,,!ism ,,be+ ,! ,baird ,lecture = #ahgf ,,by ,,rob]t ,,fl9t1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,div9ity ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,ed9burgh ,,au?or ,,( ',,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,europe1' ,,etc4 ,,william ,,blackwood ,,& ,,sons ,,ed9burgh ,,& ,,london ,,mdccclxxvii ,,prefatory ,,note4 ,! ,lectures 9 ?is volume h be5 deliv]$ 9 ,glasg[1 ,/ ,&rews1 & ,ed9burgh1 9 connection ) ! ,lecture%ip f\nd$ by ! late ,mr ,james ,baird ( ,au*m$d5 & ,cambusdoon4 ,!y w be foll[$ by a volume on ,anti-!i/ic ,!ories1 conta9+ ! ,baird ,lectures = #ahgg4 ,! au?or has to ?ank ! ,baird ,tru/ees = hav+ twice appo9t$ him ,lectur]1 & = mu* indulg5ce ext5d$ to him dur+ 8 t5ure ( (fice4 ,8 special ?anks are due to ,james ,a4 ,campbell1 ,esq41 ,,ll4,d41 ( ,/raca?ro1 = k9dly revis+ ! %eets ( ?is volume1 & = sugge/+ _m corrections & improvem5ts4 ,,john/one ,,lodge1 ,,craigmill> ,,p>k1 ,,ed9burgh1 #bb;d ,augu/ #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,lect4 ,,page ,i4 ,,issues ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,"q ,,to ,,be ,,discuss$--,,:5ce ,,& ,,h[ ,,we ,,get ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god1 #a ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,idea ,,( ,,religion--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,poly!ism ,,& ,,pan!ism ,,) ,,!ism--,,! ,,?ree ,,great ,,!i/ic ,,religions ,,comp>$--,,no ,,religi\s ,,progress ,,beyond ,,!ism1 #cj ,,iii4 ,,! ,,nature1 ,,conditions1 ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,!i/ic ,,pro(1 #ei ,,iv4 ,,nature ,,is ,,b ,,! ,,"n ,,= ,,an ,,effect ,,^: ,,cause ,,is ,,god1 #if ,v4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,ord]1 #aca ,,vi4 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,ord] ,,exam9$1 #afi ,,vii4 ,,moral ,,argum5t--,,te/imony ,,( ,,consci5ce ,,& ,,hi/ory1 #baj ,,viii4 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,div9e ,,wisdom1 ,,b5evol5ce1 ,,& ,,ju/ice1 #bcc ,,ix4 ,a ,,priori ,,!i/ic ,,pro(1 #bfd ,x4 ,,m]e ,,!ism ,,insuffici5t1 #cjb ,,app5dix4 ,,note ,,page ,i4 ,,natural ,,& ,,reveal$ ,,religion1 #cbc ,,ii4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,religion ,,on ,,morality1 #cbi ,,iii4 ,,e?ics ,,( ,,religi\s ,,inquiry1 #cce ,,iv4 ,,traditive ,,!ory ,,( ,,religion1 #cch ,v4 ,,normal ,,developm5t ,,( ,,society1 #cdj ,,vi4 ,,def9ition ,,& ,,classification ,,by ,,! ,,highe/ ,,type1 #cdb ,,vii4 ,,psy*ological ,,nature ,,( ,,religion1 #cdc ,,viii4 ,,argum5t ,e ,,cons5su ,,g5tium1 #cdh ,,ix4 ,,! ,,!i/ic ,,evid5ce ,,complex ,,& ,,compreh5sive1 #cej ,x4 ,,intuition1 ,,feel+1 ,,belief1 ,,& ,,k ,,9 ,,religion1 #cee ,,xi4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,inf]5ce ,,f ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,en]gy1 #cei ,,xii4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,tiological ,,argum5t1 #cfd ,,xiii4 ,,ma!matics ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t1 #cfg ,,xiv4 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t1 #cfi ,,xv4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t1 #cgc ,,xvi4 ,,geology1 ,,geography1 ,,etc41 ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t1 #cge ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,organic ,,k+dom ,,& ,,design1 #cgh ,,xviii4 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,design ,,9 ,,organisms1 #chj ,,xix4 ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,design1 #chc ,,xx4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,design1 #chf ,,xxi4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,teleological ,,argum5t1 #chg ,,xxii4 ,,creation ,,& ,,evolution1 #cij ,,xxiii4 ,,!ological ,,inf]5ces ,,f ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,spontane\s ,,g5]ation1 #cid ,,xxiv4 ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,paley1 #cif ,,xxv4 ,,kant',s ,,moral ,,argum5t1 #cig ,,xxvi4 ,,dr ,,s*5kel',s ,,view ,,( ,,consci5ce ,,z ,,! ,,organ ,,( ,,religion1 #djj ,,xxvii4 ,,*alm]s ,,& ,,ersk9e ,,on ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,consci5ce1 #dja ,,xxviii4 ,,associationi/ ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,consci5ce1 #djc ,,xxix4 ,,*alm]s ,,& ,,ba9 ,,on ,,! ,,pleasure ,,( ,,malevol5ce1 #djc ,,xxx4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,pro(1 #djf ,,xxxi4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,! ,,physical ,,_w1 #dac ,,xxxii4 ,,no ,,be/ ,,possible ,,creat$ ,,sy/em1 #dag ,,xxxiii4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,! ,,organic ,,_w1 #dah ,,xxxiv4 ,,epicurean ,,dilemma1 #dbj ,,xxxv4 ,,god ,,& ,,duty1 #dbb ,,xxxvi4 ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,! ,,!i/ic ,,pro(s1 #dbc ,,xxxvii4 ,a ,,priori ,,pro( ,,n ,,pro( ,,f ,a ,,cause1 #dbd ,,xxxviii4 ,,"s ,a ,,priori ,,argum5ts1 #dbe ,,!ism4 ,,lecture ,i4 ,,issues ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,! ,,"q ,,to ,,be ,,discuss$--,,:5ce ,,& ,,h[ ,,we ,,get ,,! ,,idea ,,( ,,god4 ,i4 ,is belief 9 ,god a reasonable belief1 or is x n8 ,h we suffici5t evid5ce = ?9k+ t !re is a self-exi/5t1 et]nal ,be+1 inf9ite 9 p[] & wisdom1 & p]fect 9 hol9ess & goodness1 ! ,mak] ( heav5 & e>?1 or h we n8 ,is !ism true1 or is "s antagoni/ic1 "s anti-!i/ic !ory true8 ,?is is ! "q :i* we h to discuss & to answ]1 & x seems desirable to /ate briefly at ! outset :at issues are involv$ 9 answ]+ x4 ,obvi\sly1 ! /atem5t ( ^! issues mu/ n be s fram$ z to create prejudice = or aga9/ any p>ticul> answ]4 ,its only legitimate purpose is to help u to realise aright our true relation to ! "q4 ,we c nev] 9 any inve/igation see too e>ly or too cle>ly ! true & full significance1 ! g5]al & special be>+s1 ( ! "q we int5d to /udy2 b ! m important & s]i\s ! "q is1 ! m incumb5t on u is x n to prejudge :at mu/ be ! answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is obvi\s1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! inquiry be=e u is "o z to :e!r or n religion has any reasonable gr\nd1 any basis1 9 tru?2 & if s1 :at t gr\nd or basis is4 ,religion1 9 ord] to be reasonable1 mu/ re/ on k ( its object4 ,?is is n to say t x is exclusively k1 or t k is its "o ess5tial elem5t4 ,x is n to say t feel+ & w are n z important con/itu5ts 9 ! religi\s life z intellectual appreh5sion4 ,m]e k1 h[ev] cle>1 pr(\nd1 & compreh5sive x may be1 c nev] be religion4 ,!re c be no religion :]e feel+ & affection are n add$ to k4 ,!re c be no religion 9 any m9d devoid ( rev]5ce or love1 hope or fe>1 gratitude or desire--9 any m9d ^: ?9k+ is unt\*$1 uncol\r$1 un9spir$ by "s pi\s emotion4 ,& religion includes m ev5 ?an an appreh5sion ( ,god supplem5t$ by feel+--?an ! love or fe> ( ,god bas$ on k4 ,x is unrealis$ & incomplete s long z !re is no self-surr5d] ( ! s\l to ! object ( its k & affection--s long z ! w is unmov$1 ! "* & conduct unmodifi$4 ,! importance ( feel+ & w 9 religion is ?us 9 no respect que/ion$ or d5i$ :5 x is ma9ta9$ t religion _c be a reasonable process1 a heal?y condition ( m9d1 if con/itut$ by ei!r feel+ or volition sep>ate f k4 ,"s h repres5t$ x z consi/+ ess5tially 9 ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce1 o!rs 9 t ( love1 & o!rs 9 fe>2 b ^! are all feel+s :i* mu/ be elicit$ by k1 & :i* mu/ be proportional to k 9 e undisord]$ m9d4 ,we c nei!r love nor fe> :at we "k no?+ ab\t4 ,we _c love :at we d n ?9k wor?y ( love1 nor fe> unless we ?9k !re is reason = fe>4 ,we _c feel our dep5d5ce ^u :at we d n "k to exi/4 ,we _c feel tru/ful & confid+ dep5d5ce on :at we d n suppose to h a "* :i* m]its tru/ & confid5ce4 ,!n1 h[ev] true x may be t %ort ( ! action ( ! w 9 ! =m ( ! self-surr5d] ( ! s\l to ! object ( its wor%ip ! religi\s process is ess5tially imp]fect1 ?is self-surr5d] _c be indep5d5t ( reason & yet reasonable4 ,9 ord] to be a legitimate act x mu/ spr+ out ( good affections1--& ^! affections mu/ be enlight5$2 !y mu/ re/ on ! k ( an object wor?y ( !m1 & wor?y ( ! self-sacrifice to :i* !y prompt4 ,unless !re be su* an object1 & unless x c be kn[n1 all ! feel+ & will+ involv$ 9 religion mu/ be delusive--mu/ be ( a k9d :i* reason & duty comm& u to resi/ & suppress4 ,b religion is c]ta9ly a v l>ge ph5om5on4 ,x is practically coext5sive1 inde$1 ) human life & hi/ory4 ,x is d\btful if any p1 any age1 has be5 )\t "s religion4 ,& religion has n only 9 "s =m exi/$ almo/ :]ev] man has exi/$1 b its exi/5ce has to a great ext5t influ5c$ 8 :ole exi/5ce4 ,! religion ( a p col\rs its entire civilisation2 its action may be trac$ on indu/ry1 art1 lit]ature1 sci5ce1 & philosophy1 9 all _! /ages4 ,& ! "q :e!r !re is a ,god or n1 :e!r ,god c be kn[n or n1 is1 o!rwise put1 :e!r or n religi\s hi/ory1 & hi/ory s f> z influ5c$ by religion1 h _h any root 9 reason1 any gr\nd 9 fact4 ,if !re be no ,god1 or if x be impossible to "k :e!r !re be a ,god or n1 hi/ory1 to ! :ole ext5t ( its be+ religi\s & influ5c$ by religion1 mu/ h be5 unreasonable4 ,p]haps religion might /ill be conceiv$ (1 al?\gh x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld be s conceiv$ ( on consi/5t gr\nds1 z hav+ done "s good3 & "o religion might be reg>d$ z bett] ?an ano!r1 9 ! s5se ( do+ m good or less evil ?an ano!r2 b no religion c\ld be conceiv$ ( z true1 nor c\ld "o religion be conceiv$ ( z tru] ?an ano!r4 ,if !re be no ,god to "k1 or if ,god _c be kn[n1 religion is m]ely a delusion or m5tal disease--its hi/ory is m]ely ! hi/ory ( a delusion or disease1 & any sci5ce ( x possible is m]ely a "p ( m5tal pa?ology4 ,fur!r1 :e!r ,*ri/ianity be a reasonable cre$ or n obvi\sly dep5ds on :e!r or n c]ta9 beliefs reg>d+ ,god are reasonable4 ,if !re be no ,god1 if !re be m ,gods ?an "o1 if ,god be n ! ,creator & ,uphold] ( ! _w & ! ,fa!r ( our spirits1 if ,god be n inf9ite 9 be+ & p]fection1 9 p[]1 wisdom1 & hol9ess1 ,*ri/ianity _c possibly be a ?+ to be believ$4 ,x pr(esses to be a revelation f ,god1 & consequ5tly assumes t !re is a ,god4 ,x dem&s our fulle/ confid5ce1 on ! gr\nd ( be+ ,8 ^w2 & consequ5tly assumes t ,he is n a man t ,he %\ld lie1 b ,"o ^: ^w may be tru/$ to ! utt]mo/4 ,x pr(esses to be a law ( life1 & !re=e assumes ! hol9ess ( its au?or2 to be a plan ( salvation1 & !re=e presupposes ,8 love2 to be c]ta9 ( f9al triumph1 & s presupposes ,8 p[]4 ,x pres5ts itself to u z ! completion ( a progressive process ( positive revelation1 & !re=e presupposes a heav5ly ,fa!r1 ,judge1 & ,k+4 ,! books 9 :i* we h ! record ( ?is process--! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts--!re=e assume1 & c\ld n b assume1 t ,god is1 & t ,he is all-p[]ful1 p]fectly wise1 & p]fectly holy4 ,!y d n prove x1 b ref] u to ! _w & our own he>ts = ! means & mat]ials ( pro(4 ,!y may draw away f nature1 & f be=e ! eyes ( m51 a veil :i* cov]s & conceals ! pro(2 !y may be a record ( facts :i* p[]fully confirm & l>gely supplem5t :at pro( !re is 9 ! univ]se )\t & ! m9d )93 b !y mu/ necess>ily imply1 & d ev]y:]e imply1 t a real pro( exi/s !re4 ,if :at !y 9 ?is respect imply be untrue1 all t !y pr(ess to tell u ( ,god1 & z f ,god1 mu/ be reject$ by u1 if we are to judge & act z reasonable be+s4#a #a ,see ,app5dix ,i4 ,= all m51 !n1 :o h religi\s beliefs1 & especially = all m5 :o h ,*ri/ian beliefs1 ^! que/ions1 ,:at evid5ce is !re = ,god's exi/5ce8 &1 ,:at is kn[n ( ,8 nature8 are ( prim>y importance4 ,! answ]s giv5 to !m mu/ det]m9e :e!r religion & ,*ri/ianity ought to be receiv$ or reject$4 ,!re c be no use 9 discuss+ o!r religi\s que/ions s long z ^! fundam5tal que/ions h n be5 ?\ghtfully /udi$ & di/9ctly answ]$4 ,x is only ?r\gh _! inve/igation t we c e/abli% a "r to ent]ta9 any religi\s belief1 to *]i% any religi\s feel+1 to p]=m any religi\s act4 ,& ! result to :i* ! inve/igation leads u mu/ l>gely decide :at sort ( a religi\s !ory we %all hold1 & :at sort ( a religi\s life we %all lead4 ,almo/ all religi\s diff]5ces ( really s]i\s import may be trac$ back to diff]5ces 9 m5's ?\ghts ab\t ,god4 ,! idea ( ,god is ! g5]ative & regulative idea 9 e great religi\s sy/em & e great religi\s movem5t4 ,x is a true feel+ :i* has l$ to ! inclusion ( all religi\s doctr9es :atev] 9 a sci5ce :i* be>s ! "n ( !ology 7disc\rse ab\t ,god1 ,greek3 logos p]i t\ !\71 = :at is believ$ ab\t ,god det]m9es :at w be believ$ ab\t ev]y?+ else :i* is includ$ ei!r "u natural or reveal$ religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! second place1 ! moral issues dep5d+ on ! inquiry be=e u are mom5t\s4 ,an errone\s result mu/1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 be ( ! mo/ s]i\s "*4 ,if !re be no ,god1 ! cre$s & rites & precepts :i* h be5 impos$ on humanity 9 ,8 "n mu/ all be reg>d$ z a cruel & intol]able burd54 ,! indignation :i* a!i/s h s (t5 express$ at ! contemplation ( religi\s hi/ory is q intelligible--q natural2 = to !m x c only appe> z a long c\rse ( p]v]sion ( ! consci5ce & affections ( mank9d4 ,if religion be 9 its ess5ce1 & 9 all its =ms & phases1 false1 ! evils :i* h be5 associat$ ) x h be5 z mu* its legitimate effects z any good :i* c be ascrib$ to x2 & !re c be no w>rant = speak+ ( b5efits z its prop] effects1 or uses & mis*iefs z m]ely occasion$ by x1 or z its abuses4 ,if 9 itself false1 x mu/ be cr$it$ ) ! evil z well z ) ! good :i* has foll[$ x2 & all ! unpr(itable suff]+s & useless privations--all ! undef9$ t]rors & degrad+ rites--all ! corruptions ( moral s5tim5t1 factiti\s antipa?ies1 intol]ance1 & p]secution--all ! spiritual despotism ( ! few1 & ! spiritual abjectness ( ! _m--all ! av]sion to improvem5t & opposition to sci5ce1 c41 :i* are usually ref]r$ to false religion & to sup]/ition1--mu/ be attribut$ to religion 9 itself1 if !re be no di/9ction betwe5 true & false 9 religion--betwe5 religion & sup]/ition4 ,9 t case1 belief 9 ,god mu/ be reg>d$ z really ! root ( all ^! evils4 ,x is only if we c sep>ate betwe5 religi\s tru? & religi\s error--only if we c di/+ui% religion itself f ! p]v]sions ( religion--t we c possibly ma9ta9 t ! evils :i* h fl[$ f religi\s error1 f ! p]v]sions ( religion1 are n to be trac$ to ! religi\s pr9ciple itself4#b ,on ! o!r h&1 if !re be a ,god1 he :o d5ies ,8 exi/5ce1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 disc>ds all religi\s motives1 represses all religi\s s5tim5ts1 & despises all religi\s practices1 assur$ly goes morally f> a/ray4 ,if !re be a ,god--all-mighty1 all-wise1 & all-holy--! want ( belief 9 ,him mu/ be 9 all circum/ances a great moral mis=tune1 &1 :]ev] x arises f a want ( desire to "k ,him1 a s]i\s moral fault1 necess>ily involv+1 z x does1 indiff]5ce to "o :o des]ves ! highe/ love & deepe/ rev]5ce1 +ratitude to a b5efactor ^: b\nties h be5 unspeakable1 & ! neglect ( ^? habits ( tru/ & pray] by :i* m5 realise ! pres5ce ( inf9ite sympa?y & implore ! help ( inf9ite /r5g?4 ,if !re be a ,god1 ! virtue :i* takes no acc\nt ( ,him1 ev5 if x 7 o!rwise faultless1 mu/ be mo/ defective4 ,! p]=mance ( p]sonal & social duty c 9 t case no m comp5sate = ! want ( piety ?an ju/ice c excuse intemp]ance or b5evol5ce lic5ti\sness4 #b ,see ,app5dix ,,ii4 ,besides1 if ,god exi/--if piety1 !re=e1 ought also to exi/--x c sc>cely be suppos$ t p]sonal & social morality w n suff] :5 ! claims ( religion are unhe$$4 ,x has seem$ to "s t morality re/s on religion1 & _c exi/ ap>t f x4 ,& almo/ all :o believe t !re are religi\s tru?s :i* m51 z reasonable be+s1 are b\nd to accept1 w be f\nd ma9ta9+ t1 al?\gh morality may be indep5d5t ( religion = its m]e exi/5ce1 a morality unsupport$ by religion w\ld be insuffici5t to satisfy ! wants ( ! p]sonal & social life4 ,)\t religion1 !y ma9ta91 man w\ld n be able to resi/ ! temptations & support ! trials ( 8 lot1 & w\ld be cut (f f ! s\rce ( 8 l(tie/ ?\ghts1 8 ri*e/ & pure/ enjoym5ts1 & 8 mo/ h]oic de$s4 ,)\t x nations1 !y fur!r ma9ta91 w\ld be unprogressive1 selfi%1 diseas$1 corrupt1 unwor?y ( life1 incapable ( long life4 ,!y argue t !y f9d 9 human nature & 9 human hi/ory ! mo/ p[]ful reasons = ?9k+ ?us2 & s mu* dep5ds ^u :e!r !y are "r or wrong1 t !y are obvi\sly entitl$ to expect t ^! reasons1 & also ! gr\nds ( religi\s belief1 w be imp>tially & c>efully exam9$ & weigh$4 ,x w be d5i$1 inde$1 by no "o1 t religi\s belief influ5ces moral practice4 ,bo? reason & hi/ory make d\bt on ?is po9t impossible4 ,! convictions ( a man's he>t z to ! supreme object ( 8 rev]5ce1 & z to ! ways 9 :i* he ought to %[ 8 rev]5ce !re(1 necess>ily affect = good or ill 8 entire m9d & conduct4 ,! :ole moral life takes a diff]5t col\r accord+ to ! religi\s light :i* falls ^u x4 ,z ! valley ( ! ,rhone pres5ts a diff]5t aspect :5 se5 f a summit ( ! ,jura & f a peak ( ! ,alps1 s ! c\rse ( human exi/5ce appe>s v diff]5t :5 look$ at f diff]5t spiritual po9ts ( view4 ,a!ism1 poly!ism1 pan!ism1 !ism1 _c reg>d life & dea? 9 ! same way1 & _c solve 9 ! same way ! problems :i* !y pres5t to ! intellect & ! he>t4 ,^! diff]5t !ories naturally--yea1 necess>ily--yield diff]5t moral results4 ,n[1 d\bt may be ent]ta9$ z to :e!r or n we c legitimately employ ! maxim1 ,by _! fruits ye %all "k !m1 9 attempt+ to asc]ta9 ! tru? or falsity ( a !ory4 ,! endeav\r to support religion by appeal+ to its utility has be5 d5\nc$ z moral brib]y & subornation ( ! und]/&+4#c ,b no man1 ,i ?9k1 h[ev] scrupul\s or exact+1 c d\bt t :5 "o !ory be>s diff]5t moral & social fruits ?an ano!r1 t fact is a valid & weighty reason = inquir+ v c>efully :i* ( !m is true & :i* false4 ,he :o believes1 = example1 t !re is a ,god1 & he :o believes t !re is no be+ 9 ! univ]se high] ?an himself--he :o believes t mat]ial =ce is ! s\rce ( all ?+s1 & he :o believes t nature orig9at$ 9 an intellig5t1 holy1 & lov+ ,w1--mu/ look ^u ! _w1 ^u hi/ory1 & ^u !mselves s v diff]5tly--mu/ ?9k1 feel1 & act s v diff]5tly--t = e man x mu/ be ( supreme importance to "k :i* ( ^! beliefs he is b\nd 9 reason to accept & :i* to reject4 #c ,by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 9 ! v essay 9 :i* he assail$ religion by try+ to %[ t ! _w _h outgr[n ! ne$ ( x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!n1 9 ! ?ird place1 ! prim>y "q 9 religion is imm$iately & insep>ably connect$ ) ! ultimate "q ( sci5ce4 ,does ! _w expla9 itself1 or does x lead ! m9d above & beyond itself8 ,sci5ce _c b sugge/ ?is "q2 religion is an answ] to x4 ,:5 ! ph5om5a ( ! _w h be5 classifi$1 ! connections betwe5 !m trac$1 _! laws asc]ta9$1 sci5ce may1 probably en\gh1 h accompli%$ all t x und]takes--all t x c p]=m2 b is x c]ta9 t ! m9d c asc5d no fur!r8 ,mu/ x re/ 9 ! recognition ( ord]1 = example1 & reject ! ?\ght ( an intellig5ce 9 :i* t ord] has its s\rce8 ,or1 is ?is n to repres5t e sci5ce z lead+ u into a d>kness f> great] ?an any f :i* x has deliv]$ u8 ,grant+ t no religi\s !ory ( ! _w c be accept$ :i* contradicts ! results e/abli%$ by ! sci5ces1 are we n free to ask1 & ev5 b\nd to ask--,d ^! results n1 bo? sep>ately & collectively1 imply a religi\s !ory ( ! _w1 & ! p>ticul> religi\s !ory1 x may be1 :i* is call$ !ism8 ,are ^! results n ! expressions ( a unity & ord] 9 ! _w :i* c only be expla9$ on ! supposition t mat]ial nature1 organic exi/5ces1 ! m9d & he>t ( man1 society & its hi/ory1 h orig9at$ 9 a p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness n _! own1 :i* /ill upholds !m1 & works 9 & ?r\gh !m8 ,! "q is "o :i* may be answ]$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & to :i* ! answ] may be t x _c be answ]$2 b be ! answ] t or ano!r--be ! answ] :at x may--obvi\sly ! "q itself is a great "o1--a great] ?an any sci5ce has ev] answ]$--"o :i* all sci5ce raises1 & 9 ! answ]+ ( :i* all sci5ce is deeply int]e/$4 ,no sci5tific man c be cr$it$ ) mu* insight :o does n p]ceive t religi\s !ory has an intimate & influ5tial be>+ on sci5ce4 ,!re are religi\s !ories ) :i* sci5ce _c consi/5tly coexi/ at all4 ,:]e feti*ism or poly!ism prevails1 y _c h sci5ce ) its pursuit ( g5]al laws4 ,a duali/ic religion mu/1 ) all ! /r5g? x possesses1 oppose sci5ce 9 ! accompli%m5t ( its task--! pro( ( unity & univ]sal ord]4 ,ev5 :5 ! conception ( ,"o ,creative ,be+ is rea*$1 !re are ways ( ?9k+ ( ,8 "* & ag5cy :i* sci5ce mu/ *all5ge1 s9ce !y imp]il its life & ret>d its progress4 ,! m$ieval belief 9 miracles & ! mod]n belief 9 law _c be held by ! same m9d1 & /ill less by ! same society4 ,we h no reason1 h[ev]1 to compla9 at pres5t t our sci5tific m5 are1 z a class1 want+ 9 ! insight ref]r$ to1 or t ! tru? j indicat$ is imp]fectly realis$ by !m4 ,p]haps su* compla9t 0 nev] less applicable4 ,x is n long s9ce x 0 ! fa%ion among m5 ( sci5ce to avoid all ref]5ce to religion--to treat religi\s !ory & sci5tific !ory z entirely sep>ate & unconnect$4 ,!y ei!r c>$ n or d>$ n to indicate h[ _! sci5tific f9d+s 7 rationally relat$ to curr5t religi\s beliefs4 ,b )9 ! la/ few ye>s !re has be5 a rem>kable *ange 9 ?is respect4 ,! attitude ( indiff]5ce =m]ly assum$ by s _m ( ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce t[>ds religion has be5 v g5]ally ex*ang$ = "o ( aggression or def5ce4 ,! numb] ( !m :o seem to ?9k !mselves b\nd to publi% to ! _w confessions ( _! fai?1 decl>ations ( ! religi\s conclusions to :i* _! sci5tific rese>*es h l$ !m1 is great1 p]haps1 beyond example 9 any age4 ,!y are manife/+ unmi/akably ! mo/ s]i\s int]e/ 9 ! inquiry into ! f\ndation ( religion1 & into ! relation%ip ( religion to sci5ce4 ,! *ange is c]ta9ly "o = ! bett]4 ,x is n :olly good only because sci5tific m5 9 _! excursions into ! doma9 ( religion are too frequ5tly *>geable ) a "o-sid$ness ( view & /atem5t :i* _! sci5tific education might h be5 hop$ to make impossible--only because !y too seldom give to religi\s tru?s ! pati5t & imp>tial consid]ation to :i* ^! are entitl$4 ,b mo/ des]v+ ( welcome is e evid5ce on _! "p ( ! conviction t :5 sci5ce goes deep en\gh x _c b raise ! que/ions to :i* religion pr(esses to be an answ]2 s t ! m9d1 in/ead ( gett+ free f religi\s reflection by advanc+ 9 sci5tific inquiry1 f9ds su* reflection only ! m incumb5t on x ! f>!r x advances--a conviction :i* falls %ort (1 inde$1 b is closely alli$ to1 ! belief s aptly express$ by ,"l ,bacon1 t :ile a slight ta/e ( philosophy may dispose ! m9d to indiff]5ce to religion1 deep] draughts mu/ br+ x back to x2 t :ile on ! ?re%old ( philosophy1 :]e second causes appe> to absorb ! att5tion1 "s oblivion ( ! highe/ cause may ensue1 :5 ! m9d p5etrates deep]1 & sees ! dep5d5ce ( causes & ! works ( ,provid5ce1 x w easily p]ceive1 accord+ to ! my?ology ( ! poets1 t ! upp] l9k ( nature's *a9 is fa/5$ to ,jupit]'s ?rone4 ,m5 ( sci5ce are simply ex]cis+ a "r to :i* !y are fully entitl$ :5 !y judge ( religion by :at !y f9d to be asc]ta9$ 9 sci5ce2 & no class ( m5 is m likely ?an !y are to op5 up ! way to po9ts ( view :5ce religi\s tru? w be se5 ) a cle>ness & compreh5siv5ess great] ?an any to :i* pr(essional !ologians c\ld hope ( !mselves to atta94 ,he c be no wise !ologian :o does n p]ceive t to a l>ge ext5t he is dep5d5t on ! rese>*es ( m5 ( sci5ce = 8 data1 & :o1 firm 9 ! fai? t ,god w nev] be disgrac$ by ,8 works1 is n ready to accept all t is truly discov]$ ab\t ^! works1 9 ord] to und]/& !reby ,god's "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! greate/ issues1 !n1 are involv$ 9 ! inve/igation on :i* we ent]4 ,c we ?9k :at ^! are1 or reflect on _! greatness1 )\t draw+ ?is inf]5ce1 t we ought1 9 conduct+ x1 to h no o!r end be=e u ?an t ( seek+1 accept+1 & communicat+ ! tru?8 ,?is is "h s important t ev]y?+ beside x mu/ be insignificant & unwor?y4 ,any polemical triumphs :i* c\ld be ga9$ ei!r by logical or rhetorical artifices w\ld be unspeakably paltry4 ,no?+ c be appropriate 9 s s]i\s a discussion b to /ate z accurately z we c ! reasons = our own belief 9 !ism1 & to exam9e z c>efully & imp>tially z we c ! objections ( ^? :o reject t belief1 & _! reasons = hold+ an opposite belief4 ,x c only d u h>m to ov]rate ! wor? ( our own convictions & argum5ts1 or to und]rate ! wor? ( ^? ( o!rs4 ,we mu/ n d>e to c>ry into ! discussion ! _s ( m5 :o feel t !y h a case to advocate at all haz>ds4 ,we mu/ n try to conceal a weakness 9 our argum5tation by say+ h>d ?+s ( ^? :o endeav\r to po9t x out4 ,!re is no d\bt t "* has an influ5ce on cre$--t ! /ate ( a man's feel+s det]m9es to a consid]able ext5t ! nature ( 8 beliefs--t badness ( he>t is (t5 ! cause ( p]v]sity ( judgm5t2 b we h no "r to beg9 any argum5t by assum+ t ?is tru? has its bright side--its side ( promise--turn$ t[>ds u1 & its d>k & ?reat5+ side turn$ t[>ds ^? :o diff] f u4 ,if we c beg9 by assum+ our oppon5ts to be wick$1 :y %\ld we n assume !m at once to be wrong1 & s sp>e ourselves ! tr\ble ( argu+ ) !m8 ,x w be bett] to beg9 by assum+ only :at no "o w "q--namely1 t x is a duty to d to o!rs z we w\ld h o!rs d to u4 ,:5 a man errs1 x is a k9dness to %[ him 8 error--& ! great] ! error1 ! great] ! k9dness2 b error is s mu* its own puni%m5t to e +5u\s nature1 t to conv9ce a p]son ( x is all t "o fallible p]son ought to d to ano!r4 ,! sc(f & ! sne] are out ( place 9 all s]i\s discussion2 especially are !y out ( place :5 our m9ds are occupi$ ) ?\ghts ( ,him :o1 if ,he exi/1 is ! ,fa!r & ,judge ( u all1 :o alone possesses ! full tru?1 & :o has made u t we might love "o ano!r4#d #d ,see ,app5dix ,,iii4 ,,ii4 ,!ism is ! doctr9e t ! univ]se owes its exi/5ce1 & cont9uance 9 exi/5ce1 to ! reason & w ( a self-exi/5t ,be+1 :o is inf9itely p[]ful1 wise1 & good4 ,x is ! doctr9e t nature has a ,creator & ,pres]v]1 ! nations a ,gov]nor1 m5 a heav5ly ,fa!r & ,judge4 ,x is a doctr9e :i* has a long hi/ory beh9d x1 & x is desirable t we %\ld und]/& h[ we are relat$ to t hi/ory4 ,!ism is v f> f coext5sive ) religion4 ,religion is spread ov] ! :ole e>?2 !ism only ov] a comp>atively small portion ( x4 ,!re are b ?ree !i/ic religions--! ,mosaic1 ! ,*ri/ian1 & ! ,mohamm$an4 ,!y are connect$ hi/orically 9 ! close/ mann]--! idea ( ,god hav+ be5 transmitt$ to ! two latt]1 & n indep5d5tly orig9at$ by !m4 ,all o!r religions are poly!i/ic or pan!i/ic1 or bo? toge!r4 ,among ^? :o h be5 educat$ 9 any ( ^! hea!n religions1 only a few m9ds ( r>e p5etration & p[] h be5 able to rise by _! own ex]tions to a consi/5t !i/ic belief4 ,! ,god ( all ^? among u :o believe 9 ,god1 ev5 ( ^? :o reject ,*ri/ianity1 :o reject all revelation1 is ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob4 ,f ^! anci5t ,jewi% fa!rs ! k ( ,him has hi/orically desc5d$ ?r\gh an unbrok5 succession ( g5]ations to u4 ,we h inh]it$ x f !m4 ,if x _h n ?us come d[n to u1 if we _h n be5 born into a society p]vad$ by x1 !re is no reason to suppose t we %\ld h f\nd x out = ourselves1 & /ill less t we %\ld m]ely h requir$ to op5 our eyes 9 ord] to see x4 ,r\sseau only %[$ h[ imp]fectly he realis$ ! dep5d5ce ( man on man1 & ! ext5t to :i* tradition ent]s into all our ?9k+1 :5 he pret5d$ t a human be+ born on a des]t isl&1 & :o _h gr[n up )\t any acqua9tance ) o!r be+s1 w\ld naturally1 & )\t assi/ance1 rise to ! appreh5sion ( ?is great ?\ght4 ,! ,koran well expresses a view :i* has be5 widely held :5 x says1 ,e *ild is born into ! religion ( nature2 its p>5ts make x a ,jew1 a ,*ri/ian1 or a ,magian4 ,! view is1 h[ev]1 n a true "o4 ,a *ild is born1 n into ! religion ( nature1 b into blank ignorance2 &1 left entirely to itself1 x w\ld probably nev] f9d out z mu* religi\s tru? z ! mo/ ignorant ( p>5ts c tea* x4 ,x is d\btless bett] to be born into ! mo/ b>b>\s pagan society ?an x w\ld be to be born on a des]t isl& & ab&on$ to f9d out a religion = "o's self4 ,! individual man left to himself is v weak4 ,he is /rong only :5 he c avail himself ( ! /r5g? ( _m o!rs1 ( ! /ores ( p[] accumulat$ by g5]ations ( 8 pr$ecessors1 or ( ! comb9$ =ces ( a multitude ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,! greate/ m5 h a*iev$ :at !y h done only because !y h _h ! faculty & skill to utilise res\rces va/ly great] ?an _! own4 ,no?+ rea*es f> =w>d into ! future :i* does n /ret* f> back into ! pa/4 ,be=e a trag$y l ',hamlet1' = example1 c\ld be writt51 x 0 requisite t humanity %\ld h pass$ ?r\gh ages ( moral discipl9e1 & %\ld be 9 possession ( va/ & subtle conceptions su* z c\ld only be ! gr[? ( c5turies1 ( ! appropriate language at ! appropriate epo* ( its developm5t1 & ( a noble /yle ( lit]>y workman%ip4 ,we all[ ourselves1 says ,mr ,fr\de1 to ?9k ( ,%akespe>e1 or ( ,raphael1 or ( ,phidias z hav+ accompli%$ _! "w by ! p[] ( _! individual g5ius2 b greatness l !irs is nev] m ?an ! highe/ degree ( p]fection :i* prevails widely ar\nd x1 & =ms ! environm5t 9 :i* x gr[s4 ,no su* s+le m9d 9 s+le contact ) ! facts ( nature c\ld h creat$ a ,pallas1 a ,madonna1 or a ,le>4 ,:at ! hi/orian has ?us said z to art is equally true ( all o!r =ms ( ?9k+ & do+4 ,x is c]ta9ly true ( religi\s ?\ght1 :i* has nev] ris5 )\t mu* help to ! sublime conception ( "o ,god4 ,x is1 9 fact1 an indisputable hi/orical tru? t we owe our !ism 9 great "p to our ,*ri/ianity1--t natural religion has _h no real exi/5ce prior to or ap>t f :at has claim$ to be reveal$ religion--& t ! indep5d5ce :i* x n[ assumes is t ( "o :o has gr[n a%am$ ( 8 orig94 ,x does n 9 ! lea/ foll[ t we are to reg>d !ism z m]ely or ev5 ma9ly a tradition--z a doctr9e receiv$ simply on au?ority1 & transmitt$ f age to age1 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 )\t inve/igation1 )\t reflection4 ,x does n foll[ t x is n a tru? ! evid5ce ( :i* has be5 se5 9 "s measure by e g5]ation :i* has accept$ x1 & into ! dep? & compreh5siv5ess & reasonabl5ess ( :i* humanity has obta9$ a con/antly-gr[+ insight4 ,!re h1 x is true1 be5 a consid]able numb] ( !ologians :o h trac$ all religi\s beliefs to revelation1 & :o h assign$ to reason m]ely ! function ( passively accept+1 reta9+1 & transmitt+ !m4 ,!y h conceiv$ ( ! fir/ man z receiv+ ! k ( ,god by s5sible conv]se ) ,him1 & ( ! k ?us receiv$ z transmitt$1 ) ! confirmation ( successive manife/ations1 to ! e>ly ance/ors ( all nations4 ,! v>i\s notions ( ,god & a future /ate to be f\nd 9 hea!n c\ntries are1 accord+ to !m1 brok5 & scatt]$ rays ( ^! revelations2 & all ! religi\s rites ( pray]1 purification1 & sacrifice :i* prevail among savage peoples1 are fa9t & feeble relics ( a primitive wor%ip due to div9e in/itution4 ,?is view 0 natural en\gh 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* & 9 m$ieval times1 :5 ! ,new ,_w 0 undiscov]$ & a v small "p ( ei!r ,asia or ,africa 0 kn[n4 ,x 0 consonant also to ! g5]al e/imate ( tradition z a means ( transmitt+ tru?1 ent]ta9$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 b x is n consi/5t ) ! ,prote/ant rejection ( tradition1 & x is :olly unt5able 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! geography1 e?nology1 comp>ative my?ology1 c41 ( ! pres5t day4 ,a man :o %\ld ?us acc\nt = ! ph5om5a ( ! religi\s hi/ory ( hea!n humanity mu/ be n[ z f> beh9d ! sci5tific k ( 8 age reg>d+ ! subject on :i* he !orises1 z a man :o %\ld /ill ascribe1 despite all geological pro(s to ! contr>y1 ! occurr5ce ( fossils 9 ! ,silurian b$s to ! action ( ! ,noa*ian deluge4#e #e ,see ,app5dix ,,iv4 ,!ism has come to u ma9ly ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ,*ri/ianity itself re/s on !ism2 x presupposes !ism4 ,x c\ld only manife/1 e/abli%1 & diffuse itself 9 s f> z !ism 0 appreh5d$4 ,! belief t !re is "o ,god1 inf9ite 9 p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 has c]ta9ly n be5 wr\ght out by ea* "o ( u = himself1 b has be5 pass$ on f man to man1 f p>5t to *ild3 tradition1 education1 common cons5t1 ! social m$ium1 h ex]t$ great influ5ce 9 det]m9+ its acceptance & preval5ce2 b we h no "r to conceive ( !m z exclud+ ! ex]cise ( reason & reflection4 ,we "k hi/orically t reason & reflection h n be5 exclud$ f ! developm5t ( !i/ic belief1 b h be5 con/antly pres5t & active !re92 t by ! use ( 8 reason man has 9 "s c\ntries gradually ris5 to a belief 9 "o ,god2 & t :]e ?is belief exi/$1 he has1 by ! use ( 8 reason1 be5 cont9u\sly alt]+1 &1 x may be hop$1 ext5d+ & improv+ 8 views ( ,god's nature & op]ations4 ,we "k t 9 ,greece1 = example1 ! hi/ory ( religion 0 n a m]ely passive & traditional process4 ,we "k z a hi/orical fact t reason !re und]m9$ ! poly!ism :i* fl\ri%$ :5 ,hom] sang2 t x discov]$ ! *ief !i/ic pro(s /ill employ$1 & atta9$ 9 _m m9ds ne>ly ! same belief 9 ,god :i* n[ prevails4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! anci5t classical _w is insuffici5t to prove t a purely rational philosophy c e/abli% !ism z ! cre$ ( a nation2 b x is amply suffici5t to prove t x c de/roy poly!ism1 & f9d out all ! pr9cipal argum5ts = !ism4 ,we "k1 fur!r1 t 9 no age ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* has reason entirely neglect$ to occupy itself 9 seek+ ! gr\nds on :i* ! belief ( ,god c be re/$4 ,we "k t reason is c]ta9ly n decl9+ t lab\r 9 ! pres5t day4 ,! !i/ic belief1 al?\gh common to ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w1 is "o :i* e individual m9d may /udy = itself1 :i* no "o is ask$ to accept )\t pro(1 & :i* multitudes h d\btless accept$ only aft] c>eful consid]ation4 ,x comes to u s f> traditionally1 b n ne>ly s mu* s z belief 9 ! law ( gravitation4 ,= e "o :o has exam9$ ! evid5ces = belief 9 ! law ( gravitation1 ?\s&s on ?\s&s h exam9$ ! evid5ces = ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,tradition1 !n1 does n necess>ily exclude private judgm5t1 & private judgm5t does n necess>ily imply ! rejection ( tradition--t is1 ( transmitt$ belief4 ,! "o does n ev5 necess>ily conf9e or re/rict ! activity ( ! o!r4 ,!y are s f> f be+ ess5tially antagoni/ic1 t !y may co-op]ate1 may support & help ea* o!r2 nay1 !y mu/ d1 if religi\s developm5t is to be natural1 easy1 peaceful1 & regul>4 ,?is is b say+ 9 ano!r =m t religi\s developm5t1 :5 true & normal1 mu/ comb9e & h>monise cons]vatism & progress4 ,all developm5t mu/ d t1 or x w be ( an imp]fect & injuri\s k9d4 ,9 nature ! rule ( developm5t is nei!r revolution nor reaction1 b evolution--a process :i* is at once cons]vative & progressive1 :i* br+s ! new out ( ! old by ! cont9u\s gr[? & elaboration ( ! g]ms ( life into organic complet5ess4 ,all t is ess5tial 9 ! old is reta9$ & p]fect$1 :ile ! =m is alt]$ to accord ) new circum/ances & to respond to new wants4 ,x %\ld n be o!rwise 9 ! moral & social worlds4 ,! only true progress !re1 also1 is t cont9u\s & consi/5t developm5t :i* c only be secur$ ?r\gh true cons]vatism--?r\gh reta9+1 apply+1 & utilis+ :atev] tru? & goodness ! pa/ has br\ght d[n to ! pres5t2 & ! only true cons]vatism is t :i* secures aga9/ /agnation & dea? by cont9u\s progress4 ,!re=e x is t1 alike 9 matt]s ( civil polity1 ( sci5tific rese>*1 & ( religi\s life1 wisdom lies 9 comb9+ ! cons]vative ) ! progressive _s1 ! pr9ciple ( au?ority ) ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty1 due respect to ! collective reason 9 hi/ory ) due respect to ! rights ( ! individual reason4 ,! man :o has n humility en\gh to feel t he is b "o among ! liv+ millions ( m51 & t 8 :ole g5]ation is b a s+le l9k 9 ! great *a9 ( ! human race--:o is arrogant en\gh to fancy t wisdom on any great human int]e/ has begun ) himself1 & t he may consequ5tly beg9 hi/ory = himself1--! man :o is n cons]vative to ! ext5t ( possess+ ?is humility1 & %r9k+ f ?is arrogance1 is no truly free man1 b ! slave ( 8 own vanity1 & ! inh]itance :i* 8 fa!rs h left him w be little increas$ by him4 ,! man1 on ! o!r h&1 :o always accepts :at is z :at ought to be2 :o id5tifies ! actual ) ! reasonable2 :o w\ld h to-morr[ exactly l to-day2 :o w\ld hold fa/ :at ,provid5ce is mo/ cle>ly %[+ ought to pass away1 or to pass into some?+ bett]1--! man1 9 a ^w1 :o w\ld lay an arre/ on ! g]ms ( life & tru?1 & prev5t !m f spr\t+ & rip5+--is ! v opposite ( g5u9ely cons]vative--is ! mo/ dang]\s ( de/ructives4 ,!re is no?+ s cons]vative aga9/ decay & dissolution z natural gr[?1 ord]ly progress4 ,! tru? j /at$ is1 z ,i h said1 ( univ]sal application4 ,b x is n[h]e m applicable ?an 9 ! inquiry on :i* we are engag$4 ,! great idea ( ,god--! sublime/ & mo/ important ( all ideas--has come to u 9 a wondr\s mann] ?r\gh ! m9ds & he>ts ( c\ntless g5]ations :i* x has ex]cis$ & su/a9$1 :i* x has guid$ 9 d>kness1 /r5g!n$ 9 dang]1 & consol$ 9 affliction4 ,x has come to u by a long1 unbrok5 tradition2 & _h x n come to u1 we %\ld ( a c]ta9ty n h f\nd x out = ourselves4 ,we %\ld h _h to supply its place1 to fill ! a*+ void )9 u caus$ by its abs5ce1 ) "s f> l[] idea1 p]haps ) "s wild fiction1 "s f\l idol4 ,probably we _c e/imate too humbly ! am\nt or wor? ( ! religi\s k :i* we %\ld h acquir$1 suppos+ we acquir$ any1 if we _h be5 left :olly to our own unaid$ ex]tions--if we _h be5 cut (f f ! g5]al reason ( our race1 & f ! ,div9e ,reason1 :i* has nev] ceas$ to speak 9 & to our race4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! idea ( ,god has be5 br\ght to u1 & is n indep5d5tly wr\ght out by u1 no man is ask$ to accept x bl9dly or slavi%ly2 no man is ask$ to =ego 9 ! slighte/ degree1 ev5 be=e ?is ! mo/ v5]able & g5]al ( ! beliefs ( humanity1 ! rights ( 8 own individual reason4 ,he is free to exam9e ! gr\nds ( x1 & to *oose accord+ to ! result ( 8 exam9ation4 ,8 acceptance ( ! idea1 8 acquiesc5ce 9 ! belief1 is ( wor? only if x be ! free acceptance (1 ! lov+ acquiesc5ce 91 :at 8 reason1 he>t1 & consci5ce te/ify to be true & good4 ,!re=e1 nei!r 9 ?is idea or belief itself1 nor 9 ! way 9 :i* x has come to u1 is !re any re/riction or repression ( our m5tal lib]ty4 ,& ! m]e rejection ( x is no sign1 z "s seem to fancy1 ( intellectual fre$om1 ( an indep5d5t judgm5t4 ,x is no evid5ce ( a man's be+ fre] f incr$ulity ?an ! mo/ sup]/iti\s ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,to disbelieve is to believe1 says ,:ately4 ,if "o man believes !re is a ,god1 & ano!r t !re is no ,god1 :i*ev] holds ! less reasonable ( ^! two op9ions is *>geable ) cr$ulity4 ,= ! only way to avoid cr$ulity & incr$ulity--! two necess>ily go+ toge!r--is to li/5 to1 & yield to ! be/ evid5ce1 & to believe & disbelieve on good gr\nds4 ,^! are wise words ( ,dr ,:ately4 ,:5ev] reason has be5 awak5$ to s]i\s reflection on ! subject1 ! va/ majority ( m5 h felt !mselves unable to believe t ?is mighty univ]se1 s wondr\s 9 its adju/m5ts & adaptations1 0 ! product ( *ance1 or dead matt]1 or bl9d =ce--t ! physical1 m5tal1 & moral ord] :i* !y ev]y:]e beheld impli$ no ,supreme ,intellig5ce & ,w2 & ! few :o c believe x1 h assur$ly no "r1 simply on ! gr\nd ( su* ability1 to assume t !y are less cr$ul\s1 fre] ?9k]s1 ?an o!rs4 ,! disbelief ( ! a!i/ mu/ ev] seem to all m5 b himself to require m fai?1 m cr$ulity1 ?an ! beliefs ( all ! leg5ds ( ! ,talmud4#f #f ,see ,app5dix ,v4 ,,lecture ,,ii4 ,,g5]al ,,idea ,,( ,,religion--,,comp>ison ,,( ,,poly!ism ,,& ,,pan!ism ,,) ,,!ism--,,! ,,?ree ,,great ,,!i/ic ,,religions ,,comp>$--,,no ,,religi\s ,,progress ,,beyond ,,!ism4 ,i4 ,!re are ?ree great !i/ic religions4 ,all ( !m c sc>cely be suppos$ to be p]fect4 ,x is mo/ unlikely t !y %\ld all be equal 9 rank & value4 ,b to det]m9e ! position & wor? ( a religion1 :e!r !i/ic or non-!i/ic1 x is indisp5sable t we h "s notion ( :at religion is 9 itself4 ,x is v difficult to give a correct def9ition or accurate description ( religion4 ,& ! reason is t religion is s wide & div]sifi$ a ?+4 ,x has spread ov] ! :ole e>?1 & x has assum$ an almo/ c\ntless v>iety ( =ms4 ,"s s5se ( an invisible p[] or p[]s rul+ 8 de/9y is manife/$ by man alike 9 ! l[e/ /ages ( b>b>ism & 9 ! highe/ /ages ( civilisation1 b ! rude savage & ! cultur$ ?9k] conceive v diff]5tly ( ! p[]s :i* !y adore4 ,! aspects ( religion are1 9 fact1 num]\s z ! phases ( human life & ! /eps ( human progress4 ,x ext5ds its sway ov] all l&s1 ages1 & peoples1 & yet x is ! same 9 no two c\ntries1 no two g5]ations1 no two m5 ev54 ,!re is1 accord+ly1 ( necessity a great difficulty 9 f9d+ an expression :i* w compreh5d & suit ! va/ v>iety ( =ms assum$ by ! religi\s life4 ,in/ead ( try+ to f9d an expression ( ! k9d1 _m1 ,i might almo/ say mo/1 !ologians are cont5t sil5tly to sub/itute = religion ! phases ( x ) :i* !y are mo/ famili>1 & in/ead ( a def9ition ( religion1 to give u1 say1 a def9ition ( !ism1 or ev5 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ! rule & n ! exception to f9d ! same !ologians :o def9e religion z ! communion ( man ) ,god1 or ! self-surr5d] ( ! s\l to ,god1 argu+ t religion is common to all races & peoples4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is self-contradictory4 ,_! def9itions id5tify religion ) mono!ism1 & _! argum5ts assume x to include pan!ism1 poly!ism1 feti*ism1 c4 ,belief 9 ! "o ,god & ! wor%ip ( ,him are v f> f be+ univ]sal ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,if !re be no o!r religion--if no?+ %ort ( t be religion--!re are /ill va/ cont95ts & popul\s nations :]e religion is unkn[n4 ,a def9ition ( religion mu/ completely circumscribe religion2 x mu/ n be applicable m]ely to "o religion1 or at ! mo/ to sev]al out ( ! va/ ho/ ( religions :i* are spread ov] ! e>?2 x mu/ draw a b\nd>y l9e :i* includes all religions1 ! l[e/ z well z ! highe/1 & :i* excludes all ?+s else4#g ,a def9ition ?us ext5sive _c be1 9 logical language1 v compreh5sive2 to include all religions1 x mu/ n tell u mu* ab\t :at any religion is2 9 significance x c be nei!r ri* nor def9ite4 ,p]haps if we say t religion is man's belief 9 a be+ or be+s1 mighti] ?an himself & inaccessible to 8 s5ses1 b n indiff]5t to 8 s5tim5ts & actions1 ) ! feel+s & practices :i* fl[ f su* belief1 we h a def9ition ( ! k9d requir$4 ,i fe> at lea/ t any def9ition less ab/ract & vague w be f\nd to apply only to p>ticul> =ms or special developm5ts ( religion4 ,religion is man's communion1 !n1 ) :at he believes to be a god or gods2 8 s5se ( relation%ip to1 & dep5d5ce on1 a high] & my/]i\s ag5cy1 ) all ! ?\ghts1 emotions1 & actions :i* proce$ !refrom4 ,! communion may be d>k & gross1 & f9d expression 9 impure & bloody rites1 or x may be 9 _s & 9 tru?1 & express$ 9 ways :i* educate & elevate bo? m9d & he>t4 ,! belief may re/ on wild delusions1 on au?ority bl9dly accept$1 or on rational gr\nds4 ,! god may be "s p]sonifi$ p[] ( nature1 "s mon/r\s phantom ( ! bra91 "s imag9>y demon ( lu/ or cruelty2 or x may be ,he 9 :om all tru?1 wisdom1 goodness1 & hol9ess h _! s\rce4 ,b :atev] be ! =m or "* :i* religion pres5ts1 x always & ev]y:]e involves belief 9 a god or object ( wor%ip1 & feel+s & actions correspond+ to t belief4 ,x is always & ev]y:]e a consci\sness ( relation%ip to a wor%ipp$ be+4 #g ,see ,app5dix ,,vi4 ,is !re any tru? :i* c be affirm$ to belong univ]sally to ?is consci\sness8 ,if !re be1 x w hold good univ]sally ( religion1 & ! recognition ( x w advance u a /ep 9 ! k ( ! nature ( religion4 ,"o su* tru? at lea/1 x appe>s to me1 !re is--viz41 t ! religi\s consci\sness1 or ! frame & condition ( spiritual life di/9ctive & ess5tial 9 religion1 is n peculi> to "s "o prov9ce ( human nature1 b ext5ds into all its prov9ces4 ,?is tru? has be5 (t5 contradict$ 9 appe>ance1 seldom 9 reality4 ,! seat ( religion1 z ,i indicat$ 9 la/ lecture1 has be5 plac$ by "s 9 ! intellect1 by o!rs 9 ! affections1 & by o!rs /ill 9 ! w4 ,x has be5 repres5t$ z kn[+1 or feel+1 or do+4 ,:5 we exam9e1 h[ev]1 ! multitude (1 at fir/ glance1 app>5tly v conflict+ views :i* h orig9at$ 9 ?us fix+ ^u "s s+le m5tal faculty z ! religi\s faculty1 ! organ & seat ( religion1 we soon f9d t !y are n s discordant & antagoni/ic z !y seem to be4 ,^? :o repres5t religion z ess5tially k or belief1 d n really mean to affirm t any?+ entitl$ to be call$ religion is ev] m]e k or m]e belief2 on ! contr>y1 !y proce$ on ! supposition t feel+ & volition w correspond to ! k or belief4 ,!y def9e religion z k or belief1 & n z affection or volition1 because1 reg>d+ religi\s k or belief z ! gr\nd ( religi\s feel+ & will+1 !y ?9k !y may treat ! two latt]1 n z con/itu5ts1 b z consequ5ces ( religion4 ,!n1 al?\gh a few ( ^? :o h def9$ religion z feel+ h writt5 z if !y suppos$ t ! feel+ re/$ ^u no sort ( appreh5sion or conviction1 !y h be5 v few1 & !y h nev] be5 able to expla9 :at !y meant4 ,9 pres5ce ( ! ,p[] :i* is manife/$ 9 ! univ]se1 or ( ! moral ord] ( ! _w1 !y h felt an awe or joy1 x may be1 irresi/ibly rais+ !m above !mselves1 above ! hamp]+ details ( e>?1 & giv+ fulness & tone to _! exi/5ce2 & be+ unaccu/om$ to analyse /ates ( consci\sness1 al?\gh famili> ) ! me*anics & *emi/ry ( matt]1 !y h ov]look$ ! obvi\s fact1 t b = an intellectual p]ception ( ! pres5ce ( an all-p]vad+ ,p[]1 & all-embrac+ ord]1 ! awe & joy c\ld nev] h be5 excit$4 ,m]e feel+ _c tell u any?+ ab\t :at is out ( ourselves1 & _c take u out ( ourselves4 ,m]e feel+ is1 9 fact1 m]e absurdity4 ,x is b :at we %\ld expect1 !re=e1 t all ^? capable ( reflect+ 9 any measure on m5tal processes :o h plac$ ! ess5ce ( religion 9 feel+1 h always admitt$ t ! religi\s feel+ c\ld n be :olly sep>at$ ei!r f ! p[] ( cognition on ! "o h&1 or ! ex]tion ( w on ! o!r4 ,m5 l ,s*lei]ma*] & ,opzoom] argue /r5u\sly t religion is feel+ & n k or practice2 b x is expressly on ! gr\nd t1 z !re c be :at is call$ religi\s k & practice )\t piety1 ! k is a m]e antec$5t1 & ! practice a m]e consequ5t4 ,^?1 aga91 :o make religion consi/ ess5tially 9 an act ( w1 9 ! self-surr5d] ( ! s\l to ! object ( its wor%ip1 d s1 !y tell u1 because pi\s feel+1 ev5 ?\gh bas$ on k1 is only religi\sness1 n religion--! capacity ( be+ religi\s1 n actually be+ s2 & religion only exi/s z a reality1 a complet$ ?+1 :5 ! w ( man submits itself to ! ,div9e ,w4 ,b ?is is to ackn[l$ge1 y obs]ve1 t bo? ?\ght & feel+ are pres5t & presuppos$ :]ev] religion exi/s4 ,n[1 if ! facts be z ,i h j /at$1 obvi\sly ! controv]sy z to :e!r religion is ess5tially kn[+1 feel+1 or will+1 is ma9ly v]bal4 ,x turns on an undef9$ use ( ! t]m ess5tial4 ,?\ght1 feel+1 & w--k1 affection1 & self-surr5d]--are admitt$ to be indissolubly unit$1 insep>ably pres5t1 9 religion1 ev5 by ^? :o w n admit !m to be all its equally ess5tial con/itu5ts4 ,b 9 ^! circum/ances1 !y %\ld c>efully expla9 :at !y mean by ess5tial & non-ess5tial1 & tell u h[ we are to di/+ui% among insep>able /ates ^? :i* are ess5tial f ^? :i* are non-ess5tial4 ,?is !y nev] d2 ?is !y _c d4 ,all facts :i* always g toge!r1 & are always equally f\nd 9 any /ate or process1 are its equally ess5tial compon5ts4 ,:5 we always f9d c]ta9 elem5ts toge!r1 & c nei!r discov] nor imag9e !m ap>t1 we h no "r to repres5t "s ( !m z ess5tial to ! comp\nd into :i* !y ent]1 & o!rs z non-ess5tial4 ,!y are all ess5tial4 ,! conclusion to :i* we are ?us br\ght is1 t religion belongs exclusively to no "o "p or prov9ce1 no "o disposition or faculty ( ! s\l1 b embraces ! :ole m9d1 ! :ole man4 ,its seat is ! c5tre ( human nature1 & its circumf]5ce is ! utmo/ limit ( all ! en]gies & capacities ( t nature4 ,at ! l[e/ x has some?+ alike ( intellect1 affection1 & practical ob$i5ce 9 x4 ,at its be/ x %\ld include all ! highe/ ex]cises ( reason1 all ! pure/ & deepe/ emotions & affections1 & ! noble/ k9d ( conduct4 ,x responds to its own true nature only 9 ! measure t x fills ! :ole intellect ) light1 satisfies ! rev]5ce & love ( ! mo/ capaci\s he>t1 & provides an ideal & law = practical life 9 all its bread?4 ,!re is1 !n1 a g5]al notion ( religion :i* includes all religions1 & t notion bo? sugge/s to u t ! v>i\s religions ( ! _w are ( v diff]5t values1 & po9ts u to a /&>d by :i* we may det]m9e _! respective rank1 & e/imate _! wor?4 ,! def9ition ( religion1 9 o!r words1 ?\gh n to be conf\nd$ ) ! type or ideal ( religion1 is connect$ ) x1 & indicates :at x is4 ,! type is ! normal & full developm5t ( :at is express$ 9 ! def9ition4 ,x is ! type1 ( c\rse1 & n ! def9ition1 :i* is ! /&>d--! m$ium & measure ( comp>ison4 ,& ! type or ideal ( religion is ! complete surr5d] ( ! he>t1 & /r5g?1 & s\l1 & m9d ( man to ,deity4 ,only a religion :i* admits ( a full communion ( ! reason1 affection1 & w ( ! wor%ipp] ) ! object ( 8 wor%ip--only a religion :i* pres5ts an object ( wor%ip capable ( elicit+ ! entire devotion ( ! wor%ipp]'s nature1 & at ! same "t ( ennobl+1 enl>g+1 ref9+1 & satisfy+ t nature--fully realises ! idea ( religion1 or1 9 o!r words1 c claim to be a p]fect religion4#h #h ,see ,app5dix ,,vii4 ,,ii4 ,apply+ ! v g5]al idea ( religion :i* has n[ be5 rea*$1 x soon becomes app>5t t no religion c possibly claim to con=m to x :i* does n pres5t to man z ! true & supreme object ( 8 adoration1 love1 & ob$i5ce1 ! ,"o ,inf9ite ,p]sonal ,god--almighty1 all-wise1 & all-holy2 or1 9 o!r words1 t x is only 9 a !i/ic religion t :atev] 9 religion is fitt$ to satisfy ! reason & affections ( man1 & to /r5g!n & guide 8 w1 c f9d its prop] developm5t4 ,look at poly!ism--! wor%ip ( m gods ?an "o4 ,cle>ly religion c only be v imp]fectly realis$ 9 any poly!i/ic =m2 & /ill m cle>ly are mo/ ( ! =ms :i* poly!ism has actually assum$ unspeakably degrad+4 ,?9k = a mom5t ( a human be+ wor%ipp+ a /ock or a /one1 a plant or a tree1 a fi% or s]p5t1 an ox or tig]--( ! negro ( ,gu9ea beat+ 8 gods :5 he does n get :at he wi%es1 or ! ,new ,zeal&] try+ to fright5 !m by ?reat5+ to kill & eat !m--( ! c> ( ,jugg]naut1 ! fires ( ,molo*1 ! sacrifices to ! ,mexican w>-god1 ! abom9ations ascrib$ to ,jupit]1 ! lic5ti\s orgies s widely practis$ by ! hea!n 9 hon\r ( _! deities4 ,reflect on su* a sc5e z is br\ght be=e u 9 ! =ty-f\r? *apt] ( ,isaiah4 ,! language ( ! prophet is s graphic t "o almo/ seems to see ! man :om he depicts *oos+ 8 tree 9 ! =e/ & hew+ x d[n--to see ! smi? work+ at x ) 8 tongs among ! coals1 & he> ! r+ ( 8 hamm]--to see ! c>p5t] ) adze & l9e & compass %ape x into an ugly mon/r\s %ape1 be>+ fa9t resemblance to ! human--to see ! workman ) "o "p ( ! tree k9dl+ a fire1 & bak+ bread1 & roa/+ roa/1 & eat+ x1 & !n go+ up to ! ugly1 wood51 human %ape t he has fa%ion$ out ( ano!r "p ( ! same tree1 pro/rat+ himself be=e x1 feel+ aw$ 9 its pres5ce1 & pray+1 ,deliv] me2 = ?\ art my god4 ,! prophet obvi\sly pa9t$ f ! life1 & 8 picture is /ill true to ! life :]e poly!ism prevails4 ,b :at c\ld be m calculat$ to inspire bo? horror & pity8 ,h[ awful is x t man %\ld be able s to delude & degrade himself6 ,z a rule1 ! gods ( poly!i/s are su* t1 ev5 "u ! delusion t !y are gods1 little improv+ communion ) !m is possible4 ,z a rule1 ! religion ( poly!i/s consi/s ( vague1 d>k1 wild imag9ations1 in/ead ( true & reason$ convictions--( co>se1 selfi% desires1 fe> & suspicion1 in/ead ( love1 & tru/1 & joy--& ( arbitr>y or ev5 immoral rites & practices1 in/ead ( spiritual wor%ip1 & ! con=mity ( ! w to a righte\s law4 ,!n1 at ! v be/1 poly!ism mu/ be f> f good1--at its highe/1 x mu/ be l[4 ,7 x mu* bett] ?an x has ev] be5--_h x all ! m]its ( ,greek poly!ism1 )\t any ( its faults1 save ^? :i* are inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( poly!ism--x w\ld /ill be b a poor religion1 = its ess5tial & irrem$iable defects are su* z to r5d] x altoge!r incapable ( truly satisfy+ ! nature ( man4 ,x is a belief 9 m gods ?an "o4 ,?is ( itself is :at reason _c re/ 9--:at reason is con/antly f9d+ out m cle>ly to be false4 ,! m ! univ]se is exam9$ & und]/ood1 ! m app>5t does x become t x is a s+le1 self-consi/5t :ole--a va/ unity 9 :i* no?+ is isolat$ or indep5d5t4 ,! v notion1 !re=e1 ( sep>ate & indep5d5t deities1 & /ill m1 ( c\rse1 ( discordant or ho/ile deities1 rul+ ov] diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( nature1 is oppos$ to ! /riv+s & f9d+s ( reason4 ,! he>t w no less va9ly seek satisfaction 9 ! belief ( _m gods4 ,its spiritual affections ne$ a s+le ,div9e object4 ,to di/ribute !m among _m objects is to dissipate & de/roy !m4 ,! rev]5ce1 love1 & tru/ :i* religion dem&s are a :ole-he>t$1 absolute1 unlimit$ rev]5ce1 love1 & tru/1 su* z c only be felt t[>ds "o ,god1 ) no o!r beside ,him4 ,! w ( man 9 l mann] requires to be "u n a numb] ( indep5d5t wills1 b a s+le1 all-compreh5sive1 p]fectly consi/5t1 & p]fectly righte\s w4 ,x _c s]ve _m ma/]s2 x c only reasonably & rightly s]ve "o4 ,x c only yield itself up unres]v$ly to be guid$ by ,"o ,supreme ,w4 ,if !re be no su* w 9 ! univ]se1 b only a multitude ( indep5d5t & co-ord9ate wills1 t full surr5d] ( ! w ( ! wor%ipp] to ! object ( 8 wor%ip1 9 :i* religion %\ld f9d its consummation1 is impossible4 ,fur!r1 poly!ism is n only ! belief 9 m gods ?an "o1 b 9 gods all ( :i* are f9ite4 ,!re c be no true recognition ( ! inf9ity ( ,god :]e !re is no true recognition ( ,8 unity4 ,b ! m9d ( man1 al?\gh f9ite itself1 _c be satisfi$ ) any object ( wor%ip :i* x p]ceives to be f9ite4 ,x craves an inf9ite object2 x desires to (f] a b\ndless devotion2 x seeks an absolute bless$ness4 ,! aim ( ! religi\s life is ! communion ( ! f9ite ) ! inf9ite2 & e religion1 h[ev] o!rwise excell5t1 :i* suppresses ! inf9ite1 & pres5ts to ! f9ite only ! f9ite1 is a failure4 ,religion c no m atta9 to its prop] developm5t 9 pan!ism ?an 9 poly!ism4 ,= pan!ism d5ies t ! ,"o ,inf9ite ,be+ is a p]son--is a free1 holy1 & lov+ intellig5ce4 ,x d5ies ev5 t we ourselves are truly p]sons4 ,x repres5ts our consci\sness ( fre$om & s5se ( responsibility z illusions4 ,god1 accord+ to pan!ism1 alone is4 ,all individual exi/5ces are m]ely ,8 manife/ations1--all our de$s1 :e!r good or bad1 are ,8 actions2 & yet1 :ile all is ,god & ,god is all1 !re is no ,god :o c he> u or und]/& u--no ,god to love u or c>e = u--no ,god able or will+ to help u4 ,su* a view ( ! univ]se may h its attractions = ! poet & ! philosoph] 9 c]ta9 moods ( m9d1 b x assur$ly af=ds little f\ndation = religion1 if religion be ! communion ( ! wor%ipp] & ! wor%ipp$4 ,:at communion ( reason c a man h ) a be+ :i* does n und]/& him1 or ( affection ) a be+ :i* has no love1 or ( w ) a be+ :i* has no *oice or fre$om1 & is ! necess>y cause bo? ( good & evil8 ,pan!ism repres5ts absorption 9 ,deity1 ! los+ ( self 9 ,god1 z ! highe/ good ( humanity2 b ?is is a m]e c>icature ( t idea ( communion ) ,god 9 :i* religion mu/ f9d its realisation1 z pan!ism leaves nei!r a self to surr5d]1 nor a p]sonal ,god to :om to surr5d] x4 ,! absorption ( ! f9ite 9 ! inf9ite :i* pan!ism prea*es is z diff]5t f t surr5d] ( ! self to ,god1 :i* is ! condition ( ,god dwell+ 9 u & we 9 ,god1 z night is f day1 z dea? is f life4 ,we f9d ample hi/orical confirmation ( :at has j be5 said 9 ! v in/ructive fact1 t widespread z pan!ism is1 x has nev] 9 itself be5 ! religion ( any p4 ,x has nev] be5 m ?an ! philosophy ( c]ta9 speculative individuals4 ,india is no exception1 = ev5 !re1 9 ord] to ga9 & reta9 ! p1 pan!ism has _h to comb9e ) poly!ism4 ,x is ! p]sonal gods ( ,h9du poly!ism & n ! imp]sonal pr9ciple ( ,h9du pan!ism t ! ,h9du p wor%ip4 ,! ,sankhya & ,v$anta sy/ems are no m religions ?an ! sy/ems ( ,sp9oza1 ,s*ell+1 or ,hegel4 ,!y are m]ely philosophies4 ,buddhism has laid hold ( ! he>ts ( m5 to a wond]ful ext5t2 n1 h[ev]1 9 virtue ( ! pan!ism1 sc>cely dis-t+ui%able f a!ism1 :i* und]lies x1 b because ( ! attractiv5ess ( ! "* & tea*+ ( ! ,buddha ,sakyamuni himself1 ( ! man-god :o came to save m54 ,! human he>t cries out = a liv+ p]sonal ,god to wor%ip1 & pan!ism fails mis]ably z a religion because x :olly disreg>ds1 yea1 despises t cry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we are compell$ to pass onw>ds1 !n1 to !ism4 ,& "h1 apply+ ! same view ( religion z be=e1 x soon becomes obvi\s t ( ! ?ree great !i/ic religions--,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,mohamm$anism--! la/ is f> inf]ior to ! o!r two1 & ! fir/ is a transition to & prep>ation = ! second4 ,al?\gh ! late/ ( ! ?ree to arise1 ,mohamm$anism is manife/ly ! lea/ develop$1 ! lea/ matur$4 ,in/ead ( evolv+ & ext5d+ ! !i/ic idea :i* x borr[$1 x has m>r$ & mutilat$ x4 ,in/ead ( repres5t+ ,god z possess$ ( all spiritual fulness & p]fection1 x exhibits ,him z devoid ( ! div9e/ spiritual attributes4 ,al?\gh ! ,suras ( ! ,koran are all1 ) "o exception1 prefac$ by ! =mula1 ,9 ! "n ( ,allah1 ! ,god ( m]cy1 ! m]ciful1 !re is extremely little 9 !m ( ! _s ( m]cy1 :ile !y sup]ab\nd 9 a fi]ce intol]ance4 ,allah is set be=e u ) cle>ness1 ) =ce1 ) int5se s9c]ity1 z end[$ ) ! natural attributes :i* we ascribe to ,god1 b only s z to exhibit v imp]fectly & errone\sly ,8 moral attributes4 ,he is set be=e u z ,god alone1 beside :om !re is none o!r2 z ! fir/ & ! la/1 ! se5 & ! hidd52 z et]nal & un*ang+2 z omnipot5t1 omnipres5t1 & omnisci5t2 z ! ,creator1 ! ,pres]v]1 & ! ,judge ( all2--b ,he is n set be=e u z truly righte\s or ev5 z truly reasonable1 & /ill less z ,love4 ,he is set be=e u z an inf9ite & absolute arbitr>y ,w1 ! acts ( :i* are "r simply because !y _c be wrong1 & :i* orda9s its creatures & in/rum5ts to hon\r or di%on\r1 heav5 or hell1 )\t love or hate1 )\t int]e/ or sympa?y1 & on no gr\nds ( fitness or ju/ice4 ,8 inf9ite exaltation above ,8 creatures is recognis$1 b n ,8 relation%ip to & int]e/ 9 ,8 creatures4 ,8 almighty p[] is vividly appreh5d$1 b ,8 inf9ite love is ov]look$1 or only se5 dimly & 9 /ray & fitful glimpses4 ,8 "* is ?us mo/ imp]fectly unveil$1 & ev5 s]i\sly defac$2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 a :ole-he>t$ communion ) ,him is impossible4 ,z an unlimit$ arbitr>y ,w ,he leaves man ) no true w to surr5d] to ,him4 ,inaccessible1 )\t sympa?y1 jeal\s1 & egoi/ic1 ,8 appropriate wor%ip is s]vile ob$i5ce1 bl9d submission--n ! enlight5$ rev]5ce & lov+ affection ( ! true piety 9 :i* m9d & he>t fully accord2 unque/ion+ belief1 passionless resignation1 outw>d obs]vances1 m]e ext]nal works--n ! free use ( reason1 n ! lov+ dep5d5ce ( a *ild on its fa!r1 n an int]nal life ( hol9ess spr++ f a div9e indwell+ s\rce4 ,god & man ?us rema9 9 ?is sy/em1 !i/ic al?\gh x be1 inf9itely sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,man is n made to feel t 8 :ole spiritual be+ %\ld live & rejoice 9 ,god2 on ! contr>y1 he is made to feel t he has sc>cely any o!r relation to ,god ?an an in]t in/rum5t has to ! h& :i* uses x4 ,submission to ! w ( ,god1 :atev] x may be1 )\t recognition ( its be+ ! w ( a ,fa!r :o seeks 9 all ?+s ! good ( ,8 *ildr51 is ! ,mussulman's highe/ conception ei!r ( religion or duty1 & consequ5tly he ignores ! c5tral pr9ciple ( religi\s communion & ! /ronge/ motive to moral action4 ,! !ism ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is incomp>ably sup]ior to t ( ! ,koran4 ,x possesses e tru? conta9$ 9 ,mohamm$anism1 :ile x gives due prom95ce to ^? aspects ( ! ,div9e "* :i* ,mohamm$anism obscures & di/orts4 ,! unity & et]nity ( ,god1 ,8 omnisci5ce1 omnipres5ce1 & inscrutable p]fections1 ! wond]s ( ,8 creative p[]1 ,8 glory 9 ! heav5s & on ! e>?1 are describ$ by ,moses & ! au?or ( ! ,book ( ,job1 by ! psalmi/s & ! prophets1 9 language s magnific5t t all ! int]v5+ c5turies h be5 unable to surpass x4 ,& yet f> great] /ress is ju/ly laid by !m on ! moral glory ( ,god1 :i* is reflect$ 9 s dim & brok5 & disproportionate a way ?r\gh ! visions ( ,mohamm$4 ,x is impossible to take a compreh5sive view ( ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation )\t p]ceiv+ t its ma9 aim1 alike 9 its c]emonial obs]vances1 moral precepts1 & prophetic tea*+1 0 to op5 & deep5 ! s5se ( s91 to give reality & int5sity to ! recognition ( moral law1 to make kn[n especially t aspect ( ,god's "* :i* we call ,8 righte\sness1 ,8 hol9ess4 ,at ! same "t ,god is set =? z m]ciful1 long-suff]+1 & graci\s2 z heal+ our diseases1 r$eem+ our life1 & cr[n+ u ) lov+-k9dnesses2 z creat+ 9 u clean he>ts1 & desir+ n sacrifice b a brok5 _s4 ,be=e ! close ( ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation1 a view ( ,god's "* _h be5 atta9$ z complete z c\ld be rea*$ ?r\gh m]e spiritual vision & express$ ?r\gh m]e words4 ,! "* ( ,god 0 s disclos$ t ,8 p long$ ) _! :ole he>ts = ! bless$ness ( true spiritual communion ) ,him1 & wor?ily appreh5d$ :at t communion ought to be4 ,b ) ! wid5+ ( _! views & ! deep5+ ( _! long+s z to ?is ! supreme good1 !y realis$ ! m h[ f> !y 7 f ! atta9m5t ( x4 ,f ! beg9n+ ,judaism look$ beyond itself & confess$ its own prep>atory & transitional "*4 ,& ?is consci\sness grew ) its gr[?4 ,9 ! days ( ! lat] prophets m5 knew f> bett] :at spiritual communion ) ,god ought to be ?an 9 ! days ( ! patri>*s1 b !y did n actually enjoy ev5 ! same measure ( *ildlike communion ) ,him4 ,! law _h done its "w2 x _h made m5 feel m ?an ev] ! ne$ ( be+ 9 communion ) ,god1 b x _h made !m realise also ! di/ance betwe5 ,god & !m1 & especially ! awful wid? ( ! gulf betwe5 !m caus$ by s94 ,t gulf no m]e spiritual vision ( man c\ld see across1 & no m]e decl>ations ( love & m]cy ev5 f ,god ,himself c\ld bridge ov]4 ,! reason ( man c\ld only be enlight5$--! he>t ( man c\ld only be satisfi$--z to h[ ,god w\ld deal ) s9 & s9n]s1 by an actual self-manife/ation ( ,god 9 humiliation1 suff]+1 & sacrifice1 :i* w\ld leave m5 9 no d\bt t high & holy z ,god 01 ,he 0 also 9 ! deepe/ & true/ s5se _! ,fa!r1 & t !y 7 ,8 ransom$ & r$eem$ *ildr54 ,x 0 only :5 ?is 0 accompli%$ t religion & !ism 7 alike p]fect$4 ,!n ! "* ( ,god 0 unveil$1 ! he>t ( ,god disclos$1 & 9 su* a mann] t ! mo/ *ildlike confid5ce 9 ,him c\ld be comb9$ ) ! pr(\nde/ s5se ( ,8 greatness & righte\sness4 ,p]fect communion ) ,him 9 tru/ful love no long] suppos$1 z x did 9 e>li] times1 an imp]fect k1 on ! "p ( ! wor%ipp]1 ei!r ( ,god's "* or ( 8 own4 ,x requir$ no ov]look+ ( ! evil ( s91 = x re/$ on ! c]ta9ty t s9 _h be5 ov]come4 ,only ! life hid ) ,god 9 ,*ri/ c completely realise ! idea ( religion1 = only 9 ,*ri/ c ! he>t ( s9ful man be s9c]ely & unres]v$ly yield$ to a holy ,god4 ,i am ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life2 no man come? unto ! ,fa!r1 b by me1 are words ( ! ,"l ,jesus :i* c only be d5i$ by ^? :o d n und]/& :at !y mean--:at ! tru? & ! life are1 :at fa!rhood signifies1 & :at is involv$ 9 com+ to a ,fa!r4 ,*ri/ian !ism alone gives u a p]fect repres5tation ( ,god4 ,x prec$es & surpasses reason1 especially 9 ! disclosure ( ! dep?s ( fa!rly love :i* are 9 ! he>t ( ! inf9ite ,jehovah2 b x n[h]e contradicts reason--nay1 x incorporates all ! f9d+s ( reason4 ,x pres5ts z "o great & brilliant light all ! scatt]$ sp>ks ( tru? :i* sc9tillat$ amid/ ! d>kness ( hea!ndom2 x comb9es into a liv+ unity all ! sep>ate elem5ts ( positive tru? :i* are to be f\nd 9 sy/ems l pan!ism1 deism1 rationalism2 x excludes all t is false 9 views l[] ?an or contr>y to its own4 ,:5ev] x ma9ta9s a tru? reg>d+ ,god1 reason f9ds t x is def5d+ a pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian !ism2 :5ev] x refutes an error reg>d+ ,him1 x f9ds itself assail+ "s "o ( ! _m enemies ( ,*ri/ian !ism4 ,,iii4 ,!ism1 ,i argu$ 9 la/ lecture1 c nev] be reasonably reject$ 9 ! "n ( religi\s lib]ty4 ,i may n[1 ,i ?9k1 ma9ta9 t x c nev] be reasonably ?r[n (f 9 ! "n ( religi\s progress4 ,x c nev] be an onw>d /ep 9 ! spiritual life to pass away f ! belief :i* is di/9ctive & *>act]i/ic ( !ism4 ,! highe/ possible =m ( religion mu/ be a !i/ic religion--a religion 9 :i* ! "o p]sonal & p]fect ,god is ! object ( wor%ip4 ,feti*ism1 nature-wor%ip1 humanit>ian poly!ism1 & pan!ism1 are all v mu* l[] =ms ( religion1 & !re=e to ab&on !ism = any ( !m is n to advance b to retrograde1 is n to rise b to fall4 ,we c turn t[>ds any ( !m only by turn+ our back on ! spiritual goal t[>ds :i* humanity has be5 sl[ly b cont9u\sly mov+ ?r\gh s _m ages4 ,!re is no hope or possibility ( advance on ! side ( any ( ! old =ms ( hea!ndom4 ,%all we try1 !n1 to get out ( & beyond !ism on t o!r side to :i* "s mod]ns beckon u8 ,%all we suppose t z m5 h giv5 up ! l[] = ! high] =ms ( poly!ism1 & !n ab&on$ poly!ism = !ism1 s !y may n[ surr5d] !ism itself = sy/ems l ! positivism ( ,comte or ! new fai? ( ,/rauss8 ,no4 ,& = two reasons4 ,fir/1 s f> z !re is any religion 9 ^! sy/ems !re is no advance on !ism 9 !m b ! rev]se4 ,comte /rives to repres5t humanity1 & ,/rauss to repres5t ! univ]se1 z a god1 by imag9atively inve/+ !m ) attributes :i* d n inh]5tly & prop]ly belong to !m2 b ) all _! ef=ts !y c only make ( !m feti* gods2 & ,europeans1 x is to be hop$1 w nev] fall d[n & wor%ip feti*es1 h[ev] big ^! feti*es may be1 & :oev] may be will+ to s]ve !m z prophets or prie/s4 ,humanity mu/ be bl9d to its follies & s9s1 ins5sible to its weakness & mis]ies1 & giv5 ov] to ! madness ( a b\ndless vanity1 be=e x c raise an alt> & burn inc5se to its own self4 ,man1 says an eloqu5t au?or1 is great is sublime1 ) immortal hope 9 8 he>t & ! div9e aureole ar\nd 8 br[2 b t he may pres]ve 8 greatness let u leave him 9 8 prop] place4 ,let u leave to him ! /ruggles :i* make 8 glory1 t condemnation ( 8 own mis]ies :i* does him hon\r1 ! te>s %$ ov] 8 faults :i* are ! mo/ unexceptionable te/imony to 8 dignity4 ,let u leave him te>s1 rep5tance1 conflict1 & hope2 b let u n deify him2 = no soon] %all he h said1 ',i am ,god1' ?an1 depriv$ t in/ant ( all 8 bless+s1 he %all f9d himself nak$ & spoil$4#i ,man1 ,i may add1 if 8 eyes be op5 & capable ( vision1 c /ill less wor%ip ! univ]se ?an he c wor%ip himself4 ,m9d c nev] b[ d[n to matt] except "u ! influ5ce ( delusion4 ,man is great] ?an any?+ he c see or t\*2 & ^? :o believe only 9 :at !y c see & t\*1 :o h :at ,/rauss calls a feel+ = ! univ]se1 b no true feel+ = :at is spiritual & div9e1 mu/ ei!r wor%ip humanity or some?+ ev5 less wor?y ( _! adoration4 ,!re is ?us no advance on ?is side ei!r1 ev5 if ! sy/ems :i* we are invit$ to adopt c\ld be prop]ly reg>d$ z religi\s4 ,b1 secondly1 we may safely say t s f> z !y are !ories bas$ on sci5ce1 !re is no religion 9 !m2 & t1 consequ5tly1 to give up a religion = !m w\ld be to give up n "o =m ( religion = ano!r1 a l[] = a high]1 b w\ld be to give up religion = :at is n religion1 or1 9 o!r words1 w\ld be to ca/ (f religion altoge!r4 ,& to cease to be religi\s c surely nev] be to advance 9 religion4 ,positivism & mat]ialism are n /ages beyond !ism1 = !y are n on ! same road4 ,!y are n phases 9 ! developm5t ( religion2 !y are =ms ( ! d5ial ( religion4 ,! grosse/ feti*ism has m ( religion 9 x ?an ei!r ( !m c consi/5tly claim on sci5tific gr\nds4 ,!re is no?+ 9 sci5ce1 prop]ly s call$1 :i* ju/ifies ! exaltation ei!r ( matt] or man to ! rank ( gods ev5 ( ! l[e/ feti* ord]4 #i ,e4 ,naville1 ',! ,heav5ly ,fa!r1' pp4 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,x is only1 !n1 by keep+ )9 ! limits ( !ism t fur!r religi\s progress is possible4 ,if we w\ld advance 9 religion1 x mu/ be1 n by gett+ rid ( our belief 9 ,god1 b by gett+ deep] & wid] views ( ,8 "* & op]ations1 & by con=m+ our he>ts & lives m s9c]ely & fai?fully to our k4 ,!re is /ill ample room = religi\s progress ( ?is k9d4 ,i d n say1 ,i d n believe inde$1 t we %all f9d out any absolutely new tru? ab\t ,god4 ,7 a man to tell me t he _h discov]$ a ,div9e attribute :i* _h nev] previ\sly be5 ?\ght (1 ,i %\ld li/5 to him ) ! same incr$ul\s pity z if he 7 to tell me t he _h discov]$ a human virtue :i* _h escap$ ! notice ( all o!r m54 ,9 a real & important s5se1 ! revelation ( ,god made 9 ,scripture1 & m p>ticul>ly & especially ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 is mo/ ju/ly to be reg>d$ z complete1 & incapable ( addition4 ,b !re may be no limits to ! gr[? ( our appreh5sion & realisation ( ! idea ( ,god !re set be=e u p]fectly z reg>ds g5]al features4 ,to p]ceive ! m]e g5]al outl9e & g5]al aspect ( a tru? is "o ?+1 & to "k x ?or\ghly1 to realise x exhau/ively--:i* is ! only way ?or\ghly to "k x--is ano!r & v diff]5t ?+2 & c5turies1 yea1 mill5niums )\t numb]1 may elapse betwe5 ! =m] & ! latt] ( ^! two /ages1 betwe5 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ?is process4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago !re 7 m5 :o said z pla9ly z c\ld be done or desir$ t ,god 0 omnipot5t2 b surely e "o :o believes 9 ,god w ackn[l$ge1 t ! discov]ies ( mod]n a/ronomy give m ov]:elm+ impressions ( ,div9e p[] ?an ei!r hea!n sage or ,hebrew psalmi/ c be imag9$ z possess+4 ,x is ages s9ce m5 ascrib$ p]fect wisdom to ,god2 b all ! discov]ies ( sci5ce :i* help u to und]/& h[ ! e>? is relat$ to o!r worlds--h[ x has be5 br\ght into its pres5t condition--h[ x has be5 /ock$1 adorn$1 & enri*$ ) its v>i$ tribes ( plants & animals--& h[ ^! h be5 develop$1 di/ribut$1 & provid$ =1--mu/ be accept$ by e intellig5t !i/ z enl>g+ & correct+ human views z to ,god's ways ( work+1 & consequ5tly z to ,8 wisdom4 ,! righte\sness ( ,god has be5 ! tru/ & support ( m5 9 all g5]ations2 b hi/ory is a cont9u\s unveil+ ( ! my/]ies ( ?is attribute3 ?r\gh ! discipl9e ( ,provid5ce individuals & nations are ev] be+ m ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 ! k ( x4 ,i h1 inde$1 he>d m5 say--,i h he>d ev5 tea*]s ( !ology say--t ! k ( ,god is unlike all o!r k1 9 be+ un*ang+ & unprogressive4 ,to me x seems t ( all k ! k ( ,god is1 or at lea/ ought to be1 ! mo/ progressive4 ,& t = ?is simple reason1 t e increase ( o!r k1--be x ! k ( outw>d nature1 or ( ! human s\l1 or ( hi/ory--be x ! k ( tru?1 or beauty1 or goodness1--ought also to increase our k ( ,him4 ,if x d n1 x has n be5 us$ aright2 & ! reason :y x has n be5 s us$ mu/ be t we h look$ ^u ,god z if ,he 7 only "o among _m ?+s1 in/ead ( look+ ^u ,him z ! ,"o ,be+ ( :om1 ?r\gh :om1 & to :om are all ?+s2 & t we h1 9 consequ5ce1 kept our k ( ,him :olly ap>t f our o!r k1 in/ead ( c5tr+ all our k 9 x1 because we feel x to be ! light ( all our see+1 z well z a lamp to our feet4 ,9 o!r words1 our k ( ,god is 9 ?is case n a liv+1 all-diffusive k4 ,only a dead k ( ,him is an unprogressive k4 ,t1 ,i admit1 is unprogressive4 ,x may fade away & be effac$1 b x does n gr[1 does n absorb & assimilate1 & !reby transmute & glorify all our o!r k4 ,gr[? 9 ! k ( ,god is a k9d ( progress :i* c h absolutely no end1 = ! tru? to be realis$ is inf9ite tru?2 tru? unlimit$ by "t or space2 tru? involv$ 9 all actual exi/5ce1 & conta9+ ! fulness ( inexhau/ible possibilities4 ,x is1 ,i %all conclude by add+1 a k9d ( progress :i* und]lies & det]m9es all o!r progress4 ,:5ev] our views ( tru?1 ( righte\sness1 ( love1 ( happ9ess rise above exp]i5ce2 :5ev] we h ideals ( exi/5ce & conduct :i* transc5d ! actual _w & actual life2 :5ev] we h long+s = a p]fection & bless$ness :i* f9ite ?+s & f9ite p]sons _c conf] ^u u1--our m9ds & he>ts are really1 al?\gh x may be unconsci\sly1 feel+ aft] ,god1 if haply !y may f9d ,him4 ,x is only 9 & ?r\gh ,god t !re is any?+ to correspond to ^! ideals & long+s4 ,if man be himself ! highe/ & be/ ( be+s1 h[ comes x t all ! noble/ ( 8 race %\ld be haunt$ & possess$ z !y are by aspirations aft] :at is high] & bett] ?an !mselves--by visions ( a tru?1 beauty1 & hol9ess :i* !y h n yet atta9$--by desires = a bless$ness :i* nei!r e>? nor humanity c be/[8 ,mu/ n1 9 t case1 8 ideals be m]e dreams--8 long+s m]e delusions8 ,pessimi/s l ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann & _! foll[]s1 op5ly av[ t !y believe !m to be s2 t ! hi/ory ( ! _w is b ! s]ies ( illusions ?r\gh :i* ^! ideals & long+s h impell$ humanity2 t our ideals nev] h be5 & nev] w be realis$2 t our long+s nev] h be5 & nev] w be satisfi$1 =1 behold1 all is vanity4 ,i believe !m to be q logical 9 ?9k+ s1 see+ t !y h ceas$ to believe 9 ,god1 :o is ! ideal :i* alone gives mean+ to all true ideals1 :o c alone satisfy ! deep] spiritual long+s ( ! he>t1 & lik5ess to :om is ! goal ( all m5tal1 moral1 & religi\s progress4 ,( c\rse1 if ! pessimi/s c p]suade mank9d t ! s\rces ( progress are n ! tru?s & affections by :i* ,inf9ite ,goodness is draw+ m5 to itself1 b m]e fictions ( _! own bra9s & flatt]ies ( _! own he>ts1 progress mu/ soon cease4 ,:5 a delusion is se5 ?r\gh1 ! p[] ( x is gone4 ,b ! pessimi/s w n1 we may tru/1 succe$4 ,!y w mislead = a "t1 z !y are n[ mislead+1 c]ta9 un/able m9ds2 b ! ma9 result ( _! activity mu/ be j ! opposite ( :at !y anticipate4 ,x mu/ be t m5 w prize m ! doctr9es ! mo/ opposite to ! dre>y view ( life & hi/ory :i* !y propagate4 ,pessimism mu/ s5d ! philosophical few back ) deep5$ rev]5ce & quick5$ insight to ,plato1 9 ord] to ma/] m ?or\ghly1 & take to he>t m s]i\sly1 8 great message to ! _w1 t ! actual & ! ideal meet & h>monise 9 ,god1 :o is at once ! ,fir/ & ! ,f9al ,cause1 ! ,absolute ,idea1 ! ,highe/ ,good2 & x mu/ increase ! gratitude ( ! _m1 :e!r le>n$ or unle>n$1 = ! ,gospel :i* has taught !m t to glorify ,god is an end 9 :i* !re is no illusion1 & to enjoy ,him a good :i* nev] disappo9ts4 ,god1 z ! presupposition ( all elevat+ ideals1 & ! object ( all ennobl+ desires1 is ! prim>y s\rce & ! ultimate explanation ( all progress4#aj #aj ,see ,app5dix ,,viii4 ,,lecture ,,iii4 ,,! ,,nature1 ,,conditions1 ,,& ,,limits ,,( ,,!i/ic ,,pro(4 ,i4 ,if we believe t !re is "o ,god--! ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 & ,rul] ( all f9ite be+s--we ought to h reasons or gr\nds = ?is belief4 ,we c h no "r to believe x simply because we wi% or w to believe x4 ,! gr\nds or reasons :i* we h = our belief mu/ be to u pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce4 ,^? :o affirm t ,god exi/s1 & yet d5y t ,8 exi/5ce c be prov$1 mu/ ei!r ma9ta9 a position obvi\sly errone\s1 or use ! t]m pro( 9 "s extraord9>y s5se1 fitt$ only to p]plex & mislead4 ,true & weighty1 !re=e1 seem to me ^! words ( "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( liv+ ,g]man philosoph]s3 ,! pro(s = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 aft] hav+ long play$ a great "p 9 philosophy & !ology1 h 9 rec5t times1 especially s9ce ,kant's fam\s critique1 fall5 into disrepute4 ,s9ce !n1 ! op9ion has be5 widely spread1 bo? among believ]s & unbeliev]s1 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god does n admit ( be+ prov$4 ,ev5 !ologians readily ass5t to ?is op9ion1 d]ide ! va9 attempts1 & imag9e t 9 s do+ !y are s]v+ ! fai? :i* !y prea*4 ,b ! pro(s = ! exi/5ce ( ,god co9cide ) ! gr\nds = ! belief 9 ,god2 !y are simply ! real gr\nds ( ! belief e/abli%$ & exp\nd$ 9 a sci5tific mann]4 ,if !re be no su* pro(s1 !re are also no su* gr\nds2 & a belief :i* has no gr\nd1 if possible at all1 c be no prop] belief1 b an arbitr>y1 self-made1 subjective op9ion4 ,yes1 religi\s belief mu/ s9k to ! level ( ! m]e illusion or fix$ idea ( a m9d :i* is insane1 if contradict$ by all reality1 all facts sci5tifically e/abli%$1 & ! !ory ( ! univ]se :i* su* facts support & ju/ify4#aa #aa ,ulrici1 ,gott und die ,natur1 i4 ,! pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce mu/ be1 9 fact1 simply ,8 own manife/ations2 ! ways 9 :i* ,he makes ,himself kn[n2 ! ph5om5a on :i* ,8 p[] & "* are impr9t$4 ,!y c nei!r be1 prop]ly speak+1 our reason+s1 nor our analyses ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 our reason+s4 ,our reason+s are wor? no?+ except 9 s f> z !y are expositions ( ,god's modes ( manife/ation2 & ev5 :5 our reason+s are correct1 our analyses ( !m1 suppos+ we attempt to analyse !m1 may be errone\s4 ,! facts1--! works & ways ( ,god--:i* are ! real evid5ces ( ,8 exi/5ce & ! true indications ( ,8 "*1--may raise c\ntless m9ds to ,god :i* c give no g5]al description ( ! process by :i* !y are ?us elevat$1 & are /ill less capable ( resolv+ x into its pr9ciples4 ,x is late 9 ! hi/ory bo? ( ! individual m9d & ( ! collective m9d be=e !y c s reflect on _! own acts1 s di/+ui% !m "o f ano!r1 & s disc]n ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*1 z to be able ev5 to give a cle> & correct acc\nt ( !m2 & x is mu* lat] be=e !y c detect _! conditions & laws4 ,! m9ds ( multitudes may !re=e readily be suppos$ to rise legitimately f p]ception ( ! visible univ]se to appreh5sion ( ! invisible p]sonal ,creator1 al?\gh ei!r :olly unconsci\s or only dimly & inaccurately aw>e ( ! nature ( ! transition1 & al?\gh1 if call$ on to indicate ! conclusion at :i* !y _h arriv$1 !y w\ld employ f> weak] reasons 9 words ?an ^? by :i* !y 7 actually conv9c$ 9 ?\ght4 ,! pr9ciples ( ! !i/ic inf]5ce may be v badly det]m9$1 & yet ! !i/ic inf]5ce itself may be p]fectly valid4 ,if ! real pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce are all ^? facts :i* _c be reasonably conceiv$ ( z o!r ?an ! manife/ations ( ,god--,8 glory 9 ! heav5s1 ,8 h&iwork on ! e>?1 ,8 op]ations 9 ! s\l1 ,8 ways among ! nations--& if ! task ( ! !i/ is to trace out ^! facts1 & to %[ t !y _c reasonably be d5i$ to be m>ks or impressions ( ,div9e ag5cy1 !n mu/ a !i/1 :5 seek+ or exp\nd+ ! reasons = 8 belief1 feel t 8 m9d is conv]sant n ) m]e ?\ghts ( 8 own1 b ) ! manife/$ ?\ghts or acts ( ,god ,himself4 ,he mu/ c>ry into 8 inquiry ! consci\sness t he is n simply engag$ 9 an intellectual process1 b is try+ to appreh5d & actually appreh5d+ ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,to him1 !re=e1 ! inquiry z to ! ultimate s\rce & reason ( ?+s mu/ be an ess5tially solemn & awe-inspir$ "o4 ,to ! a!i/ x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be mu* less s2 b ev5 he ought to feel x to be n only a mo/ important inquiry1 b "o :i* c>ries him into ! pres5ce ( a va/1 et]nal1 & my/]i\s p[]--a p[] 9 d>kness %r\d$1 yet on :i* hang all life & dea?1 all joy & woe4 ,accord+ to ! view j /at$1 ! evid5ces or pro(s ( ,god's exi/5ce are c\ntless4 ,!y are to be f\nd 9 all ! =ces1 laws1 & arrangem5ts ( nature--9 e mat]ial object1 e organism1 e intellect & he>t4 ,at ! same "t1 !y concur & coalesce into a s+le all-compreh5sive argum5t1 :i* is j ! sum ( ! indications ( ,god giv5 by ! physical univ]se1 ! m9ds ( m51 & human hi/ory4 ,no?+ %ort ( t is ! full pro(4 ,!re may be po9ts 9 space & in/ants 9 "t :]e creative & su/a9+ p[] appe> to our n>r[ & sup]ficial intellects to h be5 /rangely limit$1 b surely we ought n s to conc5trate our att5tion on any su* po9ts or in/ants z to be unable to take 9 a g5]al impression ( ! immeasurable p[] display$ ?r\gh\t ! realms ( space & ! ages ( "t4 ,x may be possible to %[ t _m ?+s :i* h be5 reg>d$ z evid5ces ( intellig5ce or wisdom are n really s1 & yet ! univ]se may teem ) ! manife/ations ( ^! attributes4 ,fai? 9 ! righte\sness & moral gov]nm5t ( ,god mu/ be able to look ov] & to look beyond _m ?+s calculat$ to produce d\bt & disbelief4 ,no man c judge fairly z to :e!r or n !re is a ,god1 :o makes ! "q turn on :at is ! significance ( a few p>ticul> facts1 :o is incapable ( ga!r+ up into "o g5]al f9d+ ! results ( innum]able indications4 ,a true religi\s view ( ! _w mu/ be a wide1 a compreh5sive view ( x1 su* z dem&s an eye = ! :ole & n m]ely = a "p--! faculties :i* h>monise & unify1 & n m]ely ^? :i* divide & analyse4 ,a "p1 a po9t1 ! eye ( an insect1 ! se$ ( a fruit1 may inde$ be look$ at religi\sly1 b x mu/ be 9 ! light ( ! univ]se z a :ole1 9 ! light ( et]nity & inf9ity4 ,fl[] 9 ! cranni$ wall1 ,i pluck y out ( ! crannies2 ,hold y "h1 root & all1 9 my h&1 ,little fl[]--b if ,i c\ld und]/& ,:at y are1 root & all1 & all 9 all1 ,i %\ld "k :at ,god & man is4 ,9 ano!r respect ! !i/ic pro( is exce$+ly complex & compreh5sive4 ,x takes up into itself1 z x 71 ! entire weal? ( human nature4 ,! m9d c only rise to ! appreh5sion ( ,god by a process :i* involves all t is mo/ ess5tial 9 its own con/itution4 ,?us ! w is presuppos$4 ,!i/ic inf]5ce cle>ly involves ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,god c only be ?\ght ( 9 ! prop]ly !i/ic s5se z ! cause ( :i* ! univ]se is ! effect4 ,b to ?9k ( ,god z a cause--to appreh5d ! univ]se z an effect1--we mu/ h "s imm$iate & direct exp]i5ce ( causation4 ,& su* exp]i5ce we h only 9 ! consci\sness ( volition4 ,:5 ! s\l wills1 x kn[s itself z an ag5t1 z a cause4 ,?is is ! fir/ k ( causation :i* ! m9d requires1 & ! mo/ p]fect k !re( :i* x ev] requires4 ,x is a k :i* %$s light ov] all ! regions ( exp]i5ce subsequ5tly br\ght "u ! pr9ciple ( causality1 :i* accompanies ! reason 9 its upw>d se>* until x re/s 9 ! cognition ( an ultimate cause1 & :i* enables u to ?9k ( t cause z ! prim>y1 all-orig9at+ w4 ,if we did n "k ourselves z causes1 we c\ld n "k ,god z a cause2 & we "k ourselves z causes only 9 s f> z we "k ourselves z wills4 ,b ! pr9ciple ( causality alone or by itself is q insuffici5t to lead ! m9d up to ! appreh5sion ( ,deity2 & an imm$iate & direct consci\sness ( f> m )9 u ?an w is requir$ to make t appreh5sion possible4 ,! evid5ces ( intellig5ce mu/ be comb9$ ) ! evid5ces ( p[] be=e we c be w>rant$ to inf] m f ! facts ( ! univ]se ?an ! exi/5ce ( an ultimate =ce2 & no m]e =ce1 h[ev] great or wond]ful1 is wor?y to be call$ ,god4 ,god is n only ! ultimate ,cause1 b ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce2 & z x is only 9 virtue ( ! direct consci\sness ( our volitions t we c ?9k ( ,god z a cause1 s is x only 9 virtue ( ! direct consci\sness ( our intellectual op]ations t we c ?9k ( ,him z an intellig5ce4 ,x is n f ! m]e occurr5ce ( a *ange1 or ! m]e exi/5ce ( a d]ivative ph5om5on1 t we inf] ! *ange or ph5om5on to be due to an intellig5t cause1 b f ! mode ( ! occurr5ce or ! "* ( ! ph5om5on be+ su* t any cause b an intellig5t cause mu/ be deem$ an insuffici5t cause4 ,! inf]5ce supposes1 h[ev]1 t we already h "s k ( :at an intellig5t cause is--t we h en\gh ( k ( ! nature ( intellig5ce to conv9ce u t x alone c fully acc\nt = ord]1 law1 & adju/m5t4 ,:5ce d we get ?is k8 ,we h n f> to seek x2 x is inh]5t 9 self-consci\sness4 ,we "k ourselves z intellig5ces1 z be+s t =esee & contrive1 t c discov] & apply pr9ciples1 t c orig9ate ord] & adju/m5t4 ,x is only ?r\gh ?is k ( ! nature ( intellig5ce t we c inf] our fell[-m5 to be intellig5t be+s2 & n less is x an indisp5sable condition ( our inf]r+ ,god to be an intellig5ce4 ,!n1 causality & design1 & ! w & intellig5ce )9 u ?r\gh :i* !y are int]pret$1 _c1 ev5 :5 comb9$1 enable u to ?9k ( ! ,creative ,reason z righte\s2 al?\gh obvi\sly1 until s ?\ght (1 t reason is by no means to be id5tifi$ ) ,god4 ,! greate/ conceivable p[] & intellig5ce1 if unit$ ) hatr$ ( righte\sness & love ( wick$ness1 c yield u only ! idea ( a devil2 & if sep>at$ f all moral pr9ciple & "*1 good or bad1 only t ( a be+ f> l[] ?an man1 :i* might h reason = wor%ipp+ man1 b :i* man _c wor%ip )\t degrad+ himself4 ,! exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 ( a moral pr9ciple )9 u1 ( a consci5ce :i* witnesses aga9/ s9 & on behalf ( hol9ess1 is ( itself evid5ce t ,god mu/ be a moral be+1 "o :o hates s9 & loves hol9ess2 & ! light ( ?is1 ! c&le ( ! ,"l1 9 ! s\l1 enables u to discov] _m o!r reasons = ! same conclusion 9 ! con/itution ( society & ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,b if we _h no moral p]ceptions on ! contemplation ( our own volunt>y acts1 we c]ta9ly w\ld n1 & c\ld n1 inve/ ! ,div9e ,be+ ) moral p]fections because ( ,8 acts4 ,!re is /ill ano!r /ep to be tak5 9 ord] to obta9 an appreh5sion ( ,god2 & x is "o :]e ! outw>d univ]se fails u1 :]e we are ?r[n entirely1 or ne>ly s1 on our int]nal res\rces4 ,! univ]se1 int]pret$ by ! human m9d 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 indicat$1 may w>rant belief 9 a ,be+ ^: p[] is imm5se1 ^: wisdom is inexpressibly wond]ful1 & ^: righte\sness is to be held 9 pr(\nde/ admiration & rev]5ce1 not)/&+ all ! cl\ds & d>kness :i* may 9 "p conceal x f our view2 b n 9 a ,be+ ^: exi/5ce is absolute1 ^: p[] is inf9ite1 ^: wisdom & goodness are p]fect4 ,we _c inf] t ! au?or ( a univ]se :i* is f9ite1 imp]fect1 & relative1 & all ! ph5om5a ( :i* are f9ite1 imp]fect1 & relative1 mu/ be1 9 ! true & /rict s5se ( ! t]ms1 inf9ite1 p]fect1 & absolute4 ,we _c d$uce ! inf9ite f ! f9ite1 ! p]fect f ! imp]fect1 ! absolute f ! relative4 ,& yet x is only 9 ! recognition ( an absolute ,be+ ( inf9ite p[]1 :o works ) p]fect wisdom t[>ds ! accompli%m5t ( p]fectly holy ends1 t we rea* a true k ( ,god1 or1 :i* is mu* ! same ?+1 a k ( ! true ,god4 ,is !re1 !n1 any w>rant 9 our own nature = ?9k+ ( ,god z inf9ite1 absolute1 & p]fect1 s9ce !re seems to be little or none 9 outw>d nature8 ,yes1 !re are )9 u necess>y conditions ( ?\ght & feel+ & in]adicable aspirations :i* =ce on u ideas ( absolute exi/5ce1 inf9ity1 & p]fection1 & w nei!r p]mit u to d5y ^! p]fections to ,god nor to ascribe !m to any o!r be+4 ,?us ! m5tal process 9 virtue ( :i* we h ! idea ( ,god compreh5ds & conc5trates all t is mo/ ess5tial 9 human nature4 ,x is ?r\gh be>+ ! image ( ,god t we are alone able to appreh5d ,god4 ,take any ess5tial feature ( t image out ( a human s\l1 & to appreh5d ,god is made !reby impossible to x4 ,all t is div9e 9 u meets1 unites1 co-op]ates1 to lay hold ( :at is div9e )\t u4 ,h5ce ! full] & cle>] ! div9e image is 9 any man1 ! full] & cle>] w be 8 p]ception ( ! div9e orig9al4 ,h5ce :at is m or less true ev]y:]e1 is especially & emphatically true 9 religion1 t ! eye sees only :at x br+s ) x ! p[] ( see+4 ,:]e ! w1 = example1 is )\t en]gy--:]e re/ is long$ = z ! highe/ good1 & lab\r deem$ ! greate/ evil--:]e ext9ction is pref]r$ to ex]tion1--! m9d ( a nation may be highly cultur$1 & subtle & pr(\nd 9 speculation1 & yet may manife/ a m>k$ inability to ?9k ( ,god z a cause or w1 ) a consequ5tly invet]ate t5d5cy to pan!ism4 ,! ,h9du m9d1 & ! sy/ems ( religion & philosophy to :i* x has giv5 bir?1 may s]ve z illu/ration & pro(4 ,:]e ! animal nature ( man is /rong1 & 8 moral & spiritual nature /ill undevelop$1 z is ! case among all rude & undiscipl9$ races1 he wor%ips n ! pure & p]fect supreme ,_s1 ^: goodness1 tru?1 & righte\sness are z inf9ite z ,8 p[] & k1 b gods end[$ 9 8 imag9ation *iefly ) physical & animal qualities4 ,recognition ( ,nature1 says ,mr ,c>lyle1 "o f9ds to be ! *ief elem5t ( ,paganism2 recognition ( ,man & 8 ,moral ,duty--?\gh ?is1 too1 is n want+--comes to be ! *ief elem5t only 9 pur] =ms ( religion4 ,"h1 inde$1 is a great di/9ction & epo* 9 ,human ,beliefs2 a great l&m>k 9 ! religi\s developm5t ( ,mank9d4 ,man fir/ puts himself 9 relation ) ,nature & h] ,p[]s1 wond]s & wor%ips ov] ^?2 n till a lat] epo* does he disc]n t all ,p[] is ,moral1 t ! gr& po9t is ! di/9ction = him ( ,good & ,evil1 ( ,?\ %alt1 & ?\ %alt n4 ,! explanation ( ! hi/orical tru? ?us /at$ by ,mr ,c>lyle is j t man is vividly alive to ! wants & claims ( 8 body & m]ely natural life dur+ long ages 9 :i* he is almo/ dead to ! wants & claims ( 8 _s or true self & ! moral life4 ,s ! ord9>y m9d is prone1 ev5 at pres5t1 9 ! mo/ civilis$ c\ntries ( ! _w1 to ?9k ( ,god aft] ! lik5ess ( man1 or1 9 o!r words1 z a va/ly magnifi$ man4 ,:y8 ,because ! ord9>y m9d is always v feebly & dimly consci\s ( ^? pr9ciples ( reason :i* dem& 9 ,god ! exi/5ce ( attributes nei!r to be f\nd 9 ! physical univ]se nor 9 itself4 ,"s ex]cise 9 speculation1 "s tra9+ 9 philosophy1 is ne$$ to make u reflect on !m2 & until we reflect on !m we _c be expect$ to d !m ju/ice 9 ! =mation ( our religi\s convictions4 ,^? :o h nev] ?\ght on :at inf9ite & uncondition$ mean1 & :o h nev] 9 _! lives grappl$ ) a metaphysical problem1 w inf] q z readily z if !y _h sp5t _! days 9 philosophical speculation t all ! p[] & ord] 9 ! univ]se1 & all ! wisdom & goodness 9 humanity1 are ! reflections ( a f> high] p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness 9 _! s\rce--! ,div9e ,m9d2 b !y mu/ realise mu* less correctly 9 :at respects ,god _c be imag$ 9 ,8 works3 !y may d equal or ev5 full] ju/ice to :at is true 9 an?ropomorphism1 b !y _c p]ceive z di/9ctly :]e an?ropomorphism is false4 ,x is only ?r\gh ! activity ( ! speculative reason t religion is prev5t$ f becom+ a degrad+ an?ropomorphism1 t ! m9d is compell$ to ?9k ( ,god n m]ely z a ,fa!r1 ,k+1 & ,judge1 b z ! ,absolute & ,inf9ite ,be+4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! *ief s]vice :i* philosophy r5d]s to religion2 & x ought n to be und]valu$1 not)/&+ t philosophy has (t51 9 *eck+ "o error1 fall5 into ano!r z great1 or ev5 great]1 d5y+ t !re is any lik5ess betwe5 ,god & man4 ,:ile ! m5tal process :i* has be5 describ$--! !i/ic inf]5ce--is capable ( analysis1 x is 9 itself syn!tic4 ,! pr9ciples on :i* x dep5ds are s connect$ t ! m9d c embrace !m all 9 a s+le act1 & mu/ include & apply !m all 9 ! appreh5sion ( ,god4 ,w1 intellig5ce1 consci5ce1 reason1 & ! ideas :i* !y supply2 cause1 design1 goodness1 inf9ity1 ) ! argum5ts :i* re/ on ^! ideas1--all coalesce into ?is "o gr& issue4 ,! inf]5ces are z insep>able z ! pr9ciples f :i* !y spr+4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( ! objections to !ism arise :olly f inatt5tion to ?is tru?4 ,m5 argue z if ea* pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! k ( ,god 7 to be kept /rictly by itself1 z if ea* argum5t br\ght =w>d z lead+ to a !i/ic conclusion 7 to be jeal\sly isolat$2 & !n1 if ! la/ result ( ! pr9ciple1 ! conclusion ( ! argum5t1 be n an adequate k ( ,god1 !y pron\nce ! pr9ciple altoge!r inapplicable1 & ! argum5t altoge!r fallaci\s4 ,x is /range t ?is proc$ure %\ld n be univ]sally se5 to be sophi/ical 9 ! extreme--a k9d ( reason+ :i*1 if g5]ally adopt$1 w\ld at once arre/ all sci5ce & all bus9ess2 b obvi\sly anti-!i/s ?9k diff]5tly1 = !y habitually h rec\rse to x4 ,if y argue1 = example1 t ! univ]se is an ev5t or effect :i* mu/ h an adequate cause1 !y w "q y\r "r to ref] to ! ord] :i* is 9 ! univ]se z a pro( t x is an ev5t or effect1 because ord] implies ano!r pr9ciple1 & is ! gr\nd ( ano!r argum5t4 ,!y ov]look t y are n mak+ an ab/ract use ( ! pr9ciple ( causality1 & t y are n argu+ f ! m]e t]ms univ]se & ev5t1 b f ! univ]se itself2 & t 9 ord] to "k :e!r x be an ev5t or n--an effect or n--y mu/ /udy x z x is1 & take ev]y?+ into acc\nt :i* be>s on ! "q4 ,!y reason z if !y suppos$ t a cause & an intellig5ce mu/ be two diff]5t ?+s1 & t a cause _c be an intellig5ce1 nor an intellig5ce a cause4 ,simil>ly1 ! argum5ts f ! p[]1 ord]1 & goodness display$ 9 nature h (t5 be5 object$ to altoge!r1 h (t5 be5 pron\nc$ wor?less1 because !y d n 9 !mselves prove ,god to be inf9itely p[]ful1 wise1 & good4 ,!y are br\ght =w>d to %[ t ! ,au?or ( ! univ]se mu/ h ! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness requir$ to create & gov]n x2 & =?) _m oppose !m by decl>+ t !y d n %[ ,him to be inf9ite4 ,n[1 no man :o did n imag9e nature to be inf9ite ev] adduc$ !m to prove ,god inf9ite4 ,_! n prov+ t1 is !re=e no reason = d5y+ !m to prove :at !y pr(ess to prove4 ,no argum5t c /& if we may reject x because x does n prove m ?an x und]takes to prove4 ,x is cle> t ! evid5ces ( design1 in/ead ( be+ :olly di/9ct f ! evid5ces ( p[]1 & indep5d5t ( ! pr9ciple ( causality1 are evid5ces ( a k9d ( p[] & manife/ations ( a k9d ( causality--intellig5t p[] & causality4 ,9 l mann] ! evid5ces ( goodness are also evid5ces ( design1 = goodness is a =m ( design--morally1 b5efic5t design4 ,al?\gh causality does n involve design1 nor design goodness1 design involves causality1 & goodness bo? causality & design4 ,! pro(s ( intellig5ce are also pro(s ( p[]2 ! pro(s ( goodness are pro(s bo? ( intellig5ce & p[]4 ,! pr9ciples ( reason :i* compel u to ?9k ( ! ,supreme ,moral ,intellig5ce z a self-exi/5t1 et]nal1 inf9ite1 & un*angeable ,be+1 supplem5t ! pro(s f o!r s\rces1 & give self-consi/5cy & complet5ess to ! doctr9e ( !ism4 ,! v>i\s !i/ic argum5ts are1 9 a ^w1 b /ages 9 a s+le rational process1 b p>ts ( "o compreh5sive argum5t4 ,!y are naturally1 &1 z x 71 organically relat$--!y support & /r5g!n "o ano!r4 ,x is !re=e an arbitr>y & illegitimate proc$ure to sep>ate !m any f>!r ?an may be necess>y = ! purpose ( cle> & ord]ly exposition4 ,x is sophi/ry to attempt to de/roy !m sep>ately by assail+ ea* z if x _h no connection ) ! o!r1 & z if ea* isolat$ fragm5t>y argum5t 7 b\nd to yield z l>ge a conclusion z all ! argum5ts comb9$4 ,a man q unable to break a bundle ( rods firmly b\nd toge!r may be /rong en\gh to break ea* rod sep>ately4 ,b be=e proce$+ to deal ) ! bundle 9 t way1 he may be requir$ to e/abli% 8 "r to untie x1 & to decl9e putt+ =? 8 /r5g? ^u x z x is pres5t$ to him4#ab #ab ,see ,app5dix ,,ix4 ,,ii4 ,! !i/ic inf]5ce1 al?\gh a complex process1 is n a difficult "o4 ,x looks1 inde$1 long & =midable :5 analys$ 9 books ( evid5ces1 & elaborat$ ) p]v]se +5uity into s]ies ( syllogisms4 ,b num]\s processes1 v simple & easy 9 !mselves1 are toilsome & tr\blesome to analyse1 or describe1 or compreh5d4 ,vision & dige/ion are1 9 g5]al1 n difficult bodily functions1 b !y h be5 ! subjects ( a great _m v l>ge treatises2 & d\btless physiologi/s h n ev5 yet f\nd out all t is to be kn[n ab\t !m4 ,z a rule1 ! !i/ic process is z simple & easy an op]ation = ! m9d z vision or dige/ion = ! body4 ,! multitude ( books :i* h be5 writt5 9 explanation & illu/ration ( x1 & ! subtle & ab/ruse "* ( ! rese>*es & speculations conta9$ 9 _m ( ^! books1 are n ! slighte/ indications ( its be+ o!r ?an simple & natural 9 itself4 ,! inf]5ces :i* x involves are1 9 fact1 l ^? :i* ,web]1 ,helmholtz1 & ,zlln] h %[n to be impli$ 9 ! p]ceptions ( s5se1 involunt>y & unconsci\s4 ,if n p]fectly in/antane\s1 !y are s rapid & spontane\s z to h seem$ to _m intuitive4 ,& 9 a loose s5se1 p]haps1 !y may be consid]$ s4 ,n1 h[ev]1 /rictly & prop]ly1 s9ce ! idea ( ,deity is no simple idea1 b ! mo/ complex ( ideas1 compreh5d+ all t is great & good 9 nature & man1 along ) p]fections :i* belong to nei!r nature nor man2 & s9ce ! pres5ce ( ,deity is n se5 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any m$ia--face to face1 eye to eye--b only z ?r\gh a glass d>kly4 ,! contemplation ( nature1 & m9d1 & hi/ory is an indisp5sable /age t[>ds ! k ( ,him4 ,physical & m5tal facts & laws are ! mat]ials or data ( reason 9 its que/ ( religi\s tru?4 ,!re is a rational transition f ! natural to ! sup]natural1 :]ev] ! latt] is rea*$4 ,our k ( ,god is obta9$ z simply & naturally z our k ( our fell[-m54 ,x is obta9$1 9 fact1 ma9ly 9 ! same way4 ,9 bo? cases we ref] c]ta9 manife/ations ( w1 intellig5ce1 & goodness--qualities :i* are kn[n to u by consci\sness--to ^! qualities z _! causes4 ,we h no direct or imm$iate k--no intuitive or a priori k--( ! intellig5ce ( our fell[-creatures1 any m ?an we h ( ! intellig5ce ( our ,creator2 b we h a direct p]sonal consci\sness ( intellig5ce 9 ourselves :i* enables u confid5tly to inf] t ! works bo? ( ,god & ( m5 c only h orig9at$ 9 intellig5ces4 ,we gr[ up into k ( ! m9d ( ,god z we gr[ 9 acqua9tance ) ! m9ds ( m5 ?r\gh famili>ity ) _! acts4 ,! ,fa!r 9 heav5 is kn[n j z a fa!r on e>? is kn[n4 ,! latt] is z unse5 z ! =m]4 ,no human be+ has really ev] se5 ano!r4 ,no s5se has w1 or wisdom1 or goodness = its object4 ,man mu/ inf] ! exi/5ce ( 8 fell[-m51 = he c h no imm$iate p]ception ( x2 he mu/ become acqua9t$ ) _! *>act]s ?r\gh ! use ( 8 intellig5ce1 because "* _c be he>d ) ! e>1 or look$ ^u ) ! eye1 or t\*$ ) ! f+]4 ,yet a *ild is n long 9 le>n+ to "k t a _s is ne> x4 ,z soon z x kn[s itself1 x easily detects a _s l its own1 yet o!r ?an itself1 :5 ! signs ( a _s's activity are pres5t$ to x4 ,! process ( inf]5ce by :i* x asc5ds f ! works ( man to ! _s :i* orig9ates !m is n m legitimate1 m simple1 or m natural1 ?an t by :i* x rises f nature to nature's ,god4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i ref] m]ely to ! process ( inf]5ce 9 itself4 ,t is id5tical 9 ! two cases4 ,9 o!r respects !re are obvi\s diff]5ces1 ( :i* "o important consequ5ce is1 t :ile ! scepticism :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( ,god is n unfrequ5tly to be met )1 a scepticism :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( human be+s is unkn[n4 ,! facts :i* prove t !re are m51 are gr\p$ toge!r )9 limits ( space & ( "t :i* all[ ( _! be+ s easily survey$1 & !y are 9 !mselves s simple & famili>1 t all sane m9ds draw f !m _! natural inf]5ce4 ,! facts :i* prove t !re is a ,god ne$1 9 ord] to be rightly int]pret$1 m att5tion & reflection1 m compreh5siv5ess1 imp>tiality1 & elevation ( m9d4 ,c\ntless z !y are1 !y c be ov]look$1 & (t5 h be5 ov]look$4 ,cle> & conspicu\s z !y are1 worldl9ess & prejudice & s9 may bl9d ! s\l to _! significance4 ,true1 ! exi/5ce & possibility ( a!ism h (t5 be5 d5i$1 b ! te/imony ( hi/ory to ! reality ( a!ism _c be set aside4 ,al?\gh _m h be5 call$ a!i/s unju/ly & calumni\sly1 & al?\gh a few :o h pr(ess$ !mselves to be a!i/s may h really possess$ a religi\s belief :i* !y ov]look$ or 7 av]se to ackn[l$ge1 we _c reasonably refuse to take at _! own ^w ! majority ( ^? :o h inculcat$ a nak$ & undisguis$ a!ism1 & claim$ & glori$ 9 ! "n ( a!i/4 ,incr$ible z x may seem t any intellig5t be+1 consci\s ( human wants & weaknesses1 %\ld be able to look ^u ! wond]s ( ! heav5s & ( ! e>?1 ( ! s\l )9 him & ( society ar\nd him1 & yet say t !re is no ,god1 m5 h done s1 & we h no alt]native b to accept ! fact z we f9d x4 ,x is a fact :i* involves no?+ inconsi/5t ) ! tru? t ! process by :i* ! m9d atta9s to a belief 9 ,god is ( ! same natural & direct1 yet inf]5tial1 "* z ! process by :i* x atta9s to belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( f9ite m9ds closely ak9 to itself4 ,our entire spiritual be+ is con/itut$ = ! appreh5sion ( ,god 9 & ?r\gh ,8 works4 ,all ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( m5tal action1 :5 appli$ to ! m$itative consid]ation ( f9ite ?+s1 lead up f !m to ,inf9ite ,creative ,wisdom4 ,! :ole ( nature ext]nal to u is a revelation ( ,god2 ! :ole nature )9 u has be5 made = ! reception & int]pretation ( t revelation4 ,:at m w\ld we h8 ,/range z x may seem1 !re are _m !i/s at ! pres5t day :o repres5t x z insuffici5t1 or z ev5 wor?less1 & :o jo9 ) a!i/s 9 d5y+ t ,god's exi/5ce c be prov$1 & 9 affirm+ t all ! argum5ts = ,8 exi/5ce are inconclusive & sophi/ical4 ,i confess ,i deem ?is a mo/ errone\s & dang]\s proc$ure4 ,su* !i/s seem to me n only ! be/ allies ( a!i/s1 b ev5 m effective lab\r]s 9 ! cause ( unbelief ?an a!i/s !mselves4 ,!y %ake m5's confid5ce to a f> great] ext5t 9 ! reasonable gr\nds ( fai? 9 ,god's exi/5ce1 & sub/itute = ^! gr\nds o!rs z weak & arbitr>y z any a!i/ c\ld possibly wi%4 ,!y pron\nce illegitimate & invalid ! argum5ts f effect to cause1 f ord] & arrangem5t to intellig5ce1 f hi/ory to provid5ce1 f consci5ce to a moral gov]nor1--an ass]tion :i*1 if true1 infallibly implies t ! heav5s d n decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 & t ! e>? does n %[ =? ,8 h&iworks--t ! c\rse ( human ev5ts discloses no trace ( ,8 wisdom1 goodness1 or ju/ice--& t ! moral nature ( man is :olly dissociat$ f a ,div9e law & a ,div9e lawgiv]4 ,!n1 9 place ( a univ]se reveal+ ,god1 & a s\l made 9 ,8 image1 & a humanity ov]rul$ & guid$ by ,him1 !y pres5t to u z some?+ /rong] & sur]--an intuition or a feel+ or an ex]cise ( m]e fai?4 ,= x is a noticeable & c]ta9ly n a promis+ circum/ance1 t !re is no g5]al agreem5t z to :at t /ate ( m9d is on :i* ! weight ( ! entire edifice ( !ism is propos$ to be re/$ ev5 among ^? :o pr(ess to possess x4 ,an intuition1 a feel+1 & a belief are v diff]5t ?+s2 & n mu* dep5d5ce is to be put on ! psy*ology :i* is unable to di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,man1 say "s1 kn[s ,god by imm$iate intuition2 he ne$s no argum5t = ,8 exi/5ce1 because he p]ceives ,him directly--face to face--)\t any m$ium4 ,x is easy to ass]t ?is1 b obvi\sly ! ass]tion is ! m]e/ dogmatism4 ,n "o man 9 a ?\s& :o und]/&s :at he is affirm+ w d>e to claim to h an imm$iate vision ( ,god1 & no?+ c be m likely ?an t ! man :o makes su* a claim is self-delud$4 ,x is n difficult to see h[ he may be delud$4 ,!re is s mu* t is intuitive involv$ 9 ! appreh5sion ( ,god t ! appreh5sion itself may readily be imag9$ to be intuitive4 ,! intuitive nature ( ! conditions :i* x implies may arre/ ! att5tion1 & ! fact t !y are simply conditions may be ov]look$4 ,! possibility1 h[ev]1 ( analys+ ! appreh5sion into simpl] elem5ts--( %[+ t x is a complex act1 & presupposes conditions t c be indicat$--is a conclusive pro( t x is no intuition1 t our idea ( ,god is no m or o!rwise intuitive ?an our idea ( a fell[-man4 ,besides1 :at seem intuitions are (t5 really inf]5ces1 & n unfrequ5tly errone\s inf]5ces2 :at seem ! imm$iate dictates ( pure reason1 or ! direct & uncl\d$ p]ceptions ( a special spiritual faculty1 may be ! conceits ( fancy or ! products ( habit & association1 or ! reflections ( /rong feel+4 ,a man mu/ prove to himself1 & he mu/ prove to o!rs1 t :at he takes to be an intuition is an intuition4 ,is t pro( 9 ?is case likely to be easi] or m conclusive ?an ! pro( ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce8 ,! s-call$ imm$iate p]ception ( ,god mu/ be %[n to be a p]ception & to be imm$iate2 x mu/ be v9dicat$ & v]ifi$3 & h[ ?is is to be done1 especially if !re be no o!r reasons = believ+ 9 ,god ?an itself1 x is difficult to conceive4 ,! hi/ory ( religion1 :i* is :at ought to yield ! cle>e/ confirmation ( ! alleg$ intuition1 appe>s to be f beg9n+ to end a conspicu\s contradiction ( x4 ,if all m5 h ! spiritual p[] ( directly behold+ _! ,creator--h an imm$iate vision ( ,god--h[ happ5s x t :ole nations believe 9 ! mo/ absurd & mon/r\s gods8 t millions ( m5 are ignorant :e!r !re be "o god or ?\s&s8 t ev5 a p l ! ,greeks c\ld suppose ! highe/ ( _! deities to h be5 born1 to h a body1 & to h committ$ ! vile/ actions8 ,a true p[] ( intuition is little susceptible ( gr[?1 & its te/imonies v>y )9 n>r[ limits2 any developm5t ( :i* x admits is only slightly due to ext]nal conditions1 & ma9ly ! necess>y consequ5ce ( int]nal activity1 ( inh]5t expansibility4 ,x is ?us1 = example1 ) ! s5ses ( sight & he>+1 9 s f> z !y are intuitive4 ,b x is manife/ly v diff]5t ) ! religi\s nature4 ,its gr[? is ma9ly dep5d5t1 n on ! organic evolution ( a p>ticul> faculty1 b on ! g5]al /ate ( ! s\l1 on ! "o h&2 & on ! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances--education1 example1 law1 c4--on ! o!r h&4 ,x is ?is diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( _! developm5t :i* expla9s :y ! deliv]ances ( ! s5ses are s uni=m & ne>ly infallible1 :ile ! mo/ cursory survey ( ! religi\s _w %[s u ! greate/ want ( uni=mity & tru?fulness 9 religi\s judgm5ts4 ,! v>i\s phases ( poly!ism & pan!ism are inexplicable1 if an intuition ( ,god be univ]sally inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,!ism is p]fectly explicable )\t intuition1 z ! evid5ces = x are num]\s1 obvi\s1 & /rong4 ,! op9ion t man has an intuition or imm$iate p]ception ( ,god is unt5able2 ! op9ion t he has an imm$iate feel+ ( ,god is absurd4 ,a man feels only 9 s f> z he p]ceives & kn[s4 ,feel+ is 9 consci\sness ess5tially dep5d5t on1 & necess>ily subsequ5t to1 kn[+4 ,m]e feel+--feel+ )\t kn[+--is an utt]ly inconceivable & impossible exp]i5ce4 ,admit1 h[ev]1 n only t !re may be a m]e feel+1 b t !re is a m]e feel+ ( ,god4 ,:at wor? c x h8 ,by supposition--by def9ition--no k ( ,god und]lies & expla9s x4 ,b 9 t case1 h[ c any man pret5d to get a k ( ,god out ( x8 ,:at "r c any "o h to repres5t x z a s\rce ( k ( ,god8 ,i am n aw>e t ^! que/ions h ev] be5 answ]$ except by ! m]e/ v]bal juggl]y4 ,! v m5 :o tell u t we _c "k ,god1 b t we feel ,him1 tell u also t ! feel+ ( ,him is an imm$iate consci\sness ( ,him1 & t imm$iate consci\sness is its own self-evid5ce1 is absolute c]ta9ty1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! highe/ & sure/ k4 ,we d n "k ,god1 b we feel ,him2 h[ev]1 to feel ,him is to "k ,him1--su* is _! answ] m or less di/9ctly express$1 or1 ,i %\ld r say1 m or less skilfully conceal$4 ,x is at once a ,yes & a ,no1 ! affirmation ( :at is d5i$ & ! d5ial ( :at is affirm$4 ,& x is ?is because x _c be any?+ else--because m]e feel+ is an impossible exp]i5ce--& because feel+1 s f> z x is uncaus$ & un5light5$ by k1 te/ifies only to ! folly or insanity ( ! be+ :i* feels4 ,if !ism h no o!r basis ?an feel+1 x is a h\se :i* fooli% m5 h built ^u ! s&4 ,! fir/ /orm w ca/ x d[n1 & no wise man w regret its fall4 ,:atev] is f\nd$ on m]e emotion--on emotion :i* is n itself expla9$ & ju/ifi$ by reason--/&s b by suff]ance2 has no "r to /&2 ought to be ca/ d[n & swept f ! e>?4 ,b ! /orms :i* h already 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages sp5t _! =ce aga9/ !ism ) no o!r effect ?an to make its /r5g? m conspicu\s1 & to c>ry away :at w\ld h weak5$ or de=m$ x1 are suffici5t to %[ u t x has be5 built on et]nal tru? by ! f9ite human reasons :i* h be5 enlight5$ by ,inf9ite & ,div9e ,reason4 ,! /range/ ( all !ories z to ! f\ndation ( our belief 9 ,god is1 t x has no f\ndation at all--t x is a belief :i* re/s ^u itself1 an act ( fai? :i* is its own w>rant4 ,we are told t we c nei!r "k t ,god is nor :at ,god is1 b t we c nev]!less believe 9 ,god1 & ought to believe 9 ,him1 & c & ought to act z if we knew ,8 exi/5ce & "*4 ,b surely belief )\t a reason mu/ be arbitr>y belief1 & ei!r to believe or act z if we knew :at we d n "k1 c nev] be conduct to be ju/ifi$1 mu* less comm5d$4 ,fai? :i* is n rational is fai? :i* ought to be reject$4 ,we _c believe :at we d n "k or ?9k t we "k4 ,we h no "r to believe m ?an we "k4 ,i "k1 = example1 t ! grass gr[s1 & consequ5tly ,i believe1 & am ju/ifi$ 9 believ+1 t x gr[s4 ,i d n "k h[ ! grass gr[s1 & ,i d n believe h[ x gr[s2 ,i c ju/ify my believ+ ab\t its gr[? no?+ beyond :at ,i "k to be true4 ,?is law ( belief is z b9d+ = ! highe/ z = ! l[lie/ objects4 ,if ,i h no reason = believ+ t !re is a ,god1 ,i h no "r to believe t !re is a ,god4 ,if ,i d n "k t ,god is inf9ite1 ,i am b\nd n to believe t ,he is inf9ite4 ,belief is insep>able f k1 & ought to be precisely coext5sive ) k4 ,^? :o d5y ?is fundam5tal tru? w always be f\nd employ+ ! words k & belief 9 a caprici\s & mislead+ way4#ac #ac ,see ,app5dix ,x4 ,,iii4 ,:5 man appreh5ds ,god z p[]ful1 wise1 & good--z possess$ ( w1 reason1 & righte\sness--obvi\sly he ?9ks ( ,him z be>+ "s lik5ess to himself1 z hav+ 9 an inf9ite or p]fect measure qualities :i* human creatures h 9 a f9ite & imp]fect measure4 ,?is c be no /umbl+-block to any "o :o believes t ,god made man 9 ,8 image1 aft] ,8 lik5ess4 ,if man be 9 "s respects l ,god1 ,god mu/1 ( c\rse1 be 9 "s respects l man4 ,p[] & fre$om1 k & wisdom1 love1 goodness1 & ju/ice1 are1 accord+ to ?is view1 f9itely 9 man1 because !y are inf9itely 9 ,god4 ,b x is a view :i* excites 9 c]ta9 m9ds deep av]sion4 ,!re are m5 :o prote/1 9 ! "n ( religion1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 aga9/ ?is an?ropomorphic !ism1 z !y call x4 ,accord+ to !m1 to attribute to ,god any human qualities1 ev5 ! highe/ & be/1 is to limit & degrade ,him--is contr>y to reason & contr>y to piety--is idolatr\s & pr(ane4 ,! ,psalmi/ repres5ts ! ,"l z reproa*+ ! wick$ = suppos+ t ,he 0 l !m 9 _! wick$ness--altoge!r su* an "o z !mselves2 b ! mod]n philosoph]s to :om ,i am ref]r+ are horrifi$ at ! ?\ght t ! mo/ righte\s man1 ev5 9 8 righte\sness1 has any lik5ess to ,god4 ,accord+ to !m1 to ?9k ( ,god z wise is to di%on\r ,him1 & to decl>e ,him holy is to calumniate ,him4 ,to ?9k ( ,him z fooli%1 & to pron\nce ,him wick$1 are1 9 _! eyes1 only a little m irrev]5t & no m irrational4 ,we mu/ n fall d[n & wor%ip1 writes "o ( ^! philosoph]s1 z ! s\rce ( our life & virtue1 ! image :i* our own m9ds h set up4 ,:y is su* idolatry any bett] ?an t ( ! old wood & /one8 ,if we wor%ip ! creations ( our m9ds1 :y n also ^? ( our h&s8 ,! "o is1 inde$1 a m ref9$ self-adoration ?an ! o!r2 b ! radical error rema9s ! same 9 bo?4 ,! old idolat]s 7 wrong1 n because !y wor%ipp$ !mselves1 b because !y wor%ipp$ _! creation z if x 7 _! creator2 & h[ c any an?ropomorphic !ory 'escape ! same condemnation'8#ad ,! writ] does n see t ,god c only be ?\ght ( z wise & righte\s & free because ! m9d ( man is ,8 creation1 s t ,8 be+ ?us ?\ght ( c be no pro( t ,he is its creation4 ,! fact t we c ?9k ( ,god z wise & righte\s & free is no evid5ce t ,he is an image :i* our own m9ds h set up4 ,! man :o draws su* an inf]5ce f su* a premiss c be no dispassionate reason]4 ,& c]ta9ly ! fact t we c ?9k ( ,god z possess$ ( intellectual & moral p]fections is no reason = our n fall+ d[n & wor%ipp+ ,him1 & no evid5ce t our do+ s is idolatry4 ,to fall d[n & wor%ip any be+ :om we d n "k to possess ^! *>act]i/ics is :at w\ld cle>ly be idolatry4 ,& ?is idolatry is :at ! philosoph]s to :om ,i ref] are manife/ly *>geable ) enc\rag+4 ,:5 !y h reject$ ! liv+1 p]sonal1 righte\s1 lov+ ,god1 9 :om humanity has s long tru/$1 !y c only sugge/ z a sub/itute = ,him a my/]i\s ,p[] :i* is :olly unkn[n1 & ev5 unkn[able4 ,great is _! simplicity if !y fancy t !y c p]suade m5 to receive any su* god z t1 or if !y fancy t m5 w\ld be any bett] = a fai? s vague & empty4 ,to believe 9 we "k n :at1 is directly contr>y to reason2 to wor%ip x w\ld be an idolatry no bett] ?an t ( ! old wood & /one4 ,:at we "k is (t5 n ! creation ( our m9ds3 ! unkn[able is 9 itself no?+ at all to u1 &1 z a ?\ght1 is always ! m]e creation ( our m9ds2 x is diff]5t = ea* creature1 ea* m9d2 x is ! m]e result & reflection ( our f9it5ess4 ,!re c be no unkn[n or unkn[able to an inf9ite m9d4 ,to wor%ip :at is unkn[able w\ld be1 !re=e1 simply to wor%ip our own ignorance--"o ( ! creations ( our m9ds lea/ wor?y1 p]haps1 ( be+ wor%ipp$4 ,!re is1 at lea/1 no k9d ( wor%ip less entitl$ to escape condemnation1 ev5 z an?ropomorphic idolatry1 ?an ! wor%ip ( ! ,unkn[able1--! god propos$ to u by "s z ! alone true ,god1 belief 9 :om--p]haps ,i %\ld r say1 belief 9 :i*--is to be ! f9al & p]fect reconciliation ( sci5ce & religion4 #ad ,b>rett's ,physical ,e?ics1 p4 #bbe4 ,all true !ism implies a c]ta9 lik5ess betwe5 ,god & man4 ,x holds t ,god is n m]ely an all-p]vad+ & all-su/a9+ ,p[]1 b an omnisci5t ,m9d & p]fectly holy ,w4 ,x refuses to ?9k ( ,him m]ely accord+ to ! analogies ( ! physical _w1 z if human reason & human love 7 less wor?y expressions ( ,8 p]fections ?an me*anical or brute =ce4 ,x ref]s to ,him n only all ! maje/y ( nature1 b all ! humanity ( man4 ,?is tru?--t !re is a lik5ess betwe5 ,god & man--mu/1 h[ev]1 be comb9$ ) two o!r tru?s1 o!rwise x w lead to ! grave/ errors4 ,! fir/ is1 t :ile ,god & man are bo? l ea* o!r1 9 t bo? possess c]ta9 excell5ces1 !y are utt]ly unlike1 9 t ,god possesses ^! excell5ces 9 all _! p]fection & 9 an inf9ite measure1 :ile man possesses !m 9 a v small degree & violat$ ) _m flaws & faults4 ,! highe/ glory :i* a man c hope = is1 t he %\ld be made :olly into ! image ( ,god2 b nev] c ,god be rightly ?\ght ( z ma9ly1 & /ill less z m]ely1 9 ! image ( man4 ,x 0 ! great error ( classic hea!ndom t x ?us conceiv$ ( ! ,div9e4 ,m51 says ,h]aclitus1 are mortal gods1 & ! gods immortal m54 ,& ! gods ( ,greece1 z repres5t$ by h] poets & ador$ by h] p1 7 simply magnifi$ & immortal m5--a race closely ak9 to _! wor%ipp]s 9 weaknesses & vices no less ?an 9 p[]s & virtues4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be born z m5 are1 to h voice & figure1 p>ts & passions1 & ev5 at times to *eat & rail & lie4 ,!y reflect$ all ! t5d5cies ( ! ,greek m9d1 bo? good & evil4 ,wor%ipp]s ( ! "o ,god c sc>cely fall into ! same extravagance ( error 9 ?is respect z ! ,greeks & ,romans did1 z all poly!i/s d2 b !y c1 & (t5 d1 fall into ! error1 & ?9k ( ,god z subject to limits & defects1 :i* are only 9 !mselves4 ,= in/ance1 :at is call$ deism1 z di/+ui%$ f !ism1 re/s :olly on ! conception t ! pres5ce & p[] ( ,god are limit$1 & t ,he acts 9 ! mann] to :i* man z a f9ite creature is re/rict$4 ,! dei/ ?9ks ( ,god z outside ( & away f ! univ]se2 he ?9ks ( ! univ]se z a me*anism :i* ,god has contriv$1 & :i* ,he has end[$ ) c]ta9 p[]s1 9 virtue ( :i* x is able to su/a9 itself 9 exi/5ce1 & to p]=m its "w s z to save ,god1 z x 71 all fur!r tr\ble & lab\r conc]n+ x4 ,x is a great ga9 = u to h a ma*9e do+ :at we desire )\t our ne$+ to pay any att5tion to x or ev5 to be pres5t :]e x is1 because we _c give our att5tion to m ?an "o object at "o & ! same in/ant ( "t1 & _c be pres5t at ! same "t 9 m places ?an "o2 b ^? :o lik5 ,god to man 9 ?is respect1 dive/ ,him ( ,8 omnipres5ce & omnipot5ce1 & repres5t ,him z *>act]is$ 9 "s measure by _! own impot5cy4 ,!re is a tru? :i* ,pan!ism (t5 claims z peculi>ly & di/9ctively its own1--! tru? t 9 ,god we & all ?+s live1 & move1 & h our be+--t ( ,him1 & ?r\gh ,him1 & to ,him1 are all ?+s1--b :i* !ism mu/ s9c]ely & fully appropriate z "o ( its simple/ & mo/ c]ta9 elem5ts1 o!rwise ! *>ge aga9/ x ( be+ a false & presumptu\s lik5+ ( ,god to man w be w>rant$4 ,we mu/ n ?9k ( ,him z an abs5tee ,god1 sitt+ idle ev] s9ce ! fir/ ,sabba?1 at ! outside ( ,8 univ]se1 & 'see+ x g'--z a ,god at h& b n af> (f1 or af> (f b n at h&--z "h1 n !re1 or !re1 n "h2 b we mu/ ?9k ( ,him z ev]y:]e pres5t1 ev]y:]e active--z at once ! s\rce ( all ord]1 ! spr+ ( all life1 & ! gr\nd ( all affection & ?\ght4 ,we ne$ to be /ill m on our gu>d aga9/ limit+ ,8 wisdom or righte\sness or love1 z x is :at we are /ill m prone to d4 ,^! attributes ( ,god are (t5 ?\ght ( 9 ! meane/ & mo/ unwor?y ways2 & d\btless x has to a l>ge ext5t be5 horror at ! consequ5t degradation ( ! idea ( ,god :i* has made "s m5 refuse to assign to ,him any ( ! prop]ties ( humanity1 say+1 ) ,x5ophanes1 t if ! animals c\ld ?9k1 !y w\ld imag9e ! ,deity to be 9 _! lik5ess--& ) ,sp9oza1 t if a circle c\ld ?9k1 x w\ld suppose ,8 ess5ce to be circul>ity4 ,b ?is is to flee f "o extreme to ano!r extreme1 f "o error to a /ill m t]rible error1 ?r\gh utt]ly fail+ to di/+ui% betwe5 p]fection & imp]fection1 betwe5 :at ought & :at ought n to be ascrib$ to ,god4 ,circul>ity1 animal =ms & dispositions1 human limitations--^! are imp]fections1 & we mu/ n ref] !m to ,god2 b intellig5ce1 righte\sness1 love--^! are s little 9 _! own nature imp]fections t an intellig5t be+1 h[ev] feeble1 w\ld be m excell5t ?an an omnipot5t & omnipres5t be+ de/itute ( intellig5ce2 & righte\sness & love are z mu* sup]ior to m]e intellig5ce z x is to m]e p[] & magnitude4 ,to ascribe ^! to ,god1 if we only ascribe !m to ,him 9 inf9ite p]fection1 is no presumption1 no error2 n to ascribe !m to ,him is ! greate/ presumption1 ! mo/ lam5table error4 ,! second tru? necess>y to be borne 9 m9d1 :5ev] we affirm ! lik5ess ( ,god to man1 is1 t 9 :atev] measure & to :atev] ext5t ,god may be kn[n1 our k ( ,him is1 & always mu/ be1 v inadequate4 ,9 ^! latt] days ( sci5ce we are pr\d ( our k ( ! univ]se2 & yet1 al?\gh we d "k a little ( f>-away />s & sy/ems1 :at is ?is1 aft] all1 b1 z ,c>lyle says1 ! k :i* a m9n[ 9 its native creek has ( ! outly+ ocean8 ,& our k ( ,god mu/ fall unspeakably f>!r %ort ( be+ coext5sive ) its object4 ,to illu/rate ! disproportion !re1 no comp>ison c be appropriate4 ,can/ ?\ by se>*+ f9d out ,god8 ,can/ ?\ f9d out ! ,almighty unto p]fection8 ,x is high z heav52 :at can/ ?\ d8 ,deep] ?an hell2 :at can/ ?\ "k8 ,! measure !re( is long] ?an ! e>?1 & broad] ?an ! sea4 ,our idea ( ,god may conta9 no?+ :i* is n true ( ,god1 & may omit no?+ :i* x is ess5tial = our spiritual welf>e t we %\ld "k reg>d+ ,him2 b x is impossible t x %\ld be a complete & exhau/ive idea ( ,him4 ,we h sc>cely a complete & exhau/ive idea ( any?+1 & lea/ ( all c we h su* an idea ( ! inf9ite & inexhau/ible s\rce ( all be+4 ,god alone c h a complete & exhau/ive idea ( ,himself4 ,!re mu/ be inf9itely m 9 ,god ?an we h any idea (4 ,!re mu/ be _m qualities1 p[]s1 excell5ces1 9 ,div9e nature1 :i* are :olly unkn[n to m51 or ev5 :olly unkn[able by !m1 ow+ to _! want ( any faculties = _! appreh5sion4 ,& ev5 z to :at we d "k ( ,god1 our k is b p>tial & inadequate4 ,we "k t ,god kn[s1 t ,he feels1 t ,he acts2 b z to h[ ,he kn[s1 feels1 & acts1 z to :at is di/9ctive & *>act]i/ic ( ,8 kn[+1 feel+1 & act+1 we h little or no notion4 ,we c appreh5d c]ta9 attributes ( ,god1 b we c compreh5d1 or fully grasp1 or def9itely image1 n "o ( !m4 ,if we c\ld f9d out ,god unto p]fection 9 any respect1 !n1 ei!r we mu/ be inf9ite or ,god mu/ be f9ite 9 t respect4 ,! f9ite m9d c nev] /ret* itself out 9 any direction until x is coext5sive ) ! ,inf9ite ,m9d4 ,man is made 9 ! image ( ,god1 b he is n ! measure ( ,god4 ,,lecture ,,iv4 ,,nature ,,is ,,b ,,! ,,"n ,,= ,,an ,,effect ,,^: ,,cause ,,is ,,god4 ,i4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! pr9ciple ( causality s f> z x is impli$ 9 ! !i/ic inf]5ce1 & ! !i/ic inf]5ce s f> z x is condition$ by ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,x is n necess>y to discuss ! nature ( ! pr9ciple ( causality 9 itself or = its own sake2 x is ev5 exp$i5t1 ,i believe1 n to attempt to p5etrate f>!r into its metaphysics & psy*ology ?an ! "w on h& imp]atively requires4 ,we mu/ ( c\rse g z f> z ^? h gone :o h ma9ta9$ on metaphysical or psy*ological gr\nds t ! pr9ciple ( causality w>rants no !i/ic inf]5ce2 we mu/ %[ t _! metaphysics & psy*ology are irrelevant :5 true1 & false :5 relevant2 b we may be cont5t to /op :5 we h rea*$ ?is result4 ,! tru? ( !ism has be5 v g5]ally repres5t$1 bo? by ^? :o admit & by ^? :o d5y ! validity ( ! !i/ic inf]5ce1 z mu* m dep5d5t ?an x really is on ! tru? or falsity ( "s "o or o!r ( ! _m views :i* h be5 ent]ta9$ z to ! nature ( causation1 & ! orig9 ( ! causal judgm5t4 ,we are con/antly be+ w>n$ by !i/s t unless we accept ?is or t p>ticul> notion ( causation1 & acc\nt = x 9 ?is or t p>ticul> mann]1 we _c reasonably believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 we are con/antly be+ assur$ by anti-!i/s t belief 9 ,god is irrational1 because x assumes "s errone\s view ( causation1 or "s errone\s explanation ( ! process by :i* causation is appreh5d$4 ,b x w be f\nd t repres5tations ( ?is k9d seldom prove m ?an "o-sid$ness & immaturity ( ?\ght 9 ^? :o make !m4 ,an accurate & compreh5sive view ( ! nature ( causation1 & ( our appreh5sion ( x1 w1 x is true1 h "h z else:]e great advantages ov] an errone\s & n>r[ "o1 b h>dly any ( ! !ories :i* h be5 held on ^! po9ts c be consi/5tly argu$ by ^? :o hold !m to invalidate !i/ic belief4 ,ev5 utt]ly inadequate /atem5ts & explanations ( ! pr9ciple ( causality--z1 = example1 ^? ( ,hume & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill--are n m incompatible ) ! !i/ic inf]5ce ?an !y are ) any o!r inf]5ce :i* is a real ext5sion ( k4 ,unless !y are und]/ood & appli$ m rigidly ?an by ^? :o prop\nd !m1 !y all[ u to draw ! !i/ic inf]5ce2 if und]/ood & appli$ s z to =bid our draw+ x1 !y logically disall[ all sci5tific inf]5ce except su* z is purely =mal & d$uctive4 ,9 a ^w1 if compatible ) sci5ce !y are compatible ) !ism1 & if incompatible ) !ism !y are incompatible ) sci5ce4 ,:5 we assume ! pr9ciple ( causality 9 ! argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 :at precisely is x t we assume8 ,only ?is3 t :atev] has begun to be1 mu/ h _h an antec$5t1 or gr\nd1 or cause :i* acc\nts = x4 ,we d n assume t e exi/5ce mu/ h _h a cause4 ,we h no "r1 inde$1 to assume t any exi/5ce has _h a cause until we h f\nd reason to reg>d x z n an et]nal exi/5ce1 b "o :i* has _h an orig94 ,:atev] we believe1 h[ev]1 to h _h an orig91 we at once believe also to h _h a cause4 ,! !i/ic argum5t assumes t ?is belief is true4 ,x assumes t e exi/5ce1 once new1 e ev5t or occurr5ce or *ange1 mu/ h a cause4 ,?is is c]ta9ly no v l>ge assumption3 on ! contr>y1 if any assumption c claim to be self-evid5t1 x surely may4 ,?\ght implies ! tru? ( x e mom5t4 ,s5sation only gives rise to ?\ght 9 virtue ( x4 ,unless x 7 true !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z ?\ght4 ,to d5y t ! pr9ciple ( causality1 und]/ood z has be5 indicat$1 is true1 w\ld be to d5y t reason is reason2 x w\ld be equival5t to affirm+ t to seek = a reason is always & ess5tially an unreasonable process4 ,&1 9 fact1 s und]/ood1 ! pr9ciple nev] has be5 d5i$4 ,hume ev5 did n v5ture to d5y x1 al?\gh he ought 9 consi/5cy to h d5i$ x1 & obvi\sly desir$ to be able to d5y x4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 d5y t e object :i* beg9s to exi/ mu/ h a cause1--he did n v5ture to d m ?an d5y t ?is is ei!r intuitively or demon/ratively c]ta91 & t any bond or tie c be p]ceiv$ betwe5 :at is call$ a cause & :at is call$ an effect4 ,! inquiry :i* he in/itut$ 0 n :e!r we pron\nce x necess>y t ev]y?+ ^: exi/5ce has a beg9n+ %\ld also h a cause or n1 b = :at reason we pron\nce x necess>y4 ,he assum$ t we pron\nce x necess>y1 & 8 elaborate inve/igation into ! nature ( causation 0 und]tak5 expressly & entirely to discov] :y we d s4 ,! conclusion to :i* he came--viz41 t ! causal judgm5t is an (fspr+ ( exp]i5ce eng5d]$ ^u cu/om--0 n only a v inadequate & errone\s "o 9 itself1 b inconsi/5t ) ! reality ( :at x pr(ess$ to expla93 /ill ! admission :i* has be5 m5tion$ 0 :at 0 pr(ess$ to be expla9$4 ,n[1 if x be true at all t e ev5t1 :e!r x be a new exi/5ce or a *ange 9 an old exi/5ce1 presupposes an explanatory antec$5t or cause1 !re c ( c\rse be no accept+ 9 all its bread? "o ( ! propositions :i* ,hume urges mo/ /r5u\sly--viz41 t ! m]e /udy ( an ev5t c tell u no?+ ab\t its cause4 ,we may grant t x c tell u v little1--t ,hume p]=m$ an imm5se s]vice 9 %[+ h[ extremely little we c "k ( ! p>ticul> causes ( p>ticul> ev5ts ap>t f ! /udy ( bo? 9 connection1 ap>t f obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & induction1--b we _c grant t ! ev5t itself tea*es u absolutely no?+4 ,if e ev5t mu/ h a cause1 e ev5t mu/ h a suffici5t cause4 ,= ^! two /atem5ts1 al?\gh v]bally diff]5t1 are really id5tical4 ,! second seems to mean1 b does n actually mean1 m ?an ! fir/4 ,! :ole cause ( ! elevation ( a weight ( t5 p\nds a foot high _c be also ! :ole cause ( ! elevation ( tw5ty p\nds to ! same height1 = ! simple reason t 9 ! latt] case ! elevation ( t5 p\nds--( half ! weight--w\ld be an ev5t :i* _h no cause at all4 ,& ?is is univ]sally true4 ,if e ev5t h n a suffici5t cause1 "s ev5ts h no cause at all4 ,?is1 !n1 ,i say1 we necess>ily "k t ! effici5t cause ( e ev5t is a suffici5t cause1 h[ev] vague may be our k ( effici5cy & suffici5cy4 ,if e ev5t--us+ ?is t]m z conv5i5t to d5ote ei!r a new exi/5ce or a *ange 9 "s exi/5ce--mu/ h a cause1 to prove t ! univ]se mu/ h _h a cause we require to prove x to h be5 an ev5t--to h _h a comm5cem5t4 ,c ?is be done8 ,t is ! "q 9 ! !i/ic argum5t f causality4 ,comp>$ !re)1 all o!r que/ions :i* h be5 introduc$ into or associat$ ) ! argum5t are ( v subord9ate importance4 ,n[ !re is only "o way ( reasonably answ]+ ! "q1 & t is by exam9+ ! univ]se1 9 ord] to det]m9e :e!r or n x be>s ! m>ks ( be+ an ev5t--:e!r or n x has ! "* ( an effect4 ,we h no "r to assume x to be an ev5t1 or to h _h a beg9n+4 ,! entire argum5t = ! ,div9e exi/5ce1 :i* is at pres5t "u consid]ation1 c be no /rong] ?an ! /r5g? ( ! pro( :i* we c adduce 9 fav\r ( its hav+ _h a beg9n+1 & ! only valid pro( ( t :i* reason c hope to f9d mu/ be d]iv$ f ! exam9ation ( ! univ]se itself4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! result ( su* an exam9ation8 ,an absolute c]ta9ty t all ! ?+s :i* are se5 are temporal1--t e object 9 ! univ]se :i* pres5ts itself to ! s5ses has _h a beg9n+1--t ! mo/ p[]ful1 p5etrat+1 & delicate in/rum5ts devis$ to assi/ our s5ses rea* no cause :i* is n obvi\sly also an effect4 ,! progress ( sci5ce has n m conv9c+ly & completely disprov$ ! once preval5t notion t ! univ]se 0 creat$ ab\t six ?\s& ye>s ago1 ?an x has conv9c+ly & completely e/abli%$ t ev]y?+ ( :i* our s5ses in=m u has _h a comm5cem5t 9 "t1 & is ( a comp\nd1 d]ivative1 & dep5d5t nature4 ,x is n long s9ce m5 _h no means ( prov+ t ! rocks1 = example1 7 n z old z ! e>? itself--no direct means ( prov+ ev5 t !y 7 n et]nal2 b sci5ce is n[ able to tell u ) confid5ce "u :at conditions1 9 :at ord]1 & 9 :at epo*s ( geological "t !y 7 =m$4 ,we h probably a m satisfactory k ( ! =mation ( ! coal-measures ?an ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,we "k t ! ,alps1 al?\gh !y look z if !y might h /ood = ev]1 are n ev5 old1 z geologi/s c\nt age4 ,! morn+ & night1 ! orig9 & disappe>ance ( ! c\ntless species ( liv+ ?+s :i* h peopl$ ! e>? f ! enorm\sly remote times :5 ! rocks ( ! ,laur5tian p]iod 7 deposit$ d[n to ! bir?s & dea?s ( contemporane\s animals1 h be5 aga9 br\ght into ! light ( day by ! p[] ( sci5ce4 ,! limits ( rese>* are n ev5 !re rea*$1 & ) bold flight sci5ce passes beyond ! conf9es ( discov]$ life--beyond ! epo*s ( =mation ev5 ( ! olde/ rocks--to a "t :5 !re 0 no di/9ction ( e>? & sea & atmosph]e1 z all 7 m+l$ toge!r 9 nebul\s matt]1 9 "s sort ( fluid or mi/ or /eam2 yea1 onw>ds to a "t :5 our e>? _h no sep>ate exi/5ce1 & suns1 moons1 & />s 7 n yet divid$ & arrang$ into sy/ems4 ,if we seek1 !n1 aft] :at is et]nal1 sci5ce tells u t x is n ! e>? nor any?+ :i* x conta9s1 n ! sea nor ! liv+ ?+s )9 x1 n ! mov+ air1 n ! sun1 nor ! moon1 nor ! />s4 ,^! ?+s :5 int]rogat$ all tell u to look above & beyond !m1 = al?\gh !y may h begun to be 9 times f> remote1 yet x 0 )9 times to :i* ! ?\ghts ( f9ite be+s c rea* back4 ,!re is no d5y+1 !n1 t ! univ]se is to a great ext5t an effect1 an ev5t1 some?+ :i* has begun to be1 a process ( becom+4 ,sci5ce is1 day by day1 ye> by ye>1 f9d+ out m & m t x is an effect4 ,! gr[? ( sci5ce is 9 great "p m]ely ! ext5sion ( ! pro( t ! univ]se is an effect4 ,b ! sci5tific pro( ( ! non-et]nity ( matt] is z yet f> f a complete "o4 ,x leaves x possible = ! m9d to ref] ! phases ?r\gh :i* ! univ]se has pass$1 & ! =ms :i* x has assum$1 to an und]ly+ et]nal s\rce 9 nature itself1 &1 !re=e1 n to ,god4 ,& ?is is by f> ! mo/ plausible & =cible way ( combat+ ! argum5t we are employ+4 ,x meets x ) a direct c\nt]-argum5t1 :i* e p]son mu/ ackn[l$ge to be relevant1 & :i*1 if suffici5tly made out1 is obvi\sly decisive4 ,t c\nt]-argum5t we are b\nd1 !re=e1 to dispose (4 ,x has be5 ?us /at$ by ,mr ,j4 ,s4 ,mill3 ,!re is 9 nature a p]man5t elem5t1 & also a *angeable3 ! *anges are always ! effects ( previ\s *anges2 ! p]man5t exi/5ces1 s f> z we "k1 are n effects at all4 ,x is true we are accu/om$ to say n only ( ev5ts1 b ( objects1 t !y are produc$ by causes1 z wat] by ! union ( hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,b by ?is we only mean t :5 !y beg9 to exi/1 _! beg9n+ is ! effect ( a cause4 ,b _! beg9n+ to exi/ is n an object1 x is an ev5t4 ,if x be object$ t ! cause ( a ?+'s beg9n+ to exi/ may be said ) propriety to be ! cause ( ! ?+ itself1 ,i %all n qu>rel ) ! expression4 ,b t :i* 9 an object beg9s to exi/1 is t 9 x :i* belongs to ! *angeable elem5t 9 nature2 ! outw>d =m & ! prop]ties dep5d+ on me*anical or *emical comb9ations ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,!re is 9 e object ano!r & a p]man5t elem5t--viz41 ! specific elem5t>y sub/ance or sub/ances ( :i* x consi/s & _! inh]5t prop]ties4 ,^! are n kn[n to u z beg9n+ to exi/3 )9 ! range ( human k !y _h no beg9n+1 & consequ5tly no cause2 ?\gh !y !mselves are causes or non-causes ( ev]y?+ t takes place4 ,exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 af=ds no evid5ces1 n ev5 analogies1 to ju/ify our ext5d+ to ! app>5tly immutable1 a g5]alisation gr\nd$ only on our obs]vation ( ! *angeable4#ae #ae ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 pp4 #adb1 #adc4 ,on ?is ,i w\ld rem>k1 fir/1 t m]e exp]i5ce does n take u to any?+ :i* we are entitl$ to call ev5 app>5tly immutable4 ,x only takes u1 ev5 :5 ext5d$ to ! utmo/ by sci5tific in/rum5ts & processes1 to elem5ts :i* we call simple because we h hi!rto fail$ to analyse !m into simpl] elem5ts4 ,x is a p]fectly legitimate sci5tific hypo!sis t all ! sub/ances recognis$ by *emi/s z elem5t>y & intransmutable1 are 9 reality ! modifications or syn!ses ( a s+le mat]ial elem5t1 :i* h be5 produc$ "u conditions t r5d] !m incapable ( be+ affect$ by any te/s or ag5cies :i* ! analy/ 9 8 laboratory c br+ to be> ^u !m4 ,inde$1 unless ?is hypo!sis be true1 ! !ory ( developm5t1 s g5]ally accept$ at pres5t1 c h>dly be suppos$ to be ( any v wide application1 see+ t at its v outset x has to affirm ! exi/5ce ( no few] ?an sixty-f\r true untrans=mable species4 ,b suppose ! s-call$ elem5t>y sub/ances ( *emi/ry to be simple1 no "o c reasonably suppose !m z kn[n to u to be ultimate4 ,9 oxyg5 !re may be no atoms :i* are n atoms ( oxyg51 b we "k by exp]i5ce only oxyg51 n atoms ( oxyg54 ,no man has ev] be5 able to put himself 9 s5sible contact ) :at alone c be immutable 9 oxyg51 if !re be any?+ immutable 9 x1 its ultimate atoms4 ,no man has se51 he>d1 t\*$1 or ta/$ an ultimate atom ( any k9d ( matt]4 ,we "k no?+ ( atoms--no?+ ( :at is p]man5t 9 nature--f direct exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ pass beyond su* exp]i5ce--beyond all te/imony ( ! s5ses--:5 we believe 9 any?+ p]man5t 9 nature1 n less ?an :5 we believe 9 some?+ beyond & above nature4 ,! atomic !ory 9 *emi/ry dem&s a fai? :i* transc5ds exp]i5ce1 n less ?an ! !i/ic !ory 9 religion4 ,!n1 secondly1 al?\gh we grant t !re is a p]man5t elem5t 9 ! physical univ]se1 some?+ 9 matt] itself :i* is self-exi/5t & et]nal1 we /ill ne$1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! univ]se :i* we "k1 an ,et]nal ,intellig5ce4 ,! univ]se1 reg>d$ ev5 only s f> z x is admitt$ by all mat]iali/s no less ?an by !i/s & pan!i/s to be an effect1 _c be expla9$1 z mat]iali/s ?9k1 m]ely physically4 ,! atoms ( matt] are1 x is said1 et]nal & immutable4 ,grant !m to be s4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c\ntless millions ( !m1 & manife/ly ! univ]se is "o1 is a s+le1 magnific5t1 & complicat$ sy/em1 is *>act]is$ by a m>vell\s unity 9 v>iety4 ,we mu/ be in=m$ h[ ! univ]se came to be a univ]se1--h[ x came to h ! unity :i* und]lies its div]sity1--if x result$ f a c\ntless multitude ( ultimate causes4 ,did ! atoms take c\nsel toge!r & devise a common plan & "w x out8 ,t hypo!sis is unspeakably absurd1 yet x is rational 9 comp>ison ) ! notion t ^! atoms comb9$ by m]e *ance1 & by *ance produc$ su* a univ]se z t 9 :i* we live4 ,grant all ! atoms ( matt] to be et]nal1 grant all ! prop]ties & =ces :i* ) ! smalle/ degree ( plausibility c be claim$ = !m to be et]nal & immutable1 & x is /ill beyond all expression improbable t ^! atoms ) ^! =ces1 if un>rang$1 uncomb9$1 ununifi$1 unutilis$ by a presid+ m9d1 w\ld give rise to any?+ entitl$ to be call$ a univ]se4 ,x is millions to "o t !y w\ld nev] produce ! simple/ ( ! regul> arrangem5ts :i* we compreh5d "u ! designation ( c\rse ( nature1 or ! l[e/ ( vegetable or animal organisms2 millions ( millions to "o t !y w\ld nev] produce a sol> sy/em1 ! e>?1 ! animal k+dom1 or human hi/ory4 ,no numb] ( mat]ial atoms1 al?\gh et]nal & end[$ ) me*anical =ce1 c expla9 ! unity & ord] ( ! univ]se1 & !re=e ! supposition ( _! exi/5ce does n free u f ! necessity ( believ+ 9 a s+le intellig5t cause--a ,supreme ,m9d--to move & m\ld1 comb9e & adju/1 ! ultimate atoms ( matt] into a s+le ord]ly sy/em4 ,!re at once rises ! "q1 ,is x really necess>y to believe bo? matt] & m9d to be et]nal8 ,no1 mu/ be our answ]4 ,! law ( p>simony ( causes directly =bids ! belief1 unless we c %[ t "o cause is insuffici5t to expla9 ! univ]se4 ,& t we _c d4 ,we c %[ t matt] is insuffici5t1--t x _c acc\nt ( itself ev5 = ! physical univ]se1--b n t m9d is insuffici5t1 n t m9d _c acc\nt = any?+ t is 9 matt]4 ,on :at gr\nds c x be %[n t a m9d possess$ ( suffici5t p[] to orig9ate ! univ]se1 ! ultimate elem5ts ( matt] be+ giv51 c\ld n also h creat$ ^! elem5ts8 t ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 :i* gave to ea* sun1 & planet1 & satellite its size1 & %ape1 & position1 & motion1 c\ld n h summon$ into be+ _! con/itu5t p>ticles8 ,on none :atev]4 ,we may n und]/& h[ !y c\ld be creat$1 b we h no reason = ?9k+ t !y c\ld n be creat$2 & x is surely f> easi] & f> m reasonable to believe t !y 7 creat$1 ?an t a c\ntless numb] ( inconceivably small indivisible p>ticles ( matt]1 ly+ f> beyond ! range ( any ( our s5ses1 b ext5d+ ?r\gh immeasurable fields ( space1 %\ld all1 inconceivably m9ute al?\gh !y be1 be self-exi/5t & et]nal4 ,! man :o asks u to accept ! latt] supposition1 asks u1 x seems to me1 to believe :at is n only z my/]i\s z ! self-exi/5ce ( ,deity1 b millions ( millions ( times m my/]i\s4 ,i %\ld require /rong reasons = assign+ inf9itely great attributes to excessively little ?+s1 & to an inconceivable numb] ( !m2 b ,i c 9 ?is in/ance f9d no reasons at all4 ,!n1 9 ! ?ird place1 any plausible conceptions we c =m ( ! ultimate nature ( matt] lead to ! belief t ev5 t is an ev5t or effect1 a some?+ d]ivative & caus$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! mo/ plausible ( ^! conceptions are vague & conjectural4 ,we h a practical & relative k ( matt] :i* is bo? exact & tru/wor?y1--a k ( its prop]ties f :i* we c ma!matically d$uce a multitude ( remote consequ5ces ( an extremely precise "*--b we are h>dly entitl$ to *>act]ise z k at all any ( ! views :i* h be5 prop\nd$ z to :at x is 9 itself4 ,x is only ! unreflect+ :o fancy t matt] 9 itself is some?+ v cle> & obvi\s1 :i* !y may appreh5d by m]ely op5+ _! eyes & /ret*+ out _! h&s4 ,^? :o h nev] reason$ on ! subject are apt to imag9e t ! nature ( matt] is ( all ?+s ! easie/ to und]/&1 & !y unhesitat+ly inve/ x ) _! own s5sations & p]ceptions4 ,t is ! s-call$ commons5se view ( matt]2 b ! slighte/ inquiry proves x to be delusive & nons5sical4 ,col\r1 = example1 is j :at is se51 & s\nd j :at is he>d2 !y are n qualities inh]5t 9 objects indep5d5t ( ! eye & e>3 ! matt] :i* is suppos$ to cause by its motions on our s5ses ^! & o!r p]ceptions ( ! mat]ial _w1 we _c see1 he>1 or appreh5d by any s5se4 ,*ange our s5ses & ! univ]se w be !reby *ang$1 ev]y?+ 9 x becom+ some?+ o!r ?an x 0 be=e1 gre5 p]haps r$1 ! bitt] sweet1 ! l\de/ noise a g5tle :isp]1 ! h>de/ sub/ance s(t4 ,z soon1 !n1 z we ?\ghtfully ask ourselves1 ,:at is matt]8 we beg9 to discov] t x is 9 itself some?+ utt]ly my/]i\s4 ,! collection ( ph5om5a :i* we call its prop]ties are q unlike ! ph5om5a ( m9d 9 ?is mo/ important respect1 t :atev] !y may be !y are n :at !y appe> to be4 ,a /ate ( m9d is :at we feel x to be2 a /ate ( matt] is c]ta9ly n :at we seem to ourselves to p]ceive x to be4 ,no "o1 ( c\rse1 knew all ?is bett] ?an ,mr ,mill4 ,he1 z a philosoph]1 _h ask$ himself :at matt] is2 he _h =m$ a !ory 9 answ] to ! "q4 ,& :at is 8 !ory8 ,j ?is1--t we _c f9d a p]man5t elem5t 9 matt]2 t we h no "r to suppose t !re is a p]man5t real exi/5ce or actual sub/ance 9 matt]2 t all t we are w>rant$ to affirm ab\t ! ultimate nature ( matt] is t x is a p]man5t possibility1--! p]man5t possibility ( s5sations4 ,t 0 ! conclusion :i* he arriv$ at :5 he !oris$ on matt] )\t any !ological aim4 ,b he appe>s to h =gott5 x :5 he came to criticise ! argum5t = a fir/ cause4 ,he c\ld n o!rwise h writt5 z if x 7 q c]ta9 t !re 0 9 matt] a p]man5t elem5t1 n an und]ly+ possibility b an inh]5t real sub/ance4 ,_h he rememb]$ :at 8 own !ory z to ! nature ( matt] 01 he w\ld h avoid$ z utt]ly untrue & mislead+ e expression :i* c\ld sugge/ ! notion ( !re be+ a p]man5t elem5t 9 matt]1 & w\ld h admitt$ t v probably ! p]man5t possibilities ( s5sation1 ! causes ( all mat]ial ph5om5a1 lay 9 ! ,div9e w1 s9ce he _h be5 unable to f9d any?+ else p]man5t 9 :i* !y c\ld be suppos$ to subsi/4 ,t is a view :i* _m pr(\nd ?9k]s h adopt$4 ,!y h be5 l$ to hold t matt] is ess5tially =ce1 & no?+ b =ce2 t ! :ole mat]ial _w is ultimately resolvable into =ces2 & t all its =ces are b manife/ations or outgo+s ( w-=ce4 ,if s1 ! :ole mat]ial _w is n only dep5d5t on1 b is1 ! w ( ,god1 & has no be+ ( any k9d ap>t f ! w ( ,god4 ,if s1 ,god's w is n only ! cause & controll+ p[] ( nature1 b its sub/ance1 its self4 ,& ?is view1 t :at alone sub/antially und]lies all ! ph5om5a we designate mat]ial is an act+ m9d1 an en]gis+ w1 has n only be5 rea*$ by m5tal philosoph]s & ideali/ic speculators1 b by ^? physici/s :o1 l ,boscovit* & ,f>aday1 h f\nd !mselves =c$ to conclude t :at is con/itutive ( matt] is n indivisible p>ticles1 ev5 inf9itesimally small1 b m]e c5tres ( =ce1 s9ce =ce necess>ily implies "s sort ( sub/ance1 &1 !re=e1 _s :]e n matt]4 ,b suppose ! sub/ratum ( ! univ]se to consi/ ( a c\ntless numb] ( inconceivably small indivisible p>ticles ( matt]1 & d we n ev5 on ?is hypo!sis rea* by a s+le /ep ! tru? on :i* !ism re/s1 & on :i* only !ism c be bas$8 ,none ( ! processes ( nature1 says "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( our physical philosoph]s1 s9ce ! "t :5 nature began1 h produc$ ! slighte/ diff]5ce 9 ! prop]ties ( any molecule4 ,we are !re=e unable to ascribe ei!r ! exi/5ce ( ! molecules or ! id5tity ( _! prop]ties to ! op]ation ( any ( ! causes :i* we call natural4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exact quality ( ea* molecule to all o!rs ( ! same k9d gives x1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has well said1 ! ess5tial "* ( a manufactur$ article1 & precludes ! idea ( its be+ et]nal & self-exi/5t4 ,?us we h be5 l$1 along a /rictly sci5tific pa?1 v ne> to ! po9t at :i* sci5ce mu/ /op4 ,n t sci5ce is deb>r$ f /udy+ ! ext]nal me*anism ( a molecule :i* %e _c take to pieces1 any m ?an f inve/igat+ an organism :i* %e _c put toge!r4 ,b1 9 trac+ back ! hi/ory ( matt]1 sci5ce is arre/$ :5 %e assures h]self1 on ! "o h&1 t ! molecule has be5 made1 & on ! o!r t x has n be5 made by any ( ! processes we call natural4#af ,i believe t no reply to ^! words ( ,pr(essor ,cl>k ,maxwell is possible f any "o :o holds ! ord9>y view ( sci5tific m5 z to ! ultimate con/itution ( matt]4 ,!y mu/ suppose e atom1 e molecule1 to be ( su* a nature1 to be s relat$ to o!rs1 & to ! univ]se g5]ally1 t ?+s may be su* z we see !m to be2 b ?is _! fitness to be built up into ! /ructure ( ! univ]se is a pro( t !y h be5 made fit1 & s9ce natural =ces c\ld n h act$ on !m :ile n yet exi/5t1 a sup]natural p[] mu/ h creat$ !m1 & creat$ !m ) a view to _! manifold uses4 ,e atom1 e molecule1 mu/ ev5 9 :at is ultimate 9 x be> ! impress ( a ,sup]natural ,p[] & ,wisdom2 mu/1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 reflect ! glory ( ,god & proclaim its dep5d5ce ^u ,him4 #af ,presid5t's ,address 9 ,transactions ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahgj4 ,9 l mann] ! late/ speculation reg>d+ ! nature ( matt]--! vortex-atom !ory ( ,sir ,william ,?omson--seems1 s f> f hav+ any t5d5cy to exclude creative action1 necess>ily to imply x4 ,he supposes t ! atoms may be small vortex-r+s 9 ! e!r1 ! rotat+ portions ( a p]fect fluid :i* fills all space4 ,b a p]fect fluid c nei!r expla9 its own exi/5ce nor ! comm5cem5t ( rotation 9 any "p ( x4 ,rotation once comm5c$ 9 a p]fect or frictionless & incompressible fluid w\ld cont9ue = ev]1 b x nev] c\ld naturally comm5ce4 ,!re is no?+ 9 a p]fect fluid to acc\nt ei!r = ! orig9 or cessation ( rotation1 & consequ5tly no?+1 on ! vortex-atom hypo!sis1 to acc\nt ei!r = ! production or de/ruction ( an atom ( matt]4 ,! orig9 & cessation ( rotation 9 fluids are due to _! imp]fection1 _! int]nal friction1 _! viscosity4 ,! orig9 or cessation ( rotation 9 a p]fect fluid mu/ be ! effect ( sup]natural action2 9 o!r words1 e vortex-atom mu/ owe ! rotation :i* gives x its individuality to a ,div9e impulse4 ,a !i/ has c]ta9ly no ne$1 !n1 to be afraid ( rese>*es into ! ultimate nature ( matt]4 ,our k !re( is exce$+ly small & imp]fect1 b all t we d "k ( x1 all t we c ev5 rationally conceive ( x1 leads to ! inf]5ce t x is n self-exi/5t1 b ! "w ( ,god4 ,! f>!r rese>* is pu%$1 ! m cle>ly1 we may be assur$1 w ?is become app>5t1 = ! m wond]fully adapt$ w ! ultimate con/itu5ts ( matt] be f\nd = assum+ c\ntless =ms & compos+ c\ntless objects--! air1 ! l&1 ! sea1 & />ry heav5s1 ) all t 9 or on !m is4 ,rese>* has already %[n u reason to believe t ev5 *emical atoms are v complicat$ /ructures2 t an atom ( pure iron is probably a va/ly m complicat$ sy/em ?an t ( ! planets & _! satellites2 t ea* con/itu5t ( a *emical atom mu/ g ?r\gh an orbit 9 ! million? "p ( ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 9 :i* x successively or simultane\sly is "u ! influ5ce ( _m o!r con/itu5ts1 or possibly comes into collision ) !m2 t ea* ( ^! p>ticles is1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el has beautifully said1 = ev] solv+ diff]5tial equations :i*1 if writt5 out 9 full1 might p]haps belt ! e>?4#ag ,n[1 :at does ?is mean1 if n t e ultimate atom ( matt] is full to ! v he>t ( x ) evid5ces ( ! p[] & wisdom ( ,god1 & t e p>ticle ( du/ or drop ( wat] is cr[d$ ) traces ( ! action ( ! ,div9e ,reason1 n less m>vell\s1 x may be1 ?an ^? :i* a/ronomy exhibits 9 ! /ructure ( ! heav5s & ! evolutions ( ! heav5ly bodies8 ,^? :o hop$ t molecul> sci5ce w\ld help !m to get rid ( ,god h obvi\sly made a pr(\nd mi/ake4 ,x has already %[n f> m cle>ly ?an ev] 0 or c\ld h be5 anticipat$1 t e atom ( matt] po9ts back beyond itself to ! all-orig9at+ w ( ,god1 & refuses to receive ! idolatr\s homage ( ^? :o w\ld put x 9 ! place ( ,god4 #ag ,see ,w4 ,s4 ,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 ii4 #deb1 #dec4 ,to ^! consid]ations x has to be add$ t "s ( our able/ physici/s believe t 9 ! pres5t age a /rictly sci5tific pro( has be5 f\nd ( ! position t ! univ]se _h a beg9n+ 9 "t4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,?omson's d$uctions f ,f\ri]'s ,!ory ( ,heat1 we c trace d[n ! dissipation ( heat by conduction & radiation to an inf9itely di/ant "t :5 all ?+s w be uni=mly cold4 ,b we _c simil>ly trace ! heat-hi/ory ( ! univ]se to an inf9ite di/ance 9 ! pa/4 ,= a c]ta9 negative value ( ! "t ! =mul give impossible values1 indicat+ t !re 0 "s initial di/ribution ( heat :i* c\ld n h result$1 accord+ to kn[n laws ( nature1 f any previ\s di/ribution4 ,!re are o!r cases 9 :i* a consid]ation ( ! dissipation ( en]gy leads to ! conception ( a limit to ! antiquity ( ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s4#ah ,if ?is !ory be true1 physical sci5ce1 in/ead ( giv+ any c\nt5ance to ! notion ( matt] hav+ exi/$ f et]nity1 di/9ctly tea*es t creation took place1 t ! pres5t sy/em ( nature & its laws orig9at$ at an approximately assignable date 9 ! pa/4 ,! !ory is support$ by ! mo/ em95t physical philosoph]s ( ?is c\ntry1 & if !re be any ov]sight or error 9 ! pr9ciples or calculations on :i* x is f\nd$1 x w\ld appe> n to h be5 z yet detect$4 ,x is a !ory on :i*1 h[ev]1 only speciali/s are entitl$ to pron\nce judgm5t2 & !re=e1 al?\gh ^? :o assume t matt] 0 n creat$ are b\nd to refute x1 ,i d n wi% myself to lay any /ress ^u x--! m especially z ,i believe t ap>t f x !re is amply suffici5t evid5ce = hold+ t ,nature is b ! "n = an effect ^: cause is ,god4#ai #ah ,jevons1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce1 ii4 #dch4 #ai ,see ,app5dix ,,xi4 ,,ii4 ,x seems to me1 !n1 t ! univ]se :5 exam9$ mu/ be conclud$ to be ?r\gh\t--f c5tre to circumf]5ce--alike 9 :at is mo/ p]man5t & :at is mo/ *angeable 9 x1--an ev5t or effect1 & t its only adequate cause is a ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,x is only su* a cause :i* is suffici5t to expla9 ! univ]se z we "k x1 & t univ]se is :at has to be expla9$4 ,! ass]tion ( ,kant t ! pr9ciple ( causality _c take u beyond ! limits ( ! s5sible _w is only true if causality be conf9$ to /rictly mat]ial ev5ts :i* display no signs ( law & ord]1 & ! progress ( sci5ce is "o long un9t]rupt$ pro( t no su* ev5ts are to be discov]$2 t x is hopeless to look = !m2 t matt] & its *anges are orda9$1 arrang$1 adju/$ ph5om5a4 ,! ass]tion ( ,kant is cle>ly false1 if we are n to exclude f ! ev5t any?+ :i* dem&s explanation2 if we are to reason f ! univ]se itself & n f its "n2 if we are to inf] a p>ticul> cause f a k ( ! nature ( a giv5 p>ticul> ev5t4 ,?is1 ! s-call$ concrete use ( ! pr9ciple ( causality1 is ! only use ( x :i* is legitimate1 ! only use ( x :i* is n extremely *ildi%4 ,! opposite--! absurd--notion t ! pr9ciple ( causality is ab/ractly appli$1 has l$ "s to argue t x leads legitimately to no?+ else ?an an inf9ite regress--an et]nal succession ( causes & effects4 ,b :atev] x may lead to1 x c]ta9ly does n lead to t conclusion1 & has nev] l$ any human be+1 ei!r legitimately or illegitimately1 to t conclusion4 ,^? ev5 :o h ma9ta9$ t ! pr9ciple ( causality _c lead to a fir/ cause1 to an et]nal self-exi/5t cause1 b only to an et]nal succession ( causes & effects1 h all1 )\t a s+le exception1 all[$ !mselves to be l$ by x to a fir/ cause & n to an et]nal succession ( causes4 ,!y h all believ$ :at !y say !y ought to h disbeliev$2 !y h all disbeliev$ :at !y say !y ought to h believ$4 ,!y h all accept$ z true t !re is a fir/ & self-exi/5t cause1 al?\gh "s h suppos$ x to be matt]1 "s m9d1 "s )9 ! _w1 "s )\t ! _w4 ,!y h diff]$ z to :at x is1 b n z to t x is4 ,none ( !m h adopt$ ! conclusion to :i* !y h said ! argum5t f\nd$ on causation logically leads4 ,no man has ev] adopt$ t conclusion4 ,! human m9d univ]sally & in/antane\sly rejects x z inconceivable1 un?9kable1 self-contradictory1 absurd4 ,we may believe ei!r 9 a self-exi/5t ,god or 9 a self-exi/5t _w1 & mu/ believe 9 "o or ! o!r2 we _c believe 9 an inf9ite regress ( causes4 ,! alt]natives ( a self-exi/5t cause & an inf9ite regress ( causes are n1 z "s w\ld repres5t1 equally cr$ible alt]natives4 ,! "o is an indubitable tru?1 ! o!r is a manife/ absurdity4 ,! "o all m5 believe1 ! o!r no man believes4 ,?is takes away1 x seems to me1 all =ce f ! objection t ! argum5t f\nd$ on ! pr9ciple ( causality :5 x inf]s ,god z ! self-exi/5t cause ( ! univ]se inf]s m ?an is /rictly w>rant$1 a self-exi/5t cause be+ some?+ :i* does n 9 itself fall "u ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,t e ev5t mu/ h a cause w be valid1 x is said1 = an endless s]ies ( causes & effects2 b if y /op1 if y affirm ! exi/5ce ( :at is uncaus$1 ( :at is at once1 z x 71 cause & effect1 y may affirm :at is true1 b y affirm also :at is indep5d5t ( ! pr9ciple ( causation4 ,y claim m ?an y\r argum5t entitles y to2 y are n develop+ a logical conclusion1 b conceal+ "u a t]m :i* seems to express ! same idea :at is really ! vault+ ( ! m9d to a high] idea :i* _c be express$ "u ! =m effici5t cause at all4 ,n[1 ( c\rse1 a self-exi/5t cause does n 9 itself come completely "u ! law ( causality4 ,t law _c in=m u :at self-exi/5ce is4 ,a self-exi/5t cause1 h[ev]1 may be kn[n z well z any o!r cause by its effects4 ,! m9d may rise to x f its effects4 ,! pr9ciple ( causality may lead up to x1 al?\gh x does n include )9 itself ! pro( ( ! self-exi/5ce ( ! cause4 ,x may at ! la/ /age be atta*$ to "s o!r pr9ciple :i* compels ! affirmation ( ! self-exi/5ce ( ! cause rea*$2 9 o!r words1 ! affirmation t ! fir/ cause is a self-exi/5t cause1 may be a di/9ct m5tal act n necessitat$ by ! pr9ciple ( causality itself4 ,x may ei!r be held t ?is m5tal necessity is ! reason :y we _c ent]ta9 ! ?\ght ( an inf9ite regress ( causes1 or t ! incapacity ( ! m9d to reg>d ! ?\ght ( an inf9ite regress ( causes z o!r ?an self-contradictory1 is ! explanation ( its felt necessitation to affirm a self-exi/5t cause2 9 :i* latt] case ! pr9ciple ( causality really necessitates a belief 9 ! ung5]at$ & self-exi/5t4 ,bo? ( ^! views are plausible1 & :i* ( !m is true is an int]e/+ subject ( metaphysical inve/igation1 b x is "o ( no practical consequ5ce 9 ! inquiry on :i* we are engag$4 ,! pr9ciple ( causality c lead u up f all ?+s :i* h on !m ! m>ks ( hav+ begun to be1 & if we at l5g? come to some?+ :i* be>s no su* m>ks1 be x matt] or be x m9d1 no man c d\bt1 or does d\bt1 t some?+ to be self-exi/5t4 ,?is difficulty ab\t a self-exi/5t cause n be+ able to be arriv$ at by ! pr9ciple ( causality1 w be wor? att5d+ to by ! !i/ :5 x is att5d$ to by any "o else1--:5 any a!i/ or any anti-!i/ ( any k9d is prep>$ to d5y t ! la/ cause 9 ! ord] ( k1 & ! fir/ 9 ! ord] ( exi/5ce1 mu/ be a self-exi/5t cause--b n until !n2 & x is m]e sophi/ry to repres5t x z ( practical importance4 ,:5ev] we come to an exi/5ce :i* we _c reg>d z an effect or ?+ g5]at$ 9 "t1 we1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( ! v nature ( ! causal judgm5t1 or ( "s self-evid5t condition or conditions ( k necess>ily atta*$ !reto1 attribute to x self-exi/5ce & et]nity4 ,we may dispute z to :e!r ?is is done 9 ! "o or ! o!r ( ^! two ways1 b t is a m]ely !oretical "q2 t e "o does1 & mu/1 z a reasonable be+1 d x1 is :at no man disputes1 or c dispute1--& ?is alone is ( practical consequ5ce4 ,ano!r admission mu/ be made by e man :o reflects c>efully on ! nature ( causation4 ,to say t ! idea ( cause c nev] dem& belief 9 an uncaus$ cause1 s\nds z self-evid5t2 to say t ! idea ( cause c f9d no satisfaction save 9 ! belief ( an uncaus$ cause1 s\nds z a p>adox2 b let a man m$itate = a little ) real ?\ghtfulness on ! mean+ ( ^! two /atem5ts1 & he _c fail to p]ceive t ! =m] is an und5iable falsehood1 & ! latt] an und5iable tru?4 ,an uncaus$ cause1 a fir/ cause1 alone answ]s truly to ! idea ( a cause4 ,a second>y cause1 9 s f> z second>y1 9 s f> z caus$1 is n a cause4 ,i witness "s ev5t--"s *ange4 ,i am compell$ z a rational be+ to seek its cause4 ,i rea* x only to f9d t ?is cause 0 due to a prior cause4 ,:at has happ5$8 ,! cause f :i* ,i h _h to g back has ceas$ to be a cause2 ! cause to :i* ,i h _h to g back has become ! cause ( two effects1 b x w rema9 s only if ,i am n reasonably b\nd to seek a cause = x4 ,if ,i am1 its causality mu/ pass ov] to its explanatory antec$5t4 ,we may g back a hundr$1 a ?\s&1 a million times1 b if ! la/ cause rea*$ be n truly a fir/ cause1 an uncaus$ cause1 ! idea ( cause 9 our m9d w be z unsatisfi$ at ! end ( our se>* z at ! beg9n+1 & ! :ole process ( inve/igation w be aimless & mean+less4 ,a true cause is "o to :i* ! reason n only moves b 9 :i* x re/s1 & except 9 a fir/ cause ! m9d _c re/4 ,a fir/ cause1 h[ev]1 is c]ta9ly n "o :i* has be5 itself caus$4 ,we are w>rant$1 !n1 9 look+ ^u ! univ]se z an ev5t or effect1 & we may be c]ta9 t x is n ! la/ l9k ( an inf9ite *a9 ( causes & effects1 or ( any s]ies ( causes & effects1 long or %ort1 susp5d$ ^u no?+4 ,no *a9 or s]ies c be1 prop]ly speak+1 inf9ite1 or )\t a fir/ l9k or t]m4 ,! univ]se has a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,& its ,fir/ ,cause1 ,i mu/ proce$ to rem>k1 reason & obs]vation alike lead u to believe mu/ be "o--a s+le cause4 ,:5 "o ,fir/ ,cause is suffici5t to expla9 all ! facts1 x is contr>y to reason to suppose ano!r or sev]al4 ,we mu/ prove t no "o ,fir/ ,cause c\ld acc\nt = ! univ]se be=e we c be entitl$ to ascribe x to m causes ?an "o4 ,! ,fir/ ,cause1 we %all fur!r see aft]w>ds1 mu/ h attributes :i* no two or m be+s c be suppos$ to possess1 :i* "o be+ alone c possess4 ,!n ! "* ( ! effect itself ref]s u back to a s+le cause4 ,a belief 9 m gods ?an "o n only f9ds no support 9 ! univ]se1 b1 z ! v ^w univ]se indicates1 is contradict$ by x4 ,=1 num]\s & div]se z are ! objects 9 nature1 !y are s con/itut$ & connect$--s dep5d5t on & relat$ to "o ano!r--z to compose a :ole :i* exhibits a m>vell\s unity 9 v>iety4 ,ev]y?+ c\nt]acts or balances or assi/s some?+ else1 & ?us all ?+s proclaim _! common dep5d5ce on ,"o ,orig9al4 ,co-ord9ate ?+s mu/ all be d]ivative & second>y1 & all ?+s 9 nature are co-ord9ate p>ts ( a /up5d\s sy/em4 ,ea* "o ( u kn[s1 = example1 t a few ye>s ago he 0 n1 & t 9 a few ye>s h5ce ! place :i* kn[s him n[ w "k him no m2 & ea* "o ( u has be5 (t5 taught by ! failure ( 8 plans1 & ! disappo9tm5t ( 8 hopes1 & ! vanity ( 8 ef=ts1 t !re are /rong] =ces & m important int]e/s 9 ! _w ?an 8 own1 & t he is 9 ! grasp ( a ,p[] :i* he _c resi/--:i* besets him beh9d & be=e1 & hems him 9 on all sides4 ,:5 we ext5d our view1 we p]ceive t ?is is z true ( o!rs z ( ourselves1 & t x is true ev51 9 a measure1 ( all f9ite ?+s4 ,no man lives or dies to himself2 no object moves & acts absolutely f & = itself alone4 ,?is reveals a s+le all-orig9at+1 all-p]vad+1 all-su/a9+ pr9ciple4 ,^! manifold mutually dep5d5t exi/5ces imply "o indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! limitations assign$ to all individual p]sons & ?+s po9t to a ,be+ :i* limits !m all4 ,p>ticul> causes & second>y movem5ts lead back to a cause ( causes1 a fir/ mov]1 itself immovable1 yet mak+ all ?+s else to move4 ,! fir/ cause mu/ be f> m truly & prop]ly a cause ?an any second>y cause4 ,9 fact1 z we h already se51 a second>y cause is n /rictly a cause2 s f> z second>y1 x m]ely transmits to its consequ5t :at x has receiv$ f its antec$5t4 ,!re may be a succession ( a ?\s& su* causes 9 a process1 yet ! fir/ cause is also ! la/1 & !re is1 9 fact1 all ?r\gh1 b "o cause2 ! o!rs m]ely convey & communicate its =ce4 ,a ma*9e1 h[ev] num]\s its p>ts & movem5ts1 does n create ! lea/ am\nt ( =ce2 on ! contr>y1 ! mo/ p]fect ma*9e wa/es & absorbs "s ( ! =ce :i* is imp>t$ to x4 ,! univ]se1 s f> z subject to me*anical laws1 is m]ely a ma*9e :i* transmits a giv5 quantity ( =ce1 b :i* no m creates x ?an x creates itself4 ,! au?or ( t =ce is ! "o true cause ( all physical ph5om5a4 ,life is probably1 & m9d is c]ta9ly1 n entirely explicable on me*anical pr9ciples2 b nei!r life nor m9d c be ma9ta9$ to d m ?an to det]m9e ! direction or application ( ! p[] implant$ 9 !m1 or r5d]$ accessible to !m1 ?r\gh ! work+ ( ! fir/ cause4 ,all ?+s mu/1 consequ5tly1 live1 move1 & h _! be+ !re94 ,x is at _! end z well z at _! orig92 x encompasses !m1 all r\nd2 x p5etrates !m1 all ?r\gh4 ,! lea/ ?+s are n m]ely l9k$ on to x ?r\gh int]m$iate ag5cies :i* g back an enorm\s di/ance1 b are imm$iately pres5t to x1 & fill$ to ! limit ( _! faculties ) its p[]4 ,x is 9 e ray ( sunlight1 e brea? ( w9d1 & blade ( grass2 x is ! s\rce & life ( all human m9ds & he>ts4 ,! pan!i/ errs n s mu* 9 :at he affirms ( x1 z 9 :at he d5ies to x4 ,?is cause--! cause ( causes--mu/1 x is fur!r obvi\s1 be 9 possession ( a p[] f> beyond ! compreh5sion ( our reasons or imag9ations4 ,all o!r p[] is d]iv$ f its p[]4 ,all ! p[] :i* is di/ribut$ & di/+ui%$ 9 second>y causes mu/ be comb9$ & unit$ 9 ! fir/ cause4 ,n[1 ?9k :at an enorm\s p[] !re is display$ ev5 9 ?is _w4 ,9 e half-ounce ( coal !re is /or$ up p[] en\gh1 if prop]ly us$1 to draw two tons a mile4 ,h[ va/1 !n1 ! p[] :i* ,god has deposit$ 9 ! coal-b$s ( ! _w alone6 ,! inhabitants ( ?is little isl&1 by avail+ !mselves ( ! natural =ces :i* ,provid5ce has plac$ at _! disposal1 annually accompli% m "w ?an c\ld by any possibility be effect$ by ! inhabitants ( ! :ole e>?1 if !y ex]t$ m]ely ! p[] :i* is 9 _! own bodies1 ! p[] ( human bones & muscles4 ,& yet !re c be little d\bt t1 ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 we make no use at all ( _m natural ag5ts1 & only a wa/eful use ( any ( !m4 ,weigh ! e>? on :i* we dwell1 says an a/ronom]2 c\nt ! millions ( its inhabitants t h come & gone = ! la/ six ?\s& ye>s2 unite _! /r5g? into "o arm2 & te/ its p[] 9 an ef=t to move ! e>?4 ,x c\ld n /ir x a s+le foot 9 a ?\s& ye>s2 & yet1 "u ! omnipot5t h& ( ,god1 n a m9ute passes t x does n fly f> m ?an a ?\s& miles4 ,! e>?1 h[ev]1 is b a m]e atom 9 ! univ]se4 ,?r\gh ! va/ abysses ( space !re are scatt]$ c\ntless sy/ems1 at enorm\s di/ances1 yet all relat$2 glori\s galaxies ( suns1 planets1 satellites1 comets1 all sweep+ onw>ds 9 _! appo9t$ c\rses4 ,h[ mighty ! arm :i* impels & guides ! :ole6 ,god c d all t1 = ,he cont9ually does x4 ,h[ mu* m ,he c\ld d ?an ,he does1 we _c "k4 ,! p[] ( no true cause1 ( no free cause1 is to be measur$ by :at x does4 ,x mu/ be adequate to produce its actual effects1 b x may be able to produce c\ntless m]ely possible effects4 ,x has p[] ov] its p[]s1 & is n necessitat$ to d all t x is capable ( do+4 ,x is difficult1 p]haps1 to %[ t ! univ]se is n inf9ite4 ,x is obvi\sly unreasonable & presumptu\s to d5y t ! p[] ( its ,au?or may be inf9ite4 ,& yet we f9d m5 :o d s4 ,= example1 ! late ,mr ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 = no bett] reasons ?an t nature sometimes dr[ns m51 & burns !m1 & t *ildbir? is a pa9ful process1 ma9ta9$ t ,god c\ld n possibly be inf9ite4 ,i %all n say :at ,i ?9k ( ! %all[ness & self-conceit display$ 9 su* an argum5t4 ,:at x proves is n ! f9it5ess ( ,god1 b ! littl5ess ( a human intellect4 ,! m9d ( man nev] %[s itself s small z :5 x tries to measure ! attributes & limit ! greatness ( its ,creator4 ,a fir/ cause1 we h already se51 mu/ be a free cause4 ,x _c h be5 itself caus$4 ,x is absurd to look = x among effects4 ,b we nev] get out ( ! sph]e ( effects until we ent] t ( free ag5cy2 until we em]ge f ! natural into ! spiritual2 until we leave matt] & rea* m9d4 ,! fir/ cause mu/1 inde$1 be 9--all ?r\gh--! univ]se2 b x mu/ also be out ( ! univ]se1 ant]ior to1 & above ! univ]se4 ,! idea ( cause is a delusion--! se>* = causes an inexplicable folly--if !re be no fir/ cause1 & if t fir/ cause be n a free cause1 a ,w1 a ,_s1 a ,p]son4 ,^? :o object to ! causation argum5t1 t x does n take u beyond ! _w--does n lead u up to a p]sonal cause ( ! _w--h fail$ to appreh5d :at causation signifies4 ,second>y causes may n be true causes1 & yet reason be tru/wor?y1 = !re is t beh9d !m on :i* x c fall back2 b if !re be no fir/ cause1 or if ! fir/ cause be n free1 reason is ?r\gh\t a lie4 ,reason1 if hone/ & consi/5t1 _c 9 its pursuit ( causes /op %ort ( a rational w4 ,t alone answ]s to & satisfies its idea ( a cause4 ,! mo/ rapid glance at ! univ]se p[]fully confirms ! conclusion t its fir/ cause c only be a ,m9d1 a ,reason4 ,! univ]se is a univ]se2 t is to say1 x is a :ole1 a unity1 a sy/em4 ,! fir/ cause ( x1 !re=e1 9 creat+ & su/a9+ x1 mu/ compreh5d1 act on1 & guide x z a sy/ematic :ole2 mu/ h creat$ all ?+s ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r2 & mu/ cont9ually direct !m t[>ds a preconceiv$ goal4 ,! complex & h>moni\s con/itution ( ! univ]se is ! expression ( a ,div9e ,idea1 ( a ,creative ,reason4 ,?is ?\ght br+s me to my next argum5t & next lecture4#bj #bj ,see ,app5dix ,,xii4 ,,lecture ,v4 ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,ord]4 ,i4 ,! preval5ce ( ord] 9 nature has already be5 ref]r$ to z contribut+ to prove t ! univ]se is an ev5t1 a g5]at$ exi/5ce1 a some?+ :i* once began to be4 ,x w n[ be br\ght =w>d z 9 itself a manife/ation (1 & consequ5tly a gr\nd = believ+ 91 a ,supreme ,m9d4 ,:]e ord] meets u1 ! natural & imm$iate inf]5ce is t !re is ! "w ( intellig5ce4 ,& ord] meets u ev]y:]e 9 ! univ]se4 ,x cov]s & p]vades ! univ]se4 ,x is obvi\s to ! ord9>y nak$ eye1 & spreads f> beyond ! range ( discipl9$ vision :5 assi/$ by all ! in/rum5ts & appliances :i* sci5ce & art h be5 able to inv5t4 ,x is conspicu\s alike 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! heav5s & ! /ructure ( a fea!r or a leaf4 ,x goes back ?r\gh all ! epo*s ( human hi/ory1 & all ! ages ( geological & a/ronomical "t4 ,x is ! common "w ( all ! sci5ces to discov] & expla9 ! ord] 9 ! univ]se4 ,!re is no true sci5ce :i* is n con/antly mak+ new & full] discov]ies ( ! ord] 9 nature1--! ord] )9 u & )\t u2 n "o :i* is n ev] increas+ly e/abli%+ t 9 ord] all ?+s move & h _! be+4 ,:at is ma9ta9$ by ! !i/ is1 t ?is ord]1 ! pro( ( :i* is ! gr& a*ievem5t ( sci5ce1 univ]sally implies m9d2 t all relations ( ord]--all laws & uni=mities--are evid5ces ( an intellig5t cause4 ,! ord] :i* sci5ce f9ds 9 nature may be describ$ z ei!r g5]al or special1 al?\gh 9 /rictness ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is only a diff]5ce ( degree1 ! =m] be+ ! m & ! latt] ! less g5]al1 or ! =m] be+ ! less & ! latt] ! m special4 ,9 :at may be call$ g5]al ord]1 t :i* /rikes u *iefly is regul>ity2 9 :at may be call$ special ord]1 t :i* *iefly /rikes u is adaptation or adju/m5t4 ,9 inorganic nature g5]al ord] is ! m conspicu\s2 9 organic nature special ord]4 ,a/ronomy discloses to u relations ( numb] & proportion s f>-rea*+ t x almo/ seems z if nature 7 a liv+ ari?metic 9 its developm5t1 a realis$ geometry 9 its repose4 ,biology1 on ! o!r h&1 impresses u by %[+ ! delicacy & subtlety ( ! adju/m5t ( "p to "p1 ( "p to :ole1 & ( :ole to surr\nd+s1 9 ! organic _w4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 suffici5t diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two k9ds ( ord] to w>rant _! be+ view$ sep>ately1 & z ea* furni%+ ! basis ( an argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! argum5t f regul>ity has sometimes be5 kept ap>t f ! argum5t f adju/m5t4 ,! =m] inf]s ! univ]se to be an effect ( m9d because x is *>act]is$ by proportion or h>mony1 :i* is held to be only explicable by ! op]ation ( m9d4 ,! latt] draws ! same inf]5ce because ! univ]se conta9s c\ntless complex :oles1 ( :i* ! p>ts are s collocat$ & comb9$ z to co-op]ate ) "o ano!r 9 ! atta9m5t ( c]ta9 results2 & ?is1 x is cont5d$1 implies an intellig5t purpose 9 ! prim>y cause ( ^! ?+s4 ,:ile we may readily admit ! di/9ction to be s f> valid1 x is c]ta9ly n absolute4 ,regul>ity & adju/m5t are r diff]5t aspects ( ord] ?an diff]5t k9ds ( ord]1 &1 s f> f exclud+ ea* o!r1 !y w be f\nd imply+ ea* o!r4 ,x is obvi\s t ev5 ! mo/ specialis$ adju/m5ts ( organic /ructure & activity presuppose ! mo/ g5]al & simple uni=mities ( purely physical nature4 ,su* cases ( adju/m5t compreh5d 9 fact _m cases ( regul>ity4 ,x is less obvi\s1 b n less true1 t :]ev] regul>ity c be trac$ adju/m5t w also be f\nd1 if ! se>* be c>ri$ f> en\gh4 ,! regul>ity disclos$ by a/ronomy dep5ds on adju/m5t z reg>ds magnitude1 weight1 di/ance1 c41 9 ! cele/ial bodies1 j z ! adju/m5ts br\ght to light by biology dep5d on ! g5]al regul>ity ( ! c\rse ( nature4 ,!re is no law ( nature s simple z n to presuppose 9 e in/ance ( its action at lea/ two ?+s relat$ to "o ano!r 9 ! mann] :i* is meant :5 we speak ( adju/m5t4 ,x be+ ?us impossible to sep>ate regul>ity f adju/m5t z reg>ds ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 x seems unnecess>y to attempt by ab/raction to sep>ate !m 9 ! !ological argum5tation1 :ile giv+ a rapid g5]al glance at ! ph5om5a :i* display !m4 ,! physical univ]se has1 p]haps1 no m g5]al *>act]i/ic ?an ?is1--its laws are ma!matical relations4 ,! law ( gravitation1 :i* rules all masses ( matt]1 great or small1 heavy or light1 at all di/ances1 is a def9ite num]ical law4 ,! curves :i* ! heav5ly bodies describe "u ! influ5ce ( t law are ! ellipse1 circle1 p>abola1 & hyp]bola--or1 9 o!r words1 !y all belong to ! class ( curves call$ conic sections1 ! prop]ties ( :i* ma!maticians _h begun to inve/igate ne>ly tw5ty c5turies be=e ,newton e/abli%$ t :atev] 0 true ( !m might be directly transf]r$ to ! heav5s1 s9ce ! planets revolve 9 ellipses1 ! satellites ( ,jupit] 9 circles1 & ! comets 9 elliptical1 p>abolic1 & hyp]bolic orbits4 ,! law ( *emical comb9ation1 ?r\gh :i* ! :ole _w ( matt] has be5 built up out ( a few elem5ts1 always admits ( precise num]ical expression4 ,s does ! law ( ! correlation ( heat & gravitation4 ,ea* col\r 9 ! ra9b[ is due to a c]ta9 numb] ( vibrations 9 a giv5 "t2 s is ea* note 9 ! scale ( h>mony4 ,ea* cry/al is a geometrical con/ruction4 ,! pi/ils ( fl[]s1 & ! fea!rs 9 ! w+s & tails ( birds1 are all numb]$4 ,if nature _h n ?us be5 rul$ by num]ical laws1 ! ma!matical sci5ces might h exi/$1 b !y w\ld h _h no o!r use ?an to ex]cise ! intellect1 :]eas !y h be5 ! great in/rum5ts ( physical inve/igation4 ,!y are ! creations ( a m5tal p[] :i*1 :ile occupi$ 9 _! orig9ation & elaboration1 requires to borr[ little1 if any?+1 f matt]2 & yet1 x is only ) _! help t ! con/itution ( ! mat]ial univ]se has be5 display$1 & its laws h be5 discov]$1 ) t high measure ( success ( :i* physici/s are s pr\d4 ,b !y c\ld n h be5 appli$ to ! univ]se at all unless its ord] _h be5 ( ! exact num]ical & geometrical k9d :i* has be5 indicat$2 unless masses _h attract$ ea* o!r1 & elem5ts comb9$ ) ea* o!r1 9 inv>iable proportions2 unless ! wat]s _h be5 measur$ z if 9 ! holl[ ( a h&1 ! heav5 met$ out z ) a span1 ! du/ ( ! e>? compreh5d$ 9 a measure1 & ! m\nta9s weigh$ 9 scales & ! hills 9 a balance4 ,n[ x is possible to d5y t ?+s h be5 ?us weigh$1 measur$1 & numb]$ by a ,creative ,intellig5ce1 b n t !y h be5 weigh$1 measur$1 & numb]$4 ,if we are to give any cr$it to sci5ce1 !re c be no d\bt ab\t ! weights & measures & numb]s4 ,?is "q1 !n1 is alone left1--,c\ld any?+ else ?an intellig5ce ?us weigh1 measure1 & numb]8 ,c\ld m]e matt] "k ! ab/ruse/ prop]ties ( space & "t & numb]1 s z to obey !m 9 ! wondr\s way x does8 ,c\ld :at has tak5 s mu* ma!matical k & rese>* to appreh5d1 h orig9at$ ) :at 0 :olly ignorant ( all quantitative relations8 ,or mu/ n ! ord] ( ! univ]se be due to a m9d ^: ?\ghts z to ^! relations are high above ev5 ^? ( ! pr(\nde/ ma!maticians1 z are ! heav5s above ! e>?8 ,if ! univ]se 7 creat$ by an intellig5ce conv]sant ) quantitative tru?1 x is easy to und]/& :y x %\ld be rul$ by def9itely quantitative laws2 b t !re %\ld be su* laws 9 a univ]se :i* did n orig9ate 9 intellig5ce1 is n only inexplicable b inconceivably improbable4 ,!re is n m]ely 9 t case no discov]able reason :y !re %\ld be any num]ically def9ite law 9 nature1 b ! probability ( !re be+ no law or num]ical regul>ity ( any k9d is exce$+ly great1 & ( !re be+ no law-gov]n$ univ]se incalculably great4 ,ap>t f ! supposition ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 ! *ances 9 fav\r ( disord] aga9/ ord]1 ( *aos aga9/ cosmos1 ( ! num]ically indef9ite & incon/ant aga9/ ! def9ite & con/ant1 mu/ be pron\nc$ all b inf9ite4 ,! belief 9 a ,div9e ,reason is alone capable ( r5d]+ rational ! fact t ma!matical tru?s are realis$ 9 ! mat]ial _w4#ba #ba ,see ,app5dix ,,xiii4 ,! cele/ial bodies 7 among ! e>lie/ objects ( sci5ce1 & be=e !re 0 any sci5ce !y /imulat$ religi\s ?\ght & awak5$ religi\s feel+4 ,! sun & moon h giv5 rise to s extraord9>y a numb] ( my?s t "s au?ors h ref]r$ to !m ! :ole ( hea!n my?ology4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ! gr[? ( a/ronomical k contribut$ greatly to br+ ab\t ! transition f poly!ism to mono!ism1 & t s soon z ! heav5s 7 cle>ly und]/ood to be subject to law1 & ! c\ntless bodies :i* circle 9 !m n to be indep5d5t ag5ts b p>ts or memb]s ( a s+le me*anical or organic sy/em1 ! triumph ( ! latt] 0 = ev] secur$4 ,no sci5ce1 inde$1 has hi!rto _h s mu* influ5ce on man's religi\s beliefs z a/ronomy1 al?\gh !re may n[ appe> to be indications t *emi/ry & biology w rival x 9 ?is respect 9 ! future4 ,& x has be5 ?us influ5tial *iefly because ?r\gh its :ole hi/ory x has be5 a cont9u\s1 conspicu\s1 & ev]-advanc+1 ev]-exp&+ demon/ration ( a reign ( law on ! mo/ magnific5t scale1--a demon/ration begun :5 ) unassi/$ vision m5 fir/ attempt$ r\ghly to di/ribute ! />s into gr\ps or con/ellations1 & f> f yet end$ :5 ! same laws ( gravitation1 light1 heat1 & *emical comb9ation :i* rule on e>? h be5 prov$ to rule on orbs s di/ant t _! rays d n rea* u 9 a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! sy/em ( :i* our e>? is a memb] is va/1 v>i$1 & ord]ly1 ! planets & satellites ( :i* x is compos$ be+ s adju/$ z reg>ds magnitude & mass1 di/ance1 rate1 & plane ( direction1 c41 t ! :ole is /able & secure1 :ile "p m9i/]s to "p z organ to organ 9 an animal body4 ,our own planet1 = example1 is s relat$ to ! sun & moon t se$-"t & h>ve/ nev] fail1 & ! ebb & fl[ ( ! tides nev] deceive u4 ,& ! sol> sy/em is b "o ( hundr$s ( millions ( sy/ems1 "s ( :i* are incalculably l>g] ?an x1 yet ! c\ntless millions ( suns & />s ?us pr(usely scatt]$ o'er ! void imm5se are s arrang$ & di/ribut$ 9 relation to "o ano!r & 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ! pr(\nde/ ma!matics z to secure ! safety ( "o & all1 & to produce ev]y:]e h>mony & beauty4 ,ea* orb is affect+ ! orbit ( e o!r--ea* is do+ :at1 if un*eck$1 w\ld de/roy itself & ! entire sy/em--b s wondr\sly is ! :ole con/ruct$ t ^! seem+ly dang]\s di/urbances are ! v means ( prev5t+ de/ruction & secur+ ! univ]sal welf>e1 be+ due to reciprocally comp5sat+ =ces :i* 9 giv5 times exactly balance "o ano!r4 ,is x1 ,i ask1 to be held z evid5ce ( ! p[] ( ! human m9d t x %\ld h be5 able aft] _m c5turies ( comb9$ & cont9u\s ex]tion to compute ) approximate accuracy ! pa?s & p]turbations ( ! planets :i* circle r\nd our sun & ! returns ( a few comets1 b z no evid5ce ev5 ( ! exi/5ce ( m9d 9 ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ?+s t ! pa?s & p]turbations ( millions on millions ( suns & planets & comets %\ld h be5 det]m9$ ) p]fect precision = all ! ages pa/ & future ( _! exi/5ce1 s t1 multitud9\s z !y are1 ea* proce$s safely on its de/9$ way1 & all unit$ =m a glori\s h>mony ( /ructure & motion8#bb #bb ,see ,app5dix ,,xiv4 ,a mu* m rec5t sci5ce ?an a/ronomy1 ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 und]takes to in/ruct u z to ! composition ( ! univ]se1 & x is m>vell\s h[ mu* x c tell u ev5 ( ! composition ( ! />s4 ,:at1 !n1 is its mo/ g5]al & c]ta9 result8 ,j ?is1 t ord] ( ! /ricte/ k9d1 ! mo/ def9ite proportions1 are wr\ght into ! v /ructure ( e _w1 & ( e comp\nd object 9 ! _w1 air & wat]1 e>? & m9]al1 plant & animal4 ,! va/ v>iety ( visible sub/ances are r$ucible to r m ?an sixty con/itu5t elem5ts1 ea* ( :i* has n only its own peculi> prop]ties b its own def9ite & unv>y+ comb9+ proportions ) o!r elem5ts1 s t amid/ ! prodigi\s numb] ( comb9ations all is /rictly ord]$1 num]ically exact4 ,!re is no *emical union possible except :5 ! elem5ts be> to ea* o!r a num]ically con/ant ratio4 ,diff]5t comp\nds are always ! products ( ! comb9ation ( ! elem5ts 9 diff]5t yet /rictly def9ite proportions1 !re be+ no int]m$iate comb9ations1 no transitional comp\nds4 ,if ea* elem5t did n admit ( union ) _m o!rs1 ! _w w\ld be dead & poor1 its cont5ts few & unv>i$2 if _! unions 7 n always regulat$ by law1 disord] w\ld ev]y:]e prevail4 ,h[ comes x t !y are s made 9 relation to "o ano!r t _! manifold unions are ev] regulat$ by law1 & g5]ate an endless v>iety ( admirable products8 ,:o made !m ?us8 ,did !y make !mselves8 or1 did any bl9d =ce make !m8 ,reason answ]s t !y mu/ h be5 made by an intellig5ce :i* want$ !m = its purposes4 ,:5 ! proportions ( ! elem5t>y con/itu5ts are alt]$1 ! same elem5ts produce ! mo/ div]se sub/ances ) ! mo/ dissimil> & ev5 opposite prop]ties1 *>coal & diamond1 a deadly poison or ! brea? ( life1 !9e or /ry*n9e4 ,^! p[]s all "w toge!r = good2 b if !y work$ ev5 a v little diff]5tly--if ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y "w1 n to speak ( ! laws by :i* !y "w1 7 alt]$--!y w\ld spread de/ruction & dea? ?r\gh ! univ]se4 ,! atmosph]e is r a mixture ?an a comb9ation ( *emical elem5ts1 b x is a mixture 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts are proportion$ to ea* o!r 9 ! only way :i* fits x to su/a9 ! lives ( plants & animals1 & to accompli% its _m o!r important s]vices2 & wond]ful 9 ! extreme is ! provision made = ! con/ant re/oration ( ! due proportions amid/ p]petual oscillations4 ,"o ( ! *iefs ( mod]n *emi/ry1 ,b>on ,liebig1 po9ts to :at takes place :5 ra9 falls on ! soil ( a field adapt$ = vegetable gr[? z to some?+ :i* effectually /rikes all human wisdom dumb4 ,dur+ ! filtration ( ra9-wat]1 he says1 ?r\gh ! soil1 ! e>? does n surr5d] "o p>ticle ( all ! nutritive matt] :i* x conta9s available = vegetable gr[? 7su* z pota%1 silicic acid1 ammonia1 c472 ! mo/ un9t]mitt5t ra9 is unable to ab/ract f x 7except by ! me*anical action ( floods7 any ( ! *ief requisites = its f]tility4 ,! p>ticles ( m\ld n only firmly reta9 all matt] nutritive to vegetable gr[?1 b also imm$iately absorb su* z are conta9$ 9 ! ra9-wat] 7ammonia1 pota%1 c474 ,b only su* sub/ances are completely absorb$ f ! wat] z are indisp5sable requisites = vegetable gr[?2 o!rs rema9 ei!r entirely or = ! mo/ "p 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,! laws & uses ( light & heat1 electricity & magnetism1 & ! adju/m5ts :i* !y presuppose1 all po9t n less cle>ly to ! ord9ances ( a supremely pr(\nd & accurate m9d4 ,9 a ^w1 out ( a few elem5ts end[$ ) def9ite p[]s1 ?is _w ) its air & its seas1 its hills & valleys1 its vegetable =ms & animal frames1 & o!r worlds innum]able1 h be5 built up by long-su/a9$ & endlessly-v>i$ processes ( *emical syn!sis mo/ly conduct$ "u conditions s delicately adju/$ to ! requirem5ts ( ea* case1 t ! able/ *emi/s1 ) all _! in/rum5ts & artifices1 _c ev5 reproduce !m on any scale h[ev] small4 ,c ^! elem5ts be reasonably ?\ght ( z hav+ be5 unfa%ion$ & unprep>$1 or ^! processes z hav+ be5 un9/itut$ & unpresid$ ov] by intellig5ce8#bc #bc ,see ,app5dix ,,xv4 ,! sci5ces ( geology & palontology disclose to u ! hi/ory ( our e>? & ( its vegetable & animal organisms4 ,!y prove t = c\ntless ages1 t f ! inconceivably remote p]iod ( ! deposition ( ! ,laur5tian rocks1 light & heat1 air & moi/ure1 l& & sea1 & all g5]al physical =ces h be5 s arrang$ & co-ord9at$ z to produce & ma9ta9 a /ate ( ?+s :i* secur$ dur+ all ^! c\ntless ages life & heal? & pleasure = ! c\ntless millions ( individuals conta9$ 9 ! multitude ( species ( creatures :i* h contemporane\sly or successively peopl$ ! e>?4 ,! sea1 ) its w9ds & waves1 its /reams & curr5ts1 its salts1 its flora & fauna1 teems ) adaptations no less ?an ! l&4 ,probably no "o has /udi$ x ) m c>e or to m purpose ?an ,lieut5ant ,maury1 & 8 well-kn[n "w on its physical geography proce$s ?r\gh\t on ! pr9ciple t he :o w\ld und]/& its ph5om5a mu/ cease to reg>d x z a wa/e ( wat]s1 & view x z ! expression ( ,"o ,?\ght1 a unity ) h>monies :i* ,"o ,intellig5ce1 & ,"o ,intellig5ce alone1 c\ld utt]2 :ile _m ( its pages might appropriately be read z a comm5t>y on ^! l9es ( ,wordswor?1-- ,huge ocean %[s1 )9 8 yell[ /r&1 ,a habitation m>vell\sly plann$1 ,= life to occupy 9 love & re/4 ,! sci5ces ref]r$ to c]tify fur!r1 t z reg>ds ! v>i\s =ms ( life !re has be5 f ! "t :5 x c be fir/ trac$ to ! pres5t day advance & progress 9 ! ma91 & t ! hi/ory ( ! e>? corresponds ?r\gh\t ) ! hi/ory ( life on ! e>?1 :ile ea* age prep>es = ! com+ ( ano!r bett] ?an itself4 ,b advance & progress presuppose intellig5ce1 because !y _c be rationally conceiv$ ( ap>t f an ideal goal =ese5 & select$4 ,volumes might be writt5 to %[ h[ subtly & accurately ext]nal nature is adju/$ to ! requirem5ts ( vegetable & animal life1 & h[ vegetable & animal life are int]-relat$2 nay1 ev5 on h[ well ! e>? is fitt$ = ! developm5t & happ9ess ( man4 ,?9k ( ! innum]able po9ts ( contact & connection1 = example1 betwe5 physical geography & political economy1 :i* all indicate s _m h>monies betwe5 ! e>? & man's economical condition1 capacities1 & hi/ory4#bd #bd ,see ,app5dix ,,xvi4 ,! vegetable & animal k+doms view$ g5]ally1 are also /rik+ in/ances ( unity ( plan1 ( progressive ord]1 ( elaborately adju/$ sy/em4 ,!re are g5]al pr9ciples ( /ructure & g5]al laws ( developm5t common to all organisms1 con/itut+ a plan ( organisation capable ( almo/ inf9ite v>iation1 :i* und]lies all ! g5]a & ord]s ( liv+ creatures1 vegetable & animal4 ,x compreh5ds a numb] ( subord9ate plans :i* involve v ab/ract conceptions1 & :i* ev5 ! able/ naturali/s /ill v imp]fectly compreh5d4 ,^! high] plans w\ld probably nev] h be5 ?\ght ( b = ! detection ( ! num]\s ph5om5a :i* seem$ on a sup]ficial view irreconcilable ) ! idea ( purpose 9 creation4 ,j z x 0 ^? s-call$ di/urbances 9 ! planet>y orbits1 :i* appe>$ at fir/ to po9t to "s disord] & error 9 ! con/ruction ( ! sid]eal sy/em1 t prompt$ ,lagrange to ! inve/igations :i* result$ 9 e/abli%+ t ! ord] ( ! heav5s 0 ( a sublim] & m rem>kable "* ?an _h be5 imag9$1 ess5tially includ+ ^! app>5t di/urbances1 s x has be5 ! seem+ exceptions to plan :i* are witness$ 9 rudim5t>y & abort$ organs 7su* z ! w+-bones 9 w+less birds1 ! f+]-bones 9 horses1 ! legs bel[ ! sk9 9 s]p5ts1 ! tee? :i* nev] cut ! gums 9 :ales1 c471 t h indicat$ to mod]n biologi/s a unity ( organisation f> m compreh5sive & wond]ful ?an _h previ\sly be5 suspect$4 ,! l>g] & m ideal ord] ?us br\ght to light z rul+ 9 ! organic _w is "o :i* c\ld only h orig9at$ 9 a m9d ( unspeakable p[] & p]fection4 ,& x n only ?us te/ifies directly ( itself 9 fav\r ( a ,div9e ,intellig5ce1 b ! recognition ( x1 :ile correct+ 9 "s respects e>li] conceptions z to ! place ( utility 9 nature1 f> f prov+ t utility has be5 disreg>d$ or sacrific$1 %[s t ea* organ has be5 =m$1 n only ) ref]5ce to its actual use 9 a giv5 individual or species1 b to ! capacity ( be+ appli$ to use 9 c\ntless o!r individuals & species4#be #be ,see ,app5dix ,,xvii4 ,:5 we ent] into ! exam9ation ( organisation 9 itself1 adju/m5t becomes /ill m obvi\s 9 ! processes ( gr[?1 reproduction1 fructification1 c41 9 plants & animals1 & 9 ! provisions = locomotion1 = secur+ food & %elt]1 = sight1 he>+1 c41 9 ! latt]4 ,! great physician1 ,sir ,*>les ,bell1 devot$ a :ole treatise to po9t out ^? :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! h& alone4 ,! arrangem5t ( bones1 muscles1 jo9ts1 & o!r p>ts 9 ! limb ( a tig] or ! w+ ( an eagle are n less admirable4 ,! eye & e> are s+ul>ly exquisite /ructures1 ! =m] be+ f> ! mo/ p]fect ( optical1 & ! latt] f> ! mo/ p]fect ( ac\/ic in/rum5ts4 ,in/ances ( ?is sort are1 inde$1 s rem>kable1 & s irresi/ibly conv9c+ to mo/ m9ds1 t "s !i/s h cons5t$ to re/ on !m exclusively ! inf]5ce ( a design+ intellig5ce4 ,!y w\ld grant t ! evid5ces ( purpose are only to be trac$ 9 organisation4 ,! limitation is inconsi/5t & unt5able1 b n inexplicable4 ,! adju/m5t ( p>ts to "o ano!r1 & _! co-ord9ation z means to an end1 are n m c]ta9ly exi/5t 9 fitt+ ! eye to see & ! e> to he> ?an 9 secur+ ! /ability ( ! sol> sy/em1 b !y are m obvi\sly visible because compress$ into a compass easily grasp$ & survey$2 because organ & function are ! mo/ specialis$ k9ds ( means & ends2 because organisms are ! mo/ curi\sly & conspicu\sly elaborate examples ( ord]4 ,& z ! telescope c %[ u no end ( ! simple & maje/ic ord] ( ! heav5s1 s ! microscope c %[ u no end ( ! exquisite & impressive ord] :i* discloses ev5-- ,9 ,nature's mo/ m9ute design1 ,! signature & /amp ( p[] div9e2 ,contrivance intricate1 express$ ) ease1 ,:]e unassi/$ sight no beauty sees4 ,! %apely limb & lubricat$ jo9t ,)9 ! small dim5sions ( a po9t2 ,muscle & n]ve miracul\sly spun1 ,8 mighty "w1 :o speaks & x is done4 ,! ,invisible1 9 ?+s sc>ce se5 reveal$1 ,to :om an atom is an ample field4--7,,c[p]47#bf #bf ,see ,app5dix ,,xviii4 ,! traces ( a ,supreme ,reason cr[d /ill m ^u ! vision :5 we come to ! human m9d1-- ,! v>i$ sc5e ( quick-comp\nd$ ?\ght1 ,& :]e ! mix+ passions endless %ift4 --7,,?omson47 ,! m]e exi/5ce ( orig9at$ m9ds necess>ily implies ! exi/5ce ( an unorig9at$ m9d4 ,:at c be m absurd1 asks ,montesquieu1 ?an to imag9e t a bl9d fatali/ic =ce has produc$ intellig5t be+s8 ,! complicat$ & ref9$ adju/m5ts ( ! body to ! m9d1 & ( ! m9d to ! body1 are s num]\s & int]e/+ t _! /udy has n[ become ! task ( a special class ( sci5tific m54 ,a v little disord] 9 ! organisation ( ! bra9--su* z ev5 microscopic po/-mortem exam9ation may fail to detect--suffices to cause halluc9ations ( ! s5ses1 to %ake intellect f its ?rone1 to p>alyse ! w1 & to corrupt ! s5tim5ts & affections4 ,h[ precise & skilful mu/ ! adju/m5t be betwe5 ! s\nd bra9 & sane m9d6 ,:o suffici5tly realises ! my/]y ( wisdom :i* lies 9 ! famili> fact t ! m9d1 by m]ely will+ to use ! memb]s ( ! body1 sets 9 motion in/antane\sly & unconsci\sly1 )\t ef=t & )\t failure1 cords & pulleys & lev]s1 jo9ts & muscles1 ( :i* x only vaguely1 if at all1 surmises ! exi/5ce8 ,! laws ( our v>i\s appet5cies1 affections1 & emotions1 & _! relations to _! special ends or objects1 ! nature ( ! sev]al intellectual faculties & _! subs]vi5ce to m5tal culture1 & /ill m ! g5]al con/itution ( ! m9d z a sy/em consi/+ ( a multitude ( p[]s "u ! gov]nm5t ( reason & consci5ce1 pres5t to u va/ fields fill$ ) ! evid5ces ( ,div9e ,wisdom4#bg #bg ,see ,app5dix ,,xix4 ,!re are o!rs no less ext5sive & inexhau/ible 9 ! pr9ciples :i* und]lie & ma9ta9 human society1 & ^? :i* preside ov] ! progressive developm5t ( humanity4 ,political economy is ! dep>tm5t ( social sci5ce :i* has be5 cultivat$ ) mo/ success4 ,:at1 !n1 is its mo/ compreh5sive & be/ e/abli%$ !orem8 ,?is--t al?\gh ! great majority ( m5 are mov$ ma9ly by self-int]e/1 & few seek ) mu* zeal or p]si/5cy ! g5]al good1 ! result ( _! be+ left 9 p]fect fre$om to pursue _! own advantage1 s long z !y d n outw>dly violate ! rules ( ju/ice1 is f> bett] = ! :ole society ?an if !y con=m$ _! conduct to any plan :i* human wisdom1 aim+ directly at ! g5]al good1 c\ld devise2 nature hav+ provid$ 9 ! pr9ciples ( ! human con/itution & ! circum/ances ( human life = ! selfi% plans & passions ( individuals s neutralis+ "o ano!r1 s c\nt]act+ & c\nt]pois+ "o ano!r1 z to secure ! social /ability & welf>e--z to leave g5]al ideas & int]e/s to rule ) comp>atively little resi/ance4 ,x is surely a natural inf]5ce f ?is t a ,supreme ,reason grasps all human reasons1 & uses !m 9 ord] to realise a purpose gr&] & bett] ?an any :i* !y !mselves contemplate4 ,hi/ory view$ z a :ole tea*es ! same tru? on a wid] scale4 ,an exam9ation ( x discloses a plan p]vad+ human affairs f ! orig9 ( man until ! pres5t day--a progress :i* has proce$$ )\t break or /oppage1 9 accordance ) laws :i* are z yet v imp]fectly appreh5d$4 ,( ! c\ntless g5]ations :i* h come & gone l ! leaves ( ! =e/1 = unkn[n ?\s&s ( ye>s1 few h _h ! slighte/ glimpse ( ! ord] :i* connect$ !m ) _! fell[s1 & embrac$ _! e action2 few] /ill h s\ght to con=m to x2 ! imm5se majority h set be=e !m only mean & n>r[ s*emes = p]sonal good2 all passions h rag$ & all vices prevail$ 9 _! turn2 !re h be5 confusion & tumult & w>2 & yet ! ord]1 progress1 plan ,i speak ( h be5 sl[ly & sil5tly b surely built up4 ,9 ?is evolution ( ord] out ( ! *aos ( millions on millions ( conflict+ human wills seek+ m]ely _! own pleasure1 !re is1 p]haps1 ev5 a m impressive pro( ( ! op]ation ( ,div9e ,wisdom ?an 9 ! orig9ation & pres]vation ( ord] among ! multitud9\s />s ( heav54 ,! philosophical hi/orian :o has mo/ conclusively %[n by ! scrut9y ( ! *ief ev5ts 9 ! annals ( humanity ! exi/5ce ( su* a progressive plan1 is amply ju/ifi$ 9 argu+ t x _c h orig9at$ ) man1 or matt]1 or *ance1 b mu/ be ! "w ( ,god4 ,we h pass$ 9 review1 he says1 all ! !ories imag9$ by philosoph]s & hi/orians to expla9 ! my/]i\s fact t !re is 9 ! life ( man unfold$ 9 hi/ory a succession1 a plan1 a developm5t1 :i* _c be ref]r$ to man himself4 ,"s1 despair+ f ! outset to f9d a solution1 make ( _! ignorance a bl9d p[] :i* !y call haz>d4 ,evid5tly t is no solution4 ,haz>d is a ^w1 & no?+ m4 ,o!r writ]s--! majority ( writ]s--say t ?is my/]i\s p[] is nature1 "u ! =m ( climate1 or races1 or ! :ole ( ! physical influ5ces :i* act on ! moral _w4 ,b :at is nature8 ,:5ce has x ?is p[]1 ?is =esight1 ?is intellig5ce1 :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ! c\rse ( our de/9ies8 ,if nature is matt]1 & no?+ b matt]1 t too is no answ]4 ,:o w believe t matt] acts ) wisdom--) intellig5ce8 ,:]e !re is intellig5t action !re mu/ be an intellig5t be+2 !re=e nature leads u to ,god4 ,f9ally1 !re are ^? :o sub/itute = nature g5]al laws4 ,b d n laws suppose a legislator8 & :o c ?is legislator be1 if n ,god8#bh #bh ,see ,app5dix ,,xx4 ,!re is1 !n1 ev]y:]e1 bo? 9 ! physical & moral worlds1 ord] & adaptation1 proportion & co-ord9ation1 & !re is v widely pres5t progress--ord] :i* advances 9 a c]ta9 direction to a c]ta9 end1 :i* is until realis$ only an ideal4 ,?is is ! /ate ( ?+s :i* sci5ce discloses4 ,! "q is1 ,is ?is /ate ( ?+s intelligible on any o!r supposition ?an t ( a design+ m9d8 ,! !i/ holds t x is n2 t x directly & imp]atively dem&s an intellig5t cause2 t to assign x ei!r to no cause1 or to any o!r ?an an intellig5t cause1 is1 9 ! /ricte/ & /ronge/ s5se ( ! t]m1 absurd4 ,if we d5y t !re is su* ord] z ,i h indicat$1 we set aside ! entire tea*+ ( all ! sci5ces--we pron\nce sci5ce to be f beg9n+ to end a delusion & a lie4 ,m5 9 ! pres5t day d>e n d ?is4 ,if we d5y t su* ord] implies ! ag5cy ( a ,supreme ,intellig5ce1 we contradict no express decl>ation ( any ( ! sci5ces2 we may accept all t !y h to tell u ab\t ord]1 & !y c tell u ab\t no?+ else4 ,b not)/&+ ?is1 x is f> m reasonable1 f> less absurd1 to d5y t !re is ord] 9 ! univ]se1 ?an to admit x & d5y t its ultimate cause is an intellig5ce4 ,fur!r1 al?\gh we _c be m c]ta9 ( ! cause ?an ( ! effect f :i* x is inf]r$1 & consequ5tly _c be m c]ta9 t an intellig5ce has produc$ ! ord] :i* is 9 ! univ]se ?an t !re is ord] !re91 ! !i/ic inf]5ce f ! :ole ( t ord] may well be greatly /rong] ?an ! sci5tific pro( ( ord] 9 any p>ticul> in/ance4 ,m5 ( sci5ce h probably nev] z good reasons = believ+ 9 ! laws ( ord] br\ght to light by _! own special sci5ce1 z ! !i/ has = believ+ 9 a ,supreme ,intellig5ce because ( ! ord] :i* is ! common & concurr5t result ( all ! sci5ces1 & :i* is obvi\s to e eye4 ,,ii4 ,! argum5t f ord] & adaptation is (t5 spok5 ( z ! argum5t f design4 ,! phrase is an un=tunate "o4 ,! argum5t is n f b to design4 ,to assume design & !n to affirm t e design mu/ h a design]1 is manife/ly n s]i\s reason+1 b a play ^u words4 ,to assume design at all is to assume precisely :at "o is mo/ b\nd to prove2 & to assume design 9 ! univ]se is to assume :at _c be prov$1 yea1 :at ! !i/ requires to %[ aga9/ ! pan!i/ _c be prov$4 ,9 any o!r ?an a v loose & metaphorical s5se design has no exi/5ce except 9 m9d4 ,!re is no design 9 ! sky1 or ! sea1 or ! l&2 !re are only law1 ord]1 & arrangem5t !re91 & ^! ?+s are n designs al?\gh !y imply designs4 ,:at we c describe z ! designs ( ! l[] animals are giv5 to !m ) _! con/itutions1 & are only a "p ( ! in/rum5tality :i* fits !m = _! place 9 ! _w4 ,m5 h designs prop]ly s call$2 b ! argum5t = ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! evid5ces ( a ,supreme ,wisdom 9 ! progressive evolution ( human hi/ory1 in/ead ( re/+ on ^! designs1 is bas$ on ! fact t :at has actually be5 realis$ has f> transc5d$ !m4 ,sci5ce z a m]e exposition ( ! facts ( ! univ]se c nev] %[ u ,div9e design1 = ! good reason t !re is no su* design 9 ^! facts1 al?\gh1 _h x n exi/$ else:]e1 !y c\ld nev] h be5 :at !y are4 ,:ile ?is is true1 x mu/ 9 ju/ice be add$ t mo/ if n all ( ! advocates ( !ism :o h pres5t$ ! argum5t "u consid]ation 9 ! faulty =m1--,design implies a design]2 ! univ]se ab\nds 9 design2 !re=e ! univ]se1 s f> z x ab\nds 9 design1 implies a design]1--h err$ m 9 expression ?an 9 ?\ght4 ,9 reality !y h n meant by design :at is prop]ly s call$1 & consequ5tly h n begun _! argum5t by assum+ :at 0 d5i$ & 9 ne$ ( pro(4 ,9 reality !y h meant by design ^? *>act]i/ics ( ?+s :i* !y hold to be ! indications or evid5ces or correlatives ( intellig5ce1 & :i* !y might h designat$ by su* t]ms z ord]1 adju/m5t1 adaptation1 fitness1 progress1 c4 ,all attempts to refute _! reason+1 !re=e1 by a /rict & lit]al int]pretation ( ! phrase ,design implies a design]1 mu/ be pron\nc$ unfair4 ,c5sure ( ! phrase is w>rant$4 ,rejection ( ! argum5t on acc\nt ( ! phrase is sup]ficial & unju/4 ,x has be5 held t ! argum5t f ord] & adaptation is ess5tially diff]5t f ! design argum5t4 ,! reason giv5 = ?is has be5 t ! design argum5t is bas$ on ! analogy or suppos$ analogy betwe5 ! works ( nature & ! products ( human art4 ,9 ?is argum5t1 we are told1 we inf] f ! lik5ess :i* c]ta9 natural objects be> to artificial objects t !re mu/ be a lik5ess 9 _! causes4 ,we "k1 x is said1 t only intellig5t be+s frame su* /ructures z h\ses1 %ips1 & wat*es1 & see+ t !re is 9 ! me*anism ( ! heav5s1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 & ! con/ruction ( ! eye1 arrangem5ts & adju/m5ts ( a simil> k9d1 we conclude t !y also mu/ h be5 fram$ by an intellig5t be+1 :o mu/ be z mu* great] ?an man z ! works ( nature are great] ?an ! works ( art1 = causes are proportional to _! effects4 ,n[ ?is may be ! design argum5t z "s h pres5t$ x :o _h no p>ticul> wi% to criticise x sev]ely1 & x c]ta9ly is ! way 9 :i* ,hume & ,kant wi%$ x to be pres5t$2 b x has no claim :atev] to be consid]$ ! only prop] =m ( ! argum5t1 & is1 9 fact1 a v bad =m ( x4 ,x is true t !re is an analogy betwe5 ! works ( nature & ! works ( art1 & t on ! /r5g? ( ?is analogy ! two classes ( works1 & also _! causes1 may be comp>$1 b n true t ! design argum5t :5 correctly /at$ ei!r re/s on su* analogy or implies su* comp>ison4 ,! analogy & comp>ison may be drawn into1 &1 z x 71 incorporat$ ) ! design argum5t1 b t is r z a means ( illu/ration ?an z a condition ( inf]5ce4 ,:5 we inf] f an exam9ation ( _! con/ruction t ! eye & ! e> h be5 design$ by an intellig5t be+1 we are no m dep5d5t on our k t a wat* or a telescope has be5 design$ by an intellig5t be+ ?an we are dep5d5t on our k ( ! eye & e> be+ ! products ( intellig5ce :5 we inf] t ! wat* & ! telescope are ! products ( intellig5ce4 ,!re is an inf]5ce 9 bo? cases1 & an inf]5ce ( precisely ! same nature 9 bo? cases4 ,x is z direct & indep5d5t :5 ! transition is to ,god f ,8 works z :5 to our fell[-m5 f _! works4 ,we are greatly mi/ak5 if we suppose t we h an imm$iate k ( ! intellig5ce ( ! be+s :o make wat*es1 h\ses1 & %ips2 we only "k t ! be+s :o make ^! ?+s are intellig5t because su* ?+s c\ld n be made )\t intellig5ce3 9 a ^w1 we only "k our fell[-creatures to be intellig5t be+s because !y utt] & arrange s\nds s z to convey a mean+1 execute movem5ts :i* t5d to an end1 & con/ruct ma*9es4 ,we h no m a direct p]ception or a p]sonal exp]i5ce ( ! intellig5ce ( our fell[-m5 ?an we h ( ! intellig5ce ( ,god4 ,! m9d :i* has giv5 orig9 to ! ord] & adju/m5ts ( ! univ]se is n m absolutely inaccessible to s5se & self-consci\sness ?an ! m9d :i* gives orig9 to ! ord] & adju/m5ts ( a wat*4 ,x is !re=e impossible t our k ( ! =m] %\ld be dep5d5t on our k ( ! latt]4 ,9 bo? cases ! k is inf]5tial1--9 bo? cases x is dep5d5t on ! imm$iate consci\sness ( intellig5ce 9 ourselves1--b ! inf]5ce is 9 ! =m] case nei!r long] nor less legitimate ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,we d5y1 !n1 t !re is any tru? 9 ! /atem5t t ! design argum5t re/s on ! analogy betwe5 ! works ( nature & ! products ( art ,x re/s directly on ! "* ( ! works ( nature z display+ ord] & adju/m5t4 ,x is ess5tially id5tical ) ! argum5t :i* we h exp\nd$4 ,x is n less objectionable to speak ( ! argum5t f ord] & adaptation z be+ an argum5t f f9al causes ?an to speak ( x z be+ an argum5t f design1 unless ! diff]5t significations ( f9al cause be di/+ui%$1 & ^? :i* are irrelevant & illegitimate be exclud$4 ,= ! expression f9al cause has v>i\s significations :i* are inde$ intimately relat$1 yet :i* _c be employ$ indiff]5tly )\t lead+ to utt] confusion4 ,^! significations may be di/ribut$ into two classes4 ,ea* class conta9s ?ree significations1 & e signification ( ! fir/ class has a signification ( ! second class to correspond to x4 ,9 fact1 ! significations ( ! fir/ class are simply s _m aspects ( ord] or adaptation1 & ^? ( ! second class s _m aspects ( design or int5tion2 ! =m] are ord] & adaptation view$ ) ref]5ce to ! intr9sic1 ! extr9sic1 & ! ultimate ends ( ?+s1 & ! latt] are design & int5tion view$ ) ref]5ce to ! same ?ree ends4 ,f9al cause sometimes means ! intr9sic end ( :at is ord]ly & adju/$1 ! realisation ( ! nature ( any?+ :i* is consid]$ z a :ole1 a complex ( ord] & adju/m5t4 ,! comb9$ /ability & movem5t ( ! sol> sy/em is 9 ?is s5se ! f9al cause ( ! arrangem5ts by :i* t result is secur$4 ,sight is 9 ?is s5se ! f9al cause ( ! eye1 because 9 sight ! true nature ( ! eye manife/s itself4 ,!n1 f9al cause sometimes means n ! intr9sic b ! extr9sic end ( :at is ord]ly & adju/$2 n m]ely ! realisation ( ! nature ( any?+1 b its relation%ip to o!r ?+s1 its adaptations to _! requirem5ts1 its uses2 n m]ely ! end ( an arrangem5t reg>d$ z a self-conta9$ or complet$ :ole1 b ! end or ends :i* x s]ves z a sy/em surr\nd$ by1 connect$ )1 & includ$ 9 o!r sy/ems4 ,x is impossible to admit f9al cause 9 ! s5se ( intr9sic end & to d5y x 9 t ( extr9sic end2 = ! univ]se is n a m]e aggregate ( sy/ems plac$ alongside ( "o ano!r1 b o!rwise unconnect$--x is itself a sy/em compos$ ( an inf9ity ( sy/ems )9 sy/ems4 ,no?+ 9 nature /&s alone2 no?+ lives to itself nor dies to itself4 ,:at is a :ole ) ref]5ce to some?+ small] ?an itself1 is a "p ) ref]5ce to some?+ l>g] ?an itself4 ,! eye is a :ole ) ref]5ce to its own cords1 l5ses1 fluids1 & membranes1 b x is a "p ) ref]5ce to ! body2 sight is !re=e n m c]ta9ly its end ?an ! uses ( sight ,h[ c a man admit f9al cause to be involv$ 9 ! relation%ip betwe5 8 /oma* & bodily life1 b d5y x to be involv$ 9 ! relation%ip betwe5 8 /oma* & ! vegetable & animal sub/ances ) :i* he satisfies its crav+s8 ,cle>ly ! di/9ction betwe5 intr9sic & extr9sic ends is a n>r[ "o1 & exi/s n s mu* 9 ! nature ( ?+s z 9 our way ( look+ at ?+s4 ,we h b to elevate & ext5d our own view1 & :at 0 be=e an extr9sic end is !reby *ang$ into an intr9sic end4 ,admit1 9 fact1 f9al cause any:]e1 & y mu/ admit x ev]y:]e2 admit any?+ to h an end1 & y mu/ admit all ?+s to h an end2 = ! _w is a gr& & wondr\s unity 9 :i* all objects dep5d on & s]ve "o ano!r1 & all =ces contribute to ! atta9m5t ( a s+le compreh5sive issue4 ,once accept ! pr9ciple ( f9ality1 & !re is no consi/5t /opp+ %ort ( ! conviction ( ,ari/otle1 t on x hang ! :ole heav5s & e>?4 ,x is only :5 ! ^w f9al cause is us$ 9 "o or o!r ( ^! two s5ses t we c ) any propriety speak ( reason+ f f9al causes to ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,& ^! are j ! s5ses 9 :i* ! expression is n[ lea/ us$4 ,f9al cause is g5]ally employ$ at pres5t to signify design4 ,x means1 n ! arrangem5t ( causes & effects into sy/ematic unities1 ! p>ts ( :i* h def9ite relations to "o ano!r & a common issue1 or ! adaptation ( ^! unities to support & s]ve "o ano!r1 b purpose or int5tion 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d ) respect to su* arrangem5t or adaptation4 ,?is s5se ( ! ^w is s obvi\sly g5]al en\gh to ref] bo? to intr9sic & extr9sic ends t x w\ld be unnecess>y to direct att5tion to ! fact1 7 x n t we are mu* m apt to fall into error reg>d+ extr9sic ?an intr9sic ends1 & consequ5tly1 reg>d+ ! int5tion or purpose :i* ref]s to !m4 ,a ?+ has j "o intr9sic end--namely1 ! s+le conspicu\s & all-compreh5sive function or issue 9 virtue ( :i* we c reg>d x z be+ a :ole or unity1 & z possess$ ( a c]ta9 relative indep5d5ce or complet5ess4 ,!re is ?us comp>atively little possibility ( error 9 det]m9+ :at ! intr9sic end is 9 a giv5 in/ance1 & comp>atively little dang] ( presumption 9 affirm+ x to h be5 ! end contemplat$ by ! ,div9e ,m9d4 ,!re is no d\bt1 = example1 t ! eye is an in/rum5t con/ruct$ 9 a way calculat$ to atta9 ! intr9sic end--sight2 & !re c be no presumption 9 affirm+ t ,god mu/ h _h t end 9 view 9 ! con/ruction ( ! eye4 ,if !re be a ,god1 & if ,he h _h any?+ to d ) ! mak+ ( ! eye1 ,he mu/ h design$ t ,8 creatures %\ld see ) _! eyes4 ,x is diff]5t ) extr9sic ends4 ,a ?+ has nev] m]ely "o extr9sic end2 x has always a multitude ( extr9sic ends1 = x is always relat$ to a multitude ( o!r ?+s4 ,if we w\ld speak ( ! extr9sic end ( a ?+ we mu/ mean !reby ! :ole ( its adaptations to o!r ?+s1 ! entire circle ( its ext]nal relation%ips1 ! sum ( its uses4 ,b m5 h always %[n !mselves prone 9 judg+ ( ! extr9sic ends ( ?+s to s+le out "s p>ticul> adaptation or use1 or at lea/ a few adaptations or uses1 & to ignore or exclude all o!rs4 ,& especially h !y %[n !mselves prone to judge ( ?+s m]ely f _! relation%ip & utility to !mselves1 z if _! happ9ess 0 ! *ief if n sole end ( all ?+s4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 an utt]ly errone\s me?od ( judg+1 & necess>ily leads to ridicul\s ?\ghts ab\t ?+s1 & to irrev]5t ?\ghts ab\t ,god's designs 9 ! creation ( ?+s4 ,x c1 z ,hegel tells u1 truly pr(it nei!r religion nor sci5ce1 if1 aft] consid]+ ! v9e ) ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n uses :i* x conf]s ^u man1 we proce$ to consid] ! cork-tree ) ref]5ce to ! corks :i* are cut f its b>k to s]ve z /opp]s = w9e-bottles4 ,:5 we affirm1 !n1 t f9al causes 9 ! s5se ( intr9sic ends are 9 ?+s1 we affirm m]ely t ?+s are sy/ematic unities1 ! p>ts ( :i* are def9itely relat$ to "o ano!r & co-ord9at$ to a common issue2 & :5 we affirm t f9al causes 9 ! s5se ( extr9sic ends are 9 ?+s1 we affirm m]ely t ?+s are n isolat$ & indep5d5t sy/ems1 b sy/ems def9itely relat$ to o!r sy/ems1 & s adju/$ z to be p>ts or compon5ts ( high] sy/ems1 & means to issues m compreh5sive ?an _! own4 ,we _c affirm t f9al causes 9 ! s5se ( designs are 9 ?+s2 !y c only exi/ 9 a m9d4 ,:at d we mean :5 we hold t f9al causes 9 ?is s5se truly are 9 ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & ) ref]5ce equally to intr9sic & extr9sic ends8 ,m]ely t su* ord] & adju/m5t z may actually be se5 9 ?+s & betwe5 ?+s--se5 ) ! nak$ eye x may be1 or only to be se5 ?r\gh ! telescope or microscope--or :i*1 if !y _c be se51 yet c by sci5tific induction be prov$ to be 9 & betwe5 ?+s1--t t ord] & adju/m5t :i* actually exi/1 7 int5d$ or design$ by ,god to exi/4 ,( c\rse e !i/ :o sees evid5ces ( ,god's exi/5ce 9 ! h>monies ( nature1 mu/ necess>ily rise to f9al causes 9 ?is s5se f f9al causes 9 ! o!r s5ses :i* h be5 indicat$2 he mu/ pass f mat]ial arrangem5ts to ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce :i* he believes to be manife/$ by !m4 ,& !re c be no %ad[ ( presumption 9 any !i/ se>*+ = f9al causes--,div9e designs--9 ?is s5se & to ?is ext5t4 ,:at ,desc>tes & o!rs h said aga9/ do+ s1 on ! gr\nd t x is arrogant = a man to suppose he c inve/igate ! ends contemplat$ by ! ,deity--c p5etrate into ! c\nsels ( ,div9e ,wisdom--has manife/ly no =ce or relevancy1 s long z all t is ma9ta9$ is t ! ord] :i* actually exi/s 0 meant to exi/4 ,! d\bt or d5ial ( t is irrev]5t4 ,to admit ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & yet to refuse to ackn[l$ge t ,he purpos$ & plann$ ! adaptations & h>monies 9 nature1 is surely z presumptu\s z x is inconsi/5t4 ,to assume t ,god is ignorant ( ! con/itution & "* ( ! univ]se1 & has _h no %>e 9 ! contrivance & managem5t ( x1 is to degrade ,him to ! level ( ! dream-&-dread-begott5 gods ( ,democritus & ,epicurus4 ,bett] n to ?9k ( ,god at all1 ?an to ?9k ( ,him 9 su* a way4 ,! f9al cause ( a ?+1 h[ev]1 may mean1 & ) ref]5ce bo? to adju/m5t & design1 nei!r its intr9sic nor extr9sic1 b its ultimate end4 ,x may mean1 n m]ely t a ?+ is & 0 int5d$ to be ! me*anism or organism :i* sci5ce analyses & expla9s1 & to /& 9 ! relation%ips & fulfil ! uses :i* sci5ce traces1 b also t x w h1 & 0 int5d$ to h1 a de/9ation 9 ! f> future4 ,we may ask1 ,:at is ! goal t[>ds :i* creation moves8 ,:at w be ! fate ( ! e>?8 ,9 :at directions are vegetable & animal life develop+8 ,:at is ! *ief end ( man8 ,:i!r is hi/ory t5d+8 ,:at is ! ideal ( tru? :i* sci5ce has be=e x1 & :i* x hopes to realise8 ( beauty1 :i* art has be=e x8 ( goodness1 :i* virtue has be=e x8 ,& al?\gh to mo/ if n all ( ^! que/ions probably no v def9ite & c]ta9 answ] c be giv51 to d5y t !y c 9 any measure be answ]$1 to pron\nce all speculation reg>d+ ultimate ends z :olly va91 w\ld ju/ly be deem$ ! expression ( a ra% & ?\ghtless dogmatism4 ,sci5ce claims n only to expla9 ! pa/ b to =etell ! future4 ,! p[] ( prevision possess$ by a sci5ce is ! be/ crit]ion ( its rank among ! sci5ces :5 rank is det]m9$ by c]titude4 ,& mo/ significant is ! boldness ) :i* "s ( ! sci5ces h ( late begun to =eca/ ! future4 ,?us1 ) ref]5ce to ! end ( ! _w1 ! _s ( prophecy1 :i* until v rec5tly 0 almo/ conf9$ to ! mo/ not$ religi\s vision>ies1 is n[ p\r$ l>gely out ^u our mo/ di/+ui%$ physici/s4 ,?is we reg>d z a mo/ significant & hopeful circum/ance1 & tru/ t ere long ! prophets ( sci5ce w be f> less discordant & conflict+ 9 _! pr$ictions ev5 ( ! remote/ issues ?an !y mu/ be admitt$ to be at pres5t4 ,:ile speculation z to f9al causes 9 ! s5se ( ultimate ends is1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 z legitimate z x is natural1 its results are und\bt$ly f> too meagre & unc]ta9 to all[ ( our reason+ f !m to ! exi/5ce or wisdom ( ,god4 ,we mu/ prove t !re is a ,div9e ,intellig5ce f :at we actually p]ceive 9 ?+s1 & n f :at we c conjecture z to ! f9al de/9ies ( ?+s4 ,9 fact1 until we h asc]ta9$ t !re is a ,div9e ,intellig5ce1 & 9 "s measure :at are ! pr9ciples on :i* t ,intellig5ce proce$s1 our *ance ( rea*+ tru? ?r\gh speculation z to ! ultimate ends ( ?+s is1 9 all probability1 exce$+ly small4 ,x is on no haz>d\s speculations ( ?is k9d t we w\ld re/ an argum5t = ! ,div9e exi/5ce1 al?\gh que/ions h be5 rais$ z to ! ,div9e "* & gov]nm5t :i* w1 at a lat] /age ( ! discussion1 involve u to "s ext5t 9 ! consid]ation ( ultimate ends4 ,:5 f9al cause is employ$ to signify design 9 any ref]5ce1 be x to intr9sic1 extr9sic1 or ultimate ends1 ,i h no?+ to object to ,bacon & ,desc>tes's condemnation ( x z illegitimate & unpr(itable 9 sci5ce4 ,i "k ( no sci5ce1 physical or moral1 9 :i*1 :ile ?us und]/ood1 x c be ( ! slighte/ use z a pr9ciple ( sci5tific discov]y4 ,x is z mu* out ( place 9 ! _w ( organic z ( inorganic nature4 ,x is q incorrect to say t al?\gh x does n lead to ! discov]y ( new tru?s 9 /rictly physical sci5ce1 x does s 9 physiology = example1 or 9 psy*ology1 or 9 e?ics4 ,x is only :5 x means m]ely ! inh]5t ord] & adju/m5t ( ?+s--n :5 x means designs & purposes reg>d+ !m--t ! se>* aft] x c possibly lead to sci5tific tru?1 &1 :5 s und]/ood1 x leads to tru? 9 all sci5ces alike4 ,x 0 ! sugge/ive pr9ciple 9 ,adams & ,lev]ri]'s discov]y ( ! planet ,neptune f c]ta9 unexpla9$ p]turbations ( ! planet ,uranus1 q z mu* z 9 ,h>vey's discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood f ! obs]vation ( c]ta9 unexpla9$ valves at ! outlet ( ! ve9s & ! rise ( ! art]ies4 ,x is involv$ 9 ! v nature ( ! inductive process1 & is only confirm$ & enl>g$ by ! progress ( inductive rese>*4 ,x /&s 9 no opposition to ! pr9ciple ( effici5t causes1 & is 9 no degree disprov$ by ! discov]y ( su* causes4 ,ass]tions to ! effect t x has gradually be5 driv5 by ! advance ( k f ! simpl] sci5ces into ^? :i* are complex & difficult1--t x is be+ expell$ ev5 out ( biology & sociology--& t x always draws its confirmation1 n f ph5om5a :i* h be5 expla9$1 b f ph5om5a :i* await explanation1--are (t5 made1 b !y re/ almo/ exclusively on ! wi%es ( ^? :o make !m4 ,!y h no real hi/orical basis4#bi #bi ,see ,app5dix ,,xxi4 ,,lecture ,,vi4 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,ord] ,,exam9$4 ,i4 ,! univ]se is a sy/em :i* compreh5ds c\ntless subord9ate sy/ems4 ,x is full ( comb9ations ( p>ts :i* con/itute :oles1 & ( means :i* conspire to ends4 ,! natural & obvi\s explanation ( ! ord] & adju/m5ts :i* x ?us pres5ts is t !y are due to a m9d or intellig5ce4 ,& ?is is ! only rational explanation ( !m4 ,m9d c alone acc\nt = ord] & adju/m5t1 = ! co-ord9ation ( p>ts into a :ole1 or ! adaptation ( means to an end4 ,if we ref] !m to any?+ else1 ! ref]5ce is ess5tially contr>y to reason1 ess5tially irrational4 ,x may seem at ! fir/ sup]ficial glance z if !re 7 a v>iety ( hypo!ses z to ! orig9 ( ! ord] we ev]y:]e see ar\nd u1 all equally or ne>ly equally cr$ible2 b adequate reflection _c fail to conv9ce u t !y mu/ be r$uc$ to a s+le alt]native--to two antagoni/ic !ories4 ,our only *oice is betwe5 reason & unreason1 betwe5 a suffici5t & an insuffici5t cause1 betwe51 we may ev5 say1 a cause & no cause4 ,?is w be br\ght out by an exam9ation ( ! v>i\s hypo!ses :i* h be5 sugge/$ by ^? :o are unwill+ to admit t ! ord] ( ! _w orig9at$ 9 m9d4 ,!y try _! be/ to sugge/ "s o!r alt]native ?an t :i* ,i h said is inevitable2 b e sugge/ion !y make only raises ! alt]native :i* !y w\ld avoid--m9d or *ance1 reason or unreason1 a suffici5t explanation or an absurd "o4 ,be=e proce$+ to e/abli% ?is1 h[ev]1 x may be necess>y to rem>k on "s direct objections :i* h be5 tak5 to ! design argum5t1--objections :i* might be valid1 al?\gh no explanation ( ord] c\ld be giv5 or 7 ev5 attempt$4 ,! inf]5ce :i* ! !i/ requires to draw f ! exi/5ce ( ord] 9 ! univ]se is m]ely ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5ce :o produc$ t ord]4 ,x foll[s t x is an unfair objection to 8 argum5t to urge1 z has (t5 be5 urg$1 t x does n directly & ( itself prove ,god to be ! creator ( ! univ]se1 b only ! =m] ( x--n ! au?or ( matt]1 b only ( ! collocations ( matt]4 ,?is objection1 :i* m5 ev5 l ,hume & ,kant & ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 h ?\ght wor? employ+1 is simply t ! argum5t does n prove m ?an x pr(esses to prove4 ,x does n pret5d to make all o!r reason+ = ! ,div9e exi/5ce sup]flu\s4 ,x is no condition ( its validity t x %\ld /& alone2 t x %\ld contribute no?+ to o!r argum5ts & receive no?+ f !m4 ,! objection is ?us entirely irrelevant4 ,x may be a wise caution to ^? :o w\ld tru/ exclusively to x1 & neglect or depreciate o!r argum5ts4 ,x is no objection to its legitimacy4 ,x is rem>kable1 too1 t ^? :o h urg$ ?is objection h nev] felt t be=e employ+ x !y 7 b\nd to satisfy !mselves & to prove to o!rs t ord] is a m]e surface or sup]ficial ?+--outside ( matt]1 sup]impos$ on x4 ,if ord] be some?+ inh]5tly & intr9sically 9 matt]--be ( its v ess5ce--belong to :at is ultimate 9 x2 if matt] & its =m be insep>able1--!n ! au?or ( its ord] mu/ h be5 also ! au?or ( itself2 & all t ?is objection %[s u is1 t ^? :o h employ$ x h _h mi/ak5 notions ab\t ! nature ( matt]4 ,n[1 z ,i h already _h to indicate1 mod]n sci5ce seems rapidly p]fect+ ! pro( ( ?is4 ,! ord] 9 ! heav5s1 & 9 ! mo/ complicat$ animal organisms1 appe>s to be n m wond]ful ?an ! ord] 9 ! ultimate atoms ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,! balance ( evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( ! view t ord] ext5ds z f> & p5etrates z deep z matt] itself does4 ,! human intellect is daily le>n+ t x is fooli% to fancy t !re is any:]e 9 matt] a sph]e 9 :i* ! ,div9e ,wisdom does n manife/ itself 9 & ?r\gh ord]4 ,!re is /ill ano!r rem>k to be made on ! objection "u consid]ation4 ,! imm$iate inf]5ce f ! ord] ( ! univ]se is to an intellig5t =m] ( ! univ]se1 n to a creator4 ,b ?is does n preclude ! rais+ ( ! "q1 ,is x reasonable to believe ! =m] ( ! _w m]ely its =m]8 ,mu/ n its =m] be also its creator8 ,on ! contr>y1 ! inf]5ce t ! ord] ( ! _w mu/ be ! result ( intellig5t ag5cy ought to sugge/ ?is "q to e s]i\s & reflective m9d1 & x %\ld ev5 contribute some?+ to its answ]4 ,! ord] ( ! univ]se mu/ h orig9at$ ) intellig5ce4 ,:at is impli$ 9 ?is admission8 ,cle>ly t ! ord] ( ! univ]se _c h orig9at$ ) matt]1--t matt] is un9tellig5t1 & _c acc\nt ei!r = intellig5ce or ! effects ( intellig5ce4 ,b if s1 ! intellig5ce :i* =m$ ! univ]se mu/ be an et]nal intellig5ce4 ,! supposition t matt] is et]nal mu/ 9 ?is case be supplem5t$ by ! admission t m9d is et]nal4 ,9 o!r words1 ! affirmation t ! =m] ( ! _w is m]ely its =m]--! d5ial t its =m] is also its creator--means dualism1 ! belief 9 two di/9ct et]nal exi/5ces1--an et]nal m9d & et]nal matt]4 ,:oev] is n prep>$ to accept ?is hypo!sis mu/ ab&on ! affirmation & d5ial f :i* x necess>ily foll[s4 ,& :o c1 aft] due delib]ation1 accept x8 ,! law ( p>simony ( causes absolutely =bids our assum+1 = ! explanation ( any?+1 m causes ?an are necess>y to acc\nt = x4 ,x =bids1 !re=e1 our belief 9 an et]nal matt] & an et]nal m9d1 unless we c %[ reason = hold+ t "o ( !m alone is n a suffici5t cause ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ ^? :o grant ! inf]5ce f ord] to intellig5ce1 !mselves admit t matt] is n a suffici5t ,fir/ ,cause ( ! univ]se z x actually exi/s4 ,d !y f9d any p]son admitt+ t m9d w\ld be an insuffici5t ,fir/ ,cause8 ,d !y !mselves see any way ( %[+ its insuffici5cy8 ,d !y n ev5 p]ceive t x w\ld be fooli% & hopeless to try to %[ t an et]nal m9d c\ld n create a mat]ial univ]se1 & t all !y c\ld %[ w\ld be1 ! "h q irrelevant tru?1 t ! human m9d is ignorant ( ! mann] 9 :i* ?is c\ld be done8 ,if ! answ]s to ^! que/ions are :at ,i believe !y mu/ be1 x mu/ also be ackn[l$g$ t ! =m] ( ! univ]se c only be rationally ?\ght ( z also its creator4 ,i turn to ! consid]ation ( ano!r equally futile objection to ! argum5t f ord]4 ,t argum5t1 x is said1 does n prove ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce to be inf9ite4 ,! univ]se1 z a sy/em ( ord]1 is f9ite1 & we h no "r to conclude t its cause is 9 respect ( intellig5ce1 or 9 any o!r respect1 inf9ite4 ,we mu/ attribute to ! cause ! wisdom necess>y to produce ! effect1 b no m4 ,! obvi\s reply is1 t ?is is precisely :at we d4 ,! argum5t is n employ$ to prove ! inf9ity ( ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce1 b to prove t ! ord] & adaptations :i* ev]y:]e ab\nd 9 ! univ]se mu/ h _h an intellig5ce capable ( conceiv+ & produc+ !m4 ,x is an obvi\s & legitimate argum5t to t ext5t1 & x is pu%$ no f>!r4 ,! inf]5ce t ! _w _h an intellig5t au?or is z simple1 direct1 & valid1 z t any /atue1 pa9t+1 or book _h an intellig5t au?or4 ,:5 ,mr ,sp5c]1 ,mr ,lewes1 & ,pr(essor ,tyndall argue t ! cause ( ! univ]se _c be kn[n to be intellig5t1 because ! reason ( man1 be+ f9ite1 _c compreh5d ! inf9ite1 !y ov]look t ! reason ( man has no ne$ to compreh5d ! inf9ite 9 ord] to appreh5d su* manife/ations ( ! inf9ite z come be=e x4 ,j z a p]son read+ ! works ( ! able m5 :o urge ?is weak objection feels c]ta9 t ^! books mu/ h _h _! orig9 9 m9ds end[$ ) c]ta9 intellectual p[]s1 & _c h be5 produc$ by *ance1 or bl9d =ces1 or bodies de/itute ( m9ds1 & ?is al?\gh mu* 9 _! m9ds is & always mu/ be inscrutable to him2 s1 :5 he /udies ! books ( nature & ( hi/ory1 he feels equally c]ta91 & 9 ! same way c]ta91 t !y are ! compositions ( a mo/ amaz+ intellect2 & 8 c]ta9ty z to ?is ne$ n be less5$1 cl\d$1 or 9 any degree affect$1 by ! great & indubitable1 b "h irrelevant1 tru?--t ! m9d ( ,god is 9 itself1 9 its ess5ce1 inscrutable2 & 9 its greatness1 its inf9ity1 incompreh5sible4 ,! argum5t f ord] mu/ fur!r be admitt$ suffici5t to %[1 if valid at all1 t ! wisdom ( ! ,fir/ ,cause is ( ! mo/ wondr\s "*4 ,! m nature & m9d & hi/ory are /udi$ by any "o :o sees 9 !m evid5ce ( design at all1 ! m wondr\s mu/ ! wisdom display$ 9 !m be felt to be4 ,:oev] realises t t wisdom is at once guid+ ! c\ntless ho/s ( heav5ly bodies 9 all _! evolutions ?r\gh ! b\ndless realms ( space1 & fa%ion+ & provid+ = ! c\ntless ho/s ( microscopic creatures dwell+ on ! leaf ( a fl[] or 9 a drop ( wat]1 ev]y:]e accompli%+ a multitude ( ends by few & simple means1 or effect+ s+le & def9ite purposes by ! mo/ elaborate & complex contrivances1 mu/ feel t ra% beyond all expression is ! %ort-sight$ mortal :o c v5ture to affirm t x is n inf9ite4 ,if ! ,"l by wisdom ha? f\nd$ ! e>?1 & by und]/&+ ha? e/abli%$ ! heav5s1 ,8 wisdom & ,8 und]/&+ are at lea/ s great t we _c measure !m1 & h no "r to pron\nce !m limit$4 ,! adju/m5ts & h>monies ( ! univ]se1 z we "k x1 indicate a dep? & ri*ness ( wisdom 9 its ,au?or :i* f> pass our compreh5sion2 & ! univ]se :i* we "k is probably less 9 comp>ison ) ! univ]se :i* ,god has made1 ?an ! leaf on :i* a ho/ ( animalcules live & die is 9 comp>ison ) ! va/e/ ( primeval =e/s1 or an ant-hill ) ! sol> sy/em4 ,! univ]se :i* we see & "k is a noble comm5t>y on su* words ( ,scripture z ^!3 ,i wisdom dwell ) prud5ce1 & f9d out k ( witty inv5tions4 ,! ,"l possess$ me 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,8 way1 be=e ,8 works ( old4 ,i 0 set up f ev]la/+1 f ! beg9n+1 or ev] ! e>? 04 ,:5 ,he prep>$ ! heav5s1 ,i 0 !re3 :5 ,he set a compass on ! face ( ! dep?3 :5 ,he e/abli%$ ! cl\ds above3 :5 ,he /r5g!n$ ! f\nta9s ( ! deep3 :5 ,he gave to ! sea 8 decree1 t ! wat]s %\ld n pass ,8 comm&m5t3 :5 ,he appo9t$ ! f\ndations ( ! e>?3 !n ,i 0 by ,him1 z "o br\ght up ) ,him2 & ,i 0 daily ,8 delight1 rejoic+ always be=e ,him4 ,b beyond ! univ]se :i* we see & "k1 ext5d illimitable fields ( space & /ret*es ( "t :i* we d n see & d n "k1 b :i* may be ev5 m cr[d$ ) ! works ( ,div9e ,intellig5ce ?an any :i* are )9 our range ( bodily or m5tal vision4 ,! +5i\s au?ors ( ! book entitl$ ',! ,unse5 ,univ]se' suppose ! entire visible univ]se to be b a local product & tempor>y phase ( a f> old] & great] univ]se1 :i* itself aga9 may be only an isl& 9 ! ocean ( a univ]se /ill m /up5d\s & ref9$4 ,:atev] error may be m+l$ ) ?is ?\ght 9 ! "w m5tion$1 !re is1 ,i d\bt n1 at lea/ ?is mu* ( tru? also1 t ! entire c\rse ( nature :i* sci5ce reveals is b a ripple1 a curr5t1 9 ! ocean ( ,god's univ]sal action4 ,! man ^: m9d is duly op5 to ! possibility ( ?is w n v5ture to pron\nce ! intellig5ce ( ,god to be f9ite4 ,! man :o fails to recognise its possibility is v bl9d1 v ?\ghtless4 ,x is sc>cely cr$ible t ! evid5ces ( ,god's wisdom %\ld h be5 argu$ to be pro(s ( ,8 weakness4 ,& yet ?is has happ5$4 ,x is n too mu* to say1 wrote ,mr ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 t e indication ( design 9 ! ,kosmos is s mu* evid5ce aga9/ ! omnipot5ce ( ! ,design]4 ,= :at is meant by design8 ,contrivance3 ! adaptation ( means to an end4 ,b ! necessity = contrivance--! ne$ ( employ+ means--is a consequ5ce ( ! limitation ( p[]4 ,:o w\ld h rec\rse to means if to atta9 8 end 8 m]e ^w 0 suffici5t8 ,! v idea ( means implies t ! means h an efficacy :i* ! direct action ( ! be+ :o employs !m has n4 ,o!rwise !y are n means1 b an encumbrance4 ,a man does n use ma*9]y to move 8 arms4 ,if he did1 x c\ld only be :5 p>alysis _h depriv$ him ( ! p[] ( mov+ !m by volition4 ,b if ! employm5t ( contrivance is 9 itself a sign ( limit$ p[]1 h[ mu* m s is ! c>eful & skilful *oice ( contrivances8 ,c any wisdom be %[n 9 ! selection ( means :5 ! means h no efficacy b :at is giv5 !m by ! w ( him :o employs !m1 & :5 8 w c\ld h be/[$ ! same efficacy on any o!r means8 ,wisdom & contrivance are %[n 9 ov]com+ difficulties1 & !re is no room = !m 9 a be+ = :om no difficulties exi/4 ,! evid5ces1 !re=e1 ( natural !ology di/9ctly imply t ! au?or ( ! ,kosmos work$ "u limitations4#cj #cj ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 pp4 #agf1 #agg4 ,?is1 x seems to me1 is v /range & wor?less reason+4 ,accord+ to x1 ! ability ( ,god to =m & execute a purpose is evid5ce n ( p[] b ( weakness4 ,i wond] if ,mr ,mill imag9$ t ! inability ( ,god to =m & c>ry out a purpose w\ld h be5 evid5ce n ( ,8 weakness b ( ,8 p[]4 ,or did he suppose1 p]haps1 t bo? ability & inability 7 signs ( weakness1 & t1 consequ5tly1 = once opposites 7 id5tical8 ,or did he n ?9k on ! subject at all1 & s reason$ v mu* at r&om8 ,i confess ,i _c see h[ ability to contrive ?+s is weakness1 or inability to contrive !m p[]4 ,i hold to ,bacon's maxim t k is p[]1 & refuse to admit t wisdom is weakness4 ,b ,god1 if omnipot5t1 x is said1 did n ne$ to contrive3 ,8 m]e ^w mu/ h be5 suffici5t4 ,yes1 is ! obvi\s answ]2 ,8 m]e ^w1 ,8 m]e w1 0 suffici5t to produce all ,8 contrivances1 & has produc$ !m all4 ,!re is no %ad[ ( reason = suspect+ t any?+ 0 difficult to ,him or = ,him4 ,no su* suspicion is ent]ta9$ by ^? :o employ ! design argum5t2 & ^? :o w\ld rationally object to t argum5t mu/ f9d some?+ else to insi/ on ?an ! p[] ( ,god's m]e w4 ,! w ( ,god is ev]y:]e z efficaci\s z ,he 9 ,8 omnipot5ce & omnisci5ce *ooses t x %\ld be4 ,at ! same "t1 if ,he desire c]ta9 ends1 ,8 w _c rema9 m]e w & disp5se ) ! contrivance ( appropriate means4 ,if ,he wi% to be/[ happ9ess on human be+s1 ,he mu/ create human be+s1 & contrive _! bodies & m9ds4 ,to speak ( ,8 w z able to be/[ ! same efficacy on any means is no less contr>y to reason ?an x w\ld be to speak ( x z able to make ! "p great] ?an ! :ole4 ,x is only 9 ! _w imag9$ by ,mr ,mill--"o 9 :i* two & two might be five--t a sunbeam c\ld s]ve ! same purpose z a granite pill> or a /eam-eng9e2 & su* a _w1 mo/ p w assur$ly hold1 ev5 omnipot5ce c\ld n create4 ,inf9ite p[] & wisdom mu/ necess>ily "w "u limitations :5 !y orig9ate & control f9ite ?+s2 b ! limitations are n 9 ! inf9ite p[] & wisdom !mselves--!y are 9 _! op]ations & effects4 ,accord+ to ,mr ,mill's argum5t1 inf9ite p[] c\ld n create a f9ite _w at all3 only a f9ite p[] c\ld d s4 ,t surely means t a f9ite p[] mu/ be mighti] ?an an inf9ite p[]2 & t1 aga91 is surely a pla9 self-contradiction1 a manife/ absurdity4 ,!re is ano!r objection :i*1 al?\gh 9 itself unwor?y ( answ]1 has be5 urg$ s (t5 & pres5t$ 9 s _m =ms1 "s ( :i* are rhetorically impressive1 t x _c be :olly pass$ ov]4 ,! design argum5t has be5 c5sur$ z assum+ t ! g5esis ( ! heav5s & ! e>? 0 effect$ some:at aft] ! mann] 9 :i* a workman %apes a piece ( furniture--z conv]t+ ! ,p[] ^: g>m5t is se5 9 ! visible univ]se into an ,artific]1 fa%ion$ aft] ! human model1 & act+ z man is se5 to act--z trans=m+ ! ,fir/ ,cause into a magnifi$ me*ani/ :o con/ructs a "w ( art1 & !n sits ap>t f x & obs]ves h[ x goes1 c4 ,n[ ! heav5s & ! e>? are to su* a wond]ful ext5t exemplifications bo? ( me*anical laws & /hetic pr9ciples1 t no man ( s5se1 ,i ?9k1 w d5y t !y may mo/ ju/ly be comp>$ to ma*9es or works ( art1 or ev5 pron\nc$ to be ma*9es & works ( art4 ,!y are t1 al?\gh !y are m ?an t4 ,an animal is a ma*9e1 al?\gh an organism too4 ,e organism is a ma*9e1 al?\gh e ma*9e is n an organism4 ,art & nature are n antagoni/ic & exclusive4 ,man & all man's arts are includ$ 9 nature1 & nature is ! highe/ art4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 x is legitimate & ev5 necess>y to illu/rate ! design argum5t by ref]5ces to human inv5tions1 ! num]\s & imm5se diff]5ces betwe5 ! works ( man's art & ! processes ( nature mu/ n be ov]look$2 & !re is no excuse = say+ t !y h be5 ov]look$4 ,x is precisely because ! univ]se is s above any?+ man has made or c make1 & because vegetable & animal organisms are s diff]5t f wat*es & /atues1 t ! argum5t 9 "q leads u to a div9e & n to a m]ely human intellig5ce4 ,x implies t bo? ! works ( ,god & ! works ( man are products ( intellig5ce2 b x does n require t !y %\ld h any?+ else 9 common4 ,x recognises t ! mo/ elaborate & exquisite contrivances ( man fall immeasurably bel[ nature's mo/ m9ute designs4 ,s f> f requir+1 x =bids our c>ry+ any ( ! limitations or peculi>ities ( human contrivance ov] to t :i* is div9e4 ,besides1 ! belief 9 design is held 9 conjunction ) ! belief 9 creation out ( no?+4 ,! same p]sons :o recognise t !re is a div9e wisdom display$ 9 ! con/itution & c\rse ( nature believe ! univ]se to h be5 call$ into be+ by ! m]e volition ( ! ,almighty4 ,b among all !ories ( ! g5esis ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 t is ! only "o :i* does n repres5t ! ,fir/ ,cause z work+ l a man4 ,man nev] creates--he _c create4 ,to produce any?+ he mu/ h some?+ to "w on--he mu/ h mat]ials to m\ld & modify4#ca #ca ,see ,app5dix ,,xxii4 ,,ii4 ,^? :o refuse to ref] ! ord] & adaptations 9 ! univ]se to a design+ intellig5ce are b\nd to acc\nt = !m 9 "s o!r way4 ,has ?is be5 done8 ,has any p]son succe$$ 9 trac+ !m back to any o!r pr9ciple :i* c be reasonably reg>d$ z _! cause1 or z adequate to _! production8 ,?is is ! "q :i* we h n[ to consid]4 ,matt]1 "s w\ld h u believe1 is ! orig9 ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,grant x1 & !re is /ill ! "q--,:at is ! orig9 ( matt]8--to be dispos$ (4 ,we h se5 t ?is is a "q :i* we are b\nd to raise2 we h se5 t !re are /rong reasons = hold+ t matt] _h an orig91 _h a beg9n+ 9 "t1 & none :atev] = reg>d+ x z self-exi/5t & et]nal4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ord] & sy/em1 ( me*anical adju/m5ts & organic adaptations 9 ! univ]se1 seems to prove t matt] mu/ h _h a beg9n+4 ,if c]ta9 collocations ( matt] ev9ce design1 & mu/ h _h a beg9n+1 ! adaptation ( ! p>ts to =m ! collocation ev9ces design1 & implies a beg9n+4 ,& if matt] _h a beg9n+1 its cause c only h be5 m9d4 ,to say t x orig9at$ ) *ance or necessity is pla9ly absurd4 ,*ance & necessity are mean+less t]ms unless m9d or matt] be presuppos$4 ,!re c be no accid5ts :]e nei!r m9d nor matt] exi/s4 ,!re c be no *ance :]e !re is no law4 ,*ance or accid5t is :at occurs :5 two or m indep5d5t s]ies ( ph5om5a meet1 )\t _! meet+ hav+ be5 prem$itat$ & provid$ =4 ,:5 "o s]ies ( causes leads a man to pass a h\se at a giv5 mom5t ( a giv5 day1 & ano!r s]ies ( causes1 coexi/5t ) b :olly indep5d5t ( ! =m] s]ies1 det]m9es t a heavy body %all fall f ! ro( ( t h\se at t mom5t ( t day & kill t man1 ! consequ5ce--8 dea?--is :at may be prop]ly call$ an accid5t1 or matt] ( *ance4 ,"o :o believes1 inde$1 9 ! omnisci5ce & univ]sal =eord9ation & gov]nm5t ( ,god1 w hold t ev5 9 su* a case ! accid5t or *ance is m]ely app>5t2 b he w n d5y ! "r ( ! a!i/ to speak ( *ance or accid5t 9 ?is way1 or to expla9 z matt]s ( *ance :atev] he c4 ,! ^w *ance1 or accid5t1 c h no intelligible s5se1 h[ev]1 unless !re be su* indep5d5t s]ies ( ph5om5a--unless !re be m5tal & mat]ial exi/5ces1 m5tal & mat]ial laws4 ,*ance _c be conceiv$ (1 ev5 by ! a!i/1 z ! orig9 ( exi/5ce4 ,! same may be said ( necessity4 ,matt] or m9d may act necess>ily1 b necessity _c act )\t matt] or m9d4 ,if x be requisite1 !re=e1 to seek a cause = matt]1 m9d alone c be assign$ z its cause4 ,if we are ju/ifi$ 9 seek+ = ! orig9 ( matt] at all1 our *oice ( an answ] lies betwe5 m9d & absurdity1 betwe5 a real & suffici5t cause & an imag9>y & inconceivable cause4 ,besides1 h[ c\ld matt] ( itself produce ord]1 ev5 if x 7 self-exi/5t & et]nal8 ,x is f> m unreasonable to believe t ! atoms or con/itu5ts ( matt] produc$ ( !mselves1 )\t ! action ( a ,supreme ,m9d1 ?is wond]ful univ]se1 ?an t ! lett]s ( ! ,engli% alphabet produc$ ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 )\t ! slighte/ assi/ance f ! human m9d kn[n by t fam\s "n4 ,^! atoms might1 p]haps1 n[ & !n1 "h & !re1 at great di/ances & long int]vals1 produce1 by a *ance contact1 "s curi\s collocation or comp\nd2 b nev] c\ld !y produce ord] or organisation1 on an ext5sive scale or ( a durable "*1 unless ord]$1 arrang$1 & adju/$ 9 ways ( :i* intellig5ce alone c be ! ultimate explanation4 ,to believe t _! =tuit\s & undirect$ movem5ts c\ld orig9ate ! univ]se1 & all ! h>monies & utilities & beauties :i* ab\nd 9 x1 ev9ces a cr$ulity f> m extravagant ?an has ev] be5 display$ by ! mo/ sup]/iti\s ( religioni/s4 ,yet no consi/5t mat]iali/ c refuse to accept ?is colossal *ance-hypo!sis4 ,all ! explanations ( ! ord] ( ! univ]se :i* mat]iali/s1 f ,democritus & ,epicurus to ,did]ot & ,lange1 h devis$1 re/ on ! assumption t ! elem5ts ( matt]1 be+ et]nal1 mu/ pass ?r\gh inf9ite comb9ations1 & t "o ( ^! mu/ be our pres5t _w--a special collocation among ! c\ntless millions ( collocations1 pa/ & future4 ,?r[ ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 x has be5 said1 an inf9ite numb] ( times1 & y mu/ produce ! ,iliad & all ,greek books4 ,! !ory ( probabilities1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 requires u to believe no?+ s absurd4 ,?r[ lett]s toge!r )\t ?\ght ?r\gh all et]nity1 & y w nev] make !m express ?\ght4 ,all ! lett]s 9 ! ,iliad might h be5 toss$ & jumbl$ toge!r f morn+ to night by ! h&s ( ! :ole human race1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w until n[1 & ! fir/ l9e ( ! ,iliad w\ld h be5 /ill to compose1 _h n ! g5ius ( ,hom] be5 inspir$ to s+ ! wra? ( ,a*illes & ! w> ar\nd ,troy4 ,b :at is ! ,iliad to ! hymn ( creation1 & ! drama ( provid5ce8 ,7 ^! glori\s works compos$ by ! m]e jumbl+ toge!r ( atoms1 :i* 7 n ev5 prep>$ be=eh& to =m ?+s1 z lett]s are to =m words1 & :i* _h to %ake !mselves into ord] )\t ! help ( any h&8 ,!y may believe t :o c4 ,x seems to me t x ought to be mu* easi] to believe all ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,to ascribe ! orig9ation ( ord] to law is a manife/ evasion ( ! real problem4 ,law is ord]4 ,law is ! v ?+ to be expla9$4 ,! "q is--,has law a reason1 or is x )\t a reason8 ,! unp]v]t$ human m9d _c believe x to be )\t a reason4 ,! exi/5ce ( a law connect+ & gov]n+ any class ( ph5om5a implies a presid+ intellig5ce :i* has preconceiv$ & e/abli%$ ! law4 ,! regulation ( ev5ts by precise rules ( "t & space1 ( numb] & measure1 is evid5ce ( ?\ght & m9d4 ,s says ,dr ,:ewell2 & ! /atem5t is amply ju/ifi$ by ! fact1 t all laws & rules 9 ! univ]se imply t exi/5ces are relat$ to "o ano!r 9 a way ( :i* intellig5t adju/m5t alone is ! adequate & ultimate explanation4 ,! exi/5ce ( a law uni=mly involves ! coexi/5ce ( sev]al conditions1 & t is a ph5om5on :i*1 :5ev] ! conditions & law are physically ultimate1 & consequ5tly physically inexplicable1 cle>ly presupposes m9d4 ,laws1 9 a ^w1 are n ! causes b ! expressions ( ord]4 ,!y are !mselves ! results ( delicately accurate adju/m5ts1 :i* indicate ! op]ation ( a div9e wisdom4 ,!re are *emical laws1 = example1 simply because !re are *emical elem5ts end[$ ) aff9ities1 attractions1 or =ces ! mo/ div]se1 yet s balanc$ & h>monis$ z to secure ! welf>e ( ! _w4 ,besides1 laws d n act ( !mselves4 ,no law produces ( itself any result4 ,x is ! ag5ts :i* act accord+ to ! law t produce results1 & ! nature ( ! result produc$ dep5ds on ! numb] & "* ( ! ag5ts1 & h[ ea* is situat$ & circum/anc$4 ,if ! ag5ts oppose ea* o!r1 or are inappropriately di/ribut$1 !y br+ ab\t disord] & disa/] 9 con=mity to law4 ,!re is no calamity1 no evil1 no sc5e ( confusion1 9 ! kn[n _w1 :i* is n ! result ( ! action ( ag5ts :i* op]ate 9 /ricte/ accordance to law4 ,! law ( gravitation might rule e p>ticle ( matt]1 & yet conflict & confusion & dea? w\ld prevail ?r\gh\t ! entire sol> sy/em 7 h>mony & /ability & life n secur$ by v special arrangem5ts4 ,matt] might h all its pres5t inh]5t & ess5tial laws1 & yet rema9 = ev] a *aos4 ,ap>t f a design+ & sup]9t5d+ intellig5ce1 ! *ances 9 fav\r ( *aos & aga9/ cosmos1 ev5 all[+ matt] to h uncreat$ prop]ties & laws1 7 incalculable4 ,! obvi\s inf]5ce is t :i* ,pr(essor ,jevons expresses 9 ^! words--,z an unlimit$ numb] ( atoms c be plac$ 9 unlimit$ space 9 an unlimit$ numb] ( modes ( di/ribution1 !re mu/1 ev5 grant+ matt] to h _h all its laws f et]nity1 h be5 at "s mom5t 9 "t1 out ( ! unlimit$ *oices & di/ributions possible1 t "o *oice & di/ribution :i* yield$ ! fair & ord]ly univ]se t n[ exi/s4 ,only out ( rational *oice c ord] h come4 ,! mo/ common mode1 p]haps1 ( evad+ ! problem :i* ord] pres5ts to reason1 is ! indication ( ! process by :i* ! ord] has be5 realis$4 ,f ,democritus to ! late/ ,d>w9ian !re h be5 m5 :o suppos$ t !y _h completely expla9$ away ! evid5ces = design 9 nature :5 !y _h describ$ ! physical antec$5ts ( ! arrangem5ts appeal$ to z evid5ces4 ,ari/otle %[$ ! absurdity ( ! supposition m ?an #bbjj ye>s ago4 ,b ^? :o d5y f9al causes h gone on argu+ 9 ! same irrational mann] d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,!y _c1 9 fact1 d o!rwise4 ,!y are committ$ to a false position1 & !y d>e n ab&on ! sophism on :i* x re/s4 ,no?+ else c expla9 h[ any sane m9d %\ld inf] t because a ?+ is condition$ x _c h be5 design$4 ,! man :o argues t ! eye 0 n con/ruct$ 9 ord] to see because x has be5 s con/ruct$ z to be capable ( see+1 is cle>ly ei!r unable to reason correctly1 or all[s 8 reason+ faculty to be t]ribly p]v]t$ by prejudice4 ,t a result is secur$ by appropriate conditions c seem to no s\nd & unprejudic$ intellect a reason = reg>d+ x to h be5 undesign$4 ,& yet :at o!r reason is involv$ 9 all ! attempts to expla9 away f9al causes by means ( ! nebul>1 ,d>w9ian1 & o!r developm5t hypo!ses8 ,m4 ,comte imag9es t he has %[n ! inf]5ce ( design1 f ! ord] & /ability ( ! sol> sy/em1 to be unw>rant$1 :5 he has po9t$ out ! physical conditions ?r\gh :i* t ord] & /ability are secur$1 & ! process by :i* !y h be5 obta9$4 ,he ref]s to ! comp>ative smallness ( ! planet>y masses 9 relation to ! c5tral mass1 ! feeble ecc5tricity ( _! orbits1 ! mod]ate mutual incl9ation ( _! planes1 & ! sup]ior mean d5sity ( _! solid ov] _! fluid con/itu5ts1 z ! circum/ances :i* r5d] x /able & habitable1 & ^! *>act]i/ic circum/ances1 z he calls !m1 he tells u fl[ naturally & necess>ily f ! simple mutual gravity ( ! sev]al p>ts ( nebul\s matt]4 ,:5 he has done ?is1 he supposes himself to h prov$ t ! heav5s decl>e no o!r glory ?an t ( ,hipp>*us1 ( ,kepl]1 & ( ,newton4 ,n[1 ! ass]tion t ! peculi>ities :i* make ! sol> sy/em /able & ! e>? habitable h fl[$ naturally & necess>ily f ! simple mutual gravity ( ! sev]al p>ts ( nebul\s matt]1 is "o :i* greatly requires pro(1 b :i* has nev] receiv$ x4 ,9 say+ ?is1 we d n *all5ge ! pro( ( ! nebul> !ory itself4 ,t !ory may or may n be true4 ,we are q will+ to suppose x true2 to grant t x has be5 sci5tifically e/abli%$4 ,:at we ma9ta9 is1 t ev5 if we admit unres]v$ly t ! e>?1 & ! :ole sy/em to :i* x belongs1 once exi/$ 9 a nebul\s /ate1 f :i* !y h be5 gradually evolv$ into _! pres5t condition con=mably to physical laws1 we are 9 no degree entitl$ to inf] f ! admission ! conclusion :i* ,comte & o!rs h drawn4 ,! man :o fancies t ! nebul> !ory implies t ! law ( gravitation1 or any o!r physical law1 has ( itself det]m9$ ! c\rse ( cosmical evolution1 s t !re is no ne$ = believ+ 9 ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( a ,div9e ,m9d1 proves m]ely t he is n exempt f reason+ v illogically4 ,! sol> sy/em c\ld only h be5 evolv$ out ( its nebul\s /ate into t :i* x n[ pres5ts if ! nebula possess$ a c]ta9 size1 mass1 =m1 & con/itution--if x 0 nei!r too r>e nor too d5se1 nei!r too fluid nor too t5aci\s2 if its atoms 7 all numb]$1 its elem5ts all weigh$1 its con/itu5ts all dispos$ 9 due relation to ea* o!r--t is to say1 only if ! nebula 0 9 reality z mu* a sy/em ( ord]1 :i* intellig5ce alone c\ld acc\nt =1 z ! worlds :i* h be5 develop$ f x4 ,! orig9 ( ! nebula ?us pres5ts itself to ! reason z a problem :i* dem&s solution no less ?an ! orig9 ( ! planets4 ,all ! prop]ties & laws ( ! nebula require to be acc\nt$ =4 ,:at orig9 are we to give !m8 ,x mu/ be ei!r reason or unreason4 ,we may g back z f> z we please1 b at e /ep & /age ( ! regress we mu/ f9d ourselves confront$ ) ! same "q--! same alt]native4 ,! argum5t ( ,comte1 x is fur!r obvi\s1 proce$s on ! arbitr>y & errone\s assumption t a process is prov$ to h be5 )\t significance or purpose :5 ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 br\ght ab\t is exhibit$4 ,x is pla9 t on ?is assumption ev5 ^? works ( man :i* h co/ mo/ ?\ght might be %[n to h co/ none4 ,a h\se is n built )\t consid]able reflection & cont9u\s ref]5ce to an end contemplat$ & desir$1 b ! end is only gradually realis$ by a process :i* c be trac$ f its orig9 onw>ds1 & ?r\gh ! concurr5ce or sequ5ce ( a multitude ( conditions4 ,w\ld a description ( ! circum/ances on :i* ! security & o!r m]its ( a h\se dep5d1--( ! peculi>ities 9 its f\ndation1 walls1 & ro(1 9 its configuration & mat]ials1 :i* r5d] x conv5i5t & com=table1 or ( ! processes by :i* ^! peculi>ities 7 atta9$1--prove ! h\se to h be5 unbuilt by man1 to h be5 develop$ )\t ! int]v5tion ( an intellig5t ar*itect8 ,x w\ld1 if ,comte's argum5t 7 good2 if x w\ld n1 ,comte's argum5t mu/ be bad4 ,b c any "o fail to see t su* an argum5t 9 su* a case w\ld be ridicul\s8 ,! circum/ances1 peculi>ities1 & processes ref]r$ to are !mselves manife/ evid5ces ( design & intellig5ce4 ,!y are a "p ( :at has to be expla9$1 & a "p ( x :i* c only be expla9$ on ! supposition ( a contriv+ & sup]9t5d+ m9d4 ,!y entitle u to reject all hypo!ses :i* w\ld expla9 ! con/ruction ( ! h\se )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! intellig5ce ( its ar*itect4 ,! circum/ances1 peculi>ities1 & process describ$ by ,comte1 z r5d]+ ! e>? an ord]ly sy/em & ! abode ( life1 are no less among ! evid5ces = ! belief t intellig5ce has presid$ ov] ! =mation ( ! e>?4 ,!y require = _! rational compreh5sion to be ?\ght ( z ! means & conditions by :i* ends wor?y ( intellig5ce h be5 secur$4 ,!y require to be acc\nt$ =2 & !y _c be reasonably acc\nt$ = except on ! supposition ( hav+ be5 design$4 ,if we reject t view we mu/ accept ?is1 t ! pres5t sy/em ( ?+s is a special in/ance ( ord] :i* has occurr$ among innum]able in/ances ( disord]1 produc$ by ! int]action ( ! elem5ts or atoms ( matt] 9 inf9ite "t4 ,^! elem5ts or atoms we mu/ imag9e z affect+ all possible comb9ations1 & fall+ at l5g?1 aft] c\ntless failures1 into a regul> & h>moni\s arrangem5t ( ?+s4 ,n[1 we c 9 a vague1 ?\ghtless way imag9e ?is1 b we _c ju/ify our belief ( x ei!r by p>ticul> facts or g5]al reasons4 ,x is an act ( imag9ation :olly divorc$ f intellig5ce4 ,?us to ref] ! orig9 & explanation ( univ]sal ord] to *ance1 is m]ely m5tal caprice4 ,if ! evolution ( ! e>? & ! heav5ly bodies f a nebula de/roy nei!r ! relevancy nor ! =ce ( ! design argum5t1 ! developm5t ( complex organisms f simple ones1 & ! desc5t ( all ! plants & animals on e>? f a v few liv+ cells or =ms1 w n remove or less5 ! necessity = suppos+ an intellig5ce to h design$ all ! organisms1 simple & complex alike1 & to h =eorda9$1 arrang$1 & presid$ ov] ! c\rse ( _! developm5t4 ,7 x ev5 prov$ t life & organisation _h be5 evolv$ out ( dead & inorganic matt]1 ! necessity ( believ+ 9 su* an intellig5ce w\ld /ill rema94 ,no?+ ( ! k9d has yet be5 prov$4 ,on ! contr>y1 sci5tific exp]im5tation has all t5d$ to %[ t life proce$s only f life4 ,b _h x be5 o!rwise--_h ?is break & blank 9 ! developm5t !ory be5 fill$ up--matt] w\ld only h be5 prov$ to be m wond]ful ?an x _h be5 suppos$ to be4 ,! sci5tific confirmation ( ! hypo!sis ( :at is call$ spontane\s g5]ation w\ld n relieve ! m9d f ! necessity ( ref]r+ ! pot5cy ( life & all else t is wond]ful 9 matt] ei!r to design or *ance1 reason or unreason--x w\ld n free x f ! dilemma :i* _h previ\sly pres5t$ itself4#cb #cb ,see ,app5dix ,,xxiii4 ,! developm5t ( high] f l[] organisms1 ( c\rse1 /ill less frees u f ! obligation to believe t a supreme intellig5ce presides ov] ! developm5t4 ,developm5t is n itself a cause1 b a process1--x is a some?+ :i* mu/ h a cause2 & ! only k9ds ( developm5t :i* h yet be5 %[n to be exemplifi$ 9 ! organic _w dem& intellig5ce z _! ultimate cause4 ,i d n "k t ,i c bett] prove t !re is no opposition betwe5 developm5t & design ?an by ref]r+ to an illu/ration :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley made use ( ) a directly contr>y view4 ,to %[ t ! argum5t f f9al causes1 or :at is (t5 call$ ! !ological argum5t1 _h1 z commonly /at$1 receiv$ its dea?-bl[ f ,mr ,d>w91 he wrote z foll[s3 ,! !ological argum5t runs ?us--an organ or organism 7,a7 is precisely fitt$ to p]=m a function or purpose 7,b72 !re=e x 0 specially con/ruct$ to p]=m t purpose4 ,9 ,paley's fam\s illu/ration1 ! adaptation ( all ! p>ts ( ! wat* to ! function or purpose ( %[+ ! "t1 is held to be evid5ce t ! wat* 0 specially contriv$ to t end1 on ! gr\nd t ! only cause we "k ( compet5t to produce su* an effect z a wat* :i* %all keep "t is a contriv+ intellig5ce1 adapt+ ! means directly to t end4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t any "o _h be5 able to %[ t ! wat* _h n be5 made directly by any p]son1 b t x 0 ! result ( ! modification ( ano!r wat* :i* kept "t b poorly1 & t ?is1 aga91 _h proce$$ f a /ructure :i* c\ld h>dly be call$ a wat* at all1 see+ t x _h no figures on ! dial1 & ! h&s 7 rudim5t>y1 & t1 go+ back & back 9 "t1 we come at la/ to a revolv+ b>rel z ! e>lie/ traceable rudim5t ( ! :ole fabric4 ,& imag9e t x _h be5 possible to %[ t all ^! *anges _h result$ fir/ f a t5d5cy 9 ! /ructure to v>y indef9itely1 & secondly f some?+ 9 ! surr\nd+ _w :i* help$ all v>iations 9 ! direction ( an accurate "t-keep] & *eck$ all ^? 9 o!r directions1--!n x is obvi\s t ! =ce ( ,paley's argum5t w\ld be gone4 ,= x w\ld be demon/rat$ t an app>atus ?or\ghly well adapt$ to a p>ticul> purpose might be ! result ( a me?od ( trial & error work$ by un9tellig5t ag5ts1 z well z ( ! direct application ( ! means appropriate to t end by an intellig5t ag5t4#cc #cc ,lay ,s]mons1 pp4 #ccj1 #cca4 ,our great comp>ative physiologi/ w\ld probably n write s at pres5t4 ,he may /ill n accept ! design argum5t2 b he is n[ well aw>e t x has n got its dea?-bl[1 nor ev5 any s]i\s w\nd1 f ! !ory ( evolution4 ,he has s9ce1 on m ?an "o occasion1 %[n ! p]fect compatibility ( developm5t ) design4 ,he might1 p]haps1 9 def5ce ( 8 e>li] & less consid]ate utt]ances1 ma9ta9 t no organ has be5 made ) ! precise /ructure :i* x at pres5t possesses 9 ord] to accompli% ! precise function :i* x at pres5t fulfils2 b he admits t ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ evolutioni/ mu/ at lea/ assume a primordial molecul> arrangem5t1 ( :i* all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are ! consequ5ces1 & is !reby at ! m]cy ( ! !ologi/1 :o c always defy him to disprove t ?is primordial molecul> arrangem5t 0 n int5d$ to evolve ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,grant+ ?us mu*1 he is logically b\nd to grant m4 ,if ! entire evolution ( ! univ]se may h be5 int5d$1 ! sev]al /ages ( its evolution may h be5 int5d$2 & !y may h be5 int5d$ = _! own sakes z well z = ! sake ( ! collective evolution or its f9al result4 ,if eyes & e>s 7 contriv$ = a purpose1 ! eyes & e>s ( ea* species ( animals may h be5 made ) ! precise /ructure :i* !y exhibit = ! precise purposes :i* !y fulfil1 al?\gh !y may h be5 develop$ out ( a diff]5t k9d ( eyes & e>s1 & w1 9 ! lapse ( ages1 be develop$ into /ill o!r k9ds4 ,! high] !ology1 ! g5]al designs1 :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley admits evolution _c t\*1 is 9 no opposition to ! l[] !ology1 ! special designs1 :i* he /rangely supposes x to h def9itively disc>d$4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t ,dr ,paley w\ld h held ! design argum5t to h be5 9 no degree weak5$ by ! !ory ( evolution1 & t he w\ld h be5 v mu* a/oni%$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley's rem>ks on t argum5t4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! me*anism ( a wat* z an evid5ce ( intellig5ce 9 its mak]1 ,dr ,paley po9t$ out t our idea ( ! greatness ( t intellig5ce w\ld be mu* increas$ if wat*es 7 s con/ruct$ z to give rise to o!r wat*es l !mselves4 ,he mu/ necess>ily h admitt$ t ! wat* imag9$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley 0 /ill m rem>kable1 & impli$ a /ill great] intellig5ce 9 its contrivance4 ,! revolv+ b>rel mu/ h _h wond]ful capabilities1 :i* only intellig5ce c\ld conf]4 ,all ! circum/ances 9 :i* x 0 to be plac$ mu/ h be5 =ese51 & all ! influ5ces :i* 7 to act ^u x mu/ h be5 tak5 into acc\nt1 :i* c\ld only be done by intellig5ce4 ,all t help$ v>iations 9 ! direction ( an accurate "t-keep] mu/ h be5 br\ght into requisition1 & all t h9d]$ x1 or fav\r$ v>iations 9 o!r directions1 mu/ h be5 detect$ & *eck$2 b no un9tellig5t ag5ts c be conceiv$ ( z accompli%+ su* "w1 or z m ?an ! means ( accompli%+ x employ$ by a provid5tial ,reason4 ,! great] ! di/ance betwe5 ! revolv+ b>rel & ! mo/ elaborat$ wat*--! great] ! numb] ( me*anisms betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ ( ^! two t]ms1 or betwe5 ! comm5c+ cause & ! f9al result--! great] ! necessity = a m9d ! mo/ compreh5sive & accurate1 to s]ve z an explanation ( ! entire s]ies ( me*anisms & ! :ole process ( developm5t4 ,mr ,d>w91 & a l>ge numb] ( ^? :o are call$ ,d>w9ians1 pr(ess to prove t all ! ord] ( organic nature may h be5 un9t5tionally orig9at$ by ! me*anical op]ation ( natural =ces4 ,!y ?9k !y c expla9 h[1 f a few simple liv+ =ms1 or ev5 f a s+le primordial cell1 ! entire vegetable & animal k+doms1 ) all _! h>monies & beauties1 h aris5 :olly indep5d5t ( any orda9+ & presid+ m9d1 by means ( ! op]ation ( ! law ( h]$ity t l produces l2 ( v>iability f ! action ( ! conditions ( life1 & f use & disuse2 ( ov]-production1 or a ratio ( increase s high z to lead to a /ruggle = exi/5ce2 ( natural selection1 or ! survival & preval5ce ( ! fitte/1 & ! disappe>ance & ext9ction ( :at is unsuit$ to its circum/ances & inf]ior to its competitors2 & ( sexual selection4 ,b ! rem>kable orig9ality1 +5uity1 & skill :i* !y display 9 endeav\r+ to e/abli%1 illu/rate1 & apply ^! laws1 make all ! m /rik+ ! abs5ce ( fre%ness & indep5d5ce1 ( =ce or relevancy1 9 ! reason+s by :i* !y w\ld atta* to !m an irreligi\s inf]5ce4 ,! same m5 :o h adduc$ s _m new facts1 & ?r[n s mu* new light on facts previ\sly kn[n1 9 support ( ! real or alleg$ laws indicat$1 h n adduc$ a s+le new reason1 & sc>cely ev5 set 9 a m plausible light a s+le old reason1 = ! d5ial ( design4 ,!y assure u1 copi\sly & vehem5tly1 t ! laws :i* !y claim to h prov$ are 9 !mselves a dispro( ( design2 b !y someh[ =get t x is incumb5t on !m to be/[ ! lab\r requisite to make ?is manife/4 ,!y reason z if x 7 almo/ or :olly self-evid5t1 :]eas a little m ?\ght w\ld %[ !m t all _! laws imply m9d & purpose4 ,!re is a law ( h]$ity3 l produces l4 ,b :y is !re su* a law8 ,:y does l produce l8 ,:y %\ld n all nature h be5 /]ile8 ,:y %\ld !re h be5 any provision = ! propagation ( life 9 a univ]se rul$ by a m]e bl9d =ce8 ,& :y %\ld produc] & produc$ be l8 ,:y %\ld (fspr+ n always be z unlike _! p>5ts z tadpoles are unlike frogs8 ,! (fspr+ ( all ! high] animals pass ?r\gh v>i\s embryological /ages 9 :i* !y are extremely unlike _! p>5ts4 ,:y %\ld !y ev] become l to !m8 ,physical sci5ce _c answ] ^! que/ions2 b t is no reason :y !y %\ld n bo? be ask$ & answ]$4 ,i c conceive ( no o!r intellig5t answ] be+ giv5 to !m ?an t !re is a ,god ( wisdom1 :o design$ t ! _w %\ld be = ages ! abode ( life2 t ! life !re9 %\ld be ri* & v>i$1 yet t v>iation %\ld h its limits2 t !re %\ld be no disord] or confusion2 & :o1 to secure ?is result1 decre$ t plants %\ld yield se$s1 & animals br+ =?1 aft] _! k9d4 ,he :o w\ld disprove design mu/ c]ta9ly n />t ) ! great my/]y ( g5]ation4 ,!n1 ! s-call$ law ( v>iability is ! expression ( a purpose :i* mu/ h ,reason at its beg9n+1 middle1 & end4 ,!re is 9 no organism an absolutely indef9ite t5d5cy to v>y4 ,e v>iation ( e organism is 9 "s measure det]m9$ by ! con/itution ( ! organism4 ,a :ale1 z ,dr ,huxley says1 does n t5d to v>y 9 ! direction ( produc+ fea!rs1 nor a bird 9 ! direction ( produc+ :alebone4 ,b a t5d5cy to def9ite v>iation is an indication ( purpose4 ,if a man c\ld make a revolv+ b>rel ) a t5d5cy to develop into a wat*1 he w\ld h to be cr$it$ ) hav+ design$ bo? ! b>rel & wat*1 n less ?an if he _h contriv$ & con/ruct$ ! two sep>ately4 ,fur!r1 v>iation has proce$$ 9 a def9ite direction4 ,d>w9 admits t !re is no law ( necess>y advancem5t4 ,!re is no m reason 9 ! nature ( ! case = improvem5t ?an = det]ioration4 ,ap>t f ! int]nal con/itution ( an organism hav+ be5 s plann$1 & its ext]nal circum/ances s arrang$1 z to fav\r ! "o r ?an ! o!r1 its v>iations c\ld n h be5 m t[>ds self-p]fection ?an self-de/ruction4 ,b v>iation1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ians1 has tak5 place 9 "o direction & n 9 ano!r2 x has be5 =w>d1 n backw>d2 x has be5 a progression1 n a retrogression4 ,:y8 ,only because ( a cont9u\s adju/m5t ( organisms to circum/ances t5d+ to br+ ?is ab\t4 ,_h !re be5 no su* adju/m5t1 !re might h be5 only unsuitable v>iations1 or ! suitable v>iations might h be5 s few & slight t no high] organisms w\ld h be5 evolv$4 ,natural selection might h _h no mat]ials1 or altoge!r insuffici5t mat]ials1 to "w )4 ,or ! circum/ances might h be5 su*1 t ! l[e/ organisms 7 ! be/ end[$ = ! /ruggle ( life4 ,if ! e>? 7 cov]$ ) wat]1 fi% w\ld survive1 & high] creatures w\ld p]i%4 ,natural selection _c h made ! conditions ( its own action--! circum/ances 9 ! mid/ ( :i* x mu/ op]ate4 ,!re=e1 !re is m 9 progressive v>iation ?an x c expla93 !re is :at only an all-regulative intellig5ce c expla94 ,aga91 !re is a law ( ov]-production1 we are told1 :i* gives rise to a /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,well1 is ?is law n a means to an end wor?y ( ,div9e ,wisdom8 ,9 x we f9d ! reason :y ! _w is s wond]fully ri* 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms ( life4 ,:at is call$ ov]-production is a productivity :i* is 9 excess ( ! means ( subsi/5ce provid$ = ! species itself2 b no species exi/s m]ely = itself4 ,! ratio ( ! production ( life is probably none too high = ! wants ( all ! creatures :i* h to be suppli$ ) food & enjoym5t4 ,& ! wants ( all creatures are :at h to be tak5 into acc\nt2 n ! wants ( any s+le species--n ! wants ( man alone4 ,if we adequately realis$ h[ va/ is ! numb] ( gue/s :i* h con/antly to be f$ at ! table ( nature1 we w\ld1 ,i h no d\bt1 ackn[l$ge t !re is little1 if any1 real wa/e ( life 9 ! _w4 ,!n1 ! /ruggle to :i* ! rate ( production gives rise is1 on ! %[+ ( ! ,d>w9ians !mselves1 subs]vi5t to ! noble/ ends4 ,al?\gh involv+ privation1 pa91 & conflict1 its f9al result is ord] & beauty4 ,all ! p]fections ( s5ti5t creatures are repres5t$ z due to x4 ,?r\gh x ! lion has ga9$ its /r5g?1 ! de] its spe$1 ! dog its sagacity4 ,! inf]5ce seems natural t ^! p]fections 7 design$ to be atta9$ by x2 t ?is /ate ( /ruggle 0 orda9$ = ! sake ( ! advantages :i* x is actually se5 to produce4 ,! suff]+ :i* ! conflict involves may indicate t ,god has made ev5 animals = "s high] end ?an happ9ess--t ,he c>es = animal p]fection z well z = animal enjoym5t2 b x af=ds no reason = d5y+ t ! ends :i* ! conflict actually s]ves1 x 0 also int5d$ to s]ve4 ,besides1 ! conflict is cle>ly n a /ruggle = b>e exi/5ce2 x is1 ev5 z reg>ds ! animals1 a /ruggle = ! l>ge/ am\nt ( enjoym5t :i* !y c secure1 & = ! free & full ex]cise ( all _! faculties4 ,x ?us manife/s1 n only indirectly b also directly1 :at its ends are4 ,!y are ends :i* c only be reasonably conceiv$ ( z hav+ be5 purpos$ by an intellig5ce1 & :i* are em95tly wor?y ( a ,div9e intellig5ce4 ,b :at ( ! law1 or s-call$ law1 ( natural selection8 ,9 itself1 & s f> z physical sci5ce c ei!r prove or disprove x1 x is simply an expression ( ! alleg$ fact1 t 9 ! /ruggle ( life1 any v>iation1 h[ev] caus$1 :i* is pr(itable to ! individuals ( a species1 w t5d to _! pres]vation1 w h a *ance ( be+ transmitt$ to _! (fspr+1 & w be ( use to !m likewise1 s t !y w survive & multiply at ! exp5se ( competitors :i* are n s well end[$4 ,b natural selection ?us und]/ood is obvi\sly 9 no opposition to design2 on ! contr>y1 x is a way 9 :i* design may be realis$4 ,"s might ev5 hold t design _c be conceiv$ ( z realis$ 9 any o!r natural way2 t if n ?us realis$1 x c\ld only be miracul\sly realis$4 ,b ,mr ,d>w91 & _m ( ^? :o call !mselves 8 foll[]s1 tell u n only t !re is natural selection1 b t bl9d =ces & me*anical laws alone br+ x ab\t2 t int5tion & intellig5ce h no?+ to d ) x4 ,:at pro( d !y give u8 ,alas6 ! pa9ful ?+ is t !y give u none4 ,!y po9t out ! bl9d =ces & ! me*anical laws by :i* ! selection is effect$ & its results secur$2 !y %[ h[ !y are adapt$ to accompli% _! "w3 & !n !y ass]t t ^! =ces & laws expla9 ! :ole matt]2 t no und]ly+ & all-embrac+ reason has prep>$1 arrang$1 & us$ !m4 ,!y see ! physical ag5cies & ! physical process by :i* ord] & beauty h be5 atta9$--!y d n see intellig5ce & design2 & because !y d n see !m1 !y conclude t !y h no exi/5ce4 ,!y describe ! me*anism :i* _! s5ses appreh5d1 & affirm x to h made itself1 or at lea/ to h be5 unmade1 & to "w ( itself1 because ! m9d :i* contriv$ x & directs x is inaccessible to s5se4 ,all _! reason+ resolves itself into a d5ial ( :at is spiritual because x is unse54 ,! only in/ances ( natural selection :i* h be5 adduc$ to %[ t bl9d =ces may br+ ab\t results z rem>kable1 & ( ! same k9d1 z ^? :i* are accompli%$ by intellig5t ag5ts1 are manife/ly irrelevant4 ,!y are ( su* a nature t e teleologi/ mu/ hold !m to imply :at !y are int5d$ to disprove4 ,:5 ,pr(essor ,huxley po9ts to ! w9ds & waves ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay z c>efully select+ ! p>ticles ( sea-s& on ! coa/ ( ,brittany1 & heap+ !m1 accord+ to _! size & weight1 9 diff]5t belts along ! %ore2 to a fro/y night select+ ! h>dy plants 9 a plantation f among ! t5d] ones2 & to a hurricane transport+ a sapl+ to a new seat 9 ! soil1--he completely mi/akes :at ! problem be=e him is4 ,fire & wat] c produce wond]ful effects 9 a /eam-eng9e2 b ! man :o %\ld inf]1 f !re be+ no intellig5ce 9 ! fire & wat] !mselves1 t intellig5ce mu/ h _h no?+ to d ) _! effects :5 !y 7 br\ght into contact 9 a /eam-eng9e1 w\ld des]ve no great cr$it = 8 reason+4 ,x is precisely ,pr(essor ,huxley's reason+4 ,he looks at ! fire & wat] sep>ately1 & completely ignores ! eng9e4 ,because 9 a _w :i* is a sy/em ( ord] & law a c]ta9 collocation & comb9ation ( physical conditions & =ces w produce an ord]ly result1 he inf]s t design & intellig5ce are n ne$$ to produce su* a result4 ,i submit t t is illegitimate & irrelevant reason+4 ,x resolves itself into a d5ial ( ,div9e & intellig5t ag5cy1 because ! s5ses appreh5d m]ely physical elem5ts & a physical process4 ,x assumes a select$ adaptation1 :i* presupposes intellig5ce 9 ord] to get rid ( intellig5ce4 ,x begs ! :ole "q4 ,! s-call$ law ( sexual selection1 if x be a law at all1 is obvi\sly teleological 9 its nature4 ,its end is ! production ( beauty 9 =m & col\r4 ,c bl9d physical =ces1 if n subs]vi5t to intellig5ce1 be conceiv$ ( z work+ t[>ds s ess5tially ideal a goal z beauty8 ,i ?9k en\gh has n[ be5 said to %[ t ! rese>*es & speculations ( ! ,d>w9ians h left un%ak5 ! design argum5t4 ,i might h gone f>!r if "t _h p]mitt$1 & prov$ t !y _h greatly enri*$ ! argum5t4 ,! works ( ,mr ,d>w9 are invaluable to ! !ologian1 ow+ to ! multitude ( beautiful contrivances & m>vell\s adju/m5ts admirably describ$ 9 !m4 ,! treatises on ! f]tilisation ( or*ids & on insectivor\s plants require only to h _! legitimate conclusions d$uc$ & appli$ 9 ord] to be trans=m$ into treatises ( natural !ology4 ,if ,paley's fam\s "w be n[ some:at out ( date1 x is n because ,mr ,d>w9 & 8 foll[]s h refut$ x1 b because !y h br\ght s mu* to light :i* confirms its argum5t4#cd #cd ,see ,app5dix ,,xxiv4 ,i h *all5g$ ! !ology ( ,mr ,d>w91 & ^? :o foll[ 8 guidance 9 !ology4 ,i h no wi% to dispute 8 sci5ce4 ,i pass no judgm5t on 8 !ories s f> z !y are sci5tific !ories4 ,x may be safely left to ! progress ( sci5tific rese>* to det]m9e h[ f> !y are true & h[ f> errone\s4 ,we ought n to assail !m ne$lessly1 or to reject ! tru? :i* is 9 !m1 "u ! influ5ce ( a s5seless dread t !y c hurt religion4 ,9 s f> z !y are true1 !y mu/ be m]ely expressions ( ! way 9 :i* ,div9e intellig5ce has op]at$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,in/ead ( exclud+1 !y mu/ imply belief 9 an all-orig9at+1 all-=esee+1 all-=eorda9+1 all-regulative intellig5ce1 to det]m9e ! rise & ! c\rse & ! goal ( life1 z ( all f9ite ?+s4 ,t intellig5ce f> transc5ds ! compreh5sion ( our f9ite m9ds1 yet we appreh5d x z true intellig5ce4 ,x is no bl9d =ce1 b a ,reason :i* kn[s itself1 & kn[s u1 & kn[s all ?+s1 & 9 ! wisdom ( :i* we may fully confide1 ev5 :5 cl\ds & d>kness hide f u ! def9ite reasons ( its op]ations4 ,we c see & "k en\gh ( its wisdom to ju/ify fai? :]e sight & k are d5i$ to u4 ,let u tru/ & foll[ x1 &1 )\t d\bt1 x w lead u by a pa? :i* we knew n1 & make d>kness light be=e u1 & crook$ ?+s /raight4 ,,lecture ,,vii4 ,,moral ,,argum5t--,,te/imony ,,( ,,consci5ce ,,& ,,hi/ory4 ,i4 ,,we h se5 h[ ! p[] manife/ 9 ! univ]se leads up to ,god z ! ,fir/ ,cause1 ! all-orig9at+ ,w4 ,we h se5 also h[ ! ord] manife/ 9 ! univ]se leads up to ,him z ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,b !re is m 9 ! univ]se ?an =ce & ord]2 !re is =ce :i* works = good1 & a j & b5evol5t ord]2 !re are moral laws & moral actions1 moral p]ceptions & moral feel+s4 ,c any?+ be !nce inf]r$ z to :e!r ,god is1 & :at ,he is8 ,i ?9k we %all f9d t !y cle>ly te/ify bo? z to ,8 exi/5ce & "*4 ,! moral law :i* reveals itself to consci5ce has seem$ to c]ta9 au?ors s decisive a witness = ,god1 t all o!r witnesses may be disp5s$ )4 ,kant1 :o ex]t$ 8 great logical ability to prove t ! speculative reason 9 se>*+ aft] ,god inevitably loses itself 9 sophisms & self-contradictions1 believ$ himself to h f\nd 9 ! practical reason or moral faculty an assurance = ! ,div9e exi/5ce & gov]nm5t capable ( defy+ ! utmo/ ef=ts ( scepticism4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton has also affirm$ t ! only valid argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & = ! immortality ( ! human s\l1 re/ on ! gr\nd ( man's moral nature4 ,dr ,john ,newman has insi/$ t consci5ce is ! creative pr9ciple ( religion1 & has endeav\r$ to %[ h[ ! :ole doctr9e ( natural religion %\ld be work$ out f ?is c5tral pr9ciple4 ,a well-kn[n liv+ !ologian ( ,g]many1 ,dr ,s*5kel1 has attempt$ to build up a complete !ology on consci5ce z a basis1 />t+ f ! position t consci5ce is ! religi\s organ ( ! s\l--! faculty ?r\gh :i* alone we h an imm$iate k ( ,god4 ,^! ?9k]s may h err$ 9 rely+ ?us exclusively on ! moral argum5t--,i believe t !y h--b ! error1 if error !re be1 %[s only ! m cle>ly h[ conv9c+ t argum5t has seem$ to c]ta9 m9ds1 & ^! assur$ly n feeble m9ds4 ,!re is1 besides1 valuable tru? und]ly+ any exagg]ations into :i* !y may h fall5 on ! subject4 ,!re is probably no liv+ practical belief 9 ,god :i* does n beg9 ) ! consci5ce4 ,x is n reason+ on a fir/ cause1 nor ev5 admiration ( ! wisdom display$ 9 ! univ]se1 :i* makes ! ?\ght ( ,god habitually & efficaci\sly pres5t to ! m9d4 ,x is n any k9d ( ?9k+ nor any k9d ( feel+ excit$ by ! physical univ]se or by ! contemplation ( society1 :i* gives u an abid+ & op]ative s5se ( ,god's pres5ce1 & ( ,8 relation%ip to u4 ,x is only 9 & ?r\gh an awak5$ & active consci5ce t we realise our ne>ness to ,god--,8 int]e/ 9 u1 & our int]e/ 9 ,him4 ,)\t a moral nature ( our own1 we c\ld n recognise ! moral "* & moral gov]nm5t manife/$ by ,him4 ,we might tremble be=e ,8 p[]1 or we might admire ,8 skill1 b ,8 righte\sness w\ld be hidd5 f u1 ,8 moral laws w\ld be mean+less to u1 & _! sanctions w\ld be m]ely a s]ies ( physical advantages or physical disa/]s4 ,b a ,god )\t righte\sness is no true ,god1 & ! wor%ip :i* has no moral elem5t 9 x is no true wor%ip4 ,z1 !n1 x is only ?r\gh ! glass ( consci5ce t ! righte\sness ( ,god c be disc]n$1 & z t attribute alone c call =?1 9 addition to ! fe>1 wond]1 & admiration evok$ by p[] & intellig5ce1 ! love1 ! s5se ( spiritual weakness & want1 & ! ador+ rev]5ce1 :i* are indisp5sable 9 true wor%ip--su* wor%ip z ,god ought to receive & man ought to r5d]--! significance ( ! moral pr9ciple 9 ! !i/ic argum5tation is va/ inde$4 ,x foll[s1 h[ev]1 f ! entire c\rse ( ! reason+ 9 :i* we h be5 engag$1 t ! moral argum5t is n to be exclusively reli$ on4 ,x is b a "p ( a :ole f :i* x ought n to be sev]$4 ,x _c be /at$ 9 any valid =m :i* does n imply ! legitimacy ( ! argum5ts f effici5cy & ord]4 ,if o!r facts d n ref] u back to a prim>y case1 nei!r w moral facts lead u to ! prim>y moral ag5t4 ,if ord] is no evid5ce ( intellig5t purpose1 moral ord] c be no evid5ce ( moral purpose4 ,! moral argum5t proves m1 b also less1 ?an ! argum5ts :i* h be5 already exp\nd$4 ,x %[s u t ,god is end[$ ) ! highe/ moral excell5ce1 & is ! s\rce ( moral law & ( moral gov]nm5t1 b x does n prove ,him to be ! ,creator ( ! univ]se or ! ,au?or ( all ord] 9 ! univ]se4 ,x contributes to ! idea ( ,god an ess5tial elem5t1 )\t :i* t idea w\ld be lam5tably defective1 b x supposes o!r elem5ts also ess5tial to be giv5 by o!r argum5ts4 ,! (fice ( be>+ witness to ! exi/5ce & "* ( ,god c be safely devolv$ on no "o pr9ciple alone1 ev5 al?\gh t pr9ciple be consci5ce4 ,x is a "w 9 :i* all ! pr9ciples ( human nature are privileg$ to concur4 ,ei!r all be> true te/imony1 or all h conspir$ to deceive u4 ,! self-manife/ation ( ,god is address$ to ! entire man1 & c only be rightly appreh5d$ by ! concurr5t action ( all ! en]gies & capacities ( ! s\l4#ce #ce ,see ,app5dix ,,xxv4 ,x is1 p]haps1 especially important 9 conduct+ ! moral argum5t to ask ourselves di/9ctly1 ,:5ce ought we to beg98 ,is !re any po9t1 any fact or pr9ciple1 :i* we are 9 reason b\nd to />t f8 ,inatt5tion to ?is prelim9>y inquiry has caus$ _m to try to look at moral facts en masse1 z x 71 & to endeav\r to draw an inf]5ce f !m 9 virtue ( some?+ common to !m all4 ,?is c only lead to confusion & error4 ,moral facts are ( two radically di/9ct classes1 & _c be compreh5d$ "u any high] g5]alisation1 :i* c be tak5 z ! f\ndation ( a !i/ic inf]5ce4 ,! facts ne$ to be di/ribut$ & int]pret$--to h _! *>act]s discrim9at$2 & we mu/ beg9 ) ! pr9ciple by :i* ?is is done--t is1 ) consci5ce itself4 ,we ne$ no m attempt to judge ( moral qualities )\t ref]5ce to our moral p]ceptions & feel+s--to ! in=mation giv5 u ?r\gh consci5ce--?an to pass a judgm5t on col\rs be=e see+ !m1 or irrespective ( h[ !y appe>$ to u :5 we saw !m4 ,if we look at ! moral facts ( ! univ]se f any outside po9t ( view--n f t ( consci5ce--h[ c we escape ascrib+ ! evil z well z ! good to ,god1 & try+ ,8 "* ei!r f bo? or f ! prepond]ance ( ! "o ov] ! o!r8 ,b if we d s1--if we seek to rise to ,god ?r\gh an induction f all moral facts--we %all =m a mis]able notion ( ,god1 & we %all1 besides1 ride r\gh-%od1 z x 71 ov] consci5ce4 ,= :at is x t consci5ce decl>es mo/ cle>ly ab\t moral good & evil1 "r & wrong8 ,is x n t !y are radically antagoni/ic--irreconcilable & contradictory1--t !y _c h ! same ultimate au?or--t if ! "o be ! expression ( ,god's w1 ! o!r mu/ be ! expression ( ,8 av]sion8 ,if consci5ce h any te/imony to give ab\t ,god at all1 x is t1 z ! au?or ( good1 ,he mu/ be ! enemy ( evil4 ,! contemplation ( ! moral _w may p]plex u1 b consci5ce is an assurance t evil1 h[ev] p]plex+1 is n to be ref]r$ to ! same s\rce z good4 ,! te/imony ( consci5ce on behalf ( ,god has be5 pres5t$ 9 v>i\s ways1 & x ne$ n surprise u to f9d "s ( !m unsatisfactory4 ,i reg>d z unw>rant$ ! view t consci5ce is ! religi\s organ ( ! s\l1 ! sole faculty ?r\gh :i* ! human m9d is 9 contact & communion ) ,god4 ,!re is no "o specific p[] or organ ( ! m9d 9 virtue ( :i* exclusively man is a religi\s be+4 ,x is by ! :ole make & con/itution ( 8 nature1 n by a p>ticul> faculty1 t he is fram$ = religion4 ,i m ?an "q if we h a "r ev5 to ascribe to consci5ce an imm$iate intuition ( ,god4 ,x br+s u1 "s h affirm$1 9 a /rict & positive s5se into ! real pres5ce ( ,god1 ) no?+ int]v5+ betwe5 u & ,him--,he z ! absolute p]sonality /&+ %>ply & di/9ctly ov] aga9/ our p]sonality4 ,?is doctr9e has1 h[ev]1 "o obvi\s & s]i\s difficulty be=e x4 ,consci5ce--t is a ^w :i* has got 9 ord9>y use a v cle> & def9ite mean+4 ,we all "k :at consci5ce is z well z we "k :at ! eye or ! e> is1 & we all "k :at an act ( consci5ce is z well z we "k :at see+ or he>+ is4 ,x is n m c]ta9 t by ! eye we see col\rs1 & t by ! e> we he> s\nds1 ?an t by consci5ce we disc]n good & evil4 ,:51 !re=e1 any man comes & assures u t ?r\gh consci5ce we h an imm$iate appreh5sion ( ,god1 x is natural t we %\ld answ] at once1 ,y may z well assure u t ?r\gh sight we imm$iately he> s\nds or smell od\rs4 ,:at we imm$iately appreh5d ?r\gh consci5ce is ! "r or wrong 9 actions1 & !re=e n ,god4 ,morality is ! direct object ( consci5ce2 ,god c !re=e only be ! presupposition or po/ulate ( consci5ce1--c only be giv5 9 consci5ce z impli$ 9 morality4 ,?is1 ,i say1 is an obvi\s objection to ! ass]tion t ,god is imm$iately kn[n 9 consci5ce4 ,x is an objection :i* has n be5 got ov]1 & :i*1 ,i believe1 _c be got ov]4#cf #cf ,see ,app5dix ,,xxvi4 ,! argum5t f consci5ce1 l all ! o!r !i/ic argum5ts1 is extremely simple4 ,x is ! obvi\s inf]5ce f ! mo/ obvi\s facts ( our moral consci\sness4 ,x dem&s ( u no subtle analysis ( consci5ce4 ,x is n dep5d5t on ! tru? ( "s "o p>ticul> !ory z to ! orig9 ( consci5ce4 ,x is bas$ directly on :at _c be d5i$ or disput$1--! exi/5ce ( consci5ce1 ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 moral judgm5ts & feel+s common to ! exp]i5ce ( all m54 ,consci5ce exi/s4 ,x exi/s z a consci\sness ( moral law2 z an ass]tion ( a rule ( duty2 z a s5se ( responsibility4 ,:5 x pron\nces an action "r1 x does s because x recognises x to be con=m$ to law2 :5 x pron\nces an action wrong1 x does s because x recognises x to fall %ort ( or to transgress law4 ,x acts z ! judge ( all t we d1 & z su* x accuses or excuses1 condemns or approves1 puni%es or rew>ds u1 ) a voice ( au?ority1 :i* we may s f> disreg>d1 b ! legitimacy ( :i* we _c dispute4 ,x claims to rule ov] body & s\l1 he>t & m9d1 all our appetites1 affections1 & faculties2 & ! claim is implicitly admitt$ ev5 by ^? :o h mo/ int]e/ 9 d5y+ x4 ,b x does n rule1 nor pret5d to rule1 z an autocratic au?ority2 x does n give u1 nor pret5d to give u1 a law ( its own3 on ! contr>y1 x claims to rule 9 u only 9 virtue ( recognis+ a law :i* is ov] u2 its au?ority is d]iv$ :olly f a law :i* x int]prets & applies1 b does n create4 ,x ?us speaks n ( itself b z ! deputy ( ano!r4 ,x unequivocally decl>es itself a delegat$ au?ority4 ,"s may say t ! law ( consci5ce is set by man's own w1 & t ! w is a law unto itself2 b ?is ass]tion _c be> exam9ation4 ,! w ap>t f reason & consci5ce is a m]e =ce1 n a true w4 ,x has a rational law only ?r\gh its connection ) reason1 a moral law only ?r\gh its connection ) consci5ce4 ,:oev] affirms t ! w is its own law mu/ grossly abuse language1 & signify by ! t]m w :at o!rs mean by reason & w1 consci5ce & w4 ,he mu/ d worse ?an ?is1 bad z x is4 ,he mu/ contradict ! pla9 dictates ( 8 own consci\sness4 ,! w & its law are di/9ctly felt to be n "o b two4 ,! w is cle>ly realis$ 9 our moral exp]i5ce z n legislative1 z n giv+ itself a law b z be+ "u a law1 ! law :i* consci5ce appreh5ds4 ,to id5tify ! w & its law is to conf\nd entirely di/9ct ?+s4 ,= ! w to rule ! w1 x w\ld ne$ at once to comm& & to obey1 to be bond & free1 dep5d5t & indep5d5t4 ,to be its own rule 7 = x to be )\t rule4 ,consci5ce claims to rule my w 9 virtue ( a law :i* _c be ! expression ( my w1 & :i* _c be any?+ else ?an ! expression ( ano!r w2 "o (t5 9 antagonism to m9e--"o always bett] ?an m9e--"o :i* dem&s f me an unv>y+ & complete ob$i5ce4 ,x comes to me & speaks to me 9 defiance ( my w2 :5 my w is set aga9/ he>+ x1 & /ill m aga9/ obey+ x2 :5 my w is b5t on /ifl+ & dr[n+ its voice4 ,x w>ns1 ?reat5s1 condemns1 & puni%es me1 aga9/ my w1 & ) a voice ( au?ority z ! delegate or deputy ( a p]fectly good & holy w :i* has an absolute "r to rule ov] me1 to control & sway all my faculties2 :i* se>*es me & kn[s me2 :i* besets me beh9d & be=e4 ,^: is ?is p]fect1 au?oritative1 supreme w1 to :i* all consci5ces1 ev5 ! mo/ err+1 po9t back8 ,^:1 if n ,god's8 ,^? :o object t ?is argum5t is a m]e v]bal inf]5ce1 or t x re/s on a d\ble mean+ ( ! ^w law1 d n und]/& x1 simple z x is4 ,!y may be hone/ en\gh disputants1 b _! objection is /rangely sup]ficial4 ,9 ! utt]ly irrelevant criticism ( a ^w !y lose sight ( a great fact1 & s necess>ily fail to p]ceive its mom5t\s significance4 ,f no m]e ^w1 :e!r law or any o!r1 b f t consci\sness ( moral dep5d5ce :i* no moral creature c %ake (f1 :i* consci5ce implies 9 e ex]cise1 :i* reveals itself 9 a ?\s& ways 9 ! he>ts & lives ( m51 d we conclude t !re is ,"o on :om we morally dep5d1 t we h a holy ,creator & ,judge to deal )4 ,reason takes no m]e "n1 b x takes ! fact t man feels himself "u a law ( duty1 t he is consci\s ( obligation & responsibility1 t he has a consci5ce :i* does n c\nsel b :i* comm&s him to d :at is "r & to resi/ :at is wrong2 & x f9ds ?is fact inexplicable1 ?is consci\sness a delusion1 ?is consci5ce a false witness--unless !re be a holy ,god1 a ,moral ,gov]nor4 ,consci5ce reveals a purpose z well z decl>es a law4 ,its v exi/5ce is a pro( ( purpose4 ,! eye is n m c]ta9ly giv5 u 9 ord] t we may see1 ?an consci5ce is giv5 u 9 ord] t we may use all our p[]s 9 a righte\s & b5efic5t mann]4 ,is x conceivable t any o!r ?an a righte\s ,god w\ld h be/[$ on u su* a gift1 su* a faculty8 ,w\ld an intellig5t b unrighte\s ,god h made u to hate & despise :at is *>act]i/ic ( 8 own nature8 ,w\ld he h made u bett] ?an himself8 ,! purpose :i* consci5ce reveals is c]ta9ly n our own purpose1 j z ! law :i* x decl>es is n ! law ( our own w4 ,! purpose :i* f9ds its expression 9 consci5ce1 & our own purpose1 are (t5 felt by u to be 9 direct antagonism4 ,our s\ls may be tortur$ by ! conflict betwe5 !m4 ,b 9 all phases ( ! conflict we are s5sible t x is our purpose :i* ought to be ab&on$2 t ! purpose :i* we dislike is t :i* we are b\nd to accept & to obey4 ,9 ?is way1 also1 consci5ce speaks to u ( a righte\s ,god by speak+ 9 ,8 "n4 ,if ! inf]5ce f effect to cause1 f manife/ation ( purpose to intellig5ce1 is good any:]e1 x is good "h2 & x w>rants u to believe t ! ,fir/ ,cause ( consci5ce is a righte\s ,be+4#cg #cg ,see ,app5dix ,,xxvii4 ,all ! feel+s1 emotions1 & affections :i* ga!r ar\nd ! appreh5sion ( "r & wrong1 :i* accompany ! s5se ( duty or conviction ( obligation1 po9t to ! same conclusion4 ,! consci\sness ( good or ill des]t1 remorse & self-approval1 moral hopes & fe>s1 concur 9 ref]r+ to a holy ,god4 ,!y imply t man is a p]son relat$ n m]ely to ?+s & laws1 b to ano!r p]son :o is 8 rightful & righte\s ,judge4 ,! a!i/ himself1 :5 he grieves ev5 = secret & private s9s1 or enjoys ! inn] peace :i* only 8 own he>t kn[e?1 m\rns & rejoices z if 9 ! pres5ce ( a high] p]sonal ,be+--! ,god :om he d5ies4 ,nei!r 8 sorr[ nor 8 satisfaction is fully intelligible if 8 s\l h be=e x only an imp]sonal law or ! ab/ract nature ( ?+s2 bo? presuppose t he has "s k9d ( consci\sness ( be+ "u ! cognisance ( a ,p]son possess$ ( moral attributes4 ,if m5 felt t !y 7 responsible = _! evil ?\ghts & words & de$s to no "o high] ?an !mselves or _! fell[s1 is x conceivable t ! consci\sness ( guilt & ! fe> ( retribution w\ld h be5 :at exp]i5ce & hi/ory te/ify !m to h be58 ,w\ld pray]s & p5ances & sacrifices h prevail$ s widely1 if ! law ( "r & wrong :5 brok5 _h be5 m]ely felt to be brok5--if !re 7 no und]ly+ s5se ( ! exi/5ce ( ,"o beh9d ! law ^: righte\sness mu/ be satisfi$1 & ^: wra? mu/ be turn$ away by ! break] ( ! law8 ,w\ld !re h be5 9 t case any moral conflicts 9 ! human he>t ak9 to ^? :i* a ,sophocles or a ,%akespe>e has del9eat$8 ,7 !re no ,god1 !re ought to be no fe> ( ,god awak5$ ev5 by crime2 b a!ism itself _c protect a crim9al :5 alive to 8 guilt f be+ haunt$ & appall$ by fe>s ( a judgm5t & a ju/ice m t]rible ?an ^? ( man4 ,:5 we are p]fectly will+ to be> any pa9 :i* ! m]e laws ( nature atta* to our s9s1 & :5 our reason assures u t we h no?+ to fe> on acc\nt ( !m f ! law or ev5 ! op9ion ( society1 :y1 if our moral natures are n se>$ & dead5$1 d we yet fe>1 & fe> mo/ :5 mo/ alone8 ,inanimate ?+s1 says ,dr ,newman1 _c /ir our affections2 ^! are correlative ) p]sons4 ,if1 z is ! case1 we feel responsibility1 are a%am$1 are fright5$1 at transgress+ ! voice ( consci5ce1 ?is implies t !re is ,"o to :om we are responsible1 be=e :om we are a%am$1 ^: claims ^u u we fe>4 ,if1 on do+ wrong1 we feel ! same te>ful1 brok5-he>t$ sorr[ :i* ov]:elms u on hurt+ a "m2 if1 on do+ "r1 we enjoy ! same seem+ s]5ity ( m9d1 ! same soo?+1 satisfactory delight :i* foll[s on "o receiv+ praise f a fa!r1--we c]ta9ly h )9 u ! image ( "s p]son to :om our love & v5]ation look1 9 ^: smile we f9d our happ9ess1 = :om we ye>n1 t[>ds :om we direct our plead+s1 9 ^: ang] we are tr\bl$ & wa/e away4 ,^! feel+s 9 u are su* z require = _! excit+ cause an intellig5t be+2 we are n affectionate t[>ds a /one1 nor d we feel %ame be=e a horse or a dog2 we h no remorse or compunction 9 break+ m]e human law3 yet1 s x is1 consci5ce excites all ^! pa9ful emotions1 confusion1 =ebod+1 self-condemnation2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x %$s ^u u a deep peace1 a s5se ( security1 a resignation1 & a hope1 :i* !re is no s5sible1 no e>?ly object to elicit4 ',! wick$ flees1 :5 no "o pursue?2' !n :y does he flee8 ,:5ce 8 t]ror8 ,:o is x t he sees 9 solitude1 9 d>kness1 9 ! hidd5 *amb]s ( 8 he>t8 ,if ! cause ( ^! emotions does n belong to ?is visible _w1 ! ,object to :i* 8 p]ception is direct$ mu/ be ,sup]natural & ,div9e2 & ?us ! ph5om5a ( consci5ce1 z a dictate1 avail to impress ! imag9ation ) ! picture ( a ,supreme ,gov]nor1 a ,judge1 holy1 j1 p[]ful1 all-see+1 retributive4#ch #ch ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,x w1 ,i ne$ sc>cely say1 be object$ to ! argum5ts :i* h n[ be5 pres5t$1 t consci5ce is a product ( association or a consequ5ce ( evolution2 t x has be5 develop$ ei!r 9 ! exp]i5ce ( individuals or 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 out ( s5sations ( pleasure & pa91 out ( b5efits & injuries2 & t ! convictions & feel+s implicat$ 9 x are due to ! circum/ances "u :i* x has gr[n up & ! causes :i* h comb9$ to g5]ate x4 ,b to ?is x may be answ]$ ei!r t consci5ce has n be5 %[n to h gr[n up by association & developm5t out ( s5su\s exp]i5ces1 or t ev5 if ?is 7 prov$ ! argum5t w\ld cont9ue good2 9 o!r words1 ei!r ! tru? or ! relevancy ( ! objection may be d5i$4 ,all associationi/ & evolutioni/ !ories ( consci5ce seem to _m ( ! mo/ compet5t psy*ologi/s to h fail$ z reg>ds _! ma9 object1 al?\gh !y may admit !m to conta9 important elem5ts ( tru?4 ,?is view ,i %>e4 ,x does n seem to me t ev5 ,mr ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,pr(4 ,ba91 ,mr ,sp5c]1 & ,mr ,d>w91 h be5 able to %[ t consci5ce conta9s 9 x no?+ orig9al4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 ,i am aw>e t ! v9dication ( my diss5t w\ld require an adequate exam9ation ( associationism & evolutionism z explanations ( ! orig9 ( consci5ce4 ,no su* exam9ation is "h possible4 ,nor is x requir$2 on ! contr>y1 a discussion ( ! k9d ought1 ,i believe1 to be avoid$ 9 an inquiry l ! pres5t4 ,no psy*ological inve/igation ( a difficult & delicate nature is1 s f> z ,i c judge1 ess5tially involv$ 9 ! !i/ic argum5tation at any /age4 ,x is c]ta9ly unnecess>y 9 conduct+ ! moral argum5t to engage 9 any sci5tific disquisition z to ! orig9 ( consci5ce4#ci ,= our second or alt]native answ] w suffice4 ,x does n matt]1 s f> z our pres5t purpose is conc]n$1 :e!r consci5ce be prim>y or d]ivative4 ,x exi/s2 x be>s a c]ta9 te/imony2 x gives rise necess>ily to ! ?\ghts & feel+s :i* ,i h m5tion$4 ,are ^! ?\ghts & feel+s true8 ,if n1 consci5ce is a delusion2 x utt]s lies2 ! complete/ moral scepticism is ju/ifi$4 ,if !y are1 ! argum5t /&s4 ,! mode 9 :i* !y h be5 acquir$ is 9 ?is ref]5ce a matt] ( indiff]5ce4 #ci ,see ,app5dix ,,xxviii4 ,! argum5t f consci5ce1 ,i may add1 re/s on ! g5]al & di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( our moral nature2 n on ! tru? ( p>ticul> moral judgm5ts or ! purity ( p>ticul> moral affections4 ,x _c1 !re=e1 be affect$ by ! fact t moral p]ceptions & emotions admit ( v>iation & developm5t1 & are sometimes false & deprav$4 ,h[ev] important 9 o!r respects may be ! circum/ance t m5's ?\ghts & s5tim5ts z to "r & wrong are n always id5tical or ev5 accordant1 x is pla9ly irrelevant z an objection to any ( ! =ms 9 :i* ! argum5t = ! ,div9e exi/5ce f ! con/itution ( our moral nature has j be5 /at$4 ,x _c be necess>y to d m ?an m]ely indicate ?is1 al?\gh "s :o ma9ta9 ! :olly d]ivative nature ( consci5ce appe> to believe t ! moral diff]5ces to be trac$ among m5 disprove all inf]5ces f ! moral faculty :i* !y feel dis9cl9$ to accept4 ,,ii4 ,is ! te/imony :i* consci5ce gives to ! exi/5ce & "* ( ,god confirm$ :5 we look out into ! moral _w8 ,no "o w say t all is cle> & unambigu\s 9 t _w--t x is n[h]e %r\d$ 9 unp5etrat$1 if n imp5etrable1 d>kness--t x conta9s no p]plex+ anomalies4 ,!re is an enorm\s mass ( s9 on e>?1 & ! m]e exi/5ce ( s9 is a my/]y "u ! gov]nm5t ( an omnipot5t ,god :o hates s94 ,!re is a va/ am\nt ( app>5tly prosp]\s s91 & a va/ am\nt ( tempor>ily suff]+ virtue1 & ^! are (t5 sev]e trials ( fai? 9 ! ju/ice & hol9ess ( ,god4 ,pessimism may exagg]ate ! empt9ess & ! sadness ( life1 b x has done s]vice by expos+ & discr$it+ ! optimism :i* ignores ! d>k features & tragic elem5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,c an unprejudic$ m9d1 h[ev]1 ev5 ) all ! s9s & suff]+s ( ! _w be=e its view1 & al?\gh consci\sly unable to resolve ! difficulties :i* !y sugge/1 refuse to ackn[l$ge t ! g5]al te/imony r5d]$ by ! moral _w to ! be+ & righte\sness ( its ,au?or is ample & unmi/akable8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! conclusion :i* we h drawn f ! "* ( ! s5tim5ts inevitably excit$ by ! contemplation ( virtue & vice1 is also t :i* foll[s f ! natural t5d5cies & issues ( good & evil affections & actions4 ,virtue does n always meet ) its due rew>d1 nor vice ) its due puni%m5t1 9 any obvi\s outw>d %ape2 if !y did1 e>? w\ld cease to be a sc5e ( moral discipl9e2 b int]nal moral laws ( an ess5tially retributive nature are 9 incessant op]ation1 & %[ n obscurely or d\btfully :at is ! judgm5t ( ,god bo? on "* & conduct4 ,virtue is self-rew>d+ & vice is self-puni%+4 ,virtue t5ds ( its v nature to hon\r & life1 vice to di%on\r & dea?4 ,!re are outw>d bonds betwe5 virtue & happ9ess1 vice & mis]y1 :i* may be sev]$2 b !re are also inw>d bonds :i* _c be brok5--relations ( cause & effect z inflexible z any 9 ! physical _w4 ,virtue may be foll[$ by no ext]nal advantages1 or may ev5 involve ! possessor ( x 9 suff]+2 b infallibly x ennobles & enri*es1 elevates & purifies ! s\l itself1 & ?us gradually & increas+ly imp>ts a peace above all e>?ly dignities4 ,vice may outw>dly prosp] & meet only ) hon\r f m51 b x _c be said to be pass+ :olly unpuni%$ s long z x weak5s1 poisons1 & corrupts ! spiritual con/itution4 ,n[ ?is x always does1 & nev] m actively ?an :5 ! individual :o is guilty has sil5c$ ! voice ( 8 consci5ce1 & :5 a deprav$ society enc\rages him 9 8 wick$ness4 ,! law--he t s[e? to 8 fle% %all ( ! fle% reap corruption--is nev] ev5 = an in/ant susp5d$1 al?\gh ! gr[? & rip5+ ( ! se$ into its fruit may be unobs]v$4 ,9 ! v commission ( s9 ! s\l violates ! conditions ( its own welf>e1 de/roys its own be/ feel+s1 impov]i%es & ru9s itself4 ,he t has light )9 8 own cle> brea/1 ,may sit 9 ! c5tre1 & enjoy bright day2 ,b he t hides a d>k s\l & f\l ?\ghts1 ,b5ight$ walks "u ! mid-day sun-- ,himself is 8 own dungeon4#dj #dj ,see ,app5dix ,,xxix4 ,:5 we look f individuals to societies1 we p]ceive ! same tru? confirm$ on a m compreh5sive & conspicu\s scale4 ,x is true t 9 ! social _w !re are bad triumphs & impi\s successes--t ! victory ( good ov] evil is (t5 rea*$ only aft] a long s]ies ( defeats4 ,b x is equally true t ! welf>e ( society is dep5d5t on a practical recognition ( moral pr9ciples--t ! laws ( morality are conditions ( ! progress1 & ev5 ( ! exi/5ce1 ( society4 ,a cynical morali/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury ma9ta9$ t private vices 7 public b5efits2 b1 ( c\rse1 8 sophisms 7 easily expos$3 he fail$ to conv9ce any "o ( ! correctness ( 8 p>adox4 ,no inductive tru? c be easi] to e/abli%1 or bett] e/abli%$1 ?an t righte\sness exalte? a nation1 :ile s9 l[]s & de/roys x4 ,! vici\s affections :i* torm5t & debase isolat$ m51 equally di/urb & degrade a tribe or nation4 ,! virtu\s affections :i* diffuse peace & happ9ess 9 a s+le he>t1 equally spread h>mony & prosp]ity ?r\gh ! l>ge/ community4 ,?us ! g5]al conditions ( social life te/ify t ,god loves virtue & hates vice4 ,!n1 if we exam9e hi/ory z a :ole1 we _c b recognise t x has be5 9 ! ma9 a process ( moral progress1 ( moral gr[?4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! pres5t day may be born ) no bett] dispositions ?an ^? ( five ?\s& ye>s ago1 & m5 may be n[ z guilty1 z wilful s9n]s aga9/ :at !y "k to be "r1 z ev] !y 72 9 t s5se !re may be no moral progress2 b ( ?is !re c be1 ,i ?9k1 no reasonable d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any imp>tial /ud5t ( hi/ory1 t ! ?\ghts ( m5 h be5 surely1 if sl[ly1 wid5$ z to lib]ty1 *a/ity1 ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 piety--& t _! feel+s h be5 correspond+ly modifi$1 _! mann]s ref9$1 & _! laws & in/itutions improv$4 ,!re may be no su* ?+ z ! inh]itance or transmission ( virtue1 & e /ep ( moral advance may h to be ga9$ by ! free ex]tion ( ea* individual1 p1 & g5]ation 9 succession2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 our race does on ! :ole advance1 & n rec$e1 9 ! pa? t[>ds good4 ,j z reason1 al?\gh x may be feebl] ?an ! passions 9 a %ort /ruggle1 c always conqu] !m if x get "t to collect its en]gies--s virtue ga9s & vice loses advantages ) ! lapse ( ye>s2 =1 :ile ! prejudices :i* oppos$ ! =m] subside & its excell5ces become ev] increas+ly app>5t1 z hi/ory fl[s onw>d1 ^? :o leagu$ !mselves 9 support ( ! latt] qu>rel among !mselves1 its fasc9ations decay1 & its de=mities become m manife/ & repulsive4 ,age is l9k$ to age1 & 9 ! /ruggle ( good & evil :i* p]vades all ! ages1 victory is se5 sl[ly b /eadily decl>+ itself = ! good4 ,! vices die--! virtues nev] die4 ,"s great evils :i* once afflict$ our race h pass$ away4 ,:at great good has ev] be5 lo/8 ,ju/ice c>ries x ov] inju/ice 9 ! end4 ,n[1 :atev] be ! means by :i* moral progress is br\ght ab\t1 ! te/imony :i* x involves z to ! moral "* ( ,god is none ! less c]ta94 ,! successful application ( ,d>w9ian pr9ciples1 = example1 to ! explanation ( human progress1 w\ld be no dispro( ( design 9 social evolution4 ,if a natural selection1 bas$ on =ce1 7 %[n to h prep>$ ! way = a natural selection bas$ on craft1 :i* 9 its turn gave place to ju/ice1 & t aga9 to love1 ,god mu/ none ! less be cr$it$ ) hav+ contemplat$ ! f9al result1 & t result mu/ none ! less be held to be an indication ( ,8 "*4 ,:5 :at is call$ ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has be5 prov$ to lead1 n to ! det]ioration b to ! improvem5t ( life--to ! greate/ abundance ( ! highe/ k9ds ( life possible 9 ! circum/ances--x w h be5 v9dicat$ & %[n to h be5 a means to secure su* ends z a wise & b5evol5t ,be+ w\ld ent]ta94 ,:5 x has be5 prov$ to h con/ra9$ m5 gradually to recognise t ! virtues are ! conditions ( ! mo/ desirable exi/5ce1 & t ! vices are s _m ob/acles to ! atta9m5t ( su* an exi/5ce1 x w h be5 /ill fur!r v9dicat$ by hav+ be5 ?us %[n to be ! mode 9 :i* righte\sness is realis$ 9 ! _w4 ,x matt]s little1 s f> z ! religi\s inf]5ce is conc]n$1 aft] :at natural process & by :at natural laws moral progress has be5 br\ght ab\t2 = :atev] ! process & laws may be discov]$ to be1 !y w be ^? :i* ,god has *os51 & w be fitt$ to %[ =? ! glory ( ,8 wisdom1 love1 & ju/ice4#da #da ,see ,app5dix ,,xxx4 ,,lecture ,,viii4 ,,consid]ation ,,( ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,div9e ,,wisdom1 ,,b5evol5ce1 ,,& ,,ju/ice4 ,i4 ,consci5ce te/ifies t !re is a ,god :o is good & j2 & society & hi/ory1 on ! :ole1 confirm its te/imony4 ,b !re are a multitude ( moral evils 9 ! _w1 & ^! may seem to w>rant an opposite inf]5ce1 or at lea/ s to c\nt]balance :at has be5 adduc$ z evid5ce = ! goodness & ju/ice ( ,god z to leave u logically unable to draw any inf]5ce reg>d+ ,8 moral "*4 ,we mu/ consid]1 !re=e1 :e!r ^! evils really w>rant an anti-!i/ic conclusion2 & z !y are analog\s to1 & closely connect$ )1 ^? facts :i* h be5 argu$ to be defects 9 ! physical con/itution ( ! univ]se inconsi/5t ) wisdom1 or at lea/ ) p]fect wisdom1 9 ! ,creator1 x seems desirable to ask ourselves di/9ctly ?is g5]al "q1 ,are !re su* defects 9 ! con/itution & c\rse ( nature t x is impossible = u to believe t x is ! "w ( a wise & holy ,god8 ,epicurus & ,lucretius imag9$ t ! _w 0 =m$ by a happy comb9ation ( atoms1 act+ ( !mselves bl9dly1 & necess>ily aft] innum]able futile conjunctions _h tak5 place4 ,lange1 ! mo/ rec5t hi/orian ( mat]ialism1 has reviv$ ! hypo!sis1 & repres5t$ ! _w z an in/ance ( success :i* _h be5 prec$$ by milli>ds ( entire or p>tial failures4 ,?is is ! !ory ( natural selection appli$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( worlds2 & no "o1 ,i believe1 :o comb9es ! hypo!ses ( natural selection & a!ism c consi/5tly ent]ta9 any o!r conception ( ! orig9 ( worlds4 ,b :]e are ! milli>ds ( mi%aps :i* are said to h occurr$8 ,:]e are ! mon/r\s worlds :i* prec$$ ^? :i* con/itute ! cosmos8 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 h good evid5ce = _! exi/5ce be=e we c be entitl$ to hold ,nature responsible = !m2 we mu/ n *>ge ^u h] ! m]e dreams ( h] accus]s4 ,n a trace1 h[ev]1 ( su* worlds z1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 7 pr(usely scatt]$ ?r\gh space1 has be5 po9t$ out4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t = u to argue ) m5 :o inv5t worlds 9 ord] to f9d fault ) !m4 ,we turn1 !re=e1 to ^? :o c5sure n imag9>y worlds b ! actual _w4 ,comte1 foll[+ ,laplace1 has argu$ t !re is no evid5ce ( intellig5ce or design 9 ! sol> sy/em1 because its elem5ts & memb]s are n dispos$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s mann]4 ,! moon1 9 p>ticul>1 we are assur$1 %\ld h be5 s plac$ t x w\ld revolve r\nd ! e>? 9 ! same "t t ! e>? revolv$ r\nd ! sun4 ,9 t case %e w\ld appe> e night1 & always at ! full4 ,/orms1 volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 & des]ts h be5 (t5 argu$ to be defects :i* m> bo? ! beauty & utility ( creation4 ,*anges 9 ! pol> regions1 9 ! physical "* ( ,africa1 9 ! position ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 & 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 h be5 sugge/$ z improvem5ts on ! con/itution ( ! _w4 ,! actual climates ( v>i\s c\ntries h be5 ma9ta9$ to be n ! mo/ fav\rable to life :i* are possible "u ! exi/+ laws ( nature4#db #db ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxi4 ,a little reflection w enable u to assign its j value to su* criticism ( creation4 ,rem>k1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 t !re may be abundant evid5ce ( intellig5ce :]e !re is n evid5ce ( p]fect intellig5ce4 ,al?\gh v consid]able defects 7 cle>ly %[n to exi/ 9 ! con/itution & arrangem5ts ( ! physical _w1 !re might yet be ample & unmi/akable pro( ( ! va/ wisdom ( its ,au?or4 ,7 x ev5 true t sci5ce c\ld %[ t ! me*anism ( ! heav5s1 & ! di/ribution ( l& & sea1 heat & cold1 on e>?1 7 n 9 e respect ! be/1 t w\ld n prove t !re 0 no intellig5ce1 no design :atev]1 involv$ !re94 ,! "q1 ,did ! e>? & ! sol> sy/em orig9ate ) intellig5ce8 is di/9ct f ! "q1 ,0 ! intellig5ce 9 :i* !y orig9at$ p]fect8 ,x is conceivable t ! "o "q might h to be answ]$ 9 ! affirmative & ! o!r 9 ! negative4 ,x is obvi\s t ! =m] "q ought to be consid]$ ap>t f & be=e ! latt]4 ,! !i/ proposes1 ( c\rse1 to prove 9 ! end t !re is a p]fect intellig5ce1 b he is cont5t to e/abli% at fir/ t !re is an intellig5ce4 ,aw>e t :oev] admits intellig5ce to be ! fir/ cause ( ! univ]se may be =c$ also to admit t ! creative intellig5ce is p]fect1 he is "u no temptation himself to conf\nd two entirely di/9ct que/ions1 & he is obvi\sly entitl$ to prote/ aga9/ s illogical a proc$ure 9 o!rs4 ,rem>k1 9 ! second place1 t we are pla9ly v incompet5t critics ( a sy/em s va/ z ! univ]se4 ,we are only able to survey a small portion ( x1 & ! little t we p]ceive we imp]fectly compreh5d4 ,we see b an exce$+ly %ort way be=e u into ! future1 & c =m only ! vague/ & mo/ g5]al conception ( ! f9al goal to :i* creation1 z a :ole1 is t5d+4 ,?is ne$ n1 & ought n1 to prev5t u f recognis+ ! evid5t indications ( intellig5ce :i* fall )9 our range ( appreh5sion2 b x may well cause u to hesitate be=e pron\nc+ t ?is or t peculi>ity1 :i* appe>s to u a defect1 is an absolute error or evil4 ,!re is no "o :o w\ld n feel x v unwise to pron\nce an app>5t defect1 ev5 9 an elaborate human me*anism ) :i* he 0 only imp]fectly acqua9t$1 an unmi/akable blund]1 & surely f> m caution is requir$ 9 a critic ( ! con/itution ( ! univ]se2 =1 z ,bi%op ,butl] truly obs]ves1 ,! mo/ slight & sup]ficial view ( any human contrivance comes abundantly ne>] to a ?or\gh k ( x ?an t "p :i* we "k ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w does to ! g5]al s*eme & sy/em ( x4 ,all ,nature is "o great :ole1 & ea* ?+ 9 x has1 z ,i h previ\sly _h to insi/1 a multitude ( uses & relations1 ) ref]5ce to all ( :i* x mu/ be view$1 9 ord] t a complete & def9itive judgm5t reg>d+ x may be =m$4 ,has ?is fact be5 adequately realis$ by ^? :o h criticis$1 9 ! mann] :i* has be5 indicat$1 ! wisdom display$ 9 ! sy/em ( ,nature8 ,i ?9k n4 ,9 reg>d to ! moon1 x w\ld seem t1 ev5 if t lum9>y 7 int5d$ to s]ve no o!r purpose ?an to give light on e>?1 x is n ! ,mak] ( x :o has blund]$1 b ,comte & ,laplace4 ,! real consequ5ces ( _! pret5d$ improvem5t h be5 %[n to be t ! moon w\ld give sixte5 times less light ?an x does1 & be 9 con/ant dang] ( ext9ction4 ,9 o!r words1 :at !y h demon/rat$ is1 t _! own ma!matical & me*anical k 0 s inf]ior to t ( ! intellig5ce :i* plac$ ! moon :]e x is1 t !y c\ld n appreciate ! correctness ( its proc$ure 9 ! solution ( a comp>atively simple a/ronomical problem4 ,b ev5 if ! *ange :i* !y sugge/$ w\ld really h r5d]$ ! moon a bett] lamp to ! inhabitants ( ! e>?1 !y 7 n entitl$ to inf] t x 0 an error to h plac$ x else:]e1 unless !y 7 w>rant$ to assume t ! moon 0 meant m]ely to be a lamp to ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,b t !y 7 cle>ly n entitl$ to assume4 ,to give light on e>? is a use ( ! moon1 b x is fooli% to imag9e t ?is is its sole use4 ,x s]ves o!r kn[n ends1 su* z rais+ ! tides1 & may s]ve _m ends :olly unkn[n to u4 ,s 9 reg>d to volcanoes1 e>?quakes1 c4 ,any s+le g5]ation ( m5 & bea/s might well disp5se1 p]haps1 ) _! exi/5ce1 & yet !y may be mo/ appropriate in/rum5talities = secur+ ord] & welf>e 9 ! economy ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,x is n by _! relations to ! pres5t & local only1 b by _! relations to all ! pa/ & future ( ! entire sy/em ( ?+s1 t !y are to be judg$ (4 ,if ,gre5l& 7 subm]g$1 & ! ,asiatic & ,nor? ,am]ican cont95ts s alt]$ t no l>ge riv]s %\ld fl[ into ! pol> ocean1 ! climate ( ,icel& & ,canada might be greatly improv$4 ,w\ld ! _w !reby1 h[ev]1 be made bett] z a :ole1 & ?r\gh\t all its future hi/ory8 ,he mu/ be ei!r a v wise man or a v fooli% "o :o answ]s ?is "q by a decid$ affirmation2 & yet he :o _c s answ] x has obvi\sly no "r to hold t ! *anges m5tion$ w\ld really be improvem5ts4 ,c\ld we survey ! :ole univ]se1 & m>k h[ all its sev]al p>ts 7 relat$ to ea* o!r & to ! :ole1 we might intellig5tly det]m9e :e!r or n an app>5t defect 9 x 0 real2 b we _c d ?is ) our pres5t p[]s4 ,we c readily imag9e t any "o ?+ 9 ! _w1 look$ at by itself or 9 relation to only a few o!r objects1 might be mu* bett] ?an x is1 b we _c %[ t ! g5]al sy/em ( ?+s w\ld n be d]ang$ & det]iorat$ !reby4 ,consid]$ m]ely 9 ref]5ce to man1 ! relative imp]fections ( ! _w may be real advantages4 ,a _w s p]fect t man c\ld n improve x1 w\ld probably be1 p>adoxical z ! /atem5t may s\nd1 "o ( ! mo/ imp]fect worlds m5 c\ld be plac$ 94 ,an imp]fect _w1 or 9 o!r words1 a _w :i* c be improv$1 c alone be a fitt+ habitation = progressive be+s4 ,scripture does n repres5t nature ev5 be=e ! ,fall z p]fect & incapable ( improvem5t1 b only z v good2 & /ill less does x require u to believe t ! actual c\rse ( nature is p]fect4 ,! true relation ( man to nature c only be realis$ :5 ! latt] is p]ceiv$ to be imp]fect1--a ?+ to be rul$1 n to be obey$--improv$1 n imitat$--& yet a ?+ :i* is ess5tially good relatively to ! wants & p[]s ( its inhabitants4 ,no creat$ sy/em1 x mu/ fur!r be rememb]$1 c be p]fect 9 ! s5se ( be+ ! be/ possible4 ,none c be s good b t a bett] may be imag9$4 ,:at is creat$ mu/ be f9ite 9 its p]fections1 & :atev] is f9ite c be imag9$ to be increas$ & improv$4 ,! ,creator ,himself--! absolutely p]fect ,god--! ,highe/ ,good--is1 z ,plato & ,anselm s pr(\ndly taught1 ! only be/ possible ,be+4 ,9 ,him alone ! actual is co9cid5t & id5tical ) ! possible1 ! real ) ! ideal4 ,:oev] receives ?is tru? z x ought to be receiv$1 _c fail to see t all speculations z to a be/ possible _w1 & all judgm5ts ( ! actual _w bas$ on su* speculations1 are va9 & idle imag9ations4#dc #dc ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxii4 ,i may add1 t :5 a man argues1 z ,comte does1 t we c "k no?+ ( f9al causes1 no?+ ( ! purposes :i* ?+s are meant to accompli%1 & yet t !y might h realis$ _! f9al causes1 fulfill$ _! purposes1 bett] ?an !y d1 he obvi\sly takes up a v unt5able & self-contradictory position4 ,if we c h no notion ( ! purpose ( a ?+1 we _c judge :e!r x is fulfill+ its purpose or n1 :e!r x is fulfill+ x well or ill4 ,! d5ial ( ! possibility ( kn[+ ! ends ( ?+s is inconsi/5t ) ! ass]tion t ?+s might h be5 con/itut$ & arrang$ 9 a happi] & m advantage\s mann]4 ,organic nature has be5 /ill m sev]ely criticis$ ?an ! inorganic _w4 ,!re h be5 po9t$ out a few fully develop$ organs1 z1 = example1 ! sple51 ( :i* ! uses are unkn[n1 & a multitude ( organs s imp]fectly develop$ z to be incapable ( p]=m+ any s]viceable functions4 ,ev5 ! mo/ elaborate organisms h be5 ma9ta9$ to h ess5tial defects2 ?us ! eye has be5 argu$ by ,helmholtz to be n a p]fect optical in/rum5t1 & on ! /r5g? ( ! pro( "o writ] at lea/ has decl>$ t if a human optician 7 to blund] z badly z ! suppos$ au?or ( eyes mu/ h done1 he w\ld be hiss$ out ( 8 trade4 ,/ress has be5 laid on ! fact t abortions & mon/]s are n r>e4 ,_m seem+ly intellig5t contrivances1 we are rem9d$1 s]ve ma9ly to inflict pa9 & de/ruction4 ,& ! inf]5ce has be5 drawn t ! fir/ cause ( organic exi/5ces 0 n ,div9e ,wisdom b m]e matt] & bl9d =ce4 ,! consid]ations :i* h already be5 br\ght =w>d %\ld enable u to answ] all reason+s ( ?is k9d4 ,an organ is n to be pron\nc$ useless because its uses h n yet be5 discov]$4 ,to ! ext5t t evolutionism is true1 rudim5t>y & obsolete organs are acc\nt$ =1 & ! wisdom display$ 9 !m amply v9dicat$2 & if evolutionism be n true1 !y c /ill be expla9$ on ! !ory ( types4 ,!y are /ages 9 ! realisation ( ! ,div9e conception2 indications ( an ord] :i* compreh5ds & conditions ! law ( use & contrivance = use2 keys to ! und]/&+ ( ! ,div9e plan4 ,!ism _c h mu* to fe> f ! fact t all human eyes are limit$ 9 _! range & f9ite 9 _! p]fections1 or ev5 f ! fact t a great _m p]sons h v bad eyesight4 ,:atev] may be its imp]fections1 ! eye1 if view$ ) a compreh5sive reg>d to its manifold uses & possibilities1 mu/ be admitt$ by e unprejudic$ judge to be incomp>ably sup]ior to e o!r optical in/rum5t3 inde$ x is ! only real optical in/rum5t2 all s-call$ optical in/rum5ts are m]ely aids & supplem5ts to x4 ,if ! eye _h be5 absolutely p]fect1 its modification or evolution c\ld only h be5 det]ioration1 artificial optical in/rum5ts w\ld n h be5 ne$$1 & all man's relations to creation mu/ h be5 ess5tially diff]5t f :at !y are4 ,:o c rationally assure u t ?is 0 to be desir$8 ,abortions & mon/]s are at lea/ exceptions4 ,if m9d 7 n :at is ultimate 9 ! univ]se--if nature work$ bl9dly--if !re 7 any tru? 9 :at ,lange & ,huxley h said ( h] proc$ure1 t x is l %oot+ a million or m load$ guns 9 a field to kill "o h>e1--?is c\ld n be ! case2 ! bullets :i* miss w\ld !n be incalculably m num]\s ?an ^? :i* hit1 & ! evid5ce ( h] failures ought to be /rewn f> m ?ickly ar\nd u ?an ! rema9s ( h] successes2 !re w\ld be1 z x 71 no c\rse ( nature because ( ! multitude ( deviations1 no rule 9 nature because ( ! multitude ( exceptions4 ,b :at are ! facts8 ,^!3 ! l[e/ organisms are z p]fectly adapt$ to _! circum/ances z ! highe/1 ! e>lie/ z ! late/2 !re is a va/ am\nt ( dea? & a va/ am\nt ( life 9 ! _w1 b1 :atev] "s m5 may ?\ghtlessly ass]t1 no man c %[ t !re is too mu* ( ei!r1 any real wa/e1 if ! wants ( creation z a :ole are to be provid$ =2 abortions & mon/]s1 :i* are ! only ?+s 9 nature :i* c be plausibly *>act]is$ z failures1 z bullets :i* h fall5 wide ( ! m>k1 are comp>atively few & f> betwe52 & ! mon/]s1 ev51 are n really exceptions to law & ord]1 are n /rictly mon/]s4 ,! lab\rs ( t]atologi/s h sci5tifically e/abli%$ ! gr& g5]al result t !re are no mon/]s 9 nature 9 ! s5se :i* ,emp$ocles imag9$2 none except 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a man :o gets 8 leg brok5 is a mon/]4 ,a mon/] is simply a be+ to :om an accid5t n fatal has happ5$ 9 ! womb4 ,:y %\ld an accid5t n occur !re z well z else:]e8 ,:y %\ld ,god n act by g5]al laws !re z well z else:]e8 ,:o is entitl$ to say t any result ( ,8 g5]al laws is a failure2 t any s-call$ accid5t 0 n includ$ 9 ,8 plan2 t a _w 9 :i* a *ild c\ld n be born de=m$ nor a gr[n man h a leg brok51 w\ld be1 7 all ?+s tak5 into acc\nt1 z good z ! _w 9 :i* we actually live8 ,huxley1 ,lange1 & ^? :om !y repres5t1 h fail$ to %[ u any ( nature's bullets :i* h miss$ ! m>k1 & h n suffici5tly1 ,i ?9k1 realis$ h[ imp]fect might be _! own p]ception ( nature's t>get4 ,! contrivances = ! infliction ( pa9 & dea? display$ 9 ! /ructure ( animals ( prey are none ! less evid5ces ( intellig5ce because !y are n also1 at lea/ imm$iately or directly1 evid5ces ( b5efic5ce4 ,intellig5ce is "o ?+1 b5evol5ce is ano!r1 & :at conclusively disprov$ b5evol5ce might conclusively prove intellig5ce4#dd #dd ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxiii4 ,,ii4 ,let u pass on to ! contemplation ( great] difficulties2 to suff]+1 :i* seems to conflict ) ! b5evol5ce ( ,god--& to s91 :i* seems irreconcilable ) ,8 righte\sness4 ,i _c agree ) ^? :o ?9k t !re is no my/]y 9 m]e pa92 t x is suffici5tly acc\nt$ = by moral evil1 & involves no sep>ate problem4 ,! hi/ory ( suff]+ began on our planet long be=e t ( s92 ages prior to ! appe>ance ( man1 e>? 0 a sc5e ( w> & mutual de/ruction2 hung] & fe>1 viol5ce & agony1 disease & dea?1 h prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! air1 ! l&1 & ocean1 ev] s9ce !y 7 t5ant$4 ,& :at connection 9 reason c !re be betwe5 ! s9 ( m5 or ! s9 ( angels & ! suff]+ endur$ or inflict$ by primeval saurians8 ,! suff]+ ( ! animals is1 9 fact1 m my/]i\s ?an ! suff]+ ( man1 j because s little ( ! =m] & s mu* ( ! latt] c be trac$1 directly or indirectly1 to s94 ,b e animal is made subject to suff]+2 e animal appetite spr+s out ( a want2 e s5se & e faculty ( e animal are s con/itut$ z to be 9 c]ta9 circum/ances s\rces ( pa92 ho/s ( animals are s con/ruct$ t !y c only live by r5d+ & dev\r+ o!r animals2 no l>ge animal c move )\t cru%+ & kill+ numb]s ( m9ute yet s5ti5t creatures4 ,h[ c all ?is be "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,inf9ite ,goodness8 ,! human m9d may v probably be unable fully to answ] ?is "q4 ,x c only hope tru?fully to answ] x ev5 9 a measure by /udy+ ! relevant facts1 ! actual effects & natural t5d5cies ( suff]+2 g5]al speculations are n likely to pr(it x mu*4 ,n[1 among ! relevant facts1 "o ( ! mo/ manife/ is t pa9 s]ves to w>n animals aga9/ :at w\ld injure or de/roy !m4 ,x has a pres]vative use4 ,7 animals unsusceptible ( pa91 !y w\ld be 9 cont9ual p]il4 ,bayle has +5i\sly devis$ "s hypo!ses ) a view to %[ t pa9 might h safely be5 disp5s$ ) 9 ! animal con/itution1 b !y are obvi\sly insuffici5t4 ,x w\ld be ra% to affirm t pa9 is indisp5sable z a w>n+ aga9/ dang]1 b c]ta9ly no "o has %[n h[ x c\ld be disp5s$ )1 or ev5 plausibly imag9$ h[ x might be disp5s$ )4 ,= any?+ we c see or ev5 conceive1 animal organisms c\ld only be pres]v$ 9 a _w l ours by be+ end[$ ) a susceptibility to pa94 ,= any?+ we "k or c ev5 imag9e1 ! dem& t !re %\ld be no pa9 is implicitly a dem& t !re %\ld be no animal life & no _w l ! e>?2--a mo/ fooli% & presumptu\s dem&4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 pa9 has1 z a fact1 pla9 ref]5ce to ! prev5tion ( physical injury4 ,pa9ful s5sations1 says ,pr(essor ,le ,conte1 are only wat*ful v$ettes ^u ! outpo/s ( our organism to w>n u ( approa*+ dang]4 ,)\t ^!1 ! citadel ( our life w\ld be quickly surpris$ & tak54 ,n[1 to ! :ole ext5t t :at has j be5 said is true1 pa9 is n evil b good1 & ju/ifies bo? itself & its au?or4 ,x is n an end 9 itself1 b a means to an end1 & its end is a b5evol5t "o4 ,! "* ( pa9 itself is su* z to indicate t its au?or mu/ be a b5evol5t be+1--"o :o does n afflict = 8 own pleasure1 b = 8 creatures' pr(it4 ,ano!r fact makes ?is /ill m evid5t4 ,pa9 is a /imulus to ex]tion1 & x is only ?r\gh ex]tion t ! faculties are discipl9$ & develop$4 ,e appetite orig9ates 9 ! exp]i5ce ( a want1 & ! exp]i5ce ( a want is a pa92 b :at w\ld ! animals be )\t _! appetites & ! activities to :i* ^! give rise8 ,w\ld !y be ! magnific5t & beautiful creatures s _m ( !m are8 ,if ! h>e _h no fe>1 w\ld x be z swift z x is8 ,if ! lion _h no hung]1 w\ld x be z /rong z x is8 ,if man _h no?+ to /ruggle )1 w\ld he be z ent]pris+1 z +5i\s1 z v>i\sly skill$ & educat$ z he is8 ,pa9 t5ds to ! p]fection ( ! animals4 ,x has1 t is to say1 a good end2 an end :i* ju/ifies its use2 "o :i* w\ld d s ev5 if p]fection %\ld n be conducive to happ9ess4 ,p]fection1 x seems to me1 is a wor?y aim 9 itself1 & ! pa9 :i* naturally t5ds to x is no real evil1 & ne$s no apology4 ,i fail to see t ! ne>e/ approximation to ! ideal ( animal life is ! exi/5ce ( a well-f$ hog1 :i* does n ne$ to ex]t itself1 & is n design$ = ! slaught]4 ,:atev] pa9 is ne$$ to make ! animals s ex]cise _! faculties z to improve & develop _! natures1 has be5 wisely & rightly allott$ to !m4 ,we assign a l[ aim to ,provid5ce :5 we affirm t x looks m]ely to ! happ9ess ev5 ( ! animals4 ,x w\ld be no dispro( ( b5evol5ce 9 ! ,creator if pa9 9 ! creatures t5d$ simply to p]fection & n to happ9ess2 :ile x mu/ be reg>d$ z a pro( ( ,8 b5evol5ce if ! means :i* lead to p]fection lead also to happ9ess4 ,& ?is !y d4 ,! pa9 :i* gives rise to ex]tion & ! pa9 :i* is involv$ 9 ex]tion are1 z a rule1 amply rew>d$ ev5 ) pleasure4 ,p]haps susceptibility to pa9 is a necess>y condition ( susceptibility to pleasure2 p]haps ! bodily organism c\ld n be capable ( pleasure & ins5sible to pa92 b :e!r ?is be ! case or n1 x is a pla9 & c]ta9 matt] ( fact t ! activities :i* pa9 orig9ates are ! *ief s\rces ( enjoym5t ?r\gh\t ! animal creation4 ,?is fact entitles u to hold t pa9 itself is an evid5ce ( ! b5evol5ce ( ,god4 ,! p]fect+ p[] ( suff]+ is se5 9 its highe/ =m n 9 ! brute1 b 9 man2 n 9 its effects on ! body1 b 9 its influ5ce on ! m9d4 ,x is ( incalculable use 9 correct+ & discipl9+ ! _s4 ,x s]ves to s(t5 ! h>d ( he>t1 to subdue ! pr\d1 to produce =titude & pati5ce1 to exp& ! sympa?ies1 to ex]cise ! religi\s affections1 to ref9e1 /r5g!n1 & elevate ! entire disposition4 ,to come out pure gold1 ! "* mu/ pass ?r\gh ! furnace ( affliction4 ,& no "o :o has borne suff]+ aright has ev] compla9$ t he _h be5 call$ on to endure too mu* ( x4 ,on ! contr>y1 all ! noble/ ( our race h le>n$ f exp]i5ce to c\nt suff]+ n an evil b a privilege1 & to rejoice 9 x z work+ out 9 !m1 ?r\gh its purify+ & p]fect+ p[]1 an et]nal weight ( glory4 ,9 ! measure t ! !ory ( evolution c be e/abli%$1 ! wisdom & b5evol5ce display$ 9 pa9 w\ld seem to receive confirmation4 ,s f> z t !ory c be prov$1 want1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 ! suff]+s :i* fl[ f x1 & dea? itself1 mu/1 x w\ld appe>1 be reg>d$ z means to ! =mation1 improvem5t1 & adornm5t ( species & races4 ,! afflictions :i* befall individuals w 9 ?is case be sci5tifically demon/rat$ to h a ref]5ce n m]ely to _! own good1 b to ! welf>e ( _! k9d 9 all future "t4 ,! tru? t no?+ lives or dies to itself w\ld ?us receive rem>kable v]ification4 ,b al?\gh x %\ld nev] receive ?is v]ification1 al?\gh a /rictly sci5tific pro( ( x %all nev] be =?com+1 !re is already suffici5t evid5ce = x ( an obvi\s & unambigu\s k9d4 ,e be+1 & ! animat$ c]ta9ly n less ?an ! inanimate1 is adju/$1 z ,i h previ\sly _h occasion to %[1 to e o!r4 ,all are b p>ts ( "o /up5d\s :ole4 ,?is is a tru? :i* ?r[s a k9dly & *e]+ light on _m an o!rwise d>k & depress+ fact4 ,turn x ev5 t[>ds dea?4 ,c dea? itself1 :5 se5 9 ! light ( x1 be d5i$ to be an evid5ce ( b5evol5ce8 ,i ?9k n4 ,! law ( animal g5]ation makes necess>y ! law ( animal dea?1 if ! l>ge/ am\nt ( animal happ9ess is to be secur$4 ,if !re _h be5 less dea? !re mu/ h be5 also less life1 & :at life !re 0 mu/ h be5 poor] & mean]4 ,dea? is a condition ( ! prolificness ( nature1 ! multiplicity ( species1 ! succession ( g5]ations1 ! coexi/5ce ( ! "y & ! old2 & ^! ?+s1 x _c reasonably be d\bt$1 add imm5sely to ! sum ( animal happ9ess4 ,su* consid]ations z h n[ be5 indicat$ are suffici5t to %[ t suff]+ is a means to ends :i* only a b5evol5t ,be+ c be conceiv$ ( z design+4 ,!y %[ t pa9 & dea? are n :at !y w\ld h be5 if a malevol5t ,be+ _h contriv$ !m2 t !y are *>act]is$ by peculi>ities :i* only love & m]cy c expla94 ,we d n ne$ = any practical spiritual purpose to "k m ?an ?is4 ,an objector may /ill ask1 ,c\ld n ,god h atta9$ all good ends )\t employ+ any pa9ful means8 ,he may /ill confront u ) ! ,epicurean dilemma3 ,! ,deity is ei!r will+ to take away all evil1 b is n able to d s1 9 :i* case ,he is n omnipot5t2 or ,he is able to remove ! evil1 b is n will+1 9 :i* case ,he is n b5evol5t2 or ,he is nei!r will+ nor able1 :i* is a d5ial ( ! ,div9e p]fections2 or ,he is bo? able & will+ to d away ) ! evil1 & yet x exi/s4 ,b only sup]ficial & immature m9ds w atta* mu* weight to que/ion+s & reason+s ( ?is k9d4 ,a slight t9cture ( inductive sci5ce w suffice to make any man aw>e t speculations z to :at ,god c or c n d1 z to :at ! univ]se might or might n h be51 belong to a v diff]5t region f inve/igations into ! t5d5cies ( real facts & processes4 ,x w\ld seem z if1 ) our pres5t faculties1 ^! speculations c\ld lead u to no reliable conclusions4 ,we cle>ly p]ceive t pa9 & dea? s]ve _m good ends2 b we %\ld require a k ( ,god & ( ! univ]se f> beyond t :i* we possess1 to be able to /ate1 ev5 z an intellig5t conjecture1 t ^! evils c\ld be wisely disp5s$ )1 or t !re is any?+ 9 !m 9 ! lea/ inconsi/5t ei!r ) ! p[] or ! b5evol5ce ( ,god4#de #de ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxiv4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( human suff]+ is acc\nt$ = by its connection ) human s94 ,:atev] s-call$ physical evil is ne$$ to prev5t moral evil1 or to puni% x1 or to cure x1 or to discipl9e 9 moral good1 is n really evil4 ,any e>?ly suff]+ :i* saves u f s9 is to be class$ among b5efits4 ,!re is no?+ to p]plex ei!r m9d or he>t 9 ! circum/ance t s9 causes a pr(\nd & widespread unhapp9ess4 ,x is /range t x %\ld sometimes app>5tly produce s little mis]y2 only a dull consci5ce1 ,i ?9k1 w be surpris$ t x produces s mu*4 ,x is m]ely 9 s f> z physical evil is dissociat$ f moral evil t its exi/5ce is a problem & a p]plexity4 ,b ! v exi/5ce ( moral evil is a mo/ pa9ful my/]y4 ,! abs5ce ( physical evil :ile moral evil 0 pres5t w\ld be inconsi/5t ) a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w2 :]eas if moral evil 7 remov$ no real difficulty w\ld be left4 ,physical evil may be a relative good1 :i* ,god c easily be conceiv$ ( z caus+ & approv+2 moral evil is an unconditional evil1 & _c be ! "w ( any morally p]fect be+4 ,h we any reason1 h[ev]1 to suppose t s9 is will$ by ,god 9 ! s5se ei!r ( be+ caus$ or approv$ by ,him8 ,all ! s9 we "k ( on e>? is will$ by man1 & all ! s9 :i* ,scripture tells u ( z exi/+ else:]e is said to be will$ by evil spirits2 nei!r nature nor ,scripture in=ms u t !re is any moral evil will$ by ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 !re are no facts :i* ref] u to ,god z ! au?or ( evil4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( facts1 we c1 x is true1 =m conjectures1 & give expression to !m 9 su* que/ions z1 ,h[ c\ld ,god make be+s capable ( s9n+8 ,:y did ,he n prev5t !m s9n+8 ,:]e=e has ,he p]mitt$ s9 to endure s long & spread s widely8 ,b ?\ghtful se>*]s = tru?1 at lea/ aft] a c]ta9 age1 _c feel mu* int]e/$ 91 or mu* p]plex$ by1 que/ions l ^!4 ,!y w be q will+ to leave ! discussion ( !m to debat+ societies4 ,!y w resolutely refuse to assign ! same value to conjectures z to facts4 ,s9 is n ,god's "w4 ,moral ord] may exi/ )\t moral disord]1 b moral disord] c only exi/ z rebellion aga9/ moral ord]4 ,! v notion ( moral evil implies a moral good :i* x contrav5es1 & a moral law by :i* x is condemn$4 ,x c nev] be ?\ght ( z o!r ?an a some?+ graft$ on nature1 by :i* nature is p]v]t$ & deprav$4 ,x is n natural1 b unnatural2 n prim>y & orig9al1 b second>y & d]ivative2 n ! law1 b ! violation ( ! law4 ,! primal ,w1 innately good1 ha? nev] ,sw]v$1 or f its own p]fect self decl9$4 ,betwe5 ?is ,w & s9 !re are ev] int]pos$ creat$ wills1 :i* are consci\s ( _! p[] to *oose good or evil1 ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce to ,god's law4 ,god be/[s on ,8 creatures only good gifts1 b "o ( ! be/ ( all ^! gifts includes 9 its v nature ability to abuse & p]v]t itself & all ?+s else4 ,freewill ne$s no v9dication1 = x is ! prim>y & indisp5sable condition ( moral ag5cy4 ,)\t x !re might be a c]ta9 animal goodness1 b !re c\ld be no true virtue4 ,a virtu\s be+ is "o :i* *ooses ( its own accord to d :at is "r4 ,! notion ( a moral creature be+ gov]n$ & guid$ )\t ! concurr5ce & approval ( its own w is a contradiction4 ,if ,god desir$ to h moral creatures 9 ,8 univ]se ,he c\ld only h !m by end[+ !m ) freewill1 :i* is ! p[] to accept or reject ,8 own w4 ,! det]m9ation to create moral be+s 0 a det]m9ation to create be+s :o %\ld be ! causes ( _! own actions1 & :o might set aside ,8 own law4 ,x 0 a det]m9ation to limit ,8 own w to t ext5t & 9 t mann]4 ,h5ce1 :5 ,he creat$ moral be+s1 & ^! be+s1 9 ! free ex]cise ( _! p[]1 violat$ ,8 law1 s9 ent]$ into ! _w1 b n ?r\gh ,8 w4 ,x result$ f ! ex]cise ( an orig9al good gift :i* ,he _h be/[$ on c]ta9 ( ,8 creatures1 :o c\ld abuse t gift1 b 7 n necessitat$ to abuse x4 ,_! abuse ( x 0 _! own action1 & ! action consi/$ n 9 con=m+ to1 b 9 contrav5+1 ,god's w4 ,?us1 ,god's "* is n /a9$ by ! s9s :i* ,8 creatures h committ$4 ,b1 x w be object$1 c\ld n ,god h made moral creatures :o w\ld be c]ta9 always to *oose :at is "r1 always to acquiesce 9 ,8 own holy w8 & if ,he c\ld d ?is1 :y did ,he n8 ,:y did ,he create a class ( moral creatures :om ,he c\ld n b =esee to be c]ta9 to abuse _! p[] ( *oice betwe5 ob$i5ce & disob$i5ce to ,8 law8 ,well1 f> be x f me to d5y t ,god c\ld h orig9at$ a s9less moral sy/em4 ,if any?+ ,i h already said be und]/ood to imply ?is1 x has be5 completely misund]/ood4 ,i h no d\bt t ,god has actually made _m moral be+s :o are c]ta9 nev] to oppose _! own wills to ,82 or t ,he might1 if x _h s pleas$ ,him1 h creat$ only su* angels z 7 sure to keep _! fir/ e/ate4 ,b if que/ion$ z to :y ,he has n done ! latt]1 ,i feel no %ame 9 confess+ my ignorance4 ,x seems to me t :5 y h resolv$ ! problem ( ! orig9 ( moral evil into ! "q1 ,:y has ,god n orig9at$ a moral univ]se 9 :i* ! l[e/ moral be+ w\ld be z excell5t z ! ar*angels are8 y h at once %[n x to be speculatively incapable ( solution & practically )\t importance4 ,! "q is "o :i* w\ld obvi\sly give rise to ano!r1 ,:y has ,god n creat$ only moral be+s z mu* sup]ior to ! ar*angels z !y are sup]ior to ! l[e/ ,au/ralian aborig9es8 & t to /ill ano!r ( ! same k9d1 & s on ad inf9itum8 ,b no complete answ] c be giv5 to a "q :i* may be foll[$ by a s]ies ( simil> que/ions to :i* !re is no end4 ,we h1 besides1 nei!r ! facts nor ! faculties requisite to answ] su* que/ions4 ,a m]ely imag9>y univ]se is "o on :i* we h no data to reason4 ,we :o are s incompet5t judges ( ! actual univ]se1 not)/&+ ! v>i\s opportunities :i* we possess ( /udy+ x1 & ! special adaptation ( our organs & p[]s to ! objects :i* x pres5ts1 c h no "r to affirm its inf]iority to any univ]se :i* we c imag9e z possible4 ,! be/ _w1 we may be assur$1 t our fancies c feign1 w\ld 9 reality be f> inf]ior to ! _w ,god has made1 :atev] imp]fections we may ?9k we see 9 x4 ,we ought to be cont5t if we c %[ t :at ,god has done is wise & "r1 & n p]plex ourselves z to :y ,he has n done an inf9ity ( o!r ?+s1 ! propriety ( :i* we _c possibly e/imate aright or z p>ts ( any s*eme unlimit$ 9 ext5t & et]nal 9 duration4 ,s91 !n1 is n ,god's "w1 & we are unable to prove t ,he ought to h prev5t$ x4 ,c we g any f>!r ?an ?is8 ,yes2 we c %[ t ! p]mission ( x has be5 made subs]vi5t to ! atta9m5t ( c]ta9 great ends4 ,man has ! p[] to *oose evil1 b ,god has also ! p[] to ov]rule x--to cause x1 z x 71 to contradict itself1 to "w out its own defeat & disgrace1 to promote :at x ?reat5s to h9d]2 & ! facts ( exp]i5ce & hi/ory %[ u t ?is is :at ,he does4 ,!re is ?us develop$ 9 ,8 human creatures a high] k9d ( virtue ?an t ( m]e innoc5ce2 a virtue :i* c only be rea*$ ?r\gh suff]+1 & conflict1 & conque/4 ,! /ruggle ) moral evil1 /ill m ?an t ) physical disadvantages & intellectual difficulties1 te/s & ex]cises ! s\l1 tea*es x its weakness & dep5d5ce on ,div9e /r5g?1 & elicits & tra9s its spiritual faculties4 ,successive battles ) vice raise hone/ combatants to successive /ages ( virtue4 ,! type ( "* pres5t$ to u 9 ! second ,adam is no b>e re/oration ( t :i* 0 lo/ 9 ! fir/ ,adam1 b "o immeasurably sup]ior4 ,! humble/ ( true ,*ri/ians n[ aspires aft] a f> gr&] moral ideal ?an t ( an unte/$ innoc5ce4 ,is !re n 9 ?is fact a v9dication ( ,god's wisdom & hol9ess wor? m ?an volumes ( ab/ract speculation8 ,due weight ought also to be giv5 to ! circum/ance t ! sy/em ( ,god's moral gov]nm5t ( our race is only 9 c\rse ( developm5t4 ,we c see b a small "p ( x1 = ! re/ is z yet unevolv$4 ,hi/ory is n a :ole1 b ! initial or prelim9>y portion ( a process :i* may be ( va/ duration1 & ! sequel ( :i* may be f> gr&] ?an ! pa/ has be54 ,t portion ( ! process :i* has be5 already accompli%$1 small ?\gh x be1 indicates ! direction :i* is be+ tak52 x is1 on ! :ole1 a progressive movem5t2 a movem5t be>+ humanity t[>ds tru?1 fre$om1 & ju/ice4 ,is x sci5tific1 or 9 any wise reasonable1 to believe t ! process w n advance to its legitimate goal8 ,surely n4 ,! physical hi/ory ( ! e>? af=ds abundant evid5ce ( ! realisation ( ! mo/ compreh5sive plans1 & no indication ( failure4 ,we c h no "r to imag9e t x w be o!rwise 9 ! moral sph]e2 t ! ideals t[>ds :i* hi/ory %[s humanity to h be5 approa*+ 9 ! pa/ w n be rea*$ ev5 9 ! mo/ di/ant future4 ,b if moral progress w1 no less ?an physical progress1 be c>ri$ on unto completion1 ! future _c fail to ?r[ light on ! pa/--_c fail to "s ext5t to ju/ify ! pa/4 ,! sl[ness ( ! progress may p]plex u1 & yet1 p]haps1 x is j :at we ought to expect1 bo? f ,god's greatness & our own littl5ess4 ,he is pati5t because et]nal4 ,8 plans /ret* f ev]la/+ to ev]la/+1 & a ?\s& ye>s are 9 ,8 sight b z ye/]day :5 x is pa/4 ,we h n ! faculties :i* fit u = rapid movem5ts & va/ a*ievem5ts4 ,we ne$ to be conduct$ by easy & circuit\s c\rses4 ,l(ty heights mu/ be asc5d$ by w9d+ pa?s4 ,we h n w+s1 we _c so>1 ,b we h feet to scale & climb ,by sl[ degrees1 by m & m1 ,! cl\dy summits ( our "t4 ,x mu/ be add$ t :oev] ackn[l$ges ,*ri/ianity to be a revelation f ,god1 mu/ see 9 x reasons :i* g f> to expla9 ! p]mission ( s94 ,!re is1 x is true1 9 ! au?oritative records ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 ! ,hebrew & ,greek ,scriptures1 no explanation ( ! orig9 ( moral evil z a speculative problem4 ,! acc\nt ( ! fir/ p>5ts ( ! human race introduc+ s9 into ! _w by yield+ to ! s$uction ( a be+ :o _h himself s9n$1 is :olly ( a hi/orical "*1 & c nei!r be comp>$ nor contra/$ ) ! !ories ( philosoph]s z to ! nature1 possibility1 & cause ( s94 ,to measure ! "o by ! o!rs1 or to set ! "o ov] aga9/ ! o!rs1 is to d inju/ice bo? to ,scripture & philosophy4 ,b ! :ole s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ seem to ^? :o accept x ! /ronge/ possible ( practical gr\nds = ! ,div9e p]mission ( man's abuse ( freewill4 ,! exi/5ce ( s9 has1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian view1 be5 ! occasion & condition ( a manife/ation ( ! ,div9e "* f> m glori\s ?an t :i* _h be5 giv5 by ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>?4 ,x call$ =? a display ( ju/ice1 love1 & m]cy be=e :i* all moral be+s 9 ! univ]se may well b[ d[n 9 wond] & adoration1 & man especially ) unspeakable gratitude4 ,if ,god has really manife/$ ,himself 9 ,*ri/ = ! reconciliation ( ! _w to ,himself1 ,8 p]mission ( s9 has c]ta9ly to all practical int5ts be5 amply ju/ifi$4 ,b ,i mu/ conclude4 ,let x be 9 leav+ ) y ! lesson t belief 9 consci5ce & belief 9 ,god--belief 9 ! moral ord] ( ! univ]se & belief 9 a moral ,gov]nor & ,judge--are mo/ intimately connect$ & mutually support ea* o!r4 ,_m ( y w rememb] h[ ,rob]tson ( ,brighton1--:5 describ+ ! crisis ( ! conflict betwe5 d\bt & fai? 9 ! awful h\r 9 :i*1 z he says1 life has lo/ its mean+1 & ! grave appe>s to be ! end ( all1 & ! sky above ! univ]se is a dead expanse1 black ) ! void f :i* ,god has disappe>$1--tells u t he kn[s b ( "o way 9 :i* a man may come =? f ?is agony sca!less--namely1 by hold+ fa/ to ^? ?+s :i* are c]ta9 /ill1 ! gr&1 simple l&m>ks ( morality4 ,9 ! d>ke/ h\r1 are 8 words1 ?r\gh :i* a human s\l c pass1 :atev] else is d\btful1 ?is at lea/ is c]ta91--,if !re be no ,god1 & no future /ate1 ev5 !n1 x is bett] to be g5]\s ?an selfi%1 bett] to be *a/e ?an lic5ti\s1 bett] to be brave ?an to be a c[>d4 ,bless$1 beyond all e>?ly bless$ness1 is ! man :o 9 ! tempe/u\s d>kness ( ! s\l has d>$ to hold fa/ to ^! v5]able l&m>ks4 ,?rice bless$ is he :o1 :5 all is dre> & *e]less )9 & )\t1 :5 8 tea*]s t]rify him & 8 fri5ds %r9k f him1 has ob/9ately clung to moral good4 ,?rice bless$1 because 8 night %all pass into cle> bright day4 ,n[ !re is a great tru?1 a mo/ sacr$ & solemn tru?1 9 ^! words4 ,b x is only a half tru?1 & x %\ld n be mi/ak5 = ! :ole tru?4 ,x is n less true1 & x is true1 p]haps1 ( a f> great] numb] ( human s\ls1 t !re are d>k & dreadful h\rs :5 !y are tempt$ to believe t virtue is b a "n1 t g5]osity is n bett] ?an selfi%ness1 tru? n bett] ?an falsehood1 & ! c\rage :i* def5ds a po/ ( dang]\s duty n bett] ?an ! c[>dice :i* ab&ons x2 & 9 ^! h\rs ,i "k n h[ ! s\l is to rega9 its tru/ 9 human goodness1 except by hold+ fa/ its fai? 9 ,div9e goodness2 or h[ x c be /r5g!n$ to cl+ to :at is "r1 except by cleav+ to ,god4 ,x is z possible to d\bt ( ! au?ority ( consci5ce z to d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,!re are few s\ls :i* h n _! ,philippi1 :5 !y are tempt$ to cry l ,brutus1 ,o virtue1 ?\ art b an empty "n6 ,bless$ 9 su* an h\r is he :o1 feel+ himself to be s9k+ 9 gloomy wat]s1 cries to t ,god :o is able to rescue him f ! abyss1 & cl+s to t ju/ice 9 heav5 :i* is ! pl$ge t ju/ice w be done on e>? bel[4 ,?rice bless$1 because he w be guid$ ?r\gh ! d>kness ( a sea ( d\bts ev5 ?us t]rible to a hav5 ( light & safety4 ,fai? 9 duty helps u to fai? 9 ,god3 fai? 9 ,god helps u to fai? 9 duty4 ,duty & ,god1 ,god & duty1 t is ! full tru?4#df #df ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxv4 ,,lecture ,,ix4 ,a ,,priori ,,!i/ic ,,pro(4 ,i4 ,! argum5ts :i* we h be5 consid]+ are n m]ely pro(s t ,god is1 b indications ( :at ,he is4 ,!y te/ify to ! ,div9e exi/5ce by exhibit+ ! ,div9e "*4 ,!y are expressions ( h[ ,he manife/s ,himself1 & expositions ( h[ we appreh5d ,8 self-manife/ations4 ,we h se5 t aga9/ ea* ( !m v>i\s objections h be5 urg$1 b t ^! objections :5 exam9$ d n approve !mselves to reason2 !y leave ! argum5ts aga9/ :i* !y h be5 ?r[n q un%ak54 ,^! argum5ts1 h[ev]1 al?\gh p]fectly conclusive s f> z !y g1 d n1 ev5 9 comb9ation1 yield u ! full idea ( ,god :i* is ent]ta9$ :]ev] !ism prevails4 ,!y %[ ,him to be ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ! _w--! ,s\rce ( all ! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness display$ !re94 ,!y d n prove ,him to be inf9ite1 et]nal1 absolute 9 be+ & p]fection4 ,yet x _c be que/ion$ t ! cultivat$ human m9d ?9ks ( ,god z ! absolute1 inf9ite1 et]nal1 p]fect ,fir/ ,cause1 & t no l[] idea ( ,god c satisfy x4 ,! intellect _c accept1 & ! he>t also revolts aga9/1 ! ?\ght t ,god is dep5d5t on any antec$5t or high] ,be+2 t ,he is limit$ to a portion ei!r ( "t or space2 or t ,he is devoid ( any excell5ce1 defici5t 9 any p]fection4 ,su* a ?\ght is reject$ z at once utt]ly unwor?y ( its object1 & inh]5tly inconsi/5t4 ,are we1 !n1 rationally w>rant$ to assign to ,god ^? attributes :i* are call$ absolute or incommunicable8 ,?is is ! "q we h n[ to answ]4 ,:at has be5 prov$ makes x comp>atively easy to e/abli% :at is /ill unprov$4 ,we h asc]ta9$ t !re is a ,god1 ! ,fir/ ,cause ( ! univ]se1 ! p[]ful1 wise1 good1 & righte\s ,au?or ( all ?+s4 ,we are consci\s1 also1 t we h ideas ( inf9ity1 et]nity1 necess>y exi/5ce1 p]fection1 c4 ,we may be d\btful z to :5ce we got ^! ideas--we may feel t !re is v mu* :i* is vague & p]plex+ 9 !m2 b we _c "q or d5y t we h !m4 ,hav+ !m1 no matt] h[ or :5ce we h got !m1 & kn[+ t ,god is1 z also 9 a measure :at ,he is1 ! rema9+ "q = u is1 ,mu/ ^! ideas apply to ,god or n8 ,mu/ ! ,fir/ ,cause be ?\ght ( z et]nal or n--z inf9ite or f9ite1 z p]fect or imp]fect8 ,reason1 aft] x has rea*$ a c]ta9 /age ( culture1 has nev] f\nd ?is a difficult "q4 ,inde$1 (t5 ev5 be=e free+ itself f poly!ism1 x has be5 int]nally con/ra9$ to ascribe to "s ( ! objects ( adoration ^? v attributes ( et]nity1 inf9ity1 & p]fection :i* poly!ism implicitly d5ies4 ,once x has come to believe t ! univ]se has its orig9 9 a rational & righte\s creative ,w1 x c h>dly refuse to admit t t ,w mu/ be inf9ite & et]nal4 ,:]e x has reject$ poly!ism )\t accept+ !ism1 x has be5 =c$ to ackn[l$ge ! _w itself to be inf9ite & et]nal4 ,:5 x has ris5 beyond ! _w1 :5 x has rea*$ an intellig5t cause ( ! _w1 x _c1 ( c\rse1 refuse to t cause ! p]fections :i* x w\ld h grant$ to ! effect--to ! ,creator :at x w\ld h attribut$ to ! creation4 ,! fir/ & ultimate ,be+1 & n any d]iv$ & dep5d5t ,be+1 mu/ obvi\sly be ! inf9ite1 et]nal1 & p]fect ,be+4 ,! pro( t ,god is absolute 9 be+ & p]fection %\ld1 x seems to me1 n prec$e b foll[ ! pro(s t !re is a cause suffici5tly p[]ful1 wise1 & good to acc\nt = physical nature1 ! m9d ( man1 & ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,! usual mode ( conduct+ ! !i/ic argum5tation has be5 ! rev]se2 x has be5 to beg9 by endeav\r+ to prove1 f pr9ciples held to be intuitive & ideas held to be innate1 ! necess>y exi/5ce1 absolute p]fection1 inf9ity1 & et]nity ( ,god2 or1 9 o!r words1 ) :at is call$ ! a priori or ontological argum5ts4 ,?is mode ( proc$ure seems to me nei!r judici\s nor effective4 ,if we h n e/abli%$ t !re is a ,god by reason+ f facts1 we mu/ demon/rate ,8 exi/5ce f ideas3 b to get f ! ideal to ! actual may be impossible1 & is c]ta9 to be difficult2 :]eas1 if we h all[$ facts to tea* u all t !y legitimately c ab\t ! exi/5ce1 p[]1 wisdom1 & righte\sness ( ,god1 x may be easy to %[ t our ideas ( absolute be+ & p]fection mu/ apply to ,him1 & c only apply to ,him4 ,!ism1 accord+ to ! view n[ express$1 is n vitally int]e/$ 9 ! fate ( ! s-call$ a priori or ontological argum5ts4 ,!re may be s]i\s defects 9 all ^! argum5ts1 consid]$ z =mal demon/rations1 & yet ! conclusion :i* x is _! aim to e/abli% may be 9 no way compromis$4 ,x may be t ! pr9ciples on :i* !y re/ d n directly involve ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & yet t !y c]ta9ly1 al?\gh indirectly1 imply x1 s t :oev] d5ies x is rationally b\nd to set aside ! fundam5tal conditions ( ?\ght1 & to deem consci\sness ess5tially delusive4 ,x may be t ! a priori argum5ts are faulty z logical evolutions ( ! tru? ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce f ultimate & necess>y conceptions1 & yet t !y concur 9 manife/+ t if ,god be n1 ! human m9d is ( its v nature self-contradictory2 t ,god c only be disbeliev$ 9 at ! co/ ( r$uc+ ! :ole _w ( ?\ght to a *aos4 ,:e!r ?is be ! case or n1 "s ( ! a priori pro(s are s celebrat$ t ,i _c pass !m ov] 9 entire sil5ce4#dg #dg ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxvi4 ,!re is a *>ge :i* has be5 v (t5 br\ght aga9/ ! a priori pro(s1 b :i* may be at once set aside z incorrect4 ,x has be5 alleg$ t !y proce$ on =getfulness ( ! tru? t ! ,div9e exi/5ce is ! fir/ & highe/ reality1 & !re=e _c be demon/rat$ f any?+ prior to or high] ?an itself4 ,b 9 no case t ,i "k ( h ^? :o adopt$ :at !y suppos$ to be ! a priori l9e ( argum5t be5 "u ! delusion t ! gr\nd ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god 0 n 9 ,himself1 b 9 some?+ outside ( or above ,himself1 f :i* ,8 exi/5ce c\ld be d$uc$4 ,su* a notion is1 9 fact1 s self-contradictory1 t no sane m9d c\ld delib]ately ent]ta9 x4 ,x w\ld imply t !ism c\ld be f\nd$ on a!ism4 ,:atev] a priori pro( ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce may be1 x has c]ta9ly nev] be5 imag9$ by ^? :o employ$ x to be demon/ration f an antec$5t necess>y cause4#dh #dh ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxvii4 ,a priori pro( is pro( :i* proce$s f prim>y & necess>y pr9ciples ( ?\ght4 ,f its v nature x c\ld only appe> at a comp>atively late p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( intellig5ce4 ,x is only a pr(\nd /udy ( ! con/itution ( ?\ght1 only a ref9$ reflective analysis ( consci\sness into its elem5ts1 :i* c br+ to light ! pr9ciples :i* necess>ily und]lie & gov]n all intellectual activity2 & x is only on ^! pr9ciples t a priori pro( is bas$4 ,z ^! pr9ciples nev] exi/ 9 an absolutely pure =m1 z :at is univ]sal & necess>y 9 ?\ght is nev] f\nd :olly ap>t f :at is p>ticul> & cont+5t1 no absolutely pure a priori argum5tation ne$ be look$ =1 & c]ta9ly none su* c be discov]$ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( speculation4 ,plato 01 p]haps1 ! fir/ to attempt to prove ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( k4 ,he c\ld n consi/5tly reason f ! impressions ( s5se or ! ph5om5a ( ! visible _w4 ,he d5i$ t s5se is k1 & t visible ?+s c be m ?an images & indications ( tru?4 ,he ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 t besides ! visible _w !re is an intelligible _w1 ) objects :i* reason sees & n s5se4 ,^! objects are ei!r conceptions or ideas1 ei!r hypo!tical pr9ciples or absolute pr9ciples1 ei!r sci5tific assumptions & def9itions or necess>y & et]nal tru?s :i* h _! reality & evid5ce 9 !mselves4 ,! ma!matical sci5ces deal ) conceptions2 b _! *ief value1 accord+ to ,plato1 is t !y help ! m9d to rise to t absolute sci5ce--dialectics--:i* is conv]sant ) ideas4 ,! appreh5sion ( ideas is ! appreh5sion ( ! common elem5t 9 ! manifold1 ! univ]sal 9 ! individual1 ! p]man5t 9 ! mutable4 ,reason contemplates ideas1 & p>ticipates 9 ideas1 & ideas are at once ! ess5ces ( ?+s & ! regulative pr9ciples ( cognition4 ,by communion ) !m ! reason rea*es objective reality & possesses subjective c]ta9ty4 ,!y are n isolat$ & unconnect$1 b s relat$ t ea* high] idea compreh5ds )9 x sev]al l[] ones1 & t all comb9$ con/itute a graduat$ s]ies or articulat$ organism1 unifi$ & complet$ by an idea :i* has none high] ?an itself1 :i* is ultimate1 :i* conditions all ! o!rs :ile x is condition$ by none4 ,! supreme idea1 :i* conta9s 9 itself all o!r ideas1 is absolute tru?1 absolute beauty1 absolute good1 absolute intellig5ce1 & absolute be+4 ,x is ! s\rce ( all true exi/5ce1 k1 & excell5ce4 ,x is ,god4 ,9 ?is "p ( its c\rse ! dialectic ( ,plato is simply a se>* = ,god4 ,x is a priori inasmu* z x re/s on necess>y ideas1 b a po/]iori inasmu* z x proce$s f ^! ideas upw>ds to ,god 9 a mann] :i* is ess5tially analytic & inductive4 ,only :5 ,god--! pr9ciple ( pr9ciples--is rea*$1 c x become syn!tic & d$uctive4 ,! "q1 ,is ! ,platonic pro( ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce sub/antially true8 is precisely equival5t to ! "q1 ,is ! ,platonic philosophy sub/antially true8 ,( c\rse1 ,i _c "h attempt to argue a !me s va/ z ,spiritualism v]sus ,empiricism1 ,platonism v]sus ,positivism4 ,my belief1 h[ev]1 is1 t ,platonism is sub/antially true2 t ! objections :i* ! empiricism & positivism at pres5t preval5t urge aga9/ its fundam5tal positions are sup]ficial & insuffici5t2 t :at is ess5tial 9 its !ory ( ideas1 & 9 ! !ism insep>able f t !ory1 mu/ abide ) our race = ev] z a priceless possession4 ,! ,platonic argum5t--by :i* is meant n a p>ticul> argum5t incid5tally employ$ by ,plato1 b ! reason+ :i* und]lies & p]vades 8 entire philosophy z a speculative se>* = c]ta9ty--has be5 transmitt$ f age to age d[n to ! pres5t day by a long s]ies ( em95t ?9k]s4 ,augu/9e1 = example1 argues = ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ! v nature ( tru?4 ,x is impossible to ?9k t !re is no tru?4 ,if !re 7 none1 to affirm t !re 0 none w\ld be itself true2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( tru? is a self-contradiction4 ,b :at is tru?8 ,x is n m]e s5su\s p]ception1 n a some?+ :i* belongs to ! individual m9d & v>ies ) its moods & peculi>ities1 b a some?+ :i* is uns5su\s1 un*angeable1 & univ]sal4 ,! human reason *anges & errs 9 its judgm5ts2 b ideas1 necess>y tru?s1 are n ! products1 b ! laws & conditions1 ( ! human reason--!y are ov] x1 & x is only ?r\gh appreh5d+1 realis+1 & obey+ !m1 t x enlight5s & regulates our nature4 ,^! ideas--! laws ( our intellectual & moral con/itution--_c h _! s\rce 9 u1 b mu/ be et]nally inh]5t 9 an et]nal1 un*angeable1 & p]fect ,be+4 ,?is ,be+--! absolute tru? & ultimate gr\nd ( all goodness--is ,god4 ,anselm reason$ 9 altoge!r ! same _s & 9 ne>ly ! same mann]4 ,9 "o ( 8 works he in/itutes an inquiry z to :e!r ! goodness 9 good actions is or is n ! same ?+ pres5t 9 all2 & :5 he has conv9c$ himself t x is ! same ?+1 he asks1 ,:at is x8 & :]e has x a real exi/5ce8 ,asc5d+ upw>ds by ^! /ages1 ,good is2 ,good is p]fect2 ,good is "o2 ! "o p]fect ,good is ,god1--he comes to ! conclusion t ! goodness con/itutive ( good actions has necess>ily its s\rce 9 ,god1 & t ! absolutely & ess5tially good is id5tical ) ,god4 ,9 ano!r ( 8 works he simil>ly inquires :e!r !re is any tru? except m]e actual exi/5ce4 ,he holds t !re is1 & argues1 z he _h done be=e 9 reg>d to ! good1 t ! absolute & ultimate tru? mu/ be ,god4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 at "o ) ,anselm ?us f>4 ,! v nature ( k seem$ to him to %[ t x 0 9 man only ?r\gh ! dep5d5ce ( ! human intellig5ce on an und]iv$ & p]fect intellig5ce4 ,among ! _m mod]n philosoph]s :o h adopt$ & en=c$ ! same doctr9e ,i %all ref] only to a few4 ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury1 ! f\nd] ( ,engli% deism1 is v explicit on ! subject4 ,he ?\ght ( ! human m9d z unit$ 9 ! close/ & mo/ compreh5sive way to ! ,div9e m9d ?r\gh ! univ]sal notions ( :at he call$ ! rational in/9ct4 ,^! notions are ! laws :i* e faculty is meant to con=m to & obey--! laws ( all ?\ght1 affection1 & action4 ,z to nature & orig91 !y are1 9 ,h]b]t's view1 ,div9e2 ?\ghts ( ,god pres5t 9 ! m9d ( man2 true revelations ( ! ,fa!r ( spirits to ,8 *ildr54 ,9 appreh5d+ "o ( !m we h truly an intuition ( a ,div9e attribute1 ( "s feature ( ! ,div9e "*4 ,x is ?r\gh contact1 ?r\gh communion ) ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce1 ,love1 & ,w1 t we "k & feel & act4 ,! ,div9e is ! root & ! law ( human ?\ght1 emotion1 & conduct4 ,n af> (f1 n to be realis$ by great /ret* ( intellect1 n sep>at$ by innum]able exi/5ces :i* int]v5e betwe5 ,him & u1 b close ar\nd u1 yea1 ) no?+ betwe5 ,him & our inmo/ s\ls1 is ! ,be+ ) :om we h to d4 ,9 ,him1 really & )\t any figure ( spee*1 we live1 & move1 & h our be+4 ,among ! v>i\s metaphysical pro(s ( ,div9e exi/5ce employ$ by ,cudwor?1 "o is 9 l mann] f\nd$ on ! v nature ( k4 ,k1 x is argu$1 is possible only ?r\gh ideas :i* h _! s\rce 9 an et]nal reason4 ,s5se is n only n ! :ole ( k1 b is 9 itself n at all k2 x is :olly relative & individual1 & n k until ! m9d adds to x :at is absolute & univ]sal4 ,k does n beg9 ) :at is individual1 b ) :at is univ]sal4 ,! individual is kn[n by be+ br\ght "u a univ]sal1 in/ead ( ! univ]sal be+ ga!r$ f a multitude ( individuals4 ,& ^! univ]sals or ideas :i* und]lie all ! k ( all m51 :i* orig9ate x & d n orig9ate 9 x1 h exi/$ et]nally 9 ! only mode 9 :i* tru?s c be said to be et]nal1 9 an et]nal m9d4 ,!y come to u f an et]nal m9d1 :i* is _! prop] home1 & ( :i* human reason is an emanation4 ,f :5ce x come? to pass1 t all m9ds1 9 ! sev]al places & ages ( ! _w1 h ideas or notions ( ?+s exactly alike1 & tru?s indivisibly ! same4 ,tru?s are n multipli$ by ! div]sity ( m9ds t appreh5d !m2 because !y are all b ectypal p>ticipations ( "o & ! same orig9al or ar*etypal m9d & tru?4 ,z ! same face may be reflect$ 9 sev]al glasses2 & ! image ( ! same sun may be 9 a ?\s& eyes at once behold+ x2 & "o & ! same voice may be 9 a ?\s& e>s li/5+ to x3 s :5 innum]able creat$ m9ds h ! same ideas ( ?+s1 & und]/& ! same tru?s1 x is b "o & ! same et]nal light t is reflect$ 9 !m all 7't light :i* enlight5e? e man t come? into ! _w1'7 or ! same voice ( t "o ev]la/+ ,^w t is nev] sil5t1 re-e*o$ by !m4 ,malebran*e's celebrat$ !ory ( see+ all ?+s 9 ,god is b an exagg]ation ( ! doctr9e t ,god is ! light ( all our see+4 ,x f\nd a zeal\s ,engli% def5d] 9 ,john ,norris ( ,bem]ton4 ,accord+ to ,malebran*e & ,norris1 all objects are se5 or und]/ood ?r\gh ideas1 :i* d]ive _! exi/5ce nei!r f ! s5ses nor f ! op]ations ( ! m9d itself b are creat$ 9 u by ! ,deity2 & :i* are n drawn f contemplation ( ! p]fections ( ! s\l1 b are inh]5t 9 ! ,div9e nature4 ,bett] gu>d$ /atem5ts ( ! ,platonic argum5t f necess>y ideas w be f\nd 9 ,leibnitz1 & ,bossuet1 & ,f5elon4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,c\s9 m 0 aga9 attempt$ to be d$uc$ f x ?an x c\ld legitimately yield4 ,we may reject1 h[ev]1 8 op9ion t reason is n individual or p]sonal1 )\t reject+ ) x ! sub/ance at lea/ ( :at he has s eloqu5tly said reg>d+ ! necess>y ideas :i* gov]n ! reason1 or ! reason+ by :i* he seeks to %[ t tru? is incompreh5sible )\t ,god1 & t all ?\ght implies a spontane\s fai? 9 ,god4 ,! mo/ rec5t def5d]s ( !ism employ 9 "o =m or ano!r ! same argum5t4 ,9 ! works ( ,ulrici1 ,hett+]1 & ,lu?>dt1 ( ,saisset & ,simon1 ( ,?ompson & ,tullo*1 x /ill holds a prom95t place4 ,i pass f x to indicate ! "* ( "s o!r argum5ts1 :i* are ( a mu* m =mal nature1 b :i* h by no means comm&$ s wide an ass5t4 ,9 fact1 ! argum5ts to :i* ,i n[ ref] h nev] laid hold ( ! common reason ( m54 ,!y are ! +5i\s con/ructions ( highly-gift$ metaphysicians1 & h awak5$ mu* int]e/ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( speculative m9ds1 b !y h n contribut$ 9 any consid]able degree ei!r to ! ma9t5ance or ! diffusion ( !i/ic belief1 & h _h no l5g!n$ cont9u\s hi/ory4 ,!y obvi\sly /&1 !re=e1 on a v diff]5t foot+ f ! pro(s :i* h already be5 adduc$--pro(s :i* are z ca?olic z ! conclusions :i* !y support1 or z any ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian sy/em4 ,! ,/oic philosoph] ,clean!s1 au?or ( ! fam\s ,hymn to ,zeus1 argu$ t e comp>ison1 9 affirm+ or d5y+ "o ?+ to be bett] ?an ano!r1 impli$ & presuppos$ ! exi/5ce ( a sup]lative or an absolutely good & p]fect ,be+4 ,c5turies lat]1 ,boe?ius _h rec\rse to ne>ly id5tical reason+4 ,x is only1 he ma9ta9$1 ?r\gh ! idea ( p]fection t we c judge any?+ to be imp]fect2 & ! consci\sness or p]ception ( imp]fection leads reason necess>ily to believe t !re is a p]fect exi/5ce--"o ?an :om a bett] _c be conceiv$--,god4 ,clean!s & ,boe?ius 7 ?us ! precursors ( ,anselm1 :o 01 h[ev]1 ! fir/ to endeav\r to %[ t f ! v idea ( ,god z ! highe/ ,be+ ,8 necess>y reality may be /rictly d$uc$4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ,anselm 0 ! f\nd] ( t k9d ( argum5tation :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( _m1 is alone entitl$ to be describ$ z a priori or ontological4 ,he reason$ ?us3 ,! fool may say 9 8 he>t1 ,!re is no ,god2 b he only proves !reby t he is a fool1 = :at he says is self-contradictory4 ,s9ce he d5ies t !re is a ,god1 he has 9 8 m9d ! idea ( ,god1 & t idea implies ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 = x is ! idea ( a ,be+ ?an :i* a high] _c be conceiv$4 ,t ?an :i* a high] _c be conceiv$ _c exi/ m]ely z an idea1 because :at exi/s m]ely z an idea is inf]ior to :at exi/s 9 reality z well z 9 idea4 ,! idea ( a highe/ ,be+ :i* exi/s m]ely 9 ?\ght1 is ! idea ( a highe/ ,be+ :i* is n ! highe/ ev5 9 ?\ght1 b inf]ior to a highe/ ,be+ :i* exi/s 9 fact z well z 9 ?\ght4 ,?is reason+ f\nd unfav\rable critics ev5 among ! contempor>ies ( ,anselm1 & has comm5d$ itself completely to few4 ,yet x may fairly be d\bt$ :e!r x has be5 conclusively refut$1 & "s ( ! objections mo/ frequ5tly urg$ aga9/ x are c]ta9ly inadmissible4 ,x is no answ] to x1 = example1 to d5y t ! idea ( ,god is innate or univ]sal4 ,! argum5t m]ely assumes t he :o d5ies t !re is a ,god mu/ h an idea ( ,god4 ,!re is also no =ce1 z ,anselm %[$1 9 ! objection ( ,gaunilo1 t ! exi/5ce ( ,god c no m be inf]r$ f ! idea ( a p]fect be+1 ?an ! exi/5ce ( a p]fect isl& is to be inf]r$ f ! idea ( su* an isl&4 ,!re nei!r is nor c be an idea ( an isl& :i* is great] & bett] ?an any o!r t c ev] be conceiv$4 ,anselm c\ld safely promise t he w\ld make ,gaunilo a pres5t ( su* an isl& :5 he _h really imag9$ x4 ,only "o be+--an inf9ite1 indep5d5t1 necess>y be+--c be p]fect 9 ! s5se ( be+ great] & bett] ?an e o!r conceivable be+4 ,! objection t ! ideal c nev] logically yield ! real--t ! transition f ?\ght to fact mu/ be 9 e in/ance illegitimate--is m]ely an ass]tion t ! argum5t is fallaci\s4 ,x is an ass]tion :i* _c fairly be made until ! argum5t has be5 expos$ & refut$4 ,! argum5t is t a c]ta9 ?\ght ( ,god is f\nd necess>ily to imply ,8 exi/5ce4 ,! objection t exi/5ce is n a pr$icate1 & t ! idea ( a ,god :o exi/s is n m complete & p]fect ?an ! idea ( a ,god :o does n exi/1 is1 p]haps1 n incapable ( be+ satisfactorily repell$4 ,m]e exi/5ce is n a pr$icate1 b specifications or det]m9ations ( exi/5ce are pr$icable4 ,n[ ! argum5t n[h]e implies t exi/5ce is a pr$icate2 x implies only t reality1 necessity1 & indep5d5ce ( exi/5ce are pr$icates ( exi/5ce2 & x implies ?is on ! gr\nd t exi/5ce 9 re c be di/+ui%$ f exi/5ce 9 conceptu1 necess>y f cont+5t exi/5ce1 self-exi/5ce f d]iv$ exi/5ce4 ,specific di/9ctions mu/ surely admit ( be+ pr$icat$4 ,t ! exclusion ( exi/5ce--:i* "h means real & necess>y exi/5ce--f ! idea ( ,god does n leave u ) an incomplete idea ( ,god1 is n a position1 ,i ?9k1 :i* c be ma9ta9$4 ,take away exi/5ce f among ! elem5ts 9 ! idea ( a p]fect be+1 & ! idea becomes ei!r ! idea ( a non5tity or ! idea ( an idea1 & n ! idea ( a p]fect be+ at all4 ,?us1 ! argum5t ( ,anselm is unw>rantably repres5t$ z an argum5t ( f\r t]ms in/ead ( ?ree4 ,^? :o urge ! objection seem to me to prove only t if our ?\ght ( ,god be imp]fect1 a be+ :o m]ely realis$ t ?\ght w\ld be an imp]fect be+2 b !re is a va/ di/ance betwe5 ?is truism & ! p>adox t an unreal be+ may be an ideally p]fect be+4 ,! ,c>tesian pro(s h be5 mu* & ke5ly discuss$4 ,! "o :i* f\nds on ! fact ( our exi/5ce & its limitations is manife/ly a po/]iori4 ,! o!r two bo? proce$ f ! idea ( a p]fect be+4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! idea ( an all-p]fect & unlimit$ be+ is involv$ 9 ! v consci\sness ( imp]fection & limitation4 ,! imp]fect c only be se5 9 ! light ( ! p]fect2 ! f9ite _c be conceiv$ ( except 9 relation to ! inf9ite4 ,b c a f9ite & imp]fect cause--l ! human m9d or ! outw>d _w--be reasonably suppos$ to orig9ate ! idea ( an inf9ite & p]fect be+8 ,desc>tes holds t x _c2 t ! idea ( an inf9ite & p]fect be+ c only be expla9$ by ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( su* a be+4 ,0 he correct 9 ?is judgm5t8 ,p]haps n2 b :at has be5 urg$ 9 refutation ( x is probably by no means conclusive4 ,x has be5 said t ! ideas ( inf9ity & p]fection are m]e g5]alisations f exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is is a /atem5t :i* c only be prov$ on ! pr9ciples ( s5sationalism1 & nev] has be5 prov$4 ,x has be5 likewise said t ^! ideas are purely subjective1 or1 9 o!r words1 t !re may be no?+ :atev] to correspond to !m4 ,b ?is is a mean+less collocation ( words4 ,no f9ite m9d c conceive ! inf9ite1 = example1 z )9 itself at all4 ,! human m9d c only ?9k ( ! inf9ite z )\t itself4 ,if ! inf9ite be n objective1 ! idea ( ! inf9ite is false & delusive4 ,! inf9ite1 x has be5 fur!r object$1 means m]ely :at is n f9ite2 & ! p]fect :at is n imp]fect4 ,s be x2 ! argum5t is z valid if ! words be tak5 9 t s5se z 9 any o!r4 ,only d n add1 z "s d1 t ! p]fect & ! imp]fect1 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite1 are m]e v]bal correlatives4 ,su* a proposition c be spok51 b x _c be ?\ght2 & x is mo/ undesirable to divorce ?\ght f spee*4 ,x has also be5 urg$ t all m5 h n ! idea ( p]fection2 t diff]5t m5 h diff]5t ideas !re(2 & t 9 ea* man :o possesses x ! idea is con/antly *ang+4 ,?is mu/ be grant$2 b x does n affect ! argum5t1 :i* is f\nd$ on ! exi/5ce ( ! idea ( a p]fect be+1 & n on ! p]fection ( ! idea itself4 ,! second =m ( ! ,c>tesian argum5t is1 t ,god _c be ?\ght ( z a p]fect ,be+ unless ,he be also ?\ght ( z a necess>ily exi/5t ,be+2 & t1 !re=e1 ! ?\ght ( ,god implies ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,j z because1 = example1 ! equality ( its ?ree angles to two "r angles is necess>ily compris$ 9 ! idea ( a triangle1 ! m9d is firmly p]suad$ t ! ?ree angles ( a triangle are equal to two "r angles2 s1 f its p]ceiv+ necess>y & et]nal exi/5ce to be compris$ 9 ! idea :i* x has ( an all-p]fect ,be+1 x ought manife/ly to conclude t ?is all-p]fect ,be+ exi/s4 ,kant met ?is argum5t ?us3 ,x is a contradiction t !re %\ld be a triangle ! ?ree angles ( :i* are n equal to two "r angles1 or t !re %\ld be a ,god :o is n necess>ily exi/5t4 ,i _c 9 ei!r case reta9 ! subject & d away ) ! pr$icate4 ,if ,i assume a triangle1 ,i mu/ take x ) its ?ree angles4 ,if ,i assume a ,god1 ,i mu/ grant ,him to be necess>ily exi/5t4 ,b :y %\ld ,i assume ei!r t !re is a triangle or t !re is a ,god8 ,i may annul ! subject 9 bo? cases1 & !n !re w be no contradiction 9 annull+ ! pr$icate 9 bo? cases4 ,!re may be no su* ?+ z a triangle1 :y %\ld !re be su* a ,be+ z ,god8 ,?is reason+ ( ,kant has g5]ally be5 accept$ z conclusive4 ,x does n appe> to me to be s4 ,he ought n m]ely to h ass]t$ b to h %[n t we c annul ! subject 9 ei!r ( ! cases m5tion$4 ,we obvi\sly _c4 ,i c say !re is no triangle1 b in/ead ( annull+ t implies ! idea ( a triangle1 & f ! idea ( a triangle x foll[s t its ?ree angles are equal to two "r angles4 ,9 l mann] ,i c say !re is no ,god1 b t is n to annul b to imply ! idea ( ,god1 & x is f ! idea ( ,god t1 accord+ to ,desc>tes1 ! exi/5ce ( ,god necess>ily foll[s4 ,kant %\ld h se5 t ! proposition !re is no ,god c\ld be no imp$im5t to an argum5t ! v purpose ( :i* is to prove t t proposition is a self-contradiction4 ,x is futile to meet ?is by say+ t exi/5ce ought n to be includ$ 9 any m]e conception1 = x is n exi/5ce b necess>y exi/5ce :i* is includ$ 9 ! conception reason$ f1 & t ,god c be ?\ght ( o!rwise ?an z necess>ily exi/5t requires to be prov$1 n assum$4 ,to affirm t exi/5ce _c be giv5 or rea*$ ?r\gh ?\ght1 b only ?r\gh s5se & s5su\s exp]i5ce1 c prove no?+ except ! n>r[ness ( ! philosophy on :i* su* a !sis is bas$4 ,cudwor?1 ,leibnitz1 & ,m5delssohn modifi$ ! ,c>tesian argum5t la/ specifi$ 9 ways :i* d n greatly diff] f "o ano!r4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r _! modifications 7 improvem5ts4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury !re 7 elaborat$ a great _m pro(s :i* claim$ to be a priori !i/ic demon/rations bas$ on ! notions ( exi/5ce & causality4 ,assum+ t some?+ is1 & t no?+ _c be ! cause ( some?+1 ^! argum5ts attempt$ to e/abli% t !re mu/ be an unorig9at$ ,be+ ( inf9ite p]fection1 & possess$ ( ! attributes :i* we ascribe to ,god4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( !m 01 p]haps1 t ( ,dr ,samuel ,cl>ke1 conta9$ 9 ! ,boyle ,lecture ( #agjd4 ,b ,dr ,ri*>d ,fiddes1 ! ,rev4 ,col9 ,campbell1 ,mr ,wolla/on1 ,moses ,l[man1 ! ,*evali] ,ramsay1 ,dean ,hamilton1 & _m o!rs1 devis$ +5i\s demon/rations ( a simil> nature4 ,x is impossible = me to discuss "h _! m]its & dem]its4 ,probably n "o ( !m has completely satisfi$ m ?an a few speculative m9ds4 ,!y are c]ta9ly n fitt$ to c>ry conviction to ! ord9>y practical und]/&+4 ,yet x is n easy to detect flaws 9 "s ( !m2 & ! m c>efully !y are /udi$1 ! m1 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k1 w x be recognis$ t !y are p]vad$ by a sub/antial ve9 ( tru?4 ,!y attempt$ logically to evolve :at 0 impli$ 9 c]ta9 prim>y intuitions or fundam5tal conditions ( ! m9d1 & al?\gh !y may n h accompli%$ all t !y aim$ at1 !y h at lea/ succe$$ 9 %[+ t unless !re exi/s an et]nal1 inf9ite1 & uncondition$ ,be+1 ! human m9d is1 9 its ultimate pr9ciples1 self-contradictory & delusive4#di #di ,see ,app5dix ,,xxxviii4 ,!re mu/1 = example1 unless consci\sness & reason are utt]ly untru/wor?y1 be an et]nal ,be+4 ,pres5t exi/5ce necess>ily implies to ! human intellect et]nal exi/5ce4 ,! man :o says t a f9ite m9d _c rise to ! idea ( an et]nal ,be+ talks fooli%ly1 = all ! ?9k+ ( a f9ite m9d implies belief 9 :at he says is inaccessible to human ?\ght4 ,no man c ?\ghtfully affirm 8 own exi/5ce1 or ! exi/5ce ev5 ( a pass+ fancy ( 8 m9d1 or ( a gra9 ( s&1 )\t feel+ t t affirmation z c]ta9ly implies t some?+ exi/$ f all et]nity z any ma!matical demon/ration :atev] implies its conclusion4 ,& ?is tru?1 t ! mo/ transi5t ?+ _c be conceiv$ ( z exi/+ unless an et]nal ,be+ exi/1 may be syllogi/ically express$ & exhibit$ 9 a v>iety ( ways1 because ! contradictions involv$ 9 d5y+ x are num]\s4 ,?is is :at has be5 done by ! au?ors above m5tion$ ) mu* +5uity1 & by "s ( !m 9 a mann] :i* nev] has be5 & nev] c be refut$4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r !y did wisely 9 ?r[+ _! argum5ts into syllogi/ic =m2 b z nobody v5tures to und]take ! refutation ( !m1 !y mu/ be admitt$ to be sub/antially valid4 ,! reason+s ( m5 l ,cl>ke & ,fiddes1 ,l[man & ,ramsay1 h suffici5tly prov$ t :oev] d5ies su* propositions z ^!1--,some?+ has exi/$ f et]nity2 ,! et]nal ,be+ mu/ be necess>ily exi/5t1 immutable1 & indep5d5t2 ,!re is b "o unorig9at$ ,be+ 9 ! univ]se2 ,! unorig9at$ ,be+ mu/ be unlimit$ or p]fect 9 all its attributes1 c41--inevitably falls into manife/ absurdities4 ,?is1 x may be object$1 is n equival5t to a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite & et]nal ,be+4 ,x leads m]ely to ! alt]native1 ei!r an inf9ite & et]nal ,be+ exi/s1 or ! consci\sness & reason ( man _c be tru/$4 ,! absolute sceptic w rejoice to h ! alt]native (f]$ to him2 t ! human m9d is ess5tially untru/wor?y is precisely :at he ma9ta9s4 ,i answ] t ,i admit t ! argum5ts 9 "q d n am\nt to a direct positive pro(1 b t !y con/itute a r$uctio ad absurdum1 :i* is j z good1 & t if !y d n exclude absolute scepticism1 x is m]ely because absolute scepticism is will+ to accept :at is absurd4 ,i am n go+ to exam9e absolute scepticism at pres5t4 ,i %all h some?+ to say reg>d+ x :5 ,i treat ( anti!i/ic !ories4 ,j n[ x is suffici5t simply to po9t out t if disbelief 9 an inf9ite1 self-exi/5t1 et]nal ,be+ necess>ily implies belief 9 ! untru/wor?9ess ( all our m5tal processes1 ! absolute sceptic is ! only man :o c consi/5tly disbelieve 9 ,god4 ,unless we are prep>$ to believe t no di/9ction c be e/abli%$ betwe5 tru? & error--t !re is no c]ta9ty t our s5ses & our und]/&+s are n at e mom5t deceiv+ u--no real diff]5ce betwe5 our p]ceptions :5 we are awake & our visions :5 we are asleep--no gr\nd ( assurance t we are n z mu* delud$ :5 foll[+ a demon/ration ( ,euclid z any h be5 :o busi$ !mselves 9 attempt+ to squ>e ! circle1--we mu/ accept all argum5ts :i* %[ t disbelief ( ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite & et]nal ,be+ logically involves a self-contradiction or an absurdity1 z n less valid ?an a direct positive demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,be+4 ,if1 al?\gh ,i am con/ra9$ to conclude t !re is an inf9ite & et]nal ,be+1 ,i may reject ! conclusion on ! supposition t reason is untru/wor?y1 ,i am cle>ly b\nd1 9 self-consi/5cy1 to set aside ! te/imony ( my s5ses also by ! assumption t !y are habitually delusive4 ,:5 any view or !ory is %[n to involve absolute scepticism x is suffici5tly refut$1 = absolute scepticism effaces ! di/9ction betwe5 reason & unreason1 & practically pref]s unreason to reason4 ,,ii4 ,! a priori argum5ts h a value indep5d5t ( _! tru? & ( _! p[] to produce conviction4 ,true or false1 p]suasive or m]ely p]plex+1 !y are admirable means ( discipl9+ ! m9d di/9ctly to appreh5d c]ta9 ideas :i* exp]i5ce _c yield1 yet :i* mu/ be compreh5d$ 9 any wor?y view tak5 ( ,god4 ,!y help u /eadily to contemplate & pati5tly to consid] su* ab/ract & difficult ?\ghts z ^? ( be+1 absolute be+1 necess>y be+1 cause1 sub/ance1 p]fection1 inf9ity1 et]nity1 c42 & ?is is a s]vice s great1 t x may safely be said--z "s writ] ^: "n ,i _c recall has said--t !y w nev] be despis$ s long z speculative ?9k+ is held 9 repute4 ,:ile believ+ t sev]al ( ^! argum5ts on ! :ole accompli% :at !y und]take1 ,i am n prep>$ to ma9ta9 t any ( !m are faultless or ev5 conclusive ?r\gh\t4 ,!y are all1 probably1 mu* too =mal & elaborate1 s f> z any directly practical purpose is conc]n$4 ,x ought to be con/antly kept 9 view t !y presuppose an imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! inf9ite1 & t _! value consi/s entirely 9 e/abli%+ t t appreh5sion implies ! reality & pres5ce ( ,god4 ,! simple/ mode ( do+ ?is mu/ be ! be/4 ,x may be ?\ght t no reason+ at all is ne$$2 t ! intuition does n require to be supplem5t$ by any inf]5ce2 t if ! inf9ite be appreh5d$1 ! liv+ ,god mu/ be self-evid5tly pres5t to ! human m9d4 ,b ?is is pla9ly a ha/y view4 ,few a!i/s w d5y t some?+ is inf9ite1 or t !y imm$iately appreh5d v>i\s aspects ( inf9ity4 ,:at !y refuse to ackn[l$ge is1 t ! appreh5sion ( ! inf9ite implies m ?an ! b\ndlessness ( space1 ! et]nity ( "t1 & ! self-exi/5ce ( matt]4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s reason+ ne$$ 9 ord] to %[ t ?is int]pretation ( ! intuition is inadequate4 ,b su* reason+ _c be too direct1 = o!rwise ! function ( ! intuition is almo/ c]ta9 to be obscur$1 & argum5t is almo/ c]ta9 to be cr$it$ ) accompli%+ f> m ?an x really effects4 ,accord+ to ! view ( ! !i/ic argum5tation :i* has be5 giv5 9 ! pres5t c\rse ( lectures1 all t is n[ necess>y to complete ! !i/ic pro( is v simple inde$4 ,! univ]se has be5 %[n to h an inconceivably p[]ful & intellig5t cause1 a ,supreme ,creator1 :o has dealt b\ntifully ) all ,8 creatures1 :o has giv5 to m5 a moral law1 & :o has abundantly manife/$ 9 hi/ory t ,he love? righte\sness & hate? iniquity4 ,we are fur!r consci\s ( hav+ ideas or intuitions ( inf9ity1 et]nity1 necess>y exi/5ce1 & p]fection4 ,we may dispute z to :5ce & h[ we h got !m1 b we _c d5y t we possess !m4 ,7 any p]son1 = example1 to affirm t he did n believe t !re is a self-exi/5t or necess>y be+--a be+ :i* d]iv$ its exi/5ce f no o!r & dep5ds ^u no o!r b is :at x is 9 & ( itself alone--we %\ld be entitl$ to tell him ei!r t he did n "k ! mean+ ( :at he said1 or t he did n himself believe :at he said4 ,b if we und\bt$ly possess ^! ideas1 !y mu/1 unless !y are :olly delusive--:i* is :at we are unable to conceive--be pr$icable ( "s be+4 ,! sole "q = u is1 ,( :at be+8 ,& ! :ole ( our previ\s argum5tation has %ut u up to "o answ]4 ,x mu/ be1 ,( ,him :o has be5 prov$ to be ! ,fir/ ,cause ( all ?+s--! ,s\rce ( all ! p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness display$ 9 ! univ]se4 ,x _c be ! univ]se itself1 = t has be5 %[n to be b an effect--to h be=e & beh9d x a ,m9d1 a ,p]son4 ,x _c be ourselves or any?+ to :i* our s5ses c rea*1 see+ t we & !y are f9ite1 cont+5t1 & imp]fect4 ,! au?or ( ! univ]se alone--! ,fa!r ( our spirits1 & ! ,giv] ( e good & p]fect gift--c be uncreat$ & uncondition$1 inf9ite & p]fect4 ,?is completes ! idea ( ,god s f> z x c be rea*$ or =m$ by natural reason4 ,& x gives consi/5cy to ! idea4 ,! conclusions ( ! a po/]iori argum5ts fail to satisfy ei!r m9d or he>t until !y are connect$ )1 & supplem5t$ by1 ?is intuition ( ! reason--inf9ity4 ,! conception ( any o!r ?an an inf9ite ,god--a ,god unlimit$ 9 all p]fections--is a self-contradictory conception :i* ! intellect refuses to ent]ta94 ,! self-contradictions inh]5t 9 su* a conception h be5 expos$ times )\t numb]1 & 9 ways :i* _c possibly be refut$4 ,! *ief value ( mo/ ( ! a priori argum5ts lies 9 su* demon/ration2 & no !ologian :o has ?\ghtfully discuss$ ei!r ! imman5t or ! transitive attributes ( ,god has be5 able to disp5se ) z mu* ( a priori reason+ z necess>y to e/abli% t a d5ial ( ! et]nity1 or immutability1 or omnipot5ce1 or ubiquity1 or omnisci5ce1 or any o!r attribute impli$ 9 ! inf9ity ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 logically leads to absurdity4 ,if ! inf9ity or indep5d5ce1 = example1 ( ! ,fir/ ,cause be que/ion$1 :oev] w\ld ma9ta9 x mu/ return "s su* answ] z t :i* ,mr ,sp5c]1 al?\gh n ass5t+ to x1 puts 9 ^! words3 ,if we g a /ep fur!r1 & ask :at is ! nature ( ?is ,fir/ ,cause1 we are driv5 by an inexorable logic to c]ta9 fur!r conclusions4 ,is ! ,fir/ ,cause f9ite or inf9ite8 ,if we say f9ite1 we involve ourselves 9 a dilemma4 ,to ?9k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause z f9ite is to ?9k ( x z limit$4 ,to ?9k ( x z limit$ necess>ily implies a conception ( some?+ beyond its limits3 x is absolutely impossible to conceive a ?+ z b\nd$ )\t conceiv+ a region surr\nd+ its b\nd>ies4 ,:at n[ mu/ we say ( ?is region8 ,if ! ,fir/ ,cause is limit$1 & !re consequ5tly lies some?+ outside ( x1 ?is some?+ mu/ h no ,fir/ ,cause--mu/ be uncaus$4 ,b if we admit t !re c be some?+ uncaus$1 !re is no reason to assume a cause = any?+4 ,if beyond t f9ite region ov] :i* ! ,fir/ ,cause ext5ds !re lies a region :i* we are compell$ to reg>d z inf9ite1 ov] :i* x does n ext5d--if we admit t !re is an inf9ite uncaus$ surr\nd+ ! f9ite caus$--we tacitly ab&on ! hypo!sis ( causation altoge!r4 ,?us x is impossible to consid] ! ,fir/ ,cause z f9ite4 ,& if x _c be f9ite x mu/ be inf9ite4 ,ano!r inf]5ce conc]n+ ! ,fir/ ,cause is equally unavoidable4 ,x mu/ be indep5d5t4 ,if x is dep5d5t1 x _c be ! ,fir/ ,cause2 = t mu/ be ! ,fir/ ,cause on :i* x dep5ds4 ,x is n en\gh to say t x is p>tially indep5d5t2 s9ce ?is implies "s necessity :i* det]m9es its p>tial dep5d5ce1 & ?is necessity1 be x :at x may1 mu/ be a high] cause1 or ! true ,fir/ ,cause1 :i* is a contradiction4 ,b to ?9k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause z totally indep5d5t1 is to ?9k ( x z t :i* exi/s 9 ! abs5ce ( all o!r exi/5ce2 see+ t if ! pres5ce ( any o!r exi/5ce is necess>y1 x mu/ be p>tially dep5d5t on t o!r exi/5ce1 & s _c be ! ,fir/ ,cause4 ,x is impossible1 ,i ?9k1 to %[ t we are ju/ifi$ 9 ascrib+ to ,god ! attributes mo/ ess5tial to ,8 nature )\t hav+ rec\rse to a v consid]able ext5t to reason+ ( an a priori k9d simil> to t ( :i* we h a specim5 9 ! passage j quot$4 ,su* reason+ may be p]fectly legitimate & conclusive4 ,mr ,sp5c]1 ,i h said1 does n accept z valid ! argum5ts cit$4 ,b he admits t f _! inf]5ces !re appe>s to be no escape1 *>act]ises _! logic z inexorable1 & makes n ! slighte/ attempt directly to refute !m4 ,on :at gr\nds1 !n1 does he )hold 8 ass5t f !m8 ,"o reason is1 t ! v conclusions :i* su* argum5ts yield1 lead1 he ?9ks1 by a logic z inexorable1 to self-contradictions z great z ^? f\nd to be involv$ 9 ! d5ial ( ! inf9ity1 indep5d5ce1 c41 ( ,god4 ,reason+ f :i* !re appe>s to be no escape1 & 9 :i* no logical fallacy c be detect$1 yields ! conclusion t !re is an inf9ite & absolute ,fir/ ,cause2 b reason+ z faultless yields also ! conclusion t an inf9ite & absolute ,fir/ ,cause is a self-contradiction--t !re is no inf9ite & absolute ,fir/ ,cause4 ,9 o!r words1 an inexorable logic proves bo? t !re is an inf9ite & absolute ,fir/ ,cause1 & t !re is none4 ,!re=e x proves no?+ at all except ! wor?lessness ( logic :5 appli$ to su* an idea z t ( a ,fir/ ,cause4 ,mo/ p]sons w probably be ( op9ion t a view l ?is is its own suffici5t refutation2 t ! reason+ :i* tries to prove t reason+ may be necess>ily & ess5tially self-contradictory is self-condemn$4 ,& !y w be q "r 9 _! op9ion4 ,if = any proposition ! pro( & c\nt]-pro( be equally cog5t--if = contradictories !re may be p]fect demon/rations--x is n ,god only1 b ev]y?+1 t we %all h to cease to believe 94 ,su* a r$uctio ad absurdum ( a proposition w\ld be also a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! reason itself1 leav+ no inf]5ce1 no intuition1 no p]ception1 to be rationally tru/$4 ,a scepticism m absolute & compreh5sive ?an any human be+ has d>$ to advocate1 w\ld be ! only legitimate result4 ,our :ole nature w\ld h to be reg>d$ z a lie4 ,b we ne$ h no fe> ( reason ?us t]m9at+ its exi/5ce by committ+ suicide4 ,if we are dispos$ to be afraid t ! human m9d is 9 dang] ( s t]rible a calamity1 an exam9ation ( ! reason+ by :i* x has be5 attempt$ to %[ t ! idea ( an inf9ite & absolute ,fir/ ,cause involves a v>iety ( contradictions ought spe$ily to reassure u4 ,few p]sons ( ord9>y reason+ p[]s1 if n committ$ to a =egone conclusion1 w reg>d z inexorable logic ! argum5tation by :i* ,mr ,mansel & ,mr ,sp5c] fancy t !y %[ t "o & ! same ,be+ _c be a cause1 inf9ite & absolute1 or its inf]5ces z ^? f :i* !re appe>s to be no escape4 ,on ! contr>y1 n9ety-n9e m5 9 a hundr$ w deem !m extremely weak1 & possess$ ( no o!r plausibility ?an t :i* !y d]ive f an inaccurate & ambigu\s use ( language4 ,!re are argum5ts prov+ t !re is a ,fir/ ,cause1 & t ! ,fir/ ,cause mu/ be inf9ite & absolute1 9 :i* no fallacy c be detect$4 ,b ! only argum5ts :i* h yet be5 inv5t$ to %[ t ! ,fir/ ,cause _c )\t contradiction be ?\ght ( z inf9ite & absolute1 are good = little else ?an to ex]cise /ud5ts ( logic 9 ! exam9ation ( fallacies4 ,! two sets ( argum5ts are by no means ( equal wor? & weight4 ,!y are also notably diff]5t 9 nature4 ,^? :i* attempt to prove ! ,fir/ ,cause to be inf9ite & absolute imply no m ?an t ! m9d may conclude t su* a cause is n f9ite1 dep5d5t1 & imp]fect4 ,9 ?is !re is no?+ arrogant4 ,^? :i* attempt to prove t ! ,fir/ ,cause _c be inf9ite & absolute are ( a mu* less humble "*4 ,!y imply t we h a positive & compreh5sive k ( ! ,fir/ ,cause2 ! inf9ite1 & ! absolute2 t we c def9e1 comp>e1 & contra/ !m1 & ?us f9d out t !y are incompatible & contradictory4 ,b we may be q unable to d any?+ ( ! k9d1 & yet be fully entitl$ to hold t ! ,fir/ ,cause is n f9ite1 dep5d5t1 or imp]fect4 ,we may reason to ! inf9ite1 if we only "k :at ! f9ite is & is n1 )\t be+ ju/ifi$ 9 reason+ f ! inf9ite1 z if we knew def9itely1 n to say exhau/ively1 its nature4 ,! idea ( an inf9ite ,fir/ ,cause--! idea ( ! inf9ite ,god--conta9s no self-contradiction2 on ! contr>y1 x solves c]ta9 o!rwise inevitable self-contradictions ( ?\ght4 ,x is only by ! appreh5sion ( a ,be+ :o passe? k t k c be r5d]$ self-consi/5t2 only by ! admission t all exi/5ce is n includ$ )9 ! conditions ( ! f9ite t ?\ght c escape self-de/ruction4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 we may easily put contradictions into our idea ( an inf9ite ,be+1 by assum+ t we "k m ab\t unorig9at$ exi/5ce1 prim>y causation1 inf9ity1 indep5d5ce1 c41 ?an we really d1 & by def9+ or describ+ !m 9 ways = :i* we h no w>rant4 ,! idea ( an inf9ite ,fir/ ,cause is1 x mu/ n be =gott51 ! idea ( an incompreh5sible ,be+4 ,no sane m9d c refuse to ackn[l$ge t some?+ is et]nal & imm5se2 b we _c compreh5d et]nity & imm5sity1 & :5 we reason z if we compreh5d$ !m1 we spe$ily f9d ourselves involv$ 9 absurdities4 ,we may "k & believe t ,god is et]nal & imm5se1 b if ,he be s1 we und\bt$ly _c compreh5d ,him4 ,we _c ?9k ( ,god o!rwise ?an z self-exi/5t1 yet we c]ta9ly _c compreh5d ! nature ( self-exi/5ce4 ,we c ?9k ( x negatively z unorig9at$ & indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & consequ5tly z a positive1 mo/ p]fect1 & peculi> mann] ( exi/5ce1 unlike t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ourselves & o!r f9ite be+s2 b we are ignorant :]e9 its peculi>ities & p]fections positively consi/4 ,! incompreh5sibl5ess ( ! ,div9e p]fections is no reasonable objection aga9/ _! reality4 ,we d n compreh5d ! mann] ev5 ( our own exi/5ce1 al?\gh we are q c]ta9 t we d exi/4 ,ass5t1 h[ev]1 has (t5 be5 refus$ to a priori !i/ic argum5tation1 n on ! gr\nd t x is illogical1 b on ! gr\nd t ! conclusions inf]r$ are incompreh5sible4 ,?us ! au?or ( :om ,i h j be5 speak+ urges 9 fav\r ( ! proc$ure :i* he adopts ! foll[+ argum5t1 9 addition to ! "o already specifi$3 ,self-exi/5ce necess>ily means exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+2 & to =m a conception ( self-exi/5ce is to =m a conception ( exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+4 ,n[ by no m5tal ef=t c we d ?is4 ,to conceive exi/5ce ?r\gh inf9ite pa/-"t1 implies ! conception ( inf9ite pa/-"t1 :i* is an impossibility4 ,^? :o _c conceive a self-exi/5t univ]se1 & :o !re=e assume a creator z ! s\rce ( ! univ]se1 take = grant$ t !y c conceive a self-exi/5t creator4 ,! my/]y :i* !y recognise 9 ?is great fact surr\nd+ !m on e side1 !y transf] to an alleg$ s\rce ( ?is great fact1 & !n suppose t !y h solv$ ! my/]y4 ,b !y delude !mselves4 ,self-exi/5ce is rigor\sly inconceivable2 & ?is holds true :atev] be ! nature ( ! object ( :i* x is pr$icat$4 ,:oev] agrees t ! a!i/ic hypo!sis is unt5able because x involves ! impossible idea ( self-exi/5ce1 mu/ p]=ce admit t ! !i/ic hypo!sis is unt5able if x conta9s ! same impossible idea4 ,n[1 t we c by no m5tal ef=t conceive exi/5ce )\t a beg9n+ is c]ta91 if by conceive be meant to compreh5d1 or def9itely imag9e1 or s5sibly repres5t2 b t we n only conceive b _c avoid conceiv+ su* exi/5ce is equally c]ta91 if by conceive be simply meant to be consci\s (1 to "k to be true1 to be rationally conv9c$4 ,x is impossible s]i\sly to d\bt t exi/5ce 0 )\t beg9n+4 ,some?+ is1 & some?+ nev] sprang f no?+4 ,f no?+ no?+ ev] came or c come4 ,some?+ always 04 ,be+ 0 )\t beg9n+4 ,mr ,sp5c] c no m deliv] himself f ! sublime & awful necessity ( ackn[l$g+ an et]nal some?+--a self-exi/5t reality--und]ly+ ! :ole univ]se1 ?an any "o else4 ,8 own ,absolute is su* a some?+1 su* a reality2 & al?\gh1 9 accordance ) 8 peculi> use ( ! words "k & conceive1 he d5ies t t ,absolute c be kn[n or conceiv$1 he admits t its positive exi/5ce is a necess>y datum ( consci\sness4 ,fur!r1 no intellig5t !i/ argues t ! a!i/ic hypo!sis is unt5able because x involves ! impossible idea ( self-exi/5ce4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! !i/1 f> f object+ to ! idea ( self-exi/5ce z impossible1 admits x to be a necess>y idea4 ,he recognises t ! univ]se mu/ be all[$ to be self-exi/5t until x is %[n to be a creation or ev5t4 ,x is only aft] an exam9ation ( its "*--only aft] hav+ conv9c$ himself t x is an effect--t he transf]s ! attribute ( self-exi/5ce to its cause or creator4 ,to say t 9 do+ s he flees f "o my/]y to ano!r z great1 is a /atem5t :i* admits ( no possible ju/ification4 ,9 a ^w1 ,mr ,sp5c]'s acc\nt ( ! reason+ ( ! !i/ is an inexplicable c>icature4 ,! a priori reason+ employ$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( !ism is indep5d5t ( any p>ticul> !ory z to ! orig9 ( our ideas ( inf9ity4 ,x presupposes m]ely t ^! ideas are valid--are n delusive4 ,x is only z pr$ispos+ to1 or imply+1 scepticism1 z to _! tru? or objective wor?1 t a !ory z to _! orig9 has a be>+ on _! application4 ,su* scepticism _c be logically limit$ to ! ideas 9 "q4 ,if we d n accept ^! ideas z true & tru/wor?y1 absolute scepticism is rationally inevitable4 ,an exam9ation ( ! nature & pr9ciples ( scepticism w make ?is manife/1 b ,i _c ent] on t exam9ation at pres5t4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i rem>k t ! conception ( any o!r ?an an inf9ite ,god--a ,god unlimit$ 9 all p]fections--is n only a self-contradictory b an unwor?y conception2 x n only p]plexes ! intellect b revolts ! spiritual affections4 ,! he>t c f9d no secure re/ except on an inf9ite ,god4 ,if less ?an omnipot5t1 ,he may be unable to help u 9 ! h\r ( sore/ ne$4 ,if less ?an omnisci5t1 ,he may ov]look u4 ,if less ?an p]fectly j1 we _c unres]v$ly tru/ ,him4 ,if less ?an p]fectly b5evol5t1 we _c fully love ,him4 ,! :ole s\l c only be devot$ to ,"o :o is believ$ to be absolutely good4 ,,lecture ,x4 ,,m]e ,,!ism ,,insuffici5t4 ,i4 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[1 9 ! c\rse ( lectures :i* ,i am n[ br++ to a close1 t ! light ( nature & ! works ( creation & provid5ce prove ! exi/5ce1 & s f> manife/ ! goodness1 wisdom1 & p[] ( ,god4 ,?is tru? ought always to be comb9$ ) ano!r--namely1 t ! light ( nature & ! works ( creation & provid5ce are n suffici5t to give t k ( ,god1 & ( ,8 w1 :i* is necess>y unto salvation4 ,reason s5ds =? a true light :i* is to be tru/$ & foll[$ s f> z x ext5ds1 b :i* is mu* m limit$ ?an ! wants ( human nature4 ,! deepe/ discov]ies & ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( ! unaid$ intellect ne$ to be supplem5t$ by tru?s :i* c only come to u ?r\gh special revelation4 ,! natural k ( ,god :i* man c atta9 by ! ex]cise ( 8 own faculties is n suffici5t to make him feel t ! ,et]nal be>s to him fa!rly love1 or to break ! p[] ( s9 )9 him & ov] him1 or to su/a9 & develop 8 moral & spiritual life4 ,x falls f> %ort ( :at is requir$ to enable a human s\l1 a religi\s & immortal be+1 to accompli% its true de/9ation4 ,x falls f> %ort1 9 o!r words1 ( be+ :at is necess>y unto salvation1 9 ! broad & compreh5sive s5se :i* ! t]m salvation be>s ?r\gh\t ,scripture4 ,!re are ^? :o1 in/ead ( reg>d+ !ism z simply s mu* fundam5tal tru? :i* ,*ri/ianity presupposes & applies1 w\ld oppose !ism to ,*ri/ianity1 & sub/itute !ism = ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y w\ld re/ 9 m]e !ism & w\ld reject ,*ri/ianity4 ,!y repres5t !ism1 dissociat$ f ,*ri/ianity1 z all-suffici5t1 & z ! religion to :i* alone ! future belongs4 ,9 do+ s1 ^! m5--_m ( !m mo/ e>ne/ & excell5t m5--seem to me to %[ great want ( reflection1 great ignorance ( ! tea*+s ( hi/ory1 & a v sup]ficial acqua9tance ) human nature4 ,a!ism1 poly!ism1 & pan!ism h always prov$ /rong] ?an m]e !ism--m popul>1 m influ5tial on ord9>y m9ds4 ,x is only 9 alliance ) revelation t !ism has be5 able to cope successfully ) ^! foes4 ,9 no l&1 & 9 no age1 has a !ism re/+ exclusively on ! au?ority ( reason ga9$ & reta9$ ! ass5t ( m ?an a small m9ority ( ! community4 ,its adh]5ts may h be5 m5 :o did cr$it to _! cre$--hon\rable1 high-m9d$1 cultivat$ m5--b !y h always be5 few4 ,9 ,india1 9 ,p]sia1 9 ,greece1 9 ,rome1 "s specially gift$ & religi\s m9ds rea*$1 or at lea/ approa*$1 !ism2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! developm5t ( belief 9 all ^! c\ntries 0 n t[>ds b away f !ism4 ,! ,israelites1 al?\gh au?oritatively taught mono!ism1 fell back aga9 & aga9 into poly!ism4 ,my?ology is n m]ely a disease ( language1 b also a te/imony to ! fact t ! m9ds & he>ts ( ! mass ( mank9d _c be satisfi$ ) a ,deity :o is only to be appreh5d$ by ab/ract ?\ght1--a pro( t :ile a few speculative philosoph]s may re/ cont5t ) ! ,god discov]$ by pure reason1 ! c\ntless millions ( _! fell[-m5 are s influ5c$ by s5se1 imag9ation1 & feel+1 t !y h ev] be5 f\nd to sub/itute = su* a ,god deities :om !y c\ld repres5t "u visible =ms1 z subject to ! limitations ( space & "t1 & z actuat$ by ! passions ( humanity4 ,pan!ism has a p[]ful advantage ov] !ism1 inasmu* z x c give a col\r+ ( religion to :at is virtually a!ism1 & a semblance ( reason ev5 to ! mo/ wildly extravagant poly!ism4 ,!re is no logical necessity :y a m]e !i/ %\ld become an a!i/1 b ! causes :i* t5d to produce a!ism are too /rong to be c\nt]act$ by any =ce inh]5t 9 m]e !ism2 & h5ce1 z a matt] ( hi/orical fact1 m]e !ism has always1 ev5 9 mod]n ,*ri/5dom1 l>gely giv5 place to a!ism4 ,all ! p[]s ( ! _w above1 & ( ! _w to come1 are ne$$ to oppose ! p[]s ( ! _w bel[1 & ( ! _w :i* n[ is4 ,only a mu* full] exhibition ( ! ,div9e "* ?an is pres5t$ to u by m]e !ism c make fai? 9 ,god ! rul+ pr9ciple ( human life4 ,m]e !ism might h suffic$ u _h we rema9$ p]fectly rational & p]fectly s9less2 b ^? :o fancy t x is suffici5t = m5 z !y are1 only make evid5t t !y "k n :at m5 are4 ,9 ! /ate into :i* we h fall51 we ne$ a high] light to guide u ?an any :i* %9es on sea or l&2 we ne$ ! light :i* only %9es f ! graci\s c\nt5ance ( ,*ri/4 ,! _w by wisdom knew n ,god4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! hea!n _w te/ifies to ! tru? ( ?is affirmation ( ,/ ,paul4 ,x is an indubitable hi/orical fact t1 outside ( ! sph]e ( special revelation1 man has nev] obta9$ su* a k ( ,god z a responsible & religi\s be+ pla9ly requires4 ,! wisdom ( ! hea!n _w1 at its v be/1 0 utt]ly inadequate to ! accompli%m5t ( su* a task z creat+ a due abhorr5ce ( s91 controll+ ! passions1 purify+ ! he>t1 & ennobl+ ! conduct4 ,n "o religion devis$ by man re/$ on a wor?y view ( ! "* ( ,god2 n "o did n sub/itute = ! liv+ & true ,god false & dead idols1 or repres5t ,him 9 a mean & di%on\r+ light4 ,we are apt to associate ) ! religion ( ,greece & ,rome ! religi\s philosophy ( a few em95t ,greek & ,roman ?9k]s :o rose above ! religion ( _! age & c\ntry4 ,! religion itself 0 ma9ly ! creation ( imag9ation1 & 9 v>i\s respects 0 extremely demoralis+ 9 its t5d5cies4 ,! wor%ipp]s ( ,jupit] & ,juno1 ( ,m>s & ,v5us1 & ! gods & goddesses :o 7 suppos$ to be _! companions1 mu/ h be5 v (t5 n ! bett] b ! worse = wor%ipp+ su* be+s4 ,c]ta9ly1 !y c\ld f9d no elevat+ ideal or correct & consi/5t rule ( moral life among ! caprici\s & unrighte\s & impure objects ( _! adoration4 ,x 0 less f ! religion1 ! idolatr\s poly!ism1 ( ,greece & ,rome t ! human s\l 9 ^! l&s drew spiritual inspiration1 ?an f philosophy1 f reason appreh5d+ ^? tru?s ( natural religion :i* ! positive religion conceal$ & disfigur$ & contradict$4 ,if salvation be deliv]ance f d>kness to light1 f s9 to hol9ess1 f love ( ! _w to love ( ,god1 no sane man w say t ! ,greek or ,roman religion 0 ! way to x1 or an indication ( ! way to x4 ,did1 !n1 ! philosoph]s discov] ! way8 ,!re is no ne$ t we %\ld depreciate :at !y did4 ,m5 l ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1 among ! ,greeks--l ,cic]o1 ,epictetus1 & ,anton9us1 among ! ,romans--obta9$ wond]ful glimpses ( ,div9e tru?1 & gave to ! _w noble moral in/ructions1 :i* are ( ine/imable value ev5 to ?is day4 ,b !y all fail$ to effect any deep & ext5sive re=m4 ,!y did n turn m5 f ! wor%ip ( idols to ! s]vice ( ! true ,god4 ,!y 7 unable to raise any effective b>ri] ei!r to sup]/ition or to vice4 ,!y 7 insuffici5tly assur$ 9 _! own m9ds1 & spoke z )\t au?ority to o!rs4 ,!y saw too cle>ly to be able to believe t ! popul> religion 0 true1 b n cle>ly en\gh to "k :at to put 9 its place4 ,9 ! sy/ems & lives ( ! v greate/ ( !m !re 7 t]rible defects1 & nei!r ! doctr9e nor ! conduct ( ! majority ( ^? :o pret5d$ to foll[ !m1 ! common specim5s ( philosoph]s1 0 fitt$ to improve society4 ,philosophy f\nd out _m tru?s1 b n ! tru?4 ,x did n disclose ! hol9ess & love ( ,god--discov]$ no antidote = ! poison ( s9--%[$ ! s\l no f\nta9 ( cleans+1 heal+1 & life4 ,! true "* ( ! philosophical !ism ( antiquity has be5 admirably describ$ by "o ( ! able/ !ologians ( ! pres5t day4 ,!ism 0 discuss$ z a philosophical1 n z a religi\s "q1 z "o rationale among o!rs ( ! orig9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 b z no m affect+ practice ?an any great sci5tific hypo!sis does n[4 ,!ism 0 n a te/ :i* sep>at$ ! or?odox philosoph] f ! het]odox1 :i* di/+ui%$ belief f disbelief2 x e/abli%$ no brea* betwe5 ! two oppos+ !ori/s2 x 0 discuss$ amicably z an op5 "q3 & well x might be1 = ( all que/ions !re 0 n "o :i* c\ld make less practical diff]5ce to ! philosoph]1 or1 ^u 8 view1 to anybody1 ?an :e!r !re 0 or 0 n a ,god4 ,no?+ w\ld h a/oni%$ him m ?an1 :5 he _h prov$ 9 ! lecture-hall ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 to h be5 told to wor%ip ,him4 ',wor%ip :om8' he w\ld h exclaim$2 'wor%ip :at8 wor%ip h[8' ,w\ld y picture him indignant at ! poly!i/ic sup]/ition ( ! cr[d1 & manife/+ "s sp>k ( ! fire ( ,/ ,paul ':5 he saw ! city :olly giv5 to idolatry1' y c\ld n be m mi/ak54 ,he w\ld h said t y did n see a pla9 di/9ction2 t ! cr[d 0 "r on ! religi\s "q1 & ! philosoph] "r on ! philosophical2 t h[ev] m5 might uphold 9 argum5t an inf9ite ab/raction1 !y c\ld n wor%ip x2 & t ! h]o 0 mu* bett] fitt$ = wor%ip ?an ! ,univ]sal ,cause--fitt$ = x n 9 spite (1 b 9 consequ5ce (1 8 want ( true div9ity4 ,! same "q 0 decid$ 9 ! same way 9 ! speculations ( ! ,brahmans4 ,!re ! ,supreme ,be+ figures z a *>act]less1 imp]sonal ess5ce1 ! m]e residuum ( intellectual analysis1 pure unity1 pure simplicity4 ,no temple is rais$ to him1 no knee is b5d$ to him4 ,)\t action1 )\t w1 )\t affection1 )\t ?\ght1 he is ! sub/ratum ( ev]y?+1 himself a no?+4 ,! ,univ]sal ,s\l is ! ,unconsci\s ,omnipres5t ,look]-on2 ! complem5t1 z coext5sive spectator1 ( ! univ]sal drama ( nature2 ! motionless mirror ^u :i* h] b\ndless play & sport1 h] v]satile po/ures1 h] multitud9\s evolutions are reflect$1 z ! image ( ! ri* & *ang+ sky is receiv$ into ! passive bosom ( ! lake4 ,?us ! idea ( ,god1 s f> f call+ =? 9 ! anci5t _w ! idea ( wor%ip1 ev] /ood 9 antagonism ) x3 ! idol 0 wor%ipp$ because he 0 n ,god1 ,god 0 n wor%ipp$ because ,he 04 ,"o small nation alone out ( all antiquity wor%ipp$ ,god1 believ$ ! univ]sal ,be+ to be a p]sonal ,be+4 ,t nation 0 look$ ^u z a mo/ ecc5tric & un9telligible specim5 ( humanity = do+ s2 b ?is :imsical fancy1 z x appe>$ 9 ! eyes ( ! re/1 0 *]i%$ by x z ! mo/ sacr$ deposit2 x 0 ! f\ndation ( its laws & polity2 & f ?is n>r[ /ock ?is conception 0 engraft$ ^u ! human race4#ej #ej ,canon ,mosley1 ,on ,miracles1 ,lect4 ,,iv4 ,x is hi/orically c]ta91 !n1 t ! _w by its unaid$ wisdom fail$ to "k ,god4 ,( c\rse1 x may be said t ! exp]im5t 0 incomplete2 t ev5 if ,*ri/ianity _h n appe>$1 ! human m9d w\ld h f\nd out 9 process ( "t all ! religi\s tru? ne$$ to satisfy ! human he>t1 guide human life1 & su/a9 human society4 ,b su* an ass]tion is q arbitr>y4 ,hi/ory gives x no confirmation4 ,x 0 only aft] human wisdom _h a l5g!n$ & unemb>rass$ opportunity ( %[+ :at x c\ld accompli% 9 ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 & aft] x _h cle>ly display$ its insuffici5cy1 t ,*ri/ianity appe>$4 ,*ri/ did n come till x 0 manife/ t reason 0 w&]+ f>!r & f>!r away f ,god--t religion _h no inh]5t pr9ciple ( self-improvem5t--t man _h done 8 utmo/ ) ! unaid$ res\rces ( 8 nature to devise a salvation1 & _h fail$4 ,!re 0 no probability :atev] t a new & high] civilisation w\ld rise on ! ru9s ( t :i* fell :5 ! hordes ( ,nor!rn b>b>ians subdu$ & ov]ran ! ,roman empire1 _h n ,*ri/ianity be5 pres5t to direct ! "w ( con/ruction4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 discuss :at might or might n h happ5$1 suppos+ ! sun ( ,*ri/ianity _h n appe>$ on ! horizon :5 t ( classical civilisation 0 ha/5+ to its sett+1 s9ce x is obvi\s t ! sci5ce & philosophy ev5 ( ! pres5t day1 dissev]$ f revelation1 c produce no religion capable ( satisfy+1 purify+1 & elevat+ man's spiritual nature4 ,!y are f> advanc$ beyond ! /age :i* !y _h rea*$ 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,paul4 ,k has s9ce receiv$ l>ge accessions f all sides1 & reflection has be5 taught by a l5g!n$ & v>i$ process ( correction & discipl9e valuable lessons4 ,9 ma!matical & physical sci5ce especially !re has be5 enorm\s progress4 ,! human m9d is n[ enri*$ n only ) ! intellectual weal? :i* x has inh]it$ f ,greece & ,rome1 b ) t ( _m ages n less fruitful ?an ^? 9 :i* !y fl\ri%$4 ,c we accompli%1 !n1 :at ! ,greeks & ,romans s signally fail$ to a*ieve8 ,c we1 ) all our k ( nature & man1 devise a religion :i* %all be at once m]ely rational & ?or\ghly effective8 ,c we1 :5 we set aside ,*ri/ianity1 con/ruct a cre$ capable ( n only comm&+ ! ass5t ( ! intellect1 b ( attract+ & *ang+ ! he>t1 quick5+ & guid+ ! consci5ce1 & purify+ & ennobl+ ! conduct8 ,c we build a sy/em wor?y to be call$ a religion on any o!r f\ndation ?an t :i* has be5 laid 9 ! ,gospel8 ,if sci5ce & philosophy _c d any?+ ( ?is k9d ev5 at ! pres5t day1 we are surely at l5g? entitl$ to say t ! _w ne$s to "k m ab\t ,god ?an x c f9d out = itself4 ,9 pro( t !y _c1 we w\ld appeal bo? to facts & reason--bo? to ! "* ( :at sci5ce & philosophy h actually done 9 ?is connection1 & to ! nature ( ! task :i* _! injudici\s fri5ds w\ld impose on !m4 ,:at1 !n1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 d ! able/ ( ^? :o reject ,*ri/ianity propose to (f] u in/ead8 ,comte w\ld h u to wor%ip humanity4 ,c we8 ,comte himself did n believe t we c 9 any b a v p>tial & ins9c]e way4 ,if we c\ld1 w\ld our wor%ip d ei!r our m9ds or he>ts m good ?an ! wor%ip ( ,jupit] & ,juno did ! ,greeks ( old8 ,/rauss w\ld h u to rev]e ! univ]se4 ,is t n to g back to feti*ism8 ,might we n j z wisely & pr(itably adore a /ock or /one8 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] w\ld pres5t to u = ,god ! ,unkn[able4 ,b :at ?\ghts1 :at feel+s1 c we h ab\t ! ,unkn[able8 ,might we n z well wor%ip empty space1 ! et]nal no1 or ! absolute no?+8 ,s*op5hau]1 ,h>tmann1 ,ma9l&]1 & o!rs1 w\ld h u to g back to ,buddhism & welcome annihilation4 ,b x is cle> z ! light t if ! advice 7 act$ on1 ! spr+s ( intellectual life & social progress w\ld soon be dri$ up4 ,! philosophy & sci5ce on :i* !y exclusively rely h enabl$ none ( ^! m5 to f9d out ,god2 nay1 !y h left !m "u ! delusion t !re is no ,god to f9d out1 except ^? /range gods to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,& be+ )\t ,god 9 ! _w1 ^! philosoph]s1 ) all _! k & accompli%m5ts1 are also )\t any hope ( a life beyond ! grave4 ,no man ne$ g to !m ) ! "q1 ,:at %all ,i d to inh]it et]nal life8 ,among all _! diff]5ces--& !y are _m & radical--on "o po9t !y are agre$1 & x is t et]nal life is b a dream2 t ! highe/ hope ev5 ( ! be/ ( mank9d is to survive = a "t z a memory & an influ5ce 9 ! m9ds & conduct ( o!rs1 aft] hav+ ceas$ to be real & p]sonal be+s2 t ! only =m 9 :i* ! aspiration aft] immortality c be rationally *]i%$ is t :i* ! greate/ ( contempor>y noveli/s & among ! greate/ ( contempor>y poets has express$ 9 ! words3-- ,o may ,i jo9 ! *oir invisible ,( ^? immortal dead :o live aga9 ,9 m9ds made bett] by _! pres5ce3 live ,9 pulses /irr$ to g5]osity1 ,9 de$s ( d>+ rectitude1 9 scorn ,= mis]able aims t end ) self1 ,9 ?\ghts sublime t pi]ce ! night l />s1 ,& ) _! mild p]si/5ce urge man's se>* ,to va/] issues4444 ,?is is life to come1 ,:i* m>tyr$ m5 h made m glori\s ,= u :o /rive to foll[4 ,x is z true1 !n1 z ev] x 01 t ! _w by wisdom kn[s n ,god4 ,! advantages :i* ! eighte5 ,*ri/ian c5turies h br\ght u only make m manife/ ! _w's inability by its own wisdom to "k ,god4 ,! long] ! trial has la/$1 ! m manife/ has x become t ,god's revelation ( ,himself is indisp5sable--is :at man c provide no sub/itute =4 ,! philosophy :i* sets itself 9 opposition to revelation--:i* pr(esses to supply 9 ano!r & bett] way ! spiritual wants to :i* revelation responds--:i* aims at con/ruct+ a religion out ( ! conclusions ( sci5ce--is a m\rnful failure4 ,! only religi\s con/ructions :i* x has be5 able to raise1 ev5 ) all ! sci5tific res\rces ( ! n9ete5? c5tury at its comm&1 are simply monum5ts ( human folly4 ,?is is j :at 0 to be expect$2 = ap>t f special ,div9e tea*+1 ap>t f special ,div9e revelation1 man _c truly "k ,god1 z a s9ful be+ ne$s to "k ,him4 ,ap>t1 = example1 f ! revelation :i* ,god has made ( ,himself 9 ,*ri/1 ! m9d _c possibly atta9 to a s9c]e & well-gr\nd$ conviction ev5 ( t prim>y tru? on :i* all ! p]fection ( religion & all ! happ9ess & hopes ( mank9d dep5d--! tru? t ,god is really a ,fa!r1 ) all a ,fa!r's love1 to ! *ildr5 ( m54 ,!re are manifold signs or evid5ces ( ,god's goodness & b\nty 9 creation & provid5ce1 b1 unless se5 9 ! light reflect$ on !m f r$emption1 !y fall f> %ort ( a complete pro( ( ,god's *]i%+ fa!rly love to s9ful m54 ,9 ! light ( ! ,cross x is o!rwise2 ! man :o looks at ! works ( creation 9 t light w unhesitat+ly & ) full reason say1 ,my ,fa!r made !m all1 & w easily & cle>ly trace 9 all ! deal+s ( provid5ce a ,fa!r's h& guid+ ,8 *ildr54 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t bless$ light n %9+ or %ut out1 & t creation & provid5ce are be=e u 9 no o!r light ?an _! own1--:at !n8 ,:at c creation & provid5ce tea* u ab\t ,god8 ,sub/antially ?is only3 t ,he has va/ p[]1 s9ce ,he has creat$ & su/a9s & controls ! :ole ( ?is mighty univ]se2 wondr\s wisdom1 s9ce ,he has arrang$ ev]y?+ s well & directs ev]y?+ s well2 & a goodness correspond+ to ,8 p[] & wisdom1 s9ce a b5efic5t purpose may be detect$ und]ly+ all ,8 works ( creation & p]vad+ ! c\rse ( provid5ce4 ,i _c suppose t any "o w s]i\sly ma9ta9 t creation & provid5ce tea* u m ?an t ,god is ?us p[]ful & wise & good2 & fully grant+ t !y tea* u all ?is1 if any "o mean by ,god be+ ! ,fa!r ( m5 no m ?an t ,he is z good z ,he is p[]ful & wise1 & t ,8 p[] & wisdom h be5 s employ$ on behalf ( m5 t good gifts meet !m at e /ep1 ,i readily agree ) him t creation & provid5ce are suffici5t to %[ ,god to be a ,fa!r 9 t s5se & to t ext5t4 ,b is !re no?+ m1 no?+ high] ?an ?is1 impli$ 9 fa!rhood among m58 ,unque/ionably !re is4 ,love 9 ! =m ( m]e goodness is f> f ! noble/ & mo/ di/9ctive quality 9 a human fa!r's he>t2 nay1 !re is no true fa!rl9ess ( he>t at all 9 a man 9 :om !re is no?+ bett] ?an t4 ,"o c1 by an ef=t ( imag9ation1 inde$1 conceive a man to h *ildr5 s absolutely innoc5t & happy1 & s p]fectly gu>d$ f all possibility ( evil & suff]+1 t love 9 ! =m ( goodness or k9dness w\ld be ! only k9d ( love he c\ld %[ !m2 b w\ld 8 fa!rly love be ev] really te/$ 9 t case8 ,c\ld he ev] %[ ! deep]1 ! truly di/9ctive feel+s ( a fa!r's he>t--^? we s (t5 see manife/$ 9 ! toils1 ! h>d%ips1 ! dang]s1 ! sacrifices ( weal?1 com=t1 & ev5 life1 :i* p>5ts und]take & endure = _! *ildr58 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,apply ?is to ,god4 ,9 :at s5se is ,he a ,fa!r8 ,9 :at s5se has ,he fa!rly love8 ,among ! angels ?is "q c\ld h no place1 = !y 7 su* p]fectly innoc5t & happy *ildr5 t love 9 ! =m ( goodness 0 all !y requir$--all t c\ld be %[n to !m4 ,& x w\ld h be5 ! same ) m5 also1 if !y _h n fall54 ,b z soon z s91 suff]+1 & dea? invad$ e>?1 & seiz$ on man's body & s\l1 & help or heal+ !re 0 none = him 9 any creature1 ! mo/ awful ( que/ions = ! human race came to be1 :e!r or n ,god 0 a ,fa!r 9 ! full mean+ ( t t]m1 or1 9 o!r words1 :e!r or n ,he _h a love :i*1 9 ord] to save m51 w\ld submit to humiliation1 suff]+1 sacrifice8 ,n[ t is :at ,i say creation & provid5ce _c prove4 ,po9t to any?+ 9 creation or to any?+ 9 ord9>y provid5ce :i* y c %[ to h co/ ,god any?+4 ,y c easily po9t to ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ?+s & ev5ts :i* y may ju/ly conclude to be signs or gifts ( ,god's goodness2 b c y po9t to "o ?+ 9 creation1 "o ev5t 9 ord9>y provid5ce1 :i* y c s]i\sly ma9ta9 to come f a self-sacrific+ love su* z a fa!r displays :5 he ru%es into a h\se 9 flames1 or ?r[s himself into a rag+ flood1 to save ! life ( 8 *ild at ! risk ( 8 own8 ,if y _c1 y fail to prove ,god a ,fa!r 9 ! s5se ,i mean4 ,& 9 t s5se1 :i* is ! true s5se1 !re seems to me no possibility ( prov+ ,god a ,fa!r f creation & provid5ce1 ap>t f r$emption4 ,:]e9 is x t bo? fail8 ,obvi\sly 9 ?is1 t !y c %[ no traces ( sacrifice on ,god's "p4 ,b x is j "h t ! revelation ( r$emption comes 94 ,god1 9 ! unspeakable gift ( ,8 ,son1 %[s u a p[] ( sacrifice inf9itely above any?+ kn[n among m5--an int5sity ( t5d]e/ fa!rly affection ( :i* ! /ronge/ fa!rly affection on e>? is b a pale & feeble reflection2 & ,*ri/ 9 ,8 inc>nation1 life1 suff]+s1 & dea?1 reveals to u n m]ely ! p[]1 & wisdom1 & goodness ( ,god1 b ! v dep?s1 if we may s speak1 ( ,8 he>t z a ,fa!r1 enabl+ u to feel )\t a d\bt t n[ inde$ are we ! sons ( ,god4 ,no?+ b a special revelation1 h[ev]1 c\ld ?us unveil & disclose ,god4 ,! natural reason c\ld n ?us disc]n ,him by its unaid$ p[]4 ,& yet x is only 9 ! k ( ,god z a ,fa!r t ! s\l c ei!r disc]n or realise its true de/9y4 ,!re are _m o!r preci\s tru?s set be=e u 9 ! ,gospel :i* we might 9 l mann] %[ to be at once mo/ necess>y = human guidance1 & inaccessible to unaid$ human rese>*4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 dwell on !m or ev5 enum]ate !m4 ,! entire problem ( our pres5t & future salvation is beyond our p[]s ( solution4 ,! light ( nature & ! works ( creation & provid5ce _c %[ man a way ( reconciliation to ,god4 ,no man by m]e human wisdom1 by any se>*+ into ! secrets ( nature or provid5ce1 c f9d t out4 ,m]e human wisdom is utt] folly "h2 & if man may be wise at all 9 ?is connection1 he mu/ confess 8 natural folly1 ! p[]lessness ( 8 own reason1 & mu/ cons5t to be guid$ by ! wisdom ( ,god--or1 9 o!r words1 to accept ,*ri/1 :o is ! wisdom ( ,god to u = salvation1 :o is ,god's solution ( ! problem ( our salvation4 ,! only real wisdom possible to man mu/1 f ! v nature & necessity ( ! case1 be ! wisdom ( r5\nc+ 8 own wisdom4 ,if he say1 ,i %all solve ?is awful problem = myself1 )\t help f any "o1 !n he 9 8 wisdom is a mo/ manife/ fool1 ^: folly w ru9 him2 b if he h ! c&\r to confess 8 own folly1 to admit 8 own intellect p[]less "h1 & to ackn[l$ge ! wisdom ( ,god & acquiesce 9 ,8 plan ( salvation1 !n1 9 ! v act ( confess+ himself fooli% he is made wise1 = ,*ri/ is made wisdom unto him4 ,! oracle at ,delphi pron\nc$ ,socrates ! wise/ ( m54 ,socrates c\ld n und]/& x1 & yet he 0 unwill+ to disbelieve ! oracle1 s he w5t ab\t f "o p]son reput$ wise to ano!r1 9 ord] to be able to say1 "h is a wis] man ?an ,i am1 or at lea/ to f9d out :at ! oracle meant4 ,he w5t to _m1 b he f\nd t1 :ile !y 9 reality knew almo/ no?+ t 0 wor? kn[+1 !y ?\ght !y knew a great deal1 & 7 angry ) "o :o tri$ to conv9ce !m ( _! ignorance4 ,s t at la/ ,socrates came to recognise t !re 0 a tru? 9 :at _h be5 said ab\t him2 to use ne>ly 8 own words1--,he left !m1 say+ to himself1 ,i am wis] ?an ^! m52 = nei!r !y nor ,i1 x w\ld seem1 "k any?+ valuable3 b !y1 n kn[+1 fancy t !y d "k2 ,i1 z ,i really d n "k1 s ,i d n ?9k t ,i "k4 ,i seem1 !re=e1 to be 9 "o small matt] wis] ?an !y4 ,n[ x is only ! k9d ( _s :i* 9 its degree & ab\t less important matt]s 0 9 ,socrates--x is precisely t k9d ( _s ab\t ! ?+s :i* conc]n et]nal life & peace1 t c alone make a man wise unto salvation4 ,! mo/ ignorant p]son1 provid$ he only "k t he mu/ r5\nce 8 own wisdom z fooli%ness--:i* on subjects p]ta9+ to salvation x really is--& accept :at is disclos$ 9 ,*ri/ z to salvation1 is inf9itely wis] ?an ! mo/ able or le>n$ man :o tru/s solely to 8 own wisdom ap>t f ,*ri/'s reveal$ "w & w4 ,bo? ( !m are fooli% & ignorant2 b ! "o kn[s x1 &1 9 consequ5ce ( kn[+ x1 accepts ,*ri/'s plan ( salvation1 & is made a p>tak] ( inf9ite wisdom--! o!r does n "k x1 &1 ?9k+ t he is wise :ile he is a fool1 rema9s 9 8 folly1 & mu/ be> its puni%m5t4 ,& n[ ,i br+ ?is c\rse ( lectures to a close4 ,i tru/ t !y may n h be5 f\nd :olly )\t pr(it1 ?r\gh ! bless+ ( ,him :o despises n ev5 ! smalle/ & mo/ imp]fect s]vice1 if humbly r5d]$ to ,him4 ,i %\ld rejoice to ?9k t ,i _h help$ any "o to hold1 9 su* a "t z ! pres5t1 ) a firm] & m intellig5t grasp1 ! fundam5tal tru? on :i* all religi\s fai? mu/ re/4 ,am54 ,,app5dix4 ,,note ,i41 page #f4 ,,natural ,,& ,,reveal$ ,,religion4 ,! ,h9dus reg>d ! ,v$as1 ! ,p>sees ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 & ! ,mohamm$ans ! ,koran1 z hav+ be5 imm$iately & specially inspir$4 ,?is means t !y believe ! spiritual tru? conta9$ 9 ^! books to belong to reveal$ religion1 al?\gh x 9 reality is m]ely a portion ( natural religion4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 nature & revelation1 reason & fai?1 because ignorant ( :at we call revelation & fai?4 ,)\t special revelation or inspiration ! ori5tal & classical m9d atta9$1 h[ev]1 to ! possession ( a v consid]able am\nt ( mo/ preci\s religi\s tru?4 ,9 all ages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* !re h be5 !ologians :o h trac$ at lea/ ! g]m9al pr9ciples ( su* tru? to writt5 or unwritt5 revelation2 & probably few patri/ic or s*ola/ic div9es w\ld h admitt$ t !re 0 a k ( ,god & ( ,8 attributes & ( ,8 relations to ! _w :i* might be ! object ( a sci5ce di/9ct f1 & indep5d5t (1 revelation4 ,?is is q consi/5t ) :at is also a fact--namely1 t ! va/ majority ( ,*ri/ian writ]s h always ackn[l$g$ t ! light ( nature & ! works ( creation & provid5ce manife/ ! goodness1 wisdom1 & p[] ( ,god1 & t ?is g5]al revelation is impli$ 9 ! special revelation made at sundry times & div]s mann]s & record$ 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,! ',!ologia naturalis sive lib] creaturum' ( ! ,spani% physician1 ,raymond de ,sebonde1 :o taught !ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,t\l\se dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 01 s f> z ,i "k1 ! fir/ "w :i*1 proce$+ on ! pr9ciple t ,god has giv5 u two books1 ! book ( nature & ! book ( ,scripture1 conf9$ itself to ! int]pretation ( ! =m]1 m]ely indicat+ ! mutual relations ( natural & reveal$ religion4 ,fau/us ,soc9us 0 "o ( ! fir/ di/9ctly to ma9ta9 t !re 0 no su* ?+ z natural religion--no k ( ,god atta9able except f ,scripture3 see 8 ',de ,auctoritate ,scriptur ,sacr4' ,a conviction ( ! importance ( natural !ology spread v rapidly 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?is contribut$ to awak5 an int]e/ 9 ! v>i\s religions ( ! _w1 & ?us l$ to ! rise ( :at may be call$ ,comp>ative ,!ology1 al?\gh m g5]ally designat$ ! ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,its orig9 is to be s\ght 9 ! attempts made to prove t ! pr9ciples ( natural !ology 7 to be f\nd 9 all religions4 ,"l ,h]b]t ( ,*]bury's ',de ,religione ,g5tilium1' publi%$ 9 #affc1 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ *>act]i/ic attempts ( ! k9d4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t ! /udy ( religions has proce$$ at v>y+ rates ( progress1 b )\t int]ruption1 & has at l5g? begun to be prosecut$ accord+ to ! rules ( t comp>ative me?od :i* has1 9 ! words ( ,mr ,freeman1 c>ri$ light & ord] into :ole bran*es ( human k :i* be=e 7 %r\d$ 9 d>kness & confusion4 ,! eighte5? c5tury 0 ! gold5 age ( natural !ology4 ,! dei/s bo? ( ,engl& & ,france endeav\r$ to exalt natural !ology at ! exp5se ( positive !ology by repres5t+ ! =m] z ! tru? ( :i* ! latt] 0 ! p]v]sion4 ,all religions 9 ! _w1 said ,did]ot1 are m]ely sects ( natural religion4 ,! preval5t op9ion ( ! free?9k]s ( 8 "t c\ld n h be5 m accurately express$4 ,x 0 j :at 8 pr$ecessors 9 ,engl& meant by describ+ ,*ri/ianity z a republication ( natural religion1 & by ma9ta9+ t x 0 z old z ! creation4 ,! wise/ oppon5ts ( ! dei/s1 & ?\ghtful ,*ri/ian writ]s 9 g5]al--! adh]5ts ( ! mod]ate & rational !ology ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies--/rove1 on ! o!r h&1 to %[ t natural !ology 0 9 reality presuppos$ by revelation1 & t x %\ld c>ry ! m9d onw>ds to ! acceptance ( revelation4 ,b !re 7 "s :o und]took to ma9ta9 t !re 0 no su* ?+ z natural !ology2 t reason ( itself c tea* u absolutely no?+ ab\t ,god or our duties t[>ds ,him4 ,! ,hut*9sonians1 = example1 ^: be/ repres5tatives1 besides ! f\nd]1 7 ,bi%op ,horne ( ,norwi*1 & ,william ,jones1 curate ( ,nayl&1 believ$ t all k ( religion & morals1 & ev5 ! *ief tru?s ( physical sci5ce1 ought to be drawn f ! ,bible4 ,dr ,ellis1 9 8 treatise entitl$ ',! ,k ( ,div9e ,?+s f ,revelation1 n f ,reason or ,nature' 7#agdc71 lab\r$ to prove t nei!r ! be+ ( a ,god nor any o!r pr9ciple ( religion c\ld be legitimately d$uc$ f ! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se4 ,he argu$ on ! assumption t ! s5ses are ! only natural inlets to k4 ,! late ,ar*bi%op ,magee adopt$ 8 views on ?is subject4 ,"o ( ! mo/ widely kn[n expositions & def5ces ( ! !ory is t conta9$ 9 ! ',!ological ,in/itutes' 7#ahbc7 ( ! em95t ,wesleyan div9e1 ,ri*>d ,watson4 ,9 ord] to e/abli% t all our religi\s k is d]iv$ f special revelation1 he employs all ! usual argum5ts ( scepticism aga9/ ! pro(s ( !ism & ! pr9ciples ( reason on :i* !y re/4 ,9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 scepticism z to reason & ! light ( nature has (t5 be5 comb9$ ) dogmatism z to ! au?ority ( revelation & ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! sy/em ( :at is call$ ! !ocratic s*ool may be se5 ! result to :i* attempts to e/abli% ! c]titude ( au?ority by de/roy+ ! cr$it ( human reason naturally lead4 ,x is a sy/em ( :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to give "s acc\nt 9 my ',philosophy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,france & ,g]many1' pp4 #aci-aed4 ,! fact on :i* ,i h insi/$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! lecture--! fact t !ism has come to mank9d 9 & ?r\gh revelation--has caus$ "s altoge!r to disc>d ! division ( religion into natural & reveal$4 ,!y pron\nce x to be a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce1 & attribute to x sundry evil consequ5ces4 ,x has l$1 !y ?9k1 on ! "o h&1 to depreciation ( revelation--&1 on ! o!r1 to jeal\sy ( reason3 "s m9ds look+ ^u ,*ri/ianity z at be/ a republication ( ! religion ( nature1 9 :i* all t is mo/ ess5tial & valuable is z old z ! creation2 :ile o!rs see 9 natural religion a rival ( reveal$ religion1 & w\ld exclude reason f ! religi\s sph]e z mu* z possible4 ,! di/9ction is1 h[ev]1 real1 & ! errors indicat$ are n its legitimate consequ5ces4 ,if !re be a c]ta9 am\nt ( k ab\t ,god & spiritual ?+s to be d]iv$ f nature--f data furni%$ by p]ception & consci\sness1 & accessible to ! :ole human race1--:ile !re is also a c]ta9 k ab\t ,him :i* c only h be5 communicat$ ?r\gh a special illum9ation or manife/ation--?r\gh prophecy1 or miracle1 or inc>nation1--! di/9ction mu/ be reta9$4 ,x is no real objection to x to urge t 9 a s5se ev5 natural religion may be reg>d$ z reveal$ religion1 s9ce 9 a s5se ! :ole univ]se is a revelation ( ,god1 a manife/ation ( ,8 "n1 a decl>ation ( ,8 glory4 ,t is a tru?1 &1 9 its prop] place1 a v important tru?1 b x is n relevant "h3 x is p]fectly consi/5t ) ! belief t ,god has n manife/$ ,himself m]ely 9 nature1 b also 9 ways :i* require to be c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! manife/ation 9 nature4 ,9 l mann]1 ! di/9ction is n really t\*$ by %[+ t reveal$ religion has embodi$ & endors$ ! tru?s ( natural religion1 or by prov+ t ev5 :at is mo/ special 9 revelation is 9 a s5se natural4 ,^! are bo? impregnable positions4 ,! ,bible is to a l>ge ext5t an inspir$ republication ( ! spiritual tru?s :i* are conta9$ 9 ! physical creation1 & 9 ! reason1 consci5ce1 & hi/ory ( man4 ,b ?is does n disprove t x is some?+ m4 ,! highe/ & mo/ special revelation ( ,god--,8 revelation 9 ,jesus ,*ri/--0 also ! fulle/ realisation ( ! true nature ( man4 ,b ?is is no reason :y we %\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 ! g5]al & ! special 9 t revelation4 ,we c only efface ! di/9ction by r$uc+ ,*ri/ to a m]e man1 or conf\nd+ ,god ) man 9 a pan!i/ic mann]4 ,x has be5 fur!r object$ to ! division ( religion into natural & reveal$ t x is unhi/orical1 t natural religion is only reveal$ religion disguis$ & dilut$--,*ri/ianity )\t ,*ri/4 ,x nev] exi/$1 we are told1 ap>t f revelation1 & nev] w\ld h exi/$ b = revelation4 ,b ?is v objection1 x w be obs]v$1 implies t natural religion is n id5tical ) reveal$ religion--is n reveal$ religion pure & simple--is n ,*ri/ianity ) ,*ri/4 ,:y is ?is8 ,is x n because reveal$ religion conta9s m ?an natural religion--:at reason _c read 9 ! physical univ]se or human s\l8 ,besides1 :ile ! pr9ciples ( natural religion 7 pres5t$ 9 revelation 9 a mu* cle>] =m ?an 9 any m]ely human sy/ems1 & :ile !re c be no reasonable d\bt t b = revelation our k ( !m w\ld be greatly m defective ?an x is1 to ma9ta9 t !y _h no exi/5ce or 7 unkn[n ap>t f revelation1 is manife/ly to set hi/ory at defiance4 ,7 !re no tru?s ( natural religion 9 ! works ( ,plato1 ,cic]o1 & ,s5eca8 ,is !re any hea!n religion or hea!n philosophy 9 :i* !re are n tru?s ( natural religion8 ,! belief 9 a natural religion :i* is indep5d5t alike ( special revelation & ( positive or hi/orical religions has be5 argu$ to h orig9at$ 9 ! same condition ( m9d z ! belief 9 a /ate ( nature ent]ta9$ by a few political !ori/s 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,?is c only be done by conf\nd+ natural religion ) an imag9>y patri>*al religion1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 inexcusable4 ,natural religion is analog\s1 n to ! /ate ( nature1 b to ! law ( nature ( ! juri/s4 ,natural religion is ! f\ndation ( all !ology1 z ! law ( nature is ! f\ndation ( all e?ical & political sci5ce2 & j z belief 9 ! law ( nature is p]fectly indep5d5t ( ! !ory ( a /ate ( nature1 s ! belief 9 natural religion has no connection :atev] ) any !ory ( patri>*al or primitive religion4 ,!re is a well-kn[n essay by ,pr(essor ,j[ett on ! subject ( ?is note 9 ! second volume ( 8 ',/ ,paul's ,epi/les1' c4 ,,note ,,ii41 page #i4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,religion ,,on ,,morality4 ,! ass]tion ( ,mr ,b5?am & ( ,mr ,j4 ,s4 ,mill t mu* has be5 writt5 on ! tru? b little on ! usefulness ( religion1 is q inaccurate4 ,mo/ ( ! apologi/s ( religion h set =? ! pro( t x s]ves to su/a9 & develop p]sonal & social morality2 &1 f ! "t ( ,bayle d[nw>ds1 n a few ( its assailants h und]tak5 to %[ t x is practically useless or ev5 hurtful4 ,b ,b5?am may h be5 ! fir/ :o propos$ to e/imate ! utility ( religion ap>t f ! consid]ation ( its tru?4 ,! notion 0 *>act]i/ically ,b5?amite4 ,x 0 likewise f> too irrational to be capable ( be+ consi/5tly c>ri$ out or appli$4 ,! "w compil$ by ,mr ,grote f ! pap]s ( ,mr ,b5?am1 & publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,philip ,beau*amp--',analysis ( ! ,influ5ce ( ,natural ,religion on ! ,temporal ,happ9ess ( ,mank9d'--& ,mr ,mill's ',essay on ! ,utility ( ,religion1' are1 9 almo/ e second page1 z well z 9 _! g5]al t5or1 attacks n m]ely on ! utility b on ! tru? ( religion4 ,! =m] ( ^! works is an attempt to %[ t natural religion has done sc>cely any good1 & produc$ no end ( evils--inflict+1 s runs ! indictm5t1 unpr(itable suff]+1 impos+ useless privations1 impress+ undef9$ t]rors1 tax+ pleasure by ! infusion ( prelim9>y scruples & subsequ5t remorse1 creat+ factiti\s antipa?ies1 p]v]t+ ! popul> op9ion1 corrupt+ moral s5tim5t1 produc+ av]sion to improvem5t1 disqualify+ ! intellectual faculties = purposes useful 9 ?is life1 suborn+ unw>rant$ belief1 deprav+ ! temp]1 &1 f9ally1 creat+ a p>ticul> class ( p]sons incurably oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,! au?or makes out t religion is responsible = ?is catalogue ( mis*iefs1 by two simple devices4 ,fir/1 he def9es religion z ! belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( an almighty ,be+1 by :om pa9s & pleasures w be disp5s$ to mank9d dur+ an inf9ite & future /ate ( exi/5ce1 or1 9 o!r words1 he s def9es religion z to exclude f ! idea ( ,god ! ?\ght ( moral goodness1 righte\sness1 & hol9ess4 ,he ev5 insi/s t ! ,god ( natural religion c only be conceiv$ ( z a caprici\s & insane despot1 & bases 8 argum5tation on ?is assumption4 ,dr ,caselles1 :o has translat$ ! treatise into ,fr5*1 & prefac$ x by an int]e/+ introduction1 in=ms u t ! argum5tation is n applicable to ! new1 b only to ! old !ism4 ,x is hi/orically c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! old !ism ( ,j]emy ,b5?am & 8 fri5ds nev] exi/$ outside ( _! own imag9ations4 ,x is likewise c]ta9 t a lamb w\ld acquire a v bad "* if x 7 by def9ition id5tifi$ ) a wolf1 & cr$it$ ) all t creature's do+s4 ,! second device is a decl>ation ( op5 w> aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( sep>at+ ! abuses ( a ?+ f its uses4 ,! only excuse :i* c be giv5 = ?is decl>ation ( a mo/ unju/ w> is1 t ,mr ,b5?am 0 able completely to misund]/& ! obvi\s mean+ ( ! pr9ciple :i* he assail$4 ,t a book s unfair & wor?less %\ld h produc$ on ! m9d ( ,mr ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ev5 :5 a boy ( sixte51 ! impression :i* he describes 9 8 ,autobiography w\ld h be5 inexplicable1 _h we n kn[n ! "* ( 8 education4 ,mr ,mill's own essay is r /range4 ,x beg9s ) six pages ( g5]al obs]vations1 :i* are meant to %[ t x is a necess>y & v laudable und]tak+ to attempt to prove t ! belief 9 religion1 consid]$ z a m]e p]suasion ap>t f ! "q ( its tru?1 may be advantage\sly disp5s$ )1 any b5efits :i* fl[ f ! belief be+ local1 tempor>y1 & su* z may be o!rwise obta9$1 )\t ! v l>ge am\nt ( alloy always conta9$ 9 religion4 ,yet we are told t an argum5t = ! utility ( religion is an appeal to unbeliev]s to induce !m to practise a well-meant hypocrisy2 or to semi-believ]s to make !m av]t _! eyes f :at might possibly %ake _! un/able belief2 or1 f9ally1 to p]sons 9 g5]al to ab/a9 f express+ any d\bts !y may feel1 s9ce a fabric ( imm5se importance to mank9d is s insecure at its f\ndations1 t m5 mu/ hold _! brea? 9 its neighb\rhood = fe> ( bl[+ x d[n4 ,an argum5t = ! utility ( religion is moral brib]y4 ,an argum5t = its uselessness is highly to be comm5d$4 ,mr ,mill fur!r tells u t little has be5 writt51 at lea/ 9 ! way ( discussion or controv]sy1 conc]n+ ! usefulness ( religion2 & likewise1 t religi\s writ]s h n neglect$ to celebrate to ! utmo/ ! advantage bo? ( religion 9 g5]al & ( _! own religi\s fai? 9 p>ticul>4 ,! inf]5ce mu/ be1 t :at religi\s writ]s urge = ! utility ( religion is n to be reckon$ z reason+2 t only :at writ]s l ,mr ,b5?am & ,mr ,mill urge aga9/ its utility is to be ?us reg>d$4 ,! *>ity ( ?is view is capp$ by ! ass]tion t ! :ole ( ! preval5t metaphysics ( ! pres5t c5tury is "o tissue ( suborn$ evid5ce 9 fav\r ( religion2 an ass]tion :i* is made amus+ by foll[+ a s5t5ce 9 :i* ,mr ,mill speaks ( ! intol]ant zeal ( intuitioni/s4 ,aft] 8 g5]al consid]ations1 he pr(esses to inquire :at religion does = society1 b 9 reality nev] ent]s on ! inve/igation4 ,he devotes two pages to insi/+ on ! enorm\s influ5ce ( au?ority on ! human m9d2 ?ree to emphasis+ ! trem5d\s p[] ( education2 & t5 to enl>g+ on ! p[] ( public op9ion4 ,he might z relevantly h dwelt on ! influ5ce ( reason1 spee*1 ! press1 ma*9]y1 clo!s1 m>riage1 & ?\s&s ( o!r ?+s :i* und\bt$ly affect ! intellectual & moral condition ( society4 ,x is z unreasonable to inf] t religion is useless because au?ority1 education1 & public op9ion are p[]ful1 z x w\ld be to inf] t ! fire 9 a /eam-eng9e might be disp5s$ ) because wat] is necess>y4 ,any p]son :o assumes1 z ,mr ,mill assum$1 t au?ority1 education1 or public op9ion may be contra/$ ) religion--:o does n see1 z ,mr ,mill did n see1 t all ^! p[]s are correlatives1 :i* necess>ily int]m+le )1 imply1 & supplem5t "o ano!r--is1 ipso facto1 unable intellig5tly to discuss ! "q1 ,:at does religion d = society8 ,9 ! second "p ( 8 essay1 ,mr ,mill ought1 9 ord] to h kept 8 promise1 to h consid]$ :at influ5ce religion 9 ! s5se ( belief 9 & love ( ,god is naturally calculat$ to ex]t on ! "* & conduct ( ! individual2 b in/ead ( ?is he applies himself to ! v diff]5t task ( attempt+ to prove t ! idealisation ( our e>?ly life1 ! cultivation ( a high conception ( :at x may be made1 is capable ( supply+ a poetry1 &1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a religion1 equally fitt$ to exalt ! feel+s1 & 7) ! same aid f education7 /ill bett] calculat$ to ennoble ! conduct1 ?an any belief respect+ ! unse5 p[]s4 ,he =gets to inquire :e!r !re is any opposition betwe5 ! idealisation ( our e>?ly life & belief respect+ ! unse5 p[]s1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 religi\s belief is n ! *ief s\rce ( ! idealisation ( our e>?ly life4 ,t ?is logical error is z s]i\s z x is obvi\s1 appe>s f ! fact t t5 ye>s lat] ,mr ,mill himself confess$ t x _c be que/ion$ t ! und\bt+ belief ( ! real exi/5ce ( a ,be+ :o realises our own be/ ideas ( p]fection1 & ( our be+ 9 ! h&s ( t ,be+ z ! rul] ( ! univ]se1 gives an increase ( =ce to our aspirations aft] goodness beyond :at !y c receive f ref]5ce to a m]ely ideal conception 7,!ism1 p4 #beb74 ,8 pro( t ! wor%ip ( ,god is inf]ior to ! religion ( humanity re/s ma9ly on ^! ?ree ass]tions3 7#a7 ,t ! =m]1 :at n[ goes by ! "n ( religion1 op]ates m]ely ?r\gh ! feel+ ( self-int]e/2 7#b7 ,t x is impossible t any "o :o habitually ?9ks1 & :o is unable to blunt 8 inquir+ intellect by sophi/ry1 %\ld be able )\t misgiv+ to g on ascrib+ absolute p]fection to ! au?or & rul] ( s clumsily made & caprici\sly gov]n$ a creation z ?is planet & ! life ( its inhabitants2 & 7#c71 ,t mank9d c p]fectly well d )\t ! belief 9 a heav54 ,x seems to me n only possible1 b probable1 t 9 a high]1 &1 above all1 a happi] condition ( human life1 n annihilation b immortality may be ! burd5some idea2 & t human nature1 ?\gh pleas$ ) ! pres5t1 & by no means impati5t to quit x1 w\ld f9d com=t & n sadness 9 ! ?\ght t x is n *a9$ ?r\gh et]nity to a consci\s exi/5ce :i* x _c be assur$ t x w always wi% to pres]ve4 ,on ?is la/ po9t m mature reflection br\ght him to a diff]5t & wis] conclusion 7see ,!ism1 pp4 #bdi1 #bej74 ,^? :o wi% to /udy ! important subject ( ! relations ( religion & morality w f9d ! foll[+ ref]5ces useful3 ! la/ *apt] ( ,m4 ,janet's ',la ,morale2' ! tude on ,la ,morale indp5dante 9 ,m4 ,c>o's ',problmes de ,morale ,sociale2' _m articles & reviews 9 ,m4 ,r5\vi]'s ',critique ,philosophique2' ,m>t5s5's ',*ri/ian ,e?ics1' #e-ad2 ,o4 ,pfleid]]'s ',moral und ,religion2' ,lu?>dt's ',apologetic ,lectures on ! ,moral ,tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity2' & ,bradley's ',e?ical ,/udies1' pp4 #bgi-cje4 ,,note ,,iii41 page #ah4 ,,e?ics ,,( ,,religi\s ,,inquiry4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 reg>d+ ! _s & temp] 9 :i* religi\s tru? %\ld be pursu$ & def5d$4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( ! g5]al treatises bo? ( apologetic & sy/ematic !ology1 ! subject is consid]$1 & n a few essays1 lectures1 c41 h be5 specially devot$ to x4 ,! great] portion ( ?is lit]ature may1 ,i believe1 be =gott5 )\t loss1 b !re is a "p ( x :i* w well repay p]usal4 ,! ,oratio de recto ,!ologi zelo 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ',opuscula' ( ,w]5fels1 is wor?y ( t tol]ant & philosophical div9e4 ,ar*bi%op ,leighton's ',exhortations to ,/ud5ts' exhale f e l9e a heav5ly e!r & fragrance4 ,x w be long be=e ,h]d]'s ',lett]s on ! ,/udy ( ,!ology' are out ( date4 ,dr ,*alm]s atta*$ high value to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! e?ics ( !ology & ! objects ( !ology1 & expatiat$ ) great eloqu5ce on ! duty :i* is laid ^u m5 by ! probability or ev5 ! imag9ation ( a ,god 7,nat4 ,!ol41 ,b4 i4 *4 i4 ii47 ,man is n to blame1 if an a!i/1 because ( ! want ( pro(4 ,b he is to blame1 if an a!i/1 because he has %ut 8 eyes4 ,he is n to blame t ! evid5ce = a ,god has n be5 se5 by him1 if no su* evid5ce !re 7 )9 ! field ( 8 obs]vation4 ,b he is to blame if ! evid5ce h n be5 se51 because he turn$ away 8 att5tion f x4 ,t ! "q ( a ,god may be unresolv$ 9 8 m9d1 all he has to d is to refuse a he>+ to ! "q4 ,he may abide )\t ! conviction ( a ,god1 if he s *oose4 ,b ?is 8 *oice is matt] ( condemnation4 ,to resi/ ,god aft] t ,he is kn[n1 is crim9ality t[>ds ,him2 b to be satisfi$ t ,he %\ld rema9 unkn[n1 is l crim9ality t[>ds ,him4 ,!re is a moral p]v]sity ( _s ) him :o is will+1 9 ! mid/ ( _m objects ( gratification1 t !re %\ld n be "o object ( gratitude4 ,x is ?us t1 ev5 9 ! ignorance ( ,god1 !re may be a responsibility t[>ds ,god4 ,! ,disc]n] ( ! he>t sees :e!r1 = ! bless+s innum]able :]e) he has /rew$ ! pa? ( e man1 ,he be treat$ l ! unkn[n b5efactor :o 0 dilig5tly s\ght1 or l ! unkn[n b5efactor :o 0 nev] c>$ =4 ,9 respect at lea/ ( desire aft] ,god1 ! same di/9ction ( "* may be obs]v$ betwe5 "o man & ano!r--:e!r ,god be wrapt 9 my/]y1 or /& =? 9 full developm5t to our _w4 ,ev5 ?\gh a mantle ( deepe/ obscurity lay ov] ! "q ( ,8 exi/5ce1 ?is w\ld n efface ! di/9ction betwe5 ! piety on ! "o h& :i* lab\r$ & aspir$ aft] ,him1 & ! impiety ^u ! o!r :i* nev] miss$ ! evid5ce t x did n c>e =1 & s grovell$ 9 ! mid/ ( its own s5suality & selfi%ness4 ,! eye ( a heav5ly witness is ^u all ^! v>ieties2 & ?us1 :e!r x be d>kness or :e!r x be dislike :i* ha? caus$ a p to be ignorant ( ,god1 !re is ) ,him a cle> pr9ciple ( judgm5t t ,he c ext5d ev5 to ! outfields ( a!ism4--7,pp4 #gb1 #gc47 ,! ,rev4 ,alex&] ,leit*1 9 ! ,fir/ ,"p ( 8 ',e?ics ( ,!ism' 7#ahfh71 discusses 9 a ?\ghtful & sugge/ive mann] ! foll[+ subjects3 ! reality & univ]sality ( ! anti!sis betwe5 tru? & error1 ! legitimate dep5d5ce 9 all cases ( belief on k1 ! responsibility ( man = 8 :ole sy/em ( belief1 ! di/9ction betwe5 my/]y & contradiction1 ! di/9ction betwe5 speculative & practical k1 ! di/9ction betwe5 c]ta9ty & probability1 ! /&>d ( morality1 & ! claims ( reason & fai?4 ,mr ,v5n's ',hulsean ,lectures' = #ahfi are int5d$ to illu/rate1 expla91 & "w out into "s ( _! consequ5ces1 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics by :i* ! atta9m5t ( religi\s belief is prom95tly di/+ui%$ f ! atta9m5t ( belief ^u mo/ o!r subjects4 ,^! *>act]i/ics consi/ 9 ! multiplicity ( ! s\rces f :i* ! evid5ce = religi\s belief is d]iv$1 & ! fact t our emotions contribute _! %>e t[>ds produc+ conviction4 ,:at ,i h said 9 ! text ought n to be und]/ood z imply+ any d\bt t m5 are l>gely responsible = _! beliefs4 ,?is ,i accept z an indubitable tru?1 al?\gh !re is great room = diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! limits ( ! responsibility2 b x is a tru? :i* no "o p>ty 9 a discussion has a "r to urge z aga9/ ano!r p>ty4 ,x is a law ov] all disputants1 & is abus$ :5 sev]$ f tol]ance & *>ity4 ,p]haps x has nev] be5 bett] exp\nd$ & en=c$ ?an 9 ,dr ,pusey's ',responsibility ( ! ,intellect 9 ,matt]s ( ,fai?' 7#ahgc74 ,t religi\s belief is 9 a great measure condition$ & det]m9$ by "* is impli$ 9 ! :ole argum5t ( my ?ird lecture4 ,9 ?is fact lies ! ma9 reason :y ! highe/ evid5ce may n produce belief ev5 :]e !re is no consci\s di%one/y 9 ^? :o reject x4 ,a p]son desir\s ( work+ himself fully into ! tru? 9 ?is matt]1 w f9d excell5t ?\ghts & sugge/ions 9 ,dr ,newman's ',fifte5 ,s]mons prea*$ be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ahbf & #ahdc1' & 9 ,pr9cipal ,%airp's ',culture & ,religion4' ,,note ,,iv41 page #bc4 ,,traditive ,,!ory ,,( ,,religion4 ,mr ,fairbairn makes ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! !ory :i* traces religion to a primitive revelation3 ,al?\gh (t5 advanc$ 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( religion1 ! pr9ciple x assumes is mo/ irreligi\s4 ,if man is dep5d5t on an out] revelation = 8 idea ( ,god1 !n he mu/ h :at ,s*ell+ happily t]m$ 'an orig9al a!ism ( consci\sness4' ,religion _c1 9 t case1 be root$ 9 ! nature ( man--mu/ be implant$ f )\t4 ,! !ory t w\ld d]ive man's religion f a revelation is z bad z ! !ory t w\ld d]ive x f di/emp]$ dreams4 ,revelation may satisfy or rectify1 b _c create1 a religi\s capacity or in/9ct2 & we h ! highe/ au?ority = ?9k+ t man 0 creat$ 'to seek ! ,"l1 if haply he might feel aft] & f9d ,him'--! f9d+ be+ by no means dep5d5t on a writt5 or traditional ^w4 ,if !re 0 a primitive revelation1 x mu/ h be5--unless ! ^w is us$ 9 an unusual & mislead+ s5se--ei!r writt5 or oral4 ,if writt51 x c\ld h>dly be primitive1 = writ+ is an art1 a n v e>ly acquir$ art1 & "o :i* does n all[ docum5ts ( exceptional value to be easily lo/4 ,if x 0 oral1 !n ei!r ! language = x 0 creat$ or x 0 no m primitive ?an ! writt54 ,!n an oral revelation becomes a tradition1 & a tradition requires ei!r a special ca/e = its transmission1 becomes !re=e its prop]ty1 or mu/ be subject$ to multitud9\s *anges & additions f ! popul> imag9ation--becomes1 !re=e1 a wild comm+l+ ( brok5 & bewild]+ lights4 ,b nei!r z docum5t>y nor traditional c any traces ( a primitive revelation be discov]$1 & to assume x is only to burd5 ! "q ) a !sis :i* r5d]s a critical & philosophic discussion alike impossible4--,/udies 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,religion & ,hi/ory1 pp4 #ad1 #ae4 ,!re is an exam9ation ( ! same !ory 9 ! le>n$ & able "w ( ,pr(essor ,cock] ( ,mi*igan on ',*ri/ianity & ,greek ,philosophy' 7#ahge74 ,he argues3 #a4 ,t x is highly improbable t tru?s s important & vital to man1 s ess5tial to ! wellbe+ ( ! human race1 s necess>y to ! p]fect developm5t ( humanity z are ! ideas ( ,god1 duty1 & immortality1 %\ld re/ on s prec>i\s & unc]ta9 a basis z tradition4 #b4 ,t ! !ory is altoge!r incompet5t to expla9 ! univ]sality ( religi\s rites1 & especially ( religi\s ideas4 #c4 ,t a v]bal revelation w\ld be inadequate to convey ! k ( ,god to an intellig5ce purely passive & utt]ly unfurni%$ ) any a priori ideas or necess>y laws ( ?\ght4--,pp4 #hf-if4 ,a good hi/ory ( ! traditive !ory ( ! diffusion ( religion is a desid]atum 9 !ological lit]ature4 ,,note ,v41 page #bi4 ,,normal ,,developm5t ,,( ,,society4 ,! tru? t social developm5t ought to comb9e & h>monise p]man5ce & progress1 lib]ty & au?ority1 ! rights ( ! individual & ( ! community1 has be5 (t5 en=c$ & illu/rat$4 ,! e>ne/ness ) :i* ,comte did s 9 bo? ( 8 *ief works is well kn[n4 ,a philosoph] ( a v diff]5t /amp1 ,f4 v4 ,baad]1 has 9 v>i\s ( 8 writ+s giv5 expression to pr(\nd ?\ghts on ! subject4 ,8 essay entitl$ ',evolutionismus und ,revolutionismus des gesells*aftli*5 ,leb5s' m]its to be specially m5tion$4 ,alex&] ,v9et has (t5 be5 *>g$ ) a "o-sid$ individualism1 & p]haps n altoge!r )\t ju/ice2 b he always ma9ta9$ t he 0 m]ely ! advocate ( individuality4 ,individualism & individuality are two sworn enemies2 ! fir/ be+ ! ob/acle & negation ( all society--! second1 t to :i* society owes all x possesses ( sav\r1 life1 & reality4 ,n[h]e does individualism prosp] m easily ?an :]e !re is an abs5ce ( individuality2 & !re is no m atomi/ic policy ?an t ( despotism4 ,v9et has probably n held ! balance exactly pois$ betwe5 ! individual & society2 b 8 diss]tations1 ',sur l'individualit et l'individualisme' & ',du rle de l'individualit dans une r=me sociale1' w\ld h be5 f> less valuable ?an !y are if he _h =gott5 t1 al?\gh x is ! individual :o ?9ks1 ! ?\ght ( ! individual _c =m itself outside ( society nor )\t its aid4 ,b he did n1 z words l ! foll[+ suffici5tly prove3--,x is bett] to connect ourselves ) society ?an to le>n to disp5se ) x1 or r to p]suade ourselves t we are able to disp5se ) x4 ,x is only giv5 to ! brute to suffice to itself4 ,man has be5 *a9$ to man4 ,we h>dly give m cr$it to spontane\s g5]ation 9 ! intellectual sph]e ?an 9 ! physical _w2 ! mo/ individual "w is to a c]ta9 po9t ! "w ( all ! _w2 ev]y:]e solid>ity reappe>s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 any prejudice to lib]ty3 ,god has will$ x s4 ,x is ) ! s\l engag$ 9 ! life ( religion1 or t ( ?\ght1 z ) ! vessel laun*$ ^u ! wat]s1 & seek+ beyond ! ocean = ! %ores ( a new _w4 ,?is ocean is society1 religi\s or civil4 ,x be>s u j z ! ocean does--fluid mass1 on :i* ! vessel c inde$ trace furr[s1 b may n[h]e halt4 ,! ocean be>s ! %ip1 b ! ocean may swall[ x up1 & sometimes does s2 society swall[s u up /ill m (t51 b yet x is :at upbe>s u2 nor c we arrive )\t be+ upborne by x1 = x is l ! sea1 :i*1 less fluid ?an ! air1 & less d5se ?an ! e>?1 j yields to & resi/s u en\gh to su/a9 )\t imp$+ our progress t[>ds ! desir$ goal4 ,!re are no f9] pages 9 ,m>t5s5's ',*ri/ian ,e?ics' ?an ^? 9 :i* he treats ( individualism & socialism1 lib]ty & au?ority 9 ! developm5t ( society1 & cons]vatism & progress4 ,! mo/ adequate hi/orical pro( & illu/ration ( ! tru? 9 "q z to ! nature ( social evolution w be f\nd 9 ! ,e>l ( ,craw=d's ',progression by ,antagonism' & ',scepticism & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4' ,,note ,,vi41 page #cb4 ,,def9ition ,,& ,,classification ,,by ,,! ,,highe/ ,,type4 ,dr ,:ewell ma9ta9$ t 9 natural hi/ory gr\ps are fix$ n by def9ition1 b by type4 ,! class1 he wrote1 is /eadily fix$1 ?\gh n precisely limit$2 x is giv51 ?\gh n circumscrib$2 x is det]m9$ n by a b\nd>y-l9e )\t1 b by a c5tral po9t )92 n by :at x /rictly excludes1 b by :at x em95tly includes2 by an example1 n by a precept2 9 %ort1 in/ead ( ,def9ition we h a ,type = our director4 ,a type is an example ( any class--= in/ance1 a species ( a g5us--:i* is consid]$ z em95tly possess+ ! *>act]s ( ! class4 ,all ! species :i* h a great] aff9ity ) ?is type-species ?an ) any o!rs =m ! g5us1 & are rang$ ab\t x1 deviat+ f x 9 v>i\s directions & diff]5t degrees4--,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dgf1 #dgg4 ,dr ,:ewell1 x w be obs]v$1 0 m cauti\s 9 8 language ?an ! !ologians to :om ,i h ref]r$4 ,he did n speak ( def9+ by type1 b only ( classify+1 n by def9ition1 b by type4 ,8 motive1 h[ev]1 = ent]ta9+ ! view he laid d[n1 0 obvi\sly ! same :i* has l$ s _m !ologians to give def9itions ( religion :i* are only applicable to its highe/ =ms4 ,probably x 0 insuffici5t4 ,pr(4 ,huxley 7,lay ,s]mons1 pp4 #ij-ib7 v ju/ly1 x seems to me1 argues t classification by type is caus$ by ignorance1 & t z soon z ! m9d gets a sci5tific k ( a class x def9es4 ,no?+ :i* is n precisely limit$ is /eadily fix$2 no?+ :i* is n circumscrib$ is exactly giv53 if ! b\nd>y-l9e is n det]m9$1 ! c5tral po9t _c be accurately asc]ta9$2 :at is em95tly includ$ _c be kn[n s long z :at is /rictly exclud$ is unkn[n4 ,:ile ass5t+ to ! view ( ,pr(4 ,huxley 9 ! passage indicat$1 ,i may rem>k t he falls into "o error :i* r =cibly illu/rates :at is said 9 ! page to :i* ?is note ref]s reg>d+ ! necess>y pov]ty ( ! significance ( a /rictly sci5tific def9ition ( an ext5sive class4 ,he in/ances z a def9ition :i* is ( a truly sci5tific k9d & rigor\s en\gh = a geometrician1 ! foll[+3 ,mammalia are all animals :i* h a v]tebrat$ skeleton & suckle _! "y4 ,b cle>ly ?is def9ition says too mu* if we are to criticise x rigor\sly4 ,7 x true1 !re w\ld be no males among mammalia4 ,! def9ition is 9 /rictness applicable to females only4 ,,note ,,vii41 page #ch4 ,,psy*ological ,,nature ,,( ,,religion4 ,9 ?is note ,i %all briefly summ>ise ?ree class lectures on ! psy*ological nature ( religion4 #a4 ,inve/igations into ! psy*ological nature ( religion date only f ab\t ! end ( la/ c5tury4 ,= ages previ\sly m5 s\ght to "k :at religion 02 b !y attempt$ to f9d an answ] m]ely by reflection on positive or objective religion4 ,kant op5$ up to !m a new pa?--t ( inve/igation into ! nature ( religion z an int]nal or m5tal fact4 ,o4 ,pfleid]]'s acc\nt 7,die ,religion1 pp4 #e-abd7 ( ! rese>*es ?us />t$ *>act]is$1 & criticis$4 #b4 ,! te/imony ( consci\sness is suffici5t to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( religion z a subjective or m5tal /ate1 b _c c]tify :e!r1 z su*1 x be simple or complex1 prim>y or d]ivative1 coext5sive ) human consci\sness1 or wid] or n>r[]1 or :e!r !re be any?+ objectively correspond+ to x4 #c4 ,9 ord] to analyse religion1 ! ultimate g5]a ( consci\sness mu/ be asc]ta9$1 :i* has only be5 sl[ly done4 ,hi/ory ( ! process3 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 _! foll[]s1 ,desc>tes1 ,sp9oza1 ! ,engli% philosoph]s f ,bacon to ,dugald ,/ew>t1 ,kant & ! ,g]man psy*ologi/s1 ,br[n1 ,hamilton1 & ,ba94 ,e/abli%m5t ( ! ?reefold division ( m5tal ph5om5a into cognitions1 emotions1 & volitions4 ,difficulties ( ! division %[n by ! au?or 9 ',m9d1' ,no4 ,v4 ,religion mu/ be a /ate ( intellect1 s5sibility1 or w1 or "s comb9ation ( two or all ( ^! factors4 #d4 ,religion may be held to consi/ ess5tially & exclusively ( k2 b ?is mi/ake is too gross to h be5 frequ5tly committ$4 ,! ,gno/ics1 ! e>li] & s*ola/ic !ologians1 ! rationali/s1 ,s*ell+ & ,c\s91 h be5 *>g$ ) ?is error4 ,! gr\nds ( ! *>ge indicat$4 ,%[n to be 9 all ^! cases exagg]at$4 #e4 ,s*lei]ma*] refutes ! !ory by ! consid]ation t ! measure ( our k is n ! measure ( our religion4 ,v9dication & illu/ration ( 8 argum5t4 ,s]vice r5d]$ by ,s*lei]ma*] to religion & !ology 9 ?is connection4 #f4 ,hegel came ne>e/ to ! id5tification ( religion & ?\ght1 ma9ta9+ t s5tim5t 0 ! l[e/ manife/ation ( religion1 :ile ! compreh5sion ( ! absolute1 ! highe/ k1 0 its complete realisation1 z also t religion 0 ! self-consci\sness ( ,god ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! f9ite _s4 ,exposition & criticism ( ?is !ory4 ,exam9ation ( ,v]a's def5ce ( x4 ,wor%ip supposes two p]sons morally & spiritually z well z intellectually relat$4 #g4 ,:ile no m]e intellectual act con/itutes religion1 ! ex]cise ( reason is an ess5tial "p ( religion4 ,! d5ial ( ?is an error preval5t among ! mod]n !ologians ( ,g]many1 ow+ to _! accept+ ,kant's argum5tation aga9/ ! possibility ( appreh5d+ ,god by ! speculative or pure reason z conclusive4 ,if religion h no rational f\ndation1 x has no real f\ndation4 ,reason does n appreh5d m]ely :at is f9ite4 ,true place ( reason 9 religion4 #h4 ,religion has (t5 be5 resolv$ into feel+ or s5tim5t1 b errone\sly1 s9ce :atev] feel+ is fix$ on requires "s explanation ( its exi/5ce1 & ?is c only be f\nd 9 "s act or ex]cise ( intellect4 #i4 ,epicurus1 ,lucretius1 & ,hume h trac$ religion to fe>4 #aj4 ,fe> expla9s a!ism bett] ?an x expla9s religion1 & 9 ord] ev5 to be fe>$ ,god mu/ be believ$ 94 ,m5 fe> a great _m ?+s4 ,m]e fe> f\nds no?+1 b only causes ef=ts to avoid ! pres5ce or ?\ght ( its object4 ,fe> ent]s into religion1 & is filial 9 ! high]1 & s]vile 9 ! l[]1 =ms ( religion4 #aa4 ,feu]ba* resolves religion into desire--into an ignorant & illusive p]sonification ( man's own nature z he w\ld wi% x to be4 #ab4 ,?is view presupposes ! tru? ( a!ism1 does n expla9 :y man %\ld ref] to supramundane ends or objects1 & is contradict$ by ! hi/orical facts1 :i* %[ t reason & consci5ce h at lea/ co-op]at$ ) desire 9 ! orig9ation & developm5t ( religion4 #ac4 ,s*lei]ma*] resolves religion into a feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce--( pure & complete passiv5ess4 ,/atem5t ( 8 !ory4 ,%[n to re/ on a pan!i/ic conception ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,8 r$uction ( ! ,div9e attributes into p[]4 #ad4 ,no su* feel+ c exi/1 ! m9d be+ incapable ( exp]i5c+ a feel+ ( no?+ness--a consci\sness ( unconsci\sness4 #ae4 ,c\ld x be suppos$ to exi/1 x w\ld h no religi\s "*1 because :olly bl9d & irrational4 #af4 ,! !ory ( ,s*lei]ma*] makes ! moral & religi\s consci\sness subv]sive ( ea* o!r1 ! =m] affirm+ & ! latt] d5y+ our fre$om & responsibility4 #ag4 ,mansel supposes ! religi\s consci\sness to be traceable to ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce & ! conviction ( moral obligation2 b ! latt] feel+ implies ! p]ception ( moral law1 & is n religi\s unless !re be also belief 9 a moral lawgiv]4 #ah4 ,s*5kel repres5ts consci5ce z '! religi\s organ ( ! s\l1' b ?is is n consi/5t ) ! fact t consci5ce is ! faculty :i* di/+ui%es "r f wrong4 ,s*5kel's view ( consci5ce %[n to make its religi\s te/imony contradict its e?ical te/imony4 #ai4 ,/rauss comb9es ! views ( ,epicurus1 ,feu]ba*1 & ,s*lei]ma*]2 b ?ree errors d n make a tru?4 ,acc\nt ( ! criticism to :i* ! ,/raussian !ory ( religion has be5 subject$ by ,v]a1 ,ulrici1 & ,pr(essor ,h4 ,b4 ,smi?4 #bj4 ,al?\gh !re c be no true religion )\t love1 & al?\gh to love ! true ,god ) ! :ole he>t is ! ideal ( religion1 religion _c be resolv$ exclusively into love2 s9ce love presupposes k1 & is n ! pr$om9ant feel+1 if pres5t at all1 9 ! l[] =ms ( religion4 #ba4 ,religion includes w1 imply+ ! free & delib]ate surr5d] ( ! s\l to ,god1--! mak+ self an in/rum5t :]e x might1 al?\gh wrongfully1 h be5 made an end1--b x is n m]ely w1 s9ce all volition1 prop]ly s call$1 presupposes reason & feel+4 #bb4 ,kant made religion m]ely a sanction = duty1 & duty ! expression ( a w :i* is its own law1 & :i* is unaffect$ by feel+2 b ?is view re/$ on errone\s conceptions z to 7#a7 ! relation ( religion & morality1 7#b7 ! nature ( ! w1 & 7#c7 ! place ( feel+ 9 ! m5tal economy4 ,religion & morality insep>able 9 _! normal conditions2 b n to be id5tifi$1 religion be+ communion ) ,god1 :ile morality is con=mity to a law :i* is ,god's w b :i* may n be ackn[l$g$ to be ,8 w1 s t !y may & d exi/ 9 abnormal =ms ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,! w has n its law 9 itself4 ,kant's errors on ?is subject4 ,feel+ is ! natural & univ]sal antec$5t ( action4 ,kant's errors on ?is subject4 #bc4 ,dr ,br9ton 7,religi\s ,s5tim5t1 c41 #ahgf7 analyses religion into emotion & idea--an effective & intellectual elem5t--! latt] ( :i* arises necess>ily f ! law ( contradiction & exclud$ middle4 ,m]its & defects ( 8 !ory4 #bd4 ,! religi\s process is at once rational1 emotional1 & volitional4 ,its unity1 & ! co-op]ation ( kn[+1 feel+1 & will+4 #be4 ,description ( 7#a7 its ess5tial cont5ts1 7#b7 its *ief =ms1 7#c7 its pr9cipal mom5ts or /ages1 & 7#d7 its manife/ations 9 spiritual wor%ip & "w4 ,,note ,,viii41 page #eh4 ,,argum5t ,e ,,cons5su ,,g5tium4 ,pessimism w be treat$ ( along ) o!r anti-!i/ic !ories4 ,! fact t religion is a natural & univ]sal ph5om5on1 z widespread z humanity & z old z its hi/ory1 & ! fact insi/$ on 9 ! lecture1 t religion c only realise its prop] nature 9 a !i/ic =m1 give u1 :5 adequately e/abli%$1 ! mod]n & sci5tific /atem5t ( ! old argum5t--e cons5su g5tium4 ,?is argum5t1 :i* we already meet ) 9 ,cic]o 7,de ,nat4 ,deor41 i4 #ag2 ,tusc4 ,ques41 i4 #ac2 ,de ,leg41 i4 #h7 & ,s5eca 7,epi/4 #aag71 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom41 v4 #ad7 & ,lactantius 7,div4 ,in/41 i4 #b71 has gradually gr[n into ! sci5ce ( comp>ative !ology4 ,an in/ructive essay might be writt5 on its developm5t4 ,mr ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 :o _h obvi\sly no suspicion t !re _h be5 any developm5t ( ! k9d1 criticis$ ! argum5t 9 8 essay on ,!ism1 pp4 #aed-afj4 ,he 0 entirely mi/ak5 9 repres5t+ x z an appeal to au?ority--to ! op9ions ( mank9d g5]ally1 & especially ( "s ( its wise/ m54 ,x has c]ta9ly v r>ely--probably nev]--be5 advanc$ 9 a =m :i* c\ld ju/ify su* an acc\nt ( x4 ,he 0 also mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t x _h any necess>y connection ) ! view :i* ascribes to m5 an intuitive p]ception1 or an in/9ctive s5se1 ( ,deity4 ,i agree ) 8 objections to t view2 b ! argum5t does n imply x4 ,if x prove t man's m5tal con/itution is su* t1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! facts ( nature & life1 religion necess>ily arises1 & t ! dem&s ( reason1 he>t1 & consci5ce1 9 :i* x orig9ates1 c only be satisfi$ by ! wor%ip & s]vice ( "o ,god1 ) ! attributes :i* !ism assigns to ,him1 x has accompli%$ all t c reasonably be expect$ f x4 ,mr ,mill 01 h[ev]1 x seems to me1 p]fectly correct 9 hold+ t ! m]e preval5ce ( ! belief 9 ,deity af=d$ no gr\nd = inf]r+ t ! belief 0 native to ! m9d 9 ! s5se ( indep5d5t ( evid5ce4 ,9 no =m ought ! argum5t f g5]al cons5t to be reg>d$ z a prim>y argum5t4 ,x is an evid5ce t !re are direct evid5ces--& :5 kept 9 ?is its prop] place x has no inconsid]able value--b x _c be urg$ z a direct & indep5d5t argum5t4 ,?is is a mo/ important consid]ation1 :i* is 9 dang] ( be+ ov]look$ 9 ! pres5t day4 ,"s au?ors w\ld actually contra/ ! argum5t = !ism or ,*ri/ianity d]ivable f ! comp>ative /udy ( religion ) ! ord9>y or =mal pro(s1 & w\ld sub/itute x = !m1 n see+ t1 al?\gh p[]ful 9 connection )1 & dep5d5ce on1 ^! pro(s1 x has little relevancy or weight :5 dissociat$ f !m4 ,! two rec5t writ]s :o h made mo/ use ( ! argum5t are1 p]haps1 ,ebr>d1 :o has devot$ to x ! :ole ( ! second volume ( 8 ,apologetics1 & ,baum/>k1 ^: ',*ri/ian ,apologetics on an ,an?ropological ,basis' has = its exclusive aim to prove t man has be5 made = religion1 & t ! non-,*ri/ian religions d n1 :ile ,*ri/ianity does1 satisfy 8 religi\s crav+s & ne$s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry we ought n to =get ! s]vice :i* ,mr ,maurice r5d]$ by 8 ',religions ( ! ,_w1' & ,mr ,h>dwicke by 8 ',*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s4' ,! position ma9ta9$ by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 t religion is n a univ]sal ph5om5on1 & t advocat$ by ,comte1 t x is a tempor>y & transitional ph5om5on1 w be exam9$ 9 ! volume on ,anti-!ism4 ,,note ,,ix41 page #ge4 ,,! ,,!i/ic ,,evid5ce ,,complex ,,& ,,compreh5sive4 ,c\s9 has said1 ,!re are diff]5t pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! consol+ result ( my /udies is1 t ^! diff]5t pro(s are m or less /rict 9 =m1 b !y h all a dep? ( tru? :i* ne$s only to be dis5gag$ & put 9 a cle> light1 9 ord] to give inconte/able au?ority4 ,ev]y?+ leads to ,god4 ,!re is no bad way ( arriv+ at ,him1 b we g to ,him by diff]5t pa?s4 ,! tru?1 t all ! faculties ( man's be+ mu/ co-op]ate 9 ! =mation ( ! idea ( ,god1 is well en=c$ & illu/rat$ 9 an article on ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,concept ( ,god1 by ! ,rev4 ,george ,t4 ,ladd1 9 ! ',biblio!ca ,sacra1' vol4 xxxiv42 also 9 ,pr9cipal ,m',co%'s ',me?od ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t1' ,b4 i41 c4 i41 sec4 #a1 & ',intuitions ( ! ,m9d1' ,pt4 iii41 ,b4 ii41 c4 v41 sec4 #b4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,mr ,ladd's article is a /atem5t ( its c5tral idea3 ,no?+ is m necess>y1 9 ! endeav\r to und]/& h[ ! concept "u consid]ation orig9ates1 ?an to hold correct views ( ! entire relation ( man to tru?4 ,! view :i*1 if n held z a !ory1 is q too frequ5tly c>ri$ out 9 ! practical se>* aft] k1 seems to be ?is "o--t tru? is a product ( m9d wr\ght out by ! skilful use ( ! ratioc9ative faculties4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t ! correct work+ ( ^! faculties is almo/ ! only important or necess>y gu>antee ( tru?4 ,b x is n any lone faculty or set ( faculties :i* is conc]n$ 9 man's reception ( tru?4 ,! tru? becomes ours only z a gift f )\t4 ,all tru? is ( ! nature ( a revelation1 & dem&s t ! organ ?r\gh :i* ! revelation is made %\ld be prop]ly adju/$4 ,! organ = ! reception ( tru? is symmetrically cultur$ manhood1 rightly correlat$ action1 & balanc$ capabilities ( man's diff]5t p[]s4 ,! attitude ( him :o w\ld atta9 to tru? is "o ( docility1 ( receptiv5ess1 ( control ex]cis$ ^u all ! p[]s ( ! s\l1--s t none ( !m1 by abnormal developm5t or activity1 int]f]e ) ! action ( all ! re/4444 ,if ! /atem5ts j made are true ) reg>d to human k 9 g5]al1 !y are pre-em95tly true ) reg>d to su* k z is pres5t$ to ! s\l 9 ! =m ( ! concept ( ,god4 ,! pure 9 he>t %all see ,god2 !y t obey %all "k ( ! doctr9e2 ! ?+s ( ! _s are spiritually judg$ (4 ,^! /atem5ts are z pr(\nd 9 _! philosophic import z !y are quick5+ 9 _! practical t5d5cies4 ,?is concept comes z ,god's revelation ( ,himself )9 all ! complex activities ( ! human s\l4 ,x is adapt$ to man z man 9 ! totality ( 8 be+ & en]gies4 ,& ! :ole be+ ( man mu/ be co-op]ative 9 ! reception ( ?is self-revelation ( ,god1 z well z met & fill$ by ! =m :i* ! revelation takes1 9 ord] t ! highe/ tru? conc]n+ ,god may become kn[n4444 ,9 8 "w on ,m5tal ,physiology1 ,dr ,c>p5t] speaks ( c]ta9 dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce '9 :i* our conclusions re/1 n on any "o set ( exp]i5ces1 b ^u our unconsci\s co-ord9ation ( ! :ole aggregate ( our exp]i5ce2 n on ! conclusions ( any "o tra9 ( reason+1 b on ! conv]g5ce ( all our l9es ( ?\ght t[>d "o c5tre4' ,^! words1 italicis$ by t au?or himself1 well repres5t ! =m 9 :i* ! k ( ,god is giv5 to ! human s\l4 ,x is ! conv]g5ce ( ^! l9es ( ?\ght t run toge!r f s _m qu>t]s :i* makes a web ( argum5t f> /rong] to b9d m5 ?an any s+le ?read c\ld be4 ,?is is a =m ( pro( :i*1 :ile x is1 :5 und]/ood aright1 ov]:elm+ly conv9c+1 gives also to all ! elem5ts ( our complex manhood _! prop] "w to d 9 its reception4 ,9 its reception x makes f> great] diff]5ce1 :e!r ! moral & religi\s sections ( ! :ole *annel ?r\gh :i* ! tru? fl[s are op5 or n1 ?an :e!r ! faculty ( ! syllogism is comp>atively l>ge or n4 ,nor is !re any ef=t to disp>age any intellectual processes involv$1 9 ?us insi/+ ^u ! complete & co-ord9at$ activity ( ! s\l1 z furni%+ ! organon = ! k ( ,god4 ,all ! /r+s ( ! h>p mu/ be 9 tune1 or !re w be discord1 n h>mony1 :5 ! brea? ( ! ,"l bl[s ^u x4 ,t ! p[] ( appreh5d+ ,god is condition$ by ! "* ( man's nature z a :ole1 0 cle>ly se5 & beautifully express$ by ! anci5t ,*ri/ian apologi/1 ,!ophilus4 ,if ?\ saye/1 %[ me ?y ,god1 ,i answ]1 %[ me fir/ ?y man1 & ,i w %[ !e my ,god4 ,%[ me fir/1 :e!r ! eyes ( ?y s\l see1 & ! e>s ( ?y he>t he>4 ,= z ! eyes ( ! body p]ceive e>?ly ?+s1 light & d>kness1 :ite & black1 beauty & de=mity1 c41 s ! e>s ( ! he>t & ! eyes ( ! s\l c p]ceive div9e ?+s4 ,god is se5 by ^? :o c see ,him1 :5 !y op5 ! eyes ( _! s\l4 ,all m5 h eyes1 b ! eyes ( "s are bl9d$ t !y _c see ! light ( ! sun4 ,b ! sun does n cease to %9e because !y are bl9d2 !y mu/ ascribe x to _! bl9dness t !y _c see4 ,?is is ?y case1 ,o man6 ,! eyes ( ?y s\l are d>k5$ by s91 ev5 by ?y s9ful actions4 ,l a bright mirror1 man mu/ h a pure s\l4 ,if !re be any ru/ on ! mirror1 man _c see ! reflection ( 8 c\nt5ance 9 x2 likewise if !re be any s9 9 man1 he _c see ,god4--,ad ,autolycum1 i4 c4 #b4 ,!re is an improp] use ( ! fact t ! emotional capacities z well z ! intellectual faculties are conc]n$ 9 ! appreh5sion ( ,god4 ,"s p]sons express !mselves z if !re 0 an evid5ce = ,god 9 ! feel+s n only z well z 9 ! intellect1 b di/9ct f1 & indep5d5t (1 ! evid5ce on :i* ! intellect has to decide4 ,!y reason z if al?\gh ! latt] 7 necess>ily & 9 its own nature inconclusive1 ! =m] might /ill w>rant belief1 or z if at lea/ feel+s might s supplem5t weak argum5ts z to all[ ( _! conclusions be+ firmly held4 ,!y virtually ackn[l$ge t1 al?\gh x 7 inconte/ably prov$ t ! !i/ic inf]5ce 0 su* z c\ld n reasonably be deem$ tru/wor?y or suffici5t by ! intellect1 !y w\ld believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( ,god all ! same 9 reliance on _! feel+s1 because ! he>t is z tru/wor?y z ! head & z well entitl$ to be he>d4 ,?is is a v diff]5t doctr9e f :at ,i reg>d to be ! true "o--namely1 t nei!r ! head nor ! he>t is a compet5t witness 9 ! case "u consid]ation :5 ! "o is dissociat$ f ! o!r4 ,purity ( he>t & ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god enable u to see ,god & to "k ,8 "* & doctr9e1 b !y d n disp5se ) vision & k1 nor d !y create a vision & k :i* are di/9ct f1 & indep5d5t (1 reason4 ,! he>t mu/ be appeal$ to & satisfi$ z well z ! head1 b n ap>t f or o!rwise ?an ?r\gh ! head1 or ! appeal is sophi/ical & ! satisfaction illegitimate4 ,our feel+s l>gely det]m9e :e!r we recognise & ass5t to reasons or n1 b !y ought n to be sub/itut$ = reasons1 or ev5 us$ to supplem5t reasons4 ,! s5tim5talism :i* pleads feel+s 9 deprecation ( ! rigid criticism ( reasons1 or 9 ord] to reta9 a conviction :i* x _c logically ju/ify1 necess>ily t5ds to scepticism1 &1 inde$1 is a k9d ( scepticism4 ,,note ,x41 page #hf4 ,,intuition1 ,,feel+1 ,,belief1 ,,& ,,k ,,9 ,,religion4 ,!re are few :o hold 9 a consi/5t mann] t ,god is kn[n by imm$iate intuition4 ,! great majority ( ^? :o pr(ess to believe ?is1 s expla9 x z to %[ t !y believe no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,dr ,*>les ,hodge 7,sy/ematic ,!ology1 pt4 i4 *4 i47 may be indicat$ z an example4 ,pr(ess+ to hold t ! k ( ,god is innate & intuitive1 he s expla9s & re/ricts ^! t]ms z w\ld make our k ( our fell[-m5 z mu* innate & intuitive z our k ( ,god1 or ev5 m s2 & ev5 aft] all ^! qualifications f9ds t no?+ m c be ma9ta9$ ?an t a s5se ( dep5d5ce & acc\ntability to a be+ high] ?an !mselves exi/s 9 all m9ds--:i* is f> f be+ equival5t to ! conclusion t ,god is intuitively kn[n4 ,c\s9 is sometimes repres5t$ z an advocate ( ! view 9 "q1 b errone\sly4 ,disc\nt+ a few inaccurate phrases1 8 !ory z to ! nature ( ! !i/ic process is sub/antially id5tical ) t exp\nd$ 9 ! lecture4 ,its purport is n t reason directly & imm$iately contemplates ! ,absolute ,be+1 b t x is enabl$ & necessitat$ by ! ess5tial conditions ( cognition1 ! a priori ideas ( causality1 inf9ity1 c41 to appreh5d ,him 9 ,8 manife/ations4 ,to f9d intuitioni/s :o 9 ?is connection really mean :at !y say1 we mu/ g to ,h9du ,yogi1 ,plot9us & ! ,alex&rian ,my/ics1 ,s*ell+1 & a few ( 8 foll[]s--or1 9 o!r words1 to ^? :o h ?\ght ( ,god z a pan!i/ic unity or a ,be+ )\t attributes4 ,_m ,g]man !ologians1 unduly influ5c$ by ! au?ority ( ,s*lei]ma*]1 & de/itute ( a s\nd k ( psy*ology1 h re/$ religion on feel+--m]e or pure feel+4 ,hegel oppos$ ! attempt to d ?is1 ) consid]able effect1 al?\gh on errone\s pr9ciples4 ,krause expos$ x1 h[ev]1 ) f> m ?or\ghness 9 8 ',absolute ,religionsphilosophie4' ,x is on feel+ t belief is re/$ by mo/ ( ! advocates ( :at is call$ ! fai? philosophy4 ,) ?9k]s ( ?is class a man l ,c\s9 mu/ n be conf\nd$1 al?\gh he ma9ta9$ t religion beg9s ) fai? & n ) reflection2 or l ,hamilton1 al?\gh he d5i$ t ! inf9ite c be kn[n :ile affirm+ t x is1 mu/1 & ought to be1 believ$4 ,c\s9 meant by fai? no?+ else ?an ! cons5t ( reason1 & ,hamilton meant by belief ass5t to ! orig9al data ( reason4 ,! words fai? & belief are us$ 9 a bewild]+ v>iety ( s5ses4 ,a few rem>ks w make ?is app>5t4 7a7 ,by belief or fai? is sometimes meant reason z di/+ui%$ f und]/&+1 & sometimes reason z di/+ui%$ f reason+4 ,^! two s5ses are s v closely alli$ t we may all[ !m to c\nt z b a s+le signification4 ,x is extraord9>y t 9 ei!r s5se belief %\ld be contra/$ ) reason1 z x is by ^? :o tell u t ! inf9ite is an object only ( fai?1 & t reason has to d exclusively ) ! f9ite1 or t fir/ pr9ciples are inaccessible to reason b reveal$ to fai?4 ,to create an appe>ance ( conflict betwe5 reason & fai? by id5tify+ fai? ) reason 9 a special s5se1 & reason ) und]/&+ or reason+1 is unw>rant$1 if n pu]ile4 ,:at use c !re be 9 tell+ u t ,god _c be kn[n--_c be appreh5d$ by reason--b is only an object ( fai?1 a ,be+ m]ely to be believ$ 91 :5 :at is meant is t we h ! same imm$iate c]ta9ty ( ,8 exi/5ce z ( ! tru? ( an axiom ( geometry8 7b7 ,belief may be limit$ to appreh5sion1 & k to compreh5sion4 ,x may be said t we h b fai?1 we _c "k ! unse5 & inf9ite1 j z x is said t we believe t ! grass gr[s b d n "k h[ x gr[s4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t if appreh5sion be k1 z x surely is1 we believe only :at we "k4 ,we "k--i4e41 appreh5d--! exi/5ce ( ,god & ! gr[? ( ! grass1 & we believe :at we ?us "k4 ,we d n "k--i4e41 compreh5d--! nature ( ,god or ! nature ( gr[?1 & :at we d n ?us "k nei!r d we believe4 7c7 ,at o!r times fai? or belief relates to probable1 z oppos$ to c]ta91 k4 ,we d n "k ?is1 b we believe x1 (t5 means1 ,we are n sure ( ?is1 b we ?9k x likely4 ,x is n 9 ?is s5se1 ( c\rse1 t any "o except a religi\s sceptic w all[ t ! exi/5ce ( ,god is a matt] ( fai?4 ,a man may admit t religion & sci5ce diff] z fai? & k1 b if he is will+ to und]/& ?is z signify+ t :ile sci5ce is c]ta91 religion is at ! mo/ m]ely probable1 he mu/ necess>ily be a d\bt] or an unbeliev]4 7d7 ,fai? or belief sometimes ref]s to ! k :i* re/s on p]sonal te/imony1 ,div9e or human4 ,su* fai? may be m c]ta9 ?an ass5t giv5 to ! evid5ce furni%$ by sci5ce4 ,x ought to be precisely proportion$ to ! evid5ce t !re is su* & su* te/imony1 & t ! te/imony is tru/wor?y4 7e7 ,by fai? or belief is sometimes meant tru/ 9 a p]son or fidelity to a tru?2 ! yield+ up ( ! he>t & life to ! object ( fai?4 ,fai? or belief ( ?is k9d always involves prep>$ness to act ^u :at we affirm4 ,x does n appe> to me t su* prep>$ness is1 z ,pr(essor ,ba9 ma9ta9s1 ! g5u9e1 unmi/akable crit]ion ( belief 9 g5]al4 ,?is k9d ( fai?1 l all o!r fai?1 ought to re/ on ! ass5t ( ! intellect to evid5ce1 al?\gh :at is *>act]i/ic ( x is to be f\nd n 9 ! intellect b 9 ! emotions & w4 ,s9ce x con/itutes & produces1 h[ev]1 spiritual exp]i5ce1 x is a condition & s\rce z well z a consequ5ce ( k4 ,!re c be1 9 fact1 no pr(\nd religi\s k1 because !re c be no vital religion1 )\t x4 ,9 religion1 z 9 e o!r dep>tm5t ( ?\ght & life1 man is b\nd to regulate 8 belief by ! simple b compreh5sive pr9ciple t evid5ce is ! measure ( ass5t4 ,disbelief ought to be regulat$ by ! same pr9ciple1 = disbelief is belief2 n ! opposite ( belief1 b belief ( ! opposite4 ,unbelief is ! opposite bo? ( belief & disbelief4 ,ignorance is to unbelief :at k is to belief or disbelief4 ,! :ole duty ( man z to belief is to believe & disbelieve accord+ to evid5ce1 & nei!r to believe nor disbelieve :5 evid5ce fails him4 ,,note ,,xi41 page #aah4 ,,! ,,!ological ,,inf]5ce ,,f ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,a rem>kably cle> acc\nt ( ! *ief !ories z to ! nature ( matt] w be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,tait's ',lectures on "s ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1' ,lect4 ,,xii4 ,9 ,?omson & ,tait's ',natural ,philosophy1' ,?omson's article on ,! ,age ( ! ,sun's ,heat 7',macmillan's ,magaz9e1' ,m>* #ahfb71 ,tait's ',!rmodynamics1' ,helmholtz's ',correlation & ,cons]vation ( ,=ces1' ,balf\r ,/ew>t's ',treatise on ,heat1' c41 ! facts & !orems :i* seem to e/abli% t ! mat]ial univ]se is a tempor>y sy/em w be f\nd fully exp\nd$4 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) any m effective criticism ( ! argum5tation by :i* ! em95t physici/s m5tion$ support _! conclusion ?an t ( ! ,rev4 ,/anley ,gibson2 &1 al?\gh x seems to me n to come to v mu*1 ,i feel b\nd 9 fairness to give x entire4 ,aft] an exposition ( ! !ory ( en]gy1 & ( ! reason+ f\nd$ on x by :i* we seem necessitat$ to inf] t ! univ]se t5ds at la/ to be a sc5e ( re/1 coldness1 d>kness1 & dea?1 he ?us writes3 ,is ?is reason+1 ,i ask1 op5 to any objection8 & if n1 does x be> out ! !ological conclusion "h s\ght to be re/$ ^u x8 ,9 attempt+ to pass a v]dict ^u ! "q "h rais$1 we _c b feel1 n only ! gr&eur ( ! subject be=e u1 b also ! imm95t risk ( its be+ affect$ by consid]ations unkn[n to u4 ,we c]ta9ly ne$ to judge ) diffid5ce4 ,p]haps ! fir/ "q :i* arises is1 ,are we to take ! mat]ial univ]se to be inf9ite8 ,if x be1 & if its /ores ( en]gy1 pot5tial & k9etic1 h no limit1 !n x is no long] cle> t ! f9al /age ( accumulation ne$ h be5 rea*$1 h[ev] long its pa/ hi/ory may h be52 nor yet1 ,i may add1 t x w\ld ev] be rea*$ 9 ! future4 ,i may be rem9d$ t at pres5t1 at all ev5ts1 only f9ite accumulations h aris51 & t ?is is n consi/5t ) an accumulation ?r\gh a pa/ et]nity4 ,b ?is objection assumes t !re nev] c\ld h be5 m ?an "s assignable degree ( diffusion ( matt]4 ,:y %\ld ?is be8 ,if at any pa/ p]iod !re 0 a c]ta9 degree ( diffusion1 :y may !re n h be5 a great] degree at an e>li] p]iod8 ,& if s1 :y may n ?is integrat+1 z ,i %\ld propose to call x1 h be5 go+ on = ev]8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! univ]se be f9ite1 !n1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 reflection ( heat mu/ take place f its b\nd>ies1 & !re may be reconc5tration ( en]gy on c]ta9 po9ts1 accord+ to ! =m ( ! b\nd+ surface4 ,a second inquiry arises ?us4 ,if x be impossible to imag9e ! pres5t hi/ory ( ! univ]se cont9u$ backw>d indef9itely "u its pres5t code ( laws1 are we !re=e oblig$ to assume "s anomal\s int]f]5ce8 ,we speak1 ( c\rse1 ( ^! laws z !y are kn[n to u4 ,might !re n be o!rs1 yet unkn[n1 t w\ld solve ! difficulty8 ,! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 z imm$iately kn[n to u1 (f]s z its lead+ feature ! fall+ toge!r ( small discrete bodies 9 enorm\s numb]s & ) great velocities1 or ! cond5sation ( v r>e & diffus$ gases4 ,h5ce ! =mation ( bodies1 "s ( va/ size1 o!rs small]1 b all orig9ally greatly heat$4 ,?is process seems to po9t to an e>li] /ate ( ?+s1 9 :i* su* accumulations ( matt]1 ?\gh sp>se ev5 n[1 7 f> less common--a /ate 9 :i*1 to use ! expression :i* ,i h propos$1 matt] 0 f> less integrat$4 ,x is q true t ! great *ange ( :i* we ?us obta9 a glimpse is n a recurr+ process4 ,x is n !re=e fitt$ = et]nal repetition & cont9uance4 ,b x is a bold ?+ to say t ?is e>li] /ate ( ?+s may n h foll[$ f "o /ill old] by a natural process1 & ?is aga9 f "o be=e1 & s on ?r\gh an indef9ite regression4 ,we h se5 :at an important "p ! e!r plays 9 ! pres5t process ( ! dissipation ( en]gy4 ,! exi/5ce ( t e!r1 ! sep>ation ( matt] into two ma9 =ms1 may h sprung out ( "s previ\s condition ( ?+s :olly unkn[n to u4 ,& s also !re may be =ms & /ores ( en]gy z yet unkn[n4 ,mr ,proctor1 9 8 "w on ! sun1 has caution$ u h[ we speculate on ! physical con/itution ( t body1 :il/ we mu/ feel unc]ta9 h[ f> ! physical laws1 :i* we obs]ve "h1 w hold "u ! va/ly diff]5t conditions obta9+ !re4 ,he supports 8 caution by ref]r+ to cases 9 :i* :at _h be5 confid5tly ?\ght by _m to be safe g5]alisations h be5 %[n to fail 9 novel circum/ances4 ,?us x 0 ?\ght t ! passage ( a gas f ! gase\s into ! liquid =m 0 always an abrupt *ange4 ,b x has be5 f\nd t c>bonic acid gas c be made to pass into ! liquid /ate by ins5sible gradations4 ,aga91 x _h be5 ?\ght t gas1 :5 inc&esc5t1 always gave light ^: spectrum 0 brok5 into ?9 l9es2 b x has be5 %[n t hydrog51 "u high pressure1 may be made to give =? light ) a cont9u\s spectrum4 ,n[ surely ?is caution1 :i* ,mr ,proctor ent]s 9 ! case ( :i* he speaks1 might /ill m wisely be ent]$ :5 we come to consid] a /ate ( ?+s s novel1 s remote f our exp]i5ce1 z t :i* att5d$ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 or r ( t /ate ( ! univ]se ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,we c]ta9ly mu/ n be 9 ha/e to conclude t because ! laws ( nature1 z !y are kn[n to u1 w n expla9 :at mu/ h tak5 place at "s v remote p]iod1 !re=e ^? ev5ts mu/ h be5 altoge!r anomal\s4--,religion & ,sci5ce1 pp4 #ga-gd4 ,x is "h virtually--p]haps ,i may say expressly--conc$$ t if ! matt] & en]gy ( ! univ]se be f9ite & locat$ 9 inf9ite space1 ! reason+ by :i* ! !ori/s ( !rmodynamics ma9ta9 t p]petual motion is incompatible ) ! trans=mation & dissipation ( en]gy1 _c be resi/$4 ,unless matt] & en]gy be inf9ite or space f9ite1 ! kn[n laws ( nature mu/ ev5tually aboli% all diff]5ces ( temp]ature & de/roy all life--?is is :at is admitt$4 ,to me x seems to am\nt to yield+ all t is dem&$2 because :oev] s]i\sly consid]s ! difficulties involv$ 9 believ+ ei!r matt] inf9ite or space f9ite mu/1 ,i am p]suad$1 come to reg>d x z equival5t to an ackn[l$gm5t t ! _w w h an end & mu/ h _h a beg9n+4 ,zoelln]1 9 8 +5i\s "w on ! nature ( comets1 endeav\rs to avoid ?is inf]5ce by rec\rse to ! hypo!ses ( ,riemann & o!rs z to a space ( n dim5sions4 ,9 su* a space ! %orte/ l9e w\ld be a circle1 & a body might move = ev]1 yet describe a limit$ c\rse4 ,matt]1 space1 & inf]5tially "t1 w\ld1 9 fact1 accord+ to ?is hypo!sis1 be bo? f9ite & inf9ite4 ,x is to be hop$ t few p]sons 9 ! full possession ( _! intellects w ev] accept a view l ?is4 ,! imag9>y geometry may be ?or\ghly s\nd reason+1 b x is reason+ f errone\s premises1 & x c only be useful s long z x is rememb]$ t its premises are errone\s4 ,!y h only to be assum$ to be true to exp]i5ce & reality1 & all sci5ce mu/ be set aside 9 fav\r ( nons5se4 ,logic ought n1 h[ev]1 to be conf\nd$ ) tru?4 ,casp>i fancies t by repres5t+ ! univ]se z n a me*anism b an organism1 he pres]ves ! "r to believe x et]nal4 ,b surely ! laws ( heat apply to organisms no less ?an to me*anisms4 ,9 an article conc]n+ ! cosmological problem1 publi%$ 9 ! fir/ numb] ( ! ',vi]teljahrss*rift f4 ,wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosophie1' ,pr(essor ,wundt rejects ! !ory 9 "q on extremely weak gr\nds4 ,x is easy to see1 he says1 t1 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% physici/s at lea/1 ! desire ( h>monis+ ! data ( ! exact sci5ces ) !ological conceptions has n be5 )\t influ5ce on ?is limitation ( ! univ]se4 ,! ra%ness display$ by su* a /atem5t1 & ! utt] want ( evid5ce or probability = x1 z reg>ds m5 l ,?omson or ,tait1 ne$ n be po9t$ out4 ,besides1 ,clausius & ,helmholtz are nei!r ,engli% physici/s nor likely to be influ5c$ by !ological conceptions4 ,w x be believ$ t1 not)/&+ ?is *>ge aga9/ o!rs1 ,pr(essor ,wundt's own reason+ is n sci5tific1 b m]ely anti-!ological8 ,su* is ! case4 ,if ! ,?omsonian !ory be admitt$1 a place is left = creative action1 = miracle2 & ?is1 he argues1 is a contradiction ( ! pr9ciple ( causality4 ,!re=e ! !ory mu/ be reject$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t s em95t a man ( sci5ce %\ld employ s unsci5tific an argum5t4 ,!re is obvi\sly a v widespread unwill+ness to accept ! ,?omsonian !ory2 b1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 good reasons h n yet be5 giv5 = its rejection4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! reception :i* x has receiv$ & t :i* has be5 accord$ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory is c]ta9ly curi\s1 & probably in/ructive4 ,,note ,,xii41 page #acj4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,tiological ,,argum5t4 ,! argum5t = ! ,div9e exi/5ce :i* proce$s on ! pr9ciple ( causality is g5]ally call$ ! cosmological argum5t1 b sometimes1 & p]haps m accurately1 ! tiological argum5t4 ,! pro( f ord] is n unfrequ5tly t]m$ cosmological4 ,x is impossible to keep ! tiological argum5t entirely sep>ate ei!r f ! ontological or cosmological argum5t4 tiological reason+ may be detect$ z a creative factor 9 ! rude/ religi\s cre$s4 ,! se>* = causes began n ) ! orig9 ( philosophy b ) ! orig9 ( religion4 ,passages l ,ps4 xc4 #a1 #b1 cii4 #bf-bh2 ,rom4 i4 #ai1 #bj2 ,heb4 i4 #aj-ab--;h be5 ref]r$ to z anticipations ( ! argum5t4 ,:]ev] nature is spok5 ( 9 ,scripture1 x is z ! "w ( an uncreat$ be+1 ( a free & sov]eign m9d4 ,ari/otle gave a =mal expression to ! tiological argum5t by inf]r+ f ! motion ( ! univ]se ! exi/5ce ( a fir/ unmov$ mov]--,phys41 vii4 #a1 #b1 viii4 #g1 #i1 #ae4 ,cic]o repeat$ 8 reason+1 & tells u x _h be5 also employ$ by ,c>neades1 ,de ,nat4 ,deor41 ii4 #i1 iii4 #ab1 #ac4 ,well kn[n is ,/ ,augu/9e's ,int]rogavi t]ram1 et dixit3 non sum4 ,int]rogavi m>e et abyssos--et respond]unt3 non sumus deus tuus1 qure sup] nos4 ,int]rogavi coelum1 solem1 lunam1 /ellas3 neque nos sumus deus1 quem quris1 inquiunt4 ,et dixi omnibus iis--dicite mihi de illo aliquid4 ,et exclamav]unt voce magna3 ipse fecit nos4 ,int]rogavi mundi molem de ,deo meo et respondit mihi3 non ego sum1 s$ ipse me fecit4--,conf41 x4 #f4 ,diodorus ( ,t>sus 7,phot4 ,bib4 ,cod41 #bbc1 p4 #bji ,bekk471 & ,john ( ,damascus 7,de ,fid4 ,or?41 i4 #c71 inf]r$ ! necessity ( a creative unity f ! mutability & corruptibility ( worldly ?+s4 ,?omas ,aqu9as argu$ on ! pr9ciple ( causality 9 ?ree ways--viz43 #a4 ,f motion to a fir/ mov+ pr9ciple1 :i* is n mov$ by any o!r pr9ciple2 #b4 ,f effects to a fir/ effici5t cause2 & #c4 ,f ! possible & cont+5t to :at is 9 itself necess>y4--,summa4 ,p4 i41 ,qu4 #b1 #c4 ,mo/ ( ! !ologians ( ! sixte5?1 sev5te5?1 & eighte5? c5turies :o treat ( ! pro(s ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce1 employ 9 "s =m ! argum5t f causation4 ,?us1 9 ,pe>son ',on ! ,cre$' & ,*>nock's ',disc\rses on ! ,exi/5ce & ,attributes ( ,god' w be f\nd good examples ( h[ x 0 pres5t$ 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,hume's speculations on causation attract$ att5tion to x4 ,! philosoph]s ( ! ,scotti% s*ool & _! adh]5ts among ! !ologians lab\r$ to pres5t x 9 a fav\rable light4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,leibnitz 7,?odice1 ,i4 c4 #g7 & ,wolff 7,rational ,?\ghts ( ,god1 #ibh7 laid /ress on ! accid5tal cont+5t "* ( ! _w & its cont5ts1 &1 rely+ on ! pr9ciple ( ! suffici5t reason1 conclud$ t !re mu/ be a univ]sal & p]man5t cause ( all t is *ang+ & transitory1 an absolute gr\nd ( all t is relative & d]ivative4 ,fur!r1 ,wolff & 8 foll[]s rais$ on ?is reason+ a l>ge am\nt ( metaphysical speculation z to ! nature ( a necess>y cause1 ! prop]ties ( an absolute ,be+1 :i* 0 ( a v que/ionable sort 9 itself1 & _h no prop] connection ) ! s-call$ cosmological argum5t4 ,to ?is argum5t1 z /at$ by ,wolff1 ,kant appli$ 8 transc5d5tal criticism1 & prov$1 z he ?\ght1 t x 0 a p]fect ne/ ( dialectical assumptions4 ,8 argum5tation may be all[$ to h _h =ce aga9/ ,wolff1 b x is weak :]ev] x is relevant to ! tiological pro( rightly und]/ood4 ,9 fact1 8 objections op5ly proce$ on ! assumption t ! pr9ciple ( causality is only applicable )9 ! sph]e ( s5se exp]i5ce4 ,if ?is be true1 no objections1 ( c\rse1 are necess>y4 ,z a rule1 ! tiological argum5t is n skilfully or ev5 c>efully treat$ 9 ! works ( rec5t ,g]man !ologians4 ,x has be5 exp\nd$1 h[ev]1 ) great philosophical ability & ) a r>e weal? ( sci5tific k1 by ,pr(essor ,ulrici ( ,halle1 9 ! "w entitl$ ',gott und die ,natur4' ,a translation ( ?is treatise w\ld conf] a real s]vice bo? on ! !ology & philosophy ( ?is c\ntry4 ,,note ,,xiii41 page #acg4 ,,ma!matics ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t4 ,ano!r sci5ce reg>d$ z b>r5 ( religi\s applications1 & ev5 z sometimes positively injuri\s1 is ma!matics4 ,its pr9ciples are1 inde$1 ( s ab/ruse a nature1 t x is n easy to frame out ( !m a religi\s argum5t t is capable ( popul> illu/ration4 ,b1 9 fact1 ma!matical laws =m ! basis ( ne>ly all ! op]ations ( nature4 ,!y con/itute1 z x 71 ! v framework ( ! mat]ial _w4444 ,x seems1 !n1 t ?is sci5ce =ms ! v f\ndation ( all argum5ts = !ism1 f ! arrangem5ts & op]ations ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,we d1 inde$1 neglect ! f\ndation1 & po9t only to ! sup]/ructure1 :5 we /ate ^! argum5ts4 ,b suppose ma!matical laws to be at once /ruck f exi/5ce1 & :at a hide\s case w\ld ! univ]se pres5t6 ,:at !n w\ld become ( ! m>ks ( design & unity 9 nature1 & ( ! !i/'s argum5t = ! be+ ( a ,god8444 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t ma!maticians h be5 unusually prone to scepticism conc]n+ religi\s tru?4 ,if x be s1 x probably orig9ates f ! absurd attempt to apply ma!matical reason+ to moral subjects2 or r1 ! devotees ( ?is sci5ce (t5 become s atta*$ to its demon/rations1 t !y w n admit any evid5ce ( a less c]ta9 "*4 ,!y d n realise ! total diff]5ce betwe5 moral & ma!matical reason+s1 & absurdly endeav\r to /ret* religion on ! ,procru/ean b$ ( ma!matics4 ,no wond] !y become sceptics4 ,b ! fault is 9 !mselves1 n 9 ?is sci5ce1 ^: natural t5d5cies1 ^u a pure & exalt$ m9d1 are fav\rable to religion4--,hit*cock's ,religion ( ,geology1 pp4 #chg-chi4 ,nor c we fail to notice h[ frequ5tly ! law :i* m5 h inv5t$ proves to h be5 already kn[n & us$ 9 nature4 ,! ma!matician devises a geometric locus or an algebraic =mula f a priori consid]ations1 & aft]w>d discov]s t he has be5 unwitt+ly solv+ a me*anical problem1 or expla9+ ! =m ( a real ph5om5on4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ,peirce's ',integral ,calculus1' publi%$ 9 #ahdc1 is a problem inv5t$ & solv$ purely 9 ! en?usiasm ( foll[+ ! analytic symbols2 b 9 #ahfc x prov$ to be a complete prophetic discussion & solution ( ! problem ( two p5dulums susp5d$ f "o horizontal cord4 ,?us also ,galileo's discussion ( ! cycloid prov$1 long aft]w>d1 to be a key to problems conc]n+ ! p5dulum1 fall+ bodies1 & resi/ance to transv]se pressure4 ,f\r c5turies be=e ,*ri/1 ,plato & 8 s*ol>s 7 occupi$ ^u ! eclipse z a purely geometric speculation1 & ,socrates seem$ incl9$ to reprove !m = _! wa/e ( "t4 ,b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 ,kepl] discov]s t ! ,ar*itect ( ! heav5s _h giv5 u magnific5t diagrams ( ! eclipse 9 ! />ry heav5s2 &1 s9ce t "t1 all ! navigation & ar*itecture & eng9e]+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h be5 built on ^! speculations ( ,plato4 ,equally rem>kable is ! hi/ory ( ! idea ( extreme & mean ratio4 ,be=e ! ,*ri/ian era geomet]s _h inv5t$ a process = divid+ a l9e 9 ?is ratio1 t !y might use x 9 an equally ab/ract & useless problem--! inscrib+ a regul> p5tagon 9 a circle4 ,b x 0 n until ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury t x 0 discov]$ t ?is idea is embodi$ 9 nature4 ,x is h9t$ at 9 "s animal =ms1 x is v ?or\ghly & accurately express$ 9 ! angles at :i* ! leaves ( plants div]ge z !y gr[ f ! /em1 & x is embodi$ approximately 9 ! revolutions ( ! planets ab\t ! sun4444 ,n[1 9 all ^! cases ( ! embodim5t 9 nature ( an idea :i* m5 h develop$1 n by a /udy ( ! embodim5t1 b by an a priori speculation1 !re seems to u demon/rative evid5ce t man is made 9 ! image ( 8 ,creator2 t ! ?\ghts & k ( ,god conta9 & embrace all possible a priori speculations ( m54 ,x is true t ,god's k is inf9ite1 & beyond our utmo/ p[] ( conception4 ,b h[ c we comp>e ! reason+s ( ,euclid ^u extreme & mean ratio ) ! arrangem5t ( leaves ab\t ! /em1 & ! revolutions ( planets ar\nd ! sun1 & n feel t ^! ph5om5a ( creation express ,euclid's idea z exactly z diagrams or ,arabic digits c\ld d2 & t ?is idea 01 9 "s =m1 pres5t 9 ! creation8--,! ,natural ,f\ndations ( ,!ology4 ,by ,t4 ,hill1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,!re is an +5i\s & judici\s little "w by ,*>les ,girdle/one1 ,m4,a41 publi%$ 9 #ahge1 & entitl$ ',numb]3 a ,l9k betwe5 ,div9e ,intellig5ce & ,human4 ,an ,argum5t4' ,,note ,,xiv41 page #adj4 ,,a/ronomy ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t4 ,! design argum5t has always drawn "s ( its data f a/ronomy4 ,! ord] & beauty ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! alt]nation ( day & night1 ! succession ( ! seasons1 & ! dep5d5ce ( liv+ creatures on ^! *anges1 are ref]r$ to z indications ( ,god's "* & ag5cy 9 _m passages ( ,scripture4 ,?us1 to select only f ! ,psalms3 ,:5 ,i consid] ,?y heav5s1 ! "w ( ,?y f+]s1 ! moon & ! />s1 :i* ,?\ ha/ orda9$2 :at is man1 t ,?\ art m9dful ( him8 & ! son ( man1 t ,?\ visite/ him8--viii4 #c1 #d4 ,! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god2 & ! firmam5t %[e? ,8 h&iwork4 ,day unto day utt]e? spee*1 & night unto night %[e? k4--xix4 #a1 #b4 ,he appo9t$ ! moon = seasons2 ! sun kn[e? 8 go+ d[n4 ,?\ make/ d>kness1 & x is night3 :]e9 all ! bea/s ( ! =e/ d creep =?4444 ,! sun arise?1 !y ga!r !mselves toge!r1 & lay !m d[n 9 _! d5s4 ,man goe? =? unto 8 "w & to 8 lab\r until ! ev5+4 ,o ,"l1 h[ manifold are ,?y works6 9 wisdom ha/ ,?\ made !m all4--civ4 #ai-bd4 ,among classical writ]s1 ,cic]o has pres5t$ ! design argum5t z f\nd$ on ! arrangem5ts & movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies 9 a v /rik+ mann]1 :51 ref]r+ to ! in/rum5t by :i* ,posidonius _h +5i\sly repres5t$ !m1 he asks :e!r1 if t in/rum5t 7 c>ri$ into ,scy?ia or ,brita91 any ev5 ( ! b>b>ians ( ^! l&s w\ld d\bt t x 0 ! product ( reason1 & rebukes ^? :o w\ld reg>d ! wondr\s sy/em ( :i* x 0 a feeble copy z ! effect ( *ance4 ,quod si 9 ,scy?iam aut 9 ,britanniam1 sphram aliquis tul]it hanc1 quam nup] famili>is no/] effecit ,posidonius1 cujus s+ul conv]siones idem efficiunt 9 sole1 et 9 lun1 et 9 qu9que /ellis errantibus1 quod efficitur 9 coelo s+ulis diebus et noctibus3 quis 9 ill b>b>ie dubitet1 qu9 ea sphra sit p]fecta ratione8 ,hi autem dubitant de mundo1 ex quo et oriuntur et fiunt omnia1 casune ipse sit effectus1 aut necessitate aliqu1 an ratione ac m5te div93 et ,ar*im$em arbitrantur plus valuisse 9 imit&is sphr conv]sionibus1 quam naturam 9 effici5dis1 prs]tim cum multis p>tibus s9t illa p]fecta1 quam hc simulata1 soll]tius4--,de ,nat4 ,deorum1 ii4 #cd1 #ce4 ,! ',a/ro-,!ology' ( ,wm4 ,d]ham1 publi%$ 9 #agad1 0 p]haps ! fir/ "w entirely devot$ to ! illu/ration ( ! design argum5t f a/ronomical facts & !ories4 ,among comp>atively rec5t works ( a simil> k9d ,i may m5tion ,v9ce's ',confutation ( ,a!ism f ! ,laws & ,con/itution ( ! ,heav5ly ,bodies1' ,:ewell's ',bridgewat] ,treatise1' ,dick's ',cele/ial ,sc5]y1' ,mit*ell's ',planet>y & ,/ell> ,worlds1' & ,leit*'s ',god's ,glory 9 ! ,heav5s4' ,!y af=d ample evid5ce ( ! errone\sness ( ,comte's ass]tion t ! opposition ( sci5ce to !ology is m obvi\s 9 a/ronomy ?an any:]e else1 & t no o!r sci5ce has giv5 m t]rible %ocks to ! doctr9e ( f9al causes4 ,kepl] did n ?9k s1 = he concludes 8 "w on ! ',h>mony ( ,worlds' ) ^! dev\t words3 ,i ?ank ,!e1 my ,creator & ,"l1 t ,?\ ha/ giv5 me ?is joy 9 ,?y creation1 ?is delight 9 ! works ( ,?y h&s4 ,i h %[n ! excell5cy ( ,?y "w unto m51 s f> z my f9ite m9d 0 able to compreh5d ,?9e inf9ity4 ,if ,i h said aught unwor?y ( ,!e1 or aught 9 :i* ,i may h s\ght my own glory1 graci\sly =give x4 ,nor did ,newton1 = he wrote3 ,elegantissima hcce compages solis1 planet>um1 et comet>um 7et /ell>um71 non nisi consilio et dom9io ,entis cujusdam pot5tis et intellig5tis oriri potuit4 ,& 9 our own times su* m5 z ,h]s*el1 ,brew/]1 ,mdl]1 c41 h prote/$ aga9/ ! notion t a/ronomy t5ds to a!ism4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,de ,morgan demon/rat$ 9 8 ',essay on ,probability1' :5 only elev5 planets 7 kn[n1 t ! odds aga9/ *ance1 to :i* 9 su* a case intellig5ce is ! only alt]native1 be+ ! cause ( all ^! bodies mov+ 9 "o direction r\nd ! sun1 ) an inconsid]able incl9ation ( ! planes ( _! orbits1 7 tw5ty ?\s& millions to "o4 ,:at prospect1 are 8 own words1 w\ld !re h be5 ( su* a concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 if a /ate ( *ance _h be5 ! only antec$5t8 ,) reg>d to ! sam5ess ( ! directions1 ei!r ( :i* might h be5 f we/ to ea/1 or f ea/ to we/1 ! case is precisely simil> to ! foll[+3 ,!re is a lott]y conta9+ black & :ite balls1 f ea* draw+ ( :i* x is z likely a black ball %all arise z a :ite "o3 :at is ! *ance ( draw+ elev5 balls all :ite8--answ] #bjdg to "o aga9/ x4 ,) reg>d to ! o!r "q1 our position is ?is3 ,!re is a lott]y conta9+ an inf9ite numb] ( c\nt]s1 m>k$ ) all possible diff]5t angles less ?an a "r angle1 9 su* a mann] t any angle is z likely to be drawn z ano!r1 s t 9 t5 draw+s ! sum ( ! angles drawn may be any?+ "u t5 "r angles3 n[1 :at is ! *ance ( t5 draw+s giv+ collectively less ?an "o "r angle8--answ] #aj1jjj1jjj to "o aga9/ x4 ,n[1 :at is ! *ance ( bo? ^! ev5ts com+ toge!r8--answ]1 m ?an #bj1jjj1jjj1jjj to "o aga9/ x4 ,x is consequ5tly ( ! same degree ( probability t !re has be5 some?+ at "w :i* is n *ance 9 ! =mation ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,!re are sev]al dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce z mu*1 or ev5 m1 adapt$ ?an a/ronomy1 to furni% pro(s ( ! wisdom ( ,god2 b !re is none :i* af=ds u su* evid5ce ( ,8 p[]1 or s helps u to realise ,8 omnipres5ce1 our own no?+ness be=e ,him1 & ! littl5ess ( our e>? 9 ! sy/em ( ,8 creation4 ,^? :o wi% to h impressions ( ?is k9d deep5$ may be recomm5d$ to read ! works ( ,proctor & ,flamm>ion4 ,:at is said 9 ! p>agraph to :i* ?is note ref]s mu/ n be s und]/ood z to be 9 consi/5t ) ! possibility or probability1 if n demon/rat$ c]ta9ty1 t ! univ]se is n a p]fectly cons]vative sy/em1 b "o :i* is t5d+ surely al?\gh sl[ly to ! de/ruction ( ! pres5t condition ( ?+s4 ,?is fact1 if x be a fact1 c no m affect ! design argum5t 9 its relation to a/ronomy1 ?an ! decay ( plants & ! dea? ( animals c affect x 9 relation to vegetable & animal physiology4 ,,note ,,xv41 page #adc4 ,,*emi/ry ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t4 ,! hi/ory ( *emi/ry is ( itself suffici5t to disprove ! view ( ,comte t ! initial & conjectural /ages ( a sci5ce are ^? 9 :i* x af=ds mo/ support to !ology4 ,x 0 only aft] ! def9itive con/itution ( *emi/ry z a sci5ce1 only aft] ! discov]y ( positive & precise *emical laws1 t ! teleological argum5t = ! ,div9e exi/5ce began to be re/$ to a c]ta9 ext5t ^u x4 ,! ,hon\rable ,rob]t ,boyle1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,boyle ,lecture%ip1 0 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *emi/s ( 8 age1 a zeal\s def5d] ( f9al causes1 & ! au?or ( sev]al treatises int5d$ to diffuse wor?y views & s5tim5ts z to ! "* & op]ations ( ! ,creator4 ,probably ! two be/ ,engli% treatises on ! relation%ip ( *emi/ry to !ism are ! ,bridgewat] ,treatise ( ,dr ,pr\t1 ',*emi/ry1 ,meteorology1 & ! ,function ( ,dige/ion1 consid]$ ) ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology' 7#c;d ed41 #ahde71 & ! ,actonian ,prize ,essay ( ,pr(essor ,f[nes1 ',*emi/ry z exemplify+ ! ,wisdom & ,b5efic5ce ( ,god' 7#ahdd74 ,bo? writ]s 7 *emi/s ( high reputation1 b !y 7 n v conv]sant ) !ology or philosophy1 & h1 9 consequ5ce1 by no means fully utilis$ ! excell5t sci5tific mat]ials :i* !y collect$4 ,?is makes x all ! m to be regrett$ t ! late ,pr(essor ,george ,wilson 0 n p]mitt$ to accompli% 8 design ( writ+ a book correspond+ to ! ',religio ,m$ici' ( ,sir ,?omas ,br[ne1 ) ! title ',religio ,*emici4' ,among ! fragm5ts compris$ 9 ! "w publi%$ "u t title aft] 8 dea?1 ?ree essays--,*emi/ry & ,natural ,!ology1 ,! ,*emi/ry ( ! ,/>s1 & ,*emical ,f9al ,causes--are mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 ,! attempts ( writ]s l ,moles*ott & ,b*n] to draw a!i/ic inf]5ces f ! !ories or hypo!ses ( mod]n *emi/ry h giv5 rise to a multitude ( answ]s1 b x may be suffici5t to ref] to ! ',antimat]ialismus' ( ,dr ,l4 ,weiss4 ,liebig 9 8 ',*emical ,lett]s' manife/s pr(\nd contempt = ! mat]iali/ic & anti-!i/ic speculations attempt$ to be bas$ on ! sci5ce ( :i* he 0 s illu/ri\s a ma/]4 ,,note ,,xvi41 page #ade4 ,,geology1 ,,geography1 ,,etc41 ,,& ,,! ,,design ,,argum5t4 ,! s+le fact t geology proves t e g5us & species ( organic =ms :i* exi/ or h exi/$ on ! e>? _h a def9ite beg9n+ 9 "t1 gives to ?is sci5ce great importance 9 ref]5ce to !ism4 ,x decides at once & conclusively :at metaphysics might h discuss$ )\t result = ages4 ,its religi\s be>+s are exhibit$ 9 ,buckl&'s ',geology & ,m9]alogy consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology1' ,hugh ,mill]'s ',footpr9ts ( ! ,creator1' ,hit*cock's ',religion ( ,geology1' & _m o!r works4 ,lyell concludes bo? 8 ',elem5ts ( ,geology' & ',pr9ciples ( ,geology' by affirm+ t geological rese>* f9ds 9 all directions ! cle>e/ indications ( creative intellig5ce2 t z we increase our k ( ! inexhau/ible v>iety display$ 9 nature1 & admire ! inf9ite wisdom & p[] :i* x manife/s1 our admiration is multipli$ by ! reflection1 t x is only ! la/ ( a great s]ies ( pre-exi/+ creations1 ( :i* we _c e/imate ! numb] or limit 9 times pa/4 ,! num]\s adaptations :i* exi/ betwe5 ! t]re/rial & cele/ial economies are dwelt on 9 detail by ,m',cullo* 9 ! second volume ( 8 ',pro(s & ,illu/rations ( ! ,attributes ( ,god f ! ,facts & ,laws ( ! ,physical ,univ]se1' & by ,bu*anan 9 ',fai? 9 ,god & ,mod]n ,a!ism1' vol4 i4 pp4 #acb-aef4 ,^! two au?ors h also treat$ ( ! adaptations subsi/+ betwe5 ! organic & inorganic worlds4 ,! ,bridgewat] ,treatise ( ,*alm]s 0 on ',! ,adaptation ( ,ext]nal ,nature to ! ,moral & ,intellectual ,con/itution ( ,man2' & t ( ,kidd1 on ',! ,adaptation ( ,ext]nal ,nature to ! ,physical ,con/itution ( ,man4' ,9 ,ritt]'s ',geographical ,/udies1' ,guyot's ',e>? & ,man1' ,kapp's ',allgeme9e ,erdkunde1' ,lotze's ',mikrokosmus1' ,b4 vi4 c4 #a1 ,duval's ',des ,rapports entre la ,gographie et l',economie ,politique1' ,cock]'s ',!i/ic ,conception ( ! ,_w1' *4 vii41 c41 w be f\nd a ri* /ore ( teleological data z to ! fitness ( ! e>? to be ! dwell+-place & ! s*oolh\se ( human be+s4 ,( c\rse1 ^? :o attempt to prove ?is !sis require c>efully to resi/ ! temptation to conceive ( ! relation ( nature to man z n "o ( cause & effect1 ( action & reaction1 ( mutual influ5ce1 b z an imm$iate & inexplicable pre-e/abli%$ h>mony l t :i* ,leibnitz suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ! body & ! s\l4 ,?is 0 ! !ory :i* ,c\s9 set =? 9 a celebrat$ lecture on ! "p ( geography 9 hi/ory4 ,reg>d+ x ,i may quote ! words :i* ,i h us$ else:]e3 ,?is notion is n only purely conjectural1 b inconsi/5t ) ! innum]able facts :i* manife/ t nature does influ5ce man1 & t man does modify nature4 ,x is impossible to hold1 ei!r 9 reg>d to ! body & s\l1 or 9 reg>d to nature & man1 bo? ! !ory ( mutual influ5ce & ( pre-e/abli%$ h>mony4 ,all t1 9 ei!r case1 proves ! =m]1 disproves ! latt]4 ,! belief 9 a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 man & nature is1 inde$1 consid]ably m absurd ?an 9 a pre-e/abli%$ h>mony betwe5 ! body & s\l2 = :5 a body is born1 a s\l is 9 x1 :i* rema9s 9 x till dea?1 & is nev] kn[n to leave x 9 ord] to take possession ( "s o!r body3 b e c\ntry is n creat$ ) a p 9 x1 nor is e p p]man5tly fix$ to a p>ticul> c\ntry4 ,imag9ation may be deceiv$ = a mom5t by an obvi\s process ( association into ?is belief ( c]ta9 peoples be+ suit$ = c]ta9 l&s1 indep5d5tly ( ! action ( natural causes--! ,greeks1 let u say1 = ,greece1 ! ,indian = ! prairies & =e/s ( ,am]ica1 ! ,malayan = ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 b a mom5t's ?\ght on ! fact t ! ,turk has settl$ d[n :]e ! ,greeks us$ to be--t mighty nations ( ,engli%-speak+ m5 are ris+ up :]e ! ,indian roam$1 & t ,dut*m5 are ?riv+ 9 ! l&s ( ! ,malayan1 %\ld suffice to disabuse u4 ,besides1 j z ! dictum1 ',m>riages are made 9 heav51' is s]i\sly discr$it$ by ! great numb] t are badly made1 s ! k9dr$ op9ion t e c\ntry gets ! p :i* suits x1 & e p ! c\ntry1 z a direct & imm$iate consequ5ce ( _! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 is equally discr$it$ by ! preval5ce ( ill-assort$ unions1 a great _m wor?less peoples liv+ 9 magnific5t l&s1 :ile f> bett] peoples h mu* worse ones4--,philosophy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,france & ,g]many1 pp4 #aia1 #aib4 ,,note ,,xvii41 page #adf4 ,,! ,,organic ,,k+dom ,,& ,,design4 ,! ord] & sy/em 9 ! vegetable & animal k+doms are und5iable g5]al facts1 :atev] may h be5 ! second>y ag5cies by :i* !y h be5 produc$2 & ! inf]5ce ( design f ^! facts is valid1 :atev] may h be5 ! mode ( _! production4 ,! *>act]s & relation%ips ( organic =ms con/itute a pro( ( intellig5ce1 :e!r _! g5]a & species be ! imm$iate & immutable expressions ( ! ideas ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 or ! sl[ly-rea*$ results ( evolution4 ,( c\rse1 if !re has be5 a process ( evolution1 x mu/ h be5 "o exactly fitt$ to atta9 ! result4 ,b ! discov]y or exhibition ( su* a process w be suffici5t to cause a c]ta9 class ( m9ds to believe t !re has be5 no cause b ! process--t ! process completely expla9s bo? itself & ! result1 & leaves no room = intellig5ce4 ,! "* ( ! ord] & sy/em 9 ! organic _w is s extremely ab/ruse1 subtle1 & compreh5sive1 t all ! attempts at classification 9 botany prior to ,de ,c&olle1 & 9 zoology prior to ,cuvi]1 7 failures4 ,! lab\rs ( ! great naturali/s & biologi/s ( ! pres5t c5tury h1 d\btless1 accompli%$ mu*2 b ! light rea*$ is /ill b ! feeble light ( an e>ly dawn4 ,yet t light is mo/ pleasant & satisfy+ to ! eye ( ! m9d4 ,! reason sees 9 x a pr(\nd significance & a wond]ful beauty4 ,h[1 x may well be ask$1 c a s*eme ( ord] :i* tasks to su* an ext5t ! p[]s ( compreh5sion possess$ by ! human m9d1 & yet :i* is p]ceiv$1 :5 discov]$1 to be admirably rational1 be suppos$ to h orig9at$ else:]e ?an 9 a ,m9d8 ,i c only m5tion a few out ( ! multitude ( books :i* treat ( design 9 ! organic _w4 ,among g5]al works on natural !ology x may be suffici5t to ref] to ^? ( ,paley1 ,bu*anan1 & ,tullo*2 & among special works to ,pr(essor ,balf\r's ',phyto-,!ology2 or1 ,botanical ,sket*es1 int5d$ to illu/rate ! ,works ( ,god 9 ! ,/ructure1 ,functions1 & ,g5]al ,di/ribution ( ,plants2' ,m',co%'s ',typical ,=ms & ,special ,ends 9 ,creation2' ,agassiz's ',/ructure ( ,animal ,life2 be+ ,six ,lectures on ! ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,goodness ( ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ,8 ,works2' ,kirby's ',p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,goodness ( ,god1 z manife/$ 9 ! ,creation ( ,animals2' ,roget's ',animal & ,vegetable ,physiology1 consid]$ 9 ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology2' & ,sir ,*>les ,bell's ',! ,h&1 its ,me*anism & ,vital ,end[m5ts1 z ev9c+ ,design4' ,! ?ree la/-m5tion$ works are ,bridgewat] ,treatises4 ,x is a duty to call p>ticul> att5tion to ! rec5t "w ( ,m4 ,janet1 ',les ,causes ,f9ales4' ,al?\gh ,m4 ,janet conc$es1 p]haps1 too mu* to ! oppon5ts ( f9ality1 8 treatise conta9s ! able/ & mo/ adequate discussion ( ! v>i\s problems sugge/$ by ! indications :i* organic nature gives ( design t has yet appe>$4 ,x is em95tly wor?y ( a c>eful /udy4 ,i am glad to "k t a translation ( ?is valuable "w is 9 progress4 ,among ! ma/]s ( biological sci5ce1 ,cuvi]1 ,v4 ,ba]1 ,agassiz1 & ,r4 ,ow5 may be nam$1 z among ^? :o h set ! highe/ value on ! pr9ciple ( f9ality4 ,! essay on ,classification ( ,agassiz1 & ! v>i\s essays :i* ,von ,ba] has publi%$ at diff]5t times1 on :at he calls ,ziel/rebigkeit1 are specially important4 ,,note ,,xviii41 page #adh4 ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,design ,,9 ,,organisms4 ,! savants are g5]ally too mu* dispos$ to conf\nd ! doctr9e ( f9al cause ) ! hypo!sis ( an invisible =ce act+ )\t physical means1 z a deus ex ma*94 ,^! two hypo!ses1 f> f r$uc+ !mselves ! "o to ! o!r1 are 9 explicit contradiction2 = he :o says design says at ! same "t means1 &1 consequ5tly1 causes adapt$ to produce a c]ta9 effect4 ,to discov] ?is cause is by no means to de/roy ! idea ( design2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 to br+ to light ! condition1 s9e qu non1 ( ! production ( ! end4 ,to make cle> ?is di/9ction we cite a beautiful example1 borr[$ f ,m4 ,claude ,b]n>d4 ,h[ does x happ51 says ?is em95t physiologi/1 t ! ga/ric juice1 :i* dissolves all alim5ts1 does n dissolve ! /oma* itself1 :i* is ( precisely ! same nature z ! alim5ts ) :i* x is n\ri%$8 ,= a long "t ! vital =ce 0 suppos$ to int]v5e--t is to say1 an invisible cause :i*1 9 "s way1 susp5d$ ! prop]ties ( ! natural ag5ts1 to prev5t _! produc+ _! necess>y effects4 ,! vital =ce w\ld1 by a sort ( moral veto1 =bid ! ga/ric juice to t\* ! /oma*4 ,we see t ?is w\ld be a real miracle4 ,ev]y?+ is expla9$ :5 we "k t ! /oma* is l9$ ) a coat+ or v>ni% :i* is n attack$ by ! ga/ric juice1 & :i* protects ! walls :i* x cov]s4 ,:o does n see t 9 refut+ ! omnipot5ce ( ! vital =ce1 v f> f hav+ weak5$ ! pr9ciple ( f9ality1 we h giv5 to x a wond]ful support8 ,:at c\ld ! mo/ p]fect art h done to protect ! walls ( ! /oma*1 b inv5t a precaution simil> to t :i* exi/s 9 reality8 ,& h[ surpris+ x is t an organ de/9$ to secrete & use an ag5t mo/ de/ructive to itself1 is f\nd arm$ ) a protective tunic1 :i* mu/ h always coexi/$ ) x1 s9ce o!rwise x w\ld h be5 de/roy$ be=e hav+ _h "t to procure = itself ?is def5ce--:i* excludes ! hypo!sis ( long grop+s & happy occurr5ces4--,janet1 ',f9al ,causes & ,contemporane\s ,physiology1' ,presb4 ,qu>t4 ,rev41 ,april #ahgf4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall gives a v graphic description ( ! comb9ation ( rem>kable arrangem5ts by :i* ! human e> is fitt$ to be an organ ( he>+4 ,i quote f x ! foll[+ words1 & connect ) !m "s /rik+ obs]vations ( ,max ,mll]4 ,f9ally1 !re is 9 ! labyr9? a wond]ful organ1 discov]$ by ! ,m>*ese ,corti1 :i* is to all appe>ance a musical in/rum5t1 ) its *ords s /ret*$ z to accept vibrations ( diff]5t p]iods1 & transmit !m to ! n]ve-filam5ts :i* trav]se ! organ4 ,)9 ! e>s ( m51 & )\t _! k or contrivance1 ?is lute ( #cjjj /r+s has exi/$ = ages1 accept+ ! music ( ! out] _w1 & r5d]+ x fit = reception by ! bra94 ,ea* musical tremor :i* falls ^u ?is organ selects f its t5sion$ fibres ! "o appropriate to its own pit*1 & ?r[s t fibre into unisonant vibration4 ,& ?us1 no matt] h[ complicat$ ! motion ( ! ext]nal air may be1 ^? microscopic /r+s c analyse x & reveal ! con/itu5ts ( :i* x is compos$4--,on ,s\nd1 p4 #cbe4 ,:at we he> :5 li/5+ to a *orus or a symphony is a commotion ( ela/ic air1 ( :i* ! wilde/ sea w\ld give a v inadequate image4 ,! l[e/ tone :i* ! e> p]ceives is due to ab\t #cj vibrations 9 "o second1 ! highe/ to ab\t #djjj4 ,consid]1 !n1 :at happ5s 9 a pre/o1 :5 ?\s&s ( voices & in/rum5ts are simultane\sly produc+ waves ( air1 ea* wave cross+ ! o!r1 n only l ! surface waves ( ! wat]1 b l sph]ical bodies1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 )\t any p]ceptible di/urbance2 consid] t ea* tone is accompani$ by second>y notes1 t ea* in/rum5t has its peculi> timbre1 due to second>y vibrations2 &1 la/ly1 let u rememb] t all ?is cross-fire ( waves1 all ?is :irlpool ( s\nd1 is mod]at$ by laws :i* det]m9e :at we call h>mony1 & by c]ta9 traditions or habits :i* det]m9e :at we call melody--bo? ^! elem5ts be+ abs5t 9 ! songs ( birds--t all ?is mu/ be reflect$ l a microscopic photograph on ! two small organs ( he>+1 & !re excite n only p]ception1 b p]ception foll[$ by a new feel+ ev5 m my/]i\s1 :i* we call ei!r pleasure or pa92--& x w be cle> t we are surr\nd$ on all sides by miracles transc5d+ all we are accu/om$ to call miracul\s4--,sci5ce ( ,language1 second s]ies1 p4 #aae4 ,! /ructure ( ! eye has (t5 be5 describ$ z an evid5ce ( design4 ,!re is an extremely int]e/+ comp>ison ( x ) ! photographic cam]a 9 ,le ,conte's ',religion & ,sci5ce1' pp4 #bj-cc4 ,! :ole read+ public kn[s ! ma/]ly *apt] on ,! ,ma*9]y ( ,flight 9 ! ,duke ( ,argyll's ',reign ( ,law4' ,,note ,,xix41 page #adi4 ,,psy*ology ,,& ,,design4 ,! foll[+ writ]s treat at consid]able l5g? ( ! evid5ces ( design to be trac$ 9 ! con/itution ( ! m9d3 ,sir ,mat!w ,hale 9 8 ',primitive ,orig9ation ( ,mank9d2' ,b>r[ 9 ! sev5? ( 8 ',s]mons on ! ,cre$2' ,b5tley 9 ! second s]mon ( 8 ',boyle ,lecture2' ,crombie 9 ! second volume ( 8 ',natural ,!ology2' ,"l ,br\gham 9 8 ',disc\rse on ,natural ,!ology1' sect4 iii41 pp4 #eb-hj2 ,turton's ',natural ,!ology ,consid]$1' pp4 #fe-afj2 ,*alm]s's ',natural ,!ology1' ,book ,,iii42 ,bu*anan's ',fai? 9 ,god1' pp4 #bac-bca2 ,tullo*'s ',!ism1' pp4 #ahb-bdg2 & ,ulrici's ',gott und ,m5s*4' ,! ph5om5a ( animal in/9ct are ( !mselves an inexhau/ible s\rce ( in/ruction z to ! ,div9e wisdom & goodness4 ,! sp9n+ ma*9]y :i* is provid$ 9 ! body ( a spid] is n m accurately adju/$ to ! viscid secretion :i* is provid$ = x1 ?an ! in/9ct ( ! spid] is adju/$ bo? to ! con/ruction ( its web & also to ! selection ( likely places = ! capture ( its prey4 ,^? birds & insects ^: "y are hat*$ by ! heat ( f]m5tation1 h an intuitive impulse to select ! prop] mat]ials1 & to ga!r !m = ! purpose4 ,all creatures1 guid$ sometimes app>5tly by s5ses ( :i* we "k no?+1 are "u l impulses to provide effectually = ! n\ri%+ ( _! "y2 & x is mo/ curi\s & in/ructive to obs]ve t ! ext5t ( provision :i* is involv$ 9 ! process1 & 9 ! secur+ ( ! result1 seems v (t5 to be great] z we desc5d 9 ! scale ( nature1 & 9 proportion z ! p>5ts are dissociat$ f ! actual fe$+ or p]sonal c>e ( _! (fspr+4 ,! mammalia h no?+ to provide except food = !mselves1 & h at fir/1 & = a long "t1 no duty to p]=m beyond ! dis*>ge ( a purely physical function4 ,birds h m to d--9 ! build+ ( ne/s1 9 ! *oice ( sites = ^!1 & aft] incubation 9 ! *oice ( food adapt$ to ! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,insects1 mu* l[] 9 ! scale ( organisation1 & subject to ! wond]ful processes ( metamorphosis1 h to provide v (t5 = a di/ant future1 & = successive /ages ( developm5t n only 9 ! "y b 9 ! nidus :i* surr\nds !m4 ,bees1 if we are to believe ! evid5ce ( obs]v]s1 h an intuitive guidance 9 ! selection ( food :i* has ! p[] ( produc+ organic *anges 9 ! bodies ( ! "y1 ev5 to ! det]m9ation & developm5t ( sex1 s t1 by ! adm9i/ration ( x1 "u :at may be call$ artificial conditions1 c]ta9 select$ individuals c be made ! mo!rs & que5s ( future hives4 ,^! are b a few examples ( facts ( :i* ! :ole animal _w is full1 pres5t+1 z x does1 "o va/ s]ies ( adju/m5ts betwe5 bodily organs & correspond+ in/9cts4 ,b ?is adju/m5t w\ld be useless unless x 7 "p ( ano!r adju/m5t--betwe5 ! in/9cts & p]ceptions ( animals & ^? facts & =ces ( surr\nd+ nature :i* are relat$ to !m1 & to ! :ole cycle ( ?+s ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,9 ^? in/9ctive actions ( ! l[] animals :i* involve ! mo/ di/ant & ! mo/ complicat$ anticipations1 x is c]ta9 t ! prevision involv$ is a prevision :i* is n 9 ! animals !mselves4 ,!y appe> to be1 & beyond all d\bt really are1 guid$ by "s simple appetite1 by an od\r or a ta/e1 &1 9 all probability1 !y h g5]ally z little consci\sness ( ! ends to be subs]v$ z ! suckl+ has ( ! processes ( nutrition4 ,! pa? along :i* !y walk is a pa? :i* !y did n eng9e]4 ,x is a pa? made = !m1 & !y simply foll[ x4 ,b ! prop5sities & ta/es & feel+s :i* make !m foll[ x1 & ! rightness ( its direction t[>ds ! ends to be atta9$1 d con/itute an adju/m5t :i* may correctly be call$ me*anical1 & is "p ( a unity :i* b9ds toge!r ! :ole _w ( life1 & ! :ole inorganic _w on :i* liv+ ?+s dep5d4--,duke ( ,argyll on ,animal ,in/9ct 7,cont4 ,rev41 ,july #ahge74 ,in/9ctive actions w n be %[n to be less evid5ces ( ,div9e purpose by its be+ prov$ t intellig5ce1 at lea/ 9 ! high] animals1 probably always co-op]ates 9 "s degree ) in/9ct1 or t mu* :i* is ref]r$ to in/9ct may be trac$ ei!r directly to exp]i5ce or to ! h]$it>y transmission ( qualities orig9ally g5]at$ by exp]i5ce4 ,,note ,,xx41 page #aeb4 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,design4 ,! quotation is f ! eighte5?--! conclud+--volume ( ! ',etudes sur l',hi/oire de l',humanit1' by ,pr(essor ,laur5t ( ,gh5t4 ,i h giv5 "s acc\nt ( 8 hi/orical doctr9e1 & endeav\r$ to def5d ! !i/ic inf]5ce :i* he has drawn f 8 labori\s survey ( hi/orical facts aga9/ ! objections ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,mey]1 9 my ',philosophy ( ,hi/ory 9 ,france & ,g]many1' pp4 #cba-ccj4 ,buns51 9 ! "w entitl$ ',god 9 ,hi/ory1' seeks to e/abli% ! same great !sis4 ,hi/ory1 says ,niebuhr1 %[s1 on a hundr$ occasions1 an intellig5ce di/9ct f nature1 :i* conducts & det]m9es ^? ?+s :i* may seem to u accid5tal2 & x is n true t hi/ory weak5s our belief 9 ,div9e ,provid5ce4 ,hi/ory is1 ( all k9ds ( k1 ! "o :i* t5ds mo/ decid$ly to t belief4--,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ei4 ,sssmil*'s celebrat$ treatise1 ',gttli*e ,ordnung 9 d] ,v]nd]ung des m5s*li*5 ,ges*le*tes1 c42' ,m',co%'s ',me?od ( ! ,div9e ,gov]nm5t2' & ,gillett's ',god 9 ,human ,?\ght1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #gbd-gib1 may be consult$ z reg>ds ! evid5ces ( ,div9e purpose to be f\nd 9 ! con/itution ( society4 ,,note ,,xxi41 page #afh4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,teleological ,,argum5t4 ,! pro( ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce f ! ord] & adaptations ( ! univ]se is kn[n z ! physico-!ological or teleological argum5t4 ,x has also be5 sometimes call$ ! cosmological argum5t2 ! v ^w cosmos1 l ! ,lat9 mundus & our own univ]se1 imply+ ord]4 ,x is s obvi\s & direct t x has pres5t$ itself to ! m9d f v anci5t times4 ,x is impli$ 9 su* passages ( ,scripture z ,job1 xxxvii4-xli42 ,ps4 viii41 xix41 civ42 ,isa4 xl4 #ba-bf2 ,matt4 vi4 #be-cb2 ,acts1 xiv4 #ae-ag1 xvii4 #bd-bh4 ,py?agoras laid great /ress on ! ord] ( ! _w2 & x 0 ma9ly on t ord] t ,anaxagoras re/$ 8 belief 9 a ,supreme ,intellig5ce4 ,socrates develop$ ! argum5t f ! adaptation ( ! p>ts ( ! body to "o ano!r1 & to ! ext]nal _w1 ) a skill :i* has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,8 conv]sation ) ,ari/odemus1 z record$ 9 ! ',memorabilia' ( ,x5ophon1 is ( wond]ful int]e/ & beauty4 ,few w foll[ x ev5 n[ )\t feel+ con/ra9$ to jo9 ,ari/odemus 9 ackn[l$g+ t man mu/ be ! ma/]piece ( "s great ,artific]1 c>ry+ along ) x inf9ite m>ks ( ! love & fav\r ( ,him :o ?us =m$ x4 ,plato pres5ts ! argum5t specially 9 ! ',timu1' & 8 :ole philosophy is p]vad$ by ! ?\ght t ,god is ! prim>y s\rce & p]fect ideal ( all ord] & h>mony4 ,ari/otle expressly ma9ta9s t ! appe>ance ( ends & means is a pro( ( design1 & conceives ( ,god z ! ultimate ,f9al ,cause4 ,cic]o 7,de ,nat4 ,deor41 ii4 c4 #cg7 puts into ! m\? ( ,balbus an elaborate exposition ( ! design argum5t4 ,! ',de ,usu ,p>tium' ( ,gal5 is a treatise on natural !ology1 tea*+ design 9 ! /ructure ( ! body4 ,?is pro( is f\nd m frequ5tly ?an any o!r 9 ! writ+s ( ! fa!rs & s*ola/ics4 ,:5 we see a vessel1 says ,!ophilus1 spread+ h] canvas1 & maje/ically rid+ on ! bill[s ( ! /ormy sea1 we conclude t %e has a pilot on bo>d2 ?us1 f ! regul> c\rse ( ! planets1 ! ri* v>iety ( creatures1 we inf] ! exi/5ce ( ! ,creator4--,ad ,autol41 #e4 ,m9ucius ,felix 7c4 #ah7 comp>es ! univ]se to a h\se1 & ,gregory ( ,nazianzum 7,orat41 xxviii4 #f7 comp>es x to a lyre1 9 illu/rat+ ! same argum5t4 ,ambrose1 ,a?anasius1 ,augu/9e1 ,basil ! ,greek1 ,*ryso/om1 c41 employ x4 ,s d ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 c4 ,! opposition ( ,bacon & ,desc>tes to f9al causes _h no influ5ce 9 prev5t+ !ologians f insi/+ on _! exi/5ce4 ,f ,boyle & ,d]ham to ,paley & ! ,bridgewat] ,treatises1 an enorm\s lit]ature appe>$ 9 ,engl& devot$ to ?is end4 ,g]many1 also1 9 ! second half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 almo/ z mu* ov]flood$ ) ,li?o!ologies1 ,hydro!ologies1 ,phyto!ologies1 ,insecto!ologies1 c41 z x at pres5t is ) works on ,d>w9ism4 ,9 ,france1 ,f5elon 9 8 ',dmon/ration de l',exi/5ce de ,dieu1' & ,b]n>d9 de ,sa9t ,pi]re 9 8 ',etudes' & ',h>monies de la ,nature1' eloqu5tly1 al?\gh n p]haps v solidly or cauti\sly1 reason$ f ! wond]s ( nature to ! wisdom ( ,god4 ,hume & ,kant1 by _! criticisms ( ! design argum5t1 r5d]$ to x ! great s]vice ( direct+ att5tion to ! pr9ciples on :i* x proce$s4 ,!ologians _h previ\sly gone on m]ely accumulat+ illu/rative in/ances & in/itut+ m9ute inve/igations into ! con/itutions ( ! complex objects :i* !y select$ ) ?is view4 ,att5tion 0 ?us di/ract$ f :at really ne$$ argum5t4 ,hume & ,kant %[$ m5 ! real po9t at issue4 ,al?\gh ,kant reject$ ! argum5t1 he speaks ( x 9 ^! t]ms3 ,?is pro( des]ves to be m5tion$ at all times ) respect4 ,x is ! olde/1 ! cle>e/1 & ! mo/ suit$ to ! ord9>y und]/&+4 ,x animates ! /udy ( nature1 because x owes its exi/5ce to ?\ght1 & ev] receives f x fre% =ce4 ,x br+s out reality & purpose :]e our obs]vation w\ld n ( itself h discov]$ !m1 & ext5ds our k ( nature by exhibit+ indications ( a special unity ^: pr9ciple is beyond nature4 ,?is k1 moreov]1 directs u to its cause--namely1 ! induc+ idea1 & increases our fai? 9 a supreme orig9ator to an almo/ irresi/ible conviction4 ,i mu/ ref] to ! ,notes f ,,xiii4 to ,,xx4 inclusive1 = ! titles ( rec5t works on ! design argum5t4 ,! ass]tion appe>s to be q unf\nd$ t1 z sci5ce advances f po9t to po9t1 f9al causes rec$e be=e x1 & disappe> "o aft] ! o!r4 ,! pr9ciple ( design *anges its mode ( application1 inde$1 b x loses none ( its =ce4 ,we no long] consid] p>ticul> facts z produc$ by special int]positions2 b we consid] design z exhibit$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t & adju/m5t ( ! laws by :i* p>ticul> facts are produc$4 ,we d n look ^u ea* p>ticul> cl\d z br\ght ne> to u t x may drop fatness on our fields2 b ! g5]al adaptation ( ! laws ( heat & air & moi/ure to ! promotion ( vegetation does n become d\btful4 ,we d n consid] ! sun z less int5d$ to w>m & vivify ! tribes ( plants & animals because we f9d t1 in/ead ( revolv+ r\nd ! e>? z an att5dant1 ! e>?1 along ) o!r planets1 revolves r\nd him4 ,we are r1 by ! discov]y ( ! g5]al laws ( nature1 l$ into a sc5e ( wid] design1 ( deep] contrivance1 ( m compreh5sive adju/m5ts4 ,f9al causes1 if !y appe> driv5 f>!r f u by su* ext5sion ( our views1 embrace u only ) a va/] & m maje/ic circuit4 ,in/ead ( a few ?reads connect+ "s deta*$ objects1 !y become a /up5d\s network1 :i* is w\nd r\nd & r\nd ! univ]sal frame ( ?+s4--,:ewell1 ',hi/ory ( ,sci5tific ,ideas1' vol4 ii4 pp4 #bec1 #bed4 ,,note ,,xxii41 page #ahb4 ,,creation ,,& ,,evolution4 ,creation is ! only !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]se4 ,evolution assumes ei!r ! creation or ! self-exi/5ce ( ! univ]se4 ,! evolutioni/ mu/ *oose betwe5 creation & non-creation4 ,!y are opposites4 ,!re is no int]m$iate t]m4 ,! attempt to introduce "o--! ,unkn[able--c lead to no result2 = unless ! ,unkn[able is capable ( creat+1 x c acc\nt = ! orig9 ( no?+4 ,all attempts to expla9 ev5 ! =mation ( ! univ]se1 ei!r by ! evolution ( ! ,unkn[able or by evolution out ( ! ,unkn[able1 mu/ be ( a ?or\ghly delusive "*4 ,! evolution ( :at is kn[n c alone h significance ei!r to ! ord9>y or sci5tific m9d4 ,no?+ c be conceiv$ ( z subject to evolution :i* is n ( a f9ite & composite nature4 ,no?+ c be evolv$ out ( a f9ite & composite exi/5ce :i* 0 n previ\sly involv$ 9 x4 ,& :at gives to any?+ its limits & con/itution mu/ be m p]fect ?an itself4 ,greek3 ,to prton ou sp]ma e/91 alla to teleion4 ,z _m philosoph]s z adopt ! supposition--su* z ! ,py?agoreans & ,sp5sippus--t :at is be/ & mo/ fair is n to be f\nd 9 ! pr9ciple ( ?+s1 f ! fact t ?\gh ! fir/ pr9ciples bo? ( plants & animals are causes1 yet :at is fair & p]fect resides 9 creat$ ?+s z results f ^!1--p]sons1 ,i say1 :o ent]ta9 ^! s5tim5ts1 d n =m _! op9ions correctly4 ,= se$ arises f o!r natures t are antec$5t & p]fect1 & se$ is n ! fir/ ?+1 :]eas t :i* is p]fect is4--,ari/otle1 ',metaphysics1' xi4 #g4 ,x is manife/ by ! light ( nature t !re mu/ at lea/ be z mu* reality 9 ! effici5t & entire cause z 9 its effect2 = :5ce c ! effect draw its reality if n f its cause8 ,& h[ c\ld ! cause communicate to x ?is reality unless x possess$ x 9 itself8 ,& h5ce x foll[s1 n only t :at is _c be produc$ by :at is n1 b likewise t ! m p]fect--9 o!r words1 t :i* conta9s 9 itself m reality--_c be ! effect ( ! less p]fect4--,desc>tes1 ',m$itations1' iii4 ,9 n a few ( ! progressioni/s ! weak illusion is unmi/akable1 t1 ) "t en\gh1 y may get ev]y?+ out ( next-to-no?+4 ,grant u1 !y seem to say1 any t9ie/ granule ( p[]1 s close ^u z]o t x is n wor? begrudg+--all[ x "s trifl+ t5d5cy to inf9itesimal increm5t--& we w %[ y h[ ?is little /ock became ! kosmos1 )\t ev] tak+ a /ep wor? ?9k+ (1 mu* less con/itut+ a case = design4 ,! argum5t is a m]e appeal to an incompet5cy 9 ! human imag9ation1 9 virtue ( :i*1 magnitudes evad+ conception are treat$ z out ( exi/5ce2 & an aggregate ( inappreciable increm5ts is simultane\sly equat$1--9 its cause to no?+1 9 its effect to ! :ole ( ?+s4 ,y manife/ly want ! same causality1 :e!r conc5trat$ on a mom5t or di/ribut$ ?r\gh incalculable ages2 only1 9 draw+ ^u x1 a logical !ft is m easily committ$ piecemeal ?an :olesale4 ,surely x is a mean device = a philosoph] ?us to crib causation by hair's-bread?s1 to put x out at comp\nd int]e/ ?r\gh all "t1 & !n dis[n ! debt4--,m>t9eau1 ',essays ,philosophical & ,!ological1' pp4 #ada1 #adb4 ,?9k ( x6 ,an endless evolution1 an et]nal work+1 an inf9ite causation1 & yet an effect s f9ite4 ,nature has be5 work+ upw>d f et]nity1 & has j pass$ ! long-arm$ ape :o begat progna?us1 z progna?us begat ! troglodyte homo4 ,:at becomes ( our doctr9e ( progress8 ,z sure z ma!matics1 x %\ld h be5 all evolv$1 all t we n[ h1 ov] & ov] aga9--all out1 or f> m out ?an has come out1 incalculable ages ago4 ,an et]nal ante-pa/ ( progressive work+4 ,to :at a height %\ld x h aris56 ,x %\ld h transc5d$ all our ideals4 ,! mo/ exalt$ f9ite be+ %\ld h be5 rea*$1 ! mo/ exalt$ t our m9ds c conceive1 in/ead ( ?is creature man1 s poor1 s l[2 = y w be> 9 m9d t ,i am speak+ ( him z measur$ by no high] scale ( value ?an t af=d$ by ?is physical hypo!sis--man evolv$ f nebul> gas--man j com+ out ( d>kness1 & s soon to return to d>kness aga9--e t5ebris 9 t5ebras4 ,?is all comes f t hide\s ,greek3 hy/]on prot]on1 t inv]sion ( all necess>y ?9k+4 ,nature fir/1 x says--matt] fir/1 an impalpable nebul\s nihilism fir/1 ! l[e/ & mo/ imp]fect fir/2 life1 ?\ght1 reason1 idea1 _! junior products1 & ,god1 !re=e1 ! la/ product1 if !re be a ,god at all1 or any?+ to :i* su* a "n c possibly be giv54 ,& we are ask$ to adopt ?is1 & call x gr&1 :il/ reject+ z n>r[ & s\l-contract+ ! revelation :i* makes ,god fir/1 reason fir/1 idea fir/1 ! p]fect fir/1--z has be5 said be=e--! imp]fect & ! f9ite ev] a dep>ture f x1 :e!r 9 ! scale ( ord] or ( "t1 :e!r z exhibit$ 9 processes ( lapse & det]ioration or ! contr>y seem+ ( recov]y & re/oration 9 cyclical r\nds4 ,! two s*emes h two entirely diff]5t modes ( spee*4 ,says ! m]e physical hypo!sis3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! nebula1 & all ?+s 7 9 ! nebula1 & all ?+s 7 self-evolv$ f ! nebula--ev5 life1 ?\ght1 consci\sness1 idea1 reason itself1 hav+ no o!r s\rce4 ,! o!r speaks to u 9 language l ?is3 ,greek3 ,en ar* n ho ,logos1 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 ! ,greek3 ,logos1 ! ,reason1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god1 & ! ,^w 0 ,god4 ,all ?+s came into be+ by ,him4 ,9 ,him 0 life1 ,greek3 ,z1 & f ?is life--n f motions1 or molecules1 or correlat$ =ces1 or ! vibration ( fibres1 or ! arrangem5ts ( nebul> atoms1 b f ?is life ( ! ,logos1 ! et]nal ,reason--came ! light ( m5--! m9d1 reason1 consci5ce ( humanity--ev5 ! light t lighte? e rational be+ com+ into ! cosmos4--,pr(4 ,lewis1 ',! ,k+dom ( ,god' 7,dick9son's ,!ological ,qu>t]ly1 ,no4 #f74 ,,note ,,xxiii41 page #aie4 ,,!ological ,,inf]5ces ,,f ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,spontane\s ,,g5]ation4 ,an eloqu5t prea*] exclaims1 ,great ought to be our compassion = ! weak bro!r ^: fai? 9 ,god w\ld be %ak5 because a *emi/ %\ld succe$ next ye> 9 produc+ vital cells out ( a h]metically-seal$ vessel conta9+ only ! elem5ts ( protoplasm4--,rev4 ,e4 ,a4 ,abbott1 ,d4,d41 ',cambridge ,s]mons1' p4 #cc4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t _m :o c]ta9ly _c be fairly describ$ z weak bre?r51 ent]ta9 v /rongly t fe> ( ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation :i* ,dr ,abbott deprecates4 ,i quote1 f ! ',presbyt]ian ,qu>t]ly' ( ,janu>y #ahgd1 ! words ( ,presid5t ,b>n>d ( ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york1 express+ an entirely opposite s5tim5t4 ,i d s )\t criticism or comm5t1 z ,i %all h to consid] ! relation ( mat]iali/ic !ories ( ! orig9 ( life to !ism 9 next volume4 ,to ! philosoph]1 ! demon/ration ( ! !ory ( spontane\s g5]ation1 %\ld x ev] be demon/rat$ beyond all possibility ( d\bt or cavil1 _c b be a matt] ( ! deepe/ int]e/4 ,b to ! man :o f9ds himself compell$ to receive x1 ?is int]e/1 x seems to me1 mu/ be no less pa9ful ?an x is deep4 ,nor is ?is ! only !ory :i* ! inve/igators ( our "t are urg+ ^u our att5tion1 ( :i* ,i feel compell$ to make ! same rem>k4 ,!re are1 at lea/1 two besides :i* impress me ) a simil> feel+2 & ! ?ree toge!r con/itute a gr\p :i*1 ?\gh to a c]ta9 ext5t indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 are likely 9 ! end to /& or fall toge!r4 ,^! are1 ! doctr9e ( spontane\s g5]ation1 ! doctr9e ( organic evolution1 & ! doctr9e ( ! correlation ( m5tal & physical =ces4 ,if ^! doctr9es are true1 ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5ce sep>ate f organis$ matt] is impossible1 & ! dea? ( ! human body is ! dea? ( ! human s\l4 ,if ^! doctr9es are true1 ! _w becomes an enigma1 no less to ! !i/ ?an x has always be5 to ! a!i/4 ,we are told1 inde$1 t ! acceptance ( ^! views ne$ n %ake our fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( an almighty ,creator4 ,x is beautifully expla9$ to u h[ !y ought to give u m elevat$ & m wor?y conceptions ( ! modes by :i* ,he works ,8 w 9 ! visible creation4 ,we le>n t our complex organisms are none ! less ! "w ( ,8 h&s because !y h be5 evolv$ by an inf9ite s]ies ( *anges f microscopic gemmules1 & t ^! gemmules !mselves h tak5 on _! =ms "u ! influ5ce ( ! physical =ces ( light & heat & attraction act+ on brute m9]al matt]4 ,r1 x %\ld seem1 we are a good deal m s4 ,?is k9d ( tea*+ is he>d 9 our day ev5 f ! !ologians4 ,^? s5t9els on ! wat*-t[]s ( ! fai?1 ^: wont x has be5 = s _m c5turies to /& /urdily up 9 opposition to ! sci5ce :i* 0 n1 9 any prop] s5se1 at w> ) !m1 n[1 by a sudd5 & almo/ miracul\s conv]sion1 accept ) *e]ful c\nt5ances1 & become 9 _! turn ! exp\nd]s & *ampions ( ! sci5ce :i* is4 ,b :ile !y f9d ! my/]y ( ! orig9al creation ?us satisfactorily cle>$ up 9 _! m9ds1 !y seem to h tak5 v little ?\ght z to :at is go+ to come ( ! re/ ( _! !ology4 ,x is1 inde$1 a gr& conception :i* reg>ds ! ,deity z conduct+ ! "w ( ,8 creation by means ( ^? all-p]vad+ influ5ces :i* we call ! =ces ( nature2 b x leaves u pr(\ndly at a loss to expla9 ! wisdom or ! b5evol5ce :i* br+s e day into life su* myriads ( s5ti5t & intellig5t be+s only t !y may p]i% on ! morr[ ( _! bir?4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,if ^! doctr9es are true1 all talk ( creation or me?ods ( creation becomes absurdity2 = j z c]ta9ly z !y are true1 ,god ,himself is impossible4 ,if intellig5ce presupposes a mat]ial organism1 ( :i* x is a mode ( action1 !n ,god mu/ be a mat]ial organism or !re is no ,god4 ,b x is ! law ( all liv+ organisms t !y gr[1 mature1 & p]i%2 & s9ce ,god _c p]i%1 ,he _c be an organism4 ,,note ,,xxiv41 page #bjh4 ,,d>w9 ,,& ,,paley4 ,to ! two treatises ( ,mr ,d>w9 m5tion$ 9 ! lecture1 !re mu/ n[ be add$ ano!r equally ri* 9 fact sugge/+ !ological inf]5ces--',! ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ,fl[]s on ,plants ( ! same ,species4' ,a multitude ( books h be5 writt5 on ,d>w9ism & ,teleology4 ,mo/ ( ^? publi%$ betwe5 #ahei & #ahge w be f\nd nam$ 9 ! li/ ( works on ,d>w9ism app5d$ to ,seidlitz's ',d>w9's*e ,!orie4' ,!re are two good popul> acc\nts ( ! controv]sy3 ',:at is ,d>w9ism8' by ,dr ,*>les ,hodge ( ,pr9cet[n1 & ',die ,d>w9's*5 ,!ori5' ( ,rudolf ,s*mid4 ,z to ,paley1 x gives "o pleasure to quote ! foll[+ passage f ,sir ,william ,?omson's address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahga2 because ! fooli% writ+ :i* is s frequ5tly met ) 9 books & j\rnals ab\t ! me*anical ,god ( ,paley1 ab\t ,paley repres5t+ ,deity z outside ( ! univ]se1 or z a ,god :o makes ! _w aft] ! mann] t a wat*man manufactures a wat*1 c41 c only be expla9$ by utt] ignorance ( ,paley's views3 ,i feel pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ! argum5t ( design has be5 greatly too mu* lo/ sight ( 9 rec5t zoological speculations4 ,reaction aga9/ ! frivolities ( teleology1 su* z are to be f\nd1 n r>ely1 9 ! notes ( ! le>n$ comm5tators on ,paley's ',natural ,!ology1' has1 ,i believe1 _h a tempor>y effect ( turn+ att5tion f ! solid irrefragable argum5t s well put =w>d 9 t excell5t old book4 ,b ov]p[]+ pro( ( intellig5ce & b5evol5t design lies all ar\nd u2 & if ev] p]plexities1 :e!r metaphysical or sci5tific1 turn u away f !m = a "t1 !y come back ^u u ) irresi/ible =ce1 %[+ to u ?r\gh nature ! influ5ce ( a free w1 & tea*+ u t all liv+ be+s dep5d ^u "o ev]-act+ ,creator & ,rul]4 ,,note ,,xxv41 page #bad4 ,,kant',s ,,moral ,,argum5t4 ,! unsatisfactor9ess ( ! position t consci5ce c supply ! place ( reason1 & c d )\t its help1 9 ! se>* aft] ,god1 is cle>ly se5 9 ! case ( ! ?9k] :o und]took ) mo/ delib]ation to ma9ta9 t position4 ,:5 ,kant said1--,al?\gh all o!r argum5ts = ! exi/5ce ( ,god are delusive1 /ill consci5ce gives u a feel+ ( responsibility & a s5se ( fre$om :i* compel u to believe 9 ,"o ?r\gh :om virtue & =tune1 duty & incl9ation1 w be reconcil$1 & 9 :om ! w w be free to d all t x ought1--he saw t he w\ld be met ) ! retort & reproa* t ! same process by :i* he pret5d$ to h demoli%$ ! o!r argum5ts 0 j z applicable to ?is new "o2 t ! ideas ( fre$om & responsibility might be z delusive :5 suppos$ to assure u ( reality1 z ^? ( causation & design2 t if ! latt] 7 m]e =ms ( human ?\ght1 ! =m] might be held to be s likewise ) equal reason1 & to be equally incapable ( af=d+ a w>rant to belief 9 ,god ,himself2 & consequ5tly1 t ! f9al religi\s result ( 8 philosophy 01 n t !re is a ,god1 b t !re is an idea ( ,god1 :i*1 al?\gh we _c get rid ( x1 is full ( contradictions1 & :olly incapable ( ju/ification or v]ification4 ,he saw all ?is z cle>ly z man c\ld d1 & x is m>vell\s t s _m au?ors %\ld h writt5 z if he _h n se5 x2 b c]ta9ly he might z well n h se5 x1 = all t he 0 able to d 9 ! way ( repell+ ! objection4 ,8 reply am\nt$ m]ely to reaffirm+ t we are "u ! necessity ( associat+ ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+ ) ! moral law1 & !n qualify+ ! /atem5t by ! admission t we c "k1 h[ev]1 no?+ ab\t t ,be+2 t z soon z we try to "k any?+ ab\t ,him we make a speculative1 n a practical1 use ( reason1 & fall back into ! realm ( sophi/ry & illusion f :i* ! ,critical ,philosophy 0 design$ to deliv] u4 ,9 o!r words1 :at he tells u is1 t ! argum5t is good1 b only on ! conditions t x is n to be subject$ to rational scrut9y1 & t no attempt is to be made to det]m9e :at its conclusion signifies4 ,x seems to me t1 on ^! conditions1 he might h f\nd any argum5t good4 ,su* conditions are inconsi/5t ) ! :ole _s & v exi/5ce ( a critical philosophy4 ,& x is n really ,god t ,kant rea*es by 8 argum5t3 x is a m]e moral ideal--a dead1 empty1 ab/ract assumption1 :i* is reg>d$ z practically useful1 al?\gh rationally baseless--a necess>y presupposition ( moral action1 b "o :i* tells u no?+ ab\t ! nature ( its object4 ,fi*te 0 only consi/5t :5 he refus$ to speak ( t object z a ,w or ,p]son1 & affirm$ t ,god exi/s only z ! ,moral ,ord] ( ! univ]se1 & t we c nei!r "k nor conceive ( any o!r ,god4 ,he 0 also1 only foll[+ out ! pr9ciples ( 8 ma/] :5 he repres5t$ t ord] z ! creation ( ! individual m9d1 ! =m ( ! individual consci5ce1 a mode ( m5tal action4 ,kant has exp\nd$ 8 argum5t1 & discuss$ its be>+s fully & m9utely1 9 8 ',kritik d] ,ur!ilskraft1' sec4 #hf-ij1 & ',kritik d] ,praktis*5 ,v]nunft1 ,zweites ,bu*1 ,zweites ,haupt/ck1' v4-viii4 ,m4 ,r5\vi]1 9 an article entitl$ ,de la ,contradiction repro*e la doctr9e de ,kant 7,la ,critique ,philosophique1 #c;ieme4 ,anne1 ,no4 #bi71 has expos$ "s errors on ! subject :i* are common 9 ,france1 & equally common 9 ,engl&4 ,,note ,,xxvi41 page #bag4 ,,dr ,,s*5kel',s ,,view ,,( ,,consci5ce ,,z ,,! ,,organ ,,( ,,religion4 ,dr ,s*5kel has fully set =? 8 reasons = hold+ t consci5ce is ! religi\s organ ( ! s\l1 9 ! n9? *apt] ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 ',*ri/li*e ,dogmatik4' ,he endeav\rs to meet ! objection urg$ 9 ! text by repres5t+ :at is truly ! prim>y & di/9ctive function ( consci5ce z a second>y & d]ivative function4 ,its prim>y activity is1 accord+ to him1 religi\s2 x unites ) ,god--x is consci\s communion ) ,him4 ,its e?ical activity is only elicit$ :5 ?is communion is di/urb$ & brok52 its s\rce is ! religi\s want occasion$ by ! rupture ( communion4 ,t is felt to be a some?+ abnormal & unsatisfactory1 & awak5s a desire aft] ! re/oration ( ! lo/ communion ) ,god4 ,! consci5ce is cognisant ( a moral law only :51 its communion ) ,god be+ di/urb$1 x seeks its re-e/abli%m5t ,dr ,s*5kel ?us1 z he ?9ks1 acc\nts = consci5ce hav+ an e?ical function z well z a religi\s function4 ,b cle>ly ! result at :i* he arrives is 9 direct contradiction to ! position f :i* he />ts4 ,! affirmation ( consci5ce z religi\s is repres5t$ z be+ t man is 9 direct communion ) ,god2 & ! affirmation ( consci5ce z e?ical is repres5t$ z be+ t man is n 9 direct communion ) ,god1 b desires to be s4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 contr>y decl>ations2 & to describe consci5ce 9 ! way ,s*5kel does1 z a syn!sis ( ! e?ical & religi\s factor1 is to repres5t x z a syn!sis ( self-contradictory elem5ts--a comp\nd ( yes & no4 ,we _c be consci\s bo? ( communion ) ,god & ( non-communion ) ,him4 ,&1 on ,dr ,s*5kel's own %[+1 ! evid5ce = imm$iate communion ) ,him is b small4 ,! consci\sness ( moral law he affirms to be consci\sness ( ! want or ne$ ( communion ) ,god1 n ! consci\sness ( enjoy+ x4 ,b is consci5ce ev] indep5d5t ( ! consci\sness ( moral law8 ,if n1 x c nev]1 accord+ to ! hypo!sis1 be a consci\sness ( ,god4 ,if x be indep5d5t !re(1 ! fact w\ld require to be bett] prov$ ?an by ! mis9t]pretation ( a few texts ( ,scripture4 ,solidly prov$ x nev]1 ,i believe1 c be4 ,a consci5ce n consci\s ( a moral law is simply no consci5ce at all4 ,,note ,,xxvii41 page #bba4 ,,*alm]s ,,& ,,ersk9e ,,on ,,! ,,argum5t ,,f ,,consci5ce4 ,! moral argum5t 01 z 0 to be expect$1 a v fav\rite "o ) ,dr ,*alm]s1 & 8 way ( /at+ x 0 z rem>kable = its simplicity & directness z = its eloqu5ce4 ,_h ,god1 he asks1 be5 an unrighte\s ,be+ ,himself1 w\ld ,he h giv5 to ! obvi\sly sup]ior faculty 9 man s di/9ct & au?oritative a voice on ! side ( righte\sness8 ,w\ld ,he h s con/ruct$ ! creatures ( our species z to h plant$ 9 e brea/ a reclaim+ witness aga9/ ,himself8 ,w\ld ,he h ?us inscrib$ on ! tablet ( e he>t ! s5t5ce ( ,8 own condemnation2 & is ?is n j z likely1 z t ,he %\ld h inscrib$ x 9 writt5 *>act]s on ! =ehead ( ea* individual8 ,w\ld ,he s h fa%ion$ ! workman%ip ( ,8 own h&s2 or1 if a ,god ( cruelty1 inju/ice1 & falsehood1 w\ld ,he h plac$ 9 ! /ation ( ma/] & judge t faculty :i*1 felt to be ! highe/ 9 our nature1 w\ld prompt a g5]\s & high-m9d$ revolt ( all our s5tim5ts aga9/ ! ,be+ :o =m$ u8 ,f a ,god possess$ ( su* *>act]i/ics1 we %\ld surely h expect$ a diff]5tly-m\ld$ humanity2 or1 9 o!r words1 f ! actual con/itution ( man1 f ! te/imonies on ! side ( all righte\sness1 giv5 by ! viceg]5t )9 ! he>t1 d we inf] ! righte\sness ( ! ,sov]eign :o plac$ x !re4--,natural ,!ology1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cbc1 #cbd4 ,?is argum5t ( ,dr ,*alm]s1 l all o!r argum5ts f consci5ce1 implies ! s\ndness ( ! reason+ by :i* ,god has be5 attempt$ to be %[n to be ! intellig5t cause or au?or ( ! univ]se2 &1 on t p]fectly legitimate presupposition1 x seems to me z irresi/ible z x is simple4 ,an intellig5t b unrighte\s ,god w\ld nev] h made a creature bett] ?an himself & end[$ ) admiration ( :at is mo/ opposite to himself1 ! rev]se & c\nt]p>t ( 8 own "*4 ,! argum5t z /at$ by ! late ,mr ,?omas ,ersk9e ( ,l9la!n1 is no less simple & direct3 ,:5 ,i att5tively consid] :at is go+ on 9 my consci5ce1 ! *ief ?+ =c$ on my notice is1 t ,i f9d myself face to face ) a purpose--n my own1 = ,i am (t5 consci\s ( resi/+ x--b :i* dom9ates me & makes itself felt z ev] pres5t1 z ! v root & reason ( my be+4444 ,?is consci\sness ( a purpose conc]n+ me t ,i %\ld be a good man--"r1 true1 & unselfi%--is ! fir/ firm foot+ ,i h 9 ! region ( religi\s ?\ght3 = ,i _c dissociate ! idea ( a purpose f t ( a ,purpos]1 & ,i _c b id5tify ?is ,purpos] ) ! ,au?or ( my be+ & ! ,be+ ( all be+s2 & fur!r1 ,i _c b reg>d ,8 purpose t[>ds me z ! unmi/akable indication ( ,8 own "*4--',! ,spiritual ,ord]1 & o!r ,pap]s1' pp4 #dg1 #dh4 ,,note ,,xxviii41 page #bbe4 ,,associationi/ ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,i h indicat$ to "s ext5t my reasons = reg>d+ ?is !ory z unsatisfactory 9 an article entitl$ ,associationism & ! ,orig9 ( ,moral ,ideas1 9 ',m9d1' ,no4 ,,iii4 7,july #ahgf74 ,9 ! treatise ( ,m4 ,c>rau1 ',la ,morale ,utilitaire1' ! v>i\s =ms ( ! !ory are exam9$ ) fairness & p5etration4 ,,note ,,xxix41 page #bbi4 ,,*alm]s ,,& ,,ba9 ,,on ,,! ,,pleasure ,,( ,,malevol5ce4 ,dr ,*alm]s devotes a *apt] ( 8 ',natural ,!ology' to ! illu/ration ( ! inh]5t pleasure ( ! virtu\s1 & mis]y ( ! vici\s affections4 ,i d n ?9k ! psy*ological doctr9e ( t *apt] unexceptionable2 b1 at ! same "t1 ,i _c und]/& on :at gr\nd ,pr(4 ,ba9 imag9es t x implies d\bts z to ! g5u95ess ( ! pleasures ( malevol5ce1 & virtually d5ies t ! feel+ ( gratifi$ v5geance is a real & indisputable pleasure4--,see ,emotions & ! ,w1 pp4 #ahg-ahi4 ,! v passage :i* ,pr(4 ,ba9 quotes is q inconsi/5t ) ?is view4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,! mo/ ord9>y obs]v] ( 8 own feel+s1 h[ev] incapable ( analysis1 mu/ be s5sible1 ev5 at ! mom5t ( wreak+ ! full indulg5ce ( 8 res5tm5t on ! man :o has provok$ or injur$ him1 t all is n p]fect )92 b t 9 ?is1 & inde$ 9 e o!r malignant feel+1 !re is a sore burd5 ( disquietude1 an unhapp9ess tumultuat+ 9 ! he>t1 & visibly pictur$ 9 ! c\nt5ance4 ,! f]oci\s tyrant :o has only to issue =? 8 m&ate1 & /rike dead at pleasure ! victim ( 8 wra?1 ) any circum/ance too ( b>b>ic caprice & cruelty :i* 8 fancy1 9 ! v wayw>dness ( passion unre/ra9$ & p[] unb\nd$1 might sugge/ to him--he may be said ?r\gh life to h exp]i5c$ a ?\s& gratifications1 9 ! solac$ rage & rev5ge :i*1 ?\gh ev] break+ =? on "s new subject1 he c appease aga9 e day ( 8 life by "s new execution4 ,b we mi/ake x if we ?9k o!rwise ?an t1 9 spite ( ^! di/9ct & v num]\s1 nay1 daily gratifications1 if he s *oose1 x is n a life ( fi]ce int]nal agony not)/&+4 ,! s5t5ce :i* prec$es ^! words leaves no d\bt t ,pr(4 ,ba9's int]pretation ( !m is incorrect4 ,true1 x is insep>able f ! v nature ( a desire1 t !re mu/ be "s enjoym5t or o!r at ! "t ( its gratification2 b1 9 ! case ( ^! evil affections1 x is n unmix$ enjoym5t4 ,! foll[+ passage is1 h[ev]1 /ill m explicit3 ,!re is a c]ta9 species ( enjoym5t common to all our affections4 ,x 7 a contradiction 9 t]ms to affirm o!rwise2 = x 7 tantam\nt to say+1 t an affection may be gratifi$ )\t ! actual exp]i5ce ( a gratification4 ,!re mu/ be "s s5sation or o!r ( happ9ess at ! "t :5 a man atta9s t :i* he is seek+ =2 & if x be n a positive s5sation ( pleasure1 x w at lea/ be ! s5sation ( a relief f pa91 z :5 "o meets ) ! opportunity ( wreak+ ^u its object t indignation :i* _h long kept 8 he>t 9 a tumult ( disquietude4 ,we !re=e w\ld mi/ake ! matt] if we ?\ght t a /ate ev5 ( ?or\gh & unqualifi$ wick$ness 0 exclusive ( all enjoym5t1 = ev5 ! vici\s affections mu/ %>e 9 t enjoym5t :i* insep>ably atta*es to e affection at ! mom5t ( its indulg5ce4 ,& ?us x is t ev5 9 ! v]ie/ ,p&emonium might !re be lurid gleams ( ec/asy & %\ts ( fi5di% exultation--! m]rim5t ( desp]adoes 9 crime1 :o s5d =? ! outcries ( _! spiteful & savage delight :5 "s deep-laid villany has triumph$1 or :51 9 "s dire p]petration ( rev5ge1 !y h giv5 full satisfaction & dis*>ge to ! malignity ( _! accurs$ nature4 ,! ass]tion1 !re=e1 may be tak5 too g5]ally1 :5 x is /at$ t !re is no enjoym5t :atev] 9 ! v]ie/ hell ( assembl$ outca/s2 = ev5 !re1 might !re be _m sep>ate & specific gratifications4 ,& we mu/ ab/ract ! pleasure ess5tially involv$ 9 e affection at ! in/ant ( its indulg5ce1 & :i* _c possibly be disjo9$ f x1 ere we see cle>ly & di/9ctively :]e9 x is t1 9 respect ( enjoym5t1 ! virtu\s & vici\s affections diff] f ea* o!r4 ,= x is true t !re is a common resemblance betwe5 !m2 & t1 by ! univ]sal law & nature ( affection1 !re mu/ be "s sort ( agreeable s5sation 9 ! act ( _! obta9+ t :i* !y are seek+ aft]4 ,yet x is no less true t1 did ! =m] affections be> supreme rule 9 ! he>t1 !y w\ld bright5 & tranquillise ! :ole ( human exi/5ce2 :]eas1 _h ! latt] ! entire & practical asc5dancy1 !y w\ld di/emp] ! :ole man1 & make him z completely wret*$ z he 0 completely wor?less4 ,dr ,*alm]s1 !n1 did n call 9 "q ! pleasures ( malevol5ce4 ,,note ,,xxx41 page #bcb4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,pro(4 ,consci5ce has f ! e>lie/ times & among ! rude/ peoples ex]cis$ great influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( religi\s belief4 ,moral reasons weigh$ ) m5 9 _! orig9ation & elaboration ( religion long be=e !y express$ !m 9 ab/ract propositions & logical =ms4 ,! hi/orical pro( ( ?is tru? is s ample t x w\ld require a volume to d x ju/ice3 all lit]atures might be made to yield contributions to x4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! moral argum5t1 & ! "o :i* has be5 mo/ g5]ally employ$1 is t ( an inf]5ce f ! moral law to a moral lawgiv]4 ,closely associat$ ) x are ^? =ms :i* re/ on ! emotions involv$ 9 or accompany+ virtue & guilt4 ,^! are ! directe/ modes ( exhibit+ :at ,*alm]s calls ! !ology ( consci5ce1 :i* is n only ( wid] diffusion b ( f> m practical influ5ce ?an ! !ology ( academic demon/ration4 ,raymond ( ,sebonde1 9 a "w :i* ,i h previ\sly _h occasion to m5tion1 0 p]haps ! fir/ to pres5t x 9 a m artificial =m4 ,he argues ?us3 ,man is a responsible be+ :o c nei!r rew>d nor puni% himself1 & :o mu/ consequ5tly be "u a sup]ior be+ :o w rew>d & puni% him1 unless 8 life is to be reg>d$ z va9 & purposeless--unless ev5 ! :ole ( ext]nal nature1 :i* is subject to man & exi/s = 8 sake1 is to be pron\nc$ aimless & useless4 ,ext]nal nature1 h[ev]1 is se5 to be ?r\gh\t ord]ly & h>moni\s2 h[ c we suppose ! moral _w to be disord]ly & *aotic8 ,z ! eye corresponds to ?+s visible1 ! e> to ?+s audible1 ! reason to ?+s intelligible1 s consci5ce mu/ correspond to a judgm5t :i* implies "s "o to pron\nce x1 & to a retribution :i* implies "s "o to inflict x4 ,b ?is "s "o mu/ be absolutely j2 he mu/ be omnisci5t1 z possess+ a p]fect k ( all human actions1 & a ?or\gh insight into _! moral "*2 omnipot5t1 to execute 8 judgm5ts2 &1 9 a ^w1 mu/ be ! mo/ p]fect ( all be+s--i4e41 ,god4 ,kant's argum5t is ?us summ>is$ by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york3 ,! highe/ good ( man consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! greate/ possible morality & happ9ess4 ,! =m] is ! dem& ( 8 spiritual1 ! latt] ( 8 animal nature4 ,! =m] only1 8 morality1 is )9 8 own p[]2 & :ile1 by p]sev]+ virtue1 he makes ?is 8 p]sonal "*1 he is (t5 compell$ to sacrifice 8 happ9ess4 ,b s9ce ! desire ( happ9ess is nei!r irrational nor unnatural1 he ju/ly concludes ei!r t !re is a ,supreme ,be+ :o w s guide ! c\rse ( ?+s 7! natural _w1 n ( itself subject to moral laws7 z to r5d] 8 hol9ess & happ9ess equal1 or t ! dictates ( 8 consci5ce are unju/ & irrational4 ,b ! latt] supposition is morally impossible2 & he is compell$1 !re=e1 to receive ! =m] z true4 ,ak9 to ?is argum5t are ^? :i* are bas$ on man's desire ( good4 ,proclus1 9 8 ',!ology ( ,plato1' argues to ! foll[+ effect3 ,all be+s desire ! good2 b ?is good _c be id5tical ) ! be+s :i* desire x1 = !n ^! be+s w\ld be !mselves ! good1 & w\ld n desire :at !y already possess$4 ,! good is antec$5t1 !re=e1 to all ! be+s :o desire x4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,proclus to ! pres5t _m h argu$ t !re mu/ be a ,god because ! he>t dem&s "o to satisfy its desire ( love1 or hol9ess1 or happ9ess2 few1 p]haps1 h done s ) m +5uity ( logic or f]v\r ( belief ?an ,john ,norris 9 ,contemplation & ,love1 or ! ,me?odical ,asc5t ( ! ,s\l to ,god by /eps ( ,m$itation1 & 9 ,an ,idea ( ,happ9ess 7',collection ( ,miscellanies'74 ,a contempor>y !ologian1 ,pr9cipal ,pirie ( ,ab]de51 has laid great /ress on an argum5t :i* we may assign to ?is class4 ,no argum5t1 he says1 c be valid :i* f\nds on innate ideas1 or :i* embraces consid]ations s entirely beyond ! range ( human appreh5sion t we _c positively be assur$ :e!r !y be true or false4 ,yet we h no hesitation 9 say+ t !re is an argum5t a priori = ! exi/5ce & attributes ( a ,god1 :i* is involv$ 9 ! v nature ( our feel+s1 & :i* !re=e tells ^u ! fai? ( ! :ole human race1 ev5 :5 !y are altoge!r ignorant ( x logically1 z exi/+ 9 ! =m ( a proposition4 ,x makes no appeal1 h[ev]1 to pr(\nd metaphysical speculations1 & is consequ5tly pla9 & intelligible to any "o capable ( ex]cis+ reason at all4 ,x re/s on ! pr9ciple :i* bo? our feel+s & our exp]i5ce demon/rate to be true1 t e prim>y & ess5tial desire ( ! human m9d has a co-relative--or1 9 o!r words1 a some?+ to gratify x--exi/+ 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,! mode 9 :i* ! developm5t ( ?is pr9ciple con/itutes an argum5t a priori = ! exi/5ce & attributes ( a ,god we n[ proce$ to expla94 ,e human be+ feels f ! mom5t 9 :i* he comes into exi/5ce1 & ?r\gh 8 :ole subsequ5t hi/ory1 t he is 9 himself a weak1 helpless creature4 ,z we h said1 ?is feel+ beg9s f ! v beg9n+ ( our consci\s exi/5ce4 ,! appeals ( ! infant = aid are made cont9ually4444 ,z we advance to *ildhood1 y\?1 & manhood1 our s5se ( p[] gradually increases4 ,we are consci\s t "u c]ta9 circum/ances we c d some?+ = ourselves4 ,yet ?is capability1 we are also consci\s 9 its v ex]cise1 does n dep5d on u = its cont9uance4 ,we _c pres]ve to ourselves =tune1 heal?1 or ev5 life1 = a s+le mom5t4 ,yet all ^! ?+s we desire1 & desire ) ! utmo/ e>ne/ness1 & desire z a prim>y t5d5cy ( our m9ds4 ,we may n inde$ always clo! su* desire 9 words--we may n put x into ! =m ( a proposition2 b t x exi/s 9 e m9d z a feel+1 & practically op]ates ^u e individual1 is z c]ta9 z our exi/5ce itself1 & is inde$ manife/ e mom5t 9 ! ef=ts :i* we make to pres]ve ^! & all o!r =ms ( :at we believe to involve happ9ess4 ,9 ?is desire1 consequ5tly1 we h ! voice ( nature speak+1 & comm&+ u to use su* ef=ts4 ,( ourselves we "k t !y w\ld be insuffici5t4 ,! results dep5d ^u causes ov] :i* we h no control4 ,our own ef=ts1 we are consci\s1 are only means :i* nature has appo9t$ u to employ1 b _! success dep5ds on circum/ances altoge!r beyond our p[]4 ,x is1 z has be5 said1 ! voice ( nature tell+ u t ea* ( our desires has a co-relative1 ?r\gh :i* x may be fully gratifi$ by ! use ( ! prop] means4 ,?is co-relative1 9 ! case ( int5se & p]man5t happ9ess1 c only be f\nd 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 true1 j1 b5evol5t1 & et]nal1 9 :om we repose entire confid5ce4 ,no o!r assumption c\ld by possibility satisfy our desire = ! highe/ & p]man5t happ9ess n[ & = ev]4 ,= to realise ?or\ghly ! argum5t1 x is to be obs]v$ t our desire is = ! highe/ & p]man5t happ9ess4 ,x is n imp]fect or tempor>y happ9ess m]ely :i* we desire1 ?\gh we may be compell$ to be cont5t ) ?is1 if we _c procure m4 ,x is ! highe/ happ9ess possible = our natures1 & t )\t end4 ,n[1 if su* happ9ess is to be atta9$ at all1 x c only be obta9$ ?r\gh a ,god possess$ ( ! attributes :i* we h enum]at$4--,natural ,!ology1 pp4 #ga-gd4 ,pr(4 ,wace1 9 ! second c\rse ( 8 ,boyle ,lectures--,*ri/ianity & ,morality 7#ahgf7--;has exhibit$1 ) consid]able detail1 & 9 an +5i\s & eloqu5t mann]1 ! te/imony :i* consci5ce be>s to a p]sonal ,god1 a moral ,creator1 & a moral ,gov]nor4 ,a glimpse ( 8 g5]al idea may be obta9$ f ! foll[+ words3 ,9 our endeav\r to trace 9 ! consci5ce1 & 9 ! p]sonal exp]i5ce ( individuals1 ! roots ( our fai? 9 a ,god ( inf9ite p[]1 wisdom1 & goodness1 we h n[ advanc$ two consid]able /eps beyond our fir/ & simple/ s5se ( "r & wrong4 ,we h se5 t ?is s5se1 :5 all[$ to speak ) its full imp]ative & p]sonal =ce1 ar\ses 9 u1 z x ar\s$ 9 ! ,psalmi/1 a s5se ( our be+ 9 contact ) a p]sonal & righte\s ,w4 ,?is conviction necess>ily involves1 z x involv$ 9 ! writ] ( ! #aci? ,psalm1 ! fur!r belief t an au?ority :i* has ?is claim ^u our ob$i5ce 9 e p>ticul> ( our conduct1 9 all our ?\ghts & acts1 mu/ at ! same "t be ! au?or & s\rce ( our :ole con/itution2 t ! righte\s eyes :i* n[ p5etrate1 :e!r ?r\gh d>kness or ?r\gh light1 to ! v dep?s ( our s\ls1 mu/ also h se5 our 'sub/ance1 yet be+ imp]fect1' & t 9 _! book mu/ all our memb]s h be5 writt54 ,if x be ! imp]ative & p>am\nt law ( our nature to obey our consci5ce1 & to make moral p]fection1 or spiritual excell5ce1 our ultimate aim1 we _c b conclude t our :ole nature1 & ! :ole ord] ( ?+s 9 :i* we are plac$1 is 9 ! h&s ( a moral p[]2 & t1 z we are fe>fully & wond]fully made = righte\s & reasonable ends1 x mu/ be by a righte\s & reasonable ,w t we are made4 ,! consci5ce ( man mu/ nev] be omitt$ f our view ( ! design ( man2 & x is only :5 we contemplate ! adju/m5t ( 8 :ole nature to ! purposes ( ! l(tie/ moral developm5t1 t ! argum5t f design acquires its full /r5g?4444 ,! appreh5sion ( a ,p[] :i* e/abli%es righte\sness z ! law ( life1 involves also ! conviction t x is able to en=ce t law1 & to r5d] x f9ally & ev]y:]e supreme4 ,! conviction1 inde$1 is "o ( fai? & n ( demon/ration2 & ! ,scriptures1 no less ?an life1 are full ( in/ances 9 :i* ?is fai? is tri$ by ! bitt]e/ exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 prophets1 z ,i h be=e obs]v$1 are at times driv5 to ! cry t '! law is slack$1 & t judgm5t do? nev] g =?4' ,b ! deepe/ in/9cts & necessities ( consci5ce =bid ! tol]ation ( any su* in/9ct ( despair4 ,if "r 7 n ess5tially & ultimately might1 ,i d n say--,god =bid--t x w\ld n /ill claim ! supreme allegiance ( ! s\l2 b life w\ld be a bitt] mock]y & an inexplicable cruelty4 ,n m]ely to be "u an imp]ative law to pursue t :i* _c be realis$1 b to be b\nd to su* a fruitless pursuit by e noble & lovely influ5ce--to be condemn$ 9 moral & spiritual realities to ! torm5ts ( a ,tantalus--?is is a conception ( human life aga9/ :i* ! :ole s\l rebels4 ,accord+ly1 a ,god ( all righte\sness mu/ ( necessity be reg>d$ z a ,god ( all p[]4444 ,t 'categorical imp]ative' ( ! consci5ce1 on :i* ! ,g]man philosoph] insi/$1 is imp]ative 9 dem&+ n only a ,god1 b an ,almighty ,god4 ,,note ,,xxxi41 page #bce4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,! ,,physical ,,_w4 ,lucretius 7ii4 #agg-v4 #aif7 has dwelt on ! arrangem5ts :i* r5d] "o zone ( ! e>? torrid & o!rs frigid--on ! ext5t ( b>r5 hea?s & rocks1 ( s&s & seas--on ! preval5ce ( unseasonable wea!r1 /orms1 & tempe/s--& on ! abundance ( noxi\s h]bs & de/ructive animals1 c4--z evid5ces t ! e>? 0 faulty & ill made1 & c\ld n be ! "w ( a ,div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,:e!r x 0 well or ill made appe>s to h be5 a fav\rite subject ( dispute betwe5 ! ,epicureans & ,/oics4 ,lactantius 7,de ,ira ,dei1 c4 xiii47 reports1 & attempts to answ]1 ! objections :i* ! ,epicureans & ,academics 7 accu/om$ to urge aga9/ ! con/itution ( ! physical _w4 ,9 ,cudwor?'s ',intellectual ,sy/em1' vol4 iii41 pp4 #dfd-h1 ,b5tley's ',folly ( ,a!ism1' pt4 i41 ,s]m4 #h2 ,d]ham's ',a/ro-,!ology1' book vii41 c4 #b1 c41 su* objections are discuss$4 ,9 ! rem>ks :i* ,i made on ! subject 9 ! lecture1 ,i h _h *iefly 9 view ! op9ions ( ,comte1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 & ,j4 ,j4 ,murphy 7,sci5tific ,bases ( ,fai?1 c4 xvi47 ,mr ,mill's *>ges aga9/ nature are v vigor\sly & graphically express$4 ,next to ! greatness ( ^! cosmic =ces1 ! quality :i* mo/ =cibly /rikes e "o :o does n av]t 8 eyes f x1 is _! p]fect & absolute recklessness4 ,!y g /raight to _! end1 )\t reg>d+ :at or :om !y cru% on ! road4 ,optimi/s1 9 _! attempts to prove t ':atev] is1 is "r1' are oblig$ to ma9ta91 n t ,nature ev] turns "o /ep f h] pa? to avoid trampl+ u into de/ruction1 b t x w\ld be v unreasonable 9 u to expect t %e %\ld4 ,pope's ',%all gravitation cease :5 y g by8' may be a j rebuke to any "o :o %\ld be s silly z to expect common human morality f ,nature4 ,b if ! "q 7 betwe5 two m51 in/ead ( betwe5 a man & a natural ph5om5on1 t triumphant apo/rophe w\ld be ?\ght a r>e piece ( impud5ce4 ,a man :o %\ld p]si/ 9 hurl+ /ones or fir+ cannon :5 ano!r man 'goes by1' &1 hav+ kill$ him1 %\ld urge a simil> plea 9 exculpation1 w\ld v des]v$ly be f\nd guilty ( murd]4 ,9 sob] tru?1 ne>ly all ! ?+s :i* m5 are hang$ or imprison$ = do+ to "o ano!r1 are ,nature's ev]yday p]=mances4 ,kill+1 ! mo/ crim9al act recognis$ by human laws1 ,nature does once to e be+ t lives1 & 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases aft] protract$ tortures1 su* z only ! greate/ mon/]s :om we read ( ev] purposely inflict$ on _! liv+ fell[-creatures4 ,if1 by an arbitr>y res]vation1 we refuse to acc\nt any?+ murd] b :at abridges to a c]ta9 t]m suppos$ to be allott$ to human life1 ,nature also does ?is to all b a small p]c5tage ( lives1 & does x 9 all ! modes1 viol5t or insidi\s1 9 :i* ! wor/ human be+s take ! lives ( "o ano!r4 ,nature impales m51 breaks !m z if on ! :eel1 ca/s !m to be dev\r$ by wild bea/s1 burns !m to dea?1 cru%es !m ) /ones l ! fir/ ,*ri/ian m>tyr1 />ves !m ) hung]1 freezes !m ) cold1 poisons !m by ! quick or sl[ v5om ( h] exhalations1 & has hundr$s ( o!r hide\s dea?s 9 res]ve1 su* z ! +5i\s cruelty ( a ,nabis or a ,domitian nev] surpass$4 ,all ?is ,nature does ) ! mo/ sup]cili\s disreg>d bo? ( m]cy & ( ju/ice1 empty+ h] %afts ^u ! be/ & noble/ indiff]5tly ) ! meane/ & wor/--^u ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! highe/ & wor?ie/ ent]prises1 & (t5 z ! direct consequ5ce ( ! noble/ acts1--& x might almo/ be imag9$ z a puni%m5t = !m4 ,%e m[s d[n ^? on ^: exi/5ce hangs ! wellbe+ ( a :ole p1 p]haps ! prospects ( ! human race = g5]ations to come1 ) z little compunction z ^? ^: dea? is a relief to !mselves1 or a bless+ to ^? "u _! noxi\s influ5ce4 ,su* are ,nature's deal+s ) life4 ,ev5 :5 %e does n int5d to kill1 %e inflicts ! same tortures 9 app>5t wantonness4 ,9 ! clumsy provision :i* %e has made = t p]petual r5ewal ( animal life1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! prompt t]m9ation %e puts to x 9 e individual case1 no human be+ ev] comes into ! _w b ano!r human be+ is lit]ally /ret*$ on ! rack = h\rs or days1 n unfrequ5tly issu+ 9 dea?4 ,next to tak+ life 7equal to x1 accord+ to a high au?ority7 is tak+ ! means by :i* we live2 & ,nature does ?is1 too1 on ! l>ge/ scale & ) ! mo/ call\s indiff]5ce4 ,a s+le hurricane de/roys ! hopes ( a season2 a flight ( locu/s1 or an inundation1 desolates a di/rict2 a trifl+ *emical *ange 9 an edible root />ves a million ( p4 ,! waves ( ! sea1 l b&itti1 seize & appropriate ! weal? ( ! ri* & ! little all ( ! poor ) ! same accompanim5ts ( /ripp+1 w\nd+1 & kill+1 z _! human antitypes4 ,ev]y?+1 9 %ort1 :i* ! wor/ m5 commit ei!r aga9/ life or prop]ty1 is p]petrat$ on a l>g] scale by natural ag5ts4 ,nature has noyades m fatal ?an ^? ( ,c>ri]2 h] explosions ( fire-damp are z de/ructive z human artill]y2 h] plague & *ol]a f> surpass ! poison-cups ( ! ,borgias4 ,ev5 ! love ( 'ord]1' :i* is ?\ght to be a foll[+ ( ! ways ( ,nature1 is1 9 fact1 a contradiction ( !m4 ,all :i* p are accu/om$ to deprecate z 'disord]' & its consequ5ces1 is precisely a c\nt]p>t ( ,nature's ways4 ,an>*y & ! ,reign ( ,t]ror are ov]mat*$ 9 inju/ice1 ru91 & dea?1 by a hurricane & a pe/il5ce4--,?ree ,essays1 pp4 #bh-ca4 ,! op9ion t ! _w w\ld be ei!r physically or morally improv$ 7 gravitation to cease :5 m5 w5t by1 7 fire n always to burn & 7 wat] occasionally to refuse to dr[n1 7 laws few & miracles num]\s1 may safely be left to refute itself4 ,!re=e1 let me simply set ov] aga9/ ,mr ,mill's c5sure ( ,nature ,wordswor?'s praise3-- ,nature nev] did betray ,! he>t t lov$ h]2 'tis h] privilege1 ,?r\gh all ! ye>s ( ?is our life1 to lead ,f joy to joy2 = %e c s in=m ,! m9d t is )9 u1 s impress ,) quietness & beauty1 & s fe$ ,) l(ty ?\ghts1 t nei!r evil tongues1 ,ra% judgm5ts1 nor ! sne]s ( selfi% m51 ,nor greet+s :]e no k9dness is1 nor all ,! dre>y int]c\rse ( daily life1 ,%all e'er prevail aga9/ u1 or di/urb ,our *e]ful fai?1 t all :i* we behold ,is full ( bless+s4 ,!re=e1 let ! moon ,%9e on !e 9 ?y solit>y walk2 ,& let ! mi/y m\nta9 w9ds be free ,to bl[ aga9/ !e3 &1 9 aft] ye>s1 ,:5 ^! wild ec/asies %all be matur$ ,into a sob] pleasure1 :5 ?y m9d ,%all be a mansion = all lovely =ms1 ,?y memory be z a dwell+-place ,= all sweet s\nds & h>monies2 oh !n1 ,if solitude1 or fe>1 or pa91 or grief1 ,%\ld be ?y portion1 ) :at heal+ ?\ghts ,( t5d] joy wilt ?\ rememb] me ,& ^! my exhortations6 ,,note ,,xxxii41 page #bda4 ,,no ,,be/ ,,possible ,,creat$ ,,sy/em4 ,dante has giv5 magnific5t expression to ! tru? t no creat$ sy/em c be absolutely p]fect3-- ,colui *e volse il se/o ,allo /remo del mondo1 e d5tro ad esso ,di/9se tanto occulto e manife/o1 ,non poteo suo valor si f>e impresso ,9 tutto l'univ]so1 *e il suo v]bo ,non rimanesse 9 inf9ito eccesso4 ,e ci fa c]to1 *e il primo ,sup]bo1 ,*e fu la somma d'ogni creatura1 ,p] non aspett> lume1 cadde ac]bo3 ,e qu9ci app> *' ogni m9or natura corto recettacolo a quel b5e ,*e non ha f9e1 e se 9 se misura4 ,dunque no/ra v$uta1 *e convi5e ,ess]e alcun de' raggi della m5te ,di *e tutte le cose son ripi5e1 ,non pu di sua natura ess] poss5te ,tanto1 *e suo pr9cipio non disc]na ,molto di l1 da quel *' egli 1 p>v5te4 ,p] nella giu/izia sempit]na ,la vi/a *e riceve il vo/ro mondo1 ,com' oc*io p] lo m>e1 entro s' int]na2 ,*e1 b5* dalla proda veggia il fondo1 ,9 pelago nol v$e2 e nondim5o ,egli 2 ma cela lui l'ess] pr(ondo4 --,del ,p>adiso1 cant4 xix4 #dj-fc4 ,he 8 compasses :o plac$ ,at ! _w's limit1 & )9 ! l9e ,drew beauties1 dimly or di/9ctly trac$-- ,c\ld n ^u ! univ]se s write ,! impress ( 8 p[]1 b t ,8 ,^w ,mu/ /ill be left 9 di/ance inf9ite3 ,& h5ce 'tis evid5t t he 9 heav5 ,creat$ l(tie/ 8 fate incurr$ ,because he w\ld n wait till light 0 giv54 ,& h5ce are all inf]ior creatures %[n ,scant vessels ( t ,goodness unconf9$ ,:i* n\ght c measure save ,itself alone4 ,!re=e our intellect--a feeble beam1 ,/ruck f ! light ( ! ,et]nal ,m9d1 ,) :i* all ?+s ?r\gh\t creation teem1-- ,mu/ by its nature be incapable1 ,save 9 a l[ & mo/ remote degree1 ,( view+ its exalt$ pr9ciple4 ,:]e=e ! heav5ly ,ju/ice c no m ,by mortal k5 be fa?om$ ?an ! sea3 ,= ?\gh ! eye ( "o ^u ! %ore ,may pi]ce its %all[s1 waves unfa?om$ b\nd ,8 fur!r sight1 yet "u !m is laid ,a bottom1 viewless ?r\gh ! deep pr(\nd4 --,,wright4 ,,note ,,xxxiii41 page #bde4 ,,defects ,,9 ,,! ,,organic ,,_w4 ,! objections to f9al causes f alleg$ defects 9 ! organic _w h be5 answ]$ ) wisdom & success by ,m4 ,janet1 9 8 ',causes ,f9ales1' pp4 #cac-cdh4 ,! views ( ,pr(essor ,helmholtz z to ! defects ( ! eye w be f\nd /at$ at l5g? 9 8 popul> lectures on sci5tific subjects4 ,! *ief defects enum]at$ are3 #a4 ,*romatic ab]ration1 connect$ ) #b4 ,sph]ical ab]ration & defective c5tr+ ( ! cornea & l5s1 toge!r produc+ ! imp]fection kn[n z a/igmatism2 #c4 ,irregul> radiation r\nd ! images ( illum9at$ po9ts2 #d4 ,defective transp>5cy2 #e4 ,float+ corpuscles1 & #f4 ,! bl9d spot ) o!r gaps 9 ! field ( vision4 ,! eye has e possible defect t c be f\nd 9 an optical in/rum5t1 & ev5 "s :i* are peculi> to itself4 ,x is n too mu* to say t if an optician want$ to sell me an in/rum5t :i* _h all ^! defects1 ,i %\ld ?9k myself q ju/ifi$ 9 blam+ 8 c>elessness 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms1 & giv+ him back 8 in/rum5t4 ,( c\rse ,i %all n d ?is ) my eyes1 & %all be only too glad to keep !m z long z ,i c--defects & all4 ,/ill1 ! fact t1 h[ev] bad !y may be1 ,i c get no o!rs1 does n at all dim9i% _! defects1 s long z ,i ma9ta9 ! n>r[ b indisputable position ( a critic on purely optical gr\nds4 ,helmholtz himself1 h[ev]1 po9ts out t ! defects ( ! eye are all s c\nt]act$1 t ! inexactness ( ! image :i* results f _! pres5ce v little exce$s1 "u ord9>y conditions ( illum9ation1 ! limits :i* are set to ! delicacy ( s5sation by ! dim5sions ( ! ret9al cones2 t ! adaptation ( ! eye to its function is mo/ complete1 & is se5 9 ! v limits :i* are set to its defects4 ,9 fact1 7 ! eye m p]fect z an in/rum5t ( optical precision1 x w\ld be less p]fect z an eye4 ,its absolute defects are practical m]its4 ,to be a useful eye x mu/ be nei!r a p]fect telescope nor a p]fect microscope1 b a some?+ :i* c readily s]ve _m purposes1 & :i* c be supplem5t$ by _m in/rum5ts4 ,! delicate f9i% ( a razor r5d]s x unfit = cutt+ wood4 ,all man's s5ses & organs are inf]ior to ^? possess$ by "s ( ! l[] animals1 b ! inf]iority is ( a k9d :i* is a real & va/ advantage4 ,x is ( a k9d :i* all[s !m to be put to a great] v>iety ( uses ?an c\ld m p]fect s5ses & organs4 ,x is ! v condition ( _! capacity to be utilis$ 9 manifold directions by an inv5tive & progressive reason4 ,fur!r1 no man c see at all m]ely ) a s-call$ p]fect optical in/rum5t4 ,he mu/ h 9 addition ! imp]fect in/rum5t1 compos$ ( a s(t1 wat]y1 animal sub/ance1 & designat$ ! eye4 ,!re is t 9 ! eye :i* immeasurably transc5ds all m]e physics & *emi/ry1 all human me*anism & contrivance2 !re is life2 !re is vision4 ,,note ,,xxxiv41 page #beb4 ,,epicurean ,,dilemma4 ,! ,epicurean dilemma has be5 (t5 dealt )4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) quot+ ,mr ,b[5's rem>ks on ! subject3 ,omnipot5ce & b5evol5ce are app>5tly v simple & v compreh5sive t]ms1 ?\gh few are m vaguely us$4 ,! =m] means a p[] to d ev]y?+2 b ?is does n include ! ability to d two contradictory ?+s at ! same mom5t1 or to accompli% any metaphysical impossibility4 ,?us1 ! ,deity _c cause two & two to make five1 nor place two hills ne> ea* o!r )\t leav+ a valley betwe5 !m4 ,! impossibility 9 su* cases does n argue a defect ( p[]1 b an absurdity 9 ! /atem5t ( ! case to :i* ! p[] is to be appli$4 ,a /atem5t :i* involves a contradiction 9 t]ms does n express a limitation ( ability1 because 9 tru? x expresses no?+ at all2 ! affirmation & ! d5ial1 utt]$ 9 ! same brea?1 cancel ea* o!r1 & no mean+ rema9s4 ,all metaphysical impossibilities c be r$uc$ to ! =mula1 t x is impossible = ! same ?+ to be & n to be at ! same mom5t1 z ?is w\ld be an absurdity--t is1 an absurd or mean+less /atem5t4 ,?us1 virtue _c exi/ )\t free ag5cy1 because a free *oice betwe5 good & evil is involv$ 9 ! idea ( virtue1 s t ! proposition means no m ?an ?is--t :at conta9s fre$om _c be )\t fre$om4 ,we _c *oose betwe5 good & evil1 unless good & evil are bo? plac$ be=e u--t is1 unless we "k :at ^! words mean2 & we _c express our *oice 9 action1 unless we are able to act--t is1 unless we h ! p[] ( do+ ei!r good or evil4 ,9 ! dilemma quot$ f ,epicurus1 a contradiction 9 t]ms is held to prove a defect ( p[]1 or to disprove omnipot5ce2 ! dilemma1 !re=e1 is a m]e logical puzzle1 l ! celebrat$ "o ( ,a*illes & ! tortoise4 ,! mean+ ( b5evol5ce appe>s simple en\gh2 b x is (t5 difficult to tell :e!r a c]ta9 act 0 or 0 n prompt$ by k9d int5tions4 ,/rictly speak+1 ( c\rse1 b5evol5ce is a quality ( m9d--t is1 ( w 7b5e volo7 or int5tion1 n ( outw>d conduct4 ,an action is said to be b5evol5t only by metaphor2 x is s call$1 because we inf] f x1 ) great positiv5ess1 t ! ag5t mu/ h _h b5evol5t int5tions4 ,we ?9k t ! motives are indicat$ by ! act2 b we may be mi/ak54 ,he :o gives food to ! hungry poor w\ld be e/eem$ b5evol5t2 b he may d x ) a view to poison !m4 ,to /rike = ! av[$ purpose ( caus+ pa9 usually argues ill-w or a malignant design2 b ! bl[ may come f ! k9de/ he>t 9 ! _w1 = ! express purpose ( b5efit+ him :o receives x4 ,9 ! pres5t argum5t1 ,epicurus assumes t ! pres5ce ( evil--t is1 ! outw>d fact--is en\gh to prove a want ( b5evol5ce1 or ev5 a malignant design1 on ! "p ( him :o might h prev5t$ x4 ,b if by evil is "h meant m]e pa9 or suff]+1 :e!r proce$+ f bodily or m5tal causes1 we may boldly d5y ! inf]5ce4 ,if pleasure or m]e enjoym5t is n ! greate/ good1 if sometimes x is ev5 inconsi/5t ) ! possession ( a high] bless+1 !n a d5ial ( x may be a pro( ( goodness in/ead ( malice4--,metaphysical & ,e?ical ,sci5ce1 pp4 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,,note ,,xxxv41 page #bfc4 ,,god ,,& ,,duty4 ,to su* read]s z h reflect$ on man's life2 :o und]/& t = man's wellbe+ ,fai? is prop]ly ! "o ?+ ne$ful2 h[ ) x m>tyrs1 o!rwise weak1 c *e]fully endure ! %ame & ! cross--& )\t1 worldl+s puke up _! sick exi/5ce by suicide 9 ! mid/ ( luxury3 to su* x w be cle> t = a pure moral nature ! loss ( religi\s belief is ! loss ( ev]y?+4 ,all w\nds1 ! cru% ( long-cont9u$ de/itution1 ! /ab ( false fri5d%ip & ( false love1 all w\nds 9 ?y s g5ial he>t1 w\ld h heal$ aga9 _h n its life-w>m? be5 )drawn4 ,well maye/ ?\ exclaim1 ',is !re no ,god1 !n2 b at be/ an abs5tee ,god1 sitt+ idle1 ev] s9ce ! fir/ ,sabba?1 at ! outside ( ,8 univ]se & see+ x g8' ',has ! ^w ,duty no mean+8 is :at we call ,duty no ,div9e mess5g] & guide1 b a false e>?ly phantasm made up ( desire & fe>8' ',is ! h]oic inspiration we "n ,virtue b "s passion2 "s bubble ( ! blood1 bubbl+ 9 ! direction o!rs pr(it by8' ,i "k n2 only ?is ,i "k1 if :at ?\ name/ ,happ9ess be our true aim1 !n are we all a/ray4 ',behold1 ?\ art fa!rless1 outca/1 & ! univ]se is--! ,devil's4'--,c>lyle4 ,,note ,,xxxvi41 page #bfh4 ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,! ,,!i/ic ,,pro(s4 ,!re are sev]al hi/ories ( ! pro(s = ! ,div9e exi/5ce4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ is ,ziegl]'s ',beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,glaub5s an das ,dase9 ,gottes' 7#agib74 ,! be/ kn[n1 & p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+1 is ,b\*itt's ',hi/oire des ,preuves de l',exi/5ce de ,dieu' 7,mmoires de l',acadmie1 ,savants trang]s1 i471 writt5 f ! ,krausean po9t ( view4 ,! ',ges*i*te d] ,beweise fr das ,dase9 ,gottes bis zum #ad ,jahrhund]t' 7#ahge71 by ,alfr$ ,tyszka1 & ! ',ges*i*te d] ,beweise fr das ,dase9 ,gottes von ,c>tesius bis ,kant' 7#ahgf71 by ,alb]t ,krebs1 supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,!re are two v able articles--p>tly hi/orical1 b *iefly critical--on ^! pro(s by ,pr(essor ,k/l9 9 ! ',!ol4 ,/udi5 und ,kritik51' ,h4 #d1 #ahge1 & ,h4 #a1 #ahgf4 ,! mo/ consci5ti\s1 useful1 & le>n$ hi/ory ( speculation reg>d+ ,deity is1 s f> z is kn[n to me1 ! f\r-volum$ "w ( ,signor ,bobba1 ',/oria della ,filos(ia intorno all' ,idea di ,dio4' ,on ! hi/ory ( ! a priori pro(s !re may be consult$ ! treatise ( ,fis*]1 ',d] ontologis*e ,beweis f4 d4 ,dase9 ,gottes u4 s4 ,ges*i*te1' #aheb1 & an article ( ,seydel1 ,d] ges*4 ,e9tritt ontologis*] ,beweisfhr+1 c4 7,tr4 f4 ,ph4 ,h4 i4 #aheh74 ,9 ,hase's ',life ( ,anselm' 7( :i* !re is an ,engli% translation7 !re is a good acc\nt ( ,anselm's argum5t4 ,!re is also a translation ( ! ',proslogion1' ) ,gaunilo's objections & ,anselm's reply1 9 ! ',biblio!ca ,sacra1' #ahea4 ,on ! ,c>tesian pro(s !re is a special "w by ,hub]1 ',die c>tes4 ,beweise v4 ,dase9 ,gottes' 7#ahed74 ,hegel's ',vorlesung5 b] d4 ,beweise f4 d4 ,dase9 ,gottes' are ( great int]e/ & value 9 v>i\s respects2 b 8 view ( ! hi/orical succession ( ! pro(s does n appe> to me to be t5able4 ,,note ,,xxxvii41 page #bfi4 ,a ,,priori ,,pro( ,,n ,,pro( ,,f ,a ,,cause4 ,! philosoph]s & !ologians :o h suppos$ ,a ,,priori pro( to be pro( f a cause or antec$5t exi/5ce1 h1 ( c\rse1 d5i$ t !re c be any a priori pro( ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce4 ,ari/otle laid d[n z a rule t demon/ration mu/ proce$ f ?+s prior to & ! causes ( ! ?+s to be demon/rat$1 & ^? :o ass5t$ to ?is rule necess>ily d5i$ ! possibility ( demon/rat+ ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,! ass]tion ( ,clem5s ( ,alex&ria t ,god _c be appreh5d$ by any demon/rative sci5ce is indubitable1 if ! view ( demon/ration on :i* he re/s x be correct2 = su* sci5ce is f ?+s prior & m kn[able1 :]eas no?+ c prec$e t :i* is uncreat$4 ,x is a manife/ contradiction to imag9e t an et]nal be+ is subsequ5t to any o!r be+1 or a p]fect be+ dep5d5t on any o!r be+4 ,ev5 ma!matical demon/ration1 h[ev]1 is n f causes2 nor is !re any reason = suppos+ t ! ord] ( k is necess>ily & univ]sally ! same z ! ord] ( exi/5ce4 ,x is by conf\nd+ demon/ration errone\sly und]/ood 9 ! mann] indicat$ ) pro( 9 g5]al t n a few p]sons h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! exi/5ce ( ,god _c be prov$ at all1 & h deem$ prepo/]\s ass]tions l t ( ,jacobi1 ,a ,god :o c be prov$ is no ,god1 = ! gr\nd ( pro( is necess>ily above ! ?+ prov$ by x1 bo? pr(\nd & pi\s4 ,,note ,,xxxviii41 page #bhe4 ,,"s ,a ,,priori ,,argum5ts4 ,i h treat$ ( ,cl>ke's argum5t 9 ! ',encyc4 ,brit4' art4 ,samuel ,cl>ke4 ,! demon/ration ( ,dr ,fiddes is conta9$ 9 8 ',!ologia ,speculativa1 or a ,body ( ,div9ity1' #b vols41 #agah-bj4 ,x consi/s ( six propositions3 #a4 ,some?+ does n[ exi/2 #b4 ,some?+ has exi/$ et]nally2 #c4 ,some?+ has be5 et]nally self-exi/5t2 #d4 ,:at is self-exi/5t mu/ h all ! p]fections t exi/ any:]e or 9 any subject2 #e4 ,:at is self-exi/5t mu/ h all possible p]fections1 & e p]fection1 9 an inf9ite measure2 #f4 ,:at has all possible p]fections 9 an inf9ite measure is ,god4 ,he proves 8 f\r? proposition ?us3 ,s9ce no?+ c arise out ( no?+1 & s9ce !re c be no p]fection b :at has "s subject ( inh]5ce1 e p]fection mu/ h be5 et]nally some:]e or o!r1 or 9 "o subject or o!r1 into :i* x mu/ be ultimately resolv$1 or else x c\ld nev] h be5 at all2 )\t admitt+1 :at ( all ?+s we are ! be/ able to conceive1 an inf9ite progression ( effici5t causes--t is1 an inf9ite s]ies ( be+s d]iv$ "o f ano!r1 )\t a beg9n+ or any orig9al cause at ! head ( ! s]ies4 ,s t :atev] p]fections we obs]ve 9 any be+ mu/ h be5 orig9ally & et]nally 9 ! self-exi/5t be+4 ,on behalf ( 8 fif? proposition he advances two argum5ts3 #a4 ,all prop]ties ess5tially foll[ ! nature & condition ( ! subject1 & mu/ be comm5surate to x4 ,= ?is reason we say t wisdom1 p[]1 & goodness be+ attributes ( an inf9ite subject1 or "o :i* is ! sub/ratum ( "o inf9ite attribute1 ^! & all ! o!r p]fections belong+ to x mu/ be inf9ite also4 ,o!rwise ! same subject1 consid]$ z a subject1 w\ld be inf9ite 9 "o respect1 & yet f9ite 9 ano!r2 :i*1 if x be n a contradiction1 seems to bord] s ne> ^u "o t we _c compreh5d ! possibility ( x4 #b4 ,a self-exi/5t be+ z ! subject ( any p]fection _c limit itself2 because x mu/ necess>ily h exi/$ f all et]nity :at x is1 & h be5 ! same 9 all prop]ties ess5tially inh]5t 9 x1 antec$5tly to any act or volition ( its own4 ,nor c su* a be+ be limit$ by any?+ ext]nal to x2 =1 besides t self-exi/5ce necess>ily implies indep5d5ce1 prop]ties :i* are ess5tial to any subject c admit ( no increase or dim9ution or ! lea/ imag9able *ange1 )\t de/roy+ ! ess5ce itself ( ! subject4 ,nor yet c x be said t !re is any impossibility 9 ! nature ( ! ?+ t ! p]fections inh]+ 9 an inf9ite subject %\ld be 9 ! highe/ or ev5 9 an inf9ite degree4 ,inde$ x is sc>ce possible = u 7= ! reasons already assign$7 to conceive h[ !y %\ld be o!rwise4 ,nei!r c any su* impossibility arise f ! nature ( ! p]fections !mselves4 ,if1 !n1 ! p]fections ( a self-exi/5t be+ _c be limit$ by itself1 nor by any?+ ext]nal to x1 nor f any inv9cible repugnancy 9 ! nature ( ! p]fections !mselves1 ,i conclude t ! self-exi/5t be+ mu/ n only h all possible p]fections1 b e p]fection 9 an inf9ite degree4 ,! ',demon/ration ( ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god aga9/ ,a!i/s1' by ! ,rev4 ,col9 ,campbell1 ,m9i/] ( ! ,p>i% ( ,ard*attan1 #affg-agbf1 has be5 rec5tly pr9t$ = private circulation f a ,,ms4 n[ deposit$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,! editor has add$ to x a le>n$ & admirable app5dix4 ,mr ,campbell's mann] ( prov+ t !re is "o1 & b "o1 inf9ite ,be+1 is z foll[s3 ,z ev]y?+ :i* ha? a beg9n+ =ces confession ( "o :o ha? none--because to produce is an action1 & mu/ presuppose an actor1--by ! same =ce ( reason1 we mu/ confess t :atev] is limit$1 or made ( su* & su* a limit$ nature1 is limit$ by some?+ :i* did limit x to be su* a ?+1 & no o!r4 ,= limit is an action1 & confesse? an actor4 ,s t !re mu/ be a be+ ant]ior to all limit$ be+s1 &1 consequ5tly1 "s be+ t is n at all limit$1 to evite ! absurd progress ( runn+ inf9itely upw>ds unlimit$ be+s1 )\t a s+le limit]4 ,n[1 an unlimit$ be+ is ! same z to say an inf9ite be+4 ,& s1 by ! =ce ( reason1 we h a be+ :i* is et]nal1 :i* is inf9ite4 ,!re c be b "o inf9ite1 because1 7 !re two or m1 ! "o w\ld limit ! o!r2 & s ! inf9ite w\ld be f9ite1 ! unlimit$ w\ld be limit$4 ,!re=e1 ! unlimit$1 or inf9ite1 mu/ be "o only2 & t "o purely s+le & uncomp\nd$1 else e "p ( ! comp\nd w\ld limit ! o!r p>ts1 s t all ! p>ts w\ld be limit$4 ,& a :ole ^: p>ts are limit$ mu/ be limit$ 9 ! :ole1 x be+ impossible t a comp\nd or conjunction ( f9ites c1 by addition1 produce an inf9ite1 unless y imag9e ?is complex :ole to consi/ p>tly ( f9ites1 & also ( "s inf9ite4 ,b ! "o inf9ite "p1 if inf9ite1 _c leave place = any o!r f9ite to make x up1 x be+ itself unlimit$ & inf9ite2 & su* an addition w\ld speak x limit$ by ! "p :i* 0 add$4 ,& a ?\s& l absurdities w\ld foll[4 ,wolla/on's attempt$ demon/ration is conta9$ 9 ! fif? section ( 8 ',religion ( ,nature ,del9eat$' 7#agbe74 ,?is is a common book1 & ! m]e ref]5ce to x mu/ suffice4 ,moses ,l[man's ',argum5t to prove ! ,unity & ,p]fection ( ,god a priori' 0 publi%$ 9 #agce1 & repr9t$1 ) a preface by ,dr ,pye ,smi?1 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ! au?or & 8 works1 9 ! ,cab9et ,libr>y ( ,sc>ce & ,celebrat$ ,tracts 7#ahcf74 ,i reproduce ! ab/ract :i* ,dr ,smi? gave ( ?is +5i\s argum5t 9 8 ',fir/ ,l9es ( ,*ri/ian ,!ology3' #a4 ,positive exi/5ce is possible1 = x involves no contradiction4 #b4 ,all possible exi/5ce is ei!r necess>y1 :i* mu/ be1 & 9 its own nature _c b be2 or cont+5t1 :i* may be or n be1 = 9 nei!r case is a contradiction involv$4 #c4 ,"s exi/5ce is necess>y3 =1 if all exi/5ce 7 cont+5t1 all exi/5ce might n be z well z might be2 & t ?+ :i* might n be nev] c\ld be )\t "s o!r ?+ z ! prior cause ( its exi/5ce1 s9ce e effect mu/ h a cause4 ,if1 !re=e1 all possible exi/5ce 7 cont+5t1 all exi/5ce w\ld be impossible2 because ! idea or conception ( x w\ld be t ( an effect )\t a cause1 :i* involves a contradiction4 #d4 ,necess>y exi/5ce mu/ be actual exi/5ce3 = necess>y exi/5ce is t :i* mu/ be & _c b be--t is1 x is su* exi/5ce z arises f ! nature ( ! ?+ 9 itself2 & x is an evid5t contradiction to affirm t necess>y exi/5ce might n be4 #e4 ,necess>y exi/5ce be+ su* z mu/ be & _c b be1 x mu/ be always & _c b be always2 = to suppose t necess>y exi/5ce c\ld beg9 to be1 or c\ld cease to be--t is1 t a "t might be 9 :i* necess>y exi/5ce w\ld n be--involves a contradiction4 ,!re=e1 necess>y exi/5ce is )\t beg9n+ & )\t end--t is1 x is et]nal4 #f4 ,necess>y exi/5ce mu/ be :]ev] any exi/5ce is possible3 = all exi/5ce is ei!r cont+5t or necess>y2 all cont+5t exi/5ce is impossible )\t necess>y exi/5ce be+ previ\sly z its cause1 & :]ev] exi/5ce is possible x mu/ be ei!r ( a necess>y or a cont+5t be+4 ,!re=e1 necess>y exi/5ce mu/ be :]ev] exi/5ce is possible--t is1 x mu/ be inf9ite4 #g4 ,!re c be b "o necess>ily exi/5t be+2 = two necess>ily exi/5t be+s c\ld 9 no respect :atev] diff] f ea* o!r--t is1 !y w\ld be "o & ! same be+4 #h4 ,! "o necess>ily exi/5t be+ mu/ h all possible p]fections3 = all possible p]fections mu/ be ! p]fections ( "s exi/5ce2 all exi/5ce is ei!r necess>y or cont+5t2 all cont+5t exi/5ce is dep5d5t ^u necess>y exi/5ce2 consequ5tly1 all possible p]fections mu/ belong ei!r to necess>y exi/5ce or to cont+5t exi/5ce--t is1 to cont+5t be+s1 :i* are caus$ by & are dep5d5t ^u necess>y be+4 ,!re=e1 s9ce !re c be b "o necess>ily exi/5t be+1 t be+ mu/ h all possible p]fections4 #i4 ,! "o necess>ily exi/5t be+ mu/ be a free ag5t2 = cont+5t exi/5ce is possible1 z ! conception ( x involves no contradiction2 b necess>y exi/5ce mu/ be ! cause or produc+ ag5t ( cont+5t exi/5ce1 o!rwise cont+5t exi/5ce w\ld be impossible1 z an effect )\t a cause2 & necess>y exi/5ce z ! cause ( cont+5t exi/5ce does n act necess>ily1 = !n cont+5t exi/5ce w\ld itself be necess>y1 :i* is absurd z involv+ a contradiction4 ,!re=e necess>y exi/5ce1 z ! cause ( cont+5t exi/5ce1 acts n necess>ily b freely--t is1 is a free ag5t1 :i* is ! same ?+ z be+ an intellig5t ag5t4 #aj4 ,!re=e1 !re is "o necess>ily exi/5t be+1 ! cause ( all cont+5t exi/5ce--t is1 ( all o!r exi/5ces besides himself2 & ?is be+ is et]nal1 inf9ite1 possess$ ( all possible p]fections1 & is an intellig5t free ag5t--t is1 ?is ,be+ is ,god4 ,! demon/ration ( ! ,div9e exi/5ce giv5 by ! ,*evali] ,ramsay is conta9$ 9 ! ,fir/ ,book ( 8 ',philosophical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion' 7#agdh74 ,x is z elaborately ma!matical 9 =m z ! reason+ 9 ,sp9oza's ',e?ics1' & has cont9u\s ref]5ce to t reason+4 ,x is impossible to give any di/9ct conception ( its nature by a brief description4 ,! argum5t ( ,dr ,hamilton1 ,dean ( ,armagh1 is fully set =? 9 8 ',attempt to prove ! ,exi/5ce & ,absolute ,p]fection ( ! ,supreme ,unorig9at$ ,be+1 9 a ,demon/rative ,mann]' 7#aghe74 ,x assumes ! axiom t :atev] is cont+5t1 or might possibly h be5 o!rwise ?an x is1 _h "s cause :i* det]m9$ x to be :at x is4 ,or 9 o!r words3 if two diff]5t or contr>y ?+s 7 ea* ( !m possible1 :i*ev] ( !m took place1 or came to pass1 x mu/ h done s 9 consequ5ce ( "s cause :i* det]m9$ t x1 & n ! o!r1 %\ld take ! place4 ,! propositions :i* he endeav\rs to demon/rate are ^!3 ,i4 ,!re mu/ be 9 ! univ]se "s "o be+1 at lea/1 ^: non-exi/5ce is impossible--^: exi/5ce _h no cause1 no beg9n+1 & c h no end4 ,,ii4 ,! :ole nature ( ! unorig9at$ be+1 or ! aggregate ( 8 attribute1 is uncaus$1 & mu/ be necess>ily & immutably :at x is2 s t he _c h any attribute or modification ( 8 attributes b su* z 7 ! et]nal & necess>y concomitants ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,,iii4 ,:atev] are ! attributes ( ! unorig9at$ be+1 he mu/ possess ea* ( !m unlimit$ly1 or 9 its :ole ext5t1 su* z x is :5 consid]$ 9 ! ab/ract4 ,,iv4 ,9 :atev] mann] ! unorig9at$ be+ exi/s or is pres5t any:]e1 he mu/ 9 ! l mann] exi/ or be pres5t ev]y:]e4 ,v4 ,! unorig9at$ be+ is "o individual uncomp\nd$ sub/ance id5tically ! same ev]y:]e1 & to :i* our ideas ( :ole & p>ts1 magnitude or quantity1 are n applicable4 ,,vi4 ,! unorig9at$ be+ mu/ necess>ily possess intellig5ce & p[] unlimit$1 & all o!r natural attributes t are 9 !mselves absolute p]fections4 ,,vii4 ,!re is 9 ! univ]se b "o unorig9at$ be+1 :o mu/ !re=e be ! orig9al f\nta9 ( all exi/5ce1 & ! fir/ cause ( all ?+s4 ,,viii4 ,all ?+s owe _! exi/5ce ultimately to ! p[] ( ! fir/ cause op]at+ accord+ to 8 free w4 ,,ix4 ,almighty ,god1 ! fir/ cause & au?or ( all ?+s1 mu/ be a ,be+ ( inf9ite goodness1 wisdom1 m]cy1 ju/ice1 & tru?1 & all o!r moral p]fections1 su* z become ! supreme au?or & gov]nor ( ! univ]se4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,blackwood ,,& ,,sons 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,v>iations 9 spell+1 punctuation & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ except 9 obvi\s cases ( typographical errors4 ,italics are %[n ?us italic4 #c;ieme4 indicates t ! lett]s enclos$ 9 curly brackets are sup]script$4 ,! repetition ( ! title on ! fir/ two pages has be5 remov$4