,,william ,,gilb]t1 ,,& ,,t]re/rial     
,,magnetism ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,(      ,,que5
 ,,elizabe?3 ,a ,,disc\rse      ,,by    
,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,f4,r4,s4     
,,william ,,gilb]t ,,& ,,t]re/rial      
,,magnetism ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,que5     
,,elizabe?4      ,william ,gilb]t1 !    
fa!r ( electrical sci5ce1 0 born 9      
,col*e/] 9 #aedj4 ,educat$ at ,/4       
,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e  he   
took 8 degree z ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e 9     
#aefi1 he settl$1 aft]  f\r ye>s ( =eign
 travel1 9 ,london 9 #aegc1 & 0 admitt$ 
to  ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians1 (  
:i* he became ,c5sor1 ,treasur]1  &1 9  
#aeii1 ,presid5t4 ,he 0 9 ,febru>y1     
#afja1 appo9t$ p]sonal  ,physician to ! 
,que51 :om he att5d$ 9 h] la/ illness4  
,he came  ( a well-kn[n ,ea/ ,anglian   
family1 & held ext5sive l&$ e/ates  9   
,essex & ,suffolk4 ,he surviv$ ! ,que5  
only eight mon?s1 dy+  ,novemb] #cj?1   
#afjc4      ,gilb]t's monum5tal "w1 !   
,de ,magnete1 publi%$ 9 #afjj1 m>ks  an 
era 9 magnetic sci5ce4 ,= "s f\r hundr$ 

ye>s ! employm5t  ( ! magnetic ne$le 9  
navigation _h be5 kn[n bo? 9 ,nor!rn  & 
,s\!rn ,europe4 ,:ile x is possible t ! 
primitive use (  ! load/one may be      
ascrib$ to ! ,baltic1 x is c]ta9 t !    
employm5t ( a pivott$ ne$le1 & !        
addition ( a rose ( !  w9ds z a compass 
c>d bo? orig9at$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,!   
pivott$ ne$le is describ$ 9 ! ,epi/le ( 
,pet] ,p]egr9us1  writt5 9 #abfi2 :ile !
 e>lie/ kn[n compass-c>d m>k$ )  !      
initials ( ! names ( ! w9ds is t ascrib$
 to ,ja*obus  ,giraldis1 ( #adbf1 9 !   
,biblioteca ,m>ciana 9 ,v5ice4 ,! mann] 
(  use 9 ,elizabe?an times ( ! load/one 
& ( ! compass may be  ga!r$ f ,olaus    
,magnus 7,hi/oria de ,g5tibus           
,sept5trionalibus1  #aeee71 f ,p$ro de  
,m$9a 7,arte de ,naueg>1 #aede71 ,m>t9us
 ,cortes  7,breve comp5dio de la sph]a1 
#aeef71 ,blundevile 7,ex]cises1 #aeid71 
,norman 7,newe ,attractive1 #aeha71     
,bor\gh 7,a disc\rs ( ! ,v>iation  ( !  
,cumpas1 #aeha71 ,p$ro ,nuez 7,in/rum5ta
 ,artis ,navig&i1  #aeib71 ,b>l[ 7,!    

,navigators ,supply1 #aeig71 ,nautoni]  
7,mcometrie  de l',eyman1 #afjb71 &     
,/ev9 7,die ,hav5v9d+1 #aeii74    ,at ! 
"t :5 /e]+ by ! compass 0 introduc$ into
  navigation1 ! compass po9t$ 9 ,middle 
,europe s ne>ly truly to !  nor? t ) !  
r\gh in/rum5tal appliances at h& its    
deviation  f ! true nor? 0 seldom       
notic$1 or if notic$ ascrib$ to "s      
error 9 ! sett+ ( ! ne$le4 ,lat] !      
compass-mak]s began  to set _! ne$les   
slightly askew b5ea? ! c>d1 accord+ to  
! v>iation 9 ! place ( orig94 ,norman   
7#aeha7 /ates t ^?  us$ 9 ! ,levant1    
made 9 ,sicily1 ,g5oa1 or ,v5ice1 _h !  
ne$les  /raight1 :ile ^? us$ 9 ,d5m>k & 
,fl&]s _h !m set at  ?ree-qu>t]s ( a    
po9t1 or a :ole po9t1 to ! ea/w>d2 :ile 
^? made 9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,france1 &  
,engl&1 _h ! ne$les set  half a po9t to 
! ea/4 ,^? = ,russia 7 set at ?ree      
seconds  ( a po9t4 ,gilb]t d5\nc$ ^!    
devices z t5d+ to obscure  ! true facts4
 ,gradually x became recogniz$1 probably
 aft] !  voyage ( ,columbus1 :5 !       

manife/ *ange 9 ! decl9ation ( !  ne$le 
ne>ly caus$ mut9y ( ! sailors1 t !      
direction ( !  ne$le diff]s at diff]5t  
places2 & accord+ly navigators began to 
collect data4 ,! record ( ! voyage (    
,columbus /ates t dur+  8 second voyage 
9 #adif he us$ = /e]+ ! obs]vations made
  on ! decl9ation dur+ 8 fir/ voyage4 ,!
 secret ( ,seba/ian  ,cabot1 :i* he     
decl>$ :5 dy+ to be a div9e revelation  
to  him1 c h be5 little else ?an ! idea 
( us+ 9 navigation  ! local decl9ations 
( ! compass4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,p$ro de     
,m$9a flatly d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( !         
decl9ation1 add+ t  if ! compass did n  
%[ ! pole1 ! fault lay 9 ! defective    
con/ruction ( ! compass itself4         
,columbus _h f\nd a po9t #b-a_/b  ea/ ( 
,corvo1 9 ! ,azores1 :]e !re 0 no       
v>iation1 & o!r  navigators explor$ !   
agonic l9es :i* cross$ ! ,atlantic &  ! 
,indian ocean4 ,accord+ to ,humboldt1   
,alonzo de ,santa ,cruz 9 #aecj         
con/ruct$ ! fir/ g5]al v>iation *>t4 ,b 
along ) ?is  developm5t ( practical     

int]e/ 9 ! subject !re grew up a crop  (
 wild leg5ds to acc\nt = ! irregul>ities
 obs]v$4 ,! reason  :y ! compass ne$le  
po9t$ nor?1 & ! reason :y x did n  po9t 
truly nor?1 7 alike proclaim$ to be due 
to ! />s1 to  ! influ5ce ( spirits1 or  
to ! exi/5ce ( load/one m\nta9s  (      
unc]ta9 locality & ( fabul\s p[]4 ,! old
 traditions ( !  ,arabian ,nights1      
dress$ 9 a new] sett+1 f\nd !mselves    
ju/ifi$  by ! ins]tion 9 maps ( load/one
 rocks1 ! position ( :i*  *ang$ at !    
fancy ( ! *>tograph]4 ,ptolemy _h locat$
 !m 9  ! ,manioles2 ,olaus ,magnus      
decl>$ !m to be "u ! pole2 ,g>zias  ab  
,horto situat$ !m 9 ! region (          
,calcutta4 ,! map ( ,johann  ,ruys*1 :i*
 adorn$ ! edition ( ,ptolemy1 publi%t at
 ,rome 9 #aejh1  %[$ f\r magnetic isl&s 
9 ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,m>t9us ,cortes    
plac$ ! load/one m\nta9s 9 ,s>matia4    
,m]cator 9 8 great *>t  depict$ two     
great rocks ris+ f ! sea to ! nor? (    
ea/]n  ,sib]ia1 "o be+ drawn on !       
supposition t at ,/4 ,mi*ael !  compass 

po9ts due nor?1 :ile ! o!r is fur!r nor?
 on !  supposition t ! compass po9ts due
 nor? at ,corvo4 ,! map (  ,cornelius   
,wytfliet1 #aeig1 %[s ! same phantom    
isl&s4 ,blundevile1  writ+ 9 #aeid ( !  
n[ lo/ map ( ,pet] ,plancius1 m5tions t 
he sets d[n ! pole ( ! load/one some:at 
to s\?w>d ( !  isl&s t lie ea/ (        
,groynel&e4    ,meantime ano!r          
significant fact _h be5 discov]$ 9 #aegf
 by  ,rob]t ,norman1 ( ,limeh\se1       
compass-mak]1 namely1 ! t5d5cy (  !     
magnetiz$ ne$le to dip its nor!rn end   
d[nw>ds4 ,notic+ ?is  z a circum/ance t 
occasion$ him "s tr\ble 9 ! con/ruction 
( 8 compasses1 he !reupon devis$ a      
dipp+-ne$le1 & measur$  ! dip1 :i* = ?is
 ,cyty ( ,london ,i f9de by exact       
obs]uations  to be ab\t #ga degrees #ej 
mynutes4 ,he attribut$ bo? ! decl9ation 
& ! dip ( ! ne$le to ! exi/5ce ( a poynt
 respective1  :i* ! ne$le respect$ or   
indicat$1 b t[>d :i* x 0 n  attract$4 ,!
 fir/ au?oritative treatise on !        
v>iation ( !  compass 0 ! tract by      

,william ,bor\gh1 comptroll] to ! ,navy1
  :o 9 #aehj f\nd an ea/w>d decl9ation (
 #aa #ae' at ,limeh\se4  ,bor\gh _h     
himself travell$ 9 nor!rn regions & _h  
f\nd at  ,vaigats a we/]ly decl9ation ( 
#g degrees1 :]eas by ,norman's  !ory ( !
 respective po9t !re %\ld h be5 an      
ea/]ly  decl9ation ( #di #bb'4 ,! great 
navigators 7 cont9ually br++  home fre% 
in=mation4 ,drake1 ,lyns*ot51 ,cav5di%1 
,h>iot all  contribut$2 z did less] m5  
su* z ,abraham ,k5dall1 sail+-ma/]  to  
,sir ,rob]t ,dudley 7! soi-disant ,duke 
( ,nor?umb]l&71 &  aft]w>d companion (  
,drake 9 8 la/ voyage4 ,tea*]s (        
navigation  su* z ,simon ,/ev9 ( ,bruges
 & ,edw>d ,wright1 lectur] to !  ,ea/   
,india ,company1 might record &         
tabulate3 b a ma/]-m9d 0  want+ to =ge  
"s l>g] & consi/5t doctr9e :i* %\ld     
af=d a grasp ( ! :ole subject4 ,su* an  
"o arose 9 ,dr4 ,william  ,gilb]t4      
,nurtur$1 z we h se51 9 ! ,cambridge :i*
 _h s  rec5tly be5 ! home ( ,l9acre & ( 
,kaye--! ,kaye :o f\nd$  ,caius         

,college--,gilb]t _h1 dur+ 8 subsequ5t  
soj\rn 9 ,italy1  conv]s$ ) all ! le>n$ 
m5 ( 8 "t4 ,he _h exp]im5t$  on ! magnet
 ) ,fra ,paolo ,s>pi3 he _h1 !re is     
reason to ?9k1  met ,giordano ,bruno3 he
 0 ! fri5d & correspond5t ( ,giovanni   
,francesco ,sagr$o4 ,be+ a man ( means &
 a ba*elor1 he sp5t money  freely ^u    
books1 maps1 in/rum5ts1 m9]als1 &       
magnets4 ,= tw5ty  ye>s he exp]im5t$    
ceaselessly1 & read1 & wrote &          
speculat$1  & te/$ 8 speculations by new
 exp]im5ts4 ,= eighte5 ye>s he  kept    
beside him ! manuscript ( 8 treatise1   
:i* 9 ! ye>  #afjj saw ! light "u !     
title ( ,de ,magnete1 to :i* 0 add$  !  
sub-title3 magneticisque corporibus1 et 
de magno magnete tellure1  physiologia  
nova4 ,t :i* ,gilb]t _h 9 fact p]ceiv$1 
& :i*  none be=e him _h glimps$ ev5     
dimly1 0 t ! globe ( !  e>? itself act$ 
z a great load/one1 & t ! t5d5cy (  !   
ne$le to po9t 9 a pol> direction 0 due  
to ! globe act+  z a :ole4 ,s he boldly 
put into 8 title-page ! /atem5t t  8 new

 philosophy 0 conc]n+ ! great magnet !  
e>?3 &  9 *apt] aft] *apt] he set       
himself to describe ! exp]im5ts  ^u :i* 
he f\nd$ 8 fam\s induction4 ,! phrase   
t]re/rial  magnetism does n occur 9 any 
( ! prior treatises1 because  ! idea _h 
n pres5t$ itself4 ,gilb]t pil$ pro( ^u  
pro(1  sometimes mo/ cog5tly1 z :5 he   
con/ruct$ load/one globes1 or  t]rellas 
to s]ve z magnetic models ( ! e>?2      
sometimes )  indiff]5t logic1 z :5 he   
po9t$ to ! iron ore 9 ! e>?  & reason$ t
 ! magnet t5d$ to con=m to 7i4e4 turn   
itself  t[>d7 ! homog5ic sub/ance ( !   
body f :i* x _h be5 dug4  ,! local      
deviations ( ! compass he s\ght to      
acc\nt = by !  irregul>ities ( ! e>?'s  
cru/1 & ma9ta9$ t ! compass  t5d$       
always1 at places (f ! coa/ ( a cont95t1
 to be deflect$  some:at t[>d t cont95t4
 ,8 syllogism 0 bas$ on ! fact  t at t  
date all ! way up ! ,atlantic seabo>d ( 
,europe1 f  ,morocco to ,norway1 !      
v>iation 0 ea/w>d4 ,he argu$ t ?is 0  a 
univ]sal law4 ,b ev5 )9 "o g5]ation1 z  

may be se5 9  ,pur*as 8 ,pilgrims1 9 !  
n>rative ( ! voyage ( ,bylot &  ,baff91 
! g5]ality ( ! law 0 que/ion$4 ,gilb]t  
reason$ on  su* k z he _h1 & ?is did n  
include any notion ( !  secul> *anges 9 
! decl9ation4 ,9 8 "t1 z he tells u1 !  
v>iation ( ! compass at ,london 0       
#aa-a_/c degrees4 ,:at he did n  "k 0 t 
?is 0 a dim9i%+ quantity :i* 9          
fifty-sev5  ye>s w\ld be r$uc$ to z]o1  
to be succe$$ by a we/w>d  decl9ation t 
w\ld la/ = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,= ! 
facts z kn[n 9 ! ?irty ye>s succe$+     
,gilb]t's dea?1 see !  rem>kable & sc>ce
 volume ( ,gellibr&3 ,a ,disc\rse       
,ma!matical  on ! ,v>iation ( !         
,magneticall ,ne$le 7#afce74            
,gilb]t's treatise is a skilful lit]>y  
a*ievem5t 9 :i* !re is  no trace to     
reveal :e!r any "p 0 writt5 be=e ! re/4 
,x is  divid$ sy/ematically into six    
books4 ,! six? book only appe>s to      
suff] f "s incomplet5ess4 ,x relates n s
 mu* to ! magnet  z to ! ,cop]nican !ory
 ( ! univ]se1 :i* doctr9e ,gilb]t _h    

eag]ly esp\s$1 & :i* he 0 ! fir/ 9      
,engl& to proclaim4  ,x is kn[n f a     
lett] to ,b>l[1 pr9t$ 9 #afaf1 t he     
int5d$  to add to x c]ta9 *apt]s        
descriptive ( "s ( 8 in/rum5ts1  b he _h
 n complet$ ^! be=e 8 dea?4 ,! fir/ book
 treats  ( hi/oric acc\nts ( ! load/one1
 ( its orig9 & prop]ties1  ( iron ores 9
 g5]al1 & ( ! fables & va9 op9ions :i* 9
  ! h&l+ ( ,p>acelsus & ( ! s*oolm5 _h  
gr[n up ar\nd !  magnet4 ,! second book 
is on ! magnetic motions1 & prim>ily on 
! attractions & repulsions betwe5       
load/ones1 betwe5 load/one  & iron1 &   
betwe5 magnetic ne$les4 ,9 ?is book     
occurs ! notable  digression ^u !       
subject ( amb] & ! electric =ces ( amb] 
& ( o!r sub/ances :i* :5 rubb$ %[1 z he 
discov]$1  simil> electrical p[]s4 ,an  
analysis ( ?is "p1 & a summ>y (         
,gilb]t's electrical discov]ies w be    
f\nd 9 ! ,notes pr9t$ =  ! ,gilb]t ,club
 to accompany ! ,engli% translation     
7#aijj7 ( !  ,de ,magnete4 ,aft] ?is    
digression ,gilb]t returns to !         

attractive  prop]ties ( ! load/one1 & to
 ! way !y are affect$ by giv+  x diff]5t
 %apes4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is enquiry1 he    
ann\nces  8 discov]y ( ! augm5tation ( !
 p[] ( ! load/one by  arm+ x ) iron     
caps1 an inv5tion :i* caus$ ,galileo to 
say3 ,i  extremely praise1 admire1 &    
envy ?is au?or = t a conception s       
/up5d\s %\ld come into 8 m9d4 ,i ?9k him
 moreov] wor?y (  extraord9>y applause =
 ! _m new & true obs]vations t he  has  
made4 ,gilb]t fur!r po9t$ out t !       
load/one is surr\nd$  by a sort (       
atmosph]e or orbe ( virtue )9 :i* !     
magnetical  effects c be obs]v$4 ,book  
#c1 on ! directive =ce ( ! magnet1  is  
full ( mo/ in/ructive exp]im5ts1 9 :i* !
 t]rella figures  l>gely1 relat+ to ! "q
 h[ "o magnet influ5ces ano!r  & t5ds to
 make x po9t t[>d x4 ,all ?is 0 lead+ up
 to !  !ory ( t]re/rial magnetism2 = we 
f9d him nam+ ! p>ts (  8 load/one globes
 ) poles1 equator & m]idians4 ,9 ?is    
book  he dilates on ! obs]vation t      
v]tical iron rods1 su* z !  f9ial on !  

,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john at ,rim9i1            
spontane\sly acquir$  magnetic          
prop]ties4 ,?is he trac$ to ! influ5ce (
 ! e>?1 &  demon/rat$ ! effect by       
magnetiz+ iron b>s by simply hamm]+  !m 
on ! anvil :ile !y lay 9 a nor? & s\?   
position4 ,book #d  deals ) !           
,decl9ation1 or1 z x 0 !n call$1 !      
v>iation  ( ! compass4 ,he discusses its
 obs]vation & measurem5t1 !  influ5ce ( 
isl&s1 ! results obta9$ by travell]s to 
di/ant  p>ts1 ,nova ,zembla1 ! ,gu9ea   
coa/1 ! ,can>y ,isles1 ,florida1        
,virg9ia1 ,cape ,race1 & ,brazil4 ,!n he
 rec\nts 8 exp]im5ts )  t]rellas hav+   
unev5 surfaces to repres5t !            
irregul>ities (  ! e>?'s cru/4 ,he po9ts
 out errors aris+ f ! fallaci\s         
practice ( sett+ ! ne$le obliquely "u ! 
c>d4 ,he consid]s  9 sep>ate *apt]s !   
v>iations 9 ,nova ,zembla1 9 ! ,pacific1
  9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 ! ,ea/]n ,ocean4
 ,! fif? book is on  ! ,dip4 ,gilb]t    
seiz$ ) avidity on ,norman's discov]y ( 
?is  effect1 & devis$ an improv$ =m (   

dipp+-ne$le4 ,he exp]im5t$  on ! dip (  
compass-ne$les plac$ at diff]5t po9ts   
ov] 8  t]rella1 & evolv$ a !ory on !    
proportion :i* he conceiv$ to  exi/     
betwe5 ! latitude & ! dip4 ,argu+ f all 
too imp]fect  data1 he prop\nd$ ! view t
 ! dip 0 ! same 9 any giv5  latitude2 & 
propos$ t seam5 %\ld asc]ta9 _!         
latitudes  by simply obs]v+ ! dip4 ,he 0
 aw>e t local irregul>ities  might      
occur1 z !y d 9 ! decl9ation2 b 0 n     
det]r$ by  ?is k f prop\nd+ 8 !ory ) mu*
 circum/ance  & consid]able geometrical 
skill4 ,aft] ! publication ( 8  book he 
develop$ ! !ory /ill fur!r & gave x to  
,blundevile  = publication4 ,at         
,gilb]t's sugge/ion ,briggs ( ,gre%am   
,college  calculat$ out a table ( dip & 
latitude4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 soon f\nd  t !   
facts deviat$ m or less widely f ! !ory4
 ,fur!r  obs]vations 9 o!r l&s %[$ !    
me?od to be impracticable2 &  ,gilb]t's 
hope to give to ! m>9] a magnetic       
measure ( latitude  rema9$ unfulfill$4  
,book #e closes ) an eloqu5t passage 9  

:i*  ,gilb]t affirm$ ! neo-,platonic    
doctr9e ( ! animate nature (  ! univ]se1
 & ass]t$ t ,?ales 0 "r :5 he held 7z   
,ari/otle relates 9 ! ,de ,anima7 t !   
load/one 0 animate1  be+ "p ( & inde$ ! 
*oice (fspr+ ( its animate "m !  e>?4   
,book #f1 z already m5tion$1 is devot$  
to ,cop]nican ideas1  & conta9s         
,gilb]t's "o contribution to ! sci5ce ( 
,a/ronomy1 9  8 rem>k t ! fix$ />s      
7previ\sly reg>d$ z fix$ 9 !  eigh? ( ! 
cele/ial sph]es at "o common di/ance f !
 c5tral  e>?7 7 9 reality set 9 ! heav5s
 at v>i\s di/ances f !  e>?4    ,f ?is  
brief analysis x w be se5 t ,gilb]t's   
claims to  em95ce re/ n ^u any p>ticul> 
discov]y or inv5tion1 b ^u  8 hav+ built
 up a :ole exp]im5tal magnetic          
philosophy on a truly  sci5tific basis1 
9 place ( ! vague & wild speculations   
:i*  _h previ\sly be5 accept$4 ,by 8    
magnific5t g5]alization f  ! small scale
 models to ! globe itself1 support$ f   
po9t to  po9t by exp]im5tal rese>*es1 he
 creat$ ! sci5ce ( t]re/rial  magnetism4

 ,if f ! imp]fection ( ! data at 8      
disposal he  fell into sundry errors (  
detail1 he yet f\nd$ ! me?od (          
philosophiz+ by :i* ^? errors 7 9 due "t
 correct$4 ,& if  = no?+ else ?an 8     
ma/]ly v9dication ( sci5tific me?od1  & 
8 rescue ( ! subject ( magnetism f !    
p$antry &  *>latanry into :i* 9 ! prec$+
 ages x _h laps$1 8 memory  mu/ be held 
9 high hon\r4    ,alas t ( ! p]sonality 
( s great a man s little %\ld be  kn[n4 
,a brief b *>act]i/ic biography ( him is
 en%r9$ by old  ,full] 9 8 ,wor?ies4 ,! 
poet ,dryd51 & ! epigrammati/ ,ow51     
celebrat$ him 9 /ill brief] v]se4 ,8    
portrait1 :i* hung =  nigh two hundr$   
ye>s 9 ! ,s*ools ,gall]y1 at ,ox=d1     
disappe>$ a  c5tury ago1 leav+ only a   
poor engrav+ to p]petuate 8 s*ol>ly     
c\nt5ance4 ,d\btless he is "o ( ! f\r   
physicians depict$  by ! p5cil ( ,camd5 
9 8 fam\s c>toon 7n[ 9 ! ,briti%        
,museum71 z walk+ 9 ! fun]al procession 
( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,(  8 h&writ+ n a    
ve/ige 0 kn[n until ab\t five ye>s ago1 

:5 a signature 0 une>!d 9 ! ,record     
,(fice4 ,subsequ5tly f\r  signatures 7  
f\nd 9 ! books ( ,/4 ,john's ,college2 &
 rec5tly  !re has come to light a volume
 ( ,ari/otle be>+ ,gilb]t's own  m>g9al 
notes4 ,8 w lies at ,som]set ,h\se1 b x 
is only a copy4  ,( 8 f9e collection (  
m9]als & load/ones1 :i* ) 8 maps1       
books1 manuscripts1 & correspond5ce )   
,s>pi & ,sagr$o &  o!rs1 he bequea!d to 
! ,college ( ,physicians1 no?+ rema9s3  
!y p]i%t 9 ! ,great ,fire ( ,london4 ,9 
a quiet corn] ( ! ,city  ( ,col*e/] /&s 
! qua9t old h\se :]e he liv$1 & :]e1    
accord+ to local tradition1 he once     
receiv$ ! ,que54 ,& h>d by  x is ! *ur* 
( ,holy ,tr9ity1 9 :i* a mural tablet   
records 8  virtues & m>ks 8 la/ re/+    
place4 ,b 8 true monum5t is  ! immortal 
treatise 9 :i* he laid ! f\ndations (   
t]re/rial  magnetism & ( ! exp]im5tal   
sci5ce ( electricity4    ,to ! names ( !
 m5 :o made great ! age ( ,que5         
,elizabe?1 :o  add$ lu/re to ! ,engl&   
ov] :i* %e rul$1 & made x fam\s  9 =eign

 discov]y1 9 sea-craft1 9 lit]ature1 9  
poetry1 & 9  drama1 mu/ be jo9$ t ( !   
man :o equally add$ lu/re 9  sci5ce1    
,doctor ,william ,gilb]t4       ,?is    
disc\rse on ,william ,gilb]t & t]re/rial
 magnetism     9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 
0 deliv]$ by ,silvanus       ,p4        
,?ompson at ! meet+ ( ! ,royal          
,geographical          ,society on ,m>* 
tw5ty-?ird ,,mdcccciii on !             
occasion ( ! t]c5t5>y ( ! dea? (        
,que5 ,elizabe?1 & is n[ pr9t$          
by ,*>les ,:itt+ham                     
& ,company at !                         
,*iswick ,press4    ,illu/ration        
,transcrib]'s note3 ,! orig9al book us$ 
! long s1 :i* has be5  *ang$ to ! mod]n 
s "h4 ,o!r ar*aic spell+s h n be5       
*ang$4    ,! illu/rations are small     
decorations4