,rusk9 ,treasuries ,,( ,,vulg>ity ,london3 ,george ,all5 #aijf ,:at d y mean by vulg>ity8 ,y w f9d x a fruitful subject ( ?\ght2 b1 briefly1 ! ess5ce ( all vulg>ity lies 9 want ( s5sation4 ,sesame & ,lilies1 ,sec4 #bh4 ,all rights res]v$ 99,,rusk9 ,,treasuries99 99,,( ,,vulg>ity99 #a4 ,two great errors1 col\r+1 or r discol\r+1 sev]ally1 ! m9ds ( ! high] & l[] classes1 h s[n wide diss5sion1 & wid] mis=tune1 ?r\gh ! society ( mod]n days4 ,^! errors are 9 our modes ( int]pret+ ! ^w g5tleman4 ,its primal1 lit]al1 & p]petual mean+ is a man ( pure race2 well br$1 9 ! s5se t a horse or dog is well br$4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ci-dg4 ,! s-call$ high] classes1 be+ g5]ally ( pur] race ?an ! l[]1 h reta9$ ! true idea1 & ! convictions associat$ ) x2 b are afraid to speak x out1 & equivocate ab\t x 9 public2 ?is equivocation ma9ly proce$+ f _! desire to connect ano!r mean+ ) x1 & a false "o2--t ( a man liv+ 9 idl5ess on o!r p's lab\r2--) :i* idea ! t]m has no?+ :atev] to d4 ,! l[] classes1 d5y+ vigor\sly1 & ) reason1 ! notion t a g5tleman means an idl]1 & rightly feel+ t ! m any "o works1 ! m ( a g5tleman he becomes1 & is likely to become1--h nev]!less got little ( ! good !y o!rwise might1 f ! tru?1 because1 ) x1 !y want$ to hold a falsehood1--namely1 t race 0 ( no consequ5ce4 ,x be+ precisely ( z mu* consequ5ce 9 man z x is 9 any o!r animal4 #b4 ,! nation _c truly prosp] till bo? ^! errors are f9ally got quit (4 ,g5tlem5 h to le>n t x is no "p ( _! duty or privilege to live on o!r p's toil4 ,!y h to le>n t !re is no degradation 9 ! h>de/ manual1 or ! humble/ s]vile1 lab\r1 :5 x is hone/4 ,b t !re is degradation1 & t deep1 9 extravagance1 9 brib]y1 9 indol5ce1 9 pride1 9 tak+ places !y are n fit =1 or 9 co9+ places = :i* !re is no ne$4 ,x does n disgrace a g5tleman to become an err& boy1 or a day lab\r]2 b x disgraces him mu* to become a knave1 or a ?ief4 ,& knav]y is n ! less knav]y because x involves l>ge int]e/s1 nor !ft ! less !ft because x is c\nt5anc$ by usage1 or accompani$ by failure 9 und]tak5 duty4 ,x is an incomp>ably less guilty =m ( robb]y to cut a purse out ( a man's pocket1 ?an to take x out ( 8 h& on ! und]/&+ t y are to /e] 8 %ip up *annel1 :5 y d n "k ! s\nd+s4 #c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! l[] ord]s1 & all ord]s1 h to le>n t e vici\s habit & *ronic disease communicates itself by desc5t2 & t by purity ( bir? ! entire sy/em ( ! human body & s\l may be gradually elevat$1 or1 by recklessness ( bir?1 degrad$2 until !re %all be z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! well-br$ & ill-br$ human creature 7:atev] pa9s be tak5 ) _! education7 z betwe5 a wolf-h\nd & ! vile/ mongrel cur4 ,& ! k ( ?is great fact ought to regulate ! education ( our y\?1 & ! entire conduct ( ! nation4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #da-db4 #d4 ,g5tlemanl9ess1 h[ev]1 9 ord9>y p>lance1 mu/ be tak5 to signify ^? qualities :i* are usually ! evid5ce ( high bre$+1 & :i*1 s f> z !y c be acquir$1 x %\ld be e man's ef=t to acquire2 or1 if he has !m by nature1 to pres]ve & exalt4 ,vulg>ity1 on ! o!r h&1 w signify qualities usually *>act]i/ic ( ill-bre$+1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 p[]1 x becomes e p]son's duty to subdue4 ,we h briefly to note :at ^! are4 #e4 ,a g5tleman's fir/ *>act]i/ic is t f95ess ( /ructure 9 ! body1 :i* r5d]s x capable ( ! mo/ delicate s5sation2 & ( /ructure 9 ! m9d :i* r5d]s x capable ( ! mo/ delicate sympa?ies--"o may say1 simply1 f95ess ( nature4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 compatible ) h]oic bodily /r5g? & m5tal firmness2 9 fact1 h]oic /r5g? is n conceivable )\t su* delicacy4 ,elephant9e /r5g? may drive its way ?r\gh a =e/ & feel no t\* ( ! b\ghs2 b ! :ite sk9 ( ,hom]'s ,atrides w\ld h felt a b5t rose-leaf1 yet subdue its feel+ 9 gl[ ( battle1 & behave itself l iron4 ,i d n mean to call an elephant a vulg> animal2 b if y ?9k ab\t him c>efully1 y w f9d t 8 non-vulg>ity consi/s 9 su* g5tl5ess z is possible to elephant9e nature2 n 9 8 ins5sitive hide1 nor 9 8 clumsy foot2 b 9 ! way he w lift 8 foot if a *ild lies 9 8 way2 & 9 8 s5sitive trunk1 & /ill m s5sitive m9d1 & capability ( pique on po9ts ( hon\r4 #f4 ,&1 ?\gh rightness ( moral conduct is ultimately ! great purifi] ( race1 ! sign ( nobl5ess is n 9 ?is rightness ( moral conduct1 b 9 s5sitiv5ess4 ,:5 ! make ( ! creature is f9e1 its temptations are /rong1 z well z its p]ceptions2 x is liable to all k9ds ( impressions f )\t 9 _! mo/ viol5t =m2 liable !re=e to be abus$ & hurt by all k9ds ( r\gh ?+s :i* w\ld d a co>s] creature little h>m1 & ?us to fall into frightful wrong if its fate w h x s4 ,?us ,david1 com+ ( g5tle/ z well z royale/ race1 ( ,ru? z well z ( ,judah1 is s5sitiv5ess ?r\gh all fle% & _s2 n t 8 compassion w re/ra9 him f murd] :5 8 t]ror urges him to x2 nay1 he is driv5 to ! murd] all ! m by 8 s5sitiv5ess to ! %ame :i* o!rwise ?reat5s him4 ,b :5 8 own /ory is told "u a disguise1 ?\gh only a lamb is n[ conc]n$1 8 passion ab\t x leaves him no "t = ?\ght4 ,! man %all die--note ! reason--because he _h no pity4 ,he is s eag] & indignant t x nev] occurs to him z /range t ,na?an hides ! "n4 ,?is is true g5tleman4 ,a vulg> man w\ld assur$ly h be5 cauti\s1 & ask$ :o x 04 #g4 ,h5ce x w foll[ t "o ( ! probable signs ( high-bre$+ 9 m5 g5]ally1 w be _! k9dness & m]cifulness2 ^! always indicat+ m or less f95ess ( make 9 ! m9d2 & mis]l9ess & cruelty ! contr>y2 h5ce t ( ,isaiah3 ,! vile p]son %all no m be call$ lib]al1 nor ! *url said to be b\ntiful4 ,b a ?\s& ?+s may prev5t ?is k9dness f display+ or cont9u+ itself2 ! m9d ( ! man may be w>p$ s z to be> ma9ly on 8 own int]e/s1 & !n all 8 s5sibilities w take ! =m ( pride1 or fa/idi\sness1 or rev5gefulness2 & o!r wick$1 b n ung5tlemanly temp]s2 or1 f>!r1 !y may run into utt] s5suality & covet\sness1 if he is b5t on pleasure1 accompani$ ) q inf9ite cruelty :5 ! pride is w\nd$ or ! passions are ?w>t$2--until y\r g5tleman becomes ,ezzel91 & y\r lady1 ! deadly ,lucrece2 yet /ill g5tleman & lady1 q incapable ( mak+ any?+ else ( !mselves1 be+ s born4 ,see bel[1 p4 #dd4 #h4 ,a tru] sign ( bre$+ ?an m]e k9dness is !re=e sympa?y2--a vulg> man may (t5 be k9d 9 a h>d way1 on pr9ciple1 & because he ?9ks he ought to be2 :]eas1 a highly-br$ man1 ev5 :5 cruel1 w be cruel 9 a s(t] way1 und]/&+ & feel+ :at he inflicts1 & pity+ 8 victim4 ,only we mu/ c>efully rememb] t ! quantity ( sympa?y a g5tleman feels c nev] be judg$ ( by its outw>d expression1 = ano!r ( 8 *ief *>act]i/ics is app>5t res]ve4 ,i say app>5t res]ve2 = ! sympa?y is real1 b ! res]ve n3 a p]fect g5tleman is nev] res]v$1 b sweetly & entirely op51 s f> z x is good = o!rs1 or possible1 t he %\ld be4 ,9 a great _m respects x is impossible t he %\ld be op5 except to m5 ( 8 own k9d4 ,to !m1 he c op5 himself1 by a ^w or syllable1 or a glance2 b to m5 n ( 8 k9d he _c op5 himself1 ?\gh he tri$ x ?r\gh an et]nity ( cle> grammatical spee*4 ,by ! v acut5ess ( 8 sympa?y he kn[s h[ mu* ( himself he c give to anybody2 & he gives t mu* frankly2--w\ld always be glad to give m if he c\ld1 b is oblig$1 nev]!less1 9 8 g5]al int]c\rse ) ! _w1 to be a some:at sil5t p]son2 sil5ce is to mo/ p1 he f9ds1 less res]ve ?an spee*4 ,:atev] he said1 a vulg> man w\ld mis9t]pret3 no words t he c\ld use w\ld be> ! same s5se to ! vulg> man t !y d to him2 if he us$ any1 ! vulg> man w\ld g away say+1 ,he _h said s & s1 & meant s & s 7some?+ assur$ly he nev] meant73 b he keeps sil5ce1 & ! vulg> man goes away say+1 ,he didn't "k :at to make ( him4 ,:i* is precisely ! fact1 & ! only fact :i* he is anywise able to ann\nce to ! vulg> man conc]n+ himself4 #i4 ,!re is yet ano!r q z effici5t cause ( ! app>5t res]ve ( a g5tleman4 ,8 s5sibility be+ con/ant & intellig5t1 x w be seldom t a feel+ t\*es him1 h[ev] acutely1 b x has t\*$ him 9 ! same way (t5 be=e1 & 9 "s sort is t\*+ him always4 ,x is n t he feels little1 b t he feels habitually2 a vulg> man hav+ "s he>t at ! bottom ( him1 if y c by talk or by sight fairly =ce ! pa?os ( any?+ d[n to 8 he>t1 w be excit$ ab\t x & demon/rative2 ! s5sation ( pity be+ /range to him & wond]ful4 ,b y\r g5tleman has walk$ 9 pity all day long2 ! te>s h nev] be5 out ( 8 eyes2 y ?\ght ! eyes 7 bright only2 b !y 7 wet4 ,y tell him a sorr[ful /ory1 & 8 c\nt5ance does n *ange2 ! eyes c b be wet /ill3 he does n speak nei!r1 !re be+1 9 fact1 no?+ to be said1 only some?+ to be done2 "s vulg> p]son1 beside y bo?1 goes away say+1 ,h[ h>d he is6 ,next day he he>s t ! h>d p]son has put good end to ! sorr[ he said no?+ ab\t2--& !n he *anges 8 wond]1 & exclaims1 ,h[ res]v$ he is6 #aj4 ,self-comm& is (t5 ?\ght a *>act]i/ic ( high-bre$+2 & to a c]ta9 ext5t x is s1 at lea/ x is "o ( ! means ( =m+ & /r5g!n+ "*2 b x is r a way ( imitat+ a g5tleman ?an a *>act]i/ic ( him2 a true g5tleman has no ne$ ( self-comm&2 he simply feels rightly on all occasions2 & desir+ to express only s mu* ( 8 feel+ z x is "r to express1 does n ne$ to comm& himself4 ,h5ce p]fect ease is inde$ *>act]i/ic ( him2 b p]fect ease is inconsi/5t ) self-re/ra9t4 ,nev]!less g5tlem51 s f> z !y fail ( _! own ideal1 ne$ to comm& !mselves1 & d s2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 to feel unwisely1 & to be unable to re/ra9 ! expression ( ! unwise feel+1 is vulg>ity2 & yet ev5 !n1 ! vulg>ity1 at its root1 is n 9 ! mi/im$ expression1 b 9 ! unseemly feel+2 & :5 we f9d fault ) a vulg> p]son = expos+ himself1 x is n 8 op5ness1 b clums9ess1 & yet m ! want ( s5sibility to 8 own failure1 :i* we blame2 s t /ill ! vulg>ity resolves itself into want ( s5sibility4 ,also1 x is to be not$ t great p[]s ( self-re/ra9t may be atta9$ by v vulg> p]sons :5 x suits _! purposes4 #aa4 ,closely1 b /rangely1 connect$ ) ?is op5ness is t =m ( tru?fulness :i* is oppos$ to cunn+1 yet n oppos$ to falsity absolute4 ,& h]e9 is a di/9ction ( great importance4 ,cunn+ signifies especially a habit or gift ( ov]-rea*+1 accompani$ ) enjoym5t & a s5se ( sup]iority4 ,x is associat$ ) small & dull conceit1 & ) an absolute want ( sympa?y or affection4 ,its ess5tial connection ) vulg>ity may be at once exemplifi$ by ! expression ( ! but*]'s dog 9 ,l&se]'s ,l[ ,life4 ,cruik%ank's ,noah ,claypole1 9 ! illu/rations to ,oliv] ,twi/1 9 ! int]view ) ! ,jew1 is1 h[ev]1 /ill m *>act]i/ic4 ,x is ! int5se/ r5d]+ ( vulg>ity absolute & utt] ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4 ,! tru?fulness :i* is oppos$ to cunn+ ought1 p]haps1 r to be call$ ! desire ( tru?fulness2 x consi/s m 9 unwill+ness to deceive ?an 9 n deceiv+1--an unwill+ness imply+ sympa?y ) & respect = ! p]son deceiv$2 & a fond obs]vance ( tru? up to ! possible po9t1 z 9 a good soldi]'s mode ( reta9+ 8 hon\r ?r\gh a ruse-de-gu]re4 ,a cunn+ p]son seeks = opportunities to deceive2 a g5tleman %uns !m4 ,a cunn+ p]son triumphs 9 deceiv+2 a g5tleman is humiliat$ by 8 success1 or at lea/ by s mu* ( ! success z is dep5d5t m]ely on ! falsehood1 & n on 8 intellectual sup]iority4 #ab4 ,! absolute disda9 ( all ly+ belongs r to ,*ri/ian *ivalry ?an to m]e high-bre$+2 z connect$ m]ely ) ?is latt]1 & ) g5]al ref9em5t & c\rage1 ! exact relations ( tru?fulness may be be/ /udi$ 9 ! well-tra9$ ,greek m9d4 ,! ,greeks believ$ t m]cy & tru? 7 co-relative virtues--cruelty & falsehood1 co-relative vices4 ,b !y did n call necess>y sev]ity1 cruelty2 nor necess>y deception1 falsehood4 ,x 0 ne$ful sometimes to slay m51 & sometimes to deceive !m4 ,:5 ?is _h to be done1 x %\ld be done well & ?or\ghly2 s t to direct a spe> well to its m>k1 or a lie well to its end1 0 equally ! accompli%m5t ( a p]fect g5tleman4 ,h5ce1 9 ! pretty diamond-cut-diamond sc5e betwe5 ,pallas & ,ulysses1 :5 %e receives him on ! coa/ ( ,i?aca1 ! goddess laughs delight$ly at h] h]o's good ly+1 & gives him h] h& ^u x2--%[+ h]self !n 9 h] woman's =m1 z j a little m ?an 8 mat*4 ,subtle w\ld he be1 & /eal?y1 :o %\ld g beyond !e 9 deceit1 ev5 7 he a god1 ?\ _m-witt$6 ,:at6 "h 9 ?9e own l&1 too1 wilt ?\ n cease f *eat+8 ,kn[e/ ?\ n me1 ,pallas ,a!na1 maid ( ,jove1 :o am ) !e 9 all ?y lab\rs1 & gave !e fav\r ) ! ,phaeacians1 & keep !e1 & h come n[ to weave cunn+ ) !e8 ,b h[ completely ?is k9d ( cunn+ 0 look$ ^u z a "p ( a man's p[]1 & n z a dim9ution ( fai?fulness1 is p]haps be/ %[n by ! s+le l9e ( praise 9 :i* ! high qualities ( 8 s]vant are summ$ up by ,*remulus 9 ! ,plutus--,( all my h\se s]vants1 ,i hold y to be ! fai?fulle/1 & ! greate/ *eat 7or ?ief74 ,hom]1 ,od41 xiii4 #bia seq4 ,ari/ophanes1 ,plutus1 #bf-bg4 #ac4 ,?us1 ! primal diff]5ce betwe5 hon\rable & base ly+ 9 ! ,greek m9d lay 9 hon\rable purpose4 ,a man :o us$ 8 /r5g? wantonly to hurt o!rs 0 a mon/]2 s1 also1 a man :o us$ 8 cunn+ wantonly to hurt o!rs4 ,/r5g? & cunn+ 7 to be us$ only 9 self-def5ce1 or to save ! weak1 & !n 7 alike admirable4 ,?is 0 _! fir/ idea4 ,!n ! second1 & p]haps ! m ess5tial1 diff]5ce betwe5 noble & ignoble ly+ 9 ! ,greek m9d1 0 t ! hon\rable lie--or1 if we may use ! /range1 yet j1 expression1 ! true lie--knew & confess$ itself = su*--0 ready to take ! full responsibility ( :at x did4 ,z ! sword answ]$ = its bl[1 s ! lie = its sn>e4 ,b :at ! ,greeks hat$ ) all _! he>t 0 ! false lie2--! lie t did n "k itself1 fe>$ to confess itself1 :i* slunk to its aim "u a cloak ( tru?1 & s\ght to d li>s' "w1 & yet n take li>s' pay1 excus+ itself to ! consci5ce by quibble & quirk4 ,h5ce ! great expression ( ,jesuit pr9ciple by ,euripides1 ,! tongue has sworn1 b n ! he>t1 0 a subject ( execration ?r\gh\t ,greece1 & ! satiri/s exhau/$ _! arr[s on x--no audi5ce 0 ev] tir$ ( he>+ 7,greek3 to ,euripideion eke9o7 t ,euripidean ?+ br\ght to %ame4 ,hippolytus1 #fab4 #ad4 ,& ?is is especially to be insi/$ on 9 ! e>ly education ( "y p4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out to !m ) cont9ual e>ne/ness t ! ess5ce ( ly+ is 9 deception1 n 9 words3 a lie may be told by sil5ce1 by equivocation1 by ! acc5t on a syllable1 by a glance ( ! eye atta*+ a peculi> significance to a s5t5ce2 & all ^! k9ds ( lies are worse & bas] by _m degrees ?an a lie pla9ly word$2 s t no =m ( bl9d$ consci5ce is s f> sunk z t :i* com=ts itself = hav+ deceiv$1 because ! deception 0 by ge/ure or sil5ce1 in/ead ( utt]ance2 &1 f9ally1 accord+ to ,t5nyson's deep & tr5*ant l9e1 ,a lie :i* is half a tru? is ev] ! wor/ ( lies4 ,! ,gr&mo!r4 #ae4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 ung5]\s cunn+ is usually s di/9ct an outw>d manife/ation ( vulg>ity1 t ,i "n x sep>ately f ins5sibility1 x is 9 tru? only an effect ( ins5sibility1 produc+ want ( affection to o!rs1 & bl9dness to ! beauty ( tru?4 ,! degree 9 :i* political subtlety 9 m5 su* z ,ri*elieu1 ,ma*iavel1 or ,mett]ni*1 w efface ! g5tleman1 dep5ds on ! selfi%ness ( political purpose to :i* ! cunn+ is direct$1 & on ! base delight tak5 9 its use4 ,! comm&1 ,be ye wise z s]p5ts1 h>mless z doves1 is ! ultimate expression ( ?is pr9ciple1 misund]/ood usually because ! ^w wise is ref]r$ to ! intellectual p[] in/ead ( ! subtlety ( ! s]p5t4 ,! s]p5t has v little intellectual p[]1 b accord+ to t :i* x has1 x is yet1 z ( old1 ! subtle/ ( ! bea/s ( ! field4 #af4 ,ano!r great sign ( vulg>ity is also1 :5 trac$ to its root1 ano!r phase ( ins5sibility1 namely1 ! undue reg>d to appe>ances & mann]s1 z 9 ! h\seholds ( vulg> p]sons1 ( all /ations1 & ! assumption ( behavi\r1 language1 or dress unsuit$ to !m1 by p]sons 9 inf]ior /ations ( life4 ,i say undue reg>d to appe>ances1 because 9 ! undu5ess consi/s1 ( c\rse1 ! vulg>ity4 ,x is due & wise 9 "s sort to c>e = appe>ances1 9 ano!r sort undue & unwise4 ,:]e9 lies ! diff]5ce8 ,at fir/ "o is apt to answ] quickly3 ! vulg>ity is simply 9 pret5d+ to be :at y are n4 ,b t answ] w n /&4 ,a que5 may dress l a wait+-maid1--p]haps succe$1 if %e *ooses1 9 pass+ = "o2 b %e w n1 !re=e1 be vulg>2 nay1 a wait+-maid may dress l a que51 & pret5d to be "o1 & yet ne$ n be vulg>1 unless !re is inh]5t vulg>ity 9 h]4 ,9 ,scribe's v absurd b v amus+ ,re9e d'un j\r1 a mill9]'s girl su/a9s ! "p ( a que5 = a day4 ,%e sev]al times amazes & disgu/s h] c\rti]s by h] /raight=w>dness2 & once or twice v ne>ly betrays h]self to h] maids ( hon\r by an unque5ly k ( sew+2 b %e is n 9 ! lea/ vulg>1 = %e is s5sitive1 simple1 & g5]\s1 & a que5 c\ld be no m4 #ag4 ,is ! vulg>ity1 !n1 only 9 try+ to play a "p y _c play1 s z to be cont9ually detect$8 ,no2 a bad amateur actor may be cont9ually detect$ 9 8 "p1 b yet cont9ually detect$ to be a g5tleman3 a vulg> reg>d to appe>ances has no?+ 9 x necess>ily ( hypocrisy4 ,y %all "k a man n to be a g5tleman by ! p]fect & neat pronunciation ( 8 words3 b he does n pret5d to pron\nce accurately2 he does pron\nce accurately1 ! vulg>ity is 9 ! real 7n assum$7 scrupul\sness4 #ah4 ,x w be f\nd on f>!r ?\ght1 t a vulg> reg>d = appe>ances is1 prim>ily1 a selfi% "o1 result+ n out ( a wi% to give pleasure 7z a wife's wi% to make h]self beautiful = h] husb&71 b out ( an endeav\r to mortify o!rs1 or attract = pride's sake2--! common keep+ up appe>ances ( society1 be+ a m]e selfi% /ruggle ( ! va9 ) ! va94 ,b ! deepe/ /a9 ( ! vulg>ity dep5ds on ?is be+ done1 n selfi%ly only1 b /upidly1 )\t und]/&+ ! impression :i* is really produc$1 nor ! relations ( importance betwe5 oneself & o!rs1 s z to suppose t _! att5tion is fix$ ^u u1 :5 we are 9 reality ciph]s 9 _! eyes--all :i* comes ( ins5sibility4 ,h5ce pride simple is n vulg> 7! look+ d[n on o!rs because ( _! true inf]iority to u71 nor vanity simple 7! desire ( praise71 b conceit simple 7! attribution to ourselves ( qualities we h n7 is always s4 ,9 cases ( ov]-/udi$ pronunciation1 etc41 !re is ins5sibility1 fir/1 9 ! p]son's ?9k+ m ( himself ?an ( :at he is say+2 &1 secondly1 9 8 n hav+ musical f95ess ( e> en\gh to feel t 8 talk+ is uneasy & /ra9$4 #ai4 ,f9ally1 vulg>ity is indicat$ by co>s5ess ( language or mann]s1 only s f> z ?is co>s5ess has be5 contract$ "u circum/ances n necess>ily produc+ x4 ,! illit]at5ess ( a ,spani% or ,calabrian peasant is n vulg>1 because !y _h nev] an opportunity ( acquir+ lett]s2 b ! illit]at5ess ( an ,engli% s*ool-boy is4 ,s aga91 prov9cial dialect is n vulg>2 b cockney dialect1 ! corruption1 by blunt$ s5se1 ( a f9] language cont9ually he>d1 is s 9 a deep degree2 & aga91 ( ?is corrupt$ dialect1 t is ! wor/ :i* consi/s1 n 9 ! direct or expressive alt]ation ( ! =m ( a ^w1 b 9 an unmusical de/ruction ( x by dead utt]ance & bad or swoll5 =mation ( lip4 ,!re is no vulg>ity 9-- ,bly!1 bly!1 bly! 0 %e1 ,bly! 0 %e1 b & b51 ,& weel %e lik$ a ,hawick gill1 ,& leugh to see a tappit h52 b mu* 9 ,mrs4 ,gamp's in>ticulate bottle on ! *imley-piece1 & let me put my lips to x :5 ,i am s dispog$4 #bj4 ,s also ( p]sonal defects1 ^? only are vulg> :i* imply ins5sibility or dissipation4 ,!re is no vulg>ity 9 ! emaciation ( ,don ,quixote1 ! de=mity ( ! ,black ,dw>f1 or ! corpul5ce ( ,fal/aff2 b mu* 9 ! same p]sonal *>act]s1 z !y are se5 9 ,uriah ,heep1 ,quilp1 & ,*adb&4 #ba4 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s m9or que/ions 9 ?is matt] is respect+ ! vulg>ity ( excessive neatness1 complicat+ itself ) inquiries into ! di/9ction betwe5 base neatness1 & ! p]fectness ( good execution 9 ! f9e arts4 ,x w be f\nd on f9al ?\ght t precision & exquisit5ess ( arrangem5t are always noble2 b become vulg> only :5 !y arise f an equality 7ins5sibility7 ( temp]am5t1 :i* is incapable ( f9e passion1 & is set ignobly1 & ) a dull>d me*anism1 on accuracy 9 vile ?+s4 ,9 ! f9e/ ,greek co9s1 ! lett]s ( ! inscriptions are purposely co>se & rude1 :ile ! relievi are wr\ght ) ine/imable c>e4 ,b 9 an ,engli% co91 ! lett]s are ! be/ done1 & ! :ole is unr$eemably vulg>4 ,9 a picture ( ,titian's1 an ins]t$ inscription w be complete 9 ! lett]+1 z all ! re/ is2 because x co/s ,titian v little m tr\ble to draw rightly ?an wrongly1 & 9 him1 !re=e1 impati5ce ) ! lett]s w\ld be vulg>1 z 9 ! ,greek sculptor ( ! co91 pati5ce w\ld h be54 ,= ! engrav+ ( a lett] accurately is difficult "w1 & 8 "t mu/ h be5 unwor?ily ?r[n away4 #bb4 ,all ! diff]5t impressions connect$ ) neglig5ce or f\lness dep5d1 9 l mann]1 on ! degree ( ins5sibility impli$4 ,disord] 9 a draw+-room is vulg>1 9 an antiqu>y's /udy1 n2 ! black battle-/a9 on a soldi]'s face is n vulg>1 b ! dirty face ( a h\semaid is4 ,& la/ly1 c\rage1 s f> z x is a sign ( race1 is peculi>ly ! m>k ( a g5tleman or a lady3 b x becomes vulg> if rude or ins5sitive1 :ile timidity is n vulg>1 if x be a *>act]i/ic ( race or f95ess ( make4 ,a fawn is n vulg> 9 be+ timid1 nor a crocodile g5tle because c\rage\s4 #bc4 ,)\t foll[+ ! inquiry into f>!r detail1 we may conclude t vulg>ity consi/s 9 a deadness ( ! he>t & body1 result+ f prolong$1 & especially f inh]it$ conditions ( deg5]acy1 or lit]ally un-rac+2--g5tlemanl9ess be+ ano!r ^w = an int5se humanity4 ,& vulg>ity %[s itself prim>ily 9 dulness ( he>t1 n 9 rage or cruelty1 b 9 inability to feel or conceive noble "* or emotion4 ,?is is its ess5tial1 pure1 & mo/ fatal =m4 ,dulness ( bodily s5se & g5]al /upidity1 ) su* =ms ( crime z peculi>ly issue f /upidity1 are its mat]ial manife/ation4 #bd4 ,two ye>s ago1 :5 ,i 0 fir/ beg9n+ to "w out ! subject1 & *att+ ) "o ( my ke5e/-m9d$ fri5ds 7,mr4 ,brett1 ! pa9t] ( ! ,val d',ao/a 9 ! ,exhibition ( #ahei71 ,i casually ask$ him1 ,:at is vulg>ity8 m]ely to see :at he w\ld say1 n suppos+ x possible to get a sudd5 answ]4 ,he ?\ght = ab\t a m9ute1 !n answ]$ quietly1 ,x is m]ely "o ( ! =ms ( ,dea?4 ,i did n see ! mean+ ( ! reply at ! "t2 b on te/+ x1 f\nd t x met e phase ( ! difficulties connect$ ) ! inquiry1 & summ$ ! true conclusion4 ,yet1 9 ord] to be complete1 x ought to be made a di/9ctive z well z conclusive def9ition2 %[+ :at =m ( dea? vulg>ity is2 = dea? itself is n vulg>1 b only dea? m+l$ ) life4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 con/ruct a %ort-word$ def9ition :i* w include all ! m9or conditions ( bodily deg5]acy2 b ! t]m dea?ful selfi%ness w embrace all ! mo/ fatal & ess5tial =ms ( m5tal vulg>ity4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 v4 pt4 ix4 *4 vii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we ought always 9 pure ,engli% to use ! t]m good bre$+ lit]ally2 & to say good nurture = :at we usually mean by good bre$+4 ,giv5 ! race & make ( ! animal1 y may turn x to good or bad acc\nt2 y may spoil y\r good dog or colt1 & make him z vici\s z y *oose1 or break 8 back at once by ill-usage2 & y may1 on ! o!r h&1 make some?+ s]viceable & respectable out ( y\r poor cur & colt if y educate !m c>efully2 b ill-br$ !y w bo? ( !m be to _! lives' end2 & ! be/ y w ev] be able to say ( !m is1 t !y are useful1 & dec5tly behav$1 ill-br$ creatures4 ,an error1 :i* is associat$ ) ! tru?1 & :i* makes x always look weak & disputable1 is ! confusion ( race ) "n2 & ! supposition t ! blood ( a family mu/ /ill be good1 if its g5ealogy be unbrok5 & its "n n lo/1 ?\gh sire & son h be5 indulg+ age aft] age 9 habits involv+ p]petual deg5]acy ( race4 ,( c\rse x is equally an error to suppose t1 because a man's "n is common1 8 blood mu/ be base2 s9ce 8 family may h be5 ennobl+ x by pur5ess ( moral habit = _m g5]ations1 & yet may n h got any title1 or o!r sign ( nobl5ess1 atta*$ to _! names4 ,nev]!less1 ! probability is always 9 fav\r ( ! race :i* has _h ackn[l$g$ supremacy1 & 9 :i* e motive leads to ! endeav\r to pres]ve its true nobility4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 v4 pt4 ix4 *4 vii4 ,sec4 #c n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! old ,engli% r\gh prov]b is irrevocably true1--y c make no silk purse ( a s['s e>4 ,& ?is great tru? also holds--?\gh x is a disagreeable "o to look full 9 ! face--t1 nam$ or nameless1 no man c make himself a g5tleman :o 0 n born "o4 ,if he lives a "r life1 & cultivates all ! p[]s1 & yet m all ! s5sibilities1 he is born )1 & *ooses 8 wife well1 8 own son w be m a g5tleman ?an he is1 & he may see yet bett] blood ?an 8 son's 9 8 gr&*ild's *eeks1 b he mu/ be cont5t to rema9 a cl[n himself--if he 0 born a cl[n4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 v4 pt4 ix4 *4 vii4 ,sec4 #c n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! two great words :i*1 9 _! fir/ use1 meant only p]fection ( race1 h come1 by consequ5ce ( ! inv>iable connection ( virtue ) ! f9e human nature1 bo? to signify b5evol5ce ( disposition4 ,! ^w g5]\s & ! ^w g5tle bo?1 9 _! orig91 meant only ( pure race1 b because *>ity & t5d]ness are insep>able f ?is purity ( blood1 ! words :i* once /ood only = pride1 n[ /& z synonym\s = virtue4 ,! ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olive1 ,sec4 #ajh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at vulg>ity is1 :e!r 9 mann]s1 acts1 or conceptions1 mo/ well-educat$ p]sons und]/&2 b :at x consi/s 91 or arises f1 is a m difficult "q4 ,i believe t on /rict analysis x w be f\nd def9able z ! habit ( m9d & act result+ f ! prolong$ comb9ation ( ins5sibility ) ins9c]ity4 ,x w\ld be m accurate to say1 con/itutional ins5sibility2 = p are born vulg>1 or n vulg>1 irrevocably4 ,an app>5t ins5sibility may (t5 be caus$ by "o /rong feel+ qu5*+ or conqu]+ ano!r2 & ?is to ! ext5t ( involv+ ! p]son 9 all k9ds ( cruelty & crime3 yet1 ,borgia or ,ezzel91 lady & knight /ill2 :ile ! born cl[n is dead 9 all s5sation & capacity ( ?\ght1 :atev] 8 acts or life may be4 ,clot51 9 ,cymbel9e1 is ! mo/ p]fect /udy ( pure vulg>ity1 :i* ,i "k 9 lit]ature2 ,p]dita1 9 ,w9t]'s ,tale1 ! mo/ p]fect /udy ( its opposite 7irrespective ( su* high] virtue or intellect z we h 9 ,desdemona or ,portia74 ,p]dita's exquisite op5ness1 jo9$ ) z exquisite s5sitiv5ess1 con/itute ! precise opposite ( ! apa!tic ins9c]ity :i* is1 ,i believe1 ! ess5ce ( vulg>ity4 ,academy ,notes1 #ahei4 99 99 99 99 99 ,g5tlemanl9ess 9 a limit$ s5se may mean only ! effect ( c>eful education1 good society1 & ref9$ habits ( life1 on av]age temp] & "*4 ,deep & true g5tlemanl9ess is bas$ on int5se s5sibility & s9c]ity1 p]fect$ by c\rage & o!r qualities ( race1 z oppos$ to t union ( ins5sibility ) cunn+1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( vulg>ity4 ,sir ,jo%ua & ,holbe91 ,sec4 #f n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is1 inde$1 p]haps1 no great] sign ( innate & real vulg>ity ( m9d or defective education ?an ! want ( p[] to und]/& ! univ]sality ( ! ideal tru?2 ! abs5ce ( sympa?y ) ! colossal grasp ( ^? intellects1 :i* h 9 !m s mu* ( div9e1 t no?+ is small to !m1 no?+ l>ge2 b ) equal & un(f5d$ vision !y take 9 ! sum ( ! _w1--,/raw ,/reet & ! sev5? heav51--9 ! same in/ant4 ,dante1 ,p>adiso1 x4 #acc-cd4 ,a c]ta9 portion ( ?is div9e _s is visible ev5 9 ! l[] examples ( all ! true m52 x is1 inde$1 p]haps1 ! cle>e/ te/ ( _! belong+ to ! true & great gr\p1 t !y are cont9ually t\*+ :at to ! multitude appe> vulg>ities4 ,! high] a man /&s1 ! m ! ^w vulg> becomes un9telligible to him4 ,vulg>8 :at1 t poor f>m]'s girl ( ,william ,hunt's1 br$ 9 ! /able1 putt+ on h] ,sunday g[n1 & p9n+ h] be/ cap1 out ( ! gre5 & r$ p9-cu%ion6 ,n s2 %e may be /raight on ! road to ^? high heav5s1 & may %9e h]eaft] z "o ( ! />s 9 ! firmam5t = ev]4 ,nay1 ev5 t lady 9 ! sat9 bodice1 ) h] arm laid ov] a balu/rade to %[ x1 & h] eyes turn$ up to heav5 to %[ !m2 & ! sportsman wav+ 8 rifle = ! t]ror ( bea/s1 & display+ 8 p]fect dress = ! delight ( m51 are kept1 by ! v mis]y & vanity ( !m1 9 ! ?\ghts ( a great pa9t]1 at a sorr[ful level1 some:at above vulg>ity4 ,x is only :5 ! m9or pa9t] takes !m on 8 easel1 t !y become ?+s = ! univ]se to be a%am$ (4 ,we may dismiss ?is matt] ( vulg>ity 9 pla9 & few words1 at lea/ z f> z reg>ds art4 ,!re is nev] vulg>ity 9 a :ole tru?1 h[ev] commonplace4 ,x may be unimportant or pa9ful4 ,x _c be vulg>4 ,vulg>ity is only 9 concealm5t ( tru?1 or 9 affectation4 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 vol4 iii4 pt4 iv4 *4 vii4 ,sec4 #i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! fir/ ?+ !n t he has to d1 if unhappily 8 p>5ts or ma/]s h n done x = him1 is to f9d out :at he is fit =4 ,9 :i* inquiry a man may be safely guid$ by 8 lik+s1 if he be n also guid$ by 8 pride4 ,p usually reason 9 "s su* fa%ion z ?is3 ,i don't seem q fit = a head-manag] 9 ! firm ( ---- ,co41 !re=e1 9 all probability1 ,i am fit to be ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]4 ,:]eas1 !y ought r to reason ?us3 ,i don't seem q fit to be head-manag] 9 ! firm ( ---- ,co41 b ,i d>e say ,i might d some?+ 9 a small gre5groc]y bus9ess2 ,i us$ to be a good judge ( pease2 t is to say1 always try+ l[] in/ead ( try+ high]1 until !y f9d bottom3 once well set on ! gr\nd1 a man may build up by degrees1 safely1 in/ead ( di/urb+ e "o 9 8 neighb\rhood by p]petual cata/rophes4 ,b ?is k9d ( humility is r5d]$ especially difficult 9 ^! days1 by ! contumely ?r[n on m5 9 humble employm5ts4 ,! v removal ( ! massy b>s :i* once sep>at$ "o class ( society f ano!r1 has r5d]$ x t5fold m %ameful 9 fooli% p's1 i4e41 9 mo/ p's eyes1 to rema9 9 ! l[] grades ( x1 ?an ev] x 0 be=e4 ,:5 a man born ( an artisan 0 look$ ^u z an entirely diff]5t species ( animal f a man born ( a noble1 x made him no m uncom=table or a%am$ to rema9 t diff]5t species ( animal1 ?an x makes a horse a%am$ to rema9 a horse1 & n to become a giraffe4 ,b n[ t a man may make money1 & rise 9 ! _w1 & associate himself1 unreproa*$1 ) p once f> above him1 n only is ! natural discont5t$ness ( humanity develop$ to an unhe>d-( ext5t1 :atev] a man's position1 b x becomes a v]itable %ame to him to rema9 9 ! /ate he 0 born 91 & ev]ybody ?9ks x 8 duty to try to be a g5tleman4 ,p]sons :o h any influ5ce 9 ! managem5t ( public in/itutions = *>itable education "k h[ common ?is feel+ has become4 ,h>dly a day passes b !y receive lett]s f mo!rs :o want all _! six or eight sons to g to college1 & make ! gr& t\r 9 ! long vacation1 & :o ?9k !re is some?+ wrong 9 ! f\ndations ( society because ?is is n possible4 ,out ( e t5 lett]s ( ?is k9d1 n9e w allege1 z ! reason ( ! writ]s' importunity1 _! desire to keep _! families 9 su* & su* a /ation ( life4 ,!re is no real desire = ! safety1 ! discipl9e1 or ! moral good ( ! *ildr51 only a panic horror ( ! inexpressibly pitiable calamity ( _! liv+ a l$ge or two l[] on ! molehill ( ! _w--a calamity to be av]t$ at any co/ :atev]1 ( /ruggle1 anxiety1 & %ort5+ ( life itself4 ,i d n believe t any great] good c\ld be a*iev$ = ! c\ntry1 ?an ! *ange 9 public feel+ on ?is head1 :i* might be br\ght ab\t by a few b5evol5t m51 und5iably 9 ! class ( g5tlem51 :o w\ld1 on pr9ciple1 ent] into "s ( our commone/ trades1 & make !m hon\rable2 %[+ t x 0 possible = a man to reta9 8 dignity1 & rema91 9 ! be/ s5se1 a g5tleman1 ?\gh "p ( 8 "t 0 e day occupi$ 9 manual lab\r1 or ev5 9 s]v+ cu/om]s ov] a c\nt]4 ,i d n 9 ! lea/ see :y c\rtesy1 & gravity1 & sympa?y ) ! feel+s ( o!rs1 & c\rage1 & tru?1 & piety1 & :at else goes to make up a g5tleman's "*1 %\ld n be f\nd beh9d a c\nt] z well z else:]e1 if !y 7 dem&$1 or ev5 hop$ =1 !re4 ,pre-,raphaelitism1 ,sec4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z 9 no?+ is a g5tleman bett] to be disc]n$ f a vulg> p]son1 s 9 no?+ is a g5tle nation 7su* nations h be57 bett] to be disc]n$ f a mob1 ?an 9 ?is1--t _! feel+s are con/ant & j1 results ( due contemplation1 & ( equal ?\ght4 ,y c talk a mob into any?+2 its feel+s may be--usually are--on ! :ole1 g5]\s & "r2 b x has no f\ndation = !m1 no hold ( !m2 y may tease or tickle x into any1 at y\r pleasure2 x ?9ks by infection1 = ! mo/ "p1 cat*+ an op9ion l a cold1 & !re is no?+ s little t x w n ro> itself wild ab\t1 :5 ! fit is on2--no?+ s great b x w =get 9 an h\r1 :5 ! fit is pa/4 ,b a g5tleman's1 or a g5tle nation's1 passions are j1 measur$1 & cont9u\s4 ,sesame & ,lilies1 ,sec4 #cj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:e!r x is inde$ ! gods :o h giv5 any g5tleman ! grace to despise ! rabble dep5ds :olly on :e!r x is inde$ ! rabble1 or he1 :o are ! malignant p]sons4 ,fiction1 ,fair & ,f\l1 ,sec4 #df4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h summ$ ! ne$ful virtue ( m5 "u ! t]ms ( g5tl5ess & ju/ice2 g5tl5ess be+ ! virtue :i* di/+ui%es g5tlem5 f *urls1 & ju/ice t :i* di/+ui%es hone/ m5 f rogues4 ,n[ g5tl5ess may be def9$ z ! ,habit or ,/ate ( ,love1 & ung5tl5ess or cl[ni%ness z ! ,/ate or ,habit ( ,lu/4 ,n[ !re are ?ree great loves t rule ! s\ls ( m53 ! love ( :at is lovely 9 creatures1 & ( :at is lovely 9 ?+s1 & :at is lovely 9 report4 ,& ^! ?ree loves h ea* _! relative corruption1 a lu/--! lu/ ( ! fle%1 ! lu/ ( ! eyes1 & ! pride ( life4 ,&1 z ,i h j said1 a g5tleman is di/+ui%$ f a *url by ! purity ( s5tim5t he c rea* 9 all ^! ?ree passions2 by 8 imag9ative love1 z oppos$ to lu/2 8 imag9ative possession ( weal? z oppos$ to av>ice2 8 imag9ative desire ( hon\r z oppos$ to pride4 ,=s ,clavig]a1 ,lett] #da4 99 99 99 99 99 ,( all ess5tial ?+s 9 a g5tleman's bodily & moral tra9+1 ?is is really ! beg9n+--t he %\ld h close companion%ip ) ! horse1 ! dog1 & ! eagle4 ,( all bir?rights & bookrights--?is is 8 fir/4 ,he ne$n't be a ,*ri/ian1--!re h be5 millions ( ,pagan g5tlem52 he ne$n't be k9d--!re h be5 millions ( cruel g5tlem52 he ne$n't be hone/1--!re h be5 millions ( crafty g5tlem54 ,he ne$n't "k h[ to read1 or to write 8 own "n4 ,b he mu/ h horse1 dog1 & eagle = fri5ds4 ,if !n he has also ,man = 8 fri5d1 he is a noble g5tleman2 & if ,god = 8 ,fri5d1 a k+4 ,& if1 be+ hone/1 be+ k9d1 & hav+ ,god & ,man = 8 fri5ds1 he !n gets ^! ?ree brutal fri5ds1 besides 8 angelic ones1 he is p]fect 9 e>?1 z = heav54 ,=1 to be 8 fri5ds1 ^! mu/ be br\ght up ) him1 & he ) !m4 ,falcon on fi/1 h\nd at foot1 & horse "p ( himself--,eques1 ,ritt]1 ,cavali]1 ,*evali]4 ,yes2--horse & dog y und]/& ! good (2 b :at's ! good ( ! falcon1 ?9k y8 ,to be fri5ds ) ! falcon mu/ mean t y love to see x so>2 t is to say1 y love fre% air & ! fields4 ,f>!r1 :5 ! ,law ( ,god is und]/ood1 y w l bett] to see ! eagle free ?an ! jess$ hawk4 ,& to pres]ve y\r eagles' ne/s1 is to be a great nation4 ,x means keep+ ev]y?+ t is noble2 m\nta9s & floods1 & =e/s1 & ! glory & hon\r ( !m1 & all ! birds t haunt !m4 ,=s ,clavig]a1 ,lett] #ge4 ,,ballantyne ,,press1 ,,ed9burgh 99 99 99 99 99 99,! ,works ( ,rusk999 ,^! are publi%$ 9 v>i\s =ms3-- #a4 ,! ,libr>y ,edition1 n[ 9 c\rse ( issue4 ,?is is ! def9itive & complete edition1 & conta9s mu* lit]>y & p]sonal matt]1 n publi%$ 9 any o!r =m4 ,x alone conta9s all ,rusk9's works4 ,?is edition is /rictly limit$1 & %\ld be subscrib$ = )\t delay4 #b4 ,! ,works ,edition4 #hvo4 #c4 ,! ,/ud5ts' ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #d4 ,! ,pocket ,edition4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 7,see p4 #c et sqq474 ,int5d+ ,subscrib]s to ,,! ,,libr>y ,,edition c arrange = paym5t by annual in/alm5ts on application to ! ,publi%]4 ,in=mation ab\t any ( ! =ego+ c be _h ( ,mr4 ,g4 ,all51 #aef ,*>+ ,cross ,road1 ,london1 :o w s5d complete ,catalogue on application4 99,rusk9 ,repr9ts = ! ,pocket99 99,fcap4 #hvo1 ,gilt tops1 ,gilt backs4 ,autograph on side499 ,,clo? ,,limp 4 4 4 #bs4 #f;d 7 ,,lea!r ,,limp 4 4 #cs4 #f;d 7 net p] ,vol4 ,) ,indices ,,n[ ,,ready ,,sesame ,,& ,,lilies4 ,?ree ,lectures & ,long ,preface4 ,,! ,,cr[n ,,( ,,wild ,,olive4 ,essays on ,"w1 ,traffic1 ,w>1 & ! ,future ( ,engl&4 ,,! ,,two ,,pa?s4 ,on ,decoration & ,manufacture4 ,,"t ,,& ,,tide4 ,on ,laws ( ,"w4 ,,lectures ,,on ,,art4 ,deliv]$ at ,ox=d 9 #ahgj4 ,a ,,joy ,,= ,,ev]4 ,on ! ,political ,economy ( ,art4 ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,! ,,air4 ,a ,/udy ( ,greek ,my?s4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,du/4 ,on ! ,elem5ts ( ,cry/allisation4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,draw+4 ,) #ej ,woodcuts4 ,,! ,,eagle',s ,,ne/4 ,on ! ,relation ( ,natural ,sci5ce to ,art4 ,,mun]a ,,pulv]is4 ,on ! ,elem5ts ( ,political ,economy ,,frondes ,,agre/es4 ,read+s 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s4 ,,morn+s ,,9 ,,flor5ce4 ,/udies ( ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,,/4 ,,m>k',s ,,re/4 ,! 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