,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el & ,*>tres    ,by     
,h5ry ,adams    ,) an introduction by   
,ralph ,adams ,cram        ,editor's    
,note    ,f ! mom5t :51 ?r\gh ! c\rtesy 
( my fri5d ,b>rett  ,w5dell1 ,i came    
fir/ to "k ,mr4 ,h5ry ,adams's book1    
,mont-,sa9t-  ,mi*el & ,*>tres1 ,i 0    
pr(\ndly conv9c$ t ?is privately  pr9t$1
 jeal\sly gu>d$ volume %\ld be )drawn f 
its  hid+-place among/ ! bibliographical
 treasures ( collectors &  amateurs &   
giv5 t wide publicity dem&$ alike by its
  intr9sic nature & ! cause x c\ld s    
admirably s]ve4    ,to say t ! book 0 a 
revelation is inadequately to express a 
fact2 at once all ! !ology1 philosophy1 
& my/icism1 !  politics1 sociology1 &   
economics1 ! romance1 lit]ature1 & art  
( t greate/ epo* ( ,*ri/ian civilization
 became fus$ 9 !  alembic ( an unique   
insight & precipitat$ by ! dynamic =ce  
( a p]sonal & di/+ui%$ /yle4 ,a judgm5t 
t might well  h be5 bias$ by p]sonal    
incl9ation receiv$ ! endorsem5t (  _m 9 
two cont95ts1 m compet5t to pass        

judgm5t1 bett] able  to speak )         
au?ority2 & s =tifi$1 ,i _h ! hon\r (   
say+ to ,mr4 ,adams1 9 ! autumn ( #aiab1
 t ! ,am]ican  ,in/itute ( ,ar*itects   
ask$ ! di/+ui%$ privilege (  arrang+ = !
 publication ( an edition = g5]al sale1 
"u  its own imprimatur4 ,! result is !  
volume n[ made available =  public      
circulation4    ,9 ju/ice to ,mr4       
,adams1 x %\ld be said t su* publication
 is1  9 8 op9ion1 unnecess>y &          
uncall$-=1 a conclusion 9 :i*  nei!r !  
,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,ar*itects1 !      
publi%]s1 nor  ! ,editor concurs4       
,fur!rmore1 ! =m 9 :i* ! book is        
pres5t$ is no affair ( ! au?or1 :o1 9   
giv+ reluctant  cons5t to publication1  
expressly /ipulat$ t he %\ld h no  "p or
 p>cel 9 c>ry+ out s mad a v5ture (     
fai?1--z he  e/imat$ ! project ( giv+ 8 
book to ! public4    ,9 ?is1 & = once1 8
 judgm5t is at fault4 ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el
  & ,*>tres is "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$      
contributions to  lit]ature & "o ( ! mo/
 valuable adjuncts to ! /udy (          

m$iaevalism ,am]ica ?us f> has produc$4 
,! r$iscov]y ( ?is  great epo* (        
,*ri/ian civilization has _h issue 9 _m 
&  valuable works on its religion1 its  
philosophy1 its economics1 its          
politics1 & its art1 b 9 ne>ly e        
in/ance1 :i*ev] field  has be5 trav]s$  
has be5 consid]$ almo/ z an isolat$     
ph5om5on1 ) insuffici5t ref]5ce to ! o!r
 aspects ( an  era t 0 s+ul>ly unit$ &  
at "o ) itself4 ,hugh ( ,sa9t  ,victor &
 ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as are fully         
compreh5sible only 9  _! relation%ip to 
,sa9t ,anselm1 ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 & !        
developm5t ( ,ca?olic dogma & life2     
feudalism1 ! crusades1 !  guilds &      
communes weave !mselves into ?is same   
religi\s  developm5t & into !           
vicissitudes ( cresc5t nationalities2   
,dante1 ! ca!dral build]s1 ! pa9t]s1    
sculptors1 & music  ma/]s1 all are      
closely knit into ! w>p & wo( (         
philosophy1  /atecraft1 economics1 &    
religi\s devotion2--inde$1 x may be     
said t ! ,middle ,ages1 m ?an any o!r   

record$ epo* (  hi/ory1 mu/ be consid]$ 
en bloc1 z a p]iod ( consi/5t unity  z  
highly emphasiz$ z 0 its dynamic =ce4   
,x is unnecess>y to say t ,mr4 ,adams   
deals ) ! art ( !  ,middle ,ages aft]   
?is fa%ion3 he is n ( ^? :o w\ld        
det]m9e e elem5t 9 art f its mat]ial    
antec$5ts4 ,he  realizes v fully t its  
ess5tial elem5t1 ! ?+ t  diff]5tiates x 
f ! art t prec$$ & t :i*  foll[$1 is its
 spiritual impulse2 ! manife/ation may h
 be51  & probably 01 m or less          
accid5tal1 b t :i* makes  ,*>tres       
,ca!dral & its glass1 ! sculptures (    
,rheims1 ! ,dies  ,irae1 ,aucass9 &     
,nicolette1 ! ,song ( ,rol&1 ! ,ar?urian
  ,leg5ds1 great art & unique1 is nei!r 
_! te*nical ma/]y  nor _! fidelity to ! 
endur+ laws ( all great art1--?\gh  ^!  
are s+ul> 9 _! p]fection1--b r ! peculi>
  spiritual impulse :i* in=m$ ! "t1 & by
 its int5sity1 its  p5etrat+ p[]1 & its 
dynamic =ce wr\ght a r\nd$ &  complete  
civilization & manife/$ ?is ?r\gh a ?\s&
 v>i$  *annels4    ,great]1 p]haps1 ev5 

?an 8 grasp ( ! s+ul> entirety (        
m$iaeval civilization1 is ,mr4 ,adams's 
p[] ( m]g+ himself 9 a  long dead "t1 ( 
?9k+ & feel+ ) ! m5 & wom5  !re(1 & s   
brea?+ on ! dead bones ( antiquity t    
aga9  !y clo! !mselves ) fle% & ve/ure1 
call back _!  sev]$ s\ls1 & live aga91 n
 only to ! consci\sness ( !  read]1 b   
be=e 8 v eyes4 ,& x is n a ?9 simulacrum
 he  raises by "s d\btful al*emy3 x is  
no phantasm ( ! pa/ t  %9es dimly be=e u
 9 ^! magical pages2 x is ! v "t  itself
 9 :i* we are m]g$4 ,we =ga!r ) ! ,abbot
 & 8  monks1 & ! crusad]s & pilgrims 9 !
 ,%r9e ( !  ,ar*angel3 we pay our       
devoirs to ! fair ,fr5* ,que5s1--,blan*e
 (  ,ca/ile1 ,eleanor ( ,aquita9e1 ,m>y 
( ,*ampagne1--fight+ _!  battles = !m z 
liege s]vants3 we dispute ) ,abel>d1    
,?omas  ( ,aqu9o1 ,duns ! ,scotsman3 we 
take our p>ts 9 ! ,c\rt (  ,love1 or s+ 
! sublime & s\nd+ praises ( ,god ) !    
,canons ( ,sa9t ,victor3 our eyes op5$  
at la/1 & aft] _m days  we kneel be=e   
,our ,lady ( ,pity1 ask+ h] int]cession 

= h]  lax b loyal devotees4 ,sev5       
c5turies dissolve & vani% away1  be+ z  
!y 7 n1 & ! ?irte5? c5tury lives less = 
u  ?an we live 9 x & are a "p ( its     
gaiety & light-  he>t$ness1 its y\?ful  
ard\r & ab\nd+ action1 its *ildlike     
simplicity & frankness1 its normal &    
heal?y & all-embrac+  devotion4    ,& x 
is well = u to h ?is exp]i5ce4 ,ap>t f !
  desirable trans=mation x effects 9    
preconceiv$ & curi\sly  errone\s        
sup]/itions z to "o ( ! greate/ eras 9  
all  hi/ory1 x is va/ly he>t5+ &        
exhil>at+4 ,if x gives new  & n always  
flatt]+ /&>ds = ! judgm5t ( contempor>y 
m5 & ?+s1 s does x e/abli% new ideals1  
new goals =  atta9m5t4 ,to live = a day 
9 a _w t built ,*>tres  ,ca!dral1 ev5 if
 x makes ! liv+ 9 a _w t creates !      
,black ,c\ntry ( ,engl& or an ,iron     
,city ( ,am]ica less a ?+  ( joy &      
gladness ?an be=e1 equally op5s up ! f> 
prospect  ( ano!r ?irte5? c5tury 9 !    
times t are to come &  urges to ard5t   
action t[>d its atta9m5t4    ,b ap>t f  

?is1 ! deepe/ value ( ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el
 &  ,*>tres1 its importance z a         
revelation ( ! et]nal glory (  m$iaeval 
art & ! elem5ts t br\ght x into be+ is n
  lightly to be express$4 ,to e arti/1  
:atev] 8 *os5 =m  ( expression1 x mu/   
appe> unique & invaluable1 & to none  m 
?an ! ar*itect1 :o1 famili> at la/ ) its
 beauties1  its p[]1 & its tea*+ =ce1 c 
only applaud ! action (  ! ,am]ican     
,in/itute ( ,ar*itects 9 mak+ ,mr4      
,adams an ,honor>y  ,memb]1 z "o :o has 
r5d]$ di/+ui%$ s]vices to ! art1  &     
voice 8 gratitude t x has br\ght ! book 
)9 8  rea* & giv5 x publicity be=e ! _w4
    ,:itehall1 ,sudbury1 ,massa*usetts1 
,june1 #aiac4          ,,cont5ts        
,,preface       ,i4 ,,sa9t ,,mi*iel ,,de
 ,,la ,,m] ,,del ,,p]il    ,,ii4 ,,la   
,,*anson ,,de ,,rol&   ,,iii4 ,,!       
,,m]veille    ,,iv4 ,,norm&y ,,& ,,!    
,,ile ,,de ,,france     ,v4 ,,t[]s ,,&  
,,portals    ,,vi4 ,,! ,,virg9 ,,(      
,,*>tres   ,,vii4 ,,roses ,,& ,,apses   
,,viii4 ,,! ,,twelf?-,,c5tury ,,glass   

,,ix4 ,,! ,,leg5d>y ,,w9d[s     ,x4 ,,! 
,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,que5 ,,( ,,heav5       
,,xi4 ,,! ,,?ree ,,que5s   ,,xii4       
,,nicolette ,,& ,,m>ion  ,,xiii4 ,,les  
,,miracles ,,de ,,notre ,,dame   ,,xiv4 
,,abel>d    ,,xv4 ,,! ,,my/ics   ,,xvi4 
,,sa9t ,,?omas ,,aqu9as                 
,preface    ,decemb]1 #aijd4    ,"s old 
,elizabe?an play or poem conta9s !      
l9es3--         4 4 4 ,:o reads me1 :5  
,i am a%es1       ,is my son 9 wi%es 4 4
 4 4 4 4 4 4 4    ,! relation%ip1 betwe5
 read] & writ]1 ( son & fa!r1 may  h    
exi/$ 9 ,que5 ,elizabe?'s "t1 b is mu*  
too close to be  true = ours4 ,! utmo/ t
 any writ] c\ld hope ( 8 read]s  n[ is t
 !y %\ld cons5t to reg>d !mselves z     
nephews1 &  ev5 !n he w\ld expect only a
 m or less civil refusal f  mo/ ( !m4   
,inde$1 if he _h rea*$ a c]ta9 age1 he  
w\ld h  obs]v$ t nephews1 z a social    
class1 no long] read at all1 &  t !re is
 only "o famili> in/ance record$ ( a    
nephew :o  read 8 uncle4 ,! exception   
t5ds r to support ! rule1  s9ce x ne$$ a

 ,macaulay to produce1 & two volumes to 
record x4  ,f9ally1 ! metre does n p]mit
 x4 ,"o may n say3 ,:o reads  me1 :5 ,i 
am a%es1 is my nephew 9 wi%es4    ,!    
same objections d n apply to ! ^w niece4
 ,! *ange  re/ores ! v]se1 &1 to a v    
great degree1 ! fact4 ,nieces  h be5    
kn[n to read 9 e>ly y\?1 & 9 "s cases   
may h  read _! uncles4 ,! relation%ip1  
too1 is conv5i5t & easy1  capable ( be+ 
any?+ or no?+1 at ! w ( ei!r p>ty1  l a 
,mohamm$an or ,polynesian or ,am]ican   
m>riage4 ,no valid  objection c be (f]$ 
to ?is *oice 9 ! v]se4 ,niece let x  be6
    ,! foll[+ l9es1 !n1 are writt5 =    
nieces1 or = ^? :o  are will+1 = ^?1 to 
be nieces 9 wi%4 ,= conv5i5ce (  travel 
9 ,france1 :]e hotels1 9 out-(-!-way    
places1 are  sometimes want+ 9 space z  
well z luxury1 ! nieces %all c\nt  z "o 
only4 ,z _m m may come z l1 b "o niece  
is en\gh  = ! uncle to talk to1 & "o    
niece is mu* m likely ?an two  to li/54 
,"o niece is also m likely ?an two to   
c>ry a kodak  & take int]e/ 9 x1 s9ce %e

 has no?+ else1 except h]  uncle1 to    
int]e/ h]1 & in/ances occur :5 %e takes 
int]e/  nei!r 9 ! uncle nor 9 ! j\rney4 
,"o _c assume1 ev5 9  a niece1 too      
emotional a nature1 b "o may assume a   
kodak4    ,! p>ty1 !n1 ) su* v>iations (
 detail z may suit its  ta/es1 has sail$
 f ,new ,york1 let u say1 e>ly 9 ,june =
 an  entire summ] 9 ,france4 ,"o        
pleasant ,june morn+ x has l&$ at       
,*]b\rg or ,havre & takes ! tra9 across 
,norm&y to ,pontorson1  :]e1 ) ! ev5+   
light1 ! t\ri/s drive along !  *aussee1 
ov] ! s&s or ?r\gh ! tide1 till !y /op  
at  ,madame ,p\l>d's fam\s hotel )9 !   
,gate ( ! ,m\nt4    ,! uncle talks3--   
,,*apt] ,i    ,,sa9t ,,mi*iel ,,de ,,la 
,,m] ,,del ,,p]il    ,! ,ar*angel lov$  
heights4 ,/&+ on ! summit ( ! t[]  t    
cr[n$ 8 *ur*1 w+s upspread1 sword       
uplift$1 ! devil  crawl+ b5ea?1 & !     
cock1 symbol ( et]nal vigilance1 p]*$   
on 8 mail$ foot1 ,sa9t ,mi*ael held a   
place ( 8 own 9 heav5  & on e>? :i*     
seems1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 to leave h>dly

  room = ! ,virg9 ( ! ,crypt at ,*>tres1
 /ill less = !  ,beau ,*ri/ ( ! ?irte5? 
c5tury at ,ami5s4 ,! ,ar*angel  /&s =   
,*ur* & ,/ate1 & bo? militant4 ,he is ! 
conqu]or  ( ,satan1 ! mightie/ ( all    
creat$ spirits1 ! ne>e/ to ,god4  ,8    
place 0 :]e ! dang] 0 greate/2 !re=e y  
f9d him  "h4 ,= ! same reason he 01 :ile
 ! pagan dang] la/$1 !  patron sa9t (   
,france4 ,s ! ,normans1 :5 !y 7 conv]t$ 
to  ,*ri/ianity1 put !mselves "u 8      
p[]ful protection4 ,s he  /ood =        
c5turies on 8 ,m\nt 9 ,p]il ( ! ,sea1   
wat*+  across ! tremor ( ! imm5se       
ocean1-imm5si tremor oceani1-z  ,l\is   
,,xi1 inspir$ = once to poetry1 inscrib$
 on ! coll> (  ! ,ord] ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael  
:i* he creat$4 ,s soldi]s1 nobles1  &   
mon>*s w5t on pilgrimage to 8 %r9e2 s ! 
common p  foll[$1 & /ill foll[1 l       
ourselves4    ,! *ur* /&s high on !     
summit ( ?is granite rock1 & on  its we/
 front is ! plat=m1 to :i* ! t\ri/ ought
 fir/ to  climb4 ,f ! edge ( ?is plat=m1
 ! eye plunges d[n1 two  hundr$ &       

?irty-five feet1 to ! wide s&s or ! wid]
 ocean1  z ! tides rec$e or advance1 "u 
an inf9ite sky1 ov] a  re/less sea1 :i* 
ev5 we t\ri/s c und]/& & feel )\t  books
 or guides2 b :5 we turn f ! we/]n view1
 & look at  ! *ur* door1 ?irty or =ty   
y>ds f ! p>apet :]e we  /&1 "o ne$s to  
be eight c5turies old to "k :at ?is mass
 (  encru/$ ar*itecture meant to its    
build]s1 & ev5 !n "o mu/  /ill le>n to  
feel x4 ,! man :o w&]s into ! twelf?    
c5tury  is lo/1 unless he c gr[         
prematurely "y4    ,"o c d x1 z "o c    
play ) *ildr54 ,wordswor?1 ^:  practical
 s5se equall$ 8 intuitive g5ius1        
c>efully limit$ u  to a season ( calm   
wea!r1 :i* is c]ta9ly be/2 b grant+  a  
fair frame ( m9d1 "o c /ill h sight ( t 
immortal  sea :i* br\ght u hi!r f !     
twelf? c5tury2 "o c ev5  travel ?i!r &  
see ! *ildr5 sport+ on ! %ore4 ,our s5se
  is p>tially atrophi$ f disuse1 b x is 
/ill alive1 at lea/  9 old p1 :o alone1 
z a class1 h ! "t to be "y4    ,"o ne$s 
only to be old en\gh 9 ord] to be z "y z

 "o w4  ,f ! top ( ?is ,abbey ,*ur* "o  
looks across ! bay to  ,avran*es1 &     
t[>ds ,c\tances & ! ,cot5t91--!         
,con/ant9us  pagus1--^: %ore1 fac+ u1   
recalls ! coa/ ( ,new ,engl&4  ,!       
relation betwe5 ! granite ( "o coa/ & t 
( !  o!r may be fanciful1 b ! relation  
betwe5 ! p :o live  on ea* is z h>d &   
practical a fact z ! granite itself4 ,:5
  "o ent]s ! *ur*1 "o notes fir/ ! f\r  
great triumphal  pi]s or columns1 at !  
int]section ( ! nave & transepts1 &  on 
look+ into ,m4 ,corroy]'s ar*itectural  
/udy :i* is ! *ief  s\rce ( all "o's    
acqua9tance ) ! ,m\nt1 "o le>ns t  ^!   
pi]s 7 con/ruct$ 9 #ajeh4 ,f\r out (    
five ,am]ican  t\ri/s w in/antly recall 
! only date ( m$iaeval hi/ory  !y ev]   
knew1 ! date ( ! ,norman ,conque/4      
,eight ye>s aft]  ^! pi]s 7 built1 9    
#ajff1 ,duke ,william ( ,norm&y rais$ an
  army ( =ty ?\s& m5 9 ^! p>ts1 & 9     
nor!rn ,france1  :om he took to ,engl&1 
:]e !y mo/ly /ay$4 ,= a hundr$ &  fifty 
ye>s1 until #abjd1 ,norm&y & ,engl& 7   

unit$2 !  ,norman peasant w5t freely to 
,engl& ) 8 "l1 spiritual or  temporal2 !
 ,norman woman1 a v capable p]son1      
foll[$ h]  husb& or h] p>5ts2 ,normans  
held ne>ly all ! ,engli% fiefs2  fill$ !
 ,engli% ,*ur*2 cr[d$ ! ,engli% ,c\rt2  
creat$ !  ,engli% law2 & we "k t ,fr5* 0
 /ill curr5tly spok5 9  ,engl& z late z 
#adjj1 or !reab\ts1 ,aft] ! scole (     
,/rat=d atte b[e4 ,! ari/ocratic ,norman
 names /ill survive 9  "p1 & if we look 
up _! orig9 "h we %all g5]ally f9d  !m 9
 villages s remote & insignificant t _! 
place c  h>dly be f\nd on any ord9>y    
map2 b ! common p _h no  surnames1 & _c 
be trac$1 al?\gh = e noble ^: "n  or    
blood surviv$ 9 ,engl& or 9 ,norm&y1 we 
mu/ reckon hundr$s  ( peasants4 ,s9ce ! 
g5]ation :i* foll[$ ,william to ,engl&  
9 #ajff1 we c reckon tw5ty-eight or     
?irty f fa!r to son1  &1 if y c>e to    
figure up ! sum1 y w f9d t y _h  ab\t   
two hundr$ & fifty million ari?metical  
ance/ors liv+ 9  ! middle ( ! elev5?    
c5tury4 ,! :ole population ( ,engl&  &  

nor!rn ,france may !n h numb]$ five     
million1 b if x  7 fifty x w\ld n mu*   
affect ! c]ta9ty t1 if y h  any ,engli% 
blood at all1 y h also ,norman4 ,if we  
c\ld g back  & live aga9 9 all our two  
hundr$ & fifty million ari?metical      
ance/ors ( ! elev5? c5tury1 we %\ld f9d 
ourselves do+  _m surpris+ ?+s1 b among 
! re/ we %\ld pretty  c]ta9ly be pl\gh+ 
mo/ ( ! fields ( ! ,cot5t9 &  ,calvados2
 go+ to mass 9 e p>i% *ur* 9 ,norm&y2   
r5d]+ milit>y s]vice to e "l1 spiritual 
or temporal1 9  all ?is region2 & help+ 
to build ! ,abbey ,*ur* at ,mont-       
,sa9t-,mi*el4 ,f ! ro( ( ! ,ca!dral (   
,c\tances ov]  yond]1 "o may look away  
ov] ! hills & woods1 ! f>ms &  fields ( 
,norm&y1 & s famili>1 s homelike are !y1
 "o c  almo/ take oa? t 9 ?is1 or ! o!r1
 or 9 all1 "o knew  life once & has nev]
 s fully kn[n x s9ce4    ,nev] s fully  
kn[n x s9ce6 ,= we ( ! elev5? c5tury1   
h>d-  head$1 close-fi/$1 grasp+1 %rewd1 
z we 71 & z ,normans  are /ill said to  
be1 /ood m fully 9 ! c5tre ( ! _w's     

movem5t ?an our ,engli% desc5dants ev]  
did4 ,we 7 a "p1 &  a great "p1 ( !     
,*ur*1 ( ,france1 & ( ,europe4 ,! ,leos 
&  ,gregories ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies 
lean$ on u 9 _!  great /ruggle = re=m4  
,our ,duke ,ri*>d-,sans-,peur1 9 #iff1  
turn$ ! old canons out ( ! ,m\nt 9 ord] 
to br+ "h !  highe/ influ5ce ( ! "t1 !  
,b5$ict9e monks ( ,monte  ,cass9o4      
,ri*>d ,,ii1 gr&fa!r ( ,william !       
,conqu]or1 began  ?is ,abbey ,*ur* 9    
#ajbj1 & help$ ,abbot ,hildeb]t to build
 x4  ,:5 ,william ! ,conqu]or 9 #ajff   
set out to conqu] ,engl&1 ,pope  ,alex&]
 ,,ii /ood beh9d him & bless$ 8 bann]4  
,f t  mom5t our ,norman ,dukes ca/ !    
,k+s ( ,france into ! %ade4 ,our        
activity 0 n limit$ to nor!rn ,europe1  
or ev5 conf9$ by  ,anj\ & ,gascony4 ,:5 
we /op at ,c\tances1 we w drive out to  
,hauteville to see :]e ,tancr$ came f1  
^: sons ,rob]t &  ,rog] 7 conqu]+       
,naples & ,sicily at ! "t :5 ! ,abbey   
,*ur* 0 build+ on ! ,m\nt4 ,normans 7   
ev]y:]e 9 #ajff1  & ev]y:]e 9 ! lead (  

_! age4 ,we 7 a s]i\s race4 ,if  y want 
o!r pro( ( x1 besides our record 9 w> & 
9  politics1 y h only to look at our    
art4 ,religi\s art is !  measure ( human
 dep? & s9c]ity2 any triviality1 any    
weakness1  cries al\d4 ,if ?is *ur* on !
 ,m\nt is n pro( en\gh (  ,norman "*1 we
 w /op at ,c\tances = a wid] view4 ,!n  
we w g to ,ca5 & ,bayeux4 ,f !re1 x w\ld
 almo/ be wor?  our :ile to leap at once
 to ,pal]mo4 ,x 0 9 ! ye> #aaca or      
!reab\ts t ,rog] began ! ,ca!dral at    
,cefalu & ! ,*apel  ,royal at ,pal]mo2 x
 0 ab\t ! ye> #aagd t 8 gr&son  ,william
 began ! ,ca!dral ( ,monreale4 ,no      
art--ei!r ,greek or  ,byzant9e1 ,italian
 or ,arab--has ev] creat$ two religi\s  
types s  beautiful1 s s]i\s1 s          
impressive1 & yet s diff]5t1 z ,mont-   
,sa9t-,mi*el wat*+ ov] its nor!rn ocean1
 & ,monreale1 look+  d[n ov] its =e/s ( 
orange & lemon1 on ,pal]mo & !          
,sicilian seas4    ,d[n ne>ly to ! end (
 ! twelf? c5tury ! ,norman 0 fairly     
ma/] ( ! _w 9 ar*itecture z 9 arms1     

al?\gh !  ?irte5? c5tury belong$ to     
,france1 & we mu/ look = its  glories on
 ! ,se9e & ,m>ne & ,loire2 b = ! pres5t 
we are  9 ! elev5? c5tury1--t5ants ( !  
,duke or ( ! ,*ur* or (  small feudal   
lords :o take _! names f !              
neighb\rhood1--  ,beaumont1 ,c>t]et1    
,greville1 ,p]cy1 ,pi]pont1--:o1 at !   
,duke's  bidd+1 w ea* call out 8 t5ants1
 p]haps t5 m5-at-arms  ) _! att5dants1  
to fight 9 ,brittany1 or 9 ! ,vex9 t[>d 
,p>is1 or on ! great campaign = !       
conque/ ( ,engl& :i* is  to come )9 t5  
ye>s1--! greate/ milit>y ef=t t has  be5
 made 9 we/]n ,europe s9ce ,*>lemagne & 
,rol& 7  defeat$ at ,roncesvalles ?ree  
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,= ! mom5t1 we  are    
help+ to qu>ry granite = ! ,abbey ,*ur*1
 & to haul x  to ! ,m\nt1 or load x on  
our boat4 ,we nev] fail to make our     
annual pilgrimage to ! ,m\nt on !       
,ar*angel's ,day1 ,octob] #af4  ,we     
expect to be call$ out = a new campaign 
:i* ,duke ,william  ?reat5s aga9/       
,brittany1 & we he> /ories t ,h>old !   

,saxon1 ! p[]ful ,e>l ( ,wessex 9       
,engl&1 is a gue/1 or1 z  "s say1 a     
prison] or a ho/age1 at ! ,duke's ,c\rt1
 & w g  ) u on ! campaign4 ,! ye> is    
#ajeh4    ,all ?is "t we h be5 /&+ on ! 
p>vis1 look+ out ov]  ! sea & s&s :i*   
are z good elev5?-c5tury l&scape z  !y  
ev] 72 or turn+ at times t[>ds ! *ur*   
door :i* is  ! pons seclorum1 ! bridge (
 ages1 betwe5 u & our ance/ors4  ,n[ t  
we h made an attempt1 su* z x is1 to get
 our m9ds  into a condition to cross !  
bridge )\t break+ d[n 9 !  ef=t1 we ent]
 ! *ur* & /& face to face ) elev5?-     
c5tury ar*itecture2 a gr\nd-plan :i*    
dates f #ajbj2 a c5tral  t[]1 or its    
pi]s1 dat+ f #ajeh2 & a *ur* complet$ 9 
#aace4 ,france c (f] few build+s ( ?is  
importance equally old1  ) dates s      
exact4 ,p]haps ! close/ p>allel to      
,mont-,sa9t-  ,mi*el is                 
,sa9t-,b5oit-sur-,loire1 above ,orleans1
 :i* seems to h  be5 a %r9e almo/ z     
popul> z ! ,m\nt1 at ! same "t4  ,*>tres
 0 also a fam\s %r9e1 b ( ! ,virg91 & ! 

we/  por* ( ,*>tres1 :i* is to be our   
peculi> pilgrimage1 0 a  hundr$ ye>s    
lat] ?an ! gr\nd-plan (                 
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1  al?\gh ,*>tres por*
 is ! usual />t+-po9t ( nor!rn  ,fr5*   
art4 ,que5 ,matilda's                   
,abbaye-aux-,dames1 n[ ! ,*ur* ( !      
,tr9ity1 at ,ca51 dates f #ajff4 ,sa9t  
,s]n9 at ,t\l\se1 !  por* ( ! ,abbey    
,*ur* at ,moissac1 ,notre-,dame-du-,port
 at  ,cl]mont1 ! ,abbey ,*ur* at        
,vezelay1 are all said to be twelf?-    
c5tury4 ,ev5 ,san ,m>co at ,v5ice 0 new 
9 #ajbj4    ,yet 9 #ajbj ,norman art 0  
already too ambiti\s4 ,c]ta9ly n9e      
hundr$ ye>s leave _! traces on granite z
 well z on o!r  mat]ial1 b ! granite (  
,abbot ,hildeb]t w\ld h /ood  securely  
en\gh1 if ! ,abbot _h n ask$ too mu* f  
x4  ,p]haps he ask$ too mu* f !         
,ar*angel1 = ! ?\ght ( !  ,ar*angel's   
sup]iority 0 cle>ly ! inspiration ( 8   
plan4 ,!  apex ( ! granite rock rose l a
 sug>-loaf two hundr$ &  =ty feet 7#gc4f
 metres7 above mean sea-level4 ,in/ead (

 cutt+  ! summit away to give 8 *ur* a  
secure rock f\ndation1 :i*  w\ld h      
sacrific$ ab\t ?irty feet ( height1 !   
,abbot took  ! apex ( ! rock = 8 level1 
& on all sides built out  f\ndations (  
masonry to support ! walls ( 8 *ur*4 ,! 
apex  ( ! rock is ! floor ( ! croisee1 !
 int]section ( nave  & transept4 ,on ?is
 solid f\ndation ! ,abbot re/$ ! *ief   
weight ( ! *ur*1 :i* 0 ! c5tral t[]1    
support$ by !  f\r great pi]s :i* /ill  
/&2 b f ! croisee 9 !  c5tre we/w>d to !
 p>apet ( ! plat=m1 ! ,abbot fill$ !    
:ole space ) masonry1 & 8 successors    
built out /ill  f>!r1 until "s two      
hundr$ feet ( /onework ends n[ 9 a      
p]p5dicul> wall ( eighty feet or m4 ,9  
?is space are sev]al  ranges ( *amb]s1 b
 ! /ructure might p]haps h prov$  /rong 
en\gh to support ! light ,romanesque    
front :i* 0 usual  9 ! elev5? c5tury1 _h
 n fa%ions 9 ar*itecture *ang$ 9  !     
great epo* ( build+1 a hundr$ & fifty   
ye>s lat]1 :5  ,abbot ,rob]t de ,torigny
 ?\ght prop] to recon/ruct ! we/  front1

 & build out two t[]s on its flanks4 ,! 
t[]s 7 no  d\bt beautiful1 if "o may    
judge f ! t[]s ( ,bayeux &  ,c\tances1 b
 _! weight broke d[n ! vault+ b5ea?1 &  
"o  ( !m fell 9 #acjj4 ,9 #afah ! :ole  
facade began to give way1  & 9 #aggf n  
only ! facade b also ?ree ( ! sev5 spans
 (  ! nave 7 pull$ d[n4 ,( ,abbot       
,hildeb]t's nave1 only f\r  ar*es rema94
    ,/ill1 ! ov]ma/]+ /r5g? ( ! elev5?  
c5tury is /amp$  on a great scale "h1 n 
only 9 ! f\r spans ( ! nave1 &  9 !     
transepts1 b *iefly 9 ! triumphal       
columns ( !  croisee4 ,no "o is likely  
to =get :at ,norman ar*itecture 01  :o  
takes ! tr\ble to pass once ?r\gh ?is   
fragm5t ( its  e>lie/ bloom4 ,!         
dim5sions are n great1 ?\gh great] ?an  
safe con/ruction w>rant$4 ,abbot        
,hildeb]t's :ole *ur* did n  exce$ two  
hundr$ & ?irty feet 9 l5g? 9 ! int]ior1 
&  ! span ( ! triumphal ar* 0 only ab\t 
tw5ty-?ree feet1 if  ! books c be tru/$4
 ,! nave ( ! ,abbaye-aux-,dames appe>s  
to h ab\t ! same wid?1 & probably nei!r 

( !m 0 meant  to be vault$4 ,! ro( 0 (  
timb]1 & ab\t sixty-?ree feet  high at  
its apex4 ,comp>$ ) ! great *ur*es ( !  
?irte5?  c5tury1 ?is build+ is mode/1 b 
its size is n :at matt]s  to u4 ,its    
/yle is ! />t+-po9t ( all our future    
travels4  ,"h is y\r fir/ elev5?-c5tury 
*ur*6 ,h[ does x affect y8    ,s]i\s &  
simple to excess6 is x n8 ,"y p r>ely   
enjoy  x4 ,!y pref] ! ,go?ic1 ev5 z y   
see x "h1 look+ at u  f ! *oir1 ?r\gh ! 
great ,norman ar*4 ,no d\bt !y are  "r1 
s9ce !y are "y3 b m5 & wom5 :o h liv$   
long  & are tir$1--:o want re/1--:o h   
done ) aspirations &  ambition1--^: life
 has be5 a brok5 ar*1--feel ?is repose &
  self-re/ra9t z !y feel no?+ else4 ,!  
quiet /r5g? (  ^! curv$ l9es1 ! solid   
support ( ^! heavy columns1 !  mod]ate  
proportions1 ev5 ! modifi$ lights1 !    
abs5ce (  display1 ( ef=t1 (            
self-consci\sness1 satisfy !m z no o!r  
art does4 ,!y come back to x to re/1    
aft] a long circle (  pilgrimage1--!    
cradle ( re/ f :i* _! ance/ors />t$4    

,ev5 "h !y f9d ! repose none too deep4  
,inde$1 :5 y look long] at x1 y beg9 to 
d\bt :e!r !re  is any repose 9 x at     
all1--:e!r x is n ! mo/ unreposeful     
?\ght ev] put into ar*itectural =m4     
,p]*$ on ! extreme  po9t ( ?is abrupt   
rock1 ! ,*ur* ,militant ) its aspirant  
,ar*angel /&s high above ! _w1 & seems  
to ?reat5 heav5  itself4 ,! idea is !   
/rong] & m re/less because !  ,*ur* (   
,sa9t ,mi*ael is surr\nd$ & protect$ by 
! _w &  ! society ov] :i* x rises1 z    
,duke ,william re/$ on 8  b>ons & _! m54
 ,nei!r ! ,sa9t nor ! ,duke 0 tr\bl$ by 
d\bts ab\t 8 mission4 ,*ur* & ,/ate1    
,s\l & ,body1 ,god &  ,man1 are all "o  
at ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 & ! bus9ess ( all
 is to  fight1 ea* 9 8 own way1 or to /&
 gu>d = ea* o!r4  ,nei!r ,*ur* nor ,/ate
 is intellectual1 or le>n$1 or ev5 /rict
  9 dogma4 ,"h we d n feel ! ,tr9ity at 
all2 ! ,virg9 b  little2 ,*ri/ h>dly m2 
we feel only ! ,ar*angel & ! ,unity  (  
,god4 ,we h little logic "h1 & simple   
fai?1 b we h  en]gy4 ,we _c d _m ?+s :i*

 are done 9 ! c5tre (  civilization1 at 
,byzantium1 b we c fight1 & we c build a
  *ur*4 ,no d\bt we ?9k fir/ ( ! *ur*1 &
 next ( our  temporal "l2 only 9 ! la/  
in/ance d we ?9k ( our private  affairs1
 & our private affairs sometimes suff] =
 x2 b we  reckon ! affairs ( ,*ur* &    
,/ate to be ours1 too1 & we c>ry  ?is   
idea v f>4 ,our *ur* on ! ,m\nt is      
ambiti\s1 re/less1  /riv+ = effect2 our 
conque/ ( ,engl&1 ) :i* ! ,duke is      
infatuat$1 is m ambiti\s /ill2 b all ?is
 is a trifle to !  outbur/ :i* is com+ 9
 ! next g5]ation2 & ,sa9t ,mi*ael  on 8 
,m\nt expresses x all4    ,tak+         
ar*itecture z an expression ( en]gy1 we 
c "s day  comp>e ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el )   
,beauvais1 & draw f !  comp>ison :atev] 
moral suits our frame ( m9d2 b y %\ld   
fir/ note t "h1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 !    
,*ur*1 h[ev]  simple-m9d$ or uns*ool$1 0
 n *eap4 ,its self-respect is  wor?     
notic+1 because x 0 %ort-liv$ 9 its art4
 ,mont-,sa9t-  ,mi*el1 ?r\gh\t1 ev5 up  
to ! delicate & intricate /onework  (   

its cloi/]s1 is built ( granite4 ,!     
crypts & sub/ructures  are z well       
con/ruct$ z ! surfaces mo/ expos$ to    
view4 ,:5  we get to ,*>tres1 :i* is    
l>gely a twelf?-c5tury "w1 y  w see t ! 
ca!dral !re1 too1 is sup]bly built1 ( ! 
h>de/ & heavie/ /one )9 rea*1 :i* has   
n[h]e settl$  or giv5 way2 :ile1 b5ea?1 
y w f9d a crypt t rivals !  *ur* above4 
,! ?irte5? c5tury did n build s4 ,!     
great  ca!drals aft] #abjj %[ economy1 &
 sometimes worse4 ,! _w  grew *eap1 z   
worlds mu/4    ,y may l x all ! bett] = 
be+ less s]i\s1 less h]oic1  less       
militant1 & m :at ! ,fr5* call b\rgeois1
 j z y  may l ! /yle ( ,l\is ,,xv bett] 
?an t ( ,l\is ,,xiv1--  ,madame du ,b>ry
 bett] ?an ,madame de ,montespan1--=    
ta/e is free1  & all /yles are good :i* 
amuse2 b s9ce we are n[ beg9n+  ) !     
e>lie/1 9 ord] to /ep d[n gracefully to 
! /age1  :atev] x is1 :]e y pref] to    
/op1 we mu/ try to und]/&  a little ( ! 
k9d ( en]gy :i* ,norman art express$1 or
 w\ld  h express$ if x _h ?\ght 9 our   

modes4 ,! only ^w :i*  describes !      
,norman /yle is ! ,fr5* ^w naif4 ,littre
 says t  naif comes f natif1 z vulg>    
comes f vulgus1 z ?\gh native  traits   
mu/ be simple1 & commonness mu/ be      
vulg>4 ,bo? ^!  d]ivative mean+s 7      
/range to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,naivete  0  
simply natural & vulg>ity 0 m]ely co>se4
 ,norman naivete  0 n diff]5t 9 k9d f ! 
naivete ( ,burgundy or ,gascony or      
,lomb>dy1 b x 0 slightly diff]5t 9      
expression1 z y w  see :5 y travel s\?4 
,"h at ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el we h only a   
mutilat$ trunk ( an elev5?-c5tury *ur*  
to judge by4 ,we h  n ev5 a facade1 &   
%all h to /op at "s ,norman village--at 
,?aon or ,oui/reham--to f9d a we/ front 
:i* might suit ! ,abbey  "h1 b :]ev] we 
f9d x we %all f9d some?+ a little m     
s]i\s1 m milit>y1 & m practical ?an y w 
meet 9  o!r ,romanesque "w1 f>!r s\?4   
,s1 too1 ! c5tral t[] or  lant]n--! mo/ 
/rik+ feature ( ,norman *ur*es--has     
fall5  "h at ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 & we   
%all h to replace x f  ,c]isy-la-,=et1 &

 ,lessay1 & ,falaise4 ,we %all f9d mu*  
to say  ab\t ! value ( ! lant]n on a    
,norman *ur*1 & ! s+ul>  p[] x          
expresses4 ,we %all h /ill m to say ( ! 
t[]s  :i* flank ! we/ front ( ,norman   
*ur*es1 b ^! are mo/ly  twelf?-c5tury1 &
 w lead u f> beyond ,c\tances & ,bayeux1
  f fle*e to fle*e1 till we come to !   
fle*e ( all fle*es1 at  ,*>tres4    ,we 
%all h a :ole *apt] ( /udy1 too1 ov] !  
elev5?-  c5tury apse1 b "h at           
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 ,abbot ,hildeb]t's  
*oir  w5t ! way ( 8 nave & t[]4 ,he     
built out ev5 m boldly to  ! ea/ ?an to 
! we/1 & al?\gh ! *oir /ood = "s  f\r   
hundr$ ye>s1 :i* is a suffici5t life =  
mo/  ar*itecture1 ! f\ndations gave way 
at la/1 & x fell 9 #adba1  9 ! mid/ ( ! 
,engli% w>s1 & rema9$ a ru9 until #adej4
  ,!n x 0 rebuilt1 a monum5t ( ! la/    
days ( ! ,go?ic1 s  t n[1 /&+ at ! we/]n
 door1 y c look d[n !  *ur*1 & see ! two
 limits ( m$iaeval ar*itecture m>ri$    
toge!r1--! e>lie/ ,norman & ! late/     
,fr5*4 ,?r\gh !  ,romanesque ar*es (    

#ajeh1 y look into ! exub]ant *oir (    
late/ ,go?ic1 f9i%$ 9 #aeba4 ,al?\gh !  
two /ructures are  "s five hundr$ ye>s  
ap>t1 !y live pleasantly toge!r4 ,!     
,go?ic di$ gracefully 9 ,france4 ,! *oir
 is *>m+1--f> m  *>m+ ?an ! nave1 z !   
beautiful woman is m *>m+ ?an  ! eld]ly 
man4 ,"o ne$ n qu>rel ab\t /yles (      
beauty1 z  long z ! man & woman are     
evid5tly satisfi$ & love &  admire ea*  
o!r /ill1 ) all ! solidity ( fai? to    
hold !m  up2 b1 at lea/1 "o _c help     
see+1 z "o looks f !  old] to ! y\ng]   
/yle1 t :atev] ! woman's sixte5?-       
c5tury *>m may be1 x is n ! man's       
elev5?-c5tury trait (  naivete2--f> f x6
 ,! simple1 s]i\s1 sil5t dignity &      
en]gy ( ! elev5? c5tury h gone4 ,some?+ 
m complicat$  /&s 9 _! place2 graceful1 
self-consci\s1 rhetorical1 &  beautiful 
z p]fect rhetoric1 ) its cle>ness1      
light1 & l9e1  & ! weal? ( trac]y t     
v]ges on ! florid4    ,! crypt ( ! same 
p]iod1 b5ea?1 is almo/ f9] /ill1 &  ev5 
9 s]i\sness /&s up boldly by ! side ( ! 

,romanesque2  b we h no "t to run (f    
into ! sixte5? c5tury3 we h  /ill to    
le>n ! alphabet ( art 9 ,france4 ,"o mu/
 live deep  into ! elev5? c5tury 9 ord] 
to und]/& ! twelf?1 &  ev5 aft] pass+   
ye>s 9 ! twelf?1 we %all f9d !  ?irte5? 
9 _m ways a _w ( its own1 ) a beauty n  
always  inh]it$1 & sometimes n bequea!d4
 ,at ! ,m\nt we c g no  f>!r into !     
elev5? z f> z conc]ns ar*itecture4 ,we  
%all  h to foll[ ! ,romanesque to ,ca5 &
 s up ! ,se9e to ! ,ile  de ,france1 &  
across to ! ,loire & ! ,rhone1 f> to !  
,s\?  :]e its home lay4 ,all ! o!r      
elev5?-c5tury "w has be5  de/roy$ "h or 
built ov]1 except at "o po9t1 on ! level
 (  ! spl5did crypt we j turn$ f1 call$ 
! ,gros ,pili]s1  b5ea? ! *oir4    ,!re1
 accord+ to ,m4 ,corroy]1 9 a corn]     
betwe5 great  con/ructions ( ! twelf?   
c5tury & ! va/ ,m]veille ( !  ?irte5?1 !
 old refectory ( ! elev5? 0 left z a    
passage  f "o gr\p ( build+s to ! o!r4  
,bel[ x is ! kit*5 (  ,hildeb]t4 ,above1
 on ! level ( ! *ur*1 0 ! dormitory4    

,^! elev5?-c5tury abbatial build+s fac$ 
nor? & we/1 &  are close to ! pres5t    
p>vis1 opposite ! la/ ar* ( ! nave4  ,! 
l[] levels ( ,hildeb]t's plan s]v$ z    
supports or  buttresses to ! *ur* above1
 & mu/ !re=e be old] ?an !  nave2       
probably old] ?an ! triumphal pi]s (    
#ajeh4    ,hildeb]t plann$ !m 9 #ajbj1 &
 di$ aft] c>ry+ 8 plans  out s f> t !y  
c\ld be complet$ by ,abbot ,ralph de    
,beaumont1  :o 0 especially select$ by  
,duke ,william 9 #ajdh1 m = 8  high bir?
 ?an = 8 m]its4 ,ralph de ,beaumont di$ 
9 #ajfj1 &  0 succe$$ by ,abbot         
,ranulph1 an especial fav\rite ( ,du*ess
  ,matilda1 & held 9 high e/eem by ,duke
 ,william4 ,! li/ ( names  %[s h[ mu*   
social importance 0 attribut$ to !      
place4 ,!  ,abbot's duties includ$ t (  
ent]ta9m5t on a great scale4 ,!  ,m\nt 0
 "o ( ! mo/ fam\s %r9es ( nor!rn        
,europe4 ,we are  free to take = grant$ 
t all ! great p ( ,norm&y slept  at !   
,m\nt &1 suppos+ ,m4 ,corroy] to be "r1 
t !y d9$  9 ?is room1 betwe5 #ajej1 :5 !

 build+ mu/ h be5 9 use1  d[n to #aabb  
:5 ! new abbatial qu>t]s 7 built4    ,h[
 f> ! mona/ic rules re/rict$ social     
habits is a matt] =  antiqu>ies to      
settle if !y c1 & h[ f> ^? rules 7      
obs]v$ 9 ! case ( great secul> pr9ces2 b
 ! elev5?  c5tury 0 n v /rict1 & ! rule 
( ! ,b5$ict9es 0  always mild1 until !  
,ci/]cians & ,sa9t ,b]n>d /iff5$ its    
discipl9e t[>d #aabj4 ,ev5 !n ! ,*ur*   
%[$ /rong lean+s  t[>d secul> poetry &  
popul> ta/es4 ,! drama belong$ to x     
almo/ exclusively1 & ! ,my/]ies &       
,miracle plays :i* 7  act$ "u its       
patronage (t5 conta9$ no?+ ( religion   
except  ! miracle4 ,! greate/ poem ( !  
elev5? c5tury 0 !  ,*anson de ,rol&1 & (
 t ! ,*ur* took a sort (  possession4   
,at ,*>tres we %all f9d ,*>lemagne &    
,rol& de> to  ! ,virg91 & at ab\t ! same
 "t1 z f> away z at ,assisi 9  !        
,p]ugian c\ntry1 ,sa9t ,francis         
himself--! ne>e/ approa*  ! ,we/]n _w   
ev] made to an ,ori5tal inc>nation ( !  
div9e  ess5ce--lov$ ! ,fr5* romans1 &   

typifi$ himself 9 !  ,*anson de ,rol&4  
,) ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 ! ,*anson de     
,rol&  is almo/ "o4 ,! ,*anson is 9     
poetry :at ! ,m\nt is 9  ar*itecture4   
,)\t ! ,*anson1 "o _c approa* ! feel+   
:i* ! elev5? c5tury built into !        
,ar*angel's *ur*4  ,probably !re 0 nev] 
a day1 c]ta9ly nev] a week1 dur+  sev]al
 c5turies1 :5 portions ( ! ,*anson 7 n  
sung1 or  recit$1 at ! ,m\nt1 & if !re 0
 "o room :]e x 0 mo/  at home1 ?is "o1  
suppos+ x to be ! old refectory1 claims 
to  be ! place4        ,,*apt] ,,ii     
,,la ,,*anson ,,de ,,rol&    ,molz      
pel]9s qui vunt al ,munt   ,enqui]5t    
molt e grant dreit unt   ,comm5t        
l'igliese fut fundee   ,premi]em5t et   
e/oree4   ,cil qui lor di5t de l'e/oire 
,que cil dem&5t en memoire   ,ne l'unt  
pas bi5 a9z vunt faillant   ,en plusors 
leus e mesp]nant4   ,por faire la       
ap]tem5t   ,ent5dre a cels qui esci5t   
,n'unt de cl]zie l'a tornee   ,de lat9  
tote et ord5ee   ,p>s veirs romieus     
novelem5t   ,molt en segrei por son     

conv5t   ,uns jov5cels mo9e e/ del ,munt
   ,deus en son reigne "p li dunt4      
,guillaume a non de ,sa9t ,pai]   ,c5   
vei escrit en ce/ quai]4   ,el t5s      
,robeirt de ,torignie   ,fut cil romanz 
fait e trove4      ,mo/ pilgrims :o come
 to ! ,m\nt   ,enquire mu* & are q "r1  
,h[ ! *ur* 0 f\nd$   ,at fir/1 &        
e/abli%$4   ,^? :o tell !m ! /ory   ,t  
!y ask1 9 memory   ,h x n well1 b fall 9
 error   ,9 _m places1 & misappreh5sion4
   ,9 ord] to make x cle>ly             
,intelligible to ^? :o h   ,no k (      
lett]s1 x has be5 turn$   ,f ! ,lat91 & 
:olly r5d]$   ,9 ,romanesque v]ses1     
newly1   ,mu* 9 secret1 = 8 conv5t1     
,by a y\?2 a monk he is ( ! ,m\nt4      
,god 9 8 k+dom grant him "p6   ,william 
is 8 "n1 ( ,sa9t ,pair   ,z is se5      
writt5 9 ?is book4   ,9 ! "t ( ,rob]t ( 
,torigny   ,0 ?is roman made & inv5t$4  
,^! v]ses beg9 ! ,roman du              
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 & if !  spell+ is   
correct$1 !y /ill read almo/ z easily z 
,voltaire2  m easily ?an ,v]la9e2 & mu* 

l a nurs]y rhyme2 b z  t\ri/s _c /op to 
cle> _! pa?1 or smoo? away !  pebbles1  
!y mu/ be lift$ ov] ! r\gh spots1 ev5 :5
  r\ghness is beauty4 ,translation is an
 evil1 *iefly because e  "o :o c>es =   
m$iaeval ar*itecture c>es = m$iaeval    
,fr5*1  & ought to c>e /ill m = m$iaeval
 ,engli%4 ,! language (  ?is ,roman 0 ! 
lit]>y language ( ,engl&4 ,william (    
,sa9t-  ,pair 0 a subject ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 
,k+ ( ,engl& & ,norm&y2 8  v]ses1 l ^? (
 ,ri*>d ,coeur-de-,lion1 are monum5ts ( 
,engli% lit]ature4 ,to ?is day _! ballad
 measure is bett]  suit$ to ,engli% ?an 
to ,fr5*2 ev5 ! words & idioms are m    
,engli% ?an ,fr5*4 ,any "o :o attacks !m
 boldly w f9d t  ! v]s romieus run along
 l a ballad1 s++ _! own  mean+1 & tr\bl+
 !mselves v little :e!r ! mean+ is      
exact or n4 ,"o's translation is sure to
 be full ( gross  blund]s1 b ! supreme  
blund] is t ( translat+ at all :5  "o is
 try+ to cat* n a fact b a feel+4 ,if   
translate "o  mu/1 we _h be/ beg9 by    
try+ to be lit]al1 "u prote/ t  x matt]s

 n a /raw :e!r we succe$4 ,twelf?-c5tury
 art 0  n precise2 /ill less precieuse1 
l ,moli]e's fam\s  sev5te5?-c5tury      
prudes4    ,! v]ses ( ! "y monk1        
,william1 :o came f ! little  ,norman   
village ( ,sa9t-,pair1 ne> ,granville1  
)9 sight ( !  ,m\nt1 7 v]ses n meant to 
be brilliant4 ,simple human be+s  l     
rhyme bett] ?an prose1 ?\gh bo? may say 
! same ?+1 z  !y l a curv$ l9e bett] ?an
 a /raight "o1 or a blue bett]  ?an a   
grey2 b1 ap>t f ! s5sual appetite1 !y   
*ose rhyme  9 creat+ _! lit]ature = !   
practical reason t !y  rememb]$ x bett] 
?an prose4 ,m5 _h to c>ry _! libr>ies 9 
_! heads4    ,^! l9es ( ,william1 beg9n+
 8 /ory1 are valuable because  = once !y
 give a "n & a date4 ,abbot ,rob]t (    
,torigny rul$  at ! ,m\nt f #aaed to    
#aahf4 ,we h got to travel aga9 &  aga9 
betwe5 ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el & ,*>tres dur+
 ^! ye>s1 b  = ! mom5t we mu/ hurry to  
get back to ,william ! ,conqu]or  & !   
,*anson de ,rol&4 ,william ( ,sa9t-,pair
 comes 9 "h1  out ( place1 only on      

acc\nt ( a pretty description he gave ( 
!  annual pilgrimage to ! ,m\nt1 :i* is 
commonly tak5 to be m  or less l :at he 
saw e ye> on ! ,ar*angel's ,day1 & :at  
_h exi/$ ev] s9ce ! ,normans became     
,*ri/ian 9 #iab3--    ,li jorz i]t cl]s 
e sanz grant v5t4   ,les mes*9es e les  
vallez   ,*ascuns d'els di/ v]z ou      
sonnez4   ,neis li viell>t revunt       
*antant      ,de leece funt tuit        
semblant4   ,qui plus ne seit si *ante  
outree   ,e ,dex aie u ,asusee4   ,cil  
jugleor la u il vunt   ,tuit lor vieles 
traites unt   ,laiz et sonnez vunt      
vielant4      ,li t5s e/ beals la joie  
e/ grant4   ,cil palefrei e cil de/ri]  
,e cil ronc9 e cil sommi]   ,qui err\5t 
p> le *em9   ,que m5\5t cil pel]9   ,de 
totes p>z h5issant vunt   ,por la grant 
joie que il unt4   ,neis p> les bois    
*ant\5t tuit   ,li oiselet grant et     
petit4      ,li buef les va*es vunt     
muant   ,p> les =ez e repaissant4       
,cors e bois9es e fre/eals   ,e fleutes 
e *alemeals   ,sonno5t si que les       

montaignes   ,en ret9to5t et les        
pleignes4   ,que e/eit dont les plaiseiz
   ,e des =ez e des l>riz4   ,en cels p>
 a tel sonneiz   ,com si ce fu/ c]s     
acolliz4      ,entor le mont el bois    
follu   ,cil traveti] unt tres t5du     
,rues unt fait p> les *em9s4   ,pl5tei i
 out de div]s v9s   ,pa9 e pa/ez fruit e
 poissons   ,oisels obleies v5eisons    
,de totes p>z aveit a v5dre   ,assez en 
out qui ad que t5dre4      ,! day 0     
cle>1 )\t mu* w9d4   ,! maid5s & !      
v>lets   ,ea* ( !m said v]se or song2   
,ev5 ! old p g s++2      ,all h a look (
 joy4   ,:o kn[s no m s+s ,,hurrah1     
,or ,,god ,,help1 or ,,up ,,& ,,on6   ,!
 m9/rels !re :]e !y g   ,h all br\ght _!
 viols2   ,lays & songs play+ z !y g4   
,! wea!r is f9e2 ! joy is great2   ,!   
palfreys & ! *>g]s1   ,& ! hackneys & ! 
packhorses   ,:i* w&] along ! road   ,t 
! pilgrims foll[1   ,on all sides neigh+
 g1   ,= ! great joy !y feel4   ,ev5 9 !
 woods s+ all   ,! little birds1 big &  
small4      ,! ox5 & ! c[s g l[+        

,?r\gh ! =e/s z !y fe$4   ,horns &      
trumpets & %eph]d's pipes   ,& flutes & 
pipes ( re$   ,s\nd s t ! m\nta9s   ,e*o
 to !m1 & ! pla9s4   ,h[ 0 x !n ) !     
glades   ,& ) ! =e/s & ! pa/ures8   ,9  
^! !re 0 su* s\nd   ,z ?\gh x 7 a /ag at
 bay4      ,ab\t ! ,m\nt1 9 ! leafy     
wood1   ,! workm5 h t5ts set up2        
,/reets h made along ! roads4   ,pl5ty  
!re 0 ( div]s w9es1   ,bread & pa/ies1  
fruit & fi%1   ,birds1 cakes1 v5ison1   
,ev]y:]e !re 0 = sale4   ,en\gh he _h :o
 has ! means to pay4      ,if y are n   
satisfi$ ) ?is translation1 any s*ol> ( 
,fr5* w easily help to make a bett]1 =  
we are n /udy+  gramm> or ar*aeology1 & 
w\ld r be inaccurate 9 su*  matt]s ?an  
n1 if1 at t price1 a fre] feel+ ( ! art 
c\ld be caught4 ,bett] /ill1 y c turn to
 ,*auc]1 :o wrote  8 ,cant]bury         
,pilgrimage two hundr$ ye>s aft]w>ds3-- 
,:anne t ,april ) 8 %\res sote   ,!     
dr\ghte ( ,m>* ha? p]c$ to ! rote444    
,?an long5 folk to gon on pilgrimages   
,& palm]es = to sek5 /range /rondes444  

,& especially1 f e %ires ende   ,(      
,englelonde1 to ,cant]bury !y w5de   ,! 
holy blisful m>tyr = to seke1   ,t hem  
ha? holp5 :an t !y 7 seke4      ,!      
passion = pilgrimages 0 univ]sal among  
our ance/ors z f>  back z we c trace !m4
 ,= at lea/ a ?\s& ye>s x 0  _! *ief    
delight1 & is n yet ext9ct4 ,to feel !  
art (  ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el & ,*>tres we h
 got to become pilgrims aga93  b1 j n[1 
! po9t ( mo/ int]e/ is n ! pilgrim s mu*
  z ! m9/rel :o sang to amuse him1--!   
jugleor or jongleur1--  :o 0 at home 9 e
 abbey1 ca/le or cottage1 z well z at  e
 %r9e4 ,! jugleor became a jongleur &   
deg5]at$ into !  /reet-juggl]2 ! m9/rel1
 or m5e/ri]1 became v e>ly a  ^w (      
abuse1 equival5t to blackgu>d2 & f !    
beg9n+ !  pr(ession seems to h be5      
socially decri$1 l t ( a  music-hall s+]
 or danc] 9 lat] times2 b 9 ! elev5?    
c5tury1 or p]haps e>li] /ill1 ! jongleur
 seems to h be5 a  poet1 & to h compos$ 
! songs he sang4 ,! imm5se mass (       
poetry kn[n z ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e seems 

to h be5 compos$  z well z sung by !    
unnam$ ,hom]s ( ,france1 & ( all spots 9
  ! _m prov9ces :]e ! ,fr5* language 9  
its _m dialects  prevail$1              
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el %\ld h be5 ! fav\rite
 ) !  jongleur1 n only because ! sw>ms (
 pilgrims assur$ him food  & an         
occasional small piece ( silv]1 b also  
because ,sa9t  ,mi*ael 0 ! sa9t militant
 ( all ! w>riors ^: exploits 9  w> 7 !  
subject ( ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e4 ,william 
( ,sa9t-  ,pair 0 a prie/-poet2 he 0 n a
 m9/rel1 & 8 ,roman 0  n a *anson2 x 0  
made to read1 n to recite2 b ! ,*anson  
de ,rol& 0 a diff]5t affair4    ,s x 01 
too1 ) ,william's contempor>ies & rivals
 or  pr$ecessors1 ! monum5tal poets (   
,norman-,engli% lit]ature4  ,wace1 ^:   
rhym$ hi/ory ( ! ,norman dukes1 :i* he  
call$ !  ,roman de ,r\1 or ,rollo1 is an
 ,engli% classic ( ! fir/ rank1  0 a    
canon ( ,bayeux :5 ,william (           
,sa9t-,pair 0 writ+ at                  
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el4 ,8 rival ,b5oi/1 :o 
wrote ano!r fam\s  *ronicle on ! same   

subject1 0 also a hi/orian1 & n a  s+]4 
,9 t day lit]ature meant v]se2 elegance 
9 ,fr5* prose  did n yet exi/2 b !      
elegancies ( poetry 9 ! twelf?  c5tury 7
 z diff]5t1 9 k9d1 f ! gr& /yle ( !     
elev5?1 z ,virgil 0 diff]5t f ,hom]4    
,william ( ,sa9t-,pair introduces u to !
 pilgrimage & to !  jongleur1 z !y _h   
exi/$ at lea/ two hundr$ ye>s be=e 8    
"t1 & 7 to exi/ two hundr$ ye>s aft]    
him4 ,( all our two  hundr$ & fifty     
million ari?metical ance/ors :o 7 go+ on
  pilgrimages 9 ! middle ( ! elev5?     
c5tury1 ! two :o w\ld  probably mo/     
int]e/ e "o1 aft] eight hundr$ ye>s h   
pass$1 w\ld be ,william ! ,norman &     
,h>old ! ,saxon4 ,?r\gh  ,william (     
,sa9t-,pair & ,wace & ,b5oi/1 & ! mo/   
*>m+  lit]>y monum5t ( all1 ! ,bayeux   
tape/ry ( ,que5 ,matilda1 we  c build up
 ! /ory ( su* a pilgrimage :i* %all be z
  hi/orically exact z ! battle ( ,ha/+s1
 & z arti/ically  true z ! ,abbey ,*ur*4
    ,accord+ to ,wace's ,roman de ,r\1  
:5 ,h>old's fa!r1 ,e>l  ,godw91 di$1    

,april #ae1 #ajec1 ,h>old wi%$ to obta9 
! release (  c]ta9 ho/ages1 a bro!r & a 
c\s91 :om ,godw9 _h giv5 to  ,edw>d !   
,confessor z security = 8 good behavi\r1
 & :om  ,edw>d _h s5t to ,duke ,william 
= safe-keep+4 ,wace took !  /ory f o!r &
 old] s\rces1 & its accuracy is mu*     
disput$1 b ! fact t ,h>old w5t to       
,norm&y seems to be  c]ta91 & y w see at
 ,bayeux ! picture ( ,h>old ask+        
p]mission ( ,k+ ,edw>d to make ! j\rney1
 & dep>t+ on  horseback1 ) 8 hawk &     
h\nds & foll[]s1 to take %ip at  ,bo%am1
 ne> ,*i*e/] & ,portsm\?4 ,! date alone 
is d\btful4  ,common s5se seems to      
sugge/ t ! e>lie/ possible date c\ld  n 
be too e>ly to expla9 ! ra% y\? ( !     
aspirant to a  ?rone :o put himself 9 ! 
p[] ( a rival 9 ! elev5?  c5tury4 ,:5 t 
rival *anc$ to be ,william ! ,ba/>d1 n  
ev5  boyhood c\ld excuse ! folly2 b ,mr4
 ,freeman1 ! *ief au?ority  on ?is      
delicate subject1 incl9$ to ?9k t ,h>old
 0 =ty  ye>s old :5 he committ$ 8       
blund]1 & t ! ye> 0 ab\t  #ajfd4 ,betwe5

 #ajed & #ajfd ! hi/orian is free to    
*oose :at  ye> he likes1 & ! t\ri/ is   
/ill fre]4 ,to save tr\ble =  ! memory1 
! ye> #ajeh w s]ve1 s9ce ?is is ! date (
 !  triumphal ar*es ( ! ,abbey ,*ur* on 
! ,m\nt4 ,h>old1 9  sail+ f !           
neighb\rhood ( ,portsm\?1 mu/ h be5 b\nd
  = ,ca5 or ,r\51 b ! usual we/ w9ds    
drove him ea/w>d till  he 0 ?r[n a%ore  
on ! coa/ ( ,pon?ieu1 betwe5 ,abbeville 
&  ,b\logne1 :]e he fell into ! h&s ( ! 
,c\nt ( ,pon?ieu1  f :om he 0 rescu$ or 
ransom$ by ,duke ,william ( ,norm&y &   
tak5 to ,r\54 ,accord+ to ,wace & !     
,roman de ,r\3--    ,guillaume t9t      
,h]aut ma9t j\r   ,si com il dut a grant
 enor4   ,a ma9t ri*e torneiem5t   ,le  
fi/ all] mult noblem5t4   ,*evals e     
armes li dona   ,et en ,bretaigne le m5a
   ,ne sai de veir treiz faiz ou quatre 
,quant z ,bretons se dut combattre4     
,william kept ,h>old _m a day1   ,z 0 8 
due 9 great hon\r4   ,to _m a ri*       
t\rnam5t   ,made him g v nobly4         
,horses & arms gave him   ,& into       

,brittany l$ him   ,i "k n truly :e!r   
?ree or f\r times   ,:5 he _h to make w>
 on ! ,bretons4      ,p]haps ! allusion 
to ri* t\rnam5ts belongs to ! "t ( ,wace
  r ?an to t ( ,h>old a c5tury e>li]1   
be=e ! fir/  crusade1 b c]ta9ly ,h>old  
did g ) ,william on at lea/ "o  raid    
into ,brittany1 & ! *>m+ tape/ry (      
,bayeux1 :i*  tradition calls by ! "n ( 
,que5 ,matilda1 %[s ,william's m5-      
at-arms cross+ ! s&s b5ea?              
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 ) ! ,lat9           
leg5d3--,et v5]unt ad ,montem ,mi*aelis4
 ,hic ,h>old dux trahebat  eos de ar5a4 
,v5]unt ad flum5 ,cononis4 ,!y came to  
,mont-,sa9t-  ,mi*el1 & ,h>old dragg$ !m
 out ( ! quicks&s4    ,!y came to ! riv]
 ,c\esnon4 ,h>old mu/ h got great fame  
by  sav+ life on ! s&s1 to be rememb]$ &
 record$ by !  ,normans !mselves aft] !y
 _h kill$ him2 b ?is is ! affair  (     
hi/orians4 ,t\ri/s note only t ,h>old & 
,william came to  ! ,m\nt3--,v5]unt ad  
,montem4 ,!y w\ld nev] h d>$ to  pass x1
 on su* an err&1 )\t /opp+ to ask ! help

 (  ,sa9t ,mi*ael4    ,if ,william &    
,h>old came to ! ,m\nt1 !y c]ta9ly d9$  
or  supp$ 9 ! old refectory1 :i* is :]e 
we h la9 9 wait =  !m4 ,:]e ,duke       
,william 01 8 jongleur--jugleor--0 n f>1
  & ,wace knew1 z e "o 9 ,norm&y seem$  
to "k1 :o ?is  fav\rite 01--8 "n1 8 "*1 
& 8 song4 ,to him ,wace  ow$ "o ( ! mo/ 
fam\s passages 9 8 /ory ( ! assault at  
,ha/+s1 :]e ,duke ,william & 8 battle   
began _! advance  aga9/ ! ,engli%       
l9es3--    ,taillef] qui mult bi5 *ant\t
   ,sor un *eval qui to/ al\t   ,devant 
le duc al\t *antant   ,de ,k>lemaigne e 
de ,rollant   ,e d',oliv] e des vassals 
,qui morur5t en ,r5cevals4   ,quant il  
or5t *eval*ie tant   ,qu'z ,engleis     
v9dr5t apreismant3   ,sire1 di/         
,taillef]1 m]ci6   ,io vos ai longuem5t 
s]vi4   ,tot mon s]vise me devez4   ,hui
 se vos plai/ le me r5dez4   ,por tot   
gu]r$on vos require   ,e si vos veil    
=m5t prei]   ,otreiez mei que io ni     
faille   ,le premi] colp de la bataille4
   ,li dus respondi3 ,io l'otrei4       

,taillef] :o 0 fam$ = song1   ,m\nt$ on 
a *>g] /rong1   ,rode on be=e ! ,duke1 &
 sang   ,( ,rol& & ( ,*>lemagne1        
,oliv] & ! vassals all   ,:o fell 9     
fight at ,roncesvals4   ,:5 !y _h ridd5 
till !y saw   ,! ,engli% battle close   
be=e3   ,sire1 said ,taillef]1 a grace6 
,i h s]v$ y long & well2   ,all rew>d y 
owe me /ill2   ,to-day repay me if y    
please4   ,= all gu]don ,i require1   ,&
 ask ( y 9 =mal pray]1   ,grant to me z 
m9e ( "r   ,! fir/ bl[ /ruck 9 ! fight4 
,! ,duke answ]$3 ,i grant4      ,(      
c\rse1 critics d\bt ! /ory1 z !y v      
prop]ly d\bt  ev]y?+4 ,!y ma9ta9 t !    
,*anson de ,rol& 0 n z  old z ! battle (
 ,ha/+s1 & c]ta9ly ,wace gave no        
suffici5t  pro( ( x4 ,poetry 0 n usually
 writt5 to prove facts4 ,wace  wrote a  
hundr$ ye>s aft] ! battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,"o 
is n  morally requir$ to be p$antic to !
 po9t ( kn[+ m ?an  ,wace knew1 b !     
feel+ ( scepticism1 be=e s s]i\s a      
monum5t z ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 is annoy+4
 ,! ,*anson de ,rol&  ought n to be     

trifl$ )1 at lea/ by t\ri/s 9 se>* (    
art4  ,"o is %ock$ at ! possibility (   
be+ deceiv$ ab\t !  />t+-po9t ( ,am]ican
 g5ealogy4 ,taillef] & ! song re/ on  ! 
same evid5ce t ,duke ,william & ,h>old &
 ! battle itself  re/ ^u1 & to d\bt !   
,*anson is to call ! v roll (  ,battle  
,abbey 9 "q4 ,! :ole fabric ( society   
tott]s2 !  ,briti% pe]age turns pale4   
,wace did n inv5t all 8 facts4 ,william 
( ,malmesbury is suppos$  to h writt5 8 
prose *ronicle ab\t #aabj :5 _m ( ! m5  
:o f\ght at ,ha/+s mu/ h be5 alive1 &   
,william expressly  said3 ,tune cantil5a
 ,roll&i in*oata ut m>tium viri exemplum
  pugnaturos acc5d]et1 inclamatoque dei 
auxilio1 praelium  cons]tum4 ,/>t+ !    
,*anson de ,rol& to inflame ! fight+    
temp] ( ! m51 battle 0 jo9$4 ,?is seems 
en\gh pro( to  satisfy any sceptic1 yet 
critics /ill sugge/ t ! cantil5a        
,roll&i mu/ h be5 a ,norman ,*anson de  
,r\1 or ,rollo1 or  at be/ an e>li]     
v]sion ( ! ,*anson de ,rol&2 b no       
,norman  *anson w\ld h inflam$ ! m>tial 

_s ( ,william's army1  :i* 0 l>gely     
,fr5*2 & z = ! age ( ! v]sion1 x is  q  
immat]ial = ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el2 ! actual
 v]sion is old  en\gh4    ,taillef]     
himself is m vital to ! int]e/ ( ! d9n] 
9 !  refectory1 & 8 "n 0 n m5tion$ by   
,william ( ,malmesbury4  ,if ! song 0   
/>t$ by ! ,duke's ord]1 x 0 c]ta9ly     
/>t$ by ! ,duke's jongleur1 & ! "n ( ?is
 jongleur  happ5s to be kn[n on /ill    
bett] au?ority ?an t ( ,william  (      
,malmesbury4 ,guy ( ,ami5s w5t to ,engl&
 9 #ajfh z almon] (  ,que5 ,matilda1 &  
!re wrote a ,lat9 poem on ! battle (    
,ha/+s :i* mu/ h be5 complete )9 t5 ye>s
 aft] !  battle 0 f\ght1 = ,guy di$ 9   
#ajgf4 ,taillef]1 he said1 l$ !  ,duke's
 battle3--    ,incisor-f]ri mimus       
cognom9e dictus4      ,taillef]1 a      
jongleur kn[n by t "n4 ,a mime 0 a s+]1 
b  ,taillef] 0 also an actor3--         
,hi/rio cor audax nimium quem           
nobilitabat4      ,a jongleur :om a v   
brave he>t ennobl$4 ,! jongleur 0 n     
noble by bir?1 b 0 ennobl$ by 8 brav]y4 

,hortatur ,gallos v]bis et t]ritat      
,anglos   ,alte projici5s ludit et ense 
suo4      ,l a drum-major ) 8 /aff1 he  
?rew 8 sword high 9 ! air  & caught x1  
:ile he *ant$ 8 song to ! ,fr5*1 &      
t]rifi$ ! ,engli%4 ,! rhym$ *ronicle (  
,ge(frey ,gaim] :o  wrote ab\t #aaej1 & 
t ( ,b5oi/ :o 0 ,wace's rival1 add$  !  
/ory t ,taillef] di$ 9 ! melee4    ,!   
mo/ unlikely "p ( ! tale 01 aft] all1 n 
! s++  ( ! ,*anson1 b ! pray] (         
,taillef] to ! ,duke3--    ,otreiez mei 
que io ni faille   ,le premi] colp de la
 bataille4      ,legally translat$1     
,taillef] ask$ to be ennobl$1 & (f]$ to 
pay = x ) 8 life4 ,! reque/ ( a jongleur
 to lead !  ,duke's battle seems        
incr$ible4 ,9 e>ly ,fr5* bataille meant 
battalion1--! column ( attack4 ,!       
,duke's grant3 ,io l'otrei6  seems /ill 
m fanciful4 ,yet ,guy ( ,ami5s di/9ctly 
confirm$  ! /ory3 ,hi/rio cor audax     
nimium quem nobilitabat2 a /age-        
play]--a juggl]--! ,duke's s+]--^:      
brav]y ennobl$ him4  ,! ,duke grant$    

him--octroya--8 pat5t ( nobility on !   
field4    ,all ?is preamble leads only  
to unite ! ,*anson ) !  ar*itecture ( ! 
,m\nt1 by means ( ,duke ,william & 8    
,breton  campaign ( #ajeh4 ,! poem & !  
*ur* are ak92 !y g  toge!r1 & expla9 ea*
 o!r4 ,_! common trait is _!  milit>y   
"*1 peculi> to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! r\nd 
ar*  is mascul9e4 ,! ,*anson is s       
mascul9e t1 9 all its f\r  ?\s& l9es1 ! 
only ,*ri/ian woman s mu* z m5tion$ 0   
,alda1 ! si/] ( ,oliv] & ! betro!d (    
,rol&1 to :om "o  /anza1 exce$+ly l a   
lat] ins]tion1 0 giv51 t[>d !  end4     
,nev] aft] ! fir/ crusade did any great 
poem rise to su*  h]oism z to su/a9     
itself )\t a h]o9e4 ,ev5 ,dante attempt$
  no su* feat4    ,duke ,william's p>ty1
 !n1 is to be consid]$ z assembl$ at    
supp] 9 ! old refectory1 9 ! ye> #ajeh1 
:ile ! triumphal  pi]s ( ! *ur* above   
are ris+4 ,! ,abbot1 ,ralph ( ,beaumont1
  is ho/2 ,duke ,william sits ) him on a
 dais2 ,h>old is by 8 side  a grant     
enor2 ! ,duke's bro!r1 ,odo1 ,bi%op (   

,bayeux1 ) !  o!r *ief vassals1 are     
pres5t2 & ! ,duke's jongleur ,taillef]  
is at 8 elb[4 ,! room is cr[d$ ) soldi]s
 & monks1 b  all are equally anxi\s to  
he> ,taillef] s+4 ,z soon z d9n] is     
ov]1 at a nod f ! ,duke1 ,taillef]      
beg9s3--    ,c>les li reis no/re emp]]e 
magnes   ,set anz tuz ple9s ad e/et en  
,espaigne   ,cunqui/ la t]e tresque en  
la m] altaigne   ,ni ad ca/el ki devant 
lui remaigne   ,murs ne citez ni e/     
remes a fra9dre4      ,*>les ! k+1 our  
emp]or1 ! great1   ,sev5 ye>s complete  
has be5 9 ,spa91   ,conqu]$ ! l& z f> z 
! high seas1   ,nor is !re ca/le t holds
 aga9/ him1   ,nor wall or city left to 
capture4      ,! ,*anson op5$ ) ^! l9es1
 :i* _h su* a direct &  p]sonal be>+ on 
e "o :o he>d !m z to s\nd l  prophecy4  
,)9 t5 ye>s ,william 0 to /& 9 ,engl&   
:]e  ,*>lemagne /ood 9 ,spa94 ,8 m9d 0  
full ( x1 & ( !  means to atta9 x2 &    
,h>old 0 ev5 m absorb$ ?an he by !      
anxiety ( ! position4 ,h>old _h be5     
oblig$ to take oa? t  he w\ld support   

,william's claim to ! ,engli% ?rone1 b  
he 0  /ill undecid$1 & ,william knew m5 
too well to feel mu*  confid5ce 9 an    
oa?4 ,z ,taillef] sang on1 he rea*$ ! "p
 (  ,ganelon1 ! typical traitor1 !      
inv>iable figure ( m$iaeval  society4   
,no feudal "l 0 )\t a ,ganelon4 ,duke   
,william saw !m  all ab\t him4    ,he   
might h felt t ,h>old w\ld play ! "p1 b 
if ,h>old  %\ld *oose r to be ,rol&1    
,duke ,william c\ld h =etold  t 8 own   
bro!r1 ,bi%op ,odo1 aft] gorg+ himself  
on !  plund] ( half ,engl&1 w\ld turn   
into a ,ganelon s dang]\s z  to require 
a prison = life4 ,:5 ,taillef] rea*$ !  
battle-  sc5es1 !re 0 no fur!r ne$ (    
imag9ation to realize !m4  ,!y 7 sc5es (
 ye/]day & to-morr[4 ,= t matt]1        
,*>lemagne or 8 successor 0 /ill at     
,aix1 & ! ,moors 7  /ill 9 ,spa94       
,ar*bi%op ,turp9 ( ,rheims _h f\ght )   
sword  & mace 9 ,spa91 :ile ,bi%op ,odo 
( ,bayeux 0 to m>%al 8 m5  at ,ha/+s1 l 
a mod]n g5]al1 ) a /aff1 b bo? 7        
equally at home on ! field ( battle4    

,v]se by v]se1 ! song 0  a lit]al mirror
 ( ! ,m\nt4 ,! battle ( ,ha/+s 0 to be  
f\ght on ! ,ar*angel's ,day4 ,:at happ5$
 to ,rol& at  ,roncesvalles 0 to happ5  
to ,h>old at ,ha/+s1 & ,h>old1 z he  0  
dy+ l ,rol&1 0 to see 8 bro!r ,gyr? die 
l ,oliv]4  ,ev5 ,taillef] 0 to be a "p1 
& a di/+ui%$ "p1 ( 8  *anson4 ,soon] or 
lat]1 all 7 to die 9 ! l>ge & simple    
way ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,duke ,william   
himself1 tw5ty ye>s  lat]1 0 to meet a  
viol5t dea? at ,mantes 9 ! same _s1 &   
if ,bi%op ,odo did n die 9 battle1 he   
di$1 at lea/1 l an  elev5?-c5tury h]o1  
on ! fir/ crusade4 ,fir/ or la/1 !  :ole
 company di$ 9 fight1 or 9 prison1 or on
 crusade1 :ile !  monks %riv$ !m &      
pray$4    ,!n ,taillef] c]ta9ly sang !  
great dea?-sc5es4 ,ev5 to ?is  day e    
,fr5* s*ool-boy1 if he kn[s no o!r      
poetry1 kn[s  ^! v]ses by he>t4 ,9 !    
elev5? c5tury !y wrung ! he>t  ( e      
man-at-arms 9 ,europe1 ^: s*ool 0 !     
field ( battle  & ! h&-to-h& fight4 ,no 
mod]n s+] ev] enjoys su* p[]  ov] an    

audi5ce z ,taillef] ex]cis$ ov] ^! m5 :o
 7  actors z well z li/5]s4 ,9 ! melee  
at ,roncesvalles1 ov]borne  by          
innum]able ,s>ac5s1 ,oliv] at la/ calls 
= help3--    ,munjoie escriet e haltem5t
 e cl]4   ,rollant apelet sun ami e sun 
p]2   ,sire compa9z a mei k> vus ju/ez4 
,a grant dulur ermes hoi des]v]et4 ,aoi4
      ,montjoie6 he cries1 l\d & cle>1  
,rol& he calls1 8 fri5d & pe]2   ,sir   
,fri5d6 ride n[ to help me "h6   ,p>t$  
today1 great pity 74      ,( c\rse !    
full value ( ! v]se _c be rega9$4 ,"o   
kn[s  nei!r h[ x 0 sung nor ev5 h[ x 0  
pron\nc$4 ,!  assonances are beyond     
recov]+2 ! laisse or lea% ( v]ses or    
assonances ) ! conclud+ cry1 ,aoi1 has  
long ago vani%$  f v]se or song4 ,! s5se
 is z simple z ! ,ballad ( ,*evy  ,*ase1
 b "o mu/ imag9e ! voice & act+4        
,d\btless  ,taillef] act$ ea* motive2 :5
 ,oliv] call$ l\d & cle>1  ,taillef]'s  
voice rose2 :5 ,rol& spoke d\lcem5t et  
suef1 !  s+] mu/ h sung g5tly & s(t2 &  
:5 ! two fri5ds1  ) ! s+ul> c\rtesy (   

knigh?ood & dignity ( soldi]s1  b[$ to  
ea* o!r 9 p>t+ & turn$ to face _! dea?s1
  ,taillef] may h indicat$ ! movem5t z  
he sang4 ,! v]ses  gave room = great    
act+4 ,he>+ ,oliv]'s cry = help1 ,rol&  
rode up1 & at sight ( ! desp]ate field1 
lo/ = a mom5t 8  consci\sness3--    ,z  
vus ,rollant sur sun *eval pasmet   ,e  
,olivi] ki e/ a mort nafrez6   ,tant ad 
sa9iet li oil li sunt trublet   ,ne lu9z
 ne pres ne poet veeir si cl]   ,que    
reconuisset nisun hume mortel4   ,sun   
cumpaignun cum il l'ad encuntret   ,sil 
fi]t amunt sur l'elme a or gemmet   ,tut
 li detr5*et d'ici que al nasel   ,mais 
en la te/e ne l'ad mie adeset4   ,a icel
 colp l'ad ,rollanz regu>det   ,si li   
dem&et dulcem5t et suef   ,sire cumpa9z1
 faites le vus de gr$8   ,ja e/ co      
,rollanz ki tant vus soelt am]4   ,p>   
nule guise ne m'aviez desfiet1   ,di/   
,olivi]s3 ,or vus oi jo p>l]   ,io ne   
vus vei4 ,vei$ vus damn$eus6   ,f]ut vus
 ai4 ,k> le me p>dunez6   ,rollanz      
respunt3 ,jo n'ai ni5t de mel4   ,jol   

vus p>du9s ici e devant deu4   ,a icel  
mot l'uns al altre ad cl9et4   ,p> tel  
amur z les vus desevrez6      ,!re ,rol&
 sits unconsci\s on 8 horse1   ,& ,oliv]
 :o w\nd$ is to dea?1   ,s mu* has bl$1 
8 eyes gr[ d>k to him1   ,nor f> nor ne>
 c see s cle>   ,z to recognize any     
mortal man4   ,8 fri5d1 :5 he has       
enc\nt]$ him1   ,he /rikes ^u ! helmet (
 gemm$ gold1   splits x f ! cr[n to !   
nose-piece1   ,b to ! head he has n     
rea*$ at all4   ,at ?is bl[ ,rol& looks 
at him1   ,asks him g5tly & s(tly3      
,sir ,fri5d1 d y x 9 e>ne/8   ,y "k 't  
is ,rol& :o has s lov$ y4   ,9 no way h 
y s5t to me defiance4   ,says ,oliv]3   
,inde$ ,i he> y speak1   ,i d n see y4  
,may ,god see & save y6   ,/rike y ,i   
did4 ,i pray y p>don me4   ,rol&        
replies3 ,i h no h>m at all4   ,i p>don 
y "h & be=e ,god6   ,at ?is ^w1 "o to ! 
o!r b5ds himself4   ,) su* affection1   
!re !y sep>ate4      ,no "o %\ld try to 
r5d] ?is into ,engli%--or1 inde$1 into  
mod]n ,fr5*--v]se1 b any "o :o w take ! 

tr\ble to cat*  ! metre & w rememb] t   
ea* v]se 9 ! lea% ends 9  ! same        
s\nd1--aim]1 p>l]1 cl]1 mortel1 damn$e1 
mel1 deu1  suef1 nasel1--h[ev] ! t]m9al 
syllables may be spell$1 c  foll[ !     
feel+ ( ! poetry z well z ?\gh x 7      
,greek  hexamet]4 ,he w feel ! simple   
=ce ( ! words & action1 z  he feels     
,hom]4 ,x is ! gr& /yle1--! elev5?      
c5tury3--    ,f]ut vus ai6 ,k> le me    
p>dunez6      ,n a syllable is lo/1 &   
always ! /ronge/ syllable is *os54  ,ev5
 ! s5tim5t is monosyllabic & curt3--    
,ja e/ co ,rollanz ki tant vus soelt    
am]6      ,taillef] _h1 9 su* a         
libretto1 ! means ( produc+ dramatic    
effects t ! ,fr5* com$y or ! gr& op]a   
nev] approa*$1  & su* z made ,bayreu?   
seem ?9 & feeble4 ,duke ,william's      
b>ons mu/ h clung to 8 voice & action z 
?\gh !y 7  9 ! v melee1 /rik+ at !      
helmets ( gemm$ gold4 ,!y _h  all be5   
!re1 & 7 to be !re aga94 ,z ! climax    
approa*$1 !y saw ! sc5e itself2 probably
 !y _h se5 x  e ye>1 m or less1 s9ce !y 

c\ld sw+ a sword4 ,taillef]  *ant$ !    
dea? ( ,oliv] & ( ,ar*bi%op ,turp9 & all
 !  o!r b>ons ( ! re> gu>d1 except      
,rol&1 :o 0 left = dead  by ! ,s>ac5s :5
 !y fl$ on he>+ ! horns ( ,*>lemagne's  
return+ ho/4 ,rol& came back to         
consci\sness on feel+ a  ,s>ac5 m>aud]  
tugg+ at 8 sword ,dur5dal4 ,) a bl[ ( 8 
ivory horn--oliphant--he kill$ ! pagan2 
!n feel+ dea? ne>1  he prep>$ = x4 ,8   
fir/ ?\ght 0 = ,dur5dal1 8 sword1  :i*  
he c\ld n leave to infidels4 ,9 ! s+ul> 
triple  repetition :i* gives m ( ! same 
solidity & ar*itectural  weight to !    
v]se1 he made ?ree attempts to break !  
sword1 )  a lam5t--a pla9t--= ea*4 ,?ree
 times he /ruck ) all 8  =ce aga9/ !    
rock2 ea* "t ! sword reb\nd$ )\t        
break+4 ,! ?ird "t--    ,rollanz f]it en
 une pi]re bise   ,plus en abat que jo  
ne vus sai dire4   ,l'espee crui/ ne    
fruisset ne ne briset   ,cuntre le ciel 
amunt e/ resortie4   ,quant veit li qu5s
 que ne la fra9drat mie   ,mult dulcem5t
 la pla9/ a sei meisme4   ,e6 ,dur5dal  

cum ies bele e sa9tisme6   ,en l'oret   
punt asez i ad reliques4   ,la d5t sa9t 
,pi]re e del sanc se9t ,basilie   ,e des
 *evels mun seignur se9t ,d5isie   ,del 
ve/m5t i ad se9te ,m>ie4   ,il n5 e/    
dreiz que pai5 te baillis5t4   ,de      
*re/i5s devez e/re s]vie4   ,ne vus ait 
hum ki facet cu>die6   ,mult l>ges t]res
 de vus av]ai cunquises   ,que ,c>les   
ti5t ki la b>be ad flurie4   ,e li      
emp]]e en e/ e b] e ri*es4      ,rol&   
/rikes on a grey /one1   ,m ( x cuts (f 
?an ,i c tell y4   ,! sword gr9ds1 b    
%att]s n nor breaks1   ,upw>d aga9/ !   
sky x reb\nds4   ,:5 ! ,c\nt sees t he c
 nev] break x1   ,v g5tly he m\rns x to 
himself3   ,ah1 ,dur5dal1 h[ fair y are 
& sacr$6   ,9 y\r gold5 gu>d are _m     
relics1   ,! too? ( ,sa9t ,pet] & blood 
( ,sa9t ,basil1   ,& hair ( my seigneur 
,sa9t-,d5is1   ,( ! g>m5t too ( ,sa9t   
,m>y4   ,x is n "r t pagans %\ld own y4 
,by ,*ri/ians y %\ld be s]v$1   ,nor    
%\ld man h y :o does c[>dice4   ,_m wide
 l&s by y ,i h conqu]$   ,t ,*>les      

holds1 :o has ! :ite be>d1   ,& emp]or (
 !m is noble & ri*4      ,?is laisse is 
ev5 m elev5?-c5tury ?an ! o!r1 b x      
appeal$ no long] to ! w>riors2 x spoke r
 to ! monks4 ,to  ! w>riors1 ! sword    
itself 0 ! religion1 & ! relics 7       
details ( ornam5t or /r5g?4 ,to ! prie/1
 ! li/ ( relics  0 m eloqu5t ?an !      
,reg5t diamond on ! hilt & !  ,koh9oor  
on ! scabb>d4 ,ev5 to u x is int]e/+ if 
x is  und]/ood4 ,rol& _h gone on        
pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l&4 ,he _h  /opp$
 at ,rome & won ! fri5d%ip ( ,sa9t      
,pet]1 z ! too?  prov$2 he _h pass$     
?r\gh ,con/ant9ople & secur$ ! help (   
,sa9t ,basil2 he _h rea*$ ,j]usalem &   
ga9$ ! affection (  ! ,virg92 he _h come
 home to ,france & secur$ ! support (  8
 seigneur ,sa9t ,d5is2 = ,rol&1 l ,hugh 
,capet1 0 a  liege-man ( ,sa9t ,d5is &  
,fr5* to ! he>t4 ,france1 to him1  0    
,sa9t ,d5is1 & at mo/ ! ,ile de ,france1
 b n ,anj\ or  ev5 ,ma9e4 ,^! 7 c\ntries
 he _h conqu]$ ) ,dur5dal3--    ,jo l'en
 cunquis e ,anj\ e ,bretaigne   ,si l'en

 cunquis e ,peit\ e le ,ma9e   ,jo l'en 
cunquis ,norm5die la fran*e   ,si l'en  
cunquis ,prov5ce e ,equitaigne4      ,he
 _h conqu]$ ^! = 8 emp]or ,*>lemagne ) !
 help (  8 imm$iate spiritual "l or     
seigneur ,sa9t ,d5is1 b ! monks  knew t 
he c\ld nev] h done ^! feats )\t ! help 
(  ,sa9t ,pet]1 ,sa9t ,basil1 & ,sa9t   
,m>y ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ^:  relics1 9 !  
hilt ( 8 sword1 7 wor? m ?an any k+'s   
ransom4 ,to ?is day a tunic ( ! ,virg9  
is ! mo/ preci\s  prop]ty ( ! ca!dral at
 ,*>tres4 ,ei!r "o ( ,rol&'s relics     
w\ld h made ! glory ( any %r9e 9        
,europe1 & e monk  knew _! enorm\s value
 & p[] bett] ?an he knew ! value (      
,rol&'s conque/s4    ,yet ev5 ! religion
 is m>tial1 z ?\gh x 7 meant = !  fight+
 ,ar*angel & ,odo ( ,bayeux4 ,! relics  
s]ve ! sword2  ! sword is n 9 s]vice ( !
 relics4 ,z ! dea?-sc5e  approa*es1 !   
song becomes ev5 m milit>y3--    ,co s5t
 ,rollanz que la mort le trespr5t       
,dev]s la te/e sur le qu] li desc5t4    
,desuz un p9 i e/ alez curanz   ,sur    

l'erbe v]te si e/ cul*iez ad5z   ,desuz 
lui met s'espee e l'olifant   ,turnat sa
 te/e v]s la pai5e g5t4   ,pur co l'ad  
fait que il voelt veirem5t   ,que ,c>les
 diet et tre/ute sa g5t   ,li g5tils    
qu5s quil fut morz cunqu]anz4      ,!n  
,rol& feels t dea? is tak+ him2   ,d[n f
 ! head ^u ! he>t x falls4   ,b5ea? a   
p9e he ha/5s runn+2   ,on ! gre5 grass  
he ?r[s himself d[n2   ,b5ea? him puts 8
 sword & oliphant1   ,turns 8 face t[>d 
! pagan army4   ,= ?is he does x1 t he  
wi%es greatly   ,t ,*>les %\ld say & all
 8 m51   ,! g5tle ,c\nt has di$ a       
conqu]or4      ,?us f>1 n a ?\ght or a  
^w /rays f ! field ( w>4 ,)  a *ildlike 
int5sity1 e syllable b5ds t[>d ! s+le   
idea--    ,li g5tils qu5s quil fut morz 
cunqu]anz4      ,only !n ! s+] all[$ !  
,*ur* to ass]t "s ( its  rights3-    ,co
 s5t ,rollanz de sun t5s ni ad plus     
,dev]s ,espaigne gi/ en un pui agut   ,a
 l'une ma9 si ad sun piz batut4   ,deus 
meie culpe v]s les tues v]tuz   ,de mes 
pec*iez des granz e des m5uz   ,que jo  

ai fait des l'ure que nez fui           
,tresqu'a ce/ jur que ci sui cons\z4    
,sun de/re guant en ad v]s deu t5dut    
,angle del ciel i desc5d5t a lui4 ,aoi4 
,!n ,rol& feels t 8 la/ h\r has come    
,fac+ t[>d ,spa9 he lies on a /eep hill1
   ,:ile ) "o h& he beats ^u 8 brea/3   
,mea culpa1 ,god6 ?r\gh =ce ( ?y        
miracles   ,p>don my s9s1 ! great z well
 z small1   ,t ,i h done f ! h\r ,i 0   
born   ,d[n to ?is day t ,i h n[ atta9$4
   ,8 "r glove t[>d ,god he lift$ up4   
,angels f heav5 desc5d on him4 ,aoi4    
,li qu5s ,rollanz se jut desuz un p9    
,env]s ,espaigne en ad turnet sun vis   
,de plusurs *oses a remembr] li pri/    
,de tantes t]res cume li b]s cunqui/    
,de dulce ,france des humes de sun lign 
,de ,c>lemagne sun seignur kil nurrit   
,ne poet mu] m5 plurt e ne suspirt      
,mais lui meisme ne voelt metre en ubli 
,claimet sa culpe si priet deu m]cit4   
,veire pat]ne ki unkes ne m5tis   ,se9t 
,laz>un de mort resurrexis   ,e ,daniel 
des liuns gu>esis   ,gu>is de mei l'anme

 de tuz p]ils   ,pur les pec*iez que en 
ma vie fis4      ,sun de/re guant a deu 
en pur(frit   ,e de sa ma9 se9z ,gabriel
 lad pris   ,desur sun braz t5eit le    
*ief encl9   ,ju9tes ses ma9s e/ alez a 
sa f94   ,deus li trami/ sun angle *]ub9
   ,e ,se9t ,mi*iel de la m] del p]il   
,ensemble od els ,se9z ,gabriels i v9t  
,l' anme del cunte port5t en p>eis4     
,c\nt ,rol& ?r[s himself b5ea? a p9e    
,& t[>d ,spa9 has turn$ 8 face away4    
,( _m ?+s he call$ ! memory back1   ,(  
_m l&s t he1 ! brave1 _h conqu]$1   ,(  
g5tle ,france1 ! m5 ( 8 l9eage1   ,(    
,*>lemagne 8 "l1 :o nurtur$ him2   ,he  
_c help b weep & sigh = ^!1   ,b =      
himself w n =get to c>e2   ,he cries 8  
,culpe1 he prays to ,god = grace4   ,o  
,god ! ,fa!r :o has nev] li$1   ,:o     
rais$ up ,sa9t ,laz>us f dea?1   ,&     
,daniel f ! lions sav$1   ,save my s\l f
 all ! p]ils   ,= ! s9s t 9 my life ,i  
did6      ,8 "r-h& glove to ,god he     
pr(f]$2   ,sa9t ,gabriel f 8 h& took x2 
,^u 8 arm he held 8 head incl9$1        

,fold+ 8 h&s he pass$ to 8 end4   ,god  
s5t to him 8 angel *]ubim   ,& ,sa9t    
,mi*ael ( ! ,sea 9 ,p]il1   ,toge!r ) !m
 came ,sa9t ,gabriel4   ,! s\l ( ! ,c\nt
 !y be> to ,p>adise4      ,our age has  
lo/ mu* ( its e> = poetry1 z x has its  
eye =  col\r & l9e1 & its ta/e = w> &   
wor%ip1 w9e & wom54  ,n "o man 9 a      
hundr$ ?\s& c\ld n[ feel :at ! elev5?   
c5tury felt 9 ^! v]ses ( ! ,*anson1 &   
!re is no  reason = try+ to d s1 b !re  
is a c]ta9 use 9 try+ =  once to und]/& 
n s mu* ! feel+ z ! mean+4 ,!  naivete (
 ! poetry is t ( ! society4 ,god ! ,fa!r
 0 !  feudal seigneur1 :o rais$         
,laz>us--8 b>on or vassal--f !  grave1 &
 fre$ ,daniel1 z an evid5ce ( 8 p[] &   
loyalty2 a  seigneur :o nev] li$1 or 0  
false to 8 ^w4 ,god ! ,fa!r1  z feudal  
seigneur1 absorbs ! ,tr9ity1 &1 :at is m
  significant1 absorbs or excludes also 
! ,virg91 :o is n  m5tion$ 9 ! pray]4   
,to ?is seigneur1 ,rol& 9 dy+1  pr(f]$  
7pur(frit7 8 "r-h& gauntlet4 ,dea? 0 an 
act (  homage4 ,god s5t d[n 8 ,ar*angel 

,gabriel z 8 repres5tative to  accept ! 
homage & receive ! glove4 ,to ,duke     
,william & 8  b>ons no?+ c\ld seem m    
natural & correct4 ,god 0 n  f>!r away  
?an ,*>lemagne4    ,correct z ! law may 
h be51 ! religion ev5 at t "t  mu/ h    
seem$ to ! monks to ne$ pr(essional     
advice4 ,rol&'s  life 0 n exempl>y4 ,!  
,*anson _h tak5 pa9s to %[ t  ! disa/]  
at ,roncesvalles 0 due to ,rol&'s       
head/rong folly  & temp]4 ,9 dy+1 ,rol& 
_h n once ?\ght ( ^! faults1  or rep5t$ 
( 8 worldly ambitions1 or m5tion$ ! "n (
 ,alda1  8 betro!d4 ,he _h clung to !   
memory ( 8 w>s & conque/s1  8 l9eage1 8 
e>?ly seigneur ,*>lemagne1 & ( d\ce     
,france4 ,he _h =gott5 to give s mu* z  
an allusion to ,*ri/4  ,! poet reg>d$   
all ^! matt]s z ! affair ( ! ,*ur*2 all 
! w>rior c>$ = 0 c\rage1 loyalty1 &     
pr[ess4    ,! int]e/ ( ^! details lies n
 9 ! s*ol>%ip or !  hi/orical tru? or   
ev5 ! local col\r1 s mu* z 9 ! art4  ,! 
naivete ( ! ?\ght is repeat$ by !       
simplicity ( !  v]se4 ,^w & ?\ght are   

equally monosyllabic4 ,no?+ ev]  mat*$  
x4 ,! words bubble l a /ream 9 !        
woods3--    ,co s5t ,rollanz de sun t5s 
ni ad plus4      ,try & put !m into     
mod]n ,fr5*1 & see :at w happ53--       
,que jo ai fait des l'ure que nez fui4  
,! words may rema9 exactly ! same1 b !  
poetry w h gone  out ( !m4 ,five hundr$ 
ye>s lat]1 ev5 ! ,engli% critics _h  s  
f> lo/ _! s5se = milit>y poetry t !y    
pr(ess$ to  be %ock$ by ,milton's       
monosyllables3--    ,:]eat he inly rag$1
 &1 z !y talk$1   ,smote him into !     
midriff ) a /one   ,t beat out life4    
,milton's language 0 inde$ m or less    
ar*aic & ,biblical2 x  0 a ,puritan     
affectation2 b ! ,*anson 9 ! refectory  
actually reflect$1 repeat$1 e*o$1 ! pi]s
 & ar*es ( !  ,abbey ,*ur* j ris+ above4
 ,! v]se is built up4 ,! qualities  ( ! 
ar*itecture reproduce !mselves 9 ! song3
 ! same  directness1 simplicity1 abs5ce 
( self-consci\sness2 ! same  int5sity ( 
purpose2 ev5 ! same mat]ial2 ! pray] is 
granite3--    ,gu>is de mei l'anme de   

tuz p]ils ,pur les pec*iez que en ma vie
  fisi      ,! action ( dy+ is felt1 l !
 dropp+ ( a key/one into  ! vault1 & if 
! ,romanesque ar*es 9 ! *ur*1 :i* are   
)9 he>+1 c\ld speak1 !y w\ld describe   
:at !y are do+  9 ! precise words ( !   
poem3--    ,desur sun braz t5eit ,ie    
*ief encl9 ,ju9tes ses ma9s e/ alez a   
sa f94    ,^u _! %\ld]s h _! heads      
incl9$1   ,fold$ _! h&s1 & sunk5 to _!  
re/4      ,_m ?\s&s ( times ^! v]ses mu/
 h be5 sung at !  ,m\nt & e*o$ 9 e ca/le
 & on e battle-field f !  ,wel% ,m>*es  
to ! %ores ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,no mod]n    
op]a or play  ev] approa*$ ! popul>ity (
 ! ,*anson4 ,none has ev]  express$ )   
any?+ l ! same complet5ess ! society t  
produc$ x4 ,*ant$ by e m9/rel1--kn[n by 
he>t1 f  beg9n+ to end1 by e man & woman
 & *ild1 lay or  cl]ical1--translat$    
into e tongue1--m int5sely felt1 if     
possible1 9 ,italy & ,spa9 ?an 9 ,norm&y
 & ,engl&1--p]haps  mo/ effective1 z a  
"w ( art1 :5 sung by ! ,templ>s 9 _!    
great ca/les 9 ! ,holy ,l&1--x is n[ be/

 felt at ,mont-,sa9t-  ,mi*el1 & f !    
fir/ mu/ h be5 !re at home4 ,! pro(  is 
! l9e1 evid5tly ins]t$ = ! sake ( its   
local effect1  :i* invok$ ,sa9t ,mi*ael 
9 ,p]il ( ! ,sea at ! climax (  ,rol&'s 
dea?1 & "o ne$s no orig9al docum5ts or  
contempor>y  au?orities to prove t1 :5  
,taillef] came to ?is invocation1  n    
only ,duke ,william & 8 b>ons1 b /ill m 
,abbot ,ranulf  & 8 monks1 broke into a 
fr5zy ( sympa?y :i* express$ !  mascul9e
 & milit>y passions ( ! ,ar*angel bett] 
?an x  accord$ ) ! rules ( ,sa9t        
,b5$ict4        ,,*apt] ,,iii    ,,!    
,,m]veille    ,! n9ete5? c5tury mov$ fa/
 & furi\s1 s t "o :o mov$  9 x felt     
sometimes giddy1 wat*+ x sp92 b ! elev5?
 mov$  fa/] & m furi\sly /ill4 ,!       
,norman conque/ ( ,engl& 0  an imm5se   
ef=t1 & its consequ5ces 7 f>-rea*+1 b ! 
fir/ crusade 0 altoge!r ! mo/ int]e/+   
ev5t 9 ,european  hi/ory4 ,nev] has !   
,we/]n _w %[n any?+ l ! en]gy  & unity )
 :i* %e !n flung h]self on ! ,ea/1 & = !
  mom5t made ! ,ea/ recoil4 ,b>r+ h]    

family qu>rels1 ,europe 0  a unity !n1 9
 ?\ght1 w1 & object4 ,*ri/ianity 0 !    
unit4 ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el & ,byzantium 7 
ne> ea* o!r4 ,!  ,emp]or ,con/ant9e & ! 
,emp]or ,*>lemagne 7 figur$ z  allies & 
fri5ds 9 ! popul> leg5d4 ,! ,ea/ 0 !    
common  enemy1 always sup]ior 9 weal? & 
numb]s1 frequ5tly 9 en]gy1  & sometimes 
9 ?\ght & art4 ,! outbur/ ( ! fir/      
crusade  0 spl5did ev5 9 a milit>y s5se1
 b x 0 great beyond  comp>ison 9 its    
reflection 9 ar*itecture1 ornam5t1      
poetry1  col\r1 religion1 & philosophy4 
,its m5 7 a/oni%+1 & its  wom5 7 wor?   
all ! re/4    ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 bett] 
?an any o!r spot 9 ! _w1 keeps  !       
ar*itectural record ( t f]m5t1 mu* z !  
,sicilian  temples keep ! record ( !    
simil> outbur/ ( ,greek en]gy1  art1    
poetry1 & ?\ght1 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s     
be=e4 ,( !  elev5? c5tury1 x is true1   
no?+ b ! *ur* rema9s at !  ,m\nt1 &1 if 
/udi$ fur!r1 ! c5tury has got to be     
s\ght  else:]e1 :i* is n difficult1 s9ce
 x is pres]v$ 9 any  numb] ( *ur*es 9 e 

pa? ( t\ri/ travel4 ,norm&y is full  (  
x2 ,bayeux & ,ca5 conta9 little else4   
,at ! ,m\nt1 !  elev5?-c5tury "w 0      
antiquat$ be=e x 0 f9i%$4 ,9 !  ye>     
#aaab1 ,abbot ,rog] ,,ii 0 oblig$ to    
plan & con/ruct a new  gr\p 9 su* ha/e t
 x is said to h be5 f9i%$ 9 #aabb4  ,x  
ext5ds f :at we h suppos$ to be ! old   
refectory to !  p>vis1 & abuts on ! ?ree
 lo/ spans ( ! *ur*1 cov]+  ab\t "o     
hundr$ & tw5ty feet4 ,z usual !re 7 ?ree
 levels2  a crypt or gall]y b5ea?1 kn[n 
z ! ,aquilon2 a cloi/] or  prom5oir     
above2 & on ! level ( ! *ur* a          
dormitory1 n[  lo/4 ,! gr\p is "o ( !   
mo/ int]e/+ 9 ,france1 ano!r  pons      
seclorum1 an ante*amb] to ! we/ portal (
 ,*>tres1 :i*  be>s ! same date 7i      
#aaj-be74 ,x is ! fam\s p]iod (         
,transition1 ! glory ( ! twelf? c5tury1 
! object ( our  pilgrimage4    ,art is a
 fairly l>ge field :]e no "o ne$ jo/le 8
 neighb\r1  & no "o ne$ %ut himself up 9
 a corn]2 b1 if "o insi/s on  tak+ a    
corn] ( pref]5ce1 "o might (f] "s excuse

 =  *oos+ ! ,go?ic ,transition4 ,!      
quiet1 re/ra9$ /r5g? (  ! ,romanesque   
m>ri$ to ! graceful curves & vault+     
imag9ation ( ! ,go?ic makes a union ne>]
 ! ideal ?an is  (t5 all[$ 9 m>riage4 ,!
 ,fr5*1 9 _! be/ days1 lov$ x  ) a      
con/ancy t has ?r[n a sort ( aureole ov]
 _!  fickl5ess s9ce4 ,!y nev] tir$ ( its
 possibilities4 ,sometimes  !y put !    
po9t$ ar* )9 ! r\nd1 or above x2        
sometimes  !y put ! r\nd )9 ! po9t$4    
,sometimes a ,roman ar*  cov]$ a clu/] (
 po9t$ w9d[s1 z ?\gh protect+ &  c>ess+ 
its *ildr52 sometimes a huge po9t$ ar*  
cov]$ a  great rose-w9d[ spread+ across 
! :ole front ( an enorm\s  ca!dral1 ) an
 arcade ( ,romanesque w9d[s b5ea?4 ,!   
,fr5*  ar*itects felt no discord1 & !re 
0 none4 ,ev5 ! pure ,go?ic  0 put side  
by side ) ! pure ,roman4 ,y w see no    
lat]  ,go?ic ?an ! *oir ( ! ,abbey ,*ur*
 above 7#adej-aeba71 unless  x is ! nor?
 fle*e ( ,*>tres ,ca!dral 7#aejg-ac72 & 
if y  w look d[n ! nave1 ?r\gh !        
triumphal ar*es1 into !  po9t$ *oir f\r 

hundr$ ye>s m mod]n1 y c judge :e!r  !re
 is any real discord4 ,= ^? :o feel !   
art1 !re is  none2 ! /r5g? & ! grace jo9
 h&s2 ! man & woman love  ea* o!r /ill4 
,! diff]5ce ( sex is n imag9>y4 ,9      
#ajeh1 :5 ! triumphal  columns 7 build+1
 & ,taillef] sang to ,william ! ,ba/>d &
  ,h>old ! ,saxon1 ,rol& /ill pray$ 8   
mea culpa to ,god !  ,fa!r & gave n a   
?\ght to ,alda 8 betro!d4 ,9 ! twelf?   
c5tury ,sa9t ,b]n>d recit$ ,ave ,/ella  
,m>ts 9 an ec/asy (  miracle be=e !     
image ( ! ,virg91 & ! armies ( ,france 9
  battle cri$1                          
,notre-,dame-,sa9t-,d5is-,montjoie4 ,:at
 ! ,roman  c\ld n express fl[]$ into !  
,go?ic2 :at ! mascul9e m9d  c\ld n      
idealize 9 ! w>rior1 x idealiz$ 9 !     
woman2 no  ar*itecture t ev] grew on    
e>?1 except ! ,go?ic1 gave ?is  effect (
 fl++ its passion aga9/ ! sky4    ,:5 m5
 no long] felt ! passion1 !y fell back  
on !mselves1  or l[]4 ,! ar*itect       
return$ to ! r\nd ar*1 & ev5 fur!r  to !
 flatness ( ! ,greek colonnade2 b ?is 0 

n ! fault  ( ! twelf? or ?irte5?        
c5turies4 ,:at !y _h to say !y  said2   
:at !y felt !y express$2 & if ! sev5te5?
 c5tury  =got x1 ! tw5tie? 9 turn has   
=gott5 ! sev5te5?4  ,hi/ory is only a   
catalogue ( ! =gott54 ,! elev5? c5tury  
is no worse (f ?an its neighb\rs4 ,!    
twelf? is1 9  ar*itecture1 r bett] (f   
?an ! n9ete5?4 ,^! two  rooms1 !        
,aquilon & prom5oir1 :i* m>k ! beg9n+ ( 
!  ,transition1 are1 on ! :ole1 m mod]n 
?an ,sa9t-,sulpice1 or ,il  ,gesu at    
,rome4 ,9 ! same situation1 = ! same    
purposes1 any  ar*itect w\ld be pr\d to 
repeat !m to-day4    ,! ,aquilon1 ?\gh a
 hall or gall]y ( importance 9 its day1 
seems to be class$ among crypts4 ,m4    
,camille ,enl>t1 9 8 ,manual  ( ,fr5*   
,ar*aeology 7p4 #beb7 gives a li/ (     
,romanesque &  ,transition crypts1 ab\t 
"o hundr$ & tw5ty1 to s]ve z  examples =
 ! /udy4 ,! ,aquilon is n "o ( !m1 b !  
crypt ( ,sa9t-,d5is & t ( ,*>tres       
,ca!dral w\ld s]ve to  tea* any         
ov]-curi\s t\ri/ all t he %\ld want to  

"k ab\t  su* matt]s4    ,photographs su*
 z ^? ( ! ,monum5ts ,hi/oriques answ]   
all  ! j purposes ( und]gr\nd travel4 ,!
 ,aquilon is "o's fir/  lesson 9        
,transition ar*itecture because x is    
dat$ 7#aaab72 &  ! crypt ( ,sa9t-,d5is  
s]ves almo/ equally well because ! ,abbe
  ,sug] mu/ h begun 8 plans = x ab\t    
#aabb4 ,bo? h !  same arcs d\bleaux &   
arcs-=m]ets1 ?\gh 9 opposite            
arrangem5t4 ,bo? %[ ! fir/ heavy h9t at 
! brok5 ar*4  ,!re are no n]vures--no   
rib-vault+1--& h>dly a sugge/ion (  !   
,go?ic z "o sees x 9 ! spl5did crypt ( !
 ,gros ,fill]s  close at h&1 except !   
elaborately int]sect+ vaults & !  heavy 
columns2 b ! prom5oir above is an       
a/oni%+ leap 9  "t & art4 ,! prom5oir   
has ! same arrangem5t & columns z  !    
,aquilon1 b ! vaults are beautifully    
ar*$ & po9t$1 )  ribs ris+ directly f ! 
squ>e capitals & int]sect+ !  c5tral    
spac+s1 9 a _s :i* nei!r y nor ,i "k h[ 
to  di/+ui% f ! pure ,go?ic ( ! ?irte5? 
c5tury1 unless  x is t ! ar*es are h>dly

 po9t$ en\gh2 !y seem to !  eye almo/   
r\nd4 ,! height appe>s to be ab\t f\rte5
 feet4    ,! prom5oir ( ,abbot ,rog]    
,,ii has an int]e/ to pilgrims :o are   
go+ on to ! %r9e ( ! ,virg91 because !  
date ( !  prom5oir seems to be exactly !
 same z ! date :i* ! ,abbe  ,bulteau    
assigns = ! we/]n portal ( ,*>tres4     
,ord9>ily a  date is no great matt]1 b  
:5 "o has to run =w>d & back1  ) !      
agility ( an electric tram1 betwe5 two  
or ?ree fix$  po9ts1 x is conv5i5t to   
fix !m once = all4 ,! ,transition is    
complete "h 9 ! prom5oir1 :i* 0 plann$ z
 e>ly z #aaae4  ,! subject ( vault+ is  
f> too ambiti\s = summ] travel2 x  is   
none too easy = a graduate ( ! ,beaux   
,arts2 & few  ar*itectural fields h be5 
s e>ne/ly discuss$ & disput$4  ,we mu/ n
 t\* x4 ,! age ( ! ,*anson de ,rol&     
itself is  n s dang]\s a topic4 ,our    
vital ne$s are met1 m or less           
suffici5tly1 by tak+ ! prom5oir at !    
,m\nt1 ! crypt at  ,sa9t-,d5is1 & !     
we/]n portal at ,*>tres1 z ! tr9ity (   

our ,transition1 & r\ghly call+ _! date 
! ye>s #aaae-bj1 ,to  ov]load ! memory )
 dates is ! vice ( e s*oolma/] &  !     
passion ( e second-rate s*ol>4 ,t\ri/s  
want z few dates  z possible2 :at !y    
want is poetry4 ,yet a s+ul> co9cid5ce1 
) :i* e classroom is only too famili>1  
has made ( !  ye>s--#ae a curi\sly      
conv5i5t gr\p1 & ! ye> #aaae is z       
conv5i5t z any = ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury (  
,transition4  ,t 0 ! ye> :5 ,sa9t ,b]n>d
 laid ! f\ndations ( 8  ,abbey (        
,clairvaux4 ,p]haps #aaae1 or at late/  
#aaag1 0 ! ye>  :5 ,abel>d sang         
love-songs to ,heloise 9 ,canon         
,fulb]t's h\se 9  ! ,rue des ,*antres1  
beside ! cloi/] ( ,notre ,dame 9 ,p>is4 
,! ,abbe ,sug]1 ! ,abbe ,b]n>d1 & !     
,abbe ,abel>d are ! ?ree  int]e/+ m5 ( !
 ,fr5* ,transition4    ,! prom5oir1 !n1 
%all pass = ! ye> #aaae1 &1 z su*1 is   
an exce$+ly beautiful hall1 unit+ !     
spl5did calm &  s]i\sness ( !           
,romanesque ) ! exquisite l9es ( !      
,go?ic4 ,y w h>dly see its equal 9 !    

twelf? c5tury4 ,at  ,ang]s ! great hall 
( ! ,bi%op's ,palace survives to give a 
po9t ( comp>ison1 b commonly ! halls ( t
 date 7 n  vault$2 !y _h timb] ro(s1 & h
 p]i%$4 ,! prom5oir is  ab\t sixty feet 
long1 & divid$ into two aisles1 t5 feet 
wide1  by a r[ ( columns4 ,if x 7 us$ on
 great occasions z a  refectory1 eighty 
or a hundr$ p]sons c\ld h be5 seat$ at  
table1 & p]haps ?is may h be5 ab\t !    
scale ( ! ,abbey's  ne$s1 at t "t4      
,:atev] ef=t ( fancy 0 ne$$ to place    
,duke ,william & ,h>old 9 ! old         
refectory ( #ajeh1 none :atev]  is      
requir$ 9 ord] to see 8 successors 9 !  
halls ( ,rog] ,,ii4  ,) "o exception !y 
7 n int]e/+ p]sons4 ,! exception  0     
,h5ry ,,ii ( ,engl& & ,anj\1 & 8 wife   
,eleanor ( ,gui5ne1  :o 0 = a :ile      
,reg5t ( ,norm&y4 ,"o ( _! *ildr5 0     
born at ,domfront1 j beyond ,avran*es1 &
 ! ,abbot 0 ask$ to  be godfa!r4 ,9     
#aaeh1 j "o hundr$ ye>s aft] ,duke      
,william's  visit1 ,k+ ,h5ry & 8 :ole   
suite came to ! ,abbey1 he>d mass1  &   

d9$ 9 ! refectory4 ,rex v5it ad ,montem 
,sancti ,mi*aelis1  audita missa ad     
magis alt>e1 com$it 9 ,refec-torio cum  
b>onibus  suis4 ,abbot ,rob]t ( ,torigny
 0 8 ho/1 & v possibly  ,william (      
,sa9t-,pair look$ on4 ,p]haps he recit$ 
p>ts ( 8  ,roman be=e ! ,k+4 ,"o may be 
q sure t :5 ,que5  ,eleanor came to !   
,m\nt %e ask$ ! poet to recite 8 v]ses1 
= ,eleanor gave law to poets4    ,"o    
might l+] ov] ,abbot ,rob]t ( ,torigny1 
:o 0 a v great  man 9 8 day1 & an       
especially great ar*itect1 b too        
ambiti\s4 ,all 8 "w1 includ+ ! two t[]s1
 crumbl$ & fell  = want ( prop] support4
 ,:at w\ld correspond to ! ca!drals  (  
,noyon & ,soissons & ! old clo*] & fle*e
 ( ,*>tres is  lo/4 ,we h no *oice b to 
/ep d[n into ! next c5tury at  once1 &  
into ! full & p]fect ,go?ic ( ! great   
age :5 !  new ,*>tres 0 build+4    ,9 ! 
ye> #abjc1 ,philip ,augu/us expell$ !   
,engli% f ,norm&y  & conqu]$ ! prov9ce2 
b1 9 ! c\rse ( ! w> ! ,duke  (          
,brittany1 :o 0 naturally a p>ty to any 

w> t took place  "u 8 eyes1 happ5$ to   
burn ! t[n b5ea? ! ,abbey1 & 9  do+ s1  
set fire un9t5tionally to ! ,abbey      
itself4 ,!  sacrilege %ock$ ,philip     
,augu/us1 & ! wi% to conciliate s       
p[]ful a vassal z ,sa9t ,mi*el1 or 8    
abbot1 l$ ! ,k+ (  ,france to give a    
l>ge sum ( money = repair+ ! build+s4 ,!
  ,abbot ,jordan 7#aaia-abab7 at once   
und]took to outdo all 8  pr$ecessors1 &1
 ) an imm5se ambition1 plann$ ! huge    
pile  :i* cov]s ! :ole nor? face ( !    
,m\nt1 & :i* has always  borne !        
expressive "n ( ! ,m]veille4    ,! g5]al
 motive ( abbatial build+ 0 common to !m
 all4  ,abbeys 7 l>ge h\seholds4 ,! *ur*
 0 ! c5tre1 & at  ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el !  
summit1 = ! situation compell$ ! abbots 
!re to pile "o build+ on ano!r in/ead ( 
arrang+ !m on a  level 9 squ>es or      
p>allelograms4 ,! dormitory 9 any case  
_h to  be ne> a door ( ! *ur*1 because !
 ,rule requir$ con/ant  s]vices1 day &  
night4 ,! cloi/] 0 also h>d-by ! *ur*   
door1 &1 at ! ,m\nt1 _h to be on ! same 

level 9 ord] to be  9 op5 air4          
,naturally ! refectory mu/ be imm$iately
 b5ea? "o  or ! o!r ( ^! two pr9cipal   
/ructures1 & ! hall1 or  place ( meet+ =
 bus9ess ) ! outside _w1 or =  int]nal  
adm9i/ration1 or = gue/s ( importance1  
mu/ be next  ! refectory4 ,! kit*5 &    
(fices w\ld be plac$ on ! l[e/  /age1 if
 = no o!r reason1 because ! magaz9es 7  
two  hundr$ feet bel[ at ! l&+-place1 & 
all supplies1 includ+  wat]1 _h to be   
haul$ up an incl9$ plane by w9dlass4 ,to
  adm9i/] su* a society requir$ ! mo/   
effici5t managem5t4 ,an  abbot on ?is   
scale 0 a v great man1 inde$1 :o enjoy$ 
an  e/abli%m5t ( 8 own1 close by1 )     
(fic]s 9 no small  numb]2 = ! monks     
alone numb]$ sixty1 & ev5 ^! 7 n  en\gh 
= ! regul> *ur* s]vices at seasons (    
pilgrimage4 ,!  ,abbot 0 oblig$ to      
ent]ta9 scores & hundr$s ( gue/s1 &  ^!1
 too1 ( ! highe/ importance1 ) l>ge     
suites4 ,e  ounce ( food mu/ be br\ght f
 ! ma9l&1 or fi%$ f !  sea4 ,all !      
t5ants & _! f>ms1 _! r5ts &             

contributions1  mu/ be look$ aft]4 ,no  
secul> pr9ce _h a m s]i\s task (        
adm9i/ration1 & none did x s well4      
,t5ants always pref]r$ an  abbot or     
bi%op = l&lord4 ,! ,abbey 0 ! highe/    
adm9i/rative creation ( ! ,middle ,ages1
 & :5 "o has made  "o's pilgrimage to   
,*>tres1 "o might well devote ano!r     
summ]  to visit+ :at is left (          
,clairvaux1 ,citeaux1 ,cluny1 & ! o!r   
fam\s mona/]ies1 ) ,viollet-le-,duc to  
guide1 9 ord] to  satisfy "o's m9d :e!r1
 on ! :ole1 su* a life may n h  _h      
activity z well z idl5ess4    ,?is is a 
matt] ( economics1 to be settl$ ) !     
keep]s (  m mod]n hotels1 b ! art _h to 
suit ! conditions1 & :5  ,abbot ,jordan 
decid$ to pla/] ?is huge /ructure aga9/ 
! side  ( ! ,m\nt1 ! ar*itect _h a      
relatively simple task to h&le4  ,!     
eng9e]+ difficulties alone 7 v s]i\s2 ,!
  ar*itectural plan 0 pla9 en\gh4 ,z !  
,abbot laid 8  requirem5ts be=e !       
ar*itect1 he seems to h begun by fix+  !
 scale = a refectory capable ( seat+ two

 hundr$ gue/s at  table4 ,probably no k+
 9 ,europe f$ m p]sons at 8 table ?an   
?is4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,corroy]'s plan1 ! 
l5g? ( ! new  refectory is "o hundr$ &  
tw5ty-?ree feet 7#cg4e metres74 ,a r[  (
 columns d[n ! c5tre divides x into two 
aisles1 measur+  twelve feet cle>1 f    
column to column1 across ! room4 ,if    
tables  7 set ! :ole l5g? ( ! two       
aisles1 =ty p]sons c\ld  h be5 easily   
seat$1 9 f\r r[s1 or "o hundr$ & sixty  
p]sons4 ,)\t cr[d+1 ! same space w\ld   
give room = fifty  gue/s1 or two hundr$ 
9 all4    ,once ! scale 0 fix$1 !       
arrangem5t 0 easy4 ,beg9n+ at !  l[e/   
possible level1 "o pla91 v solidly      
built1 vault$ room  s]v$ z f\ndation =  
ano!r1 l(ti] & m delicately  vault$2 &  
?is aga9 bore ano!r :i* /ood on ! level 
( !  *ur*1 & op5$ directly into ! nor?  
transept4 ,?is  arrangem5t 0 !n d\bl$2 &
 ! second set ( rooms1 at !  we/ end1   
conta9$ ! cell> on ! l[] level1 ano!r   
great  room or hall above x1 & ! cloi/] 
at ! *ur* door1 also  ent]+ into ! nor? 

transept4 ,doorways1 passages1 & /airs  
unite !m all4 ,! two heavy halls on !   
l[e/ level are n[  call$ ! almonry & !  
cell>1 :i* is a di/9ction betwe5        
adm9i/rative arrangem5ts t does n conc]n
 u4    ,ar*itecturally ! rooms might1 to
 our untra9$ eyes1 be ( !  same age ) ! 
,aquilon4 ,!y are e>lie/ ,transition1 z 
f> z a  t\ri/ c see1 or at lea/ !y      
belong to ! class ( crypts  :i* has an  
ar*itecture ( its own4 ,! rooms t conc]n
 u are  ^? imm$iately above3 ! s-call$  
,salle des ,*evali]s at !  we/ end2 & ! 
s-call$ refectory at ! ea/4 ,e writ]    
gives ^! rooms diff]5t names1 & assigns 
!m diff]5t  purposes1 b :atev] !y 7     
meant =1 !y are1 z halls1 !  f9e/ 9     
,france2 ! pure/ 9 ?irte5?-c5tury       
p]fection4    ,! ,salle des ,*evali]s ( 
! ,ord] ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael creat$ by  ,l\is
 ,,xi 9 #adfi 01 or %all be = t\ri/     
purposes1 ! great  hall t e palace &    
ca/le conta9$1 & 9 :i* ! life  ( !      
*ateau c5tr$4 ,plann$ at ab\t ! same "t 
) !  ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres 7#aaie-abaj71 & 

be=e ! ,abbey ,*ur* (  ,sa9t-,d5is1 ?is 
hall & its neighb\r ! refectory1 /udi$  
toge!r ) ! ca!dral & ! abbey1 are an    
exce$+ly  lib]al education = anybody1   
t\ri/ or eng9e] or ar*itect1 &  w\ld    
make ! =tune ( an intellig5t hi/orian1  
if su* %\ld  happ5 to exi/2 b ! la/ ?+  
we ask f !m is education or  in/ruction4
 ,we want only _! poetry1 & %all h to   
look =  x else:]e4 ,"h is only ! %ell--!
 dead art--& sil5ce4 ,!  hall is ab\t   
n9ety feet long1 & sixty feet 9 its     
greate/  wid?4 ,x has ?ree ranges (     
columns mak+ f\r vault$ aisles  :i* seem
 to rise ab\t tw5ty-two feet 9 height4  
,x is w>m$ by  two huge & heavy *em9ees 
or fireplaces 9 ! outside wall1  betwe5 
! w9d[s4 ,x is light$ beautifully1 b    
mo/ly f  above ?r\gh r\nd w9d[s 9 ! ar*+
 ( ! vaults4 ,!  vault+ is a /udy = wis]
 m5 ?an we c ev] be4 ,m ?an  tw5ty /rong
 r\nd columns1 free or engag$1 )        
,romanesque  capitals1 support heavy    
ribs1 or n]vures1 & :ile ! two c5tral   
aisles are eighte5 feet wide1 ! outside 

aisle1 into :i* !  w9d[s op51 measures  
only t5 feet 9 wid?1 & has consequ5tly  
"o ( ! mo/ %>ply po9t$ vaults we %all   
ev] meet4 ,! :ole  design is z beautiful
 a bit ( e>ly ,go?ic z exi/s1 b :at     
w\ld take mo/ "t to /udy1 if "t 7 to    
sp>e1 w\ld be !  in/9ct ( ! ,ar*angel's 
pres5ce :i* has animat$ 8  ar*itecture4 
,! mascul9e1 milit>y en]gy ( ,sa9t      
,mi*ael lives  /ill 9 e /one4 ,! g5ius t
 realiz$ ?is w>like emotion  has /amp$ 8
 p[] ev]y:]e1 on e c5timetre ( 8 "w2  9 
e ray ( light2 on ! mass ( e %ad[2 :]ev]
 ! eye  falls2 /ill m /rongly on all t !
 eye div9es1 & 9 !  %ad[s t are felt l !
 lights4 ,! ar*itect int5d$ x  all4 ,any
 "o :o d\bts has only to /ep ?r\gh !    
doorway 9 !  corn] into ! refectory4    
,!re ! ar*itect has und]tak5 to  express
 ! ?irte5?-c5tury idea ( ! ,ar*angel2 he
 has left  ! twelf? c5tury beh9d him4   
,! refectory1 :i* has already s]v$ = a  
measure ( ! ,abbot's  scale1 is1 9      
feel+1 z diff]5t z possible f ! hall4   
,six  *>m+ columns run d[n ! c5tre1     

divid+ ! room into two  vault$ aisles1  
app>5tly ab\t tw5ty-sev5 feet 9 height4 
,:]ev] ! hall 0 heavy & s]i\s1 !        
refectory 0 made  light & graceful4     
,h>dly a trace ( ! ,romanesque rema9s4  
,only  ! slight1 r\nd columns are n yet 
groov$ or flut$1 & _!  r\nd capitals are
 /ill slightly sev]e4 ,e detail is      
light5$4  ,! great fireplaces are remov$
 to ea* end ( ! room4 ,! mo/  int]e/+   
*ange is 9 ! w9d[s4 ,:5 y rea* ,*>tres1 
!  great book ( ar*itecture w op5 on !  
^w ,f5e/ration1--  ,f5e/re1--a ^w z ugly
 z ! ?+ 0 beautiful2 & !n1 )  pa9 &     
sorr[1 y w h to toil till y see h[ !    
ar*itects ( #abjj subord9at$ e o!r      
problem to t (  light+ _! spaces4 ,)\t  
feel+ _! lights1 y c nev]  feel _!      
%ad[s4 ,^! two halls at                 
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el are  ante*amb]s to ! 
nave ( ,*>tres2 _! f5e/ration1 inside & 
out1 controls ! :ole design4 ,! light+ (
 ! refectory is  sup]b1 b "o feels its  
value 9 art only :5 x is tak5 9         
relation to ! light+ ( ! hall1 & bo?    

s]ve z a simple  preamble to ! romance (
 ! ,*>tres w9d[s4    ,! refectory %[s   
:at ! ar*itect did :51 to light5 8      
effects1 he want$ to use e possible     
squ>e c5timetre ( light4  ,he has made  
n9e w9d[s2 six on ! nor?1 two on ! ea/1 
& "o  on ! s\?4 ,!y are ne>ly five feet 
wide1 & ab\t tw5ty feet  high4 ,!y flood
 ! room4 ,probably !y 7 int5d$ = glass1 
& ,m4 ,corroy]'s volume conta9s         
wood-cuts ( a few fragm5ts (            
?irte5?-c5tury glass discov]$ 9 8 v>i\s 
excavations2 b  "o may take = grant$ t )
 s mu* light1 col\r 0 !  object int5d$4 
,! floors w\ld be til$ 9 col\r2 ! walls 
w\ld be hung ) col\r2 probably ! vaults 
7 pa9t$ 9  col\r2 "o c see x all 9      
scores ( illum9at$ manuscripts4 ,!      
?irte5? c5tury _h a passion = col\r1 &  
made a col\r-_w  ( its own :i* we h got 
to explore4    ,! two halls rema9 almo/ 
! only monum5ts ( :at mu/ be  call$     
secul> ar*itecture ( ! e>ly & p]fect    
p]iod (  ,go?ic art 7#abjj-aj74 ,*ur*es 
en\gh rema91 ) ,*>tres at _!  head1 b   

all ! great abbeys1 palaces & *ateaux ( 
t day are  ru9s4 ,arques1 ,gaill>d1     
,mont>gis1 ,c\cy1 ! old ,l\vre1 ,*9on1  
,ang]s1 z well z ,cluny1 ,clairvaux1    
,citeaux1 ,jumieges1 ,vezelay1          
,sa9t-,d5is1 ,poissy1 ,fontevrault1 & a 
score ( o!r resid5ces1  royal or        
semi-royal1 h disappe>$ :olly1 or h lo/ 
_!  resid5tial build+s4 ,:5             
,viollet-le-,duc1 "u ! ,second ,empire1 
0 all[$ to re/ore "o great *ateau1 he   
*ose ! late/1  ,pi]refonds1 built by    
,l\is d',orleans 9 #acij4 ,ve/iges (    
,sa9t  ,l\is's palace rema9 at !        
,conci]g]ie1 b ! fir/ great royal       
resid5ce to be comp>$ ) ! ,m]veille is  
,amboise1 dat+ f  ab\t #aejj1 ?ree      
c5turies lat]4 ,civilization made almo/ 
a clean  sweep ( art4 ,only "h1 at      
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 "o may /ill sit at  
ease on ! /one b5*es 92 ! embrasures ( !
 refectory  w9d[s1 look+ ov] !          
?irte5?-c5tury ocean & wat*+ !  ar*itect
 z he work$ out ! details :i* 7 to      
produce or  acc5t 8 contra/s or         

h>monies1 height5 8 effects1 or hide 8  
%[ ( ef=t1 & all by means s true1 simpl]
 & app>5tly  easy t "o seems almo/      
compet5t to foll[ him4 ,"o le>ns  bett] 
9 "t4 ,"o gets to feel t ^! ?+s 7 due 9 
"p  to an in/9ct t ! ar*itect himself   
might n h be5 able  to expla94 ,! in/9ct
 vani%es z "t creeps on4 ,! halls at    
,r\5 or at ,blois are m easily und]/ood2
 ! ,salle des  ,c>yatides ( ,pi]re      
,lescot at ! ,l\vre1 *>m+ z x is1 is    
simpl] /ill2 & "o feels entirely at home
 9 ! ,salle des  ,glaces :i* fill$ !    
ambition ( ,l\is ,,xiv at ,v]sailles4   
,if any l+]+ d\bt rema9s 9 reg>d to !   
pr(essional  clev]ness ( ! ar*itect & ! 
?or\ghness ( 8 /udy1 we  _h be/ return  
to ! great hall1 & pass ?r\gh a l[ door 
9  its extreme out] angle1 up a few /eps
 into a little room "s  ?irte5 feet     
squ>e1 beautifully vault$1 light$1 w>m$ 
by a  l>ge /one fireplace1 & 9 ! corn]1 
a spiral /aircase lead+  up to ano!r    
squ>e room above op5+ directly into !   
cloi/]4  ,x is a little libr>y or       

*>t]-h\se4 ,! arrangem5t is almo/  too  
clev] = gravity1 z is ! case ) m ?an "o 
arrangem5t 9 ! ,m]veille4 ,f ! outside  
"o c see t at  ?is corn] ! ar*itect _h  
to provide a heavy buttress aga9/ a     
d\ble /ra91 & he built up f ! rock bel[ 
a squ>e corn]  t[] z support1 into :i*  
he work$ a spiral /aircase lead+  f !   
cell> up to ! cloi/]s4 ,j above ! level 
( !  great hall he manag$ to con/ruct   
?is little room1 a gem4 ,!  place 0 ne> 
& f>2 x 0 quiet & c5tral2 ,william (    
,sa9t-  ,pair1 _h he be5 /ill alive1    
might h writt5 8 ,roman !re2  monks     
might h illum9at$ missals !re4 ,a few   
/eps upw>d  br\ght !m to ! cloi/]s =    
m$itation2 a few m br\ght  !m to ! *ur* 
= pray]4 ,a few /eps d[nw>d br\ght !m to
  ! great hall1 = bus9ess1 a few /eps m 
l$ !m into !  refectory1 = d9n]4 ,to    
contemplate ! goodness ( ,god 0 a       
simple joy :5 "o _h su* a room to "w 92 
su* a spot z !  great hall to walk 91 :5
 ! /orms blew2 or ! cloi/]s 9  :i* to   
m$itate1 :5 ! sun %one2 su* a d9+-room z

 !  refectory2 & su* a view f "o's w9d[s
 ov] ! inf9ite  ocean & ! guiles (      
,satan's quicks&s4 ,f ! battlem5ts (    
,heav51 ,william ( ,sa9t-,pair look$ d[n
 on x ) envy4    ,( all p>ts ( !        
,m]veille1 9 summ]1 ! mo/ *>m+ mu/      
always h be5 ! cloi/]s4 ,only ! ,abbey (
 ! ,m\nt 0 ri*  & spl5did en\gh to build
 a cloi/] l ?is1 all 9 granite1  c>v$ 9 
=ms z light z ?\gh x 7 wood2 ) columns  
arrang$ 9 a peculi> triangul> ord] t    
excit$ ! admiration  ( ,viollet-le-,duc4
 ,"o ( ! mo/ curi\s & complete cloi/]s  
t we h 9 ,france1 he said2 al?\gh 9     
,france !re are _m  beautiful & curi\s  
cloi/]s4 ,= ano!r reason x has value4   
,! ar*itect meant x to reass]t1 ) all ! 
art & grace he  c\ld comm&1 ! ma/]y (   
love1 ( ?\ght & poetry1 9  religion1 ov]
 ! mascul9e1 milit>y en]gy ( ! great    
hall  bel[4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury r>ely let 
slip a *ance to insi/ on  ?is moral t   
love is law4 ,sa9t ,francis 0 prea*+ to 
!  birds 9 #abae at ,assisi1 & !        
ar*itect built ?is cloi/] 9  #abbf at   

,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el4 ,bo? s]mons 7       
saturat$ ) !  feel+ ( ! "t1 & bo? are   
ab\t equally wor? not+1 if "o  aspires  
to feel ! art4    ,a consci5ti\s /ud5t  
has yet to climb d[n ! _m /eps1 on !    
outside1 & look up at ! ,m]veille f     
bel[4 ,few build+s 9  ,france are bett] 
wor? ! tr\ble4 ,! horizontal l9e at !   
ro(  measures two hundr$ & ?irty-five   
feet4 ,! v]tical l9e ( !  buttresses    
measures 9 r\nd numb]s "o hundr$ feet4  
,to make walls  ( t height & l5g? /& up 
at all 0 no easy matt]1 z  ,rob]t de    
,torigny _h %[n2 & s ! ar*itect         
buttress$ !m  f bottom to top ) twelve  
long buttresses aga9/ ! ?ru/ (  !       
int]ior ar*es1 & ?ree m1 be>+ aga9/ !   
int]ior  walls4 ,?is gives1 on ! nor?   
front1 fifte5 /rong v]tical l9es  9 a   
space ( two hundr$ & ?irty-five feet4   
,betwe5 ^! l9es  ! w9d[s tell _! /ory2 !
 sev5 long w9d[s ( !  refectory on "o   
side2 ! sev5 r\nd$ w9d[s ( ! hall on !  
o!r4 ,ev5 ! corn] t[] ) ! *>t]-h\se     
becomes z  simple z ! re/4 ,! sum ( ?is 

impossible wall1 & its  exagg]at$       
v]tical l9es1 is /r5g? & intellig5ce at 
re/4    ,! :ole ,m\nt /ill kept ! gr&   
/yle2 x express$ ! unity  ( ,*ur* &     
,/ate1 ,god & ,man1 ,peace & ,w>1 ,life 
& ,dea?1  ,good & ,bad2 x solv$ ! :ole  
problem ( ! univ]se4 ,!  prie/ & !      
soldi] 7 bo? at home "h1 9 #abae z 9    
#aaae or  9 #ajeh2 ! politician 0 n     
outside ( x2 ! s9n] 0  welcome2 ! poet 0
 made happy 9 8 own _s1 ) a sympa?y1    
almo/ an affection1 t sugge/s a habit ( 
v]se 9 ! ,abbot z  well z 9 ! ar*itect4 
,god reconciles all4 ,! _w is an        
evid5t1 obvi\s1 sacr$ h>mony4 ,ev5 !    
discord ( w> is a  detail on :i* !      
,abbey refuses to insi/4 ,n till two    
c5turies  aft]w>ds did ! ,m\nt take on !
 mod]n expression ( w> z a  discord 9   
,god's provid5ce4 ,!n1 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( !
  fifte5? c5tury1 ,abbot ,pi]re le ,roy 
pla/]$ ! gate ( !  *atelet1 z y n[ see  
x1 ov] ! sunny ?irte5?-c5tury  entrance 
call$ ,belle ,*aise1 :i* _h treat$ m]e  
milit>y  con/ruction ) a sort ( quiet   

contempt4 ,y w "k :at a  *atelet is :5 y
 meet ano!r2 x fr[ns 9 a _s q ali5  to !
 twelf? c5tury2 x j>s on ! religion ( ! 
place2 x  =ebodes w>s ( religion2       
dissolution ( society2 loss ( unity2  ! 
end ( a _w4 ,no?+ is sadd] ?an !        
cata/rophe ( ,go?ic  art1 religion1 &   
hope4    ,"o looks back on x all z a    
picture2 a symbol ( unity2 an  ass]tion 
( ,god & ,man 9 a bold]1 /rong]1 clos]  
union ?an  ev] 0 express$ by o!r art2 & 
:5 ! idea is absorb$1  accept$1 & p]haps
 p>tially und]/ood1 "o may move on4     
,,*apt] ,,iv    ,,norm&y ,,& ,,! ,,ile  
,,de ,,france    ,f ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 
! ar*itectural road leads across        
,norm&y1 up ! ,se9e to ,p>is1 & n       
directly ?r\gh ,*>tres1  :i* lies a     
little to ! s\?4 ,9 ! empire (          
ar*itecture1  ,norm&y 0 "o k+dom1       
,brittany ano!r2 ! ,ile de ,france1 )   
,p>is1 0 a ?ird2 ,t\ra9e & ! valley ( ! 
,loire 7 a  f\r? & 9 ! c5tre1 !         
fight+-gr\nd betwe5 !m all1 lay  !      
c\nties ( ,*>tres & ,dreux4 ,be=e go+ to

 ,*>tres "o  %\ld g up ! ,se9e & d[n !  
,loire1 f ,ang]s to ,le ,mans1  & s ent]
 ,*>tres f ,brittany aft] a complete    
circle2 b if  we set out to d our       
pleasure on t scale1 we mu/ />t f !     
,pyramid ( ,*eops4 ,we h set out f      
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el2 we w  g next to     
,p>is4    ,! ar*itectural highway lies  
?r\gh ,c\tances1 ,bayeux1 ,ca51  ,r\51 &
 ,mantes4 ,e great arti/ic k+dom solv$  
its  ar*itectural problems 9 its own    
way1 z x did its religi\s1  political1 &
 social problems1 & no two solutions 7  
ev] q  ! same2 b among !m ! ,norman 0   
commonly ! mo/ practical1  & sometimes !
 mo/ dignifi$4 ,we c te/ ?is rule by !  
/&>d ( ! fir/ t[n we /op at--,c\tances4 
,we c te/ x  equally well at ,bayeux or 
,ca51 b ,c\tances comes fir/ aft]       
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el let u beg9 ) x1 &    
/ate ! problems )  _! ,norman solution1 
s t x may be ready at h& to comp>e  ) ! 
,fr5* solution1 be=e com+ to ! solution 
at ,*>tres4    ,! ca!dral at ,c\tances  
is said to be ab\t ! age ( !  ,m]veille 

7#abjj-ej71 b ! exact dates are unkn[n1 
& ! "w  is s ,norman z to /& by itself2 
yet ! ar*itect has grappl$  ) m problems
 ?an "o ne$ hope to see solv$ 9 any s+le
  *ur* 9 ! tie de ,france4 ,ev5 at      
,*>tres1 al?\gh ! two  /one fle*es are1 
by exception1 complet$1 !y are n ( !    
same  age1 z !y are "h4 ,nei!r at       
,*>tres nor at ,p>is1 nor at ,laon  or  
,ami5s or ,rheims or ,b\rges1 w y see a 
c5tral t[] to  comp>e ) ! enorm\s pile  
at ,c\tances4 ,inde$ ! ar*itects  (     
,france fail$ to solve ?is p>ticul> *ur*
 problem1 & we-  %all leave x beh9d u 9 
leav+ ,norm&y1 al?\gh x is !  mo/       
effective feature ( any possible *ur*4  
,a clo*] ( t  p]iod 7circa #abjj71 built
 ov] ! croisee ( a ca!dral1  foll[+ l9es
 s happy1 %\ld be a monum5t ( ! greate/ 
beauty2 un=tunately we possess n a s+le 
"o 9 ,france4 ,fire1  & ! h& ( man m ?an
 "t1 h de/roy$ !m all1 & we  f9d on our 
greate/ religi\s edifices no m ?an bases
 &  fragm5ts ( ^! beautiful             
con/ructions4 ,! ca!dral (  ,c\tances   

alone has pres]v$ its c5tral clo*] ( !  
?irte5?  c5tury1 & ev5 !re x is n       
complete2 its /one fle*e is  want+4 ,z =
 its /yle1 x belongs to ,norman         
ar*itecture1 &  div]ges widely f ! "* ( 
,fr5* ar*itecture4 ,s says              
,viollet-le-,duc2 b al?\gh ! great      
*ur*es = ! mo/ "p  nev] _h c5tral       
clo*]s1 :i*1 on ! scale ( ,ami5s1       
,b\rges1  or ,beauvais1 w\ld h requir$  
an impossible mass1 ! small]  *ur*es    
frequ5tly c>ry !m /ill1 & !y are1 l !   
dome1  ! mo/ effective features !y c    
c>ry4 ,!y 7 made to  dom9ate ! :ole4    
,no d\bt ! fle*e is want+ at ,c\tances1 
b y c supply x  9 imag9ation f ! two    
fle*es ( ! we/]n t[]1 :i* are  z simple 
& sev]e z ! spe> ( a man-at-arms4       
,supply !  fle*e1 & ! mean+ ( ! t[] _c  
be mi/ak52 x is z  milit>y z ! ,*anson  
de ,rol&2 x is ! man-at-arms himself1   
m\nt$ & ready = battle1 spe> 9 re/4 ,!  
m]e seat ( !  c5tral t[] a/ride ( !     
*ur*1 s firm1 s fix$1 s s]i\s1  s       
defiant1 is ,norman1 l ! seat ( ! ,abbey

 ,*ur* on !  ,m\nt2 & at ,falaise1 :]e  
,william ! ,ba/>d 0 born1 we %all  see a
 c5tral t[] on ! *ur* :i* is ,william   
himself1 9  arm\r1 on horseback1 ready  
to fight = ! ,*ur*1 & p]haps1 9  8 bad  
moods1 aga9/ x4 ,su* militant *ur*es 7  
capable (  =c+ ,heav5 itself2 all ( !m  
look z ?\gh !y _h f\ght at  ,ha/+s or   
/orm$ ,j]usalem4 ,:]ev] ! ,norman c5tral
 clo*]  /&s1 ! ,*ur* ,militant ( !      
elev5? c5tury survives2--n  ! ,*ur* (   
,m>y ,que51 b ( ,mi*ael ! ,ar*angel2--n 
!  ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 b ( ,god ! ,fa!r--,:o 
nev] li$6    ,tak5 toge!r ) ! fle*es ( !
 facade1 ?is clo*] (  ,c\tances =ms a   
gr\p su* z "o v seldom sees4 ,! two t[]s
  ( ! facade are some?+ ap>t1 q by      
!mselves among !  innum]able *ur*-t[]s (
 ! ,go?ic "t4 ,we h got a happy  summ]  
be=e u1 m]ely 9 look+ = ^! *ur*-t[]s4   
,!re  is no liveli] amusem5t = f9e wea!r
 ?an 9 hunt+ !m z  ?\gh !y 7 mu%rooms1 &
 no /udy 9 ar*itecture ne>ly s          
delightful4 ,no "w ( man has life l !   
fle*e4 ,"o sees x =  a great] di/ance & 

feels x = a long] "t ?an is possible  ) 
any o!r human /ructure1 unless x be !   
dome4 ,!re is m  play ( light on !      
octagonal faces ( ! fle*e z ! sun moves 
ar\nd !m ?an c be got out ( ! squ>e or !
 cone or any  o!r comb9ation ( surfaces4
 ,= "s reason1 ! facets ( !  hexagon or 
octagon are m pleas+ ?an ! r\nd$        
surfaces (  ! cone1 & ,norm&y is said to
 be peculi>ly ! home ( ?is  p>ticul>ly  
,go?ic *ur* ornam5t2 yet clo*]s & fle*es
 are  scatt]$ all ov] ,france until "o  
gets to look = !m on !  horizon z ?\gh e
 *ur* 9 e hamlet 7 an ar*itectural      
monum5t4 ,hundr$s ( !m lit]ally are     
s1--,monum5ts ,hi/oriques1  -protect$ by
 ! ,gov]nm5t2 b :5 y und]take to comp>e 
!m1 or to decide :e!r !y are m beautiful
 9 ,norm&y ?an  9 ! ,ile de ,france1 or 
9 ,burgundy1 or on ! ,loire or !        
,*>5te1 y are lo/1 ,ev5 ! sup]iority ( !
 octagon is n  evid5t to e "o4 ,ov] !   
little *ur* at ,f5i\x on !  ,*>5te1 n v 
f> f ,la ,ro*elle1 is a conical /eeple t
  an infidel might adore2 & if y h to   

decide betwe5 prov9ces1  y mu/ reckon ) 
! decision ( ar*itects & amateurs1 :o   
seem to be agre$ t ! fir/ ( all fil*es  
is at ,*>tres1 !  second at ,v5dome1 n  
f> f ,blois 9 ,t\ra9e1 & ! ?ird at      
,aux]re 9 ,burgundy4 ,! t[]s ( ,c\tances
 are n 9 ! li/1  nor are ^? at ,bayeux  
nor ^? at ,ca54 ,france is ri* 9 art4   
,yet ! t[]s ( ,c\tances are 9 "s ways z 
int]e/+1 if n  z beautiful1 z ! be/4    
,! two /one fle*es "h1 ) _! octagon     
faces1 d n  desc5d1 z 9 o!r *ur*es1 to  
_! re/+-place on a squ>e  t[]1 ) ! plan 
( junction m or less disguis$2 !y ?r[   
out ne/s ( small] fle*es1 & ^! cov]     
buttress+ corn]  t[]s1 ) l9es t g       
directly to ! gr\nd4 ,:e!r !  arti/     
consci\sly int5d$ x or n1 ! effect is to
 broad5 !  facade & lift x into ! air4  
,! facade itself has a di/9ctly  milit>y
 look1 z ?\gh a =tress _h be5 alt]$ into
 a *ur*4  ,a *>m+ arcade at ! top has ! 
air ( be+ ?r[n across 9  ord] to        
disguise ! alt]ation1 & p]haps owes mu* 
( its *>m  to ! contra/ x makes ) !     

sev]ity ( milit>y l9es4 ,ev5  ! great   
we/ w9d[ looks l an aft]?\ght2 "o's     
in/9ct  asks = a blank wall4 ,yet1 f !  
gr\nd up to ! cross on !  spire1 "o     
feels ! ,norman nature ?r\gh\t1 animat+ 
! :ole1  unit+ x all1 & cr[d+ into x an 
intellig5t v>iety (  orig9al motives t  
w\ld build a doz5 *ur*es ( late ,go?ic4 
,no?+ ab\t x is /]eotyp$ or             
conv5tional1--n ev5 !  conv5tionality4  
,if y h any d\bts ab\t ?is1 y h only to 
comp>e !  photograph ( ,c\tances ) !    
photograph ( ,*>tres2 & yet1  surely1 ! 
facade ( ,*>tres is sev]e en\gh to      
satisfy ,sa9t  ,b]n>d himself4 ,) ! lat]
 fronts ( ,rheims & ,ami5s1 !re  is no  
field = comp>ison2 !y h next to no?+ 9  
common2 yet  ,c\tances is said to be ( !
 same date ) ,rheims1 or ne>ly s1  & "o 
c believe x :5 "o ent]s ! int]ior4 ,!   
,normans1 z  !y sl[ly reveal !mselves1  
disclose mo/ unexpect$ qualities2  "o   
seems to s\nd subt]ranean cav]ns ( feel+
 hidd5 beh9d  _! iron nasals4 ,no o!r   
ca!dral 9 ,france or 9 ,europe has an   

int]ior m ref9$--"o is tempt$ to use ev5
 ! h>d-worn  adjective1 m t5d]--or m    
c>efully /udi$4 ,"o te/ is  crucial "h &
 ev]y:]e4 ,! treatm5t ( ! apse & *oir is
  ! ar*itect's sev]e/ /&>d4 ,?is is a   
subject n to be  t\*$ lightly2 "o to :i*
 we %all h to come back 9 a humble  _s1 
prep>$ = pati5t /udy1 at ,*>tres2 b !   
*oir (  ,c\tances is a c\s9 to t (      
,*>tres1 z ! facades are  c\s9s2        
,c\tances l ,*>tres belongs to ,notre   
,dame & is felt  9 ! same _s2 ! *ur* is 
built = ! *oir & apse1  r ?an = ! nave &
 transepts2 = ! ,virg9 r ?an  = !       
public4 ,9 "o respect ,c\tances is ev5 m
 delicate 9  ! fem99e *>m ( ! ,virg9's  
peculi> grace ?an ,*>tres1 b  ?is 0 an  
aft]?\ght ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! sy/em (
  *apels radiat+ ab\t ! apse 0 ext5d$   
d[n ! nave1 9 an  arrangem5t s beautiful
 & s r>e1 accord+ to ,viollet-le-,duc1  
t "o %all seek f> be=e f9d+ its equal4  
,among !  unexpect$ revelations ( human 
nature t sudd5ly a/oni%  hi/orians1 "o (
 ! lea/ reasonable 0 ! passionate       

outbreak  ( religi\s devotion to ! ideal
 ( fem99e grace1 *>ity1 &  love t took  
place "h 9 ,norm&y :ile x 0 /ill a "p ( 
! ,engli% k+dom1 & flam$ up into almo/  
fanatical fr5zy  among ! mo/ h>d-he>t$ &
 h>d-head$ race 9 ,europe4    ,s 9 ?is  
*ur*1 9 ! c5tre ( ?is arrangem5t ( apse 
&  *apels ) _! q unusual--p]haps q      
s+ul>--grace1 !  f\r huge pi]s :i*      
support ! enorm\s c5tral t[]1 (f] a  t\r
 de =ce almo/ z exceptional z ! ref9em5t
 ( !  *apels4 ,at ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1   
among ! monks1 ! union (  /r5g? & grace 
0 /rik+1 b at ,c\tances x is exagg]at$1 
l ,tri/ram & ,iseult1--a roman (        
*ivalry4 ,! f\r enorm\s  columns ( !    
croisee1 c>ry1 z ,viollet-le-,duc says1 
! enorm\s  octagonal t[]1--l ,sa9t      
,*ri/oph] support+ ! ,*ri/-  *ild1 be=e 
! image ( ! ,virg91 9 h] hon\r4 ,no?+ l 
?is c be se5 at ,*>tres1 or at any ( !  
lat] palaces :i*  ,france built = !     
pleasure ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,we are    
slipp+ into ! ?irte5? c5tury aga92 !    
temptation is  t]rible to feeble m9ds & 

t\ri/ natures2 b a great mass (  twelf? 
& elev5?-c5tury "w rema9s to be se5 &   
felt4 ,to g  back is n s easy z to beg9 
) x2 ! heavy r\nd ar* is  l old cognac  
comp>$ ) ! *ampagne ( ! po9t$ &  frett$ 
spire2 "o mu/ n quit ,c\tances )\t mak+ 
an  excursion to ,lessayon ! road to    
,*]b\rg1 :]e is a *ur* (  ! twelf?      
c5tury1 ) a squ>e t[] & almo/ unt\*$    
,norman  int]ior1 t closely repeats !   
,abbey ,*ur* at ,mont-,sa9t-  ,mi*el4   
,"o ( ! mo/ complete models (           
,romanesque ar*itecture  to be f\nd 9   
,norm&y1 says ,m4 de ,caumont4 ,! c5tral
 clo*]  w beg9 a photographic collection
 ( squ>e t[]s1 to replace  t :i* 0 lo/  
on ! ,m\nt2 & a second example is ne>   
,bayeux1 at a small place call$         
,c]isy-la-,=et1 :]e ! *ur*  mat*es t on 
! ,m\nt1 accord+ to ,m4 ,corroy]2 =     
,c]isy-la-  ,=et 0 also an abbey1 & !   
*ur*1 built by ,ri*>d ,,ii1 ,duke  (    
,norm&y1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! elev5? c5tury1 
0 l>g]  ?an t on ! ,m\nt4 ,x /ill keeps 
its c5tral t[]4    ,all ?is is int5sely 

,norman1 & is go+ to help v little 9    
,france2 x w\ld be m useful 9 ,engl&2 b 
at ,bayeux is a  great3 ca!dral mu* m to
 ! purpose1 ) two sup]b we/]n  t[]s     
cr[n$ by /one fle*es1 c\s9s ( ^? at     
,c\tances1 &  di/9ctly relat$ to !      
twelf?-c5tury fle*e at ,*>tres4 ,!      
,normans1 says ,viollet-le-,duc1 _h n t 
in/9ct ( proportion  :i* ! ar*itects ( !
 ,ile de ,france1 ,beauvais1 & ,soissons
  possess$ to a high degree2 yet !      
boldness ( _! con/ructions1  _! p]fect  
execution1 ! elevation ( ! fle*es1 _h   
evid5t  influ5ce on ! ,fr5* s*ool       
prop]ly call$1 & t influ5ce  is felt 9 !
 old spire ( ,*>tres4 ,! ,norman seem$  
to %[  di/9ction 9 ano!r respect :i* !  
,fr5* 7 less quick to  imitate4 ,:at !y 
began1 !y complet$4 ,n "o ( ! great     
,fr5* *ur*es has two /one spires        
complete1 ( ! same age1  :ile ea* ( !   
little t[ns ( ,c\tances1 ,bayeux1 & ,ca5
  conta9s its tw9 t[]s & fle*es ( /one1 
z solid & p]fect  n[ z !y 7 sev5 hundr$ 
ye>s ago4 ,/ill ano!r ,norman  "* is    

wor? not+1 because ?is is "o "p ( !     
influ5ce  felt at ,*>tres4 ,if y look   
c>efully at ! two we/]n t[]s (  !       
,bayeux ,ca!dral1 p]haps y w feel :at is
 said to be !  /r5g? ( ! way !y are     
built up4 ,!y rise f _!  f\ndation ) a  
quiet confid5ce ( l9e & support1 :i*    
passes  directly up to ! wea!r-cock on !
 summit ( ! fle*es4 ,at !  plane :]e !  
squ>e t[] is *ang$ into ! octagon spire1
 y  w see ! corn] turrets & ! long      
int]m$iate w9d[s :i*  effect ! *ange )\t
 disguis+ x4 ,"o c h>dly call x a       
device2 x is s simple & evid5t a piece (
 con/ruction t x  does n ne$ to be      
expla9$2 yet y w h to c>ry a  photograph
 ( ?is fle*e to ,*>tres1 & f !re to     
,v5dome1  = !re is to be a great battle 
( fle*es ab\t ?is po9t (  junction1 & ! 
,norman s*eme is a sort ( /&+ reproa* to
  ! ,fr5*4    ,c\tances & ,bayeux are   
int]e/+1 b ,ca5 is a ,romanesque        
,mecca4 ,!re ,william ! ,conqu]or dealt 
) ! same ar*itectural  problems1 & put 8
 solution 9 8 ,abbaye-aux-,hommes1 :i*  

be>s  ! "n ( ,sa9t ,/eph54 ,que5        
,matilda put h] solution into h]        
,abbaye-aux-,femmes1 ! ,*ur* ( !        
,tr9ity4 ,"o ought p>ticul>ly  to look  
at ! beautiful c5tral clo*] ( ! *ur* at 
,vaucelles  9 ! suburbs2 & "o mu/ drive 
out to ,?aon to see its elev5?-  c5tury 
*ur*1 ) a *>m+ ,romanesque bl9d arcade  
on !  outside1 & a little clo*]1 ! m    
int]e/+ to u1  accord+ to               
,viollet-le-,duc1 because x be>s ! /amp 
( !  traditions ( def5ce ( ! primitive  
t[]s :i* 7 built ov]  ! por*es4 ,ev5 a  
sort ( *em9 de ronde rema9s ar\nd !     
clo*]1 p]haps once provid$ ) a p>apet ( 
def5ce4 ,c'e/ la1  du re/e1 un *>mant   
edifice4 ,a t[] ) /one fle*e1 :i*       
actually s]v$ = def5ce 9 a fam\s record$
 in/ance1 is t  ( ! *ur* at             
,secqueville1 n f> (f2 ?is beautiful    
t[]1 z  *>m+ z any?+ 9 ,norman art1 is  
kn[n to h s]v$ z a  =tress 9 #aaje1 :i* 
gives a valuable date4 ,! pretty old    
,romanesque front ( ! little *ur* at    
,oui/reham1 ) its portal  t seems to    

come fre% f ,poiti]s & ,moissac1 c be   
tak5 91  :ile driv+ pa/2 b we mu/ on no 
acc\nt fail to make a s]i\s  pilgrimage 
to ,sa9t-,pi]re-sur-,dives1 :]e !       
*ur*-t[] &  fle*e are n only class$     
among ! be/ 9 ,norm&y1 b h an  exact    
date1 #aade1 & a v close relation )     
,*>tres1 z w  appe>4 ,f9ally1 if = no   
o!r reason1 at lea/ = int]e/ 9          
,arlette1 ! tann]'s daught]1 "o mu/ g to
 ,falaise1 & look at  ! sup]b clo*] (   
,sa9t-,g]vais1 :i* 0 f9i%$ &  consecrat$
 by #aace4    ,"s day1 if y l1 we c     
foll[ ?is ,romanesque /yle to !  s\?1 & 
on ev5 to ,italy :]e x may be suppos$ to
 h be5  born2 b ,france _h an           
ar*itectural life fully a ?\s& ye>s  old
 :5 ^! twelf?-c5tury *ur*es 7 built1 & 0
 long  s9ce arti/ically1 z %e 0         
politically1 indep5d5t4 ,! ,normans  7  
new 9 ,france1 b n ! ,romanesque        
ar*itecture2 !y only  took ! =ms & /amp$
 on !m _! own "*4 ,x is !  /amp we want 
to di/+ui%1 9 ord] to trace up our l9es 
(  arti/ic ance/ry4 ,! ,norman          

twelf?-c5tury /amp 0 n easily  effac$4  
,if we h n se5 en\gh ( x at             
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1  ,c\tances1 ,bayeux1
 & ,ca51 we c g to ,r\51 & drive out to 
,bos*]ville1 & visit ! ru9$ ,abbey (    
,jumieges4 ,:]ev] !re  is a *ur*-t[] ) a
 tall fle*e1 z at ,bos*]ville1          
,secqueville1 ,sa9t-,pi]re-sur-,dives1  
,ca51 & ,bayeux1 ,viollet-le-  ,duc bids
 notice h[ ! octagonal /eeple is fitt$  
on to ! squ>e  t[]4 ,always ! passage f 
! octagon to ! squ>e seems to be  q     
simply made4 ,! ,go?ic or ,romanesque   
spire _h ! advantage  t a wood5 fle*e 0 
z reasonable a cov]+ = x z a /one  "o1 &
 ! ,normans might h indulg$ 9 freaks (  
=m v  easily1 if !y *ose1 b !y seem nev]
 to h ?\ght ( x4  ,! ne>e/ approa* to ! 
fre$om ( wood5 ro(s is n 9 !  l(ty      
fle*es1 b 9 ! cov]+ ( ! great squ>e     
c5tral  t[]s1 l ,falaise or ,vaucelles1 
a huge f\r-sid$ ro( :i*  tries to be a  
fle*e1 & is z massive z ! heavy /ructure
 x  cov]s4    ,! la/ ( ! ,norman t[]s t 
,viollet-le-,duc insi/s ^u is  ! s-call$

 ,clo*] de ,sa9t-,roma91 ! nor!rn t[] on
 !  we/ front ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,r\54      
,un=tunately x has lo/ its  primitive   
octagon fle*e if x ev] _h "o1 b ! t[]   
rema9s  entire1 &1 accord+ to           
,viollet-le-,duc1 is c]ta9ly "o ( !  mo/
 beautiful 9 ?is "p ( ,france2 x (f]s a 
mixture ( !  two /yles ( ! ,ile de      
,france & ( ,norm&y1 9 :i* ! =m]  elem5t
 dom9ates2 x is ( ! same date z ! old   
t[] (  ,*>tres 7#aadj-fj71 & foll[s !   
same int]ior arrangem5t2 b  "h ! petty1 
confus$ disposition ( ! ,norman t[]s1 ) 
_! division into /ories ( equal height1 
has be5 adopt$ by !  ,fr5* ma/] build]1 
al?\gh 9 submitt+ to ^! local cu/oms  he
 has /ill ?r[n ov] 8 "w ! grace &       
f9esse1 ! /udy  ( detail1 ! sobriety 9  
projections1 ! p]fect h>mony betwe5  !  
pr(iles1 sculpture1 & ! g5]al effect ( !
 :ole1 :i*  belong to ! s*ool he came f4
 ,he has manag$ 8 voids &  solids )     
especial clev]ness1 giv+ ! m importance 
to !  voids1 & enl>g+ ! scale ( 8       
details1 z ! t[] rose 9  height4 ,^!    

details h great beauty2 ! con/ruction is
  execut$ 9 mat]ials ( small dim5sions )
 ! c>e t !  twelf?-c5tury ar*itects put 
into _! build+2 ! pr(iles  project      
little1 &1 9 spite ( _! extreme f9esse1 
produce mu*  effect2 ! buttresses are   
skilfully plant$ & pr(il$4 ,!  /aircase1
 :i*1 on ! ea/ side1 d]anges !          
arrangem5t ( !  bays1 is a *ef-d'oeuvre 
( ar*itecture4 ,?is long panegyric1 by  
,viollet-le-,duc1 on ,fr5* ta/e at !    
exp5se ( ,norman temp]1  ought to be    
read1 book 9 h&1 be=e ! ,ca!dral ( ,r\51
 )  photographs ( ,bayeux to comp>e4    
,c]ta9 x is t ! ,normans &  ! ,fr5* nev]
 talk$ q ! same language1 b x is equally
  c]ta9 t ! ,norman language1 to !      
,engli% e>1 express$  itself q z cle>ly 
z ! ,fr5*1 & sometimes seem$ to h  m to 
express4    ,! compla9t ( ! ,fr5* arti/ 
aga9/ ! ,norman is !  mesqu9 treatm5t ( 
divid+ 8 t[] into /oreys ( equal        
height4 ,ev5 9 ! twelf? c5tury & 9      
religi\s ar*itecture1  arti/s already   
/ruggl$ ov] ! be/ solution ( ?is        

p>ticul>ly ,am]ican problem ( ! tw5tie? 
c5tury1 & :5  t\ri/s return to ,new     
,york1 !y may look at ! tw5ty-/orey     
t[]s :i* decorate ! city1 to see :e!r ! 
,norman or !  ,fr5* plan has won2 b ?is1
 at lea/1 w be sure 9 advance3--  !     
,norman w be ! practical s*eme :i* /ates
 ! facts1 &  /ops2 :ile ! ,fr5* w be !  
graceful "o1 :i* /ates !  beauties1 & m 
or less fits ! facts to suit !m4 ,bo?   
/yles  are great3 bo? c sometimes be    
tiresome4    ,"h we mu/ take leave (    
,norm&y2 a small place1 b "o :i*1  l    
,attica or ,tuscany1 has said a great   
deal to ! _w1 & ev5  goes on say+ ?+s--n
 (t5 9 ! fam\s g5re ennuyeux--to  ?is   
day2 = ,gu/ave ,flaub]t's /yle is       
s+ul>ly l t (  ! ,t\r ,sa9t-,roma9 & !  
,abbaye-aux-,hommes4 ,go+ up ! ,se9e  "o
 might read a few pages ( 8 lett]s1 or (
 ,madame de ,bov>y1  to see h[ an old   
art transmutes itself into a new "o1 )\t
  *ang+ its me?ods4 ,"s critics h ?\ght 
t at times  ,flaub]t 0 mesqu9 l !       
,norman t[]1 b ^! are1 z !  ,fr5* say1 !

 defects ( 8 qualities2 we c pass ov]   
!m1 &  let our eyes re/ on ! simplicity 
( ! ,norman fle*e :i*  pi]ces ! l9e (   
our horizon4    ,! la/ ( ,norman art is 
se5 at ,mantes1 :]e !re is a little     
*ur* ( ,gassic\rt t m>ks ! f>!/ rea* ( !
 /yle4 ,9  arms z 9 ar*itecture1 ,mantes
 b>r$ ! pa? ( ,norman conque/2  ,william
 ! ,conqu]or met 8 dea? "h 9 #ajhg4     
,geographically  ,mantes is 9 ! ,ile de 
,france1 less ?an =ty miles f ,p>is4    
,ar*itecturally1 x is ,p>is itself2     
:ile1 =ty miles to !  s\?w>d1 is        
,*>tres1 an indep5d5t or only feudally  
dep5d5t  c\ntry4 ,no matt] h[ hurri$ !  
ar*itectural t\ri/ may be1 !  b\nd>y-l9e
 ( ! ,ile de ,france is n to be cross$  
)\t  /opp+4 ,if he came d[n f ! nor? or 
ea/1 he w\ld h  equally to /op1--ei!r at
 ,beauvais1 or at ,laon1 or ,noyon1 or  
,soissons1--because !re is an           
ar*itectural d\ane to pass1 &  "o's     
ar*itectural baggage mu/ be op5$4 ,nei!r
 ,notre ,dame de  ,p>is nor ,notre ,dame
 de ,*>tres is q intelligible unless "o 

has fir/ se5 ,notre ,dame de ,mantes1 & 
/udi$ x 9 ! sacr$  s\rces ( ,m4         
,viollet-le-,duc4    ,notre ,dame de    
,mantes is a si/] to ! ,ca!dral ( ,p>is1
 built  at ! same "t1 p]haps by ! same  
ar*itect1 & reproduc+ its  g5]al        
dispositions1 its mode ( /ructure1 & "s 
( its  details2 b ! ,ca!dral ( ,p>is has
 be5 greatly alt]$1 s  t its orig9al    
arrangem5t is q *ang$1 :ile ! *ur* at   
,mantes rema9s practically z x 01 :5 bo?
 7 new1 ab\t !  ye> #abjj4 ,z ne>ly z ! 
dates c be guess$1 ! ca!dral 0  f9i%$1  
up to its vault+1 9 #aagj1 & 0 soon     
aft]w>ds  imitat$ on a small] scale at  
,mantes4 ,! s*eme seems to h be5        
unsatisfactory because ( defects 9 !    
light+1 = ! :ole  sy/em ( f5e/ration _h 
be5 *ang$ at ,p>is be=e #abcj1          
naturally at great co/1 s9ce !          
alt]ations1 accord+ to  ,viollet-le-,duc
 7articles ,ca!dral & ,rose1 & allusions
  ,tri=ium71 left little except !       
gr\nd-plan un*ang$4 ,to  und]/& ! ,p>is 
design ( #aafj-gj1 :i* 0 a long advance 

f ! old] plans1 "o mu/ come to ,mantes2 
&1 reflect+ t  ! great triumph ( ,*>tres
 0 its f5e/ration1 :i* mu/ h  be5       
design$ imm$iately aft] #aaie1 "o c     
und]/& h[1 9  ?is triangle ( *ur*es only
 =ty or fifty miles ap>t1 !  ar*itects1 
wat*+ ea* o!r's exp]im5ts1 7 influ5c$1  
almo/ f day to day1 by ! failures or    
successes :i* !y saw  ,! f5e/ration :i* 
! ,p>is ar*itect plann$ 9 #aafj-gj1 &   
repeat$ at ,mantes1 #aaij-abjj1 0 :olly 
ab&on$1 & a new  sy/em introduc$1       
imm$iately aft] ! success ( ,*>tres 9   
#abaj4    ,z !y n[ /&1 ,mantes is !     
olde/4 ,:ile consci5ti\sly  try+ to keep
 z f> away z we c f te*nique1 ab\t :i*  
we  "k no?+ & %\ld c>e if possible /ill 
less if only  ignorance w\ld help u to  
feel :at we d n und]/&1 /ill !          
consci5ce is happi] if x ga9s a little  
conviction1 f\nd$ on  :at x ?9ks a fact4
 ,ev5 !ologians--ev5 ! great !ologians  
( ! ?irte5? c5tury--ev5 ,sa9t ,?omas    
,aqu9as himself--did  n tru/ to fai?    
alone1 or assume ! exi/5ce ( ,god2 & :at

  ,sa9t ,?omas f\nd necess>y 9          
philosophy may also be a sure s\rce  (  
consolation 9 ! difficulties ( art4 ,!  
*ur* at ,mantes is a  v e>ly fact 9     
,go?ic art2 inde$1 x is "o ( ! e>lie/2  
= our purposes x w s]ve z ! v e>lie/ (  
pure ,go?ic  *ur*es1 aft] ! ,transition1
 & ?is we are told to /udy 9 its  w9d[s4
    ,be=e "o c get ne> en\gh fairly to  
m>k ! details ( !  facade1 "o sees !    
great rose w9d[ :i* fills a space ne>ly 
tw5ty-sev5 feet 9 wid?4 ,go?ic fanatics 
commonly reckon !  great rose w9d[s ( ! 
?irte5? c5tury z ! mo/ beautiful        
creation ( _! art1 among ! details (    
ornam5t2 & ?is  p>ticul> rose is !      
direct p>5t ( t at ,*>tres1 :i* is      
classic l ! ,p>!non1 :ile bo? ( !m s]v$ 
z models or  guides = t at ,p>is :i*    
dates f #abbj1 ^? 9 ! nor?  & s\?       
transepts at ,rheims1 ab\t #abcj1 & s   
on1 f p>5t to  *ild1 till ! rose fad$   
=ev]4 ,no d\bt !re 7 ,romanesque  roses 
be=e #abjj1 & we %all see !m1 b ?is rose
 ( ,mantes is  ! fir/ ,go?ic rose (     

great dim5sions1 & t f :i* !  o!rs grew2
 9 its simplicity1 its hone/y1 its l>ge 
lib]ality (  plan1 x is also "o ( ! be/1
 if ,m4 ,viollet-le-,duc is a true      
guide2 b y w see a hundr$ roses1 fir/ or
 la/1 & c  *oose z y w\ld among ! fl[]s4
    ,m int]e/+ ?an ev5 ! great rose ( ! 
portal is !  rem>k t ! same rose-motive 
is c>ri$ r\nd ! *ur*  ?r\gh\t its entire
 sy/em ( f5e/ration4 ,z "o foll[s x1 on 
! outside1 "o sees t all ! w9d[s are    
con/ruct$ on !  same rose-s*eme2 b ! mo/
 curi\s arrangem5t is 9 ! *oir  inside !
 *ur*4 ,y look up to ea* ( ! w9d[s ?r\gh
 a sort  ( tunnel or telescope3 an ar*  
enl>g+ outw>ds1 ! roses at !  end       
resembl+ oeil-de-boeufs1 oculi4 ,s      
curi\s is ?is  arrangem5t t             
,viollet-le-,duc has %[n x1 "u ! head   
,tri=ium1 9 draw+s & sections :i* any "o
 c /udy :o  likes2 its int]e/ to u is t 
?is arrangem5t 9 ! *oir 0  probably !   
exp]im5t :i* prov$ a failure 9 ,notre   
,dame at  ,p>is1 & l$ to ! te>+-out !   
old w9d[s & sub/itut+  ^? :i* /ill /&4  

,p]haps ! rose did n give en\gh light1  
al?\gh ! *ur* at ,mantes seems well     
light$1 & ev5 at ,p>is  ! rose w9d[s    
rema9 9 ! transepts & 9 "o bay ( ! nave4
    ,all ?is is introduction to ! w9d[s 
( ,*>tres1 b ^! ?ree  *ur*es op5 ano!r  
conundrum z "o le>ns1 bit by bit1 a few 
(  ! que/ions to be ask$ ( ! =gott5     
,middle ,ages4 ,! *ur*  t[]s at ,mantes 
are v int]e/+1 inside & out2 !y are     
evid5tly /udi$ ) love & lab\r by _!     
design]2 yet !y  h no fle*es4 ,h[ happ5s
 x t ,notre ,dame at ,p>is also has no  
fle*es1 al?\gh ! t[]s1 accord+ to       
,viollet-le-,duc1 are  f9i%$ 9 full     
prep>ation = !m8 ,?is d\ble omission on 
!  "p ( ! ,fr5* ar*itect seems exce$+ly 
/range1 because 8  rival at ,*>tres     
f9i%$ 8 fle*e j :5 ! ar*itect (  ,p>is &
 ,mantes 0 f9i%+ 8 t[]s 7#aage-abjj74 ,!
 ,fr5*man  0 c]ta9ly consum$ by jeal\sy 
at ! triumph nev] atta9$ on  any?+ l !  
same scale by any ar*itect ( ! ,ile de  
,france2  & he 0 actually engag$ at ! "t
 on at lea/ two fle*es1  close to ,p>is1

 "o at ,sa9t-,d5is1 ano!r (             
,sa9t-,leu-d',ess]5t1  :i* prov$ !      
active int]e/ he took 9 ! difficulties  
conqu]$ at ,*>tres1 & 8 p]fect compet5ce
 to deal ) !m4    ,inde$1 "o is tempt$  
to say t ^! tw9 *ur*es1 ,p>is &         
,mantes1 are ! only ,fr5* *ur*es ( ! "t 
7#abjj7 :i* 7  left )\t a fle*e4 ,z we g
 f ,mantes to ,p>is1 we pass1 ab\t      
half-way1 at ,poissy1 "u ! t[]s ( a v   
anci5t &  int]e/+ *ur* :i* has !        
additional m]it ( hav+  witness$ !      
baptism ( ,sa9t ,l\is 9 #abae4 ,p>ts ( !
 *ur* at  ,poissy g back to ! sev5? &   
n9? c5turies4 ,! squ>e base  ( ! t[]    
dates back be=e ! "t ( ,hugh ,capet1 to 
!  ,c>ol+ian age1 & belongs1 l ! squ>e  
t[] ( ,sa9t-  ,g]ma9-des-,pres at ,p>is1
 to ! old def5sive milit>y  ar*itecture2
 b x has a lat]1 /one fle*e & x has1    
too1 by  exception a c5tral octagonal   
clo*]1 ) a timb] fle*e :i*  dates f ne> 
#aajj4 ,p>is itself has n mu* to %[1 b 9
 !  imm$iate neighb\rhood are a score ( 
e>ly *ur*es ) *>m+  fle*es1 & at        

,etampes1 ab\t ?irty-five miles to !    
s\?1 is an  extremely int]e/+ *ur* ) an 
exquisite fle*e1 :i* may  claim an      
aft]noon to visit4 ,t at                
,sa9t-,leu-d',ess]5t is a /ill  easi]   
excursion1 = "o ne$ only drive ov] f    
,*antilly a  c\ple ( miles4 ,! fasc9at+ 
old ,abbey ,*ur* ( ,sa9t-,leu looks  d[n
 ov] ! valley ( ! ,oise1 & is a sort (  
ante*amb] to  ,*>tres1 z f> z conc]ns   
ar*itecture4 ,its fle*e1 built t[>ds    
#aafj1--:5 t at ,*>tres 0 ris+1--is     
unlike any o!r1 &  %[s h[ mu* ! ,fr5*   
ar*itects valu$ _! lovely ,fr5*         
creation4 ,on its octagonal faces1 x    
c>ries upright batons1 or  lances1 z a  
device = reliev+ ! sev]ity ( ! outl9es2 
a  device bo? intellig5t & amus+1 ?\gh x
 0 nev] imitat$4 ,a  little f>!r f      
,p>is1 at ,s5lis1 is ano!r fle*e1 :i*   
%[s  /ill m pla9ly ! ef=t ( ! ,fr5*     
ar*itects to v>y &  elaborate ! ,*>tres 
s*eme4 ,z = ,laon1 :i* is int]e/+       
?r\gh\t1 & altoge!r ! mo/ delightful    
build+ 9 ! ,ile  de ,france1 ! fle*es   

are gone1 b ! t[]s are !re1 & y  w h to 
/udy !m1 be=e /udy+ ^? at ,*>tres1 ) all
  ! intellig5ce y h to sp>e4 ,!y 7 !    
*ef-d'oeuvre (  ! m$iaeval ar*itect1 9 8
 own op9ion4    ,all ?is makes ! abs5ce 
( fle*es at ,p>is & ,mantes ! m  /range4
 ,want ( money 0 c]ta9ly n ! cause1 s9ce
 !  ,p>isians _h money en\gh to pull _! 
:ole ca!dral to pieces  at ! v "t :5    
fle*es 7 ris+ 9 half ! t[ns )9  sight ( 
!m4 ,possibly !y 7 too ambiti\s1 & c\ld 
f9d no  design t seem$ to satisfy _!    
ambition4 ,!y took pride 9  _! ca!dral1 
& !y tri$ h>d to make _! %r9e ( ,our    
,lady rival ! great %r9e at ,*>tres4 ,( 
c\rse1 "o mu/ /udy  _! beautiful *ur*1 b
 ?is c be done at leisure1 =1 z x  /&s1 
x is lat] ?an ,*>tres & m conv5tional4  
,sa9t-  ,g]ma9-des-,pres leads m        
directly to ,*>tres2 b p]haps !  *ur*   
mo/ useful to "k is no long] a *ur* at  
all1 b a "p  ( ! ,museum ( ,arts et     
,meti]s1--! desecrat$ ,sa9t-,m>t9-des-  
,*amps1 a "n :i* %[s t x dates f a "t :5
 !  pres5t ,porte-,sa9t-,m>t9 0 f> out  

among fields4 ,! *oir (  ,sa9t-,m>t91   
:i* is all t ne$s not+1 is said by ,m4  
,enl>t  to date f ab\t #aaej4 ,hidd5 9 a
 remnant ( old ,p>is ne> !  ,pont ,notre
 ,dame1 :]e ! /ud5t life ( ! ,middle    
,ages 0 to be  mo/ turbul5t & ! ,lat9   
,qu>t] mo/ r5[n$1 is ! little  *ur* (   
,sa9t-,juli5-le-,pauvre1 t[>ds #aagj4   
,on ! :ole1  fur!r se>* 9 ,p>is w\ld n  
greatly help u4 ,if "o is to  pursue !  
e>ly c5turies1 "o mu/ g f>!r afield1 = !
  s*ools ( ,norm&y & ! ,ile de ,france 7
 only two among half a  doz5 :i* fl\ri%$
 9 ! v>i\s prov9ces t 7 to be  unit$ 9 !
 k+dom ( ,sa9t ,l\is & 8 successors4 ,we
 h n  ev5 look$ to ! s\? & ea/1 :5ce !  
impulse came4 ,! old  ,c>ol+ian s*ool1 )
 its c5tre at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 is q    
beyond our horizon4 ,! ,rh9e _h a great 
,romanesque ar*itecture (  its own4 ,"o 
broad ar*itectural tide swept up !      
,rhone & fill$  ! ,burgundian prov9ces z
 f> z ! wat]%$ ( ! ,se9e4  ,ano!r l9$ ! 
,m$it]ranean1 ) a c5tre at ,arles4      
,ano!r  spread up ! we/]n riv]s1 !      

,*>5te & ! ,loire1 rea*+  to ,le ,mans &
 t\*+ ,*>tres4 ,two m lay 9 ! c5tre (   
,france1 spread+ f ,p]igord & ,cl]mont 9
 ,auv]gne4 ,all ^!  s*ools _h individual
 "*1 & all h *>m2 b we h  set out to g f
 ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el to ,*>tres 9 ?ree   
c5turies1  ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & ?irte5?1 
try+ to get1 on ! way1  n te*nical k2 n 
accurate in=mation2 n correct views     
ei!r on hi/ory1 art1 or religion2 n     
any?+ t c possibly  be useful or        
in/ructive2 b only a s5se ( :at ^?      
c5turies  _h to say1 & a sympa?y ) _!   
ways ( say+ x4 ,let u g  /raight to     
,*>tres6        ,,*apt] ,v    ,,t[]s ,,&
 ,,portals    ,= a fir/ visit to        
,*>tres1 *oose "s pleasant morn+ :5 !   
lights are s(t1 = "o wants to be        
welcome1 & ! ca!dral has  moods1 at     
times sev]e4 ,at be/1 ! ,beauce is a    
c\ntry none too  gay4    ,! fir/ glimpse
 t is caught1 & ! fir/ t 0 meant to be  
caught1 is t ( ! two spires4 ,) all !   
education t  ,norm&y & ! ,ile de ,france
 c give1 "o is /ill ignorant4 ,!  spire 

is ! simple/ "p ( ! ,romanesque or      
,go?ic ar*itecture1  & ne$s lea/ /udy 9 
ord] to be felt4 ,x is a bit ( s5tim5t  
almo/ pure ( practical purpose4 ,x tells
 ! :ole ( its /ory at  a glance1 & its  
/ory is ! be/ t ar*itecture _h to tell1 
= x typifi$ ! aspirations ( man at !    
mom5t :5 man's  aspirations 7 highe/4   
,yet n9e p]sons out ( t5--p]haps        
n9ety-n9e 9 a hundr$--:o come )9 sight (
 ! two spires (  ,*>tres w ?9k x a je/  
if !y are told t ! small] (  ! two1 !   
simpl]1 ! "o t impresses !m lea/1 is !  
"o  :i* !y are expect$ to recognize z ! 
mo/ p]fect piece (  ar*itecture 9 ! _w4 
,p]haps ! ,fr5* critics might d5y  t !y 
make any su* absolute claim2 9 t case y 
c ask  !m :at _! exact claim is2 x w    
always be high en\gh to  a/oni% ! t\ri/4
    ,a/oni%$ or n1 we h got to take ?is 
s\!rn spire ( !  ,*>tres ,ca!dral z !   
object ( s]i\s /udy1 & be=e tak+  x z   
art1 mu/ take x z hi/ory4 ,! f\ndations 
( ?is t[]--  always to be kn[n z ! old  
t[]--are suppos$ to h be5  laid 9 #ajia1

 be=e ! fir/ crusade4 ,! fle*e 0        
probably half  a c5tury lat] 7#aade-gj74
 ,! f\ndations ( ! new t[]1  opposite1 7
 laid n be=e #aaaj1 :5 also ! portal :i*
  /&s betwe5 !m1 0 begun ) ! ?ree lancet
 w9d[s above  x1 b n ! rose4 ,=         
conv5i5ce1 ?is old facade--includ+  !   
portal & ! two t[]s1 b n ! fle*es1 & !  
?ree  lancet w9d[s1 b n ! rose--may be  
dat$ z complete ab\t  #aaej4            
,orig9ally ! :ole portal--! ?ree doors &
 ! ?ree lancets--  /ood ne>ly =ty feet  
back1 on ! l9e ( ! int]ior  f\ndation1  
or re> wall ( ! t[]s4 ,?is arrangem5t   
?rew !  t[]s =w>d1 free on ?ree sides1 z
 at ,poiti]s1 & gave room  = a p>vis1   
be=e ! portal1--a por*1 ro($ ov]1 to    
protect  ! pilgrims :o always /opp$ !re 
to pray be=e ent]+ !  *ur*4 ,:5 ! *ur* 0
 rebuilt aft] ! great fire ( #aaid1  & !
 ar*itect 0 requir$ to enl>ge ! int]ior1
 ! old  portal & lancets 7 mov$ bodily  
=w>d1 to be flu% ) !  front walls ( !   
two t[]s1 z y see ! facade to-day2 & !  
facade itself 0 height5$1 to give room =

 ! rose1 & to  cov] ! l(ti] pignon &    
vault+ beh9d4 ,f9ally1 ! wood5  ro(1    
above ! /one vault1 0 mask$ by ! ,arcade
 ( ,k+s &  its rail+1 complet$ 9 ! ta/e 
( ,philip ! ,h>dy1 :o reign$  f #abgj to
 #abhe4    ,^! *anges h1 ( c\rse1 alt]$ 
! values ( all ! p>ts4  ,! portal is    
injur$ by be+ ?r[n into a gl>e ( light1 
:5 x  0 int5d$ to /& 9 %ad[1 z y w see 9
 ! nor? &  s\? por*es ov] ! transept    
portals4 ,! t[]s are hurt by  los+      
relief & %ad[2 b ! old fle*e is oblig$  
to suff]  ! cruelle/ wrong ( all by hav+
 its "r %\ld] hun*$ up  by half ( a huge
 rose & ! :ole ( a r[ ( k+s1 :5 x 0     
built to /& free1 & to so> above ! :ole 
facade f ! top  ( its second /orey4 ,"o 
c easily figure x s & replace !  lo/    
p>ts ( ! old facade1 m or less at       
haphaz>d1 f !  front ( ,noyon4    ,:at  
an outrage x 0 y c see by a s+le glance 
at ! new  fle*e opposite4 ,! ar*itect ( 
#aejj has flatly refus$ to submit  to   
su* conditions1 & has insi/$1 ) v prop] 
self-respect1  on />t+ f ! balu/rade ( !

 ,arcade ( ,k+s z 8 level4  ,n ev5      
cont5t ) t1 he has c>ri$ up 8 squ>e t[] 
ano!r l(ty /orey be=e he w\ld cons5t to 
t\* ! he>t (  8 problem1 ! conv]sion ( !
 squ>e t[] into ! octagon  fle*e4 ,9 do+
 ?is1 he has sacrific$ once m ! old     
fle*e2  b 8 own t[] /&s free z x %\ld4  
,at ,v5dome1 :5 y g !re1 y w be 9 a way 
to appreciate  /ill bett] :at happ5$ to 
! ,*>tres fle*e2 = ! clo*]  at ,v5dome1 
:i* is ( ! same date1--,viollet-le-,duc 
says e>li]1  & ,enl>t1 aft] #aacj1--/ood
 & /ill /&s free1 l an  ,italian        
campanile1 :i* gives x a va/ advantage4 
,! t[] (  ,sa9t-,leu-d',ess]5t1 also    
aft] #aacj1 /&s free1 above ! second    
/orey4 ,inde$1 y w h>dly f9d1 9 ! long  
li/ ( fam\s  ,fr5* spires1 ano!r :i* has
 be5 treat$ ) s mu* indignity  z ?is1 ! 
greate/ & mo/ fam\s ( all2 & p]haps !   
mo/  annoy+ "p ( x is t y mu/ be        
grateful to ! ar*itect (  #aaie = do+ no
 worse4 ,he has1 on ! contr>y1 done 8   
be/ to  %[ respect = ! "w ( 8           
pr$ecessor1 & has done s well  t1       

h&icapp$ z x is1 ! old t[] /ill defies  
rivalry4  ,ne>ly ?ree hundr$ & fifty    
feet high1 or1 to be exact1 #ajf4e      
metres f ! *ur* floor1 x is built up )  
an am\nt (  intellig5ce & ref9em5t t    
leaves to unpr(essional visitors  no    
*ance to ?9k a criticism--mu* less to   
express "o4 ,p]haps--  :5 we h se5 m--& 
feel less--:o kn[s8--b c]ta9ly n  n[6   
,! greate/ & surely ! mo/ beautiful     
monum5t ( ?is k9d  t we possess 9       
,france1 says ,viollet-le-,duc2 b al?\gh
 an  ignorant spectator mu/ accept !    
ar*itect's decision on a po9t  (        
relative m]it1 no "o is compell$ to     
accept 8 reasons1 z  f9al4 ,!re is no   
ne$ to dwell1 he cont9ues1 ^u ! beauty  
& ! gr&eur ( composition 9 :i* ! arti/  
has giv5 pro(  ( r>e sobriety1 :]e all !
 effects are obta9$1 n by  ornam5ts1 b  
by ! j & skilful proportion ( ! diff]5t 
p>ts4 ,! transition1 s h>d to adju/1    
betwe5 ! squ>e base  & ! octagon ( !    
fle*e1 is manag$ & c>ri$ out ) an       
address :i* has n be5 surpass$ 9 simil> 

monum5ts4 ,"o  /umbles a little at ! ^w 
adresse4 ,"o nev] caught "o's self  us+ 
! ^w 9 ,norman *ur*es4 ,y\r photographs 
( ,bayeux or  ,bos*]ville or            
,secqueville w %[ y at a glance :e!r !  
t]m adresse applies to !m4 ,ev5 ,v5dome 
w\ld r be prais$  = droiture ?an =      
adresse4--,:e!r ! ^w adresse means      
clev]ness1 dext]ity1 adroitness1 or     
simple te*nical skill1 !  ?+ itself is  
some?+ :i* ! ,fr5* h always admir$ m    
?an ! ,normans ev] did4 ,viollet-le-,duc
 himself seems to be a  little unc]ta9  
:e!r to lay mo/ /ress on ! "o or ! o!r  
quality3 ,if "o tries to appreciate !   
conception ( ?is t[]1  quotes ! ,abbe   
,bulteau 7#aa1hd71 "o w see t x is z    
frank  z ! execution is simple &        
skilful4 ,/>t+ f ! bottom1  "o rea*es ! 
summit ( ! fle*e )\t m>k$ break2 )\t    
any?+ to int]rupt ! g5]al =m ( ! build+4
 ,?is  clo*]1 ^: base is broad 7ple9e71 
massive1 & free f  ornam5t1 trans=ms    
itself1 z x spr+s1 into a %>p spire )   
eight faces1 )\t its be+ possible to say

 :]e ! massive  con/ruction ends & !    
light con/ruction beg9s4    ,grant+1 z  
"o mu/1 t ?is concealm5t ( ! transition 
is a  beauty1 "o w\ld /ill l to be q    
sure t ! ,*>tres  s*eme is ! be/4 ,!    
,norman clo*]s be+ ?r[n out1 & t  at    
,v5dome be+ admitt$ly simple1 ! ,clo*]  
de ,sa9t-,jean on !  ,*ur* (            
,sa9t-,g]ma9 at ,aux]re seems to be     
?\ght among !  next 9 importance1 al?\gh
 x is only ab\t "o hundr$ & sixty  feet 
9 height 7=ty-n9e metres71 & !re=e h>dly
 9 ! same  class ) ,*>tres4 ,any        
photograph %[s t ! ,aux]re spire is     
also simple2 & t at ,etampes y h se5    
already to be ( !  ,v5dome r ?an ( !    
,*>tres type4 ,! clo*] at ,s5lis is  m  
habile2 x %[s an ef=t to be clev]1 &    
(f]s a  /&>d ( comp>ison2 b ! m$iaeval  
ar*itects seem to h  ?\ght t none ( !m  
bore rivalry ) ,laon = te*nical  skill4 
,"o ( ^! pr(essional exp]ts1 nam$       
,vill>d de  ,honnec\rt1 :o liv$ betwe5  
#abjj & #abej1 left a notebook :i*  y c 
see 9 ! vitr9es ( ! ,biblio!que         

,nationale 9 ! ,rue  ,ri*elieu1 & :i* is
 ! s\rce ( mo/ t is kn[n ab\t !         
practical ideas ( m$iaeval ar*itects4   
,he came to ,*>tres1 &1  /&+ "h be=e !  
doors1 :]e we are /&+1 he made a  r\gh  
draw+1 n ( ! t[]1 b ( ! rose1 :i* 0 !n  
probably new1 s9ce x mu/ h be5 plann$   
betwe5 #aaie & #abjj4  ,app>5tly ! t[]  
did n impress him /rongly1 = he made no 
note ( x2 b on ! o!r h&1 :5 he w5t to   
,laon1 he became  vehem5t 9 praise ( !  
ca!dral t[] !re1 :i* mu/ h  be5 !n q    
new3 ,i h be5 9 _m c\ntries1 z y c f9d  
9 ?is book4 ,9 no place h ,i ev] su* a  
t[] se5 z t (  ,laon4--,j'ai e/e en mult
 de ti]es1 si cum vus pores trov] en ce/
  livre4 ,en aucun liu onques tel tor ne
 vi com e/ cele de ,loon4 ,!  reason =  
?is admiration is ! same t              
,viollet-le-,duc gives =  admir+ ! t[] (
 ,*>tres--! adresse ) :i* ! squ>e  is   
*ang$ into ! octagon4 ,n only is ! t[]  
itself *ang$  into ! fle*e )\t visible  
junction1 "u cov] ( f\r corn]  t\relles1
 ( op5 "w1 on sl5d] columns1 :i* />t z  

squ>es2  b ! t\relles also conv]t       
!mselves into octagons 9 ! v  act (     
ris+1 & end 9 octagon fle*es t c>ry     
up--or once  c>ri$ up--! l9es ( pr(ile  
to ! c5tral fle*e t so>$  above !m4     
,cle>ly ?is device f> surpass$ 9        
clev]ness !  s*eme ( ,*>tres1 :i* 0     
comp>atively heavy & /ructural1  !      
weights be+ adju/$ = _! int5d$ "w1 :ile 
!  trans=mation at ,laon takes place 9 !
 air1 & *all5ges  discov]y 9 defiance ( 
"o's ke5e/ eyesight4 ,reg>d444 h[ !     
t\relles pass f "o disposition to ano!r1
 9 ris+6 ,m$itate  on x6    ,! fle*e (  
,laon is gone1 b ! t[] & t\relles are   
/ill  !re to %[ :at ! ar*itects ( !     
?irte5? c5tury ?\ght  _! mo/ brilliant  
a*ievem5t4 ,"o _c comp>e ,*>tres        
directly ) any ( its contempor>y rivals1
 b "o c at lea/  comp>e ! old spire ) ! 
new "o :i* /&s opposite &  rises above  
x4 ,p]haps y w l ! new be/4 ,built at a 
"t  :i* is commonly agre$ to h _h !     
highe/ /&>d ( ta/e1  x does n enc\rage  
t\ri/ or arti/ to insi/ on sett+ up     

/&>ds ( 8 own aga9/ x4 ,begun 9 #aejg1 x
 0 f9i%$ 9  #aeag4 ,! dome ( ,sa9t      
,pet]'s at ,rome1 ov] :i* ,bramante &   
,raphael & ,mi*ael ,angelo toil$1 0     
build+ at ! same "t2  ,leon>do da ,v9ci 
0 work+ at ,amboise2 ,jean ,bullant1    
,pi]re  ,lescot1 & _! patron1 ,francis  
,i1 7 beg9n+ _!  ar*itectural c>e]s4    
,f\r hundr$ ye>s1 or !reab\ts1 sep>at$  
! old spire f ! new "o2 & f\r hundr$ m  
sep>ate !  new "o f u4 ,if              
,viollet-le-,duc1 :o himself built      
,go?ic spires1  _h c>$ to comp>e 8      
fle*es at ,cl]mont-,f]r& ) ! new  fle*e 
at ,*>tres1 he might p]haps h giv5 u a  
rule :]e  adresse ceases to h *>m1 & :]e
 detail becomes tiresome2  b 9 ! want ( 
a s*oolma/] to lay d[n a law ( ta/e1 y  
c admire ! new fle*e z mu* z y please4  
,( c\rse1 "o sees  t ! l9es ( ! new t[] 
are n clean1 l ^? ( !  old2 ! devices t 
cov] ! transition f ! squ>e to !        
octagon are r too obvi\s2 ! proportion (
 ! fle*e to !  t[] q alt]s ! values ( ! 
p>ts2 a rigid classical ta/e  might ev5 

g s f> z to h9t t ! new t[]1 9 comp>ison
  ) ! old1 %[$ signs ( a c]ta9 t5d5cy   
t[>d a dim &  di/ant vulg>ity4 ,!re c be
 no h>m 9 admitt+ t ! new  t[] is a     
little want+ 9 repose = a t[] ^: bus9ess
 is to  c\nt]poise ! v classic l9es ( ! 
old "o2 b no law  compels y to insi/ on 
absolute repose 9 any =m ( art2 if su*  
a law exi/$1 x w\ld h to deal ) ,mi*ael 
,angelo be=e x  dealt ) u4 ,! new t[]   
has _m faults1 b x has great  beauties1 
z y c prove by comp>+ x ) o!r late      
,go?ic  spires1 includ+ ^? (            
,viollet-le-,duc4 ,its *ief fault is to 
be  :]e x is4 ,z a companion to !       
crusades & to ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 x  lacks    
au/]ity4 ,z a companion to ! ,virg9 (   
,*>tres1 x  recalls ,diane de ,poiti]s4 
,9 fact1 ! new t[]1 :i* 9 ye>s is f\r   
c5turies y\ng]  ?an its neighb\r1 is 9  
feel+ fully f\r hundr$ ye>s old]4 ,x  is
 self-consci\s if n va92 its coiffure is
 elaborately arrang$  to cov] ! effects 
( age1 & its neck & %\ld]s are cov]$  ) 
lace & jewels to hide a c]ta9 %>pness ( 

skeleton4 ,yet x  may be beautiful1     
/ill2 ! poets d]id$ ! wr9kles ( ,diane  
de  ,poiti]s at ! v mom5t :5 ,k+ ,h5ry  
,,ii idealiz$ h] )  ! homage ( a ,don   
,quixote2 an atmosph]e ( physical beauty
 &  decay hangs ab\t ! :ole ,r5aissance4
    ,"o _c pu% ^! resemblances too f>1  
ev5 = ! twelf?  c5tury & ! old t[]4     
,exactly :at date ! old t[]  repres5ts1 
z a social symbol1 is a "q t might be z 
mu*  disput$ z ! beauty ( ,diane de     
,poiti]s1 & yet half !  int]e/ (        
ar*itecture consi/s 9 ! s9c]ity ( its   
reflection  ( ! society t builds4 ,9 m]e
 "t1 by actual date1 ! old  t[]         
repres5ts ! second crusade1 & :51 9     
#aaej1 ,sa9t  ,b]n>d 0 elect$ *ief ( t  
crusade 9 ?is v ca!dral1--  or r1 9 !   
ca!dral ( #aabj1 :i* 0 burn$1--! workm5 
7 probably sett+ 9 mort> ! /ones ( !    
fle*e z we n[  see !m2 yet ! fle*e does 
n repres5t ,sa9t ,b]n>d 9  feel+1 =     
,sa9t ,b]n>d held ! :ole array (        
*ur*-t[]s 9  horror z signs m]ely (     
display1 weal? & pride4 ,! fle*e  r     

repres5ts ,abbot ,sug] ( ,sa9t-,d5is1   
,abbot ,pet] !  ,v5]able ( ,cluny1      
,abbot ,abel>d (                        
,sa9t-,gildas-de-,rhuys1 &  ,que5       
,eleanor ( ,gui5ne1 :o _h m>ri$         
,l\is-le-,jeune 9 #aacg2  :o _h tak5 !  
cross f ,sa9t ,b]n>d 9 #aadg2 :o return$
  f ! ,holy ,l& 9 #aadi2 & :o compell$  
,sa9t ,b]n>d to  approve h] divorce 9   
#aaeb4 ,eleanor & ,sa9t ,b]n>d 7        
c5turies ap>t1 yet !y liv$ at ! same "t 
& 9 ! same  *ur*4 ,speak+ exactly1 ! old
 t[] repres5ts nei!r ( !m2  ! new t[]   
itself is h>dly m florid ?an ,eleanor 02
 p]haps  less s1 if "o c judge f !      
fa%ions ( ! c\rt-dress (  h] "t4 ,! old 
t[] is almo/ ,norman1 :ile ,eleanor 0   
:olly  ,gascon1 & ,gascony 0 always     
florid )\t be+ always correct4  ,! new  
t[]1 if x _h be5 built 9 #aaej1 l ! old 
"o1 w\ld  h express$ ,eleanor p]fectly1 
ev5 9 height & app>5t ef=t  to dw>f its 
mate1 except t ,eleanor dw>f$ h] husb&  
)\t  an ef=t1 & bo? 9 art & 9 hi/ory !  
result lack$ h>mony4    ,be ! contra/   

:at x may1 x does n affect ! fact t no  
o!r *ur* 9 ,france has two spires t ne$ 
be discuss$ 9  comp>ison ) ^!4 ,inde$1  
no o!r ca!dral ( ! same class  has any  
spires at all1 & ?is sup]iority (       
,*>tres gave mo/ (  its po9t to a say+ t
 ) ! spires ( ,*>tres1 ! *oir  (        
,beauvais1 ! nave ( ,ami5s1 & ! facade (
 ,rheims1 "o  c\ld make a p]fect *ur*--=
 u t\ri/s4    ,! t[]s h tak5 mu* "t1    
?\gh !y are ! lea/ religi\s  & lea/     
complicat$ "p ( *ur* ar*itecture1 & 9 no
 way  ess5tial to ! *ur*2 inde$1 ,sa9t  
,b]n>d ?\ght !m an  excresc5ce due to   
pride & worldl9ess1 & ?is is m]ely ,sa9t
  ,b]n>d's way ( say+ t !y 7 an ornam5t 
creat$ to  gratify ! arti/ic s5se (     
beauty4 ,beautiful z !y are1 "o's  eyes 
mu/ drop at la/ d[n to ! *ur* itself4   
,if ! spire  symbolizes aspiration1 !   
door symbolizes ! way2 & ! portal  (    
,*>tres is ! type ( ,fr5* doors2 x /&s  
fir/ 9 !  hi/ory ( ,go?ic art2 &1 9 !   
op9ion ( mo/ ,go?ic arti/s1  fir/ 9 !   
int]e/ ( all art1 ?\gh ?is is no conc]n 

( ours4  ,"h is ! ,way to ,et]nal ,life 
z x 0 se5 by ! ,*ur* & !  ,art ( ! fir/ 
crusade6    ,! =tune ( ?is monum5t has  
be5 ! be/ atte/$ ,miracle de  la ,vi]ge 
9 ! long li/ ( ! ,virg9's miracles1 = x 
comes  d[n1 practically unh>m$1 ?r\gh   
:at may ) lit]al accuracy  be call$ !   
jaws ( de/ruction & ! flames ( hell4    
,built "s  "t 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf?  
c5tury1 x pass$1 app>5tly  unsca!d1     
?r\gh ! great fire ( #aaid :i* burnt out
 ! *ur*  beh9d1 & ev5 ! timb] int]ior ( 
! t[]s 9 front ( x4  ,ow+ to ! enorm\s  
mass ( timb] employ$ 9 ! /ructure (  !  
great *ur*es1 ^! recurr5t fires 7 z     
de/ructive z  fire c be made1 yet n only
 ! portals ) _! /atu>y &  c>v+1 b also !
 lancet w9d[s ) _! glass1 escap$ !      
flames2 &1 :at is almo/ equally /range1 
escap$ also ! h&  ( ! build] aft]w>ds1  
:o1 if he _h resembl$ o!r  ar*itects1   
w\ld h made a new front ( 8 own1 b :o1 )
  piety unexampl$1 t5d]ly took ! old    
/ones d[n1 "o by "o1 &  replac$ !m =ty  
feet 9 advance ( _! old position4 ,!    

,engli% w>s & ! w>s ( religion br\ght   
new dang]s1 sieges1  & mis]ies2 !       
revolution ( #agib br\ght actual rap9e &
  wa/e2 boys h flung /ones at ! sa9ts2  
ar*itects h wreak$  _! ta/e )9 & )\t2   
fire aft] fire has calc9$ !  *ur*       
vaults2 ! wor/ wreck] ( all1 ! re/or] ( 
!  n9ete5? c5tury1 has pr[l$ ab\t x2 yet
 ! por* /ill  /&s1 mutilat$ b n re/or$1 
burn$ b n consum$1 z  eloqu5t a witness 
to ! p[] & p]fections ( ,our ,lady z x  
0 sev5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 & p]haps m      
impressive4    ,y w see portals & por*es
 m or less ( ! same p]iod  else:]e 9 _m 
diff]5t places1--at ,p>is1 ,le ,mans1   
,s5s1 ,autun1  ,vezelay1 ,cl]mont-,f]r&1
 ,moissac1 ,arles1--a score ( !m2 = !   
same piety has protect$ !m m ?an once2 b
 y w see no  o!r s complete or s        
in/ructive1 & y may se>* f> be=e  y w   
f9d ano!r equally good 9 workman%ip4    
,/udy ( !  ,*>tres portal cov]s all !   
re/4 ,! feel+ & motive ( all  are ne>ly 
! same1 or v>y only to suit ! "* ( !    
patron sa9t2 & ! po9t ( all is t ?is    

feel+ is !  ar*itectural *ild ( ! fir/  
crusade4 ,at ,*>tres "o c read  ! fir/  
crusade 9 ! portal1 z at                
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el 9 !  ,aquilon & !    
prom5oir4    ,! ,abbe ,bulteau gives    
reason = assum+ ! ye> #aaag z !         
approximate date ( ! sculpture ab\t !   
we/ portal1 & y saw  at                 
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 9 ! prom5oir (      
,abbot ,rog] ,,ii1 an  accurately dat$  
"w ( ! same decade2 b :atev] ! date (  !
 plan1 ! actual "w & its _s belong to   
#aade or  !reab\ts1 ,"s fifty ye>s _h   
pass$ s9ce ! crusad]s  /ream$ ?r\gh     
,con/ant9ople to ,antio* & ,j]usalem1 & 
!y  7 daily go+ & return+4 ,y c see !   
ideas !y br\ght  back ) ! relics &      
missals & enamels !y b\ght 9            
,byzantium4 ,ov] ! c5tral door is !     
,*ri/1 :i* might be  sculptur$ aft] a   
,byzant9e enamel1 ) its long nimbus or  
aureole  or glory enclos+ ! :ole figure4
 ,ov] ! left door is an  ,asc5sion1 be>+
 ! same /amp2 & ov] ! "r door1 !  seat$ 
,virg91 ) h] cr[n & h] two att5dant     

ar*angels1 is  an empress4 ,"h is !     
,*ur*1 ! ,way1 & ! ,life ( ! twelf?     
c5tury t we h und]tak5 to feel1 if n to 
und]/&6    ,fir/ comes ! c5tral doorway1
 & above x is ! glory (  ,*ri/1 z ! *ur*
 at ,*>tres und]/ood ,*ri/ 9 ! ye>      
#aaej2 = ! glories ( ,*ri/ 7 _m1 & !    
,*>tres ,*ri/  is "o4 ,:atev] ,*ri/ may 
h be5 9 o!r *ur*es1 "h1 on  ?is portal1 
he (f]s himself to 8 flock z ! h]ald (  
salvation alone4 ,among all ! imag]y (  
^! ?ree doorways1  !re is no h9t ( fe>1 
puni%m5t1 or damnation1 & ?is is !  note
 ( ! :ole "t4 ,be=e #abjj1 ! ,*ur* seems
 n to h  felt ! ne$ ( appeal+ habitually
 to t]ror2 ! promise ( hope  & happ9ess 
0 en\gh2 ev5 ! portal at ,autun1 :i*    
displays a  ,la/ ,judgm5t1 belong$ to   
,sa9t ,laz>us ! pro( & symbol (         
resurrection4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat]1 e    
*ur* portal %[$  ,*ri/ n z ,savi\r b z  
,judge1 & ,he presid$ ov] a ,la/        
,judgm5t at ,b\rges & ,ami5s1 & "h on ! 
s\? portal1 :]e  ! despair ( ! damn$ is 
! evid5t joy ( ! arti/1 if x is  n ev5  

sometimes a little 8 je/1 :i* is worse4 
,at ,*>tres  ,*ri/ is id5tifi$ ) ,8 ,"m1
 ! _s ( love & grace1  & ,8 ,*ur* is !  
,*ur* ,triumphant4    ,n only is fe>    
abs5t2 !re is n ev5 a sugge/ion ( pa92  
!re is n a m>tyr ) ! symbol ( 8         
m>tyrdom2 & :at is  /ill m /rik+1 9 !   
sculptur$ life ( ,*ri/1 f !  ,nativity  
to ! ,asc5sion1 :i* adorns ! capitals ( 
! columns1  ! s+le sc5e t has be5 omitt$
 is ! ,crucifixion4 ,!re1 z  ev]y:]e 9  
?is portal1 ! arti/s seem actually to h 
gone  out ( _! way 9 ord] to avoid a    
sugge/ion ( suff]+4 ,!y  h pictur$ ,*ri/
 & ,8 ,"m 9 all ! o!r ev5ts ( _!  lives2
 !y h repres5t$ evangeli/s2 apo/les2 !  
tw5ty-f\r  old m5 ( ! ,apocalypse2      
sa9ts1 prophets1 k+s1 que5s1 &  pr9ces1 
by ! score2 ! signs ( ! zodiac1 & ev5 ! 
sev5  lib]al arts3 gramm>1 rhetoric1    
dialectics1 ari?metic1 geometry1        
a/ronomy1 & music2 ev]y?+ is !re except 
mis]y4    ,p]haps ,our ,lady ( ,*>tres 0
 kn[n to be peculi>ly graci\s &  g5tle1 
& ?is may p>tially acc\nt also = !      

extreme  popul>ity ( h] %r9e2 b :atev] !
 reason1 h] *ur* 0  cle>ly int5d$ to %[ 
only ?is side ( h] nature1 & to  impress
 x on h] ,son4 ,y c see x 9 ! grave &   
graci\s face  & attitude ( ! ,*ri/1     
rais+ ,8 h& to bless y z y  ent] ,8     
k+dom2 9 ! array ( long figures :i* l9e 
!  entrance to greet y z y pass2 9 !    
expression ( maje/y &  m]cy ( ! ,virg9  
h]self on h] ?rone above ! s\!rn        
doorway2 nev] once are y reg>d$ z a     
possible rebel1 or  traitor1 or a /rang]
 to be treat$ ) suspicion1 or z a *ild  
to be impress$ by fe>4  ,equally di/9ct1
 p]haps ev5 m  emphatic1 is ! sculptor's
 e>ne/ness to make y feel1 )\t  direct  
insi/5ce1 t y are ent]+ ! ,c\rt ( !     
,que5 (  ,heav5 :o is "o ) h] ,son & ,8 
,*ur*4 ,! c5tral door  always bore ! "n 
( ! ,royal ,door1 because x belong$ to !
  cele/ial maje/y ( ,*ri/1 & naturally  
be>s ! /amp (  royalty2 b ! s\? door    
belongs to ! ,virg9 & to u4 ,/op a      
mom5t to see h[ %e receives u1 rememb]+1
 or try+ to  rememb]1 t to ! prie/s &   

arti/s :o design$ ! portal1  & to !     
g5]ations t w5t on ! fir/ & second      
crusades1  ! ,virg9 9 h] %r9e 0 at lea/ 
z liv+1 z real1 z  p]sonal an empress z 
! ,basilissa at ,con/ant9ople6    ,on ! 
l9tel imm$iately above ! doorway is a   
succession ( small  gr\ps3 fir/1 !      
,annunciation2 ,m>y /&s to receive !    
,ar*angel ,gabriel1 :o comes to ann\nce 
to h] t %e is *os5  to be ! ,"m ( ,god4 
,! second is ! ,visitation1 & 9 ?is     
sc5e also ,m>y /&s1 b %e already we>s a 
cr[n2 at lea/1 !  ,abbe ,bulteau says s1
 al?\gh "t has dealt h>%ly ) x4 ,!n1  9 
! c5tre1 foll[s ! ,nativity2 ,m>y lies  
on a l[ b$1  b5ea?1 or be=e1 a sort (   
table or cradle on :i* lies !  ,infant1 
:ile ,sa9t ,joseph /&s at ! b$'s head4  
,!n ! angel  appe>s1 direct+ ?ree       
%eph]ds to ! spot1 fill+ ! re/ (  !     
space4    ,9 correct !ology1 ! ,virg9   
ought n to be repres5t$ 9 b$1  = %e c\ld
 n suff] l ord9>y wom51 b h] palace at  
,*>tres is n mu* tr\bl$ by !ology1 & to 
h]1 z empress-  "m1 ! pa9 ( *ild-bir? 0 

a pleasure :i* %e want$ h]  p to %>e4 ,!
 ,virg9 ( ,*>tres 0 ! greate/ ( all     
que5s1 b ! mo/ womanly ( wom51 z we %all
 see2 & h]  d\ble "* is su/a9$ ?r\gh\t  
h] palace4 ,%e 0 also  intellectually   
gift$ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,9 ! upp] zone 
y  see h] aga91 at ! ,pres5tation 9 !   
,temple1 support+ !  ,*ild ,jesus on !  
alt>1 :ile ,simeon aids4 ,o!r figures   
br+  (f]+s4 ,! v\ssures ( ! ar* above   
conta9 six ar*angels1  ) curi\s w+s1    
(f]+ wor%ip to ! ,infant & ,8 ,imp]ial  
,"m4 ,bel[ are ! signs ( ! zodiac2 !    
,fi%es & ! ,tw9s4  ,! re/ ( ! ar* is    
fill$ by ! sev5 lib]al arts1 )          
,py?agoras1 ,ari/otle1 ,cic]o1 ,euclid1 
,nicoma*us1 ,ptolemy1 &  ,priscian z _! 
repres5tatives1 te/ify+ to ! ,que5's    
intellectual sup]iority4    ,9 ! c5tre  
sits ,m>y1 ) h] cr[n on h] head & h]    
,son 9  h] lap1 en?ron$1 receiv+ !      
homage ( heav5 & e>?2 ( all  "t1 anci5t 
& mod]n2 ( all ?\ght1 ,*ri/ian & ,pagan2
 (  all m51 & all wom52 includ+1 if y   
please1 y\r homage &  m9e1 :i* %e       

receives )\t "q1 z h] due2 :i* %e  _c be
 said to claim1 because %e is above mak+
 claims2 %e is  empress4 ,h] left h&    
bore a sceptre2 h] "r support$ !  ,*ild1
 ,:o looks directly =w>d1 repeat+ !     
,"m's attitude1  & raises ,8 "r h& to   
bless1 :ile ,8 left re/s on ! orb  (    
empire4 ,%e & h] ,*ild are "o4    ,all  
?is 0 noble beyond ! nobility ( man1 b  
its e>?ly =m  0 inspir$ by ! ,empire r  
?an by ! petty royalty (  ,l\is-le-,gros
 or 8 pi\s que5 ,alix ( ,savoy4 ,"o m>k 
( !  p]iod is ! long1 oval nimbus2 ano!r
 is ! imp]ial "*  ( ! ,virg92 a ?ird is 
h] unity ) ! ,*ri/ :i* is !  ,*ur*4 ,to 
u1 ! m>k t w di/+ui% ! ,virg9 (         
,*>tres1 or1 if y pref]1 ! ,virg9 ( !   
,crusades1 is h]  cr[n & robes & ?rone4 
,accord+ to ,m4 ,rohault de ,fleury's   
,iconographie de la ,sa9te ,vi]ge 7#aa1 
#fb71 ! ,virg9's headdress  & ornam5ts  
_h be5 = long ages borr[$ f ! co/ume (  
! ,empresses ( ! ,ea/ 9 hon\r ( ! ,que5 
( ,heav54 ,no d\bt  ! ,virg9 ( ,*>tres 0
 ! ,virg9 recogniz$ by ! ,empress       

,hel5a1 "m ( ,con/ant9e1 & 0 at lea/ z  
old z ,hel5a's  pilgrimage to ,j]usalem 
9 #cbf4 ,%e 0 n a ,we/]n1 feudal que51  
nor 0 h] ,son a feudal k+2 %e typifi$ an
 au?ority :i* !  p want$1 & ! fiefs     
fe>$2 ! ,pax ,romana2 ! omnipot5ce  (   
,god 9 gov]nm5t4 ,9 all ,europe1 at t   
"t1 !re 0 no  p[] able to en=ce ju/ice  
or to ma9ta9 ord]1 & no symbol (  su* a 
p[] except ,*ri/ & ,8 ,"m & ! ,imp]ial  
,cr[n4    ,?is idea is v diff]5t f t :i*
 0 ! object ( our  pilgrimage to        
,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el2 b s9ce all ,*>tres  
is to be "o  long comm5t ^u x1 y c lay !
 hi/ory ( ! matt] on !  %elf = /udy at  
y\r leisure1 if y ev] c>e to /udy into !
  we>y details ( human illusions &      
disappo9tm5ts1 :ile "h we  pray to !    
,virg91 & absorb ourselves 9 ! art1 :i* 
is y\r  pleasure & :i* %all n tea* ei!r 
a moral or a useful  lesson4 ,! ,empress
 ,m>y is receiv+ y at h] portal1 & :e!r 
y are an imp]t95t *ild1 or a fooli% old 
peasant-woman1 or an  insol5t pr9ce1 or 
a m insol5t t\ri/1 %e receives y )  !   

same dignity2 9 fact1 %e probably sees v
 little diff]5ce  betwe5 y4 ,an empress 
( ,russia to-day w\ld probably feel     
little  diff]5ce 9 ! relative rank ( h] 
subjects1 & ! ,virg9 0  empress ov]     
emp]ors1 patri>*s1 & popes4 ,any "o1    
h[ev]  ignorant1 c feel ! su/a9$ dignity
 ( ! sculptor's "w1  :i* is ass]t$ ) all
 ! emphasis he c\ld put into x4 ,n  "o (
 ^! long figures :i* l9e ! ?ree doorways
 b is an  (fic] or (ficial 9 att5dance  
on ! ,empress or h] ,son1 &  be>s ! /amp
 ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt4 ,!y are mutilat$1  
b1 if  !y h be5 treat$ ) indignity1 s 7 
(t5 _! temporal  rivals1 torn to pieces1
 trampl$ on1 to say no?+ ( be+ m]ely    
behead$ or poison$1 9 ! ,sacr$ ,palace &
 ! ,hippodrome1  )\t los+ t peculi>     
,ori5tal dignity ( /yle :i* seems  to   
drape ! lea/ dignifi$ attitudes4 ,! gr& 
air ( ! twelf?  c5tury is some?+ l t ( a
 ,greek temple2 y c1 if y  l1 hamm] e   
sep>ate /one to pieces1 b y _c hamm]    
out ! ,greek /yle4 ,!re 7 orig9ally     
tw5ty-f\r ( ^!  /atues1 & n9ete5 rema94 

,beg9n+ at ! nor? end1 &  pass+ ov] !   
fir/ figure1 :i* c>ries a head t does n 
belong to x1 notice ! second1 a k+ ) a  
long sceptre (  empire1 a book ( law1 & 
robes ( ,byzant9e (ficial spl5d\r4      
,b5ea? 8 feet is a curi\s woman's head )
 heavy braids (  hair1 & a cr[n4 ,! ?ird
 figure is a que51 *>m+ z a woman1  b   
p>ticul>ly well-dress$1 & ) details (   
ornam5t &  p]son elaborately wr\ght2    
wor? draw+1 if "o c\ld only draw2  wor? 
photograph+ ) utmo/ c>e to include !    
/range support  on :i* %e /&s3 a monkey1
 two dragons1 a dog1 a basilisk ) a     
dog's head4 ,two prophets foll[--n s    
int]e/+2--prophets  r>ely int]e/4 ,!n   
comes ! c5tral bay3 two que5s :o claim  
p>ticul> att5tion1 !n a prophet1 !n a   
sa9t next ! doorway2  !n on ! s\!rn     
jamb-%afts1 ano!r sa9t1 a k+1 a que51  &
 ano!r k+4 ,la/ comes ! s\!rn bay1 !    
,virg9's own1 &  !re /&s fir/ a figure  
said to be a y\?ful k+2 !n a  /rongly   
sculptur$ sa9t2 next ! door a figure    
call$ also a  k+1 b s *>m+ly delicate 9 

expression t ! robes alone  betray 8    
sex2 & :o ?is exquisite "y aureol$ k+   
may h  be5 :o /&s s close to ! ,virg91  
at h] "r h&1 no "o  c n[ reveal4        
,opposite him is a sa9t :o may be1 or   
%\ld be1  ! ,pr9ce ( ! ,apo/les2 !n a   
be>d$ k+ ) a brok5  sceptre1 /&+ on two 
dragons2 &1 at la/1 a badly mutilat$    
que54    ,^! /atues are ! ,eg9etan      
m>bles ( ,fr5* art2 f !m all  mod]n     
,fr5* sculpture dates1 or ought to date4
 ,!y are s+ul>ly  int]e/+2 z naif z !   
smile on ! faces ( ! ,greek  w>riors1 b 
no m grotesque ?an !y4 ,y w see ,go?ic  
grotesques 9 pl5ty1 & y _c mi/ake ! two 
int5tions2 !  twelf? c5tury w\ld soon] h
 tempt$ ! tortures ( e  feudal dungeon 9
 ,europe ?an h put be=e ! ,virg9's eyes 
any  figure t c\ld be conceiv$ z        
displeas+ to h]4 ,^! figures  are full (
 feel+1 & saturat$ ) wor%ip2 b :at is   
mo/ to  our purpose is ! fem99e side :i*
 !y proclaim & insi/  ^u4 ,n only !     
numb] ( ! female figures1 & _! beauty1  
b also ! s+ul>ly y\?ful beauty ( sev]al 

( ! males2 !  sup]b robes !y we>2 !     
expression ( _! faces & _!  figures2 !  
details ( hair1 /uffs1 ornam5ts1 jewels2
 !  ref9em5t & fem99e ta/e ( ! :ole1 are
 en\gh to />tle  our int]e/ if we       
recognize :at mean+ !y _h to ! twelf?   
c5tury4    ,^! figures look$ /iff & long
 & ?9 & ridicul\s to  enlight5$ citiz5s 
( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b !y 7 made  to fit
 ! ar*itecture2 if y want to "k :at an  
en?usia/  ?9ks ( !m1 li/5 to ,m4        
,huysmans's ,ca!dral4 ,beyond a  d\bt1 !
 mo/ beautiful sculpture 9 ! _w is 9 ?is
 place4  ,he c h>dly f9d words to       
express 8 admiration = ! que5s1  &      
p>ticul>ly = ! "o on ! "r ( ! c5tral    
doorway4  ,nev] 9 any p]iod has a m     
expressive figure be5 ?us wr\ght  by !  
g5ius ( man2 x is ! *ef-d'oeuvre (      
infantile grace &  holy c&\r 4444 ,%e is
 ! eld] si/] ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 !  "o (
 :om ,sa9t ,luke does n speak1 b :o1 if 
%e exi/$1  w\ld h plead$ ! cause ( !    
abs5t1 & insi/$1 ) !  fa!r1 t he %\ld   
kill ! fatt$ calf at 8 son's return4  ,!

 idea is *>m+ if y are ! return+ son1 z 
_m twelf?-  c5tury pilgrims mu/ h ?\ght 
!mselves2 b1 9 tru?1 !  figure is t ( a 
que52 an ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne2 h] position
 !re  is due to h] maje/y1 :i* be>s     
witness to ! cele/ial maje/y  ( ! ,c\rt 
9 :i* %e is only a lady-9-wait+3 & %e is
  h>dly m humanly fasc9at+ ?an h] bro!r1
 ! y\?ful k+  at ! ,virg9's "r h&1 :o   
has no?+ ( ! ,prodigal ,son1 b  :o      
c]ta9ly has mu* ( ,loh5gr91 or          
ev5--almo/--,tri/an4    ,! ,abbe        
,bulteau has done 8 be/ to "n ^! /atues1
 b !  names w\ld be only 9 y\r way4 ,t !
 sculptor meant !m = a  ,que5 ( ,%eba or
 a ,k+ ( ,israel has little to d ) _!   
mean+ 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 ! p 7 mu* m 
likely to h nam$ !m aft] ! que5s & k+s  
!y knew4 ,!  :ole *>m lies = u 9 !      
twelf?-c5tury humanity ( ,m>y &  h]     
,c\rt2 n 9 ! scriptural names "u :i* x 0
 made  or?odox4 ,"h1 9 ?is we/]n portal1
 x /&s z ! crusad]s  ( #aajj-ej imag9$  
x2 b by walk+ r\nd ! *ur* to ! por*  ov]
 ! entrance to ! nor? transept1 y %all  

see x aga9 z  ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile & ,sa9t 
,l\is imag9$ x1 a hundr$ ye>s  lat]1 s t
 y w "k bett] :e!r ! e>?ly attributes   
are exagg]at$ or untrue4    ,por*es1 l  
/eeples1 7 r a peculi>ity ( ,fr5*       
*ur*es1 & 7 /udi$1 v>i$1 "o might ev5   
say pett$1 by  ,fr5* ar*itects to an    
ext5t h>dly attempt$ else:]e2 b among   
all ! ,fr5* por*es1 ^? ( ,*>tres are !  
mo/ fam\s4 ,!re  are two3 "o on ! nor?  
side1 devot$ to ! ,virg92 ! o!r1 on  !  
s\?1 devot$ to ! ,son1 ,! mass (        
intellig5ce1 k1  acqua9tance ) effects1 
practical exp]i5ce1 exp5d$ on ^!  two   
por*es ( ,*>tres1 says ,viollet-le-,duc1
 w\ld be en\gh to  e/abli% ! glory ( a  
:ole g5]ation ( arti/s4 ,we beg9 )  !   
nor? por* because x belong$ to ! ,virg92
 & x belong$  to ! ,virg9 because ! nor?
 0 cold1 bleak1 sunless1 w9dy1 &  ne$$  
w>m?1 peace1 affection1 & p[] to protect
 aga9/ !  assaults ( ,satan & 8 sw>m+   
devils4 ,!re ! all-suff]+  b !          
all-p[]ful ,"m receiv$ o!r mo!rs :o     
suff]$ l  h]1 b :o1 z a rule1 7 n       

p[]ful4 ,traditionally 9 !  primitive   
*ur*1 ! nor!rn por* belong$ to ! wom54  
,:5  !y ne$$ help1 !y came "h1 because x
 0 ! only place 9  ?is _w or 9 any o!r  
:]e !y _h mu* hope ( f9d+ ev5  a        
reception4 ,see h[ ,m>y receiv$ !m6     
,! por* ext5ds ! :ole wid? ( ! transept1
 ab\t "o hundr$  & tw5ty feet 7#cg4fe   
metres71 divid$ into ?ree bays "s tw5ty 
feet deep1 & cov]$ ) a /one vault$ ro(  
support$ on pi]s  outside4 ,begun t[>d  
#abae "u ,philip ,augu/us1 !            
ar*itectural  "p 0 f9i%$ t[>d #abbe "u  
,l\is ,,viii2 & aft] 8 dea?  9 #abbf1 ! 
decorative "w & /atu>y 7 c>ri$ on "u !  
reg5cy ( 8 wid[1 ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 &   
?r\gh ! reign (  h] son1 ,sa9t ,l\is    
7#abce-gj71 until ab\t #abge1 :5 ! "w 0 
complet$ by ,philip ! ,h>dy4 ,a gift ( !
 royal family ( ,france1  all ! memb]s (
 ! family seem to h _h a %>e 9 build+   
x1 & sev]al ( _! /atues h be5 suppos$ to
 adorn x4 ,!  walls are l9$--! por*1 9 a
 religi\s s5se1 is inhabit$--by  m ?an  
sev5 hundr$ figures1 great & small1 all1

 9 "o way or  ano!r1 devot$ to ! glory (
 ! ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,y w see  t a hundr$ 
ye>s h conv]t$ ! ,byzant9e ,empress into
 a  ,fr5* ,que51 z ! same ye>s _h       
conv]t$ ,alix ( ,savoy into  ,blan*e (  
,ca/ile2 b ! note ( maje/y is ! same1 & 
!  ass]tion ( p[] is1 if possible1 m    
emphatic4    ,! highe/ note is /ruck at 
once1 9 ! c5tral bay1 ov] !  door1 :]e y
 see ! ,coronation ( ,m>y z ,que5 (     
,heav51 a  fav\rite subject 9 art f v   
e>ly times1 & ! dom9ant  idea ( ,m>y's  
*ur*4 ,y see ,m>y on ! left1 seat$ on h]
  ?rone2 on ! "r1 seat$ on a precisely  
simil> ?rone1 is  ,*ri/1 ,:o holds up ,8
 "r h& app>5tly to bless1 s9ce ,m>y     
already be>s ! cr[n4 ,m>y b5ds =w>d1 )  
h] h&s rais$  t[>d h] ,son1 z ?\gh 9    
gratitude or adoration or pray]1 b      
c]ta9ly n 9 an attitude ( feudal homage4
 ,on ei!r side1 an  ar*angel sw+s a     
c5s]4    ,on ! l9tel bel[1 on ! left1 is
 repres5t$ ! dea? ( ,m>y2  on ! "r1     
,*ri/ c>ries1 9 ! folds ( ,8 mantle1 !  
s\l  ( ,m>y 9 ! =m ( a little *ild1 & at

 ! same "t blesses  ! body :i* is c>ri$ 
away by angels--,! ,resurrection ( ,m>y4
    ,bel[ ! l9tel1 support+ x1 & divid+ 
! doorway 9 halves1  is ! trumeau1--!   
c5tral pi]1--a new "p ( ! portal :i*  0 
unkn[n to ! we/]n door4 ,usually 9 !    
,virg9's *ur*es1  z at ,rheims1 or      
,ami5s or ,p>is1 ! ,virg9 h]self1 ) h]  
,son  9 h] arms1 /&s aga9/ ?is pi]1     
trampl+ on ! dragon )  ! woman's head4  
,"h1 n ! ,virg9 ) ! ,*ri/1 b h]  "m     
,sa9t ,anne /&s1 ) ! infant ,virg9 9 h] 
arms2 :ile  b5ea? is1 or 01 ,sa9t       
,joa*im1 h] husb&1 among 8 flocks1      
receiv+ f ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel !        
annunciation4    ,s at ! entrance !     
,virg9 decl>es h]self div9ely ,que5 9 h]
  own "r2 div9ely born2 div9ely         
resurrect$ f dea?1 on !  ?ird day2 seat$
 by div9e "r on ! ?rone ( ,heav51 at !  
"r h& ( ,god1 ! ,son1 ) ,:om %e is "o4  
,unless we feel ?is ass]tion ( div9e "r 
9 ! ,que5 (  ,heav51 ap>t f ! ,tr9ity1  
yet "o ) ,x1 ,*>tres is  un9telligible4 
,! extreme emphasis laid ^u x at ! *ur* 

door  %[s :at ! *ur* means )94 ,( c\rse1
 ! ass]tion 0 n  /rictly or?odox2       
p]haps1 s9ce we are n memb]s ( ! ,*ur*1 
we might be unnotic$ & unrebuk$ if we   
/>t by suspect+ t  ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg9  
nev] 0 /rictly or?odox2 b ,*>tres  0 h]s
 be=e x ev] belong$ to ! ,*ur*1 &1 l    
,l\rdes 9  our own "t1 0 a %r9e         
peculi>ly fav\r$ by h] pres5ce4 ,!  m]e 
fact t x 0 a bi%opric _h little %>e 9   
its sanctity4  ,! bi%op 0 mu* m afraid (
 ,m>y ?an he 0 ( any ,*ur*  ,c\ncil ev] 
held4    ,critics are do+ _! be/ to     
de/roy ! peculi> p]sonal  int]e/ ( ?is  
por*1 b t\ri/s & pilgrims may be excus$ 
=  insi/+ on _! traditional rights "h1  
s9ce ! por* is  s+ul>1 ev5 9 ! ?irte5?  
c5tury1 = belong+ entirely to  !m & !   
royal family ( ,france1 subject only to 
! ,virg94  ,true arti/s1 turn$ critics1 
?9k also less ( rules ?an (  values1 &  
no ignorant public c be tru/$ to jo9 !  
critics 9  los+ temp] judici\sly ov] !  
date or correctness ( a portrait  until 
!y knew some?+ ( its motives & m]its4 ,!

 public has  always felt c]ta9 t "s ( ! 
/atues :i* /& aga9/ !  out] pi]s ( ?is  
por* are portraits1 & !y see no =ce 9  !
 objection t su* decoration 0 n cu/om>y 
9 ! ,*ur*4  ,_m ?+s at ,*>tres 7 n      
cu/om>y 9 ! ,*ur*1 al?\gh  ! ,*ur* n[   
pref]s n to dwell on !m4 ,!re=e ! /ud5t 
returns to ,viollet-le-,duc ) 8 usual   
delight at f9d+ at lea/  "o critic ^:   
s5se ( values is /rong] ?an 8 s5se (    
rule3  ,ea* /atue1 he says 9 8          
,diction>y 7#aaa1 #aff71 possesses  its 
p]sonal "* :i* rema9s grav5 on ! memory 
l !  recollection ( a liv+ be+ :om "o   
has kn[n 4444 ,a l>ge "p  ( ! /atues 9 !
 por*es ( ,notre ,dame de ,*>tres1 z    
well z  ( ! portals ( ! ,ca!drals (     
,ami5s & ,rheims1 possess ^!  individual
 qualities1 & ?is x is :i* expla9s :y ^!
  /atues produce on ! cr[d s vivid an   
impression t x names  !m1 kn[s !m1 &    
atta*es to ea* ( !m an idea1 (t5 a      
leg5d4    ,probably ! cr[d did s f !    
fir/ mom5t !y saw !  /atues1 & ) good   
reason4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y h atta*$ to   

two ( ! mo/ individual figures on ! nor?
 por*1 two names1  p]haps ! be/ kn[n 9  
,france 9 ! ye> #abbf1 b :i* s9ce  ! ye>
 #acjj c h convey$ only ! mo/ %ad[y     
mean+ to any  b pure antiqu>ians4 ,!    
gr\p is s beautiful z to be giv5 a      
plate to itself 9 ! ,monographie 7numb] 
#bf71 z repres5t+  ,philip ,hurepel & 8 
wife ,mahaut de ,b\logne4 ,s little c\ld
 any  cr[d1 or ev5 any antiqu>ian1 at   
any "t )9 six hundr$ ye>s  h be5 likely 
to pit* on j ^! p]sons to associate )   
,blan*e ( ,ca/ile 9 any k9d ( family    
unity1 t ! m]e  sugge/ion seems wild2   
yet ,blan*e outliv$ ,pi]re by ne>ly     
tw5ty  ye>s1 & h] p[] ov] ?is transept &
 por* end$ only )  h] dea? z reg5t 9    
#abeb4    ,philippe1 nicknam$           
,hurepel1--,bo>sk91--0 a fils de,france1
  ^: fa!r1 ,philip ,augu/us1 _h s]i\s1 n
 to say fatal1  difficulties ) ! ,*ur*  
ab\t ! legality ( 8 m>riage1  & 0 =c$ to
 ab&on 8 wife1 :o di$ 9 #abja1 aft] giv+
  bir? to ,hurepel 9 #abjj4 ,! *ild 0   
recogniz$ z legitimate1  & /ood next to 

! ?rone1 aft] 8 half-bro!r ,l\is1 :o 0  
?irte5 ye>s old]4 ,almo/ at 8 bir? he 0 
affianc$ to  ,mahaut1 ,c\ntess (        
,b\logne1 & ! m>riage 0 celebrat$ 9     
#abaf4 ,ri* & /rongly connect$1 ,hurepel
 naturally ?\ght  himself--& 0--head ( !
 royal family next to ! ,k+1 &  :5 8    
half-bro!r1 ,l\is ,,viii1 di$ 9 #abbf1  
leav+ only a son1  aft]w>ds ,sa9t ,l\is1
 a t5-ye>-old boy1 to succe$1 ,hurepel v
  prop]ly claim$ ! gu>dian%ip ( 8 infant
 nephew1 & deeply  res5t$ be+ exclud$ by
 ,que5 ,blan*e f :at he reg>d$--  p]haps
 ) ju/ice--z 8 "r4 ,ne>ly all ! great   
lords &  ! memb]s ( ! royal family sid$ 
) him1 & ent]$ into a  civil w> aga9/   
,blan*e1 at ! mom5t :5 ^! two por*es (  
,*>tres 7 build+1 betwe5 #abbh & #abcj4 
,! two greate/  lead]s ( ! conspiracy 7 
,hurepel1 :om we are expect$ to         
recognize on ! pi] ( ?is por*1 & ,pi]re 
,maucl]c1 (  ,brittany & ,dreux1 :om we 
h no *oice b to admit on !  trumeau ( ! 
o!r4 ,9 ^? days e great feudal "l 0 m   
or less relat$ by blood to ! ,cr[n1 &   

al?\gh ,blan*e (  ,ca/ile 0 also a c\s9 
z well z que5-"m1 !y hat$ h] z  a       
,spani% intrud] ) su* hatr$ z m5 felt 9 
an age :5  passions 7 real4    ,t ^! two
 m5 %\ld be f\nd "h1 associat$ ) ,blan*e
 9  ! same "w1 at ! same "t1 "u ! same  
ro(1 is a fanta/ic  idea1 & /ud5ts c    
feel 9 ?is political difficulty a mu*   
/rong] objection to admitt+ ,hurepel to 
,que5 ,blan*e's por*  ?an any suppos$   
rule ( ,*ur* cu/om2 yet ! fir/ privilege
 (  t\ri/ ignorance is ! "r to see1 or  
try to see1 _!  ?irte5? c5tury )        
?irte5?-c5tury eyes4 ,pass+ by !  /atues
 ( ,philip & ,mahaut1 & /epp+ inside !  
*ur* door1  almo/ ! fir/ figure t !     
visitor sees on lift+ 8 eyes to  ! upp] 
w9d[s ( ! transept is ano!r figure (    
,philippe  ,hurepel1 9 glass1 on 8      
knees1 ) clasp$ h&s1 be=e an  alt>2 & to
 prev5t possibility ( mi/ake 8 blazon$  
coat be>s  ! words3 ,phi3 ,conte de     
,bolone4 ,app>5tly he is ! donor1 =1  9 
! rose above1 he sits 9 arms on a :ite  
horse ) a %ield  be>+ ! blazon (        

,france4 ,oblig$ to make 8 peace ) !    
,que5 9 #abcj1 ,hurepel di$ 9 #abcc or  
#abcd1 :ile ,blan*e 0 /ill  reg5t1 &    
in/antly took 8 place z ( "r side by    
side )  ,blan*e's ca/les ( ,ca/ile among
 ! great b5efactors ( !  *ur*4    ,b5ea?
 ! next rose is ,mahaut h]self1 z donor1
 be>+ h]  husb&'s arms ( ,france1       
sugge/+ t ! w9d[s mu/ h be5  giv5       
toge!r1 probably be=e ,philip's dea? 9  
#abcc1 s9ce ,mahaut  0 m>ri$ aga9 9     
#abch1 ?is "t to ,alfonso ( ,portugal1  
:o  repudiat$ h] 9 #abdi1 & left h] to  
die 9 h] own t[n (  ,b\logne 9 #abeh4   
,la/ly1 9 ! ?ird w9d[ ( ! s]ies1 is h]  
daught] ,jeanne1--,ieh5ne1--:o 0        
probably born be=e #abbj1 &  :o 0 m>ri$ 
9 #abcf to ,gau*] de ,*atillon1 "o ( !  
greate/  w>riors ( 8 "t4 ,jeanne        
also--accord+ to ! ,abbe ,bulteau       
7#aaa1 #bbe7--;be>s ! arms ( h] fa!r &  
"m2 :i* seems to  sugge/ t %e gave ?is  
w9d[ be=e h] m>riage4 ,^! ?ree  w9d[s1  
!re=e1 h ! air ( dat+ at lea/ z e>ly z  
#abcc  :5 ,philip ,hurepel di$1 :ile    

next !m foll[ two m roses1 &  ! great   
rose ( ,france1 presumably ( ! same     
date1 all scatt]$  ov] ) ! ca/les (     
,que5 ,blan*e4 ,! motive ( ! por*       
outside is repeat$ 9 ! glass1 z x %\ld  
be1 & z ! ,sa9t  ,anne ( ! ,rose (      
,france1 )91 repeats ! ,sa9t ,anne on ! 
trumeau ( ! portal4 ,! p]sonal /amp ( ! 
royal family is  int5se1 b ! /amp ( !   
,virg9's p]sonality is int5s]  /ill4 ,9 
! pres5ce ( ,m>y1 n only did pr9ces hide
 _!  qu>rels1 b !y also put on _! mo/   
c\rte\s mann]s & !  mo/ ref9$ & ev5     
au/]e address4 ,! ,byzant9e display (   
luxury & adornm5t _h vani%$4 ,all !     
figures sugge/ !  sanctity ( ! ,k+ & 8  
si/] ,isabel2 ! c\rt has ! air (  a     
conv5t2 b ! idea ( ,m>y's maje/y is     
ass]t$ ?r\gh x  all4 ,! arti/s & donors 
& prie/s =got no?+ :i*1 9  _! judgm5t1  
c\ld set (f ! au?ority1 elegance1 &     
ref9em5t ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav52 ev5 ! "y   
ladies-9-wait+  are !re1 figur$ by !    
twelve ,virtues & ! f\rte5  ,beatitudes2
 &1 inde$1 ?\gh m5 are pl5ty & "s ( !m  

are  h&some1 wom5 give ! tone1 ! *>m1 & 
mo/ly !  intellig5ce4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,m>y is
 fem99e1 & its *>ms are  ,grace & ,love2
 p]haps ev5 m grace ?an love1 9 a social
  s5se1 if y look at ,beauty & ,fri5d%ip
 among ,beatitudes4    ,m4 ,huysmans    
insi/s t ?is sculpture is poor 9        
comp>ison )  8 twelf?-c5tury ,prodigal  
,daught]1 & ,i hope y c ent] into  ! _s 
( 8 en?usiasm2 b o!r p pref] !          
?irte5?-c5tury "w1 & ?9k x equals ! be/ 
,greek4  ,approa*+1 or surpass+ ?is1--z 
y l1--is ! sculpture y  w see at        
,rheims1 ( ! same p]iod1 & p]haps ! same
 h&s2  b1 = our purpose1 ! ,que5 (      
,%eba1 "h 9 ! "r-h&  bay1 is en\gh1     
because y c comp>e x on ! spot ) ,m4    
,huysmans's figure on ! we/]n portal1   
:i* may also be a ,que5  ( ,%eba1 :o1 z 
sp\se ( ,solomon1 typifi$ ! ,*ur*1 &    
!re=e prefigur$ ,m>y h]self4 ,bo? are   
types ( ,c\rt beauty  & grace1 "o f !   
twelf? c5tury1 ! o!r f !  ?irte5?1 & y c
 pref] :i* y please2 b y want to  be> 9 
m9d t ea*1 9 h] "t1 pleas$ ! ,virg94 ,y 

c  ev5 take = a settl$ fact t ^! 7 !    
types ( fem99e  beauty & grace :i*      
pleas$ ! ,virg9 beyond all o!rs4    ,!  
purity ( ta/e1 feel+1 & mann]s :i* /amps
 ! art (  ^! c5turies1 z x did ! ,c\rt (
 ,sa9t ,l\is & 8 "m1  is some?+ y w n   
:olly appreciate till y rea* !          
depravity ( ! ,valois2 b /ill y c see h[
 exquisite !  ,virg9's ta/e 01 & h[     
pure4 ,y c also see h[ %e %rank  f !    
sight ( pa94 ,"h1 9 ! c5tral bay1 next  
to ,k+  ,david1 :o /&s at h] "r h&1 is !
 great figure ( ,abraham  ab\t to       
sacrifice ,isaac4 ,if !re is "o subject 
m revolt+  ?an ano!r to a woman :o      
typifies ! ,"m1 x is ?is subject  (     
,abraham & ,isaac1 ) its comp\nd horror 
( mascul9e  /upidity & brutality4 ,!    
sculptor has tri$ to make ev5 ?is       
motive a pleas+ "o4 ,he has plac$       
,abraham aga9/ ! column 9  ! correct    
h>%ness ( attitude1 ) 8 face turn$ aside
 &  up1 li/5+ = 8 ord]s2 b ! little     
,isaac1 ) h&s &  feet ti$1 leans l a    
bundle ( /icks aga9/ 8 fa!r's knee  ) an

 expression ( p]fect fai? & confid5ce1  
:ile ,abraham's  left h& quiets him &   
c>esses ! boy's face1 ) a movem5t  t mu/
 h gone /raight to ,m>y's he>t1 = ,isaac
 always  prefigur$ ,*ri/4    ,! glory ( 
,m>y 0 n "o ( t]ror1 & h] por* conta9s  
no  appeal to any emotion b ^? ( h]     
p]fect grace4 ,if we 7 to  /ay "h =     
weeks1 we %\ld f9d only ?is idea work$  
into e  detail4 ,! ,virg9 ( ! ?irte5?   
c5tury is no long] an  ,empress2 %e is  
,que5 ,"m1--an idealiz$ ,blan*e (       
,ca/ile2--too  high to want1 or suff]1  
or to rev5ge1 or to aspire1 b n too     
high to pity1 to puni%1 or to p>don4 ,! 
wom5 w5t to h] por*  = help z naturally 
z babies to _! "m2 & ! m51 9 h]         
pres5ce1 fell on _! knees because !y    
fe>$ h] intellig5ce  & h] ang]4    ,n t 
all ! m5 %[$ equal docility6 ,we mu/ g  
next1 r\nd  ! *ur*1 to ! s\? por*1 :i* 0
 ! gift ( ,pi]re  ,maucl]c1 ,comte de   
,dreux1 ano!r memb] ( ! royal family1   
great-  gr&son ( ,l\is ,,vi1 & !re=e    
second c\s9 to ,l\is ,,viii &  ,philip  

,hurepel4 ,philip ,augu/us1 8 fa!r's    
fir/ c\s91 m>ri$  ! "y man1 9 #abab1 to 
,alix1 heiress ( ! ,du*y ( ,brittany1  &
 ?is m>riage made him "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful 
vassals ( !  ,cr[n4 ,he jo9$ ,philip    
,hurepel 9 resi/+ ! reg5cy ( ,que5      
,blan*e 9 #abbg1 & ,blan*e1 aft] a long 
/ruggle1 caus$ him to  be depos$ 9      
#abcj4 ,pi]re 0 oblig$ to submit1 & 0   
p>don$4  ,until #abcf1 he rema9$ 9      
control ( ! ,du*y ( ,brittany1 b  !n 0  
oblig$ to surr5d] 8 p[] to 8 son1 &     
turn$ 8  turbul5t activity aga9/ !      
infidels 9 ,syria & ,egypt1 dy+ 9       
#abej1 on 8 return f ,sa9t ,l\is's      
disa/r\s crusade4 ,pi]re de  ,dreux 0 a 
mascul9e "*1--a bad cl]ic1 z 8 nickname 
,maucl]c te/ifi$1 b a g5tleman1 a       
soldi]1 & a s*ol>1 &1  :at is m to our  
purpose1 a man ( ta/e4 ,he built ! s\?  
por* at ,*>tres1 app>5tly z a memorial (
 8 m>riage )  ,alix 9 #abab1 & ! /atu>y 
is ( ! same date ) t ( !  nor? por*1 b1 
l t1 x 0 n f9i%$ :5 ,pi]re di$ 9  #abej4
    ,"o w\ld l to "k :e!r ,pi]re pref]r$

 to take ! s\!rn  entrance1 or :e!r he 0
 driv5 !re by ! royal claim to !        
,virg9's fav\r4 ,! s\!rn por* belongs to
 ! ,son1 z !  nor!rn belongs to ! ,"m4  
,pi]re nev] %[$ mu* def]5ce  to wom51 & 
probably felt m at 8 ease "u !          
protection (  ! ,son ?an ( ,m>y2 b 9 any
 case he %[$ z cle>ly z  possible :at he
 ?\ght on ?is "q ( p]sons4 ,to ,pi]re1  
,*ri/ 0 fir/1 & he ass]t$ 8 op9ion z    
emphatically z  ,blan*e ass]t$ h]s4     
,:i* por* is ! m beautiful is a "q =    
arti/s to  discuss & decide1 if !y c4   
,ei!r is good en\gh = u1 ^:  pose is    
ignorance1 & ^: pose is /rictly correct2
 b ap>t  f its beauty or its art1 !re is
 also ! "q ( feel+1  ( motive1 :i* puts 
! ,por*e de ,dreux 9 contra/ ) !  ,por*e
 de ,france1 & ?is is :olly )9 our      
compet5ce4 ,at !  outset1 ! c5tral bay  
displays1 above ! doorway1 ,*ri/1 on a  
?rone1 rais+ ,8 h&s to %[ ! /igmata1 !  
w\nds :i*  7 ! pro( ( man's salvation4  
,at ,8 "r h& sits !  ,"m1--)\t h] cr[n2 
on ,8 left1 9 equal rank ) !  ,"m1 sits 

,sa9t ,john ! ,evangeli/4 ,bo? are 9 !  
same  attitude ( supplication z         
int]cessors2 !re is no di/9ction 9  rank
 or p[] betwe5 ,m>y & ,john1 s9ce nei!r 
has any p[]  except :at ,*ri/ gives !m4 
,pi]re did n1 inde$1 put !  ,"m on h]   
knees be=e ! ,son1 z y c see h] at      
,ami5s &  9 lat] *ur*es1--c]ta9ly bad   
ta/e 9 ,m>y's own palace2 b he  all[$ h]
 no di/9ction :i* is n h] /rict "r4 ,!  
angels  above & ar\nd be> ! symbols ( ! 
,passion2 !y are  unconsci\s ( ,m>y's   
pres5ce2 !y are absorb$ 9 ! p]fections  
( ! ,son4 ,on ! l9tel j bel[ is ! ,la/  
,judgm5t1 :]e  ,sa9t ,mi*ael reappe>s1  
weigh+ ! s\ls ( ! dead :i* ,m>y  & ,john
 above are try+ to save f ! /rict ju/ice
 ( ,*ri/4  ,! :ole melodrama ( ,*ur*    
t]rors appe>s aft] ! mann] (  ! ?irte5? 
c5tury1 on ?is *ur* door1 )\t reg>d to  
,m>y's feel+s2 & bel[1 aga9/ ! trumeau1 
/&s ! great  figure ( ,*ri/1--! :ole    
,*ur*1--trampl+ on ! lion &  dragon4 ,on
 ei!r side ( ! doorway /& six great     
figures ( !  ,apo/les ass]t+ !mselves z 

! columns ( ! ,*ur*1 &  look+ d[n at u )
 an expression no long] calculat$ to    
calm  our fe>s or enc\rage extravagant  
hopes4 ,no figure on ?is por*  sugge/s a
 portrait or recalls a memory4    ,v    
gr&1 inde$1 is ?is doorway2 dignifi$1   
impressive1 &  mascul9e to a degree     
seldom if ev] equall$ 9 art2 & ! left   
bay rivals x4 ,!re1 9 ! tympanum1 ,*ri/ 
appe>s aga92  /&+2 be>+ on ,8 head !    
cr[n royal2 alone1 except = !  two      
angels :o adore1 & surr\nd$ only by !   
m>tyrs1 ,8  witnesses4 ,! "r bay is     
devot$ to ,sa9t ,ni*olas & ! ,sa9ts     
,confessors :o be> witness to ! au?ority
 ( ,*ri/ 9 fai?4 ,(  ! tw5ty-eight great
 figures1 ! (fic]s ( ! royal c\rt1 :o   
make ?us ! /r5g? ( ! ,*ur* b5ea? ,*ri/1 
n "o is a  woman4 ,! mascul9e or?odoxy (
 ,pi]re ,maucl]c has sp>$ nei!r  sex nor
 y\?2 all are ( a maturity :i* *ills !  
blood1  except+ two1 ^: y\?ful beauty is
 height5$ by ! sev]ity  ( _! surr\nd+s1 
s t ! ,abbe ,bulteau makes bold ev5 to  
say t ! two /atues ( ,sa9t ,george & (  

,sa9t ,!odore may  be reg>d$ z ! mo/    
beautiful ( our ca!dral1 p]haps ev5 z  !
 two ma/]pieces ( /atu>y at ! end ( !   
?irte5?  c5tury4 ,on t po9t1 let e "o   
foll[ 8 ta/e2 b "o  reflection at lea/  
seems to =ce itself on ! m9d 9 comp>+   
^! tw5ty-eight figures4 ,c]ta9ly !      
sword1 h[ev] x may  comp>e ) ! p5 9 o!r 
directions1 is 9 art m p[]ful  ?an all !
 p5s1 or volumes1 or crosi]s ev] made4  
,y\r ,gold5  ,leg5d & ,roman ,brevi>y   
are "h ! only guide-books wor?          
consult+1 & ! /ories ( "y ,george &     
,!odore /& !re  record$2 z _! miracle "u
 ! walls ( ,antio*1 dur+ !  fir/        
crusade1 is matt] ( hi/ory2 b among ^!  
magnific5t  figures "o detects at a     
glance t x is n ! religion or  sacr$    
purity ( ! subject1 or ev5 ! miracles or
 !  suff]+s1 :i* inspire passion = ,sa9t
 ,george & ,sa9t  ,!odore1 "u ! ,abbe's 
robe2 x is ) him1 z ) ! pla9  boy &     
girl1 simply y\?1 ) lance & sword &     
%ield4    ,^! two figures /& 9 ! out]   
embrasures ( ! left bay1  :]e !y c be   

be/ admir$1 & p]haps ?is arrangem5t %[s 
:at ,p]ron de ,dreux1 z he 0 commonly   
call$1 lov$ mo/1 9 8  he>t ( he>ts2 b   
else:]e1 ev5 9 ?is por*1 he relax$ 8    
sev]ity1 & became at times almo/ graci\s
 to wom54 ,good judges  h1 inde$1       
pref]r$ ?is por* to ! nor!rn "o2 b1 be t
  z y please1 x conta9s sev5 hundr$ &   
eighty-?ree figures1  l>ge & small1 to  
s]ve = comp>ison4 ,among ^!1 ! female   
elem5t has its %>e1 ?\gh n a conspicu\s 
"o2 & ev5 !  ,virg9 gets h] rights1 ?\gh
 n beside h] ,son4 ,to see h]1 y  mu/ /&
 outside 9 ! squ>e &1 ) a glass1 look at
 !  c5tral pignon1 or gable1 ( ! por*4  
,!re1 j above ! po9t  ( ! ar*1 y w see  
,m>y on h] ?rone1 cr[n$1 we>+ h]  royal 
robes1 & hold+ ! ,*ild on h] knees1 ) ! 
two  ar*angels on ei!r side (f]+ inc5se4
 ,pi]re de ,dreux1 or "s  "o else1      
admitt$ at la/ t %e 0 ,que5 ,reg5t1     
al?\gh  evid5tly n eag] to d s2 & if y  
turn y\r glass up to !  gable ( !       
transept itself1 above ! great rose & ! 
colonnade  ov] x1 y c see ano!r & a     

colossal /atue ( ! ,virg91  b /&+1 ) !  
,*ild on h] left arm4 ,%e seems to be   
cr[n$1 & to hold ! globe 9 h] "r h&2 b !
 ,abbe  ,bulteau says x is a fl[]4 ,!   
two ar*angels are /ill !re4  ,?is figure
 is ?\ght to h be5 a "p ( ! f9i%+       
decoration add$ by ,philip ! ,fair 9    
#acjd4    ,9 !ology1 ,pi]re de ,dreux   
seems to %[ himself a m le>n$  cl]k ?an 
8 c\s9s ( ,france1 &1 z an expression ( 
!  mean+ ! *ur* ( ,m>y %\ld ext]nally   
display1 ! ,por*e de  ,dreux1 if n z    
p]sonal1 is z en]getic z ! ,por*e de    
,france1  or ! we/]n portal4 ,z we pass 
into ! ,ca!dral1 "u !  great ,*ri/1 on !
 trumeau1 y mu/ /op to look at ,pi]re   
himself4 ,a bridegroom1 cr[n$ ) fl[]s on
 8 w$d+-day1 he  kneels 9 pray]1 :ile   
two s]vants di/ribute bread to ! poor4  
,bel[1 y see him aga91 seat$ ) 8 wife   
,alix be=e a table  ) "o loaf1 assi/+ at
 ! meal !y give to ! poor4 ,pi]re       
kneels to ,god2 he & 8 wife b[ be=e !   
,virg9 & ! poor2--  b n to ,que5        
,blan*e6    ,n[ let u ent]6--           

,,*apt] ,,vi    ,,! ,,virg9 ,,( ,,*>tres
    ,we mu/ take t5 m9utes to accu/om   
our eyes to ! light1 & we  _h bett] use 
!m to seek ! reason :y we come to       
,*>tres  r ?an to ,rheims or ,ami5s or  
,b\rges1 = ! ca!dral t  fills our ideal4
 ,! tru? is1 !re are sev]al reasons2 !re
  g5]ally are1 = do+ ! ?+s we l2 & aft] 
y h  /udi$ ,*>tres to ! gr\nd1 & got y\r
 reasons settl$1 y  w nev] f9d an       
antiqu>ian to agree ) y2 ! ar*itects  w 
probably li/5 to y ) contempt2 & ev5 ^! 
excell5t  prie/s1 ^: k9dness is great1  
^: pati5ce is heav5ly1 &  ^: good op9ion
 y w\ld s gladly ga91 w turn f y )  pa91
 if n ) horror4 ,! ,go?ic is s+ul> 9    
?is2 "o seems  easily at home 9 !       
,r5aissance2 "o is n too /range 9 !     
,byzant9e2 z = ! ,roman1 x is ourselves2
 & we c\ld walk  bl9dfold$ ?r\gh e *9k &
 cranny ( ! ,greek m9d2 all  ^! /yles   
seem mod]n1 :5 we come close to !m2 b ! 
,go?ic  gets away4 ,no two m5 ?9k alike 
ab\t x1 & no woman agrees )  ei!r man4  
,! ,*ur* itself nev] agre$ ab\t x1 & !  

ar*itects agree ev5 less ?an ! prie/s4  
,to mo/ m9ds x ca/s  too _m %ad[s2 x    
wraps itself 9 my/]y2 & :5 p talk  (    
my/]y1 !y commonly mean fe>4 ,to o!rs1 !
 ,go?ic seems  ho>y ) age & decrepitude1
 & its %ad[s mean dea?4 ,:at is  curi\s 
to wat* is ! fanatical conviction ( !   
,go?ic  en?usia/1 to :om ! twelf? c5tury
 means exub]ant y\?1 !  et]nal *ild (   
,wordswor?1 ov] :om its immortality     
broods l  ! day2 x is s simple & yet s  
complicat$2 x sees s mu* &  s little2 x 
loves s _m toys & c>es = s few          
necessities2  its y\? is s "y1 its age s
 old1 & its y\?ful ye>n+ =  old ?\ght is
 s disconc]t+1 l ! my/]i\s s5ility ( !  
baby t--        ,deaf & sil5t1 reads !  
et]nal deep1       ,haunt$ =ev] by !    
et]nal m9d4      ,"o ne$ n take x m     
s]i\sly ?an "o takes ! baby itself4     
,our amusem5t is to play ) x1 & to cat* 
its mean+ 9 its  smile2 & :atev] ,*>tres
 maybe n[1 :5 "y x 0 a smile4  ,to !    
,*ur*1 no d\bt1 its ca!dral "h has a    
fix$ &  adm9i/rative mean+1 :i* is !    

same z t ( e o!r  bi%op's seat & ) :i*  
we h no?+ :atev] to d4 ,to u1  x is a   
*ild's fancy2 a toy-h\se to please !    
,que5 ( ,heav51--  to please h] s mu* t 
%e w\ld be happy 9 x1--to *>m h]  till  
%e smil$4    ,! ,que5 ,"m 0 z maje/ic z 
y l2 %e 0 absolute2 %e  c\ld be /]n2 %e 
0 n above be+ angry2 b %e 0 /ill a      
woman1 :o lov$ grace1 beauty1           
ornam5t1--h] toilette1 robes1           
jewels2--:o consid]$ ! arrangem5ts ( h] 
palace )  att5tion1 & lik$ bo? light &  
col\r2 :o kept a ke5 eye on  h] ,c\rt1 &
 exact$ prompt & will+ ob$i5ce f k+ &   
ar*bi%ops z well z f begg>s & drunk5    
prie/s4 ,%e  protect$ h] fri5ds & puni%$
 h] enemies4 ,%e requir$ space1  beyond 
:at 0 kn[n 9 ! ,c\rts ( k+s1 because %e 
0 liable  at all times to h t5 ?\s& p   
begg+ h] = fav\rs--  mo/ly inconsi/5t ) 
law--& deaf to refusal4 ,%e 0 extremely 
s5sitive to neglect1 to disagreeable    
impressions1 to want (  intellig5ce 9 h]
 surr\nd+s4 ,%e 0 ! greate/ arti/1 z  %e
 0 ! greate/ philosoph] & musician &    

!ologi/1 t  ev] liv$ on e>?1 except h]  
,son1 ,:o1 at ,*>tres1 is /ill an       
,infant "u h] gu>dian%ip4 ,h] ta/e 0    
infallible2 h]  s5t5ce et]nally f9al4   
,?is *ur* 0 built = h] 9 ?is  _s (      
simple-m9d$1 practical1 utilit>ian      
fai?1--9 ?is  s+l5ess ( ?\ght1 exactly z
 a little girl sets up a doll-h\se  = h]
 fav\rite blonde doll4 ,unless y c g    
back to y\r dolls1  y are out ( place   
"h4 ,if y c g back to !m1 & get rid  =  
"o small h\r ( ! weight ( cu/om1 y %all 
see ,*>tres  9 glory4    ,! palaces (   
e>?ly que5s 7 hovels comp>$ ) ^!        
palaces ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav5 at ,*>tres1  
,p>is1 ,laon1 ,noyon1  ,rheims1 ,ami5s1 
,r\51 ,bayeux1 ,c\tances1--a li/ t might
 be  /ret*$ into a volume4 ,! ne>e/     
approa* we h made to a  palace 0 !      
,m]veille at ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 b no   
,que5 _h a  palace equal to t4 ,!       
,m]veille 0 built1 or design$1 ab\t  !  
ye> #abjj2 t[>d ! ye> #aejj1 ,l\is ,,xi 
built a great ca/le  at ,lo*es 9        
,t\ra9e1 & !re ,que5 ,anne de ,bretagne 

_h  ap>tm5ts :i* /ill exi/1 & :i* we w  
visit4 ,at ,blois y  %all see ! resid5ce
 :i* s]v$ = ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis till  h] 
dea? 9 #aehi4 ,anne de ,bretagne 0      
trebly que51 & ,ca!r9e  de ,m$icis took 
h] /&>d ( com=t f ! luxury ( ,flor5ce4  
,at ,v]sailles y c see ! ap>tm5ts :i* ! 
que5s ( !  ,b\rbon l9e occupi$ ?r\gh _! 
c5tury ( magnific5ce4 ,all put  toge!r1 
& !n trebl$ 9 importance1 c\ld n rival !
  spl5d\r ( any s+le ca!dral d$icat$ to 
,que5 ,m>y 9 !  ?irte5? c5tury2 & ( !m  
all1 ,*>tres 0 built to be  peculi>ly & 
exceptionally h] delight4    ,"o has    
gr[n s us$ to ?is sort ( loose          
comp>ison1 ?is  reckless wa/e ( words1 t
 "o no long] adopts an idea unless x  is
 driv5 9 ) hamm]s ( /ati/ics & columns (
 figures4 ,)  ! irritat+ dem& = lit]al  
exactness & p]fectly /raight  l9es :i*  
lights up e truly ,am]ican eye1 y w     
c]ta9ly  ask :5 ?is exaltation ( ,m>y   
began1 & unless y get !  dates1 y w d\bt
 ! facts4 ,x is y\r own fault if !y are 
tiresome2 y might easily read !m all 9 !

 ,iconographie de la  ,sa9te ,vi]ge1 by 
,m4 ,rohault de ,fleury1 publi%$ 9      
#ahgh4 ,y c  />t at ,byzantium ) !      
,empress ,hel5a 9 #cbf1 or ) !  ,c\ncil 
( ,ephesus 9 #dca4 ,y w f9d ! ,virg9    
act+ z !  patron sa9t ( ,con/ant9ople & 
( ! ,imp]ial resid5ce1 "u  z _m names z 
,artemis or ,aphrodite _h borne4 ,z     
,godmo!r ^w  9 ,greek ,deip>a ^w 9      
,greek1 ,pa?f9d] ^w 9 ,greek1  aft]w>ds 
gave to ,murillo ! subject ( a fam\s    
pa9t+1 told  t once1 :5 he 0 recit+ be=e
 h] /atue ! ,ave ,m>is  ,/ella1 & came  
to ! words1 ,mon/ra te esse ,matrem1 !  
image1  press+ its brea/1 dropp$ on !   
lips ( h] s]vant ?ree drops  ( ! milk   
:i* _h n\ri%$ ! ,savi\r4 ,! same        
miracle1 9  v>i\s =ms1 0 told ( _m o!r  
p]sons1 bo? sa9ts &  s9n]s2 b x made s  
mu* impression on ! m9d ( ! age t1  9 ! 
f\rte5? c5tury1 ,dante1 seek+ 9 ,p>adise
 = "s  (ficial introduction to ! foot ( 
! ,?rone1 f\nd no  int]cessor ) ! ,que5 
( ,heav5 m pot5t ?an ,sa9t ,b]n>d4  ,y c
 /ill read ,b]n>d's hymns to ! ,virg91 &

 ev5 8  s]mons1 if y l4 ,to him %e 0 !  
great m$iator4 ,9 ! eyes  ( a culpable  
humanity1 ,*ri/ 0 too sublime1 too      
t]rible1 too  j1 b n ev5 ! weake/ human 
frailty c\ld fe> to approa*  8 ,"m4 ,h] 
attribute 0 humility2 h] love & pity 7  
inf9ite4 ,let him d5y y\r m]cy :o c say 
t he has ev]  ask$ x 9 va94    ,sa9t    
,b]n>d 0 emotional & to a c]ta9 degree  
my/ical1 l  ,adam de ,sa9t-,victor1 ^:  
hymns 7 equally fam\s1 b !  emotional   
sa9ts & my/ical poets 7 n by any means  
all[$ to  e/abli% exclusive rights to ! 
,virg9's fav\r4 ,abel>d 0 z  devot$ z !y
 71 & wrote hymns z well4 ,philosophy   
claim$  h]1 & ,alb]t ! ,great1 ! head ( 
s*ola/icism1 ! tea*] (  ,?omas ,aqu9as1 
decid$ 9 h] fav\r ! "q3 ,:e!r !  ,bless$
 ,virg9 possess$ p]fectly ! sev5 lib]al 
arts4 ,!  ,*ur* at ,*>tres _h decid$ x a
 hundr$ ye>s be=e by putt+  ! sev5      
lib]al arts next h] ?rone1 ) ,ari/otle  
himself to  witness2 b ,alb]tus gave !  
reason3 ,i hold t %e did1 = x  is       
writt51 ',wisdom has built h]self a     

h\se1 & has sculptur$  sev5 columns4' ,t
 h\se is ! bless$ ,virg92 ! sev5 columns
  are ! sev5 lib]al arts4 ,m>y1 !re=e1  
_h p]fect ma/]y (  sci5ce4 ,naturally %e
 _h also p]fect ma/]y ( economics1 &    
mo/ ( h] great *ur*es 7 built 9 economic
 c5tres4 ,!  guilds 71 if possible1 m   
devot$ to h] ?an ! monks2 !  b\rgeoisie 
( ,p>is1 ,r\51 ,ami5s1 ,laon1 sp5d money
 by millions  to ga9 h] fav\r4 ,mo/     
surpris+ ( all1 ! great milit>y class  0
 p]haps ! mo/ vocif]\s4 ,( all          
inappropriate haunts = !  g5tle1        
c\rte\s1 pity+ ,m>y1 a field ( battle   
seems to be !  wor/1 if n di/9ctly      
blasphem\s2 yet ! greate/ ,fr5*  w>riors
 insi/$ on h] lead+ !m into battle1 & 9 
! actual  melee :5 m5 7 kill+ ea* o!r1  
on e battle-field 9  ,europe1 = at lea/ 
five hundr$ ye>s1 ,m>y 0 pres5t1 lead+  
bo? sides4 ,! battle-cry ( ! fam\s      
,con/able du ,guescl9 0                 
,notre-,dame-,guescl92                  
,notre-,dame-,c\cy 0 ! cry ( ! great    
,sires de ,c\cy2 ,notre-,dame-,aux]re2  

,notre-,dame-,sanc]re2 ,notre-          
,dame-,ha9ault2 ,notre-,dame-,gueldres2 
,notre-,dame-,b\rbon2 ,notre-           
,dame-,be>n2--all well-kn[n             
battle-cries4 ,! ,k+'s own battle at  "o
 "t cri$1                               
,notre-,dame-,sa9t-,d5is-,montjoie2 !   
,dukes (  ,burgundy cri$1               
,notre-,dame-,b\rgogne2 & ev5 ! soldi]s 
( !  ,pope 7 said to cry1               
,notre-,dame-,sa9t-,pi]re4    ,! measure
 ( ?is devotion1 :i* proves to any      
religi\s ,am]ican  m9d1 beyond possible 
cavil1 its s]i\s & practical reality1 is
  ! money x co/4 ,accord+ to /ati/ics1 9
 ! s+le c5tury  betwe5 #aagj & #abgj1 ! 
,fr5* built eighty ca!drals & ne>ly     
five hundr$ *ur*es ( ! ca!dral class1   
:i* w\ld h co/1  accord+ to an e/imate  
made 9 #ahdj1 m ?an five ?\s&  millions 
to replace4 ,five ?\s& million francs is
 a ?\s&  million doll>s1 & ?is cov]$    
only ! great *ur*es ( a  s+le c5tury4 ,!
 same scale ( exp5diture _h be5 go+ on  
s9ce ! ye> #ajjj1 & almo/ e p>i% 9      

,france _h rebuilt  its *ur* 9 /one2 to 
?is day ,france is /rewn ) ! ru9s (  ?is
 ar*itecture1 & yet ! /ill pres]v$      
*ur*es ( !  elev5? & twelf? c5turies1   
among ! *ur*es t belong to  !           
,romanesque & ,transition p]iod1 are    
numb]$ by hundr$s until  !y rea* well   
into ! ?\s&s4 ,! %>e ( ?is capital :i*  
0--if "o may use a comm]cial            
figure--inve/$ 9 ! ,virg9  _c be fix$1  
any m ?an ! total sum giv5 to religi\s  
objects betwe5 #ajjj & #acjj2 b 9 a     
spiritual & arti/ic  s5se1 x 0 almo/ !  
:ole1 & express$ an int5sity (          
conviction nev] aga9 rea*$ by any       
passion1 :e!r ( religion1  ( loyalty1 ( 
patriotism1 or ( weal?2 p]haps nev] ev5 
p>allell$ by any s+le economic ef=t1    
except 9 w>4 ,ne>ly  e great *ur* ( !   
twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies belong$  to   
,m>y1 until 9 ,france "o asks = ! *ur* (
 ,notre ,dame z  ?\gh x meant ca!dral2  
b1 n satisfi$ ) ?is1 %e  contract$ !    
habit ( requir+ 9 all *ur*es a *apel (  
h]  own1 call$ 9 ,engli% ! ,lady ,*apel1

 :i* 0 apt to be z  l>ge z ! *ur* b 0   
always meant to be h&som]2 & !re1  beh9d
 ! high alt>1 9 h] own private ap>tm5t1 
,m>y sat1  receiv+ h] innum]able        
suppliants1 & ready at any mom5t to  /ep
 up ^u ! high alt> itself to support !  
tott]+  au?ority ( ! local sa9t4        
,exp5diture l ?is re/s inv>iably on an  
economic idea4 ,j z  ! ,fr5* ( ! n9ete5?
 c5tury inve/$ _! surplus capital  9 a  
railway sy/em 9 ! belief t !y w\ld make 
money by x  9 ?is life1 9 ! ?irte5? !y  
tru/$ _! money to !  ,que5 ( ,heav5     
because ( _! belief 9 h] p[] to repay x 
) int]e/ 9 ! life to come4 ,! inve/m5t 0
 bas$ on !  p[] ( ,m>y z ,que5 r ?an on 
any or?odox ,*ur* conception  ( !       
,virg9's legitimate /ation4 ,papal ,rome
 nev] greatly lov$  ,byzant9e empresses 
or ,fr5* que5s4 ,! ,virg9 ( ,*>tres 0   
nev] :olly sympa!tic to ! ,roman ,curia4
 ,to ?is day ! ,*ur*  writ]s--l ! ,abbe 
,bulteau or ,m4 ,rohault de ,fleury--are
  s+ul>ly %y ( ! true ,virg9 ( maje/y1  
:e!r at ,*>tres or  at ,byzantium or    

:]ev] %e is se54 ,! fa!rs ,m>t9 & ,cahi]
  at ,b\rges alone left h] true value4  
,_h ! ,*ur* controll$ h]1  ! ,virg9 w\ld
 p]haps h rema9$ pro/rate at ! foot ( ! 
,cross4 ,dragg$ by a ,byzant9e ,c\rt1   
back$ by popul> insi/5ce  & impell$ by  
ov]p[]+ self-int]e/1 ! ,*ur* accept$ !  
,virg9 ?ron$ & cr[n$1 seat$ by ,*ri/1 ! 
,judge ?ron$ &  cr[n$2 b ev5 ?is did n  
:olly satisfy ! ,fr5* ( !  ?irte5?      
c5tury :o seem$ b5t on absorb+ ,*ri/ 9  
,8  ,"m1 & mak+ ! ,"m ! ,*ur*1 & ,*ri/ !
 ,symbol4    ,! ,*ur* _h cr[n$ & en?ron$
 h] almo/ f ! beg9n+1  & c\ld n h       
de?ron$ h] if x w\ld4 ,9 all ,*ri/ian   
art--  sculpture or mosaic1 pa9t+ or    
poetry--! ,virg9's rank 0  expressly    
ass]t$4 ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 l ,john ,comn5us1 
& probably  at ! same "t 7#aabj-dj71    
*ant$ hymns to ! ,virg9 z ,que53--    ,o
 salut>is ,virgo ,/ella ,m>is   ,g5]ans 
prolem1 ,aequitatis solem1   ,lucis     
auctorem1 ,ret95s pudorem1              
,suscipe laudem6      ,celi ,reg9a ,p]  
quam m$ic9a   ,datur aegretis1 ,gratia  

devotis1   ,gaudium moe/is1 ,mundo lux  
coele/is1        ,spesque salutis2      
,aula regalis1 ,virgo specialis1        
,posce m$elam ,nobis et tutelam1        
,suscipe vota1 ,precibusque cuncta      
,pelle mole/a6      ,o ,savi\r ,virg91  
,/> ( ,sea1   ,:o bore = *ild ! ,son (  
,ju/ice1   ,! s\rce ( ,light1 ,virg9    
always       ,he> our praise6      ,que5
 ( ,heav5 :o h giv5   ,m$ic9e to ! sick1
 ,grace to ! dev\t1   ,joy to ! sad1    
,heav5's light to ! _w       ,& hope (  
salvation2      ,c\rt royal1 ,virg9     
typical1   ,grant u cure & gu>d1        
,accept our v[s1 & by pray]s            
,drive all griefs away6      ,z !       
lyrical poet ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,adam de
 ,sa9t-,victor  seems to h held rank    
high] if possible ?an t ( ,sa9t  ,b]n>d1
 & 8 hymns on ! ,virg9 are c]ta9ly q z  
emphatic  an ass]tion ( h] maje/y3--    
,imp]atrix sup]norum6   ,sup]atrix      
inf]norum6   ,elig5da via coeli1        
,ret95da spe fideli1   ,sep>atos a te   
longe   ,revocatos ad te junge          

,tuorum collegio6      ,empress ( !     
highe/1   ,mi/ress ov] ! l[e/1   ,*os5  
pa? ( ,heav51   ,held fa/ by fai?ful    
hope1   ,^? sep>at$ f y f>1   ,recall$  
to y1 unite       ,9 y\r fold6      ,to 
delight 9 ! *ildi% j+le ( ! m$iaeval    
,lat9 is a sign  ( a futile m9d1 no     
d\bt1 & ,i beg p>don ( y & ( !  ,*ur* = 
wa/+ y\r preci\s summ] day on poetry :i*
 0  reg>d$ z my/ical 9 its age & :i* n[ 
s\nds l a nurs]y  rhyme2 b a v]se or two
 ( ,adam's hymn on ! ,assumption ( !    
,virg9 completes ! record ( h] rank1 &  
goes to complete also  ! docum5t>y pro( 
( h] maje/y at ,*>tres3--    ,salve1    
,mat] ,salvatoris6   ,vas electum6 ,vas 
honoris6       ,vas coele/is ,gratiae6  
,ab aet]no ,vas provisum6   ,vas        
insigne6 ,vas excisum       ,manu       
sapi5tiae6      ,salve1 ,mat] pietatis1 
,et totius ,tr9itatis       ,nobile     
,tricl9ium6   ,v]bi tam5 inc>nati       
,speciale maje/ati       ,praep>ans     
hospitium6      ,o ,m>ia6 ,/ella m>is6  
,dignitate s+ul>is1   ,sup] omnes       

ord9>ies       ,ord9es coele/ium6   ,9  
supremo sita poli   ,nos comm5da tuae   
proli1   ,ne t]rores sive doli          
,nos supplant5t ho/ium6      ,"m ( our  
,savi\r1 hail6   ,*os5 vessel6 ,sacr$   
,grail6       ,font ( cele/ial grace6   
,f et]nity =e?\ght6   ,by ! h& ( ,wisdom
 wr\ght6       ,preci\s1 faultless      
,vase6      ,hail1 ,"m ( ,div9ity6      
,hail1 ,temple ( ! ,tr9ity6       ,home 
( ! ,triune ,god6   ,9 :om ! ,inc>nate  
,^w _h bir?1   ,! ,k+6 to :om y gave on 
e>?       ,imp]ial abode4      ,oh1     
,m>ia6 ,con/ellation6   ,inspiration6   
,elevation6   ,rule & ,law & ,ord9ation 
,( ! angels' ho/6   ,highe/ height (    
,god's ,creation1   ,pray y\r ,son's    
commis]ation1   ,le/1 by fe> or fraud1  
salvation       ,= our s\ls be lo/6     
,con/antly--"o might bett] say at once1 
(ficially1 %e 0  address$ 9 ^! t]ms (   
supreme maje/y3 ,imp]atrix  sup]norum6  
,coeli ,reg9a6 ,aula regalis6 b ! twelf?
 c5tury  seem$ det]m9$ to c>ry ! idea   
out to its logical conclusion  9        

defiance ( dogma4 ,n only 0 ! ,son      
absorb$ 9 ! ,"m1 or  repres5t$ z "u h]  
gu>dian%ip1 b ! ,fa!r f>$ no  bett]1 & !
 ,holy ,gho/ foll[$4 ,! poets reg>d$ !  
,virg9  z ! ,templum ,tr9itatis2 totius 
,tr9itatis nobile ,tricl9ium4  ,%e 0 !  
refectory ( ! ,tr9ity--!                
,tricl9ium--because !  refectory 0 !    
l>ge/ room & conta9$ ! :ole ( !  memb]s1
 & 0 divid$ 9 ?ree p>ts by two r[s (    
columns4 ,%e  0 ! ,templum ,tr9itatis1 !
 ,*ur* itself1 ) its triple  aisle4 ,!  
,tr9ity 0 absorb$ 9 h]4    ,?is is a    
delicate subject 9 ! ,*ur*1 & y mu/ feel
 x )  delicacy1 )\t brutally insi/+ on  
its necess>y  contradictions4 ,all      
!ology & all philosophy are full (      
contradictions q z flagrant & f> less   
sympa!tic4 ,?is  p>ticul> v>iety (      
religi\s fai? is simply human1 & has    
made  its appe>ance 9 "o =m or ano!r 9  
ne>ly all religions2 b  ?\gh ! twelf?   
c5tury c>ri$ x to an extreme1 & at      
,*>tres  y see x 9 its mo/ *>m+         
expression1 we h got always to  make    

all[ances = :at 0 go+ on b5ea? ! surface
 9 m5's  m9ds1 consci\sly or            
unconsci\sly1 & = ! lat5t scepticism    
:i* lurks beh9d all fai?4 ,! ,*ur*      
itself nev] q accept$  ! full claims (  
:at 0 call$ ,m>iolatry4 ,"o may be sure1
 too1  t ! b\rgeois capitali/ & ! /ud5t 
( ! s*ools1 ea*  f 8 own po9t ( view1   
wat*$ ! ,virg9 ) anxi\s  int]e/4 ,!     
b\rgeois _h put an enorm\s %>e (1 8     
capital  into :at 0 9 fact an economical
 speculation1 n unlike !  ,s\? ,sea     
,s*eme1 or ! railway sy/em ( our own "t2
 except t  9 "o case ! en]gy 0 devot$ to
 %ort5+ ! road to ,heav52  9 ! o!r1 to  
%ort5+ ! road to ,p>is2 b no s]i\s      
s*oolman c\ld h felt entirely conv9c$ t 
,god w\ld ent]  into a bus9ess p>tn]%ip 
) man1 to e/abli% a sort ( jo9t-  /ock  
society = alt]+ ! op]ation ( div9e &    
univ]sal  laws4 ,! b\rgeois c>$ little =
 ! philosophical d\bt if !  economical  
result prov$ to be good1 b he wat*$ ?is 
result )  8 usual practical sagacity1 & 
requir$ an exp]i5ce ( only  ab\t ?ree   

g5]ations 7#abjj-acjj7 to satisfy       
himself t relics  7 n c]ta9 9 _!        
effects2 t ! ,sa9ts 7 n always  able or 
will+ to help2 t ,m>y h]self c\ld n     
c]ta9ly be  b\ght or brib$2 t pray] )\t 
money seem$ to be q z  efficaci\s z     
pray] ) money2 & t nei!r ! road to      
,heav5 nor ,heav5 itself _h be5 made    
sur] or br\ght ne>] by an  inve/m5t (   
capital :i* am\nt$ to ! be/ "p ( ! weal?
  ( ,france4 ,economically speak+1 he   
became satisfi$ t 8  enorm\s            
money-inve/m5t _h prov$ to be an almo/  
total loss1 &  ! reaction on 8 m9d 0 z  
viol5t z ! emotion4 ,= ?ree  hundr$ ye>s
 x pro/rat$ ,france4 ,! ef=ts ( !       
b\rgeoisie  & ! peasantry to recov] _!  
prop]ty1 s f> z x 0  recov]able1 h la/$ 
to ! pres5t day & we _h be/ take  c>e n 
to get mix$ 9 ^? passions4    ,if y are 
to get ! full enjoym5t ( ,*>tres1 y mu/1
 = !  "t1 believe 9 ,m>y z ,b]n>d &     
,adam did1 & feel h] pres5ce  z !       
ar*itects did1 9 e /one !y plac$1 & e   
t\*  !y *isell$4 ,y mu/ try fir/ to rid 

y\r m9d ( !  traditional idea t ! ,go?ic
 is an int5tional expression (  religi\s
 gloom4 ,! necessity = light 0 ! motive 
( !  ,go?ic ar*itects4 ,!y ne$$ light & 
always m light1 until  !y sacrific$     
safety & common s5se 9 try+ to get x4   
,!y  conv]t$ _! walls into w9d[s1 rais$ 
_! vaults1 dim9i%$  _! pi]s1 until _!   
*ur*es c\ld no long] /&4 ,y w  see !    
limits at ,beauvais2 at ,*>tres we h n  
got s f>1 b  ev5 "h1 9 places :]e !     
,virg9 want$ x1--z above ! high         
alt>1--! ar*itect has tak5 all ! light  
!re 0 to take4 ,=  ! same reason1       
f5e/ration became ! mo/ important "p ( !
  ,go?ic ar*itect's "w1 & at ,*>tres 0  
uncommonly int]e/+  because ! ar*itect 0
 oblig$ to design a new sy/em1 :i*  %\ld
 at ! same "t satisfy ! laws (          
con/ruction & !  ta/e & imag9ation (    
,m>y4 ,no d\bt ! fir/ comm& ( !  ,que5 (
 ,heav5 0 = light1 b ! second1 at lea/  
equally  imp]ative1 0 = col\r4 ,any     
e>?ly que51 ev5 ?\gh %e 7  n ,byzant9e 9
 ta/e1 lov$ col\r2 & ! true/ ( que5s--! 

only true ,que5 ( ,que5s--_h ri*] & f9] 
ta/e 9 col\r ?an  ! que5s ( fifty e>?ly 
k+doms1 z y w see :5 we come  to !      
imm5se ef=t to gratify h] 9 ! glass ( h]
 w9d[s4  ,illusion = illusion1--grant+ =
 ! mom5t t ,m>y 0 an  illusion1--!      
,virg9 ,"m 9 ?is in/ance repaid to h]   
wor%ipp]s a l>g] return = _! money ?an !
 capitali/ has  ev] be5 able to get1 at 
lea/ 9 ?is _w1 f any o!r  illusion (    
weal? :i* he has tri$ to make a s\rce ( 
pleasure  & pr(it4    ,! next po9t on   
:i* ,m>y evid5tly insi/$ 0 ! arrangem5t 
= h] private ap>tm5ts1 ! apse1 z        
di/+ui%$ f h]  ?rone-room1 ! *oir2 bo?  
be+ q di/9ct f ! hall1 or               
reception-room ( ! public1 :i* 0 ! nave 
) its  enl>gem5ts 9 ! transepts4 ,?is   
arrangem5t m>ks !  di/9ction betwe5     
*ur*es built z %r9es = ! deity &  *ur*es
 built z halls ( wor%ip = ! public4 ,!  
diff]5ce is  *iefly 9 ! apse1 & ! apse (
 ,*>tres is ! mo/  int]e/+ ( all apses f
 ?is po9t ( view4    ,! ,virg9 requir$  
*iefly ^! ?ree ?+s1 or1 if y l1  ^! f\r3

 space1 light1 conv5i5ce2 & col\r       
decoration to  unite & h>monize ! :ole4 
,?is conc]ns ! int]ior2 on !  ext]ior %e
 requir$ /atu>y1 & ! only complete sy/em
 (  decorative sculpture t exi/$ seems  
to belong to h] *ur*es3--  ,p>is1       
,rheims1 ,ami5s1 & ,*>tres4 ,m>y requir$
 all ?is  magnific5ce at ,*>tres =      
h]self alone1 n = ! public4 ,z  f> z "o 
c see into ! _s ( ! build]s1 ,*>tres 0  
exclusively int5d$ = ! ,virg91 z !      
,temple ( ,abydos 0  int5d$ = ,osiris4  
,! wants ( man1 beyond a m]e ro(-cov]1 &
  p]haps space to "s degree1 ent] to no 
v great ext5t into !  problem ( ,*>tres4
 ,man came to r5d] homage or to ask     
fav\rs4  ,! ,que5 receiv$ him 9 h]      
palace1 :]e %e alone 0 at home1  & alone
 gave comm&s4    ,! arti/'s second ?\ght
 0 to exclude f 8 "w ev]y?+  t c\ld     
displease ,m>y2 & s9ce ,m>y diff]$ f    
liv+  que5s only 9 inf9itely great]     
maje/y & ref9em5t1 ! arti/  c\ld admit  
only :at pleas$ ! actual ta/e ( ! great 
ladies  :o dictat$ ta/e at ! ,c\rts (   

,france & ,engl&1 :i*  surr\nd$ ! little
 ,c\rt ( ! ,c\nts ( ,*>tres4 ,:at !y    
7--^! wom5 ( ! twelf? & ?irte5?         
c5turies--we %all  h to see or seek 9   
o!r directions2 b ,*>tres is p]haps !   
mo/ magnific5t & p]man5t monum5t !y left
 ( _! ta/e1  & we c beg9 "h ) le>n+     
c]ta9 ?+s :i* !y 7  n4    ,9 ! fir/     
place1 !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ vague1 dreamy1 or
  my/ical 9 a mod]n s5se2--f> f x6 ,!y  
seem$ anxi\s only  to ?r[ ! my/]ies into
 a blaze ( light2 n s mu* physical1     
p]haps1--s9ce !y1 l all wom51 lik$      
mod]ate %ad[ =  _! toilettes1--b lum9\s 
9 ! s5se ( fai?4 ,!re is  no?+ ab\t     
,*>tres t y w\ld ?9k my/ical1 :o "k y\r 
,loh5gr91 ,siegfri$1 & ,p>sifal4 ,if y  
c>e to make a /udy (  ! :ole lit]ature (
 ! subject1 read ,m4 ,male's ,art       
,religieux  du ,x,i,i,ie ,siecle en     
,france1 & use x = a guide-book4 ,"h y  
ne$ only note h[ symbolic & h[ simple ! 
sculpture is1 on !  portals & por*es4   
,ev5 :at seems a grotesque or an ab/ract
 idea  is no m ?an ! simple/ *ild's     

p]sonification4 ,on ! walls  y may h    
notic$ ! ,ane qui vielle1--! ass play+ !
 lyre2  & on all ! old *ur*es y c see   
be/i>ies1 z !y 7  call$1 ( fabul\s      
animals1 symbolic or n2 b ! symbolism is
  z simple z ! realism ( ! ox5 at ,laon4
 ,x gave play to !  arti/ 9 8 ef=t =    
v>iety ( decoration1 & x amus$ !        
p1--probably ! ,virg9 also 0 n above be+
 amus$2--n[  & !n x seems ab\t to sugge/
 :at y w\ld call an esot]ic  mean+1 t is
 to say1 a mean+ :i* ea* "o ( u c       
consid]  private prop]ty res]v$ = our   
own amusem5t1 & f :i* !  public is      
exclud$2 yet1 9 tru?1 9 ! ,virg9's      
*ur*es !  public is nev] exclud$1 b     
invit$4 ,! ,virg9 ev5 _h !  additional  
*>m to ! public t %e 0 popul>ly suppos$ 
to  h no v m>k$ fancy = prie/s z su*2 %e
 0 a que51 a  woman1 & a "m1 functions1 
all1 :i* prie/s c\ld n  p]=m4           
,accord+ly1 %e seems to h _h little ta/e
 =  my/]ies ( any sort1 & ev5 ! symbols 
t seem mo/  my/]i\s 7 cle> to e old     
peasant-woman 9 h] *ur*4 ,!  mo/ pleas+ 

& promis+ ( !m all is ! woman's figure y
  saw on ! front ( ! ca!dral 9 ,p>is2 h]
 eyes b&ag$2 h]  head b5t d[n2 h] cr[n  
fall+2 )\t cloak or royal robe2  hold+ 9
 h] h& a guidon or bann] ) its /aff     
brok5 9 m  ?an "o place4 ,on ! opposite 
pi] /&s ano!r woman1 )  royal mantle1   
erect & comm&+4 ,! symbol is s graceful 
t  "o is q eag] to "k its mean+2 b e    
*ild 9 !  ,middle ,ages w\ld h in/antly 
told y t ! woman ) !  fall+ cr[n meant  
only ! ,jewi% ,synagogue1 z ! "o ) !    
royal robe meant ! ,*ur* ( ,*ri/4       
,ano!r matt] = :i* ! female ta/e seem$ n
 mu* to c>e  0 !ology 9 ! metaphysical  
s5se4 ,m>y tr\bl$ h]self little  ab\t   
!ology except :5 %e retir$ into ! s\?   
transept )  ,pi]re de ,dreux4 ,ev5 !re  
"o f9ds little said ab\t ! ,tr9ity1     
always ! mo/ metaphysical subtlety ( !  
,*ur*4 ,inde$1 y  might f9d mu* amusem5t
 "h 9 se>*+ ! ca!dral = any  di/9ct     
expression at all ( ! ,tr9ity z a dogma 
recogniz$ by  ,m>y4    ,"o _c take      
s]i\sly ! idea t ! ?ree doors1 ! ?ree   

portals1 & ! ?ree aisles express !      
,tr9ity1 because1 9 !  fir/ place1 !re 0
 no rule ab\t x2 *ur*es might h :at     
portals & aisles !y pleas$2 bo? ,p>is & 
,b\rges h five2  ! doors !mselves are n 
allott$ to ! ?ree memb]s ( !  ,tr9ity1  
nor are ! portals2 :ile ano!r m s]i\s   
objection  is t ! side doors & aisles   
are n ( equal importance )  ! c5tral1 b 
m]e adjuncts & dep5d5cies1 s t !        
ar*itect :o _h misl$ ! ignorant public  
into accept+ s black  a h]esy w\ld h    
des]v$ ! /ake1 & w\ld probably h gone   
to x4 ,ev5 ?is sugge/ion ( tr9ity is    
want+ 9 ! transepts1  :i* h only "o     
aisle1 & 9 ! *oir1 :i* has five1 z well 
z five or sev5 *apels1 &1 z f> z an     
ignorant m9d c  p5etrate1 no triplets   
:atev]4 ,occasionally1 no d\bt1 y w     
discov] 9 "s sculpture or w9d[1 a symbol
 ( ! ,tr9ity1 b  ?is discov]y itself    
am\nts to an admission ( its abs5ce z a 
controll+ idea1 = ! ord9>y wor%ipp] mu/ 
h be5 at  lea/ z bl9d z we are1 & to    
him1 z to u1 x w\ld h seem$  a :olly    

subord9ate detail4 ,ev5 if ! ,tr9ity1   
too1 is any:]e  express$1 y w h>dly f9d 
"h an attempt to expla9 its             
metaphysical mean+--n ev5 a my/ic       
triangle4    ,! *ur* is :olly giv5 up to
 ! ,"m & ! ,son4 ,! ,fa!r  seldom       
appe>s2 ! ,holy ,gho/ /ill m r>ely4 ,at 
lea/1 ?is is  ! impression made on an   
ord9>y visitor :o has no motive to be   
or?odox2 & x mu/ h be5 ! same ) !       
?irte5?-c5tury  wor%ipp] :o came "h ) 8 
m9d absorb$ 9 ! p]fections  ( ,m>y4     
,*>tres repres5ts1 n ! ,tr9ity1 b !     
id5tity (  ! ,"m & ,son4 ,! ,son        
repres5ts ! ,tr9ity1 :i* is ?us  absorb$
 9 ! ,"m4 ,! idea is n or?odox1 b ?is is
 no  affair ( ours4 ,! ,*ur* wat*es ov] 
its own4    ,! ,virg9's wants & ta/es1  
positive & negative1 ought n[ to  be    
cle> en\gh to enable y to feel ! arti/'s
 s9c]ity 9  try+ to satisfy !m2 b fir/ y
 h /ill to conv9ce  y\rselves ( ! p's   
s9c]ity 9 employ+ ! arti/s4 ,?is  po9t  
is ! easie/ ( all1 = ! evid5ce is       
express4 ,9 !  ye> #aade :5 ! old fle*e 

0 begun1--! ye> be=e ,sa9t  ,b]n>d      
prea*$ ! second crusade at              
,vezelay1--,abbot ,haimon1 (            
,sa9t-,pi]re-sur-,dives 9 ,norm&y1 wrote
 to ! monks ( ,tutbury  ,abbey 9 ,engl& 
a fam\s lett] to tell ( ! great "w :i* !
  ,virg9 0 do+ 9 ,france & :i* began at 
! ,*ur* (  ,*>tres4 ,hujus sacrae       
in/itutionis ritus apud ,c>not5sem      
ecclesiam e/ in*oatus4 ,f ,*>tres x _h  
spread ?r\gh  ,norm&y1 :]e x produc$    
among o!r ?+s ! beautiful spire  :i* we 
saw at ,sa9t-,pi]re-sur-,dives4 ,po/remo
 p] totam f]e  ,normanniam longe lateque
 convaluit ac loca p] s+ula ,matri      
mis]icordiae dicata praecipue occupavit4
 ,! movem5t affect$  especially ! places
 devot$ to ,m>y1 b ran ?r\gh all        
,norm&y1  f> & wide4 ,( all ,m>y's      
miracles1 ! be/ atte/$1 next to !       
pres]vation ( h] *ur*1 is ! build+ ( x2 
n s mu*  because x surprises u z because
 x surpris$ ev5 m ! p  ( ! "t & ! m5 :o 
7 its in/rum5ts4 ,su* deep popul>       
movem5ts are always surpris+1 & at      

,*>tres ! miracle seems  to h occurr$   
?ree times1 co9cid+ m or less ) ! dates 
( ! crusades1 & tak+ ! organization ( a 
crusade1 z  ,ar*bi%op ,hugo ( ,r\5      
describ$ x 9 a lett] to ,bi%op ,?i]ry  (
 ,ami5s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ?is lett]  
is ! evid5t  a/oni%m5t ( ! writ]1 :o    
might be talk+ to u to-day1 s  mod]n is 
he3--    ,! inhabitants ( ,*>tres h     
comb9$ to aid 9 ! con/ruction  ( _! *ur*
 by transport+ ! mat]ials2 our ,"l has  
rew>d$  _! humble zeal by miracles :i* h
 r\s$ ! ,normans to  imitate ! piety (  
_! neighb\rs 444 ,s9ce !n ! fai?ful (   
our diocese & ( o!r neighb\r+ regions h 
=m$  associations = ! same object2 !y   
admit no "o into _!  company unless he  
has be5 to confession1 has r5\nc$       
enmities &  rev5ges1 & has reconcil$    
himself ) 8 enemies4 ,t done1  !y elect 
a *ief1 "u ^: direction !y conduct _!   
waggons  9 sil5ce & ) humility4    ,!   
qu>ries at ,b]*]es-l',eveque are ab\t   
five miles f  ,*>tres4 ,! /one is       
excessively h>d1 & 0 cut 9 blocks (     

consid]able size1 z y c see = y\rselves2
 blocks :i*  requir$ great ef=t to      
transport & lay 9 place4 ,! "w 0  done )
 fev]i% rapidity1 z x /ill %[s1 b x is !
  solide/ build+ ( ! age1 & )\t a sign (
 weakness yet4  ,! ,abbot told1 ) m     
surprise ?an pride1 ( ! _s :i*  0 built 
into ! ca!dral ) ! /one3--,:o has ev]   
se56--  ,:o has ev] he>d tell1 9 times  
pa/1 t p[]ful pr9ces ( !  _w1 t m5      
br\ght up 9 hon\r & 9 weal?1 t nobles1  
m5  & wom51 h b5t _! pr\d & haughty     
necks to ! h>ness (  c>ts1 & t1 l bea/s 
( burd51 !y h dragg$ to !  abode ( ,*ri/
 ^! waggons1 load$ ) w9es1 gra9s1 oil1  
/one1 wood1 & all t is necess>y = !     
wants ( life1 or =  ! con/ruction ( !   
*ur*8 ,b :ile !y draw ^! burd5s1  !re is
 "o ?+ admirable to obs]ve2 x is t (t5  
:5 a  ?\s& p]sons & m are atta*$ to !   
*>iots1--s great is  ! difficulty1--yet 
!y m>* 9 su* sil5ce t n a murmur is     
he>d1 & truly if "o did n see ! ?+ )    
"o's eyes1 "o  might believe t among su*
 a multitude !re 0 h>dly a p]son        

pres5t4 ,:5 !y halt on ! road1 no?+ is  
he>d b !  confession ( s9s1 & pure &    
suppliant pray] to ,god to obta9  p>don4
 ,at ! voice ( ! prie/s :o exhort _!    
he>ts to  peace1 !y =get all hatr$1     
discord is ?r[n f> aside1 debts  are    
remitt$1 ! unity ( he>ts is e/abli%$4   
,b if any "o is s f> advanc$ 9 evil z to
 be unwill+ to  p>don an (f5d]1 or if he
 rejects ! c\nsel ( ! prie/ :o  has     
pi\sly advis$ him1 8 (f]+ is in/antly   
?r[n f !  wagon z impure1 & he himself  
ignom9i\sly & %amefully  exclud$ f !    
society ( ! holy4 ,!re "o sees ! prie/s 
:o preside ov] ea* *>iot exhort e "o to 
p5it5ce1 to  confession ( faults1 to !  
resolution ( bett] life6 ,!re "o  sees  
old p1 "y p1 little *ildr51 call+ on !  
,"l  ) a suppliant voice1 & utt]+ to    
,him1 f ! dep? ( !  he>t1 sobs & sighs )
 words ( glory & praise6 ,aft] !  p1    
w>n$ by ! s\nd ( trumpets & ! sight (   
bann]s1  h resum$ _! road1 ! m>* is made
 ) su* ease t no  ob/acle c ret>d x 444 
,:5 !y h rea*$ ! *ur* !y  arrange !     

wagons ab\t x l a spiritual camp1 & dur+
 !  :ole night !y celebrate ! wat* by   
hymns & canticles4 ,on ea*  waggon !y   
light tap]s & lamps2 !y place !re !     
infirm &  sick1 & br+ !m ! preci\s      
relics ( ! ,sa9ts = _!  relief4         
,aft]w>ds ! prie/s & cl]ics close !     
c]emony by  processions :i* ! p foll[ ) 
dev\t he>t1 implor+ !  clem5cy ( ! ,"l &
 ( 8 ,bless$ ,"m = ! recov]y (  ! sick4 
,( c\rse1 ! ,virg9 0 actually &         
con/antly pres5t dur+ all  ?is lab\r1 & 
gave h] assi/ance to x1 b y w\ld get no 
light on ! ar*itecture f li/5+ to an    
acc\nt ( h]  miracles1 nor d !y height5 
! effect ( popul> fai?4 ,)\t  !         
conviction ( h] p]sonal pres5ce1 m5 w\ld
 n h be5  inspir$2 b1 to u1 x is r !    
inspiration ( ! art :i*  proves !       
,virg9's pres5ce1 & we c bett] see !    
conviction  ( x 9 ! "w ?an 9 ! words4 ,e
 day1 z ! "w w5t on1  ! ,virg9 0 pres5t1
 direct+ ! ar*itects1 & x is ?is        
direction t we are go+ to /udy1 if y h  
n[ got a  realiz+ s5se ( :at x meant4   

,)\t ?is s5se1 ! *ur* is  dead4 ,mo/    
p]sons ( a deeply religi\s nature w\ld  
tell y  emphatically t n9e *ur*es out ( 
t5 actually 7 dead-born1  aft] ! ?irte5?
 c5tury1 & t *ur* ar*itecture became a  
pure matt] ( me*anism & ma!matics2 b t  
is a "q =  y to decide :5 y come to x2 &
 ! pleasure consi/s n 9  see+ ! dea?1 b 
9 feel+ ! life4    ,n[ let u look ab\t6 
,,*apt] ,,vii    ,,roses ,,& ,,apses    
,l all great *ur*es1 t are n m]e        
/oreh\ses ( !ology1  ,*>tres express$1  
besides :atev] else x meant1 an emotion1
 !  deepe/ man ev] felt1--! /ruggle ( 8 
own littl5ess to grasp  ! inf9ite4 ,y   
may1 if y l1 figure 9 x a ma!matic      
=mula ( inf9ity1--! brok5 ar*1 our f9ite
 idea ( space2 !  spire1 po9t+1 ) its   
conv]g+ l9es1 to unity beyond space2  ! 
sleepless1 re/less ?ru/ ( ! vaults1     
tell+ !  unsatisfi$1 incomplete1        
ov]/ra9$ ef=t ( man to rival !  en]gy1  
intellig5ce1 & purpose ( ,god4 ,?omas   
,aqu9as & !  s*oolm5 tri$ to put x 9    
words1 b _! ,*ur* is ano!r  *apt]4 ,9   

act1 all man's "w ends !re2--ma!matics1 
physics1  *emi/ry1 dynamics1 optics1 e  
sort ( ma*9]y sci5ce may  inv5t1--to ?is
 fav\r come at la/1 z religion &        
philosophy did  be=e sci5ce 0 born4 ,all
 t ! c5turies c d is to express  ! idea 
diff]5tly3--a miracle or a dynamo2 a    
dome or a coal-pit2  a ca!dral or a _w's
 fair2 & sometimes to confuse ! two     
expressions toge!r4 ,! _w's fair t5ds m 
& m  vigor\sly to express ! ?\ght (     
inf9ite en]gy2 ! great  ca!drals ( !    
,middle ,ages always reflect$ !         
indu/ries &  int]e/s ( a _w's fair4     
,*>tres %[$ x less ?an ,laon or  ,p>is1 
= ,*>tres 0 nev] a manufactur+ t[n1 b a 
%r9e1  su* z ,l\rdes1 :]e ! ,virg9 0    
kn[n to h done miracles1  & _h be5 se5 9
 p]son2 b /ill ! %r9e turn$ itself into 
a m>ket & creat$ valuable indu/ries4    
,inde$1 ?is 0 ! *ief  objection :i*     
,sa9t ,paul made to ,ephesus & ,sa9t    
,b]n>d to !  ca!drals4 ,!y 7 9 "s ways m
 indu/rial ?an religi\s4  ,! m]e masonry
 & /ructure made a va/ m>ket = lab\r2 ! 

fix$ metalwork & woodwork 7 ano!r2 b !  
decoration 0 by  f> ! greate/4 ,!       
wood-c>v+1 ! glass w9d[s1 !  sculpture1 
inside & out1 7 done mo/ly 9 work%ops on
 !  spot1 b besides ^! fix$ objects1    
preci\s works ( ! highe/  p]fection     
fill$ ! *ur* treasuries4 ,_! money value
 0 great  !n2 x is great] n[4 ,no _w's  
fair is likely to d bett] to-  day4     
,aft] five hundr$ ye>s ( spoliation1 ^! 
objects fill  museums /ill1 & are b\ght 
) avidity at e auction1 at  prices      
cont9ually ris+ & quality /eadily fall+1
 until a bit  ( twelf?-c5tury glass w\ld
 be a tr\vaille l an em]ald2 a  tape/ry 
e>li] ?an #afjj is n = m]e t\ri/s to    
hope2 an  enamel1 a missal1 a cry/al1 a 
cup1 an embroid]y ( ! ,middle ,ages     
belongs only to our bett]s1 & almo/     
inv>iably1 if n to !  ,/ate1 to ! ri*   
,jews1 ^: in/9ctive ta/e has seiz$ !    
:ole field ( art :i* re/$ on _!         
degradation4 ,royalty &  feudality sp5t 
_! money r on arms & clo!s4 ,! ,*ur*    
alone 0 univ]sal patron1 & ! ,virg9 0 ! 

dictator (  ta/e4    ,) ! ,virg9's ta/e1
 dur+ h] reg5cy1 critics nev] f9d       
fault4 ,"o _c "k its :ole magnific5ce1 b
 "o c accept x  z a matt] ( fai? & tru/1
 z "o accepts all h] o!r  miracles )\t  
cavill+ ov] small details ( fact4 ,!    
p]iod (  eighte5?-c5tury scepticism ab\t
 su* matt]s & ! b\rgeois  ta/e (        
,voltaire & ,did]ot h long s9ce pass$1 )
 !  adv5t ( a sci5tific ta/e /ill m     
miracul\s2 ! :ole _w  ( ! ,virg9's art1 
catalogu$ 9 ! ,dictionnaire du ,mobili] 
,francais 9 six volumes by              
,viollet-le-,duc2 n>rat$ z hi/ory by    
,m4 ,lab>te1 ,m4 ,mol9i]1 ,m4 ,paul     
,lacroix2 catalogu$ 9 museums by  ,m4 du
 ,somm]>d & a score ( o!rs1 9 works     
almo/ z co/ly z  ! subjects1--all ! va/ 
v>iety ( bric-a-brac1 useful or         
ornam5tal1 belong+ to ! ,*ur*1 increas$ 
enorm\sly by !  insatiable1 univ]sal1   
private dem&s = imag]y1 9 ivory1 wood1  
metal1 /one1 = e room 9 e h\se1 or hung 
ab\t e  neck1 or /uck on e hat1 made a  
m>ket su* z arti/s nev]  knew be=e or   

s9ce1 & su* z in/antly expla9s to !     
practical ,am]ican n only ! reason = !  
,*ur*'s t5acity (  life1 b also !       
inducem5ts = its plund]4 ,! ,virg9      
especially requir$ all ! res\rces ( art1
 & ! highe/4 ,notre  ,dame ( ,*>tres    
w\ld h laugh$ at ,notre ,dame ( ,p>is if
 %e  _h detect$ an economy 9 h] robes2  
,notre ,dame ( ,rheims or ,r\5  w\ld h  
d]id$ ,notre ,dame ( ,ami5s if %e _h %[n
 a fem99e1  dome/ic1 mat]nal turn t[>d  
*eapness4 ,! ,virg9 0 nev]  *eap4 ,h]   
great c]emonies 7 z spl5did z h] rank ( 
,que5 9  ,heav5 & on ,e>? requir$2 & z  
h] procession w\nd its way  along !     
aisles1 ?r\gh ! cr[d ( h] subjects1 up  
to ! high  alt>1 x 0 impossible !n1 & n 
altoge!r easy n[1 to  resi/ ! rapture ( 
h] radiant pres5ce4 ,_m a "y p]son1 &   
n[ & !n "o :o is n 9 fir/ y\?1 witness+ 
! sight 9  ! religi\s atmosph]e ( su* a 
*ur* z ?is1 )\t a  suspicion (          
susceptibility1 has sudd5ly se5 :at     
,paul saw on !  road to ,damascus1 & has
 fall5 on 8 face ) ! cr[d1  grovell+ at 

! foot ( ! ,cross1 :i*1 = ! fir/ "t 9  8
 life1 he feels4    ,if y want to "k :at
 *ur*es 7 made =1 come d[n "h on  "s    
great fe/ival ( ! ,virg91 & give y\rself
 up to x2 b  come alone6 ,t k9d ( k _c  
be taught & c seldom  be %>$4 ,we are n 
n[ seek+ religion2 inde$1 true religion 
g5]ally comes uns\ght4 ,we are try+ only
 to feel ,go?ic art4 ,=  u1 ! _w is n a 
s*oolroom or a pulpit1 b a /age1 & !    
/age is ! highe/ yet se5 on e>?4 ,9 ?is 
*ur* ! old  ,romanesque leaps into !    
,go?ic "u our eyes2 ( a sudd51  betwe5 !
 portal & ! %r9e1 ! inf9ite rises into a
 new  expression1 always a r>e &        
excell5t miracle 9 ?\ght4 ,! two        
expressions are n[h]e f> ap>t2 n fur!r  
?an ! ,"m f  ! ,son4 ,! new arti/ drops 
unwill+ly ! h& ( 8 fa!r or  8 gr&fa!r2  
he looks back1 f e corn] ( 8 own "w1  to
 see :e!r x goes ) ! old4 ,he w n "p ) !
  we/]n portal or ! lancet w9d[s2 he    
holds close to ! r\nd  columns ( ! *oir2
 he w\ld h kept ! r\nd ar* if he c\ld1  
b ! r\nd ar* 0 unable to d ! "w2 x c\ld 

n rise2 s  he broke x1 lift$ ! vault+1  
?rew out fly+ buttresses1 &  satisfi$ ! 
,virg9's wi%4    ,! matt] ( ,go?ic      
vault+1 ) its two weak po9ts1 ! fly+    
buttress & ! false1 wood5 %elt]-ro(1 is 
! bete noire (  ! ,beaux ,arts4 ,! duty 
( def5ce does n lie on t\ri/s1 :o  are  
at be/ h>dly able to und]/& :at x matt]s
 :e!r a wall  is buttress$ )\t or )91 & 
:e!r a ro( is s+le or  d\ble4 ,no "o    
objects to ! dome ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s4 ,no  
"o f9ds  fault ) ! ,pont ,neuf4 ,yet x  
is true t ! ,go?ic ar*itect  %[$        
contempt = facts4 ,s9ce he c\ld n       
support a heavy /one  vault on 8 light  
columns1 he built ! lighte/ possible    
/one  vault & protect$ x ) a wood5      
%elt]-ro( :i* con/antly  burn$4 ,!      
light5$ vaults 7 /ill too heavy = !     
walls &  columns1 s ! ar*itect ?rew out 
buttress beyond buttress re/+  on       
sep>ate f\ndations1 expos$ to extreme   
inequalities ( wea!r1  & liable to      
multipli$ *ances ( accid5t4 ,! results 7
  c]ta9ly disa/r\s4 ,! ro(s burn$2 !    

walls yield$4    ,fly+ buttresses 7 n a 
necessity4 ,! ,m]veille _h none2 !      
,angev9 s*ool r affect$ to d )\t !m2    
,albi _h none2  ,assisi /&s up          
indep5d5t2 b !y did give support :]ev] !
  ar*itect want$ x & n[h]e else2 !y 7   
probably *eap2 &  !y 7 graceful4 ,:atev]
 expression !y gave to a *ur*1 at  lea/ 
x 0 n t ( a =tress4 ,ami5s & ,albi are  
diff]5t  religions4 ,! expression       
conc]ns u2 ! con/ruction conc]ns !      
,beaux ,arts4 ,! problem ( p]man5t      
equilibrium :i* di/resses  ! build] (   
ar*es is a te*nical matt] :i* does n    
worry1  b only amuses1 u :o sit 9 !     
audi5ce & look ) delight at  ! !atrical 
/age-decoration ( ! ,go?ic vault2 !     
a/oni%+  feat ( build+ up a skeleton (  
/one ribs & v]tebrae1 on :i*  e p\nd (  
weight is adju/$1 divid$1 & c>ri$ d[n f 
level to level till x t\*es gr\nd at a  
di/ance z a bird w\ld  alight4 ,if any  
/one 9 any "p1 f apex to f\ndation1     
wea!rs  or gives way1 ! :ole mu/ yield1 
& ! *>ge = repairs is  probably great1  

b1 on ! be/ build+ ! ,ecole des ,beaux  
,arts  c build1 ! *>ge = repairs is n to
 be :olly ignor$1 &  at lea/ ! ,ca!dral 
( ,*>tres1 9 spite ( t]ribly h>d usage1 
is z solid to-day z :5 x 0 built1 & z   
plumb1 )\t crack  or crevice4 ,ev5 !    
t[]+ fragm5t at ,beauvais1 poorly built 
f ! fir/1 :i* has brok5 d[n (t5] ?an mo/
 ,go?ic  /ructures1 & seems ready to    
crumble aga9 :5ev] ! w9d bl[s  ov] its  
w9dy pla9s1 has manag$ to survive1 aft] 
a fa%ion1 six  or sev5 hundr$ ye>s1 :i* 
is all t our g5]ation _h a "r  to ask4  
,! vault ( ,beauvais is ne>ly "o hundr$ 
& sixty feet high 7#dh  metres71 & 0    
*eaply built4 ,! vault ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s  
at ,rome  is ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty    
feet 7#de metres74 ,t ( ,ami5s is  "o   
hundr$ & =ty-f\r feet 7#dd metres74     
,rheims1 ,b\rges1 &  ,*>tres are ne>ly !
 same height2 at ! entrance1 "o hundr$  
& tw5ty-two feet4 ,p>is is "o hundr$ &  
t5 feet4 ,! ,abbe  ,bulteau is          
responsible = ^! measurem5ts2 b at      
,*>tres1 z  9 sev]al v old *ur*es1 !    

nave slopes d[n to ! entrance1          
because--z is said--pilgrims came 9 su* 
sw>ms t !y 7  oblig$ to sleep 9 ! *ur*1 
& ! nave _h to be sluic$ )  wat] to     
clean x4 ,! true height ( ,*>tres1 at ! 
croisee (  nave & transept1 is z ne> z  
possible "o hundr$ & tw5ty  feet 7#cf4ee
 metres74    ,! measur$ height is ! lea/
 int]e/ ( a *ur*4 ,!  ar*itect's bus9ess
 is to make a small build+ look l>ge1 & 
8  failures are 9 l>ge build+s :i* he   
makes to look small4 ,"o  *ief beauty ( 
! ,go?ic is to exagg]ate height1 & "o ( 
its  mo/ curi\s qualities is its success
 9 impos+ an illusion (  size4 ,)\t     
leav+ ! he>t ( ,p>is any "o c /udy ?is  
illusion 9 ! two great *ur*es ( ,notre  
,dame & ,sa9t-,sulpice2  =              
,sa9t-,sulpice is z l(ty z ,notre ,dame 
9 vault+1 & l>g]  9 its o!r dim5sions1  
besides be+1 9 its /yle1 a f9e  build+2 
yet its ,roman ar*es %[1 z if !y 7 ( !  
elev5?  c5tury1 :y ! long1 clean1       
unbrok51 ref9$ l9es ( ! ,go?ic1  curv+  
to po9ts1 & lead+ ! eye ) a sort (      

compulsion to  ! culm9at+ po9t above1   
%\ld h made an ar*itectural  triumph t  
c>ri$ all ,europe (f its feet ) delight4
 ,! _w  _h se5 no?+ to approa* x except1
 p]haps1 9 ! dome (  ,sancta ,sophia 9  
,con/ant9ople2 & ! discov]y came at a   
mom5t  :5 ,europe 0 mak+ its mo/ unit$ &
 desp]ate /ruggle to  atta9 ! k+dom (   
,heav54    ,accord+ to ,viollet-le-,duc1
 ,*>tres 0 ! f9al triumph ( !  exp]im5t 
on a v great scale1 = ,*>tres has nev]  
be5  alt]$ & nev] ne$$ to be /r5g!n$4 ,!
 fly+ buttresses  ( ,*>tres answ]$ _!   
purpose1 & if x 7 n a matt] (  pure     
con/ruction x w\ld be wor? :ile to read 
:at ,viollet-le-  ,duc says ab\t !m     
7article1 ,arcs-b\tants74 ,! vault+     
above  is heavy1 ab\t fifte5 in*es ?ick2
 ! buttress+ _h also to be  heavy2 & to 
light5 x1 ! ar*itect devis$ an amus+    
sort (  arcades1 appli$ on 8 outside    
buttresses4 ,?r\gh\t ! *ur*1  ev]y?+ 0  
solid beyond all lat] cu/om1 s t        
ar*itects  w\ld h to beg9 by a /udy ( ! 
crypt :i* came d[n f !  elev5? c5tury s 

/rongly built t x /ill c>ries ! *ur*    
)\t a crack 9 its walls2 b if we w5t d[n
 into x1 we %\ld  und]/& no?+2 s we w   
beg91 z we did outside1 at !  front4    
,a s+le glance %[s :at tr\ble ! ar*itect
 _h ) ! old  facade & t[]s1 & :at       
temptation to pull !m all d[n4 ,"o  _c q
 say t he has spoil$ 8 own *ur* 9 try+  
to  save :at he c\ld ( ! old1 b if he   
did n q spoil x1 he  sav$ x only by !   
ex]cise ( an am\nt ( intellig5ce t we   
%all nev] le>n en\gh to feel our        
incapacity to und]/&4 ,true  ignorance  
approa*es ! inf9ite m ne>ly ?an any     
am\nt (  k c d1 &1 9 our case1 ignorance
 is =tifi$ by a  c]ta9 elem5t (         
n9ete5?-c5tury indiff]5ce :i* refuses to
  be int]e/$ 9 :at x _c und]/&2 a viol5t
 reaction f  ! ?irte5? c5tury :i* c>$   
little to compreh5d any?+  except !     
incompreh5sible4 ,! ar*itect at ,*>tres 
0 requir$  by ! ,virg9 to provide m     
space = h] wor%ipp]s )9 !  *ur*1 )\t    
de/roy+ ! old portal & fle*e :i* %e     
lov$4 ,t ?is ord] came directly f !     

,virg91 may be tak5  = grant$4 ,at      
,*>tres1 "o sees ev]y:]e ! ,virg91 &    
n[h]e any rival au?ority2 "o sees h]    
give ord]s1 &  ar*itects obey !m2 b v   
r>ely a hesitation z ?\gh !  ar*itect 7 
decid+ = himself4 ,9 8 we/]n front1 !   
ar*itect has obey$ ord]s s lit]ally t he
 has n ev5 tak5  ! tr\ble to apologize =
 leav+ unf9i%$ ! details :i*1  if he _h 
be5 responsible = !m1 w\ld h be5 8      
anxi\s  c>e4 ,he has gone to ! tr\ble ( 
mov+ ! heavy doorways  =w>d1 s t !      
*apels 9 ! t[]s1 :i* 7 meant to op5  on 
a por*1 n[ op5 into ! nave1 & ! nave    
itself has1 9  appe>ance1 two m spans   
?an 9 ! old *ur*2 b ! "w  %[s bl9d      
ob$i5ce1 z ?\gh he 7 do+ 8 be/ to please
  ! ,virg9 )\t try+ to please himself4  
,probably he c\ld 9 no  case h done mu* 
to help ! side aisles 9 _! abrupt       
collision ) ! solid walls ( ! two t[]s1 
b he might at  lea/ h br\ght ! vault+ ( 
8 two new bays1 9 ! nave1  d[n to !     
gr\nd1 & f9i%$ x4 ,! vault+ is awkw>d 9 
^! two bays1 & yet he has tak5 great    

tr\ble to effect :at  seems at fir/ a   
small matt]4 ,:e!r ! great rose w9d[ 0  
an  aft]?\ght or n c nev] be kn[n1 b any
 "o c see ) a  glass1 & bett] on !      
ar*itectural plan1 t ! vault+ (  ! ma9  
*ur* 0 n high en\gh to admit ! great    
rose1 &  t ! ar*itect has _h to slope 8 
two t[]-spans upw>d4 ,s  great is !     
height t y _c see ?is diff]5ce ( level  
v pla9ly ev5 ) a glass1 b on ! plans x  
seems to am\nt  to sev]al feet2 p]haps a
 metre4 ,! ar*itect has manag$ to       
deceive our eyes1 9 ord] to enl>ge !    
rose2 b y c see z  pla9ly z ?\gh he 7 "h
 to tell y1 t1 l a great  g5]al1 he has 
conc5trat$ 8 :ole en]gy on ! rose1      
because  ! ,virg9 has told him t ! rose 
symboliz$ h]self1 & t  ! light & spl5d\r
 ( h] appe>ance 9 ! we/ 7 to r$eem  all 
8 awkw>dnesses4    ,( c\rse ?is idea ( !
 ,virg9's int]f]5ce s\nds to y a  m]e   
bit ( fancy1 & t is an acc\nt :i* may be
 settl$  betwe5 ! ,virg9 & y2 b ev5     
tw5tie?-c5tury eyes c see  t ! rose     
r$eems ev]y?+1 dom9ates ev]y?+1 & gives 

"* to ! :ole *ur*4    ,9 view ( !       
difficulties :i* fac$ ! arti/1 ! rose is
  inspir$ g5ius1--! k9d ( g5ius :i*     
,%akespe>e %[$ :5  he took "s o!r man's 
play1 & adapt$ x4 ,?us f>1 x %[s  its   
p[] *iefly by ! way x comes =w>d & takes
 possession  ( ! we/ front1 b if y want 
a foot-rule to measure by1 y  may m>k t 
! old1 twelf?-c5tury lancet-w9d[s bel[ x
 are  n exactly 9 its axis4 ,at !       
outset1 9 ! orig9al plan (  #ajij1 or   
!reab\ts1 ! old t[]--! s\!rn t[]--0 giv5
  great] wid? ?an ! nor!rn4 ,su*        
inequalities 7 common 9  ! e>ly *ur*es1 
& s is a great deal ( dispute 9 mod]n   
books :e!r !y 7 accid5tal or int5tional1
 :ile no "o  d5ies t !y are amus+4 ,9 ^!
 t[]s ! diff]5ce is n  great1--p]haps   
f\rte5 or fifte5 in*es1--b x caus$ !    
ar*itect to correct x1 9 ord] to fit 8  
front to ! axis (  ! *ur*1 by ?r[+ 8    
entrance six or sev5 in*es to !  s\?1 & 
n>r[+ to t ext5t ! s\? door & s\?       
lancet4  ,! effect 0 bad1 ev5 !n1 & w5t 
f> to ru9 ! s\?  w9d[2 b :51 aft] ! fire

 ( #aaid1 ! ar*itect ins]t$ 8  great    
rose1 fill+ e in* ( possible space      
betwe5 ! lancet  & ! ar* ( ! vault1 he  
made ano!r correction :i* ?rew  8 rose  
six or sev5 in*es out ( axis ) !        
lancets4 ,n "o  p]son 9 a hundr$ ?\s&   
w\ld notice x1 "h 9 ! int]ior1  s       
completely are we "u ! control ( ! arti/
 & ! ,virg92  b x is a measure ( ! p[] (
 ! rose4    ,look+ f>!r1 "o sees t !    
rose-motive1 :i* s dom9ates  ! we/      
front1 is c>ri$ r\nd ! *ur*1 & comes to 
ano!r  outbur/ ( spl5d\r 9 ! transepts4 
,?is leads back to  f5e/ration on a     
great scale1 :i* is a t]ribly ambiti\s  
flight  = t\ri/s2 all ! m1 because "h ! 
t\ri/ gets little  help f ! ar*itect1   
:o1 9 mod]n times1 has seldom !         
opportunity to /udy ! subject at all1 & 
accepts z solv$ !  problems ( e>ly      
,go?ic f5e/ration4 ,"o becomes p$antic &
  pret5ti\s at ! v s\nd ( ! ^w1 :i* is  
an intol]able  piece ( p$antry 9 itself2
 b ,*>tres is all w9d[s1 & its  w9d[s 7 
z triumphant z its ,virg91 & 7 "o ( h]  

miracles4 ,"o c no m ov]look ! w9d[s (  
,*>tres ?an !  glass :i* is 9 !m4 ,we h 
already look$ at ! w9d[s (  ,mantes2 we 
h se5 :at happ5$ to ! w9d[s at ,p>is4   
,p>is  _h at "o leap ris5 tw5ty-five    
feet high] ?an ,noyon1 & ev5  at ,noyon1
 ! ar*itect1 ab\t #aaej1 _h be5 oblig$  
to inv5t new  f5e/ration4 ,p>is &       
,mantes1 tw5ty ye>s lat]1 made ano!r    
ef=t1 :i* prov$ a failure4 ,!n !        
ar*itect ( ,*>tres1 9  #aaie1 add$ t5   
feet m to 8 vault1 & und]took1 once =   
all1  to %[ h[ a great ca!dral %\ld be  
light$4 ,z an ar*itectural  problem1 x  
passes f> beyond our p[]s ( und]/&+1 ev5
 :5  solv$2 b we c always turn to see   
:at ! inevitable ,viollet-  le-,duc says
 ab\t its solution at ,*>tres3--        
,t[>d ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 !    
ar*itect ( !  ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres s\ght  
out entirely new w9d[ comb9ations to    
light ! nave f above4 ,bel[1 9 ! side   
aisles he kept to !  cu/oms ( ! times2 t
 is1 he op5$ po9t$ w9d[s :i* did  n     
:olly fill ! spaces betwe5 ! pi]s2 he   

want$1 or 0  will+ to leave "h bel[1 !  
effect ( a wall4 ,b 9 ! upp]  "p ( 8    
build+ we see t he *ang$ ! sy/em2 he    
?r[s a  r\nd ar* directly across f "o   
pi] to ! next2 !n1 9 !  enorm\s space   
:i* rema9s )9 ea* span1 he ins]ts two   
l>ge  po9t$ w9d[s surm\nt$ by a great   
rose 444 ,we recognize 9 ?is            
con/ruction ( ,notre ,dame de ,*>tres a 
boldness1 a =ce1 :i*  contra/ ) ! fumbl+
 ( ! ar*itects 9 ! ,ile de ,france  &   
,*ampagne4 ,= ! fir/ "t "o sees at      
,*>tres ! build]  deal frankly ) !      
cl]e/ory1 or upp] f5e/ration1 occupy+  !
 :ole wid? ( ! ar*es1 & tak+ ! ar* ( !  
vault z  ! ar* ( ! w9d[4 ,simplicity (  
con/ruction1 beauty 9 =m1  /rong        
workman%ip1 /ructure true & solid1      
judici\s *oice (  mat]ial1 all !        
*>act]i/ics ( good "w1 unite 9 ?is      
magnific5t specim5 ( ar*itecture at !   
beg9n+ ( !  ?irte5? c5tury4             
,viollet-le-,duc does n call att5tion to
 a score ( o!r matt]s  :i* ! ar*itect   
mu/ h _h 9 8 m9d1 su* z !  di/ribution (

 light1 & ! relations ( "o arrangem5t ) 
ano!r3 ! nave ) ! aisles1 & bo? ) !     
transepts1 &  all ) ! *oir4 ,foll[+ him1
 we mu/ take ! *oir  sep>ately1 & !     
aisles & *apels ( ! apse also4 ,"o _c   
hope to und]/& all ! exp]im5ts &        
ref9em5ts ( !  arti/1 ei!r 9 _!         
successes or _! failures1 b1 )          
diffid5ce1 "o may ask "o's self :e!r !  
beauty ( !  arrangem5t1 z comp>$ ) !    
orig9al arrangem5t 9 ,p>is1 did  n      
consi/ 9 reta9+ ! rose-motive ?r\gh\t1  
:ile ?r[+  ! :ole upp] wall into w9d[4  
,triumphant z ! cl]e/ory  w9d[s are1 !y 
owe _! *>m l>gely to _! roses1 z y see  
by look+ at ! same s*eme appli$ on a    
l>g] scale on !  transept fronts2 & !n1 
by tak+ /& "u ! croisee1 &  look+ at all
 9 succession z a :ole4    ,! rose w9d[ 
0 n ,go?ic b ,romanesque1 & ne$$ a great
  deal ( coax+ to feel at home )9 !     
po9t$ ar*4 ,at fir/1  ! ar*itects felt !
 awkw>dness s /rongly t !y avoid$ x     
:]ev] !y c\ld4 ,9 ! beautiful facade (  
,laon1 "o ( !  *ief beauties is ! sett+ 

( ! rose "u a deep r\nd ar*4  ,! we/]n  
roses ( ,mantes & ,p>is are treat$ 9 !  
same way1  al?\gh a capti\s critic might
 compla9 t _! treatm5t is  n s effective
 or s logical4 ,rheims boldly imprison$ 
! roses  )9 ! po9t$ ar*2 b ,ami5s1 t[>d 
#abdj1 took refuge 9 !  same squ>e      
ext]ior sett+ t 0 pref]r$1 9 #abjj1 "h  
at  ,*>tres2 & 9 ! int]ior ( ,ami5s !   
r\nd ar* ( ! rose  is ! la/ vault ( !   
nave1 se5 ?r\gh a vi/a ( po9t$  vaults1 
z x is "h4 ,all ^! are suppos$ to be    
among ! *ief  beauties ( ! ,go?ic       
facade1 al?\gh ! ,go?ic ar*itect1 if he 
_h be5 a man ( logic1 w\ld h clung to 8 
l9es1 & put a  po9t$ w9d[ 9 8 front1 z 9
 fact he did at ,c\tances4 ,he felt  !  
value ( ! rose 9 art1 & p]haps /ill m 9 
religion1  = ! rose 0 ,m>y's emblem4 ,"o
 is fairly sure t ! great  ,*>tres rose 
( ! we/ front 0 put !re to please h]1   
s9ce  x 0 to be always be=e h] eyes1 !  
mo/ conspicu\s object %e  w\ld see f !  
high alt>1 & !re=e ! mo/ c>efully       
consid]$ ornam5t 9 ! :ole *ur*1 outside 

! *oir4 ,! m]e  size proves ! importance
 %e gave x4 ,! ext]ior diamet] is  ne>ly
 =ty-f\r feet 7#ac4cf metres74 ,! nave (
 ,*>tres is1 next  p]haps to ! nave (   
,ang]s1 ! wide/ ( all ,go?ic naves2 ab\t
  fifty-?ree feet 7#af4ca metres72 & !  
rose takes e in* x  c get ( ?is enorm\s 
span4 ,! value ( ! rose1 among          
ar*itects ( ! "t1 0 great1 s9ce x 0 !   
only "p ( !  *ur* t ,vill>d de          
,honnec\rt sket*$2 & s9ce 8 "t1 x  has  
be5 drawn & r$rawn1 describ$ & comm5t$  
by g5]ations  ( ar*itects till x has    
become z classic z ! ,p>!non4    ,yet   
?is ,*>tres rose is solid1 s]i\s1 s$ate1
 to a degree  unusual 9 its own age2 x  
is ev5 m ,romanesque ?an ! pure         
,romanesque roses4 ,at ,beauvais y mu/  
/op a mom5t to look at a  ,romanesque   
rose on ! transept ( ! ,*ur* (          
,sa9t-,eti5ne2  ,viollet-le-,duc m5tions
 x1 ) a draw+ 7article1 ,pignon71 z  n  
e>li] ?an ! ye> #aajj1 !re=e ab\t a     
c5tury e>li]  ?an ! rose ( ,*>tres2 x is
 n prop]ly a rose1 b a :eel (  =tune1 ) 

figures climb+ up & fall+ ov]4 ,ano!r   
suppos$  twelf?-c5tury rose is at       
,etampes1 :i* goes ) t ( ,laon &        
,sa9t-,leu-d',ess]5t & ,mantes4 ,! rose 
( ,*>tres is s mu* !  mo/ s]i\s ( !m all
 t ,viollet-le-,duc has expla9$ x by its
  mat]ial1--! heavy /one ( ,b]*]es2--b !
 mat]ial 0 n  all[$ to affect ! great   
transept roses1 & ! ar*itect made  8    
mat]ial yield to 8 object :]ev] he ?\ght
 x wor? :ile4  ,/&+ "u ! c5tral croisee1
 y c see all ?ree roses by  simply turn+
 y\r head4 ,t on ! nor?1 ! ,rose de     
,france1 0  built1 or plann$1 betwe5    
#abjj & #abaj1 9 ! reign ( ,philip      
,augu/us1 s9ce ! por* outside1 :i* w\ld 
be a lat]  con/ruction1 0 begun by      
#abab4 ,! ,rose de ,france is ! same 9  
diamet] z ! we/]n rose1 b light]1 &     
built ( light]  /one4 ,opposite ! ,rose 
de ,france /&s1 on ! s\? front1  ,pi]re 
,maucl]c's ,rose de ,dreux1 ( ! same    
date1 ) ! same  motive1 b ev5 light]2 m 
l a rose & less l a :eel4  ,all ?ree    
roses mu/ h be5 plann$ at ab\t ! same   

"t1  p]haps by ! same ar*itect1 )9 !    
same work%op2 yet !  we/]n rose /&s q   
ap>t1 z ?\gh x _h be5 especially        
design$ to suit ! twelf?-c5tury facade &
 portal :i* x  rules4 ,:e!r ?is 0 really
 ! arti/'s idea is a "q t  ne$s ! arti/ 
to answ]2 b t ?is is ! effect1 ne$s no  
exp]t to prove2 x />es "o 9 ! face4 ,)9 
& )\t1 "o  feels t ! twelf?-c5tury _s is
 respect$ & pres]v$  ) ! same religi\s  
feel+ :i* oblig$ ! ar*itect to  injure 8
 own "w by sp>+ t ( 8 gr&fa!rs4         
,conspicu\s1 !n1 9 ! we/ front are two  
feel+s3--respect =  ! twelf?-c5tury "w1 
& passion = ! rose f5e/ration2  bo?     
subord9at$ to ! dem& = light4 ,if x     
worries y to h  to believe t ^! ?ree ?+s
 are 9 fact "o2 t !  ar*itect is li/5+1 
l ! /one ,abraham1 = ord]s f !  ,virg91 
:ile he c>esses & sacrifices 8 *ild2 t  
,m>y &  n h] ar*itects built ?is facade2
 if ! div9e int5tion seems  to y a      
ne$less imp]t95ce1 y c soon get free f x
 by  go+ to any ( ! lat] *ur*es1 :]e y w
 n be =c$ to  see any "w b t ( !        

ar*itect's compasses4 ,accord+ to       
,viollet-le-,duc1 ! inspiration ceas$   
ab\t #abej1 or1 z ! ,virg9  w\ld h dat$ 
x1 on ! dea? ( ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile 9      
#abeb4 ,!  "w ( ,*>tres1 :]e h] own h&  
is pla9ly %[n1 belongs 9  feel+1 if n 9 
execution1 to ! la/ ye>s ( ! twelf?     
c5tury 7#aaie-abjj74 ,! great we/]n rose
 :i* gives ! motive  = ! :ole decoration
 & is repeat$ 9 ! great roses ( !       
transepts1 m>ks ! ,virg9's w1--! ta/e & 
k (  cele qui la rose e/ des roses1 or1 
if y pref] ! ,lat9 (  ,adam de          
,sa9t-,victor1 ! h& ( h] :o is ,sup]    
rosam rosida4    ,all ?is is easy2 b if 
y really _c see ! h& ( ,m>y  h]self 9 ^!
 broad & public c\rts1 :i* 7 int5d$1 n  
= h] p]sonal pres5ce1 b = ! use ( h]    
common p1 y  _h bett] /op "h1 & n v5ture
 into ! *oir4 ,great halls  seem to h   
be5 easy ar*itecture4 ,naves & transepts
 7 n  (t5 failures2 facades & ev5 t[]s &
 fle*es are inv>iably  m or less        
successful because !y are m or less     
balanc$1  ma!matical1 calculable        

products ( reason & ?\ght4 ,! mo/  s]i\s
 difficulties began only ) ! *oir1 & ev5
 !n did  n become desp]ate until !      
ar*itect rea*$ ! curve ( !  apse1 ) its 
impossible vault+s1 its complicat$ l9es1
 its  cross-?ru/s1 its d\ble problems1  
int]nal & ext]nal1 its  defective ro(+ &
 unequal light+4 ,a p]fect ,go?ic apse 0
  impossible2 an apse t satisfi$        
p]fectly its pr9cipal objects  0 r>e2 ! 
simple/ & *eape/ solution 0 to h no apse
 at  all1 & t 0 ! ,engli% s*eme1 :i* 0  
tri$ also at ,laon2  a squ>e1 flat wall 
& w9d[4 ,if ! hunt = ,norman t[]s  (f]$ 
a summ]'s amusem5t1 a hunt = apses w\ld 
(f] an  education1 b x w\ld lead f> out 
( ,france4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be  simpl] to 
beg9 at once ) ,sancta ,sophia at       
,con/ant9ople1 ,san  ,vitale at ,rav5na 
& ,monreale at ,pal]mo1 & ! *ur*es at   
,torcello & ,murano1 & ,san ,m>co at    
,v5ice2 & admit t no  device has ev]    
equall$ ! />tl+ & my/ical maje/y ( !    
,byzant9e half-dome1 ) its m>vell\s     
mosaic ,madonna dom9at+  ! *ur*1 f !    

entrance1 ) h] imp]ial & div9e  pres5ce4
 ,un=tunately1 ! nor!rn *ur*es ne$$     
light1 & !  nor!rn ar*itects turn$ _!   
m9ds to a desp]ate ef=t = a  new apse4  
,! s*eme ( ! ca!dral at ,laon seems to h
 be5 reject$  unanim\sly2 ! b>e1 flat   
wall at ! end ( ! *oir 0 an  eyesore2 x 
0 q bad en\gh at ! end ( ! nave1 &      
became  annoy+ at ! end ( ! transepts1 s
 t at ,noyon & ,soissons  ! ar*itect1 ) 
a ke5 s5se ( int]ior =m1 _h r\nd$ !     
transept ends2 b1 ?\gh ext]nal ne$s     
might require a squ>e  transept1 !      
un9tellig5ce ( ! flat wall became       
insuff]able at  ! ea/ end4 ,nei!r did ! 
squ>e *oir suit ! *ur*  c]emonies &     
processions1 or (f] ! same advantages ( 
arrangem5t1 z ! ,fr5* und]/ood !m4 ,) "o
 voice1 !  ,fr5* ar*itects seem to h    
reject$ ! ,laon exp]im5t1 &  turn$ back 
to a solution tak5 directly f !         
,romanesque4    ,illu/ration ) caption3 
,,sa9t-,,m>t9-,,des-,,*amps    ,q       
e>ly--9 ! elev5? c5tury--a :ole gr\p (  
*ur*es _h  be5 built 9 ,auv]gne1--at    

,cl]mont & ,issoire1 = example1--       
possibly by "o ar*itect1 ) a circul>    
apse1 break+ out into  five apsidal     
*apels4 ,t\ri/s :o get d[n z f> s\? z   
,t\l\se  see ano!r example ( ?is        
,romanesque apse 9 ! fam\s ,*ur* (      
,sa9t ,s]n91 ( ! twelf? c5tury2 & few   
critics take (f5ce  at "o's lik+ x4     
,inde$1 z f> z conc]ns ! ext]ior1 "o    
might ev5 risk ?9k+ x m *>m+ ?an !      
ext]ior ( any  ,go?ic apse ev] built4   
,_m ( ^! ,romanesque apses ( !  elev5? &
 twelf? c5turies /ill rema9 9 ,france1  
%[+  !mselves 9 unsuspect$ p>i% *ur*es1 
"h & !re1 b  always a surprise = _!     
quiet1 unobtrusive grace1 mak+ a  h>mony
 ) ! ,romanesque t[]1 if !re is "o1 into
 :i* !y  rise1 z at ,sa9t ,s]n92 b all  
^! *ur*es _h only "o aisle1  &1 9 !     
int]ior1 !re came inv>iable tr\ble :5 ! 
vaults  rose 9 height4 ,! ar*itect (    
,*>tres1 9 #abjj1 c\ld get no  direct   
help f ^!1 or ev5 f ,p>is :i* 0 a       
beautifully  p]fect apse1 b _h no       
apsidal *apels4 ,! e>lie/ apse t  c\ld h

 s]v$ z a sugge/ion = ,*>tres--or1 at   
lea/1 z a  po9t ( obs]vation = u--0 t ( 
! ,abbey ,*ur* ( ,sa9t-                 
,m>t9-des-,*amps1 :i* we w5t to see 9   
,p>is1 & :i* is said  to date f ab\t    
#aaej4    ,"h is a circul> *oir1        
surr\nd$ by two r[s ( columns1          
irregul>ly spac$1 ) circul> *apels      
outside1 :i* seems to  h be5 m or less  
:at ! ar*itect ( ,*>tres1 = !  ,virg9's 
purposes1 _h set 8 he>t on obta9+4      
,closely foll[+  ! s*eme (              
,sa9t-,m>t9-des-,*amps came ! s*eme ( ! 
,abbey  ,*ur* at ,vezelay1 built ab\t   
#aafj-hj4 ,"h ! vault+ sprang  directly 
f ! la/ ar* ( ! *oir1 z is %[n on !     
plan1  & be>+ fir/ on ! light columns ( 
! *oir1 :i* 7  ev5ly spac$1 !n fell on a
 r[ ( heavi] columns outside1 :i*  7    
also ev5ly spac$1 & came to re/ at la/  
on massive pi]s1  betwe5 :i* 7 five     
circul> *apels4 ,! plan %[s at a glance 
t ?is arrangem5t /ret*$ ! second r[ (   
columns f> ap>t1  & t a *ur* mu* l>g]   
?an ,vezelay w\ld ne$ to space !m  s mu*

 f>!r ap>t t ! ar* unit+ !m w\ld h to   
rise  indef9itely2 :ile1 if beyond ?is1 
ano!r aisle 7 add$  outside1 ! pi]s     
f9ally w\ld require impossible vault+4  
,illu/ration ) caption3 ,,vezelay    ,! 
problem /ood ?us :5 ! great ca!drals 7  
und]tak51  & ! ar*itect ( ,p>is boldly  
grappl$ ) ! d\ble aisle on  a scale     
requir+ a new s*eme4 ,"h1 9 spite ( !   
mo/ virtu\s  resolutions n to be        
te*nical1 we mu/ attempt a te*nicality1 
because )\t x1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+       
ecc5tricities (  ,*>tres w\ld be lo/4   
,once m1 ,viollet-le-,duc3--    ,z !    
ar*itect did n want to give ! int]ior   
bays ( ! apse  spaces betwe5 ! columns  
7,,aa7 less ?an t ( ! p>allel bays      
7,,bb71 x foll[$ t ! fir/ radiat+ bay   
gave a fir/ space  7,,lmgh7 :i* 0       
difficult to vault1 & a second space    
7,,hgef7 :i*  0 impossible2 = h[ e/abli%
 an ar* f ,f to ,e8 ,ev5 if  r\nd1 its  
key w\ld h ris5 mu* high] ?an ! key ( ! 
po9t$ ar*ivolt ,,lm4 ,z ! second radiat+
 bay op5$ out /ill  wid]1 ! difficulty 0

 increas$4 ,! build] !re=e ins]t$  ! two
 int]m$iate pill>s ,o & ,p betwe5 !     
columns ( !  second aisle 7,h1 ,g1 &    
,i72 :i* he support$1 9 ! outside wall  
( ! *ur*1 by "o correspond+ pi] 7,q7 9 !
 fir/ bay ( !  apse1 & by two simil>    
pi]s 7,r & ,s7 9 ! second bay4          
,illu/ration ) caption3 ,,notre ,,dame  
,,de ,,p>is    ,!re is no ne$ to po9t   
out1 cont9u$ ,viollet-le-,duc1 z ?\gh   
he mu* suspect$ t !re might be ne$ (    
po9t+ out1 :at  skill ?is sy/em %[$ & h[
 mu* ! art ( ar*itecture _h  already be5
 develop$ 9 ! ,ile de ,france t[>d ! end
 ( !  twelf? c5tury2 to :at an ext5t !  
unity ( arrangem5t &  /yle preoccupi$ ! 
arti/s ( t prov9ce4    ,9 fact1 !       
arrangem5t seems ma!matically &         
te*nically  p]fect4 ,at all ev5ts1 we "k
 too little to criticize x4 ,yet "o     
w\ld mu* l to be told :y x 0 n repeat$  
by any o!r  ar*itect or 9 any o!r *ur*4 
,app>5tly ! ,p>isians  !mselves 7 n q   
satisfi$ ) x1 s9ce !y alt]$ x a  hundr$ 
ye>s lat]1 9 #abif1 9 ord] to build out 

*apels betwe5  ! pi]s4 ,z ! ar*itects ( 
ea* new ca!dral _h1 9 !  int]val1 insi/$
 on apsidal *apels1 "o may v5ture to    
guess t  ! ,p>is s*eme hamp]$ ! s]vices4
    ,at ,*>tres ! *ur* s]vices are      
,m>y's own ta/es2 ! *ur* is  ,m>y2 & !  
*apels are h] private rooms4 ,%e 0 n    
pleas$  ) ! arrangem5ts made = h] 9 h]  
palace at ,p>is2 !y 7  too ar*itectural2
 too regul> & ma!matical2 too popul>2   
too  imp]sonal2 & %e r abruptly ord]$ h]
 ar*itect at  ,*>tres to g back to ! old
 arrangem5t4 ,! apse at ,p>is 0  h>dly  
cov]$ ) its lead+ be=e ! ar*itect (     
,*>tres  adopt$ a totally new plan1 :i*1
 accord+ to ,viollet-le-,duc1 does  him 
little cr$it1 b :i* 0 pla9ly impos$ on  
him1 l !  twelf?-c5tury portal4 ,n only 
_h x no?+ ( ! ma!matical  correctness & 
precision ( ! ,p>is s*eme1 easy to      
und]/&  & imitate1 b x c>ri$ ev5 a sort 
( viol5ce--a wr5*--9  its sy/em1 z ?\gh 
! ,virg9 _h said1 ) h] gr& ,byzant9e    
air3--,i w x6    ,illu/ration ) caption3
 ,,*>tres    ,at ,*>tres1 said          

,viollet-le-,duc1 ! *oir ( ! ,ca!dral   
pres5ts a plan :i* does no great hon\r  
to its ar*itect4 ,!re  is want ( accord 
betwe5 ! circul> apse & ! p>allel sides 
( ! sanctu>y2 ! spac+s ( ! columns ( !  
second  collat]al are loose 7la*es72 !  
vaults q poorly comb9$2 &  9 spite ( !  
great wid? ( ! spaces betwe5 ! columns (
 !  second aisle1 ! ar*itect _h /ill to 
n>r[ ^? betwe5 !  int]ior columns4    ,!
 plan %[s t1 f ! fir/1 ! ar*itect mu/ h 
delib]ately reject$ ! ,p>is s*eme2 he   
mu/ h begun by  n>r[+ ! spaces betwe5 8 
inn] columns2 !n1 ) a sort (  viol5ce1  
he fitt$ on 8 second r[ ( columns2 &1   
f9ally1 he  %[$ 8 motive by con/ruct+ an
 out] wall ( an orig9al or  unusual     
%ape4 ,any woman w\ld see at once !     
secret ( all ?is  +5uity & ef=t4 ,!     
,*>tres apse1 enorm\s 9 size & wid?1  is
 exquisitely light$4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e     
?r\gh\t ! *ur*1  ! w9d[s give ! law1 b  
"h !y actually take place ( law4  ,!    
,virg9 h]self saw to ! light+ ( h] own  
b\doir4 ,accord+  to ,viollet-le-,duc1  

,*>tres diff]s f all ! o!r great        
ca!drals by be+ built n = its nave or   
ev5 = its *oir1  b = its apse2 x 0      
plann$ n = ! p or ! c\rt1  b = ! ,que52 
n a *ur* b a %r9e2 & ! %r9e is !  apse  
:]e ! ,que5 arrang$ h] light to please  
h]self & n  h] ar*itect1 :o _h already  
be5 sacrific$ at ! we/]n portal  & :o _h
 a free h& only 9 ! nave & transepts :]e
 !  ,que5 nev] w5t1 & :i*1 f h] own     
ap>tm5t1 %e did n  ev5 see4             
,illu/ration ) caption3 ,,laon    ,?is  
is1 9 effect1 :at ,viollet-le-,duc says 
9 8 pr(essional  language1 :i* is       
p]haps--or s\nds--m reasonable to       
t\ri/s1  ^: imag9ations are h>dly equal 
to ! ef=t ( fancy+ a real  deity4       
,p]haps1 inde$1 "o might get s high z to
 imag9e a real  ,bi%op ( ,laon1 :o %\ld 
h ord]$ 8 ar*itect to build an  enorm\s 
hall ( religion1 to rival ! imm5se      
abbeys ( ! day1  & to attract ! p1 z    
?\gh x 7 a clubroom4 ,!re !y  7 to see  
all ! great sights2 *ur* c]emonies2     
!atricals2  political functions2 !re !y 

7 to d bus9ess1 & frequ5t  society4 ,!y 
7 to feel at home 9 _! *ur* because x 0 
!irs1 & did n belong to a prie/hood or  
to ,rome4 ,jeal\sy (  ,rome 0 a lead+   
motive ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 & ,rome    
repaid x  9 full4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,laon     
conc$$ at lea/ a transept to cu/om  or  
tradition1 b ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,b\rges      
aboli%$ ev5 !  transept1 & ! great hall 
_h no special religi\s expression       
except 9 ! circul> apse ) its *apels :i*
 ,laon _h  ab&on$4 ,"o c h>dly decide   
:e!r ,laon or ,b\rges is ! m  popul>1   
indu/rial1 political1 or1 9 o!r words1 !
 less  religi\s2 b ! ,p>isians1 z ! plan
 ( ,viollet-le-,duc has  %[n1 7 q z     
advanc$ z ei!r1 & only lat] alt]$  _!   
s*eme into "o t provid$ *apels =        
religi\s s]vice4    ,illu/ration )      
caption3 ,,b\rges    ,illu/ration )     
caption3 ,,ami5s    ,ami5s & ,beauvais h
 ea* sev5 *apels1 b only "o aisle1 s  t 
!y d n belong 9 ! same class ) ! apses (
 ,p>is1  ,b\rges1 & ,*>tres1 ?\gh !     
plans are wor? /udy+ =  comp>ison1 s9ce 

!y %[ h[ _m-sid$ ! problem 01 & h[  f> f
 satisfi$ ! ar*itects 7 ) _! own s*emes4
 ,!  mo/ int]e/+ ( all1 = comp>ison )   
,*>tres1 is ,le ,mans1  :]e ! apsidal   
*apels are c>ri$ to fanaticism1 :ile !  
vault+ seems to be reasonable en\gh1 & !
 d\ble aisle  successfully manag$1 if   
,viollet-le-,duc p]mits ignorant p to   
=m an op9ion on ar*itectural dogma4 ,=  
our purposes1 !  ar*itectural dogma may 
/&1 & ! ,p>is s*eme may be tak5 =       
grant$1 z alone correct & or?odox2 all t
 ,viollet-le-,duc  tea*es is t ! ,*>tres
 s*eme is unor?odox1 n to say  h]etical2
 & ?is is ! po9t on :i* 8 words are mo/ 
int]e/+4    ,illu/ration ) caption3     
,,beauvais    ,! *ur* at ,*>tres belong$
 n to ! p1 n to !  prie/hood1 & n ev5 to
 ,rome2 x belong$ to ! ,virg94 ,"h  !   
religi\s influ5ce appe>s :olly2 ?ree    
l>ge *apels 9 !  apse2 f\r o!rs less    
pron\nc$2 d\ble aisles ( great wid?     
r\nd ! *oir2 va/ transepts6 ,"h ! *ur*  
c]emonial c\ld  display all its pomp2 ! 
*oir1 m ?an at ,p>is1 m ?an at  ,b\rges1

 m ?an at ,soissons1 & especially m ?an 
at ,laon1 is  ! pr9cipal object2 = x1 ! 
*ur* is built4    ,illu/ration )        
caption3 ,,le ,,mans    ,"o :o is       
pa9fully consci\s ( ignorance1 & :o nev]
 w\ld  dream ( sugge/+ a correction to  
anybody1 may n v5ture to  sugge/ an idea
 ( any sort to an ar*itect2 b if x 7    
all[$  to p>aphrase ,viollet-le-,duc's  
words into a m or less emotional  or    
twelf?-c5tury =m1 "o might say1 aft]    
him1 t1 comp>$  ) ,p>is or ,laon1 !     
,*>tres apse %[s ! same g5ius t is  %[n 
9 ! ,*>tres rose2 ! same l>ge m9d t     
ov]rules1--!  same /rong w t defies     
difficulties4 ,! ,*>tres apse is z      
ent]ta9+ z all ! o!r ,go?ic apses       
toge!r1 because x  ov]rides ! ar*itect4 
,y may1 if y really h no imag9ation     
:atev]1 reject ! idea t ! ,virg9 h]self 
made ! plan2 !  feebl5ess ( our fancy is
 n[ cong5ital1 organic1 beyond /imulant 
or /ry*n9e1 & we %r9k l s5sitive-plants 
f ! t\* (  a vision or _s2 b at lea/ "o 
c /ill sometimes feel a  woman's ta/e1 &

 9 ! apse ( ,*>tres "o feels no?+ else4 
,illu/ration ) caption3 ,,*>tres        
,,*apt] ,,viii    ,,! ,,twelf?-,,c5tury 
,,glass    ,at la/ we are face to face )
 ! cr[n+ glory ( ,*>tres4  ,o!r *ur*es h
 glass1--quantities ( x1 & v f9e1--b we 
h be5 try+ to cat* a glimpse ( ! glory  
:i* /&s beh9d  ! glass ( ,*>tres1 &     
gives x quality & feel+ ( its own4  ,=  
once ! ar*itect is useless & 8          
explanations are pitiable2  ! pa9t]     
helps /ill less2 & ! decorator1 unless  
he works 9  glass1 is ! poore/ guide (  
all1 :ile1 if he works 9 glass1 he  is  
sure to lead wrong2 & all ( !m may toil 
until ,pi]re  ,maucl]c's /one ,*ri/     
comes to life1 & condemns !m among !    
unp>donable s9n]s on ! s\!rn portal1 b  
nei!r !y nor  any o!r arti/ w ev] create
 ano!r ,*>tres4 ,y _h bett]  /op "h1    
once = all1 unless y are will+ to feel t
  ,*>tres 0 made :at x is1 n by arti/1 b
 by ! ,virg94    ,if ?is imp]ial pres5ce
 is /amp$ on ! ar*itecture & !          
sculpture ) an en]gy n to be mi/ak51 x  

radiates ?r\gh !  glass ) a light &     
col\r t actually bl9d ! true s]vant  (  
,m>y4 ,"o becomes1 sometimes1 a little  
incoh]5t 9 talk+  ab\t x2 "o is a%am$ to
 be z extravagant z "o wants to be2  "o 
has no bus9ess to lab\r pa9fully to     
expla9 & prove to  "o's self :at is z   
cle> z ! sun 9 ! sky2 "o loses temp]  9 
reason+ ab\t :at c only be felt1 & :at  
ought to be felt  in/antly1 z x 0 9 !   
twelf? c5tury1 ev5 by ! truie qui  file 
& ! ane qui vielle4 ,any "o %\ld feel x 
t wi%es2 any  "o :o does n wi% to feel x
 c let x alone4 ,/ill1 x may be  t n "o 
t\ri/ 9 a hundr$--p]haps n "o 9 a ?\s& (
  ! ,engli%-speak+ race--does feel x1 or
 c feel x ev5 :5  expla9$ to him1 = we h
 lo/ _m s5ses4    ,!re=e1 let u plod on1
 labori\sly prov+ ,god1 al?\gh1 ev5  to 
,sa9t ,b]n>d & ,pascal1 ,god 0 incapable
 ( pro(2 & us+  su* mat]ial z ! books   
furni% = help4 ,x is n mu*4 ,!  ,fr5* h 
be5 %ock+ly neglig5t ( _! greate/       
arti/ic  glory4 ,"o kn[s n ev5 :]e to   
seek4 ,"o mu/ g to ! ,national  ,libr>y 

& beg z a special fav\r p]mission to    
look at !  monum5tal "w ( ,m4 ,la/eyrie1
 if "o wi%es to make ev5 a  beg9n+ ( !  
/udy ( ,fr5* glass4 ,=tunately !re exi/s
 a  fragm5t ( a great "w :i* ! ,gov]nm5t
 began1 b nev]  complet$1 ^u ,*>tres2 & 
ano!r1 q indisp5sable1 b n  (ficial1 ^u 
,b\rges2 :ile ,viollet-le-,duc's article
 ,vitrail  s]ves z guide to ! :ole4     
,ott9's book ,le ,vitrail is  conv5i5t4 
,male's volume ,l',art ,religieux is    
ess5tial4 ,9  ,engli%1 ,we/lake's       
,hi/ory ( ,design is helpful4 ,p]haps1  
aft]  read+ all t is readable1 ! be/    
hope w be to provide !  be/ glasses ) ! 
l>ge/ possible field2 &1 *oos+ an h\r   
:5 ! *ur* is empty1 take seat ab\t      
halfway up ! nave1  fac+ t[>d ! we/]n   
entrance ) a morn+ light1 s t !  glass (
 ! we/]n w9d[s %all n /& 9 direct sun4  
,! glass ( ! ?ree lancets is ! olde/ 9 !
 ca!dral4 ,if  ! portal b5ea? x1 ) !    
sculpture1 0 built 9 ! tw5ty  or ?irty  
ye>s be=e #aaej1 ! glass c\ld n be mu*  
lat]4 ,x  goes ) ! ,abbe ,sug]'s glass  

at ,sa9t-,d5is1 :i* 0 surely  made z    
e>ly z #aadj-ej1 s9ce ! ,abbe 0 a long  
"t at "w on  x1 be=e he di$ 9 #aaeb4 ,_!
 p]fection proves1 :at 8  biograph]     
ass]t$1 t ! ,abbe ,sug] sp5t _m ye>s z  
well z  mu* money on 8 w9d[s at         
,sa9t-,d5is1 & ! speciali/s affirm  t ! 
?ree lancets at ,*>tres are q z good z  
:at rema9s  ( ,sug]'s "w4               
,viollet-le-,duc & ,m4 ,paul ,dur&1 !   
,gov]nm5t  exp]t1 are positive t ?is    
glass is ! f9e/ ev] made1 z f>  z record
 exi/s2 & t ! nor!rn lancet repres5t+ ! 
,tree  ( ,jesse /&s at ! head ( all     
glasswork :atev]4 ,! w9d[s  claim1      
!re=e1 to be ! mo/ spl5did col\r        
decoration !  _w ev] saw1 s9ce no o!r   
mat]ial1 nei!r silk nor gold1 &  no     
opaque col\r laid on ) a bru%1 c comp>e 
) transluc5t  glass1 & ev5 ! ,rav5na    
mosaics or ,*9ese porcela9s are  d>kness
 beside !m4    ,! claim may n be mode/1 
b x is none ( ours4 ,viollet-le-,duc    
mu/ answ] = 8 own s9s1 & he *ose !      
lancet w9d[ ( !  ,tree ( ,jesse = !     

subject ( 8 lecture on glass 9 g5]al1 z 
! mo/ complete & p]fect example ( ?is   
greate/ decorative  art4 ,once m1 9     
foll[+ him1 "o is dragg$1 9 spite ( "o's
  self1 into te*nique1 &1 :at is worse1 
into a col\r _w ^:  te*nique 0 =gott5   
five hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,viollet-le-,duc  
tri$  to recov] x4 ,aft] /udy+ our be/  
,fr5* w9d[s1 he  cauti\sly sugge/s t "o 
might ma9ta91 z _! secret (  h>mony1 t !
 fir/ condition = an arti/ 9 glass is to
 "k  h[ to manage blue4 ,! blue is !    
light 9 w9d[s1 & light has  value only  
by opposition4 ,! radiat+ p[] ( blue is1
  !re=e1 ! />t+-po9t1 & on ?is matt]    
,viollet-le-,duc has  mu* to say :i* a  
/ud5t w\ld ne$ to ma/]2 b a t\ri/  nev] 
%\ld /udy1 or he ceases to be a t\ri/2 &
 x is en\gh  = u if we "k t1 to get !   
value !y want$1 ! arti/s  hat*$ _! blues
 ) l9es1 cov]$ _! surface ) figures  z  
?\gh ) scre5s1 & ti$ _! blue )9 its own 
field  ) n>r[ circlets ( :ite or yell[1 
:i*1 9 _! turn1 7  bead$ to fa/5 ! blue 
/ill m firmly 9 its place4 ,we h  *iefly

 to rememb] ! law t blue is light3--    
,b also x is t lum9\s col\r :i* gives   
value to all o!rs4  ,if y compose a w9d[
 9 :i* !re %all be no blue1 y w  get a  
dirty or dull 7blaf>d7 or crude surface 
:i* ! eye w  in/antly avoid2 b if y put 
a few t\*es ( blue among all  ^! tones1 
y w imm$iately get /rik+ effects if n   
skilfully conceiv$ h>mony4 ,s !         
composition ( blue glass  s+ul>ly       
preoccupi$ ! glasswork]s ( ! twelf? &   
?irte5? c5turies4 ,if !re is only "o r$1
 two yell[s1 two or  ?ree purples1 & two
 or ?ree gre5s at ! mo/1 !re are        
inf9ite %ades ( blue1 444 & ^! blues are
 plac$ ) a v  delicate obs]vation ( !   
effects !y %\ld produce on o!r  tones1 &
 o!r tones on !m4    ,viollet-le-,duc   
took ! w9d[ ( ! ,tree ( ,jesse z 8 fir/ 
illu/ration ( ! rule1 = ! reason t its  
blue gr\nd is "o  cont9u\s /rip f top to
 bottom1 ) ! subord9ate r$ on  ei!r     
side1 & a bord] unit+ ! :ole s pla9ly t 
no "o  c fail to see its object or its  
me?od4    ,! blue tone ( ! pr9cipal     

subject t is to say1 ! gr\nd  ( ! ,tree 
( ,jesse has comm&$ ! tonality ( all !  
re/4  ,?is m$ium 0 necess>y to enable ! 
lum9\s spl5d\r to  display its en]gy4   
,?is prim>y condition _h dictat$ ! r$   
gr\nd = ! prophets1 & ! return to ! blue
 on rea*+ !  outside semicircul> b&4 ,to
 give full value bo? to ! vig\r (  ! r$1
 & to ! radiat+ transp>5cy ( ! blue1 !  
gr\nd  ( ! corn]s is put 9 em]ald gre52 
b !n1 9 ! corn]s  !mselves1 ! blue is   
recall$ & is giv5 an additional solidity
  ( value by ! delicate ornam5tation ( !
 squ>es4    ,?is translation is v free1 
b "o :o wants to "k ^!  w9d[s mu/ read !
 :ole article1 & read x "h 9 ! *ur*1  ! 
,diction>y 9 "o h&1 & b9ocle 9 ! o!r1 = 
!  b9ocle is m important ?an !          
,diction>y :5 x rea*es !  complicat$    
bord] :i* repeats 9 detail ! col\r-s*eme
 ( !  c5tre3--    ,! bord] repeats all !
 tones allott$ to ! pr9cipal subjects1  
b by small fragm5ts1 s t ?is bord]1 ) an
 effect bo?  solid & p[]ful1 %all n ent]
 into rivalry ) ! l>ge  arrangem5ts ( ! 

c5tral p>ts4    ,"o w\ld ?9k ?is simple 
en\gh2 easily te/$ on any illum9at$     
manuscript1 ,arab1 ,p]sian1 or          
,byzant9e2 v]ifi$ by any ,ori5tal  rug1 
old or new2 freely illu/rat$ by any     
,*9ese patt]n on a ,m+  j>1 or cloisonne
 vase2 & (f]+ a k9d ( alphabet = !      
%op-w9d[ ( a ,p>is modi/e4 ,a /rong r$2 
a /rong & a weak  yell[2 a /rong & a    
weak purple2 a /rong & a weak gre51 are 
all to be ti$ toge!r1 giv5 _! values1 & 
held 9 _!  places by blue4 ,! ?+ seems  
simpl] /ill :5 x appe>s t  p]spective is
 =bidd51 & t ^! glass w9d[s ( !  twelf? 
& ?irte5? c5turies1 l ,ori5tal rugs1    
imply a flat  surface1 a wall :i* mu/ n 
be treat$ z op54 ,! twelf?-  c5tury     
glasswork] w\ld soon] h worn a l&scape  
on 8 back  ?an h co/um$ 8 *ur* ) x2 he  
w\ld z soon h  decorat$ 8 floors ) pa9t$
 holes z 8 walls4 ,he want$ to  keep !  
col\r$ w9d[ flat1 l a rug hung on !     
wall4    ,! radiation ( transluc5t      
col\rs 9 w9d[s _c be modifi$  by !      
arti/2 all 8 tal5t consi/s 9 pr(it+ by  

x1 accord+  to a giv5 h>monic s*eme on a
 s+le plane1 l a rug1 b n  accord+ to an
 effect ( a]ial p]spective4 ,d :at y l1 
a  glass w9d[ nev] does & nev] c        
repres5t any?+ b a plane  surface2 its  
real virtues ev5 exi/ only on t         
condition4 ,e  attempt to pres5t sev]al 
planes to ! eye is fatal to ! h>mony  ( 
col\r1 )\t produc+ any illusion 9 !     
spectator 444  ,translucid pa9t+ c      
propose z its object only a design      
support+ z en]getically z possible a    
h>mony ( col\rs4    ,:e!r ?is law is    
absolute y c tell be/ by look+ at mod]n 
glass :i* is mo/ly p]spective2 b1 :e!r y
 l x or n1  ! matt] ( p]spective does n 
ent] into a twelf?-c5tury  w9d[ m ?an   
into a ,japanese picture1 & may be      
ignor$4 ,!  decoration ( ! twelf?       
c5tury1 z f> z conc]ns u1 0  int5d$ only
 = "o plane1 & a w9d[ 0 ano!r =m ( rug  
or  embroid]y or mosaic1 hung on ! wall 
= col\r1--simple  decoration to be se5 z
 a :ole4 ,if ! ,tree ( ,jesse tea*es    
any?+ at all1 x is t ! arti/ ?\ght fir/ 

( controll+  8 light1 b he want$ to d x 
n 9 ord] to dim ! col\rs2  on ! contr>y1
 he toil$1 l a jewell] sett+ diamonds & 
rubies1 to increase _! spl5d\r4 ,if 8   
use ( blue tea*es ?is  lesson1 8 use (  
gre5 proves x4 ,! outside bord] ( !     
,tree  ( ,jesse is a sort ( sample :i*  
our s*oolma/] ,viollet-le-,duc  sets1 f 
:i* he requires u to /udy out ! s*eme1  
beg9n+  ) ! treatm5t ( light1 & end+ ) !
 value ( !  em]ald gre5 gr\nd 9 !       
corn]s4    ,complicat$ z ! bord] ( !    
,tree ( ,jesse is1 x has its mates  9 ! 
bord]s ( ! two o!r twelf?-c5tury w9d[s1 
& a few  ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury 9 ! side    
aisles2 b ! s\!rn (  ! ?ree lancets %[s 
h[ ! arti/s dealt ) a difficulty t      
upset _! rule4 ,! bord] ( ! s\!rn w9d[  
does n c\nt  z x %\ld2 some?+ is wrong )
 x & a little /udy %[s  t ! build]1 & n 
! glasswork]1 0 to blame4 ,ow+ to  8    
miscalculation--if x 0 really a         
miscalculation--9 ! wid?  ( ! s\!rn t[]1
 ! build] economiz$ six or eight in*es 9
  ! s\!rn door & lancet1 :i* 0 en\gh to 

de/roy !  balance betwe5 ! col\r-values1
 z masses1 ( ! s\? & nor?  w9d[s4 ,!    
arti/ 0 oblig$ to *oose :e!r he w\ld    
sacrifice  ! c5tre or ! bord] ( 8 s\!rn 
w9d[1 & decid$ t  ! w9d[s c\ld n be made
 to balance if he n>r[$ ! c5tre1  b t he
 mu/ balance !m by enri*+ ! c5tre1 &    
sacrific+ ! bord]4 ,he has fill$ ! c5tre
 ) m$allions z  ri* z he c\ld make !m1 &
 ^! he has surr\nd$ )  bord]s1 :i* are  
also enri*$ to ! utmo/2 b ^! m$allions  
) _! bord]s spread across ! :ole w9d[1 &
 :5 y  se>* ) ! b9ocle = ! outside      
bord]1 y see its patt]n  cle>ly only at 
! top & bottom4 ,on ! sides1 at int]vals
 (  ab\t two feet1 ! m$allions cov] &   
int]rupt x2 b ?is is  p>tly correct$ by 
mak+ ! bord]1 :]e x is se51 s ri* z  to 
surpass any o!r 9 ! ca!dral1 ev5 t ( !  
,tree (  ,jesse4 ,:e!r ! arti/ has      
succe$$ or n is a "q =  o!r arti/s--or =
 y1 if y please--to decide2 b app>5tly  
he did succe$1 s9ce no "o has ev] notic$
 ! difficulty or !  device4    ,! s\!rn 
lancet repres5ts ! ,passion ( ,*ri/4    

,grant+ to  ,viollet-le-,duc t ! unbrok5
 v]tical col\r-s*eme ( ! ,tree  ( ,jesse
 made ! m effective w9d[1 "o might /ill 
ask :e!r  ! m$allion-s*eme is n ! m     
int]e/+4 ,once pa/ !  work%op1 !re c be 
no "q ab\t x2 ! ,tree ( ,jesse has  !   
lea/ int]e/ ( all ! ?ree w9d[s4 ,a      
g5ealogical tree has  little value1     
arti/ic or o!r1 except to ^? :o belong 9
 its  bran*es1 & ! ,tree ( ,jesse 0 put 
!re1 n to please u1 b  to please !      
,virg94 ,! ,passion w9d[ 0 also put !re 
to  please h]1 b x tells a /ory1 & does 
x 9 a way t has m  novelty ?an !        
subject4 ,! draughtsman :o *alk$ out !  
design  on ! :it5$ table t s]v$ = 8     
sket*-bo>d 0 ei!r a  ,greek1 or _h be=e 
him a ,byzant9e missal1 or enamel or    
ivory4 ,!  fir/ m$allion on ^! leg5d>y  
w9d[s is ! l[] left-h&  "o1 :i* beg9s ! 
/ory or leg5d2 "h x repres5ts ,*ri/     
aft] ! mann] ( ! ,greek ,*ur*4 ,9 ! next
 m$allion is !  ,la/ ,supp]2 ! fi% on ! 
di% is ,greek4 ,9 ! middle ( !  w9d[1 ) 
! help ( ! b9ocle1 y w see a            

,crucifixion1 or  ev5 two1 = on ! left  
is ,*ri/ on ! ,cross1 & on ! "r a       
,desc5t f ! ,cross2 9 ?is is ! figure ( 
man pull+ out  ) p9c]s ! nails :i* fa/5 
,*ri/'s feet2 a figure unkn[n  to ,we/]n
 religi\s art4 ,! ,noli ,me ,tang]e1 on 
! "r1 ne>  ! top1 has a sort ( ,greek   
"*4 ,all ! critics1 especially  ,m4     
,paul ,dur&1 h notic$ ?is ,byzant9e     
look1 :i* is ev5 m  m>k$ 9 ! ,sug] w9d[ 
at ,sa9t-,d5is1 s z to sugge/ t  bo? are
 by ! same h&1 & t ! h& ( a ,greek4 ,if 
!  arti/ 0 really a ,greek1 he has done 
"w m beautiful ?an any  left at         
,byzantium1 & v f> f9] ?an any?+ 9 !    
beautiful  "w at ,cairo1 b al?\gh !     
figures & subjects are m or  less       
,greek1 l ! sculptures on ! portal1 !   
art seems to be  ,fr5*4    ,look at !   
c5tral w9d[6 ,naturally1 !re sits !     
,virg91 )  h] g5ealogical tree on h]    
left1 & h] ,son's te/imony on h]  "r to 
prove h] d\ble div9ity4 ,%e is seat$ 9 !
 long halo2  z1 on ! we/]n portal1      
directly b5ea? h]1 h] ,son is  repres5t$

 9 /one1 ,h] cr[n & head1 z well z t ( !
  ,*ild1 are f\rte5?-c5tury re/orations 
m or less l !  orig9al2 b h] cu%ion$    
?rone & h] robes ( imp]ial /ate1  z well
 z ! fl[]$ sceptre 9 ei!r h&1 are z old 
z !  sculpture ( ! portal1 & r$ol5t ( ! 
fir/ crusade4 ,on  ei!r side ( h]1 !    
,sun & ! ,moon (f] praise2 h] two       
,ar*angels1 ,mi*ael & ,gabriel1 )       
respl5d5t w+s1 (f] n  inc5se z 9 lat]   
times1 b ! two sceptres ( spiritual &   
temporal p[]2 :ile ! ,*ild 9 h] lap     
repeats ,8 ,"m's  action & ev5 h]       
features & expression4 ,at fir/ sight1  
"o  w\ld take = grant$ t all ?is 0 pure 
,byzantium1 & p]haps  x is2 b x has r ! 
look ( ,byzantium galliciz$1 &  c>ri$ up
 to a poetic ,fr5* ideal4 ,at           
,sa9t-,d5is ! little  figure ( ! ,abbe  
,sug] at ! feet ( ! ,virg9 has a v      
,ori5tal look1 & 9 ! tw9 m$allion !     
,virg9 resembles  greatly ! ,virg9 (    
,*>tres1 yet1 = u1 until "s speciali/   
%[s u ! ,byzant9e orig9al1 ! "w is z    
?or\ghly ,fr5* z  ! fle*es ( ! *ur*es4  

,byzant9e art is altoge!r ano!r *apt]1  
&1 if we c\ld b  take a season to /udy x
 9 ,byzantium1 we might get great       
amusem5t2 b ! art ( ,*>tres1 ev5 9      
#aajj1 0 ,fr5* &  p]fectly ,fr5*1 z !   
ar*itecture %[s1 & ! glass is ev5  m    
,fr5* ?an ! ar*itecture1 z y c detect 9 
_m o!r  ways4 ,p]haps ! sure/ evid5ce is
 ! glass itself4 ,! m5 :o  made x 7 n   
pr(essionals b amateurs1 :o may h _h "s 
k ( enamell+1 b :o work$ l jewell]s1    
unus$ to  glass1 & ) ! ref9em5t t a     
reliqu>y or a crozi]  requir$4 ,! co/ ( 
^! w9d[s mu/ h be5 extravagant2 "o  is  
almo/ surpris$ t !y are n set 9 gold r  
?an 9  lead4 ,! ,abbe ,sug] %irk$ nei!r 
tr\ble nor exp5se1 & !  only s]i\s piece
 ( evid5ce t ?is arti/ 0 a ,greek is    
giv5  by 8 biograph] :o unconsci\sly %[s
 t ! arti/ *eat$  him3 ,he s\ght        
c>efully = mak]s ( w9d[s & workm5 9     
glass  ( exquisite quality1 especially 9
 t made ( sapphires 9 great  abundance t
 7 pulv]iz$ & melt$ up 9 ! glass to give
 x  ! blue col\r :i* he delight$ to     

admire4 ,! mat]ia  saphirorum 0 evid5tly
 some?+ preci\s1--z preci\s z crude     
sapphires w\ld h be51--& ! words imply  
beyond "q t  ! arti/ ask$ = sapphires & 
t ,sug] paid = !m2 yet all  speciali/s  
agree t ! /one kn[n z sapphire1 if      
gr\nd1 c\ld  n produce transluc5t col\r 
at all4 ,! blue :i* ,sug] lov$1  & :i*  
is probably ! same z t ( ^! ,*>tres     
w9d[s1  _c be made out ( sapphires4     
,probably ! mat]ia saphirorum  means    
cobalt only1 b :atev] x 01 ! glassmak]s 
seem to  agree t ?is glass ( #aadj-ej is
 ! be/ ev] made4 ,m4 ,paul  ,dur& 9 8   
(ficial report ( #ahha said t ^! w9d[s1 
bo?  arti/ically & me*anically1 7 ( !   
highe/ class3 ,i w  also call att5tion  
to ! fact t ! glass & ! execution (  !  
pa9t+ are1 mat]ially speak+1 ( a quality
 mu* sup]ior to  w9d[s ( ! ?irte5? &    
f\rte5? c5turies4 ,hav+ pass$  sev]al   
mon?s 9 contact ) ^! preci\s works :5 ,i
 copi$  !m1 ,i 0 able to conv9ce myself 
( _! sup]iority 9 e  p>ticul>1          
especially 9 ! upp] p>ts ( ! ?ree w9d[s4

 ,he  said t !y 7 p]fect &              
irreproa*able4 ,! true en?usia/  9 glass
 w\ld 9 ! dep?s ( 8 he>t l to say       
outright t  ^! ?ree w9d[s are wor? m ?an
 all t ! ,fr5* h  s9ce done 9 col\r1 f t
 day to ?is2 b ! matt] conc]ns  u *iefly
 because x %[s h[ ,fr5* ! exp]im5t 01 & 
h[  ,sug]'s ta/e & weal? made x         
possible4    ,c]ta9 x is1 too1 t ! s\!rn
 w9d[--! ,passion--0 made  on ! spot1 or
 ne> by1 & fitt$ = ! p>ticul> space )   
c>e proportionate to its co/4 ,all are  
m>k$ by ! h& ( !  ,*>tres ,virg94 ,!y   
are execut$ n m]ely = h]1 b by h]4  ,at 
,sa9t-,d5is ! ,abbe ,sug] appe>$1--x is 
true t he 0  pro/rate at h] feet1 b /ill
 he appe>$4 ,at ,*>tres no "o--no       
sugge/ion ( a human ag5cy--0 all[$ to   
appe>2 ! ,virg9  p]mitt$ no "o to       
approa* h]1 ev5 to adore4 ,%e is en?ron$
  above1 z ,que5 & ,empress & ,"m1 ) !  
symbols (  exclusive & univ]sal p[]4    
,bel[ h]1 %e p]mitt$ ! _w to  see !     
glories ( h] e>?ly life2--!             
,annunciation1 ,visitation1  &          

,nativity2 ! ,magi2 ,k+ ,h]od2 ! ,j\rney
 to ,egypt2 & !  s+le m$allion1 :i* %[s 
! gods ( ,egypt fall+ f _!  p$e/als at  
h] com+1 is m ent]ta9+ ?an a :ole       
picture-  gall]y ( oil pa9t+s4    ,9 all
 ,france !re exi/ b>ely a doz5 good     
specim5s ( twelf?-  c5tury glass4       
,besides ^! w9d[s at ,*>tres & !        
fragm5ts  at ,sa9t-,d5is1 !re are w9d[s 
at ,le ,mans & ,ang]s & bits at         
,v5dome1 ,*alons1 ,poiti]s1 ,rheims1 &  
,b\rges2 "h & !re "o  happ5s on o!r     
pieces1 b ! e>lie/ is ! be/1 because !  
glass-mak]s 7 new at ! "w & sp5t on x an
 inf9ite am\nt  ( tr\ble & money :i* !y 
f\nd to be unnecess>y z !y  ga9$        
exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 9 #abjj ! value ( ^!     
w9d[s 0 s  well und]/ood1 relatively to 
new ones1 t !y 7 pres]v$  ) ! greate/   
c>e4 ,! ef=t to make su* w9d[s 0 nev]   
repeat$4 ,_! jewell$ p]fection did n    
suit ! scale ( !  va/ *ur*es ( ! ?irte5?
 c5tury4 ,by turn+ y\r head t[>d  !     
w9d[s ( ! side aisles1 y c see !        
criticism :i* !  lat] arti/s pass$ on ! 

old "w4 ,!y f\nd x too ref9$1 too       
brilliant1 too jewel-l = ! size ( ! new 
ca!dral2 !  play ( light & col\r all[$ !
 eye too little repose2 inde$1  ! eye   
c\ld n see _! :ole beauty1 & half _!    
value 0  ?r[n away 9 ?is huge /one      
sett+4 ,at be/ !y mu/ h  seem$ a/ray on 
! bleak1 cold1 w9dy pla9 (              
,beauce1--homesick  = ,pale/9e or       
,cairo1--ye>n+ = ,monreale or ,v5ice1--b
 ?is  is n our affair1 &1 "u !          
protection ( ! ,empress ,virg91  ,sa9t  
,b]n>d himself c\ld h af=d$ to s9 ev5 to
 drunk5ness  ( col\r4 ,) trifl+ exp5se (
 imag9ation "o c /ill cat*  a glimpse ( 
! crusades 9 ! glory ( ! glass4 ,! long]
 "o  looks into x1 ! m ov]p[]+ x        
becomes1 until "o beg9s  almo/ to feel  
an e*o ( :at our two hundr$ & fifty     
million  ari?metical ance/ors1 drunk ) !
 passion ( y\? & !  spl5d\r ( ! ,virg91 
h be5 call+ to u f ,mont-,sa9t-  ,mi*el 
& ,*>tres4 ,no words & no w9e c\ld      
revive _!  emotions s vividly z !y gl[ 9
 ! purity ( ! col\rs2 !  limpidity ( !  

blues2 ! dep? ( ! r$2 ! int5sity ( !    
gre52 ! complicat$ h>monies2 ! sp>kle & 
spl5d\r ( !  light2 & ! quiet & c]ta9   
/r5g? ( ! mass4    ,) too /rong direct  
sun ! w9d[s are said to suff]1 &  become
 a clu/] ( jewels--a delirium ( col\r$  
light4 ,! l9es1  too1 h diff]5t degrees 
( m]it4 ,^! criticisms seldom /rike  a  
*ance travell]1 b he inv>iably makes !  
discov]y t !  designs )9 ! m$allions are
 *ildi%4 ,he may easily correct  !m1 if 
he likes1 & see :at w\ld happ5 to !     
w9d[2 b  al?\gh ?is is ! alphabet ( art1
 & we are pa/ spell+ words  ( "o        
syllable1 ! criticism tea*es at lea/ "o 
lesson4  ,primitive man seems to h _h a 
natural col\r-s5se1 in/9ctive  l ! sc5t 
( a dog4 ,society has no "r to feel x z 
a moral  reproa* to be told t x has     
rea*$ an age :5 x c no long]  dep5d1 z 9
 *ildhood1 on its ta/e1 or smell1 or    
sight1 or  he>+1 or memory2 ! fact seems
 likely en\gh1 & 9 no way  s9ful2 yet   
society always d5ies x1 & is inv>iably  
angry ab\t  x2 &1 !re=e1 "o _h bett] n  

say x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we  c leave        
,delacroix & 8 s*ool to fight out !     
battle !y  began aga9/ ,+res & 8 s*ool1 
9 ,fr5* art1 ne>ly a hundr$  ye>s ago1  
:i* turn$ 9 sub/ance on ! same po9t4    
,+res held  t ! fir/ motive 9           
col\r-decoration 0 l9e1 & t a  picture  
:i* 0 well drawn 0 well en\gh col\r$4   
,society  seem$1 on ! :ole1 to agree )  
him4 ,society 9 ! twelf?  c5tury agre$ )
 ,delacroix4 ,! ,fr5* held !n t ! fir/  
po9t 9 col\r-decoration 0 col\r1 & !y   
nev] hesitat$ to  put _! col\r :]e !y   
want$ x1 or c>$ :e!r a gre5  camel or a 
p9k lion look$ l a dog or a donkey      
provid$ !y got  _! h>mony or value4     
,ev]y?+ except col\r 0 sacrific$ to  l9e
 9 ! l>ge s5se1 b details ( draw+ 7     
conv5tional  & subord9ate4 ,s we laugh  
to see a knight ) a blue face1 on a     
gre5 horse1 t looks z ?\gh drawn by a   
f\r-ye>-old *ild1  & probably ! arti/   
laugh$1 too2 b he 0 a col\ri/1 &  nev]  
sacrific$ 8 col\r = a laugh4    ,we     
t\ri/s assume commonly t he knew no     

bett]4 ,9 our simple  fai? 9 ourselves1 
great hope abides1 = x %[s an e>ne/ness 
h>dly less ?an t ( ! crusad]s2 b 9 !    
matt] ( col\r  "o is p]haps less        
conv9c$1 or m op5 to curiosity4 ,no     
s*ool  ( col\r exi/s 9 our _w to-day1   
:ile ! ,middle ,ages _h a  doz52 b x is 
c]ta9ly true t ^! twelf?-c5tury w9d[s   
break ! ,fr5* tradition4 ,!y _h no      
antec$5t1 & no fit  succession4 ,all !  
au?orities dwell on _! exceptional  "*4 
,"o is sorely tempt$ to suspect t !y 7 9
 "s  way an accid5t2 t su* an art c\ld n
 h sprung1 9 su*  p]fection1 out ( no?+1
 _h x be5 really ,fr5*2 t x mu/  h _h   
its home else:]e--on ! ,rh9e--9         
,italy--9 ,byzantium--  or 9 ,bagdad4   
,! same controv]sy has rag$ = ne> two   
hundr$ ye>s ov] !  ,go?ic ar*1 & ev]y?+ 
else m$iaeval1 d[n to ! philosophy  ( ! 
s*ools4 ,! g5]ation t liv$ dur+ ! fir/ &
  second crusades tri$ a numb] ( orig9al
 exp]im5ts1 besides  captur+ ,j]usalem4 
,among o!r ?+s1 x produc$ ! we/]n       
portal ( ,*>tres1 ) its /atu>y1 its     

glass1 & its fle*e1 z  a by-play2 z x   
produc$ ,abel>d1 ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 &        
,*ri/ian (  ,troyes1 ^: acqua9tance we h
 /ill to make4 ,x took ideas  :]ev] x   
f\nd !m2--f ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,spa91     
,con/ant9ople1  ,pale/9e1 or f ! s\rce  
:i* has always attract$ ! ,fr5*  m9d l a
 magnet--f anci5t ,greece4 ,t x actually
 did take  ! ideas1 no "o disputes1     
except p]haps patriots :o hold t  ev5 ! 
ideas 7 orig9al2 b to mo/ /ud5ts ! ideas
 ne$ to  be acc\nt$ = less ?an ! ta/e ) 
:i* !y 7 h&l$1  & ! quickness ) :i* !y 7
 develop$4 ,t ! ta/e 0  ,fr5*1 y c see 9
 ! ar*itecture1 or y w see if ev] y     
meet ! ,go?ic else:]e2 t x seiz$ &      
develop$ an idea  quickly1 y h se5 9 !  
ar*1 ! fle*e1 ! por*1 & !  w9d[s1 z well
 z 9 ! glass2 b :at we d n compreh5d1 & 
nev] %all1 is ! appetite beh9d all ?is2 
! gre$ = novelty3  ! fun ( life4 ,e "o  
:o has liv$ s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury  has  
felt deep di/ru/ ( e "o :o liv$ be=e x1 
& (  e "o :o believ$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 
,true x is t ! la/  ?irte5?-c5tury arti/

 di$ a long "t be=e our planet began    
its pres5t rate ( revolution2 x _h to   
come to re/1 & beg9  aga92 b ?is does n 
prev5t a/oni%m5t t ! twelf?-  c5tury    
planet revolv$ s fa/4 ,! po9t$ ar* n    
only came z  an idea into ,france1 b x 0
 develop$ into a sy/em (  ar*itecture & 
cov]$ ! c\ntry ) build+s on a scale (   
height nev] be=e attempt$ except by !   
dome1 ) an  exp5diture ( weal? t w\ld   
make a railway sy/em look *eap1  all 9 a
 space ( ab\t fifty ye>s2 ! glass came )
 x1 &  w5t ) x1 at lea/ z f> z conc]ns  
u2 b1 if y ne$ o!r  evid5ce1 y c consult
 ,r5an1 :o is ! highe/ au?ority3 ,"o  ( 
! mo/ s+ul> ph5om5a ( ! lit]>y hi/ory ( 
! ,middle  ,ages1 says ,r5an ( ,av]roes1
 is ! activity ( ! intellectual         
comm]ce1 & ! rapidity ) :i* books 7     
spread f "o end  ( ,europe to ! o!r4 ,! 
philosophy ( ,abel>d dur+ 8  lifetime   
7#aajj-db7 _h p5etrat$ to ! ends (      
,italy4 ,! ,fr5*  poetry ( ! tr\v]es    
c\nt$ )9 less ?an a c5tury  translations
 into ,g]man1 ,sw$i%1 ,norwegian1       

,icel&ic1 ,flemi%1  ,dut*1 ,bohemian1   
,italian1 ,spani%2 & he might h add$ t  
,engl& ne$$ no translation1 b help$ to  
compose ! poetry1 n  be+ at t "t s      
insul> z %e aft]w>ds became4 ,su* or    
su* a "w1 compos$ 9 ,morocco or 9       
,cairo1 0 kn[n at ,p>is &  at ,cologne 9
 less "t ?an x w\ld ne$ 9 our days = a  
,g]man  book ( capital importance to    
pass ! ,rh9e2 & ,r5an wrote ?is  9 #aheb
 :5 ,g]man books ( capital importance 7 
revolutioniz+  ! lit]>y _w4    ,"o is   
apt to =get ! smallness ( ,europe1 & h[ 
quickly x  c\ld always be cross$4 ,9    
summ] wea!r1 ) fair w9ds1 "o c  sail f  
,alex&ria or f ,syria1 to ,sicily1 or   
ev5 to ,spa9 &  ,france1 9 p]fect safety
 & ) ample room = freight1 z easily  n[ 
z "o c\ld d x !n1 )\t ! aid ( /eam2 b "o
 does  n n[ c>ry freight ( philosophy1  
poetry1 or art4 ,! _w /ill  /ruggles =  
unity1 b by diff]5t me?ods1 weapons1 &  
?\ght4  ,! m]cantile ex*anges :i*       
surpris$ ,r5an1 & :i* h  puzzl$         
hi/orians1 7 9 ideas4 ,! twelf? c5tury 0

 z gre$y  = !m 9 "o %ape z ! n9ete5?    
c5tury 9 ano!r4 ,france  paid = !m      
de>ly1 & rep5t$ = c5turies2 b :at       
creates  surprise to ! po9t ( incr$ulity
 is h] hung] = !m1 !  y\?ful gluttony ) 
:i* %e dev\r$ !m1 ! infallible ta/e  )  
:i* %e dress$ !m out4 ,! re/less        
appetite t snat*$  at ! po9t$ ar*1 !    
/one fle*e1 ! col\r$ glass1 !  illum9at$
 missal1 ! *anson & roman & pa/orelle1 !
  fragm5ts ( ,ari/otle1 ! glosses (     
,avic5ne1 0 no?+  comp>$ ) ! g5ius :i*  
in/antly gave =m & fl[] to  !m all4     
,?is episode m]ely means t ! ,fr5*      
twelf?-c5tury arti/ may  be suppos$ to h
 kn[n 8 bus9ess1 & if he produc$ a      
grotesque1 or a gre5-fac$ ,sa9t1 or a   
blue ca/le1 or a syllogism1  or a song1 
t he did x ) a notion ( ! effect he _h 9
  m9d4 ,! glass w9d[ 0 to him a :ole1--a
 mass1--& its details  7 8 amusem5t2 = !
 twelf?-c5tury ,fr5*man enjoy$ 8  fun1  
?\gh x 0 sometimes r heavy = mod]n ,fr5*
 ta/e1  & less ref9$ ?an ! ,*ur* lik$4  
,^! ?ree twelf?-c5tury  w9d[s1 l _!     

contempor>y portal outside1 & ! fle*e t 
goes ) !m1 are ! ideals ( en?usia/s (   
m$iaeval art2 !y  are above ! level (   
all kn[n art1 9 religi\s =m2 !y are     
inspir$2 !y are div9e6 ,?is is ! claim (
 ,*>tres & its  ,virg94 ,actually1 !    
,fr5* arti/1 :e!r ar*itect1 sculptor1 or
  pa9t] 9 glass1 did rise "h above 8    
usual level4 ,he knew x  :5 he did x1 & 
probably he attribut$ x1 z we d1 to !   
,virg92 = ^! works ( 8 7 h>dly fifty    
ye>s old :5 !  re/ ( ! old *ur* 0 burn$2
 & already ! arti/ felt !  virtue gone  
out ( him4 ,he c\ld n d s well 9 #abjj z
 he did 9  #aaej2 & ! ,virg9 0 n s ne>4 
,! pro( ( x--or1 if y pref] to ?9k s1 ! 
pro( aga9/  x--is be=e our eyes on !    
wall above ! lancet w9d[s4 ,:5  ,vill>d 
de ,honnec\rt came to ,*>tres1 he seiz$ 
at once on !  we/]n rose z 8 /udy1      
al?\gh ! two o!r roses 7  probably !re1 
9 all _! beauty & lightness4 ,he saw 9 !
  we/]n rose "s quality ( con/ruction   
:i* int]e/$ him2 &1  9 fact1 ! we/]n    
rose is "o ( ! fl[]s ( ar*itecture  :i* 

reveals its beauties sl[ly )\t end2 b   
its *ief beauty  is ! feel+ :i* unites x
 ) ! portal1 ! lancets1 & !  fle*e4 ,!  
glasswork] "h 9 ! int]ior _h ! same task
 to  p]=m4 ,! glass ( ! lancets 0 fifty 
ye>s old :5 ! glass  = ! rose 0 plann$2 
p]haps x 0 sev5ty1 = ! exact  dates are 
unkn[n1 b x does n matt]1 = ! great] !  
int]val1 ! m int]e/+ is ! treatm5t4     
,:atev] ! date1  ! glass ( ! we/]n rose 
_c be mu* e>li] or mu* lat]  ?an t ( !  
o!r roses1 or t ( ! *oir1 & yet y see   
at a glance t x is q diff]5tly treat$4  
,on su* matt]s  "o mu/1 ( c\rse1 submit 
to ! op9ion ( arti/s1 :i* "o  does ! m  
readily because !y always disagree2 b   
until !  arti/s tell u bett]1 we may    
please ourselves by fancy+ t !  glass ( 
! rose 0 int5d$ to h>monize ) t ( !     
lancets1 & unite x ) ! ?irte5?-c5tury   
glass ( ! nave  & transepts4 ,among all 
! ?irte5?-c5tury w9d[s ! we/]n  rose    
alone seems to affect a rivalry 9       
brilliancy ) ! lancets1  & c>ries x s f>
 t ! sep>ate m$allions & pictures are  q

 lo/1--especially 9 direct              
sun%9e1--bl5d+ 9 a confus$  effect (    
opals1 9 a delirium ( col\r & light1 ) a
 result  l a clu/] ( /ones 9 jewelry4   
,assum+ z "o mu/1 9 want  ( ! arti/'s   
in/ruction1 t he knew :at he want$ to d1
 &  did x1 "o mu/ take = grant$ t he    
treat$ ! rose z a  :ole1 & aim$ at giv+ 
x h>mony ) ! ?ree preci\s  w9d[s b5ea?4 
,! effect is t ( a s+le l>ge ornam5t2 a 
r\nd brea/p91 or :at is n[ call$ a      
sunbur/1 ( jewels1 )  ?ree l>ge p5dants 
b5ea?4    ,we are ignorant t\ri/s1      
liable to mu* error 9 try+ to seek      
motives 9 arti/s :o work$ sev5 hundr$   
ye>s ago = a society  :i* ?\ght & felt 9
 =ms q unlike ours1 b ! m$ieval  pilgrim
 0 m ignorant ?an we1 & mu* simpl] 9    
m9d2 if !  idea ( an ornam5t occurs to  
u1 x c]ta9ly occurr$ to him1 &  /ill m  
to ! glasswork] ^: bus9ess 0 to excite 8
  illusions4 ,an arti/1 if good = any?+1
 =esees :at 8 public  w see2 & :at 8    
public w see is :at he ought to h       
int5d$--! measure ( 8 g5ius4 ,if !      

public sees m ?an he  himself did1 ?is  
is 8 cr$it2 if less1 ?is is 8 fault4 ,no
  matt] h[ simple or ignorant we are1 we
 ought to feel a discord or  a h>mony   
:]e ! arti/ meant u to feel x1 & :5 we  
see a  motive1 we conclude t o!r p h se5
 x be=e u1 &  t x mu/1 !re=e1 h be5     
int5d$4 ,nei!r ( ! transept  roses is   
treat$ l ?is "o2 nei!r has ! effect ( a 
p]sonal  ornam5t2 nei!r is treat$ z a   
jewel4 ,no "o knew s well z !  arti/ t  
su* treatm5t mu/ give ! effect ( a      
jewel4 ,!  ,roses ( ,france & ( ,dreux  
be> indelibly & flagrantly !  "* (      
,france & ,dreux2 on ! we/]n rose is    
/amp$ )  great] ref9em5t b equal        
decision ! "* ( a mu*  great] p[] ?an   
ei!r ( !m4    ,no arti/ w\ld h v5tur$ to
 put up1 be=e ! eyes ( ,m>y 9  ,maje/y1 
above ! w9d[s s de> to h]1 any object t 
%e _h  n h]self comm&$4 ,:e!r a miracle 
0 necess>y1 or :e!r  g5ius 0 en\gh1 is a
 po9t ( casui/ry :i* y c settle )       
,alb]tus ,magnus or ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 & :i* 
y w und]/& z  little :5 settl$ z be=e2 b

 = u1 beyond ! futilities (  unnecess>y 
d\bt1 ! ,virg9 design$ ?is rose2 n      
p]haps 9  q ! same p]fect _s 9 :i* %e   
design$ ! lancets1 b  /ill :olly = h]   
own pleasure & z h] own idea4 ,%e plac$ 
^u ! brea/ ( h] ,*ur*--:i* symboliz$    
h]self--a jewel s  gorge\s t no e>?ly   
maje/y c\ld be> comp>ison ) x1 &  :i* no
 o!r heav5ly maje/y has rivall$4 ,z "o  
wat*es !  light play on x1 "o is /ill   
ov]come by ! glories ( !  jewell$ rose &
 its ?ree gemm$ p5dants2 "o feels a     
little (  ! effect %e meant x to produce
 ev5 on infidels1 ,moors1 &  h]etics1 b 
inf9itely m on ! m5 :o fe>$ & ! wom5  :o
 ador$ h]2--n to dwell too long ^u x1 "o
 admits t h]s  is ! only ,*ur*4 ,"o w\ld
 admit any?+ t %e %\ld  require4 ,if y  
_h only ! s\l ( a %rimp1 y w\ld crawl1 l
  ! ,abbe ,sug]1 to kiss h] feet4       
,un=tunately %e is gone1 or comes "h n[ 
s v r>ely t we  nev] %all see h]2 b h]  
g5ius rema9s z individual "h z  ! g5ius 
( ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile & ,pi]re de ,dreux 9
 !  transepts4 ,t ! ?ree lancets 7 h]   

own ta/e1 z di/9ctly  z ! ,trianon 0 !  
ta/e ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 is self-evid5t4 ,!y 
repres5t all t 0 de>e/ to h]2 h] ,son's 
glory on h] "r2  h] own beautiful life 9
 ! middle2 h] royal ance/ry on h]  left3
 ! /ory ( h] div9e "r1 ?rice-told4 ,!   
pictures are  all p]sonal1 l family     
portraits4 ,above !m ! man :o work$  9  
#abjj to c>ry out ! h>mony1 & to satisfy
 ! ,virg9's  wi%es1 has fill$ 8 rose ) a
 doz5 or two little compositions  9     
glass1 :i* reveal _! subjects only to ! 
be/ p[]s ( a  b9ocle4 ,look+ c>efully1  
"o discov]s at la/ t ?is gorge\s        
comb9ation ( all ! hues ( ,p>adise      
conta9s or hides a ,la/  ,judgm5t--! "o 
subject c>efully exclud$ f ! old "w1 &  
probably n exi/+ on ! s\? portal = ano!r
 tw5ty ye>s4  ,if ! s*eme ( ! we/]n rose
 dates f #abjj1 z is reasonable  to     
suppose1 ?is ,la/ ,judgm5t is ! olde/ 9 
! *ur*1 &  makes a l9k betwe5 ! !ology (
 ! fir/ crusade1 b5ea?1 &  ! !ology (   
,pi]re ,maucl]c 9 ! s\? por*4 ,! *ur*man
 is  ! only true & f9al judge on 8 own  

doctr9e1 & we nei!r  "k nor c>e to "k ! 
facts2 b we are z good judges z he (  ! 
feel+1 & we are at full lib]ty to feel t
 su* a ,la/  ,judgm5t z ?is 0 nev] se5  
be=e or s9ce by *ur*man or  h]etic1     
unless by virtue ( ! h]esy :i* held t ! 
true  ,*ri/ian mu/ be happy 9 be+ damn$ 
s9ce su* is ! w (  ,god4 ,t ?is blaze ( 
heav5ly light 0 int5d$1 ei!r by !       
,virg9 or by h] workm51 to convey ideas 
( t]ror or pa91 is a  notion :i* ! ,*ur*
 might possibly prea*1 b :i* we s9n]s   
knew to be false 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury z   
well z we "k x  n[4 ,nev] 9 all ^! sev5 
hundr$ ye>s has "o ( u look$ up  at ?is 
rose )\t feel+ x to be ,our ,lady's     
promise (  ,p>adise4    ,"h z ev]y:]e   
else ?r\gh\t ! *ur*1 "o feels !         
,virg9's pres5ce1 ) no o!r ?\ght ?an h] 
maje/y & grace4  ,to ! ,virg9 & to h]   
suppliants1 z to u1 :o ?\gh outca/s  9  
o!r *ur*es c /ill hope 9 h]s1 ! ,la/    
,judgm5t 0 n  a symbol ( ,god's ju/ice  
or man's corruption1 b ( h] own  inf9ite
 m]cy4 ,! ,tr9ity judg$1 ?r\gh          

,*ri/2--,*ri/ lov$  & p>don$1 ?r\gh h]4 
,%e wield$ ! la/ & highe/ p[] on  e>? & 
9 hell4 ,9 ! gl[ & beauty ( h] nature1 !
 light  ( h] ,son's inf9ite love %one z 
! sunlight ?r\gh ! glass1  turn+ ! ,la/ 
,judgm5t itself into ! highe/ pro( ( h] 
div9e & supreme au?ority4 ,! rude/      
ruffian ( ! ,middle ,ages1  :5 he look$ 
at ?is ,la/ ,judgm5t1 laugh$2 = :at 0 ! 
,la/  ,judgm5t to h]6 ,an ornam5t1 a    
play?+1 a pleasure6 a jewell$           
decoration :i* %e wore on h] brea/6 ,h] 
*ief joy 0 to  p>don2 h] et]nal in/9ct 0
 to love2 h] deepe/ passion 0  pity6 ,on
 h] imp]ial he>t ! flames ( hell %[$    
only !  opal9e col\rs ( heav54 ,*ri/ !  
,tr9ity might judge z mu* z  ,he pleas$1
 b ,*ri/ ! ,"m w\ld rescue2 & h] s]vants
  c\ld look boldly into ! flames4    ,if
 y1 or ev5 our fri5ds ! prie/s :o /ill  
s]ve ,m>y's  %r9e1 suspect t !re is "s  
exagg]ation 9 ?is language1 x  w only   
oblige y to admit pres5tly t !re is     
none2 b =  ! mom5t we are busy ) glass r
 ?an ) fai?1 & !re  is a _w ( glass "h  

/ill to /udy4 ,te*nically1 we are done  
) x4 ,! te*nique ( ! ?irte5? c5tury     
comes naturally &  only too easily out (
 t ( ! twelf?4 ,arti/ically1 ! motive   
rema9s ! same1 s9ce x is always !       
,virg92 b al?\gh !  ,virg9 ( ,*>tres is 
always ! ,virg9 ( ,maje/y1 !re are      
degrees 9 ! ass]tion ( h] maje/y ev5 "h1
 :i* affect !  art1 & qualify its feel+4
 ,be=e /epp+ d[n to ! ?irte5?  c5tury1  
"o %\ld look at ^! *anges ( ! ,virg9's  
royal  pres5ce4    ,fir/ & mo/ important
 z record is ! /one ,virg9 on ! s\?     
door ( ! we/]n portal1 :i* we /udi$1 )  
h] ,byzant9e  ,c\rt2 & ! second1 also 9 
/one1 is ( ! same p]iod1 on "o  ( ! c>v$
 capitals ( ! portal1 repres5t+ !       
,adoration (  ! ,magi4 ,! ?ird is !     
glass ,virg9 at ! top ( ! c5tral        
lancet4 ,all ?ree are und\bt$           
twelf?-c5tury "w2 & y c  see ano!r at   
,p>is1 on ! same door ( ,notre ,dame1 & 
/ill m  on ,abbe ,sug]'s w9d[ at        
,sa9t-,d5is1 &1 lat]1 )9 a  beautiful   
grisaille at ,aux]re2 b all repres5t !  

same figure2 a  ,que51 en?ron$1 cr[n$1 )
 ! symbols ( royal p[]1 hold+  9 h] lap 
! infant ,k+ ^: gu>dian %e is4 ,)\t     
pret5d+  to "k :at special cr[n %e be>s1
 we c assume1 till correct$1  t x is !  
,c>lov+ian imp]ial1 n ! ,byzant9e4 ,!   
,tr9ity  n[h]e appe>s except z impli$ 9 
! ,*ri/4 ,at ! utmo/1 a  my/ic h& may   
symbolize ! ,fa!r4 ,! ,virg9 z repres5t$
 by  ! arti/s ( ! twelf? c5tury 9 ! ,ile
 de ,france & at  ,*>tres seems to be   
:olly ,fr5* 9 spite ( ! ,greek atmosph]e
  ( h] workman%ip4 ,"o might almo/ insi/
 t %e is blonde1 full  9 face1 l>ge 9   
figure1 dazzl+ly beautiful1 & n m ?an   
?irty ye>s ( age4 ,! ,*ild nev] seems to
 be m ?an five4    ,y are equally free  
to see a ,s\!rn or ,ea/]n type 9 h]     
face1  & p]haps ! glass sugge/s a d>k   
type1 b ! face ( !  ,virg9 on ! c5tral  
lancet is a f\rte5?-c5tury re/oration   
:i* may or may n reproduce ! orig9al1   
:ile all ! o!r  ,virg9s repres5t$ 9     
glass1 except "o1 belong to ! ?irte5?   
c5tury4 ,! possible exception is a      

well-kn[n figure call$ ,notre-          
,dame-de-la-,belle-,v]ri]e 9 ! *oir next
 ! s\? transept4 ,a  /range1 almo/      
uncanny feel+ seems to haunt ?is w9d[1  
height5$ by ! v5]ation 9 :i* x 0 long   
held z a %r9e1  ?\gh x is n[ des]t$ =   
,notre-,dame-du-,pili] on ! opposite    
side ( ! *oir4 ,! *>m is p>tly due to ! 
beauty ( !  s*eme ( ! angels1 support+1 
salut+1 & inc5s+ ! ,virg9  & ,*ild )    
s+ul> grace & exquisite feel+1 b r t  ( 
! ?irte5? ?an ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,"h1   
too1 ! face  ( ! ,virg9 is n anci5t4    
,app>5tly ! orig9al glass 0  injur$ by  
"t or accid5t1 & ! col\rs 7 cov]$ or    
r5ew$  by a simple draw+ 9 oil4 ,else:]e
 ! col\r is ?\ght to be  p>ticul>ly     
good1 & ! w9d[ is a fav\rite m9e (      
motives =  arti/s to exploit1 b to u its
 *ief int]e/ is its s+ul>  dep? ( feel+4
 ,! ,empress ,"m sits full-face1 on a   
ri*  ?rone & dais1 ) ! ,*ild on h] lap1 
repeat+ h] attitude  except t h] h&s    
support ,8 %\ld]s4 ,%e we>s h] cr[n2  h]
 feet re/ on a /ool1 & bo? /ool1 rug1   

robe1 & ?rone are  z ri* z col\r &      
decoration c make !m4 ,at la/ a dove    
appe>s1 ) ! rays ( ! ,holy ,gho/4       
,imp]ial z ! ,virg9 is1  x is no long] q
 ! unlimit$ empire ( ! we/]n lancet4  ,!
 aureole encircles h] head only2 %e     
holds no sceptre2 ! ,holy  ,gho/ seems  
to give h] support :i* %e did n ne$     
be=e1 :ile  ,sa9t ,gabriel & ,sa9t      
,mi*ael1 h] ar*angels1 ) _! symbols  (  
p[]1 h disappe>$4 ,exquisite z ! angels 
are :o surr\nd  & be> up h] ?rone1 !y   
ass]t no au?ority4 ,! w9d[ itself  is n 
a s+le composition2 ! panels bel[ seem  
ins]t$ lat]  m]ely to fill up ! space2  
six repres5t ! ,m>riage ( ,cana1 &  !   
?ree at ! bottom %[ a grotesque little  
demon tempt+  ,*ri/ 9 ! ,des]t4 ,!      
effect ( ! :ole1 9 ?is angle :i*  is    
almo/ always d>k or fill$ ) %ad[1 is    
deep & sad1 z  ?\gh ! ,empress felt h]  
au?ority fail1 & _h come d[n f  ! we/]n 
portal to reproa* u = neglect4 ,! face  
is haunt+4  ,p]haps its =ce may be due  
to ne>ness1 = ?is is ! only  in/ance 9  

glass ( h] desc5d+ s l[ t we c almo/ t\*
  h]1 & see :at ! twelf? c5tury         
in/9ctively felt 9 !  features :i*1 ev5 
9 _! beatitude1 7 s]i\s & almo/ sad  "u 
! au/]e responsibilities ( inf9ite pity 
& p[]4    ,no d\bt ! w9d[ is v old1 or  
p]haps an imitation or  reproduction (  
"o :i* 0 mu* old]1 b to ! pilgrim its   
int]e/ lies mo/ly 9 its p]sonality1 &   
!re x /&s alone4  ,al?\gh ! ,virg9      
reappe>s aga9 & aga9 9 ! l[] w9d[s1-  -z
 9 ^? on ei!r side ( ! ,belle-,v]ri]e2 9
 ! remnant (  w9d[ repres5t+ h] miracles
 at ,*>tres1 9 ! s\? aisle  next !      
transept2 9 ! fifte5?-c5tury w9d[ ( !   
*apel (  ,v5dome :i* foll[s2 & 9 ! ?ird 
w9d[ :i* foll[s t (  ,v5dome & repres5ts
 h] coronation1--%e does n %[ h]self    
aga9 9 all h] maje/y till we look up to 
! high w9d[s above4  ,!re we %all f9d h]
 9 h] spl5d\r on h] ?rone1 above !  high
 alt>1 & /ill m conspicu\sly 9 ! ,rose (
 ,france 9  ! nor? transept4 ,/ill aga9 
%e is en?ron$ 9 ! fir/ w9d[  ( ! *oir   
next ! nor? transept4 ,else:]e we c see 

h]  /&+1 b nev] does %e come d[n to u 9 
! full spl5d\r  ( h] pres5ce4 ,yet :]ev]
 we f9d h] at ,*>tres1 & (  :atev]      
p]iod1 %e is always ,que54 ,h]          
expression & attitude  are always calm &
 comm&+4 ,%e nev] calls = sympa?y by    
hy/]ical appeals to our feel+s2 %e does 
n ev5 altoge!r  comm&1 b r accepts !    
volunt>y1 unque/ion+1  unhesitat+1      
in/9ctive fai?1 love1 & devotion (      
mank9d4 ,%e  w accept ours1 & we h n !  
he>t to refuse x2 we h  n ev5 ! "r1 = we
 are h] gue/s4        ,,*apt] ,,ix      
,,! ,,leg5d>y ,,w9d[s    ,"o's fir/     
visit to a great ca!dral is l "o's fir/ 
visit to  ! ,briti% ,museum2 ! only     
intellig5t idea is to foll[ ! ord]  (   
"t1 b ! museum is a *aos 9 "t1 & !      
ca!dral is  g5]ally all ( "o & ! same   
"t4 ,at ,*>tres1 aft] f9i%+  ) ! twelf? 
c5tury1 ev]y?+ is ( ! ?irte5?4 ,to cat* 
ev5 an ord] 9 "t1 "o mu/ fir/ "k :at "p 
( !  ?irte5?-c5tury *ur* 0 olde/4 ,!    
books say x 0 !  *oir4 ,aft] ! fire (   
#aaid1 ! pilgrims us$ ! great crypt z  a

 *ur* :]e s]vices 7 ma9ta9$2 b ! build]s
 mu/ h  begun ) ! c5tral pi]s & ! *oir1 
because ! *oir 0  ! only ess5tial "p ( !
 *ur*4 ,nave & transepts might be       
suppress$1 b )\t a *oir ! *ur* 0        
useless1 & 9 a  %r9e1 su* z ,*>tres1 !  
*oir 0 ! :ole *ur*4 ,t[>d !  *oir1 !n1 !
 prie/ or arti/ looks fir/2 &1 s9ce     
dates are  useful1 ! *oir mu/ be dat$4  
,! same popul> en?usiasm1 :i*  _h brok5 
out 9 #aade1 reviv$ 9 #aaie to help !   
rebuild+2 &  ! "w 0 press$ =w>d ) ! same
 fev]i% ha/e1 s t  t5 ye>s %\ld h be5   
ample to provide = ! *oir1 if =  no?+ m2
 & s]vices may h be5 resum$ !re z e>ly z
  ! ye> #abjf2 c]ta9ly 9 #abaj4         
,probably ! w9d[s 7 design$  & put 9 h& 
z soon z ! ar*itect gave ! measurem5ts1 
&  any "o :o int5d$ to give a w9d[ w\ld 
h be5 apt to *oose  "o ( ! spaces 9 !   
apse1 9 ,m>y's own pres5ce1 next !      
sanctu>y4    ,! fir/ ( ! *oir w9d[s to  
dem& a date is ! ,belle-  ,v]ri]e1 :i*  
is commonly class$ z e>ly               
?irte5?-c5tury1 &  may g ) ! two w9d[s  

next x1 "o ( :i*--! s-call$  ,zodiac    
w9d[--be>s a s+ul>ly int]e/+            
inscription3 ,,comes  ,,teobaldus       
,,dat444,,ad ,,preces ,,comixis         
,,ptic5sis4 ,if ,%akespe>e c\ld  write !
 trag$y ( ,k+ ,john1 we _c admit        
ourselves n to  h read x1 & ?is         
inscription might be a "p ( ! play4 ,!  
pagus p]tic5sis lies a %ort drive to !  
we/1 "s fifte5 or  tw5ty miles on ! road
 to ,le ,mans1 & 9 hi/ory is kn[n z !   
,comte du ,p]*e1 al?\gh its memory is n[
 pres]v$ *iefly by its  fam\s bre$ (    
,p]*]on horses4 ,probably ! horse also  
dates f  ! crusades1 & may h c>ri$      
,ri*>d ,coeur-de-,lion1 b 9 any  case ! 
c\nt ( t day 0 a vassal ( ,ri*>d1 & "o (
 8  intimate fri5ds1 ^: memory is       
pres]v$ =ev] by a s+le l9e  9 ,ri*>d's  
prison-song3--        ,mes compaignons  
cui j'amoie et cui j'aim1       ,ces d\ 
,caheu et ces d\ ,p]*]a94      ,9 #aaid1
 :5 ,ri*>d ,coeur-de-,lion wrote ^!     
v]ses1 ! ,comte du  ,p]*e 0 ,ge(frey    
,,iii1 :o _h be5 a companion ( ,ri*>d on

 8  crusade 9 #aaib1 :]e1 accord+ to !  
,*ronicle1 he %ew$  himself b a timid   
man2 :i* seems sc>cely likely 9 a       
companion  ( ,ri*>d2 b x is n ( him t ! 
,*>tres w9d[ speaks1  except z ! son (  
,mahaut or ,matilda ( ,*ampagne :o 0 a  
si/]  ( ,alix ( ,*ampagne1 ,que5 (      
,france4 ,! ,table %[s1 !re=e1  t       
,ge(froi's son & successor z ! ,comte du
 ,p]*e--,?omas--  0 second c\s9 ( ,l\is 
! ,lion1 kn[n z ,k+ ,l\is ,,viii (      
,france4 ,!y 7 probably ( mu* ! same    
age4    ,if ?is 7 all1 "o might c>ry x 9
 "o's head = a :ile1 b  ! relation%ip   
:i* dom9ates ! hi/ory ( ?is p]iod 0 t  (
 all ^! great rul+ families ) ,ri*>d    
,coeur-de-,lion &  8 bro!r ,john1       
nicknam$ ,lackl&1 bo? ( :om 9 succession
  7 ! mo/ p[]ful ,fr5*m5 9 ,france4 ,!  
,table %[s t  _! "m ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne1 
! fir/ ,que5 ( ,l\is ,,vii1 bore  him   
two daught]s1 "o ( :om1 ,alix1 m>ri$1   
ab\t #aafd1 ! ,c\nt  ,?ibaut ( ,*>tres &
 ,blois1 :ile ! o!r1 ,m>y1 m>ri$ !      
great ,c\nt ( ,*ampagne4 ,bo? ( !m be+  

half-si/]s ( ,coeur-  de-,lion & ,john1 
_! *ildr5 7 nephews or half-nephews1    
indiscrim9ately1 ( all ! reign+ mon>*s1 
& ,coeur-de-,lion  immortaliz$ "o ( !m  
by a l9e 9 8 prison-song1 z he          
immortaliz$ ,le ,p]*e3--        ,je nel 
di pas de celi de ,*>ta91         ,la   
m]e ,loeis4      ,loeis1 !re=e1 or ,c\nt
 ,l\is ( ,*atres1 0 n only nephew  (    
,coeur-de-,lion & ,john ,lackl&1 b 0    
also1 l ,c\nt ,?omas  ( ,le ,p]*e1 a    
second c\s9 ( ,l\is ,,viii4 ,feudally & 
p]sonally  he 0 directly atta*$ to      
,coeur-de-,lion r ?an to ,philip        
,augu/us4    ,if society 9 ! twelf?     
c5tury c\ld foll[ ! effects ( ^!        
relation%ips1 p]sonal & feudal1 x 0     
clev]] ?an society 9  ! tw5tie?2 b s mu*
 is simple3 ,l\is ( ,france1 ,?ibaut (  
,*>tres1 & ,?omas ( ,le ,p]*e1 7 c\s9s &
 close fri5ds 9  ! ye> #abae1 & all 7   
devot$ to ! ,virg9 ( ,*>tres4  ,judg+ f 
! "* ( ,l\is's future que51 ,blan*e (   
,ca/ile1 _! wives 71 if possible1 m     
devot$ /ill2 & 9  t ye> ,blan*e gave    

bir? to ,sa9t ,l\is1 :o seems to h be5  
! mo/ devot$ ( all4    ,mean:ile _!     
fav\rite uncle1 ,coeur-de-,lion1 _h di$ 
9 ! ye>  #aaii4 ,?ibaut's great-gr&mo!r1
 ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne1 di$ 9 #abjb4  ,k+  
,john1 left to himself1 rapidly         
accumulat$ enemies innum]able1  abroad &
 at home4 ,9 #abjc1 ,philip ,augu/us    
confiscat$ all !  fiefs he held f !     
,fr5* ,cr[n1 & 9 #abjd seiz$ ,norm&y4   
,john sank rapidly f worse to wor/1     
until at la/ ! ,engli%  b>ons rose & =c$
 him to grant _! ,magna ,c>ta at        
,runnim$e  9 #abae4    ,! ye> #abae 01  
!re=e1 a ye> to be rememb]$ at ,*>tres1 
z at ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el2 "o ( ! mo/     
conv5i5t dates 9  hi/ory4 ,e "o is      
suppos$1 ev5 n[1 to "k :at happ5$  !n1  
to give ano!r viol5t wr5* to society1 l 
! ,norman  ,conque/ 9 #ajff4 ,john turn$
 on ! b>ons & broke !m d[n2  !y s5t to  
,g5ealogical *>t %[+ ! relation%ips     
among ,engl&1  ,*ampagne & ,*>tres &    
,france & ,la ,p]*e4    ,france = help1 
& (f]$ ! cr[n ( ,engl& to "y ,l\is1  ^: 

fa!r1 ,philip ,augu/us1 call$ a c\ncil  
:i* pl$g$  support to ,l\is4 ,naturally 
! ,comte du ,p]*e & ! ,comte de  ,*>tres
 mu/ h pl$g$ _! support1 among ! =emo/1 
to g  ) ,l\is to ,engl&4 ,he 0 !n       
tw5ty-n9e ye>s old2 !y 7  probably      
some:at y\ng]4    ,! ,zodiac w9d[1 ) its
 inscription1 0 ! imm$iate result4  ,!  
usual au?ority t figures 9 ! hi/ories is
 ,rog] (  ,w5dov]1 b mu* ! m amus+ = our
 purpose is a g>rul\s  ,fr5*man kn[n z !
 ,m5e/rel de ,rheims :o wrote "s fifty  
ye>s lat]4 ,aft] tell+ 9 8 delightful   
?irte5?-c5tury  ,fr5*1 h[ ! ,engli%     
b>ons s5t ho/ages to ,l\is1 et mes sires
  ,l\eys les fit bi5 g>deir et          
hon\rablem5t1 ! ,m5e/rel  cont9u$3--    
,et assembla granz g5z p> am\rs1 et p>  
d5i]s1 et p> lignage4  ,et fu avec lui  
li cu5s d\ ,p]*e1 et li cu5s de ,mont=t1
 et li  cu5s de ,*>tres1 et li cu5s de  
,monble>t1 et mes sires ,enjorrans  de  
,c\ci1 et m\t d'autre grant seigneur    
dont je ne p>ole mie4    ,! ,comte de   
,*>tres1 !re=e1 may be suppos$ to h gone

 )  ! ,comte du ,p]*e1 & to h witness$ !
 disa/] at ,l9coln  :i* took place ,may 
#bj1 #abag1 aft] ,k+ ,john's dea?3--    
,et li cu5s d\ ,p]*e faisait            
l'avantg>de1 et c\rut t\t leiz des      
portes2 et la g>nisons de lai5z issi    
hors et leur c\rur5t sus2  et i ot      
asseiz trait et lancie2 et *evaus morz  
et *evali]s  abatuz1 et g5t a pie morz  
et navreiz4 ,et li cu5s d\ ,p]*e i fu   
morz p> un ribaut qui li leva le pan d\ 
haub]c1 et l'oci/ d'un  c\tel2 et fu    
desconfite l'avantg>de p> la mort le    
conte4 ,et quant  mes sires ,l\eys le   
sot1 si ot graigneur duel qu'il eu/     
onques1 c>  il e/oit ses pro*a9s ami de 
*>4    ,su* language w\ld be spoil$ by  
translation4 ,= u x is en\gh  to "k t ! 
ribaut :o lift$ ! pan1 or skirt1 ( !    
,c\nt's haub]c or coat-(-mail1 z he sat 
on 8 horse refus+  to surr5d] to ,engli%
 traitors1 & /abb$ him f bel[ ) a       
knife1 may h be5 an inv5tion ( !        
,m5e/rel2 or ! knight  :o pi]c$ ) 8     
lance ?r\gh ! visor to ! bra91 may h    

be5 an inv5tion ( ,rog] ( ,w5dov]2 b 9  
ei!r case1 ,c\nt  ,?omas du ,p]*e lo/ 8 
life at ,l9coln1 ,may #bj1 #abag1 to !  
deepe/ regret ( 8 c\s9 ,l\is ! ,lion z  
well z ( ! ,c\nt  ,?ibaut ( ,*>tres1 :om
 he *>g$ to put up a w9d[ = him 9  hon\r
 ( ! ,virg94    ,! w9d[ mu/ h be5 ord]$ 
at once1 because ,c\nt ,?ibaut1  le     
,jeune ou le ,lepreux1 di$ himself )9 a 
ye>1 ,april #bb1  #abah1 ?us giv+ an    
exact date = "o ( ! *oir w9d[s4         
,probably x 0 "o ( ! late/1 because !   
e>lie/ to be  provid$ w\ld h be5 c]ta9ly
 ^? ( ! c5tral apsidal  *apel4 ,accord+ 
to ! rule laid d[n by ,viollet-le-,duc1 
!  w9d[s 9 :i* blue /rongly pr$om9ates1 
l ! ,sa9t  ,sylve/]1 are likely to be   
e>li] ?an ^? ) a prevail+  tone ( r$4   
,we mu/ take = grant$ t "s ( ^! great   
leg5d>y w9d[s 7 9 place z e>ly z #abaj1 
because1 9  ,octob] ( t ye>1 ,philip    
,augu/us att5d$ mass "h4 ,!re are  "s   
two doz5 ( ^! w9d[s 9 ! *oir alone1 ea* 
( :i*  may well h repres5t$ a ye>'s "w 9
 ! sl[ processes (  t day1 & we c h>dly 

suppose t ! work%ops ( #abjj 7  on a    
scale su* z to all[ ( m ?an two to h be5
 9 h& at  once4 ,?irty or =ty ye>s lat]1
 :5 ! ,sa9te ,*apelle 0  built1 !       
work%ops mu/ h be5 va/ly enl>g$1 b ) !  
enl>gem5t1 ! glass det]iorat$4 ,!re=e1  
if ! ar*itecture  7 s f> advanc$ 9 ! ye>
 #abjj z to all[ ( beg9n+ "w  on !      
glass1 9 ! apse1 ! ye> #abbe is none too
 late to all[  = its completion 9 !     
*oir4    ,dates are /upidly annoy+2--:at
 we want is n dates b ta/e2--  yet we   
are uncom=table )\t !m4 ,except ! ,p]*e 
w9d[1  none ( ! l[] ones 9 ! *oir helps 
at all2 b ! cl]e-  /ory is m useful4    
,!re !y run 9 pairs1 ea* pair surm\nt$  
by a rose4 ,! fir/ pair 7numb]s #bg &   
#bh7 next ! nor?  transept1 %[s ! ,virg9
 ( ,france1 support$1 accord+ to !      
,abbes ,bulteau & ,cl]val1 by ! arms (  
,bi%op ,reynault de ,m\con1  :o 0 ,bi%op
 ( ,*>tres at ! "t ( ! great fire 9     
#aaid &  di$ 9 #abag4 ,! w9d[ numb] #bh 
%[s two gr\ps ( peasants on  pilgrimage2
 bel[1 on 8 knees1 ,rob]t ( ,b]\1 z     

donor3  ,,rob]tus ,,de ,,b]\3 ,,c>n4    
,,cancell>ius4 ,! ,c>tul>y ( !  ,ca!dral
 conta9s an entry 7,bulteau1 i1 #abc73  
,! #bf? ,febru>y1  #abaf1 di$ ,rob]t de 
,b]\1 ,*ancellor1 :o has giv5 u a w9d[4 
,! ,c>tul>y m5tions sev]al previ\s gifts
 ( w9d[s by canons  or o!r dignit>ies ( 
! ,*ur* 9 ! ye> #abae4    ,next foll[1  
or once foll[$1 a pair ( w9d[s 7numb]s  
#bi & #cj7  :i* 7 remov$ by ! sculptor  
,bridan1 9 #aghh1 9 ord] to  obta9 light
 = 8 /atu>y bel[4 ,! donor 0 ,,dom9a    
,,johannes  ,,bapti/a1 :o1 we are told1 
0 ,jeanne de ,damm>t92 & ! w9d[  0 giv5 
9 memory1 or 9 hon\r1 ( h] m>riage to   
,f]d9& (  ,ca/ile 9 #abcg4 ,jeanne 0 a v
 great lady1 daught] ( ! ,comte         
d',aumale & ,m>ie de ,pon?ieu4 ,h] fa!r 
affianc$ h] 9 #abce to  ! ,k+ ( ,engl&1 
,h5ry ,,iii1 & ev5 caus$ ! m>riage to be
  celebrat$ by proxy1 b ,que5 ,blan*e   
broke x (f1 z %e _h  =bidd51 9 #abca1 t 
( ,yol&e ( ,britanny4 ,%e rel5t$ s f>  z
 to all[ ,jeanne 9 #abcg to m>ry ,f]d9& 
( ,ca/ile1 :o /ill  sits on horseback 9 

! next rose3 ,,rex ,,ca/illae4 ,he won !
  cr[n ( ,ca/ile 9 #abag & di$ 9 #abeb1 
:5 ,que5 ,jeanne  return$ to ,abbeville 
& !n1 at late/1 put up ?is w9d[ at      
,*>tres 9 memory ( h] husb&4    ,! w9d[s
 numb]s #ca & #cb are ! subject ( mu*   
dispute1 b  :e!r ! donors 7 ,jean de    
,*atillon or ! ?ree *ildr5 (  ,?ibaut le
 ,gr& ( ,*ampagne1 !y mu/ equally belong
 to ! lat]  s]ies ( #abfj-gj1 r ?an to !
 e>li] ( #abaj-bj4 ,! same  ?+ is or 0  
true ( ! next pair1 numb]s #cc & #cd1   
:i* 7  remov$ 9 #aggc1 b ! record says t
 at ! bottom ( numb] #cd  0 ! figure (  
,sa9t ,l\is's son1 ,l\is ( ,france1 :o  
di$ 9  #abfj1 be=e 8 fa!r1 :o /ill rides
 9 ! rose above4    ,?us ! nor? side ( !
 *oir %[s a s]ies ( w9d[s t  precisely  
cov] ! lifetime ( ,sa9t ,l\is           
7#abae-gj74 ,! s\?  side beg9s1 next !  
apse1 ) w9d[s numb]s #ce & #cf1 :i*     
belong1 accord+ to ! ,comte             
d',armanc\rt1 to ! family (  ,mont=t1 ^:
 ru9$ ca/le cr[ns ! hill ( ,mont=t      
l',amaury1  on ! road to ,p>is1 "s =ty  

kilometres nor!a/ ( ,*>tres4  ,e "o is  
suppos$ to "k ! /ory ( ,simon de ,mont=t
 :o 0  kill$ be=e ,t\l\se 9 #abah4      
,simon left two sons1 ,amaury &  ,simon4
 ,! sculptor ,bridan put an end also to 
! w9d[ ( ,amaury1  b 9 ! rose1 ,amaury1 
accord+ to ! ,abbes1 /ill rides on a    
:ite horse4 ,amaury's hi/ory is well    
kn[n4 ,he 0 made ,con/able  ( ,france by
 ,que5 ,blan*e 9 #abca2 w5t on crusade 9
 #abci2 0  captur$ by ! infidels1 tak5  
to ,babylon1 ransom$1 & 9  return+ to   
,france1 di$ at ,otranto 9 #abda4 ,= t  
age ,amaury  0 b a commonplace p]son1   
totally ov]%ad[$ by 8 bro!r  ,simon1 :o 
w5t to ,engl&1 m>ri$ ,k+ ,john's daught]
 ,eleanor1  & became almo/ k+ himself z 
,e>l ( ,leice/]4 ,at y\r leisure  y c   
read ,mat!w ,p>is's dramatic acc\nt (   
him & ( 8  dea? at ! battle ( ,eve%am1  
,augu/ #e1 #abfe4 ,he 0 p]haps !  la/ ( 
! v great m5 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 except+
  ,sa9t ,l\is himself1 :o liv$ a few    
ye>s long]4 ,m4 d',armanc\rt  insi/s t x
 is ! great ,e>l ( ,leice/] :o rides ) 8

  visor up1 9 full arm\r1 on a br[n     
horse1 9 ! rose above !  w9d[s numb]s   
#cg & #ch4 ,9 any case1 ! w9d[s w\ld be 
lat]  ?an #abdj4    ,! next pair (      
w9d[s1 numb]s #ci & #dj1 also remov$ 9  
#aghh1  /ill (f]1 9 _! rose1 ! figure ( 
a memb] ( ! ,c\rt5ay  family4 ,gibbon 0 
s mu* attract$ by ! romance ( !         
,c\rt5ays z to make an amus+ digression 
on ! subject :i*  does n conc]n u or !  
ca!dral except s f> z x tells u  t !    
,c\rt5ays1 l s _m o!r b5efactors (      
,*>tres  ,ca!dral1 belong$ to ! royal   
blood4 ,l\is-le-,gros1 :o di$ 9  #aacg1 
besides 8 son ,l\is-le-,jeune1 :o m>ri$ 
,eleanor ( ,gui5ne  9 t ye>1 _h a y\ng] 
son1 ,pi]re1 :om he m>ri$ to ,isabel  de
 ,c\rt5ay1 & :o1 l ,philip ,hurepel1    
took ! title ( 8  wife4 ,pi]re _h a son1
 ,pi]re ,,ii1 :o 0 a c\s9 ( ,philip     
,augu/us1 & became ! h]o ( ! mo/ lurid  
trag$y ( ! "t4  ,*os5 ,emp]or (         
,con/ant9ople 9 #abaf1 to succe$ 8      
bro!rs-  9-law ,h5ry & ,baldw91 he tri$ 
to m>* across ,illyria &  ,mac$onia1 f  

,durazzo opposite ,br9disi1 ) a little  
army (  five ?\s& m51 & in/antly        
disappe>$ =ev]4 ,! ,epirotes  captur$   
him 9 ! summ] ( #abag1 & f t mom5t no?+ 
is  kn[n ( 8 fate4    ,on ! :ole1 ?is   
cata/rophe 0 p]haps ! grimme/ ( all !   
,%akespe>ean trag$ies ( ! ?irte5?       
c5tury2 & "o w\ld  l to ?9k t ! ,*>tres 
w9d[ 0 a memorial ( ?is  ,pi]re1 :o 0 a 
c\s9 ( ,france & an emp]or )\t empire2  
b ,m4 d',armanc\rt insi/s t ! w9d[ 0    
giv5 9 memory n  ( ?is ,pi]re1 b ( 8    
nephew1 ano!r ,pi]re de ,c\rt5ay1       
,seigneur de ,con*es1 :o w5t on crusade 
) ,sa9t ,l\is 9 #abdi to  ,egypt1 & di$ 
%ortly be=e ! defeat & captivity ( !    
,k+1  on ,febru>y #h1 #abej4 ,8 bro!r   
,ra\l1 ,seigneur d',illi]s1 :o di$  9   
#abga1 is said to be donor ( ! next     
w9d[1 numb] #dj4 ,! date  ( ! ,c\rt5ay  
w9d[s %\ld !re=e be no e>li] ?an !  dea?
 ( ,sa9t ,l\is 9 #abgj2 yet "o w\ld l to
 "k :at has  become ( ano!r ,c\rt5ay    
w9d[ left by ! fir/ ,pi]re's son-       
9-law1 ,gau*] or ,gaulti] (             

,b>-sur-,se9e1 :o seems to h be5        
,vicomte de ,*>tres1 & :o1 dy+ be=e     
,damietta 9 #abah1 made a  w leav+ to   
,notre ,dame de ,*>tres ?irty silv]     
m>ks1 de  quibus fi]i debet miles       
montatus sup] equum suum4 ,n only w\ld  
?is m\nt$ knight on horseback supply an 
e>ly date = ^!  int]e/+ figures1 b w\ld 
fix also ! co/1 = a m>k  conta9$ eight  
ounces ( silv]1 & 0 wor? t5 s\s1 or half
 a  livre4 ,we %all pres5tly see t      
,aucass9s gave tw5ty s\s1 or a  livre1 =
 a /rong ox1 s t ! miles montatus sup]  
equum  suum 9 glass 0 equival5t to      
fifte5 ox5 if x 7 money (  ,p>is1 :i* is
 f> f c]ta94    ,?is is an economical   
problem :i* belongs to exp]ts1 b !      
hi/orical value ( ^! e>ly evid5ces is   
/ill some?+1--  p]haps /ill z mu* z t5  
s\s4 ,all ! w9d[s t5d to ! same         
conclusion4 ,ev5 ! la/ pair1 numb]s #da 
& #db1 (f] ?ree  p]sonal clues :i* lead 
to ! same result3--! arms ( ,b\*>d  de  
,m>ly :o di$ 9 #abbf1 almo/ at ! same "t
 z ,l\is ,,viii2 a  c]ta9 ,col9us or    

,col91 de cam]a ,regis1 :o 0 alive 9    
#abbe2  & ,rob]t ( ,beaumont 9 ! rose1  
:o seems to be a ,beaumont ( ,le  ,p]*e1
 ( :om little or no?+ is z yet c]ta9ly  
kn[n4 ,z a  g5]al rule1 !re are two     
s]ies ( w9d[s1 "o figur+ !  companions  
or foll[]s ( ,l\is ,,viii 7#abae-bf72 ! 
o!r1 fri5ds  or companions ( ,sa9t ,l\is
 7#abbf-gj71 ,que5 ,blan*e unit+ bo?4   
,:at helps to hold ! sequ5ces 9 a c]ta9 
ord]1 is t !  *oir 0 complete1 & s]vices
 regul>ly resum$ !re1 9 #abaj1  :ile 9  
#abbj ! transept & nave 7 f9i%$ &       
vault$4 ,=  ! apside w9d[s1 !re=e1 we w 
assume1 subject to  correction1 a date f
 #abjj to #abbe = _! design &           
workman%ip2 = ! transept1 #abbj to      
#abcf2 & = ! nave a  g5]al t5d5cy to !  
actual reign ( ,sa9t ,l\is f #abcf to   
#abgj4 ,s9ce !re is a deal ( lat] glass 
scatt]$ ev]y:]e  among ! e>li]1 ! m>g9 (
 error is great2 b by keep+ !  reign (  
,l\is ,,viii & its p]sonages di/9ct f t 
( ,l\is  ,,ix & 8 g5]ation1 we c be     
fairly sure ( our ma9 facts4  ,mean:ile 

! ,sa9te ,*apelle 9 ,p>is1 :olly built &
 complet$  betwe5 #abdj & #abdh1 (f]s a 
/&>d ( comp>ison = !  leg5d>y w9d[s4    
,! *oir ( ,*>tres is z long z ! nave1 & 
mu* broad]1  besides t ! apse 0 plann$ )
 sev5 circul> projections  :i* greatly  
increas$ ! w9d[ space1 s t ! guidebook  
reckons ?irty-sev5 w9d[s4 ,a numb] ( ^! 
are grisailles1 &  ! true amateur (     
glass consid]s ! grisailles to be z well
  wor? /udy z ! leg5d>y w9d[s4 ,!y are a
 decoration :i*  has no p>ticul> conc]n 
) *ur*es1 & no di/9ct religi\s  mean+1  
b1 x seems1 a religi\s value :i*        
,viollet-le-,duc is at  "s tr\ble to    
expla92 &1 s9ce 8 explanation is n v    
te*nical1 we c look at x1 be=e look+ at 
! leg5ds3--    ,! col\ration ( ! w9d[s  
_h ! advantage ( ?r[+ on !  opaque walls
 a veil1 or col\r$ glaz+1 ( extreme     
delicacy1  always assum+ t ! col\r$     
w9d[s !mselves 7  h>moni\sly ton$4 ,:e!r
 _! res\rces did n p]mit !  arti/s to   
adopt a complete sy/em ( col\r$ glass1  
or :e!r  !y want$ to get daylight 9 pur]

 quality into _! int]iors1--  :atev] may
 h be5 _! reasons1--!y resort$ to ?is   
beautiful grisaille decoration :i* is   
also a col\r+ h>mony  obta9$ by ! aid ( 
a long exp]i5ce 9 ! effects ( light on  
transluc5t surfaces4 ,_m ( our *ur*es   
reta9 grisaille w9d[s  fill+ ei!r all1  
or only a "p1 ( _! bays4 ,9 ! latt]     
case1 ! grisailles are res]v$ = ! side  
w9d[s :i* are  meant to be se5          
obliquely1 & 9 t case ! col\r$ glass    
fills ! bays ( ! fond1 ! apsidal op5+s  
:i* are meant to  be se5 9 face f a     
di/ance4 ,^! lat]al grisailles are /ill 
opaque en\gh to prev5t ! sol> rays :i*  
pass ?r\gh !m f  light+ ! col\r$ w9d[s  
on ! rev]se side2 yet1 at c]ta9  h\rs ( 
! day1 ^! sol> rays ?r[ a pe>ly light on
 !  col\r$ w9d[s :i* gives !m           
indescribable transp>5ce &  ref9em5t (  
tones4 ,! lat]al w9d[s 9 ! *oir ( !     
,aux]re  ,ca!dral1 half-grisaille1      
half-col\r$1 ?r[ on ! :olly  col\r$     
apsidal w9d[1 by ?is means1 a glaz+ !   
s(tness (  :i* "o c h>dly conceive4 ,!  

opal9e light :i* comes ?r\gh  ^! lat]al 
bays1 & makes a sort ( veil1 transp>5t 9
 !  extreme1 "u ! l(ty vault+1 is cross$
 by ! brilliant tones  ( ! w9d[s beh9d1 
:i* give ! play ( preci\s /ones4 ,!     
solid outl9es !n seem to wav] l objects 
se5 ?r\gh a %eet  ( cle> wat]4 ,di/ances
 *ange _! values1 & take dep?s 9  :i* ! 
eye gets lo/4 ,) e h\r ( ! day ^!       
effects  are alt]$1 & always ) new      
h>monies :i* "o nev] tires (  try+ to   
und]/&2 b ! deep] "o's /udy goes1 ! m   
a/\nd$ "o becomes be=e ! exp]i5ce       
acquir$ by ^!  arti/s1 ^: !ories on !   
effects ( col\r1 assum+ t !y  _h any1   
are unkn[n to u & :om ! mo/             
k9dly-dispos$ among  u treat z simple   
*ildr54    ,y c read ! re/ = y\rselves4 
,grisaille is a sep>ate bran*  (        
col\r-decoration :i* belongs ) ! :ole   
sy/em ( light+  & f5etrage1 & w h to    
rema9 a clos$ book because !  feel+ &   
exp]i5ce :i* expla9$ x once are lo/1 &  
we  _c recov] ei!r4 ,su* ?+s mu/ h be5  
always felt r  ?an reason$1 l !         

irregul>ities 9 plan ( ! build]s2 !  be/
 "w ( ! be/ times %[s ! same subtlety ( 
s5se z !  dog %[s 9 retriev+1 or ! bee 9
 fly+1 b :i* t\ri/s  h lo/4 ,all we c d 
is to note t ! grisailles 7  int5d$ to h
 values4 ,!y 7 among ! ref9em5ts ( light
  & col\r ) :i* ! apse ( ,*>tres is s   
cr[d$ t "o  mu/ be cont5t to feel :at "o
 c1 & let ! re/ g4    ,und]/&1 we _c6   
no?+ proves t ! greate/ arti/s :o  ev]  
liv$ h1 9 a logical s5se1 und]/ood6 or t
 omnipot5ce  has ev] und]/ood6 or t !   
utmo/ p[] ( expression has ev]  be5     
capable ( express+ m ?an ! reaction ( "o
 en]gy on  ano!r1 b n ( two on two2 & :5
 "o sits "h1 9 !  c5tral axis ( ?is     
complicat$ apse1 "o sees1 9 m]e light   
alone1 ! reaction ( hundr$s ( en]gies1  
al?\gh "t has left  only a wreck ( :at !
 arti/ put "h4 ,"o ( ! be/ w9d[  spaces 
is :olly fill$ up by ! f\rte5?-c5tury   
doorway to !  *apel ( ,sa9t ,piat1 &    
only by look+ at ! two w9d[s :i*        
correspond on ! nor? does a curi\s      
inquir] get a notion ( !  probable loss4

 ,! same *apel m or less blocks ! light 
(  ?ree o!r pr9cipal w9d[s4 ,! sun1 !   
du/1 ! acids (  dripp+ wat]1 & ! o!r    
works ( "t1 h 9 sev5 hundr$  ye>s       
corrod$ or worn away or alt]$ ! glass1  
especially on !  s\? side4 ,w9d[s h be5 
d>k5$ by "t & mutilat$ by  wilful       
injury4 ,scores ( ! panels are :olly    
re/or$1 mod]n  reproductions or         
imitations4 ,ev5 aft] all ?is loss1 !   
glass is  probably ! be/-pres]v$1 or    
p]haps ! only pres]v$ "p (  ! decoration
 9 col\r1 = we nev] %all "k ! col\r-    
decoration ( ! vaults1 ! walls1 !       
columns1 or ! floors4  ,only "o po9t is 
fairly sure2--t on fe/ivals1 if n at o!r
  times1 e foot ( space 0 cov]$ 9 "s way
 or ano!r1  ?r\gh\t ! apse1 ) col\r2    
ei!r pa9t or tape/ry or  embroid]y or   
,byzant9e brocades & ,ori5tal /uffs or  
rugs1 l9+  ! walls1 cov]+ ! alt>s1 &    
hid+ ! floor4 ,occasionally  y happ5 ^u 
illum9at$ manuscripts %[+ ! int]iors (  
*apels ) _! col\r-decoration2 b ev]y?+  
has p]i%$  "h except ! glass4    ,if "o 

may judge f ! glass ( lat] c5turies1 !  
fir/  impression f ! ?irte5?-c5tury     
w9d[s ought to be  disappo9tm5t4 ,y %\ld
 f9d !m too effem9ate1 too s(t1 too     
small1 & above all n p>ticul>ly         
religi\s4 ,inde$1 except =  ! nom9al    
subjects ( ! leg5ds1 "o sees no?+       
religi\s  ab\t !m2 ! m$allions1 :5 /udi$
 ) ! b9ocle1 turn out  to be less       
religi\s ?an decorative4 ,sa9t ,mi*ael  
w\ld n h  felt at home "h1 & ,sa9t      
,b]n>d w\ld h turn$ f !m  ) disapproval2
 b :5 !y 7 put up1 ,sa9t ,b]n>d 0 long  
dead1 & ,sa9t ,mi*ael _h yield$ 8 place 
to ! ,virg94 ,?is  apse is all = h]4 ,at
 its entrance %e sat1 on ei!r side1 9 ! 
,belle-,v]ri]e or z ,our ,lady ( !      
,pill>1 to receive ! secrets  & ! pray]s
 ( suppliants :o wi%$ to address h]     
directly 9  p]son2 !re %e b5t d[n to our
 level1 resum$ h] humanity1 &  felt our 
griefs & passions4 ,)91 :]e !           
cross-lights fell  ?r\gh ! wide column$ 
space beh9d ! high alt>1 0 h]  )draw+   
room1 :]e ! decorator & build] ?\ght    

only (  pleas+ h]4 ,! v faults ( !      
ar*itecture & effem9acy (  ta/e witness 
! arti/s' object4 ,if ! glasswork]s _h  
?\ght  ( !mselves or ( ! public or ev5 (
 ! prie/s1 !y w\ld  h /ra9$ = effects1  
/rong masses ( col\r1 & /rik+  subjects 
to impress ! imag9ation4 ,no?+ ( ! sort 
is ev5  sugge/$4 ,! great1 awe-inspir+  
mosaic figure ( ! ,byzant9e  half-dome 0
 a spl5did religi\s effect1 b ?is arti/ 
_h 9  8 m9d an altoge!r diff]5t ?\ght4  
,he 0 9 ! ,virg9's  employ2 he 0        
decorat+ h] own *amb] 9 h] own palace2  
he  want$ to please h]2 & he knew h]    
ta/es1 ev5 :5 %e did n  give him h]     
p]sonal ord]s4 ,to him1 a dream w\ld h  
be5 an  ord]4 ,! sal>y ( ! twelf?-c5tury
 arti/ 0 out ( all  relation ) !        
p]c5tage ( a tw5tie?-c5tury decorator4  
,!  arti/ ( #abjj 0 probably ! la/ :o   
c>$ little = ! b>on1  n v mu* = ! prie/1
 & no?+ = ! public1 unless he  happ5$ to
 be paid by ! guild1 & !n he c>$ j to ! 
ext5t ( 8 hire1 or1 if he 0 himself a   
prie/1 n ev5 =  t4 ,8 pay 0 mo/ly ( a   

diff]5t k9d1 & 0 ! same z  t ( !        
peasants :o 7 haul+ ! /one f ! qu>ry at 
,b]*]es :ile he 0 fir+ 8 ov5s4 ,8 rew>d 
0 to come :5  he %\ld be promot$ to     
decorate ! ,que5 ( ,heav5's palace 9  ! 
,new ,j]usalem1 & he s]v$ a mi/ress :o  
knew bett] ?an he  did :at "w 0 good &  
:at 0 bad1 & h[ to give him 8  "r place4
 ,m>y's ta/e 0 infallible2 h] k l h]    
p[] _h no limits2 %e knew m5's ?\ghts z 
well z acts1 &  c\ld n be deceiv$4      
,probably1 ev5 9 our own "t1 an arti/   
might f9d 8 imag9ation consid]ably      
/imulat$ & 8 "w  p[]fully improv$ if he 
knew t any?+ %ort ( 8 be/ w\ld  br+ him 
to ! gall[s1 ) or )\t trial by jury2 b 9
 !  twelf? c5tury ! gall[s 0 a trifle2 !
 ,que5 h>dly  consid]$ x a puni%m5t = an
 (f5ce to h] dignity4 ,! arti/  0       
vividly aw>e t ,m>y dispos$ ( hell4     
,all ?is is writt5 9 full1 on e /one &  
w9d[ ( ?is apse1  z legible z ! leg5ds  
to any "o :o c>es to read4 ,! arti/s  7 
do+ _! be/1 n to please a sw>m (        
flat-e>$ peasants  or sl[-witt$ b>ons1 b

 to satisfy ,m>y1 ! ,que5 ( ,heav51 to  
:om ! ,k+s & ,que5s ( ,france 7 com+    
con/antly = help1  & ^: absolute p[] 0  
almo/ ! only re/ra9t recogniz$ by       
,emp]or1 ,pope1 & cl[n4 ,!              
col\r-decoration is h]s1 & h]s  alone4  
,= h] ! lights are subdu$1 ! tones      
s(t5$1 !  subjects select$1 ! fem99e    
ta/e pres]v$4 ,t o!r great  ladies      
int]e/$ !mselves 9 ! matt]1 ev5 d[n to  
its  te*nical ref9em5ts1 is m ?an       
likely2 inde$1 9 ! c5tral  apside *apel1
 sugge/+ ! ,aux]re grisaille t          
,viollet-le-,duc  m5tion$1 is a         
grisaille :i* be>s ! arms ( ,ca/ile &   
,que5  ,blan*e2 fur!r on1 ?ree o!r      
grisailles be> also ! fam\s  ca/les1 b  
?is is by no means ! /ronge/ pro( (     
fem99e  ta/e4 ,! difficulty w\ld be r to
 f9d a t\* ( c]ta9ly  mascul9e ta/e 9 ! 
:ole apse4    ,s9ce ! c5tral apside     
*apel is ! mo/ important1 we c beg9  ) !
 w9d[s !re1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! subject ( !  
c5tral w9d[ 0 ! ,life ( ,*ri/1 dictat$  
by rule or cu/om4  ,on ,*ri/'s left h&  

is ! w9d[ ( ,sa9t ,pet]2 next him is    
,sa9t ,paul4 ,all are mu* re/or$2       
?irty-?ree ( ! m$allions  are :olly new4
 ,opposite ,sa9t ,pet]1 at ,*ri/'s "r   
h&1 is !  w9d[ ( ,sa9t ,simon & ,sa9t   
,jude2 & next is ! grisaille )  ! arms (
 ,ca/ile4 ,if ^! w9d[s 7 ord]$ betwe5   
#abje &  #abaj1 ,blan*e1 :o 0 born 9    
#aahg1 & m>ri$ 9 #abjj1 w\ld h  be5 a "y
 pr9cess ( tw5ty or tw5ty-five :5 %e    
gave ?is  w9d[ 9 grisaille to regulate &
 h>monize & s(t5 !  light+ ( ! ,virg9's 
b\doir4 ,! c5tral *apel mu/ be tak5  to 
be ! mo/ s]i\s1 ! mo/ /udi$1 & ! olde/ (
 !  *apels 9 ! *ur*1 above ! crypt4 ,!  
w9d[s "h %\ld rank  9 importance next to
 ! lancets ( ! we/ front :i* are only   
ab\t sixty ye>s e>li]4 ,!y %[ fully t   
diff]5ce4    ,"h "o mu/ see = "o's self4
 ,few arti/s "k mu* ab\t x1  & /ill few]
 c>e = an art :i* has be5 q dead ^! f\r 
hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ru9s ( ,nippur w\ld     
h>dly be m intelligible  to ! ord9>y    
ar*itect ( ,engli% tradition ?an ^!     
twelf?-  c5tury ef=ts ( ! build]s (     

,*>tres4 ,ev5 ! le>n+ (                 
,viollet-le-,duc 0 at fault 9 deal+ ) a 
build+ s p]sonal  z ?is1 ! hi/ory ( :i* 
is almo/ :olly lo/4 ,?is c5tral  *apel  
mu/ h be5 meant to give tone to ! apse1 
& x %[s  ) ! col\r-decoration ( a que5's
 salon1 a subject-decoration  too s]i\s 
= ! amusem5t ( h]etics4 ,"o sees at a   
glance t  ! subject-decoration 0 inspir$
 by *ur*-cu/om1 :ile col\r  0 an        
exp]im5t & ! decorators ( ?is enorm\s   
w9d[ space  7 at lib]ty z col\ri/s to   
please ! ,c\ntess ( ,*>tres &  !        
,pr9cess ,blan*e & ! ,du*ess (          
,brittany1 )\t mu*  reg>d+ ! op9ions ( !
 late ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux or ev5        
,augu/9e ( ,hippo1 s9ce ! great ladies (
 ! ,c\rt knew bett]  ?an ! ,sa9ts :at   
w\ld suit ! ,virg94    ,! subject ( !   
c5tral w9d[ 0 prescrib$ by tradition4   
,*ri/ is ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ?is *ur* he & 8   
,"m are "o2  !re=e ! life ( ,*ri/ is !  
subject ( ! c5tral w9d[1  b ! treatm5t  
is ! ,virg9's1 z ! col\rs %[1 & z !     
abs5ce ( e influ5ce b h]s1 includ+ !    

,crucifixion1  proves (ficially4 ,sa9t  
,pet] & ,sa9t ,paul are 9 _! prop]      
place z ! two great m9i/]s ( ! ?rone :o 
repres5t ! two  great p>ties 9 we/]n    
religion1 ! ,jewi% & ! ,g5tile4         
,opposite !m1 balanc+ by _! family      
influ5ce ! weight (  delegat$ p[]1 are  
two ( ,m>y's nephews1 ,simon & ,jude2 b 
?is  subject bran*es (f aga9 into matt]s
 s p]sonal to ,m>y t  ,simon & ,jude    
require clos] acqua9tance4 ,"o mu/ /udy 
a new  guidebook--! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 by ! 
bless$ ,james1 ,bi%op (  ,g5oa & memb] (
 ! ord] ( ,dom9ic1 :o 0 born at ,v>azze 
or  ,voragio 9 almo/ ! same ye> t ,?omas
 0 born at ,aqu9o1 &  ^: ,leg5da ,aurea1
 writt5 ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5?       
c5tury1 0 m popul> hi/ory ?an ! ,bible  
itself1 & m  g5]ally consult$ z         
au?ority4 ,! decorators ( ! ?irte5?     
c5tury got _! motives q outside !       
,bible1 9 s\rces t  ,james ( ,g5oa      
compil$ into a volume almo/ z fasc9at+ z
 !  ,fioretti ( ,sa9t ,francis4         
,accord+ to ! ,gold5 ,leg5d & !         

tradition accept$ 9  ,j]usalem by       
pilgrims & crusad]s1 ,m>y's family      
connection 0  l>ge4 ,x appe>s t h] "m   
,anne 0 ?ree times m>ri$1 &  by ea*     
husb& _h a daught] ,m>y1 s t !re 7 ?ree 
,m>ys1  half-si/]s4    ,joa*im-,anne-   
,cleophas-                              
-,salome    ,joseph-,m>y                
,alpheus-,m>y                           
,m>y-,zeb$ee    ,*ri/   ,james          
,joseph  ,simon  ,jude       ,james     
,john  ! ,m9or   !                      
! ,major    ! ,evangeli/  ,apo/le     ,j
                      ,/4 ,iago (       
,compo/ella    ,simon & ,jude 71 !re=e1 
nephews ( ,m>y & c\s9s (  ,*ri/1 ^:     
lives 7 evid5ce ( ! tru? n m]ely (      
,scripture1 b specially ( ! private &   
family di/9ction (  _! aunt1 ! ,virg9   
,"m ( ,*ri/4 ,!y 7 select$1 r  ?an _!   
bro!rs1 or c\s9s ,james & ,john1 = !    
conspicu\s  hon\r ( /&+ opposite ,pet] &
 ,paul1 d\btless by reason (  "s m]it ( 
_! own1 b p]haps also because 9 art !   
two  c\nt$ z "o1 & !re=e ! "o w9d[ (f]$ 

two witnesses1  :i* all[$ ! arti/ to    
ins]t a grisaille 9 place ( ano!r       
leg5d>y w9d[ to complete ! *apel on _!  
"r4 ,accord+ to  ,viollet-le-,duc1 !    
grisaille 9 ?is position regulates !    
light  & s completes ! effect4    ,if   
cu/om prescrib$ a g5]al rule = ! c5tral 
*apel1 x seems  to h left great fre$om 9
 ! w9d[s ne> by4 ,at ,*>tres !  curv$   
projection t conta9s ! next two w9d[s 0 
n a  *apel1 b only a w9d[-bay1 = ! sake 
( ! w9d[s1 &1 if  ! arti/s aim$ at      
pleas+ ! ,virg91 !y w\ld put _! be/  "w 
!re4 ,at ,b\rges 9 ! same relative place
 are ?ree ( !  be/ w9d[s 9 ! build+3--! 
,prodigal ,son1 ! ,new ,alliance  & !   
,good ,sam>itan2 all ( !m full ( life1  
/ory1 & col\r1  ) little ref]5ce to a   
wor%ip or a sa9t4 ,at ,*>tres !  *oice  
is /ill m /rik+1 & ! w9d[s are also !   
be/ 9  ! build+1 aft] ! twelf?-c5tury   
glass ( ! we/ front4 ,!  fir/1 :i* comes
 next to ,blan*e's grisaille 9 ! c5tral 
*apel1 is giv5 to ano!r nephew ( ,m>y & 
apo/le ( ,*ri/1  ,sa9t ,james ! ,major1 

^: life is record$ 9 ! prop] ,bible     
,diction>ies1 ) a t]m9al rem>k z        
foll[s3--    ,= leg5ds respect+ 8 dea? &
 8 connections ) ,spa91 see  ! ,roman   
,brevi>y1 9 :i* ! heal+ ( a p>alytic & !
  conv]sion ( ,h]mog5es are attribut$ to
 him1 & :]e x is  ass]t$ t he prea*$ !  
,gospel 9 ,spa91 & t 8 rema9s  7        
translat$ to ,compo/ella 444 ,z !re is  
no %ad[ (  f\ndation = any ( ! leg5ds "h
 ref]r$ to1 we pass !m by  )\t fur!r    
notice4 ,ev5 ,b>onius %[s himself a%am$ 
(  !m4444    ,if ! le>n$ ,b>onius ?\ght 
himself requir$ to %[ %ame =  all !     
leg5ds t pass z hi/ory1 he mu/ h suff]$ 
cruelly  dur+ 8 labori\s life1 & 8      
suff]+s w\ld n h be5  conf9$ to ! annals
 ( ! ,*ur*2 b ! hi/orical accuracy (  ! 
glass w9d[s is n our affair1 nor are    
hi/orians especially  conc]n$ 9 ! ev5ts 
( ! ,virg9's life1 :e!r record$ or      
leg5d>y4 ,religion is1 or ought to be1 a
 feel+1 & !  ?irte5?-c5tury w9d[s are   
orig9al docum5ts1 mu* m  hi/orical ?an  
any record$ 9 ! ,bible1 s9ce _!         

inspiration  is a diff]5t ?+ f _!       
au?ority4 ,! true life ( ,sa9t  ,james  
or ,sa9t ,jude or any o!r ( ! apo/les1  
did n1 9 !  op9ion ( ! ladies 9 ! ,c\rt 
( ,france1 furni% subjects  agreeable   
en\gh to decorate ! palace ( ! ,que5 (  
,heav52 &  t !y 7 "r1 any "o mu/ feel1  
:o comp>es ^! two  w9d[s ) subjects (   
dogma4 ,sa9t ,james1 bett] kn[n z       
,santiago ( ,compo/ella1 0 a complim5t  
to ! "y ,dauph9e--  be=e ,dauph9es      
exi/$--! ,pr9cess ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 ^: 
arms1 or ca/les1 are on ! grisaille w9d[
 next to x4 ,p]haps  %e *ose him to /&  
!re4 ,c]ta9ly h] h& is se5 pla9ly  en\gh
 ?r\gh\t ! *ur* to w>rant suspect+ x "h4
 ,z a  nephew1 ,sa9t ,james 0 de> to !  
,virg91 b1 z a fri5d to  ,spa91 /ill m  
de> to ,blan*e1 & x is n likely t pure  
accid5t caus$ ?ree adjac5t w9d[s to take
 a ,spani% tone4    ,! ,sa9t ,james 9   
:om ! ?irte5? c5tury delight$1 & ^:     
w9d[s "o sees at ,b\rges1 ,t\rs1 & :]ev]
 ! scallop-%ell  tells ( ! pilgrim1     
belongs n to ! ,bible b to ! ,gold5     

,leg5d4 ,?is w9d[ 0 giv5 by ! ,m]*ant   
,tailors ^:  signature appe>s at !      
bottom1 9 ! corn]s1 9 two pictures  t   
pa9t ! tailor's %op ( ,*>tres 9 ! fir/  
qu>t] ( !  ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! %op-boy   
takes clo? f *e/s = 8  ma/] to %[ to    
cu/om]s1 & to measure (f by 8 ell4 ,!   
/ory ( ,sa9t ,james beg9s 9 ! l[] panel1
 :]e he receives  8 mission f ,*ri/1    
,above1 on ! "r1 he seems to be  prea*+4
 ,on ! left appe>s a figure :i* tells ! 
reason =  ! popul>ity ( ! /ory4 ,x is   
,almog5es1 or 9 ! ,lat91  ,h]mog5es1 a  
fam\s magician 9 great cr$it among !    
,ph>isees1  :o has ! comm& ( demons1 z y
 see1 = beh9d 8 %\ld]1  /&+1 a little   
demon is p]*$1 :ile he ord]s 8 pupil    
,filetus to conv]t ,james4 ,next1 ,james
 is %[n 9 discussion ) a  gr\p ( li/5]s4
 ,filetus gives him a volume ( false    
doctr9e4  ,almog5es !n fur!r in/ructs   
,filetus4 ,james is l$ away by a  rope1 
cur+ a p>alytic z he goes4 ,he s5ds 8   
cloak to ,filetus  to drive away !      
demon4 ,filetus receives ! cloak1 & !   

droll  little demon dep>ts 9 te>s4      
,almog5es1 los+ 8 temp]1 s5ds  two      
demons1 ) horns on _! heads & clubs 9 _!
 h&s1 to  reason ) ,james2 :o s5ds !m   
back to remon/rate )  ,almog5es4 ,!     
demons !n b9d ,almog5es & br+ him be=e  
,james1 :o discusses diff]5ces ) him    
until ,almog5es burns 8  books ( magic &
 pro/rates himself be=e ! ,sa9t4 ,bo?   
are  !n br\ght be=e ,h]od1 & ,almog5es  
breaks a pretty hea!n  idol1 :ile ,james
 goes to prison4 ,a panel comes 9 "h1   
out (  place1 %[+ ,almog5es en*ant+     
,filetus1 & ! demon ent]+  into         
possession ( him4 ,!n ,almog5es is se5  
be+ v r\ghly  h&l$ by a "y ,jew1 :ile ! 
by/&]s seem to approve4 ,james  next    
makes ,almog5es ?r[ 8 books ( magic into
 ! sea2 bo? are  l$ away to execution1  
cur+ ! infirm on _! way2 _! heads  are  
cut (f2 &1 at ! top1 ,god blesses ! orb 
( ! _w4    ,t ?is w9d[ 0 int5d$ to amuse
 ! ,virg9 seems q z  reasonable an idea 
z t x %\ld h be5 made to in/ruct !  p1  
or u4 ,its hum\r 0 z humor\s !n z n[1 = 

!  ,fr5* ( ! ?irte5? c5tury lov$ hum\r  
ev5 9 *ur*es1 z  _! grotesques proclaim4
 ,! ,sa9t ,james w9d[ is a tale (       
magic1 told ) ! vivacity ( a fabliau2 b 
if its motive (  amusem5t seems /ill a  
=c$ idea1 we c pass on1 at once1 to !   
companion w9d[ :i* holds ! be/ position 
9 ! *ur*1 :]e1  9 ! usual ca!dral1 "o   
expects to f9d ,sa9t ,john or "s o!r    
apo/le2 or ,sa9t ,joseph2 or a doctr9al 
lesson su* z t call$  ! ,new ,alliance  
:]e ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are unit$4  
,!  w9d[ :i* ! arti/s h set up "h is    
reg>d$ z ! be/ (  ! ?irte5?-c5tury      
w9d[s1 & is ! lea/ religi\s4    ,!      
subject is no?+ less ?an ! ,*anson de   
,rol& 9 pictures  ( col\r$ glass1 set 9 
a bord] wor? comp>+ at leisure )  !     
twelf?-c5tury bord]s ( ! we/]n lancets4 
,ev5 at  ,*>tres1 ! arti/s c\ld n risk  
displeas+ ! ,virg9 & !  ,*ur* by foll[+ 
a :olly pr(ane "w l ! ,*anson itself1  &
 ,rol& _h no place 9 religion4 ,he c\ld 
be introduc$ only  ?r\gh ,*>lemagne1 :o 
_h almo/ z little "r !re z he4 ,!       

twelf? c5tury _h made p]si/5t ef=ts to  
get ,*>lemagne into  ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* 
_h made v little ef=t to keep him  out2 
yet by ! ye> #abjj1 ,*>lemagne _h n be5 
sa9t$ except  by ! anti-,pope ,pascal   
,,iii 9 #aafe1 al?\gh !re 0 a popul>    
belief1 support$ 9 ,spa9 by ! necess>y  
docum5ts1 t ,pope  ,calixtus ,,ii 9     
#aabb _h decl>$ ! s-call$ ,*ronicle (   
,ar*bi%op ,turp9 to be au!ntic4 ,!      
,bi%op ( ,*>tres 9 #abjj  0 v mu* too   
enlight5$ a prelate to accept !         
,*ronicle or  ,turp9 or ,*>lemagne      
himself1 /ill less ,rol& & ,?i]ry1 z    
au!ntic 9 sanctity2 b if ! "y &         
beautiful ,dauph9e (  ,france1 & h]     
c\s9s ( ,*>tres1 & _! arti/s1 w>mly     
believ$ t ! ,virg9 w\ld be pleas$ by !  
/ory (  ,*>lemagne & ,rol&1 ! ,bi%op    
might h let !m h _!  way 9 spite ( !    
irregul>ity4 ,t ! w9d[ 0 an             
irregul>ity1 is pla92 t x has always be5
 imm5sely admir$1  is c]ta92 & t ,bi%op 
,r5aud mu/ h giv5 8 ass5t to x1  is n to
 be d5i$4    ,! mo/ elaborate acc\nt (  

?is w9d[ c be f\nd 9 ,male's  ,art      
,religieux 7pp4 #ddd-ej74 ,its feel+ or 
motive is q ano!r  matt]1 z x is ) !    
/atu>y on ! nor? por*4 ,! ,furri]s  or  
,fur ,m]*ants paid = ! ,*>lemagne w9d[1 
& _!  signature /&s at ! bottom1 :]e a  
m]*ant %[s a fur-l9$  cloak to 8 cu/om]4
 ,t ,m>y 0 p]sonally int]e/$ 9 furs1  no
 au?ority seems to affirm1 b t ,blan*e &
 ,isabel & e  lady ( ! ,c\rt1 z well z e
 k+ & e c\nt1 9 t  day1 took ke5 int]e/ 
9 ! subject1 is prov$ by ! prices !y    
paid1 & ! quantities !y wore4 ,n ev5 !  
,m]*ant ,tailors  _h a bett] /&+ at     
,c\rt ?an ! ,furri]s1 :i* may acc\nt  = 
_! /&+ s ne> ! ,virg94 ,:atev] ! cause1 
!  ,furri]s 7 all[$ to put _! signature 
"h1 side by side )  ! ,tailors1 & next  
to ! ,pr9cess ,blan*e4 ,_! gift w>rant$ 
x4 ,above ! signature1 9 ! fir/ panel1 !
 ,emp]or ,con/ant9e  is se51 asleep1 9  
,con/ant9ople1 on an elaborate b$1 :ile 
an  angel is giv+ him ! ord] to seek aid
 f ,*>lemagne aga9/  ! ,s>ac5s4         
,*>lemagne appe>s1 9 full arm\r ( ! ye> 

#abjj1  on horseback4 ,!n ,*>lemagne1   
sa9t$1 we>+ 8 halo1 conv]ses  ) two     
bi%ops on ! subject ( a crusade = !     
rescue (  ,con/ant9e4 ,9 ! next sc5e1 he
 arrives at ! gates (  ,con/ant9ople :]e
 ,con/ant9e receives him4 ,! fif?       
picture is  mo/ int]e/+2 ,*>lemagne has 
advanc$ ) 8 knights &  attacks !        
,s>ac5s2 ! ,franks we> coats-(-mail1 &  
c>ry long1  po9t$ %ields2 ! infidels    
c>ry r\nd %ields2 ,*>lemagne1  we>+ a   
cr[n1 /rikes (f ) "o bl[ ( 8 sword !    
head (  a ,s>ac5 emir2 b ! battle is    
desp]ate2 ! *>g]s are at  full gallop1 &
 a ,s>ac5 is /rik+ at ,*>lemagne ) 8    
battle-axe4 ,aft] ! victory has be5 won1
 ! ,emp]or ,con/ant9e  rew>ds ,*>lemagne
 by ! priceless gift ( ?ree *asses or   
reliqu>ies1 conta9+ a piece ( ! true    
,cross2 ! ,suaire or  grave-clo? ( !    
,savi\r2 & a tunic ( ! ,virg94          
,*>lemagne  !n returns to ,france1 & 9 !
 next m$allion pres5ts ! ?ree  *asses & 
! cr[n ( ! ,s>ac5 k+ to ! *ur* at ,aix1 
:i* to a ,fr5* audi5ce meant ! ,abbey ( 

,sa9t-,d5is4 ,?is  sc5e closes ! fir/   
volume ( ! /ory4    ,! second "p op5s on
 ,*>lemagne1 seat$ betwe5 two p]sons1   
look+ up to heav5 at ! ,milky ,way1     
call$ !n ! ,way ( ,sa9t  ,james1 :i*    
directs him to ! grave ( ,sa9t ,james 9 
,spa94 ,sa9t  ,james himself appe>s to  
,*>lemagne 9 a dream1 & ord]s him to    
r$eem ! tomb f ! infidels4 ,!n          
,*>lemagne sets out1 )  ,ar*bi%op ,turp9
 ( ,rheims & knights4 ,9 pres5ce ( 8    
army he  dism\nts & implores ! aid (    
,god4 ,!n he arrives be=e  ,pampeluna & 
transfixes ) 8 lance ! ,s>ac5 *ief z he 
flies into ! city4 ,m\nt$1 he directs   
workm5 to con/ruct a  *ur* 9 hon\r (    
,sa9t ,james2 a little cl\d figures ! h&
 (  ,god4 ,next is %[n ! miracle ( !    
lances2 /uck 9 ! gr\nd at  night1 !y are
 f\nd 9 ! morn+ to h bur/ into foliage1 
prefigur+ m>tyrdom4 ,two ?\s& p p]i% 9  
battle4 ,!n  beg9s ! /ory ( ,rol& :i* ! 
arti/s & donors are s eag]  to tell1    
kn[+1 z !y d1 t :at has s deeply int]e/$
 m5  & wom5 on e>?1 mu/ int]e/ ,m>y :o  

loves !m4 ,y see  ,ar*bi%op ,turp9      
celebrat+ mass :5 an angel appe>s1 to   
w>n  him ( ,rol&'s fate4 ,!n ,rol&      
himself1 also we>+ a halo1 is           
introduc$1 9 ! act ( kill+ ! giant      
,f]ragus4 ,! combat (  ,rol& & ,f]ragus 
is at ! top1 out ( sequ5ce1 z (t5 happ5s
  9 ! leg5d>y w9d[s4 ,*>lemagne & 8 army
 are se5 m>*+  homew>d ?r\gh ! ,pyr5ees1
 :ile ,rol& w9ds 8 horn &  splits ! rock
 )\t be+ able to break ,dur5dal4 ,?i]ry1
  likewise sa9t$1 br+s wat] to ,rol& 9 a
 helmet4 ,at la/  ,?i]ry ann\nces       
,rol&'s dea?4 ,at ! top1 on ei!r side ( 
,rol& & ,f]ragus1 is an angel ) inc5se4 
,! execution ( ?is w9d[ is said to be   
sup]b4 ,( ! col\r1  & its relations ) t 
( ! ,sa9t ,james1 "o ne$s "t &  long    
acqua9tance to le>n ! value4 ,9 ! feel+1
 comp>$ )  t ( ! twelf? c5tury1 "o ne$s 
no "t 9 ord] to see a  *ange4 ,^! two   
w9d[s are z ,fr5* & z mod]n z a picture 
( ,lancret2 !y are pure art1 z simply   
decorative z !  decorations ( ! ,gr&    
,op]a4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury knew m  ab\t   

religion & decoration ?an ! tw5tie?     
c5tury w ev]  le>n4 ,! w9d[s 7 nei!r    
symbolic nor my/ical1 nor m  religi\s   
?an !y pret5d$ to be4 ,t !y are m       
intellig5t  or m co/ly or m effective is
 no?+ to ! purpose1 s long  z "o grants 
t ! combat ( ,rol& & ,f]ragus1 or ,rol& 
w9d+ 8 olifant1 or ,*>lemagne cutt+ (f  
heads &  transfix+ ,moors1 7 subjects   
nev] int5d$ to tea* religion or  in/ruct
 ! ignorant1 b to please ! ,que5 (      
,heav5 z !y  pleas$ ! que5s ( e>? ) a   
roman1 n 9 v]se b 9  col\r1 z ne> z     
possible to decorative p]fection4       
,in/9ctively  "o looks to ! correspond+ 
bay1 opposite1 to see :at !  arti/s c\ld
 h done to balance ^! two great ef=ts ( 
_!  art2 b ! bay opposite is n[ occupi$ 
by ! entrance to ,sa9t  ,piat's *apel & 
"o does n "k :at *anges may h be5 made  
9 ! f\rte5? c5tury to re>range ! glass2 
yet1 ev5 z x  n[ /&s1 ! ,sylve/] w9d[   
:i* corresponds to !  ,*>lemagne is1 z  
glass1 ! /ronge/ 9 ! :ole ca!dral4 ,9  !
 next *apel1 on our left1 come ! m>tyrs1

 ) ,sa9t ,/eph51  ! fir/ m>tyr1 9 !     
middle w9d[4 ,naturally ! subject is  m 
s]i\s1 b ! col\r is n diff]5tly treat$4 
,a /ep  fur!r1 & y see ! arti/s return+ 
to _! light]  subjects4 ,! /ories (     
,sa9t ,julian & ,sa9t ,?omas are m      
amus+ ?an ! plots ( half !              
?irte5?-c5tury romances1 &  n v mu* m   
religi\s4 ,! subject ( ,sa9t ,?omas is a
  p5dant to t ( ,sa9t ,james1 = ,sa9t   
,?omas 0 a great  travell] & an         
ar*itect1 :o c>ri$ ,m>y's wor%ip to     
,india z  ,sa9t ,james c>ri$ x to ,spa94
 ,"h is ! amusem5t ( _m days  9 /udy+ ! 
/ories1 ! col\r & ! execution ( ^!      
w9d[s1 ) ! help ( ! ,monographs (       
,*>tres & ,b\rges  or ! ,gold5 ,leg5d & 
occasional visits to ,le ,mans1 ,t\rs1  
,cl]mont ,f]r&1 & o!r ca!drals2 b1 9    
pass+1 "o has to  note t ! w9d[ ( ,sa9t 
,?omas 0 giv5 by ,france1 & be>s  !     
royal arms1 p]haps = ,philip ,augu/us ! 
,k+2 :ile !  w9d[ ( ,sa9t ,julian 0 giv5
 by ! ,c>p5t]s & ,coop]s4 ,"o  feels no 
ne$ to expla9 h[ x happ5s t ! ta/e ( !  

royal  family1 & ( _! tailors1 furri]s1 
c>p5t]s1 & coop]s1  %\ld fit s          
m>vell\sly1 "o ) ano!r1 & ) t ( !       
,virg92 b "o c comp>e ) !irs ! ta/e ( ! 
,/one-  work]s opposite1 9 ! w9d[ (     
,sa9t ,sylve/] & ,sa9t  ,mel*iades1 ^:  
blues almo/ kill ! ,*>lemagne itself1 & 
(  ! ,tann]s 9 t ( ,sa9t ,?omas (       
,cant]bury2 or1 9 ! la/  *apel on ! s\? 
side1 ) t ( ! ,%oemak]s 9 ! w9d[  to    
,sa9t ,m>t91 attribut$ = "s reason to a 
c]ta9 ,clem5s  vitre>ius ,c>nut5sis1 ^: 
"n is on a w9d[ 9 ! ca!dral  ( ,r\54 ,! 
"n tells no?+1 ev5 if ! id5tity c\ld be 
prov$4 ,clem5t ! glassmak] may h work$  
on 8 own acc\nt1  or = o!rs2 ! glass    
diff]s only 9 ref9em5ts ( ta/e or       
p]haps ( co/4 ,nicolas ,lesc9e1 ! canon1
 or ,ge(froi ,*>donnel1  may h be5 less 
ri* ?an ! ,bak]s1 & ev5 ! ,furri]s may  
h n _h ! rev5ues ( ! ,k+2 b "s controll+
 h& has  giv5 m or less id5tical ta/e to
 all4    ,:at "o c lea/ expla9 is !     
reason :y "s w9d[s1 t  %\ld be "h1 are  
else:]e4 ,9 mo/ *ur*es1 "o f9ds 9 !     

*oir a w9d[ ( doctr9e1 su* z ! s-call$  
,new ,alliance1 b  "h ! ,new ,alliance  
is bani%$ to ! nave4 ,besides ! co/ly   
,*>lemagne & ,sa9t ,james w9d[s 9 !     
apse1 ! ,furri]s &  ,drap]s gave sev]al 
o!rs1 & "o ( ^! seems p>ticul>ly  suit$ 
to s]ve z companion to ,sa9t ,?omas1    
,sa9t ,james1 & ,sa9t  ,julian1 s t x is
 be/ tak5 ) ^! :ile comp>+ !m4 ,x  is 9 
! nave1 ! ?ird w9d[ f ! new t[]1 9 !    
nor?  aisle1--! w9d[ ( ,sa9t ,eu/ace4 ,!
 /ory & treatm5t &  beauty ( ! "w w\ld h
 w>rant$ mak+ x a p5dant to  ,almog5es1 
9 ! bay n[ s]v+ z ! door to ,sa9t       
,piat's  *apel1 :i* %\ld h be5 ! mo/    
effective ( all !  positions 9 ! *ur* = 
a leg5d>y /ory4 ,sa9t ,eu/ace1 ^:  "n 0 
,placidas1 comm&$ ! gu>ds ( ! ,emp]or   
,trajan4 ,"o  day he w5t out hunt+ )    
huntsm5 & h\nds1 z ! leg5d 9  ! l[]     
panel ( ! w9d[ beg9s2 a pretty picture (
 a /ag  hunt ab\t ! ye> #abjj2 foll[$ by
 "o /ill pretti]1 :]e !  /ag1 aft] leap+
 ^u a rock1 has turn$1 & %[s a crucifix 
betwe5 8 horns1 ! /ag on "o side balanc+

 ! horse on !  o!r1 :ile ,placidas on 8 
knees yields to ! miracle ( ,*ri/4  ,!n 
,placidas is baptiz$ z ,eu/ace2 & 9 !   
c5tre1 y see him  ) 8 wife & two        
*ildr5--ano!r *>m+ composition--  leav+ 
! city4 ,f\r small panels 9 ! corn]s are
 said to  conta9 ! signatures ( !       
,drap]s & ,furri]s4 ,above1 ! /ory  (   
adv5ture goes on1 %[+ ,eu/ace b>ga9+ ) a
 %ipma/]  = 8 passage2 8 emb>cation )   
wife & *ildr51 & _!  arrival at "s %ore1
 :]e ! two *ildr5 h l&$1 & !  ma/]      
drives ,eu/ace aft] !m :ile he deta9s ! 
wife4 ,f\r  small panels "h h n be5     
id5tifi$1 b ! leg5d 0 no  d\bt famili>  
to ! ,middle ,ages1 & !y knew h[ ,eu/ace
 & !  *ildr5 came to a riv]1 :]e y c see
 a p9k lion c>ry+ (f  "o *ild1 :ile a   
wolf1 :i* has seiz$ ! o!r1 is attack$ by
  %eph]ds & dogs4 ,! *ildr5 are rescu$1 
& ! wife  reappe>s1 on h] knees be=e h] 
"l1 tell+ ( h] escape f  ! %ipma/]1 :ile
 ! *ildr5 /& beh9d2 & !n !  reunit$     
family1 re/or$ to ! ,emp]or's fav\r1 is 
se5 fea/+  & happy4 ,at la/ ,eu/ace     

refuses to (f] a sacrifice to a         
graceful antique idol1 & is !n %ut up1 )
 all 8 family1 9  a braz5 bull2 a fire  
is k9dl$ b5ea? x2 &1 f above1 a h&      
conf]s ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom4    ,ano!r     
subject1 :i* %\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! apse1 
/&s  9 a s+ul> isolation :i* has /ruck  
_m ( ! /ud5ts 9  ?is bran* ( *ur* le>n+4
 ,at ,s5s1 ,sa9t ,eu/ace is 9 !  *oir1 &
 by 8 side is ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,at     
,b\rges also !  ,prodigal ,son is 9 !   
*oir4 ,at ,*>tres1 he is bani%$ to !    
nor? transept1 :]e y w f9d him 9 ! w9d[ 
next ! nave1  almo/ z ?\gh he 7 9       
disgrace2 yet ! glass is said to be  v  
f9e1 among ! be/ 9 ! *ur*1 :ile ! /ory  
is told  ) r m vivacity ?an usual2 & z  
f> z col\r &  execution g1 ! w9d[ has an
 air ( age & quality high] ?an  !       
av]age4 ,at ! bottom y see ! signature (
 ! corporation  ( ,but*]s4 ,! w9d[ at   
,b\rges 0 giv5 by ! ,tann]s4 ,!  /ory   
beg9s ) ! picture %[+ ! y\ng] son ask+ !
  fa!r = 8 %>e ( ! inh]itance1 :i* he   
receives 9 !  next panel1 & proce$s1 on 

horseback1 to sp5d1 z "o _c help        
suspect+1 at ,p>is1 9 ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]1   
:]e he is se5  arriv+1 welcom$ by two   
ladies4 ,no "o has (f]$ to expla9 :y    
,*>tres %\ld consid] two ladies         
!ologically m correct ?an  "o2 or :y    
,s5s %\ld fix on ?ree1 or :y ,b\rges    
%\ld require  six4 ,p]haps ?is 0 left to
 ! arti/'s fancy2 b1 be=e  quitt+ !     
twelf? c5tury1 we %all see t ! usual "y 
man  :o took 8 %>e ( patrimony & w5t up 
to /udy 9 ! ,lat9  ,qu>t]1 f\nd two     
s*ools ( s*ola/ic tea*+1 "o call$       
,realism1 ! o!r ,nom9alism1 ea* ( :i* 9 
turn ! ,*ur* _h  be5 oblig$ to condemn4 
,mean:ile ! ,prodigal ,son is se5 fea/+ 
) !m1 & is cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 l a new       
,abel>d1 s++  8 songs to ,heloise1 until
 8 religi\s capital is exhau/$1 &  he is
 dragg$ out ( b$1 to be driv5 nak$ f !  
h\se )  /icks1 9 ?is also ,i resembl+   
,abel>d4 ,at ,b\rges he is g5tly  turn$ 
out2 at ,s5s he is dragg$ away by ?ree  
devils4 ,!n he  seeks s]vice1 & is se5  
knock+ acorns f b\ghs1 to fe$ 8         

employ]'s sw9e2 b1 among ! ?\s&s ( "y m5
 :o mu/  h come "h directly f ! s*ools1 
n9e 9 e t5 said  t he 0 tea*+ lett]s to 
8 employ]'s *ildr5 or lectur+  to !     
/ud5ts ( ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]4 ,at la/ he     
decides to return  to 8 fa!r1--possibly 
! ,ar*bi%op ( ,p>is or ! ,abbot (       
,sa9t-,d5is1--:o receives him ) op5     
arms1 & gives him a new  robe1 :i* to ! 
ribald /ud5t w\ld mean a *ur* liv+--an  
abbey1 p]haps ,sa9t ,gildas-de-,rhuys 9 
,brittany1 or else:]e4 ,!  fatt$ calf is
 kill$1 ! fea/ is begun1 & ! eld] son1  
:om  ! malici\s /ud5t w\ld "n ,b]n>d1   
appe>s 9 ord] to make  prote/4 ,above1  
,god1 on ,8 ?rone1 blesses ! globe ( !  
_w4    ,! orig9al symbol ( ! ,prodigal  
,son 0 a r diff]5t =m  ( prodigality4   
,accord+ to ! ,*ur* int]pretation1 !    
,fa!r  _h two sons2 ! old] 0 ! p ( !    
,jews2 ! y\ng]1 !  ,g5tiles4 ,! ,fa!r   
divid$ 8 sub/ance betwe5 !m1 giv+ to  ! 
old] ! div9e law1 to ! y\ng]1 ! law (   
nature4 ,!  y\ng] w5t (f & dissipat$ 8  
sub/ance1 z "o mu/ believe1  on         

,ari/otle2 b rep5t$ & return$ :5 ! ,fa!r
 sacrific$  ! victim--,*ri/--z ! symbol 
( reunion4 ,t ! ,synagogue  also accepts
 ! sacrifice is n s cle>2 b ! ,*ur*     
clung to  ! idea ( conv]t+ ! ,synagogue 
z a necess>y pro( (  ,*ri/'s div9e "*4  
,n until ab\t ! "t :5 ?is w9d[  may h   
be5 made1 did ! new ,*ur*1 "u ! influ5ce
 ( ,sa9t  ,dom9ic1 ab&on ! ,jews & turn 
9 despair to ! ,g5tiles alone4    ,! old
 symbolism belong$ to ! f\r? & fif?     
c5turies1 &1  z told by ! ,jesuit fa!rs 
,m>t9 & ,cahi] 9 _! ,monograph  (       
,b\rges1 x %\ld h pleas$ ! ,virg9 :o 0  
p>ticul>ly  lov$ by ! "y1 & habitually  
%[$ h] atta*m5t to !m4 ,at  ,b\rges !   
w9d[ /&s next ! c5tral *apel ( ! apse1  
:]e  at ,*>tres is ! entrance to ,sa9t  
,piat's *apel2 b ,b\rges did  n belong  
to ,notre ,dame1 nor did ,s5s4 ,! /ory (
 ! prodigal  sons ( ^! ye>s f #abjj to  
#abcj l5ds ! w9d[ a little  p]sonal     
int]e/ t ! ,prodigal ,son ( ,sa9t       
,luke's ,gospel c\ld  h>dly h _h ev5 to 
?irte5?-c5tury p5it5ts4 ,nei!r !  ,*ur* 

nor ! ,cr[n lov$ prodigal sons4 ,s f> f 
kill+ fatt$  calves = !m1 ! bi%ops 9    
#abji burn$ no less ?an t5 9  ,p>is =   
too great intimacy ) ,arab & ,jew       
disciples (  ,ari/otle4 ,! position ( ! 
,bi%op ( ,*>tres betwe5 !  s*ools _h be5
 always awkw>d4 ,z = ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 
h]  fir/ son1 aft]w>ds ,sa9t ,l\is1 0   
born 9 #abae2 & aft] t  "t no ,prodigal 
,son 0 likely to be welcom$ 9 any       
society :i*  %e frequ5t$4 ,= h]1 above  
all o!r wom5 on e>? or 9  heav51        
prodigal sons felt mo/ antipa?y1 until1 
9 #abbi1 !  qu>rel became s viol5t t %e 
turn$ h] police on !m &  beat a numb] to
 dea? 9 ! /reets4 ,!y retaliat$ )\t     
reg>d = loyalty or dec5cy1 be+ f> f     
model y\? & prone  to relapses f virtue1
 ev5 :5 =giv5 & b5efic$4    ,! ,virg9   
,m>y1 ,que5 ( ,heav51 %[$ no prejudice  
aga9/  prodigal sons1 or ev5 prodigal   
daught]s4 ,%e w\ld h>dly1 ( h]  own     
accord1 h ord]$ su* p]sons out ( h]     
apse1 :5 ,sa9t  ,/eph5 at ,b\rges & ,s5s
 %[$ no su* puritanism2 yet !  ,*>tres  

w9d[ is put away 9 ! nor? transept4 ,ev5
 !re x  /ill /&s opposite ! ,virg9 ( !  
,pill>1 on ! wom5's &  ,que5 ,blan*e's  
side ( ! *ur*1 & 9 an excell5t position1
  bett] se5 f ! *oir ?an "s ( ! w9d[s 9 
! *oir  itself1 because ! late summ] sun
 %9es full ^u x1 & c>ries  its col\rs f>
 into ! apse4 ,?is may h be5 "o ( ! _m  
in/ances ( ta/es 9 ! ,virg9 :i* 7 almo/ 
too imp]ial =  h] (ficial c\rt4         
,omnisci5t z ,m>y 01 %e knew no diff]5ce
  betwe5 ! ,blan*es ( ,ca/ile & ! /ud5ts
 ( ! ,lat9  ,qu>t]4 ,%e 0 r fond (      
prodigals1 & g5tle t[>d !  ladies :o    
consum$ ! prodigal's sub/ance4 ,%e      
admitt$ ,m>y  ,magdal5 & ,m>y ! ,gipsy  
to h] society4 ,%e frett$ little ab\t   
,ari/otle s long z ! prodigal ador$ h]1 
& naturally !  prodigal ador$ h] almo/  
to ! exclusion ( ! ,tr9ity4 ,%e  always 
c>$ less = h] dignity ?an 0 to be wi%$4 
,especially  9 ! nave & on ! por*1 among
 ! peasants1 %e lik$ to  appe> z "o (   
!mselves2 %e insi/$ on ly+ 9 b$1 9 a    
/able1 ) ! c[s & asses ab\t h]1 & h]    

baby 9 a cradle  by ! b$side1 z ?\gh %e 
_h suff]$ l o!r wom51 ?\gh  ! ,*ur*     
insi/$ %e _h n4 ,h] husb&1 ,sa9t        
,joseph1 0  notori\sly uncom=table 9 h] 
,c\rt1 & always pref]r$ to get  z ne> to
 ! door z he c\ld4 ,! *oir at ,*>tres1  
on !  contr>y1 0 ari/ocratic2 e w9d[ !re
 _h a c\rt quality1  ev5 d[n to !       
contempor>y ,?omas a',becket1 !         
fa%ionable  m>tyr ( good society4       
,!ology 0 put into ! transepts or /ill  
fur!r away 9 ! nave :]e ! w9d[ ( ! ,new 
,alliance elb[s  ! ,prodigal ,son4 ,ev5 
to ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 ,m>y 0 nei!r a    
philan?ropi/ nor !ologi/ nor m]ely a    
"m1--%e 0 an  absolute ,empress1 &      
:atev] %e said 0 obey$1 b sometimes  %e 
seems to h will$ an ord] t worri$ "s (  
h] mo/  p[]ful s]vants4    ,m>y *ose to 
put h] ,prodigal into ! transept1 & "o  
w\ld l  to "k ! reason4 ,0 x a          
concession to ! ,bi%op or ! ,que58  ,or 
0 x to please ! common p t ^! famili>   
picture-  books1 ) _! popul> int]e/1 l !
 ,good ,sam>itan & !  ,prodigal ,son1 7 

put on ! walls ( ! great public hall8   
,?is  c h>dly be1 s9ce ! p w\ld surely h
 pref]r$ !  ,*>lemagne & ,sa9t ,james to
 any o!r4 ,we %all nev] "k2 b  sitt+ "h 
9 ! subdu$ aft]noon light ( ! apse1 "o  
goes on  = h\rs read+ ! op5 volumes (   
col\r1 & li/5+ to !  /eady discussion by
 ! ar*itects1 arti/s1 prie/s1 pr9ces1 & 
pr9cesses ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ab\t !     
arrangem5ts ( ?is  apse4 ,h[ev]         
/rong-will$ !y might be1 ea* 9 turn :e!r
  prie/1 or noble1 or glasswork]1 w\ld h
 c]ta9ly appeal$ to  ! ,virg9 & "o c    
imag9e ! ar*itect /ill beside u1 9 !    
gr[+ dusk ( ev5+1 m5tally pray+1 z he   
look$ at ! "w  ( a f9i%$ day3 ,lady     
,virg91 %[ me :at y l be/6 ,!  c5tral   
*apel is correct1 ,i "k4 ,! ,lady       
,blan*e's grisaille  veils ! r /rong    
blue tone nicely1 & ,i am confid5t x w  
suit y4 ,! ,*>lemagne w9d[ seems to me v
 successful1 b  ! ,bi%op feels n at all 
easy ab\t x1 & ,i %\ld nev] h  d>$ put x
 "h if ! ,lady ,blan*e _h n insi/$ on a 
,spani%  bay4 ,to balance at once bo? ! 

subjects & ! col\r1 we h  tri$ ! ,/eph5 
w9d[ 9 ! next *apel1 ) m r$2 b if  ,sa9t
 ,/eph5 is n good en\gh to satisfy y1 we
 h tri$ aga9  ) ,sa9t ,julian1 ^: /ory  
is really wor? tell+ y z we  tell x2 & )
 him we h put ,sa9t ,?omas because y    
lov$ him  & gave him y\r girdle4 ,i d n 
myself c>e s v mu* =  ,sa9t ,?omas (    
,cant]bury opposite1 ?\gh ! ,c\nt is    
wild ab\t  x1 & ! ,bi%op wants x2 b !   
,sylve/] is /up5d\s 9 !  morn+ sun4 ,:at
 tr\bles me mo/ is ! fir/ "r-h& bay4 ,! 
pr9cesses w\ld n h let me put !         
,prodigal ,son !re1 ev5 if  x 7 made = !
 place4 ,i've no?+ else good en\gh to   
balance  ! ,*>lemagne unless x be !     
,eu/ace4 ,graci\s ,lady1 :at ought  ,i  
to d8 ,=give me my blund]s1 my /upidity1
 my wret*$ want (  ta/e & feel+6 ,i love
 & adore y6 ,all t ,i am1 ,i am =  y6   
,if ,i _c please y1 ,i c>e n = ,heav56 b
 )\t y\r  help1 ,i am lo/6    ,^u my ^w1
 y may sit "h =ev] imag9+ su* appeals1 &
  ! endless discussions & criticisms t 7
 he>d e day1  "u ^! vaults1 sev5 hundr$ 

ye>s ago4 ,t ! ,virg9  answ]$ ! que/ions
 is my firm belief1 j z x is my         
conviction t %e did n answ] !m else:]e4 
,"o sees h]  p]sonal pres5ce on e side4 
,any "o c feel x :o w only  cons5t to   
feel l a *ild4 ,sitt+ "h any ,sunday    
aft]noon1  :ile ! voices ( ! *ildr5 ( ! 
maitrise are *ant+ 9 !  *oir1--y\r m9d  
held 9 ! grasp ( ! /rong l9es & %ad[s  (
 ! ar*itecture2 y\r eyes flood$ ) !     
autumn tones ( !  glass2 y\r e>s dr[n$ )
 ! purity ( ! voices2 "o s5se  react+ ^u
 ano!r until s5sation rea*es ! limit (  
its  range1--y1 or any o!r lo/ s\l1     
c\ld1 if y c>$ to look &  li/51 feel a  
s5se beyond ! human ready to reveal a   
s5se div9e  t w\ld make t _w once m     
intelligible1 & w\ld br+  ! ,virg9 to   
life aga91 9 all ! dep?s ( feel+ :i* %e 
%[s "h1--9 l9es1 vaults1 *apels1 col\rs1
 leg5ds1 *ants1--  m eloqu5t ?an !      
pray]-book1 & m beautiful ?an !  autumn 
sunlight2 & any "o will+ to try c\ld    
feel x l !  *ild1 read+ new ?\ght )\t   
end into ! art he has /udi$ a  hundr$   

times2 b :at is /ill m conv9c+1 he c\ld1
 at w1  9 an in/ant1 %att] ! :ole art by
 call+ into x a s+le  motive ( 8 own4   
,,*apt] ,x    ,,! ,,c\rt ,,( ,,! ,,que5 
,,( ,,heav5    ,all arti/s love !       
sanctu>y ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & all      
t\ri/s love ! re/4 ,! reason becomes    
cle> z "o leaves !  *oir1 & goes back to
 ! broad1 op5 hall ( ! nave4 ,! *oir  0 
made n = ! pilgrim b = ! deity1 & is z  
old z  ,adam1 or p]haps old]2 at all    
ev5ts old en\gh to h exi/$ 9  complete  
arti/ic & !ological =m1 ) ! :ole my/]y (
  ! ,tr9ity1 ! ,"m & ,*ild1 & ev5 !     
,cross1 ?\s&s (  ye>s be=e ,*ri/ 0 born2
 b ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* n only took  !      
sanctu>y 9 h&1 & gave x a new =m1 m     
beautiful &  mu* m ref9$ ?an ! ,romans  
or ,greeks or ,egyptians _h ev]  imag9$1
 b x also add$ ! idea ( ! nave &        
transepts1 &  develop$ x into imp]ial   
spl5d\r4 ,! pilgrim-t\ri/ feels at  home
 9 ! nave because x 0 built = him2 !    
arti/ loves !  sanctu>y because he built
 x = ,god4    ,*>tres 0 int5d$ to hold  

t5 ?\s& p easily1 or fifte5  ?\s& :5    
cr[d$1 & ! decoration ( ?is great space1
  ?\gh n a :olly new problem1 _h to be  
treat$ 9 a new way4  ,sancta ,s(ia 0    
built by ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian1 ) all !    
res\rces ( ! ,empire1 9 a s+le viol5t   
ef=t1 9 six ye>s1  & 0 decorat$ ?r\gh\t 
) mosaics on a g5]al s*eme1 )  ! unity t
 ,empire & ,*ur* c\ld give1 :5 !y act$  
toge!r4 ,! ,norman ,k+s ( ,sicily1 !    
ri*e/ pr9ces ( !  twelf? c5tury1 7 able 
to c>ry out a complete "w ( ! mo/  co/ly
 k9d1 9 a s+le su/a9$ ef=t f beg9n+ to  
end1  accord+ to a giv5 plan4 ,*>tres 0 
a local %r9e1 9 an  agricultural        
prov9ce1 n ev5 a "p ( ! royal doma91 &  
its  ca!dral 0 ! "w ( society1 )\t mu* m
 tie ?an !  ,virg9 gave x4 ,socially    
,*>tres1 z f> z its /one-"w goes1  seems
 to h be5 mo/ly rural2 its decoration1 9
 ! por*es &  transepts1 is royal &      
feudal2 9 ! nave & *oir x is *iefly     
b\rgeois4 ,! want ( unity is mu* less   
surpris+ ?an ! unity1  b x is /ill      
evid5t1 especially 9 ! glass4 ,! mosaics

 (  ,monreale beg9 & end2 !y are a      
s]ies2 _! connection is  arti/ic &      
!ological at once2 !y h unity4 ,! w9d[s 
(  ,*>tres h no sequ5ce1 & _! *>m is 9  
v>iety1 9  individuality1 & sometimes   
ev5 9 d[nright ho/ility to ea*  o!r1    
reflect+ ! picturesque society t gave   
!m4 ,!y h1  too1 ! *>m t ! _w has made  
no attempt to popul>ize !m  = its mod]n 
uses1 s t1 except = ! useful little     
guide-  book ( ! ,abbe ,cl]val1 "o c see
 no clue to ! leg5d>y  *aos2 "o has x to
 "o's self1 )\t mu* fe> ( be+ trampl$   
^u by critics or ,jew deal]s 9 works (  
art2 any ,*>tres begg>-  woman c /ill   
pass a summ]'s day "h1 & nev] once be   
mortifi$ by ignorance ( ?+s t e deal] 9 
bric-a-brac is  suppos$ to "k4    ,yet !
 arti/s seem to h begun ev5 "h ) "s idea
 (  sequ5ce1 = ! fir/ w9d[ 9 ! nor?     
aisle1 next ! new  t[]1 tells ! /ory (  
,noah2 b ! next plunges into ! local    
hi/ory ( ,*>tres1 & is devot$ to ,sa9t  
,lub91 a bi%op ( ?is  diocese :o di$ 9  
or ab\t ! ye> #eef1 & 01 = "s reason1   

select$ by ! ,w9e-,m]*ants to repres5t  
!m1 z _!  int]e/+ m$allions %[4 ,!n     
foll[ ?ree amus+ subjects1  *>m+ly      
treat$3 ,sa9t ,eu/ace1 ^: /ory has be5  
told2 ,joseph  & 8 bre?r52 & ,sa9t      
,ni*olas1 ! mo/ popul> sa9t ( !  ?irte5?
 c5tury1 bo? 9 ! ,greek & 9 ! ,roman    
,*ur*es4 ,!  six? & la/ w9d[ on ! nor?  
aisle ( ! nave is ! ,new  ,alliance4    
,opposite ^!1 9 ! s\? aisle1 ! s]ies    
beg9s next ! t[]  ) ,john ! ,evangeli/1 
foll[$ by ,sa9t ,m>y ,magdal51 giv5 by  
! ,wat]-,c>ri]s4 ,! ?ird1 ! ,good       
,sam>itan1 giv5 by !  ,%oemak]s1 has a  
rival at ,s5s :i* critics ?9k ev5 bett]4
 ,!  f\r? is ! ,dea?1 ,assumption1 &    
,coronation ( ! ,virg94 ,!n  comes !    
fifte5?-c5tury ,*apel ( ,v5dome1 to     
comp>e ! e>ly  & lat] glass4 ,! six? is1
 or 01 devot$ to ! ,virg9's  ,miracles  
at ,*>tres2 b only "o complete subject  
rema9s4    ,^! w9d[s light ! two aisles 
( ! nave & decorate !  l[] walls ( !    
*ur* ) a mass ( col\r & v>iety ( l9e    
/ill practically intact 9 spite ( mu*   

injury2 b ! w9d[s (  ! transepts on !   
same level h almo/ disappe>$1 except !  
,prodigal ,son & a bord] to :at 0 once a
 ,sa9t ,lawr5ce1 on !  nor?2 &1 on !    
s\?1 "p ( a w9d[ to ,sa9t ,apoll9>is (  
,rav5na1 ) an int]e/+ hi]>*y ( angels   
above3--s]aphim  & *]ubim ) six w+s1 r$ 
& blue2 ,dom9ations2 ,p[]s2             
,pr9cipalities2 all1 except ,?rones4    
,all ?is seems to be simple en\gh1 at   
lea/ to ! p = :om  ! nave 0 built1 & to 
:om ! w9d[s 7 meant to speak4  ,!re is  
no?+ esot]ic "h2 no?+ b :at might h     
suit$  ! great hall ( a great palace4   
,!re is no diff]5ce 9 ta/e  betwe5 !    
,virg9 9 ! *oir1 & ! ,wat]-,c>ri]s by ! 
doorway4 ,blan*e1 ! "y ,que51 lik$ !    
same col\rs1 leg5ds1  & l9es t h]       
,groc]s & ,bak]s lik$4 ,all equally lov$
 !  ,virg94 ,!re 0 n ev5 a social       
diff]5ce4 ,9 ! *oir1  ,?ibaut1 ! ,c\nt (
 ,*>tres1 imm$iate "l ( ! prov9ce1 let  
himself be put 9 a d>k corn] next !     
,belle ,v]ri]e1 & left  ! ,bak]s to     
display _! weal? 9 ! mo/ s]i\s spot 9 ! 

*ur*1 ! c5tral w9d[ ( ! c5tral *apel1   
:ile 9 ! nave  & transepts all ! l[]    
w9d[s t be> signatures 7 giv5  by       
trades1 z ?\gh t "p ( ! *ur* 7 ab&on$ to
 !  commons4 ,"o might suppose t !      
feudal ari/ocracy w\ld h  =tifi$ itself 
9 ! cl]e/ory & upp] w9d[s1 b ev5 !re  ! 
b\rgeoisie invad$ !m1 & y c see1 ) a    
glass1 !  ,pa/rycooks & ,turn]s look+   
across at ! ,weav]s & ,curri]s  &       
,money-,*ang]s1 & ! ,m5 ( ,t\rs4 ,b5ea? 
! ?rone (  ! ,"m ( ,god1 !re 0 no       
di/9ction ( gifts2 & above x  !         
di/9ction fav\r$ ! commonalty4    ,( !  
sev5 imm5se w9d[s above & ar\nd ! high  
alt>1 :i*  are design$ z "o composition1
 none 0 giv5 by a pr9ce or a  noble4 ,! 
,drap]s1 ! ,but*]s1 ! ,bak]s1 ! ,bank]s 
are  *>g$ ) ! highe/ duties atta*$ to ! 
,virg9's s]vice4  ,app>5tly nei!r ,sa9t 
,l\is1 nor 8 fa!r ,l\is ,,viii1 nor 8   
"m ,blan*e1 nor 8 uncle ,philippe       
,hurepel1 nor 8 c\s9 ,sa9t  ,f]d9& (    
,ca/ile1 nor 8 o!r c\s9 ,pi]re de       
,dreux1 nor !  ,du*ess ,alix (          

,brittany1 c>$ :e!r _! portraits or     
armorial  %ields 7 ?ru/ out ( sight into
 corn]s by ,pa/rycooks &  ,team/]s1 or  
took a :ole wall ( ! *ur* to !mselves4  
,!  only relation t connects !m is _!   
common relation to !  ,virg91 b t is    
emphatic1 & dom9ates ! :ole4    ,x      
dom9ates u1 too1 if we reflect on x1 ev5
 aft] sev5 hundr$  ye>s t its mean+ has 
fad$4 ,:5 "o looks up to ?is display  ( 
spl5d\r 9 ! cl]e/ory1 & asks :at 0 9 !  
m9ds (  ! p :o jo9$ to produce1 ) su*   
imm5se ef=t & at  su* self-sacrifice1   
?is a/oni%+ effect1 ! "q seems to  answ]
 itself l an e*o4 ,) only half ( an     
atrophi$  imag9ation1 9 a happy mood we 
c\ld /ill see ! nave &  transepts fill$ 
) t5 ?\s& p on _! knees1 & !  ,virg91   
cr[n$ & rob$1 seat+ h]self on !         
embroid]$  cu%ion t cov]$ h] imp]ial    
?rone2 sp>kl+ ) gems2  be>+ 9 h] "r h& !
 sceptre1 & 9 h] lap ! infant  ,k+2 b1 9
 ! act ( seat+ h]self1 we %\ld see h]   
pause a  mom5t to look d[n ) love &     
sympa?y on u1--h] p1--:o  pack ! enorm\s

 hall1 & ?rong f> out beyond ! op5      
portals2  :ile1 an in/ant lat]1 %e      
glances up to see t h] great lords1     
spiritual & temporal1 ! advis]s ( h]    
judgm5t1 ! supports  ( h] au?ority1 !   
ag5ts ( h] w1 %all be 9 place2 rob$1    
mitr$1 arm$2 be>+ ! symbols ( h]        
au?ority & _!  (fice2 on horseback1     
lance 9 h&2 all ( !m ready at a sign to 
c>ry out a s5t5ce ( judgm5t or an err& (
 m]cy2 to t\*  ) ! sceptre or to /rike )
 ! sword2 & nev] err4    ,!re !y /ill   
/&6 un*ang$1 unfad$1 z alive & complete 
z  :5 !y repres5t$ ! real _w1 & ! p bel[
 7 !  unreal & ephem]al pageant6 ,!n !  
reality 0 ! ,que5 (  ,heav5 on h] ?rone 
9 ! sanctu>y1 & h] c\rt 9 ! glass2  n ! 
que5s or pr9ces :o 7 pro/rat+ !mselves1 
) !  cr[d1 at h] feet4 ,^! p knew !     
,virg9 z well z !y  knew _! own mo!rs2 e
 jewel 9 h] cr[n1 e /it* (              
gold-embroid]y 9 h] _m robes2 e col\r2 e
 fold2 e  expression on ! p]fectly      
famili> features ( h] grave1 imp]ial    
face2 e c>e t lurk$ 9 ! sil5t sadness ( 

h] p[]2  repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 9 /one1
 glass1 ivory1 enamel1 wood2  9 e room1 
at ! head ( e b$1 hang+ on e neck1  /&+ 
at e /reet-corn]1 ! ,virg9 0 z famili>  
to e  "o ( !m z ! sun or ! seasons2 f> m
 famili> ?an _!  own e>?ly que5 or      
c\ntess1 al?\gh ^! 7 no /rang]s 9  _!   
daily life2 famili> f ! e>lie/ *ildhood 
to ! la/  agony2 9 e joy & e sorr[ & e  
dang]2 9 e act  & almo/ 9 e ?\ght (     
life1 ! ,virg9 0 pres5t ) a  reality t  
nev] belong$ to h] ,son or to ! ,tr9ity1
 & h>dly  to any e>?ly be+1 prelate1 k+1
 or kais]2 h] daily life 0  z real to !m
 z _! own loyalty :i* br\ght to h] ! be/
  !y _h to (f] z ! return = h] b\ndless 
sympa?y2 b  :ile !y knew ! ,virg9 z ?\gh
 %e 7 "o ( !mselves1 &  because %e _h   
be5 "o ( !mselves1 !y 7 n s famili>  )  
all ! (fic]s ( h] c\rt at ,*>tres2 &    
pilgrims f  abroad1 l u1 mu/ always h   
look$ ) curi\s int]e/ at  ! pageant4    
,f> d[n ! nave1 next ! we/]n t[]s1 !    
rank began )  sa9ts1 prophets1 & m>tyrs1
 ( all ages & c\ntries2 local1  l ,sa9t 

,lub92 national1 l ,sa9t ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs &
 ,sa9t  ,hil>y ( ,poiti]s2 popul> l     
,sa9t ,ni*olas2 militant l ,sa9t        
,george2 )\t ord]2 symbols l ,abraham & 
,isaac2 ! ,virg9  h]self1 hold+ on h]   
lap ! ,sev5 ,gifts ( ! ,holy ,gho/2     
,*ri/ ) ! ,alpha & ,omega2 ,moses &     
,sa9t ,augu/9e2 ,sa9t  ,pet]2 ,sa9t ,m>y
 ! ,egyptian2 ,sa9t ,j]ome2 a :ole      
?rone-room (  heav5ly p[]s1 repeat+1 )91
 ! pageant c>v$ on !  por*es & on !     
portals )\t4 ,f ! croisee 9 ! c5tre1    
:]e ! cr[d is mo/ d5se1 "o sees ! :ole  
almo/ bett] ?an  ,m>y sees x f h] high  
alt>1 = !re all ! great rose  w9d[s fla%
 9 turn1 & ! ?ree twelf?-c5tury lancets 
gl[ on  ! we/]n sun4 ,:5 ! eyes ( !     
?rong are direct$ to !  nor?1 ! ,rose ( 
,france /rikes !m almo/ ) a physical    
%ock  ( col\r1 &1 f ! s\?1 ! ,rose (    
,dreux *all5ges !  ,rose ( ,france4     
,e "o kn[s t !re is w> betwe5 ! two6 ,! 
?irte5?  c5tury has few secrets4 ,!re   
are no outsid]s4 ,we are "o family  z we
 are "o ,*ur*4 ,e man & woman "h1 f ,m>y

 on h]  ?rone to ! begg> on ! por*1 kn[s
 t ,pi]re de ,dreux  dete/s ,blan*e (   
,ca/ile1 & t _! two w9d[s c>ry on w>    
across ! v he>t ( ! ca!dral4 ,bo? unite 
only 9 ask+  help f ,m>y2 b ,blan*e is a
 woman1 alone 9 ! _w )  "y *ildr5 to    
protect1 & mo/ wom5 incl9e /rongly to   
suspect t ,m>y w nev] des]t h]4 ,pi]re1 
) all 8  mascul9e /r5g?1 is no c\rti]4  
,he wants to rule by =ce4 ,he  c>ries ! 
ass]tion ( 8 sex into ! v pres5ce ( !   
,que5  ( ,heav54    ,! ye> happ5s to be 
#abcj1 :5 ! roses may be suppos$ j      
f9i%$ & %[+ _! :ole spl5d\r = ! fir/ "t4
 ,que5  ,blan*e is =ty-?ree ye>s old1 & 
h] son ,l\is is fifte54  ,blan*e is a   
wid[ ^! f\r ye>s1 & ,pi]re a wid[] s9ce 
#abba4 ,bo? are reg5ts & gu>dians = _!  
heirs4 ,!y h  necess>ily c>ri$ _!       
disputes be=e ,m>y4 ,que5 ,blan*e claims
  = h] son1 :o is to be ,sa9t ,l\is1 !  
place ( hon\r at ,m>y's  "r h&2 %e has  
tak5 possession ( ! nor? por* outside1 &
  ( ! nor? transept )91 & has fill$ !   
w9d[s ) glass1  z %e is fill+ ! por* )  

/atu>y4 ,above is ! huge rose2  bel[ are
 five long w9d[s2 & all proclaim !      
homage t ,france  r5d]s to ! ,que5 (    
,heav54    ,! ,rose ( ,france %[s 9 its 
c5tre ! ,virg9 9 h] maje/y1  seat$1     
cr[n$1 hold+ ! sceptre ) h] "r h&1 :ile 
h]  left supports ! infant ,*ri/-,k+ on 
h] knees2 :i* %[s t  %e1 too1 is act+ z 
reg5t = h] ,son4 ,r\nd h]1 9 a circle1  
are twelve m$allions2 f\r conta9+ doves2
 f\r six-w+$ angels  or ,?rones2 f\r    
angels ( a l[] ord]1 b all symboliz+ !  
gifts & end[m5ts ( ! ,que5 ( ,heav54    
,outside ^! are  twelve m m$allions ) ! 
,k+s ( ,judah1 & a ?ird circle  conta9s 
! twelve less] prophets4 ,s ,m>y sits1  
h$g$ 9 by all  ! div9ity t graces e>?ly 
or heav5ly k+s2 :ile betwe5  ! two out] 
circles are twelve quatrefoils be>+ on a
 blue  gr\nd ! gold5 lilies ( ,france2 &
 9 ea* angle bel[ ! rose  are f\r op5+s1
 %[+ alt]nately ! lilies ( ,l\is & !    
ca/les ( ,blan*e4 ,we :o are bel[1 !    
common p1 und]/&  t ,france claims to   
protect & def5d ! ,virg9 ( ,*>tres1 z   

h] *ief vassal1 & t ?is o/5tati\s       
pr(usion ( lilies &  ca/les is int5d$ n 
9 hon\r ( ,france1 b z a demon/ration  (
 loyalty to ,notre ,dame1 & an ass]tion 
( h] rights z ,que5  ,reg5t ( ,heav5    
aga9/ all com]s1 b p>ticul>ly aga9/     
,pi]re1 ! rebel1 :o has ! audacity to   
ass]t rival rights 9  ! opposite        
transept4    ,b5ea? ! rose are five long
 w9d[s1 v unlike ! twelf?-  c5tury      
p5dants to ! we/]n rose4 ,^! five w9d[s 
blaze )  r$1 & _! spl5d\r ?r[s ! ,virg9 
above q into !  backgr\nd4 ,! arti/s1 :o
 felt t ! twelf?-c5tury glass 0  too f9e
 & too delicate = ! new scale ( ! *ur*1 
h n  only enl>g$ _! scale & co>s5$ _!   
design1 b h  co>s5$ _! col\r-s*eme also1
 disc>d+ blue 9 ord] to  cru% u "u !    
e>?ly maje/y ( r$4 ,^! w9d[s1 too1 be>  
! /amp & seal ( ,blan*e's ,spani% temp] 
z en]getically z  ?\gh !y bore h]       
portrait4 ,! great c5tral figure1 !     
talle/  & mo/ comm&+ 9 ! :ole *ur*1 is n
 ! ,virg91 b h]  "m ,sa9t ,anne1 /&+    
erect z on ! trumeau ( ! door  b5ea?1 & 

hold+ ! infant ,m>y on h] left arm4 ,%e 
we>s no  royal cr[n1 b be>s a fl[]$     
sceptre4 ,! only o!r diff]5ce  betwe5   
,m>y & h] "m1 t seems int5d$ to /rike   
att5tion1 is t ,m>y sits1 :ile h] "m    
/&s2 b z ?\gh  to proclaim /ill m       
di/9ctly t ,france supports ! royal &   
div9e pret5sions ( ,sa9t ,anne1 ,que5   
,blan*e has put b5ea? !  figure a great 
%ield blazon$ ) ! gold5 lilies on an    
azure  gr\nd4    ,) s+ul> insi/5ce on   
?is motive1 ,sa9t ,anne has at ei!r  h& 
a royal c\rt ( h] own1 m>k$ z h] own by 
conta9+ only  figures f ! ,old ,te/am5t4
 ,/&+ next on h] "r is  ,solomon1 h]    
,prime ,m9i/]1 br++ wisdom 9 worldly    
c\nsel1 &  trampl+ on human folly4      
,beyond ,wisdom /&s ,law1 figur$ by     
,a>on  ) ! ,book1 trampl+ on ! lawless  
,ph>aoh4 ,opposite !m1 on  ,sa9t ,anne's
 left1 is ,david1 ! en]gy ( ,/ate1      
trampl+ on a  ,saul sugge/+ suspicions (
 a ,saul de ,dreux2 :ile la/1           
,mel*is$ec :o is ,fai?1 tramples on a   
disob$i5t ,nebu*adnezz>  ,maucl]c4      

,h[ c we1 ! common p1 help see+ all ?is1
 & mu* m1  :5 we "k t ,pi]re de ,dreux  
has be5 = ye>s 9 con/ant  /rife ) !     
,cr[n & ! ,*ur*8 ,he is v valiant &     
lion-  he>t$2--s say ! *ronicl]s1 prie/s
 ?\gh !y are2--v  skilful & exp]i5c$ 9  
w> :e!r by l& or sea2 v adroit1  ) m    
s5se ?an any o!r great "l 9 ,france2 b  
re/less1  facti\s1 & reg>dless ( 8 ^w4  
,brave & bold z ! day2  full ( c\rtesy &
 l>gesse2 b v h>d on ! cl]gy2 a good    
,*ri/ian b a bad *ur*man6 ,c]ta9ly !    
fir/ man ( 8 "t1  says ,mi*elet6 ,i h   
nev] f\nd any t s\ght to d me m ill  ?an
 he1 says ,blan*e1 & ,jo9ville gives h] 
v words2 inde$1  ?is ye>1 #abcj1 %e has 
summon$ our own ,bi%op ( ,*>tres among  
o!rs to ,p>is 9 a c\rt ( pe]s1 :]e      
,pi]re has be5 f\nd  guilty ( treason & 
depos$4 ,w> /ill cont9ues1 b ,pi]re mu/ 
make submission4 ,blan*e has beat5 him 9
 politics & 9 !  field6 ,let u look r\nd
 & see h[ he f>es 9 !ology & art6       
,!re is 8 rose--s beautiful t ,blan*e   
may well ?9k x seeks  to d h]s ill6 ,z  

col\r1 judge = y\rselves :e!r x holds   
its  own aga9/ ! flam+ self-ass]tion ( !
 opposite wall6 ,z  subject1 x ass]ts   
flat defiance ( ! mon>*y ( ,que5        
,blan*e4  ,9 ! c5tral circle1 ,*ri/ z   
,k+ is seat$ on a royal ?rone1  bo? arms
 rais$1 "o hold+ ! gold5 cup ( et]nal   
prie/hood1  ! o!r1 bless+ ! _w4 ,two    
great flambeaux burn beside ,him4  ,!   
f\r ,apocalyptic figures surr\nd &      
wor%ip ,him2 & 9 !  conc5tric circles   
r\nd ! c5tral m$allion are ! angels &  !
 k+s 9 a blaze ( col\r1 symboliz+ ! ,new
 ,j]usalem4    ,all ! =ce ( !           
,apocalypse is !re1 & s is "s ( !       
weakness ( !ology1 =1 9 ! five great    
w9d[s bel[1 ,pi]re  %[s 8 tra9+ 9 !     
s*ools4 ,f\r ( ^! w9d[s repres5t  :at is
 call$1 = want ( a bett] "n1 ! ,new     
,alliance2 !  dep5d5ce ( ! ,new ,te/am5t
 on ! ,old2 b ,pi]re's *oice 9  symbols 
0 z mascul9e z t ( ,blan*e 0 fem99e4 ,9 
ea* (  ! f\r w9d[s1 a gigantic          
,evangeli/ /rides ! %\ld]s ( a  colossal
 ,prophet4 ,sa9t ,john rides on         

,ezekiel2 ,sa9t ,m>k be/rides  ,daniel2 
,sa9t ,mat!w is on ! %\ld]s ( ,isaiah2  
,sa9t ,luke is  c>ri$ by ,j]emiah4 ,!   
effect v]ges on ! grotesque4 ,! balance 
( ,*ri/'s ,*ur* seems unc]ta94 ,!       
,evangeli/s clut* !  ,prophets by !     
hair1 & :ile ! synagogue /&s firm1 !    
,*ur* looks small1 feeble1 & vacillat+4 
,! new disp5sation  has n ! air ( ma/]y 
ei!r physical or intellectual2 ! old    
gives x all ! support x has1 &1 9 !     
abs5ce ( ,sa9t ,paul1  bo? old & new    
seem little conc]n$ ) ! sympa?ies (     
,fr5*m54 ,! synagogue is /rong] ?an !   
,*ur*1 b ev5 !  ,*ur* is ,jew4    ,t    
,pi]re c\ld ev] h meant ?is is n to be  
dream$2 b  :5 ! true s*ol> gets ?or\ghly
 to "w1 8 logic is  remorseless1 8 art  
is implacable1 & 8 s5se ( hum\r is      
blight$4 ,9 ! rose above1 ,pi]re _h     
ass]t$ ! exclusive  au?ority ( ,*ri/ 9 !
 ,new ,j]usalem1 & 8 s*eme requir$  him 
to %[ h[ ! ,*ur* re/$ on ! ,evangeli/s  
bel[1 :o 9  _! turn _h no visible       
support except :at ! ,prophets gave  !m4

 ,yet ! arti/ may h _h a reason = weak5+
 !  ,evangeli/s1 because !re rema9$ !   
,virg96 ,"o d>es no m  ?an h9t at a     
motive s disrespectful to ! ,evangeli/s2
 b x is  c]ta9ly true t1 9 ! c5tral     
w9d[1 imm$iately b5ea? !  ,*ri/1 & ,8   
*ief support1 ) ! f\r /agg]+ ,evangeli/s
  & ,prophets on ei!r h&1 ! ,virg9 /&s1 
& betrays no sign  ( weakness4    ,!    
complim5t is s+ul>ly mascul9e2 a k9d (  
twelf?-c5tury  flatt]y t might h s(t5$ !
 ang] ( ,blan*e h]self1 if  ! ,virg9 _h 
be5 h] own2 b ! ,virg9 ( ,dreux is n !  
,virg9 ( ,france4 ,no d\bt %e /ill we>s 
h] royal cr[n1 & h]  head is circl$ ) ! 
halo2 h] "r h& /ill holds !  fl[]$      
sceptre1 & h] left ! infant ,*ri/1 b %e 
/&s1  & ,*ri/ is ,k+4 ,note1 too1 t %e  
/&s directly opposite to  h] "m ,sa9t   
,anne 9 ! ,rose ( ,france1 s z to place 
h] "o  /age l[] ?an ! ,virg9 ( ,france 9
 ! hi]>*y4 ,%e is !  ,sa9t ,anne (      
,france1 & %[s x4 ,%e is no long]1 says 
!  (ficial ,monograph1 t maje/ic que5 :o
 0 seat$ on a ?rone1  ) h] feet on !    

/ool ( hon\r2 ! p]sonages h become  less
 impos+ & ! heads %[ ! decad5ce4 ,%e is 
! ,virg9  ( ,!ology2 %e has h] rights1 &
 no m2 b %e is n !  ,virg9 ( ,*>tres4   
,%e1 too1 /&s on an alt> or p$e/al1 on  
:i* hangs a %ield  be>+ ! erm9es1 an    
exact c\nt]p>t ( ! royal %ield  b5ea?   
,sa9t ,anne4 ,9 ?is excessive display ( 
armorial be>+s--  = ! two roses above   
are cr[d$ ) !m--"o likes to ?9k  t ^!   
great pr9ces _h 9 _! m9ds n s mu* !     
?\ght  ( _! own importance--:i* is a    
mod]n sort ( religion--z !  ?\ght ( _!  
devotion to ,m>y4 ,! ass]tion ( p[] &   
atta*m5t by "o is met by ! ass]tion (   
equal devotion by !  o!r1 & :ile bo?    
l\dly proclaim _! homage to ! ,virg91   
ea* gl>es defiance across ! *ur*4 ,pi]re
 meant ! ,que5 (  ,heav5 to "k t1 9 case
 ( ne$1 h] left h& 0 z good z  h] "r1 & 
tru]2 t ! erm9es 7 z well able to def5d 
h] z ! lilies1 & t ,brittany w\ld fight 
h] battles z  bravely z ,france4 ,:e!r 8
 mean+ c>ri$ ) x m devotion  to ! ,virg9
 or m defiance to ,france dep5ds a      

little on !  date ( ! w9d[s1 b1 z a m]e 
po9t ( hi/ory1 e "o mu/  all[ t ,pi]re's
 promise ( allegiance 0 kept m fai?fully
  by ,brittany ?an t ( ,blan*e & ,sa9t  
,l\is has be5 kept by  ,france4    ,!   
date seems to be fix$ by ! w9d[s        
!mselves4 ,b5ea? !  ,prophets kneel     
,pi]re & 8 wife ,alix1 :ile _! two      
*ildr51  ,yol&e & ,jean1 /&4 ,alix di$ 9
 #abba4 ,jean 0 born 9 #abag4  ,yol&e 0 
affianc$ 9 m>riage 9 #abbg1 :ile a *ild1
 & giv5  to ,que5 ,blan*e to be br\ght  
up z ! future wife ( h] y\ng]  son      
,john1 !n 9 8 eigh? ye>4 ,:5 ,john di$1 
,yol&e 0  contract$ to ,?ibaut (        
,*ampagne 9 #abca1 & ,blan*e is said to 
h writt5 to ,?ibaut 9 consequ5ce3 ,sire 
,?ibauld ( ,*ampagne1  ,i h he>d t y h  
cov5ant$ & promis$ to take to wife  !   
daught] ( ,c\nt ,p]ron ( ,brittany4     
,:]e=e ,i *>ge y1 if  y d n wi% to lose 
:atev] y possess 9 ! k+dom (  ,france1 n
 to d x4 ,if y hold de> or love aught 9 
! said  k+dom1 d x n4 ,:e!r ,blan*e     
wrote 9 ^! words or n1  %e c]ta9ly      

prev5t$ ! m>riage1 & ,yol&e rema9$ s+le 
until #abch :5 %e m>ri$ ! ,comte de la  
,m>*e1 :o 01 by !  way1 almo/ z bitt] an
 enemy ( ,blan*e z ,pi]re _h be52 b by  
t "t bo? ,blan*e & ,pi]re _h ceas$ to be
 reg5ts4  ,yol&e's figure 9 ! w9d[ is t 
( a girl1 p]haps twelve or  f\rte5 ye>s 
old2 ,jean is y\ng]1 c]ta9ly n m ?an    
eight  or t5 ye>s ( age2 & ! appe>ance (
 ! two *ildr5 %[s  t ! w9d[ itself %\ld 
date betwe5 #abbe & #abcj1 ! ye>  :5    
,pi]re de ,dreux 0 condemn$ because he  
_h r5\nc$ 8  homage to ,k+ ,l\is1 decl>$
 w> on him1 & invit$ ! ,k+ (  ,engl&    
into ,france4 ,z already told1 ,philippe
 ,hurepel de ,b\logne1  ! ,comte de la  
,m>*e1 ,engu]r& de ,c\ci1--ne>ly all !  
great  nobles1--_h be5 leagu$ ) ,pi]re  
de ,dreux s9ce ,blan*e's  reg5cy began 9
 #abbf4    ,t ^! transept w9d[s h>monize
 at all1 is due to ! ,virg91  n to !    
donors4 ,at ! "t !y 7 design$1 suppos+ x
 to  be dur+ ,blan*e's reg5cy           
7#abbf-cf71 ! passions ( ^! donors      
br\ght ,france to mom5t>y ru91 & !      

,virg9 9 ,blan*e's ,rose  de ,france1 z 
%e look$ across ! *ur*1 c\ld n see a    
s+le  fri5d ( ,blan*e4 ,:at is m curi\s1
 %e saw enemies 9 pl5ty1  & 9 full      
read9ess = battle4 ,we h se5 9 ! c5tre (
 !  small rose 9 ! nor? transept1       
,philippe ,hurepel /ill wait+ h]  ord]s2
 across ! nave1 9 ano!r small rose ( !  
s\?  transept1 sits ,pi]re de ,dreux on 
8 horse4 ,! upp] w9d[s on  ! side walls 
( ! *oir are v int]e/+ b impossible to  
see1 ev5 ) ! be/ glasses1 f ! floor ( ! 
*ur*4 ,_!  sequ5ce & dates h already be5
 discuss$2 b _! feel+ is  %[n by ! "* ( 
! ,virg91 :o 9 ,fr5* t]ritory1 next  !  
nor? transept1 is /ill ! ,virg9 (       
,france1 b 9 ,pi]re's  t]ritory1 next ! 
,rose de ,dreux1 becomes aga9 ! ,virg9 (
  ,dreux1 :o is absorb$ 9 ! ,*ild1--n ! 
,*ild absorb$ 9  h]1--& accord+ly ! w9d[
 %[s ! *equ]s & erm9es4    ,! figures1 l
 ! /one figures outside1 are ! e>lie/ ( 
,fr5* art1 be=e any s*ool ( pa9t+ fairly
 exi/$4 ,among  !m1 "o c see no fri5d ( 
,blan*e4 ,inde$1 outside ( h] own       

imm$iate family & ! ,*ur*1 ,blan*e _h no
 fri5d ( mu*  importance except ! fam\s 
,?ibaut ( ,*ampagne1 ! s+le memb]  ( !  
royal family :o took h] side & suff]$ = 
h] sake1 &  :o1 z f> z books tell1 has  
no w9d[ or memorial "h4 ,"o might       
suppose t ,?ibaut1 :o lov$ bo? ,blan*e &
 ! ,virg91 w\ld  h claim$ a place1 &    
p]haps he did2 b "o seeks him 9 va94    
,if ,blan*e _h fri5ds "h1 !y are gone4  
,pi]re de ,dreux1 lance  9 h&1 op5ly    
defies h]1 & x 0 n on h] bro!r-9-law    
,philippe ,hurepel t %e c\ld dep5d =    
def5ce4    ,?is is ! c\rt pageant ( !   
,virg9 t %[s itself to !  p :o are      
kneel+ at high mass4 ,we1 ! public1     
:oev] we  are1--,*>tra91 ,breton1       
,norman1 ,angev91 ,fr5*man1 ,p]*]a91 or 
:at n1--"k our local politics z         
intimately z our lords d1 or  ev5 bett]1
 = our imag9ations are active1 & we d n 
love  ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile4 ,we "k h[ to   
read ! passions t fill !  *ur*4 ,f !    
nor? transept ,blan*e flames out on u 9 
spl5did  r$s & fl+s h] ,spani% ca/les 9 

our face4 ,f ! s\?  transept ,pi]re     
retorts ) a brutal en]gy :i* %[s itself 
9  ! ,prophets :o s]ve z battle-*>g]s & 
9 ! ,evangeli/s :o  s]ve z              
knights1--m\nt$ w>riors ( fai?1--^:     
great eyes  foll[ u across ! *ur* & defy
 ,sa9t ,anne & h] ,fr5*  %ield opposite4
 ,pi]re 0 n effem9ate2 ,blan*e 0 fairly 
mascul9e4 ,betwe5 !m1 z a matt] ( sex1  
we c see little to  *oose2 &1 9 any     
case1 x is a family qu>rel2 !y are all  
c\s9s2 !y are all equals on e>?1 & none 
means to submit to  any sup]ior except !
 ,virg9 & h] ,son 9 heav54 ,! ,virg9 is 
n afraid4 ,%e has se5 _m tr\bles worse  
?an ?is2 %e kn[s  h[ to manage p]v]se   
*ildr51 & if necess>y %e w %ut !m  up 9 
a d>k] room ?an ev] _! mo!rs kept op5 = 
!m 9  ?is _w4 ,"o has only to look at ! 
,virg9 to see6    ,!re %e is1 ( c\rse1  
look+ d[n on u f ! great w9d[  above !  
high alt>1 :]e we nev] =get h] pres5ce6 
,is !re a  ?\ght ( di/urbance !re8      
,ar\nd ! curve ( ! *oir are  sev5 great 
w9d[s1 )\t roses1 fill+ ! :ole          

semicircle &  ! :ole vault1 =ty-sev5    
feet high1 & meant to dom9ate !  nave z 
f> z ! we/]n portal1 s t we may nev]    
=get h[  ,m>y fills h] *ur* )\t be+     
di/urb$ by qu>rels1 & may  und]/& :y    
,sa9t ,f]d9& & ,sa9t ,l\is creep out (  
our  sight1 close by ! ,virg9's side1 f>
 up above brawls2 & :y  ,france &       
,brittany hide _! ugly or _! spl5did    
passions at  ! ends ( ! transepts1 out (
 sight ( ! high alt> :]e ,m>y  is to sit
 9 /ate z ,que5 ) ! "y ,k+ on h] lap4 ,9
 an  in/ant %e w come1 b we h a mom5t   
/ill to look ab\t at  ! la/ great       
decoration ( h] palace1 & see h[ !      
arti/s  h arrang$ x4    ,s9ce ! build+ (
 ,sancta ,s(ia1 no arti/ has _h su* a   
*ance4  ,no d\bt1 ,rheims & ,ami5s &    
,b\rges & ,beauvais1 :i* are n[  build+1
 may be ev5 f9]1 b none ( !m is yet     
f9i%$1 &  all mu/ take _! ideas f "h4   
,"o w\ld l1 be=e look+  at x1 to ?9k ov]
 ! problem1 z ?\gh x 7 new1 & s  *oose !
 s*eme t w\ld suit u be/ if ! decoration
 7 to  be done = ! fir/ "t4 ,!          

ar*itecture is fix$2 we h to d  only ) !
 col\r ( ?is mass ( sev5 huge w9d[s1    
=ty-sev5  feet high1 9 ! cl]e/ory1 r\nd 
! curve ( ! *oir1 :i*  close ! vi/a ( ! 
*ur* z view$ f ! entrance4 ,?is  vi/a is
 ab\t ?ree hundr$ & ?irty feet long4 ,! 
w9d[s rise  above a hundr$ feet4 ,h[    
ought ?is va/ space to be fill$8 ,%\ld  
! p]p5dicul> upw>d leap ( ! ar*itecture 
be foll[$ &  acc5t$ by a p]p5dicul> leap
 ( col\r8 ,! decorators ( !  fifte5? &  
sixte5? c5turies seem to h ?\ght s1 &   
made  p]p5dicul> ar*itectural draw+s 9  
yell[ t simulat$ gold1  & l9es t ran ) !
 g5]al l9es ( ! build+4 ,_m             
fifte5?-c5tury w9d[s seem to be made up 
( florid ,go?ic  details ris+ 9 /ages to
 ! vault4 ,no d\bt critics compla9$1  & 
/ill compla91 t ! monotony ( ?is s*eme1 
& its  *eapness ( intellig5ce1 7        
objections2 b at lea/ ! effect  0 light1
 decorative1 & safe4 ,! arti/ c\ld n g  
f> wrong  & 0 /ill at lib]ty to d       
beautiful "w1 z c be se5 9 any  numb] ( 
*ur*es scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ,europe &   

sw>m+ 9  ,p>is & ,france4 ,on ! o!r h&1 
might n ! arti/ disreg>d  ! ar*itecture 
& fill ! space ) a climax ( col\r8 ,c\ld
  he n unite ! ,roses ( ,france & ,dreux
 above ! high alt> 9  an ov]p[]+ outbur/
 ( purples & r$s8 ,! sev5te5?  c5tury   
might h pref]r$ to mass cl\ds & col\rs1 
& ,mi*ael  ,angelo1 9 ! sixte5?1 might h
 kn[n h[ to d x4 ,:at we  want is n !   
feel+ ( ! arti/ s mu* z ! feel+ (       
,*>tres4 ,:at %all x be--! jewell$      
brilliancy ( ! we/]n  w9d[s1 or ! fi]ce 
self-ass]tion ( ,pi]re ,maucl]c1 or !   
royal spl5d\r ( ,que5 ,blan*e1 or !     
fem99e grace &  decorative ref9em5t ( ! 
,*>lemagne & ,santiago w9d[s 9 !  apse8 
,nev] aga9 9 art 0 s spl5did a problem  
(f]$1 ei!r be=e  or s9ce1 = ! arti/ (   
,*>tres solv$ x1 z he did ! :ole  matt] 
( f5e/ration1 & lat] arti/s c\ld only   
(f]  v>iations on 8 "w4 ,y w see !m at  
,b\rges & ,t\rs &  9 scores ( ?irte5? & 
f\rte5? & fifte5? & sixte5?  c5tury     
*ur*es & w9d[s1 & p]haps 9 "s ( !       
tw5tie?  c5tury1--all ( !m int]e/+ & "s 

( !m beautiful1--&  f> be x f u1 mean & 
ignorant pilgrims ( art1 to condemn any 
intellig5t ef=t to v>y or improve !     
effect2 b we h set  out to seek ! feel+1
 & :ile we ?9k ( art 9 relation to      
ourselves1 ! s]mon ( ,*>tres1 f beg9n+  
to end1 tea*es  & prea*es & insi/s &    
reit]ates & hamm]s into our torpid  m9ds
 ! moral t ! art ( ! ,virg9 0 n t ( h]  
arti/s b h] own4 ,we inevitably ?9k (   
our ta/es2 !y ?\ght  in/9ctively ( h]s4 
,9 ! transepts1 ,que5 ,blan*e & ,duke   
,p]ron1 9 legal possession  ( _!        
t]ritory1 %[$ t !y 7 ?9k+ ( ea* o!r z   
well z ( ! ,virg91 & claim$ l\dly t !y  
ought ea* to be  fir/ 9 ! ,virg9's      
fav\r2 & !y /& !re 9 place1 z !  ?irte5?
 c5tury felt !m4 ,subject to _! fealty  
to ,m>y1 !  transepts belong$ to !m1 &  
if ,blan*e did n1 l ,pi]re1  ass]t      
,h]self & h] son on ! ,virg9's w9d[1    
p]haps %e  ?\ght ! ,virg9 w\ld res5t    
,pi]re's boldness ! m by  contra/ ) h]  
own good ta/e4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 n[h]e   
does  ,blan*e appe> 9 p]son at ,*>tres2 

%e felt h]self too ne> !  ,virg9 to     
obtrude a useless image1 or %e 0 too    
deeply religi\s  to ask any?+ = h]self4 
,a que5 :o 0 to h two *ildr5  sa9t$1 to 
int]c$e = h] at ,m>y's ?rone1 /ood 9 a  
solitude  almo/ z unique z t ( ,m>y1 &  
might ignore ! raw  brutalities ( a     
man-at-arms2 b nei!r %e nor ,pi]re has  
c>ri$  ! qu>rel into ,m>y's pres5ce1 nor
 has ! ,virg9 condesc5d$  ev5 to seem   
consci\s ( _! temp]4 ,?is is ! !me ( !  
arti/--! purity1 ! beauty1 ! grace1 & ! 
inf9ite  l(t9ess ( ,m>y's nature1 among 
! ?+s ( e>?1 & above !  clam\r ( k+s4   
,!re=e1 :5 we1 & ! cru%$ cr[d ( kneel+  
wor%ipp]s  ar\nd u1 lift our eyes at la/
 aft] ! miracle ( ! mass1 we  see1 f>   
above ! high alt>1 high ov] all !       
agitation (  pray]1 ! passion (         
politics1 ! angui% ( suff]+1 !  t]rors (
 s91 only ! figure ( ! ,virg9 9 maje/y1 
look+  d[n on h] p1 cr[n$1 ?ron$1       
glorifi$1 ) ! infant  ,*ri/ on h] knees4
 ,%e does n ass]t h]self2 probably %e   
int5ds to be felt r ?an fe>$4 ,comp>$ ) 

! ,greek  ,virg91 z y see h]1 = example1
 at ,torcello1 ! ,*>tres  ,virg9 is     
retir+ & h>dly important en\gh = !      
place4 ,%e is  n exagg]at$ ei!r 9 scale1
 draw+1 or col\r4 ,%e %[s n a  sign (   
self-consci\sness1 n an ef=t =          
brilliancy1 n a  trace ( /age           
effect--h>dly ev5 a ?\ght ( h]self1     
except t  %e is at home1 among h] own p1
 :]e %e is lov$ & kn[n  z well z %e kn[s
 !m4 ,! sev5 great w9d[s are "o         
composition2 & x is pla9 t ! arti/1 _h  
he be5 ord]$ to  make an exhibition (   
p[]1 c\ld h ov]:elm$ u ) a /orm  (      
purple1 r$1 yell[s1 or giv5 u a ,virg9 (
 ,passion :o w\ld  h torn ! vault       
asund]2 8 ability is nev] 9 d\bt1 & if  
he has kept true to ! _s ( ! we/]n      
portal & !  twelf?-c5tury1 x is because 
! ,virg9 ( ,*>tres 0 ! ,virg9  ( ,grace1
 & ord]$ him to pa9t h] s4 ,"o %udd]s to
 ?9k h[  a s+le false note--a sugge/ion 
( meanness1 9 ?is climax (  l9e &       
col\r--w\ld br+ ! :ole fabric d[n 9 ru9s
 on !  eighte5?-c5tury meanness ( ! *oir

 bel[2 & "o notes1  almo/ ba%fully1 !   
exp$i5ts ( ! arti/s to quiet _!         
effects4 ,s ! l9es ( ! sev5 w9d[s are   
built up1 to avoid  ! horizontal1 & yet 
n exagg]ate ! v]tical4    ,! ar*itect   
c\nts "h = m ?an ! col\ri/2 b !  col\r1 
:5 y /udy x1 sugge/s ! same re/ra9t4    
,?ree great  w9d[s on ! ,virg9's "r1    
balanc$ by ?ree m on h] left1  %[ !     
prophets & precursors ( h] ,son2 all    
ar*itecturally  support & exalt !       
,virg91 9 h] cele/ial atmosph]e ( blue1 
%ot ) r$1 calm 9 ! c]ta9ty ( heav54 ,any
 "o :o is  prematurely curi\s to see !  
diff]5ce 9 treatm5t betwe5  diff]5t     
c5turies %\ld g d[n to ! *ur* ( ,sa9t   
,pi]re 9  ! l[] t[n1 & /udy !re ! me?ods
 ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!n  we c come back to
 /udy aga9 ! ways ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4   
,! ,virg9 w wait2 %e w n be angry2 %e   
kn[s h] p[]2 we  all come back to h] 9 !
 end4    ,or ! ,r5aissance1 if "o       
pref]s1 c wait equally well1 :ile "o    
kneels ) ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & feels !    
little "o /ill  c feel ( :at x felt4    

,te*nically ^! apsidal w9d[s h n        
receiv$ mu* notice2 ! books r>ely speak 
( !m2 travell]s  seldom look at !m2 & _!
 height is su* t ev5 ) !  be/ glass1 !  
quality ( ! "w is beyond our p[] to     
judge4 ,we  see1 & ! arti/s meant t we  
%\ld see1 only ! great l9es1  ! col\r1 &
 ! ,virg94 ,! mass ( suppliants be=e !  
*oir  look up to ! light1 cle> blues &  
r$s ( ?is great space1 &  feel !re !    
cele/ial peace & beauty ( ,m>y's nature 
&  abode4 ,!re is heav56 & ,m>y looks   
d[n f x1 into h]  *ur*1 :]e %e sees u on
 our knees1 & kn[s ea* "o ( u by  "n4   
,!re %e actually is--n 9 symbol or 9    
fancy1 b 9  p]son1 desc5d+ on h] err&s (
 m]cy & li/5+ to ea* "o  ( u1 z h]      
miracles prove1 or satisfy+ our pray]s  
m]ely by  h] pres5ce :i* calms our      
excitem5t z t ( a "m calms  h] *ild4 ,%e
 is !re z ,que51 n m]ely z int]cessor1 &
 h]  p[] is su* t to h] ! diff]5ce      
betwe5 u e>?ly be+s  is no?+4 ,h] quiet1
 mascul9e /r5g? en*ants u mo/4 ,pi]re   
,maucl]c & ,philippe ,hurepel & _!      

m5-at-arms are afraid (  h]1 & ! ,bi%op 
himself is nev] q at 8 ease 9 h]        
pres5ce2 b to peasants1 & begg>s1 & p 9 
tr\ble1 ?is  s5se ( h] p[] & calm is    
bett] ?an active sympa?y4 ,p  :o suff]  
beyond ! =mulas ( expression--:o are    
cru%$ into  sil5ce1 & beyond pa9--want  
no display ( emotion--no ble$+  he>t--no
 weep+ at ! foot ( ! ,cross--no         
hy/]ics--no  phrases6 ,!y want to see   
,god1 & to "k t ,he is wat*+ ov]  ,8    
own4 ,h[ _m wom5 are !re1 9 ?is mass (  
?irte5?  c5tury suppliants1 :o h lo/    
*ildr58 ,probably ne>ly all1 =  ! dea?  
rate is v high 9 ! conditions ( m$ieval 
life4  ,!re are ?\s&s ( su* wom5 "h1 = x
 is precisely ?is  class :o come mo/2 & 
probably e "o ( !m has look$ up to  ,m>y
 9 h] great w9d[1 & has felt actual     
c]ta9ty1 z ?\gh  %e saw ) h] own        
eyes--!re1 9 heav51 :ile %e look$--h]   
own lo/ baby play+ ) ! ,*ri/-,*ild at ! 
,virg9's knee1 z  mu* at home z ! sa9ts1
 & mu* m at home ?an ! k+s4  ,be=e ris+ 
f h] knees1 e "o ( ^! wom5 w h  b5t d[n 

& kiss$ ! /one pavem5t 9 gratitude =    
,m>y's  m]cy4 ,! e>?1 %e says1 is a     
sorry place1 & ! be/ ( x is  bad en\gh1 
no d\bt1 ev5 = ,que5 ,blan*e & ! ,du*ess
 ,alix  :o has _h to leave h] *ildr5 "h 
alone2 b !re above is  ,m>y 9 heav5 :o  
sees & he>s me z ,i see h]1 & :o keeps  
my  little boy till ,i come2 s ,i c wait
 ) pati5ce1 m or less6  ,sa9ts &        
prophets & m>tyrs are all v well1 &     
,*ri/ is  v sublime & j1 b ,m>y kn[s6   
,x 0 v *ildlike1 v fooli%1 v beautiful1 
& v true1-  -z art1 at lea/3--s true t  
ev]y?+ else %ades (f into  vulg>ity1 z y
 see ! ,p]sephone ( a ,syracusan co9    
%ade (f  into ! vulg>ity ( a ,roman     
emp]or2 z ?\gh ! heav5 t  lies ab\t u 9 
our infancy too quickly takes col\rs t  
are n  s mu* sob] z sordid1 & w\ld be   
welcome if no worse ?an t4  ,vulg>ity1  
too1 has feel+1 & its expression 9 art  
has tru? &  ev5 pa?os1 b we %all h "t   
en\gh 9 our lives = t1  & all ! m       
because1 :5 we rise f our knees n[1 we h
  f9i%$ our pilgrimage4 ,we h done )    

,*>tres4 ,= sev5  hundr$ ye>s ,*>tres   
has se5 pilgrims1 com+ & go+ m or  less 
l u1 & w p]haps see !m = ano!r sev5     
hundr$  ye>s2 b we %all see x no m1 & c 
safely leave ! ,virg9  9 h] maje/y1 ) h]
 ?ree great prophets on ei!r h&1 z  calm
 & confid5t 9 _! own /r5g? & 9 ,god's   
provid5ce z  !y 7 :5 ,sa9t ,l\is 0 born1
 b look+ d[n f a  des]t$ heav51 into an 
empty *ur*1 on a dead fai?4             
,,*apt] ,,xi    ,,! ,,?ree ,,que5s      
,aft] wor%ipp+ at ! %r9es ( ,sa9t       
,mi*ael on 8 ,m\nt &  ( ! ,virg9 at     
,*>tres1 "o may w&] f> & wide ov]       
,france1  & seldom feel lo/2 all lat]   
,go?ic art comes naturally1 & no  new   
?\ght di/urbs ! p]fect$ =m4 ,yet t\ri/s 
( ,engli%  blood & ,am]ican tra9+ are   
seldom or nev] q at home !re4  ,commonly
 !y feel x only z a /age-decoration4 ,! 
twelf? &  ?irte5? c5turies1 /udi$ 9 !   
pure light ( political  economy1 are    
insane4 ,! sci5tific m9d is atrophi$1 & 
suff]s  "u inh]it$ c]ebral weakness1 :5 
x comes 9 contact ) !  et]nal           

woman--,a/>te1 ,isis1 ,demet]1          
,aphrodite1 & ! la/ &  greate/ deity (  
all1 ! ,virg94 ,v r>ely "o l+]s1 ) a    
mild sympa?y1 su* z suits ! pati5t /ud5t
 ( human error1  will+ to be int]e/$ 9  
:at he _c und]/&4 ,/ill m  r>ely1 ow+ to
 "s revival ( ar*aic in/9cts1 he        
r$iscov]s  ! woman4 ,?is is p]haps ! m>k
 ( ! arti/ alone1 & 8  solit>y          
privilege4 ,! re/ ( u _c feel2 we c only
 /udy4  ,! prop] /udy ( mank9d is woman 
&1 by common agreem5t s9ce  ! "t (      
,adam1 x is ! mo/ complex & ardu\s4 ,!  
/udy (  ,our ,lady1 z %[n by ! art (    
,*>tres1 leads directly back to  ,eve1 &
 lays b>e ! :ole subject ( sex4    ,if x
 7 wor? :ile to argue a p>adox1 "o might
 ma9ta9 t  ,nature reg>ds ! female z !  
ess5tial1 ! male z !  sup]fluity ( h]   
_w4 ,p]haps ! be/ />t+-po9t = /udy  ( ! 
,virg9 w\ld be a practical acqua9tance )
 bees1 &  especially ) que5 bees4       
,precisely :]e ! ,fr5* man may come  91 
on ! g5ealogical tree ( p>!nog5esis1 "o 
hesitates to  say2 b c]ta9 x is t !     

,fr5* woman1 f v e>ly times1  has %[n   
qualities peculi> to h]self1 & t ! ,fr5*
 woman  ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 a mascul9e  
"*4 ,almo/ any book :i*  deals ) !      
social side ( ! twelf? c5tury has some?+
 to  say on ?is subject1 l ! foll[+ page
 f ,m4 ,g>reau's  volume publi%$ 9      
#ahii1 on ! ,social ,/ate ( ,france dur+
 !  ,crusades3--    ,a trait peculi> to 
?is epo* is ! close resemblance betwe5 !
  mann]s ( m5 & wom54 ,! rule t su* &   
su* feel+s or  acts are p]mitt$ to "o   
sex & =bidd5 to ! o!r 0 n  fairly       
settl$4 ,m5 _h ! "r to dissolve 9 te>s1 
& wom5  t ( talk+ )\t prud]y 4444 ,if we
 look at _!  intellectual level1 ! wom5 
appe> di/9ctly sup]ior4 ,!y are  m      
s]i\s2 m subtle4 ,) !m we d n seem deal+
 ) !  rude /ate ( civilization t _!     
husb&s belong to 4444 ,z a  rule1 ! wom5
 seem to h ! habit ( weigh+ _! acts2 (  
n yield+ to mom5t>y impressions4 ,:ile !
 s5se (  ,*ri/ianity is m develop$ 9 !m 
?an 9 _! husb&s1 on  ! o!r h& !y %[ m   
p]fidy & art 9 crime 4444 ,"o  might    

d\btless prove by a s]ies ( examples t !
 mat]nal  influ5ce :5 x pr$om9at$ 9 !   
education ( a son gave him a  m>k$      
sup]iority ov] 8 contempor>ies4 ,ri*>d  
,coeur-de-,lion  ! cr[n$ poet1 arti/1 ! 
k+ ^: noble mann]s & ref9$  m9d 9 spite 
( 8 cruelty ex]cis$ s /rong an          
impression on  8 age1 0 =m$ by t        
brilliant ,eleanor ( ,gui5ne :o1 9 h]   
/ruggle ) h] husb&1 reta9$ h] sons z mu*
 z possible  )9 h] sph]e ( influ5ce 9   
ord] to make p>ty *iefs (  !m4 ,our     
great ,sa9t ,l\is1 z all "k1 0 br\ght up
 exclusively  by ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile2 &   
,jo9ville1 ! *>m+ writ] s wor?y  ( ,sa9t
 ,l\is's fri5d%ip1 & app>5tly s sup]ior 
to 8  surr\nd+s1 0 also ! pupil ( a     
wid[$ & reg5t "m4    ,! sup]iority ( !  
woman 0 n a fancy1 b a fact4 ,man's     
bus9ess 0 to fight or hunt or fea/ or   
make love4 ,! man 0  also ! travell+    
p>tn] 9 comm]ce1 commonly abs5t f home  
= mon?s toge!r1 :ile ! woman c>ri$ on ! 
bus9ess4 ,!  woman rul$ ! h\sehold & !  
work%op2 c>$ = ! economy2  suppli$ !    

intellig5ce1 & dictat$ ! ta/e4 ,h]      
asc5dancy  0 secur$ by h] alliance ) !  
,*ur*1 into :i* %e s5t h]  mo/          
intellig5t *ildr52 & a prie/ or cl]k1 = 
! mo/ "p1  c\nt$ socially z a woman4    
,bo? physically & m5tally ! woman  0    
robu/1 z ! m5 (t5 compla9$1 & %e did n  
greatly  res5t be+ treat$ z a man4      
,sometimes ! husb& beat h]1  dragg$ h]  
ab\t by ! hair1 lock$ h] up 9 ! h\se2 b 
he  0 q consci\s t %e always got ev5 )  
him 9 ! end4 ,z  a matt] ( fact1        
probably %e got m ?an ev54 ,on ?is po9t1
  hi/ory1 leg5d1 poetry1 romance1 &     
especially ! popul>  fabliaux--inv5t$ to
 amuse ! gross ta/es ( ! co>s] class--  
are all agre$1 & "o c\ld give scores (  
volumes illu/rat+  x4 ,! greate/ m5     
illu/rate x be/1 z "o might %[ almo/ at 
haz>d4 ,! greate/ m5 ( ! elev5?1 twelf?1
 & ?irte5?  c5turies 7 ,william !       
,norman2 8 great gr&son ,h5ry ,,ii      
,plantag5et2 ,sa9t ,l\is ( ,france2 &1  
if a f\r? be ne$$1  ,ri*>d              
,coeur-de-,lion4 ,notori\sly all ^! m5  

_h z mu*  difficulty z ,l\is ,,xiv      
himself ) ! wom5 ( _! family4           
,tradition exagg]ates ev]y?+ x t\*es1 b 
%[s1 at ! same  "t1 :at is pass+ 9 !    
m9ds ( ! society :i* tradites4 ,9       
,norm&y1 ! p ( ,ca5 h kept a tradition1 
told else:]e  9 o!r =ms1 t "o day1 ,duke
 ,william1--! ,conqu]or1--  exasp]at$ by
 hav+ 8 ba/>dy con/antly ?r[n 9 8 face  
by  ! ,du*ess ,matilda1 dragg$ h] by !  
hair1 ti$ to 8 horse's  tail1 z f> z !  
suburb ( ,vaucelles2 & ?is leg5d acc\nts
  = ! spl5d\r ( ! ,abbaye-aux-,dames1   
because ,william1 !  common p believ$1  
aft]w>ds regrett$ ! impropriety1 &      
aton$ = x by giv+ h] money to build !   
abbey4 ,! /ory  betrays ! man's         
weakness4 ,! ,abbaye-aux-,dames /&s 9 ! 
same  relation to ! ,abbaye-aux-,hommes 
t ,matilda took t[>ds ,william4         
,inf]iority !re 0 none2 on ! contr>y1 ! 
woman 0 socially  ! sup]ior1 & ,william 
0 probably m afraid ( h] ?an %e  ( him1 
if ,mr4 ,freeman is "r 9 insi/+ t he    
m>ri$ h] 9  spite ( h] hav+ a husb&     

liv+1 & c]ta9ly two *ildr54 ,if         
,william 0 ! /ronge/ man 9 ! elev5?     
c5tury1 8 great-  gr&son1 ,h5ry ,,ii (  
,engl&1 0 ! /ronge/ man ( ! twelf?2  b !
 hi/ory ( ! "t res\nds ) ! noise ( 8    
battles  ) ,que5 ,eleanor :om he1 at    
la/1 held 9 prison = f\rte5  ye>s4      
,prison] z %e 01 %e broke him d[n 9 !   
end4 ,"o is  tempt$ to suspect t1 _h h] 
husb& & *ildr5 be5 guid$ by  h]1 & by h]
 policy z peacemak] = ! good ( ,gui5ne1 
mo/  ( ! disa/]s ( ,engl& & ,france     
might h be5 po/pon$ =  ! "t2 b we c nev]
 "k ! tru?1 = monks & hi/orians  abhor  
emancipat$ wom51--) good reason1 s9ce   
su* wom5 are apt  to abhor !m1--& !     
qu>rel c nev] be pacifi$4 ,hi/orians  h 
commonly %[n fe> ( wom5 )\t admitt+ x1 b
 ! man  ( ! ,middle ,ages knew at lea/  
:y he fe>$ ! woman1 & told  x op5ly1 n  
to say brutally4 ,long aft] ,eleanor &  
,blan*e 7  dead1 ,*auc] br\ght ! ,wife (
 ,ba? on 8 ,%akespe>ean /age1  to expla9
 ! woman1 & z usual he t\*$ mascul9e    
frailty )  cau/ic1 :ile seem+ to laugh  

at woman & man alike3--    ,my liege    
lady6 g5]ally1 quo? he1   ,wom5 desir5  
to h sov]a9etee4      ,! po9t 0 t !     
,wife ( ,ba?1 l ,que5 ,blan*e & ,que5   
,eleanor1 n only want$ sov]eignty1 b won
 & held x4    ,t ,sa9t ,l\is1 ev5 :5 a  
gr[n man & k+1 /ood 9 awe (  8 "m1      
,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 0 n only notori\s b  
seem$ to  be ?\ght natural4 ,jo9ville   
record$ x n s mu* to m>k !  ,k+'s       
weakness1 z ! woman's /r5g?2 = 8 ,que51 
,m>g>et (  ,prov5ce1 %[$ ! c\rage :i* ! 
,k+ _h n4 ,blan*e &  ,m>g>et 7 exce$+ly 
jeal\s ( ea* o!r4 ,"o day1 said         
,jo9ville1 ,que5 ,blan*e w5t to !       
,que5's ,m>g>et *amb]  :]e h] son ,l\is 
,,ix _h gone be=e to com=t h]1 = %e 0  9
 great dang] ( dea? f a bad deliv]y2 &  
he hid himself  beh9d ! ,que5 ,m>g>et to
 avoid be+ se52 b 8 "m  p]ceiv$ him1 &  
tak+ him by ! h& said3 ',come along6 y  
w d no good "h6' & put him out ( !      
*amb]4 ,que5  ,m>g>et1 obs]v+ ?is1 & t  
%e 0 to be sep>at$ f h]  husb&1 cri$    
al\d3 ',alas6 w y n all[ me to see my "l

  ei!r liv+ or dy+8' ,accord+ to        
,jo9ville1 ,k+ ,l\is always  hid himself
 :51 9 8 wife's *amb]1 he he>d 8 "m     
com+4    ,! great p]iod ( ,go?ic        
ar*itecture beg9s ) ! com+ (  ,eleanor  
7#aacg7 & ends ) ! pass+ ( ,blan*e      
7#abeb74  ,eleanor's long life 0 full ( 
en]gy & passion ( :i* next to  no?+ is  
kn[n2 ! woman 0 always too slipp]y =    
monks or  soldi]s to grasp4    ,eleanor 
came to ,p>is1 a ,que5 ( fifte5 ye>s    
old1 9 #aacg1  br++ ,poiti]s & ,gui5ne z
 ! greate/ d[ry ev] (f]$ to  ! ,fr5*    
,cr[n4 ,%e br\ght also ! ta/es & mann]s 
( !  ,s\?1 little 9 h>mony ) ! ta/es &  
mann]s ( ,sa9t  ,b]n>d ^: au?ority at   
c\rt rivall$ h] own4 ,! ,abbe ,sug]     
support$ h]1 b ! ,k+ lean$ t[>d ! ,abbe 
,b]n>d4 ,:at  ?is puritan reaction meant
 is a matt] to be /udi$ by itself1 if   
"o c f9d a cloi/] to /udy 92 b x bore ! 
m>k ( mo/  puritan reactions 9 its      
ho/ility to wom54 ,z long z ! woman     
rema9$ docile1 %e rul$1 ?r\gh ! ,*ur*2 b
 ! man fe>$  h] & 0 jeal\s ( h]1 & %e ( 

him4 ,b]n>d specially ador$  ! ,virg9   
because %e 0 an example ( docile ob$i5ce
 to !  ,tr9ity :o aton$ = ! indocility (
 ,eve1 b ,eve h]self  rema9$ ! in/rum5t 
( ,satan1 & ,fr5* society z a :ole  %[$ 
a ta/e = ,eves4    ,g5ealogical *>t %[+ 
! relation%ips among ! ?ree  que5s4     
,eleanor c\ld h>dly be call$ docile4    
,:atev] else %e lov$1 %e  c]ta9ly lov$  
rule4 ,%e %>$ ?is passion to ! full ) h]
  only great successor & rival on !     
,engli% ?rone1 ,que5  ,elizabe?1 & %e   
happ5$ to become ,que5 ( ,france at !   
mom5t  :5 society 0 turn+ f wor%ip ( its
 milit>y ideal1 ,sa9t  ,mi*ael1 to      
wor%ip ( its social ideal1 ! ,virg94    
,accord+ to  ! monk ,ord]ic1 m5 _h begun
 to ?r[ aside _! old milit>y  dress &   
mann]s ev5 be=e ! fir/ crusade1 9 ! days
 (  ,william ,rufus 7#ajhg-aajj71 & to  
affect fem99e fa%ions4 ,9 all  ages1    
prie/s & monks h d5\nc$ ! gr[+ vices (  
society1  ) m or less reason2 b !re     
seems to h be5 a real  outbreak (       
display at ab\t ! "t ( ! fir/ crusade1  

:i*  set a deep m>k on e sort ( social  
expression1 ev5 d[n to !  %oes ( !      
/atues on ! we/]n portal ( ,*>tres3--   
,a debau*$ fell[ nam$ ,rob]t said       
,ord]ic 0 ! fir/1 ab\t  ! "t ( ,william 
,rufus1 :o introduc$ ! practice ( fill+ 
! long po9ts ( ! %oes ) t[1 & ( turn+ !m
 up l a  ram's horn4 ,h5ce he got !     
surname ( ,corn>d2 & ?is absurd  fa%ion 
0 spe$ily adopt$ by great numb]s ( !    
nobility z a  pr\d di/9ction & sign (   
m]it4 ,at ?is "t effem9acy 0 !  prevail+
 vice ?r\gh\t ! _w 444 ,!y p>t$ _! hair 
f  ! cr[n ( ! head on ea* side ( !      
=ehead1 & _! locks  grew long l wom51 & 
wore long %irts & tunics1 closely ti$  )
 po9ts 444 ,9 our days1 anci5t cu/oms   
are almo/ all *ang$  = new fa%ions4 ,our
 wanton y\?s are sunk 9 effem9acy 444   
,!y  ins]t _! toes 9 ?+s l s]p5ts' tails
 :i* pres5t to  view ! %ape ( scorpions4
 ,sweep+ ! du/y gr\nd ) !  prodigi\s    
tra9s ( _! robes & mantles1 !y cov] _!  
h&s  ) gloves 444    ,if y are curi\s to
 foll[ ^! monki% criticisms on y\r      

ance/ors' habits1 y c read ,ord]ic at   
y\r leisure2 b y  want only to c>ry 9   
m9d ! fact t ! g5]ation ( w>riors  :o   
f\ght at ,ha/+s & captur$ ,j]usalem 7   
reg>d$ by  !mselves z effem9ate1 &      
plung$ 9 luxury4 ,_! locks are  curl$ ) 
hot irons1 & in/ead ( we>+ caps1 !y b9d 
_!  heads ) fillets4 ,a knight seldom   
appe>s 9 public ) 8 head  uncov]$ &     
prop]ly %av$ accord+ to ! apo/olic      
precept4  ,! effem9acy ( ! fir/ crusade 
took arti/ic %ape 9 ! we/  portal (     
,*>tres & ! glass ( ,sa9t-,d5is1 & l$   
in/antly  to ! puritan reaction ( ,sa9t 
,b]n>d1 foll[$ by ! g5tle  asceticism ( 
,que5 ,blan*e & ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,:e!r !    
pilgrimages  to ,j]usalem & contact ) ! 
,ea/ 7 ! cause or only a  consequ5ce (  
?is revolution1 or :e!r x 0 all "o1--a  
result  ( conv]t+ ! ,nor!rn pagans to   
peaceful habits & !  consequ5t enri*m5t 
( nor!rn ,europe1--is indiff]5t2 ! fact 
& ! date are en\gh4 ,! art is ,fr5*1 b !
 ideas may h  come f any:]e1 l ! game ( 
*ess :i* ! pilgrims or  crusad]s br\ght 

home f ,syria4 ,9 ! ,ori5tal game1 ! ,k+
  0 foll[$ /ep by /ep by a ,m9i/] ^:    
functions 7  p]sonal4 ,! crusad]s fre$ !
 piece f control2 gave x  lib]ty to move
 up or d[n or diagonally1 =w>ds &       
backw>ds2  made x ! mo/ arbitr>y &      
=midable *ampion on ! bo>d1  :ile ! ,k+ 
& ! ,knight 7 ! mo/ re/rict$ 9 movem5t2 
& ?is piece !y nam$ ,que51 & call$ !    
,virg93--        ,li ,baudra9s trai/ sa 
fi]ge por son paon sauv]1       ,e cele 
son auf9 qui cuida conque/]       ,la   
firge ou le paon1 ou faire recul]4      
,! auf9 or dauph9 became ! ,f\ ( ! ,fr5*
 game1 & !  bi%op ( ! ,engli%4 ,baldw9  
play$ 8 ,virg9 to save 8 pawn2  8       
oppon5t play$ ! bi%op to ?reat5 ei!r !  
,virg9 or !  pawn4    ,= a hundr$ &     
fifty ye>s1 ! ,virg9 & ,que5s rul$ ,fr5*
  ta/e & ?\ght s successfully t ! ,fr5* 
man has nev] yet  q decid$ :e!r to be m 
pr\d or a%am$ ( x4 ,life has  ev] s9ce  
seem$ a little flat to him1 & art a     
little *eap4 ,he  saw t ! woman1 9      
elevat+ h]self1 _h made him appe>       

ridicul\s1 & he tri$ to retaliate ) a   
wit n always  sp>kl+1 & too (t5 at 8 own
 exp5se4 ,sometimes 9 museums or        
collections ( bric-a-brac1 y w see1 9 an
 illum9at$  manuscript1 or c>v$ on /one1
 or ca/ 9 bronze1 ! figure ( a  man on 8
 h&s & knees1 be/ridd5 by ano!r figure  
hold+ a  bridle & a :ip2 x is ,ari/otle1
 symbol ( mascul9e wisdom1  bridl$ &    
driv5 by woman4 ,six hundr$ ye>s        
aft]w>ds1 ,t5nyson  reviv$ ! same motive
 9 ,m]l91 enslav$ n = a "t b  =ev]4 ,9  
bo? cases ! satire ju/ly puni%$ ! man4  
,ano!r  v]sion ( ! same /ory--p]haps !  
orig9al--0 ! ,my/]y (  ,adam1 "o ( !    
e>lie/ ,*ur* plays4 ,ga/on ,p>is says x 
0  writt5 9 ,engl& 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & 
its au?or _h real  poetic tal5t2 ! sc5e 
( ! s$uction ( ,eve by ! s]p5t is  "o ( 
! be/ pieces ( ,*ri/ian dramaturgy 444  
,?is rem>kable  "w seems to h be5 play$ 
no long] inside ! *ur*1 b  "u ! por*3-- 
,diabolus4 ,jo vi ,adam mais trop e/    
fols4      ,eva4 ,un poi e/ durs4       
,diabolus4 ,il s]ra mols4   ,il e/ plus 

durs qui n'e/ enf]s4      ,eva4 ,il e/  
mult francs4      ,diabolus4 ,a9z e/    
mult s]s4   ,cure ne volt pr5dre de sei 
,c> la pr5ge sevals de tei4   ,tu es    
fieblette et t5dre *ose   ,e es plus    
fres*e que n'e/ rose4   ,tu es plus     
blan*e que cry/al   ,que neif que *iet  
sor glace en val4   ,mal cuple en fi/ li
 ,criatur4   ,tu es trop t5dre e il trop
 dur4   ,mais neporquant tu es plus sage
   ,en grant s5s z mis tun corrage   ,= 
co fait bon traire a tei4   ,p>l] te    
voil4      ,eva4 ,ore ja fai4           
,devil4 ,adam ,i've se51 b he's too     
r\gh4      ,eve4 ,a little h>d6         
,devil4 ,he'll soon be s(t en\gh6       
,h>d] ?an hell he is till n[4      ,eve4
 ,he's v frank6      ,devil4 ,say v l[6 
,to help himself he does n c>e2   ,!    
help+ y %all be my %>e2   ,= y are t5d]1
 g5tle1 true1   ,! rose is n s fre% z y2
   ,:it] ?an cry/al1 or ?an sn[   ,t    
falls f heav5 on ice bel[4   ,a sorry   
mixture ,god has brew$1   ,y too t5d]1  
he too rude4   ,b y h mu* ! great] s5se1

   ,y\r w is all intellig5ce4   ,!re=e x
 is ,i turn to y4   ,i want to tell y-- 
,eve4 ,d x n[6      ,! woman's great]   
intellig5ce 0 to blame = ,adam's fall4  
,eve  0 ju/ly puni%$ because %e %\ld h  
kn[n bett]1 :ile  ,adam1 z ! ,devil     
truly said1 0 a dull animal1 h>dly wor? 
!  tr\ble ( deceiv+4 ,adam 0 disloyal1  
too1 untrue to 8 wife  aft] be+ untrue  
to 8 ,creator3--    ,la femme que tu me 
donas   ,ele fi/ prime ice/ trespass    
,donat le mei e jo mangai4   ,or me/ vis
 tornez e/ a gwai   ,mal acontai ice/   
mang]4   ,jo ai mesfait p> ma moill]4   
,! woman t y made me take   ,fir/ l$ me 
into ?is mi/ake4   ,%e gave ! apple t ,i
 ate   ,& br\ght me to ?is evil /ate4   
,badly = me x turn$1 ,i own1   ,b all ! 
fault is h]s alone4      ,! audi5ce     
accept$ ?is z natural & prop]4 ,!y      
recogniz$  ! man z1 ( c\rse1 /upid1     
c[>dly1 & traitor\s4 ,! m5 (  ! bas]    
sort rev5g$ !mselves by boori%ness t    
pass$ )  !m = wit 9 ! tav]ns ( ,arras1 b
 ! poets ( ! high]  class commonly took 

sides ) ! wom54 ,ev5 ,*auc]1 :o liv$    
aft] ! glam\r _h fad$1 & :o satiriz$    
wom5 to satiety1  told _! tale 9 8      
,leg5d ( ,good ,wom51 ) evid5t  sympa?y4
 ,to him1 also1 ! ord9>y man 0          
inf]ior1--/upid1  brutal1 & untrue4     
,full brittle is ! true/1 he said3--    
,= well ,i wote t ,*ri/ himself telle?  
,t 9 ,israel1 z wide z is ! lond1   ,t s
 great fai? 9 all ! l\d he ne fond   ,z 
9 a woman1 & ?is is no lie2   ,& z = m51
 look ye1 su* tyrannie   ,!y do5 all    
day1 assay hem :o s li/1   ,! true/ is  
full brotell = to tri/4      ,nei!r     
brutality nor wit help$ ! man mu*4 ,ev5 
,bluebe>d 9 !  end fell a victim to !   
sup]ior qualities ( 8 la/ wife1 &       
,s*eh]azade's wit alone has pres]v$ !   
memory ( h] royal  husb&4 ,! tradition (
 ?irte5?-c5tury society /ill rules !    
,fr5* /age4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 two       
/rong-will$ wom5 to control  "o         
weak-will$ man is ! usual motive ( !    
,fr5* drama 9 !  n9ete5? c5tury1 z x 0 !
 :ole motive ( ,p>t5opeus (  ,blois1 "o 

( ! be/ twelf?-c5tury romans2 &         
,jo9ville  describ$ x1 9 ! middle ( !   
?irte5?1 z ! lead+ motive  9 ! c\rt (   
,sa9t ,l\is1 ) ,que5 ,blan*e & ,que5    
,m>g>et  = play]s1 & ,sa9t ,l\is himself
 = pawn4    ,"o has only to look at !   
common1 s-call$ ,elzevirian1 volume (   
?irte5?-c5tury n\velles to see !        
,fr5*man z he saw himself4  ,! /ory (   
,la ,comtesse de ,pon?ieu is ! m        
,%akespe>ean1  b ,la ,belle ,jehanne is 
! m natural & lifelike4 ,! plot is  !   
common mascul9e intrigue aga9/ ! woman1 
:i* 0 us$ ov]  & ov] aga9 be=e          
,%akespe>e appropriat$ x 9 ,mu* ,ado2 b 
its ,fr5* developm5t is r 9 ! l9e (     
,all's ,well4 ,!  fair ,jeanne1 m>ri$ to
 a p5niless knight1 n at all by h]      
*oice1 b only because he 0 a fav\rite ( 
h] fa!r's1 0 a  woman ( ! true          
twelf?-c5tury type4 ,%e broke ! head ( !
  traitor1 & :5 he1 ) 8 mascul9e        
fals5ess1 caus$ h]  husb& to des]t h]1  
%e disguis$ h]self z a squire &  foll[$ 
,sir ,rob]t to ,m>seilles 9 se>* (      

s]vice 9 w>1 =  ! poor knight c\ld get  
no o!r means ( livelihood4 ,rob]t 0  !  
husb&1 & ! wife1 9 ent]+ 8 s]vice z     
squire )\t  pay1 call$ h]self ,john3--  
,molt fu mesire ,robi]s dolans cant il  
v9t a ,m>selle de c\ k'il  n'oi p>l] de 
nulle *ose ki fu/ ou pais2 si di/ a     
,jehan3    --,ke f]ons n\s8 ,v\s m'aves 
pre/e de vos d5i]s la vo/re  mi]*i1 si  
les vos r5d]ai c> je v5d]ai mon palefroi
 et  m'acuit]ai a v\s4    --,sire1 di/  
,jehans1 crees moi se il v\s plai/ je   
v\s dirai ke  n\s f]ons2 j\ ai bi5      
en*ore c s\s de t\rnois1 s'll v\s  plai/
 je v5d]ai nos ii *evaus et en f]ai     
d5i]s2 et je suis li  mi\sdres b\l5gi]s 
ke v\s sacies1 si f]ai pa9 francois et  
je  ne d\c mie ke je ne gaagne bi5 et   
l>gem5t mon dep5s4    --,jehans1 di/    
mesire ,robi]s1 je m'otroi del t\t a    
faire votre  vol5te    ,et l5demam v5di 
,jehans ses 4ii4 *evaux ,x livres de    
tornois1 et  a*ata son ble et le fi/    
muire1 et a*ata des corbelles et  c\m5*a
 a faire pa9 francois si bon et si bi5  

fait k'il en  v5doit plus ke li doi     
melleur b\l5gi] de la ville1 et fi/ tant
  d$5s les ii ans k'il ot bi5 c livres  
de katel4 ,lors di/ ,jehans a  son      
segn\r3    --,je lo bi5 que n\s l\ons   
une tres grant mason et j\ akat]ai  del 
v9 et hi]beg]ai la bonne g5t            
--,jehan1 di/ mesire ,robi]s1 faites a  
vo vol5te k> je l'otroi et  si me loc   
molt de v\s4    ,jehans l\a une mason   
grant et bielle1 et si hi]brega la bonne
 g5t  et gaegnoit ases a pl5te1 et      
vie/oit son segn\r biellem5t et         
ri*em5t1 et avoit mesire ,robi]s son    
palefroi et aloit boire et  m5gi]       
aveukes les plus vallans de la ville1 et
 ,jehans li envoioit  v9s et vi&es ke   
t\t cil ki o lui conpagnoi5t s'en       
esm]velloi5t4 ,si gaegna tant ke d$5s   
4iiii ans il gaegna plus de  ccc livres 
de meuble sa9s son h>nois qui valoit bi5
 4,l4 livres4    ,mu* 0 ,sir ,rob]t     
griev$ :5 he came to ,m>seilles & f\nd  
t !re 0 no talk ( any?+ do+ 9 ! c\ntry1 
& he said  to ,john3 ,:at %all we d8 ,y 

h l5t me y\r money1 ,i ?ank  y1 & w     
repay y1 = ,i w sell my palfrey &       
dis*>ge  ! debt to y4    ,sir1 said     
,john1 tru/ to me1 if y please1 ,i w    
tell y :at  we w d1 ,i h /ill a hundr$  
s\s1 if y please ,i w sell  our two     
horses & turn !m into money1 & ,i am !  
be/ bak] y  ev] knew1 ,i w make ,fr5*   
bread1 & ,i've no d\bt ,i %all pay  my  
exp5ses well & make money    ,john1 said
 ,sir ,rob]t1 ,i agree :olly to d :atev]
 y l    ,& ! next day ,john sold _! two 
horse = t5 p\nds1 &  b\ght 8 :eat & _h x
 gr\nd1 & b\ght baskets1 & began to     
make ,fr5* bread s good & s well made t 
he sold m ( x  ?an ! two be/ bak]s 9 !  
city1 & made s mu* )9 two  ye>s t he _h 
a good hundr$ p\nd prop]ty ,!n he said  
to 8  "l ,i advise our hir+ a v l>ge    
h\se1 & ,i w buy w9e  & w keep lodg+s = 
good society    ,john1 said ,sir ,rob]t1
 d :at y please1 = ,i grant x1 & am     
greatly pleas$ ) y4    ,john hir$ a l>ge
 & f9e h\se & lodg$ ! be/ p &  ga9$ a   
great pl5ty1 & dress$ 8 ma/] h&somely & 

ri*ly1  & ,sir ,rob]t kept 8 palfrey &  
w5t out to eat & dr9k )  ! be/ p ( !    
city1 & ,john s5t !m su* w9es & food  t 
all 8 companions m>vell$ at x4 ,he made 
s mu* t )9  f\r ye>s he ga9$ m ?an ?ree 
hundr$ p\nds 9 money besides  clo!s1    
etc1 well wor? fifty4    ,! docile      
ob$i5ce ( ! man to ! woman seem$ z      
reasonable to  ! ?irte5? c5tury z !     
devotion ( ! woman to ! man1 n  because 
%e lov$ him1 = !re 0 no "q ( love1 b    
because he 0 ,,h] man1 & %e own$ him z  
?\gh he 7 *ild4  ,! tale w5t on to      
develop h] "* always 9 ! same s5se4  ,:5
 %e 0 ready1 ,jeanne broke up !         
e/abli%m5t at ,m>seilles1  br\ght h]    
husb& back to ,ha9ault1 & made him1 )\t 
kn[+  h] object1 kill ! traitor & r$ress
 h] wrongs4 ,!n aft]  sev5 ye>s' pati5t 
wait+1 %e reveal$ h]self & resum$ h]    
place4    ,if y c>e to see ! same type  
develop$ to its highe/ capacity1  g to !
 !atre ! fir/ "t "s ambiti\s actress    
attempts !  "p ( ,lady ,macbe?4         
,%akespe>e realiz$ ! ?irte5?-c5tury     

woman m vividly ?an ! ?irte5?-c5tury    
poets ev] did2 b  t is no new ?+ to say 
( ,%akespe>e4 ,! au?or ( ,la  ,comtesse 
de ,pon?ieu made no bad sket* ( ! "*4   
,^! are  fictions1 b ! ,*ronicles conta9
 ! names ( wom5 by scores  :o 7 !       
orig9als ( ! sket*4 ,! society :i*      
,ord]ic  describ$ 9 ,norm&y--! g5]ation 
( ! fir/ crusade--produc$  a great      
v>iety ( ,lady ,macbe?s4 ,9 ! c\ntry (  
,evreux1 ab\t  #aajj1 ,ord]ic says t a  
worse ?an civil w> 0 wag$ betwe5  two   
p[]ful bro!rs1 & ! mis*ief 0 fom5t$ by !
 spiteful  jeal\sy ( _! haughty wives4  
,! ,c\ntess ,havise ( ,evreux took      
(f5ce at "s taunts utt]$ by ,isabel de  
,con*es1--wife ( ,ralph1  ! ,seigneur ( 
,con*es1 "s t5 miles f ,evreux1--& us$  
all  h] influ5ce ) h] husb&1 ,c\nt      
,william1 & 8 b>ons1 to  make tr\ble 444
 ,bo? ! ladies :o /irr$ up ^! fi]ce     
enmities 7 great talk]s & spirit$ z well
 z h&some2 !y  rul$ _! husb&s1 oppress$ 
_! vassals1 & inspir$ t]ror  9 v>i\s    
ways4 ,b /ill _! *>act]s 7 v diff]5t4   

,havise _h wit & eloqu5ce1 b %e 0 cruel 
& av>ici\s4  ,isabel 0 g5]\s1 ent]pris+1
 & gay1 s t %e 0 belov$  & e/eem$ by ^? 
ab\t h]4 ,%e rode 9 knight's arm\r :5   
h] vassals 7 call$ to w>1 & %[$ z mu*   
d>+ among m5-  at-arms & m\nt$ knights z
 ,camilla 444 ,m ?an ?ree hundr$  ye>s  
aft]w>ds1 f> (f 9 ! ,vosges1 f a village
 nev] he>d  (1 appe>$ a common peasant (
 sev5te5 ye>s old1 a girl )\t  bir?1    
education1 weal?1 or claim ( any sort to
 consid]ation1 :o  made h] way to ,*9on 
& claim$ f ,*>les ,,vii a commission to 
lead 8 army aga9/ ! ,engli%4 ,nei!r ! k+
 nor ! c\rt  _h fai? 9 h]1 & yet !      
commission 0 giv51 & ! rank-  &-file %[$
 aga9 t ! true ,fr5*man _h m confid5ce 9
  ! woman ?an 9 ! man1 no matt] :at !   
gossips might say4 ,no  "o 0 surpris$ :5
 ,jeanne did :at %e promis$1 or :5 ! m5 
burn$ h] = do+ x4 ,!re 7 ,jeannes 9 e   
village4  ,ridicule 0 p[]less aga9/ !m4 
,ev5 ,voltaire became :at !  ,fr5* call 
frankly bete1 9 try+ x4    ,eleanor (   
,gui5ne 0 ! greate/ ( all ,fr5*wom54 ,h]

 decision  0 law1 :e!r 9 ,bordeaux or   
,poiti]s1 9 ,p>is or 9 ,pale/9e1  9     
,london or 9 ,norm&y2 9 ! c\rt ( ,l\is  
,,vii1 or 9 t (  ,h5ry ,,ii1 or 9 h] own
 ,c\rt ( ,love4 ,= fifte5 ye>s %e 0     
,que5 ( ,france2 = fifty %e 0 ,que5 9   
,engl&2 = eighty or  !reab\ts %e 0      
equival5t to ,que5 ov] ,gui5ne4 ,no o!r 
,fr5*woman ev] _h su* rule4             
,un=tunately1 z ,que5 ( ,france1  %e    
/ruck aga9/ an au?ority great] ?an h]   
own1 t ( ,sa9t  ,b]n>d1 & aft] combat+  
x1 ) ,sug]'s help1 f #aacg until  #aaeb1
 ! monk at la/ ga9$ su* ma/]y t ,eleanor
 quitt$ !  c\ntry & ,sug] di$4 ,%e 0 n a
 p]son to accept defeat4 ,%e  royally   
divorc$ h] husb& & w5t back to h] own   
k+dom (  ,gui5ne4 ,nei!r ,l\is nor      
,b]n>d d>$ to /op h]1 or to hold h]     
t]ritories f h]1 b !y put ! be/ face !y 
c\ld on _!  defeat by proclaim+ h] z a  
p]son ( irregul> conduct4 ,!            
irregul>ity w\ld n h /ood 9 _! way1 if  
!y _h d>$ to  /& 9 h]s1 b ,l\is 0 mu* ! 
weak]1 & made himself  weak] /ill by    

all[+ h] to leave him = ! sake ( ,h5ry (
  ,anj\1 a /ory ( a sort t r>ely rais$ !
 respect 9 :i*  ,fr5* k+s 7 held by     
,fr5* society4 ,probably politics _h m  
to d ) ! matt] ?an p]sonal atta*m5ts1 = 
,eleanor 0 a  great rul]1 ! equal ( any 
ord9>y k+1 & m p[]ful ?an  mo/ k+s liv+ 
9 #aaeb4 ,if %e des]t$ ,france 9 ord] to
 jo9  ! enemies ( ,france1 %e _h s]i\s  
reasons besides love =  "y ,h5ry (      
,anj\2 b 9 any case %e did1 z usual1 :at
  pleas$ h]1 & =c$ ,l\is to pron\nce !  
divorce at a c\ncil  held at ,beaug5cy1 
,m>* #ah1 #aaeb1 on ! usual pretext (   
relation%ip4 ,! hum\rs ( ! twelf? c5tury
 7 ,%akespe>ean4  ,eleanor1 hav+ obta9$ 
h] divorce at ,beaug5cy1 to ! deep      
regret ( all ,fr5*m51 />t$ at once =    
,poiti]s1 kn[+ h[  unsafe %e 0 9 any    
t]ritory b h] own4 ,beaug5cy is on !    
,loire1 betwe5 ,orleans & ,blois1 &     
,eleanor's fir/ night 0 at  ,blois1 or  
%\ld h be52 b %e 0 told1 on arriv+1 t   
,c\nt ,?ibaut ( ,blois1 undet]r$ by ,k+ 
,l\is's exp]i5ce1 0  mak+ plans to deta9

 h]1 ) p]fectly hon\rable views (       
m>riage2 &1 z %e seems at lea/ n to h   
be5 9 love )  ,?ibaut1 %e 0 oblig$ to   
dep>t at once1 9 ! night1 to ,t\rs4  ,a 
night j\rney on horseback f ,blois to   
,t\rs 9 ! middle (  ,m>* c h be5 no     
pleasure-trip1 ev5 9 #aaeb2 b1 on arriv+
  at ,t\rs 9 ! morn+1 ,eleanor f\nd t h]
 lov]s 7 /ill s  dang]\sly ne> t %e set 
=w>d at once on ! road to  ,poiti]s4 ,z 
%e approa*$ h] own t]ritory %e le>n$ t  
,ge(frey ( ,anj\1 ! y\ng] bro!r ( h]    
int5d$ husb&1 0  wait+ = h] at ! bord]1 
) views ( m>riage z /rictly  hon\rable z
 ^? ( all ! o!rs4 ,%e 0 driv5 to take   
ano!r road1 & at la/ got safe to        
,poiti]s4    ,ab\t no figure 9 ! ,middle
 ,ages1 man or woman1 did s _m  leg5ds  
gr[1 & ) su* fre$om1 z ab\t ,eleanor1 ^:
  /r5g? appeal$ to ,fr5* sympa?ies & ^: 
adv5tures appeal$  to _! imag9ation4 ,!y
 nev] =gave ,l\is = lett+ h] g4  ,!y    
delight$ to be told t 9 ,pale/9e %e _h  
c>ri$ on  relations ( ! mo/ improp] "*1 
n[ ) a ,s>ac5 slave  ( great beauty2 n[ 

) ,raymond ( ,poiti]s1 h] uncle1 !      
h&some/ man ( 8 "t2 n[ ) ,salad9        
himself2 &1 z all  ?is occurr$ at       
,antio* 9 #aadg or #aadh1 !y c\ld n     
expla9 :y  h] husb& %\ld h wait$ until  
#aaeb 9 ord] to express 8  unwill+      
disapproval2 b !y quot$ ) evid5t sympa?y
 a  rem>k attribut$ to h] t %e ?\ght %e 
_h m>ri$ a k+1  & f\nd %e _h m>ri$ a    
monk4 ,to ! ,fr5*man1 ,eleanor rema9$   
always sympa!tic1 :i* is ! m significant
 because1 9  ,engli% tradition1 h] "*   
suff]$ a viol5t & incr$ible  *ange4     
,al?\gh ,engli% hi/ory has lavi%$ on    
,eleanor some:at  m ?an h] due %>e (    
conv5tional moral repro(1 consid]+  t1 f
 ! mom5t %e m>ri$ ,h5ry ( ,anj\1 ,may   
#ah1 #aaeb1 %e  0 nev] *>g$ ) a brea? ( 
sc&al1 x aton$ = h] want  ( wick$ness by
 ,fr5* /&>ds1 9 ! usual mann] (         
hi/orians1 by inv5t+ traits :i* reflect$
 ! moral /&>ds  ( ,engl&4 ,tradition    
conv]t$ h] into ! fairy-book type (     
fem99e jeal\sy & inv5t$ = h] ! leg5d ( !
 ,fair  ,rosamund & ! poison ( toads4   

,= u1 bo? leg5ds are true4 ,!y reflect$1
 n p]haps !  "* ( ,eleanor1 b :at !     
society lik$ to see act$ on its  !atre (
 life4 ,eleanor's real nature 9 no way  
conc]ns u4 ,!  s+le fact wor? rememb]+ 0
 t %e _h two daught]s by  ,l\is ,,vii1 z
 %[n 9 ! table2 :o1 9 due "t1           
m>ri$--,m>y1  9 #aafd1 m>ri$ ,h5ry1 !   
great ,c\nt ( ,*ampagne2 ,alix1 at !    
same "t1 became ,c\ntess ( ,*>tres by   
m>riage ) ,?ibaut1 :o  _h driv5 h] "m f 
,blois 9 #aaeb by 8 m>ital int5tions4   
,h5ry & ,?ibaut 7 bro!rs ^: si/] ,alix  
_h m>ri$ ,l\is  ,,vii 9 #aafj1 eight    
ye>s aft] ! divorce4 ,! relations ?us   
creat$ 7 fanta/ic1 especially = ,que5   
,eleanor1 :o1 besides  h] two ,fr5*     
daught]s1 _h eight *ildr5 z ,que5 (     
,engl&4  ,h] second son1 ,ri*>d         
,coeur-de-,lion1 born 9 #aaeg1 0        
affianc$  9 #aagd to a daught] ( ,l\is  
,,vii & ,alix1 a *ild only six ye>s     
old1 :o 0 s5t to ,engl& to be br\ght up 
z future que54 ,?is  0 c]ta9ly          
,eleanor's do+1 & equally c]ta9 0 x t ! 

*ild came to no good 9 ! ,engli% c\rt4  
,! hi/orians1 by  exception1 h n *>g$   
?is crime to ,que5 ,eleanor2 !y  *>g$ x 
to ,eleanor's husb&1 :o pass$ mo/ ( 8   
life 9  cross+ 8 wife's political plans2
 b ) politics we want z  little z       
possible to d4 ,we are conc]n$ ) !      
arti/ic &  social side ( life1 & h only 
to notice ! co9cid5ce t  :ile ! ,virg9 0
 miracul\sly us+ ! p[] ( spiritual love 
to elevate & purify ! p1 ,eleanor & h]  
daught]s 7  us+ ! p[] ( e>?ly love to   
discipl9e & ref9e ! c\rts4  ,side by    
side ) ! crude realities ab\t !m1 !y    
insi/$ on  tea*+ & en=c+ an ideal t     
contradict$ ! realities1 &  _h no value 
= !m or = u except 9 ! contradiction4   
,! ideals ( ,eleanor & h] daught] ,m>y (
 ,*ampagne 7 a =m  ( religion1 & if y   
c>e to see its evangels1 y _h be/ g     
directly to ,dante & ,petr>*1 or1 if y l
 x bett]1 to ,don  ,quixote de la       
,man*a4 ,! religion is dead z ,demet]1 &
 its art  alone survives z1 on ! :ole1 !
 highe/ expression ( man's  ?\ght or    

emotion2 b 9 its day x 0 almo/ z        
practical z x  n[ is fanciful4 ,eleanor 
& h] daught] ,m>y & h] gr&daught]       
,blan*e knew z well z ,sa9t ,b]n>d did1 
or ,sa9t ,francis1 :at a  brute !       
emancipat$ man c\ld be2 & z ?\gh !y     
=esaw !  society ( ! sixte5? & eighte5? 
c5turies1 !y us$ e  t]ror !y c\ld inv5t1
 z well z e t5d]ness !y c\ld  invoke1 to
 tame ! bea/s ar\nd !m4 ,_! *>ge 0 (    
mann]s1  &1 to tea* mann]s1 !y made a   
s*ool :i* !y call$ _!  ,c\rt ( ,love1 ) 
a code ( law to :i* !y gave ! "n (      
c\rte\s love4 ,! decisions ( ?is c\rt 7 
record$1 l  ! decisions ( a mod]n b5*1  
"u ! names ( ! great ladies  :o made !m1
 & 7 en=c$ by ! ladies ( good society = 
^: guidance !y 7 made4 ,!y are wor?     
read+1 & any "o  :o likes may read !m to
 ?is day1 ) consid]able scepticism  ab\t
 _! g5u95ess4 ,! d\bt is only ignorance4
 ,we d n1 &  nev] c1 "k ! twelf?-c5tury 
woman1 or1 = t matt]1 any  o!r woman1 b 
we d "k ! lit]ature %e creat$2 we "k !  
art %e liv$ 91 & ! religion %e pr(ess$4 

,we c collect  f !m "s idea :y ! ,virg9 
,m>y rul$1 & :at %e 0  tak5 to be1 by ! 
_w :i* wor%ipp$ h]4    ,m>y ( ,*ampagne 
creat$ ! lit]ature ( c\rte\s love4 ,%e  
mu/  h be5 ab\t tw5ty ye>s old :5 %e    
m>ri$ ,c\nt ,h5ry &  w5t to live at     
,troyes1 n actually a que5 9 title1 b   
c]ta9ly  a que5 9 social influ5ce4 ,9   
#aafd1 ,*ampagne 0 a p[]ful  c\ntry1 &  
,troyes a c5tre ( ta/e4 ,9 ,norm&y1 at !
 same  date1 ,william ( ,sa9t ,pair &   
,wace 7 writ+ ! poetry we  "k4 ,9       
,*ampagne ! c\rt poet 0 ,*ri/ian (      
,troyes1 ^:  poems 7 new :5 ! *ur*es (  
,noyon & ,s5lis & ,sa9t ,leu  d',ess]5t1
 & ! fle*e ( ,*>tres1 & ! ,lean+ ,t[] ( 
,pisa1 7 build+1 at ! same "t ) ! ,abbey
 ( ,vezelay1 &  be=e ! *ur* at ,mantes4 
,*ri/ian di$ n long aft] #aage1  leav+ a
 great mass ( v]se1 mu* ( :i* has       
surviv$1 & :i*  y c read m easily ?an y 
c read ,dante or ,petr>*1  al?\gh bo?   
are almo/ mod]n comp>$ ) ,*ri/ian4 ,!   
quality  ( ?is v]se is some?+ l !       
quality ( ! glass w9d[s--  conv5tional  

decoration2 col\rs 9 conv5tional        
h>monies2  ref9em5t1 re/ra9t1 & fem99e  
delicacy ( ta/e4 ,*ri/ian has  n ! gr&  
mann] ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & nev] recalls 
!  mascul9e /r5g? ( ! ,*anson de ,rol&  
or ,ra\l de ,cambrai4  ,ev5 8 mo/ *>m+  
/ory1 ,erec et ,enide1 c>ries *iefly a  
moral ( c\rtesy4 ,8 is poet-laureate's  
"w1 says ,m4 ,ga/on  ,p>is2 ! fl[] ( a  
twelf?-c5tury c\rt & ( twelf?-c5tury    
,fr5*2 ! be/ example ( an admirable     
language2 b n lyric2  nei!r /rong1 nor  
deep1 nor deeply felt4 ,:at we call     
trag$y is  unkn[n to x4 ,*ri/ian's _w is
 sky-blue & rose1 ) only  en\gh r$ to   
give x w>m?1 & s flood$ ) light t ev5   
its my/]ies c\nt only by ! cle>ness )   
:i* !y are %[n4    ,among o!r great     
works1 be=e ,m>y ( ,france came to      
,troyes  ,*ri/ian _h1 t[>d #aafj1 writt5
 a ,tri/an1 :i* is lo/4 ,m>y  h]self1 he
 says1 gave him ! subject ( ,lancelot1 )
 !  reque/ or ord] to make x a lesson ( 
c\rte\s love1 :i* he  obey$4 ,c\rtesy   
has lo/ its mean+ z well z its *>m1 & y 

might f9d ! ,*evali] de la ,*>ette ev5 m
 un9telligible  ?an tiresome2 b its     
influ5ce 0 great 9 its day1 & !  lesson 
( c\rte\s love1 "u ! au?ority ( ,m>y (  
,*ampagne1  la/$ = c5turies z ! /&>d (  
ta/e4 ,lancelot 0 nev]  f9i%$1 b lat]1 n
 long aft] #aagd1 ,*ri/ian wrote a      
,p]ceval1 or ,conte du ,graal1 :i* mu/  
also h be5 int5d$  to please ,m>y1 & :i*
 is int]e/+ because1 :ile !  ,lancelot  
gave ! twelf?-c5tury idea ( c\rte\s     
love1 !  ,p]ceval gave ! twelf?-c5tury  
idea ( religi\s my/]y4 ,m>y  0 c]ta9ly  
conc]n$ ) bo?4 ,x is = ?is same ,m>y1   
says  ,ga/on ,p>is1 t ,walt] ( ,arras   
und]took 8 poem ( ',eracle'2  %e 0 !    
object ( ! songs ( ! tr\bad\rs z well z 
(  _! ,fr5* imitators2 = h] use also %e 
caus$ ! translations  ( books ( piety l 
,g5esis1 or ! p>aphrase at great l5g?1  
9 v]se1 ( ! psalm ',eructavit4'    ,) h]
 !ories ( c\rte\s love1 e "o is m or    
less  famili> if only f ! ridicule (    
,c]vantes & ! follies (  ,quixote1 :o1  
?\gh f\r hundr$ ye>s y\ng]1 0           

,lancelot's  *ild2 b we nev] c "k h[ f> 
%e took h]self & h] laws  ( love        
s]i\sly1 & to speculate on s deep a     
subject z h]  s]i\sness is worse ?an    
useless1 s9ce %e w\ld h]self h be5  z   
unc]ta9 z h] lov]s 74 ,vision>y z !     
c\rtesy 01 !  ,holy ,grail 0 z practical
 z any bric-a-brac t has surviv$ (  !   
"t4 ,! my/]y ( ,p]ceval is l t ( !      
,go?ic  ca!dral1 illum9at$ by floods (  
light1 & enliv5$ by riv]s  ( col\r4     
,un=tunately ,*ri/ian nev] told :at he  
meant by !  fragm5t1 itself a my/]y1 9  
:i* he n>rat$ ! /ory ( !  knight :o saw 
! ,holy ,grail1 because ! knight1 :o 0  
w>n$1  z usual1 to ask no que/ions1 =   
once1 unlike mo/ knights1 obey$  ! w>n+ 
:5 he %\ld h disreg>d$ x4 ,z            
knights-errant  necess>ily did ! wrong  
?+ 9 ord] to make _! adv5tures          
possible1 ,p]ceval's error _c be 9      
itself my/]i\s1 nor 0  ! ca/le 9 any way
 my/]i\s :]e ! miracle occurr$1 ,x      
appe>$ to him to be ! usual ca/le1 & he 
saw no?+ unusual  9 ! mann] ( 8         

reception by ! usual old "l1 or 9 ! fact
  t bo? seat$ !mselves q simply be=e !  
hall-fire )  ! usual h\sehold4 ,!n1 z   
?\gh x 7 an ev]yday habit1 !  ,holy     
,grail 0 br\ght 9 7,b>ts*1 ,*re/oma?ie1 
#ahc-he1 ed4  #ahie73--    ,et leans    
avail lum9aire   ,si grant con l'an le  
porrait faire   ,de *&oiles a un o/el4  
,que qu'il p>loi5t d'un et d'el1   ,uns 
vallez d'une *ambre v9t   ,qui une      
blan*e lance t9t   ,ampoigniee p> le mi 
lieu4   ,si passa p> endroit le feu     
,et cil qui al feu se seoi5t1   ,et tuit
 cil de leans veoi5t   ,la lance blan*e 
et le f] blanc4   ,s'issoit une gote de 
sang   ,del f] de la lance au sommet1   
,et jusqu'a la ma9 au vaslet   ,coroit  
cele gote v]moille4444   ,a tant dui    
autre vaslet v9dr5t   ,qui *&eli]s an   
lors ma9s t9dr5t   ,de f9 or ovrez a    
neel4   ,li vaslet e/oi5t m\lt bel      
,qui les *&eli]s aportoi5t4   ,an *acun 
*&eli] ardoi5t   ,d\s *&oiles a tot le  
ma9s4   ,un graal antre ses d\s ma9s    
,une demoiselle t5oit1   ,qui avec les  

vaslets v5oit1   ,bele et g5te et bi5   
acesmee4   ,quant cle fu leans antree   
,atot le graal qu'ele t9t   ,une si     
granz cl>tez i v9t   ,qu'ausi p]dir5t   
les *&oiles   ,lor cl>te come les       
e/oiles   ,qant li solauz lui/ et la    
lune4   ,apres celi an rev9t une   ,qui 
t9t un tailleor d'arg5t4      ,le graal 
qui aloit devant   ,de f9 or esm]e      
e/oit1   ,pi]res precieuses avoit   ,el 
graal de ma9tes m5i]es   ,des plus ri*es
 et des plus *i]es   ,qui en m] ne en   
t]re soi5t4   ,totes autres pi]res      
passoi5t   ,celes del graal sanz        
dotance4      ,tot a9si con passa la    
lance   ,p> devant le lit trespass]5t   
,et d'une *ambre a l'autre al]5t4   ,et 
li vaslet les vit pass]1   ,ni n'osa    
mire dem&]   ,del graal cui l'an an     
s]voit4      ,&1 )91 ! hall 0 bright    
,z any hall c\ld be ) light   ,( c&les 9
 a h\se at night4   ,s1 :ile ( ?is & t  
!y talk$1   ,a squire f a *amb] walk$1  
,be>+ a :ite lance 9 8 h&1   ,grasp$ by 
! middle1 l a w&2   ,&1 z he pass$ !    

*imney wide1   ,^? seat$ by ! fireside1 
,& all ! o!rs1 caught a glance   ,( !   
:ite /eel & ! :ite lance4   ,z !y look$1
 a drop ( blood   ,d[n ! lance's h&le   
fl[$2   ,d[n to :]e ! y\?'s h& /ood4    
,f ! lance-head at ! top   ,!y saw run t
 crimson drop4444   ,pres5tly came two m
 squires1   ,9 _! h&s two *&eli]s1   ,( 
f9e gold 9 enamel wr\ght4   ,ea* squire 
t ! c&le br\ght   ,0 a h&some *evali]4  
,!re burn$ 9 e *&eli]   ,two light$     
c&les at ! lea/4   ,a damsel1 graceful &
 well dress$1   ,beh9d ! squires foll[$ 
fa/   ,:o c>ri$ 9 h] h&s a graal2   ,& z
 %e came )9 ! hall   ,) ! graal !re came
 a light ,s brilliant t ! c&les all     
,lo/ cle>ness1 z ! />s at night   ,:5   
moon %9es1 or 9 day ! sun4   ,aft] h]   
!re foll[$ "o   ,:o a di% ( silv] bore4 
,! graal1 :i* _h gone be=e1   ,( gold ! 
f9e/ _h be5 made1   ,) preci\s /ones _h 
be5 inlaid1   ,ri*e/ & r>e/ ( ea* k9d   
,t man 9 sea or e>? c\ld f9d4   ,all o!r
 jewels f> surpass$   ,^? :i* ! holy    
graal en*as$4      ,j z be=e _h pass$ ! 

lance   ,!y all be=e ! b$ advance1      
,pass+ /raightway ?r\gh ! hall1   ,& !  
knight :o saw !m pass   ,nev] v5tur$    
once to ask   ,= ! mean+ ( ! graal4     
,! simplicity ( ?is n>ration gives a    
c]ta9 dramatic effect to  ! my/]y1 l    
see+ a gho/ 9 full daylight1 b ,*ri/ian 
c>ri$ simplicity fur!r /ill4 ,he seem$  
ei!r to feel1 or to  want o!rs to feel1 
! reality ( ! adv5ture & ! miracle1  &  
he foll[$ up ! appe>ance ( ! graal by a 
solid meal 9  ! /yle ( ! twelf? c5tury1 
su* z "o expects to f9d 9  ,ivanhoe or !
 ,talisman4 ,! knight sat d[n ) 8 ho/ to
  ! be/ d9n] t ! c\nty ( ,*ampagne      
af=d$1 & !y ate  _! haun* ( v5ison ) !  
graal 9 full view4 ,!y drank  _!        
,*ampagne w9e ( v>i\s sorts1 out ( gold 
cups3--       ,v9s cl]s ne raspez ne lor
 faut      ,a copes dorees a boivre2    
!y sat be=e ! fire & talk$ till b$time1 
:5 ! squires  made up ! b$s 9 ! hall1 & 
br\ght 9 supp]--dates1 figs1  nutmegs1  
spices1 pomegranates1 & at la/          
lectu>ies1 suspici\sly  l :at we call   

jams2 & alex&r9e g+]bread2 aft] :i*  !y 
drank v>i\s dr9ks1 ) or )\t spice or    
honey or pepp]2  & old moret1 :i* is    
?\ght to be mulb]ry w9e1 b :i*  g5]ally 
w5t ) clairet1 a col\rless grape-juice1 
or pim5t4 ,at  lea/1 "h are ! l9es1 & "o
 may translate !m to suit "o's  self3-- 
,et li vaslet ap>elli]5t   ,les lis et  
le fruit au col*i]   ,que il en i ot de 
m\lt *i]1   ,dates1 figues1 et nois     
mugates1   ,gir(les et pomes de gr5ates1
   ,et leituaires an la f91   ,et       
g+5bret alix&r94   ,apres ce bur5t de   
ma9t boivre1   ,pim5t ou n'ot ne miel ne
 poivre   ,et viez m et cl] sirop4      
,! twelf? c5tury _h ! *ild's love (     
sweets & spices &  pres]v$ fruits1 &    
dr9ks sweet5$ or spic$1 :e!r !y 7  tak5 
= supp] or = poetry2 ! true knight's    
palate 0 fre%  & 8 appetite excell5t    
ei!r = sweets or v]ses or love2 !  _w 0 
"y !n2 ,rob9 ,hoods liv$ 9 e =e/1 &     
,ri*>d  ,coeur-de-,lion 0 n yet tw5ty   
ye>s old4 ,! pleasant adv5tures  ( ,rob9
 ,hood 7 real1 z y c read 9 ! /ories ( a

 doz5  outlaws1 & m5 tr\bl$ !mselves    
ab\t pa9 & dea? mu* z  heal?y be>s did1 
9 ! m\nta9s4 ,life _h mis]ies en\gh1 b  
few %ad[s deep] ?an ^? ( ! imag9ative   
lov]1 or !  t]rors ( gho/s at night4    
,m5's imag9ations ran riot1 b did n     
keep !m awake2 at lea/1 nei!r ! pres]v$ 
fruits nor !  mulb]ry w9e nor ! cle>    
syrup nor ! g+]bread nor ! ,holy  ,graal
 kept ,p]ceval awake1 b he slept ! s\nd 
& heal?y sleep  ( y\?1 & :5 he woke !   
next morn+1 he felt only a mild         
surprise to f9d t 8 ho/ & h\sehold _h   
disappe>$1  leav+ him to ride away )\t  
f>ewell1 breakfa/1 or ,graal4           
,*ri/ian wrote ab\t ,p]ceval 9 #aagd 9 !
 same _s 9 :i*  ! workm5 9 glass1 ?irty 
ye>s lat]1 told ! /ory (  ,*>lemagne4   
,"o arti/ work$ = ,m>y ( ,*ampagne2 !   
o!rs =  ,m>y ( ,*>tres1 commonly kn[n z 
! ,virg92 b all did _!  "w 9 good fai?1 
) ! fir/1 fre%1 easy in/9ct ( col\r1    
light1 & l9e4 ,nei!r ( ! two ,m>ies 0   
my/ical1 9 a mod]n  s5se2 none ( !      
arti/s 0 oppress$ by ! burd5 ( d\bt2  _!

 scepticism 0 z *ildlike z fai?4 ,if "o 
has to make an  exception1 p]haps !     
passion ( love 0 m s]i\s ?an t (        
religion1 & gave to religion ! deepe/   
emotion1 & ! mo/  complicat$ "o1 :i*    
society knew4 ,love 0 c]ta9ly a passion2
  & ev5 m c]ta9ly x 01 z se5 9 poets l  
,dante &  ,petr>*1--9 romans l ,lancelot
 & ,aucass91--9 ideals l  !             
,virg91--complicat$ beyond mod]n        
conception4 ,= ?is reason  ! loss (     
,*ri/ian's ,tri/an makes a t]rible gap 9
 art1 =  ,*ri/ian's poem w\ld h giv5 !  
fir/ & be/ idea ( :at  l$ to c\rte\s    
love4 ,! ,tri/an 0 writt5 be=e #aafj1 & 
belong$ to ! cycle ( ,que5 ,eleanor (   
,engl& r ?an to  t ( h] daught] ,m>y (  
,troyes2 b ! subject 0 "o nei!r  (      
c\rtesy nor ( ,france2 x belong$ to an  
age f> beh9d !  elev5? c5tury1 or ev5 ! 
t5?1 or inde$ any c5tury )9  ! range (  
,fr5* hi/ory2 & x 0 z little fitt$ =    
,*ri/ian's way ( treatm5t z = any av[$  
burlesque4 ,!  orig9al ,tri/an--critics 
say--0 n ,fr5*1 & nei!r ,tri/an  nor    

,isolde _h ev] a drop ( ,fr5* blood 9 _!
 ve9s4 ,9 _!  =m z ,*ri/ian receiv$ x1  
!y 7 ,celts or ,scots2 !y came  f       
,brittany1 ,wales1 ,irel&1 ! nor!rn     
ocean1 or f>!r /ill4  ,beh9d ! ,wel%    
,tri/an1 :i* pass$ probably ?r\gh ,engl&
 to  ,norm&y & !nce to ,france &        
,*ampagne1 critics detect a f>  m anci5t
 figure liv+ 9 a =m ( society t ,france 
c\ld  n rememb] ev] to h kn[n4 ,k+ ,m>c 
0 a tribal *ief ( !  ,/one ,age ^:      
subjects lov$ ! =e/ & liv$ on ! sea or 9
  caves2 ,k+ ,m>c's royal hall 0 a      
common %elt] on ! banks ( a  /ream1 :]e 
e "o 0 at home1 & k+1 que51 knights1    
att5dants1 & dw>f slept on ! floor1 on  
b$s laid d[n :]e  !y pleas$2 ,tri/an's  
weapons 7 ! b[ & /one knife2 he  nev]   
saw a horse or a spe>2 8 ideas ( loyalty
 & ,isolde's  ideas ( m>riage 7 z vague 
z ,m>c's royal au?ority2 & all  7 alike 
unconsci\s ( law1 *ivalry1 or *ur*4 ,!  
note !y  sang 0 m unlike ! note (       
,*ri/ian1 if possible1 ?an t  ( ,ri*>d  
,wagn]2 x 0 ! simple/ expression ( rude 

&  primitive love1 z "o c\ld p]haps f9d 
x among ,nor? ,am]ican  ,indians1 ?\gh  
h>dly s defiant ev5 !re1 & c]ta9ly 9 !  
,icel&ic ,sagas h>dly s lawless2 b x 0 a
 note ( real  passion1 & t\*$ ! deepe/  
*ords ( sympa?y 9 !  artificial society 
( ! twelf? c5tury1 z x did 9 t ( !      
n9ete5?4 ,! task ( ! ,fr5* poet 0 to    
tone x d[n & give  x ! fa%ionable dress1
 ! po9t$ %oes & long sleeves1 ( !  "t4  
,! ,fr5*man1 says ,ga/on ,p>is1 is      
specially int]e/$  9 mak+ 8 /ory        
ent]ta9+ = ! society x is meant =2 he   
is 'social'2 t is1 ( ! _w2 he smiles at 
! adv5tures he  tells1 & delicately lets
 y see t he is n _! dupe2 he  ex]ts     
himself to give to 8 /yle a con/ant     
elegance1 a uni=m  poli%1 9 :i* a few   
neatly turn$1 clev] phrases sp>kle "h  &
 !re2 above all1 he wants to please1 &  
?9ks ( 8 audi5ce  m ?an ( 8 subject4    
,9 ! twelf? c5tury he want$ *iefly to   
please wom51 z ,ord]ic  compla9$2       
,isolde came out ( ,brittany to meet    
,eleanor com+ up  f ,gui5ne1 & ! ,virg9 

f ! ea/2 & all unit$ 9 giv+  law to     
society4 ,9 ea* case x 0 ! woman1 n !   
man1 :o gave  ! law2--x 0 ,m>y1 n !     
,tr9ity2 ,eleanor1 n ,l\is ,,vii2       
,isolde1 n ,tri/an4 ,no d\bt1 ! orig9al 
,tri/an _h giv5 !  law l ,rol& or       
,a*illes1 b ! twelf?-c5tury ,tri/an 0 a 
comp>atively poor creature4 ,he 0 9 8   
way a second>y figure 9  ! romance1 z   
,l\is ,,vii 0 to ,eleanor & ,abel>d to  
,heloise4  ,e "o kn[s h[1 ab\t tw5ty    
ye>s be=e ,eleanor came to  ,p>is1 !    
poet-pr(essor ,abel>d1 ! h]o ( ! ,lat9  
,qu>t]1  _h sung to ,heloise ^? songs   
:i*--he tells u--res\nd$  ?r\gh ,europe 
z widely z 8 s*ola/ic fame1 & probably  
to  m effect = 8 r5[n4 ,9 popul> notions
 ,heloise 0 ,isolde1  & w\ld 9 a mom5t h
 done :at ,isolde did 7,b>ts*1          
#ajg-jh73--    ,qua9t reis ,m>cs nus out
 conjeies   ,e de sa curt nus out       
*ascez1   ,z ma9s ensemble nus preismes 
,e hors de la sale en eissimes1   ,a la 
=e/ puis en alasmes      ,e un mult bel 
liu i tr\vames   ,e une ro*e1 fu cavee1 

,devant ert e/raite la entree1   ,d$ans 
fu voesse b5 faite1   ,tante bel cum se 
fu/ portraite4      ,:5 ,k+ ,m>c _h     
bann$ u bo?1   ,& f 8 c\rt _h *as$ u =?1
   ,h& 9 h& ea* clasp+ fa/   ,/raight f 
out ! hall we pass$2   ,to ! =e/ turn$  
our face2      ,f\nd 9 x a p]fect place1
   ,:]e ! rock t made a cave   ,h>dly m 
?an passage gave2   ,spaci\s )9 & fit = 
use1   ,z ?\gh x _h be5 plann$ = u4     
,at any "t ( h] life1 ,heloise w\ld h   
defi$ society or  *ur*1 & w\ld--at lea/ 
9 ! public's fancy--h tak5  ,abel>d by !
 h& & gone (f to ! =e/ mu* m readily    
?an %e w5t to ! cloi/]2 b ,abel>d w\ld h
 made a poor  figure z ,tri/an4 ,abel>d 
& ,*ri/ian ( ,troyes 7 z remote z  we   
are f ! leg5d>y ,tri/an2 b ,isolde &    
,heloise1 ,eleanor  & ,m>y 7 ! immortal 
& et]nal woman4 ,! leg5d ( ,isolde1  bo?
 9 ! e>li] & ! lat] v]sion1 seems to h  
s]v$ z a  sacr$ book to ! wom5 ( !      
twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1  & ,*ri/ian's
 ,isolde surely help$ ,m>y 9 giv+ law to
 ! ,c\rt  ( ,troyes & decisions 9 !     

,c\rt ( ,love4    ,c\ntess ,m>y's       
au?ority la/$ f #aafd to #aaih1         
?irty-f\r  ye>s1 dur+ :i*1 at unc]ta9   
int]vals1 glimpses ( h]  influ5ce fla%  
out 9 poetry r ?an 9 prose4 ,*ri/ian    
began  8 ,roman de la ,*>ette by invok+ 
h]3--    ,puisque ma dame de ,*anpaigne 
,vialt que romans a faire anpraigne     
,si dei/ et jel tesmoignasse   ,que ce  
e/ la dame qui passe   ,totes celes qui 
sont vivanz   ,si con li funs passe les 
vanz   ,qui vante en ,mai ou en ,avril  
,dirai je3 tant com une jame   ,vaut de 
pailes et de s>d9es   ,vaut la contesse 
de re9es8      ,*ri/ian *ose curi\s     
similes4 ,8 dame surpass$ all liv+      
rivals z smoke passes ! w9ds t bl[ 9    
,may2 or z mu* z a  gem w\ld buy ( /raws
 & s>d9es is ! ,c\ntess wor? 9  que5s4  
,l\is ,,xiv w\ld h ?\ght t ,*ri/ian     
might be  laugh+ at him1 b c\rt /yles   
*ang$ ) _! ma/]s4 ,l\is  ,,xiv w\ld     
sc>cely h writt5 a prison-song to 8 si/]
 su* z  ,ri*>d ,coeur-de-,lion wrote to 
,m>y ( ,*ampagne3--    ,ja nus bons pris

 ne dirat sa raison   ,adroitem5t s'ansi
 com dolans non2   ,mais p> con=t puet  
il faire *anson4   ,m\lt ai d'am9s1 mais
 povre sont li don2   ,honte en avront  
se por ma reancon   ,suix ces deus yv]s 
pris4    ,ceu sev5t bi5 mi home et mi   
b>on1   ,englois1 ,normant1 ,poitev9 et 
,gascon1   ,ke je n'avoie si povre      
compa+non   ,cui je laissasse por avoir 
au prixon4   ,je nel di pas por nulle   
retraison1   ,mais ancor suix je pris4  
,or sai ge bi5 de voir c]ta9em5t   ,ke  
mors ne pris n'ait am9 ne p>5t1   ,cant 
on me lait por or ne por arg5t4   ,m\lt 
m'e/ de moi1 mais plus m'e/ de ma g5t   
,c'apres ma mort avront repro*i] grant  
,se longem5t suix pris4      ,n'e/ pas  
m]velle se j'ai lo cu] dol5t   ,cant li 
mi5s sires ti5t ma t]re en torm5t4      
,s'or li m5broit de no/re sairem5t   ,ke
 nos feismes &ui communam5t1   ,bi5 sai 
de voir ke ceans longem5t   ,ne s]oie   
pas pris4      ,ce sev5t bi5 ,angev9 et 
,tora91   ,cil ba*el] ki or sont =t et  
sa91   ,c'ancombreis suix long d'aus en 

autrui ma94   ,=m5t m'amoi5t1 mais or ne
 m'aimm5t gra94   ,de belles armes sont 
ores veut cil pla91   ,por tant ke je   
suix pris4      ,mes compa+nons cui     
j'amoie et cui j'aim1   ,ces d\ ,caheu  
et ces d\ ,p]*]a91   ,me di1 *anson1 kil
 ne sont pas c]ta91      ,c'onques v]s  
aus n'en oi cu] faus ne va94   ,s'il me 
gu]roi5t1 il font m\lt que villa9       
,tant com je s]ai pris4      ,comtesse  
su]1 vo/re pris sov]a9   ,vos saut et   
g>t cil a cui je me claim   ,et p> cui  
je suix pris4   ,je n'ou di pas de celi 
de ,*>ta9   ,la meire ,l[eis4      ,no  
prison] c tell 8 hone/ ?\ght   ,unless  
he speaks z "o :o suff]s wrong2   ,b = 8
 com=t he may make a song4   ,my fri5ds 
are _m1 b _! gifts are naught4   ,%ame w
 be !irs1 if1 = my ransom1 "h   ,i lie  
ano!r ye>4      ,!y "k ?is well1 my     
b>ons & my m51   ,norm&y1 ,engl&1       
,gascony1 ,poit\1   ,t ,i _h nev] foll[]
 s l[   ,:om ,i w\ld leave 9 prison to  
my ga94   ,i say x n = a reproa* to !m1 
,b prison] ,i am6      ,! anci5t prov]b 

n[ ,i "k = sure3   ,dea? & a prison "k  
nor k9 nor tie1   ,s9ce = m]e lack (    
gold !y let me lie4   ,mu* = myself ,i  
grieve2 = !m /ill m4   ,aft] my dea? !y 
w h griev\s wrong   ,if ,i am prison]   
long4      ,:at m>vel t my he>t is sad &
 sore   ,:5 my own "l torm5ts my        
helpless l&s6   ,well d ,i "k t1 if he  
held 8 h&s1   ,rememb]+ ! common oa? we 
swore1   ,i %\ld n "h imprison$ ) my    
song1   ,rema9 a prison] long4      ,!y 
"k ?is well :o n[ are ri* & /rong   ,"y 
g5tlem5 ( ,anj\ & ,t\ra9e1   ,t f> f !m1
 on ho/ile bonds ,i /ra94   ,!y lov$ me 
mu*1 b h n lov$ me long4   ,_! pla9s w  
see no m fair li/s array$1   ,:ile ,i   
lie "h betray$4      ,companions1 :om ,i
 lov$1 & /ill d love1   ,ge(froi du     
,p]*e & ,ansel de ,caleux1   ,tell !m1  
my song1 t !y are fri5ds untrue4        
,nev] to !m did ,i false-he>t$ prove2   
,b !y d villa9y if !y w> on me1   ,:ile 
,i lie "h1 unfree4      ,c\ntess si/]6  
y\r sov]eign fame   ,may he pres]ve ^:  
help ,i claim1   ,victim = :om am ,i6   

,i say n ?is ( ,*>tres' dame1   ,"m (   
,l\is6      ,ri*>d's prison-song1 "o ( !
 *ief monum5ts ( ,engli%  lit]ature1    
s\nds to e e>1 accu/om$ to twelf?-c5tury
  v]se1 z *>m+ z :5 x 0 h\sehold rhyme  
to                     mi ome et mi b>on
      ,englois1 ,normant1 ,poitev9 et   
,gascon4      ,n only 0 ,ri*>d a f>     
great] k+ ?an any ,l\is ev] 01 b  he    
also compos$ bett] poetry ?an any o!r k+
 :o is kn[n to  t\ri/s1 &1 :5 he spoke  
to 8 si/] 9 ?is cry ( ! he>t  altoge!r  
s+ul> among mon>*s1 he made law & /yle1 
above  discussion4 ,:e!r he meant to    
reproa* 8 o!r si/]1 ,alix (  ,*>tres1   
hi/orians may tell1 if !y "k4 ,if he    
did1 ! reproa*  answ]$ its purpose1 = ! 
song 0 writt5 9 #aaic2 ,ri*>d 0  ransom$
 & releas$ 9 #aaid2 & 9 #aaih ! "y ,c\nt
 ,l[eis  ( ,*>tres & ,blois leagu$ ) !  
,c\nts ( ,fl&]s1 ,le  ,p]*e1 ,gu9es1 &  
,t\l\se1 aga9/ ,philip ,augu/us1 9 favor
 (  ,coeur-de-,lion to :om !y r5d]$     
homage4 ,9 any case1 nei!r  ,m>y nor    
,alice 9 #aaic 0 reign+ ,c\ntess4 ,m>y 0

 a wid[ s9ce  #aaha1 & h] son ,h5ry 0   
,c\nt 9 ,*ampagne1 app>5tly a great     
fav\rite ) 8 uncle ,ri*>d               
,coeur-de-,lion4 ,! life ( ?is  ,h5ry ( 
,*ampagne 0 ano!r twelf?-c5tury romance1
 b c  s]ve no purpose "h except to      
recall ! /ory t 8 "m1  ! great ,c\ntess 
,m>y1 di$ 9 #aaih ( sorr[ = ! dea? (    
?is son1 :o 0 !n ,k+ ( ,j]usalem1 & 0   
kill$1 9 #aaig1  by a fall f ! w9d[ ( 8 
palace at ,acre4 ,coeur-de-,lion di$  9 
#aaii4 ,9 #abja1 ,m>y's o!r son1 :o     
succe$$ ,h5ry1--,c\nt  ,?ibaut          
,,iii1--di$1 leav+ a po/hum\s heir1     
fam\s 9 !  ?irte5? c5tury z             
,?ibaut-le-,gr&--! ,?ibaut ( ,que5      
,blan*e4    ,!y 7 all a/oni%+--m5 &     
wom5--& fill$ ! _w1 =  two hundr$ ye>s1 
) _! extraord9>y en]gy & g5ius2 b  !    
greate/ ( all 0 old ,que5 ,eleanor1 :o  
surviv$ h] son  ,coeur-de-,lion1 z well 
z h] two husb&s1--,l\is-le-,jeune &     
,h5ry ,,ii ,plantag5et1--& 0 left 9     
#abjj /ill /ruggl+ to  repair ! evils & 
f5d (f ! dang]s !y caus$4 ,que5 by !    

wra? ( ,god1 %e call$ h]self1 & %e knew 
:at j claim %e  _h to ! rank4 ,( h] two 
husb&s & t5 *ildr51 little  rema9$      
except h] son ,john1 :o1 by ! unanim\s  
voice ( 8  family1 8 fri5ds1 8 enemies1 
& ev5 8 admir]s1 a*iev$ a  reputation = 
excell+ 9 e =m ( twelf?-c5tury crime4   
,he  0 a li> & a traitor1 z 0 n         
uncommon1 b he 0 ?\ght to  be also a    
c[>d1 :i*1 9 t family1 0 s+ul>4 ,"s     
r$eem+ quality he mu/ h _h1 b none is   
record$4 ,8 "m  saw him runn+1 9 8      
mascul9e1 twelf?-c5tury recklessness1 to
  de/ruction1 & %e made a la/ & a       
*>act]i/ic ef=t to save  him & ,gui5ne  
by a treaty ( amity ) ! ,fr5* k+1 to be 
secur$ by ! m>riage ( ! heir ( ,france1 
,l\is1 to ,eleanor's  gr&daught]1       
,john's niece1 ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 !n    
twelve or  ?irte5 ye>s old4 ,eleanor    
h]self 0 eighty1 & yet %e made !  j\rney
 to ,spa91 br\ght back ! *ild to        
,bordeaux1 affianc$ h]  to ,l\is ,,viii 
z %e _h h]self be5 affianc$ 9 #aacg to  
,l\is  ,,vii1 & 9 ,may1 #abjj1 saw h]   

m>ri$4 ,! ,fr5* _h !n giv5 up  _!       
conv5tional trick ( attribut+ ,eleanor's
 acts to h] want  ( morals2 & ,france   
gave h]--z to mo/ wom5 aft] sixty ye>s  
old--! b5efit ( ! conv5tion :i* made    
wom5 respectable  aft] !y _h lo/ !      
opportunity to be vici\s4 ,9 ,fr5* eyes1
  ,eleanor play$ out ! drama accord+ to 
! rules4 ,%e c\ld n  save ,john1 b %e   
di$ 9 #abjb1 be=e 8 ru91 & y c /ill  see
 h] ly+ ) h] husb& & h] son ,ri*>d at   
,fontevrault 9  h] twelf?-c5tury tomb4  
,9 #abbc1 ,blan*e became ,que5 (        
,france4 ,%e 0 ?irty-six ye>s  old4 ,h] 
husb&1 ,l\is ,,viii1 0 ambiti\s to rival
 8 fa!r1  ,philip ,augu/us1 :o _h seiz$ 
,norm&y 9 #abjc4 ,l\is und]took to      
seize ,t\l\se & ,avignon4 ,9 #abbe1 he  
set out ) a l>ge army 9  :i*1 among !   
*ief vassals1 8 c\s9 ,?ibaut ( ,*ampagne
 l$  a cont+5t4 ,?ibaut 0 five-&-tw5ty  
ye>s old1 &1 l  ,pi]re de ,dreux1 !n    
,duke ( ,brittany1 0 "o ( ! mo/         
brilliant & v]satile m5 ( 8 "t1 & "o ( !
 greate/  rul]s4 ,z royal vassal ,?ibaut

 ow$ =ty days' s]vice 9 !  field2 b 8   
int]e/s 7 at v>iance ) ! ,k+'s1 & at  ! 
end ( ! t]m he m>*$ home ) 8 m51 leav+ !
 ,k+  to fall ill & die 9 ,auv]gne1     
,novemb] #h1 #abbf1 & a *ild (  t5 ye>s 
old to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t z ,l\is ,,ix4 
,*>tres ,ca!dral has already told ! /ory
 twice1 9 /one &  glass2 b ,?ibaut does 
n appe> !re1 al?\gh he sav$ !  ,que54   
,"s memb] ( ! royal family mu/ be reg5t4
 ,que5 ,blan*e  took ! place1 & ( c\rse 
! pr9ces ( ! blood1 :o ?\ght  x 0 _! "r1
 unit$ aga9/ h]4 ,at fir/1 ,blan*e turn$
  viol5tly on ,?ibaut & =bade him to    
appe> at ! coronation at  ,rheims 9 8   
own t]ritory1 on ,novemb] #bi1 z ?\gh %e
 held him  guilty ( treason2 b :5 !     
league ( great vassals unit$ to  deprive
 h] ( ! reg5cy1 %e _h no *oice b to     
deta* at any  co/ any memb] ( ! league1 
& ,?ibaut alone (f]$ help4 ,:at  price  
%e paid him 0 be/ kn[n to h]2 b :at     
price %e w\ld  be believ$ to h paid him 
0 z well kn[n to h] z :at _h  be5 said (
 h] gr&mo!r ,eleanor :5 %e *ang$ h]     

allegiance  9 #aaeb4 ,if ! sc&al _h     
conc]n$ ,?ibaut alone1 %e might h  be5  
well cont5t1 b ,blan*e 0 oblig$ also to 
pay desp]ate  c\rt to ! papal legate4 ,e
 memb] ( h] husb&'s family  unit$ aga9/ 
h] & libell$ h] "* ) ! fre$om :i*       
enliv5$ & env5om$ royal tongues4        
,ma9tes p>oles en dit en     ,comme     
d',iseult et de ,tri/an4      ,_h ?is   
be5 all1 %e w\ld h c>$ no m ?an ,eleanor
 or any  o!r que5 _h c>$1 = 9 ,fr5*     
drama1 real or imag9>y1 su*  *>ges 7 n v
 s]i\s & h>dly uncomplim5t>y2 b ,iseult 
_h nev] be5 accus$1 ov] & above h]      
arbitr>y views on !  m>riage-contract1 (
 act+ z an accomplice ) ,tri/an 9       
poison+ ,k+ ,m>c4 ,fr5* conv5tion       
requir$ t ,?ibaut %\ld  h poison$ ,l\is 
,,viii = love ( ! ,que51 & t ?is secret 
reciprocal love %\ld control _! lives4  
,=tunately = ,blan*e  %e 0 a dev\t ally 
( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,*ur* believ$ evil  only 
( enemies4 ,! legate & ! prelates ralli$
 to h] support  & aft] eight ye>s (     
desp]ate /ruggle !y cru%$ ,pi]re        

,maucl]c & sav$ ,?ibaut & ,blan*e4    ,=
 u ! poetry is hi/ory1 & ! facts are    
false4 ,fr5* art  />ts n f facts1 b f   
c]ta9 assumptions z conv5tional  z a    
leg5d>y w9d[1 & ! commone/ conv5tion is 
! ,woman4  ,! fact1 !n z n[1 0 ,p[]1 or 
its equival5t 9 ex*ange1 b  ,fr5*m51    
:ile /ruggl+ = ! ,p[]1 express$ x 9 t]ms
 (  ,art4 ,!y look$ on life z a         
drama1--& on drama z a phase (  life--9 
:i* ! by/&]s 7 b\nd to assume & accept !
  regul> /age-plot4 ,t ! plot might be  
altoge!r untrue to real  life affect$ 9 
no way its int]e/4 ,to !m ,?ibaut &     
,blan*e  7 b\nd to act ,tri/an &        
,isolde4 ,:atev] !y 7 :5 (f  ! /age1 !y 
7 lov]s on x4 ,_! loves 7 z real & z    
reasonable z ! wor%ip ( ! ,virg94       
,c\rte\s love 0 av[$ly  a =m ( drama1 b 
n ! less a =ce ( society4 ,illusion =   
illusion1 c\rte\s love1 9 ,?ibaut's h&s1
 or 9 ! h&s (  ,dante & ,petr>*1 0 z    
sub/antial z any o!r conv5tion2--!      
balance ( trade1 ! rights ( man1 or !   
,a?anasian ,cre$4 ,9  t s5se ! illusions

 alone 7 real2 if ! ,middle ,ages _h    
reflect$ only :at 0 practical1 no?+ w\ld
 h surviv$ =  u4    ,?ibaut 0 ,tri/an1 &
 is said to h pa9t$ 8 v]ses on !  walls 
( 8 *ateau4 ,if he did1 he pa9t$ !re1 9 
! op9ion (  ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is1 bett]     
poetry ?an any t 0 writt5 on pap] or    
p>*m5t1 = ,?ibaut 0 a great pr9ce &     
great poet :o did 9  bo? *>act]s :atev] 
he pleas$4 ,9 mod]n equival5ts1 "o  w\ld
 give mu* to see ! *ateau aga9 ) !      
poetry on its  walls4 ,prov9s has lo/ ! 
v]ses1 b ,troyes /ill keeps "s  *ur*es &
 glass ( ,?ibaut's "t :i* hold _! own ) 
!  be/4 ,ev5 ( ,?ibaut himself1 some?+  
survives1 & ?\gh x  7 only ! memories ( 
8 s5es*al1 ! fam\s ,sire de  ,jo9ville1 
hi/ory & ,france w\ld be poor )\t him4  
,)  ,jo9ville 9 h&1 y may /ill pass an  
h\r 9 ! company (  ^! a/oni%+           
?irte5?-c5tury m5 & wom53--crusad]s :o  
fight1 hunt1 make love1 build *ur*es1   
put up glass w9d[s to !  ,virg91 buy    
missals1 talk s*ola/ic philosophy1      
compose poetry3  ,blan*e1 ,?ibaut1      

,p]ron1 ,jo9ville1 ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,sa9t   
,?omas1  ,sa9t ,dom9ic1 ,sa9t           
,francis--y may "k !m z intimately z y  
c ev] "k a _w t is lo/2 & 9 ! case (    
,?ibaut y  may "k m1 = he is /ill alive 
9 8 poems2 he ev5 vibrates  ) life4 ,"o 
might try a few v]ses1 to see :at he    
meant by  c\rtesy4 ,p]haps he wrote !m =
 ,que5 ,blan*e1 b1 to :omev]  he s5t !m1
 ! ,fr5* 7 "r 9 ?9k+ t %e ought to  h   
return$ 8 love 7edition ( #agdb73--     
,nus hom ne puet ami recon=t]   ,se cele
 non ou il a son cu] mis4   ,p\r ce     
m'e/uet sov5t pla9dre et pl\r]   ,que   
mis con=s ne me vi5t1 ce m'e/ vis1   ,de
 la ou j'ai tote ma remembrance4   ,p\r 
bi5 am] ai sov5t esmaiance     ,a dire  
voir4   ,dame1 m]ci6 donez moi esp]ance 
,de joie avoir4      ,j5e puis pas sov5t
 a li p>l]   ,ne remir] les biaus iex de
 son vis4   ,ce pois moi que je n'i puis
 al]   ,c> ades e/ mes cu]s ent5tis4    
,ho6 bele ri5s1 d\ce sans conoissance1  
,c> me mettez en millor att5dance       
,de bon espoir6   ,dame1 m]ci6 donez moi

 esp]ance     ,de joie avoir4           
,aucuns si sont qui me vuel5t blam]     
,quant je ne di a qui je suis amis2     
,mais ja1 dame1 ne saura mon p5s]   ,nus
 qui soit nes =s v\s cui je le dis      
,c\>dem5t a pav\rs a d\tance   ,dont    
pue/es v\s lors bi5 a ma semblance      
,mon cu] savoir4   ,dame1 m]ci6 donez   
moi esp]ance     ,de joie avoir4        
,!re is no com=t to be f\nd = pa9       
,save only :]e ! he>t has made its home4
   ,!re=e ,i c b murmur & compla9       
,because no com=t to my pa9 has come    
,f :]e ,i g>n]$ all my happ9ess4   ,f   
true love h ,i only e>n$ di/ress     ,! 
tru? to say4   ,grace1 lady6 give me    
com=t to possess     ,a hope1 "o day4   
,seldom ! music ( h] voice ,i he>   ,or 
wond] at ! beauty ( h] eyes4   ,x       
grieves me t ,i may n foll[ !re   ,:]e  
at h] feet my he>t att5tive lies4       
,oh1 g5tle ,beauty )\t consci\sness1    
,let me once feel a mom5t's hopefulness1
     ,if b "o ray6   ,grace1 lady6 give 
me com=t to possess     ,a hope1 "o day4

      ,c]ta9 !re are :o blame ^u me ?r[ 
,because ,i w n tell ^: love ,i seek2   
,b truly1 lady1 none my ?\ght %all "k1  
,none t is born1 save y to :om ,i speak 
,9 c[>dice & awe & d\btfulness1   ,t y  
may happily ) fe>lessness     ,my he>t  
essay4   ,grace1 lady6 give me com=t to 
possess     ,a hope1 "o day4      ,does 
,?ibaut's v]se s\nd simple8 ,x is !     
simplicity ( !  ?irte5?-c5tury glass--s 
ref9$ & complicat$ t s5sible  p are     
mo/ly satisfi$ to feel1 & n to und]/&4  
,any  blund]] 9 v]se1 :o w m]ely look at
 ! rhymes ( ^!  ?ree /anzas1 w see t    
simplicity is ab\t z mu* conc]n$  !re z 
x is ) ! w9d[s ( ,*>tres2 ! v]ses are z 
p]fect z ! col\rs1 & ! v]sification z   
elaborate4 ,^!  /anzas might h be5      
address$ to ,que5 ,blan*e2 n[ see h[    
,?ibaut kept ! same tone ( c\rte\s love 
9 address+ ! ,que5  ( ,heav56    ,de    
grant travail et de petit esploit       
,voi ce siegle c>gie et encombre        
,que tant somes pla9 de maleurte   ,ke  
nus ne p5s a faire ce qu'il doit1       

,a9s avons si le ,deauble tr\ve   ,qu'a 
lui s]vir *ascuns pa9e et essaie   ,et  
,diex ki ot p\r nos ja cruel plaie      
,metons arri] et sa grant dignite2      
,molt e/ h>dis qui p\r mort ne s'esmaie4
      ,diex que t\t set et t\t puet et  
t\t voit     ,n\s auroit to/ en         
entre-deus giete     ,se la ,dame pla9e 
de grant bonte   ,p>delez lui p\r nos ne
 li prioit        ,si tres d\c mot      
plaisant et sav\re   ,le grant c\r\s d\ 
grant ,sign\r apaie2   ,molt p> e/ fox  
ki autre amor essai     ,k'en ce/ui n'a 
b>at ne fausete   ,ne es autres n'a ne  
m]ti ne manaie4      ,la s\ris qui]t p\r
 son cors g>&ir     ,contre l'yv] la    
noif et le =m5t     ,et n\s *aitif n\s  
n'alons ri5 qu]ant   ,quant n\s morrons 
ou n\s puissions g>ir4   ,n\s ne *]*ons 
=s k'inf] le puant2   ,or esg>des come  
be/e sauvage   ,p\rvoit de lo9 encontre 
son domage     ,et n\s n'avons ne s5s ne
 h>dem5t2   ,il e/ avis que pla9 somes  
de rage4      ,li ,deable a getey por   
nos ravir     ,quatre amecons aescbies  

de torm5t2     ,covoitise lance         
premi]em5t   ,et puis ,orguel por sa    
grant rois emplir     ,et ,luxure va le 
batel tra9ant   ,felonie les gov]ne et  
les nage4   ,ensi pes*ant s'en viegn5t  
au rivage     ,dont ,diex n\s g>t p> son
 comm&em5t   ,en qui sa9s fons n\s      
feismes homage4      ,a la ,dame qui t\s
 les bi5 avance     ,t'en va1 *ancon    
s'el te vielt esc\t]   ,onques ne fu nus
 di millor *aunce4      ,) travail      
great1 & little c>go fraught1     ,see  
h[ our _w is lab\r+ 9 pa92     ,s fill$ 
we are ) love ( evil ga9   ,t no "o ?9ks
 ( do+ :at he ought1     ,b we all hu/le
 9 ! ,devil's tra91   ,& only 9 8 s]vice
 toil & pray2   ,& ,god1 :o suff]$ = u  
agony1     ,we set beh9d1 & treat him ) 
disda92   ,h>dy is he :om dea? does n   
dismay4      ,god :o rules all1 f :om we
 c hide n\ght1     ,_h quickly flung u  
back to n\ght aga9     ,b t our g5tle1  
graci\s1 ,lady ,que5   ,begg$ him to    
sp>e u1 & our p>don wr\ght2             
,/riv+ ) words ( sweetness to re/ra9    

,our angry ,"l1 & 8 great wra? allay4   
,felon is he :o %all h] love betray     
,:i* is pure tru?1 & falsehood _c feign1
   ,:ile all ! re/ is lie & *eat+ play4 
,! feeble m\se1 aga9/ ! w9t]'s cold1    
,g>n]s ! nuts & gra9 )9 8 cell1   ,:ile 
man goes grop+1 )\t s5se to tell   ,:]e 
to seek refuge aga9/ gr[+ old4     ,we  
seek x 9 ! smok+ m\? ( ,hell4   ,) !    
poor bea/ our impot5ce comp>e6   ,see   
him protect 8 life ) utmo/ c>e1         
,:ile u nor wit nor c\rage c compel     
,to save our s\ls1 s fooli% mad we are4 
,! ,devil do? 9 sn>es our life enfold2  
,f\r hooks has he ) torm5ts bait$ well2 
,& fir/ ) ,gre$ he ca/s a mighty spell1 
,& !n1 to fill 8 nets1 has ,pride       
enroll$1     ,& ,luxury /e]s ! boat1 &  
fills ! sail1   ,& ,p]fidy controls &   
sets ! sn>e2   ,?us ! poor fi% are      
br\ght to l&1 & !re     ,may ,god       
pres]ve u & ! foe repel6   ,homage to   
him :o saves u f despair6      ,to ,m>y 
,que51 :o passes all comp>e1     ,g1    
little song6 to h] y\r sorr[s tell6     

,nor ,heav5 nor ,e>? holds happ9ess s   
r>e4        ,,*apt] ,,xii    ,,nicolette
 ,,& ,,m>ion    ,c'e/ d',aucass9s et de 
,nicolete4      ,qui vauroit bons v]s   
oir   ,del deport du viel caitiff   ,de 
deus biax enfans petis   ,nicolete et   
,aucass9s2   ,des grans pa9es qu'il     
s\fri   ,et des pr\eces qu'il fi/   ,=  
s'amie o le cl] vis4   ,dox e/ li cans  
biax e/ li dis   ,et cortois et bi5     
asis4   ,nus hom n'e/ si esbahis   ,tant
 dolans ni entrepris   ,de grant mal    
amaladis   ,se il l'oit ne soit g>is    
,et de joie resbaudis     ,tant p> e/   
d\-ce4      ,?is is ( ,aucass9s &       
,nicolette4      ,:om w\ld a good ballad
 please   ,by ! captive f o'er-seas1    
,a sweet song 9 *ildr5's praise1        
,nicolette & ,aucass9s2   ,:at he bore =
 h] c>ess1   ,:at he prov$ ( 8 pr[ess   
,= 8 fri5d ) ! bright face8   ,! song   
has *>m1 ! tale has grace1   ,& c\rtesy 
& good address4   ,no man is 9 su*      
di/ress1   ,su* suff]+ or we>9ess1      
,sick ) ev] su* sickness1   ,b he %all1 

if he he> ?is1   ,recov] all 8 happ9ess1
     ,s sweet x is6      ,?is little    
?irte5?-c5tury gem is call$ a           
*ante-fable1 a  /ory p>tly 9 prose1     
p>tly 9 v]se1 to be sung accord+ to     
musical notation accompany+ ! words 9 ! 
s+le manuscript  kn[n1 & publi%$ 9      
facsimile by ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,b\rdillon at 
,ox=d  9 #ahif4 ,inde$1 few poems1 old  
or new1 h 9 ! la/ few ye>s  be5 m       
repr9t$1 translat$1 & discuss$1 ?an     
,aucass9s1  yet ! discussion lacks      
int]e/ to ! idle t\ri/1 & tells him     
little4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! au?or or 8    
date4 ,! second l9e  alone (f]s a h9t1 b
 no?+ m4 ,caitif means 9 ! fir/  place a
 captive1 & secondly any un=tunate or   
wret*$ man4  ,critics h lik$ to ?9k t ! 
^w means "h a captive to  ! ,s>ac5s1 & t
 ! poet1 l ,c]vantes ?ree or f\r  hundr$
 ye>s lat]1 may h be5 a prison] to !    
infidels4 ,:at  ! critics c d1 we c d4  
,if lib]ties c be tak5 )  impunity by   
s*ol>s1 we c take ! lib]ty ( suppos+ t !
  poet 0 a prison] 9 ! crusade (        

,coeur-de-,lion & ,philippe-  ,augu/e2 t
 he _h recov]$ 8 lib]ty1 ) 8 ma/]1 9    
#aaid2 & t he pass$ ! re/ ( 8 life s++  
to ! old  ,que5 ,eleanor or to ,ri*>d1  
at ,*9on1 & to ! lords ( all !  *ateaux 
9 ,gui5ne1 ,poiti]s1 ,anj\1 & ,norm&y1 n
 to m5tion  ,engl&4 ,! liv+ 0 a pleasant
 "o1 z ! sunny atmosph]e (  ! ,s\!rn    
poetry proves4      ,dox e/ li cans2    
biax e/ li dis1     ,et cortois et bi5  
asis4      ,! poet-tr\bad\r :o compos$ &
 recit$ ,aucass9s c\ld n  h be5 unhappy1
 b ?is is ! affair ( 8 private life1 &  
n ( ours4 ,:at r int]e/s u is 8 poetic  
motive1  c\rte\s love1 :i* gives ! tale 
a place 9 ! direct l9e  betwe5 ,*ri/ian 
( ,troyes1 ,?ibaut-le-,gr&1 & ,william (
  ,lorris4 ,*ri/ian ( ,troyes di$ 9     
#aage2 at lea/ he wrote no?+  ( a lat]  
date1 s f> z is c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,ri*>d    
,coeur-de-,lion  di$ 9 #aaii1 v soon    
aft] ! dea? ( 8 half-si/] ,m>y (        
,*ampagne4 ,?ibaut-le-,gr& 0 born 9     
#abja4 ,william ( ,lorris1 :o  conclud$ 
! l9e ( great c\rte\s poets1 di$ 9 #abfj

 or  !reab\ts4 ,= our purposes1         
,aucass9s comes betwe5 ,*ri/ian  (      
,troyes & ,william ( ,lorris2 ! tr\v]e  
or jogleor1 :o sang1  0 a viel caitif :5
 ! ,*>tres glass 0 set up1 & !          
,*>lemagne w9d[ design$1 ab\t #abaj1 or 
p]haps a little lat]4  ,:5 "o is n a    
pr(essor1 "o has n ! "r to make inept   
guesses1 &1 :5 "o is n a critic1 "o %\ld
 n risk  confus+ a difficult "q by      
baseless assumptions2 b ev5 a  summ]    
t\ri/ may )\t (f5ce visit 8 *ur*es 9 !  
ord]  t suits him be/2 &1 = our t\r1    
,aucass9s foll[s  ,*ri/ian & goes h& 9  
h& ) ,blondel & ! *atela9 de  ,c\cy1 z !
 mo/ exquisite expression ( c\rte\s     
love4 ,z "o  ( ,aucass9s' ,g]man editors
 says 9 8 introduction3 ,love is  !     
m$ium ?r\gh :i* alone ! h]o surveys ! _w
 ar\nd  him1 & = :i* he contemns ev]y?+ 
t ! age priz$3  knightly hon\r2 de$s (  
arms2 fa!r & "m2 hell1 & ev5  heav52 b !
 m]e promise by 8 fa!r ( a kiss f       
,nicolette  inspires him to sup]human   
h]oism2 :ile ! old poet s+s &  smiles   

aside to 8 audi5ce z ?\gh he wi%$ !m to 
und]/&  t ,aucass9s1 a fooli% boy1 mu/ n
 be judg$ q s]i\sly1  b t1 old z he 0   
himself1 he 0 j z fooli% ab\t           
,nicolette4    ,aucass9s 0 ! son ( !    
,c\nt ( ,beaucaire4 ,nicolette 0 a  "y  
girl :om ! ,visc\nt ( ,beaucaire _h     
r$eem$ z a captive  ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & _h   
br\ght up z a god-daught] 9 8 family4   
,aucass9s fell 9 love ) ,nicolette1 &   
want$ to m>ry h]4 ,!  action turn$ on   
m>riage1 =1 to ! ,c\nts ( ,beaucaire1 z 
to  o!r c\nts1 n to speak ( k+s1 high   
alliance 0 n a matt]  ( *oice b (       
necessity1 )\t :i* !y c\ld n def5d  _!  
lives1 let alone _! c\nties2 &1 to make 
,aucass9s'  conduct absolutely          
treasonable1 ,beaucaire 0 at t "t       
surr\nd$ & besieg$1 & ! ,c\nt1          
,aucass9s' fa!r1 /ood 9  dire ne$ ( 8   
son's help4 ,aucass9s refus$ to /ir     
unless he  c\ld h ,nicolette4 ,:at 7    
hon\rs to him if ,nicolette 7 n  to %>e 
!m4 ,s'ele e/ait emp]]is de ,col/5t9oble
 u  d',alemaigne u ro9e de ,france u    

d',englet]e1 si aroit il asses peu  en  
li1 tant e/ france et cortoise et de bon
 aire et entecie de  t\tes bones teces4 
,to be empress ( ,col/5t9oble w\ld be   
none  too good = h]1 s /amp$ is %e )    
nobility & c\rtesy &  high-bre$+ & all  
good qualities4    ,s ! ,c\nt1 aft] a   
long /ruggle1 s5t = 8 ,visc\nt &        
?reat5$ to h ,nicolette burn$ alive1 & !
 ,visc\nt himself  treat$ no bett]1 if  
he did n put a /op to ! affair2 & !     
,visc\nt %ut up ,nicolette1 & remon/rat$
 ) ,aucass9s3 ,m>ry  a k+'s daught]1 or 
a c\nt's6 leave ,nicolette alone1 or y w
  nev] see ,p>adise6 ,?is at once gave  
,aucass9s ! excuse = a  *>m+ tirade     
aga9/ ,p>adise1 = :i*1 a c5tury or two  
lat]1  he w\ld prop]ly h be5 burn$      
toge!r ) ,nicolette3--    ,en p>adis    
qu'ai je a faire8 ,je n'i qui] entr]    
mais que j'aie  ,nicolete1 ma tres d\ce 
amie1 que j'aim tant4 ,c'en p>adis ne   
vont  =s tex g5s con je v\s dirai4 ,il i
 vont ci viel pre/re et cil  vieil clop 
et cil manke1 qui tote j\r et tote nuit 

crop5t devant  ces autex et en ces vies 
cruutes1 et ci a ces vies capes ereses  
et a  ces vies tat]eles ve/ues1 qui sont
 nu et decauc et e/rumele1 qui  moeur5t 
de faim et d'esci et de froid et de     
mesaises4 ,icil vont en  p>adis2 aveuc  
ciax n'ai j\ que faire2 mais en inf]    
voil j\ al]4  ,c> en inf] vont li bel   
cl]c et li bel cevali] qui sont mort z  
tornois et z rices gu]es1 et li bi5     
s]gant et li franc home4  ,aveuc ciax   
voil j\ al]4 ,et si vont les beles dames
 cortoises que  eles ont ii amis ou iii 
avec leurs b>ons4 ,et si va li ors et li
  ag5s et li vairs et li gris2 et si i  
vont h]peor et jogleor et li  roi del   
siecle4 ,avec ciax voil j\ al] mais que 
j'aie ,nicolete1 ma  tres d\ce amie1    
aveuc moi4    ,9 ,p>adise :at h ,i to d8
 ,i d n c>e to g !re unless ,i  may h   
,nicolette1 my v sweet fri5d1 :om ,i    
love s mu*4 ,=  to ,p>adise goes no "o b
 su* p z ,i w tell y (4 ,!re  g old     
prie/s & old cripples & ! maim$1 :o all 
day & all  night cr\* be=e alt>s & 9 old

 crypts1 & are clo!d )  old worn-out    
capes & old tatt]$ rags2 :o are nak$ &  
footb>e  & sore2 :o die ( hung] & want &
 mis]y4 ,^! g to  ,p>adise2 ) !m ,i h   
no?+ to d2 b to ,hell ,i am will+  to g4
 ,=1 to ,hell g ! f9e s*ol>s & ! fair   
knights :o  die 9 t\rnies & 9 glori\s   
w>s2 & ! good m5-at-arms &  ! well-born4
 ,) !m ,i w gladly g4 ,& !re g ! fair   
c\rte\s ladies :e!r !y h two or ?ree    
fri5ds besides  _! lords4 ,& ! gold &   
silv] g !re1 & ! erm9es &  sables2 & !re
 g ! h>p]s & jongleurs1 & ! k+s ( !  _w4
 ,) ^! w ,i g1 if only ,i may h         
,nicolette1 my v  sweet fri5d1 ) me4    
,?ree times1 9 ^! %ort extracts1 ! ^w   
c\rte\s has  already appe>$4 ,! /ory    
itself is promis$ z c\rte\s2  ,nicolette
 is c\rte\s2 & ! ladies :o are n to g to
 heav5  are c\rte\s4 ,aucass9s is 9 !   
full tide ( c\rtesy1 &  evid5tly a      
pr(essional1 or he nev] w\ld h claim$ a 
place =  h>p]s & jongleurs ) k+s &      
*evali]s 9 ! next _w4  ,! poets (       
c\rte\s love %[$ z little int]e/ 9      

religion  z ! poets ( ! elev5? c5tury _h
 %[n = x 9 _! poems  ( w>4 ,aucass9s    
resembl$ ,*ri/ian ( ,troyes 9 ?is1 & bo?
 (  !m resembl$ ,?ibaut1 :ile ,william (
 ,lorris w5t beyond !m  all4 ,!         
lit]ature ( ! siecle 0 always           
unreligi\s1 f !  ,*anson de ,rol& to !  
,trag$y ( ,hamlet2 to be papel>d 0      
unwor?y ( a *evali]2 ! true knight (    
c\rtesy made no?+ (  defy+ ! torm5ts (  
hell1 z he defi$ ! lance ( a rival1 !   
fr[ns ( society1 ! ?reats ( p>5ts or !  
t]rors ( magic2  ! p]fect1 g5tle1       
c\rte\s lov] ?\ght ( no?+ b 8  love4    
,:e!r ! object ( 8 love 7 ,nicolette (  
,beaucaire or  ,blan*e ( ,ca/ile1 ,m>y (
 ,*ampagne or ,m>y ( ,*>tres1 0 a       
detail :i* did n affect ! devotion ( 8  
wor%ip4    ,s ,nicolette1 %ut up 9 a    
vault$ *amb]1 lean$ out at ! m>ble  w9d[
 & sang1 :ile ,aucass9s1 :5 8 fa!r      
promis$ t he  %\ld h a kiss f           
,nicolette1 w5t out to make fabul\s     
slaught] ( ! enemy2 & :5 8 fa!r broke ! 
promise1 %ut  himself up 9 8 *amb]1 &   

also sang2 & ! action w5t on by  sc5es &
 int]ludes1 until1 "o night1 ,nicolette 
let h]self d[n  f ! w9d[1 by ! help (   
%eets & t[els1 into ! g>d51  &1 ) a     
natural dislike ( wett+ h] skirts :i*   
has  delight$ e he>] or read] f t day to
 ?is1 pri/ se  ve/ure a l'une ma9 devant
 et a l'autre d]i]e si s'escorca por le 
r\see qu'ele vit gr&e sor l'erbe si s'en
 ala aval le g>d92 %e  rais$ h] skirts )
 "o h& 9 front & ! o!r beh9d1 =  ! dew  
:i* %e saw heavy on ! grass1 & w5t (f   
d[n !  g>d51 to ! t[] :]e ,aucass9s 0   
lock$ up1 & sang to him  ?r\gh a crack 9
 ! masonry1 & gave him a lock ( h] hair1
 &  !y talk$ till ! fri5dly night-wat*  
came by & w>n$ h] by  a sweetly-sung    
*ant1 t %e _h bett] escape4 ,s %e bade  
f>ewell to ,aucass9s1 & w5t on to a     
brea* 9 ! city wall1 &  %e look$ ?r\gh x
 d[n into ! fosse :i* 0 v deep &  v     
/eep4 ,s %e sang to h]self--    ,p]es   
rois de mae/e   ,or ne sai quel "p al]4 
,se je vois u gaut rame   ,ja me m5g]ont
 li le   ,li lions et li s5gl]   ,dont  

il i a a pl5te4      ,fa!r1 ,k+ (       
,maje/y6   ,n[ ,i "k n :]e to flee4     
,if ,i seek ! =e/ free1   ,!n ! lions w 
eat me1   ,wolves & wild bo>s t]ribly1  
,( :i* pl5ty !re !re be4      ,! lions 7
 a t\* ( poetic lic5ce1 ev5 =           
,beaucaire1 b  ! wolves & wild bo>s 7   
real en\gh2 yet ,nicolette fe>$  ev5 !m 
less ?an %e fe>$ ! ,c\nt1 s %e slid d[n 
:at h]  audi5ce well knew to be a mo/   
dang]\s & difficult desc5t1 &  rea*$ !  
bottom ) _m w\nds 9 h] h&s & feet1 et   
san  en sali bi5 en xii lius2 s t blood 
0 drawn 9 a doz5  places1 & !n %e climb$
 up ! o!r side1 & w5t (f bravely  into !
 dep?s ( ! =e/2 an uncanny ?+ to d by   
night1 z  y c /ill see4    ,!n foll[$ a 
pa/oral1 :i* might be tak5 f ! works (  
ano!r poet ( ! same p]iod1 ^:           
acqua9tance no "o c  neglect to         
make--,adam de la ,halle1 a ,pic>d1 (   
,arras4 ,adam liv$1  x is true1 fifty   
ye>s lat] ?an ! date imag9$ = ,aucass9s1
  b 8 %eph]ds & %eph]desses are n s mu* 
l1 z  id5tical )1 ^? ( ! ,s\!rn poet1 & 

all h s s+ul>  an air ( life t !        
conv5tional c\rte\s knight fades out    
beside !m4 ,! poet1 :e!r b\rgeois1      
pr(essional1 noble1 or  cl]ical1 nev]   
mu* lov$ ! peasant1 & ! peasant nev] mu*
  lov$ him1 or any "o else4 ,! peasant 0
 a class by himself1 &  8 trait1 z a    
class1 0 suspicion ( ev]ybody & all ?+s1
  :e!r mat]ial1 social1 or div9e4       
,naturally he dete/$ 8 "l1  :e!r        
temporal or spiritual1 because !        
seigneur & ! prie/  took 8 e>n+s1 b he 0
 nev] s]vile1 ?\gh a s]f2 he 0  f> f    
civil2 he 0 commonly gross4 ,he 0 cruel1
 b n m s  ?an 8 bett]s2 & 8 morals 7 no 
worse4 ,! object (  oppression on all   
sides1--! inv>iable victim1 :oev] else  
might  escape1--! ,fr5* peasant1 z a    
class1 held 8 own--& m4 ,9  fact1 he    
succe$$ 9 plund]+ ,*ur*1 ,cr[n1         
nobility1 &  b\rgeoisie1 & 0 ! only     
class 9 ,fr5* hi/ory t rose  /eadily 9  
p[] & well-be+1 f ! "t ( ! crusades to  
! pres5t day1 :atev] 8 occasional suff]+
 may h be52  &1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 he 0

 suff]+4 ,:5 ,nicolette1 on  ! morn+    
aft] h] escape1 came ^u a gr\p (        
peasants 9 !  =e/1 t5d+ ! ,c\nt's       
cattle1 %e _h reason to be afraid (  !m1
 b in/ead !y 7 afraid ( h]4 ,!y ?\ght at
 fir/  t %e 0 a fairy4 ,:5 !y guess$ !  
riddle1 !y kept !  secret1 ?\gh !y risk$
 puni%m5t & lo/ ! *ance ( rew>d  by     
protect+ h]4 ,worse ?an ?is1 !y agre$1 =
 a small  pres5t1 to give a message to  
,aucass9s if he %\ld ride t way4        
,aucass9s 0 n v bright1 b :5 he got out 
( prison aft]  ,nicolette's escape1 he  
did ride out1 at 8 fri5ds' sugge/ion1 & 
tri$ to le>n :at _h become ( h]4 ,pass+ 
?r\gh ! woods he  came ^u ! same gr\p ( 
%eph]ds & %eph]desses3--      ,esm]es et
 ,m>t9et1   ,fruel9s et ,johannes1      
,robecons et  ,aubries1--    :o might h 
be5 liv+ 9 ! ,=e/ ( ,ard51 s l 7 !y  to 
! cl[ns ( ,%akespe>e4 ,!y 7 s++ (       
,nicolette & h]  pres5t1 & ! cakes &    
knives & flute !y w\ld buy ) x4         
,aucass9s jump$ to ! bait !y (f]$ him2 &
 !y in/antly  began to play him z ?\gh  

he 7 a tr\t3--    ,bel enfant1 dix vos i
 ait6    ,dix vos b5ie6 fait cil qui fu 
plus enp>les des autres4    ,bel enfant1
 fait il1 r$ites le cancon que vos      
disiez ore6    ,n\s n'i dirons1 fait cil
 qui plus fu enp>les des autres4 ,dehait
  ore qui por vos i cant]a1 biax sire6  
,bel enfant6 fait ,aucass9s1 enne me    
connissies vos8    ,oil6 nos savions bi5
 que vos e/es ,aucass9s1 nos damoisiax1 
mais  nos ne somes mie a vos1 a9s somes 
au conte4    ,bel enfant1 si f]es1 je   
vos en pri6    ,os1 por le cu] be6 fait 
cil4 ,por quoi cant]oie je por vos1 s'il
  ne me seoit6 ,quant il n'a si rice    
home en ce/ pais sans le cors le  conte 
,g>9 s'il trovait mes bues ne mes vaces 
ne mes brebis en ses  pres n'en s5 =m5t 
qu'il fu/ mie tant h>dis por les es a   
crev]  qu'il les en ossa/ caci]4 ,et por
 quoi cant]oie je por vos s'il ne  me   
seoit8    ,se dix vos ait1 bel enfant1  
si f]es6 et t5es x s\s que j'ai ci  en  
une borse6    ,god bless y1 fair *ild6  
said ,aucass9s4    ,god be ) y6 repli$ !

 "o :o talk$ be/4    ,fair *ild6 said   
he1 repeat ! song y 7 j s++4    ,we     
won't6 repli$ he :o talk$ be/ among !m4 
,bad luck to him  :o %all s+ = y1 good  
sir6    ,fair *ild1 said ,aucass9s1 d y 
"k me8    ,yes6 we "k v well t y are    
,aucass9s1 our "y "l2 b  we are none (  
y\rs2 we belong to ! ,c\nt4    ,fair    
*ild1 inde$ y'll d x1 ,i pray y6        
,li/51 = love ( ,god6 said he4 ,:y %\ld 
,i s+ = y if x  does n suit me8 :5 !re  
is no man s p[]ful 9 ?is c\ntry1  except
 ,c\nt ,g>91 if he f\nd my ox5 or my c[s
 or my %eep 9  8 pa/ure or 8 close1 w\ld
 n r risk los+ 8 eyes ?an  d>e to turn  
!m out6 & :y %\ld ,i s+ = y1 if x does n
  suit me6    ,s ,god help y1 good *ild1
 inde$ y w d x6 & take ^!  t5 s\s t ,i h
 "h 9 my purse4    ,sire les d5i]s      
pr5d]ons nos1 mais je ne vos cant]ai    
mie1 c>  j'en ai jure4 ,mais je le vos  
cont]ai se vos voles4    ,de p> diu6    
faits ,aucass9s4 ,encore aim je mix c5t]
 que ni5t4    ,sire1 ! money we w take1 
b ,i'll n s+ to y1 = ,i've  sworn x4 ,b 

,i w tell x y1 if y l4    ,= ,god's     
sake6 said ,aucass9s2 bett] tell+ ?an   
no?+6    ,t5 s\s 0 no small gift6 tw5ty 
s\s 0 ! value ( a /rong  ox4 ,! poet put
 a high money-value on ! =ce ( love1 b  
he set  a high] value on x 9 c\rtesy4   
,^! boors 7 op5ly insol5t  to _! "y "l1 
try+ to extort money f him1 &  ?reat5+  
him ) tell+ 8 fa!r2 b !y 7 9 _!  "r1 &  
,nicolette 0 9 _! p[]4 ,at he>t !y meant
  ,aucass9s well1 b !y 7 rude & grasp+1 
& ! poet us$  !m 9 ord] to %[ h[ love   
made ! true lov] c\rte\s ev5 to  cl[ns4 
,aucass9s' g5tle c\rtesy is br\ght out  
by ! boors'  gre$1 z ! col\rs 9 ! w9d[ 7
 br\ght out & giv5 _!  value by a bit ( 
blue or gre54 ,! poet1 hav+ got 8 little
  t\* ( col\r rightly plac$1 let !      
peasants g4 ,cil qui fu  plus enp>les   
des autres1 hav+ be5 giv5 8 way & 8     
money1  told ,aucass9s :at he knew (    
,nicolette & h] message2 s  ,aucass9s   
put spurs to 8 horse & cant]$ into !    
=e/1  s++3--    ,se diu plai/ le p]e =t 
,je vos rev]ai encore     ,su]1 d\ce    

a-mie6      ,s please ,god1 great &     
/rong1   ,i w f9d y n[ ere long1        
,si/]1 sweet fri5d6      ,b ! peasant _h
 s+ul> attraction = ! poet4 ,:e!r !  "* 
gave him a *ance = "s clev] mimicry1 :i*
 0 "o  ( 8 /rong po9ts z a /ory-tell]3  
or :e!r he want$ to  treat 8 subjects1 l
 ! leg5d>y w9d[s1 9 pairs2 or :e!r  he  
felt t ! =e/-sc5e specially amus$ 8     
audi5ce1 he  imm$iately introduc$ a     
peasant ( ano!r class1 mu* m  /rongly   
col\r$1 or deeply %ad[$4 ,e "o 9 !      
audi5ce  0--&1 = t matt]1 /ill w\ld     
be--famili> ) ! great  =e/s1 ! home (   
half ! fairy & nurs]y tales ( ,europe1  
/ill wild en\gh & ext5sive en\gh to hide
 91 al?\gh !y  h n[ comp>atively few    
lions1 & n _m wolves or wild bo>s  or   
s]p5ts su* z ,nicolette fe>$4 ,e "o saw1
 )\t an  ef=t1 ! "y damoiseau rid+ out )
 8 h\nd or hawk1  look+ = game2 ! lanes 
"u ! trees1 ?r\gh ! wood1 or  ! ?ick    
und]bru% be=e lanes 7 made2 ! h]dsm5    
wat*+  _! h]ds1 & keep+ a %>p look-out =
 wolves2 ! peasant  seek+ lo/ cattle2 ! 

black kiln-m5 burn+ *>coal2 & 9 !  dep?s
 ( ! rocks or swamps or ?ickets--!      
outlaw4 ,ev5 n[1  =e/s l ,ramb\illet1 or
 ,fonta9ebleau or ,compiegne are enorm\s
  & wild2 "o c see ,aucass9s break+ 8   
way ?r\gh ?orns &  bran*es 9 se>* (     
,nicolette1 te>+ 8 clo!s & w\nd+        
himself en xl lius u en xxx1 until ev5+ 
approa*$1 & he  began to weep =         
disappo9tm5t3--    ,il esg>da devant lui
 enmi la voie si vit un vallet tei que  
je vos  dirai4 ,grans e/oit et m]vellex 
et lais et hidex4 ,il avoit une  gr&e   
hure plus noire qu'une c>b\clee1 et     
avoit plus de planne  paume entre ii ex1
 et avoit unes gr&es joes et un gr&isme 
nez  plat1 et une grans n>9es lees et   
unes grosses levres plus r\ges  d'unes  
c>b\nees1 et uns grans d5s gaunes et    
lais et e/oit  caucies d'uns h\siax et  
d'uns soll]s de buef fretes de tille    
dusque deseure le g5ol et e/oit afules  
d'une cape a ii env]s si  e/oit apoiies 
sor une gr&e macue4 ,aucass9s s'enbati  
sor lui  s'eut gr& paor quant il le     

sorvit444    ,baix fr]e1 dix ti ait6    
,dix vos b5ie6 fait cil4  ,se dix t'ait1
 que fais tu ilec8    ,a vos que monte8 
fait cil4    ,ni5t6 fait ,aucass9s2 je  
nel vos demant se por bi5 non4    ,mais 
p\r quoi pl\res vos8 fait cil1 et faites
 si fait doel8  ,c]tes se j'e/oie ausi  
rices hom que vos e/es1 tos li mons ne  
me  f]oit mie plor]4    ,ba6 me         
conissies vos6 fait ,aucass9s4    ,oie6 
je sai bi5 que vos e/es ,aucass9s li fix
 le conte1 et se vos  me dites por quoi 
vos plores je vos dirai que je fac ici4 
,z he look$ be=e him along ! way he saw 
a man su* z ,i w  tell y4  ,tall he 01 &
 m5ac+1 & ugly1 & hide\s4  ,he _h  a    
great mane black] ?an *>coal & _h m ?an 
a full palm-  wid? betwe5 8 two eyes1 & 
_h big *eeks1 & a huge flat nose  &     
great broad no/rils1 & ?ick lips r$d]   
?an raw beef1 &  l>ge ugly yell[ tee?1 &
 0 %od ) hose & legg+s ( raw  hide lac$ 
) b>k cord to above ! knee1 & 0 muffl$ 9
 a  cloak )\t l9+1 & 0 lean+ on a great 
club4  ,aucass9s  came ^u him sudd5ly & 

_h great fe> :5 he saw him4    ,fair    
bro!r1 good day6 said he4    ,god bless 
y6 said ! o!r4    ,z ,god help y1 :at d 
y "h8    ,:at is t to y8 said ! o!r4    
,no?+6 said ,aucass9s2 ,i ask only f    
good-w4    ,b :y are y cry+6 said ! o!r1
 & m\nr+ s l\d8  ,sure1 if ,i 7 z great 
a man z y are1 no?+ on e>? w\ld  make me
 cry4    ,bah6 y "k me8 said ,aucass9s4 
,yes1 ,i "k v well t y are ,aucass9s1 ! 
c\nt's son2 &  if y w tell me :at y are 
cry+ =1 ,i w tell y :at ,i  am do+ "h4  
,aucass9s seem$ to ?9k ?is an equal     
b>ga94 ,all damoiseaux 7  n z c\rte\s z 
,aucass9s1 nor all v>lets z rude z 8    
peasants2 we %all see h[ ! "y g5tlem5 ( 
,pic>dy treat$  ! peasantry = no (f5ce  
at all2 b ,aucass9s c>ri$ a s(t]1       
,s\!rn temp] 9 a happi] climate1 &1 ) 8 
inv>iable  g5tle c\rtesy1 took no (f5ce 
at ! famili>ity ) :i* !  pl\ghman treat$
 him4 ,yet he d>$ n tell ! tru?1 s he   
inv5t$1 on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 an         
excuse2--he has lo/1 he  said1 a        
beautiful :ite h\nd4 ,! peasant hoot$-- 

,os6 fait cil2 por le cu] que cil sires 
eut en s5 v5tre6 que  vos plora/es por  
un ci5 puant6 ,mal dehait ait qui ja    
mais vos  pris]a quant il n'a si rice   
home en ce/e t]e se vos p]es l5  m&oit x
 u xv u xx qu'il ne les envoya/ trop    
volonti]s et s'en  e/]oit trop lies4    
,mais je dois plor] et dol faire8    ,et
 tu de quoi fr]e8    ,sire je lo vos    
dirai4 ,j'e/oie liues a un rice vila9 si
 cacoie se  c>ue4  iiii bues i avoit4   
,or a iii jors qu il m'av9t une gr&e    
malav5ture que je p]di le mellor de mes 
bues ,roget le mellor de me  c>ue4 ,si  
le vois qu]ant4 ,si ne m5gai ne ne bue  
iii jors a passes4  ,si n'os al] a le   
vile c'on me metroit en prison que je ne
 l'ai de  quoi saure4 ,de tot l'avoir du
 monde n'ai je plus vaillant que vos    
vees sor le cors de mi4 ,une lasse m]e  
avoie1 si n'avoit plus  vaillant que une
 keutisele1 si h a on sacie de des\s le 
dos si gi/  a pur l'e/ra91 si m'en poise
 asses plus que d5u4 ,c> avoirs va et   
via5t2 se j'ai or p]du je gaaign]ai une 

autre fois si sorrai mon  buef quant je 
porrai1 ne ja por ci5 n'en plor]ai4 ,et 
vos plora/es  por un ci5 de longaigne6  
,mal dehait ait qui mais vos pris]a6    
,c]tes tu es de bon con=t1 biax fr]e6   
que b5ois sois tu6 ,et que  valoit tes  
bues6    ,sire xx s\s m'en dem&e on1 je 
n'en puis mie abatre une seule  maille4 
,or1 ti5 fait ,aucass9s1 xx que j'ai ci 
en me borse1 si sol t5  buef6    ,li/56 
said he1 ,by ! he>t ,god _h 9 8 body1 t 
y  %\ld cry = a /9k+ dog6 ,bad luck to  
him :o ev] prizes y6  ,:5 !re is no man 
9 ?is l& s great1 if y\r fa!r s5t to    
him = t5 or fifte5 or tw5ty b w\ld fet* 
!m v gladly1  & be only too pleas$4 ,b  
,i ought to cry & m\rn4    ,&--:y y1    
bro!r8    ,sir1 ,i w tell y4 ,i 0 hir$  
out to a ri* f>m] to drive 8  pl\gh4    
,!re 7 f\r ox54 ,n[ ?ree days ago ,i _h 
a great  mis=tune1 = ,i lo/ ! be/ ( my  
ox51 ,roget1 ! be/ ( my  team4 ,i am    
look+ to f9d him4 ,i've n eat5 or drunk 
^! ?ree  days pa/4 ,i d>e n't g to !    
t[n1 = !y w\ld put me 9  prison z ,i've 

no?+ to pay )4 ,9 all ! _w ,i've n !    
wor? ( any?+ b :at y see on my body     
,i've a poor old "m  :o own$ no?+ b a   
fea!r mattress1 & !y've dragg$ x  f "u  
h] back s %e lies on ! b>e /raw1 & %e   
tr\bles  me m ?an myself4 ,= ri*es come 
& g if ,i lose to day1 ,i ga9  to-morr[2
 ,i w pay = my ox :5 ,i c1 & w n cry =  
t4 ,& y cry = a fil?y dog6 ,bad luck to 
him :o ev] ?9ks  well ( y6    ,truly1 y 
c\nsel well1 good bro!r6 ,god bless y6  
,& :at 0  y\r ox wor?8    ,sir1 !y ask  
me tw5ty s\s = x4 ,i _c beat !m d[n a   
s+le c5time4    ,"h are tw5ty1 said     
,aucass9s1 t ,i h 9 my purse6 ,pay =    
y\r ox6    ,sire6 fait il1 grans m]cies6
 et dix vos lai/ trov] ce que vox       
qu]es6    ,sir6 said he2 _m ?anks6 & ,g6
 grant y f9d :at y seek6    ,! little   
episode 0 ?r[n 9 )\t rhyme or reason to 
!  rapid emotion ( ! love-/ory1 z ?\gh !
 jongleur 7 %[+  8 own clev]ness &      
hum\r1 at ! exp5se ( 8 h]o1 z  jongleurs
 _h a way ( do+2 b he took no su*       
lib]ties ) 8  h]o9e4 ,:ile ,aucass9s    

tore ?r\gh ! ?ickets on horseback1  cry+
 al\d1 ,nicolette _h built h]self a     
little hut 9 ! dep?s  ( ! =e/3--    ,ele
 pri/ des flors de lis   ,et de l'erbe  
du g>ris   ,et de le foille autresi2    
,une belle loge en fi/1   ,a9ques tant  
g5te ne vi4   ,jure diu qui ne m5ti     
,se p> la vi5t ,aucass9s   ,et il por   
l'amor de li   ,ne si repose un petit   
,ja ne s]a ses amis     ,n'ele s'a-mie4 
,s %e tw9$ ! lilies' fl[]1   ,ro($ )    
leafy bran*es o'er1   ,made ( x a lovely
 b[]1   ,) ! fre%e/ grass = floor   ,su*
 z nev] mortal saw4   ,by ,god's ,v]ity1
 %e swore1   ,%\ld ,aucass9s pass h]    
door1   ,& n /op = love ( h]1   ,to     
repose a mom5t !re1   ,he %\ld be h]    
love no m1     ,nor %e 8 de>6      ,s   
night came on1 & ,nicolette w5t to      
sleep1 a little di/ance  away f h] hut4 
,aucass9s at la/ came by1 & dism\nt$1   
spra9+ 8 %\ld] 9 do+ x4 ,!n he crept    
into ! little  hut1 & ly+ on 8 back1    
look$ up ?r\gh ! leaves to !  moon1 &   
sang3--    ,e/oilete1 je te voi1   ,que 

la lune trait a soi4   ,nicolete e/     
aveuc toi1   ,m'amiete o le blond poil4 
,je quid que dix le veut avoir   ,por la
 lumi]e de soir   ,que p> li plus cl]e  
soit4   ,vi51 amie1 je te proie6   ,ou  
mont] vauroie droit1   ,que que fu/ du  
recaoir4   ,que fuisse lassus o toi     
,ja te bais]oi e/roit4   ,se j'e/oie fix
 a roi   ,s'aff]ies vos bi5 a moi       
,su] d\ce amie6      ,i c see y1 little 
/>1   ,t ! moon draws ?r\gh ! air4      
,nicolette is :]e y are1   ,my own love 
) ! blonde hair4   ,i ?9k ,god mu/ want 
h] ne>   ,to %9e d[n ^u u "h   ,t ! ev5+
 be m cle>4   ,come d[n1 de>e/1 to my   
pray]1   ,or ,i climb up :]e y are6     
,?\gh ,i fell1 ,i w\ld n c>e4   ,if ,i  
once 7 ) y !re   ,i w\ld kiss y closely1
 de>6   ,if a mon>*'s son ,i 7   ,y %\ld
 all my k+dom %>e1     ,sweet fri5d1    
si/]6      ,h[ ,nicolette he>d him s+1 &
 came to him & rubb$ 8  %\ld] & dress$ 8
 w\nds z ?\gh he 7 a *ild2 & h[  9 !    
morn+ !y rode away toge!r1 l ,t5nyson's 
,sleep+  ,beauty1--      ,o'er ! hills &

 f> away     ,beyond _! utmo/ purple    
rim1     ,beyond ! night1 beyond ! day1 
s++ z !y rode1 ! /ory goes on to tell or
 to s+ 9 v]se--    ,aucass9s1 li biax1  
li blons1   ,li g5tix1 ,x amor\s1   ,e/ 
iss\s del gaut p>font1   ,entre ses bras
 ses amors   ,devant lui sor son arcon4 
,les ex li baise et le front1   ,et le  
b\ce et le m5ton4   ,elle l'a mis a     
raison4   ,aucass9s1 biax amis dox1     
,en quel t]e en irons n\s8   ,d\ce amie1
 que sai j\8   ,moi ne caut u n\s       
aillons1   ,en =e/ u en de/or   ,mais   
que je soie aveuc v\s4   ,pass5t les    
vaus et les mons1   ,et les viles et les
 bors   ,a la m] v9r5t au jor1   ,si    
desc5d5t u sablon   ,les le rivage4     
,aucass9s1 ! brave1 ! fair1   ,c\rte\s  
knight & g5tle lov]1   ,f ! =e/ d5se    
came =?2   ,9 8 arms 8 love he bore     
,on 8 saddle-b[ be=e2   ,h] eyes he     
kisses & h] m\?1   ,& h] =ehead & h] *94
   ,%e br+s him back to e>? aga93       
,aucass9s1 my love1 my own1   ,to :at   
c\ntry %all we turn8   ,de>e/ angel1 :at

 say y8   ,i c>e no?+ :]e we g1   ,9 !  
=e/ or outside1   ,:ile y on my saddle  
ride4   ,s !y pass by hill & dale1   ,& 
! city1 & ! t[n1   ,till !y rea* ! morn+
 pale1   ,& on sea-s&s set !m d[n1      
,h>d by ! %ore4      ,!re we w leave !m1
 = _! fur!r adv5tures h n mu*  to d )   
our matt]4 ,l all ! romans1 or ne>ly    
all1  ,aucass9s is s+ul>ly pure & ref9$4
 ,app>5tly ! ladies (  c\rte\s love     
fr[n$ on co>s5ess & all[$ no lic5ce4 ,_!
  p[] mu/ h be5 great1 = ! be/ romans   
are z free f  grossness z ! ,*anson de  
,rol& itself1 or ! *ur* glass1 or  !    
illum9ations 9 ! manuscripts2 & z long z
 ! p[] (  ! ,*ur* rul$ good society1 ?is
 dec5cy cont9u$4 ,z f> z  wom5 7        
conc]n$1 !y seem always to h be5 m clean
 ?an  ! m51 except :5 m5 pa9t$ !m 9     
col\rs :i* m5 lik$  be/4    ,p]haps     
society 0 actually clean] 9 ! ?irte5?   
c5tury ?an  9 ! sixte5?1 z ,sa9t ,l\is 0
 m dec5t ?an ,francis ,i1 &  z ! ba? 0  
habitual 9 ! twelf? c5tury & exceptional
 at  ! ,r5aissance4 ,! rule held good = 

! b\rgeoisie z well z  among ! dames    
cortoises4 ,*ri/ian & ,?ibaut1 ,aucass9s
 &  ! ,roman de la ,rose1 may h express$
 only ! ta/es ( high-  born ladies1 b   
o!r poems 7 av[$ly b\rgeois1 & among !  
b\rgeois poets none 0 bett] ?an ,adam de
 la ,halle4 ,adam wrote  also = ! c\rt1 
or at lea/ = ,rob]t ( ,artois1 ,sa9t    
,l\is's  nephew1 :om he foll[$ to       
,naples 9 #abhd1 b 8 poetry 0 z  little 
ari/ocratic z poetry c\ld well be1 & mo/
 ( x 0  cynically--almo/                
defiantly--middle-class1 z ?\gh ! weav]s
 (  ,arras 7 8 only audi5ce1 & recogniz$
 him & ! objects (  8 satire 9 e v]se4  
,! bitt] p]sonalities d n conc]n  u1 b1 
at ,naples1 to amuse ,rob]t ( ,artois & 
8 c\rt1 ,adam  compos$ ! fir/ ( ,fr5*   
comic op]as1 :i* _h an imm5se  success1 
&1 z a pa/oral poem1 has x /ill4 ,!     
,idyll ( ,arras  0 a s+ul> contra/ to ! 
,idyll ( ,beaucaire1 b ! social  value 0
 ! same 9 bo?2 ,rob9 & ,m>ion 7 a p5dant
 to  ,aucass9s & ,nicolette2 ,rob9 0    
almo/ a burlesque on ,aucass9s1  :ile   

,m>ion 0 a ,nor!rn1 en]getic1           
intellig5t1 pa/oral  ,nicolette4    ,li 
,gieus de ,rob9 et de ,m>ion _h little  
or no plot4 ,adam /rung  toge!r1 on a   
?read ( dialogue & by a gr\p ( suitable 
figures1 a numb] ( ! fav\rite songs ( 8 
"t1 foll[$ by  ! fav\rite games1 & end+ 
) a fav\rite dance1 !  tresca4 ,! songs1
 ! games1 & ! dances d n conc]n u1  b ! 
dialogue runs along prettily1 ) an air (
 ,flemi%  realism1 l a picture ( ,t5i]s1
 z unlike t ( c\rtoisie  z ,t5i]s 0 to  
,guido ,r5i4 ,und]nea? x all a tone (   
satire  made itself felt1 good-natur$   
en\gh1 b direct$ :olly aga9/  ! m54     
,! sc5e op5s on ,m>ion t5d+ h] %eep1 &  
s++ ! pretty  air3 ,rob9 m'aime1 ,rob9  
ma'a1 aft] :i* ent]s a *evali] or       
esquire1 on horseback1 & s+s3 ,je me    
repairoie du t\rnoiem5t4  ,!n foll[s a  
dialogue betwe5 ! *evali] & ,m>ion1 ) no
  o!r object ?an to %[ (f ! *>m ( ,m>ion
 aga9/ !  mascul9e defects ( ! knight4  
,be+1 l mo/ squires1 some:at  sl[ (     
ideas 9 conv]sation ) "y wom51 !        

g5tleman began  by ask+ = sport = 8     
falcon4 ,has %e se5 any duck d[n by  !  
riv]8      ,mais veis tu p> *i devant   
,v]s ce/e rivi]e nul ane8      ,ane1 x  
seems1 0 ! usual ^w = wild duck1 !      
falcon's  prey1 & ,m>ion knew x z well z
 he1 b %e *ose to  misund]/& him3--     
,c'e/ une bete qui recane2   ,j'en vis  
i] iii sur *e quem91   ,t\s qu>*ies al] 
au m\l94   ,e/ *e *\ que v\s dem&es8    
,x is a bea/ t brays2 ,i saw ?ree       
ye/]day on ! road1 all  ) loads go+ to !
 mill4 ,is t :at y ask8 ,t is n  :at !  
squire has ask$1 & he is consci\s t     
,m>ion kn[s x1  b he tries aga94 ,if %e 
has n se5 a duck1 p]haps %e has se5  a  
h]on3--      ,hairons1 sire8 p> me foi1 
non6     ,je n'en vi nesun puis qu>eme  
,que j'en vi m5gi] *ies dame ,eme       
,me taii5 qui sorit *es brebis4         
,h]on1 sir6 by my fai?1 no6 ,i've n se5 
"o s9ce ,l5t :5 ,i  saw "s eat5 at my   
gr&mo!r's--,dame ,emma :o owns ^! %eep4 
,hairons1 x seems1 meant also h]r+1 &   
?is wilful  misund]/&+ /ruck ! *evali] z

 c>ry+ je/ too f>3--      ,p> foi6 or   
suis j'ou esbaubis6     ,n'a9c mais je  
ne fui si gabes6      ,on my ^w1 ,i am  
sil5c$6 nev] 9 my life 0 ,i s *aff$6    
,m>ion h]self seems to ?9k h] joke a    
little too evid5t1 = %e  takes up !     
conv]sation 9 h] turn1 only to conclude 
t %e  likes ,rob9 bett] ?an %e does !   
knight2 he is gay]1 & :5  he plays 8    
musette he />ts ! :ole village danc+4   
,at ?is1  ! squire makes a decl>ation ( 
love ) su* en]gy z to spur  8 horse     
almo/ ov] h]3--      ,aimi1 sirel o/ez  
vo *eval6     ,a poi que il ne m'a      
ble*ie4     ,li ,rob9 ne regiete mie    
,qu& je voie apres se k>ue4      ,aimi6 
is an exclamation ( al>m1 real or       
affect$3 ,de> me1 sir6  take y\r horse  
away6 he almo/ hurt me6 ,rob9's horse   
nev] re>s  :5 ,i g beh9d 8 pl\gh6 ,/ill 
! knight p]si/s1 & ?\gh  ,m>ion /ill    
tells him to g away1 %e asks 8 "n1 :i*  
he says  is ,aub]t1 & s gives h] !      
cat*word = ano!r song3--,vos  p]des vo  
pa9e1 sire ,aub]t6--:i* ends ! sc5e ) a 

duo4 ,!  second sc5e beg9s ) a duo (    
,m>ion & ,rob91 foll[$ by h]  giv+ a    
s(t5$ acc\nt ( ! *evali]'s behavi\r1 &  
!n  !y lun* on bread & *eese & apples1 &
 m songs foll[1  till %e s5ds him to get
 ,baldw9 & ,walt] & ,p]onette & !       
pip]s1 = a dance4 ,9 8 abs5ce ! *evali] 
returns &  becomes v press+ 9 8         
att5tions1 :i* gives h] occasion to     
s+3-      ,j'oi ,rob9 flagol]     ,au   
flagol d'arg5t4      ,:5 ,rob9 ent]s1 ! 
knight picks a qu>rel ) him = n  h&l+   
prop]ly ! falcon :i* he has caught 9 !  
h$ge2 &  ,rob9 gets a sev]e beat+4 ,!   
sc5e ends by ! horseman c>ry+  (f ,m>ion
 by =ce2 b he soon gets tir$ ( c>ry+ h] 
aga9/  h] w1 & drops h]1 & disappe>s    
once = all4      ,c]tes voirem5t sui je 
be/e     ,quant a ce/e be/e m'are/e4    
,adieu1 b]gi]e6      ,bete ! knight     
c]ta9ly 01 & 0 meant to be1 9 ord] to   
give  ! necess>y col\r to ,m>ion's *>ms4
 ,*evali]s 7 seldom  intellectually     
brilliant 9 ! m$iaeval romans1 & ev5 !  
,*ansons de ,ge/e lik$ bett] to talk (  

_! pr[ess ?an (  _! wit2 b ,adam de la  
,halle1 :o felt no great love =         
*evali]s1 0 n satisfi$ ) ridicul+ !m 9  
ord] to exalt  ,m>ion2 8 second act 0   
devot$ to exalt+ ,m>ion at ! exp5se  (  
h] own boors4    ,! fir/ act 0 giv5 up  
to song2 ! second1 to games & dances4   
,! games prove n to be :olly a success2 
,m>ion is bor$ by !m1  & wants to dance4
 ,! dialogue %[s ,m>ion try+ con/antly  
to  control h] cl[ns & make !m dec5t1 z 
,blan*e ( ,ca/ile _h  be5 all h] life   
try+ to control h] pr9ces1 & ,m>y (     
,*>tres h] k+s4 ,rob9 is a ru/ic        
c\nt]p>t to ,?ibaut4 ,he is  tam$ by 8  
love ( ,m>ion1 b he has j en\gh         
intellig5ce to  ?9k well ( himself1 & to
 get himself into tr\ble )\t  kn[+ h[ to
 get out ( x4 ,m>ion loves him mu* z %e 
w\ld h]  *ild2 %e makes only a little   
fun ( him2 def5ds him f !  o!rs2 laughs 
at 8 jeal\sy2 scolds him on occasion2   
flatt]s 8  danc+2 s5ds him on err&s1 to 
br+ ! pip]s or drive away !  wolf2 & :at
 is mo/ to our purpose1 uses him to make

 ! o!r  peasants dec5t4 ,walt] & ,baldw9
 & ,hugh are co>se1 & _!  idea ( wit is 
to %ock ! wom5 or make ,rob9 jeal\s4    
,love makes  g5tlem5 ev5 ( boors1 :e!r  
noble or villa91 is ! con/ant  moral (  
m$iaeval /ory1 & love turns ,rob9 into a
 *ampion (  dec5cy4 ,:51 at la/1 ,walt]1
 play+ ! jongleur1 beg9s to  repeat a   
p>ticul>ly co>se fabliau1 or /ory 9     
v]se1 ,rob9 /ops  him %ort--    ,ho1    
,gauti]1 je n'en voeil plus6 fi6        
,dites1 s]es v\s t\s j\rs teus6   ,v\s  
e/es un ors m5e/reus6      ,ho1 ,walt]6 
,i want no m ( t3 ,%ame6 ,say6 are y go+
 to be  always l t8 ,y're a dirty begg>6
 ,a fight seems inevitable1  b ,m>ion   
turns x into a dance1 & ! :ole p>ty1 l$ 
by !  pip]s1 ) ,rob9 & ,m>ion at ! head 
( ! b&1 leave !  /age 9 ! dance :i* is  
said to be /ill kn[n 9 ,italy z !       
tresca4 ,m>ion is 9 h] way z *>m+ z     
,nicolette1 b we are  less int]e/$ 9 h] 
*>m ?an 9 h] p[]4 ,always ! woman       
appe>s z ! practical guide2 ! "o :o     
keeps h] head1 ev5 9  love3--           

,elle l'a mis a raison3      ,aucass9s1 
biax amis dox1      ,en quele t]e en    
irons n\s8      ,d\ce amie1 que sai j\8 
,moi ne caut ou n\s aillons4      ,! man
 nev] c>$2 he 0 always gett+ himself    
into crusades1 or  feuds1 or love1 or   
debt1 & dep5d$ on ! woman to get him    
out4  ,! /ory 0 always ( ,*>les ,,vii & 
,jeanne d',arc1 or ,agnes  ,sorel4 ,!   
woman might be ! good or ! evil _s1 b %e
 0  always ! /rong] =ce4 ,! twelf? &    
?irte5? c5turies 7  a p]iod :5 m5 7 at  
_! /ronge/2 nev] be=e or s9ce  h !y %[n 
equal en]gy 9 su* v>i$ directions1 or   
su*  intellig5ce 9 ! direction ( _!     
en]gy2 yet ^! m>vels (  hi/ory1--^!     
,plantag5ets2 ^! s*ola/ic philosoph]s2  
^!  ar*itects ( ,rheims & ,ami5s2 ^!    
,innoc5ts1 & ,rob9 ,hoods  & ,m>co      
,polos2 ^! crusad]s1 :o plant$ _!       
enorm\s  =tresses all ov] ! ,levant2 ^! 
monks :o made ! wa/es &  b>r5s yield    
h>ve/s2--all1 )\t app>5t exception1 b[$ 
d[n  be=e ! woman4    ,expla9 x :o w6   
,we are n p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 !        

explanation2 x is ! art we h *as$ ?r\gh 
?is ,fr5*  =e/1 l ,aucass9s hunt+ =     
,nicolette2 & ! art leads  always to !  
woman4 ,poetry1 l ! ar*itecture & !     
decoration1 h>ks back to ! same /&>d (  
ta/e4 ,! specim5s  ( ,*ri/ian ( ,troyes1
 ,?ibaut1 ,tri/an1 ,aucass9s1 & ,adam de
 la  ,halle 7 mild admissions ( fem99e  
sup]iority comp>$ )  "s t 7 m 9 vogue1  
,if ,?ibaut pa9t$ 8 love-v]ses on  !    
walls ( 8 ca/le1 he put !re only :at a m
 fam\s poet1  :o may h be5 8 fri5d1 set 
on ! walls ( 8 ,*ateau (  ,c\rte\s      
,love1 :i*1 n be+ made ) h&s or ) /one1 
b  m]ely ) v]se1 has n :olly p]i%$4 ,!  
,roman de la ,rose  is ! end ( true     
m$iaeval poetry & goes ) ! ,sa9te-      
,*apelle 9 ar*itecture1 & ?ree hundr$   
ye>s ( m or less  graceful imitation or 
v>iation on ! same !mes :i* foll[$4     
,our age calls x false ta/e1 & no d\bt  
our age is "r2--e  age is "r by its own 
/&>ds z long z its /&>ds amuse  x2--b   
aft] all1 ! ,roman de la ,rose *>m$     
,*auc]1--x may  well *>m y4 ,! *>m may n

 be t ( ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el or (  ,rol&2 
x has n ! gr& mann] ( ! elev5? c5tury1  
or !  jewell$ brilliancy ( ! ,*>tres    
lancets1 or ! spl5did self-  ass]tion ( 
! roses3 b ev5 to ?is day x gives out a 
fa9t  od\r ( ,*ampagne & ,t\ra9e1 (     
,prov5ce & ,cyprus4 ,"o he>s  ,?ibaut & 
sees ,que5 ,blan*e4    ,( c\rse1 ?is    
od\r ( true sanctity belongs only to !  
,roman  ( ,william ( ,lorris1 :i* dates 
f ! dea? ( ,que5 ,blan*e  & ( all good  
?+s1 ab\t #abej2 a %ort allegory (      
c\rte\s  love 9 =ty-six hundr$ & sev5ty 
l9es4 ,to mod]n ta/e1 an  allegory (    
=ty-six hundr$ & sev5ty l9es seems to be
 n s  %ort z x might be2 b ! f\rte5?    
c5tury f\nd five ?\s&  v]ses totally    
inadequate to ! subject1 &1 ab\t #acjj1 
,jean de  ,meung add$ eighte5 ?\s& l9es1
 ! fav\rite read+ (  society = "o or two
 hundr$ ye>s1 b beyond our horizon4 ,!  
,roman ( ,william ( ,lorris 0 complete 9
 itself2 x _h %ape2  beg9n+1 middle1 &  
end2 ev5 a c]ta9 realism1 action1--almo/
  life6    ,! ,rose is any fem99e ideal 

( beauty1 intellig5ce1 purity1 or       
grace1--always culm9at+ 9 ! ,virg91--b !
 sc5e is !  ,c\rt ( ,love1 & ! action is
 av[$ly 9 a dream1 )\t "t  or place4 ,! 
poet's tone is v pure2 a little subdu$2 
at times  sad2 & ! poem ends sadly2 b   
all ! figures t 7  positively hide\s 7  
%ut out ( ! c\rt1 & pa9t$ on !  outside 
walls3--,hatr$2 ,felony2 ,covet\sness2  
,envy2 ,pov]ty2  ,melan*oly1 & ,old     
,age4 ,dea? did n appe>4 ,! passion =   
repres5t+ dea? 9 its horrors did n      
belong to ! sunny  atmosph]e ( ! ?irte5?
 c5tury1 & inde$ j>r$ on ,fr5*  ta/e    
always1 ?\gh ! ,*ur* came to insi/ on x2
 b ,old ,age  gave ! poet a motive m    
arti/ic1 =e%ad[+ ,dea?1 & q  sad en\gh  
to supply ! necess>y contra/4 ,! poet :o
 approa*$  ! walls ( ! *ateau & saw1    
outside1 all ! unpleasant facts  ( life 
conspicu\sly po/$ up1 z ?\gh to %ut !m  
out (  doors1 ha/5$ to ask = entrance1  
&1 :5 once admitt$1 f\nd  a c\rt (      
ideals4 ,_! names matt] little4 ,9 ! m9d
 ( ,william  ( ,lorris1 e "o w\ld p 8   

ideal _w ) :atev]  ideal figures pleas$ 
him1 & ! only p]sonal value ( ,william's
  figures is t !y repres5t :at he ?\ght 
! ?irte5?-  c5tury ideals ( a p]fect    
society4 ,"h is ,c\rtesy1 ) a           
translation long ?\ght to be by ,*auc]3-
    ,apres se t5oit ,cortoisie   ,qui   
m\lt e/oit de t\s prisie4   ,si n'ere   
orgueilleuse ne fole4   ,c'e/ cele qui a
 la k>ole1   ,la soe m]ci1 m'apela1     
,a9s que nule1 qu& je v9s la4   ,et ne  
fut ne nice n'umbrage1   ,mais sages    
auques1 sans outrage1   ,de biaus       
respons et de biaus dis1   ,onc nus ne  
fu p> li laidis1   ,ne ne porta nului   
rancune1   ,et fu cl]e comme la lune    
,e/ av]s les autres e/oiles   ,qui ne   
resembl5t que *&oiles4   ,faitisse e/oit
 et av5ant2   ,je ne sai fame plus      
plaisant4   ,ele ert en t\tes cors bi5  
digne   ,d'e/re emp]]is ou ro9e4      ,&
 next t daunc$ ,c\rtesye1   ,t preis$ 0 
( l[e & hye1   ,= nei!r pr\de ne foole 0
 %e2   ,%e = to daunce call$ me1   ,i   
pray ,god yeve hir "r good grace1   ,:5 

,i come fir/ into ! place4   ,%e 0 n    
nyce ne outrage\s1   ,b wys & w>e &     
v]tu\s2   ,( faire spe*e & ( faire      
answ]e2   ,0 nev] wight mysseid ( h]1   
,ne %e b> ranc\r to no wight4   ,cl]e   
br[ne %e 01 & !reto bright      ,( face1
 ( body av5aunt4   ,i wot no lady s     
pleasaunt4   ,%e 7 wor?y =to b5e   ,an  
empresse or cr[n$ qu5e4      ,y c read =
 y\rselves ! *>act]s1 & c foll[ !       
simple action :i* owes its slight int]e/
 only to ! con/ant  ef=t ( ! dream] to  
atta9 8 ideal1--! ,rose1--& owes its    
*>m *iefly to ! con/ant disappo9tm5t &  
f9al defeat4 ,an  und]tone ( sadness    
runs ?r\gh x1 felt already 9 ! picture (
  ,"t :i* =e%ad[s ! end ( ,love--!      
,rose--& h] c\rt1 &  ) x ! end ( hope3--
    ,li t5s qui s'en va nuit et jor1    
,sans repos pr5dre et sans sejor1   ,et 
qui de n\s se "p et emble   ,si celeem5t
 qu'il n\s semble   ,qu'il s'arre/e ades
 en un po9t1   ,et il ne s'i arre/e     
po9t1   ,a9s ne f9e de trespass]1   ,que
 nus ne puet neis p5s]   ,quex t5s ce e/

 qui e/ pres5s2   ,s'el dem&es z cl]s   
lisans1   ,a9cois que l'en l'eu/ p5se   
,s]oit il ja trois t5s passe2   ,li t5s 
qui ne puet sej\rn]1   ,a9s vait t\s    
jors sans retorn]1   ,com l'iaue qui    
s'avale t\te1   ,n'il n'en ret\rne      
arri]e g\te2   ,li t5s v]s qui noi5t ne 
dure1   ,ne f] ne *ose tant soit dure1  
,c> il ga/e t\t et m5jue2   ,li t5s qui 
tote *ose mue1   ,qui t\t fait croi/re  
et t\t nori/1   ,et qui t\t use et t\t  
porri/4      ,! tyme t passe? nyght &   
daye4   ,& re/elesse travayle? aye1   ,&
 /ele? f u s prively1   ,t to u seme? s 
syk]ly   ,t x 9 "o poynt dwelle? nev]1  
,b go! s fa/1 & passe? aye      ,t !re  
nys man t ?ynke may   ,:at tyme t n[    
pres5t is2   ,aske? at ^! cl]kes ?is1   
,= or m5 ?ynke x readily   ,?re tymes b5
 ypass$ by4   ,! tyme t may n soj\rne   
,b go?1 & may nev] returne1   ,z wat] t 
d[n r5ne? ay1   ,b nev] drope ret\rne   
may4   ,!re may no ?+ z "t endure1      
,metall nor e>?ly creature3   ,= alle ?+
 x frette & %all4   ,! tyme eke t       

*aungi? all1   ,& all do? waxe & fo/]$  
be1   ,& alle ?+ di/roie? he4      ,!   
note ( sadness has begun1 :i* ! poets 7 
to f9d s mu*  m to _! ta/e ?an ! note ( 
gladness4 ,f ! ,roman de la  ,rose to ! 
,ballade des ,dames du ,temps jadis 0 a 
%ort /ep =  ! ,middle-,age giant ,"t1--a
 poor two hundr$ ye>s4 ,!n ,villon  woke
 up to ask :at _h become ( !            
,roses3--,ou e/ la tres sage  ,helois   
,p\r qui fut *a/ie puis moyne1   ,pi]re 
,esbaill>t a ,sa9t ,d5is8   ,p\r son    
am\r ot ce/ essoyne4      ,et ,jehanne  
la bonne ,lorra9e   ,qu' ,englois       
brul]5t a ,r\an2   ,ou sont elles1      
,vi]ge ,s\vra9e8   ,mais ou sont les    
neiges dantan8      ,:]e is ! virtu\s   
,heloise1   ,= :om suff]$1 !n turn$     
monk1   ,pi]re ,abel>d at ,sa9t-,d5is8  
,= 8 love he bore t pa94      ,& ,jeanne
 d',arc1 ! good ,lorra9e1   ,:om !      
,engli% burn$ at ,r\56   ,:]e are !y1   
,virg9 ,que58   ,b :]e are ! sn[s (     
spr+8      ,betwe5 ! dea? ( ,william (  
,lorris & ! adv5t ( ,john (  ,meung1 a  

%ort half-c5tury 7#abej-acjj71 ! ,woman 
& ! ,rose  became bankrupt4 ,satire took
 ! place ( wor%ip4 ,man1 ) 8  usual     
monkey-l malice1 took pleasure 9 pull+  
d[n :at he _h  built up4 ,! ,fr5*man _h 
made :at he call$ fausse r\te4  ,william
 ( ,lorris 0 fir/ to see x1 & say x1 ) m
 sadness  & less bitt]ness ?an ,villon  
%[$2 he won immortality by  tell+ h[ he1
 & ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 him1 _h lo/       
himself  9 pursu+ 8 ,rose1 & h[ he _h   
lo/ ! ,rose1 too1 wak+ up  at la/ to !  
dull memory ( pa9 & sorr[ & dea?1 t t\t 
porri/4 ,! _w _h /ill a long m>* to make
 f ! ,rose (  ,que5 ,blan*e to !        
guillot9e ( ,madame du ,b>ry2 b ! ,roman
  de la ,rose made epo*4 ,= ! fir/ "t   
s9ce ,con/ant9e  proclaim$ ! reign (    
,*ri/1 a ?\s& ye>s1 or s1 be=e  ,philip 
! ,fair de?ron$ ,him1 ! deepe/          
expression ( social  feel+ end$ ) ! ^w3 
,despair4        ,,*apt] ,,xiii    ,,les
 ,,miracles ,,de ,,notre ,,dame         
,v]g9e ,madre1 figlia del tuo figlio1   
,umile ed alta piu *e creatura1   ,t]m9e

 fisso d'et]no consiglio1   ,tu sei     
colei *e l'umana natura   ,nobilita/i   
si1 *e il suo fattore   ,non disdegno di
 f>si sua fattura4444   ,la tua b5ignita
 non pur soccorre   ,a *i dim&a1 ma     
molte fiate   ,lib]am5te al dim&>       
precorre4   ,9 te mis]icordia1 9 te     
pietate1   ,9 te magnific5za1 9 te      
s'aduna   ,quantunque 9 creatura e di   
bontate4      ,v]g9e bella1 *e di sol   
ve/ita1   ,coronata di /elle1 al sommo  
sole   ,piace/i si *e'n te sua luce     
ascose2   ,amor mi sp+e a dir di te     
p>ole2   ,ma non s 'ncom9ci> s5za tu    
aita1   ,e di colui *'am&o 9 te si pose4
   ,invoco lei *e b5 sempre rispose     
,*i la *iamo con f$e4   ,v]g9e1 s'a     
m]c$e   ,mis]ia e/rema dell' umane cose 
,giammai ti volse1 al mio prego t'in*9a6
   ,soccorri alia mia gu]ra1   ,b5*'i   
sia t]ra1 e tu del del reg9a6           
,dante compos$ "o ( ^! pray]s2 ,petr>* !
 o!r4 ,*auc]  translat$ ,dante's pray] 9
 ! ,second ,nonnes ,tale4 ,he :o w  may 
und]take to translate ei!r2--n ,i6 ,!   

,virg91 9 :om is  unit$ :atev] goodness 
is 9 creat$ be+1 might possibly1 9 h]   
inf9ite grace1 =give ! sacrilege2 b h]  
p[] has limits1 if  n h] grace2 & ! :ole
 ,tr9ity1 ) ! ,virg9 to aid1 _h  n ! p[]
 to p>don him :o %\ld translate ,dante &
 ,petr>*4  ,! pray]s come 9 "h1 n m]ely 
= _! beauty1--al?\gh !  ,virg9 kn[s h[  
beautiful !y are1 :e!r man kn[s x or n2 
b *iefly to %[ ! good fai?1 ! dep? (    
feel+1 !  int5sity ( conviction1 ) :i*  
society ador$ its ideal (  human        
p]fection4    ,! ,virg9 fill$ s enorm\s 
a space 9 ! life & ?\ght ( !  "t t "o   
/&s n[ helpless be=e ! mass ( te/imony  
to  h] direct action & con/ant pres5ce 9
 e mom5t & =m (  ! illusion :i* m5 ?\ght
 !y ?\ght _! exi/5ce4 ,!  twelf? &      
?irte5? c5turies believ$ 9 !            
sup]natural1 &  might almo/ be said to h
 contract$ a miracle-habit1 z morbid  z 
any o!r =m ( artificial /imulant2 !y    
/ood1 l  *ildr51 9 an attitude ( gap+   
wond] be=e ! miracle (  miracles :i* !y 
felt 9 _! own consci\sness2 b "o c see  

9 ?is emotion1 :i* is1 aft] all1 n      
exclusively infantile1 no  special      
reason :y !y %\ld h s passionately flung
 !mselves  at ! feet ( ! ,woman r ?an ( 
! ,man4 ,dante wrote 9  #acjj1 aft] !   
height ( ?is emotion _h pass$2 & ,petr>*
  wrote half a c5tury lat] /ill2 b s    
sl[ly did ! vision fade1  & s (t5 did x 
revive1 t1 to ?is day1 x rema9s !       
/ronge/ symbol ) :i* ! ,*ur* c conjure4 
,m5 71 aft] all1 n :olly inconsequ5t2 _!
 atta*m5t to  ,m>y re/$ on an in/9ct (  
self-pres]vation4 ,!y knew _! own  p]il4
 ,if !re 0 to be a future life1 ,m>y 0  
_! only hope4  ,%e alone repres5t$      
,love4 ,! ,tr9ity 71 or 01 ,"o1 &  c\ld1
 by ! nature ( its ess5ce1 adm9i/]      
ju/ice alone4 ,only  *ildlike illusion  
c\ld expect a p]sonal fav\r f ,*ri/4    
,turn  ! dogma z "o w\ld1 to ?is x mu/  
logically come4 ,call !  ?ree ,godheads 
by :at names "o lik$1 /ill !y mu/ rema9 
,"o2  mu/ adm9i/] "o ju/ice2 mu/ admit  
only "o law4 ,9 t law1  no human        
weakness or error c\ld exi/2 by its     

ess5ce x 0  inf9ite1 et]nal1 immutable4 
,!re 0 no crack & no cranny 9  ! sy/em1 
?r\gh :i* human frailty c\ld hope =     
escape4 ,"o  0 =c$ f corn] to corn] by a
 remorseless logic until "o  fell       
helpless at ,m>y's feet4    ,)\t ,m>y1  
man _h no hope except 9 a!ism1 & = a!ism
 !  _w 0 n ready4 ,hemm$ back on t side1
 m5 ru%$ l %eep  to escape ! but*]1 & 7 
driv5 to ,m>y2 only too happy 9  f9d+   
protection & hope 9 a be+ :o c\ld und]/&
 !  language !y talk$1 & ! excuses !y _h
 to (f]4 ,h[  passionately !y wor%ipp$  
,m>y1 ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres %[s2  & h[   
?is wor%ip elevat$ ! :ole sex1 all !    
lit]ature &  hi/ory ( ! "t proclaim4 ,if
 y ne$ m pro(1 y c read  m ,petr>*2 b   
/ill "o _c realize h[ actual ,m>y 01 to 
! m5 & wom5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & h[ %e 0
 pres5t1 z a  matt] ( c\rse1 :e!r by way
 ( miracle or z a habit ( life1  ?r\gh\t
 _! daily exi/5ce4 ,! sure/ measure ( h]
 reality  is ! enorm\s money value !y   
put on h] assi/ance1 & ! art  t 0 lavi%$
 on h] gratification1 b an almo/ equally

  c]ta9 sign is ! casual allusion1 !    
*ance ref]5ce to h]1  :i* assumes h]    
pres5ce4    ,! e>lie/ prose writ] 9 !   
,fr5* language1 :o gave a picture  (    
actual ,fr5* life1 0 ,jo9ville2 & al?\gh
 he wrote aft]  ! dea? ( ,sa9t ,l\is & (
 ,william ( ,lorris & ,adam de la       
,halle1 9 ! full decad5ce ( ,philip !   
,fair1 t[>d #acjj1 he _h  be5 a vassal (
 ,?ibaut & an intimate fri5d ( ,l\is1 & 
8  memories w5t back to ! ,france (     
,blan*e's reg5cy4 ,born 9 #abbd1  he mu/
 h se5 9 8 y\? ! /ruggles ( ,?ibaut     
aga9/ !  enemies ( ,blan*e1 & 9 fact 8  
memoirs conta9 ,blan*e's  emphatic lett]
 =bidd+ ,?ibaut to m>ry ,yol&e (        
,brittany4 ,he  knew ,pi]re de ,dreux   
well1 & :5 !y 7 captur$ by !  ,s>ac5s at
 ,damietta1 & ?r[n into ! hold ( a      
galley1 ,i _h  my feet "r on ! face ( ! 
,c\nt ,pi]re de ,bretagne1 ^:  feet1 9  
turn1 7 by my face4 ,jo9ville is almo/  
twelf?-c5tury  9 feel+4 ,he 0 nei!r     
fem99e nor sceptical1 b simple4 ,he  %[$
 no conc]n = poetry1 b he put up a glass

 w9d[ to !  ,virg94 ,8 religion belong$ 
to ! ,*anson de ,rol&4 ,:5 ,sa9t  ,l\is1
 :o _h a pleasant s5se ( hum\r put to   
him 8 fav\rite  religi\s conundrums1    
,jo9ville affect$ n ! lea/ hypocrisy4   
,w\ld y r be a lep] or commit a mortal  
s98 ask$ !  ,k+4 ,i w\ld r commit ?irty 
mortal s9s ?an be a lep]1  answ]$       
,jo9ville4 ,d y wa% ! feet ( ! poor on  
,holy  ,?ursday8 ask$ ! ,k+4 ,god =bid6 
repli$ ,jo9ville2 nev]  w ,i wa% ! feet 
( su* creatures6 ,sa9t ,l\is mildly     
correct$ 81 or r ,?ibaut's1 s5es*al1 =  
^! impieties1  b he 0 no d\bt us$ to !m1
 = ! soldi] 0 nev] a  *ur*man4 ,if "o   
asks ,jo9ville :at he ?9ks ( ! ,virg91  
he  answ]s ) ! same frankness3--    ,ung
 j\r moi e/ant devant le roi lui dem&ay 
congie d'all] en  pel]9age a no/re ,dame
 de ,t\rt\ze ,tortosa 9 ,syria qui e/oit
  ung veage tres =t requis4 ,et y avoit 
grant quantite de pel]9s  p> *acun j\r  
p\r ce que c'e/ le premi] autel qui     
onques fu/  fait en l'onneur de la ,m]e 
de ,dieu a9si qu'on disoit lors4 ,et y  

faisoit no/re ,dame de grans miracles a 
m]veilles4 ,entre lesquelz  elle en fi/ 
ung d'un p\vre homme qui e/oit hors de  
son s5s et  demoniacle4 ,c> il avoit le 
mal+ esp]it d$ans le corps4 ,et  adv9t  
p> ung j\r qu'il fut am5e a icelui autel
 de no/re ,dame de  ,t\rt\ze4 ,et a9si  
que ses amys qui l'avoi5t la am5e       
prioi5t a  no/re ,dame qu'elle lui      
v\lsi/ rec\vr] sante et gu]ison le      
diable que la p\vre creature avoit ou   
corps respondit3 ,no/re ,dame  n'e/ pas 
ici2 elle e/ en ,egipte p\r aid] au ,roi
 de ,france et aux  ,*re/i5s qui        
auj\rdhui arriv5t en la ,t]re sa9te     
c5tre t\te  pai5nie qui sont a *eval4   
,et fut mis en escript le j\r que le    
deable pr(]a ces motz et fut apporte au 
legat qui e/oit avecques  le roi de     
,france2 lequel me di/ depuis que a     
celui j\r n\s e/ion  arrivez en la t]re 
d',egipte4 ,et suis bi5 c]ta9 que la    
bonne ,dame  ,m>ie n\s y eut bi5 beso94 
,?is happ5$ 9 ,syria1 aft] ! total      
failure ( ! crusade 9  ,egypt4 ,! ord9>y

 man1 ev5 if he 7 a prie/ or a soldi]1  
ne$$ a miracul\s fai? to p]suade him t  
,our ,lady or any o!r  div9e p[]1 _h    
help$ ! crusades ( ,sa9t ,l\is4 ,few ( !
  usual fictions on :i* society re/$ _h 
ev] requir$ su*  defiance ( facts2 b1 at
 lea/ = a "t1 society held firm4 ,!     
?irte5? c5tury c\ld n af=d to admit a   
d\bt4 ,society _h  /ak$ its exi/5ce1 9  
?is _w & ! next1 on ! reality &  p[] ( !
 ,virg92 x _h inve/$ 9 h] c>e ne>ly its 
:ole  capital1 spiritual1 arti/ic1      
intellectual1 & economical1 ev5 to  !   
bulk ( its real & p]sonal e/ate2 & h]   
ov]?r[ w\ld  h be5 ! mo/ appall+ disa/] 
! ,we/]n _w _h ev]  kn[n4 ,)\t h]1 !    
,tr9ity itself c\ld n /&2 ! ,*ur*  mu/  
fall2 ! future _w mu/ dissolve4 ,n ev5 !
 collapse (  ! ,roman ,empire comp>$ ) a
 calamity s s]i\s2 = t _h  creat$1 n    
de/roy$1 a fai?4    ,if sceptics !re 71 
!y kept sil5ce4 ,m5 disput$ & d\bt$     
ab\t ! ,tr9ity1 b ab\t ! ,virg9 !       
satiri/s ,rutebeuf &  ,adam de la ,halle
 wrote 9 ! same _s z ,sa9t ,b]n>d &     

,abel>d1 ,adam de ,sa9t-,victor & ! pi\s
 monk ,gaulti] de ,co9cy4  ,9 ! mid/ (  
viol5t disputes on o!r po9ts ( doctr9e1 
!  disputants unit$ 9 devotion to ,m>y2 
& x 0 ! s+le  r$eem+ quality ab\t !m4 ,!
 mon>*s believ$ almo/ m  implicitly ?an 
_! subjects1 & ma9ta9$ ! belief to !    
la/4 ,d\btless ! dea? ( ,que5 ,blan*e   
m>k$ ! flood-tide at  its height2 b an  
au?ority s e/abli%$ z t ( ! ,virg91     
f\nd$ on in/9cts s deep1 logic s        
rigor\s1 &1 above all1 on  weal? s va/1 
decl9$ sl[ly4 ,sa9t ,l\is di$ 9 #abgj4  
,two  hundr$ long & dismal ye>s foll[$1 
9 ! mid/ ( w>s1  decl9e ( fai?1         
dissolution ( ! old ties & int]e/s1     
until1  t[>d #adgj1 ,l\is ,,xi succe$$ 9
 re/or+ "s semblance (  solidity to !   
,/ate2 & ,l\is ,,xi divid$ 8 "t & 8     
money  imp>tially betwe5 ! ,virg9 (     
,*>tres & ! ,virg9 ( ,p>is4  ,9 t       
respect1 "o c see no diff]5ce betwe5 him
 & ,sa9t  ,l\is1 nor mu* betwe5         
,philippe de ,comm9es & ,jo9ville4 ,aft]
  ,l\is ,,xi1 ano!r fanta/ic c5tury     

pass$1 fill$ ) ! f\le/  horrors (       
hi/ory--religi\s w>s2 assass9ations2    
,sa9t  ,b>?olomews2 sieges ( ,*>tres2   
,hugu5ot leagues & sweep+  de/ruction ( 
religi\s monum5ts2 ,ca?olic leagues &   
fanatical  reprisals on fri5ds &        
foes1--! actual dissolution ( society 9 
a mass ( horrors comp>$ ) :i* ev5 !     
,albig5sian crusade  0 a local accid5t1 
all end+ 9 ! reign ( ! la/ ,valois1     
,h5ry ,,iii1 ! weirde/1 mo/ fasc9at+1   
mo/ repulsive1 mo/  pa!tic & mo/        
pitiable ( ! :ole picturesque s]ies (   
,fr5*  k+s4 ,if y look into ! ,j\rnal ( 
,pi]re de l',e/oile1 "u  date ( ,janu>y 
#bf1aehb1 y c read ! entry3--    ,! ,k+ 
& ! ,que5 ,l\ise de ,lorra9e1 sep>ately1
 & ea*  accompani$ by a good troop (    
companions w5t on foot f ,p>is  to      
,*>tres on a pilgrimage voyage to       
,notre-,dame-de-dess\s-,t]re  ,our ,lady
 ( ! ,crypt1 :]e a neuva9e 0 celebrat$  
at ! la/  mass at :i* ! ,k+ & ,que5     
assi/$1 & (f]$ a silv]-gilt  /atue (    
,notre ,dame :i* weigh$ a hundr$ m>ks   

eight hundr$  ounces1 ) ! object ( hav+ 
l9eage :i* might succe$ to  ! ?rone4    
,9 ! dead ( w9t]1 9 robes ( p5it5ts1 ov]
 ! r\ghe/  roads1 on foot1 ! ,k+ &      
,que51 !n sev5 ye>s m>ri$1 walk$  fifty 
miles to ,*>tres to supplicate ! ,virg9 
= *ildr51 &  back aga92 & ?is !y did ye>
 aft] ye> until ,jacques ,clem5t  put an
 end to x ) 8 dagg]1 9 #aehi1 al?\gh !  
,virg9 nev]  *ose to p]=m t miracle2 b1 
in/ead1 all[$ ! ,h\se (  ,valois to die 
out & sat on h] ?rone 9 pati5ce :ile !  
,h\se  ( ,b\rbon 0 ano9t$ 9 _! place4 ,!
 only ,fr5* ,k+ ev]  cr[n$ 9 ! pres5ce (
 ,our ,lady ( ,*>tres 0 ,h5ry ,,iv--a   
h]etic4    ,! ye> #aehi1 :i* 0 s        
decisive = ,h5ry ,,iv 9 ,france1 m>k$  9
 ,engl& ! rise ( ,%akespe>e z a sort (  
/age-mon>*4 ,:ile  9 ,france ! ,virg9   
/ill held su* p[] t k+s & que5s  ask$ h]
 = fav\rs1 almo/ z in/9ctively z !y _h  
done five  hundr$ ye>s be=e1 9 ,engl&   
,%akespe>e set all human nature  & all  
human hi/ory on ! /age1 ) h>dly an      
allusion to !  ,virg9's "n1 unless z an 

oa?4 ,! exceptions are wor? not+ z  a   
matt] ( curi\s ,%akespe>ean criticism1 =
 !y are b two1  & bo? are l9es 9 ! ,fir/
 ,"p ( ,h5ry ,,vi1 spok5 by !  ,maid (  
,orleans3--    ,*ri/'s "m helps me1 else
 ,i 7 too weak6    ,:e!r ! ,fir/ ,"p (  
,h5ry ,,vi 0 writt5 by ,%akespe>e at    
all has be5 a d\bt mu* discuss$1 & too  
deep = t\ri/s2 b  t ?is l9e 0 writt5 by 
a ,roman ,ca?olic is ! m likely  because
 no su* religi\s ?\ght recurs 9 all !   
re/ (  ,%akespe>e's works1 dramatic or  
lyric1 unless x is impli$ 9  ,gaunt's   
allusion to ! _w's ransom1 bless$ ,m>y's
 ,son4 ,?us1  :ile ?ree hundr$ ye>s     
caus$ 9 ,engl& ! disappe>ance ( !  great
 div9ity on :om ! twelf? & ?irte5?      
c5turies _h  lavi%$ all _! hopes1 & dur+
 ^! ?ree c5turies e  e>?ly ?rone _h be5 
repeat$ly %ak5 or %att]$1 ! ,*ur*  _h   
be5 brok5 9 halves1 fai? _h be5 lo/1 &  
philosophies  ov]?r[n1 ! ,virg9 /ill    
rema9$ & rema9s ! mo/ int5sely  & ! mo/ 
widely & ! mo/ p]sonally felt1 ( all    
*>act]s1  div9e or human or imag9>y1 t  

ev] exi/$ among m54 ,no?+  has ev5      
remotely tak5 h] place4 ,! only possible
 exception is  ! ,buddha1 ,sakya ,muni2 
b to ! ,we/]n m9d1 a figure l !  ,buddha
 /ood mu* f>!r away ?an ! ,virg94 ,t ( !
 ,*ri/  ev5 to ,sa9t ,b]n>d /ood n s ne>
 z t ( 8 "m4  ,abel>d express$ ! fact 9 
its logical necessity ev5 m  /rongly ?an
 ,sa9t ,b]n>d did3--    ,te requirunt   
vota fidelium1   ,ad te corda suspirant 
omnium1   ,tu spes no/ra po/ ,deum      
unica1   ,advocata nobis es posita4     
,ad judicis matrem confugiunt1   ,qui   
judicis iram effugiunt1   ,quae praec>i 
pro eis cogitur1   ,quae pro reis mat]  
efficitur4      ,aft] ! ,tr9ity1 y are  
our ,,only hope2 spes no/ra unica2 y    
are plac$ !re z our advocate2 all ( u :o
 fe> ! wra? (  ! ,judge1 fly to !       
,judge's "m1 :o is logically compell$ to
  sue = u1 & /&s 9 ! place ( a "m to !  
guilty4  ,abel>d's logic 0 always       
ru?less1 & ! cogitur is a /rong]  ^w ?an
 "o w\ld l to use n[1 ) a prie/ 9 he>+4 
,we  ne$ n insi/ on x2 b :at "o mu/     

insi/ on1 is ! good  fai? ( ! :ole      
p1--k+s1 que5s1 pr9ces ( all sorts1     
philosoph]s1 poets1 soldi]s1 arti/s1 z  
well z ( ! common]s  l ourselves1 & !   
poor1--= ! good fai? ( ! prie/s is  n   
important to ! und]/&+1 s9ce any class  
:i* is  suffici5tly int]e/$ 9 believ+ w 
always believe4 ,9 ord]  to feel ,go?ic 
ar*itecture 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5?        
c5turies1  "o mu/ feel fir/ & la/1 ar\nd
 & above & b5ea? x1 !  good fai? ( !    
public1 except+ only ,jews & a!i/s1     
p]meat+ e portion ( x ) ! conviction (  
an imm$iate  alt]native betwe5 heav5 &  
hell1 ) ,m>y z ! ,,only c\rt 9  equity  
capable ( ov]rul+ /rict law4    ,!      
,virg9 0 a real p]son1 ^: ta/es1 wi%es1 
in/9cts1  passions1 7 intimately kn[n4  
,en\gh ( ! ,virg9's lit]ature  survives 
to %[ h] "*1 & ! c\rse ( h] daily life4 
,we  "k m ab\t h] habits & ?\ghts ?an   
ab\t ^? ( e>?ly  que5s4 ,! ,miracles de 
la ,vi]ge make a l>ge "p1 & n !  poore/ 
"p1 ( ! enorm\s lit]ature ( ^! two      
c5turies1  al?\gh ! works ( ,alb]tus    

,magnus fill tw5ty-"o folio volumes  &  
^? ( ,?omas ,aqu9as fill m1 :ile !      
,*ansons de ,ge/e  & ! ,romans1 publi%$ 
or unpubli%$1 are a special bran* (     
lit]ature ) libr>ies to !mselves4 ,!    
collection ( !  ,virg9's miracles put 9 
v]se by ,gaulti] de ,co9cy1 monk1 prior1
  & poet1 betwe5 #abad & #abcc--!       
precise mom5t ( ! ,*>tres  sculpture &  
glass--conta9s ?irty ?\s& l9es4 ,ano!r  
great  collection1 n>rat+ especially !  
miracles ( ! ,virg9 (  ,*>tres1 0 made  
by a prie/ ( ,*>tres ,ca!dral ab\t      
#abdj4  ,sep>ate s]ies1 or s+le tales1 h
 appe>$ & are appe>+  con/antly1 b no   
g5]al collection has ev] be5 made1      
al?\gh  ! :ole poetic lit]ature ( !     
,virg9 c\ld be pr9t$ 9 !  space ( two or
 ?ree volumes ( s*ola/ic philosophy1 &  
if !  ,*ur* _h c>$ half z truly = !     
,virg9 z x has = ,?omas  ,aqu9as1 e     
miracle might h be5 collect$ & publi%$ a
  score ( times4 ,! miracles !mselves1  
inde$1 are n v  num]\s4 ,9 ,gaulti] de  
,co9cy's collection !y numb] only ab\t  

fifty4 ,! ,*>tres collection relates    
*iefly to ! horrible  outbreak ( :at 0  
call$ leprosy--! mal ard5t1--:i*  ravag$
 ! nor? ( ,france dur+ ! crusades1 &    
add$ int5sity  to ! feel+s :i* br\ght   
all society to ! ,virg9's feet4  ,rec5t 
s*ol>s are catalogu+ & classify+ !      
miracles1 z f>  z !y survive1 & h r$uc$ 
! numb] )9 v mod]ate  limits4 ,z poetry1
 ,gaulti] de ,co9cy's are ! be/4    ,(  
,gaulti] de ,co9cy & 8 poetry1 ,ga/on   
,p>is has some?+ to  say :i* is wor?    
quot+3--    ,x is ! mo/ curi\s1 & (t5 ! 
mo/ s+ul> monum5t ( !  infantile piety (
 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,devotion to ,m>y is  
pres5t$ 9  x z a k9d ( infallible       
gu>antee n only aga9/ e sort (  evil1 b 
also aga9/ ! mo/ legitimate consequ5ces 
( s9 &  ev5 ( crime4 ,9 ^! /ories :i* h 
revolt$ ! mo/  rational piety1 z well z 
! philosophy ( mod]n times1 "o mu/  /ill
 admit a g5tle & p5etrat+ *>m2 a        
naivete2 a t5d]ness  & a simplicity (   
he>t1 :i* t\*1 :ile !y raise a smile4   
,!re1 = in/ance1 "o sees a sick monk    

cur$ by ! milk t ,our  ,lady h]self     
comes to invite him to draw f h] d\ce   
mamelle2 a  robb] :o is 9 ! habit (     
recomm5d+ himself to ! ,virg9  :5ev] he 
is go+ to embl]1 is held up by h] :ite  
h&s =  ?ree days on ! gibbet :]e he is  
hung1 until ! miracle becomes  evid5t1 &
 procures 8 p>don2 an ignorant monk :o  
kn[s only  8 ,ave ,m>ia1 & is despis$ on
 t acc\nt1 :5 dead reveals  8 sanctity  
by five roses :i* come out ( 8 m\? 9    
hon\r (  ! five lett]s ( ! "n ,m>ia2 a  
nun1 :o has quitt$ h]  conv5t to lead a 
life ( s91 returns aft] long ye>s1 &    
f9ds  t ! ,holy ,virg91 to :om1 9 spite 
( all1 %e has nev] ceas$  to (f] e day  
h] pray]1 has1 dur+ all ?is "t1 fill$ h]
  place z sacri/9e1 s t no "o has       
p]ceiv$ h] abs5ce4    ,ga/on ,p>is      
incl9$ to apologize to 8 bons b\rgeois  
de ,p>is  = re9troduc+ to !m a "* s     
d\btful z ! ,virg9  ,m>y1 b1 = our      
/udies1 ! pr(essor's elem5t>y morality  
is  eloqu5t4 ,cle>ly1 ,m4 ,p>is1 !      
highe/ academic au?ority 9 !  _w1 ?\ght 

t ! ,virg9 c\ld h>dly1 9 8 "t1 say !    
ye> #aijj1 be receiv$ into good society 
9 ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]4 ,our  own ,engli%     
ance/ors1 kn[n z ,puritans1 held ! same 
op9ion1 &  exclud$ h] f _! society "s   
f\r hundr$ ye>s e>li]1 =  ! same reasons
 :i* affect$ ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is4 ,^!      
reasons 7  j1 & %[$ ! respectability ( !
 citiz5s :o held !m4  ,9 no             
well-regulat$ community1 "u a prop]     
sy/em ( police1  c\ld ! ,virg9 feel at  
home1 & ! same ?+ may be said (  mo/ o!r
 sa9ts z well z s9n]s4 ,h] conduct 0 at 
times  undignifi$1 z ,m4 ,p>is compla9$1
 ,%e condesc5d$ to d dome/ic  s]vice1 9 
ord] to help h] fri5ds1 & %e w\ld use h]
 ne$le1  if %e 7 9 ! mood1 = ! same     
object4 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d  relates t3--  
,a c]ta9 prie/1 :o celebrat$ e day a    
mass 9 hon\r ( !  ,holy ,virg91 0 br\ght
 up be=e ,sa9t ,?omas ( ,cant]bury :o   
susp5d$ him f 8 *>ge1 judg+ him to be   
%ort-witt$ &  irresponsible4 ,n[ ,sa9t  
,?omas _h occasion to m5d 8 hair-clo?   
%irt1 & :ile wait+ = an opportunity to d

 s1 _h hidd5 x  "u 8 b$2 s ! ,virg9     
appe>$ to ! prie/ & said to him3  ,g f9d
 ! ar*bi%op & tell him t %e1 = love (   
:om y  celebrat$ masses1 has h]self m5d$
 8 %irt = him :i* is  "u 8 b$2 & tell   
him t %e s5ds y to him t he may  take (f
 ! int]dict he has impos$ on y4 ,& ,sa9t
 ,?omas  f\nd t 8 %irt _h 9 fact be5    
m5d$4 ,he reliev$ !  prie/1 begg+ him to
 keep ! secret ( 8 we>+ a hair-%irt4    
,m>y did "s exce$+ly unconv5tional ?+s1 
& among !m !  d>n+ ,?omas ,a',becket's  
hair-%irt1 & ! support+ a robb] on  !   
gibbet1 7 n ! mo/ s+ul>1 yet !y seem n  
to h  %ock$ ,que5 ,blan*e or ,sa9t      
,francis or ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as s  mu* 
z !y %ock$ ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is & ,m4       
,prudhomme4 ,y h  /ill to visit !       
ca!dral at ,le ,mans = ! sake ( its     
twelf?-  c5tury glass1 & !re1 9 ! l[]   
panel ( ! beautiful1 &  v e>ly1 w9d[ (  
,sa9t ,protais1 y w see ! full-l5g?     
figure ( a man1 ly+ 9 b$1 "u a h&some   
blanket1 wat*+1  ) />+ eyes1 ! ,virg91 9
 a gre5 tunic1 we>+ h] royal  cr[n1 :o  

is /rik+ him on ! head ) a heavy hamm] &
 )  bo? h&s4 ,! miracle belongs to local
 hi/ory1 & is amus+  only to %[ h[      
little ! ,virg9 c>$ = criticism ( h]    
mann]s or acts4 ,%e 0 above criticism4  
,%e made mann]s4 ,h] acts  7 laws4 ,no  
"o ?\ght ( criticiz+1 9 ! /yle ( a      
normal  s*ool1 ! w ( su* a que52 b "o   
might treat h] ) a  degree ( famili>ity1
 "u great provocation1 :i* w\ld />tle   
easi] critics ?an ! ,fr5*1 ,"h is an    
in/ance3--    ,a wid[ _h an only *ild   
:om %e t5d]ly lov$4 ,on he>+ t  ?is son 
_h be5 tak5 by ! enemy1 *a9$1 & put 9   
prison1  %e bur/ into te>s1 & address+  
h]self to ! ,virg91 to :om  %e 0        
especially devot$1 %e ask$ h] ) ob/9acy 
= !  release ( h] son2 b :5 %e saw at   
la/ t h] pray]s  rema9$ unansw]$1 %e w5t
 to ! *ur* :]e !re 0 a  sculptur$ image 
( ,m>y1 & !re1 be=e ! image1 %e said3   
,holy ,virg91 ,i h begg$ y to deliv] my 
son1 & y h n  be5 will+ to help an      
unhappy "m6 ,i've implor$ y\r patronage 
= my son1 & y h refus$ x6 ,v good6 j z  

my son has  be5 tak5 away f me1 s ,i am 
go+ to take away y\rs1 & keep  him z a  
ho/age6 ,say+ ?is1 %e approa*$1 took !  
/atue  *ild on ! ,virg9's brea/1 c>ri$ x
 home1 wrapp$ x 9  spotless l951 & lock$
 x up 9 a box1 happy to h su* a  ho/age 
= h] son's return4 ,n[1 ! foll[+ night1 
! ,virg9  appe>$ to ! "y man1 op5$ 8    
prison doors1 & said3 ,tell  y\r "m1 my 
*ild1 to return me my ,son n[ t ,i h    
return$  h]s6 ,! "y man came home to 8  
"m & told h] ( 8  miracul\s deliv]ance2 
& %e1 ov]joy$1 ha/5$ to g ) !  little   
,jesus to ! ,virg91 say+ to h]3 ,i ?ank 
y1 heav5ly  lady1 = re/or+ me my *ild1 &
 9 return ,i re/ore y\rs6    ,= !       
exactness ( ?is /ory 9 all its details1 
,bi%op ,james (  ,voragio c\ld n h v\*$1
 nor did x greatly matt]4 ,:at he  c\ld 
v\* = 0 ! relation ( intimacy &         
confid5ce betwe5  8 p & ! ,que5 (       
,heav54 ,! fact1 conspicu\s above all   
o!r hi/orical c]ta9ties ab\t religion1 t
 ! ,virg9 0 by  ess5ce illogical1       
unreasonable & fem99e1 is ! only fact ( 

any ultimate value wor? /udy+1 & />ts a 
numb] ( que/ions  t hi/ory has %[n      
itself cle>ly afraid to t\*4 ,prote/ant 
& ,ca?olic diff] little 9 t respect4 ,no
 "o has v5tur$ to  expla9 :y ! ,virg9   
wield$ exclusive p[] ov] poor & ri*1    
s9n]s & sa9ts1 alike4 ,:y 7 all !       
,prote/ant *ur*es cold  failures )\t h] 
help8 ,:y c\ld n ! ,holy ,gho/--! _s  ( 
,love & ,grace--equally answ] _! pray]s8
 ,:y 0 ! ,son  p[]less8 ,:y 0 ,*>tres   
,ca!dral 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury--  l ,l\rdes
 to-day--! expression ( :at is 9        
sub/ance a  sep>ate religion8 ,:y did ! 
g5tle & graci\s ,virg9 ,"m s  exasp]ate 
! ,pilgrim ,fa!r8 ,:y 0 ! ,woman /ruck  
out ( !  ,*ur* & ignor$ 9 ! ,/ate8 ,^!  
que/ions are n antiqu>ian  or trifl+ 9  
hi/orical value2 !y tug at ! v he>t-/r+s
  ( all t makes :atev] ord] is 9 !      
cosmos4 ,if a ,unity  exi/s1 9 :i* &    
t[>d :i* all en]gies c5tre1 x mu/       
expla9 & include ,duality1 ,div]sity1   
,inf9ity--,sex6    ,al?\gh c]ta9 to be  
contradict$ by e pi\s *ur*man1 a  h]etic

 mu/ insi/ on ?9k+ t ! ,mat] ,dolorosa 0
 !  logical ,virg9 ( ! ,*ur*1 & t !     
,tr9ity w\ld nev] h  rais$ h] f ! foot (
 ! ,cross1 _h n ! ,virg9 ( ,maje/y  be5 
impos$1 by necessity & public unanimity1
 on a cre$ :i*  0 meant to be complete  
)\t h]4 ,! true feel+ ( ! ,*ur*  0 be/  
express$ by ! ,virg9 h]self 9 "o ( h]   
atte/$  miracles3 ,a cl]k1 tru/+ m 9 !  
,"m ?an 9 ! ,son1  nev] /opp$ repeat+ ! 
angelic salutation = 8 only pray]4      
,once z he said aga9 ! ',ave ,m>ia1' !  
,"l appe>$ to him1 &  said to him3 ',my 
,"m ?anks y mu* = all ! ,salutations t  
y make h]2 b /ill y %\ld n =get to      
salute me also3  tam5 et me salut>e     
mem5to4' ,! ,tr9ity fe>$ absorption 9   
h]1 b 0 compell$ to accept1 & ev5 to    
invite h] aid1  because ! ,tr9ity 0 a   
c\rt ( /rict law1 &1 z 9 ! old  cu/om>y 
law1 no process ( equity c\ld be        
introduc$ except by  direct appeal to a 
high] p[]4 ,%e 0 impos$ unanim\sly by   
all  classes1 because :at man want$ mo/ 
9 ! ,middle ,ages 0 n  m]ely law or     

equity1 b also & p>ticul>ly fav\r4      
,/rict  ju/ice1 ei!r on e>? or 9 heav51 
0 ! la/ ?+ t  society c>$ to face4 ,all 
m5 7 s9n]s1 & _h1 at lea/1 !  m]it (    
feel+ t1 if !y got _! des]ts1 n "o w\ld 
escape worse ?an :ipp+4 ,! in/9ct (     
individuality w5t d[n  ?r\gh all        
classes1 f ! c\nt at ! top1 to !        
jugleors &  m5e/reus at ! bottom4 ,!    
individual rebell$ aga9/ re/ra9t2       
society want$ to d :at x pleas$2 all    
dislik$ ! laws :i*  ,*ur* & ,/ate 7 try+
 to fa/5 on !m4 ,!y long$ = a  p[] above
 law1--or above ! contort$ mass (       
ignorance &  absurdity be>+ ! "n ( law2 
b ! p[] :i* !y long$  = 0 n human1 =    
humanity !y knew to be corrupt &        
incompet5t f ! day ( ,adam's creation to
 ! day ( ! ,la/  ,judgm5t4 ,!y 7 all    
crim9als2 if n1 !y w\ld h _h no  use = !
 ,*ur* & v little = ! ,/ate2 b !y _h at 
lea/ ! m]it ( _! faults2 !y knew :at !y 
71 &1 l  *ildr51 !y ye>n$ = protection1 
p>don1 & love4 ,?is 0  :at ! ,tr9ity1   
?\gh omnipot5t1 c\ld n give4 ,:atev] !  

h]etic or my/ic might try to p]suade    
himself1 ,god c\ld n be  ,love4 ,god 0  
,ju/ice1 ,ord]1 ,unity1 ,p]fection2 ,he 
c\ld n be  human & imp]fect1 nor c\ld ! 
,son or ! ,holy ,gho/ be o!r  ?an !     
,fa!r4 ,! ,"m alone 0 human1 imp]fect1 &
 c\ld  love2 %e alone 0 ,fav\r1         
,duality1 ,div]sity4 ,"u any            
conceivable =m ( religion1 ?is duality  
mu/ f9d embodim5t  some:]e1 & ! ,middle 
,ages logically insi/$ t1 z x c\ld  n be
 9 ! ,tr9ity1 ei!r sep>ately or toge!r1 
x mu/ be 9  ! ,"m4 ,if ! ,tr9ity 0 9 its
 ess5ce ,unity1 ! ,"m  alone c\ld       
repres5t :atev] 0 n ,unity2 :atev] 0    
irregul>1 exceptional1 outlaw$2 & ?is 0 
! :ole human race4  ,! sa9ts alone 7    
safe1 aft] !y 7 sa9t$4 ,e "o else  0    
crim9al1 & m5 diff]$ s little 9 degree (
 s9 t1 9  ,m>y's eyes1 all 7 subjects = 
h] pity & help4    ,?is g5]al rule (    
fav\r1 ap>t f law1 or ! rev]se ( law1  0
 ! m>k ( ,m>y's activity 9 human        
affairs4 ,take1 = an  example1 an entire
 class ( h] miracles1 apply+ to !       

discipl9e  ( ! ,*ur*6 ,a bi%op eject$ an
 ignorant & corrupt prie/ f  8 liv+1 z  
all bi%ops con/antly _h to d4 ,! prie/  
_h  tak5 ! precaution to make himself   
,m>y's ,,man2 he _h devot$  himself to  
h] s]vice & h] wor%ip4 ,m>y in/antly    
int]f]$1--  j z ,que5 ,eleanor or ,que5 
,blan*e w\ld h done1--mo/  unreasonably1
 & nev] 0 a poor bi%op m r\ghly scold$  
by an  or?odox que56 ,m\lt airieem5t1 v 
airily or angrily1 %e said  to him      
7,b>ts*1 #ahhg1 p4 #cfc73--    ,ce sa*es
 tu c]ta9em5t   ,se tu li mat9et bi5 ma9
   ,ne rapeles mon *apela9   ,a son     
s]vise et a s'enor1   ,l'ame de toi a   
des5or   ,a9s tr5te jors dep>tira   ,et 
es dolors d'inf] ira4      ,n[ "k y ?is 
= sure & true1   ,unless to-morr[ ?is y 
d1  --,& d x v e>ly too1--   ,re/ore my 
*apla9 to 8 due1   ,a mu* worse fate    
rema9s = y6   ,)9 a mon? y\r s\l %all g 
,to suff] 9 ! flames bel[4      ,!      
/ory-tell]--himself a prie/ &           
prior--caught ! l(ty trick  ( mann] :i* 
belong$ to ! great ladies ( ! c\rt1 & 0 

inh]it$ by !m1 ev5 9 ,engl&1 d[n to ! "t
 ( ,que5  ,elizabe?1 :o treat$ h] bi%ops
 also l dome/ic s]vants2--  mat9et bi5  
ma96 ,to ! public1 z to u1 ! ju/ice ( ! 
rebuke 0 no?+ to ! po9t2 b t a fri5d    
%\ld exi/ on  e>? or 9 heav51 :o d>$ to 
br[beat a bi%op1 caus$ !  ke5e/ p]sonal 
delight4 ,! leg5ds are cle>] on ?is po9t
 ?an  on any o!r4 ,! p lov$ ,m>y because
 %e trampl$ on  conv5tions2 n m]ely     
because %e c\ld d x1 b because %e  lik$ 
to d :at %ock$ e well-regulat$ au?ority4
 ,h] pity  _h no limit4    ,"o ( !      
,*>tres miracles expresses ! same motive
 9 language  almo/ pla9] /ill4 ,a       
good-=-no?+ cl]k1 vici\s1 pr\d1  va91   
rude1 & altoge!r wor?less1 b devot$ to !
 ,virg91  di$1 & ) g5]al approval 8 body
 0 ?r[n into a dit*  7,b>ts*1 #ahhg1 p4 
#cfi73--    ,mais cele ou sort tote     
pities   ,tote d\ceurs tote ami/ies     
,et qui les si5s onques n'oublie   ,,son
 ,,pe*eor n'oblia mie4      ,,h] s9n]6  
,m>y w\ld n h be5 a true que5 unless %e 
_h  protect$ h] own4 ,! :ole morality ( 

! ,middle ,ages /ood 9  ! obligation ( e
 ma/] to protect 8 dep5d5t4 ,!  h]dsm5 (
 ,c\nt ,g>9 ( ,beaucaire 7 ! sup]iors ( 
_!  damoiseau ,aucass9s1 :ile !y felt   
sure ( ! ,c\nt4 ,m>y 0 !  highe/ ( all !
 feudal ladies1 & 0 ! example = all 9   
loyalty to h] own1 :5 %e _h to humiliate
 h] own ,bi%op (  ,*>tres = ! sake ( a  
wor?less brute4 ,d y suppose x  doesn't 
annoy me1 %e said1 to see my fri5d buri$
 9 a common  dit*8 ,take him out at     
once6 ,i comm&6 tell ! cl]gy x is my    
ord]1 & t ,i w nev] =give !m unless     
to-morr[ morn+  )\t delay1 !y bury my   
fri5d 9 ! be/ place 9 !  cemet]y63--    
,cuidies vos donc qu'il ne m'enuit      
,quant vos l'aves si adosse   ,que mis  
l'aves en un fosse8       ,metes ,t5 =s 
je le comant6       ,di le cl]gie que je
 li mant6       ,ne me puet mi repai]   
,se le mat9 sans delay]       ,a grant  
h5eur n'e/ mis amis       ,ou plus beau 
leu de l'aitre mis4      ,naturally1 h] 
ord] 0 in/antly obey$4 ,9 ! feudal      
regime1  disob$i5ce to an ord] 0        

treason--or ev5 hesitation to obey--  :5
 ! ord] 0 s]i\s2 v mu* z 9 a mod]n army1
  disob$i5ce is n reg>d$ z conceivable4 
,m>y's wi% 0  absolute law1 on e>? z 9  
heav54 ,= h]1 o!r laws 7 n  made4       
,int5sely human1 b always ,que51 %e     
upset1 at h] pleasure1  ! decisions ( e 
c\rt & ! ord]s ( e au?ority1  human or  
div9e2 int]f]$ directly 9 ! ordeal2     
alt]$ !  processes ( nature2 aboli%$    
space2 annihilat$ "t4 ,l o!r  que5s1 %e 
_h _m ( ! fail+s & prejudices ( h]      
humanity4  ,9 spite ( h] own orig91 %e  
dislik$ ,jews1 & r>ely neglect$  a *ance
 to maltreat !m4 ,%e 0 n 9 ! lea/ a     
prude4 ,to h]1  s9 0 simply humanity1 & 
%e seem$ (t5 on ! po9t (  def5d+ h]     
arbitr>y acts ( m]cy1 by frankly tell+ !
  ,tr9ity t if ! ,creator meant to puni%
 man1 ,he %\ld n h  made him4 ,! p1 :o  
always 9 _! he>ts prote/$ aga9/  be>+ ! 
responsibility = ! ,creator's arbitr>y  
creations1  delight$ to see h] upset !  
law1 & rev]se ! rul+s ( !  ,tr9ity4 ,!y 
idoliz$ h] = be+ /rong1 physically & 9  

w1  s t %e fe>$ no?+1 & 0 z helpful to !
 knight 9 !  melee ( battle z to ! "y "m
 9 *ild-b$4 ,! only  "* 9 :i* !y seem$  
sl[ to recognize ,m>y 0 t (  b\rgeoise4 
,! b\rgeoisie c\rt$ h] fav\r at great   
exp5se1 b  %e seem$ to be at home on !  
f>m1 r ?an 9 ! %op4 ,%e  _h v rudim5t>y 
k1 inde$1 ( ! pr9ciples (  political    
economy z we und]/& !m1 & h] views on ! 
subject ( money-l5d+ or bank+ 7 s fem99e
 z to r\se 9  t p[]ful class a v9dictive
 enmity :i* help$ to ov]?r[  h] ?rone4  
,on ! o!r h&1 %e %[$ a m>k$ weakness =  
*ivalry1 & "o ( h] prettie/ & mo/       
twelf?-c5tury miracles  is t ( ! knight 
:o he>d mass :ile ,m>y took 8 place 9  !
 li/s4 ,x is mu* too *>m+ to lose       
7,b>ts*1 #ahie1 p4 #caa73--    ,un      
*evali] c\rtois et sages1   ,h>dis et de
 grant vasselages1   ,nus mieudres en   
*eval]ie1   ,m\lt amoit la vi]ge ,m>ie4 
,p\r son b>nage dem5]   ,et son franc   
cors d'armes p5]1   ,aloit a son        
t\rnoiem5t   ,g>nis de son cont5tem5t4  
,au dieu plaisir a9si av9t   ,que quant 

le j\r du t\rnoi v9t   ,il se ha/oit de 
*evau*i]1   ,bi5 v\si/ e/re en *amp     
premi]4   ,d'une eglise qui pres e/oit  
,oi les sa9s que l'on sonnoit   ,p\r la 
sa9te messe *ant]4   ,le *evali] sans   
arre/]   ,s'en e/ ale droit a l'eglise  
,p\r esc\t] le dieu s]vise4   ,l'en     
*antoit tanto/ hautem5t   ,une messe    
devotem5t   ,de la sa9te ,vi]ge ,m>ie2  
,puis a on autre com5cie4   ,le *evali] 
vi5 l'esc\ta1   ,de bon cu] la dame     
pria1   ,et quant la messe fut f9ee     
,la ti]ce fu recom5ciee   ,tanto/ en ce 
meisme lieu4   ,sire1 p\r la sa9te *>   
dieu6   ,ce li a dit son escui]1        
,l'heure passe de t\rnoi]1   ,et v\s que
 dem\rez ici8   ,v5ez v\s en1 je v\s en 
pri6   ,volez v\s dev5ir h]mite   ,ou   
papel>t ou ypocrite8   ,alons en a no/re
 me/i]6      ,a knight bo? c\rte\s &    
wise   ,& brave & bold 9 ent]prise4     
,no bett] knight 0 ev] se51   ,greatly  
lov$ ! ,virg9 ,que54   ,once1 to conte/ 
! t\rney's prize   ,& keep 8 /r5g? 9    
ex]cise1   ,he rode out to ! li/$ field 

,arm$ at all po9ts ) lance & %ield2   ,b
 x pleas$ ,god t :5 ! day   ,( t\rney   
came1 & on 8 way   ,he press$ 8 *>g]'s  
spe$ apace   ,to rea*1 be=e 8 fri5ds1 ! 
place1   ,he saw a *ur* h>d by ! road   
,& he>d ! *ur*-bells s\nd+ l\d   ,to    
celebrate ! holy mass4   ,)\t a ?\ght ! 
*ur* to pass   ,! knight drew re91 &    
ent]$ !re   ,to seek ! aid ( ,god 9     
pray]4      ,high & de> !y *ant$ !n   ,a
 solemn mass to ,m>y ,que52   ,!n afre% 
began aga94   ,lo/ 9 8 pray]s ! good    
knight /ay$2   ,) all 8 he>t to ,m>y    
pray$2   ,&1 :5 ! second "o 0 done1     
,/raightway ! ?ird mass 0 begun1   ,"r  
!re ^u ! self-same place4   ,sire1 =    
m]cy ( ,god's grace6   ,:isp]$ 8 squire 
9 8 e>2   ,! h\r ( t\rnam5t is ne>2     
,:y d y want to l+] "h8   ,is x a h]mit 
to become1   ,or hypocrite1 or prie/ (  
,rome8   ,come on1 at once6 despat* y\r 
pray]6   ,let u be (f to our affair6    
,! acc5t ( tru? /ill l+]s 9 ?is         
remon/rance ( !  squire1 :o mu/1 f all  
"t1 h lo/ 8 temp] on f9d+ 8  *evali]    

addict$ to papel>die :5 he %\ld h be5   
fight+2 b ! prie/ _h ! advantage ( tell+
 ! /ory &  po9t+ ! moral4 ,?is advantage
 ! prie/ neglect$ r>ely1 b  9 ?is case  
he us$ x ) su* ref9em5t & s mu* lit]>y  
skill t ev5 ! squire might h be5 pati5t4
 ,) !  inv>iable g5tle c\rtesy ( ! true 
knight1 ! *evali] repli$  only by s(t   
words3--       ,amis6 ce di/ li *evali]1
      ,cil t\rnoie m\lt noblem5t        
,qui le s]vise dieu ent5t4      ,9 "o ( 
,milton's sonnets is a fam\s l9e :i* is 
commonly  class$ among ! noble/ v]ses ( 
! ,engli% language3--       ,!y also    
s]ve1 :o only /& & wait4      ,f9e z x  
is1 ) ! simplicity ( ! gr& /yle1 l !    
,*anson de ,rol& ! v]se ( ,milton does n
 q de/roy !  *>m ( ?irte5?-c5tury       
diction3--       ,fri5d6 said to him !  
*evali]1      ,he t\rneys v nobly too1  
,:o only he>s ,god's s]vice ?r\gh6      
,no d\bt ! v]ses lack ! s+ul> p[] ( !   
elev5? c5tury2  x is n wor? :ile to     
pret5d t any v]se writt5 9 !  ?irte5?   
c5tury :olly holds its own aga9/        

,rol&3--       ,sire cumpa96 faites le  
vus de gr$8       ,ja e/ co ,rollanz ki 
tant vos soelt am]6      ,! c\rtesy (   
,rol& has ! s]i\s solidity ( !          
,romanesque  ar*1 & t ( ,lancelot &     
,aucass9s has ! grace ( a  leg5d>y w9d[2
 b "o may love x1 all ! same2 & "o may  
ev5 love ! knight1--papel>d ?\gh he     
71--z he turn$ back  to ! alt> & rema9$ 
9 pray] until ! la/ mass 0 end$4    ,!n 
!y m\nt$ & rode on t[>d ! field1 & (    
c\rse y  =esee :at _h happ5$4 ,9 itself 
! /ory is bald en\gh1 b  x is told ) su*
 skill t "o nev] tires ( x4 ,z !        
*evali] & ! squire approa*$ ! li/s1 !y  
met ! o!r  knights return+1 = ! j\/s 7  
ov]2 b1 to !  a/oni%m5t ( ! *evali]1 he 
0 greet$ by all :o pass$ him  ) %\ts (  
applause = 8 m>vell\s triumph 9 ! li/s1 
:]e he _h tak5 all ! prizes & all !     
prison]s3--    ,les *evali]s ont        
encontrez1   ,qui du t\rnois sont       
ret\rnes1   ,qui du t\t en t\t e/ f]u4  
,s'en avoit t\t le pris eu   ,le *evali]
 qui rep]oit   ,des messes qu' oies     

avoit4   ,les autres qui s'en rep]oi5t  
,le salu5t et le conjoi5t   ,et di/r5t  
bi5 que onques mes   ,nul *evali] ne    
pri/ tel fes   ,d'armes com il ot fet ce
 j\r2   ,a t\sj\rs en avroit l'onn\r4   
,m\lt en i ot qui se r5doi5t   ,a lui   
prisoni]1 et disoi5t   ,n\s somes vo/re 
prisoni]1   ,ne n\s ne p\rrions ni]1    
,ne n\s aiez p> armes pris4   ,lors ne  
fu plus cil esbahis1   ,c> il a ent5du  
tanto/   ,que cele fu p\r lui en l'o/   
,p\r qui il fu en la *apelle4      ,8   
fri5ds1 return+ f ! fight1   ,on ! way  
!re met ! knight1   ,= ! j\/s 7 :olly   
run1   ,& all ! prizes _h be5 won   ,by 
! knight :o _h n /irr$   ,f ! masses he 
_h he>d4   ,all ! knights1 z !y came by1
   ,salut$ him & gave him joy1   ,&     
frankly said t nev] yet   ,_h any knight
 p]=m$ su* feat1   ,nor ev] hon\r won s 
great   ,z he _h done 9 arms t day2     
,:ile _m ( !m /opp$ to say   ,t !y all 8
 prison]s 73   ,9 tru?1 y\r prison]s we 
are3   ,we _c b admit x true3   ,tak5 we
 7 9 arms by y6   ,!n ! tru? dawn$ on   

him !re1   ,& all at once he saw !      
light1   ,t ,%e1 by :om he /ood 9 pray]1
  --,! ,virg91--/ood by him 9 fight6    
,! moral ( ! tale belongs to ! be/      
feudal times4 ,! knight  at once        
recogniz$ t he _h become ! liege-man ( !
 ,que51  & h5ce=? mu/ r5d] 8 s]vice     
entirely to h]4 ,s he call$  8 b>ons1 or
 t5ants1 toge!r1 & aft] tell+ !m :at _h 
happ5$1 took leave ( !m & ! siecle3--   
,m\lt e/ cie/ t\rnoiem5t beaux   ,ou ele
 a p\r moi t\rnoie2   ,mes trop l'avroit
 mal emploie   ,se p\r lui je ne        
t\rnoioie6   ,fox s]oie se ret\rnoie    
,a la monda9e vanite4   ,a dieu promet  
en v]ite   ,que james ne t\rnoi]ai   ,=s
 devant le juge v]ai   ,qui conoit le   
bon *evali]   ,et selonc le fet set     
jutgi]4   ,lors pr5t congie piteusem5t1 
,et ma9t en plor5t t5rem5t4   ,d'euls se
 "p1 en une abaie   ,s]vi puis la vi]ge 
,m>ie4      ,glori\s has ! t\rney be5   
,:]e = me has f\ght ! ,que52   ,b a     
disgrace = me x 7   ,if ,i t\rney$ n =  
h]4   ,traitor to h] %\ld ,i be1        

,return$ to worldly vanity4   ,i promise
 truly1 by ,god's grace1   ,nev] aga9 ! 
li/s to see1   ,except be=e t ,judge's  
face1   ,:o kn[s ! true knight f ! base1
   ,& gives to ea* 8 f9al place4   ,!n  
pite\sly he takes 8 leave   ,:ile 9 te>s
 8 b>ons grieve4   ,s he p>ts1 & 9 an   
abbey   ,s]ves h5ce=? ! ,virg9 ,m>y4    
,obs]ve t 9 ?is case ,m>y exact$ no     
s]vice6 ,usually !  leg5ds are told1 z 9
 ?is in/ance1 by prie/s1 ?\gh !y 7  told
 9 ! same _s by laym51 z y c see 9 !    
poems (  ,rutebeuf1 & !y w\ld n h be5   
told v diff]5tly by  soldi]s1 if "o may 
judge f ,jo9ville2 b commonly ! ,virg9  
h]self prescrib$ ! k9d ( s]vice %e wi%$4
 ,especially to !  "y knight :o _h1 ( 8 
own accord1 *os5 h] = 8 liege1  %e %[$  
h]self z exact+ z o!r great ladies %[$  
!mselves t[>d _! ,lancelots & ,tri/ans4 
,:5 %e *ose1 %e  c\ld ev5 indulge 9 m or
 less coquetry1 else %e c\ld nev]  h    
appeal$ to ! sympa?ies ( !              
?irte5?-c5tury knight-  errant4 ,"o ( h]
 miracles told h[ %e discipl9$ ! "y m5  

:o 7 too mu* 9 ! habit ( assum+ h]      
s]vice 9 ord] to  obta9 selfi% objects4 
,a y\?ful *evali]1 mu* giv5 to          
t\rnam5ts & ! o!r worldly div]sions ( ! 
siecle1 fell 9  love1 aft] ! rigor\s    
obligation ( 8 class1 z y "k f  y\r     
,dulc9ea del ,toboso1 ) a lady :o1 z 0  
also prescrib$ by  ! rules ( c\rte\s    
love1 decl9$ to li/5 to him4 ,an abbot (
  8 acqua9tance1 sympa?iz+ ) 8 di/ress1 
sugge/$ to him  ! happy idea ( appeal+ =
 help to ! ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,he  foll[$ !
 advice1 & = an entire ye> %ut himself  
up1 &  pray$ to ,m>y1 9 h] *apel1 t %e  
w\ld s(t5 ! he>t (  8 belov$1 & br+ h]  
to li/5 to 8 pray]4 ,at ! end (  !      
twelvemon?1 fix$ z a natural & suffici5t
 pro( ( 8  e>ne/ness 9 devotion1 he felt
 himself entitl$ to indulge aga9  9     
innoc5t worldly pleasures1 & on ! fir/  
morn+ aft] 8  release1 he />t$ out on   
horseback = a day's hunt+4 ,probably    
?\s&s ( "y knights & squires 7 always   
do+ m or  less ! same ?+1 & x 0 q usual 
t1 z !y rode  ?r\gh ! fields or =e/s1 !y

 %\ld happ5 on a solit>y  *apel or %r9e1
 z ?is knight did4 ,he /opp$ long en\gh 
to  kneel 9 x & r5ew 8 pray] to !       
,que53--    ,la m]e dieu qui ma9t *etif 
,a retrait de *etivete   ,p> sa grant   
debonnairte   ,p> sa c\rtoise c\rtoisie 
,au las qui tant l'apele et prie        
,ignelem5t s'e/ demon/ree1   ,d'une     
coronne corronnee   ,pla9e de pi]res    
precieuses   ,si flamboianz si          
precieuses   ,p\r p\ li euil ne li      
esluis5t4   ,si netem5t a9si reluis5t   
,et respl5diss5t com la raie   ,qui en  
e/e au mat9 raie4   ,tant p> a bel et   
cl] le vis   ,que bu] fu mez1 ce li e/  
vis1   ,qui s'i pue/ assez mir]4   ,cele
 qui te fait s\pir]   ,et en si grant   
erreur t'a mis1   ,fait no/re dame1 biau
 d\z amis1   ,e/ ele plus bele que moi8 
,li *evali]s a tel effroi   ,de la      
cl>te1 ne sai que face2   ,ses ma9s     
giete devant sa face2   ,tel hide a et  
tel freeur   ,*aoir se laisse de freeur2
   ,mais cele en qui pitie e/ t\te   ,li
 di/3 ,amis1 or n'aies d\te6   ,je suis 

cele1 n'en d\te mie1   ,qui te doi faire
 avoir t'amie4   ,or pr5s g>de que tu   
f]as4   ,cele que tu miex am]as   ,de   
n\s ii auras a amie4      ,god's ,"m :o 
to _m a wret*   ,has br\ght relief f    
wret*$ness4   ,by h] inf9ite goodness1  
,by h] c\rte\s c\rte\sness1   ,to h]    
suppliant 9 di/ress   ,came f heav5     
quickly d[n2   ,on h] head %e bore !    
cr[n1   ,full ( preci\s /ones & gems    
,d>t+ spl5d\r1 fla%+ flames1   ,till !  
eye ne> lo/ its sight   ,9 ! ke5ness ( !
 light1   ,z ! summ] morn+'s sun        
,bl9ds ! eyes x %9es ^u4   ,s beautiful 
& bright h] face1   ,only to look on h] 
is grace4      ,%e :o has caus$ y ?us to
 sigh1   ,& has br\ght y to ?is end1--  
,said ,our ,lady1--,tell me1 fri5d1     
,is %e h&som] ?an ,i8   ,sc>$ by h]     
brilliancy1 ! knight   ,kn[s n :at to d 
= fright2   ,he clasps 8 h&s be=e 8     
face1   ,& 9 8 %ame & 8 disgrace        
,falls pro/rate on ! gr\nd ) fe>2   ,b  
%e ) pity ev] ne>   ,tells him3--,fri5d1
 be n afraid6   ,d\bt n t ,i am %e ^:   

aid   ,%all surely br+ y\r love to y2   
,b take good c>e :at y %all d6   ,%e y  
%all love mo/ fai?fully   ,( u two1 %all
 y\r mi/ress be4      ,"o is at a loss  
to imag9e :at a "y g5tleman c\ld d1 9   
su*  a situation1 except to obey1 ) !   
fewe/ words possible1 !  sugge/ion s    
gracefully int5d$4 ,que5's fav\rs might 
be fatal  gifts1 b !y 7 mu* m fatal to  
reject ?an to accept4  ,:atev] might be 
! pref]5ces ( ! knight1 he _h invit$ 8  
own fate1 & 9 consequ5ce 0 =tunate to be
 all[$ ! option  ( dy+ & go+ to heav51  
or dy+ )\t go+ to heav54 ,m>y  0 n      
always s g5tle ) "y m5 :o des]t$ or     
neglect$  h] = an e>?ly rival2--! (f5ce 
:i* irritat$ h] mo/1 &  occasionally    
caus$ h] to use language :i* h>dly be>s 
translation into mod]n ,engli%4 ,)\t    
mean+ to ass]t t !  ,que5 ( ,heav5 0    
jeal\s z ,que5 ,blan*e h]self1 "o mu/   
/ill  admit t %e 0 v sev]e on lov]s :o  
%[$ will+ness to  leave h] s]vice1 &    
take s]vice ) any o!r lady4 ,"o ( h]    
admir]s1 educat$ = ! prie/hood b n yet 9

 full ord]s1  0 oblig$ by reasons (     
family int]e/ to quit 8 c>e] 9  ord] to 
m>ry4 ,an insult l ?is 0 m ?an ,m>y c\ld
 endure1  & %e gave ! "y man a lesson he
 nev] =got3--    ,ireem5t li pr5t a dire
   ,la m]e au roi de p>adis3   ,di moi1 
di moi1 tu que jadis   ,m'amoies tant de
 t\t ton coeur4   ,p\rquoi m'z tu jete  
pu]8   ,di moi1 di moi1 ou e/ donc cele 
,qui plus de moi bone e/ et bele8444    
,p\rquoi1 p\rquoi1 las durfeus1   ,las  
engignez1 las deceuz1   ,me lais p\r une
 lasse fame1   ,qui suis du del ,royne  
et ,dame8   ,enne fais tu trop mauvais  
*ange   ,qui tu por une fame e/range    
,me laisses qui p> amors t'amoie   ,et  
ja ou ciel t'ap>eilloie   ,en mes       
*ambres un ri*e lit   ,por c\*i] t'ame a
 gr& delit8   ,trop p> z faites grant   
m]veilles   ,s'autrem5t to/ ne te       
conseilles   ,ou ciel s]ra tes lits     
deffais   ,et en la flamme d'enf] faiz6 
,) ang] fla%+ 9 h] eyes   ,answ]s !     
,que5 ( ,p>adise3   ,tell me1 tell me6 y
 ( old   ,lov$ me once ) love untold2   

,:y n[ ?r[ me aside8   ,tell me1 tell   
me6 :]e a bride   ,k9d] or fair] h y    
won8444   ,:]e=e1 :]e=e1 wret*$ "o1     
,deceiv$1 betray$1 misl$1 undone1       
,leave me = a creature mean1   ,me1 :o  
am ( ,heav5 ! ,que58   ,c y make a worse
 ex*ange1   ,y t = a woman /range1      
,leave me :o1 ) p]fect love1   ,wait+ y 
9 heav5 above1   ,_h 9 my *amb] ri*ly   
dress$   ,a b$ ( bliss y\r s\l to re/8  
,t]rible is y\r mi/ake6   ,unless y     
bett] c\ncil take1   ,9 heav5 y\r b$    
%all be unmade1   ,& 9 ! flames ( hell  
be spread4      ,a mi/ress :o lov$ 9 ?is
 mann] 0 n to be ga9said4 ,no  e>?ly    
love _h a *ance ( hold+ its own aga9/   
?is unfair  comb9ation ( heav5 & hell1 &
 ,m>y 0 z unscrupul\s z any  o!r great  
lady 9 abus+ all h] advantages 9 ord] to
 save ,,h]  s\ls4 ,fr5*m5 nev] f\nd     
fault ) abuses ( p[] = :at  !y ?\ght a  
s]i\s object4 ,! m tyrannical ,m>y 01 ! 
m h] ador]s ador$1 & !y :olly approv$1  
bo? 9 love &  9 law1 ! rule t any man :o
 *ang$ 8 allegiance )\t  p]mission1 did 

s at 8 own p]il4 ,8 life & prop]ty 7    
=feit4 ,m>y %[$ him too mu* grace 9 giv+
 him an option4    ,ev5 9 ang] ,m>y     
always rema9$ a great lady1 & 9 ! ord9>y
  relations ( society h] mann]s 7       
exquisite1 z !y 71  accord+ to          
,jo9ville1 9 ! c\rt ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 :5   
temp]s  7 n ov]wr\ght4 ,! v brutality ( 
! brutal compell$ !  c\rte\s to         
exagg]ate c\rtesy1 & "s ( ! royal family
 7  z co>se z ! k+ 0 delicate 9 mann]s4 
,9 heav5 ! mann]s  7 p]fect1 & almo/ z  
/ately z ^? ( ,rol& & ,oliv]4  ,on "o   
occasion ,sa9t ,pet] f\nd himself       
emb>rass$ by an affair  :i* ! public    
op9ion ( ! ,c\rt ( ,heav51 al?\gh n by  
any  means puritanic1 ?\ght m           
objectionable--9 fact1 m frankly        
discr$itable--?an an hone/ corrupt job  
ought to be2 & ev5 8  influ5ce1 ?\gh    
c]ta9ly consid]able1 :olly fail$ to c>ry
 x  ?r\gh ! law-c\rt4 ,! case1 z report$
 by ,gaulti] de ,co9cy1  0 ?is3 ,a v    
wor?less creature ( ,sa9t ,pet]'s--a    
monk (  ,cologne--:o _h l$ a sc&al\s    

life1 & ne cremoit dieu1 ordre  ne r\le1
 di$1 & 9 due c\rse ( law 0 tri$1       
convict$1 &  dragg$ (f by ! devils to   
und]go 8 t]m ( puni%m5t4 ,sa9t  ,pet]   
c\ld n des]t 8 s9n]1 ?\gh mu* a%am$ (   
him1 &  accord+ly made =mal application 
to ! ,tr9ity = a p>don4 ,!  ,tr9ity1    
some:at sev]ely1 refus$4 ,f9d+ 8 own    
int]e/  insuffici5t1 ,sa9t ,pet] tri$ to
 /r5g!n x by ask+ !  ar*angels to help  
him2 b ! case 0 too mu* = !m also1 &  !y
 decl9$4 ,! bro!r apo/les 7 appeal$ to1 
) ! same  result2 & f9ally ev5 ! sa9ts1 
?\gh !y _h s obvi\s  int]e/ 9 keep+     
fri5dly relations ) ,pet]1 f\nd public  
op9ion too /rong to defy4 ,! case 0     
desp]ate4 ,! ,tr9ity  7--or 0--emphatic1
 &--:at 0 r>e 9 ! ,middle ,ages--e      
memb] ( ! feudal hi]>*y su/a9$ its      
decision4 ,no?+ m  c\ld be done 9 !     
regul> way4 ,sa9t ,pet] 0 oblig$ to     
dive/  himself ( au?ority1 & place      
himself & 8 dignity 9 ! h&s  ( ! ,virg94
 ,accord+ly he ask$ = an audi5ce1 & /at$
 !  case to ,our ,lady4 ,) ! utmo/      

grace1 %e in/antly respond$3--          
,pi]re1 ,pi]re1 dit ,no/re ,dame1   ,en 
m\lt gr& po9e et por ce/e ame   ,de mon 
d\z filz me fi]ai   ,tant que p\r toi   
l'en pri]ai4   ,la ,m]e ,dieu lors s'e/ 
levee1   ,devant son filz s'en e/ alee  
,et ses virges t\tes apres4   ,de lui si
 t9t ,pi]re pres1   ,qu> sanz d\tance   
bi5 savoit   ,que sa besoigne faite     
avoit   ,puisque cele l'avoit en prise  
,ou =me huma9e avoit prise4      ,quant 
sa ,m]e vit li d\z ,sire   ,qui de son  
doit daigna escrire   ,qu'en hon\rant et
 p]e et m]e   ,en contre lui a *]e cl]e 
,se leva m\lt fe/ivem5t   ,et si li di/ 
m\lt d\cem5t2   ,bi5 veigniez v\s1 ma   
d\ce m]e1   ,comme d\z filz1 comme d\z  
p]e4   ,d\cem5t l'a p> la ma9 prise     
,et d\cem5t lez lui assise2   ,lors li a
 dit3--,a d\ce *i]e1   ,que veus ma d\ce
 m]e *i]e1   ,mes amies et mes s]eurs8  
,pi]re1 ,pi]re1 our ,lady said1   ,) all
 my he>t ,i'll give y aid1   ,& to my   
g5tle ,son ,i'll sue   ,until ,i beg t  
s\l = y4   ,god's ,"m !n arose          

/raightway1   ,& s\ght h] ,son )\t      
delay2   ,all h] virg9s foll[$ h]1   ,& 
,sa9t ,pet] kept him ne>1   ,= he knew 8
 task 0 done   ,& 8 prize already won1  
,s9ce x 0 h]s1 9 :om began   ,! life (  
,god 9 =m ( ,man4      ,:5 our de> ,"l1 
:o deign$ to write   ,) 8 own h& t 9 8  
sight   ,^? 9 8 k+dom held mo/ de>      
,fa!r & "m hon\r$ "h1--   ,:5 ,he saw ,8
 ,"m's face   ,he rose & said ) g5tle   
grace3   ,well are y come1 my he>t's    
desire6   ,l lov+ son1 l graci\s sire2  
,took h] h& g5tly 9 ,8 own2   ,g5tly    
plac$ h] on ,8 ?rone1   ,wi%+ h]        
graci\sly good *e]3--   ,:at br+s my    
g5tle ,"m "h1   ,my si/]1 & my de>e/    
fri5d8      ,"o c see ,que5 ,blan*e go+ 
to beg--or comm&--a fav\r ( h]  son1 ,k+
 ,l\is1 & ! /ately dignity ( _! address1
 :ile  ,sa9t ,pet] & ! virg9s rema9 9 ! 
ante*amb]2 b1 z =  ,sa9t ,pet]'s lo/    
s\l1 ! reque/ 0 a m]e =m1 & ! doors  (  
p>adise 7 in/antly op5$ to x1 aft] su*  
brief  =malities z %\ld t5d to pres]ve !
 te*nical record ( !  law-c\rt4 ,we     

tread "h on v delicate gr\nd4 ,gaulti]  
de  ,co9cy1 be+ a prie/ & a prior1 c\ld 
take lib]ties :i* we  _c or ought n to  
take4 ,! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* are too     
s]i\s & too anci5t to be wilfully       
mis/at$1 & ! doctr9es  ( :at is call$   
,m>iolatry 7 nev] ev5 doctr9es ( !      
,*ur*4 ,yet x is true t1 9 ! he>ts (    
,m>y's s]vants1 !  ,*ur* & its doctr9es 
7 at ! m]cy ( ,m>y's w4 ,gaulti]  de    
,co9cy claim$ t ,m>y exasp]at$ ! devils 
by ex]cis+ a  :olly arbitr>y &          
illegitimate p[]4 ,gaulti] n m]ely      
admitt$1 b frankly ass]t$1 t ?is 0 !    
fact3--    ,font li deables3--de ce/    
plait1   ,mal por mal1 assez miex n\s   
ple/   ,que n\s aillons au jugem5t   ,li
 haut jugeur qui ne m5t4   ,c'au plait  
n'au jugem5t sa m]e   ,de droit jugi] e/
 trop av]e2   ,mais dieu n\s juge si    
adroit1   ,pla9em5t n\s le/ notre droit4
   ,sa m]e juge en tel mani]e   ,qu'elle
 n\s met t\z jors arri]e   ,quant n\s   
cuidons e/re devant4   4 4 4 4 4 4 4    
,en ciel et en t]re e/ plus ,dame   ,p> 

un petit que ,diex ne soit4   ,il       
l'aimme tant et tant la croit1   ,n'e/  
ri5s qu'elle face ne die   ,qu'il       
desveile ne contr$ie4   ,quant qu'elle  
veut li fait acroire1   ,s'elle disoit  
la pie e/ noire   ,et l'eue tr\ble e/   
t\te cl]e3   ,si diroit il voir dit ma  
m]e6      ,9 ?is law-suit1 say ! devils1
   ,s9ce x is a *oice ( evils1   ,we _h 
be/ appeal on high   ,to ! ,judge ,:o   
does n lie4   ,:at is law to any o!r1   
',t is no use plead+ ) ,8 ,"m2   ,b ,god
 judges u s true   ,t ,he leaves u all  
our due4   ,8 ,"m judges u s %ort   ,t  
%e ?r[s u out ( c\rt   ,:5 we ought to  
w9 our cause4   4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4   ,9    
heav5 & e>? %e makes m laws   ,by f>1   
?an ,god ,himself c d1   ,he loves h] s1
 & tru/s h] s1   ,!re's no?+ %e c d or  
say   ,t ,he'll refuse1 or say h] nay4  
,:atev] %e may want is "r1   ,?\gh %e   
say t black is :ite1   ,& dirty wat]    
cle> z sn[3--   ,my ,"m says x1 & x's s6
      ,if ! ,virg9 took ! feel+s ( !    
,tr9ity into consid]ation1  or recogniz$

 its exi/5ce except z h] ,son1 ! case   
has n be5  report$1 or1 at all ev5ts1   
has be5 some:at c>efully kept out (     
sight by ! ,virg9's poets4 ,! devils 7  
emphatic 9 d5\nc+  ,m>y = absorb+ ! :ole
 ,tr9ity4 ,9 "o %>ply disput$ case  9   
reg>d to a villa91 or lab\r]1 ^: s\l !  
,virg9 claim$  because he _h le>n$ !    
,ave ,m>ia1 ! devils became v  angry1   
inde$1 & prote/$ vehem5tly3--      ,li  
lait maufe1 li re*9ie   ,adonc ont ris  
et es*9ie4   ,c'en font il3--,m]veillans
 m]veille6   ,por ce vila9 plate oreille
   ,apr5t vo ,dame a salu]1   ,se n\s   
vorro tre/\s tu]   ,se reg>d] osons v]s 
s'ame4   ,de t\t le monde vieut e/re    
,dame6   ,a9s nule dame ne fu tiez4     
,,ii e/ avis qu'ele soit ,diex   ,ou    
qu'ele ait ,diex en ma9 bornie4   ,nul  
besoigne n'e/ f\rnie1   ,ne t]ri5ne ne  
cele/re1   ,que t\te ,dame ne veille    
e/re4   ,il e/ avis que t\t soit su52   
,dieu ne deable n'i ont ri54      ,!    
ugly demons laugh outright   ,& gr9d _! 
tee? ) envi\s spite2   ,cry+3--,m>vel   

m>vell\s6   ,because t flat-e>$ pl\ghman
 !re   ,le>n$ to make y\r ,dame a pray]1
   ,%e w\ld l to kill u all   ,j = look+
 t[>d 8 s\l4   ,all ! _w %e wants to    
rule6   ,no su* ,dame 0 ev] se56   ,%e  
?9ks t %e is ,god1 ,i we51   ,or holds  
,him 9 h] holl[ h&4   ,n a judgm5t or   
comm&   ,or an ord] c be giv5   ,"h on  
e>? or !re 9 heav51   ,t %e does n want 
control4   ,%e ?9ks t %e orda9s ! :ole1 
,& keeps x all = h] own pr(it4   ,god   
nor ,devil %>e n ( x4      ,z reg>ds    
,m>y ( ,*>tres1 ^! *>ges seem to h be5  
lit]ally true1 except s f> z conc]n$ !  
laid maufe ,pi]re  de ,dreux4 ,gaulti]  
de ,co9cy saw no impropriety 9 accept+1 
z  suffici5tly exact1 ! allegations ( ! 
devils aga9/ !  ,virg9's abuse ( p[]4   
,d[n to ! dea? ( ,que5 ,blan*e1 :i*  is 
all t conc]ns u1 ! public saw no m      
impropriety 9 x  ?an ,gaulti] did4 ,!   
ugly1 envi\s devils1 notori\s z /ud5ts  
( ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]1 7 p]petually mak+ !   
same *>ges  aga9/ ,que5 ,blan*e & h]    
son1 )\t di/urb+ h] au?ority4  ,no "o   

c\ld conceive t ! ,virg9 held less      
influ5ce 9 heav5  ?an ! que5 "m on e>?4 
,nev]!less !re 7 po9ts 9  ! royal policy
 & conduct ( ,m>y :i* ?\ghtful m5 ev5 !n
  hesitat$ to approve4 ,! ,*ur* itself  
nev] lik$ to be dragg$  too f> "u fem99e
 influ5ce1 al?\gh ! mom5t x disc>d$     
fem99e influ5ce x lo/ ne>ly ev]y?+ ( any
 value to x or  to ! _w1 except its     
philosophy4 ,m>y's ta/es 7 too popul>2  
"s ( ! ugli] devils said !y 7 too l[2 _m
 ladies &  g5tlem5 ( ! siecle ?\ght !m  
disreputable1 ?\gh !y  d>$ n say s1 or  
d>$ say s only by proxy1 z 9 ,aucass9s4 
,z usual1 "o mu/ g to ! devils = ! exact
 tru?1 & 9  spite ( _! outcry1 ! devils 
admitt$ t !y _h no reason  to compla9 ( 
,m>y's adm9i/ration3--    ,les beles    
dames de grant pris   ,qui traynant vont
 v] et gris1   ,roys1 roynes1 dus et    
contesses1 ,en enf] vi55t a granz       
presses2   ,mais ou ciel vont pres t\t a
 fait   ,tort et bocu et contrefait4    
,ou ciel va t\te la r+aille2   ,le gra9 
avons et diex la paille4      ,all !    

great dames & ladies fair   ,:o co/ly   
robes & erm9e we>1   ,k+s1 que5s1 &     
c\ntesses & lords   ,come d[n to hell 9 
endless hordes2   ,:ile up to heav5 g ! 
lam$1   ,! dw>fs1 ! humpbacks1 & !      
maim$2   ,to heav5 goes ! :ole          
riff-raff2   ,we get ! gra9 & ,god !    
*aff4      ,true x 01 al?\gh "o %\ld n  
say x je/+ly1 t !  ,virg9 emb>rass$ !   
,tr9ity2 & p]haps ?is 0 ! reason1  beh9d
 all ! o!r excell5t reasons1 :y m5 lov$ 
& ador$ h]  ) a passion su* z no o!r    
deity has ev] inspir$3 & :y we1  al?\gh 
utt] /rang]s to h]1 are n f> f gett+ d[n
 on  our knees & pray+ to h] /ill4 ,m>y 
conc5trat$ 9 h]self !  :ole rebellion ( 
man aga9/ fate2 ! :ole prote/ aga9/     
div9e law2 ! :ole contempt = human law z
 its outcome2 !  :ole unutt]able fury ( 
human nature beat+ itself aga9/ !  walls
 ( its prison-h\se1 & sudd5ly seiz$ by a
 hope t 9 !  ,virg9 man _h f\nd a door (
 escape4 ,%e 0 above law2 %e took       
fem99e pleasure 9 turn+ hell into an    
ornam5t2 %e delight$ 9  trampl+ on e    

social di/9ction 9 ?is _w & ! next4  ,%e
 knew t ! univ]se 0 z un9telligible to  
h]1 on any  !ory ( morals1 z x 0 to h]  
wor%ipp]s1 & %e felt1 l  !m1 no sure    
conviction t x 0 any m intelligible to !
  ,creator ( x4 ,to h]1 e suppliant 0 a 
univ]se 9 itself1 to  be judg$ ap>t1 on 
8 own m]its1 by 8 love = h]1--by no     
means on 8 or?odoxy1 or 8 conv5tional   
/&+ 9 ! ,*ur*1  or accord+ to 8         
correctness 9 def9+ ! nature ( !        
,tr9ity4 ,! convulsive hold :i* ,m>y to 
?is day ma9ta9s ov]  human imag9ation--z
 y c see at ,l\rdes--0 due mu* less to  
h] p[] ( sav+ s\l or body ?an to h]     
sympa?y ) p  :o suff]$ "u law1--div9e or
 human1--ju/ly or unju/ly1 by  accid5t  
or design1 by decree ( ,god or by guile 
( ,devil4 ,%e c>$  n a /raw =           
conv5tional morality1 & %e _h no notion 
(  lett+ h] fri5ds be puni%$1 to ! t5?  
or any o!r  g5]ation1 = ! s9s ( _!      
ance/ors or ! peccadilloes (  ,eve4     
,s ,m>y fill$ heav5 ) a sort ( p]sons   
little to ! ta/e (  any respectable     

middle-class society1 :i* has tr\ble    
en\gh 9  mak+ ?is _w dec5t & pay its    
bills1 )\t hav+ to  cont9ue ! ef=t 9    
ano!r4 ,m>y /ood 9 a ,*ur* ( h] own1  s 
indep5d5t t ! ,tr9ity might h p]i%$ )\t 
mu*  affect+ h] position2 b1 on ! o!r   
h&1 ! ,tr9ity c\ld  look on & see h]    
de?ron$ ) almo/ a brea? ( relief4       
,aucass9s & ! devils ( ,gaulti] de      
,co9cy =esaw h] dang]4  ,m>y's treatm5t 
( respectable & law-abid+ p :o _h no    
fav\rs to ask1 & 7 reasonably confid5t (
 gett+ to heav5  by ! regul> judgm5t1   
)\t exp5se1 rankl$ s deeply t  ?ree     
hundr$ ye>s lat] ! ,puritan re=m]s 7 n  
satisfi$  ) aboli%+ h]1 b s\ght to      
aboli% ! woman altoge!r z  ! cause ( all
 evil 9 heav5 & on e>?4 ,! ,puritans    
ab&on$  ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,virg9 9    
ord] to g back to !  beg9n+1 & r5ew !   
qu>rel ) ,eve4 ,?is is ! ,*ur*'s        
affair1 n ours1 & ! wom5 are compet5t to
 settle x )  ,*ur* or ,/ate1 )\t help f 
outside2 b hone/ t\ri/s are  s]i\sly    
int]e/$ 9 putt+ ! feel+ back into ! dead

  ar*itecture :]e x belongs4    ,m>y 0  
r>ely h>% to any suppliant or s]vant1 & 
%e took no  special int]e/ 9 humiliat+ !
 ri* or ! le>n$ or ! wise4  ,= !m1 law 0
 made2 by !m1 law 0 adm9i/]$2 & )  _!   
do+s ,m>y nev] arbitr>ily int]f]$2 b    
occasionally %e  c\ld n resi/ !         
temptation to intimate h] op9ion ( !    
mann] 9 :i* ! ,tr9ity all[$ _!--!       
regul>--,*ur* to be  adm9i/]$4 ,%e 0 a  
que51 & nev] = an in/ant =got x1  b %e  
took little ?\ght ab\t h] div9e rights1 
if %e _h  any1--& 9 fact ,sa9t ,b]n>d   
pref]r$ h] )\t !m1--:ile  %e 0 sc&aliz$ 
at ! gre$ ( (ficials 9 h] ,son's ,c\rt4 
,"o day a ri* usur] & a v poor old woman
 happ5$ to be dy+  9 ! same t[n4        
,gaulti] de ,co9cy did n say1 z an      
accurate  hi/orian %\ld1 t he 0 pres5t1 
nor did he m5tion names or  dates1      
al?\gh x 0 "o ( 8 longe/ & be/ /ories4  
,m>y  nev] lov$ bank]s1 & _h no reason =
 tak+ int]e/ 9 ?is  "o1 or = do+ him    
injury2 b x happ5$ t ! p>i% prie/  0    
summon$ to bo? dea?-b$s at ! same "t1 & 

neglect$ !  old paup] 9 ! hope ( secur+ 
a beque/ = 8 *ur* f !  bank]4 ,?is 0 !  
sort ( fault t mo/ annoy$ ,m>y 9 !      
,*ur* ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i*1 9 h] op9ion1 0 n
 c>$ = z  x %\ld be1 & %e felt x h] duty
 to intimate z mu*4    ,al?\gh ! prie/  
refus$ to come at ! old woman's summons1
 8  "y cl]k1 :o seems to h act$ z vic>  
?\gh n 9 ord]s1  took pity on h]1 & w5t 
alone ) ! sacram5t to h] hut1  :i* 0 !  
poore/ ( poor hovels ev5 = t age3--     
,close de piex et de s]ciaus   ,comme   
une viez s\z a porciaus4      ,ro( (    
hoops1 & wall ( logs1   ,l a wret*$ /ye 
= hogs4      ,!re ! begg> lay1 already  
ins5sible or at ! la/ gasp1 on  co>se   
?at*1 on ! gr\nd1 cov]$ by an old hemp5 
sack4 ,!  picture repres5t$ ! extreme/  
pov]ty ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2  a hovel )\t 
ev5 a fea!r b$ or b$/ead1 z ,aucass9s'  
pl\ghman describ$ 8 "m's want2 & ! old  
woman alone1  dy+1 z ! cl]k appe>$ at ! 
op5+3--    ,li cl]s qui fu m\lt bi5     
apris   ,le cors ,no/re ,seigneur a pris
   ,a l'o/el a la povre fame   ,s'en    

vi5t t\z seus mes n'i treuve ame4   ,si 
grant cl>te y a veue   ,que grant peeur 
en a eue4   ,ou povre lit a la vieillete
   ,qui c\v]s i]t d'une nateite         
,assises voit ,,xii puceles   ,si av5ans
 et si tres beles   ,n'e/ nus tant p5s] 
i seu/   ,qui racont] le v\t peu/4   ,a 
c\tee voi/ ,no/re ,dame   ,sus le *evez 
la povre fame   ,qui por la mort sue et 
travaille4   ,la ,m]e ,dieu d'une       
tovaille   ,qui blan*e e/ plus que fleur
 de lis   ,la grant sueur d'entor le vis
   ,a ses blan*es ma9s li essuie4       
,! cl]k1 well 9 ^! duties taught1   ,!  
body ( our ,savi\r br\ght   ,:]e %e lay 
^u h] b$   ,)\t a s\l to give h] aid4   
,b su* brightness !re he saw   ,z fill$ 
8 m9d ) fe> & awe4   ,cov]$ ) a mat (   
/raw   ,! woman lay2 b r\nd & ne>       
,a doz5 maid5s sat1 s fair   ,no mortal 
man c\ld dream su* light1   ,no mortal  
tongue describe ! sight4   ,!n he saw t 
next ! b$1   ,by ! poor old woman's     
head1   ,z %e gasp$ & /ra9$ = brea?   ,9
 ! agony ( dea?1   ,sat ,our            

,lady1--b5d+ l[1--   ,:ile1 ) napk9 :ite
 z sn[1   ,%e dri$ ! dea?-sweat on !    
br[4      ,! cl]k1 9 t]ror1 hesitat$    
:e!r to turn & run away1 b  ,our ,lady  
beckon$ him to ! b$1 :ile all rose &    
kneel$  dev\tly to ! sacram5t4 ,!n %e   
said to ! trembl+ cl]k3--    ,fri5d1 be 
n afraid6   ,b seat y\rself1 to give u  
aid1   ,beside ^! maid5s1 on ! b$4      
,& :5 ! cl]k _h obey$1 %e cont9u$--     
,or to/1 amis6 fait ,no/re ,dame1       
,confessies ce/e bone fame   ,et puis   
apres t\t sans freeur   ,recevra to/ son
 sauveeur   ,qui *> et sanc v\t en moi  
pr5dre4      ,come quickly1 fri5d6 ,our 
,lady says1   ,?is good old woman n[    
confess   ,& aft]w>ds )\t di/ress   ,%e 
w at once receive h] ,god   ,:o deign$ 9
 me take fle% & blood4      ,aft] !     
sacram5t came a t\* ( realism t recalls 
! simple  dea?-sc5es t ,walt] ,scott    
describ$ 9 8 gr& twelf?-  c5tury mann]4 
,! old woman l+]$ pitiably 9 h] agony3--
    ,lors dit une des demoiselles   ,a  
madame sa9te ,m>ie3   ,encore1 dame1    

n'i/ra mie   ,si com moi semble du cors 
l'ame4   ,bele fille1 fait ,no/re ,dame1
   ,traveill] lais un peu le cors1      
,a9cois que l'ame en isse hors1   ,si   
que puree soil et nete   ,a9cois qu'en  
,p>adis la mete4   ,n'e/ or me/i] qui   
soions plus1   ,ralon n\s en ou ciel    
lassus1   ,quant t5s en i]t bi5         
revi5drons   ,en p>adis l'ame emm]rons4 
,a maid5 said to ,sa9t ,m>ie1   ,my     
lady1 /ill x seems to me   ,! s\l w n ! 
body fly4   ,fair *ild6 ,our ,lady made 
reply1   ,/ill let a:ile ! body fight   
,be=e ! s\l %all leave x q4   ,s t x    
pure may be1 & cleans$   ,:5 x to       
,p>adise asc5ds4   ,no long] ne$ we "h  
rema92   ,we c g back to heav5 aga92    
,we w return be=e %e dies1   ,& take !  
s\l to p>adise4      ,! re/ ( ! /ory    
conc]n$ ! usur]1 ^: dea?-b$ 0 ( a       
diff]5t "*1 b ,m>y's int]e/ 9 dea?-b$s (
 t k9d  0 small4 ,! fate ( ! usur]      
matt]$ ! less because %e knew  too well 
h[ easily ! bank]1 9 good cr$it1 c\ld   
arrange )  ! (ficials ( ! ,tr9ity to op5

 ! doors ( p>adise = him4  ,!           
adm9i/ration ( heav5 0 v l !            
adm9i/ration (  ,france2 ! ,que5 ,"m saw
 _m ?+s ( :i* %e c\ld n  :olly approve2 
b h] nature 0 pity1 n ju/ice1 & %e %ut  
h] eyes to mu* t %e c\ld n *ange4 ,h]   
miracles1 !re=e1  7 = ! mo/ "p m]e      
evid5ce ( h] pity = ^? :o  ne$$ x mo/1 &
 ^! 7 r>ely ! well-to-d p ( !  siecle1 b
 m commonly ! helpless4 ,e sa9t p]=m$   
miracles1 & ^! are /&>d1 n peculi> to   
any "o  int]m$iator2 & e sa9t protect$ 8
 own fri5ds2 b beyond  ^! exhibitions ( 
p[]1 :i* are m or less common to !  :ole
 hi]>*y bel[ ! ,tr9ity1 ,m>y 0 ! "m (   
pity &  ! only hope ( despair4 ,"o might
 g on = a volume1 /udy+ !  "* ( ,m>y & !
 *anges t "t made 9 x1 f !  e>lie/      
,byzant9e leg5ds d[n to ! daily record$ 
miracles at  ,l\rdes2 no "* 9 hi/ory has
 _h s long or v>i$ a  developm5t1 & none
 s sympa!tic2 b ! greate/ poets long    
ago plund]$ t m9e ( ri* motives1 & h    
/ol5 :at 0  mo/ dramatic = popul> use4  
,! ,virg9's mo/ fam\s e>ly  miracle     

seems to h be5 t ( ! monk ,!ophilus1 :i*
 0  :at "o might call h] salvation (    
,fau/4 ,ano!r ,byzant9e  miracle 0 an   
orig9al v]sion ( ,%ylock4 ,%akespe>e & 8
  fell[ dramati/s plund]$ ! ,*ur* leg5ds
 z freely z _!  ma/]s plund]$ ! ,*ur*   
treasuries1 yet left a mass ( dramatic  
mat]ial unt\*$4 ,let u pray ! ,virg9 t x
 may rema9  unt\*$1 =1 al?\gh a good    
miracle 0 9 its day wor? mu*  money--s  
mu* t ! rival %r9es /ole ea* o!r's      
miracles  )\t dec5cy--"o does n c>e to  
see "o's ,virg9 put to money-  mak+ =   
,jew !atre-manag]s4 ,"o's two-hundr$ &  
fifty million  ari?metical ance/ors     
%r9k4    ,= m]e amusem5t1 too1 ! miracle
 is wor? read+ ( ! little  ,jew *ild :o 
ignorantly jo9$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian communion1 
& 0  ?r[n into a furnace by 8 fa!r 9    
consequ5ce2 b :5 !  furnace 0 op5$1 !   
,virg9 appe>$ seat$ 9 ! mid/ ( !        
flames1 ) ! little *ild unh>m$ 9 h] lap4
 ,bett] is t  call$ ! ,tombeor de ,notre
 ,dame1 only rec5tly pr9t$2 told by  "s 
unkn[n poet ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & told z

 well z any  ( ,gaulti] de ,co9cy's4    
,inde$ ! ,tombeor de ,notre ,dame has _h
  m success 9 our "t ?an x ev] _h 9 its 
own1 z f> z "o  kn[s1 = x appeals to a  
quiet s5se ( hum\r t pleases mod]n      
,fr5* ta/e z mu* z x pleas$ ! ,virg94   
,"o fe>s only to  spoil x by            
translation1 b if a translation be m]ely
 us$ z a  gloss>y or footnote1 x ne$ n d
 fatal h>m4    ,! /ory is t ( a         
tumbl]--tombeor1 /reet-acrobat--:o 0    
disgu/$ ) ! _w1 z 8 class has _h a      
reputation =  becom+1 & :o 0 =tunate    
en\gh to obta9 admission into !  fam\s  
mona/]y ( ,clairvaux1 :]e ,sa9t ,b]n>d  
may h =m]ly  be5 bless$ by ! ,virg9's   
pres5ce4 ,ignorant at be/1 &  especially
 ignorant ( lett]s1 music1 & ! (fices ( 
a  religi\s society1 he f\nd himself    
unable to jo9 9 ! s]vices3--    ,c> n'ot
 vescu =s de tum]   ,et d'espr+i] et de 
bal]4   ,trep]1 saillir1 ice savoit2    
,ne d'autre ri5 il ne savoit2   ,c> ne  
savoit autre lecon   ,ne pat] no/] ne   
*ancon   ,ne le cr$o ne le salu   ,ne   

ri5 qui fu/ a son salu4      ,= he _h   
le>n$ no o!r ?+   ,?an to tumble1 dance 
& spr+3   ,leap+ & vault+1 t he knew1   
,b no?+ bett] c\ld he d4   ,he c\ld n   
say 8 pray]s by rote2   ,n ,pat] no/]1 n
 a note1   ,n ,ave ,m>y1 nor ! cre$2    
,no?+ to help 8 s\l 9 ne$4      ,torm5t$
 by ! s5se ( 8 uselessness to ! society 
^: bread  he ate )\t giv+ a return 9    
s]vice1 & afraid ( be+  expell$ z a     
useless memb]1 "o day :ile ! bells 7    
call+  to mass he hid 9 ! crypt1 & 9    
despair began to soliloquize  be=e !    
,virg9's alt>1 at ! same spot1 "o hopes1
 :]e !  ,virg9 _h %[n h]self1 or might h
 %[n h]self1 9 h]  inf9ite b\nty1 to    
,sa9t ,b]n>d1 a hundr$ ye>s be=e3--     
,hai1 fait il1 con suis trais6   ,or    
dira ja cascuns sa laisse   ,et jo suis 
ci i hues en laisse   ,qui ne fas ci =s 
que bro/]   ,et vi&es por ni5t ga/]4    
,si ne dirai ne ne f]ai8   ,p> la m]e   
deu1 si f]ai6   ,ja n'en s]ai ore       
repris2   ,jo f]ai ce que j'ai apris2   
,si s]virai de m5 me/i]   ,la m]e deu en

 son mo/i]2   ,li autre s]v5t de cant]  
,et jo s]virai de tum]4   ,sa cape o/e1 
si se despoille1   ,deles l'autel met sa
 despoille1   ,mais por sa *> que ne    
soit nue   ,une cotele a ret5ue   ,qui  
m\lt e/ait t5re et alise1   ,petit vaut 
miex d'une *emise1   ,si e/ en pur le   
cors remes4   ,il s'e/ bi5 *a9s et      
acesmes1   ,sa cote ca9t et bi5         
s'atorne1   ,dev]s l'ymage se retorne   
,m\t humblem5t et si l'esg>de3   ,dame1 
fait il1 en vo/re g>de   ,comant jo et  
mon cors et m'ame4   ,d\ce re9e1 d\ce   
dame1   ,ne despisies ce que jo sai     
,c> jo me voil metre a l'asai   ,de vos 
s]vir en bone foi   ,se dex m'ait sans  
nul desroi4   ,jo ne sai cant] ne lire  
,mais c]tes jo vos voil eslire   ,tos   
mes biax gieus a eslicon4   ,or soie al 
fu] de taurecon   ,qui trepe et saut    
devant sa m]e4   ,dame1 qui n'e/es mie  
am]e   ,a cels qui vos s]v5t a droit1   
,quelsque jo soie1 por vos soit6        
,lors li comm5ce a faire saus   ,bas et 
petits et grans et haus      ,primes    

deseur et puis desos1   ,puis se remet  
sor ses g5ols1   ,dev]s l'ymage1 et si  
l'encl9e3   ,he6 fait il1 tres d\ce re9e
   ,p> vo pitie1 p> vo francise1   ,ne  
despisies pas mon s]vise6      ,ha6 said
 he1 h[ ,i am a%am$6   ,to s+ 8 "p goes 
n[ ea* prie/1   ,& ,i /& "h1 a te!r$    
bea/1   ,:o no?+ d b br[se & fe$   ,&   
wa/e ! food t o!rs ne$4   ,%all ,i say  
no?+1 & /& /ill8   ,no6 by ,god's "m1 b 
,i w6   ,%e %all n ?9k me "h = naught2  
,at lea/ ,i'll d :at ,i've be5 taught6  
,at lea/ ,i'll s]ve 9 my own way        
,god's "m 9 h] *ur* to-day4   ,! o!rs   
s]ve to pray & s+2   ,i w s]ve to leap &
 spr+4   ,!n he /rips him ( 8 g[n1      
,lays x on ! alt> d[n2   ,b = himself he
 takes good c>e   ,n to %[ 8 body b>e1  
,b keeps a jacket1 s(t & ?91   ,almo/ a 
%irt1 to tumble 94   ,clo!d 9 ?is supple
 wo( ( maille   ,8 /r5g? & heal? & =m   
%[$ well4   ,& :5 8 belt is buckl$ fa/1 
,t[>d ! ,virg9 turns at la/3   ,v humbly
 makes 8 pray]2   ,lady6 says he1 to y\r
 c>e   ,i commit my s\l & frame4        

,g5tle ,virg91 g5tle dame1   ,d n       
despise :at ,i %all d1   ,= ,i ask only 
to please y1   ,to s]ve y l an hone/    
man1   ,s help me ,god1 ! be/ ,i c4   ,i
 _c *ant1 nor c ,i read1   ,b ,i c %[ y 
"h in/ead1   ,all my be/ tricks to make 
y laugh1   ,& s %all be z ?\gh a calf   
,%\ld leap & jump be=e its dam4   ,lady1
 :o nev] yet c\ld blame   ,^? :o s]ve y 
well & true1   ,all t ,i am1 ,i am = y4 
,!n he beg9s to jump ab\t1   ,high & l[1
 & 9 & out1      ,/ra9+ h>d ) might &   
ma92   ,!n1 fall+ on 8 knees aga91      
,be=e ! image b[s 8 face3   ,by y\r     
pity6 by y\r grace6   ,says he1 ,ha6 my 
g5tle que51   ,d n despise my (f]+6     
,9 8 e>ne/ness he ex]t$ himself until1  
at ! end ( 8  /r5g?1 he lay exhau/$ &   
unconsci\s on ! alt> /eps4  ,pleas$ ) 8 
own exhibition1 & satisfi$ t ! ,virg9 0 
equally pleas$1 he cont9u$ ^! devotions 
e day1 until at  la/ 8 con/ant & s+ul>  
abs5ce f ! regul> s]vices  attract$ !   
curiosity ( a monk1 :o kept wat* on him 
&  report$ 8 ecc5tric ex]cise to !      

,abbot4    ,! m$iaeval mona/]ies seem to
 h be5 g5tly adm9i/]$4  ,inde$1 ?is has 
be5 made ! *ief reproa* on !m1 & !      
excuse = robb+ !m = ! b5efit ( a m      
en]getic cr[n  & nobility :o tol]at$ no 
begg>s or idl5ess b _! own2 at  lea/1 x 
is safe to say t few well-regulat$ &    
economically  adm9i/]$ mod]n *>ities    
w\ld h ! pati5ce ( ! ,abbot  (          
,clairvaux1 :o1 in/ead ( call+ up !     
weak-m9d$ tombeor &  s5d+ him back to ! 
_w to e>n a liv+ by 8 pr(ession1  w5t ) 
8 in=mant to ! crypt1 to see = himself  
:at !  /range report meant4 ,we h se5 at
 ,*>tres :at a crypt may be1  & h[      
easily "o might hide 9 its %ad[s :ile   
mass is said at  ! alt>s4 ,! ,abbot & 8 
in=mant hid !mselves beh9d a  column 9 !
 %ad[1 & wat*$ ! :ole p]=mance to its   
end  :5 ! exhau/$ tumbl] dropp$         
unconsci\s & dr5*$ )  p]spiration on !  
/eps ( ! alt>1 ) ! words3--    ,dame6   
fait il1 ne puis plus ore2   ,mais voire
 je revi5drai encore4      ,lady6 says  
he1 no m ,i c1   ,b truly ,i'll come    

back aga96      ,y c imag9e ! dim crypt2
 ! tumbl] ly+ unconsci\s b5ea?  ! image 
( ! ,virg92 ! ,abbot pe]+ out f ! %ad[ (
  ! column1 & wond]+ :at sort (         
discipl9e he c\ld inflict  = ?is un=ese5
 infraction ( rule2 :5 sudd5ly1 be=e he 
c\ld decide :at next to d1 ! vault above
 ! alt>1 ( its own  accord1 op5$3--     
,l'abes esg>de sans at5dre   ,et vit de 
la volte desc5dre   ,une dame si        
glori\se   ,a9s nus ne vit si preci\se  
,ni si ricem5t conreee1   ,n'onques tant
 bele ne fu nee4   ,ses ve/eures sont   
bi5 *i]es   ,d'or et de precieuses      
pi]es4      ,avec li e/oi5t li angle    
,del ciel amont1 et li arcangle1   ,qui 
entor le m5e/rel vi55t1   ,si le solac5t
 et so/i55t4   ,quant entor lui sont    
ar5gie   ,s'ot tot son cu] asoagie4     
,dont s'apre/5t de lui s]vir   ,por ce  
qu'ils volr5t des]vir   ,la s]vise que  
fait la dame   ,qui tant e/ precieuse   
geme4   ,et la d\ce re9e france   ,t5oit
 une t\aille blance1   ,s'en av5te son  
m5e/rel   ,m\t d\cem5t devant l'autel4  

,la franc dame debonnaire   ,le col1 le 
cors1 et le viaire   ,li av5te por      
refroidi]2   ,bi5 s'entremet de lui     
aidi]2   ,la dame bi5 s'i ab&one2   ,li 
bons hom g>de ne s'en done1   ,c> il ne 
voit1 si ne set mie   ,qu'il ait si bele
 compaignie4      ,! ,abbot /ra9s 8 eyes
 to see1   ,&1 f ! vault+1 sudd5ly1   ,a
 lady /eps1--s glori\s1--   ,beyond all 
?\ght s preci\s1--   ,h] robes s ri*1 s 
nobly worn1--   ,s r>e ! gems ! robes   
adorn1--   ,z nev] yet s fair 0 born4   
,along ) h] ! angels 71   ,ar*angels    
/ood beside h] !re2   ,r\nd ab\t !      
tumbl] gr\p   ,to give him solace1 br+  
him hope2   ,& :5 r\nd him 9 ranks !y   
/ood1   ,8 :ole he>t felt its /r5g?     
r5ew$4   ,s !y ha/e to give him aid     
,because _! wills are only made   ,to   
s]ve ! s]vice ( _! ,que51   ,mo/ preci\s
 gem ! e>? has se54   ,& ! lady1 g5tle1 
true1   ,holds 9 h] h& a t[el new2      
,fans him ) h] h& div9e   ,:]e he lies  
be=e ! %r9e4   ,! k9d lady1 full (      
grace1   ,fans 8 neck1 8 brea/1 8 face6 

,fans him h]self to give him air6       
,lab\rs1 h]self1 to help him !re6   ,!  
lady gives h]self to x2   ,! poor man   
takes no he$ ( x2   ,= he kn[s n & _c   
see   ,t he has su* fair company4       
,beyond ?is we ne$ n c>e to g4 ,if y _c 
feel ! col\r  & quality--! union (      
naivete & art1 ! ref9em5t1 !  inf9ite   
delicacy & t5d]ness--( ?is little poem1 
!n no?+  w matt] mu* to y2 & if y c feel
 x1 y c feel1  )\t m assi/ance1 ! maje/y
 ( ,*>tres4        ,,*apt] ,,xiv        
,,abel>d    ,sup] cuncta1 subt] cuncta1 
,extra cuncta1 intra cuncta1   ,intra   
cuncta nec inclusus1   ,extra cuncta nec
 exclusus1   ,sup] cuncta nec elatus1   
,subt] cuncta nec sub/ratus1   ,sup]    
totus1 praesid5do1   ,subt] totus1      
su/95do1   ,extra totus1 complect5do1   
,intra totus e/1 impl5do4      ,accord+ 
to ,hildeb]t1 ,bi%op ( ,le ,mans &      
,ar*bi%op ( ,t\rs1  ^! v]ses describe   
,god4 ,hildeb]t 0 ! fir/ poet ( 8 "t2   
no small m]it1 s9ce he 0 contempor>y ) !
 ,*anson de  ,rol& & ! fir/ crusade2 he 

0 also a /rong man1 s9ce he  0 able1 z  
,bi%op ( ,le ,mans1 to ga9 great cr$it  
by ma9ta9+  himself aga9/ ,william !    
,norman & ,fulk ( ,anj\2 & f9ally he  0 
a prelate ( high au?ority4 ,he liv$     
betwe5 #ajee & #aacc4  ,suppos+ 8 v]ses 
to h be5 writt5 9 middle life1 t[>d !   
ye> #aajj1 !y may be tak5 to repres5t ! 
accept$ doctr9e (  ! ,*ur* at ! "t ( !  
fir/ crusade4 ,!y 7 little m  ?an a     
v]sifi$ =m ( ! ,lat9 ( ,sa9t ,gregory ! 
,great :o  wrote five-hundr$ ye>s be=e3 
,ipse manet intra omnia1 ipse extra     
omnia1 ipse supra omnia1 ipse infra     
omnia2 et sup]ior e/ p]  pot5tiam et    
inf]ior p] su/5tationem2 ext]ior p]     
magnitud9em  et int]ior p] subtilitatem2
 sursum reg5s1 deorsum cont95s1  extra  
circumdans1 int]ius p5etrans2 nec alia  
p>te sup]ior1 alia  inf]ior1 aut alia ex
 p>te ext]ior atque ex alia manet       
int]ior1  s$ unus idemque totus ubique4 
,accord+ to ,sa9t ,gregory1 9 !  six?   
c5tury1 ,god 0 "o & ! same & :olly      
ev]y:]e2  imman5t )9 ev]y?+1 )\t ev]y?+1

 above ev]y?+1  bel[ ev]y?+1 sursum     
reg5s1 de> sum cont95s2 :ile  accord+ to
 ,ar*bi%op ,hildeb]t 9 ! elev5? c5tury3 
,god is  ov]all ?+s1 "u all ?+s2 outside
 all1 inside all2 )9  b n enclos$2 )\t b
 n exclud$2 above b n rais$ up2  bel[ b 
n depress$2 :olly above1 presid+2 :olly 
b5ea?1  su/a9+2 :olly )\t1 embrac+2     
:olly )91 fill+4  ,f9ally1 accord+ to   
,b5$ict ,sp9oza1 ano!r five hundr$ ye>s 
lat] /ill3 ,god is a be+1 absolutely    
inf9ite2 t is to say1 a  sub/ance made  
up ( an inf9ity ( attributes1 ea* "o (  
:i*  expresses an et]nal & inf9ite      
ess5ce4    ,sp9oza 0 ! great pan!i/1 ^: 
"n is /ill a t]ror to !  or?odox1 & ^:  
philosophy is--v prop]ly--a horror to ! 
,*ur*--& yet ,sp9oza nev] wrote a l9e t1
 to ! unguid$  /ud5t1 s\nds m ,sp9ozi/  
?an ! words ( ,sa9t ,gregory &          
,ar*bi%op ,hildeb]t4 ,if ,god is        
ev]y:]e2 :olly2 presid+1  su/a9+1       
embrac+ & fill+1 sursum reg5s1 deorsum  
cont95s1 ,he is ! only possible en]gy1 &
 leaves no place =  human w to act4 ,a  

=ce :i* is "o & ! same & :olly  ev]y:]e 
is m ,sp9ozi/ ?an ,sp9oza1 & is likely  
to be  mi/ak5 = frank pan!ism by ! l>ge 
majority ( religi\s  m9ds :o mu/ try to 
und]/& x )\t a !ological c\rse 9  a     
,jesuit college4 ,9 ! ye> #aajj ,jesuit 
colleges did n exi/1  & ev5 ! great     
,dom9ican & ,franciscan s*ools 7 f> f   
sight 9 ! future2 b ! ,s*ool ( ,notre   
,dame at ,p>is exi/$1  & taught !       
exi/5ce ( ,god mu* z ,ar*bi%op ,hildeb]t
  describ$ x4 ,! mo/ successful lectur] 
0 ,william ( ,*ampeaux1  & to any "o :o 
ev] he>d ( ,william at all1 ! "n        
in/antly  calls up ! figure ( ,abel>d1 9
 fle% & blood1 z he sang to  ,heloise ! 
songs :i* he says res\nd$ ?r\gh ,europe4
 ,!  twelf? c5tury1 ) all its sp>kle1   
w\ld be dull )\t ,abel>d  & ,heloise4   
,) inf9ite regret1 ,heloise mu/ be left 
out ( !  /ory1 because %e 0 n a         
philosoph] or a poet or an arti/1 b     
only a ,fr5*woman to ! la/ millimetre ( 
h] %ad[4 ,ev5 ?\gh  "o may suspect t h] 
fam\s lett]s to ,abel>d are1 = ! mo/    

"p1 by no means above scepticism1 %e 01 
by ,fr5* /&>ds1  wor? at lea/ a doz5    
,abel>ds1 if only because %e call$ ,sa9t
  ,b]n>d a false apo/le4                
,un=tunately1 ,fr5* /&>ds1 by :i* %e mu/
 be judg$ 9 our  ignorance1 take =      
grant$ t %e philosophiz$ only = ! sake  
( ,abel>d1 :ile ,abel>d taught          
philosophy to h] n s mu*  because he    
believ$ 9 philosophy or 9 h] z because  
he believ$  9 himself4 ,to ?is day1     
,abel>d rema9s a problem z p]plex+ z  he
 mu/ h be5 to ,heloise1 & almo/ z       
fasc9at+4 ,z ! we/  portal ( ,*>tres is 
! door ?r\gh :i* "o mu/ ( necessity     
ent] ! ,go?ic ar*itecture ( ! ?irte5?   
c5tury1 s ,abel>d  is ! portal ( approa*
 to ! ,go?ic ?\ght & philosophy  )94    
,nei!r art nor ?\ght has a mod]n        
equival5t2 only  ,heloise1 l ,isolde1   
unites ! ages4    ,! fir/ crusade seems1
 9 p]spective1 to h rill$ ! :ole  field 
( vision 9 ,france at ! "t2 b1 9 fact1  
,france see!d  ) o!r emotions1 & :ile ! 
crusad]s set out to scale heav5  by =ce 

at ,j]usalem1 ! monks1 :o rema9$ at     
home1 und]took to  scale heav5 by pray] 
& by absorption ( body & s\l 9 ,god2  ! 
,ci/]cian ,ord] 0 f\nd$ 9 #ajih1 & 0    
jo9$ 9 #aaab by  "y ,b]n>d1 born 9 #ajij
 at ,fonta9es-les-,dijon1 draw+ ) him   
or aft] him s _m ?\s&s ( "y m5 into !   
self-immolation  ( ! mona/]y z c>ri$    
dismay into ! he>ts ( half ! wom5  (    
,france4 ,at ! same "t--t is1 ab\t #ajih
 or #aajj--;,abel>d  came up to ,p>is f 
,brittany1 ) z mu* fai? 9 logic z       
,b]n>d _h 9 pray] or ,godfrey ( ,b\illon
 9 arms1 & l$ an  equal or ev5 a great] 
numb] ( combatants to ! conque/ (  heav5
 by =ce ( pure reason4 ,none %[$ d\bt4  
,hundr$s (  ?\s&s ( "y m5 w&]$ f _!     
prov9ces1 mo/ly to  ,pale/9e1 l>gely to 
cloi/]s1 b also 9 great numb]s to ,p>is 
& ! s*ools1 :ile few ev] return$4       
,abel>d _h ! advantage ( be+ well-born2 
n s highly  desc5d$ z ,alb]tus ,magnus &
 ,?omas ,aqu9as :o 7 to complete  8 "w 9
 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 b1 l ,b]n>d1 a       
g5tleman  born & br$4 ,he 0 ! elde/ son 

( ,b]5g]1 ,sieur du ,pallet1 a  *ateau 9
 ,brittany1 s\? ( ! ,loire1 on ! edge ( 
,poit\4 ,8  "n 0 ,pi]re du ,pallet1     
al?\gh1 = "s unkn[n reason1 he  call$   
himself ,pi]re ,abail>d1 or ,abeill>d1  
or ,esbaill>t1 or  ,beyl>d2 = ! spell+ 0
 nev] fix$4 ,he 0 born 9 #ajgi1 &  :51 9
 #ajif1 ! "y m5 ( 8 rank 7 ru%+ (f to ! 
fir/ crusade1 ,pi]re1 a boy ( sev5te51  
?rew himself ) equal  zeal into ! /udy (
 sci5ce1 &1 giv+ up 8 inh]itance or     
bir?right1 at la/ came to ,p>is to seize
 a position 9 !  s*ools4 ,! ye> is      
suppos$ to h be5 #aajj4    ,! ,p>is (   
,abel>d's "t 0 a/oni%+ly old2 s old t   
h>dly a /one ( x c be n[ po9t$ out4 ,ev5
 ! olde/ ( !  build+s /ill /&+ 9 t      
qu>t]--,sa9t-,juli5-le-,pauvre1         
,sa9t-,sev]91 & ! t[] ( ! ,lycee ,h5ri  
,,iv--are m mod]n2  only ! old ,roman   
,!rmae1 n[ "p ( ! ,musee de ,cluny1 )9  
! walls1 & ! ,abbey ,t[] (              
,sa9t-,g]ma9-des-,pres1 outside1  9 !   
fields1 7 /&+ 9 ! ye> #aajj4            
,politically1 ,p>is  0 a small prov9cial

 t[n be=e ! reign ( ,l\is-le-,gros      
7#aajh-  #cg71 :o cle>$ its gates ( its 
ne>e/ enemies2 b z a s*ool1  ,p>is 0 ev5
 !n easily fir/4 ,/ud5ts cr[d$ into x by
  ?\s&s1 till ! t[n is said to h conta9$
 m /ud5ts  ?an citiz5s1 ,mod]n ,p>is    
seems to h begun z a univ]sity t[n  be=e
 x _h a univ]sity4 ,/ud5ts flock$ to x f
 great  di/ances1 enc\rag$ & support$ by
 *>ity1 & /imulat$ by  privileges1 until
 !y took entire possession ( :at is /ill
  call$ ! ,lat9 ,qu>t] f ! b>b>\s ,lat9 
!y *att]$2  & a t[n m riot\s1 drunk51 & 
vici\s ?an x became1 9 !  c\rse ( "t1   
h>dly exi/$ ev5 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9   
#aajj1  :5 en?usiasm 0 fre% & fai? 9    
sci5ce 0 /rong1 ! great  mass ( /ud5ts  
came !re to /udy1 &1 hav+ no regul>     
univ]sity organization or build+s1 !y   
?rong$ ! cloi/] (  ,notre ,dame--n our  
,notre ,dame1 :i* dates only f #aafc1 b 
!  old ,romanesque ca!dral :i* /ood on !
 same spot--& !re  !y li/5$1 & reta9$   
:at !y c\ld rememb]1 = !y 7  n enc\rag$ 
to take notes ev5 if !y 7 ri* en\gh to  

buy  notebooks1 :ile manuscripts 7 f>   
beyond _! means4 ,"o  valuable "r !     
/ud5ts seem to h _h--t ( ask+  que/ions 
& ev5 ( disput+ ) ! lectur] provid$ !y  
foll[$ ! correct =m ( dialectics4 ,!    
lectur] himself 0  lic5s$ by ! ,bi%op4  
,five ?\s& /ud5ts are suppos$ to h sw>m$
 ab\t !  cloi/] ( ,notre ,dame1 across !
 ,petit ,pont1 & up ! hill (            
,sa9te-,g5evieve2 ?ree ?\s& are said to 
h paid fees to  ,abel>d 9 ! days ( 8    
great vogue & !y seem to h  atta*$      
!mselves to _! fav\rite ma/] z a *ampion
 to be  upheld aga9/ ! _w4 ,jeal\sies   
ran high1 & nei!r s*ol>s  nor ma/]s     
%unn$ dispute4 ,inde$1 ! only sci5ce !y 
taught or  knew 0 ! art (               
dispute--dialectics4 ,rhetoric1 gramm>1 
&  dialectics 7 ! regul> bran*es (      
sci5ce1 & bold /ud5ts1  :o 7 n afraid ( 
dabbl+ 9 =bidd5 fields1 ext5d$ _!       
/udies to ma!matics--ex]citium nef>ium1 
accord+ to ,abel>d1  :i* he pr(ess$ to  
"k no?+ ab\t b :i* he /udi$  nev]!less4 
,abel>d1 :e!r pupil or ma/]1 nev] held 8

  tongue if he c\ld help x1 = 8 =tune   
dep5d$ on us+ x  well2 b he nev] us$ x s
 well 9 dialectics or !ology z he  did1 
t[>d ! end ( 8 life1 9 writ+ a bit (    
autobiography1  s admirably told1 s     
vivid1 s vibrat+ ) ! curi\s int5sity  ( 
8 g5]ation1 t x ne$$ only to h be5      
writt5 9  ,romieu to be ! *ief monum5t (
 e>ly ,fr5* prose1 z !  we/]n portal (  
,*>tres is ! *ief monum5t ( e>ly ,fr5*  
sculpture1 & ( ab\t ! same date4        
,un=tunately ,abel>d 0 a  noble s*ol>1  
:o necess>ily wrote & talk$ ,lat91 ev5 )
  ,heloise1 &1 al?\gh ! ,lat9 0         
m$iaeval1 x is n mu* !  bett] on t      
acc\nt1 because1 9 spite ( its          
qua9tness1 !  naivetes ( a "y           
language--! egotism1 jeal\sies1         
suspicions1  boa/+s1 & lam5tations ( a  
*ildlike "t--take a false air (  outworn
 ,rome & ,byzantium1 al?\gh1 und]nea?1 !
 _s lives3--    ,i arriv$ at la/ 9 ,p>is
 :]e = a long "t dialectics _h          
specially fl\ri%$ "u ,william (         
,*ampeaux1 rightly reckon$  ! fir/ ( my 

ma/]s 9 t bran* ( /udy4 ,i /ay$ "s "t  9
 8 s*ool1 b1 ?\gh well receiv$ at fir/1 
,i soon got to be  an annoyance to him  
because ,i p]si/$ 9 refut+ c]ta9 ideas (
  81 & because1 n be+ afraid to ent]    
into argum5t aga9/  him1 ,i sometimes   
got ! bett]4 ,?is boldness1 too1 r\s$ ! 
wra? ( ^? fell[ /ud5ts :o 7 class$      
high]1 because ,i 0  ! y\nge/ & ! la/   
com]4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( my s]ies  (     
mis=tunes :i* /ill la/2 my r5[n e day   
increas+1  envy 0 k9dl$ aga9/ me 9 e    
direction4    ,?is picture ( ! boy (    
tw5ty1 h>ass+ ! pr(essor1 day  aft] day1
 9 8 own lecture-room be=e hundr$s (    
old]  /ud5ts1 pa9ts ,abel>d to ! life2 b
 "o may safely add a few  t\*es t       
height5 ! effect2 z t ,william (        
,*ampeaux  himself 0 b>ely ?irty1 & t   
,abel>d ?r\gh\t 8 c>e]1  made use ( e   
social & p]sonal advantage to ga9 a     
po9t1  ) little scruple ei!r 9 mann] or 
9 sophi/ry4 ,"o may easily  imag9e !    
sc5e4 ,tea*]s are always mu* ! same4    
,pupils &  /ud5ts diff] only 9 degrees (

 docility4 ,9 #aajj1 bo? classes  began 
by accept+ ! f\ndations ( society1 z !y 
h to d  /ill2 only !y !n accept$ laws ( 
! ,*ur* & ,ari/otle1  :ile n[ !y accept 
laws ( ! legislature & ( en]gy4 ,9      
#aajj1 ! /ud5ts took = grant$ t1 ) !    
help ( ,ari/otle  & syllogisms1 !y c\ld 
build out ! ,*ur* intellectually1 z  !  
ar*itects1 ) ! help ( ! po9t$ ar*1 7    
soon to  enl>ge x ar*itecturally4 ,!y   
nev] d\bt$ ! c]ta9ty (  _! me?od4 ,to !m
 words _h fix$ values1 l numb]s1 &      
syllogisms 7 hewn /ones t ne$$ only to  
be set 9 place1 9  ord] to rea* any     
height or support any weight4 ,e s5t5ce 
0  made to take ! =m ( a syllogism4 ,"o 
mu/ h be5 educat$ 9  a ,jesuit or       
,dom9ican s*ool 9 ord] to frame ^!      
syllogisms  correctly1 b m]ely by way ( 
illu/ration "o may timidly sugge/  h[ ! 
phrases s\nd$ 9 _! simple/ =m4 ,=       
example1 ,plato  or o!r equally good    
au?ority deem$ sub/ance z t :i*  /&s    
und]nea? ph5om5a2 ! mo/ univ]sal (      
univ]sals1 !  ultimate1 ! highe/ 9 ord] 

( g5]alization4 ,! ultimate  ess5ce or  
sub/ance is indivisible2 ,god is        
sub/ance2 ,god is  indivisible4 ,! div9e
 sub/ance is incapable ( alt]ation or   
accid5t2 all o!r sub/ance is liable to  
alt]ation or accid5t2  !re=e1 ! div9e   
sub/ance diff]s f all o!r sub/ance4 ,a  
sub/ance is a univ]sal2 z = example1    
,humanity1 or ! ,human1 is  a univ]sal &
 indivisible2 ! ,man ,socrates1 =       
in/ance1 is n  a univ]sal1 b an         
individual2 !re=e1 ! sub/ance ,humanity1
  be+ indivisible1 mu/ exi/ entire &    
undivid$ 9 ,socrates4    ,! =m ( logic  
mo/ fasc9at+ to y\?ful m9ds1 z well z to
  "s m9ds t are only too acute1 is !    
r$uctio ad absurdum2 !  =c+ an oppon5t  
into an absurd alt]native or admission2 
& !  syllogism l5t itself happily to ?is
 use4 ,socrates abus$ !  weapon &       
,abel>d 0 ! fir/ ,fr5* ma/] ( ! art2 b  
nei!r ,/ate nor ,*ur* likes to be r$uc$ 
to an absurdity1 &1  on ! :ole1 bo?     
,socrates & ,abel>d f>$ ill 9 ! result4 
,ev5 n[1 "o _h be/ be civil t[>d ! idols

 ( ! =um4  ,abel>d w\ld f9d mo/ ( 8 old 
problems s5sitive to 8 t\*  to-day4 ,"t 
has settl$ few or none ( ! ess5tial     
po9ts (  dispute4 ,sci5ce hesitates1 m  
visibly ?an ! ,*ur* ev] did1  to decide 
once = all :e!r unity or div]sity is    
ultimate law2  :e!r ord] or *aos is !   
gov]n+ rule ( ! univ]se1 if  univ]se !re
 is2 :e!r any?+1 except ph5om5a1 exi/s4 
,ev5  9 matt]s m vital to society1 "o   
d>es n speak too l\d4 ,:y1  & = :at1 &  
to :om1 is man a responsible ag5t8 ,e   
jury  & judge1 e lawy] & doctor1 e      
legislator & cl]gyman  has 8 own views1 
& ! law con/antly v>ies4 ,e nation may  
h a diff]5t sy/em4 ,"o c\rt may hang &  
ano!r may acquit  = ! same crime1 on !  
same day2 & sci5ce only repeats :at  !  
,*ur* said to ,abel>d1 t :]e we "k s    
little1 we _h  bett] hold our tongues4  
,accord+ to ! late/ au?orities1 !       
doctr9e ( univ]sals  :i* convuls$ !     
s*ools ( ! twelf? c5tury has nev]       
receiv$ an adequate answ]4 ,:at is a    
species8 :at is a g5us or a  family or  

an ord]8 ,m or less conv5i5t t]ms (     
classification1  ab\t :i* ! twelf?      
c5tury c>$ v little1 :ile x c>$  deeply 
ab\t ! ess5ce ( classes6 ,sci5ce has    
become too complex  to affirm ! exi/5ce 
( univ]sal tru?s1 b x /rives =  no?+    
else1 & disputes ! problem1 )9 its own  
limits1  almo/ z e>ne/ly z 9 ! twelf?   
c5tury1 :5 ! :ole field  ( human &      
sup]human activity 0 %ut betwe5 ^!      
b>ri]s (  sub/ance1 univ]sals1 &        
p>ticul>s4 ,little has *ang$ except  !  
vocabul>y & ! me?od4 ,! s*ools knew t _!
 society  hung = life on ! demon/ration 
t ,god1 ! ultimate univ]sal1  0 a       
reality1 out ( :i* all o!r univ]sal     
tru?s or realities  sprang4 ,tru? 0 a   
real ?+1 outside ( human exp]i5ce4 ,!   
s*ools ( ,p>is talk$ & ?\ght ( no?+     
else4 ,john (  ,salisbury1 :o att5d$    
,abel>d's lectures ab\t #aacf1 & became 
,bi%op ( ,*>tres 9 #aagf1 seems to h be5
 m surpris$ ?an  we ne$ be at ! int5sity
 ( ! emotion4 ,"o nev] gets away  f ?is 
"q1 he said4 ,f :atev] po9t a discussion

  />ts1 x is always l$ back & atta*$ to 
t4 ,x is !  madness ( ,rufus ab\t       
,naevia2 ',he ?9ks ( no?+ else2 talks ( 
no?+ else1 & if ,naevia did n exi/1     
,rufus w\ld be dumb4'    ,abel>d began  
x4 ,aft] 8 fir/ visit to ,p>is 9 #aajj1 
he seems  to h pass$ sev]al ye>s        
else:]e1 :ile ,guillaume de ,*ampeaux  9
 #aajh1 retir$ f ! s*ool 9 ! cloi/] (   
,notre ,dame1 &1  tak+ ord]s1 e/abli%$ a
 class 9 a *apel ne> by1 aft]w>ds  fam\s
 z ! ,abbaye-de-,sa9t-,victor4 ,! ,j>d9 
des ,plantes & !  ,g>e d',orleans n[    
cov] ! gr\nd :]e ! ,abbey /ood1 on !    
banks ( ! ,se9e outside ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]1 
& n a trace is  left ( its site2 b !re  
,william cont9u$ 8 c\rse 9  dialectics1 
until sudd5ly ,abel>d reappe>$ among 8  
s*ol>s1  & resum$ 8 old attacks4 ,?is "t
 ,abel>d c\ld h>dly call  himself a     
/ud5t4 ,he 0 ?irty ye>s old1 & long s9ce
 _h be5  himself a tea*]2 he _h att5d$  
,william's c\rse on dialectics  ne>ly t5
 ye>s be=e1 & 0 pa/ ma/] 9 ! art2 he _h 
no?+ to le>n f ,william 9 !ology1 =     

nei!r ,william nor  he 0 yet a !ologi/  
by pr(ession4 ,if ,abel>d w5t back to   
s*ool1 x 0 c]ta9ly n to le>n2 b inde$1  
he himself made  little or no pret5ce ( 
x1 & told ) *ildlike c&\r n  only :y he 
w5t1 b also h[ brilliantly he succe$$ 9 
8  object3--    ,i return$ to /udy      
rhetoric 9 8 s*ool4 ,among o!r          
controv]sial battles1 ,i succe$$1 by !  
mo/ irrefutable  argum5t1 9 mak+ him    
*ange1 or r ru9 8 doctr9e (  univ]sals4 
,8 doctr9e consi/$ 9 affirm+ ! p]fect   
id5tity  ( ! ess5ce 9 e individual ( !  
same species1 s t  accord+ to him !re 0 
no diff]5ce 9 ! ess5ce b only 9  !      
inf9ite v>iety ( accid5ts4 ,he !n came  
to am5d 8  doctr9e s z to affirm1 n !   
id5tity any long]1 b !  abs5ce (        
di/9ction--! want ( diff]5ce--9 !       
ess5ce4 ,&  z ?is "q ( univ]sals _h     
always be5 "o ( ! mo/  important        
que/ions ( dialectics--s important t    
,porphyry1  t\*+ on x 9 8 ,prelim9>ies1 
did n d>e to take !  responsibility (   
cutt+ ! knot1 b said1 ,x is a v grave   

po9t1--,*ampeaux1 :o 0 oblig$ to modify 
8 idea & !n  r5\nce x1 saw 8 c\rse fall 
into su* discr$it t !y  h>dly let him   
make 8 dialectical lectures1 z ?\gh     
dialectics  consi/$ entirely 9 ! "q (   
univ]sals4    ,:y 0 ?is po9t s v grave8 
,n because x 0 m]e  dialectics6 ,! only 
"p ( ! /ory t seems grave today is !  "p
 t ,abel>d left out2 ! "p :i* ,sa9t     
,b]n>d1 ?irty  ye>s lat] put 91 on      
behalf ( ,william4 ,we %\ld be m        
cr$ul\s ?an twelf?-c5tury monks1 if we  
believ$1 on ,abel>d's  ^w 9 #aace1 t 9  
#aaaj he _h driv5 out ( ! s*ools ! mo/  
accompli%$ dialectician ( ! age by an   
objection s famili>  t no o!r           
dialectician 0 ev] sil5c$ by x--:atev]  
may  h be5 ! case ) !ologians--& s      
obvi\s t x c\ld  n h tr\bl$ a s*ol> (   
fifte54 ,william /at$ a settl$  doctr9e 
z old z ,plato2 ,abel>d int]pos$ an     
objection z old z  ,ari/otle4 ,probably 
,plato & ,ari/otle _h receiv$ ! "q  &   
answ] f philosoph]s t5-?\s& ye>s old]   
?an  !mselves4 ,c]ta9ly ! :ole (        

philosophy has always be5  involv$ 9 !  
dispute4    ,! subject is z amus+ z a   
com$y2 s amus+ t t5 m9utes  may be well 
giv5 to play+ ! sc5e betwe5 ,william &  
,abel>d1  n z x happ5$1 b 9 a =m ne>]   
our ignorance1 ) lib]ty  to inv5t       
argum5ts = ,william1 & analogies--:i*   
are figures  int5d$ to s]ve z fatal     
weapons if !y succe$1 & z innoc5t  toys 
if !y fail--su* z he nev] imag9$2 :ile  
,abel>d c  respond ) 8 true rejo9d]1    
fatal 9 a diff]5t s5se4 ,= !  *ief      
analogy1 ! notes ( music w\ld s]ve1 or !
 col\rs ( !  sol> spectrum1 or an en]gy1
 su* z gravity--b ! be/ is  geometrical1
 because ,euclid 0 z s*ola/ic z ,william
 (  ,*ampeaux himself1 & 8 axioms are   
ev5 m famili> to !  s*oolboy ( !        
tw5tie?1 ?an to ! s*oolman ( ! twelf?   
c5tury4    ,9 ^! s*ola/ic t\rnam5ts !   
two *ampions />t$ f  opposite po9ts--"o1
 f ! ultimate sub/ance1 ,god--!         
univ]sal1 ! ideal1 ! type--! o!r f !    
individual1  ,socrates1 ! concrete1 !   
obs]v$ fact ( exp]i5ce1 ! object  (     

s5sual p]ception4 ,! fir/               
*ampion--,william 9 ?is in/ance--       
assum$ t ! univ]sal 0 a real ?+2 & = t  
reason he  0 call$ a reali/4 ,8         
oppon5t--,abel>d--held t ! univ]sal  0  
only nom9ally real2 & on t acc\nt he 0  
call$ a  nom9ali/4 ,tru?1 virtue1       
humanity1 exi/ z units & realities1     
said ,william4 ,tru?1 repli$ ,abel>d1 is
 only ! sum ( all  possible facts t are 
true1 z humanity is ! sum ( all actual  
human be+s4 ,! ideal b$ is a =m1 made by
 ,god1 said ,plato4 ,!  ideal b$ is a   
"n1 imag9$ by ourselves1 said ,ari/otle4
 ,i />t  f ! univ]se1 said ,william4 ,i 
/>t f ! atom1 said  ,abel>d2 &1 once    
hav+ />t$1 !y necess>ily came into      
collision at "s po9t betwe5 ! two4      
,william ( ,*ampeaux1 lectur+ on        
dialectics or logic1 comes to !  "q (   
univ]sals1 :i* he says1 are sub/ances4  
,/>t+ f  ! highe/ sub/ance1 ,god1 all   
be+ desc5ds ?r\gh creat$  sub/ances by  
/ages1 until x rea*es ! sub/ance        
animality1 f  :i* x desc5ds to !        

sub/ance humanity3 & humanity be+1  l   
o!r ess5ces or sub/ances1 indivisible1  
passes :olly into  ea* individual1      
becom+ ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,ari/otle1  
mu* z  ! div9e sub/ance exi/s :olly &   
undivid$ 9 ea* memb] (  ! ,tr9ity4      
,"h ,abel>d int]rupts4 ,! div9e         
sub/ance1 he says1 op]ates by  laws (   
its own1 & _c be us$ = comp>ison4 ,9    
treat+ (  human sub/ance1 "o is b\nd by 
human limitations4 ,if ! :ole (         
humanity is 9 ,socrates1 x is :olly     
absorb$ by ,socrates1 &  _c be at ! same
 "t 9 ,plato1 or else:]e4 ,foll[+ 8     
fav\rite r$uctio ad absurdum1 ,abel>d   
turns ! idea r\nd1 &  inf]s f x t1 s9ce 
,socrates c>ries all humanity 9 him1 he 
c>ries ,plato1 too2 & bo? mu/ be 9 !    
same place1 ?\gh  ,socrates is at ,a!ns 
& ,plato 9 ,rome4    ,! objection is    
famili> to ,william1 :o replies by ano!r
  commonplace3--    ,mr4 ,abel>d1 might 
,i1 )\t (f5ce1 ask y a simple matt]8 ,c 
y give me ,euclid's def9ition ( a po9t8 
,if ,i rememb] "r x is1 'illud cujus    

nulla p>s e/'2 t :i*  has no p>ts4      
,has x exi/5ce8    ,only 9 our m9ds4    
,n1 !n1 9 ,god8    ,all necess>y tru?s  
exi/ fir/ 9 ,god4 ,if ! po9t is a       
necess>y tru?1 x exi/s fir/ !re4    ,!n 
might ,i ask y = ,euclid's def9ition ( !
 l9e8    ,! l9e is t :i* has only       
ext5sion2 ',l9ea vocatur illa quae      
solam longitud9em habet4'  ,c y conceive
 an inf9ite /raight  l9e8    ,only z a  
l9e :i* has no end1 l ! po9t ext5d$4    
,suppos+ we imag9e a /raight l9e1 l     
opposite rays ( !  sun1 proce$+ 9       
opposite directions to inf9ity--is x    
real8    ,x has no reality except 9 !   
m9d t conceives x4    ,suppos+ we divide
 t l9e :i* has no reality into two p>ts 
at its orig9 9 ! sun or />1 %all we get 
two inf9ities8--or  %all we say1 two    
halves ( ! inf9ite8    ,we conceive (   
ea* z p>tak+ ! quality ( inf9ity4       
,n[1 let u cut out ! diamet] ( ! sun2 or
 r--s9ce ?is  is :at our successors 9 ! 
s*ool w d1--let u take a l9e (  our     
e>?'s longitude :i* is equally unreal1 &

 measure a degree  ( ?is ?+ :i* does n  
exi/1 & !n divide x into equal  p>ts :i*
 we w use z a measure or metre4 ,?is    
metre1 :i* is  /ill no?+1 z ,i und]/& y1
 is inf9itely divisible into  po9ts8 & !
 po9t itself is inf9itely small8 ,!re=e 
we h  ! f9ite p>tak+ ! nature ( !       
inf9ite8    ,und\bt$ly6    ,"o /ep m1   
,mr4 ,abel>d1 if ,i d n we>y y6 ,let me 
take  ?ree ( ^! metres :i* d n exi/1 &  
place !m s t !  ends ( "o %all t\* !    
ends ( ! o!rs4 ,may ,i ask :at is  t    
figure8    ,i presume y mean x to be a  
triangle4    ,precisely6 & :at sort ( a 
triangle8    ,an equilat]al triangle1 ! 
sides ( :i* measure "o metre  ea*4      
,n[ let me take ?ree m ( ^! metres :i* d
 n exi/1 &  con/ruct ano!r triangle :i* 
does n exi/2--are ^! two  triangles or  
"o triangle8    ,!y are mo/ c]ta9ly     
"o--a s+le concept ( ! only possible    
equilat]al triangle measur+ "o metre on 
ea* face4    ,y told u a mom5t ago t a  
univ]sal c\ld n exi/ :olly  &           
exclusively 9 two individuals at once4  

,does n ! univ]sal  by def9ition--,,!   
equilat]al triangle measur+ "o metre on 
ea*  face--does x n exi/ :olly1 9 its   
integrity ( ess5ce1 9 ea*  ( ! two      
triangles we h conceiv$8    ,x does--z a
 conception4    ,i ?ank y6 ,n[1 al?\gh  
,i fe> we>y+ y1 p]haps y w  cons5t to   
let me add matt] to m9d4 ,i h "h on my  
desk an  object n uncommon 9 nature1 :i*
 ,i w ask y to describe4    ,x appe>s to
 be a cry/al4    ,may ,i ask its %ape8  
,i %\ld call x a regul> octah$ron4    ,t
 is1 two pyramids1 set base to base8    
mak+ eight plane  surfaces1 ea* a p]fect
 equilat]al triangle8    ,conc$o        
triangula 7,i grant ! triangles74    ,d 
y "k1 p]*ance1 :at is ?is mat]ial :i*   
seems to give  sub/antial exi/5ce to ^! 
eight triangles8    ,i d n4    ,nor ,i6 
nor does x matt]1 unless y conceive x to
 be ! "w (  man8    ,i d n claim x z    
man's "w4    ,^:1 !n8    ,we believe all
 actual creation ( matt]1 unit$ ) =m1 to
 be  ! "w ( ,god4    ,surely n !        
sub/ance ( ,god himself8 ,p]haps y mean 

t ?is  =m--?is octah$ron--is a div9e    
concept4    ,i und]/& su* to be !       
doctr9e ( ! ,*ur*4    ,!n x seems t ,god
 uses ?is concept habitually to create  
?is  v common cry/al4 ,"o "q m1 & only  
"o1 if y w  p]mit me to come to ! po9t4 
,does ! matt]--! mat]ial--(  :i* ?is    
cry/al is made affect 9 any way ! =m--! 
nature1  ! s\l--( ! univ]sal equilat]al 
triangle z y see x  b\nd+ ^! eight plane
 surfaces8    ,t ,i d n "k1 & d n ?9k   
ess5tial to decide4 ,z f> z  ^!         
triangles are individual1 !y are made s 
by ! w ( ,god1  & n by ! sub/ance y call
 triangle4 ,! univ]sal--!  ab/ract "r   
angle1 or any o!r ab/ract =m--is only an
 idea1 a  concept1 to :i* reality1      
individuality1 or :at we might call     
en]gy is want+4 ,! only true en]gy1     
except man's free w1 is  ,god4    ,v    
good1 ,mr4 ,abel>d6 we c n[ rea* our    
issue4 ,y affirm  t1 j z ! l9e does n   
exi/ 9 space1 al?\gh ! eye  sees little 
else 9 space1 s ! triangle does n exi/ 9
 ?is  cry/al1 al?\gh ! cry/al %[s eight 

( !m1 ea* p]fect4 ,y  are aw>e t on ?is 
l9e :i* does n exi/1 & its  comb9ation 9
 ?is triangle :i* does n exi/1 re/s !   
:ole  fabric ( ma!matics ) all its      
necess>y tru?s4 ,9 o!r words1  y "k t 9 
?is l9e1 ?\gh x does n exi/1 is b\nd up 
! tru? ( ! only bran* ( human k :i*     
claims  absolute c]ta9ty = human        
processes4 ,y admit t ?is l9e &         
triangle1 :i* are m]e figm5ts ( our     
human imag9ation1 n only  exi/ indep5d5t
 ( u 9 ! cry/al1 b are1 z we suppose1   
habitually & inv>iably us$ by ,god      
,himself to give =m to !  matt] conta9$ 
)9 ! planes ( ! cry/al4 ,yet to ?is l9e 
& triangle y d5y reality4 ,to ma!matical
 tru?1 y d5y  compulsive =ce4 ,y hold t 
an equilat]al triangle may1 to y  & all 
o!r human individuals1 be a "r-angl$    
triangle if y  *oose to imag9e x s4     
,all[ me to say1 )\t assum+ any claim   
to sup]ior k1 t to me y\r logic results 
9 a diff]5t  conclusion4 ,if y are      
compell$1 at "o po9t or ano!r ( !  *a9 (
 be+1 to d5y exi/5ce to a sub/ance1     

surely x %\ld  be to ! la/ & feeble/4 ,i
 see no?+ to h9d] y f  d5y+ y\r own     
exi/5ce1 :i* is1 9 fact1 impossible to  
demon/rate4 ,c]ta9ly y are free1 9      
logic1 to argue t  ,socrates & ,plato   
are m]e names--t m5 & matt] are phantoms
  & dreams4 ,no "o ev] has prov$ or ev] 
c prove ! contr>y1  ,infallibly1 a great
 philosophical s*ool w "s day be f\nd$  
on  t assumption4 ,i v5ture ev5 to      
recomm5d x to y\r acute &  sceptical    
m9d2 b ,i _c conceive h[1 by any process
 (  reason+1 s5sual or sup]s5sual1 y c  
rea* ! conclusion  t ! s+le =m ( tru?   
:i* in/antly & inexorably compels  our  
submission to its laws--is no?+4    ,?us
 f>1 all 0 famili> gr\nd2 c]ta9ly at    
lea/ z famili> z  ! ,pons ,as9orum2 &   
nei!r ( ! two *ampions _h ne$ to feel   
ruffl$ 9 temp] by ! discussion4 ,! real 
/ruggle began only at  ?is po9t2 = until
 ?is po9t 0 rea*$1 bo? positions 7  ab\t
 equally t5able4 ,abel>d _h hi!rto re/$ 
quietly on !  def5sive1 b ,william's la/
 ?ru/ oblig$ him to /rike 9 8  turn1 &  

he drew himself up = :at1 five hundr$   
ye>s lat]1 0  call$ ! ,c\p de ,j>nac3-- 
,i d n d5y1 he beg9s2 on ! contr>y1 ,i  
affirm t !  univ]sal1 :e!r we call x    
humanity1 or equilat]al triangle1 has  a
 sort ( reality z a concept2 t x is     
some?+2 ev5 a  sub/ance1 if y insi/ ^u  
x4 ,und\bt$ly ! sum ( all  individual m5
 results 9 ! concept ( humanity4 ,:at ,i
 d5y is  t ! concept results 9 !        
individual4 ,y h correctly  /at$ !      
ess5ce ( ! po9t & ! l9e z s\rces ( our  
concept ( ! inf9ite2 :at ,i d5y is t !y 
are divisions (  ! inf9ite4 ,univ]sals  
_c be divid$2 :at is capable (  division
 _c be a univ]sal4 ,i admit ! =ce ( y\r 
analogy 9  ! case ( ! cry/al2 b ,i am   
oblig$ to po9t out to y t1  if y insi/  
on ?is analogy1 y w br+ y\rself & me    
into  flagrant contradiction ) ! fix$   
f\ndations ( ! ,*ur*4 ,if  ! en]gy ( !  
triangle gives =m to ! cry/al1 & ! en]gy
  ( ! l9e gives reality to ! triangle1 &
 ! en]gy ( !  inf9ite gives sub/ance to 
! l9e1 all en]gy at la/ becomes         

id5tical ) ! ultimate sub/ance1 ,god    
,himself4 ,socrates becomes  ,god 9     
small2 ,judas is id5tical ) bo?2        
humanity is ( !  div9e ess5ce1 & exi/s1 
:olly & undivid$1 9 ea* ( u4 ,!         
equilat]al triangle we call humanity    
exi/s1 !re=e1 entire1  id5tical1 9 y &  
me1 z a subdivision ( ! inf9ite l9e1    
space1 en]gy1 or sub/ance1 :i* is ,god4 
,i ne$ n rem9d y  t ?is is pan!ism1 & t 
if ,god is ! only en]gy1 human  free w  
m]ges 9 ,god's free w2 ! ,*ur* ceases to
 h a  reason = exi/5ce2 man _c be held  
responsible = 8 own  acts1 ei!r to !    
,*ur* or to ! ,/ate2 & f9ally1 ?\gh v   
unwill+ly1 ,i mu/1 9 reg>d = my own     
safety1 br+ ! subject  to ! att5tion ( !
 ,ar*bi%op1 :i*1 z y "k bett] ?an  ,i1 w
 lead to y\r seclusion1 or worse4       
,:e!r ,abel>d us$ ^! precise words is   
no?+ to ! po9t4  ,! words he left on    
record 7 equival5t to ^!4 ,z translat$  
by ,m4 de ,remusat f a manuscript       
entitl$3 ,glossulae magi/ri  ,petri     
,bael>di sup] ,porphyrium1 ! phrase     

runs3 ,a grave h]esy  is at ! end ( ?is 
doctr9e2 =1 accord+ to x1 ! div9e       
sub/ance :i* is recogniz$ z admitt+ ( no
 =m1 is  necess>ily id5tical ) e        
sub/ance 9 p>ticul> & )  all sub/ance 9 
g5]al4 ,ev5 _h he n /at$ ! h]esy s      
bluntly1 8 objection necess>ily pu%$    
,william 9 face ( x4  ,realism1 :5      
press$1 always l$ to pan!ism4 ,william (
 ,*ampeaux  & ,bi%op or ,ar*bi%op       
,hildeb]t 7 p]sonal fri5ds1 &           
,hildeb]t's div9e sub/ance left no m    
room = human free w  ?an ,abel>d saw 9 !
 geometric analogy imag9$ = ,william4   
,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* = fifte5    
hundr$ ye>s1  :5ev] ?is !ological po9t  
has be5 press$ aga9/ *ur*m5  x has r$uc$
 !m to evasion or to apology4           
,admitt$ly1 ! weak  po9t ( realism 0 its
 fatally pan!i/ic t]m4    ,( c\rse1     
,william consult$ 8 fri5ds 9 ! ,*ur*1   
probably  ,ar*bi%op ,hildeb]t among !   
re/1 be=e decid+ :e!r to  ma9ta9 or to  
ab&on 8 gr\nd1 & ! result %[$ t he 0    
guid$ by _! advice4 ,realism 0 ! ,roman 

ar*--! only  possible f\ndation = any   
,*ur*2 because x assum$ unity1 &  any   
o!r s*eme 0 compell$ to prove x1 = a    
/>t+-po9t4  ,let u see1 = a mom5t1 :at  
became ( ! dialogue1 :5 pu%$  into      
!ology1 9 ord] to rea* "s ( ! reasons   
:i* r$uc$  ,william to tacit ab&onm5t ( 
a doctr9e he c\ld nev] h  surr5d]$      
unless "u compulsion4 ,t he 0 angry is  
sure1 =  ,abel>d1 by ?us ?ru/+ !ology   
into dialectics1 _h /ruck him  a full   
bl[2 & ,william knew ,abel>d well3--    
,ah6 he w\ld h rejo9$2 y are quick1 ,m4 
du ,pallet1 to turn  :at ,i (f]$ z an   
analogy1 into an argum5t ( h]esy aga9/  
my  p]son4 ,y are at lib]ty to take t   
c\rse if y *oose1 ?\gh  ,i give y fair  
w>n+ t x w lead y f>4 ,b n[ ,i mu/  ask 
y /ill ano!r "q4 ,?is concept t y talk  
ab\t--  ?is image 9 ! m9d ( man1 ( ,god1
 ( matt]2 = ,i "k n  :]e to seek x--:e!r
 is x a reality or n8    ,i hold x z1 9 
a mann]1 real4    ,i want a categorical 
answ]--,yes or ,no6    ,di/+uo6 7,i mu/ 
qualify47    ,i w h no qualifications4  

,a sub/ance ei!r is1 or n4  ,*oose6     
,to ?is *all5ge ,abel>d _h ! *oice (    
answ]+ ,yes1 or (  answ]+ no1 or (      
refus+ to answ] at all4 ,he seems to h  
done  ! la/2 b we suppose him to h      
accept$ ! wag] ( battle1  & to answ]3-- 
,yes1 !n6    ,good6 ,william rejo9s2 n[ 
let u see h[ y\r pan!ism diff]s  f m9e4 
,my triangle exi/s z a reality1 or :at  
sci5ce w  call an en]gy1 outside my m9d1
 9 ,god1 & is impress$ on my m9d  z x is
 on a mirror1 l ! triangle on ! cry/al1 
its en]gy  giv+ =m4 ,y\r triangle y say 
is also an en]gy1 b an ess5ce  ( my m9d 
itself2 y ?ru/ x into ! m9d z an        
integral "p  ( ! mirror2 id5tically !   
same concept1 en]gy1 or necess>y  tru?  
:i* is inh]5t 9 ,god4 ,:atev] subt]fuge 
y may resort  to1 soon] or lat] y h got 
to agree t y\r m9d is  id5tical ) ,god's
 nature z f> z t concept is conc]n$4    
,y\r pan!ism goes fur!r ?an m9e4 ,z a   
doctr9e ( ! ,real  ,pres5ce peculi> to  
y\rself1 ,i c comm5d x to ! ,ar*bi%op   
toge!r ) y\r delation ( me4    ,suppos+ 

t ,abel>d took ! opposite c\rse1 &      
answ]$3--    ,no6 my concept is a m]e   
sign4    ,a sign ( :at1 9 ,god's "n6    
,a s\nd6 a ^w6 a symbol6 an e*o only (  
my ignorance4    ,no?+1 !n6 ,s tru? &   
virtue & *>ity d n exi/ at all4  ,y     
suppose y\rself to exi/1 b y h no means 
( kn[+ ,god2  !re=e1 to y ,god does n   
exi/ except z an e*o ( y\r  ignorance2  
&1 :at conc]ns y mo/1 ! ,*ur* does n    
exi/  except z y\r concept ( c]ta9      
individuals1 :om y _c  reg>d z a unity1 
& :o suppose !mselves to believe 9 a    
,tr9ity :i* exi/s only z a s\nd1 or a   
symbol4 ,i w n repeat  y\r words1 ,m4 du
 ,pallet1 outside ?is cloi/]1 because ! 
consequ5ces to y w\ld c]ta9ly be fatal2 
b x is only too  cle> t y are a         
mat]iali/1 & z su* y\r fate mu/ be      
decid$ by a ,*ur* ,c\ncil1 unless y     
pref] ! /ake by judgm5t  ( a secul>     
c\rt4    ,9 tru?1 pure nom9alism--if1   
inde$1 any "o ev] ma9ta9$ x--  af=d$ no 
cov] :atev]4 ,nor did ,abel>d's concept 
help !  matt]1 al?\gh = want ( a bett]  

refuge1 ! ,*ur* 0 (t5  driv5 into x4    
,conceptualism 0 a device1 l ! false    
wood5  ro(1 to cov] & conceal an inh]5t 
weakness ( con/ruction4  ,unity ei!r is1
 or is n4 ,if soldi]s1 no matt] 9 :at   
numb]1  c nev] make an army1 &          
wor%ipp]s1 ?\gh 9 millions1 d n  make a 
,*ur*1 & all humanity unit$ w\ld n      
necess>ily  con/itute a ,/ate1 equally  
little c _! concepts1 individual or     
unit$1 con/itute ! "o or ! o!r4 ,army1  
,*ur*1 & ,/ate1  ea* is an organic :ole1
 complex beyond all possible addition ( 
units1 & n a concept at all1 b r an     
animal t ?9ks1  creates1 dev\rs1 &      
de/roys4 ,! attempt to bridge ! *asm    
betwe5 multiplicity & unity is ! olde/  
problem ( philosophy1  religion1 &      
sci5ce1 b ! flimsie/ bridge ( all is !  
human  concept1 unless some:]e1 )9 or   
beyond x1 an en]gy n  individual is     
hidd52 & 9 t case ! old "q in/antly     
reappe>s3 ,:at is t en]gy8    ,abel>d   
w\ld h done well to leave ,william      
alone1 b ,abel>d 0  an adv5tur]1 &      

,william 0 a *ur*man4 ,to w9 a victory  
ov] a  *ur*man is n v difficult = an    
adv5tur]1 & is always a  tempt+         
amusem5t1 because ! ambition ( *ur*m5 to
 %9e 9  worldly conte/s is discipl9$ &  
*eck$ by ! broad] int]e/s  ( ! ,*ur*3 b 
! victory is usually /]ile1 & r>ely h>ms
  ! *ur*man4 ,! ,*ur* c>es = its own4   
,probably ! bi%ops  advis$ ,william n to
 insi/ on 8 doctr9e1 al?\gh e bi%op  may
 h held ! same view4 ,william all[$     
himself to be sil5c$  )\t a judgm5t1 & 9
 t respect /&s almo/ if n q  alone among
 s*oolm54 ,! /ud5ts div9$ t he _h sold  
himself  to ! ,*ur*1 & consequ5tly      
des]t$ him4 ,v soon he receiv$  8 rew>d 
9 ! %ape ( ! highe/ dignity op5 to      
private  ambition--a bi%opric4 ,z ,bi%op
 ( ,*alons-sur-,m>ne he made =  himself 
a great reputation1 :i* does n conc]n u1
 al?\gh x  deeply conc]n$ ! un=tunate   
,abel>d1 = x happ5$1 ei!r by  *ance or  
design1 t )9 a ye> or two aft] ,william 
e/abli%$ himself at ,*alons1 "y ,b]n>d (
 ,citeaux *ose a  neighb\r+ diocese 9   

:i* to e/abli% a bran* ( !  ,ci/]cian   
,ord]1 & ,bi%op ,william took s ke5 an  
int]e/ 9 !  success ( ,b]n>d z almo/ to 
claim equal cr$it = x4 ,clairvaux  01 9 
a mann]1 ,william's creation1 al?\gh n 9
 8 diocese1  & yet1 if !re 0 a prie/ 9  
all ,france :o f]v5tly despis$  !       
s*ools1 x 0 "y ,b]n>d4 ,william (       
,*ampeaux1 ! *ief  ( s*oolm51 c\ld nev] 
h ga9$ ,b]n>d's affections4 ,bi%op      
,william ( ,*alons mu/ h drift$ f> f    
dialectics into  my/icism 9 ord] to w9 !
 support ( ,clairvaux1 & tra9 up a  new 
army ( allies :o 7 to m>k ,abel>d = an  
easy prey4    ,mean:ile ,abel>d pursu$ 8
 c\rse ( triumph 9 ! s*ools1 &  9 due "t
 turn$ f dialectics to !ology1 z e      
ambiti\s  tea*] c\ld h>dly fail to d4 ,8
 affair ) ,heloise & _!  m>riage seem to
 h occupi$ 8 "t 9 #aaag or #aaah1 = !y  
bo? retir$ into religi\s ord]s 9 #aaai1 
& he resum$ 8  lectures 9 #aabj4 ,) 8   
passion = rule1 he 0 fatally c]ta9  to  
attempt rul+ ! ,*ur* z he rul$ ! s*ools2
 &1 z x 0  always en\gh = him t any po9t

 %\ld be t5d] 9 ord] t  he %\ld press ^u
 x1 he in/antly & in/9ctively seiz$ on  
! mo/ s5sitive n]ve ( ! ,*ur* sy/em to  
wr5* x into 8  s]vice4 ,he became a sort
 ( apo/le ( ! ,holy ,gho/4    ,t !      
,tr9ity is a my/]y 0 a law ( !ology s   
absolute z  9 a degree to hide ! law (  
philosophy t ! ,tr9ity 0 meant  z a     
solution ( a great] my/]y /ill4 ,9 tru?1
 z a matt] (  philosophy1 ! ,tr9ity 0   
int5d$ to expla9 ! et]nal &  prim>y     
problem ( ! process by :i* unity c\ld   
produce  div]sity4 ,/>t+ f unity alone1 
philosoph]s f\nd !mselves  unable to /ir
 h& or foot until !y c\ld acc\nt =      
duality4 ,to  ! common1 ignorant        
peasant1 no su* tr\ble occurr$1 = he    
knew  ! ,tr9ity 9 its simpl] =m z ! fir/
 condition ( life1 l  "t & space & =ce4 
,no human be+ 0 s /upid z n to  und]/& t
 ! fa!r1 "m1 & *ild made a tr9ity1      
return+ into ea* o!r1 & al?\gh e fa!r1 e
 "m1  & e *ild1 f ! dawn ( man's        
intellig5ce1 _h ask$ :y1  & _h nev]     
receiv$ an answ] m intelligible to !m   

?an to  philosoph]s1 !y nev] %[$        
difficulty 9 accept+ t tr9ity  z a fact4
 ,!y might ev51 9 _! b5efic5t bl9dness1 
ask !  ,*ur* :y t tr9ity1 :i* _h        
satisfi$ ! ,egyptians = five  or t5-?\s&
 ye>s1 0 n good en\gh = *ur*m54 ,!y     
!mselves 7 do+ _! utmo/1 ?\gh           
unconsci\sly1 to  id5tify ! ,holy ,gho/ 
) ! ,"m1 :ile philosophy insi/$  on     
exclud+ ! human symbol precisely because
 x 0 human & l$  back to an inf9ite     
s]ies4 ,philosophy requir$ ?ree units to
 />t  f2 x pos$ ! equilat]al triangle1 n
 ! /raight l9e1 z  ! f\ndation ( its    
deometry4 ,! fir/ /raight l9e1 inf9ite 9
  ext5sion1 mu/ be assum$1 & its        
reflection eng5d]$ !  second1 b :5ce    
came ! ?ird8 ,"u prote/1 philosophy 0   
compell$ to accept ! symbol ( ,fa!r &   
,son z a matt] (  fai?1 b1 if ! relation
 ( ,fa!r & ,son 7 accept$ = !  two units
 :i* reflect$ ea* o!r1 :at relation     
express$ !  ,holy ,gho/8 ,9 philosophy1 
! product ( two units 0 n a ?ird  unit1 
b div]sity1 multiplicity1 inf9ity4 ,!   

subject 01 =  t reason1 bett] h&l$ by ! 
,arabs1 ^: reason+ work$  back on !     
,*ri/ian !ologi/s & made ! po9t m       
delicate  /ill4 ,common p1 l wom5 &     
*ildr5 & ourselves1 c\ld  nev] und]/& ! 
,tr9ity2 naturally1 intellig5t p        
und]/ood x /ill less1 b = !m x did n    
matt]2 !y did  n ne$ to und]/& x provid$
 _! neighb\rs w\ld leave x  alone4    ,!
 mass ( mank9d want$ some?+ ne>] to !m  
?an ei!r !  ,fa!r or ! ,son2 !y want$ ! 
,"m1 & ! ,*ur* tri$1 9  :at seems to    
wom5 & *ildr5 & ourselves r a feeble    
way1  to give ! ,holy ,gho/1 z f> z     
possible1 ! ,"m's attributes  --,love1  
,*>ity1 ,grace2 b 9 spite ( consci5ti\s 
ef=t &  unsw]v+ fai?1 ! ,holy ,gho/     
rema9$ to ! mass ( ,fr5*m5  some:at     
ap>t1 fe>$ r ?an lov$4 ,! s9 aga9/ !    
,holy  ,gho/ 0 a haunt+ spectre1 = no "o
 knew :at else x 04    ,naturally !     
,*ur*1 & especially its (ficial         
!ologi/s1 took  an in/9ctive attitude ( 
def5ce :5ev] a "q on ?is  subject 0     
ask$1 & 7 ?r[n into a flutt] (          

irritation  :5ev] an answ] 0 sugge/$4   
,no man likes to h 8  intellig5ce or    
good fai? que/ion$1 especially if he has
 d\bts  ab\t x himself4 ,! di/+ui%+     
ess5ce ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 z a  !ological  
sub/ance1 0 its my/]y4 ,t ?is my/]y %\ld
 be  t\*$ at all 0 annoy+ to e "o :o    
knew ! dang]s t  lurk$ beh9d ! veil1 b t
 x %\ld be freely h&l$ be=e  audi5ces ( 
laym5 by p]sons ( d\btful "* 0          
impossible4  ,su* lic5se mu/ end 9      
discr$it+ ! :ole ,tr9ity "u  pret5ce (  
mak+ x intelligible4    ,precisely ?is  
lic5se 0 :at ,abel>d took1 & on x he    
*ose to  insi/4 ,he said no?+ h]etical2 
he treat$ ! ,holy ,gho/ )  almo/        
exagg]at$ respect1 z ?\gh o!r *ur*m5 did
 n q  appreciate its m]its2 b he w\ld n 
let x alone1 & ! ,*ur*  dread$ e mom5t  
le/1 ) 8 enorm\s influ5ce 9 !  s*ools1  
he %\ld raise a new /orm by 8 notori\s  
indiscretion4  ,yet s long z he m]ely   
lectur$1 he 0 n mole/$2 only :5 he      
began to publi% 8 !ology did ! ,*ur*    
int]f]e4 ,!n a  c\ncil held at ,soissons

 9 #aaba abruptly condemn$ 8 book 9     
block1 )\t read+ x1 )\t specify+ its    
errors1 &  )\t he>+ 8 def5ce2 oblig$ him
 to ?r[ ! manuscript  into ! fire ) 8   
own h&s1 & f9ally %ut him up 9 a        
mona/]y4    ,he _h invit$ ! jurisdiction
 by tak+ ord]s1 b ev5 !  ,*ur* 0 %ock$  
by ! summ>y nature ( ! judgm5t1 :i*     
seems to h be5 q irregul>4 ,9 fact1 !   
,*ur* has nev]  kn[n :at x 0 t ! c\ncil 
condemn$4 ,! late/ great "w  on !       
,tr9ity1 by ! ,jesuit ,fa!r de ,regnon1 
sugge/s t  ,abel>d's fault 0 9 apply+ to
 ! ,tr9ity 8 !ory (  concepts4    ,yes6 
he says2 ! my/]y is expla9$2 ! key (    
conceptualism  has op5$ ! tab]nacle1 &  
,sa9t ,b]n>d 0 "r 9 say+  t1 ?anks to   
,abel>d1 e "o c p5etrate x & contemplate
  x at 8 ease2 'ev5 ! graceless1 ev5 !  
uncircumcis$4' ,yes6  ! ,tr9ity is      
expla9$1 b aft] ! mann] ( ! ,sabellians4
  ,= to id5tify ! ,p]sons 9 ! t]ms (    
human concepts is1 9  ! same /roke1 to  
de/roy _! 'subsi/ances propres4'        
,al?\gh ! ,savi\r seems to h felt no    

compunctions ab\t  id5tify+ ! p]sons ( !
 ,tr9ity 9 ! t]ms ( human  concepts1 x  
is cle> t t\ri/s & h]etics _h be/ leave 
!  ,*ur* to deal ) its subsi/ances      
propres1 & ) its own  memb]s1 9 its own 
way4 ,9 sum1 ! ,*ur* pref]r$ to /& firm 
on ! ,roman ar*1 & ! ar*itects seem n[  
incl9$ to ?9k x  0 "r2 t s*ola/ic sci5ce
 & ! po9t$ ar* prov$ to be  failures4 ,9
 ! twelf? c5tury ! _w may h be5 r\gh1 b 
x 0 n /upid4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,soissons 0   
held :ile !  ar*itects & sculptors 7    
build+ ! we/ por* ( ,*>tres  & !        
,aquilon at ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el4 ,av]roes
 0 born at ,cordova  9 #aabf2 ,om>      
,khayyam di$ at ,nai%apur 9 #aabc4      
,poetry &  metaphysics own$ ! _w1 & _!  
qu>rel ) !ology 0 a  private1 family    
dispute4 ,v soon ! tide turn$ decisively
 9  ,abel>d's fav\r4 ,sug]1 a political 
prelate1 became m9i/] ( !  ,k+1 & 9     
,m>*1 #aabb1 ,abbot ( ,sa9t-,d5is4 ,9   
bo? capacities  he took ! "p ( ,abel>d1 
releas$ him f re/ra9t1 & ev5  re/or$ to 
him lib]ty ( in/ruction1 at lea/ beyond 

!  jurisdiction ( ! ,bi%op ( ,p>is4     
,abel>d !n took a l9e (  conduct s+ul>ly
 p>allel ) t ( ,b]n>d4 ,quitt+ civiliz$ 
life he turn$ :olly to religion4 ,:5 !  
agreem5t1 he said1  _h be5 execut$ by   
bo? p>ties to x1 9 pres5ce ( ! ,k+  & 8 
m9i/]s1 ,i next retir$ )9 ! t]ritory (  
,troyes1  ^u a des]t spot :i* ,i knew1 &
 on a piece ( gr\nd giv5 me  by c]ta9   
p]sons1 ,i built1 ) ! cons5t ( ! bi%op (
 !  diocese1 a sort ( oratory ( re$s &  
?at*1 :i* ,i plac$ "u  ! invocation ( ! 
,holy ,tr9ity 444 ,f\nd$ at fir/ 9 ! "n 
( ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 !n plac$ "u its      
invocation1 x 0 call$  ',p>aclete' 9    
memory ( my hav+ come !re z a fugitive &
 9  my despair hav+ f\nd "s repose 9 !  
consolations ( div9e  grace4 ,?is       
d5om9ation 0 receiv$ by _m ) great      
a/oni%m5t1 & "s attack$ x ) viol5ce "u  
pretext t  x 0 n p]mitt$ to consecrate a
 *ur* specially to ! ,holy  ,gho/ any m 
?an to ,god ! ,fa!r1 b t1 accord+ to    
anci5t usage1 x mu/ be d$icat$ ei!r to !
 ,son alone or to  ! ,tr9ity4    ,! spot

 is /ill call$ ,p>aclete1 ne>           
,nog5t-sur-,se9e1 9 !  p>i% ( ,qu9cey   
ab\t halfway betwe5 ,fonta9ebleau &     
,troyes4  ,! "n ,p>aclete z appli$ to ! 
,holy ,gho/ meant ! ,consol]1  !        
,com=t]1 ! ,_s ( ,love & ,grace2 z      
appli$ to !  oratory by ,abel>d x meant 
a r5ewal ( 8 *all5ge to  !ologi/s1 a    
sep>ation ( ! ,p]sons 9 ! ,tr9ity1 a    
vulg>ization ( ! my/]y2 &1 z 8 /ory     
frankly says1 x 0  s receiv$ by _m4 ,!  
spot 0 n s remote b t 8  s*ol>s c\ld    
foll[ him1 & he invit$ !m to d s4 ,!y   
came  9 great numb]s1 & he lectur$ to   
!m4 ,9 body ,i 0 hidd5 9  ?is spot2 b my
 r5[n ov]ran ! :ole _w & fill$ x )  my  
^w4 ,und\bt$ly ,abel>d taught !ology1 &1
 9 defiance (  ! c\ncil t _h condemn$   
him1 attempt$ to def9e ! p]sons  ( !    
,tr9ity4 ,= ?is purpose he _h fall5 on a
 spot only fifty  or sixty miles f      
,clairvaux :]e ,b]n>d 0 inspir+ a       
contr>y  _s ( religion2 he plac$ himself
 on ! direct l9e betwe5  ,clairvaux &   
its s\rce at ,citeaux ne> ,dijon2 inde$1

 if he _h  s\ght = a spot z c5tral z    
possible to ! active movem5t (  ! ,*ur* 
& ! "t1 he c\ld h hit on none m conv5i5t
  & conspicu\s unless x 7 ! city (      
,troyes itself1 !  capital ( ,*ampagne1 
"s ?irty miles away4 ,! pro( t he  meant
 to be aggressive is furni%$ by 8 own   
acc\nt ( !  consequ5ces4 ,two rivals1 he
 says1 "o ( :om seems to h be5  ,b]n>d (
 ,clairvaux1 took ! field aga9/ him1 &  
succe$$ 9  excit+ ! ho/ility ( c]ta9    
ecclesia/ical & secul>  au?orities1 by  
*>g+ mon/r\s ?+s1 n only aga9/ my  fai?1
 b also aga9/ my mann] ( life1 to su* a 
po9t z to  deta* f me "s ( my pr9cipal  
fri5ds2 ev5 ^? :o  pres]v$ "s affection 
= me d>$ no long] display x1 =  fe>4    
,god is my witness t ,i nev] he>d ( !   
union ( an  ecclesia/ical assembly )\t  
?9k+ t its object 0 my  condemnation4 ,!
 ,*ur* _h good reason1 = ,abel>d's      
conduct  defi$ discipl9e2 b f> f %[+    
h>%ness1 ! ,*ur* ?is  "t %[$ a true _s (
 conciliation mo/ cr$itable to  ,b]n>d4 
,deeply z ! ,ci/]cians dislik$ & di/ru/$

 ,abel>d1  !y did n viol5tly suppress   
him1 b tacitly cons5t$ to let  !        
au?orities buy 8 sil5ce ) ,*ur*         
patronage4    ,! transaction pass$ ?r\gh
 ,sug]'s h&s1 & (f]$ an  ord9>y example 
( political cu/oms z old z hi/ory4 ,an  
abbey 9  ,brittany became vacant2 at a  
h9t f ! ,duke ,conan1 :i* may  well be  
suppos$ to h be5 sugge/$ f ,p>is1 !     
monks *ose  ,abel>d z _! new abbot1 &   
s5t "s ( _! numb] to ,sug]  to reque/   
p]mission = ,abel>d1 :o 0 a monk (      
,sa9t-,d5is1 to  become ,abbot (        
,sa9t-,gildas-de-,rhuys1 ne> ,vannes1 9 
,brittany4  ,sug] probably intimat$ to  
,abel>d1 ) a c]ta9 degree (  au?ority1 t
 he _h bett] accept4 ,abel>d1 /ruck )   
t]ror1  & z x 7 "u ! m5ace ( a          
?und]bolt1 accept$4 ,(  c\rse ! dignity 
0 9 effect bani%m5t & worse1 & 0 s      
und]/ood on all sides4 ,!               
,abbaye-de-,sa9t-,gildas-de-,rhuys1 ?\gh
  less isolat$ ?an ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el1 0
 n an agreeable w9t]  resid5ce4 ,?\gh   
situat$ 9 ,abel>d's native prov9ce (    

,brittany1  only sixty or eighty miles f
 8 bir?place1 x 0 = him a  prison ) !   
ocean ar\nd x & a s+ul>ly wild p to deal
  )2 b he c\ld h endur$ 8 lot )         
cont5tm5t1 _h n  discipl9e or fe> or    
pl$ge compell$ him to hold 8 tongue4 ,f 
#aabe1 :5 he 0 s5t to ,brittany until   
#aace :5 he reappe>$ 9  ,p>is1 he nev]  
op5$ 8 m\? to lecture4 ,nev]1 z ,god is 
my  witness1--nev] w\ld ,i h acquiesc$ 9
 su* an (f]1 _h x n  be5 to escape1 no  
matt] h[1 f ! vexations ) :i* ,i 0      
incessantly ov]:elm$4    ,a great c>e] 9
 ! ,*ur* 0 ?us op5$ = him aga9/ 8  w1 & 
if he did n die an ar*bi%op x 0 n :olly 
!  fault ( ! ,*ur*4 ,already he 0 a     
great prelate1 ! equal 9  rank ( ! ,abbe
 ,sug]1 himself1 ( ,sa9t-,d5is2 ( ,pet] 
!  ,v5]able ( ,cluny2 ( ,b]n>d (        
,clairvaux4 ,he 0 9 a mann] a  pe] ( !  
realm4 ,almo/ imm$iately he felt !      
advantages ( !  *ange4 ,b>ely two ye>s  
pass$ :51 9 #aabg1 ! ,abbe ,sug]1 9     
re=m+ 8 subord9ate ,abbey ( ,arg5teuil1 
0 oblig$ to  di/urb ,heloise1 !n a si/] 

9 t congregation4 ,abel>d 0  w>n$ ( !   
necessity t 8 wife %\ld be protect$1 & )
  ! assi/ance ( ev]yone conc]n$1 he 0   
all[$ to e/abli%  8 wife at ! ,p>aclete 
z head ( a religi\s si/]hood4 ,i        
return$ !re2 ,i invit$ ,heloise to come 
!re ) ! nuns ( h]  community2 & :5 !y   
arriv$1 ,i made !m ! entire donation (  
! oratory & its dep5d5cies 444 ,! bi%ops
 *]i%$ h] z  _! daught]2 ! abbots z _!  
si/]2 ! laym5 z _!  "m4 ,?is 0 m]ely !  
beg9n+ ( h] fav\r & ( 84 ,=  t5 ye>s !y 
7 bo? ( !m pett$ *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur*4    ,!
 =mal e/abli%m5t ( ,heloise at !        
,p>aclete took place 9  #aabi4 ,9       
,febru>y1 #aacj1 on ! dea? ( ! ,pope at 
,rome1 a s*ism  broke out1 & ! c>d9als  
elect$ two popes1 "o ( :om took !  "n ( 
,innoc5t ,,ii1 & appeal$ = support to   
,france4 ,sug] saw a  great political   
opportunity & us$ x4 ,! heads ( ! ,fr5* 
,*ur* agre$ 9 support+ ,innoc5t1 & ! ,k+
 summon$ a ,*ur*  c\ncil at ,etampes to 
decl>e its adhesion4 ,! c\ncil met 9 !  
late summ]2 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux took !  

lead2 ,pet] !  ,v5]able1 ,sug] (        
,sa9t-,d5is1 & ! ,abbot (               
,sa9t-,gildas-de-  ,rhuys support$ him2 
,innoc5t himself took refuge at ,cluny 9
  ,octob]1 & on ,janu>y #bj1 #aaca1 he  
/opp$ at ! ,b5$ict9e  ,abbey ( ,morigny4
 ,! ,*ronicle ( ! mona/]y1 record+ !    
abbots pres5t on ?is occasion1--! ,abbot
 ( ,morigny itself1 (  ,fev]%am2 (      
,sa9t-,luci5 ( ,beauvais1 & s =?1--add$ 
especially3 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux1 :o 0 !n
 ! mo/ fam\s  pulpit orator 9 ,france2 &
 ,pet] ,abel>d1 ,abbot ( ,sa9t-,gildas1 
also a monk & ! mo/ em95t ma/] ( !      
s*ools to :i* !  s*ol>s ( almo/ all !   
,lat9 races fl[$4    ,innoc5t ne$$      
popul> support2 ,b]n>d & ,abel>d 7 ! two
  lead]s ( popul> op9ion 9 ,france4 ,to 
atta* !m1 ,innoc5t c\ld  refuse no?+4   
,probably ,abel>d rema9$ ) ,innoc5t1 b 9
 any  case ,innoc5t gave him1 at        
,aux]re1 9 ! foll[+ ,novemb]1 a         
diploma1 grant+ to ,heloise1 prioress ( 
! ,oratory ( ! ,holy  ,tr9ity1 all      
rights ( prop]ty ov] :atev] %e might    

possess1  aga9/ all assailants2 :i*     
proves ,abel>d's fav\r4 ,at ?is "t  he  
seems to h tak5 great int]e/ 9 ! new    
si/]hood4 ,i made  !m m frequ5t visits1 
he said1 9 ord] to "w = _!  b5efit4 ,he 
work$ s e>ne/ly = _! b5efit t he        
sc&aliz$ ! neighb\rhood & _h to argue at
 unnecess>y l5g?  8 innoc5ce ( evil4 ,he
 w5t s f> z to express a wi% to take    
refuge among !m & to ab&on 8 abbey 9    
,brittany4 ,he pr(ess$  to /& 9 t]ror ( 
8 monks2 he excommunicat$ !m2 !y paid   
no att5tion to him2 he appeal$ to !     
,pope1 8 fri5d1 &  ,innoc5t s5t a       
special legate to en=ce _! submission 9 
pres5ce ( ! ,c\nt & ! ,bi%ops4    ,ev5  
s9ce t1 !y w\ld n keep quiet4 ,& q      
rec5tly1  s9ce ! expulsion ( ^? ( :om ,i
 h spok51 :5 ,i return$  to ! abbey1    
ab&on+ myself to ! re/ ( ! bro!rs :o    
inspir$ me ) less di/ru/1 ,i f\nd !m ev5
 worse ?an !  o!rs4 ,x 0 no long] a "q (
 poison2 x 0 ! dagg]  t !y n[ %>p5$     
aga9/ my brea/4 ,i _h great difficulty 9
  escap+ f !m "u ! guidance ( "o ( !    

neighb\r+  lords4 ,simil> p]ils m5ace me
 /ill & e day ,i see ! sword  rais$ ov] 
my head4 ,ev5 at table ,i c h>dly brea! 
444 ,?is is  ! torture t ,i endure e    
mom5t ( ! day2 ,i1 a poor monk1  rais$  
to ! prelacy1 becom+ m mis]able 9 becom+
 m  great1 t by my example ! ambiti\s   
may le>n to curb _!  gre$4    ,) ?is1 ! 
,/ory ( ,calamity ends4 ,! allusions to 
,innoc5t  ,,ii seem to prove t x 0      
writt5 n e>li] ?an #aacb2 !  confession 
( con/ant & abject p]sonal fe> sugge/s t
 x 0  writt5 "u ! %ock caus$ by !       
atroci\s murd] ( ! ,prior  (            
,sa9t-,victor by ! nephews ( !          
,ar*deacon ( ,p>is1 :o _h  also be5     
subject$ to re=ms4 ,?is murd] 0 committ$
 a few  miles outside ( ! walls ( ,p>is1
 on ,augu/ #bj1 #aacc4 ,! ,/ory  (      
,calamity is evid5tly a long plea =     
release f !  re/ra9ts impos$ on its     
au?or by 8 position 9 ! prelacy &  !    
tacit1 or possibly ! express1 contract  
he _h made1 or to  :i* he _h submitt$1 9
 #aabe4 ,?is plea 0 obvi\sly writt5 9   

ord] to s]ve "o ( two purposes3--ei!r to
 be plac$ be=e !  au?orities ^: cons5t  
alone c\ld relieve ,abel>d f 8          
re/ra9ts2 or to ju/ify him 9 ?r[+ (f !  
load ( !  ,*ur*1 & resum+ ! pr(ession ( 
s*oolman4 ,suppos+ !  second            
explanation1 ! date ( ! pap] w\ld be m  
or less  closely fix$ by ,john (        
,salisbury1 :o com+ to ,p>is z a  /ud5t1
 9 #aacf1 f\nd ,abel>d lectur+ on !     
,mont-,sa9te-  ,g5evieve2 t is to say1 n
 "u ! lic5se ( ! ,bi%op (  ,p>is or 8   
,*ancellor1 b indep5d5tly1 9 a private  
s*ool (  8 own1 outside ! walls4 ,i     
atta*$ myself to ! ,palat9e             
,p]ipatician :o !n presid$ on ! hill (  
,sa9te-,g5evieve1 !  doctor illu/ri\s1  
admir$ by all4 ,!re1 at 8 feet1 ,i      
receiv$  ! fir/ elem5ts ( ! dialectic   
art1 & accord+ to !  measure ( my poor  
und]/&+ ,i receiv$ ) all ! avidity (  my
 s\l ev]y?+ t came f 8 m\?4    ,?is     
explanation is h>dly reasonable1 = no   
prelate :o 0 n  also a temporal "l w\ld 
h d>$ ?r[ (f 8 (ficial duties  )\t      

p]mission f 8 sup]iors4 ,9 ,abel>d's    
case ! only  sup]ior to :om he c\ld     
apply1 z ,abbot ( ,sa9t-,gildas 9       
,brittany1 0 probably ! ,pope himself4  
,9 ! ye> #aace ! mom5t  0 exce$+ly      
fav\rable = ask+ privileges4 ,innoc5t1  
driv5  f ,rome a second "t1 _h summon$ a
 c\ncil at ,pisa = ,may #cj  to help    
him4 ,l\is-le-,gros & 8 m9i/] ,sug] gave
 at fir/ no  support to ?is c\ncil1 & 7 
ov]rul$ by ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux  :o 9 a  
mann] drove !m into giv+ ! ,fr5* cl]gy  
p]mission  to att5d4 ,! pr9cipal        
ar*bi%ops1 a numb] ( bi%ops1 &  sixte5  
abbots w5t to ,pisa 9 ,may1 #aace1 & "s 
"o ( !m  c]ta9ly ask$ ,innoc5t = fav\rs 
on behalf ( ,abel>d1 :i* !  ,pope       
grant$4    ,! pro( is a papal bull1 dat$
 9 #aacf1 9 fav\r ( ,heloise1  giv+ h] !
 rank & title ( ,abbess1 accompani$ by  
ano!r  giv+ to ! ,oratory ( ! ,holy     
,tr9ity ! rank & "n (  ,mona/]y ( !     
,p>aclete1 a novelty 9 ,*ur* tradition s
  extraord9>y or s %ock+ t x /ill a/\nds
 *ur*m54 ,)  ?is excessive m>k ( fav\r  

,innoc5t c\ld h felt little  difficulty 
9 giv+ ,abel>d ! p]mission to abs5t     
himself f  8 abbey1 & ) ?is p]mission 9 
8 h&s ,abel>d might h  lectur$ on       
dialectics to ,john ( ,salisbury 9 !    
summ] or autumn  ( #aacf4 ,he did n1 z  
f> z kn[n1 resume lectures on !ology4   
,su* success might h turn$ heads mu*    
bett] balanc$ ?an t  ( ,abel>d4 ,) !    
support ( ! ,pope & at lea/ "o ( !  mo/ 
prom95t c>d9als1 & ) relations at c\rt )
 !  m9i/]s ( ,l\is-le-,gros1 ,abel>d    
seem$ to himself z /rong z  ,b]n>d (    
,clairvaux1 & a m popul> *ampion ( re=m4
 ,!  ye> #aacg1 :i* has m>k$ a date = s 
_m great po9ts 9 our  travels1 m>k$ also
 ! mom5t ( ,abel>d's greate/ vogue4 ,!  
victory ( ,ari/otle & ! po9t$ ar* seem$ 
assur$ :5 ,sug]  effect$ ! m>riage ( !  
"y ,pr9ce ,l\is to ! heiress  ,eleanor (
 ,gui5ne4 ,! exact mom5t 0 /amp$ on !   
facade (  8 exquisite creation1 ! ,abbey
 ,*ur* ( ,sa9t-,d5is1 f9i%$ 9  #aadj &  
/ill 9 "p erect4 ,f ,sa9t-,d5is to      
,sa9t-,sulpice 0  b a /ep4 ,l\is-le-,gr&

 seems to /& close 9 succession to      
,l\is-le-,gros4    ,=tunately = t\ri/s1 
! _w1 re/less ?\gh x might be1  c\ld n  
hurry1 & ,abel>d 0 to "k ( ! po9t$ ar* v
  little except its re/lessness4 ,j at !
 apex ( 8 triumph1  ,augu/ #a1 #aacg1   
,l\is-le-,gros di$4 ,six mon?s aft]w>ds 
! anti-  pope also di$1 ! s*ism end$1 & 
,innoc5t ,,ii ne$$ ,abel>d's  help no m4
 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux became ,pope & ,k+ 
at once4  ,bo? ,innoc5t &               
,l\is-le-,jeune 7 9 a mann] 8 p]sonal   
creations4 ,! ,k+'s bro!r ,h5ry1 next 9 
succession1 actually  became a monk at  
,clairvaux n long aft]w>ds4 ,ev5 !      
ar*itecture told ! same /ory1 = at      
,sa9t-,d5is1 ?\gh !  ar* might simulate 
a po9t1 ! old ,romanesque l9es /ill     
ass]t  z firmly z ev] _! spiritual      
control4 ,! fle*e t gave !  facade a new
 _s 0 n add$ until #abae1 :i* m>ks      
,abel>d's  error 9 t]ms ( "t4    ,once  
arriv$ at p[]1 ,b]n>d made %ort "w ( all
 t tri$ to  resi/ him4 ,dur+ #aaci he   
seems to h be5 too busy or too ill to   

take up ! affair ( ,abel>d1 b 9 ,m>*1   
#aadj1 ! attack 0  op5$ 9 a =mal lett] f
 ,william ( ,sa9t-,?i]ry1 :o 0  ,b]n>d's
 close/ fri5d1 br++ *>ges aga9/ ,abel>d 
be=e  ,b]n>d & ! ,bi%op ( ,*>tres4 ,!   
*>ges 7 simple en\gh3--    ,pi]re       
,abel>d seiz$ ! mom5t1 :5 all ! ma/]s ( 
ecclesia/ical doctr9e h disappe>$ f !   
sc5e ( !  _w1 to conqu] a place ap>t1 = 
himself1 9 ! s*ools1 & to  create !re an
 exclusive dom9ation4 ,he treats ,holy  
,scripture z  ?\gh x 7 dialectics4 ,x is
 a matt] ) him ( p]sonal  inv5tion &    
annual novelties4 ,he is ! c5sor & n !  
disciple ( ! fai?2 ! corrector & n !    
imitator ( !  au?oriz$ ma/]s4    ,9     
sub/ance1 ?is is all4 ,! ne$ ( action 0 
ev5 simpl]4  ,abel>d's novelties 7      
becom+ a dang]2 !y affect$ n only  !    
s*ools1 b also ev5 ! ,curia at ,rome4   
,b]n>d mu/ act  because !re 0 no "o else
 to act3 ,?is man fe>s y2 he dreads  y6 
if y %ut y\r eyes1 :om w he fe>8 444 ,! 
evil has  become too public to all[ a   
correction limit$ to amicable  discipl9e

 & secret w>n+4 ,9 fact1 ,abel>d's works
 7 fly+  ab\t ,europe 9 e direction1 & e
 ye> produc$ a novelty4  ,"o c /ill read
 !m 9 ,m4 ,c\s9's collect$ edition2     
among  o!rs1 a volume on e?ics3 ,e?ica1 
seu ,scito teipsum2 on !ology  9 g5]al1 
an epitome2 a ,dialogus int]            
,philosophum1 ,judaeum et  ,*ri/ianum2  
&1 :at 0 p]haps ! mo/ al>m+ ( all1 an   
ab/ract ( quotations f /&>d au?orities1 
on ! pr9ciple  ( ! p>allel column1 %[+ !
 fatal contradictions ( !  au?oriz$     
ma/]s1 & entitl$ ,sic et ,non6 ,n "o (  
^!  works b dealt ) sacr$ matt]s 9 a _s 
imply+ t !  ,ess5ce ( ,god 0 bett]      
und]/ood by ,pi]re du ,pallet ?an by !  
:ole array ( bi%ops & prelates 9        
,europe6 ,_h ,b]n>d be5  =tunate en\gh  
to light ^u ! ,/ory ( ,calamity1 :i* mu/
  also h be5 9 exi/5ce1 he w\ld h f\nd  
!re ,abel>d's own  *ildlike av[al t he  
taught !ology because 8 s*ol>s said  t  
!y did n want m]e words2 t "o c believe 
only :at  "o und]/&s2 & t x is ridicul\s
 to prea* to o!rs :at  "o und]/&s no    

bett] ?an !y d4 ,b]n>d himself nev]     
*>g$ ,abel>d ) any presumption equal to 
?is4 ,b]n>d said  only t he sees no?+ z 
an enigma1 no?+ z 9 a mirror1 b  looks  
on ev]y?+ face to face4 ,if ?is _h be5  
all1 ev5  ,b]n>d c\ld sc>cely h         
compla9$4 ,= sev]al ?\s& ye>s  mank9d   
has />$ ,inf9ity 9 ! face )\t pret5d+ to
 be !  wis]2 ! pret5sion ( ,abel>d 0 t1 
by 8 dialectic me?od1  he c\ld expla9 ! 
,inf9ite1 :ile all o!r !ologi/s talk$   
m]e words2 & by way ( prov+ t he _h got 
to ! bottom (  ! matt]1 he laid d[n !   
ultimate law ( ! univ]se z 8  />t+-po9t3
 ,all t ,god does1 he said1 ,he wills   
necess>ily  & does x necess>ily2 = ,8   
goodness is su* t x pu%es ,him          
necess>ily to d all ! good ,he c1 & !   
be/ ,he c1 & !  quicke/ ,he c 444 ,!re=e
 x is ( necessity t ,god will$ &  made !
 _w4 ,pure logic admitt$ no cont+5cy2 x 
0 b\nd to  be necessit>ian or ceas$ to  
be logical2 b ! result1 z ,b]n>d        
und]/ood x1 0 t ,abel>d's _w1 be+ ! be/ 
& only  possible1 ne$ tr\ble itself no m

 ab\t ,god1 or ,*ur*1 or man4    ,/range
 z ! p>adox seems1 ,sa9t ,b]n>d & ,"l   
,bacon1 ?\gh  look+ at ! _w f opposite  
/&po9ts1 agre$ 9 ?is3 t  ! s*ola/ic     
me?od 0 false & mis*iev\s1 & t ! long]  
x 0 foll[$1 ! great] 0 its mis*ief4     
,b]n>d ?\ght t  because dialectics l$   
wrong1 !re=e fai? l$ "r4 ,he saw no     
alt]native1 & p]haps 9 fact !re 0 none4 
,if he _h liv$ a  c5tury lat]1 he w\ld h
 said to ,?omas ,aqu9as :at he said to  
a s*oolman ( 8 own day3 ,if y _h once   
ta/$ true food1--if  y knew :at true    
religion is1--h[ quick y w\ld leave ^?  
,jew mak]s ( books 7lit]atoribus        
judaeis7 to gnaw _! cru/s by  !mselves6 
,locke or ,hume might p]haps /ill h     
res5t$ a  little ! lit]ator judaeus1 b  
,f>aday or ,cl]k-,maxwell w\ld  h       
express$ ! same op9ion ) only ! *ange ( 
a ^w3 ,if  ! twelf? c5tury _h once ta/$ 
true sci5ce1 h[ quick !y  w\ld h dropp$ 
,avic5na & ,av]roes6 ,sci5ce admits t   
,b]n>d's disbelief 9 s*ola/icism 0 well 
f\nd$1 :atev] x  may ?9k ( 8 reasons4 ,!

 only po9t t rema9s is p]sonal3  ,:i* is
 ! m sympa!tic1 ,b]n>d or ,abel>d8    ,!
 ,*ur* feels no d\bt1 b is a bad        
witness4 ,b]n>d is n a  "* to be tak5 or
 reject$ 9 a lump4 ,he 0 _m-sid$1 &  ev5
 t[>d ,abel>d he %[$ m ?an "o surface4  
,he want$ no  unnecess>y sc&als 9 !     
,*ur*2 he _h too _m t 7 n (  8 seek+4   
,he seems to h gone ?r\gh ! =ms (       
fri5dly  negotiation ) ,abel>d al?\gh he
 c\ld h requir$ no?+  less ?an ,abel>d's
 submission & return to ,brittany1 &    
sil5ce2  t]ms :i* ,abel>d ?\ght worse   
?an dea?4 ,on ,abel>d's refusal1  ,b]n>d
 began 8 attack4 ,we "k1 f ! ,/ory (    
,calamity1  :at ,b]n>d's p>ty c\ld n h  
c]ta9ly kn[n !n1--!  abject t]ror into  
:i* ! v ?\ght ( a c\ncil _h =  tw5ty    
ye>s ?r[n ,abel>d :5ev] he 0 ?reat5$ )  
x2 &  9 #aadj he saw x to be inevitable4
 ,he pref]r$ to face x )  dignity1 &    
reque/$ to be he>d at a c\ncil to meet  
at ,s5s 9  ,june4 ,"o _c admit t he felt
 ! %ad[ ( a hope to escape4  ,at ! utmo/
 he c\ld h dream$ ( no?+ m ?an a he>+4  

,b]n>d's fri5ds1 :o _h a lively fe> ( 8 
dialectics1 took  c>e to %ut ! door on  
ev5 ?is hope4 ,! c\ncil 0 c>efully      
pack$ & ov]aw$4 ,! ,k+ 0 pres5t2        
ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1  abbots1 & o!r       
prelates by ! score2 ,b]n>d act$ 9 p]son
 z  ! prosecut+ attorney2 ! public      
outside 7 /imulat$ to  ?reat5 viol5ce4  
,abel>d _h less *ance ( a judicial he>+ 
?an he _h _h at ,soissons tw5ty ye>s    
be=e4 ,he act$ ) a  prop] s5se ( _!     
dignity & 8 own by simply appe>+ &      
ent]+ an appeal to ,rome4 ,! c\ncil paid
 no att5tion to !  appeal1 b pass$ to an
 imm$iate condemnation4 ,8 fri5ds said  
t x 0 done aft] d9n]2 t :5 ! volume (   
,abel>d's  ,!ology 0 produc$ & ! cl]k   
began to read x al\d1 aft]  ! fir/ few  
s5t5ces ! bi%ops ceas$ att5tion1 talk$1 
jok$1  laugh$1 /amp$ _! feet1 got angry1
 & at la/ w5t to sleep4  ,!y 7 wak$ only
 to gr[l ,damnamus--namus1 & s made an  
end4  ,! /ory may be true1 = all        
prelates1 ev5 9 ! twelf?  c5tury1 7 n   
,b]n>ds ( ,clairvaux or ,pet]s ( ,cluny2

 all  drank w9e1 & all 7 probably sleepy
 aft] d9n]2 :ile  ,abel>d's writ+s are1 
= ! mo/ "p1 exce$+ly h>d read+4  ,!     
cl]gy knew q well :at !y 7 do+2 !       
judgm5t 0  c]ta9 long 9 advance1 & !    
c\ncil 0 call$ only to regi/]  x4       
,political trials 7 usually m]e =ms4    
,! appeal to ,rome seems to h be5 tak5  
s]i\sly by ,b]n>d1  :i* is surpris+     
unless ! "* ( ,innoc5t ,,ii inspir$ 8   
fri5ds ) d\bts unkn[n to u4 ,innoc5t ow$
 ev]y?+ to  ,b]n>d1 :ile ,abel>d ow$    
ev]y?+ to ,innoc5t4 ,! ,pope 0 n  9 a   
position to ali5ate ! ,fr5* ,*ur* or !  
,fr5* ,k+4 ,to  any "o :o kn[s only :at 
is n[ to be kn[n1 ,b]n>d seems to  h be5
 sure ( ! ,curia1 yet he wrote 9 a tone 
( excitem5t z  ?\gh he fe>$ ,abel>d's   
influ5ce !re ev5 m ?an at home4  ,he    
became abusive2 ,abel>d 0 a crawl+ vip] 
7colub] tortuosus7  :o _h come out ( 8  
hole 7egressus e/ de cav]na sua71 &     
aft] ! mann] ( a hydra 79 similitud9em  
hydrae71 aft] hav+  "o head cut (f at   
,soissons1 _h ?r[n out sev5 m4 ,he 0 a  

monk )\t rule2 a prelate )\t            
responsibility2 an abbot  )\t discipl9e2
 disput+ ) boys2 conv]s+ ) wom54  ,!    
*>ges 9 !mselves seem to be lit]ally    
true1 & w\ld n  9 "s lat] c5turies h be5
 ?\ght v s]i\s2 nei!r  fai? nor morals 7
 impugn$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,abel>d nev]    
affect$ or aspir$ to be a sa9t1 :ile    
,b]n>d always affect$ to  judge ! acts &
 motives ( 8 fell[-creatures f a /&po9t 
( m ?an worldly *>ity4 ,b]n>d _h no "r  
to ,abel>d's  vices2 he claim$ to be    
judg$ by a high] /&>d2 b 8 temp]  0 none
 ( ! be/1 & 8 pride 0 some?+ ( ! wor/2  
:i* gave to ,pet] ! ,v5]able occasion = 
turn+ on him  %>ply ) a rebuke t cut to 
! bone4 ,y p]=m all !  difficult        
religi\s duties1 wrote ,pet] to ! sa9t  
:o wr\ght  miracles2 y fa/2 y wat*2 y   
suff]2 b y w n endure  ! easy ones--y d 
n love 7non vis levia f]re1 ut diligas74
    ,?is 0 ! end ( ,abel>d4 ,( c\rse !  
,pope confirm$ !  judgm5t1 & ev5 hurri$ 
to d s 9 ord] t he might n be  oblig$ to
 give ,abel>d a he>+4 ,! judgm5t 0 n    

sev]e1 z  judgm5ts w5t2 inde$1 x am\nt$ 
to little m ?an an ord] to  keep sil5ce1
 &1 z x happ5$1 0 nev] c>ri$ into       
effect4  ,abel>d1 at be/ a n]v\s        
invalid1 />t$ = ,rome1 b /opp$ at       
,cluny1 p]haps ! mo/ agreeable          
/opp+-place 9 ,europe4  ,p]sonally he   
seems to h be5 a fav\rite ( ,abbot ,pet]
 !  ,v5]able1 ^: love = ,b]n>d 0 n mu*  
/rong] ?an  ,abel>d's or ,sug]'s4 ,b]n>d
 0 an excessively %>p critic1 &  sp>$   
worldl9ess1 or :at he ?\ght lack (      
spirituality1 9 no  prelate :atev]2     
,clairvaux exi/$ = no?+ else1           
politically1  ?an z a rebuke to !m all1 
& ,b]n>d's enmity 0 _! bond (  union4   
,"u ! protection ( ,pet] ! ,v5]able1 !  
mo/ amiable  figure ( ! twelf? c5tury1 &
 9 ! mo/ agreeable resid5ce  9 ,europe1 
,abel>d rema9$ unmole/$ at ,cluny1      
occupi$1 z is  believ$1 9 writ+ or      
revis+ 8 treatises1 9 defiance ( !      
c\ncil4 ,he di$ !re two ye>s lat]1      
,april #ba1 #aadb1 9 full  communion1   
/ill nom9al ,abbot ( ,sa9t-,gildas1 & s 

di/+ui%$  a prelate t ,pet] ! ,v5]able  
?\ght himself oblig$ to write  a *>m+   
lett] to ,heloise at ! ,p>aclete n f>   
away1  condol+ ) h] on ! loss ( a husb& 
:o 0 ! ,socrates1  ! ,ari/otle1 !       
,plato1 ( ,france & ! ,we/2 :o1 if among
  logicians he _h rivals1 _h no ma/]2 :o
 0 ! pr9ce ( /udy1  le>n$1 eloqu5t1     
subtle1 p5etrat+2 :o ov]came ev]y?+ by  
! =ce ( reason1 & 0 nev] s great z :5 he
 pass$ to  true philosophy1 t ( ,*ri/4  
,all ?is 0 9 ,lat9 v]ses1 & seems       
suffici5tly /rong1  consid]+ t ,abel>d's
 philosophy _h be5 s rec5tly & s        
emphatically condemn$ by ! entire ,*ur*1
 includ+ ,pet] !  ,v5]able himself4 ,!  
twelf? c5tury _h ?is s+ul> *>m (  lib]ty
 9 practice1 j z its ar*itecture knew no
 ma!matical  =mula ( precision2 b       
,pet]'s lett] to ,heloise w5t fur!r     
/ill1 & rang ) absolute passion3--      
,?us1 de> & v5]able si/] 9 ,god1 he to  
:om y are unit$1  aft] y\r tie 9 ! fle%1
 by ! bett] & /rong] bond ( !  div9e    
love2 he1 ) :om1 & "u :om1 y h s]v$ !   

,"l1 ! ,"l n[ takes1 9 y\r place1 l     
ano!r y1 & w>ms  9 ,8 bosom2 &1 = ! day 
( ,8 com+1 :5 %all s\nd !  voice ( !    
ar*angel & ! trumpet ( ,god desc5d+ f   
heav51 ,he keeps him to re/ore him to y 
by ,8 grace4        ,,*apt] ,,xv    ,,! 
,,my/ics    ,! s*oolm5 ( ! twelf? c5tury
 ?\ght !y c\ld rea* ,god by  reason2 !  
,c\ncil ( ,s5s1 guid$ by ,sa9t ,b]n>d1  
repli$ t  ! ef=t 0 futile & likely to be
 mis*iev\s4 ,! c\ncil made  little      
pret5ce ( kn[+ or c>+ :at me?od ,abel>d 
foll[$2  !y condemn$ any ef=t at all on 
t l9e2 & no soon] _h  ,b]n>d sil5c$ !   
,abbot ( ,sa9t-,gildas = innovation ?an 
he  turn$ ab\t & sil5c$ ! ,bi%op (      
,poiti]s = cons]vatism4  ,nei!r 9 !     
twelf? nor 9 any o!r c5tury c\ld ?ree m5
 h  und]/ood alike ! mean+ ( ,gilb]t de 
la ,poree1 :o seems to  "o high au?ority
 unwor?y ( notice & to ano!r1 wor?y ( an
  elaborate b q un9telligible comm5t>y4 
,:5 ,m4 ,r\sselet &  ,m4 ,haureau judge 
s diff]5tly ( a volum9\s writ]1 !       
,c\ncil  at ,rheims :i* c5sur$ ,bi%op   

,gilb]t 9 #aadh c h>dly h be5  cle> 9   
m9d4 ,"o d>e haz>d no m ?an a guess at  
,gilb]t's  (f5ce1 b ! guess is tol]ably 
safe t he1 l ,abel>d1  insi/$ on        
discuss+ & analyz+ ! ,tr9ity4 ,gilb]t   
seems to  h be5 a rigid reali/1 & he    
r$uc$ to a correct syllogism !  idea ( !
 ultimate sub/ance--,god4 ,to make      
!ology a sy/em  capable ( s*ola/ic      
def9ition he _h to suppose1 beh9d !     
active deity1 a passive ab/raction1 or  
absolute sub/ance )\t  attributes2 & !n 
! attributes--ju/ice1 m]cy1 & ! re/--   
fell into rank z second>y sub/ances4    
,=mam dei div9itatem  appellant4 ,b]n>d 
answ]$ him by insi/+ ) 8 usual fi]y     
conviction t ! ,*ur* %\ld lay d[n ! law1
 once = all1  & inscribe x ) iron &     
diamond1 t ,div9ity--,div9e ,wisdom     
--is ,god4 ,9 philosophy & sci5ce ! "q  
seems to be /ill  op54 ,:e!r any?+      
ultimate exi/s--:e!r sub/ance is m  ?an 
a complex ( elem5ts--:e!r ! ?+ 9 itself 
is a  reality or a "n--is a "q t ,f>aday
 & ,cl]k-,maxwell seem  to answ] z      

,b]n>d did1 :ile ,haeckel answ]s x z    
,gilb]t did2  b 9 !ology ev5 a h]etic   
wond]s h[ a d\bt 0 possible4 ,!         
absolute sub/ance beh9d ! attributes    
seems to be pure ,sp9oza4    ,?is       
supposes t ! h]etic und]/&s :at ,gilb]t 
or ,haeckel  meant1 :i* is c]ta9ly a    
mi/ake2 b x is possible t he may  see 9 
"p :at ,b]n>d meant & ?is is en\gh if x 
is all4  ,abel>d's necessit>ianism &    
,gilb]t's ,sp9ozism1 if ,b]n>d  und]/ood
 !m "r1 7 equally impossible !ology1 & !
  ,*ur* c\ld by no evasion escape !     
necessity ( condemn+ bo?4  ,un=tunately1
 ,b]n>d c\ld n put 8 foot d[n s r\ghly  
on !  s*ools )\t putt+ x on ,ari/otle z 
well2 &1 = at lea/  sixty ye>s aft] !   
,c\ncil ( ,rheims1 ,ari/otle 0 ei!r     
tacitly or expressly prohibit$4    ,"o  
_c /op to expla9 :y ,ari/otle himself   
w\ld h be5  fir/ to =bid ! tea*+ ( :at 0
 call$ by 8 "n 9 !  ,middle ,ages2 b y  
are b\nd to rememb] t ?is p]iod betwe5  
#aadj & #abjj 0 t ( ,transition         
ar*itecture & art4 ,"o mu/  g to ,noyon1

 ,soissons1 & ,laon to /udy ! ,*ur* t   
trampl$ on  ! s*ools2 "o mu/ recall h[ !
 peasants ( ,norm&y & !  ,*>tra9 7      
crusad+ = ! ,virg9 9 #aade1 & build+ h] 
fle*es at ,*>tres &                     
,sa9t-,pi]re-sur-,dives :ile ,b]n>d 0   
condemn+ ,gilb]t at ,rheims 9 #aadh2 we 
mu/ g to ! poets to see  :at !y all     
meant by x2 b ! sum is an emotion--cle> 
&  /rong z love & mu* cle>] ?an         
logic--^: *>m lies 9 its  un/able       
balance4 ,! ,transition is ! equilibrium
 betwe5 ! love  ( ,god--:i* is fai?--& !
 logic ( ,god--:i* is reason2  betwe5 ! 
r\nd ar* & ! po9t$4 ,"o may n be sure   
:i*  pleases mo/1 b "o ne$ n be h>% t[>d
 p :o ?9k t  ! mom5t ( balance is       
exquisite4 ,! la/ & highe/ mom5t is  se5
 at ,*>tres1 :]e1 9 #abjj1 ! *>m dep5ds 
on ! con/ant  d\bt :e!r emotion or      
sci5ce is upp]mo/4 ,at ,ami5s1 d\bt     
ceases2 emotion is tra9$ 9 s*ool2 ,?omas
 ,aqu9as reigns4    ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux 
& ,?omas ( ,aqu9o 7 bo? arti/s1--v      
great arti/s1 if ! ,*ur* pleases1--& "o 

ne$ n decide :i*  0 ! great]2 b betwe5  
!m is a region ( pure emotion--(  poetry
 & art--:i* is m int]e/+ ?an ei!r4 ,9 e 
age  man has be5 apt to dream uneasily1 
roll+ f side to side1  beat+ aga9/      
imag9>y b>s1 unless1 tir$ out1 he has   
sunk into  indiff]5ce or scepticism4    
,religi\s m9ds pref] scepticism4 ,!     
true sa9t is a pr(\nd sceptic2 a total  
disbeliev] 9 human  reason1 :o has m ?an
 once jo9$ h&s on ?is gr\nd ) "s  :o 7  
at be/ s9n]s4 ,b]n>d 0 a total          
disbeliev] 9  s*ola/icism2 s 0          
,voltaire4 ,b]n>d br\ght ! society ( 8  
"t to %>e 8 scepticism1 b c\ld give !   
society no o!r  intellectual amusem5t to
 relieve its re/lessness4 ,8 crusade    
fail$2 8 ascetic en?usiasm fad$2 ,god   
came no ne>]4 ,if !re  0 9 all ,france1 
betwe5 #aadj & #abjj1 a m typical       
,engli%man  ( ! future ,*ur* ( ,engl&   
type ?an ,john ( ,salisbury1 he has     
left no trace2 & ,john wrote a          
description ( 8 "t :i* makes  a         
picturesque contra/ ) ! picture pa9t$ by

 ,abel>d1 8 old  ma/]1 ( ! c5tury at its
 beg9n+4 ,john weigh$ ,abel>d &  !      
s*ools aga9/ ,b]n>d & ! cloi/]1 & coolly
 conclud$  t ! way to tru? l$ r ?r\gh   
,citeaux1 :i* br\ght him  to ,*>tres z  
,bi%op 9 #aagf1 & to a mild scepticism 9
 fai?4 ,i  pref] to d\bt1 he said1 r ?an
 ra%ly def9e :at is  hidd54 ,! battle ) 
! s*ools _h !n result$ only 9  creat+   
?ree k9ds ( sceptics3--! disbeliev]s 9  
human reason2  ! passive agno/ics2 & !  
sceptics prop]1 :o w\ld h be5  a!i/s _h 
!y d>$4 ,! fir/ class 0 repres5t$ by !  
,s*ool ( ,sa9t-,victor2 ! second by     
,john ( ,salisbury himself2 !  ?ird1 by 
a class ( s*oolm5 :om he call$          
,cornificii1 z ?\gh  !y made a practice 
( inv5t+ horns ( dilemma on :i* to fix  
_! oppon5ts2 z1 = example1 !y ask$ :e!r 
a pig :i* 0  l$ to m>ket 0 l$ by ! man  
or ! cord4 ,"o asks in/antly3  ,:at     
cord8--:e!r ,grace1 = in/ance1 or ,free 
,w8    ,bi%op ,john us$ ! sci5ce he _h  
le>n$ 9 ! s*ool only to  rea* !         
conclusion t1 if philosophy 7 a sci5ce  

at all1 its  be/ practical use 0 to tea*
 *>ity--love4 ,ev5 ! e>ly1  sup]ficial  
debates ( ! s*ools1 9 #aajj-ej1 _h s    
exhau/$ !  subject t ! mo/ intellig5t m5
 saw h[ little 0 to be  ga9$ by pursu+  
fur!r ^? l9es ( ?\ght4 ,! twelf?  c5tury
 _h already rea*$ ! po9t :]e ! sev5te5? 
c5tury  /ood :5 ,desc>tes r5ew$ !       
attempt to give a solid1  philosophical 
basis = deism by 8 celebrat$ ,cogito1   
ergo sum4  ,al?\gh t ultimate fact seem$
 new to ,europe :5 ,desc>tes  reviv$ x z
 ! />t+-po9t ( 8 demon/ration1 x 0 z old
  & famili> z ,sa9t ,augu/9e to ! twelf?
 c5tury1 & z  little conclusive z any   
o!r assumption ( ! ,ego or ! ,non-,ego4 
,! s*ools argu$1 accord+ to _! ta/es1 f 
unity to  multiplicity1 or f            
multiplicity to unity2 b :at !y want$  0
 to connect ! two4 ,!y tri$ realism &   
f\nd t x l$ to  pan!ism4 ,!y tri$       
nom9alism & f\nd t x end$ 9  mat]ialism4
 ,!y attempt$ a compromise 9            
conceptualism :i*  begg$ ! :ole "q4 ,!n 
!y lay d[n1 exhau/$4 ,9 !  sev5te5?     

c5tury ! same viol5t /ruggle broke out  
aga91 &  wrung f ,pascal ! fam\s outcry 
( despair 9 :i* ! ,fr5*  language rose1 
p]haps = ! la/ "t1 to ! gr& /yle ( !    
twelf? c5tury4 ,to ! twelf? c5tury x    
belongs2 to ! c5tury  ( fai? &          
simplicity2 n to ! ma!matical c]ta9ties 
(  ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz & ,newton1 or  
to ! ma!matical  ab/ractions ( ,sp9oza4 
,desc>tes _h proclaim$ 8 fam\s          
conceptual pro( ( ,god3 ,i am consci\s (
 myself1 & mu/ exi/2  ,i am consci\s (  
,god & ,he mu/ exi/4 ,pascal we>ily     
repli$  t x 0 n ,god he d\bt$1 b logic4 
,he 0 tortur$ by !  impossibility (     
reject+ man's reason by reason2         
unconsci\sly  sceptical1 he =c$ himself 
to disbelieve 9 himself r ?an  admit a  
d\bt ( ,god4 ,man _h tri$ to prove ,god1
 & _h fail$3  ,! metaphysical pro(s (   
,god are s remote 7eloignees7 f !       
reason+ ( m51 & s contradictory         
7impliquees1 f>-fet*$7  t !y make little
 impression2 & ev5 if !y s]v$ to        
conv9ce "s p1 x w\ld only be dur+ !     

in/ant t !y  see ! demon/ration2 an h\r 
aft]w>ds !y fe> to h deceiv$  !mselves4 
,moreov]1 ?is k9d ( pro( c\ld lead only 
to a  speculative k1 & to "k ,god only 9
 t way 0 n to  "k ,him at all4 ,! only  
way to rea* ,god 0 to d5y ! value (     
reason1 & to d5y reason 0 scepticism3-- 
,en voyant l'aveuglem5t et la mis]e de  
l'homme et ces contr>ietes  etonnantes  
qui se dec\vr5t dans sa nature1 et      
reg>dant t\t  l'univ]s muet1 et l'homme 
sans lumi]e1 ab&onne a lui-meme et      
comme eg>e dans ce reco9 de l'umv]s1    
sans savoir qui l'y a mis1  ce qu'il y  
e/ v5u faire1 ce qu'il devi5dra en      
m\rant1 j'entre en  effroi comme un     
homme qu'on aurait porte endormi dans   
une ile  des]te et effroyable1 et qui   
s'eveill]ait sans connaitre ou il e/  et
 sans avoir aucun moy5 d'en sortir4 ,et 
sur cela j'admire comm5t  on n'entre pas
 en desespoir d'un si mis]able etat4 ,je
 vois d'autres  p]sonnes aupres de moi  
de semblable nature1 et je leur dem&e   
s'ils sont mieux in/ruits que moi1 et   

ils me dis5t que non ,et sur  cela1 ces 
mis]ables eg>es1 ayant reg>de aut\r     
d'eux1 et ayant vu  quelques objets     
plaisants1 s'y sont donnes et s'y sont  
atta*es ,p\r  moi je n'ai pu m'y arret] 
ni me repos] dans la societe de ces     
p]sonnes1 en t\t semblables a moi1      
mis]ables comme moi1  impuissants comme 
moi4 ,je vois qu'ils ne m'aid]ai5t pas a
 m\rir1  je m\rrai seul1 il faut donc   
faire comme si j'etais seul or1 si      
j'etais seul1 je ne batirais pas des    
maisons1 je ne m'emb>rass]ais  po9t dans
 des occupations tumultuaires1 je ne    
*]*]ais l'e/ime  de p]sonne1 mais je    
ta*]ais settlem5t a dec\vrir la v]ite4  
,a9si1 consid]ant combi5 il y a         
d'app>5ce qu'il y a autre *ose  que ce  
que je vois1 j'ai re*]*e si ce ,dieu    
dont t\t le monde  p>le n'aurait pas    
laisse quelques m>ques de lui4 ,je      
reg>de de  t\tes p>ts et ne vois p>t\t  
qu' obscuritd4 ,la nature ne m'(fre  ri5
 que ne soit mati]e de d\te et          
d'inquietude4 ,si je n'y voyais  ri5 qui

 m>quat une div9ite1 je me det]m9]ais a 
n'en ri5  croire4 ,si je voyais p>t\t   
les m>ques d'un ,createur1 je me        
repos]ais en paix dans la foi4 ,mais    
voyant trop p\r ni]1 et trop  peu p\r   
m'assur]1 je suis dans un etat a        
pla9dre1 et ou j'ai  s\haite c5t fois   
que si un ,dieu s\ti5t la nature1 elle  
le  m>quat sans ,equivoque2 et que1 si  
les m>ques qu'elle en donne sont        
trompeuses1 elle les supprimat t\t a    
fait2 qu'elle dit t\t ou  ri51 af9 que  
je visse quel p>ti je dois suivre4      
,:5 ,i see ! bl9dness & mis]y ( man & ! 
a/oni%+  contradictions reveal$ 9 8     
nature1 & obs]ve ! :ole  univ]se mute1 &
 man )\t light1 ab&on$ to himself1 z    
?\gh lo/ 9 ?is corn] ( ! univ]se1 )\t   
kn[+ :o put  him "h1 or :at he has come 
"h to d1 or :at w become ( him  9 dy+1  
,i feel fe> l a man :o has be5 c>ri$ :5 
asleep  into a des]t & fe>ful isl&1 &   
has wak$ )\t kn[+  :]e he is & )\t hav+ 
means ( rescue4 ,& !reupon ,i  wond] h[ 
man escapes despair at s mis]able an    

e/ate4 ,i see  o!rs ab\t me1 l myself1 &
 ,i ask !m if !y are bett]  in=m$ ?an   
,i1 & !y tell me no4 ,& !n ^! wret*$    
w&]]s1 aft] look+ ab\t !m & see+ "s     
pleasant object1  h giv5 !mselves up &  
atta*$ !mselves to x4 ,z = me ,i  _c /op
 !re1 or re/ 9 ! company ( ^! p]sons1   
:olly  l myself1 mis]able l me1 impot5t 
l me4 ,i see t !y  w\ld n help me to    
die1 ,i %all die alone1 ,i mu/ !n act z 
?\gh alone1 b if ,i 7 alone ,i %\ld n   
build h\ses1 ,i  %\ld n fret myself )   
bu/l+ occupations1 ,i %\ld seek !  e/eem
 ( no "o1 b ,i %\ld try only to discov] 
! tru?4    ,s1 consid]+ h[ mu* appe>ance
 !re is t some?+ exi/s  o!r ?an :at ,i  
see ,i h s\ght :e!r ?is ,god ( ,:om e   
"o talks may n h left "s m>ks (         
,himself4 ,i se>*  ev]y:]e1 & see only  
obscurity ev]y:]e4  ,nature (f]s me     
no?+ b matt] ( possible d\bt & disquiet4
 ,if ,i saw !re  no?+ to m>k a div9ity1 
,i %\ld make up my m9d to believe  no?+ 
( x4 ,if ,i saw ev]y:]e ! m>ks ( a      
,creator1 ,i %\ld  re/ 9 peace 9 fai?4  

,b see+ too mu* to d5y1 & too little  to
 affirm1 ,i am 9 a pitiable /ate1 :]e ,i
 h an hundr$ times  wi%es t1 if a ,god  
supports nature1 %e w\ld %[ x )\t       
equivocation2 & t1 if ! m>ks %e gives   
are deceptive1 %e  w\ld suppress !m     
:olly2 t %e say all ( no?+1 t ,i may    
see my pa?4    ,?is is ! true ,prome!us 
lyric1 b :5 put back 9 its place x      
refuses to re/ at ,port-,royal :i* has a
 "r to no?+ b  precision2 x has b "o    
real home--! ,abbaye-de-,sa9t-,victor4  
,!  m9d t recoils f itself c only commit
 a sort ( ec/atic  suicide2 x mu/ absorb
 itself 9 ,god2 & 9 ! bankruptcy (      
twelf?-c5tury sci5ce ! ,we/]n ,*ri/ian  
seem$ actually on !  po9t ( atta9m5t2   
he1 l ,pascal1 t\*$ ,god beh9d ! veil ( 
scepticism4    ,! s*ools _h already     
prov$ "o or two po9ts :i* ne$ nev]  h   
be5 discuss$ aga94 ,9 ess5ce1 religion 0
 love2 9 no case  0 x logic4 ,reason c  
rea* no?+ except ?r\gh ! s5ses2  ,god1  
by ess5ce1 _c be rea*$ ?r\gh ! s5ses2 if
 ,he is to  be kn[n at all1 ,he mu/ be  

kn[n by contact ( _s ) _s1  ess5ce )    
ess5ce2 directly2 by emotion2 by ec/asy2
 by  absorption ( our exi/5ce 9 ,82 by  
sub/itution ( 8 _s  = ours4 ,! _w _h no 
ne$ to wait five hundr$ ye>s long] 9    
ord] to he> ?is same result reaffirm$ by
 ,pascal4 ,sa9t ,francis  ( ,assisi _h  
affirm$ x l\dly en\gh1 ev5 if ! voice ( 
,sa9t  ,b]n>d _h be5 less p[]ful ?an x  
04 ,! ,virg9 _h ass]t$  x 9 tones m     
g5tle1 b any "o may /ill see h[ conv9c+1
  :o /ops a mom5t to feel ! emotion t   
lift$ h] wond]ful  ,*>tres spire up to  
,god4    ,! ,virg91 inde$1 made all     
easy1 = x 0 little en\gh %e  c>$ =      
reason or logic4 ,%e c>$ = h] baby1 a   
simple matt]1  :i* any woman c\ld d &   
und]/&4 ,t1 & ! grace ( ,god1  _h made  
h] ,que5 ( ,heav54 ,! ,tr9ity _h its    
s\rce 9 h]1--  totius ,tr9itatis nobile 
,tricl9ium1--& %e 0 mat]nity4 ,%e 0     
also poetry & art4 ,9 ! bankruptcy (    
reason1 %e alone 0  real4    ,s         
,guillaume de ,*ampeaux1 half a c5tury  
dead1 came to life aga9  9 ano!r ( 8    

creations4 ,8 own ,abbey (              
,sa9t-,victor1 :]e  ,abel>d _h c>ri$ on 
imag9>y disputes ) him1 became !        
dom9ant s*ool4 ,z f> z conc]ns its      
logic1 we _h be/ pass x  by4 ,!         
,victorians ne$$ logic only to drive    
away logicians1 :i*  0 h>dly necess>y   
aft] ,b]n>d _h %ut up ! s*ools4 ,z =    
its my/icism1 all tra9+ is mu* alike 9  
idea1 :e!r "o  foll[s ! six degrees (   
contemplation taught by ,ri*>d ( ,sa9t- 
,victor1 or ! eightfold noble way taught
 by ,gautama ,buddha4 ,!  !ology ( !    
s*ool 0 /ill less important1 = !        
,victorians  cont5t$ !mselves ) or?odoxy
 only 9 ! s5se ( c>+ z  little = dogma z
 = dialectics2 _! ?\ghts 7 fix$ on      
high] emotions4 ,n ,ri*>d ! tea*]1 b    
,adam ! poet1  repres5ts ! s*ool to u1 &
 :5 ,adam dealt ) dogma he  frankly     
admitt$ 8 ignorance & h9t$ 8 indiff]5ce2
 he 01  z always1 consci5ti\s2 b he 0 n 
always1 or (t51 z cold4  ,8 /atem5t ( ! 
,tr9ity is a m>vel2 b two v]ses ( x are 
en\gh3--    ,digne loqui de p]sonis     

,vim transc5dit rationis1     ,exc$it   
+5ia4   ,quid sit gigni1 quid processus1
   ,me nescire sum pr(essus1     ,s$    
fide non dubia4      ,qui sic cr$it1 non
 fe/9et1   ,et a via non decl9et        
,insol5t] regia4   ,s]vet fidem1 =met   
mores1   ,nec att5dat ad errors   ,quos 
damnat ,ecclesia4      ,( ! ,tr9ity to  
reason   ,leads to lic5se or to treason 
,puni%m5t des]v+4   ,:at is bir? & :at  
procession    ,is n m9e to make         
pr(ession1     ,save ) fai? unsw]v+4    
,?us pr(ess+1 ?us believ+1   ,nev]      
insol5tly leav+     ,! highway ( our    
fai?1   ,duty weigh+1 law obey+1   ,nev]
 %all we w&] /ray+   ,:]e h]esy is dea?4
      ,su* a s*ool took natural refuge 9
 ! ,holy ,gho/ & ! ,virg91  --,grace &  
,love1--b ! ,holy ,gho/1 z usual1 pr(it$
 by x mu*  less ?an ! ,virg94           
,comp>atively little ( ,adam's poetry is
  expressly giv5 to ! ,sa9t ,esprit1 &  
too l>ge a "p ( ?is  has a c]ta9 flav\r 
( dogma3--    ,qui proc$is ab utroque   
,g5itore ,g5itoque     ,p>it]1          

,p>aclite6   4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,amor    
,patris1 ,filiique   ,p> amborum et     
utrique     ,comp> et consimilis6       
,! ,holy ,gho/ is ( ! ,fa!r & ( !       
,son2 nei!r made nor creat$ nor begott51
   b proce$+4      ,! :ole ?ree ,p]sons 
are coet]nal   toge!r2 & coequal4       
,?is s\nds l a m]e v]sification ( !     
,cre$1 yet :5 ,adam  ceas$ to be        
dogmatic & broke into true pray]1 8 v]se
 add$ a  l(ty beauty ev5 to ! ,holy     
,gho/2 a beauty too s]i\s = mod]n       
rhyme3--    ,oh1 juvam5 oppressorum1    
,oh1 solam5 mis]orum1     ,paup]um      
refugium1   ,da contemptum t]r5orum6    
,ad amorem sup]norum     ,trahe         
desid]ium6      ,consolator et fundator1
   ,habitator et amator1     ,cordium   
humilium1   ,pelle mala1 t]ge sordes1   
,et discordes fac ,concordes1     ,et   
aff] praesidium6      ,oh1 help] ( !    
heavy-lad51   ,oh1 solace ( ! mis]able1 
,( ! poor1 ! refuge1   ,give contempt ( 
e>?ly pleasures6   ,to ! love ( heav5ly 
treasures     ,lift our he>ts' desire6  

,consolation & f\ndation1   ,de>e/ fri5d
 & habitation     ,( ! l[ly-he>t$1      
,dispel our evil1 cleanse our f\lness1  
,& our discords turn to concord1     ,& 
br+ u succ\r6      ,adam's s*ola/icism 0
 ! mo/ sympa!tic =m ( m$iaeval          
philosophy4 ,ev5 9 prose1 ! greate/     
writ]s h n (t5  succe$$ 9 /at+ simply & 
cle>ly ! fact t inf9ity c  make itself  
f9ite1 or t space c make itself b\nds1  
or t  et]nity c g5]ate "t4 ,9 v]se1     
,adam did x z easily z  ?\gh he 7 writ+ 
any o!r miracle1--z ,gaulti] de ,co9cy  
told ! ,virg9's1--& any "o :o ?9ks t !  
task 0 z easy  z x seems1 has only to   
try x & see :e!r he c r5d] into a  mod]n
 tongue any s+le ^w :i* %all reta9 !    
:ole value (  ! ^w :i* ,adam has *os53--
    ,ne p]iret homo reus   ,r$emptorem  
misit ,deus1   ,pat] unig5itum2         
,visitavit quos amavit   ,nosque vitae  
revocavit   ,gratia non m]itum4         
,inf9itus et ,imm5sus1   ,quem non capit
 ullus s5sus   ,nec locorum spatia1     
,ex et]no temporalis1   ,ex imm5so fit  

localis1   ,ut re/auret omnia4      ,to 
dea? condemn$ by awful s5t5ce1   ,god   
recall$ u to rep5tance1   ,s5d+ ,8 only 
,son2   ,:om ,he lov$ ,he came to *]i%2 
,:om ,8 ju/ice doom$ to p]i%1   ,by     
grace to life he won4      ,inf9ity1    
,imm5sity1   ,:om no human eye c see    
,or human ?\ght conta91   ,made (       
inf9ity a space1   ,made ( ,imm5sity a  
place1   ,to w9 u ,life aga94      ,!   
,engli% v]ses1 comp>$ ) ! ,lat91 are    
poor en\gh1 )  ! cant+ j+le ( a *eap    
religion & a ?9 philosophy1 b by        
contra/ & comp>ison !y give high] value 
to ! ,lat94 ,"o  feels ! dignity &      
religi\s quality ( ,adam's *ants ! bett]
  = try+ to give !m an equival5t4 ,"o   
w\ld n c>e to haz>d  su* exp]im5ts on   
poetry ( ! highe/ class l t ( ,dante  & 
,petr>*1 b ,adam 0 conv5tional bo? 9    
v]se & ?\ght1  & aim$ at obta9+ 8       
effects f ! skilful use ( ! ,lat9       
sonorities = ! purposes ( ! *ant4 ,)    
dogma & metaphysics  he dealt boldly &  
ev5 baldly z he 0 requir$ to d1 &       

successfully z f> z conc]n$ ! e> or !   
voice2 b poetry  0 h>dly made = dogma2  
ev5 ! ,tr9ity 0 bett] express$          
ma!matically ?an by rhy?m4 ,) ! /rong]  
emotions1 su* z  t]ror1 ,adam 0 /ill    
conv5tional1 & %[$ t he ?\ght (  ! *ant 
m ?an ( ! feel+ & exagg]at$ ! s\nd      
beyond  ! value ( ! s5se4 ,he c\ld nev] 
h writt5 ! ,dies ,irae4  ,he describ$ ! 
%ipwreck ( ! s\l 9 magnific5t s\nds )\t 
r\s+ an emotion ( fe>2 ! rag+ waves &   
w9ds t swept  8 b>k pa/ ! abysses & up  
to ! sky 7 z conv5tional z  ! sir5s1 !  
dragons1 ! dogs1 & ! pirates t lay 9    
wait4  ,! ma/ nodd$ z usual2 ! sails 7  
r5t2 ! sailors ceas$  "w2 all ! ma*9]y 0
 classical2 only ! pray] to ! ,virg9    
sav$ ! poetry f s9k+ l ! %ip2 & yet1 :5 
*ant$1  ! effect 0 mu* too f9e to be>   
translation3--    ,ave1 ,virgo s+ul>is1 
,mat] no/ri ,salut>is1   ,quae voc>is   
,/ella ,m>is1   ,/ella non erratica2    
,nos 9 hujus vitae m>i   ,non p]mitte   
naufrag>i1   ,s$ pro nobis ,salut>i     
,tuo semp] supplica6      ,saevit m>e1  

fremunt v5ti1   ,fluctus surgunt        
turbul5ti2   ,navis currit1 s$ curr5ti  
,tot occurrunt obvia6   ,hic sir5es     
voluptatis1   ,draco1 canes cum piratis1
   ,mortem p5e desp]atis   ,haec        
int5tant omnia4      ,po/ abyssos1 nunc 
ad coelum   ,fur5s unda f]t phaselum2   
,nutat malus1 fluit velum1   ,nautae    
cessat op]a2   ,contabescit 9 8 malis   
,homo no/] animalis2   ,tu nos1 ,mat]   
spiritalis1   ,p]euntes lib]al6         
,f9] /ill is ! fam\s /anza sung at      
,ea/]1 9 :i* ,*ri/  rises1 ! ,lion (    
,judah1 9 ! cra% ( ! bur/ gates ( dea?1 
at ! ro> ( ! ,fa!r ,lion3--    ,sic de  
,juda1 leo =tis1   ,fractis portis dirae
 mortis1   ,die surg5s t]tia1   ,rugi5te
 voce patris   ,ad sup]nae s9um matris  
,tot revexit spolia4      ,= t]ror or   
f]ocity or images ( pa91 ! art ( !      
twelf?  c5tury _h no use except to give 
a high] value to _! images (  love4 ,!  
figures on ! we/ portal ( ,*>tres are   
alive ) !  _s ( ,adam's poetry1 b x is !
 _s ( ! ,virg94 ,l  ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 ,adam 

lavi%$ 8 affections on ,m>y1 & ev5 m    
?an ,sa9t ,b]n>d he c\ld claim to be h] 
poet-laureate4 ,b]n>d  0 n himself au?or
 ( ! hymn ,/ella ,m>is :i* br\ght him  !
 hon\r ( ! ,virg9's p]sonal recognition1
 b ,adam 0 au?or  ( a doz5 hymns 9 :i*  
h] p]fections 7 told ) equal  f]v\r1 &  
:i* 7 sung at h] fe/ivals4 ,among ^! 0 !
  fam\s    ,salve1 ,mat] ,pietatis1     
,et totius ,tr9itatis   ,nobile         
,tricl9ium6      a complim5t s ref9$ &  
yet s excessive t ! ,v5]able  ,?omas    
,cantimprat5sis :o di$ a c5tury lat]1   
ab\t #abhj1 relat$  9 8 ,api>ium t :5   
v5]abilis ,adam wrote d[n ^!  l9es1 ,m>y
 h]self appe>$ to him & b5t h] head 9   
recognition4 ,al?\gh ! manuscripts d n  
expressly m5tion ?is  miracle1 !y d     
conta91 at t /anza1 a curi\s note       
express+  an op9ion1 app>5tly au?oriz$  
by ! prior1 t1 if ! ,virg9  _h se5 fit  
to recognize ! salutation ( ! ,v5]able  
,adam 9  ?is mann]1 %e w\ld h done only 
:at he m]it$3 ab ea  resalut>i et       
regrati>i m]uit4    ,adam's poems are   

/ill on ! %elves ( mo/ ,p>isian         
book%ops1 z  common z ,aucass9s & bett] 
kn[n ?an mu* poetry ( our own  "t2 = !  
m$iaeval ,lat9 rhymes h a delightful    
sonority &  simplicity t keep !m popul> 
because !y 7 n made to be  read b to be 
sung4 ,"o does n =get _! sw+3--         
,inf9itus et ,imm5sus2      or--    ,oh1
 juvam5 oppressorum2      or--          
,consolatrix mis]orum   ,suscitatrix    
mortuorum4      ,! organ rolls ?r\gh !m 
z solemnly z ev] x did 9 ! ,abbey       
,*ur*2 b 9 m$iaeval art s mu* m dep5ds  
on ! mass ?an  on ! measure--on !       
dignity ?an on ! detail--t equival5ts   
are impossible4 ,ev5 ,walt] ,scott 0    
cont5t to translate only  ?ree v]ses ( !
 ,dies ,irae4 ,at be/1 ,viollet-le-,duc 
c\ld  reproduce only a sort ( mod]n     
,go?ic2 a m or less effac$ or  affect$  
e*o ( a lo/ emotion :i* ! _w nev] felt b
 once  & nev] c\ld feel aga94 ,adam     
compos$ a numb] ( hymns to !  ,virg91 &1
 9 !m all1 ! feel+ c\nts = m1 by f>1 ?an
  ! s5se4 ,suppos+ we *oose ! simple/ & 

try to give x a  mod]n v]sion1 aim+ to  
%[1 by comp>ison1 ! diff]5ce (  s\nd2 "o
 c p]haps manage to recov] a little ( ! 
simplicity1  b give x ! gr& /yle "o _c2 
or1 at lea/1 if any "o has  ev] done    
bo?1 x is ,walt] ,scott1 & m]ely by     
plac+ side by  side ! ,dies ,irae & 8   
translation ( x1 "o c see at a  glance  
:]e he 0 oblig$ to sacrifice simplicity 
only to obta9  s\nd3--    ,dies irae1   
dies illa1   ,solvet seclum 9 favilla1  
,te/e ,david cum ,sibylla4      ,quantus
 tremor e/ futurus1   ,qu&o judex e/    
v5turus1   ,cuncta /ride discussurus6   
,tuba mirum sp>g5s sonum   ,p] sepul*ra 
regionum1   ,coget omnes ante ?ronum4   
,t day ( wra?1 t dreadful day1   ,:5    
heav5 & e>? %all pass away1   ,:at p[]  
%all be ! s9n]'s /ay8   ,h[ %all he meet
 t dreadful day8      ,:5 %rivell+ l a  
p>*$ scroll   ,! flam+ heav5s toge!r    
roll2   ,:5 l\d] yet & yet m dread      
,swells ! high trump t wakes ! dead4    
,z translation ! la/ l9e is artificial4 
,! ,dies ,irae does n belong1 9 _s1 to !

 twelf? c5tury2  x is sombre & gloomy l 
! ,la/ ,judgm5ts on ! ?irte5?-  c5tury  
portals2 x does n love4 ,adam lov$4 ,8  
v]ses express  ! ,virg92 !y are         
graceful1 t5d]1 f]v5t1 & !y hold !  same
 dignity :i* _c be translat$3--    ,9   
hac valle lacrim>um   ,nihil dulce1     
nihil c>um1   ,suspecta sunt omnia2     
,quid hic nobis erit tutum1   ,cum nec  
ipsa vel virtutum   ,tuta sit victoria6 
,c>o nobis adv]satur1   ,mundus cami    
suffragatur   ,9 no/ram p]niciem2       
,ho/is in/at1 nos infe/ans1   ,nunc se  
palam manife/ans1   ,nunc occultans     
rabiem4      ,et peccamus et punimur1   
,et div]sis irretimur   ,laqueis        
v5antium4   ,o ,m>ia1 mat] ,dei1   ,tu1 
po/ ,deum1 summa spei1   ,tu dulce      
refugium2      ,tot et tantis irretiti1 
,non valemus 8 r5iti   ,ne vi nec       
indu/ria2   ,consolatrix mis]orum1      
,suscitatrix mortuorum1   ,mortis rompe 
retia6      ,9 ?is valley full ( te>s1  
,no?+ s(t5s1 no?+ *e]s1   ,all is       
suspect$ lure2   ,:at safety c we hope  

=1 "h1   ,:5 ev5 virtue fa9ts = fe>     
,h] victory be n sure6    ,)91 ! fle% a 
traitor is1   ,)\t1 ! _w encompasses1   
,a deadly w\nd to br+4   ,! foe is gre$y
 = our spoils1   ,n[ clasp+ u )9 8      
coils1   ,or hid+ n[ 8 /+4      ,we s91 
& p5alty mu/ pay1   ,& we are caught1 l 
bea/s ( prey1   ,)9 ! hunt]'s sn>es4    
,ne>e/ to ,god6 oh ,m>y ,"m6   ,hope c  
rea* u f none o!r1   ,sweet refuge f our
 c>es2      ,we h no /r5g? to /ruggle   
long]1   ,= our bonds are m & /rong]    
,?an our he>ts c be>6   ,y :o re/ !     
heavy-lad51   ,y :o lead lo/ s\ls to    
,heav51   ,bur/ ! hunt]'s sn>e6      ,! 
art ( ?is poetry ( love & hope1 :i* m>k$
 ! my/ics1  lay ( c\rse 9 ! backgr\nd ( 
%ad[s :i* m>k$ !  cloi/]4 ,int] vania   
nihil vanius e/ hom9e4 ,man is an       
imp]ceptible atom always try+ to become 
"o ) ,god4 ,if ev]  mod]n sci5ce a*ieves
 a def9ition ( en]gy1 possibly x may    
borr[ ! figure3 ,en]gy is ! inh]5t ef=t 
( e  multiplicity to become unity4      
,adam's poetry 0 an expression ( !  ef=t

 to rea* absorption ?r\gh love1 n ?r\gh 
fe>2 b to d  ?is ?or\ghly he _h to make 
real to himself 8 own no?+ness2  mo/ (  
all1 to annihilate pride2 = ! l(tie/ s\l
 c  compreh5d t an atom1--say1 (        
hydrog51--:i* is pr\d ( its  p]sonality1
 w nev] m]ge 9 a molecule ( wat]4 ,!    
famili>  v]se3 ,oh1 :y %\ld ! _s (      
mortal be pr\d8 e*oes ,adam's  epitaph  
to ?is day3--    ,ha]es peccati1 natura 
filius irae1   ,exiliique reus nascitur 
omnis homo4   ,unde sup]bit homo1 cujus 
conceptio culpa1   ,nasci po5a1 labor   
vita1 necesse mori8      ,heir ( s91 by 
nature son ( wra?1   ,condemn$ to exile1
 e man is born4   ,:5ce is man's pride1 
^: conception fault1   ,bir? pa91 life  
lab\r1 & ^: dea? is sure8      ,f\r     
conclud+ l9es1 n by him1 express him ev5
 bett]3--    ,hic ego qui jaceo1 mis] et
 mis]abilis ,adam1   ,unam pro summo    
mun]e posco precem4   ,peccavi1 fateor2 
v5iam peto2 p>ce fat5ti2   ,p>ce1 pat]3 
fratres1 p>cite2 p>ce1 ,deus6      ,"o  
does n conceive t ,adam insi/$ s        

passionately on 8 s9s  because he ?\ght 
!m--or himself--important be=e !        
,inf9ite4  ,*emi/ry does n consid] an   
atom ( oxyg5 z 9 itself  important1 yet 
if x wi%es to get a volume ( pure gas1 x
 mu/  sep>ate ! elem5ts4 ,! human s\l 0 
an atom t c\ld unite  ) ,god only z a   
simple elem5t4 ,! ,fr5* my/ics %[$ 9  _!
 my/icism ! same ,fr5* reasonabl5ess2 ! 
s5se (  measure1 ( logic1 ( sci5ce2 !   
allegiance to =m2 !  transp>5cy ( ?\ght1
 :i* ! ,fr5* m9d has always %[n on  its 
surface l a %ell ( nacre4 ,! my/ics 7 9 
sub/ance  r m logical ?an ! s*oolm5 &   
mu* m arti/ic 9  _! correctness ( l9e & 
scale4 ,at bottom1 ,fr5* sa9ts 7  n     
extravagant4 ,"o c imag9e a ,byzant9e   
ass]t+ t no  ,fr5* sa9t 0 ev] q sa9tly4 
,_! aims & ideals 7 v  high1 b n beyond 
rea*+ & n unreasonable4 ,drag ! ,fr5*   
m9d z f> f l9e & logic z space p]mits1 !
 in/ant x is  fre$ x spr+s back to !    
classic & tries to look consequ5t4      
,?is p>adox1 t ! ,fr5* my/ics 7 nev]    
my/ical1 runs  ?r\gh all our travels1 s 

ob/9ately recurr+ 9 ar*itecture1        
sculpture1 leg5d1 philosophy1 religion1 
& poetry1 t x becomes  tiresome2 & yet x
 is an idea t1 9 spite ( ,mat!w ,arnold 
&  _m o!r great critics1 nev] has got   
lodgm5t 9 ! ,engli% or  ,g]man m9d1 &   
probably nev] w4 ,e "o :o loves travel  
w hope t x nev] may4 ,if y are driv5 to 
notice x z !  mo/ di/9ctive m>k ( ,fr5* 
art1 x is n at all = !  purpose ( argu+ 
a d\btful law1 b only 9 ord] to wid5 !  
amusem5t ( travel4 ,we set out to travel
 f ,mont-,sa9t-,mi*el to  ,*>tres1 & no 
f>!r2 !re we /op2 b we may /ill look    
across ! b\nd>y to ,assisi = a specim5 (
 ,italian ,go?ic  ar*itecture1 a s*eme (
 col\r decoration1 or /ill bett] = a    
my/ic to comp>e ) ! ,b]nad9es &         
,victorians4 ,e "o :o  kn[s any?+ (     
religion kn[s t ! ideal my/ic sa9t (    
we/]n ,europe 0 ,francis ( ,assisi1 & t 
,francis1 ?\gh he  lov$ ,france1 0 z f> 
z possible f be+ ,fr5*2 ?\gh n  9 ! lea/
 ,fr5*1 he 0 /ill ! f9e/ fl[] f ! ,fr5* 
m$iaeval g>d52 & ?\gh ! ,fr5* my/ics    

c\ld nev] h  und]/ood him1 he 0 :at !   
,fr5* my/ics w\ld h lik$ to  be or w\ld 
h ?\ght !y lik$ to be z long z !y knew  
him  to be n "o ( !mselves4 ,z an       
,italian or z a ,spani>d1 ,francis  0 9 
h>mony ) 8 _w2 z a ,fr5*man1 he w\ld h  
be5  out ( place ev5 at ,clairvaux1 &   
/ill m among 8 own  ,cordeli]s at !     
doors ( ! ,sorbonne4    ,francis 0 born 
9 #aahf1 at ! in/ant :5 ,fr5* art 0     
culm9at+1 or ab\t to culm9ate1 9 ! new  
ca!drals ( ,laon  & ,*>tres1 on ! ru9s (
 s*ola/ic religion & 9 ! full  summ] ( !
 ,c\rts ( ,love4 ,he di$ 9 #abbf1 j z   
,que5 ,blan*e  became ,reg5t ( ,france &
 :5 ! ,ca!dral ( ,beauvais 0  plann$4 ,8
 life precisely cov]$ ! mo/ p]fect mom5t
 ( art  & feel+ 9 ! ?\s& ye>s ( pure &  
confid5t  ,*ri/ianity4 ,to an emotional 
nature l 81 life 0 /ill a  phantasm or  
concept ( crusade aga9/ real or imag9>y 
enemies  ( ,god1 ) ! ,*anson de ,rol& = 
a sort ( evangel1 & a  fem99e ideal = a 
passion4 ,he *ose = 8 mi/ress dom9a     
no/ra paup]tas1 & ! rules ( 8 ord] (    

knigh?ood 7 z  vision>y z ^? ( ,sa9t    
,b]n>d 7 practical4 ,i/i sunt  fratres  
mei milites tabulae rotundae1 qui       
latitant 9 des]tis2 8  ,knights ( !     
,r\nd ,table hid !mselves = _! tra9+ 9  
des]ts ( pov]ty1 simplicity1 humility1  
innoc5ce ( self1  absorption 9 nature1 9
 ! sil5ce ( ,god1 &1 above all1 9 love  
& joy inc>nate1 ^: only influ5ce 0      
example4 ,pov]ty ( body  9 itself matt]$
 no?+2 :at ,francis want$ 0 pov]ty (    
pride1 & ! ext]nal robe or ! b>e feet 7 
outw>d &  necess>y =ms ( protection     
aga9/ its outw>d display4 ,aga9/  ri*es 
or aga9/ all ext]nal & visible vanity1  
rules & laws  c\ld be easily en=c$ if x 
7 wor? :ile1 al?\gh ! pure/  humility   
w\ld be rea*$ only by ^? :o 7 indiff]5t 
&  unconsci\s ( _! ext]nal dress2 b     
aga9/ spiritual pride !  s\l is         
def5celess1 & ( all its =ms ! subtle/ & 
!  meane/ is pride ( intellect4 ,if     
no/ra dom9a paup]tas _h a  mortal enemy1
 x 0 n ! pride b5ea? a sc>let robe1 b t 
9 a s*oolma/]'s f]ule1 & ( all          

s*oolma/]s ! va9e/ &  mo/ pret5ti\s 0 ! 
s*ola/ic philosoph]4 ,satan 0 logic4    
,"l ,bacon held mu* ! same op9ion4 ,i   
reject ! syllogism1 0  ! />t+-po9t ( 8  
tea*+ z x 0 ! ess5ce ( ,sa9t            
,francis's1 & ! reasons ( bo? m5 7 !    
same ?\gh _!  action 0 opposite4 ,let m5
 please !mselves z !y w 9  admir+ &     
almo/ ador+ ! human m9d1 ?is is         
c]ta93--t1  z an unev5 mirror di/orts ! 
rays ( objects accord+ to its  own      
figure & section1 s ! m9d 444 _c be     
tru/$ 444  ,bacon's fir/ object 0 ! same
 z t ( ,francis1 to humiliate  & if     
possible de/roy ! pride ( human reason2 
bo? ( !m knew  t ?is 0 _! mo/ difficult 
task1 & ,francis1 :o 0  *>ity inc>nate1 
lo/ 8 self-control :5ev] he spoke ( !   
s*ools1 & became almo/ bitt]1 z ?\gh 9  
con/ant t]ror ( a  poison or a canc]4   
,praeodorabat etiam tempora non longe   
v5tura 9  quibus jam praesciebat        
sci5tiam inflativam deb]e esse          
occasionem  ru9ae4 ,he =esaw ! "t n f>  
(f :5 puff$-up sci5ce  w\ld be ! ru9 ( 8

 dom9a paup]tas4 ,8 /ruggle ) ?is  =m ( 
human pride 0 desp]ate & tragical 9 its 
in/ant  failure4 ,he c\ld n make ev5 8  
novices und]/& :at he  meant4 ,! mo/    
impossible task ( ! m9d is to reject 9  
practice  ! reflex action ( itself1 z   
,bacon po9t$ out1 & only !  highe/ tra9+
 has sometimes p>tially succe$$ 9 do+ x4
 ,!  s*ools--anci5t1 m$iaeval1 or       
mod]n--h almo/ equally fail$1  b ev5 !  
simple ru/ics :o tri$ to foll[ ,francis 
c\ld n  see :y ! rule ( pov]ty %\ld     
ext5d to ! use ( a psalt]4  ,ov] & ov]  
aga9 he expla9$ vehem5tly & dramatically
 z only  an ,italian or a ,spani>d c\ld1
 & /ill !y fail$ to cat* a  notion ( :at
 he meant4     ,quum ergo v5isset beatus
 ,franciscus ad locum ubi erat ille     
novitius1 dixit ille novitius3 ,pat]1   
mihi esset magna consolatio  hab]e      
psalt]ium1 s$ licet g5]alis illud mihi  
concess]it1 tam5  vellem ipsum hab]e1   
pat]1 de consci5tia tua4 ,cui beatus    
,franciscus respondit3 ,c>olus imp]ator1
 ,rol&us et ,oliv]us et  omnes palat9i  

et robu/i viri qui pot5tes fu]unt 9     
proelio1  prosequ5do infideles cum multa
 sudore et labore usque ad mortem1      
habu]unt de illis victori>a memorialit]1
 et ad ultimum ipsi  sancti m>tyres sunt
 mortui pro fide ,*ri/i 9 c]tam9e4 ,nunc
  autem multi sunt qui sola n>ratione   
eorum quae illi fec]unt volunt  recip]e 
honorem et humanam laudem4 ,ita et int] 
nos sunt multi qui  solum recit&o et    
pra$ic&o op]a quae sancti fec]unt volunt
  recip]e honorem et laudem2 444 po/quam
 habu]is psalt]ium1  concupisces et     
volu]is hab]e brevi>ium2 et po/quam     
habu]is  brevi>ium1 s$ebis 9 ca!dra     
tanquam magnus prelatus et dices  fratri
 tuo3--,apporta mihi brevi>ium6    ,haec
 autem dic5s beatus ,franciscus cum     
magno f]vore spiritus  accepit de c9]e  
et posuit sup] caput suum1 et duc5do    
manum sup]  caput suum 9 circuitu sicut 
ille qui lavat caput1 dicebat3 ,ego     
brevi>ium6 ego brevi>ium6 et sic        
reit]avit multoties duc5do  manum p]    
caput4 ,et /upefactus et v]ecundatus e/ 

frat] ille 444  ,elapsis autem pluribus 
m5sibus quum esset beatus ,franciscus   
apud  locum sanctae ,m>iae de           
,portiuncula1 juxta cellam po/ domum 9  
via1  pra$ictus frat] it]um locutus e/  
ei de psalt]io4 ,cui beatus  ,franciscus
 dixit3 ,vade et facias de hoc sicut    
dicet tibi m9i/]  tuus6 ,quo audito1    
frat] ille coepit r$ire p] viam unde    
v5]at4  ,beatus autem ,franciscus       
reman5s 9 via coepit consid]>e illud    
quod dix]at illi fratri1 et /atim       
clamavit po/ cum1 dic5s3  ,expecta me1  
frat]6 expecta6 ,et ivit usque ad eum et
 ait illi3  ,rev]t]e mecum1 frat]1 et   
o/5de mihi locum ubi dixi tibi quod     
fac]es de psalt]io sicut dic]et m9i/]   
tuus4 ,quum ergo  p]v5iss5t ad locum1   
beatus ,franciscus g5uflexit coram      
fratre  illo1 et dixit3 ,mea culpa1     
frat]6 mea culpa6 quia quicunque vult   
esse frat] ,m9or non debet hab]e nisi   
tunicam1 sicut regula sibi  conc$it1 et 
cordam et femoralia et qui manife/a     
necessitate  coguntur calciam5ta4    ,s 

:5 ,sa9t ,francis happ5$ to come to !   
place :]e ! novice  01 ! novice said3   
,fa!r1 x w\ld be a great com=t to me to 
h a psalt]1 b ?\gh my g5]al %\ld grant  
x1 /ill ,i w\ld  r h x1 fa!r1 ) y\r k   
too4 ,sa9t ,francis  answ]$3 ,! ,emp]or 
,*>lemagne1 ,rol& & ,oliv]1 & all !     
palat9es & /rong m5 :o 7 pot5t 9 battle1
 pursu+ !  infidels ) mu* toil & sweat  
ev5 to dea?1 triumph$ ov] !m  memorably 
)\t writ+ x81 & at la/ ^! holy m>tyrs   
di$  9 ! conte/ = ! fai? ( ,*ri/4 ,b n[ 
!re are _m :o1  m]ely by tell+ ( :at ^? 
m5 did1 want to receive hon\r &  human  
praise4 ,s1 too1 among u are _m :o1     
m]ely by recit+ &  prea*+ ! works :i* ! 
sa9ts h done1 want to receive  hon\r &  
praise2 444 ,aft] y h got ! psalt]1 y w 
covet & want a brevi>y2 & aft] gett+ !  
brevi>y1 y w  sit on y\r ?rone l a      
bi%op1 & w say to y\r bro!r3  ',br+ me !
 brevi>y6'    ,:ile say+ ?is1 ,sa9t     
,francis ) great vehem5ce took up a     
h&ful ( a%es & spread x ov] 8 bead2 &   
mov+ 8 h&  ab\t 8 head 9 a circle z ?\gh

 wa%+ x1 said3 ,i1 brevi>y6  ,i1        
brevi>y6 & s kept on1 repeat$ly mov+ 8  
h& ab\t 8  head2 & /upefi$ & a%am$ 0 t  
novice4 444 ,b sev]al  mon?s aft]w>ds :5
 ,sa9t ,francis happ5$ to be ne> ,/a    
,m>ia  de ,portiuncula1 by ! cell beh9d 
! h\se on ! road1 ! same  bro!r aga9    
spoke to him ab\t ! psalt]4 ,sa9t       
,francis repli$3  ,g & d ab\t x z y\r   
director says4 ,on ?is ! bro!r  turn$   
back1 b ,sa9t ,francis1 /&+ 9 ! road1   
began to  reflect on :at he _h said1 &  
sudd5ly call$ aft] him3 ,wait  = me1    
bro!r6 wait6 & go+ aft] him1 said3      
,return ) me1  bro!r1 & %[ me ! place   
:]e ,i told y to d z y\r  director %\ld 
say1 ab\t ! psalt]4 ,:5 !y _h come back 
to  x1 ,sa9t ,francis b5t be=e ! bro!r1 
& said3 ,mea culpa1  bro!r1 mea culpa6  
because :oev] wi%es to be a ,m9orite mu/
  h no?+ b a tunic1 z ! rule p]mits1 & !
 cord1 & !  lo9clo?1 & :at cov]+ is     
manife/ly necess>y = ! limbs4    ,s     
vivid a picture ( an actual m$iaeval    
sa9t /&s out ^u ?is  simple backgr\nd z 

is h>dly to be f\nd else:]e 9 all !     
records ( c5turies1 b if ! bro!r himself
 did n und]/&  x & 0 s %am$ & /upefi$ by
 ,francis's vehem5ce1 ! _w  c\ld und]/& 
x no bett]2 ! ,ord] itself 0 a%am$ (    
,sa9t  ,francis because !y und]/ood him 
too well4 ,!y ha/5$ to  suppress ?is    
tea*+ aga9/ sci5ce1 al?\gh x 0 ! life ( 
,francis's doctr9e4 ,he taught t !      
sci5ce ( ! s*ools l$ to  p]dition       
because x 0 puff$ up ) empt9ess & pride4
  ,humility1 simplicity1 pov]ty 7 alone 
true sci5ce4 ,!y alone  l$ to heav54    
,be=e ! tribunal ( ,*ri/1 ! s*oolm5 w\ld
 be  condemn$1 &1 ) _! d>k logic        
7op9ionibus t5ebrosis7  %all be plung$  
into out] d>kness ) ! spirits ( !       
d>kness4 ,!y 7 devili%1 & w\ld p]i% ) ! 
devils4    ,"o sees in/antly t nei!r    
,francis ( ,assisi nor ,bacon (  ,v]ulam
 c\ld h hop$ = peace ) ! s*ools2        
twelf?-c5tury  ec/asy felt ! futility ( 
m]e rhetoric q z ke5ly z                
sev5te5?-c5tury scepticism 0 to feel x2 
& yet :5 ,francis  di$ 9 #abbf at       

,assisi1 ,?omas 0 j be+ born at ,aqu9o  
"s  two hundr$ kilometres to ! s\?w>d4  
,true s*ola/icism _h n  begun4 ,f\r     
hundr$ ye>s seem long = ! human m9d to  
/&  /ill--or g backw>d2 ! m because !   
human m9d 0 nev]  bett] satisfi$ )      
itself ?an :5 ?us absorb$ 9 its mirror2 
b ) t *apt] we h no?+ to d4 ,!          
pleasante/ way to  treat x 0 t ( ,sa9t  
,francis2 half-s]i\s1 half-je/+2 z      
?\gh1 aft] all1 9 ! ?\ght ( inf9ity1 f\r
 hundr$ ye>s  7 at mo/ only a s]io-comic
 int]lude4 ,at ,assisi1 once1 :5 a      
!ologian attack$ ,fra ,egidio by ! usual
 =mal arraignm5t 9  syllogisms1 ! bro!r 
wait$ until ! conclusions 7 laid d[n1  &
 !n1 tak+ out a flute f ! folds ( 8     
robe1 he play$  8 answ] 9 ru/ic         
melodies4 ,! s\l ( ,sa9t ,francis 0 a   
ru/ic melody & ! simple/ t ev] rea*$ s  
high an  expression4 ,comp>$ ) x1       
,!ocritus & ,virgil are z mod]n z       
,t5nyson & ourselves4    ,all ?is %[s   
only :at ,sa9t ,francis 0 n2 to und]/&  
:at  he 0 & h[ he goes ) ,sa9t ,b]n>d & 

,sa9t ,victor ?r\gh  ! religi\s idyll ( 
,transition ar*itecture1 "o mu/ w&]     
ab\t ,assisi ) ! ,floretum or ,fioretti 
9 "o's h&2--!  leg5ds :i* are ! gospel (
 ,francis z ! evangels are !  gospel (  
,*ri/1 :o 0 re9c>nat$ 9 ,assisi4 ,we h  
giv5 a  deal ( "t to %[+ our own        
sceptical natures h[ simple !  ar*itects
 & decorators ( ,*>tres 7 9 _! notions (
 !  ,virg9 & h] wants2 b ,fr5*          
simple-m9d$ness 0 already  complex      
comp>$ ) ,italian4 ,! ,virg9 0 human2   
,francis 0  elem5t>y nature itself1 l   
sun & air2 he 0 ,greek 9 8 joy  (       
life3--     444 ,recessit inde et v5it  
int] ,cann>ium   et ,mevanium4 ,et      
respexit quasdam arbores   juxta viam 9 
quibus residebat tanta multitudo   avium
 div]s>um quod nunquam 9   p>tibus illis
 visa similis multitudo4 ,9 campo       
insup] juxta pra$ictas arbores etiam    
multitudo   maxima residebat4 ,quam     
multitud9em   sanctus ,franciscus       
respici5s et admirans1   facto sup] eum 
,spiritu ,dei1 dixit sociis3 ,vobis     

hic me 9 via exspectantibus1 ibo et     
pra$icabo   sororibus no/ris aviculis4  
,et intravit   9 campum ad aves quae    
residebant 9 t]ra4   ,et /atim quum     
pra$ic>e incepit omnes aves   9         
arboribus resid5tes desc5d]unt ad eum   
et simul cum aliis de campo immobiles   
p]man   s]unt1 quum tam5 ipse int] eas  
iret plurimas   tunica cont+5do4 ,et    
nulla e>um p5itus   movebatur1 sicut    
recitavit frat] ,jacobus de   ,massa1   
sanctus homo1 qui omnia supradicta      
habuit ab ore fratris ,massei1 qui fuit 
unus de   iis qui tune erant socii      
sancti patris4      ,quibus avibus      
sanctus ,franciscus ait3   ,multum      
t5em9i ,deo1 sorores meas aves1   et    
debetis eum semp] et ubique laud>e      
propt]   lib]um quem ubique habetis     
volatum1   propt] ve/itum duplicatum et 
triplicatum1   propt] habitum pictum et 
ornatum1 propt]   victum s9e ve/ro      
labore p>atum1 propt]   cantum a        
,creatore vobis intimatum1 propt]       
num]um ex ,dei b5$ictione multiplicatum1

   propt] sem5 ve/rum a ,deo 9 area     
res]vatum1   propt] elem5tum a]is vobis 
deputatum4   ,vos non sem9atis neque    
metitis1 et ,deus   vos pascit2 et d$it 
vobis flum9a et fontes ad   pot&um1     
montes et colles1 saxa et ibices ad     
refugium1 et arbores altes ad           
nidific&um2   et quum nec fil>e nec     
tex]e sciatis1 praebet   tam vobis quam 
ve/ris filiis necess>ium indum5tum4     
,unde multum diligit vos ,creator   qui 
tot b5eficia contulit4 ,quapropt]       
cavete1   sorores mes aviculae1 ni sitis
 +ratae s$   semp] laud>e ,deum /udete4 
444 ,he dep>t$ !nce & came betwe5       
,cann>a & ,bevagna2 & ne> ! road he     
saw "s trees on :i* p]*$ s great a      
numb] ( birds z nev] 9 ^? p>ts _h   be5 
se5 ! l4 ,also 9 ! field beyond1   ne>  
^! same trees1 a v great multitude      
re/$ on ! gr\nd4 ,?is multitude1 ,sa9t  
,francis see+ ) wond]1 ! _s ( ,god      
desc5d+ on him he said to 8 companions3 
,wait = me on ! road1 :ile ,i g &       
prea* to our si/]s ! little birds4 ,& he

   w5t into ! field :]e ! birds 7 on   !
 gr\nd4 ,& z soon z he began to prea*1  
all ! birds 9 ! trees came d[n to him & 
) ^? 9 ! field /ood q /ill1 ev5   :5 he 
w5t among !m t\*+ _m   ) 8 robe4 ,n "o (
 !m mov$1   z ,bro!r ,james ( ,massa    
relat$1 a sa9tly   man :o _h ! :ole /ory
 f ! m\?   ( ,bro!r ,masseo :o 0 "o ( ^?
 !n   ) ! sa9t$ fa!r4      ,to ^! birds1
 ,sa9t ,francis said3 ,mu*   are y b\nd 
to ,god1 birds1 my si/]s1 &   ev]y:]e & 
always mu/ y praise him =   ! free      
flight y ev]y:]e h2 = !   d\ble & triple
 cov]+2 = ! pa9t$ &   decorat$ robe2 = !
 food prep>$ )\t   y\r lab\r2 = ! song  
taught y by !   ,creator2 = y\r numb]   
multipli$ by ,god's   bless+2 = y\r se$ 
pres]v$ by ,god 9   ! ark2 = ! elem5t ( 
air allott$ to y4   ,y nei!r s[ nor     
reap1 & ,god fe$s   y2 & has giv5 y     
riv]s & spr+s   to dr9k at1 m\nta9s &   
hills1 rocks &   wild goats = refuge1 & 
high trees = ne/+2   & ?\gh y "k nei!r  
h[ to sp9 nor   to weave1 ,he gives bo? 
y & y\r *ildr5   all ! g>m5ts y ne$4    

,:5ce mu* mu/   ! ,creator love y1 ,:o  
conf]s s _m   bless+s4 ,!re=e take c>e1 
my small bird   si/]s1 nev] to be       
ungrateful1 b always /rive   to praise  
,god4      ,fra ,ugol9o1 or :oev] wrote 
f ! dictation ( ,bro!r ,james (  ,massa1
 aft] ! tradition ( ,bro!r ,masseo (    
,m>ignano report$  ,sa9t ,francis's     
s]mon 9 absolute good fai? z ,sa9t      
,francis  probably made x & z ! birds   
possibly receiv$ x4 ,all 7  ,god's      
creatures1 bro!rs & si/]s1 & ,god alone 
knew or kn[s  :e!r or h[ f> !y und]/&   
ea* o!r2 b ,sa9t ,francis1 9  any case1 
und]/ood !m & believ$ t !y 7 9 sympa?y  
) him4 ,z f> z ! birds or wolves 7      
conc]n$1 x 0 no  great matt]1 b ,francis
 did n /op ) v]tebrates or ev5 )        
organic =ms4 ,nor 0 x surpris+1 said !  
,speculum1 if  fire & o!r creatures     
sometimes rev]$ & obey$ him2 =1 z  we :o
 7 ) him v frequ5tly saw1 he held !m 9  
su*  affection & s mu* delight$ 9 !m1 & 
8 s\l 0 mov$ by  su* pity & compassion =
 !m1 t he w\ld n see !m  r\ghly h&l$1 & 

talk$ ) !m ) su* evid5t delight z  if !y
 7 rational be+s3--    ,nam quadam vice1
 quum s$]et juxta ignem1 ipso nesci5te1 
ignis  invasit pannos ejus de l9o1 sive 
bra*as1 juxta g5u1 quumque  s5tiret     
calorem ejus nolebat ipsum ext+u]e4     
,socius autem ejus  vid5s comburi pannos
 ejus cucurrit ad eum vol5s ext+u]e     
ignem2  ipse v]o prohibuit ei1 dic5s3   
,noli1 frat]1 c>issime1 noli male  fac]e
 igni6 ,et sic nullo modo voluit quod   
ext+u]et ipsum4 ,ille  v]o fe/9ant] ivit
 ad fratrem qui erat gu>dianus ipsius1  
et  duxit eum ad beatum ,franciscum1 et 
/atim contra voluntatem beati           
,francisci1 ext9xit ignem4 ,unde        
quacunque necessitate urg5te  nunquam   
voluit ext+u]e ignem vel lampadem vel   
c&elam1 tantum  pietate movebatur ad    
ipsum4 ,nolebat etiam quod frat]        
projic]et  ignem vel lignum fumigantem  
de loco ad locum sicut solet fi]i1 s$   
volebat ut plane pon]et ipsum 9 t]ra ob 
rev]5tiam illius cujus  e/ creatura4    
,= once :5 he 0 sitt+ by ! fire1 a sp>k1

 )\t 8  kn[+ x1 caught 8 l95 draw]s &   
set !m burn+ ne> !  knee1 & :5 he felt !
 heat he w\ld n ext+ui% x2 b 8          
companion1 see+ 8 clo!s on fire1 ran to 
put x out1 & he  =bade x1 say+3 ,don't1 
my de>e/ bro!r1 don't hurt !  fire6 ,s  
he utt]ly refus$ to let him put x out1 &
 ! bro!r  hurri$ (f to get 8 gu>dian1 & 
br\ght him to ,sa9t ,francis1  & toge!r 
!y put out ! fire at once aga9/ ,sa9t   
,francis's  w4 ,s1 no matt] :at !       
necessity1 he w\ld nev] put out fire    
,or a lamp or c&le1 s /rong 0 8 feel+ = 
x2 he w\ld n  ev5 let a bro!r ?r[ fire  
or a smok+ log f place to place1  z is  
usual1 b want$ x plac$ g5tly 7piano7 on 
! gr\nd1 out  ( respect = ,him ,^:      
creature x is4    ,! mod]n t\ri/1 hav+ )
 difficulty satisfi$ himself t  ,sa9t   
,francis act$ ?us 9 good fai?1          
imm$iately exclaims t he  0 a h]etic &  
%\ld h be5 burn$2 b1 9 tru?1 !  imm5se  
popul> *>m ( ,sa9t ,francis1 z ( !      
,virg91 0  precisely 8 h]esies4 ,bo? 7  
illogical & h]etical by  ess5ce2--9     

/rict discipl9e1 9 ! days ( ! ,holy     
,(fice1 a  hundr$ ye>s lat]1 bo? w\ld h 
be5 burn$ by ! ,*ur*1 z  ,jeanne d',arc 
01 ) inf9itely less reason1 9 #adca4 ,! 
*>m (  ! twelf?-c5tury ,*ur* 0 t x knew 
h[ to be illogical--no  great moral     
au?ority ev] knew x bett]--:5 ,god      
,himself became  illogical4 ,x c>$ no m 
?an ,sa9t ,francis1 or ,"l ,bacon1 =  ! 
syllogism4 ,no?+ 9 twelf?-c5tury art is 
s f9e z ! air  & ge/ure ( sympa!tic     
maje/y ) :i* ! ,*ur* drew aside  to let 
! ,virg9 & ,sa9t ,francis pass & take ! 
lead--= a  "t4 ,bo? 7 human ideals too  
int5sely realiz$ to be resi/$  m]ely    
because !y 7 illogical4 ,! ,*ur* b[$ & 0
 sil5t4    ,?is does n conc]n u4 ,:at ! 
,*ur* ?\ght or ?9ks is its  own affair1 
& :at x *ooses to call or?odox is       
or?odox4 ,we  h be5 try+ only to und]/& 
:at ! ,virg9 & ,sa9t  ,francis ?\ght1   
:i* is matt] ( fact1 n ( fai?4 ,sa9t    
,francis 0 ev5 m outspok5 ?an ! ,virg94 
,%e calmly set  h]self above dogma1 &1 )
 fem99e indiff]5ce to au?ority1  ov]rul$

 x4 ,he1 hav+ ass]t$ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ! 
pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce1 paid no fur!r       
att5tion to dogma1 b1  )\t ! lea/       
retic5ce1 insi/$ on practices & ideas t 
no  ,*ur* c\ld possibly p]mit or av[4   
,t[>d ! end ( 8 life1  8 physician      
caut]iz$ 8 face = "s neuralgic pa93--   
,et posito f]ro 9 igne pro coctura      
fi5da1 beatus ,franciscus vol5s  con=t>e
 spiritum suum ne pavesc]et1 sic locutus
 e/ ad ignem3  ,frat] mi1 ignis1 nobilis
 et utilis int] alias creaturas1 e/o    
mihi curialis 9 hac hora quia olim te   
dilexi et diligam amore  illius qui     
creavit te4 ,deprecor etiam creatorem   
no/rum qui nos  creavit ut ita tuum     
calorem temp]ct ut ipsum su/9]e valeam4 
,et  oratione f9ita signavit ignem signo
 crucis4    ,:5 ! iron 0 put on ! fire =
 mak+ ! cott]ie1 ,sa9t  ,francis1 wi%+  
to enc\rage himself aga9/ fe>1 spoke ?us
 to  ! fire3 ,my bro!r1 fire1 noble/ &  
usefulle/ ( creatures1 be  g5tle to me  
n[1 because ,i h lov$ & w love y ) !    
love ( ,him :o creat$ y4 ,our ,creator1 

too1 ,:o creat$ u bo?1  ,i implore s to 
temp] y\r heat t ,i may h /r5g? to be>  
x4 ,& hav+ spok51 he sign$ ! fire ) !   
cross4    ,) him1 ?is 0 n m]ely a       
symbol4 ,*ildr5 & sa9ts c  believe two  
contr>y ?+s at ! same "t1 b ,sa9t       
,francis _h  also a complete fai? ( 8   
own :i* satisfi$ him :olly4 ,all  nature
 0 ,god's creature4 ,! sun & fire1 air &
 wat]1 7  nei!r m nor less bro!rs &     
si/]s ?an sp>r[s1 wolves1  & b&its4 ,ev5
 daemones sunt ca/alli ,dom9i no/ri2 !  
devils  are w>d5s ( our ,"l4 ,if ,sa9t  
,francis made any exception f  8 univ]al
 law ( bro!rhood x 0 t ( ! s*oolm51 b x 
0 nev] express$4 ,ev5 9 8 passionate    
outbreak1 9 !  pres5ce ( ,sa9t ,dom9ic1 
at ! great ,*apt] ( 8 ,ord] at  ,sancta 
,m>ia de ,portiuncula 9 #abah1 he did n 
g q to !  l5g? ( d5y+ ! bro!rhood (     
s*oolm51 al?\gh he plac$  !m f> bel[ !  
devils1 & yet e ^w ( ?is address seems  
to sob ) ! angui% ( 8 despair at ! p[] (
 ! s*ool  anti-,*ri/3--    ,quum beatus 
,franciscus esset 9 capitulo g5]ali apud

 ,sanctam  ,m>iam de ,portiuncula 444 et
 fu]unt ibi qu9que millia fratres1      
quamplures fratres sapi5tes et sci5tiati
 iv]unt ad dom9um  ,o/i5sem qui erat    
ibidem1 et dix]unt ei3 ,dom9e1 volumus  
ut  suadetis fratri ,francisco quod     
sequatur consilium fratrum sapi5tium  et
 p]mittat se int]dum duci ab eis4 ,et   
allegabant regulam sancti  ,b5$icti1    
,augu/9i et ,b]n>di qui doc5t sic et sic
 viv]e  ord9ate4 ,quae omnia quum       
retulisset c>d9alis beato ,francisco p] 
modum admoni admonitionis1 beatus       
,franciscus1 nihil sibi respond5s1      
cepit ipsum p] manum et duxit eum ad    
fratres congregatos 9  capitulo1 et sic 
locutus e/ fratribus 9 f]vore et virtute
 ,_s  u sancti3--    ,fratres mei1      
fratres mei1 ,dom9us vocavit me p] viam 
simplicitatis  et humilitatis1 et bane  
viam o/5dit m9i 9 v]itate pro me et pro 
illis qui volunt m9i cr$]e et imit>i4   
,et ideo volo quod non  nom9etis mihi   
aliquam regulam neque sancti ,b5$icti   
neque sancti  ,augu/9i neque sancti     

,b]n>di1 neque aliquam viam et =mam     
viv5di praet] illam quae mihi a ,dom9o  
e/ o/5sa mis]icordit]  et donata4 ,et   
dixit mihi ,dom9us quod volebat me esse 
unum paup]em  et /ultum idiotam magnum  
fatuum 9 hoc mundo et noluit nos duc]e  
p] viam aliam quam p] i/am sci5tiam4 ,s$
 p] ve/ram sci5tiam  et sapi5tiam ,deus 
vos confundet et ego confido 9 ca/allis 
,dom9i  ide/ dasmonibus quod p] ipsos   
puniet vos ,deus et adhuc r$ibitis  ad  
ve/rum /atum cum vitup]io ve/ro velitis 
nolitis4    ,:5 ,sa9t ,francis 0 at !   
,g5]al ,*apt] held at ,sancta m>is  de  
,portiuncula 444 & five ?\s& bro!rs 7   
pres5t1 ,a numb]  ( !m :o 7 s*oolm5 w5t 
to ,c>d9al ,hugol9o :o 0 !re1  & said to
 him3 ,my "l1 we want y to p]suade      
,bro!r ,francis  to foll[ ! c\ncil ( !  
le>n$ bro!rs1 & sometimes let  himself  
be guid$ by !m4 ,& !y sugge/$ ! rule (  
,sa9t  ,b5$ict or ,augu/9e or ,b]n>d :o 
require _! congregations to  live s & s1
 by regulation4  ,:5 ! c>d9al _h repeat$
 all  ?is to ,sa9t ,francis by way (    

c\nsel1 ,sa9t ,francis1 mak+ no  answ]1 
took him by ! h& & l$ him to ! bro!rs   
assembl$  9 ,*apt]1 & 9 ! f]v\r & virtue
 ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 spoke  ?us to !       
bro!rs3    ,my bro!rs1 my bro!rs1 ,god  
has call$ me by way ( simplicity  &     
humility1 & has %[n me 9 v]ity ?is pa? =
 me &  ^? :o want to believe & foll[ me2
 s ,i want y to talk ( no  ,rule to me1 
nei!r ,sa9t ,b5$ict nor ,sa9t ,augu/9e  
nor ,sa9t  ,b]n>d1 nor any way or =m (  
,life :atev] except t :i* ,god  has     
m]cifully po9t$ out & grant$ to me4  ,& 
,god said t he  want$ me to be a paup]  
pov]ello & an idiot--a great fool--9    
?is _w1 & w\ld n lead u by any o!r pa? (
 sci5ce ?an  ?is4 ,b by y\r sci5ce &    
syllogisms ,god w conf\nd y1 &  ,i tru/ 
9 ,god's w>d]s1 ! devils1 t ?r\gh !m    
,god %all  puni% y1 & y w yet come back 
to y\r prop] /ation )  %ame1 :e!r y w or
 no4    ,! n>ration cont9ues3 ,tunc     
c>d9alis ob/upuit valde et nihil        
respondit4 ,et omnes fratres plurimum   
timu]unt4    ,"o feels t ! report] has n

 exagg]at$ a ^w2 on !  contr>y1 he s(t5$
 ! sc&al1 because 9 8 "t ! ,c>d9al  _h  
ga9$ 8 po9t1 & ,francis 0 dead4 ,"o c   
he> ,francis  beg9n+ ) "s re/ra9t1 &    
gradually c>ri$ away by passion  till he
 lo/ control ( himself & 8 language3    
',god told me1  ) 8 own words1 t he     
meant me to be a begg> & a great  fool1 
& w\ld n h u on any o!r t]ms2 & z = y\r 
sci5ce1 ,i tru/ 9 ,god's devils :o w    
beat y out ( x1 z y  des]ve4' ,& !      
,c>d9al 0 utt]ly dumbf\nd$ & answ]$     
no?+2 & all ! bro!rs 7 sc>$ to dea?4 ,! 
,c>d9al  ,hugol9o 0 a great s*oolman1 & 
,dom9ic 0 !n f\nd+ !  fam\s ord] 9 :i* !
 greate/ ( all doctors1 ,alb]tus        
,magnus1  0 ab\t to beg9 8 /udies4 ,"o c
 imag9e t ! ,c>d9al  ob/upuit valde1 & t
 ,dom9ic felt %ak5 9 8 s*eme (  s*ool   
in/ruction4 ,= a s+le in/ant1 9 ! fla% (
 ,francis's  passion1 ! :ole mass ( five
 ?\s& monks 9 a /ate ( semi-  ec/asy    
recoil$ be=e ! impassable gulf t op5$   
betwe5 !m  & ! ,*ur*4    ,no "o 0 to    
blame--no "o ev] is to blame--because   

,god want$  contradictory ?+s1 & man    
tri$ to c>ry out1 z he saw !m1  ,god's  
tru/s4 ,! s*oolm5 saw _! duty 9 "o      
direction2 ,francis  saw 8 9 ano!r2 &1  
app>5tly1 :5 bo? l9es _h be5  c>ri$1    
aft] su* fa%ion z might be1 to _! utmo/ 
results1  & five hundr$ ye>s _h be5     
devot$ to ! ef=t1 society  decl>$ bo? to
 be failures4 ,p]haps bo? may "s day be 
reviv$1  = ! two pa?s seem to be ! only 
roads t c exi/1 if man  />ts by tak+ =  
grant$ t !re is an object to be rea*$   
at ! end ( 8 j\rney4 ,! ,*ur*1 embrac+  
all mank9d1 _h no  *oice b to m>* )     
caution1 seek+ ,god by e possible  means
 ( intellect & /udy4 ,francis1 act+ only
 = himself1  c\ld ?r[ caution aside &   
tru/ implicitly 9 ,god1 l !  *ildr5 :o  
w5t on crusade4 ,! two poles ( social & 
political  philosophy seem necess>ily to
 be organization or an>*y2 man's        
intellect or ! =ces ( nature4 ,francis  
saw ,god 9 nature1 if he  did n see     
nature 9 ,god2 z ! build]s ( ,*>tres saw
 !  ,virg9 9 _! apse4 ,francis held !   

simple/ & mo/ *ildlike  =m ( pan!ism4   
,he c>ri$ to its la/ po9t ! my/ical     
union  ) ,god1 & its necess>y consequ5ce
 ( contempt & hatr$ =  human            
intellectual processes4 ,ev5 ,sa9t      
,b]n>d w\ld h ?\ght  8 ideas want+ 9 t  
mesure :i* ! ,fr5* m9d s mu*  prizes4   
,at ! same "t we _h be/ try1 z innoc5tly
 z may be1  to realize t no f9al judgm5t
 has yet be5 pron\nc$1 ei!r by  ! ,*ur* 
or by society or by sci5ce1 on ei!r or  
any ( ^!  po9ts2 & until mank9d f9ally  
settles to a c]ta9ty :]e x  means to g1 
or :e!r x means to g any:]e1--:at its   
object  is1 or :e!r x has an            
object1--,sa9t ,francis may /ill prove  
to  h be5 its ultimate expression4 ,9 t 
case1 8 fam\s *ant--  ! ,cantico del    
,sole--w be ! la/ ^w ( religion1 z x 0  
probably its fir/4 ,"h x is--too s9c]e =
 translation3--    ,,cantico ,,del      
,,sole    444 ,laudato sie1 misignore1  
con tucte le tue creature   spetialm5te 
messor lo frate sole   lo quale iorno et
 allum9i noi p] loi   et ellu e bellu e 

radiante cum gr&e spl5dore   de te1     
altissimo1 porta significatione4        
,laudato si1 misignore1 p] sora luna e  
le /elle   9 celu lai =mate cl>ite et   
pretiose et belle4      ,laudato si1    
misignore1 p] frate v5to   et p] a]e et 
nubilo et s]5o et onne tempo   p] lo    
quale a le tue creature dai su/5tam5to4 
,laudato si1 misignore1 p] sor aqua   la
 quale e multo utile et humile et       
pretiosa et ca/a4           ,laudato si1
 misignore1 p] frate focu   p] lo quale 
enallum9i la nocte   ed ello e bello et 
jocondo et robu/oso et =te4             
,laudato si1 misignore1 p] sora no/ra   
matre t]ra   la quale ne su/5ta et      
gov]na   et produce div]si fructi con   
coloriti flori et h]ba4   4 4 4 4 4 4 4 
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4         
,laudato si1 misignore1 p] sora no/ra   
morte corporale   de la quale nullu homo
 viv5te po skapp>e   guai acquelli ke   
morrano ne le peccata mortali4444       
,! v]ses1 if v]ses !y are1 h little or  
no?+ 9 common  ) ! art ( ,sa9t ,b]n>d or

 ,adam ( ,sa9t-,victor4 ,:atev] art  !y 
h1 grant+ t !y h any1 seems to g back to
 !  cave-dwell]s & ! age ( /one4 ,comp>$
 ) ! naivete ( !  ,cantico del ,sole1 ! 
,*anson de ,rol& or ! ,iliad is a       
triumph ( p]fect te*nique4 ,! value is n
 9 ! v]se4 ,!  ,*ant ( ! ,sun is ano!r  
,pons ,seclorum--or p]haps r a  ,pons   
,sanctorum--ov] :i* only *ildr5 & sa9ts 
c pass4 ,x  is almo/ a p>aphrase ( !    
s]mon to ! birds4 ,?ank y1 mi  signore1 
= messor bro!r sun1 9 especial1 :o is   
y\r symbol2  & = si/] moon & ! />s2 & = 
bro!r w9d & air &  sky2 & = si/] wat]2 &
 = bro!r fire2 & = "m  e>?6 ,we are all 
y\rs1 mi signore6 ,we are y\r *ildr52   
y\r  h\sehold2 y\r feudal family6 b we  
nev] he>d ( a ,*ur*4 ,we  are all v>y+  
=ms ( ! same ultimate en]gy2 %ift+      
symbols  ( ! same absolute unity2 b our 
only unity1 b5ea? y1 is  nature1 n law6 
,we ?ank y = no human in/itutions1 ev5 =
  ^? e/abli%$ 9 y\r "n2 b1 ) all our    
he>ts we ?ank  y = si/] our "m ,e>? &   
its fruits & col\r$  fl[]s6    ,francis 

lov$ !m all--! bro!rs & si/]s--z        
int5sely z a  *ild loves ! ta/e & smell 
( a pea*1 & z simply2 b  beh9d !m rema9$
 "o si/] :om no "o lov$1 & = :om1 9  8  
fir/ v]ses1 ,francis _h r5d]$ no ?anks4 
,only on 8 dea?-  b$ he add$ ! l9es (   
gratitude = our si/] dea?1 !            
long-s\ght1 nev]-f\nd si/] ( ! s*oolm51 
:o solv$ all  philosophy & m]g$         
multiplicity 9 unity4 ,! solution 0 at  
lea/ simple2 "o mu/ decide = "o's self1 
accord+ to "o's  p]sonal /&>ds1 :e!r or 
n x is m sympa!tic ?an t  ) :i* we h got
 la/ly to grapple 9 ! works ( ,sa9t     
,?omas ,aqu9as4        ,,*apt] ,,xvi    
,,sa9t ,,?omas ,,aqu9as    ,long be=e   
,sa9t ,francis's dea?1 9 #abbf1 ! ,fr5* 
my/ics _h  exhau/$ _! en]gies & ! siecle
 _h tak5 new he>t4 ,society  c\ld n     
rema9 =ev] balanc+ betwe5 ?\ght & act4  
,a few  gift$ natures c\ld absorb       
!mselves 9 ! absolute1 b ! re/  liv$ = !
 day1 & ne$$ %elt] & safety4 ,s ! ,*ur* 
b5t  aga9 to its task1 & bade ! ,spani>d
 ,dom9ic arm new levies )  ! be/ weapons

 ( sci5ce1 & flaunt ! "n ( ,ari/otle on 
!  ,*ur* bann]s along ) t ( ,sa9t       
,augu/9e4 ,! ye> #abae1  :i* happ5$ to  
be ! date ( ,magna ,*>ta & o!r easily   
fix$  ev5ts1 l ! bir? ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 may
 s]ve to m>k ! triumph  ( ! s*ools4 ,!  
po9t$ ar* revell$ at ,rheims & ! ,go?ic 
ar*itects rea*$ p]fection at ,ami5s j z 
,francis di$ at  ,assisi & ,?omas 0 born
 at ,aqu9o4 ,! ,franciscan ,ord] itself 
0 swept ) ! /ream t ,francis tri$ to    
dam1 & ! great  ,franciscan s*oolman1   
,alex&] ,hales1 9 #abbb1 f\r ye>s be=e  
! dea? ( ,francis1 jo9$ ! ord] & began  
lectur+ z ?\gh  ,francis himself _h liv$
 only to tea* s*ola/ic philosophy4    ,!
 rival ,dom9ican *ampion1 ,alb]tus      
,magnus1 began 8 c>e] a  little lat]1 9 
#abbh4 ,born ( ! noble ,swabian family (
  ,boll/adt1 9 #aaic1 he drift$1 l o!r  
s*oolm51 to ,p>is1 &  ! ,rue ,maitre    
,alb]t1 opposite ,notre ,dame1 /ill     
records 8 fame  z a tea*] !re4 ,!nce he 
pass$ to a s*ool e/abli%$ by !  ord] at 
,cologne1 :]e he 0 lectur+ ) great      

au?ority 9  #abdc :5 ! g5]al sup]ior ( !
 ord] br\ght up f ,italy a  "y man ( !  
highe/ promise to be tra9$ z 8 assi/ant4
    ,?omas1 ! new pupil1 0 born "u !    
%ad[ ( ,monte ,cass9o 9  #abbf or #abbg4
 ,8 fa!r1 ! ,c\nt ( ,aqu9o1 claim$      
desc5t f  ! imp]ial l9e ( ,swabia2 8 "m1
 f ! ,norman pr9ces (  ,sicily2 s t 9   
him ! two mo/ en]getic /ra9s 9 ,europe  
met4  ,8 social rank 0 royal1 & ! ord]  
set ! highe/ value on  x4 ,he took ! v[s
 9 #abdc1 & w5t nor? at once to help    
,alb]tus at ,cologne4 ,9 #abde1 ! ord]  
s5t ,alb]tus back to ,p>is1  & ,?omas ) 
him4 ,!re he rema9$ till #abdh :5 he 0  
ord]$  to ,cologne z assi/ant lectur]1 &
 only f\r ye>s aft]w>ds1 at  tw5ty-five 
ye>s old1 he 0 made full pr(essor at    
,p>is4 ,8  indu/ry & activity nev] re/$ 
till 8 dea? 9 #abgd1 n yet  fifty ye>s  
old1 :5 he bequea!d to ! ,*ur* a mass ( 
manuscript t t\ri/s w nev] "k en\gh to  
e/imate except  by weight4 ,8 complete  
works1 repeat$ly pr9t$1 fill betwe5     
tw5ty & ?irty qu>to volumes4 ,= s fam\s 

a doctor1 ?is is  almo/ meagre4         
,un=tunately 8 greate/ "w1 ! ,summa     
,!ologiae1 is unf9i%$--l ,beauvais      
,ca!dral4    ,p]haps ,?omas's success 0 
p>tly due to 8 memory :i* is said  to h 
be5 ph5om5al2 =1 9 an age :5 cyclopa$ias
 7  unkn[n1 a cyclopa$ic memory mu/ h   
c\nt$ = half ! battle  9 ^! s*ola/ic    
disputes :]e au?ority c\ld be met only  
by  au?ority2 b 9 ?is case1 memory 0    
support$ by m9d4 ,outw>dly  ,?omas 0    
heavy & sl[ 9 mann]1 if x is true t 8   
companions call$ him ! big dumb ox (    
,sicily2 & 9  fa%ionable or c\rt circles
 he did n enjoy reputation = acute  s5se
 ( hum\r4 ,sa9t ,l\is's h\sehold (f]s a 
picture n :olly  cl]ical1 lea/ ( all    
among ! ,k+'s bro!rs & sons2 &  p]haps !
 d9n]-table 0 n mu* m us$ !n ?an n[ to  
abrupt int]jections ( !ology into ! talk
 ab\t hunt+ &  h\nds2 b h[ev] x happ5$1 
,?omas "o day surpris$ !  company by    
solemnly ann\nc+--,i h a decisive       
argum5t aga9/  ! ,mani*eans6 ,no wit or 
hum\r c\ld be m to ! po9t--  betwe5 two 

sa9ts t 7 to be--?an a decisive argum5t 
aga9/  enemies ( ,*ri/1 & "o greatly    
regrets t ! re/ ( !  conv]sation 0 n    
report$1 unless1 inde$1 x is some:]e 9  
! tw5ty-eight qu>to volumes2 b x        
probably lack$ hum\r =  c\rti]s4    ,!  
tw5ty-eight qu>to volumes mu/ be clos$  
books = u4 ,none  b ,dom9icans h a "r to
 int]pret !m4 ,no ,franciscan--or  ev5  
,jesuit--und]/&s ,sa9t ,?omas exactly or
 expla9s him )  au?ority4 ,= summ]      
t\ri/s to h&le ^! intricate problems 9  
a !ological _s w\ld be altoge!r absurd2 
b1 = u1 ^!  great !ologians 7 also      
ar*itects :o und]took to build a  ,*ur* 
,intellectual1 correspond+ bit by bit to
 ! ,*ur*  ,adm9i/rative1 bo? express+--&
 express$ by--! ,*ur*  ,ar*itectural4   
,alex&] ,hales1 ,alb]t ! ,great1 ,?omas 
,aqu9as1  ,duns ,scotus1 & ! re/1 7     
arti/s2 & if ,sa9t ,?omas happ5s  to /& 
at _! head z type1 x is n because we    
*oose him or  und]/& him bett] ?an 8    
rivals1 b because 8 ord] *ose  him r ?an
 8 ma/] ,alb]t1 to impose z au?ority on 

!  ,*ur*2 & because ,pope ,john ,,xxii  
canoniz$ him on ! gr\nd t  8 decisions 7
 miracles2 & because ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t  
plac$  8 ,summa among ! sacr$ books on  
_! table2 & because  ,innoc5t ,,vi said 
t 8 doctr9e alone 0 sure2 & f9ally1     
because ,leo ,,xiii v lately made a po9t
 ( decl>+ t1 on !  w+s ( ,sa9t ,?omas's 
g5ius1 human reason has rea*$ ! mo/     
sublime height x c probably ev] atta94  
,al?\gh ! ,franciscans1 &1 lat]1 !      
,jesuits1 h n always  %[n z mu*         
admiration z ! ,dom9icans = ! g5ius (   
,sa9t  ,?omas1 & ! my/ics h nev] %[n any
 admiration :atev] =  ! philosophy ( !  
s*ools1 ! au?ority ( ,leo ,,xiii is     
f9al1  at lea/ on "o po9t & ! only "o t 
conc]ns u4 ,sa9t  ,?omas is /ill alive &
 ov]%ad[s z _m s*ools z he ev]  did2 at 
all ev5ts1 z _m z ! ,*ur* ma9ta9s4 ,he  
has outliv$  ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz & a  
doz5 o!r s*ools ( philosophy m  or less 
s]i\s 9 _! day4 ,he has mo/ly outliv$   
,hume1 ,voltaire1  & ! militant         
sceptics4 ,8 me?od is typical & classic2

 8  s5t5ces1 :5 int]pret$ by ! ,*ur*1   
seem1 ev5 to an  untra9$ m9d1           
intelligible & consi/5t2 8 ,*ur*        
,intellectual  rema9s practically       
un*ang$1 &1 l ! ,ca!dral ( ,beauvais1   
erect1 al?\gh ! /orms ( six or sev5     
c5turies h  pro/rat$1 ov] & ov] aga91 e 
o!r social or political or  juri/ic     
%elt]4 ,comp>$ ) x1 all mod]n sy/ems are
 complex  & *aotic1 cr[d$ )             
self-contradictions1 anomalies1         
impracticable functions & outworn       
inh]itances2 b beyond all  _! practical 
%ortcom+s is _! fragm5t>y "*4 ,an       
economic civilization tr\bles itself    
ab\t ! univ]se mu* z a  hive (          
honey-bees tr\bles ab\t ! ocean1 only z 
a region to be  avoid$4 ,! hive ( ,sa9t 
,?omas %elt]$ ,god & man1 m9d &  matt]1 
! univ]se & ! atom1 ! "o & ! multiple1  
)9  ! walls ( an h>moni\s home4         
,!ologians1 l ar*itects1 7 suppos$ to   
receive _! ,*ur*  complete 9 all its    
l9es2 !y 7 mod]n judges :o int]pret$  ! 
laws b nev] inv5t$ x4 ,sa9t ,?omas m]ely

 select$ betwe5  disput$ op9ions1 b he  
all[$ himself to w&] v f> afield1       
inde$1 9 se>* ( op9ions to dispute4 ,!  
field embrac$ all  t exi/$1 or might h  
exi/$1 or c\ld nev] exi/4 ,!  imm5se    
/ructure re/$ on ,ari/otle & ,sa9t      
,augu/9e at !  la/1 b z a "w ( art x    
/ood alone1 l ,rheims or ,ami5s         
,ca!dral1 z ?\gh x _h no antec$5ts4 ,!n1
 al?\gh1 l  ,rheims1 its /yle 0 nev]    
meant to suit mod]n h\sekeep+ & is      
ill-se5 by ! ,ecole des ,beaux ,arts1 x 
reveals itself 9 its great  mass &      
intellig5ce z a "w ( extraord9>y g5ius2 
a sy/em z  admirably proportion$ z any  
ca!dral & z complete2 a success  n      
univ]sal ei!r 9 art or sci5ce4    ,sa9t 
,?omas's ar*itecture1 l any o!r "w (    
art1 is be/  /udi$ by itself z ?\gh he  
creat$ x outright2 o!rwise a  t\ri/ w\ld
 nev] get beyond its ?re%old4 ,beg9n+ ) 
!  f\ndation :i* is ,god & ,god's active
 pres5ce 9 ,8 ,*ur*1  ,?omas next built 
,god into ! walls & t[]s ( ,8 ,*ur*1 9  
! ,tr9ity & its creation ( m9d & matt] 9

 "t & space2  !n f9ally he fill$ ! ,*ur*
 by unit+ m9d & matt] 9 man1  or man's  
s\l1 giv+ to humanity a free w t rose1 l
 !  fle*e1 to heav54 ,! f\ndation--!    
/ructure--! congregation--  are en\gh = 
/ud5ts ( art2 8 ideas ( law1 e?ics1 &   
politics2 8 vocabul>y1 8 syllogisms1 8  
arrangem5t are1 l  ! draw+s ( ,vill>d de
 ,honnec\rt's sket*-book1 curi\s b n    
vital4 ,aft] ! elev5?-c5tury ,romanesque
 ,*ur* ( ,sa9t ,mi*ael  came !          
twelf?-c5tury ,transition ,*ur* ( !     
,virg91 & all  m]g$ & end$ at la/ 9 !   
?irte5?-c5tury ,go?ic ,ca!dral  ( !     
,tr9ity4 ,"o wants to see ! end4    ,!  
f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* %\ld be--z 
! simple  dei/ might suppose--always !  
same1 b ,sa9t ,?omas knew bett]4  ,8    
f\ndation 0 ,norman1 n ,fr5*2 x spoke ! 
practical  ar*itect :o knew ! ma!matics 
( 8 art1 & :o saw t !  f\ndation laid by
 ,sa9t ,b]n>d1 ,sa9t ,victor1 ,sa9t     
,francis1 !  :ole my/ical1 semi-my/ical1
 ,c>tesian1 ,sp9ozan f\ndation1 pa/  or 
future1 c\ld n be> ! weight ( ! /ructure

 to be put on  x4 ,?omas began by sweep+
 ! gr\nd cle> ( !m4 ,god mu/ be a       
concrete ?+1 n a human ?\ght4 ,god mu/  
be prov$ by !  s5ses l any o!r concrete 
?+2 nihil e/ 9 intellectu qu9  prius    
fu]it 9 s5su2 ev5 if ,ari/otle _h n     
affirm$ ! law1  ,?omas w\ld h discov]$  
x4 ,he admitt$ at once t ,god c\ld  n be
 tak5 = grant$4    ,! admission1 z e    
boy-/ud5t ( ! ,lat9 ,qu>t] knew1 0      
exce$+ly bold & dang]\s4 ,! greate/     
logicians commonly  %rank f prov+ unity 
by multiplicity4 ,?omas 0 "o ( !        
greate/ logicians t ev] liv$2 ! "q _h   
always be5 at  ! bottom ( !ology2 he    
delib]ately *all5g$ :at e "o  knew to be
 an extreme p]il4 ,if 8 f\ndation fail$1
 8 ,*ur*  fell4 ,_m critics h ?\ght t he
 saw dang]s f\r hundr$  ye>s ahead4 ,!  
"t came1 ab\t #afej-agjj1 :5 ,desc>tes1 
des]t+ ,sa9t ,?omas1 />t$ afre% ) ! idea
 ( ,god z a  concept1 & at once f\nd    
himself *>g$ ) a deity t  conta9$ !     
univ]se2 nor did ! ,c>tesians--until    
,sp9oza made  x cle>--seem able or will+

 to see t ! ,*ur* c\ld n  accept ?is    
deity because ! ,*ur* requir$ a ,god :o 
caus$ !  univ]se4 ,! two deities de/roy$
 ea* o!r4 ,"o 0 passive2 !  o!r active4 
,?omas w>n$ ,desc>tes ( a logical       
quicks& :i*  mu/ necess>ily swall[ up   
any ,*ur*1 & :i* ,sp9oza explor$  to !  
bottom4 ,?omas said truly t e true cause
 mu/ be  prov$ z a cause1 n m]ely z a   
sequ5ce2 o!rwise !y mu/ end  9 a        
univ]sal en]gy or sub/ance )\t          
causality--a s\rce4    ,:atev] ,god     
might be to o!rs1 to ,8 ,*ur* he c\ld n 
be a  sequ5ce or a s\rce4 ,t po9t _h be5
 admitt$ by ,william (  ,*ampeaux1 &    
made ! division betwe5 ,*ri/ians &      
infidels4 ,on  ! o!r h&1 if ,god mu/ be 
prov$ z a true cause 9 ord] to  w>rant !
 ,*ur* or ! ,/ate 9 requir+ m5 to wor%ip
 ,him z  ,creator1 ! /ud5t became ! m   
curi\s--if a *ur*man1 !  m anxi\s--to be
 assur$ t ,?omas succe$$ 9 8 pro(1      
especially s9ce he did n satisfy        
,desc>tes & /ill less ,pascal4  ,t !    
my/ics %\ld be dissatisfi$ 0 natural    

en\gh1 s9ce  !y 7 committ$ to ! contr>y 
view1 b t ,desc>tes %\ld  des]t 0 a     
s]i\s bl[ :i* ?rew ! ,fr5* ,*ur* into   
con/]nation f :i* x nev] q recov]$4     
,i see motion1 said ,?omas3 ,i inf] a   
motor6 ,?is reason+1  :i* may be fifty  
?\s& ye>s old1 is z /rong z ev] x 02    
/rong] ?an "s m mod]n inf]5ces ( sci5ce2
 b !  av]age me*anic /at$ x diff]5tly4  
,i see motion1 he admitt$3  ,i inf]     
en]gy4 ,i see motion ev]y:]e2 ,i inf]   
en]gy  ev]y:]e4 ,sa9t ,?omas b>r$ ?is   
door to mat]ialism by add+3  ,i see     
motion2 ,i _c inf] an inf9ite s]ies (   
motors3 ,i c  only inf]1 some:]e at !   
end ( ! s]ies1 an intellig5t1  fix$     
motor4 ,! av]age mod]n me*anic might n  
diss5t b  w\ld c]ta9ly hesitate4 ,no    
d\bt6 he might say2 we c conduct  our   
works z well on t z on any o!r !ory1 or 
z we c\ld on  no !ory at all2 b1 if y   
(f] x z pro(1 we c only say  t we h n   
yet r$uc$ all motion to "o s\rce or all 
en]gies to "o law1 mu* less to "o act ( 
creation1 al?\gh we  h tri$ our be/4 ,! 

result ( "s c5turies ( exp]im5t  t5d$ to
 raise r ?an sil5ce d\bt1 al?\gh1 ev5 9 
8 own  day1 ,?omas w\ld h be5 sc&aliz$  
beyond ! res\rces ( 8  ,lat9 _h ,sa9t   
,bonav5ture met him at ,sa9t ,l\is's    
d9n]-table  & complim5t$ him1 9 ! ,k+'s 
he>+1 on hav+ prov$1  beyond all        
,franciscan cavils1 t ! ,*ur*           
,intellectual _h  necess>ily b "o fir/  
cause & creator--himself4    ,! ,*ur*   
,intellectual1 l ! ,*ur* ,ar*itectural1 
impli$ n  "o ar*itect1 b myriads1 & n "o
 fix$1 intellig5t ar*itect  at ! end ( !
 s]ies1 b a vani%+ vi/a )\t a beg9n+  at
 any def9ite mom5t2 & if ,?omas press$ 8
 argum5t1 !  tw5tie?-c5tury me*anic :o  
%\ld att5d 8 conf]5ces at !  ,sorbonne  
w\ld be apt to say s4 ,:at is ! use (   
try+ to argue  me into x8 ,y\r inf]5ce  
may be s\nd logic1 b is n pro(4         
,actually we "k less ab\t x ?an y did4  
,all we "k is !  ?+ we h&le1 & we _c    
h&le y\r fix$1 intellig5t prime  motor4 
,to y\r old ideas ( =m we h add$ :at we 
call =ce1  & we are r fur!r ?an ev] f   

r$uc+ ! complex to  unity4 ,9 fact1 if y
 are aim+ to conv9ce me1 ,i w tell y    
flatly t ,i "k only ! multiple1 & h no  
use = unity at  all4    ,9 ! ?irte5?    
c5tury m5 did n dep5d s mu* z n[ on     
actual exp]im5t1 b ! nom9ali/ said 9    
effect ! same ?+4  ,unity to him 0 a    
pure concept1 & any "o :o ?\ght x real  
w\ld believe t a triangle 0 alive & c\ld
 walk on its legs4  ,)\t prov+ unity1   
philosoph]s saw no way to prove ,god4   
,!y  c\ld only fall back on an attempt  
to prove t ! concept (  unity prov$     
itself1 & ?is phantasm drove !          
,c>tesians to drop  ,?omas's argum5t &  
ass]t t ! m]e fact ( hav+ )9 u  ! idea (
 a ?+ m p]fect ?an ourselves1 proves !  
real  exi/5ce ( t ?+4 ,f\r hundr$ ye>s  
e>li] ,sa9t ,?omas  _h repli$ 9 advance 
t ,desc>tes want$ to prove altoge!r too 
mu*1 & ,sp9oza %[$ ma!matically t ,sa9t 
,?omas _h be5  9 ! "r4 ,! f9e/ religi\s 
m9d ( ! "t--,pascal--  admitt$ x & gave 
up ! /ruggle1 l ! my/ics ( ,sa9t-       
,victor4    ,?us "s ( ! greate/ prie/s &

 pr(essors ( ! ,*ur*1  includ+ ,duns    
,scotus himself1 seem$ n :olly satisfi$ 
t  ,?omas's pro( 0 complete1 b mo/ ( !m 
admitt$ t x 0  ! safe/ among possible   
f\ndations1 & t x %[$1 z  ar*itecture1 !
 ,norman temp] ( c\rage & caution4 ,!   
,norman  0 ready to run great risks1 b  
he w\ld r grasp too little  ?an too mu*2
 he n>r[$ ! spac+ ( 8 pi]s r ?an  spread
 !m too wide = safe vault+4 ,betwe5     
,norman blood &  ,breton blood 0 a s+ul>
 gap1 z ,r5an & e o!r ,breton has       
delight$ to po9t out4 ,bo? ,abel>d &    
,desc>tes 7 ,breton4 ,!  ,breton seiz$ m
 ?an he c\ld hold2 ! ,norman took less  
?an he  w\ld h lik$4    ,god1 !n1 is    
prov$4 ,:at ! s*ools call$ =m1 :at      
sci5ce  calls en]gy1 & :at ! int]m$iate 
p]iod call$ ! evid5ce  ( design1 made ! 
f\ndation ( ,sa9t ,?omas's ca!dral4 ,god
 is  an intellig5t1 fix$ prime motor--n 
a concept1 or prov$ by  concepts2--a    
concrete fact1 prov$ by ! s5ses ( sight 
& t\*4  ,on t f\ndation ,?omas built4 ,!
 walls & vaults ( 8 ,*ur*  7 m complex  

?an ! f\ndation2 especially ! t[]s 7    
tr\blesome4 ,dogma1 ! vital purpose ( ! 
,*ur*1 requir$  support4 ,! mo/ weighty 
dogma1 ! c5tral t[] ( ! ,norman         
ca!dral1 0 ! ,tr9ity1 & betwe5 ! ,breton
 solution :i*  0 too heavy1 & ! ,fr5*   
solution :i* 0 too light1 !  ,norman    
,?omas f\nd a way4 ,rememb]+ h[         
vehem5tly ! ,fr5*  ,*ur*1 "u ,sa9t      
,b]n>d1 _h protect$ ! ,tr9ity f all     
int]f]5ce :atev]1 "o turns anxi\sly to  
see :at ,?omas said  ab\t x2 & unless "o
 misund]/&s him1--z is v likely1  inde$1
 to be ! case1 s9ce no "o may ev5 pr(ess
 to und]/&  ! ,tr9ity1--,?omas treat$ x 
z simply z he c\ld4 ,god1 be+  consci\s 
( ,himself1 ?9ks ,himself2 8 ?\ght is   
,himself1 8  own reflection 9 ! ,v]b--! 
s-call$ ,son4 ,e/ 9 ,deo  intellig5te   
seipsum ,v]bum ,dei quasi ,deus         
intellectus4 ,! idea  0 n new1 & z ideas
 w5t x 0 h>dly a my/]y2 b ! next  /ep 0 
naif3--,god1 z a d\ble consci\sness1    
loves ,himself1 &  realizes ,himself 9 !
 ,holy ,gho/4 ,! ?ird side ( ! triangle 

is love or grace4    ,_m !ologians h    
f\nd fault ) ?is treatm5t ( !  subject1 
:i* seem$ op5 to e objection t _h be5   
made to  ,abel>d1 ,gilb]t de la ,poree1 
or a ?\s& o!r logicians4 ,!y  commonly  
ask$ :y ,?omas /opp$ ! ,deity's         
self-realizations at  love1 or inside ! 
triangle1 s9ce ^! realizations 7 real1  
n symbolic1 & ! squ>e 0 at lea/ z real z
 any o!r  comb9ation ( l9e4 ,?omas      
repli$ t k & w--!  ,v]b & ! ,holy       
,gho/--7 alone ess5tial4 ,! reply did n 
suit e "o1 ev5 among doctors1 b s9ce    
,sa9t ,?omas re/$ on  ?is simple        
ass]tion1 x is no conc]n ( ours to argue
 !  !ology4 ,only z art1 "o c af=d to   
say t ! =m is m  ar*itectural ?an       
religi\s2 x w\ld surely h be5 suspici\s 
to ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 ,my/]y !re 0 none1 &   
logic little4 ,!  concept ( ! ,holy     
,gho/ 0 *ildlike2 = a pupil ( ,ari/otle 
x  0 inadmissible1 s9ce x l$ to no?+ &  
help$ no /ep t[>d  ! univ]se4           
,admitt+1 if necess>y1 ! criticism1     
,?omas ne$ n admit !  blame1 if blame   

!re 74 ,e !ologian 0 oblig$ to /op !    
pursuit ( logic by =ce1 be=e x dragg$   
him into paganism &  pan!ism4 ,!ology   
beg9s ) ! univ]sal1--,god1--:o mu/ be a 
reality1 n a symbol2 b x is =c$ to limit
 ! process (  ,god's realizations       
some:]e1 or ! prie/ soon becomes a      
wor%ipp] ( ,god 9 /icks & /ones4        
,!ologi/s _h commonly  *os51 f "t       
immemorial1 to /op at ! ,tr9ity2 )9 !   
triangle !y 7 :olly reali/2 b !y c\ld n 
admit t ,god  w5t on to realize ,himself
 9 ! squ>e & circle1 or t !  ?ird memb] 
( ! ,tr9ity conta9$ multiplicity1       
because !  ,tr9ity 0 a re/less weight on
 ! ,*ur* pi]s1 :i*1 l !  c5tral t[]1    
con/antly t5d$ to fall1 & ne$$ to be    
light5$4 ,?omas gave x ! lighte/ =m     
possible1 & !re  fix$ x4    ,!n came 8  
great t\r-de-=ce1 ! vault+ ( 8 broad    
nave2  &1 if ignorance is all[$ an      
op9ion1 ev5 a lo/ s\l may admire  ! gr& 
simplicity ( ,?omas's s*eme4 ,he swept  
away !  horizontal l9es altoge!r1 leav+ 
!m b>ely z a "p (  decoration4 ,! :ole  

weight ( 8 ar*es fell1 z 9 ! late/      
,go?ic1 :]e ! eye sees no?+ to break !  
%e] spr+ ( !  n]vures1 f ! rosette on ! 
key/one a hundr$ feet above d[n  to !   
*ur* floor4 ,9 ,?omas's creation no?+   
int]v5$ betwe5  ,god & 8 _w2 second>y   
causes become ornam5ts2 only two  =ces1 
,god & man1 /ood 9 ! ,*ur*4    ,! *apt] 
( ,creation is s s]i\s1 & ,?omas's      
creation1 l  e o!r1 is op5 to s mu*     
debate1 t no /ud5t c all[  ano!r to     
expla9 x2 & c]ta9ly no man :atev]1 ei!r 
sa9t  or sceptic1 c ev] yet h und]/ood  
,creation aright unless  div9ely        
inspir$2 b :atev] ,?omas's !ory 0 z he  
meant x1  he seems to be und]/ood z     
hold+ t e creat$ individual--  animal1  
vegetable1 or m9]al--0 a special1 div9e 
act4 ,:atev]  has =m is creat$1 & :atev]
 is creat$ takes =m directly  f ! w (   
,god1 :i* is also 8 act4 ,! int]m$iate  
univ]sals--! second>y causes--vani% z   
causes2 !y are1 at  mo/1 sequ5ces or    
relations2 all m]ge 9 "o univ]sal act ( 
w2 in/antane\s1 inf9ite1 et]nal4        

,sa9t ,?omas saw ,god1 mu* z ,milton saw
 him1 respl5d5t 9        ,t glori\s =m1 
t light unsuff]able1         ,& t       
f>-beam+ blaze ( ,maje/y1       ,:]e) he
 wont1 at ,heav5's high c\ncil-table1   
,to sit ! mid/ ( ,tr9al ,unity2         
except t1 9 ,?omas's ?\ght1 !           
c\ncil-table 0 a "w-  table1 because    
,god did n take c\nsel2 ,he 0 an act4 ,!
 ,tr9ity  0 an inf9ite possibility ( w2 
no?+ )9 b        ,! baby image ( ! giant
 mass         ,( ?+s to come at l>ge4   
,nei!r "t nor space1 nei!r matt] nor    
m9d1 n ev5 =ce  exi/$1 nor c\ld any     
intellig5ce conceive h[1 ev5 ?\gh !y    
%\ld exi/1 !y c\ld be unit$ 9 ! l[e/    
association4 ,a  cry/al 0 z miracul\s z 
,socrates4 ,only ab/ract =ce1 or :at  ! 
s*oolm5 call$ =m1 exi/$ undevelop$ f    
et]nity1 l  ! ab/ract l9e 9 ma!matics4  
,fifty or a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,sa9t      
,?omas settl$ ! ,*ur*  dogma1 a monk (  
,citeaux or "s o!r abbey1 a c]ta9 ,ala9 
(  ,lille1 _h writt5 a ,lat9 poem1 z    
ab/ruse an allegory z !  be/1 :i* _h !  

m]it ( pa9t+ ! sc5e ( man's creation z  
f> z conc]n$ ! me*anical process mu* z  
,?omas seems to h  se5 x4 ,m4 ,haureau  
has pr9t$ an extract 7vol4 ,i1 p4 #ceb74
 ,ala9  conc$$ to ! weakness ( human    
?\ght1 t ,god 0 work+ 9  "t & space1 or 
r on ,8 ?rone 9 heav51 :5 nature1       
propos+ to create a new & improv$ man1  
s5t ,reason & ,prud5ce  up to ask ,him =
 a s\l to fit ! new body4 ,hav+ pass$   
?r\gh  v>i\s adv5tures & mu* s*ola/ic   
in/ruction1 ! mess5g]  ,prud5ce arriv$1 
aft] hav+ dropp$ h] dang]\s fri5d       
,reason  by ! way4 ,! reque/ 0          
respectfully pres5t$ to ,god1 &         
fav\rably receiv$4 ,god promis$ ! s\l1 &
 at once s5t ,8  s]vant                 
,noys--,?\ght--to ! /oreh\se ( ideas1 to
 *oose x3--    ,ipse ,deus rem          
prosequitur1 producit 9 actum   ,quod   
pepigit4 ,vocat ergo ,noym quae praepa]t
 illi   ,num9is exempl>1 humanae m5tis  
,idaeam1   ,ad cujus =mam =metur        
spiritus omni   ,mun]e virtutum dives1  
qui1 nube caducae   ,c>nis odumbratus   

veletur corporis umbra4   ,tunc ,noys ad
 regis praeceptum s+ula r]um            
,ve/igans exempla1 novam p]quirit       
,idaeam4   ,int] tot species1 speciem   
vix inv5it illam   ,quam petit2 (f]tur  
t&em quaesita pet5ti  4 ,hanc =mam ,noys
 ipsa ,deo praes5tat ut ejus   ,=met ad 
exempl> animam4 ,tunc ille sigillum     
,sumit1 ad ipsius =mae ve/igia =mam     
,dans animae1 vultum qualem deposcit    
,idaea   ,imprimit exemplo2 totas       
usurpat imago   ,exempl>is opes1        
loquiturque figura sigillum4      ,god  
,himself pursues ! task1 & sets 9 act   
,:at ,he promis$4 ,s ,he calls ,noys to 
seek   ,a copy ( ,8 w1 ,idea ( ! human  
m9d1   ,to ^: =m ! _s %\ld be %ap$1     
,ri* 9 e virtue1 :i*1 veil$ 9 g>b   ,(  
frail fle%1 is to be hidd5 9 a %ade (   
body1   ,!n ,noys1 at ! ,k+'s ord]1     
turn+ "o by "o      ,ea* sample1 seeks !
 new ,idea4   ,among s _m images %e     
h>dly f9ds t   ,:i* %e seeks2 at la/ !  
s\ght "o appe>s4   ,?is =m ,noys h]self 
br+s to ,god = ,him   ,to =m a s\l to   

its patt]n4  ,he takes ! seal1   ,&     
gives =m to ! s\l aft] ! model   ,( ! =m
 itself1 /amp+ on ! sample   ,! figure  
su* z ! ,idea requires4  ,! seal        
,cov]s ! :ole field1 & ! impression     
expresses ! /amp4      ,! translation is
 probably full ( mi/akes2 inde$1 "o is  
p]mitt$ to d\bt :e!r ,ala9 himself      
accurately und]/ood !  process2 b 9     
sub/ance he meant t ,god conta9$ a      
/oreh\se  ( ideas1 & /amp$ ea* creation 
) "o ( ^! =ms4 ,!  poets us$ a v>iety ( 
figures to help out _! logic1 b t (  !  
pott] & 8 pot 0 "o ( ! mo/ common4 ,om> 
,khayyam 0  us+ x at ! same "t ) ,ala9 (
 ,lille1 b ) a  diff]5ce3 = 8 pot seems 
to h be5 matt] alone1 & 8  s\l 0 ! w9e x
 receiv$ f ,god2 :ile ,ala9's s\l seems 
to  h be5 ! =m & n ! cont5ts ( ! pot4   
,! figure matt]s little4 ,9 any case    
,god's act 0 ! union (  m9d ) matt] by !
 same act or w :i* creat$ bo?4 ,no      
int]m$iate cause or condition int]v5$2  
no second>y influ5ce  _h any?+ :atev] to
 d ) ! result4 ,"t _h no?+ to d  ) x4 ,e

 individual t has exi/$ or %all exi/ 0  
creat$ by ! same in/antane\s act1 = all 
"t4 ,:5 !  "q reg>ds ! univ]sal ag5t :o 
produces be+s & "t1  we _c consid] him z
 act+ n[ & be=e1 accord+ to !           
succession ( "t4 ,god emanat$ "t1 =ce1  
matt]1 m9d1 z ,he  might emanate        
gravitation1 n z a "p ( ,8 sub/ance b z 
an  en]gy ( ,8 w1 & ma9ta9s !m 9 _!     
activity by ! same  act1 n by a new "o4 
,e individual is a "p ( ! direct act2  n
 a second>y outcome4 ,! s\l has no fa!r 
or "m4 ,( all  errors "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s  
is to suppose t ! s\l desc5ds  by       
g5]ation4 ,hav+ life & action ( its own1
 x subsi/s  )\t ! body2 444 x mu/ !re=e 
be produc$ directly1 &  s9ce x is n a   
mat]ial sub/ance1 x _c be produc$ by way
  ( g5]ation2 x mu/ necess>ily be creat$
 by ,god4 ,consequ5tly  to suppose t !  
intellig5ce or intellig5t s\l is !      
effect  ( g5]ation is to suppose t x is 
n a pure & simple  sub/ance1 b          
corruptible l ! body4 ,x is !re=e h]esy 
to  say t ?is s\l is transmitt$ by      

g5]ation4 ,:at is true (  ! s\l %\ld be 
true ( all o!r =m1 s9ce no =m is a      
mat]ial sub/ance4 ,! utmo/ possible     
relation betwe5 any two  individuals is 
t ,god may h us$ ! same /amp or m\ld = a
  s]ies ( creations1 & especially = !   
less spiritual3 ,god is  ! fir/ model = 
all ?+s4 ,"o may also say t1 among ,8   
creatures "s s]ve z types or models =   
o!rs because !re are  "s :i* are made 9 
! image ( o!rs2 b g5]ation means        
sequ5ce1 n cause4 ,! only true cause is 
,god4 ,creation is ,8  sole act1 9 :i*  
no second cause c %>e4 ,creation is m   
p]fect & l(ti] ?an g5]ation1 because x  
aims at produc+  ! :ole sub/ance ( !    
be+1 ?\gh x />ts f absolute  no?+4      
,?omas ,aqu9as1 :5 he pleas$1 0 s+ul>ly 
lucid1 & on ?is  po9t he 0 p>ticul>ly   
positive4 ,! ar*itect insi/$ on !       
controll+ idea ( 8 /ructure4 ,! ,*ur* 0 
,god1 & its l9es  exclud$ int]f]5ce4    
,god & ! ,*ur* embrac$ all !  conv]g+   
l9es ( ! univ]se1 & ! univ]se %[$ none b
  l9es t conv]g$4 ,betwe5 ,god & man1   

no?+ :atev]  int]v5$4 ,! individual 0 a 
comp\nd ( =m1 or s\l1 &  matt]2 b bo? 7 
always creat$ toge!r1 by ! same act1 out
  ( no?+4 ,simplicit] fat5dum e/ animas 
simul cum corporibus  cre>i et infundi4 
,x mu/ be di/9ctly und]/ood t s\ls 7  n 
creat$ be=e bodies1 b t !y 7 creat$ at !
 same  "t z ! bodies !y animate4 ,no?+  
:atev] prec$$ ?is  union ( two sub/ances
 :i* did n exi/3 ,creatio e/ productio  
alicujus rei secundum suam totam        
sub/antiam1 nullo praesupposito1  quod  
sit vel increatum vel ab aliquo creatum4
 ,language c g no  fur!r 9 exclusion ( e
 possible prec$+1 second>y1 or          
subsequ5t cause1 ,productio univ]salis  
entis a ,deo non e/ motus  nec mutatio1 
s$ e/ qua$am simplex emanatio4 ,! :ole  
univ]se  is1 s to speak1 a simple       
emanation f ,god4    ,! fam\s junction1 
!n1 is made6--t celebrat$ fusion ( !    
univ]sal ) ! individual1 ( unity )      
multiplicity1 ( ,god  & nature1 :i* _h  
brok5 ! neck ( e philosophy ev]  inv5t$2
 :i* _h ru9$ ,william ( ,*ampeaux & 0 to

 ru9  ,desc>tes2 ?is evolution ( ! f9ite
 f ! inf9ite 0  accompli%$4 ,! supreme  
triumph 0 z easily effect$ by ,?omas    
,aqu9as z x 0 to be aga9 effect$1 f\r   
hundr$ ye>s lat]1 by  ,sp9oza4 ,he _h   
m]ely to ass]t ! fact3 ,x is s6 x _c be 
o!rwise6 ,= ! ?\s&? & hundr$-?\s&?      
"t2--:at  is ! use ( discuss+ ?is prime 
motor1 ?is ,sp9ozan sub/ance1  any      
long]8 ,we "k x is !re6 t--z ,pr(essor  
,haeckel v  ju/ly repeats = ! million?  
"t--is en\gh4    ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 rema9$
 undet]m9$4 ,! ,prime ,motor & ,8       
action /ood fix$1 & no "o wi%$ to di/urb
 ,him2 b ?is 0  n ! po9t t _h di/urb$   
,william ( ,*ampeaux4 ,abel>d's  "q /ill
 rema9$ to be answ]$4 ,h[ did ,socrates 
diff] f  ,plato--,judas f ,john--,?omas 
,aqu9as f ,pr(essor ,haeckel8 ,7  !y1 9 
fact1 two1 or "o8 ,:at made an          
individual8 ,:at 0 ,god's  c5timetre    
measure8 ,! ab/ract =m or s\l :i* exi/$ 
z a  possibility 9 ,god1 f all "t1--0 x 
"o or _m8 ,to !  ,*ur*1 ?is issue       
ov]%ad[$ all else1 =1 if humanity 0 "o  

& n multiple1 ! ,*ur*1 :i* dealt only ) 
individuals1 0  lo/4 ,to ! s*ools1 also1
 ! issue 0 vital1 =1 if ! s\l or  =m 0  
already multiple f ! fir/1 unity 0 lo/2 
!  ultimate sub/ance & prime motor      
itself became multiple2 ! :ole  issue 0 
reop5$4    ,to ! con/]nation ( ! ,*ur*1 
& ev5 ( 8 own ord]1  ,?omas1 foll[+     
closely 8 ma/]s1 ,alb]t & ,ari/otle1    
ass]t$ t ! s\l 0 measur$ by matt]4      
,division occurs 9  sub/ances 9 ratio ( 
quantity1 z ,ari/otle says 9 8          
',physics4'  ,& s dim5sional quantity is
 a pr9ciple ( individuation4 ,!  s\l is 
a fluid absorb$ by matt] 9 proportion to
 ! absorptive  p[] ( ! matt]4 ,! s\l is 
an en]gy exi/+ 9 matt]  proportionately 
to ! dim5sional quantity ( ! matt]4 ,!  
s\l  is a w9e1 great] or less 9 quantity
 accord+ to ! size ( !  cup4 ,9 our     
report ( ! great debate ( #aaaj1 betwe5 
,*ampeaux  & ,abel>d1 we h se5 ,william 
p]si/5tly tempt+ ,abel>d to  fall into  
?is admission t matt] made ! man2--t !  
univ]sal equilat]al triangle became an  

individual if x 7  %ap$ 9 metal1 ! matt]
 giv+ x reality :i* m]e =m c\ld  n give2
 & ,abel>d evad+ ! issue z ?\gh 8 life  
dep5d$  on x4 ,9 fact1 _h ,abel>d d>$ to
 foll[ ,ari/otle into :at  look$ l an   
admission t ,socrates & ,plato 7        
id5tical z  =m & diff]$ only 9 weight1 8
 life might h be5 !  =feit4 ,h[ ,sa9t   
,?omas escap$ is a "q closely connect$  
) ! same inquiry ab\t ,sa9t ,francis (  
,assisi4 ,a ,*ur* :i*  embrac$1 ) equal 
sympa?y1 & )9 a hundr$ ye>s1 !  ,virg91 
,sa9t ,b]n>d1 ,william ( ,*ampeaux & !  
,s*ool ( ,sa9t-  ,victor1 ,pet] !       
,v5]able1 ,sa9t ,francis ( ,assisi1     
,sa9t ,dom9ic1  ,sa9t ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & 
,sa9t ,bonav5ture1 0 m lib]al ?an  any  
mod]n ,/ate c af=d to be4 ,radical      
contradictions ! ,/ate  may p]haps      
tol]ate1 ?\gh h>dly1 b nev] embrace or  
pr(ess4  ,su* ela/icity long ago vani%$ 
f human ?\ght4    ,yet only ,dom9icans  
believe t ! ,*ur* adopt$ ?is law (      
individualization1 or ev5 ass5t$ to x4  
,if ,m4 ,j\rda9 is "r1  ,?omas 0 quickly

 oblig$ to give x ano!r =m3--t1 ?\gh    
all s\ls belong$ to ! same species1 !y  
diff]$ 9 _!  aptitudes = unit+ )        
p>ticul> bodies4 ,?is s\l is            
comm5surate ) ?is body1 & n ) t o!r "o4 
,! idea  is d\ble2 = ei!r ! s\ls        
individualiz$ !mselves1 &  ,?omas ab&on$
 8 doctr9e ( _! in/antane\s creation1 ) 
! bodies1 out ( no?+2 or ,god           
individualiz$ !m 9 ! act (  creation1 & 
matt] _h no?+ to d ) x4 ,! difficulty is
 no  conc]n ( ours1 b ! great s*ol>s :o 
took ^u !mselves to  expla9 x made x    
worse1 until at la/ "o ga!rs only t     
,sa9t  ,?omas held "o ( ?ree views3 ei!r
 ! s\l ( humanity 0  individualiz$ by   
,god1 or x individualiz$ itself1 or x 0 
divid$ by ratio ( quantity1 t is1 by    
matt]4 ,?is am\nts to  say+ t "o kn[s   
no?+ ab\t x1 :i* we knew be=e & may     
admit ) calmness2 b ,?omas ,aqu9as 0 n s
 happily plac$1  betwe5 ! ,*ur* & !     
s*ools4 ,humanity _h a =m common to     
itself1 :i* made x :at x 04 ,by "s means
 ?is =m 0  associat$ ) matt]2 9 fact1   

matt] 0 only kn[n z associat$  ) =m4    
,if1 !n1 ,god1 by an in/antane\s act1   
creat$ matt]  & gave x =m accord+ to !  
dim5sions ( ! matt]1 innoc5t  ignorance 
might inf] t !re 01 9 ! act ( ,god1 "o  
_w-  s\l & "o _w-matt]1 :i* ,he unit$ 9 
diff]5t proportions  to make m5 & ?+s4  
,su* a doctr9e 0 fatal to ! ,*ur*4 ,no  
great] h]esy c\ld be *>g$ aga9/ ! wor/  
,arab or ,jew1 &  ,?omas 0 s well aw>e (
 8 dang] t he recoil$ f x )  a vehem5ce 
n at all 9 keep+ ) 8 suppos$ phlegm4 ,) 
fev]i% eag]ness to get cle> ( su*       
companions1 he d5i$ &  d5\nc$1 9 all    
companies1 9 season & out ( season1 !   
idea  t intellect 0 "o & ! same = all   
m51 diff]+ only )  ! quantity ( matt] x 
accompani$4 ,he *all5g$ ! adh]5t (  su* 
a doctr9e to battle2 let him take ! p5  
if he d>es6 ,no  "o d>$1 see+ t ev5     
,jews enjoy$ a %>e ( common s5se &  _h  
se5 "s ( _! fri5ds burn at ! /ake n v   
long  be=e = su* op9ions1 n ev5 op5ly   
ma9ta9$2 :ile  un$ucat$ p1 :o are p]haps
 incapable ( receiv+ intellect  at all1 

b = ^: in/ruction & salvation ! great "w
 (  ,sa9t ,?omas & 8 s*ol>s mu/ *iefly  
exi/1 _c d battle  because !y _c und]/& 
,?omas's doctr9e ( matt] & =m  :i* to !m
 seems frank pan!ism4    ,s x appe>$ to 
,duns ,scotus also1 if "o may ass]t 9 ! 
,doctor  ,subtilis any op9ion )\t       
qualification4 ,duns began 8 c>e]  only 
ab\t #acjj1 aft] ,?omas's dea?1 & /&s1  
!re=e1 beyond  our horizon2 b he is /ill
 ! pride ( ! ,franciscan ,ord] &  /&s   
second 9 au?ority to ! great ,dom9ican  
alone4 ,9 d5y+  ,?omas's doctr9e t matt]
 individualizes m9d1 ,duns laid himself 
op5 to ! worse *>ge ( inve/+ matt] ) a  
c]ta9  embryonic1 indep5d5t1 %ad[y s\l (
 its own4 ,scot's sy/em1  comp>$ ) t (  
,?omas1 t5d$ t[>d lib]ty4 ,scot held t  
! excess ( p[] 9 ,?omas's prime motor   
neutraliz$ ! p[] (  8 second>y causes1 s
 t ^! appe>$ altoge!r sup]flu\s4  ,?is  
is a po9t t ought to be left to ! ,*ur* 
to decide1 b  !re c be no h>m 9 quot+1  
on ! o!r h&1 ! au?ority (  "s ( ,scot's 
critics )9 ! ,*ur*1 :o h ?\ght t 8      

doctr9e t5d$ to deify matt] & to keep   
op5 ! road to  ,sp9oza4 ,n>r[ & dang]\s 
0 ! bord]-l9e always betwe5  pan!ism &  
mat]ialism1 & ! *ief int]e/ ( ! s*ools 0
  9 f9d+ fault ) ea* o!r's pa?s4    ,!  
op9ions 9 !mselves ne$ n di/urb u1      
al?\gh !  "q is z op5 to dispute z ev] x
 0 & p]haps z mu*  disput$2 b ! turn (  
,?omas's m9d is wor? /udy4 ,a c5tury or 
two lat]1 8 passion to be reasonable1   
sci5tific1 ar*itectural  w\ld h br\ght  
him )9 range ( ! ,inquisition4 ,francis 
(  ,assisi 0 n m ar*aic & cave-dwell]   
?an ,?omas ( ,aqu9o  0 mod]n &          
sci5tific4 ,9 8 ef=t to be logical he   
=c$ 8  ,deity to be z logical z himself1
 :i* h>dly suit$ ,omnipot5ce4  ,he hew$ 
! ,*ur* dogmas into %ape z ?\gh !y 7    
r\gh  /ones4 ,ab\t no dogma c\ld mank9d 
feel int]e/ m acute ?an  ab\t t (       
immortality1 :i* seem$ to be ! s+le po9t
  vitally necess>y = any ,*ur* to prove 
& def9e z cle>ly z  light itself4 ,?omas
 trimm$ d[n ! s\l to half its legitimate
  claims z an immortal be+ by insi/+ t  

,god creat$ x f  no?+ 9 ! same act or w 
by :i* ,he creat$ ! body &  unit$ ! two 
9 "t & space4 ,! s\l exi/$ z =m = !     
body1 & _h no previ\s exi/5ce4 ,logic   
seem$ to require t  :5 ! body di$ &     
dissolv$1 aft] ! union :i* _h la/$1  at 
mo/1 only an in/ant or two ( et]nity1 ! 
s\l1 :i* fitt$  t body & no o!r1 %\ld   
dissolve ) x4 ,9 t case !  ,*ur*        
dissolv$1 too1 s9ce x _h no reason =    
exi/5ce except  ! s\l4 ,?omas met !     
difficulty by sugge/+ t ! body's  =m    
might take p]man5ce f ! matt] to :i* x  
gave =m4  ,t matt] %\ld individualize   
m9d 0 itself a viol5t wr5* (  logic1 b t
 x %\ld also give p]man5ce--! "o quality
 x  did n possess--to ?is individual m9d
 seem$ to _m le>n$  doctors a sc&al4    
,p]haps ,?omas meant to leave !         
responsibility  on ! ,*ur*1 :]e x       
belong$ z a matt] n ( logic b (  reveal$
 tru?4 ,at all ev5ts1 ?is treatm5t ( m9d
 & matt]  br\ght him into tr\ble :i* few
 mod]n logicians w\ld suspect4    ,!    
human s\l hav+ become a p]son by contact

 ) matt]1 &  hav+ ga9$ et]nal p]sonality
 by ! mom5t>y union1 0  f9i%$1 & rema9s 
to ?is day = practical purposes un*ang$2
  b ! angels & devils1 a _w ( realities 
!n m real ?an  man1 7 nev] unit$ )      
matt]1 & !re=e c\ld n be  p]sons4 ,?omas
 admitt$ & insi/$ t ! angels1 be+       
immat]ial1--nei!r clo!d 9 matt]1 nor    
/amp$ on x1 nor mix$  ) x1--7 univ]sals2
 t is1 ea* 0 a species 9 himself1 a     
class1 or p]haps :at w\ld be n[ call$ an
 en]gy1 ) no o!r  individuality ?an he  
gave himself4    ,! idea seems to mod]n 
sci5ce reasonable en\gh4 ,sci5ce has to 
deal1 = example1 ) scores ( *emical     
en]gies :i* x kn[s  little ab\t except t
 !y always seem to be con/ant to ! same 
conditions2 b e "o kn[s t 9 ! p>ticul>  
relation (  m9d to matt] ! battle is z  
furi\s z ev]4 ,! s\l has always  refus$ 
to live 9 peace ) ! body4 ,! angels1    
too1 7 always  9 rebellion4 ,!y insi/$  
on p]sonality1 & ! devils ev5 m         
ob/9ately ?an ! angels4 ,! dispute 0--& 
is--f> f  trifl+4 ,m9d w\ld r ignore    

matt] altoge!r4 ,9 !  ?irte5? c5tury m9d
 did1 inde$1 admit t matt] 0            
some?+1--:i* x q refuses to admit 9 !   
tw5tie?1--b  treat$ x z a nuisance to be
 abat$4 ,to ! pure 9 _s "o  argu$ 9 va9 
t _s mu/ compromise2 t nature           
compromis$2  t ,god compromis$2 t man   
himself 0 no?+ b a some:at  clumsy      
compromise4 ,no argum5t s]v$4 ,m9d      
insi/$ on absolute  despotism4 ,s*oolm5 
z well z my/ics w\ld n believe t  matt] 
0 :at x seem$1--if1 inde$1 x            
exi/$2--unsub/antial1  %ifty1 %ad[y2    
*ang+ ) incr$ible swiftness into du/1   
gas1  flame2 vani%+ 9 my/]i\s l9es ( =ce
 into space beyond hope  ( recov]y2     
:irl$ ab\t 9 et]nity & inf9ity by t m9d1
  =m1 en]gy1 or ?\ght :i* guides & rules
 & tyrannizes &  is ! univ]se4 ,! ,*ur* 
want$ to be pure _s2 %e reg>d$  matt] ) 
antipa?y z some?+ f\l1 to be held at    
arms' l5g?  le/ x %\ld /a9 & corrupt !  
s\l2 ! mo/ %e w\ld  will+ly admit 0 t   
m9d & matt] might travel side by side1  
l a d\blehead$ comet1 on p>allel l9es t 

nev] met1 ) a  pree/abli%$ h>mony t     
exi/$ only 9 ! prime motor4    ,?omas & 
8 ma/] ,alb]t 7 almo/ alone 9 impos+ on 
!  ,*ur* ! compromise s necess>y = its  
equilibrium4 ,! balance  ( matt] aga9/  
m9d 0 ! same necessity 9 ! ,*ur*        
,intellectual z ! balance ( ?ru/s 9 !   
ar* ( ! ,go?ic  ca!dral4 ,n[h]e did     
,?omas %[ 8 ar*itectural ob/9acy q  s   
pla9ly z 9 ?us tak+ matt] "u 8          
protection4 ,no?+  w\ld induce him to   
compromise ) ! angels4 ,he insi/$ on    
keep+ man :olly ap>t1 z a complex (     
en]gies 9 :i* matt]  %>$ equally ) m9d4 
,! ,*ur* mu/ re/ firmly on bo?4 ,!      
angels diff]$ f o!r be+s bel[ !m'       
precisely because !y  7 immat]ial &     
imp]sonal4 ,su* rigid logic outrag$ !   
spiritual ,*ur*4    ,p]haps ,?omas's    
sudd5 dea? 9 #abgd alone sav$ him f !   
fate  ( ,abel>d1 b x did n save 8       
doctr9e4 ,two ye>s aft]w>ds1  9 #abgf1 !
 ,fr5* & ,engli% *ur*es comb9$ to       
condemn x4  ,eti5ne ,tempi]1 ,bi%op (   
,p>is1 presid$ ov] ! ,fr5* ,synod2      

,rob]t ,kilw>deby1 ( ! ,dom9ican ,ord]1 
,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1  presid$ ov] !  
,c\ncil at ,ox=d4 ,! synods 7 compos$ ( 
s*oolm5 z well z *ur*m51 & seem to h be5
 ! result (  a s]i\s /ruggle = p[]      
betwe5 ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan        
,ord]s4 ,app>5tly ! ,*ur* compromis$    
betwe5 !m by condemn+  ! errors ( bo?4  
,"s ( ^! errors1 spr++ f ,alex&]  ,hales
 & 8 ,franciscan s*ools1 7 9 effect !   
f\ndation (  ano!r ,*ur*4 ,"s 7         
expressly *>g$ aga9/ ,bro!r ,?omas4     
,contra fratrem ,?omam ! c\ncils =bade  
tea*+ t--quia  intellig5tiae non hab5t  
mat]iam1 ,deus non pote/ plures ejusdem 
speciei fac]e2 et quod mat]ia non e/ 9  
angelis2 fur!r1 !  c\ncils /ruck at !   
vital c5tre ( ,?omas's sy/em--quod ,deus
  non pote/ individua multiplic>e sub   
una specie s9e mat]ia2 &  aga9 9 its    
broade/ =m1--quod =mae non accipiunt    
divisionem  nisi secundam mat]iam4 ,^!  
condemnations made a great /ir4 ,old    
,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o 0 ! real victim (  
attack1 f\ght =  himself & = ,?omas4    

,aft] a long & e>ne/ ef=t1 !  ,?omi/s   
root$ out opposition 9 ! ord]1 & c>ri$  
_!  campaign to ,rome4 ,aft] fifty ye>s 
( /ruggle1 by use ( e  me?od kn[n 9     
,*ur* politics1 ! ,dom9ican ,ord]1 9    
#acbc1  caus$ ,john ,,xxii to canonize  
,?omas & 9 effect affirm 8  doctr9e4    
,! /ory %[s h[ mod]n1 h[ het]odox1 h[   
mat]ial1 h[  altoge!r new & revolution>y
 ! sy/em ( ,sa9t ,?omas seem$  at fir/  
ev5 9 ! s*ools2 b t 0 ! affair ( ! ,*ur*
  & a matt] ( pure !ology4 ,we /udy only
 8 art4 ,/ep by /ep1  /one by /one1 we  
see him build 8 *ur*-build+ l a         
/onemason1 ) ! c>e t ! twelf?-c5tury    
ar*itects put  into _! "w1 z            
,viollet-le-,duc saw "s simil> ar*itect 
at  ,r\51 build+ ! t[] ( ,sa9t-,roma93  
,he has ?r[n ov] 8  "w ! grace & f9esse1
 ! /udy ( detail1 ! sobriety 9          
projections1 ! p]fect h>mony1 :i*       
belongs to 8 s*ool1 &  yet he 0 rigidly 
/ructural & ,norman4 ,! f\ndation %[$ x2
  ! elevation1 :i* is ,god1 develop$ x2 
! vault+1 ) its  balance ( ?ru/s 9 m9d &

 matt]1 prov$ x2 b he _h /ill  ! h>de/  
task 9 art1 to model man4    ,! ca!dral1
 !n1 is built1 & ,god is built into x1  
b1 ?us  f>1 ,god is !re alone1 fill+ x  
all1 & ma9ta9s !  equilibrium by balanc+
 creat$ matt] sep>ately aga9/ creat$    
m9d4 ,! proportions ( ! build+ are      
sup]b2 no?+ s l(ty1  s l>ge 9 treatm5t1 
s true 9 scale1 s eloqu5t ( multiplicity
  9 unity1 has ev] be5 conceiv$ else:]e2
 b x 0 ! virtue  or ! fault ( sup]b     
/ructures l ,b\rges & ,ami5s & !  ,*ur* 
univ]sal t !y seem$ to ne$ man m ?an man
 ne$$  !m2 !y 7 made = cr[ds1 = ?\s&s & 
t5s ( ?\s&s  ( human be+s2 = ! :ole     
human race1 on its knees1 hungry =      
p>don & love4 ,*>tres ne$$ no cr[d1 = x 
0 meant z a  palace ( ! ,virg91 & !     
,virg9 fill$ x :olly2 b !  ,tr9ity made 
_! *ur* = no o!r purpose ?an to         
accommodate  man1 & made man = no o!r   
purpose ?an to fill _! *ur*2 if  man    
fail$ to fill x1 ! *ur* & ! ,tr9ity     
seem$ equally  failures4 ,empty1 ,b\rges
 & ,beauvais are cold2 h>dly z religi\s 

z a wayside cross2 & yet1 ev5 empty1 !y 
are p]haps m  religi\s ?an :5 fill$ )   
cattle & ma*9es4 ,sa9t ,?omas  ne$$ to  
fill 8 ,*ur* ) real m51 & al?\gh he _h  
creat$  8 own ,god = t special purpose1 
! task 01 z e boy  knew by he>t1 ! mo/  
difficult t ,omnipot5ce _h dealt )4     
,god1 z ,desc>tes ju/ly said1 we "k6 b  
:at is man8 ,! s*ools  answ]$3 ,man is a
 rational animal6 ,s 0 app>5tly a dog1  
or a  bee1 or a beav]1 none ( :i* seem$ 
to ne$ *ur*es4 ,mod]n  sci5ce1 ) inf9ite
 ef=t1 has discov]$ & ann\nc$ t man  is 
a bewild]+ complex ( en]gies1 :i* helps 
little to expla9  8 relations ) !       
ultimate sub/ance or en]gy or prime     
motor  ^: exi/5ce bo? sci5ce & s*oolm5  
admit2 :i* sci5ce  /udies 9 laboratories
 & religion wor%ips 9 *ur*es4 ,! man    
:om ,god creat$ to fill 8 ,*ur*1 mu/ be 
an en]gy indep5d5t  ( ,god2 o!rwise ,god
 fill$ 8 own ,*ur* ) 8 own en]gy4  ,?us 
f>1 ! ,god ( ,sa9t ,?omas 0 alone 9 ,8  
,*ur*4 ,!  be+s ,he _h creat$ out (     
no?+--,om>'s pipk9s ( clay &  %ape--/ood

 aga9/ ! walls1 wait+ to receive ! w9e (
 life1  a life ( _! own4    ,( t life1  
en]gy1 w1 or w9e1--:atev] ! poets or    
pr(essors call$ x1--,god 0 ! only cause1
 z ,he 0 also !  imm$iate cause1 &      
support4 ,?omas 0 emphatic on t po9t4   
,god  is ! cause ( en]gy z ! sun is !   
cause ( col\r3 pr\t sol  dicitur causa  
manife/ationis coloris4 ,he n only gives
 =ms to  8 pipk9s1 or en]gies to 8      
ag5ts1 b ,he also ma9ta9s ^?  =ms 9 be+3
 dat =mas creaturis ag5tibus et eas t5et
 9  esse4 ,he acts directly1 n ?r\gh    
second>y causes1 on ev]y?+  & e "o3     
,deus 9 omnibus intime op]atur4 ,if1 =  
an  in/ant1 ,god's action1 :i* is also  
,8 w1 7 to /op1 !  univ]se w\ld n m]ely 
fall to pieces1 b w\ld vani%1 & mu/  !n 
be creat$ anew f no?+3 ,quia non habet  
radicem 9 a]e1  /atim cessat lum51      
cessante actione solis4 ,sic autem se   
habet  omnis creatura ad ,deum sicut a] 
ad solem illum9antem4 ,god  radiates    
en]gy z ! sun radiates light1 & ! :ole  
fabric (  nature w\ld return to no?+ if 

t radiation ceas$ ev5 = an  in/ant4     
,ev]y?+ is creat$ by "o in/antane\s1    
et]nal1  univ]sal act ( w1 & by ! same  
act is ma9ta9$ 9 be+4    ,:]e1 !n1--9   
:at my/]i\s cave outside (              
creation1--c\ld  man1 & 8 free w1 & 8   
private _w ( responsibilities  & duties1
 lie hidd58 ,unless man 0 a free ag5t 9 
a _w (  8 own beyond con/ra9t1 ! ,*ur* 0
 a fraud1 & x help$  little to add t !  
,/ate 0 ano!r4 ,if ,god 0 ! sole &      
imm$iate cause & support ( ev]y?+ 9 ,8  
creation1 ,god 0  also ! cause ( its    
defects1 & c\ld n--be+ ,ju/ice &        
,goodness 9 ess5ce--hold man responsible
 = ,8 own omissions4  ,/ill less c\ld ! 
,/ate or ,*ur* d x 9 ,8 "n4    ,:atev]  
tru? lies 9 ! *>ge t ! s*ools discuss$  
futile  que/ions by faulty me?ods1 "o _c
 dec5tly d5y t 9 ?is  case ! "q 0       
practical & ! me?od vital4 ,!i/ or      
a!i/1 moni/ or an>*i/ mu/ all admit t   
society & sci5ce  are equally int]e/$ ) 
!ology 9 decid+ :e!r !  univ]se is "o or
 _m1 a h>mony or a discord4 ,! ,*ur* &  

,/ate ass]t$ t x 0 a h>mony1 & t !y 7   
its  repres5tatives4 ,!y say s /ill4 ,_!
 claim l$ to s+ul> b  unavoidable       
conclusions1 ) :i* society has /ruggl$ =
 sev5  hundr$ ye>s1 & is /ill /ruggl+4  
,fre$om c\ld n exi/ 9 nature1 or ev5 9  
,god1 aft] ! s+le1  unalt]able act or w 
:i* creat$4 ,! only possible free w  0 t
 ( ,god be=e ! act4 ,abel>d ) 8 rigid   
logic av]r$  t ,god _h no fre$om2 be+   
,himself :atev] is mo/ p]fect1 ,he      
produc$ necess>ily ! mo/ p]fect possible
 _w4 ,no?+ seem$  m logical1 b if ,god  
act$ necess>ily1 ,8 _w mu/ also be  (   
necessity ! only possible product ( ,8  
act1 & ! ,*ur*  became an imp]t95ce1    
s9ce man prov$ only fatuity by attempt+ 
to int]f]e4 ,?omas d>$ n di/urb !       
f\ndations ( !  ,*ur*1 & !re=e began by 
lay+ d[n ! law t ,god--  previ\s to ,8  
act--c\ld *oose1 & _h *os51 :atev] s*eme
  ( creation ,he pleas$1 & t ! h>mony ( 
! actual s*eme  prov$ ,8 p]fections4    
,?us he sav$ ,god's free w4    ,?is     
philosophical apse w\ld h clos$ ! l9es &

 f9i%$ !  plan ( 8 *ur*-*oir _h !       
univ]se n %[n "s  div]g5cies or discords
 ne$+ to be expla9$4 ,! /ud5t ( !  ,lat9
 ,qu>t] 0 !n h>d] to conv9ce ?an n[ t   
,god 0  ,inf9ite ,love & ,8 _w a p]fect 
h>mony1 :5 p]fect love &  h>mony %[$ !m1
 ev5 9 ! ,lat9 ,qu>t]1 & /ill m 9       
reveal$ tru?1 a picture ( suff]+1 sorr[1
 & dea?2 plague1  pe/il5ce1 & fam9e2    
inundations1 dr\ghts1 & fro/s2          
cata/rophes _w-wide & accid5ts 9 corn]s2
 cruelty1  p]v]sity1 /upidity1          
unc]ta9ty1 insanity2 virtue begett+     
vice2  vice work+ = good2 happ9ess )\t  
s5se1 selfi%ness )\t  ga91 mis]y )\t    
cause1 & horrors undef9$4 ,! /ud5ts 9   
public d>$ n ask1 z ,voltaire did1 avec 
son hideux s\rire1  :e!r ! ,lisbon      
e>?quake 0 ! f9al pro( ( ,god's inf9ite 
goodness1 b 9 private !y us$ ! argum5tum
 ad p]sonam  div9am freely en\gh1 & :5 !
 ,*ur* told !m t evil did  n exi/1 !    
ribalds laugh$4    ,sa9t ,augu/9e       
c]ta9ly tempt$ ,satan :5 he fa/5$ !     
,*ur*  to ?is doctr9e t evil is only !  

privation ( good1 an amissio  boni2 & t 
good alone exi/s4 ,! po9t 0 inf9itely   
tr\blesome4 ,good 0 ord]1 law1 unity4   
,evil 0 disord]1 an>*y1  multiplicity4  
,:i* 0 tru?8 ,! ,*ur* _h committ$ itself
 to  ! dogma t ord] & unity 7 ! ultimate
 tru?1 & t !  an>*i/ %\ld be burn$4 ,%e 
c\ld d no?+ else1 & society  support$   
h]--/ill supports h]2 yet ! ,*ur*1 :o 0 
wis]  ?an ! ,/ate1 _h always se5 t ,sa9t
 ,augu/9e dealt ) only  half ! "q4 ,%e  
knew t evil might be an excess ( good z 
well z abs5ce ( x2 t good leads to evil1
 evil to good2 &  t1 z ,pascal says1    
?ree degrees ( pol> elevation upset all 
jurisprud5ce2 a m]idian decides tru?2   
fundam5tal laws *ange2  rights h epo*s4 
,pleas+ ,ju/ice6 b\nd$ by a riv] or a   
m\nta96 tru?s on ?is side ! ,pyr5ees6   
errors beyond6 ,?omas  conc$$ t ,god    
,himself1 ) ! be/ int5tions1 might be ! 
s\rce ( evil1 & plead$ only t 8 action  
might 9 ! end  "w b5efits4 ,he c\ld (f] 
no pro( ( x1 b he c\ld assume z         
probable a plan ( good :i* became ! m   

p]fect = ! v  reason t x all[$ great    
lib]ty 9 detail4    ,"o h>dly feels     
,sa9t ,?omas "h 9 all 8 =ce4 ,he (f]s   
sugge/ion r ?an pro(2--apology--! weak] 
because (  obvi\s ef=t to apologize--r  
?an def5ce1 = ,inf9ite  ,goodness1      
,ju/ice1 & ,p[]2 sc(f]s might add t he  
inv5t$ a  new pro( ab defectu1 or       
argum5t = prov+ ! p]fection ( a  ma*9e  
by ! numb] ( its imp]fections2 b at all 
ev5ts1  society has nev] done bett] by  
way ( prov+ its "r to en=ce  morals or  
unity ( op9ion4 ,unless x ass]ts law1 x 
c only  ass]t =ce4 ,rigid !ology w5t mu*
 fur!r4 ,9 ,god's provid5ce1  man 0 z   
no?+4 ,) a prop] s5se ( duty1 e sol>    
sy/em  %\ld be cont5t to suff]1 if !reby
 ! effici5cy ( ! ,milky  ,way 7 improv$4
 ,su* !ology %ock$ ,sa9t ,?omas1 :o nev]
  :olly ab&on$ man 9 ord] to exalt ,god4
 ,he p]si/5tly br\ght  ,god & man       
toge!r1 & if he err$1 ! ,*ur* rightly   
p>dons  him because he err$ on ! human  
side4 ,:5ev] ! pa? lay  ?r\gh ! valley (
 despair he call$ ,god to 8 aid1 z ?\gh 

he  felt ! moral obligation ( ! ,creator
 to help ,8 creation4    ,at be/ !      
vision ( ,god1 sitt+ =ev] at ,8         
"w-table1  will+ ! exi/5ce ( mank9d     
exactly z x is1 :ile consci\s  t1 among 
^! myriad arbitr>y creations ( ,8 w1    
h>dly "o  9 a million c\ld escape       
tempor>y mis]y or et]nal damnation1 0  n
 ! be/ possible backgr\nd = a ,*ur*1 z !
 ,virg9 & !  ,savi\r frankly admitt$ by 
tak+ ! =egr\nd2 b ! ,*ur*  0 n          
responsible = x4 ,mank9d c\ld n admit an
 an>*ical--a  dual or a                 
multiple--univ]se4 ,! _w 0 !re1 />+ !m 9
  ! face1 ) all its *aotic conditions1 &
 society insi/$ on  its unity 9         
self-def5ce4 ,society /ill insi/s on    
treat+ x z  unity1 ?\gh no long] affect+
 logic4 ,society insi/s on its free  w1 
al?\gh free w has nev] be5 expla9$ to ! 
satisfaction ( any b ^? :o mu* wi% to be
 satisfi$1 &  al?\gh ! words 9 any      
common s5se impli$ n unity b duality  9 
creation4 ,! ,*ur* _h no?+ to d ) inv5t+
 ?is  riddle--! olde/ t frett$ mank9d4  

,ap>t f all !ological int]f]5ces1--fall 
( ,adam or fault (  ,eve1 ,atonem5t1    
,ju/ification1 or ,r$emption1--ei!r !   
univ]se  0 "o1 or x 0 two1 or x 0 _m2   
ei!r en]gy 0 "o1 se5  only 9 p[]s (     
itself1 or x 0 sev]al2 ei!r ,god 0      
h>mony1  or ,he 0 discord4 ,) practical 
unanimity1 mank9d reject$ !  dual or    
multiple s*eme2 x insi/$ on unity4      
,?omas took !  "q z x 0 giv5 him4 ,!    
unity 0 full ( defects2 he did  n d5y   
!m2 b he claim$ t !y might be incid5ts1 
& t  ! admitt$ unity might ev5 prove _! 
b5efic5ce4 ,grant+ ?is  enorm\s         
concession1 he /ill ne$$ a means ( br++ 
into !  sy/em "o elem5t :i* vehem5tly   
refus$ to be br\ght3--t is1  man        
himself1 :o insi/$ t ! univ]se 0 a unit1
 b t he  0 a univ]se2 t en]gy 0 "o1 b t 
he 0 ano!r en]gy2  t ,god 0 omnipot5t1 b
 t man 0 free4 ,! contradiction  _h     
always exi/$1 exi/s /ill1 & always mu/  
exi/1 unless man  ei!r admits t he is a 
ma*9e1 or agrees t an>*y & *aos  are !  
habit ( nature1 & law & ord] its        

accid5t4 ,!  agreem5t may become        
possible1 b x 0 n possible 9 !  ?irte5? 
c5tury nor is x n[4 ,sa9t ,?omas's      
settlem5t c\ld  n be a simple "o or     
f9al1 except = practical use1 b x  s]v$1
 & x holds good /ill4    ,no "o ev]     
s]i\sly affirm$ ! lit]al fre$om ( w4    
,absolute  lib]ty is abs5ce ( re/ra9t2  
responsibility is re/ra9t2  !re=e1 !    
ideally free individual is responsible  
only to  himself4 ,?is pr9ciple is !    
philosophical f\ndation (  an>*ism1 &1 =
 any?+ t sci5ce has yet prov$1 may be ! 
philosophical f\ndation ( ! univ]se2 b x
 is fatal to all  society & is          
especially ho/ile to ! ,/ate4 ,p]haps ! 
,*ur*  ( ! ?irte5? c5tury might h f\nd a
 way to use ev5 ?is  pr9ciple = a good  
purpose2 c]ta9ly1 ! influ5ce ( ,sa9t    
,b]n>d 0 suffici5tly unsocial & t (     
,sa9t ,francis 0  suffici5tly unselfi%  
to conciliate ev5 an>*i/s ( ! militant  
class2 b ,sa9t ,?omas 0 work+ = ! ,*ur* 
& !    ,/ate1 n = ! salvation ( s\ls1 & 
8 *ief object 0 to  repress an>*y4 ,!   

!ory ( absolute free w nev] ent]$ 8     
m9d1 m ?an ! !ory ( mat]ial free w w\ld 
ent] !  m9d ( an ar*itect4 ,! ,*ur* gave
 him no w>rant = discuss+  ! subject 9  
su* a s5se4 ,9 fact1 ! ,*ur* nev]       
admitt$ free  w1 or us$ ! ^w :5 x c\ld  
be avoid$4 ,9 ,lat91 ! t]m  us$ 0 lib]um
 arbitrium1--free *oice1--& 9 ,fr5* to  
?is  day x rema9s 9 /rictness libre     
arbitre /ill4 ,f ,sa9t  ,augu/9e d[nw>ds
 ! ,*ur* 0 nev] s unsci5tific z to admit
  ( lib]ty beyond ! faculty ( *oos+     
betwe5 pa?s1 "s  lead+ ?r\gh ! ,*ur* &  
"s n1 b all lead+ to ! next  _w2 z a    
crim9al might be all[$ ! lib]ty ( *oos+ 
betwe5 ! guillot9e & ! gall[s1 )\t      
infr++ on !  supremacy ( ! judge4       
,?omas />t$ f t po9t1 already f> f      
!oretic fre$om4  ,we are ma/]s ( our    
acts1 he began1 9 ! s5se t we c  *oose  
su* & su* a ?+2 n[1 we h n to *oose our 
end1  b ! means t relate to x1 z        
,ari/otle says4 ,un=tunately1  ev5 ?is  
tr5*ant amputation ( man's free en]gies 
w\ld n  accord ) fact or ) logic4       

,exp]i5ce prov$ t man's p[]  ( *oice 9  
action 0 v f> f absolute1 & logic seem$ 
to  require t e *oice %\ld h "s         
pr$et]m9+ cause  :i* decid$ ! w to act4 
,sci5ce affirm$ t *oice 0 n  free1--c\ld
 n be free1--)\t ab&on+ ! unity ( =ce & 
! f\ndation ( law4 ,society insi/$ t its
 *oice mu/ be left  free1 :atev] became 
( sci5ce or unity4 ,sa9t ,?omas 0       
requir$  to illu/rate ! !ory ( lib]um   
arbitrium by *oos+ a pa?  ?r\gh ^!      
difficulties1 :]e pa? !re 0 obvi\sly    
none4    ,?omas's me?od ( treat+ ?is    
problem 0 sure to be z  sci5tific z !   
vault+ ( a ,go?ic ar*4 ,inde$1 "o foll[s
 x  mo/ easily by translat+ 8           
s*ool-vocabul>y into mod]n  te*nical    
t]ms4 ,) v slight /ra9+ ( equival5ts1   
,?omas  might n[ be writt5 ?us3--    ,by
 ! t]m ,god1 is meant a prime motor :i* 
supplies all en]gy to  ! univ]se1 & acts
 directly on man z well z on all o!r    
creatures1 mov+ him z a me*anical motor 
might d2 b man1 be+  specially provid$ )
 an organism m complex ?an ! organisms  

( o!r creatures1 enjoys an exceptional  
capacity = reflex  action1--a p[] (     
reflection1--:i* enables him )9 c]ta9   
limits to *oose betwe5 pa?s2 & ?is s+ul>
 capacity is call$  free *oice or free  
w4 ,( c\rse1 ! reflection is n *oice1  &
 ?\gh a man's m9d reflect$ z p]fectly z 
! facets ( a  ligh?\se lant]n1 x w\ld   
nev] rea* a *oice )\t an en]gy  :i*     
impels x to act4    ,n[ let u read ,sa9t
 ,?omas3--    ,"s k9d ( an ag5t is      
requir$ to det]m9e "o's *oice2 t  ag5t  
is reflection4 ,man reflects1 !n1 9 ord]
 to le>n :at  *oice to make betwe5 ! two
 acts :i* (f] !mselves4 ,b  reflection  
is1 9 its turn1 a faculty ( do+ opposite
 ?+s1 =  we c reflect or n reflect2 & we
 are no fur!r =w>d ?an  be=e4 ,"o _c    
c>ry back ?is process inf9itely1 = 9 t  
case "o w\ld nev] decide4 ,! fix$ po9t  
is n 9 man1 s9ce we  meet 9 him1 z a be+
 ap>t by himself1 only ! alt]native     
faculties2 we mu/1 !re=e1 recur to !    
int]v5tion ( an  ext]ior ag5t :o %all   
impress on our w a movem5t capable (    

putt+ an end to its hesitations3--,t    
ext]ior ag5t is no?+  else ?an ,god6    
,! s*eme seems to diff] little1 &       
unwill+ly1 f a sy/em (  dynamics z mod]n
 z ! dynamo4 ,ev5 9 ! prime motor1 f !  
mom5t ( action1 fre$om ( w vani%$4      
,creation 0 n  successive2 x 0 "o       
in/antane\s ?\ght & act1 id5tical )  !  
w1 & 0 complete & un*angeable f end to  
end1  includ+ "t z "o ( its functions4  
,?omas 0 z cle> z  possible on t        
po9t3--,suppos+ ,god wills any?+ 9      
effect2 ,he  _c w n to w x1 because ,8 w
 _c *ange4 ,he  wills t "s ?+s %all be  
cont+5t & o!rs necess>y1 b  ,he wills 9 
! same act t ! cont+5cy %all be         
necess>y4  ,!y are cont+5t because ,god 
has will$ !m to be s1 & )  ?is object   
has subject$ !m to causes :i* are s4 ,9 
! same  way ,he wills t ,8 creation %all
 develop itself 9 "t &  space & sequ5ce1
 b ,he creates ^! conditions z well z ! 
ev5ts4 ,he creates ! :ole1 9 "o act1    
complete1 un*angeable1  & x is !n       
unfold$ l a roll+ panorama1 ) its       

pr$et]m9$ cont+5cies4    ,man's free    
*oice--lib]um arbitrium--falls easily   
into place z a  pr$et]m9$ cont+5cy4 ,god
 is ! fir/ cause1 & acts 9 all  second>y
 causes directly2 b :ile ,he acts       
me*anically on !  re/ ( creation1--z f> 
z is kn[n1--,he acts freely at "o po9t1 
& ?is free action rema9s free z f> z x  
ext5ds on t l9e4  ,man's fre$om d]ives f
 ?is s\rce1 b x is simply app>5t1  z f> 
z he is a cause2 x is a reflex action   
det]m9$ by a new  ag5cy ( ! fir/ cause4 
,h[ev] ab/ruse ^! ideas may once h      
s\nd$1 !y are f>  f seem+ difficult 9   
comp>ison ) mod]n !ories ( en]gy4       
,inde$1 measur$ by t /&>d1 ! only /rik+ 
feature (  ,sa9t ,?omas's motor is its  
simplicity4 ,?omas's prime motor 0  v   
p[]ful1 & its l9es ( en]gy 7 inf9ite4   
,among ^!  inf9ite l9es1 a c]ta9 gr\p   
ran to ! human race1 &1 z long  z !     
conduction 0 p]fect1 ea* man act$       
me*anically4 ,9 cases  :]e ! curr5t1 =  
any reason1 0 = a mom5t *eck$1--t  is to
 say1 produc$ ! effect ( hesitation or  

reflection 9 !  m9d1--! curr5t          
accumulat$ until x acquir$ p[] to leap !
  ob/acle4 ,z ,sa9t ,?omas express$ x1 !
 ,prime ,motor1 ,:o 0  no?+ else ?an    
,god1 int]v5$ to decide ! *annel ( !    
curr5t4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 man & a 
vegetable 0 !  reflex action ( !        
complicat$ mirror :i* 0 call$ m9d1 &  ! 
m>k ( m9d 0 reflective absorption or    
*oice4 ,! app>5t  fre$om 0 an illusion  
aris+ f ! extreme delicacy ( !  ma*9e1 b
 ! motive p[] 0 9 fact ! same--t ( ,god4
    ,?is exclusion ( :at m5 commonly    
call$ fre$om 0 c>ri$ /ill  fur!r 9 !    
process ( expla9+ dogma4 ,suppos+ !     
conduction to be insuffici5t = a giv5   
purpose2 a purpose :i*  %all require    
p]fect conduction8 ,"u ord9>y           
circum/ances1 9  n9ety-n9e cases out ( a
 hundr$1 ! conductor w be burn$  out1 s 
to speak2 condemn$1 & ?r[n away4 ,?is is
 ! case )  mo/ human be+s4 ,yet !re are 
cases :]e ! conductor is  capable (     
receiv+ an increase ( en]gy f ! prime   
motor1  :i* enables x to atta9 ! object 

aim$ at4 ,9 dogma1 ?is /ore  ( res]v$   
en]gy is te*nically call$ ,grace4 ,9 !  
/rict1  !ological s5se ( ! ^w1 z x is   
us$ by ,sa9t ,?omas1 !  exact1 lit]al   
mean+ ( ,grace is a motion :i* ! ,prime 
,motor1  z a sup]natural cause1 produces
 9 ! s\l1 p]fect+ free  w4 ,x is a      
res]v$ en]gy1 :i* comes to aid & re9=ce 
!  normal en]gy ( ! batt]y4    ,to      
religi\s m9ds ?is sci5tific inv]sion (  
solemn tru?s seems1  & is1 sacrilege2 b 
,?omas's num]\s critics 9 ! ,*ur* h     
always br\ght precisely ?is *>ge aga9/ 8
 doctr9e1 & are  do+ s /ill4 ,!y insi/ t
 he has r$uc$ ,god to a me*anism  & man 
to a passive conductor ( =ce4 ,he has   
left1 !y say1  no?+ b ,god 9 ! univ]se4 
,! t]rible ^w :i* annihilates  all o!r  
philosophical sy/ems aga9/ :i* x is     
hurl$1 has be5  hurl$ freely aga9/ 8 =  
six hundr$ ye>s & m1 )\t  visibly       
affect+ ! ,*ur*2 & yet its propriety    
seems1 to !  vulg>1 beyond reasonable   
cavil4 ,to ,fa!r de ,regnon1 ( !        
extremely le>n$ & intellig5t ,society ( 

,jesus1 ! diff]5ce  betwe5 pan!ism &    
,?omism r$uces itself to ?is3 ,pan!ism1 
/>t+ f ! notion ( an inf9ite sub/ance   
:i* is !  pl5itude ( be+1 concludes t   
!re c exi/ no o!r be+s  ?an ,,! be+2 no 
o!r realities ?an ! absolute reality4   
,?omism1 />t+ f ! efficacy ( ! fir/     
cause1 t5ds to  r$uce m & m ! efficacy (
 second causes1 & to replace  x by a    
passivity :i* receives )\t produc+1 :i* 
is  det]m9$ )\t det]m9+4 ,to /ud5ts (   
ar*itecture1 :o  "k equally little ab\t 
pan!ism & ab\t ,?omism1--or1 inde$1  = t
 matt]1 ab\t ar*itecture1 too1--!       
quality t r\ses  mo/ surprise 9 ,?omism 
is its a/oni%+ly sci5tific me?od4 ,!    
,franciscans & ! ,jesuits call x        
pan!ism1 b sci5ce1 too1 is  pan!ism1 or 
has till v rec5tly be5 :olly pan!i/ic4  
,av[$ly sci5ce has aim$ at no?+ b !     
r$uction (  multiplicity to unity1 & has
 excommunicat$1 z ?\gh x 7  itself a    
,*ur*1 any "o :o d\bt$ or disput$ its   
object1 its  me?od1 or its results4 ,!  
ef=t is z evid5t & q z  labori\s 9 mod]n

 sci5ce1 />t+ z x does f multiplicity1  
z 9 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :o />t$ f unity2 & x
 is necess>ily  less successful1 = its  
true aims1 z f> z x is sci5ce & n       
disguis$ religion1 7 equally atta9$ by  
rea*+ inf9ite  complexity2 b ! ass]tion 
or assumption ( ultimate unity has      
*>act]iz$ ! ,law ( ,en]gy z emphatically
 z x has  *>act]iz$ ! def9ition ( ,god 9
 !ology4 ,if x is a reproa*  to ,sa9t   
,?omas1 x is equally a reproa* to       
,cl]k-,maxwell4 ,9  tru?1 x is :at m5   
mo/ admire 9 bo?--! p[] ( broad &  l(ty 
g5]alization4    ,"u any conceivable    
sy/em ! process ( gett+ ,god & man  "u !
 same ro(--( br++ two indep5d5t en]gies 
"u !  same control--requir$ a pa9ful    
ef=t1 z sci5ce has mu* cause  to "k4 ,no
 d\bt1 _m good ,*ri/ians & "s h]etics h 
be5  %ock$ at ! t\r de =ce by :i* !y    
felt !mselves sudd5ly  seiz$1 b\nd h& & 
foot1 atta*$ to ea* o!r1 & dragg$  into 
! ,*ur*1 )\t cons5t or consultation4 ,to
 religi\s  my/ics1 ^: scepticism conc]n$
 *iefly !mselves & _! own  exi/5ce1     

,sa9t ,?omas's man seem$ h>dly wor?     
h]d+1 at s  mu* exp5se & tr\ble1 into a 
,*ur* :]e he 0 n eag] to  g4 ,true      
religion felt ! ne>ness ( ,god )\t c>+  
to see !  me*anism4 ,my/ics l ,sa9t     
,b]n>d1 ,sa9t ,francis1 ,sa9t           
,bonav5ture1 or ,pascal _h a "r to make 
?is objection1 s9ce  !y got into !      
,*ur*1 s to speak1 by break+ ?r\gh !    
w9d[s2 b society at l>ge accept$ &      
reta9s ,sa9t ,?omas's  man mu* z ,sa9t  
,?omas deliv]$ him to ! ,gov]nm5t2 a    
two-  sid$ be+1 free or unfree1         
responsible or irresponsible1 an en]gy  
or a victim ( en]gy1 mov$ by *oice or   
mov$ by compulsion1 z  ! int]e/s (      
society seem$ = ! mom5t to ne$4 ,c]ta9ly
  ,sa9t ,?omas lavi%$ no excess ( lib]ty
 on ! man he creat$1  b /ill he 0 m     
g5]\s ?an ! ,/ate has ev] be54 ,sa9t    
,?omas ask$ little f man1 & gave mu*2   
ev5 z mu* fre$om (  w z ! ,/ate gave or 
n[ gives2 he add$ immortality h]eaft]  &
 et]nal happ9ess "u reasonable re/ra9ts2
 8 ,god wat*$  ov] man's temporal welf>e

 f> m anxi\sly ?an ! ,/ate has  ev]     
done1 & assign$ him space 9 ! ,*ur* :i* 
he nev] c  h 9 ! gall]ies ( ,p>liam5t or
 ,congress2 m ?an all ?is1  ,sa9t ,?omas
 & 8 ,god plac$ man 9 ! c5tre ( !       
univ]se1  & made ! sun & ! />s = 8 uses4
 ,no /atute law ev] did  z mu* = man1 & 
no social re=m ev] w try to d x2 yet    
man bitt]ly compla9$ t he _h n 8 rights1
 & ev5 9 !  ,*ur* is /ill compla9+1     
because ,sa9t ,?omas set a limit1 m  or 
less vague1 to :at ! man 0 ob/9ate 9    
call+ 8 fre$om  ( w4    ,?us ,sa9t      
,?omas complet$ 8 "w1 keep+ 8 conv]g+   
l9es  cle> & pure ?r\gh\t1 & br++ !m    
toge!r1 unbrok51 9  ! curves t gave     
unity to 8 plan4 ,8 s5se ( scale &      
proportion 0 t ( ! great ar*itects ( 8  
age4 ,"o might g  on /udy+ x = a        
lifetime4 ,he %[$ no m hesitation 9     
keep+ 8 ,deity 9 scale ?an 9 adju/+ man 
to x4 ,/range z  x s\nds1 al?\gh man    
?\ght himself h>dly treat$ 9 respect to 
fre$om1 yet1 if fre$om meant sup]iority1
 man 0 9 action mu*  ! sup]ior ( ,god1  

,^: fre$om suff]$1 f ,sa9t ,?omas1  "u  
re/ra9ts t man nev] w\ld h tol]at$4     
,sa9t ,?omas  did n all[ ,god ev5 an    
undet]m9$ w2 ,he 0 pure ,act1 & z  su*  
,he c\ld n *ange4 ,man alone 0 all[$1 9 
act1 to *ange  direction4 ,:at 0 m      
curi\s /ill1 man might absolutely prove 
8 fre$om by refus+ to move at all2 if he
 did n l 8 life  he c\ld /op x1 &       
habitually did s1 or acquiesc$ 9 its be+
  done = him2 :ile ,god c\ld n commit   
suicide or ev5 cease = a  s+le in/ant ,8
 cont9u\s action4 ,if man _h ! s+ul>    
fancy  ( mak+ himself absurd1--a ta/e   
conf9$ to himself b atte/$  by evid5ce  
exce$+ly /rong1--he c\ld be z absurd z  
he lik$2  b ,god c\ld n be absurd4 ,sa9t
 ,?omas did n all[ ! ,deity  ! "r to    
contradict ,himself1 :i* is "o ( man's  
*ief  pleasures4 ,:ile man enjoy$ :at 01
 = 8 purposes1 an  unlimit$ fre$om to be
 wick$1--a privilege :i*1 z bo? ,*ur*  &
 ,/ate bitt]ly compla9$ & /ill compla91 
he has  outrage\sly abus$1--,god 0      
,goodness1 & c\ld be no?+ else4  ,:ile  

man mov$ ab\t 8 relatively spaci\s      
prison ) a c]ta9  degree ( ease1 ,god1  
be+ ev]y:]e1 c\ld n move4 ,9 "o         
respect1 at lea/1 man's fre$om seem$ to 
be n relative b  absolute1 = 8 ?\ght 0  
an en]gy pay+ no reg>d to space or  "t  
or ord] or object or s5se2 b ,god's     
?\ght 0 ,8 act &  w at once2 speak+     
correctly1 ,god c\ld n ?9k2 ,he is4     
,sa9t  ,?omas w\ld n1 or c\ld n1 admit t
 ,god 0 ,necessity1 z  ,abel>d seems to 
h held1 b he refus$ to tol]ate ! idea ( 
a  div9e maniac1 free f moral obligation
 to himself4 ,! atmosph]e  ( ,sa9t ,l\is
 surr\nds ! ,god ( ,sa9t ,?omas1 & its  
pure e!r  %uts out ! corruption &       
pollution to come1--! ,valois &         
,b\rbons1 ! ,occams & ,hobbes's1 !      
,tudors & ! ,m$icis1 ( an  enlight5$    
,europe4    ,! !ology turns always into 
art at ! la/1 & ends 9  aspiration4 ,!  
spire ju/ifies ! *ur*4 ,9 ,sa9t ,?omas's
  ,*ur*1 man's free w 0 ! aspiration to 
,god1 & he treat$ x  z ! ar*itects (    
,*>tres & ,laon _h treat$ _! fam\s      

fle*es4 ,! squ>e f\ndation-t[]1 !       
expression ( ,god's p[]  9 act1--,8     
,creation1--rose to ! level ( ! ,*ur*   
facade z a  "p ( ! normal unity ( ,god's
 en]gy2 & !n1 sudd5ly1  )\t %[ ( ef=t1  
)\t break1 )\t logical viol5ce1  became 
a _m-sid$1 volunt>y1 vani%+ human s\l1 &
 nei!r  ,vill>d de ,honnec\rt nor ,duns 
,scotus c\ld di/+ui% :]e ,god's  p[]    
ends & man's free w beg9s4 ,all !y saw 0
 ! s\l  vani%+ into ! skies4 ,h[ x 0    
done1 "o does n c>e to ask2  9 a result 
s exquisite1 "o has n ! he>t to f9d     
fault )  adresse4    ,ab\t ,sa9t        
,?omas's !ology we ne$ n greatly di/urb 
ourselves2  x c matt] n[ n mu*1 :e!r he 
put m pan!ism ?an !  law all[$ or m     
mat]ialism ?an ,duns ,scotus approv$--or
 less  ( ei!r--into 8 univ]se1 s9ce !   
,*ur* is /ill on ! spot1  responsible = 
its own doctr9es2 b 8 ar*itecture is    
ano!r  matt]4 ,s sci5tific & /ructural a
 me?od 0 nev] an accid5t  or ! prop]ty (
 a s+le m9d ev5 ) ,ari/otle to prompt x4
  ,nei!r 8 ,*ur* nor ! ar*itect's *ur* 0

 a sket*1 b a  completely /udi$         
/ructure4 ,e relation ( p>ts1 e         
di/urbance ( equilibrium1 e detail (    
con/ruction 0 treat$  ) inf9ite lab\r1 z
 ! result ( two hundr$ ye>s (  exp]im5t 
& discussion among ?\s&s ( m5 ^: m9ds & 
^: in/9cts 7 acute1 & :o discuss$ little
 else4 ,sci5ce  & art 7 "o4 ,?omas      
,aqu9as w\ld probably h built a bett]   
ca!dral at ,beauvais ?an ! actual       
ar*itect :o plann$ x2 b  x is q likely t
 ! ar*itect might h sav$ ,?omas "s  ( 8 
errors1 z po9t$ out by ! ,c\ncils (     
#abgf4 ,bo? 7  great arti/s2 p]haps 9 _!
 pr(essions1 ! greate/ t ev]  liv$2 &   
bo? mu/ h be5 great /ud5ts beyond _!    
practice4  ,bo? 7 subject to con/ant    
criticism f m5 & bodies ( m5  ^: m9ds 7 
z acute & ^: le>n+ 0 z great z _!  own4 
,if ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury & ! ,bi%op 
( ,p>is  condemn$ ,?omas1 ! ,b]n>d9es   
_h1 = ne> two hundr$ ye>s1  condemn$    
,beauvais 9 advance4 ,bo? ! ,summa      
,!ologiae &  ,beauvais ,ca!dral 7       
excessively mod]n1 sci5tific1 &         

te*nical1 m>k+ ! extreme po9ts rea*$ by 
,europe on ! l9es  ( s*ola/ic sci5ce4   
,?is is all we ne$ to "k4 ,if we l1 we  
c g on to /udy1 in* by in*1 ! sl[ decl9e
 ( ! art4 ,!  ess5ce ( x--! despotic    
c5tral idea--0 t ( organic unity  bo? 9 
! ?\ght & ! build+4 ,f t "t1 ! univ]se  
has /eadily become m complex & less     
r$ucible to a c5tral  control4 ,) z mu* 
ob/9acy z ?\gh x 7 human1 x has  insi/$ 
on exp&+ its p>ts2 ) z mu* elusiv5ess z 
?\gh  x 7 fem99e1 x has evad$ ! attempt 
to impose on x a s+le  w4 ,mod]n sci5ce1
 l mod]n art1 t5ds1 9 practice1 to drop 
! dogma ( organic unity4 ,"s ( !        
m$iaeval habit ( m9d  survives1 b ev5 t 
is said to be yield+ be=e ! daily       
evid5ce ( increas+ & ext5d+ complexity4 
,! fault1 !n1  0 n 9 man1 if he no long]
 look$ at sci5ce or art z an  organic   
:ole or z ! expression ( unity4 ,unity  
turn$ itself  into complexity1          
multiplicity1 v>iety1 & ev5             
contradiction4 ,all  exp]i5ce1 human &  
div9e1 assur$ man 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury  t 

! l9es ( ! univ]se conv]g$4 ,h[ 0 he to 
"k t  ^! l9es ran 9 e conceivable &     
inconceivable direction1  & t at lea/   
half ( !m seem$ to div]ge f any         
imag9able  c5tre ( unity6 ,dimly        
consci\s t 8 ,tr9ity requir$ 9 logic  a 
f\r? dim5sion1 h[ 0 ! s*oolman to supply
 x1 :5 ev5  ! ma!matician ( to-day c    
only inf] its necessity8 ,naturally  man
 t5d$ to lose 8 s5se ( scale & relation4
 ,a /raight l9e1  or a comb9ation (     
/raight l9es1 may h /ill a sort (       
arti/ic unity1 b :at c be done 9 art ) a
 s]ies (  negative symbols8 ,ev5 if !   
negative 7 cont9u\s1 ! arti/  might     
express at lea/ a negation2 b suppos+ t 
,om>'s k9etic  analogy ( ! ball & !     
play]s turn$ out to be a sci5tific      
=mula6--suppos+ t ! highe/ sci5tific    
au?ority1 9 ord]  to obta9 any unity at 
all1 _h to resort to ! ,middle ,ages =  
an  imag9>y demon to sort 8 atoms6--h[  
c\ld art deal ) su*  problems1 & :at    
wond] t art lo/ unity ) philosophy &    
sci5ce6 ,art _h to be confus$ 9 ord] to 

express confusion2 b  p]haps x 0 true/1 
s4    ,"s future summ]1 :5 y are old]1 &
 :5 ,i h left1 l  ,om>1 only ! empty    
glass ( my s*ola/icism = y to turn d[n1 
y c amuse y\rselves by go+ on ) ! /ory  
aft] ! dea?  ( ,sa9t ,l\is1 ,sa9t       
,?omas1 & ,william ( ,lorris1 & aft] !  
failure ( ,beauvais4 ,! pa!tic int]e/ ( 
! drama deep5s )  e new expression1 b at
 lea/ y c le>n f x t y\r  p>5ts 9 !     
n9ete5? c5tury 7 n to blame = los+ !    
s5se ( unity 9 art4 ,z e>ly z ! f\rte5? 
c5tury1 signs (  un/ead9ess appe>$1 &1  
be=e ! eighte5? c5tury1 unity  became   
only a rem9isc5ce4 ,! old habit (       
c5traliz+ a /ra9  at "o po9t1 & !n      
divid+ & subdivid+ x1 & di/ribut+  x on 
visible l9es ( support to a visible     
f\ndation1 disappe>$  9 ar*itecture soon
 aft] #aejj1 b l+]$ 9 !ology two        
c5turies long]1 & ev51 9 v old-fa%ion$  
communities1 f>  d[n to our own "t2 b   
its values 7 =gott51 & x surviv$  *iefly
 z a /ock je/ aga9/ ! cl]gy4 ,! passage 
betwe5 !  two epo*s is z beautiful z !  

,slave ( ,mi*ael ,angelo2 b1 to  feel   
its beauty1 y %\ld see x f above1 z x   
came f its  radiant s\rce4 ,tru?1 inde$1
 may n exi/2 sci5ce av]s x to be  only a
 relation2 b :at m5 took = tru? />es "o 
ev]y:]e  9 ! eye & begs = sympa?y4 ,!   
ar*itects ( ! twelf? &  ?irte5? c5turies
 took ! ,*ur* & ! univ]se = tru?s1  &   
tri$ to express !m 9 a /ructure :i* %\ld
 be f9al4  ,kn[+ by an enorm\s exp]i5ce 
precisely :]e ! /ra9s 7  to come1 !y    
enl>g$ _! scale to ! utmo/ po9t (       
mat]ial  endurance1 light5+ ! load &    
di/ribut+ ! burd5 until !  gutt]s &     
g>goyles t seem m]e ornam5t1 & !        
grotesques  t seem rude absurdities1 all
 d "w ei!r = ! ar* or =  ! eye2 & e in* 
( mat]ial1 up & d[n1 f crypt to  vault1 
f man to ,god1 f ! univ]se to ! atom1 _h
 its task1  giv+ support :]e support 0  
ne$$1 or weight :]e  conc5tration 0     
felt1 b always ) ! condition ( %[+      
conspicu\sly to ! eye ! great l9es :i*  
l$ to unity & !  curves :i* controll$   
div]g5ce2 s t1 f ! cross on !  fle*e & !

 key/one ( ! vault1 d[n ?r\gh ! ribb$   
n]vures1 ! columns1 ! w9d[s1 to !       
f\ndation ( ! fly+  buttresses f> beyond
 ! walls1 "o idea controll$ e l9e2 &    
?is is true ( ,sa9t ,?omas's ,*ur* z x  
is ( ,ami5s ,ca!dral4  ,! me?od 0 ! same
 = bo?1 & ! result 0 an art m>k$  by    
s+ul> unity1 :i* endur$ & s]v$ its      
purpose until man  *ang$ 8 attitude t[>d
 ! univ]se4 ,! tr\ble 0 n 9 !  art or ! 
me?od or ! /ructure1 b 9 ! univ]se      
itself :i*  pres5t$ diff]5t aspects z   
man mov$4 ,grant$ a ,*ur*1 ,sa9t        
,?omas's ,*ur* 0 ! mo/ expressive t man 
has made1 & !  great ,go?ic ca!drals 7  
its mo/ complete expression4    ,p]haps 
! be/ pro( ( x is _! app>5t in/ability4 
,( all  ! elaborate symbolism :i* has   
be5 sugge/$ = ! ,go?ic  ca!dral1 ! mo/  
vital & mo/ p]fect may be t ! sl5d]     
n]vure1 ! spr++ motion ( ! brok5 ar*1 ! 
leap d[nw>ds  ( ! fly+ buttress1--!     
visible ef=t to ?r[ (f a visible        
/ra91--nev] let u =get t ,fai? alone    
supports x1 & t1  if ,fai? fails1 ,heav5

 is lo/4 ,! equilibrium is visibly      
delicate  beyond ! l9e ( safety2 dang]  
lurks 9 e /one4 ,! p]il (  ! heavy t[]1 
( ! re/less vault1 ( ! vagrant buttress2
 !  unc]ta9ty ( logic1 ! inequalities ( 
! syllogism1 !  irregul>ities ( ! m5tal 
mirror1--all ^! haunt+ nightm>es  ( !   
,*ur* are express$ z /rongly by ! ,go?ic
 ca!dral z  ?\gh x _h be5 ! cry ( human 
suff]+1 & z no emotion _h  ev] be5      
express$ be=e or is likely to f9d       
expression aga94  ,! delight ( its      
aspirations is flung up to ! sky4 ,!    
pa?os (  its self-di/ru/ & angui% ( d\bt
 is buri$ 9 ! e>? z its  la/ secret4 ,y 
c read out ( x :atev] else pleases y\r  
y\?  & confid5ce2 to me1 ?is is all4    
,,! ,,end