,,essays ,,9 ,,rationalism ,,by ,,*>les ,,rob]t ,,newman 7,bro!r ( ,c>d9al ,newman47 ,,) ,,preface ,,by ,,george ,,jacob ,,holyoake4 ,,& ,,biographical ,,sket* ,,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,:eel]4 ,,london3 ,,progressive ,,publi%+ ,,company1 #bh ,/onecutt] ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #ahia ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,& ,,publi%$ ,,by ,g4 ,w4 ,,foote1 #bh ,,/onecutt] ,,/reet1 ,e4,c4 ,,essays ,,9 ,,rationalism4 ,,publi%]',s ,,note4 ,:e!r ?is little volume w f9d suffici5t patrons to defray ! co/ ( its production is at lea/ d\btful4 ,! writ] ^: essays x conta9s liv$ 9 obscurity & w nev] be popul>4 ,b he possess$ a f9e intellect1 h[ev] fru/rat$ by circum/ances2 he belong$ to an illu/ri\s family2 & x is well to let ! public h access to ! op9ions ( a bro!r ( ,c>d9al ,newman & ( ,pr(essor ,newman1 a bro!r :o took 8 own c\rse1 z !y did1 & ?\ght out = himself an indep5d5t philosophy4 ,all ,*>les ,rob]t ,newman's writ+s t are kn[n to h be5 pr9t$1 appe>$ 9 ! ,reason]1 edit$ by ,mr4 ,george ,jacob ,holyoake1 at v>i\s dates dur+ #ahfj-fa4 ,) trifl+ exceptions !y are all repr9t$ 9 ?is collection4 ,mr4 ,holyoake has k9dly suppli$ a brief acc\nt ( ! a!i/ic ,newman1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,:eel] has ga!r$ all ! in=mation t is obta9able z to 8 life & p]sonality4 ,,biographical ,,sket*4 ,( ,*>les ,rob]t ,newman1 until ! dea? ( 8 bro!r1 ! ,c>d9al1 almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n4 ,"s rem9isc5ces ( him by ,mr4 ,?omas ,purnell & ,prec5tor ,edmund ,v5ables appe>$ 9 ! ,a!num at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #ahhd1 & ^! rema9 ! *ief s\rces ( in=mation conc]n+ him4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake also1 9 8 pap] ,! ,pres5t ,day1 wrote3 ,if ! public come to "k m ( ,*>les ,r4 ,newman1 x w be se5 t all ! bro!rs1 ,john ,h5ry1 ,francis ,william1 & ,*>les ,r4 ,newman1 7 m5 ( unusual di/9ction ( "*1 & t :ile ea* held div]se views1 all _h ! family qualities ( p]spicacity1 c&or & consci5ce4 ,b ^! notes attract$ little att5tion4 ,mo/ p 7 "u ! impression !re 7 only two bro!rs1 :o _h long figur$ 9 ! public eye z types ( ! opposite c\rses ( mod]n ?\ght t[>ds ,romanism & ,rationalism4 ,yet ! real type ( antagonism to ,rome 0 to be f\nd 9 ,*>les ,rob]t1 :o is dismiss$ by ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,mozley ) ! words3 ,!re 0 also ano!r bro!r1 n )\t 8 %>e 9 ! h]itage ( natural gifts4 ,9 a notable passage on *ange ( religion1 9 8 ,essay 9 ,aid ( a ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 *ap4 vii41 ,c>d9al ,newman seems to allude to ! c>e] ( himself & 8 bro!rs4 ,he says3 ,?us ( ?ree ,prote/ants1 "o becomes a ,ca?olic1 a second a ,unit>ian1 & a ?ird an unbeliev]3 h[ is ?is8 ,! fir/ becomes a ,ca?olic1 because he ass5t$1 z a ,prote/ant1 to ! doctr9e ( our ,"l's div9ity1 ) a real ass5t & a g5u9e conviction1 & because ?is c]titude1 tak+ possession ( 8 m9d1 l$ him on to welcome ! ,ca?olic doctr9es ( ! ,real ,pres5ce & ( ! ,!otocos1 till 8 ,prote/antism fell (f f him1 & he submitt$ himself to ! ,*ur*4 ,! second became a ,unit>ian1 because1 proce$+ on ! pr9ciple t ,scripture 0 ! rule ( fai?1 & t a man's private judgm5t 0 its rule ( int]pretation1 & f9d+ t ! doctr9e ( ! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian ,cre$s did n foll[ by logical necessity f ! text ( ,scripture1 he said to himself1 ',! ^w ( ,god has be5 made ( none effect by ! traditions ( m51' & !re=e no?+ 0 left = him b to pr(ess :at he consid]$ primitive ,*ri/ianity & to become a ,humanit>ian4 ,! ?ird gradually subsid$ into infidelity1 because he />t$ ) ! ,prote/ant dogma1 *]i%$ 9 ! dep?s ( 8 nature1 t a prie/hood 0 a corruption ( ! simplicity ( ! ,gospel4 ,fir/1 !n1 he w\ld prote/ aga9/ ! sacrifice ( ! ,mass2 next he gave up baptismal reg5]ation & ! sacram5tal pr9ciple2 !n he ask$ himself :e!r dogmas 7 n a re/ra9t on ,*ri/ian lib]ty z well z ,sacram5ts2 !n came ! "q1 ,:at aft] all 0 ! use ( tea*]s ( religion8 ,:y %\ld any "o /& betwe5 him & 8 ,mak]8 ,aft] a "t x /ruck him t ?is obvi\s "q _h to be answ]$ by ! ,apo/les1 z well z by ! ,anglican cl]gy2 s he came to ! conclusion t ! true & only revelation ( ,god to man is t :i* is writt5 on ! he>t4 ,?is did = a "t1 & he rema9$ a ,dei/4 ,b !n x occurr$ to him1 t ?is inw>d moral law 0 !re )9 ! brea/1 :e!r !re 0 a ,god or n1 & t x 0 a r\ndab\t way ( en=c+ t law1 to say t x came f ,god & simply unnecess>y1 consid]+ x c>ri$ ) x its own sacr$ & sov]eign au?ority1 z our feel+s in/9ctively te/ifi$1 & :5 he turn$ to look at ! physical _w ar\nd him1 he really did n see :at sci5tific pro( !re 0 ( ! ,be+ ( ,god at all1 & x seem$ to him z if all ?+s w\ld g q z well z at pres5t )\t t hypo!sis z ) x2 s he dropp$ x1 & became a purus putus ,a!i/4 ,i h transcrib$ ?is l5g?y1 b rem>kable passage1 n because ,i ?9k x correctly describes ! process ( ?\ght 9 8 two bro!rs1 b r z an illu/ration t 8 own imag9ative syn!sis ( _! position d]ives its life & =ce f ! fact t he _h be=e him concrete in/ances 9 ! p]son ( 8 own ne>e/ relatives4 ,*>les ,rob]t ,newman1 y\ng] bro!r ( ! ,c>d9al & eld] bro!r ( ! ,pr(essor1 0 born on ,june #af1 #ahjb1 be+ "o ye> & f\r mon?s ! junior ( ! =m]1 & ?ree ye>s ! s5ior ( ! latt]4 #a ,_! fa!r1 a ,london man1 & fri5d ( ,capel ! em95t /ockbrok]1 f hav+ be5 cl]k 9 a bank1 became a p>tn]1 ?\gh he aft]w>ds fail$ at a "t ( great comm]cial depression1 bo? 9 ?is bus9ess & z a brew]4 ,he 0 a ,freemason1 a musician1 & _h s*emes ( social improvem5t by reclaim+ wa/e l& & plant+ ) trees4 ,9 religion 8 views appe> to h be5 ( a broad ca/ approximat+ to ^? ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,! "m1 ^: maid5 "n 0 ,jemima ,f\rdr9i]1 0 ( ,hug5ot family1 & ( religi\s ca/ ( m9d4 ,!re 7 six *ildr51 equally divid$ z to sex4 ,h>riet1 ! elde/ girl1 m>ri$ ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,mozley2 ,jemima1 ! second1 m>ri$ ,mr4 ,john ,mozley2 :ile ,m>y1 ! y\nge/1 di$ unm>ri$4 ,*>les ,rob]t 0 educat$ at ! same s*ool z 8 two bro!rs1 ,john ,h5ry & ,francis ,william1 t ( ,dr4 ,george ,ni*olas at ,eal+1 ,middlesex4 ,( ! influ5ces :i* m\ld$ 8 m9d we c only speak f :at is kn[n ( 8 bro!rs4 ,john ,h5ry has told h[1 9 y\?1 he read ,pa9e's tracts aga9/ ! ,old ,te/am5t--we presume he means ! ,age ( ,reason--& also boa/$ ( read+ ,hume1 ?\gh1 z he says1 ?is 0 possibly b by way ( brag4 ,evid5tly1 ?\gh ! family 0 br\ght up 9 ! habit ( ,bible read+1 !re 0 consid]able fre$om all[$ z to ! direction ( _! /udies4 ,:ile ! fa!r liv$ family pray] 0 unkn[n1 nor 0 !re any inculcation ( dogma4 ,we read1 says ,francis ,william1 ! ,psalms appo9t$ by ! *ur* e day1 & w5t to ! p>i% *ur* on ,sunday4 ,francis ,william ,newman1 9 8 ,contributions1 ,*iefly to ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,c>d9al ,newman1 says3 ,9 op5+ life1 my bro!r ,c4 ,r4 ,n4 became a conv]t to ,rob]t ,ow51 ! philan?ropic ,sociali/1 :o 0 !n an ,a!i/4 #b ,b soon break+ loose f him1 ,*>les tri$ to orig9ate a ',new ,moral ,_w' ( 8 own1 :i* seem$ to o!rs absurd & immoral1 z well z v unamiable4 ,he dis[n$ u all1 on my fa!r's dea?1 z 'too religi\s = him4' ,to keep a fri5d1 or to act "u a sup]ior1 seem$ alike impossible to him4 ,8 bro!r 7! late ,c>d9al7 humbl$ himself to beg a cl]k%ip = him 9 ! ,bank ( ,engl&2 b ,*>les ?\ght x '8 duty' to write to ! ,directors lett]s ( advice1 s !y c\ld n keep him4 ,nor c\ld he keep any place long4 ,he said he ought to take a lit]>y degree at ,bonn3 8 two bro!rs manag$ x = him1 b he came away )\t seek+ ! degree4 ,8 bro!r-9-law1 ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,mozley1 !n took him up v lib]ally2 b aft] my si/] ,h>riet's dea?1 ,j4 ,h4 ,n4 & ,i bore 8 exp5ses to 8 dy+ day4 ,8 meanness seem$ to me l t ( an old cynic2 yet 8 mod]ation 0 exempl>y1 & at la/ he und\bt$ly won ! respect ( ! "m & daught] :o wait$ on him4 ,9 ?is1 :i* is ne>ly all he has to say ( ?is eld] bro!r1 x appe>s to me ,pr(essor ,newman has ei!r said too little or too mu*4 ,! title ( 8 "w did n necessitate any ref]5ce to ,*>les ,rob]t2 b hav+ said s mu* he %\ld at lea/ h expla9$ fur!r4 ,= in/ance1 9 ref]5ce to ! visit to ,bonn1 x 0 exce$+ly natural 9 ! second bro!r seek+ to take a degree1 s9ce bo? 8 s5ior & junior _h a college education4 ,t he did n %>e 9 ?is advantage may h well t5d$ to s\r 8 life4 ,mr4 ,meynell expla9s :y he return$ )\t seek+ ! degree4 ,he says3 ,b he came away )\t ev5 (f]+ himself = exam9ation1 a /ep he expla9$ by say+ t ! judges w\ld n grant him a degree because he _h giv5 (f5ce by 8 treatm5t ( fai? & morals x is a ,ca?olic :o writes 9 an essay :i* !y call tet]rima4 ,*>les may h act$ ) extreme imprud5ce1 bo? 9 reg>d to ! bank directors & ! ,bonn exam9]s2 b we %\ld ne$ to "k ! cases be=e we c det]m9e :e!r he 0 actuat$ by wilful wayw>dness or by adh]5ce to a high] ?an common /&>d ( conduct4 ,ea* ( ! bro!rs _h evid5tly exquisite s5sitiv5ess ( consci5ce1 ?\gh1 z prov$ by ! ,pr(essor's la/ book--t unique criticism ( a bro!r :o di$ at n9ety by ano!r ag$ eighty-five--!y c\ld n always ent] into sympa?y ) ea* o!r4 ,( ?is we may be q sure4 ,! life ( "o :o _h ?\ght himself into ,a!ism1 yet contemplat$ becom+ a tutor1 mu/ h be5 a mo/ uncom=table "o4 ,! treatm5t he 0 likely to receive c\ld n be calculat$ to evoke 8 bett] qualities4 ,f9d+ ev]y:]e 8 ,a!ism a b> to 8 advancem5t1 ^: is ! fault if x result$ 9 a "* ( petulance & cynicism1 & 9--:at x evid5tly did result 9--a l>gely wa/$ life8 ,! ,rev4 ,edw>d ,v5ables1 ,prec5tor ( ,l9coln1 speaks ( him z hav+ be51 betwe5 #ahcd & #ahdd1 u%] 9 a l>ge s*ool = f>m]s' sons1 kept by a ,mr4 ,allfree at ,w9dmill ,hill1 9 ! p>i% ( ,h]/monceaux1 ,sussex1 :]e ,julius ,*>les ,h>e1 ,ar*deacon ( ,lewes1 0 rector1 & ,john ,/]l+ = a %ort :ile curate4 ,mr4 ,v5ables says ,newman int]e/$ ,ar*deacon ,h>e v mu*1 & ,i h (t5 he>d him speak ( ! long conv]sations he _h _h ) him on lit]>y & philosophical subjects1 & ( ! rem>kable m5tal p[] he display$4 ,at t "t ! future ,c>d9al's bro!r _h entirely disc>d$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & decl>$ himself an unbeliev] 9 revelation4 ,!re c be no d\bt ! tribute f ,h>e1 a man ( v sup]ior culture1 0 des]v$1 ?\gh ! ar*deacon also express$ ! op9ion !re 0 a screw loose some:]e4 ,! task ( tea*+ ! ,sussex ru/ics 01 z ,prec5tor ,v5ables rem>ks1 intol]ably irksome to a man ( ,newman's high intellectual p[]4 ,x 0 l *opp+ logs ) a f9e-edg$ razor4 ,8 relations ) 8 pr9cipal became /ra9$1 & a tussle betwe5 ! u%] & 8 class l$ to 8 dismissal4 ,at ?is "t he 0 mis]ably poor4 ,prec5tor ,v5ables says3 ,to ,h>e he lam5t$ ! n>r[-m9d$ness ( 8 bro!rs ,john & ,francis1 :o1 z he ass]t$1 _h entirely ca/ him (f1 & left him to fight 8 way 9 ! _w unaid$1 because ( 8 pr(ess$ infidelity1 9 :i* ! y\ng] ( ! two1 !n an ard5t ,evangelical1 0 be=e v long to foll[ him4 ,no reproa* :atev] is due to ! y\ng] bro!r on ?is acc\nt1 & ! eld] is probably z little blamewor?y4 ,john ,h5ry c\ld n be expect$ to recomm5d z tutor "o ^: views ^u fai? & morals he consid]$ uns\nd4 ,francis ,william _h gone to ,bagdad ) ! object ( assi/+ 9 a ,*ri/ian mission1 & int]c\rse ) ,mohamm$ans & o!r /udies 7 b gradually loos5+ 8 or?odoxy4 ,aft] 8 return1 & :5 8 works & pr(essor%ip at ,london ,univ]sity assur$ 8 position1 he put himself into regul> mon?ly communication ) 8 bro!r4 ,9 ! meantime he _h be5 assi/$ by 8 si/] ,h>riet's husb&4 ,b ! iron _h already ent]$ 8 s\l2 he 0 an ,a!i/ & an outca/4 ,=c$ to receive ! b\nty ( relatives :o deplor$ 8 op9ions1 he seems to h res5t$ _! k9dness z an attempt to bribe 8 intellectual consci5ce4 ,! _w rang ) ! fame--z !ologian1 hi/orian1 poet1 & prea*]--( ! eld]1 ^: cre$ he _h outgr[n & despis$2 :ile 8 convictions1 to ! full z hone/1 ev]y:]e /ood 9 8 way1 & 7 contemn$ z an (f5ce aga9/ fai? & morals4 ,he _h no contact ) m9ds cong5ial to 8 own1 & doom$ himself to ! life ( a recluse4 ,ea* ( ! bro!rs 0 ( a retir+1 m$itative disposition4 ,read+ ! ,apologia ,pro ,vita ,sua ( ! elde/1 "o may see h[ ?is contribut$ t[>ds 8 seek+ a refuge 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! same disposition ( m9d may be trac$ 9 ! ,phases ( ,fai? ( ! y\nge/1 equally impell+ him f ! evangelicalism ( 8 surr\nd+s & lead+ to ! rejection ( hi/oric ,*ri/ianity1 & f9ally to ! surr5d] ( all belief 9 revelation4 ,9 ,*>les ,rob]t ,newman ! same qualities 7 se5 to excess1 remov+ him f contact ) 8 fell[s to ! life ( a solit>y ?9k] 9 a quiet ,wel% wat]+-place4 ,f ab\t #ahec1 he _h a room 9 a small cottage on ! ,m>% road1 ,t5by4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,purnell1 :o says he _h = ye>s ! ine/imable privilege ( enjoy+ 8 close intimacy1 rem>ks1 nev] be=e or s9ce h ,i met a man end[$ ) z r>e an intellectual equipm5t4 ,mr4 ,purnell ?us describes 8 own fir/ visit to ! recluse3 ,he /ood at ! top ( ! topmo/ /air4 ,i _c imag9e a m di/+ui%$ head & face4 ,!re 0 a t\* ( ,mephi/opheles 9 him4 ,!re 0 also a t\* ( ,jupit] ,olympius4 ,al?\gh dress$ 9 ill-fitt+ clo!s1 & ) a sort ( blanket ov] 8 %\ld]s1 he appe>$ to me to be ! ideal ( c\rtly grace4 ,he b[$ me )\t a ^w into 8 ap>tm5ts4 ,?is 0 9 ! ro( ( ! build+1 & ! only light came f a w9d[ :i* op5$ ) a not*$ iron b>4 ,! room 0 z meagrely furni%$ z ,goe!'s /udy 9 ,weim>4 ,a b$1 a *e/ ( draw]s1 a table & two or ?ree *airs1 ) a few books1 con/itut$ ! :ole goods & *attels4 ,mr4 ,purnell says 8 heal?1 means & incl9ation made him av]se to society4 ,! rector call$ on him1 b 0 n admitt$2 visitors to ! t[n :o _h kn[n 8 bro!rs w\ld s5d 9 _! c>ds1 b !y receiv$ no response2 local m$ical m51 :5 !y he>d he 0 ill1 volunte]$ _! s]vices1 b !y 7 decl9$ ) c\rte\s ?anks convey$ by lett]4 ,x appe>s he b seldom left 8 h\se1 & :5 he w5t out he did n (t5 ent] ! t[n1 b took 8 ex]cise 9 ! road :i* l$ into ! c\ntry4 ,dress$ 9 a pea-jacket1 ) a %awl or a rug ?r[n across 8 %\ld]s1 & ) a s\'-we/] ov] 8 head1 he m>*$ erect1 look+ nei!r to left nor "r4 ,he wore %oes1 &1 z 8 tr\s]s 7 %ort1 display$ an int]val ( :ite socks4 ,! lads & lasses 7 apt to reg>d su* a figure ) d]ision4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,purnell t he communicat$ ! pap]s "h repr9t$ to ! ,reason]4 ,al?\gh b ( ! "* ( fragm5ts1 !y bespeak an orig9al m9d4 ,! secret ( ! ,c>d9al's great influ5ce & /r5g? 0 t :at he spoke & wrote came n f books1 b =?right out ( 8 own head & he>t4 ,! topics ) :i* 8 bro!r deals 7 ^? only ne$+ ! m9d1 & 8 treatm5t %[s !y 7 view$ 9 ! dry light ( an orig9al intellect4 ,! ,reason] ceas$ soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ^! pap]s1 & ?us clos$ ! "o op5+ = 8 lit]>y activity4 ,francis ,william ,newman 01 at lea/ till ! pres5t ye>1 unaw>e t 8 argum5ts = ,!ism 7 *all5g$ by 8 own bro!r "u ! signature ( ,a ,recluse4 ,he in=ms me t he _h nev] he>d t anyone w\ld publi% any?+ f 8 p51 & t he he>d t at 8 dea?1 9 ,m>*1 #ahhd1 he left a box full ( manuscripts1 :i* 7 de/roy$ z useless4 ,:e!r ?is 0 done by ord] ( 8 relatives1 :e!r ! l&lady decid$ ! "q1 or :e!r ! vic> or neighbors 7 call$ 91 w p]haps rema9 z unkn[n z ! wor? ( ! manuscripts4 ,! foll[+ specim5s are all by :i* ! latt] "q c be judg$4 ,mr4 ,meynell says t two ye>s be=e he di$ he _h a %ort visit f 8 elde/ bro!r4 ,x mu/ h be5 a /range meet+1 & "o wor?y ! bru% ( a great arti/4 ,surely 9 all ,engl& !re 7 n two m5 ( eighty ^: ?\ghts 7 s div]g5t or two bro!rs ^: lives 7 s div]sifi$4 ,! "o a sa9tly c>d9al1 call$ by ! ,pope ! ,light ( ,engl&1 :o1 by 8 r>e urbanity1 _h ga9$ ! respect ( all1 replete ) all t %\ld accompany old age--z honor1 love1 ob$i5ce1 troops ( fri5ds3 ! o!r1 fall51 too1 into ! s]e & yell[ leaf1 & )\t !m all--poor1 solit>y1 unkn[n & despis$1 a scorn & wond]m5t to 8 ne>e/ neighbors4 ,& all f foll[+ 8 own ?\ght t _h made him a purus putus ,a!i/4 ,j4 ,m4 ,:eel]4 ,,"* ,,( ,,*>les ,,newman4 ,!re is little to say & less ne$ to add any?+ to :at ,mr4 ,:eel] writes1 ^: indu/ry & disc]nm5t collect toge!r all ! accessible facts ( 8 subject4 ,my k ( ,*>les ,rob]t ,newman is conf9$ to 8 correspond5ce1 :i*1 ) my pres5t engagem5ts1 ,i c\ld n ref] to & exam9e )\t delay+ ! pr9t] long] ?an w\ld be conv5i5t to y1 z ,mr4 ,:eel]'s article is 9 type4 ,! impression ,mr4 ,c4 ,r4 ,newman convey$ to me by 8 lett]s is1 ,i judge1 suffici5t = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,*>les ,newman _h an int]mitt5t m9d4 ,he w\ld write ) great =ce & cle>ness1 & 9 ano!r lett]1 :i* 0 confus$ 9 p>ts1 he w\ld frankly say t 8 m9d 0 leav+ him1 z 0 its wont z ,i und]/ood him1 & aft] a few mon?s less or m1 x w\ld return to him1 :5 he w\ld write aga94 ,9 ?is manly frankness & /rong self-consci\sness he resembl$ 8 two em95t bro!rs ,francis & ,john4 ,i tru/$ to 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,purnell1 :o 0 ! m$ium 9 communicat+ ) me1 to s5d me fur!r lett]s :5 ,mr4 ,*>les 0 able or dispos$ to write !m4 ,i expect$ to he> f him aga94 ,mu* occupi$ ) debates & o!rwise at ! "t1 ,i neglect$ writ+ fur!r to him myself4 ,aft]w>ds ?9k+ 8 disablem5t might h gr[n ^u him ) ye>s1 dis9cl9$ me f ask+ him to resume 8 lett]s4 ,mr4 ,:eel] seems ignorant ( ,*>les ,newman's m5tal peculi>ity1 & does n recognise :at may be g5]\s delicacy on ! "p ( 8 bro!rs 9 n ref]r+ to x4 ,to d s w\ld h subject$ !m to ! imputation1 v frequ5t =m]ly1 ( imput+ diff]5ce ( op9ion to want ( san5ess4 ,ev5 s lib]al a prea*] z ,w4 ,j4 ,fox acc\nt$1 9 #ahda1 = my disbelief 9 ,!ism by conjectur+ ! exi/5ce ( "s m5tal defici5cy4 ,no d\bt _m p]sons ) :om ,*>les ,newman _h deal+s 9 (fices he held1 w\ld reg>d 8 ,a!ism--:i* x 0 contr>y to 8 nature to conceal--z a p]sonal disqualification4 ,he av[$ 8 op9ions z naturally & z boldly z ,pr(essor ,newman & ! ,c>d9al av[$ !irs4 ,x is n conceivable t ,c>d9al ,newman ev] int]mitt$ 8 aid--or ,pr(essor ,newman ei!r--on ?is acc\nt4 ,!y 7 bo? incapable ( p]sonal intol]ance4 ,!y might deplore t _! bro!r ,*>les's op9ions 7 s ali51 s contr>y to !irs2 b ?is !y w\ld nev] make matt] ( reproa*4 ,x 0 d\btless a great trial to !m t _! bro!r1 hav+ f9e p[]s l _! own1 mak+ no p]si/5t ef=t = 8 own ma9t5ance1 al?\gh he knew x mu/ r5d] indep5d5ce impossible4 ,possibly ! solit>9ess :i* he *ose caus$ 8 t5d5cy to unusualness ( conduct1 n to say ecc5tricity1 to gr[ ^u him--:i* !y c\ld n control or mitigate )\t an int]f]5ce1 :i* might subject !m to res5tm5t & reproa*4 ,*>les no d\bt inh]it$ 8 fa!r's sympa?y = social improvem5t1 :i* l$ to 8 %>+ ,rob]t ,ow5's sociologic views4 ,b he did n acquire 8 ,a!ism f ,rob]t ,ow5--z ,pr(essor ,newman has said--= ,rob]t ,ow5 0 n an ,a!i/--always believ+ 9 "s ,great ,p[]4 ,pr(essor ,newman has told me t 9 any fur!r edition ( 8 little book ^u 8 bro!r1 ! ,c>d9al1 he w1 on my au?ority1 correct 8 description ( ,rob]t ,ow5 z an ,a!i/4 ,*>les ow$ 8 ,a!ism to himself1 z 8 bro!rs ow$ _! op9ions to _! own conclusions & reflections4 ,*>les n tak+ a degree 0 less likely to be ow+ to means n be+ furni%$ to him ?an to 8 int]mitt5t indecision ( m9d & 8 /rong disc]nm5t1 :i* produc$ satisfaction ) ! _w1 ) o!rs1 & ) himself4 ,george ,jacob ,holyoake4 ,,two ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,ord]4 ,9 my pro( ( ! invalidity ( t argum5t--x be+ inde$ :at is call$ ! ,argum5t f ,design--,i po9t out t our exp]i5ce simultane\sly in=ms u ( two modes ( produc+ ord]1 o!rwise call$ arrangem5t1 relation ( p>ts to ea* o!r & to ! :ole direction ( means t[>ds "s recognisable end2 or1 to describe ! ph5om5on 9 ! mo/ summ>y1 z well z ! mo/ practical1 way--two modes ( produc+ effects id5tical ) ^? t proce$ f design4 ,i expla9 t1 ( ^! two pr9ciples ( ord]1 ! "o is ,design itself1 a modus op]&i ( intellig5ce 7su* z we f9d x "h bel[1 ( :i* ! human m9d af=ds ! be/ examples71 :ile ! o!r is some?+ to :i* no "n has be5 assign$1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 we c only %ortly describe by say+ t x is n design4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !re=e1 to give a f>!r p]iphra/ic acc\nt ( x z foll[s3-- ,?is nameless pr9ciple ( ord]1 consid]$ z a vague popul> surmise1 is z famili> to our exp]i5ce z design4 ,we all see1 = in/ance1 t wat] has a t5d5cy to =m a p]fectly level & horizontal surface1 t heavy bodies fall to ! e>? p]p5dicul>ly1 t ! plummet p]=ms a /raight l9e 9 j ! same direction1 t dew-drops & soap-bubbles assume a globul> %ape1 t cry/allisation obs]ves simil> arti/-l rules1 & s on4 ,we are accu/om$ to say1 ,x is ! nature ( ?+s1 & we gr\nd our daily actions on a confid5ce 9 ?is regul>ity ( proce$+1 )\t g5]ally attempt+ to expla9 x4 ,sci5ce comes to our help1 & %[s u t ?is ord]ly action ( ?+s ar\nd u may be trac$ to1 & is ! necess>y result (1 ! op]ation ( c]ta9 p[]s or prop]ties inh]5t 9 ^! natural ?+s4 ,grant t ! prop]ty call$ gravitation belongs to mov+ bodies1 & an innum]able quantity ( ord]ly ph5om5a may be pr$icat$ z spr++ ( _! own accord by inevitable consequ5ce f ?is datum2 :i* same ph5om5a1 moreov]1 intellig5ce is able co9cid5tly to reproduce 9 its own special m5tal way4 ,"h1 !n1 is a pr9ciple ( ord]1 less popul>ly appreciat$1 b n less c]ta9ly evid5c$ & kn[n1 ?an design4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 a pr9ciple inf9itely inf]ior 9 dignity1 = x is bl9d & un9tellig5t1 :ile design sees & und]/&s1 b ?is is n ! "q4 ,! "q1 sup]s$$ by an answ] d]iv$ f human exp]i5ce1 is to ?is effect--t nature & natural ?+s are1 ) no less propriety1 assignable z ! do]s ( a c]ta9 non-design+ k9d ( ord]1 ?an man is assignable z ! do] ( ! design+ k9d2 t we j z truly p]ceive t nature1 9 ! ex]cise ( c]ta9 p[]s t we f9d to be inh]5t 9 h]1 produces ord] 9 a dew-drop or 9 a cry/al1 z t man1 9 ! ex]cise ( c]ta9 p[]s t we f9d to be inh]5t 9 him1 produces ord] 9 a poem or 9 a ca!dral1 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! argum5t f design1 bas$ z x is on ! ass]tion t our exp]i5ce assures u ( only "o pr9ciple ( ord]1 is invalid4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman's argum5t is "o ( ?is errone\s class4 ,he po9ts to ,animal ,in/9cts z an effect1 :i*1 ow+ to our kn[+ ( no o!r ag5cy by :i* x c\ld h be5 produc$1 c alone be acc\nt$ = by ref]5ce to a design]1 & consequ5tly z manife/+ ! objective exi/5ce ( t design]1 :o c\ld only be ! !i/ic ,god4 ,! "q t ,mr4 ,f4 ,newman's adduc$ in/ance requir$ him to consid] 01 :e!r ! non-design+ pr9ciple ( ord]1 :i*1 we are aw>e1 is 9 _m cases able to produce ! same effects z ! o!r1 c\ld h be5 ?us op]ative "h1 & he _h got to prove t x c\ld n h be5 s1 t !re 0 some?+ 9 ! nature ( ! case t =c$ u exclusively to h rec\rse to ! intellig5t pr9ciple ( ord]1 & resi/$ any solution f ! o!r pr9ciple4 ,! result ( a pro( s conduct$ w\ld h be51 t ,mr4 ,f4 ,newman 0 entitl$ to conclude t 7grant+ our e>?ly exp]i5ce 0 a suffici5t te/ ( ! matt]7 ,design mu/ h be5 ! sole work] ( ! debat$ ph5om5on4 ,he w\ld !n h e/abli%$ 8 !i/ic argum5t4 ,in/ead ( do+ ?is1 he simplifies 8 proce$+ by be+ incognisant ( a notori\s fact1 & ignor+ ! non-design+ pr9ciple altoge!r4 #a4 ,! fact is1 t !re is n "o way only ( produc+ ! ph5om5a ( design 7,i am "h us+ an ord9>y elliptical mode ( speak+1 s9ce lit]al metaphysical correctness is sometimes cumbr\s7--b !re are two ways3 "o1 ! m9d ( a design]1 & ! o!r 7:atev] may be its nature1 :i* ! pres5t "q does n call ^u me to def9e7 n ! m9d ( a design]4 #b4 ,! %orte/ way ( prov+ ?is !orem1 is to /ate t !re are two ways ( y\r obta9+ a facsimile ( y\r own p]son4 ,"o is to h y\r portrait tak51 & ! o!r is to /& be=e a look+-glass1 & t ( ^! two ways ! =m] is t ( design1 & ! latt] confess$ly n design1 be+ ! well-kn[n necess>y effect ( c]ta9 s-call$ second causes1 ^: op]ation 9 ?is in/ance is famili> to mod]n sci5ce4 #c4 ,consequ5tly1 ,s4 ,d4 ,collet is incorrect 9 ! pr9ciple :i* %e makes ! f\ndation ( h] argum5t at p4 #bg1 :]e x is said1 ,:at ! ,!i/ ma9ta9s is ?is1 t :5 we see ! ex]cise ( ,=ce 9 ! direction ( a purpose1 we1 by an inevitable inf]5ce1 attribute ! ph5om5on to "s consci\s ag5t4 #d4 ,=ce is se5 to be ex]cis$ 9 ! direction ( a purpose--! purpose be+ t ( produc+ similitude--) equal evid5ce 9 ! two cases j comp>$2 = ?\gh ! =ce ex]cis$ 9 said direction is less 9 ! case ( ! pa9t] ?an x is 9 t ( ! look+-glass 7= ! resemblance produc$ by ! =m] is 9 less degree a resemblance ?an t produc$ by ! latt]71 ! evid5ce _c be said to be less1 s9ce x is no less able to conv9ce4 ,we are z p]fectly sure t ! pa9t] c\ld n h produc$ t less] similitude ( a man1 & a p>ticul> man1 by *ance 7! alt]native ( ?is supposition1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce1 be+ t he mu/ h us$ design7 z we are t ! look+-glass c\ld n h produc$ t great] similitude ( a man1 & a p>ticul> man1 by *ance 7! alt]native ( ?is supposition1 accord+ to our exp]i5ce1 be+ t x mu/ h us$ c]ta9 s-call$ laws ( nature72 ?is collective exp]i5ce ( ours1 equally assur+ u on ! "o h&1 t ! only way ( ! pa9t]'s a*iev+ ^! effects is by design1 & on ! o!r1 t ! only way ( ! look+-glass's do+ s1 is by ! natural ag5cies ref]r$ to4 #e4 ,! human exp]i5ce on :i* ! decision ( ?is "q mu/ be f\nd$--?\gh n at ! pres5t era ess5tially diff]5t--may yet be said to be consid]ably s f :at x 0 9 c]ta9 =m] p]iods4 ,9 no times c\ld mank9d ?9k & obs]ve )\t becom+ aw>e ( ^! two pr9ciples ( ord]--:e!r y call !m facts or inf]5ces--z a portion ( _! famili> exp]i5ce4 ,& s f> z !y might h comp>$ !m1 !y mu/ h abundantly se5 t ! natural "o is m p[]ful ?an ! artificial "o1 & t ! /raight l9e or ! circle mu/ seek its p]fection mu* r f ! plummet or ! revolv+ radius1 ?an f ! p5cil ( ,apelles4 #f4 ,?us ! ess5tial po9t ( ! exi/5ce ( ! two pr9ciples has always be5 kn[n1 b ! idea ( _! respective sph]es & limits1 ( ! effici5t preval5ce ( ea* )9 our exp]i5ce1 has fluctuat$ 9 society4 ,art & h&icraft are1 ( c\rse1 peculi>ly compet5t to appreciate ! artificial pr9ciple ( ord]1 :ile physical sci5ce is especially conv]sant ) ! natural "o4 ,z ! anci5ts 7 equal to ! mod]ns 9 ! =m] pursuits1 b va/ly inf]ior to !m 9 ! latt]1 !y mu/ s f> h _h a t5d5cy to ?9k m ( ! design+ pr9ciple1 & less ( ! o!r pr9ciple ?an we d4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$1 t "o or o!r ( ^! two pr9ciples1 or at lea/ ! arbitram5t betwe5 !m1 is ! animat+ basis ( all religion1 & ( all religi\s sects & p]suasions2 & fur!r1 t ( ^! two pr9ciples1 ! religion f\nd$ on ! artificial "o1 :i* is ! "o traditionally d]iv$ to u1 is liable to be1 & is wont to be1 a f> m p[]ful religion 7because x deals f> m int5sely 9 p]sonification1 hav+ ref]5ce s+ly to "s suppos$ arti/7 ?an ei!r ! religion t is con/itut$ by ! natural pr9ciple1 or t :i* results f a mixture ( ! two pr9ciples4 ,& inde$1 ,i w incid5tally say t ?is la/ k9d ( religion seems to me to h mu* analogy on its side1 & t ! old idea ( ! two pr9ciples might1 on sev]al gr\nds besides ! pres5t "o1 & 9 sev]al respects1 p]haps1 be f\nd to %ad[ =? a c]ta9 am\nt ( mo/ important tru? & applicability4 #g4 ,to return4 ,by consid]+ ! /ate ( religion & ( religi\s belief 9 ! times ( ,socrates & ,cic]o1 9 connection ) ! /ate ( art1 h&icraft1 & sci5ce1 9 ! same "t1 & co9cid5tly tak+ c>e n to =get t religi\s s5tim5t 7t at lea/ ( ! k9d :i* _h 9 _! era already be51 & mu* m s9ce has be51 communicat$ f ! ea/ to ! we/7 is an incomp>ably m vigor\s impell] ( op9ion1 ?an reason & argum5t2 we %all h "s ( ! pr9cipal data1 & 9 a ma9 matt] %all be prep>$ to use !m judici\sly 9 any inquiry we might make1 :y x 0 t ,socrates & ,cic]o1 hav+ _! att5tion arre/$ by ! artificial pr9ciple ( ord] & arrangem5t1 seem$ absolutely to =get ! exi/5ce ( ! natural "o1 & :y 9 consequ5ce x 01 t ! latt] wrote to ?is effect3 ,he :o c look up to ! heav5ly vault1 & d\bt ! exi/5ce ( a "o p]sonal ,god1 ! design] & gov]nor ( all ?+s1 is equival5t to a madman2 & :y1 fur!r1 we1 spite ( our va/ physical sci5ce1 are prone to ! same fallacy4 #h4 ,hav+ ?us prov$ t ! argum5t ( ! ,!i/ g5]ally1 z well z ! p>ticul> "o advanc$ by ,s4 ,d4 ,c4 at p4 #bg1 is1 by be+ bas$ on ! errone\s /atem5t t !re is only "o means kn[n to human exp]i5ce1 ( produc+ ph5om5a id5tical ) ^? t are ! product ( design1 & t ?is "o is design itself2 !re be+1 on ! contr>y1 two su* means1 "o ( :i* is n design2 hav+1 ,i say1 prov$ t y\r argum5t1 by be+ s bas$1 is invalid1 ,i f9d ,i mu/ fully agree ) y1 t !re is evid5ce ( an unmi/akable cosmical unity4 #i4 ,! true inquiry1 !re=e1 is1 :i* ( ^? two pr9ciples ( ord] is1 9 ! ag5cy inquir$ into1 ! ag5t "u ^! circum/ances1 & :e!r bo?1 & h[ f>1 "u our ignorance ( :at may be 7a mo/ important po9t t is c>efully to be consid]$7 we are entitl$ to affirm z indubitable1 to d5\nce z contradictory1 to advance z probable1 to conjecture1 to surmise1 or to speculate on ?is "q4 ,,! ,,tru? ,,( ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples4 #a4 ,y ask my idea on ! impossibility ( prov+ ! tru? ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples8 ,by tru? y mean ! asc]ta9$ exi/5ce ( any idea or ?+1 & ! asc]ta9$ consi/5cy ( any /atem5t ) "s su* idea or ?+4 ,by pr9ciples y mean n simply c>d9al propositions1 b c>d9al propositions t we h asc]ta9$ to be true4 ,by fir/ pr9ciples y mean ! indubitably true b unprovable elem5t>y pr9ciples ( all our k4 ,y mean t ^! pr9ciples are ! gr\nd :]eon we build 9 our reason+s2 all t we build ^u !m mu/1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ s built1 admit ( be+ prov$ :e!r we h built rightly--t is1 admit ( be+ subject$ to ! te/ :e!r ! reason+ is correct2 b ^! fir/ pr9ciples are confess$ly exempt$ f ?is te/1 & yet are receiv$ z true1 no less ?an ! o!rs t h su/a9$ ?is ordeal4 ,y ask ! mean+ ( ?is privilege1 :e!r x is "r2 &1 if s1 to :at propriety or necessity ( ! case x is due8 #b4 ,y ask1 ,h[ is tru? asc]ta9$ to be tru?8 or1 9 o!r words1 ,:at is ! crit]ion ( tru?8 ,) respect to ! fir/ qu]y--,9 accordance ) ! def9ition ,i h above giv5 ( tru?1 x w\ld seem t x mu/ h two s\rces1 exp]i5ce & reason1 exp]i5ce :o notifies ! exi/5ce ( c]ta9 ideas or ?+s1 & reason1 :o =ms propositions sugge/$ by !m4 ,exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 acts ! simple "p ( supply+ all ! mat]ials ( tru?2 :ile reason1 besides 8 ackn[l$g$ (fice ( judge ( all tru?1 ex]cises ! q diff]5t function ( be+ himself ! purveyor ( a portion ( x4 ,s indubitable is x t tru? c h ^! two s\rces only1 t ev5 fanaticism w\ld be f\nd confess+ ! pr9ciple2 :ile x appeals to ! exp]i5ce ( ^? :o agree ) x1 z well z pr(esses to be reasonable4 ,fir/ pr9ciples mu/1 accord+ly1 be ( two k9ds4 ,( ^? t are bas$ ^u exp]i5ce1 ,i w give ! foll[+ in/ances3--,i he> ! *irp+ ( a bird1 & ,i see an ink/& be=e me4 ,t ,i h ! s5sation ( he>+ & see+ 9 ^! two cases1 are facts ( :i* x is impossible ,i c d\bt4 ,reason p]ceives t ^! are prim>y facts or fir/ pr9ciples1 nei!r admitt+ nor requir+ any pro(1 te/ifi$ by consci\sness1 & self-evid5tly v]ifi$ on t te/imony4 ,by reason1 ( c\rse is meant ! reason ( all mank9d--t is1 ( all :o are presumably compet5t to judge on ! subject4 ,s t any j or reasonable confid5ce 9 ! v]dict ( my own reason--9 ?is or 9 any o!r matt]1 presupposes a due comp>ison ( my own reason ) t ( o!rs1 nay1 9 "s cases1 a consid]ation ( ! supposably m enlight5$ reason ( future times4 ,i discrim9ate fir/ pr9ciples f d]iv$ ones ?us3--,i see ! sun1 is a fir/ pr9ciple to me2 y see x1 is a fir/ pr9ciple to y2 by comp>+ ^! two ideas1 ea* atta9s ! d]iv$ pr9ciple t ! o!r sees :at he does1 & ! fur!r d]iv$ pr9ciple t ! sun is an exi/5ce indep5d5t ( bo?4 ,8 own exi/5ce is1 inde$1 to e "o ! fir/ pr9ciple1 by means ( :i* he inf]s ! exi/5ce ( o!r ?+s & be+s4 ,9 com+ n[ to ! o!r k9d ( fir/ pr9ciples1 consi/+ ( propositions =m$ by reason1 we p]ceive t ^! %[ symptoms ( /ill fur!r diff]5ce f ! above1 ?an t :i* results f ! diff]5ce ( _! s\rce1 ( diff]5ce t affects _! philosophical "*1 & _! te*nical "r to ! "n "u :i* !y pres5t !mselves to u4 ,9 %ort1 ! prim>y philosophy has n yet settl$ _! title4 ,!y are p]ceiv$ by u to be true by an act ( reason call$ intuition4 ,n simil>ly1 h[ev]1 does our reason in=m u t !y really are fir/ pr9ciples1 & our sci5ce is hi!rto unequal to ?is inquiry4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ celebrat$ !sis1 s (t5 cit$ z ! mo/ fundam5tal ( all ! propositions ( reason1 insomu* z to be tacitly impli$ 9 all our reason+s2 :i* yet we are n sure is a fir/ pr9ciple1 all t c be said 9 favor ( its pret5sions be+ t we c f9d no "o :o is able to r$uce x to m prim>y elem5ts3-- ,x is impossible = a ?+ at ! same "t to be & n to be4 ,any "o agree+1 z e "o mu/1 t ?is is true1 might /ill ju/ly put ! qu]y1 ,:y is x impossible8 !reby call+ its ass]tion 9 "q1 dem&+ its cr$5tials ( pro(1 seek+ "s gr\nd = its tru? o!r ?an its own te/imony1 & hypo!sis+ "s o!r proposition m fundam5tal ?an x ( :i* x w\ld be a d]ivative1 & by all & ea* ( ^! proce$+s1 reject+ its claim to be a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,its resi/+ our analysis is a good subjective gr\nd = our rank+ ?is & o!r simil> propositions among our fir/ pr9ciples4 ,b !y c\ld only h ! true claim by its be+ made cle> t ! inability results f ! nature ( ! case1 & n f our own incompet5cy4 ,?is te/ is borne by ! =m] description ( fir/ pr9ciples2 we are able to see t ! in/ances ,i adduc$1 su* z ! /atem5ts1 ,i see ! sun1 ,i see an ink/&1 ,i he> a bird1 ,i am consci\s t ,i exi/1 evade our p[] ( ord9>y prov+1 because !y d n admit ( su* pro(4 ,:5 we p]ceive t no "o c answ] ?is qu]y1 we are prompt$ to ano!r4 ,:y _c we answ] x8 :5ce our inability8 :at prev5ts u8 ,b "h also we f9d ourselves completely 9 ! d>k1 :i* is some:at /range1 consid]+ t 9 e human pursuit1 :e!r ( sci5ce or any o!r1 :5 we wi% to d a ?+ & _c d x1 we are g5]ally able to specify "s p>ticul>1 ei!r ( self-defect or outw>d imp$im5t t is suppos$ to be 9 fault4 ,b ,i imag9e1 if ! read] 7 to exp]im5t on ! specim5 ,i h giv51 he w\ld n only f9d himself to fail 9 solv+ ! problem1 ,:y is x t a ?+ _c at once be & n be8 b w\ld n h a ^w to advance 9 ! way ( acc\nt+ = 8 failure4 ,^! rem>ks apply to all o!r propositions ( ! sort4 ,euclid's axioms1 :i* und\bt$ly aim to be z elem5t>y z possible1 & !re=e may be said to aim to be fir/ pr9ciples1 are confess$ly1 "u ?is aspect1 unsatisfactory to ! le>n$4 ,?+s t are equal to ! same are equal to ea* o!r4 ,e "o is incl9$ to ask1 ,:y8 ,a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,aga91 ,:y8 ,! sum ( ! above /rictures on ?is k9d ( s-call$ fir/ pr9ciples1 is--#a4 ,t !y h n made good _! title1 & !re=e are n to be accr$it$ ) x4 #b4 ,t !re is a decid$ presumption aga9/ t title f ! d\bt & dissatisfaction ) :i* x is met1 :]e want ( c&or & intellig5ce _c be imput$1 especially :5 x is consid]$ t ! o!r1 ! s5su\s exp]im5tal k9d ( fir/ pr9ciples1 h s frank an acceptance4 #c4 ,x seems to be absolutely provable1 & ,i suppose ,i h above incid5tally prov$ x1 t !y are n fir/ pr9ciples4 #d4 ,! task is set to metaphysics ( supply+ ! mo/ satisfactory pro( ( all by br++ to light su* propositions z w\ld be p]ceiv$ to und]lie ^! s-call$ fir/ pr9ciples1 & to be ! real fir/ pr9ciples to :i* ! o!rs w\ld give prec$5ce4 ,z reg>ds _! "n1 x be+ s mu* 9 po9t1 excuses ! old rem>k t ! elem5ts ( our k /& 9 a rev]s$ ord] 9 respect to ?is k to :at !y assume 9 our process ( acquir+ x4 ,a fir/ pr9ciple1 !re=e1 means also a la/ "o2 x is ! la/ 9 :atsoev] endeavors to desc5d to ! bottom or to p5etrate to ! s\rce ( our k1 b x becomes ! fir/ :5 we trace x f ?is s\rce ?r\gh its d]ivative ideas4 ,! inve/igat+ act %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ! prospect+ "o4 ,! s5sible horizon ( subjective vision c1 by no m$iation1 be exalt$ into ! real horizon ( tru?1 :]e9 ! g5u9e fir/ pr9ciples t b\nd human capability are exclusively to be f\nd4 ,x may be ask$1 ap>t f ! inquiry :at fir/ pr9ciples !re are1 ,is !re a necessity t "s fir/ pr9ciples %\ld be8 ,s x seems f ! data ( ! case4 ,x is pat5t to common obs]vation t ! m9d ( man is recipi5t ( ideas f ! ?+s t surr\nd x4 ,! contact ( its appreh5d+ faculty ) ! ?+s x appreh5ds1 mu/1 x w\ld seem1 con/itute fir/ pr9ciples4 ,aft] x has got !m x might conceivably elicit f !m d]iv$ pr9ciples1 b ! orig9al ones _c be ?us d]iv$1 s9ce !re are none e>li] f :i* to d]ive !m4 ,aga91 x is to be inquir$1 ,does ! m9d1 9 receiv+ its ideas1 possess & ex]cise 9 ref]5ce to ! ?+s on :i* x op]ates1 a copy+ faculty or a trans=m+ faculty8 ,does x import !m simply 9 _! native "*1 9 ! way a mirror does ! object x reflects1 or does x manufacture1 cook1 & assimilate !m1 s z to *ange !m into some?+ p>tak+ ( its own8 ,&1 if x *anges !m1 :at is ! ext5t ( ! *ange8 ,does x g s f> only z ! semi-idealism ( ,locke1 or ext5d into ! absolute idealism ( ! ,g]man s*ool8 ,because ^! que/ions h be5 wont to puzzle ei!r ! le>n$1 or ! public1 or bo?1 x does n foll[ t !y are difficult4 ,i suppose !m to admit ( decid$ answ]s be=e a suppos$ compet5t audi5ce4 ,z ,i am unprovid$ ) pro(1 al?\gh ,i suppose x is to be provable1 t fir/ pr9ciples ( reason mu/ ne$s be1 ,i mu/ speculate = a mom5t on ! possibility ( a proposition ( ! =m ( two & two make f\r1 be+ d]iv$ f "o ( ! =m ( ,i sc5t ! rose1 = ?is seems to be ! alt]native ( !re be+ no fir/ pr9ciples ( reason4 ,evid5tly ,i mu/ confess to hav+ no gr\nds = pron\nc+ su* a d]ivation impossible1 ?\gh ,i mu/ grant x to be p>adoxical4 ,our mal-cultivation ( non-mat]ial sci5ce1 & ! imp]fection ( our metaphysics1 is probably ! only cause ( ! /range pr$icam5t4 ,no d\bt ,m4 ,c\s91 & sev]al o!r em95t tea*]s ( y\?1 to ^: (fice x belongs to exp\nd receiv$ metaphysics1 h compris$ ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 9 _! c\rse ( philosophy2 b z ,i h b>ely met ) any ( _! writ+s1 ,i mu/ confess su* an ignorance ( !m1 z n ev5 to "k h[ f> ,i am ei!r adopt+1 or evad+ _! phraseology1 9 discuss+ ! same subjects4 ,m9e1 h[ev]1 _c be wrong1 s9ce ! t]m fir/ pr9ciples1 t ,i h *os51 is "o ( famili> popul> use2 s t 7 ?is mode ( spee*1 z inde$ x is1 peculi>ly liable to ambiguity1 x w\ld1 = t v reason1 be pref]able to any o!r1 till su* "t z t ambiguity %\ld h be5 expla9$1 & ! wrong ?9k+1 ( :i* x might h be5 ! s\rce1 expos$ & obviat$4 ,n till ?is _h be5 done w\ld x be "t to inquire :e!r ! curr5t metaphysics _h inv5t$ any intr9sically bett] ways ( speak+ on ^! topics1 = ?\gh ! v]ie/ tyro 9 su* inve/igations w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 object+ to "s ( its te*nicalities1 su* z ! inv5tion ( ! ^w free-w1 = in/ance1 = ! same reason t a beg9n] 9 zoology might object1 7 su* an attempt ev] made1 to ! introduction ( ! ^w sphynx or griff9 into t bran* ( inquiry1 !re c be no d\bt t o!r ( its speculations are m happily conceiv$4 ,h5ce ,i suppose x w\ld be a decid$ mi/ake to imag9e1 = example1 t no tr\ve :atev] is to be elicit$ f ! obscurities ( ,kant1 b on ! o!r h&1 "o mu/ z mu* take c>e to ent]ta9 sob] conjectures ( ! possible value ( su* unsunn$ treasures1 z to keep 9 m9d t quack]y may be n unqualifi$ ) "s m]it1 & ,i might surmise t x 0 p]haps 9 virtue ( 8 fabul\s expectations 9 ?is direction1 t ,col]idge c\ld n execute 8 long-m$itat$ plan ( elucidat+ t writ]2 or r1 p]haps--to speak m curtly--a _s m diff]+ f t :i* comp\nd$ ! amalgam1 0 necess>y to resolve & detect x4 ,accord+ to ?is e/imate ( ! value ( our a*iev$ /udies1 x w\ld be expectable1 9 reg>d to my pres5t topic1 t almo/ all ! mat]ials = "r conclusions on x mu/ be extant some:]e or o!r 9 our books1 no great am\nt ( ability be+ requir$ to turn !m to prop] acc\nt3 an easily suppliable desid]atum be+ ?us left unsuppli$1 ! public indiff]5ce manife/$ !reby w\ld seem to be> ! ascription ( our unsatisfactory metaphysics to ! fault1 h[ev] apportion$ betwe5 ! _m & ! few1 n ( ! intellect1 b ( ! reason4 ,inde$1 x is held z a pretty g5]al rule1 t :]e !re is want ( re=m1 !re is want ( reason2 & ,bacon1 by implication1 ?\ght ! rule "h applicable1 :51 9 def5d+ 8 new philosophy f ! *>ge ( arrogance1 he apologis$ by say+ t a cripple 9 ! "r road w\ld make bett] progress ?an a racehorse 9 ! wrong4 ,t is1 he claim$ = himself1 z he 0 b\nd logically to d1 ! pla9 good s5se ( direct+ 8 supposably humble faculties ) an obvi\s reg>d to ! end he propos$ & pr(ess$1 & he 0 ready to conc$e to 8 competitors all k9ds ( sup]iority b ?is4 ,! same simplicity *>act]ises ! re=m+ animus ( ! o!r great patri>* ( ! new philosophy1 9 its si/] bran*4 ,! /ill debat$ po9t betwe5 ! s*ool ( ,locke & ! old philosophy 01 & is1 ( su* a =m z may be figur$ by ! foll[+ hypo!tical1 & x may be1 well-f\nd$ /atem5t4 ,locke seems to h battl$ ma9ly = ! pr9ciple t ideas t e "o all[s to be inf]5ces1 %\ld be ackn[l$g$ by philosophy to be su*1 :ile ! adh]5ts ( ! old ideas ma9ta9$1 9 opposition to him1 t ideas t e "o all[s to be inf]5ces1 %\ld n be ackn[l$g$ by philosophy to be su*4 ,or1 9 o!r words1 ,locke aim$ to realise a c]ta9 fir/ pr9ciple ( reason1 :i* ,i %all h h]eaft] to consid]1 :i* /&s ?us3--,t :i* x is1 :ile 8 oppon5ts )/ood ?is innovat+ pret5sion1 f9d+ x fatal to _! doctr9e4 ,if ! read] is some:at />tl$ at ! /atem5t ,i h j made1 ,i w rem9d him t x am\nts to no?+ m ?an say+ t 9 ! conte/ betwe5 ! new & ! old philosophy1 reason is entirely & absolutely on ! side ( ! =m]1 an ass]tion :i*1 ( c\rse1 ,i mu/ bo? ?9k admits ( be+ sub/antiat$1 & mu/ take myself1 9 "s degree1 to be able to aid 9 its be+ s4 ,! exi/+ qu>rel betwe5 ! two philosophies might1 p]haps1 be p]sonifi$ ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a pr9cipal *ampion on ea* side4 ,= ! new ideas ,i c\ld only *oose ,locke1 s9ce he is admitt$ to h _h no equally em95t successor2 = ! old ,i w\ld *oose ,m4 ,c\s91 bo? on acc\nt ( 8 sup]ior m]it & popul>ity1 & also ( 8 hav+ made ,locke ! subject ( "s elaborate /rictures t ,i happ5 to h read4 ,on ^!1 :5 !y come aga9 to h&1 ,i %\ld p]haps h some?+ to rem>k2 mean:ile ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) address+ myself to "o ( !m 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- ,9 antiquity & ! middle ages1 ! s*oolma/] & ! philosoph] 7 "o & ! same individual4 ,! new philosophy 0 ! fir/ to sep>ate ^! two dep>tm5ts2 p]ceiv+ t ! communication ( tru? is a di/9ct (fice f its inve/igation1 & t t diff]5ce ( (fice 9 ea* case necessitates a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! public1 t is ! prop] object ( its ex]cise4 ,s9ce1 moreov]1 society may be discrim9at$ into two sorts ( m9d1 admitt+ ( be+ pictur$ z ! *ildi% & ! adults1 x is evid5t t ! in/ructor mu/ f9d 8 audi5ce m especially 9 ! =m]1 :ile ! inve/igator ( tru? mu/ appeal exclusively to ! latt]4 ,?is he mu/ ne$s d1 to :i*ev] ( ! sci5ces he m9i/]s2 & n only s1 b he mu/ m p>ticul>ly address himself to a small & select portion ( ?is itself select] class1 con/itute !m ! witnesses & judges ( 8 proce$+s1 & p]ceive t bo? 8 success 9 philosophy & ! ackn[l$gm5t ( x c only be f\nd$ fir/ & =emo/ on _! approbation4 ,z ev5 9 jockeyism & prize-fight+1 !re are ! kn[+ ones1 simil> ref]ees are1 by ! nature ( ?+s1 requir$ = ! fl\ri%+ e/ate ( any sci5ce2 & evid5tly 9 proportion z !y might be incompet5t to su* an (fice1 false or imp]fect sci5ce mu/ be ! result4 ,locke1 act+ on ?is in/9ctive view1 communicat$ to ! public c]ta9 obs]vations he _h made 9 m5tal philosophy1 & entitl$ 8 "w1 ,an ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,he prop]ly call$ x an essay1 because a p]son :o simply aims to inve/igate tru?1 und]takes to d 8 be/ 9 ! way ( trial1 endeavor1 & exp]im5t1 9 su* sort z to make ! ^w essay appropriate to :at he does4 ,! ^w moreov] implies t ! ?+ done1 ?\gh x is ! writ]'s be/1 is liable to be incomplete1 comp>atively imp]fect1 &1 inde$1 9 ! m difficult que/ions ( philosophy1 z well z 9 ! less advanc$ /ages ( philosophis+1 is sure to be s4 ,locke accord+ly1 hav+ _h 8 att5tion /ruck ) c]ta9 ph5om5a ( ! human m9d1 told ! public j :at he _h obs]v$1 & no?+ else4 ,among ! obs]vations t he ?us imp>t$1 0 ! process ?r\gh :i* ! m9d seems to g 9 arriv+ at ! sum ( its ideas1 & especially ! po9ts f :i* x seems to />t 9 ?is process4 ,m4 ,c\s91 hav+ app>5tly no conception ( a way ( act+ s prop] to legitimate inquiry1 & hav+ himself writt5 a ,c\rse ( ,philosophy1 evid5tly ?9ks ,locke ought to h done ! same2 = he says t ,locke is errone\s 9 ! me?od ( 8 philosophy1 t he beg9s at ! wrong end1 t in/ead ( hav+ told u z he has h[ ! ideas arise 9 ! m9d1 he ought to h told u :at ! ideas are1 in/ead ( describ+ _! orig9 to h describ$ _! actuality1 to h giv5 a li/ ( ! faculties ( ! m9d1 & s on4 ,:i* is j ! same ?+ z say+ t a travell] :o publi%es 8 explorations 9 ,am]ica1 ought in/ead to h gone to ,*9a4 ,i %all h to make "s objections to ,locke1 b !y w be ( a nature exactly contr>y to ^? ( :i* he is usually made ! subject4 ,in/ead ( accus+ 8 pr9ciples ,i %all h to impute to him ! n suffici5tly c>ry+ !m out2 a fault due to 8 position z an e>ly re=m]1 & p]fectly consi/5t ) 8 high "* z su*4 ,i h ! m reason to note ?is di/9ction betwe5 ,m4 ,c\s9's dep>tm5t & ! function ex]cis$ by ,locke1 because ,i am =c$ myself to take ! b5efit ( x4 ,want ( erudition w\ld =m v vuln]able po9ts1 7 ,i to be judg$ by ! =m] /&>d4 ,9 ! little ,i h yet put =? on ! subject ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,i already f9d two or ?ree errors ( t sort1 :i* a great] am\nt ( read+ w\ld no d\bt h enabl$ me to escape4 ,my pres5t lett] may close ) "s correction ( "o ( ^!4 ,prelim9>y1 ,i w v5ture to call ,t :i* is is1 a fir/ pr9ciple ( reason1 & ,two & two make f\r1 "o ( its d]ivatives1 leav+ ?is topic = future explanation1 & !n proce$ ?us3--,:5 9 my la/ lett] ,i repres5t$ fir/ pr9ciples z b\nd+ ! horizon ( human k1 ,i left x to be inf]r$ t bo? ! k9ds ( fir/ pr9ciples ,i _h m5tion$ 7 ?us describable 9 common4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t ?is metaphysical "* belongs exclusively to fir/ pr9ciples ( s5su\s exp]i5ce1 & no m belongs to fir/ pr9ciples ( reason ?an to fir/ pr9ciples ( gramm>1 or to fir/ pr9ciples ( rhetoric4 ,t is1 fir/ pr9ciples ( reason are m]ely ! result ( "o ( ^? analytical inquiries 9 :i* we arrive at some?+ absolutely simple1 & mu/ !re /op1 j z 9 ! sci5ce ( numb]s we may ?us arrive at unity4 ,hav+ long ago def9$ ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( s5su\s exp]i5ce1 ,i f9d !re is a difficulty atta*$ to ! o!r k9d ( fir/ pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! v>i\s use ( ! ^w reason--:i* ,i w say betray$ me into a wrong inf]5ce 9 ! conclud+ p>agraph ( my la/ lett]4 ,locke1 9 ! #ag? *apt] ( 8 f\r? book1 confesses t ?is ^w1 9 ! prop] use ( ! ,engli% language1 is liable to be> sev]al s5ses4 ,due discrim9ation 9 su* a case1 & a cauti\s avoidance ( ! dang]s to :i* philosophy is expos$1 & has s amply incurr$1 f ?is k9d ( s\rce might1 above all1 h be51 expect$ f ,locke1 s9ce he 0 ! fir/ :o inculcat$ x1 & is g5]ally rem>kable = ! obs]vance ( 8 own precepts 9 ?is matt]4 ,h5ce ! *>ge ,i h n[ got to br+ aga9/ him is a little surpris+4 ,inde$1 x might be ass]t$ t 8 position & circum/ances d n seem v readily to be> ! entire responsibility ( "s ( 8 proce$+s4 ,p]haps he might be *>act]is$ z a writ] ( some:at humor\s idiosyncracy 9 respect to t5d5cy to fix$ ideas4 ,8 lapses1 inde$1 are n _m1 b !y are highly significant1 z ,i %all h occasion 9 m ?an "o in/ance to %[1 & among ^! mu/ evid5tly be reckon$ t ,i am n[ go+ to notice1 s9ce x imports ! wrong def9ition ( a ^w ( su* c>d9al mean+4 ,9 def9+ ! ^w reason1 9 its prop] & specific s5se :]e9 x is us$ to d5ote a c]ta9 well-kn[n quality ( ! human m9d--t is1 z approv$ly asc]ta9$ & appreciat$ "u ?is "n1 z are c]ta9 weights & measures "u ^? ( p\nd1 gallon1 or mile1 he assigns a mean+ to x t comes %ort ( ! proportions ?us ju/ly prefigur$ z belong+ to x4 ,he conf\nds reason ) reason+--t is1 he em]ges ! entire faculty or modus op]&i1 to :i* we give ! "n ( reason1 9 t p>tial ex]cise ( its function to :i* we give ! "n ( reason+4 ,he says t1 9 matt]s ( c]ta9ty1 su* z ! pro( ( any ( ,euclid's !orems1 ! acts by :i* ! m9d asc]ta9s ! fit coh]5ce ( ! sev]al l9ks 9 ! *a9 ( reason+ are acts ( reason4 ,grant$4 ,also1 t 9 weigh+ probabilities1 a simil> coh]5ce is simil>ly v]ifi$ by reason4 ,grant$--) lib]ty ( comm5t t ^! arts ( reason1 9 ei!r ( ! two cases h1 by ! approv$ practice ( language1 receiv$ ! "n ( reason+4 ,b he fur!r signifies--t is1 he does n expressly affirm1 b1 ) equival5t c]tification1 he implicitly ass]ts1 & inf]5tially /ates t1 9 exam9+ su* a proposition z ! foll[+3--,:at is1 is 7an exam9ation to :i* confess$ly no reason+ is atta*$71 ! act by :i* ! m9d ass5ts to ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t is n to be describ$ z an act ( reason4 ,he adopts a diff]5t phraseology1 & calls x intuition4 ,obs]ve1 my objection is n t he inve/s ! idea ) ?is new "n1 b t he disp>ages its old "o4 ,i d n object to y\r call+ a spade a %ovel1 "u a c]ta9 view ( its use1 b x rema9s /ill necess>y t y %\ld admit t a spade is1 9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w1 a spade4 ,inde$1 ,i w incid5tally rem>k t ,i suspect ! ^w intuition has be5 a v good addition to our vocabul>y1 & ,i suppose its prop] import might be repres5t$ z foll[s3--,reason has two modes ( 8 ex]cise1 ! "o is call$ reason+1 & ! o!r intuition4 ,intuition is ! decision ( reason on "o s+le po9t2 reason+--a ^w prop] to demon/rative tru?--seems to be no?+ m ?an intuition look+ n m]ely at "o po9t1 b at sev]al po9ts successively4 ,s t intuition & reason+ w\ld con/itute ! self-same function ( reason1 & ! diff]5ce 9 _! mean+s w\ld be solely ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! circum/ances "u :i* t function is ex]cis$4 ,obs]ve1 t ,i am "h only v5tur+ to speculate1 & am n[ return+ f t digression4 ,:e!r or n ,locke is h]e9 psy*ologically consi/5t ) himself2 :e!r1 inde$1 8 real !ory is n t :i* ,i h j conjecturally intimat$1 is ano!r "q1 :i* ,i %all def] to a future occasion2 b :e!r or n he h]e9 opposes ! ord9>y1 prevail+1 & invet]ate use ( language1 :i* is :at ,i am *>g+ him ) do+1 & :e!r or n he has ju/ifiable gr\nd = ?is innovation :i* ,i am d5y+ t he has1 are po9ts t mu/ be tri$ by ! ordeal ( ^! ?ree consid]ations4 ,h[ are we accu/om$ to speak8 ,h[ are we accu/om$ to write8 & :at sort ( a call = *ang+ our cu/oms 9 ei!r ( ^! p>ticul>s is t :i* con/itutes a g5u9e call to d s8 ,9 reg>d to ! fir/ ( ^! te/s1 ! lit]ature ( all sects & p>ties has be5 accu/om$ to ass]t t1 bo? 9 matt]s ( sci5ce & ( worldly bus9ess1 reason is ! judge ( all tru? :atev]1 )\t exception4 ,locke1 on ! o!r h&1 in=ms u t reason is ! judge ( demon/rative tru?1 ( logical tru?1 ( casui/ical tru?1 & ( lawy]s' tru?1 & ( ^! k9ds ( tru? alone1 b is n ! judge ( intuitive or self-evid5t tru?4 ,our writ]s w\ld tell u t to d5y :at is1 is to be a true /atem5t1 w\ld be an (f5ce aga9/ reason2 b we le>n f ,locke t reason has no cognisance 9 ?is matt]1 b intuition only has1 & consequ5tly t ! wrong committ$ w\ld n be aga9/ reason1 b aga9/ intuition4 ,our curr5t spee* accords ) our lit]ature 9 ?is view ( ! mean+ ( ! ^w reason2 ^: effici5cy1 moreov]1 x endeavors to amplify1 by surr\nd+ x ) satellites ( adjectives =m$ f x1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are reasonable & unreasonable4 ,provid$ ) ?is vocabul>y1 we pron\nce x to be unreasonable to d5y any tru? :atev] t c be well & cle>ly asc]ta9$2 & s f> are we f res]v+ ^! adjectives = ! occasion ( demon/rative tru?1 & hold+ !m inapplicable :]e self-evid5t or intuitive tru? comes on ! c>pet1 t we acc\nt x1 if possible1 /ill m unreasonable to d5y ! latt] ?an ! =m]4 ,b if ! nom5clature adopt$ by ,locke be ! "r "o1 !re ought to be a *ange 9 ^! curr5t modes ( speak+ & writ+4 ,"o :o %\ld reject ! pro(s ( ,euclid1 w\ld be unreasonable2 "o :o %\ld ma9ta9 t ,?urtel or ,gre5acre 7 innoc5t ( murd]1 w\ld be unreasonable2 b1 "o :o %\ld d5y ! tru? ( any self-evid5t proposition1 w\ld n be unreasonable2 = to say ?is1 w\ld be to say t reason has cognisance ( su* propositions1 :]eas1 accord+ to him1 x is expressly n reason1 b intuition t takes ?is (fice4 ,! words intuitional & un9tuitional1 mu/ be inv5t$ to supply ! obvi\s ne$ :i* ! app>5t gap discov]s2 !re seems no o!r way ( supply+ x4 ,le/ ,i %\ld be suspect$ ( some:at mak+ up a case2 ( hav+1 p]haps1 repres5t$ n s mu* :at ,locke really means1 z :at he seems to mean1 ,i w rem9d ! read] t ,locke is und]tak+ ! =mal def9ition ( a ^w1 & t on su* a critical occasion1 x is prop] to give him cr$it = n mean+ o!rwise ?an he seems to mean4 ,! passage :i* is my text1 w be f\nd 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ! f\r? book4 ,inde$1 ,i c\ld at once prove my indictm5t by cit+ a few words f x1 accompani$ by a comm5t ( my own1 _h ,i any "r to impose on ! read] a belief 9 ! discrim9at+ fairness & matt]-(-fact accuracy1 bo? ( my extracts & my comm5t4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 v5ture on su* a /ep2 ,i w suppose myself comm5t+ on ?is passage1 & proce$ ?us3 ,locke1 x w be se5 9 ?is1 8 =emo/ & pr(ess$ def9ition ( ! ^w reason1 contra/s x ) s5se & intuition4 ,:e!r he holds ^! to be id5tical ) :at he calls ! outw>d & ! inw>d s5se1 is n q cle>4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n ! "q4 ,he says1 t ^! two faculties rea* b a v little way2 = t ! greate/ "p ( our k dep5ds ^u d$uctions & int]m$iate ideas4 ,n[1 reason1 he says1 may be def9$ to be t faculty1 ^: specific (fice x is to f9d out & apply ^? int]m$iate ideas & d$uctions by :i* we obta9 k t consi/s ( two k9ds1 "o t :i* exalts u into c]ta9ty1 ! o!r t :i*1 ?\gh less g5]\s diet = ! m9d1 we h con/antly good gr\nd = gladly acquiesc+ 91 & :i* we call probability4 ,s t1 says ,locke1 if y ask1 ,:at room is !re = ! ex]cise ( any o!r faculty b outw>d s5se & inw>d p]ception8 ,i c abundantly reply1 ,v mu*4 ,i h %[n y t )\t ?is demon/rative faculty1 our k w\ld be b a skeleton2 x w\ld1 inde$1 n be prop]ly speak+ k1 b m]e rudim5ts ( k4 ,su* is my int]pretation ( ,locke's def9ition ( reason1 9 ! prop] & specific s5se ( ?is ^w4 ,if x is /rictly correct1 z ,i believe ! intellig5t read] w f9d by ref]5ce1 !n x is ,locke conf\nds reason ) reason+1 mi/akes a "p = ! :ole1 & ! :ole = a "p1 & acts simil>ly--to borr[ 8 own way ( illu/ration--to ! repres5t+ a gallon to be a qu>t1 or a half-sov]eign to be a sov]eign4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 too1 t x is entirely 9 behalf ( ! m %[y k9d ( k1 t ! mi/ake is made4 ,! respect$ "n ( reason is giv5 exclusively to logic & demon/rat+4 ,good s5se1 good feel+1 j in/9ct1 if !y /& alone1 h no claim to x2 !y are put on an inf]ior foot+2 true1 !y are intuition2 b :at !n8 !y are n reason4 ,n[1 ! c5tury introduc$ by ,locke is accus$ by ! pres5t1 & x is g5]ally admitt$1 ) "s degree ( ju/ice1 ( hav+ mat]iali/ic t5d5cies4 ,we may see1 !n1 h[ ,locke's doctr9e1 z j describ$1 f\nd$ ?\gh x is only on nom5clature1 h++ m]ely on def9ition1 incurr+ :atev] wrongness x implicates f no o!r lapse ?an t ( conf\nd+ a ^w ) its d]ivative1 do+ no?+1 9 %ort1 b annul ! diff]5ce ( mean+ betwe5 ! two words1 reason & reason+2 we may see h[ ?is app>5tly h>mless exp]im5t might t5d to supply+ ^! mat]iali/ic t5d5cies ) a gr\nd1 a rationale1 a pr9ciple1 & ?us to exalt _! au?ority1 & h[1 inde$6 x j smacks ( _! _s4 ,x may be se51 too1 h[1 f a few slips1 su* z ?is on ! "p ( ! *ampion ( ! new philosophy1 compet+ s*ools ( ! pres5t age might be able to make up a case1 speci\s en\gh to ga9 ! acquiesc5ce ( a portion ( ! public aga9/ bo?--) h[ great futility1 ,i believe1 w\ld appe>1 if ! accusations 7 weigh$ by a compet5t tribunal4 ,&1 f9ally1 x might be expect$1 t ! undue exaltation ( ! demon/rative dep>tm5t ( reason1 %\ld issue 9 a reaction into a contr>y extreme1 & t "s ,mr4 ,c>lyle might be f\nd to inveigh aga9/ logic1 to sne] at analysis1 to d5\nce cause & effect philosophy & to praise my/icism4 ,i h already assum$ t ! ?ird te/ t ,i promis$1 goes aga9/ ,locke1 & requires no exam9ation1 simply because he has n advanc$ x 9 8 behalf4 ,he has assign$ no gr\nd = *ang+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w reason1 & x is presumable t none is assignable4 ,! "q1 ,:at is ! ,crit]ion ( ,tru?8--t is1 ,:at are ! prop] means ( di/+ui%+ :e!r any?+ t is ass]t$ to be true is s or n8 claims imm$iate notice1 because su* a crit]ion exi/s1 & ! new philosophy necess>ily appeals to x :5 x comes be=e ! public1 :ile x has %[n ) :at effect x c d s1 9 ! case ( ^? ( its bran*es--namely1 ! purely mat]ial & ! ma!matical1 t fl\ri% 9 society4 ,premis+ t x is a way ( c]tify+ tru? t has be5 immemorially us$ by mank9d 9 _! daily affairs1 & :i* !y h always1 to "s ext5t1 in/9ctively transf]r$ to _! judgm5ts 9 philosophy1 & t x is ! only possible g5]al & summ>y crit]ion ( tru?1 ,i may describe x z consi/+ 9 ! unanim\s ass5t to "s idea or ass]tion ( all :o are ?\ght compet5t to pron\nce conc]n+ x4 ,view$ 9 connection ) ! ?+ x v]ifies1 & ! p>ties :o use x1 ! crit]ion may be ?us repres5t$3 ,any idea1 ass]tion1 or op9ion1 mu/1 by any inquir]1 be f\nd true1 :5 he p]ceives x to be su* z w\ld be unanim\sly ass5t$ to by all presumably compet5t judges ( ! k9d ( tru? to :i* x ref]s4 ,s t ^? :o use ?is crit]ion1 & are conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( any?+ ?r\gh its m$ium--a proce$+ :i* ,i h repres5t$ z common & habitual to mank9d--9 !reby pron\nc+ c]ta9 suppos$ p]sons to be judges ( tru? 9 ! said matt]1 claim !mselves to be also judges ( x 9 ! matt] ( s pron\nc+4 ,! acts ( judgm5t !y ?us tacitly *all5ge to !mselves may be said to be to ! foll[+ effect3--#a4 ,!y assign ! qualifications t con/itute compet5cy = a c]ta9 function4 #b4 ,!y decide t !re are p]sons 9 ! community answ]+ to ?is "*4 #c4 ,!y op9e t ! view su* p]sons take or w\ld take1 imports an ass]tion ( ! tru? ( ! idea 9 "q4 #d4 ,!y accr$it t view ) be+ /rictly "o1 suppos+ t all qualifi$ to arbitrate w\ld acquiesce & agree 9 ! same4 #e4 ,!y attribute to !mselves a simil> unanimity4 #f4 ,!y assume ! suffici5cy ( _! own judgm5t to make all ! above conclusions4 ,^! assumptions on _! "p1 s complicat$ 9 description1 are simple en\gh 9 p]=mance4 ,x is pla9 t mank9d--m prop]ly "h to be call$ ! public--simply atta* !mselves to "s op9ion :i* !y f9d curr5t 9 society2 :ile1 h[ev]1 ! assumptions ,i h j describ$ are1 9 _! full measure1 b a necess>y consequ5ce ( _! s do+1 d\btless _! s do+ mu/ itself h be5 dictat$ by "s k9d ( anticipation ( !m1 b ?is may1 to any degree1 h be5 vague1 undet]m9$1 p>tial1 & imp]fect4 ,! rationale ( ?is d\ble b5* ( judges is ?us expla9$4 ,9 ref]5ce to almo/ e k9d ( tru? !re is always a c]ta9 portion ( ! community bett] able to judge ?an ! re/4 ,h5ce x becomes cle>ly ! "p ( ! latt]1 if !y wi% to be rightly in=m$1 to def] to ! op9ion ( ^? confess$ly bett] judges--confess$ to be su* f ! g5]al op9ion to t effect4 ,?us a second set ( judges p]=ce1 9 addition to ^? t 7 orig9ally conceiv$ by *oice1 is implicat$ 9 ?is transaction4 ,= ! prim>y sort ,i mu/ seek a "n f ! ,fr5* language1 :i* calls !m exp]ts1 ! ,engli% supply+1 ,i believe1 none1 except a v v]nacul> "o1 ! kn[+ ones2 ! o!rs h already got a well-kn[n "n--! public4 ,! public1 9 decid+ on ! occasions 9 "q1 :at are ! qualifications t con/itute exp]ts may be said to *oose !m1 !reby1 h[ev]1 *oos+ p]sons 9 idea1 & n bodily4 ,! relation ( ! public to ^! conceptions ( !irs is ! same z t ( ! con/itu5cies to ! memb]s ( ,p>liam5t1 9 ! po9t ( "o be+ ! *oos]s & ! o!rs ! *os51 ) a common object 9 view4 ,i suppose1 to /op ! curr5t ( my disc\rse1 & adj\rn its topic1 = ! sake ( at once br++ ! g5]al pr9ciple discuss$ to ! te/ ( exemplification1 w\ld h its want ( logical h>mony excus$ by its be+ desid]at$ by ! read]4 ,i _h und]tak5 to prove t ?is pr9ciple--:i*1 = di/9ction's sake1 ,i w call ! unanimity pr9ciple--is ! prop] & only crit]ion ( sci5tific tru? to ! great non-sci5tific _w1 & consequ5tly t mod]n philosophy necess>ily appeals to x :5 x comes be=e ! public4 ,:at ,i _h ?us tak5 ^u myself to d1 obvi\sly 0--fir/1 to display & explicate ! pr9ciple by def9ition1 & ?is ,i _h already done2 & next--to describe x !oretically by %[+ its mann] ( exi/+1 & ?is ,i 0 engag$ 9 do+4 ,leav+ ?is inquiry 9 ! mid/1 ,i am n[ go+ to deviate into ! practical phase ( its description1 by %[+1 n h[ x is1 b h[ x acts4 ,?is seems necess>y = ! satisfaction ( ! read]1 z be+ ! only way ( secur+ him f any1 ev5 7 x b tempor>y1 misappreh5sion z to ! work+ value ( ! pr9ciple = :i* 8 att5tion is dem&$4 ,i !re=e select ! six foll[+ examples1 ! two fir/ homely1 & ! f\r la/ philosophical1 ( its ord9>y use by ! public4 ,!y w be at once se5 to ju/ify my ass]tion ( its hav+ = its ma9 *>act]i/ics ! two facts--fir/1 t mank9d habitually use x1 & h always done s2 & next1 t propositions ?us w>rant$ are univ]sally accept$ z e/abli%$ tru?1 & t no "o ?9ks ( call+ !m 9 "q4 #a4 ,?us no "o d\bts1 :5 com+ to ! int]section ( two roads1 he sees a sign-po/1 on "o ( ^: po9t]s is writt5 ,to ,london1 & on ! o!r ,to ,w9dsor1 no "o hesitates to believe t ! in=mation ?us convey$ to him is true2 because he is aw>e t ^? :o give x are compet5t to d s1 & t none simil>ly compet5t w ga9say x4 #b4 ,aga91 no "o d\bts t ! sun rises & sets once 9 e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 no "o d\bts t he s rose & set ye/]day4 ,e "o is ready to affirm ! c]ta9ty ( ^! two facts1 b v few c d s1 9 any great degree1 f _! own exp]i5ce2 b !y help ! lack ( ?is by t ( _! neighbors4 ,nei!r is x necess>y t !y %\ld h any ne>1 nor ev5 ! mo/ remote1 idea ( ! p]sonality ( ^? on ^: te/imony !y ?us implicitly rely2 x suffices !y are sure1 :oev] !y may be1 !y h ! "r qualifications = te/ify+ 9 ! way !y d1 & t no "o s qualifi$ c contradict _! evid5ce1 or dream ( do+ s4 ,! above are examples ( ! crit]ion ( tru?1 appli$ to ! ideas & proce$+s ( ord9>y life4 ,x w be se5 !refrom1 fir/ t mank9d h 9 all ages be5 educat$ 9 an acceptance ( its pr9ciple1 accord+ to my def9ition ( x1 ! pr9ciple1 namely1 ( an indubitable c]ta9ty ( tru?1 result+ f ! unanim\s ass5t to "s idea ( all :o are ?\ght by self & neighbors compet5t to pron\nce !reon2 possibly too !y may be said to h be5 educat$ 9 "s imp]fect !oretical appreciation ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,x w secondly be se5 !refrom1 t ! two k9ds ( unanimity :i* ,i h pr$icat$ z ess5tial to ! prop] use & results ( ?is crit]ion1 an unanimity1 namely1 on ! "p ( ! suppos$ good judges ( c]ta9 descriptions ( tru?1 :o may be call$ ! adepts or kn[+ ones imag9$ by ! public2 & aga9 an unanimity on ! "p ( ! public itself 9 int]pret+ & adopt+ _! op9ion2 x w be se51 ,i say1 t ?is d\ble unanimity is p]fectly atta9able1 nay1 p]fectly atta9$1 & t too s ext5sively1 z to con/itute a common & famili> occurr5ce on all mann] ( occasions ( daily life4 ,i w n[ give in/ances ( _! simil> use ( x 9 direct+ _! judgm5ts on philosophical que/ions4 #c4 ,v few ( ! public are able to exam9e ! pro( ( any ( ! !orems ( ,euclid1 yet !re is none ( !m :o w\ld ?9k ( s]i\sly d\bt+ ! tru? ( any?+ conta9$ 9 t book1 ! gr\nd ( _! confid5ce be+ solely _! k ( ! fact1 t ! le>n$ 9 ^! matt]s h unanim\sly s decid$4 ,e "o1 aga91 believes 9 c]ta9 facts t are ass]t$ by navigators1 explor]s1 & geograph]s1 respect+ ! exi/5ce1 position1 & products ( v>i\s c\ntries ( ! globe4 ,e "o1 fur!r1 believes 9 c]ta9 d$uctions d]iv$ f ^! facts by naturali/s1 geologi/s1 a/ronom]s1 & s =?4 ,! belief is ow+ to ! unanim\s te/imony ( all ^! confess$ly compet5t au?orities2 b :5ev] !y are se5 to diff] among !mselves1 ! public )holds its entire belief1 & ei!r d\bts or disbelieves ! ?+s ass]t$4 ,?us ! public is at ?is day d\btful & divid$ :e!r !re is su* a creature z ! sea-s]p5t4 ,simil>ly ! public is dubi\s--= x mu/ ne$s be s if any section ( x is s--:e!r a c]ta9 explor] :o 0 au?oritatively s5t out ab\t a doz5 ye>s ago conjo9tly by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t & ,in/itute1 01 9 any degree1 ju/ifi$ 9 br++ home ! acc\nt he did ( !re be+ a tribe ( m5 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa hav+ tails1 :e!r ?is unexpect$ in=mation is1 9 any important p>ticul>1 true4 ,! two la/ examples h be5 furni%$ by mat]ial sci5ce4 ,i w n[ draw "o f ! o!r dep>tm5t1 ) ! view ( indicat+ t 9 non-mat]ial sci5ce also1 num]\s propositions circulate among ! public t are frank$ by ! same pr9ciple to pass z und\bt$ tru?4 ,su* is ! maxim ( hea!n philosophy1 record$ by ,cic]o 9 8 ,(ficiis3 ,d n to ano!r :at y w\ld n he %\ld d to y2 or ! same maxim1 9 its modifi$ =m1 z giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ) ! *>act]i/ic omission ( ! negative4 ,! tru? ( ?is moral maxim is univ]sally admitt$1 because x is suppos$ t no p]son ( presumable moral judgm5t has ev] be5 kn[n to call x 9 "q4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t ?is crit]ion ( tru? is--:at confess$ly1 or f easy pro(1 x is pr$icable t no o!r crit]ion ( tru? is--a g5]al crit]ion ( tru?4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 re/rict ?is pret5sion to ! /atem5t--to be h]eaft] m l>gely expla9$--t x is a g5]al crit]ion ( tru? to ! public z su*1 to ! public consid]$ z a public2 =1 inde$1 x is n prop]ly usable at all by anyone except 9 ! "* ( a memb] ( ! public4 ,?is means t x is a g5]al crit]ion ( tru? 9 ! foll[+ way3 x is applicable to ! v]ification ( all tru?1 s f> z x admits ( be+ v]ifi$ be=e ! public1 & made ! common prop]ty ( ! community4 #f4 ,= ev5 :]e at fir/ sight y might ?9k x mo/ out ( place1 ,i mean 9 relation to t k9d ( tru? ^: prim>y evid5ce is ! consci\sness ( ! individual1 s t ! compet5t witness ( tru? is necess>ily b "o p]son1 !re is on5ess ( op9ion1 !re is unanimity1 & ! te/imony ( ! "o compet5t witness is n contradict$ or d\bt$ by t ( any o!r presumably compet5t4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,i am consci\s ( ! s5sation ( see+ an ink/& be=e me1 no "o see+ reason to d\bt my ass]tion to t effect1 all presumably compet5t te/imony on ! subject mu/ ne$s be conc5trat$ 9 myself2 & ! fact ( my see+ an ink/&1 ?\gh = my own conviction v]ifi$ 9 a way indep5d5t ( any su* argum5t1 is1 = ! conviction ( o!rs1 only pron\nceable z true1 because all presumably compet5t au?ority is ( "o m9d 9 alleg+ its tru?4 ,9 ?us f> exemplify+ ! use ( ?is pr9ciple1 ,i h exhibit$ x 9 ! ex]cise ( its prim>y (fice only1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n t :i*1 on behalf ( philosophy1 ,i am "h dem&+ f x4 ,i h %[n x1 namely1 z us$ by ! public to e/abli% tru? positively1 & n 9 ! way :]e9 x may be us$ to di/+ui% tru? comp>atively4 ,b x is solely 9 ?is latt] (fice t x becomes a crit]ion ( tru?1 an arbit] betwe5 ! true & ! false1 an indicator ( bo?1 & m especially ( :at has ! "* ( asc]ta9$ tru?1 & :at has n2 & ?is1 x w be rememb]$1 0 ! (fice ,i s\ght f x1 & con/itut$ ! ultimate purpose ( my tak+ up ! consid]ation ( ! subject4 ,hav+ ) z mu* brevity z j suffices = t purpose1 expla9$ ! nature ( ! pr9ciple 9 "q1 & its use by society at l>ge1 x n[ only rema9s t ,i %\ld expla9 t purpose itself1 by !ory & example4 ,:at ,i am do+ 9 trac+ ! unanimity pr9ciple f its fir/ in/9ctive use by ! public to its second>y & m$itat$ "o by philosophy1 is a purely critical act1 comp>able to t ( ! rhetorician :o appreciates ! "* ( c]ta9 modes ( ?9k+ :i* h long s9ce be5 practis$ by mank9d1 & %[s :at !re9 is approvable--all ! re/ be+ liable to c5sure4 ,x 0 ! univ]sal conviction ( ,european ,*ri/5dom1 dur+ _m c5turies1 t ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 popul>ly suppos$ to be repres5t$ by ! ,pope1 enjoy$ peculi>ly a div9e guidance :i* made x an infallible judge ( tru?4 ,?is idea 0 ?\ght to be w>rant$ by ! unanim\s ass5t ( all "r-m9d$ p]sons1 & ! d5ial ( x to be ! m>k ( a reprobate _s1 z well z contr>y to common s5se4 ,we n[ "k ! entire futility ( ?is assumption1 & t ! h]etics 7 n inf]ior to ! or?odox 9 ! p[] ( judg+ su* subjects4 ,h5ce 9 discuss+ ! unanimity pr9ciple ! "q pres5ts itself1 ,h[ came ! public ?us wrongly to apply x8 ,:at error did !y commit 9 s do+8 ,:5 ! revival ( le>n+ & ! consequ5t rise ( ,prote/antism _h expos$ ! error 9 t =m ( x1 x 0 /ill cont9u$ "u ! new social regimes2 s t ev5 ,locke1 ! bolde/ advocate ( ! rights ( man t 0 tol]at$ ev5 9 8 "t1 /igmatis$ ! diss5ti5ts f c]ta9 ,prote/ant t5ets 9 ! same unju/ way t ,pop]y _h done to ! diss5ti5ts f c]ta9 ,popi% ones2 speak+ ( !m 9 two or ?ree places ( 8 essay z p]sons at once notori\sly disreputable 9 "* & weak 9 intellect2 consi/5tly ) :i* e/imate he came to ! conclusion t ! reign+ !ology 0 e/abli%$ tru?1 z be+ accr$it$ by all ^? ^: op9ion 0 wor? tak+ acc\nt (4 ,lat] times h aga9 manife/$ ! futility ( ! assumption aga9/ ! new race ( diss5ti5ts4 ,no "o w say t ,goe! & ,neibuhr 7to m5tion only two7 mu/ c\nt = no?+ on que/ions :]e9 !y 7 z likely to be well in=m$ z _! oppon5ts4 ,s t ,locke's side1 in/ead ( be+ w>rant$ by ! decisive v]dict he imag9es1 is b "o ( two suitors 9 an undet]m9$ cause1 nei!r hav+ yet attract$ ! votes ( ! :ole jury1 & nei!r consequ5tly yet occupy+ ! position ( asc]ta9$ tru?4 ,giv+ ev]yone a fair he>+ is t trial & te/ ( compet5cy :i* yields ! only means ( le>n+ :o said compet5t judges are4 ,a little consid]ation1 ev5 9 ,locke's "t ( less advanc$ ?\ght1 might h in=m$ an intellig5t m9d1 if free f prejudice1 t m]e prohibitory laws mu/ be ( !mselves less adv]se to ! free expression ( p's s5tim5ts ?an t av]t$ /ate ( ! public m9d ( :i* !y are "o ( ! symptoms4 ,bo? f !ory & exp]i5ce we may collect t v mu* ! same laws ( supply & dem& obta9 9 matt]s ( op9ion z 9 ^? ( food & raim5t2 ! tongue & ! p51 & ! previ\s ?\ght by :i* ^! are in/ruct$1 mu/ evid5tly hold back f (f]+ to ! public1 nay1 9 a great measure f sugge/+ to ! ag5t himself1 any su* ideas z !y "k ! public w n1 & mu/ conf9e !mselves to putt+ =? su* only z !y suppose x w und]/&1 appreciate1 & reg>d4 ,,! ,,rights ,,( ,,reason4 ,to ! two qu]ies y put to me1 ,:at are fir/ pr9ciples8 & ,:at is ! crit]ion ( tru?8 ,i f9d x suitable to app5d "s prelim9>y rem>ks on ,! ,rights ( ,reason4 ,! solution y expect is1 ,i presume1 a reasonable "o4 ,y d n wi% me to take into acc\nt any op9ions t _c be> ! te/ ( reason4 ,y\r qu]ies d]ive _! greate/ p]t95cy f ! /ate ( non-mat]ial philosophy2 &1 possibly1 might h be51 9 "s measure1 prompt$ by ?is consid]ation4 ,t d\ble-m9d$ way ( inquir+ into tru?1 :i* only 9 "p reasons1 :ile x 9 "p dogmatises1 imag9es1 & assumes1 is1 x is obvi\s1 9 morals1 metaphysics1 & religion1 "o ( our inh]itances f =m] times4 ,! battle has be5 won 9 ! mat]ial dep>tm5t1 b is /ill undecid$ on ! o!r w+4 ,:at1 !n1 is ,reason1 & :at are its ,rights8 ,e human inquiry t asks1 ,:at is "r1 prop]1 or correct8 necess>ily1 9 do+ s1 asks1 ,:at is x reasonable to ?9k1 believe1 or d8 9 ! po9ts inquir$ into4 ,! faculty--:atev] may be its nature--:]eby we f9d ourselves able1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to answ] ?is "q1 we call reason4 ,! rights ( reason may be said to consi/ 9 ! concession to x ( a c]ta9 absolute p[] 9 ! decision ( tru?1 divisible "u two heads ?us--a p[] ( decid+ :at are ! que/ions :]eon x is able to decide1 & a p[] ( decid+ ^? que/ions4 ,"o ( ! _m ways ( disp>ag+ ! rights ( reason is--op5ly or cov]tly to d\bt or d5y t morals1 metaphysics1 & religion1 are--9 ! full s5se ( ! ^w--sci5ces4 ,?is is to )draw !m f ! empire ( reason1 & to h& !m ov] to "s rival pret5d]4 ,no sci5ce c fl\ri% :ile x is und]/ood t its discussion mu/ be made palatable to ! public4 ,9 any supposable code ( ! rights ( reason1 "o prim>y article w\ld limit & def9e ! functions ( ! public 9 ! inve/igation ( tru?--a topic :i*1 toge!r ) ! k9dr$ inquiry1 ,:o are ! public8 is sugge/$ by y\r second qu]y4 ,mank9d h naturally a degree ( antipa?y = reason4 ,!y h f\nd ,reason1 9 ! "w he affects1 dull1 9 ! help he furni%es1 defici5t1 9 ! tru? he unveils1 ugly1 9 ! rule he arrogates1 imp]i\s4 ,b>b>ism1 9 all its /ages1 may be said to be f\nd$1 n m]ely on ignorance1 b on a /ate ( ! incl9ations t revolts f reason4 ,two competitors h always disput$ ! rights ( reason2 au?ority or prec$5t1 & fai? or consci5ce4 ,consci5ce1 e>ly or late1 mu/ receive almo/ all 8 light f au?ority2 &1 !re=e1 9 respect to op9ion1 may g5]ally be call$ ! creature ( au?ority4 ,yet1 9 a moral aspect1 au?ority is confess$ly ( no acc\nt1 & consci5ce has a sole jurisdiction4 ,a l>ge portion ( mank9d h1 9 our times1 outgr[n ! error ( re/+ _! s5se ( duty on ! m]e dictate ( o!r m54 ,! only legitimate directors ( human conduct are n[ g5]ally admitt$ to be consci5ce & reason2 ! consci5ce mu/ be exclusively "o's own1 b ! reason ne$ n entirely--&1 inde$1 _c 9 any great proportion--be "o's own1 b may be p>tly t ( "o's neighbor4 ,! "q ( ! division ( p[] betwe5 ^! two pot5tates1 ?\gh n yet und]/ood by ! public1 does n seem to be m complicat$ ?an t analog\s "o j allud$ to1 & ( :i* !y evid5tly und]/& ! gi/4 ,= au?ority1 z above intimat$1 ?\gh ! v5]able in/ructor ( consci5ce1 is yet morally subject$ to him2 &1 n dissimil>ly1 h consci5ce & reason reciprocal claims ( prec$5ce on ea* o!r4 ,reason is ! judge1 b he is b\nd1 "u consci5ce1 to give a suffici5t & att5tive he>+ to any plead+s t consci5ce may h to (f]1 & consci5ce is ! plead]1 b he is b\nd1 "u reason1 to con=m to :atev] v]dicts reason decl>es himself compet5t to r5d]4 ,if hi/ory 9 ?is p>ticul> c be consid]$ z hav+ disclos$ a necess>y sequ5ce1 civilisation progresses 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,! g5]al m9d1 9 becom+ acqua9t$ ) its own p[]s1 fir/ le>ns an evolution ( consci5ce 7& ?is c only take place ?r\gh ! m$ium ( religion71 & la/ le>ns to appreciate reason 7& ?is c only happ5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( sci5ce74 ,:ile ! pr]ogatives ( consci5ce 7 insuffici5tly kn[n1 au?ority usurp$ !m1 & :ile ! pr]ogatives ( reason are insuffici5tly kn[n1 au?ority & consci5ce conjo9tly usurp !m4 ,! ^w consci5ce ,i "h use 9 its prop] s5se1 :]e9 x means ei!r an individual consci5ce1 or ! unit$ consci5ces ( m ?an "o suppos$ to be 9 accord toge!r1 s z to make ! acts result+ f ?is accord con/itute s+le acts ( consci5ce4 ,b ! ^w has tak5 an improp] enl>gem5t ( mean+ 9 be+ (t5 us$ to signify "o consci5ce claim+ some?+ 9 contrav5tion ( ano!r consci5ce4 ,^! two1 s diff]5t mean+s ( ! ^w consci5ce1 are seldom duly discrim9at$ by ^? :o use !m4 ,to ! rights ( reason belongs a c]ta9 degree ( p[]1 bo? 9 regulat+ ! individual consci5ce1 & 9 solv+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 oppos+ ones4 ,"u :at conditions1 & h[ f>1 reason c ex]cise ?is (fice1 & :at rule he is to foll[ 9 s do+1 w\ld be an inquiry sugge/$ by my answ] to y\r second qu]y4 ,hav+ above m5tion$ religion & sci5ce z ! two prime m9i/]s respectively ( consci5ce & reason1 ,i w pursue ! subject a little fur!r4 ,religion has aim$ to h a moral animus by means ( a free consci5ce4 ,religion has n yet imm$iately aim$ at moral conduct2 b1 inde$1 has be5 wont1 by ! m\? ( h] mo/ /r5u\s m9i/]s1 to assume t ! aim at ?is is already includ$ 9 t o!r aim4 ,b a moral animus is b "o +r$i5t 9 moral conduct1 involv+ ! int5t only to act morally1 )\t hav+ ( itself ! lea/ p[] to realise t int5t4 ,k1--t is1 sci5ce1 exclusively keeps ! keys ( ?is p[]4 ,su* k religion has n yet made "o ( h] aims & ends ei!r directly1 or by any coalition ) ^? :o h s aim$4 ,accord+ly religion _c be said hi!rto to h be5 an advocate ( ! rights ( reason4 ,:atev] good ?+s %e may h a*iev$ 9 ?is cause h be5 incid5tal to h] advocacy ( ! ,rights ( ,consci5ce4 ,"h reason 0 h] weapon 7%>p5$ = ?is use1 & s f> valu$ & treasur$71 aga9/ au?ority4 ,h] t5d5cy mean:ile1 is to impel consci5ce to infr+e on ! rights ( reason4 ,sci5ce alone has hi!rto be5 ! imm$iate *ampion ( ^! rights4 ,b x seems he _c expect to make t advocacy complete & effectual till he allies himself ) religion4 ,?is alliance1 s9ce x is p]suad$ by reason1 & n by passion1 c h sci5ce alone = its real mov]4 ,! ,rights ( ,reason may at pres5t be said to be 9 su* a g]m ( _! ackn[l$gm5t z 7 ! rights ( consci5ce ?ree c5turies ago4 ,mank9d h n hi!rto come to acquiesce 9 ! idea ( t p>simony ( guidance v\*saf$ to man1 :i* is f\nd to be ! result ( claim+ = reason ! p[] ( call+ all human ?\ghts be=e 8 tribunal1 & see+ :e!r he has any?+ to object to !m4 ,_! idea has be5 t n only sugge/+ inspiration--7:i* x does n seem necess>y t ! advocate ( ! rights ( reason %\ld d5y7--b guid+ inspiration is giv51 giv5 too to "s r ?an to o!rs1 & giv5 9 su* a quality1 z to disp5se ) ! sup]vision ( reason4 ,a g5]ation successive to _m among :om ?is doctr9e has be5 taught & believ$1 w n be prone to any decid$ rejection ( x4 ,pride ( species incl9+ to exagg]at$ human pret5sions above o!r e>?ly creatures1 & p>ty pride incl9+ to exalt self & an associat$ confrat]nity into a sup]iority ov] ! re/ ( mank9d1 & suppli$ ) a traditional /ore ( modes ( ?\ght & practice adapt$ to su* exclusive pret5sions1 & o!r native t5d5cies ( ! human m9d1 p]suade 9 ! same direction4 ,i h ?\ght x suitable to premise ?is %ort sket* ( ! ,rights ( ,reason1 & ! oppon5ts ( !m1 to an endeavor to answ] y\r qu]ies 9 a ?or\ghly reasonable way1 a way :i* _c be said to be ! m fa%ionable "o 9 ! treatm5t ( metaphysical que/ions4 ,,notes #a ,wilfrid ,meynell1 9 8 ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 errone\sly speaks ( ,*>les ,rob]t z ! y\nge/ son4 #b ,?is is a mi/ake4 ,ow5 9 #ahag r5\nc$ ! religions ( ! _w1 & proclaim$ t man's "* 0 =m$ = him n by him4 ,b he 0 n an ,a!i/4