>efully obs]v$ ! plant 9 ,spa91 bo? wild & cultivat$1 %>e ! same op9ion4 ,moreov]1 ! arti*oke has n be5 f\nd out ( g>d5s2 & s9ce ! ,m$it]ranean region1 ! home ( all ! ,cyn>1 has be5 ?or\ghly explor$1 x may safely be ass]t$ t x exi/s n[h]e wild4 ,! c>doon1 9 :i* we mu/ also include ,c4 horrida ( ,sib?orp1 is indig5\s 9 ,madeira & 9 ! ,can>y ,isles1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,m>occo ne> ,mogador1 9 ! s\? & ea/ ( ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 ! s\? ( ,france1 ( ,italy1 ( ,greece1 & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea z f> z ,cyprus4#chc ,munby#chd does n all[ ,c4 c>dunculus to be wild 9 ,alg]ia1 b he does admit ,cyn>a humilis ( ,l9nu1 :i* is consid]$ by a few au?ors z a v>iety4 ,! cultivat$ c>doon v>ies a good deal ) reg>d to ! division ( ! leaves1 ! numb] ( sp9es1 & ! size--div]sities :i* indicate long cultivation4 ,! ,romans eat ! receptacle :i* be>s ! fl[]s1 & ! ,italians also eat x1 "u ! "n ( girello4 ,mod]n nations cultivate ! c>doon = ! fle%y "p ( ! leaves1 a cu/om :i* is n yet introduc$ into ,greece4#che ,! arti*oke (f]s few] v>ieties1 :i* be>s out ! op9ion t x is a =m d]iv$ f ! c>doon4 ,t>gioni1#chf 9 an excell5t article ^u ?is plant1 relates t ! arti*oke 0 br\ght f ,naples to ,flor5ce 9 #adff1 & he proves t anci5t writ]s1 ev5 ,a!nu1 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! arti*oke1 b only ) ! wild & cultivat$ c>doons4 ,i mu/ m5tion1 h[ev]1 z a sign ( its antiquity 9 ! nor? ( ,africa1 t ! ,b]b]s h two entirely di/9ct names = ! two plants3 addad = ! c>doon1 taga = ! arti*oke4#chg ,x is believ$ t ! kactos1 k9>a1 & scolimos ( ! ,greeks1 & ! c>duus ( ,roman horticulturi/s1 7 ,cyn>a c>dunculus1#chh al?\gh ! mo/ detail$ description1 t ( ,!ophra/us1 is suffici5tly confus$4 8,! plant10 he said1 8gr[s 9 ,sicily0--z x does to ?is day--8&10 he add$1 8n 9 ,greece40 ,x is1 !re=e1 possible t ! plants obs]v$ 9 our day 9 t c\ntry may h be5 naturaliz$ f cultivation4 ,accord+ to ,a!nu1#chi ! ,egyptian k+ ,ptolemy ,en]getes1 ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 _h f\nd 9 ,libya a great quantity ( wild k9>a1 by :i* 8 soldi]s _h pr(it$4 ,al?\gh ! indig5\s species 0 to be f\nd at su* a little di/ance1 ,i am v d\btful :e!r ! anci5t ,egyptians cultivat$ ! c>doon or ! arti*oke4 ,pick]+ & ,ung]#cij believ$ !y recogniz$ x 9 "s ( ! draw+s on ! monum5ts2 b ! two figures :i* ,ung] consid]s ! mo/ admissible seem to me extremely d\btful4 ,moreov]1 no ,hebrew "n is kn[n1 & ! ,jews w\ld probably h spok5 ( ?is vegetable _h !y se5 x 9 ,egypt4 ,! diffusion ( ! species 9 ,asia mu/ h tak5 place some:at late4 ,!re is an ,arab "n1 hirs*uff or k]s*\ff1 & a ,p]sian "n1 kunghir1#cia b no ,sanskrit "n1 & ! ,h9dus h tak5 ! ,p]sian ^w kunjir1#cib :i* %[s t x 0 introduc$ at a late epo*4 ,*9ese au?ors d n m5tion any ,cyn>a4#cic ,! cultivation ( ! arti*oke 0 only introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #aedh4cid ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,cyn>a c>danculus is its naturalization 9 ! pres5t c5tury ov] a va/ ext5t ( ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 :]e its abundance is a h9drance to travell]s4#cie ,x is becom+ equally tr\blesome 9 ,*ili4#cif ,x is n ass]t$ t ! arti*oke has any:]e be5 naturaliz$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ?is is ano!r sign ( its artificial orig94 ,lettuce--,latuca ,sc>iola1 v>4 sativa4 ,botani/s are agre$ 9 consid]+ ! cultivat$ lettuce z a modification ( ! wild species call$ ,latuca ,sc>iola4#cig ,! latt] gr[s 9 temp]ate & s\!rn ,europe1 9 ! ,can>y ,isles1 ,madeira1#cih ,alg]ia1#cii ,abyss9ia1#djj & 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,boissi] speaks ( specim5s f ,arabia ,petrea to ,mesopotamia & ! ,caucasus4#dja ,he m5tions a v>iety ) cr9kl$ leaves1 simil> !re=e to "s ( our g>d5 lettuces1 :i* ! travell] ,hauskne*t br\ght ) him f ! m\nta9s ( ,kurdi/an4 ,i h a specim5 f ,sib]ia1 f\nd ne> ! riv] ,irtys*1 & x is n[ kn[n ) c]ta9ty t ! species gr[s 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 9 ,ka%mir1 & 9 ,nepal4#djb ,9 all ^! c\ntries x is (t5 ne> cultivat$ gr\nd or among rubbi%1 b (t5 also 9 rocky gr\nd1 cle>+s1 or mead[s1 z a really wild plant4 ,! cultivat$ lettuce (t5 spreads f g>d5s1 & s[s itself 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,no "o1 z f> z ,i "k1 has obs]v$ x 9 su* a case = sev]al g5]ations1 or has tri$ to cultivate ! wild ,l4 ,sc>iola1 to see :e!r ! transition is easy f ! "o =m to ! o!r4 ,x is possible t ! orig9al habitat ( ! species has be5 enl>g$ by ! diffusion ( cultivat$ lettuces rev]t+ to ! wild =m4 ,x is kn[n t !re has be5 a great increase 9 ! numb] ( cultivat$ v>ieties 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,!ophra/us indicat$ ?ree2#djc le ,bon ,j>d9i] ( #ahhj gives =ty v>ieties exi/+ 9 ,france4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans cultivat$ ! lettuce1 especially z a salad4 ,9 ! ,ea/ its cultivation possibly dates f an e>li] epo*4 ,nev]!less x does n appe>1 f ! orig9al common names bo? 9 ,asia & ,europe1 t ?is plant 0 g5]ally or v anci5tly cultivat$4 ,!re is no ,sanskrit nor ,hebrew "n kn[n1 nor any 9 ! recon/ruct$ ,aryan tongue4 ,a ,greek "n exi/s1 tridax2 ,lat91 latuca2 ,p]sian & ,h9du1 kahn2 & ! analog\s ,arabic =m *uss or *ass4 ,! ,lat9 =m exi/s also1 slightly modifi$1 9 ! ,slav & ,g]manic languages1#djd :i* may indicate ei!r t ! ,we/]n ,aryans diffus$ ! plant1 or t its cultivation spread ) its "n at a lat] date f ! s\? to ! nor? ( ,europe4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid] has confirm$ my supposition#dje t ! lettuce is n v anci5t 9 ,*9a1 & t x 0 introduc$ !re f ! ,we/4 ,he says t ! fir/ "w 9 :i* x is m5tion$ dates f ,a4,d4 #fjj to ,a4,d4 #ijj4djf ,wild ,*icory--,ci*orium ,intybus1 ,l9nu4 ,! wild p]5nial *icory1 :i* is cultivat$ z a salad1 z a vegetable1 z fodd]1 & = its roots1 :i* are us$ to mix ) c(fee1 gr[s ?r\gh\t ,europe1 except 9 ,lapl&1 9 ,m>occo1 & ,alg]ia1#djg f ,ea/]n ,europe to ,afghani/an & ,belu*i/an1#djh 9 ! ,punjab & ,ka%mir1#dji & f ,russia to ,lake ,baikal 9 ,sib]ia4#daj ,! plant is c]ta9ly wild 9 mo/ ( ^! c\ntries2 b z x (t5 gr[s by ! side ( roads & fields1 x is probable t x has be5 transport$ by man f its orig9al home4 ,?is mu/ be ! case 9 ,india1 = !re is no kn[n ,sanskrit "n4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans employ$ ?is species wild & cultivat$1#daa b _! notices ( x are too brief to be cle>4 ,accord+ to ,heldrei*1 ! mod]n ,greeks apply ! g5]al "n ( la*ana1 a vegetable or salad1 to sev5te5 diff]5t *icories1 ( :i* he gives a li/4#dab ,he says t ! species commonly cultivat$ is ,ci*orium div>icatum1 ,s*\sboe 7,c4 pumilum1 ,jacqu972 b x is an annual1 & ! *icory ( :i* ,!ophra/us speaks 0 p]5nial4 ,endive--,ci*orium ,endivia1 ,l9nu4 ,! :ite *icories or endives ( our g>d5s are di/+ui%$ f ,ci*orium ,intybus1 9 t !y are annuals1 & less bitt] to ! ta/e4 ,moreov]1 ! hairs ( ! pappus :i* cr[ns ! se$ are f\r times long]1 & unequal in/ead ( be+ equal4 ,z long z ?is plant 0 comp>$ ) ,c4 ,intybus1 x 0 difficult n to admit two species4 ,! orig9 ( ,c4 ,endivia is unc]ta94 ,:5 we receiv$1 =ty ye>s ago1 specim5s ( an ,indian ,ci*orium1 :i* ,hamilton nam$ ,c4 cosmia1 !y seem$ to u s l ! endive t we suppos$ ! latt] to h an ,indian orig91 z has be5 sometimes sugge/$2#dac b ,anglo-,indian botani/s said1 & cont9ue to ass]t1 t 9 ,india ! plant only gr[s "u cultivation4#dad ,! unc]ta9ty p]si/$ z to ! geographical orig94 ,aft] ?is1 sev]al botani/s#dae conceiv$ ! idea ( comp>+ ! endive ) an annual species1 wild 9 ! region ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,ci*orium pumilum1 ,jacqu9 7,c4 div>icatum1 ,s*\sboe71 & ! diff]5ces 7 f\nd to be s slight t "s h suspect$1 & o!rs h affirm$1 _! specific id5tity4 ,= my "p1 aft] hav+ se5 wild specim5s f ,sicily1 & comp>$ ! good illu/rations publi%$ by ,rei*5ba* 7,icones1 vol4 xix41 pls4 #aceg1 #aceh71 ,i am dispos$ to take ! cultivat$ endives = v>ieties ( ! same species z ,c4 pumilum4 ,9 ?is case ! olde/ "n be+ ,c4 ,endivia1 x is ! "o :i* ought to be reta9$1 z has be5 done by ,s*ultz4 ,x resembles1 moreov]1 a popul> "n common to sev]al languages4 ,! wild plant exi/s 9 ! :ole region1 ( :i* ! ,m$it]ranean is ! c5tre1 f ,madeira1#daf ,m>occo1#dag & ,alg]ia1#dah z f> z ,pale/9e1#dai ! ,caucasus1 & ,turke/an4#dbj ,x is v common 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean & 9 ,greece4 ,t[>ds ! we/1 9 ,spa9 & ,madeira1 = in/ance1 x is probable t x has become naturaliz$ f cultivation1 judg+ f ! positions x occupies 9 ! fields & by ! wayside4 ,no positive pro( is f\nd 9 anci5t au?ors ( ! use ( ?is plant by ! ,greeks & ,romans2#dba b x is probable t !y made use ( x & sev]al o!r ,ci*oria4 ,! common names tell u no?+1 s9ce !y may h be5 appli$ to two diff]5t species4 ,^! names v>y little1#dbb & sugge/ a cultivation ( ,grco-,roman orig94 ,a ,h9du "n1 kasni1 & a ,tamul "o1 kos*i1#dbc are m5tion$1 b no ,sanskrit "n1 & ?is indicates t ! cultivation ( ?is plant 0 ( late orig9 9 ! ea/4 ,sp9a*--,sp9acia ol]acea1 ,l9nu4 ,?is vegetable 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans4#dbd ,x 0 new to ,europe 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1#dbe & x has be5 a matt] ( dispute :e!r x %\ld be call$ spana*a1 z com+ f ,spa91 or sp9acia1 f its prickly fruit4#dbf ,x 0 aft]w>ds %[n t ! "n comes f ! ,arabic isfnds*1 esbana*1 or sepana*1 accord+ to diff]5t au?ors4#dbg ,! ,p]sian "n is ispany1 or ispanaj1#dbh & ! ,h9du isfany1 or palak1 accord+ to ,pidd+ton1 & also p9nis1 accord+ to ! same & to ,roxburgh4 ,! abs5ce ( any ,sanskrit "n %[s a cultivation ( no great antiquity 9 ^! regions4 ,l\reiro saw ! sp9a* cultivat$ at ,canton1 & ,maxim[icz 9 ,mants*uria2#dbi b ,brets*neid] tells u t ! ,*9ese "n signifies h]b ( ,p]sia1 & t ,we/]n vegetables 7 commonly introduc$ into ,*9a a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4#dcj ,x is !re=e probable t ! cultivation ( ?is plant began 9 ,p]sia f ! "t ( ! ,grco-,roman civilization1 or t x did n quickly spread ei!r to ! ea/ or to ! we/ ( its ,p]sian orig94 ,no ,hebrew "n is kn[n1 s t ! ,arabs mu/ h receiv$ bo? plant & "n f ! ,p]sians4 ,no?+ leads u to suppose t !y c>ri$ ?is vegetable into ,spa94 ,ebn ,bai?>1 :o 0 liv+ 9 #abce1 0 ( ,malaga2 b ! ,arabic works he quotes d n say :]e ! plant 0 cultivat$1 except "o ( !m1 :i* says t its cultivation 0 common at ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,h]r]a's "w on ,spani% agriculture does n m5tion ! species1 al?\gh x is ins]t$ 9 a supplem5t ( rec5t date1 :5ce x is probable t ! edition ( #aeac did n speak ( x2 s t ! ,european cultivation mu/ h come f ! ,ea/ ab\t ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"s popul> works repeat t sp9a* is a native ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 b !re is no?+ to confirm ?is supposition4 ,x evid5tly comes f ! empire ( ! anci5t ,m$es & ,p]sians4 ,accord+ to ,bosc1#dca ! travell]1 ,olivi] br\ght back "s se$s ( x1 f\nd 9 ! ,ea/ 9 ! op5 c\ntry4 ,?is w\ld be a positive pro(1 if ! produce ( ^! se$s _h be5 exam9$ by a botani/ 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! species & ! v>iety4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k x mu/ be own$ t sp9a* has n yet be5 f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 unless x be a cultivat$ modification ( ,sp9acia tet&ra1 ,/ev51 :i* is wild to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 9 ,turke/an1 9 ,p]sia1 & 9 ,afghani/an1 & :i* is us$ z a vegetable "u ! "n ( s*amum4#dcb ,)\t ent]+ "h into a purely botanical discussion1 ,i may say t1 aft] read+ ! descriptions quot$ by ,boissi]1 & look+ at ,wight's#dcc plate ( ,sp9acia tet&ra1 ,roxb41 cultivat$ 9 ,india1 & ! specim5s ( sev]al h]b>ia1 ,i see no decid$ diff]5ce betwe5 ?is plant & ! cultivat$ sp9a* ) prickly fruit4 ,! t]m tet&ra implies t "o ( ! plants has five & ! o!r f\r /am5s1 b ! numb] v>ies 9 our cultivat$ sp9a*es4#dcd ,if1 z seems probable1 ! two plants are two v>ieties1 ! "o cultivat$1 ! o!r sometimes wild & sometimes cultivat$1 ! olde/ "n1 ,s4 ol]acea1 ought to p]si/1 especially z ! two plants are f\nd 9 ! cultivat$ gr\nds ( _! orig9al c\ntry4 ,! ,dut* or great sp9a*1 ( :i* ! fruit has no sp9es1 is evid5tly a g>d5 product4 ,tragus1 or ,bock 0 ! fir/ to m5tion x 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4#dce ,am>an?--,am>antus gangeticus1 ,l9nu4 ,sev]al annual am>an?s are cultivat$ z a gre5 vegetable 9 ,mauritius1 ,b\rbon1 & ! ,sey*elles ,isles1 "u ! "n ( brde de ,malab>4#dcf ,?is appe>s to be ! pr9cipal species4 ,x is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,india4 ,anglo-,indian botani/s mi/ook x = a "t = ,am>antus ol]aceus ( ,l9nu1 & ,wight gives an illu/ration ( x "u ?is "n1#dcg b x is n[ ackn[l$g$ to be a diff]5t species1 & belongs to ,a4 gangeticus4 ,its num]\s v>ieties1 diff]+ 9 size1 col\r1 etc41 are call$ 9 ! ,tel+a dialect tota kura1 ) ! occasional addition ( an adjective = ea*4 ,!re are o!r names 9 ,b5gali & ,h9du/ani4 ,! "y %oots sometimes take ! place ( asp>agus at ! table ( ! ,engli%4#dch ,a4 melan*olicus1 (t5 gr[n z an ornam5tal plant 9 ,european g>d5s1 is consid]$ "o ( ! =ms ( ?is species4 ,its orig9al home is p]haps ,india1 b ,i _c discov] t ! plant has ev] be5 f\nd !re 9 a wild /ate2 at lea/1 ?is is n ass]t$ by any au?or4 ,all ! species ( ! g5us ,am>antus spread !mselves 9 cultivat$ gr\nd1 on rubbi%-heaps by ! wayside1 & ?us become half-naturaliz$ 9 hot c\ntries z well z 9 ,europe4 ,h5ce ! extreme difficulty 9 di/+ui%+ ! species1 & above all 9 guess+ or prov+ _! orig94 ,! species mo/ ne>ly ak9 to ,a4 gangeticus appe> to be ,asiatic4 ,a4 gangeticus is said by tru/wor?y au?orities to be wild 9 ,egypt & ,abyss9ia2#dci b ?is is p]haps only ! result ( su* naturalization z ,i spoke ( j n[4 ,! exi/5ce ( num]\s v>ieties & ( diff]5t names 9 ,india1 r5d] its ,indian orig9 mo/ probable4 ,! ,japanese cultivate z vegetables ,a4 caudatus1 ,a4 mango/anus1 & ,a4 melan*olicus 7or gangeticus7 ( ,l9nu1#ddj b !re is no pro( t any ( !m are indig5\s4 ,9 ,java ,a4 poly/a*yus1 ,blume1 is cultivat$2 x is v common among rubbi%1 by ! wayside1 etc4#dda ,i %all speak pres5tly ( ! species gr[n = ! se$4 ,leek--,allium ampeloprasum1 v>4 ,porrum4 ,accord+ to ! c>eful monograph by ,j4 ,gay1#ddb ! leek1 z e>ly writ]s#ddc suspect$1 is only a cultivat$ v>iety ( ,allium ampeloprasum ( ,l9nu1 s common 9 ! ,ea/1 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region1 especially 9 ,alg]ia1 :i* 9 ,c5tral ,europe sometimes becomes naturaliz$ 9 v9ey>ds & r\nd anci5t cultivations4#ddd ,gay seems to h mi/ru/$ ! indications ( ! floras ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 =1 contr>y to 8 me?od ) o!r species ( :i* he gives ! localities out ( ,alg]ia1 he only quotes 9 ! pres5t case ! ,alg]ian localities2 admitt+1 h[ev]1 ! id5tity ( "n 9 ! au?ors = o!r c\ntries4 ,! cultivat$ v>iety ( ,porrum has n be5 f\nd wild4 ,x is only m5tion$ 9 d\btful localities1 su* z v9ey>ds1 g>d5s1 etc4 ,l$eb\r#dde indicates = ,a4 ampeloprasum ! bord]s ( ! ,crimea1 & ! prov9ces to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,walli* br\ght a specim5 f ,kamaon1 9 ,india1#ddf b we _c be sure t x 0 wild4 ,! works on ,co*9-,*9a 7,l\reiro71 ,*9a 7,brets*neid]71 & ,japan 7,fran*et & ,savati]7 make no m5tion ( x4 ,article ,,ii4--,fodd]4 ,luc]n--,m$icago sativa1 ,l9nu4 ,! luc]n 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,!y call$ x 9 ,greek m$icai1 9 ,lat9 m$ica1 or h]ba m$ica1 because x _h be5 br\ght f ,m$ia at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>1 ab\t #dgj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4#ddg ,! ,romans (t5 cultivat$ x1 at any rate f ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ or second c5tury4 ,cato does n speak ( x1#ddh b x is m5tion$ by ,v>ro1 ,columella1 & ,virgil4 ,de ,gasp>9#ddi notices t ,cresc5z1 9 #adgh1 does n m5tion x 9 ,italy1 & t 9 #agaa ,tull _h n se5 x beyond ! ,alps4 ,t>gioni1 h[ev]1 :o c\ld n be mi/ak5 on ?is head1 says t ! cultivation ( luc]n 0 ma9ta9$ 9 ,italy1 especially 9 ,tuscany1 f anci5t times4#dej ,x is r>e 9 mod]n ,greece4#dea ,fr5* cultivators h (t5 giv5 to ! luc]n ! "n ( sa9fo91 :i* belongs prop]ly to ,onobry*is sativa2 & ?is transposition /ill exi/s1 = in/ance 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,g5eva4 ,! "n luc]n has be5 suppos$ to come f ! valley ( ,luz]ne1 9 ,pi$mont2 b !re is ano!r & m probable orig94 ,! ,spani>ds _h an old "n1 eruye1 m5tion$ by ,j4 ,bauh91#deb & ! ,catalans call x us]das#dec :5ce p]haps ! patois "n 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 la\z]do1 ne>ly ak9 to luz]ne4 ,x 0 s commonly cultivat$ 9 ,spa9 t ! ,italians h sometimes call$ x h]ba spagna4#ded ,! ,spani>ds h1 besides ! names already giv51 mielga1 or melga1 :i* appe>s to come f ,m$ica1 b !y pr9cipally us$ names d]iv$ f ! ,arabic--alfafa1 alfasafat1 alfalfa4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! fam\s physician ,ebn ,bai?>1 :o wrote at ,malaga1 uses ! ,arab ^w fisfisat1 :i* he d]ives f ! ,p]sian isfi/4#dee ,x w be se5 t1 if we are to tru/ to ! common names1 ! orig9 ( ! plant w\ld be ei!r 9 ,spa91 ,pi$mont1 or ,p]sia4 ,=tunately botani/s c furni% direct & possible pro(s ( ! orig9al home ( ! species4 ,x has be5 f\nd wild1 ) e appe>ance ( an indig5\s plant1 9 sev]al prov9ces ( ,anatolia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,p]sia1 9 ,afghani/an1 9 ,belu*i/an1#def & 9 ,ka%mir4#deg ,9 ! s\? ( ,russia1 a locality m5tion$ by "s au?ors1 x is p]haps ! result ( cultivation z well z 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,! ,greeks may1 !re=e1 h introduc$ ! plant f ,asia ,m9or z well z f ,india1 :i* ext5d$ f ! nor? ( ,p]sia4 ,?is orig9 ( ! luc]n1 :i* is well e/abli%$1 makes me note z a s+ul> fact t no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n4#deh ,clov] & sa9fo9 h none ei!r1 :i* leads u to suppose t ! ,aryans _h no artificial mead[s4 ,sa9fo9--,h$ys>um ,onobry*is1 ,l9nu2 ,onobry*is sativa1 ,lam>ck4 ,?is legum9\s plant1 ( :i* ! usefulness 9 ! dry & *alky soils ( temp]ate regions is inconte/able1 has n be5 long 9 cultivation4 ,! ,greeks did n gr[ x1 & _! desc5dants h n introduc$ x into _! agriculture to ?is day4#dei ,! plant call$ ,onobry*is by ,dioscorides & ,pl9y1 is ,onobry*is ,caput-,galli ( mod]n botani/s1#dfj a species wild 9 ,greece & else:]e1 :i* is n cultivat$4 ,! sa9fo91 or lup9ella ( ! ,italians1 0 highly e/eem$ z fodd] 9 ! s\? ( ,france 9 ! "t ( ,olivi] de ,s]res1#dfa t is to say1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 b 9 ,italy x 0 only 9 ! eighte5? c5tury t ?is cultivation spread1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,tuscany4#dfb ,sa9fo9 is a h]bace\s plant1 :i* gr[s wild 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 r\nd ! ,caspian ,sea1#dfc & ev5 beyond ,lake ,baikal4#dfd ,9 ! s\? ( ,europe x gr[s only on ! hills4 ,gussone does n reckon x among ! wild species ( ,sicily1 nor ,moris among ^? ( ,s>d9ia1 nor ,munby among ^? ( ,alg]ia4 ,no ,sanskrit1 ,p]sian1 or ,arabic names are kn[n4 ,ev]y?+ t5ds to %[ t ! cultivation ( ?is plant orig9at$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france z late p]haps z ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,fr5* ,honeysuckle1 or ,spani% ,sa9fo9--,h$ys>um coron>ium1 ,l9nu4 ,! cultivation ( ?is legum9\s plant1 ak9 to ! sa9fo91 & ( :i* a good illu/ration may be f\nd 9 ! ,flora des ,s]res et des ,j>d9s1 vol4 xiii4 pl4 #achb1 has be5 diffus$ 9 mod]n times ?r\gh ,italy1 ,sicily1 ,malta1 & ! ,bale>ic ,isles4#dfe ,m>quis ,grimaldi1 :o fir/ po9t$ x out to cultivators 9 #agff1 _h se5 x at ,sem9>a1 9 ,l[] ,calabria2 ,de ,gasp>9#dff recomm5ds x = ,alg]ia1 & x is probable t cultivators "u simil> conditions 9 ,au/ralia1 at ! ,cape1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica or ,mexico1 w\ld d well to try x4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,orange1 9 ,alg]ia1 ! plant did n survive ! cold ( #f c5tigrade4 ,h$ys>um coron>ium gr[s 9 ,italy f ,g5oa to ,sicily & ,s>d9ia1#dfg 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9#dfh & 9 ,alg]ia1#dfi :]e x is r>e4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a species ( limit$ geographical area4 ,purple ,clov]--,trifolium prat5se1 ,l9nu4 ,clov] 0 n cultivat$ 9 anci5t times1 al?\gh ! plant 0 d\btless kn[n to ne>ly all ! peoples ( ,europe & ( temp]ate ,we/]n ,asia4 ,its use 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,fl&]s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 p]haps ev5 e>li]1 &1 accord+ to ,s*w]z1 ! ,prote/ants expell$ by ! ,spani>ds c>ri$ x into ,g]many1 :]e !y e/abli%$ !mselves "u ! protection ( ! ,elector ,palat9e4 ,x 0 also f ,fl&]s t ! ,engli% receiv$ x 9 #afcc1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,we/on1 ,e>l ( ,portl&1 !n ,"l ,*ancellor4#dgj ,trifolium prat5se is wild ?r\gh\t ,europe1 9 ,alg]ia1#dga on ! m\nta9s ( ,anatolia1 9 ,arm5ia1 & 9 ,turke/an1#dgb 9 ,sib]ia t[>ds ! ,alta ,m\nta9s1#dgc & 9 ,ka%mir & ,g>:all4#dgd ,! species exi/$1 !re=e1 9 ,asia1 9 ! l& ( ! ,aryan nations2 b no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n1 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t x 0 n cultivat$4 ,crimson or ,italian ,clov]--,trifolium inc>natum1 ,l9nu4 ,an annual plant gr[n = fodd]1 ^: cultivation1 says ,vilmor91 long conf9$ to a few ( ! s\!rn dep>tm5ts1 becomes e day m common 9 ,france4#dge ,de ,c&olle1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 _h only se5 x 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,arige4#dgf ,x has exi/$ = ab\t sixty ye>s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,g5eva4 ,t>gioni does n ?9k t x is ( anci5t date 9 ,italy1#dgg & ! trivial "n trafoglio /r5g!ns 8 op9ion4 ,! ,catalan f1 f5*1#dgh &1 9 ! patois ( ! s\? ( ,france1#dgi f>radje 7,r\ssillon71 f>ratage 7,langu$oc71 f]\tg 7,gascony71 :5ce ! ,fr5* "n f>\*1 h1 on ! o!r h&1 an orig9al "*1 :i* indicates an anci5t cultivation r\nd ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! t]m :i* is sometimes us$1 8clov] ( ,r\ssillon10 also %[s ?is4 ,! wild plant exi/s 9 ,galicia1 9 ,biscaya1 & ,catalonia1#dhj b n 9 ! ,bale>ic ,isles2#dha x is f\nd 9 ,s>d9ia#dhb & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,algi]s4#dhc ,x appe>s 9 sev]al localities 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,dalmatia1 9 ! valley ( ! ,danube & ,mac$onia1 b 9 _m cases x is n kn[n :e!r x may n h /ray$ f neighb\r+ cultivation4 ,a s+ul> locality 9 :i* x appe>s to be indig5\s1 accord+ to ,engli% au?ors1 is on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 ne> ! ,liz>d4 ,9 ?is place1 accord+ to ,b5?am1 x is ! pale yell[ v>iety1 :i* is truly wild on ! ,cont95t1 :ile ! crimson v>iety is only naturaliz$ 9 ,engl& f cultivation4#dhd ,i d n "k to :at degree ?is rem>k ( ,b5?am's z to ! wild nature ( ! sole v>iety ( a yell[ col\r 7v>4 ,mol9]ii1 ,s]+e7 is confirm$ 9 all ! c\ntries :]e ! species gr[s4 ,x is ! only "o indicat$ by ,moris 9 ,s>d9ia1 & 9 ,dalmatia by ,viviani1#dhe 9 ! localities :i* appe> natural 79 pascuis coll9is1 9 montanis1 9 h]bidis74 ,! au?ors ( ! ,bon ,j>d9i]#dhf affirm ) ,b5?am t ,trifolium ,mol9]ii is wild 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 t ) crimson fl[]s be+ introduc$ f ! s\?2 & :ile !y admit ! abs5ce ( a good specific di/9ction1 !y note t 9 cultivation ! v>iety ,mol9]ii is ( sl[] gr[?1 (t5 bi5nial in/ead ( annual4 ,alex&r9e or ,egyptian ,clov]--,trifolium ,alex&r9um1 ,l9nu4 ,?is species is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 ,egypt z fodd]4 ,its ,arab "n is b]sym or b]zun4#dhg ,!re is no?+ to %[ t x has be5 long 9 use2 ! "n does n occur 9 ,hebrew & ,arm5ian botanical works4 ,! species is n wild 9 ,egypt1 b x is c]ta9ly wild 9 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4#dhh ,ervilia--,ervum ,ervilia1 ,l9nu2 ,vicia ,ervilia1 ,willd5[4 ,b]toloni#dhi gives no less ?an t5 common ,italian names--ervo1 l]o1 zirlo1 etc4 ,?is is an indication ( an anci5t & g5]al culture4 ,heldrei*#dij says t ! mod]n ,greeks cultivate ! plant 9 abundance z fodd]4 ,!y call x robai1 f ! anci5t ,greek orobos1 z ervos comes f ! ,lat9 ervum4 ,! cultivation ( ! species is m5tion$ by anci5t ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors4#dia ,! ,greeks made use ( ! se$2 = "s has be5 discov]$ 9 ! excavations on ! site ( ,troy4#dib ,!re are a numb] ( common names 9 ,spa91 "s ( !m ,arabic1#dic b ! species has n be5 s widely cultivat$ !re = sev]al c5turies4#did ,9 ,france x is s little gr[n t _m mod]n works on agriculture d n m5tion x4 ,x is unkn[n 9 ,briti% ,india4#die ,g5]al botanical works indicate ,ervum ,ervilia z gr[+ 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 b if we take sev]ally ! be/ floras1 x w be se5 t x is 9 su* localities z fields1 v9ey>ds1 or cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,x is ! same 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e ,boissi]#dif speaks ( specim5s f ,syria1 ,p]sia1 & ,afghani/an4 ,sometimes1 9 abridg$ catalogues1#dig ! locality is n giv51 b n[h]e d ,i f9d x ass]t$ t ! plant has be5 se5 wild 9 places f> f cultivation4 ,! specim5s 9 my own h]b>ium furni% no fur!r pro( on ?is head4 ,9 all likelihood ! species 0 =m]ly wild 9 ,greece1 ,italy1 & p]haps ,spa9 & ,alg]ia1 b ! frequ5cy ( its cultivation 9 ! v regions :]e x exi/$ prev5t u f n[ f9d+ ! wild /ocks4 ,t>e1 or ,common ,vet*--,vicia sativa1 ,l9nu4 ,vicia sativa is an annual legum9\s plant wild ?r\gh\t ,europe1 except 9 ,lapl&4 ,x is also common 9 ,alg]ia1#dih & to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus z f> z ! prov9ce ( ,talys*4#dii ,roxburgh pron\nces x to be wild 9 ! nor?-we/ prov9ces & 9 ,b5gal1 b ,sir ,joseph ,hook] admits ?is only z f> z ! v>iety call$ angu/ifolia#ejj is conc]n$4 ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n1 & 9 ! mod]n languages ( ,india only ,h9du names4#eja ,t>gioni believes x to be ! ketsa* ( ! ,hebrews4#ejb ,i h receiv$ specim5s f ! ,cape & f ,cali=nia4 ,! species is c]ta9ly n indig5\s 9 ! two la/-nam$ regions1 b has escap$ f cultivation4 ,! ,romans s[$ ?is plant bo? = ! sake ( ! se$ & z fodd] z e>ly z ! "t ( ,cato4#ejc ,i h discov]$ no pro( ( a m anci5t cultivation4 ,! "n vik1 :5ce vicia1 dates f a v remote epo* 9 ,europe1 = x exi/s 9 ,albanian1#ejd :i* is believ$ to be ! language ( ! ,pelasgians1 & among ! ,slav1 ,sw$i%1 & ,g]manic nations1 ) slight modifications4 ,?is does n prove t ! species 0 cultivat$4 ,x is di/9ct en\gh & useful en\gh to h]bivor\s animals to h receiv$ common names f ! e>lie/ times4 ,flat-podd$ ,pea--,la?yrus ,cic]a1 ,l9nu4 ,an annual legum9\s plant1 e/eem$ z fodd]1 b ^: se$1 if us$ z food 9 any quantity1 becomes dang]\s4#eje ,x is gr[n 9 ,italy "u ! "n ( mo*i4#ejf ,"s au?ors suspect t x is ! cic]a ( ,columella & ! ervilia ( ,v>ro1#ejg b ! common ,italian "n is v diff]5t to ^!4 ,! species is n cultivat$ 9 ,greece4#ejh ,x is m or less gr[n 9 ,france & ,spa91 )\t any?+ to %[ t its use dates f anci5t times4 ,h[ev]1 ,wittmack#eji attributes to x1 b d\btfully1 "s se$s br\ght by ,vir*[ f ! ,trojan excavations4 ,accord+ to ! floras1 x is evid5tly wild 9 dry places1 beyond ! limits ( cultivation 9 ,spa9 & ,italy4#eaj ,x is also wild 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 accord+ to ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son2#eaa b !re is no trace ( anci5t cultivation 9 ?is c\ntry or among ! ,hebrews4 ,t[>ds ! ,ea/ its wild "* becomes less c]ta94 ,boissi] indicates ! plant 89 cultivat$ gr\nd f ,turkey 9 ,europe1 & ,egypt z f> z ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & ,babylon40#eab ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ,india ei!r z wild or cultivat$1 & has no ,sanskrit "n4#eac ,! species is probably a native ( ! region compris$ betwe5 ,spa9 & ,greece1 p]haps also ( ,alg]ia1#ead & diffus$ by a cultivation1 n ( v anci5t date1 ov] ,we/]n ,asia4 ,*ickl+ ,vet*--,la?yrus sativus1 ,l9nu4 ,an annual legum9\s plant1 cultivat$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 f a v e>ly age1 z fodd]1 & also = ! se$s4 ,! ,greeks call$ x la?yros#eae & ! ,lat9s cic]cula4#eaf ,x is also cultivat$ 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 & ev5 9 ! nor? ( ,india2#eag b x has no ,hebrew#eah nor ,sanskrit "n1#eai :i* argues a n v anci5t cultivation 9 ^! regions4 ,ne>ly all ! floras ( ! s\? ( ,europe & ( ,alg]ia give ! plant z cultivat$ & half-wild1 r>ely & only 9 a few localities z truly wild4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! difficulty ( recogniz+ ! wild "* ( a species (t5 mix$ ) c]eals1 & :i* p]si/s & spreads itself aft] cultivation4 ,heldrei* does n all[ t x is indig5\s 9 ,greece4#ebj ,?is is a /rong presumption t 9 ! re/ ( ,europe & 9 ,alg]ia ! plant has escap$ f cultivation4 ,x is probable t ?is 0 n ! case 9 ,we/]n ,asia2 = au?ors cite suffici5tly wild localities1 :]e agriculture plays a less consid]able "p ?an 9 ,europe4 ,l$eb\r1#eba = in/ance1 m5tions specim5s ga!r$ 9 ! des]t1 ne> ! ,caspian ,sea1 & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,l5koran4 ,mey]#ebb confirms ! ass]tion ) respect to ,l5koran4 ,bak]1 9 8 flora ( ,briti% ,india1 aft] indicat+ ! species z scatt]$ "h & !re 9 ! nor!rn prov9ces1 adds1 8(t5 cultivat$10 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t he consid]s x z indig5\s1 at lea/ 9 ! nor?4 ,boissi] ass]ts no?+ ) reg>d to ! localities 9 ,p]sia :i* he m5tions 9 8 ,ori5tal flora4#ebc ,to sum up1 ,i ?9k x probable t ! species 0 indig5\s be=e cultivation 9 ! region ext5d+ f ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 or ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 to ! nor? ( ,india1 & t x spread t[>ds ,europe 9 ! track ( anci5t cultivation1 mix$ p]haps ) c]eals4 ,o*rus--,pisum o*rus1 ,l9nu2 ,la?yrus o*rus1 de ,c&olle4 ,cultivat$ z an annual fodd] 9 ,catalonia1 "u ! "n ( tapisots1#ebd & 9 ,greece1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! isl& ( ,crete1 "u t ( o*ros1#ebe m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us1#ebf b )\t a ^w ( description4 ,lat9 au?ors d n speak ( x1 :i* argues a r>e & local cultivation 9 anci5t times4 ,! species is c]ta9ly wild 9 ,tuscany4#ebg ,x appe>s to be wild also 9 ,greece & ,s>d9ia1 :]e x is f\nd 9 h$ges1#ebh & 9 ,spa91 :]e x gr[s 9 uncultivat$ gr\nd2#ebi b z = ! s\? ( ,france1 ,alg]ia1 & ,sicily1 au?ors are ei!r sil5t z to ! locality1 or m5tion only fields & cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,! plant is unkn[n fur!r ea/ ?an ,syria1#ecj :]e probably x is n wild4 ,! f9e plate publi%$ by ,sib?orp1 ,flora ,grca1 #ehi1 sugge/s t ! species is wor?y ( m g5]al cultivation4 ,trigonel1 or ,f5ugreek--,trigonella fnum-grcum1 ,l9nu4 ,! cultivation ( ?is annual legum9\s plant 0 common 9 anci5t ,greece & ,italy1#eca ei!r = spr+ =age1 or = ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( its se$s4 ,ab&on$ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,europe1 & notably 9 ,greece1#ecb x is ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ,india1#ecc :]e x is probably ( v anci5t date1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,nile ,valley4#ecd ,! species is wild 9 ! ,punjab & 9 ,ka%mir1#ece 9 ! des]ts ( ,mesopotamia & ( ,p]sia1#ecf & 9 ,asia ,m9or1#ecg :]e1 h[ev]1 ! localities cit$ d n appe> suffici5tly di/9ct f ! cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,x is also indicat$#ech 9 sev]al places 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 su* z ,m\nt ,hymettus & o!r localities 9 ,greece1 ! hills above ,bologna & ,g5oa1 & a few wa/e places 9 ,spa92 b ! fur!r we/ we g ! m we f9d m5tion$ su* localities z fields1 cultivat$ gr\nd1 etc42 & c>eful au?ors d n fail to note t ! species has probably escap$ f cultivation4#eci ,i d n hesitate to say t if a plant ( ?is nature 7 indig5\s 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 x w\ld be f> m common1 & w\ld n be want+ to ! insul> floras1 su* z ^? ( ,sicily1 ,is*ia1 & ! ,bale>ic ,isles4#edj ,! antiquity ( ! species & ( its use 9 ,india is confirm$ by ! exi/5ce ( sev]al diff]5t names 9 diff]5t dialects1 & above all ( a ,sanskrit & mod]n ,h9du "n1 me?i4#eda ,!re is a ,p]sian "n1 s*emlit1 & an ,arab "n1 helbeh2#edb b none is kn[n 9 ,hebrew4#edc ,"o ( ! names ( ! plant 9 anci5t ,greek1 tailis 1 may1 p]haps1 be consid]$ by philologi/s z ak9 to ! ,sanskrit "n1#edd b ( ?is ,i am no judge4 ,! species may h be5 introduc$ by ! ,aryans1 & ! primitive "n h left no trace 9 nor!rn languages1 s9ce x c only live 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,bird's ,foot--,orni?opus sativus1 ,brot]o2 ,o4 i/hmoc>pus1 ,cosson4 ,! true bird's foot1 wild & cultivat$ 9 ,portugal1 0 describ$ = ! fir/ "t 9 #ahjd by ,brot]o1#ede & ,cosson has di/+ui%$ x m cle>ly f alli$ species4#edf ,"s au?ors _h conf\nd$ x ) ,orni?opus roseus ( ,duf\r1 & agriculturi/s h sometimes giv5 x ! "n ( a v diff]5t species1 ,o4 p]pusillus1 :i* by reason ( its small size is unsuit$ = cultivation4 ,x is only necess>y to see ! pod ( ,orni?opus sativus to make c]ta9 ( ! species1 = x is :5 ripe contract$ at int]vals & consid]ably b5t4 ,if !re are 9 ! fields plants ( a simil> appe>ance1 b ^: pods are /raight & n contract$1 !y are ! result ( a cross ) ,o4 roseus1 or1 if ! pod is curv$ b n contract$1 ) ,o4 compressus4 ,f ! appe>ance ( ^! plants1 x seems t !y might be gr[n 9 ! same mann]1 & w\ld pres5t1 ,i suppose1 ! same advantages4 ,! bird's foot is only suit$ to a dry & s&y soil4 ,x is an annual :i* furni%es 9 ,portugal a v e>ly spr+ fodd]4 ,its cultivation has be5 successfully introduc$ into ,camp9e4#edg ,o4 sativus appe>s to be wild 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ,portugal & ! s\? ( ,spa94 ,i h a specim5 f ,tangi]2 & ,cosson f\nd x 9 ,alg]ia4 ,x is (t5 f\nd 9 ab&on$ fields1 & ev5 else:]e4 ,x is difficult to say :e!r ! specim5s are n f plants escap$ f cultivation1 b localities are cit$ :]e ?is seems improbable2 = in/ance1 a p9e wood ne> ,*iclana1 9 ! s\? ( ,spa9 7,willkomm74 ,sp]gula1 or ,corn ,spurry--,sp]gula arv5sis1 ,l9nu4 ,?is annual1 belong+ to ! family ( ! ,c>yophylace1 gr[s 9 s&y fields & simil> places 9 ,europe1 9 ,nor? ,africa & ,abyss9ia1#edh 9 ,we/]n ,asia z f> z ,h9du/an1#edi & ev5 9 ,java4#eej ,x is difficult to "k ov] :at ext5t ( ! old _w x 0 orig9ally indig5\s4 ,9 _m localities we d n "k if x is really wild or naturaliz$ f cultivation4 ,sometimes a rec5t introduction may be suspect$4 ,9 ,india1 = in/ance1 num]\s specim5s h be5 ga!r$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s2 b ,roxburgh1 :o 0 s dilig5t a collector at ! end ( ! la/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 does n m5tion ! species4 ,no ,sanskrit or mod]n ,h9du "n is kn[n1#eea & x has n be5 f\nd 9 ! c\ntries betwe5 ,india & ,turkey4 ,! common names may tell u some?+ ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! species & to its cultivation4 ,no ,greek or ,lat9 "n is kn[n4 ,sp]gula1 9 ,italian sp]gola1 seems to be a common "n long 9 use 9 ,italy4 ,ano!r ,italian "n1 erba r5aiola1 indicates only its gr[? 9 ! s& 7r5a74 ,! ,fr5* 7sp>g\le71 ,spani% 7esp>cillas71 ,portuguese 7esp>gata71 & ,g]man 7,sp>k71 h all ! same root4 ,x seems t ?r\gh\t ! s\? ( ,europe ! species 0 tak5 f c\ntry to c\ntry by ! ,romans1 be=e ! division ( ! ,lat9 languages4 ,9 ! nor? ! case is v diff]5t4 ,!re is a ,russian "n1 toritsa2#eeb sev]al ,dani% names1 humb or hum1 girr or kirr2#eec & ,sw$i%1 knutt1 fryle1 ngde1 skorff4#eed ,?is great div]sity %[s t att5tion _h long be5 drawn to ?is plant 9 ?is "p ( ,europe1 & argues an anci5t cultivation4 ,x 0 cultivat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,montbelli>d 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1#eee & x is n /at$ t x 0 !n ( rec5t introduction4 ,probably x arose 9 ! s\? ( ,europe dur+ ! ,roman occupation1 & p]haps e>li] 9 ! nor?4 ,9 any case1 its orig9al home mu/ h be5 ,europe4 ,agriculturi/s di/+ui% a tall] v>iety ( sp]gula1#eef b botani/s are n agre$ ) !m 9 f9d+ 9 x suffici5t *>act]i/ics ( a di/9ct species1 & "s d n ev5 make x a v>iety4 ,gu9ea ,grass--,panicum maximum1 ,jacqu94#eeg ,?is p]5nial grass has a great reputation 9 c\ntries ly+ betwe5 ! tropics z a nutriti\s fodd]1 easy ( cultivation4 ,) a little c>e a mead[ ( gu9ea grass w la/ = tw5ty ye>s4#eeh ,its cultivation appe>s to h begun 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,p4 ,br[ne speaks ( x 9 8 "w on ,jamaica1 publi%$ 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 & x is subsequ5tly m5tion$ by ,sw>tz4 ,! =m] m5tions ! "n gu9ea grass1 )\t any rem>ks on ! orig9al home ( ! species4 ,! latt] says1 8=m]ly br\ght f ! coa/ ( ,africa to ! ,antilles40 ,he probably tru/$ to ! indication giv5 by ! common "n2 b we "k h[ fallaci\s su* indications ( orig9 sometimes are4 ,witness ! s-call$ ,turkey :eat1 :i* comes f ,am]ica4 ,sw>tz1 :o is an excell5t botani/1 says t ! plant gr[s 9 ! dry cultivat$ pa/ures ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e x is also wild1 :i* may imply t x has become naturaliz$ 9 places :]e x 0 =m]ly cultivat$4 ,i _c f9d x any:]e ass]t$ t x is really wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ,brazil4 ,f data collect$ by de ,m>tius & /udi$ by ,nees1#eei data aft]w>ds increas$ & m c>efully /udi$ by ,dll1#efj ,panicum maximum gr[s 9 ! cle>+s ( ! =e/s ( ! ,amazon valley1 ne> ,sant>em1 9 ! prov9ces ( ,balria1 ,ce>a1 ,rio de ,janeiro1 & ,sa9t ,paul4 ,al?\gh ! plant is (t5 cultivat$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 ! localities giv51 by _! numb] & nature1 prove t x is indig5\s4 ,dll has also se5 specim5s f ,fr5* ,guiana & ,new ,granada4 ,) respect to ,africa1 ,sir ,william ,hook]#efa m5tion$ specim5s br\ght f ,si]ra ,leone1 f ,aguapim1 f ! banks ( ! ,quorra1 & f ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas1 9 ,we/]n ,africa4 ,nees#efb indicates ! species 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ,cape ,colony1 ev5 9 ! bu% & 9 m\nta9\s c\ntry4 ,ri*>d#efc m5tions places 9 ,abyss9ia1 :i* also seem to be beyond ! limits ( cultivation1 b he owns to be+ n v sure ( ! species4 ,&]son1 on ! contr>y1 positively ass]ts t ,panicum maximum 0 br\ght f ! banks ( ! ,mozambique & ( ! ,zambesi riv]s by ! travell] ,pet]s4#efd ,! species is kn[n to h be5 introduc$ into ,mauritius by ! ,gov]n\r ,lab\rdonnais1#efe & to h become naturaliz$ f cultivation z 9 ,rodriguez & ! ,sey*elles ,isles4 ,its introduction into ,asia mu/ be rec5t1 = ,roxburgh & ,miquel d n m5tion ! species4 ,9 ,ceylon x is only cultivat$4#eff ,on ! :ole1 x seems to me t ! probabilities are 9 fav\r ( an ,african orig91 z its "n indicates1 & ?is is confirm$ by ! g5]al1 b insuffici5tly gr\nd$ op9ion ( au?ors4#efg ,h[ev]1 z ! plant spreads s rapidly1 x is /range t x has n rea*$ ,egypt f ! ,mozambique or ,abyss9ia1 & t x 0 introduc$ s late into ! isl&s to ! ea/ ( ,africa4 ,if ! co-exi/5ce ( phan]ogam\s species 9 ,africa & ,am]ica previ\s to cultivation 7 n extremely r>e1 x might be inf]r$ 9 ?is case2 b ?is is unlikely 9 ! case ( a cultivat$ plant ( :i* ! diffusion is evid5tly v easy4 ,article ,,iii4--,v>i\s ,uses ( ! ,/em & ,leaves4 ,tea--,!a s95sis1 ,l9nu4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ! %rub :i* produces tea 0 /ill v little kn[n1 ,l9nu gave x ! "n ( ,!a s95sis4 ,soon aft]w>ds1 9 ! second edition ( ! ,species ,plant>um1 he judg$ x bett] to di/+ui% two species1 ,!a bohea & ,!a viridis1 :i* he believ$ to correspond to ! comm]cial di/9ction betwe5 black & gre5 teas4 ,x has s9ce be5 prov$ t !re is b "o species1 compreh5d+ sev]al v>ieties1 f all ( :i* ei!r black or gre5 tea may be obta9$ accord+ to ! process ( manufacture4 ,?is "q 0 settl$1 :5 ano!r 0 rais$1 z to :e!r ,!a really =ms a g5us by itself di/9ct f ! g5us ,camellia4 ,"s au?ors make ,!a a section ( ! old g5us ,camellia2 b f ! *>act]s indicat$ ) great precision by ,seemann1#efh x seems to me t we are ju/ifi$ 9 reta9+ ! g5us ,!a1 toge!r ) ! old nom5clature ( ! pr9cipal species4 ,a ,japanese leg5d1 relat$ by ,kmpf]1#efi is (t5 quot$4 ,a prie/ :o came f ,india into ,*9a 9 ,a4,d4 #eai1 hav+ succumb$ to sleep :5 he _h wi%$ to wat* & pray1 9 a movem5t ( ang] cut (f 8 two eyelids1 :i* 7 *ang$ into a %rub1 ! tea tree1 ^: leaves are em95tly calculat$ to prev5t sleep4 ,un=tunately = ^? p :o readily admit leg5ds 9 :ole or 9 "p1 ! ,*9ese h nev] he>d ( ?is /ory1 al?\gh ! ev5t is said to h tak5 place 9 _! c\ntry4 ,tea 0 kn[n to !m long be=e #eai1 & probably x 0 n br\ght f ,india4 ,?is is :at ,brets*neid] tells u 9 8 little "w1 ri* 9 botanical & philological facts4#egj ,! ,p5t-sao1 he says1 m5tions tea #bgjj ,b4,c41 ! ,rye #cjj or #fjj ,b4,c42 & ! comm5tator ( ! latt] "w1 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 gave details ab\t ! plant & ab\t ! infusion ( ! leaves4 ,its use is1 !re=e1 ( v anci5t date 9 ,*9a4 ,x is p]haps m rec5t 9 ,japan1 & if x has be5 long kn[n 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 x is possible1 b n prov$1 t x =m]ly spread ?i!r f ,india2 au?ors cite no ,sanskrit "n1 nor ev5 any "n 9 mod]n ,indian languages4 ,?is fact w appe> /range :5 contra/$ ) :at we h to say on ! natural habitat ( ! species4 ,! se$s ( ! tea-plant (t5 s[ !mselves beyond ! limits ( cultivation1 !reby inspir+ d\bt among botani/s z to ! wild nature ( plants enc\nt]$ "h & !re4 ,?unb]g believ$ ! species to be wild 9 ,japan1 b ,fran*et & ,savati]#ega absolutely d5y ?is4 ,=tune1#egb :o has s c>efully exam9$ ! cultivation ( tea 9 ,*9a1 does n speak ( ! wild plant4 ,fontani]#egc says t ! tea-plant gr[s wild abundantly 9 ,mants*uria4 ,x is probable t x exi/s 9 ! m\nta9\s di/ricts ( ,s\?-ea/]n ,*9a1 :]e naturali/s h n yet p5etrat$4 ,l\reiro says t x is f\nd bo? 8cultivat$ & uncultivat$0 9 ,co*9-,*9a4#egd ,:at is m c]ta9 is1 t ,engli% travell]s ga!r$ specim5s 9 ,upp] ,assam#ege & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ca*>4#egf ,s t ! tea-plant mu/ be wild 9 ! m\nta9\s region :i* sep>ates ! pla9s ( ,india f ^? ( ,*9a1 b ! use ( ! leaves 0 n =m]ly kn[n 9 ,india4 ,! cultivation ( tea1 n[ introduc$ into sev]al colonies1 has produc$ admirable results 9 ,assam4 ,n only is ! product ( a sup]ior quality to t ( av]age ,*9ese teas1 b ! quantity obta9$ increases rapidly4 ,9 #ahgj1 ?ree million p\nds ( tea 7 produc$ 9 ,briti% ,india2 9 #ahgh1 ?irty-sev5 million p\nds2 & 9 #ahhj1 a h>ve/ ( sev5ty million p\nds 0 look$ =4#egg ,tea w n be> fro/1 & suff]s f dr\ght4 ,z ,i h else:]e /at$1#egh ! conditions :i* fav\r x are ! opposite to ^? :i* suit ! v9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has be5 obs]v$ t tea fl\ri%es 9 ,azores1 :]e good w9e is made2#egi b x is possible to cultivate 9 g>d5s1 or on a small scale1 _m plants :i* w n be pr(itable on a l>ge scale4 ,! v9e gr[s 9 ,*9a1 yet ! manufacture ( w9e is unimportant4 ,conv]sely1 no w9e-gr[+ c\ntry gr[s tea = exportation4 ,aft] ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,assam1 x is 9 ,java1 ,ceylon1 & ,brazil t tea is mo/ l>gely gr[n1 :]e1 c]ta9ly1 ! v9e is little cultivat$1 or n at all2 :ile ! w9es ( dry regions1 su* z ,au/ralia & ! ,cape1 are already kn[n 9 ! m>ket4 ,flax--,l9um usitatissimum1 ,l9nu4 ,! "q z to ! orig9 ( flax1 or r ( ! cultivat$ flax1 is "o ( ^? :i* give rise to mo/ int]e/+ rese>*es4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! difficulties :i* x pres5ts1 we mu/ fir/ asc]ta9 :at ne>ly alli$ =ms au?ors designate--sometimes z di/9ct species ( ! g5us ,l9um1 & sometimes z v>ieties ( a s+le species4 ,! fir/ important "w on ?is subject 0 by ,plan*on1 9 #ahdh4ehj ,he cle>ly %[$ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,l9um usitatissimum1 ,l4 humile1 & ,l4 angu/ifolium1 :i* 7 little kn[n4 ,aft]w>ds ,he]1#eha :5 mak+ pr(\nd rese>*es into anci5t cultivation1 w5t aga9 into ! *>act]s indicat$1 & by add+ ! /udy ( two int]m$iate =ms1 z well z ! comp>ison ( a great numb] ( specim5s1 he arriv$ at ! conclusion t !re 0 a s+le species1 compos$ ( sev]al slightly diff]5t =ms4 ,i give a translation ( 8 ,lat9 summ>y ( ! *>act]s1 only add+ a "n = ea* di/9ct =m1 9 accordance ) ! cu/om ( botanical works4 ,l9um usitatissimum4 #a4 ,annuum 7annual74 ,root annual2 /em s+le1 upright2 capsules #g to #h mm4 long2 se$s #d to #f mm41 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t4 ,vulg>e 7common74 ,capsules #g mm41 n op5+ :5 ripe1 & display+ glabr\s p>titions4 ,g]man names1 ,s*liessle91 ,dres*le94 4 ,humile 7l[74 ,capsules #h mm41 op5+ sudd5ly :5 ripe2 ! p>titions hairy4 ,l9um humile1 ,mill]2 ,l4 crepitans1 ,bn+haus54 ,g]man names1 ,klangle91 ,spr+le94 #b4 ,hyemale 7w9t]74 ,root annual or bi5nial2 /ems num]\s1 spread+ at ! base1 & b5t2 capsules #g mm41 t]m9at+ 9 a po9t4 ,l9um hyemale romanum4 ,9 ,g]man1 ,w9t]le94 #c4 ,ambiguum 7d\btful74 ,root annual or p]5nial2 /ems num]\s1 leaves acum9ate2 capsules #g mm41 ) p>titions ne>ly free f hairs2 se$s #d mm41 end+ 9 a %ort po9t4 ,l9um ambiguum1 ,jordan4 #d4 ,angu/ifolium 7n>r[-leav$74 ,root annual or p]5nial2 /ems num]\s1 spread+ at ! base1 & b5t2 capsules #f mm41 ) hairy p>titions2 se$s #c mm41 slightly hook$ at ! top4 ,l9um angu/ifolium4 ,x may be se5 h[ easily "o =m passes into ano!r4 ,! quality ( annual1 bi5nial1 or p]5nial1 :i* ,he] suspect$ to be unc]ta91 is vague1 especially = ! angu/ifolium2 = ,loret1 :o has obs]v$ ?is flax 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,montpelli]1 says1#ehb 8,9 v hot c\ntries x is ne>ly always an annual1 & ?is is ! case 9 ,sicily accord+ to ,gussone2 ) u x is annual1 bi5nial1 or p]5nial1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* x gr[s2 & ?is may be asc]ta9$ by obs]v+ x on ! %ore1 notably at ,maguelone4 ,!re x may be se5 t along ! bord]s ( trodd5 pa?s x la/s long] ?an on ! s&1 :]e ! sun soon dries up ! roots & ! acidity ( ! soil prev5ts ! plant f endur+ m ?an a ye>40 ,:5 =ms & physiological conditions pass f "o into ano!r1 & are di/+ui%$ by *>act]s :i* v>y accord+ to circum/ances1 we are l$ to consid] ! individuals z con/itut+ a s+le species1 al?\gh ^! =ms & conditions possess a c]ta9 degree ( h]$ity1 & date p]haps f v e>ly times4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 =c$ to consid] !m sep>ately 9 our rese>*es into _! orig94 ,i %all fir/ indicate 9 :at c\ntry ea* v>iety has be5 discov]$ 9 a wild or half-wild /ate4 ,i %all !n speak ( cultivation1 & we %all see h[ f> geographical & hi/orical facts confirm ! op9ion ( ! unity ( species4 ,! common annual flax has n yet be5 discov]$1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 9 a wild /ate4 ,i possess sev]al specim5s ( x f ,india1 & ,plan*on saw o!rs 9 ! h]b>ium at ,kew2 b ,anglo-,indian botani/s d n admit t ! plant is indig5\s 9 ,briti% ,india4 ,! rec5t flora ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook] speaks ( x z a species cultivat$ pr9cipally = ! oil extract$ f ! se$s2 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,b4 ,cl>ke1 =m]ly director ( ! botanical g>d5s 9 ,calcutta1 writes to me t ! specim5s mu/ h be5 cultivat$1 its cultivation be+ v common 9 w9t] 9 ! nor? ( ,india4 ,boissi]#ehc m5tions ,l4 humile1 ) n>r[ leaves1 :i* ,kots*y ga!r$ 8ne> ,s*iraz 9 ,p]sia1 at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 call$ ,sab/ ,bu*om40 ,?is is1 p]haps1 a spot f> remov$ f cultivation2 b ,i _c give satisfactory in=mation on ?is head4 ,hoh5ack] f\nd ,l4 usitatissimum 8half wild0 9 ! prov9ce ( ,talys*1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 t[>ds ! ,caspian ,sea4#ehd ,/ev5 is m positive ) reg>d to ,s\!rn ,russia4#ehe ,accord+ to him1 x 8is f\nd pretty (t5 on ! b>r5 hills to ! s\? ( ! ,crimea1 betwe5 ,jalta & ,nikita2 & ,nordmann f\nd x on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,black ,sea40 ,advanc+ we/w>d 9 ,s\!rn ,russia1 or 9 ! region ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! species is b r>ely m5tion$1 & only z escap$ f cultivation1 or half wild4 ,9 spite ( d\bts & ( ! scanty data :i* we possess1 ,i ?9k x v possible t ! annual flax1 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two =ms1 may be wild 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ! s\? ( ,p]sia & ! ,crimea1 at lea/ 9 a few localities4 ,! w9t] flax is only kn[n "u cultivation 9 a few prov9ces ( ,italy4#ehf ,! ,l9um ambiguum ( ,jordan gr[s on ! coa/ ( ,prov5ce & ( ,langu$oc 9 dry places4#ehg ,la/ly1 ,l9um angu/ifolium1 :i* h>dly diff]s f ! prec$+1 has a well-def9$ & r l>ge area4 ,x gr[s wild1 especially on hills ?r\gh\t ! region ( :i* ! ,m$it]ranean =ms ! c5tre2 t is1 9 ! ,can>ies & ,madeira1 9 ,m>occo1#ehh ,alg]ia1#ehi & z f> z ! ,cyr5aic2#eij f ! s\? ( ,europe1 z f> z ,engl&1#eia ! ,alps1 & ! ,balkan ,m\nta9s2 & la/ly1 9 ,asia f ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus#eib to ,lebanon & ,pale/9e4#eic ,i d n f9d x m5tion$ 9 ! ,crimea1 nor beyond ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,let u n[ turn to ! cultivation ( flax1 de/9$ 9 mo/ in/ances to furni% a textile sub/ance1 (t5 also to yield oil1 & cultivat$ among c]ta9 peoples = ! nutriti\s prop]ties ( ! se$4 ,i fir/ /udi$ ! "q ( its orig9 9 #ahee1eid & ) ! foll[+ result3-- ,x 0 abundantly %[n t ! anci5t ,egyptians & ! ,hebrews made use ( l95 /uffs4 ,h]odotus affirms ?is4 ,moreov]1 ! plant may be se5 figur$ 9 ! anci5t ,egyptian draw+s1 & ! microscope indubitably %[s t ! b&ages :i* b9d ! mummies are ( l954#eie ,! culture ( flax is ( anci5t date 9 ,europe2 x 0 kn[n to ! ,kelts1 & 9 ,india accord+ to hi/ory4 ,la/ly1 ! widely diff]5t common names indicate likewise an anci5t cultivation or long use 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,! ,keltic "n l91 & ,greco-,lat9 l9on or l9um1 has no analogy ) ! ,hebrew pis*ta1#eif nor ) ! ,sanskrit names ooma1 atasi1 utasi4#eig ,a few botani/s m5tion ! flax z 8ne>ly wild0 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,russia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & to ! ea/ ( ,sib]ia1 b x 0 n kn[n to be truly wild4 ,i !n summ$ up ! probabilities1 say+1 8,! v>y+ etymology ( ! names1 ! antiquity ( cultivation 9 ,egypt1 9 ,europe1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 ! circum/ance t 9 ! latt] di/rict flax is cultivat$ = ! yield ( oil alone1 lead me to believe t two or ?ree species ( diff]5t orig91 conf\nd$ by mo/ au?ors "u ! "n ( ,l9um usitatissimum1 7 =m]ly cultivat$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 )\t imitation or communication ! "o ) ! o!r4444 ,i am v d\btful :e!r ! species cultivat$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians 0 ! species indig5\s 9 ,russia & 9 ,sib]ia40 ,my conjectures 7 confirm$ t5 ye>s lat] by a v curi\s discov]y made by ,oswald ,he]4 ,! lake-dwell]s ( ,ea/]n ,switz]l&1 at a "t :5 !y only us$ /one implem5ts1 & did n "k ! use ( hemp1 cultivat$ & wove a flax :i* is n our common annual flax1 b ! p]5nial flax call$ ,l9um angu/ifolium1 :i* is wild s\? ( ! ,alps4 ,?is is %[n by ! exam9ation ( ! capsules1 se$s1 & especially ( ! l[] "p ( a plant c>efully extract$ f ! s$im5t at ,rob5haus54#eih ,! illu/ration publi%$ by ,he] %[s di/9ctly a root surm\nt$ by f two to f\r /ems aft] ! mann] ( p]5nial plants4 ,! /ems _h be5 cut1 :]eas our common flax is pluck$ up by ! roots1 ano!r pro( ( ! p]si/5t nature ( ! plant4 ,) ! rema9s ( ! ,rob5haus5 flax "s gra9s ( ,sil5e cretica 7 f\nd1 a species :i* is also =eign to ,switz]l&1 & abundant 9 ,italy 9 ! fields ( flax4#eii ,h5ce ,he] conclud$ t ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s import$ ! se$s ( ! ,italian flax4 ,?is 0 app>5tly ! case1 unless we suppose t ! climate ( ,switz]l& at t "t diff]$ f t ( our own epo*1 = ! p]5nial flax w\ld n at ! pres5t day survive ! w9t]s ( ,ea/]n ,switz]l&4#fjj ,he]'s op9ion is support$ by ! surpris+ fact t flax has n be5 f\nd among ! rema9s ( ! lake-dwell+s ( ,layba* & ,mondsee ( ! ,au/rian ,/ates1 :]e bronze has be5 discov]$4#fja ,! late epo* ( ! introduction ( flax into ?is region excludes ! hypo!sis t ! inhabitants ( ,switz]l& receiv$ x f ,ea/]n ,europe1 f :i*1 moreov]1 !y 7 sep>at$ by imm5se =e/s4 ,s9ce ! +5i\s obs]vations ( ! ,zri* savant1 a flax has be5 discov]$ :i* 0 employ$ by ! prehi/oric inhabitants ( ! peat-mosses ( ,lagozza1 9 ,lomb>dy2 & ,sordelli has %[n t x 0 ! same z t ( ,rob5haus51 ,l4 angu/ifolium4#fjb ,?is anci5t p 0 ignorant ( ! use ( hemp & ( metals1 b !y possess$ ! same c]eals z ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s ( ! /one age1 & ate l !m ! acorns ( ,qu]cus robur1 v>4 sessiliflora4 ,!re 01 !re=e1 a civilization :i* _h rea*$ a c]ta9 developm5t on bo? sides ( ! ,alps1 be=e metals1 ev5 bronze1 7 9 common use1 & be=e hemp & ! dome/ic f[l 7 kn[n4#fjc ,x 0 probably be=e ! arrival ( ! ,aryans 9 ,europe1 or soon aft] t ev5t4#fjd ,! common names ( ! flax 9 anci5t ,european languages may ?r[ "s light on ?is "q4 ,! "n l91 ll91 l9u1 l9on1 l9um1 le91 lan1 exi/s 9 all ! ,european languages ( ,aryan orig9 ( ! c5tre & s\? ( ,europe1 ,keltic1 ,slavonic1 ,greek1 or ,lat94 ,?is "n is1 h[ev]1 n common to ! ,aryan languages ( ,india2 consequ5tly1 z ,pictet#fje ju/ly says1 ! cultivation mu/ h be5 begun by ! we/]n ,aryans1 & be=e _! arrival 9 ,europe4 ,ano!r idea occurr$ to me :i* l$ me into fur!r rese>*es1 b !y 7 unproductive4 ,i ?\ght t1 s9ce ?is flax 0 cultivat$ by ! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& & ,italy be=e ! arrival ( ! ,aryan peoples1 x 0 probably also gr[n by ! ,ib]ians1 :o !n occupi$ ,spa9 & ,gaul2 & p]haps "s special "n = x has rema9$ among ! ,basques1 ! suppos$ desc5dants ( ! ,ib]ians4 ,n[1 accord+ to sev]al diction>ies ( _! language1#fjf liho1 l9o1 or li1 accord+ to ! dialects1 signifies flax1 :i* agrees ) ! "n diffus$ ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,! ,basques seem1 !re=e1 to h receiv$ flax f peoples ( ,aryan orig91 or p]haps !y h lo/ ! anci5t "n & sub/itut$ t ( ! ,kelts & ,romans4 ,! "n fla*s or flax ( ! ,teutonic languages comes f ! ,old ,g]man flahs4 ,!re are also special names 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe--pellawa1 aiw9a1 9 ,f9ni%2#fjg hor1 hrr1 hor1 9 ,dani%2#fjh hor & tone 9 anci5t ,go?ic4#fji ,ha> exi/s 9 ! ,g]man ( ,salzburg4#faj ,?is ^w may be 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ,g]man = ?read or hair1 z ! "n li may be connect$ ) ! same root z lig>e1 to b9d1 & z hr1 9 ! plural hrv>1 is connect$ by philologi/s#faa ) h>va1 ! ,g]man root = ,fla*s2 b x is1 nev]!less1 a fact t 9 ,sc&9avian c\ntries & 9 ,f9l& t]ms h be5 us$ :i* diff] f ^? employ$ ?r\gh\t ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,?is v>iety %[s ! antiquity ( ! cultivation1 & agrees ) ! fact t ! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& & ,italy cultivat$ a species ( flax be=e ! fir/ invasion ( ! ,aryans4 ,x is possible1 ,i might ev5 say probable1 t ! latt] import$ ! "n li r ?an ! plant or its cultivation2 b z !re is no wild flax 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 an anci5t p1 ! ,f9ns1 ( ,turanian orig91 introduc$ ! flax into ! nor? be=e ! ,aryans4 ,9 ?is case !y mu/ h cultivat$ ! annual flax1 = ! p]5nial v>iety w n be> ! sev]ity ( ! nor!rn w9t]s2 :ile we "k h[ fav\rable ! climate ( ,riga is 9 summ] to ! cultivation ( ! annual flax4 ,its fir/ introduction into ,gaul1 ,switz]l&1 & ,italy may h be5 f ! s\?1 by ! ,ib]ians1 & 9 ,f9l& by ! ,f9ns2 & ! ,aryans may h aft]w>ds diffus$ ^? names :i* 7 commone/ among !mselves--t ( l9um 9 ! s\?1 & ( flahs 9 ! nor?4 ,p]haps ! ,aryans & ,f9ns _h br\ght ! annual flax f ,asia1 :i* w\ld soon h be5 sub/itut$ = ! p]5nial v>iety1 :i* is less productive & less adapt$ to cold c\ntries4 ,x is n kn[n precisely at :at epo* ! cultivation ( ! annual flax 9 ,italy took ! place ( t ( ! p]5nial l9um angu/ifolium1 b x mu/ h be5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 = ,lat9 au?ors speak ( a well-e/abli%$ cultivation1 & ,pl9y says t ! flax 0 s[n 9 spr+ & root$ up 9 ! summ]4#fab ,metal implem5ts 7 n !n want+1 & !re=e ! flax w\ld h be5 cut if x _h be5 p]5nial4 ,moreov]1 ! latt]1 if s[n 9 spr+1 w\ld n h rip5$ till autumn4 ,= ! same reasons ! flax cultivat$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians mu/ h be5 an annual4 ,hi!rto nei!r entire plants nor a great numb] ( capsules h be5 f\nd 9 ! catacombs ( a nature to furni% direct & inconte/able pro(4 ,ung]#fac alone 0 able to exam9e a capsule tak5 f ! bricks ( a monum5t1 :i* ,leipsius attributes to ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 & he f\nd x m l ^? ( ,l4 usitatissimum ?an ( ,l4 angu/ifolium4 ,out ( ?ree se$s :i* ,braun#fad saw 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 mix$ ) ^? ( o!r cultivat$ plants1 "o appe>$ to him to belong to ,l4 angu/ifolium1 & ! o!r to ,l4 humile2 b x mu/ be own$ t a s+le se$ )\t plant or capsule is n suffici5t pro(4 ,anci5t ,egyptian pa9t+s %[ t flax 0 n reap$ ) a sickle l c]eals1 b uproot$4#fae ,9 ,egypt flax is cultivat$ 9 ! w9t]1 = ! summ] dr\ght w\ld no m all[ ( a p]5nial v>iety1 ?an ! cold ( nor!rn c\ntries1 :]e x is s[n 9 spr+1 to be ga!r$ 9 summ]4 ,x may be add$ t ! annual flax ( ! v>iety call$ humile is ! only "o n[ gr[n 9 ,abyss9ia1 & also ! only "o t mod]n collectors h se5 9 ,egypt4#faf ,he] sugge/s t ! anci5t ,egyptians may h cultivat$ ,l4 angu/ifolium ( ! ,m$it]ranean region1 s[+ x z an annual plant4#fag ,i am m incl9$ to believe t !y _h previ\sly import$ or receiv$ _! flax f ,egypt1 already 9 ! =m ( ! species ,l4 humile4 ,_! modes ( cultivation1 & ! figures on ! monum5ts1 %[ t _! k ( ! plant dat$ f a remote antiquity4 ,n[ x is kn[n t ! ,egyptians ( ! fir/ dyna/ies be=e ,*eops belong$ to a proto-semitic race1 :i* came into ,egypt by ! i/hmus ( ,suez4#fah ,flax has be5 f\nd 9 a tomb ( anci5t ,*aldea prior to ! exi/5ce ( ,babylon1#fai & its use 9 ?is region is lo/ 9 ! remote/ antiquity4 ,?us ! fir/ ,egyptians ( :ite race may h import$ ! cultivat$ flax1 or _! imm$iate successors may h receiv$ x f ,asia be=e ! epo* ( ! ,phnician colonies 9 ,greece1 & be=e direct communication 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,greece & ,egypt "u ! f\rte5? dyna/y4#fbj ,a v e>ly introduction ( ! plant into ,egypt f ,asia does n prev5t u f admitt+ t x 0 at diff]5t times tak5 f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/ at a lat] epo* ?an t ( ! fir/ ,egyptian dyna/ies4 ,?us ! we/]n ,aryans & ! ,phnicians may h introduc$ into ,europe a flax m advantage\s ?an ,l4 angu/ifolium dur+ ! p]iod f #bejj to #abjj ye>s be=e our era4 ,! cultivation ( ! plant by ! ,aryans mu/ h ext5d$ fur!r nor? ?an t by ! ,phnicians4 ,9 ,greece1 at ! "t ( ! ,trojan w>1 f9e l95 /uffs 7 /ill import$ f ,col*is2 t is to say1 f t region at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus :]e ! common annual flax has be5 f\nd wild 9 mod]n times4 ,x does n appe> t ! ,greeks cultivat$ ! plant at t epo*4#fba ,! ,aryans _h p]haps already introduc$ its cultivation into ! valley ( ! ,danube4 ,h[ev]1 ,i notic$ j n[ t ! lacu/r9e rema9s ( ,mondsee & ,layba* %[ no trace ( any flax4 ,9 ! la/ c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,romans procur$ v f9e l95 f ,spa91 al?\gh ! names ( ! plant 9 t c\ntry d n t5d to %[ t ! ,phnicians introduc$ x4 ,!re is n any ,ori5tal "n exi/+ 9 ,europe belong+ ei!r to antiquity or to ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,arabic "n kattan1 kettane1 or kittane1 ( ,p]sian orig91#fbb has spread we/w>d only among ! ,kabyles ( ,alg]ia4#fbc ,! sum ( facts & probabilities appe> to me to lead to ! foll[+ /atem5ts1 :i* may be accept$ until !y are modifi$ by fur!r discov]ies4 #a4 ,l9um angu/ifolium1 usually p]5nial1 r>ely bi5nial or annual1 :i* is f\nd wild f ! ,can>y ,isles to ,pale/9e & ! ,caucasus1 0 cultivat$ 9 ,switz]l& & ! nor? ( ,italy by peoples m anci5t ?an ! conqu]ors ( ,aryan race4 ,its cultivation 0 replac$ by t ( ! annual flax4 #b4 ,! annual flax 7,l4 usitatissimum71 cultivat$ = at lea/ f\r ?\s& or five ?\s& ye>s 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,assyria1 & ,egypt1 0 & /ill is wild 9 ! di/ricts includ$ betwe5 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ! ,black ,sea4 #c4 ,?is annual flax appe>s to h be5 introduc$ into ! nor? ( ,europe by ! ,f9ns 7( ,turanian race71 aft]w>ds into ! re/ ( ,europe by ! we/]n ,aryans1 & p]haps "h & !re by ! ,phnicians2 la/ly into ,h9du/an by ! ea/]n ,aryans1 aft] _! sep>ation f ! ,european ,aryans4 #d4 ,^! two pr9cipal =ms or conditions ( flax exi/ 9 cultivation1 & h probably be5 wild 9 _! mod]n areas = ! la/ five ?\s& ye>s at lea/4 ,x is n possible to guess at _! previ\s condition4 ,_! transitions & v>ieties are s num]\s t !y may be consid]$ z "o species compris+ two or ?ree h]$it>y v>ieties1 :i* are ea* aga9 divid$ into sub-v>ieties4 ,jute--,cor*orus capsul>is & ,cor*orus olitorius1 ,l9nu4 ,! fibres ( ! jute1 import$ 9 great quantities 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 especially into ,engl&1 are tak5 f ! /em ( ^! two species ( ,cor*orus1 annuals ( ! family ( ! ,tiliace4 ,! leaves are also us$ z a vegetable4 ,c4 capsul>is has a ne>ly sph]ical fruit1 flatt5$ at ! top1 & surr\nd$ by longitud9al ridges4 ,!re is a good col\r$ illu/ration ( x 9 ! "w ( ! y\ng] ,jacqu91 ,eclog1 pl4 #aai4 ,c4 olitorius1 on ! contr>y1 has a long fruit1 l ! pod ( a ,crucif]4 ,x is figur$ 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 fig4 #bhaj1 & 9 ,lam>ck1 fig4 #dgh4 ,! species ( ! g5us are di/ribut$ ne>ly equally 9 ! w>m regions ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica2 consequ5tly ! orig9 ( ea* _c be guess$4 ,x mu/ be s\ght 9 floras & h]b>ia1 ) ! help ( hi/orical & o!r data4 ,cor*orus capsul>is is commonly cultivat$ 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 9 ,ceylon1 9 ! p59sula ( ,h9du/an1 9 ,b5gal1 9 ,s\!rn ,*9a1 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1#fbd g5]ally 9 ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,=/] does n m5tion x 9 8 "w on ! plants 9 use among ! inhabitants ( ! ,pacific1 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t at ! "t ( ,cook's voyages1 a c5tury ago1 its cultivation _h n spread 9 t direction4 ,x may ev5 be suspect$ f ?is fact t x does n date f a v remote epo* 9 ! isles ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,blume says t ,cor*orus capsul>is gr[s 9 ! m>%es ( ,java ne> ,p>ang1#fbe & ,i h two specim5s f ,java :i* are n giv5 z cultivat$4#fbf ,?waites m5tions x z 8v common0 9 ,ceylon4#fbg ,on ! cont95t ( ,asia1 au?ors speak m ( x z a plant cultivat$ 9 ,b5gal & ,*9a4 ,wight1 :o gives a good illu/ration ( ! plant1 does n m5tion its native place4 ,edgewor?1#fbh :o has /udi$ on ! spot ! flora ( ! di/rict ( ,b&a1 says t x is f\nd 9 8! fields40 ,9 ! ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 ,ma/]s1 :o drew up ! article on ! ,tiliace f ! h]b>ium at ,kew1 says 89 ! hotte/ regions ( ,india1 cultivat$ 9 mo/ tropical c\ntries40#fbi ,i h a specim5 f ,b5gal :i* is n giv5 z cultivat$4 ,l\reiro says 8wild1 & cultivat$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,canton 9 ,*9a10#fcj :i* probably means wild 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 & cultivat$ 9 ,canton4 ,9 ,japan ! plant gr[s 9 cultivat$ soil4#fca ,9 conclusion1 ,i am n conv9c$ t ! species exi/s 9 a truly wild /ate nor? ( ,calcutta1 al?\gh x may p]haps h spread f cultivation & h s[n itself "h & !re4 ,c4 capsul>is has be5 introduc$ into v>i\s p>ts ( tropical ,africa & ev5 ( ,am]ica1 b x is only cultivat$ on a l>ge scale = ! production ( jute ?read 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 & especially 9 ,b5gal4 ,c4 olitorius is m us$ z a vegetable ?an = its fibres4 ,out ( ,asia x is employ$ exclusively = ! leaves4 ,x is "o ( ! commone/ ( cul9>y plants among ! mod]n ,egyptians & ,syrians1 :o call x 9 ,arabic meloky*1 b x is n likely t !y _h any k ( x 9 anci5t times1 z we "k ( no ,hebrew "n4#fcb ,! pres5t inhabitants ( ,crete cultivate x "u ! "n ( m\*lia1#fcc evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,arabic1 & ! anci5t ,greeks 7 n acqua9t$ ) x4 ,accord+ to sev]al au?ors#fcd ?is species ( ,cor*orus is wild 9 sev]al prov9ces ( ,briti% ,india4 ,?waites says x is common 9 ! hot di/ricts ( ,ceylon2 b 9 ,java1 ,blume only m5tions x z gr[+ among rubbi% 79 rud]atis74 ,i _c f9d x m5tion$ 9 ,co*9-,*9a or ,japan4 ,boissi] saw specim5s f ,mesopotamia1 ,afghani/an1 ,syria1 & ,anatolia1 b gives z a g5]al indication1 8culta1 et 9 rud]atis subspontanea40 ,no ,sanskrit "n = ! two cultivat$ species ( ,cor*orus is kn[n4#fce ,t\*+ ! indig5\s "* ( ! plant 9 ,africa1 ,ma/]s1 9 ,oliv]'s ,flora ( ,tropical ,africa 7i4 p4 #bfb71 says1 8wild1 or cultivat$ z a vegetable ?r\gh\t tropical ,africa40 ,he attributes to ! same species two plants f ,gu9ea :i* ,g4 ,don _h describ$ z diff]5t1 & z to ^: wild nature he probably knew no?+4 ,i h a specim5 f ,kord(an ga!r$ by ,kots*y1 ,no4 #de1 8on ! bord]s ( ! fields ( sorghum40 ,pet]s1 z f> z ,i "k1 is ! only au?or :o ass]ts t ! plant is wild4 ,he f\nd ,c4 olitorius 89 dry places1 & also 9 ! mead[s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,s5a & ,tette40 ,s*we9fur? only gives x z a cultivat$ plant 9 ! :ole ,nile ,valley4#fcf ,?is is also ! case 9 ! flora ( ,s5egambia by ,guillem91 ,p]rottet1 & ,ri*>d4 ,to sum up1 ,c4 olitorius seems to be wild 9 ! mod]ately w>m regions ( ,we/]n ,india1 ( ,kord(an1 & probably ( "s int]m$iate c\ntries4 ,x mu/ h spread f ! coa/ ( ,timor1 & z f> z ,nor!rn ,au/ralia1 into ,africa & t[>ds ,anatolia1 9 ! wake ( a cultivation n p]haps ( e>li] date ?an ! ,*ri/ian era1 ev5 at its orig94 ,9 spite ( ! ass]tions made 9 v>i\s works1 ! cultivation ( ?is plant is r>ely indicat$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,i note1 h[ev]1 on ,griseba*'s au?ority1#fcg t x has become naturaliz$ 9 ,jamaica f g>d5s1 z (t5 happ5s 9 ! case ( cultivat$ annuals4 ,suma*4--,rhus cori>ia4 ,?is tree is cultivat$ 9 ,spa9 & ,italy#fch = ! "y %oots & leaves1 :i* are dri$ & made into a p[d] = tann+4 ,i rec5tly saw a plantation 9 ,sicily1 ( :i* ! product 0 export$ to ,am]ica4 ,z oak-b>k becomes m r>e & sub/ances = tann+ are m 9 dem&1 x is probable t ?is cultivation w spread2 all ! m t x is suitable to s&y1 /]ile regions4 ,9 ,alg]ia1 ,au/ralia1 at ! ,cape1 & 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 x might be introduc$ ) advantage4#fci ,anci5t peoples us$ ! slightly acid fruits z a season+1 & ! cu/om has l+]$ "h & !re2 b ,i f9d no pro( t !y cultivat$ ! species4 ,x gr[s wild 9 ! ,can>ies & 9 ,madeira1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,black ,sea1 pref]r+ dry & /ony gr\nd4 ,9 ,asia its area ext5ds z f> z ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ,p]sia4#fdj ,! species is s common t x may h be5 9 use be=e x 0 cultivat$4 ,suma* is ! ,p]sian & ,t>t> "n2#fda r\s1 rhus1 ! anci5t "n among ! ,greeks & ,romans4#fdb ,a pro( ( ! p]si/5ce ( c]ta9 common names is f\nd 9 ! ,fr5* 8,curri]'s r\x or r\re40 ,kht1 or ,arab ,tea--,ca?a edulis1 ,=skal2 ,cela/rus edulis1 ,vahl4 ,?is %rub1 belong+ to ! family ( ! ,cela/race1 is l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,abyss9ia1 "u ! "n ( t*ut or t*at1 & 9 ,arabia "u t ( cat or gat4 ,its leaves are *ew$1 :5 gre51 l ^? ( ! coca 9 ,am]ica1 & !y h ! same excit+ & /r5g!n+ prop]ties4 ,^? ( uncultivat$ plants h a /rong] ta/e1 & are ev5 intoxicat+4 ,botta saw t 9 ,yem5 z mu* importance is attribut$ to ! cultivation ( ! ,ca?a z to t ( c(fee1 & he m5tions t a %eik1 :o is oblig$ to receive _m visits ( c]emony1 b\ght z mu* z a hundr$ francs' wor? ( leaves a day4#fdc ,9 ,abyss9ia an infusion is also made f ! leaves4#fdd ,9 spite ( ! eag]ness ) :i* /imulants are s\ght1 ?is species has n spread into ! adjo9+ c\ntries1 su* z ,belu*i/an1 ,s\!rn ,india1 etc41 :]e x might succe$4 ,! ,ca?a is wild 9 ,abyss9ia1#fde b has n yet be5 f\nd wild 9 ,arabia4 ,x is true t ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry is ne>ly unkn[n to botani/s4 ,x _c be asc]ta9$ f ,botta's acc\nt :e!r ! wild plants he m5tions are wild & indig5\s1 or escap$ f cultivation & m or less naturaliz$4 ,p]haps ! ,ca?a 0 introduc$ f ,abyss9ia ) ! c(fee plant1 :i* likewise has n be5 discov]$ wild 9 ,arabia4 ,mat--,ilex p>agu>i5sis1 ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,! inhabitants ( ,brazil & ( ,p>aguay h employ$ f "t immemorial ! leaves ( ?is %rub1 z ! ,*9ese h ^? ( ! tea plant4 ,!y ga!r !m especially 9 ! damp =e/s ( ! int]ior1 betwe5 ! degrees ( #bj & #cj s\? latitude1 & comm]ce transports !m dri$ to great di/ances ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,^! leaves conta91 ) aroma & tann91 a pr9ciple analog\s to t ( tea & c(fee2 !y are n1 h[ev]1 mu* lik$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e ,*9ese tea is kn[n4 ,! plantations ( mat are n yet z important z ! product ( ! wild %rub1 b !y may increase z ! population increases4 ,moreov]1 ! prep>ation is simpl] ?an t ( tea1 z ! leaves are n roll$4 ,illu/rations & descriptions ( ! species1 ) a numb] ( details ab\t its use & prop]ties1 may be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ( ,sir ,william ,hook]1 & ( ,m>tius4#fdf ,coca4--,ery?roxylon ,coca1 ,lam>ck4 ,! natives ( ,p]u & ( ! neighb\r+ prov9ces1 at lea/ 9 ! hot moi/ regions1 cultivate ?is %rub1 ( :i* !y *ew ! leaves1 z ! natives ( ,india *ew ! leaves ( ! betel4 ,x is a v anci5t cu/om1 :i* has spread ev5 into elevat$ regions1 :]e ! species _c live4 ,n[ t x is kn[n h[ to extract ! ess5tial "p ( ! coca1 & its virtues are recogniz$ z a tonic1 :i* gives /r5g? to endure fatigue )\t hav+ ! drawbacks ( alcoholic liquors1 x is probable t an attempt w be made to ext5d its cultivation 9 ,am]ica & else:]e4 ,9 ,guiana1 = in/ance1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 or ! valleys ( ,sikkim & ,assam1 or 9 ,h9du/an1 s9ce bo? moi/ure & heat are requisite4 ,fro/ is v injuri\s to ! species4 ,! be/ sites are ! slopes ( hills :]e wat] _c lie4 ,an attempt made 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,lima fail$1 because ( ! infrequ5cy ( ra9 & p]haps because ( insuffici5t heat4#fdg ,i %all n repeat "h :at may be f\nd 9 sev]al excell5t treatises on ! coca2#fdh ,i ne$ only say t ! orig9al home ( ! species 9 ,am]ica is n yet cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,gosse has %[n t e>ly au?ors1 su* z ,joseph de ,jussieu1 ,lam>ck1 & ,cavanilles1 _h only se5 cultivat$ specim5s4 ,ma!ws ga!r$ x 9 ,p]u1 9 ! rav9e 7quebrada7 ( ,*9*ao1#fdi :i* appe>s to be a place beyond ! limits ( cultivation4 ,"s specim5s f ,cu*]o1 collect$ by ,poeppig1#fej are said to be wild2 b ! travell] himself 0 n conv9c$ ( _! wild nature4#fea ,d',orbigny ?9ks he saw ! wild coca on a hill 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,bolivia4#feb ,la/ly1 ,m4 ,&r has _h ! c\rtesy to s5d me ! specim5s ( ,ery?roxylon 9 8 h]b>ium1 & ,i recogniz$ ! coca 9 sev]al specim5s f ! valley ( ! riv] ,cauca 9 ,new ,granada1 ) ! note 89 abundance1 wild or half-wild40 ,triana1 h[ev]1 does n admit t ! species is wild 9 8 c\ntry1 ,new ,granada4#fec ,its extreme importance 9 ,p]u at ! "t ( ! ,incas1 comp>$ to ! r>ity ( its use 9 ,new ,granada1 seems to %[ t x has escap$ f cultivation 9 places :]e x occurs 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 & t ! species is indig5\s only 9 ! ea/ ( ,p]u & ,bolivia1 accord+ to ! indications ( ! travell]s m5tion$ above4 ,dy]'s ,indigo4--,indig(]a t9ctoria1 ,l9nu4 ,! ,sanskrit "n is nili4#fed ,! ,lat9 "n1 indicum1 %[s t ! ,romans knew t ! indigo 0 a sub/ance br\ght f ,india4 ,z to ! wild nature ( ! plant1 ,roxburgh says1 8,native place unkn[n1 =1 ?\gh x is n[ common 9 a wild /ate 9 mo/ ( ! prov9ces ( ,india1 x is seldom f\nd f> f ! di/ricts :]e x is n[ cultivat$1 or has be5 cultivat$ =m]ly40 ,wight & ,royle1 :o h publi%$ illu/rations ( ! species1 tell u no?+ on ?is head1 & m rec5t ,indian floras m5tion ! plant z cultivat$4#fee ,sev]al o!r indigoes are wild 9 ,india4 ,?is species has be5 f\nd 9 ! s&s ( ,s5egal1#fef b x is n m5tion$ 9 o!r ,african localities1 & z x is (t5 cultivat$ 9 ,s5egal1 x seems probable t x is naturaliz$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n r5d]s its ,asiatic orig9 mo/ probable4 ,silv] ,indigo--,indig(]a arg5tea4 ,?is species is c]ta9ly wild 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,nubia1 ,kord(an1 & ,s5a>4#feg ,x is cultivat$ 9 ,egypt & ,arabia4 ,h5ce we might suppose t x 0 f ?is species t ! anci5t ,egyptians extract$ a blue dye2#feh b p]haps !y import$ _! indigo f ,india1 = its cultivation 9 ,egypt is probably n ( e>li] date ?an ! ,middle ,ages4#fei ,a slightly diff]5t =m1 :i* ,roxburgh gives z a sep>ate species 7,indig(]a crulea71 & :i* appe>s r to be a v>iety1 is wild 9 ! pla9s ( ! p59sula ( ,h9du/an & ( ,belu*i/an4 ,am]ican ,indigoes4 ,!re are probably "o or two indigoes indig5\s 9 ,am]ica1 b ill def9$1 & (t5 int]mix$ 9 cultivation ) ! species ( ! old _w1 & naturaliz$ beyond ! limits ( cultivation4 ,?is int]*ange makes ! matt] too unc]ta9 = me to v5ture ^u any rese>*es into _! orig9al habitat4 ,"s au?ors h ?\ght t ,i4 ,anil1 ,l9nu1 0 "o ( ^! species4 ,l9nu1 h[ev]1 says t 8 plant came f ,india 7,mantissa1 p4 #bgc74 ,! blue dye ( ! anci5t ,mexicans 0 extract$ f a plant :i*1 accord+ to ,h]n&ez' acc\nt1#ffj diff]s widely f ! indigoes4 ,h5na--,lawsonia alba1 ,lam>ck 7,lawsonia in]mis & ,l4 sp9osa ( diff]5t au?ors74 ,! cu/om among ,ea/]n wom5 ( /a9+ _! nails r$ ) ! juice ( h5na-leaves dates f a remote antiquity1 z anci5t ,egyptian pa9t+s & mummies %[4 ,x is difficult to "k :5 & 9 :at c\ntry ?is species 0 fir/ cultivat$ to fulfil ! requirem5ts ( a fa%ion z absurd z x is p]si/5t1 b x may be f a v e>ly epo*1 s9ce ! inhabitants ( ,babylon1 ,n9eveh1 & ! t[ns ( ,egypt _h g>d5s4 ,x may be left to s*ol>s to %[ :e!r ! practice ( /a9+ ! nails began 9 ,egypt "u ?is or t dyna/y1 be=e or aft] c]ta9 relations 7 e/abli%$ ) ,ea/]n nations4 ,x is en\gh = our purpose to "k t ,lawsonia1 a %rub belong+ to ! ord] ( ! ,ly?race1 is m or less wild 9 ! w>m regions ( ,we/]n ,asia & ( ,africa to ! nor? ( ! equator4 ,i h 9 my possession specim5s f ,india1 ,java1 ,timor1 ev5 f ,*9a#ffa & ,nubia1 :i* are n said to be tak5 f cultivat$ plants1 & o!rs f ,guiana & ! ,we/ ,indies1 :i* are d\btless furni%$ by ! import$ species4 ,/ocks f\nd x indig5\s 9 ,belu*i/an4#ffb ,roxburgh also consid]$ x to be wild on ! ,corom&el#ffc coa/1 & ,?waites#ffd m5tions x 9 ,ceylon 9 a mann] :i* seems to %[ t x is wild !re4 ,cl>ke#ffe says1 8v common1 & cultivat$ 9 ,india1 p]haps wild 9 ! ea/]n "p40 ,x is possible t x spread into ,india f its orig9al home1 z into ,amboyna#fff 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & p]haps m rec5tly into ! ,we/ ,indies1#ffg 9 ! wake ( cultivation2 = ! plant is valu$ = ! sc5t ( its fl[]s1 z well z = ! dye1 & is easily propagat$ by se$4 ,!re is ! same d\bt z to :e!r x is indig5\s 9 ,p]sia1 ,arabia1 & ,egypt 7an ess5tially cultivat$ c\ntry71 9 ,nubia1 & ev5 9 ,gu9ea1 :]e specim5s h be5 ga!r$4#ffh ,x is ev5 possible t ! area ( ?is %rub ext5ds f ,india to ,nubia4 ,su* a wide geographical di/ribution is1 h[ev]1 always some:at r>e4 ,! common names may furni% "s indication4 ,a ,sanskrit "n1 saka*]a1#ffi is attribut$ to ! species1 b z x has left no trace 9 ! diff]5t mod]n languages ( ,india1 ,i am incl9$ to d\bt its reality4 ,! ,p]sian "n hanna is m widely diffus$ & reta9$ ?an any o!r 7h9a ( ! ,h9dus1 h5neh & alh5na ( ! ,arabs1 k9na ( ! mod]n ,greeks74 ,t ( cypros1 us$ by ! ,syrians ( ! "t ( ,dioscorides1#fgj has n f\nd s mu* fav\r4 ,?is fact supports ! op9ion t ! species grew orig9ally on ! bord]s ( ,p]sia1 & t its use z well z its cultivation spread f ! ,ea/ to ! ,we/1 f ,asia into ,africa4 ,tobacco--,nicotiana ,tabacum1 ,l9nu2 & o!r species ( ,nicotiana4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! cu/om ( smok+1 ( snuff-tak+1 or ( *ew+ tobacco 0 diffus$ ov] ! great] "p ( ?is va/ cont95t4 ,! acc\nts ( ! e>lie/ travell]s1 ( :i* ! fam\s anatomi/ ,ti$emann#fga has made a v complete collection1 %[ t ! inhabitants ( ,s\? ,am]ica did n smoke1 b *ew$ tobacco or took snuff1 except 9 ! di/rict ( ,la ,plata1 ,uruguay1 & ,p>aguay1 :]e no =m ( tobacco 0 us$4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 f ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama & ! ,we/ ,indies z f> z ,canada & ,cali=nia1 ! cu/om ( smok+ 0 univ]sal1 & circum/ances %[ t x 0 also v anci5t4 ,pipes1 9 great numb]s & ( wond]ful workman%ip1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! tombs ( ! ,aztecs 9 ,mexico#fgb & 9 ! m\nds ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 "s ( !m repres5t animals =eign to ,nor? ,am]ica4#fgc ,z ! tobacco plant is an annual :i* gives a great quantity ( se$s1 x 0 easy to s[ & to cultivate or naturalize !m m or less 9 ! neighb\rhood ( dwell+s1 b x mu/ be not$ t diff]5t species ( ! g5us ,nicotiana 7 employ$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,am]ica1 :i* %[s t !y _h n all ! same orig94 ,nicotiana ,tabacum1 commonly cultivat$1 0 ! mo/ widely diffus$1 & sometimes ! only "o 9 use 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! use ( tobacco 0 introduc$ into ,la ,plata1 ,p>aguay1#fgd & ,uruguay by ! ,spani>ds1 consequ5tly we mu/ look fur!r to ! nor? = ! orig9 ( ! plant4 ,de ,m>tius does n ?9k x 0 indig5\s 9 ,brazil1#fge & he adds t ! anci5t ,brazilians smok$ ! leaves ( a species belong+ to _! c\ntry kn[n to botani/s z ,nicotiana ,langsdorfii4 ,:5 ,i w5t into ! "q 9 #ahee1fgf ,i _h n be5 able to discov] any wild specim5s ( ,nicotiana ,tabacum except ^? s5t by ,blan*et f ! prov9ce ( ,bahia1 numb]$ #cbbc1 a4 ,no au?or1 ei!r be=e or s9ce t "t1 has be5 m =tunate1 & ,i see t ,messrs4 ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 9 _! excell5t "w on vegetable drugs1#fgg say positively1 8,! common tobacco is a native ( ! new _w1 ?\gh n n[ kn[n 9 a wild /ate40 ,i v5ture to ga9say ?is ass]tion1 al?\gh ! wild nature ( a plant may always be disput$ 9 ! case ( a plant :i* spreads s easily f cultivation4 ,we f9d 9 h]b>ia a numb] ( specim5s ga!r$ 9 ,p]u )\t indication t !y 7 cultivat$ or t !y grew ne> plantations4 ,boissi]'s h]b>ium conta9s two specim5s collect$ by ,pavon1 f diff]5t localities4#fgh ,pavon says 9 8 flora t ! species gr[s 9 ! moi/ w>m =e/s ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es1 & t x is cultivat$4 ,b--& ?is is m significant--,ed\>d ,&r ga!r$ specim5s 9 ! republic ( ,ecquador at ,sa9t ,ni*olas1 on ! we/]n slope ( ! volcano ( ,corazon 9 a virg9 =e/4 ,^! he 0 k9d en\gh to s5d me4 ,!y are evid5tly ! tall v>iety 7f\r to six feet7 ( ,n4 ,tabacum1 ) ! upp] leaves n>r[ & acum9ate1 z !y are repres5t$ 9 ! plates ( ,hayne & ,mill]4#fgi ,! l[] leaves are want+4 ,! fl[]1 :i* gives ! true *>act]s ( ! species1 is c]ta9ly t ( ,n4 ,tabacum1 & x is well kn[n t ! height ( ?is plant & ! bread? ( ! leaves v>y 9 cultivation4#fhj ,x is v possible t its orig9al c\ntry ext5d$ nor? z f> z ,mexico1 z f> s\? z ,bolivia1 & ea/w>d to ,v5ezuela4 ,nicotiana ru/ica1 ,l9nu1 a species ) yell[ fl[]s1 v diff]5t f ,tabacum1#fha & :i* yields a co>se k9d ( tobacco1 0 m (t5 cultivat$ by ! ,mexicans & ! native tribes nor? ( ,mexico4 ,i h a specim5 br\ght f ,cali=nia by ,d\glas 9 #ahcg1 a "t :5 coloni/s 7 /ill few2 b ,am]ican au?orities d n admit t ! plant is wild1 & ,dr4 ,asa ,gray says t x s[s itself 9 wa/e places4#fhb ,?is 0 p]haps ! case ) ! specim5s 9 ,boissi]'s h]b>ium1 ga!r$ 9 ,p]u by ,pavon1 & :i* he does n m5tion 9 ! ,p]uvian flora4 ,! species gr[s 9 abundance ab\t ,cordova 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1#fhc b f :at epo* is unkn[n4 ,f ! anci5t use ( ! plant & ! home ( ! mo/ analog\s species1 ! probabilities are 9 fav\r ( a ,mexican1 ,texan1 or ,cali=nian orig94 ,sev]al botani/s1 ev5 ,am]icans1 h believ$ t ! species came f ! old _w4 ,?is is c]ta9ly a mi/ake1 al?\gh ! plant has spread "h & !re ev5 into our =e/s1 & sometimes 9 abundance1#fhd hav+ escap$ f cultivation4 ,au?ors ( ! sixte5? c5tury spoke ( x z a =eign plant introduc$ into g>d5s & sometimes spread+ f !m4#fhe ,x occurs 9 "s h]b>ia "u ! names ( ,n4 t>t>ica1 turcica1 or sibirica2 b ^! are g>d5-gr[n specim5s1 & no botani/ has f\nd ! species 9 ,asia1 or on ! bord]s ( ,asia1 ) any appe>ance ( wildness4 ,?is leads me to refute a widespread & m p]si/5t error1 9 spite ( :at ,i prov$ 9 #ahee1 namely1 t ( reg>d+ "s species ill describ$ f cultivat$ specim5s z natives ( ! old _w1 ( ,asia 9 p>ticul>4 ,! pro(s ( an ,am]ican orig9 are s num]\s & consi/5t t1 )\t ent]+ mu* into detail1 ,i may sum !m up z foll[s3-- ,a4 ,out ( fifty species ( ! g5us ,nicotiana f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 two only are =eign to ,am]ica2 namely1 ,n4 suavol5s ( ,new ,holl&1 ) :i* is jo9$ ,n4 rotundifolia ( ! same c\ntry1 & t :i* ,v5t9at _h wrongly /yl$ ,n4 undulata2 & ,n4 fragans1 ,hook]1 ( ! ,isle ( ,p9es1 ne> ,new ,cal$onia1 :i* diff]s v little f ! prec$+4 ,b4 ,?\gh ! ,asiatic p are great lov]s ( tobacco1 & h f a v e>ly epo* s\ght ! smoke ( c]ta9 n>cotic plants1 none ( !m made use ( tobacco be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,ti$emann has di/9ctly prov$ ?is fact by ?or\gh rese>*es into ! writ+s ( travell]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages4#fhf ,he ev5 quotes = a lat] epo*1 n long aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 betwe5 #aedj & #afjc1 ! fact t sev]al travell]s1 "s ( :om 7 botani/s1 su* z ,belon & ,rauwolf1 :o travell$ ?r\gh ! ,turki% & ,p]sian empires1 obs]v+ _! cu/oms ) mu* att5tion1 h n once m5tion$ tobacco4 ,x 0 evid5tly introduc$ into ,turkey at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & ! ,p]sians soon receiv$ x f ! ,turks4 ,! fir/ ,european :o m5tions ! smok+ ( tobacco 9 ,p]sia is ,?omas ,h]b]t1 9 #afbf4 ,no lat] travell]s h omitt$ to notice ! use ( ! hookah z well e/abli%$4 ,ole>ius describes ?is app>atus1 :i* he saw 9 #afcc4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( tobacco 9 ,india is 9 #afje1fhg & x is probable t x 0 ( ,european introduction4 ,x 0 fir/ introduc$ at ,arracan & ,pegu1 9 #afai1 accord+ to ! travell] ,me?old4#fhh ,!re are d\bts ab\t ,java1 because ,rumphius1 a v accurate obs]v]1 :o wrote 9 ! second half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 says#fhi t1 accord+ to ! tradition ( "s old p1 tobacco _h be5 employ$ z a m$ic9e be=e ! arrival ( ! ,portuguese 9 #adif1 & t only ! practice ( smok+ x _h be5 communicat$ by ! ,europeans4 ,rumphius adds1 x is true1 t ! "n tabaco or tambuco1 :i* is 9 use 9 all ^! places1 is ( =eign orig94 ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles1#fij 9 8 num]\s hi/orical rese>*es on ,java1 gives1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ye> #afja z ! date ( ! introduction ( tobacco into ,java4 ,! ,portuguese _h c]ta9ly discov]$ ! coa/s ( ,brazil betwe5 #aejj & #aejd1 b ,vasco di ,gama & 8 successors w5t to ,asia r\nd ! ,cape1 or ?r\gh ! ,r$ ,sea1 s t !y c\ld h>dly h e/abli%$ frequ5t or direct communications betwe5 ,am]ica & ,java4 ,nicot _h se5 ! plant 9 ,portugal 9 #aefj1 s t ! ,portuguese probably introduc$ x into ,asia 9 ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?unb]g affirms#fia t ! use ( tobacco 0 introduc$ into ,japan by ! ,portuguese1 & accord+ to e>ly travell]s quot$ by ,ti$emann1 ?is 0 at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,la/ly1 ! ,*9ese h no orig9al & anci5t sign = tobacco2 _! pa9t+s on *9a 9 ! ,dresd5 collection (t5 pres5t1 f ! ye> #agjj & nev] be=e t date1 details relat+ to tobacco1#fib & ,*9ese /ud5ts are agre$ t ,*9ese works d n m5tion ! plant be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4#fic ,if x be rememb]$ ) :at rapidity ! use ( tobacco has spread :]ev] x has be5 introduc$1 ^! data ab\t ,asia h an inconte/able =ce4 ,c4 ,! common names ( tobacco confirm its ,am]ican orig94 ,if !re _h be5 any indig5\s species 9 ! old _w !re w\ld be a great numb] ( diff]5t names2 b1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ,javanese1 ,indian1 ,p]sian1 etc41 names are d]iv$ f ! ,am]ican names1 petum1 or tabak1 tabok1 tamboc1 slightly modifi$4 ,x is true t ,pidd+ton gives ,sanskrit names1 dhumrapatra & tamrak\ta1#fid b ,adolphe ,pictet in=ms me t ! fir/ ( ^! names1 :i* is n 9 ,wilson's diction>y1 means only leaf = smok+1 & appe>s to be ( mod]n composition2 :ile ! second is probably no old]1 & seems to be a mod]n modification ( ! ,am]ican names4 ,! ,arabic ^w doc*an simply means smoke4#fie ,la/ly1 we mu/ inquire into ! two s-call$ ,asiatic ,nicotian4 ,! "o1 call$ by ,lehmann ,nicotiana *95sis1 came f ! ,russian botani/ ,fis*]1 :o said x 0 ,*9ese4 ,lehmann said he _h se5 x 9 a g>d54 ,n[1 x is well kn[n h[ (t5 an errone\s orig9 is attribut$ to plants gr[n by horticulturi/s1 & besides1 f ! description1 x seems t x 0 simply ,n4 ,tabacum1 ( :i* ! se$s _h p]haps come f ,*9a4#fif ,! second species is ,n4 p]sica1 ,l9dley1 figur$ 9 ! ,botanical ,regi/] 7pl4 #aeib71 ( :i* ! se$s _h be5 s5t f ,ispahan to ! ,horticultural ,society ( ,london1 z ^? ( ! be/ tobacco cultivat$ 9 ,p]sia1 t ( ,s*iraz4 ,l9dley did n obs]ve t x correspond$ exactly to ,n4 alata1 drawn ?ree ye>s be=e by ,l9k & ,otto#fig f a plant 9 ! g>d5s at ,b]l94 ,! latt] 0 gr[n f se$ s5t by ,sello f ,s\!rn ,brazil4 ,x is c]ta9ly a ,brazilian species1 ) a :ite elongat$ corolla1 alli$ to ,n4 suaveol5s ( ,new ,holl&4 ,?us ! tobacco cultivat$ sometimes 9 ,p]sia along ) ! common species1 is ( ,am]ican orig91 z ,i decl>$ 9 my ,geographical ,botany ( #ahee4 ,i d n und]/& h[ ?is species 0 introduc$ into ,p]sia4 ,x mu/ h be5 f se$ tak5 f a g>d51 or br\ght by *ance f ,am]ica1 & x is n likely t its cultivation is common 9 ,p]sia1 = ,olivi] & ,bruguire1 & o!r naturali/s :o h obs]v$ ! tobacco plantations 9 t c\ntry1 make no m5tion ( x4 ,f all ^! reasons ,i conclude t no species ( tobacco is a native ( ,asia4 ,!y are all ,am]ican1 except ,n4 suaveol5s ( ,new ,holl&1 & ,n4 fragrans ( ! ,isle ( ,p9es to ! s\? ( ,new ,cal$onia4 ,sev]al ,nicotian1 besides ,n4 tabacum & ,n4 ru/ica1 h be5 cultivat$ "h & !re by savages1 or z a curiosity by ,europeans4 ,x is /range t s little notice is tak5 ( ^! attempts1 by means ( :i* v *oice tobacco might be obta9$4 ,! species ) :ite fl[]s w\ld yield probably a light & p]fum$ tobacco1 & z "s smok]s seek ! /ronge/ tobaccos & ! mo/ disagreeable to non-smok]s1 ,i w\ld recomm5d to _! notice ,n4 angu/ifolia ( ,*ili1 :i* ! natives call tabaco del diablo4#fih ,c9namon--,c9namonum zeylanicum1 ,breyn4 ,?is little tree1 belong+ to ! laurel tribe1 ( :i* ! b>k ( ! "y bran*es =ms ! c9namon ( comm]ce1 gr[s 9 great quantities 9 ! =e/s ( ,ceylon4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties :i* gr[ wild on ! cont95t ( ,india 7 =m]ly consid]$ to be s _m di/9ct species1 b ,anglo-,indian botani/s are agre$ 9 connect+ !m ) t ( ,ceylon4#fii ,! b>k ( ,c4 zeylanicum1 & t ( sev]al uncultivat$ species ( ,c9namonum1 :i* produce ! cassia1 or ,*9ese cassia1 h be5 an important article ( comm]ce f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,flckig] & ,hanbury#gjj h treat$ ( ?is hi/orical "q ) s mu* le>n+ & ?or\ghness1 t we ne$ only ref] to _! "w1 entitl$ ,ph>macographia1 or ,hi/ory ( ! ,pr9cipal ,drugs ( ,vegetable ,orig94 ,x is important f our po9t ( view to note h[ mod]n ! culture is ( ! c9namon tree 9 comp>ison ) ! trade 9 its product4 ,x 0 only betwe5 #agfe & #aggj t a ,ceylon coloni/1 nam$ de ,koke1 aid$ by ,falck1 ! gov]nor ( ! isl&1 made "s plantations :i* 7 wond]fully successful4 ,!y h dim9i%$ 9 ,ceylon 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 b o!rs h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! tropical regions ( ! old & new worlds4 ,! species becomes easily naturaliz$ beyond ! limits ( cultivation1#gja z birds are fond ( ! fruit1 & drop ! se$s 9 ! =e/s4 ,*9a ,grass--,boehm]ia nivea1 ,hook] & ,arnott4 ,! cultivation ( ?is valuable ,urticacea has be5 introduc$ into ! s\? ( ,france & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ab\t ?irty ye>s1 b comm]ce _h previ\sly acqua9t$ u ) ! great value ( its fibres1 m t5aci\s ?an hemp & 9 "s cases flexible z silk4 ,int]e/+ details on ! mann] ( cultivat+ ! plant & ( extract+ its fibres#gjb may be f\nd 9 sev]al books2 ,i %all conf9e myself "h to def9+ z cle>ly z ,i c its geographical orig94 ,to atta9 ?is end we mu/ n tru/ to ! vague expressions ( mo/ au?ors1 nor to ! labels atta*$ to ! specim5s 9 h]b>ia1 s9ce frequ5tly no di/9ction has be5 made betwe5 cultivat$1 naturaliz$1 or truly wild plants1 & ! two v>ieties ( ,boehm]ia nivea 7,urtica nivea1 ,l9nu71 & ,boehm]ia t5acissima1 ,gaudi*aud1 or ,b4 c&icans1 ,hassk>l1 h be5 conf\nd$ toge!r2 =ms :i* appe> to be v>ieties ( ! same species1 because transitions betwe5 !m h be5 obs]v$ by botani/s4 ,!re is also a sub-v>iety1 ) leaves gre5 on bo? sides1 cultivat$ by ,am]icans & by ,m4 de ,mal>tic 9 ! s\? ( ,france4 ,! v>iety e>lie/ kn[n 7,urtica nivea1 ,l471 ) leaves :ite on ! "u side1 is said to gr[ 9 ,*9a & "s neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,l9nu says x is f\nd on walls 9 ,*9a1 :i* w\ld imply a plant naturaliz$ on rubbi%-heaps f cultivation4 ,b ,l\reiro#gjc says1 8habitat et abundant] colitur 9 ,co*9-,*9a et ,*9a10 & accord+ to ,b5?am1#gjd ! collector ,*ampion f\nd x 9 abundance 9 ! rav9es ( ! isl& ( ,hongkong4 ,accord+ to ,fran*et & ,savati]1#gje x exi/s 9 ,japan 9 cle>+s & h$ges 79 fruticetis umbrosis et sepibus74 ,blanco#gjf says x is common 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isles4 ,i f9d no pro( t x is wild 9 ,java1 ,sumatra1 & o!r isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,rumphius#gjg knew x only z a cultivat$ plant4 ,roxburgh#gjh believ$ x to be a native ( ,sumatra1 b ,miquel#gji does n confirm ?is belief4 ,! o!r v>ieties h n[h]e be5 f\nd wild1 :i* supports ! !ory t !y are only ! result ( cultivation4 ,hemp--,cannabis sativa1 ,l9nu4 ,hemp is m5tion$1 9 its two =ms1 male & female1 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,*9ese works1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,%u-,k+1 writt5 #ejj ,b4,c4#gaj ,x has ,sanskrit names1 bhanga & gangika4#gaa ,! root ( ^! words1 ang or an1 recurs 9 all ! ,indo-,european & mod]n ,semitic languages3 bang 9 ,h9du & ,p]sian1 ganga 9 ,b5gali1#gab hanf 9 ,g]man1 hemp 9 ,engli%1 *anvre 9 ,fr5*1 kanas 9 ,keltic & mod]n ,breton1#gac cannabis 9 ,greek & ,lat91 cannab 9 ,arabic4#gad ,accord+ to ,h]odotus 7born #dhd ,b4,c471 ! ,scy?ians us$ hemp1 b 9 8 "t ! ,greeks 7 sc>cely acqua9t$ ) x4#gae ,hi]o ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 b\ght ! hemp us$ = ! cordage ( 8 vessels 9 ,gaul1 & ,lucilius is ! e>lie/ ,roman writ] :o speaks ( ! plant 7#ajj ,b4,c474 ,hebrew books d n m5tion hemp4#gaf ,x 0 n us$ 9 ! fabrics :i* envelop$ ! mummies ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,ev5 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 only cultivat$ 9 ,egypt = ! sake ( an intoxicat+ liquid extract$ f ! plant4#gag ,! compilation ( ,jewi% laws kn[n z ! ,talmud1 made "u ! ,roman dom9ion1 speaks ( its textile prop]ties z ( a little-kn[n fact4#gah ,x seems probable t ! ,scy?ians transport$ ?is plant f ,c5tral ,asia & f ,russia :5 !y migrat$ we/w>d ab\t #aejj ,b4,c41 a little be=e ! ,trojan w>4 ,x may also h be5 introduc$ by ! e>li] incursions ( ! ,aryans into ,?race & ,we/]n ,europe2 yet 9 t case x w\ld h be5 e>li] kn[n 9 ,italy4 ,hemp has n be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&#gai & ,nor!rn ,italy4#gbj ,! obs]vations on ! habitat ( ,cannabis sativa agree p]fectly ) ! data furni%$ by hi/ory & philology4 ,i h treat$ specially ( ?is subject 9 a monograph 9 ,prodromus1 #ahfi4gba ,! species has be5 f\nd wild1 beyond a d\bt1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea1#gbb 9 ,sib]ia1 ne> ! ,irtys*1 9 ! des]t ( ! ,kirghiz1 beyond ,lake ,baikal1 9 ,dahuria 7gov]nm5t ( ,irkut%74 ,au?ors m5tion x also ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,russia1 & to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1#gbc b its wild nature is "h less c]ta91 see+ t ^! are popul\s c\ntries1 & t ! se$s ( ! hemp are easily diffus$ f g>d5s4 ,! antiquity ( ! cultivation ( hemp 9 ,*9a leads me to believe t its area ext5ds fur!r to ! ea/1 al?\gh ?is has n yet be5 prov$ by botani/s4#gbd ,boissi] m5tions ! species z 8almo/ wild 9 ,p]sia40 ,i d\bt :e!r x is indig5\s !re1 s9ce 9 t case ! ,greeks & ,hebrews w\ld h kn[n ( x at an e>li] p]iod4 ,:ite ,mulb]ry--,morus alba1 ,l9nu4 ,! mulb]ry tree1 :i* is mo/ commonly us$ 9 ,europe = re>+ silkworms1 is ,morus alba4 ,its v num]\s v>ieties h be5 c>efully describ$ by ,s]+e1#gbe & m rec5tly by ,bureau4#gbf ,t mo/ widely cultivat$ 9 ,india1 ,morus indica1 ,l9nu 7,morus alba1 v>4 ,indica1 ,bureau71 is wild 9 ! ,punjab & 9 ,sikkim1 accord+ to ,br&is1 inspector-g5]al ( =e/s 9 ,briti% ,india4#gbg ,two o!r v>ieties1 s]rata & cuspidata1 are also said to be wild 9 diff]5t prov9ces ( ,nor!rn ,india4#gbh ,! ,abb ,david f\nd a p]fectly wild v>iety 9 ,mongolia1 describ$ "u ! "n ( mongolica by ,bureau2 & ,dr4 ,brets*neid]#gbi quotes a "n y51 f anci5t ,*9ese au?ors1 = ! wild mulb]ry4 ,x is true he does n say :e!r ?is "n applies to ! :ite mulb]ry1 pe-sang1 ( ! ,*9ese plantations4#gcj ,! antiquity ( its culture 9 ,*9a1#gca & 9 ,japan1 & ! numb] ( diff]5t v>ieties gr[n !re1 lead u to believe t its orig9al area ext5d$ ea/w>d z f> z ,japan2 b ! indig5\s flora ( ,s\!rn ,*9a is little kn[n1 & ! mo/ tru/wor?y au?ors d n affirm t ! plant is indig5\s 9 ,japan4 ,fran*et & ,savati]#gcb say t x is 8cultivat$ f "t immemorial1 & become wild "h & !re40 ,x is wor?y ( note also t ! :ite mulb]ry appe>s to ?rive especially 9 m\nta9\s & temp]ate c\ntries1 :5ce x may be argu$ t x 0 =m]ly introduc$ f ! nor? ( ,*9a into ! pla9s ( ! s\?4 ,x is kn[n t birds are fond ( ! fruit1 & be> ! se$s to great di/ances & into uncultivat$ gr\nd1 & ?is makes x difficult to discov] its really orig9al habitat4 ,?is facility ( naturalization d\btless expla9s ! pres5ce 9 successive epo*s ( ! :ite mulb]ry 9 ,we/]n ,asia & ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,?is mu/ h occurr$ especially aft] ! monks br\ght ! silkworm to ,con/ant9ople "u ,ju/9ian 9 ! six? c5tury1 & z ! culture ( silkworms 0 gradually propagat$ we/w>ds4 ,h[ev]1 ,t>gioni has prov$ t only ! black mulb]ry1 ,m4 nigra1 0 kn[n 9 ,sicily & ,italy :5 ! manufacture ( silk 0 introduc$ into ,sicily 9 #aadh1 & two c5turies lat] into ,tuscany4#gcc ,accord+ to ! same au?or1 ! introduction ( ! :ite mulb]ry into ,tuscany dates at ! e>lie/ f ! ye> #acdj4 ,9 l mann] ! manufacture ( silk may h begun 9 ,*9a1 because ! silkworm is natural to t c\ntry2 b x is v probable t ! tree grew also 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 :]e s _m travell]s h f\nd x wild4 ,9 ,p]sia1 ,arm5ia1 & ,asia ,m9or1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t x 0 naturaliz$ at a v e>ly epo*1 r ?an to %>e ,griseba*'s op9ion t x is indig5\s 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,boissi] does n give x z wild 9 t region4#gcd ,buhse#gce f\nd x 9 ,p]sia1 ne> ,erivan & ,ba%n>us*91 & he adds1 8naturaliz$ 9 abundance 9 ,ghilan & ,mas5d]an40 ,l$eb\r1#gcf 9 8 ,russian flora1 m5tions num]\s localities r\nd ! ,caucasus1 b he does n specify :e!r ! species is wild or naturaliz$4 ,9 ! ,crimea1 ,greece1 & ,italy1 x exi/s only 9 a cultivat$ /ate4#gcg ,a v>iety1 tat>ica1 (t5 cultivat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,russia1 has become naturaliz$ ne> ! ,volga4#gch ,if ! :ite mulb]ry did n orig9ally exi/ 9 ,p]sia & 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 x mu/ h p5etrat$ !re a long :ile ago4 ,i may quote 9 pro( ( ?is ! "n tut1 tutti1 tuta1 :i* is ,p]sian1 ,arabic1 ,turki%1 & ,t>t>4 ,!re is a ,sanskrit "n1 tula1#gci :i* mu/ be connect$ ) ! same root z ! ,p]sian "n2 b no ,hebrew "n is kn[n1 :i* is a confirmation ( ! !ory ( a successive ext5sion t[>ds ! we/ ( ,asia4 ,i ref] ^? ( my read]s :o may desire m detail$ in=mation ab\t ! introduction ( ! mulb]ry & ( silkworms to ! able works ( ,t>gioni & ,ritt]1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,rec5t discov]ies made by v>i\s botani/s h p]mitt$ me to add m precise data ?an ^? ( ,ritt] on ! "q ( orig91 & if !re are "s app>5t contradictions 9 our op9ions on o!r po9ts1 x is because ! fam\s geograph] has consid]$ a numb] ( v>ieties z s _m diff]5t species1 :]eas botani/s1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation1 h class$ !m toge!r4 ,black ,mulb]ry--,morus nigra1 ,l9nu4 ,?is tree is m valu$ = its fruit ?an = its leaves1 & on t acc\nt ,i %\ld h includ$ x 9 ! li/ ( fruit trees2 b its hi/ory c h>dly be sep>at$ f t ( ! :ite mulb]ry4 ,moreov]1 its leaves are employ$ 9 _m c\ntries = ! fe$+ ( silkworms1 al?\gh ! silk produc$ is ( inf]ior quality4 ,! black mulb]ry is di/+ui%$ f ! :ite by sev]al *>act]s indep5d5tly ( ! black col\r ( ! fruit1 :i* occurs also 9 a few v>ieties ( ! ,m4 alba4#gdj ,x has n a great numb] ( v>ieties l ! latt]1 :i* argues a less anci5t & a less g5]al cultivation & a n>r[] primitive area4 ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors1 ev5 ! poets1 h m5tion$ ,morus nigra1 :i* !y comp>e to ,ficus sycomorus1 & :i* !y ev5 conf\nd$ orig9ally ) ?is ,egyptian tree4 ,comm5tators = ! la/ two c5turies h quot$ a numb] ( passages :i* leave no d\bt on ?is head1 b :i* are devoid ( int]e/ 9 !mselves4#gda ,!y furni% no pro( t\*+ ! orig9 ( ! species1 :i* is presumably ,p]sian1 unless we are to take s]i\sly ! fable ( ,pyramus & ,?isbe1 ( :i* ! sc5e 0 9 ,babylonia1 accord+ to ,ovid4 ,botani/s h n yet furni%$ any c]ta9 pro( t ?is species is indig5\s 9 ,p]sia4 ,boissi]1 :o is ! mo/ le>n$ 9 ! floras ( ! ,ea/1 cont5ts himself ) quot+ ,hoh5ack] z ! discov]] ( ,m4 nigra 9 ! =e/s ( ,l5koran1 on ! s\? coa/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & he adds1 8probably wild 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia ne> ! ,caspian ,sea40#gdb ,l$eb\r1 9 8 ,russian flora1 _h previ\sly indicat$1 on ! au?ority ( diff]5t travell]s1 ! ,crimea & ! prov9ces s\? ( ! ,caucasus2#gdc b ,/ev5 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ! species 9 ! ,crimea except 9 a cultivat$ /ate4#gdd ,t*ihat*eff & ,ko* f\nd ! black mulb]ry 9 high wild di/ricts ( ,arm5ia4 ,x is v probable t 9 ! region to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & ( ! ,caspian ,sea ,morus nigra is wild & indig5\s r ?an naturaliz$4 ,:at leads me to ?is belief is 7#a7 t x is n kn[n1 ev5 9 a cultivat$ /ate1 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 or ,japan2 7#b7 t x has no ,sanskrit "n2 7#c7 t x 0 s e>ly introduc$ into ,greece1 a c\ntry :i* _h int]c\rse ) ,arm5ia at an e>ly p]iod4#gde ,morus nigra spread s little to ! s\? ( ,p]sia1 t no c]ta9 ,hebrew "n is kn[n = x1 nor ev5 a ,p]sian "n di/9ct f t ( ,morus alba4 ,x 0 widely cultivat$ 9 ,italy until ! sup]iority ( ! :ite mulb]ry = ! re>+ ( silkworms 0 recogniz$4 ,9 ,greece ! black mulb]ry is /ill ! mo/ cultivat$4#gdf ,x has become naturaliz$ "h & !re 9 ^! c\ntries & 9 ,spa94#gdg ,am]ican ,aloe--,agave ,am]icana1 ,l9nu4 ,?is ligne\s plant1 ( ! ord] ( ,am>yllidace1 has be5 cultivat$ f "t immemorial 9 ,mexico "u ! names maguey or metl1 9 ord] to extract f x1 at ! mom5t :5 ! fl[] /em is develop$1 ! w9e kn[n z pulque4 ,humboldt has giv5 a full description ( ?is culture1#gdh & he tells u else:]e#gdi t ! species gr[s 9 ! :ole ( ,s\? ,am]ica z f> z five ?\s& feet ( altitude4 ,x is m5tion$#gej 9 ,jamaica1 ,antigua1 ,dom9ica1 & ,cuba1 b x mu/ be obs]v$ t x multiplies easily by suck]s1 & t x is (t5 plant$ f> f dwell+s to =m f5ces or to extract f x ! fibre kn[n z pite1 & ?is makes x difficult to asc]ta9 its orig9al habitat4 ,transport$ long s9ce into ! c\ntries :i* bord] ! ,m$it]ranean1 x occurs !re ) e appe>ance ( an indig5\s species1 al?\gh !re is no d\bt z to its orig94#gea ,probably1 to judge f ! v>i\s uses made ( x 9 ,mexico be=e ! arrival ( ! ,europeans1 x came orig9ally f !nce4 ,sug>-,cane--,sac*>um (fic9>um1 ,l9nu4 ,! orig9 ( ! sug>-cane1 ( its cultivation1 & ( ! manufacture ( sug>1 are ! subject ( a v rem>kable "w by ! geograph]1 ,k>l ,ritt]4#geb ,i ne$ n foll[ 8 purely agricultural & economical details2 b = t :i* int]e/s u p>ticul>ly1 ! primitive habitat ( ! species1 he is ! be/ guide1 & ! facts obs]v$ dur+ ! la/ =ty ye>s = ! mo/ "p support or confirm 8 op9ions4 ,! sug>-cane is cultivat$ at ! pres5t day 9 all ! w>m regions ( ! globe1 b a numb] ( hi/orical facts te/ify t x 0 fir/ gr[n 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 :5ce x spread into ,africa1 & lat] into ,am]ica4 ,! "q is1 !re=e1 to discov] 9 :at di/ricts ( ! cont95t1 or 9 :i* ( ! s\!rn isl&s ( ,asia1 ! plant exi/s1 or exi/$ at ! "t x 0 fir/ employ$4 ,ritt] has foll[$ ! be/ me?ods ( arriv+ at a solution4 ,he notes fir/ t all ! species kn[n 9 a wild /ate1 & und\bt$ly belong+ to ! g5us ,sac*>um1 gr[ 9 ,india1 except "o 9 ,egypt4#gec ,five species h s9ce be5 describ$1 gr[+ 9 ,java1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,timor1 & ! ,philipp9e ,isles4#ged ,! probabilities are all 9 fav\r ( an ,asiatic orig91 to judge f ! data furni%$ by geographical botany4 ,un=tunately no botani/ _h discov]$ at ! "t :5 ,ritt] wrote1 or has s9ce discov]$1 ,sac*>um (fic9>um wild 9 ,india1 9 ! adjac5t c\ntries or 9 ! ar*ipelago to ! s\? ( ,asia4 ,all ,anglo-,indian au?ors1 ,roxburgh1 ,walli*1 ,royle1 etc41 & m rec5tly ,ait*ison1#gee only m5tion ! plant z a cultivat$ "o4 ,roxburgh1 :o 0 s long a collector 9 ,india1 says expressly1 8:]e wild ,i d n "k40 ,! family ( ! ,gram9e has n yet appe>$ 9 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]'s flora4 ,= ! isl& ( ,ceylon1 ,?waites does n ev5 m5tion ! cultivat$ plant4#gef ,rumphius1 :o has c>efully describ$ its cultivation 9 ! ,dut* colonies1 says no?+ ab\t ! home ( ! species4 ,miquel1 ,hassk>l1 & ,blanco m5tion no wild specim5 9 ,sumatra1 ,java1 or ! ,philipp9e ,isles4 ,crawfurd tri$ to discov] x1 b fail$ to d s4#geg ,at ! "t ( ,cook's voyage ,=/] f\nd ! sug>-cane only z a cultivat$ plant 9 ! small isl&s ( ! ,pacific4#geh ,! natives ( ,new ,cal$onia cultivate a numb] ( v>ieties ( ! sug>-cane1 & use x con/antly1 suck+ ! syrup f ! cane2 b ,vieill>d#gei takes c>e to say1 8,f ! fact t isolat$ plants ( ,sac*>um (fic9>um are (t5 f\nd 9 ! middle ( ! bu% & ev5 on ! m\nta9s1 x w\ld be wrong to conclude t ! plant is indig5\s2 = ^! specim5s1 poor & weak1 only m>k ! site ( old plantations1 or are sprung f fragm5ts ( cane left by ! natives1 :o seldom travel )\t a piece ( cane 9 ! h&40 ,9 #ahfa1 ,b5?am1 :o _h access to ! ri* h]b>ium ( ,kew1 says1 9 8 ,flora ( ,hongkong1 8,we h no au!ntic & c]ta9 pro( ( a locality :]e ! common sug>-cane is wild40 ,i d n "k1 h[ev]1 :y ,ritt] & e "o else has neglect$ an ass]tion ( ,l\reiro1 9 8 ,flora ( ,co*9-,*9a1#gfj 8,habitat1 et colitur abundantissime 9 omnibus prov9ciis regni ,co*9-,*95sis3 simul 9 aliquibus imp]ii s95sis1 s$ m9ori copia40 ,! ^w habitat1 sep>at$ by a comma f ! re/1 is a di/9ct ass]tion4 ,l\reiro c\ld n h be5 mi/ak5 ab\t ! ,sac*>um (fic9>um1 :i* he saw cultivat$ all ab\t him1 & ( :i* he enum]ates ! pr9cipal v>ieties4 ,he mu/ h se5 plants wild1 at lea/ 9 appe>ance4 ,!y may h spread f "s neighb\r+ plantation1 b ,i "k no?+ :i* makes x unlikely t ! plant %\ld be indig5\s 9 ?is w>m moi/ di/rict ( ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,=skal#gfa m5tions ! species z wild 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,arabia1 "u a "n :i* he believes to be ,indian4 ,if x came f ,arabia1 x w\ld h spread into ,egypt long ago1 & ! ,hebrews w\ld h kn[n x4 ,roxburgh _h receiv$ 9 ! botanical g>d5s ( ,calcutta 9 #agif1 & _h introduc$ into ! plantations 9 ,b5gal1 a ,sac*>um to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,s4 s95se1 & ( :i* he publi%$ an illu/ration 9 8 great "w ,plant ,corom&elian1 vol4 iii4 pl4 #bcb4 ,x is p]haps only a =m ( ,s4 (fic9>um1 & moreov]1 z x is only kn[n 9 a cultivat$ /ate1 x tells no?+ ab\t ! primitive c\ntry ei!r ( ?is or ( any o!r v>iety4 ,a few botani/s h ass]t$ t ! sug>-cane fl[]s m (t5 9 ,asia ?an 9 ,am]ica or ,africa1 & ev5 t x produces se$#gfb on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 :i* !y reg>d z a pro( t x is indig5\s4 ,macfady5 says s )\t giv+ any pro(4 ,x 0 an ass]tion made to him 9 ,jamaica by "s travell]2 b ,sir ,w4 ,hook] adds 9 a note1 8,dr4 ,roxburgh1 9 spite ( 8 long resid5ce on ! banks ( ! ,ganges1 has nev] se5 ! se$s ( ! sug>-cane40 ,x r>ely fl[]s1 & /ill m r>ely be>s fruit1 z is commonly ! case ) plants propagat$ by buds or suck]s1 & if any v>iety ( sug>-cane 7 dispos$ to se$1 x w\ld probably be less productive ( sug> & w\ld soon be ab&on$4 ,rumphius1 a bett] obs]v] ?an _m mod]n botani/s1 has giv5 a good description ( ! cultivat$ cane 9 ! ,dut* colonies1 & makes an int]e/+ rem>k4#gfc 8,x nev] produces fl[]s or fruit unless x has rema9$ sev]al ye>s 9 a /ony place40 ,nei!r he1 nor any "o else to my k1 has describ$ or drawn ! se$4 ,! fl[]1 on ! contr>y1 has (t5 be5 figur$1 & ,i h a f9e specim5 f ,m>t9ique4#gfd ,s*a*t is ! only p]son :o has giv5 a good analysis ( ! fl[]1 includ+ ! pi/il2 he _h n se5 ! se$ ripe4#gfe ,de ,tussac1#gff :o gives a poor analysis1 speaks ( ! se$1 b he only saw x "y 9 ! ov>y4 ,9 default ( precise in=mation z to ! native c\ntry ( ! species1 accessory means1 l+ui/ic & hi/orical1 ( prov+ an ,asiatic orig91 are ( "s int]e/4 ,ritt] gives !m c>efully2 ,i w cont5t myself ) an epitome4 ,! ,sanskrit "n ( ! sug>-cane 0 ik%u1 ik%ura1 or ik%ava1 b ! sug> 0 call$ s>k>a1 or sakk>a1 & all its names 9 our ,european languages ( ,aryan orig91 beg9n+ ) ! anci5t ones--,greek1 = example--are cle>ly d]iv$ f ?is4 ,?is is an indication ( ,asiatic orig91 & t ! produce ( ! cane 0 ( anci5t use 9 ! s\!rn regions ( ,asia ) :i* ! anci5t ,sanskrit-speak+ nation may h _h comm]cial deal+s4 ,! two ,sanskrit words h rema9$ 9 ,b5gali "u ! =ms ik & akh4#gfg ,b 9 o!r languages beyond ! ,indus1 we f9d a s+ul> v>iety ( names1 at lea/ :5 !y are n ak9 to t ( ! ,aryans2 = in/ance3 pan*ad>a 9 ,tel+a1 kyam 9 ,burmese1 mia 9 ! dialect ( ,co*9-,*9a1 kan & t*e1 or ts*e1 9 ,*9ese2 & fur!r s\?1 among ! ,malays1 tubu or tabu = ! plant1 & gula = ! product4 ,?is div]sity proves ! great antiquity ( its cultivation 9 ^? regions ( ,asia 9 :i* botanical indications po9t out ! orig9 ( ! species4 ,! epo* ( its introduction into diff]5t c\ntries agrees ) ! idea t its orig9 0 9 ,india1 ,co*9-,*9a1 or ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! ,*9ese 7 n acqua9t$ ) ! sug>-cane at a v remote p]iod1 & !y receiv$ x f ! ,we/4 ,ritt] contradicts ^? au?ors :o speak ( a v anci5t cultivation1 & ,i f9d mo/ positive confirmation ( 8 op9ion 9 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]'s pamphlet1 drawn up at ,pek9 ) ! aid ( all ! res\rces ( ,*9ese lit]ature4#gfh 8,i h n be5 able to discov]10 he says1 8any allusion to ! sug>-cane 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,*9ese books 7! five classics740 ,x appe>s to h be5 m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t by ! au?ors ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,! fir/ description ( x appe>s 9 ! ,nan-fang-tsao-mu-*uang1 9 ! f\r? c5tury3 8,! * *1 kan-* 7kan1 sweet1 *1 bamboo7 gr[s10 x says1 89 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,x is sev]al in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 & resembles ! bamboo4 ,! /em1 brok5 into pieces1 is eatable & v sweet4 ,! sap :i* is drawn f x is dri$ 9 ! sun4 ,aft] a few days x becomes sug> 7"h a comp\nd ,*9ese "*71 :i* melts 9 ! m\?4444 ,9 ! ye> #bhf 7( our era7 ! k+dom ( ,funan 79 ,india1 beyond ! ,ganges7 s5t sug> z a tribute40 ,accord+ to ! ,p5t-,sao1 an emp]or :o reign$ f #fbg to #fej ,a4,d41 s5t a man into ! ,indian prov9ce ( ,beh> to le>n h[ to manufacture sug>4 ,!re is no?+ said 9 ^! works ( ! plant gr[+ wild 9 ,*9a2 on ! contr>y1 ! orig9 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 indicat$ by ,l\reiro1 f9ds an unexpect$ confirmation4 ,x seems to me mo/ probable t its primitive range ext5d$ f ,b5gal to ,co*9-,*9a4 ,x may h includ$ ! ,sunda ,isles & ! ,moluccas1 ^: climate is v simil>2 b !re are q z _m reasons = believ+ t x 0 e>ly introduc$ into ^! f ,co*9-,*9a or ! ,malay p59sula4 ,! propagation ( ! sug>-cane f ,india we/w>d is well kn[n4 ,! ,greco-,roman _w _h a vague idea ( ! re$ 7calamus7 :i* ! ,indians delight$ to *ew1 & f :i* !y obta9$ sug>4#gfi ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,hebrew writ+s d n m5tion sug>2#ggj :5ce we may inf] t ! cultivation ( ! sug>-cane did n exi/ we/ ( ! ,indus at ! "t ( ! ,jewi% captivity at ,babylon4 ,! ,arabs 9 ! ,middle ,ages introduc$ x into ,egypt1 ,sicily1 & ! s\? ( ,spa91#gga :]e x fl\ri%$ until ! abundance ( sug> 9 ! colonies caus$ x to be ab&on$4 ,don ,h5riquez transport$ ! sug>-cane f ,sicily to ,madeira1 :5ce x 0 tak5 to ! ,can>ies 9 #aejc4ggb ,h5ce x 0 introduc$ into ,brazil 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4#ggc ,x 0 tak5 to ,/4 ,dom+o ab\t #aebj1 & %ortly aft]w>ds to ,mexico2#ggd to ,guadel\pe 9 #afdd1 to ,m>t9ique ab\t #afej1 to ,b\rbon :5 ! colony 0 f\nd$4#gge ,! v>iety kn[n z ,otahiti1 :i* is n1 h[ev]1 wild 9 t isl&1 & :i* is also call$ ,b\rbon1 0 introduc$ into ! ,fr5* & ,engli% colonies at ! end ( ! la/ & ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4#ggf ,! processes ( cultivation & prep>ation ( ! sug> are describ$ 9 a numb] ( works1 among :i* ! foll[+ may be recomm5d$3 de ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 #c vols41 ,p>is2 vol4 i4 pp4 #aea-ahb2 & ,macfady51 9 ,hook]'s ,botanical ,miscellany1 #ahcj1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ajc-aaf4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,fl[]s1 ,,or ,,= ,,! ,,organs ,,:i* ,,envelop ,,!m4 ,clove--,c>yophyllus aromaticus1 ,l9nu4 ,! clove us$ = dome/ic purposes is ! calix & fl[]-bud ( a plant belong+ to ! ord] ( ,myrtace4 ,al?\gh ! plant has be5 (t5 describ$ & v well drawn f cultivat$ specim5s1 "s d\bt rema9s z to its nature :5 wild4 ,i spoke ( x 9 my ,geographical ,botany 9 #ahee1 b x does n appe> t ! "q has made any fur!r progress s9ce !n1 :i* induces me to repeat "h :at ,i said !n4 8,! clove mu/ h come orig9ally f ! ,moluccas10 z ,rumphius ass]ts1#ggg = its cultivation 0 limit$ two c5turies ago to a few little isl&s 9 ?is ar*ipelago4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 f9d any pro( t ! true clove tree1 ) p$uncles & aromatic buds1 has be5 f\nd 9 a wild /ate4 ,rumphius#ggh consid]s t a plant ( :i* he gives a description1 & a draw+ "u ! "n ,c>yophyllum sylve/re1 belongs to ! same species1 & ?is plant is wild ?r\gh\t ! ,moluccas4 ,a native told him t ! cultivat$ clove trees deg5]ate into ?is =m1 & ,rumphius himself f\nd a plant ( ,c4 sylve/re 9 a des]t$ plantation ( cultivat$ cloves4 ,nev]!less plate #c diff]s f plate #a ( ! cultivat$ clove 9 ! %ape ( ! leaves & ( ! tee? ( ! calix4 ,i d n speak ( plate #b1 :i* appe>s to be an abnormal =m ( ! cultivat$ clove4 ,rumphius says t ,c4 sylve/re has no aromatic prop]ties2 n[1 z a rule1 ! aromatic prop]ties are m develop$ 9 ! wild plants ( a species ?an 9 ! cultivat$ plants4 ,sonn]at#ggi also publi%es figures ( ! true clove & ( a spuri\s clove f\nd 9 a small isl& ne> ! c\ntry ( ! ,papuans4 ,x is easy to see t 8 false clove diff]s completely by its blunt leaves f ! true clove1 & also f ! two species ( ,rumphius4 ,i _c make up my m9d to class all ^! diff]5t plants1 wild & cultivat$1 toge!r1 z all au?ors h done4#ghj ,x is especially necess>y to exclude plate #abj ( ,sonn]at1 :i* is admitt$ 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e4 ,an hi/orical acc\nt ( ! cultivation ( ! clove1 & ( its introduction into diff]5t c\ntries1 w be f\nd 9 ! la/-nam$ "w1 9 ! ,dictionnaire d',agriculture1 & 9 ! diction>ies ( natural hi/ory4 ,if x be true1 z ,roxburgh says1#gha t ! ,sanskrit language _h a "n1 luvunga1 = ! clove1 ! trade 9 ?is spice mu/ date f a v e>ly epo*1 ev5 suppos+ ! "n to be m mod]n ?an ! true ,sanskrit4 ,b ,i d\bt its g5u9e "*1 = ! ,romans w\ld h kn[n ( a sub/ance s easily transport$1 & x does n appe> t x 0 introduc$ into ,europe be=e ! discov]y ( ! ,moluccas by ! ,portuguese4 ,hop--,humulus ,lupulus1 ,l9nu4 ,! hop is wild 9 ,europe f ,engl& & ,sw$5 z f> s\? z ! m\nta9s ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 & 9 ,asia z f> z ,damascus1 z ! s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ( ,ea/]n ,sib]ia1#ghb b x is n f\nd 9 ,india1 ! nor? ( ,*9a1 or ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur4#ghc ,9 spite ( ! entirely wild appe>ance ( ! hop 9 ,europe 9 di/ricts f> f cultivation1 x has be5 sometimes ask$ if x is n ( ,asiatic orig94#ghd ,i d n ?9k ?is c be prov$1 nor ev5 t x is likely4 ,! fact t ! ,greeks & ,lat9s h n spok5 ( ! use ( ! hop 9 mak+ be] is easily expla9$1 z !y 7 almo/ entirely unacqua9t$ ) ?is dr9k4 ,if ! ,greeks h n m5tion$ ! plant1 x is simply p]haps because x is r>e 9 _! c\ntry4 ,f ! ,italian "n lupulo x seems likely t ,pl9y speaks ( x ) o!r vegetables "u ! "n lupus salict>ius4#ghe ,t ! cu/om ( brew+ ) hops only became g5]al 9 ! ,middle ,ages proves no?+1 except t o!r plants 7 =m]ly employ$1 z is /ill ! case 9 "s di/ricts4 ,! ,kelts1 ! ,g]mans1 o!r peoples ( ! nor? & ev5 ( ! s\? :o _h ! v9e1 made be]#ghf ei!r ( b>ley or ( o!r f]m5t$ gra91 add+ 9 c]ta9 cases diff]5t vegetable sub/ances--! b>k ( ! oak or ( ! tam>isk1 = in/ance1 or ! fruits ( ,myrica gale4#ghg ,x is v possible t !y did n soon discov] ! advantages ( ! hop1 & t ev5 aft] ^! 7 recogniz$1 !y employ$ wild hops be=e beg9n+ to cultivate !m4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( hop-g>d5s occurs 9 an act ( donation made by ,pep91 fa!r ( ,*>lemagne1 9 #gfh4ghh ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury x 0 an important object ( culture 9 ,g]many1 b x began 9 ,engl& only "u ,h5ry ,,viii4#ghi ,! common names ( ! hop only furni% negative indications z to its orig94 ,!re is no ,sanskrit "n1#gij & ?is agrees ) ! abs5ce ( ! species 9 ! region ( ! ,himalayas1 & %[s t ! e>ly ,aryan peoples _h n notic$ & employ$ x4 ,i h quot$ be=e#gia "s ( ! ,european names1 %[+ _! div]sity1 al?\gh "s few ( !m may be d]iv$ f a common /ock4 ,hehn1 ! philologi/1 has treat$ ( _! etymology1 & %[n h[ obscure x is1 b he has n m5tion$ ! names totally di/9ct f humle1 hopf or hop1 & *meli ( ! ,sc&9avian1 ,go?ic1 & ,slav races2 = example1 ,ap9i 9 ,lette1 ,apwynis 9 ,li?uanian1 tap 9 ,e/honian1 blu/ 9 ,illyrian1#gib :i* h evid5tly o!r roots4 ,?is v>iety t5ds to confirm ! !ory t ! species exi/$ 9 ,europe be=e ! arrival ( ! ,aryan nations4 ,sev]al diff]5t peoples mu/ h di/+ui%$1 kn[n1 & us$ ?is plant successively1 :i* confirms its ext5sion 9 ,europe & 9 ,asia be=e x 0 us$ 9 brew+4 ,c>?am9e--,c>?amus t9ctorius1 ,l9nu4 ,! composite annual :i* produces ! dye call$ c>?am9e is "o ( ! mo/ anci5t cultivat$ species4 ,its fl[]s are us$ = dye+ 9 r$ or yell[1 & ! se$s yield oil4 ,! grave-clo?s :i* wrap ! anci5t ,egyptian mummies are dy$ ) c>?am9e1#gic & q rec5tly fragm5ts ( ! plant h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs discov]$ at ,deir el ,bah>i4#gid ,its cultivation mu/ also be anci5t 9 ,india1 s9ce !re are two ,sanskrit names = x1 cusumbha & kamalott>a1 ( :i* ! fir/ has sev]al d]ivatives 9 ! mod]n languages ( ! p59sula4#gie ,! ,*9ese only receiv$ c>?am9e 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 :5 ,*ang-ki5 br\ght x back f ,bactriana4#gif ,! ,greeks & ,lat9s 7 probably n acqua9t$ ) x1 = x is v d\btful :e!r ?is is ! plant :i* !y knew z cnikos or cnicus4#gig ,at a lat] p]iod ! ,arabs contribut$ l>gely to diffuse ! cultivation ( c>?am9e1 :i* !y nam$ qorton1 kurtum1 :5ce c>?am9e1 or usfur1 or ihridh1 or morabu1#gih a div]sity indicat+ an anci5t exi/5ce 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ,we/]n ,asia or ( ,africa4 ,! progress ( *emi/ry ?reat5s to d away ) ! cultivation ( ?is plant z ( _m o!rs1 b x /ill subsi/s 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 9 ! ,ea/1 & ?r\gh\t ! valley ( ! ,nile4#gii ,no botani/ has f\nd ! c>?am9e 9 a really wild /ate4 ,au?ors d\btfully assign to x an orig9 9 ,india or ,africa1 9 ,abyss9ia 9 p>ticul>1 b !y h nev] se5 x except 9 a cultivat$ /ate1 or ) e appe>ance ( hav+ escap$ f cultivation4#hjj ,mr4 ,cl>ke1#hja =m]ly director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5s 9 ,calcutta1 :o has lately /udi$ ! ,composit ( ,india1 includes ! species only z a cultivat$ "o4 ,! summ>y ( our mod]n k ( ! plants ( ! ,nile region1 includ+ ,abyss9ia1 by ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1#hjb only indicates x z a cultivat$ species1 nor does ! li/ ( ! plants obs]v$ by ,rohlfs on 8 rec5t j\rney m5tion a wild c>?am9e4#hjc ,z ! species has n be5 f\nd wild ei!r 9 ,india or 9 ,africa1 & z x has be5 cultivat$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 bo? c\ntries1 ! idea occurr$ to me ( seek+ its orig9 9 ! int]m$iate region2 a me?od :i* _h be5 successful 9 o!r cases4 ,un=tunately1 ! int]ior ( ,arabia is almo/ unkn[n4 ,=skal1 :o has visit$ ! coa/s ( ,yem5 has le>nt no?+ ab\t ! c>?am9e2 nor is x m5tion$ among ! plants ( ,botta & ( ,bov4 ,b an ,arab1 ,abu ,anifa1 quot$ by ,ebn ,bai?>1 a ?irte5?-c5tury writ]1 express$ himself z foll[s3#hjd--8,usfur1 ?is plant furni%es a sub/ance us$ z a dye2 !re are two k9ds1 "o cultivat$ & "o wild1 :i* bo? gr[ 9 ,arabia1 ( :i* ! se$s are call$ elkur?um40 ,abu ,anifa 0 v likely "r4 ,saffron--,crocus sativus1 ,l9nu4 ,! saffron 0 cultivat$ 9 v e>ly times 9 ! we/ ( ,asia4 ,! ,romans prais$ ! saffron ( ,cilicia1 :i* !y pref]r$ to t gr[n 9 ,italy4#hje ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia1 & ,ka%mir h be5 = a long "t ! c\ntries :i* export ! mo/4 ,india gets x f ,ka%mir#hjf at ! pres5t day4 ,roxburgh & ,walli* d n m5tion x 9 _! works4 ,! two ,sanskrit names m5tion$ by ,pidd+ton#hjg probably appli$ to ! sub/ance saffron br\ght f ! ,we/1 = ! "n kasmirajamma appe>s to indicate its orig9 9 ,ka%mir4 ,! o!r "n is kunkuma4 ,! ,hebrew ^w k>kom is commonly translat$ saffron1 b x m probably applies to c>?am9e1 to judge f ! "n ( ! latt] 9 ,arabic4#hjh ,besides1 ! saffron is n cultivat$ 9 ,egypt or 9 ,arabia4 ,! ,greek "n is krokos4#hji ,saffron1 :i* recurs 9 all mod]n ,european languages1 comes f ! ,arabic sahaf>an1#haj zafran4#haa ,! ,spani>ds1 ne>] to ! ,arabs1 call x azafran4 ,! ,arabic "n itself comes f assf>1 yell[4 ,tru/wor?y au?ors say t ,c4 sativus is wild 9 ,greece#hab & 9 ! ,abruzzi m\nta9s 9 ,italy4#hac ,maw1 :o is prep>+ a monograph ( ! g5us ,crocus1 bas$ on a long s]ies ( obs]vations 9 g>d5s & 9 h]b>ia1 connects ) ,c4 sativus six =ms :i* are f\nd wild 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts f ,italy to ,kurdi/an4 ,none ( ^!1 he says1#had are id5tical ) ! cultivat$ v>iety2 b c]ta9 =ms describ$ "u o!r names 7,c4 ,orisnii1 ,c4 ,c>twrightianus1 ,c4 ,?omasii71 h>dly diff] f x4 ,^! are f ,italy & ,greece4 ,! cultivation ( saffron1 ( :i* ! conditions are giv5 9 ! ,c\rs d',agriculture by ,gasp>91 & 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',acclimatation = #ahgj1 is becom+ m & m r>e 9 ,europe & ,asia4#hae ,x has sometimes _h ! effect ( naturaliz+ ! species = a few ye>s at lea/ 9 localities :]e x appe>s to be wild4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,fruits4#haf ,sweet ,sop1 ,sug> ,apple#hag--;,anona squamosa1 ,l9nu4 7,9 ,briti% ,india1 ,cu/>d ,apple2 b ?is is ! "n ( ,anona muricata 9 ,am]ica47 ,! orig9al home ( ?is & o!r cultivat$ ,anonace has be5 ! subject ( d\bts1 :i* make x an int]e/+ problem4 ,i attempt$ to resolve !m 9 #ahee4 ,! op9ion at :i* ,i !n arriv$ has be5 confirm$ by ! subsequ5t obs]vations ( travell]s1 & z x is useful to %[ h[ f> probabilities bas$ ^u s\nd me?ods lead to true ass]tions1 ,i w transcribe :at ,i !n said1#hah m5tion+ aft]w>ds ! m rec5t discov]ies4 8,rob]t ,br[n prov$ 9 #ahah t all ! species ( ! g5us ,anona1 except+ ,anona s5egal5sis1 belong to ,am]ica1 & none to ,asia4 ,aug4 de ,sa9t-,hilaire says t1 accord+ to ,vellozo1 ,a4 squamosa 0 introduc$ into ,brazil1 t x is kn[n !re "u ! "n ( p9ha1 f its resemblance to a fir-cone1 & ( ata1 evid5tly borr[$ f ! names attoa & atis1 :i* are ^? ( ! same plant 9 ,asia1 & :i* belong to ,ea/]n languages4 ,!re=e1 adds de ,sa9t-,hilaire1#hai ! ,portuguese transport$ ,a4 squamosa f _! ,indian to _! ,am]ican possessions1 etc40 ,hav+ made 9 #ahcb a review ( ! family ( ! ,anonace1#hbj ,i notic$ h[ ,mr4 ,br[n's botanical argum5t 0 ev] gr[+ /rong]2 = 9 spite ( ! consid]able increase 9 ! numb] ( describ$ ,anonace1 no ,anona1 nor ev5 any species ( ,anonace ) unit$ ov>ies1 _h be5 f\nd to be a native ( ,asia4 ,i admitt$#hba ! probability t ! species came f ! ,we/ ,indies or f ! neighb\r+ "p ( ! ,am]ican cont95t2 b ,i inadv]t5tly attribut$ ?is op9ion to ,mr4 ,br[n1 :o _h m]ely indicat$ an ,am]ican orig9 9 g5]al4#hbb ,facts ( diff]5t k9ds h s9ce confirm$ ?is view4 8,anona squamosa has be5 f\nd wild 9 ,asia1 app>5tly z a naturaliz$ plant2 9 ,africa1 & especially 9 ,am]ica1 ) all ! conditions ( an indig5\s plant4 ,9 fact1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,royle1#hbc ! species has be5 naturaliz$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,india2 b he only saw x app>5tly gr[+ wild on ! side ( ! m\nta9 ne> ! =t ( ,adjeegurh 9 ,bundlecund1 among teak trees4 ,:5 s rem>kable a tree1 9 a c\ntry s ?or\ghly explor$ by botani/s1 has only be5 discov]$ 9 a s+le locality beyond ! limits ( cultivation1 x is mo/ probable t x is n indig5\s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] f\nd x 9 ! isle ( ,/4 ,iago1 ( ! ,cape ,v]de gr\p1 =m+ woods on ! hills :i* ov]look ! valley ( ,/4 ,dom+o4#hbd ,s9ce ,a4 squamosa is only kn[n z a cultivat$ plant on ! neighb\r+ cont95t2#hbe z x is n ev5 indicat$ 9 ,gu9ea by ,?onn+1#hbf nor 9 ,congo1#hbg nor 9 ,s5egambia1#hbh nor 9 ,abyss9ia & ,egypt1 :i* proves a rec5t introduction into ,africa2 la/ly1 z ! ,cape ,v]de ,isles h lo/ a great "p ( _! primitive =e/s1 ,i believe t ?is is a case ( naturalization f se$ escap$ f g>d5s4 ,au?ors are agre$ 9 consid]+ ! species wild 9 ,jamaica4 ,=m]ly ! ass]tions ( ,sloane#hbi & ,br[n#hcj might h be5 disreg>d$1 b !y are confirm$ by ,macfady54#hca ,m>tius f\nd ! species wild 9 ! virg9 =e/s ( ,p>a4#hcb ,he ev5 says1 #8,sylvesc5tem 9 nemoribus p>a5sibus inv5i1' :5ce x may be inf]r$ t ^! trees alone =m$ a =e/4 ,splitg]b]#hcc f\nd x 9 ! =e/s ( ,sur9am1 b he says1 #8,an spontanea8' ,! numb] ( localities 9 ?is "p ( ,am]ica is significant4 ,i ne$ n rem9d my read]s t no tree gr[+ else:]e ?an on ! coa/ has be5 f\nd truly indig5\s at once 9 tropical ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4#hcd ,! result ( my rese>*es r5d]s su* a fact almo/ impossible1 & if a tree 7 robu/ en\gh to ext5d ov] su* an area1 x w\ld be extremely common 9 all tropical c\ntries4 8,moreov]1 hi/orical & philological facts t5d also to confirm ! !ory ( an ,am]ican orig94 ,! details giv5 by ,rumphius#hce %[ t ,anona squamosa 0 a plant newly cultivat$ 9 mo/ ( ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,=/] does n m5tion ! cultivation ( any ,anonacea 9 ! small isl&s ( ! ,pacific4#hcf ,rhe$e#hcg says t ,a4 squamosa is an exotic 9 ,malab>1 b 0 br\ght to ,india1 fir/ by ! ,*9ese & ! ,arabs1 aft]w>ds by ! ,portuguese4 ,x is c]ta9ly cultivat$ 9 ,*9a & 9 ,co*9-,*9a1#hch & 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isles1#hci b we d n "k f :at epo*4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,arabs cultivate x4#hdj ,x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,india 9 ,roxburgh's day2#hda he _h n se5 ! wild plant1 & only m5tions "o common "n 9 a mod]n language1 ! ,b5gali ata1 :i* is already 9 ,rhe$e4 ,lat] ! "n gunda-gatra#hdb 0 believ$ to be ,sanskrit1 b ,dr4 ,royle#hdc hav+ consult$ ,wilson1 ! fam\s au?or ( ! ,sanskrit diction>y1 t\*+ ! antiquity ( ?is "n1 he repli$ t x 0 tak5 f ! ,sabda ,*anrika1 a comp>atively mod]n compilation4 ,! names ( ata1 ati1 are f\nd 9 ,rhe$e & ,rumphius4#hdd ,?is is d\btless ! f\ndation ( ,sa9t-,hilaire's argum5t2 b a ne>ly simil> "n is giv5 to ,anona squamosa 9 ,mexico4 ,?is "n is ate1 ahate di ,panu*o1 f\nd 9 ,h]n&ez#hde ) two simil> & r poor figures :i* may be attribut$ ei!r to ,a4 squamosa1 z ,dunal#hdf ?9ks1 or to ,a4 *]imolia1 accord+ to ,m>tius4#hdg ,ovi$o uses ! "n anon4#hdh ,x is v possible t ! "n ata 0 introduc$ into ,brazil f ,mexico & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,x may also1 ,i confess1 h come f ! ,portuguese colonies 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,m>tius says1 h[ev]1 t ! species 0 import$ f ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4#hdi ,i d n "k :e!r he _h any pro( ( ?is1 or :e!r he speaks on ! au?ority ( ,ovi$o's "w1 :i* he quotes & :i* ,i _c consult4 ,ovi$o's article1 translat$ by ,m>cgraf1#hej describes ,a4 squamosa )\t speak+ ( its orig94 8,! sum total ( ! facts is altoge!r 9 fav\r ( an ,am]ican orig94 ,! locality :]e ! species usually appe>s wild is 9 ! =e/s ( ,p>a4 ,its cultivation is anci5t 9 ,am]ica1 s9ce ,ovi$o is "o ( ! fir/ au?ors 7#aece7 :o has writt5 ab\t ?is c\ntry4 ,no d\bt its cultivation is ( anci5t date 9 ,asia likewise1 & ?is r5d]s ! problem curi\s4 ,x is n prov$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 ant]ior to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & x seems to me t a tree ( :i* ! fruit is s agreeable w\ld h be5 m widely diffus$ 9 ! old _w if x _h always exi/$ !re4 ,moreov]1 x w\ld be difficult to expla9 its cultivation 9 ,am]ica 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 on ! hypo!sis ( an orig9 9 ! old _w40 ,s9ce ,i wrote ! above1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ facts publi%$ by diff]5t au?ors3-- #a4 ,! argum5t drawn f ! fact t !re is no ,asiatic species ( ! g5us ,anona is /rong] ?an ev]4 ,a4 ,asiatica1 ,l9nu1 0 bas$ ^u errors 7see my note 9 ! ,gogr4 ,bot41 p4 #hfb74 ,a4 obtusifolia 7,tussac1 ,fl4 des ,antilles1 i4 p4 #aia1 pl4 #bh71 cultivat$ =m]ly 9 ,/4 ,dom+o z ( ,asiatic orig91 is also p]haps f\nd$ ^u a mi/ake4 ,i suspect t ! draw+ repres5ts ! fl[] ( "o species 7,a4 muricata7 & ! fruit ( ano!r 7,a4 squamosa74 ,no ,anona has be5 discov]$ 9 ,asia1 b f\r or five are n[ kn[n 9 ,africa in/ead ( only "o or two1#hea & a l>g] numb] ?an =m]ly 9 ,am]ica4 #b4 ,! au?ors ( rec5t ,asiatic floras d n hesitate to consid] ! ,anon1 p>ticul>ly ,a4 squamosa1 :i* is "h & !re f\nd app>5tly wild1 z naturaliz$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( cultivat$ gr\nd & ( ,european settlem5ts4#heb #c4 ,9 ! new ,african floras already quot$1 ,a4 squamosa & ! o!rs ( :i* ,i %all speak pres5tly are always m5tion$ z cultivat$ species4 #d4 ,mc,nab1 ! horticulturi/1 f\nd ,a4 squamosa 9 ! dry pla9s ( ,jamaica1#hec :i* confirms ! ass]tions ( previ\s au?ors4 ,egg]s says#hed t ! species is common 9 ! ?ickets ( ,santa ,cruz & ,virg9 ,isl&s4 ,i d n f9d t x has be5 discov]$ wild 9 ,cuba4 #e4 ,on ! ,am]ican cont95t x is giv5 z cultivat$4#hee ,h[ev]1 ,m4 ,&r s5t me a specim5 f a /ony di/rict 9 ! ,magdal5a valley1 :i* appe>s to belong to ?is species & to be wild4 ,! fruit is want+1 :i* r5d]s ! matt] d\btful4 ,f ! note on ! ticket1 x is a delici\s fruit l t ( ,a4 squamosa4 ,w>m+#hef m5tions ! species z cultivat$ at ,lagoa ,santa 9 ,brazil4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 to be cultivat$ or naturaliz$ f cultivation 9 ,p>a1 ,guiana1 & ,new ,granada4 ,9 f9e1 x c h>dly be d\bt$1 9 my op9ion1 t its orig9al c\ntry is ,am]ica1 & 9 especial ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,s\r ,sop--,anona muricata1 ,l9nu4 ,?is fruit-tree1#heg introduc$ into all ! colonies 9 tropical c\ntries is wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 at lea/1 its exi/5ce has be5 prov$ 9 ! isl&s ( ,cuba1 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,jamaica1 & sev]al ( ! small] isl&s4#heh ,x is sometimes naturaliz$ on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica ne> dwell+s4#hei ,&r br\ght specim5s f ! di/rict ( ,cauca 9 ,new ,granada1 b he does n say !y 7 wild1 & ,i see t ,triana 7,prodr4 ,fl4 ,granat47 only m5tions x z cultivat$4 ,cu/>d ,apple 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,bullock's ,he>t 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies--,anona reticulata1 ,l9nu4 ,?is ,anona1 figur$ 9 ,desc\rtilz1 ,flore ,mdicale des ,antilles1 ii4 pl4 #hb1 & 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 pl4 #biab1 is wild 9 ,cuba1 ,jamaica1 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,guadel\pe1 ,santa ,cruz1 & ,b>bados1#hfj & also 9 ! isl& ( ,tobago 9 ! ,bay ( ,panama1#hfa & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,antioquia 9 ,new ,granada4#hfb ,if x is wild 9 ! la/-nam$ localities z well z 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 its area probably ext5ds into sev]al /ates ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ( ,new ,granada4 ,al?\gh ! bullock's he>t is n mu* e/eem$ z a fruit1 ! species has be5 introduc$ into mo/ tropical colonies4 ,rhe$e & ,rumphius f\nd x 9 plantations 9 ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,accord+ to ,welwits*1 x has naturaliz$ itself f cultivation 9 ,angola1 9 ,we/]n ,africa1#hfc & ?is has also tak5 place 9 ,briti% ,india4#hfd ,*irimoya--,anona ,*]imolia1 ,lam>ck4 ,! *irimoya is n s g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ! colonies z ! prec$+ species1 al?\gh ! fruit is excell5t4 ,?is is probably ! reason t !re is no illu/ration ( ! fruit bett] ?an t ( ,feuille 7,obs41 iii4 pl4 #ag71 :ile ! fl[] is well repres5t$ 9 pl4 #bjaa ( ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 "u ! "n ( ,a4 tripetala4 ,9 #ahee1 ,i wrote z foll[s1 t\*+ ! orig9 ( ! species3#hfe 8,! *irimoya is m5tion$ by ,lam>ck & ,dunal z gr[+ 9 ,p]u2 b ,feuille1 :o 0 ! fir/ to speak ( x1#hff says t x is cultivat$4 ,macfady5#hfg says x ab\nds 9 ! ,port ,royal ,m\nta9s1 ,jamaica2 b he adds t x came orig9ally f ,p]u1 & mu/ h be5 introduc$ long ago1 :5ce x appe>s t ! species is cultivat$ 9 ! high] plantations1 r ?an wild4 ,sloane does n m5tion x4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl& saw x cultivat$ 9 ,v5ezuela & ,new ,granada2 ,m>tius 9 ,brazil1#hfh :]e ! se$s _h be5 introduc$ f ,p]u4 ,! species is cultivat$ 9 ! ,cape ,v]de ,isl&s1 & on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1#hfi b x does n appe> to h be5 introduc$ into ,asia4 ,its ,am]ican orig9 is evid5t4 ,i might ev5 g fur!r1 & ass]t t x is a native ( ,p]u1 r ?an ( ,new ,granada or ,mexico4 ,x w probably be f\nd wild 9 "o ( ^! c\ntries4 ,mey5 has n br\ght x f ,p]u40#hgj ,my d\bts are n[ less5$1 ?anks to a k9d communication f ,m4 ,ed4 ,&r4 ,i may m5tion fir/1 t ,i h se5 specim5s f ,mexico ga!r$ by ,bott]i & ,b\rgeau1 & t au?ors (t5 speak ( f9d+ ! species 9 ?is region1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ,new ,granada4 ,x is true1 !y d n say t x is wild4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y rem>k t x is cultivat$1 or t x has escap$ f g>d5s & become naturaliz$4#hga ,griseba* ass]ts t x is wild f ,p]u to ,mexico1 b he gives no pro(4 ,&r ga!r$1 9 a valley 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,ecuador1 specim5s :i* c]ta9ly belong to ! species z f> z x c be ass]t$ )\t see+ ! fruit4 ,he says no?+ z to its wild nature1 b ! c>e ) :i* he po9ts out 9 o!r cases plants cultivat$ or p]haps escap$ f cultivation1 leads me to ?9k t he reg>ds ^! specim5s z wild4 ,claude ,gay says t ! species has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,*ili f "t immemorial4#hgb ,h[ev]1 ,mol9a1 :o m5tions sev]al fruit-trees 9 ! anci5t plantations ( ! c\ntry1 does n speak ( x4#hgc ,9 conclusion1 ,i consid] x mo/ probable t ! species is indig5\s 9 ,ecuador1 & p]haps 9 ! neighb\r+ "p ( ,p]u4 ,oranges & ,lemons--,citrus1 ,l9nu4 ,! diff]5t v>ieties ( citrons1 lemons1 oranges1 %addocks1 etc41 cultivat$ 9 g>d5s h be5 ! subject ( rem>kable works by sev]al horticulturi/s1 among :i* ,gallesio & ,risso#hgd hold ! fir/ rank4 ,! difficulty ( obs]v+ & classify+ s _m v>ieties 0 v great4 ,fair results h be5 obta9$1 b x mu/ be own$ t ! me?od 0 wrong f ! beg9n+1 s9ce ! plants f :i* ! obs]vations 7 tak5 7 all cultivat$1 t is to say1 m or less artificial1 & p]haps 9 "s cases hybrids4 ,botani/s are n[ m =tunate4 ,?anks to ! discov]ies ( travell]s 9 ,briti% ,india1 !y are able to di/+ui% ! wild & !re=e ! true & natural species4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1#hge :o 0 himself a collector 9 ,india1 ! "w ( ,br&is#hgf is ! be/ on ! ,citrus ( ?is region1 & he foll[s x 9 8 flora4 ,i %all d likewise 9 default ( a monograph ( ! g5us1 rem>k+ also t ! multitude ( g>d5 v>ieties :i* h be5 describ$ & figur$ = c5turies1 ought to be id5tifi$ z f> z possible ) ! wild species4#hgg ,! same species1 & p]haps o!rs also1 probably gr[ wild 9 ,co*9-,*9a & 9 ,*9a2 b ?is has n be5 prov$ 9 ! c\ntry itself1 nor by means ( specim5s exam9$ by botani/s4 ,p]haps ! important works ( ,pi]re1 n[ 9 c\rse ( publication1 w give in=mation on ?is head = ,co*9-,*9a4 ,) reg>d to ,*9a1 ,i w quote ! foll[+ passage f ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1#hgh :i* is int]e/+ f ! special k ( ! writ]3--8,oranges1 ( :i* !re are a great v>iety 9 ,*9a1 are c\nt$ by ! ,*9ese among _! wild fruits4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t mo/ ( !m are indig5\s1 & h be5 cultivat$ f v e>ly times4 ,! pro( ( ?is is t ea* species or v>iety be>s a di/9ct "n1 besides be+ 9 mo/ cases repres5t$ by a p>ticul> "*1 & is m5tion$ 9 ! ,%u-k+1 ,rh-ya1 & o!r anci5t works40 ,m5 & birds disp]se ! se$s ( ,aurantiace1 :5ce results ! ext5sion ( its area1 & its naturalization 9 all ! w>m regions ( ! two worlds4 ,x 0 obs]v$#hgi 9 ,am]ica f ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! conque/1 & n[ groves ( orange trees h sprung up ev5 9 ! s\? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,%addock--,citrus decumana1 ,willd5[4 ,i take ?is species fir/1 because its botanical "* is m m>k$ ?an t ( ! o!rs4 ,x is a l>g] tree1 & ?is species alone has d[n on ! "y %oots & ! "u sides ( ! leaves4 ,! fruit is sph]ical1 or ne>ly sph]ical1 l>g] ?an an orange1 sometimes ev5 z l>ge z a man's head4 ,! juice is slightly acid1 ! r9d rem>kably ?ick4 ,good illu/rations ( ! fruit may be se5 9 ,duhamel1 ,trait des ,arbres1 edit4 #b1 vii4 pl4 #db1 & 9 ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 iii4 pls4 #ag1 #ah4 ,! numb] ( v>ieties 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago indicates an anci5t cultivation4 ,its orig9al c\ntry is n yet accurately kn[n1 because ! trees :i* appe> indig5\s may be ! result ( naturalization1 foll[+ frequ5t cultivation4 ,roxburgh says t ! species 0 br\ght to ,calcutta f ,java1#hhj & ,rumphius#hha believ$ x to be a native ( ,s\!rn ,*9a4 ,nei!r he nor mod]n botani/s saw x wild 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4#hhb ,9 ,*9a ! species has a simple "n1 yu2 b its writt5 "*#hhc appe>s too complicat$ = a truly indig5\s plant4 ,accord+ to ,l\reiro1 ! tree is common 9 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a1 b ?is does n imply t x is wild4#hhd ,x is 9 ! isl&s to ! ea/ ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago t ! cle>e/ indications ( a wild exi/5ce are f\nd4 ,=/]#hhe =m]ly said ( ?is species1 8v common 9 ! ,fri5dly ,isles40 ,seemann#hhf is yet m positive ab\t ! ,fiji ,isles4 8,extremely common10 he says1 8& cov]+ ! banks ( ! riv]s40 ,x w\ld be /range if a tree1 s mu* cultivat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,asia1 %\ld h become naturaliz$ to su* a degree 9 c]ta9 isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 :ile x has sc>cely be5 se5 else:]e4 ,x is probably indig5\s to !m1 & may p]haps yet be discov]$ wild 9 "s isl&s ne>] to ,java4 ,! ,fr5* "n1 pompelm\se1 is f ! ,dut* pompelmoes4 ,%addock 0 ! "n ( a capta9 :o fir/ introduc$ ! species into ! ,we/ ,indies4#hhg ,citron1 ,lemon--,citrus m$ica1 ,l9nu4 ,?is tree1 l ! common orange1 is glabr\s 9 all its p>ts4 ,its fruit1 long] ?an x is wide1 is surm\nt$ 9 mo/ ( its v>ieties by a sort ( nipple4 ,! juice is m or less acid4 ,! "y %oots & ! petals are frequ5tly t9t$ r$4 ,! r9d ( ! fruit is (t5 r\gh1 & v ?ick 9 "s sub-v>ieties4#hhh ,br&is & ,sir ,joseph ,hook] di/+ui% f\r cultivat$ v>ieties3-- #a4 ,citrus m$ica prop] 7citron 9 ,engli%1 c$rati] 9 ,fr5*1 c$ro 9 ,italian71 ) l>ge1 n sph]ical fruit1 ^: highly aromatic r9d is cov]$ ) lumps1 & ( :i* ! juice is nei!r abundant nor v acid4 ,accord+ to ,br&is1 x 0 call$ vijapra 9 ,sanskrit4 #b4 ,citrus m$ica ,limonum 7citronni] 9 ,fr5*1 lemon 9 ,engli%74 ,fruit ( av]age size1 n sph]ical1 & abundant acid juice4 #c4 ,citrus m$ica acida 7,c4 acida1 ,roxburgh74 ,lime 9 ,engli%4 ,small fl[]s1 fruit small & v>iable 9 %ape1 juice v acid4 ,accord+ to ,br&is1 ! ,sanskrit "n 0 jambira4 #d4 ,citrus m$ica ,limetta 7,c4 ,limetta & ,c4 ,lumia ( ,risso71 ) fl[]s l ^? ( ! prec$+ v>iety1 b ) sph]ical fruit & sweet1 non-aromatic juice4 ,9 ,india x is call$ ! sweet lime4 ,! botani/ ,wight affirms t ?is la/ v>iety is wild 9 ! ,nilgh]ry ,hills4 ,o!r =ms1 :i* answ] m or less exactly to ! ?ree o!r v>ieties1 h be5 f\nd wild by sev]al ,anglo-,indian botani/s#hhi 9 ! w>m di/ricts at ! foot ( ! ,himalayas1 f ,g>wal to ,sikkim1 9 ! s\?-ea/ at ,*ittagong & 9 ,burmah1 & 9 ! s\?-we/ 9 ! we/]n ,ghauts & ! ,satpura ,m\nta9s4 ,f ?is x _c be d\bt$ t ! species is indig5\s 9 ,india1 & ev5 "u diff]5t =ms ( prehi/oric antiquity4 ,i d\bt :e!r its area includes ,*9a or ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,l\reiro m5tions ,citrus m$ica 9 ,co*9-,*9a only z a cultivat$ plant1 & ,brets*neid] tells u t ! lemon has ,*9ese names :i* d n exi/ 9 ! anci5t writ+s1 & = :i* ! writt5 *>act]s are complicat$1 indications ( a =eign species4 ,x may1 he says1 h be5 introduc$4 ,9 ,japan ! species is only a cultivat$ "o4#hij ,la/ly1 sev]al ( ,rumphius' illu/rations %[ v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 b none ( ^! are consid]$ by ! au?or z really wild & indig5\s to ! c\ntry4 ,to indicate ! locality1 he sometimes us$ ! expression 89 hortis sylve/ribus10 :i* might be translat$ %rubb]ies4 ,speak+ ( 8 ,lemon sussu 7vol4 ii4 pl4 #be71 :i* is a ,citrus m$ica ) ellipsoidal acid fruit1 he says x has be5 introduc$ into ,amboyna1 b t x is common] 9 ,java1 8usually 9 =e/s40 ,?is may be ! result ( an accid5tal naturalization f cultivation4 ,miquel1 9 8 mod]n flora ( ! ,dut* ,indies1#hia does n hesitate to say t ,citrus m$ica & ,c4 ,limonum are only cultivat$ 9 ! ar*ipelago4 ,! cultivation ( m or less acid v>ieties spread into ,we/]n ,asia at an e>ly date1 at lea/ into ,mesopotamia & ,m$ia4 ,?is c h>dly be d\bt$1 = two v>ieties _h ,sanskrit names2 &1 moreov]1 ! ,greeks knew ! fruit ?r\gh ! ,m$es1 :5ce ! "n ,citrus m$ica4 ,!ophra/us#hib 0 ! fir/ to speak ( x "u ! "n ( apple ( ,m$ia & ( ,p]sia1 9 a phrase (t5 repeat$ & comm5t$ on 9 ! la/ two c5turies4#hic ,x evid5tly applies to ,citrus m$ica2 b :ile he expla9s h[ ! se$ is fir/ s[n 9 vases1 to be aft]w>ds transplant$1 ! au?or does n say :e!r ?is 0 ! ,greek cu/om1 or :e!r he 0 describ+ ! practice ( ! ,m$es4 ,probably ! citron 0 n !n cultivat$ 9 ,greece1 = ! ,romans did n gr[ x 9 _! g>d5s at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,dioscorides1#hid born 9 ,cilicia1 & :o wrote 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 speaks ( x 9 almo/ ! same t]ms z ,!ophra/us4 ,x is suppos$ t ! species 01 aft] _m attempts1#hie cultivat$ 9 ,italy 9 ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury4 ,palladius1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 speaks ( x z well e/abli%$4 ,! ignorance ( ! ,romans ( ! classic p]iod t\*+ =eign plants has caus$ !m to conf\nd1 "u ! "n ( lignum citreum1 ! wood ( ,citrus1 ) t ( ,c$rus1 ( :i* f9e tables 7 made1 & :i* 0 a c$>1 or a ,?uya1 ( ! totally diff]5t family ( ,conif]4 ,! ,hebrews mu/ h kn[n ! citron be=e ! ,romans1 because ( _! frequ5t relations ) ,p]sia1 ,m$ia & ! adjac5t c\ntries4 ,! cu/om ( ! mod]n ,jews ( pres5t+ !mselves at ! synagogue on ! day ( ! ,fea/ ( ,tab]nacles1 ) a citron 9 _! h&1 gave rise to ! belief t ! ^w had> 9 ,leviticus signifi$ lemon or citron2 b ,risso has %[n1 by comp>+ ! anci5t texts1 t x signifies a f9e fruit1 or ! fruit ( a f9e tree4 ,he ev5 ?9ks t ! ,hebrews did n "k ! citron or lemon at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 because ! ,septuag9t ,v]sion translates had> by fruit ( a f9e tree4 ,nev]!less1 z ! ,greeks _h se5 ! citron 9 ,m$ia & 9 ,p]sia 9 ! "t ( ,!ophra/us1 ?ree c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 x w\ld be /range if ! ,hebrews _h n become acqua9t$ ) x at ! "t ( ! ,babyloni% ,captivity4 ,besides1 ! hi/orian ,josephus says t 9 8 "t ! ,jews bore ,p]sian apples1 malum p]sicum1 at _! fea/s1 "o ( ! ,greek names = ! citron4 ,! v>ieties ) v acid fruit1 l ,limonum & acida1 did n p]haps attract att5tion s e>ly z ! citron1 h[ev] ! /rongly aromatic od\r m5tion$ by ,dioscorides & ,!ophra/us appe>s to indicate !m4 ,! ,arabs ext5d$ ! cultivation ( ! lemon 9 ,africa & ,europe4 ,accord+ to ,gallesio1 !y transport$ x1 9 ! t5? c5tury ( our era1 f ! g>d5s ( ,oman into ,pale/9e & ,egypt4 ,jacques de ,vitry1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 well describ$ ! lemon :i* he _h se5 9 ,pale/9e4 ,an au?or nam$ ,falc&o m5tions 9 #abfj "s v acid 8lumias0 :i* 7 cultivat$ ne> ,pal]mo1 & ,tuscany _h !m also t[>ds ! same p]iod4#hif ,orange--,citrus ,aurantium1 ,l9nu 7excl4 v>4 72 ,citrus ,aurantium1 ,risso4 ,oranges are di/+ui%$ f %addocks 7,c4 decumana7 by ! complete abs5ce ( d[n on ! "y %oots & leaves1 by _! small] fruit1 always sph]ical1 & by a ?9n] r9d4 ,!y diff] f lemons & citrons 9 _! pure :ite fl[]s2 9 ! fruit1 :i* is nev] elongat$1 & )\t a nipple on ! summit2 9 ! r9d1 smoo? or ne>ly s1 & adh]+ b lightly to ! pulp4 ,nei!r ,risso1 9 8 excell5t monograph ( ,citrus1 nor mod]n au?ors1 z ,br&is & ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 h be5 able to discov] any o!r "* ?an ! ta/e to di/+ui% ! sweet orange f m or less bitt] fruits4 ,?is diff]5ce appe>$ to me ( su* slight importance f ! botanical po9t ( view1 :5 ,i /udi$ ! "q ( orig9 9 #ahee1 t ,i 0 incl9$1 ) ,risso1 to consid] ^! two sorts ( orange z simple v>ieties4 ,mod]n ,anglo-,indian au?ors d ! same4 ,!y add a ?ird v>iety1 :i* !y call ,b]gamia1 = ! b]gamot orange1 ( :i* ! fl[] is small]1 & ! fruit sph]ical or pyri=m1 & small] ?an ! common orange1 aromatic & slightly acid4 ,?is la/ =m has n be5 f\nd wild1 & appe>s to me to be r a product ( cultivation4 ,x is (t5 ask$ :e!r ! se$s ( sweet oranges yield sweet oranges1 & ( bitt]1 bitt] oranges4 ,x matt]s little f ! po9t ( view ( ! di/9ction into species or v>ieties1 = we "k t bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable k+doms all *>act]s are m or less h]$it>y1 t c]ta9 v>ieties are habitually s1 to su* a degree t !y %\ld be call$ races1 & t ! di/9ction into species mu/ consequ5tly be f\nd$ ^u o!r consid]ations1 su* z ! abs5ce ( int]m$iate =ms1 or ! failure ( cross$ f]tilization to produce f]tile hybrids4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q is n devoid ( int]e/ 9 ! pres5t case1 & ,i mu/ answ] t exp]im5ts h giv5 results :i* are at times contradictory4 ,gallesio1 an excell5t obs]v]1 expresses himself z foll[s3--8,i h dur+ a long s]ies ( ye>s s[n pips ( sweet oranges1 tak5 sometimes f ! natural tree1 sometimes f oranges graft$ on bitt] orange trees or lemon trees4 ,! result has always be5 trees be>+ sweet fruit2 & ! same has be5 obs]v$ = m ?an sixty ye>s by all ! g>d5]s ( ,f9ale4 ,!re is no in/ance ( a bitt] orange tree f se$ ( sweet oranges1 nor ( a sweet orange tree f ! se$ ( bitt] oranges4444 ,9 #agji1 ! orange trees ( ,f9ale hav+ be5 kill$ by fro/1 ! practice ( rais+ sweet orange trees f se$ 0 introduc$1 & e "o ( ^! plants produc$ ! sweet-juic$ fruit40#hig ,macfady51#hih on ! contr>y1 9 8 ,flora ( ,jamaica1 says1 8,x is a well-e/abli%$ fact1 famili> to e "o :o has be5 any l5g? ( "t 9 ?is isl&1 t ! se$ ( ! sweet orange v frequ5tly gr[s up into a tree be>+ ! bitt] fruit1 num]\s well-atte/$ in/ances ( :i* h come to my own k4 ,i am n aw>e1 h[ev]1 t ! se$ ( ! bitt] orange has ev] gr[n up into ! sweet-fruit$ v>iety4444 ,we may !re=e conclude10 ! au?or judici\sly goes on to say1 8t ! bitt] orange 0 ! orig9al /ock40 ,he ass]ts t 9 calc>e\s soil ! sweet orange may be rais$ f se$1 b t 9 o!r soils x produces fruits m or less s\r or bitt]4 ,du*assa+ says t 9 ,guadel\pe ! se$s ( sweet oranges (t5 yield bitt] fruit1#hii :ile1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,ern/1 at ,c>acas !y sometimes yield s\r b n bitt] fruit4#ijj ,br&is relates t at ,khasia1 9 ,india1 z f> z he c v]ify ! fact1 ! ext5sive plantations ( sweet oranges are f se$4 ,^! diff]5ces %[ ! v>iable degree ( h]$ity1 & confirm ! op9ion t ^! two k9ds ( orange %\ld be consid]$ z two v>ieties1 n two species4 ,i am1 h[ev]1 oblig$ to take !m 9 succession1 to expla9 _! orig9 & ! ext5t ( _! cultivation at diff]5t epo*s4 ,bitt] ,orange--,arancio =te 9 ,italian1 big>adi] 9 ,fr5*1 pom]anze 9 ,g]man4 ,citrus vulg>is1 ,risso2 ,c4 aurantium 7v>4 big>adia71 ,br&is & ,hook]4 ,x 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 z well z ! sweet orange4 ,z !y _h _h communication ) ,india & ,ceylon1 ,gallesio suppos$ t ^! trees 7 n cultivat$ 9 _! "t 9 ! we/ ( ,india4 ,he _h /udi$ f ?is po9t ( view1 anci5t travell]s & geograph]s1 su* z ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,ne>*us1 ,arianus1 & he f9ds no m5tion ( ! orange 9 !m4 ,h[ev]1 !re 0 a ,sanskrit "n = ! orange--nag>unga1 nagrunga4#ija ,x is f ?is t ! ^w orange came1 = ! ,h9dus turn$ x into n>ungee 7pron4 n>\dji71 accord+ to ,royle1 n]unga accord+ to ,pidd+ton2 ! ,arabs into n>unj1 accord+ to ,gallesio1 ! ,italians into n>anzi1 arangi1 & 9 ! m$ival ,lat9 x 0 arancium1 arangium1 aft]w>ds aurantium4#ijb ,b did ! ,sanskrit "n apply to ! bitt] or to ! sweet orange8 ,! philologi/ ,adolphe ,pictet =m]ly gave me "s curi\s in=mation on ?is head4 ,he _h s\ght 9 ,sanskrit works ! descriptive names giv5 to ! orange or to ! tree1 & _h f\nd sev5te51 :i* all allude to ! col\r1 ! od\r1 its acid nature 7danta ca?a1 h>mful to ! tee?71 ! place ( gr[?1 etc41 nev] to a sweet or agreeable ta/e4 ,?is multitude ( names simil> to epi!ts %[ t ! fruit _h long be5 kn[n1 b t its ta/e 0 v diff]5t to t ( ! sweet orange4 ,besides1 ! ,arabs1 :o c>ri$ ! orange tree ) !m t[>ds ! ,we/1 7 fir/ acqua9t$ ) ! bitt] orange1 & gave x ! "n n>unj1#ijc & _! physicians f ! t5? c5tury prescrib$ ! bitt] juice ( ?is fruit4#ijd ,! exhau/ive rese>*es ( ,gallesio %[ t aft] ! fall ( ! ,empire ! species advanc$ f ! coa/ ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & by ! end ( ! n9? c5tury _h rea*$ ,arabia1 ?r\gh ,oman1 ,bassora1 ,irak1 & ,syria1 accord+ to ! ,arabian au?or ,mass\di4 ,! ,crusad]s saw ! bitt] orange tree 9 ,pale/9e4 ,x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,sicily f ! ye> #ajjb1 probably a result ( ! incursions ( ! ,arabs4 ,x 0 !y :o introduc$ x into ,spa91 & mo/ likely also into ! ea/ ( ,africa4 ,! ,portuguese f\nd x on t coa/ :5 !y d\bl$ ! ,cape 9 #adih4ije ,!re is no gr\nd = suppos+ t ei!r ! bitt] or ! sweet orange exi/$ 9 ,africa be=e ! ,middle ,ages1 = ! my? ( ! g>d5 ( ,hesp]ides may ref] to any species ( ! ord] ,aurantiace1 & its site is altoge!r arbitr>y1 s9ce ! imag9ation ( ! anci5ts 0 wond]fully f]tile4 ,! e>ly ,anglo-,indian botani/s1 su* z ,roxburgh1 ,royle1 ,griffi?1 ,wight1 _h n come across ! bitt] orange wild2 b !re is e probability t ! ea/]n region ( ,india 0 its orig9al c\ntry4 ,walli* m5tions ,silhet1#ijf b )\t ass]t+ t ! species 0 wild 9 ?is locality4 ,lat]1 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]#ijg saw ! bitt] orange c]ta9ly wild 9 sev]al di/ricts to ! s\? ( ! ,himalayas1 f ,g>wal & ,sikkim z f> z ,khasia4 ,! fruit 0 sph]ical or slightly flatt5$1 two in*es 9 diamet]1 bright 9 col\r1 & uneatable1 ( mawki% & bitt] ta/e 78if ,i rememb] "r10 says ! au?or74 ,citrus fusca1 ,l\reiro1#ijh simil>1 he says1 to pl4 #bc ( ,rumphius1 & wild 9 ,co*9-,*9a & ,*9a1 may v likely be ! bitt] orange ^: area ext5ds to ! ea/4 ,sweet ,orange--,italian1 ,arancio dolce2 ,g]man1 ,apfels9e4 ,citrus ,aurantium s95se1 ,gallesio4 ,royle#iji says t sweet oranges gr[ wild at ,silhet & 9 ! ,nilgh]ry ,hills1 b 8 ass]tion is n accompani$ ) suffici5t detail to give x importance4 ,accord+ to ! same au?or1 ,turn]'s exp$ition ga!r$ 8delici\s0 wild oranges at ,bux$w>1 a locality to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,rungpoor1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,b5gal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,br&is & ,sir ,joseph ,hook] d n m5tion ! sweet orange z wild 9 ,briti% ,india2 !y only give x z cultivat$4 ,kurz does n m5tion x 9 8 =e/ flora ( ,briti% ,burmah4 ,fur!r ea/1 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 ,l\reiro#iaj describes a ,c4 ,aurantium1 ) bitt]-sweet 7acido-dulcis7 pulp1 :i* appe>s to be ! sweet orange1 & :i* is f\nd bo? wild & cultivat$ 9 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a4 ,*9ese au?ors consid] orange trees 9 g5]al z natives ( _! c\ntry1 b precise in=mation ab\t ea* species & v>iety is want+ on ?is head4 ,f ! collect$ facts1 x seems t ! sweet orange is a native ( ,s\!rn ,*9a & ( ,co*9-,*9a1 ) a d\btful & accid5tal ext5sion ( area by se$ into ,india4 ,by seek+ 9 :at c\ntry x 0 fir/ cultivat$1 & h[ x 0 propagat$1 "s light may be ?r[n ^u ! orig91 & ^u ! di/9ction betwe5 ! bitt] & sweet orange4 ,s l>ge a fruit1 & "o s agreeable to ! palate z ! sweet orange1 c h>dly h exi/$ 9 any di/rict1 )\t "s attempts hav+ be5 made to cultivate x4 ,x is easily rais$ f se$1 & ne>ly always produces ! wi%$-= quality4 ,nei!r c anci5t travell]s & hi/orians h neglect$ to notice ! introduction ( s rem>kable a fruit tree4 ,on ?is hi/orical po9t ,gallesio's /udy ( anci5t au?ors has produc$ extremely int]e/+ results4 ,he fir/ proves t ! orange trees br\ght f ,india by ! ,arabs into ,pale/9e1 ,egypt1 ! s\? ( ,europe1 & ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 7 n ! sweet-fruit$ tree4 ,up to ! fifte5? c5tury1 ,arab books & *ronicles only m5tion bitt]1 or s\r oranges4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! ,portuguese arriv$ 9 ! isl&s ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 !y f\nd ! sweet orange1 & app>5tly x _h n previ\sly be5 unkn[n to !m4 ,! ,flor5t9e :o accompani$ ,vasco de ,gama1 & :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! voyage1 says1 8,sonvi mel>ancie assai1 ma tutte dolci0 7!re are pl5ty ( oranges1 b all sweet47 ,nei!r ?is writ] nor subsequ5t travell]s express$ surprise at ! pleasant ta/e ( ! fruit4 ,h5ce ,gallesio inf]s t ! ,portuguese 7 n ! fir/ to br+ ! sweet orange f ,india1 :i* !y rea*$ 9 #adih1 nor f ,*9a1 :i* !y rea*$ 9 #aeah4 ,besides1 a numb] ( writ]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury speak ( ! sweet orange z a fruit already cultivat$ 9 ,spa9 & ,italy4 ,!re are sev]al te/imonies = ! ye>s #aebc1 & #aebe4 ,gallesio goes no fur!r ?an ! idea t ! sweet orange 0 introduc$ into ,europe t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury2#iaa b ,t>gioni quotes f ,val]iani a /atute ( ,f]mo1 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ref]r+ to citrons1 sweet oranges1 etc42#iab & ! in=mation rec5tly collect$ f e>ly au?ors by ,goeze1#iac ab\t ! introduction into ,spa9 & ,portugal1 agrees ) ?is date4 ,x !re=e appe>s to me probable t ! oranges import$ lat] f ,*9a by ! ,portuguese 7 only ( bett] quality ?an ^? already kn[n 9 ,europe1 & t ! common expressions1 ,portugal & ,lisbon oranges1 are due to ?is circum/ance4 ,if ! sweet orange _h be5 cultivat$ at a v e>ly date 9 ,india1 x w\ld h _h a special "n 9 ,sanskrit2 ! ,greeks w\ld h kn[n x aft] ,alex&]'s exp$ition1 & ! ,hebrews w\ld h e>ly receiv$ x ?r\gh ,mesopotamia4 ,?is fruit w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 valu$1 cultivat$1 & propagat$ 9 ! ,roman empire1 9 pref]5ce to ! lemon1 citron1 & bitt] orange4 ,its exi/5ce 9 ,india mu/1 !re=e1 be less anci5t4 ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ! sweet orange 0 believ$ to come f ,*9a4#iad ,x 0 b little diffus$ 9 ! ,pacific ,isles at ! "t ( ,cook's voyages4#iae ,we come back ?us by all sorts ( ways to ! idea t ! sweet v>iety ( ! orange came f ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a1 & t x spread into ,india p]haps t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x may h become naturaliz$ f cultivation 9 _m p>ts ( ,india & 9 all tropical c\ntries1 b we h se5 t ! se$ does n always yield trees be>+ sweet fruit4 ,?is defect 9 h]$ity 9 c]ta9 cases is 9 support ( ! !ory t ! sweet orange 0 d]iv$ f ! bitt]1 at "s remote epo*1 9 ,*9a or ,co*9-,*9a1 & has s9ce be5 c>efully propagat$ on acc\nt ( its horticultural value4 ,m&>9--,citrus nobilis1 ,l\reiro4 ,?is species1 *>act]iz$ by its small] fruit1 unev5 on ! surface1 sph]ical1 b flatt5$ at ! top1 & ( a peculi> flav\r1 is n[ priz$ 9 ,europe z x has be5 f ! e>lie/ times 9 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a4 ,! ,*9ese call x kan4#iaf ,rumphius _h se5 x cultivat$ 9 all ! ,sunda ,isl&s1#iag & says t x 0 introduc$ ?i!r f ,*9a1 b x _h n spread into ,india4 ,roxburgh & ,sir ,joseph ,hook] d n m5tion x1 b ,cl>ke in=ms me t its culture has be5 greatly ext5d$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,khasia4 ,x 0 new to ,european g>d5s at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,&rews publi%$ a good illu/ration ( x 9 ! ,botani/'s ,repository 7pl4 #fjh74 ,accord+ to ,l\reiro1#iah ?is tree1 ( av]age size1 gr[s 9 ,co*9-,*9a1 & also1 he adds1 9 ,*9a1 al?\gh he _h n se5 x 9 ,canton4 ,?is is n v precise in=mation z to its wild "*1 b no o!r orig9 c be suppos$4 ,accord+ to ,kurz1#iai ! species is only cultivat$ 9 ,briti% ,burmah4 ,if ?is is confirm$1 its area w\ld be re/rict$ to ,co*9-,*9a & a few prov9ces 9 ,*9a4 ,mango/e5--,g>c9ia mango/ana1 ,l9nu4 ,!re is a good illu/ration 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 pl4 #dhdg1 ( ?is tree1 belong+ to ! ord] ,guttif]1 ( :i* ! fruit is consid]$ "o ( ! be/ 9 exi/5ce4 ,x dem&s a v hot climate1 = ,roxburgh c\ld n make x gr[ nor? ( tw5ty-?ree & a half degrees ( latitude 9 ,india1#ibj &1 transport$ to ,jamaica1 x be>s b poor fruit4#iba ,x is cultivat$ 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 9 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 & 9 ,ceylon4 ,! species is c]ta9ly wild 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,sunda ,isl&s#ibb & ( ! ,malay ,p59sula4#ibc ,among cultivat$ plants x is "o ( ! mo/ local1 bo? 9 its orig91 habitation1 & 9 cultivation4 ,x belongs1 x is true1 to "o ( ^? families 9 :i* ! mean area ( ! species is mo/ re/rict$4 ,mamey1 or ,mammee ,apple--,mammea ,am]icana1 ,jacqu94 ,?is tree1 ( ! ord] ,guttif]1 requires1 l ! mango/e51 great heat4 ,al?\gh mu* cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 ! hotte/ p>ts ( ,v5ezuela1#ibd its culture has seldom be5 attempt$1 or has met ) b little success1 9 ,asia & ,africa1 if we are to judge by ! sil5ce ( mo/ au?ors4 ,x is c]ta9ly indig5\s 9 ! =e/s ( mo/ ( ! ,we/ ,indies4#ibe ,jacqu9 m5tions x also = ! neighb\r+ cont95t1 b ,i d n f9d ?is confirm$ by mod]n au?ors4 ,! be/ illu/ration is t 9 ,tussac's ,flore des ,antilles1 iii4 pl4 #g1 & ?is au?or gives a numb] ( details respect+ ! use ( ! fruit4 ,o*ro1 or ,gombo--,hibiscus escul5tus1 ,l9nu4 ,! "y fruits ( ?is annual1 ( ! ord] ( ,malvace1 =m "o ( ! mo/ delicate ( tropical vegetables4 ,tussac's ,flore des ,antilles conta9s a f9e plate ( ! species1 & gives all ! details a g\rmet c\ld desire on ! mann] ( prep>+ ! cal\l\1 s mu* e/eem$ by ! creoles ( ! ,fr5* colonies4 ,:5 ,i =m]ly#ibf tri$ to discov] :5ce ?is plant1 cultivat$ 9 ! old & new worlds1 came orig9ally1 ! abs5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n1 & ! fact t ! fir/ writ]s on ! ,indian flora _h n se5 x wild1 l$ me to put aside ! hypo!sis ( an ,asiatic orig94 ,h[ev]1 z ! mod]n flora ( ,briti% ,india#ibg m5tions x z 8probably ( native orig910 ,i 0 con/ra9$ to make fur!r rese>*es4 ,al?\gh ,s\!rn ,asia has be5 ?or\ghly explor$ dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 no locality is m5tion$ :]e ! ,gombo is wild or half wild4 ,!re is no indication1 ev51 ( an anci5t cultivation 9 ,asia4 ,! d\bt1 !re=e1 lies betwe5 ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,! plant has be5 se5 wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies by a good obs]v]1#ibh b ,i c discov] no simil> ass]tion on ! "p ( any o!r botani/1 ei!r ) respect to ! isl&s or to ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! e>lie/ writ] on ,jamaica1 ,sloane1 _h only se5 ! species 9 a /ate ( cultivation4 ,m>cgraf#ibi _h obs]v$ x 9 ,brazilian plantations1 & z he m5tions a "n f ! ,congo & ,angola c\ntry1 quillobo1 :i* ! ,portuguese corrupt$ into qu+ombo1 ! ,african orig9 is h]eby indicat$4 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son#icj saw ! plant wild 9 ! ,nile ,valley 9 ,nubia1 ,kord(an1 ,s5a>1 ,abyss9ia1 & 9 ! ,ba>-el-,abiad1 :]e1 inde$1 x is cultivat$4 ,o!r travell]s are m5tion$ z hav+ ga!r$ specim5s 9 ,africa1 b x is n specifi$ :e!r ^! plants 7 cultivat$ or wild at a di/ance f habitations4 ,we %\ld /ill be 9 d\bt if ,flckig] & ,hanbury#ica _h n made a bibliographical discov]y :i* settles ! "q4 ,! ,arabs call ! fruit bamyah1 or bmiat1 & ,abul-,abas-,elnabati1 :o visit$ ,egypt long be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 9 #abaf1 has di/9ctly describ$ ! gombo !n cultivat$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,9 spite ( its und\bt$ly ,african orig91 x does n appe> t ! species 0 cultivat$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt be=e ! ,arab rule4 ,no pro( has be5 f\nd 9 anci5t monum5ts1 al?\gh ,rosell9i ?\ght he recogniz$ ! plant 9 a draw+1 :i* diff]s widely f x accord+ to ,ung]4#icb ,! exi/5ce ( "o "n 9 mod]n ,indian languages1 accord+ to ,pidd+ton1 confirms ! idea ( its propagation t[>ds ! ,ea/ aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,v9e--,vitis v9if]a1 ,l9nu4 ,! v9e gr[s wild 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,alg]ia1 & ,m>occo4#icc ,x is especially 9 ! ,pontus1 9 ,arm5ia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 t x gr[s ) ! luxuriant wildness ( a tropical creep]1 cl++ to tall trees & produc+ abundant fruit )\t prun+ or cultivation4 ,its vigor\s gr[? is m5tion$ 9 anci5t ,bactriana1 ,cabul1 ,ka%mir1 & ev5 9 ,badakkhan to ! nor? ( ! ,h9du ,koo%4#icd ,( c\rse1 x is a "q :e!r ! plants f\nd !re1 z else:]e1 are n sprung f se$s c>ri$ f v9ey>ds by birds4 ,i notice1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ tru/wor?y botani/s1 ^? :o h mo/ ?or\ghly explor$ ! ,transcaucasian prov9ces ( ,russia1 d n hesitate to say t ! plant is wild & indig5\s 9 ?is region4 ,x is z we advance t[>ds ,india & ,arabia1 ,europe & ! nor? ( ,africa1 t we frequ5tly f9d 9 floras ! expression t ! v9e is 8subspontane\s10 p]haps wild1 or become wild 7v]wild]t is ! expressive ,g]man t]m74 ,! dissem9ation by birds mu/ h begun v e>ly1 z soon z ! fruit exi/$1 be=e cultivation1 be=e ! migration ( ! mo/ anci5t ,asiatic peoples1 p]haps be=e ! exi/5ce ( man 9 ,europe or ev5 9 ,asia4 ,nev]!less1 ! frequ5cy ( cultivation1 & ! multitude ( =ms ( ! cultivat$ grape1 may h ext5d$ naturalization & introduc$ among wild v9es v>ieties :i* orig9at$ 9 cultivation4 ,9 fact1 natural ag5ts1 su* z birds1 w9ds1 & curr5ts1 h always wid5$ ! area ( species1 indep5d5tly ( man1 z f> z ! limits impos$ 9 ea* age by geographical & physical conditions1 toge!r ) ! ho/ile action ( o!r plants & animals1 all[4 ,an absolutely primitive habitation is m or less my?ical1 b habitations successively ext5d$ or re/rict$ are 9 accordance ) ! nature ( ?+s4 ,!y con/itute areas m or less anci5t & real1 provid$ t ! species has ma9ta9$ itself wild )\t ! con/ant addition ( fre% se$4 ,conc]n+ ! v9e1 we h pro(s ( its great antiquity 9 ,europe z 9 ,asia4 ,se$s ( ! grape h be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,ca/ione1 ne> ,p>ma1 :i* date f ! age ( bronze1#ice 9 a prehi/oric settlem5t ( ,lake ,v>ese1#icf & 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,wang51 ,switz]l&1 b 9 ! latt] in/ance at an unc]ta9 dep?4#icg ,&1 :at is m1 v9e-leaves h be5 f\nd 9 ! tufa r\nd ,montpelli]1 :]e !y 7 probably deposit$ be=e ! hi/orical epo*1 & 9 ! tufa ( ,meyr>gue 9 ,prov5ce1 :i* is c]ta9ly prehi/oric1#ich ?\gh lat] ?an ! t]ti>y epo* ( geologi/s4#ici ,a ,russian botani/1 ,kol5ati1#idj has made "s v int]e/+ obs]vations on ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! v9e1 bo? wild & cultivat$1 9 ! c\ntry :i* may be call$ ! c5tral1 & p]haps ! mo/ anci5t home ( ! species1 ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,i consid] 8 op9ion ! m important t ! au?or has bas$ 8 classification ( v>ieties ) ref]5ce to ! d[ny "* & ve9+ ( ! leaves1 po9ts absolutely indiff]5t to cultivators1 & :i* consequ5tly mu/ f> bett] repres5t ! natural conditions ( ! plant4 ,he says t ! wild v9es1 ( :i* he _h se5 an imm5se quantity betwe5 ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas1 may be gr\p$ into two sub-species :i* he describes1 & decl>es are recognizable at a di/ance1 & :i* are ! po9t ( dep>ture ( cultivat$ v9es1 at lea/ 9 ,arm5ia & ! neighb\rhood4 ,he recogniz$ !m ne> ,m\nt ,ar>at1 at an altitude :]e ! v9e is n cultivat$1 :]e1 inde$1 x c\ld n be cultivat$4 ,o!r *>act]s--= in/ance1 ! %ape & col\r ( ! grapes--v>y 9 ea* ( ! sub-species4 ,we _c ent] "h into ! purely botanical details ( ,kol5ati's pap]1 any m ?an into ^? ( ,regel's m rec5t "w on ! g5us ,vitis2#ida b x is well to note t a species cultivat$ f a v remote epo*1 & :i* has p]haps two ?\s& describ$ v>ieties1 pres5ts 9 ! di/rict :]e x is mo/ anci5t1 & probably pres5t$ be=e all cultivation1 at lea/ two pr9cipal =ms1 ) o!rs ( m9or importance4 ,if ! wild v9es ( ,p]sia & ,ka%mir1 ( ,lebanon & ,greece1 7 obs]v$ ) ! same c>e1 p]haps o!r sub-species ( prehi/oric antiquity might be f\nd4 ,! idea ( collect+ ! juice ( ! grape & ( all[+ x to f]m5t may h occurr$ to diff]5t peoples1 pr9cipally 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 :]e ! v9e ab\nds & ?rives4 ,adolphe ,pictet1#idb :o has1 9 common ) num]\s au?ors1 b 9 a m sci5tific mann]1 consid]$ ! hi/orical1 philological1 & ev5 my?ological que/ions relat+ to ! v9e among anci5t peoples1 admits t bo? ,semitic & ,aryan nations knew ! use ( w9e1 s t !y may h introduc$ x into all ! c\ntries into :i* !y migrat$1 into ,india & ,egypt & ,europe4 ,?is !y 7 ! bett] able to d1 s9ce !y f\nd ! v9e wild 9 sev]al ( ^! regions4 ,! records ( ! cultivation ( ! grape & ( ! mak+ ( w9e 9 ,egypt g back five or six ?\s& ye>s4#idc ,9 ! ,we/ ! propagation ( its culture by ! ,phnicians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans is pretty well kn[n1 b to ! ea/ ( ,asia x took place at a late p]iod4 ,! ,*9ese :o n[ cultivate ! v9e 9 _! nor!rn prov9ces did n possess x e>li] ?an ! ye> #abb ,b4,c4#idd ,x is kn[n t sev]al wild v9es exi/ 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a1 b ,i _c agree ) ,m4 ,regel 9 consid]+ ,vitis ,amur5sis1 ,rupre*t1 ! "o mo/ analog\s to our v9e1 z id5tical 9 species4 ,! se$s drawn 9 ! ,g>t5flora1 #ahfa1 pl4 #cc1 diff] too widely4 ,if ! fruit ( ^! v9es ( ,ea/]n ,asia _h any value1 ! ,*9ese w\ld c]ta9ly h turn$ !m to acc\nt4 ,common ,jujube--,zizyphus vulg>is1 ,lam>ck4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1#ide ! jujube tree 0 br\ght f ,syria to ,rome by ! consul ,sextus ,pap9ius1 t[>ds ! end ( ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,botani/s1 h[ev]1 h obs]v$ t ! species is common 9 rocky places 9 ,italy1#idf & t1 moreov]1 x has n yet be5 f\nd wild 9 ,syria1 al?\gh x is cultivat$ !re1 z 9 ! :ole region ext5d+ f ! ,m$it]ranean to ,*9a & ,japan4#idg ,! result ( ! se>* = ! orig9 ( ! jujube tree z a wild plant be>s out ,pl9y's ass]tion1 9 spite ( ! objections ,i h j m5tion$4 ,accord+ to plant collectors & au?ors ( floras1 ! species appe>s to be m wild & m anci5tly cultivat$ 9 ! ea/ ?an 9 ! we/ ( its pres5t wide area4 ,?us1 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a1 de ,bunge says x is 8v common & v tr\blesome 7on acc\nt ( its ?orns7 9 m\nta9\s places40 ,he _h se5 ! ?ornless v>iety 9 g>d5s4 ,brets*neid]#idh m5tions ! jujube z "o ( ! fruits mo/ priz$ by ! ,*9ese1 :o give x ! simple "n tsao4 ,he also m5tions ! two v>ieties1 ) & )\t ?orns1 ! =m] wild4#idi ,! species does n gr[ 9 ! s\? ( ,*9a & 9 ,india prop]1 because ( ! heat & moi/ure ( ! climate4 ,x is f\nd aga9 wild 9 ! ,punjab1 9 ,p]sia1 & ,arm5ia4 ,br&is#iej gives sev5 diff]5t names = ! jujube tree 7or = its v>ieties7 9 mod]n ,indian languages1 b no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n4 ,! species 0 !re=e probably introduc$ into ,india f ,*9a1 at no v di/ant epo*1 & x mu/ h escap$ f cultivation & h become wild 9 ! dry prov9ces ( ! we/4 ,! ,p]sian "n is anob1 ! ,arabic unab4 ,no ,hebrew "n is kn[n1 a fur!r sign t ! species is n v anci5t 9 ! we/ ( ,asia4 ,! anci5t ,greeks d n m5tion ! common jujube1 b only ano!r species1 ,zizyphus lotus4 ,at lea/1 su* is ! op9ion ( ! critic & mod]n botani/1 ,l5z4#iea ,x mu/ be confess$ t ! mod]n ,greek "n pritzuphuia has no connection ) ! names =m]ly attribut$ 9 ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides to "s ,zizyphus1 b is alli$ to ! ,lat9 "n zizyphus 7fruit zizyphum7 ( ,pl9y1 :i* does n occur 9 e>li] au?ors1 & seems to be r ( an ,ori5tal ?an ( a ,lat9 "*4 ,heldrei*#ieb does n admit t ! jujube tree is wild 9 ,greece1 & o!rs say 8naturaliz$1 half-wild10 :i* confirms ! hypo!sis ( a rec5t introduction4 ,! same argum5ts apply to ,italy4 ,! species may h become naturaliz$ !re aft] ! introduction into g>d5s m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,9 ,alg]ia ! jujube is only cultivat$ or half-wild4#iec ,s also 9 ,spa94 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ,m>occo1 nor 9 ! ,can>y ,isles1 :i* argues no v anci5t exi/5ce 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,x appe>s to me probable1 !re=e1 t ! species is a native ( ! nor? ( ,*9a2 t x 0 introduc$ & became naturaliz$ 9 ! we/ ( ,asia aft] ! epo* ( ! ,sanskrit language1 p]haps two ?\s& five hundr$ or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago2 t ! ,greeks & ,romans became acqua9t$ ) x at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 & t ! latt] c>ri$ x into ,b>b>y & ,spa91 :]e x became p>tially naturaliz$ by ! effect ( cultivation4 ,lotus ,jujube--,zizyphus lotus1 ,desfonta9es4 ,! fruit ( ?is jujube is n wor?y ( att5tion except f an hi/orical po9t ( view4 ,x is said to h be5 ! food ( ! lotus-eat]1 a p ( ! ,lybian coa/1 ( :om ,h]od & ,h]odotos#ied h giv5 a m or less accurate acc\nt4 ,! inhabitants ( ?is c\ntry mu/ h be5 v poor or v temp]ate1 = a b]ry ! size ( a small *]ry1 ta/eless1 or slightly sweet1 w\ld n satisfy ord9>y m54 ,!re is no pro( t ! lotus-eat]s cultivat$ ?is little tree or %rub4 ,!y d\btless ga!r$ ! fruit 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 = ! species is common 9 ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,"o edition ( ,!ophra/us#iee ass]ts1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 "s species ( lotus )\t /ones1 :i* w\ld imply cultivation4 ,!y 7 plant$ 9 g>d5s1 z is /ill done 9 mod]n ,egypt1#ief b x does n seem to h be5 a common cu/om ev5 among ! anci5ts4 ,= ! re/1 widely diff]5t op9ions h be5 held t\*+ ! lotus ( ! lotus-eat]s1#ieg & x is ne$less to insi/ ^u a po9t s obscure1 9 :i* s mu* mu/ be all[$ = ! imag9ation ( a poet & = popul> ignorance4 ,! jujube tree is n[ wild 9 dry places f ,egypt to ,m>occo1 9 ! s\? ( ,spa91 ,t]rac9a1 & ! neighb\rhood ( ,pal]mo4#ieh ,9 isolat$ ,italian localities x has probably escap$ f cultivation4 ,indian ,jujube#iei--,zizyphus jujube1 ,lam>ck2 b] among ! ,h9dus & ,anglo-,indians1 masson 9 ! ,mauritius4 ,?is jujube is cultivat$ fur!r s\? ?an ! common k9d1 b its area is equally ext5sive4 ,! fruit is sometimes l an unripe *]ry1 sometimes l an olive1 z is %[n 9 ! plate publi%$ by ,b\ton 9 ,hook]'s ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 i4 pl4 #adj4 ,! great numb] ( kn[n v>ieties indicates an anci5t cultivation4 ,x ext5ds at ! pres5t day f ,s\!rn ,*9a1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & ,que5sl&1 ?r\gh ,arabia & ,egypt z f> z ,m>occo1 & ev5 to ,s5egal1 ,gu9ea1 & ,angola4#ifj ,x gr[s also 9 ,mauritius1 b x does n appe> to h be5 introduc$ into ,am]ica z yet1 unless p]haps into ,brazil1 z x seems f a specim5 9 my h]b>ium4#ifa ,! fruit is pref]able to ! common jujube1 accord+ to "s writ]s4 ,x is n easy to "k :at 0 ! habitation ( ! species be=e all cultivation1 because ! /ones s[ !mselves readily & ! plant becomes naturaliz$ outside g>d5s4#ifb ,if we are guid$ by its abundance 9 a wild /ate1 x w\ld seem t ,burmah & ,briti% ,india are its orig9al abode4 ,i h 9 my h]b>ium sev]al specim5s ga!r$ by ,walli* 9 ! k+dom ( ,burmah1 & ,kurz has (t5 se5 x 9 ! dry =e/s ( t c\ntry1 ne> ,ava & ,prome4#ifc ,b$done admits ! species to be wild 9 ! =e/s ( ,briti% ,india1 b ,br&is _h only f\nd x 9 ! neighb\rhood ( native settlem5ts4#ifd ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ,rhe$e#ife describ$ ?is tree z wild on ! ,malab> coa/1 & botani/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h receiv$ x f ,b5gal4 ,9 support ( an ,indian orig91 ,i may m5tion ! exi/5ce ( ?ree ,sanskrit names1 & ( elev5 o!r names 9 mod]n ,indian languages4#iff ,x _h be5 rec5tly introduc$ into ! ea/]n isl&s ( ! ,amboyna gr\p :5 ,rumphius 0 liv+ !re1#ifg & he says himself t x is an ,indian species4 ,x 0 p]haps orig9ally 9 ,sumatra & 9 o!r isl&s ne> to ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,anci5t ,*9ese au?ors d n m5tion x2 at lea/ ,brets*neid] did n "k ( x4 ,its ext5sion & naturalization to ! ea/ ( ! cont95t ( ,india appe>1 !re=e1 to h be5 rec5t4 ,its introduction into ,arabia & ,egypt appe>s to be ( yet lat] date4 ,n only no anci5t "n is kn[n1 b ,=skal1 a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ,delile at ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 _h n se5 ! species1 ( :i* ,s*we9fur? has rec5tly spok5 z cultivat$4 ,x mu/ h spread to ,zanzib> f ,asia1 & by degrees across ,africa or 9 ,european vessels z f> z ! we/ coa/4 ,?is mu/ h be5 q rec5tly1 z ,rob]t ,br[n 7,bot4 ( ,congo7 & ,?onn+ did n see ! species 9 ,gu9ea4#ifh ,ca%ew--,anac>dium occid5tale1 ,l9nu4 ,! mo/ errone\s ass]tions ab\t ! orig9 ( ?is species 7 =m]ly made1#ifi & 9 spite ( :at ,i said on ! subject 9 #ahee1igj ,i f9d !m occasionally reproduc$4 ,! ,fr5* "n ,pommi] d'acaj\ 7mahogany apple tree7 is z absurd z x is possible to be4 ,x is a tree belong+ to ! ord] ( ,t]eb9tace or ,anac>diace1 v diff]5t f ! ,rosace & ! ,meliace1 to :i* ! apple & ! mahogany belong4 ,! edible "p is m l a pe> ?an an apple1 & botanically speak+ is n a fruit1 b ! receptacle or support ( ! fruit1 :i* resembles a l>ge bean4 ,! two names1 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 are bo? d]iv$ f a "n giv5 to x by ! natives ( ,brazil1 acaju1 acajaiba1 quot$ by e>ly travell]s4#iga ,! species is c]ta9ly wild 9 ! =e/s ( tropical ,am]ica1 & inde$ occupies a wide area 9 t region2 x is f\nd1 = example1 9 ,brazil1 ,guiana1 ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 & ! ,we/ ,indies4#igb ,dr4 ,ern/#igc believes x is only indig5\s 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,amazon ,riv]1 al?\gh he _h se5 x also 9 ,cuba1 ,panama1 ,ecuador1 & ,new ,granada4 ,8 op9ion is f\nd$ ^u ! abs5ce ( all m5tion ( ! plant 9 ,spani% au?ors ( ! "t ( ! ,conque/--a negative pro(1 :i* e/abli%es a m]e probability4 ,rhe$e & ,rumphius _h also indicat$ ?is plant 9 ! s\? ( ,asia4 ,! =m] says x is common on ! ,malab> coa/4#igd ,! exi/5ce ( ! same tropical arboresc5t species 9 ,asia & ,am]ica 0 s little probable1 t x 0 at fir/ suspect$ t !re 0 a diff]5ce ( species1 or at lea/ ( v>iety2 b ?is 0 n confirm$4 ,diff]5t hi/orical & philological pro(s h conv9c$ me t its orig9 is n ,asiatic4#ige ,moreov]1 ,rumphius1 :o is always accurate1 spoke ( an anci5t introduction by ! ,portuguese into ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago f ,am]ica4 ,! ,malay "n he gives1 cadju1 is ,am]ican2 t us$ at ,amboyna means ,portugal fruit1 t ( ,macass> 0 tak5 f ! resemblance ( ! fruit to t ( ! jambosa4 ,rumphius says t ! species 0 n widely diffus$ 9 ! isl&s4 ,g>cia ab ,orto did n f9d x at ,goa 9 #aeej1 b ,aco/a aft]w>ds saw x at ,c\*91 & ! ,portuguese propagat$ x 9 ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,accord+ to ,blume & ,miquel1 ! species is only cultivat$ 9 ,java4 ,rhe$e1 x is true1 says x is abundant 7prov5it ubique7 on ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 b he only quotes "o "n :i* seems to be ,indian1 kapa mava2 all ! o!rs are d]iv$ f ! ,am]ican "n4 ,pidd+ton gives no ,sanskrit "n4 ,la/ly1 ,anglo-,indian coloni/s1 aft] "s hesitation z to its orig91 n[ admit ! importation ( ! species f ,am]ica at an e>ly p]iod4 ,!y add t x has become naturaliz$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,briti% ,india4#igf ,x is yet m d\btful t ! tree is indig5\s 9 ,africa1 inde$ x is easy to disprove ! ass]tion4 ,l\reiro#igg _h se5 ! species on ! ea/ coa/ ( ?is cont95t1 b he suppos$ x to h be5 ( ,am]ican orig94 ,?onn+ _h n se5 x 9 ,gu9ea1 nor ,br[n 9 ,congo4#igh ,x is true t specim5s f ! la/-nam$ c\ntry & f ! isl&s 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea 7 s5t to ! h]b>ium at ,kew1 b ,oliv] says x is cultivat$ !re4#igi ,a tree :i* occupies su* a l>ge area 9 ,am]ica1 & :i* has become naturaliz$ 9 sev]al di/ricts ( ,india )9 ! la/ two c5turies1 w\ld exi/ ov] a great ext5t ( tropical ,africa if x 7 indig5\s 9 t qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,mango--,mangif]a indica1 ,l9nu4 ,belong+ to ! same ord] z ! ,ca%ew1 ?is tree nev]!less produces a true fruit1 some?+ ! col\r ( ! apricot4#ihj ,x is impossible to d\bt t x is a native ( ! s\? ( ,asia or ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 :5 we see ! multitude ( v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ^! c\ntries1 ! numb] ( anci5t common names1 9 p>ticul> a ,sanskrit "n1#iha its abundance 9 ! g>d5s ( ,b5gal1 ( ! ,dekkan ,p59sula1 & ( ,ceylon1 ev5 9 ,rhe$e's "t4 ,its cultivation 0 less diffus$ 9 ! direction ( ,*9a1 = ,l\reiro only m5tions its exi/5ce 9 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,accord+ to ,rumphius1#ihb x _h be5 introduc$ into c]ta9 isl&s ( ! ,asiatic ,ar*ipelago )9 ! memory ( liv+ m54 ,=/] does n m5tion x 9 8 "w on ! fruits ( ! ,pacific ,isl&s at ! "t ( ,cook's exp$ition4 ,! "n common 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isles1 manga1#ihc %[s a =eign orig91 = x is ! ,malay & ,spani% "n4 ,! common "n 9 ,ceylon is ambe1 ak9 to ! ,sanskrit amra1 :5ce ! ,p]sian & ,arab amb1#ihd ! mod]n ,indian names1 & p]haps ! ,malay1 mangka1 manga1 manpelaan1 indicat$ by ,rumphius4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r names us$ 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 9 ! ,moluccas1 & 9 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,! v>iety ( ^! names argues an anci5t introduction into ! ,ea/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 9 spite ( ! op9ion ( ,rumphius4 ,! ,mangif]a :i* ?is au?or _h se5 wild 9 ,java1 & ,mangif]a sylvatiea :i* ,roxburgh _h discov]$ at ,silhet1 are o!r species2 b ! true mango is indicat$ by mod]n au?ors z wild 9 ! =e/s ( ,ceylon1 ! regions at ! base ( ! ,himalayas1 especially t[>ds ! ea/1 9 ,arracan1 ,pegu1 & ! ,&aman ,isles4#ihe ,miquel does n m5tion x z wild 9 any ( ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 spite ( its gr[+ 9 ,ceylon1 & ! indications1 less positive c]ta9ly1 ( ,sir ,joseph ,hook] 9 ! ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 ! species is probably r>e or only naturaliz$ 9 ! ,indian ,p59sula4 ,! size ( ! /one is too great to all[ ( its be+ transport$ by birds1 b ! frequ5cy ( its cultivation causes a disp]sion by man's ag5cy4 ,if ! mango is only naturaliz$ 9 ! we/ ( ,briti% ,india1 ?is mu/ h occurr$ at a remote epo*1 z ! exi/5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n %[s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia mu/ h kn[n x late1 s9ce !y did n transport ! species into ,egypt or else:]e t[>ds ! we/4 ,x is cultivat$ at ! pres5t day 9 tropical ,africa1 & ev5 9 ,mauritius & ! ,sey*elles1 :]e x has become to "s ext5t naturaliz$ 9 ! woods4#ihf ,9 ! new _w x 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,brazil1 = ! se$s 7 br\ght !nce to ,b>bados 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4#ihg ,a ,fr5* vessel 0 c>ry+ "s "y trees f ,b\rbon to ,sa9t ,dom+o 9 #aghb1 :5 x 0 tak5 by ! ,engli%1 :o took !m to ,jamaica1 :]e !y succe$$ wond]fully4 ,:5 ! c(fee plantations 7 ab&on$1 at ! "t ( ! emancipation ( ! slaves1 ! mango1 ^: /ones ! negroes scatt]$ ev]y:]e1 =m$ =e/s 9 e "p ( ! isl&s1 & ^! are n[ valu$ bo? = _! %ade & z a =m ( food4#ihh ,x 0 n cultivat$ 9 ,cay5ne 9 ! "t ( ,aublet1 at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b n[ !re are mangoes ( ! f9e/ k9d 9 ?is colony4 ,!y are graft$1 & x is obs]v$ t _! /ones produce bett] fruit ?an t ( ! orig9al /ock4#ihi ,tahiti ,apple--,spondias dulcis1 ,=/]4 ,?is tree belongs to ! family ( ! ,anac>diace1 & is indig5\s 9 ! ,society1 ,fri5dly1 & ,fiji ,isl&s4#iij ,! natives consum$ quantities ( ! fruit at ! "t ( ,cook's voyage4 ,x is l a l>ge plum1 ( ! col\r ( an apple1 & conta9s a /one cov]$ ) long hook$ bri/les4#iia ,! flav\r1 accord+ to travell]s1 is excell5t4 ,x is n among ! fruits mo/ widely diffus$ 9 tropical colonies4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 cultivat$ 9 ,mauritius & ,b\rbon1 "u ! primitive ,polynesian "n evi or hevi1#iib & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,jamaica 9 #aghb1 & !nce into ,sa9t ,dom+o4 ,its abs5ce 9 _m ( ! hot c\ntries ( ,asia & ,africa is probably ow+ to ! fact t ! species 0 discov]$1 only a c5tury ago1 9 small isl&s :i* h no communications ) o!r c\ntries4 ,/rawb]ry--,frag>ia vesca1 ,l9nu4 ,our common /rawb]ry is "o ( ! mo/ widely diffus$ plants1 p>tly ow+ to ! small size ( its se$s1 :i* birds1 attract$ by ! fle%y "p on :i* !y are f\nd1 c>ry to great di/ances4 ,x gr[s wild 9 ,europe1 f ,lapl& & ! ,%etl& ,isles#iic to ! m\nta9 ranges 9 ! s\?2 9 ,madeira1 ,spa91 ,sicily1 & 9 ,greece4#iid ,x is also f\nd 9 ,asia1 f ,arm5ia & ! nor? ( ,syria#iie to ,dahuria4 ,! /rawb]ries ( ! ,himalayas & ( ,japan1#iif :i* sev]al au?ors h attribut$ to ?is species1 d n p]haps belong to x1#iig & ?is makes me d\bt ! ass]tion ( a mission>y#iih t x is f\nd 9 ,*9a4 ,x is wild 9 ,icel&1#iii 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1#ajjj r\nd ,=t ,cumb]l&1 & on ! nor?-we/ coa/1#ajja p]haps ev5 9 ! ,si]ra-,nevada ( ,cali=nia4#ajjb ,?us its area ext5ds r\nd ! nor? pole1 except 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia & ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur1 s9ce ! species is n m5tion$ by ,maxim[icz 9 8 ,primiti ,flor ,amur5sis4 ,9 ,am]ica its area is ext5d$ along ! highl&s ( ,mexico2 = ,frag>ia mexicana1 cultivat$ 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 & exam9$ by ,gay1 is ,f4 vesca4 ,x also gr[s r\nd ,quito1 accord+ to ! same botani/1 :o is an au?ority on ?is "q4#ajjc ,! ,greeks & ,romans did n cultivate ! /rawb]ry4 ,its cultivation 0 probably introduc$ 9 ! fifte5? or sixte5? c5tury4 ,*ampi]1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 speaks ( x z a novelty 9 ! nor? ( ,france1#ajjd b x already exi/$ 9 ! s\?1 & 9 ,engl&4#ajje ,transport$ into g>d5s 9 ! colonies1 ! /rawb]ry has become naturaliz$ 9 a few cool localities f> f dwell+s4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,jamaica1#ajjf 9 ,mauritius1#ajjg & 9 ,b\rbon1 :]e "s plants _h be5 plac$ by ,comm]son on ! table-l& kn[n z ! ,kaffirs' ,pla94 ,bory ,sa9t-,v9c5t relates t 9 #ahja he f\nd di/ricts q r$ ) /rawb]ries1 & t x 0 impossible to cross !m )\t /a9+ ! feet r$ ) ! juice1 mix$ ) volcanic du/4#ajjh ,x is probable t simil> cases ( naturalization may be se5 9 ,tasmania & ,new ,zeal&4 ,! g5us ,frag>ia has be5 /udi$ ) m c>e ?an _m o!rs1 by ,du*esne 7fils71 ! ,comte de ,lamb]tye1 ,jacques ,gay1 & especially by ,madame ,eliza ,vilmor91 ^: faculty ( obs]vation 0 wor?y ( ! "n %e bore4 ,a summ>y ( _! works1 ) excell5t col\r$ plates1 is publi%$ 9 ! ,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,musum by ,decaisne4 ,^! au?ors h ov]come great difficulties 9 di/+ui%+ ! v>ieties & hybrids :i* are multipli$ 9 g>d5s f ! true species1 & 9 def9+ ^! by well-m>k$ *>act]s4 ,"s /rawb]ries ^: fruit is poor h be5 ab&on$1 & ! f9e/ are ! result ( ! cross+ ( ! species ( ,virg9ia & ,*ili1 ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak4 ,virg9ian ,/rawb]ry--,frag>ia virg9iana1 ,ehr>ht4 ,! sc>let /rawb]ry ( ,fr5* g>d5s4 ,?is species1 indig5\s 9 ,canada & 9 ! ea/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 & ( :i* "o v>iety ext5ds we/ z f> z ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 p]haps ev5 to ,oregon1#ajji 0 introduc$ into ,engli% g>d5s 9 #afbi4ajaj ,x 0 mu* cultivat$ 9 ,france 9 ! la/ c5tury1 b its hybrids ) o!r species are n[ m e/eem$4 ,*ili ,/rawb]ry--,frag>ia ,*ilo5sis1 ,du*esne4 ,a species common 9 ,s\!rn ,*ili1 at ,conception1 ,valdivia1 & ,*iloe1#ajaa & (t5 cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,x 0 br\ght to ,france by ,frezi] 9 ! ye> #agae4 ,cultivat$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,france1 x spread to ,engl& & else:]e4 ,! l>ge size ( ! b]ry & its excell5t flav\r h produc$ by diff]5t cross+s1 especially ) ,f4 virg9iana1 ! highly priz$ v>ieties ,ananas1 ,victoria1 ,trollope1 ,rubis1 etc4 ,bird-,*]ry--,prunus avium1 ,l9nu2 ,ssskirs*baum 9 ,g]man4 ,i use ! ^w *]ry because x is cu/om>y1 & has no inconv5i5ce :5 speak+ ( cultivat$ species or v>ieties1 b ! /udy ( alli$ wild species confirms ! op9ion ( ,l9nu1 t ! *]ries d n =m a sep>ate g5us f ! plums4 ,all ! v>ieties ( ! cultivat$ *]ry belong to two species1 :i* are f\nd wild3 #a4 ,prunus avium1 ,l9nu1 tall1 ) no suck]s f ! roots1 leaves d[ny on ! "u side1 ! fruit sweet2 #b4 ,prunus c]asus1 ,l9nu1 %ort]1 ) suck]s f ! roots1 leaves glabr\s1 & fruit m or less s\r or bitt]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! species1 f :i* ! :ite & black *]ries are develop$1 is wild 9 ,asia2 9 ! =e/ ( ,ghilan 7nor? ( ,p]sia71 9 ! ,russian prov9ces to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & 9 ,arm5ia2#ajab 9 ,europe 9 ! s\? ( ,russia prop]1 & g5]ally f ! s\? ( ,sw$5 to ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,greece1 ,italy1 & ,spa94#ajac ,x ev5 exi/s 9 ,alg]ia4#ajad ,z we leave ! di/rict to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian & ,black ,seas1 ! bird-*]ry becomes less common1 less natural1 & det]m9$ m p]haps by ! birds :i* seek its fruit & c>ry ! se$s f place to place4#ajae ,x _c be d\bt$ t x 0 ?us naturaliz$1 f cultivation1 9 ! nor? ( ,india1#ajaf 9 _m ( ! pla9s ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 9 ,madeira1#ajag & "h & !re 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2#ajah b x is probable t 9 ! great] "p ( ,europe ?is took place 9 prehi/oric times1 see+ t ! ag5cy ( birds 0 employ$ be=e ! fir/ migrations ( nations1 p]haps be=e !re 7 m5 9 ,europe4 ,its area mu/ h ext5d$ 9 ?is region z ! glaci]s dim9i%$4 ,! common names 9 anci5t languages h be5 ! subject ( a le>n$ article by ,adolphe ,pictet1#ajai b no?+ relative to ! orig9 ( ! species c be d$uc$ f !m2 & besides1 ! diff]5t species & v>ieties h (t5 be5 confus$ 9 popul> nom5clature4 ,x is f> m important to "k :e!r ar*ology c tell u any?+ ab\t ! pres5ce ( ! bird-*]ry 9 ,europe 9 prehi/oric times4 ,he] gives an illu/ration ( ! /ones ( ,prunus avium1 9 8 pap] on ! lake-dwell+s ( ,we/]n ,switz]l&4#ajbj ,f :at he 0 k9d en\gh to write to me1 ,april #ad1 #ahha1 ^! /ones 7 f\nd 9 ! peat =m$ above ! anci5t deposits ( ! age ( /one4 ,de ,mortillet#ajba f\nd simil> *]ry-/ones 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,b\rget belong+ to an epo* n v remote1 m rec5t ?an ! /one age4 ,dr4 ,gross s5t me "s f ! locality1 also comp>atively rec5t1 ( ,corcelette on ,lake ,neu*tel1 & ,/robel & ,pigor9i discov]$ "s 9 ! 8t]ra-m>e0 ( ,p>ma4#ajbb ,all ^! are settlem5ts po/]ior to ! /one age1 & p]haps belong+ to hi/oric "t4 ,if no m anci5t /ones ( ?is species are f\nd 9 ,europe1 x w seem probable t naturalization took place aft] ! ,aryan migrations4 ,s\r ,*]ry--,prunus c]asus1 ,l9nu2 ,c]asus vulg>is1 ,mill]2 ,baumwei*sel1 ,sau]kirs*51 9 ,g]man4 ,! ,montmor5cy & griotte *]ries1 & sev]al o!r k9ds kn[n to horticulturi/s1 are d]iv$ f ?is species4#ajbc ,hoh5ack]#ajbd saw ,prunus c]asus at ,l5koran1 ne> ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ,ko*#ajbe 9 ! =e/s ( ,asia ,m9or1 t is to say1 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( t c\ntry1 z t 0 ! region 9 :i* he travell$4 ,anci5t au?ors f\nd x at ,elisabe?pol & ,erivan1 accord+ to ,l$eb\r4#ajbf ,griseba*#ajbg indicates x on ,m\nt ,olympus ( ,bi?ynia1 & adds t x is ne>ly wild on ! pla9s ( ,mac$onia4 ,! true & really anci5t habitation seems to ext5d f ! ,caspian ,sea to ! environs ( ,con/ant9ople2 b 9 ?is v region ,prunus avium is m common4 ,inde$1 ,boissi] & ,t*ihat*eff d n appe> to h se5 ,p4 c]asus ev5 9 ! ,pontus1 ?\gh !y receiv$ or br\ght back sev]al specim5s ( ,p4 avium4#ajbh ,9 ! nor? ( ,india1 ,p4 c]asus exi/s only z a cultivat$ plant4#ajbi ,! ,*9ese d n appe> to h be5 acqua9t$ ) our two k9ds ( *]ry4 ,h5ce x may be assum$ t x 0 n v e>ly introduc$ into ,india1 & ! abs5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n confirms ?is4 ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to ,griseba*1 ,p4 c]asus is ne>ly wild 9 ,mac$onia4 ,x 0 said to be wild 9 ! ,crimea1 b ,/ev5#ajcj only saw x cultivat$2 & ,rehmann#ajca gives only ! alli$ species1 ,p4 *amc]asus1 ,jacqu91 z wild 9 ! s\? ( ,russia4 ,i v mu* d\bt its wild "* 9 any locality nor? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,ev5 9 ,greece1 :]e ,fraas said he saw ?is tree wild1 ,heldrei* only kn[s x z a cultivat$ species4#ajcb ,9 ,dalmatia1#ajcc a p>ticul> v>iety or alli$ species1 ,p4 ,m>asca1 is f\nd really wild2 x is us$ 9 mak+ ,m>as*9o w9e4 ,p4 c]asus is wild 9 m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,italy#ajcd & 9 ! c5tre ( ,france1#ajce b f>!r to ! we/ & nor?1 & 9 ,spa91 ! species is only f\nd cultivat$1 & naturaliz$ "h & !re z a bu%4 ,p4 c]asus1 m ?an ! bird-*]ry1 evid5tly pres5ts itself 9 ,europe1 z a =eign tree n completely naturaliz$4 ,none ( ! (t5-quot$ passages#ajcf 9 ,!ophra/us1 ,pl9y1 & o!r anci5t au?ors appe> to apply to ,p4 c]asus4#ajcg ,! mo/ important1 t ( ,!ophra/us1 belongs to ,prunus avium1 because ( ! height ( ! tree1 a "* :i* di/+ui%es x f ,p4 c]asus4 ,k]asos be+ ! "n = ! bird-*]ry 9 ,!ophra/us1 z n[ k]asaia among ! mod]n ,greeks1 ,i notice a l+ui/ic pro( ( ! antiquity ( ,p4 c]asus4 ,! ,albanians1 desc5dants ( ! ,pelasgians1 call ! latt] vyss9e1 an anci5t "n :i* reappe>s 9 ! ,g]man ,we*sel1 & ! ,italian visciolo4#ajch ,z ! ,albanians h also ! "n k]asie = ,p4 avium1 x is probable t _! ance/ors v cle>ly di/+ui%$ ! two species by diff]5t names1 p]haps be=e ! arrival ( ! ,hell5es 9 ,greece4 ,ano!r indication ( antiquity may be se5 9 ,virgil 7,geor4 ii4 #ag7-- 8,pullulat ab radice aliis d5sissima silva ,ut c]asis ulmisque0-- :i* applies to ,p4 c]asus1 n to ,p4 avium4 ,two pa9t+s ( ! *]ry tree 7 f\nd at ,pompeii1 b x seems t x _c be discov]$ to :i* ( ! two species !y %\ld be attribut$4#ajci ,comes calls !m ,prunus c]asus4 ,any ar*ological discov]y w\ld be m conv9c+4 ,! /ones ( ! two species pres5t a diff]5ce 9 ! furr[ or groove1 :i* has n escap$ ! obs]vation ( ,he] & ,sordelli4 ,un=tunately1 only "o /one ( ,p4 c]asus has be5 f\nd 9 ! prehi/oric settlem5ts ( ,italy & ,switz]l&1 & :at is m1 x is n q c]ta9 f :at /ratum x 0 tak54 ,x appe>s t x 0 a non-ar*ological /ratum4#ajdj ,f all ^! data1 some:at contradictory & suffici5tly vague1 ,i am incl9$ to admit t ,prunus c]asus 0 kn[n & already becom+ naturaliz$ at ! beg9n+ ( ,greek civilization1 & a little lat] 9 ,italy be=e ! epo* :5 ,lucullus br\ght a *]ry tree f ,asia ,m9or4 ,pages might be transcrib$ f au?ors1 ev5 mod]n ones1 :o attribute1 aft] ,pl9y1 ! introduction ( ! *]ry into ,italy to ?is ri* ,roman1 9 ! ye> #fe ,b4,c4 ,s9ce ?is error is p]petuat$ by its incessant repetition 9 classical s*ools1 x mu/ once m be said t *]ry trees 7at lea/ ! bird-*]ry7 exi/$ 9 ,italy be=e ,lucullus1 & t ! fam\s g\rmet did n ne$ to g f> to seek ! species ) s\r or bitt] fruit4 ,i h no d\bt t he pleas$ ! ,romans ) a good v>iety cultivat$ 9 ! ,pontus1 & t cultivators ha/5$ to propagate x by graft+1 b ,lucullus' %>e 9 ! matt] 0 conf9$ to ?is4 ,f :at is n[ kn[n ( ,k]asunt & ! anci5t names ( ! *]ry tree1 ,i v5ture to ma9ta91 contr>y to ! receiv$ op9ion1 t x 0 a v>iety ( ! bird-*]ry ( :i* ! fle%y fruit is ( a sweet flav\r4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k s because ,k]asos 9 ,!ophra/us is ! "n ( ,prunus avium1 :i* is f> ! common] ( ! two 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! t[n ( ,k]asunt took its "n f ! tree1 & x is probable t ! abundance ( ,prunus avium 9 ! neighb\r+ woods _h induc$ ! inhabitants to seek ! trees :i* yield$ ! be/ fruits 9 ord] to plant !m 9 _! g>d5s4 ,c]ta9ly1 if ,lucullus br\ght f9e :ite-he>t *]ries to ,rome1 8 c\ntrym5 :o only knew ! little wild *]ry may well h said1 8,x is a fruit :i* we h n40 ,pl9y affirms no?+ m4 ,i mu/ n conclude )\t sugge/+ a hypo!sis ab\t ! two k9ds ( *]ry4 ,!y diff] b little 9 "*1 &1 :at is v r>e1 _! two anci5t habitations1 :i* are mo/ cle>ly prov$1 are simil> 7f ! ,caspian ,sea to ,we/]n ,anatolia74 ,! two species h spread t[>ds ! ,we/1 b unequally4 ,t :i* is commone/ 9 its orig9al home & ! /rong] ( ! two 7,p4 avium7 has ext5d$ fur!r & at an e>li] epo*1 & has become bett] naturaliz$ ,p4 c]asus is1 !re=e1 p]haps d]iv$ f ! o!r 9 prehi/oric times4 ,i come ?us1 by a diff]5t road1 to an idea sugge/$ by ,c>uel2#ajda only1 in/ead ( say+ t x w\ld p]haps be bett] to unite !m n[ 9 "o species1 ,i consid] !m actually di/9ct1 & cont5t myself ) suppos+ a desc5t1 :i* = ! re/ x w\ld n be easy to prove4 ,cultivat$ ,plums4 ,pl9y#ajdb speaks ( ! imm5se quantity ( plums kn[n 9 8 "t3 +5s turba prunorum4 ,horticulturi/s n[ numb] m ?an ?ree hundr$4 ,"s botani/s h tri$ to attribute ^! to di/9ct wild species1 b !y h n always agre$1 & judg+ f ! specific names especially !y seem to h _h v diff]5t ideas4 ,?is div]sity is on two heads2 fir/ z to ! desc5t ( a giv5 cultivat$ v>iety1 & secondly z to ! di/9ction ( ! wild =ms into species or v>ieties4 ,i d n pret5d to classify ! innum]able cultivat$ =ms1 & ,i ?9k t lab\r useless :5 deal+ ) ! "q ( geographical orig91 = ! diff]5ces lie pr9cipally 9 ! %ape1 size1 col\r1 & ta/e ( ! fruit1 9 *>act]s1 t is to say1 :i* x has be5 ! int]e/ ( horticulturi/s to cultivate :5 !y occur1 & ev5 to create z f> z x 0 9 _! p[] to d s4 ,x is bett] to insi/ ^u ! di/9ction ( ! =ms obs]v$ 9 a wild /ate1 especially ^u ^? f :i* man d]ives no advantage1 & :i* h probably rema9$ z !y 7 be=e ! exi/5ce ( g>d5s4 ,x is probably only = ab\t ?irty ye>s t botani/s h giv5 really comp>ative *>act]s = ! ?ree species or v>ieties :i* exi/ 9 nature4#ajdc ,!y may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,prunus dome/ica1 ,l9nu4 ,tree or tall %rub1 )\t ?orns2 "y bran*es glabr\s2 fl[]s appe>+ ) ! leaves1 _! p$uncles usually d[ny2 fruit p5dul\s1 ovoid & ( a sweet flav\r4 ,prunus insititia1 ,l9nu4 ,tree or tall %rub1 )\t ?orns2 "y %oots cov]$ ) a velvet d[n2 fl[]s appe>+ ) ! leaves1 ) p$uncles cov]$ ) a f9e d[n1 or glabr\s2 fruit p5dul\s1 r\nd or slightly elliptical1 ( a sweet flav\r4 ,prunus sp9osa1 ,l9nu4 ,a ?orny %rub1 ) bran*es spread+ out at "r angles2 "y %oots d[ny2 fl[]s appe>+ be=e ! leaves2 p$icles glabr\s2 fruit upright1 r\nd1 & v s\r4 ,?is ?ird =m1 s common 9 our h$ges 7sloe or black?orn71 is v diff]5t f ! o!r two4 ,!re=e1 unless we int]pret by hypo!sis :at may h happ5$ be=e all obs]vation1 x seems to me impossible to consid] ! ?ree =ms z con/itut+ "o & ! same species1 unless we c %[ transitions f "o to ! o!r 9 ^? organs :i* h n be5 modifi$ by cultivation1 & hi!rto ?is has n be5 done4 ,at mo/ ! fusion ( ! two fir/ categories c be admitt$4 ,! two =ms ) naturally sweet fruit occur 9 few c\ntries4 ,^! mu/ h tempt$ cultivators m ?an ,prunus sp9osa1 ^: fruit is s s\r4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ^! t we mu/ seek to f9d ! orig9als ( cultivat$ plums4 ,= great] cle>ness ,i %all speak ( !m z two species4#ajdd ,common ,plum--,prunus dome/ica1 ,l9nu2 ,zwet*5 9 ,g]man4 ,sev]al botani/s#ajde h f\nd ?is v>iety wild ?r\gh\t ,anatolia1 ! region to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & ,nor!rn ,p]sia1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,m\nt ,elbruz1 = example4 ,i "k ( no pro( = ! localities ( ,ka%mir1 ! c\ntry ( ! ,kirghis & ( ,*9a1 :i* are m5tion$ 9 "s floras4 ,! species is (t5 d\btful1 & x is probably r ,prunus insititia2 9 o!r cases x is its true & anci5t wild "* :i* is unc]ta91 = ! /ones h evid5tly be5 disp]s$ f cultivation4 ,its area does n appe> to ext5d z f> z ,lebanon1 al?\gh ! plums cultivat$ at ,damascus 7damasc5es1 or damsons7 h a reputation :i* dates f ! days ( ,pl9y4 ,x is suppos$ t ?is 0 ! species ref]r$ to by ,dioscorides#ajdf "u ! "n ( ,syrian coccumelea1 gr[+ at ,damascus4 ,k>l ,ko* relates t ! m]*ants trad+ on ! bord]s ( ,*9a told him t ! species 0 common 9 ! =e/s ( ! we/]n "p ( ! empire4 ,x is true t ! ,*9ese h cultivat$ diff]5t k9ds ( plums f "t immemorial1 b we d n "k !m well en\gh to judge ( !m1 & we _c be sure t !y are indig5\s4 ,z none ( our k9ds ( plum has be5 f\nd wild 9 ,japan or 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur1 x is v probable t ! species se5 9 ,*9a are diff]5t to ours4 ,?is appe>s also to be ! result ( ,brets*neid]'s /atem5ts4#ajdg ,x is v d\btful if ,prunus dome/ica is indig5\s 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! s\?1 :]e x is giv51 x gr[s *iefly 9 h$ges1 ne> dwell+s1 ) all ! appe>ance ( a tree sc>cely naturaliz$1 & ma9ta9$ "h & !re by ! con/ant br++ ( /ones f plantations4 ,au?ors :o h se5 ! species 9 ! ,ea/ d n hesitate to say t x is 8subspontane\s40 ,fraas#ajdh affirms t x is n wild 9 ,greece1 & ?is is confirm$ z f> z ,attica is conc]n$ by ,heldrei*4#ajdi ,/ev5#ajej says ! same = ! ,crimea4 ,if ?is is ! case ne> ,asia ,m9or1 x mu/ be ! m readily admitt$ = ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,9 spite ( ! abundance ( plums cultivat$ =m]ly by ! ,romans1 no k9d is f\nd repres5t$ 9 ! frescoes at ,pompeii4#ajea ,nei!r has ,prunus dome/ica be5 f\nd among ! rema9s ( ! lake-dwell+s ( ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & ,savoy1 :]e1 h[ev]1 /ones ( ,prunus insititia & sp9osa h be5 discov]$4 ,f ^! facts1 & ! small numb] ( words attributable to ?is species 9 ,greek au?ors1 x may be inf]r$ t its half-wild or half-naturaliz$ /ate dates 9 ,europe f two ?\s& ye>s at mo/4 ,prunes & damsons are rank$ ) ?is species4 ,bullace--,prunus insititia1 ,l9nu2#ajeb ,pflau5baum & ,haf]s*leh5 9 ,g]man4 ,?is k9d ( plum gr[s wild 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4#ajec ,x has also be5 f\nd 9 ,cilicia1 ,arm5ia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 & 9 ! prov9ce ( ,talys* ne> ! ,caspian ,sea4#ajed ,x is especially 9 ,turkey 9 ,europe & to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus t x appe>s to be truly wild4 ,9 ,italy & 9 ,spa9 x is p]haps less s1 al?\gh tru/wor?y au?ors :o h se5 ! plant gr[+ h no d\bt ab\t x4 ,9 ! localities nam$ nor? ( ! ,alps1 ev5 z f> z ,d5m>k1 x is probably naturaliz$ f cultivation4 ,! species is commonly f\nd 9 h$ges n f> f dwell+s1 & app>5tly n truly wild4 ,all ?is agrees ) ar*ological & hi/orical data4 ,! anci5t ,greeks di/+ui%$ ! ,coccumelea ( _! c\ntry f ^? ( ,syria1#ajee :5ce x is inf]r$ t ! =m] 7 ,prunus insititia4 ,?is seems ! m likely t ! mod]n ,greeks call x coromeleia4#ajef ,! ,albanians say corombile1#ajeg :i* has l$ "s p to suppose an anci5t ,pelasgian orig94 ,= ! re/1 we mu/ n insi/ ^u ! common names ( ! plum :i* ea* nation may h giv5 to "o or ano!r species1 p]haps also to "s cultivat$ v>iety1 )\t any rule4 ,! names :i* h be5 mu* comm5t$ ^u 9 le>n$ works g5]ally1 appe> to me to apply to any plum or plum tree )\t hav+ any v def9$ mean+4 ,no /ones ( ,p4 insititia h yet be5 f\nd 9 ! t]ra-m>e ( ,italy1 b ,he] has describ$ & giv5 illu/rations ( "s :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,rob5haus54#ajeh ,! species does n seem to be n[ indig5\s 9 ?is "p ( ,switz]l&1 b we mu/ n =get t1 z we saw 9 ! hi/ory ( flax1 ! lake-dwell]s ( ! canton ( ,zri*1 9 ! age ( /one1 _h communications ) ,italy4 ,^! anci5t ,swiss 7 n h>d to please 9 ! matt] ( food1 = !y also ga!r$ ! b]ries ( ! black?orn1 :i* are1 z we ?9k1 uneatable4 ,x is probable t !y ate !m cook$4 ,apricot--,prunus arm5iaca1 ,l9nu2 ,arm5ica vulg>is1 ,lam>ck4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans receiv$ ! apricot ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,unkn[n 9 ! "t ( ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides#ajei m5tions x "u ! "n ( mailon arm5iacon4 ,he says t ! ,lat9s call$ x praikokion4 ,x is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! fruits m5tion$ briefly by ,pl9y1#ajfj "u ! "n ( prcocium1 s call$ f ! precocity ( ! species4#ajfa ,its ,arm5ian orig9 is indicat$ by ! ,greek "n1 b ?is "n might mean only t ! species 0 cultivat$ 9 ,arm5ia4 ,mod]n botani/s h long _h good reason to believe t ! species is wild 9 t c\ntry4 ,pallas1 ,guld5/adt1 & ,hoh5ack] say !y f\nd x 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 on ! nor?1 on ! banks ( ! ,t]ek1 & to ! s\? betwe5 ! ,caspian & ,black ,seas4#ajfb ,boissi]#ajfc admits all ^! localities1 b )\t say+ any?+ ab\t ! wild "* ( ! species4 ,he saw a specim5 ga!r$ by ,hoh5ack]1 ne> ,elisabe?pol4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,t*ihat*eff#ajfd :o has cross$ ,anatolia & ,arm5ia sev]al times1 does n seem to h se5 ! wild apricot2 & :at is /ill m significant1 ,k>l ,ko*1 :o travell$ ?r\gh ! region to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 9 ord] to obs]ve facts ( ?is nature1 expresses himself z foll[s3#ajfe 8,native c\ntry unkn[n4 ,at lea/1 dur+ my long soj\rn 9 ,arm5ia1 ,i n[h]e f\nd ! apricot wild1 & ,i h r>ely se5 x ev5 cultivat$40 ,a travell]1 ,w4 ,j4 ,hamilton1#ajff said he f\nd x wild ne> ,org\ & ,out* ,his> 9 ,anatolia3 b ?is ass]tion has n be5 v]ifi$ by a botani/4 ,! suppos$ wild apricot ( ! ru9s ( ,baalbek1 describ$ by ,eusbe de ,salle#ajfg is1 f :at he says ( ! leaf & fruit1 totally diff]5t to ! common apricot4 ,boissi]1 & ! diff]5t collectors :o s5t him plants f ,syria & ,lebanon1 d n appe> to h se5 ! species4 ,spa*#ajfh ass]ts t x is indig5\s 9 ,p]sia1 b he gives no pro(4 ,boissi] & ,buhse#ajfi d n m5tion x 9 _! li/ ( ! plants ( ,transcaucasia & ,p]sia4 ,x is useless to seek its orig9 9 ,africa4 ,! apricots :i* ,reyni]#ajgj says he saw1 8almo/ wild10 9 ,upp] ,egypt mu/ h sprung f /ones gr[n 9 cultivat$ gr\nd1 z is se5 9 ,alg]ia4#ajga ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1#ajgb 9 _! catalogue ( ! plants ( ,egypt & ,abyss9ia1 only m5tion ! species z cultivat$4 ,besides1 if x _h exi/$ =m]ly 9 ! nor? ( ,africa x w\ld h be5 e>ly kn[n to ! ,hebrews & ! ,romans4 ,n[ !re is no ,hebrew "n1 & ,pl9y says its introduction at ,rome took place ?irty ye>s be=e he wrote4 ,c>ry+ our rese>*es ea/w>d1 we f9d t ,anglo-,indian botani/s#ajgc are agre$ 9 consid]+ t ! apricot1 :i* is g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,india & 9 ,?ibet1 is n wild 9 ^? regions2 b !y add t x has a t5d5cy to become naturaliz$1 & t x is f\nd ^u ! site ( ru9$ villages4 ,messrs4 ,s*lag9tweit br\ght specim5s f ! nor?-we/ prov9ces ( ,india1 & f ,?ibet1 :i* ,we/mael v]ifi$1#ajgd b he 0 k9d en\gh to write to me t he _c affirm t x 0 wild1 s9ce ! collector's label gives no in=mation on t head4 ,roxburgh1#ajge :o did n neglect ! "q ( orig91 says1 speak+ ( ! apricot1 8native ( ,*9a z well z ! we/ ( ,asia40 ,i read 9 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]'s curi\s little "w1#ajgf drawn up at ,pek91 ! foll[+ passage1 :i* seems to me to decide ! "q 9 fav\r ( a ,*9ese orig93--8,s+1 z is well kn[n1 is ! apricot 7,prunus arm5iaca74 ,! "* 7a ,*9ese sign pr9t$ on p4 #aj7 does n exi/ z indicat+ a fruit1 ei!r 9 ! ,%u-k+1 or 9 ! ,%i-k+1 ,cih\li1 etc41 b ! ,%an-hai-k+ says t sev]al s+s gr[ ^u ! hills 7"h a ,*9ese "*74 ,besides1 ! "n ( ! apricot is repres5t$ by a p>ticul> sign :i* may %[ t x is indig5\s 9 ,*9a40 ,! ,%an-hai-k+ is attribut$ to ! ,emp]or ,y1 :o liv$ 9 #bbje-baih ,b4,c4 ,decaisne1#ajgg :o 0 ! fir/ to suspect ! ,*9ese orig9 ( ! apricot1 has rec5tly receiv$ f ,dr4 ,brets*neid] "s specim5s accompani$ by ! foll[+ note3--8,no4 #bd1 apricot wild 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,pek91 :]e x gr[s 9 abundance2 ! fruit is small 7an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]71 ! sk9 r$ & yell[2 ! fle% salmon col\r1 s\r1 b eatable4 ,no4 #be1 ! /one ( ! apricot cultivat$ r\nd ,pek94 ,! fruit is twice z l>ge z t ( ! wild tree40#ajgh ,decaisne adds1 9 ! lett] he 0 good en\gh to write to me1 8,9 %ape & surface ! /ones are exactly l ^? ( our small apricots2 !y are smoo? & n pitt$40 ,! leaves he s5t me are c]ta9ly ^? ( ! apricot4 ,! apricot is n m5tion$ 9 ,japan1 or 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amoor4#ajgi ,p]haps ! cold ( ! w9t] is too great4 ,if we recollect ! abs5ce ( communication 9 anci5t times betwe5 ,*9a & ,india1 & ! ass]tions t ! plant is indig5\s 9 bo? c\ntries1 we are at fir/ tempt$ to believe t ! anci5t area ext5d$ f ! nor?-we/ ( ,india to ,*9a4 ,h[ev]1 if we wi% to adopt ?is hypo!sis1 we mu/ also admit t ! culture ( ! apricot spread v late t[>ds ! ,we/4#ajhj ,= no ,sanskrit or ,hebrew "n is kn[n1 b only a ,h9du "n1 z>d alu1 & a ,p]sian "n1 mis*mis*1 :i* has pass$ into ,arabic4#ajha ,h[ is x to be suppos$ t s excell5t a fruit1 & "o :i* gr[s 9 abundance 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 spread s sl[ly f ! nor?-we/ ( ,india t[>ds ! ,grco-,roman _w8 ,! ,*9ese knew x two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,*ang-ki5 w5t z f> z ,bactriana1 a c5tury be=e our era1 & he 0 ! fir/ to make ! ,we/ kn[n to 8 fell[-c\ntrym54#ajhb ,x 0 !n1 p]haps1 t ! apricot 0 introduc$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & t x 0 cultivat$ & became naturaliz$ "h & !re 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 & at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus1 by ! scatt]+ ( ! /ones beyond ! limits ( ! plantations4 ,almond--,amygdalus communis1 ,l9nu2 ,pruni species1 ,baillon2 ,prunus ,amygdalus1 ,hook]4 ,! almond gr[s app>5tly wild or half wild 9 ! w>m1 dry regions ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 & ( we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,z ! nuts f cultivat$ trees naturalize ! species v easily1 we mu/ h rec\rse to v>i\s indications to disc]n its anci5t home4 ,we may fir/ disc>d ! notion ( its orig9 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,japanese floras make no m5tion ( ! almond4 ,t :i* ,m4 de ,bonge saw cultivat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a 0 ! ,p]sica ,davidiana4#ajhc ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1#ajhd 9 8 classical "w1 tells u t he has nev] se5 ! almond cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 & t ! compilation entitl$ ,p5t-sao1 publi%$ 9 ! t5? or elev5? c5tury ( our era1 describes x z a tree ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,mahometans1 :i* signifies ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 or ,p]sia4 ,anglo-,indian botani/s#ajhe say t ! almond is cultivat$ 9 ! cool p>ts ( ,india1 b "s add t x does n ?rive1 & t _m almonds are br\ght f ,p]sia4#ajhf ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n1 nor ev5 any 9 ! languages d]iv$ f ,sanskrit4 ,evid5tly ! nor?-we/ ( ,india is n ! orig9al home ( ! species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m localities 9 ! region ext5d+ f ,mesopotamia & ,turke/an to ,alg]ia1 :]e excell5t botani/s h f\nd ! almond tree q wild4 ,boissi]#ajhg has se5 specim5s ga!r$ 9 rocky gr\nd 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,ad]bijan1 ,turke/an1 ,kurdi/an1 & 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,anti-,lebanon4 ,k>l ,ko*#ajhh has n f\nd x wild to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 nor ,t*ihat*eff 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,cosson#ajhi f\nd natural woods ( almond trees ne> ,saida 9 ,alg]ia4 ,x is also reg>d$ z wild on ! coa/s ( ,sicily & ( ,greece2#ajij b !re1 & /ill m 9 ! localities 9 :i* x occurs 9 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,france1 x is probable1 & almo/ c]ta91 t x spr+s f ! casual disp]sal ( ! nuts f cultivation4 ,! antiquity ( its exi/5ce 9 ,we/]n ,asia is prov$ by ,hebrew names = ! almond tree--s*ak$1 luz or lus 7:i* recurs 9 ! ,arabic l\z71 & s*ek$im = ! nut4#ajia ,! ,p]sians h ano!r "n1 badam1 b ,i d n "k h[ old ?is is4 ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides#ajib m5tion ! almond by an entirely diff]5t "n1 amugdalai1 translat$ by ! ,lat9s into amygdalus4 ,x may be inf]r$ f ?is t ! ,greeks did n receive ! species f ! int]ior ( ,asia1 b f\nd x 9 _! own c\ntry1 or at lea/ 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! almond tree is repres5t$ 9 sev]al frescoes f\nd at ,pompeii4#ajic ,pl9y#ajid d\bts :e!r ! species 0 kn[n 9 ,italy 9 ,cato's "t1 because x 0 call$ ! ,greek nut4 ,x is v possible t ! almond 0 introduc$ into ,italy f ! ,greek isl&s4 ,almonds h n be5 f\nd 9 ! t]ra-m>e ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>ma1 ev5 9 ! upp] lay]s4 ,! late introduction ( ! species into ,italy1 & ! abs5ce ( naturalization 9 ,s>d9ia & ,spa91#ajie incl9e me to d\bt :e!r x is really indig5\s 9 ! nor? ( ,africa & ,sicily4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntries x 0 m probably naturaliz$ "s c5turies ago4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is hypo!sis1 ,i note t ! ,b]b] "n ( ! almond1 tal\zet1#ajif is evid5tly connect$ ) ! ,arabic l\z1 t is to say ) ! language ( ! conqu]ors :o came aft] ! ,romans4 ,9 ,we/]n ,asia1 on ! contr>y1 & ev5 9 "s p>ts ( ,greece1 x may be reg>d$ z indig5\s f prehi/oric "t4 ,i d n say primitive1 = ev]y?+ 0 prec$$ by some?+ else4 ,i rem>k f9ally t ! diff]5ce betwe5 bitt] & sweet almonds 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks & ev5 to ! ,hebrews4 ,pea*--,amygdalus p]sica1 ,l9nu2 ,p]sica vulg>is1 ,mill]2 ,prunus p]sica1 ,b5?am & ,hook]4 ,i w quote ! article 9 :i* ,i =m]ly#ajig attribut$ a ,*9ese orig9 to ! pea*1 a contr>y op9ion to t :i* prevail$ at ! "t1 & :i* p :o are n on a p> ) mod]n sci5ce cont9ue to reproduce4 ,i w aft]w>ds give ! facts discov]$ s9ce #ahee4 8,! ,greeks & ,romans receiv$ ! pea* %ortly aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! names p]sica1 malum p]sicum1 indicate :5ce !y _h x4 ,i ne$ n dwell ^u ^? well-kn[n facts4#ajih ,sev]al k9ds ( pea* are n[ cultivat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,india1#ajii b1 :at is rem>kable1 no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n2#aajj :5ce we may inf] t its exi/5ce & its cultivation are ( no great antiquity 9 ^! regions4 ,roxburgh1 :o is usually c>eful to give ! mod]n ,indian names1 only m5tions ,arab & ,*9ese names4 ,pidd+ton gives no ,indian "n1 & ,royle only ,p]sian names4 ,! pea* does n succe$1 or requires ! greate/ c>e to ensure success1 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,india4#aaja ,9 ,*9a1 on ! contr>y1 its cultivation dates f ! remote/ antiquity4 ,a numb] ( sup]/iti\s ideas & ( leg5ds ab\t ! prop]ties ( its diff]5t v>ieties exi/ 9 t c\ntry4#aajb ,^! v>ieties are v num]\s2#aajc & 9 p>ticul> ! s+ul> v>iety ) compress$ or flatt5$ fruit1#aajd :i* appe>s to be fur!r remov$ ?an any o!r f ! natural /ate ( ! pea*2 la/ly1 a simple "n1 to1 is giv5 to ! common pea*4#aaje 8,f all ^! facts1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! pea* is ( ,*9ese r ?an ( we/]n ,asiatic orig94 ,if x _h exi/$ 9 ,p]sia or ,arm5ia f all "t1 ! k & cultivation ( s pleasant a fruit w\ld h spread e>li] into ,asia ,m9or & ,greece4 ,! exp$ition ( ,alex&] probably 0 ! means ( mak+ x kn[n to ,!ophra/us 7#ccb ,b4,c471 :o speaks ( x z a ,p]sian fruit4 ,p]haps ?is vague idea ( ! ,greeks dates f ! retreat ( ! t5 ?\s& 7#dja ,b4,c472 b ,x5ophon does n m5tion ! pea*4 ,nor d ! ,hebrew writ+s speak ( x4 ,! pea* has no ,sanskrit "n1 yet ! peoples :o spoke ?is language came into ,india f ! nor?-we/2 t is to say1 f ! g5]ally receiv$ home ( ! species4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! fact t nei!r ! ,greeks ( ! e>ly times ( ,greece1 nor ! ,hebrews1 nor ! ,sanskrit-speak+ peoples1 :o all radiat$ f ! upp] "p ( ! ,euphrates valley or communicat$ ) x1 did n cultivate ! pea*8 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is v possible t ! /ones ( a fruit tree cultivat$ 9 ,*9a f ! remote/ times1 %\ld h be5 c>ri$ ov] ! m\nta9s f ! c5tre ( ,asia into ,ka%mir1 ,bokh>a1 & ,p]sia4 ,! ,*9ese _h v e>ly discov]$ ?is r\te4 ,! importation w\ld h tak5 place betwe5 ! epo* ( ! ,sanskrit emigrations & ! relations ( ! ,p]sians ) ! ,greeks4 ,! cultivation ( ! pea*1 once e/abli%$ 9 ,p]sia1 w\ld h easily spread on ! "o side t[>ds ! we/2 on ! o!r1 ?r\gh ,cabul t[>ds ! nor? ( ,india1 :]e x is n s v anci5t4 8,9 confirmation ( ! hypo!sis ( a ,*9ese orig91 x may be add$ t ! pea* 0 introduc$ into ,co*9-,*9a f ,*9a1#aajf & t ! ,japanese give ! ,*9ese "n ,tao#aajg to ! pea*4 ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 0 k9d en\gh to read to me 9 ,fr5* "s passages ( ! ,japanese encyclopdia 7bk4 lxxxvi4 p4 #g71 9 :i* ! pea* tree tao is said to be a tree ( ,we/]n c\ntries1 :i* %\ld be und]/ood to mean ! int]ior ( ,*9a z comp>$ to ! ea/]n coa/1 s9ce ! passage is tak5 f a ,*9ese au?or4 ,! tao occurs 9 ! writ+s ( ,confucius 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ev5 9 ! ,ritual 9 ! t5? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,its wild nature is n specifi$ 9 ! encyclopdia ( :i* ,i h j spok52 b ,*9ese au?ors pay little att5tion to ?is po9t40 ,aft] a few details ab\t ! common names ( ! pea* 9 diff]5t languages1 ,i w5t on to say1 8,! abs5ce ( ,sanskrit & ,hebrew names rema9s ! mo/ important fact1 :5ce we may inf] an introduction into ,we/]n ,asia f a m di/ant l&1 t is to say1 f ,*9a4 8,! pea* has be5 f\nd wild 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,asia2 b x is always a "q :e!r x is indig5\s !re1 or :e!r x sprang f ! disp]sion ( /ones produc$ by cultivat$ trees4 ,! "q is ! m necess>y s9ce ! /ones g]m9ate easily1 & sev]al ( ! modifications ( ! pea* are h]$it>y4#aajh ,app>5tly wild pea* trees h (t5 be5 f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caucasus4 ,pallas#aaji saw sev]al on ! banks ( ! ,t]ek1 :]e ! inhabitants give x a "n :i* he calls ,p]sian1 s*eptata4#aaaj ,its fruit is velvety1 s\r1 n v fle%y1 & h>dly l>g] ?an a walnut2 ! tree small4 ,pallas suspects t ?is tree has deg5]at$ f cultivat$ pea*es4 ,he adds t x is f\nd 9 ! ,crimea1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 & 9 ,p]sia2 b ,m>%all1 ,bieb]/e91 ,mey]1 & ,hoh5ack] d n give ! wild pea* 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caucasus4 ,e>ly travell]s1 ,gmel91 ,guld5/adt1 & ,georgi1 quot$ by ,l$eb\r1 m5tion$ x4 ,c4 ,ko*#aaaa is ! only mod]n botani/ :o said he f\nd ! pea* tree 9 abundance 9 ! ,caucasian prov9ces4 ,l$eb\r1 h[ev]1 prud5tly adds1 ,is x wild8 ,! /ones :i* ,brugnire & ,olivi] br\ght f ,ispahan1 :i* 7 s[n 9 ,p>is & yield$ a good velvety pea*1 7 n1 z ,bosc#aaab ass]t$1 tak5 f a pea* tree wild 9 ,p]sia1 b f "o gr[+ 9 a g>d5 at ,ispahan4#aaac ,i d n "k ( any pro( ( a pea* tree f\nd wild 9 ,p]sia1 & if travell]s m5tion any x is always to be fe>$ t ^! are only s[n trees4 ,dr4 ,royle#aaad says t ! pea* gr[s wild 9 sev]al places s\? ( ! ,himalayas1 notably ne> ,muss\ri1 b we h se5 t its culture is n anci5t 9 ^! regions1 & nei!r ,roxburgh nor ,don's ,flora ,nepal5sis m5tion ! pea*4 ,bunge#aaae only f\nd cultivat$ trees 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a4 ,?is c\ntry has h>dly be5 explor$1 & ,*9ese leg5ds seem sometimes to indicate wild pea*es4 ,?us ! ,*\-y-ki1 accord+ to ! au?or previ\sly quot$1 says1 #8,:osoev] eats ( ! pea*es ( ,m\nt ,k\oli\ %all obta9 et]nal life4' ,= ,japan1 ,?unb]g#aaaf says1 ,crescit ubique vulg>is1 prcipue juxta ,nagasaki4 ,9 omni horto colitur ob elegantiam florum4 ,x seems f ?is passage t ! species gr[s bo? 9 & out ( g>d5s1 b p]haps 9 ! fir/ case he only alludes to pea*es gr[+ 9 ! op5 air & )\t %elt]4 8,i h said no?+ hi!rto ( ! di/9ction to be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! diff]5t v>ieties or species ( ! pea*1 s9ce mo/ ( !m are cultivat$ 9 all c\ntries--at lea/ ! cle>ly def9$ k9ds1 :i* may be consid]$ z botanical species4 ,?us ! great di/9ction betwe5 ! d[ny & smoo?-sk9n$ fruits 7pea*es prop] & nect>9es71 on :i* x is propos$ to f\nd two species 7,p]sica vulg>is1 ,mill1 & ,p4 levis1 ,d4 ,c471 exi/s 9 ,japan#aaag & 9 ,europe1 z 9 mo/ ( ! int]m$iate c\ntries4#aaah ,less importance is atta*$ to di/9ctions f\nd$ on ! adh]5ce or non-adh]5ce ( ! sk91 on ! :ite1 yell[1 or r$ col\r ( ! fle%1 & on ! g5]al =m ( ! fruit4 ,! great division into pea*es & nect>9es pres5ts mo/ ( ^! modifications 9 ,europe1 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 & probably 9 ,*9a4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 ! latt] c\ntry ! =m ( ! fruit v>ies m ?an else:]e2 = !re are z 9 ,europe oval pea*es1 & also ! pea*es ( :i* ,i spoke j n[1 :i* are q flatt5$1 9 :i* ! top ( ! /one is n ev5 cov]$ ) fle%4#aaai ,! col\r also v>ies greatly4#aabj ,9 ,europe ! mo/ di/9ct v>ieties1 nect>9es & pea*es1 free/ones & cl+/ones1 exi/$ ?ree c5turies ago1 = ,j4 ,bauh9 enum]ates !m v cle>ly2#aaba & be=e him ,dale*amp1 9 #aehg1 also gave ! pr9cipal ones4#aabb ,at t "t nect>9es 7 call$ ,nucip]sica1 because ( _! resemblance 9 %ape1 size1 & col\r to ! walnut4 ,x is 9 ! same s5se t ! ,italians call !m pescanoce4 8,i h s\ght 9 va9 = a pro( t ! nect>9e exi/$ 9 ,italy 9 ! "t ( anci5t ,rome4 ,pl9y1#aabc :o conf\nds 9 8 compilation pea*es1 plums1 ! ,laurus ,p]sea1#aabd & p]haps o!r trees1 says no?+ :i* c apply to su* a fruit4 ,sometimes p h ?\ght !y recogniz$ x 9 ! tub]es ( :i* he speaks4 ,x 0 a tree import$ f ,syria 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,!re 7 bo? r$ & :ite tub]es4 ,o!rs 7tub]es8 or mala87 ( ! neighb\rhood ( ,v]ona 7 d[ny4 ,"s graceful v]ses ( ,petronus1 quot$ by ,dale*amp1#aabe cle>ly prove t ! tub]es ( ! ,romans 9 ,n]o's "t 7 a smoo?-sk9n$ fruit2 b ?is might be ! jujube 7,zizyphus71 ,diospyros1 or "s ,cratgus1 j z well z ! smoo?-sk9n$ pea*4 ,ea* au?or 9 ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance _h 8 op9ion on ?is po9t1 or criticiz$ t ( ! o!rs4#aabf ,p]haps !re 7 two or ?ree species ( tub]es1 z ,pl9y says1 & "o ( !m :i* 0 graft$ on plum trees 0 ! nect>9e 787#aabg b ,i d\bt :e!r ?is "q c ev] be cle>$ up4#aabh 8,ev5 admitt+ t ! ,nucip]sica 0 only introduc$ into ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 we _c help rem>k+ t 9 ,european g>d5s = c5turies1 & 9 ,japan f "t unkn[n1 !re 0 an int]mixture ( all ! pr9cipal k9ds ( pea*4 ,x seems t its diff]5t qualities 7 produc$ ev]y:]e f a primitive species1 :i* 0 probably ! d[ny pea*4 ,if ! two k9ds _h exi/$ f ! beg9n+1 ei!r !y w\ld h be5 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & _! cultivation w\ld h be5 e/abli%$ sep>ately1 or !y w\ld h be5 9 ! same c\ntry1 & 9 ?is case x is probable t "o k9d w\ld h be5 anci5tly introduc$ into ?is c\ntry & ! o!r into t40 ,i laid /ress1 9 #ahee1 on o!r consid]ations 9 support ( ! !ory t ! nect>9e is d]iv$ f ! common pea*2 b ,d>w9 has giv5 su* a l>ge numb] ( cases 9 :i* a bran* ( nect>9e has unexpect$ly appe>$ ^u a pea* tree1 t x is useless to insi/ long] ^u ?is po9t1 & ,i w only add t ! nect>9e has e appe>ance ( an artificial tree4 ,n only is x n f\nd wild1 b x nev] becomes naturaliz$1 & ea* tree lives = a %ort] "t ?an ! common pea*4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a weak5$ =m4 8,! facility10 ,i said1 8) :i* our pea* trees are multipli$ f se$ 9 ,am]ica1 & h produc$ fle%y fruits1 sometimes v f9e ones1 )\t ! res\rce ( graft+1 incl9es me to ?9k t ! species is 9 a natural /ate1 little *ang$ by a long cultivation or by hybrid f]tilization4 ,9 ,virg9ia & ! neighb\r+ /ates !re are pea*es gr[n on trees rais$ f se$ & n graft$1 & _! abundance is s great t br&y is made f !m4#aabi ,on "s trees ! fruit is magnific5t4#aacj ,at ,juan ,f]n&ez1 says ,b]t]o1#aaca ! pea* tree is s abundant t x is impossible to =m an idea ( ! quantity ( fruit :i* is ga!r$2 x is usually v good1 al?\gh ! trees h rev]t$ to a wild condition4 ,f ^! in/ances x w\ld n be surpris+ if ! wild pea*es ) indiff]5t fruit f\nd 9 ,we/]n ,asia 7 simply naturaliz$ trees 9 a climate n :olly fav\rable1 & t ! species 0 ( ,*9ese orig91 :]e its cultivation seems mo/ anci5t40 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1#aacb :o at ,pek9 has access to all ! res\rces ( ,*9ese lit]ature1 m]ely says1 aft] read+ ! above passages1 8,tao is ! pea* tree4 ,de ,c&olle ?9ks t ,*9a is ! native c\ntry ( ! pea*4 ,he may be "r40 ,! antiquity ( ! exi/5ce ( ! species & its wild nature 9 ,we/]n ,asia h become m d\btful s9ce #ahee4 ,anglo-,indian botani/s speak ( ! pea* solely z a cultivat$ tree1#aacc or z cultivat$ & becom+ naturaliz$ & app>5tly wild 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india4#aacd ,boissi]#aace m5tions specim5s ga!r$ 9 ,ghilan & to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 b he says no?+ z to _! wild nature2 & ,k>l ,ko*1#aacf aft] travell+ ?r\gh ?is di/rict1 says1 speak+ ( ! pea*1 8,c\ntry unkn[n1 p]haps ,p]sia4 ,boissi] saw trees gr[+ 9 ! gorges on ,m\nt ,hymettus1 ne> ,a!ns40 ,! pea* spreads easily 9 ! c\ntries 9 :i* x is cultivat$1 s t x is h>d to say :e!r a giv5 tree is ( natural orig9 & ant]ior to cultivation1 or :e!r x is naturaliz$4 ,b x c]ta9ly 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ,*9a2 x 0 spok5 ( !re two ?\s& ye>s be=e its introduction into ! ,greco-,roman _w1 a ?\s& ye>s p]haps be=e its introduction into ! l&s ( ! ,sanskrit-speak+ race4 ,! gr\p ( pea*es 7g5us or subg5us7 is compos$ ( five =ms1 :i* ,decaisne#aacg reg>ds z species1 b :i* o!r botani/s are incl9$ to call v>ieties4 ,! "o is ! common pea*2 ! second ! nect>9e1 :i* we "k to be d]iv$2 ! ?ird is ! flatt5$ pea* 7,p4 platyc>pa1 ,decaisne7 cultivat$ 9 ,*9a2 & ! two la/ are indig5\s 9 ,*9a 7,p4 simonii1 ,decaisne1 & ,p4 ,davidii1 ,c>rire74 ,x is1 !re=e1 ess5tially a ,*9ese gr\p4 ,x is difficult1 f all ^! facts1 n to admit ! ,*9ese orig9 ( ! common pea*1 z ,i _h =m]ly inf]r$ f m scanty data4 ,its arrival 9 ,italy at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era is n[ confirm$ by ! abs5ce ( pea* /ones 9 ! t]ra-m>e or lake-dwell+s ( ,p>ma & ,lomb>dy1 & by ! repres5tations ( ! pea* tree 9 ! pa9t+s on ! walls ( ! ri*] h\ses 9 ,pompeii4#aach ,i h yet to deal ) an op9ion =m]ly express$ by ,knight1 & support$ by sev]al horticulturi/s1 t ! pea* is a modification ( ! almond4 ,d>w9#aaci collect$ facts 9 support ( ?is idea1 n omitt+ to m5tion "o :i* seems oppos$ to x4 ,!y may be concisely put z foll[s3--7#a7 ,cross$ f]tilization1 :i* pres5t$ ,knight ) some:at d\btful results2 7#b7 int]m$iate =ms1 z to ! fle%9ess ( ! fruit & ! size ( ! nut or /one1 obta9$ by s[+ pea* /ones1 or by *ance 9 plantations1 =ms ( :i* ! almond-pea* is an example :i* has long be5 kn[n4 ,decaisne#aadj po9t$ out diff]5ces betwe5 ! almond & pea* 9 ! size & l5g? ( ! leaves indep5d5tly ( ! fruit4 ,he calls ,knight's !ory a 8/range hypo!sis40 ,geographical botany opposes 8 hypo!sis1 = ! almond tree has its orig9 9 ,we/]n ,asia2 x 0 n indig5\s 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 & its introduction into ,*9a z a cultivat$ species 0 n ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,*9ese1 h[ev]1 _h already possess$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s diff]5t v>ieties ( ! common pea* besides ! two wild =ms ,i h j m5tion$4 ,! almond & ! pea*1 />t+ f two su* widely sep>at$ regions1 c h>dly be consid]$ z ! same species4 ,! "o 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a1 ! o!r 9 ,syria & 9 ,anatolia4 ,! pea*1 aft] be+ transport$ f ,*9a into ,c5tral ,asia1 & a little be=e ! ,*ri/ian era into ,we/]n ,asia1 _c1 !re=e1 h produc$ ! almond1 s9ce ! latt] exi/$ already 9 ,syria4 ,& if ! almond ( ,we/]n ,asia _h produc$ ! pea*1 h[ c\ld ! latt] h exi/$ 9 ,*9a at a v remote p]iod :ile x 0 n kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,lat9s8 ,pe>--,pyrus communis1 ,l9nu4 ,! pe> gr[s wild ov] ! :ole ( temp]ate ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,anatolia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia1#aada p]haps ev5 9 ,ka%mir1#aadb b ?is is v d\btful4 ,"s au?ors hold t its area ext5ds z f> z ,*9a4 ,?is op9ion is due to ! fact t !y reg>d ,pyrus s95sis1 ,l9dley1 z belong+ to ! same species4 ,an exam9ation ( ! leaves alone1 ( :i* ! tee? are cov]$ ) a f9e silky d[n1 conv9c$ me ( ! specific diff]5ce ( ! two trees4#aadc ,our wild pe> does n diff] mu* f "s ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,its fruit is s\r1 spott$1 & n>r[+ t[>ds ! /alk1 or ne>ly sph]ical on ! same tree4#aadd ,) _m o!r cultivat$ species1 x is h>d to di/+ui% ! individuals ( wild orig9 f ^? :i* ! *ance transport ( se$s has produc$ at a di/ance f dwell+s4 ,9 ! pres5t case x is n difficult4 ,pe> trees are (t5 f\nd 9 woods1 & !y atta9 to a consid]able height1 ) all ! conditions ( f]tility ( an indig5\s plant4#aade ,let u exam9e1 h[ev]1 :e!r 9 ! wide area !y occupy a less anci5t exi/5ce may be suspect$ 9 "s c\ntries ?an 9 o!rs4 ,no ,sanskrit "n = ! pe> is kn[n1 :5ce x may be conclud$ t its cultivation is ( no long /&+ 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 & t ! indication1 :i* is moreov] v vague1 ( wild trees 9 ,ka%mir is ( no importance4 ,nei!r are !re any ,hebrew or ,aramaic names1#aadf b ?is is expla9$ by ! fact t ! pe> does n fl\ri% 9 ! hot c\ntries 9 :i* ^! tongues 7 spok54 ,hom]1 ,!ophra/us1 & ,dioscorides m5tion ! pe> tree "u ! names o*nai1 apios1 or a*ras4 ,! ,lat9s call$ x pyrus or pirus1#aadg & cultivat$ a great numb] ( v>ieties1 at lea/ 9 ,pl9y's "t4 ,! mural pa9t+s at ,pompeii frequ5tly repres5t ! tree ) its fruit4#aadh ,! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& & ,italy ga!r$ wild apples 9 great quantities1 & among _! /ores pe>s are sometimes1 b r>ely1 f\nd4 ,he] has giv5 an illu/ration ( "o :i* _c be mi/ak51 f\nd at ,wang5 or ,rob5haus54 ,x is a fruit n>r[+ t[>ds ! /alk1 #bh mm4 7ab\t an in* & a half7 long by #ai mm4 7an in*7 wide1 cut longitud9ally s z to %[ ! small quantity ( pulp z comp>$ to ! c>tilag9\s c5tral "p4#aadi ,none h be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,b\rget 9 ,savoy4 ,9 ^? ( ,lomb>dy1 ,pr(essor ,raggazzoni#aaej f\nd a pe> cut l5g?ways1 #be mm4 by #af4 ,?is 0 at ,b>dello1 ,lago di ,v>ese4 ,! wild pe>s figur$ 9 ,duhamel1 ,trait des ,arbres1 edit4 #b1 are #cj to #cc by #cj to #cb mm42 & ^? ( ,l>i/an1 figur$ 9 ! ,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,musum "u ! "n ,p4 balans1 :i* seem to me to be ( ! same species1 & und\bt$ly wild1 are #bf to #bg mm4 by #bd to #be4 ,9 mod]n wild pe>s ! fle%y "p is a little ?ick]1 b ! anci5t lake-dwell]s dri$ _! fruits aft] cutt+ !m l5g?ways1 :i* mu/ h caus$ !m to %r9k a little4 ,no k ( metals or ( hemp is %[n 9 ! settlem5ts :]e ^! 7 f\nd2 b1 consid]+ _! di/ance f ! m civiliz$ c5tres ( antiquity1 especially 9 ! case ( ,switz]l&1 x is possible t ^! rema9s are n m anci5t ?an ! ,trojan w>1 or ?an ! f\ndation ( ,rome4 ,i h m5tion$ ?ree ,greek & "o ,roman "n1 b !re are _m o!rs2 = in/ance1 pauta 9 ,arm5ian & ,georgian2 vatzkor 9 ,hung>ian2 9 ,slav languages grus*a 7,russian71 hrusska 7,bohemian71 kruska 7,illyrian74 ,names simil> to ! ,lat9 pyrus recur 9 ! ,keltic languages2 peir 9 ,erse1 p] 9 ,kymric & ,armorican4#aaea ,i leave philologi/s to conjecture ! ,aryan orig9 ( "s ( ^! names1 & ( ! ,g]man ,birn2 ,i m]ely note _! numb] & div]sity z an indication ( ! v anci5t exi/5ce ( ! species f ! ,caspian ,sea to ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,aryans c]ta9ly did n c>ry pe>s nor pe> pips ) !m 9 _! w&]+s we/w>d2 b if !y f\nd 9 ,europe a fruit !y knew1 !y w\ld h giv5 x ! "n or names !y 7 accu/om$ to use1 :ile o!r e>li] names may h surviv$ 9 "s c\ntries4 ,z an example ( ! latt] case1 ,i may m5tion two ,basque names1 ud>ea & mad>ia1#aaeb :i* h no analogy ) any kn[n ,european or ,asiatic "n4 ,! ,basques be+ probably ! desc5dants ( ! conqu]$ ,ib]ians :o 7 driv5 back to ! ,pyr5ees by ! ,kelts1 ! antiquity ( _! language is v great1 & x is cle> t _! names = ! species 9 "q 7 n d]iv$ f ,keltic or ,lat94 ,! mod]n area ( ! pe> ext5d+ f ! nor? ( ,p]sia to ! we/]n coa/ ( temp]ate ,europe1 pr9cipally 9 m\nta9\s regions1 may !re=e be consid]$ z prehi/oric1 & ant]ior to all cultivation4 ,x mu/ be add$1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! nor? ( ,europe & 9 ! ,briti% ,isles an ext5sive cultivation mu/ h ext5d$ & multipli$ naturalizations 9 comp>atively mod]n times :i* c sc>cely be n[ di/+ui%$4 ,i _c accept ,godron's hypo!sis t ! num]\s cultivat$ v>ieties come f an unkn[n ,asiatic species4#aaec ,x seems t !y may be rank$1 z ,decaisne says1 ei!r ) ,p4 communis or ,p4 nivalis ( :i* ,i am ab\t to speak1 tak+ into acc\nt ! effect ( accid5tal cross+1 ( cultivation1 & ( long-cont9u$ selection4 ,besides1 ,we/]n ,asia has be5 explor$ s ?or\ghly t x is probable x conta9s no o!r species ?an ^? already describ$4 ,sn[ ,pe>--,pyrus nivalis1 ,jacqu94 ,?is v>iety ( pe> is cultivat$ 9 ,au/ria1 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 & 9 sev]al dep>tm5ts ( ! ea/ & c5tre ( ,france4 ,x 0 nam$ ,pyrus nivalis by ,jacqu9#aaed f ! ,g]man "n ,s*neebirne1 giv5 to x because ! ,au/rian peasants eat ! fruit :5 ! sn[ is on ! gr\nd4 ,x is call$ 9 ,france ,poiri] saug]1 because ! "u side ( ! leaves is cov]$ ) a :ite d[n :i* makes !m l ! sage 7,fr4 sauge74 ,decaisne#aaee consid]$ all ! v>ieties ( ,p4 nivalis to be d]iv$ f ,p4 kots*yana1 ,boissi]1#aaef :i* gr[s wild 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,! latt] 9 ?is case %\ld take ! "n ( nivalis1 :i* is ! old]4 ,! sn[y pe>s cultivat$ 9 ,france to make ! dr9k call$ p]ry h become wild 9 ! woods "h & !re4#aaeg ,!y con/itute ! great] numb] ( ! s-call$ 8cid] pe>s10 :i* are di/+ui%$ by ! s\r ta/e ( ! fruit indep5d5t ( ! "* ( ! leaf4 ,! descriptions ( ! ,greeks & ,romans are too imp]fect = u to be c]ta9 if !y possess$ ?is species4 ,x may be presum$ t !y did1 h[ev]1 s9ce !y made cid]4#aaeh ,s&y ,pe>1 ,*9ese ,pe>--,pyrus s95sis1 ,l9dley4#aaei ,i h already m5tion$ ?is species1 :i* is ne>ly alli$ to ! common pe>4 ,x is wild 9 ,mongolia & ,mant*uria1#aafj & cultivat$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,its fruit1 l>ge r ?an good1 is us$ = pres]v+4 ,x has also be5 rec5tly introduc$ into ,european g>d5s = exp]im5ts 9 cross+ x ) our species4 ,?is w v likely take place naturally4 ,apple--,pyrus ,malus1 ,l9nu4 ,! apple tree gr[s wild ?r\gh\t ,europe 7except+ 9 ! extreme nor?71 9 ,anatolia1 ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 & ! ,p]sian prov9ce ( ,ghilan4#aafa ,ne> ,trebizond1 ! botani/ ,b\rgeau saw q a small =e/ ( !m4#aafb ,9 ! m\nta9s ( ! nor?-we/ ( ,india x is 8app>5tly wild10 z ,sir ,joseph ,hook] writes 9 8 ,flora ( ,briti% ,india4 ,no au?or m5tions x z gr[+ 9 ,sib]ia1 9 ,mongolia1 or 9 ,japan4#aafc ,!re are two v>ieties wild 9 ,g]many1 ! "o ) glabr\s leaves & ov>ies1 ! o!r ) leaves d[ny on ! "u side1 & ,ko* adds t ?is d[n v>ies consid]ably4#aafd ,9 ,france accurate au?ors also give two wild v>ieties1 b ) *>act]s :i* d n tally exactly ) ^? ( ! ,g]man flora4#aafe ,x w\ld be easy to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce if ! wild trees 9 c]ta9 di/ricts spr+ f cultivat$ v>ieties ^: se$s h be5 accid5tally disp]s$4 ,! "q is1 !re=e1 to discov] to :at degree ! species is probably anci5t & indig5\s 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 &1 if x is n m anci5t 9 "o c\ntry ?an ano!r1 h[ x 0 gradually ext5d$ by ! accid5tal s[+ ( =ms *ang$ by ! cross+ ( v>ieties & by cultivation4 ,! c\ntry 9 :i* ! apple appe>s to be mo/ indig5\s is ! region ly+ betwe5 ,trebizond & ,ghilan4 ,! v>iety :i* !re gr[s wild has leaves d[ny on ! "u side1 %ort p$uncles1 & sweet fruit1#aaff l ,malus communis ( ,france1 describ$ by ,boreau4 ,?is indicates t its prehi/oric area ext5d$ f ! ,caspian ,sea ne>ly to ,europe4 ,pidd+ton gives 9 8 ,index a ,sanskrit "n = ! apple1 b ,adolphe ,pictet#aafg in=ms u t ?is "n seba is ,h9du/ani1 & comes f ! ,p]sian sb1 sf4 ,! abs5ce ( an e>li] "n 9 ,india argues t ! n[ common cultivation ( ! apple 9 ,ka%mir & ,?ibet1 & especially t 9 ! nor?-we/ & c5tral prov9ces ( ,india1 is n v anci5t4 ,! tree 0 probably kn[n only to ! we/]n ,aryans4 ,?is p _h 9 all probability a "n ( :i* ! root 0 ab1 af1 av1 ob1 z ?is root recurs 9 sev]al ,european names ( ,aryan orig94 ,pictet gives aball1 ubhall1 9 ,erse2 afal 9 ,kymric2 aval 9 ,armorican2 aphal 9 old ,high ,g]man2 appel 9 old ,engli%2 apli 9 ,sc&9avian2 obolys 9 ,li?uanian2 iabluko 9 anci5t ,slav2 iabloko 9 ,russian4 ,x w\ld appe> f ?is t ! we/]n ,aryans1 f9d+ ! apple wild or already naturaliz$ 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 kept ! "n "u :i* !y _h kn[n x4 ,! ,greeks _h mailea or maila1 ! ,lat9s malus1 malum1 words ^: orig91 accord+ to ,pictet1 is v unc]ta94 ,! ,albanians1 desc5dants ( ! ,pelasgians1 h mol4#aafh ,!ophra/us#aafi m5tions wild & cultivat$ maila4 ,la/ly1 ! ,basques 7anci5t ,ib]ians7 h an entirely diff]5t "n1 sag>a1 :i* implies an exi/5ce 9 ,europe prior to ! ,aryan invasions4 ,! inhabitants ( ! t]ra-m>e ( ,p>ma1 & ( ! palafittes ( ! lakes ( ,lomb>dy1 ,savoy1 & ,switz]l&1 made great use ( apples4 ,!y always cut !m l5g?ways1 & pres]v$ !m dri$ z a provision = ! w9t]4 ,! specim5s are (t5 c>boniz$ by fire1 b ! int]nal /ructure ( ! fruit is only ! m cle>ly to be di/+ui%$4 ,he]1#aagj :o has %[n great p5etration 9 obs]v+ ^! details1 di/+ui%es two v>ieties ( ! apple kn[n to ! inhabitants ( ! lake-dwell+s be=e !y possess$ metals4 ,! small] k9d are #ae to #bd mm4 9 _! longitud9al diamet]1 & ab\t #c mm4 m across 79 _! dri$ & c>boniz$ /ate72 ! l>g]1 #bi to #cb mm4 l5g?ways by #cf wide 7dri$1 b n c>boniz$74 ,! latt] corresponds to an apple ( ,g]man-,swiss or*>ds1 n[ call$ campan]4 ,! ,engli% wild apple1 figur$ 9 ,engli% ,botany1 pl4 #agi1 is #ag mm4 long by #bb wide4 ,x is possible t ! little apples ( ! lake-dwell+s 7 wild2 h[ev]1 _! abundance 9 ! /ores makes x d\btful4 ,dr4 ,gross s5t me two apples f ! m rec5t palafittes ( ,lake ,neu*tel2 ! "o is #ag ! o!r #bb mm4 9 longitud9al diamet]4 ,at ,lagozza1 9 ,lomb>dy1 ,sordelli#aaga m5tions two apples1 ! "o #ag mm4 by #ai1 ! o!r #ai mm4 by #bg4 ,9 a prehi/oric deposit ( ,lago ,v>ese1 at ,b>dello1 ,ragazzoni f\nd an apple 9 ! /ores a little l>g] ?an ! o!rs4 ,f all ^! facts1 ,i consid] ! apple to h exi/$ 9 ,europe1 bo? wild & cultivat$1 f prehi/oric times4 ,! lack ( communication ) ,asia be=e ! ,aryan invasion makes x probable t ! tree 0 indig5\s 9 ,europe z 9 ,anatolia1 ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 & ,nor!rn ,russia1 & t its cultivation began e>ly ev]y:]e4 ,qu9ce--,cydonia vulg>is1 ,p]soon4 ,! qu9ce gr[s wild 9 ! woods 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia1 ne> ! ,caspian ,sea1 9 ! region to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 & 9 ,anatolia4#aagb ,a few botani/s h also f\nd x app>5tly wild 9 ! ,crimea1 & 9 ! nor? ( ,greece2#aagc b naturalization may be suspect$ ev5 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe1 & ! fur!r we advance t[>ds ,italy1 especially t[>ds ! s\?-we/ ( ,europe & ,alg]ia1 ! m x becomes probable t ! species 0 naturaliz$ at an e>ly p]iod r\nd villages1 9 h$ges1 etc4 ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n = ! qu9ce1 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t its area did n ext5d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ,asia4 ,nei!r is !re any ,hebrew "n1 ?\gh ! species is wild ^u ,m\nt ,taurus4#aagd ,! ,p]sian "n is haivah1#aage b ,i d n "k :e!r x is z old z ,z5d4 ,! same "n1 aiva1 exi/s 9 ,russian = ! cultivat$ qu9ce1 :ile ! "n ( ! wild plant is armud1 f ! ,arm5ian armuda4#aagf ,! ,greeks graft$ ^u a common v>iety1 /rution1 a sup]ior k9d1 :i* came f ,cydon1 9 ,crete1 :5ce 1 translat$ by ! ,lat9 malum cotoneum1 by cydonia1 & all ! ,european names1 su* z codogno 9 ,italian1 c\d\gn]1 & lat] co+ 9 ,fr5*1 quitte 9 ,g]man1 etc4 ,!re are ,poli%1 pigwa1 ,slav1 tunja1#aagg & ,albanian 7,pelasgian871 ftua1#aagh names :i* diff] entirely f ! o!rs4 ,?is v>iety ( names po9ts to an anci5t k ( ! species to ! we/ ( its orig9al c\ntry1 & ! ,albanian "n may ev5 indicate an exi/5ce prior to ! ,hell5es4 ,its antiquity 9 ,greece may also be ga!r$ f ! sup]/ition1 m5tion$ by ,pl9y & ,plut>*1 t ! fruit ( ! qu9ce 0 a pres]vation f evil influ5ces1 & f its entrance into ! m>riage rites prescrib$ by ,solon4 ,"s au?ors g s f> z to ma9ta9 t ! apple disput$ by ,h]a1 ,aphrodite1 & ,a!ne 0 a qu9ce4 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 su* que/ions w f9d details 9 ,comes's pap] on ! plants repres5t$ 9 ! frescoes at ,pompeii4#aagi ,! qu9ce tree is figur$ twice 9 ^!1 :i* is n surpris+1 z ! tree 0 kn[n 9 ,cato's "t4#aahj ,x seems to me probable t x 0 naturaliz$ 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe be=e ! epo* ( ! ,trojan w>4 ,! qu9ce is a fruit :i* has be5 little modifi$ by cultivation2 x is z h>% & acid :5 fre% z 9 ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,pomegranate--,punica granatum1 ,l9nu4 ,! pomegranate gr[s wild 9 /ony gr\nd 9 ,p]sia1 ,kurdi/an1 ,afghani/an1 & ,belu*i/an4#aaha ,burnes saw groves ( x 9 ,maz&]an1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea4#aahb ,x appe>s equally wild to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus4#aahc ,we/w>ds1 t is to say1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 9 ,greece1 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 g5]ally1 9 ! nor? ( ,africa & 9 ,madeira1 ! species appe>s r to h become naturaliz$ f cultivation1 & by ! disp]sal ( ! se$s by birds4 ,_m floras ( ! s\? ( ,europe speak ( x z a 8subspontane\s0 or naturaliz$ species4 ,desfonta9es1 9 8 ,atlantic ,flora1 gives x z wild 9 ,alg]ia1 b subsequ5t au?ors ?9k#aahd r x is naturaliz$4#aahe ,i d\bt its be+ wild 9 ,belu*i/an1 :]e ! travell] ,/ocks f\nd x1 = ,anglo-,indian botani/s d n all[ x to be indig5\s ea/ ( ! ,indus1 & ,i note ! abs5ce ( ! species 9 ! collections f ,lebanon & ,syria :i* ,boissi] is always c>eful to quote4 ,9 ,*9a ! pomegranate exi/s only z a cultivat$ plant4 ,x 0 introduc$ f ,sam>kh& by ,*ang-,ki51 a c5tury & a half be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4#aahf ,! naturalization 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 is s g5]al t x may be t]m$ an ext5sion ( ! orig9al area4 ,x probably dates f a v remote p]iod1 = ! cultivation ( ! species dates f a v e>ly epo* 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,let u see :e!r hi/orical & philological data c give u any in=mation on ?is head4 ,i note ! exi/5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n1 d>imba1 :5ce sev]al mod]n ,indian names are d]iv$4#aahg ,h5ce we may conclude t ! species _h long be5 kn[n 9 ! regions trav]s$ by ! ,aryans 9 _! r\te t[>ds ,india4 ,! pomegranate is m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 "u ! "n ( rimmon1#aahh :5ce ! ,arabic rumman or rman4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fruit trees ( ! promis$ l&1 & ! ,hebrews _h le>nt to appreciate x 9 ,egyptian g>d5s4 ,_m localities 9 ,pale/9e took _! "n f ?is %rub1 b ! ,scriptures only m5tion x z a cultivat$ species4 ,! fl[] & ! fruit figur$ 9 ! religi\s rites ( ! ,phnicians1 & ! goddess ,aphrodite _h h]self plant$ x 9 ! isle ( ,cyprus1#aahi :i* implies t x 0 n indig5\s !re4 ,! ,greeks 7 acqua9t$ ) ! species 9 ! "t ( ,hom]4 ,x is twice m5tion$ 9 ! ,odyssey z a tree 9 ! g>d5s ( ,phacia & ,phrygia4 ,!y call$ x roia or roa1 :i* philologi/s believe to be d]iv$ f ! ,syrian & ,hebrew "n1#aaij & also sidai1#aaia :i* seems to be ,pelasgic1 = ! mod]n ,albanian "n is sige4#aaib ,!re is no?+ to %[ t ! species 0 wild 9 ,greece1 :]e ,fraas & ,heldrei* affirm t x is n[ only naturaliz$4#aaic ,! pomegranate ent]s into ! my?s & religi\s c]emonies ( ! anci5t ,romans4#aaid ,cato speaks ( its prop]ties z a v]mifuge4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1#aaie ! be/ pomegranates came f ,c>?age1 h5ce ! "n ,malum punicum2 b x %\ld n be suppos$1 z x has be5 assum$1 t ! species came orig9ally f ,nor!rn ,africa4 ,v probably ! ,phnicians _h introduc$ x at ,c>?age long be=e ! ,romans _h any?+ to d ) ?is t[n1 & x 0 d\btless cultivat$ z 9 ,egypt4 ,if ! pomegranate _h =m]ly be5 wild 9 ,nor!rn ,africa & ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! ,lat9s w\ld h _h m orig9al names = x ?an granatum 7f granum87 & ,malum punicum4 ,we %\ld h p]haps f\nd local names d]iv$ f anci5t ,we/]n tongues2 :]eas ! ,semitic "n rimmon has prevail$ 9 ,greek & 9 ,arabic1 & ev5 occurs1 ?r\gh ,arab influ5ce1 among ! ,b]b]s4#aaif ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ,african orig9 is "o ( ! errors caus$ by ! errone\s popul> nom5clature ( ! ,romans4 ,leaves & fl[]s ( a pomegranate1 describ$ by ,saporta#aaig z a v>iety ( ! mod]n ,punica granatum1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! plioc5e /rata ( ! environs ( ,meximieux4 ,! species1 !re=e1 exi/$ "u ?is =m1 be=e our epo*1 along ) sev]al species1 "s ext9ct1 o!rs /ill exi/+ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 & o!rs 9 ! ,can>ies1 b ! cont9uity ( exi/5ce d[n to our own day is n !reby prov$4 ,to conclude1 botanical1 hi/orical1 & philological data agree 9 %[+ t ! mod]n species is a native ( ,p]sia & "s adjac5t c\ntries4 ,its cultivation began 9 prehi/oric "t1 & its e>ly ext5sion1 fir/ t[>ds ! we/ & aft]w>ds into ,*9a1 has caus$ its naturalization 9 cases :i* may give rise to errors z to its true orig91 = !y are frequ5t1 anci5t1 & endur+4 ,i arriv$ at ^! conclusions 9 #ahfi1aaih :i* has n prev5t$ ! repetition ( ! errone\s ,african orig9 9 sev]al works4 ,rose ,apple--,eug5ia ,jambos1 ,l9nu2 ,jambosa vulg>is1 de ,c&olle4 ,?is small tree belongs to ! family ( ,myrtace4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 tropical regions ( ! old & new worlds1 z mu* p]haps = ! beauty ( its foliage z = its fruit1 ( :i* ! rose-sc5t$ pulp is too scanty4 ,!re is an excell5t illu/ration & a good description ( x 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 pl4 #ccef4 ,! se$ is poison\s4#aaii ,z ! cultivation ( ?is species is ( anci5t date 9 ,asia1 !re 0 no d\bt ( its ,asiatic orig92 b ! locality 9 :i* x grew wild 0 =m]ly unkn[n4 ,l\reiro's ass]tion t x grew 9 ,co*9-,*9a & "s p>ts ( ,india requir$ confirmation1 :i* has be5 af=d$ by "s mod]n writ]s4#abjj ,! jambos is wild 9 ,sumatra1 & else:]e 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,kurz did n meet ) x 9 ! =e/s ( ,briti% ,burmah1 b :5 ,rhe$e saw ?is tree 9 g>d5s 9 ,malab> he notic$ t x 0 call$ ,malacca-s*ambu1 :i* %[s t x came orig9ally f ! ,malay ,p59sula4 ,la/ly1 ,br&is says x is wild 9 ,sikkim1 to ! nor? ( ,b5gal4 ,its natural area probably ext5ds f ! isl&s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago to ,co*9-,*9a1 & ev5 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,india1 :]e1 h[ev]1 x is probably naturaliz$ f cultivation & by ! ag5cy ( birds4 ,naturalization has also tak5 place else:]e--at ,hongkong1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,sey*elles1 ,mauritius1 & ,rodriguez1 & 9 sev]al ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4#abja ,malay ,apple--,eug5ia malacc5sis1 ,l9nu2 ,jambosa malacc5sis1 de ,c&olle4 ,a species alli$ to ,eug5ia jambos1 b diff]+ f x 9 ! arrangem5t ( its fl[]s1 & 9 its fruit1 ( an obovoid in/ead ( ovoid =m2 t is to say1 ! small] end is atta*$ to ! /alk4 ,! fruit is m fle%y & is also rose-sc5t$1 b x is mu*#abjb or little#abjc e/eem$ accord+ to ! c\ntry & v>ieties4 ,^! are num]\s1 diff]+ 9 ! r$ or p9k col\r ( ! fl[]s1 & 9 ! size1 %ape1 & col\r ( ! fruit4 ,! num]\s v>ieties %[ an anci5t cultivation 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 :]e ! species is indig5\s4 ,9 confirmation1 x mu/ be not$ t ,=/] f\nd x e/abli%$ 9 ! ,pacific ,isl&s1 f ,otahiti to ! ,s&wi* ,isles1 at ! "t ( ,cook's voyages4#abjd ,! ,malay apple gr[s wild 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & 9 ! p59sula ( ,malacca4#abje ,tussac says t x 0 br\ght to ,jamaica f ,otahiti 9 #agic4 ,x has spread & become naturaliz$ 9 sev]al ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 also 9 ,mauritius & ! ,sey*elles4#abjf ,guava--,psidium guayava1 ,raddi4 ,anci5t au?ors1 ,l9nu1 & "s lat] botani/s1 admitt$ two species ( ?is fruit tree ( ! family ( ,myrtace1 ! "o ) elliptical or sph]ical fruit1 ) r$ fle%1 ,psidium pomif]um2 ! o!r ) a pyri=m fruit & :ite or p9k fle%1 m agreeable to ! ta/e4 ,su* div]sity is also obs]v$ 9 pe>s1 apples1 or pea*es2 s x 0 decid$ to consid] all ! ,psidii z =m+ a s+le species4 ,raddi saw a pro( t !re 0 no ess5tial diff]5ce1 = he obs]v$ pyri=m & r\nd fruits gr[+ on ! same tree 9 ,brazil4#abjg ,! majority ( botani/s1 especially ^? :o h obs]v$ ! guava 9 ! colonies1 foll[ ! op9ion ( ,raddi1#abjh to :i* ,i 0 incl9$1 ev5 9 #ahee1 f reasons drawn f ! geographical di/ribution4#abji ,l[e1#abaj 9 8 ,flora ( ,madeira1 ma9ta9s ) "s hesitation ! di/9ction into two species1 & ass]ts t ea* c be rais$ f se$4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 races l ^? ( our dome/ic animals1 & ( _m cultivat$ plants4 ,ea* ( ^! races compreh5ds sev]al v>ieties4#abaa ,! /udy ( ! orig9 ( ! guava pres5ts 9 ! highe/ degree ! difficulty :i* exi/s 9 ! case ( _m fruit trees ( ?is nature3 _! fle%y & some:at aromatic fruits attract omnivor\s animals :i* ca/ _! se$s 9 places f> f cultivation4 ,^? ( ! guava g]m9ate rapidly1 & fructify 9 ! ?ird or f\r? ye>4 ,its area has ?us spread1 & is /ill spread+ by naturalization1 pr9cipally 9 ^? tropical c\ntries :i* are nei!r v hot nor v damp4 ,9 ord] to simplify ! se>* aft] ! orig9 ( ! species1 ,i may beg9 by elim9at+ ! old _w1 = x is suffici5tly evid5t t ! guava came f ,am]ica4 ,out ( sixty species ( ! g5us ,psidium1 all ^? :i* h be5 c>efully /udi$ are ,am]ican4 ,x is true t botani/s f ! sixte5? c5tury h f\nd plants ( ,psidium guayava 7v>ieties pomif]um & pyrif]um7 m or less wild 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago & ! s\? ( ,asia1#abab b ev]y?+ t5ds to %[ t ^! 7 ! result ( rec5t naturalization4 ,9 ea* locality a =eign orig9 0 admitt$2 ! only d\bt 0 :e!r ?is orig9 0 ,asiatic or ,am]ican4 ,o!r consid]ations ju/ify ?is idea4 ,! common names 9 ,malay are d]iv$ f ! ,am]ican ^w guiava4 ,anci5t ,*9ese au?ors d n m5tion ! guava1 ?\gh ,l\reiro said a c5tury & a half ago t !y 7 gr[+ wild 9 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,=/] does n m5tion !m among ! cultivat$ plants ( ! ,pacific ,isles at ! "t ( ,cook's voyage1 :i* is significant :5 we consid] h[ easy ?is plant is to cultivate & its ready disp]sion4 ,9 ,mauritius & ! ,sey*elles !re is no d\bt ( _! rec5t introduction & naturalization4#abac ,x is m difficult to discov] f :at "p ( ,am]ica ! guava orig9ally came4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury x is und\bt$ly wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 9 ,mexico1 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,v5ezuela1 ,p]u1 ,guiana1 & ,brazil4#abad ,b :e!r ?is is only s9ce ,europeans ext5d$ its cultivation1 or :e!r x 0 previ\sly diffus$ by ! ag5cy ( ! natives & ( birds1 seems to be no m c]ta9 ?an :5 ,i spoke on ! subject 9 #ahee4abae ,n[1 h[ev]1 ) a little m exp]i5ce 9 que/ions ( ?is nature1 & s9ce ! specific unity ( ! two v>ieties ( guava is recogniz$1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[ :at seems mo/ probable4 ,j4 ,aco/a1#abaf "o ( ! e>lie/ au?ors on ! natural hi/ory ( ! new _w1 expresses himself z foll[s1 ab\t ! sph]ical v>iety ( ! guava3 8,!re are m\nta9s 9 ,san ,dom+o & ! o!r isl&s entirely cov]$ ) guavas1 & ! natives say t !re 7 no su* trees 9 ! isl&s be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 :o br\ght !m1 ,i "k n :5ce40 ,! ma9l& seems1 !re=e1 to h be5 ! orig9al home ( ! species4 ,aco/a says t x gr[s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 add+ t ! ,p]uvian guavas h a :ite fle% sup]ior to t ( ! r$ fruit4 ,?is argues an anci5t cultivation on ! ma9l&4 ,h]n&ez#abag saw bo? v>ieties wild 9 ,mexico 9 ! w>m regions ( ! pla9s & m\nta9s ne> ,quauhnaci4 ,he gives a description & a fair draw+ ( ,p4 pomif]um4 ,piso & ,m>cgraf#abah also f\nd ! two guavas wild 9 ! pla9s ( ,brazil2 b !y rem>k t x spreads readily4 ,m>cgraf says t !y 7 believ$ to be natives ( ,p]u or ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by :i* he may mean ! ,we/ ,indies or ,mexico4 ,evid5tly ! species 0 wild 9 a great "p ( ! cont95t at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,if ! area 0 at "o "t m re/rict$1 x mu/ h be5 at a f> m remote epo*4 ,diff]5t common names 7 giv5 by ! diff]5t native races4 ,9 ,mexico x 0 xalxocotl2 9 ,brazil ! tree 0 call$ araca-iba1 ! fruit araca guacu2 la/ly1 ! "n guajavos1 or guajava1 is quot$ by ,aco/a & ,h]n&ez = ! guavas ( ,p]u & ,san ,dom+o )\t any precise indication ( orig94 ,?is div]sity ( names confirms ! hypo!sis ( a v anci5t & ext5d$ area4 ,f :at anci5t travell]s say ( an orig9 =eign to ,san ,dom+o & ,brazil 7an ass]tion1 h[ev]1 :i* we may be p]mitt$ to d\bt71 ,i suspect t ! mo/ anci5t habitation ext5d$ f ,mexico to ,columbia & ,p]u1 possibly includ+ ,brazil be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ! ,we/ ,indies aft] t ev5t4 ,9 its e>lie/ /ate1 ! species bore sph]ical1 highly col\r$ fruit1 h>% to ! ta/e4 ,! o!r =m is p]haps ! result ( cultivation4 ,g\rd1#abai or ,calaba%--,lag5>ia vulg>is1 ,s]+e2 ,cucurbita lag5>ia1 ,l9nu4 ,! fruit ( ?is ,curcubitacea has tak5 diff]5t =ms 9 cultivation1 b f a g5]al obs]vation ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! plant1 botani/s h rank$ !m 9 "o species :i* comprises sev]al v>ieties4#abbj ,! mo/ rem>kable are ! pilgrim's g\rd1 9 ! =m ( a bottle1 ! long-neck$ g\rd1 ! trumpet g\rd1 & ! calaba%1 g5]ally l>ge & )\t a neck4 ,o!r less common v>ieties h a flatt5$1 v small fruit1 l ! snuff-box g\rd4 ,! species may always be recogniz$ by its :ite fl[]1 & by ! h>dness ( ! out] r9d ( ! fruit1 :i* all[s ( its use z a vessel = liquids1 or a res]voir ( air suitable z a buoy = novices 9 swimm+4 ,! fle% is sometimes sweet & eatable1 sometimes bitt] & ev5 purgative4 ,l9nu#abba pron\nc$ ! species to be ,am]ican4 ,de ,c&olle#abbb ?\ght x 0 probably ( ,indian orig91 & ?is op9ion has s9ce be5 confirm$4 ,lag5>ia vulg>is has be5 f\nd wild on ! coa/ ( ,malab> & 9 ! humid =e/s ( ,deyra ,doon4#abbc ,roxburgh#abbd consid]$ x to be wild 9 ,india1 al?\gh subsequ5t floras give x only z a cultivat$ species4 ,la/ly1 ,rumphius#abbe m5tions wild plants ( x on ! sea-%ore 9 "o ( ! ,moluccas4 ,au?ors g5]ally note t ! pulp is bitt] 9 ^! wild plants1 b ?is is sometimes ! case 9 cultivat$ =ms4 ,! ,sanskrit language already di/+ui%$ ! common g\rd1 ulav\1 & ano!r1 bitt]1 kut\-t\mbi1 to :i* ,pictet also attributes ! "n tiktaka or tiktika4#abbf ,seemann#abbg saw ! species cultivat$ & naturaliz$ 9 ! ,fiji ,isles4 ,?ozet ga!r$ x on ! coa/ ( ,que5sl&1#abbh b x _h p]haps spread f neighb\r+ cultivation4 ,! localities 9 cont95tal ,india seem m c]ta9 & m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! isl&s to ! s\? ( ,asia4 ,! species has also be5 f\nd wild 9 ,abyss9ia1 9 ! valley ( ,hieha by ,dillon1 & 9 ! bu% & /ony gr\nd ( ano!r di/rict by ,s*imp]4#abbi ,f ^! two regions ( ! old _w x has be5 introduc$ into ! g>d5s ( all tropical c\ntries & ( ^? temp]ate ones :]e !re is a suffici5tly high temp]ature 9 summ]4 ,x has occasionally become naturaliz$ f cultivation1 z is se5 9 ,am]ica4#abcj ,! e>lie/ ,*9ese "w :i* m5tion$ ! g\rd is t ( ,t*ong-t*i-*\1 ( ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 quot$ 9 a "w ( ! fif? or six? c5tury accord+ to ,brets*neid]4#abca ,he is speak+ "h ( cultivat$ plants4 ,! mod]n v>ieties ( ! g>d5s at ,pek9 are ! trumpet g\rd1 :i* is eatable1 & ! bottle g\rd4 ,greek au?ors d n m5tion ! plant1 b ,romans speak ( x f ! beg9n+ ( ! empire4 ,x is cle>ly allud$ to 9 ! (t5-quot$ l9es#abcb ( ! t5? book ( ,columella4 ,aft] describ+ ! diff]5t =ms ( ! fruit1 he says-- 8,dabit illa capacem1 ,n>ici picis1 aut ,acti mellis ,hymetti1 ,aut habilem lymphis hamulam1 ,bac*ove lag5am1 ,tum pu]os eadem fluviis inn>e docebit40 ,pl9y#abcc speaks ( a ,cucurbitacea1 ( :i* vessels & flasks = w9e 7 made1 :i* c only apply to ?is species4 ,x does n appe> t ! ,arabs 7 e>ly acqua9t$ ) x1 = ,ibn ,alawm & ,ibn ,bai?> say no?+ ( x4#abcd ,comm5tators ( ,hebrew works attribute no "n to ?is species ) c]ta9ty1 & yet ! climate ( ,pale/9e is su* z to popul>ize ! use ( g\rds _h !y be5 kn[n4 ,f ?is x seems to me d\btful t ! anci5t ,egyptians possess$ ?is plant1 9 spite ( a s+le figure ( leaves obs]v$ on a tomb :i* has be5 sometimes id5tifi$ ) x4#abce ,alex&] ,braun1 ,as*]son1 & ,magnus1 9 _! le>n$ pap] on ! ,egyptian rema9s ( plants 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1#abcf indicate sev]al ,cucurbitace )\t m5tion+ ?is "o4 ,! e>lie/ mod]n travell]s1 su* z ,rauwolf1#abcg 9 #aegd1 saw x 9 ! g>d5s ( ,syria1 & ! s-call$ pilgrim's g\rd1 figur$ 9 #aeci by ,brunfels1 0 probably kn[n 9 ! ,holy ,l& f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,all ! botani/s ( ! sixte5? c5tury give illu/rations ( ?is species1 :i* 0 m g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ,europe at t "t ?an x is n[4 ,! common "n 9 ^! old] writ+s is ,cam]>ia1 & ?ree k9ds ( fruit are di/+ui%$4 ,f ! :ite col\r ( ! fl[]1 :i* is always m5tion$1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! species4 ,i also note an illu/ration1 c]ta9ly a v indiff]5t "o1 9 :i* ! fl[] is want+1 b ) an exact repres5tation ( ! fruit ( ! pilgrim's g\rd1 :i* has ! great int]e/ ( hav+ appe>$ be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,x is pl4 #baf ( ,h]b>ius ,patavi ,impressus1 9 #dto1 #adhe--;a r>e "w4 ,9 spite ( ! use ( simil> names by "s au?ors1 ,i d n believe t ! g\rd exi/$ 9 ,am]ica be=e ! arrival ( ! ,europeans4 ,! ,taqu]a ( ,piso#abch & ,cucurbita lag5=ma ( ,m>cgraf#abci are p]haps ,lag5>ia vulg>is z monographs say1#abdj & ! specim5s f ,brazil :i* !y m5tion %\ld be c]ta91 b t does n prove t ! species 0 9 ! c\ntry be=e ! voyage ( ,am]igo ,vespucci 9 #aejd4 ,f t "t until ! voyages ( ^! two botani/s 9 #afcg & #afch1 a mu* long] "t elaps$ ?an is ne$$ to acc\nt = ! introduction & diffusion ( an annual species ( a curi\s =m1 easy ( cultivation1 & ( :i* ! se$s long reta9 ! faculty ( g]m9ation4 ,x may h become naturaliz$ f cultivation1 z has tak5 place else:]e4 ,x is /ill m likely t ,cucurbita sic]atia1 ,mol9a1 attribut$ sometimes to ! species "u consid]ation1 sometimes to ,cucurbita maxima1#abda may h be5 introduc$ into ,*ili betwe5 #aech1 ! date ( ! discov]y ( t c\ntry1 & #aghg1 ! date ( ! ,italian edition ( ,mol9a4 ,aco/a#abdb also speaks ( calaba%es :i* ! ,p]uvians us$ z cups & vases1 b ! ,spani% edition ( 8 book appe>$ 9 #aeia1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] ! ,conque/4 ,among ! fir/ naturali/s to m5tion ! species aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica 7#adib7 is ,ovi$o1#abdc :o _h visit$ ! ma9l&1 &1 aft] dwell+ at ,v]a ,paz1 came back to ,europe 9 #aeae1 b return$ to ,nic>agua 9 #aeci4abdd ,accord+ to ,ramusio's compilation#abde he spoke ( zue*e1 freely cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & ,nic>agua at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & us$ z bottles4 ,! au?ors ( ! floras ( ,jamaica 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury say t ! species 0 cultivat$ 9 t isl&4 ,p4 ,br[n1#abdf h[ev]1 m5tions a l>ge cultivat$ g\rd1 & a small] "o ) a bitt] & purgative pulp1 :i* 0 f\nd wild4 ,la/ly1 ,elliott#abdg writes z foll[s1 9 #ahbd1 9 a "w on ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica3 8,l4 vulg>is is r>ely f\nd 9 ! woods1 & is c]ta9ly n indig5\s4 ,x seems to h be5 br\ght by ! e>ly inhabitants ( our c\ntry f a w>m] climate4 ,! species has n[ become wild ne> dwell+s1 especially 9 isl&s40 ,! expression1 8inhabitants ( our c\ntry10 seems to ref] r to ! coloni/s ?an to ! natives4 ,betwe5 ! discov]y ( ,virg9ia by ,cabot 9 #adig1 or ! travels ( ,raleigh 9 #aehd1 & ! floras ( mod]n botani/s1 m ?an two c5turies elaps$1 & ! natives w\ld h _h "t to ext5d ! cultivation ( ! species if !y _h receiv$ x f ,europeans4 ,b ! fact ( its cultivation by ,indians at ! "t ( ! e>lie/ deal+s ) !m is d\btful4 ,torrey & ,gray#abdh m5tion$ x z c]ta9 9 _! flora publi%$ 9 #ahcj-dj1 & lat] ! second ( ^! able botani/s1#abdi 9 an article on ! ,cucurbitace kn[n to ! natives1 does n m5tion ! calaba%1 or ,lag5>ia4 ,i rem>k ! same omission 9 ano!r special article on ! same subject1 publi%$ m rec5tly4#abej ,9 ! le>n$ articles by ,messrs4 ,asa ,gray & ,trumbull on ! pres5t volume 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhc1 p4 #cgj71 !y give reasons = suppos+ ! species kn[n & indig5\s 9 ,am]ica previ\s to ! arrival ( ! ,europeans4 ,e>ly travell]s are quot$ m 9 detail ?an ,i _h done4 ,f _! te/imony x appe>s t ! inhabitants ( ,p]u1 ,brazil1 & ( ,p>ia possess$ g\rds1 9 ,spani% calabazas1 b ,i d n see t ?is proves t ?is 0 ! species call$ by botani/s ,cucurbita lagm>ia4 ,! only "* indep5d5t ( ! exce$+ly v>iable =m ( ! fruit is ! :ite col\r ( ! fl[]s1 & ?is "* is n m5tion$4--,,au?or',s ,,note1 #ahhd4 ,g\rd--,cucurbita maxima1 ,du*esne4 ,9 enum]at+ ! species ( ! g5us ,cucurbita1 ,i %\ld expla9 t _! di/9ction1 =m]ly exce$+ly difficult1 has be5 e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,naud9#abea 9 a v sci5tific mann]1 by means ( an assidu\s cultivation ( v>ieties & ( exp]im5ts ^u _! cross$ f]tilization4 ,^? gr\ps ( =ms :i* _c f]tilize ea* o!r1 or ( :i* ! product is n f]tile & /able1 are reg>d$ by him z species1 & ! =ms :i* c be cross$ & yield a f]tile & v>i$ product1 z races1 bre$s1 or v>ieties4 ,lat] exp]im5ts#abeb %[$ him t ! e/abli%m5t ( species on ?is basis is n )\t exceptions1 b 9 ! g5us ,cucurbita physiological facts agree ) ext]ior diff]5ces4 ,m4 ,naud9 has e/abli%$ ! true di/9ctive *>act]s ( ,c4 maxima & ,c4 ,pepo4 ,! leaves ( ! fir/ h r\nd$ lobes1 ! p$uncles are smoo? & ! lobes ( ! corolla are curv$ outw>ds2 ! second has leaves ) po9t$ lobes1 ! p$uncles m>k$ ) ridges & furr[s1 ! corolla n>r[$ t[>ds ! base & ) lobes ne>ly always upright4 ,! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ,cucurbita maxima are ! great yell[ g\rd1 :i* sometimes atta9s to an enorm\s size1#abec ! ,spani% g\rd1 ! turban g\rd1 etc4 ,s9ce common names & ^? 9 anci5t au?ors d n agree ) botanical def9itions1 we mu/ mi/ru/ ! ass]tions =m]ly put =? on ! orig9 & e>ly cultivation ( su* & su* a g\rd at a giv5 epo* 9 a giv5 c\ntry4 ,= ?is reason1 :5 ,i consid]$ ! subject 9 #ahee1 ! home ( ^! plants seem$ to me ei!r unkn[n or v d\btful4 ,at ! pres5t day x is m easy to inve/igate ! "q4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1#abed ,cucurbita maxima 0 f\nd by ,b>t] on ! banks ( ! ,nig] 9 ,gu9ea1 app>5tly indig5\s1 & by ,welwits* 9 ,angola )\t any ass]tion ( its wild "*4 ,9 works on ,abyss9ia1 ,egypt1 or o!r ,african c\ntries 9 :i* ! species is commonly cultivat$1 ,i f9d no indication t x is f\nd wild4 ,! ,abyss9ians us$ ! ^w dubba1 :i* is appli$ 9 ,arabic to g\rds 9 g5]al4 ,! plant 0 long suppos$ to be ( ,indian orig91 because ( su* names z ,indian g\rd1 giv5 by sixte5?-c5tury botani/s1 & 9 p>ticul> ! ,pepo maximus indicus1 figur$ by ,lobel1#abee :i* answ]s to ! mod]n species2 b ?is is a v insuffici5t pro(1 s9ce popul> indications ( orig9 are v (t5 errone\s4 ,! fact is t ?\gh pumpk9s are cultivat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! tropics1 ! plant has n be5 f\nd wild4#abef ,no simil> species is indicat$ by anci5t ,*9ese au?ors1 & ! mod]n names ( g\rds & pumpk9s n[ gr[n 9 ,*9a are ( =eign & s\!rn orig94#abeg ,x is impossible to "k to :at species ! ,sanskrit "n kurk>\ belong$1 al?\gh ,roxburgh attributes x to ,cucurbita ,pepo2 & !re is no less unc]ta9ty ) respect to ! g\rds1 pumpk9s1 & melons cultivat$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,x is n c]ta9 if ! species 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 b p]haps x 0 cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry & 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w4 ,! ,pepones1 ( :i* ,*>lemagne comm&$ ! cultivation 9 8 f>ms1#abeh 7 p]haps "s k9d ( pumpk9 or m>r[1 b no figure or description ( ^! plants :i* may be cle>ly recogniz$ exi/s e>li] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is t5ds to %[ its ,am]ican orig94 ,its exi/5ce 9 ,africa 9 a wild /ate is c]ta9ly an argum5t to ! contr>y1 = ! species ( ! family ( ,cucurbitace are v local2 b !re are argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,am]ica1 & ,i mu/ exam9e !m ) ! m c>e s9ce ,i h be5 reproa*$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates = n hav+ giv5 !m suffici5t weight4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 out ( ! t5 kn[n species ( ! g5us ,cucurbita1 six are c]ta9ly wild 9 ,am]ica 7,mexico & ,cali=nia72 b ^! are p]5nial species1 :ile ! cultivat$ pumpk9s are annuals4 ,! plant call$ jurumu by ! ,brazilians1 figur$ by ,piso & ,m>cgraf#abei is attribut$ by mod]n writ]s to ,cucurbita maxima4 ,! draw+ & ! %ort acc\nt by ! two au?ors agree pretty well ) ?is !ory1 b x seems to h be5 a cultivat$ plant4 ,x may h be5 br\ght f ,europe or f ,africa by ,europeans1 betwe5 ! discov]y ( ,brazil 9 #aejd1 & ! travels ( ! above-nam$ au?ors 9 #afcg & #afch4 ,no "o has f\nd ! species wild 9 ,nor? or ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,i _c f9d 9 works on ,brazil1 ,guiana1 or ! ,we/ ,indies any sign ( an anci5t cultivation or ( wild gr[?1 ei!r f names1 or f traditions or m or less di/9ct belief4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ^? m5 ( sci5ce :o be/ "k ! languages & cu/oms ( ! natives1 ,dr4 ,h>ris = in/ance1 & m rec5tly ,trumbull1#abfj ma9ta9 t ! ,cucurbitace call$ squa% by ! ,anglo-,am]icans1 & macock1 or ca%aw1 cu%aw1 by e>ly travell]s 9 ,virg9ia1 are pumpk9s4 ,trumbull says t squa% is an ,indian ^w4 ,i h no reason to d\bt ! ass]tion1 b nei!r ! able/ l+ui/s1 nor ! travell]s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o saw ! natives provid$ ) fruits :i* !y call$ g\rds & pumpk9s1 h be5 able to prove t !y 7 su* & su* species recogniz$ z di/9ct by mod]n botani/s4 ,all t we le>n f ?is is t ! natives a c5tury aft] ! discov]y ( ,virg9ia1 & tw5ty to =ty ye>s aft] its colonization by ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh1 made use ( "s fruits ( ! ,cucurbitace4 ,! common names are /ill s confus$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t ,dr4 ,asa ,gray1 9 #ahfh1 gives pumpk9 & squa% z answ]+ to diff]5t species ( ,cucurbita1#abfa :ile ,d>l+ton#abfb attributes ! "n pumpk9 to ! common ,cucurbita ,pepo1 & t ( squa% to ! v>ieties ( ! latt] :i* correspond to ! =ms ( ,melopepo ( e>ly botani/s4 ,!y attribute no di/9ct common "n to ,cucurbita maxima4 ,f9ally1 )\t plac+ implicit fai? 9 ! indig5\s "* ( ! plant on ! banks ( ! ,nig]1 bas$ ^u ! ass]tion ( a s+le travell]1 ,i /ill believe t ! species is a native ( ! old _w1 & introduc$ into ,am]ica by ,europeans4 ,! te/imony ( e>ly travell]s t\*+ ! exi/5ce ( ,cucurbita maxima 9 ,am]ica be=e ! arrival ( ,europeans has be5 collect$ & supplem5t$ by ,messrs4 ,asa ,gray & ,trumbull 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhc1 p4 #cgb74 ,!y confirm ! fact already kn[n1 t ! natives cultivat$ species ( ,cucurbita "u ,am]ican names1 ( :i* "s rema9 9 ! mod]n idiom ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,none ( ^! e>ly travell]s has not$ ! botanical *>act]s by :i* ,naud9 e/abli%$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ,c4 maxima & ,c4 ,pepo1 & consequ5tly x is /ill d\btful to :i* species !y ref]r$4 ,= v>i\s reasons ,i _h already admitt$ t ,c4 ,pepo 0 ( ,am]ican orig91 b ,i reta9 my d\bts ab\t ,c4 maxima4 ,aft] a m att5tive p]usal ( ,tragus & ,mat?iolo ?an ,i _h be/[$ ^u !m1 ,asa ,gray & ,trumbull notice t !y call ,indian :atev] came f ,am]ica4 ,b if ^! two botani/s did n conf\nd ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 sev]al o!rs1 & ! public 9 g5]al1 did make ?is confusion1 :i* occasion$ errors t\*+ ! orig9 ( species :i* botani/s 7 liable to repeat4 ,a fur!r indication 9 fav\r ( ! ,am]ican orig9 ( ,c4 maxima is communicat$ by ,m4 ,wittmack1 :o in=ms me t se$s1 c]tifi$ by ,m4 ,naud9 to belong to ?is species1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs ( ,ancon4 ,?is w\ld be conclusive if ! date ( ! late/ burials at ,ancon 7 c]ta94 ,see on ?is head ! article on ,phaseolus vulg>is4--,,au?or',s ,,note1 #ahhd4 ,pumpk9--,cucurbita ,pepo & ,c4 ,melopepo1 ,l9nu4 ,mod]n au?ors include "u ! head ( ,cucurbita ,pepo mo/ ( ! v>ieties :i* ,l9nu designat$ by ?is "n1 & also ^? :i* he call$ ,c4 ,melopepo4 ,^! v>ieties are v diff]5t z to ! %ape ( ! fruit1 :i* %[s a v anci5t cultivation4 ,!re is ! ,patagonian pumpk91 ) enorm\s cyl9drical fruit2 ! sug>$ pumpk91 call$ ,brazilian2 ! vegetable m>r[1 ) small] long-%ap$ fruit2 ! ,b>b]9e1 ) knobby fruit2 ! ,elector's hat1 ) a curi\sly %ap$ conical fruit1 etc4 ,no value %\ld be atta*$ to ! local names 9 ?is designation ( v>ieties1 = we h (t5 se5 t !y express z _m errors z v>ieties4 ,! botanical names attribut$ to ! species by ,naud9 & ,cogniaux are num]\s1 on acc\nt ( ! bad habit :i* exi/$ n long ago ( describ+ z species purely g>d5 v>ieties1 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! wond]ful effects ( cultivation & selection ^u ! organ = ! sake ( :i* ! plant is cultivat$4 ,mo/ ( ^! v>ieties exi/ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! w>m & temp]ate regions ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,! orig9 ( ! species is consid]$ to be d\btful4 ,i hesitat$ 9 #aheeabfc betwe5 ,s\!rn ,asia & ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,naud9 & ,cogniaux#abfd admit ,s\!rn ,asia z probable1 & ! botani/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on _! side h giv5 reasons = _! belief 9 an ,am]ican orig94 ,! "q requires c>eful inve/igation4 ,i %all fir/ seek = ^? =ms n[ attribut$ to ! species :i* h be5 f\nd gr[+ any:]e 9 a wild /ate4 ,! v>iety ,cucurbita ovif]a1 ,l9nu1 0 =m]ly ga!r$ by ,l]*e1 ne> ,a/rakhan1 b no mod]n botani/ has confirm$ ?is fact1 & x is probable x 0 a cultivat$ plant4 ,moreov]1 ,l9nu does n ass]t x 0 wild4 ,i h consult$ all ! ,asiatic & ,african floras )\t f9d+ ! slighte/ m5tion ( a wild v>iety4 ,f ,arabia1 or ev5 f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea to ,japan1 ! species1 or ! v>ieties attribut$ to x1 are always said to be cultivat$4 ,9 ,india1 ,roxburgh rem>k$ ?is1 & c]ta9ly ,cl>ke1 9 8 rec5t flora ( ,briti% ,india1 has good reasons = indicat+ no locality = x outside cultivation4 ,x is o!rwise 9 ,am]ica4 ,a v>iety1 ,c4 texana1#abfe v ne> to ! v>iety ovata1 accord+ to ,asa ,gray1 & :i* is n[ unhesitat+ly attribut$ to ,c4 ,pepo1 0 f\nd by ,l9dheim] 8on ! edges ( ?ickets1 9 damp woods1 on ! banks ( ! upp] ,guadal\pe1 app>5tly an indig5\s plant40 ,asa ,gray adds1 h[ev]1 t x is p]haps ! result ( naturalization4 ,h[ev]1 z sev]al species ( ! g5us ,cucurbita gr[ wild 9 ,mexico & 9 ! s\?-we/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 we are naturally l$ to consid] ! collector's op9ion s\nd4 ,x does n appe> t o!r botani/s f\nd ?is plant 9 ,mexico1 or 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ,hemsley's ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana1 nor 9 ,asa ,gray's rec5t flora ( ,cali=nia4 ,"s synonyms or specim5s f ,s\? ,am]ica1 attribut$ to ,c4 ,pepo1 appe> to me v d\btful4 ,x is impossible to say :at ,mol9a#abff meant by ! names ,c4 ,sic]atia & ,c4 mammeata1 :i* appe>1 moreov]1 to h be5 cultivat$ plants4 ,two species briefly describ$ 9 ! acc\nt ( ! j\rney ( ,spix & ,m>tius 7ii4 p4 #ecf71 & also attribut$ to ,c4 ,pepo1#abfg are m5tion$ among cultivat$ plants on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,francisco4 ,la/ly1 ! specim5 ( ,spruce1 #bgaf1 f ! riv] ,uaupes1 a tribut>y ( ! ,rio ,negro1 :i* ,cogniaux#abfh does n m5tion hav+ se51 & :i* he fir/ attribut$ to ! ,c4 ,pepo1 & aft]w>ds to ! ,c4 mos*ata1 0 p]haps cultivat$ or naturaliz$ f cultivation1 or by transport1 9 spite ( ! paucity ( inhabitants 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,botanical indications are1 !re=e1 9 fav\r ( a ,mexican or ,texan orig94 ,x rema9s to be se5 if hi/orical records are 9 agreem5t ) or contr>y to ?is idea4 ,x is impossible to discov] :e!r a giv5 ,sanskrit1 ,greek1 or ,lat9 "n = ! pumpk9 belongs to "o species r ?an to ano!r4 ,! =m ( ! fruit is (t5 ! same1 & ! di/9ctive *>act]s are nev] m5tion$ by au?ors4 ,!re is no figure ( ! pumpk9 9 ! ,h]b>ius ,patavi ,impressus ( #adhe1 be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 b sixte5?-c5tury au?ors h publi%$ plates :i* may be attribut$ to x4 ,!re are ?ree =ms ( ,pepones figur$ on page #djf ( ,dodo5s1 edition #aeeg4 ,a f\r?1 ,pepo rotundus major1 add$ 9 ! edition ( #afaf1 appe>s to me to be ,c4 maxima4 ,9 ! draw+ ( ,pepo oblongus ( ,lobel1 ,icones1 #fda1 ! "* ( ! p$uncle is cle>ly def9$4 ,! names giv5 to ^! plants imply a =eign orig92 b ! au?ors c\ld make no ass]tions on ?is head1 all ! m t ! "n ( 8! ,indies0 appli$ bo? to ,s\!rn ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,?us hi/orical data d n ga9say ! op9ion ( an ,am]ican orig91 b nei!r d !y adduce any?+ 9 support ( x4 ,if ! belief t x gr[s wild 9 ,am]ica is confirm$1 x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t ! pumpk9s cultivat$ by ! ,romans & 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7 ,cucurbita maxima1 & ^? ( ! natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 se5 by diff]5t travell]s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 7 ,cucurbita ,pepo4 ,musk1 or ,melon ,pumpk9--,cucurbita mos*ata1 ,du*esne4 ,! ,bon ,j>d9i] quotes z ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ?is species pumpk9 muscade de ,prov5ce1 ple9e de ,naples1 & de ,b>b>ie4 ,x is ne$less to say t ^! names %[ no?+ z to orig94 ,! species is easily recogniz$ by its f9e s(t d[n1 ! p5tagonal p$uncle :i* supports ! fruit broad5+ at ! summit2 ! fruit is m or less cov]$ ) a glauc\s effloresc5ce1 & ! fle% is some:at musk-sc5t$4 ,! lobes ( ! calyx are (t5 t]m9at$ by a leafy bord]4#abfi ,cultivat$ 9 all tropical c\ntries1 x is less successful ?an o!r pumpk9s 9 temp]ate regions4 ,cogniaux#abgj suspects t x comes f ! s\? ( ,asia1 b he gives no pro( ( ?is4 ,i h se>*$ ?r\gh ! floras ( ! old & new worlds1 & ,i h n[h]e be5 able to discov] ! m5tion ( ! species 9 a truly wild /ate4 ,! indications :i* approa* mo/ ne>ly to x are3 7#a7 ,9 ,asia1 9 ! isl& ( ,bangka1 a specim5 v]ifi$ by ,cogniaux1 & :i* ,miquel#abga says is n cultivat$2 7#b7 9 ,africa1 9 ,angola1 specim5s :i* ,welwits* says are q wild1 b 8probably due to an introduction20 7#c7 9 ,am]ica1 five specim5s f ,brazil1 ,guiana1 or ,nic>agua1 m5tion$ by ,cogniaux1 )\t kn[+ :e!r !y 7 cultivat$1 naturaliz$1 or indig5\s4 ,^! indications are v slight4 ,rumphius1 ,blume1 ,cl>ke 7,flora ( ,briti% ,india7 9 ,asia1 ,s*we9fur? 7,oliv]'s ,flora ( ,trop4 ,africa7 9 ,africa1 only "k x z a cultivat$ plant4 ,its cultivation is rec5t 9 ,*9a1#abgb & ,am]ican floras r>ely m5tion ! species4 ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n1 & ! ,indian1 ,malay1 & ,*9ese names are nei!r v num]\s nor v orig9al1 al?\gh ! cultivation ( ! plant seems to be m diffus$ 9 ,s\!rn ,asia ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! tropics4 ,x 0 already gr[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury accord+ to ! ,hortus ,malab>icus1 9 :i* !re is a good plate 7vol4 viii4 pl4 #b74 ,x does n appe> t ?is species 0 kn[n 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 = ,dale*amp's illu/ration 7,hi/41 i4 p4 #faf7 :i* ,s]+e attribut$ to x has n its true *>act]s1 & ,i c f9d no o!r figure :i* resembles x4 ,fig-leav$ ,pumpk9--,cucurbita ficifolia1 ,b\*2 ,cucurbita melanosp]ma1 ,braun4 ,ab\t ?irty ye>s ago ?is pumpk9 ) black or br[n se$s 0 introduc$ into g>d5s4 ,x diff]s f o!r cultivat$ species 9 be+ p]5nial4 ,x is sometimes call$ ! ,siamese melon4 ,! ,bon ,j>d9i] says t x comes f ,*9a4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid] does n m5tion x 9 8 lett] ( #ahha1 9 :i* he enum]ates ! pumpk9s gr[n by ! ,*9ese4 ,hi!rto no botani/ has f\nd x wild4 ,i v mu* d\bt its ,asiatic orig9 z all ! kn[n p]5nial species ( ,cucurbita are f ,mexico or ,cali=nia4 ,melon--,cucumis ,melo1 ,l9nu4 ,! aspect ( ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! melon has completely *ang$ s9ce ! exp]im5ts ( ,naud94 ,! pap] :i* he publi%$ 9 #ahei1 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 #d? s]ies1 vol4 ii41 on ! g5us ,cucumis1 is z rem>kable z t on ! g5us ,cucurbita4 ,he gives an acc\nt ( ! obs]vations & exp]im5ts ( sev]al ye>s on ! v>iability ( =ms & ! cross$ fecundation ( a multitude ( species1 bre$s1 or v>ieties com+ f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,i h already spok5 7p4 #bej7 ( ! physiological pr9ciple on :i* he believes x possible to di/+ui% ^? gr\ps ( =ms :i* he t]ms species1 al?\gh c]ta9 exceptions h occurr$ :i* r5d] ! crit]ion ( f]tilization less absolute4 ,9 spite ( ^! exceptional cases1 x is evid5t t if ne>ly alli$ =ms c be easily cross$ & produce f]tile individuals1 z we see1 = example1 9 ! human species1 !y mu/ be consid]$ z con/itut+ a s+le species4 ,9 ?is s5se ,cucumis ,melo1 accord+ to ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations made by ,naud9 ^u ab\t two ?\s& liv+ plants1 con/itutes a species :i* compreh5ds an extraord9>y numb] ( v>ieties & ev5 ( bre$s2 t is to say1 =ms :i* are pres]v$ by h]$ity4 ,^! v>ieties or races c be f]tiliz$ by ea* o!r1 & yield v>i$ & v>iable products4 ,!y are class$ by ! au?or into t5 gr\ps1 :i* he calls cantel\ps1 melons brods1 sucr9s1 melons d'hiv]1 s]p5ts1 =me de concombre1 ,*ito1 ,dudaim1 r\ges de ,p]se1 & sauvages1 ea* conta9+ v>ieties or ne>ly alli$ races4 ,^! h be5 nam$ 9 tw5ty-five or ?irty diff]5t ways by botani/s1 :o1 )\t notic+ transitions ( =m1 ! faculty ( cross+ or ( *ange "u cultivation1 h di/+ui%$ z species all ! v>ieties :i* occur 9 a giv5 "t or place4 ,h5ce x results t sev]al =ms f\nd wild1 & :i* h be5 describ$ z species1 mu/ be ! types & s\rces ( ! cultivat$ =ms2 & ,naud9 makes ! v j obs]vation t ^! wild =ms1 :i* diff] m or less ! "o f ! o!r1 may h produc$ diff]5t cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,?is is ! m probable t !y sometimes inhabit c\ntries remote f ea* o!r z ,s\!rn ,asia & tropical ,africa1 s t diff]5ces 9 climate & isolation may h creat$ & consolidat$ v>ieties4 ,! foll[+ are ! =ms :i* ,naud9 enum]ates z wild3 #a4 ,^? ( ,india1 :i* are nam$ by ,wild5[ ,cucumis pubesc5s1 & by ,roxburgh ,c4 turb9atus or ,c4 mad]as-patanus4 ,! :ole ( ,briti% ,india & ,belu*i/an is _! natural area4 ,its natural wildness is evid5t ev5 to non-botanical travell]s4#abgc ,! fruit v>ies f ! size ( a plum to t ( a lemon4 ,x is ei!r /rip$ or b>r$1 or all "o col\r1 sc5t$ or od\rless4 ,! fle% is sweet1 insipid1 or slightly acid1 diff]5ces :i* x has 9 common ) ! cultivat$ ,cantelopes4 ,accord+ to ,roxburgh ! ,indians ga!r & h a ta/e = ! fruits ( ,c4 turb9atus & ( ,c4 mad]as-patanus1 ?\gh !y d n cultivate x4 ,ref]r+ to ! mo/ rec5t flora ( ,briti% ,india1 9 :i* ,cl>ke has describ$ ! ,cucurbitace 7ii4 p4 #fai71 x seems t ?is au?or does n agree ) ,m4 ,naud9 ab\t ! ,indian wild =ms1 al?\gh bo? h exam9$ ! num]\s specim5s 9 ! h]b>ium at ,kew4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion1 m app>5t ?an real1 arises f ! fact t ! ,engli% au?or attributes to a ne>ly & c]ta9ly wild alli$ species1 ,c4 trigonus1 ,roxburgh1 ! v>ieties :i* ,naud9 classes "u ,c4 ,melo4 ,cogniaux1#abgd :o aft]w>ds saw ! same specim5s1 attributes only ,c4 turb9atus to trigonus4 ,! specific diff]5ce betwe5 ,c4 ,melo & ,c4 trigonus is un=tunately obscure1 f ! *>act]s giv5 by ^! ?ree au?ors4 ,! pr9cipal diff]5ce is t ,c4 ,melo is an annual1 ! o!r p]5nial1 b ?is duration does n appe> to be v con/ant4 ,mr4 ,cl>ke says himself t ,c4 ,melo is p]haps d]iv$ by cultivation f ,c4 trigonus2 t is to say1 accord+ to him1 f ! =ms :i* ,naud9 attributes to ,c4 ,melo4 ,! exp]im5ts made dur+ ?ree consecutive ye>s by ,naud9#abge ^u ! products ( ,cucumis trigonus1 f]tiliz$ by ,c4 ,melo1 seem 9 fav\r ( ! op9ion :i* admits a specific div]sity2 = if f]tilization took place ! products 7 ( diff]5t =ms1 & (t5 rev]t$ to "o or o!r ( ! orig9al p>5ts4 #b4 ,! ,african =ms4 ,naud9 _h no specim5s 9 suffici5tly good condition1 or ( :i* ! wild /ate 0 suffici5tly c]ta9 to ass]t positively ! habitation ( ! species 9 ,africa4 ,he admits x ) hesitation4 ,he includes 9 ! species cultivat$ =ms1 or o!r wild ones1 ( :i* he _h n se5 ! fruit4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]#abgf subsequ5tly obta9$ specim5s :i* prove m4 ,i am n speak+ ( ^? f ! ,nile ,valley1#abgg :i* are probably cultivat$1 b ( plants ga!r$ by ,b>t] 9 ,gu9ea 9 ! s&s on ! banks ( ! ,nig]4 ,?onn+#abgh _h previ\sly f\nd1 9 s&y soil 9 ,gu9ea1 a ,cucumis to :i* he _h giv5 ! "n ar5>ius2 & ,cogniaux1#abgi aft] hav+ se5 a specim5 br\ght home by ?is travell]1 _h class$ x ) ,c4 ,melo1 z ,sir ,j4 ,hook] ?\ght4 ,! negroes eat ! fruit ( ! plant f\nd by ,b>t]4 ,! smell is t ( a fre% gre5 melon4 ,9 ,?onn+'s plant ! fruit is ovoid1 ! size ( a plum4 ,?us 9 ,africa z 9 ,india ! species be>s small fruit 9 a wild /ate1 z we might expect4 ,! ,dudaim among cultivat$ v>ieties is alli$ to x4 ,! majority ( ! species ( ! g5us ,cucumis are f\nd 9 ,africa2 a small m9ority 9 ,asia or 9 ,am]ica4 ,o!r species ( ,cucurbitace are divid$ betwe5 ,asia & ,am]ica1 al?\gh z a rule1 9 ?is family1 ! areas ( species are cont9u\s & re/rict$4 ,cucumis ,melo 0 once p]haps1 l ,citrullus ,colocyn?is ( ! same family1 wild f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa z f> z ,india )\t any break4 ,i =m]ly hesitat$ to admit t ! melon 0 indig5\s 9 ! nor? ( ! ,caucasus1 z x is ass]t$ by anci5t au?ors--an ass]tion :i* has n be5 confirm$ by subsequ5t botani/s4 ,hoh5ack]1 :o 0 said to h f\nd ! species ne> ,elisabe?polis1 makes no m5tion ( x 9 8 pap] ^u ! prov9ce ( ,talys*4 ,m4 ,boissi] does n include ,cucumis ,melo 9 8 ,ori5tal flora4 ,he m]ely says t x is easily naturaliz$ on rubbi%-heaps & wa/e gr\nd4 ,! same ?+ has be5 obs]v$ else:]e1 = in/ance 9 ! s&s ( ,ussuri1 9 ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,?is w\ld be a reason = mi/ru/+ ! locality ( ! s&s ( ! ,nig]1 if ! small size ( ! fruit 9 ?is case did n recall ! wild =ms ( ,india4 ,! culture ( ! melon1 or ( diff]5t v>ieties ( ! melon1 may h begun sep>ately 9 ,india & ,africa4 ,its introduction into ,*9a appe>s to date only f ! eigh? c5tury ( our era1 judg+ f ! epo* ( ! fir/ "w :i* m5tions x4#abhj ,z ! relations ( ! ,*9ese ) ,bactriana1 & ! nor?-we/ ( ,india by ! embassy ( ,*ang-ki51 date f ! second c5tury1 x is possible t ! culture ( ! species 0 n !n widely diffus$ 9 ,asia4 ,! small size ( ! wild fruit (f]$ little inducem5t4 ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n1 b !re is a ,tamul "n1 probably less anci5t1 molam1#abha :i* is l ! ,lat9 ,melo4 ,x is n prov$ t ! anci5t ,egyptians cultivat$ ! melon4 ,! fruit figur$ by ,lepsius#abhb is n recognizable4 ,if ! cultivation _h be5 cu/om>y & anci5t 9 t c\ntry1 ! ,greeks & ,romans w\ld h e>ly kn[n x4 ,n[1 x is d\btful :e!r ! ,sikua ( ,hippocrates & ,!ophra/us1 or ! ,pepon ( ,dioscorides1 or ! ,melopepo ( ,pl9y1 0 ! melon4 ,! passages ref]r+ to x are brief & insignificant2 ,gal5#abhc is less obscure1 :5 he says t ! inside ( ! ,melopepones is eat51 b n ( ! ,pepones4 ,!re has be5 mu* discussion ab\t ^? names1#abhd b we want facts m ?an words4 ,! be/ pro( :i* ,i h be5 able to discov] ( ! exi/5ce ( ! melon among ! ,romans is a v accurate repres5tation ( a fruit 9 ! beautiful mosaic ( fruits 9 ! ,vatican4 ,moreov]1 ,dr4 ,comes c]tifies t ! half ( a melon is repres5t$ 9 a pa9t+ at ,h]culaneum4#abhe ,! species 0 probably introduc$ into ! ,grco-,roman _w at ! "t ( ! ,empire1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x 0 probably ( indiff]5t quality1 to judge f ! sil5ce or ! fa9t praise ( writ]s 9 a c\ntry :]e g\rmets 7 n want+4 ,s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 an improv$ cultivation & relations ) ! ,ea/ h introduc$ bett] v>ieties into our g>d5s4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t !y (t5 deg5]ate ei!r f cold or bad conditions ( soil1 or by cross+ ) inf]ior v>ieties ( ! species4 ,wat]-,melon--,citrullus vulg>is1 ,s*rad]2 ,cucurbita ,citrullus1 ,l9nu4 ,! orig9 ( ! wat]-melon 0 long mi/ak5 or unkn[n4 ,accord+ to ,l9nu1 x 0 a native ( ,s\!rn ,italy4#abhf ,?is ass]tion 0 tak5 f ,mat?iole1 )\t obs]v+ t ?is au?or says x 0 a cultivat$ species4 ,s]+e1#abhg 9 #ahbh1 suppos$ x came f ,india & ,africa1 b he gives no pro(4 ,i believ$ x came f ,s\!rn ,asia1 because ( its v g5]al cultivation 9 ?is region4 ,x 0 n kn[n 9 a wild /ate4 ,at l5g? x 0 f\nd indig5\s 9 tropical ,africa1 on bo? sides ( ! equator1 :i* settles ! "q4#abhh ,liv+/one#abhi saw di/ricts lit]ally cov]$ ) x1 & ! savages & sev]al k9ds ( wild animals eag]ly dev\r$ ! wild fruit4 ,!y are sometimes1 b n always1 bitt]1 & ?is _c be detect$ f ! appe>ance ( ! fruit4 ,! negroes /rike x ) an axe1 & ta/e ! juice to see :e!r x is good or bad4 ,?is div]sity 9 ! wild plant1 gr[+ 9 ! same climate & 9 ! same soil1 is calculat$ to %[ ! small value ( su* a "* 9 cultivat$ ,cucurbitace4 ,= ! re/1 ! frequ5t bitt]ness ( ! wat]-melon is n at all extraord9>y1 z ! mo/ ne>ly alli$ species is ,citrullus ,colocyn?is4 ,naud9 obta9$ f]tile hybrids f cross+ ! bitt] wat]-melon1 wild at ! ,cape1 ) a cultivat$ species :i* confirms ! specific unity sugge/$ by ! outw>d appe>ance4 ,! species has n be5 f\nd wild 9 ,asia4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians cultivat$ ! wat]-melon1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 _! pa9t+s4#abij ,?is is "o reason = believ+ t ! ,israelites knew ! species1 & call$ x abbatit*im1 z is said2 b besides ! ,arabic "n1 batti*1 batteca1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew1 is ! mod]n "n = ! wat]-melon4 ,! ,fr5* "n1 pa/que1 comes ?r\gh ! ,arabic f ! ,hebrew4 ,a pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! plant 9 ! nor? ( ,africa is f\nd 9 ! ,b]b] "n1 tadelat1#abia :i* diff]s too widely f ! ,arabic "n n to h exi/$ be=e ! ,conque/4 ,! ,spani% names z&ria1 c9dria1 & ! ,s>d9ian s9dria1#abib :i* ,i _c connect ) any o!rs1 %[ also an anci5t culture 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,its cultivation e>ly spread into ,asia1 = !re is a ,sanskrit "n1 *ayapula1#abic b ! ,*9ese only receiv$ ! plant 9 ! t5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!y call x si-kua1 t is melon ( ! ,we/4#abid ,z ! wat]-melon is an annual1 x rip5s out ( ! tropics :]ev] ! summ] is suffici5tly hot4 ,! mod]n ,greeks cultivate x l>gely1 & call x c>p\sia or c>p\sea1#abie b ?is "n does n occur 9 anci5t au?ors1 nor ev5 9 ! ,greek ( ! decad5ce & ( ! ,middle ,ages4#abif ,x is ! same z ! k>pus ( ! ,turks ( ,con/ant9ople1#abig :i* we f9d aga9 9 ! ,russian arbus1#abih & 9 ,b5gali & ,h9du/ani z t>buj1 turb\z4#abii ,ano!r ,con/ant9ople "n1 m5tion$ by ,=skal1 *imonico1 recurs 9 ,albanian *imico4#acjj ,! abs5ce ( an anci5t ,greek "n :i* c ) c]ta9ty be attribut$ to ?is species1 seems to %[ t x 0 introduc$ into ! ,grco-,roman _w ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! poem ,copa1 attribut$ to ,virgil & ,pl9y1 p]haps m5tions x 7lib4 #ai1 cap4 #e71 z ,naud9 ?9ks1 b x is d\btful4 ,europeans h introduc$ ! wat]-melon into ,am]ica1 :]e x is n[ cultivat$ f ,*ili to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! jac ( ! ,brazilians1 ( :i* ,piso & ,m>cgraf h a draw+1 is evid5tly introduc$1 = ! fir/-nam$ au?or says x is cultivat$ & p>tly naturaliz$4#acja ,cucumb]--,cucumis sativus1 ,l9nu4 ,9 spite ( ! v evid5t diff]5ce betwe5 ! melon & cucumb]1 :i* bo? belong to ! g5us ,cucumis1 cultivators suppose t ! species may be cross$1 & t ! quality ( ! melon is ?us sometimes spoilt4 ,naud9#acjb asc]ta9$ by exp]im5ts t ?is f]tilization is n possible1 & has also %[n t ! di/9ction ( ! two species is well f\nd$4 ,! orig9al c\ntry ( ,cucumis sativus 0 unkn[n to ,l9nu & ,lam>ck4 ,9 #ahje1 ,wild5[#acjc ass]t$ x 0 indig5\s 9 ,t>t>y & ,india1 b )\t furni%+ any pro(4 ,lat] botani/s h n confirm$ ! ass]tion4 ,:5 ,i w5t into ! "q 9 #ahee1 ! species _h n be5 any:]e f\nd wild4 ,= v>i\s reasons d$uc$ f its anci5t culture 9 ,asia & 9 ,europe1 & especially f ! exi/5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n1 s\kasa1#acjd ,i said1 8,its orig9al habitat is probably ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 = in/ance ,cabul1 or "s adjac5t c\ntry4 ,ev]y?+ seems to %[ t x w "o day be discov]$ 9 ^! regions :i* are z yet b little kn[n40 ,?is conjecture has be5 realiz$ if we admit1 ) ! be/-in=m$ mod]n au?ors1 t ,cucumis ,h>dwickii1 ,royle1 possesses ! *>act]i/ics ( ,cucumis sativus4 ,a col\r$ illu/ration ( ?is cucumb] f\nd at ! foot ( ! ,himalayas may be se5 9 ,royle's ,illu/rations ( ,himalayan ,plants1 p4 #bbj1 pl4 #dg4 ,! /ems1 leaves1 & fl[]s are exactly ^? ( ,c4 sativus4 ,! fruit1 smoo? & elliptical1 has a bitt] ta/e2 b !re are simil> =ms ( ! cultivat$ cucumb]1 & we "k t 9 o!r species ( ! same family1 ! wat]-melon1 = in/ance1 ! pulp is sweet or bitt]4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 aft] describ+ ! rem>kable v>iety :i* he calls ! ,sikkim cucumb]1#acje adds t ! v>iety ,h>dwickii1 wild f ,kumaon to ,sikkim1 & ( :i* he has ga!r$ specim5s1 does n diff] m f ! cultivat$ plant ?an c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! latt] diff] f o!rs2 & ,cogniaux1 aft] see+ ! plants 9 ! h]b>ium at ,kew1 adopts ?is op9ion4#acjf ,! cucumb]1 cultivat$ 9 ,india = at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 0 only introduc$ into ,*9a 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 :5 ! ambassador ,*ang-ki5 return$ f ,bactriana4#acjg ,! species spread m rapidly t[>ds ! ,we/4 ,! anci5t ,greeks cultivat$ ! cucumb] "u ! "n ( sikuos1#acjh :i* rema9s z si-kua 9 ! mod]n language4 ,! mod]n ,greeks h also ! "n agg\ria1 f an anci5t ,aryan root :i* is sometimes appli$ to ! wat]-melon1 & :i* recurs = ! cucumb] 9 ! ,bohemian agurka1 ! ,g]man ,gurke1 etc4 ,! ,albanians 7,pelasgians87 h q a diff]5t "n1 kratsavets1#acji :i* we recognize 9 ! ,slav ,kra/avak4 ,! ,lat9s call$ ! cucumb] cucumis4 ,^! diff]5t names %[ ! antiquity ( ! species 9 ,europe4 ,!re is ev5 an ,e/honian "n1 uggurits1 ukkurits1 urits4#acaj ,x does n seem to be ,f9ni%1 b to belong to ! same ,aryan root z agg\ria4 ,if ! cucumb] came into ,europe be=e ! ,aryans1 !re w\ld p]haps be "s "n peculi> to ! ,basque language1 or se$s w\ld h be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l& & ,savoy2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,! peoples 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caucasus h names q diff]5t to ! ,greek2 9 ,t>t> ki>1 9 ,kalmuck *aja1 9 ,arm5ian k>an4#acaa ,! "n *i> exi/s also 9 ,arabic = a v>iety ( ! cucumb]4#acab ,?is is1 !re=e1 a ,turanian "n ant]ior to ! ,sanskrit1 :]eby its culture 9 ,we/]n ,asia w\ld be m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s old4 ,x is (t5 said t ! cucumb] is ! kis*s*uim1 "o ( ! fruits ( ,egypt regrett$ by ! ,israelites 9 ! des]t4#acac ,h[ev]1 ,i d n f9d any ,arabic "n among ! ?ree giv5 by ,=skal :i* c be connect$ ) ?is1 & hi!rto no trace has be5 f\nd ( ! pres5ce ( ! cucumb] 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,we/ ,indian ,gh]k9--,cucumis ,anguria1 ,l9nu4 ,?is small species ( cucumb] is designat$ 9 ! ,bon ,j>d9i] "u ! "n ( ! cucumb] ,arada4 ,! fruit1 ( ! size ( an egg1 is v prickly4 ,x is eat5 cook$ or pickl$4 ,z ! plant is v productive1 x is l>gely cultivat$ 9 ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,desc\rtilz & ,sir ,joseph ,hook] h publi%$ good col\r$ illu/rations ( x1 & ,m4 ,cogniaux a plate ) a detail$ analysis ( ! fl[]4#acad ,sev]al botani/s affirm t x is wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,p4 ,br[ne1#acae 9 ! la/ c5tury1 spoke ( ! plant z ! 8little wild cucumb]0 79 ,jamaica74 ,desc\rtilz said1 8,! cucumb] gr[s wild ev]y:]e1 & pr9cipally 9 ! dry savannahs & ne> riv]s1 ^: banks af=d a ri* vegetation40 ,! inhabitants call x ! 8m>oon cucumb]40 ,griseba*#acaf saw specim5s 9 sev]al o!r ,we/ ,india ,isles1 & appe>s to admit _! wild "*4 ,m4 ,e4 ,&r f\nd ! species gr[+ 9 ! s& ( ! sea-%ore at ,porto-,cabello1 & ,bur*ell 9 a simil> locality 9 ,brazil1 & ,ri$el ne> ,rio di ,janeiro4#acag ,9 ! case ( a numb] ( o!r specim5s ga!r$ 9 ! ea/ ( ,am]ica f ,brazil to ,florida1 x is unkn[n :e!r !y 7 wild or cultivat$4 ,a wild ,brazilian plant1 badly drawn by ,piso1#acah is m5tion$ z belong+ to ! species1 b ,i am v d\btful ( ?is4 ,botani/s f ,t\rne=t d[n to our own day h consid]$ ! ,anguria to be ( ,am]ican orig91 a native ( ,jamaica 9 p>ticul>4 ,m4 ,naud9#acai 0 ! fir/ to po9t out t all ! o!r species ( ,cucumis are ( ! old _w1 & pr9cipally ,african4 ,he wond]$ :e!r ?is "o _h n be5 introduc$ into ,am]ica by ! negroes1 l _m o!r plants :i* h become naturaliz$4 ,h[ev]1 unable to f9d any simil> ,african plant1 he adopt$ ! g5]al op9ion4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 on ! contr>y1 is incl9$ to believe t ,c4 ,anguria is a cultivat$ & modifi$ =m ( "s ,african species ne>ly alli$ to ,c4 prophet>um & ,c4 ,fig>ei1 al?\gh ^! are p]5nial4 ,9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis1 ,i may add3 7#a7 ,! "n m>oon cucumb]1 giv5 9 ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 indicates a plant :i* has become wild1 = ?is is ! mean+ ( ! ^w m>oon z appli$ to ! negroes2 7#b7 its ext5d$ area 9 ,am]ica f ,brazil to ! ,we/ ,indies1 always along ! coa/ :]e ! slave trade 0 mo/ brisk1 seems to be a pro( ( =eign orig94 ,if ! species grew 9 ,am]ica previ\s to its discov]y1 x w\ld1 ) su* an ext5sive habitat1 h be5 also f\nd ^u ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & inl&1 :i* is n ! case4 ,! "q c only be solv$ by a m complete k ( ! ,african species ( ,cucumis1 & by exp]im5ts ^u f]tilization1 if any h ! pati5ce & ability necess>y to d = ! g5us ,cucumis :at ,naud9 has done = ! g5us ,cucurbita4 ,la/ly1 ,i w\ld po9t out ! absurdity ( a common "n = ! ,anguria 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--,j]usalem ,cucumb]4#acbj ,aft] ?is1 is x possible to take popul> names z a guide 9 our se>* = orig9s8 ,:ite ,g\rd-melon1 or ,b59casa--,b59casa hispida1 ,?unb]g2 ,b59casa c]if]a1 ,savi4 ,?is species1 :i* is ! only "o ( ! g5us ,b59casa1 is s l ! pumpk9s t e>ly botani/s took x = "o1#acba 9 spite ( ! waxy effloresc5ce on ! surface ( ! fruit4 ,x is v g5]ally cultivat$ 9 tropical c\ntries4 ,x 01 p]haps1 a mi/ake to ab&on its cultivation 9 ,europe aft] hav+ tri$ x1 = ,naud9 & ! ,bon ,j>d9i] bo? recomm5d x4 ,x is ! cumbalam ( ,rhe$e1 ! camol5ga ( ,rumphius1 :o _h se5 x cultivat$ 9 ,malab> & ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 & give illu/rations ( x4 ,f sev]al works1 ev5 rec5t ones1#acbb x might be suppos$ t x _h nev] be5 f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 b if we notice ! diff]5t names "u :i* x has be5 describ$ we %all f9d t ?is is n ! case4 ,?us ,cucurbita hispida1 ,?unb]g1 & ,lag5>ia dasy/emon1 ,miquel1 f au!ntic specim5s se5 by ,cogniaux1#acbc are synonyms ( ! species1 & ^! plants are wild 9 ,japan4#acbd ,cucurbita littoralis1 ,hassk>l1#acbe f\nd among %rubs on ! sea-%ore 9 ,java1 & ,gymnopetalum septemlobum1 ,miquel1 also 9 ,java1 are ! ,b59casa accord+ to ,cogniaux4 ,z are also ,cucurbita vacua1 ,muell]1#acbf & ,cucurbita pruri5s1 ,=/]1 ( :i* he has se5 au!ntic specim5s f\nd at ,rock+ham1 9 ,au/ralia1 & 9 ! ,society ,isl&s4 ,nadeaud#acbg does n m5tion ! latt]4 ,tempor>y naturalization may be suspect$ 9 ! ,pacific ,isles & 9 ,que5sl&1 b ! localities ( ,java & ,japan seem q c]ta94 ,i am ! m incl9$ to believe 9 ! latt]1 t ! cultivation ( ! ,b59casa 9 ,*9a dates f ! remote/ antiquity4#acbh ,t[el ,g\rd--,momordica cyl9drica1 ,l9nu2 ,luffa cyl9drica1 ,rm]4 ,naud9#acbi says1 8,luffa cyl9drica1 :i* 9 "s ( our colonies has reta9$ ! ,indian "n ptole1 is probably a native ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 & p]haps also ( ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,polynesia4 ,x is cultivat$ by ! peoples ( mo/ hot c\ntries1 & x appe>s to be naturaliz$ 9 _m places :]e x d\btless did n exi/ orig9ally40 ,cogniaux#accj is m positive4 8,an indig5\s species10 he says1 89 all ! tropical regions ( ! old _w2 (t5 cultivat$ & half wild 9 ,am]ica betwe5 ! tropics40 ,9 consult+ ! works quot$ 9 ^! two monographs1 & h]b>ia1 its "* z a wild plant w be f\nd sometimes conclusively c]tifi$4 ,) reg>d to ,asia1#acca ,rhe$e saw x 9 s&y places1 9 woods & o!r localities 9 ,malab>2 ,roxburgh says x is wild 9 ,h9du/an2 ,kurz1 9 ! =e/s ( ,burmah2 ,?waites1 9 ,ceylon4 ,i h specim5s f ,ceylon & ,khasia4 ,!re is no ,sanskrit "n kn[n1 & ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1 9 8 "w ,on ! ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 & 9 8 lett]s m5tions no luffa ei!r wild or cultivat$ 9 ,*9a4 ,i suppose1 !re=e1 t its cultivation is n anci5t ev5 9 ,india4 ,! species is wild 9 ,au/ralia1 on ! banks ( riv]s 9 ,que5sl&1#accb & h5ce x is probable x w be f\nd wild 9 ! ,asiatic ,ar*ipelago1 :]e ,rumphius1 ,miquel1 etc41 only m5tion x z a cultivat$ plant4 ,h]b>ia conta9 a great numb] ( specim5s f tropical ,africa1 f ,mozambique to ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 & ev5 z f> z ,angola1 b collectors d n appe> to h indicat$ :e!r !y 7 cultivat$ or wild plants4 ,9 ! ,deless]t h]b>ium1 ,heudelot indicates x z gr[+ 9 f]tile gr\nd 9 ! environs ( ,galam4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]#accc quotes ?is )\t affirm+ any?+4 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]on1#accd :o are always c>eful 9 ?is matt]1 say ! species is only a cultivat$ "o 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,?is is curi\s1 because ! plant 0 se5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 9 ,egyptian g>d5s "u ! ,arabian "n ( luff1#acce :5ce ! g5us 0 call$ ,luffa1 & ! species ,luffa gyptica4 ,! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts %[ no trace ( x4 ,! abs5ce ( a ,hebrew "n is ano!r reason = believ+ t its cultivation 0 introduc$ into ,egypt 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is n[ gr[n 9 ! ,delta1 n only = ! fruit b also = ! export ( ! se$1 f :i* a prep>ation is made = s(t5+ ! sk94 ,! species is cultivat$ 9 ,brazil1 ,guiana1 ,mexico1 etc41 b ,i f9d no indication t x is indig5\s 9 ,am]ica4 ,x appe>s to h be5 "h & !re naturaliz$1 9 ,nic>agua = in/ance1 f a specim5 ( ,levy's4 ,9 brief1 ! ,asiatic orig9 is c]ta91 ! ,african v d\btful1 t ( ,am]ica imag9>y1 or r ! effect ( naturalization4 ,angul> ,luffa--,luffa acutangula1 ,roxburgh4 ,! orig9 ( ?is species1 cultivat$ l ! prec$+ "o 9 all tropical c\ntries1 is n v cle>1 accord+ to ,naud9 & ,cogniaux4#accf ,! fir/ gives ,s5egal1 ! second ,asia1 &1 d\btfully1 ,africa4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t ,l9nu#accg 0 mi/ak5 9 indicat+ ,t>t>y & ,*9a4 ,cl>ke1 9 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]'s flora1 says )\t hesitation t x is indig5\s 9 ,briti% ,india4 ,rhe$e#acch =m]ly saw ! plant 9 s&y soil 9 ,malab>4 ,its natural area seems to be limit$1 = ,?waites 9 ,ceylon1 ,kurz 9 ,briti% ,burmah1 & ,l\reiro 9 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a1#acci only give ! species z cultivat$1 or gr[+ on rubbi%-heaps ne> g>d5s4 ,rumphius#acdj calls x a ,b5gal plant4 ,no luffa has be5 long cultivat$ 9 ,*9a1 accord+ to a lett] ( ,dr4 ,brets*neid]4 ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n4 ,all ^! are indications ( a comp>atively rec5t culture 9 ,asia4 ,a v>iety ) bitt] fruit is common 9 ,briti% ,india#acda 9 a wild /ate1 s9ce !re is no inducem5t to cultivate x4 ,x exi/s also 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s4 ,x is ,luffa am>a1 ,roxburgh1 & ,l4 sylve/ris1 ,miquel4 ,l4 subangulata1 ,miquel1 is ano!r v>iety :i* gr[s 9 ,java1 :i* ,m4 ,cogniaux also unites ) ! o!rs f au!ntic specim5s :i* he saw4 ,m4 ,naud9 does n say :at travell] gives ! plant z wild 9 ,s5egambia2 b he says ! negroes call x pap5gaye1 & z ?is is ! "n ( ! ,mauritius plant]s1#acdb x is probable t ! plant is cultivat$ 9 ,s5egal1 & p]haps naturaliz$ ne> dwell+s4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 9 ! ,flora ( ,tropical ,africa1 gives ! species1 b )\t pro( t x is wild 9 ,africa1 & ,cogniaux is /ill m brief4 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]on#acdc d n m5tion x ei!r z wild or cultivat$ 9 ,egypt1 ,nubia1 & ,abyss9ia4 ,!re is no trace ( its anci5t cultivation 9 ,egypt4 ,! species has (t5 be5 s5t f ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,new ,granada1 ,brazil1 & o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica1 b !re is no indication t x has be5 long 9 ^! places1 nor ev5 t x occurs at a di/ance f g>d5s 9 a really wild /ate4 ,! conditions or probabilities ( orig91 & ( date ( culture1 are1 x w be se51 id5tical = ! two cultivat$ species ( luffa4 ,9 support ( ! hypo!sis t ! latt] is n ( ,african orig91 ,i may say t ! f\r o!r species ( ! g5us are ,asiatic or ,am]ican2 & z a sign t ! cultivation ( ! luffa is n v anci5t1 ,i w add t ! =m ( ! fruit v>ies mu* less ?an 9 ! o!r cultivat$ cucurbitacea4 ,snake ,g\rd--,tri*osan!s angu9a1 ,l9nu4 ,an annual creep+ ,cucurbitacea1 rem>kable = its fr+$ corolla4 ,x is call$ petole 9 ,mauritius1 f a ,java "n4 ,! fruit1 :i* is some?+ l a long fle%y pod ( "s legum9\s plants1 is eat5 cook$ l a cucumb] 9 tropical ,asia4 ,z ! botani/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury receiv$ ! plant f ,*9a1 !y imag9$ t ! plant 0 indig5\s !re1 b x 0 probably cultivat$4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]#acdd tells u t ! ,*9ese "n1 mankua1 means 8cucumb] ( ! s\!rn b>b>ians40 ,its home mu/ be ,india1 or ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,no au?or1 h[ev]1 ass]ts t x has be5 f\nd 9 a di/9ctly wild /ate4 ,?us ,cl>ke1 9 ,hook]'s ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 ii4 p4 #faj1 says only1 8,india1 cultivat$40 ,naud91#acde be=e him1 said1 8,inhabits ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :]e x is mu* cultivat$ = its fruits4 ,x is r>ely f\nd wild40 ,rumphius#acdf is n m positive = ,amboyna4 ,l\reiro & ,kurz 9 ,co*9-,*9a & ,burmah1 ,blume & ,miquel 9 ! isl&s to ! s\? ( ,asia1 h only se5 ! plant cultivat$4 ,! ?irty-n9e o!r species ( ! g5us are all ( ! old _w1 f\nd betwe5 ,*9a or ,japan1 ! we/ ( ,india & ,au/ralia4 ,!y belong especially to ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,i consid] ! ,indian orig9 z ! mo/ probable "o4 ,! species has be5 introduc$ into ,mauritius1 :]e x s[s itself r\nd cultivat$ places4 ,else:]e x is little diffus$4 ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n4 ,*ayote1 or ,*oco--,se*ium edule ,sw>tz4 ,?is plant1 ( ! ord] ,cucurbitace1 is cultivat$ 9 tropical ,am]ica = its fruits1 %ap$ l a pe>1 & ta/+ l a cucumb]4 ,!y conta9 only "o se$1 s t ! fle% is abundant4 ,! species alone con/itutes ! g5us ,se*ium4 ,!re are specim5s 9 e h]b>ium1 b g5]ally collectors d n indicate :e!r !y are naturaliz$1 or really wild1 & app>5tly indig5\s 9 ! c\ntry4 ,)\t speak+ ( works 9 :i* ?is plant is said to come f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :i* is entirely a mi/ake1 sev]al ( ! be/ give ,jamaica#acdg z ! orig9al home4 ,h[ev]1 ,p4 ,br[ne1#acdh 9 ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 said positively t x 0 cultivat$ !re1 & ,sloane does n m5tion x4 ,jacqu9#acdi says t x 8inhabits ,cuba1 & is cultivat$ !re10 & ,ri*>d copies ?is phrase 9 ! flora ( ,r4 de ,la ,sagra )\t add+ any pro(4 ,naud9 says1#acej 8a ,mexican plant10 b he does n give 8 reasons = ass]t+ ?is4 ,cogniaux1#acea 9 8 rec5t monograph1 m5tions a great numb] ( specim5s ga!r$ f ,brazil to ! ,we/ ,indies )\t say+ if he _h se5 any "o ( ^! giv5 z wild4 ,seemann#aceb saw ! plant cultivat$ at ,panama1 & he adds a rem>k1 important if correct1 namely1 t ! "n *ayote1 common 9 ! i/hmus1 is ! corruption ( an ,aztec ^w1 *ayotl4 ,?is is an indication ( an anci5t exi/5ce 9 ,mexico1 b ,i d n f9d ! ^w 9 ,h]n&ez1 ! classic au?or on ! ,mexican plants ant]ior to ! ,spani% conque/4 ,! *ayote 0 n cultivat$ 9 ,cay5ne t5 ye>s ago4#acec ,no?+ indicates an anci5t cultivation 9 ,brazil4 ,! species is n m5tion$ by e>ly writ]s1 su* z ,piso & ,m>cgraf1 & ! "n *u*u1 giv5 z ,brazilian1#aced seems to me to come f *o*o1 ! ,jamaica "n1 :i* is p]haps a corruption ( ! ,mexican ^w4 ,! plant is probably a native ( ! s\? ( ,mexico & ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & 0 transport$ into ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s & to ,brazil 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! species 0 aft]w>ds introduc$ into ,mauritius & ,alg]ia1 :]e x is v successful4#acee ,indian ,fig1 or ,prickly ,pe>--,opuntia ficus indica1 ,mill]4 ,?is fle%y plant ( ! ,cactus family1 :i* produces ! fruit kn[n 9 ! s\? ( ,europe z ! ,indian fig1 has no connection ) ! fig tree1 nor has ! fruit ) ! fig4 ,its orig9 is n ,indian b ,am]ican4 ,ev]y?+ is errone\s & absurd 9 ?is common "n4 ,h[ev]1 s9ce ,l9nu took 8 botanical "n f x1 ,cactus ficus indica1 aft]w>ds connect$ ) ! g5us ,opuntia1 x 0 necess>y to reta9 ! specific "n to avoid *anges :i* are a s\rce ( confusion1 & to recall ! popul> d5om9ation4 ,! prickly =ms1 & ^? m or less free f sp9es1 h be5 consid]$ by "s au?ors z di/9ct species1 b an att5tive exam9ation leads u to reg>d !m z "o4#acef ,! species exi/$ bo? wild & cultivat$ 9 ,mexico be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,h]n&ez#aceg describes n9e v>ieties ( x1 :i* %[s ! antiquity ( its cultivation4 ,! co*9eal insect appe>s to fe$ on "o ( ^!1 almo/ )\t ?orns1 m ?an on ! o!rs1 & x has be5 transport$ ) ! plant to ! ,can>y ,isles & else:]e4 ,x is n kn[n h[ f> its habitat ext5d$ 9 ,am]ica be=e man transport$ pieces ( ! plant1 %ap$ l a racket1 & ! fruits1 :i* are two easy ways ( propagat+ x4 ,p]haps ! wild plants 9 ,jamaica1 & ! o!r ,we/ ,india ,isl&s m5tion$ by ,sloane1#aceh 9 #agbe1 7 ! result ( its introduction by ! ,spani>ds4 ,c]ta9ly ! species has become naturaliz$ 9 ?is direction z f> z ! climate p]mits2 = in/ance1 z f> z ,s\!rn ,florida4#acei ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ plants :i* ! ,spani>ds introduc$ to ! old _w1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,its s+ul> appe>ance 0 ! m /rik+ t no o!r species belong+ to ! family _h be=e be5 se54#acfj ,all sixte5?-c5tury botani/s m5tion x1 & ! plant became naturaliz$ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe & 9 ,africa z its cultivation 0 introduc$4 ,x 0 9 ,spa9 t ! prickly pe> 0 fir/ kn[n "u ! ,am]ican "n tuna1 & x 0 probably ! ,moors :o took x into ,b>b>y :5 !y 7 expell$ f ! p59sula4 ,!y call$ x fig ( ! ,*ri/ians4#acfa ,! cu/om ( us+ ! plant = f5ces1 & ! n\ri%+ prop]ty ( ! fruits1 :i* conta9 a l>ge proportion ( sug>1 h det]m9$ its ext5sion r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 g5]al 9 all c\ntries ne> ! tropics4 ,! cultivation ( ! co*9eal1 :i* 0 unfav\rable to ! production ( ! fruit1#acfb is dy+ out s9ce ! manufacture ( col\r+ matt]s by *emical processes4 ,gooseb]ry--,ribes grossul>ia & ,r4 ,vacrispa1 ,l9nu4 ,! fruit ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties is g5]ally smoo?1 or provid$ ) a few /iff hairs1 :ile t ( ! wild v>ieties has s(t & %ort] hairs2 b int]m$iate =ms exi/1 & x has be5 %[n by exp]im5t t by s[+ ! se$s ( ! cultivat$ fruit1 plants ) ei!r smoo? or hairy fruit are obta9$4#acfc ,!re is1 !re=e1 b "o species1 :i* has produc$ "u cultivation "o pr9cipal v>iety & sev]al sub-v>ieties z to ! size1 col\r1 or ta/e ( ! fruit4 ,! gooseb]ry gr[s wild ?r\gh\t temp]ate ,europe1 f ,s\!rn ,sw$5 to ! m\nta9\s regions ( ,c5tral ,spa91 ( ,italy1 & ( ,greece4#acfd ,x is also m5tion$ 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 b ! la/ publi%$ catalogue ( ,alg]ian plants#acfe indicates x only 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,aures1 & ,ball has f\nd a v>iety 9 ! ,atlas ( ,m>occo4#acff ,x gr[s 9 ! ,caucasus1#acfg & "u m or less diff]5t =ms 9 ! we/]n ,himalayas4#acfh ,! ,greeks & ,romans d n m5tion ! species1 :i* is r>e 9 ! ,s\?1 & :i* is h>dly wor? plant+ :]e grapes w rip54 ,x is especially 9 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,engl& t x has be5 cultivat$ f ! sixte5? c5tury1#acfi pr9cipally z a season+1 :5ce ! ,engli% "n1 & ! ,fr5* groseille maqu]eaux 7mack]el currant74 ,a w9e is also made f x4 ,! frequ5cy ( its cultivation 9 ! ,briti% ,isles & 9 o!r places :]e x is f\nd wild1 :i* are (t5 ne> g>d5s1 has sugge/$ to "s ,engli% botani/s ! idea ( an accid5tal naturalization4 ,?is is likely en\gh 9 ,irel&2#acgj b z x is an ess5tially ,european species1 ,i d n see :y x %\ld n h exi/$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! wild plant is m common1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( mo/ ( ! species ( ! ,briti% flora2 t is to say1 s9ce ! end ( ! glacial p]iod1 be=e ! sep>ation ( ! isl& f ! cont95t4 ,phillips quotes an old ,engli% "n1 feab]ry or feabes1 :i* supports ! !ory ( an anci5t exi/5ce1 & two ,wel% names1#acga ( :i* ,i _c1 h[ev]1 c]tify ! orig9ality4 ,r$ ,currant--,ribes rubrum1 ,l9nu4 ,! common r$ currant is wild ?r\gh\t ,nor!rn & ,temp]ate ,europe1 & 9 ,sib]ia#acgb z f> z ,kamts*atka1 & 9 ,am]ica1 f ,canada & ,v]mont to ! m\? ( ! riv] ,mack5zie4#acgc ,l ! prec$+ species1 x 0 unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & its cultivation 0 only introduc$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! cultivat$ plant h>dly diff]s f ! wild "o4 ,t ! plant 0 =eign to ! s\? ( ,europe is %[n by ! "n ( groseilli] d'outrem] 7currant f beyond ! sea71 giv5 9 ,france#acgd 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,g5eva ! currant is /ill commonly call$ rais9 de m>e1 & 9 ! canton ( ,soleure me]trbli4 ,i d n "k :y ! species 0 suppos$1 ?ree c5turies ago1 to h come f beyond seas4 ,p]haps ?is %\ld be und]/ood to mean t x 0 br\ght by ! ,danes & ! ,nor?m51 & t ^! peoples f beyond ! nor!rn seas introduc$ its cultivation4 ,i d\bt x1 h[ev]1 = ! ,ribes rubrum is wild 9 almo/ ! :ole ( ,great ,brita9#acge & 9 ,norm&y2#acgf ! ,engli%1 :o 7 9 con/ant communication ) ! ,danes1 did n cultivate x z late z #aeeg1 f a li/ ( ! fruits ( t epo* drawn up by ,?4 ,tuss]1 & publi%$ by ,phillips2#acgg & ev5 9 ! "t ( ,g]>d1 9 #aeig1acgh its cultivation 0 r>e1 & ! plant _h no p>ticul> "n4#acgi ,la/ly1 !re are ,fr5* & ,breton names :i* indicate a cultivation ant]ior to ! ,normans 9 ! we/ ( ,france4 ,! old names 9 ,france are giv5 9 ! diction>y by ,mnage4 ,accord+ to him1 r$ currants are call$ at ,r\5 g>des1 at ,ca5 grades1 9 ,l[] ,norm&y gradilles1 & 9 ,anj\ ca/illes4 ,mnage d]ives all ^! names f rubius1 rubicus1 etc41 by a s]ies ( imag9>y trans=mations1 f ! ^w rub]1 r$4 ,legonidec#achj tells u t r$ currants are also call$ ,ka/ilez 7l4 liquid7 9 ,brittany1 & he d]ives ?is "n f ,ca/ille1 z if a fruit sc>cely kn[n 9 ,spa9 & abundant 9 ! nor? c\ld come f ,spa94 ,^! words1 f\nd bo? 9 ,brittany & beyond its limits1 appe> to me to be ( ,celtic orig92 & ,i may m5tion1 9 support ( ?is !ory1 t 9 ,legonidec's diction>y g>dis means r\gh1 h>%1 pung5t1 s\r1 etc41 :i* gives a h9t z to ! etymology4 ,! g5]ic "n ,ribes has caus$ o!r errors4 ,x 0 ?\ght ! plant might be "o :i* 0 s call$ by ! ,arabs2 b ! ^w comes r f a "n = ! currant v common 9 ! nor?1 ribs 9 ,dani%1#acha risp & resp 9 ,sw$i%4#achb ,! ,slav names are q diff]5t & 9 consid]able numb]4 ,black ,currant--,cassis2 ,ribes nigrum1 ,l9nu4 ,! black currant gr[s wild 9 ! nor? ( ,europe1 f ,scotl& & ,lapl& z f> z ! nor? ( ,france & ,italy2 9 ,bosnia1#achc ,arm5ia1#achd ?r\gh\t ,sib]ia1 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur1 & 9 ! we/]n ,himalayas2#ache x (t5 becomes naturaliz$1 z = in/ance1 9 ! c5tre ( ,france4#achf ,?is %rub 0 unkn[n 9 ,greece & ,italy1 = x is prop] to cold] c\ntries4 ,f ! v>iety ( ! names 9 all ! languages1 ev5 9 ^? ant]ior to ! ,aryans1 ( ! nor? ( ,europe1 x is cle> t ?is fruit 0 v e>ly s\ght aft]1 & its cultivation 0 probably begun be=e ! ,middle ,ages4 ,j4 ,bauh9#achg says x 0 plant$ 9 g>d5s 9 ,france & ,italy1 b mo/ sixte5?-c5tury au?ors d n m5tion x4 ,9 ! ,hi/oire de la ,vie ,prive des ,franais1 by ,le ,gr& d',aussy1 publi%$ 9 #ahgb1 vol4 i4 p4 #bcb1 ! foll[+ curi\s passage occurs3 8,! black currant has be5 cultivat$ h>dly =ty ye>s1 & x owes its reputation to a pamphlet entitl$ ,culture du ,cassis1 9 :i* ! au?or attribut$ to ?is %rub all ! virtues x is possible to imag9e40 ,fur!r on 7vol4 iii4 p4 #hj71 ! au?or m5tions ! frequ5t use1 s9ce ! publication ( ! pamphlet 9 "q1 ( a liqueur made f ! black currant4 ,bosc1 :o is always accurate 9 8 articles 9 ! ,dictionnaire d',agriculture1 m5tions ?is fa%ion "u ! head ,currant1 b he is c>eful to add1 8,x has be5 v long 9 cultivation = its fruit1 :i* has a peculi> od\r agreeable to "s1 disagreeable to o!rs1 & :i* is held to be /oma*ic & diuretic40 ,x is also us$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! liqueurs kn[n z ratafia de ,cassis4#achh ,olive--,olea ,europea1 ,l9nu4 ,! wild olive1 call$ 9 botanical books ! v>iety sylve/ris or olea/]1 is di/+ui%$ f ! cultivat$ olive tree by a small] fruit1 ( :i* ! fle% is n s abundant4 ,! be/ fruits are obta9$ by select+ ! se$s1 buds1 or grafts f good v>ieties4 ,! olea/] n[ exi/s ov] a wide area ea/ & we/ ( ,syria1 f ! ,punjab & ,belu*i/an#achi z f> z ,portugal & ev5 ,madeira1 ! ,can>ies & ev5 ,m>occo1#acij & f ! ,atlas nor?w>ds z f> z ! s\? ( ,france1 ! anci5t ,mac$onia1 ! ,crimea1 & ! ,caucasus4#acia ,if we comp>e ! acc\nts ( travell]s & ( ! au?ors ( floras1 x w be se5 t t[>ds ! limits ( ?is area !re is (t5 a d\bt z to ! wild & indig5\s 7t is to say anci5t 9 ! c\ntry7 nature ( ! species4 ,sometimes x (f]s itself z a %rub :i* fruits little or n at all2 & sometimes1 z 9 ! ,crimea1 ! plants are r>e z ?\gh !y _h escap$1 z an exception1 ! de/ructive effects ( w9t]s too sev]e to all[ ( a def9ite e/abli%m5t4 ,z reg>ds ,alg]ia & ! s\? ( ,france1 ^! d\bts h be5 ! subject ( a discussion among compet5t m5 9 ! ,botanical ,society4#acib ,!y repose ^u ! unconte/able fact t birds (t5 transport ! se$ ( ! olive into uncultivat$ & /]ile places1 :]e ! wild =m1 ! olea/]1 is produc$ & naturaliz$4 ,! "q is n cle>ly /at$ :5 we ask if su* & su* olive trees ( a giv5 locality are really wild4 ,9 a woody species :i* lives s long & %oots aga9 f ! same /ock :5 cut (f by accid5t1 x is impossible to "k ! orig9 ( ! individuals obs]v$4 ,!y may h be5 s[n by man or birds at a v e>ly epo*1 = olive trees ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old are kn[n4 ,! effect ( su* s[+ is a naturalization1 :i* is equival5t to an ext5sion ( area4 ,! po9t 9 "q is1 !re=e1 to discov] :at 0 ! home ( ! species 9 v e>ly prehi/oric times1 & h[ ?is area has gr[n l>g] by diff]5t modes ( transport4 ,x is n by ! /udy ( liv+ olive trees t ?is "q c be answ]$4 ,we mu/ seek 9 :at c\ntries ! cultivation began1 & h[ x 0 propagat$4 ,! m anci5t x is 9 any region1 ! m probable x is t ! species has exi/$ wild !re f ! "t ( ^? geological ev5ts :i* took place be=e ! com+ ( prehi/oric man4 ,! e>lie/ ,hebrew books m5tion ! olive sait1 or zeit1#acic bo? wild & cultivat$4 ,x 0 "o ( ! trees promis$ 9 ! l& ( ,canaan4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis1 :]e x is said t ! dove s5t out by ,noah %\ld br+ back a bran* ( olive4 ,if we take into acc\nt ?is tradition1 :i* is accompani$ by miracul\s details1 x may be add$ t ! discov]ies ( mod]n erudition %[ t ! ,m\nt ,ar>at ( ! ,bible mu/ be to ! ea/ ( ! m\nta9 9 ,arm5ia :i* n[ be>s t "n1 & :i* 0 anci5tly call$ ,masis4 ,f a /udy ( ! text ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 ,franois ,l5orm&#acid places ! m\nta9 9 "q 9 ! ,h9du ,ku%1 & ev5 ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,indus4 ,?is !ory supposes x ne> to ! l& ( ! ,aryans1 yet ! olive has no ,sanskrit "n1 n ev5 9 t ,sanskrit f :i* ! ,indian languages#acie are d]iv$4 ,if ! olive _h !n1 z n[1 exi/$ 9 ! ,punjab1 ! ea/]n ,aryans 9 _! migrations t[>ds ! s\? w\ld probably h giv5 x a "n1 & if x _h exi/$ 9 ! ,maz&]an1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 z at ! pres5t day1 ! we/]n ,aryans w\ld p]haps h kn[n x4 ,to ^! negative indications1 x c only be object$ t ! wild olive attracts no consid]able att5tion1 & t ! idea ( extract+ oil f x p]haps arose late 9 ?is "p ( ,asia4 ,h]odotus#acif tells u t ,babylonia grew no olive trees1 & t its inhabitants made use ( oil ( sesame4 ,x is c]ta9 t a c\ntry s subject to inundation 0 n at all fav\rable to ! olive4 ,! cold excludes ! high] plateaux & ! m\nta9s ( ! nor? ( ,p]sia4 ,i d n "k if !re is a "n 9 ,z5d1 b ! ,semitic ^w sait mu/ date f a remote antiquity1 = x is f\nd 9 mod]n ,p]sian1 seitun1#acig & 9 ,arabic1 zeitun1 sjetun4#acih ,x ev5 exi/s 9 ,turki% & among ! ,t>t>s ( ! ,crimea1 seitun1#acii :i* may signify t x is ( ,turanian orig91 or f ! remote epo* :5 ! ,turanian & ,semitic peoples int]mix$4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians cultivat$ ! olive tree1 :i* !y call$ tat4#adjj ,sev]al botani/s h asc]ta9$ ! pres5ce ( bran*es or leaves ( ! olive 9 ! s>cophagi4#adja ,no?+ is m c]ta91 ?\gh ,hehn#adjb has rec5tly ass]t$ ! contr>y1 )\t giv+ any pro( 9 support ( 8 op9ion4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k to :at dyna/y belong ! mo/ anci5t mummy-cases 9 :i* olive bran*es h be5 f\nd4 ,! ,egyptian "n1 q diff]5t to ! ,semitic1 %[s an exi/5ce m anci5t ?an ! e>lie/ dyna/ies4 ,i %all m5tion pres5tly ano!r fact 9 support ( ?is great antiquity4 ,!ophra/us says#adjc t ! olive 0 mu* gr[n1 & ! h>ve/ ( oil consid]able 9 ,cyr5aica1 b he does n say t ! species 0 wild !re1 & ! quantity ( oil m5tion$ seems to po9t to a cultivat$ v>iety4 ,! l[-ly+1 v hot c\ntry betwe5 ,egypt & ! ,atlas is little fav\rable to a naturalization ( ! olive outside ! plantations4 ,kralik1 a v accurate botani/1 did n any:]e see on 8 j\rney to ,tunis & into ,egypt ! olive gr[+ wild1#adjd al?\gh x is cultivat$ 9 ! oases4 ,9 ,egypt x is only cultivat$1 accord+ to ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1#adje 9 _! resum ( ! ,flora ( ! ,nile ,valley4 ,its prehi/oric area probably ext5d$ f ,syria t[>ds ,greece1 = ! wild olive is v common along ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or1 :]e x =ms regul> woods4#adjf ,x is d\btless "h & 9 ! ar*ipelago t ! ,greeks e>ly knew ! tree4 ,if !y _h n kn[n x on _! own t]ritory1 _h receiv$ x f ! ,semites1 !y w\ld n h giv5 x a special "n1 elaia1 :5ce ! ,lat9 olea4 ,! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey m5tion ! h>dness ( ! olive wood & ! practice ( ano9t+ ! body ) olive oil4 ,! latt] 0 9 con/ant use = food & light+4 ,my?ology attribut$ to ,m9]va ! plant+ ( ! olive 9 ,attica1 :i* probably signifies ! introduction ( cultivat$ v>ieties & suitable processes = extract+ ! oil4 ,ari/u introduc$ or p]fect$ ! mann] ( press+ ! fruit4 ,! same my?ical p]sonage c>ri$1 x 0 said1 ! olive tree f ! nor? ( ,greece into ,sicily & ,s>d9ia4 ,x seems t ?is may h be5 e>ly done by ! ,phnicians1 b 9 support ( ! idea t ! species1 or a p]fect$ v>iety ( x1 0 introduc$ by ! ,greeks1 ,i may m5tion t ! ,semitic "n seit has left no trace 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,we f9d ! ,grco-,lat9 "n "h z 9 ,italy1#adjg :ile ^u ! neighb\r+ coa/ ( ,africa1 & 9 ,spa91 ! names are ,egyptian or ,arabic1 z ,i %all expla9 directly4 ,! ,romans knew ! olive lat] ?an ! ,greeks4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y1#adjh x 0 only at ! "t ( ,t>qu9 ! ,anci5t1 #fbg ,b4,c41 b ! species probably exi/$ already 9 ,great ,greece1 z 9 ,greece & ,sicily4 ,besides1 ,pl9y 0 speak+ ( ! cultivat$ olive4 ,a rem>kable fact1 & "o :i* has n be5 not$ or discuss$ by philologi/s1 is t ! ,b]b] "n = ! olive1 bo? tree & fruit1 has ! root taz or tas1 simil> to ! tat ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,! ,kabyles ( ! di/rict ( ,algi]s1 accord+ to ! ,fr5*-,b]b] diction>y1 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 calls ! wild olive tazebb\jt1 teset?a1 ou' zebb\j1 & ! graft$ olive tazemm\rt1 taset?a1 ou' zemm\r4 ,! ,t\>egs1 ano!r ,b]b] nation1 call x tamah9et4#adji ,^! are /rong indications ( ! antiquity ( ! olive 9 ,africa4 ,! ,arabs hav+ conqu]$ ?is c\ntry & driv5 back ! ,b]b]s into ! m\nta9s & ! des]t1 hav+ likewise subject$ ,spa9 except+ ! ,basque c\ntry1 ! names d]iv$ f ! ,semitic zeit h prevail$ ev5 9 ,spani%4 ,! ,arabs ( ,algi]s say z5b\dje = ! wild1 zit\n = ! cultivat$ olive1#adaj zit = olive oil4 ,! ,&alusians call ! wild olive azebu*e1 & ! cultivat$ aceytuno4#adaa ,9 o!r prov9ces we f9d ! "n ( ,lat9 orig91 olivio1 side by side ) ! ,arabic words4#adab ,! oil is 9 ,spani% aceyte1 :i* is almo/ ! ,hebrew "n2 b ! holy oils are call$ oleos santos1 because !y belong to ,rome4 ,! ,basques use ! ,lat9 "n = ! olive tree4 ,e>ly voyag]s to ! ,can>ies1 ,bonti] = in/ance1 9 #adjc1 m5tion ! olive tree 9 ^! isl&s1 :]e mod]n botani/s reg>d x z indig5\s4#adac ,x may h be5 introduc$ by ! ,phnicians1 if x did n previ\sly exi/ !re4 ,we d n "k if ! ,guan*os _h names = ! olive & its oil4 ,webb & ,b]!lot d n give any 9 _! le>n$ *apt] on ! language ( ! aborig9es1#adad s ! "q is op5 to conjecture4 ,x seems to me t ! oil w\ld h play$ an important "p among ! ,guan*os if !y _h possess$ ! olive1 & t "s traces ( x w\ld h rema9$ 9 ! actual spee* ( ! p4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! naturalization 9 ! ,can>ies is p]haps n m anci5t ?an ! ,phnician voyages4 ,no leaf ( ! olive has hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ! tufa ( ! s\? ( ,france1 ( ,tuscany1 & ,sicily1 :]e ! laurel1 ! myrtle1 & o!r %rubs n[ exi/+ h be5 discov]$4 ,?is is an indication1 until ! contr>y is prov$1 ( a subsequ5t naturalization4 ,! olive ?rives 9 dry climates l t ( ,syria & ,assyria4 ,x succe$s at ! ,cape1 9 p>ts ( ,am]ica1 9 ,au/ralia1 & d\btless x w become wild 9 ^! places :5 x has be5 m g5]ally plant$4 ,its sl[ gr[?1 ! necessity ( graft+ or ( *oos+ ! %oots ( good v>ieties1 & especially ! concurr5ce ( o!r oil-produc+ species1 h hi!rto imp$$ its ext5sion2 b a tree :i* produces 9 an ungrateful soil %\ld n be indef9itely neglect$4 ,ev5 9 ! old _w1 :]e x has exi/$ = s _m ?\s&s ( ye>s1 its productiv5ess might be d\bl$ by tak+ ! tr\ble to graft on wild trees1 z ! ,fr5* h done 9 ,alg]ia4 ,/> ,apple--,*rysophyllum ,canito1 ,l9nu4 ,! /> apple belongs to ! family ( ! ,sapotace4 ,x yields a fruit valu$ 9 tropical ,am]ica1 ?\gh ,europeans d n c>e mu* = x4 ,i d n f9d t any pa9s h be5 tak5 to introduce x into ! colonies ( ,asia or ,africa4 ,tussac gives a good illu/ration ( x 9 8 ,flore des ,antilles1 vol4 ii4 pl4 #i4 ,seemann#adae saw ! /> apple wild 9 sev]al places 9 ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,de ,tussac1 a ,san ,dom+o coloni/1 consid]$ x wild 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 & ,griseba*#adaf says x is bo? wild & cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica1 ,san ,dom+o1 ,antigua1 & ,tr9idad4 ,sloane consid]$ x _h escap$ f cultivation 9 ,jamaica1 & ,jacqu9 says vaguely1 8,inhabits ,m>t9ique & ,san ,dom+o40#adag ,camito1 or ,abi--,lucuma ,canito1 ,alph4 de ,c&olle4 ,?is ,p]uvian ,camito mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! ,*rysophyllum ,canito ( ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,bo? belong to ! family ,sapotace1 b ! fl[]s & se$s are diff]5t4 ,!re is a figure ( ?is "o 9 ,ruiz & ,pavon1 ,flora ,p]uviana1 vol4 iii4 pl4 #bdj4 ,x has be5 transport$ f ,p]u1 :]e x is cultivat$1 to ,ega on ! ,amazon ,riv]1 & to ,p>a1 :]e x is commonly call$ abi or abiu4#adah ,ruiz & ,pavon say x is wild 9 ! w>m regions ( ,p]u1 & at ! foot ( ! ,&es4 ,m>malade ,plum1 or ,mammee ,sapota--,lucuma mammosa1 ,grtn]4 ,?is fruit tree1 ( ! ord] ,sapotace & a native ( tropical ,am]ica1 has be5 ! subject ( sev]al mi/akes 9 works on botany4#adai ,!re exi/s no satisfactory & complete illu/ration ( x z yet1 because coloni/s & travell]s ?9k x is too well kn[n to s5d select$ specim5s ( x1 su* z may be describ$ 9 h]b>ia4 ,?is neglect is common en\gh 9 ! case ( cultivat$ plants4 ,! mammee is cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & 9 "s w>m regions ( ,am]ica4 ,sagot tells u x is gr[n 9 ,v5ezuela1 b n 9 ,cay5ne4#adbj ,i d n f9d t x has be5 transport$ into ,africa & ,asia1 ! ,philipp9es#adba except$4 ,?is is probably due to ! insipid ta/e ( ! fruit4 ,humboldt & ,bonpl& f\nd x wild 9 ! =e/s on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco4#adbb ,all au?ors m5tion x 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 b z cultivat$ or )\t ass]t+ t x is wild4 ,9 ,brazil x is only a g>d5 species4 ,sapodilla--,sapota a*ras1 ,mill]4 ,! sapodilla is ! mo/ e/eem$ ( ! ord] ,sapotace1 & "o ( ! be/ ( tropical fruits4 8,an ov]-ripe sapodilla10 says ,desc\rtilz1 9 8 ,flore des ,antilles1 8is melt+1 & has ! sweet p]fumes ( honey1 jasm91 & lily ( ! valley40 ,!re is a v good illu/ration 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 pls4 #caaa & #caab1 & 9 ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 i4 pl4 #e4 ,x has be5 introduc$ into g>d5s 9 ,mauritius1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & ,india1 f ! "t ( ,rhe$e & ,rumphius1 b no "o disputes its ,am]ican orig94 ,sev]al botani/s h se5 x wild 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 ( ,campea*y1#adbc ( ,v5ezuela1#adbd & p]haps ( ,tr9idad4#adbe ,9 ,jamaica1 9 ! "t ( ,sloane1 x exi/$ only 9 g>d5s4#adbf ,x is v d\btful t x is wild 9 ! o!r ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 al?\gh p]haps ! se$s1 scatt]$ "h & !re1 may h naturaliz$ x to a c]ta9 degree4 ,tussac says t ! "y plants are n easy to re> 9 ! plantations4 ,aub]g9e--,solanum melong5a1 ,l9nu2 ,solanum escul5tum1 ,dunal4 ,! aub]g9e has a ,sanskrit "n1 v>tta1 & sev]al names1 :i* ,pidd+ton 9 8 ,index consid]s z bo? ,sanskrit & ,b5gali1 su* z bong1 b>takon1 mahoti1 h+oli4 ,walli*1 9 8 edition ( ,roxburgh's ,indian ,flora1 gives v>tta1 v>ttak\1 v>ttaka bunguna1 :5ce ! ,h9du/ani bungan4 ,h5ce x _c be d\bt$ t ! species has be5 kn[n 9 ,india f a v remote epo*4 ,rumphius _h se5 x 9 g>d5s 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 & ,l\reiro 9 ^? ( ,co*9-,*9a4 ,?unb]g does n m5tion x 9 ,japan1 ?\gh sev]al v>ieties are n[ cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans did n "k ! species1 & no botani/ m5tions x 9 ,europe be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1#adbg b its cultivation mu/ h spread t[>ds ,africa be=e ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,arab physician1 ,ebn ,bai?>1#adbh :o wrote 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 speaks ( x1 & he quotes ,rhasis1 :o liv$ 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,rauwolf#adbi _h se5 ! plant 9 ! g>d5s ( ,aleppo at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 call$ melanzana & b$5giam4 ,?is ,arabic "n1 :i* ,=skal writes bad9jan1 is ! same z ! ,h9du/ani badanjan1 :i* ,pidd+ton gives4 ,a sign ( antiquity 9 ,nor!rn ,africa is ! exi/5ce ( a "n1 tab5djalts1 among ! ,b]b]s or ,kabyles ( ! prov9ce ( ,algi]s1#adcj :i* diff]s consid]ably f ! ,arab ^w4 ,mod]n travell]s h f\nd ! aub]g9e cultivat$ 9 ! :ole ( ! ,nile ,valley & on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4#adca ,x has be5 transport$ into ,am]ica4 ,! cultivat$ =m ( ,solanum melong5a has n hi!rto be5 f\nd wild1 b mo/ botani/s are agre$ 9 reg>d+ ,solanum insanum1 ,roxburgh1 & ,s4 incanum1 ,l9nu1 z belong+ to ! same species4 ,o!r synonyms are sometimes add$1 ! result ( a /udy made by ,nees von ,es5beck f num]\s specim5s4#adcb ,s4 insanum appe>s to h be5 lately f\nd wild 9 ! ,madras presid5cy & at ,tong-dong 9 ,burmah4 ,! publication ( ! article on ! ,solanace 9 ! ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 w probably give m precise in=mation on ?is head4 ,r$ ,pepp]--,capsicum4 ,9 ! be/ botanical works ! g5us ,capsicum is encumb]$ ) a numb] ( cultivat$ =ms1 :i* h nev] be5 f\nd wild1 & :i* diff] especially 9 _! duration 7:i* is (t5 v>iable71 or 9 ! =m ( ! fruit1 a "* :i* is ( little value 9 plants cultivat$ = t special organ4 ,i %all speak ( ! two species mo/ (t5 cultivat$1 b ,i _c refra9 f /at+ my op9ion t no capsicum is indig5\s to ! old _w4 ,i believe !m to be all ( ,am]ican orig91 ?\gh ,i _c absolutely prove x4 ,^! are my reasons4 ,fruits s conspicu\s1 s easily gr[n 9 g>d5s1 & s agreeable to ! palate ( ! inhabitants ( hot c\ntries1 w\ld h be5 v quickly diffus$ ?r\gh\t ! old _w1 if !y _h exi/$ 9 ! s\? ( ,asia1 z x has sometimes be5 suppos$4 ,!y w\ld h _h names 9 sev]al anci5t languages4 ,yet nei!r ,romans1 ,greeks1 nor ev5 ,hebrews 7 acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,!y are n m5tion$ 9 anci5t ,*9ese books4#adcc ,! isl&]s ( ! ,pacific did n cultivate !m at ! "t ( ,cook's voyages1#adcd 9 spite ( _! proximity to ! ,sunda ,isles1 :]e ,rumphius m5tions _! v g5]al use4 ,! ,arabian physician1 ,ebn ,bai?>1 :o collect$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury all t ,ea/]n nations knew ab\t m$ic9al plants1 says no?+ ab\t x4 ,roxburgh knew no ,sanskrit "n = ! capsicums4 ,lat]1 ,pidd+ton m5tions a "n = ,c4 frutesc5s1 bran-m>i*a1#adce :i* he says is ,sanskrit2 b ?is "n1 :i* may be comp>$ to t ( black pepp] 7muri*a1 muri*ung71 is probably n really anci5t1 = x has left no trace 9 ! ,indian languages :i* are d]iv$ f ,sanskrit4#adcf ,! wild nature & anci5t exi/5ce ( ! capsicum is always unc]ta91 ow+ to its v g5]al cultivation2 b x seems to me to be m (t5 d\btful 9 ,asia ?an 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,indian specim5s describ$ by ! mo/ tru/wor?y au?ors ne>ly all come f ! h]b>ia ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 9 :i* we nev] "k :e!r a plant appe>$ really wild1 if x 0 f\nd f> f dwell+s1 9 =e/s1 etc4 ,= ! localities 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago au?ors (t5 give rubbi%-heaps1 h$ges1 etc4 ,we pass to a m p>ticul> exam9ation ( ! two cultivat$ species4 ,annual ,capsicum--,capsicum annuum1 ,l9nu4 ,?is species has a numb] ( diff]5t names 9 ,european languages1#adcg :i* all indicate a =eign orig9 & ! resemblance ( ! ta/e to t ( pepp]4 ,9 ,fr5* x is (t5 call$ poivre de ,gu9e 7,gu9ea pepp]71 b also poivre du ,brzil1 d',inde 7,indian1 ,brazilian pepp]71 etc41 d5om9ations to :i* no importance c be attribut$4 ,its cultivation 0 introduc$ into ,europe 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 "o ( ! pepp]s t ,piso & ,m>cgraf#adch saw gr[n 9 ,brazil "u ! "n quija or quiya4 ,!y say no?+ z to its orig94 ,! species appe>s to h be5 e>ly cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 :]e x has sev]al ,c>ib names4#adci ,botani/s :o h mo/ ?or\ghly /udi$ ! g5us ,capsicum#addj d n appe> to h f\nd 9 h]b>ia a s+le specim5 :i* c be consid]$ wild4 ,i h n be5 m =tunate4 ,! orig9al home is probably ,brazil4 ,c4 grossum1 ,willd5[1 seems to be a v>iety ( ! same species4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ,india "u ! "n kafree muri*1 & kafree *illy1 b ,roxburgh did n consid] x to be ( ,indian orig94#adda ,%rubby ,capsicum--,capsicum frutesc5s1 ,willd5[4 ,?is species1 tall] & ) a m woody /ock ?an ,c4 annuum1 is g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ! w>m regions ( bo? hemisph]es4 ,! great "p ( our s-call$ ,cay5ne pepp] is made f x1 b ?is "n is giv5 also to ! product ( o!r pepp]s4 ,roxburgh1 ! au?or :o is mo/ att5tive to ! orig9 ( ,indian plants1 does n consid] x to be wild 9 ,india4 ,blume says x is naturaliz$ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago 9 h$ges4#addb ,9 ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 :]e its culture is anci5t1 x has be5 sev]al times f\nd wild 9 =e/s1 app>5tly indig5\s4 ,de ,m>tius br\ght x f ! banks ( ! ,amazon1 ,pppig f ! prov9ce ( ,maynas 9 ,p]u1 & ,blan*et f ! prov9ce ( ,bahia4#addc ,s t its area ext5ds f ,bahia to ,ea/]n ,p]u1 :i* expla9s its diffusion ov] ,s\? ,am]ica g5]ally4 ,tomato--,lycop]sicum escul5tum1 ,mill]4 ,! tomato1 or love apple1 belongs to a g5us ( ! ,solane1 ( :i* all ! species are ,am]ican4#addd ,x has no "n 9 ! anci5t languages ( ,asia1 nor ev5 9 mod]n ,indian languages4#adde ,x 0 n cultivat$ 9 ,japan 9 ! "t ( ,?unb]g1 t is to say a c5tury ago1 & ! sil5ce ( anci5t writ]s on ,*9a on ?is head %[s t x is ( rec5t introduction !re4 ,rumphius#addf _h se5 x 9 g>d5s 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! ,malays call$ x tomatte1 b ?is is an ,am]ican "n1 = ,c4 ,bauh9 calls ! species tumatle ,am]icanorum4 ,no?+ leads u to suppose x 0 kn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! fir/ names giv5 to x by botani/s 9 ! sixte5? c5tury indicate t !y receiv$ ! plant f ,p]u4#addg ,x 0 cultivat$ on ! cont95t ( ,am]ica be=e x 0 gr[n 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 = ,sloane does n m5tion x 9 ,jamaica1 & ,hughes#addh says x 0 br\ght to ,b>bados f ,portugal h>dly m ?an a c5tury ago4 ,humboldt consid]$ t ! cultivation ( ! tomato 0 ( anci5t date 9 ,mexico4#addi ,i notice1 h[ev]1 t ! e>lie/ "w on ! plants ( ?is c\ntry 7,h]n&ez1 ,hi/oria7 makes no m5tion ( x4 ,nei!r d ! e>ly writ]s on ,brazil1 ,piso & ,m>cgraf1 speak ( x1 al?\gh ! species is n[ cultivat$ ?r\gh\t tropical ,am]ica4 ,?us by ! process ( exhau/ion we return to ! idea ( a ,p]uvian orig91 at lea/ = its cultivation4 ,de ,m>tius#adej f\nd ! plant wild 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rio de ,janeiro & ,p>a1 b x _h p]haps escap$ f g>d5s4 ,i d n "k ( any botani/ :o has f\nd x really wild 9 ! /ate 9 :i* x is famili> to u1 ) ! fruit m or less l>ge1 lumpy1 & ) swell$ sides2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! v>iety ) small sph]ical fruit1 call$ ,l4 c]asi=me 9 "s botanical works1 & consid]$ 9 o!rs 7& rightly s1 ,i ?9k#adea7 z belong+ to ! same species4 ,?is v>iety is wild on ! sea-%ore ( ,p]u1#adeb at ,t>apoto1 9 ,ea/]n ,p]u1#adec & on ! fronti]s ( ,mexico & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t[>ds ,cali=nia4#aded ,x is sometimes naturaliz$ 9 cle>+s ne> g>d5s4#adee ,x is probably 9 ?is mann] t its area has ext5d$ nor? & s\? f ,p]u4 ,avocado1 or ,alligator ,pe>--,p]sea gratissima1 ,grtn]4 ,! avocado pe> is "o ( ! mo/ highly priz$ ( tropical fruits4 ,x belongs to ! ord] ,laur9e4 ,x is l a pe> conta9+ "o l>ge /one1 z is well %[n 9 ,tussac's illu/rations1 ,flore des ,antilles1 iii4 pl4 #c1 & 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 pl4 #dehj4 ,! common names are absurd4 ,! orig9 ( t ( alligator is unkn[n2 avocado is a corruption ( ! ,mexican ahuaca1 or aguacate4 ,! botanical "n ,p]sea has no?+ to d ) ! p]sea ( ! ,greeks1 :i* 0 a ,cordia4 ,clusius1#adef writ+ 9 #afja1 says t ! avocado pe> is an ,am]ican fruit tree introduc$ into a g>d5 9 ,spa92 b z x is widely spread 9 ! colonies ( ! old _w1 & has "h & !re become almo/ wild1#adeg x is possible to make mi/akes z to its orig94 ,?is tree did n exi/ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,briti% ,india at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x _h be5 introduc$ into ! ,sunda ,isles#adeh 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 & 9 #agej into ,mauritius & ,b\rbon4#adei ,9 ,am]ica its actual area 9 a wild /ate is ( uncommon ext5t4 ,! species has be5 f\nd 9 =e/s1 on ! banks ( riv]s1 & on ! sea-%ore f ,mexico & ! ,we/ ,indies z f> z ! ,amazon4#adfj ,x has n always occupi$ ?is va/ region4 ,p4 ,br[ne says di/9ctly t ! avocado pe> 0 introduc$ f ! ,cont95t into ,jamaica1 & ,jacqu9 held ! same op9ion z reg>ds ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s g5]ally4#adfa ,piso & ,m>cgraf d n m5tion x = ,brazil1 & ,m>tius gives no ,brazilian "n4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! species 0 c]ta9ly wild & cultivat$ 9 ,mexico1 accord+ to ,h]n&ez4 ,aco/a#adfb says x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,p]u "u ! "n ( palto1 :i* 0 t ( a p ( ! ea/]n "p ( ,p]u1 among :om x 0 abundant4#adfc ,i f9d no pro( t x 0 wild ^u ! ,p]uvian littoral4 ,papaw--,c>ica ,papaya1 ,l9nu2 ,papaya vulg>is1 de ,c&olle4 ,! papaw is a l>ge h]bace\s plant r ?an a tree4 ,x has a sort ( juicy trunk t]m9at$ by a tuft ( leaves1 & ! fruit1 :i* is l a melon1 hangs d[n "u ! leaves4#adfd ,x is n[ gr[n 9 all tropical c\ntries1 ev5 z f> z ?irty to ?irty-two degrees ( latitude4 ,x is easily naturaliz$ outside plantations4 ,?is is "o reason :y x has be5 said1 & p /ill say t x is a native ( ,asia or ( ,africa1 :]eas ,rob]t ,br[n & ,i prov$ 9 #ahdh & #ahee its ,am]ican orig94#adfe ,i repeat ! argum5ts aga9/ its suppos$ orig9 9 ! ea/]n hemisph]e4 ,! species has no ,sanskrit "n4 ,9 mod]n ,indian languages x be>s names d]iv$ f ! ,am]ican ^w papaya1 itself a corruption ( ! ,c>ib ababai4#adff ,rumphius#adfg says t ! inhabitants ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago consid]$ x z an exotic plant introduc$ by ! ,portuguese1 & gave x names express+ its lik5ess to o!r species or its =eign extraction4 ,sloane1#adfh 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 quotes sev]al ( 8 contempor>ies1 :o m5tion t x 0 tak5 f ! ,we/ ,indies into ,asia & ,africa4 ,=/] _h n se5 x 9 ! plantations ( ! ,pacific ,isles at ! "t ( ,cook's voyages4 ,l\reiro1#adfi 9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h se5 x 9 cultivation 9 ,*9a1 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ,zanzib>4 ,s useful & s /rik+ a plant w\ld h be5 spread ?r\gh\t ! old _w = ?\s&s ( ye>s if x _h exi/$ !re4 ,ev]y?+ leads to ! belief t x 0 introduc$ on ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,asia aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,all ! species ( ! family are ,am]ican4 ,?is "o seems to h be5 cultivat$ f ,brazil to ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 ,mexico be=e ! arrival ( ! ,europeans1 s9ce ! e>lie/ writ]s on ! productions ( ! new _w m5tion x4#adgj ,m>cgraf _h (t5 se5 ! male plant 7always common] ?an ! female7 9 ! =e/s ( ,brazil1 :ile ! female plants 7 9 g>d5s4 ,clusius1 :o 0 ! fir/ to give an illu/ration ( ! plant1 says#adga t 8 draw+ 0 made 9 #afjg1 9 ! bay ( ,todos ,santos 7prov9ce ( ,bahia74 ,i "k ( no mod]n au?or :o has confirm$ ! habitation 9 ,brazil4 ,m>tius does n m5tion ! species 9 8 diction>y ( ! names ( fruits 9 ! language ( ! ,tupis4#adgb ,x is n giv5 z wild 9 ,guiana & ,columbia4 ,p4 ,br[ne#adgc ass]ts1 on ! o!r h&1 t x is wild 9 ,jamaica1 & be=e 8 "t ,xim5es & ,h]n&ez said ! same = ,/4 ,dom+o & ,mexico4 ,ovi$o#adgd seems to h se5 ! papaw 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & he gives ! common "n olocoton = ,nic>agua4 ,yet ,correa de ,mello & ,spruce1 9 _! important article on ! ,papayace1 aft] hav+ botaniz$ ext5sively 9 ! ,amazon region1 9 ,p]u & else:]e1 consid] ! papaw z a native ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 & d n ?9k x is any:]e wild ^u ! ,cont95t4 ,i h se5#adge specim5s f ! m\? ( ! riv] ,manatee 9 ,florida1 f ,puebla 9 ,mexico1 & f ,columbia1 b ! labels _h no rem>k z to _! wild "*4 ,! indications1 x w be notic$1 are num]\s = ! %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & = ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,! habitation 9 ,brazil :i* lies ap>t is v d\btful4 ,fig--,ficus c>ica1 ,l9nu4 ,! hi/ory ( ! fig pres5ts a close analogy ) t ( ! olive 9 po9t ( orig9 & geographical limits4 ,its area z a wild species may h be5 ext5d$ by ! disp]sal ( ! se$s z cultivation spread4 ,?is seems probable1 z ! se$s pass intact ?r\gh ! dige/ive organs ( m5 & animals4 ,h[ev]1 c\ntries may be cit$ :]e ! fig has be5 cultivat$ = a c5tury at lea/1 & :]e no su* naturalization has tak5 place4 ,i am n speak+ ( ,europe nor? ( ! ,alps1 :]e ! tree dem&s p>ticul> c>e & ! fruit rip5s ) difficulty1 ev5 ! fir/ crop1 b ( ,india = in/ance1 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,mauritius1 & ,*ili1 :]e1 to judge f ! sil5ce ( compil]s ( floras1 ! in/ances ( quasi-wildness are r>e4 ,9 our own day ! fig tree gr[s wild1 or ne>ly wild1 ov] a va/ region ( :i* ,syria is ab\t ! c5tre2 t is to say1 f ! ea/ ( ,p]sia1 or ev5 f ,afghani/an1 across ! :ole ( ! ,m$it]ranean region z f> z ! ,can>ies4#adgf ,f nor? to s\? ?is zone v>ies 9 wid? f ! #be? to ! #dj? or #dbnd p>allel1 accord+ to local circum/ances4 ,z a rule1 ! fig /ops l ! olive at ! foot ( ! ,caucasus & ! m\nta9s ( ,europe :i* limit ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 b x gr[s ne>ly wild on ! s\?-we/ coa/ ( ,france1 :]e ! w9t] is v mild4#adgg ,we turn to hi/orical & philological records to see :e!r ! area 0 m limit$ 9 antiquity4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians call$ ! fig teb1#adgh & ! e>lie/ ,hebrew books speak ( ! fig1 :e!r wild or cultivat$1 "u ! "n te5ah1#adgi :i* leaves its trace 9 ! ,arabic t94#adhj ,! ,p]sian "n is q diff]5t1 unjir2 b ,i d n "k if x dates f ! ,z5d4 ,pidd+ton's ,index has a ,sanskrit "n1 udumv>a1 :i* ,roxburgh1 :o is v c>eful 9 su* matt]s1 does n give1 & :i* has left no trace 9 mod]n ,indian languages1 to judge f f\r names quot$ by au?ors4 ,! antiquity ( its exi/5ce ea/ ( ,p]sia appe>s to me d\btful1 until ! ,sanskrit "n is v]ifi$4 ,! ,*9ese receiv$ ! fig tree f ,p]sia1 b only 9 ! eigh? c5tury ( our era4#adha ,h]odotus#adhb says ! ,p]sians did n lack figs1 & ,reyni]1 :o has made c>eful rese>*es into ! cu/oms ( ?is anci5t p1 does n m5tion ! fig tree4 ,?is only proves t ! species 0 n utiliz$ & cultivat$1 b x p]haps exi/$ 9 a wild /ate4 ,! ,greeks call$ ! wild fig er9eos1 & ! ,lat9s caprificus4 ,hom] m5tions a fig tree 9 ! ,iliad :i* grew ne> ,troy4#adhc ,hehn ass]ts#adhd t ! cultivat$ fig _c h be5 develop$ f ! wild fig1 b all botani/s hold a contr>y op9ion2#adhe &1 )\t speak+ ( floral details on :i* !y rely1 ,i may say t ,gussone obta9$ f ! same se$s plants ( ! =m caprificus1 & o!r v>ieties4#adhf ,! rem>k made by sev]al s*ol>s z to ! abs5ce ( all m5tion ( ! cultivat$ fig sukai 9 ! ,iliad1 does n !re=e prove ! abs5ce ( ! fig tree 9 ,greece at ! "t ( ! ,trojan w>4 ,hom] m5tions ! sweet fig 9 ! ,odyssey1 & t b vaguely4 ,hesiod1 says ,hehn1 does n m5tion x1 & ,ar*ilo*us 7#gjj ,b4,c47 is ! fir/ to m5tion di/9ctly its cultivation by ! ,greeks ( ,p>os4 ,accord+ to ?is1 ! species grew wild 9 ,greece1 at lea/ 9 ! ,ar*ipelago1 be=e ! introduction ( cultivat$ v>ieties ( ,asiatic orig94 ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides m5tion wild & cultivat$ figs4#adhg ,romulus & ,remus1 accord+ to tradition1 7 nurs$ at ! foot ( a fig tree call$ rum9alis1 f rum51 brea/ or udd]4#adhh ,! ,lat9 "n1 ficus1 :i* ,hehn d]ives1 by an ef=t ( erudition1 f ! ,greek sukai1#adhi also argues an anci5t exi/5ce 9 ,italy1 & ,pl9y's op9ion is positive on ?is head4 ,! good cultivat$ v>ieties 7 ( lat] introduction4 ,!y came f ,greece1 ,syria1 & ,asia ,m9or4 ,9 ! "t ( ,tib]ius1 z n[1 ! be/ figs came f ! ,ea/4 ,we le>nt at s*ool h[ ,cato exhibit$ to ! assembl$ s5ators ,c>?ag9ian figs1 /ill fre%1 z a pro( ( ! proximity ( ! hat$ c\ntry4 ,! ,phnicians mu/ h transport$ good v>ieties to ! coa/ ( ,africa & _! o!r colonies on ! ,m$it]ranean1 ev5 z f> z ! ,can>ies1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! wild fig may h already exi/$4 ,= ! ,can>ies we h a pro( 9 ! ,guan*os words1 arahormaze & a*ormaze1 gre5 figs1 tah>em55 & tehahunem51 dri$ figs4 ,webb & ,b]!lot1#adij :o quote ^! names1 & :o admit ! common orig9 ( ! ,guan*os & ,b]b]s1 w\ld h not$ ) pleasure ! exi/5ce among ! ,t\>egs1 a ,b]b] p1 ( ! ^w tah>t1 fig tree1#adia & 9 ! ,fr5*-,b]b] diction>y1 publi%$ s9ce _! "t1 ! names tabeksi/1 gre5 fig1 & tagr\rt1 fig tree4 ,^! old names1 ( m anci5t & local orig9 ?an ,arabic1 be> witness to a v anci5t habitation 9 ! nor? ( ,africa z f> z ! ,can>ies4 ,! result ( our inquiry %[s1 !n1 t ! prehi/oric area ( ! fig tree cov]$ ! middle & s\!rn "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 f ,syria to ! ,can>ies4 ,we may d\bt ! antiquity ( ! fig 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 b a curi\s fact des]ves m5tion4 ,plan*on f\nd 9 ! quat]n>y tufa ( ,montpelli]1 & de ,saporta#adib 9 ^? ( ,aygalades ne> ,m>seilles1 & 9 ! quat]n>y /rata ( ,la ,celle ne> ,p>is1 leaves & ev5 fruit ( ! wild ,ficus c>ica1 ) tee? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 & leaves ( plants ( :i* "s no long] exi/1 & o!rs1 l ,laurus can>i5sis1 h surviv$ 9 ! ,can>ies4 ,s t ! fig tree p]haps exi/$ 9 its mod]n =m 9 ?is remote epo*4 ,x is possible t x p]i%$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 z x c]ta9ly did at ,p>is1 & reappe>$ lat] 9 a wild /ate 9 ! s\!rn region4 ,p]haps ! fig trees :i* ,webb & ,b]!lot _h se5 z old plants 9 ! wilde/ "p ( ! ,can>ies 7 desc5d$ f ^? :i* exi/$ 9 ! f\r? epo*4 ,bread-,fruit--,artoc>pus incisa1 ,l9nu4 ,! bread-fruit tree 0 cultivat$ 9 all ! isl&s ( ! ,asiatic ,ar*ipelago1 & ( ! great oceans ne> ! equator1 f ,sumatra to ! ,m>quesas ,isles1 :5 fir/ ,europeans began to visit !m4 ,its fruit is con/itut$1 l ! p9e-apple1 ( an assemblage ( bracts & fruits weld$ into a fle%y mass1 m or less sph]ical2 & z 9 ! p9e-apple1 ! se$s come to no?+ 9 ! mo/ productive cultivat$ v>ieties4#adic ,sonn]at#adid c>ri$ ! bread-fruit tree to ,mauritius1 :]e ! ,int5dant ,poivre took c>e to spread x4 ,capta9 ,bligh 0 commission$ to introduce x into ! ,engli% ,we/ ,indian ,isles4 ,! mut9y ( 8 crew prev5t$ 8 succe$+ ! fir/ "t1 b a second attempt prov$ m =tunate4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #agic1 he l&$ #aec plants at ,/4 ,v9c5t1 :5ce ! species has be5 diffus$ into sev]al p>ts ( tropical ,am]ica4#adie ,rumphius#adif saw ! species wild 9 sev]al ( ! ,sunda ,isles4 ,mod]n au?ors1 less c>eful1 or acqua9t$ only ) cultivat$ species1 say no?+ on ?is head4 ,seemann#adig says = ! ,fiji ,isles1 8cultivat$1 & to all appe>ance wild 9 "s places40 ,on ! cont95t ( ,asia x is n ev5 cultivat$1 z ! climate is n hot en\gh4 ,! bread-fruit is evid5tly a native ( ,java1 ,amboyna1 & ! neighb\r+ isl&s2 b ! antiquity ( its cultivation 9 ! :ole ( ! ar*ipelago1 prov$ by ! numb] ( v>ieties1 & ! facility ( propagat+ x by buds & suck]s1 prev5t u f kn[+ its hi/ory accurately4 ,9 ! isl&s to ! extreme ea/1 l ,otahiti1 c]ta9 fables & traditions po9t to an introduction :i* is n v anci5t1 & ! abs5ce ( se$s confirms ?is4#adih ,jack-,fruit--,artoc>pus integrifolia1 ,l9nu4 ,! jack-fruit1 l>g] ?an ! bread-fruit1 = x sometimes weighs z mu* z eighty p\nds1 hangs f ! bran*es ( a tree ?irty to fifty feet high4#adii ,! common "n is d]iv$ f ! ,indian names jaca1 or tsjaka4 ,! species has long be5 cultivat$ 9 s\!rn ,asia1 f ! ,punjab to ,*9a1 f ! ,himalayas to ! ,moluccas4 ,x has n spread into ! small isl&s m to ! ea/1 su* z ,otahiti1 :i* leads u to suppose x has n be5 s long 9 ! ar*ipelago z ^u ! cont95t4 ,9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india1 also1 its cultivation does n p]haps date f a v remote epo*1 = ! exi/5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n is n absolutely c]ta94 ,roxburgh m5tions "o1 punusa1 b ,pidd+ton does n admit x into 8 ,index4 ,! ,p]sians & ! ,arabs d n seem to h kn[n ! species4 ,its enorm\s fruit mu/1 h[ev]1 h /ruck !m if ! species _h be5 cultivat$ ne> _! fronti]s4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid] does n speak ( any ,artoc>pus 9 8 "w on ! plants kn[n to ! anci5t ,*9ese1 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t t[>ds ,*9a1 z 9 o!r directions1 ! jack-fruit 0 n diffus$ at a v e>ly epo*4 ,! fir/ /atem5t z to its exi/5ce 9 a wild /ate is giv5 by ,rhe$e 9 ambigu\s t]ms3 8,?is tree gr[s ev]y:]e 9 ,malab> & ?r\gh\t ,india40 ,he p]haps conf\nd$ ! plant$ tree ) ! wild "o4 ,aft] him1 h[ev]1 ,wight f\nd ! species sev]al times 9 ! ,indian ,p59sula1 notably 9 ! ,we/]n ,ghauts1 ) e appe>ance ( a wild & indig5\s tree4 ,x has be5 ext5sively plant$ 9 ,ceylon2 b ,?waites1 ! be/ au?ority = ! flora ( ?is isl&1 does n recognize x z wild4 ,nei!r is x wild 9 ! ar*ipelago to ! s\? ( ,india1 accord+ to ! g5]al op9ion4 ,la/ly1 ,br&is f\nd x gr[+ 9 ! =e/s ( ! di/rict ( ,att>an1 9 ,burmah1 b1 he adds1 always 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ab&on$ settlem5ts4 ,kurz did n f9d x wild 9 ,briti% ,burmah4#aejj ,! species is1 !re=e1 a native ( ! region ly+ at ! foot ( ! we/]n m\nta9s ( ! ,indian ,p59sula1 & its cultivation 9 ! neighb\rhood is probably n e>li] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,jamaica by ,admiral ,rodney 9 #aghb1 & !nce into ,san ,dom+o4#aeja ,x has also be5 introduc$ into ,brazil1 ,mauritius1 ! ,sey*elles1 & ,rodriguez ,isl&4#aejb ,date-,palm--,phnix dactylif]a1 ,l9nu4 ,! date-palm has exi/$ f prehi/oric times 9 ! w>m dry zone1 :i* ext5ds f ,s5egal to ! bas9 ( ! ,indus1 pr9cipally betwe5 p>allels #ae & #cj4 ,x is se5 "h & !re fur!r to ! nor?1 by reason ( exceptional circum/ances & ( ! aim :i* is propos$ 9 its cultivation4 ,= beyond ! limit )9 :i* ! fruit rip5s e ye>1 !re is a zone 9 :i* !y rip5 ill or seldom1 & a fur!r region )9 :i* ! tree c live1 b )\t fruit+ or ev5 fl[]+4 ,^! limits h be5 trac$ by de ,m>tius1 ,c>l ,ritt]1 & myself4#aejc ,x is ne$less to reproduce !m "h1 ! aim ( ! pres5t "w be+ to /udy que/ions ( orig94 ,z reg>ds ! date-palm1 we c h>dly rely on ! m or less prov$ exi/5ce ( really wild indig5\s individuals4 ,dates are easily transport$2 ! /ones g]m9ate :5 s[n 9 damp soil ne> ! s\rce ( a riv]1 & ev5 9 ! fissures ( rocks4 ,! inhabitants ( oases h plant$ or s[n date-palms 9 fav\rable localities :]e ! species p]haps exi/$ be=e man1 & :5 ! travell] comes across isolat$ trees1 at a di/ance f dwell+s1 he _c "k t !y did n spr+ f /ones ?r[n away by c>avans4 ,botani/s admit a v>iety1 sylve/ris1 t is to say wild1 ) small & s\r fruit2 b x is p]haps ! result ( rec5t naturalization 9 an unfav\rable soil4 ,hi/orical & philological data are ( m value "h1 ?\gh d\btless f ! antiquity ( cultivation !y c only e/abli% probabilities4 ,f ,egyptian & ,assyrian rema9s1 z well z f tradition & ! mo/ anci5t writ+s1 we f9d t ! date-palm grew 9 abundance 9 ! region ly+ betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile4 ,egyptian monum5ts conta9 fruits & draw+s ( ! tree4#aejd ,h]odotus1 9 a m rec5t age 7fif? c5tury be=e ,*ri/71 m5tions ! wood ( ! date-palms ( ,babylonia1 & /ill lat] ,/rabo us$ simil> expressions ab\t ^? ( ,arabia1 :5ce x seems t ! species 0 common] ?an x is n[1 & m 9 ! condition ( a natural =e/ tree4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,c>l ,ritt] makes ! +5i\s obs]vation t ! e>lie/ ,hebrew books d n speak ( ! date-palm z produc+ a fruit valu$ z a food = man4 ,david1 ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 & ab\t sev5 c5turies aft] ,moses1 does n m5tion ! date palm 9 8 li/ ( trees to be plant$ 9 8 g>d5s4 ,x is true t except at ,j]i*o dates seldom rip5 9 ,pale/9e4 ,lat]1 ,h]odotus says ( ! ,babylonian date-palms t only ! great] "p produc$ good fruit :i* 0 us$ = food4 ,?is seems to indicate ! beg9n+ ( a cultivation p]fect$ by ! selection ( v>ieties & ( ! transport ( male fl[]s into ! middle ( ! bran*es ( female trees1 b x p]haps signifies also t ,h]odotus 0 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( ! male plant4 ,to ! we/ ( ,egypt ! date-palm _h probably exi/$ = c5turies or = ?\s&s ( ye>s :5 ,h]odotus m5tion$ !m4 ,he speaks ( ,libya4 ,!re is no hi/orical record ) respect to ! oases 9 ! ,sah>a1 b ,pl9y#aeje m5tions ! date-palm 9 ! ,can>ies4 ,! names ( ! species be> witness to its great antiquity bo? 9 ,asia & 9 ,africa1 see+ !y are num]\s & v diff]5t4 ,! ,hebrews call$ ! date-palm tam>1 & ! anci5t ,egyptians beq4#aejf ,! complete diff]5ce betwe5 ^! words1 bo? v anci5t1 %[s t ^! peoples f\nd ! species indig5\s & p]haps already nam$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia & 9 ,egypt4 ,! numb] ( ,p]sian1 ,arabic1 & ,b]b] names is incr$ible4#aejg ,"s are d]iv$ f ! ,hebrew ^w1 o!rs f unkn[n s\rces4 ,!y (t5 apply to diff]5t /ates ( ! fruit1 or to diff]5t cultivat$ v>ieties1 :i* aga9 %[s anci5t cultivation 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,webb & ,b]!lot h n discov]$ a "n = ! date-palm 9 ! language ( ! ,guan*os1 & ?is is mu* to be regrett$4 ,! ,greek "n1 phnix1 ref]s simply to ,phnicia & ! ,phnicians1 possessors ( ! date-palm4#aejh ,! names dactylus & date are d]ivations ( da*el 9 a ,hebrew dialect4#aeji ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n1 :5ce x may be inf]r$ t ! plantations ( ! date-palm 9 ,we/]n ,india are n v anci5t4 ,! ,indian climate does n suit ! species4#aeaj ,! ,h9du/ani "n khurma is borr[$ f ! ,p]sian4 ,fur!r to ! ,ea/ ! date-palm rema9$ long unkn[n4 ,! ,*9ese receiv$ x f ,p]sia1 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our era1 & its cultivation 0 resum$ at diff]5t times1 b !y h n[ ab&on$ x4#aeaa ,z a rule1 beyond ! arid region :i* lies betwe5 ! ,euphrates & ! s\? ( ! ,atlas & ! ,can>ies1 ! date-palm has n succe$$ 9 simil> latitudes1 or at lea/ x has n become an important culture4 ,x might be gr[n ) success 9 ,au/ralia & at ! ,cape1 b ! ,europeans :o h coloniz$ ^! regions are n satisfi$1 l ! ,arabs1 ) figs & dates = _! /aple food4 ,i ?9k1 9 f9e1 t 9 times ant]ior to ! e>lie/ ,egyptian dyna/ies ! date-palm already exi/$1 wild or s[n "h & !re by w&]+ tribes1 9 a n>r[ zone ext5d+ f ! ,euphrates to ! ,can>ies1 & t its cultivation began lat] z f> z ! nor?-we/ ( ,india on ! "o h& & ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s#aeab on ! o!r1 s t ! natural area has rema9$ v ne>ly ! same = ab\t five ?\s& ye>s4 ,:at x 0 previ\sly1 palontological discov]ies may "o day reveal4 ,banana--,musa sapi5tum & ,m4 p>adisiaca1 ,l9nu2 ,m4 sapi5tum1 ,br[n4 ,! banana or bananas 7 g5]ally consid]$ to be natives ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 & to h be5 c>ri$ into ,am]ica by ,europeans1 till ,humboldt ?rew d\bts ^u _! purely ,asiatic orig94 ,9 8 "w on ,new ,spa9#aeac he quot$ e>ly au?ors :o ass]t t ! banana 0 cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica be=e ! conque/4 ,he admits1 on ,ovi$o's au?ority1#aead its introduction by ,fa!r ,?omas ( ,b]langas f ! ,can>ies into ,san ,dom+o 9 #aeaf1 :5ce x 0 introduc$ into o!r isl&s & ! ma9l&4#aeae ,he recognizes ! abs5ce ( any m5tion ( ! banana 9 ! acc\nts ( ,columbus1 ,alonzo ,negro1 ,p9zon1 ,vespuzzi1 & ,cortez4 ,! sil5ce ( ,h]n&ez1 :o liv$ half a c5tury aft] ,ovi$o1 a/oni%es him & appe>s to him a rem>kable c>elessness2 8=10 he says1#aeaf 8x is a con/ant tradition 9 ,mexico & on ! :ole ( ! ma9l& t ! platano arton1 & ! dom9ico 7 cultivat$ long be=e ! ,spani% conque/40 ,! au?or :o has mo/ c>efully not$ ! diff]5t epo*s at :i* ,am]ican agriculture has be5 enri*$ by =eign products1 ! ,p]uvian ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1#aeag says di/9ctly t at ! "t ( ! ,incas1 maize1 qu9oa1 ! potato1 &1 9 ! w>m & temp]ate regions1 bananas =m$ ! /aple food ( ! natives4 ,he describes ! ,musa ( ! valleys 9 ! ,&es2 he ev5 di/+ui%es ! r>] species1 ) a small fruit & a sweet aromatic flav\r1 ! dom9ico1 f ! common banana or arton4 ,fa!r ,aco/a#aeah ass]ts also1 al?\gh less positively1 t ! ,musa 0 cultivat$ by ! ,am]icans be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,la/ly1 ,humboldt adds f 8 own obs]vation1 8,on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 ( ! ,cassiquaire or ( ! ,b5i1 betwe5 ! m\nta9s ( ,esm]alda & ! banks ( ! riv] ,c>ony1 9 ! mid/ ( ! ?icke/ =e/s1 almo/ ev]y:]e t ,indian tribes are f\nd :o h _h no relations ) ,european settlem5ts1 we meet ) plantations ( ,manioc & bananas40 ,humboldt sugge/s ! hypo!sis t sev]al species or con/ant v>ieties ( ! ,banana h be5 conf\nd$1 "s ( :i* are indig5\s to ! new _w4 ,desvaux /udi$ ! specific "q1 & 9 a really rem>kable "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahad1aeai he gives x z 8 op9ion t all ! bananas cultivat$ = _! fruits are ( ! same species4 ,9 ?is species he di/+ui%es =ty-f\r v>ieties1 :i* he arranges 9 two gr\ps2 ! l>ge-fruit$ bananas 7sev5 to fifte5 in*es long71 & ! small-fruit$ bananas 7"o to six in*es71 commonly call$ fig bananas4 ,r4 ,br[n1 9 #ahah1 9 8 "w on ! ,plants ( ! ,congo1 p4 #ea1 ma9ta9s also t no /ructural diff]5ce 9 ! bananas cultivat$ 9 ,asia & ^? 9 ,am]ica prev5ts u f consid]+ !m z belong+ to ! same species4 ,he adopts ! "n ,musa sapi5tum1 :i* appe>s to me pref]able to t ( ,m4 p>adisiaca adopt$ by ,desvaux1 because ! v>ieties ) small f]tile fruit appe> to be ne>] ! condition ( ! wild ,mus f\nd 9 ,asia4 ,br[n rem>ks on ! "q ( orig9 t all ! o!r species ( ! g5us ,musa belong to ! old _w2 t no "o pret5ds to h f\nd 9 ,am]ica1 9 a wild /ate1 v>ieties ) f]tile fruit1 z has happ5$ 9 ,asia2 la/ly1 t ,piso & ,m>cgraf consid]$ t ! banana 0 introduc$ into ,brazil f ,congo4 ,9 spite ( ! =ce ( ^! ?ree argum5ts1 ,humboldt1 9 8 second edition ( 8 essay ^u ,new ,spa9 7ii4 p4 #cig71 does n entirely r5\nce 8 op9ion4 ,he says t ! travell] ,caldcleugh#aebj f\nd among ! ,puris ! tradition t a small species ( banana 0 cultivat$ on ! bord]s ( ! ,prato long be=e !y _h any communications ) ! ,portuguese4 ,he adds t words :i* are n borr[$ ones are f\nd 9 ,am]ican languages to di/+ui% ! fruit ( ! ,musa2 = in/ance1 p>uru 9 ,tamanac1 etc41 arata 9 ,maypur4 ,i h also read 9 ,/ev5son's travels#aeba t b$s ( ! leaves ( ! two bananas commonly cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica h be5 f\nd 9 ! huacas or ,p]uvian tombs ant]ior to ! conque/2 b z ?is travell] also says t he saw beans#aebb 9 ^! huacas1 a plant :i* und\bt$ly belongs to ! old _w1 8 ass]tions are n v tru/wor?y4 ,b\ss+ault#aebc ?\ght t ! platano arton at lea/ 0 ( ,am]ican orig91 b he gives no pro(4 ,mey51 :o _h also be5 9 ,am]ica1 adds no argum5t to ^? :i* 7 already kn[n2#aebd nor does ! geograph] ,ritt]1#aebe :o simply reproduces ! facts ab\t ,am]ica1 giv5 by ,humboldt4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! botani/s :o h m rec5tly visit$ ,am]ica h no hesitation z to ! ,asiatic orig94 ,i may "n ,seemann = ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 ,ern/ = ,v5ezuela1 & ,sagot = ,guiana4#aebf ,! two fir/ insi/ ^u ! abs5ce ( names = ! banana 9 ! languages ( ,p]u & ,mexico4 ,piso knew no ,brazilian "n4 ,m>tius#aebg has s9ce indicat$1 9 ! ,tupi language ( ,brazil1 ! names pacoba or bacoba4 ,?is same ^w bacove is us$1 accord+ to ,sagot1 by ! ,fr5* 9 ,guiana4 ,x is p]haps d]iv$ f ! "n bala1 or palan1 ( ,malab>1 f an introduction by ! ,portuguese1 subsequ5t to ,piso's voyage4 ,! antiquity & wild "* ( ! banana 9 ,asia are inconte/able facts4 ,!re are sev]al ,sanskrit names4#aebh ,! ,greeks1 ,lat9s1 & ,arabs h m5tion$ x z a rem>kable ,indian fruit tree4 ,pl9y#aebi speaks ( x di/9ctly4 ,he says t ! ,greeks ( ! exp$ition ( ,alex&] saw x 9 ,india1 & he quotes ! "n pala :i* /ill p]si/s 9 ,malab>4 ,sages repos$ b5ea? its %ade & ate ( its fruit4 ,h5ce ! botanical "n ,musa sapi5tum4 ,musa is f ! ,arabic m\z or mauwz1 :i* we f9d z e>ly z ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ,ebn ,bai?>4 ,! specific "n p>adisiaca comes f ! ridicul\s hypo!sis :i* made ! banana figure 9 ! /ory ( ,eve & ( ,p>adise4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ! ,hebrews & ! anci5t ,egyptians#aecj did n "k ?is ,indian plant4 ,x is a sign t x did n exi/ 9 ,india f a v remote epo*1 b 0 fir/ a native ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,!re is an imm5se numb] ( v>ieties ( ! banana 9 ! s\? ( ,asia1 bo? on ! isl&s & on ! cont95t2 ! cultivation ( ^! v>ieties dates 9 ,india1 9 ,*9a1 & 9 ! ar*ipelago1 f an epo* impossible to realize2 x ev5 spread =m]ly into ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific#aeca & to ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa2#aecb la/ly1 ! v>ieties bore di/9ct names 9 ! mo/ sep>ate ,asiatic languages1 su* z ,*9ese1 ,sanskrit1 & ,malay4 ,all ?is indicates great antiquity ( culture1 consequ5tly a primitive exi/5ce 9 ,asia1 & a diffusion contempor>y ) or ev5 ant]ior to t ( ! human races4 ,! banana is said to h be5 f\nd wild 9 sev]al places4 ,?is is ! m wor?y ( att5tion s9ce ! cultivat$ v>ieties seldom produce se$1 & are multipli$ by division1 s t ! species c h>dly h become naturaliz$ f cultivation by s[+ itself4 ,roxburgh _h se5 x 9 ! =e/s ( ,*ittagong1#aecc 9 ! =m ( ,musa sapi5tum4 ,rumphius#aecd describes a wild v>iety ) small fruits 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isles4 ,l\reiro#aeceaecf probably speaks ( ! same =m by ! "n ,m4 sem9if]a agre/is1 :i* he contra/s ) ,m4 sem9if]a dome/ica1 :i* is wild 9 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,blanco also m5tions a wild banana 9 ! ,philipp9es1#aecg b 8 description is vague4 ,f9layson#aech f\nd ! banana wild 9 abundance 9 ! little isl& ( ,pulo ,ubi at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,siam4 ,?waites#aeci saw ! v>iety ,m4 sapi5tum 9 ! rocky =e/s ( ! c5tre ( ,ceylon1 & does n hesitate to pron\nce x ! orig9al /ock ( ! cultivat$ bananas4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook] & ,?omson#aedj f\nd x wild at ,khasia4 ,! facts are q diff]5t 9 ,am]ica4 ,! wild banana has be5 se5 n[h]e except 9 ,b>bados1#aeda b "h x is a tree ( :i* ! fruit does n rip51 & :i* is1 consequ5tly1 9 all probability ! result ( cultivat$ v>ieties ( :i* ! se$ is n abundant4 ,sloane's wild planta9#aedb appe>s to be a plant v diff]5t to ! musa4 ,! v>ieties :i* are suppos$ to be possibly indig5\s 9 ,am]ica are only two1 & z a rule f> few] v>ieties are gr[n ?an 9 ,asia4 ,! culture ( ! banana may be said to be rec5t 9 ! great] "p ( ,am]ica1 = x dates f b little m ?an ?ree c5turies4 ,piso#aedc says positively t x 0 import$ into ,brazil1 & has no ,brazilian "n4 ,he does n say :5ce x came4 ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to ,ovi$o1 ! species 0 br\ght to ,san ,dom+o f ! ,can>ies4 ,?is fact & ! sil5ce ( ,h]n&ez1 g5]ally s accurate ab\t ! useful plants1 wild or cultivat$1 9 ,mexico1 conv9ce me t at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica ! banana did n exi/ 9 ! :ole ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! cont95t4 ,did x exi/1 !n1 9 ! we/]n "p on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific8 ,?is seems v unlikely :5 we reflect t communication 0 easy betwe5 ! two coa/s t[>ds ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 & t be=e ! arrival ( ! ,europeans ! natives _h be5 active 9 diffus+ ?r\gh\t ,am]ica useful plants l ! manioc1 maize1 & ! potato4 ,! banana1 :i* !y h priz$ s highly = ?ree c5turies1 :i* is s easily multipli$ by suck]s1 & ^: appe>ance mu/ /rike ! lea/ obs]vant1 w\ld n h be5 =gott5 9 a few villages 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/ or ^u ! littoral4 ,i admit t ! op9ion ( ,g>cilasso1 desc5dant ( ! ,incas1 an au?or :o liv$ f #aecj to #aefh1 has a c]ta9 importance :5 he says t ! natives knew ! banana be=e ! conque/4 ,h[ev]1 ! expressions ( ano!r writ]1 extremely wor?y ( att5tion1 ,joseph ,aco/a1 :o _h be5 9 ,p]u1 & :om ,humboldt quotes 9 support ( ,g>cilasso1 incl9e me to adopt ! contr>y op9ion4#aedd ,he says1#aede 8,! reason ! ,spani>ds call$ x plane 7= ! natives _h no su* "n7 0 t1 z 9 ! case ( _! trees1 !y f\nd "s resemblance betwe5 !m40 ,he goes on to %[ h[ diff]5t 0 ! plane 7,platanus7 ( ! anci5ts4 ,he describes ! banana v well1 & adds t ! tree is v common 9 ! ,indies 7i4e4 ,am]ica71 8al?\gh !y 7! ,indians7 say t its orig9 is ,e?iopia4444 ,!re is a small :ite species ( planta9 7banana71 v delicate1 :i* is call$ 9 ,espagnolle#aedf dom9ico4 ,!re are o!rs co>s] & l>g]1 & ( a r$ col\r4 ,!re are none 9 ,p]u1 b !y are import$ ?i!r f ! ,indies1#aedg z into ,mexico f ,cu]navaca & ! o!r valleys4 ,on ! cont95t & 9 "s ( ! isl&s !re are great plantations ( !m :i* =m d5se ?ickets40 ,surely x is n ?us t ! au?or w\ld express himself 7 he writ+ ( a fruit tree ( ,am]ican orig94 ,he w\ld quote ,am]ican names & cu/oms2 above all1 he w\ld n say t ! natives reg>d$ x z a plant ( =eign orig94 ,its diffusion 9 ! w>m regions ( ,mexico may well h tak5 place betwe5 ! epo* ( ! conque/ & ! "t :5 ,aco/a wrote1 s9ce ,h]n&ez1 ^: consci5ti\s rese>*es g back to ! e>lie/ times ( ! ,spani% dom9ion 9 ,mexico 7?\gh publi%$ lat] 9 ,rome71 says n a ^w ( ! banana4#aedh ,prescott ! hi/orian saw anci5t books & manuscripts :i* ass]t t ! inhabitants ( ,tumbez br\ght bananas to ,piz>ro :5 he disemb>k$ ^u ! ,p]uvian coa/1 & he believes t its leaves 7 f\nd 9 ! huacas1 b he does n give 8 pro(s4#aedi ,z reg>ds ! argum5t ( ! mod]n native plantations 9 regions ( ,am]ica1 remote f ,european settlem5ts1 ,i f9d x h>d to believe t tribes h rema9$ absolutely isolat$1 & h n receiv$ s useful a tree f coloniz$ di/ricts4 ,briefly1 !n1 x appe>s to me mo/ probable t ! species 0 e>ly introduc$ by ! ,spani% & ,portuguese into ,san ,dom+o & ,brazil1 & ,i confess t ?is implies t ,g>cilasso 0 9 error ) reg>d to ,p]uvian traditions4 ,if1 h[ev]1 lat] rese>* %\ld prove t ! banana exi/$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,europeans1 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to attribute x to a *ance introduction1 n v anci5t1 ! effect ( "s unkn[n communication ) ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 or ) ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 r ?an to believe 9 ! primitive & simultane\s exi/5ce ( ! species 9 bo? hemisph]es4 ,! :ole ( geographical botany r5d]s ! latt] hypo!sis improbable1 ,i might almo/ say impossible1 to admit1 especially 9 a g5us :i* is n divid$ betwe5 ! two worlds4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld call att5tion to ! rem>kable way 9 :i* ! di/ribution ( v>ieties fav\rs ! op9ion ( a s+le species--an op9ion adopt$1 purely f ! botanical po9t ( view1 by ,roxburgh1 ,desvaux1 & ,r4 ,br[n4 ,if !re 7 two or ?ree species1 "o w\ld probably be repres5t$ by ! v>ieties suspect$ to be ( ,am]ican orig91 ! o!r w\ld belong1 = in/ance1 to ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago or to ,*9a1 & ! ?ird to ,india4 ,on ! contr>y all ! v>ieties are geographically int]mix$1 & ! two :i* are mo/ widely diffus$ 9 ,am]ica diff] s5sibly ! "o f ! o!r1 & ea* is conf\nd$ ) or approa*es v ne>ly to ,asiatic v>ieties4 ,p9e-,apple--,ananassa sativa1 ,l9dley2 ,bromelia ,ananas1 ,l9nu4 ,9 spite ( ! d\bts ( a few writ]s1 ! p9e-apple mu/ be an ,am]ican plant1 e>ly introduc$ by ,europeans into ,asia & ,africa4 ,nana 0 ! ,brazilian "n1#aeej :i* ! ,portuguese turn$ into ananas4 ,! ,spani% call$ x p9as1 because ! %ape resembles ! fruit ( a species ( p9e4#aeea ,all e>ly writ]s on ,am]ica m5tion x4#aeeb ,h]n&ez says t ! p9e-apple gr[s 9 ! w>m regions ( ,haiti & ,mexico4 ,he m5tions a ,mexican "n1 matzatli4 ,a p9e-apple 0 br\ght to ,*>les ,v41 :o mi/ru/$ x1 & w\ld n ta/e x4 ,! works ( ! ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,arabs make no allusion to ?is species1 :i* 0 evid5tly introduc$ into ! old _w aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,rhe$e#aeec 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury 0 p]suad$ ( ?is2 b ,rumphius#aeed disput$ x lat]1 because he said ! p9e-apple 0 cultivat$ 9 8 "t 9 e "p ( ,india1 & 0 f\nd wild 9 ,celebes & else:]e4 ,he notices1 h[ev]1 ! abs5ce ( an ,asiatic "n4 ,t giv5 by ,rhe$e = ,malab> is evid5tly tak5 f a comp>ison ) ! jack-fruit1 & is 9 no s5se orig9al4 ,x is d\btless a mi/ake on ! "p ( ,pidd+ton to attribute a ,sanskrit "n to ! p9e-apple1 z ! "n an>u% seems to be a corruption ( ananas4 ,roxburgh knew ( none1 & ,wilson's diction>y does n m5tion ! ^w an>u%4 ,royle#aeee says t ! p9e-apple 0 introduc$ into ,b5gal 9 #aeid4 ,kir*]#aeef says t ! ,*9ese cultivat$ x 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 b x 0 believ$ to h be5 br\ght to !m f ,p]u4 ,clusius#aeeg 9 #aeii _h se5 leaves ( ! p9e-apple br\ght f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,?is may be expla9$ by an introduction !re subsequ5t to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,rob]t ,br[n speaks ( ! p9e-apple among ! plants cultivat$ 9 ,congo2 b he consid]s ! species to be an ,am]ican "o4 ,al?\gh ! cultivat$ p9e-apple be>s few se$s or none at all1 x occasionally becomes naturaliz$ 9 hot c\ntries4 ,examples are quot$ 9 ,mauritius1 ! ,sey*elles1 & ,rodriguez ,isl&1#aeeh 9 ,india1#aeei 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica1 :]e x 0 probably n indig5\s--! ,we/ ,indies1 = in/ance4 ,x has be5 f\nd wild 9 ! w>m regions ( ,mexico 7if we may tru/ ! phrase us$ by ,h]n&ez71 9 ! prov9ce ( ,v]aguas#aefj ne> ,panama1 9 ! upp] ,or9oco valley1#aefa 9 ,guiana#aefb & ! prov9ce ( ,bahia4#aefc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,plants ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,_! ,,se$s4 ,article ,i4--,se$s us$ = ,food4 ,cacao--,!obroma ,cacao1 ,l9nu4 ,! g5us ,!obroma1 ( ! ord] ,byttn]iace1 alli$ to ! ,malvace1 consi/s ( fifte5 to eighte5 species1 all belong+ to tropical ,am]ica1 pr9cipally 9 ! hott] p>ts ( ,brazil1 ,guiana1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,! common cacao1 ,!obroma ,cacao1 is a small tree wild 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,amazon & ,or9oco bas9s#aefd & ( _! tribut>ies up to f\r hundr$ feet ( altitude4 ,x is also said to gr[ wild 9 ,tr9idad1 :i* lies ne> ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco4#aefe ,i f9d no pro( t x is indig5\s 9 ,guiana1 al?\gh x seems probable4 ,_m e>ly writ]s indicate t x 0 bo? wild & cultivat$ at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica f ,panama to ,guatemala & ,campea*y2 b f ! num]\s quotations collect$ by ,sloane1#aeff x is to be fe>$ t its wild "* 0 n suffici5tly v]ifi$4 ,mod]n botani/s are n v explicit on ?is head1 & 9 g5]al !y only m5tion ! cacao z cultivat$ 9 ^! regions & 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 ,g4 ,b]n\lli1#aefg :o _h resid$ 9 ,guatemala1 only says1 8wild & cultivat$ ?r\gh\t tropical ,am]ica20 & ,hemsley1#aefh 9 8 review ( ! plants ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 made 9 #ahgi f ! ri* mat]ials ( ! ,kew h]b>ium1 gives no locality :]e ! species is indig5\s4 ,x 0 p]haps introduc$ into ,c5tral ,am]ica & into ! w>m regions ( ,mexico by ! ,indians be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,cultivation may h naturaliz$ x "h & !re1 z is said to be ! case 9 ,jamaica4#aefi ,9 support ( ?is hypo!sis1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t ,triana#aegj indicates ! cacao z only cultivat$ 9 ! w>m regions ( ,new ,granada1 a c\ntry situat$ betwe5 ,panama & ! ,or9oco valley4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! species 0 gr[n 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,yucatan at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! se$s 7 s5t into ! highl&s ( ,mexico1 & 7 ev5 us$ z money1 s highly 7 !y valu$4 ,! cu/om ( dr9k+ *ocolate 0 g5]al4 ,! "n ( ?is excell5t dr9k is ,mexican4 ,! ,spani>ds c>ri$ ! cacao f ,acapulco to ! ,philipp9e ,isles 9 #afgd & #afhj1aega :]e x succe$$ wond]fully4 ,x is also cultivat$ 9 ! ,sunda ,isles4 ,i imag9e x w\ld succe$ on ! ,gu9ea & ,zanzib> coa/s1 b x is ( no use to attempt to gr[ x 9 c\ntries :i* are n v hot & v damp4 ,ano!r species1 ,!obroma bicolor1 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 is f\nd gr[+ ) ! common cacao 9 ,am]ican plantations4 ,x is n s mu* priz$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x does n require s high a temp]ature1 & c live at an altitude ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& feet 9 ! valley ( ! ,magdal5a4 ,x ab\nds 9 a wild /ate 9 ,new ,granada4#aegb ,b]n\lli ass]ts t x is only cultivat$ 9 ,guatemala1 ?\gh ! inhabitants call x m\nta9 cacao4 ,lit*i--,nephelium ,lit*i1 ,cambessides4 ,! se$ ( ?is species & ( ! two foll[+ is cov]$ ) a fle%y excresc5ce1 v sweet & sc5t$1 :i* is eat5 ) tea4 ,l mo/ ( ! ,sap9dace1 ! nepheliums are trees4 ,?is "o has be5 cultivat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,*9a1 ,india1 & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago f a date ( :i* we _c be c]ta94 ,*9ese au?ors liv+ at ,pek9 only knew ! ,lit*i late 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( our era4#aegc ,its introduction into ,b5gal took place at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4#aegd ,e "o admits t ! species is a native ( ! s\? ( ,*9a1 &1 ,blume#aege adds1 ( ,co*9-,*9a & ! ,philipp9e ,isles1 b x does n seem t any botani/ has f\nd x 9 a truly wild /ate4 ,?is is probably because ! s\!rn "p ( ,*9a t[>ds ,siam has be5 little visit$4 ,9 ,co*9-,*9a & 9 ,burmah & at ,*ittagong ! ,lit*i is only cultivat$4#aegf ,longan--,nephelium longana1 ,cambessides4 ,?is second species1 v (t5 cultivat$ 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 l ! ,lit*i1 is wild 9 ,briti% ,india1 f ,ceylon & ,concan z f> z ! m\nta9s to ! ea/ ( ,b5gal1 & 9 ,pegu4#aegg ,! ,*9ese introduc$ x into ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago "s c5turies ago4 ,rambutan--,nephelium lappaceum1 ,l9nu4 ,x is said to be wild 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 :]e x mu/ h be5 long cultivat$1 to judge f ! numb] ( its v>ieties4 ,a ,malay "n1 giv5 by ,blume1 signifies wild tree4 ,l\reiro says x is wild 9 ,co*9-,*9a & ,java4 ,yet ,i f9d no confirmation = ,co*9-,*9a 9 mod]n works1 nor ev5 = ! isl&s4 ,! new flora ( ,briti% ,india#aegh indicates x at ,s+apore & ,malacca )\t affirm+ t x is indig5\s1 on :i* head ! labels 9 h]b>ia commonly tell u no?+4 ,c]ta9ly ! species is n wild on ! cont95t ( ,asia1 9 spite ( ! vague expressions ( ,blume & ,miquel1#aegi b x is m probably a native ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,9 spite ( ! reputation ( ! nepheliums1 ( :i* ! fruit c be export$1 x does n appe> t ^! trees h be5 introduc$ into ! tropical colonies ( ,africa & ,am]ica except into a few g>d5s z curiosities4 ,pi/a*io ,nut--,pi/acia v]a1 ,l9nu4 ,! pi/a*io1 a %rub belong+ to ! ord] ,anac>diace1 gr[s naturally 9 ,syria4 ,boissi]#aehj f\nd x to ! nor? ( ,damascus 9 ,anti-,lebanon1 & he saw specim5s ( x br\ght f ,mesopotamia1 b he c\ld n be sure t !y 7 f\nd wild4 ,!re is ! same d\bt ab\t bran*es ga!r$ 9 ,arabia1 :i* h be5 m5tion$ by "s writ]s4 ,pl9y & ,gal5#aeha knew t ! species 0 a ,syrian "o4 ,! =m] tells u t ! plant 0 introduc$ into ,italy by ,vitellius at ! end ( ! reign ( ,tib]ius1 & !nce into ,spa9 by ,flavius ,pompeius4 ,!re is no reason to believe t ! cultivation ( ! pi/a*io 0 anci5t ev5 9 its primitive c\ntry1 b x is practis$ 9 our own day 9 ! ,ea/1 z well z 9 ,sicily & ,tunis4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,france & ,spa9 x is ( little importance4 ,broad ,bean--,faba vulg>is1 ,mn*2 ,vicia faba1 ,l9nu4 ,l9nu1 9 8 be/ descriptive "w1 ,hortus clif=tianus1 admits t ! orig9 ( ?is species is obscure1 l t ( mo/ plants ( anci5t cultivation4 ,lat]1 9 8 ,species1 :i* is m (t5 quot$1 he says1 )\t giv+ any pro(1 t ! bean 8inhabits ,egypt40 ,l]*e1 a ,russian travell] at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 f\nd x wild 9 ! ,mungan des]t ( ! ,maz&]an1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian ,sea4#aehb ,travell]s :o h collect$ 9 ?is region h sometimes come across x1#aehc b !y d n m5tion x 9 _! writ+s1#aehd except+ ,l$eb\r1#aehe & ! quotation on :i* he relies is n correct4 ,bosc#aehf says t ,olivi] f\nd ! bean wild 9 ,p]sia2 ,i d n f9d ?is confirm$ 9 ,olivi]'s ,voyage1 & z a rule ,bosc seems to h be5 too ready to believe t ,olivi] f\nd a good _m ( our cultivat$ plants 9 ! int]ior ( ,p]sia4 ,he says x ( buck:eat & ( oats1 :i* ,olivi] does n m5tion4 ,! only indication besides t ( ,l]*e :i* ,i f9d 9 floras is a v diff]5t locality4 ,munby m5tions ! bean z wild 9 ,alg]ia1 at ,oran4 ,he adds t x is r>e4 ,no o!r au?or1 to my k1 has spok5 ( x 9 nor!rn ,africa4 ,cosson1 :o kn[s ! flora ( ,alg]ia bett] ?an any "o1 assures me he has n se5 or receiv$ any specim5 ( ! wild bean f ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,i h asc]ta9$ t !re is no specim5 9 ,munby's#aehg h]b>ium1 n[ at ,kew4 ,z ! ,arabs gr[ ! bean on a l>ge scale1 x may p]haps be met ) accid5tally outside cultivat$ plots4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ,pl9y 7lib4 xviii4 c4 #ab7 speaks ( a wild bean 9 ,mauritania1 b he adds t x is h>d & _c be cook$1 :i* ?r[s d\bt ^u ! species4 ,botani/s :o h writt5 ^u ,egypt & ,cyr5aica1 especially ! m rec5t1#aehh give ! bean z cultivat$4 ,?is plant alone con/itutes ! g5us ,faba4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 call 9 ! aid ( any botanical analogy to discov] its orig94 ,we mu/ h rec\rse to ! hi/ory ( its cultivation & to ! names ( ! species to f9d out ! c\ntry 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally indig5\s4 ,we mu/ fir/ elim9ate an error :i* came f a wrong int]pretation ( ,*9ese works4 ,/anislas ,juli5 believ$ t ! bean 0 "o ( ! five plants :i* ! ,emp]or ,*9-nong comm&$1 #dfjj ye>s ago1 to be s[n e ye> ) great solemnity4#aehi ,n[1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1#aeij :o is surr\nd$ at ,pek9 ) e possible res\rce = arriv+ at ! tru?1 ! se$ simil> to a bean :i* ! emp]ors s[ 9 ! enjo9$ c]emony is t ( ,doli*os soja1 & ! bean 0 only introduc$ into ,*9a f ,we/]n ,asia a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 at ! "t ( ,*ang-ki5's embassy4 ,?us falls an ass]tion :i* x is h>d to reconcile ) o!r facts1 = in/ance ) ! abs5ce ( an anci5t cultivation ( ! bean 9 ,india1 & ( a ,sanskrit "n1 or ev5 ( any mod]n ,indian "n4 ,! anci5t ,greeks 7 acqua9t$ ) ! bean1 :i* !y call$ kuamos1 & sometimes kuamos ell5ikos1 to di/+ui% x f t ( ,egypt1 :i* 0 ! se$ ( a totally diff]5t aquatic species1 ,nelumbium4 ,! ,iliad#aeia already m5tions ! bean z a cultivat$ plant1 & ,vir*[ f\nd "s beans 9 ! excavations at ,troy4#aeib ,! ,lat9s call$ x faba4 ,we f9d no?+ 9 ! works ( ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1 etc41 :i* leads u to believe ! plant indig5\s 9 ,greece or ,italy4 ,x 0 e>ly kn[n1 because x 0 an anci5t ,roman rite to put beans 9 ! sacrifices to ! goddess ,c>na1 :5ce ! "n ,fab>i ,cal5d4#aeic ,! ,fabii p]haps took _! "n f faba1 & ! twelf? *apt] ( ! eighte5? book ( ,pl9y %[s1 )\t ! possibility ( a d\bt1 ! antiquity & importance ( ! bean 9 ,italy4 ,! ^w faba recurs 9 sev]al ( ! ,aryan languages ( ,europe1 b ) modifications :i* philologi/s alone c recognize4 ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 ,adolphe ,pictet's v j rem>k1#aeid t 9 ! cases ( ! se$s ( c]eals & legum9\s plants ! names ( "o species are (t5 transf]r$ to ano!r1 or t c]ta9 names 7 sometimes specific & sometimes g5]ic4 ,sev]al se$s ( l =m 7 call$ kuamos by ! ,greeks2 sev]al diff]5t k9ds ( h>icot bean 7,phaseolus1 ,doli*os7 be> ! same "n 9 ,sanskrit1 & faba 9 anci5t ,slav1 bobu 9 anci5t ,prussian1 babo 9 ,armorican1 fav1 etc41 may v well h be5 us$ = peas1 h>icot beans1 etc4 ,9 our own day ! phrase c(fee-bean is us$ 9 ! trade4 ,x has be5 rightly suppos$ t :5 ,pl9y speaks ( fab>i isl&s1 :]e beans 7 f\nd 9 abundance1 he alludes to a species ( wild pea call$ botanically ,pisum m>itimum4 ,! anci5t inhabitants ( ,switz]l& & ( ,italy 9 ! age ( bronze cultivat$ a small-fruit$ v>iety ( ,faba vulg>is4#aeie ,he] calls x ,celtica nana1 because x is only six to n9e millimetres long1 :]eas our mod]n field bean is t5 to twelve millimetres4 ,he has comp>$ ! specim5s f ,monteli] on ,lake ,morat1 & ,/4 ,pet]'s ,isl&s on ,lake ,bi5ne1 ) o!rs ( ! same epo* f ,p>ma4 ,mortellet f\nd1 9 ! contempor>y lake-dwell+s on ! ,lake ,b\rget1 ! same small bean1 :i* is1 he says1 v l a v>iety cultivat$ 9 ,spa9 at ! pres5t day4#aeif ,! bean 0 cultivat$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians4#aeig ,x is true t hi!rto no beans h be5 f\nd 9 ! s>cophagi1 or draw+s ( ! plant se5 on ! monum5ts4 ,! reason is said to be t ! plant 0 reckon$ unclean4#aeih ,h]odotus#aeii says1 8,! ,egyptians nev] s[ ! bean 9 _! l&1 & if x gr[s !y d n eat x ei!r cook$ or raw4 ,! prie/s _c ev5 endure ! sight ( x2 !y imag9e t ?is vegetable is unclean40 ,! bean exi/$ !n 9 ,egypt1 & probably 9 cultivat$ places1 = ! soil :i* w\ld suit x 0 z a rule "u cultivation4 ,p]haps ! poor population & t ( c]ta9 di/ricts did n %>e ! prejudices ( ! prie/s2 we "k t ! sup]/itions v>i$ ) ! nomes4 ,plut>* & ,diodorus ,siculus m5tion ! cultivation ( ! bean 9 ,egypt1 b !y wrote five hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ,h]odotus4 ,! ^w pol occurs twice 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2#afjj x has be5 translat$ bean because ( ! traditions pres]v$ by ! ,talmud1 & ( ! ,arabic "n f\l1 fol1 or ful1 :i* is t ( ! bean4 ,! fir/ ( ! two v]ses %[s t ! ,hebrews 7 acqua9t$ ) ! bean "o ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,la/ly1 ,i %all m5tion a sign ( ! anci5t exi/5ce ( ! bean 9 ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,?is is ! ,b]b] "n ibi\1 9 ! plural iab\51 us$ by ! ,kabyles ( ! prov9ce ( ,algi]s4#afja ,x has no resemblance to ! ,semitic "n1 & dates p]haps f a remote antiquity4 ,! ,b]b]s =m]ly inhabit$ ,mauritania1 :]e ,pl9y ass]ts t ! species 0 wild4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ! ,guan*os 7! ,b]b] p ( ! ,can>ies7 knew ! bean4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! ,ib]ians _h x1 = _! suppos$ desc5dants1 ! ,basques1 use ! "n baba1#afjb answ]+ to ! ,roman faba4 ,we judge f ^! facts t ! bean 0 cultivat$ 9 ,europe 9 prehi/oric t]ms4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,europe probably by ! we/]n ,aryans at ! "t ( _! e>lie/ migrations 7,pelasgians1 ,kelts1 ,slavs74 ,x 0 tak5 to ,*9a lat]1 a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & /ill lat] into ,japan1 & q rec5tly into ,india4 ,its wild habitat 0 probably tw(old "s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 "o ( ! c5tres be+ to ! s\? ( ! ,caspian1 ! o!r 9 ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,?is k9d ( area1 :i* ,i h call$ disjunctive1 & to :i* ,i =m]ly paid a good deal ( att5tion1#afjc is r>e 9 dicotyl$ons1 b !re are examples 9 ^? v c\ntries ( :i* ,i h j spok54#afjd ,x is probable t ! area ( ! bean has long be5 9 process ( dim9ution & ( ext9ction4 ,! nature ( ! plant is 9 fav\r ( ?is hypo!sis1 = its se$ has no means ( disp]s+ itself1 & rod5ts or o!r animals c easily make prey ( x4 ,its area 9 ,we/]n ,asia 0 probably less limit$ at "o "t1 & t 9 ,africa 9 ,pl9y's day 0 m or less ext5sive4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce :i* 0 go+ aga9/ ?is plant1 z aga9/ maize1 w\ld h gradually isolat$ x & caus$ x to disappe>1 if man _h n sav$ x by cultivation4 ,! plant :i* mo/ ne>ly resembles ! bean is ,vicia n>bon5sis4 ,au?ors :o d n admit ! g5us ,faba1 ( :i* ! *>act]s are n v di/9ct f ^? ( ,vicia1 place ^! two species 9 ! same section4 ,n[1 ,vicia n>bon5sis is wild 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 & 9 ! ,ea/ z f> z ! ,caucasus1 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia1 & 9 ,mesopotamia4#afje ,its area is cont9u\s1 b ?is r5d]s ! hypo!sis ,i m5tion$ above probable by analogy4 ,l5til--,ervum l5s1 ,l9nu2 ,l5s escul5ta1 ,mn*4 ,! plants :i* mo/ ne>ly resemble ! l5til are class$ by au?ors n[ 9 ! g5us ,ervum1 n[ 9 a di/9ct g5us ,l5s1 & sometimes 9 ! g5us ,cic]2 b ! species ( ^! ill-def9$ gr\ps all belong to ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 or to ,we/]n ,asia4 ,?is ?r[s "s light on ! orig9 ( ! cultivat$ plant4 ,un=tunately1 ! l5til is no long] to be f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 at lea/ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! floras ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 ( ,nor!rn ,africa1 ( ! ,ea/1 & ( ,india always m5tion x z cultivat$1 or z gr[+ 9 fields aft] or ) o!r cultivat$ species4 ,a botani/#afjf saw x 9 ! prov9ces to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 8cultivat$ & ne>ly wild "h & !re r\nd villages40 ,ano!r#afjg indicates x vaguely 9 ! s\? ( ,russia1 b m rec5t floras fail to confirm ?is4 ,! hi/ory & names ( ?is plant may give cle>] indications ( its orig94 ,x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 & ev5 9 ,switz]l&1 f prehi/oric "t4 ,accord+ to ,h]odotos1 ,!ophra/us1 etc41 ! anci5t ,egyptians us$ x l>gely4 ,if _! monum5ts give no pro( ( ?is1 x 0 probably because ! l5til 01 l ! bean1 consid]$ common & co>se4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t m5tions x ?ree times1 by ! "n adas*um or adas*im1 :i* mu/ c]ta9ly mean l5til1 = ! ,arabic "n is ads1#afjh or adas4#afji ,! r$ col\r ( ,esau's fam\s mess ( pottage has n be5 und]/ood by mo/ au?ors4 ,reyni]1#afaj :o _h liv$ 9 ,egypt1 confirms ! explanation giv5 =m]ly by ,josephus2 ! l5tils 7 r$ because !y 7 hull$4 ,x is /ill ! practice 9 ,egypt1 says ,reyni]1 to remove ! husk or out] sk9 f ! l5til1 & 9 ?is case !y are a pale r$4 ,! ,b]b]s h ! ,semitic "n ads = ! l5til4#afaa ,! ,greeks cultivat$ ! species--fakos or fakai4 ,ari/ophanes m5tions x z an article ( food ( ! poor4#afab ,! ,lat9s call$ x l5s1 a "n ^: orig9 is unkn[n1 :i* is evid5tly alli$ to ! anci5t ,slav le%a1 ,illyrian le*ja1 ,li?uanian l5szic4#afac ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,greek & ,lat9 names %[s t ! species p]haps exi/$ 9 ,greece & ,italy be=e x 0 cultivat$4 ,ano!r pro( ( anci5t exi/5ce 9 ,europe is ! discov]y ( l5tils 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,isl&1 ,lake ( ,bi5ne1#afad :i* are ( ! age ( bronze4 ,! species may h be5 introduc$ f ,italy4 ,accord+ to ,!ophra/us1#afae ! inhabitants ( ,bactriana 7! mod]n ,bokk>a7 did n "k ! fakos ( ! ,greeks4 ,adolphe ,pictet quotes a ,p]sian "n1 mangu or m>gu1 b he does n say :e!r x is an anci5t "n1 exi/+1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,z5d ,ave/a4 ,he admits sev]al ,sanskrit names = ! l5til1 masura1 r5uka1 mangalya1 etc41 :ile ,anglo-,indian botani/s1 ,roxburgh & ,pidd+ton1 knew none4#afaf ,z ^! au?ors m5tion an analog\s "n 9 ,h9du/ani & ,b5gali1 muss\r1 we may suppose t masura signifies l5til1 :ile mangu 9 ,p]sian recalls ! o!r "n mangalya4 ,z ,roxburgh & ,pidd+ton give no "n 9 o!r ,indian languages1 x may be suppos$ t ! l5til 0 n kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry be=e ! invasion ( ! ,sanskrit-speak+ race4 ,anci5t ,*9ese works d n m5tion ! species2 at lea/1 ,dr4 ,brets*neid] says no?+ ( !m 9 8 "w publi%$ 9 #ahgj1 nor 9 ! m detail$ lett]s :i* he has s9ce writt5 to me4 ,! l5til appe>s to h exi/$ 9 we/]n temp]ate ,asia1 9 ,greece1 & 9 ,italy1 :]e its cultivation 0 fir/ und]tak5 9 v e>ly prehi/oric "t1 :5 x 0 introduc$ into ,egypt4 ,its cultivation appe>s to h be5 ext5d$ at a less remote epo*1 b /ill h>dly 9 hi/oric "t1 bo? ea/ & we/1 t is into ,europe & ,india4 ,*ick-,pea--,cic] ariet9um1 ,l9nu4 ,fifte5 species ( ! g5us ,cic] are kn[n1 all ( ,we/]n ,asia or ,greece1 except "o1 :i* is ,abyss9ian4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 mo/ probable t ! cultivat$ species comes f ! tract ( l& ly+ betwe5 ,greece & ! ,himalayas1 vaguely t]m$ ! ,ea/4 ,! species has n be5 f\nd und\bt$ly wild4 ,all ! floras ( ! s\? ( ,europe1 ( ,egypt1 & ( ,we/]n ,asia z f> z ! ,caucasus & ,india1 give x z a cultivat$ species1 or gr[+ 9 fields & cultivat$ gr\nds4 ,x has sometimes#afag be5 indicat$ 9 ! ,crimea1 & to ! nor?1 & especially to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 z ne>ly wild2 b well-in=m$ mod]n au?ors d n ?9k s4#afah ,?is quasi-wildness c only po9t to its orig9 9 ,arm5ia & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,! cultivation & ! names ( ! species may p]haps ?r[ "s light on ! "q4 ,! ,greeks cultivat$ ?is species ( pea z e>ly z ,hom]'s "t1 "u ! "n ( ereb9?os1#afai & also ( krios1#afbj f ! resemblance ( ! pea to ! head ( a ram4 ,! ,lat9s call$ x cic]1 :i* is ! orig9 ( all ! mod]n names 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,! "n exi/s also among ! ,albanians1 desc5dants ( ! ,pelasgians1 "u ! =m kik]e4#afba ,! exi/5ce ( su* widely diff]5t names %[s t ! plant 0 v e>ly kn[n1 & p]haps indig5\s1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,europe4 ,! *ick-pea has n be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 ,savoy1 & ,italy4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ locality its abs5ce is n s+ul>2 ! climate is n hot en\gh4 ,a common "n among ! peoples ( ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & ( ! ,caspian ,sea is1 9 ,georgian1 na*uda2 9 ,turki% & ,arm5ian1 na*ius1 na*unt2 9 ,p]sian1 no*ot4#afbb ,philologi/s c tell if ?is is a v anci5t "n1 & if x has any connection ) ! ,sanskrit *5nuka4 ,! *ick-pea is s frequ5tly cultivat$ 9 ,egypt f ! e>lie/ times ( ! ,*ri/ian era1#afbc t x is suppos$ to h be5 also kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,!re is no pro( to be f\nd 9 ! draw+s or /ores ( gra9 9 _! monum5ts1 b x may be suppos$ t ?is pea1 l ! bean & ! l5til1 0 consid]$ common or unclean4 ,reyni]#afbd ?\ght t ! ketse*1 m5tion$ by ,isaiah 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 0 p]haps ! *ick-pea2 b ?is "n is g5]ally attribut$1 ?\gh )\t c]ta9ty1 to ,nigella sativa or ,vicia sativa4#afbe ,z ! ,arabs h a totally diff]5t "n = ! *ick-pea1 omnos1 homos1 :i* recurs 9 ! ,kabyl language z hammez1#afbf x is n likely t ! ketse* ( ! ,jews 0 ! same plant4 ,^! details lead me to suspect t ! species 0 unkn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians & to ! ,hebrews4 ,x 0 p]haps introduc$ among !m f ,greece or ,italy t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,x is ( m anci5t introduction into ,india1 = !re is a ,sanskrit "n1 & sev]al o!rs1 analog\s or diff]5t1 9 mod]n ,indian languages4#afbg ,brets*neid] does n m5tion ! species 9 ,*9a4 ,i d n "k ( any pro( ( antiquity ( culture 9 ,spa91 yet ! ,ca/ilian "n g>banzo1 us$ also by ! ,basques "u ! =m g>bantzua1 & by ! ,fr5* z g>vance1 be+ nei!r ,lat9 nor ,arabic1 may date f an epo* ant]ior to ! ,roman conque/4 ,botanical1 hi/orical1 & philological data agree 9 indicat+ a habitation ant]ior to cultivation 9 ! c\ntries to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & to ! nor? ( ,p]sia4 ,! we/]n ,aryans 7,pelasgians1 ,hell5es7 p]haps introduc$ ! plant into ,s\!rn ,europe1 :]e1 h[ev]1 !re is "s probability t x 0 also indig5\s4 ,! we/]n ,aryans c>ri$ x into ,india4 ,its area p]haps ext5d$ f ,p]sia to ,greece1 & ! species n[ exi/s only 9 cultivat$ gr\nd1 :]e we d n "k :e!r x spr+s f a /ock orig9ally wild or f cultivat$ plants4 ,lup9--,lup9us albus1 ,l9nu4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans cultivat$ ?is legum9\s plant to bury x z a gre5 manure1 & also = ! sake ( ! se$s1 :i* are a good fodd] = cattle1 & :i* are also us$ by man4 ,! expressions ( ,!ophra/us1 ,dioscorides1 ,cato1 ,v>ro1 ,pl9y1 etc41 quot$ by mod]n writ]s1 ref] to ! culture or to ! m$ical prop]ties ( ! se$s1 & d n %[ :e!r ! species 0 ! :ite lup91 ,l4 albus1 or ! blue-fl[]$ lup91 ,l4 hirsutus1 :i* gr[s wild 9 ! s\? ( ,europe4 ,fraas says#afbh t ! latt] is gr[n 9 ! ,morea at ! pres5t day2 b ,heldrei* says#afbi t ,l4 albus gr[s 9 ,attica4 ,z ?is is ! species :i* has be5 long cultivat$ 9 ,italy1 x is probable t x is ! lup9 ( ! anci5ts4 ,x 0 mu* gr[n 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 especially 9 ,italy1#afcj & de l',ecluse settles ! "q ( ! species1 z he calls x ,lup9us sativus albo flore4#afca ,! antiquity ( its cultivation 9 ,spa9 is %[n by ! exi/5ce ( f\r diff]5t common names1 accord+ to ! prov9ce2 b ! plant is only f\nd cultivat$ or ne>ly wild 9 fields & s&y places4#afcb ,! species is indicat$ by ,b]toloni 9 ,italy1 on ! hills ( ,s>zana4 ,yet ,c>uel does n believe x to be wild "h1 any m ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! p59sula4#afcc ,gussone#afcd is v positive = ,sicily--8on b>r5 & s&y hills1 & 9 mead[s 79 h]bidis70 ,la/ly1 ,griseba*#afce f\nd x 9 ,turkey 9 ,europe1 ne> ,rusko1 & d',urville#afcf saw x 9 abundance1 9 a wood ne> ,con/ant9ople4 ,ca/agne confirms ?is 9 a manuscript catalogue 9 my possession4 ,boissi] does n m5tion any locality 9 ! ,ea/2 ! species does n exi/ 9 ,india1 b ,russian botani/s h f\nd x to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 ?\gh we d n "k ) c]ta9ty if x 0 really wild4#afcg ,o!r localities w p]haps be f\nd betwe5 ,sicily1 ,mac$onia1 & ! ,caucasus4 ,egyptian ,lup9--,lup9us t]mis1 ,=skal4 ,?is species ( lup91 s ne>ly alli$ to ,l4 albus t x has sometimes be5 propos$ to unite !m1#afch is l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,egypt & ev5 9 ,crete4 ,! mo/ obvi\s diff]5ce is t ! upp] "p ( ! fl[]s ( ,l4 t]mis is blue4 ,! /em is tall] ?an t ( ,l4 albus4 ,! se$s are us$ l ^? ( ! common lup91 aft] !y h be5 /eep$ to get rid ( _! bitt]ness4 ,l4 t]mis is wild 9 s&y soil & m\nta9\s di/ricts1 9 ,sicily1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,corsica2#afci 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 accord+ to ,boissi]2#afdj b ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son#afda say t x is only cultivat$ 9 ,egypt4 ,h>tmann saw x wild 9 ,upp] ,egypt4#afdb ,ung]#afdc m5tions x among ! cultivat$ specim5s ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 b he gives nei!r specim5 nor draw+4 ,wilk9son#afdd says only t x has be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,no lup9 is gr[n 9 ,india1 nor is !re any ,sanskrit "n2 its se$s are sold 9 baza>s "u ! "n t\rmus 7,royle1 ,ill41 p4 #aid74 ,! ,arabic "n1 t]mis or t]mus1 is also t ( ! ,greek lup91 t]mos4 ,x may be inf]r$ t ! ,greeks _h x f ! ,egyptians4 ,z ! species 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 x seems /range t x has no ,hebrew "n2#afde b x may h be5 introduc$ into ,egypt aft] ! dep>ture ( ! ,israelites4 ,field-,pea--,pisum arv5se1 ,l9nu4 ,?is pea is gr[n on a l>ge scale = ! se$1 & also sometimes = fodd]4 ,al?\gh its appe>ance & botanical *>act]s all[ ( its be+ easily di/+ui%$ f ! g>d5-pea1 ,greek & ,roman au?ors conf\nd$ !m1 or are n explicit ab\t !m4 ,_! writ+s d n prove t x 0 cultivat$ 9 _! "t4 ,x has n be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 ,france1 & ,italy4 ,bobbio has a leg5d 7,a4,d4 #icj71 9 :i* x is said t ! ,italian peasants call$ a c]ta9 se$ h]bilia1 :5ce x has be5 suppos$ to be ! mod]n rubiglia or ! ,pisum sativum ( botani/s4#afdf ,! species is cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/1 & z f> z ! nor? ( ,india4#afdg ,x is ( rec5t cultivation 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 = !re is no ,sanskrit "n1 & ,pidd+ton gives only "o "n 9 "o ( ! mod]n languages4 ,:atev] may be ! date ( ! introduction ( its culture1 ! species is und\bt$ly wild 9 ,italy1 n only 9 h$ges & ne> cultivat$ gr\nd1 b also 9 =e/s & wild m\nta9\s di/ricts4#afdh ,i f9d no positive indication 9 ! floras t x gr[s 9 l mann] 9 ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 ,greece1 & ! ,ea/4 ,! plant is said to be indig5\s 9 ! s\? ( ,russia1 b sometimes its wild "* is d\btful1 & sometimes ! species itself is n c]ta91 f a confusion ) ,pisum sativum & ,p4 elatius4 ,( all ,anglo-,indian botani/s1 only ,royle admits x to be indig5\s 9 ! nor? ( ,india4 ,g>d5-,pea--,pisum sativum1 ,l9nu4 ,! pea ( our kit*5 g>d5s is m delicate ?an ! field-pea1 & suff]s f fro/ & dr\ght4 ,its natural area1 previ\s to cultivation1 0 probably m to ! s\? & m re/rict$4 ,x has n hi!rto be5 f\nd wild1 ei!r 9 ,europe or 9 ! we/ ( ,asia1 :5ce x is suppos$ to h come4 ,bieb]/e9's indication ( ! species 9 ! ,crimea is n correct1 accord+ to ,/ev51 :o 0 a resid5t 9 ! c\ntry4#afdi ,p]haps botani/s h ov]look$ its habitation2 p]haps ! plant has disappe>$ f its orig9al dwell+2 p]haps also x is a m]e modification1 effect$ by culture1 ( ,pisum arv5se4 ,alefeld held ! latt] op9ion1#afej b he has publi%$ too little on ! subject = u to be able to conclude any?+ f x4 ,he only says t1 hav+ cultivat$ a great numb] ( v>ieties bo? ( ! field & g>d5 pea1 he concludes t !y belong to ! same species4 ,d>w9#afea le>nt ?r\gh a ?ird p]son t ,&rew ,knight _h cross$ ! field-pea ) a g>d5 v>iety kn[n z ! ,prussian pea1 & t ! product 0 f]tile4 ,?is w\ld c]ta9ly be a pro( ( specific unity1 b fur!r obs]vation & exp]im5t is requir$4 ,9 ! mean "t1 9 ! se>* = geographic orig91 etc41 ,i am oblig$ to consid] ! two =ms sep>ately4 ,botani/s :o di/+ui% _m species 9 ! g5us ,pisum1 admit eight1 all ,european or ,asiatic4 ,pisum sativum 0 cultivat$ by ! ,greeks 9 ! "t ( ,!ophra/us4#afeb ,!y call$ x pisos1 or pison4 ,! ,albanians1 desc5dants ( ! ,pelasgians1 call x pizelle4#afec ,! ,lat9s _h pisum4#afed ,?is uni=mity ( nom5clature seems to %[ t ! ,aryans knew ! plant :5 !y arriv$ 9 ,greece & ,italy1 & p]haps br\ght x ) !m4 ,o!r ,aryan languages h sev]al names = ! g5]ic s5se ( pea2 b x is evid5t1 f ,adolphe ,pictet's le>n$ discussion on ! subject1#afee t none ( ^! names c be appli$ to ,pisum sativum 9 p>ticul>4 ,ev5 :5 "o ( ! mod]n languages1 ,slav or ,breton1 limits ! s5se to ! g>d5-pea1 x is v probable t =m]ly ! ^w signifi$ field-pea1 l5til1 or any o!r legum9\s plant4 ,! g>d5-pea#afef has be5 f\nd among ! rema9s 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ! age ( bronze1 9 ,switz]l& & ,savoy4 ,! se$ is sph]ical1 :]e9 x diff]s f ,pisum arv5se4 ,x is small] ?an our mod]n pea4 ,he] says he f\nd x also among relics ( ! /one age1 at ,moosse$orf2 b he is less positive1 & only gives figures ( ! less anci5t pea ( ,/4 ,pet]'s ,isl&4 ,if ! species dates f ! /one age 9 ,switz]l&1 x w\ld be ant]ior to ! immigration ( ! ,aryans4 ,!re is no indication ( ! culture ( ,pisum sativum 9 anci5t ,egypt or 9 ,india4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has long be5 cultivat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 if x _h1 z ,pidd+ton says1 a ,sanskrit "n1 h>5so1 & if x has sev]al names v diff]5t to ?is 9 mod]n ,indian languages4#afeg ,x has be5 introduc$ into ,*9a f ,we/]n ,asia4 ,! ,p5t-sao1 drawn up at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 calls x ! ,mahometan pea4#afeh ,9 conclusion3 ! species seems to h exi/$ 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 p]haps f ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus to ,p]sia1 be=e x 0 cultivat$4 ,! ,aryans introduc$ x into ,europe1 b x p]haps exi/$ 9 ,nor!rn ,india be=e ! arrival ( ! ea/]n ,aryans4 ,x no long] exi/s 9 a wild /ate1 & :5 x occurs 9 fields1 half-wild1 x is n said to h a modifi$ =m s z to approa* "s o!r species4 ,soy--,doli*os soja1 ,l9nu2 ,glyc9e soja1 ,b5?am4 ,?is legum9\s annual has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,*9a & ,japan f remote antiquity4 ,?is might be ga!r$ f ! _m uses ( ! soy bean & f ! imm5se numb] ( v>ieties4 ,b x is also suppos$ to be "o ( ! f>9ace\s sub/ances call$ %u 9 ,*9ese writ+s ( ,confucius' "t1 ?\gh ! mod]n "n ( ! plant is ta-t\4#afei ,! bean is n\ri%+1 & conta9s a l>ge proportion ( oil1 & prep>ations simil> to butt]1 oil1 & *eese are extract$ f x & us$ 9 ,*9ese & ,japanese cook+4#affj ,soy is also gr[n 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 b at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury x 0 /ill r>e 9 ,amboyna1#affa & ,=/] did n see x 9 ! ,pacific ,isles at ! "t ( ,cook's voyages4 ,x is ( mod]n introduction 9 ,india1 = ,roxburgh _h only se5 ! plant 9 ! botanical g>d5s at ,calcutta1 :]e x 0 br\ght f ! ,moluccas4#affb ,!re are no common ,indian names4#affc ,besides1 if its cultivation _h be5 anci5t 9 ,india1 x w\ld h spread we/w>d into ,syria & ,egypt1 :i* is n ! case4 ,kmpf]#affd =m]ly publi%$ an excell5t illu/ration ( ! soy bean1 & x _h exi/$ = a c5tury 9 ,european botanical g>d5s1 :5 m ext5sive in=mation ab\t ,*9a & ,japan excit$ ab\t t5 ye>s ago a lively desire to introduce x into our c\ntries4 ,9 ,au/ria1 ,hung>y1 & ,france especially1 attempts h be5 made on a l>ge scale1 ( :i* ! results h be5 summ$ up 9 works wor?y ( consultation4#affe ,x is to be hop$ ^! ef=ts may be successful2 b we mu/ n digress f ! aim ( our rese>*es1 ! probable orig9 ( ! species4 ,l9nu says1 9 8 ,species1 8habitat 9 ,india10 & ref]s to ,kmpf]1 :o speaks ( ! plant 9 ,japan1 & to 8 own flora ( ,ceylon1 :]e he gives ! plant z cultivat$4 ,?waites's mod]n flora ( ,ceylon makes no m5tion ( x4 ,we mu/ evid5tly g fur!r ea/ to f9d ! orig9 bo? ( ! species & ( its cultivation4 ,l\reiro says t x gr[s 9 ,co*9-,*9a & t x is (t5 cultivat$ 9 ,*9a4#afff ,i f9d no pro( t x is wild 9 ! latt] c\ntry1 b x may p]haps be discov]$1 z its culture is s anci5t4 ,russian botani/s#affg h only f\nd x cultivat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a & 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur4 ,x is c]ta9ly wild 9 ,japan4#affh ,junghuhn#affi f\nd x 9 ,java on ,m\nt ,gunung-,gamp+1 & a plant s5t also f ,java by ,zoll+] is suppos$ to belong to ?is species1 b x is n c]ta9 t ! specim5 0 wild4#afgj ,a ,malay "n1 kadelee1#afga a q diff]5t to ! ,japanese & ,*9ese common names1 is 9 fav\r ( its indig5\s "* 9 ,java4 ,kn[n facts & hi/orical & philological probabilities t5d to %[ t ! species 0 wild f ,co*9-,*9a to ! s\? ( ,japan & to ,java :5 ! anci5t inhabitants ( ?is region began to cultivate x at a v remote p]iod1 to use x = food 9 v>i\s ways1 & to obta9 f x v>ieties ( :i* ! numb] is rem>kable1 especially 9 ,japan4 ,pigeon-,pea--,cajanus indicus1 ,spr5gel2 ,cytisus ,cajan1 ,l9nu4 ,?is legum9\s plant1 (t5 gr[n 9 tropical c\ntries1 is a %rub1 b x fruits 9 ! fir/ ye>1 & 9 "s c\ntries x is gr[n z an annual4 ,its se$ is an important article ( ! food ( ! negroes & natives1 b ! ,european coloni/s d n c>e = x unless cook$ gre5 l our g>d5-pea4 ,! plant is easily naturaliz$ 9 poor soil r\nd cultivat$ plots1 ev5 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e x is n indig5\s4#afgb ,9 ,mauritius x is call$ ambrevade2 9 ! ,engli% colonies1 doll1 pigeon-pea2 & 9 ! ,fr5* ,antilles1 pois d',angola1 pois de ,congo1 pois pigeon4 ,x is rem>kable t1 ?\gh ! species is diffus$ 9 ?ree cont95ts1 ! v>ieties are n num]\s4 ,two are cit$1 bas$ only ^u ! yell[ or r$di% col\r ( ! fl[]1 :i* 7 =m]ly reg>d$ z di/9ct species2 b a m att5tive exam9ation has result$ 9 _! be+ class$ z "o1 9 accordance ) ,l9nu' op9ion4#afgc ,! small numb] ( v>iations obta9$ ev5 9 ! organ = :i* ! species is cultivat$ is a sign ( no v anci5t culture4 ,its habitation previ\s to culture is unc]ta94 ,! be/ botani/s h sometimes suppos$ x to be a native ( ,india1 sometimes ( tropical ,africa4 ,b5?am1 :o has made a c>eful /udy ( ! legum9\s plants1 believ$ 9 #ahfa 9 ! ,african orig92 9 #ahfe he incl9$ r to ,asia4#afgd ,! problem is1 !re=e1 an int]e/+ "o4 ,!re is no "q ( an ,am]ican orig94 ,! cajan 0 introduc$ into ! ,we/ ,indies f ! coa/ ( ,africa by ! slave trade1 z ! common names quot$ above %[1#afge & ! unanim\s op9ion ( au?ors or ,am]ican floras4 ,x has also be5 tak5 to ,brazil1 ,guiana1 & into all ! w>m p>ts ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,! facility ) :i* ! species is naturaliz$ w\ld alone prev5t atta*+ great importance to ! /atem5ts ( collectors1 :o h f\nd x m or less wild 9 ,asia or 9 ,africa2 & besides1 ^! ass]tions are n precise1 b are usually d\btful4 ,mo/ writ]s on ! flora ( cont95tal ,india h only se5 ! plant cultivat$1#afgf & none1 to my k1 affirms t x exi/s wild4 ,= ! isl& ( ,ceylon ,?waites says1#afgg 8,x is said n to be really wild1 & ! c\ntry names seem to confirm ?is40 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 9 8 ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 says1 8,wild 787 & cultivat$ to ! height ( six ?\s& feet 9 ! ,himalayas40 ,l\reiro#afgh gives x z cultivat$ & non-cultivat$ 9 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a4 ,*9ese au?ors d n appe> to h spok5 ( x1 = ! species is n nam$ by ,brets*neid] 9 8 "w ,on ! ,/udy1 etc4 ,9 ! ,sunda ,isles x is m5tion$ z cultivat$1 & t r>ely1 at ,amboyna at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,rumphius4#afgi ,=/] _h n se5 x 9 ! ,pacific ,isles at ! "t ( ,cook's voyages1 b ,seemann says t x has be5 rec5tly introduc$ by mission>ies into ! ,fiji ,isles4#afhj ,all ?is argues no v anci5t ext5sion ( cultivation to ! ea/ & s\? ( ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,besides ! quotation f ,l\reiro1 ,i f9d ! species indicat$ on ! m\nta9 ( ,magelang1 ,java2#afha b1 suppos+ ?is to be a true & anci5t wild gr[? 9 bo? cases1 x w\ld be v extraord9>y n to f9d ! species 9 _m o!r ,asiatic localities4 ,! abundance ( ,indian & ,malay names#afhb %[s a some:at anci5t cultivation4 ,pidd+ton ev5 gives a ,sanskrit "n1 arhuku1 :i* 0 n kn[n to ,roxburgh1 b he gives no pro( 9 support ( 8 ass]tion4 ,! "n may h be5 m]ely suppos$ f ! ,h9du & ,b5gali names urur & orol4 ,no ,semitic "n is kn[n4 ,9 ,africa ! cajan is (t5 f\nd f ,zanzib> to ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4#afhc ,au?ors say x is cultivat$1 or else make no /atem5t on ?is head1 :i* w\ld seem to %[ t ! specim5s are sometimes wild4 ,9 ,egypt ?is cultivation is q mod]n1 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4#afhd ,briefly1 !n1 ,i d\bt t ! species is really wild 9 ,asia1 & t x has be5 gr[n !re = m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,if m anci5t peoples _h kn[n x1 x w\ld h come to ! k ( ! ,arabs & ,egyptians be=e our "t4 ,9 tropical ,africa1 on ! contr>y1 x is possible t x has exi/$ wild or cultivat$ = a v long "t1 & t x 0 introduc$ into ,asia by anci5t travell]s trad+ betwe5 ,zanzib> & ,india or ,ceylon4 ,! g5us ,cajanus has only "o species1 s t no analogy ( geographical di/ribution leads u to believe x to be r ( ,asiatic ?an ,african orig91 or vice v]s4 ,c>ob ,tree#afhe--;,c]atonia siliqua1 ,l9nu4 ,! se$s & pods ( ! c>ob are highly priz$ 9 ! hott] p>ts ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 z food = animals & ev5 = man4 ,de ,gasp>9#afhf has giv5 int]e/+ details ab\t ! rais+1 uses1 & habitation ( ! species z a cultivat$ tree4 ,he notes t x does n pass ! nor!rn limit beyond :i* ! orange _c be gr[n )\t %elt]4 ,?is f9e ev]gre5 tree does n ?rive ei!r 9 v hot c\ntries1 especially :]e !re is mu* humidity4 ,x likes ! neighb\rhood ( ! sea & rocky places4 ,its orig9al c\ntry1 accord+ to ,gasp>91 is 8probably ! c5tre ( ,africa4 ,d5ham & ,clapp]ton f\nd x 9 ,burn\40 ,?is pro( seems to me insuffici5t1 = 9 all ! ,nile ,valley & 9 ,abyss9ia ! c>ob is n wild nor ev5 cultivat$4#afhg ,r4 ,br[n does n m5tion x 9 8 acc\nt ( ,d5ham & ,clapp]ton's j\rney4 ,travell]s h se5 x 9 ! =e/s ( ,cyr5aica betwe5 ! highl&s & ! littoral2 b ! able botani/s :o h drawn up ! catalogue ( ! plants ( ?is c\ntry are c>eful to say1#afhh 8p]haps indig5\s40 ,mo/ botani/s m]ely m5tion ! species 9 ! c5tre & s\? ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 f ,spa9 & ,m>occo to ,syria & ,anatolia1 )\t inquir+ closely :e!r x is indig5\s or cultivat$1 & )\t ent]+ ^u ! "q ( its true c\ntry previ\s to cultivation4 ,usually !y indicate ! c>ob tree1 z 8cultivat$ & subspontane\s1 or ne>ly wild40 ,h[ev]1 x is /at$ to be wild 9 ,greece by ,heldrei*1 9 ,sicily by ,gussone & ,bianca1 9 ,alg]ia by ,munby2#afhi & ^! au?ors h ea* liv$ long en\gh 9 ! c\ntry = :i* ea* is quot$ to =m an enlight5$ op9ion4 ,bianca rem>ks1 h[ev]1 t ! c>ob tree is n always heal?y & productive 9 ^? re/rict$ localities :]e x exi/s 9 ,sicily1 9 ! small adjac5t isl&s1 & on ! coa/ ( ,italy4 ,he puts =w>d ! op9ion1 moreov]1 bas$ ^u ! simil>ity ( ! ,italian "n c>rubo ) ! ,arabic ^w1 t ! species 0 anci5tly introduc$ into ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! species be+ ( ,syrian or nor? ,african orig94 ,he ma9ta9s z probable ! !ory ( ,hf] & ,bonn1#afij t ! lotus ( ! lotophagi 0 ! c>ob tree1 ( :i* ! fl[] is sweet & ! fruit has a ta/e ( honey1 :i* agrees ) ! expressions ( ,hom]4 ,! lotus-eat]s dwelt 9 ,cyr5aica1 s t ! c>ob mu/ h be5 abundant 9 _! c\ntry4 ,if we admit ?is hypo!sis we mu/ suppose t ,pl9y & ,h]odotus did n "k ,hom]'s plant1 = ! "o describes ! lotus z be>+ a fruit l a ma/ic b]ry 7,pi/acia l5tiscus71 ! o!r z a decidu\s tree4#afia ,an hypo!sis reg>d+ a d\btful plant =m]ly m5tion$ by a poet c h>dly s]ve z ! basis ( an argum5t ^u facts ( natural hi/ory4 ,aft] all1 ,hom]'s lotus plant p]haps exi/$ only 9 ! fabl$ g>d5 ( ,hesp]ides4 ,i return to m s]i\s argum5ts1 on :i* ,bianca has said a few words4 ,! c>ob has two names 9 anci5t languages--! "o ,greek1 k]aunia or k]ateia2#afib ! o!r ,arabic1 *irnub or *>b4 ,! fir/ alludes to ! =m ( ! pod1 :i* is l a slightly curv$ horn2 ! o!r means m]ely pod1 = we f9d 9 ,ebn ,bai?>'s#afic "w t f\r o!r legum9\s plants be> ! same "n1 ) a qualify+ epi!t4 ,! ,lat9s _h no special "n2 !y us$ ! ,greek ^w1 or ! expression siliqua1 siliqua grca 7,greek pod74#afid ,?is de>? ( names is ! sign ( a once re/rict$ area1 & ( a culture :i* probably does n date f prehi/oric "t4 ,! ,greek "n is /ill reta9$ 9 ,greece4 ,! ,arab "n p]si/s among ! ,kabyles1 :o call ! fruit kh>r\b1 ! tree takh>r\t1#afie & ! ,spani>ds alg>robo4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 ! ,italians also took ! ,arab "n currabo1 c>ubio1 :5ce ! ,fr5* c>\bi]4 ,x seems t x mu/ h be5 introduc$ aft] ! ,roman epo* by ! ,arabs ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 !re 0 ano!r "n = x4 ,^! details are all 9 fav\r ( ,bianca's !ory ( a m s\!rn orig9 ?an ,sicily4 ,pl9y says ! species belong$ to ,syria1 ,ionia1 ,cnidos1 & ,rhodes1 b he does n say :e!r x 0 wild or cultivat$ 9 ^! places4 ,pl9y also says t ! c>ob tree did n exi/ 9 ,egypt4 ,yet x has be5 recogniz$ 9 monum5ts belong+ to a mu* e>li] epo* ?an t ( ,pl9y1 & ,egyptologi/s ev5 attribute two ,egyptian names to x1 kontrates or jiri4#afif ,lepsius gives a draw+ ( a pod :i* appe>s to him to be c]ta9ly a c>ob1 & ! botani/ ,kots*y made c]ta9 by microscopic inve/igation t a /ick tak5 f a s>cophagus 0 made f ! wood ( ! c>ob tree4#afig ,!re is no kn[n ,hebrew "n = ! species1 :i* is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t speaks ( x by ! ,greek "n 9 ! p>able ( ! prodigal son4 ,x is a tradition ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,ea/ t ,/4 ,john ,bapti/ f$ ^u ! fruit ( ! c>ob 9 ! des]t1 & h5ce came ! names giv5 to x 9 ! ,middle ,ages--bread ( ,/4 ,john1 & ,johannis brodbaum4 ,evid5tly ?is tree became important at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & x spread1 especially ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,arabs1 t[>ds ! ,we/4 ,if x _h previ\sly exi/$ 9 ,alg]ia1 among ! ,b]b]s1 & 9 ,spa91 old] names w\ld h p]si/$1 & ! species w\ld probably h be5 introduc$ into ! ,can>ies by ! ,phnicians4 ,! in=mation ga9$ on ! subject may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,! c>ob grew wild 9 ! ,levant1 probably on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,anatolia & 9 ,syria1 p]haps also 9 ,cyr5aica4 ,its cultivation began )9 hi/oric "t4 ,! ,greeks diffus$ x 9 ,greece & ,italy2 b x 0 aft]w>ds m highly e/eem$ by ! ,arabs1 :o propagat$ x z f> z ,m>occo & ,spa94 ,9 all ^! c\ntries ! tree has become naturaliz$ "h & !re 9 a less productive =m1 :i* x is ne$ful to graft to obta9 good fruit4 ,! c>ob has n be5 f\nd 9 ! tufa & quat]n>y deposits ( ,s\!rn ,europe4 ,x is ! only "o ( its k9d 9 ! g5us ,c]atonia1 :i* is some:at exceptional among ! ,legum9os1 especially 9 ,europe4 ,no?+ %[s t x exi/$ 9 ! anci5t t]ti>y or quat]n>y flora ( ! s\?-we/ ( ,europe4 ,common ,h>icot ,kidney ,bean--,phaseolus vulg>is1 ,savi4 ,:51 9 #ahee1 ,i wi%$ to inve/igate ! orig9 ( ! g5]a ,phaseolus & ,doli*os1#afih ! di/9ction ( species 0 s little def9$1 & ! floras ( tropical c\ntries s r>e1 t ,i 0 oblig$ to leave sev]al que/ions on "o side4 ,n[1 ?anks to ! works ( ,b5?am & ,georg von ,m>t5s1#afii complet+ ! previ\s lab\rs ( ,savi1#agjj ! ,legum9 ( hot c\ntries are bett] kn[n2 la/ly1 ! se$s discov]$ q rec5tly 9 ! ,p]uvian tombs ( ,ancon1 exam9$ by ,wittmack1 h completely modifi$ ! "q ( orig94 ,i w speak fir/ ( ! common h>icot bean1 aft]w>ds ( "s o!r species1 )\t1 h[ev]1 enum]at+ all ^? :i* are cultivat$1 = sev]al ( ^! are /ill ill def9$4 ,botani/s held = a long "t t ! common h>icot 0 ( ,indian orig94 ,no "o _h f\nd x wild1 nor has x yet be5 f\nd1 b x 0 suppos$ to be ( ,indian orig91 al?\gh ! species 0 also cultivat$ 9 ,africa & ,am]ica1 9 temp]ate & hot regions1 at lea/ 9 ^? :]e ! heat & humidity are n excessive4 ,i call$ att5tion to ! fact t !re is no ,sanskrit "n1 & t sixte5?-c5tury g>d5]s (t5 call$ ! species ,turki% bean4 ,conv9c$1 moreov]1 t ! ,greeks cultivat$ ?is plant "u ! names fasiolos & doli*os1 ,i sugge/$ t x came orig9ally f ,we/]n ,asia1 & n f ,india4 ,georg von ,m>t5s adopt$ ?is hypo!sis4 ,h[ev]1 ! mean+ ( ! words doli*os ( ,!ophra/us1 fasiolos ( ,dioscorides1 faseolus & phaseolus ( ! ,romans1#agja is f> f be+ suffici5tly def9$ to all[ !m to be attribut$ ) c]ta9ty to ,phaseolus vulg>is4 ,sev]al cultivat$ ,legum9os are support$ by ! trellises m5tion$ by au?ors1 & h pods & se$s ( a simil> k9d4 ,! be/ argum5t = translat+ ^! names by ,phaseolus vulg>is is t ! mod]n ,greeks & ,italians h names d]iv$ f fasiolus = ! common h>icot4 ,9 mod]n ,greek x is fas\lia1 ,albanian 7,pelasgic87 fasul1 9 ,italian fagiolo4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! "n has be5 transf]r$ f a species ( pea or vet*1 or f a h>icot =m]ly cultivat$1 to our mod]n h>icot4 ,x is r bold to det]m9e a species ( ,phaseolus f "o or two epi!ts 9 an anci5t au?or1 :5 we see h[ difficult is ! di/9ction ( species to mod]n botani/s ) ! plants "u _! eyes4 ,nev]!less1 ! doli*os ( ,!ophra/us has be5 def9itely ref]r$ to ! sc>let runn]1 & ! fasiolos to ! dw>f h>icot ( our g>d5s1 :i* are ! two pr9cipal mod]n v>ieties ( ! common h>icot1 ) an imm5se numb] ( sub-v>ieties 9 ! =m ( ! pods & se$4 ,i c only say x may be s4 ,if ! common h>icot 0 =m]ly kn[n 9 ,greece1 x 0 n "o ( ! e>lie/ introductions1 = ! faseolos did n exi/ at ,rome 9 ,cato's "t1 & x is only at ! beg9n+ ( ! empire t ,lat9 au?ors speak ( x4 ,vir*[ br\ght f ! excavations at ,troy ! se$s ( sev]al legum91 :i* ,wittmack#agjb has asc]ta9$ to belong to ! foll[+ species3 broad bean 7,faba vulg>is71 g>d5-pea 7,pisum sativum71 ervilla 7,ervum ervilia71 & p]haps ! flat-podd$ vet*l+ 7,la?yrus ,cic]a71 b no h>icot4 ,nor has ! species be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 ,savoy1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy4 ,!re are no pro(s or signs ( its exi/5ce 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,no ,hebrew "n is kn[n answ]+ to ! ,phaseolus or ,doli*os ( botani/s4 ,a less anci5t "n1 = x is ,arabic1 l\bia1 exi/s 9 ,egypt = ,doli*os lubia1 & 9 ,h9du/ani z loba = ,phaseolus vulg>is4#agjc ,z reg>ds ! latt] species1 ,pidd+ton only gives two names 9 mod]n languages1 & ^? bo? ,h9du/ani1 loba & bakla4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! abs5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n1 po9ts to a rec5t introduction into ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,*9ese au?ors d n m5tion ,p4 vulg>is1#agjd :i* is a fur!r indication ( a rec5t introduction into ,india1 & also into ,bactriana1 :5ce ! ,*9ese h import$ plants f ! second c5tury ( our era4 ,all ^! circum/ances incl9e me to d\bt :e!r ! species 0 kn[n 9 ,asia be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! argum5t bas$ ^u ! mod]n ,greek & ,italian names = ! h>icot1 d]iv$ f fasiolos1 ne$s "s support4 ,x may be said 9 its fav\r t x 0 us$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 probably = ! common h>icot4 ,9 ! li/ ( vegetables :i* ,*>lemagne comm&$ to be s[n 9 8 f>ms1 we f9d fasiolum1#agje )\t explanation4 ,alb]tus ,magnus describes "u ! "n faseolus a legum9\s plant :i* appe>s to be our dw>f h>icot4#agjf ,i notice1 on ! o!r h&1 t writ]s 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 su* z ,pi]re ,cresc5zio#agjg & ,mac] ,floridus1#agjh m5tion no faseolus or simil> "n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 f ! sixte5? c5tury all au?ors publi% descriptions & draw+s ( ,phaseolus vulg>is1 ) a numb] ( v>ieties4 ,x is d\btful t its cultivation is anci5t 9 tropical ,africa4 ,x is indicat$ !re less (t5 ?an t ( o!r species ( ! ,doli*os & ,phaseolus g5]a4 ,x _h n occurr$ to any "o to seek ! orig9 ( ! h>icot 9 ,am]ica till1 q rec5tly1 "s rem>kable discov]ies ( fruits & se$s 7 made 9 ,p]uvian tombs at ,ancon1 ne> ,lima4 ,ro*ebrune#agji publi%$ a li/ ( ! species ( diff]5t families f ! collection made by ,cossac & ,savati]4 ,among ! numb] are ?ree k9ds ( h>icot1 none ( :i*1 says ! au?or1 is ,phaseolus vulg>is2 b ,wittmack1#agaj :o /udi$ ! legum9 br\ght f ^! same tombs by ,reiss & ,/ubel1 says he made out sev]al v>ieties ( ! common h>icot among o!r se$s belong+ to ,phaseolus lunatus1 ,l9nu4 ,he _h id5tifi$ !m ) ! v>ieties ( ,p4 vulg>is call$ by botani/s ,oblongus purpureus 7,m>t5s71 ,ellipticus prcox 7,alefeld71 & ,ellipticus atr(uscus 7,alefeld71 :i* belong to ! category ( dw>f or bran*less h>icots4 ,x is n c]ta9 t ! tombs 9 "q are all ant]ior to ! adv5t ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,! "w ( ,reiss & ,/ubel1 n[ 9 ! press1 w p]haps give "s in=mation on ?is head2 b ,wittmack admits1 on _! au?ority1 t "s ( ! tombs are n anci5t4 ,i notice a fact1 h[ev]1 :i* has pass$ )\t obs]vation4 ,! fifty species ( ,ro*ebrune are all ,am]ican4 ,!re is n "o :i* c be suspect$ to be ( ,european orig94 ,evid5tly ^! plants & se$s 7 ei!r deposit$ be=e ! conque/1 or1 9 c]ta9 tombs :i* p]haps belong to a subsequ5t epo*1 ! inhabitants took c>e n to put species ( =eign orig94 ,?is 0 natural en\gh accord+ to _! ideas1 = ! cu/om ( deposit+ plants 9 ! tombs 0 n a result ( ! ,ca?olic religion1 b 0 an inh]itance f ! cu/oms & op9ions ( ! natives4 ,! pres5ce ( ! common h>icot among exclusively ,am]ican plants seems to me important1 :atev] ! date ( ! tombs4 ,x may be object$ t ! se$s are insuffici5t gr\nd = det]m9+ ! species ( a phaseolus1 & t sev]al species ( ?is g5us :i* are n yet well kn[n 7 cultivat$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica be=e ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds4 ,mol9a#agaa speaks ( ?irte5 or f\rte5 species 7or v>ieties87 cultivat$ =m]ly 9 ,*ili alone4 ,wittmack insi/s ^u ! g5]al & anci5t use ( ! h>icot 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,?is proves at lea/ t sev]al species 7 indig5\s & cultivat$4 ,he quotes ! te/imony ( ,joseph ,aco/a1 "o ( ! fir/ writ]s aft] ! conque/1 :o says t 8! ,p]uvians cultivat$ vegetables :i* !y call$ frisoles & pal>es1 & :i* !y us$ z ! ,spani>ds use g>banzos 7*ick-pea71 beans & l5tils4 ,i h n f\nd10 he adds1 8t ^! or o!r ,european vegetables 7 f\nd "h be=e ! com+ ( ! ,europeans40 ,frisole1 fajol1 fasol]1 are ,spani% names = ! common h>icot1 corruptions ( ! ,lat9 faselus1 fasolus1 faseolus4 ,pall] is ,am]ican4 ,i may take ?is opportunity ( expla9+ ! orig9 ( ! ,fr5* "n h>icot4 ,i s\ght = x =m]ly 9 va92#agab b ,i notic$ t ,t\rne=t#agac 7,in/it41 p4 #dae7 0 ! fir/ to use x4 ,i call$ att5tion also to ! exi/5ce ( ! ^w ara*os 7,greek3 ara*os7 9 ,!ophra/us1 probably = a k9d ( vet*1 & ( ! ,sanskrit ^w h>5so = ! common pea4 ,i reject$ z improbable ! notion t ! "n ( a vegetable c\ld come f ! di% call$ h>icot or l>icot ( mutton1 z sugge/$ by an ,engli% au?or1 & criticiz$ ,bes*]elle1 :o d]iv$ ! ^w f ,keltic1 :ile ! ,breton words are totally diff]5t1 & signify small bean 7fa-munno7 or k9d ( pea 7pis-ram74 ,lettr1 9 8 diction>y1 also seeks ! etymology ( ! ^w4 ,)\t any acqua9tance ) my article1 he incl9es to ! !ory t h>icot1 ! plant1 comes f ! rag\t1 see+ t ! latt] is old] 9 ! language1 & t a c]ta9 resemblance may be trac$ betwe5 ! h>icot bean & ! morsels ( meat 9 ! rag\t1 or else t ?is bean 0 suitable to ! mak+ ( ! di%4 ,x is c]ta9 t ?is vegetable 0 call$ 9 ,fr5* fasole or fazole1 f ! ,lat9 "n1 until ne>ly ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b *ance has l$ me to discov] ! real orig9 ( ! ^w h>icot4 ,an ,italian "n1 araco1 f\nd 9 ,durante & ,mat?ioli1 9 ,lat9 ,aracus nig]1#agad 0 giv5 to a legum9\s plant :i* mod]n botani/s attribute to ,la?yrus o*rus4 ,x is n surpris+ t an ,italian sev5te5?-c5tury "n %\ld be transport$ by ,fr5* cultivators ( ! foll[+ c5tury to ano!r legum9\s plant1 & t ara %\ld h be5 ari4 ,x is ! sort ( mi/ake :i* is common n[4 ,besides1 aracos or ara*os has be5 attribut$ by comm5tators to sev]al ,legum9os ( ! g5]a ,la?yrus1 ,vicia1 etc4 ,durante gives ! ,greek ara*os z ! synonym = 8 araco1 :]eby we see ! etymology4 ,pre ,feuille#agae wrote 9 ,fr5* aricot2 be=e him ,t\rne=t spelt x h>icot1 9 ! belief1 p]haps1 t ! ,greek ^w 0 writt5 ) an aspirate1 :i* is n ! case2 at lea/ 9 ! be/ au?ors4 ,i may sum up z foll[s3--7#a7 ,phaseolus vulg>is has n be5 long cultivat$ 9 ,india1 ! s\?-we/ ( ,asia1 & ,egypt2 7#b7 x is n c]ta9 t x 0 kn[n 9 ,europe be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica2 7#c7 at ?is epo* ! numb] ( v>ieties sudd5ly increas$ 9 ,european g>d5s1 & all au?ors comm5c$ to m5tion !m2 7#d7 ! majority ( ! species ( ! g5us exi/ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 7#e7 se$s app>5tly belong+ to ! species h be5 discov]$ 9 ,p]uvian tombs ( an unc]ta9 date1 int]mix$ ) _m species1 all ,am]ican4 ,i d n exam9e :e!r ,phaseolus vulg>is exi/$ 9 bo? hemisph]es previ\s to cultivation1 because examples ( ?is nature are exce$+ly r>e among non-aquatic phan]ogam\s plants ( tropical c\ntries4 ,p]haps !re is n "o 9 a ?\s&1 & ev5 !n human ag5cy may be suspect$4#agaf ,to op5 ?is "q 9 ! case ( ,ph4 vulg>is1 x %\ld at lea/ be f\nd wild 9 bo? old & new worlds1 :i* has n happ5$4 ,if x _h occupi$ s va/ an area1 we %\ld see signs ( x 9 individuals really wild 9 widely sep>ate regions on ! same cont95t1 z is ! case ) ! foll[+ species1 ,ph4 lunatas4 ,scimet>-podd$ ,kidney ,bean1 or ,sug> ,bean4--,phaseolus lunatus1 ,l9nu2 ,phaseo lunatus macroc>pus2 ,b5?am1 ,ph4 inamnus1 ,l9nu4 ,?is h>icot1 z well z t call$ ,lima1 is s widely diffus$ 9 tropical c\ntries1 t x has be5 describ$ "u diff]5t names4#agag ,all ^! =ms c be class$ 9 two gr\ps1 ( :i* ,l9nu made diff]5t species4 ,! commone/ 9 our g>d5s is t :i* has be5 call$ s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! ,lima h>icot4 ,x may be di/+ui%$ by its height1 by ! size ( its pods & beans4 ,x la/s sev]al ye>s 9 c\ntries :i* are fav\rable to x4 ,l9nu believ$ t 8 ,ph4 lunatus came f ,b5gal & ! o!r f ,africa1 b he gives no pro(4 ,= a c5tury 8 ass]tions 7 repeat$4 ,n[1 ,b5?am1#agah :o is c>eful ab\t orig9s1 believes ! species & its v>iety to be c]ta9ly ,am]ican2 he only d\bts ab\t its pres5ce z a wild plant bo? 9 ,africa & ,asia4 ,i see no indication :atev] ( anci5t exi/5ce 9 ,asia4 ,! plant has nev] be5 f\nd wild1 & x has no "n 9 ! mod]n languages ( ,india or 9 ,sanskrit4#agai ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ,*9ese works4 ,anglo-,indians call x ,fr5* bean1#agbj l ! common h>icot1 :i* %[s h[ mod]n is its cultivation4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 ne>ly all tropical ,africa4 ,h[ev]1 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son#agba d n m5tion x = ,abyss9ia1 ,nubia1 or ,egypt4 ,oliv]#agbb quotes a numb] ( specim5s f\nd 9 ,gu9ea & ! int]ior ( ,africa1 )\t say+ :e!r !y 7 wild or cultivat$4 ,if we suppose ! species ( ,african orig9 or ( v e>ly introduction1 x w\ld h spread to ,egypt & !nce to ,india4 ,! facts are q diff]5t = ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,b5?am m5tions wild specim5s f ! ,amazon bas9 & ,c5tral ,brazil4 ,!y belong especially to ! l>ge v>iety 7macroc>pus71 :i* ab\nds also 9 ! ,p]uvian tombs ( ,ancon1 accord+ to ,wittmack4#agbc ,x is evid5tly a ,brazilian species1 diffus$ by cultivation1 & p]haps long s9ce naturaliz$ "h & !re 9 tropical ,am]ica4 ,i am incl9$ to believe x 0 introduc$ into ,gu9ea by ! slave trade1 & t x spread !nce into ! int]ior & ! coa/ ( ,mozambique4 ,mo?1 or ,aconite-leav$ ,kidney ,bean--,phaseolus aconitifolius1 ,willd5[4 ,an annual species gr[n 9 ,india z fodd]1 & ( :i* ! se$s are eatable1 ?\gh b little valu$4 ,! ,h9du/ani "n is m\t1 among ! ,sikhs mo?4 ,x is some:at l ,ph4 trilobus1 :i* is cultivat$ = ! se$4 ,ph4 aconitifolius is wild 9 ,briti% ,india f ,ceylon to ! ,himalayas4#agbd ,! abs5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n1 & ( diff]5t names 9 mod]n ,indian languages1 po9ts to a rec5t cultivation4 ,?ree-lob$ ,kidney ,bean--,phaseolus trilobus1 ,willd5[4 ,"o ( ! mo/ commonly cultivat$ species 9 ,india2#agbe at lea/ 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 = ,roxburgh1#agbf at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h only se5 x wild4 ,all au?ors agree 9 consid]+ x z wild f ! foot ( ! ,himalayas to ,ceylon4 ,x also exi/s 9 ,nubia1 ,abyss9ia1 & ,zambesi2#agbg x is n said :e!r wild or cultivat$4 ,pidd+ton gives a ,sanskrit "n1 & sev]al names 9 mod]n ,indian languages1 :i* %[s t ! species has be5 cultivat$1 or at lea/ kn[n = ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,gre5 ,gram1 or ,mng--,phaseolus mungo1 ,l9nu4 ,a species commonly cultivat$ 9 ,india & 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,! consid]able numb] ( v>ieties1 & ! exi/5ce ( ?ree diff]5t names 9 ! mod]n languages ( ,india1 po9t to a cultivation ( "o or two ?\s& ye>s1 b !re is no ,sanskrit "n4#agbh ,9 ,africa x is probably rec5t4 ,anglo-,indian botani/s agree t x is wild 9 ,india4 ,lablab1 or ,wall--,doli*os ,lablab1 ,l9nu4 ,?is species is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,india & tropical ,africa4 ,roxburgh c\nts z _m z sev5 v>ieties ) ,indian names4 ,pidd+ton quotes 9 8 ,index a ,sanskrit "n1 s*imbi1 :i* recurs 9 mod]n languages4 ,its culture dates p]haps f ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,yet ! species 0 n anci5tly diffus$ 9 ,*9a1 or 9 ,we/]n ,asia & ,egypt2 at lea/1 ,i c f9d no trace ( x4 ,! little ext5sion ( ^! edible ,legum9os beyond ,india 9 anci5t times is a s+ul> fact4 ,x is possible t _! cultivation is n ( anci5t date4 ,! lablab is und\bt$ly wild 9 ,india1 & also1 x is said1 9 ,java4#agbi ,x has become naturaliz$ f cultivation 9 ! ,sey*elles4#agcj ,! indications ( au?ors are n positive en\gh to say :e!r x is wild 9 ,africa4#agca ,lubia--,doli*os ,lubia1 ,=skal4 ,?is species1 cultivat$ 9 ,europe "u ! "n ( lubia1 l\bya1 l\by1 accord+ to ,=skal & ,delile1#agcb is little kn[n to botani/s4 ,accord+ to ! latt] au?or x exi/s also 9 ,syria1 ,p]sia1 & ,india2 b ,i d n f9d ?is 9 any way confirm$ 9 mod]n works on ^! two c\ntries4 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son#agcc admit x z a di/9ct species1 cultivat$ 9 ! ,nile ,valley4 ,hi!rto no "o has f\nd x wild4 ,no ,doli*os or ,phaseolus is kn[n 9 ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,we %all see f ! evid5ce ( ! common names t ^! plants 7 probably introduc$ into ,egyptian agriculture aft] ! "t ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,! "n lubia is us$ by ! ,b]b]s1 un*ang$1 & by ! ,spani>ds z alubia = ! common h>icot1 ,phaseolus vulg>is4 ,al?\gh ,phaseolus & ,doli*os are v simil>1 ?is is an example ( ! little value ( common names z a pro( ( species4 ,loba is1 z we h se51 "o ( ! ,h9du/ani names = ,phaseolus vulg>is1#agcd & lobia t ( ,doli*os s95sis 9 ! same language4#agce ,ori5tali/s %\ld tell u :e!r lubia is an old ^w 9 ,semitic languages4 ,i d n f9d a simil> "n 9 ,hebrew1 & x is possible t ! ,arm5ians or ! ,arabs took lubia f ! ,greek lobos 771 :i* means any projection1 l ! lobe ( ! e>1 a fruit ( ! nature ( a pod1 & m p>ticul>ly1 accord+ to ,gal51 ,ph4 vulg>is4 ,lobion 77 9 ,dioscorides is ! fruit ( ,ph4 vulg>is1 at lea/ 9 ! op9ion ( comm5tators4#agcf ,x rema9s z l\bion 9 mod]n ,greek1 ) ! same mean+4#agcg ,bamb>ra ,gr\nd ,nut--,glyc9e subt]ranea1 ,l9nu1 junr42 ,vo&zeia subt]ranea1 ,petit ,?\>s4 ,! e>lie/ travell]s 9 ,madagasc> rem>k$ ?is legum9\s annual1 cultivat$ by ! natives = ! pod or se$1 dress$ l peas1 ,fr5* beans1 etc4 ,x resembles ! e>?1 p>ticul>ly 9 t ! fl[]-/em curves d[nw>ds1 & plunges ! "y fruit or pod into ! e>?4 ,its cultivation is common 9 ! g>d5s ( tropical ,africa1 & x is f\nd1 b less frequ5tly1 9 ^? ( ,s\!rn ,asia4#agch ,x seems t x is n mu* gr[n 9 ,am]ica1#agci except 9 ,brazil1 :]e x is call$ m&ubi di ,angola4#agdj ,e>ly writ]s on ,asia d n m5tion x2 its orig9 mu/1 !re=e1 be s\ght 9 ,africa4 ,l\reiro#agda _h se5 x on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ?is cont95t1 & ,petit ,?\>s 9 ,madagasc>1 b !y d n say t x 0 wild4 ,! au?ors ( ! flora ( ,s5egambia#agdb describ$ x z 8cultivat$ & probably wild0 9 ,galam4 ,la/ly1 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son#agdc f\nd x wild on ! banks ( ! ,nile f ,kh>t\m to ,gondokoro4 ,9 spite ( ! possibility ( naturalization f cultivation1 x is extremely probable t ! plant is wild 9 tropical ,africa4 ,buck:eat--,polygonum fagopyrum1 ,l9nu2 ,fagopyrum escul5tum1 ,mn*4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is species has be5 completely cle>$ up 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,x gr[s wild 9 ,mants*uria1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,amur1#agdd 9 ,dahuria1 & ne> ,lake ,baikal4#agde ,x is also indicat$ 9 ,*9a & 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! nor? ( ,india1#agdf b ,i d n f9d t 9 ^! regions its wild "* is c]ta94 ,roxburgh has only se5 x 9 a cultivat$ /ate 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 & ,brets*neid]#agdg ?9ks x d\btful t x is indig5\s 9 ,*9a4 ,its cultivation is n anci5t1 = ! fir/ ,*9ese au?or :o m5tions x liv$ 9 ! t5? or elev5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,buck:eat is cultivat$ 9 ! ,himalayas "u ! names ogal or ogla & k\ton4#agdh ,z !re is no ,sanskrit "n = ?is species nor = ! two foll[+1 ,i d\bt ! antiquity ( _! cultivation 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly unkn[n to ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! "n fagopyrum is an inv5tion ( mod]n botani/s f ! simil>ity 9 ! %ape ( ! se$ to a bee*-nut1 :5ce also ! ,g]man bu*weitz5#agdi 7corrupt$ 9 ,engli% into buck:eat7 & ! ,italian fagg9a4 ,! names ( ?is plant 9 ,european languages ( ,aryan orig9 h n a common root4 ,?us ! we/]n ,aryans did n "k ! species any m ?an ! ,sanskrit-speak+ ,ori5tals1 a fur!r sign ( ! nonexi/5ce ( ! plant 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day x is probably unkn[n 9 ! nor? ( ,p]sia & 9 ,turkey1 s9ce floras d n m5tion x4#agej ,bosc /ates1 9 ! ,dictionnaire d',agriculture1 t ,olivi] _h se5 x wild 9 ,p]sia1 b ,i d n f9d ?is 9 ?is naturali/'s publi%$ acc\nt ( 8 travels4 ,! species came into ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ?r\gh ,t>t>y & ,russia4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( its cultivation 9 ,g]many occurs 9 a ,meckl5burg regi/] ( #adcf4agea ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury x spread t[>ds ! c5tre ( ,europe1 & 9 poor soil1 z 9 ,brittany1 x became important4 ,reyni]1 :o1 z a rule1 is v accurate1 imag9$ t ! ,fr5* "n s>ras9 0 ,keltic2#ageb b ,m4 le ,gall wrote to me =m]ly t ! ,breton names simply mean black :eat or black corn1 ed-du & gw9is-du4 ,!re is no orig9al "n 9 ,keltic languages1 :i* seems natural n[ t we "k ! orig9 ( ! species4#agec ,:5 ! plant 0 introduc$ into ,belgium & into ,france1 & ev5 :5 x became kn[n 9 ,italy1 t is to say 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! "n bl s>ras9 7,s>ac5 :eat7 or s>ras9 0 commonly adopt$4 ,common names are (t5 s absurd1 & s un?9k+ly be/[$1 t we _c tell 9 ?is p>ticul> case :e!r ! "n ref]s to ! col\r ( ! gra9 :i* 0 t attribut$ to ! ,s>ac5s1 or to ! suppos$ introduction f ! c\ntry ( ! ,arabs or ,moors4 ,x 0 n !n kn[n t ! species did n exi/ 9 ! c\ntries s\? ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 nor ev5 9 ,syria & ,p]sia4 ,x is also possible t ! idea ( a s\!rn orig9 0 tak5 f ! "n s>ras91 :i* 0 giv5 f ! col\r4 ,?is orig9 0 admitt$ until ! end ( ! la/ & ev5 9 ! pres5t c5tury4#aged ,reyni] 01 fifty ye>s ago1 ! fir/ to oppose x4 ,buck:eat sometimes escapes f cultivation & becomes quasi-wild4 ,! ne>] we approa* its orig9al c\ntry ! m (t5 ?is occurs1 :5ce x results t x is h>d to def9e ! limit ( ! wild plant on ! conf9es ( ,europe & ,asia1 9 ! ,himalayas1 & 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ,japan ^! semi-naturalizations are n r>e4#agee ,t>t>y ,buck:eat--,polygonum tat>icum1 ,l9nu2 ,fagopyrum tat>icum1 ,grtn]4 ,less s5sitive to cold ?an ! common buck:eat1 b yield+ a poor] k9d ( se$1 ?is species is sometimes cultivat$ 9 ,europe & ,asia--9 ! ,himalayas1#agef = in/ance2 b its culture is rec5t4 ,au?ors ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies d n m5tion x1 & ,l9nu 0 "o ( ! fir/ to speak ( x z ( ,t>t> orig94 ,roxburgh & ,hamilton _h n se5 x 9 ,nor!rn ,india 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 & ,i f9d no indication ( x 9 ,*9a & ,japan4 ,x is und\bt$ly wild 9 ,t>t>y & ,sib]ia1 z f> z ,dauria2#ageg b ,russian botani/s h n f\nd x fur!r ea/1 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur4#ageh ,z ?is plant came f ,t>t>y into ,ea/]n ,europe lat] ?an ! common buck:eat1 x is ! latt] :i* be>s 9 sev]al ,slav languages ! names tatrika1 tat>ka1 or tatt>1 :i* w\ld bett] suit ! ,t>t>y buck:eat4 ,x seems t ! ,aryan peoples mu/ h kn[n ! species1 & yet no "n is m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t ,indo-,european languages4 ,no trace ( x has hi!rto be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l& or ( ,savoy4 ,not*-se$$ ,buck:eat--,polygonum em>g9atum1 ,ro?2 ,fagopyrum em>g9atum1 ,meissn]4 ,?is ?ird species ( buck:eat is gr[n 9 ! highl&s ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,india1 "u ! "n phaphra or phaph>1#agei & 9 ,*9a4#agfj ,i f9d no positive pro( t x has be5 f\nd wild4 ,ro? only says t x 8inhabits ,*9a10 & t ! gra9 is us$ = food4 ,don1#agfa :o 0 ! fir/ ( ,anglo-,indian botani/s to m5tion x1 says t x is h>dly consid]$ wild4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 floras ( ! ,amur valley1 nor ( ,japan4 ,judg+ f ! c\ntries :]e x is cultivat$1 x is probably wild 9 ! ,ea/]n ,himalayas & ! nor?-we/ ( ,*9a4 ,! g5us ,fagopyrum has eight species1 all ( temp]ate ,asia4 ,qu9oa--,*5opodium qu9oa1 ,willd5[4 ,! qu9oa 0 a /aple food ( ! natives ( ,new ,granada1 ,p]u1 & ,*ili1 9 ! high & temp]ate p>ts at ! "t ( ! conque/4 ,its cultivation has p]si/$ 9 ^! c\ntries f cu/om1 & on acc\nt ( ! abundance ( ! product4 ,f all "t ! di/9ction has exi/$ betwe5 ! qu9oa ) col\r$ leaves1 & ! qu9oa ) gre5 leaves & :ite se$4#agfb ,! latt] 0 reg>d$ by ,moqu9#agfc z a v>iety ( a little kn[n species1 believ$ to be ,asiatic2 b ,i believe t ,i %[$ conclusively t ! two ,am]ican qu9oas are two v>ieties1 probably v anci5t1 ( a s+le species4#agfd ,! less col\r$1 :i* is also ! mo/ f>9ace\s1 is probably d]iv$ f ! o!r4 ,! :ite qu9oa yields a gra9 :i* is mu* e/eem$ at ,lima1 accord+ to in=mation furni%$ by ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 :]e a good draw+ may be se5 7pl4 #cfda74 ,! leaves may be dress$ 9 ! same mann] z sp9a*4#agfe ,no botani/ has m5tion$ ! qu9oa z wild or semi-wild4 ,! mo/ rec5t & complete "w on "o ( ! c\ntries :]e ! species is cultivat$1 ! ,flora ( ,*ili1 by ,cl4 ,gay1 speaks ( x only z a cultivat$ plant4 ,pre ,feuille & ,humboldt said ! same = ,p]u & ,new ,granada4 ,x is p]haps due to ! insignificance ( ! plant & its aspect ( a g>d5 we$ t collectors h neglect$ to br+ back wild specim5s4 ,ki]y--,am>antus frum5taceus1 ,roxburgh4 ,?is annual is cultivat$ 9 ! ,indian p59sula = its small f>9ace\s gra91 :i* is 9 "s localities ! pr9cipal food ( ! natives4#agff ,fields ( ?is species1 ( a r$ or gold5 col\r1 produce a beautiful effect4#agfg ,f ,roxburgh's acc\nt1 ,dr4 ,bu*anan 8discov]$ x on ! hills ( ,mysore & ,coimbatore10 :i* seems to indicate a wild condition4 ,am>antus speciosus1 cultivat$ 9 g>d5s & figur$ on pl4 #bbbg ( ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 appe>s to be ! same species4 ,hamilton f\nd x 9 ,nepal4#agfh ,a v>iety or alli$ species1 ,am>antus an>dana1 ,walli*1#agfi is gr[n on ! slopes ( ! ,himalayas1 b has be5 hi!rto ill def9$ by botani/s4 ,o!r species are us$ z vegetables 7see p4 #ajj1 ,am>antus gangeticus74 ,*e/nut--,ca/anea vulg>is1 ,lam>ck4 ,! *e/nut1 belong+ to ! ord] ,cupulif]1 has an ext5d$ b disjunctive natural area4 ,x =ms =e/s & woods 9 m\nta9\s p>ts ( ! temp]ate zone f ! ,caspian ,sea to ,portugal4 ,x has also be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,ed\gh 9 ,alg]ia1 & m rec5tly t[>ds ! fronti] ( ,tunis 7,let\rneux74 ,if we take into acc\nt ! v>ieties japonica & am]icana1 x exi/s also 9 ,japan & 9 ! temp]ate region ( ,nor? ,am]ica4#aggj ,x has be5 s[n or plant$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! s\? & we/ ( ,europe1 & x is n[ difficult to "k if x is wild or cultivat$4 ,h[ev]1 cultivation consi/s *iefly 9 ! op]ation ( graft+ good v>ieties on ! trees :i* yield indiff]5t fruit4 ,= ?is purpose ! v>iety :i* produces b "o l>ge k]nel is pref]r$ to ^? :i* be> two or ?ree1 sep>at$ by a membrane1 :i* is ! natural /ate ( ! species4 ,! ,romans 9 ,pl9y's "t#agga already di/+ui%$ eight v>ieties1 b we _c discov] f ! text ( ?is au?or :e!r !y possess$ ! v>iety ) a s+le k]nel 7,fr4 m>ron74 ,! be/ *e/nuts came f ,s>dis 9 ,asia ,m9or1 & f ! neighb\rhood ( ,naples4 ,olivi] de ,s]res1#aggb 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 praises ! *e/nuts ,s>donne & ,tuscane1 :i* produc$ ! s+le-k]nell$ fruit call$ ! ,lyons m>ron4#aggc ,he consid]$ t ^! v>ieties came f ,italy1 & ,t>gioni#aggd tells u t ! "n m>rone or m>one 0 employ$ 9 t c\ntry 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7#aagj74 ,:eat & ,k9dr$ ,species4--,! innum]able v>ieties ( :eat1 prop]ly s call$1 ( :i* ! rip5$ gra9 deta*es itself naturally f ! husk1 h be5 class$ into f\r gr\ps by ,vilmor91#agge :i* =m di/9ct species1 or modifications ( ! common :eat accord+ to diff]5t au?ors4 ,i am oblig$ to di/+ui% !m 9 ord] to /udy _! hi/ory1 b ?is1 z w be se51 supports ! op9ion ( a s+le species4#aggf #a4 ,common ,:eat--,triticum vulg>e1 ,vill>s2 ,triticum hyb]num & ,t4 /ivum1 ,l9nu4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts ( ! ,abb ,rozi]1 & lat] ( ,tessi]1 ! di/9ction betwe5 autumn & spr+ :eats has no importance4 8,all :eats10 says ! latt]1#aggg 8are ei!r spr+ or autumn s[n1 accord+ to ! c\ntry4 ,!y all pass ) "t f ! "o /ate to ! o!r1 z ,i h asc]ta9$4 ,!y only ne$ to be gradually accu/om$ to ! *ange1 by s[+ ! autumn :eat a little lat]1 spr+ :eat a little e>li]1 ye> by ye>40 ,! fact is t among ! imm5se numb] ( v>ieties !re are "s :i* feel ! cold ( ! w9t] m ?an o!rs1 & x has become ! cu/om to s[ !m 9 ! spr+4#aggh ,we ne$ take no note ( ?is di/9ction 9 /udy+ ! "q ( orig91 especially z ! great] numb] ( ! v>ieties ?us obta9$ date f a remote p]iod4 ,! cultivation ( :eat is prehi/oric 9 ! old _w4 ,v anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts1 old] ?an ! invasion ( ! %eph]ds1 & ! ,hebrew ,scriptures %[ ?is cultivation already e/abli%$1 & :5 ! ,egyptians or ,greeks speak ( its orig91 !y attribute x to my?ical p]sonages1 ,isis1 ,c]es1 ,triptolemus4#aggi ,! e>lie/ lake-dwell+s ( ,we/]n ,switz]l& cultivat$ a small-gra9$ :eat1 :i* ,he]#aghj has c>efully describ$ & figur$ "u ! "n ,triticum vulg>e antiquorum4 ,f v>i\s facts1 tak5 collectively1 we ga!r t ! fir/ lake-dwell]s ( ,rob5haus5 7 at lea/ contempor>y ) ! ,trojan w>1 & p]haps e>li]4 ,! cultivation ( _! :eat p]si/$ 9 ,switz]l& until ! ,roman conque/1 z we see f specim5s f\nd at ,bu*s4 ,regazzoni also f\nd x 9 ! rubbi%-heaps ( ! lake-dwell]s ( ,v>ese1 & ,sordelli 9 ^? ( ,lagozza 9 ,lomb>dy4#agha ,ung] f\nd ! same =m 9 a brick ( ! pyramid ( ,da%ur1 ,egypt1 to :i* he assigns a date1 #ccei ,b4,c4 7,ung]1 ,bot4 ,/reifzge1 vii42 ,e9 ,ziegel1 etc41 p4 #i71 ,ano!r v>iety 7,triticum vulg>e compactum muticum1 ,he]7 0 less common 9 ,switz]l& 9 ! e>lie/ /one age1 b x has be5 m (t5 f\nd among ! less anci5t lake-dwell]s ( ,we/]n ,switz]l& & ( ,italy4#aghb ,a ?ird int]m$iate v>iety has be5 discov]$ at ,aggtelek 9 ,hung>y1 cultivat$ 9 ! /one age4#aghc ,none ( ^! is id5tical ) ! :eat n[ cultivat$1 z m pr(itable v>ieties h tak5 _! place4 ,! ,*9ese1 :o grew :eat #bgjj ,b4,c41 consid]$ x a gift direct f heav54#aghd ,9 ! annual c]emony ( s[+ five k9ds ( se$1 in/itut$ by ! ,emp]or ,%5-nung or ,*9-nong1 :eat is "o species1 ! o!rs be+ rice1 sorghum1 ,set>ia italica1 & soy4 ,! exi/5ce ( diff]5t names = :eat 9 ! mo/ anci5t languages confirms ! belief 9 a great antiquity ( cultivation4 ,! ,*9ese "n is mai1 ! ,sanskrit sumana & gdhma1 ! ,hebrew *ittah1 ,egyptian br1 ,guan*o yri*51 )\t m5tion+ sev]al names 9 languages d]iv$ f ! primitive ,sanskrit1 nor a ,basque "n1 ogaia or okhaya1 :i* dates p]haps f ! ,ib]ians1#aghe & sev]al ,f9n1 ,t>t>1 & ,turki% names1 etc41#aghf :i* are probably ,turanian4 ,?is great div]sity might be expla9$ by a wide natural area 9 ! case ( a v common wild plant1 b ?is is f> f be+ ! case ( :eat4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is difficult to prove its exi/5ce 9 a wild /ate 9 a few places 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 z we %all see4 ,if x _h be5 widely diffus$ be=e cultivation1 desc5dants w\ld h rema9$ "h & !re 9 remote c\ntries4 ,! manifold names ( anci5t languages mu/1 !re=e1 be attribut$ to ! extreme antiquity ( its culture 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa--an antiquity great] ?an t ( ! mo/ anci5t languages4 ,we h two me?ods ( discov]+ ! home ( ! species previ\s to cultivation 9 ! imm5se zone /ret*+ f ,*9a to ! ,can>ies3 fir/1 ! op9ion ( anci5t au?ors2 second1 ! exi/5ce1 m or less prov$1 ( :eat 9 a wild /ate 9 a giv5 c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ! e>lie/ ( all hi/orians1 ,b]osus1 a ,*aldean prie/1 fragm5ts ( ^: writ+s h be5 pres]v$ by ,h]odotus1 wild :eat 7,frum5tum agre/e#aghg7 might be se5 gr[+ 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,! texts ( ! ,bible allud+ to ! abundance ( :eat 9 ,canaan prove no m ?an t ! plant 0 cultivat$ !re1 & t x 0 v productive4 ,/rabo1#aghh born #ej ,b4,c41 says t1 accord+ to ,ari/obulus1 a gra9 v simil> to :eat grew wild ^u ! banks ( ! ,indus on ! #be? p>allel ( latitude4 ,he also says#aghi t 9 ,hircania 7! mod]n ,maz&]an7 ! gra9s ( :eat :i* fell f ! e> s[$ !mselves4 ,?is may be obs]v$ to "s degree at ! pres5t day 9 all c\ntries1 & ! au?or says no?+ ^u ! important "q :e!r ?is accid5tal s[+ reproduc$ itself 9 ! same place f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,accord+ to ! ,odyssey1#agij :eat grew 9 ,sicily )\t ! help ( man4 ,b x is impossible to atta* great importance to ! words ( a poet1 & ( a poet ^: v exi/5ce is conte/$4 ,diodorus ,siculus at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era says ! same ?+1 & des]ves great] confid5ce1 s9ce he is a ,sicilian4 ,yet he may easily h be5 mi/ak5 z to ! wild "*1 z :eat 0 !n g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ,sicily4 ,ano!r passage 9 ,diodorus#agia m5tions ! tradition t ,osiris f\nd :eat & b>ley gr[+ promiscu\sly ) o!r plants at ,nisa1 & ,dureau de la ,malle has prov$ t ?is t[n 0 9 ,pale/9e4 ,among all ?is evid5ce1 t ( ,b]osus & t ( ,/rabo = ,mesopotamia & ,we/]n ,india alone appe> to me ( any value4 ,! five species ( se$ ( ! c]emony in/itut$ by ,*9-nong are consid]$ by ,*9ese s*ol>s to be natives ( _! c\ntry1#agib & ,brets*neid] adds t communication betwe5 ,*9a & ,we/]n ,asia dates only f ! embassy ( ,*ang-ki5 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,a m positive ass]tion is ne$$1 h[ev]1 be=e we c believe :eat to be indig5\s 9 ,*9a2 = a plant cultivat$ 9 we/]n ,asia two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ! epo* ( ,*9-nong1 & ( :i* ! se$s are s easily transport$1 may h be5 introduc$ into ! nor? ( ,*9a by isolat$ & unkn[n travell]s1 z ! /ones ( pea*es & apricots 7 probably c>ri$ f ,*9a into ,p]sia 9 prehi/oric "t4 ,botani/s h asc]ta9$ t :eat is n wild 9 ,sicily at ! pres5t day4#agic ,x sometimes escapes f cultivation1 b x does n p]si/ indef9itely4#agid ,! plant :i* ! inhabitants call wild :eat1 ,frum5tu s>vaggiu1 :i* cov]s uncultivat$ gr\nd1 is gilops ovata1 accord+ to ,inz5ga4#agie ,a zeal\s collector1 ,balansa1 believ$ t he _h f\nd :eat gr[+ on ,m\nt ,sipylus1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 impossible n to believe x wild2#agif b ! plant he br\ght back is a spelt1 ,triticum monococcum1 accord+ to a v c>eful botani/1 to :om x 0 submitt$ = exam9ation4#agig ,olivi]1#agih be=e him1 :5 he 0 on ! "r bank ( ! ,euphrates1 to ! nor?-we/ ( ,anah1 a c\ntry unfit = cultivation1 8f\nd 9 a k9d ( rav9e1 :eat1 b>ley1 & spelt1 :i*10 he adds1 8we h already se5 sev]al times 9 ,mesopotamia40 ,l9nu says1#agii t ,he9tzelmann f\nd :eat 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,bas*kirs1 b no "o has confirm$ ?is /atem5t1 & no mod]n botani/ has se5 ! species really wild 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caucasus or ! nor? ( ,p]sia4 ,bunge1#ahjj ^: att5tion 0 drawn to ?is po9t1 decl>es t he has se5 no indication :i* leads him to believe t c]eals are indig5\s 9 t c\ntry4 ,x does n ev5 appe> t :eat has a t5d5cy 9 ^! regions to spr+ up accid5tally outside cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,i h n discov]$ any m5tion ( x z a wild plant 9 ! nor? ( ,india1 9 ,*9a1 or ,mongolia4 ,x is rem>kable t :eat has be5 twice ass]t$ to be indig5\s 9 ,mesopotamia1 at an int]val ( tw5ty ?ree c5turies1 once by ,b]osus1 & once by ,olivi] 9 our own day4 ,! ,euphrates valley ly+ ne>ly 9 ! middle ( ! belt ( cultivation :i* =m]ly ext5d$ f ,*9a to ! ,can>ies1 x is inf9itely probable t x 0 ! pr9cipal habitation ( ! species 9 v e>ly prehi/oric times4 ,! area may h ext5d$ t[>ds ,syria1 z ! climate is v simil>1 b to ! ea/ & we/ ( ,we/]n ,asia :eat has probably nev] exi/$ b z a cultivat$ plant2 ant]ior1 x is true1 to all kn[n civilization4 #b4 ,turgid1 & ,egyptian ,:eat--,triticum turgidum & ,t4 compositum1 ,l9nu4 ,among ! num]\s common names ( ! v>ieties :i* come "u ?is head1 we f9d t ( ,egyptian :eat4 ,x appe>s t x is n[ mu* cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry & 9 ! :ole ( ! ,nile valley4 ,a4 ,p4 de ,c&olle says#ahja t he recogniz$ ?is :eat among/ se$s tak5 f ! s>cophagi ( anci5t mummies1 b he _h n se5 ! e>s4 ,ung]#ahjb ?9ks x 0 cultivat$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 yet he gives no pro( f\nd$ on draw+s or specim5s4 ,! fact t no ,hebrew or ,arm5ian "n#ahjc c be attribut$ to ! species seems to me important4 ,x proves at lea/ t ! rem>kable =ms ) bran*+ e>s1 commonly call$ :eat ( miracle1 :eat ( abundance1 did n exi/ 9 antiquity1 = !y w\ld n h escap$ ! k ( ! ,israelites4 ,no ,sanskrit "n is kn[n1 nor ev5 any mod]n ,indian names1 & ,i _c discov] any ,p]sian "n4 ,! ,arab names :i* ,delile#ahjd attributes to ! species belong p]haps to o!r v>ieties ( :eat4 ,!re is no ,b]b] "n4#ahje ,f all ?is x results1 ,i ?9k1 t ! plants unit$ "u ! "n ( ,triticum turgidum1 & especially ! v>ieties ) bran*+ e>s1 are n anci5t 9 ! nor? ( ,africa or 9 ! we/ ( ,asia4 ,oswald ,he]1#ahjf 9 8 curi\s pap] ^u ! plants ( ! lake-dwell]s ( ! /one age 9 ,switz]l&1 attributes to ,t4 turgidum two non-bran*$ e>s1 ! "o be>d$1 ! o!r almo/ )\t be>d1 ( :i* he gives draw+s4 ,lat]1 9 an exploration ( ! lake-dwell+s ( ,rob5haus51 ,messicomm] did n f9d x1 al?\gh !re 0 abundant /ore ( gra94#ahjg ,/rbel & ,pigor9i said !y f\nd :eat ) grano grosso duro 7,t4 turgidum71 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,p>mesan4#ahjh ,= ! re/1 ,he]#ahji consid]s ?is to be a v>iety or race ( ! common :eat1 & ,sordelli incl9es to ! same op9ion4 ,fraas ?9ks t ! kri?anias ( ,!ophra/us 0 ,t4 turgidum1 b ?is is absolutely unc]ta94 ,accord+ to ,heldrei*1#ahaj ! great :eat is ( mod]n introduction into ,greece4 ,pl9y#ahaa spoke briefly ( a :eat ) bran*+ e>s1 yield+ "o hundr$ gra9s1 :i* 0 mo/ likely our miracul\s :eat4 ,?us hi/ory & philology alike lead u to consid] ! v>ieties ( ,triticum turgidum z modifications ( ! common :eat obta9$ by cultivation4 ,! =m ) bran*+ e>s is n p]haps e>li] ?an ,pl9y's "t4 ,^! d$uctions w\ld be ov]?r[n by ! discov]y ( ! ,t4 turgidum 9 a wild /ate1 :i* has n hi!rto be5 made ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 spite ( ,c4 ,ko*1#ahab no "o admits t x gr[s1 outside cultivation1 at ,con/ant9ople & 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,boissi]'s h]b>ium1 s ri* 9 ,ea/]n plants1 has no specim5 ( x4 ,x is giv5 z wild 9 ,egypt by ,s*we9fur?1 & ,as*]son1 b ?is is ! result ( a mispr9t4#ahac #c4 ,h>d ,:eat--,triticum durum1 ,desfonta9es4 ,long cultivat$ 9 ,b>b>y1 9 ! s\? ( ,switz]l& & else:]e1 x has nev] be5 f\nd wild4 ,9 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ,spa9 x has no less ?an fifte5 names1#ahad & none are d]iv$ f ! ,arab "n quemah us$ 9 ,alg]ia#ahae & ,egypt4#ahaf ,! abs5ce ( names 9 sev]al o!r c\ntries1 especially ( orig9al names1 is v /rik+4 ,?is is a fur!r indication ( a d]ivation f ! common :eat obta9$ 9 ,spa9 & ! nor? ( ,africa at an unkn[n epo*1 p]haps )9 ! ,*ri/ian era4 #d4 ,poli% ,:eat--,triticum polonicum1 ,l9nu4 ,?is o!r h>d :eat1 ) yet long] gra91 cultivat$ *iefly 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe1 has n be5 f\nd wild4 ,x has an orig9al "n 9 ,g]man1 ,gn]1 ,gomm]1 ,gmm]1#ahag & 9 o!r languages names :i* are connect$ only ) p]sons or ) c\ntries :5ce ! se$ 0 obta9$4 ,x _c be d\bt$ t x is a =m obta9$ by cultivation1 probably 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe1 at an unkn[n1 p]haps rec5t epo*4 ,conclusion z to ! ,specific ,unity ( ! ,pr9cipal ,races ( ,:eat4 ,we h j %[n t ! hi/ory & ! v]nacul> names ( ! great races ( :eat are 9 fav\r ( a d]ivation contempor>y ) man1 probably n v anci5t1 f ! common k9d ( :eat1 p]haps f ! small-gra9$ :eat =m]ly cultivat$ by ! ,egyptians1 & by ! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& & ,italy4 ,alefeld#ahah arriv$ at ! specific unity ( ,t4 vulg>e1 ,t4 turgidum1 & ,t4 durum1 by means ( an att5tive obs]vation ( ! ?ree cultivat$ toge!r1 "u ! same conditions4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,h5ri ,vilmor9#ahai on ! artificial f]tilization ( ^! :eats lead to ! same result4 ,al?\gh ! au?or has n yet se5 ! product ( sev]al g5]ations1 he has asc]ta9$ t ! mo/ di/9ct pr9cipal =ms c be cross$ ) ease & produce f]tile hybrids4 ,if f]tilization be tak5 z a measure ( ! intimate degree ( aff9ity :i* leads to ! gr\p+ ( individuals into ! same species1 we _c hesitate 9 ! case 9 "q1 especially ) ! support ( ! hi/orical consid]ations :i* ,i h giv54 ,on ! suppos$ ,mummy ,:eat4 ,be=e conclud+ ?is article1 ,i ?9k x p]t95t to say t no gra9 tak5 f an anci5t ,egyptian s>cophagus & s[n by horticulturi/s has ev] be5 kn[n to g]m9ate4 ,x is n t ! ?+ is impossible1 = gra9s are all ! bett] pres]v$ t !y are protect$ f ! air & f v>iations ( temp]ature or humidity1 & c]ta9ly ^! conditions are fulfill$ by ,egyptian monum5ts2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! attempts at rais+ :eat f ^! anci5t se$s h n be5 successful4 ,! exp]im5t :i* has be5 mo/ talk$ ( is t ( ! ,c\nt ( ,/]nb]g1 at ,prague4#ahbj ,he _h receiv$ ! gra9s f a tru/wor?y travell]1 :o assur$ him !y 7 tak5 f a s>cophagus4 ,two ( ^! se$s g]m9at$1 x is said1 b ,i h asc]ta9$ t 9 ,g]many well-in=m$ p]sons believe !re is "s impo/ure1 ei!r on ! "p ( ! ,arabs1 :o sometimes slip mod]n se$s into ! tombs 7ev5 maize1 an ,am]ican plant71 or on t ( ! employs ( ! ,c\nt ( ,/]nb]g4 ,! gra9 kn[n 9 comm]ce z mummy :eat has nev] _h any pro( ( antiquity ( orig94 ,spelt & ,alli$ ,v>ieties or ,species4#ahba ,l\is ,vilmor91#ahbb 9 imitation ( ,s]+e's excell5t "w on c]eals1#ahbc has gr\p$ toge!r ^? :eats ^: se$s :5 ripe are closely conta9$ 9 _! envelope or husk1 necessitat+ a special op]ation to free !m f x1 a "* r agricultural ?an botanical4 ,he !n enum]ates ! =ms ( ^! :eats "u ?ree names1 :i* correspond to z _m species ( mo/ botani/s4 #a4 ,spelt--,triticum spelta1 ,l9nu4 ,spelt is n[ h>dly cultivat$ out ( s\? ,g]many & ,g]man-,switz]l&4 ,?is 0 n ! case =m]ly4 ,! descriptions ( c]eals by ,greek au?ors are s brief & insignificant t !re is always room = hesitation z to ! s5se ( ! words !y use4 ,yet1 judg+ f ! cu/oms ( :i* !y speak1 s*ol>s ?9k#ahbd t ! ,greeks fir/ call$ spelt olyra1 aft]w>ds zeia1 names :i* we f9d 9 ,h]odotus & ,hom]4 ,dioscorides#ahbe di/+ui%es two sorts ( zeia1 :i* app>5tly answ] to ,triticum spelta & ,t4 monococcum4 ,x is believ$ t spelt 0 ! sem5 7corn1 p> excell5ce7 & ! f> ( ,pl9y1 :i* he said 0 us$ z food by ! ,lat9s = #cfj ye>s be=e !y knew h[ to make bread4#ahbf ,z spelt has n be5 f\nd among ! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& & ,italy1 & z ! =m] cultivat$ ! alli$ v>ieties call$ ,t4 dicoccum & ,t4 monococcum1#ahbg x is possible t ! f> ( ! ,lat9s 0 r "o ( ^!4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! true spelt 9 anci5t ,egypt & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries seems to me yet m d\btful4 ,! olyra ( ! ,egyptians1 ( :i* ,h]odotus speaks1 0 n ! olyra ( ! ,greeks2 "s au?ors h suppos$ x to be rice1 oryza4#ahbh ,z to spelt1 x is a plant :i* is n gr[n 9 su* hot c\ntries4 ,mod]n travell]s f ,rauwolf onw>ds h n se5 x 9 ,egyptian cultivation1#ahbi nor has x be5 f\nd 9 ! anci5t monum5ts4 ,?is is :at l$ me to suppose#ahcj t ! ,hebrew ^w kusseme?1 :i* occurs ?ree times 9 ! ,bible1#ahca ought n to be attribut$ to spelt1 z x is by ,hebrew s*ol>s4#ahcb ,i imag9$ x 0 p]haps ! alli$ =m1 ,t4 monococcum1 b nei!r is ?is gr[n 9 ,egypt4 ,spelt has no "n 9 ,sanskrit1 nor 9 any mod]n ,indian languages1 nor 9 ,p]sian1#ahcc & !re=e1 ( c\rse1 none 9 ,*9ese4 ,european names1 on ! contr>y1 are num]\s1 & be> witness to an anci5t cultivation1 especially 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe4 ,spelta 9 ,saxon1 :5ce ! ,engli% "n1 & ! ,fr5*1 peautre2 ,d9kel 9 mod]n ,g]man1 orkiss 9 ,poli%1 pobla 9 ,russian1#ahcd are names :i* seem to come f v diff]5t roots4 ,9 ! s\? ( ,europe ! names are r>]4 ,!re is a ,spani% "o1 h[ev]1 ( ,a/uria1 esc&ia1#ahce b ,i "k ( none 9 ,basque4 ,hi/ory1 & especially philology1 po9t to an orig9 9 ea/]n temp]ate ,europe & ! neighb\r+ c\ntries ( ,asia4 ,we h to discov] :e!r ! plant has be5 f\nd wild4 ,olivi]1#ahcf 9 a passage already quot$1 says t he sev]al times f\nd x 9 ,mesopotamia1 9 p>ticul> ^u ! "r bank ( ! ,euphrates1 nor? ( ,anah1 9 places unfit = cultivation4 ,ano!r botani/1 ,&r ,mi*aux1 saw x 9 #aghc1 ne> ,hamadan1 a t[n 9 ! temp]ate region ( ,p]sia4 ,dureau de la ,malle says t he s5t "s gra9s ( x to ,bosc1 :o s[$ !m at ,p>is & obta9$ ! common spelt2 b ?is seems to me d\btful1 = ,lam>ck1 9 #aghf1ahcg & ,bosc himself1 9 ! ,dictionnaire d',agriculture1 article peautre 7spelt71 publi%$ 9 #ahji1 says n a ^w ( ?is4 ,! h]b>iums ( ! ,p>is ,museum conta9 no specim5s ( ! c]eals m5tion$ by ,olivi]4 ,!re is1 z we h se51 mu* unc]ta9ty z to ! orig9 ( ! species z a wild plant4 ,?is leads me to attribute m importance to ! hypo!sis t spelt is d]iv$ by cultivation f ! common :eat1 or f an int]m$iate =m at "s n v e>ly prehi/oric "t4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,h4 ,vilmor9#ahch support ?is !ory1 = cross f]tilizations ( ! spelt by ! d[ny :ite :eat1 & vice v]s1 yield 8hybrids ^: f]tility is complete1 ) a mixture ( ! *>act]s ( bo? p>5ts1 ^? ( ! spelt prepond]at+40 #b4 ,/>* ,:eat--,triticum dicoccum1 ,s*rank2 ,triticum amyleum1 ,s]+e4 ,?is =m 7,emm]1 or ,aem] 9 ,g]man71 cultivat$ = />* *iefly 9 ,switz]l&1 resi/s a h>d w9t]4 ,x conta9s two gra9s 9 ea* little e>1 l ! true spelt4 ,he]#ahci attributes to a v>iety ( ,t4 dicoccum an e> f\nd 9 a bad /ate ( pres]vation 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,wang51 ,switz]l&4 ,messicomm] has s9ce f\nd "s at ,rob5haus54 ,x has nev] be5 f\nd wild2 & ! r>ity ( common names is rem>kable4 ,^! two circum/ances1 & ! slight value ( ! botanical *>act]s :i* s]ve to di/+ui% x f ,tr4 spelta1 lead to ! conclusion t x is an anci5t cultivat$ v>iety ( ! latt]4 #c4 ,"o-gra9$ ,:eat--,triticum monococcum1 ,l9nu4 ,! "o-gra9$ :eat1 or little spelt1 ,e9korn 9 ,g]man1 is di/+ui%$ f ! two prec$+ by a s+le se$ 9 ! little e>1 & by o!r *>act]s :i* lead ! majority ( botani/s to consid] x z a really di/9ct species4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,h4 ,vilmor9 confirm ?is op9ion s f>1 = he has n yet succe$$ 9 cross+ ,t4 monococcum ) o!r spelts or :eats4 ,?is may be due1 z he says himself1 to "s detail 9 ! mann] ( op]at+4 ,he int5ds to r5ew 8 attempts1 & may p]haps succe$4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,botanique de ,france1 #ahhc1 p4 #fb1 ,mr4 ,vilmor9 says t he has n met ) bett] success 9 ! ?ird & f\r? ye>s 9 8 attempts at cross+ ,t4 monococcum ) o!r species4 ,he int5ds to make ! exp]im5t ) ,t4 boticum1 ,boissi]1 wild 9 ,s]via1 ( :i* ,i s5t him "s se$s ga!r$ by ,pancic4 ,z ?is species is suppos$ to be ! orig9al /ock ( ,t4 monococcum1 ! exp]im5t is an int]e/+ "o4--,,au?or',s ,,note1 #ahhd4 ,9 ! mean "t let u see :e!r ?is =m ( spelt has be5 long 9 cultivation1 & if x has any:]e be5 f\nd gr[+ wild4 ,! "o-gra9$ :eat ?rives 9 ! poore/ & mo/ /ony soil4 ,x is n v productive1 b yields excell5t meal4 ,x is s[n especially 9 m\nta9\s di/ricts1 9 ,spa91 ,france1 & ! ea/ ( ,europe1 b ,i d n f9d x m5tion$ 9 ,b>b>y1 ,egypt1 ! ,ea/1 or 9 ,india or ,*9a4 ,f "s expressions x has be5 believ$ to be ! tiphai ( ,!ophra/us4#ahdj ,x is easi] to invoke ,dioscorides1#ahda = he di/+ui%es two k9ds ( zeia1 "o ) two se$s1 ano!r ) only "o4 ,! latt] w\ld be ! "o-gra9$ :eat4 ,no?+ proves t x 0 commonly cultivat$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,_! mod]n desc5dants d n s[ x4#ahdb ,!re are no ,sanskrit1 ,p]sian1 or ,arabic names4 ,i sugge/$ =m]ly t ! ,hebrew ^w kusseme? might apply to ?is species1 b ?is hypo!sis n[ seems to me difficult to ma9ta94 ,m>s*all ,bieb]/e9#ahdc m5tions ,triticum monococcum1 or a v>iety ( x1 gr[+ wild 9 ! ,crimea & ! ea/]n ,caucasus1 b no botani/ has confirm$ ?is ass]tion4 ,/ev51#ahdd :o liv$ 9 ! ,crimea1 decl>es t he nev] saw ! species except cultivat$ by ! ,t>t>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! plant :i* ,balansa ga!r$ 9 a wild /ate ne> ,m\nt ,sipylus1 9 ,anatolia1 is ,t4 monococcum1 accord+ to ,j4 ,gay1#ahde :o takes ) ?is =m ,triticum boticum1 ,boissi]1 :i* gr[s wild 9 ! pla9s ( ,botia#ahdf & 9 ,s]via4#ahdg ,admitt+ ^! facts1 ,t4 monococcum is a native ( ,s]via1 ,greece1 & ,asia ,m9or1 & z ! attempts to cross x ) o!r spelts or :eats h n be5 successful1 x is rightly t]m$ a species 9 ! ,l9nan s5se4 ,! sep>ation ( :eat ) free gra9s f spelt mu/ h tak5 place be=e all hi/ory1 p]haps be=e ! beg9n+ ( agriculture4 ,:eat mu/ h appe>$ fir/ 9 ,asia1 & !n spelt1 probably 9 ,ea/]n ,europe & ,anatolia4 ,la/ly1 among spelts ,t4 monococcum seems to be ! mo/ anci5t =m1 f :i* ! o!rs h gradually develop$ 9 sev]al ?\s& ye>s ( cultivation & selection4 ,two-r[$ ,b>ley--,hordeum di/i*on1 ,l9nu4 ,b>ley is among ! mo/ anci5t ( cultivat$ plants4 ,z all its =ms resemble ea* o!r 9 nature & uses1 we mu/ n expect to f9d 9 anci5t au?ors & 9 common names t precision :i* w\ld enable u to recognize ! species admitt$ by botani/s4 ,9 _m cases ! "n b>ley has be5 tak5 9 a vague or g5]ic s5se4 ,?is is a difficulty :i* we mu/ take into acc\nt4 ,= in/ance1 ! expression ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ( ,b]osus1 ( ,moses ( ,*or5e1 ,pausanias1 ,m>co ,polo1 & m rec5tly ( ,olivi]1 indicat+ 8wild & cultivat$ b>ley0 9 a giv5 c\ntry1 prove no?+1 because we d n "k to :i* species !y ref]4 ,!re is ! same obscurity 9 ,*9a4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid] says#ahdh t1 accord+ to a "w publi%$ 9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #ajj1 ! ,*9ese cultivat$ b>ley1 b he does n specify ! k9d4 ,at ! extreme we/ ( ! old _w ! ,guan*os also cultivat$ a b>ley1 ( :i* we "k ! "n b n ! species4 ,! common v>iety ( ! two-r[$ b>ley1 9 :i* ! husk rema9s atta*$ to ! rip5$ gra91 has be5 f\nd wild 9 ,we/]n ,asia1 9 ,arabia ,petrea1#ahdi ne> ,m\nt ,s9ai1#ahej 9 ! ru9s ( ,p]sepolis1#ahea ne> ! ,caspian ,sea1#aheb betwe5 ,l5koran & ,baku1 9 ! des]t ( ,*irvan & ,a:asia1 to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1#ahec & 9 ,turcomania4#ahed ,no au?or m5tions x 9 ,greece1 ,egypt1 or to ! ea/ ( ,p]sia4 ,willd5[#ahee indicates x at ,sam>a1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,russia2 b m rec5t au?ors d n confirm ?is4 ,its mod]n area is1 !re=e1 f ! ,r$ ,sea to ! ,caucasus & ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,h5ce ?is b>ley %\ld be "o ( ! =ms cultivat$ by ,semitic & ,turanian peoples4 ,yet x has n be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,x seems t ! ,aryans mu/ h kn[n x1 b ,i f9d no pro( 9 v]nacul> names or 9 hi/ory4 ,!ophra/us#ahef speaks ( ! two-r[$ b>ley4 ,! lake-dwell]s ( ,ea/]n ,switz]l& cultivat$ x be=e !y possess$ metals1#aheg b ! six-r[$ b>ley 0 m common among !m4 ,! v>iety 9 :i* ! gra9 is b>e at maturity 7,h4 di/i*on nudum1 ,l9nu71 :i* 9 ,france has all sorts ( absurd names1 orge caf1 orge du ,pr\ 7c(fee b>ley1 ,p]uvian b>ley71 has nev] be5 f\nd wild4 ,! fan-%ap$ b>ley 7,hordeum ,zeocriton1 ,l9nu7 seems to me to be a cultivat$ =m ( ! two-r[$ b>ley4 ,x is n kn[n 9 a wild /ate1 nor has x be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian monum5ts1 nor ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 ,savoy1 & ,italy4 ,common ,b>ley--,hordeum vulg>e1 ,l9nu4 ,! common b>ley ) f\r r[s ( gra9 is m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us1#aheh b x seems to h be5 less cultivat$ 9 antiquity ?an t ) two r[s1 & consid]ably less ?an t ) six r[s4 ,x has n be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian monum5ts1 nor 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 ,savoy1 & ,italy4 ,willd5[#ahei says t x gr[s 9 ,sicily & 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,russia1 at ,sam>a1 b ! mod]n floras ( ^! two c\ntries d n confirm ?is4 ,we d n "k :at species ( b>ley x 0 t ,olivi] saw gr[+ wild 9 ,mesopotamia2 consequ5tly ! common b>ley has n yet be5 f\nd c]ta9ly wild4 ,! multitude ( common names :i* are attribut$ to x prove no?+ z to its orig91 = 9 mo/ cases x is impossible to "k if !y are names ( b>ley 9 g5]al1 or ( a p>ticul> k9d ( b>ley cultivat$ 9 a giv5 c\ntry4 ,six-r[$ ,b>ley--,hordeum hexa/i*on1 ,l9nu4 ,?is 0 ! species mo/ commonly cultivat$ 9 antiquity4 ,n only is x m5tion$ by ,greek au?ors1 b x has also be5 f\nd 9 ! e>lie/ ,egyptian monum5ts1#ahfj & 9 ! rema9s ( ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l& 7age ( /one71 ( ,italy1 & ( ,savoy 7age ( bronze74#ahfa ,he] has ev5 di/+ui%$ two v>ieties ( ! species =m]ly cultivat$ 9 ,switz]l&4 ,"o ( !m answ]s to ! six-r[$ b>ley repres5t$ on ! m$als ( ,metapontis1 a t[n 9 ! s\? ( ,italy1 six c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,accord+ to ,roxburgh1#ahfb x 0 ! only k9d ( b>ley gr[n 9 ,india at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,he attributes to x ! ,sanskrit "n yuva1 :i* has become juba 9 ,b5gali4 ,adolphe ,pictet#ahfc has c>efully /udi$ ! names 9 ,sanskrit & o!r ,indo-,european languages :i* answ] to ! g5]ic "n b>ley1 b he has n be5 able to g into ! details ( ea* species4 ,! six-r[$ b>ley has n be5 se5 9 ! conditions ( a wild plant1 ( :i* ! species has be5 det]m9$ by a botani/4 ,i h n f\nd x 9 ,boissi]'s h]b>ium1 :i* is s ri* 9 ,ea/]n plants4 ,x is possible t ! wild b>leys m5tion$ by anci5t au?ors & by ,olivi] 7 ,hordeum hexa/i*on1 b !re is no pro( ( ?is4 ,on ,b>leys 9 g5]al4 ,we h se5 t ! only =m :i* is n[ f\nd wild is ! simple/1 ! lea/ productive1 ,hordeum di/i*on1 :i* 01 l ,h4 hexa/i*on1 cultivat$ 9 prehi/oric "t4 ,p]haps ,h4 vulg>e has n be5 s long 9 cultivation z ! two o!rs4 ,two hypo!ses may be drawn f ^! facts3 #a4 ,t ! b>leys ) f\r & six r[s 71 9 prehi/oric agriculture ant]ior to t ( ! anci5t ,egyptians :o built ! monum5ts1 d]iv$ f ,h4 di/i*on4 #b4 ,! b>leys ) six & f\r ranks 7 species =m]ly wild1 ext9ct s9ce ! hi/orical epo*4 ,x w\ld be /range 9 ?is case t no trace ( !m has rema9$ 9 ! floras ( ! va/ region compris$ betwe5 ,india1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ,abyss9ia1 :]e we are ne>ly sure ( _! cultivation1 at lea/ ( t ( ! six-rank$ b>ley4 ,rye--,secale c]eale1 ,l9nu4 ,rye has n be5 v long 9 cultivation1 unless1 p]haps1 9 ,russia & ,?race4 ,x has n be5 f\nd 9 ,egyptian monum5ts1 & has no "n 9 ,semitic languages1 ev5 9 ! mod]n ones1 nor 9 ,sanskrit & ! mod]n ,indian languages d]iv$ f ,sanskrit4 ,^! facts agree ) ! circum/ance t rye ?rives bett] 9 nor!rn ?an 9 s\!rn c\ntries1 :]e x is n usually cultivat$ 9 mod]n times4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]#ahfd ?9ks x is unkn[n to ,*9ese agriculture4 ,he d\bts ! contr>y ass]tion ( a mod]n writ]1 & rem>ks t ! "n ( a c]eal m5tion$ 9 ! memoirs ( ! ,emp]or ,kanghi1 :i* may be suppos$ to be ?is species1 signifies ,russian :eat4 ,n[ rye1 he says1 is mu* cultivat$ 9 ,sib]ia4 ,!re is no m5tion ( x 9 ,japanese floras4 ,! anci5t ,greeks did n "k x4 ,! fir/ au?or :o m5tions x 9 ! ,roman empire is ,pl9y1#ahfe :o speaks ( ! secale cultivat$ at ,tur9 at ! foot ( ! ,alps1 "u ! "n ( ,asia4 ,gal51#ahff born 9 ,a4,d4 #aca1 _h se5 x cultivat$ 9 ,?race & ,mac$onia "u ! "n briza4 ,its cultivation does n seem anci5t1 at lea/ 9 ,italy1 = no trace ( rye has be5 f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( ! lake-dwell+s ( ! nor? ( t c\ntry1 or ( ,switz]l& & ,savoy1 ev5 ( ! age ( bronze4 ,jetteles f\nd rema9s ( rye ne> ,olmutz1 toge!r ) in/rum5ts ( bronze1 & ,he]1#ahfg :o saw ! specim5s1 m5tions o!rs ( ! ,roman epo* 9 ,switz]l&4 ,fail+ ar*ological pro(s1 ,european languages %[ an e>ly k ( rye 9 ,g]man1 ,keltic1 & ,slavonic c\ntries4 ,! pr9cipal names1 accord+ to ,adolphe ,pictet1#ahfh belong to ! peoples ( ! nor? ( ,europe3 ,anglo-,saxon1 ryge1 rig2 ,sc&9avian1 rgr2 ,old ,high ,g]man1 roggo2 ,anci5t ,slav1 ruji1 roji2 ,poli%1 rez2 ,illyrian1 raz1 etc4 ,! orig9 ( ?is "n mu/ date1 he says1 f an epo* previ\s to ! sep>ation ( ! ,teutons f ! ,li?uano-,slavs4 ,! ^w secale ( ! ,lat9s recurs 9 a simil> =m among ! ,bretons1 segal1 & ! ,basques1 cekela1 zekhalea2 b x is n kn[n :e!r ! ,lat9s borr[$ x f ! ,gauls & ,ib]ians1 or :e!r1 conv]sely1 ! latt] took ! "n f ! ,romans4 ,?is second hypo!sis appe>s to be ! m probable ( ! two1 s9ce ! ,cisalp9e ,gauls ( ,pl9y's "t _h q a diff]5t "n4 ,i also f9d m5tion$ a ,t>t> "n1 ares*1#ahfi & an ,ossete "n1 syl1 sil1#ahgj :i* po9ts to an anci5t cultivation to ! ea/ ( ,europe4 ,?us hi/orical & philological data %[ t ! species probably _h its orig9 9 ! c\ntries nor? ( ! ,danube1 & t its cultivation is h>dly e>li] ?an ! ,*ri/ian era 9 ! ,roman empire1 b p]haps m anci5t 9 ,russia & ,t>t>y4 ,! indication ( wild rye giv5 by sev]al au?ors %\ld sc>cely ev] be accept$1 = x has (t5 happ5$ t ,secale c]eale has be5 conf\nd$ ) p]5nial species1 or ) o!rs ( :i* ! e> is easily brok51 :i* mod]n botani/s h rightly di/+ui%$4#ahga ,_m mi/akes :i* ?us arose h be5 cle>$ up by an exam9ation ( orig9al specim5s4 ,o!rs may be suspect$4 ,?us ,i d n "k :at to ?9k ( ! ass]tions ( ,l4 ,ross1 :o said he _h f\nd rye gr[+ wild 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,anatolia1#ahgb & ( ! ,russian travell] ,ssaew]z(f1 :o said he saw x 9 ,turke/an4#ahgc ,! latt] fact is probable en\gh1 b x is n said t any botani/ v]ifi$ ! species4 ,kun?#ahgd _h previ\sly m5tion$ x 9 8! des]t betwe5 ! ,black ,sea & ! ,caspian10 b he does n say on :at au?ority ( travell] or ( specim5s4 ,boissi]'s h]b>ium has %[n me no wild ,secale c]eale1 b x has p]suad$ me t ano!r species ( rye might easily be mi/ak5 = ?is "o1 & t ass]tions require to be c>efully v]ifi$4 ,fail+ satisfactory pro(s ( wild plants1 ,i =m]ly urg$1 9 my ,gographie ,botanique ,raisonne1 an argum5t ( "s value4 ,secale c]eale s[s itself f cultivation1 & becomes almo/ wild 9 p>ts ( ! ,au/rian empire1#ahge :i* is seldom se5 else:]e4#ahgf ,?us 9 ! ea/ ( ,europe1 :]e hi/ory po9ts to an anci5t cultivation1 rye f9ds at ! pres5t day ! mo/ fav\rable conditions = liv+ )\t ! aid ( man4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$1 f ^! facts1 t its orig9al area 0 9 ! region compris$ betwe5 ! ,au/rian ,alps & ! nor? ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,?is seems ! m probable t ! five or six kn[n species ( ! g5us ,secale inhabit we/]n temp]ate ,asia or ! s\?-ea/ ( ,europe4 ,admitt+ ?is orig91 ! ,aryan natives w\ld n h kn[n ! species1 z philology already %[s u2 b 9 _! migrations we/w>d !y mu/ h met ) x "u diff]5t names1 :i* !y transport$ "h & !re4 ,common ,oats & ,ea/]n ,oats--,av5a sativa1 ,l9nu2 ,av5a ori5talis1 ,s*reb]4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians & ! ,hebrews did n cultivate oats1 b !y are n[ gr[n 9 ,egypt4#ahgg ,!re is no ,sanskrit "n1 nor any 9 mod]n ,indian languages4 ,!y are only n[ & !n plant$ by ! ,engli% 9 ,india = _! horses4#ahgh ,! e>lie/ m5tion ( oats 9 ,*9a is 9 an hi/orical "w on ! p]iod #fah to #ijg ,a4,d42 x ref]s to ! v>iety kn[n to botani/s z ,av5a sativa nuda4#ahgi ,! anci5t ,greeks knew ! g5us v well2 !y call$ x bromos1#ahhj z ! ,lat9s call$ x av5a2 b ^! names 7 commonly appli$ to species :i* are n cultivat$1 & :i* are we$s mix$ ) c]eals4 ,!re is no pro( t !y cultivat$ ! common oats4 ,pl9y's rem>k#ahha t ! ,g]mans liv$ on oatmeal1 implies t ! species 0 n cultivat$ by ! ,romans4 ,! cultivation ( oats 01 !re=e1 practis$ anci5tly to ! nor? ( ,italy & ( ,greece4 ,x 0 diffus$ lat] & p>tially 9 ! s\? ( ! ,roman empire4 ,x is possible t x 0 m anci5t 9 ,asia ,m9or1 = ,gal5#ahhb says t oats 7 abundant 9 ,mysia1 above ,p]gamus2 t !y 7 giv5 to horses1 & t m5 us$ !m = food 9 ye>s ( sc>city4 ,a colony ( ,gauls _h =m]ly p5etrat$ into ,asia ,m9or4 ,oats h be5 f\nd among ! rema9s ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s ( ! age ( bronze1#ahhc & 9 ,g]many1 ne> ,witt5burg1 9 sev]al tombs ( ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 or a little e>li]4#ahhd ,hi!rto none h be5 f\nd 9 ! lake-dwell+s ( ! nor? ( ,italy1 :i* confirms ! belief t oats 7 n cultivat$ 9 ,italy 9 ! "t ( ! ,roman republic4 ,! v]nacul> names also prove an anci5t exi/5ce nor? & we/ ( ! ,alps1 & on ! bord]s ( ,europe t[>ds ,t>t>y & ! ,caucasus4 ,! mo/ widely diffus$ ( ^! names is indicat$ by ! ,lat9 av5a1 ,anci5t ,slav ovisu1 ovesu1 ovsa1 ,russian ovesu1 ,li?uanian awiza1 ,lettonian ausas1 ,o/ias abis4#ahhe ,! ,engli% ^w oats comes1 accord+ to ,a4 ,pictet1 f ! ,anglo-,saxon ata or ate4 ,! ,basque "n1 olba or oloa1#ahhf argues a v anci5t ,ib]ian cultivation4 ,! ,keltic names are q diff]5t3#ahhg ,iri% coirce1 cuirce1 corca1 ,armorican k]*4 ,t>t> sulu1 ,georgian k>i1 ,hung>ian zab1 ,croat zob1 ,e/honian ka]1 & o!rs are m5tion$ by ,nemni*#ahhh z apply+ to ! g5]ic "n oats1 b x is n likely t names s v>i$ d n belong to a cultivat$ species4 ,x is /range t !re %\ld be an indep5d5t ,b]b] "n zekk\m1#ahhi z !re is no?+ to %[ t ! species 0 anci5tly cultivat$ 9 ,africa4 ,all ^! facts %[ h[ errone\s is ! op9ion :i* reign$ 9 ! la/ c5tury1#ahij t oats 7 br\ght orig9ally f ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez1 a belief :i* came app>5tly f an ass]tion ( ! navigator ,anson4#ahia ,x is evid5tly n 9 ! ,au/ral hemisph]e t we mu/ seek = ! home ( ! species1 b 9 ^? c\ntries ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e :]e x 0 anci5tly cultivat$4 ,oats s[ !mselves on rubbi%-heaps1 by ! wayside1 & ne> cultivat$ gr\nd m easily ?an o!r c]eals1 & sometimes p]si/ 9 su* a way z to appe> wild4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 widely sep>ate places1 z ,alg]ia & ,japan1 ,p>is & ! nor? ( ,*9a4#ahib ,in/ances ( ?is nature r5d] u sceptical z to ! wild nature ( ! oats :i* ,bov said he f\nd 9 ! des]t ( ,s9ai4 ,x has also be5 said#ahic t ! travell] ,olivi] saw oats wild 9 ,p]sia1 b he does n m5tion ! fact 9 8 "w4 ,besides1 sev]al annual species ne>ly resembl+ oats may deceive ! travell]4 ,i _c discov] ei!r 9 books or h]b>ia ! exi/5ce ( really wild oats ei!r 9 ,europe or ,asia1 & ,b5?am has assur$ me t !re are no su* specim5s 9 ! h]b>ium at ,kew2 b c]ta9ly ! half-wild or naturaliz$ condition is m frequ5t 9 ! ,au/rian /ates f ,dalmatia to ,transylvania#ahid ?an else:]e4 ,?is is an indication ( orig9 :i* may be add$ to ! hi/orical & philological argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ea/]n temp]ate ,europe4 ,av5a /rigosa1 ,s*reb]1 appe>s to be a v>iety ( ! common oats1 judg+ f ! exp]im5ts 9 cultivation m5tion$ by ,b5?am1 :o adds1 x is true1 t ^! ne$ confirmation4#ahie ,!re is a good draw+ ( ! v>iety 9 ,ho/1 ,icones ,gram9um ,au/riacorum1 ii4 pl4 #ef1 :i* may be comp>$ ) ,a4 sativa1 pl4 #ei4 ,= ! re/1 ,av5a /rigosa has n be5 f\nd wild4 ,x exi/s 9 ,europe 9 des]t$ fields1 :i* confirms ! hypo!sis t x is a =m d]iv$ by cultivation4 ,av5a ori5talis1 ,s*reb]1 ( :i* ! spikelets lean all to "o side1 has also be5 gr[n 9 ,europe f ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is n kn[n 9 a wild /ate4 ,(t5 mix$ ) common oats1 x is n to be di/+ui%$ f !m at a glance4 ,! names x be>s 9 ,g]many1 ,turki% or ,hung>ian oats1 po9ts to a mod]n introduction f ! ,ea/4 ,ho/ gives a good draw+ ( x 7,gram4 ,au/r41 i4 pl4 #dd74 ,z all ! v>ieties ( oats are cultivat$1 & none h be5 discov]$ 9 a truly wild /ate1 x is v probable t !y are all d]iv$ f a s+le prehi/oric =m1 a native ( ea/]n temp]ate ,europe & ( ,t>t>y4 ,common ,millet--,panicum miliaceum1 ,l9nu4 ,! cultivation ( ?is plant is prehi/oric 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,asia4 ,! ,greeks knew x by ! "n keg*ros1 & ! ,lat9s by t ( milium4#ahif ,! ,swiss lake-dwell]s ( ! age ( /one made great use ( millet1#ahig & x has also be5 f\nd 9 ! rema9s ( ! lake-dwell+s ( ,v>ese 9 ,italy4#ahih ,z we d n else:]e f9d specim5s ( ^! e>ly times1 x is impossible to "k :at 0 ! panicum or ! sorghum m5tion$ by ,lat9 au?ors :i* 0 us$ z food by ! inhabitants ( ,gaul1 ,panonia1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,ung]#ahii c\nts ,p4 miliaceum among ! species ( anci5t ,egypt1 b x does n appe> t he _h positive pro( ( ?is1 = he has m5tion$ no monum5t1 draw+1 or se$ f\nd 9 ! tombs4 ,nor is !re any mat]ial pro( ( anci5t cultivation 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,india1 & ,*9a4 ,= ! la/-nam$ c\ntry x is a "q :e!r ! %u1 "o ( ! five c]eals s[n by ! emp]ors 9 ! great ye>ly c]emony1 is ,panicum miliaceum1 an alli$ species1 or sorghum2 b x appe>s t ! s5se ( ! ^w %u has *ang$1 & t =m]ly x 0 p]haps sorghum :i* 0 s[n4#aijj ,anglo-,indian botani/s#aija attribute two ,sanskrit names to ! mod]n species1 n & vreehib-h$a1 al?\gh ! mod]n ,h9du & ,b5gali "n *e5a & ! ,tel+a "n worga are q diff]5t4 ,if ! ,sanskrit names are g5u9e1 !y indicate an anci5t cultivation 9 ,india4 ,no ,hebrew nor ,b]b] "n is kn[n1#aijb b !re are ,arab names1 dokhn1 us$ 9 ,egypt1 & kosjjb 9 ,arabia4#aijc ,!re are v>i\s ,european names4 ,besides ! ,greek & ,lat9 words1 !re is an anci5t ,slav "n1 proso1#aijd reta9$ 9 ,russia & ,pol&1 an old ,g]man ^w hirsi1 & a ,li?uanian "n sora4#aije ,! abs5ce ( ,keltic names is rem>kable4 ,x appe>s t ! species 0 cultivat$ especially 9 ,ea/]n ,europe1 & spread we/w>d t[>ds ! end ( ! ,gallic dom9ion4 ,) reg>d to its wild exi/5ce1 ,l9nu says#aijf t x inhabits ,india1 & mo/ au?ors repeat ?is2 b ,anglo-,indian botani/s#aijg always give x z cultivat$4 ,x is n f\nd 9 ,japanese floras4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,*9a de ,bunge only saw x cultivat$1#aijh & ,maxim[icz ne> ! ,ussuri1 on ! bord]s ( fields & 9 places ne> ,*9ese dwell+s4#aiji ,l$eb\r says#aiaj x is ne>ly wild 9 ,altaic ,sib]ia & ,c5tral ,russia1 & wild s\? ( ! ,caucasus & 9 ! c\ntry ( ,talys*4 ,he quotes ,hoh5ack] = ! la/-nam$ locality1 :o1 h[ev]1 says only 8ne>ly wild40#aiaa ,9 ! ,crimea1 :]e x furni%es bread = ! ,t>t>s1 x is f\nd "h & !re ne>ly wild1#aiab :i* is also ! case 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 9 ,italy1 & 9 ,au/ria4#aiac ,x is n wild 9 ,greece1#aiad & no "o has f\nd x 9 ,p]sia or 9 ,syria4 ,=skal & ,delile indicat$ x 9 ,egypt1 b ,as*]son does n admit ?is2#aiae & ,=skal gives x 9 ,arabia4#aiaf ,! species may h become naturaliz$ 9 ^! regions1 z ! result ( frequ5t cultivation f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,h[ev]1 its wild nature is s d\btful else:]e1 t its ,egypto-,arabian orig9 is v probable4 ,italian ,millet--,panicum ,italicum1 ,l9nu2 ,set>ia ,italica1 ,beauvois4 ,! cultivation ( ?is species 0 v common 9 ! temp]ate p>ts ( ! old _w 9 prehi/oric times4 ,its se$s s]v$ z food = man1 ?\gh n[ !y are *iefly giv5 to birds4 ,9 ,*9a x is "o ( ! five plants :i* ! emp]or s[s ea* ye> 9 a public c]emony1 accord+ to ! comm& issu$ by ,*9-nong #bgjj ,b4,c4#aiag ,! common "n is siao mi 7little se$71 ! m anci5t "n be+ ku2 b ! latt] seems to be appli$ also to a v diff]5t species4#aiah ,pick]+ says he recogniz$ x 9 two anci5t ,egyptian draw+s1 & t x is n[ cultivat$ 9 ,egypt#aiai "u ! "n dokhn2 b t is ! "n ( ,panicum miliaceum4 ,x is1 !re=e1 v d\btful t ! anci5t ,egyptians cultivat$ x4 ,x has be5 f\nd among ! rema9s ( ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s ( ! /one epo*1 & !re=e =tiori among ! lake-dwell]s ( ! subsequ5t epo* 9 ,savoy4#aibj ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,lat9s did n m5tion x1 or at lea/ x has n be5 possible to c]tify x f :at !y say ( sev]al panicums & millets4 ,9 our own day ! species is r>ely cultivat$ 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 n at all 9 ,greece1#aiba = in/ance1 & ,i d n f9d x indicat$ 9 ,egypt1 b x is common 9 ,s\!rn ,asia4#aibb ,! ,sanskrit names kung & priyung1 ( :i* ! fir/ is reta9$ 9 ,b5gali1#aibc are attribut$ to ?is species4 ,pidd+ton m5tions sev]al o!r names 9 ,indian languages 9 8 ,index4 ,a9slie#aibd gives a ,p]sian "n1 arzun1 & an ,arabic "n2 b ! latt] is commonly attribut$ to ,panicum miliaceum4 ,!re is no ,hebrew "n1 & ! plant is n m5tion$ 9 botanical works ^u ,egypt & ,arabia4 ,! ,european names h no hi/orical value4 ,!y are n orig9al1 & commonly ref] to ! transmission ( ! species or to its cultivation 9 a giv5 c\ntry4 ,! specific "n1 italicum1 is an absurd example1 ! plant be+ r>ely cultivat$ & nev] wild 9 ,italy4 ,rumphius says x is wild 9 ! ,sunda ,isles1 b n v positively4#aibe ,l9nu probably />t$ f ?is basis to exagg]ate & ev5 promulgate an error1 say+1 8inhabits ! ,indies40#aibf ,x c]ta9ly does n come f ! ,we/ ,indies2 & fur!r1 ,roxburgh ass]ts t he nev] saw x wild 9 ,india4 ,! ,gram9 h n yet appe>$ 9 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]s flora2 b ,ait*ison#aibg gives ! species z only cultivat$ 9 ! nor?-we/ ( ,india4 ,! ,au/ralian plant :i* ,rob]t ,br[n said belong$ to ?is species belongs to ano!r4#aibh ,p4 italicum appe>s to be wild 9 ,japan1 at lea/ 9 ! =m call$ g]manica by diff]5t au?ors1#aibi & ! ,*9ese consid] ! five c]eals ( ! annual c]emony to be natives ( _! c\ntry4 ,yet ,bunge1 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a1 & ,maxim[icz 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur1 only saw ! species cultivat$ on a l>ge scale1 9 ! =m ( ! g]manica v>iety4#aicj ,9 ,p]sia1#aica ! ,caucasus ,m\nta9s1 & ,europe1 ,i only f9d 9 floras ! plant indicat$ z cultivat$1 or escap$ sometimes f cultivation on rubbi%-heaps1 waysides1 wa/e gr\nd1 etc4#aicb ,! sum ( ! hi/orical1 philological1 & botanical data make me ?9k t ! species exi/$ be=e all cultivation1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,its cultivation mu/ h e>ly spread t[>ds ! ,we/1 s9ce we "k ( ,sanskrit names1 b x does n seem to h be5 kn[n 9 ,syria1 ,arabia1 & ,greece1 & x is probably ?r\gh ,russia & ,au/ria t x e>ly arriv$ among ! lake-dwell]s ( ! /one age 9 ,switz]l&4 ,common ,sorghum--,holcus sorghum1 ,l9nu2 ,&ropogon sorghum1 ,brot]o2 ,sorghum vulg>e1 ,p]soon4 ,botani/s are n agre$ z to ! di/9ction ( sev]al ( ! species ( sorghum1 & ev5 z to ! g5]a into :i* ?is gr\p ( ! ,gram9 %\ld be divid$4 ,a good monograph on ! sorghums is ne$$1 z 9 ! case ( ! panicums4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i w give "s in=mation on ! pr9cipal species1 because ( _! imm5se importance z food = man1 re>+ ( p\ltry1 & z fodd] = cattle4 ,we may take z a typical species ! sorghum cultivat$ 9 ,europe1 z x is figur$ by ,ho/ 9 8 ,gram9 ,au/riac 7iv4 pi4 #b74 ,x is "o ( ! plants mo/ commonly cultivat$ by ! mod]n ,egyptians1 "u ! "n ( d\rra1 & also 9 equatorial ,africa1 ,india1 & ,*9a4#aicc ,x is s productive 9 hot c\ntries t x is a /aple food ( imm5se populations 9 ! old _w4 ,l9nu & all au?ors1 ev5 our contempor>ies1 say t x is ( ,indian orig92 b 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,roxburgh's flora1 publi%$ 9 #ahbj1 ?is botani/1 :o %\ld h be5 consult$1 ass]ts t he _h only se5 x cultivat$4 ,he makes ! same rem>k = ! alli$ =ms 7bicolor1 sac*>atus1 etc471 :i* are (t5 reg>d$ z m]e v>ieties4 ,ait*ison also _h only se5 ! sorghum cultivat$4 ,! abs5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n also r5d]s ! ,indian orig9 v d\btful4 ,brets*neid]1 on ! o!r h&1 says ! sorghum is indig5\s 9 ,*9a1 al?\gh he says t anci5t ,*9ese au?ors h n spok5 ( x4 ,x is true t he quotes a "n1 common at ,pek91 kao-liang 7tall millet71 :i* also applies to ,holcus sac*>atus1 & to :i* x is bett] suit$4 ,! sorghum has n be5 f\nd among ! rema9s ( ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l& & ,italy4 ,! ,greeks nev] spoke ( x4 ,pl9y's phrase#aicd ab\t a milium introduc$ into ,italy f ,india 9 8 "t has be5 suppos$ to ref] to ! sorghum2 b x 0 a tall] plant1 p]haps ,holcus sac*>atus4 ,! sorghum has n be5 f\nd 9 a natural /ate 9 ! tombs ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,dr4 ,hann]d ?\ght he recogniz$ x 9 "s cru%$ se$s br\ght by ,rosell9i f ,!bes2#aice b ,mr4 ,bir*1 ! keep] ( ,egyptian antiquities 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 has m rec5tly decl>$ t ! species has n be5 f\nd 9 ! anci5t tombs4#aicf ,pick]+ says he recogniz$ its leaves mix$ ) ^? ( ! papyrus4 ,he says he also saw pa9t+s ( x2 & ,leipsius has copies ( draw+s :i* he1 z well z ,ung] & ,wilk9son1 takes to be ! d\rra ( mod]n cultivation4#aicg ,! height & ! =m ( ! e> are und\bt$ly ^? ( ! sorghum4 ,x is possible t ?is species is ! do*an1 once m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t#aich z a c]eal f :i* bread 0 made2 yet ! mod]n ,arabic ^w dokhn ref]s to ! sweet sorghum4 ,common names tell u no?+1 ei!r f _! lack ( mean+1 or because 9 _m cases ! same "n has be5 appli$ to ! diff]5t k9ds ( panicum & sorghum4 ,i c f9d none :i* is c]ta9 9 ! anci5t languages ( ,india or ,we/]n ,asia1 :i* argues an introduction ( b few c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,no botani/ m5tions ! d\rra z wild 9 ,egypt or 9 ,arabia4 ,an analog\s =m is wild 9 equatorial ,africa1 b ,r4 ,br[n has n be5 able to id5tify x1#aici & ! flora ( tropical ,africa 9 c\rse ( publication at ,kew has n yet rea*$ ! ord] ,gram94 ,!re rema9s1 !re=e1 ! s+le ass]tion ( ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1 t ! tall sorghum is indig5\s 9 ,*9a4 ,if x is really ! species 9 "q1 x spread we/w>d v late4 ,b x 0 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & h[ c\ld !y h receiv$ x f ,*9a :ile x rema9$ unkn[n to ! int]m$iate peoples8 ,x is easi] to und]/& t x is indig5\s 9 tropical ,africa1 & 0 introduc$ into ,egypt 9 prehi/oric "t1 aft]w>ds into ,india1 & f9ally into ,*9a1 :]e its cultivation does n seem to be v anci5t1 = ! fir/ "w :i* m5tions x belongs to ! f\r? c5tury ( our era4 ,9 support ( ! !ory ( ,african orig91 ,i may quote ! obs]vation ( ,s*midt1#aidj t ! species ab\nds 9 ! isl& ( ,san ,antonio1 9 ! ,cape ,v]de gr\p1 9 rocky places4 ,he believes x to be 8completely naturaliz$10 :i* p]haps conceals a true orig94 ,sweet ,sorghum--,holcus sac*>atus1 ,l9nu2 ,&ropogon sac*>atus1 ,roxburgh2 ,sorghum sac*>atum1 ,p]soon4 ,?is species1 tall] ?an ! common sorghum & ) a loose panicle1#aida is cultivat$ 9 tropical c\ntries = ! se$--:i*1 h[ev]1 is n s good z t ( ! common sorghum--& 9 less hot c\ntries z fodd]1 or ev5 = ! sug> :i* ! /em conta9s 9 consid]able quantities4 ,! ,*9ese extract a _s f x1 b n sug>4 ,! op9ion ( botani/s & ( ! public 9 g5]al is t x comes f ,india2 b ,roxburgh says t x is only cultivat$ 9 t c\ntry4 ,x is ! same 9 ! ,sunda ,isles1 :]e ! batt>i is c]ta9ly ?is species4 ,x is ! kao-liang1 or great millet ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x is n said to be indig5\s 9 ,*9a1 nor is x m5tion$ by ,*9ese au?ors :o liv$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4#aidb ,f ^! facts1 & ! abs5ce ( any ,sanskrit "n1 ! ,asiatic orig9 seems to me a delusion4 ,! plant is n[ cultivat$ 9 ,egypt less ?an ! common sorghum1 & 9 ,arabia "u ! "n dokhna or dokhn4#aidc ,no botani/ has se5 x wild 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,!re is no pro( t ! anci5t ,egyptians cultivat$ x4 ,h]odotus#aidd spoke ( a 8tree-millet0 9 ! pla9s ( ,assyria4 ,x might be ! species 9 "q1 b x is n possible to prove x4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans 7 n acqua9t$ ) x1 n at lea/ be=e ! ,roman empire1 b x is possible t ?is 0 ! millet1 sev5 feet high1 :i* ,pl9y m5tions#aide z hav+ be5 introduc$ f ,india 9 8 lifetime4 ,we mu/ probably seek its orig9 9 tropical ,africa1 :]e ! species is g5]ally cultivat$4 ,sir ,william ,hook]#aidf m5tions specim5s f ! banks ( ! riv] ,nun1 :i* 7 p]haps wild4 ,! approa*+ publication ( ! ,gram9 9 ! flora ( tropical ,africa w probably ?r[ "s light on ?is "q4 ,! spread ( its cultivation f ! int]ior ( ,africa to ,egypt aft] ! ,ph>aohs1 to ,arabia1 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 &1 aft] ! epo* ( ,sanskrit1 to ,india1 la/ly to ,*9a1 t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( our era1 tallies ) hi/orical data1 & is n difficult to admit4 ,! inv]se hypo!sis ( a transmission f ea/ to we/ pres5ts a numb] ( objections4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( sorghum are cultivat$ 9 ,asia & 9 ,africa2 = in/ance1 c]nuus ) droop+ panicles1 m5tion$ by ,roxburgh1 & :i* ,prosp] ,alp9 _h se5 9 ,egypt2 bicolor1 :i* 9 height resembles ! sac*>atus2 & nig] & rub5s1 :i* also seem to be v>ieties ( cultivation4 ,none ( ^! has be5 f\nd wild1 & x is probable t a monograph w\ld connect !m ) "o or o!r ( ! above-m5tion$ species4 ,coracan--,eleus9e coracana1 ,grtn]4 ,?is annual grass1 :i* resembles ! millets1 is cultivat$ especially 9 ,india & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,x is also gr[n 9 ,egypt#aidg & 9 ,abyss9ia2#aidh b ! sil5ce ( _m botani/s1 :o h m5tion$ ! plants ( ! int]ior & we/ ( ,africa1 %[s t its cultivation is n widely spread on t cont95t4 ,9 ,japan#aidi x sometimes escapes f cultivation4 ,! se$s w rip5 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 b ! plant is valueless !re except z fodd]4#aiej ,no au?or m5tions hav+ f\nd x 9 a wild /ate 9 ,asia or 9 ,africa4 ,roxburgh1#aiea :o is att5tive to su* matt]s1 aft] speak+ ( its cultivation1 adds1 8,i nev] saw x wild40 ,he di/+ui%es "u ! "n ,eleus9e /ricta a =m ev5 m commonly cultivat$ 9 ,india1 :i* appe>s to be simply a v>iety ( ,e4 coracana1 & :i* also he has n f\nd uncultivat$4 ,we %all discov] its c\ntry by o!r means4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! species ( ! g5us ,eleus9e are m num]\s 9 ! s\? ( ,asia ?an 9 o!r tropical regions4 ,besides ! cultivat$ plant1 ,royle#aieb m5tions o!r species1 ( :i* ! poor] natives ( ,india ga!r ! se$s 9 ! pla9s4 ,accord+ to ,pidd+ton's ,index1 !re is a ,sanskrit "n1 rajika1 & sev]al o!r names 9 ! mod]n languages ( ,india4 ,t ( coracana comes f an old "n us$ 9 ,ceylon1 k\rakhan4#aiec ,9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago ! names appe> less num]\s & less orig9al4 ,9 ,egypt ! cultivation ( ?is species is p]haps n v anci5t4 ,! monum5ts ( antiquity be> no trace ( x4 ,grco-,roman au?ors :o knew ! c\ntry did n speak ( x1 nor lat] ,prosp] ,alp91 ,=skal1 & ,delile4 ,we mu/ ref] to a mod]n "w1 t ( ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 to f9d m5tion ( ! species1 & ,i _c ev5 discov] an ,arab "n4#aied ,?us botany1 hi/ory1 & philology po9t to an ,indian orig94 ,! flora ( ,briti% ,india1 9 :i* ! ,gram9 h n yet appe>$1 w p]haps tell u ! plant has be5 f\nd wild 9 rec5t explorations4 ,a ne>ly alli$ species is gr[n 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,eleus9e ,tocussa1 ,fres5ius1#aiee a plant v little kn[n1 :i* is p]haps a native ( ,africa4 ,rice--,oryza sativa1 ,l9nu4 ,9 ! c]emony in/itut$ by ! ,*9ese ,emp]or ,*9-nong1 #bhjj ye>s ,b4,c41 rice plays ! pr9cipal "p4 ,! reign+ emp]or mu/ himself s[ x1 :]eas ! f\r o!r species are or may be s[n by ! pr9ces ( 8 family4#aief ,! five species are consid]$ by ! ,*9ese z indig5\s1 & x mu/ be admitt$ t ?is is probably ! case ) rice1 :i* is 9 g5]al use1 & has be5 s = a long "t2 9 a c\ntry int]sect$ by canals & riv]s1 & h5ce peculi>ly fav\rable to aquatic plants4 ,botani/s h n suffici5tly /udi$ ,*9ese plants = u to "k :e!r rice is (t5 f\nd outside cultivat$ gr\nd2 b ,l\reiro#aieg _h se5 x 9 m>%es 9 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,rumphius & mod]n writ]s ^u ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago give x only z a cultivat$ plant4 ,! multitude ( names & v>ieties po9ts to a v anci5t cultivation4 ,9 ,briti% ,india x dates at lea/ f ! ,aryan invasion1 = rice has ,sanskrit names1 vrihi1 arunya#aieh :5ce come1 probably1 sev]al names 9 mod]n ,indian languages1 & oruza or oruzon ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 r\z or ar\s ( ! ,arabs4 ,!ophra/us#aiei m5tion$ rice z cultivat$ 9 ,india4 ,! ,greeks became acqua9t$ ) x ?r\gh ,alex&]'s exp$ition4 8,accord+ to ,ari/obulus10 says ,/rabo1#aifj 8rice gr[s 9 ,bactriana1 ,babylonia1 ,susida20 & he adds1 8we may also add 9 ,l[] ,syria40 ,fur!r on he notes t ! ,indians use x = food1 & extract a _s f x4 ,^! ass]tions1 d\btful p]haps = ,bactriana1 %[ t ?is cultivation 0 firmly e/abli%$1 at lea/1 f ! "t ( ,alex&] 7#djj ,b4,c471 9 ! ,euphrates valley1 & f ! beg9n+ ( our era 9 ! hot & irrigat$ di/ricts ( ,syria4 ,! ,old ,te/am5t does n m5tion rice1 b a c>eful & judici\s writ]1 ,reyni]1#aifa has rem>k$ sev]al passages 9 ! ,talmud :i* relate to its cultivation4 ,^! facts lead u to suppose t ! ,indians employ$ rice aft] ! ,*9ese1 & t x spread /ill lat] t[>ds ! ,euphrates--e>li]1 h[ev]1 ?an ! ,aryan invasion into ,india4 ,a ?\s& ye>s elaps$ betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( ?is cultivation 9 ,babylonia & its transportation into ,syria1 :5ce its introduction into ,egypt aft] an int]val ( probably two or ?ree c5turies4 ,!re is no trace ( rice among ! gra9s or pa9t+s ( anci5t ,egypt4#aifb ,/rabo1 :o _h visit$ ?is c\ntry z well z ,syria1 does n say t rice 0 cultivat$ 9 ,egypt 9 8 "t1 b t ! ,g>amantes#aifc grew x1 & ?is p is believ$ to h inhabit$ an oasis to ! s\? ( ,c>?age4 ,x is possible t !y receiv$ x f ,syria4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,egypt c\ld n long fail to possess a crop s well suit$ to its peculi> conditions ( irrigation4 ,! ,arabs introduc$ ! species into ,spa91 z we see f ! ,spani% "n arroz4 ,rice 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ,italy 9 #adfh1 ne> ,pisa4#aifd ,x is ( rec5t introduction into ,l\isiana4 ,:5 ,i said t ! cultivation ( rice 9 ,india 0 probably m rec5t ?an 9 ,*9a1 ,i did n mean t ! plant 0 n wild !re4 ,x belongs to a family ( :i* ! species cov] wide areas1 &1 besides1 aquatic plants h commonly m ext5sive habitations ?an o!rs4 ,rice exi/$1 p]haps1 be=e all cultivation 9 ,s\!rn ,asia f ,*9a to ,b5gal1 z is %[n by ! v>iety ( names 9 ! monosyllabic languages ( ! races betwe5 ,india & ,*9a4#aife ,x has be5 f\nd outside cultivation 9 sev]al ,indian localities1 accord+ to ,roxburgh4#aiff ,he says t wild rice1 call$ new>ee by ! ,tel+as1 gr[s 9 abundance on ! %ores ( lakes 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,circ>s4 ,its gra9 is priz$ by ri* ,h9dus1 b x is n plant$ because x is n v productive4 ,roxburgh has no d\bt t ?is is ! orig9al plant4 ,?omson#aifg f\nd wild rice at ,moradabad1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,delhi4 ,hi/orical reasons support ! idea t ^! specim5s are indig5\s4 ,o!rwise !y might be suppos$ to be ! result ( ! habitual cultivation ( ! species1 all ! m t !re are examples ( ! facility ) :i* rice s[s itself & becomes naturaliz$ 9 w>m1 damp climates4#aifh ,9 any case hi/orical evid5ce & botanical probability t5d to ! belief t rice exi/$ 9 ,india be=e cultivation4#aifi ,maize--,zea mays1 ,l9nu4 8,maize is ( ,am]ican orig91 & has only be5 introduc$ into ! old _w s9ce ! discov]y ( ! new4 ,i consid] ^! two ass]tions z positive1 9 spite ( ! contr>y op9ion ( "s au?ors1 & ! d\bts ( ! celebrat$ agriculturi/ ,bonaf\s1 to :om we are indebt$ = ! mo/ complete treatise ^u maize40#aigj ,i us$ ^! words 9 #ahee1 aft] hav+ already conte/$ ! op9ion ( ,bonaf\s at ! "t ( ! publication ( 8 "w4#aiga ,! pro(s ( an ,am]ican orig9 h be5 s9ce re9=c$4 ,yet attempts h be5 made to prove ! contr>y1 & z ! ,fr5* "n1 bl de ,turquie1 gives curr5cy to an error1 x is z well to resume ! discussion ) new data4 ,no "o d5ies t maize 0 unkn[n 9 ,europe at ! "t ( ! ,roman empire1 b x has be5 said t x 0 br\ght f ! ,ea/ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! pr9cipal argum5t is bas$ ^u a *>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 publi%$ by ,mol9>i1#aigb accord+ to :i* two crusad]s1 companions 9 arms ( ,boniface ,,iii41 ,m>quis ( ,monf]rat1 gave 9 #abjd to ! t[n ( ,incisa a piece ( ! true cross 444 & a purse conta9+ a k9d ( se$ ( a gold5 col\r & p>tly :ite1 unkn[n 9 ! c\ntry & br\ght f ,anatolia1 :]e x 0 call$ meliga4 etc4 ,! hi/orian ( ! crusades1 ,mi*aux1 & lat] ,d>u & ,sismondi1 said a great deal ab\t ?is *>t]2 b ! botani/ ,delile1 z well z ,t>gionitozzetti & ,bonaf\s himself1 ?\ght t ! se$ 9 "q might belong to "s sorghum & n to maize4 ,^! old discussions h be5 r5d]$ absurd by ! ,comte de ,riant's discov]y#aigc t ! *>t] ( ,incisa is ! fabrication ( a mod]n impo/or4 ,i quote ?is in/ance to %[ h[ s*ol>s :o are n naturali/s may make mi/akes 9 ! int]pretation ( ! names ( plants1 & also h[ dang]\s x is to rely ^u an isolat$ pro( 9 hi/orical que/ions4 ,! names bl de ,turquie1 ,turki% :eat 7,indian corn71 giv5 to maize 9 almo/ all mod]n ,european languages no m prove an ,ea/]n orig9 ?an ! *>t] ( ,incisa4 ,^! names are z errone\s z t ( coq d',inde1 9 ,engli% turkey1 giv5 to an ,am]ican bird4 ,maize is call$ 9 ,lorra9e & 9 ! ,vosges ,roman corn2 9 ,tuscany1 ,sicilian corn2 9 ,sicily1 ,indian corn2 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ,spani% corn2 9 ,prov5ce1 ,b>b>y or ,gu9ea corn4 ,! ,turks call x ,egyptian corn1 & ! ,egyptians1 ,syrian d\rra4 ,?is la/ case proves at lea/ t x is nei!r ,egyptian nor ,syrian4 ,! widespread "n ( ,turki% :eat dates f ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x sprang f an error z to ! orig9 ( ! plant1 :i* 0 fo/]$ p]haps by ! tufts :i* t]m9ate ! e>s ( maize1 :i* 7 comp>$ to ! be>d ( ! ,turks1 or by ! vig\r ( ! plant1 :i* may h giv5 rise to an expression simil> to ! ,fr5* =t comme un turc4 ,! fir/ botani/ :o uses ! "n1 ,turki% :eat1 is ,ruellius1 9 #aecf4aigd ,bock or ,tragus1#aige 9 #aeeb1 aft] giv+ a draw+ ( ! species :i* he calls ,frum5tum turcicum1 ,wels*korn1 9 ,g]many1 hav+ le>nt by m]*ants t x came f ,india1 conceiv$ ! un=tunate idea t x 0 a c]ta9 typha ( ,bactriana1 to :i* anci5t au?ors allud$ 9 vague t]ms4 ,dodo5s 9 #aehc1 ,cam]>ius 9 #aehh1 & ,mat?iole#aigf rectifi$ ^! errors1 & positively ass]t$ ! ,am]ican orig94 ,!y adopt$ ! "n mays1 :i* !y knew to be ,am]ican4 ,we h se5 7p4 #cfc7 t ! zea ( ! ,greeks 0 a spelt4 ,c]ta9ly ! anci5ts did n "k maize4 ,! fir/ travell]s#aigg :o describ$ ! productions ( ! new _w 7 surpris$ at x1 a cle> pro( t !y _h n kn[n x 9 ,europe4 ,h]n&ez1#aigh :o left ,europe 9 #aega1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 9 #aeic accord+ to o!rs1#aigi did n "k t f ! ye> #aejj maize _h be5 s5t to ,seville = cultivation4 ,?is fact1 atte/$ by ,fe1 :o has se5 ! municipal records1#aihj cle>ly %[s ! ,am]ican orig91 :i* caus$ ,h]n&ez to ?9k ! "n ( ,turki% :eat a v bad "o4 ,x may p]haps be urg$ t maize1 new to ,europe 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 exi/$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,asia or ,africa be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,let u see :at tru? !re may be 9 ?is4 ,! fam\s ori5tali/ ,d',h]belot#aiha _h accumulat$ sev]al errors po9t$ out by ,bonaf\s & by me1 on ! subject ( a passage 9 ! ,p]sian hi/orian ,mirk\d ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ab\t a c]eal :i* ,r\s1 son ( ,japhet1 s[$ ^u ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & :i* he takes to be ! ,indian corn ( our day4 ,x is h>dly wor? consid]+ ^! ass]tions ( a s*ol> to :om x _h nev] occurr$ to consult ! works ( ! botani/s ( 8 own day1 or e>li]4 ,:at is m important is ! total sil5ce on ! subject ( maize ( ! travell]s :o visit$ ,asia & ,africa be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica2 also ! abs5ce ( ,hebrew & ,sanskrit names = ?is plant2 & la/ly1 t ,egyptian monum5ts pres5t no specim5 or draw+ ( x4#aihb ,rifaud1 x is true1 f\nd an e> ( maize 9 a s>cophagus at ,!bes1 b x is believ$ to h be5 ! trick ( an ,arab impo/or4 ,if maize _h exi/$ 9 anci5t ,egypt1 x w\ld be se5 9 all monum5ts1 & w\ld h be5 connect$ ) religi\s ideas l all o!r rem>kable plants4 ,a species s easy ( cultivation w\ld h spread into all neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,its cultivation w\ld n h be5 ab&on$2 & we f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t ,prosp] ,alp91 visit+ ,egypt 9 #aeib1 does n speak ( x1 & t ,=skal1#aihc at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 m5tion$ maize z /ill b little gr[n 9 ,egypt1 :]e x _h no "n di/9ct f ! sorghums4 ,ebn ,bai?>1 an ,arab physician ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o _h travell$ ?r\gh ! c\ntries ly+ betwe5 ,spa9 & ,p]sia1 indicates no plant :i* c be suppos$ to be maize4 ,j4 ,crawfurd1#aihd hav+ se5 maize g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago "u a "n j>ung1 :i* appe>s to be indig5\s1 believ$ t ! species 0 a native ( ^! isl&s4 ,b !n h[ is x ,rumphius makes no m5tion ( x4 ,! sil5ce ( ?is au?or po9ts to an introduction lat] ?an ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,maize 0 s little diffus$ on ! cont95t ( ,india 9 ! la/ c5tury1 t ,roxburgh#aihe wrote 9 8 flora1 :i* 0 publi%$ long aft] x 0 drawn up1 8,cultivat$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,india 9 g>d5s1 & only z an ornam5t1 b n[h]e on ! cont95t ( ,india z an object ( cultivation on a l>ge scale40 ,we h se5 t !re is no ,sanskrit "n4 ,maize is frequ5tly cultivat$ 9 ,*9a 9 mod]n times1 & p>ticul>ly r\nd ,pek9 = sev]al g5]ations1#aihf al?\gh mo/ travell]s ( ! la/ c5tury make no m5tion ( x4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1 9 8 "w publi%$ 9 #ahgj1 does n hesitate to say t maize is n indig5\s 9 ,*9a2 b "s words 9 8 lett] ( #ahha make me ?9k t he n[ attributes "s importance to an anci5t ,*9ese au?or1 ( :om ,bonaf\s & aft]w>ds ,hance & ,may]s h said a great deal4 ,?is is a "w by ,li-*i-t*91 entitl$ ,ph5-?sao-kang-m\1 or ,pn-tsao-kung-mu1 a species ( treatise on natural hi/ory1 :i* ,brets*neid]#aihg says 0 writt5 at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,bonaf\s says x 0 conclud$ 9 #aegh1 & ! edition :i* he _h se5 9 ! ,huz>d libr>y 0 ( #afcg4 ,x conta9s a draw+ ( maize ) ! ,*9ese "*4 ,?is plate is copi$ 9 ,bonaf\s' "w1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! *apt] on ! orig9al c\ntry ( ! maize4 ,x is cle> t x repres5ts ! plant4 ,dr4 ,hance#aihh appe>s to h bas$ 8 argum5ts ^u ! rese>*es ( ,may]s1 :o says t e>ly ,*9ese au?ors ass]t t maize 0 import$ f ,sifan 7,l[] ,mongolia1 to ! we/ ( ,*9a7 long be=e ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 at an unkn[n date4 ,! article conta9s a copy ( ! draw+ 9 ! ,pn-tsao-kung-mu1 to :i* he assigns ! date #aeig4 ,! importation ?r\gh ,mongolia is improbable to su* a degree t x is h>dly wor? speak+ ( x1 & z = ! pr9cipal ass]tion ( ! ,*9ese au?or1 ! dates are unc]ta9 & late4 ,! "w 0 f9i%$ 9 #aegh accord+ to ,bonaf\s1 9 #aeig accord+ to ,may]s4 ,if ?is be true1 & especially if ! second ( ^! dates is ! true "o1 x may be admitt$ t maize 0 br\ght to ,*9a aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,portuguese came to ,java 9 #adif1aihi t is to say f\r ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & to ,*9a 9 #aeaf4aiij ,magellan's voyage f ,s\? ,am]ica to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s took place 9 #aebj4 ,dur+ ! fifty-eight or sev5ty-sev5 ye>s betwe5 #aeaf & ! dates assign$ to ! ,*9ese "w1 se$s ( maize may h be5 tak5 to ,*9a by navigators f ,am]ica or f ,europe4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid] wrote to me rec5tly t ! ,*9ese did n "k ! new _w e>li] ?an ! ,europeans1 & t ! l&s to ! ea/ ( _! c\ntry1 to :i* !re are "s allusions 9 _! anci5t writ+s1 are ! isl&s ( ,japan4 ,he _h already quot$ ! op9ion ( a ,*9ese savant1 t ! introduction ( maize 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,pek9 dates f ! la/ ye>s ( ! ,m+ dyna/y1 :i* end$ 9 #afdd4 ,?is date agrees ) ! o!r facts4 ,! introduction into ,japan 0 probably ( lat] date1 s9ce ,kmpf] makes no m5tion ( ! species4#aiia ,f all ^! facts1 we conclude t maize is n a native ( ! old _w4 ,x became rapidly diffus$ 9 x aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ?is v rapidity completes ! pro( t1 _h x exi/$ any:]e 9 ,asia or ,africa1 x w\ld h play$ an important "p 9 agriculture = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,we %all see t ! facts are q contr>y to ^! 9 ,am]ica4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ! new cont95t1 maize 0 "o ( ! /aples ( its agriculture1 f ! ,la ,plata valley to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x _h names 9 all ! languages4#aiib ,! natives plant$ x r\nd _! tempor>y dwell+s :]e !y did n =m a fix$ population4 ,! burial-m\nds ( ! natives ( ,nor? ,am]ica :o prec$$ ^? ( our day1 ! tombs ( ! ,incas1 ! catacombs ( ,p]u1 conta9 e>s or gra9s ( maize1 j z ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt conta9 gra9s ( b>ley & :eat & millet-se$4 ,9 ,mexico1 a goddess :o bore a "n d]iv$ f t ( maize 7,c9teutl1 f ,c9tli7 answ]$ to ! ,c]es ( ! ,greeks1 = ! fir/-fruits ( ! maize h>ve/ 7 (f]$ to h]1 z ! fir/-fruits ( our c]eals to ! ,greek goddess4 ,at ,cusco ! virg9s ( ! sun (f]$ sacrifices ( bread made f ,indian corn4 ,no?+ is bett] calculat$ to %[ ! antiquity & g5]ality ( ! cultivation ( a plant ?an ?is intimate connection ) ! religi\s rites ( ! anci5t inhabitants4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 attribute to ^! indications ! same importance 9 ,am]ica z 9 ! old _w4 ,! civilization ( ! ,p]uvians "u ! ,incas1 & t ( ! ,toltecs & ,aztecs 9 ,mexico1 has n ! extraord9>y antiquity ( ! civilizations ( ,*9a1 ,*aldea1 & ,egypt4 ,x dates at e>lie/ f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 b ! cultivation ( maize is m anci5t ?an ! monum5ts1 to judge f ! num]\s v>ieties ( ! species f\nd 9 !m1 & _! disp]sal into remote regions4 ,a yet m rem>kable pro( ( antiquity has be5 discov]$ by ,d>w94 ,he f\nd e>s ( ,indian corn1 & eighte5 species ( %ells ( our epo*1 buri$ 9 ! soil ( ! %ore 9 ,p]u1 n[ at lea/ eighty-five feet above ! level ( ! sea4#aiic ,?is maize 0 p]haps n cultivat$1 b 9 ?is case x w\ld be yet m int]e/+1 z an indication ( ! orig9 ( ! species4 ,al?\gh ,am]ica has be5 explor$ by a great numb] ( botani/s1 none h f\nd maize 9 ! conditions ( a wild plant4 ,augu/e de ,sa9t-,hilaire#aiid ?\ght he recogniz$ ! wild type 9 a s+ul> v>iety1 ( :i* ea* gra9 is enclos$ )9 its %ea? or bract4 ,x is kn[n at ,bu5os-,ayres "u ! "n p9sigallo4 ,x is ,zea ,mays tunicata ( ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ( :i* ,bonaf\s gives an illu/ration1 pl4 #e1 bis1 "u ! "n ,zea cryptosp]ma4 ,l9dley#aiie also gives a description & a draw+ f se$s br\ght1 x is said1 f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b ?is is n confirm$ by rec5t ,cali=nian floras4 ,a "y ,gu>any1 born 9 ,p>aguay on its fronti]s1 _h recogniz$ ?is maize1 & told ,sa9t-,hilaire t x grew 9 ! damp =e/s ( 8 c\ntry4 ,?is is v insuffici5t pro( t x is indig5\s4 ,no travell] to my k has se5 ?is plant wild 9 ,p>aguay or ,brazil4 ,b x is an int]e/+ fact t x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,europe1 & t x (t5 passes into ! ord9>y /ate ( maize4 ,l9dley obs]v$ x :5 x _h be5 only two or ?ree ye>s 9 cultivation1 & ,pr(essor ,radic obta9$ f "o s[+ #bbe e>s ( ! =m tunicata1 & #aje ( ! common =m ) nak$ gra9s4#aiif ,evid5tly ?is =m1 :i* might be believ$ a true species1 b ^: c\ntry is1 h[ev]1 d\btful1 is h>dly ev5 a race4 ,x is "o ( ! innum]able v>ieties1 m or less h]$it>y1 ( :i* botani/s :o are consid]$ au?orities make only a s+le species1 because ( _! want ( /ability & ! transitions :i* !y frequ5tly pres5t4 ,on ! condition ( ,zea ,mays1 & its habitation 9 ,am]ica be=e x 0 cultivat$1 we h no?+ b conjectural k4 ,i w /ate :at ,i take to be ! sum ( ?is1 because x leads to c]ta9 probable indications4 ,i rem>k fir/ t maize is a plant s+ul>ly unprovid$ ) means ( disp]sion & protection4 ,! gra9s are h>d to deta* f ! e>1 :i* is itself envelop$4 ,!y h no tuft or w+ to cat* ! w9d1 & :5 ! e> is n ga!r$ by man ! gra9s fall /ill fix$ 9 ! receptacle1 & !n rod5ts & o!r animals mu/ de/roy !m 9 quantities1 & all ! m t !y are n suffici5tly h>d to pass intact ?r\gh ! dige/ive organs4 ,probably s unprotect$ a species 0 becom+ m & m r>e 9 "s limit$ region1 & 0 on ! po9t ( becom+ ext9ct1 :5 a w&]+ tribe ( savages1 hav+ p]ceiv$ its nutriti\s qualities1 sav$ x f de/ruction by cultivat+ x4 ,i am ! m dispos$ to believe t its natural area 0 small t ! species is unique2 t is to say1 t x con/itutes :at is call$ a s+le-typ$ g5us4 ,! g5]a :i* conta9 few species1 & especially ! monotypes1 h z a rule m re/rict$ areas ?an o!rs4 ,palontology w p]haps "o day %[ :e!r !re ev] exi/$ 9 ,am]ica sev]al species ( ,zea1 or simil> ,gram91 ( :i* maize is ! la/ survivor4 ,n[1 ! g5us ,zea is n only a monotype1 b /&s almo/ alone 9 its family4 ,a s+le g5us1 ,eu*lna ( ,s*rad]1 may be comp>$ ) x1 ( :i* !re is "o species 9 ,mexico & ano!r 9 ,guatemala2 b x is a q di/9ct g5us1 & !re are no int]m$iate =ms betwe5 x & ,zea4 ,wittmack has made "s curi\s rese>*es 9 ord] to discov] :i* v>iety ( maize probably repres5ts ! =m belong+ to ! epo* ant]ior to cultivation4 ,= ?is purpose he has comp>$ e>s & gra9s tak5 f ! m\nds ( ,nor? ,am]ica ) ^? f ,p]u4 ,if ^! monum5ts (f]$ only "o =m ( maize1 ! result w\ld be important1 b sev]al diff]5t v>ieties h be5 f\nd 9 ! m\nds & 9 ,p]u4 ,?is is n v surpris+2 ^! monum5ts are n v anci5t4 ,! cemet]y ( ,ancon 9 ,p]u1 :5ce ,wittmack obta9$ 8 be/ specim5s1 is ne>ly contempor>y ) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4#aiig ,n[1 at t epo* ! numb] ( v>ieties 0 already consid]able1 :i* proves a mu* m anci5t cultivation4 ,exp]im5ts 9 s[+ v>ieties ( maize 9 uncultivat$ gr\nd sev]al ye>s 9 succession w\ld p]haps %[ a rev]sion to "s common =m :i* might !n be consid]$ z ! orig9al /ock1 b no?+ ( ?is k9d has be5 attempt$4 ,! v>ieties h only be5 obs]v$ to lack /ability 9 spite ( _! great div]sity4 ,z to ! habitation ( ! unkn[n primitive =m1 ! foll[+ consid]ations may enable u to guess x4 ,settl$ populations c only h be5 =m$ :]e nutriti\s species exi/$ naturally 9 soil easy ( cultivation4 ,! potato1 ! sweet potato1 & maize d\btless fulfill$ ^! conditions 9 ,am]ica1 & z ! great populations ( ?is "p ( ! _w exi/$ fir/ 9 ! high gr\nds ( ,*ili & ,mexico1 x is !re probably t wild maize exi/$4 ,we mu/ n look = x 9 ! l[-ly+ regions su* z ,p>aguay & ! banks ( ! ,amazon1 or ! hot di/ricts ( ,guiana1 ,panama1 & ,mexico1 s9ce _! inhabitants 7 =m]ly less num]\s4 ,besides1 =e/s are unfav\rable to annuals1 & maize does n ?rive 9 ! w>m damp climates :]e manioc is gr[n4#aiih ,on ! o!r h&1 its transmission f "o tribe to ano!r is easi] to compreh5d if we suppose ! po9t ( dep>ture 9 ! c5tre1 ?an if we place x at "o ( ! limits ( ! area ov] :i* ! species 0 cultivat$ at ! "t ( ! ,incas & ! ,toltecs1 or r ( ! ,mayas1 ,nahuas1 & ,*ibehas1 :o prec$$ ^!4 ,! migrations ( peoples h n always foll[$ a fix$ c\rse f nor? to s\?1 or f s\? to nor?4 ,!y h tak5 diff]5t directions accord+ to ! epo* & ! c\ntry4#aiii ,! anci5t ,p]uvians sc>cely knew ! ,mexicans1 & vice v]s1 z ! total diff]5ce ( _! beliefs & cu/oms %[s4 ,z !y bo? e>ly cultivat$ maize1 we mu/ suppose an int]m$iate po9t ( dep>ture4 ,new ,granada seems to me to fulfil ^! conditions4 ,! nation call$ ,*ib*a :i* occupi$ ! table-l& ( ,bogota at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/1 & consid]$ itself aborig9al1 0 an agricultural p4 ,x enjoy$ a c]ta9 degree ( civilization1 z ! monum5ts rec5tly inve/igat$ %[4 ,p]haps ?is tribe fir/ possess$ & cultivat$ maize4 ,x m>*$ ) ,p]u1 !n b little civiliz$1 on ! "o h&1 & ) ! ,mayas on ! o!r1 :o occupi$ ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,yucatan4 ,^! 7 (t5 at w> ) ! ,nahuas1 pr$ecessors ( ! ,toltecs & ! ,aztecs 9 ,mexico4 ,!re is a tradition t ,nahualt1 *ief ( ! ,nahuas1 taught ! cultivation ( maize4#bjjj ,i d>e n hope t maize w be f\nd wild1 al?\gh its habitation be=e x 0 cultivat$ 0 probably s small t botani/s h p]haps n yet come across x4 ,! species is s di/9ct f all o!rs1 & s /rik+1 t natives or unsci5tific coloni/s w\ld h notic$ & spok5 ( x4 ,! c]ta9ty z to its orig9 w probably come r f ar*ological discov]ies4 ,if a great numb] ( monum5ts 9 all p>ts ( ,am]ica are /udi$1 if ! hi]oglyphical inscriptions ( "s ( ^! are deciph]$1 & if dates ( migrations & economical ev5ts are discov]$1 our hypo!sis w be ju/ifi$1 modifi$1 or reject$4 ,article ,,ii4--,se$s us$ = ,diff]5t ,purposes4 ,poppy--,papav] somnif]um1 ,l9nu4 ,! poppy is usually cultivat$ = ! oil conta9$ 9 ! se$1 & sometimes1 especially 9 ,asia1 = ! sap1 extract$ by mak+ incisions 9 ! capsules1 & f :i* opium is obta9$4 ,! v>iety :i* has be5 cultivat$ = c5turies escapes readily f cultivation1 or becomes almo/ naturaliz$ 9 c]ta9 localities ( ! s\? ( ,europe4#bjja ,x _c be said to exi/ 9 a really wild /ate1 b botani/s are agre$ 9 reg>d+ x z a modification ( ! poppy call$ ,papav] setig]um1 :i* is wild on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 notably 9 ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 ,corsica1 ,sicily1 ,greece1 & ! isl& ( ,cyprus4 ,x has n be5 met ) 9 ,ea/]n ,asia1#bjjb consequ5tly ?is is really ! orig9al ( ! cultivat$ =m4 ,its cultivation mu/ h begun 9 ,europe or 9 ! nor? ( ,africa4 ,9 support ( ?is !ory we f9d t ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s ( ! /one age cultivat$ a poppy :i* is ne>] to ,p4 setig]um ?an to ,p4 somnif]um4 ,he]#bjjc has n be5 able to f9d any ( ! leaves1 b ! capsule is surm\nt$ by eight /igmas1 z 9 ,p4 setig]um1 & n by t5 or twelve1 z 9 ! cultivat$ poppy4 ,?is latt] =m1 unkn[n 9 nature1 seems !re=e to h be5 develop$ )9 hi/oric times4 ,p4 setig]um is /ill cultivat$ 9 ! nor? ( ,france1 toge!r ) ,p4 somnif]um1 = ! sake ( its oil4#bjjd ,! anci5t ,greeks 7 well acqua9t$ ) ! cultivat$ poppy4 ,hom]1 ,!ophra/us1 & ,dioscorides m5tion x4 ,!y 7 aw>e ( ! somnif]\s prop]ties ( ! sap1 & ,dioscorides#bjje m5tions ! v>iety ) :ite se$s4 ,! ,romans cultivat$ ! poppy be=e ! republic1 z we see by ! anecdote ( ,t>qu9 & ! poppy-heads4 ,!y mix$ its se$s ) _! fl\r 9 mak+ bread4 ,! ,egyptians ( ,pl9y's "t#bjjf us$ ! juice ( ! poppy z a m$icam5t1 b we h no pro( t ?is plant 0 cultivat$ 9 ,egypt 9 m anci5t times4#bjjg ,9 ! ,middle ,ages#bjjh & 9 our own day x is "o ( ! pr9cipal objects ( cultivation 9 t c\ntry1 especially = ! manufacture ( opium4 ,hebrew writ+s d n m5tion ! species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are "o or two ,sanskrit names4 ,pidd+ton gives *osa1 & ,adolphe ,pictet khaskhasa1 :i* recurs1 he says1 9 ! ,p]sian *a%*%1 ! ,arm5ian *a%*%1#bjji & 9 ,arabic4 ,ano!r ,p]sian "n is k\kn>4#bjaj ,^! names1 & o!rs ,i c\ld quote1 v diff]5t f ! maikn 77 ( ! ,greeks1 are an indication ( an anci5t cultivation 9 ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia4 ,if ! species 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 prehi/oric "t 9 ,greece1 z appe>s probable1 x may h spread ea/w>d be=e ! ,aryan invasion ( ,india1 b x is /range t !re %\ld be no pro( ( its ext5sion into ,pale/9e & ,egypt be=e ! ,roman epo*4 ,x is also possible t 9 ,europe ! v>iety call$ ,papav] setig]um1 employ$ by ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s1 0 fir/ cultivat$1 & t ! v>iety n[ gr[n came f ,asia ,m9or1 :]e ! species has be5 cultivat$ = at lea/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is !ory is support$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! ,greek "n maikn1 9 ,dorian makon1 9 sev]al ,slav languages1 & 9 ^? ( ! peoples to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 "u ! =m mack4#bjaa ,! cultivation ( ! poppy 9 ,india has be5 rec5tly ext5d$1 because ( ! importation ( opium into ,*9a2 b ! ,*9ese w soon cease to vex ! ,engli% by buy+ ?is poison ( !m1 = !y are beg9n+ eag]ly to produce x !mselves4 ,! poppy is n[ gr[n ov] m ?an half ( _! t]ritory4#bjab ,! species is nev] wild 9 ! ea/ ( ,asia1 & ev5 z reg>ds ,*9a its cultivation is rec5t4#bjac ,! "n opium giv5 to ! drug extract$ f ! juice ( ! capsule is d]iv$ f ! ,greek4 ,dioscorides wrote opos 774 ,! ,arabs conv]t$ x into afiun1#bjad & spread x ea/w>ds ev5 to ,*9a4 ,flckig] & ,hanbury#bjae give a detail$ & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! extraction1 trade1 & use ( opium 9 all c\ntries1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,*9a4 ,yet ,i imag9e my read]s may l to read ! foll[+ extracts f ,dr4 ,brets*neid]'s lett]s1 dat$ f ,pek91 ,aug4 #bc1 #ahha1 ,jan4 #bh1 & ,june #ah1 #ahhb4 ,!y give ! mo/ c]ta9 in=mation :i* c be d]iv$ f accurately translat$ ,*9ese works4 8,! au?or ( ! ,p5t-sao-kang-m\1 :o wrote 9 #aeeb & #aegh1 gives "s details conc]n+ ! a-f\-yong 7t is afi\n1 opiun71 a =eign drug produc$ by a species ( y+-s\ ) r$ fl[]s 9 ! c\ntry ( ,ti5-fang 7,arabia71 & rec5tly us$ z a m$icam5t 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ! "t ( ! prec$+ dyna/y !re _h be5 mu* talk ( ! a-f\-yong4 ,! ,*9ese au?or gives "s details relative to ! extraction ( opium 9 8 native c\ntry1 b he does n say t x is also produc$ 9 ,*9a1 nor does he allude to ! practice ( smok+ x4 ,9 ! ,descriptive ,diction>y ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1 by ,crawfurd1 p4 #cab1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ passage3 #8,! e>lie/ acc\nt we h ( ! use ( opium1 n only f ! ,ar*ipelago1 b also f ,india & ,*9a1 is by ! fai?ful1 intellig5t ,b>bosa4#bjaf ,he rates x among ! articles br\ght by ! ,moori% & ,g5tile m]*ants ( ,we/]n ,india1 to ex*ange = ! c>goes ( ,*9ese junks4'0 8,x is difficult to fix ! exact date at :i* ! ,*9ese began to smoke opium & to cultivate ! poppy :i* produces x4 ,z ,i h said1 !re is mu* confusion on ?is head1 & n only ,european au?ors1 b also ! mod]n ,*9ese1 apply ! "n y+-s\ to ,p4 somnif]um z well z to ,p4 rhz4 ,p4 somnif]um is n[ ext5sively cultivat$ 9 all ! prov9ces ( ! ,*9ese empire1 & also 9 ,mant*uria & ,mongolia4 ,williamson 7,j\rneys 9 ,nor? ,*9a1 ,mant*uria1 ,mongolia1 #ahfh1 ii4 p4 #ee7 saw x cultivat$ ev]y:]e 9 ,mant*uria4 ,he 0 told t ! cultivation ( ! poppy 0 twice z pr(itable z t ( c]eals4 ,potan91 a ,russian travell]1 :o visit$ ,nor!rn ,mongolia 9 #ahgf1 saw imm5se plantations ( ! poppy 9 ! valley ( ,kiran 7betwe5 lat4 #dg & #dh71 ,?is al>ms ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 & /ill m ! ,engli%1 :o dread ! competition ( native opium40 8,y are probably aw>e t opium is eat51 n smok$1 9 ,india & ,p]sia4 ,! practice ( smok+ ?is drug appe>s to be a ,*9ese inv5tion1 & mod]n4 ,no?+ proves t ! ,*9ese smok$ opium be=e ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! ,jesuit mission>ies to ,*9a 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies d n m5tion x2 ,fa!r d',inc>ville alone says 9 #agej t ! sale ( opium is =bidd5 because x 0 us$ by suicides4 ,two edicts =bidd+ ! smok+ ( opium date f be=e #agcj1 & ano!r 9 #agif speaks ( ! progress made by ! vice 9 "q4 ,don ,s9ibaldo di ,mas1 :o 9 #aheh publi%$ a v good book on ,*9a1 :]e he _h liv$ _m ye>s z ,spani% ambassador1 says t ! ,*9ese took ! practice f ! p ( ,assam1 :]e ! cu/om _h long exi/$40 ,s bad a habit1 l ! use ( tobacco or abs9?1 is sure to spread4 ,x is becom+ gradually introduc$ into ! c\ntries :i* h frequ5t relations ) ,*9a4 ,x is to be hop$ t x w n attack s l>ge a proportion ( ! peoples ( o!r c\ntries z 9 ,amoy1 :]e ! proportion ( opium-smok]s are z fifte5 to tw5ty ( ! adult population4#bjag ,arnotto1 or ,anatto--,bisca orellana1 ,l9nu4 ,! dye1 call$ roc\ 9 ,fr5*1 arnotto 9 ,engli%1 is extract$ f ! pulp :i* encases ! se$4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i51 & ( ,brazil1 us$ x at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica to /a9 _! bodies r$1 & ! ,mexicans 9 pa9t+4#bjah ,! arnotto1 a small tree ( ! ord] ,bixace1 gr[s wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1#bjai & ov] a great "p ( ! cont95t ( ,am]ica betwe5 ! tropics4 ,h]b>ia & floras ab\nd 9 indications ( locality1 b d n g5]ally specify :e!r ! species is cultivat$1 wild1 or naturaliz$4 ,i note1 h[ev]1 t x is said to be indig5\s by ,seemann on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,mexico & ,panama1 by ,triana 9 ,new ,granada1 by ,mey] 9 ,dut* ,guiana1 & by ,piso & ,clauss5 9 ,brazil4#bjbj ,) su* a va/ area1 x is n surpris+ t ! species has _m names 9 ,am]ican languages2 t ( ! ,brazilians1 urucu1 is ! orig9 ( roc\4 ,x 0 n v necess>y to plant ?is tree 9 ord] to obta9 its product2 nev]!less ,piso relates t ! ,brazilians1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 n cont5t ) ! wild plant1 & 9 ,jamaica1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! plantations ( ,bixa 7 common4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ species transport$ f ,am]ica to ! s\? ( ,asia & to ,africa4 ,x has become s entirely naturaliz$1 t ,roxburgh#bjba believ$ x to be indig5\s 9 ,india4 ,cotton--,gossypium h]baceum1 ,l9nu4 ,:51 9 #ahee1 ,i s\ght ! orig9 ( ! cultivat$ cottons1#bjbb !re 0 /ill great unc]ta9ty z to ! di/9ction ( ! species4 ,s9ce !n two excell5t works h appe>$ 9 ,italy1 ^u :i* we c rely2 "o by ,p>latore1#bjbc =m]ly director ( ! botanical g>d5s at ,flor5ce1 ! o!r by ,tod>o1#bjbd ( ,pal]mo4 ,^! two works are illu/rat$ ) magnific5t col\r$ plates4 ,no?+ bett] c be desir$ = ! cultivat$ cottons4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our k ( ! true species1 ,i mean ( ^? :i* exi/ naturally 9 a wild /ate1 has n increas$ z mu* z x might4 ,h[ev]1 ! def9ition ( species seems fairly accurate 9 ! works ( ,dr4 ,ma/]s1#bjbe :om ,i %all !re=e foll[4 ,?is au?or agrees ) ,p>latore 9 admitt+ sev5 well-kn[n species & two d\btful1 :ile ,tod>o c\nts fifty-f\r1 ( :i* only two are d\btful1 reckon+ z species =ms ) "s di/+ui%+ "*1 b :i* orig9at$ & are pres]v$ by cultivation4 ,! common names ( ! cottons give no assi/ance2 !y are ev5 calculat$ to lead u completely a/ray z to ! orig9 ( ! species4 ,a cotton call$ ,siamese comes f ,am]ica2 ano!r is call$ ,brazilian or ,ava cotton1 accord+ to ! fancy or ! error ( cultivators4 ,we w fir/ consid] ,gossypium h]baceum1 an anci5t species 9 ,asiatic plantations1 & n[ ! commone/ 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! hot c\ntries :5ce x came1 its /em la/s sev]al ye>s1 b out ( ! tropics x becomes annual f ! effect ( ! w9t]'s cold4 ,! fl[] is g5]ally yell[1 ) a r$ c5tre2 ! cotton yell[ or :ite1 accord+ to ! v>iety4 ,p>latore exam9$ 9 h]b>ia sev]al wild specim5s1 & cultivat$ o!rs d]iv$ f wild plants ( ! ,indian ,p59sula4 ,he also admits x to be indig5\s 9 ,burmah & 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 f ! specim5s ( collectors1 :o h n p]haps be5 suffici5tly c>eful to v]ify its wild "*4 ,ma/]s reg>ds z und\bt$ly wild 9 ,s9dh a =m :i* he calls ,gossypium ,/ocksii1 :i* he says is probably ! wild condition ( ,gossypium h]baceum1 & ( o!r cottons cultivat$ 9 ,india = a long "t4 ,tod>o1 :o is n giv5 to unit+ _m =ms 9 a s+le species1 nev]!less admits ! id5tity ( ?is v>iety ) ! common ,g4 h]baceum4 ,! yell[ col\r ( ! cotton is !n ! natural condition ( ! species4 ,! se$ has n ! %ort d[n :i* exi/s betwe5 ! long] hairs 9 ! cultivat$ ,g4 h]baceum4 ,cultivation has probably ext5d$ ! area ( ! species beyond ! limits ( ! primitive habitation4 ,?is is1 ,i imag9e1 ! case 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s & ! ,malay ,p59sula1 :]e c]ta9 individuals appe> m or less wild4 ,kurz1#bjbf 9 8 ,burmese flora1 m5tions ,g4 h]baceum1 ) yell[ or :ite cotton1 z cultivat$ & also z wild 9 des]t places & wa/e gr\nd4 ,! h]bace\s cotton is call$ kapase 9 ,b5gali1 kapas 9 ,h9du/ani1 :i* %[s t ! ,sanskrit ^w k>passi und\bt$ly ref]s to ?is species4#bjbg ,x 0 e>ly cultivat$ 9 ,bactriana1 :]e ! ,greeks _h notic$ x at ! "t ( ! exp$ition ( ,alex&]4 ,!ophra/us speaks ( x#bjbh 9 su* a mann] z to leave no d\bt4 ,! tree-cotton ( ! ,isle ( ,tylos1 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ( :i* he makes m5tion fur!r on1#bjbi 0 probably also ,g4 h]baceum2 = ,tylos is n f> f ,india1 & 9 su* a hot climate ! h]bace\s cotton becomes a %rub4 ,! introduction ( a cotton plant into ,*9a took place only 9 ! n9? or t5? c5tury ( our era1 :i* %[s t probably ! area ( ,g4 h]baceum 0 orig9ally limit$ to ! s\? & ea/ ( ,india4 ,! k & p]haps ! cultivation ( ! ,asiatic cotton 0 propagat$ 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w aft] ! exp$ition ( ,alex&]1 b be=e ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4#bjcj ,if ! byssos ( ! ,greeks 0 ! cotton plant1 z mo/ s*ol>s ?9k1 x 0 cultivat$ at ,elis1 accord+ to ,pausanias & ,pl9y2#bjca b ,curtius & ,c4 ,ritt]#bjcb consid] ! ^w byssos z a g5]al t]m = ?reads1 & t x 0 probably appli$ 9 ?is case to f9e l954 ,x is evid5t t ! cotton 0 nev]1 or v r>ely1 cultivat$ by ! anci5ts4 ,x is s useful t x w\ld h become common if x _h be5 introduc$ into a s+le locality--9 ,greece1 = in/ance4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds propagat$ on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean by ! ,arabs1 z we see f ! "n qutn or kutn1#bjcc :i* has pass$ into ! mod]n languages ( ! s\? ( ,europe z cotone1 coton1 algodon4 ,eb5 el ,awan1 ( ,seville1 :o liv$ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 describes its cultivation z x 0 practis$ 9 8 "t 9 ,sicily1 ,spa91 & ! ,ea/4#bjcd ,gossypium h]baceum is ! species mo/ cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#bjce ,x 0 probably introduc$ !re f ,europe4 ,x 0 a new cultivation a hundr$ ye>s ago1 = a bale ( ,nor? ,am]ican cotton 0 confiscat$ at ,liv]pool 9 #aggd1 on ! plea t ! cotton-plant did n gr[ !re4#bjcf ,! silky cotton 7sea isl&7 is ano!r species1 ,am]ican1 ( :i* ,i %all pres5tly speak4 ,tree-,cotton--,gossypium arboreum1 ,l9nu4 ,?is species is tall] & ( long] duration ?an ! h]bace\s cotton2 ! lobes ( ! leaf are n>r[]1 ! bracts less divid$ or entire4 ,! fl[] is usually p9k1 ) a r$ c5tre4 ,! cotton is always :ite4 ,accord+ to ,anglo-,indian botani/s1 ?is is n1 z x 0 suppos$1 an ,indian species1 & is ev5 r>ely cultivat$ 9 ,india4 ,x is a native ( tropical ,africa4 ,x has be5 se5 wild 9 ,upp] ,gu9ea1 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,s5na>1 & ,upp] ,egypt4#bjcg ,s great a numb] ( collectors h br\ght x f ^! c\ntries1 t !re is no room = d\bt2 b cultivation has s diffus$ & mix$ ?is species ) o!rs t x has be5 describ$ "u sev]al names 9 works on ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,p>latore attribut$ to ,g4 arboreum "s ,asiatic specim5s ( ,g4 h]baceum1 & a plant b little kn[n :i* ,=skal f\nd 9 ,arabia4 ,he suspect$ f ?is t ! anci5ts _h kn[n ,g4 arboreum z well z ,g4 h]baceum4 ,n[ t ! two species are bett] di/+ui%$1 & t ! orig9 ( bo? is kn[n1 ?is does n seem probable4 ,!y knew ! h]bace\s cotton ?r\gh ,india & ,p]sia1 :ile ! tree-cotton c only h come to !m ?r\gh ,egypt4 ,p>latore himself has giv5 a mo/ int]e/+ pro( ( ?is4 ,until 8 "w appe>$ 9 #ahff1 x 0 n c]ta9 to :at species belong$ "s se$s ( ! cotton plant :i* ,rosell9i f\nd 9 a vase among ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,!bes4#bjch ,^! se$s are 9 ! ,flor5ce museum4 ,p>latore exam9$ !m c>efully1 & decl>es !m to belong to ,gossypium arboreum4#bjci ,rosell9i is c]ta9 he 0 n impos$ ^u1 z he 0 ! fir/ to op5 bo? ! tomb & ! vase4 ,no ar*ologi/ has s9ce se5 or read signs ( ! cotton plant 9 ! anci5t times ( ,egyptian civilization4 ,h[ is x t a plant s /rik+1 rem>kable = its fl[]s & se$1 0 n describ$ nor pres]v$ habitually 9 ! tombs if x 7 cultivat$8 ,h[ is x t ,h]odotus1 ,dioscorides1 & ,!ophra/us made no m5tion ( x :5 writ+ ( ,egypt8 ,! clo?s 9 :i* all ! mummies are wrapt1 & :i* 7 =m]ly suppos$ to be cotton1 are always l95 accord+ to ,?ompson & _m o!r obs]v]s :o are famili> ) ! use ( ! microscope4 ,h5ce ,i conclude t if ! se$s f\nd by ,rosell9i 7 really anci5t !y 7 a r>ity1 an exception to ! common cu/om1 p]haps ! product ( a tree cultivat$ 9 a g>d51 or p]haps !y came f ,upp] ,egypt1 a c\ntry :]e we "k ! tree-cotton to be wild4 ,pl9y#bjdj does n say t cotton 0 cultivat$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt2 b "h is a translation ( 8 v rem>kable passage1 :i* is (t5 quot$4 8,! upp] "p ( ,egypt1 t[>ds ,arabia1 produces a %rub :i* "s call gossipion & o!rs xylon1 :5ce ! "n xyl9a giv5 to ! ?reads obta9$ f x4 ,x is l[-gr[+1 & be>s a fruit l t ( ! be>d$ nut1 & f ! int]ior ( ?is is tak5 a wool = weav+4 ,none is comp>able to ?is 9 s(tness & :it5ess40 ,pl9y adds1 8,! clo? made f x is us$ by pref]5ce = ! dress ( ! ,egyptian prie/s40 ,p]haps ! cotton de/9$ to ?is purpose 0 s5t f ,upp] ,egypt1 or p]haps ! au?or1 :o _h n se5 ! fabrication1 & did n possess a microscope1 0 mi/ak5 9 ! nature ( ! sac]dotal raim5t1 z 7 our contempor>ies :o h&l$ ! grave-clo?s ( hundr$s ( mummies be=e suspect+ t !y 7 n cotton4 ,among ! ,jews1 ! prie/ly robes 7 comm&$ to be ( l951 & x is n likely t _! cu/om 0 diff]5t to t ( ! ,egyptians4 ,pollux1#bjda born 9 ,egypt a c5tury lat] ?an ,pl9y1 expresses himself cle>ly ab\t ! cotton plant1 ( :i* ! ?read 0 us$ by 8 c\ntrym52 b he does n say :5ce ! %rub came1 & we _c tell :e!r x 0 ,gossypium arboreum or ,g4 h]baceum4 ,x does n ev5 appe> :e!r ! plant 0 cultivat$ 9 ,l[] ,egypt1 or if ! cotton came f ! m s\!rn region4 ,9 spite ( ^! d\bts1 x may be suspect$ t a cotton plant1 probably t ( ,upp] ,egypt1 _h rec5tly be5 introduc$ into ! ,delta4 ,! species :i* ,prosp] ,alp9 _h se5 cultivat$ 9 ,egypt 9 ! sixte5? c5tury 0 ! tree-cotton4 ,! ,arabs1 & aft]w>ds ,europeans1 pref]r$ & transport$ into diff]5t c\ntries ! h]bace\s cotton r ?an ! tree-cotton1 :i* yields a poor] product & requires m heat4 ,reg>d+ ! two cottons ( ! old _w1 ,i h made z little use z possible ( argum5ts bas$ ^u ,greek names1 su* z 1 1 1 etc41 or ,sanskrit names1 & _! d]ivatives1 z c>basa1 c>pas1 or ,hebrew names1 s*es*1 buz1 :i* are d\btfully attribut$ to ! cotton tree4 ,?is has be5 a fruitful subject ( discussion1#bjdb b ! cle>] di/9ction ( species & ! discov]y ( _! orig9 greatly dim9i%es ! importance ( ^! que/ions--to naturali/s1 at lea/1 :o pref] facts to words4 ,moreov]1 ,reyni]1 & aft] him ,c4 ,ritt]1 arriv$ 9 _! rese>*es at a conclusion :i* we mu/ n =get3 t ^! same names 7 (t5 appli$ by anci5t peoples to diff]5t plants & tissues--to l95 & cotton1 = example4 ,9 ?is case z 9 o!rs1 mod]n botany expla9s anci5t words :]e words & ! comm5t>ies ( philologi/s may mislead4 ,b>bados ,cotton--,gossypium b>bad5se1 ,l9nu4 ,at ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 ! ,spani>ds f\nd ! cultivation & use ( cotton e/abli%$ f ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s to ,p]u1 & f ,mexico to ,brazil4 ,! fact is prov$ by all ! hi/orians ( ! epo*4 ,b x is /ill v difficult to tell :at 7 ! species ( ^! ,am]ican cottons & 9 :at c\ntries !y 7 indig5\s4 ,! botanical di/9ction ( ! ,am]ican species or v>ieties is 9 ! la/ degree confus$4 ,au?ors1 ev5 ^? :o h se5 l>ge collections ( gr[+ cotton plants1 are n agre$ z to ! *>act]s4 ,!y are also emb>rass$ by ! difficulty ( decid+ :i* ( ! specific names ( ,l9nu %\ld be reta9$1 = ! orig9al def9itions are insuffici5t4 ,! introduction ( ,am]ican se$ into ,african & ,asiatic plantations has giv5 rise to fur!r complications1 z botani/s 9 ,java1 ,calcutta1 ,b\rbon1 etc41 h (t5 describ$ ,am]ican =ms z species "u diff]5t names4 ,tod>o admits t5 ,am]ican species2 ,p>latore r$uc$ !m to ?ree1 :i* answ]1 he says1 to ,gossypium hirsutum1 ,g4 b>bad5se1 & ,g4 religiosum ( ,l9nu2 la/ly1 ,dr4 ,ma/]s unites all ! ,am]ican =ms into a s+le species :i* he calls ,g4 b>bad5se1 giv+ z ! *ief "* t ! se$ be>s only long hairs1 :]eas ! species ( ! old _w h a %ort d[n und]nea? ! long] hairs4#bjdc ,! fl[] is yell[1 ) a r$ c5tre4 ,! cotton is :ite or yell[4 ,p>latore /rove to include fifty or sixty ( ! cultivat$ =ms "u "o or o!r ( ! ?ree heads he admits1 f ! /udy ( plants 9 g>d5s or h]b>ia4 ,dr4 ,ma/]s m5tions b few synonyms1 & x is possible t c]ta9 =ms ) :i* he is n acqua9t$ d n come "u ! def9ition ( 8 s+le species4 ,:]e !re is su* confusion x w\ld be ! be/ c\rse = botani/s to seek ) c>e ! ,gossypia1 :i* are wild 9 ,am]ica1 to con/itute ! "o or m species solely ^u ^!1 leav+ to ! cultivat$ species _! /range & (t5 absurd & mislead+ names4 ,i /ate ?is op9ion because ) reg>d to no o!r g5us ( cultivat$ plants h ,i felt s /rongly t natural hi/ory %\ld be bas$ ^u natural facts1 & n ^u ! artificial products ( cultivation4 ,if we />t f ?is po9t ( view1 :i* has ! m]it ( be+ a truly sci5tific me?od1 we f9d un=tunately t our k ( ! cottons indig5\s 9 ,am]ica is /ill 9 a v elem5t>y /ate4 ,at mo/ we c "n only "o or two collectors :o h f\nd ,gossypia really id5tical ) or v simil> to c]ta9 cultivat$ =ms4 ,we c seldom tru/ e>ly botani/s & travell]s on ?is head4 ,! cotton plant gr[s sometimes 9 ! neighb\rhood ( plantations1 & becomes m or less naturaliz$1 z ! d[n on ! se$s facilitates accid5tal transport4 ,! usual expression ( e>ly writ]s--su* a cotton plant gr[s 9 su* a c\ntry--(t5 means a cultivat$ plant4 ,l9nu himself 9 ! eighte5? c5tury (t5 says ( a cultivat$ species1 8habitat10 & he ev5 says x sometimes )\t good gr\nd4#bjdd ,h]n&ez1 "o ( ! mo/ accurate among sixte5?-c5tury au?ors1 is quot$ z hav+ describ$ & figur$ a wild ,gossypium 9 ,mexico1 b ! text sugge/s "s d\bts z to ! wild condition ( ?is plant1#bjde :i* ,p>latore believes to be ,g4 hirsutum1 ,l9nu4 ,hemsley1#bjdf 9 8 catalogue ( ,mexican plants1 m]ely says ( a ,gossypium :i* he calls b>bad5se1 8wild & cultivat$40 ,he gives no pro( ( ! =m] condition4 ,macfady5#bjdg m5tions ?ree =ms wild & cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica4 ,he attributes specific names to !m1 & adds t !y possibly all may be includ$ 9 ,l9nu' ,g4 hirsutum4 ,griseba*#bjdh admits t "o species1 ,g4 b>bad5se1 is wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,z to ! specific di/9ctions1 he decl>es himself unable to e/abli% !m ) c]ta9ty4 ,) reg>d to ,new ,gr5ada1 ,triana#bjdi describes a ,gossypium :i* he calls ,g4 b>bad5se1 ,l9nu1 & :i* he says is 8cultivat$ & half wild along ! ,rio ,seco1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bogota1 & 9 ! valley ( ! ,cauca ne> ,cali20 & he adds a v>iety1 hirsutum1 gr[+ 7he does n say :e!r spontane\sly or no7 along ! ,rio ,seco4 ,i _c discov] any simil> ass]tion = ,p]u1 ,guiana1 & ,brazil2#bjej b ! flora ( ,*ili1 publi%$ by ,cl4 ,gay1#bjea m5tions a ,gossypium1 8almo/ wild 9 ! prov9ce ( ,copiapo10 :i* ! writ] attributes to ! v>iety ,g4 p]uvianum1 ,cavanilles4 ,n[1 ?is au?or does n say ! plant is wild1 & ,p>latore classes x ) ,g4 religiosum1 ,l9nu4 ,an important v>iety ( cultivation is t ( ! cotton ) long silky d[n1 call$ by ,anglo-,am]icans sea isl&1 or long /aple cotton1 :i* ,p>latore ranks ) ,g4 b>bad5se1 ,l9nu4 ,x is consid]$ to be ( ,am]ican orig91 b no "o has se5 x wild4 ,9 conclusion1 if hi/orical records are positive 9 all t conc]ns ! use ( cotton 9 ,am]ica f a "t f> e>li] ?an ! arrival ( ,europeans1 ! natural wild habitation ( ! plant or plants :i* yield ?is product is yet b little kn[n4 ,we become aw>e on ?is occasion ( ! abs5ce ( floras ( tropical ,am]ica1 simil> to ^? ( ! ,dut* & ,engli% colonies ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,m&ubi1 ,pea-nut1 ,monkey-nut--,ara*is hypoga1 ,l9nu4 ,no?+ is m curi\s ?an ! mann] 9 :i* ?is legum9\s plant matures its fruits4 ,x is cultivat$ 9 all hot c\ntries1 ei!r = ! se$1 or = ! oil conta9$ 9 ! cotyl$ons4#bjeb ,b5?am has giv51 9 8 ,flora ( ,brazil1 9 folio1 vol4 xv4 pl4 #bc1 complete details ( ! plant1 9 :i* may be se5 h[ ! fl[]-/alk b5ds d[nw>ds & plunges ! pod into ! e>? to rip54 ,! orig9 ( ! species 0 disput$ = a c5tury1 ev5 by ^? botani/s :o employ ! be/ means to discov] x4 ,x is wor? :ile to %[ h[ ! tru? 0 arriv$ at1 z x may s]ve z a guide 9 simil> cases4 ,i w quote1 !re=e1 :at ,i wrote 9 #ahee1bjec giv+ 9 conclusion new pro(s :i* all[ no possibility ( fur!r d\bt4 8,l9nu#bjed said ( ! ,ara*is1 #8x inhabits ,sur9am ,brazil1 & ,p]u4' ,z usual ) him1 he does n specify :e!r ! species 0 wild or cultivat$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,9 #ahah1 ,r4 ,br[n#bjee writes3 #8,x 0 probably introduc$ f ,*9a into ! cont95t ( ,india1 ,ceylon1 & into ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 :]e1 9 spite ( its n[ g5]al cultivation1 x is ?\ght n to be indig5\s1 p>ticul>ly f ! names giv5 to x4 ,i consid] x n improbable t x 0 br\ght f ,africa into diff]5t p>ts ( equatorial ,am]ica1 al?\gh1 h[ev]1 x is m5tion$ 9 "s ( ! e>lie/ writ+s on ?is cont95t1 p>ticul>ly on ,p]u & ,brazil4 ,accord+ to ,spr5gel1 x is m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us z cultivat$ 9 ,egypt1 b x is n at all evid5t t ! ,ara*is is ! plant to :i* ,!ophra/us alludes 9 ! quot$ passage4 ,if x _h be5 =m]ly cultivat$ 9 ,egypt x w\ld probably /ill exi/ 9 t c\ntry1 :]eas x does n occur 9 ,=skal's catalogue nor 9 ,delile's m ext5d$ flora4 ,!re is no?+ v unlikely1' cont9ues ,br[n1 #89 ! hypo!sis t ! ,ara*is is indig5\s bo? 9 ,africa & ,am]ica2 b if x is consid]$ z exi/+ orig9ally 9 "o ( ^! cont95ts only1 x is m probable t x 0 br\ght f ,*9a ?r\gh ,india to ,africa1 ?an t x took ! contr>y direction4' ,my fa!r 9 #ahbe1 9 ! ,prodromus 7ii4 p4 #dgd71 return$ to ,l9nu' op9ion1 & admitt$ )\t hesitation ! ,am]ican orig94 8,let u reconsid] ! "q0 7,i said 9 #ahee7 8) ! aid ( ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4 8,ara*is hypoga 0 ! only species ( ?is s+ul> g5us kn[n4 ,six o!r species1 all ,brazilian1 h s9ce be5 discov]$4#bjef ,?us1 apply+ ! rule ( probability ( :i* ,br[n fir/ made great use1 we incl9e priori to ! idea ( an ,am]ican orig94 ,we mu/ rememb] t ,m>egraf#bjeg & ,piso#bjeh describe & figure ! plant z us$ 9 ,brazil1 "u ! "n m&ubi1 :i* seems to be indig5\s4 ,!y quote ,mon>des1 a writ] ( ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 z hav+ indicat$ x 9 ,p]u "u a diff]5t "n1 an*ic4 ,joseph ,aco/a#bjei m]ely m5tions an ,am]ican "n1 mani1 & speaks ( x ) o!r species :i* are n ( =eign orig9 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,ara*is 0 n anci5t 9 ,guiana1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & 9 ,mexico4 ,aublet#bjfj m5tions x z a cultivat$ plant1 n 9 ,guiana1 b 9 ! ,isle ( ,france4 ,h]n&ez does n speak ( x4 ,sloane#bjfa _h se5 x only 9 a g>d51 gr[n f se$s br\ght f ,gu9ea4 ,he says t ! slave-deal]s fe$ ! negroes ) x on _! passage f ,africa1 :i* indicates a !n v g5]al cultivation 9 ,africa4 ,pison1 9 8 second edition 7#afch1 p4 #bef71 n 9 t ( #afdh1 gives a figure ( a simil> fruit import$ f ,africa into ,brazil "u ! "n m&obi1 v ne> to ! "n ( ! ,ara*is1 m&ubi4 ,f ! ?ree leaflets ( ! plant x w\ld seem to be ! ,vo&zeia1 s (t5 cultivat$2 b ! fruit seems to me to be long] ?an 9 ?is g5us1 & x has two or ?ree se$s in/ead ( "o or two4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! di/9ction drawn by ,piso betwe5 ^! two subt]ranean se$s1 ! "o ,brazilian1 ! o!r ,african1 t5ds to %[ t ! ,ara*is is ,brazilian4 8,! antiquity & ! g5]ality ( its cultivation 9 ,africa is1 h[ev]1 an argum5t ( "s =ce1 :i* comp5sates to a c]ta9 degree its antiquity 9 ,brazil1 & ! pres5ce ( six o!r ,ara*is 9 ! same c\ntry4 ,i w\ld admit its great value if ! ,ara*is _h be5 kn[n to ! anci5t ,egyptians & to ! ,arabs2 b ! sil5ce ( ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,arab au?ors1 & ! abs5ce ( ! species 9 ,egypt 9 ,=skal's "t1 lead me to ?9k t its cultivation 9 ,gu9ea1 ,s5egal1#bjfb & ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa#bjfc is n ( v anci5t date4 ,nei!r has x ! m>ks ( a great antiquity 9 ,asia4 ,no ,sanskrit "n = x is kn[n1#bjfd b only a ,h9du/ani "o4 ,rumphius#bjfe says t x 0 import$ f ,japan into sev]al isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,x w\ld 9 t case h borne only =eign names1 l ! ,*9ese "n1 = in/ance1 :i* signifies only #8e>?-bean4' ,at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury x 0 g5]ally cultivat$ 9 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a4 ,yet1 9 spite ( ,rumphius's !ory ( an introduction into ! isl&s f ,*9a or ,japan1 ,i see t ,?unb]g does n speak ( x 9 8 ,japanese ,flora4 ,n[1 ,japan has _h deal+s ) ,*9a = sixte5 c5turies1 & cultivat$ plants1 natives ( "o ( ! two c\ntries1 7 commonly e>ly introduc$ into ! o!r4 ,x is n m5tion$ by ,=/] among ! plants employ$ 9 ! small isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,all ^! facts po9t to an ,am]ican1 ,i might ev5 say a ,brazilian1 orig94 ,none ( ! au?ors ,i h consult$ m5tions hav+ se5 ! plant wild1 ei!r 9 ! old or ! new _w4 ,^? :o indicate x 9 ,africa or ,asia are c>eful to say ! plant is cultivat$4 ,m>cgraf does n say s1 writ+ ( ,brazil1 b ,piso says ! species is plant$40 ,se$s ( ,ara*is h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,p]uvian tombs at ,ancon1#bjff :i* %[s "s antiquity ( exi/5ce 9 ,am]ica1 & supports ! op9ion ,i express$ 9 #ahee4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]'s /udy ( ,*9ese works#bjfg ov]sets ,br[n's hypo!sis4 ,! ,ara*is is n m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t works ( ?is c\ntry1 nor ev5 9 ! ,p5t-sao1 publi%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he adds t he believes ! plant 0 only introduc$ 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,all ! rec5t floras ( ,asia & ,africa m5tion ! species z a cultivat$ "o1 & mo/ au?ors believe x to be ( ,am]ican orig94 ,b5?am1 aft] satisfy+ himself t x _h n be5 f\nd wild 9 ,am]ica or else:]e1 adds t x is p]haps a =m d]iv$ f "o ( ! six o!r species wild 9 ,brazil1 b he does n say :i*4 ,?is is probable en\gh1 = a plant provid$ ) an efficaci\s & v peculi> mann] ( g]m9at+ does n seem ( a nature to become ext9ct4 ,x w\ld h be5 f\nd wild 9 ,brazil 9 ! same condition z ! cultivat$ plant1 if ! latt] 7 n a product ( cultivation4 ,works on ,guiana & o!r p>ts ( ,am]ica m5tion ! species z a cultivat$ "o2 ,griseba*#bjfh says1 moreov]1 t 9 sev]al ( ! ,we/ ,india isl&s x becomes naturaliz$ f cultivation4 ,a g5us ( :i* all ! well-kn[n species are ?us plac$ 9 a s+le region ( ,am]ica c sc>cely h a species common to bo? hemisph]es2 x w\ld be too great an exception to ! law ( geographical botany4 ,b !n h[ did ! species 7or cultivat$ v>iety7 pass f ! ,am]ican cont95t to ! old _w8 ,?is is h>d to guess1 b ,i am incl9$ to believe t ! fir/ slave-%ips c>ri$ x f ,brazil to ,gu9ea1 & ! ,portuguese f ,brazil into ! isl&s to ! s\? ( ,asia1 9 ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,c(fee--,c(fea arabica1 ,l9nu4 ,?is %rub1 belong+ to ! family ( ! ,rubiace1 is wild 9 ,abyss9ia1#bjfi 9 ! ,s\dan1#bjgj & on ! coa/s ( ,gu9ea & ,mozambique4#bjga ,p]haps 9 ^! latt] localities1 s f> remov$ f ! c5tre1 x may be naturaliz$ f cultivation4 ,no "o has yet f\nd x 9 ,arabia1 b ?is may be expla9$ by ! difficulty ( p5etrat+ into ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 ,if x is discov]$ !re x w be h>d to prove x wild1 = ! se$s1 :i* soon lose _! faculty ( g]m9at+1 (t5 spr+ up r\nd ! plantations & naturalize ! species4 ,?is has occurr$ 9 ,brazil & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1#bjgb :]e x is c]ta9 t ! c(fee plant 0 nev] indig5\s4 ,! use ( c(fee seems to be v anci5t 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,%ehab$d9 ,b51 au?or ( an ,arab manuscript ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7,no4 #idd ( ! ,p>is ,libr>y71 quot$ 9 ,john ,ellis's excell5t "w1#bjgc says t c(fee _h be5 us$ 9 ,abyss9ia f "t immemorial4 ,its use1 ev5 z a drug1 _h n spread into ! neighb\r+ c\ntries1 = ! crusad]s did n "k x1 & ! celebrat$ physician ,ebn ,bai?>1 born at ,malaga1 :o _h travell$ ov] ! nor? ( ,africa & ,syria at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 does n m5tion c(fee4#bjgd ,9 #aeif ,bellus s5t to de l',ecluse "s se$s f :i* ! ,egyptians extract$ ! dr9k cav4#bjge ,ne>ly at ! same "t ,prosp] ,alp9 became acqua9t$ ) c(fee 9 ,egypt itself4 ,he speaks ( ! plant z ! 8arbor bon1 cum fructu suo buna40 ,! "n bon recurs also 9 e>ly au?ors "u ! =ms bunnu1 bun*o1 bunca4#bjgf ,! names cahue1 cahua1 *aub1#bjgg cav1#bjgh ref] r 9 ,egypt & ,syria to ! prep>$ dr9k1 :5ce ! ,fr5* ^w caf4 ,! "n bunnu1 or some?+ simil>1 is c]ta9ly ! primitive "n ( ! plant :i* ! ,abyss9ians /ill call b\n4#bjgi ,if ! use ( c(fee is m anci5t 9 ,abyss9ia ?an else:]e1 t is no pro( t its cultivation is v anci5t4 ,x is v possible t = c5turies ! b]ries 7 s\ght 9 ! =e/s1 :]e !y 7 d\btless v common4 ,accord+ to ! ,arabian au?or quot$ above1 x 0 a mufti ( ,ad51 ne>ly 8 contempor>y1 :o1 hav+ se5 c(fee drunk 9 ,p]sia1 introduc$ ! practice at ,ad51 :5ce x spread to ,mo*a1 into ,egypt1 etc4 ,he says t ! c(fee plant grew 9 ,arabia4#bjhj ,o!r fables or traditions exi/1 accord+ to :i* x 0 always an ,arabian prie/ or a monk :o inv5t$ ! dr9k1#bjha b !y all leave u 9 unc]ta9ty z to ! date ( ! fir/ cultivation ( ! plant4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! use ( c(fee hav+ be5 spread fir/ 9 ! ea/1 aft]w>ds 9 ! we/1 9 spite ( a numb] ( prohibitions & absurd conflicts1#bjhb its production became important to ! colonies4 ,bo]have tells u t ! ,burg]mei/] ( ,am/]dam1 ,ni*olas ,wits51 director ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 urg$ ! ,gov]nor ( ,batavia1 ,van ,hoorn1 to import c(fee b]ries f ,arabia to ,batavia4 ,?is 0 done1 & 9 #afij ,van ,hoorn s5t "s liv+ plants to ,wits54 ,^! 7 plac$ 9 ! ,botanical ,g>d5s ( ,am/]dam1 f\nd$ by ,wits51 :]e !y bore fruit4 ,9 #agad1 ! magi/rates ( ! t[n s5t a fl\ri%+ plant cov]$ ) fruit to ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o plac$ x 9 8 g>d5 at ,m>ly4 ,c(fee 0 also gr[n 9 ! ho?\ses ( ! k+'s g>d5 9 ,p>is4 ,"o ( ! pr(essors ( ?is e/abli%m5t1 ,anto9e de ,jussieu1 _h already publi%$ 9 #agac1 9 ! ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 an int]e/+ description ( ! plant f "o :i* ,pancras1 director ( ! ,botanical ,g>d5 at ,am/]dam1 _h s5t to him4 ,! fir/ c(fee plants gr[n 9 ,am]ica 7 introduc$ into ,sur9am by ! ,dut* 9 #agah4 ,! ,gov]nor ( ,cay5ne1 de la ,motte-,aigron1 hav+ be5 at ,sur9am1 obta9$ "s plants 9 secret & multipli$ !m 9 #agbe4bjhc ,! c(fee plant 0 introduc$ into ,m>t9ique by de ,clieu1#bjhd a naval (fic]1 9 #agbj1 accord+ to ,deleuze2#bjhe 9 #agbc1 accord+ to ! ,notices ,/ati/iques sur les ,colonies ,franaises4#bjhf ,!nce x 0 introduc$ into ! o!r ,fr5* isl&s1 into ,guadal\pe1 = in/ance1 9 #agcj4bjhg ,sir ,ni*olas ,lawes fir/ grew x 9 ,jamaica4#bjhh ,f #agah ! ,fr5* ,ea/ ,india ,company _h s5t plants ( ,mo*a c(fee to ,b\rbon2#bjhi o!rs say#bjij t x 0 ev5 9 #agag t a c]ta9 ,duf\g]ais-,gr5i] _h c(fee plants br\ght f ,mo*a into ?is isl&4 ,x is kn[n h[ ! cultivation ( ?is %rub has be5 ext5d$ 9 ,java1 ,ceylon1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ,brazil4 ,no?+ prev5ts x f spread+ 9 ne>ly all tropical c\ntries1 especially z ! c(fee plant ?rives on slop+ gr\nd & 9 poor soils :]e o!r crops _c fl\ri%4 ,x corresponds 9 tropical agriculture to ! v9e 9 ,europe & tea 9 ,*9a4 ,fur!r details may be f\nd 9 ! volume publi%$ by ,h4 ,welt]#bjia on ! economical & comm]cial hi/ory ( c(fee4 ,! au?or adds an int]e/+ *apt] on ! v>i\s fair or v bad sub/itutes us$ = a commodity :i* x is impossible to ov]rate 9 its natural condition4 ,lib]ian ,c(fee--,c(fea lib]ica1 ,hi]n4#bjib ,plants ( ?is species h = "s ye>s be5 s5t f ! ,botanical ,g>d5s at ,kew into ! ,engli% colonies4 ,x gr[s wild 9 ,lib]ia1 ,angola1 ,golungo ,alto1#bjic & probably 9 sev]al o!r p>ts ( we/]n tropical ,africa4 ,x is ( /rong] gr[? ?an ! common c(fee1 & ! b]ries1 :i* are l>g]1 yield an excell5t product4 ,! (ficial reports ( ,kew ,g>d5s by ! le>n$ director1 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 %[ ! progress ( ?is introduction1 :i* is v fav\rably receiv$1 especially 9 ,dom9ica4 ,madia--,madia sativa1 ,mol9a4 ,! inhabitants ( ,*ili be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica cultivat$ ?is annual species ( ! ,composite family1 = ! sake ( ! oil conta9$ 9 ! se$4 ,s9ce ! olive has be5 ext5sively plant$1 ! madia is despis$ by ! ,*ilians1 :o only compla9 ( ! plant z a we$ :i* *okes _! g>d5s4#bjid ,! ,europeans began to cultivate x ) indiff]5t success1 ow+ to its bad smell4 ,! madia is indig5\s 9 ,*ili & also 9 ,cali=nia4#bjie ,!re are o!r examples ( ?is disjunction ( habitation betwe5 ! two c\ntries4#bjif ,nutmeg--,myri/ica fragrans1 ,h\ttuyn4 ,! nutmeg1 a little tree ( ! ord] ,myri/ice1 is wild 9 ! ,moluccas1 pr9cipally 9 ! ,b&a ,isl&s4#bjig ,x has long be5 cultivat$ !re1 to judge f ! consid]able numb] ( its v>ieties4 ,europeans h receiv$ ! nutmeg by ! ,asiatic trade s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 b ! ,dut* long possess$ ! monopoly ( its cultivation4 ,:5 ! ,engli% own$ ! ,moluccas at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 !y c>ri$ live nutmeg trees to ,b5cool5 & into ,pr9ce ,edw>d's ,isl&s4#bjih ,x aft]w>ds spread to ,b\rbon1 ,mauritius1 ,madagasc>1 & into "s ( ! colonies ( tropical ,am]ica1 b ) indiff]5t success f a comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,sesame--,sesamum indicum1 de ,c&olle2 ,s4 indicum & ,s4 ori5tale1 ,l9nu4 ,sesame has long be5 cultivat$ 9 ! hot regions ( ! old _w = ! sake ( ! oil extract$ f ! se$s4 ,! ord] ,p$al9e to :i* ?is annual belongs is compos$ ( sev]al g5]a di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! tropical p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,ea* g5us has only a small numb] ( species4 ,sesamum1 9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! "n1#bjii has t51 all ,african except p]haps ! cultivat$ species ^: orig9 we are ab\t to seek4 ,! latt] =ms alone ! true g5us ,sesamum1 :i* is a section 9 ,b5?am & ,hook]'s "w4 ,botanical analogy po9ts to an ,african orig91 b ! area ( a consid]able numb] ( plants is kn[n to ext5d f ! s\? ( ,asia into ,africa4 ,sesame has two races1 ! "o ) black1 ! o!r ) :ite se$1 & sev]al v>ieties diff]+ 9 ! %ape ( ! leaf4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! se$s is v anci5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! poppy4 ,! se$s ( sesame (t5 s[ !mselves outside plantations1 & m or less naturalize ! species4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 regions v remote "o f ! o!r2 = in/ance1 9 ,india1 ! ,sunda ,isles1 ,egypt1 & ev5 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 :]e its cultivation is c]ta9ly ( mod]n introduction4#bajj ,?is is p]haps ! reason t no au?or ass]ts he has f\nd x 9 a wild /ate except ,blume1#baja a tru/wor?y obs]v]1 :o m5tions a v>iety ) r$d] fl[]s ?an usual gr[+ 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,java4 ,?is is d\btless an indication ( orig91 b we ne$ o!rs to e/abli% a pro(4 ,i %all seek !m 9 ! hi/ory ( its cultivation4 ,! c\ntry :]e ?is began %\ld be ! anci5t habitation ( ! species1 or h _h deal+s ) ?is anci5t habitation4 ,t its cultivation dates 9 ,asia f a v e>ly epo* is cle> f ! div]sity ( names4 ,sesame is call$ 9 ,sanskrit tila1#bajb 9 ,malay widj91 9 ,*9ese moa 7,rumphius7 or *i-ma 7,brets*neid]71 9 ,japanese koba4#bajc ,! "n sesam is common to ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,arabic1 ) trifl+ v>iations ( lett]4 ,h5ce x might be inf]r$ t its area 0 v ext5d$1 & t ! cultivation ( ! plant 0 begun indep5d5tly 9 sev]al diff]5t c\ntries4 ,b we mu/ n attribute too mu* importance to su* an argum5t4 ,*9ese works seem to %[ t sesame 0 n introduc$ into ,*9a be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! fir/ c]ta9 m5tion ( x occurs 9 a book ( ! fif? or six? c5tury1 entitl$ ,tsi-m9-yao-*\4#bajd ,be=e ?is !re is confusion betwe5 ! "n ( ?is plant & t ( flax1 ( :i* ! se$ also yields an oil1 & :i* is n v anci5t 9 ,*9a4#baje ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides say t ! ,egyptians cultivat$ a plant call$ sesame = ! oil conta9$ 9 its se$1 & ,pl9y adds t x came f ,india4#bajf ,he also speaks ( a sesame wild 9 ,egypt f :i* oil 0 extract$1 b ?is 0 probably ! ca/or-oil plant4#bajg ,x is n prov$ t ! anci5t ,egyptians be=e ! "t ( ,!ophra/us cultivat$ sesame4 ,no draw+ or se$s h be5 f\nd 9 ! monum5ts4 ,a draw+ f ! tomb ( ,rameses ,,iii4 %[ ! cu/om ( mix+ small se$s ) fl\r 9 mak+ pa/ry1 & 9 mod]n times ?is is done ) sesame se$s1 b o!rs are also us$1 & x is n possible to recognize 9 ! draw+ ^? ( ! sesame 9 p>ticul>4#bajh ,if ! ,egyptians _h kn[n ! species at ! "t ( ! ,exodus1 elev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ,!ophra/us1 !re w\ld probably h be5 "s m5tion ( x 9 ! ,hebrew books1 because ( ! v>i\s uses ( ! se$ & especially ( ! oil4 ,yet comm5tators h f\nd no trace ( x 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! "n semsem or simsim is cle>ly ,semitic1 b only ( ! m rec5t epo* ( ! ,talmud1#baji & ( ! agricultural treatise ( ,alawwam1#baaj compil$ aft] ! ,*ri/ian era began4 ,x 0 p]haps a ,semitic p :o introduc$ ! plant & ! "n semsem 7:5ce ! sesam ( ! ,greeks7 into ,egypt aft] ! epo* ( ! great monum5ts & ( ! ,exodus4 ,!y may h receiv$ x ) ! "n f ,babylonia1 :]e ,h]odotus says#baaa t sesame 0 cultivat$4 ,an anci5t cultivation 9 ! ,euphrates valley agrees ) ! exi/5ce ( a ,sanskrit "n1 tila1 ! tilu ( ! ,brahmans 7,rhe$e1 ,malab>1 i41 ix41 pp #aje-ajg71 a ^w ( :i* !re are traces 9 sev]al mod]n languages ( ,india1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,ceylon4#baab ,?us we are c>ri$ back to ,india 9 accordance ) ! orig9 ( :i* ,pl9y speaks1 b x is possible t ,india itself may h receiv$ ! species f ! ,sunda ,isles be=e ! arrival ( ! ,aryan conqu]ors4 ,rumphius gives ?ree names = ! sesame 9 ^! isl&s1 v diff]5t "o f ! o!r1 & f ! ,sanskrit ^w1 :i* supports ! !ory ( a m anci5t exi/5ce 9 ! ar*ipelago ?an on ! cont95t4 ,9 conclusion1 f ! fact t ! sesame is wild 9 ,java1 & f hi/orical & philological argum5ts1 ! plant seems to h _h its orig9 9 ! ,sunda ,isles1 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,india & ! ,euphrates valley two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago1 & into ,egypt at a less remote epo*1 f #ajjj to #ejj ,b4,c4 ,x 0 transport$ f ! ,gu9ea coa/ to ,brazil by ! ,portuguese1#baac b x is unkn[n h[ long x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ! re/ ( ,africa4 ,ca/or-oil ,plant--,ric9us communis1 ,l9nu4 ,! mo/ mod]n works & ^? 9 highe/ repute consid] ! s\? ( ,asia to be ! orig9al home ( ?is ,euphorbiacea2 sometimes !y indicate c]ta9 v>ieties 9 ,africa or ,am]ica )\t di/+ui%+ ! wild f ! cultivat$ plant4 ,i h reason to believe t ! true orig9 is to be f\nd 9 tropical ,africa1 9 accordance ) ! op9ion ( ,ball4#baad ,! difficulties ) :i* ! "q is att5d$ arise f ! antiquity ( cultivation 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 f ! facility ) :i* ! plant s[s itself & becomes naturaliz$ on rubbi%-heaps & 9 wa/e gr\nd1 la/ly f ! div]sity ( its =ms1 :i* h (t5 be5 describ$ z species4 ,?is latt] po9t ne$ n deta9 u1 = ,dr4 ,j4 ,mll]'s c>eful monograph#baae proves ! exi/5ce ( sixte5 v>ieties1 sc>cely h]$it>y1 :i* pass "o into ! o!r by _m transitions1 & con/itute1 !re=e1 b "o species4 ,! numb] ( v>ieties is ! sign ( a v anci5t cultivation4 ,!y diff] m or less z to capsules1 se$s1 infloresc5ce1 etc4 ,moreov]1 !y are small trees 9 hot c\ntries1 b !y d n endure fro/1 & become annuals nor? ( ! ,alps & 9 simil> regions4 ,!y are 9 su* cases plant$ 9 g>d5s = ornam5t1 :ile 9 ! tropics1 & ev5 9 ,italy1 !y are gr[n = ! sake ( ! oil conta9$ 9 ! se$4 ,?is oil1 :i* is m or less purgative1 is us$ = lamps 9 ,b5gal & else:]e4 ,9 no c\ntry has ! species be5 f\nd wild ) su* c]ta9ty z 9 ,abyss9ia1 ,s5na>1 & ! ,kord(an4 ,! expressions ( au?ors & collectors are di/9ct on ?is head4 ,! ca/or-oil plant is common 9 rocky places 9 ! valley ( ,*ir1 ne> ,g\malo1 says ,qu>t9 ,dillon2 x is wild 9 ^? p>ts ( ,upp] ,s5na> :i* are flood$ dur+ ! ra9s1 says ,h>tmann4#baaf ,i h a specim5 f ,kots*y1 ,no4 #bdc1 ga!r$ on ! nor!rn slope ( ,m\nt ,kohn1 9 ! ,kord(an4 ,! indications ( travell]s 9 ,mozambique & on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea are n s cle>1 b x is possible t ! natural area ( ! species cov]s a great "p ( tropical ,africa4 ,z x is a useful species1 & "o v conspicu\s & easily propagat$1 ! negroes mu/ h e>ly diffus$ x4 ,h[ev]1 z we draw ne> ! ,m$it]ranean1 x is no long] said to be indig5\s4 ,9 ,egypt1 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son#baag say ! species is only cultivat$ & naturaliz$4 ,probably 9 ,alg]ia1 ,s>d9ia1 & ,morocco1 & ev5 9 ! ,can>ies1 :]e x is pr9cipally f\nd 9 ! s& on ! sea-%ore1 x has be5 naturaliz$ = c5turies4 ,i believe ?is to be ! case ) specim5s br\ght f ,dj$da1 9 ,arabia1 by ,s*imp]1 :i* 7 ga!r$ ne> a ci/]n4 ,yet ,=skal#baah ga!r$ ! ca/]-oil plant 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,arabia ,felix1 :i* may signify a wild /ation4 ,boissi]#baai indicates x 9 ,belu*i/an & ! s\? ( ,p]sia1 b z 8subspontane\s10 z 9 ,syria1 ,anatolia1 & ,greece4 ,rhe$e#babj speaks ( ! plant z cultivat$ 9 ,malab> & gr[+ 9 ! s&1 b mod]n ,anglo-,indian au?ors d n all[ t x is wild4 ,"s make no m5tion ( ! species4 ,a few speak ( ! facility ) :i* ! species becomes naturaliz$ f cultivation4 ,l\reiro _h se5 x 9 ,co*9-,*9a & 9 ,*9a 8cultivat$ & uncultivat$10 :i* p]haps means escap$ f cultivation4 ,la/ly1 = ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 ,rumphius#baba is z usual "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ au?orities4 ,! ca/or-oil plant1 he says1 gr[s especially 9 ,java1 :]e x =ms imm5se fields & produces a great quantity ( oil4 ,at ,amboyna1 x is plant$ "h & !re1 ne> dwell+s & 9 fields1 r = m$ic9al purposes4 ,! wild species gr[s 9 des]t$ g>d5s 79 des]tis hortis72 x is d\btless sprung f ! cultivat$ plant 7s9e dubio deg5]atio dome/ica74 ,9 ,japan ! ca/or-oil plant gr[s among %rubs & on ! slopes ( ,m\nt ,wuntz51 b ,fran*et & ,savati] add1#babb 8probably introduc$40 ,la/ly1 ,dr4 ,brets*neid] m5tions ! species 9 8 "w ( #ahgj1 p4 #bj2 b :at he says "h1 & 9 a lett] ( #ahha1 does n argue an anci5t cultivation 9 ,*9a4 ,! species is cultivat$ 9 tropical ,am]ica4 ,x becomes easily naturaliz$ 9 cle>+s1 on rubbi%-heaps1 etc42 b no botani/ has f\nd x 9 ! conditions ( a really indig5\s plant4 ,its introduction mu/ h tak5 place soon aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 = a common "n1 lam\r\1 exi/s 9 ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s2 & ,piso gives ano!r 9 ,brazil1 nhambuguacu1 figu]o inf]no 9 ,portuguese4 ,i h receiv$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( specim5s f ,bahia2 none are accompani$ by ! ass]tion t x is really indig5\s4 ,9 ,egypt & ,we/]n ,asia ! culture ( ! species dates f s remote an epo* t x has giv5 rise to mi/akes z to its orig94 ,! anci5t ,egyptians practis$ x ext5sively1 accord+ to ,h]odotus1 ,pl9y1 ,diodorus1 etc4 ,!re c be no mi/ake z to ! species1 z its se$s h be5 f\nd 9 ! tombs4#babc ,! ,egyptian "n 0 kiki4 ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides m5tion x1 & x is reta9$ 9 mod]n ,greek1#babd :ile ! ,arabs h a totally diff]5t "n1 k]ua1 k]roa1 *>ua4#babe ,roxburgh & ,pidd+ton quote a ,sanskrit "n1 er&a1 erunda1 :i* has left desc5dants 9 ! mod]n languages ( ,india4 ,botani/s d n say f :at epo* ( ,sanskrit ?is "n dates2 z ! species belongs to hot climates1 ! ,aryans _c h kn[n x be=e _! arrival 9 ,india1 t is at a less anci5t epo* ?an ! ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,! extreme rapidity ( ! gr[? ( ! ca/or-oil plant has sugge/$ diff]5t names 9 ,asiatic language1 & t ( ,wund]baum 9 ,g]man4 ,! same circum/ance1 & ! analogy ) ! ,egyptian "n kiki1 h caus$ x to be suppos$ t ! kikajon ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1#babf ! gr[?1 x is said1 ( a s+le night1 0 ?is plant4 ,i pass a numb] ( common names m or less absurd1 z palma ,*ri/i1 girasole1 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy1 etc41 b x is wor? :ile to note ! orig9 ( ! "n ca/or oil1 z a pro( ( ! ,engli% habit ( accept+ names )\t exam9ation1 & sometimes ( di/ort+ !m4 ,x appe>s t 9 ! la/ c5tury ?is plant 0 l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,jamaica1 :]e x 0 once call$ agno ca/o by ! ,portuguese & ! ,spani>ds1 be+ conf\nd$ ) ,vitex agnus ca/us1 a totally diff]5t plant4 ,f ca/o ! ,engli% plant]s & ,london trad]s made ca/or4#babg ,walnut--,juglans regia1 ,l9nu4 ,"s ye>s ago ! walnut tree 0 kn[n to be wild 9 ,arm5ia1 9 ! di/rict to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus & ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! nor? & nor?-ea/ ( ,india1 & 9 ,burmah4#babh ,c4 ,ko*#babi d5i$ t x 0 indig5\s 9 ,arm5ia & to ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 b ?is has be5 prov$ by sev]al travell]s4 ,x has s9ce be5 discov]$ wild 9 ,japan1#bacj :i* r5d]s x probable t ! species exi/s also 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a1 z ,l\reiro & ,bunge said1#baca b )\t p>ticul>iz+ its wild "*4 ,heldrei*#bacb has rec5tly plac$ x beyond a d\bt t ! walnut is abundant 9 a wild /ate 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,greece1 :i* agrees ) passages 9 ,!ophra/us#bacc :i* _h be5 ov]look$4 ,la/ly1 ,heuffel saw x1 also wild1 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,banat4#bacd ,its mod]n natural area ext5ds1 !n1 f ea/]n temp]ate ,europe to ,japan4 ,x once exi/$ 9 ,europe fur!r to ! we/1 = leaves ( ! walnut h be5 f\nd 9 ! quat]n>y tufa 9 ,prov5ce4#bace ,_m species ( ,juglans exi/$ 9 our hemisph]e 9 ! t]ti>y & quat]n>y epo*s2 !re are n[ t51 at mo/1 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica & temp]ate ,asia4 ,! use ( ! walnut & ! plant+ ( ! tree may h begun 9 sev]al ( ! c\ntries :]e ! species 0 f\nd1 & cultivation ext5d$ gradually & slightly its artificial area4 ,! walnut is n "o ( ^? trees :i* s[s itself & is easily naturaliz$4 ,! nature ( its fruit is p]haps aga9/ ?is2 &1 moreov]1 x ne$s a climate :]e ! fro/s are n sev]e & ! heat mod]ate4 ,x sc>cely passes ! nor!rn limit ( ! v9e1 & does n ext5d ne>ly s f> s\?4 ,! ,greeks1 accu/om$ to olive oil1 neglect$ ! walnut until !y receiv$ f ,p]sia a bett] v>iety1 call$ k>uon basilikon1#bacf or ,p]sikon4#bacg ,! ,romans cultivat$ ! walnut f ! "t ( _! k+s2 !y consid]$ x ( ,p]sian orig94#bach ,!y _h an old cu/om ( ?r[+ nuts 9 ! celebration ( w$d+s4 ,ar*ology confirms ^! details4 ,! only nuts :i* h hi!rto be5 f\nd "u ! lake-dwell+s ( ,switz]l&1 ,savoy1 or ,italy are conf9$ to a s+le locality ne> ,p>ma1 call$ ,font9ellato1 9 a /ratum ( ! iron age4#baci ,n[1 ?is metal1 v r>e at ! "t ( ! ,trojan w>1 _c h come into g5]al use among ! agricultural population ( ,italy until ! fif? or six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 an epo* at :i* ev5 bronze 0 p]haps /ill unkn[n to ! nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,9 ! /ation at ,lagozza1 walnuts h be5 f\nd 9 a mu* high] /ratum1 & n anci5t4#badj ,evid5tly ! walnuts ( ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & ,france are n desc5d$ f ! fossil plants ( ! quat]n>y tufa ( :i* ,i spoke j n[4 ,x is impossible to say at :at p]iod ! walnut 0 fir/ plant$ 9 ,india4 ,x mu/ h be5 e>ly1 = !re is a ,sanskrit "n1 aks*da1 akhoda1 or akhta4 ,*9ese au?ors say t ! walnut 0 introduc$ among !m f ,?ibet1 "u ! ,han dyna/y1 by ,*ang-ki51 ab\t ! ye> #adj-aej ,b4,c4#bada ,?is 0 p]haps a p]fect$ v>iety4 ,moreov]1 x seems probable1 f ! actual records ( botani/s1 t ! wild walnut is r>e 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a1 & is p]haps want+ 9 ! ea/4 ,! date ( its cultivation 9 ,japan is unkn[n4 ,! walnut tree & walnuts _h an inf9ite numb] ( names among anci5t peoples1 :i* h ex]cis$ ! sci5ce & imag9ation ( philologi/s1#badb b ! orig9 ( ! species is s cle> t we ne$ n /ay to consid] !m4 ,areca--,areca ,cate*u1 ,l9nu4 ,! areca palm is mu* cultivat$ 9 ! c\ntries :]e x is a cu/om to *ew betel1 t is to say ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,! nut1 or r ! almond :i* =ms ! pr9cipal "p ( ! se$ conta9$ 9 ! fruit1 is valu$ = its aromatic ta/e2 *opp$1 mix$ ) lime1 & envelop$ 9 a leaf ( ! pepp]-betel1 x =ms an agreeable /imulant1 :i* produces a fl[ ( saliva & black5s ! tee? to ! satisfaction ( ! natives4 ,! au?or ( ! pr9cipal "w on ! ord] ,palmace1 de ,m>tius1#badc says ( ! orig9 ( ?is species1 8,its c\ntry is unc]ta9 7non con/at72 probably ! ,sunda ,isles40 ,we may f9d x possible to affirm some?+ positive by ref]r+ to m mod]n au?ors4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,india1 9 ,ceylon & ,co*9-,*9a1 ! species is always indicat$ z cultivat$4#badd ,s 9 ! ,sunda ,isles1 ! ,moluccas1 etc41 to ! s\? ( ,asia4 ,blume1#bade 9 8 "w entitl$ ,rumphia1 says t ! 8habitat0 ( ! species is ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,siam1 & ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,yet he does n appe> to h se5 ! indig5\s plants ( :i* he speaks4 ,dr4 ,brets*neid]#badf believes t ! species is a native ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 pr9cipally ( ,sumatra1 = he says ^? isl&s & ! ,philipp9es are ! only places :]e x is f\nd wild4 ,! fir/ ( ^! facts is n confirm$ by ,miquel1 nor ! second by ,blanco1#badg :o liv$ 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,blume's op9ion appe>s ! mo/ probable1 b we mu/ /ill say ) ,m>tius1 8,! c\ntry is n prov$40 ,! exi/5ce ( a numb] ( ,malay names1 p9ang1 jambe1 etc41 & ( a ,sanskrit "n1 g\vaka1 z well z v num]\s v>ieties1 %[ ! antiquity ( cultivation4 ,! ,*9ese receiv$ x1 #aaa ,b4,c41 f ! s\?1 ) ! ,malay "n1 p9-lang4 ,! ,tel+a "n1 arek1 is ! orig9 ( ! botanical "n ,areca4 ,elis--,elis gu9e5sis1 ,jacqu94 ,travell]s :o visit$ ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury#badh already notic$ ?is palm1 f :i* ! negroes extract$ oil by press+ ! fle%y "p ( ! fruit4 ,! tree is indig5\s on all t coa/4#badi ,x is also plant$1 & ! exportation ( palm-oil is ! object ( an ext5sive trade4 ,z x is also f\nd wild 9 ,brazil & p]haps 9 ,guiana1#baej a d\bt arose z to ! true orig94 ,x seems ! m likely to be ,am]ican t ! only o!r species :i* ) ?is "o con/itutes ! g5us ,elis belongs to ,new ,granada4#baea ,rob]t ,br[n1 h[ev]1 & ! au?ors :o h /udi$ ! family ( palms1 are unanim\s 9 _! belief t ,elis gu9e5sis 0 introduc$ into ,am]ica by ! negroes & slave-trad]s 9 ! traffic betwe5 ! ,gu9ea coa/ & ! coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,_m facts confirm ?is op9ion4 ,! fir/ botani/s :o visit$ ,brazil1 ,piso & ,m>cgraf & o!rs1 d n m5tion ! ,elis4 ,x is only f\nd on ! littoral1 f ,rio di ,janeiro to ! m\? ( ! ,amazon1 nev] 9 ! int]ior4 ,x is (t5 cultivat$1 or has ! appe>ance ( a species escap$ f ! plantations4 ,sloane1#baeb :o explor$ ,jamaica 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 relates t ?is tree 0 introduc$ 9 8 "t into a plantation :i* he names1 f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,x has s9ce become naturaliz$ 9 "s ( ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4#baec ,cocoa-nut ,palm--,cocos nucif]a1 ,l9nu4 ,! cocoa-nut palm is p]haps1 ( all tropical trees1 ! "o :i* yields ! greate/ v>iety ( products4 ,its wood & fibres are utiliz$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! sap extract$ f ! inn] "p ( ! infloresc5ce yields a mu*-priz$ alcoholic dr9k4 ,! %ell ( ! nut =ms a vessel1 ! milk ( ! half-ripe fruit is a pleasant dr9k1 & ! nut itself conta9s a great deal ( oil4 ,x is n surpris+ t s valuable a tree has be5 a good deal plant$ & transport$4 ,besides1 its disp]sion is aid$ by natural causes4 ,! woody %ell & fibr\s envelope ( ! nut enable x to float 9 salt wat] )\t injury to ! g]m4 ,h5ce ! possibility ( its transportation to great di/ances by curr5ts & its naturalization on coa/s :]e ! temp]ature is fav\rable4 ,un=tunately1 ?is tree requires a w>m1 damp climate1 su* z exi/s only 9 ! tropics1 or 9 exceptional localities j )\t !m4 ,nor does x ?rive at a di/ance f ! sea4 ,! cocoa-nut ab\nds on ! littoral ( ! w>m regions ( ,asia1 ( ! isl&s to ! s\? ( ?is cont95t1 & 9 analog\s regions ( ,africa & ,am]ica2 b x may be ass]t$ t x dates 9 ,brazil1 ! ,we/ ,indies1 & ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa f an introduction :i* took place ab\t ?ree c5turies ago4 ,piso & ,m>cgraf#baed seem to admit t ! species is =eign to ,brazil )\t say+ s positively4 ,de ,m>tius1#baee :o has publi%$ a v important "w on ! ,palmace1 & has travell$ ?r\gh ! prov9ces ( ,bahia1 ,p]nambuco1 & o!rs1 :]e ! cocoa-nut ab\nds1 does n say t x is wild4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,guiana by mission>ies4#baef ,sloane#baeg says x is an exotic 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,an old au?or ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,m>tyr1 :om he quotes1 speaks ( its introduction4 ,?is probably took place a few ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 = ,joseph ,aco/a#baeh saw ! cocoa-nut palm at ,porto ,rico 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,de ,m>tius says t ! ,portuguese introduc$ x on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,_m travell]s d n ev5 m5tion x 9 ?is region1 :]e x is app>5tly ( no great importance4 ,m common 9 ,madagasc> & on ! ea/ coa/1 x is n1 h[ev]1 nam$ 9 sev]al works on ! plants ( ,zanzib>1 ! ,sey*elles1 ,mauritius1 etc41 p]haps because x is consid]$ z cultivat$ 9 ^! p>ts4 ,evid5tly ! species is n ( ,african orig91 nor ( ! ea/]n "p ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,elim9at+ ^! c\ntries1 !re rema9 we/]n tropical ,am]ica1 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & ! s\? ( ,asia1 :]e ! tree ab\nds ) e appe>ance ( be+ m or less wild & long e/abli%$4 ,! navigators ,dampi] & ,vanc\v]#baei f\nd x at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 =m+ woods 9 ! isl&s ne> ,panama1 n on ! ma9l&1 & 9 ! isle ( ,cocos1 situat$ at ?ree hundr$ miles f ! cont95t 9 ! ,pacific4 ,at t "t ^! isl&s 7 un9habit$4 ,lat] ! cocoa-nut palm 0 f\nd on ! we/]n coa/ f ,mexico to ,p]u1 b usually au?ors d n say t x 0 wild1 except+ ,seemann1#bafj h[ev]1 :o saw ?is palm bo? wild & cultivat$ on ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama4 ,accord+ to ,h]n&ez1#bafa 9 ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,mexicans call$ x coyolli1 a ^w :i* does n seem to be native4 ,ovi$o1#bafb writ+ 9 #aebf1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! conque/ ( ,mexico1 says t ! cocoa-nut palm 0 abundant on ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific 9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,cacique ,*iman1 & he cle>ly describes ! species4 ,?is does n prove ! tree to be wild4 ,9 s\!rn ,asia1 especially 9 ! isl&s1 ! cocoa-nut is bo? wild & cultivat$4 ,! small] ! isl&s1 & ! l[] & ! m subject to ! influ5ce ( ! sea air1 ! m ! cocoa-nut pr$om9ates & attracts ! att5tion ( travell]s4 ,"s take _! "n f ! tree1 among o!rs two isl&s close to ! ,&amans & "o ne> ,sumatra4 ,! cocoa-nut occurr+ ) e appe>ance ( an anci5t wild condition at once 9 ,asia & we/]n ,am]ica1 ! "q ( orig9 is obscure4 ,excell5t au?ors h solv$ x diff]5tly4 ,de ,m>tius believes x to h be5 transport$ by curr5ts f ! isl&s situat$ to ! we/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 into ^? ( ! ,asiatic ,ar*ipelago4 ,i =m]ly incl9$ to ! same hypo!sis1#bafc s9ce admitt$ )\t "q by ,griseba*2#bafd b ! botani/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury (t5 reg>d$ ! species z ,asiatic1 & ,seemann1#bafe aft] a c>eful exam9ation1 says he _c come to a decision4 ,i w give ! reasons = & aga9/ ea* hypo!sis4 ,9 fav\r ( an ,am]ican orig91 x may be said-- #a4 ,! elev5 o!r species ( ! g5us ,cocos are ,am]ican1 & all ^? :i* de ,m>tius knew well are ,brazilian4#baff ,drude1#bafg :o has /udi$ ! ,palmace1 has writt5 a pap] to %[ t ea* g5us ( ?is family is prop] to ! anci5t or to ! new _w1 except+ ! g5us ,elis1 & ev5 "h he suspects a transport ( ! ,e4 gu9e5sis f ,am]ica into ,africa1 :i* is n at all probable4 7,see above1 p4 #dbi47 ,! =ce ( ?is argum5t is some:at dim9i%$ by ! circum/ance t ,cocos nucif]a is a tree :i* gr[s on ! littoral & 9 damp places1 :ile ! o!r species live "u diff]5t conditions1 frequ5tly f> f ! sea & f riv]s4 ,m>itime plants1 & ^? :i* gr[ 9 m>%es or damp places1 h commonly a m va/ habitation ?an o!rs ( ! same g5us4 #b4 ,! trade w9ds ( ! ,pacific1 to ! s\? & yet m to ! nor? ( ! equator1 drive float+ bodies f ,am]ica to ,asia1 a direction contr>y to t ( ! g5]al curr5ts4#bafh ,x is kn[n1 moreov]1 f ! unexpect$ arrival ( bottles conta9+ pap]s on diff]5t coa/s1 t *ance has mu* to d ) ^! transports4 ,! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( an ,asiatic1 or contr>y to an ,am]ican orig91 are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,a curr5t betwe5 ! ?ird & fif? p>allels1 nor? latitude1 fl[s f ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago to ,panama4#bafi ,to ! nor? & s\? ( ?is are curr5ts :i* take ! opposite direction1 b !y />t f regions too cold = ! cocoa-nut1 & d n t\* ,c5tral ,am]ica1 :]e x is suppos$ to h be5 long indig5\s4 #b4 ,! inhabitants ( ! isl&s ( ,asia 7 f> bold] navigators ?an ! ,am]ican ,indians4 ,x is v possible t canoes f ! ,asiatic ,isl&s1 conta9+ a provision ( cocoa-nuts1 7 ?r[n by tempe/s or false manuvres on to ! isl&s or ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,! conv]se is highly improbable4 #c4 ,! area = ?ree c5turies has be5 mu* va/] 9 ,asia ?an 9 ,am]ica1 & ! diff]5ce 0 yet m consid]able be=e t epo*1 = we "k t ! cocoa-nut has n long exi/$ 9 ! ea/ ( tropical ,am]ica4 #d4 ,! inhabitants ( ! isl&s ( ,asia possess an imm5se numb] ( v>ieties ( ?is tree1 :i* po9ts to a v anci5t cultivation4 ,blume1 9 8 ,rumphia1 enum]ates eighte5 v>ieties 9 ,java & ! adjac5t isl&s1 & ?irty-n9e 9 ! ,philipp9es4 ,no?+ simil> has be5 obs]v$ 9 ,am]ica4 #e4 ,! uses ( ! cocoa-nut are m v>i$ & m habitual 9 ,asia4 ,! natives ( ,am]ica h>dly utilize x except = ! cont5ts ( ! nut1 f :i* !y d n extract ! oil4 #f4 ,! common names1 v num]\s & orig9al 9 ,asia1 z we %all pres5tly see1 are r>e1 & (t5 ( ,european orig9 9 ,am]ica4 #g4 ,x is n probable t ! anci5t ,mexicans & inhabitants ( ,c5tral ,am]ica w\ld h neglect$ to spread ! cocoa-nut 9 sev]al directions1 _h x exi/$ among !m f a v remote epo*4 ,! trifl+ bread? ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama w\ld h facilitat$ ! transport f "o coa/ to ! o!r1 & ! species w\ld soon h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 at ,guiana1 etc41 z x has become naturaliz$ 9 ,jamaica1 ,antigua1#bagj & else:]e1 s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 #h4 ,if ! cocoa-nut 9 ,am]ica dat$ f a geological epo* m anci5t ?an ! pleioc5e or ev5 eoc5e deposits 9 ,europe1 x w\ld probably h be5 f\nd on bo? coa/s1 & ! isl&s to ! ea/ & we/ equally4 #i4 ,we _c f9d any anci5t date ( ! exi/5ce ( ! cocoa-nut 9 ,am]ica1 b its pres5ce 9 ,asia ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago is prov$ by sev]al ,sanskrit names4 ,pidd+ton 9 8 index only quotes "o1 n>ikela4 ,x is ! mo/ c]ta91 s9ce x recurs 9 mod]n ,indian languages4 ,s*ol>s c\nt t5 ( ^!1 :i*1 accord+ to _! mean+1 seem to apply to ! species or its fruit4#baga ,n>ikela has pass$ ) modifications into ,arabic & ,p]sian4#bagb ,x is ev5 f\nd at ,otahiti 9 ! =m ari or ha>i1#bagc toge!r ) a ,malay "n4 #aj4 ,! ,malays h a "n widely diffus$ 9 ! ar*ipelago--kalpa4 klpa1 klpo4 ,at ,sumatra & ,nicob> we f9d ! "n njor1 nicor2 9 ! ,philipp9es1 niog2 at ,bali1 niuh1 njo2 at ,tahiti1 niuh2 & 9 o!r isl&s1 nu1 nidju1 ni2 ev5 at ,madagasc>1 wua-niu4#bagd ,! ,*9ese h ye1 or ye-tsu 7! tree is ye74 ,) ! pr9cipal ,sanskrit "n ?is con/itutes f\r diff]5t roots1 :i* %[ an anci5t exi/5ce 9 ,asia4 ,h[ev]1 ! uni=mity ( nom5clature 9 ! ar*ipelago z f> z ,tahiti & ,madagasc> indicates a transport by human ag5cy s9ce ! exi/5ce ( kn[n languages4 ,! ,*9ese "n means head ( ! k+ ( ,yu1 ref]r+ to an absurd leg5d ( :i* ,dr4 ,brets*neid] speaks4#bage ,?is savant tells u t ! fir/ m5tion ( ! cocoa-nut occurs 9 a poem ( ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 b ! mo/ unmi/akable descriptions are 9 works lat] ?an ! n9? c5tury ( our era4 ,x is true t ! anci5t writ]s sc>cely knew ! s\? ( ,*9a1 ! only "p ( ! empire :]e ! cocoa-nut palm c live4 ,9 spite ( ! ,sanskrit names1 ! exi/5ce ( ! cocoa-nut 9 ,ceylon1 :]e x is well e/abli%$ on ! coa/1 dates f an almo/ hi/orical epo*4 ,ne> ,po9t de ,galle1 ,seemann tells u may be se5 c>v$ ^u a rock ! figure ( a native pr9ce1 ,kotah ,raya1 to :om is attribut$ ! discov]y ( ! uses ( ! cocoa-nut1 unkn[n be=e him2 & ! e>lie/ *ronicle ( ,ceylon1 ! ,m>awansa1 does n m5tion ?is tree1 al?\gh x c>efully reports ! fruits import$ by diff]5t pr9ces4 ,x is also notewor?y t ! anci5t ,greeks & ,egyptians only knew ! cocoa-nut at a late epo* z an ,indian curiosity4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana saw ?is palm 9 ,h9du/an1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4#bagf ,f ^! facts ! mo/ anci5t habitation 9 ,asia w\ld be 9 ! ar*ipelago1 r ?an on ! cont95t or 9 ,ceylon2 & 9 ,am]ica 9 ! isl&s we/ ( ,panama4 ,:at are we to ?9k ( ?is v>i$ & contradictory evid5ce8 ,i =m]ly ?\ght t ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ,we/]n ,am]ica 7 ! /ronge/4 ,n[1 ) m in=mation & great] exp]i5ce 9 simil> que/ions1 ,i incl9e to ! idea ( an orig9 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,! ext5sion t[>ds ,*9a1 ,ceylon1 & ,india dates f n m ?an ?ree ?\s& or f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 b ! transport by sea to ! coa/s ( ,am]ica & ,africa took place p]haps 9 a m remote epo*1 al?\gh po/]ior to ^? epo*s :5 ! geographical & physical conditions 7 diff]5t to ^? ( our day4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,summ>y & ,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,table ,,( ,,species1 ,,) ,,_! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,! ,,epo* ,,( ,,_! ,,e>lie/ ,,cultivation4 ,! foll[+ table includes a few species ( :i* a detail$ acc\nt has n be5 giv51 because _! orig9 is well kn[n1 & !y are ( little importance4 ,explanation ( ! signs us$ 9 ! table3 7#a7 annual1 7#b7 bi5nial1 ,z p]5nial1 '#e small %rub1 _/#e %rub1 #e small tree1 ,f#e tree4 ,! lett]s indicate ! c]ta9 or probable date ( e>lie/ cultivation4 ,= ! species ( ! old _w3 ,a1 a species cultivat$ = m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s 7accord+ to anci5t hi/orians1 ! monum5ts ( anci5t ,egypt1 ,*9ese works1 & botanical & philological indications72 ,b1 cultivat$ = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s 7indicat$ 9 ,!ophra/us1 f\nd among lacu/r9e rema9s1 or pres5t+ v>i\s signs1 su* z possess+ ,hebrew or ,sanskrit names72 ,c1 cultivat$ = less ?an two ?\s& ye>s 7m5tion$ by ,dioscorides & n by ,!ophra/us1 se5 9 ! frescoes at ,pompeii1 introduc$ at a kn[n date1 etc474 ,= ,am]ican species3 ,d1 cultivation v anci5t 9 ,am]ica 7f its wide area & numb] ( v>ieties72 ,e1 species cultivat$ be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 )\t %[+ signs ( a great antiquity ( culture2 ,f1 species only cultivat$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,,g5]al ,,table ,,( ,,species4 ,,species ,,native ,,to ,,! ,,old ,,_w4 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,subt]ranean ,,p>ts4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,radi%--,raphanus sativus 7#a74 ,b4 ,temp]ate ,asia4#bagg ,horse-,radi%--,co*le>ia ,armoracia1 ,c4 ,ea/]n temp]ate ,europe1 ,z4 ,turnip--,brassica ,rapa 7#b74 ,a4 ,europe1 we/]n ,sib]ia 7874 ,rape--,brassica ,napus 7#b74 ,a4 ,europe1 we/]n ,sib]ia 7874 ,c>rot--,daucus ,c>ota 7#b74 ,b4 ,europe1 we/]n temp]ate ,asia 7874 ,p>snip--,pa/9aca sativa 7#b74 ,c4 ,c5tral & s\!rn ,europe4 ,tub]\s ,*]vil--,*rophyllum ,c4 ,c5tral ,europe1 ,caucasus4 bulbosum 7#b74 ,skirret--,sium ,sis>um1 ,z4 ,c4 ,altaic ,sib]ia1 nor!rn ,p]sia4 ,madd]--,rubia t9ctorum1 ,z ,b4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,asia1 s\?-ea/ ( ,europe4 ,salsify--,tragopogon porrifolium 7#b74 ,c4787 ,s\?-ea/ ( ,europe1 ,alg]ia4 ,scorzon]a--,scorzon]a hispanica4 ,c4 ,s\?-we/ ( ,europe1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,rampion--,campanula ,rapunculus 7#b74 ,c4 ,temp]ate & s\!rn ,europe4 ,vegetable4 ,b4 ,can>ies1 ,m$it]ranean bas91 we/]n temp]ate ,beet--,beta vulg4 7#b71 ,z4 ,asia4 ,root4 ,b4 ,a result ( cultivation4 ,g>lic--,allium sativum1 ,z4 ,b4 ,des]t ( ! ,kirghis1 9 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,onion--,allium ,cepa 7#b74 ,a4 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 ,belu*i/an1 ,pale/9e 7874 ,wel% ,onion--,allium fi/ulosum1 ,z4 ,c4 ,sib]ia 7f ! l& ( ! ,kirghis to ,baikal74 ,%allot--,allium ascalonicum1 ,z4 ,c4 ,modification ( ,a4 cepa 7871 unkn[n wild4 ,rocambole--,allium ,scorodopra sum ,z4 ,c4 ,temp]ate ,europe4 ,*ives--,allium ,s*noprasum1 ,z4 ,c4 787 ,temp]ate & nor!rn ,europe1 ,sib]ia1 ,khams*atka1 ,nor? ,am]ica 7,lake ,huron74 ,t>o--,colocasia antiquorum1 ,b4 ,india1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,z4 ,polynesia4 ,ap--,alocasia macrorrhiza1 ,z4 787 ,ceylon1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,polynesia ,konjak--,amorphophallus ,konjak1 ,z4 787 ,japan 7874 ,dioscorea sativa1 ,z4 ,b4 787,s\!rn ,asia especially ,malab> 7871 ,ceylon 7871 ,java 7874 ,ya--,dioscorea ,batatas1 ,z4 ,b4 787 ,*9a 7874 ,dioscorea japonica1 ,z4 787 ,japan 7874 ,dioscorea alata1 ,z4 787 ,ea/ ( ! ,asiatic ,ar*ipelago4 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,/ems ,,or ,,leaves4 #a4 ,vegetables4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,cabbage--,brassica ol]acea 7#a71 ,a4 ,europe4 7#b71 #e4 ,*9ese ,cabbage--,brassica *95sis 787 ,*9a 7871 ,japan 7874 7#b74 ,wat]-,cress--,na/urtium (fic9ale1 787 ,europe1 nor!rn ,asia4 ,z4 ,g>d5-,cress--,lepidium sativum 7#a74 ,b4 ,p]sia 7874 ,sea ,kale--,crambe m>itima1 ,z4 ,c4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,europe4 ,purslane--,portulaca ol]acea 7#a74 ,a4 ,f ! we/]n ,himalayas to s\!rn ,russia & ,greece4 ,new ,zeal& ,sp9a*--,tetragonia ,c4 ,new ,zeal& & ,new ,holl&4 expansa 7#a74 ,g>d5 ,cel]y--,apium graveol5s ,b4 ,temp]ate & s\!rn 7#b74 ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 we/]n ,asia4 ,*]vil--,an?riscus c]efolium 7#a74 ,c4 ,s\?-ea/ ( ,russia1 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,p>sley--,petrosel9um sativum 7#b74 ,c4 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,alg]ia1 ,lebanon4 ,alex&]s--,smyrnium ,olus-atrum ,c4 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,alg]ia 7#b74 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,corn ,salad--,val]ianella olitoria ,c4 ,s>d9ia1 ,sicily4 7#a74 ,arti*oke--,cyn>a ,c>doon4 ,c4 ,s\!rn ,europe1 nor!rn ,c>dunculus7#b71 ,z4 ,arti*oke4 ,africa1 ,can>ies1 ,madeira4 ,c4 ,d]iv$ f ! c>doon4 ,lettuce--,latuca ,sc>iola 7#a71 7#b74 ,b4 ,s\!rn ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 we/]n ,asia4 ,wild ,*icory--,ci*orium ,intybus1 ,z4 ,c4 ,europe1 nor!rn ,africa1 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,endive--,ci*orium ,endivia 7#a74 ,c4 ,m$it]ranean bas91 ,caucasus1 ,turke/an4 ,sp9a*--,sp9acia ol]acea 7#a74 ,c4 ,p]sia 7874 ,ora*--,atriplex hort5sis 7#a74 ,c4 ,nor!rn ,europe & ,sib]ia ,am>an?--,am>antus gangeticus 7#a74 787 ,tropical ,africa1 ,india 7874 ,sorrel--,rumex acetosa1 ,z4 7#a74 787 ,europe1 nor!rn ,asia1 m\nta9s ( ,india4 ,pati5ce ,dock--,rumex pati5tia1 ,z4 787 ,turkey 9 ,europe1 ,p]sia4 ,asp>agus--,asp>agus (fic9alis1 ,b4 ,europe1 we/]n temp]ate ,z4 ,asia4 ,leek--,allium ampeloprasum1 ,z4 ,b4 ,m$it]ranean bas94 #b4 ,fodd]4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,luc]n--,m$icago sativa1 ,z4 ,b4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,sa9fo9--,onobry*is sativa1 ,z4 ,c4 ,temp]ate ,europe1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,fr5* ,honeysuckle--,h$ys>um ,c4 ,c5tre & we/ ( ! coron>ium1 ,z4 ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,purple ,clov]--,trifolium prat5se1 ,c4 ,europe1 ,alg]ia1 we/]n ,z4 temp]ate ,asia4 ,alsike ,clov]--,trifolium hybridum ,c4 ,temp]ate ,europe4 7#a74 ,italian ,clov]--,trifolium inc>natum ,c4 ,s\!rn ,europe4 7#a74 ,egyptian ,clov]--,trifolium alex&ri- ,c4 ,syria1 ,anatolia4 num 7#a74 ,ervilla--,ervum ,ervilia 7#a74 ,b4 ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,vet*--,vicia sativa 7#a74 ,b4 ,europe1 ,alg]ia1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,flat-podd$ ,pea--,la?yrus ,cic]a 7#a74 ,b4 ,f ,spa9 & ,alg]ia to ,greece4 ,*ickl+ ,vet*--,la?yrus sativus ,b4 ,s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 7#a74 ,o*rus--,la?yrus o*rus 7#a74 ,b4 ,italy1 ,spa94 ,f5ugreek--,trigonella fnum- ,b4 ,nor?-ea/ ( ,india & grcum 7#a74 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,bird's-,foot--,orni?opus sativus 7#a74 ,b4 787,portugal1 s\? ( ,spa91 ,alg]ia4 ,nonsu*--,m$icago lupul9a 7#a71 7#b74 ,c4 ,europe1 nor? ( ,africa 7871 temp]ate ,asia4 ,corn ,spurry--,sp]gula arv5sis 7#a74 ,b4 787,europe4 ,gu9ea ,grass--,panicum maximum1 ,z4 ,c4 787,tropical ,africa4 #c4 ,v>i\s ,uses4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,tea--,!a s95sis1 _/#e4 ,a4 ,assam1 ,*9a1 ,mants*uria4 ,flax anci5tly cultivat$--,l9um ,a4 ,m$it]ranean bas94 angu/ifolium1 ,z 7#b71 7#a74 ,flax n[ cultivat$--,l9um usitatis- ,a4 787,we/]n ,asia 7871 d]iv$ simum 7#a74 f ! prec$+ 7874 ,jute--,cor*orus capsul>is 7#a74 ,c4 787,java1 ,ceylon4 ,jute--,cor*orus olitorius 7#a74 ,c4 787,nor?-we/ ( ,india1 ,ceylon4 ,suma*--,rhus cori>ia1 #e4 ,c4 ,m$it]ranean bas91 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,kht--,cela/rus edulis1 _/#e 787 ,abyss9ia1 ,arabia 7874 ,indigo--,indig(]a t9ctoria1 _/#e ,b4 ,india 7874 ,silv] ,indigo--,indig(]a arg5tea1 787 ,abyss9ia1 ,nubia1 ,kord(an1 _/#e4 ,s5a>1 ,india 7874 ,h5na--,lawsonia alba1 _/#e ,a4 ,we/]n tropical ,asia1 ,nubia 7874 ,blue ,gum--,eucalyptus globulus1 ,f#e4 ,c4 ,new ,holl&4 ,c9namon--,c9namonum zeylanicum1 #e4 ,c4 ,ceylon1 ,india1 ,*9a ,grass--,bhm]ia nivea1 ,z1 787 ,*9a1 ,japan4 _/#e4 ,hemp--,cannabis sativa 7#a74 ,a4 ,dahuria1 ,sib]ia4 ,:ite ,mulb]ry--,morus alba1 #e4 ,a4 787,india1 ,mongolia4 ,black ,mulb]ry--,morus nigra1 #e4 ,b4 787,arm5ia1 nor!rn ,p]sia4 ,sug>-,cane--,sac*>um (fic9>am1 ,b4 ,co*9-,*9a 7871 s\?-we/ ,z4 ( ,*9a4 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,fl[]s ,,or ,,_! ,,envelopes4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,clove--,c>ophyllus aromaticus1 #e4 787 ,moluccas4 ,hop--,humulus lupulus1 ,z4 ,c4 ,europe1 we/]n temp]ate ,asia1 ,sib]ia4 ,c>?am9e--,c>?amus t9ctorius 7#a74 ,a4 ,arabia 7874 ,saffron--,crocus sativus1 ,z4 ,a4 ,s\!rn ,italy1 ,greece1 ,asia ,m9or4 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,fruits4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,%addock--,citrus decumana1 ,f#e4 ,b4 ,pacific ,isl&s1 to ! ea/ ( ,java4 ,citron1 ,lemon--,citrus m$ica1 #e4 ,b4 ,india4 ,bitt] ,orange--,citrus ,aurantium ,big- ,b4 ,ea/ ( ,india4 aradia1 #e4 ,sweet ,orange--,citrus ,aurantium s95- ,c4 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a4 se1 #e4 ,m&>9--,citrus nobilis1 #e4 787 ,*9a & ,co*9-,*9a4 ,mango/e5--,g>c9ia mango/ana1 #e4 787 ,sunda ,isl&s1 ,malay ,p59sula4 ,o*ro--,hibiscus escul5tus 7#a74 ,c4 ,tropical ,africa4 ,v9e--,vitis v9if]a1 _/#e ,a4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,asia1 ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,common ,jujube--,zizyphus vulg>is1 #e ,b4 ,*9a4 ,lotus ,jujube--,zizyphus lotus1 #e 787 ,egypt to ,m>occo4 ,indian ,jujube--,zizyphus ,jujuba1 #e4 ,a4 787,burmah1 ,india4 ,mango--,mangif]a indica1 #e4 ,a4 787,india4 ,tahiti ,apple--,spondias dulcis1 #e4 787 ,society1 ,fri5dly1 & ,fiji ,isles4 ,raspb]ry--,rubus idu1 _/#e4 ,c4 ,temp]ate ,europe & ,asia4 ,/rawb]ry--,frag>ia vesca1 ,z4 ,c4 ,temp]ate ,europe & we/]n ,asia1 ea/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,bird-,*]ry--,prunus avium1 ,f#e4 ,b4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,asia1 temp]ate ,europe4 ,common ,*]ry--,prunus c]asus1 #e4 ,b4 ,f ! ,caspian to we/]n ,anatolia4 ,plum--,prunus dome/ica1 #e4 ,b4 ,anatolia1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 nor? ( ,p]sia4 ,plum--,prunus insititia1 _/#e 787 ,s\!rn ,europe1 ,arm5ia1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 ,talys*4 ,apricot--,prunus ,arm5iaca1 #e ,a4 ,*9a4 ,almond--,amygdalus communis1 #e4 ,a4 ,m$it]ranean bas91 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,pea*--,amygdalus ,p]sica1 #e4 ,a4 ,*9a4 ,common ,pe>--,pyrus communis1 ,f#e4 ,a4 ,temp]ate ,europe & ,asia4 ,*9ese ,pe>--,pyrus s95sis1 #e4 787 ,mongolia1 ,mants*uria4 ,apple--,pyrus ,malus1 #e4 ,a4 ,europe1 ,anatolia1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,qu9ce--,cydonia vulg>is1 #e4 ,a4 ,nor? ( ,p]sia1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus1 ,anatolia4 ,loquat--,eriobotrya japonica1 #e4 787 ,japan4 ,pomegranate--,punica granatum1 ,f#e4 ,a4 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 ,belu*i/an4 ,rose ,apple--,jambosa vulg>is1 #e4 ,b4 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,co*9-,*9a1 ,burmah1 nor?-ea/ ( ,india4 ,malay ,apple--,jambosa malacc5sis1 ,b4 ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,malacca4 #e4 ,bottle ,g\rd--,cucurbita lag5>ia ,c4 ,india1 ,moluccas1 ,abyss9ia4 7#a74 ,spani% ,g\rd--,c4 maxima 7#a74 ,c4 787,gu9ea4 ,melon--,cucumis ,melo 7#a74 ,c4 ,india1 ,belu*i/an1 ,gu9ea4 ,wat]-,melon--,citrullus vulg>is 7#a74 ,a4 ,tropical ,africa4 ,cucumb]--,cucumis sativus 7#a74 ,a4 ,india4 ,we/ ,indian ,gh]k9--,cucumis ,anguria ,c4 787,tropical ,africa 7874 7#a74 ,:ite ,g\rd-,melon--,b59casa hispida 787 ,japan1 ,java4 7#a74 ,t[el ,g\rd--,luffa cyl9drica 7#a74 ,c4 ,india4 ,angul> ,luffa--,luffa acutangula 7#a74 ,c4 ,india1 ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,snake ,g\rd--,tri*osan!s angu9a ,c4 ,india 7874 7#a74 ,gooseb]ry--,ribes grossul>ia1 '#e4 ,c4 ,temp]ate ,europe1 nor? ( ,africa1 ,caucasus1 we/]n ,himalayas4 ,r$ ,currant--,ribes rubrum1 '#e ,c4 ,nor!rn & temp]ate ,europe1 ,sib]ia1 ,caucasus1 ,himalayas1 nor?-ea/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,black ,currant--,ribes nigrum1 '#e4 ,c4 ,nor!rn & c5tral ,europe1 ,arm5ia1 ,sib]ia1 ,mants*uria1 we/]n ,himalayas4 ,kaki--,diospyros ,kaki1 #e4 787 ,japan1 nor!rn ,*9a4 ,date ,plum--,diospyros lotos1 #e4 787 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,afghani/an1 ,p]sia1 ,arm5ia1 ,anatolia4 ,olive--,olea europea1 #e4 ,a4 ,syria1 s\!rn ,anatolia & neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,aub]g9e--,solanum melong5a 7#a74 ,a4 ,india4 ,fig--,ficus ,c>ica1 #e4 ,a4 ,c5tre & s\? ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas91 f ,syria to ! ,can>ies4 ,bread-,fruit--,artoc>pus incisa1 ,f#e4 787 ,sunda ,isles4 ,jack-,fruit--,artoc>pus integrifolia1 ,b4 787,india4 ,f#e4 ,date-,palm--,phnix dactylif]a1 ,a4 ,we/]n ,asia & ,africa1 ,f#e4 f ! ,euphrates to ! ,can>ies4 ,banana--,musa sapi5tum1 #e4 ,a4 ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,oil ,palm--,elis gu9e5sis1 ,f#e4 787 ,gu9ea4 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,se$s4 #a4 ,nutritive4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,lit*i--,nephelium ,lit*i1 #e4 787 ,s\!rn ,*9a1 ,co*9-,*9a4 ,longan--,nephelium longana1 #e4 787 ,india1 ,pegu4 ,rambutan--,nephelium lappaceum1 #e 787 ,india1 ,pegu4 ,pi/a*io--,pi/acia v]a1 _/#e ,c4 ,syria4 ,bean--,faba vulg>is 7#a74 ,a4 ,s\? ( ! ,caspian 7874 ,l5til--,ervum l5s 7#a74 ,a4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,asia1 ,greece1 ,italy4 ,*ick-,pea--,cic] ariet9um 7#a74 ,a4 ,s\? ( ! ,caucasus & ( ! ,caspian4 ,lup9--,lup9us albus 7#a74 ,b4 ,sicily1 ,mac$onia1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus4 ,egyptian ,lup9--,lup9us t]mis 7#a74 ,a4 ,f ,corsica to ,syria4 ,field-,pea--,pisum arv5se 7#a74 ,c4 787,italy4 ,g>d5-,pea--,pisum sativum 7#a74 ,b4 ,f ! s\? ( ! ,caucasus to ,p]sia 787 nor!rn ,india 7874 ,soy--,doli*os soja 7#a74 ,a4 ,co*9-,*9a1 ,japan1 ,java4 ,pigeon-,pea--,cajanus indicus1 _/#e4 ,c4 ,equatorial ,africa4 ,c>ob--,c]atonia siliqua1 ,f#e4 ,a4 787,s\!rn coa/ ( ,anatolia1 ,syria1 ,cyr5aica 7874 ,mo?--,phaseolus aconitifolius 7#a74 ,c4 ,india4 ,?ree-lob$ ,kidney ,bean--,phaseolus ,b4 ,india1 tropical ,africa4 trilobus1 ,z 7#a74 ,gre5 ,gram--,phaseolus ,mungo 7#a74 ,b4 787,india4 ,wall--,phaseolus ,lablab1 ,z 7#a74 ,b4 ,india4 ,lubia--,phaseolus ,lubia 7#a74 ,c4 ,we/]n ,asia 7874 ,bamb>ra ,gr\nd ,nut--,vo&zeia 787 ,int]tropical ,africa1 subt]ranea 7#a74 ,buck:eat--,fagopyrum escul5tum 7#a74 ,c4 ,mants*uria1 c5tral ,sib]ia4 ,t>t>y ,buck:eat--,fagopyrum ,c4 ,t>t>y1 ,sib]ia to ,dahuria4 t>t>icum 7#a74 ,not*-se$$ ,buck:eat--,fagopyrum 787 ,we/]n ,*9a1 ea/]n em>g9atum 7#a74 ,himalayas4 ,ki]y--,am>antus frum5taceus 7#a74 787 ,india4 ,*e/nut--,ca/anea vulg>is1 ,f#e 787 ,f ,portugal to ! ,caspian ,sea1 ea/]n ,alg]ia4 ,v>ieties3 ,japan1 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:eat--,triticum vulg>e & ,a4 ,region ( ! ,euphrates4 v>ieties 7871 7#a74 ,spelt--,triticum spelta 7#a74 ,a4 ,d]iv$ f ! prec$+ 7874 ,"o-gra9$ ,:eat--,triticum 787 ,s]via1 ,greece1 ,anatolia monococcum 7#a74 7if ! id5tity ) ! ,triticum boticum be admitt$74 ,two-r[$ ,b>ley--,hordeum di/i*on ,a4 ,we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 7#a74 ,common ,b>ley--,hordeum vulg>e 7#a74 787 ,d]iv$ f ! prec$+ 7874 ,six-r[$ ,b>ley--,hordeum ,a4 ,d]iv$ f ! prec$+ hexa/i*on 7#a74 7874 ,rye--,secale c]eale 7#a74 ,b4 ,ea/]n temp]ate ,europe 7874 ,common ,oats--,av5a sativa 7#a74 ,b4 ,ea/]n temp]ate ,europe 7874 ,ea/]n ,oats--,av5a ori5talis 7#a74 ,c4 787,we/]n ,asia 7874 ,common ,millet--,panicum miliaceum 7#a74 ,a4 ,egypt1 ,arabia4 ,italian ,millet--,panicum italicum 7#a74 ,a4 ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,indian ,ar*ipelago 7874 ,sorghum--,holcus sorghum 7#a74 ,a4 ,tropical ,africa 7874 ,sweet ,sorghum--,holcus 787 ,tropical ,africa 7874 sac*>atus 7#a74 ,coracan--,eleus9e coracana 7#a74 ,b4 ,india4 ,rice--,oryza sativa 7#a74 ,a4 ,india1 s\!rn ,*9a 7874 #b4 ,v>i\s ,uses4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,poppy--,papav] somnif]um 7#a74 ,b4 ,d]iv$ f ,p4 setif]um ( ! ,m$it]ranean bas94 ,:ite ,mu/>d--,s9apis alba 7#a74 ,b4 ,temp]ate & s\!rn ,black ,mu/>d--,s9apis nigra 7#a74 ,b4 ,europe1 nor? ( ,africa1 we/]n temp]ate ,asia4 ,gold ( ,pleasure--,camel9a sativa ,b4 787,temp]ate ,europe1 ,caucasus1 7#a74 ,sib]ia4 ,h]bace\s ,cotton--,gossypium ,b4 ,india4 h]baceum1 '#e 7#a74 ,tree ,cotton--,gossypium arboreum1 ,b4 787,upp] ,egypt4 _/#e4 ,arabian ,c(fee--,c(fea arabica1 #e4 ,c4 ,tropical ,africa1 ,mozambique1 ,abyss9ia1 ,gu9ea4 ,lib]ian ,c(fee--,c(fea lib]ica1 ,c4 ,gu9ea ,angola4 ,f#e4 ,sesame--,sesamum indicum 7#a74 ,a4 ,sunda ,isles4 ,nutmeg--,myri/ica fragrans1 #e4 ,b4 ,moluccas4 ,ca/or-,oil ,plant--,ric9us communis1 ,a4 ,abyss9ia1 ,s5na>1 ,kord(an4 _/#e4 ,walnut--,juglans regia1 ,f#e4 787 ,ea/]n temp]ate ,europe1 temp]ate ,asia4 ,black ,pepp]--,pip] nigrum1 _/#e4 ,b4 ,india4 ,long ,pepp]--,pip] longum1 '#e4 ,b4 ,india4 ,m$ic9al ,pepp]--,pip] (fic9alis1 ,b4 ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 '#e4 ,betel ,pepp]--,pip] ,betle1 _/#e4 ,b4 ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,areca ,nut--,areca ,cate*u1 #e4 ,b4 ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,cocoa ,nut--,cocos nucif]a1 ,f#e4 787 ,malay ,ar*ipelago 7871 ,polynesia 7874 ,,species ,,( ,,am]ican ,,orig94 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,und]gr\nd ,,p>ts4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,arraca*a--,arraca*a escul5ta1 ,e4 ,new ,granada 7874 ,z 7#a74 ,j]usalem ,arti*oke--,helian?us ,e4 787,nor? ,am]ica 7,indiana74 tub]osus1 ,z4 ,potato--,solanum tub]osum1 ,z4 ,e4 ,*ili1 ,p]u 7874 ,sweet ,potato--,convolvulus batatas1 ,d4 ,tropical ,am]ica 7:]e 874 ,z4 ,manioc--,manihot utilissima1 _/#e4 ,e4 ,ea/ ( tropical ,brazil4 ,arr[root--,m>anta arund9acea1 ,z4 787 ,tropical 7cont95tal87 ,am]ica4 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,/ems ,,or ,,leaves4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,mat--,ilex p>agu>i5sis1 #e4 ,d4 ,p>aguay & we/]n ,brazil4 ,coca--,ery?roxylon ,coca1 #e4 ,d4 ,ea/ ( ,p]u & ,bolivia4 ,qu99e--,c9*ona ,calisaya1 #e4 ,f4 ,bolivia1 s\!rn ,p]u4 ,cr[n ,b>k--,c9*ona (fic9alis1 ,f4 ,ecuador 7prov9ce ( ,loxa74 #e4 ,r$ ,c9*ona ,b>k--,c9*ona ,f4 ,ecuador 7prov9ce ( succirubra1 #e4 ,cu5ca74 ,nicotiana ,tabacum 7#a74 ,d4 ,ecuador & neighb\r+ ,tobacco-- c\ntries4 ,nicotiana ru/ica 7#a74 ,e4 ,mexico7871 ,texas7871 ,cali=nia7874 ,am]ican ,aloe--,agave am]icana1 #e4 ,e4 ,mexico4 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,fruits4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,sweet ,sop--,anona squamosa1 #e4 787 ,we/ ,india ,isles4 ,s\r ,sop--,anona muricata1 #e4 787 ,we/ ,india ,isles4 ,cu/>d ,apple--,anona reticulata1 #e4 787 ,we/ ,india ,isles1 ,new ,granada4 ,*irimoya--,anona ,*]imolia1 #e4 ,e4 ,ecuador1 ,p]u 7874 ,mammee ,apple--,mammea am]icana1 ,f#e4 787 ,we/ ,india ,isles4 ,ca%ew ,nut--,anac>dium occid5tale1 787 ,tropical ,am]ica4 ,f#e4 ,virg9ian ,/rawb]ry--,frag>ia ,f4 ,temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica4 virg9iana1 ,z4 ,*ili ,/rawb]ry--,frag>ia ,f4 ,*ili4 *ilo5sis1 ,z4 ,guava--,psidium guayava1 #e4 ,e4 ,cont95tal tropical ,am]ica4 ,pumpk9 & ,squa%--,cucurbita ,e4 ,temp]ate ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,pepo & ,melopepo 7#a74 ,prickly ,pe>--,opuntia ficus indica1 ,e4 ,mexico4 #e4 ,*o*o--,se*ium edule 7#a74 ,e4 ,mexico 7871 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,/>-,apple--,*rysophyllum ,canito1 ,e4 ,we/ ,india ,isles1 ,panama4 #e4 ,camito--,lucuma ,camito1 #e4 ,e4 ,p]u4 ,m>malade ,plum--,lucuma mammosa1 #e4 ,e4 ,valley ( ! ,or9oco4 ,sapodilla--,sapota a*ras1 #e4 ,e4 ,campea*y1 ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 ,v5ezuela4 ,p]simmon--,diospyros virg9iana1 #e4 ,f4 ,ea/]n ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,annual ,capsicum--,capsicum annuum ,e4 ,brazil 7874 7#a74 ,%rubby ,capsicum--,capsicum ,e4 ,f ! ea/ ( ,p]u to frutesc5s1 _/#e4 ,bahia4 ,tomato--,lycop]sicum escul5tum ,e4 ,p]u4 7#a74 ,avocado ,pe>--,p]sea gratissima1 ,e4 ,mexico4 ,f#e4 ,papaw--,papaya vulg>is1 #e4 ,e4 ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,p9e-,apple--,ananassa sativa1 ,z4 ,e4 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,panama1 ,new ,granada1 ,guiana 7871 ,bahia 7874 ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,se$s4 #a4 ,nutriti\s4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,cacao--,!obroma ,cacao1 #e4 ,d4 ,amazon & ,or9oco ,valley1 ,panama 7871 ,yucatan 7874 ,sug> ,bean--,phaseolus lunatus1 ,z4 ,e4 ,brazil4 ,qu9oa--,*5opodium qu9oa 7#a74 ,e4 ,new ,granada1 ,p]u 7871 ,*ili 7874 ,maize--,zea mays 7#a74 ,d4 ,new ,granada 7874 #b4 ,v>i\s ,uses4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,arnotto--,bixa orellana4 ,d4 ,tropical ,am]ica4 ,b>bados ,cotton--,gossypium 787 ,new ,granada 7871 ,mexico 7871 b>bad5se1 ,f#e4 ,we/ ,indies4 ,e>? ,nuts--,ara*is hypoga 7#a74 ,e4 ,brazil 7874 ,madia--,madia sativa 7#a74 ,e4 ,*ili1 ,cali=nia4 ,,cryptogam ,,cultivat$ ,,= ,,! ,,:ole ,,plant4 ,"n & duration4 ,date4 ,orig94 ,mu%room--,ag>icus campe/ris1 ,z ,c4 ,nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,,species ,,( ,,unkn[n ,,or ,,entirely ,,unc]ta9 ,,orig94 ,common ,h>icot--,phaseolus vulg>is 7#a74 ,musk ,g\rd--,cucurbita mos*ata 7#a74 ,fig-leav$ ,g\rd--,cucurbita ficifolia1 ,z4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,obs]vations ,,& ,,conclusions4 ,article ,i4--,regions :]e ,cultivat$ ,plants orig9at$4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! orig9 ( mo/ ( our cultivat$ species 0 unkn[n4 ,l9nu made no ef=ts to discov] x1 & subsequ5t au?ors m]ely copi$ ! vague or errone\s expressions by :i* he indicat$ _! habitations4 ,alex&] von ,humboldt express$ ! true /ate ( ! sci5ce 9 #ahjg1 :5 he said1 8,! orig91 ! fir/ home ( ! plants mo/ useful to man1 & :i* h accompani$ him f ! remote/ epo*s1 is a secret z imp5etrable z ! dwell+ ( all our dome/ic animals4444 ,we d n "k :at region produc$ spontane\sly :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & rye4 ,! plants :i* con/itute ! natural ri*es ( all ! inhabitants ( ! tropics1 ! banana1 ! papaw1 ! manioc1 & maize1 h nev] be5 f\nd 9 a wild /ate4 ,! potato pres5ts ! same ph5om5on40#bagh ,at ! pres5t day1 if a few cultivat$ species h n yet be5 se5 9 a wild /ate1 ?is is n ! case ) ! imm5se majority4 ,we "k at lea/1 mo/ frequ5tly1 f :at c\ntry !y fir/ came4 ,?is 0 already ! result ( my "w ( #ahee1 :i* mod]n m ext5sive rese>* has confirm$ 9 almo/ all po9ts4 ,?is rese>* has be5 appli$ to #bdg species1#bagi cultivat$ on a l>ge scale by agriculturi/s1 or 9 kit*5 g>d5s & or*>ds4 ,i might h add$ a few r>ely cultivat$ or b little kn[n1 or ( :i* ! cultivation has be5 ab&on$2 b ! /ati/ical results w\ld be ess5tially ! same4 ,out ( ! #bdg species :i* ,i h /udi$1 ! old _w has furni%$ #aii1 ,am]ica #de1 & ?ree are /ill unc]ta94 ,no species 0 common to ! tropical & au/ral regions ( ! two hemisph]es be=e cultivation4 ,allium s*noprasum1 ! hop 7,humulus lupulus71 ! /rawb]ry 7,frag>ia visca71 ! currant 7,ribes rubrum71 ! *e/nut 7,ca/anea vulg>is71 & ! mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris71 7 common to ! nor!rn regions ( ! old & new worlds4 ,i h reckon$ !m among ! species ( ! old _w1 s9ce _! pr9cipal habitation is !re1 & !re !y 7 fir/ cultivat$4 ,a great numb] ( species orig9at$ at once 9 ,europe & ,we/]n ,asia1 9 ,europe & ,sib]ia1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean bas9 & ,we/]n ,asia1 9 ,india & ! ,asiatic ar*ipelago1 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & ,mexico1 9 ^! two regions & ,columbia1 9 ,p]u & ,brazil1 or 9 ,p]u & ,columbia1 etc41 etc4 ,!y may be c\nt$ 9 ! table4 ,?is is a pro( ( ! impossibility ( subdivid+ ! cont95ts & ( class+ ! isl&s 9 well-def9$ natural regions4 ,:atev] be ! me?od ( division1 !re w always be species common to two1 ?ree1 f\r1 or m regions1 & o!rs conf9$ to a small portion ( a s+le c\ntry4 ,! same facts may be obs]v$ 9 ! case ( uncultivat$ species4 ,a notewor?y fact is ! abs5ce 9 "s c\ntries ( indig5\s cultivat$ plants4 ,= in/ance1 we h none f ! ,arctic or ,ant>ctic regions1 :]e1 x is true1 ! floras consi/ ( b few species4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 spite ( _! va/ t]ritory1 :i* w soon support hundr$s ( millions ( inhabitants1 only yields1 z nutriti\s plants wor? cultivat+1 ! ,j]usalem arti*oke & ! g\rds4 ,zizana aquatica1 :i* ! natives ga!r$ wild1 is a grass too inf]ior to our c]eals & to rice to make x wor? ! tr\ble ( plant+ x4 ,!y _h a few bulbs & edible b]ries1 b !y h n tri$ to cultivate !m1 hav+ e>ly receiv$ ! maize1 :i* 0 wor? f> m4 ,patagonia & ! ,cape h n furni%$ a s+le species4 ,au/ralia & ,new ,zeal& h furni%$ "o tree1 ,eucalyptus globulus1 & a vegetable1 n v nutriti\s1 ! ,tetragonia4 ,_! floras 7 entirely want+ 9 gram9 simil> to ! c]eals1 9 legum9\s plants ) edible se$s1 9 ,crucif] ) fle%y roots4#bahj ,9 ! moi/ tropical region ( ,au/ralia1 rice & ,alocasia macrorhiza h be5 f\nd wild1 or p]haps naturaliz$1 b ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry suff]s too mu* f dr\ght to all[ ^! species to become widely diffus$4 ,9 g5]al1 ! au/ral regions _h v few annuals1 & among _! re/rict$ numb] none (f]$ evid5t advantages4 ,n[ annual species are ! easie/ to cultivate4 ,!y h play$ a great "p 9 ! anci5t agriculture ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 %ort1 ! orig9al di/ribution ( cultivat$ species 0 v unequal4 ,x _h no proportion ) ! ne$s ( man or ! ext5t ( t]ritory4 ,article ,,ii4--,numb] & ,nature ( ,cultivat$ ,species at ,diff]5t ,epo*s4 ,! species m>k$ ,a 9 ! table on pp4 #dcg-ddf mu/ be reg>d$ z ( v anci5t cultivation4 ,!y are =ty-f\r 9 numb]4 ,"s ( ! species m>k$ ,b are probably z anci5t1 ?\gh x is impossible to prove x4 ,! five ,am]ican species m>k$ ,d are probably cultivat$ z e>ly z ^? 9 ! category ,c1 or ! mo/ anci5t 9 ! category ,b4 ,z might be suppos$1 ! species ,a are especially plants provid$ ) roots1 se$s1 & fruits prop] = ! food ( man4 ,aft]w>ds come a few species hav+ fruits agreeable to ! ta/e1 or textile1 t9ctorial1 oil-produc+ plants1 or yield+ /imulat+ dr9ks by infusion or f]m5tation4 ,!re are among ^! only two gre5 vegetables1 & no fodd]4 ,! ord]s :i* pr$om9ate are ! ,crucif]1 ,legum9os1 & ,gram9ace4 ,! numb] ( annuals is tw5ty-two out ( ! =ty-f\r1 or fifty p] c5t4 ,out ( five ,am]ican species m>k$ ,d1 two are annuals4 ,9 ! category ,a1 !re are two bi5nials1 & ,d has none4 ,among all ! ,phan]ogams ! annuals are n m ?an fifty p] c5t41 & ! bi5nials "o or at mo/ two p] c5t4 ,x is cle> t at ! beg9n+ ( civilization plants :i* yield an imm$iate return are mo/ priz$4 ,!y (f]1 moreov]1 ?is advantage1 t _! cultivation is easily diffus$ or increas$1 ei!r because ( ! abundance ( se$1 or ! same species may be gr[n 9 summ] 9 ! nor?1 & 9 w9t] or all ! ye> r\nd 9 ! tropics4 ,h]bace\s p]5nial plants are r>e 9 categories ,a & ,d4 ,!y are only f two to f\r p] c5t41 unless we include ,brassica ol]acea1 & ! v>iety ( flax :i* is usually p]5nial 7,l4 angu/ifolium71 cultivat$ by ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s4 ,9 nature h]bace\s p]5nials con/itute ab\t =ty p] c5t4 ( ! ,phan]ogams4#baha ,a & ,d include tw5ty ligne\s species out ( =ty-n9e1 t is ab\t =ty-"o p] c5t4 ,!y are 9 ! proportion ( =ty-?ree p] c5t4 ( ! ,phan]ogams4 ,?us ! e>lie/ husb&m5 employ$ *iefly annuals or bi5nials1 r few] woody species1 & f> few] h]bace\s p]5nials4 ,^! diff]5ces are due to ! relative facility ( cultivation1 & ! proportion ( ! evid5tly useful species 9 ea* division4 ,! species ( ! old _w m>k$ ,b h be5 9 cultivation = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 b p]haps "s ( !m belong to category ,a4 ,! ,am]ican species m>k$ ,e 7 cultivat$ be=e ! discov]ies ( ,columbus1 p]haps = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,_m o!r species m>k$ 787 9 ! table date probably f an anci5t epo*1 b z !y *iefly exi/ 9 c\ntries )\t a lit]ature & )\t ar*ological records we d n "k _! hi/ory4 ,x is useless to insi/ ^u su* d\btful categories2 on ! o!r h&1 ! plants :i* we "k to h be5 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ! old _w less ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & 9 ,am]ica s9ce its discov]y1 may be comp>$ ) plants ( anci5t cultivation4 ,^! species ( mod]n cultivation numb] sixty-"o 9 ! old _w1 m>k$ ,c1 & six 9 ,am]ica1 m>k$ ,f2 sixty-sev5 9 all4 ,class$ accord+ to _! duration1 !y numb] ?irty-sev5 p] c5t4 annuals1 sev5 to eight p] c5t4 bi5nials1 ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 h]bace\s p]5nials1 & tw5ty-two to tw5ty-?ree p] c5t4 woody species4 ,! proportion ( annuals or bi5nials is also "h l>g] ?an 9 ! :ole numb] ( plants1 b x is n s l>ge z among species ( v anci5t cultivation4 ,! proportions ( p]5nials & woody species are less ?an 9 ! :ole vegetable k+dom1 b !y are high] ?an among ! species ,a1 ( v anci5t cultivation4 ,! plants cultivat$ = less ?an two ?\s& ye>s are *iefly artificial fodd]s1 :i* ! anci5ts sc>cely knew2 !n bulbs1 vegetables1 m$ic9al plants 7,c9*onas72 plants ) edible fruits1 or nutriti\s se$s 7buck:eats7 or aromatic se$s 7c(fee74 ,m5 h n discov]$ & cultivat$ )9 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s a s+le species :i* c rival maize1 rice1 ! sweet potato1 ! potato1 ! bread-fruit1 ! date1 c]eals1 millets1 sorghums1 ! banana1 soy4 ,^! date f ?ree1 f\r1 or five ?\s& ye>s1 p]haps ev5 9 "s cases six ?\s& ye>s4 ,! species fir/ cultivat$ dur+ ! ,grco-,roman civilization & lat] ne>ly all answ] to m v>i$ or m ref9$ ne$s4 ,a great disp]sion ( ! anci5t species f "o c\ntry to ano!r took place1 & at ! same "t a selection ( ! be/ v>ieties develop$ 9 ea* species4 ,! introductions )9 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s took place 9 a v irregul> & int]mitt5t mann]4 ,i _c quote a s+le species cultivat$ = ! fir/ "t aft] t date by ! ,*9ese1 ! great cultivators ( anci5t times4 ,! peoples ( ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,asia innovat$ 9 a c]ta9 degree by cultivat+ ! buck:eats1 sev]al cucurbitace1 a few alliums1 etc4 ,9 ,europe1 ! ,romans & sev]al peoples 9 ! ,middle ,ages introduc$ ! cultivation ( a few vegetables & fruits1 & t ( sev]al fodd]s4 ,9 ,africa a few species 7 !n fir/ cultivat$ sep>ately4 ,aft] ! voyages ( ,vasco di ,gama & ( ,columbus a rapid diffusion took place ( ! species already cultivat$ 9 ei!r hemisph]e4 ,^! transports cont9u$ dur+ ?ree c5turies )\t any introduction ( new species into cultivation4 ,9 ! two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s :i* prec$$ ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & ! two hundr$ :i* foll[$1 ! numb] ( cultivat$ species rema9$ almo/ /ation>y4 ,! ,am]ican /rawb]ries1 ,diospyros virg9iana1 sea-kale1 & ,tetragonia expansa introduc$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 h b little importance4 ,we mu/ come to ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury to f9d new cultures ( any value f ! utilit>ian po9t ( view1 su* z ,eucalyptus globulus ( ,au/ralia & ! ,c9*onas ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! mode ( introduction ( ! latt] species %[s ! great *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! means ( transport4 ,previ\sly ! cultivation ( a plant began 9 ! c\ntry :]e x exi/$1 :]eas ! ,au/ralian ,eucalyptus 0 fir/ plant$ & s[n 9 ,alg]ia1 & ! ,c9*onas ( ,am]ica 9 ! s\? ( ,asia4 ,up to our own day botanical or private g>d5s _h only diffus$ species already cultivat$ some:]e2 n[ !y introduce absolutely new cultures4 ,! royal g>d5 at ,kew is di/+ui%$ 9 ?is respect1 & o!r botanical g>d5s & acclimatization societies 9 ,engl& & else:]e are mak+ simil> attempts4 ,x is probable t tropical c\ntries w greatly pr(it by ?is 9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury4 ,o!rs w also f9d _! advantage f ! gr[+ facility 9 ! transport ( commodities4 ,:5 a species has be5 once cultivat$1 x is r>ely1 p]haps nev] completely1 ab&on$4 ,x cont9ues to be "h & !re cultivat$ 9 backw>d c\ntries1 or ^? ^: climate is especially fav\rable4 ,i h pass$ ov] "s ( ^! species :i* are ne>ly ab&on$1 su* z dy]'s woad 7,isatis t9ctoria71 mall[ 7,malva sylve/ris71 a vegetable us$ by ! ,romans1 & c]ta9 m$ic9al plants =m]ly mu* us$1 su* z f5nel1 cumm91 etc41 b x is c]ta9 t !y are /ill gr[n 9 "s places4 ,! competition ( species causes ! cultivation ( "s to dim9i%1 ( o!rs to increase2 besides1 vegetable dyes & m$ic9al plants are rivall$ by ! discov]ies ( *emi/s4 ,woad1 madd]1 indigo1 m9t1 & sev]al simples mu/ give way be=e ! invasion ( *emical products4 ,x is possible t m5 may succe$ 9 mak+ oil1 sug>1 & fl\r1 z honey1 butt]1 & jellies are already made1 )\t employ+ organic sub/ances4 ,no?+1 = in/ance1 w\ld m completely *ange agricultural conditions ?an ! manufacture ( fl\r f its kn[n inorganic elem5ts4 ,9 ! actual /ate ( sci5ce1 !re are /ill products :i* w be m & m requir$ ( ! vegetable k+dom2 ^! are textile sub/ances1 tan1 indi>ubb]1 gutta-p]*a1 & c]ta9 spices4 ,z ! =e/s :]e ^! are f\nd are gradually de/roy$1 & ^! sub/ances are at ! same "t m 9 dem&1 !re w be ! great] inducem5t to cultivate c]ta9 species4 ,^! usually belong to tropical c\ntries4 ,x is 9 ^! regions also1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 t fruit trees w be m cultivat$--^? ( ! ord] ,anonace = in/ance1 ( :i* ! natives & botani/s already recognize ! value4 ,probably ! numb] ( plants suitable = fodd]1 & ( =e/ trees :i* c live 9 hot dry c\ntries1 w be increas$4 ,! additions w n be num]\s 9 temp]ate climates1 nor especially 9 cold regions4 ,f ^! data & reflections x is probable t at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury m5 w cultivate on a l>ge scale & = use ab\t ?ree hundr$ species4 ,?is is a small proportion ( ! "o hundr$ & tw5ty or "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s& 9 ! vegetable k+dom2 b 9 ! animal _w ! proportion ( creatures subject to ! w ( man is f> small]4 ,!re are n p]haps m ?an two hundr$ species ( dome/ic animals--t is1 re>$ = our use1--& ! animal k+dom reckons millions ( species4 ,9 ! great class ( molluscs ! oy/] alone is cultivat$1 & 9 t ( ! ,articulata1 :i* c\nts t5 times m species ?an ! vegetable k+dom1 we c only "n ! bee & two or ?ree silk-produc+ insects4 ,d\btless ! numb] ( species ( animals & vegetables :i* may be re>$ or cultivat$ = pleasure or curiosity is v l>ge3 witness m5ag]ies & zoological & botanical g>d5s1 b ,i am only speak+ "h ( useful plants & animals1 9 g5]al & cu/om>y employm5t4 ,article ,,iii4--,cultivat$ ,plants kn[n or n kn[n 9 a ,wild ,/ate4 ,sci5ce has succe$$ 9 discov]+ ! geographical orig9 ( ne>ly all cultivat$ species2 b !re is less progress 9 ! k ( species 9 a natural /ate--t is wild1 f> f cultivation & dwell+s4 ,!re are species :i* h n be5 discov]$ 9 ?is condition1 & o!rs ^: specific id5tity & truly wild condition are d\btful4 ,9 ! foll[+ enum]ation ,i h class$ ! species accord+ to ! degree ( c]ta9ty z to ! wild "*1 & ! nature ( ! d\bts :]e su* exi/4#bahb #a4 ,spontane\s species1 t is wild1 se5 by sev]al botani/s f> f dwell+s & cultivation1 ) e appe>ance ( indig5\s plants1 & "u a =m id5tical ) "o ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,^! are ! species :i* are n enum]at$ bel[2 !y are #afi 9 numb]4 ,among ^! #afi species1 #ca belong to ! categories ,a & ,d1 ( v anci5t cultivation1 #ef h be5 9 cultivation less ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 ,c1 & ! o!rs are ( mod]n or unkn[n date4 #b4 ,se5 & ga!r$ 9 ! same conditions1 b by a s+le botani/ 9 a s+le locality4 ,?ree species4 ,cucurbita maxima1 ,faba vulg>is1 ,nicotiana ,tabacum4 #c4 ,se5 & m5tion$ b n ga!r$ 9 ! same conditions by "o or two au?ors & botani/s1 m or less anci5t1 :o may h be5 mi/ak54 ,two species4 ,c>?amus t9ctorius1 ,triticum vulg>e4 #d4 ,ga!r$ wild by botani/s 9 sev]al localities "u a =m slightly diff]5t to ^? :i* are cultivat$1 b :i* mo/ au?ors h no hesitation 9 class+ ) ! species4 ,f\r species4 ,olea europa1 ,oryza sativa1 ,solanum tub]osum1 ,vitis v9if]a4 #e4 ,wild1 ga!r$ by botani/s 9 sev]al localities "u =ms consid]$ by "s botani/s z con/itut+ diff]5t species1 :ile o!rs treat !m z v>ieties4 ,fifte5 species4 ,allium ampeloprasum porrum1 ,ci*orium ,endivia1 v>41 ,crocus sativus1 v>41 99,cucumis melo1 ,cucurbita ,pepo1 ,helian?us tub]osus1 ,latuca sc>iola sativa1 ,l9um usitatissimum annuum1 ,lycop]sicum escul5tium1 ,papav] somnif]um1 ,pyrus nivalis v>41 99,ribes grossul>ia1 ,solanum ,melong5a1 99,sp9acia ol]acea v>41 ,triticum monococcum4 #f4 ,subspontane\s1 t is half-wild1 simil> to "o or o!r ( ! cultivat$ =ms1 b possibly plants escap$ f cultivation1 judg+ f ! locality4 ,tw5ty-f\r species4 ,agava am]icana1 ,am>antus gangeticus1 ,amygdalus p]sica1 ,areca cate*u1 99,av5a ori5talis1 ,av5a sativa1 99,cajanus indicus1 ,cic] ariet9um1 ,citrus decumana1 ,cucurbita mos*ata1 ,dioscorea japonica1 ,ervum ,ervilia1 ,ervum l5s1 ,fagopyrum em>g9atum1 ,gossypium b>bad5se1 ,holcus sac*>atus1 ,holcus sorghum1 ,indig(]a t9ctoria1 ,lepidum sativum1 ,m>anta arund9acea1 ,nicotiana ru/ica1 ,panicum miliaceum1 ,raphanus sativus1 ,sp]gula arv5sis4 #g4 ,subspontane\s l ! prec$+1 b diff]5t en\gh f ! cultivat$ v>ieties to lead ! majority ( au?ors to reg>d !m z di/9ct species4 ,?ree species4 99,allium ascalonicum 7v>iety ( ,a4 cepa871 ,allium scorodoprasum 7v>iety ( ,a4 sativum871 ,secale c]eale 7v>iety ( "o ( ! p]5nial species ( ,secale874 #h4 ,n discov]$ 9 a wild /ate nor ev5 half-wild1 d]iv$ p]haps f cultivat$ species at ! beg9n+ ( agriculture1 b too diff]5t n to be commonly reg>d$ z di/9ct species4 ,?ree species4 ,hordeum hexa/i*on 7d]iv$ f ,h4 di/i*on871 ,hordeum vulg>e 7d]iv$ f ,h4 di/i*on871 ,triticum spelta 7d]iv$ f ,t4 vulg>e87 #i4 ,n discov]$ 9 a wild /ate nor ev5 half-wild1 b orig9at+ 9 c\ntries :i* are n completely explor$1 & belong+ p]haps to little-kn[n wild species ( ^! c\ntries4 ,six species4 ,ara*is hypogea1 ,c>ophyllus aromaticus1 ,convolvulus batatas1 99,doli*os lubia1 ,manihot utilissima1 ,phaseolus vulg>is4 #aj4 ,n f\nd 9 a wild /ate1 nor ev5 half-wild1 b orig9at+ 9 c\ntries :i* are n suffici5tly explor$1 or 9 simil> c\ntries :i* _c be def9$1 m diff]5t ?an ! latt] f kn[n wild species4 ,eighte5 species4 ,amorphophallus konjak1 ,arraca*a escul5ta1 ,brassica *95sis1 ,capsicum annuum1 ,*5opodium qu9oa1#bahc ,citrus nobilis1 ,cucurbita ficifolia1 ,dioscorea alata1 ,dioscorea ,batatas1 ,dioscorea sativa1 ,eleus9e coracana1 ,lucuma mammosa1 ,nephelium ,lit*i1 99,pisum sativum1 ,sac*>um (fic9>um1 ,se*ium edule1 99,tricosan!s angu9a1 ,zea mays4 ,total #bdg species4 ,^! figures %[ t !re are #aic species kn[n to be wild1 #bg d\btful1 z half-wild1 & #bg n f\nd wild4 ,i believe t ^! la/ w be f\nd "s "t or o!r1 if n "u "o ( ! cultivat$ =ms1 at lea/ 9 an alli$ =m call$ species or v>iety accord+ to ! au?or4 ,to atta9 ?is result tropical c\ntries w h to be m ?or\ghly explor$1 collectors mu/ be m att5tive to localities1 & m floras mu/ be publi%$ ( c\ntries n[ little kn[n1 & good monographs ( c]ta9 g5]a bas$ ^u ! *>act]s :i* v>y lea/ 9 cultivation4 ,a few species hav+ _! orig9 9 c\ntries fairly well explor$1 & :i* x is impossible to conf\nd ) o!rs because ea* is unique 9 its g5us1 h n be5 f\nd wild1 or only once1 :i* leads u to suppose t !y are ext9ct 9 nature1 or rapidly becom+ s4 ,i allude to maize & ! bean 7see pp4 #chg & #caf74 ,i m5tion also 9 ,article ,,iv4 o!r plants :i* appe> to be becom+ ext9ct 9 ! la/ few ?\s& ye>s4 ,^! la/ belong to g5]a :i* conta9 _m species1 :i* r5d]s ! hypo!sis less probable2#bahd b1 on ! o!r h&1 !y are r>ely se5 at a di/ance f cultivat$ gr\nd1 & !y h>dly ev] become naturaliz$1 t is wild1 :i* %[s a c]ta9 feebl5ess or a t5d5cy to become ! prey ( animals & p>asites4 ,! #fg species cultivat$ = less ?an two ?\s& ye>s 7,c1 ,f7 are all f\nd wild1 except ! species m>k$ ) an a/]isk1 :i* h n be5 f\nd or :i* are subject to d\bts4 ,?is is a proportion ( eighty-?ree p] c5t4 ,:at is m rem>kable is t ! great majority ( species cultivat$ = m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s 7,a71 or 9 ,am]ica = ?ree ?\s& or f\r ?\s& ye>s 7,d71 /ill exi/ wild 9 a =m id5tical ) "s "o ( ! cultivat$ v>ieties4 ,_! numb] is ?irty-"o out ( =ty-n9e1 or sixty-?ree p] c5t4 ,9 categories #i & #aj !re are only two ( ^! species ( v anci5t cultivation1 or f\r p] c5t41 & ^! are two species :i* probably exi/ no long] z wild plants4 ,i believ$1 priori1 t a great numb] ( ! species cultivat$ = m ?an f\r ?\s& ye>s w\ld h alt]$ f _! orig9al condition to su* a degree t !y c\ld no long] be recogniz$ among wild plants4 ,x appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 t ! =ms ant]ior to cultivation h commonly rema9$ side by side ) ^? :i* cultivators employ$ & propagat$ f c5tury to c5tury4 ,?is may be expla9$ 9 two ways3 #a4 ,! p]iod ( f\r ?\s& ye>s is %ort comp>$ to ! duration ( mo/ ( ! specific =ms 9 phan]ogam\s plants4 #b4 ,! cultivat$ species receive1 outside ( cultivat$ gr\nd1 cont9ual re9=cem5ts f ! se$s :i* man1 birds1 & diff]5t natural ag5ts disp]se & transport 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,naturalizations produc$ 9 ?is mann] (t5 conf\nd ! wild plants ) ! cultivat$ ones1 & ! m easily t !y f]tilize ea* o!r s9ce !y belong to ! same species4 ,?is fact is cle>ly demon/rat$ 9 ! case ( a plant ( ! old _w cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica1 9 g>d5s1 & :i*1 lat]1 becomes naturaliz$ on a l>ge scale 9 ! op5 c\ntry or ! woods1 l ! c>doon at ,bu5os ,ayres1 & ! oranges 9 sev]al ,am]ican c\ntries4 ,cultivation wid5s areas1 & supplem5ts ! deficits :i* ! natural reproduction ( ! species may pres5t4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few exceptions1 :i* are wor? m5tion+ 9 a sep>ate article4 ,article ,,iv4--,cultivat$ ,plants :i* are ,ext9ct1 or becom+ ,ext9ct 9 a ,wild ,/ate4 ,^! species to :i* ,i allude pres5t ?ree rem>kable *>act]s3-- #a4 ,!y h n be5 f\nd wild1 or only once or twice1 & (t5 d\btfully1 al?\gh ! regions :5ce !y come h be5 visit$ by sev]al botani/s4 #b4 ,!y h n ! faculty ( s[+ !mselves1 & propagat+ indef9itely outside cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 9 su* cases !y d n pass out ( ! condition ( adv5titi\s plants4 #c4 ,x _c be suppos$ t !y are d]iv$ )9 hi/oric times f c]ta9 alli$ species4 ,^! ?ree *>act]s are f\nd unit$ 9 ! foll[+ species3--,bean 7,faba vulg>is71 *ick-pea 7,cic] ariet9um71 ervilla 7,ervum ,ervilia71 l5til 7,ervum l5s71 tobacco 7,nicotiana tabacum71 :eat 7,triticum vulg>e71 maize 7,zea mays74 ,! sweet potato 7,convolvulus batatas7 %\ld be add$ if ! k9dr$ species 7 bett] kn[n to be di/9ct1 & ! c>?am9e 7,c>?amus t9ctorius7 if ! int]ior ( ,arabia _h be5 explor$1 & we _h n f\nd a m5tion ( ! plant 9 an ,arabian au?or4 ,all ^! species1 & probably o!rs ( little-kn[n c\ntries or g5]a1 appe> to be ext9ct or on _! way to become s4 ,suppos+ !y ceas$ to be cultivat$1 !y w\ld disappe>1 :]eas ! majority ( cultivat$ plants h become some:]e naturaliz$1 & w\ld p]si/ 9 a wild /ate4 ,! sev5 species m5tion$ j n[1 except+ tobacco1 h se$s full ( fecula1 :i* are ! food ( birds1 rod5ts1 & diff]5t insects1 & h n ! p[] ( pass+ entire ?r\gh _! alim5t>y canal4 ,?is is probably ! sole or pr9cipal cause ( _! inf]iority 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,?us my rese>*es into cultivat$ plants %[ t c]ta9 species are ext9ct or becom+ ext9ct s9ce ! hi/orical epo*1 & t n 9 small isl&s b on va/ cont95ts )\t any great modifications ( climate4 ,?is is an important result = ! hi/ory ( all organic be+s 9 all epo*s4 ,article ,v4--,conclud+ ,rem>ks4 #a4 ,cultivat$ plants d n belong to any p>ticul> category1 = !y belong to fifty-"o diff]5t families4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 all phan]ogam\s except ! mu%room 7,ag>icus campe/ris74 #b4 ,! *>act]s :i* h mo/ v>i$ 9 cultivation are1 beg9n+ ) ! mo/ v>iable3 a4 ,! size1 =m1 & col\r ( ! fle%y p>ts1 :atev] organ !y belong to 7root1 bulb1 tub]cle1 fruit1 or se$71 & ! abundance ( fecula1 sug>1 & o!r sub/ances :i* are conta9$ 9 ^! p>ts2 b4 ,! numb] ( se$s1 :i* is (t5 9 inv]se ratio to ! developm5t ( ! fle%y p>ts ( ! plant2 c4 ,! =m1 size1 or pubesc5ce ( ! floral organs :i* p]si/ r\nd ! fruits or se$s2 d4 ,! rapidity ( ! ph5om5a ( vegetation--:5ce (t5 results ! quality ( ligne\s or h]bace\s plants1 & ( p]5nial1 bi5nial1 or annual4 ,! /ems1 leaves1 & fl[]s v>y little 9 plants cultivat$ = ^? organs4 ,! la/ =mations ( ea* ye>ly or bi5nial gr[? v>y mo/2 9 o!r t]ms1 ! results ( vegetation v>y m ?an ! organs :i* cause vegetation4 #c4 ,i h n obs]v$ ! slighte/ indication ( an adaptation to cold4 ,:5 ! cultivation ( a species advances t[>ds ! nor? 7maize1 flax1 tobacco1 etc471 x is expla9$ by ! production ( e>ly v>ieties1 :i* c rip5 be=e ! cold season1 or by ! cu/om ( cultivat+ 9 ! nor?1 9 summ]1 ! species :i* 9 ! s\? are s[n 9 w9t]4 ,! /udy ( ! nor!rn limits ( wild species _h =m]ly l$ me to ! same conclusion1 = !y h n *ang$ )9 hi/oric times al?\gh ! se$s are c>ri$ frequ5tly & cont9ually to ! nor? ( ea* limit4 ,p]iods ( m ?an f\r or five ?\s& ye>s1 or *angem5ts ( =m & duration1 are ne$$ app>5tly to produce a modification 9 a plant :i* w all[ x to support a great] degree ( cold4 #d4 ,! classification ( v>ieties made by agriculturi/s & g>d5]s are g5]ally bas$ on ^? *>act]s :i* v>y mo/ 7=m1 size1 col\r1 ta/e ( ! fle%y p>ts1 be>d 9 ! e>s ( corn1 etc474 ,botani/s are mi/ak5 :5 !y foll[ ?is example2 !y %\ld consult ^? m fix$ *>act]s ( ! organs = ! sake ( :i* ! species are n cultivat$4 #e4 ,a non-cultivat$ species be+ a gr\p ( m or less simil> =ms1 among :i* subord9ate gr\ps may (t5 be di/+ui%$ 7races1 v>ieties1 sub-v>ieties71 x may h happ5$ t two or m ( ^! slightly diff]+ =ms may h be5 introduc$ into cultivation4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! case especially :5 ! habitation ( a species is ext5sive1 & yet m :5 x is disjunctive4 ,! fir/ case is probably t ( ! cabbage 7,brassica71 ( flax1 bird-*]ry 7,prunus avium71 ! common pe>1 etc4 ,! second is probably t ( ! g\rd1 ! melon1 & trefoil h>icot1 :i* exi/$ previ\s to cultivation bo? 9 ,india & ,africa4 #f4 ,no di/9ctive "* is kn[n betwe5 a naturaliz$ plant :i* arose sev]al g5]ations back f a cultivat$ plant1 & a wild plant sprung f plants :i* h always be5 wild4 ,9 any case1 9 ! transition f cultivat$ plant to wild plant1 ! p>ticul> features :i* are propagat$ by graft+ are n pres]v$ by se$l+s4 ,= in/ance1 ! olive tree :i* has become wild is ! olea/]1 ! pe> be>s small] fruits1 ! ,spani% *e/nut yields a common fruit4 ,= ! re/1 ! =ms naturaliz$ f cultivat$ species h n yet be5 suffici5tly obs]v$ f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,m4 ,sagot has done ?is = ! v9e4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to comp>e 9 ! same mann] ) _! cultivat$ =ms ,citrus1 ,p]sica1 & ! c>doon1 naturaliz$ 9 ,am]ica1 f> f _! orig9al home1 z also ! ,agave & ! prickly pe>1 wild 9 ,am]ica1 ) _! naturaliz$ v>ieties 9 ! old _w4 ,we %\ld "k exactly :at p]si/s aft] a tempor>y /ate ( cultivation4 #g4 ,a species may h _h1 previ\s to cultivation1 a re/rict$ habitation1 & subsequ5tly occupy an imm5se area z a cultivat$ & sometimes a naturaliz$ plant4 #h4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( cultivat$ plants1 ,i h notic$ no trace ( communication betwe5 ! peoples ( ! old & new worlds be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica by ,columbus4 ,! ,sc&9avians1 :o _h pu%$ _! excursions z f> z ! nor? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! ,basques ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :o foll[$ :ales p]haps z f> z ,am]ica1 d n seem to h transport$ a s+le cultivat$ species4 ,nei!r has ! ,gulf ,/ream produc$ any effect4 ,betwe5 ,am]ica & ,asia two transports ( useful plants p]haps took place1 ! "o by man 7! ,batata1 or sweet potato7 ! o!r by ! ag5cy ( man or ( ! sea 7! cocoa-nut palm74 ,,footnotes3 #a ,hook]1 ,flora ,tasmani1 i4 p4 cx4 #b ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 p4 #g4 #c ,de ,naidaillac1 ,les ,premi]s ,hommes et les ,temps ,prhi/oriques1 i4 pp4 #bff1 #bfh4 ,! abs5ce ( traces ( agriculture among ^! rema9s is1 moreov]1 corroborat$ by ,he] & ,c>tailhac1 bo? well v]s$ 9 ! discov]ies ( ar*ology4 #d ,m4 ,montelius1 f ,c>tailhac1 ,revue1 #ahge1 p4 #bcg4 #e ,he]1 ,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 9 #dto1 ,zri*1 #ahfe4 ,see ! article on 8,flax40 #f ,p]r91 tude ,prhi/orique de la ,savoie1 9 #dto1 #ahgj2 ,ca/elfranco1 ,notizie intorno alla ,/azione lacu/re di ,lagozza2 & ,sordelli1 ,sulle piante della torbi]a della ,lagozza1 9 ! ,actes de la ,soc4 ,ital4 des ,sci54 ,nat41 #ahhj4 #g ,mu*1 ,mit!il d4 ,an?ropol4 ,ges4 9 ,wi51 vol4 vi42 ,sack51 ,sitzb]4 ,akad4 ,wi541 vol4 vi4 ,lett] ( ,he] on ^! works & analysis ( !m 9 ,naidaillac1 i4 p4 #bdg4 #h ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,gographie ,botanique ,raisonne1 *ap4 x4 p4 #ajee2 *ap4 xi41 xix41 xxvii4 #i ,ung]1 ,v]su* e9] ,ges*i*te d] ,pflanz5welt1 #aheb4 #aj ,=bes1 ,on ! ,connection betwe5 ! ,di/ribution ( ! ,exi/+ ,fauna & ,flora ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ) ! ,geological ,*anges :i* h affect$ _! ,area1 9 #hvo1 ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey1 vol4 i4 #ahdf4 #aa ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gographie ,botanique ,raisonne1 *ap4 vii4 & x4 #ab ,ibid41 *ap4 viii4 p4 #hjd4 #ac ,brets*eid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ae4 #ad ,ibid4 #ae ,ibid41 p4 #bc4 #af ,atsuma-gusa4 ,recueil p\r s]vir la connaissance de l'extrme ,ori5t1 ,turret9i1 vol4 vi41 pp4 #bjj1 #bic4 #ag ,!re are 9 ! ,fr5* language two excell5t works1 :i* give ! sum ( mod]n k ) reg>d to ! ,ea/ & ,egypt4 ,! "o is ! ,manuel de l',hi/oire ,anci5ne de l',ori5t1 by ,franois ,l5orm&1 #c vols4 9 #abmo1 ,p>is1 #ahfi2 ! o!r1 ,l',hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t1 by ,masp]o1 #a vol4 9 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 #ah ,nemni*1 ,allgeme9es polyglott5-,lexicon d] ,naturges*i*te1 #b vols4 9 #dto4 #ai ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz5 und ,hau/hi]e 9 ihr5 ,ueb]gang aus ,asi51 9 #hvo1 #crd edit4 #ahgg4 #bj ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 ) ,notes on ! ,hi/ory ( ,plants & ,geographical ,botany f ,*9ese ,s\rces1 9 #hvo1 #ea pp41 ) illu/rations1 ,foo*oo1 )\t date1 b ! preface be>s ! date ,dec4 #ahgj4 ,notes on ,"s ,botanical ,que/ions1 9 #hvo1 #ad pp41 #ahhj4 #ba ,wilson's diction>y conta9s names ( plants1 b botani/s h m confid5ce 9 ! names indicat$ by ,roxburgh 9 8 ,flora ,indica 7edit4 ( #ahcb1 #c vols4 9 #hvo71 & 9 ,pidd+ton's ,engli% ,index to ! ,plants ( ,india1 ,calcutta1 #ahcb4 ,s*ol>s f9d a great] numb] ( words 9 ! texts1 b !y d n give suffici5t pro( ( ! s5se ( ^! words4 ,z a rule1 we h n 9 ,sanskrit :at we h 9 ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & ,*9ese--a quotation ( phrases conc]n+ ea* ^w translat$ into a mod]n language4 #bb ,! be/ "w on ! plant-names 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is t ( ,ros5mll]1 ,h&bu* d] biblis*5 ,alt]kunde1 9 #hvo1 vol4 iv41 ,leipzig1 #ahcj4 ,a good %ort "w1 9 ,fr5*1 is ,la ,botanique de la ,bible1 by ,fr$4 ,hamilton1 9 #hvo1 ,nice1 #ahga4 #bc ,reyni]1 a ,swiss botani/1 :o _h be5 9 ,egypt1 has giv5 ! s5se ( _m plant-names 9 ! ,talmud4 ,see 8 volumes entitl$ conomie ,publique et ,rurale des ,arabes et des ,juifs1 9 #hvo1 #ahbj2 & conomie ,publique et ,rurale des gypti5s et des ,c>?ag9ois1 9 #hvo1 ,lausanne1 #ahbc4 ,! m rec5t works ( ,dus*ak & ,lw are n bas$ ^u a k ( ,ea/]n plants1 & are un9telligible to botani/s because ( names 9 ,syriac & ,hebrew *>act]s4 #bd ,adolphe ,pictet1 ,les ,orig9es des ,peuples ,indo-,europens1 #c vols1 9 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 #be ,a c]ta9 numb] ( species ^: orig9 is well kn[n1 su* z ! c>rot1 sorrel1 etc41 are m5tion$ only 9 ! summ>y at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ "p1 ) an indication ( ! pr9cipal facts conc]n+ !m4 #bf ,"s species are cultivat$ sometimes = _! roots & sometimes = _! leaves or se$s4 ,9 o!r *apt]s w be f\nd species cultivat$ sometimes = _! leaves 7z fodd]7 or = _! se$s1 etc4 ,i h class$ !m accord+ to _! commone/ use4 ,! alphabetical index ref]s to ! place assign$ to ea* species4 #bg ,see ! "y /ate ( ! plant :5 ! "p ( ! /em bel[ ! cotyl$ons is n yet swell$4 ,turp9 gives a draw+ ( x 9 ! ,annales des ,sci5ces ,naturelles1 s]ies #a1 vol xxi4 pl4 #e4 #bh ,9 ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #hbf4 #bi ,l9nu1 ,spec4 ,plant1 p4 #ice4 #cj ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #bbe4 #ca ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t1 i4 p4 #djj4 #cb ,buhse1 ,aufzhlung ,transcaucasi51 p4 #cj4 #cc ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 i4 p4 #aff4 #cd ,maxim[icz1 ,primiti ,flor ,amur5sis1 p4 #dg4 #ce ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap41 p4 #bfc4 #cf ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant ,jap41 i4 p4 #ci4 #cg ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #ea1 figs4 #bd & #bi4 #ch ,9 my manuscript diction>y ( common names1 drawn f ! floras ( ?irty ye>s ago4 #ci ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #abf4 #dj ,webb1 ,phytogr4 ,can>41 p4 #hc2 ,it]4 ,hisp41 p4 #ga2 ,b5?am1 ,fl4 ,hong ,kong1 p4 #ag2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #aff4 #da ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prod4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #gdh2 ,viviani1 ,flor4 ,dalmat41 iii4 p4 #ajd2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 i4 p4 #dja4 #db ,webb1 ,phytographia ,can>i5sis1 i4 p4 #hc4 #dc ,webb1 ,it]4 ,hispani5se1 #ahch1 p4 #gb4 #dd ,c>rire1 ,orig9e des ,plantes ,dome/iques dmontre p> la ,culture du ,radis ,sauvage1 9 #hvo1 #bd pp41 #ahfi4 #de ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross42 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t4 ,works on ! flora ( ! valley ( ! ,amur4 #df ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gographie ,botanique ,raisonne1 p4 #fed4 #dg ,delal&e1 ,hdic et ,h\at1 #hvo pamphlet1 ,nantes1 #ahej1 p4 #aji4 #dh ,h>d\91 ,r5\1 & ,lecl]c1 ,catalogue du ,calvados1 p4 #he2 ,de ,brebisson1 ,fl4 de ,norm&ie1 p4 #be4 #di ,watson1 ,cybele1 i4 p4 #aei4 #ej ,bab+ton1 ,manual ( ,brit4 ,bot41 #bnd edit41 p4 #bh4 #ea ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #aei4 #eb ,griseba*1 ,spicilegium ,fl4 ,rumel41 i4 p4 #bfe4 #ec ,fries1 ,summa1 p4 #cj4 #ed ,miquel1 ,disquisitio pl4 regn4 ,batav4 #ee ,moritzi1 ,dict4 ,9d4 des ,noms ,vulgaires4 #ef ,moritzi1 ibid42 ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 iii4 p4 #cbb4 #eg ,neilrei*1 ,fl4 ,wi51 p4 #ejb4 #eh ,l9nu1 ,fl4 ,suecica1 ,no4 #edj4 #ei ,h4 ,davies1 ,wel% ,botanology1 p4 #fc4 #fj ,9 turnips & sw$es ! swell$ "p is1 z 9 ! radi%1 ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 bel[ ! cotyl$ons1 ) a m or less p]si/5t "p ( ! root4 7,see ,turp94 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,natur41 s]4 #a1 vol4 xxi47 ,9 ! ,kohl-rabi 7,brassica ol]acea caulo-rapa7 x is ! /em4 #fa ,?is classification has be5 ! subject ( a pap] by ,augu/9 ,pyramus de ,c&olle1 ,transactions ( ! ,horticultural ,society1 vol4 v4 #fb ,fries1 ,summa ,veget4 ,sc&41 i4 p4 #bi4 #fc ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #baf4 #fd ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5talis2 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,briti% ,india2 ,?unb]g1 ,flora ,japonica2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum]atio ,plant>um ,japonic>um4 #fe ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #ff ,kmpf]1 ,amn41 p4 #hbb4 #fg ,davies1 ,wel% ,botanology1 p4 #fe4 #fh ,moritzi1 ,dict4 ,,ms41 compil$ f publi%$ floras4 #fi ,?relkeld1 ,synopsis ,/irpium ,hib]nic>um1 #a vol4 9 #hvo1 #agbg4 #gj ,moritzi1 ,dict4 ,,ms4 #ga ,ros5mll]1 ,biblis*e ,naturges*i*te1 vol4 i41 gives none4 #gb ,l9nu1 ,species1 p4 #cfa2 ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*9*95sis1 p4 #bbe4 #gc ,maxim[icz1 ,diagnoses ,plant>um ,japonic et ,man%uri1 9 ,mlanges ,biologiques du ,bullet9 de l',acad41 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 decad #ac1 p4 #ah4 #gd ,dioscorides1 ,mat4 ,m$41 #a4 #b1 c4 #aci2 ,columella1 #a4 #aa1 c4 #c1 #ah1 #ce2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #efj4 #ge ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 #a4 #ai1 c4 #e4 #gf ,nemni*1 ,polygl4 ,lexicon1 ii4 p4 #acac4 #gg ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #efj2 ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s2 ,langkavel1 ,bot4 d] ,spt]5 ,grie*54 #gh ,spr5gel1 ,dioscoridis1 etc41 ii4 p4 #dfb4 #gi ,olivi] de ,s]res1 ,?tre de l',agriculture1 p4 #dga4 #hj ,bauh91 ,hi/4 ,pl41 iii4 p4 #aed4 #ha ,! be/ in=mation ab\t ! cultivation ( ?is plant 0 giv5 by ,bancr(t to ,sir ,w4 ,hook]1 & may be f\nd 9 ! ,botanical ,magaz9e1 pl4 #cjib4 ,a4 ,p4 de ,c&olle publi%$1 9 ,la #e;e ,notice sur les ,plantes ,r>es des ,j>d9 ,bot4 de ,g5ve1 an illu/ration %[+ ! pr9cipal bulb4 #hb ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,briti% ,we/-,india ,isl&s4 #hc ,b]toloni1 ,flora ,italica1 ii4 p4 #adf2 ,decaisne1 ,re*]*es sur la ,g>ance1 p4 #fh2 ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5talis1 iii4 p4 #ag2 ,l$eb\r1 ,flora ,rossica1 ii4 p4 #dje4 #hd ,cosson & ,g]ma91 ,flore des ,environs de ,p>is1 ii4 p4 #cfe4 #he ,kirs*leg]1 ,flore d',alsace1 i4 p4 #cei4 #hf ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodromus ,flor ,hispanic1 ii4 p4 #cjg4 #hg ,ball1 ,spicilegium ,flor ,m>occan1 p4 #dhc2 ,munby1 ,catal4 ,plant4 ,alg]41 edit4 #b1 p4 #ag4 #hh ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #hi ,pl9ius1 lib4 #ai1 cap4 #c4 #ij ,de ,gasp>91 ,trait d',agriculture1 iv4 p4 #bec4 #ia ,columna1 ,ecphrasis1 ii4 p4 #aa4 #ib ,l9nu1 ,hortus ,clif=tianus1 p4 #dbj4 #ic ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #hbd4 #id ,s*le*t5dal1 ,bot4 ,zeit4 #aheh1 p4 #aac4 #ie ,decaisne1 ,re*]*es sur l',orig9e de quelques-unes de nos ,plantes ,alim5taires1 9 ,flore des ,s]res et ,j>d9s1 vol4 #bc1 #ahha1 p4 #aab4 #if ,lesc>bot1 ,hi/oire de la ,n\velle ,france1 edit4 #c1 #afah1 t4 vi4 p4 #ica4 #ig ,pick]+1 ,*ron4 ,arrang41 pp4 #gdi1 #igb4 #ih ,catalogue ( ,indiana ,plants1 #ahha1 p4 #ae4 #ii ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #gde2 ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 ii4 p4 #ajh2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 viii4 p4 #cdh2 ,gussone1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,sicul1 ii4 p4 #chd2 ,munby1 ,catal4 ,alg]41 edit4 #b1 p4 #bb4 #ajj ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #fga4 #aja ,fraas1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #aif2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #dhe4 #ajb ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodromus ,flor ,hispanic1 ii4 p4 #bbc2 ,de ,c&olle1 ,flore ,franaise1 iv4 p4 #ei2 ,ko*1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,g]m41 edit4 #b1 p4 #dhh2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #gid2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5talis1 iii4 p4 #gfg2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 viii4 p4 #cfe4 #ajc ,t\rne=t1 lm5ts de ,botanique1 p4 #cgi4 #ajd ,gussone1 ,synopsis ,flor ,sicul4 #aje ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 pp4 #haj1 #haf4 #ajf ,aco/a1 p4 #afc1 v]so4 #ajg ,de l',ecluse 7or ,clusius71 ,r>i>um ,plant>um ,hi/ori1 #afja1 lib4 #d1 p4 lxxix41 ) illu/ration4 #ajh ,de ,m>tius1 ,flora ,brasil41 vol4 x4 p4 #ab4 #aji ,von ,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne1 edit4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dea2 ,essai sur la ,gographie des ,plantes1 p4 #bi4 #aaj ,at t epo* ,virg9ia 0 n di/+ui%$ f ,c>ol9a4 #aaa ,banks1 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc41 #ahje1 vol4 i4 p4 #h4 #aab ,g]>d1 ,h]bal1 #aeig1 p4 #gha1 ) illu/ration4 #aac ,banks1 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc41 #ahje1 vol4 i4 p4 #h4 #aad ,dunal1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,solanum1 9 #dto4 #aae ,! plant import$ by ,sir ,john ,hawk9s & ,sir ,francis ,drake 0 cle>ly ! sweet potato1 ,sir ,j4 ,banks says2 :5ce x results t ! que/ions discuss$ by ,humboldt t\*+ ! localities visit$ by ^! travell]s d n apply to ! potato4 #aaf ,de l',ecluse1 ,r>i>um ,plant>um ,hi/ori1 #afja1 lib4 #d4 p4 lxxviii4 #aag ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 ,lezzioni1 ii4 p4 #aj2 ,c5ni ,/orici sull' ,introduzione di ,v>ie ,piante nell' ,agricoltura di ,toscana1 #a vol4 9 #hvo1 ,flor5ce1 #ahec1 p4 #cg4 #aah ,solanum v]rucosum1 ^: introduction into ! neighb\rhood ( ,gex1 ne> ,g5eva1 ,i m5tion$ 9 #ahee1 has s9ce be5 ab&on$ because its tub]s are too small1 & because x does n1 z x 0 hop$1 )/& ! potato-fungus4 #aai ,*loris ,&9a1 9 #dto4 p4 #ajc4 #abj ,sab9e1 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc41 vol4 v4 p4 #bdi4 #aba ,no importance %\ld be atta*$ to ?is flav\r1 nor to ! wat]y quality ( "s ( ! tub]s1 s9ce 9 hot c\ntries1 ev5 9 ! s\? ( ,europe1 ! potato is (t5 poor4 ,! tub]s1 :i* are subt]ranean ramifications ( ! /em1 are turn$ gre5 by exposure to ! light1 & are r5d]$ bitt]4 #abb ,j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41 vol4 iii4 p4 #ff4 #abc ,hook]1 ,botanical ,miscellanies1 #ahca4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjc4 #abd ,j\rnal ( ! ,voyage1 etc41 edit4 #aheb1 p4 #bhe4 #abe ,vol4 i4 "p #b1 p4 #cbi4 #abf ,vol4 v4 p4 #gd4 #abg ,ruiz & ,pavon1 ,flora ,p]uviana1 ii4 p4 #ch4 #abh ,dunal1 ,prodromus1 xiii41 sect4 i4 p4 #bb4 #abi ,hook]1 ,bot4 ,miscell41 ii4 #acj ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,ant>ctica4 #aca ,j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41 new s]ies1 vol4 v4 #acb ,w$dell1 ,*loris ,&9a1 p4 #ajc4 #acc ,&r1 9 ,illu/ration ,horticole1 #ahgg1 p4 #aad4 #acd ,! =m ( ! b]ries 9 ,s4 columbianum & ,s4 immite is n yet kn[n4 #ace ,hemsley1 ,j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41 new s]ies1 vol4 v4 #acf ,asa ,gray1 ,synoptical ,flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ii4 p4 #bbg4 #acg ,see1 = ! successive introduction into ! diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe1 ,clos1 ,quelques ,docum5ts sur l',hi/oire de la ,pomme de ,t]re1 9 #hvo1 #ahgd1 9 ,j\rnal d',agric4 ,pratiq4 du ,midi de la ,france4 #ach ,turp9 gives figures :i* cle>ly %[ ^! facts4 ,mm4 du ,musum1 vol4 xix4 plates #a1 #b1 #e4 #aci ,dr4 ,sagot gives int]e/+ details on ! me?od ( cultivation1 ! product1 etc41 9 ! ,j\rnal ,soc4 d',hortic4 de ,france1 second s]ies1 vol4 v4 pp4 #dej-deh4 #adj ,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne1 edit4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgj4 #ada ,mey51 ,grundrisse ,pflanz4 ,geogr41 p4 #cgc4 #adb ,boissi]1 ,voyage ,botanique en ,espagne4 #adc ,boy]1 ,hort4 ,maurit41 p4 #bbe4 #add ,*oisy1 9 ,prodromus1 p4 #cch4 #ade ,m>cgraff1 ,bres41 p4 #af1 ) illu/ration4 #adf ,sloane1 ,hi/4 ,jam41 i4 p4 #aej2 ,hughes1 ,b>b41 p4 #bbh4 #adg ,clusius1 ,hi/41 ii4 p4 #gg4 #adh ,ajes 0 a "n = ! yam 7,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne74 #adi ,humboldt1 ibid4 #aej ,ovi$o1 ,ramusio's translation1 vol4 iii4 pt4 #c4 #aea ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 v4 p4 #cfh4 #aeb ,=skal1 p4 #ed2 ,delile1 ,ill4 #aec ,d',h]vey ,sa9t-,d5ys1 ,re*4 sur l',agric4 des ,*941 #ahej1 p4 #aji4 #aed ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 p4 #ac4 #aee ,?unb]g1 ,flora ,japon41 p4 #hd4 #aef ,=/]1 ,plant ,escul41 p4 #ef4 #aeg ,hook]1 ,h&book ( ,new ,zeal& ,flora1 p4 #aid4 #aeh ,seemann1 ,j\rnal ( ,bot41 #ahff1 p4 #cbh4 #aei ,roxburgh1 edit4 ,wall41 ii4 p4 #fi4 #afj ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #afa ,walli*1 ,flora ,ind4 #afb ,roxburgh1 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhc4 #afc ,rhe$e1 ,mal41 vii4 p4 #ie4 #afd ,mey]1 ,primiti ,fl4 ,esseq41 p4 #ajc4 #afe ,r4 ,br[n1 ,bot4 ,congo1 p4 #ee4 #aff ,s*uma*] & ,?onn+1 ,besk4 ,gu94 #afg ,walli*1 9 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #fc4 #afh ,sloane1 ,jam41 i4 p4 #aeb4 #afi ,sev]al ,convolvulace h l>ge roots1 or m prop]ly root-/ocks1 b 9 ?is case x is ! base ( ! /em ) a "p ( ! root :i* is swell$1 & ?is root-/ock is always purgative1 z 9 ! ,jalap & ,turbi?1 :ile 9 ! sweet potato x is ! lat]al roots1 a diff]5t organ1 :i* swell4 #agj ,no4 #gja ( ,s*omburgh1 coll4 #a1 is wild 9 ,guiana4 ,accord+ to ,*oisy1 x is a v>iety ( ! ,batatas edulis2 accord+ to ,b5?am 7,hook1 ,j\r4 ,bot41 v4 p4 #ceb71 ( ! ,batatas paniculata4 ,my specim51 :i* is r imp]fect1 seems to me to be diff]5t f bo?4 #aga ,clusius1 ,hi/41 ii4 p4 #gg4 #agb ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonn1 pp4 #ajda-ajdc1 & pp4 #eaf-eah4 #agc ,dr4 ,brets*neid]1 aft] hav+ read ! above1 wrote to me f ,pek9 t ! cultivat$ sweet potato is ( orig9 =eign to ,*9a1 accord+ to ,*9ese au?ors4 ,! h&book ( agriculture ( ,nung-*ang-tsuan-%u1 ^: au?or di$ 9 #afcc1 ass]ts ?is fact4 ,he speaks ( a sweet potato wild 9 ,*9a1 call$ *u1 ! cultivat$ species be+ kan-*u4 ,! ,m9-%u1 publi%$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 says t ! introduction took place betwe5 #aegc & #afbj4 ,! ,am]ican orig9 ?us receives a fur!r pro(4 #agd ,moqu9-,t&on1 9 ,prodromus1 vol4 xiii4 pt4 #b1 p4 #ee2 ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5talis1 iv4 p4 #hih2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,rossica1 iii4 p4 #fib4 #age ,roxburgh1 ,flora ,indica1 ii4 p4 #ei2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #agf ,!ophra/us & ,dioscorides1 quot$ by ,l5z1 ,botanik d] ,grie*5 und ,rm]1 p4 #ddf2 ,fraas1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #bcc4 #agg ,heldrei*1 ,die ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #bb4 #agh ,alawm1 ,agriculture naba?enne1 f ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik1 iii4 p4 #ge4 #agi ,notice sur l',amlioration des ,plantes p> le ,semis1 p4 #ae4 #ahj ,pohl1 ,plant>um ,brasili ,icones et ,descriptiones1 9 fol41 vol4 i4 #aha ,j4 ,mll]1 9 ,prodromus1 xv41 sect4 #b1 pp4 #ajfb-ajfd4 #ahb ,sagot1 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1 ,dec4 #h1 #ahga4 #ahc ,i give ! ess5tials ( ! prep>ation2 ! details v>y accord+ to ! c\ntry4 ,see on ?is head3 ,aublet1 ,guyane1 ii4 p4 #fg2 ,dec\rtilz1 ,flora des ,antilles1 iii4 p4 #aac2 ,sagot1 etc4 #ahd ,r4 ,br[n1 ,botany ( ! ,congo1 p4 #ej4 #ahe ,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne1 edit4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cih4 #ahf ,hi/4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1 #ahbd4 #ahg ,guillem91 ,ar*ives de ,botanique1 i4 p4 #bci4 #ahh ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,indes1 ,fr5* trans41 #aeih1 p4 #afc4 #ahi ,?omas1 ,/ati/ique de ,b\rbon1 ii4 p4 #ah4 #aij ,! catalogue ( ! botanical g>d5s ( ,buit5zorg1 #ahff1 p4 #bbb1 says expressly t ! ,manihot utilissima comes f ,b\rbon & ,am]ica4 #aia ,aypi1 m&ioca1 manihot1 manio*1 yuca1 etc41 9 ,pohl1 ,icones & ,desc41 i4 pp4 #cj1 #cc4 ,m>tius1 ,beitrge z4 ,e?nographie1 etc41 ,brazili5s1 ii4 p4 #abb1 gives a numb] ( names4 #aib ,?onn+ 79 ,s*uma*]1 ,besk4 ,gu9471 :o is accu/om$ to quote ! common names1 gives none = ! manioc4 #aic ,j4 ,mll]1 9 ,prodromus1 xv41 sect4 #a1 p4 #ajeg4 #aid ,kun?1 9 ,humboldt & ,b41 ,nova ,g5]a1 ii4 p4 #ajh4 #aie ,pohl1 ,icones et ,descr41 i4 p4 #cf1 pl4 #bf4 #aif ,mll]1 9 ,prodromus4 #aig ,de ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie1 etc41 i4 pp4 #ai1 #acf4 #aih ,piso1 ,hi/oria ,naturalis ,brazili1 9 folio1 #afeh1 p4 #ee1 cum icone4 #aii ,jatropia ,sylve/ris ,vell4 ,fl4 ,flum41 #af1 t4 #hc4 ,see ,mll]1 9 ,d4 ,c4 ,prodromus1 xv4 p4 #ajfc4 #bjj ,kun?1 ,enum41 iv4 p4 #cha4 #bja ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bid4 #bjb ,l$eb\r1 ,flora ,altaica1 ii4 p4 #d2 ,flora ,rossica1 iv4 p4 #afb4 #bjc ,regel1 ,allior4 ,monogr41 p4 #dd4 #bjd ,bak]1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,bot41 #ahgd1 p4 #bie4 #bje ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #ae1 #d1 & #g4 #bjf ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap42 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum]atio1 #ahgf1 vol4 ii4 #bjg ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #db4 #bjh ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #bji ,hill]1 ,hi]ophyton2 ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?um1 vol4 iv4 #baj ,de ,*>5cey1 ,actes de la ,soc4 ,phil41 #a/ ,m>*1 #ahfi4 #baa ,davies1 ,wel% ,botanology4 #bab ,all ^! common names are f\nd 9 my diction>y compil$ by ,moritzi f floras4 ,i c\ld h quot$ a l>g] numb]1 & m5tion$ ! probable etymologies1 z giv5 by philologi/s--,hehn1 = in/ance1 9 8 ,kulturpflanz5 aus ,asi51 p4 #aga & foll[+2 b ?is is n necess>y to %[ its orig9 & e>ly cultivation 9 sev]al diff]5t c\ntries4 #bac ,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41 #crd s]ies1 vol4 viii4 #bad ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 ii4 p4 #hbh4 #bae ,kun?1 ,enum]41 iv4 p4 #cid4 #baf ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #bia4 #bag ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 l4 #g1 c4 #d4 #bah ,j4 ,bauh91 ,hi/41 ii4 p4 #edh4 #bai ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 l4 #ai1 c4 #f4 #bbj ,ibid4 #bba ,juv5alis1 ,sat4 #ae4 #bbb ,=skal1 p4 #fe4 #bbc ,a9slie's ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #bfi4 #bbd ,hill]1 ,hi]oph41 ii4 p4 #cf2 ,ros5mll]1 ,h&bk4 ,bibl4 ,alt]k42 iv4 p4 #if4 #bbe ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,a9slie's ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind4 #bbf ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii42 ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #bdi4 #bbg ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap41 p4 #acb4 #bbh ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 d4 ,alt4 gypt41 p4 #db1 figs4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 #bbi ,hasselqui/1 ,voy4 & ,trav41 p4 #bgi4 #bcj ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,rossica1 iv4 p4 #afi4 #bca ,ait*ison1 ,a ,catalogue ( ! ,plants ( ! ,punjab & ! ,s9dh1 9 #hvo1 #ahfi1 p4 #ai2 ,bak]1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,bot41 #ahgd1 p4 #bie4 #bcb ,ill4 ,hortic41 #ahgg1 p4 #afg4 #bcc ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #dg & #g4 #bcd ,n\velle ,espagne1 #bnd edit41 ii4 p4 #dgf4 #bce ,sloane1 ,jam41 i4 p4 #ge4 #bcf ,aco/a4 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,indes1 ,fr5* trans41 p4 #afe4 #bcg ,l$eb\r1 ,flora ,rossica1 iv4 p4 #afi4 #bch ,l5z1 ,botanik4 d] ,alt5 ,grie*5 und ,rm]1 p4 #bie4 #bci ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 p4 #fhg4 #bdj ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 l4 #ai1 c4 #f4 #bda ,he w treat ( ?is 9 a publication entitl$ ,cib>ia1 :i* w %ortly appe>4 #bdb ,gog4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #hbi4 #bdc ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind42 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #adb4 #bdd ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #bde ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #bea4 #bdf ,l9nu1 ,species1 p4 #dbi4 #bdg ,hasselqui/1 ,voy4 & ,trav41 #agff1 pp4 #bha1 #bhb4 #bdh ,sib?orp1 ,prodr4 #bdi ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #bia4 #bej ,ko*1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,g]m41 #bnd edit41 p4 #hcc4 #bea ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 p4 #ach4 #beb ,ko*1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,g]m4 #bec ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #hbi4 #bed ,bak]1 9 ,j\rn4 ( ,bot41 #ahgd1 p4 #bie4 #bee ,cosson & ,g]ma91 ,flore1 ii4 p4 #eec4 #bef ,gr5i] & ,godron1 ,flore de ,france1 iii4 p4 #aig4 #beg ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 i4 p4 #hhe4 #beh ,l$eb\r1 ,flora ,rossica1 iv4 p4 #afc4 #bei ,le ,gr& d',aussy1 ,hi/oire de la ,vie des ,franais1 vol4 i4 p4 #abb4 #bfj ,nemni*1 ,polyglott4 ,lexicon1 p4 #ahg4 #bfa ,ibid4 #bfb ,asa ,gray1 ,botany ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 edit4 #e1 p4 #ecd4 #bfc ,de ,c&olle1 ,flore ,franaise1 iv4 p4 #bbg4 #bfd ,arum ,egyptium1 ,columma1 ,ecphrasis1 ii4 p4 #a1 tab4 #a2 ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 vol4 v4 tab4 #aji4 ,arum colocasia & ,a4 escul5tum1 ,l9nu2 ,colocasia antiquorum1 ,s*ott1 ,melet41 i4 #ah2 ,engl]1 9 ,d4 ,c4 ,monog4 ,phan]41 ii4 p4 #dia4 #bfe ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #die4 #bff ,wight1 ,icones1 t4 #ghf4 #bfg ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,zeylan41 p4 #cce4 #bfh ,miquel1 ,sumatra1 p4 #beh4 #bfi ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 vol4 v4 p4 #cah4 #bgj ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ab4 #bga ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul41 p4 #eh4 #bgb ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum41 p4 #h2 ,seemann1 ,flora ,viti5sis1 p4 #bhd4 #bgc ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind4 #bgd ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,zeylan4 #bge ,rumphius1 ,ambo94 #bgf ,miquel1 ,sumatra1 p4 #beh2 ,hassk>l1 ,cat4 ,horti4 ,bogor4 ,alt]41 p4 #ee4 #bgg ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul41 p4 #eh4 #bgh ,seemann1 ,flora ,viti5sis4 #bgi ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 #bhj ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 l4 #ai1 c4 #e4 #bha ,alp9us1 ,hi/4 gypt4 ,naturalis1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #aff2 ii4 p4 #aib4 #bhb ,delile1 ,fl4 gypt4 ,ill41 p4 #bh2 ,de la ,colocase des ,anci5s1 9 #hvo1 #ahdf4 #bhc ,clusius1 ,hi/oria1 ii4 p4 #ge4 #bhd ,p>latore1 ,fl4 ,ital41 ii4 p4 #bee4 #bhe ,prosp] ,alp9us1 ,hi/4 gypt4 ,naturalis2 ,columna2 ,delile1 ,ann4 du ,mus41 i4 p4 #cge2 ,de la ,colocase des ,anci5s2 ,reyni]1 conomie des gypti5s1 p4 #cba4 #bhf ,see ,engl]1 9 ,d4 ,c4 ,monographi ,phan]og>um1 ii4 p4 #ejb4 #bhg ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul5tis ,insul>um ,oceani ,au/ralis1 p4 #eh4 #bhh ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,zeyl41 p4 #ccf4 #bhi ,nadeaud1 ,enum4 des ,plantes ,indignes1 p4 #dj4 #bij ,engl]1 9 ,d4 ,c4 ,monog4 ,phan]4 #bia ,b5?am1 ,flora ,au/r41 viii4 p4 #aee4 #bib ,engl]1 9 ,d4 ,c4 ,monogr4 ,phan]41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cac4 #bic ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1 #ahgc1 p4 #faj2 ,flore des ,s]res et ,j>d9s1 t4 #aieh1 #aiei2 ,hook]1 ,bot4 ,mag41 t4 #faie4 #bid ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,japoni1 ii4 p4 #g4 #bie ,m4 ,sagot1 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1 #ahga1 p4 #cjf1 has well describ$ ! gr[? & cultivation ( yams1 z he has /udi$ !m 9 ,cay5ne4 #bif ,kun?1 ,enum]atio1 vol4 v4 #big ,^! are ,d4 globosa1 alata1 rubella1 fasciculata1 purpurea1 ( :i* two or ?ree appe> to be m]ely v>ieties4 #bih ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #bii ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,zeyl41 p4 #cbf4 #cjj ,decaisne1 ,hi/oire et ,culture de l',igname de ,*9e1 9 ! ,revue ,horticole1 #a/ ,july & ,dec4 #ahec2 ,flore des ,s]res et ,j>d9s1 x4 pl4 #iga4 #cja ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ab4 #cjb ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,japoni1 ii4 p4 #dg4 #cjc ,blume1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,jav1 p4 #bb4 #cjd ,=/]1 ,plant4 ,escul5t41 p4 #ef2 ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 vol4 v41 pl4 #abj1 #aba1 etc4 #cje ,hughes1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,b>b41 #agej1 p4 #bbf4 #cjf ,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne1 #bnd edit41 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfh4 #cjg ,ibid41 p4 #djc4 #cjh ,hnke1 9 ,presl1 ,rel41 p4 #acc4 #cji ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,bras41 v4 p4 #dc4 #caj ,sagot1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france1 #ahga1 p4 #cje4 #caa ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,nigrit1 p4 #ec4 #cab ,s*uma*] & ,?onn+1 ,besk4 ,gu91 p4 #ddg4 #cac ,br[n1 ,congo1 p4 #di4 #cad ,boj]1 ,hortus ,mauritianus4 #cae ,see ,tussac's description1 ,flore des ,antilles1 i4 p4 #ahc4 #caf ,hook]1 ,nig] ,flora1 p4 #eca4 #cag ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 #agjg1 vol4 i4 p4 #bed4 #cah ,9 ,bull4 ,soc4 des ,natur4 de ,mosc\1 #ahbb1 vol4 i4 p4 #cd4 #cai ,aublet1 ,guyane1 i4 p4 #c4 #cbj ,mey]1 ,flora ,essequibo1 p4 #aa4 #cba ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ,h]ald41 p4 #bac4 #cbb ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #ca2 ,port]1 ,! ,tropical ,agriculturali/ p4 #bda2 ,a9slie1 ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 i4 p4 #ai4 #cbc ,fries1 ,summa1 p4 #bi2 ,nyl&]1 ,conspectus1 p4 #df2 ,b5?am1 ,h&b4 ,brit4 ,fl41 edit4 #d1 p4 #dj2 ,mackay1 ,fl4 ,hib]n41 p4 #bh2 ,brebisson1 ,fl4 de ,norm&ie1 edit4 #b1 p4 #ah2 ,babb+ton1 ,primiti ,fl4 ,s>nic1 p4 #h2 ,clavaud1 ,flore de la ,gironde1 i4 p4 #fh4 #cbd ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 vii4 p4 #adf2 ,nyl&]1 ,conspectus4 #cbe ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross42 ,griesba*1 ,spiciligium ,fl4 ,rumel42 ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5talis1 etc4 #cbf ,watson1 :o is c>eful on ^! po9ts1 d\bts :e!r ! cabbage is indig5\s 9 ,engl& 7,comp5dium ( ! ,cybele1 p4 #ajc71 b mo/ au?ors ( ,briti% floras admit x to be s4 #cbg ,br4 bale>ica & ,br4 cretica are p]5nial1 almo/ woody1 n bi5nial2 & botani/s are agre$ 9 sep>at+ !m f ,br4 ol]acea4 #cbh ,aug4 ,pyr4 de ,c&olle has publi%$ a pap] on ! divisions & subdivisions ( ,br4 ol]acea 7,transactions ( ! ,hort4 ,soc41 vol4 v41 translat$ into ,g]man & 9 ,fr5* 9 ! ,bibl4 ,univ4 ,agric41 vol4 viii471 :i* is (t5 quot$4 #cbi ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #hci4 #ccj ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #chj4 #cca ,br&za1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,romane1 p4 #abb4 #ccb ,de ,*>5cey1 ,re*]*es sur les ,noms ,basques1 9 ,actes de la ,socit ,philologique1 #a/ ,m>*1 #ahfi4 #ccc ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #chj4 #ccd ,fick1 ,vrt]b4 d4 ,indo-,g]m4 ,spra*51 p4 #c-d4 #cce ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind4 #ccf ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 m5tions no "n4 #ccg ,see ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 pp4 #abj1abd2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #fag4 #cch ,sib?orp1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,grc41 ii4 p4 #f2 ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*5l41 p4 #dg4 #cci ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #ie4 #cdj ,heldrei*1 ,nutz4 ,gr4 #cda ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #ie4 #cdb ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #afj4 #cdc ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t1 vol4 i4 #cdd ,de ,c&olle1 ,sy/41 ii4 p4 #ecc4 #cde ,sib?orp & ,smi?1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,grc1 ii4 p4 #f4 #cdf ,poe*1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,cypri1 #ahdb4 #cdg ,ung] & ,kots*y1 ,inseln ,cyp]n41 p4 #cca4 #cdh ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #bjc4 #cdi ,l9demann1 ,index ,plant4 9 ,ross41 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,mosc4 #ahfj1 vol4 xxxiii4 #cej ,l9demann1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,*]son1 p4 #ba4 #cea ,nyman1 ,conspectus ,fl4 ,europ41 #ahgh1 p4 #fe4 #ceb ,s*we9fur?1 ,beitr4 ,fl4 ?41 p4 #bgj4 #cec ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates purslane 0 believ$ to be ( =eign orig9 7,asa ,gray1 ,fl4 ( ,nor!rn ,/ates1 ed4 #e2 ,bot4 ( ,cali=nia1 i4 p4 #gi71 b 9 a rec5t publication1 ,asa ,gray & ,trumbull give reasons = believ+ t x is indig5\s 9 ,am]ica z 9 ! old _w4 ,columbus _h notic$ x at ,san ,salvador & at ,cuba2 ,ovi$o m5tions x 9 ,/4 ,dom+o & ,de ,l]y 9 ,brazil4 ,?is is n ! te/imony ( botani/s1 b ,nuttall & o!rs f\nd x wild 9 ! upp] valley ( ! ,miss\ri1 9 ,colorado1 & ,texas1 :]e1 h[ev]1 f ! date1 x might h be5 introduc$4--,,au?or',s ,,note1 #ahhd4 #ced ,pidd+ton1 ,index to ,indian ,plants4 #cee ,nemni*1 ,polyglot4 ,lex4 ,naturges*41 ii4 p4 #ajdg4 #cef ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 i4 p4 #cei2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,japon41 i4 p4 #ec2 ,b5?am1 ,fl4 ,hongkong1 p4 #abg4 #ceg ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #bdj4 #ceh ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #ade2 ,l9demann1 9 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,*]s41 p4 #gd1 says1 8,9 des]tis et ar5osis int] ,*]son et ,b]islaw1 circa ,odessam40 #cei ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #fcb2 ,heldrei*1 ,fl4 ,attis*4 ,eb5e41 p4 #dhc4 #cfj ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,x41 vol4 v42 ,gussone1 ,fl4 ,sic41 vol4 i42 ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>d41 vol4 ii42 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 vol4 iii4 #cfa ,botanical ,magaz9e1 t4 #bcfb2 ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 p4 #efg4 #cfb ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,h&book ( ,new ,zeal& ,flora1 p4 #hd2 ,b5?am1 ,flora ,au/rali5sis1 iii4 p4 #cbg2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,japoni1 i4 p4 #agg4 #cfc ,cl4 ,gay1 ,flora ,*il5a1 ii4 p4 #dfh4 #cfd ,fries1 ,summa ,veget4 ,sc&42 ,munby1 ,catal4 ,alg]41 p4 #aa2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 vol4 ii4 p4 #hef2 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bgb2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #fgi4 #cfe ,dioscorides1 ,mat4 ,m$41 l4 #c1 c4 #fg1 #fh2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 l4 #ai1 c4 #g1 #h2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt5 ,grie*5 und ,rm]1 p4 #eeg4 #cff ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss ,tauris*5 ,halb9seln1 p4 #ahc4 #cfg ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #iac4 #cfh ,l5z1 ,bot4 d4 ,alt4 ,gr4 und ,r41 p4 #egb4 #cfi ,munby1 ,catal4 ,alg]41 edit4 #b1 p4 #bb2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #heg4 #cgj ,dioscorides1 ,mat4 ,m$41 l4 #c1 c4 #gj2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 l4 #bj1 *4 #ab4 #cga ,! li/ ( ^! plants may be f\nd 9 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 d] ,bot41 iii4 p4 #dja4 #cgb ,phillips1 ,companion to ! ,kit*5 ,g>d51 ii4 p4 #ce4 #cgc ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 l4 #a1 #i2 l4 #b1 #b2 l4 #g1 #f2 ,dioscorides1 ,mat4 ,m$41 l4 #c1 c4 #ga4 #cgd ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*4 d] ,bot41 iii4 p4 #dja4 #cge ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #eh4 #cgf ,engli% ,botany1 t4 #bcj2 ,phillips1 ,companion to ! ,kit*5 ,g>d52 ,le ,bon ,j>d9i]4 #cgg ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #ibg4 #cgh ,krok1 ,monographie des ,val]ianella1 ,/ockholm1 #ahfd1 p4 #hh2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #ajd4 #cgi ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 i4 p4 #ahe2 ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>d41 ii4 p4 #cad2 ,gussone1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,sicul1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cj4 #chj ,dodo5s1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 p4 #gbd2 ,l9nu1 ,species1 p4 #aaei2 ,de ,c&olle1 ,prodr41 vi4 p4 #fbj4 #cha ,moris1 ,flora ,s>doa1 ii4 p4 #fa4 #chb ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 ii4 p4 #ahj4 #chc ,webb1 ,phyt4 ,can>41 iii4 sect4 #b1 p4 #chd2 ,ball1 ,spicilegium ,fl4 ,m>oc41 p4 #ebd2 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,pr4 ,fl4 ,hisp42 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 ix4 p4 #hf2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #ceg2 ,ung] & ,kots*y1 ,inseln ,cyp]n41 p4 #bdf4 #chd ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b4 #che ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #bg4 #chf ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #eb4 #chg ,dictionnaire ,franais-,b]bre1 publi%$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 #a vol4 9 #hvo4 #chh ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 l4 #f1 c4 #d2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 l4 #ai1 c4 #h2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt5 ,grie*5 & ,rm]1 p4 #dhj4 #chi ,a!nu1 ,deipn41 ii4 #hd4 #cij ,pick]+1 ,*ron4 ,arrangem5t1 p4 #ga2 ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #df1 figs4 #bg & #bh4 #cia ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #bb4 #cib ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #cic ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy1 etc41 & ,lett]s ( #ahha4 #cid ,phillips1 ,companion to ! ,kit*5 ,g>d51 p4 #bb4 #cie ,aug4 de ,sa9t ,hil>y1 ,plantes ,rem>kables du ,brsil1 ,introd41 p4 #eh2 ,d>w91 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 ii4 p4 #cd4 #cif ,cl4 ,gay1 ,flora ,*il5a1 iv4 p4 #cag4 #cig ,! au?or :o has gone into ?is "q mo/ c>efully is ,bis*(f1 9 8 ,beitrge zur ,flora ,deuts*l&s und d] ,s*weitz1 p4 #ahd4 ,see also ,moris1 ,flora ,s>doa1 ii4 p4 #ecj4 #cih ,webb1 ,phytogr4 ,can>i5sis1 iii4 p4 #dbb2 ,l[e1 ,flora ( ,madeira1 p4 #edd4 #cii ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #bb1 "u ! "n ( ,l4 sylve/ris4 #djj ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bhe4 #dja ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #hji4 #djb ,cl>ke1 ,compos4 ,indic1 p4 #bfc4 #djc ,!ophra/us1 l4 #g1 c4 #d4 #djd ,nemni*1 ,polygl4 ,lexicon4 #dje ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #hdc4 #djf ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 p4 #ag4 #djg ,ball1 ,spicilegium ,fl4 ,m>occ41 p4 #ecd2 ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #ba4 #djh ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #gae4 #dji ,cl>ke1 ,compos4 ,ind41 p4 #bej4 #daj ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #ggd4 #daa ,dioscorides1 ii4 c4 #afj2 ,pl9y1 xix4 c4 #h2 ,palladius1 xi4 c4 #aa4 ,see o!r au?ors quot$ by ,l5z1 ,bot4 d4 ,alt51 p4 #dhc4 #dab ,heldrei*1 ,die ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 pp4 #bh1 #gf4 #dac ,aug4 ,pyr4 de ,c&olle1 ,prodr41 vii4 p4 #hd2 ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot41 p4 #hde4 #dad ,cl>ke1 ,compos4 ,ind41 p4 #bej4 #dae ,de ,viviani1 ,flora ,dalmat41 ii4 p4 #ig2 ,s*ultz 9 ,webb1 ,phyt4 ,can>41 sect4 ii4 p4 #cia2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #gaf4 #daf ,l[e1 ,flora ( ,madeira1 p4 #eba4 #dag ,ball1 ,spicilegium1 p4 #ecd4 #dah ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #ba4 #dai ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #gaf4 #dbj ,bunge1 ,beitrge zur ,flora ,russl&s und ,c5tral ,asi5s1 p4 #aig4 #dba ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #dhc2 ,heldrei*1 ,die ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #gd4 #dbb ,nemni*1 ,polygl4 ,lex41 at ! ^w ,ci*orium ,endivia4 #dbc ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #bdg2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #dbd ,j4 ,bauh91 ,hi/41 ii4 p4 #ifd2 ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class42 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt54 #dbe ,brassavola1 p4 #agf4 #dbf ,ma?ioli1 ed ,valgr41 p4 #cdc4 #dbg ,ebn ,bai?>1 ueb]itz von ,sond!im]1 i4 p4 #cd2 ,=skal1 ,egypt1 p4 #gg2 ,delile1 ,ill4 gypt41 p4 #bi4 #dbh ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ed4 #ahcb1 v4 iii4 p4 #gga1 appli$ to ,sp9acia tet&ra1 :i* seems to be ! same species4 #dbi ,maxim[icz1 ,primiti ,fl4 ,amur41 p4 #bbb4 #dcj ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value ( ,*94 ,bot4 ,works1 pp4 #ae1 #ag4 #dca ,dict4 d',agric41 v4 p4 #ijf4 #dcb ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 vi4 p4 #bcd4 #dcc ,wight1 ,icones1 t4 #hah4 #dcd ,nees1 ,g54 ,plant4 ,fl4 ,g]m41 #a4 #g1 pl4 #ae4 #dce ,bauh91 ,hi/41 ii4 p4 #ife4 #dcf ,a4 gangeticus1 ,a4 tri/is1 & ,a4 hybridis ( ,l9nu1 accord+ to ,bak]1 ,flora ( ,mauritius1 p4 #bff4 #dcg ,wight1 ,icones1 p4 #gae4 #dch ,roxburgh1 ,flora ,indica1 edit4 #b1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fjf4 #dci ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5talis1 iv4 p4 #iij2 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 etc41 p4 #bhi4 #ddj ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,japoni1 i4 p4 #cij4 #dda ,hassk>l1 ,plant4 ,javan4 ,r>iores1 p4 #dca4 #ddb ,gay1 ,ann4 des ,sc4 ,nat41 #crd s]ies1 vol4 viii4 #ddc ,l9nu1 ,species ,pl42 ,de ,c&olle1 ,fl4 ,fran41 iii4 p4 #bai4 #ddd ,ko*1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,g]m42 ,bab+ton1 ,man4 ( ,brit4 ,bot42 ,engli% ,bot41 etc4 #dde ,l$eb\r1 ,flora ,ross41 iv4 p4 #afc4 #ddf ,bak]1 ,j\rnal ( ,bot41 #ahgd1 p4 #bie4 #ddg ,/rabo1 xii4 p4 #efj2 ,pl9y1 bk4 xviii4 c4 #af4 #ddh ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 etc41 p4 #cee4 #ddi ,gasp>91 ,c\rs d',agric41 iv4 p4 #dbd4 #dej ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #cd4 #dea ,fraas1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #fc2 ,heldrei*1 ,die ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #gj4 #deb ,bauh91 ,hi/4 ,plant41 ii4 p4 #cha4 #dec ,colmeiro1 ,catal4 #ded ,tozzetti1 ,dizion4 ,bot4 #dee ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,heil und ,nahrungsmittel1 translat$ f ,arabic by ,son!im]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #beg4 #def ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #id4 #deg ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #aig4 #deh ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #dei ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #gb4 #dfj ,fraas1 ,synopsis ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #eh2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt5 ,gr4 und ,rm41 p4 #gca4 #dfa ,o4 de ,s]res1 ,?tre de l',agric41 p4 #bdb4 #dfb ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #cd4 #dfc ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #gjh2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,or41 p4 #ecb4 #dfd ,turczan9[1 ,flora ,baical4 ,dahur41 i4 p4 #cdj4 #dfe ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #ce2 ,m>s & ,virg9eix1 ,catal4 des ,balares1 p4 #ajj4 #dff ,de ,gasp>91 ,c\rs d',agric41 iv4 p4 #dgb4 #dfg ,b]toloni1 ,flora ,ital41 viii4 p4 #f4 #dfh ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #bfb4 #dfi ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #ab4 #dgj ,de ,gasp>91 ,c\rs d',agric41 iv4 p4 #dde1 accord+ to ,s*w]z & ,a4 ,"y4 #dga ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #aa4 #dgb ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 i4 p4 #aae4 #dgc ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #edh4 #dgd ,bak]1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #hf4 #dge ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 pt4 i4 p4 #fah4 #dgf ,de ,c&olle1 ,fl4 ,fran41 iv4 p4 #ebh4 #dgg ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #ce4 #dgh ,co/a1 ,intro4 ,fl4 di ,catal41 p4 #fj4 #dgi ,moritzi1 ,dict4 ,,ms41 compil$ f floras publi%$ be=e ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury4 #dhj ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #cff4 #dha ,m>s & ,virg9eix1 ,catal41 #ahhj4 #dhb ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>d41 i4 p4 #dfg4 #dhc ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b4 #dhd ,b5?am1 ,h&book ,brit4 ,fl41 edit4 #d1 p4 #aag4 #dhe ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>d41 i4 p4 #dfg2 ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 iii4 p4 #bij4 #dhf ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 p4 #fai4 #dhg ,=skal1 ,fl4 ,egypt41 p4 #ga2 ,delile1 ,plant4 ,cult4 en ,egypt41 p4 #aj2 ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ii4 p4 #cih4 #dhh ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #abg4 #dhi ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,x41 vii4 p4 #ejj4 #dij ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #ga4 #dia ,see ,l5z1 ,bot4 d4 ,alt51 p4 #gbg2 ,fraas1 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #ed4 #dib ,wittmack1 ,sitzungsb] ,bot4 ,v]e9s ,br&5burg1 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahgi4 #dic ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #cjh4 #did ,bak]1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind4 #die ,h]r]a1 ,agricultura1 edit4 #ahai1 iv4 p4 #gb4 #dif ,bak]1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind4 #dig ,= in/ance1 ,munby1 ,catal4 ,plant ,alg]i1 edit4 #b1 p4 #ab4 #dih ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b4 #dii ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #fff2 ,hoh5ack]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,talys*1 p4 #aac2 ,c4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,v]zei*niss1 p4 #adg4 #ejj ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 iii4 p4 #cbc2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #agh4 #eja ,pidd+ton's ,index gives f\r4 #ejb ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #cj4 #ejc ,cato1 ,be re ,ru/ica1 edit4 #aece1 p4 #cd2 ,pl9y1 bk4 xviii4 c4 #ae4 #ejd ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #ga4 ,9 ! e>li] language ?an ! ,indo-,europeans1 vik be>s ano!r mean+1 t ( 8hamlet0 7,fick1 ,vrt]b4 ,indo-,g]m41 p4 #ahi74 #eje ,vilmor91 ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 p4 #fjc4 #ejf ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #ca2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 vii4 pp4 #ddd1 #ddg4 #ejg ,l5z1 ,botanik4 d4 ,alt51 p4 #gcj4 #ejh ,fraas1 ,fl4 ,class42 ,heldrei*1 ,nutzflanz5 ,grie*5l&s4 #eji ,wittmack1 ,sitz4 ,b]4 ,bot4 ,v]e9s ,br&5burg1 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahgi4 #eaj ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #cac2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital4 #eaa ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 etc41 p4 #beg4 #eab ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fje4 #eac ,j4 ,bak]1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind4 #ead ,munby1 ,catal4 #eae ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 viii41 c4 #b1 #aj4 #eaf ,columella1 ,de rei ru/ica1 ii4 c4 #aj2 ,pl9y1 xviii4 c4 #ac1 #cb4 #eag ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind42 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #agh4 #eah ,ros5mll]1 ,h&b4 ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 vol4 i4 #eai ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #ebj ,heldrei*1 ,pflanz4 d4 ,attis*4 ,eb5e1 p4 #dgf2 ,nutzpf4 ,gr41 p4 #gb4 #eba ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #fha4 #ebb ,c4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,v]zei*niss1 p4 #adh4 #ebc ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fjf4 #ebd ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #cab4 #ebe ,l5z1 ,bot4 d4 ,alt51 p4 #gcj2 ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl4 ,gr41 p4 #gb4 #ebf ,l5z4 #ebg ,c>uel1 ,fl4 ,tosc41 p4 #aic2 ,gussone1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,sic41 edit4 #b4 #ebh ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fjb2 ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>d41 i4 p4 #ehb4 #ebi ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp4 #ecj ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t4 #eca ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 viii4 c4 #h2 ,columella1 ,de rei ru/ica1 ii4 c4 #aj2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 xviii4 c4 #af4 #ecb ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #fc2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #gai4 #ecc ,bak]1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #eg4 #ecd ,s*we9fur?1 ,beitr4 z4 ,fl4 ?iop41 p4 #beh4 #ece ,bak]1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind4 #ecf ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #gj4 #ecg ,boissi]1 ibid4 #ech ,sib?orp1 ,fl4 ,grca1 t4 #gff2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 viii4 p4 #bej2 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #cij4 #eci ,c>uel1 ,fl4 ,tosc41 p4 #bef2 ,willkomm & ,lange4 #edj ,! plants :i* spread f "o c\ntry to ano!r introduce !mselves into isl&s ) m difficulty1 z w be se5 f ! rem>ks ,i =m]ly publi%$4 7,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #gjf74 #eda ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #edb ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #acj4 #edc ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?4 #edd ,z usual1 ,fick's diction>y ( ,indo-,european languages does n m5tion ! "n ( ?is plant1 :i* ! ,engli% say is ,sanskrit4 #ede ,brot]o1 ,flora ,lusitanica1 ii4 p4 #afj4 #edf ,cosson1 ,notes sur ,quelques ,plantes ,n\velles ou ,critiques du ,midi de l',espagne1 p4 #cf4 #edg ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 p4 #eab4 #edh ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 i4 p4 #gca4 #edi ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #bdc1 & sev]al specim5s f ! ,nilgh]ries & ,ceylon 9 my h]b>ium4 #eej ,zoll+]1 ,no4 #beef 9 my h]b>ium4 #eea ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #eeb ,sobolewski1 ,fl4 ,petrop41 p4 #aji4 #eec ,rafn1 ,danm>ks ,flora1 ii4 p4 #gii4 #eed ,wahl5b]g1 quot$ by ,moritzi1 ,dict4 ,,ms42 ,sv5sk ,botanik1 t4 #cjh4 #eee ,bauh91 ,hi/4 ,plant41 iii4 p4 #gbb4 #eef ,sp]gula ,maxima1 ,bn+haus51 an illu/ration publi%$ 9 ,rei*5ba*'s ,plant ,crit41 vi4 p4 #eac4 #eeg ,panicum maximum1 ,jacq41 ,coll4 #a1 p4 #ga 7#aghf72 ,jacq41 ,icones #a1 t4 #ac2 ,sw>tz1 ,fl4 ,indi ,occ41 vii4 p4 #agj2 ,p4 polygamum1 ,sw>tz1 ,prodr41 p4 #bd 7#aghh72 ,p4 jum5torum1 ,p]soon ,en*41 i4 p4 #hc 7#ahje72 ,p4 altissimum ( "s g>d5s & mod]n au?ors4 ,accord+ to ! rule1 ! olde/ "n %\ld be adopt$4 #eeh ,9 ,dom9ica accord+ to ,imray1 9 ! ,kew ,report = #ahgi1 p4 #af4 #eei ,nees1 9 ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,brasil41 9 #hvo1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aff4 #efj ,dll1 9 ,fl4 ,brasil41 9 fol41 vol4 ii4 "p #b4 #efa ,sir ,w4 ,hook]1 ,nig] ,fl41 p4 #efj4 #efb ,nees1 ,flor ,afric ,au/r4 ,gram9e1 p4 #cf4 #efc ,a4 ,ri*>d1 ,abyss9ie1 ii4 p4 #cgc4 #efd ,pet]s1 ,reise ,botanik1 p4 #edf4 #efe ,boj]1 ,hortus ,maurit41 p4 #efe4 #eff ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,mauritius & ,sey*elles1 p4 #dcf4 #efg ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,zeylani4 #efh ,seemann1 ,tr4 ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 xxii4 p4 #ccg1 pl4 #fa4 #efi ,kmpf]1 ,amn4 ,japon4 #egj ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value ( ,*94 ,bot4 ,works1 pp4 #ac & #de4 #ega ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,jap41 i4 p4 #fa4 #egb ,=tune1 ,?ree ,ye>s' ,w&]+ 9 ,*9a1 #a vol4 9 #hvo #egc ,fontani]1 ,bullet9 ,soc4 d',acclim41 #ahgj1 p4 #hh4 #egd ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #dad4 #ege ,griffi?1 ,reports2 ,walli*1 quot$ by ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,india1 i4 p4 #bic4 #egf ,&]son1 quot$ by ,hook]4 #egg ,! ,colonies & ,india1 ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1 #ahhj1 i4 p4 #fei4 #egh ,spee* at ! ,bot4 ,cong4 ( ,london 9 #ahff4 #egi ,flora1 #ahfh1 p4 #fd4 #ehj ,plan*on1 9 ,hook]1 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 vol4 vii4 p4 #afe4 #eha ,he]1 ,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 9 #dto1 ,zri*1 #ahfe1 p4 #ce2 ,ueb] d5 ,fla*s und die ,fla*skultur1 9 #dto1 ,zri*1 #ahgb4 #ehb ,loret1 ,obs]vations ,critiques sur ,plusieurs ,plantes ,montpellira9es1 9 ! ,revue des ,sc4 ,nat41 #ahge4 #ehc ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5t41 i4 p4 #hea4 ,x is ,l4 usitatissimum ( ,kots*y1 ,no4 #afd4 #ehd ,boissi]1 ibid42 ,hoh5h41 ,enum4 ,talys*41 p4 #afh4 #ehe ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss d] auf d] tauris*5 ,halb9seln wildwa*s5d5 ,pflanz51 ,mosc[1 #aheg1 p4 #ia4 #ehf ,he]1 ,ueb4 d4 ,fla*s1 pp4 #ag & #bb4 #ehg ,jordan1 quot$ by ,walp]s1 ,annal41 vol4 ii41 & by ,he]1 p4 #bb4 #ehh ,ball1 ,spicilegium ,fl4 ,m>occ41 p4 #chj4 #ehi ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #g4 #eij ,rohlf1 accord+ to ,cosson1 ,bulle4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,fr41 #ahge1 p4 #df4 #eia ,plan*on1 9 ,hook]'s ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 vol4 #g2 ,b5?am1 ,h&bk4 ( ,brit4 ,flora1 edit4 #d1 p4 #hi4 #eib ,plan*on1 ibid4 #eic ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,or41 i4 p4 #hfa4 #eid ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hcc4 #eie ,?omson1 ,annals ( ,philosophy1 ,june1 #ahcd2 ,dutro*et1 ,l>rey1 & ,co/az1 ,comptes r5dus de l',acad4 des4 ,sc41 ,p>is1 #ahcg1 sem4 i4 p4 #gci2 ,ung]1 ,bot4 ,/reifzge1 iv4 p4 #fb4 #eif ,o!r ,hebrew words are int]pret$ 8flax10 b ?is is ! mo/ c]ta94 ,see ,hamilton1 ,la ,botanique de la ,bible1 ,nice1 #ahga1 p4 #eh4 #eig ,pidd+ton1 ,index ,ind4 ,plants2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 ii4 p4 #aaj4 ,! "n matusi indicat$ by ,pidd+ton belongs to o!r plants1 accord+ to ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,euro41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cif4 #eih ,he]1 ,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 #hvo pamphlet1 ,zri*1 #ahfe1 p4 #ce2 ,ueb] d5 ,fla*s und die ,fla*skultur 9 ,alt]?um1 pamphlet 9 #hvo1 ,zri*1 #ahgb4 #eii ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 iv4 p4 #fab4 #fjj ,we h se5 t flax is f\nd t[>ds ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe1 b n imm$iately nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,p]haps ! climate ( ,switz]l& 0 =m]ly m equable ?an x is n[1 ) m sn[ to %elt] p]5nial plants4 #fja ,mit!il4 ,an?ropol4 ,gesells*aft1 ,wi51 vol4 vi4 pp4 #abb1 #afa2 ,abh&l41 ,wi5 ,akad41 #hd1 p4 #dhh4 #fjb ,sordelli1 ,sulle piante della torbi]a e della /azione prei/orica della ,lagozza1 pp4 #cg1 #ea1 pr9t$ at ! conclusion ( ,ca/elfranco's ,notizie alla /azione lacu/re della ,lagozza1 9 #hvo1 ,atti della ,soc4 ,ital4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #ahhj4 #fjc ,! f[l 0 introduc$ into ,greece f ,asia 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 accord+ to ,he]1 ,ueb4 d4 ,fla*s1 p4 #be4 #fjd ,^! discov]ies 9 ! peat-mosses ( ,lagozza & else:]e 9 ,italy %[ h[ f> ,hehn 0 mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t 7,kulturpfl41 edit4 #c1 #ahgg1 p4 #ebd7 ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s 7 ne> ! "t ( ,cs>4 ,! m5 ( ! same civilization z !y to ! s\? ( ! ,alps 7 evid5tly m anci5t ?an ! ,roman republic1 p]haps ?an ! ,ligurians4 #fje ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cif4 #fjf ,van ,eys1 ,dict4 ,basque-,franais1 #ahgf2 ,gze1 ,elm5ts de ,grammaire ,basque suivis d'un vocabulaire1 ,bayonne1 #ahgc2 ,salab]ry1 ,mots ,basques ,nav>rais1 ,bayonne1 #ahef2 l',ecluse1 ,vocab4 ,fran4-,basque1 #ahbf4 #fjg ,nemni*1 ,poly4 ,lex4 d4 ,naturges*41 ii4 p4 #dbj2 ,rafn1 ,danm>k ,flora1 ii4 p4 #cij4 #fjh ,nemni*1 ibid4 #fji ,ibid4 #faj ,ibid4 #faa ,fick1 ,v]gl4 ,wrt]bu*4 ,ind4 ,g]m41 #bnd edit41 i4 p4 #gbb4 ,he also d]ives ! "n ,l9a f ! ,lat9 l9um2 b ?is "n is ( e>li] date1 be+ common to sev]al ,european ,aryan languages4 #fab ,pl9y1 bk4 xix4 c4 #a3 ,v]e satum /ate vellitur4 #fac ,ung]1 ,botanis*e ,/reifzge1 #ahff1 ,no4 #g1 p4 #ae4 #fad ,a4 ,braun1 ,die ,pflanz5re/e des gyptis*5 ,museums 9 ,b]l91 9 #hvo1 #ahgg1 p4 #d4 #fae ,rosell9i1 pls4 #ce & #cf1 quot$ by ,ung]1 ,bot4 ,/reifzge1 ,no4 #d1 p4 #fb4 #faf ,w4 ,s*imp]1 ,as*]son1 ,boissi]1 ,s*we9fur?1 quot$ by ,braun4 #fag ,he]1 ,ueb4 d4 ,fla*s1 p4 #bf4 #fah ,masp]o1 ,hi/oire ,anci5ne des ,peuples de l',ori5t41 edit4 #c1 ,p>is1 #ahgh1 p4 #ac4 #fai ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiat4 ,soc41 vol4 xv4 p4 #bga1 quot$ by ,he]1 ,ueb4 d5 ,fl4 #fbj ,masp]o1 p4 #bac4 #fba ,! ,greek texts are quot$ 9 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt4 ,gr4 und ,rm41 p4 #fgb2 & 9 ,hehn1 ,culturpfl4 und ,hau/hi]e1 edit4 #c1 p4 #add4 #fbb ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ4 #fbc ,dictionnaire ,fran4-,b]bre1 #a vol4 9 #hvo1 #ahdd4 #fbd ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 vol4 v4 p4 #bab2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #eha2 ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*9*9e1 vi4 p4 #djh4 #fbe ,blume1 ,bijdrag51 i4 p4 #aaj4 #fbf ,zoll+]1 ,nos4 #afih & #bgfa4 #fbg ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,zeylan41 p4 #ca4 #fbh ,edgewor?1 ,l9nan ,soc4 ,j\rn41 ix4 #fbi ,ma/]s1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #cig4 #fcj ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 i4 p4 #djh4 #fca ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum41 i4 p4 #ff4 #fcb ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,naturges*4 #fcc ,von ,heldrei*1 ,die ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*5l41 p4 #ec4 #fcd ,ma/]s1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #cig2 ,ait*ison1 ,catal4 ,punjab1 p4 #bc2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #eha4 #fce ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #fcf ,s*we9fur?1 ,beitr4 z4 ,fl4 ?iop41 p4 #bfd4 #fcg ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,we/ ,ind41 p4 #ig4 #fch ,bosc1 ,dict4 d',agric41 at ! ^w 8,sumac40 #fci ,! conditions & me?ods ( ! culture ( ! suma* are ! subject ( an important pap] by ,inz5ga1 translat$ 9 ! ,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclim41 ,feb4 #ahgg4 ,9 ! ,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1 ix4 p4 #cda1 may be se5 an extract f an e>li] pap] by ! au?or on ! same subject4 #fdj ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #eji2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #d4 #fda ,nemni*1 ,polygl4 ,lexicon1 ii4 p4 #aaef2 ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #dad4 #fdb ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #he4 #fdc ,=skal1 ,flora gypto-,arabica1 p4 #fe2 ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,abyss41 i4 p4 #acd1 pl4 #cj2 ,botta1 ,ar*ives du ,musum1 ii4 p4 #gc4 #fdd ,ho*/ett]1 ,flora1 #ahda1 p4 #ffc4 #fde ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bfc2 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #cfd4 #fdf ,aug4 de ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,mm4 du ,musum1 ix4 p4 #cea2 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #crd s]ies1 xiv4 p4 #eb2 ,hook]1 ,london ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 i4 p4 #cd2 ,m>tius1 ,flora ,brasili5sis1 vol4 ii4 "p #a1 p4 #aai4 #fdg ,m>t9et1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclim41 #ahgd1 p4 #ddi4 #fdh ,p>ticul>ly 9 ,gosse's ,monographie de l',ery?roxylon ,coca1 9 #hvo1 #ahfa4 #fdi ,hook]1 ,comp4 to ! ,bot4 ,mag41 ii4 p4 #be4 #fej ,peyrits*1 9 ! ,flora ,brasil41 fasc4 #ha1 p4 #aef4 #fea ,hook]1 ,comp4 to ! ,bot4 ,mag4 #feb ,gosse1 ,monogr41 p4 #ab4 #fec ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,ann4 ,sci5ces ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 #ah1 p4 #cch4 #fed ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #cgi4 #fee ,wight1 ,icones1 t4 #cfe2 ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 t4 #aie2 ,bak]1 9 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #ih2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora1 p4 #acf4 #fef ,guillem91 ,p]rottet1 & ,ri*>d1 ,flor ,s5eg4 ,t5tam51 p4 #agh4 #feg ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,abyss41 i4 p4 #ahd2 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 ii4 p4 #ig2 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bef4 #feh ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 d4 ,alt4 gypt5s1 p4 #ff2 ,pick]+1 ,*ronol4 ,arrang41 p4 #ddc4 #fei ,reyni]1 conomie des ,juifs1 p4 #dci2 des gypti5s1 p4 #ced4 #ffj ,h]n&ez1 ,!s41 p4 #ajh4 #ffa ,=tune1 ,no4 #cb4 #ffb ,ait*ison1 ,catal4 ( ,pl4 ( ,punjab & ,s9dh1 p4 #fj2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #gdd4 #ffc ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #beh4 #ffd ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,zeyl41 p4 #abb4 #ffe ,cl>ke1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #bgc4 #fff ,rumphius1 ,amb41 iv4 p4 #db4 #ffg ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #bga4 #ffh ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 ii4 p4 #dhc4 #ffi ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #fgj ,dioscorides1 #a1 c4 #abd2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d4 ,alt51 p4 #agg4 #fga ,ti$emann1 ,ges*i*te des ,tabaks1 9 #hvo1 #ahed4 ,= ,brazil1 see ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie und ,spra*kunde ,am]ikas1 i4 p4 #gai4 #fgb ,ti$emann1 p4 #ag1 pl4 #a4 #fgc ,! draw+s on ^! pipes are reproduc$ 9 ,naidaillac's rec5t "w1 ,les ,premi]s ,hommes et les ,temps ,prhi/oriques1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #de1 #dh4 #fgd ,ti$emann1 pp4 #ch1 #ci4 #fge ,m>tius1 ,sy/4 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,bras41 p4 #abj2 ,fl4 ,bras41 vol4 x4 p4 #aia4 #fgf ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #hdi4 #fgg ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 ,ph>macographia1 p4 #dah4 #fgh ,"o ( ^! is class$ "u ! "n ,nicot4 fruticosa1 :i* 9 my op9ion is ! same species1 tall1 b n woody1 z ! "n w\ld lead "o to believe4 ,n4 auriculata1 ,b]t]o1 is also ,tabacum1 accord+ to my au!ntic specim5s4 #fgi ,hayne1 ,arzneikunde ,gewa*se1 vol4 xii t4 #da2 ,mill]1 ,figures ( ,plants1 pl4 #ahe1 f4 #a4 #fhj ,! capsule is sometimes %ort] & sometimes long] ?an ! calix1 on ! same plant1 9 ,&r's specim5s4 #fha ,see ! figures ( ,n4 ru/ica 9 ,ple1 ,types de ,familles ,naturelles de ,france1 ,solanes2 ,bulli>d1 ,h]bi] de ,france1 t4 #bhi4 #fhb ,asa ,gray1 ,syn4 ,flora ( ,nor? ,am]4 7#ahgh71 p4 #bda4 #fhc ,m>t9 de ,m\ssy1 ,descr4 de la ,repub4 ,arg5t41 i4 p4 #aif4 #fhd ,bulli>d1 ,h]bi] de ,france4 #fhe ,csalp9us1 lib4 viii4 cap4 #dd2 ,bauh91 ,hi/41 iii4 p4 #fcj4 #fhf ,ti$emann1 ,ges*i*te des ,tabaks1 7#ahed7 p4 #bjh4 ,two ye>s e>li]1 ,volz1 ,beitrge zur ,culturges*i*te1 _h collect$ a numb] ( facts relative to ! introduction ( tobacco into diff]5t c\ntries4 #fhg ,accord+ to an anonym\s ,indian au?or quot$ by ,ti$emann1 p4 #bbi4 #fhh ,ti$emann1 p4 #bcd4 #fhi ,rumphius1 ,h]b4 ,ambo9 v4 p4 #bbe4 #fij ,raffles1 ,descr4 ( ,java1 p4 #he4 #fia ,?unb]g1 ,flora ,japonica1 p4 #ia4 #fib ,klemm1 quot$ by ,ti$emann1 p4 #bef4 #fic ,/anislas ,juli51 9 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hea2 ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ag4 #fid ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #fie ,=skal1 p4 #fc4 #fif ,lehmann1 ,hi/oria ,nicot9>um1 p4 #ah4 ,! epi!t suffruticosa is an exagg]ation appli$ to ! tobaccos1 :i* are always annual4 ,i h said already t ,n4 suffruticosa ( diff]5t au?ors is ,n4 ,tabacum4 #fig ,l9k & ,otto1 ,icones ,plant4 ,r>4 ,hort4 ,b]41 9 #dto1 p4 #fc1 t4 #cb4 ,s5dtn]1 9 ,flora ,brasil1 vol4 x4 p4 #afg1 describes ! same plant z ,sello1 z x seems f ! specim5s collect$ by ?is travell]2 & ,griseba*1 ,symbol ,fl4 ,arg5t41 p4 #bdc1 m5tions ,n4 alata 9 ! prov9ce ( ,entr]ios ( ! ,arg5t9e republic4 #fih ,b]t]o1 9 ,de ,c&41 ,prodr41 xii41 sect4 #a1 p4 #efh4 #fii ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,zelani1 p4 #beb2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,india1 p4 #cge4 #gjj ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 ,ph>macographia1 p4 #dfg2 ,port]1 ,! ,tropical ,agriculturi/41 p4 #bfh4 #gja ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora2 ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,india ,is41 p4 #agi4 #gjb ,de ,mal>tic1 ,j\rn4 d',agric4 ,pratique1 #ahga1 #ahgb1 vol4 ii4 ,no4 #ca2 de la ,roque1 ibid41 ,no4 #bi1 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclim41 #ahgb1 p4 #dfc2 ,vilmor91 ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 pt4 #a1 p4 #gjj2 ,vetill>t1 tudes sur les ,fibres ,vgtales ,textiles1 p4 #ii1 pl4 #b4 #gjc ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 ii4 p4 #fhc4 #gjd ,b5?am1 ,fl4 ,hongkong1 p4 #cca4 #gje ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,jap41 i4 p4 #dci4 #gjf ,blanco1 ,flora de ,filip41 edit4 #b1 p4 #dhd4 #gjg ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 v4 p4 #bad4 #gjh ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #eij4 #gji ,miquel1 ,sumatra1 ,g]m4 edit41 p4 #agj4 #gaj ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #e1 #aj1 #dh4 #gaa ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #b1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ggb4 #gab ,roxburgh1 ibid4 #gac ,reyni]1 conomie des ,celtes1 p4 #ddh2 ,legonidec1 ,dict4 ,bas-,breton4 #gad ,j4 ,humb]t1 =m]ly pr(essor ( ,arabic at ,g5eva1 says ! "n is kannab1 kon-nab1 hon-nab1 h5-nab1 kan$ir1 accord+ to ! locality4 #gae ,a!nu1 quot$ by ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 p4 #afh4 #gaf ,ros5mll]1 ,h&4 ,bibl4 ,alt]?4 #gag ,=skal1 ,flora2 ,delile1 ,flore d'gypte4 #gah ,reyni]1 conomie des ,arabes1 p4 #dcd4 #gai ,he]1 ,ueb] d4 ,fla*s1 p4 #be4 #gbj ,sordelli1 ,notizie sull4 ,/az4 di ,lagozza1 #ahhj4 #gba ,vol4 xvi4 sect4 #a1 p4 #cj4 #gbb ,de ,bunge1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,fr41 #ahfj1 p4 #cj4 #gbc ,l$eb\r1 ,flora ,rossica1 iii4 p4 #fcd4 #gbd ,bunge f\nd hemp 9 ! nor? ( ,*9a1 b among rubbi% 7,enum4 ,no4 #cch74 #gbe ,s]+e1 ,description et ,culture des ,mri]s4 #gbf ,bureau1 9 ,de ,c&olle1 ,prodromus1 xvii4 p4 #bch4 #gbg ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,nor?-,we/ & ,c5tral ,india1 #ahgd1 p4 #djh4 ,?is v>iety has black fruit1 l t ( ,morus nigra4 #gbh ,bureau1 ibid41 f ! specim5s ( sev]al travell]s4 #gbi ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ab4 #gcj ,?is "n occurs 9 ! ,p5t-sao1 accord+ to ,ritt]1 ,erdkunde1 xvii4 p4 #dhi4 #gca ,platt says 7,zeits*rift d4 ,gesells*4 ,erdkunde1 #ahga1 p4 #afb7 t its cultivation dates f #djjj ye>s ,b4,c4 #gcb ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,jap41 i4 p4 #dcc4 #gcc ,ant4 ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici sull' ,introduzione di ,v>ie ,piante nell' ,agricoltura ,toscana1 p4 #ahh4 #gcd ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iv4 p4 #aaec4 #gce ,buhse1 ,aufzhlung d] ,transcaucasi5 und ,p]si5 ,pflanz51 p4 #bjc4 #gcf ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 iii4 p4 #fdc4 #gcg ,/ev51 ,v]sei*niss d4 ,tauris*4 ,halb9s1 p4 #cac2 ,heldrei*1 ,pflanz5 des ,attis*5 ,eb5e1 p4 #ejh2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 x4 p4 #agg2 ,c>uel1 ,fl4 ,toscana1 p4 #aga4 #gch ,bureau1 de ,c&41 ,prodr41 xvii4 p4 #bch4 #gci ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind42 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #gdj ,rei*5ba* gives good figures ( bo? species 9 8 ,icones ,fl4 ,g]m41 #feg1 #feh4 #gda ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #bcf2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt5 ,gr4 und ,rm41 p4 #dai2 ,ritt]1 ,erdkunde1 xvii4 p4 #dhb2 ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 p4 #ccf4 #gdb ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iv4 p4 #aaec 7publi%$ #ahgi74 #gdc ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 iii4 p4 #fda4 #gdd ,/ev51 ,v]sei*niss d4 ,taur4 ,halb4 ,pflan41 p4 #cac4 #gde ,t*ihat*eff1 trans4 ( ,griseba*'s ,vgtation du ,globe1 i4 #dbd4 #gdf ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #ai4 #gdg ,b]toloni1 ,flora ,ital41 x4 p4 #agi2 ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 i4 p4 #bbj2 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 i4 p4 #bej4 #gdh ,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne1 ed4 #b1 p4 #dhg4 #gdi ,humboldt1 9 ,kun?1 ,nova ,g5]a1 i4 p4 #big4 #gej ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #ehb4 #gea ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #gci2 ,h4 ,h(fmann1 9 ,regel's ,g>t5flora1 #ahge1 p4 #gj4 #geb ,k4 ,ritt]1 ,ueb] die ,geographis*e ,v]breitung des ,zuck]rohrs1 9 #dto1 #ajh pages 7accord+ to ,pritzel1 ,!s4 ,lit4 ,bot472 ,die ,cultur des ,zuck]rohrs1 ,sac*>um1 9 ,asi51 ,geogr4 ,v]breitung1 etc41 etc41 9 #hvo1 #fd pages1 )\t date4 ,?is monograph is full ( le>n+ & judgm5t1 wor?y ( ! be/ epo* ( ,g]man sci5ce1 :5 ,engli% or ,fr5* au?ors 7 quot$ by all au?ors ) z mu* c>e z ,g]mans4 #gec ,kun?1 ,enum4 ,plant4 7#ahch71 vol4 i4 p4 #dgd4 ,!re is no m rec5t descriptive "w on ! family ( ! ,gram9e1 nor ! g5us ,sac*>um4 #ged ,miquel1 ,flor ,indi ,batav1 #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eaa4 #gee ,ait*ison1 ,catalogue ( ,punjab & ,s9dh ,plants1 #ahfi1 p4 #agc4 #gef ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,,pi4 ,zeyloni4 #geg ,crawfurd1 ,indian ,ar*ip41 i4 p4 #dge4 #geh ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul5tis4 #gei ,vieill>d1 ,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #cb4 #gfj ,l\reiro1 ,co*9-,*41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #ff4 #gfa ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypto-,arabica1 p4 #ajc4 #gfb ,macfady51 ,on ! ,botanical ,*>act]s ( ! ,sug>-,cane1 9 ,hook]'s ,bot4 ,miscell41 i4 p4 #aja2 ,maycock1 ,fl4 ,b>bad41 p4 #ej4 #gfc ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 vol4 v4 p4 #ahf4 #gfd ,hehn1 ,no4 #dhj4 #gfe ,s*a*t1 ,madeira und ,t5]iffe1 tab4 i4 #gff ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 i4 p4 #aec1 pl4 #bc4 #gfg ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #gfh ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #de-dg4 #gfi ,see ! quotations f ,/rabo1 ,dioscorides1 ,pl9y1 etc41 9 ,l5z1 ,botanik d] ,alt5 ,grie*5 und ,rm]1 #ahei1 p4 #bfg2 ,f+]hut1 9 ,flora1 #ahci1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ebi2 & _m o!r au?ors4 #ggj ,ros5mll]1 ,h&bu* d] ,bibl4 ,alt]?4 #gga ,cal5dri] ,rural de ,h>ib1 writt5 9 ! t5? c5tury = ,spa91 translat$ by ,dureau de la ,malle 9 8 ,climatologie de l',italie et de l',&al\sie1 p4 #ga4 #ggb ,von ,bu*1 ,can>4 ,ins4 #ggc ,piso1 ,brsil1 p4 #di4 #ggd ,humboldt1 ,n\v4 ,espagne1 ed4 #b1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cd4 #gge ,n4 ,/at4 sur les ,col4 ,franc41 i4 pp4 #bjg1 #bi1 #hc4 #ggf ,macfady51 9 ,hook]1 ,bot4 ,miscell41 i4 p4 #aja2 ,maycock1 ,fl4 ,b>bad41 p4 #ej4 #ggg ii4 p4 #c4 #ggh ii4 tab4 #c4 #ggi ,sonn]at1 ,voy4 ,n\v4 ,gu941 tab4 #aai1 #abj4 #ghj ,?unb]g1 ,diss41 ii4 p4 #cbf2 ,de ,c&olle1 ,prodr41 iii4 p4 #bfb2 ,hook]1 ,bot4 ,mag41 tab4 #bgdi2 ,hassk>l1 ,cat4 ,hort4 ,bogor4 ,alt41 p4 #bfa4 #gha ,roxburgh1 ,flora ,indica1 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aid4 #ghb ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 9 ,prodromus1 vol4 xvi41 sect4 #a1 p4 #bi2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iv4 p4 #aaeb2 ,hoh5ack]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,talys*1 p4 #cj2 ,buhse ,aufzhlung ,transcaucasi51 p4 #bjb4 #ghc ,an errone\s transcription ( :at ,asa ,gray 7,botany ( ,nor?4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 edit4 #e7 says ( ! hemp1 wrongly attribut$ to ! hop 9 ,prodromus1 & repeat$ 9 ! ,fr5* edition ( ?is "w1 %\ld be correct$4 ,humulus ,lupulus is indig5\s 9 ! ea/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & also 9 ! isl& ( ,yeso1 accord+ to a lett] f ,maxim[icz4--,,au?or',s ,,note1 #ahhd4 #ghd ,hehn1 ,nutzpflanz5 und ,hau/hi]e 9 ihr5 ,ueb]gang aus ,asi51 edit4 #c1 p4 #dae4 #ghe ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 bk4 #ba1 c4 #ae4 ,he m5tions asp>agus 9 ?is connection1 & ! "y %oots ( ! hop are sometimes eat5 9 ?is mann]4 #ghf ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 cap4 #be2 ,pl9y1 bk4 #ah1 c4 #g2 ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 pp4 #abe-acg4 #ghg ,volz1 ,beitrge zur ,culturges*i*te1 p4 #adi4 #ghh ,ibid4 #ghi ,beckmann1 ,erf9dung51 quot$ by ,volz4 #gij ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,fick1 ,wrt]b4 ,indo-,g]m4 ,spra*51 i42 ,urspra*e4 #gia ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #heg4 #gib ,dict4 ,,ms41 compil$ f floras1 ,moritzi4 #gic ,ung]1 ,die ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #dg4 #gid ,s*we9fur?1 9 a lett] to ,m4 ,boissi]1 #ahhb4 #gie ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #gif ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ae4 #gig ,see ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #ajh4 #gih ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypt41 p4 #gc2 ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,g]m4 trans41 ii4 pp4 #aif1 #bic2 i4 p4 #ah4 #gii ,see ,gasp>91 ,c\rs d',agric41 iv4 p4 #bag4 #hjj ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iii4 p4 #gaj2 ,oliv]1 ,flora ( ,trop4 ,afr41 iii4 p4 #dci4 #hja ,cl>ke1 ,composit ,indic1 #ahgf1 p4 #bdd4 #hjb ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bhc4 #hjc ,rohlfs1 ,kufra1 9 #hvo1 #ahha4 #hjd ,ebn ,bai?>1 ii4 p4 #aif4 #hje ,pl9y1 bk4 xxi4 c4 #f4 #hjf ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #cgb4 #hjg ,index1 p4 #be4 #hjh ,accord+ to ,=skal1 ,delile1 ,reyni]1 ,s*we9fur?1 & ,as*]son4 #hji ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 #a4 #f1 c4 #f4 #haj ,j4 ,bauh91 ,hi/41 ii4 p4 #fcg4 #haa ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal4 #hab ,sib?orp1 ,prodr42 ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #bib4 #hac ,j4 ,gay1 quot$ by ,bab+ton1 ,man4 ,brit4 ,fl4 #had ,maw1 9 ! ,g>d5]'s ,*ron41 #ahha1 vol4 xvi4 #hae ,jacquemont1 ,voyage1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bch4 #haf ,! ^w fruit is "h employ$ 9 ! vulg> s5se1 = any fle%y "p :i* enl>ges aft] ! fl[]+4 ,9 ! /rictly botanical s5se1 ! ,anonace1 /rawb]ries1 ca%ews1 p9e-apples1 & breadfruit are n fruits4 #hag ,a4 squamosa is figur$ 9 ,desc\rtilz1 ,flore des ,antilles1 ii4 pl4 #hc2 ,hook]'s ,bot4 ,mag41 #cjie2 & ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 iii4 pl4 #d4 #hah ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hei4 #hai ,aug4 de ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,plantes usuelles des ,brsili5s1 bk4 vi4 p4 #e4 #hbj ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,mem4 ,soc4 ,phys4 et d',hi/4 ,nat4 de ,g5ve4 #hba ,ibid41 p4 #ai ( ,mem4 pr9t$ sep>ately4 #hbb ,see ,botany ( ,congo1 & ! ,g]man translation ( ,br[n's works1 :i* has alphabetical tables4 #hbc ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #fj4 #hbd ,webb1 9 ,fl4 ,nigr41 p4 #ig4 #hbe ,ibid41 p4 #bjd4 #hbf ,?onn+1 ,pl4 ,gu94 #hbg ,br[n1 ,congo1 p4 #f4 #hbh ,guillem91 ,p]rottet1 & ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,s5eg4 #hbi ,sloane1 ,jam41 ii4 p4 #afh4 #hcj ,p4 ,br[n1 ,jam41 p4 #beg4 #hca ,macfady51 ,fl4 ,jam41 p4 #i4 #hcb ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,bras41 fasc4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #hcc ,splitg]b]1 ,n$]l4 ,kruidk4 ,ar*41 ii4 p4 #bcj4 #hcd ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 *ap4 x4 #hce ,rumphius1 i4 p4 #aci4 #hcf ,=/]1 ,plant ,escul5t4 #hcg ,rhe$e1 ,malab>1 iii4 p4 #bb4 #hch ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #dbg4 #hci ,blanco1 ,fl4 ,filip4 #hdj ,?is dep5ds ^u ! op9ion =m$ ) respect to ,a4 glabra1 ,=skal 7,a4 ,asiatica1 ,b4 ,dun4 ,anon41 p4 #ga2 ,a4 ,=skalii1 ,d4 ,c4 ,sy/41 i4 p4 #dgb71 :i* 0 sometimes cultivat$ 9 g>d5s 9 ,egypt :5 ,=skal visit$ t c\ntry2 x 0 call$ kes*ta1 t is1 coagulat$ milk4 ,! r>ity ( its cultivation & ! sil5ce ( anci5t au?ors %[s t x 0 ( mod]n introduction into ,egypt4 ,ebn ,bai?> 7,sond!im]'s ,g]man translation1 9 #b vols41 #ahdj71 an ,arabian physician ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m5tions no ,anonacea1 nor ! "n kes*ta4 ,i d n see t ,=skal's description & illu/ration 7,descr41 p4 #ajb4 ic4 tab4 #ae7 diff] f ,a4 squamosa4 ,coqueb]t's specim51 m5tion$ 9 ! ,sy/ema1 agrees ) ,=skal's plate2 b z x is 9 fl[] :ile ! plate %[s ! fruit1 its id5tity _c be prov$4 #hda ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 v4 ii4 p4 #feg4 #hdb ,pidd+ton1 ,index1 p4 #f4 #hdc ,royle1 ,ill4 ,him41 p4 #fj4 #hdd ,rhe$e & ,rumphius1 i4 p4 #aci4 #hde ,h]n&ez1 pp4 #cdh1 #ded4 #hdf ,dunal1 ,mem4 ,anon41 p4 #gj4 #hdg ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,bras41 fasc4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #hdh ,h5ce ! g5]ic "n ,anona1 :i* ,l9nu *ang$ to ,annona 7provision71 because he did n wi% to h any savage "n1 & did n m9d a pun4 #hdi ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,bras41 fasc4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #hej ,m>cgraf1 ,brazil1 p4 #id4 #hea ,see ,bak]1 ,flora ( ,mauritius1 p4 #c4 ,! id5tity admitt$ by ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #af1 ( ! ,anona palu/ris ( ,am]ica ) t ( ,s5egambia1 appe>s to me v extraord9>y1 al?\gh x is a species :i* gr[s 9 m>%es2 t is1 hav+ p]haps a v wide area4 #heb ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #gh2 ,miquel1 ,fl4 ,indo-,batava1 i4 "p #b1 p4 #cc2 ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,brit4 ,burm41 i4 p4 #df2 ,/ew>t & ,br&is1 ,=e/s ( ,india1 p4 #f4 #hec ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,i4 ,isles1 p4 #e4 #hed ,egg]s1 ,flora ( ,/4 ,croix & ,virg9 ,isles1 p4 #bc4 #hee ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,novo-,granat5sis1 p4 #bi2 ,sagot1 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 d',hortic41 #ahgb4 #hef ,w>m+1 ,symbol ad4 ,fl4 ,bras41 xvi4 p4 #dcd4 #heg ,figur$ 9 ,desc\rtilz1 ,fl4 ,m$4 des4 ,antilles1 ii4 pl4 #hg1 & 9 ,tussac1 ,fl4 des ,antilles1 ii4 p4 #bd4 #heh ,ri*>d1 ,plantes ,vasculaires de ,cuba1 p4 #bi2 ,sw>tz1 ,obs41 p4 #bba2 ,p4 ,br[n1 ,jamaica1 p4 #bee2 ,macfady51 ,fl4 ( ,jam41 p4 #g2 ,egg]s1 ,fl4 ( ,/4 ,croix1 p4 #bc2 ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,w4 ,i41 p4 #d4 #hei ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,brasil1 fasc4 ii4 p4 #d2 ,splitg]b]1 ,pl4 de ,sur9am1 9 ,n$]l4 ,kruidk4 ,ar*41 i4 p4 #bbf4 #hfj ,ri*>d1 ,macfady51 ,griseba*1 ,egg]s1 ,sw>tz1 ,maycock1 ,fl4 ,b>bad41 p4 #bcc4 #hfa ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ! ,h]ald1 p4 #ge4 #hfb ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,novo-,granat41 p4 #bi4 #hfc ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #ae4 #hfd ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #gh4 #hfe ,de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hfc4 #hff ,feuille1 ,obs41 iii4 p4 #bc1 t4 #ag4 #hfg ,macfady51 ,fl4 ,jam41 p4 #aj4 #hfh ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,bras41 fasc4 iii4 p4 #ae4 #hfi ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,nigr41 p4 #bje4 #hgj ,nov4 ,act4 ,nat4 ,cur41 xix4 suppl4 #a4 #hga ,ri*>d1 ,plant4 ,vasc4 de ,cuba2 ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is42 ,hemsley1 ,biologia ,c5tr4 ,am41 p4 #aah2 ,kun?1 9 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 ,nova ,g541 v4 p4 #eg2 ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,novo-,granat41 p4 #bh4 #hgb ,gay1 ,flora ,*il41 i4 p4 #ff4 #hgc ,mol9a1 ,fr5* trans4 #hgd ,gallesio1 ,trait du ,citrus1 9 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahaa2 ,risso & ,poiteau1 ,hi/oire ,naturelle des ,orang]s1 #ahah1 9 folio1 #aji plates4 #hge ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #eae4 #hgf ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora1 p4 #ej4 #hgg ,= a "w ( ?is nature1 ! fir/ /ep w\ld be to publi% good figures ( wild species1 %[+ p>ticul>ly ! fruit1 :i* is n se5 9 h]b>ia4 ,x w\ld !n be se5 :i* =ms repres5t$ 9 ! plates ( ,risso1 ,duhamel1 & o!rs1 are ne>e/ to ! wild types4 #hgh ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 p4 #ee4 #hgi ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,indes1 ,fr4 trans4 #aeih1 p4 #ahg4 #hhj ,roxburgh1 ,flora ,indica1 edit4 #ahcb iii4 p4 #cic4 #hha ,rumphius1 ,hortus ,ambe95sis1 ii4 p4 #ih4 #hhb ,miquel1 ,flora ,indo-,batava1 i4 pt4 #b1 p4 #ebf4 #hhc ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc4 #hhd ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 ii4 p4 #egb4 ,= ano!r species ( ! g5us1 he says t x is cultivat$ & non-cultivat$1 p4 #efi4 #hhe ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul5tis ,oceani ,au/ralis1 p4 #ce4 #hhf ,seemann1 ,flora ,viti5sis1 p4 #cc4 #hhg ,pluk5et1 ,almage/es1 p4 #bci2 ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 i4 p4 #da4 #hhh ,c$rat gros fruit ( ,duhamel1 ,trait des ,arbres1 edit4 #b1 vii4 p4 #fh1 pl4 #bb4 #hhi ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #abi2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora1 p4 #eb2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #ead4 #hij ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,jap41 p4 #abi4 #hia ,miquel1 ,flora ,indo-,batava1 i4 pt4 #b1 p4 #ebh4 #hib ,!ophra/us1 l4 #d1 c4 #d4 #hic ,bodu1 9 ,!ophra/us1 edit4 #afdd1 pp4 #cbb1 #cdc2 ,risso1 ,trait du ,citrus1 p4 #aih2 ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #aif4 #hid ,dioscorides1 i4 p4 #aff4 #hie ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici4 #hif ,t>gioni1 p4 #bag4 #hig ,gallesio1 ,trait du ,citrus1 pp4 #cb1 #fg1 #cee1 #ceg4 #hih ,macfady51 ,flora ( ,jamaica1 p4 #abi4 #hii ,quot$ 9 ,griseba*'s ,veget4 ,k>aib51 p4 #cd4 #ijj ,ern/1 9 ,seemann1 ,j\rn4 ( ,bot41 #ahfg1 p4 #bgb4 #ija ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,indica1 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cib2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #ijb ,gallesio1 p4 #abb4 #ijc ,9 ! mod]n languages ( ,india ! ,sanskrit "n has be5 appli$ to ! sweet orange1 s says ,br&is1 by "o ( ^? transpositions :i* are s common 9 popul> language4 #ijd ,gallesio1 pp4 #abb1 #bdg1 #bdh4 #ije ,gallesio1 p4 #bdj4 ,goeze1 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,orang5gew*se1 #ahgd1 p4 #ac1 quotes e>ly ,portuguese travell]s on ?is head4 #ijf ,walli*1 ,catalogue1 ,no4 #fchd4 #ijg ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #eae4 #ijh ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #ega4 #iji ,royle1 ,illu/r4 ( ,himal41 p4 #abi4 ,he quotes ,turn]1 ,j\rney to ,?ibet1 pp4 #bj1 #chg4 #iaj ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #efi4 #iaa ,gallesio1 p4 #cba4 #iab ,! date ( ?is /atuto is giv5 by ,t>gioni1 on p4 #bje ( ! ,c5ni ,/orici1 z #acgi1 & on p4 #bac z #acji4 ,! errata d n notice ?is discrepancy4 #iac ,goeze1 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntniss d] ,orang5gew*se4 ,hamburg1 #ahgd1 p4 #bf4 #iad ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 ii4 c4 #db4 #iae ,=/]1 ,plantis ,escul5tis1 p4 #ce4 #iaf ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #aa4 #iag ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 ii4 pls4 #cd1 #ce1 :]e1 h[ev]1 ! =m ( ! fruit is n t ( our m&>94 #iah ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #egj4 #iai ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,bur4 #ibj ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #acc1 & ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #fah4 #iba ,macfady51 ,flora ( ,jamaica1 p4 #acd4 #ibb ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 i4 p4 #acc2 ,miquel1 ,plant ,junghun41 i4 p4 #bij2 ,flora ,indo-,batava1 i4 pt4 #b1 p4 #ejf4 #ibc ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #bfj4 #ibd ,ern/ 9 ,seemann1 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahfg1 p4 #bgc2 ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,novo-,granat41 p4 #bhe4 #ibe ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 i4 p4 #abc2 ,jacqu91 ,am]41 p4 #bfh2 ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,isles1 p4 #aah4 #ibf ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #gfh4 #ibg ,flora ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #cdc4 #ibh ,jacqu91 ,obs]vationes1 iii4 p4 #aa4 #ibi ,m>cgraf1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 p4 #cb1 ) illu/rations4 #icj ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bfe1 "u ! "n abelmos*us4 #ica ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 ,ph>macographia1 p4 #hf4 ,! description is 9 ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,sond!im]'s trans41 i4 p4 #aah4 #icb ,ung]1 ,die ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #ej4 #icc ,griseba*1 ,vgt4 du ,globe1 ,fr5* trans4 by ,t*ihat*eff1 i4 pp4 #afb1 #afc1 #ddb2 ,munby1 ,catal4 ,alg]2 ,ball1 ,fl4 ,m>oc4 ,spicel1 p4 #cib4 #icd ,adolphe ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ4 edit4 #b1 vol4 #a1 p4 #bie4 quotes sev]al travell]s = ^! regions1 among o!rs ,wood's ,j\rney to ! ,s\rces ( ! ,oxus4 #ice ,^! are figur$ 9 ,he]'s ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #bd1 fig4 #aa4 #icf ,ragazzoni1 ,rivi/a ,ar*4 della ,prov4 di ,como1 #ahhj1 fasc4 #ag1 p4 #cj4 #icg ,he]1 ibid4 #ich ,plan*on1 tude sur les ,tufs de ,montpelli]1 #ahfd1 p4 #fc4 #ici ,de ,saporta1 ,la ,flore des ,tufs ,quat]naires de ,prov5ce1 #ahfg1 pp4 #ae1 #bg4 #idj ,kol5ati1 ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,impriale des ,naturali/es de ,mosc\1 #ahdf1 p4 #bgi4 #ida ,regel1 ,acta ,horti ,imp4 ,petrop41 #ahgc4 ,9 ?is %ort review ( ! g5us1 ,m4 ,regel gives x z 8 op9ion t ,vitis v9if]a is a hybrid betwe5 two wild species1 ,v4 vulp9a & ,v4 labrusca1 modifi$ by cultivation2 b he gives no pro(1 & 8 *>act]s ( ! two wild species are altoge!r unsatisfactory4 ,x is mu* to be desir$ t ! wild & cultivat$ v9es ( ,europe & ,asia %\ld be comp>$ ) reg>d to _! se$s1 :i* furni% excell5t di/9ctions1 accord+ to ,englemann's obs]vations on ! ,am]ican v9es4 #idb ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,eur41 #bnd edit41 vol4 i4 pp4 #bih-cba4 #idc ,m4 ,del*eval]ie1 9 l',illu/ration ,horticole1 #ahha1 p4 #bh4 ,he m5tions 9 p>ticul> ! tomb ( ,phtah-,hotep1 :o liv$ at ,memphis #djjj ,b4,c4 #idd ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #af4 #ide ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 #ae1 c4 #ad4 #idf ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 ii4 p4 #ffe2 ,gussone1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,sicul41 ii4 p4 #bgf4 #idg ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prod4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #dhj2 ,desfonta9es1 ,fl4 ,atlant41 i4 p4 #bjj2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #ab2 ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #fcc2 ,bunge1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,*941 p4 #ad2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,jap41 i4 p4 #ha4 #idh ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #aa4 #idi ,zizyphus *95sis ( "s au?ors is ! same species4 #iej ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 p4 #hd4 #iea ,l5z1 ,botanik d] ,alt51 p4 #fea4 #ieb ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #eg4 #iec ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #i4 #ied ,odyssey1 bk4 l1 v4 #hd2 ,h]odotos1 l4 #d1 p4 #agg1 trans4 9 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt41 p4 #fec4 #iee ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 l4 #d1 c4 #d1 edit4 #afdd4 ,! edition ( #afac does n conta9 ! words :i* ref] to ?is detail4 #ief ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,beitr4 zur ,fl4 ?iop41 p4 #bfc4 #ieg ,see ! article on ! c>ob tree4 #ieh ,desfonta9es1 ,fl4 ,atlant41 i4 p4 #bjj2 ,munby1 ,catal4 ,alg]41 edit4 #b1 p4 #i2 ,ball1 ,spicilegium1 ,fl4 ,m>oc41 p4 #cja2 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #dha2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 ii4 p4 #ffd4 #iei ,?is "n1 :i* is little us$1 occurs 9 ,bauh91 z ,jujuba ,indica4 #ifj ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #fcb2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,fl41 i4 #hg2 ,b5?am1 ,fl4 ,au/ral41 i4 p4 #dab2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #ac2 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #cgi4 #ifa ,receiv$ f ,m>tius1 ,no4 #ajgj1 f ! ,cabo frio4 #ifb ,b\ton1 9 ,hook]'s ,j\rn4 ( ,bot42 ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,mauritius1 p4 #fa2 ,br&is4 #ifc ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,burmah1 i4 p4 #bff4 #ifd ,b$done1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,india1 i4 pl4 #adi 7repres5t+ ! wild fruit1 :i* is small] ?an t ( ! cultivat$ plant72 ,br&is4 #ife ,rhe$e1 iv4 pl4 #ada4 #iff ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #ifg ,rumphius1 ,amboyna1 ii4 pl4 #cf4 #ifh ,zizyphus abyss9icus1 ,ho*/1 seems to be a diff]5t species4 #ifi ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 iii4 p4 #ee 7:]e !re is an excell5t figure1 pl4 #ac74 ,he says t x is an ,ea/ ,indian species1 ?us aggravat+ ,l9nu' mi/ake1 :o believ$ x to be ,asiatic & ,am]ican4 #igj ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hgc #iga ,piso & ,m>cgraf1 ,hi/4 r]4 ,natur4 ,brasil1 #afdh1 p4 #eg4 #igb ,vide ,piso & ,m>cgraf2 ,aublet1 ,guyane1 p4 #cib2 ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ! ,h]ald1 p4 #ajf2 ,jacqu91 ,amr41 p4 #abd2 ,macfady51 ,pl4 ,jamaic41 p4 #aai2 ,greisba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind41 p4 #agf4 #igc ,ern/ 9 ,seemann1 ,j\rn4 ( ,bot41 #ahfg1 p4 #bgc4 #igd ,rhe$e1 ,malab>1 iii4 pl4 #ed4 #ige ,rumphius1 ,h]b4 ,ambo941 i4 pp4 #agg1 #agh4 #igf ,b$done1 ,flora ,sylvatica1 t4 #afc2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #bj4 #igg ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #cjd4 #igh ,br[n1 ,congo1 pp4 #ab1 #di4 #igi ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #ddc4 #ihj ,see plate #deaj ( ! ,botanical ,magaz9e4 #iha ,roxburgh1 ,flora ,indica1 edit4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dce2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #ihb ,rumphius1 ,h]b4 ,ambo941 i4 p4 #ie4 #ihc ,blanco1 ,fl4 ,filip41 p4 #aha4 #ihd ,rumphius2 ,=skal1 p4 cvii4 #ihe ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,ceyl41 p4 #ge2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora1 p4 #abf2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #ac2 ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,flora ,brit4 ,burmah1 i4 p4 #cjd4 #ihf ,oliv]1 ,flora ( ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #ddb2 ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,maur4 & ,sey*41 p4 #fc4 #ihg ,hughes1 ,b>bados1 p4 #agg4 #ihh ,macfady51 ,fl4 ( ,jam41 p4 #bba2 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,spee* at ! ,royal ,in/itute4 #ihi ,sagot1 ,j\r4 de la ,soc4 ,c5tr4 d',agric4 de ,france1 #ahgb4 #iij ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul5tis ,insul>um ,oceani ,au/ralis1 p4 #cc2 ,seemann1 ,flora ,viti5sis1 p4 #ea2 ,nadaud1 ,enum4 des ,plantes de ,taiti1 p4 #ge4 #iia ,!re is a good col\r$ illu/ration 9 ,tussac's ,fl4 des ,antilles1 iii4 pl4 #bh4 #iib ,boy]1 ,hortus ,mauritianus1 p4 #ha4 #iic ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 ,comp5dium ,cybele ,brit41 i4 p4 #afj2 ,fries1 ,summa ,veg4 ,sc&41 p4 #dd4 #iid ,l[e1 ,man4 ,fl4 ( ,madeira1 p4 #bdf2 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #bbd2 ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>doa1 ii4 p4 #ag4 #iie ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t4 #iif ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #fd4 #iig ,gay2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #cdd2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,japon41 i4 p4 #abi4 #iih ,p]ny1 ,propag4 de la ,foi1 quot$ 9 ,decaisne's ,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,mus41 p4 #bg4 ,gay does n give ,*9a4 #iii ,bab+ton1 ,j\rn4 ( ,l9nan ,society1 ii4 p4 #cjc2 ,j4 ,gay4 #ajjj ,asa ,gray1 ,botany ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 edit4 #ahfh1 p4 #aef4 #ajja ,sir ,w4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,bor4 ,am]41 i4 p4 #ahd4 #ajjb ,a4 ,gray1 ,bot4 ,calif41 i4 p4 #agf4 #ajjc ,j4 ,gay1 9 ,decaisne1 ,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,musum1 ,fraisi]1 p4 #cj4 #ajjd ,le ,gr& d',aussy1 ,hi/4 de la ,vie ,prive des ,franais1 i4 pp4 #bcc & #c4 #ajje ,olivi] de ,s]res1 ,?tre d',agric41 p4 #eaa2 ,g]>d1 f ,phillips1 ,pom>ium ,britannicum1 p4 #ccd4 #ajjf ,purdie1 9 ,hook]'s ,london ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahdd1 p4 #eae4 #ajjg ,boj]1 ,hortus ,mauritianus1 p4 #aba4 #ajjh ,bory ,sa9t-,v9c5t1 ,comptes ,r5dus de l',acad4 des4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #ahcf1 sem4 ii4 p4 #aji4 #ajji ,asa ,gray1 ,manual ( ,botany ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 edit4 #ahfh1 p4 #aee2 ,botany ( ,cali=nia1 i4 p4 #agg4 #ajaj ,phillips1 ,rom>4 ,brit41 p4 #cce4 #ajaa ,cl4 ,gay1 ,hi/4 ,*ili1 ,botanica1 ii4 p4 #cje4 #ajab ,l$eb\r4 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #f2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fdi4 #ajac ,l$eb\r1 ibid42 ,fries1 ,summa ,sc&41 p4 #df2 ,nyman1 ,conspec4 ,fl4 ,eur41 p4 #bac2 ,boissi]4 ibid42 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #bde4 #ajad ,munby1 ,catal4 ,alg]41 edit4 #b1 p4 #h4 #ajae ,z ! *]ries rip5 aft] ! season :5 birds migrate1 !y disp]se ! /ones *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! plantations4 #ajaf ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,india4 #ajag ,l[e1 ,manual ( ,madeira1 p4 #bce4 #ajah ,d>l+ton1 ,fl4 ,ce/rica1 edit4 #c1 p4 #gc4 #ajai ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #bha4 #ajbj ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #bd1 figs4 #ag1 #ah1 & p4 #bf4 #ajba ,9 ,p]r91 tudes ,prhi/4 sur la ,savoie1 p4 #bb4 #ajbb ,atte ,soc4 ,ital4 ,sc4 ,nat41 vol4 vi4 #ajbc ,= ! num]\s v>ieties :i* h common names 9 ,france1 v>y+ ) ! diff]5t prov9ces1 see ,duhamel1 ,trait des ,arbres1 edit4 #b1 vol4 v41 9 :i* are good col\r$ illu/rations4 #ajbd ,hoh5ack]1 ,plant ,talys*41 p4 #abh4 #ajbe ,ko*1 ,d5drologie1 i4 p4 #aaj4 #ajbf ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #f4 #ajbg ,griseba*1 ,spicil4 ,fl4 ,rumel41 p4 #hf4 #ajbh ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fdi2 ,t*ihat*eff1 ,asie ,m9eure1 ,bot41 p4 #aih4 #ajbi ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,india1 ii1 p4 #cac4 #ajcj ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss ,halb9selm1 etc41 p4 #adg4 #ajca ,rehmann1 ,v]h&l4 ,nat4 ,v]4 ,brunn1 x4 #ahga4 #ajcb ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*41 p4 #fi2 ,pflanz5 d',attis*4 ,eb5e41 p4 #dgg4 #ajcc ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 iii4 p4 #beh4 #ajcd ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 v4 p4 #aca4 #ajce ,lecoc & ,lamotte1 ,catal4 du ,plat4 ,c5tr4 de la ,france1 p4 #adh4 #ajcf ,!ophra/es1 ,hi/4 ,pl41 lib4 #c1 c4 #ac2 ,pl9y1 lib4 #ae1 c4 #be1 & o!rs quot$ 9 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt5 ,gr4 & ,rm41 p4 #gaj4 #ajcg ,"p ( ! description ( ,!ophra/us %[s a confusion ) o!r trees4 ,he says1 = in/ance1 t ! nut is s(t4 #ajch ,ad4 ,pictet quotes =ms ( ! same "n 9 ,p]sian1 ,turki%1 & ,russian1 & d]ives f ! same s\rce ! ,fr5* ^w guigne1 n[ us$ = c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! *]ry4 #ajci ,s*\w1 ,die ,erde1 p4 #dd2 ,comes1 ,ill4 delle ,piante1 etc41 9 #dto1 p4 #ef4 #ajdj ,sordelli1 ,piante della torbi]a di ,lagozza1 p4 #dj4 #ajda ,c>uel1 ,flora ,toscana1 p4 #dh4 #ajdb ,hi/41 lib4 #ae1 c4 #ac4 #ajdc ,ko*1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,g]m41 edit4 #b1 p4 #bbh2 ,cosson & ,g]ma91 ,flore des ,environs de ,p>is1 i4 p4 #afe4 #ajdd ,hudson1 ,fl4 ,anglic41 #aggh1 p4 #bab1 unites !m "u ! "n ,prunus communis4 #ajde ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #e2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #feb2 ,k4 ,ko*1 ,d5drologie1 i4 p4 #id2 ,boissi] & ,buhse1 ,aufzhl ,transcaucasi51 p4 #hj4 #ajdf ,dioscorides1 p4 #agd4 #ajdg ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy1 etc41 p4 #aj4 #ajdh ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #fi4 #ajdi ,heldrei*1 ,pflanz5 ,attis*5 ,eb5e4 #ajej ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss ,halb9seln1 i4 p4 #agb4 #ajea ,comes1 ,ill4 ,piante ,pompeiane4 #ajeb ,insititia =eign4 ,a curi\s "n1 s9ce e plant is =eign to all c\ntries b its own4 #ajec ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #bdd2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 v4 p4 #ace2 ,griseba*1 ,spicel4 ,fl4 ,rumel41 p4 #he2 ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*41 p4 #fh4 #ajed ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fea2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #e2 ,hoh5ack]1 ,pl4 ,talys*1 p4 #abh4 #ajee ,dioscorides1 p4 #agc2 ,fraas1 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #fi4 #ajef ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #fh4 #ajeg ,ibid4 #ajeh ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #bg1 fig4 #af1 c4 #ajei ,dioscorides1 lib4 #a1 c4 #afe4 #ajfj ,pl9y1 lib4 #b1 cap4 #ab4 #ajfa ,! ,lat9 "n has pass$ into mod]n ,greek 7prikokkia74 ,! ,spani% & ,fr5* names1 etc4 7alb>icoque1 abricot71 seem to be d]iv$ f arbor prcox1 or prcocium1 :ile ! old ,fr5* ^w armegne1 & ! ,italian arm5illi1 etc41 come f mailon arm5iacon4 ,see fur!r details ab\t ! names ( ! species 9 my ,gographie ,botanique ,raisonne1 p4 #hhj4 #ajfb ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #c4 #ajfc ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #feb4 #ajfd ,t*ihat*eff1 ,asie ,m9eure1 ,botanique1 vol4 i4 #ajfe ,k4 ,ko*1 ,d5drologie1 i4 p4 #hg4 #ajff ,n\v4 ,ann4 des ,voyages1 ,feb41 #ahci1 p4 #agf4 #ajfg ,e4 de ,salle1 ,voyage1 i4 p4 #adj4 #ajfh ,spa*1 ,hi/4 des ,vgt4 ,phanr41 i4 p4 #chi4 #ajfi ,boissi] & ,buhse1 ,aufzhlung1 etc41 9 #dto1 #ahfj4 #ajgj ,reyni]1 conomie des gypti5s1 p4 #cga4 #ajga ,munby1 ,catal4 ,fl4 d',algr41 edit4 #b1 p4 #di4 #ajgb ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,beitrge z4 ,fl4 ?iop41 9 #dto41 #ahfg1 p4 #bei4 #ajgc ,royle1 ,ill4 ( ,himalaya1 p4 #bje2 ,ait*ison1 ,catal4 ( ,punjab & ,s9dh1 p4 #ef2 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #cac2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,n4 ,w4 & ,c5tral ,india1 #aia4 #ajgd ,we/mael1 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,belgiq41 viii41 p4 #bai4 #ajge ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #b1 v4 ii4 p4 #eja4 #ajgf ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #aj1 #di4 #ajgg ,decaisne1 ,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,musum1 vol4 viii41 art4 ,abricoti]4 #ajgh ,dr4 ,brets*neid] confirms ?is 9 a rec5t "w1 ,notes on ,botanical ,que/ions1 p4 #c4 #ajgi ,prunus arm5iaca ( ,?unb]g is ,p4 mume ( ,siebold & ,zuc*>9i4 ,! apricot is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,enum]atio1 etc41 ( ,fran*et & ,savati]4 #ajhj ,capus 7,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 six? s]ies1 vol4 xv4 p4 #bjf7 f\nd x wild 9 ,turke/an at ! height ( f\r ?\s& to sev5 ?\s& feet1 :i* weak5s ! hypo!sis ( a solely ,*9ese orig94 #ajha ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind42 ,=skal1 ,fl4 gyp42 ,delile ,ill4 ,egypt4 #ajhb ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc4 #ajhc ,brets*neid]1 ,e>ly ,european ,rese>*es1 p4 #adi4 #ajhd ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #aj2 & ,e>ly ,europ4 ,rese>41 p4 #adi4 #ajhe ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora2 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #cac4 #ajhf ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ejj2 ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #bjd4 #ajhg ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori541 iii4 p4 #fda4 #ajhh ,k4 ,ko*1 ,d5drologie1 i4 p4 #hj2 ,t*ihat*eff1 ,asie ,m9eure ,botanique1 i4 p4 #ajh4 #ajhi ,ann4 des ,sc4 ,nat41 #crd s]ies1 vol4 xix4 p4 #ajh4 #ajij ,gussone1 ,synopsis ,flor ,sicul1 i4 p4 #eeb2 ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #fg4 #ajia ,hill]1 ,hi]ophyton1 i4 p4 #bae2 ,ros5mll]1 ,h&b4 ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 iv4 p4 #bfc4 #ajib ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 #a1 c4 #aa1 #ah1 etc42 ,dioscorides1 lib4 #a1 c4 #agf4 #ajic ,s*\w1 ,die ,erde1 etc42 ,comes1 ,ill4 ,piante nei dip9ti ,pomp41 p4 #ac4 #ajid ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 #af1 c4 #bb4 #ajie ,moris1 ,flora ,s>doa1 ii4 p4 #e2 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 ii4 p4 #bdc4 #ajif ,dictionnaire ,franais ,b]bre1 #ahdd4 #ajig ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hha4 #ajih ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 iv4 c4 #d2 ,dioscorides1 lib4 #a1 c4 #afd2 ,pl9y1 ,g5eva edit41 bk4 #ae1 c4 #ac4 #ajii ,royle1 ,ill4 ,him41 p4 #bjd4 #aajj ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 #bnd4 edit41 ii4 p4 #ejj2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,royle1 ibid4 #aaja ,sir ,joseph ,hook]1 ,j\rn4 ( ,bot41 #ahej1 p4 #ed4 #aajb ,rose1 ! head ( ! ,fr5* trade at ,canton1 collect$ ^! f ,*9ese manuscripts1 & ,noisette 7,j>d4 ,fruit41 i4 p4 #gf7 has transcrib$ a "p ( 8 article4 ,! facts are ( ! foll[+ nature4 ,! ,*9ese believe ! oval pea*es1 :i* are v r$ on "o side1 to be a symbol ( a long life4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is anci5t belief1 pea*es are us$ 9 all ornam5ts 9 pa9t+ & sculpture1 & 9 congratulatory pres5ts1 etc4 ,accord+ to ! "w ( ,*9-n\g-k+1 ! pea* ,yu prev5ts dea?4 ,if x is n eat5 9 "t1 x at lea/ pres]ves ! body f decay until ! end ( ! _w4 ,! pea* is always m5tion$ among ! fruits ( immortality1 ) :i* 7 ent]ta9$ ! hopes ( ,ts9*i-,hoang1 ,v\ty1 ( ! ,hans & o!r emp]ors :o pret5d$ to immortality1 etc4 #aajc ,l9dley1 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc41 v4 p4 #aba4 #aajd ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,lond41 iv4 p4 #eab1 tab4 #ai4 #aaje ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind4 #aajf ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #chf4 #aajg ,kmpf]1 ,amn41 p4 #gih2 ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap41 p4 #aii4 ,kmpf] & ,?unb]g also give ! "n momu1 b ,siebold 7,fl4 ,jap41 i4 p4 #bi7 attributes a some:at simil> "n1 mume1 to a plum tree1 ,prunus mume1 ,sieb4 & ,z4 #aajh ,noisette1 ,j>d4 ,fr41 p4 #gg2 ,trans4 ,soc4 ,hort4 ,lond41 iv4 p4 #eac4 #aaji ,pallas1 ,fl4 ,rossica1 p4 #ac4 #aaaj ,%uft aloo is1 accord+ to ,royle 7,ill4 ,him4 p4 #bjd71 ! ,p]sian "n = ! nect>9e4 #aaaa ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #c4 ,see p4 #bbh1 ! subsequ5t op9ion ( ,ko*4 #aaab ,bosc1 ,dict4 d',agric41 ix4 p4 #dha4 #aaac ,?\91 ,ann4 ,mus41 viii4 p4 #dcc4 #aaad ,royle1 ,ill4 ,him41 p4 #bjd4 #aaae ,bunge1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,*941 p4 #bc4 #aaaf ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap4 #aii4 #aaag ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap41 #aii4 #aaah ,! acc\nts ab\t ,*9a :i* ,i h consult$ d n m5tion ! nect>9e2 b z x exi/s 9 ,japan1 x is extremely probable t x does also 9 ,*9a4 #aaai ,noisette1 ,j>d4 ,fr41 p4 #gg2 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc41 iv4 p4 #eab1 tab4 #ai4 #aabj ,l9dley1 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc41 v4 p4 #abb4 #aaba ,j4 ,bauh91 ,hi/41 i4 pp4 #afb1 #afc4 #aabb ,dale*amp1 ,hi/41 i4 p4 #bie4 #aabc ,pl9y1 lib4 xv4 cap4 #ab & #ac4 #aabd ,pl9y1 ,de ,div4 ,g54 ,malorum1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #ad4 #aabe ,dale*amp1 ,hi/41 i4 p4 #ceh4 #aabf ,dale*amp1 ibid42 ,mat?ioli1 p4 #abb2 ,csalp9us1 p4 #ajg2 ,j4 ,bauh91 p4 #afc1 etc4 #aabg ,pl9y1 lib4 xvii4 cap4 #aj4 #aabh ,i h n be5 able to discov] an ,italian "n = a glabr\s or o!r fruit d]iv$ f tub]1 or tub]es1 :i* is s+ul>1 z ! anci5t names ( fruits are usually pres]v$ "u "s =m or o!r4 #aabi ,braddick1 ,trans4 ,hort4 ,soc4 ,lond41 ii4 p4 #bje4 #aacj ,ibid41 pl4 #ac4 #aaca ,b]t]o1 ,annales ,sc4 ,nat41 xxi4 p4 #cej4 #aacb ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #aj4 #aacc ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #cac4 #aacd ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora1 etc41 p4 #aia4 #aace ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fdj4 #aacf ,k4 ,ko*1 ,d5drologie1 i4 p4 #hc4 #aacg ,decaisne1 ,j>d4 ,fr4 du ,mus41 ,p*]s1 p4 #db4 #aach ,comes1 ,illus4 ,piante nei ,dip9ti ,pompeiani1 p4 #ad4 #aaci ,d>w91 ,v>iation ( ,plants & ,animals1 etc41 i4 p4 #cch4 #aadj ,decaisne1 ubi supra1 p4 #b4 #aada ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #id2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fec4 ,he has v]ifi$ sev]al specim5s4 #aadb ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #cgd4 #aadc ,p4 s95sis describ$ by ,l9dley is badly drawn ) reg>d to ! ind5tation ( ! leaves 9 ! plate 9 ! ,botanical ,regi/]1 & v well 9 t ( ,decaisne's ,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,musum4 ,x is ! same species z ,p4 ussuri5sis1 ,maxim[icz1 ( ,ea/]n ,asia4 #aadd ,well drawn 9 ,duhamel1 ,trait des ,arbres1 edit4 #b1 vi4 pl4 #ei2 & 9 ,decaisne1 ,j>d4 ,frui4 du ,mus41 pl4 #a1 figs4 ,b & ,c4 ,p4 balans1 pl4 #f ( ! same "w1 appe>s to be id5tical1 z ,boissi] obs]ves4 #aade ,?is is ! case 9 ! =e/s ( ,lorra9e1 = in/ance1 accord+ to ! obs]vations ( ,godron1 ,de l',orig9e ,probable des ,poiri]s ,cultivs1 #hvo pamphlet1 #ahgc1 p4 #f4 #aadf ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?42 ,lw1 ,arameis*e ,pflanz5nam51 #ahha4 #aadg ,! spell+ ,pyrus1 adopt$ by ,l9nu1 occurs 9 ,pl9y1 ,hi/oria1 edit4 #afca1 p4 #cja4 ,"s botani/s1 puri/s 9 spell+1 write pirus1 s t 9 ref]r+ to a mod]n "w x is necess>y to look 9 ! index = bo? =ms1 or run ! risk ( believ+ t ! pe>s are n 9 ! "w4 ,9 any case ! anci5t "n 0 a common "n2 b ! true botanical "n is t ( ,l9nu1 f\nd] ( ! receiv$ nom5clature1 & ,l9nu wrote ,pyrus4 #aadh ,comes1 ,ill4 ,piante nei ,dip9ti ,pompeiani1 p4 #ei4 #aadi ,he]1 ,pfahlbaut51 pp4 #bd1 #bf1 fig4 #g4 #aaej ,sordelli1 ,notizie ,/at4 ,lacu/re di ,lagozza4 #aaea ,nemni*1 ,polyglott4 ,lex4 ,naturges*42 ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ41 i4 p4 #bgg2 & my manuscript diction>y ( common names4 #aaeb ,f a li/ ( plant-names s5t by ,m4 d',abadie to ,pr(essor ,clos1 ( ,t\l\se4 #aaec ,godron1 ubi supra1 p4 #bh4 #aaed ,jacqu91 ,flora ,au/riaca1 ii4 pp4 #d1 #ajg4 #aaee ,decaisne1 ,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,musum1 ,poiri]s1 pl4 #ba4 #aaef ,decaisne1 ibid41 p4 #ah1 & ,introduction1 p4 #cj4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ?is species1 ( :i* a few be> a l>ge fruit1 are figur$ 9 ! same "w4 #aaeg ,boreau1 ,fl4 du ,c5tre de la ,france1 edit4 #c1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcf4 #aaeh ,palladius1 ,de re ,ru/ica1 lib4 #c1 c4 #be4 ,= ?is purpose 8pira sylve/ria vel asp]i g5]is0 7 us$4 #aaei ,! ,*9ese qu9ce _h be5 call$ by ,?on9 ,pyrus s95sis4 ,l9dley has un=tunately giv5 ! same "n to a true pyrus4 #aafj ,decaisne 7,j>d9 ,fruiti] du ,musum1 ,poiri]s1 pl4 #e7 saw specim5s f bo? c\ntries4 ,fran*et & ,savati] give x z only cultivat$ 9 ,japan4 #aafa ,nyman1 ,conspectus ,flor ,europe1 p4 #bdj2 ,l$eb\r1 ,flora ,rossica1 ii4 p4 #if2 ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5talis1 ii4 p4 #fef2 ,decaisne1 ,n\v4 ,ar*4 ,mus41 x4 p4 #aec4 #aafb ,boissi]1 ibid4 #aafc ,maxim[icz1 ,prim4 ,ussur42 ,regel1 ,opit4 ,flori1 etc41 on ! plants ( ! ,ussuri collect$ by ,maak2 ,s*midt1 ,reis5 ,amur4 ,fran*et & ,savati] d n m5tion x 9 _! ,enum4 ,jap4 ,brets*neid] quotes a ,*9ese "n :i*1 he says1 applies also to o!r species4 #aafd ,ko*1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,g]m41 i4 p4 #bfa4 #aafe ,boreau1 ,fl4 du ,c5tre de la ,france1 edit4 #c1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bcf4 #aaff ,boissi]1 ubi supra4 #aafg ,orig4 ,indo-,eur41 i4 p4 #bgf4 #aafh ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 i4 p4 #fd4 #aafi ,!ophra/us1 ,de ,causis1 lib4 #f1 cap4 #bd4 #aagj ,he]1 ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #bd1 figs4 #a-g4 #aaga ,sordelli1 ,sulle ,piante della ,/azione di ,lagozza1 p4 #ce4 #aagb ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fef2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #ee4 #aagc ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss ,tauri51 p4 #aej2 ,sib?orp1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,grc1 i4 p4 #cdd4 #aagd ,boissi]1 ibid4 #aage ,nemni*1 ,polyglott ,lexicon4 #aagf ,nemni*1 ,poly4 ,lex4 #aagg ,ibid4 #aagh ,heldrei*1 ,nutz4 ,grie*41 p4 #fd4 #aagi ,9 #dto1 ,napoli1 #ahgi4 #aahj ,de re ,ru/ica1 lib4 #g1 cap4 #b4 #aaha ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #gcg2 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #eha4 #aahb ,quot$ f ,royle1 ,illus4 ,himal41 p4 #bjh4 #aahc ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #ajd4 #aahd ,munby1 ,fl4 ,alg]41 p4 #di2 ,spicilegium ,flora ,m>occan1 p4 #deh4 #aahe ,boissi]1 ibid4 #aahf ,brets*neid]1 ,on ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #af4 #aahg ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #aahh ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,naturge41 i4 p4 #bgc2 ,hamilton1 ,la ,bot4 de la ,bible1 ,nice1 #ahga1 p4 #dh4 #aahi ,hehn1 ,cultur und ,hau/hi]e aus ,asi51 edit4 #c1 p4 #ajf4 #aaij ,hehn1 ibid4 #aaia ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt5 ,grie4 und ,rm41 p4 #fha4 #aaib ,heldrei*1 ,die ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #fd4 #aaic ,fraas1 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #gi2 ,heldrei*1 ibid4 #aaid ,hehn1 ibid4 #aaie ,pl9y1 lib4 #ac1 c4 #ai4 #aaif ,dictionnaire ,franais-,b]bre1 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 #aaig ,de ,saporta1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,gol4 de ,france1 ,april #e1 #ahfi1 pp4 #gfg-gfi4 #aaih ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #aia4 #aaii ,desc\rtilz1 ,flore ,mdicale des ,antilles1 v4 pl4 #cae4 #abjj ,miquel1 ,sumatra1 p4 #aah2 ,flora ,indi-,batav1 i4 p4 #dbe2 ,blume1 ,museum ,lugd4-,bat41 i4 p4 #ic4 #abja ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #dgd2 ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,maurit41 etc41 p4 #aae2 ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,isles1 p4 #bce4 #abjb ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 i4 p4 #aba1 t4 #cg4 #abjc ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 iii4 p4 #hi1 pl4 #be4 #abjd ,=/]1 ,plantis ,escul5tis1 p4 #cf4 #abje ,blume1 ,museum ,lugd4-,bat41 i4 p4 #ia2 ,miquel1 ,fl4 ,indi-,batav41 i4 p4 #daa2 ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,briti% ,india1 ii4 p4 #dgb4 #abjf ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,w4 ,indies1 p4 #bce2 ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,mauritius1 p4 #aae4 #abjg ,raddi1 ,di ,alcune ,specie di ,p]o ,indiano1 9 #dto1 ,bologna1 #ahba1 p4 #a4 #abjh ,m>tius1 ,sy/4 ,nat4 ,m$ic ,bras41 p4 #cb2 ,blume1 ,museum ,lugd4-,bat41 i4 p4 #ga2 ,hassk>l1 9 ,flora1 #ahdd1 p4 #ehi2 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p #dfh4 #abji ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hic4 #abaj ,l[e1 ,flora ( ,madeira1 p4 #bff4 #abaa ,see ,blume1 ibid42 ,desc\rtilz1 ,flore ,mdicale des ,antilles1 ii4 p4 #bj1 9 :i* !re is a good illu/ration ( ! pyri=m guava4 ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 gives a good plate ( ! r\nd =m4 ,^! two latt] works furni% int]e/+ details on ! use ( ! guava1 on ! vegetation ( ! species1 etc4 #abab ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 i4 p4 #ada2 ,rhe$e1 ,hortus ,malab>i5sis1 iii4 t4 #cd4 #abac ,boj]1 ,hortus ,mauritianus2 ,bak]1 ,flora ( ,mauritius1 p4 #aab4 #abad ,all ! floras1 & ,b]g 9 ,flora ,brasili5sis1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #aif4 #abae ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #hid4 #abaf ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 et ,morale des ,indes ,ori5t4 et ,occid41 ,fr5* trans41 #aeih1 p4 #age4 #abag ,h]n&ez1 ,nova ,hispani ,!saurus1 p4 #he4 #abah ,piso1 ,hi/4 ,brasil41 p4 #gd2 ,m>cgraf1 ibid41 p4 #aje4 #abai ,! ^w g\rd is also us$ 9 ,engli% = ,cucurbita maxima4 ,?is is "o ( ! examples ( ! confusion 9 common names & ! great] accuracy ( sci5tific t]ms4 #abbj ,naud91 ,annales des ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #ia2 ,cogniaux1 9 our ,monog4 ,phanrog41 iii4 p4 #dag4 #abba ,l9nu1 ,species ,plant>um1 p4 #adcd1 "u ,cucurbita4 #abbb ,a4 ,p4 de ,c&olle1 ,flora ,franaise 7#ahje71 vol4 iii4 p4 #fib4 #abbc ,rhe$e1 ,malab>1 iii4 pls4 #a1 #e2 ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #bah4 #abbd ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #gai4 #abbe ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 vol4 v4 p4 #cig1 t4 #add4 #abbf ,pidd+ton1 ,index1 at ! ^w ,cucurbita lag5>ia2 ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ41 edit4 #c1 vol4 i4 p4 #chf4 #abbg ,seemann1 ,flora ,viti5sis1 p4 #ajf4 #abbh ,b5?am1 ,flora ,au/rali5sis1 iii4 p4 #caf4 #abbi ,describ$ fir/ "u ! "n ,lag5>ia idolatrica4 ,a4 ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,abyss41 i4 p4 #bic1 & lat]1 ,naud9 & ,cogniaux1 recogniz$ its id5tity ) ,l4 vulg>is4 #abcj ,torrey & ,gray1 ,fl4 ( ,n4 ,am]41 i4 p4 #edc2 ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #bhh4 #abca ,brets*neid]1 lett] ( ! #bcrd ( ,augu/1 #ahha4 #abcb ,tragus1 ,/irp41 p4 #bhe2 ,ruellius1 ,de ,natura ,/irpium1 p4 #dih2 ,naud91 ibid4 #abcc ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 l4 #ai1 c4 #e4 #abcd ,ibn ,alawm1 9 ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik1 iii4 p4 #fj2 ,ibn ,bai?>1 ,sond!im]'s translation4 #abce ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #ei2 ,pick]+1 ,*ronol4 ,arrang41 p4 #acg4 #abcf ,9 #hvo1 #ahgg1 p4 #ag4 #abcg ,rauwolf1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 p4 #abe4 #abch ,piso1 ,indi ,utriusque41 etc41 edit4 #afeh1 p4 #bfd4 #abci ,m>cgraf1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,brasili1 #afdh1 p4 #dd4 #abdj ,naud91 ibid42 ,cogniaux1 ,flora ,brasil41 fasc4 #gh1 p4 #g2 & de ,c&olle1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #dah4 #abda ,cl4 ,gay1 ,flora ,*il5a1 ii4 p4 #djc4 #abdb ,jos4 ,aco/a1 ,fr5* trans41 p4 #afg4 #abdc ,pick]+1 ,*ronol4 ,arrang41 p4 #hfa4 #abdd ,pick]+1 ibid4 #abde ,ramusio1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aab4 #abdf ,p4 ,br[n1 ,jamaica1 edit4 ii4 p4 #ced4 #abdg ,elliott1 ,sket* ( ! ,botany ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia1 ii4 p4 #ffc4 #abdh ,torrey & ,gray1 ,flora ( ,n4 ,am]ica1 i4 p4 #edd4 #abdi ,asa ,gray1 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #aheg1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #ddb4 #abej ,trumbull1 9 ,bull4 ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 vol4 vi4 p4 #fi4 #abea ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 vi4 p4 #e2 vol4 xii4 p4 #hd4 #abeb ,ibid41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #afj2 vol4 xix4 p4 #ahj4 #abec ,z mu* z #bjj lbs41 accord+ to ! ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahej1 p4 #ahj4 #abed ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 ii4 p4 #eee4 #abee ,lobel1 ,icones1 t4 #fda4 ,! illu/ration is reproduc$ 9 ,dale*amp's ,hi/41 i4 p4 #fbf4 #abef ,cl>ke1 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #fbb4 #abeg ,brets*neid]1 lett] ( ,aug4 #bc1 #ahha4 #abeh ,! li/ is giv5 by ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik1 iii4 p4 #dja4 ,! ,cucurbita ( :i* he speaks mu/ h be5 ! g\rd1 ,lag5>ia4 #abei ,piso1 ,brazil41 edit4 #afeh1 p4 #bfd2 ,m>cgraf1 edit4 #afdh1 p4 #dd4 #abfj ,h>ris1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal1 #aheg1 vol4 xxiv4 p4 #dda2 ,trumbull1 ,bull4 ( ,torrey ,bot4 ,club1 #ahgf1 vol4 vi4 p4 #fi4 #abfa ,asa ,gray1 ,botany ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 edit4 #ahfh1 p4 #ahf4 #abfb ,d>l+ton1 ,flora ,ce/rica1 #ahec1 p4 #id4 #abfc ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #ijb4 #abfd ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #crd s]ies1 vol4 vi4 p4 #i2 ,cogniaux1 9 de ,c&olle1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #edf4 #abfe ,asa ,gray1 ,plant ,l9dheim]ian1 "p ii4 p4 #aih4 #abff ,mol9a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 du ,*ili1 p4 #cgg4 #abfg ,cogniaux1 9 ,monogr4 ,phanr4 & ,flora ,brasil41 fasc4 #gh1 p4 #ba4 #abfh ,cogniaux1 ,fl4 ,bras4 & ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii41 p4 #edg4 #abfi ,see ! excell5t plate 9 ,wight's ,icones1 t4 #ejg1 "u ! errone\s "n ( ,cucurbita maxima4 #abgj ,cogniaux1 9 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #edg4 #abga ,miquel1 ,sumatra1 "u ! "n ,gymnopetalum1 p4 #ccb4 #abgb ,cogniaux1 9 ,monogr4 ,phanr4 #abgc ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1 articles sign$ 8,i4 ,h4 ,h410 #aheg1 p4 #aec2 #aheh1 p4 #acj4 #abgd ,cogniaux1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #dhe4 #abge ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #aga4 #abgf ,hook]1 9 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 ii4 p4 #edf4 #abgg ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bfg4 #abgh ,s*uma*] & ,?onn+1 ,gu9eiske ,plant541 p4 #dbf4 #abgi ,cogniaux1 9 de ,c&olle1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 p4 #dhc4 #abhj ,brets*neid]1 lett] ( ,aug4 #bf1 #ahha4 #abha ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #abhb ,see ! copy 9 ,ung]'s ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 fig4 #be4 #abhc ,gal51 ,de ,alim5tis1 l4 #b1 c4 #e4 #abhd ,see all ! ,v]gilian floras1 & ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #aaa4 #abhe ,comes1 ,ill4 ,piante nei ,dip9ti ,pompeiani1 9 #dto1 p4 #bj1 9 ! ,museo ,nation41 vol4 iii4 pl4 #d4 #abhf ,habitat 9 ,apulia1 ,calabria1 ,sicilia 7,l9nu1 ,species1 edit4 #agfc1 p4 #adce74 #abhg ,s]+e1 9 ,prodromus1 iii4 p4 #cja4 #abhh ,naud91 ,ann4 sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #aja2 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 9 ,oliv]1 ,flora ( ,trop4 ,afr41 ii4 p4 #edi4 #abhi ,fr5* trans41 p4 #ef4 #abij ,ung] has copi$ ! figures f ,lepsius' "w 9 8 memoir ,die ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 figs4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 #abia ,dictionnaire ,franais-,b]b]1 at ! ^w pa/que4 #abib ,moris1 ,flora ,s>doa4 #abic ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #abid ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ag4 #abie ,heldrei*1 ,pflanz4 d4 ,attis*4 ,eb5e41 p4 #eia2 ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*5l41 p4 #ej4 #abif ,langkavel1 ,bot4 d] ,spt4 ,grie*54 #abig ,=skal1 ,flora gypto-,arabica41 "p i4 p4 #cd4 #abih ,nemni*1 ,polyg4 ,lexic41 i4 p4 #acji4 #abii ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,pick]+1 ,*ronol4 ,arrang41 p4 #gb4 #acjj ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl41 etc41 p4 #ej4 #acja 8,sativa planta et tractu temporis quasi nativa facta0 7,piso1 edit4 #afeh1 p4 #bcc74 #acjb ,naud91 9 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xi4 p4 #ca4 #acjc ,wild5[1 ,species1 iv4 p4 #fae4 #acjd ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #acje ,bot4 ,mag41 pl4 #fbjf4 #acjf ,cogniaux1 9 de ,c&olle1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #dii4 #acjg ,brets*neid]1 lett]s ( ,aug4 #bc & #bf1 #ahha4 #acjh ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 #g1 cap4 #d2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #dib4 #acji ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*541 p4 #ej4 #acaj ,nemni*1 ,polygl4 ,lex41 i4 p4 #acjf4 #acaa ,nemni*1 ibid4 #acab ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypt41 p4 #gf4 #acac ,ros5mll]1 ,biblis*e ,alt]?41 i4 p4 #ig2 ,hamilton1 ,bot4 de la ,bible1 p4 #cd4 #acad ,desc\rtilz1 ,fl4 ,md4 des ,antilles1 v4 pl4 #cbi2 ,hook]1 ,bot4 ,mag41 t4 #ehag2 ,cogniaux1 9 ,fl4 ,brasil41 fasc4 #gh1 pl4 #b4 #acae ,br[ne1 ,jamaica1 edit4 #b1 p4 #cec4 #acaf ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,india ,is41 p4 #bhh4 #acag ,cogniaux1 ubi supra4 #acah ,guan]va-oba1 9 ,piso1 ,brasil41 edit4 #afeh1 p4 #bfd2 ,m>cgraf1 edit4 #afdh1 p4 #dd1 )\t illu/ration1 calls x ,cucumis sylve/ris ,brasili4 #acai ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ab4 #acbj ,d>l+ton1 ,agric4 ,bot41 p4 #eh4 #acba ,cucurbita ,pepo ( ,l\reiro & ,roxburgh4 #acbb ,cl>ke1 9 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #faf4 #acbc ,cogniaux1 9 de ,c&olle1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #eac4 #acbd ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap41 p4 #cbb2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,jap41 i4 p4 #agc4 #acbe ,hassk>l1 ,catal4 ,horti4 ,bogor4 ,alt]41 p4 #aij2 ,miquel1 ,flora ,indo-,batav4 #acbf ,muell]1 ,fragm41 vi4 p4 #ahf2 ,=/]1 ,prodr4 7no description72 ,seemann1 ,j\r4 ( ,bot41 ii4 p4 #ej4 #acbg ,nadeaud1 ,plan4 ,usu4 des ,taiti5s1 ,enum4 des ,pl4 ,indig4 ,taiti4 #acbh ,brets*neid]1 lett] ( ,aug4 #bf1 #ahha4 #acbi ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #aba4 #accj ,cogniaux1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #deh4 #acca ,rhe$e1 ,hort4 ,malab41 viii4 p4 #ae1 t4 #h2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #gad1 z ,l4 clavata2 ,kurz1 ,contrib41 ii4 p4 #ajj2 ,?waites1 ,enum4 #accb ,muell]1 ,fragm5ta1 iii4 p4 #ajg2 ,b5?am1 ,fl4 ,au/r41 iii4 p4 #cag1 "u names :i* ,naud9 & ,cogniaux reg>d z synonyms ( ,l4 cyl9drica4 #accc ,hook]1 9 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 ii4 p4 #ecj4 #accd ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]on1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bfh4 #acce ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypt41 p4 #ge4 #accf ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #abb2 ,cogniaux1 9 de ,c&olle1 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #dei4 #accg ,l9nu1 ,species1 p4 #adcf1 z ,cucumis acutangulus4 #acch ,rhe$e1 ,hort4 ,malab41 viii4 p4 #ac1 t4 #g4 #acci ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,ceylan1 p4 #abf2 ,kurz1 ,contrib41 ii4 p4 #aja2 ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #gbg4 #acdj ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 v4 p4 #djh1 t4 #adi4 #acda ,cl>ke1 9 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #fad4 #acdb ,boj]1 ,hort4 ,maurit4 #acdc ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bfh4 #acdd ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ag4 #acde ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #aij4 #acdf ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 v4 pl4 #adh4 #acdg ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,india ,isl41 p4 #bhf4 #acdh ,br[ne1 ,jamaica1 p4 #cee4 #acdi ,jacqu91 ,/irp4 ,am]4 ,hi/41 p4 #bei4 #acej ,naud91 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d? s]ies1 vol4 xviii4 p4 #bje4 #acea ,9 ,monogr4 ,phanr41 iii4 p4 #ijb4 #aceb ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ,h]ald1 p4 #abh4 #acec ,sagot1 ,j\rnal de la ,soc4 d',hortic4 de ,france1 #ahgb4 #aced ,cogniaux1 ,fl4 ,brasil1 fasc4 #gh4 #acee ,sagot1 ibid4 #acef ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ,phytog4 ,can>41 sect4 #a1 p4 #bjh4 #aceg ,h]n&ez1 ,!o4 ,nov ,hisp41 p4 #gh4 #aceh ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #aej4 #acei ,*apman1 ,flora ( ,s\!rn ,/ates1 p4 #add4 #acfj ,! cactos ( ! ,greeks 0 q a diff]5t plant4 #acfa ,/e9heil1 9 ,boissi]1 ,voyage ,bot4 en ,espagne1 i4 p4 #be4 #acfb ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ,phytog4 ,can>41 vol4 iii4 sect4 #a1 p4 #bjh #acfc ,robson1 quot$ 9 ,engli% ,botany1 pl4 #bjeg4 #acfd ,nyman1 ,conspectus ,fl4 ,europe1 p4 #bff2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,or41 ii4 p4 #hae4 #acfe ,munby1 ,catal41 edit4 #b1 p4 #ae4 #acff ,ball1 ,spicilegium ,fl4 ,m>oc41 p4 #ddi4 #acfg ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #aid2 ,boissi]1 ubi supra4 #acfh ,cl>ke1 9 ,hook]'s ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #daj4 #acfi ,phillips1 ,acc\nt ( ,fruits1 p4 #agd4 #acgj ,moore & ,m1 ,contrib4 to ! ,cybele ,hyb]nica1 p4 #aac4 #acga ,davies1 ,wel% ,botanology1 p4 #bd4 #acgb ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 ii4 p4 #aii4 #acgc ,torrey & ,gray1 ,fl4 ,n4 ,am]41 i4 p4 #aej4 #acgd ,dodoneus1 p4 #gdh4 #acge ,watson1 ,cybele ,brit4 #acgf ,brebisson1 ,flore de ,norm&ie1 p4 #ii4 #acgg ,phillips1 ,acc\nt ( ,fruits1 p4 #acf4 #acgh ,g]>d1 ,h]bal1 p4 #aadc4 #acgi ,t ( currant is a lat] introduction1 giv5 f ! resemblance to ! grapes ( ,cor9? 7,phillips1 ibid474 #achj ,legonidec1 ,diction4 ,celto-,breton4 #acha ,moritzi1 ,dict4 ,9dit des ,noms ,vulgaires4 #achb ,l9nu1 ,flora ,suecica1 n4 #aig4 #achc ,watson1 ,comp5d4 ,cybele1 i4 p4 #agg2 ,fries1 ,summa ,veg4 ,sc&41 p4 #ci2 ,nyman1 ,conspect4 ,fl4 ,europ41 p4 #bff4 #achd ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,or41 ii4 p4 #hae4 #ache ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 p4 #bjj2 ,maxim[icz1 ,primiti ,fl4 ,amur41 p4 #aai2 ,cl>ke1 9 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #daa4 #achf ,boreau1 ,flore du ,c5tre de la ,france1 edit4 #c1 p4 #bfb4 #achg ,bauh91 ,hi/4 ,plant41 ii4 p4 #ii4 #achh ,?is "n ,cassis is curi\s4 ,littr says t x seems to h be5 introduc$ late into ! language1 & t he does n "k its orig94 ,i h n met ) x 9 botanical works e>li] ?an ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,my manuscript collection ( common names1 among m ?an =ty names = ?is species 9 diff]5t languages or dialects has n "o :i* resembles x4 ,bu*oz1 9 8 ,dictionnaire des ,plantes1 #aggj1 i4 p4 #bhi1 calls ! plant ! ,cassis or ,casseti] des ,poitev9s4 ,! old ,fr5* "n 0 ,poivri] or groseilli] noir4 ,l>\sse's diction>y says t good liqueurs 7 made at ,cassis 9 ,prov5ce4 ,c ?is be ! orig9 ( ! "n8 #achi ,ait*ison1 ,catalogue1 p4 #hf4 #acij ,l[e1 ,man4 ,fl4 ( ,madeira1 ii4 p4 #bj2 ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,can>ies1 ,gog4 ,bot41 p4 #dh2 ,ball1 ,spicil4 ,fl4 ,m>oc41 p4 #efe4 #acia ,cosson1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france1 iv4 p4 #ajg1 & vii4 p4 #ca2 ,griseba*1 ,spicil4 ,fl4 ,rumelic1 ii4 p4 #ga2 ,/ev51 ,v]zei*4 d] ,tauris*4 ,halb9s41 p4 #bdh2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 p4 #ch4 #acib ,bullet91 iv4 p4 #ajg4 #acic ,ros5mll]1 ,h&bu* d] ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 vol4 iv4 p4 #beh2 ,hamilton1 ,bot4 de la ,bible1 p4 #hj1 :]e ! passages are indicat$4 #acid ,fr4 ,l5orm&1 ,manuel de l',hi/4 ,auc4 de l',ori5t41 #ahfi1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca4 #acie ,fick1 ,wrt]bu*1 ,pidd+ton1 ,index1 only m5tions "o ,h9du "n1 julpai4 #acif ,h]odotus1 ,hi/41 bk4 i4 c4 #aic4 #acig ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iv4 p4 #cf4 #acih ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,g]m4 trans41 p4 #efi2 ,=skal1 ,plant4 ,egypt41 p4 #di4 #acii ,boissi]1 ibid42 ,/ev51 ibid4 #adjj ,ung]1 ,die ,pflanz4 d] ,alt54 gypt1 p4 #de4 #adja ,de ,c&olle1 ,physiol4 ,vgt41 p4 #fif2 ,pleyte1 quot$ by ,braun & ,as*]son1 ,sitzb]4 ,natur=4 ,ges41 ,may #ae1 #ahgg4 #adjb ,hehn1 ,kulturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 p4 #hh1 l9e #i4 #adjc ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 iv4 c4 #c4 #adjd ,kralik1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,fr41 iv4 p4 #ajh4 #adje ,beitrge zur ,fl4 ?iopi5s1 p4 #bha4 #adjf ,balansa1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,fr41 iv4 p4 #ajg4 #adjg ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>d41 iii4 p4 #i2 ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 i4 p4 #df4 #adjh ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xv4 cap4 #a4 #adji ,duveyri]1 ,les ,t\>egs du ,nord 7#ahfd71 p4 #agi4 #adaj ,munby1 ,flore de l',alg]ie1 p4 #b2 ,debeaux1 ,catal4 ,bogh>1 p4 #fh4 #adaa ,boissi]1 ,voyage ,bot4 en ,espagne1 edit4 ,i1 vol4 ii4 p4 #djg4 #adab ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prod4 ,fl4 ,hispan41 ii4 p4 #fgb4 #adac ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,can>ies1 ,gog4 ,bot41 pp4 #dg1 #dh4 #adad ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ibid41 ,e?nographie1 p #ahh4 #adae ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ! ,h]ald41 p4 #aff4 #adaf ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,isl41 p4 #cih4 #adag ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #agj2 ,jacqu91 ,am]41 p4 #eb4 #adah ,flora ,brasil41 vol4 vii4 p4 #hh4 #adai ,see ! synonyms 9 ! ,flora ,brasili5sis1 vol4 vii4 p4 #ff4 #adbj ,sagot1 ,j\rn4 ,soc4 d',hortic4 de ,france1 #ahgb1 p4 #cdg4 #adba ,blanco1 ,fl4 de ,filip9as1 "u ! "n ,a*ras lucuma4 #adbb ,nova ,g5]a1 iii4 p4 #bdj4 #adbc ,dampi] & ,lussan1 9 ,sloane's ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #agb2 ,seemann1 ,botany ( ! ,h]ald41 p4 #aff4 #adbd ,jacqu91 ,am]41 p4 #ei2 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 ,nova ,g5]a1 iii4 p4 #bci4 #adbe ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind41 p4 #cii4 #adbf ,sloane1 ubi supra4 #adbg ,dunal1 ,hi/4 des ,solanum1 p4 #bji4 #adbh ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,g]m4 trans41 i4 p4 #aaf4 #adbi ,rauwolf1 ,flora ,ori5t41 ed4 ,gron+ue1 p4 #bf4 #adcj ,dict4 ,fr4-,b]bre1 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 #adca ,?onn+1 "u ! "n ,s4 edule2 ,hook]1 ,nig] ,flora1 p4 #dgc4 #adcb ,trans4 ( ,l9n4 ,soc41 xvii4 p4 #dh2 ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,maurit41 p4 #bae4 #adcc ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ag4 #adcd ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul4 ,insul41 etc4 #adce ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #adcf ,pidd+ton1 at ! ^w ,capsicum4 #adcg ,nemni*1 ,lexicon1 gives twelve ,fr5* & eight ,g]man names4 #adch ,piso1 p4 #ajg2 ,m>cgraf1 p4 #ci4 #adci ,desc\rtilz1 ,flore ,mdicale des ,antilles1 vi4 pl4 #dbc4 #addj ,f+]hu?1 ,monographia ,g54 ,capsici1 p4 #ab2 ,s5dtn]1 9 ,flora ,brasil41 vol4 x4 p4 #adg4 #adda ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 ,wall1 ii4 p4 #bfj2 edit4 #ahcb1 ii4 p4 #egd4 #addb ,blume1 ,bijdr41 ii4 p4 #gjd4 #addc ,s5dtn]1 9 ,fl4 ,bras41 x4 p4 #adc4 #addd ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,prodr41 xiii4 "p #a1 p4 #bf4 #adde ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 i4 p4 #efe2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #addf ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 v4 p4 #daf4 #addg ,mala ,p]uviana1 ,pomi del ,p]u1 9 ,bauh9's ,hi/41 iii4 p4 #fba4 #addh ,hughes1 ,b>bados1 p4 #adh4 #addi ,humboldt1 ,espagne1 edit4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dgb4 #adej ,fl4 ,brasil41 vol4 x4 p4 #abf4 #adea ,! proportions ( ! calyx & ! corolla are ! same z ^? ( ! cultivat$ tomato1 b !y are diff]5t 9 ! alli$ species ,s4 ,humboldtii1 ( :i* ! fruit is also eat51 accord+ to ,humboldt1 :o f\nd x wild 9 ,v5ezuela4 #adeb ,ruiz & ,pavon1 ,flor4 ,p]uv41 ii4 p4 #cg4 #adec ,spruce1 n4 #dadc1 9 ,boissi]'s h]b>ium4 #aded ,asa ,gray1 ,bot4 ( ,cali=41 i4 p4 #ech4 #adee ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,maurit41 p4 #baf4 #adef ,clusius1 ,hi/oria1 p4 #b4 #adeg ,= in/ance 9 ,madeira1 accord+ to ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind41 p4 #bhj2 9 ,mauritius1 ! ,sey*elles & ,rodriguez1 accord+ to ,bak]1 ,flora ( ,mauritius1 p4 #bij4 #adeh ,x is n 9 ,rumphius4 #adei ,aublet1 ,guyane1 i4 p4 #cfd4 #adfj ,meissn]1 9 de ,c&olle1 ,prodromus1 vol4 xv4 "p #a1 p4 #eb2 & ,flora ,brasil41 vol4 v4 p4 #aeh4 ,= ,mexico1 ,h]n&ez1 p4 #hi2 = ,v5ezuela & ,p>a1 ,nees1 ,laur9e1 p4 #abi2 = ,ea/]n ,p]u1 ,pppig1 ,exsicc41 se5 by ,meissn]4 #adfa ,p4 ,br[ne1 ,jamaica1 p4 #bad2 ,jacqu91 ,obs41 i4 p4 #ch4 #adfb ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,indes41 edit4 #aeih1 p4 #agf4 #adfc ,laet1 ,hi/4 ,n\v4 ,monde1 i4 pp4 #cbe1 #cda4 #adfd ,see ! f9e plates 9 ,tussac's ,flore des ,antilles1 iii4 p4 #de1 pls4 #aj & #aa4 ,! papaw belongs to ! small family ( ! ,papayace1 fus$ by "s botani/s into ! ,passiflor1 & by o!rs into ! ,bixace4 #adfe ,r4 ,br[n1 ,bot4 ( ,congo1 p4 #eb2 ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #iag4 #adff ,sagot1 ,j\rn4 de la ,soc4 ,c5tr4 d',hortic4 de ,france1 #ahgb4 #adfg ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 i4 p4 #adg4 #adfh ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 p4 #afe4 #adfi ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*41 p4 #ggb4 #adgj ,m>cgraf1 ,brasil41 p4 #ajc1 & ,piso1 p4 #aei1 = ,brazil2 ,xim5es 9 ,m>cgraf & ,h]n&ez1 ,!saurus1 p4 #ii1 = ,mexico2 & ! la/ = ,/4 ,dom+o & ,mexico4 #adga ,clusius1 ,cur ,po/]iores1 pp4 #gi1 #hj4 #adgb ,m>tius1 ,beitr4 z4 ,e?nogr41 ii4 p4 #dah4 #adgc ,p4 ,br[ne1 ,jamaica1 edit4 #b1 p4 #cfj4 ,! fir/ edition is ( #agef4 #adgd ,! passage ( ,ovi$o is translat$ into ,engli% by ,correa de ,mello & ,spruce1 9 _! pap] on ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nan ,society1 x4 p4 #a4 #adge ,de ,c&olle1 ,prodr41 xv4 "p #a1 p4 #dad4 #adgf ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iv4 p4 #aaed2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,india1 p4 #dah2 ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,can>ies1 ,botanique1 iii4 p4 #beg4 #adgg ,c\nt ,solms ,lauba*1 9 a le>n$ discussion 7,h]kunft1 ,dome/ication1 etc41 des ,feig5baums1 9 #dto1 #ahhb71 has himself obs]v$ facts ( ?is nature already indicat$ by v>i\s au?ors4 ,he did n f9d ! se$ provid$ ) embryos 7p4 #fd71 :i* he attributes to ! abs5ce ( ! insect 7,bla/ophaga71 :i* g5]ally lives 9 ! wild fig1 & facilitates ! f]tilization ( "o fl[] by ano!r 9 ! int]ior ( ! fruit4 ,x is ass]t$1 h[ev]1 t f]tilization occasionally takes place )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! insect4 #adgh ,*abas1 ,mlanges ,egyptol41 #crd s]ies 7#ahgc71 vol4 ii4 p4 #ib4 #adgi ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 i4 p4 #bhe2 ,reyni]1 con4 ,publ4 des ,arabes et des ,juifs1 p4 #dgj4 #adhj ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypto-,arab41 p4 #abe4 ,lag>de 7,revue ,critique d',hi/oire1 ,feb4 #bg1 #ahhb7 says t ?is ,semitic "n is v anci5t4 #adha ,brets*neid]1 9 ,solms1 ubi supra1 p4 #ea4 #adhb ,h]odotus1 i4 #ga4 #adhc ,l5z1 ,botanik d] ,grie*51 p4 #dba1 quotes f\r l9es ( ,hom]4 ,see also ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 p4 #hd4 #adhd ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 p4 #eac4 #adhe ,no importance %\ld be atta*$ to ! exagg]at$ divisions made by ,gasp>9i 9 ,ficus c>ica1 ,l9nu4 ,botani/s :o h /udi$ ! fig tree s9ce 8 "t reta9 a s+le species1 & "n sev]al v>ieties ( ! wild fig4 ,! cultivat$ =ms are numb]less4 #adhf ,gussone1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,in>im5sium1 p4 #cja4 #adhg ,= ! hi/ory ( ! fig tree & an acc\nt ( ! op]ation 7( d\btful utility7 :i* consi/s 9 plant+ insect-be>+ ,caprifici among ! cultivat$ trees 7caprification71 see ,solms' "w4 #adhh ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xv4 cap4 #ah4 #adhi ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 p4 #eac4 #adij ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,can>ies ,e?nogr41 p4 #ahf2 ,phytogr41 iii4 p4 #beg4 #adia ,duveyri]1 ,les ,t\>egs du ,nord41 p4 #aic4 #adib ,plan*on1 tude sur les tufs de ,montpelli]1 p4 #fc2 de ,saporta1 ,la flore des tufs quat]naires en ,prov5ce1 9 ,comptes r5dus de la #cb;e ,session du ,congrs ,sci5tifique de ,france2 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,geolog41 #ahgc-gd1 p4 #ddb4 #adic ,see ! f9e plates publi%$ 9 ,tussac's ,flore des ,antilles1 vol4 ii4 pls4 #b & #c2 & ,hook]1 ,bot4 ,mag41 t4 #bhfi-bhga4 #adid ,voyages la ,n\velle ,gu9e1 p4 #ajj4 #adie ,hook]1 ubi supra4 #adif ,rumphius1 ,h]b4 ,ambo91 i4 p4 #aab1 pl4 #cc4 #adig ,flora ,viti5sis1 p4 #bee4 #adih ,seemann1 ,fl4 ,vit41 p4 #bee2 ,nadeaud1 ,enum4 des ,pl4 ,indig4 de ,taiti1 p4 #dd2 ,idem1 ,pl4 usuelles des ,taiti5s1 p4 #bd4 #adii ,see ,tussac's plates1 ,flore des ,antilles1 pl4 #d2 & ,hook]1 ,bot4 ,mag41 t4 #bhcc1 #bhcd4 #aejj ,rhe$e1 ,malab>1 iii4 p4 #ah2 ,wight1 ,icones1 ii4 ,no4 #fgh2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,india1 p4 #dbf2 ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,brit4 ,burmah1 p4 #dcb4 #aeja ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 pl4 #d4 #aejb ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,maurit41 p4 #bhb4 #aejc ,m>tius1 ,g54 et ,spec4 ,palm>um1 9 folio1 vol4 iii4 p4 #beg2 ,c4 ,ritt]1 ,erdkunde1 xiii4 p4 #gfj2 ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ,gog4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #cdc4 #aejd ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 d4 ,alt4 gypt41 p4 #ch4 #aeje ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 vi4 cap4 #cg4 #aejf ,ung]1 ubi supra4 #aejg ,see ,c4 ,ritt]1 ubi supra4 #aejh ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 p4 #bcd4 #aeji ,c4 ,ritt]1 ibid41 p4 #hbh4 #aeaj ,accord+ to ,roxburgh1 ,royle1 etc4 #aeaa ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #ca4 #aeab ,accord+ to ,s*midt1 ,fl4 d4 ,cap4-,v]d4 ,isl41 p4 #afh1 ! date-palm is r>e 9 ^! isl&s1 & is c]ta9ly n wild4 ,webb & ,b]!lot1 on ! contr>y1 ass]t t 9 "s ( ! ,can>ies x is app>5tly indig5\s 7,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,can>ies1 ,botanique1 iii4 p4 #bhi74 #aeac ,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne1 #a/ edit41 ii4 p4 #cfj4 #aead ,ovi$o1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 #aeef1 p4 #aab4 ,ovi$o's fir/ "w is ( #aebf4 ,he is ! e>lie/ naturali/ quot$ by ,dry&] 7,bibl4 ,banks7 = ,am]ica4 #aeae ,i h also se5 ?is passage 9 ! translation ( ,ovi$o by ,ramusio1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aae4 #aeaf ,humboldt1 ,n\velle ,espagne1 #bnd edit41 p4 #che4 #aeag ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 ,comm5t>ios ,reales1 i4 p4 #bhb4 #aeah ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,de ,indias1 #afjh1 p4 #bej4 #aeai ,desvaux1 ,j\rn4 ,bot41 iv4 p4 #e4 #aebj ,caldcleugh1 ,trav4 9 ,s4 ,am]41 #ahbe1 i4 p4 #bc4 #aeba ,/ev5son1 ,trav4 9 ,s4 ,am]41 i4 p4 #cbh4 #aebb ,ibid41 p4 #cfc4 #aebc ,b\ss+ault1 ,c4 r4 ,acad4 ,sc4 ,p>is1 ,may #i1 #ahcf4 #aebd ,mey51 ,pflanz5 ,geog41 #ahcf1 p4 #chc4 #aebe ,ritt]1 ,erdk41 iv4 p4 #hgj4 #aebf ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ! ,h]ald1 p4 #bac2 ,ern/1 9 ,seemann's ,j\rn4 ( ,bot41 #ahfg1 p4 #bhi2 ,sagot1 ,j\rn4 de la ,soc4 d',hort4 de ,fr41 #ahgb1 p4 #bbf4 #aebg ,m>tius1 ,e?4 ,spra*5kunde ,am]41 p4 #abc4 #aebh ,roxburgh & ,walli*1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #dhe2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #aebi ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xii4 cap4 #f4 #aecj ,ung]1 ubi supra1 & ,wilk9son1 ii4 p4 #djc1 d n m5tion x4 ,! banana is n[ cultivat$ 9 ,egypt4 #aeca ,=/]1 ,plant4 ,esc41 p4 #bh4 #aecb ,clusius1 ,exot41 p4 #bbi2 ,br[n1 ,bot4 ,congo1 p4 #ea4 #aecc ,roxburgh1 ,corom41 tab4 #bge2 ,fl4 ,ind4 #aecd ,rumphius1 ,amb41 v4 p4 #aci4 #aece ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*41 p4 #gia4 #aecf ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*41 p4 #gia4 #aecg ,blanco1 ,flora1 #a/ edit41 p4 #bdg4 #aech ,f9layson1 ,j\rney to ,siam1 #ahbf1 p4 #hf1 accord+ to ,ritt]1 ,erdk41 iv4 p4 #hgh4 #aeci ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,cey41 p4 #cba4 #aedj ,ait*ison1 ,catal4 ( ,punjab1 p4 #adg4 #aeda ,hughes1 ,b>b41 p4 #ahb2 ,maycock1 ,fl4 ,b>b41 p4 #cif4 #aedb ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #adh4 #aedc ,piso1 edit4 #afdh1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 p4 #ge4 #aedd ,humboldt quotes ! ,spani% edition ( #afjh4 ,! fir/ edition is ( #aeia4 ,i h only be5 able to consult ! ,fr5* translation ( ,regnault1 publi%$ 9 #aeih1 & :i* is app>5tly accurate4 #aede ,aco/a1 trans41 lib4 iv4 cap4 #ba4 #aedf ,t is probably ,hispaniola or ,san ,dom+o2 = if he _h meant ! ,spani% language1 x w\ld h be5 translat$ by ca/illan & )\t ! capital lett]4 #aedg ,?is is probably a mispr9t = ,&es1 = ! ^w ,indes has no s5se4 ,! "w says 7p4 #aff7 t p9e-apples d n gr[ 9 ,p]u1 b t !y are br\ght ?i!r f ! ,&es1 & 7p4 #agc7 t ! cacao comes f ! ,&es4 ,x seems to h meant hot regions4 ,! ^w ,&es has s9ce be5 appli$ to ! *a9 ( m\nta9s by a /range & un=tunate transf]4 #aedh ,i h read ?r\gh ! entire "w1 to make sure ( ?is fact4 #aedi ,prescott1 ,conque/ ( ,p]u4 ,! au?or has consult$ valuable records1 among o!rs a manuscript ( ,montes9os ( #aebg2 b he does n quote 8 au?orities = ea* fact1 & cont5ts himself ) vague & g5]al indications1 :i* are v insuffici5t4 #aeej ,m>cgraf1 ,brasil41 p4 #cc4 #aeea ,ovi$o1 ,ramusio's trans41 iii4 p4 #aac2 ,jos4 ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,indes1 ,fr5* trans41 p4 #aff4 #aeeb ,!vet1 ,piso1 etc42 ,h]n&ez1 ,!s41 p4 #cda4 #aeec ,rhe$e1 ,hort4 ,malab41 xi4 p4 #f4 #aeed ,rumphius1 ,ambo91 v4 p4 #bbh4 #aeee ,royle1 ,ill41 p4 #cgf4 #aeef ,kir*]1 ,*9e ,illu/re1 trans4 ( #afgj1 p4 #bec4 #aeeg ,clusius1 ,exotic41 cap4 #dd4 #aeeh ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,maurit4 #aeei ,royle1 ubi supra4 #aefj ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ! ,h]ald1 p4 #bae4 #aefa ,humboldt1 ,n\v4 ,esp41 #bnd edit41 ii4 p4 #dgh4 #aefb ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1 #ahha1 vol4 i4 p4 #feg4 #aefc ,m>tius1 lett] to ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #ibg4 #aefd ,humboldt1 ,voy41 ii4 p4 #eaa2 ,kun?1 9 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 ,nova ,g5]a1 v4 p4 #caf2 ,m>tius1 ,ueb] d5 ,cacao1 9 ,b*n]1 ,rep]t4 ,ph>m4 #aefe ,s*a*1 9 ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #ia4 #aeff ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #ae4 #aefg ,g4 ,b]n\lli4 ,ueb]si*t d] ,art5 von ,!obroma1 p4 #e4 #aefh ,hemsley1 ,biologia ,c5trali ,am]icana1 "p ii4 p4 #acc4 #aefi ,griseba*1 ubi supra4 #aegj ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,novo ,granat5sis1 p4 #bjh4 #aega ,blanco1 ,fl4 de ,filip9as1 edit4 #b1 p4 #dbj4 #aegb ,kun?1 9 ,humboldt & ,bonpl&1 ubi supra2 ,triana1 ubi supra4 #aegc ,brets*neid]1 lett] ( ,aug4 #bc1 #ahha4 #aegd ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,indica1 ii4 p4 #bfi4 #aege ,blume1 ,rumphia1 iii4 p4 #ajf4 #aegf ,l\reiro1 ,flora ,co*41 p4 #bcc2 ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,burmah1 p4 #bic4 #aegg ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #bga2 ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,zeyl41 p4 #eh2 ,hi]n1 9 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #fhh4 #aegh ,hi]n1 9 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #fhg4 #aegi ,blume1 ,rumphia1 iii4 p4 #ajc2 ,miquel1 ,fl4 ,indo-,batava1 i4 p4 #eed4 #aehj ,bossi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #e4 #aeha ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 lib4 xiii4 cap4 #ae2 lib4 xv4 cap4 #bb2 ,gal51 ,de ,alim5tis1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #cj4 #aehb ,l]*e1 ,nova ,acta ,acad4 ,ces>eo-,leopold1 vol4 v41 app5dix1 p4 #bjc1 publi%$ 9 #aggc4 ,maxim[icz1 9 a lett] ( ,feb4 #bd1 #ahhb1 tells me t ,l]*e's specim5 exi/s 9 ! h]b>ium ( ! ,imp]ial ,g>d5 at ,/4 ,pet]sburgh4 ,x is 9 fl[]1 & resembles ! cultivat$ bean 9 all po9ts except+ height1 :i* is ab\t half a foot4 ,! label m5tions ! locality & its wild "* )\t o!r rem>ks4 #aehc ,!re are ,transcaucasian specim5s 9 ! same h]b>ium1 b tall]1 & !y are n said to be wild4 #aehd ,m>s*all ,bieb]/e91 ,flora ,caucaso-,taurica2 ,c4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,v]zei*niss2 ,hoh5ack]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,talys*2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 p4 #egh1 ,buhse & ,boissi]1 ,plant4 ,transcaucasi4 #aehe ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #ffd1 quotes de ,c&olle1 ,prodromus1 ii4 p4 #ced2 n[ ,s]+e wrote ! article ,faba 9 ,prodromus1 9 :i* ! s\? ( ! ,caspian is indicat$1 probably on ,l]*e's au?ority4 #aehf ,dict4 d',agric41 v4 p4 #eab4 #aehg ,munby1 ,catal4 ,plant4 9 ,alg]4 sponte nasc5t41 edit4 #b1 p4 #ab4 #aehh ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bef2 ,rohlfs1 ,kufra4 #aehi ,loiscleur ,deslong*amps1 ,consid4 sur les ,crales1 "p i4 p4 #bi4 #aeij ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #g1 #ae4 #aeia ,iliad1 #ac1 v4 #ehi4 #aeib ,wittmack1 ,sitz4 b]i*t ,v]e9s1 ,br&5burg1 #ahgi4 #aeic ,novitius ,dictionn>ium1 at ! ^w ,faba4 #aeid ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cec4 #aeie ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #bb1 figs4 #dd-dg4 #aeif ,p]r91 tude ,prhi/orique sur la ,savoie1 p4 #b4 #aeig ,delile1 ,plant4 ,cult4 en gypte1 p4 #ab2 ,reyni]1 conomie des gypti5s et ,c>?ag9ois1 p4 #cdj2 ,ung]1 ,pflan4 d4 ,alt4 gyp41 p4 #fd2 ,wilk9son1 ,man4 & ,cus4 ( ,anc4 ,egyptians1 p4 #djb4 #aeih ,reyni]1 ubi supra1 tries to discov] ! reason ( ?is4 #aeii ,h]odotus1 ,hi/oire1 ,l>*]'s trans41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cb4 #afjj #b ,sam4 xvii4 #bh2 ,ezek4 iv4 #i4 #afja ,dict4 ,franais-,b]bre1 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 #afjb ,note communicat$ to ,m4 ,clos by ,m4 d',abadie4 #afjc ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 *ap4 x4 #afjd ,rhodod5dron ponticum n[ exi/s only 9 ,asia ,m9or & 9 ! s\? ( ! ,spani% p59sula4 #afje ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #egg4 #afjf ,c4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,v]zei*niss ,fl4 ,caucas41 p4 #adg4 #afjg ,georgi1 9 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross4 #afjh ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypt42 ,delile1 ,plant4 ,cult4 en gypte1 p4 #ac4 #afji ,ebn ,bai?>1 ii4 p4 #acd4 #afaj ,reyni]1 conomie publique et rurale des ,arabes et des ,juifs1 ,g5ve1 #ahbj1 p4 #dbi4 #afaa ,dict4 ,fran4-,b]bre1 9 #hvo1 #ahdd4 #afab ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 etc41 edit4 #c1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ahh4 #afac ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfd2 ,hehn1 ubi supra4 #afad ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #bc1 fig4 #di4 #afae ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 iv4 cap4 #e4 #afaf ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cbd2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #afag ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #ffj1 accord+ to ,pallas1 ,falk1 & ,ko*4 #afah ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #efj2 ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss des ,tauris*5 ,habl9seln1 p4 #acd4 #afai ,iliad1 bk4 #ac1 v]se #ehi2 ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 viii4 c4 #c4 #afbj ,dioscorides1 lib4 ii4 c4 #abf4 #afba ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #ga4 #afbb ,nemni*1 ,polyglott4 ,lex41 i4 p4 #ajcg2 ,bunge1 9 ,goebels ,reise1 ii4 p4 #cbh4 #afbc ,clm5t d',alex&rie1 ,/rom41 lib4 i41 quot$ f ,reyni]1 con4 des gyp4 et ,c>?ag41 p4 #cdc4 #afbd ,reyni]1 con4 des ,arabes et ,juifs1 p4 #dcj4 #afbe ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 i4 p4 #ajj2 ,hamilton1 ,bot4 de la ,bible1 p4 #ahj4 #afbf ,rauwolf1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ,no4 #bbj2 ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypt41 p4 #ha2 ,dict4 ,fran4-,b]bre4 #afbg ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #cbd2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #afbh ,see ,fraas1 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #ea2 ,l5z41 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #gc4 #afbi ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #fi4 #afcj ,olivi] de ,s]res1 ,?tre de l',agric41 edit4 #aebi1 p4 #hh4 #afca ,clusius1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 ii4 p4 #bbh4 #afcb ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #dff4 #afcc ,c>uel1 ,fl4 ,toscana1 p4 #acf4 #afcd ,gussone1 ,fl4 ,sicul ,syn41 edit4 #b1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dff4 #afce ,griseba*1 ,spicil4 ,fl4 ,rumel41 p4 #aa4 #afcf ,d',urville1 ,enum41 p4 #hf4 #afcg ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #eaj4 #afch ,c>uel1 ,fl4 ,tosc41 p4 #acf4 #afci ,gussone1 ,fl4 ,sic4 ,syn41 ii4 p4 #bfg2 ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>doa1 i4 p4 #eif4 #afdj ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #bi4 #afda ,aufzhlung1 etc41 p4 #beg4 #afdb ,s*we9fur?1 ,plant ,nilot4 a ,h>tman ,coll41 p4 #f4 #afdc ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 d4 ,alt4 gyp41 p4 #fe4 #afdd ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ii4 p4 #djc4 #afde ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 vol4 i4 #afdf ,muratori1 ,anti*4 ,ital41 i4 p4 #cdg2 ,diss41 #bd1 quot$ by ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #ca4 #afdg ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 ii4 p4 #fbc2 ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #bjj4 #afdh ,b]toloni1 ,fl4 ,ital41 vii4 p4 #dai2 ,c>uel1 ,fl4 ,tosc41 p4 #ahd2 ,gussone1 ,fl4 ,sic4 ,synopsis1 ii4 p4 #bgi2 ,moris1 ,fl4 ,s>doa1 i4 p4 #egg4 #afdi ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss1 p4 #acd4 #afej ,alefeld1 ,bot4 ,zeitung41 #ahfj1 p4 #bjd4 #afea ,d>w91 ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 p4 #cbf4 #afeb ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 viii4 c4 #c & #e4 #afec ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #ga4 #afed ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 c4 #g & #ab4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ,p4 sativum1 = ! au?or says x _c be> ! cold4 #afee ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cei4 #afef ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 xxiii4 fig4 #dh2 ,p]r91 tudes ,prhi/oriques sur la ,savoie1 p4 #bb4 #afeg ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 ,roxburgh does n give a ,sanskrit "n4 #afeh ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #af4 #afei ,ibid41 p4 #i4 #affj ,see ,pailleux1 9 ,bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclim41 ,sept4 & ,oct41 #ahhj4 #affa ,rumphius1 ,amb41 vol4 v4 p4 #chh4 #affb ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #cad4 #affc ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #affd ,kmpf]1 ,am]4 ,exot41 p4 #hcg1 pl4 #hch4 #affe ,hab]l&t1 ,die ,sojabohne1 9 #hvo1 ,vi5na1 #ahgh1 quot$ by ,pailleux1 ubi supra4 #afff ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 ii4 p4 #ech4 #affg ,bunge1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,*941 p4 #aah2 ,maxim[icz1 ,primit4 ,fl4 ,amur41 p4 #hg4 #affh ,miquel1 ,prolusio1 9 ,ann4 ,mus4 ,lugd4 ,bat41 iii4 p4 #eb2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,jap41 i4 p4 #ajh4 #affi ,junghuhn1 ,plant ,jungh41 p4 #bee4 #afgj ,soja angu/ifolia1 ,miquel2 see ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #ahd4 #afga ,rumphius1 ,amb41 vol4 v4 p4 #chh4 #afgb ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles1 vol4 iv4 p4 #id1 pl4 #cb2 ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,indies1 i4 p4 #aia4 #afgc ,see ,wight & ,arnott1 ,prod4 ,fl4 ,p59s4 ,ind41 p4 #bef2 ,klotzs*1 9 ,pet]s1 ,reise na* ,mozambique1 i4 p4 #cf4 ,! yell[ v>iety is figur$ 9 ,tussac1 t ) ! r$ fl[]s 9 ! ,botanical ,regi/]1 #ahde1 pl4 #ca4 #afgd ,b5?am1 ,flora ,hongkong5sis1 p4 #hi2 ,flora ,brasil41 vol4 xv4 p4 #aii2 ,b5?am & ,hook]1 i4 p4 #eda4 #afge ,tussac1 ,flore des ,antilles2 ,jacqu91 ,obs41 p4 #a4 #afgf ,rhe$e1 ,roxburgh1 ,kurz1 ,burm4 ,fl41 etc4 #afgg ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl ,ceylan4 #afgh ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #efe4 #afgi ,rumphius1 ,amb41 vol4 v4 t4 #ace4 #afhj ,seemann1 ,fl4 ,viti5sis1 p4 #gd4 #afha ,junghuhn1 ,plant ,jungh41 fasc4 i4 p4 #bda4 #afhb ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,rhe$e1 ,malab41 vi4 p4 #bc1 etc4 #afhc ,pick]+1 ,*ron4 ,arrang4 ( ,plants1 p4 #ddb2 ,pet]s1 ,reise1 p4 #cf2 ,r4 ,br[n1 ,bot4 ( ,congo1 p4 #ec2 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 ii4 p4 #baf4 #afhd ,bullet9 de la ,socit d',acclimation1 #ahga1 p4 #ffc4 #afhe ,! species is giv5 "h 9 ord] n to sep>ate x f ! o!r legum9\s plants cultivat$ = ! se$s alone4 #afhf ,de ,gasp>91 ,c\rs4 d',agric41 iv4 p4 #cbh4 #afhg ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bee2 ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,abyss4 #afhh ,as*]son1 etc41 9 ,rohls1 ,kufra1 #a vol4 9 #hvo1 #ahha1 p4 #eai4 #afhi ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #gc2 ,die ,pflanz5 d] ,attis*5 ,eb5e1 p4 #dgg2 ,gussone1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,sic41 p4 #fdf2 ,bianca1 ,il ,c>rubo1 9 ! ,giornale d',agricoltura ,italiana1 #ahha2 ,munby1 ,catal4 ,pl4 9 ,alg4 ,spont41 p4 #ac4 #afij ,hf]1 ,hi/4 ,bot4 ,m9r4 et ,gol41 #a vol4 9 #abmo41 p4 #bj2 ,bonn1 ,le ,c>\bi]1 ou l',arbre des ,lotophages1 ,algi]s1 #ahfi 7quot$ by ,hf]74 ,see above1 ! article on ! jujube tree4 #afia ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 i4 cap4 #cj4 #afib ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 i4 cap4 #aa2 ,dioscorides1 lib4 i4 cap4 #aee2 ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #fe4 #afic ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,g]man trans41 i4 p4 #ced2 ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypt41 p4 #gg4 #afid ,columna1 quot$ by ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #gc2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xiii4 cap4 #h4 #afie ,dict4 ,fran4-,b]bre1 at ! ^w ,c>\be4 #afif ,lexicon ,oxon41 quot$ by ,pick]+1 ,*ron4 ,hi/4 ( ,plants1 p4 #ada4 #afig ,! draw+ is reproduc$ 9 ,ung]'s ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 fig4 #bb4 ,! obs]vation :i* he quotes f ,kots*y ne$s confirmation by a special anatomi/4 #afih ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #ifa4 #afii ,b5?am1 9 ,ann4 ,wi5] ,museum1 vol4 ii42 ,m>t5s1 ,die ,g>t5bohn51 9 #dto1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahfj1 edit4 #b1 #ahfi4 #agjj ,savi1 ,oss]v4 sopra ,phaseolus e ,doli*os1 #a1 #b1 #c4 #agja ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 viii4 cap4 #c2 ,dioscorides1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #acj2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #g1 #ab1 int]pret$ by ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #eb2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #gca2 ,m>t5s1 ,die ,g>t5bohn51 p4 #a4 #agjb ,wittmack1 ,bot4 ,v]e9s ,br&5burg1 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahgi4 #agjc ,delile1 ,plantes ,cultives en gypte1 p4 #ad2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #agjd ,brets*neid] does n m5tion any1 ei!r 9 8 pamphlet ,on ! ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 or 9 8 private lett]s to me4 #agje ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanique1 iii4 p4 #djd4 #agjf 8,faseolus e/ species legum9is et grani1 quod e/ 9 quantitate p>um m9us quam ,faba1 et 9 figura e/ column>e sicut faba1 h]baque ejus m9or e/ aliquantulum quam h]ba ,fab4 ,et sunt faseoli multorum colorum1 s$ quodlibet granorum habet maculam nigram 9 loco cotyl$onis0 7,jess51 ,alb]ti ,magni1 ,de ,vegetabilibus1 edit4 critica1 p4 #eae74 #agjg ,p4 ,cresc5s1 ,fr5* trans41 #aeci4 #agjh ,mac] ,floridus1 edit4 #adhe1 & ,*\lant's comm5t>y1 #ahcb4 #agji ,de ,ro*ebrune1 ,actes de la ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,bordeaux1 vol4 xxxiii4 ,jan41 #ahhj1 ( :i* ,i saw an analysis 9 ,botanis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhj1 p4 #afcc4 #agaj ,wittmack1 ,sitzungsb]i*t des ,bot4 ,v]e9s ,br&5burg1 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahgi1 & a private lett]4 #agaa ,mol9a 7,essai sur l',hi/4 ,nat4 du ,*ili1 ,fr5* trans41 p4 #aja7 m5tions ,phaseoli1 :i* he calls pall> & asellus1 & ,cl4 ,gay's ,fl4 du ,*ili adds1 )\t mu* explanation1 ,ph4 ,cum+ii1 ,b5?am4 #agab ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gog4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #fia4 #agac ,t\rne=t ,elm5ts 7#afid71 i4 p4 #cbh2 ,in/it41 p4 #dae4 #agad ,durante1 ,h]b>io ,nuovo1 #aehe1 p4 #ci2 ,mat?ioli ed ,valgris1 p4 #cbb2 ,t>gioni1 ,dizion4 ,bot4 ,ital41 i4 p4 #ac4 #agae ,feuille1 ,hi/4 des ,plan4 ,m$ic4 du ,pr\1 etc41 9 #dto1 #agbe1 p4 #ed4 #agaf ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 *apt] on disjunctive species4 #agag ,ph4 bipunctatus1 ,jacqn92 ,ph4 inamnus1 ,l9nu2 ,ph4 pub]ulus1 ,kun?2 ,ph4 sac*>atus1 ,mac,fadyen2 etc41 etc4 #agah ,b5?am1 9 ,fl4 ,brasil41 vol4 xv4 p4 #aha4 #agai ,roxburgh1 ,pidd+ton1 etc4 #agbj ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himalaya1 p4 #aij4 #agba ,aufzhlung1 etc41 p4 #beg4 #agbb ,oliv]4 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,afr41 p4 #aib4 #agbc ,wittmack1 ,sitz4 ,bot4 ,v]e9s ,br&541 ,dec4 #ai1 #ahgi4 #agbd ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind4 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bii2 ,ait*ison1 ,catal4 ( ,punjab1 p4 #dh2 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #bjb4 #agbe ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #bja4 #agbf ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 p4 #bii4 #agbg ,s*we9fur?1 ,beitr4 z4 ,fl4 ,e?iop41 p4 #ae2 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #beg2 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 p4 #aid4 #agbh ,see au?ors quot$ = ,p4 tribolus4 #agbi ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #bji2 ,junghuhn1 ,plant ,jungh41 fasc4 ii4 p4 #bdj4 #agcj ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,mauritius1 p4 #hc4 #agca ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ( ,trop4 ,africa1 ii4 p4 #baj4 #agcb ,=skal1 ,descript41 p4 #acc2 ,delile1 ,plant4 ,cult4 en gypte1 p4 #ad4 #agcc ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bef4 #agcd ,dict4 ,fran4-,b]bre1 at ! ^w h>icot2 ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prod4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #cbd4 ,! common h>icot has no less ?an five diff]5t names 9 ! ,ib]ian p59sula4 #agce ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #agcf ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt4 ,gr4 und ,rm41 p4 #gcb4 #agcg ,langkavel1 ,bot4 d] ,spt]5 ,grie*51 p4 #d2 ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*5l41 p4 #gb4 #agch ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #bje2 ,miquel1 ,fl4 ,indo-,batava1 i4 p4 #age4 #agci ,l9nu1 junr41 ,decad41 ii4 pl4 #ai1 seems to h conf\nd$ ?is plant ) ,ara*is1 & he gives1 p]haps because ( ?is error1 ,vo&zeia z cultivat$ at 8 "t 9 ,sur9am4 ,mod]n writ]s on ,am]ica ei!r h n se5 x or h omitt$ to m5tion x4 #agdj ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1 ,sept4 #d1 #ahhj4 #agda ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 ii4 p4 #ebc4 #agdb ,guillem91 ,p]ottet1 ,ri*>d1 ,fl4 ,s5egambia ,t5tam51 p4 #bed4 #agdc ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bei4 #agdd ,maxim[icz1 ,primiti ,fl4 ,amur41 p4 #bcf4 #agde ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 iii4 #eag4 #agdf ,meissn]1 9 ,de ,c&olle1 ,prodr41 xiv4 p4 #adc4 #agdg ,brets*neid]1 ,on ,/udy1 etc41 p4 #i4 #agdh ,madd51 ,trans4 ,ed9burgh ,bot4 ,soc41 v4 p4 #aah4 #agdi ,! ,engli% "n buck:eat & ! ,fr5* "n ( "s localities1 buscail1 come f ! ,g]man4 #agej ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t42 ,buhse & ,boissi]1 ,pflanz5 ,transcaucasi54 #agea ,pritzel1 ,sitzungsb]i*t ,natur=s*4 freunde zu ,b]l91 ,may #ae1 #ahff4 #ageb ,reyni]1 conomie des ,celtes1 p4 #dbe4 #agec ,i h giv5 ! v]nacul> names at great] l5g? 9 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #iec4 #aged ,nemni*1 ,polyglott4 ,lexicon1 p4 #ajcj2 ,bosc1 ,dict4 d',agric41 xi4 p4 #cgi #agee ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,japon41 i4 p4 #djc4 #agef ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #cag4 #ageg ,gmel91 ,flora ,sibirica1 iii4 p4 #fd2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,rossica1 iii4 p4 #egf4 #ageh ,maxim[icz1 ,primiti2 ,regel1 ,opit4 ,flori1 etc42 ,s*midt1 ,reis5 9 ,amur1 d n m5tion x4 #agei ,royle1 ,ill4 ,himal41 p4 #cag2 ,madd51 ,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed941 v4 p4 #aah #agfj ,ro?1 ,catalecta ,botanica1 i4 p4 #dh4 #agfa ,don1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,nepal41 p4 #gd4 #agfb ,mol9a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 du ,*ili1 p4 #aja4 #agfc ,moqu91 9 ,de ,c&olle1 ,prodromus1 xiii4 "p #a1 p4 #fg4 #agfd ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #ieb4 #agfe ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 p4 #efb4 #agff ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #b1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fji2 ,wight1 ,icones1 pl4 #gbj2 ,ait*ison1 ,catalogue ( ,punjab ,plants1 p4 #acj4 #agfg ,madd51 ,trans4 ,ed94 ,bot4 ,soc41 v4 p4 #aah4 #agfh ,don1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,nepal1 p4 #gf4 #agfi ,walli*1 ,li/1 ,no4 #fijc2 ,moqu91 9 ,d4 ,c41 ,prodr41 xiii4 sect4 #b1 p4 #bef4 #aggj ,= fur!r details1 see my article 9 ,prodromus1 vol4 xvi4 "p #b1 p4 #aad2 & ,boissi]1 ,flora ,ori5talis1 iv4 p4 #aage4 #agga ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat41 lib4 xix4 c4 #bc4 #aggb ,olivi] de ,s]res1 ,?tre de l',agric41 p4 #aad4 #aggc ,lyons m>rons n[ come *iefly f ,dauph9 & ,viv>ais4 ,"s are also obta9$ f ,luc 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,v> 7,gasp>91 ,trait d',agric41 iv4 p4 #gdd74 #aggd ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #ahj4 #agge ,vilmor91 ,essai d'un ,catalogue ,m?odique et ,synonymique des ,from5ts1 ,p>is1 #ahej4 #aggf ,! be/ draw+s ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( :eat may be f\nd 9 ,metzg]'s ,europis*e ,c]eali51 9 folio1 ,heidelb]g1 #ahbd2 & 9 ,ho/4 ,gram91 9 folio1 vol4 iii4 #aggg ,tessi]1 ,dict4 d',agric41 vi4 p4 #aih4 #aggh ,loiseleur ,deslong*amps1 ,consid4 sur les ,crales1 #a vol4 9 #hvo1 p4 #bai4 #aggi ,^! que/ions h be5 discuss$ ) le>n+ & judgm5t by f\r au?ors3 ,l9k1 ,ueb] die lt]e ,ges*i*te d] ,getreide ,art51 9 ,abh&l4 d] ,b]l9 ,akad41 #ahaf1 vol4 xvii4 p4 #abb2 #ahbf1 p4 #fg2 & 9 ,die ,urwelt und das ,alt]?um1 #bnd edit41 ,b]l91 #ahcd1 p4 #cii2 ,reyni]1 conomie des ,celtes et des ,g]ma9s1 #ahah1 p4 #dag2 ,dureau de la ,malle1 ,ann4 des ,sci5ces ,nat41 vol4 ix4 #ahbf2 & ,loiseleur ,deslong*amps1 ,consid4 sur les ,crales1 #ahab1 "p i4 p4 #eb4 #aghj ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #ac1 pl4 #a1 figs4 #ad-ah4 #agha ,sordelli1 ,sulle piante della torbi]a di ,lagozza1 p4 #ca4 #aghb ,he]1 ibid42 ,sordelli1 ibid4 #aghc ,ny>i1 quot$ by ,sordelli1 ibid4 #aghd ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #g & #h4 #aghe ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc42 ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,les ,orig9es ,indo-,euro41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbh2 ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,naturges*41 i4 p4 #gg2 ,pick]+1 ,*ronol4 ,arrang41 p4 #gh2 ,webb & ,b]!lot1 ,can>ies1 ,e?nogr41 p4 #ahg2 ,d',abadie1 ,notes ,,mss4 sur les ,noms ,basques2 ,de ,*>5cey1 ,re*]*es sur les ,noms ,basques1 9 ,actes ,soc4 ,philolog41 ,m>*1 #ahfi4 #aghf ,nemni*1 ,lexicon1 p4 #adib4 #aghg ,g4 ,syncelli1 ,*ronogr41 fol4 #afeb1 p4 #bh4 #aghh ,/rabo1 edit4 #agjg1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajag4 #aghi ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #abd2 ii4 p4 #ggf4 #agij ,lib4 ix4 v4 #aji4 #agia ,diodorus1 ,t]asson's trans41 ii4 pp4 #ahf1 #aij4 #agib ,brets*neid]1 ibid41 p4 #ae4 #agic ,p>latore1 ,fl4 ,ital41 i4 pp4 #df1 #efh4 ,8 ass]tion is ! m wor?y ( att5tion t he 0 a ,sicilian4 #agid ,/robl1 9 ,flora1 #ahhj1 p4 #cdh4 #agie ,inz5ga1 ,annali ,agric4 ,sicil4 #agif ,bull4 de la ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1 #ahed1 p4 #ajh4 #agig ,j4 ,gay1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1 #ahfj1 p4 #cj4 #agih ,olivi]1 ,voy4 dans l',emp4 ,o?oman 7#ahjg71 vol4 iii4 p4 #dfj4 #agii ,l9nu1 ,sp4 ,plant41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #abg4 #ahjj ,bunge1 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,france1 #ahfj1 p4 #bi4 #ahja ,de ,c&olle1 ,physiologie ,botanique1 ii4 p4 #fif4 #ahjb ,ung]1 ,die ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #ca4 #ahjc ,see ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,naturges*42 & ,lw1 ,aramais*e ,pflanz5 ,nam51 #ahha4 #ahjd ,delile1 ,pl4 ,cult1 en gypte1 p4 #c2 ,fl4 gypt4 ,illus41 p4 #e4 #ahje ,dict4 ,fr4-,b]b41 publi%$ by ! ,gov]nm5t4 #ahjf ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #e1 fig4 #d2 p4 #eb1 fig4 #bj4 #ahjg ,messicomm]1 9 ,flora1 #ahfi1 p4 #cbj4 #ahjh ,quot$ f ,sordelli1 ,notizie sull4 ,lagozza1 p4 #cb4 #ahji ,he]1 ubi supra1 p4 #ej4 #ahaj ,heldrei*1 ,die ,nutzpflanz5 ,grie*5l&s1 p4 #e4 #ahaa ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #aj4 #ahab ,ko*1 ,l9na1 xxi4 p4 #dbg4 #ahac ,lett] f ,as*]son1 #ahha4 #ahad ,dict4 ,,ms4 ( ,v]nacul> ,names4 #ahae ,debeaux1 ,catal4 des ,plan4 de ,bogh>1 p4 #aaj4 #ahaf ,delile says 7ubi supra7 t :eat is call$ qamh1 & a r$ v>iety qamh-ahm> #ahag ,nemni*1 ,lexicon1 p4 #adhh4 #ahah ,alefeld1 ,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahfe1 p4 #i #ahai ,h4 ,vilmor91 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1 #ahha1 p4 #cef4 #ahbj ,j\rnal1 ,flora1 #ahce1 p4 #d4 #ahba ,see ! plates ( ,metzg] & ,ho/1 9 ! works previ\sly quot$4 #ahbb ,essai d'un ,catal4 ,me?od4 des ,from5ts1 ,p>is1 #ahej4 #ahbc ,s]+e1 ,monogr4 des ,cr4 de la ,suisse1 9 #hvo1 ,b]ne1 #ahah4 #ahbd ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #cjg2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #beg4 #ahbe ,dioscorides1 ,mat4 ,m$41 ii41 #aaa-aae4 #ahbf ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #g2 ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #f4 #ahbg ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #f2 ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #cb4 #ahbh ,delile1 ,pl4 ,cult1 en gypte1 p4 #e4 #ahbi ,reyni]1 con4 des gypti5s1 p4 #ccg2 ,dureau de la ,malle1 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 ix4 p4 #gb2 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzh4 ,tr4 spelta ( ,=skal is n admitt$ by any subsequ5t au?or4 #ahcj ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #icc4 #ahca ,exod4 ix4 #cb2 ,isa4 xxviii4 #be2 ,ezek4 iv4 #i4 #ahcb ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?41 iv4 p4 #hc2 ,second1 ,trans1 ( ,old ,te/41 #ahgd4 #ahcc ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig4 ,indo-,europ41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdh4 #ahcd ,ad4 ,pictet1 ibid42 ,nemni*41 ,lexicon4 #ahce ,willkomm & ,lange1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 i4 p4 #ajg4 #ahcf ,olivi]1 ,voyage1 #ahjg1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dfj4 #ahcg ,lam>ck1 ,dict4 ,encycl41 ii4 p4 #efj4 #ahch ,h4 ,vilmor91 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1 #ahha1 p4 #heh4 #ahci ,he]1 ,pflanz4 d]4 ,pfahlb41 p4 #e1 fig4 #bc1 & p4 #ae4 #ahdj ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #cjg4 #ahda ,dioscorides1 ,mat4 ,m$41 #b1 c4 iii4 #aee4 #ahdb ,heldrei*1 ,nutz4 ,grie*4 #ahdc ,bieb]/e91 ,fl4 ,tauro-,caucasaica1 vol4 i4 p4 #he4 #ahdd ,/ev51 ,v]zei*niss ,taur4 ,halb9s4 ,pflan41 p4 #ced4 #ahde ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 ,fran41 #ahfj1 p4 #cj4 #ahdf ,boissi]1 ,diagnoses1 #a/ s]ies1 vol4 ii4 fasc4 #ac1 p4 #fi4 #ahdg ,balansa1 #ahed1 ,no4 #acg 9 ,boissi]'s ,h]b>ium1 9 :i* !re is also a specim5 f\nd 9 ! fields 9 ,s]via1 & a v>iety ) br[n be>ds s5t by ,pancic1 gr[+ 9 ,s]vian mead[s4 ,! same botani/ 7( ,belgrade7 has j s5t me wild specim5s f ,s]via1 :i* ,i _c di/+ui% f ,t4 monococcum1 :i* he assures me is n cultivat$ 9 ,s]via4 ,b5?am writes to me t ,t4 boticum1 ( :i* he saw sev]al specim5s1 is1 he ?9ks1 ! same z ,t4 monococcum4 #ahdh ,brets*neid]1 ,on ! ,/udy1 etc41 p4 #h4 #ahdi ,a specim5 det]m9$ by ,reut] 9 ,boissi]'s ,h]b>ium4 #ahej ,fig>i & de ,not>is1 ,agro/ologi gypt4 ,fragm41 p4 #ah4 #ahea ,a v />v$ plant ga!r$ by ,kots*y1 ,no4 #bij1 ( :i* ,i possess a specim54 ,boissi] t]ms x ,h4 di/i*on1 v>ietas4 #aheb ,c4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,v]zei*niss1 p4 #bf1 f specim5s se5 also by ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 iv4 p4 #cbg4 #ahec ,l$eb\r1 ibid4 #ahed ,regel1 ,descr4 ,plant41 ,nov41 #ahha1 fasc4 #h1 p4 #cg4 #ahee ,willd5[1 ,sp4 ,plant41 i4 p4 #dgc4 #ahef ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 viii4 cap4 #d4 #aheg ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #ac2 ,messicomm]1 ,flora ,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahfi1 p4 #cbj4 #aheh ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 viii4 cap4 #d4 #ahei ,willd5[1 ,species ,plant41 i4 p4 #dgb4 #ahfj ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 ,egypt5s1 p4 #cc2 ,e9 ,ziegel d] ,da%ur ,pyramide1 p4 #aji4 #ahfa ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #e1 figs4 #b & #c2 p4 #ac1 fig4 #i2 ,flora ,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahfi1 p4 #cbj2 de ,mortillet1 accord+ to ,p]r91 tudes prhi/oriques sur la ,savoie1 p4 #bc2 ,sordelli1 ,sulle piante della torbi]a di ,lagozza1 p4 #cc4 #ahfb ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 i4 p4 #ceh4 #ahfc ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccc4 #ahfd ,brets*neid]1 ,on ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp #ah1 #dd4 #ahfe ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 c4 #af4 #ahff ,gal51 ,de ,alim5tis1 lib4 xiii41 quot$ by ,l5z1 ,bot4 de ,alt51 p4 #bei4 #ahfg ,he]1 ,die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #af4 #ahfh ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdd4 #ahfi ,nemni*1 ,lexicon ,naturges*4 #ahgj ,ad4 ,pictet1 ubi supra4 #ahga ,secale fragile1 ,bieb]/e92 ,s4 anatolicum1 ,boissi]2 ,s4 montanum1 ,gussone2 ,s4 villosum1 ,l9nu4 ,i expla9$ 9 my ,gogr4 ,botanique1 p4 #icf1 ! errors :i* result f ?is confusion1 :5 rye 0 said to be wild 9 ,sicily1 ,crete1 & sometimes 9 ,russia4 #ahgb ,flora1 ,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahef1 p4 #ebj4 #ahgc ,flora1 ,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahfi1 p4 #ic4 #ahgd ,kun?1 ,enum41 i4 p4 #ddi4 #ahge ,sadl]1 ,fl4 ,pe/h41 i4 p4 #hj2 ,ho/1 ,fl4 ,au/r41 i4 p4 #agg2 ,baumg>t51 ,fl4 ,transylv41 p4 #bbe2 ,neilrei*1 ,fl4 ,wi541 p4 #eh2 ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 i4 p4 #ig2 ,f>kas1 ,fl4 ,croat41 p4 #abhh4 #ahgf ,/robl saw x1 h[ev]1 9 ! woods on ! slopes ( ,etna1 a result ( its introduction into cultivation 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7/]4 ,bot4 ,zeit41 #ahha1 p4 #aei74 #ahgg ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,beitrge zur ,fl4 ?iop41 p4 #bih4 #ahgh ,royle1 ,ill41 p4 #dai4 #ahgi ,brets*neid]1 ,on ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #ah1 #dd4 #ahhj ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl4 ,class41 p4 #cjc2 ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #bdc4 #ahha ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #ag4 #ahhb ,gal51 ,de ,alim5tis1 lib4 i4 cap4 #ab #ahhc ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #f1 fig4 #bd4 #ahhd ,l5z1 ,bot4 d] ,alt51 p4 #bde4 #ahhe ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig4 ,indo4-,europ41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cej4 #ahhf ,notes communicat$ by ,m4 ,clos4 #ahhg ,ad4 ,pictet1 ubi supra4 #ahhh ,nemni*1 ,polyglott4 ,lexicon1 p4 #edh4 #ahhi ,dict4 ,fr4-,b]bre1 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t4 #ahij ,l9nu1 ,species1 p4 #aah2 ,lam>ck1 ,dict4 ,enc41 i4 p4 #dca #ahia ,phillips1 ,cult4 ,veget41 ii4 p4 #d4 #ahib ,munby1 ,catal4 ,alg]41 edit4 #b1 p4 #cf2 ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,jap41 ii4 p4 #age2 ,cosson1 ,fl4 ,p>is1 ii4 p4 #fcg2 ,bunge1 ,enum4 ,*941 p4 #ga1 = ! v>iety nuda4 #ahic ,lam>ck1 ,dict4 ,encycl41 i4 p4 #cca4 #ahid ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,dalmat41 i4 p4 #fi2 ,ho/1 ,fl4 ,au/r41 i4 p4 #ach2 ,neilrei*1 ,fl4 ,wi541 p4 #he2 ,baumg>t51 ,enum4 ,transylv41 iii4 p4 #bei2 ,f>kas1 ,fl4 ,croatica1 p4 #abgg4 #ahie ,b5?am1 ,h&book ( ,briti% ,flora1 edit4 #d1 p4 #edd4 #ahif ,! passages f ,!ophra/us1 ,cato1 & o!rs1 are translat$ 9 ,l5z1 ,botanik d] ,alt51 p4 #bcb4 #ahig ,he]4 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #ag4 #ahih ,regazzoni4 ,riv4 ,ar*4 ,prov4 di ,como1 #ahhj1 fasc4 #g4 #ahii ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #cd4 #aijj ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #de4 #aija ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 p4 #caj2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #aijb ,ros5mll]1 ,bibl4 ,alt]?42 ,dict4 ,fran4-,b]bre4 #aijc ,delile1 ,fl4 gypt41 p4 #c2 ,=skal1 ,fl4 ,arab41 civ4 #aijd ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cea4 #aije ,ibid4 #aijf ,l9nu1 ,spec4 ,plant41 i4 p4 #hf4 #aijg ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 p4 #caj2 ,ait*ison1 ,cat4 ( ,punjab ,pl41 p4 #aei4 #aijh ,bunge1 ,enum41 ,no4 #djj4 #aiji ,maxim[icz1 ,primiti ,amur41 p4 #ccj4 #aiaj ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 iv4 p4 #dfi4 #aiaa ,hoh5ack]1 ,plant4 ,talys*41 p4 #ac4 #aiab ,/ev51 ,v]zei*4 ,halb4 ,taur41 p4 #cga4 #aiac ,mutel1 ,fl4 ,fran41 iv4 p4 #bj2 ,p>latore1 ,fl4 ,ital41 i4 p4 #abb2 ,viviani1 ,fl4 ,damat41 i4 p4 #fj2 ,neilrei*1 ,fl4 ,ni$4 /]r41 p4 #cb4 #aiad ,heldrei*1 ,nutz4 ,grie*5l41 p4 #c2 ,pflanz4 ,attis*4 ,eb5e41 p4 #eaf4 #aiae ,m4 ,as*]son in=ms me 9 a lett] t 9 8 ,aufzhlung ! ^w cult4 has be5 omitt$ by mi/ake aft] ,panicum miliaceum4 #aiaf ,=skal1 ,fl4 ,arab41 p4 civ4 #aiag ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #g1 #h #aiah ,brets*neid]1 ibid4 #aiai ,accord+ to ,ung]1 ,pflanz1 d4 ,alt4 gypt41 p4 #cd4 #aibj ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d4 ,pfahlbaut41 p4 #e1 fig4 #g2 p4 #ag1 figs4 #bh1 #bi2 ,p]r91 tudes ,prhi/oriques sur la ,savoie1 p4 #bb4 #aiba ,heldrei*1 ,nutzpfl4 ,grie*4 #aibb ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjb2 ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 v4 p4 #bjb1 t4 #ge4 #aibc ,roxburgh1 ibid4 #aibd ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #bbf4 #aibe 8,obeurrit 9 ,baleya10 etc4 7,rumphius1 v4 p4 #bjb74 #aibf 8,habitat 9 ,indiis0 7,l9nu1 ,species1 i4 p4 #hc74 #aibg ,ait*ison1 ,catal4 ( ,punjab ,pl41 p4 #afb4 #aibh ,b5?am1 ,flora ,au/ral41 vii4 p4 #dic4 #aibi ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,japon41 ii4 p4 #bfb4 #aicj ,bunge1 ,enum41 ,no4 #cii2 ,maxim[icz1 ,primiti ,amur41 p4 #ccj4 #aica ,buhse1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bcb4 #aicb ,see ,p>latore1 ,fl4 ,ital41 i4 p4 #aac2 ,mutel1 ,fl4 ,fran41 iv4 p4 #bj1 etc4 #aicc ,delile1 ,plantes ,cult4 en gypte1 p4 #g2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfi2 ,ait*ison1 ,catal4 ( ,punjab ,pl41 p4 #age2 ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #i4 #aicd ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 c4 #g4 #aice ,quot$ by ,ung]1 ,die ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 ,egypt5s1 p4 #cd4 #aicf ,s4 ,bir*1 9 ,wilk9son1 ,man4 & ,cu/4 ( ,anc4 ,egyptians1 #ahgh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbg4 #aicg ,lepsius' draw+s are reproduc$ by ,ung] & by ,wilk9son4 #aich ,ezek4 iv4 #i4 #aici ,br[n1 ,bot4 ( ,congo1 p4 #edd4 #aidj ,s*midt1 ,beitrge zur ,flora ,capv]dis*5 ,inseln1 p4 #aeh4 #aida ,see ,ho/1 ,gram9 ,au/riac1 vol4 iv4 pl4 #d4 #aidb ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #bga2 ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 v4 p4 #aid1 pl4 #ge1 fig4 #a2 ,miquel1 ,fl4 ,indo-,batava1 iii4 p4 #ejc2 ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #i1 #df2 ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 ii4 p4 #gib4 #aidc ,=skal1 ,delile1 ,s*we9fur?1 & ,as*]son1 ubi supra4 #aidd ,h]odotus1 lib4 i4 cap4 #aic4 #aide ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #g4 ,?is may also be ! v>iety or species kn[n z bicolor4 #aidf ,w4 ,hook]1 ,nig] ,flora4 #aidg ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bii4 #aidh ,bon ,j>d9i]1 #ahhj1 p4 #ehe4 #aidi ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,plant4 ,japon41 ii4 p4 #agb4 #aiej ,bon ,j>d9i]1 ibid4 #aiea ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,indica1 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdc4 #aieb ,boyle1 ,ill4 ,him4 ,plants4 #aiec ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,pl4 ,zeylan41 p4 #cga #aied ,sev]al synonyms & ! ,arabic "n 9 ,l9nu1 ,delile1 etc41 apply to ,dactyloct5ium gyptiacum1 ,willd5[1 or ,eleus9e gyptiaca ( "s au?ors1 :i* is n cultivat$4 #aiee ,fres5ius1 ,catal4 ,sem4 ,horti4 ,franc(41 #ahcd1 ,beitr4 z4 ,fl4 ,abyss41 p4 #ada4 #aief ,/anislas ,juli51 9 ,loiseleur1 ,consid4 sur les ,crales1 "p i4 p4 #bi2 ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 pp4 #h & #i4 #aieg ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 i4 p4 #bfg4 #aieh ,pidd+ton1 ,index2 ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz51 edit4 #c1 p4 #dcg4 #aiei ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 iv4 cap4 #d1 #aj4 #aifj ,/rabo1 ,gographie1 ,t>dieu's translation1 lib4 xv4 cap4 #a1 #ah2 lib4 xv4 cap4 #a4 #ec4 #aifa ,reyni]1 conomie des ,arabes et des ,juifs 7#ahbj71 p4 #dej2 conomie ,publique et ,rurale des gypti5s et des ,c>?ag9ois 7#ahbc71 p4 #cbd4 #aifb ,ung] m5tions none2 ,bir*1 9 #ahgh1 furni%es a note to ,wilk9son's ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,anci5t ,egyptians1 ii4 p4 #djb1 8,!re is no pro( ( ! cultivation ( rice1 ( :i* no gra9s h be5 f\nd40 #aifc ,reyni]1 ibid4 #aifd ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici4 #aife ,crawfurd1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahff1 p4 #cbd4 #aiff ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjj4 #aifg ,ait*9son1 ,catal4 ,punjab41 p4 #aeg4 #aifh ,nees1 9 ,m>tius1 ,fl4 ,brasil41 9 #hvo1 ii4 p4 #eah2 ,bak]1 ,fl4 ( ,mauritius1 p4 #deh4 #aifi ,von ,muell] writes to me t rice is c]ta9ly wild 9 tropical ,au/ralia4 ,x may h be5 accid5tally s[n1 & h become naturaliz$4--,,au?or',s ,,note1 #ahhd4 #aigj ,bonaf\s1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,agric4 et conomique du ,mas1 #a vol4 9 folio1 ,p>is & ,tur94 #ahcf4 #aiga ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,biblio?que ,univ]selle de ,g5ve1 ,aug4 #ahcf1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #idb4 #aigb ,mol9>i1 ,/oria d',incisa1 ,a/i1 #ahaf4 #aigc ,riant1 ,la ,*>te d',incisa1 #hvo pamphlet1 #ahgg1 repr9t$ f ! ,revue des ,que/ions ,hi/oriques4 #aigd ,ruellius1 ,de ,natura ,/irpium1 p4 #dbh1 8,hanc quoniam no/rorum tate e ,grcia vel ,asia v5]it ,turcicum frum5tum nom9ant40 ,fu*sius1 p4 #hbd1 repeats ?is phrase 9 #aedc4 #aige ,tragus1 ,/irpium1 etc41 edit4 #aeeb1 p4 #fej4 #aigf ,dodo5s1 ,pemptades1 p4 #eji2 ,cam]>ius1 ,hort41 p4 #id2 ,mat?iole1 edit4 #aegj1 p4 #cje4 #aigg ,p4 ,m>tyr1 ,ercilla1 ,jean de ,l]y1 etc41 #aeaf-aegh4 #aigh ,h]n&ez1 ,!s4 ,mexic41 p4 #bdb4 #aigi ,lasgue1 ,muse ,deless]t1 p4 #dfg4 #aihj ,fe1 ,s\v5irs de la ,gu]re d',espagne1 p4 #abh4 #aiha ,biblio?que ,ori5tale1 ,p>is1 #afig1 at ! ^w ,r\s4 #aihb ,kun?1 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 sr4 #a1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dah2 ,raspail1 ibid42 ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s2 ,a4 ,braun1 ,pflanz5re/e gypt4 ,mus4 9 ,b]l92 ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,anci5t ,egyptians4 #aihc ,=skal1 p4 liii4 #aihd ,crawfurd1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbj1 vol4 i41 ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahff1 p4 #cbf4 #aihe ,roxburgh1 ,flora ,indica1 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #efh4 #aihf ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 pp4 #g1 #ah4 #aihg ,ibid4 #aihh ,! article is 9 ! ,ph>maceutical ,j\rnal ( #ahgj2 ,i only "k x f a %ort extract 9 ,seemann's ,j\rnal ( ,botany1 #ahga1 p4 #fb4 #aihi ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 vol4 v4 p4 #ebe4 #aiij ,malte-,brun1 ,gographie1 i4 p4 #dic4 #aiia ,a plant engrav$ on an anci5t weapon :i* ,siebold _h tak5 = maize is a sorghum1 accord+ to ,re91 quot$ by ,wittmack1 ,ueb] ,antik5 ,mas4 #aiib ,see ,m>tius1 ,beitrge zur ,e?nographie ,am]ikas1 p4 #abg4 #aiic ,d>w91 ,v>4 ( ,plants & ,anim4 "u ,dome/41 i4 p4 #cbj4 #aiid ,a4 de ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 xvi4 p4 #adc4 #aiie ,l9dley1 ,j\rn4 ( ! ,hortic4 ,soc41 i4 p4 #aad4 #aiif ,i quote ^! facts f ,wittmack1 ,ueb] ,antik5 ,mas aus ,nord und ,sud ,am]ika1 p4 #hg1 9 ,b]l9 ,an?ropol4 ,ges41 ,nov4 #aj1 #ahgi4 #aiig ,ro*ebrune1 ,re*]*es ,e?nographiques sur les ,spultures ,pruvi5nes d',ancon1 f an extract by ,wittmack 9 ,uhlworm1 ,bot4 ,c5tral-,blatt41 #ahhj1 p4 #afcc1 :]e x may be se5 t ! burial-gr\nd 0 us$ be=e & aft] ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 #aiih ,sagot1 ,cult4 des ,crales de la ,guyane ,fran4 7,j\rn4 de la ,soc4 ,c5tr4 d',hortic4 de ,france1 #ahgb1 p4 #id74 #aiii ,de ,naidaillac1 9 8 "w entitl$ ,les ,premi]s ,hommes et les ,temps ,prhi/oriques1 gives briefly ! sum ( our k ( ^! migrations ( ! anci5t peoples ( ,am]ica 9 g5]al4 ,see especially vol4 ii4 *ap4 #i4 #bjjj ,de ,naidaillac1 ii4 p4 #fi1 :o quotes ,bancr(t1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates4 #bjja ,willkomm & ,lange41 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,hisp41 iii4 p4 #hgb4 #bjjb ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t42 ,t*ihat*eff1 ,asie ,m9eure2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 & o!rs4 #bjjc ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #cb1 figs4 #fe1 #ff4 #bjjd ,de ,lanessan1 9 8 translation f ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 ,hi/oire des ,drogues d',orig9e ,vgtale1 i4 p4 #abi4 #bjje ,dioscorides1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 iv4 c4 #fe4 #bjjf ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 xx4 c4 #ah4 #bjjg ,ung]1 ,die ,pflanze als ,err]ungs und ,betabungsmittel1 p4 #dg2 ,die ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 i4 p4 #ej4 #bjjh ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,g]man trans41 i4 p4 #fd4 #bjji ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europennes1 edit4 #c1 vol4 i4 p4 #cff4 #bjaj ,a9slie1 ,mat4 ,m$4 ,indica1 i4 p4 #cbf4 #bjaa ,nemni*1 ,polygl4 ,lexicon1 p4 #hdh4 #bjab ,m>t91 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimatation1 #ahgb1 p4 #bjj4 #bjac ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #aag2 ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 #dg4 #bjad ,ebn ,bai?>1 i4 p4 #fd4 #bjae ,flckig] & ,hanbury1 ,ph>macographia1 p4 #dj4 #bjaf ,b>bosa's "w 0 publi%$ 9 #aeaf4 #bjag ,hughes1 ,trade ,report1 quot$ by ,flckig] & ,hanbury4 #bjah ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #ec4 #bjai ,sloane1 ibid42 ,clos1 ,ann4 ,sc4 ,nat41 #d?4 s]ies1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bfj2 ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #bj4 #bjbj ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ,h]ald41 pp4 #gi1 #bfh2 ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,novo-,granat41 p4 #id2 ,mey]1 ,essequebo1 p4 #bjb2 ,piso1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,brasil1 edit4 #afdh1 p4 #fe2 ,clauss51 9 ,clos1 ubi supra4 #bjba ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 ii4 p4 #eha2 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,africa1 i4 p4 #aad4 #bjbb ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #iga4 #bjbc ,p>latore1 ,le ,specie dei ,cotoni1 text 9 #dto1 plates 9 folio1 ,flor5ce1 #ahff4 #bjbd ,tod>o1 ,relazione della ,coltura dei ,cotoni 9 ,italia1 segnita da una ,monographia del ,g5]e ,gossypium1 text l>ge #hvo1 plates 9 folio1 ,rome & ,pal]mo1 #ahgg-gh2 a "w prec$$ by sev]al o!rs ( less importance1 :i* 7 kn[n to ,p>latore4 #bjbe ,ma/]s1 9 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #baj2 & 9 ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #cdf4 #bjbf ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,briti% ,burmah1 i4 p4 #abi4 #bjbg ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #bjbh ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 iv4 cap4 #e4 #bjbi ,ibid41 lib4 iv4 cap4 #i4 #bjcj ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #g4 #bjca ,pausanias1 lib4 v41 cap4 #e2 lib4 vi4 cap4 #bf2 ,pl9y1 lib4 xix4 cap4 #a4 ,see ,br&es1 ,baumwolle1 p4 #if4 #bjcb ,c4 ,ritt]1 ,die ,geographis*e ,v]breitung d] ,baumwolle1 p4 #be4 #bjcc ,x is impossible n to rem>k ! resemblance betwe5 ?is "n & t ( flax 9 ,arabic1 kattan or kittan2 x is an example ( ! confusion :i* takes place 9 names :]e !re is an analogy betwe5 ! products4 #bjcd ,de ,la/eyrie1 ,du ,cotonni]1 p4 #bij4 #bjce ,torrey & ,asa ,gray1 ,flora ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 i4 p4 #bcj2 ,d>l+ton1 ,agricultural ,botany1 p4 #af4 #bjcf ,s*\w1 ,naturs*ild]ung51 p4 #aeb4 #bjcg ,ma/]s1 9 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 i4 p4 #baa2 ,hook]1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,ind41 i4 p4 #cdg2 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bfe 7"u ! "n ,gossypium nigrum72 ,p>latore1 ,specie dei ,cotoni1 p4 #be4 #bjch ,rosell9i1 ,monum5ti dell' ,egizia1 p4 #b2 ,mon4 ,civ41 i4 p4 #fj4 #bjci ,p>latore1 ,specie dei ,cotoni1 p4 #af4 #bjdj ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 xix4 cap4 #a4 #bjda ,pollux1 ,onoma/icon1 quot$ by ,c4 ,ritt]1 ubi supra1 p4 #bf4 #bjdb ,reyni]1 conomie des ,arabes et des ,juifs41 p4 #cfc2 ,b]toloni1 ,noc4 ,act4 ,acad4 ,bonon41 ii4 p4 #bac1 & ,miscell4 ,bot41 #f2 ,viviani1 9 ,bibl4 ,ital41 vol4 lxxxi4 p4 #id2 ,c4 ,ritt]1 ,gogr4 ,v]breitung d] ,baumwolle1 9 #dto42 ,t>gioni1 ,c5ni ,/orici1 p4 #ic2 ,br&is1 ,d] ,baumwolle 9 ,alt]?um1 9 #hvo4 #ahhj4 #bjdc ,ma/]s1 9 ,oliv]1 ,flora ( ,trop4 ,africa1 i4 p4 #cbb2 & 9 ,hook]1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,india1 i4 p4 #cdg4 #bjdd ,he says1 = in/ance1 ( ,gossypium h]baceum1 :i* is c]ta9ly ( ! old _w1 z facts kn[n be=e 8 "t %[1 8habitat 9 ,am]ica40 #bjde ,nascitur 9 calidis humidisque cultis prcipue locis 7,h]n&ez1 ,nov ,hispani ,!saurus1 p4 #cjh74 #bjdf ,hemsley1 ,biologia ,c5trali-,am]icana1 i4 p4 #abc4 #bjdg ,macfady51 ,flora ( ,jamaica1 p4 #gb4 #bjdh ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,india ,is41 p4 #hf4 #bjdi ,triana & ,plan*on1 ,prodr4 ,fl4 ,novo-,granat5sis1 p4 #agj4 #bjej ,! ,malvace h n yet appe>$ 9 ! ,flora ,brasili5sis4 #bjea ,cl4 ,gay1 ,flora ,*il5a1 i4 p4 #cab4 #bjeb ,! ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle ( ,sept4 #d1 #ahhj1 gives details ab\t ! cultivation ( ?is plant1 ! use ( its se$s1 & ! ext5sive exportation ( !m f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa1 ,brazil1 & ,india to ,europe4 #bjec ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gographie ,botanique ,raisonne1 p4 #ifb4 #bjed ,l9nu1 ,species ,plant>um1 p4 #ajdj4 #bjee ,r4 ,br[n1 ,botany ( ,congo1 p4 #ec4 #bjef ,b5?am1 9 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 xviii4 p4 #aei2 ,walp]s1 ,rep]torium1 i4 p4 #gbg4 #bjeg ,m>egraf & ,piso1 ,brasil41 p4 #cg1 edit4 #afdh4 #bjeh ,ibid41 edit4 #afech1 p4 #bef4 #bjei ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,ind41 ,fr5*1 trans41 #aeih1 p4 #afe4 #bjfj ,aublot1 ,pl4 ,guyan1 p4 #gfe4 #bjfa ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 p4 #ahd4 #bjfb ,guillem9 & ,p]rottet1 ,fl4 ,s5egal4 #bjfc ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*94 #bjfd ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #bhj2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #bjfe ,rumphius1 ,h]b4 ,amb41 v4 p4 #dbf #bjff ,ro*ebrune1 f ! extract 9 ! ,botanis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #ahhj1 p4 #afcd4 #bjfg ,/udy & ,value ( ,*9ese ,botanical ,works1 p4 #ah4 #bjfh ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #ahi4 #bjfi ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,abyss41 i4 p4 #cdi2 ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 iii4 p4 #ahj4 #bjgj ,ritt]1 quot$ 9 ,flora1 #ahdf1 p4 #gjd4 #bjga ,mey51 ,gogr4 ,bot41 ,engli% trans41 p4 #chd2 ,griseba*1 ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #cch4 #bjgb ,h4 ,welt]1 ,essai sur l',hi/oire du ,caf1 #a vol4 9 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 #bjgc ,ellis1 ,an ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ,c(fee1 #aggd4 #bjgd ,ebn ,bai?>1 ,sond!im]'s trans41 #b vols4 #hvo1 #ahdb4 #bjge ,bellus1 ,epi/4 ad ,clus41 p4 #cji4 #bjgf ,rauwolf1 ,clusius4 #bjgg ,rauwolf2 ,bauh91 ,hi/41 i4 p4 #dbb4 #bjgh ,bellus1 ubi supra4 #bjgi ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,abyss41 p4 #cej4 #bjhj ,an extract f ! same au?or 9 ,playfair1 ,hi/4 ( ,arabia ,felix1 ,bombay1 #ahei1 does n m5tion ?is ass]tion4 #bjha ,n\v4 ,dict4 d',hi/4 ,nat41 iv4 p4 #eeb4 #bjhb ,ellis1 ubi supra2 ,n\v4 ,dict41 ibid4 #bjhc ,?is detail is borr[$ f ,ellis1 ,diss4 ,caf41 p4 #af4 ,9 ! ,notices ,/ati/iques sur les ,colonies ,franaises 7ii4 p4 #df7 ,i f9d3 8,ab\t #agaf or #agba1 fre% se$s ( ! c(fee hav+ be5 br\ght secretly f ,sur9am1 9 spite ( ! precautions ( ! ,dut*1 ! cultivation ( ?is colonial product became naturaliz$ at ,cay5ne40 #bjhd ,! "n ( ?is sailor has be5 spelt 9 sev]al ways--,declieux1 ,duclieux1 ,desclieux4 ,f ! in=mation suppli$ me at ! m9i/re de la gu]re1 ,i le>n t de ,clieu 0 a g5tleman1 & a connection ( ! ,comte de ,maurepas4 ,he 0 born 9 ,norm&y1 w5t into ! navy 9 #agjb1 & retir$ 9 #agfj1 aft] a di/+ui%$ c>e]4 ,he di$ 9 #agge4 ,! (ficial reports h n neglect$ to m5tion ! important fact t he introduc$ ! c(fee plant into ! ,fr5* colonies4 #bjhe ,deleuze1 ,hi/4 du ,musum1 i4 p4 #bj4 #bjhf ,n4 ,/at4 ,col4 ,fran41 i4 p4 #cj4 #bjhg ,ibid41 i4 p4 #bji4 #bjhh ,m>t91 ,/at4 ,col4 ,brit4 ,emp4 #bjhi ,n\v4 ,dict4 ,hi/4 ,nat41 iv4 p4 #ace #bjij ,n4 ,/at4 ,col4 ,fran41 ii4 p4 #hd4 #bjia ,h4 ,welt]1 ,essai sur l',hi/oire du ,caf1 #a vol4 #hvo1 ,p>is1 #ahfh4 #bjib ,9 ,hi]n1 ,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc41 #bnd s]ies1 vol4 i4 p4 #aga1 pl4 #bd4 ,?is plate is reproduc$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,royal ,botanical ,g>d5s at ,kew = #ahgf4 #bjic ,oliv]1 ,fl4 ,trop4 ,afr41 iii4 p4 #aha4 #bjid ,cl4 ,gay1 ,fl4 ,*il5a1 iv4 p4 #bfh4 #bjie ,asa ,gray1 9 ,watson1 ,bot4 ( ,cali=nia1 i4 p4 #cei4 #bjif ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,rais41 p4 #ajdg4 #bjig ,rumphius1 ,ambo941 ii4 p4 #ag2 ,blume1 ,rhumphia1 i4 p4 #ahj4 #bjih ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,indica1 iii4 p4 #hde4 #bjii ,b5?am & ,hook]1 ,g5]a ,pl41 ii4 p4 #ajei4 #bajj ,pick]+1 ,*ronol4 ,hi/ory ( ,plants1 p4 #bbc2 ,rumphius1 ,h]b4 ,amb41 v4 p4 #bjd2 ,miquel1 ,flora ,indo-,batava1 ii4 p4 #gfj2 ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bgc2 ,griseba*4 ,fl4 ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #deh4 #baja ,blume1 ,bijdrag51 p4 #ggh4 #bajb ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 edit4 #ahcb1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ajj2 ,pidd+ton1 ,index4 #bajc ,?unb]g1 ,fl4 ,jap41 p4 #bed4 #bajd ,brets*neid]1 lett] ( ,aug4 #bc1 #ahja4 #baje ,ibid41 ,on ,/udy1 etc41 p4 #af4 #bajf ,!ophra/us1 lib4 viii4 cap4 #a1 #e2 ,dioscorides1 lib4 ii4 cap4 #aba2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xviii4 cap4 #aj4 #bajg ,pl9y1 ,hi/41 lib4 xv4 cap4 #g4 #bajh ,wilk9son1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,anci5t ,egyptians1 vol4 ii42 ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #de4 #baji ,reyni]1 con4 ,pub4 des ,arabes et des ,juifs1 p4 #dca2 ,lw1 ,arameis*e ,pflanz5nam51 p4 #cgf4 #baaj ,e4 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik1 iii4 p4 #ge4 #baaa ,h]odotus1 lib4 i4 cap4 #aic4 #baab ,?waites1 ,enum41 p4 #bji4 #baac ,piso1 ,brazil41 edit4 #afeh1 p4 #baa4 #baad ,ball1 ,flor ,m>occan ,spicilegium1 p4 #ffd4 #baae ,mll]1 ,argov41 9 ,d4,c41 ,prodromus1 vol4 xv4 "p #b1 p4 #ajag4 #baaf ,ri*>d1 ,t5tam5 ,fl4 ,abyss41 ii4 p4 #bej2 ,s*we9fur?1 ,plant ,nilotic a ,h>tmann1 etc41 p4 #ac4 #baag ,s*we9fur? & ,as*]son1 ,aufzhlung1 p4 #bfb4 #baah ,=skal1 ,fl4 ,arabica1 p4 #ga4 #baai ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iv4 p4 #aadc4 #babj ,rhe$e1 ,malab>1 ii4 p4 #eg1 t4 #cb4 #baba ,rumphius1 ,h]b4 ,amb41 vol4 iv4 p4 #ic4 #babb ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum4 ,japon41 i4 p4 #dbd4 #babc ,ung]1 ,pflanz5 des ,alt5 gypt5s1 p4 #fa4 #babd ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/41 lib4 i4 cap4 #ai2 ,dioscorides1 lib4 iv4 cap4 #aga2 ,fraas1 ,syn4 ,fl ,class41 p4 #ib4 #babe ,nemni*1 ,polyglott4 ,lexicon2 ,=skal1 ,fl4 gypt41 p4 #ge4 #babf ,jonah iv4 #f4 ,pick]+1 ,*ron4 ,84 ,plants1 p4 #bbe1 writes kykwyn4 #babg ,flckig] & ,haubury1 ,ph>macographia1 p4 #eaa4 #babh ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,prodr41 xvi4 "p #b1 p4 #acf2 ,t*ihat*eff1 ,asie ,m9eure1 i4 p4 #agb2 ,l$eb\r1 ,fl4 ,ross41 i4 p4 #ejg2 ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #fcj2 ,boissi]1 ,fl4 ,ori5t41 iv4 p4 #aafj2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,n4,w4 ,india1 p4 #dih2 ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,flora ( ,brit4 ,burmah1 p4 #cij4 #babi ,c4 ,ko*1 ,d5drologie1 i4 p4 #ehd4 #bacj ,fran*et & ,savati]1 ,enum1 ,plant4 ,jap41 i4 #dec4 #baca ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*941 p4 #gjb2 ,bunge1 ,enum41 p4 #fb4 #bacb ,heldrei*1 ,v]h&l4 ,bot4 ,v]e9s ,br&5b41 #ahgi1 p4 #adg4 #bacc ,!ophra/us1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 iii4 cap4 #c1 #f4 ,^! passages1 & o!rs ( anci5t writ]s1 are quot$ & int]pret$ by ,heldrei* bett] ?an by ,hehn & o!r s*ol>s4 #bacd ,heuffel1 ,abh&l4 ,zool4 ,bot4 ,ges4 9 ,wi51 #ahec1 p4 #aid4 #bace ,de ,saporta1 #ccrd ,sess4 du ,congres ,sci5t4 de ,france4 #bacf ,dioscorides1 lib4 i4 cap4 #agf4 #bacg ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 xv4 cap4 #bb4 #bach ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,plant41 lib4 xv4 cap4 #bb4 #baci ,he]1 ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 p4 #ca4 #badj ,sordelli1 ,sulle piante della torbi]a1 etc41 p4 #ci4 #bada ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #af2 & lett] ( ,aug4 #bc1 #ahha4 #badb ,ad4 ,pictet1 ,orig9es ,indo-,europ41 edit4 #b1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhi2 ,hehn1 ,culturpflanz5 und ,hau/hi]e1 edit4 #c1 p4 #cda4 #badc ,m>tius1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,palm>um1 9 folio1 vol4 iii4 p4 #agj 7publi%$ )\t date1 b be=e #ahea74 #badd ,roxburgh1 ,fl4 ,ind41 iii4 p4 #faf2 ,br&is1 ,=e/ ,fl4 ( ,india1 p4 #eea2 ,kurz1 ,=e/ ,fl4 ( ,brit4 ,burmah1 p4 #ecg2 ,?waites1 ,enum4 ,zeylan41 p4 #cbg2 ,l\reiro1 ,fl4 ,co*9-,*41 p4 #fie4 #bade ,blume1 ,rumphia1 ii4 p4 #fg2 ,miquel1 ,fl4 ,indo-,batava41 iii4 p4 #i2 suppl4 de ,sumatra1 p4 #bec4 #badf ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #bh4 #badg ,blanco1 ,fl4 di ,filip9as1 edit4 #b4 #badh ,da ,mo/o1 9 ,ramusio1 i4 p4 #ajd1 quot$ by ,r4 ,br[n4 #badi ,br[n1 ,bot4 ( ,congo1 p4 #ee4 #baej ,m>tius1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,palm>um1 ii4 p4 #fb2 ,drude1 9 ,fl4 ,brasil41 fasc4 #he1 p4 #deg4 ,i f9d no au?or :o ass]ts t ?is palm is wild 9 ,guiana1 z ,m>tius affirms x to be 9 ,brazil4 #baea ,elis melanoc>pa1 ,grtn]4 ,! fruit also conta9s oil1 b x does n appe> t ! species is cultivat$1 z ! numb] ( oleag9\s plants is consid]able 9 all c\ntries4 #baeb ,sloane1 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #aac4 #baec ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,ind4 ,is41 p4 #ebb4 #baed ,piso1 ,brasil41 p4 #fe2 ,m>cgraf1 p4 #ach4 #baee ,m>tius1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,palm>um1 #c vols4 9 folio2 see vol4 ii4 p4 #abe4 #baef ,aublet1 ,guyane1 suppl41 p4 #ajb4 #baeg ,sloane1 ,jamaica1 ii4 p4 #i4 #baeh ,j4 ,aco/a1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 des ,indes1 ,fr5* trans41 #aeih1 p4 #agh4 #baei ,vaf]1 ,voyage de ,dampi]1 edit4 #agje1 p4 #ahf2 ,vanc\v]1 ,fr5* edit41 p4 #cbe1 quot$ by de ,m>tius1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,palm>um1 i4 p4 #ahh4 #bafj ,seemann1 ,bot4 ( ,h]ald41 p4 #bjd4 #bafa ,h]n&ez1 ,!saurus ,mexic41 p4 #ga4 ,he attributes ! same "n1 p4 #ge1 to ! cocoa-nut palm ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 #bafb ,ovi$o1 ,ramusio's trans41 iii4 p4 #ec4 #bafc ,a4 de ,c&olle1 ,gogr4 ,bot4 ,raisonne1 p4 #igf4 #bafd ,griseba*1 ,vegetation d] ,erde1 pp4 #aa1 #cbc4 #bafe ,seemann1 ,flora ,viti5sis1 p4 #bge4 #baff ,! cocoa-nut call$ ,maldive belongs to ! g5us ,lodoicea4 ,coco mamill>is1 ,blanco1 ( ! ,philipp9es is a v>iety ( ! cultivat$ ,cocos nucif]a4 #bafg ,drude1 9 ,bot4 ,zeitung1 #ahgf1 p4 #hja2 & ,flora ,brasili5sis1 fasc4 #he1 p4 #dje4 #bafh ,/iel]1 ,h& ,atlas1 edit4 #ahfg1 map #c4 #bafi ,/iel]1 ibid41 map #i4 #bagj ,griseba*1 ,flora ( ,brit4 ,w4 ,indies1 p4 #eeb4 #baga ,eugne ,f\rni] has indicat$ to me1 = in/ance1 drdapala 7) h>d fruit71 palakec>a 7) hairy fruit71 jalakajka 7wat]-hold]71 etc4 #bagb ,blume1 ,rumphia1 iii4 p4 #hb4 #bagc ,=/]1 ,de ,plantis ,escul5tis1 p4 #dh2 ,nadeaud1 ,enum4 des ,plantes de ,taiti1 p4 #da4 #bagd ,blume1 ubi supra4 #bage ,brets*neid]1 ,/udy & ,value1 etc41 p4 #bd4 #bagf ,seemann1 ,fl4 ,viti5sis1 p4 #bgf2 ,pick]+1 ,*ronol4 ,arrangem5t1 p4 #dbh4 #bagg ,dr4 ,brets*neid] writes to me f ,pek91 ,dec4 #bb1 #ahhb1 t ! species is m5tion$ 9 ! ,ryd1 a "w ( ! ye> #aajj ,b4,c4 ,i d n "k if we mu/ suppose ! orig9al habitat to be ,*9a or we/]n ,asia4 #bagh ,essai sur la ,gographie des ,plantes1 p4 #bh4 #bagi ,c\nt+ two or ?ree =ms :i* are p]haps r v di/9ct races4 #bahj ,see ! li/ ( ! useful plants ( ,au/ralia by ,sir ,j4 ,hook]1 ,flora ,tasmania1 p4 cx42 & ,b5?am1 ,flora ,au/rali5sis1 vii4 p4 #aef4 #baha ,! proportions :i* ,i give = ! ,phan]ogams collectively are bas$ ^u an approximative calculation1 made ) ! aid ( ! fir/ two hundr$ pages ( ,/eudel's ,nom5clator4 ,!y are ju/ifi$ by ! comp>ison ) sev]al floras4 #bahb ,! species 9 italics are ( v anci5t cultivation 7,a or ,d71 ^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk h be5 less ?an two ?\s& ye>s 9 cultivation 7,c or ,f74 #bahc ,s9ce ?is li/ 0 pr9t$1 ,i h be5 in=m$ t ! qu9oa is wild 9 ,*ili4 ,"s ( ! figures ne$ modification 9 consequ5ce ( ?is error4 #bahd ,= reasons :i* ,i _c "h express1 monotypical g5]a are = ! mo/ "p 9 process ( ext9ction4 ,,index4 ,a ,abi1 #bhe ,agava am]icana1 #aec ,alex&]s1 #ia ,alex&r9e clov]1 #ajg ,alligator pe>1 #bib ,allium ,ampeloprasum1 #aja ---- ,ascalonicum1 #fh ---- ,cepa1 #ff ---- fi/ulosum1 #fh ---- sativum1 #fc ---- ,s*noprasum1 #gb ---- ,scorodoprasum1 #ga ,almond1 #bah ,alocasia macrorhiza1 #ge ,aloe1 ,am]ican1 #aec ,am>antus frum5taceus1 #ceb ---- gangeticus1 #ajj ,am]ican ,aloe1 #aec ---- indigoes1 #acg ,amorphophallus ,konjak1 #gf ---- ,rivi]i1 #gf ,amygdalus communis1 #bah ---- ,p]sica1 #bba ,anac>dium occid5tale1 #aih ,ananassa sativa1 #caa ,&ropogon sac*>atus1 #chb ---- ,sorghum1 #chj ,angul> ,luffa1 #cga ,angurian cucumb]1 #bfg ,annual capsicum1 #bhi ,anona ,*]imolia1 #agd ---- muricata1 #afh1 #agc ---- reticulata1 #agd ---- squamosa1 #afh ,an?riscus ,c]efiolum1 #ij ,ap1 #ge ,apium graveol5s1 #ij ,apple1 #bcc ---- cu/>d1 #afh1 #agd ---- ,malay1 #bda ---- mammee1 #ahi ---- p9e1 #caa ---- />1 #bhe ---- sug>1 #afh ---- ,tahiti1 #bjb ,apricot1 #bae ,arab tea1 #acd ,ara*is hypoga1 #daa ,areca cate*u1 #dbg ,arm5iaca vulg>is1 #bae ,arnotto1 #dja ,arraca*a escul5ta1 #dj ,arr[root1 #ha ,arti*oke1 #ib ---- ,j]usalem1 #db ,artoc>pus incisa1 #bih ---- integrifolia1 #bii ,arum escul5tum1 #gc ---- macrorhizon1 #ge ,aub]g9e1 #bhg ,av5a ori5talis1 #cgc ---- sativa1 #cgc ---- /rigosa1 #cge ,avocado pe>1 #bib ,b ,bamb>ra gr\nd-nut1 #cdg ,banana1 #cjd ,b>bados cotton1 #djh ,b>leys1 #cfg ,batatas edulis1 #ec ,batata mammosa1 #eg ,bean1 broad1 #caf ---- kidney1 #cch ,beetroot1 #eh ,b59casa1 #bfh ,beta vulg>is1 #eh ,bird-*]ry1 #bje ,bird's foot1 #aac ,bitt] orange1 #ahc ,bixa ,orellana1 #dja ,black currant1 #bgh ,brassica campe/ris1 #cf ---- ,napus1 #cf ---- ol]acea1 #cf1 #hc ---- ,rapa1 #cf ,bread-fruit1 #bih ,broad bean1 #caf ,bromelia ,ananas1 #caa ,buck:eat1 common1 #cdh ---- not*-se$$1 #cea ---- ,t>t>y1 #cec ,bullace1 #bad ,bullock's he>t1 #agd ,c ,cabbage1 #hc ,cacao1 #cac ,camito1 #bhe ,calaba%1 #bde ,cannabis sativa1 #adh ,capsicum annuum1 #bhi ---- frutesc5s1 #bij ,c>doon1 #ib ,c>ica ,papaya1 #bgc ,c>ob1 #ccd ,c>?am9e1 #afd ,c>yophyllus aromaticus1 #afa ,ca%ew1 #aih ,cassis1 #bgh ,ca/anea vulg>is1 #cec ,ca/or-oil plant1 #dbb ,ca?a edulis1 #acd ,cel]y1 #hi ,c]asus vulg>is1 #bjg ,c]atonia ,siliqua1 #ccd ,*ayote1 #bgc ,*5opodium ,qu9oa1 #cea ,*]ry1 bird1 #bje ---- s\r1 #bjg ,*]vil1 #ij ,*e/nut1 #cec ,*ickl+ vet*1 #aaj ,*ick-pea1 #cbc ,*icorium ,endivia1 #ig ---- ,intybus1 #if ,*icory1 #if ,*9a grass1 #adf ,*9ese pe>1 #bcc ,*irimoya1 #agd ,*ives1 #gb ,*o*o1 #bgc ,*rysophyllum ,camito1 #bhe ,c9namon1 #adf ,c9namonum zeylanicum1 #adf ,citron1 #agh ,citrullus vulg>is1 #bfb ,citrus ,aurantium1 #ahh ---- decumana1 #agg ---- m$ica1 #agh ---- nobilis1 #ahh ,clove1 #afa ,clov]1 crimson1 #ajf ---- ,egyptian1 #ajg ---- purple1 #aje ,coca1 #ace ,co*le>ia ,armoracia1 #cc ,cocoa-nut palm1 #dbi ,cocos nucif]a1 #dbi ,c(fee1 #dae ,c(fea arabica1 #dah ---- lib]ica1 #dah ,colocasia1 #gc ,convolvolus ,batatas1 #ec ---- mammosa1 #eg ,cor*orus capsul>is1 #acj ---- olitorius1 #acj ,corn salad1 #ia ,corn spurry1 #aad ,cotton1 ,b>bados1 #djh ---- h]bace\s1 #deb ---- tree1 #djh ,cress1 g>d51 #aff ,crocus sativum1 #hf ,cucumb]1 #bfd ,cucumis ,anguria1 #bfg ---- ,melo1 #beh ---- sativas1 #bfd ,cucurbita citrullus1 #bfc ---- ficifolia1 #beg ---- ,lag5>ia1 #bde ---- maxima1 #bdi ,cucurbita ,melopepo1 pepo1 #bec ---- moscbata1 #beg ,currant1 black1 #bgh ---- r$1 #bgg ,cu/>d apple1 #afh ,cydonia vulg>is1 #bcf ,cyn>a ,c>dunculus1 #ib ---- ,cytisus ,cajan1 #ccb ---- ,scolymus1 #ib ,d ,date-palm1 #cja ,dioscorea1 #gf ,doli*os ,lablab1 #cdf ---- ,lubia1 #cdg ---- ,soja1 #ccj ,dy]'s indigo1 #acf ,e ,egyptian clov]1 #ajg ---- lup91 #cbg ---- :eat1 #bei ,elis gu9e5sis1 #dbi ,eleus9e ,coracana1 #chd ,endive1 #ig ,ervilla1 #ajg ,ervum ,ervilia1 #ajg ---- l5s1 #cba ,ery?roxvlon ,coca1 #ace ,eug5ia ,jambos1 #bdj ---- malacc5sis1 #bda ,f ,faba vulg>is1 #caf ,fagopyrum em>g9atum1 #cea ---- escul5tum1 #cdh ---- tat>icum1 #cej ,f5ugreek1 #aab ,ficus ,c>ica1 #bie ,field-pea1 #cbg ,fig1 #bie ,fig-leav$ pumpk91 #beg ,fig1 ,indian1 #bgd ,flat-podd$ pea1 #aji ,flax1 #aai ,frag>ia *ilo5sis1 #bje ---- vesca1 #bjc ---- virg9iana1 #bje ,fr5* honeysuckle1 #ajd ,g ,g>c9ia ,mango/ana1 #aah ,g>d5 cress1 #hf ---- pea1 #cbh ,g>lic1 #fc ,glyc9e soya1 #ccj ---- subt]ranea1 #cdg ,gombo1 #ahi ,gooseb]ry1 #bgf ,gossypium arboreum1 #djh ---- b>bad5se1 #djh ---- h]baceum1 #djb ,g\rd1 #bde1 #bdi ---- snake1 #bgc ---- t[el1 #bfi ,grass1 ,*9a1 #adf ,grass1 gu9ea1 #aae ,gre5 gram1 #cdf ,guava1 #bda ,h ,h>icot bean1 #cch ,h$ys>ium coron>ium1 #ajd ,helian?us tub]osus1 #db ,hemp1 #adh ,h5na1 #ach ,hibiscus escul5tus1 #ahi ,holcus sac*>atus1 #chb ---- ,sorghum1 #chj ,hop1 #afb ,hordeum di/i*on1 #cfg ---- hexa/i*on1 #cfi ---- vulg>e1 #cfh ,horse-radi%1 #cc ,humulus ,lupulus1 #afb ,i ,ilex p>agu>i5sis1 #ace ,indian fig1 #bgd ,indigo1 ,am]ican1 #acg ---- dy]'s1 #acf ---- silv]1 #acg ,indig(]a arg5tea1 #acg ---- c]ulea1 #acg ---- t9ctoria1 #acf ,ipomea mammosa1 #eg ,j ,jack-fruit1 #bii ,jambosa ,malacc5sis1 #bda ---- vulg>is1 #bdj ,jatropha manihot1 #ei ,j]usalem arti*oke1 #db ,juglans regia1 #dbe ,jujube1 common1 #aid ---- ,indian1 #aig ---- ,lotus1 #aif ,jute1 #acj ,k ,kidney bean1 #cch ---- mo?1 #cdd ---- ?ree-lob$1 #cde ,ki]y1 #ceb ,kht1 #acd ,konjak1 #gf ,l ,lablab1 #cdg ,lag5>ia vulg>is1 #bde ,lamb's lettuce1 #ia ,la?yrus ,cic]a1 #aji ---- ,o*rus1 #aaj ---- sativus1 #aaa ,lattuca sc>iola1 #ie ,lawsonia alba1 #ach ,leek1 #aja ,lemon1 #agh ,l5s escul5ta1 #bba ,l5til1 #cba ,lepidum sativum1 #hf ,lettuce1 #ie ---- lamb's1 #ia ,l9um usitatissimum1 #aai ,lit*i1 #cad ,longan1 #cae ,lotos jujube1 #aif ,lubia1 #cdg ,luc]n1 #ajb ,lucuma ,camito1 #bhe ---- mammosa1 #bhf ,lup91 #cbe ,lup9us albus1 #cbe ---- t]mis1 #cbg ,lycop]sicum escul5tum1 #bij ,m ,madd]1 #da ,madia sativa1 #dah ,maize1 #chg ,malay apple1 #bda ,mammee1 #aii ---- am]icana1 #ahi ---- ,sapota1 #bhf ,m&>91 #ahh ,m&ubi1 #daa ,mangif]a indica1 #bjj ,mango1 #bjj ,mango/e51 #ahh ,manioc1 #ei ,manihot utilissima1 #ei ,m>anta arund9acea1 #ha ,m>malade plum1 #bhf ,mat1 #ace ,m$icago sativa1 #ajb ,melon1 #beh ---- pumpk91 #bef ---- wat]1 #bfb ---- :ite g\rd1 #bfh ,millet1 common1 #bgf ---- ,italian1 #bgh ,momordica cyl9drica1 #bfi ,monkey-nut1 #daa ,morus alba1 #adi ---- nigra1 #aeb ,mulb]ry1 #adi ,mung1 #cdf ,musk pumpk91 #cef ,myri/ica fragrans1 #dai ,n ,nephelium lappaceum1 #cae ---- lit*i1 #cad ---- longana1 #cae ,new ,zeal& sp9a*1 #hi ,nicotiana tabacum1 #aci ,nutmeg1 #dai ,o ,oats1 #cgb ,o*ro1 #ahi ,o*rus1 #aaa ,oil-palm1 #dbi ,olea europea1 #bgi ,olive1 #bgi ,onion1 #ff ---- spr+ or ,wel%1 #fh ,onobry*is sativa1 #ajd ,opuntia ficus ,indica1 #bgd ,orange1 #aha ---- bitt]1 #ahe ---- sweet1 #ahc ,orni?opus sativus1 #aac ,oryza sativa1 #che ,p ,palm1 cocoa-nut1 #dbi ---- oil1 #dbi ,panicum italicum1 #cgh ---- maximum1 #aae ---- miliaceum1 #cgf ,papava somnif]um1 #cig ,papaw1 #bic ,papaya vulg>is1 #bic ,p>sley1 #ij ,pea1 #cbg ---- field1 #cbg ---- g>d51 #cbh ---- nut1 #daa ---- pigeon1 #chb ,pea*1 #bba ,pe>1 #bbi ---- avocado1 #bgb ---- ,*9ese1 #bcc ---- prickly1 #bgd ---- s&1 #bcc ---- sn[y1 #bcb ,pepp]1 r$1 #bhh ,p]sea gratissima1 #bib ,p]sica vulg>is1 #bba ,petrosel9um sativum1 #ij ,phaseolus aconitifolius1 #cde ---- lunatus1 #cdd ---- ,mungo1 #cdf ---- vulg>is1 #cch ,phnix dactylif]a1 #cja ,pigeon-pea1 #ccb ,p9e-apple1 #caa ,pi/a*io nut1 #caf ,pi/acia v]a1 #caf ,pisum arv5se1 #cbg ---- ,o*rus1 #aaa ---- sativum1 #cbh ,plum1 #baa ,polygonum em>g9atum1 #cea ---- fagopyrum1 #cdh ---- tat>icum1 #cec ,pomegranate1 #cbg ,poppy1 #cig ,portulaca ol]acea1 #hg ,potato1 #de ---- sweet1 #hc ,prickly pe>1 #bgd ,prunus ,amygdalus1 #bah ---- ,arm5iaca1 #bae ---- avium1 #bje ---- ,c]asus1 #bjg ---- dome/ica1 #bab ---- insititia1 #bad ---- ,p]sica1 #bba ,psidium guayava1 #bda ,pumpk91 fig-leav$1 #beg ---- musk or melon1 #bef ,punica ,granatum1 #bcg ,purslane1 #hg ,pyrus communis1 #bbi ---- malus1 #bcc ---- nivalis1 #bcc ---- s95sis1 #bcc ,q ,qu9ce1 #bcf ,qu9oa1 #cea ,r ,radi%1 #bi ---- horse1 #cc ,rambutan1 #cae ,raphanus sativus1 #bi ,rhus ,cori>ia1 #acc ,ribes ,grossul>is1 #bgf ---- nigrum1 #bgh ---- rubrum1 #bgg ---- ,uva-crispa1 #bgf ,rice1 #che ,ric9us communis1 #dbb ,rocambole1 #gb ,rose-apple1 #bdj ,rubia t9ctorum1 #da ,rye1 #cgj ,s ,sac*>atum (fic9ale1 #aed ,saffron1 #aff ,sa9fo91 #ajd ---- ,spani%1 #ajd ,salsify1 #dd ,sapodilla1 #bhf ,sapota a*ras1 #bhf ,sc&ix c]efolium1 #ij ,scorzon]a hispanica1 #dd ,secale c]eale1 #cgj ,se*ium edule1 #bgb ,sesame1 #dai ,sesamum indicum1 #dai ,set>ia ,italica1 #chj ,%addock1 #agg ,%allot1 #fh ,sium ,sis>um1 #ci ,skirret1 #ci ,smyrnium ,olus-atrum1 #ia ,snake g\rd1 #bgb ,solanum ,comm]sonii1 #df ---- immite1 #di ---- maglia1 #di ---- tub]osum1 #de ---- v]rucosus1 #di ,sorghum sac*>atus1 #chb ---- vulg>is1 #chj ,s\r sop1 #agc ,soy1 #ccj ,spani% sa9fo91 #ajd ,spelt1 #cfb ,sp]gula arv5sis1 #aad ,sp9a*1 #ih ---- ,new ,zeal&1 #hg ,sp9acia ol]acea1 #ih ,spondias dulcis1 #bjb ,spurry1 corn1 #aad ,/rawb]ry1 #bjc ---- ,*ili1 #bje ---- ,virg9ian1 #bje ,sug> apple1 #afh ---- cane1 #aed ,suma*1 #acc ,sweet potato1 #hc ---- sop1 #afh ,t ,tahiti apple1 #bjb ,t>e1 #ajh ,tea1 #aag ,tetragonia expansa1 #hi ,!a s95sis1 #aag ,!obroma ,cacao1 #cac ,tobacco1 #aci ,t[el g\rd1 #bfi ,trigonella ,fnum-grcum1 #aab ,trifolium ,alex&r9um1 #ajg ---- inc>natum1 #adf ---- prat5se1 #aje ,triticum /ivum1 #ced ---- compositum1 #cei ---- dicoccum1 #cfe ---- durum1 #cfj ---- hyb]num1 #ced ---- moncoccum1 #cfe ---- polonicum1 #cfa ---- spelta1 #bfb ---- vulg>e1 #ced ,turnip1 #cf ,v ,val]ianella olitoria1 #hi ,vet*1 *ickl+1 #aaj ---- common1 #ajh ,vicia ervilla1 #ajg ---- sativa1 #ajh ,v9e1 #aia ,vitis v9if]a1 #aia ,vo&zeia subt]ranea1 #cdg ,w ,walnut1 #bde ,:eats1 #ced ,y ,yams1 #gf ,z ,zea ,mays1 #chg ,zizyphus jujube1 #aig ---- ,lotus1 #aif ---- vulg>is1 #aid