,,an ,,advanc$ ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,) ,,ex]cises ,,by ,,george ,,lyman ,,kittr$ge ,,gurney ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,& ,,frank ,,edg> ,,f>ley ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,wesleyan ,,univ]sity ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,london ,,atlanta ,,dallas ,,columbus ,,san ,,francisco ,,copyright1 #aiac1 ,,by ,,george ,,lyman ,,kittr$ge ,,& ,,frank ,,edg> ,,f>ley ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,/ation]s' ,,hall ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ #dbd4b ,! ,a!num ,press ,,g9n ,,& ,,company ,,proprietors ,,bo/on ,u4,s4,a4 ,,preface ,?is gramm> is int5d$ = /ud5ts :o h already receiv$ in/ruction 9 ! rudim5ts4 ,/ill1 e su* textbook mu/ beg9 at ! beg9n+4 ,"p ,"o1 !re=e1 :i* occupies pp4 #a-bd1 gives a succ9ct treatm5t ( ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* 9 ! ,s5t5ce & ( _! sub/itutes1 ! ,phrase & ! ,clause1 conclud+ ) a ,summ>y ( ,def9itions4 ,?us x cle>s ! way = :at foll[s1 & may be utiliz$ z a review1 if ! /ud5t ne$s to refre% 8 memory4 ,"p ,two deals specifically & fully ) ,inflections & ,syntax 7pp4 #be-ahb74 ,x includes also a *apt] on ! use ( subord9ate clauses z n\ns1 adjectives1 & adv]bs 7pp4 #aeg-afb71 z well z a *apt] 9 :i* su* clauses are logically classifi$ 9 accordance ) _! p>ticul> (fices 9 ! expression ( ?\ght 7pp4 #afc-ahb74 ,"p ,?ree 7pp4 #ahc-bbf7 develops ! subject ( ,analysis 9 its natural ord]1 fir/ expla9+ h[ s5t5ces are put toge!r1 & !n illu/rat+ ! process by :i* !y may be resolv$ into _! con/itu5t p>ts4 ,modifi]s & ,complem5ts are classifi$1 & ! s-call$ ,indep5d5t ,elem5ts are discuss$4 ,!re is add$ a special *apt] on ,comb9ations ( ,clauses1 9 :i* ! grammatical & logical relations ( cord9ation & subord9ation are set =?1 & _! functions 9 ! effective use ( language are consid]$4 ,?is portion ( ! book1 x is hop$1 w be especially useful to /ud5ts ( ,engli% composition4 ,! ,app5dix furni%es li/s ( v]bs1 tables ( conjugation1 rules = capitals & m>ks ( punctuation1 a summ>y ( important rules ( syntax1 & a brief hi/ory ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! ,ex]cises 7pp4 #bbg-bij7 are collect$ at ! end ( ! text1 s z n to break cont9uity4 ,ref]5ces prefix$ to ea*1 z well z page-numb]s 9 ! ,table ( ,cont5ts1 enable ! tea*] to atta* !m1 at w1 to ! topics :i* !y conc]n4 ,! passages = p>s+1 analysis1 etc41 h be5 c>efully select$ f a wide range ( em95t ,briti% & ,am]ican writ]s4 ,! "n ( ! au?or is (t5 app5d$ to ! quotation1 :5 ! passage is p>ticul>ly notewor?y ei!r = its cont5ts or its =m4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ?is has n be5 done2 b ! /ud5t may always feel confid5t t he is occupy+ himself ) specim5s ( ,engli% z actually compos$ by di/+ui%$ au?ors4 ,! con/ructive ex]cises call p>ticul> att5tion to ^? matt]s 9 :i* error is especially preval5t4 ,an advanc$ gramm> mu/ aim to be s]viceable 9 two ways4 ,x %\ld af=d ! means = cont9u\s & sy/ematic /udy ( ! subject or ( any "p ( x2 & x %\ld also be useful = ref]5ce 9 connection ) ! /udy ( composition & ( lit]ature4 ,) ?is latt] end 9 view1 _m notes & obs]vations h be5 includ$1 9 small] type1 to %[ ! nature & developm5t ( ! v>i\s =ms & con/ructions1 & to po9t out diff]5ces betwe5 ! usage ( to-day & t :i* ! /ud5t obs]ves 9 ,%aksp]e & o!r ,engli% classics4 ,! fulness ( ! index makes x easy to f9d any?+ t ! volume conta9s4 ,9 accordance ) ! desire ( _m tea*]s1 c]ta9 topics ( importance h be5 treat$ ) unusual ?or\ghness4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ! uses ( %all & w1 %\ld & w\ld1 ! inf9itive & ! inf9itive clause1 conditional s5t5ces1 indirect disc\rse1 & ! comb9ation ( clauses 9 s5t5ces ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,! au?ors are indebt$ to sev]al tea*]s = sugge/ions & criticism4 ,p>ticul> ackn[l$gm5t is due to ,mr4 ,!odore ,c4 ,mit*ill1 ( ! ,jamaica ,high ,s*ool1 ,new ,york1 & ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,hoop]1 ( ! ,*icago ,normal ,s*ool4 ,,cont5ts ,! numb]s 9 ! fir/ column ref] to ! pages ( ! text2 ^? 9 ! second column to ! pages ( ! ,ex]cises4 ,,introduction ,,text ,,ex]cises ,language & ,gramm> xi ,gramm> & ,usage xv ,summ>y ( ,g5]al ,pr9ciples xvii ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,"p ,,"o--,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,,9 ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,! ,s5t5ce--,subject & ,pr$icate #a #bbg ,k9ds ( ,s5t5ces #b #bbg ,! ,eight ,p>ts ( ,spee* ,def9$ #c #bbh ,! ,same ,^w z ,diff]5t ,p>ts ( ,spee* #i #bbi ,inf9itives & ,p>ticiples #aa #bbi ,comp>ative ,importance ( ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* #ac ,simple & ,complete ,subject & ,pr$icate #ad #bcj ,comp\nd ,subject & ,pr$icate #ae #bcj ,sub/itutes = ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* #af #bca ,phrases--,n\n1 ,v]b1 ,adjective1 ,adv]bial #af #bca ,clauses--,indep5d5t & ,subord9ate #af #bcb ,comp\nd & ,complex ,s5t5ces #ag #bcb ,comp\nd ,complex ,s5t5ces #ah #bcb ,clauses z ,p>ts ( ,spee* #ai #bcb ,summ>y ( ,def9itions #ba ,,"p ,,two--,,inflection ,,& ,,syntax ,,*apt] ,i--,,inflection ,inflection 9 ,g5]al #be ,summ>y ( ,inflections #bf ,,*apt] ,,ii--,,n\ns ,classification--,common ,n\ns & ,prop] ,n\ns #bg #bcc ,special ,classes--,ab/ract1 ,collective1 ,comp\nd #bi #bcd ,inflection ( ,n\ns #cj #bce ,g5d] #ca #bce ,numb] #cd #bce ,p]son #ci #bcf ,case #dj #bcg ,nom9ative ,case #da #bcg ,possessive ,case #dc #bch ,objective ,case #dg #bci ,p>s+ ( ,n\ns #ed #bdj ,,*apt] ,,iii--,,pron\ns ,p]sonal ,pron\ns #ee #bda ,g5d] & ,numb] ( ,p]sonal ,pron\ns #ef #bda ,case ( ,p]sonal ,pron\ns #eg #bda ,! ,self-,pron\ns 7,comp\nd ,p]sonal ,pron\ns7 #fj #bda ,adjective ,pron\ns--,demon/ratives #fb #bdc ,adjective ,pron\ns--,indef9ites #fd #bdc ,relative ,pron\ns #ff #bdd ,! ,relative ,pron\n ,:at #ga #bdf ,comp\nd ,relative ,pron\ns #gb #bdf ,int]rogative ,pron\ns #gc #bdf ,p>s+ ( ,pron\ns #gd #bdg ,,*apt] ,,iv--,,adjectives ,classification ( ,adjectives #ge #bdh ,adjectives--! ,articles #gg #bdh ,comp>ison ( ,adjectives #gi #bdi ,irregul> ,comp>ison #ha #bdi ,,*apt] ,v--,,adv]bs ,classification ( ,adv]bs #hc #bej ,relative & ,int]rogative ,adv]bs #hf #bea ,comp>ison ( ,adv]bs #hg #beb ,use ( ! ,comp>ative & ,sup]lative #hh #beb ,num]als--,adjectives1 ,n\ns1 ,adv]bs #hi #beb ,,*apt] ,,vi--,,v]bs ,classification ( ,v]bs #ia #bec ,auxili>y ,v]bs--,v]b-,phrases #ia #bec ,transitive & ,intransitive ,v]bs #ib #bec ,copulative ,v]bs #ic #bec ,inflection ( ,v]bs #id #bed ,t5se ( ,v]bs #id #bed ,pres5t & ,pa/ ,t5ses #id #bed ,weak 7,regul>7 & ,/rong 7,irregul>7 ,v]bs #ie #bed ,p]son & ,numb] #ig #bed ,! ,p]sonal ,end+s #ig #bed ,conjugation ( ! ,pres5t & ! ,pa/ #ih #bed ,special ,rules ( ,numb] & ,p]son #ajj #bed ,! ,future ,t5se--,%all & ,w #ajb #bef ,complete or ,comp\nd ,t5ses #ajf #beh ,voice--,active & ,passive #ajg #beh ,conjugation ( ! ,six ,t5ses #ajh #beh ,use ( ! ,passive ,voice #aaj #beh ,progressive ,v]b-,phrases #aac #bfj ,emphatic ,v]b-,phrases #aad #bfj ,mood ( ,v]bs #aae #bfa ,indicative ,mood #aae #bfa ,imp]ative ,mood #aaf #bfa ,subjunctive ,mood--,=ms #aah #bfa ,uses ( ! ,subjunctive #aai #bfa ,pot5tial ,v]b-,phrases 7,modal ,auxili>ies7 #abd #bfb ,special ,rules = ,%\ld & ,w\ld #abg #bfd ,! ,inf9itive #acb #bff ,! ,inf9itive z a ,n\n #acd #bff ,! ,inf9itive z a ,modifi] #acf #bff ,! ,inf9itive ,clause #acg #bfg ,p>ticiples--,=ms & ,con/ructions #adj #bfh ,nom9ative ,absolute #add #bfi ,v]bal ,n\ns 9 -+ 7,p>ticipial ,n\ns7 #ade #bfi ,,*apt] ,,vii--,,prepositions ,li/ ( ,prepositions #adh #bgj ,special ,uses ( ,prepositions #adi #bgj ,,*apt] ,,viii--,,conjunctions ,cord9ate 7or ,cord9at+7 ,conjunctions #aea #bgj ,subord9ate 7or ,subord9at+7 ,conjunctions #aec #bgj ,correlative ,conjunctions #aec #bgj ,,*apt] ,,ix--,,int]jections ,int]jections #aee #bgb ,exclamatory ,expressions #aee #bgb ,,*apt] ,x--,,clauses ,,z ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,clauses z ,p>ts ( ,spee* #aeg #bgb ,adjective ,clauses #aeg #bgb ,adv]bial ,clauses #aeh #bgb ,n\n 7or ,sub/antive7 ,clauses #aei #bgb ,,*apt] ,,xi--,,! ,,mean+s ,,( ,,subord9ate ,,clauses ,clauses ( ,place & ,"t #afc #bgb ,causal ,clauses #afd #bgb ,concessive ,clauses #afd #bgb ,clauses ( ,purpose & ,result #aff #bgd ,conditional ,s5t5ces #afg #bgd ,=ms ( ,conditions #afi #bgd ,pres5t & ,pa/ ,conditions #agj #bgd ,future ,conditions #aga #bgd ,clauses ( ,comp>ison #agc #bge ,indirect ,disc\rse #agc #bgg ,%all & ,w1 ,%\ld & ,w\ld 9 ,indirect ,disc\rse #agg #bgh ,indirect ,que/ions #agi #bhj ,%all & ,w1 ,%\ld & ,w\ld 9 ,indirect ,que/ions #ahb #bha ,,"p ,,?ree--,,analysis ,,*apt] ,i--,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,s5t5ces ,analysis--! ,elem5ts #ahc #bhb ,simple ,s5t5ces #ahd #bhb ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces #ahe #bhb ,complex ,s5t5ces #ahf #bhb ,comp\nd & ,complex ,clauses #ahf #bhg ,comp\nd ,complex ,s5t5ces #ahg #bhc ,,*apt] ,,ii--,,analysis ,,( ,,s5t5ces ,simple ,s5t5ces #ahh #bhc ,comp\nd ,s5t5ces #ahh #bhc ,complex ,s5t5ces #ahi #bhc ,comp\nd ,complex ,s5t5ces #aij #bhc ,,*apt] ,,iii--,,modifi]s ,modifi]s 9 ,g5]al #aia #bhc ,modifi]s ( ! ,subject #aib #bhc ,modifi]s ( ! ,pr$icate #aif #bhd ,,*apt] ,,iv--,,complem5ts ,use ( ,complem5ts #bjj #bhe ,! ,direct ,object #bja #bhe ,! ,pr$icate ,objective #bjb #bhe ,! ,pr$icate ,nom9ative #bjb #bhe ,! ,pr$icate ,adjective #bjc #bhe ,,*apt] ,v--,,modifi]s ,,( ,,complem5ts ,,& ,,( ,,modifi]s ,modifi]s ( ,complem5ts #bje #bhf ,modifi]s ( ,o!r ,modifi]s #bjg #bhf ,,*apt] ,,vi--,,indep5d5t ,,elem5ts ,f\r ,k9ds ( ,indep5d5t ,elem5ts #bji #bhf ,p>5!tical ,expressions #bji #bhf ,,*apt] ,,vii--,,comb9ations ,,( ,,clauses ,g5]al ,pr9ciples #baj #bhg ,cord9ation & ,subord9ation #baj #bhg ,clauses--,simple1 ,comp\nd1 ,complex #baa #bhg ,complex ,s5t5ces #ahf #bhb ,simple ,s5t5ces ) ,comp\nd ,subject or ,pr$icate #bab #bhg ,comp\nd & ,complex ,s5t5ces #bac #bhg ,comp\nd ,complex ,s5t5ces #bae #bhg ,v>ieties ( ! ,complex ,s5t5ce #baf #bhg ,special ,complications 9 ,complex ,s5t5ces #bbj #bhh ,special ,complications 9 ,comp\nd ,complex ,s5t5ces #bbb #bhh ,,*apt] ,,viii--,,elliptical ,,s5t5ces ,ellipsis 9 ,clauses & ,s5t5ces #bbd #bhh ,v>ieties ( ,ellipsis #bbe #bhh ,examples ( ,elliptical ,con/ructions #bbf #bhh ,,ex]cises ,ex]cises on ,"p ,"o #bbg ,ex]cises on ,"p ,two #bcc ,ex]cises on ,"p ,?ree #bhb ,,app5dix ,li/s ( ,v]bs #bia ,conjugation ( ! ,v]b to be #cjj ,conjugation ( ! ,v]b to /rike #cja ,use ( ,capital ,lett]s #cje ,rules ( ,punctuation #cjf ,rules ( ,syntax #caa ,! ,engli% ,language #caf ,,index #cba ,,introduction ,,language ,,& ,,gramm> ,i4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,language ,language is ! expression ( ?\ght by means ( spok5 or writt5 words4 ,! ,engli% ^w language comes 7?r\gh ! ,fr5* langue7 f ! ,lat9 l+ua1 8! tongue40 ,b ! tongue is n ! only organ us$ 9 speak+4 ,! lips1 ! tee?1 ! ro( ( ! m\?1 ! s(t palate 7or uvula71 ! nose1 & ! vocal *ords all help to produce ! s\nds ( :i* language consi/s4 ,^! v>i\s organs make up "o delicate & complicat$ piece ( me*anism ^u :i* ! brea? ( ! speak] acts l t ( a musician ^u a cl>9et or o!r w9d in/rum5t4 ,spok5 language1 !n1 is compos$ ( a great v>iety ( s\nds made ) ! vocal organs4 ,a ^w may consi/ ( "o s\nd 7z ,ah6 or ,o or ,i71 b mo/ words consi/ ( two or m diff]5t s\nds 7z g1 see1 try1 f9i%74 ,long or %ort1 h[ev]1 a ^w is m]ely a sign made to express ?\ght4 ,?\ght may be imp]fectly express$ by signs made ) ! head1 ! h&s1 etc4 ,?us1 if ,i grasp a p]son's arm & po9t to a dog1 he may und]/& me to ask1 8,d y see t dog80 ,& 8 nod 9 reply may /& = 8,yes1 ,i see him40 ,b any dialogue c>ri$ on 9 ?is way mu/ be bo? fragm5t>y & unc]ta94 ,to express our ?\ghts fully1 freely1 & accurately1 we mu/ use words1--t is1 signs made ) ! voice4 ,su* voice-signs h _h mean+s associat$ ) !m by cu/om or tradition1 s t _! s5se is at once und]/ood by all4 ,_! advantage is tw(old3 !y are f> m num]\s & v>i$ ?an o!r signs2 & ! mean+s atta*$ to !m are mu* m def9ite ?an ^? ( nods & ge/ures4 ,writt5 words are signs made ) ! p5 to repres5t & recall to ! m9d ! spok5 words 7or voice-signs74 ,writt5 language 7t is1 composition7 mu/1 ( necessity1 be some:at full] ?an spok5 language1 z well z m =mal & exact4 ,= ! read]'s und]/&+ is n assi/$ by ! tones ( ! voice1 ! *ang+ expressions ( ! face1 & ! lively ge/ures1 :i* help to make spok5 language intelligible4 ,mo/ words are ! signs ( def9ite ideas4 ,?us1 ,*>les1 capta91 cat1 m\se1 bread1 /one1 cup1 ink1 call up images or pictures ( p]sons or ?+s2 /rike1 dive1 climb1 dism\nt1 express p>ticul> k9ds ( action2 gre51 blue1 c>eless1 rocky1 triangul>1 muscul>1 enable u to describe objects ) accuracy4 ,ev5 g5]al t]ms l goodness1 tru?1 c\rage1 c[>dice1 g5]osity1 h suffici5tly precise mean+s1 = !y "n qualities1 or traits ( "*1 ) :i* ev]ybody is famili>4 ,by ! use ( su* words1 ev5 :5 n comb9$ 9 gr\ps1 we c express our ?\ghts mu* m satisfactorily ?an by m]e ge/ures4 ,! utt]ance ( ! s+le ^w 8,*>les60 may signify3 8,hullo1 ,*>les6 are y "h8 ,i am surpris$ to see y40 8,bread60 may sugge/ to ! he>]3 8,give me bread6 ,i am v hungry40 8,c\rage60 may be almo/ equival5t to1 8,don't be d[n-he>t$6 ,y\r tr\bles w soon be ov]40 ,language1 h[ev]1 is n conf9$ to ! utt]ance ( s+le words4 ,to express our ?\ghts we mu/ put words toge!r1--we mu/ comb9e !m into gr\ps2 & su* gr\ps h settl$ mean+s 7j z words h71 e/abli%$ 7l ! mean+s ( s+le words7 by ! cu/oms or habits ( ! p>ticul> language t we are speak+ or writ+4 ,fur!r1 ^! gr\ps are n ?r[n toge!r haphaz>d4 ,we mu/ con/ruct !m 9 accordance ) c]ta9 fix$ rules4 ,o!rwise we %all fail to express ourselves cle>ly & acceptably1 & we may ev5 succe$ 9 say+ ! opposite ( :at we mean4 ,9 con/ruct+ ^! gr\ps 7:i* we call phrases1 clauses1 & s5t5ces7 we h ! aid ( a l>ge numb] ( %ort words l &1 if1 by1 to1 91 is1 01 :i* are v diff]5t f ! def9ite & picturesque words t we h j exam9$4 ,!y d n call up di/9ct images 9 ! m9d1 & we %\ld f9d x h>d to def9e any ( !m4 ,yet _! importance 9 ! expression ( ?\ght is cle>2 = !y s]ve to jo9 o!r words toge!r1 & to %[ _! relation to ea* o!r 9 ^? gr\ps :i* make up connect$ spee*4 ,?us1 8box heavy0 conveys "s mean+2 b 8,! box is heavy0 is a cle> & def9ite /atem5t4 ,! %[s t "s p>ticul> box is meant1 & is enables u to make an ass]tion ab\t x4 ,&1 9 8,*>les & ,john are my bro!rs10 indicates t ,*>les & ,john are closely connect$ 9 my ?\ght1 & t :at ,i say ( "o applies also to ! o!r4 ,if1 9 8,if ,*>les comes1 ,i %all be glad to see him10 connects two /atem5ts1 & %[s t "o ( !m is a m]e supposition 7= ,*>les may or may n come74 ,9 gr\p+ words1 our language has ?ree diff]5t ways ( indicat+ _! relations3 7#a7 ! =ms ( ! words !mselves2 7#b7 _! ord]2 7#c7 ! use ( little words l &1 if1 is1 etc4 ,i4 ,*ange ( =m4 ,words may *ange _! =m4 ,?us ! ^w boy becomes boys :5 m ?an "o is meant2 kill becomes kill$ :5 pa/ "t is ref]r$ to2 0 becomes 7 :5 we are speak+ ( two or m p]sons or ?+s2 fa/ becomes fa/] :5 a high] degree ( spe$ is indicat$4 ,su* *ange ( =m is call$ inflection1 & ! ^w is said to be inflect$4 ,inflection is an important means ( %[+ ! relations ( words 9 connect$ spee*4 ,9 8,h5ry's racket weighs f\rte5 ounces10 ! =m ,h5ry's %[s at once ! relation betwe5 ,h5ry & ! racket1--namely1 t ,h5ry owns or possesses x4 ,! ^w ,h5ry1 !n1 may *ange its =m to ,h5ry's to indicate own]%ip or possession4 ,,ii4 ,ord] ( words4 ,9 8,john /ruck ,*>les10 ! way 9 :i* ! words are arrang$ %[s :o x 0 t /ruck1 & :o receiv$ ! bl[4 ,*ange ! ord] ( words to 8,*>les /ruck ,john10 & ! mean+ is rev]s$4 ,x is1 !n1 ! ord] t %[s ! relation ( ,john to /ruck1 & ( /ruck to ,*>les4 ,,iii4 ,use ( o!r words4 ,comp>e ! two s5t5ces3 ,! tra9 f ,bo/on has j arriv$4 ,! tra9 = ,bo/on has j arriv$4 ,"h f & = %[ ! relation betwe5 ! tra9 & ,bo/on4 8,! ,bo/on tra90 might mean ei!r ! tra9 f ,bo/on or ! tra9 = ,bo/on4 ,by us+ f or = we make ! s5se unmi/akable4 ,two matt]s1 !n1 are ( vital importance 9 language1--! =ms ( words1 & ! relations ( words4 ,! sci5ce :i* treats ( ^! two matt]s is call$ gramm>4 ,inflection is a *ange 9 ! =m ( a ^w indicat+ "s *ange 9 its mean+4 ,! relation 9 :i* a ^w /&s to o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce is call$ its con/ruction4 ,gramm> is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! =ms & ! con/ructions ( words4 ,syntax is t dep>tm5t ( gramm> :i* treats ( ! con/ructions ( words4 ,gramm>1 !n1 may be said to conc]n itself ) two ma9 subjects1--inflection & syntax4 ,engli% belongs to a family ( languages--! ,indo-,european ,family#a--:i* is ri* 9 =ms ( inflection4 ,?is ri*ness may be se5 9 o!r memb]s ( ! family1--su* z ,greek or ,lat94 ,! ,lat9 ^w homo1 8man10 = example1 has eight diff]5t inflectional =ms1--homo1 8a man02 hom9is1 8( a man02 hom9i1 8to a man10 & s on4 ,?us1 9 ,lat91 ! grammatical con/ruction ( a ^w is1 9 g5]al1 %[n by t p>ticul> inflectional end+ 7or t]m9ation7 :i* x has 9 any p>ticul> s5t5ce4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon p]iod1#b ,engli% 0 likewise well furni%$ ) su* inflectional end+s1 ?\gh n s abundantly z ,lat94 ,_m ( ^!1 h[ev]1 _h disappe>$ by ,*auc]'s "t 7#acdj-adjj71 & /ill o!rs h s9ce be5 lo/1 s t mod]n ,engli% is "o ( ! lea/ inflect$ ( languages4 ,su* losses are n to be lam5t$4 ,by due att5tion to ! ord] ( words1 & by us+ (1 to1 =1 f1 91 & ! l1 we c express all ! relations d5ot$ by ! anci5t inflections4 ,! ga9 9 simplicity is enorm\s4 ,,ii4 ,,gramm> ,,& ,,usage ,s9ce language is ! expression ( ?\ght1 ! rules ( gramm> agree1 9 ! ma91 ) ! laws ( ?\ght4 ,9 o!r words1 gramm> is usually logical1--t is1 its rules accord1 9 g5]al1 ) ! pr9ciples ( logic1 :i* is ! sci5ce ( exact reason+4 ,! rules ( gramm>1 h[ev]1 d n d]ive _! au?ority f logic1 b f good usage1--t is1 f ! cu/oms or habits foll[$ by educat$ speak]s & writ]s4 ,^! cu/oms1 ( c\rse1 diff] among diff]5t nations1 & e language has !re=e its own /ock ( peculi> con/ructions or turns ( expression4 ,su* peculi>ities are call$ idioms4 ,?us1 9 ,engli% we say1 8,x is ,i02 b 9 ,fr5* ! idiom is 8,c'e/ moi10 :i* corresponds to 8,x is me40 ,_m c>eless speak]s ( ,engli% foll[ ! ,fr5* idiom 9 ?is p>ticul>1 b _! practice has n yet come to be ! accept$ usage4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh 8,c'e/ moi0 is correct 9 ,fr5*1 we mu/ /ill reg>d 8,x is me0 z ungrammatical 9 ,engli%4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 become correct if x %\ld ev] be adopt$ by ! great majority ( educat$ p]sons4 ,gramm> does n enact laws = ! conduct ( spee*4 ,its bus9ess is to asc]ta9 & set =? ^? cu/oms ( language :i* h ! sanction ( good usage4 ,if good usage *anges1 ! rules ( gramm> mu/ *ange4 ,if two =ms or con/ructions are 9 good use1 ! gramm>ian mu/ admit !m bo?4 ,occasionally1 also1 !re is room = diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,^! facts1 h[ev]1 d n less5 ! au?ority ( gramm> 9 ! case ( any cultivat$ language4 ,= 9 su* a language usage is s well settl$ 9 almo/ e p>ticul> z to enable ! gramm>ian to say positively :at is "r & :at is wrong4 ,ev5 9 matt]s ( divid$ usage1 x is seldom difficult to det]m9e :i* ( two =ms or con/ructions is pref]r$ by c>eful writ]s4 ,e language has two /&>ds ( usage1--! colloquial & ! lit]>y4 ,by 8colloquial language10 we mean ! language ( conv]sation2 by 8lit]>y language10 t employ$ 9 lit]>y composition4 ,ev]yday colloquial ,engli% admits _m words1 =ms1 phrases1 & con/ructions t w\ld be out ( place 9 a dignifi$ essay4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is an error 9 ta/e to be always 8talk+ l a book40 ,unpractis$ speak]s & writ]s %\ld1 h[ev]1 be cons]vative4 ,!y %\ld avoid1 ev5 9 in=mal talk1 any ^w or expression t is ( d\btful propriety4 ,only ^? :o "k :at !y are ab\t1 c v5ture to take lib]ties4 ,x is q possible to be correct )\t be+ /ilt$ or affect$4#c ,e liv+ language is con/antly *ang+4 ,words1 =ms1 & con/ructions become obsolete 7t is1 g out ( use7 & o!rs take _! places4 ,consequ5tly1 "o (t5 notes 9 ! old] ,engli% classics1 me?ods ( expression :i*1 ?\gh =m]ly correct1 are ungrammatical n[4 ,"h a tw(old caution is necess>y4 ,on ! "o h&1 we mu/ n criticise ,%aksp]e or ,*auc] = us+ ! ,engli% ( 8 own "t2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n try to def5d our own errors by appeal+ to anci5t usage4 ,examples ( con/ructions once 9 good use1 b no long] admissible1 are3 8! be/ ( ! two0 7= 8! bett] ( ! two072 8! mo/ unk9de/ cut ( all02 8,!re's two or ?ree ( u0 7= !re are72 8,i h =got ! map0 7= =gott572 8,e "o ( ^! lett]s are 9 my "n0 7= is72 8,i ?9k x be0 7= is74 ,! language ( poetry admits _m old words1 =ms1 & con/ructions t are no long] us$ 9 ord9>y prose4 ,^! are call$ ar*aisms 7t is1 anci5t expressions74 ,among ! commone/ ar*aisms are ?\1 ye1 ha?1 ?9ke/1 do?4 ,su* =ms are also common 9 prose1 9 :at is kn[n z ! solemn /yle1 :i* is modell$1 9 great "p1 on ! language ( ! ,bible4#d ,9 g5]al1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! /yle :i* "o uses %\ld be appropriate1--t is1 x %\ld fit ! occasion4 ,a %ort /ory & a sci5tific exposition w diff] 9 /yle2 a famili> lett] w naturally %un ! =malities ( bus9ess or legal correspond5ce4 ,good /yle is n a necess>y result ( grammatical correctness1 b )\t su* correctness x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples #a4 ,language is ! expression ( ?\ght by means ( spok5 or writt5 words4 #b4 ,words are ! signs ( ideas4 ,spok5 words are signs made ) ! vocal organs2 writt5 words are signs made ) ! p5 to repres5t ! spok5 words4 ,! mean+s ( ^! signs are settl$ by cu/om or tradition 9 ea* language4 #c4 ,mo/ words are ! signs ( def9ite ideas3 z1--,*>les1 capta91 cat1 /rike1 dive1 climb1 triangul>1 c>eless4 ,o!r words1 ( less def9ite mean+1 s]ve to connect ! m def9ite words & to %[ _! relations to ea* o!r 9 connect$ spee*4 #d4 ,9 ! expression ( ?\ght1 words are comb9$ into gr\ps call$ phrases1 clauses1 & s5t5ces4 #e4 ,! relation 9 :i* a ^w /&s to o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce is call$ its con/ruction4 ,! con/ruction ( ,engli% words is %[n 9 ?ree ways3 7#a7 by _! =m2 7#b7 by _! ord]2 7#c7 by ! use ( o!r words l to1 f1 is1 etc4 #f4 ,inflection is a *ange 9 ! =m ( a ^w indicat+ "s *ange 9 its mean+3 z1--boy1 boy's2 man1 m52 dr9k1 drank4 #g4 ,gramm> is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! =ms & ! con/ructions ( words4 ,syntax is t dep>tm5t ( gramm> :i* treats ( ! con/ructions ( words4 #h4 ,! rules ( gramm> d]ive _! au?ority f good usage1--t is1 f ! cu/oms or habits foll[$ by educat$ speak]s & writ]s4 ,,engli% ,,gramm> ,,"p ,,"o ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,,9 ,,! ,,s5t5ce ,summ>y4 ,! ,s5t5ce3 ,subject & ,pr$icate2 ,k9ds ( ,s5t5ces4--,use ( words 9 ! ,s5t5ce3 ! ,eight ,p>ts ( ,spee*2 ,inf9itives & ,p>ticiples4--,comp>ative ,importance ( ! ,p>ts ( ,spee* 9 ! ,s5t5ce3 ! ,subject ,n\n 7or ,simple ,subject72 ! ,pr$icate ,v]b 7or ,simple ,pr$icate72 ,comp\nd ,subject & ,pr$icate4--,sub/itutes = ! ,p>ts ( ,spee*3 ,phrases2 ,clauses2 ,comp\nd & ,complex ,s5t5ces4 ,,! ,,s5t5ce #a4 ,a s5t5ce is a gr\p ( words :i* expresses a complete ?\ght4 ,fire burns4 ,wolves h[l4 ,ra9 is fall+4 ,*>les is c\rage\s4 ,pati5t ef=t removes m\nta9s4 ,london is ! l>ge/ city 9 ! _w4 ,a man :o respects himself %\ld nev] condesc5d to use slov5ly language4 ,"s ( ^! s5t5ces are %ort1 express+ a v simple ?\ght2 o!rs are comp>atively long1 because ! ?\ght is m complicat$ & !re=e requires m words = its expression4 ,b e "o ( !m1 :e!r %ort or long1 is complete 9 itself4 ,x comes to a def9ite end1 & is foll[$ by a full pause4 #b4 ,e s5t5ce1 :e!r %ort or long1 consi/s ( two p>ts1--a subject & a pr$icate4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce designates ! p]son1 place1 or ?+ t is spok5 (2 ! pr$icate is t :i* is said ( ! subject4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ example 9 #a1 ! subject is fire & ! pr$icate is burns4 ,9 ! ?ird1 ! subject is ra92 ! pr$icate1 is fall+4 ,9 ! la/1 ! subject is a man :o respects himself2 ! pr$icate1 %\ld nev] condesc5d to use slov5ly language4 ,ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate may consi/ ( a s+le ^w or ( a numb] ( words4 ,b nei!r ! subject by itself nor ! pr$icate by itself1 h[ev] ext5d$1 is a s5t5ce4 ,! m]e m5tion ( a ?+ 7fire7 does n express a complete ?\ght4 ,nei!r does a m]e ass]tion 7burns71 if we neglect to m5tion ! p]son or ?+ ab\t :i* ! ass]tion is made4 ,?us x appe>s t bo? a subject & a pr$icate are necess>y to make a s5t5ce4 #c4 ,s5t5ces may be decl>ative1 int]rogative1 imp]ative1 or exclamatory4 #a4 ,a decl>ative s5t5ce decl>es or ass]ts some?+ z a fact4 ,dick5s wrote 8,david ,copp]field40 ,! army approa*$ ! city4 #b4 ,an int]rogative s5t5ce asks a "q4 ,:o is t (fic]8 ,does ,ar?ur ,moore live "h8 #c4 ,an imp]ative s5t5ce expresses a comm& or a reque/4 ,op5 ! w9d[4 ,pron\nce ! v[els m di/9ctly4 #d4 ,an exclamatory s5t5ce expresses surprise1 grief1 or "s o!r emotion 9 ! =m ( an exclamation or cry4 ,h[ calm ! sea is6 ,:at a noise ! eng9e makes6 ,a decl>ative1 an int]rogative1 or an imp]ative s5t5ce is also exclamatory1 if x is utt]$ 9 an int5se or excit$ tone ( voice4 #d4 ,9 imp]ative s5t5ces1 ! subject 7?\ or y7 is almo/ always omitt$1 because x is und]/ood by bo? speak] & he>] )\t be+ express$4 ,su* omitt$ words1 :i* are pres5t 79 idea7 to ! m9ds ( bo? speak] & he>]1 are said to be 8und]/ood40 ,?us1 9 8,op5 ! w9d[10 ! subject is 8y 7und]/ood740 ,if express$1 ! subject w\ld be emphatic3 z1--8,y op5 ! w9d[40 #e4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce commonly prec$es ! pr$icate1 b sometimes ! pr$icate prec$es4 ,"h comes ,tom4 ,next came ,edw>d4 ,ov] w5t ! c>riage4 ,a s5t5ce 9 :i* ! pr$icate prec$es ! subject is said to be 9 ! inv]t$ ord]4 ,?is ord] is especially common 9 int]rogative s5t5ces4 ,:]e is y\r boat8 ,:5 0 y\r la/ bir?day8 ,:i!r w&] y8--,,%aksp]e4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* #f4 ,if we exam9e ! words 9 any s5t5ce1 we obs]ve t !y h diff]5t tasks or duties to p]=m 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,savage bea/s roam$ ?r\gh ! =e/4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 bea/s & =e/ are ! names ( objects2 roam$ ass]ts action1 tell+ u :at ! bea/s did2 savage describes ! bea/s2 ?r\gh %[s ! relation 9 ?\ght betwe5 =e/ & roam$2 ! limits ! mean+ ( =e/1 %[+ t "o p>ticul> =e/ is meant4 ,?us ea* ( ^! words has its special (fice 7or function7 9 ! s5t5ce4 #g4 ,9 accordance ) _! use 9 ! s5t5ce1 words are divid$ into eight classes call$ p>ts ( spee*1--namely1 n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs1 adv]bs1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 & int]jections4 ,i4 ,,n\ns #h4 ,a n\n is ! "n ( a p]son1 place1 or ?+4 ,,examples3 ,l9coln1 ,william1 ,elizabe?1 si/]1 eng9e]1 ,*icago1 isl&1 %elf1 />1 w9d[1 happ9ess1 ang]1 sidewalk1 c\rage1 loss1 song4 ,,ii4 ,,pron\ns #i4 ,a pron\n is a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n4 ,x designates a p]son1 place1 or ?+ )\t nam+ x4 ,9 8,i am ready10 ! pron\n ,i is a conv5i5t sub/itute = ! speak]'s "n4 ,9 8,y h =gott5 y\r umbrella10 ! pron\ns y & y\r designate ! p]son to :om "o is speak+4 ,o!r pron\ns are3 he1 81 him2 %e1 h]s1 h]2 x1 its2 ?is1 t2 :o1 ^:1 :om1 :i*2 myself1 y\rself1 himself1 !mselves4 ,s9ce pron\ns /& = n\ns1 !y enable u to talk ab\t a p]son1 place1 or ?+ )\t con/antly repeat+ ! "n4 #aj4 ,n\ns & pron\ns are call$ sub/antives4 ,n\ns & pron\ns are v simil> 9 _! use4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is m]ely t ! n\n designates a p]son1 place1 or ?+ by nam+ x1 & t ! pron\n designates1 b does n "n4 ,h5ce x is conv5i5t to h a g5]al t]m 7sub/antive7 to include bo? ^! p>ts ( spee*4 #aa4 ,! sub/antive to :i* a pron\n ref]s is call$ its antec$5t4 ,frank introduc$ ! boys to 8 fa!r4 ,frank is ! antec$5t ( ! pron\n 84 ,eleanor is visit+ h] aunt4 ,! book has lo/ its cov]4 ,! trapp]s sat r\nd _! camp fire4 ,wa%+ton & ,frankl9 s]v$ _! c\ntry 9 diff]5t ways4 ,_! has two antec$5ts1 connect$ by &4 ,,iii4 ,,adjectives #ab4 ,an adjective is a ^w :i* describes or limits a sub/antive4#e ,?is x usually does by indicat+ "s quality4 ,an adjective is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits4 #ac4 ,an adjective limits a sub/antive by re/rict+ ! range ( its mean+4 ,! n\n box1 = example1 includes a great v>iety ( objects4 ,if we say wood5 box1 we exclude boxes ( metal1 ( pap]1 etc4 ,if we use a second adjective 7small7 & a ?ird 7squ>e71 we limit ! size & ! %ape ( ! box4 ,mo/ adjectives 7l wood51 squ>e1 & small7 describe z well z limit4 ,su* words are call$ descriptive adjectives4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 limit ! n\n box to a s+le specim5 by means ( ! adjective ?is or t or !1 :i* does n describe1 b simply po9ts out1 or designates4 ,su* words are call$ def9itive adjectives4#f ,,iv4 ,,v]bs #ad4 ,a v]b is a ^w :i* c ass]t some?+ 7usually an action7 conc]n+ a p]son1 place1 or ?+4#g ,! w9d bl[s4 ,! horses ran4 ,! fire blaz$4 ,h] jewels sp>kl$4 ,tom climb$ a tree4 ,! dynamite explod$4 ,"s v]bs express /ate or condition r ?an action4 ,! treaty /ill exi/s4 ,! book lies on ! table4 ,ne> ! *ur* /ood an elm4 ,my aunt suff]s mu* f heada*e4 #ae4 ,a gr\p ( words may be ne$$1 in/ead ( a s+le v]b1 to make an ass]tion4 ,a gr\p ( words t is us$ z a v]b is call$ a v]b-phrase4 ,y w see4 ,! tree has fall54 ,we might h invit$ h]4 ,our driv] has be5 dis*>g$4 #af4 ,c]ta9 v]bs1 :5 us$ to make v]b-phrases1 are call$ auxili>y 7t is1 8aid+07 v]bs1 because !y help o!r v]bs to express action or /ate ( "s p>ticul> k9d4 ,?us1 9 8,y w see10 ! auxili>y v]b w helps see to express future action2 9 8,we might h invit$ h]10 ! auxili>ies might & h help invit$ to express action t 0 possible 9 pa/ "t4 ,! auxili>y v]bs are is 7are1 01 71 etc471 may1 c1 mu/1 might1 %all1 w1 c\ld1 w\ld1 %\ld1 h1 _h1 d1 did4 ,_! =ms & uses w be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! inflection ( v]bs4 ,! auxili>y v]b regul>ly comes fir/ 9 a v]b-phrase1 & may be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( x by "s o!r ^w or words4 ,:]e 0 ,wa%+ton born8 ,! boat 0 sl[ly b /eadily approa*+4 #ag4 ,is 79 its v>i\s =ms7 & sev]al o!r v]bs may be us$ to frame s5t5ces 9 :i* "s ^w or words 9 ! pr$icate describe or def9e ! subject4 #a4 ,gold is a metal4 #b4 ,*>les is my fri5d's "n4 #c4 ,! colors ( ?is butt]fly are brilliant4 #d4 ,iron becomes r$ 9 ! fire4 #e4 ,our condition seem$ desp]ate4 #f4 ,b]tram prov$ a good fri5d 9 ?is em]g5cy4 #g4 ,my s\l gr[s sad ) tr\bles4--,,%aksp]e4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! v]b is n only makes an ass]tion1 b x also connects ! re/ ( ! pr$icate 7a metal7 ) ! subject 7gold7 9 su* a way t a metal s]ves z a description or def9ition ( gold4 ,9 s5t5ces #d-g1 becomes1 seem$1 prov$1 & gr[s are simil>ly us$4 ,9 su* s5t5ces is & o!r v]bs t are us$ = ! same purpose are call$ copulative 7t is1 8jo9+07 v]bs4 ,is 9 ?is use is (t5 call$ ! copula1 t is1 ! 8jo9]0 or 8l9k40 ,! =ms ( ! v]b is are v irregul>4 ,among ! commone/ are3 am1 is1 are1 01 71 & ! v]b-phrases has be51 h be51 _h be51 %all be1 w be4#h ,v4 ,,adv]bs #ah4 ,an adv]b is a ^w :i* modifies a v]b1 an adjective1 or ano!r adv]b4 ,to modify a ^w is to *ange or affect its mean+ 9 "s way4 ,?us 9 8,! riv] fell rapidly10 ! adv]b rapidly modifies ! v]b fell by %[+ h[ ! fall+ took place4 ,9 8,i am nev] late10 8,?is is absolutely true10 8,t is too bad10 ! italiciz$ words are adv]bs modify+ adjectives2 9 8,he came v (t510 8,he spoke almo/ hopefully10 8,! riv] fell too rapidly10 !y are adv]bs modify+ o!r adv]bs4 ,mo/ adv]bs answ] ! "q 8,h[80 8,:580 8,:]e80 or 8,to :at degree or ext5t80 #ai4 ,obs]ve t adv]bs modify v]bs 9 mu* ! same way 9 :i* adjectives modify n\ns4 ,,adjectives ,,adv]bs ,a bright fire burn$4 ,! fire burn$ brightly4 ,a fi]ce w9d blew4 ,! w9d blew fi]cely4 ,a ^w or gr\p ( words t *anges or modifies ! mean+ ( ano!r ^w is call$ a modifi]4 ,adjectives & adv]bs1 !n1 are bo? modifi]s4 ,adjectives modify sub/antives2 adv]bs modify v]bs1 adjectives1 or o!r adv]bs4 ,,vi4 ,,prepositions #bj4 ,a preposition is a ^w plac$ be=e a sub/antive to %[ its relation to "s o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! sub/antive :i* foll[s a preposition is call$ its object4 ,a preposition is said to gov]n its object4 ,9 8,! surface ( ! wat] gli/5$10 ( makes x cle> t surface belongs ) wat]4 ,9 8,philip is on ! riv]10 on %[s ,philip's position ) respect to ! riv]4 ,91 or ne>1 or beyond w\ld h indicat$ a diff]5t relation4 ,wat] is ! object ( ! preposition (1 & riv] is ! object ( ! preposition on4 #ba4 ,a preposition (t5 has m ?an "o object4 ,ov] hill & dale he ran4 ,he 0 fill$ ) %ame & despair4 ,,vii4 ,,conjunctions #bb4 ,a conjunction connects words or gr\ps ( words4 ,a conjunction diff]s f a preposition 9 hav+ no object1 & 9 indicat+ a less def9ite relation betwe5 ! words :i* x connects4 ,9 8,"t & tide wait = no man10 8,! p>cel 0 small b heavy10 8,he wore a k9d ( d\blet or jacket10 ! conjunctions &1 b1 or1 connect s+le words1--"t ) tide1 small ) heavy1 d\blet ) jacket4 ,9 8,d n g if y are afraid10 8,i came because y s5t = me10 8,take my key1 b d n lose x10 8,sweep ! floor & du/ ! furniture10 ea* conjunction connects ! entire gr\p ( words prec$+ x ) ! entire gr\p foll[+ x4 ,,viii4 ,,int]jections #bc4 ,an int]jection is a cry or o!r exclamatory s\nd express+ surprise1 ang]1 pleasure1 or "s o!r emotion or feel+4 ,int]jections usually h no grammatical connection ) ! gr\ps ( words 9 :i* !y /&2 h5ce _! "n1 :i* means 8?r[n 940 ,,examples3 ,oh6 ,i =got4 ,ah1 h[ ,i miss y6 ,bravo6 ,alas6 ,,! ,,same ,,^w ,,z ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* #bd4 ,! mean+ ( a ^w 9 ! s5t5ce det]m9es to :at "p ( spee* x belongs4 ,! same ^w may be sometimes "o "p ( spee*1 sometimes ano!r4 ,words ( entirely sep>ate orig91 mean+1 & use sometimes look & s\nd alike3 z 9 8,! m9/rel sang a pla9tive lay10 & 8,he lay on ! gr\nd40 ,b ! foll[+ examples 7 #be7 %[ t ! same ^w may h m ?an "o k9d ( grammatical (fice 7or function74 ,x is ! mean+ :i* we give to a ^w 9 ! s5t5ce t det]m9es its classification z a "p ( spee*4 #be4 ,! *ief classes ( words ?us v>i\sly us$ are 7#a7 n\ns & adjectives1 7#b7 n\ns & v]bs1 7#c7 adjectives & adv]bs1 7#d7 adjectives & pron\ns1 7#e7 adv]bs & prepositions4 ,i4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,adjectives ,,n\ns ,,adjectives ,rubb] comes f ,s\? ,?is :eel has a rubb] tire4 ,am]ica4 ,t brick is yell[4 ,"h is a brick h\se4 ,! ri* h a grave ,a ri* m]*ant lives "h4 responsibility4 ,! fir/ two examples %[ h[ words t are commonly n\ns may be us$ z adjectives2 ! ?ird %[s h[ words t are commonly adjectives may be us$ z n\ns4 ,,ii4 ,,n\ns ,,& ,,v]bs ,,n\ns ,,v]bs ,he> ! wa% ( ! tide4 ,wa% ^? w9d[s4 ,give me a /amp4 ,/amp ?is envelope4 ,x is ! call ( ! sea4 ,ye call me *ief4 ,o!r examples are3 act1 address1 ally1 answ]1 boa/1 c>e1 cause1 close1 defeat1 d\bt1 drop1 heap1 hope1 m>k1 (f]1 pile1 place1 re/1 rule1 sail1 %ape1 sleep1 spur1 te/1 wat*1 w\nd4 ,,iii4 ,,adjectives ,,& ,,adv]bs ,,adjectives ,,adv]bs ,t is a fa/ boat4 ,! sn[ is melt+ fa/4 ,draw a /raight l9e4 ,! arr[ flew /raight4 ,e>ly com]s get good seats4 ,tom awoke e>ly4 ,= an explanation ( ! =m ( ^! adv]bs1 see #aia4 ,,iv4 ,,adjectives ,,& ,,pron\ns ,,adjectives ,,pron\ns ,?is man looks unhappy4 ,?is is ! s]geant4 ,t book is a diction>y4 ,t is a kang>oo4 ,ea* day br+s its opportunity4 ,i receiv$ a doll> f ea*4 ,= fur!r /udy ( ?is class ( words1 see pp4 #fb-fe4 ,v4 ,,adv]bs ,,& ,,prepositions ,,adv]bs ,,prepositions ,jill came tumbl+ aft]4 ,he return$ aft] ! accid5t4 ,we w5t bel[4 ,bel[ u lay ! valley4 ,! we$s sprang up4 ,we walk$ up ! hill4 ,o!r examples are3 abo>d1 be=e1 beyond1 d[n1 inside1 und]nea?4 ,miscellane\s examples ( v>iation are ! foll[+3-- ,,n\n4 ,! calm la/$ = ?ree days4 ,,adjective4 ,calm words %[ quiet m9ds4 ,,v]b4 ,calm y\r angry fri5d4 ,o!r examples are3 iron1 /one1 pap]1 sug>1 salt1 b>k1 quiet1 black1 light1 head1 wet1 r\nd1 squ>e1 w9t]1 spr+4 ,,n\n4 ,wrong seldom prosp]s4 ,,adjective4 ,y h tak5 ! wrong road4 ,,adv]b4 ,edw>d (t5 spells words wrong4 ,,v]b4 ,y wrong me by y\r suspicions4 ,,n\n4 ,! outside ( ! ca/le is gloomy4 ,,adjective4 ,we h an outside /at]oom4 ,,adv]b4 ,! mess5g] is wait+ outside4 ,,preposition4 ,i %all ride outside ! coa*4 ,,adjective4 ,t boat is a sloop4 ,,pron\n4 ,t is my uncle4 ,,conjunction4 ,y said t y w\ld help me4 ,,adjective4 ,nei!r road leads to ,utica4 ,,pron\n4 ,nei!r ( u arriv$ 9 "t4 ,,conjunction4 ,nei!r ,tom nor ,i 0 late4 ,,preposition4 ,i am wait+ = ! tra94 ,,conjunction4 ,y h pl5ty ( "t1 = ! tra9 is late4 ,,int]jection4 ,hurrah6 ! battle is won4 ,,n\n4 ,i he>d a l\d hurrah4 ,,v]b4 ,! enemy flees4 ,our m5 hurrah4 ,,inf9itives ,,& ,,p>ticiples #bf4 ,two classes ( v]b-=ms illu/rate 9 a /rik+ way ! fact t ! same ^w may belong to diff]5t p>ts ( spee*2 = !y really belong to two diff]5t p>ts ( spee* at "o & ! same "t4 ,^! are ! inf9itive 7:i* is bo? v]b & n\n7 & ! p>ticiple 7:i* is bo? v]b & adjective74 #bg4 ,examples ( ! inf9itive may be se5 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,to /ruggle 0 useless4 ,to escape is impossible4 ,to ex]cise regul>ly pres]ves ! heal?4 ,to /ruggle is cle>ly a n\n1 = 7#a7 x is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce1 & 7#b7 ! n\n ef=t or ex]tion might be put 9 ! place ( to /ruggle4 ,simil>ly1 ! n\n escape might be sub/itut$ = to escape2 &1 9 ! ?ird s5t5ce1 regul> ex]cise 7a n\n modifi$ by an adjective7 might be sub/itut$ = to ex]cise regul>ly4 ,b ^! ?ree =ms 7to /ruggle1 to escape1 & to ex]cise7 are also v]bs1 = !y express action1 & "o ( !m 7to ex]cise7 is modifi$ by an adv]b 7regul>ly74 ,su* =ms1 !re=e1 are n\n-=ms ( ! v]b4 ,!y are class$ ) v]bs1 & are call$ inf9itives4 #bh4 ,! inf9itive is a v]b-=m :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( a n\n4 ,x is commonly prec$$ by ! preposition to1 :i* is call$ ! sign ( ! inf9itive4 #bi4 ,! inf9itive )\t to is us$ 9 a great v>iety ( v]b-phrases4 ,i %all g4 ,john w w94 ,m>y may recite4 ,jack c swim4 ,su* phrases w be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! inflection ( v]bs4 ,,note4 ,t g1 w91 recite1 & swim are inf9itives may be se5 by comp>+ ! foll[+ s5t5ces3--8,i int5d to g10 8,john is sure to w910 8,m>y is p]mitt$ to recite10 8,jack is able to swim40 #cj4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ce conta9s two p>ticiples3-- ,%att]$ & sl[ly s9k+1 ! frigate drift$ out to sea4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce1 we recognize %att]$ z a =m ( ! v]b %att]1 & s9k+ z a =m ( ! v]b s9k4 ,!y bo? express action1 & s9k+ is modifi$ by ! adv]b sl[ly4 ,b %att]$ & s9k+ h also ! nature ( adjectives1 = !y are us$ to describe ! n\n frigate4 ,su* words1 !n1 are adjective =ms ( ! v]b4 ,!y are class$ z v]bs1 & are call$ p>ticiples1 because !y %>e 7or p>ticipate 97 ! nature ( adjectives4 #ca4 ,! p>ticiple is a v]b-=m :i* has no subject1 b :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( an adjective & expresses action or /ate 9 su* a way z to describe or limit a sub/antive4 ,a p>ticiple is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits4 #cb4 ,! *ief classes ( p>ticiples are pres5t p>ticiples & pa/ p>ticiples1 s call$ f ! "t :i* !y d5ote4 ,all pres5t p>ticiples end 9 +4 ,pa/ p>ticiples h sev]al diff]5t end+s1 :i* w be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! inflection ( v]bs 7 #ccd74 #cc4 ,p>ticiples are us$ 9 a v>iety ( v]b-phrases4 ,tom is com+4 ,our boat 0 wreck$4 ,i h s5t ! money4 ,he has br\ght me a lett]4 ,y\r book is f\nd4 ,!y h sold _! horses4 ,y h brok5 y\r wat*4 ,! %ip _h /ruck on ! reef4 ,su* phrases w be /udi$ 9 connection ) ! inflection ( v]bs4 ,,note4 ,! d\ble nature ( ! inf9itive 7z bo? v]b & n\n7 & ! p>ticiple 7z bo? v]b & adjective7 almo/ ju/ifies "o 9 classify+ ea* z a di/9ct "p ( spee* 7s z to make t5 p>ts ( spee* in/ead ( eight74 ,b x is m conv5i5t to include !m "u ! head ( v]bs1 9 accordance ) ! usual practice4 ,,simple ,,& ,,complete ,,subject ,,& ,,pr$icate #cd4 ,our survey ( ! eight p>ts ( spee* has %[n1 7#a7 t ^! h v diff]5t (fices or functions 9 ! s5t5ce1 & 7#b7 t _! functions are n ( equal importance4 ,cle>ly1 ! mo/ important p>ts ( spee* are sub/antives 7n\ns & pron\ns7 & v]bs4 ,sub/antives enable u to "n or designate p]sons1 places1 or ?+s1 & v]bs enable u to make /atem5ts ab\t !m4 ,bo? sub/antives & v]bs1 !n1 are absolutely necess>y 9 fram+ s5t5ces4 ,)\t a sub/antive1 !re c be no subject2 )\t a v]b1 !re c be no pr$icate3 & bo? a subject & a pr$icate1 z we h se51 are ne$$ to make a s5t5ce4 ,adjectives & adv]bs are less important ?an sub/antives & v]bs4 ,_! function is to modify o!r p>ts ( spee*1 t is1 to *ange _! mean+ 9 "s way4 ,?us adjectives modify sub/antives 7by describ+ or limit+71 & adv]bs usually modify v]bs 7by indicat+ h[1 :51 or :]e ! action took place74 ,)\t sub/antives1 !re w\ld be no use = adjectives2 )\t v]bs1 !re w\ld be little use = adv]bs4 ,prepositions & conjunctions are also less important ?an sub/antives & v]bs4 ,_! (fice is to connect & to %[ relation4 ,( c\rse1 !re w\ld be no place = connectives if !re 7 no?+ to connect4 ,int]jections are ! lea/ important ( all4 ,!y add livel9ess to language1 b !y are n actual necessities4 ,we c\ld express all ! ?\ghts t ent] our m9ds )\t ev] us+ an int]jection4 #ce4 ,a s5t5ce may consi/ ( b two words1--a n\n or pron\n 7! subject7 & a v]b 7! pr$icate74 ,?us1-- ,*>les swims4 ,commonly1 h[ev]1 ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate1 or bo?1 w conta9 m ?an "o ^w4 ,?us1-- ,"y ,*>les swims sl[ly4 ,"h ! complete subject 7"y ,*>les7 consi/s ( a n\n 7,*>les7 & an adjective 7"y71 :i* describes ,*>les4 ,! complete pr$icate consi/s ( a v]b 7swims7 & an adv]b 7sl[ly71 :i* modifies swim by indicat+ h[ ! action is p]=m$4 ,! subject n\n 7,*>les7 & ! pr$icate v]b 7swims7 are ! *ief words 9 ! s5t5ce1 = nei!r c\ld be omitt$ )\t de/roy+ x4 ,!y =m1 s to speak1 ! frame or skeleton ( ! :ole4 ,ei!r ( ! two modifi]s1 ! adjective or ! adv]b1 or bo?1 might be omitt$1 )\t de/roy+ ! s5t5ce2 = ?is w\ld /ill exi/ z ! expression ( a ?\ght 7,*>les swims71 ?\gh ! ?\ght w\ld be less def9ite & exact ?an x is :5 ! modifi]s are includ$4 #cf4 ,! simple subject ( a s5t5ce is a n\n or pron\n4 ,! simple pr$icate ( a s5t5ce is a v]b or v]b-phrase4 ,! simple subject1 ) su* words z expla9 or complete its mean+1 =ms ! complete subject4 ,! simple pr$icate1 ) su* words z expla9 or complete its mean+1 =ms ! complete pr$icate4 ,9 ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! complete subject & ! complete pr$icate are sep>at$ by a v]tical l9e1 & ! simple subject & ! simple pr$icate are pr9t$ 9 italics3-- ,! spid] spreads h] web4 ,! fi]y smoke rose upw>d 9 bill[+ volumes4 ,a nameless unre/ urg$ me =w>d4 ,our frantic horses swept r\nd an angle ( ! road4 ,! infirmities ( age came e>ly ^u him4 ,! g5]al feel+ among ! ,engli% 9 ,b5gal 0 /rongly 9 favor ( ! ,gov]nor ,g5]al4 ,salutes 7 fir$ f ! batt]ies4 ,! ,clives _h be5 settl$ ev] s9ce ! twelf? c5tury on an e/ate ( no great value ne> ,m>ket ,drayton 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,i h writt5 repeat$ly to ,mr4 ,hobh\se4 #cg4 ,two or m simple subjects may be jo9$ to make "o comp\nd subject1 & two or m simple pr$icates to make "o comp\nd pr$icate4 #a4 ,*>les & ,h5ry play t5nis well4 #b4 ,moore & ,i pass$ "s m]ry days toge!r4 #c4 ,frances & %e are fri5ds4 #d4 ,hats1 caps1 boots1 & gloves 7 pil$ toge!r 9 confusion4 #e4 ,! wat* sank & 0 lo/4 #f4 ,! balloon rose high] & high] & f9ally disappe>$4 #g4 ,he nei!r smil$ nor fr[n$4 #h4 ,sn[ & ice cov]$ ! gr\nd & made our progress difficult4 #ch4 ,a comp\nd subject or pr$icate consi/s ( two or m simple subjects or pr$icates1 jo9$1 :5 necess>y1 by conjunctions4 ,ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate1 or bo?1 may be comp\nd4 ,9 ! fir/ example 9 #cg1 two simple subjects 7,*>les & ,h5ry7 are jo9$ by ! conjunction & to make a comp\nd subject4 ,9 ! f\r?1 f\r sub/antives 7hats1 caps1 boots1 gloves7 =m a s]ies 9 :i* ! la/ two are jo9$ by &4 ,9 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5?1 ! pr$icates are comp\nd2 9 ! eigh?1 bo? ! subject & ! pr$icate4 #ci4 ,! foll[+ conjunctions may be us$ to jo9 ! memb]s ( a comp\nd subject or pr$icate3 & 7bo? 444 &71 or 7ei!r 444 or2 :e!r 444 or71 nor 7nei!r 444 nor74 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,,phrases #dj4 ,a gr\p ( words may take ! place ( a "p ( spee* ,! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s is ! ,mississippi4 ,a girl ) blue eyes /ood at ! w9d[4 ,y are look+ well4 ,! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s is us$ z a n\n1 s9ce x names some?+4 ,) blue eyes takes ! place ( an adjective 7blue-ey$71 & modifies girl4 ,at ! w9d[ indicates1 z an adv]b might1 :]e ! girl /ood1 & modifies /ood4 ,are look+ c\ld be replac$ by ! v]b look4 #da4 ,a gr\p ( connect$ words1 n conta9+ a subject & a pr$icate1 is call$ a phrase4 ,a phrase is (t5 equival5t to a "p ( spee*4 #a4 ,a phrase us$ z a n\n is call$ a n\n-phrase4 #b4 ,a phrase us$ z a v]b is call$ a v]b-phrase4 #c4 ,a phrase us$ z an adjective is call$ an adjective phrase4 #d4 ,a phrase us$ z an adv]b is call$ an adv]bial phrase4 ,9 ! examples 9 #dj1 ,! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s is a n\n-phrase2 ) blue eyes1 an adjective phrase2 at ! w9d[1 an adv]bial phrase2 are look+1 a v]b-phrase4 #db4 ,_m adjective & adv]bial phrases consi/ ( a preposition & its object1 ) or )\t o!r words4 ,y\r umbrella is 9 ! corn]4 ,he has a he>t ( oak4 ,a cup ) a brok5 h&le /ood on ! %elf4 ,my h\se ( c>ds fell to ! floor 9 a heap4 ,adjective or adv]bial phrases consi/+ ( a preposition & its object1 ) or )\t o!r words1 may be call$ prepositional phrases4 ,,clauses--,,comp\nd ,,& ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #dc4 ,phrases mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$ f clauses4 ,! diff]5ce is t a clause conta9s a subject & a pr$icate & a phrase does n4 #dd4 ,a clause is a gr\p ( words t =ms "p ( a s5t5ce & t conta9s a subject & a pr$icate4 ,! lightn+ fla%$ & ! ?und] ro>$4 ,! tra9 />t$ :5 ! bell rang4 ,ea* ( ^! s5t5ces conta9s two clauses2 b ! relation betwe5 ! clauses 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce is v diff]5t f t betwe5 ! clauses 9 ! second4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 ea* ( ! two clauses makes a sep>ate & di/9ct /atem5t1 & might /& by itself z a simple s5t5ce1--t is1 z a s5t5ce hav+ b "o subject & "o pr$icate4 ,^! clauses are jo9$ by ! conjunction &1 :i* is n a "p ( ei!r4 ,no d\bt ! speak] feels t !re is "s relation 9 ?\ght betwe5 ! two /atem5ts1 or he w\ld n h put !m toge!r z clauses 9 ! same s5t5ce4 ,b !re is no?+ 9 ! =m ( expression to %[ :at t relation is4 ,9 o!r words1 ! two clauses are grammatically indep5d5t1 = nei!r ( !m modifies 7or affects ! mean+ (7 ! o!r4 ,! clauses are !re=e said to be cord9ate1--t is1 ( ! same 8ord]0 or rank1 & ! s5t5ce is call$ comp\nd4 ,9 ! second example1 on ! contr>y1 ! relation betwe5 ! two clauses is indicat$ ) precision4 ,"o clause 7! tra9 />t$7 makes ! ma9 /atem5t1--x expresses ! *ief fact4 ,h5ce x is call$ ! ma9 7or pr9cipal7 clause4 ,! o!r clause 7:5 ! bell rang7 is add$ because ! speak] wi%es to modify ! ma9 v]b 7/>t$7 by def9+ ! "t ( ! action4 ,?is clause1 !n1 is us$ z a "p ( spee*4 ,its function is ! same z t ( an adv]b 7promptly7 or an adv]bial phrase 7on ! /roke ( ! bell74 ,= ?is purpose alone x exi/s1 & n z an indep5d5t /atem5t4 ,h5ce x is call$ a dep5d5t 7or subord9ate7 clause1 because x dep5ds 7t is1 8hangs07 ^u ! ma9 clause1 & s occupies a l[] or 8subord9ate0 rank 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,:5 ?us con/ruct$1 a s5t5ce is said to be complex4 #de4 ,an ord9>y comp\nd s5t5ce 7z we h se5 9 #dd7 is made by jo9+ two or m simple s5t5ces1 ea* ( :i* ?us becomes an indep5d5t cord9ate clause4 ,9 ! same way we may jo9 two or m complex s5t5ces1 us+ !m z clauses to make "o comp\nd s5t5ce3-- ,! tra9 />t$ :5 ! bell rang1 & ,tom wat*$ until ! la/ c> disappe>$4 ,?is s5t5ce is manife/ly comp\nd1 = x consi/s ( two cord9ate clauses 7! tra9 />t$ :5 ! bell rang2 ,tom wat*$ until ! la/ c> disappe>$7 jo9$ by &4 ,ea* ( ^! two clauses is itself complex1 = ea* c\ld /& by itself z a complex s5t5ce4 ,simil>ly1 a complex & a simple s5t5ce may be jo9$ z cord9ate clauses to make a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,! tra9 />t$ :5 ! bell rang1 & ,tom gaz$ aft] x 9 despair4 ,su* a s5t5ce1 :i* is comp\nd 9 its /ructure1 b 9 :i* "o or m ( ! cord9ate clauses are complex1 is call$ a comp\nd complex s5t5ce4#i #df4 ,a clause is a gr\p ( words t =ms "p ( a s5t5ce & t conta9s a subject & a pr$icate4 ,a clause us$ z a "p ( spee* is call$ a subord9ate clause4 ,all o!r clauses are said to be indep5d5t4 ,clauses ( ! same ord] or rank are said to be cord9ate4 ,s5t5ces may be simple1 comp\nd1 or complex4 #a4 ,a simple s5t5ce has b "o subject & "o pr$icate1 ei!r or bo? ( :i* may be comp\nd4 #b4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m indep5d5t cord9ate clauses1 :i* may or may n be jo9$ by conjunctions4 #c4 ,a complex s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m clauses1 "o ( :i* is indep5d5t & ! re/ subord9ate4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce 9 :i* "o or m ( ! cord9ate clauses are complex is call$ a comp\nd complex s5t5ce4 ,i4 ,,simple ,,s5t5ces ,iron ru/s4 ,george ,v is k+4 ,dogs1 foxes1 & h>es are quadrup$s4 ,comp\nd subject4 ,! def5dant rose & address$ ! c\rt4 ,comp\nd pr$icate4 ,m]ton & 8 m5 cross$ ! bridge & scal$ ! wall4 ,bo? subject & pr$icate are comp\nd4 ,,ii4 ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces ,%aksp]e 0 born 9 #aefd2 he di$ 9 #afaf4 ,two cord9ate clauses2 no conjunction4 ,a rifle crack$1 & ! wolf fell dead4 ,two clauses jo9$ by ! conjunction &4 ,y mu/ hurry1 or we %all lose ! tra94 ,two clauses jo9$ by or4 ,james ,watt did n inv5t ! /eam eng9e1 b he greatly improv$ x4 ,two clauses jo9$ by b4 ,ei!r y h neglect$ to write or y\r lett] has fail$ to rea* me4 ,two clauses jo9$ by ei!r 444 or4 ,! foll[+ conjunctions may be us$ to jo9 cord9ate clauses3 & 7bo? 444 &71 or 7ei!r 444 or71 nor 7nei!r 444 nor71 b1 =4 ,,iii4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces ,examples w be f\nd 9 #dh-ej4 ,,clauses ,,z ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* #dg4 ,subord9ate clauses1 l phrases1 are us$ z p>ts ( spee*4 ,!y s]ve z sub/itutes = n\ns1 = adjectives1 or = adv]bs4 #a4 ,a subord9ate clause t is us$ z a n\n is call$ a n\n 7or sub/antive7 clause4 #b4 ,a subord9ate clause t modifies a sub/antive is call$ an adjective clause4 #c4 ,a subord9ate clause t s]ves z an adv]bial modifi] is call$ an adv]bial clause4 #dh4 ,i4 ,,n\n 7,,or ,,sub/antive7 ,,clauses4 ,success ,t we %\ld succe$ 9 ?is plan is improbable4 ,! ?\ght 9 ^! two s5t5ces is ! same1 b 9 ! second x is m fully express$4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! subject is ! n\n success2 9 ! second1 ! subject is ! n\n clause1 t we %\ld succe$ 9 ?is plan4 ,?is clause is introduc$ by ! conjunction t2 ! simple subject ( ! clause is ! pron\n we1 & ! simple pr$icate is ! v]b-phrase %\ld succe$4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce is simple2 ! second is complex4 ,sub/antive clauses are (t5 introduc$ by ! conjunction t4 #di4 ,,ii4 ,,adjective ,,clauses4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces illu/rate ! use ( 7#a7 an adjective1 7#b7 an adjective phrase1 7#c7 an adjective clause1 z a modifi] ( ! subject n\n4 ,an honorable man ,a man ( honor ,a man :o values 8 honor w n lie4 ,a seasonable ^w ,a ^w 9 season ,a ^w t is spok5 at ! "r mom5t may save a s\l4 ,my native l& ,! l& ( my bir? ,! l& :]e ,i 0 born lies f> across ! sea4 ,! fir/ two s5t5ces 9 ea* gr\p are simple1 ! ?ird is complex4 #ej4 ,,iii4 ,,adv]bial ,,clauses4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces illu/rate ! use ( 7#a7 an adv]b1 7#b7 an adv]bial phrase1 7#c7 an adv]bial clause1 z a modifi] ( ! pr$icate v]b 7or v]b-phrase74 ,! lightn+ /ruck "h4 on ?is spot4 :]e we /&4 ,mr4 ,&rews lives ne>4 9 ?is neighborhood4 :]e y see t elm4 ,! game began punctually4 on ! /roke ( "o4 :5 ! clock /ruck4 ,! bank] w make ! loan conditionally4 on "o condition4 if y endorse my note4 ,! fir/ two s5t5ces 9 ea* gr\p are simple1 ! ?ird is complex4 #ea4 ,adjective clauses may be introduc$ 7#a7 by ! pron\ns :o1 :i*1 & t1 or 7#b7 by adv]bs l :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 :54 ,adv]bial clauses may be introduc$ 7#a7 by ! adv]bs :]e1 :i!r1 :5ce1 :51 :ile1 be=e1 aft]1 until1 h[1 z1 or 7#b7 by ! conjunctions because1 ?\gh1 al?\gh1 if1 t 79 ord] t1 s t71 le/1 etc4 ,,note4 ,! use ( phrases & clauses z p>ts ( spee* increases enorm\sly ! ri*ness & p[] ( language4 ,?\gh ,engli% has a huge /ock ( words1 x _c provide a sep>ate n\n or adjective or adv]b = e idea4 ,by gr\p+ words1 h[ev]1 9 phrases & clauses we1 9 effect1 make a great v>iety ( new n\ns1 adjectives1 & adv]bs1 ea* precisely fitt$ to ! ne$s ( ! mom5t 9 ! expression ( ?\ght4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,def9itions ,,! ,,s5t5ce #a4 ,language is ?\ght express$ 9 words4 #b4 ,to express ?\ght words are comb9$ into s5t5ces4 #c4 ,a s5t5ce is a gr\p ( words :i* expresses a complete ?\ght4 #d4 ,s5t5ces may be decl>ative1 int]rogative1 imp]ative1 or exclamatory4 7#a7 ,a decl>ative s5t5ce decl>es or ass]ts some?+ z a fact4 7#b7 ,an int]rogative s5t5ce asks a "q4 7#c7 ,an imp]ative s5t5ce expresses a comm& or a reque/4 7#d7 ,an exclamatory s5t5ce expresses surprise1 grief1 or "s o!r emotion 9 ! =m ( an exclamation or cry4 ,a decl>ative1 an int]rogative1 or an imp]ative s5t5ce may also be exclamatory4 ,,subject ,,& ,,pr$icate #e4 ,e s5t5ce consi/s ( a subject & a pr$icate4 ,! subject ( a s5t5ce designates ! p]son1 place1 or ?+ t is spok5 (2 ! pr$icate is t :i* is said ( ! subject4 #f4 ,! simple subject ( a s5t5ce is a n\n or pron\n4 ,! simple pr$icate ( a s5t5ce is a v]b or v]b-phrase4 #g4 ,! simple subject1 ) su* words z expla9 or complete its mean+1 =ms ! complete subject4 ,! simple pr$icate1 ) su* words z expla9 or complete its mean+1 =ms ! complete pr$icate4 #h4 ,a comp\nd subject or pr$icate consi/s ( two or m simple subjects or pr$icates1 jo9$1 :5 necess>y1 by conjunctions4 ,ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate1 or bo?1 may be comp\nd4 ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* #i4 ,9 accordance ) _! use 9 ! s5t5ce1 words are divid$ into eight classes call$ p>ts ( spee*1--namely1 n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs1 adv]bs1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 & int]jections4 7#a7 ,a n\n is ! "n ( a p]son1 place1 or ?+4 7#b7 ,a pron\n is a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n4 ,x designates a p]son1 place1 or ?+ )\t nam+ x4 ,n\ns & pron\ns are call$ sub/antives4 ,! sub/antive to :i* a pron\n ref]s is call$ its antec$5t4 7#c7 ,an adjective is a ^w :i* describes or limits a sub/antive4 ,?is x usually does by indicat+ "s quality4 ,an adjective is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits4 ,an adjective :i* describes is call$ a descriptive adjective2 "o :i* po9ts out or designates is call$ a def9itive adjective4 7#d7 ,a v]b is a ^w :i* c ass]t some?+ 7usually an action7 conc]n+ a p]son1 place1 or ?+4 ,"s v]bs express /ate or condition r ?an action4 ,a gr\p ( words t is us$ z a v]b is call$ a v]b-phrase4 ,c]ta9 v]bs1 :5 us$ to make v]b-phrases1 are call$ auxili>y 7t is1 8aid+07 v]bs1 because !y help o!r v]bs to express action or /ate ( "s p>ticul> k9d4 ,is 79 its v>i\s =ms7 & sev]al o!r v]bs may be us$ to frame s5t5ces 9 :i* "s ^w or words 9 ! pr$icate describe or def9e ! subject4 ,9 su* s5t5ces1 is & o!r v]bs t are us$ = ! same purpose are call$ copulative 7t is1 8jo9+07 v]bs4 7#e7 ,an adv]b is a ^w :i* modifies a v]b1 an adjective1 or ano!r adv]b4 ,a ^w or gr\p ( words t *anges or modifies ! mean+ ( ano!r ^w is call$ a modifi]4 ,adjectives & adv]bs are bo? modifi]s4 7#f7 ,a preposition is a ^w plac$ be=e a sub/antive to %[ its relation to "s o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! sub/antive :i* foll[s a preposition is call$ its object4 7#g7 ,a conjunction connects words or gr\ps ( words4 7#h7 ,an int]jection is a cry or o!r exclamatory s\nd express+ surprise1 ang]1 pleasure1 or "s o!r emotion or feel+4 #aj4 ,! mean+ ( a ^w 9 ! s5t5ce det]m9es to :at "p ( spee* x belongs4 ,! same ^w may be sometimes "o "p ( spee*1 sometimes ano!r4 #aa4 ,! inf9itive is a v]b-=m :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( a n\n4 ,x is commonly prec$$ by ! preposition to1 :i* is call$ ! sign ( ! inf9itive4 #ab4 ,! p>ticiple is a v]b-=m :i* has no subject1 b :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( an adjective & expresses action or /ate 9 su* a way z to describe or limit a sub/antive4 ,a p>ticiple is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits4 ,! *ief classes ( p>ticiples are pres5t p>ticiples & pa/ p>ticiples1 s call$ f ! "t :i* !y d5ote4 ,,sub/itutes ,,= ,,! ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* ,,phrases #ac4 ,a gr\p ( connect$ words1 n conta9+ a subject & a pr$icate1 is call$ a phrase4 ,a phrase is (t5 equival5t to a "p ( spee*4 7#a7 ,a phrase us$ z a n\n is call$ a n\n-phrase4 7#b7 ,a phrase us$ z a v]b is call$ a v]b-phrase4 7#c7 ,a phrase us$ z an adjective is call$ an adjective phrase4 7#d7 ,a phrase us$ z an adv]b is call$ an adv]bial phrase4 #ad4 ,adjective or adv]bial phrases consi/+ ( a preposition & its object1 ) or )\t o!r words1 may be call$ prepositional phrases4 ,,clauses #ae4 ,a clause is a gr\p ( words t =ms "p ( a s5t5ce & t conta9s a subject & a pr$icate4 #af4 ,a clause us$ z a "p ( spee* is call$ a subord9ate clause4 ,all o!r clauses are said to be indep5d5t4 #ag4 ,clauses ( ! same ord] or rank are said to be cord9ate4 #ah4 ,s5t5ces may be simple1 comp\nd1 or complex4 7#a7 ,a simple s5t5ce has b "o subject & "o pr$icate1 ei!r or bo? ( :i* may be comp\nd4 7#b7 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m indep5d5t cord9ate clauses1 :i* may or may n be jo9$ by conjunctions4 7#c7 ,a complex s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m clauses1 "o ( :i* is indep5d5t & ! re/ subord9ate4 ,a comp\nd s5t5ce 9 :i* "o or m ( ! cord9ate clauses are complex is call$ a comp\nd complex s5t5ce4 #ai4 ,subord9ate clauses1 l phrases1 are us$ z p>ts ( spee*4 ,!y s]ve z sub/itutes = n\ns1 = adjectives1 or = adv]bs4 7#a7 ,a subord9ate clause t is us$ z a n\n is call$ a n\n 7or sub/antive7 clause4 7#b7 ,a subord9ate clause t modifies a sub/antive is call$ an adjective clause4 7#c7 ,a subord9ate clause t s]ves z an adv]bial modifi] is call$ an adv]bial clause4 ,,"p ,,two ,,inflection ,,& ,,syntax ,,*apt] ,i ,,inflection #eb4 ,inflection is a *ange ( =m 9 a ^w indicat+ "s *ange 9 its mean+4 ,a ^w ?us *ang$ 9 =m is said to be inflect$4 ,?us ! n\ns man1 wife1 dog1 may *ange _! =m to man's1 wife's1 dog's1 to express possession2 or to m51 wives1 dogs1 to %[ t two or m are meant4 ,! pron\ns ,i1 %e1 may *ange _! =m to our1 h]4 ,! adjectives l>ge1 happy1 good1 may *ange _! =m to l>g]1 happi]1 bett]1 to d5ote a high] degree ( ! quality2 or to l>ge/1 happie/1 be/1 to d5ote ! highe/ degree4 ,! v]bs look1 see1 s+1 may *ange _! =m to look$1 saw1 sang1 to d5ote pa/ "t4 ,! examples %[ t a ^w may be inflect$ 7#a7 by ! addition ( a f9al lett] or syllable 7dog1 dogs2 look1 look$71 7#b7 by ! sub/itution ( "o lett] = ano!r 7man1 m571 or 7#c7 by a complete *ange ( =m 7good1 bett]1 be/74 #ec4 ,! inflection ( a sub/antive is call$ its decl5sion2 t ( an adjective or an adv]b1 its comp>ison2 t ( a v]b1 its conjugation4 ,,note4 ,"s =ms :i* we reg>d z due to inflection are really di/9ct words4 ,?us we is reg>d$ z a =m ( ! pron\n ,i1 b x is 9 fact an altoge!r diff]5t ^w4 ,su* irregul>ities1 h[ev]1 are n num]\s1 & are prop]ly en\gh includ$ "u ! head ( inflection4 ,! table bel[ gives a summ>y view ( inflection1 & may be us$ = ref]5ce ) ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,,sub/antives 7,,n\ns ,,& ,,pron\ns7 ,g5d] ,mascul9e 7male7 ,fem99e 7female7 ,neut] 7no sex7 ,numb] ,s+ul> 7"o7 ,plural 7m ?an "o7 ,p]son ,fir/ 7speak]7 ,second 7spok5 to7 ,?ird 7spok5 (7 ,case ,nom9ative 7subject case7 ,possessive 7own]%ip7 ,objective 7object case7 ,,adjectives ,,& ,,adv]bs ,comp>ison ,positive ,degree ,comp>ative ,degree ,sup]lative ,degree ,,v]bs ,numb] ,s+ul> ,plural ,v]b agrees ) ,subject ,p]son ,fir/ ,second ,?ird ,t5se ,simple ,t5ses ,pres5t ,pa/ ,future ,comp\nd ,t5ses ,p]fect 7or ,pres5t ,p]fect7 ,plup]fect 7or ,pa/ ,p]fect7 ,future ,p]fect ,mood ,indicative 7all six t5ses7 ,imp]ative 7,pres5t ,t5se only7 ,subjunctive 7,pres5t1 ,pa/1 ,p]fect1 ,plup]fect7 ,voice ,active 7,subject acts7 ,passive 7,subject receives ! action7 ,inf9itives 7,pres5t & ,p]fect7 ,p>ticiples 7,pres5t1 ,pa/1 & ,p]fect7 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,n\ns ,,classification--,,common ,,n\ns ,,& ,,prop] ,,n\ns #ed4 ,a n\n is ! "n ( a p]son1 place1 or ?+4 #ee4 ,n\ns are divid$ into two classes--prop] n\ns & common n\ns4 #a4 ,a prop] n\n is ! "n ( a p>ticul> p]son1 place1 or ?+4 ,,examples3 ,l9coln1 ,napoleon1 ,ru?1 ,glad/one1 ,am]ica1 ,d5v]1 ,jove1 ,ohio1 ,monday1 ,decemb]1 ,yale1 ,*ri/mas1 ,britannia1 ,niag>a1 ,m]rimac1 ,elmwood1 ,l\vre1 ,ri*>dson1 ,huron1 ,fal/aff4 #b4 ,a common n\n is a "n :i* may be appli$ to any "o ( a class ( p]sons1 places1 or ?+s4 ,,examples3 g5]al1 emp]or1 presid5t1 cl]k1 /reet1 t[n1 desk1 tree1 cl\d1 *imney1 *ildhood1 idea1 ?\ght1 lett]1 dynamo1 cruis]1 diction>y1 railroad4 ,prop] n\ns beg9 ) a capital lett]2 common n\ns usually beg9 ) a small lett]4 ,,note4 ,al?\gh a prop] n\n is ! "n ( a p>ticul> p]son1 place1 or ?+1 t "n may be giv5 to m ?an "o individual4 ,m ?an "o man is nam$ ,james2 b :5 we say ,james1 we ?9k ( "o p>ticul> p]son1 :om we are call+ by 8 own "n4 ,:5 we say man1 on ! contr>y1 we are n call+ any s+le p]son by "n3 we are us+ a n\n :i* applies1 9 common1 to all ! memb]s ( a l>ge class ( p]sons4 ,any ^w1 :5 m5tion$ m]ely z a ^w1 is a n\n4 ,?us1-- ,& is a conjunction4 #ef4 ,a common n\n becomes a prop] n\n :5 us$ z ! p>ticul> "n ( a %ip1 a newspap]1 an animal1 etc4 ,nelson's flag%ip 0 ! ,victory4 ,give me ?is ev5+'s ,h]ald4 ,my dog is nam$ ,rov]4 ,! ,limit$ ,express is drawn by ! ,pione]4 #eg4 ,a prop] n\n (t5 consi/s ( a gr\p ( words1 "s ( :i* are p]haps ord9>ily us$ z o!r p>ts ( spee*4 ,,examples3 ,james ,russell ,l[ell1 ,wa%+ton ,elm1 ,eiffel ,t[]1 ,fir? ( ,clyde1 ,nor? ,lex+ton ,junction1 ,/ony ,brook1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 ,measure = ,measure1 ,:ite ,h\se1 ,brooklyn ,bridge1 ,atlantic ,railroad1 ,%]man ,act1 ,! ,return ( ! ,native1 ,flatiron ,build+4 ,,note4 ,^! are 7/rictly speak+7 n\n-phrases 7 #da72 b1 s9ce all are p>ticul> names1 !y may be reg>d$ z prop] n\ns4 #eh4 ,a prop] n\n becomes a common n\n :5 us$ z a "n t may be appli$ to any "o ( a class ( objects4 ,! museum owns two ,rembr&ts & a ,titian4 ,i ex*ang$ my old motor c> = a new ,hal/ead4 ,my f\nta9 p5 is a ,blake4 ,l5d me y\r ,web/]4 ,he 0 a ,napoleon ( f9ance4 ,i am go+ to buy a ,kazak4 #ei4 ,c]ta9 prop] n\ns h become common n\ns :5 us$ 9 a special s5se4 ,^! g5]ally beg9 ) a small lett]4 ,,examples3 macadam 7cru%$ /one = roads1 s call$ f ,macadam1 ! inv5tor71 mack9to% 7a wat]pro( g>m5t71 napoleon 7a co971 gu9ea 7tw5ty-"o %ill+s71 m5tor 7a wise c\nsellor71 d]r+] 7a k9d ( pi/ol74 #fj4 ,a lifeless object1 "o ( ! l[] animals1 or any human quality or emotion is sometimes reg>d$ z a p]son4 ,?is usage is call$ p]sonification1 & ! object1 animal1 or quality is said to be p]sonifi$4 ,ea* old poetic ,m\nta9 ,inspiration brea!d ar\nd4--,,gray4 ,:o'll toll ! bell8 8,i10 said ! ,bull1 8,because ,i c pull40 ,8 "n 0 ,pati5ce4--,,sp5s]4 ,smiles on pa/ ,mis=tune's br[ ,s(t ,reflection's h& c trace2 ,& o'er ! *eek ( ,sorr[ ?r[ ,a melan*oly grace4--,,gray4 ,love is & 0 my "l & k+1 ,& 9 8 pres5ce ,i att5d4--,,t5nyson4 ,"t g5tly %akes 8 w+s4--,,dryd54 ,! "n ( any?+ p]sonifi$ is reg>d$ z a prop] n\n & is usually writt5 ) a capital lett]4 ,,note4 ,! rule = capitals is n absolute4 ,:5 ! p]sonification is kept up = only a s5t5ce or two 7z frequ5tly 9 ,%aksp]e71 ! n\n (t5 beg9s ) a small lett]4 ,,special ,,classes ,,( ,,n\ns #fa4 ,an ab/ract n\n is ! "n ( a quality or g5]al idea4 ,,examples3 blackness1 fre%ness1 smoo?ness1 weight1 height1 l5g?1 dep?1 /r5g?1 heal?1 hone/y1 beauty1 lib]ty1 et]nity1 satisfaction1 precision1 spl5dor1 t]ror1 disappo9tm5t1 elegance1 exi/5ce1 grace1 peace4 ,_m ab/ract n\ns are d]iv$ f adjectives4 ,,examples3 gre5ness 7f gre571 dep? 7f deep71 fre$om 7f free71 wisdom 7f wise71 rotundity 7f rotund71 falsity or fals5ess 7f false71 brav]y 7f brave74 #fb4 ,a collective n\n is ! "n ( a gr\p1 class1 or multitude1 & n ( a s+le p]son1 place1 or ?+4 ,,examples3 cr[d1 gr\p1 legislature1 squadron1 %eaf1 battalion1 squad1 ,associat$ ,press1 ,m$it]ranean ,/eam%ip ,company1 ,s5ior ,class1 ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,! same n\n may be ab/ract 9 "o ( its mean+s1 collective 9 ano!r4 ,!y believe 9 frat]nity4 ,ab/ract4 ,! /ud5t jo9$ a frat]nity4 ,collective4 #fc4 ,ab/ract n\ns are usually common1 b become prop] :5 ! quality or idea is p]sonifi$ 7 #fj74 ,collective n\ns may be ei!r prop] or common4 #fd4 ,a n\n consi/+ ( two or m words unit$ is call$ a comp\nd n\n4 ,,examples3 7#a7 common n\ns1--tableclo?1 sidewalk1 lamp%ade1 b$clo!s1 /eamboat1 fireman1 wa%]woman1 jackknife1 hatb&1 heada*e1 flatiron1 innkeep]1 knife-edge1 /eeple-climb]1 bro!r-9-law1 comm&]-9-*ief1 w9d[ curta91 insurance company2 7#b7 prop] n\ns1--,johnson1 ,williamson1 ,coop]/[n1 ,l\isville1 ,holywood1 ,elk-horn1 ,auburndale1 ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 ,l[ell ,junction4 ,z ! examples %[1 ! p>ts ( a comp\nd n\n may be jo9$ 7) or )\t a hyph57 or writt5 sep>ately4 ,9 "s words usage is fix$1 9 o!rs x v>ies4 ,! hyph51 h[ev]1 is less us$ ?an =m]ly4 ,,note4 ,! fir/ "p ( a comp\nd n\n usually limits ! second aft] ! mann] ( an adjective4 ,inde$1 _m expressions may be reg>d$ ei!r 7#a7 z comp\nds or 7#b7 z phrases conta9+ an adjective & a n\n4 ,?us railway conductor may be tak5 z a comp\nd n\n1 or z a n\n 7conductor7 limit$ by an adjective 7railway74 ,,inflection ,,( ,,n\ns #fe4 ,9 /udy+ ! inflection ( n\ns & pron\ns we h to consid] g5d]1 numb]1 p]son1 & case4 #a4 ,g5d] is di/9ction accord+ to sex4 #b4 ,numb] is t prop]ty ( sub/antives :i* %[s :e!r !y indicate "o p]son or ?+ or m ?an "o4 #c4 ,p]son is t prop]ty ( sub/antives :i* %[s :e!r !y designate 7#a7 ! speak]1 7#b7 ! p]son spok5 to1 or 7#c7 ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (4 #d4 ,sub/antives h inflections ( case to indicate _! grammatical relations to v]bs1 to prepositions1 or to o!r sub/antives4 ,^! f\r prop]ties ( sub/antives are includ$ "u inflection = conv5i5ce4 ,9 /rictness1 h[ev]1 n\ns are inflect$ = numb] & case only4 ,g5d] is %[n 9 v>i\s ways1--usually by ! mean+ ( ! n\n or by ! use ( "s pron\n4 ,p]son is indicat$ by ! s5se1 by ! pron\ns us$1 & by ! =m ( ! v]b4 ,i4 ,,g5d] #ff4 ,g5d] is di/9ction accord+ to sex4 ,n\ns & pron\ns may be ( ! mascul9e1 ! fem99e1 or ! neut] g5d]4 #a4 ,a n\n or pron\n d5ot+ a male be+ is ( ! mascul9e g5d]4 ,,examples3 ,joseph1 boy1 cock]el1 buck1 footman1 butl]1 bro!r1 fa!r1 uncle1 he4 #b4 ,a n\n or pron\n d5ot+ a female be+ is ( ! fem99e g5d]4 ,,examples3 girl1 ,julia1 h51 waitress1 maid1 doe1 sp9/]1 matron1 aunt1 squaw1 %e4 #c4 ,a n\n or pron\n d5ot+ a ?+ )\t animal life is ( ! neut] g5d]4 ,,examples3 p5cil1 light1 wat]1 />1 book1 du/1 leaf1 x4 ,a n\n or pron\n :i* is sometimes mascul9e & sometimes fem99e is (t5 said to be ( common g5d]4 ,,examples3 bird1 speak]1 arti/1 animal1 cat1 ,european1 musician1 op]ator1 !y4 #fg4 ,a pron\n mu/ be 9 ! same g5d] z ! n\n = :i* x /&s or to :i* x ref]s4 ,ea* ( ! foll[+ pron\ns is limit$ to a s+le g5d]3 ,,mascul9e3 he1 81 him4 ,,fem99e3 %e1 h]1 h]s4 ,,neut]3 x1 its4 ,all o!r pron\ns v>y 9 g5d]4 ,rob]t greet$ 8 employ]4 ,mascul9e4 ,a "m pass$ ) h] *ild4 ,fem99e4 ,?is tree has lo/ its foliage4 ,neut]4 ,:o laugh$8 ,mascul9e or fem99e4 ,h[ d y d8 ,mascul9e or fem99e4 ,!y h disappe>$4 ,mascul9e1 fem99e1 or neut]4 ,i d n c>e = ei!r4 ,mascul9e1 fem99e1 or neut]4 #fh4 ,a neut] n\n may become mascul9e or fem99e by p]sonification 7 #fj74 ,?\ :o did/ wak5 f 8 summ] dreams ,! blue ,m$it]ranean4--,,%elley4 ,/]n daught] ( ! ,voice ( ,god6 ,o ,duty6--,,wordswor?4 ,nature f h] seat ,sigh+ ?r\gh all h] works1 gave signs ( woe4--,,milton4 #fi4 ,9 speak+ ( c]ta9 objects1 su* z a %ip & ! moon1 x is cu/om>y to use %e & h]4 ,9 l mann]1 he is us$ 9 speak+ ( ! sun & ( mo/ animals1 )\t ref]5ce to sex1 al?\gh x (t5 designates an insect or o!r small creature1 & ev5 a v "y *ild4 ,:o & :i* are bo? us$ 9 ref]r+ to ! l[] animals4 ,:i* is ! common]1 b :o is n infrequ5t1 especially if ! animal is ?\ght ( z an intellig5t be+4 ,?us "o w\ld say1 8,! dog :i* is = sale is 9 t k5nel10 ev5 if "o add$1 8,he is a collie40 ,b :i* w\ld nev] be us$ 9 su* a s5t5ce z1 8,i h a dog :o loves *ildr540 #gj4 ,! g5d] ( mascul9e & ( fem99e n\ns may be %[n 9 v>i\s ways4 #a4 ,! male & ! female ( _m k9ds or classes ( liv+ be+s are d5ot$ by diff]5t words4 ,,mascul9e ,,fem99e fa!r "m husb& wife uncle aunt k+ que5 monk nun wiz>d wit* "l lady horse m>e g&] goose drake duck cock h5 ram ewe bull c[ h>t h9d buck doe fox vix5#aj #b4 ,"s mascul9e n\ns become fem99e by ! addition ( an end+4 ,,mascul9e ,,fem99e heir heiress b>on b>oness lion lioness pr9ce pr9cess emp]or empress tig] tigress executor executrix adm9i/rator adm9i/ratrix h]o h]o9e ,joseph ,joseph9e sultan sultana ,philip ,philippa ,,note4 ,! fem99e g5d] is (t5 indicat$ by ! end+ ess4 ,frequ5tly ! correspond+ mascul9e =m ends 9 or or er3 z1--actor1 actress2 gov]nor1 gov]ness2 wait]1 waitress4 ,! end+ ess is n s common z =m]ly4 ,usage favors proprietor1 au?or1 editor1 etc41 ev5 = ! fem99e 7r ?an ! h>%] =ms proprietress1 au?oress1 editress71 :5ev] !re is no special reason = emphasiz+ ! diff]5ce ( sex4 #c4 ,a few fem99e words become mascul9e by ! addition ( an end+4 ,?us1--wid[1 wid[]2 bride1 bridegroom4 #d4 ,g5d] is sometimes indicat$ by ! end+ man1 woman1 maid1 boy1 or girl4 ,,examples3 salesman1 saleswoman2 =eman1 =ewoman2 laundryman2 milkmaid2 ca% boy1 ca% girl4 #e4 ,a n\n or a pron\n is sometimes prefix$ to a n\n to indicate g5d]4 ,,examples3 mans]vant1 maids]vant2 "m bird2 cock sp>r[1 h5 sp>r[2 boy fri5d1 girl fri5d2 he-wolf1 %e-wolf4 #f4 ,! g5d] ( a n\n may be indicat$ by "s accompany+ "p ( spee*1 usually by a pron\n4 ,my cat is always wa%+ 8 face4 ,! intrud] %ook h] head4 ,i 0 confront$ by a pitiful creature1 hagg>d & un%av54 ,,note4 ,! v>iations 9 =m /udi$ "u #b & #c 7above7 are (t5 reg>d$ z inflections4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ! mascul9e & ! fem99e are diff]5t words4 ,?us1 b>oness is n an inflectional =m ( b>on1 b a di/9ct n\n1 made f b>on by add+ ! end+ ess1 precisely z b>ony & b>onage are made f b>on by add+ ! end+s y & age4 ,! process is r t ( d]ivation or n\n-=mation ?an t ( inflection4 ,,ii4 ,,numb] #ga4 ,numb] is t prop]ty ( sub/antives :i* %[s :e!r !y indicate "o p]son1 place1 or ?+ or m ?an "o4 ,!re are two numb]s1--! s+ul> & ! plural4 ,! s+ul> numb] d5otes b "o p]son1 place1 or ?+4 ,! plural numb] d5otes m ?an "o p]son1 place1 or ?+4 #gb4 ,mo/ n\ns =m ! plural numb] by add+ s or es to ! s+ul>4 ,,examples3 mat1 mats2 wave1 waves2 problem1 problems2 b\gh1 b\ghs2 ,john1 ,johns2 nurse1 nurses2 t5se1 t5ses2 b5*1 b5*es2 di%1 di%es2 class1 classes2 fox1 foxes4 ,,special ,,rules #a4 ,if ! s+ul> ends 9 s1 x1 z1 *1 or %1 ! plural end+ is es4 ,,examples3 loss1 losses2 box1 boxes2 buzz1 buzzes2 mat*1 mat*es2 ru%1 ru%es4 #b4 ,_m n\ns end+ 9 o prec$$ by a consonant also take ! end+ es 9 ! plural4 ,,examples3 h]o1 h]oes2 c>go1 c>goes2 potato1 potatoes2 motto1 mottoes2 buffalo1 buffaloes2 mosquito1 mosquitoes4 #c4 ,n\ns end+ 9 o prec$$ by a v[el =m _! plural 9 s3 z1--cameo1 cameos2 folio1 folios4 #d4 ,! foll[+ n\ns end+ 9 o prec$$ by a consonant also =m _! plural 9 s3-- banjo bravo burro cantocas9o *romo contralto duodecimo dynamo halo#aa junto lasso mem5to#aa octavo piano proviso qu>to solo soprano /iletto torso tyro z]o#aa #gc4 ,9 "s n\ns ! addition ( ! plural end+ alt]s ! spell+ & ev5 ! s\nd ( ! s+ul> =m4 #a4 ,n\ns end+ 9 y prec$$ by a consonant *ange y to i & add es 9 ! plural4 ,,examples3 sky1 skies2 fly1 flies2 c\ntry1 c\ntries2 b]ry1 b]ries4 7,contra/3 valley1 valleys2 *imney1 *imneys2 monkey1 monkeys2 boy1 boys2 day1 days47 ,mo/ prop] names end+ 9 y1 h[ev]1 take ! plural 9 s4 ,,examples3 ,m>y1 ,m>ys2 ,murphy1 ,murphys2 ,daly1 ,dalys2 ,r[ley1 ,r[leys2 ,may1 ,mays4 #b4 ,"s n\ns end+ 9 f or fe1 *ange ! f to v & add es or s4 ,,examples3 :>f1 :>ves2 wife1 wives2 %elf1 %elves2 wolf1 wolves2 ?ief1 ?ieves2 knife1 knives2 half1 halves2 calf1 calves2 life1 lives2 self1 selves2 %eaf1 %eaves2 loaf1 loaves2 leaf1 leaves2 elf1 elves2 beef1 beeves4 #gd4 ,a few n\ns =m _! plural 9 en4 ,^! are3 ox1 ox52 bro!r1 bre?r5 7or bro!rs72 *ild1 *ildr54 ,,note4 ,anci5t or poetical plurals belong+ to ?is class are3 eyne 7= ey51 f eye71 k9e 7c[s71 %oon 7%oes71 hos5 7hose74 #ge4 ,a few n\ns =m _! plural by a *ange ( v[el4 ,^! are3 man1 m52 woman1 wom52 m]man1 m]m52 foot1 feet2 too?1 tee?2 goose1 geese2 m\se1 mice2 l\se1 lice4 ,also comp\nd words end+ 9 man or woman1 su* z fireman1 firem52 saleswoman1 saleswom52 ,dut*man1 ,dut*m54 ,,note4 ,g]man1 ,mussulman1 ,ottoman1 dragoman1 firman1 & talisman1 :i* are n comp\nds ( man1 =m _! plurals regul>ly3 z1--,g]mans1 ,mussulmans4 ,norman also =ms its plural 9 s4 #gf4 ,a few n\ns h ! same =m 9 bo? s+ul> & plural4 ,,examples3 de]1 %eep1 hea!n1 ,japanese1 ,portuguese1 ,iroquois4 ,,note4 ,?is class 0 l>g] 9 old] ,engli% ?an at pres5t4 ,x includ$1 = example1 ye>1 :i* 9 ,%aksp]e has two plurals3--8six ?\s& ye>s10 8twelve ye> s9ce40 #gg4 ,a few n\ns h two plurals1 b usually ) "s diff]5ce 9 mean+4 ,,s+ul> ,,plural bro!r bro!rs 7relatives7 bre?r5 7memb]s ( ! same society7 horse horses 7animals7 horse 7cavalry7 foot feet 7p>ts ( ! body7 foot 7infantry7 sail sails 7on vessels7 sail 7vessels 9 a fleet7 head heads 79 usual s5se7 head 7( cattle7 fi% fi%es 7individually7 fi% 7collectively7 p5ny p5nies 7s+le co9s7 p5ce 7collectively7 clo? clo?s 7pieces ( clo?7 clo!s 7g>m5ts7 die dies 7= /amp+7 dice 7= gam+7 ,! p5nies 7 arrang$ 9 neat piles4 ,engli% money is reckon$ 9 p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce4 #gh4 ,:5 comp\nd n\ns are made plural1 ! la/ "p usually takes ! plural =m2 less (t5 ! fir/ "p2 r>ely bo? p>ts4 ,,examples3 spoonful1 spoonfuls2 ba?h\se1 ba?h\ses2 =get-me-n1 =get-me-nots2 editor-9-*ief1 editors-9-*ief2 maid-(-honor1 maids-(-honor2 g5tleman u%]1 g5tlem5 u%]s2 ,knight ,templ>1 ,knights ,templ>s2 ,"l ,ju/ice1 ,lords ,ju/ices2 mans]vant1 m5s]vants4 #gi4 ,lett]s ( ! alphabet1 figures1 signs us$ 9 writ+1 & words reg>d$ m]ely z words take 's 9 ! plural4 8,emb>rass$0 is spell$ ) two r's & two s's4 ,y\r #c's look l #h's4 ,tell ! pr9t] to *ange ! 's to 's4 ,don't int]rupt me ) y\r b's6 #hj4 ,=eign n\ns 9 ,engli% sometimes reta9 _! =eign plurals2 b _m h an ,engli% plural also4 ,"s ( ! commone/ are includ$ 9 ! foll[+ li/3#ab ,,s+ul> ,,plural alumna 7fem99e7 alumn alumnus 7mascul9e7 alumni amanu5sis amanu5ses analysis analyses animalculum animalcula#ac anti!sis anti!ses app5dix app5dices app5dixes axis axes bacillus bacilli bact]ium bact]ia b&it b&itti b&its basis bases beau beaux beaus c&elabrum c&elabra cumulus cumuli *]ub *]ubim *]ubs crisis crises curriculum curricula datum data ellipsis ellipses erratum errata =mula =mul =mulas g5ius g5ii g5iuses g5us g5]a gymnasium gymnasia gymnasiums hippopotamus hippopotami hypo!sis hypo!ses l>va l>v memor&um memor&a memor&ums nebula nebul oasis oases p>5!sis p>5!ses ph5om5on ph5om5a radius radii s]aph s]aphim s]aphs species species /ratum /rata synopsis synopses tableau tableaux tempo tempi t]m9us t]m9i !sis !ses tr\sseau tr\sseaux v]tebra v]tebr ,! two plurals sometimes diff] 9 mean+3 z1-- ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael 7 g5iuses4 ,spirits are sometimes call$ g5ii4 ,?is book has two indices4 ,! pr9t] uses signs call$ indexes4 #ha4 ,:5 a prop] "n ) ! title ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,miss1 or ,ma/]1 is put into ! plural1 ! rules are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! plural ( ,mr4 is ,messrs4 7pron\nc$ ,mess]s#ad74 ,! "n rema9s 9 ! s+ul>4 ,?us1-- ,mr4 ,jackson1 plural ,messrs4 7or ! ,messrs47 ,jackson4 #b4 ,mrs4 has no plural4 ,! "n itself takes ! plural =m4 ,?us1-- ,mrs4 ,jackson1 plural ! ,mrs4 ,jacksons4 #c4 ,9 ! case ( ,miss1 sometimes ! title is put into ! plural1 sometimes ! "n4 ,?us1-- ,miss ,jackson1 plural ! ,misses ,jackson or ! ,miss ,jacksons4 ,! latt] expression is some:at in=mal4 ,accord+ly1 x w\ld n be us$ 9 a =mal invitation or reply1 or 9 address+ a lett]4 #d4 ,! plural ( ,ma/] is ,ma/]s4 ,! "n rema9s 9 ! s+ul>4 ,?us1-- ,ma/] ,jackson1 plural ! ,ma/]s ,jackson4 ,o!r titles usually rema9 9 ! s+ul>1 ! "n tak+ ! plural =m3 z1--! two ,g5]al ,follansbys4 ,b :5 two or m names foll[1 ! title becomes plural3 z1--,g5]als ,rolfe & ,johnson4 #hb4 ,"s n\ns1 on acc\nt ( _! mean+1 are seldom or nev] us$ 9 ! plural4 ,su* are _m names ( qualities 7z *e]fulness1 mir?71 ( sci5ces 7z *emi/ry#ae71 ( =ces 7z gravitation74 ,_m n\ns1 commonly us$ 9 ! s+ul> only1 may take a plural 9 "s special s5se4 ,?us1-- e>? 7! globe7 e>?s 7k9ds ( soil7 ice 7froz5 wat]7 ices 7food7 t9 7a metal7 t9s 7t9 di%es or cans7 nickel 7a metal7 nickels 7co9s7 #hc4 ,"s n\ns are us$ 9 ! plural only4 ,su* are3 annals1 a?letics1 billi>ds1 dregs1 eaves1 entrails1 lees1 nuptials1 oats1 obsequies1 p9c]s1 proce$s1 ri*es1 scissors1 %e>s1 suds1 tweez]s1 tongs1 tr\s]s1 victuals1 vitals2 & 79 c]ta9 special s5ses7 a%es1 goods1 l9ks1 scales1 spectacles1 /ocks4 #hd4 ,a few n\ns are plural 9 =m1 b s+ul> 9 mean+4 ,su* are3 gall[s1 news1 measles1 mumps1 small pox 7= small pocks71 politics1 & "s names ( sci5ces 7z1 civics1 economics1 e?ics1 ma!matics1 physics1 optics74 ,,note4 ,^! n\ns 7 =m]ly plural 9 s5se z well z 9 =m4 ,news1 = example1 orig9ally meant 8new ?+s40 ,%aksp]e uses x bo? z a s+ul> & z a plural4 ,?us1--8,?is news 0 br\ght to ,ri*>d0 7,k+ ,john1 v4 #c4 #ab72 8,b :]e=e d ,i tell ^! news to !e80 7#a ,h5ry ,,iv1 iii4 #b4 #aba74 ,9 a few words mod]n usage v>ies4 ,! foll[+ n\ns are sometimes s+ul>1 sometimes plural3 alms1 am5ds1 bell[s1 means1 pa9s 79 ! s5se ( 8ef=t071 tid+s4 ,,iii4 ,,p]son #he4 ,p]son is t prop]ty ( sub/antives :i* %[s :e!r !y d5ote 7#a7 ! speak]1 7#b7 ! p]son spok5 to1 or 7#c7 ! p]son spok5 (4 ,a sub/antive is 9 ! fir/ p]son :5 x d5otes ! speak]1 9 ! second p]son :5 x d5otes ! p]son spok5 to1 9 ! ?ird p]son :5 x d5otes ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (4 ,i1 ! k+1 comm& 8 pres5ce4 ,fir/ p]son4 ,y1 ,?omas1 broke ! w9d[4 ,second p]son4 ,*>les1 come "h4 ,second p]son4 ,he1 ! fireman1 sav$ ! tra94 ,?ird p]son4 ,! div] s9ks sl[ly f our view4 ,?ird p]son4 ,! t[] sudd5ly collaps$4 ,?ird p]son4 ,! examples %[ 7#a7 t ! p]son ( a n\n has no?+ to d ) its =m1 b is indicat$ by ! s5se or connection2 7#b7 t c]ta9 pron\ns d5ote p]son ) precision4 ,?us1 ,i is always ( ! fir/ p]son2 y ( ! second2 & he ( ! ?ird4 ,^! p]sonal pron\ns w be treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,,case #hf4 ,sub/antives h inflections ( case to indicate _! grammatical relations to v]bs1 to prepositions1 or to o!r sub/antives4 ,!re are ?ree cases1--! nom9ative1 ! possessive1 & ! objective4 ,! possessive case is (t5 call$ ! g5itive4 ,! nom9ative & ! objective case ( a n\n are always alike 9 =m4 ,9 "s pron\ns1 h[ev]1 !re is a diff]5ce 7z1--,i1 me2 he1 him74 ,,decl5sion ,,( ,,n\ns #hg4 ,! inflection ( a sub/antive is call$ its decl5sion4 ,to decl9e a n\n is to give its case-=ms 9 ord]1 fir/ 9 ! s+ul> numb] & !n 9 ! plural4 ,?us1-- ,,s+ul> ,nom9ative boy horse fly *imney ,possessive boy's horse's fly's *imney's ,objective boy horse fly *imney ,,plural ,nom9ative boys horses flies *imneys ,possessive boys' horses' flies' *imneys' ,objective boys horses flies *imneys ,,s+ul> ,nom9ative calf lass man de] ,possessive calf's lass's man's de]'s ,objective calf lass man de] ,,plural ,nom9ative calves lasses m5 de] ,possessive calves' lasses' m5's de]'s ,objective calves lasses m5 de] ,,nom9ative ,,case #hh4 ,! nom9ative case is us$ 9 ! foll[+ con/ructions3 7#a7 ! subject1 7#b7 ! pr$icate nom9ative1 7#c7 ! vocative1 7or nom9ative ( direct address71 7#d7 ! exclamatory nom9ative1 7#e7 appositive ) a nom9ative1 7#f7 ! nom9ative absolute4 #a4 ,! subject ( a v]b is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,wat] freezes4 ,*>les climb$ ! m\nta94 ,! boy's face gl[$ ) heal? & ex]cise4 ,a ?\s& m5 7 kill$ 9 ?is battle4 ,9 ! ?ird example1 face is ! simple subject2 ! complete subject is ! boy's face4 ,9 ! f\r?1 m5 is ! simple subject2 ! complete subject is a ?\s& m54 ,bo? face & m5 are 9 ! nom9ative case2 face is 9 ! s+ul> numb]2 m5 9 ! plural4 #b4 ,a sub/antive /&+ 9 ! pr$icate1 b describ+ or def9+ ! subject1 agrees ) ! subject 9 case & is call$ a pr$icate nom9ative4 ,a pr$icate nom9ative is also call$ a subject complem5t or an attribute4 ,lob/]s are cru/aceans4 ,a good book is a fai?ful fri5d4 ,%aksp]e 0 a native ( ,/rat=d-on-,avon4 ,arnold prov$ a traitor4 ,adams 0 elect$ presid5t4 ,! rule = ! case ( ! pr$icate nom9ative is p>ticul>ly important ) respect to pron\ns 7 #aai74 ,i am he4 ,are y %e8 ,x is ,i4 ,x 0 we :o did x4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative is commone/ aft] ! copula is 79 its v>i\s =ms74 ,x w be fur!r /udi$ 9 connection ) intransitive & passive v]bs 7 #bad1 #beb74 #c4 ,a sub/antive us$ = ! purpose ( address+ a p]son directly1 & n connect$ ) any v]b1 is call$ a vocative4 ,a vocative is 9 ! nom9ative case1 & is (t5 call$ a nom9ative by direct address or a vocative nom9ative4 ,come1 ,ru?1 give me y\r h&4 ,turn to ! "r1 madam4 ,h]b]t1 x is y\r turn4 ,come ) me1 my *ild4 ,,note4 ,a vocative ^w is sometimes said to be indep5d5t by direct address1 because x /&s by itself1 unconnect$ ) any v]b4 ,t a vocative is really 9 ! nom9ative case may be se5 9 ! use ( ! pron\n ?\ 9 ?is con/ruction3 z1--,i w arre/ !e1 ?\ traitor 7see #aae74 #d4 ,a sub/antive us$ z an exclamation is call$ an exclamatory nom9ative 7or nom9ative ( exclamation74 ,peace1 be /ill4 ,=tunate ,ru?6 ,a drum6 a drum6 ,macbe? do? come4 ,look6 a balloon6 ,! sun6 !n we %all h a f9e day4 ,c]ta9 exclamatory nom9atives are sometimes class$ z int]jections 7 #cge74 #e4 ,a sub/antive add$ to ano!r sub/antive to expla9 x & signify+ ! same p]son or ?+1 is call$ an appositive & is said to be 9 apposition4 ,an appositive is 9 ! same case z ! sub/antive :i* x limits4 ,h5ce a sub/antive 9 apposition ) a nom9ative is 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,mr4 ,scott1 ! groc]1 is "h4 ,apposition ) subject4 ,tom1 old fell[1 ,i am glad to see y4 ,apposition ) vocative4 ,! discov]] ( ! ,pacific 0 ,balboa1 a ,spani>d4 ,apposition ) pr$icate nom9ative4 ,,note4 ,apposition means 8atta*m5t02 appositive means 8atta*$ n\n or pron\n40 ,an appositive modifies ! n\n ) :i* x is 9 apposition mu* z an adjective might d 7comp>e 8,balboa1 a ,spani>d0 ) 8,spani% ,balboa074 ,h5ce x is class$ z an adjective modifi]4 ,,possessive ,,case #hi4 ,! possessive case d5otes own]%ip or possession4 ,john's ya*t lies at h] moor+s4 ,! duck's feet are webb$4 ,! mut9e]'s pi/ol bur/ :5 he fir$4 ,,note4 ,mo/ uses ( ! possessive come "u ! g5]al head ( possession 9 "s s5se4 ,special v>ieties ( mean+ are s\rce 7z 9 8h5's eggs07 & au?or%ip 7z 9 8,wordswor?'s sonnets074 ,a possessive n\n or pron\n modifies ! sub/antive to :i* x is atta*$ z an adjective might d4 ,h5ce x is class$ z an adjective modifi]4 ,=ms ( ! ,possessive ,case #ij4 ,! possessive case ( mo/ n\ns has1 9 ! s+ul> numb]1 ! end+ 's4 ,,examples3 ! owl's fea!rs1 ,elizabe?'s hat1 ! (fic]'s "n4 ,plural n\ns end+ 9 s take no fur!r end+ = ! possessive4 ,9 writ+1 h[ev]1 an apo/rophe is put aft] ! s to indicate ! possessive case4 ,,examples3 ! owls' fea!rs1 ! (fic]s' names1 ! arti/s' petition1 ! eng9e]s' ball4 ,plural n\ns n end+ 9 s take 's 9 ! possessive4 ,,examples3 ! firem5's ball1 ! policem5's qu>t]s1 ! *ildr5's h\r4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli% ! possessive ( mo/ n\ns 0 writt5 z well z pron\nc$ ) ! end+ -es or -is4 ,?us1 9 ,*auc]1 ! possessive ( *ild is *ilds or *ildis2 t ( k+ is k+s or k+is2 t ( ,john is ,johns or ,johnis4 ,! use ( an apo/rophe 9 ! possessive is a comp>atively mod]n device1 due to a misund]/&+4 ,s*ol>s at "o "t ?\ght ! s ( ! possessive a fragm5t ( ! pron\n 82 t is1 !y took su* a phrase z ,george's book = a contraction ( ,george 8 book4 ,h5ce !y us$ ! apo/rophe be=e s to signify ! suppos$ omission ( "p ( ! ^w 84 ,simil>ly1 9 ! possessive plural1 !re 0 ?\ght to be an omission ( a f9al es2 t is1 su* a phrase z ! horses' heads 0 ?\ght to be a contraction ( ! horseses heads4 ,bo? ^! errors h long be5 explod$4 #ia4 ,n\ns l %eep & de]1 :i* h ! same =m 9 bo? ! s+ul> & ! plural1 usually take 's 9 ! possessive plural4 ,?us1 ! de]'s tracks w\ld be writt51 :e!r "o de] or m 7 meant4 #ib4 ,,possessive ,,s+ul> ,,( ,,n\ns ,,end+ ,,9 ,s4 #a4 ,monosyllabic n\ns end+ 9 s or an s-s\nd usually make _! possessive s+ul> by add+ 's4 ,,examples3 ,*>les's hat1 ,=bes's g>d51 ,mr4 ,wells's daught]1 ,rice's c>riage1 ,mrs4 ,dix's family1 a fox's bru%4 ,,note4 ,mo/ ( ^! monosyllabic n\ns 9 s are family names4 ,! rule accords ) ! be/ usage2 b x is n absolute1 = usage v>ies4 ,h5ce =ms l ,*>les' & ,wells' _c be condemn$ z positively wrong1 ?\gh ,*>les's & ,wells's are pref]able4 ,9 speak+1 ! %ort] =m is (t5 ambigu\s1 = !re is no diff]5ce 9 s\nd betwe5 ,dix' & ,dick's1 ,mr4 ,hills' & ,mr4 ,hill's1 ,dr4 ,*ilds' & ,dr4 ,*ild's4 #b4 ,n\ns ( two or m syllables end+ 9 s or an s-s\nd1 & n acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable1 may make _! possessive s+ul> by add+ 's1 or may take no end+ 9 ! possessive4 ,9 ! latt] case1 an apo/rophe is add$ 9 writ+1 b 9 s\nd !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! possessive & ! nom9ative4 ,,examples3 ,burr[s's 7or ,burr[s'7 ,hotel1 neas's 7or neas'7 voyage1 ,beatrice's 7or ,beatrice'7 gratitude1 ,felix's 7or ,felix'7 arrival1 = consci5ce's 7or consci5ce'7 sake4 ,mo/ ( ! n\ns 9 "q are prop] names4 ,9 speak+1 "o mu/ (t5 use ! long] =m to prev5t ambiguity2 = ,williams' & ,william's1 ,rob]ts' & ,rob]t's1 ,robb9s' & ,rob9's1 are indi/+ui%able 9 s\nd4 ,,note4 ,n\ns ( two or m syllables end+ 9 s or an s-s\nd & acc5t$ on ! la/ syllable1 foll[ ! rule = monosyllables4 ,?us1--,laplace's ma!matics 7n ,laplace'72 ,alphonse's fa!r 7n ,alphonse'74 ,:5 f9al s is sil5t 7z 9 _m ,fr5* names71 's mu/ ( c\rse be add$ 9 ! possessive4 ,?us1--,desc>tes's philosophy 7pron\nc$ ,daycrt's74 ,use ( ! ,possessive ,case #ic4af ,possession may be d5ot$ by a phrase ) ( z well z by ! possessive case4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! two =ms _c be br\ght "u rigid rules1 b ! foll[+ sugge/ions w be ( use4 ,i4 ,9 old] ,engli% & 9 poetry ! possessive case ( n\ns is freely us$1 b 9 mod]n prose x is r>e unless ! possessor is a liv+ be+4 ,a phrase ) ( is us$ in/ead4 ,! mayor ( ,detroit 7,,n ,detroit's mayor74 ,! top ( ! po/ 7,,n ! po/'s top74 ,! preval5ce ( ! epidemic 7,,n ! epidemic's preval5ce74 ,contra/ ! poetic use3-- ,belgium's capital _h ga!r$ !n ,h] beauty & h] *ivalry4--,,byron4 ,o!r prepositions are sometimes us$3 z1--8! explosion 9 ,new ,york0 7,,n 8,new ,york's explosion071 8! /ation at ,plym\?40 ,,ii4 ,:5 ! possessor is a liv+ be+1 good usage v>ies4 #a4 ,if !re is actual own]%ip or possession ( "s mat]ial ?+1 ! possessive case is g5]ally us$ 9 ! s+ul>3 z1--8,john's hat0 7n 8! hat ( ,john074 ,! possessive plural1 h[ev]1 is (t5 replac$ by a phrase ) (1 to avoid ambiguity or h>%ness3 z1--8! jewels ( ! ladies0 7r ?an 8! ladies' jewels07#ag1 8! w+s ( ! geese0 7r ?an 8! geese's w+s074 #b4 ,) n\ns d5ot+ a quality1 an act1 or ! l1 ei!r ! possessive or ! (-phrase is prop]3 z1--8,john's g5]osity10 or 8! g5]osity ( ,john02 8,john's condition10 or 8! condition ( ,john02 8! guide's ef=ts10 or 8! ef=ts ( ! guide02 8,cs>'s dea?10 or 8! dea? ( ,cs>40 ,:5 !re is any *oice1 x usually dep5ds on euphony 7t is1 agreeable s\nd71 & is !re=e a "q ( /yle4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !re is a di/9ction 9 s5se4 8,john's fe>10 = example1 indicates t ,john is afraid2 b 8! fe> ( ,john0 means ! fe> :i* ,john inspires 9 o!rs4 ,,iii4 ,! foll[+ phrases are e/abli%$ idioms ) ! possessive4 ,9 "s ( !m1 h[ev]1 ! possessive may be replac$ by ( & its object4 7#a7 ,! e>?'s surface1 ! sun's rays1 ! moon's reflection1 ! pit's m\?1 a rope's end1 8 j\rney's end1 at 8 wit's end1 ! %ip's keel1 ! wat]'s edge1 ! cannon's m\?1 out ( h>m's way1 at swords' po9ts1 = pity's sake1 = consci5ce' sake2 7#b7 a mom5t's pause1 a ye>'s "t1 a h&'s bread?1 a boat's l5g?1 a mon?'s sal>y1 a week's notice1 a night's re/1 a day's "w1 a /one's ?r[1 a fea!r's weight1 an h\r's delay1 a doll>'s wor?1 n a foot's diff]5ce4 ,9 ! second gr\p ( phrases 78a mom5t's pause10 etc471 ! possessive d5otes n own]%ip1 b measure or ext5t4 ,,iv4 ,! possessive case ( c]ta9 pron\ns 7my1 our1 y\r1 81 h]1 its1 _!7 is m freely us$ ?an t ( n\ns 9 expressions t d n d5ote actual own]%ip4 ,i "k him to my sorr[4 ,comp>e3 to 8 loss1 to our detrim5t1 to 8 advantage4 ,! brass has lo/ its poli%4 ,?is "q mu/ be decid$ on its m]its4 ,8 argum5ts did n fail ( _! effect4 ,= ! inflection ( ^! pron\ns1 see #aae4 ,= ! use ( ^:1 see #aeb4 #id4 ,:5 a ?+ belongs to two or m jo9t own]s1 ! sign ( ! possessive is add$ to ! la/ "n only4 ,br[n1 ,jones1 & ,ri*>dson's factories4 ,br[n1 ,jones1 & ,ri*>dson are p>tn]s4 ,x is ,george & ,william's turn to take ! boat4 ,george & ,william are to g 9 ! boat toge!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ord] to avoid ambiguity we %\ld say1 8,br[n's1 ,jones's1 & ,ri*>dson's factories10 if ea* individual _h a factory ( 8 own2 & 8,george's & ,william's answ]s 7 correct10 if ea* boy answ]$ indep5d5tly ( ! o!r4 #ie4 ,9 comp\nd n\ns ! la/ "p takes ! possessive sign4 ,s also :5 a phrase is us$ z a n\n4 ,my fa!r-9-law's home is 9 ,ea/on4 ,we _h a qu>t] ( an h\r's talk4 ,o!r examples are ! foll[+3-- ,my bro!r-9-law's op9ion2 ! comm&]-9-*ief's ord]s2 ! lady-9-wait+'s duties2 ! coal deal]'s prices2 ,edw>d ,,vii's reign2 ! ,k+ ( ,engl&'s portrait2 half a ye>'s delay2 9 ?ree or f\r mon?s' "t2 a cable & a half's l5g?2 ! pleasure ( ,major ,p5d5nis & ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,p5d5nis's company 7,,?ack]ay74 ,,note4 ,n\n-phrases (t5 conta9 two sub/antives1 ! second ( :i* is 9 apposition ) ! fir/4 ,9 su* phrases1 ( is g5]ally pref]able to ! possessive4 ,?us1 we may say ei!r 8,tom ! blacksmi?'s daught]0 or 8! daught] ( ,tom ! blacksmi?02 b 8! son ( ,mr4 ,hill ! c>p5t]0 is bo? neat] & cle>] ?an 8,mr4 ,hill ! c>p5t]'s son40 ,! use ( 's is also avoid$ ) a v long phrase l 8! own] ( ! h\se on ! o!r side ( ! /reet40 ,an objective may /& 9 apposition ) a possessive1 ! latt] be+ equival5t to ( ) an object4 ,?us1--8,i am n yet ( ,p]cy's m9d ( ! m9d ( ,p]cy1 ! ,hotspur ( ! ,nor?0 7,,%aksp]e74 #if4 ,! n\n d5ot+ ! object possess$ is (t5 omitt$ :5 x may be readily und]/ood1 especially 9 ! pr$icate4 ,conant's %op is op5 until noon4 ,i buy my hats at ,bryant's %op4 ,we w d9e at ,p5nock's re/aurant4 ,t cam]a is m9e4 7,see #abb47 ,?is con/ruction is common 9 su* expressions z3-- ,he 0 a relative ( ,john's4 ,t c>eless tongue ( ,john's w get him into tr\ble4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 8a relative ( ,john's0 means 8a relative ( 7 f among7 ,john's relatives40 ,! second example %[s an ext5sion ( ?is con/ruction by analogy4 ,see #abb4 ,,objective ,,case #ig4 ,! objective case1 z its "n implies1 is ! case ( ! object4 ,mo/ ( its uses are cov]$ by ! foll[+ rule3-- ,! object ( a v]b or preposition is 9 ! objective case4 ,! object ( a preposition has already be5 expla9$ & def9$ 7 #bj-ba74 #ih4 ,! object ( a v]b may be 7#a7 ! direct object1 7#b7 ! pr$icate objective1 7#c7 ! indirect object1 7#d7 ! cognate object4 ,( ^! ! direct object is ! mo/ important4 ,! objective is also us$ 7#e7 adv]bially 7 #aji71 7#f7 9 apposition ) ano!r objective 7 #aaj71 & 7#g7 z ! subject ( an inf9itive 7 #aaa74 #a4 ,direct ,object #ii4 ,"s v]bs may be foll[$ by a sub/antive d5ot+ t :i* receives ! action or is produc$ by x4 ,^! are call$ transitive v]bs4 ,all o!r v]bs are call$ intransitive4 #a4 ,t man /ruck my dog4 #b4 ,! arr[ hit ! t>get4 #c4 ,cs> conqu]$ ,gaul4 #d4 ,mr4 ,holl& sells fl\r4 #e4 ,! f>m] raises corn4 #f4 ,mr4 ,eaton makes /oves4 #g4 ,my gr&fa!r built t h\se4 ,9 ,nos4 #a-d1 ! v]b is foll[$ by a n\n d5ot+ ! receiv] ( ! action4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! dog receives ! bl[2 9 ! second1 ! t>get receives ! action ( hitt+4 ,9 ,nos4 #e-g1 ! v]b is foll[$ by a n\n d5ot+ ! product ( ! action4 ,= example1 ! corn is produc$ by ! action express$ by ! v]b raises4 ,9 ea* example1 ! n\n t foll[s ! v]b completes ! s5se ( ! v]b4 8,t man /ruck ----40 8,/ruck :om80 8,he /ruck ! dog40 ,until dog is add$ ! s5se ( ! v]b /ruck is incomplete4 #ajj4 ,a sub/antive t completes ! mean+ ( a transitive v]b is call$ its direct object1 & is said to be 9 ! objective case4 ,?us1 9 ! examples above1 dog is ! direct object ( ! transitive v]b /ruck2 t>get is ! direct object ( hit1--& s on4 ,ea* ( ^! n\ns is !re=e 9 ! objective case4 ,! direct object is (t5 call$ ! object complem5t1 or ! object ( ! v]b4 #aja4 ,intransitive v]bs h no object4 ,! lion ro>$4 ,! visitor c\gh$ g5tly4 ,! log drift$ d[n/ream4 ,we all li/5$ int5tly4 ,comp>e ^! s5t5ces ) ^? 9 #ii4 ,we obs]ve t ! v]bs 7unlike ^? 9 #ii7 admit no object1 s9ce _! mean+ is complete )\t ! addition ( any n\n to d5ote ! receiv] or product ( ! action4 8,! man /ruck----0 prompts ! inquiry1 8,/ruck :om80 ,b no su* "q is sugge/$ by 8,! lion ro>$02 = 8,ro>$ :at80 w\ld be an absurdity4 #ajb4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7 #hh1 #b7 mu/ n be confus$ ) ! direct object4 ,!y resemble ea* o!r 9 two p>ticul>s3 7#a7 bo? /& 9 ! pr$icate1 & 7#b7 bo? complete ! mean+ ( ! v]b4 ,b !y diff] utt]ly 9 _! relation to ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,=-- ,! pr$icate nom9ative describes or def9es ! subject4 ,h5ce bo? sub/antives d5ote ! same p]son or ?+4 ,*>les ,,subject is 0 became 0 elect$ capta9 ,,pr$icate ,,nom9ative4 ,! direct object nei!r describes nor def9es ! subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 x designates t ^u :i* ! subject acts4 ,h5ce ! two sub/antives regul>ly#ah d5ote diff]5t p]sons or ?+s4 ,*>les ,,subject /ruck ,james ,,object4 ?rew a /one ,,object4 built a boat ,,object4 ,bo? ! direct object & ! pr$icate nom9ative are class$ z complem5ts1 because !y are us$ to complete ! s5se ( ! pr$icate v]b 7 #dhc74 #ajc4 ,a v]b ( ask+ sometimes takes two direct objects1 "o d5ot+ ! p]son & ! o!r ! ?+4 ,%e ask$ ! boy 8 "n4 ,ask me no favors4 ,i ask$ ! lawy] 8 op9ion4 #b4 ,pr$icate ,objective #ajd4 ,v]bs ( *oos+1 call+1 nam+1 mak+1 & ?9k+ may take two objects ref]r+ to ! same p]son or ?+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! direct object1 & ! second1 :i* completes ! s5se ( ! pr$icate1 is call$ a pr$icate objective4 ,we *ose ,osc> presid5t4 ,osc> is ! direct object ( *ose2 presid5t is ! pr$icate objective4 ,i call ,john my fri5d4 ,!y ?\ght ! man a c[>d4 ,make my h\se y\r home4 ,! pr$icate objective is (t5 call$ ! complem5t>y object or ! objective attribute4 ,x is class$ z a complem5t4 ,an adjective may s]ve z pr$icate objective4 ,i call ?is %ip unseawor?y4 ,y\r lett] made y\r si/] anxi\s4 ,:at makes ,edw9 s c>eless8 #c4 ,indirect ,object & ,simil> ,idioms #aje4 ,"s v]bs ( giv+1 tell+1 refus+1 & ! l1 may take two objects1 a direct object & an indirect object4 ,! indirect object d5otes ! p]son or ?+ t[>d :om or t[>d :i* is direct$ ! action express$ by ! re/ ( ! pr$icate4 ,,direct ,,object ,,only ,,direct ,,object ,,& ,,indirect ,,object ,dick sold 8 bicycle4 ,dick sold ,john 8 bicycle4 ,i gave p]mission4 ,i gave ?is man p]mission4 ,he paid a doll>4 ,he paid ! g>d5] a doll>4 ,%e taught ,lat94 ,%e taught my *ildr5 ,lat94 ,mo/ ( ! v]bs t admit an indirect object are includ$ 9 ! foll[+ li/3-- allot1 all[1 assign1 bequea?1 br+1 d5y1 ensure1 fet*1 fl+1 =bid1 =give1 give1 grant1 gu>antee1 h&1 lease1 leave1 l5d1 let1 owe1 p>don1 pass1 pay1 refund1 refuse1 remit1 re/ore1 sell1 s5d1 %[1 s+1 sp>e1 tea*1 tell1 ?r[1 toss1 v\*safe4 ,pron\ns are common] z indirect objects ?an n\ns4 ,!y d5i$ h] ! necessities ( life4 ,i gu>ante$ !m a h&some pr(it4 ,! k+ v\*saf$ !m an audi5ce4 ,x is always possible to ins]t ! preposition to be=e ! indirect object )\t *ang+ ! s5se4 ,s9ce ! indirect object is equival5t to an adv]bial phrase1 x is class$ z a modifi] ( ! v]b4 ,?us1 9 8,dick sold ,john 8 bicycle10 ,john is an adv]bial modifi] ( ! pr$icate v]b sold4 ,! indirect object is sometimes us$ )\t a direct object express$4 ,?us1-- ,he paid ! hatt]4 ,"h hatt] may be recogniz$ z an indirect object by ins]t+ to be=e x & add+ a direct object 788 bill10 88 money10 or ! l74 #ajf4 ,! objective case sometimes expresses ! p]son = :om any?+ is done4 ,william made 8 bro!r a kite made a kite = 8 bro!r4 ,sampson built me a boat built a boat = me4 ,?is con/ruction may be call$ ! objective ( s]vice4 ,,note4 ,! objective ( s]vice is (t5 includ$ "u ! head ( ! indirect object4 ,b ! two con/ructions diff] widely 9 s5se1 & %\ld be c>efully di/+ui%$4 ,to d an act to a p]son is n ! same ?+ z to d an act = a p]son4 ,contra/ 8,john paid ! money to me10 ) 8,john paid ! money = me02 8,dick sold a bicycle to me10 ) 8,dick sold a bicycle = me40 #ajg4 ,! objective case is us$ aft] l1 unlike1 ne>1 & next1 :i* are really adjectives or adv]bs1 ?\gh 9 ?is con/ruction !y are (t5 reg>d$ z prepositions4 ,%e sang l a bird4 ,l is an adv]b4 ,! e>? is l a ball4 ,l is an adjective4 ,my (fice is ne> ! /ation4 ,ne> is an adjective4 ,t answ] 0 unlike ,joseph4 ,unlike is an adjective4 ,?is man walks unlike ,joseph4 ,unlike is an adv]b4 ,a /ream ran ne> ! hut4 ,ne> is an adv]b4 ,! use ( ! objective aft] ^! words is a peculi> idiom simil> to ! indirect object 7 #aje74 ,! nature ( ! con/ruction may be se5 7z 9 ! indirect object7 by ins]t+ to or unto 78,%e sang l unto a bird074 ,,note4 ,! indirect object1 ! objective ( s]vice1 & ! objective aft] l1 unlike1 & ne> are all survivals ( old dative con/ructions4 ,besides ! case ( ! direct object 7(t5 call$ accusative71 ,engli% once _h a case 7call$ ! dative7 :i* meant to or = somebody or some?+4 ,! dative case is easily di/+ui%$ 9 ,greek1 ,lat91 & ,g]man1 b 9 ,engli% x has long be5 m]g$ 9 =m ) ! ord9>y objective4 #d4 ,cognate ,object #ajh4 ,a v]b t is regul>ly intransitive sometimes takes z object a n\n ^: mean+ closely resembles its own4 ,a n\n 9 ?is con/ruction is call$ ! cognate object ( ! v]b & is 9 ! objective case4 ,he ran a race4 ,! mayor c\gh$ a dubi\s1 ins9uat+ c\gh4 ,a scornful laugh laugh$ he4 ,! trumpet] blew a l\d bla/4 ,%e sleeps ! sleep ( dea?4 ,,note4 ,cognate means 8k9dr$0 or 8relat$40 ,! cognate object repeats ! idea ( ! v]b1 (t5 ) "s modification1 & may be class$ z an adv]bial modifi]4 ,its diff]5ce f ! direct object may be se5 by contra/+ 8,! blacksmi? /ruck ! anvil0 ) 8,! blacksmi? /ruck a mighty bl[0 7cf4 8/ruck mightily074 ,= ! pron\n x z cognate object1 see #abj4 #e4 ,adv]bial ,objective #aji4 ,a n\n1 or a phrase consi/+ ( a n\n & its modifi]s1 may be us$ adv]bially4 ,su* a n\n is call$ an adv]bial objective4 ,we h wait$ ye>s = ?is re=m4 ,i am ye>s old] ?an y are4 ,! riv] is miles away4 ,! wat] rose ?ree feet4 ,?is is an in* too long4 ,my bro!r is tw5ty ye>s old4 ,i w /ay a %ort "t4 ,wait a mom5t4 ,come "h ?is in/ant6 ,turn y\r eyes ?is way4 ,?is silk is sev]al %ades too light4 ,a gr\p ( words consi/+ ( an adv]bial object ) its modifi] or modifi]s =ms an adv]bial phrase 7 #da74 #f4 ,objective 9 ,apposition #aaj4 ,a sub/antive 9 apposition ) an objective is itself 9 ! objective case4 ,ye/]day ,i saw ,williams ! expressman4 ,apposition ) ! direct object ( saw4 ,tom gave 8 fri5d ,john a book4 ,apposition ) ! indirect object fri5d4 ,he lives ) ,&rews ! blacksmi?4 ,apposition ) ! object ( ! preposition )4 ,?is rule foll[s f ! g5]al pr9ciple t an appositive is 9 ! same case z ! sub/antive to :i* x is atta*$ 7 #hh1 #e74 #g4 ,subject ( an ,inf9itive #aaa4 ,! subject ( an inf9itive is 9 ! objective case4 ,?is con/ruction w be treat$ 9 connection ) ! uses ( ! inf9itive 7 #cbe74 ,p>s+ #aab4 ,to p>se a ^w is to describe its grammatical =m & to give its con/ruction4 ,9 p>s+ a n\n1 we m5tion ! class to :i* x belongs1 give its g5d]1 numb]1 p]son1 & case1 & tell :y x is 9 t case4 ,?us1-- #a4 ,frank %ot a wolf4 ,frank is a prop] n\n ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 9 ! s+ul> numb] & ?ird p]son4 ,x is 9 ! nom9ative case1 because x is ! subject ( ! v]b %ot4 ,wolf is a common n\n ( ! mascul9e or fem99e or common g5d]1 9 ! s+ul> numb] & ?ird p]son4 ,x is 9 ! objective case1 because x is ! object or direct object ( ! transitive v]b %ot4 #b4 ,jane1 come "h4 ,jane is a prop] n\n ( ! fem99e g5d]1 9 ! s+ul> numb] & second p]son4 ,x is 9 ! nom9ative case1 be+ us$ z a vocative 7or 9 direct address74 #c4 ,! rope is fifte5 feet long4 ,feet is a common n\n ( ! neut] g5d]1 9 ! plural numb] & ?ird p]son4 ,x is 9 ! objective case1 be+ us$ z an adv]bial modifi] ( ! adjective long4 #d4 ,edg>'s boat is a sloop4 ,edg>'s is a prop] n\n ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 9 ! s+ul> numb] & ?ird p]son4 ,x is 9 ! possessive case1 modify+ ! n\n boat4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,pron\ns #aac4 ,a pron\n is a ^w us$ in/ead ( a n\n4 ,x designates a p]son1 place1 or ?+ )\t nam+ x4 ,! sub/antive to :i* a pron\n ref]s is call$ its antec$5t4 ,a pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & p]son 7 #aa74 ,pron\ns h 9 g5]al ! same con/ructions z n\ns4 #aad4 ,pron\ns may be classifi$ z 7#a7 p]sonal1 7#b7 adjective1 7#c7 relative1 & 7#d7 int]rogative4 ,"u adjective pron\ns are includ$ 7a7 demon/rative pron\ns & 7b7 indef9ite pron\ns4 ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns #aae4 ,! p]sonal pron\ns s]ve to di/+ui% 7#a7 ! speak]1 7#b7 ! p]son spok5 to1 & 7#c7 ! p]son1 place1 or ?+ spok5 ( 7 #he74 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,,! ,,pron\n ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,p]son3 ,i ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,nom9ative ,i ,nom9ative we ,possessive my or m9e ,possessive our or ours ,objective me ,objective u ,,! ,,pron\n ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,p]son3 ?\ ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,nom9ative ?\ ,nom9ative y or ye ,possessive ?y or ?9e ,possessive y\r or y\rs ,objective !e ,objective y or ye ,,! ,,pron\n ,,( ,,! ,,?ird ,,p]son3 he1 %e1 x ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,,mascul9e ,,fem99e ,,neut] ,,mascul9e1 ,,fem99e1 & ,,neut] ,nom9ative he %e x !y ,possessive 8 h] or h]s its _! or !irs ,objective him h] x !m ,unlike n\ns1 mo/ ( ! p]sonal pron\ns h di/9ct =ms = ! nom9ative & ! objective4 ,,note4 ,! possessive case ( p]sonal pron\ns nev] has ! apo/rophe4 ,?us1--its1 y\rs1 !irs4 ,! =m x's is prop] only z a contraction ( x is4 ,,g5d] ,,& ,,numb] #aaf4 ,! pron\ns ( ! fir/ & second p]sons 7,i & ?\7 may be ei!r mascul9e or fem99e4 ,! pron\ns ( ! ?ird p]son h diff]5t =ms = mascul9e1 fem99e1 & neut] 9 ! s+ul> 7he1 %e1 x72 b 9 ! plural ! =m !y s]ves = all ?ree g5d]s4 ,,note4 ,9 ! olde/ ,engli% 8 0 bo? mascul9e & neut]4 ,! neut] use la/$ until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,?us1-- ,t same eye ^: b5d do? awe ! _w ,did lose 8 lu/re4--,,%aksp]e1 ,julius ,cs>1 i4 #b4 #abc4 #aag4 ,?\1 ?y1 ?9e1 !e1 & ye are old =ms /ill f\nd 9 poetry & ! solemn /yle4 ,9 ord9>y prose1 y1 y\r1 & y\rs are ! only =ms us$ = ! second p]son1 :e!r s+ul> or plural4 ,yet y1 ev5 :5 d5ot+ a s+le p]son1 always takes ! v]b-=ms t g ) plural subjects4 ,?us1-- ,my fri5d1 y 7 ,,n 0 9 error4 ,h5ce y may be/ be reg>d$ z always plural 9 =m1 b may be describ$ z s+ul> 9 s5se :5 x /&s = "o p]son only4 ,,note4 ,memb]s ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds 7commonly call$ ,quak]s7 & ( "s o!r religi\s bodies use !e & ?y 9 _! ord9>y conv]sation4 ,ye 0 =m]ly ! regul> nom9ative plural1 & y ! objective2 b ! =ms 7 aft]w>ds confus$4 ,ye has gone out ( use except 9 poetry & ! solemn /yle1 & y is n[ ! regul> =m = bo? nom9ative & objective4 ,:]e an objective =m ye is f\nd pr9t$ in/ead ( y 7z (t5 9 ,%aksp]e1--8,a s\?we/ bl[ on ye071 x repres5ts an indi/9ct pronunciation ( y r ?an ! old nom9ative ye4 ,?is indi/9ct s\nd may /ill be he>d 9 rapid or c>eless spee* 78,i'll tell y] ! tru?074 ,ye z an abbreviation = ! 7z 9 8ye old t[n07 has no?+ to d ) ! pron\n ye4 ,! y simply /&s = ! "* 7an old sign = ?71 & ! abbreviation 0 pron\nc$ !1 nev] ye4 #aah4 ,!y1 y1 & we are (t5 us$ indef9itely = 8"o0 or 8p 9 g5]al40 ,!y say t ,joe has gone to sea4 ,to %ut (f ! /eam1 y close bo? valves ( ! radiator4 ,,note4 ,we1 our1 & u are us$ 9 editorial articles in/ead ( ,i1 my1 & me1 because ! writ] repres5ts ! :ole editorial /aff4 ,?is practice %\ld n be foll[$ 9 ord9>y composition4 ,a sov]eign rul] may use we1 our1 & u :5 speak+ ( himself 9 proclamations & o!r =mal docum5ts4 ,?is con/ruction is (t5 call$ 8! plural ( maje/y40 ,?us1-- ,"k t we h divid$ ,9 ?ree our k+dom4--,,%aksp]e4 ,! =m 'em 7z 9 8,tell me y\r c\nsels2 ,i w n disclose 'em10 9 ,julius ,cs>7 is n a contraction ( !m1 b ( hem1 an old objective plural ( he4 ,,case ,,( ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns ,,nom9ative ,,case #aai4 ,nom9ative con/ructions ( ! p]sonal pron\ns are ! same z ^? ( n\ns 7 #hh74 ,i am ready4 ,subject4 ,x is ,i4 ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,"h1 y rascal1 :at are y ab\t8 ,vocative1 direct address4 ,poor y6 ,nom9ative ( exclamation4 ,g5]al ,au/91 he & no o!r1 won ! battle4 ,apposition4 ,= ! nom9ative absolute1 see #cde4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to use an objective =m :5 a pr$icate nom9ative is requir$4 ,x is ,i ,,n me4 ,x is we ,,n u :o did x4 ,x 0 he ,,n him :o told u4 ,x 0 !y ,,n !m :o 7 to blame4 #abj4 ,x has sev]al peculi> uses 9 ! nom9ative4 #a4 ,x is us$ z ! subject 9 _m expressions l 8,x ra9s10 8,x sn[s10 8,x light5s10 8,x is cold10 :]e no def9ite subject is ?\ght (4 ,9 ?is use1 x is said to be imp]sonal4 ,,note4 ,an imp]sonal x also occurs z a cognate object 7 #ajh7 9 colloquial language3 z1--8,hang x60 8,g x60 8,he w5t x40 8,he f>m$ x = a ye>40 ,o!r examples ( ! indef9ite & imp]sonal x 9 v>i\s con/ructions are3 8,we are r\gh+ x40 8,keep x up40 8,y'll cat* x40 8,let x all g40 8,he made a poor job ( x40 8,he made a success ( x40 #b4 ,x (t5 s]ves z grammatical subject m]ely to introduce ! v]b is1 ! real subject ( ! ?\ght /&+ 9 ! pr$icate4 ,9 ?is use x is call$ an expletive 7or 8fill]074 ,x is he4 ,x is ,*ri/mas4 ,x 0 a tiresome ride4 ,9 ^! examples1 ! subject ( ! ?\ght 7he1 ,*ri/mas1 ride7 appe>s z a pr$icate nom9ative4 #c4 ,! antec$5t ( x is (t5 a gr\p ( words4 ,we>+ tight %oes is fooli%4 ,x de=ms ! feet4 #aba4 ,9 imp]ative s5t5ces ! subject 7y7 is commonly omitt$3 z1--8,%ut ! door40 ,,note4 ,! subject ,i is sometimes omitt$ 9 wi%es 7z1 8,w\ld he 7 "h60 = 8,i w\ld t he 7 "h074 ,s also 9 8,?ank y10 8,pray tell me0 7comp>e pri!e = 8,i pray !e074 ,expressions l 8,can/ tell80 7= 8,can/ ?\ tell8071 8,art !re80 7= 8,art ?\ !re807 are common 9 poetry & old] ,engli%4 ,^! come f ! gradual we>+ away & f9al disappe>ance ( ! pron\n ?\ 7can/ ?\1 can/[1 can/1 can/74 ,,possessive ,,case #abb4 ,! possessive =ms my1 ?y1 our1 y\r1 h]1 & _! are us$ :5 a n\n foll[s2 m9e1 ?9e1 ours1 y\rs1 h]s1 & !irs _c be foll[$ by a n\n1 & /& commonly 9 ! pr$icate4 ,8 may be us$ 9 ei!r way4 ,my bro!r has arriv$4 ,! fault is m9e4 ,our "w is done4 ,^? seats are ours4 ,i h torn y\r glove4 ,?is p5cil is y\rs4 ,_! turn has come4 ,t field is !irs4 ,8 hair is black4 ,! book is n 84 ,examples ( m9e1 y\rs1 etc4 n 9 ! pr$icate are3 ,m9e 0 a t]ri]2 y\rs 0 a po9t]4 ,!irs is a r$ motor c>4 ,ours broke d[n la/ night4 ,8 leak$ badly4 ,8 "n is ,m>t92 h]s is ,smi?4 ,9 su* cases ! pron\n is always emphatic4 ,! con/ruction is *iefly colloquial4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli% & 9 poetry m9e & ?9e are common in/ead ( my & ?y be=e words beg9n+ ) a v[el or h3 z1-- ,m9e eyes dazzle3 %e di$ "y4--,,john ,,web/]4 ,! v m9ute bids !e ope ?9e e>4--,,%aksp]e4 ,m9e is sometimes us$ aft] a vocative n\n3 z1--bro!r m9e4 ,= expressions l 8a fri5d ( m9e10 8t unruly tongue ( y\rs10 see #if4 #abc4 ,:5 two or m sep>ate objects are spok5 ( z possess$1 a possessive %\ld prec$e ! "n ( ea* if !re is dang] ( ambiguity4 ,i w s5d = our secret>y & our treasur]4 ,two p]sons4 ,i w s5d = our secret>y & treasur]4 ,"o p]son4 ,i h call$ = my bread & my milk4 ,two ?+s4 ,i h call$ = my bread & milk4 ,a mixture4 ,h y ,bacon's 8,essays & ,apoph!gms08 ,"o book4 ,h y ,bacon's 8,essays0 & 8 8,advancem5t ( ,le>n+08 ,two books4 ,,objective ,,case #abd4 ,! commone/ con/ructions 9 :i* p]sonal pron\ns take ! objective case are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,object ( a preposition 7 #ig73 z1-- ,take x f him4 #b4 ,direct object ( a transitive v]b 7 #ii73 z1-- ,i w f9d y4 #c4 ,indirect object ( a transitive v]b 7 #aje73 z1-- ,he gave me a doll>4 #d4 ,subject ( an inf9itive 7see #cbe74 ,,note4 ,9 poetry ! objective me is sometimes us$ 9 exclamations3 z1--8,me mis]able60 7,,milton74 ,9 me?9ks & meseems 78x seems to me071 me is a remnant ( ! old dative1 z 9 ! indirect object 7see #ajg74 ,! comp\nds !re(1 !re)1 !refrom1 etc41 are equival5t to ( x1 ) x1 f x1 etc43 z1--8,proclaim lib]ty ?r\gh\t all ! l& unto all ! inhabitants !re(0 7,leviticus xxv4 #aj74 ,= ! imp]sonal x z cognate object1 see #abj4 ,,! ,,self-,,pron\ns 7,,comp\nd ,,p]sonal ,,pron\ns7 #abe4 ,! ?ree comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns are made by add+ ! ^w self to c]ta9 =ms ( ! p]sonal pron\ns4 ,?us1-- myself1 plural ourselves2 ?yself or y\rself1 plural y\rselves2 himself1 h]self1 itself1 plural !mselves4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! indef9ite oneself1 m commonly writt5 z two words1 "o's self 7 #aci74 ,obs]ve t y\rself is s+ul>1 & y\rselves plural4 ,hisself & !irselves are incorrect =ms4 ,ourself 7n ourselves7 is ! comp\nd pron\n correspond+ to ! royal we 7 #aah74 ,:at t\*es u ourself %all be la/ s]v$4--,,%aksp]e4 #abf4 #a4 ,! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns may be us$ to emphasize sub/antives4 ,9 ?is use !y are call$ int5sive pron\ns4 ,i myself w g4 ,k+ ,alfr$ himself took ! field4 ,!y did ! "w !mselves4 ,an int5sive pron\n is 9 apposition ) ! sub/antive to :i* x ref]s4 #b4 ,! comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns may be us$ z ! objects ( transitive v]bs or ( prepositions :5 ! object d5otes ! same p]son or ?+ z ! subject4 ,9 ?is use !y are call$ reflexive pron\ns4 ,i h hurt myself4 ,k+ ,alfr$ int]e/$ himself 9 8 subjects4 ,^! s*em]s deceiv$ !mselves4 ,m>y 0 talk+ to h]self4 ,he gave himself a holiday4 ,indirect object4 ,^! pron\ns are call$ reflexive 7t is1 8b5d+ back07 because !y ref] back to ! subject & repeat its mean+ 9 an object con/ruction4 ,,note4 ,a reflexive pron\n sometimes ref]s to a sub/antive 9 ! objective case3 z1--8,our captors left u to ourselves40 ,9 old] ,engli% ! simple p]sonal pron\ns me1 !e1 etc41 7 (t5 us$ reflexively3 z1--8,i held me myself /ill02 8,yield !e ?yself captive02 8,!y built !m = !mselves h\ses0 7see #ajf74 ,?is idiom survives 9 colloquial language 7z1 8,i h hurt me10 8,i h b\ght me a rifle071 b x is avoid$ 9 writ+ except 9 a few expressions su* z3 8,i mu/ look ab\t me02 8,we gaz$ ab\t u02 8,look beh9d y40 #abg4 ,! adjective own is sometimes ins]t$ betwe5 ! fir/ & ! second "p ( ! self-pron\ns = emphasis4 ,,examples3 my own self1 y\r own self1 8 own self1 our own selves1 _! own selves4 ,9 ?is use1 self is 9 /rictness a n\n limit$ by ! possessive & by ! adjective own1 b ! phrases may be reg>d$ z comp\nd pron\ns4 ,o!r adjectives are sometimes ins]t$ betwe5 ! possessive & self3 z1--my v self1 8 wor?less self4 #abh4 ,! int5sive pron\ns are sometimes us$ )\t a sub/antive4 ,?us1-- ,x is myself4 ,myself ,i myself4 ,y are h>dly y\rself to-day4 ,9 poetry & old] ,engli%1 ! int5sives are ev5 f\nd z subjects3 z1--8,ourself w m+le ) society0 7,macbe?74 #abi4 ,! int5sive pron\ns %\ld n be us$ z simple p]sonal pron\ns4 ,?us we %\ld say3--8,he 0 k9d to ,m>y & me0 7,,n myself72 8,!y invit$ my wife & me 7,,n myself740 ,,adjective ,,pron\ns #acj4 ,"s words are us$ ei!r z adjectives or z pron\ns4 ,su* words are call$ adjective pron\ns4 ,adjective pron\ns are classifi$1 accord+ to _! mean+1 z 7#a7 demon/rative pron\ns & 7#b7 indef9ite pron\ns4 ,i4 ,,demon/rative ,,pron\ns #aca4 ,! demon/ratives are ?is 7plural1 ^!71 t 7plural1 ^?74 ,!y po9t out p]sons or ?+s = special att5tion4 ,! demon/ratives may be us$ ei!r z adjectives or z pron\ns4 ,i4 ,z adjectives3-- ,?is sailor sav$ my life4 ,^! girls are en]getic4 ,be k9d to ?is *ild4 ,i am n al>m$ by ^! ?reats4 ,give ?is boy a dime4 ,^! *]ries are s\r4 ,?is fire is too hot4 ,look at ^! acorns4 ,t saw is dull4 ,^? trees are dy+4 ,we mu/ cross t /ream4 ,take ^? di%es away4 ,t tra9 is late4 ,:o are ^? /rang]s8 ,s5d t dog home4 ,d y see ^? rocks8 ,i am tir$ ( t tune4 ,i am sorry = ^? *ildr54 ,,ii4 ,z pron\ns3-- ,?is is a f9e morn+4#ai ,^! are c[boys4 ,?is is my uncle4 ,rob]t gave me ^!4 ,c y d ?is8 ,i nev] saw ^! be=e4 ,?is is ! road4 ,:o are ^!8 ,look at ?is4 ,^! are our rackets4 ,t is ,ell5 9 ! canoe4 ,^? are de]4 ,t w\ld please him4 ,^? are na/urtiums4 ,t mu/ be he4 ,:at are ^?8 ,:at is t8 ,^? are kang>oos4 ,if ! demon/rative is foll[$ by a n\n :i* x limits 7z 9 8?is sailor071 x is an adjective4 ,if ! demon/rative po9ts out some?+ :i* x does n "n 7z 9 8,?is is a f9e morn+071 x takes ! place ( a n\n & is !re=e a pron\n4 ,! simple subject ( ! s5t5ce 8,?is cam]a is exp5sive0 is ! n\n cam]a1 :i* is modifi$ by ! adjective ?is4 ,! subject ( ! s5t5ce 8,?is is exp5sive0 is ! pron\n ?is4 ,,note4 ,yon1 yond1 & yond] are common z demon/ratives 9 old] ,engli% & 9 poetry4 ,?us1--8,n]issa1 *e] yon /rang]0 7,m]*ant ( ,v5ice74 8,"q yond man0 7,z ,y ,l ,x74 8,is n yond ,diom$80 7,troilus & ,cressida74 8,call yond] fell[ hi!r0 7,h5ry ,v74 8,is yond] ! man80 7,z ,y ,l ,x74 #acb4 ,demon/ratives h only ! inflection ( numb]4 ,!y h ! same =m = all ?ree g5d]s4 ,! nom9ative & objective cases are alike2 ! possessive is replac$ by ( ) ! objective4 ,,s+ul> ,,plural ,nom4 & ,obj4 ?is ,nom4 & ,obj4 ^! ,possessive ( ?is ,possessive ( ^! ,nom4 & ,obj4 t ,nom4 & ,obj4 ^? ,possessive ( t ,possessive ( ^? ,yon1 yond1 & yond] are n inflect$4 #acc4 ,a demon/rative pron\n may be us$ to avoid ! repetition ( a n\n4 ,my dog & t ! dog ( my fri5d ,john h be5 fight+4 ,comp>e ^! maps ) ^? ! maps on ! blackbo>d4 #acd4 ,! s+ul> =ms ?is & t 7n ! plurals ^! & ^?7 are us$ ) ! n\ns k9d & sort4 ,i l ?is k9d ( grapes4 ,i h met ?is sort ( p be=e4 ,t k9d ( apples gr[s 9 ,idaho4 ,,ii4 ,,indef9ite ,,pron\ns #ace4 ,! indef9ite pron\ns po9t out objects less cle>ly or def9itely ?an demon/ratives d4 ,,examples3 ea*1 e1 ei!r1 bo?1 nei!r1 "s1 any1 su*1 none1 o!r1 ano!r1 ea* o!r1 "o ano!r4 ,ea* has its m]its4 ,"s are miss+4 ,i _c give y any4 ,ei!r is correct4 ,he kn[s nei!r ( y4 ,i l bo?4 #acf4 ,mo/ indef9ites may be ei!r pron\ns or adjectives4 ,b none is always a sub/antive 9 mod]n use1 & e is always an adjective4 #acg4 ,none may be ei!r s+ul> or plural4 ,:5 x means di/9ctly n "o1 x is s+ul>4 ,9 _m in/ances ei!r con/ruction is p]missible4 ,none ( u has ! key4 ,none 0 7or 77 left to tell ! tale4 #ach4 ,ea* o!r & "o ano!r are reg>d$ z comp\nd pron\ns4 ,!y designate relat$ p]sons or ?+s4 ,my neighbor & ,i l ea* o!r4 ,we mu/ be> ) "o ano!r4 ,! relation indicat$ by ^! pron\ns is t ( reciprocity4 ,h5ce !y are (t5 call$ reciprocal pron\ns4 ,!re is no real di/9ction betwe5 ea* o!r & "o ano!r4 ,! rules sometimes giv5 = su* a di/9ction are n support$ by ! be/ usage4 #aci4 ,"o 7possessive "o's7 is (t5 us$ z an indef9ite p]sonal pron\n4 ,?us1-- ,"o does n l "o's ,,n 8 or _! motives to be d\bt$4 ,! use ( 8 7= "o's7 to ref] back to a prec$+ "o is f\nd 9 respectable writ]s1 b is contr>y to ! be/ usage4 ,= ! indef9ite use ( we1 y1 !y1 see #aah4 #adj4 ,all1 sev]al1 few1 _m1 & simil> words are (t5 class$ z indef9ites4 ,!y may be us$ z adjectives or z sub/antives4 ,ev]ybody1 ev]y?+1 anybody1 any?+1 some:at1 aught1 naught1#bj etc41 are call$ indef9ite n\ns4 #ada4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 fram+ su* s5t5ces z ! foll[+3-- ,ev]ybody has 8 ,,n _! faults4 ,if anybody wi%es to g1 he ,,n !y may4 ,if anybody objects1 let him ,,n !m speak4 ,e memb] ( ?is class mu/ h& 9 8 ,,n _! composition to-day4 ,ea* hurries t[>d 8 ,,n _! home4 ,ea* ( u mu/ lead 8 ,,n _! own life4 ,9 s5t5ces ( ?is k9d1 ! p]sonal pron\n 7he1 81 him7 mu/ be 9 ! s+ul> to agree ) its antec$5t 7ev]ybody1 anybody1 etc47 7see #aac74 ,,note4 ,:5 ! antec$5t is ( common g5d] 7z 9 ! la/ example71 ! p]sonal pron\ns 7he1 81 him7 may be reg>d$ z ( common g5d] also4 ,9 v precise or =mal language1 "o may say he or %e1 8 or h]3 z1--8,ea* ( u mu/ lead 8 or h] own life02 b ?is =m ( expression is to be avoid$ unless ! di/9ction is cle>ly necess>y4 #adb4 ,:5 us$ z adjectives1 none ( ! indef9ites h any =ms ( inflection4 ,! same is true :5 !y are pron\ns1 except z foll[s3-- ,o!rs is us$ z ! plural ( ano!r4 ,! possessive =ms are3--s+ul>1 ano!r's2 plural1 o!rs'4 ,! o!r 7possessive1 ! o!r's7 has 9 ! plural ! o!rs 7possessive1 ! o!rs'74 ,ea* o!r & "o ano!r add 's 9 ! possessive4 ,"o has a possessive "o's2 ! "o becomes ! ones 9 ! plural4 ,,relative ,,pron\ns #adc4 ,relative pron\ns h a peculi> function 9 ! s5t5ce1 s9ce !y s]ve bo? z pron\ns & z connectives4 ,_! use may be se5 by comp>+ ! two s5t5ces t foll[3-- #a4 ,?is is ! sailor1 & he sav$ my life4 #b4 ,?is is ! sailor :o sav$ my life4 ,ea* consi/s ( two p>ts or clauses 7 #dd74 ,9 ,no4 #a1 ! two clauses are connect$ by ! conjunction &1 :i* belongs to nei!r2 ! pron\n he1 :i* /&s = sailor1 is ! subject ( ! second clause4 ,9 ,no4 #b1 !re is no conjunction2 in/ead1 we f9d ! ^w :o1 :i* replaces & he4 ,?is :o is a pron\n1 s9ce x /&s = sailor 7precisely z he does 9 ,no4 #a7 & 7l he7 is ! subject ( ! v]b sav$4 ,b :o is also a connective1 s9ce x jo9s ! two p>ts ( ! s5t5ce z & does 9 ,no4 #a4 ,su* words 7:i* s]ve bo? z pron\ns & z connectives7 are call$ relative pron\ns4 ,9 ,no4 #a1 ! two clauses are cord9ate4 ,nei!r s]ves z a modifi]1 & ea* might /& alone z a complete s5t5ce 78,?is is ! sailor40 8,he sav$ my life074 ,! s5t5ce is comp\nd 7 #dd74 ,9 ,no4 #b1 on ! contr>y1 ! clause :o sav$ my life is a subord9ate or dep5d5t clause1 = x is us$ z an adjective modifi] ( ! n\n sailor1 :i* x limits by %[+ :at p>ticul> sailor is meant4 ,! s5t5ce is complex 7 #dd74 ,! dep5d5t clause 7:o sav$ my life7 is connect$ ) ! ma9 clause 7?is is ! sailor7 by ! pron\n :o1 :i* ref]s to sailor4 #add4 ,relative pron\ns connect dep5d5t clauses ) ma9 clauses by ref]r+ directly to a sub/antive 9 ! ma9 clause4#ba ,?is sub/antive is ! antec$5t ( ! relative 7 #aa74 ,?us 9 #adc ! n\n sailor is ! antec$5t ( :o4 ,relative means 8c>ry+ back40 ,^! pron\ns are s call$ because !y c>ry ! m9d back directly to ! antec$5t4 #ade4 ,! simple relative pron\ns are :o1 :i*1 t1 z1 & :at4 ,:o & :i* are decl9$ z foll[s 9 bo? ! s+ul> & ! plural3-- ,nom9ative :o :i* ,possessive ^: ^: ,objective :om :i* ,t1 z1 & :at are n inflect$4 ,!y h ! same =m = bo? nom9ative & objective & are n us$ 9 ! possessive case4 #adf4 ,z may be us$ z a relative pron\n :5 su* /&s 9 ! ma9 clause4 ,su* ( y z h f9i%$ may g4 ,i h nev] se5 su* /rawb]ries z ^! are4 ,use su* p[]s z y h4 #adg4 ,z is (t5 us$ z a relative aft] ! same4 ,?is color is ! same z t is4 ,o!r relatives are also us$ aft] ! same4 ,?is is ! same book t 7or :i*7 y 7 read+ ye/]day4 ,?is is ! same man t 7or :om7 ,i saw on ! pi] la/ ,friday4 #adh4 ,:o is ei!r mascul9e or fem99e2 :i* & :at are neut]2 t & z are ( all ?ree g5d]s4 ,all :o he>d1 approv$4 ,"h is ! lad ^: /ory int]e/$ y4 ,! fir/ woman :om ,i saw 0 ,m>y4 ,he answ]$ 9 su* ,engli% z he c\ld mu/]4 ,i saw nobody t ,i knew4 ,?is is ! road t leads to ,london4 ,9 old] ,engli% ! :i* is (t5 us$ = :i*3 z1-- ,our fo/]-nurse ( nature is repose1 ,! :i* he lacks4--,,%aksp]e4 ,= o!r uses ( z1 see #cfh1 #dbh-dbi4 ,= b 9 su* s5t5ces z 8,!re 0 nobody b believ$ him10 see #cgj4 #adi4 ,a relative pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & p]son4 ,! s5t5ces 9 #adh illu/rate ! agreem5t ( ! relative ) its antec$5t 9 g5d]4 ,s9ce relative pron\ns h ! same =m = bo? numb]s & = all ?ree p]sons1 _! numb] & p]son mu/ be discov]$1 9 ea* in/ance1 by obs]v+ ! numb] & p]son ( ! antec$5t4 ,x is ,i :o am wrong4 ,fir/ p]son1 s+ul> numb]3 antec$5t1 ,i4 ,all y :o are ready may g4 ,second p]son plural3 antec$5t1 y4 ,give help to him :o ne$s x4 ,?ird p]son1 s+ul>3 antec$5t1 him4 ,! road t leads to ! %ore is s&y4 ,?ird p]son s+ul>3 antec$5t1 road4 ,! roads t lead to ! %ore are s&y4 ,?ird p]son plural3 antec$5t1 roads4 ,to det]m9e ! numb] & p]son ( a relative pron\n is p>ticul>ly necess>y :5 x is ! subject ( ! clause1 = ! =m ( ! v]b v>ies 7z ! examples %[7 accord+ to ! numb] & p]son ( ! subject 7 #bbb74 ,h5ce ! rule = ! agreem5t ( a relative ) its antec$5t is ( mu* practical importance4 #aej4 ,! case ( a relative pron\n has no?+ to d ) its antec$5t1 b dep5ds on ! con/ruction ( its own clause4 ,! s]vant :o op5$ ! door wore liv]y4 ,:o is 9 ! nom9ative case1 be+ ! subject ( op5$4 ,he dis*>g$ 8 s]vant1 :o imm$iately left t[n4 ,:o is 9 ! nom9ative case1 s9ce x is ! subject ( left1 al?\gh its antec$5t 7s]vant7 is 9 ! objective4 ,! s]vant :om y dis*>g$ has return$4 ,:om is 9 ! objective case1 s9ce x is ! direct object ( dis*>g$4 ,! antec$5t 7s]vant7 is1 on ! o!r h&1 9 ! nom9ative1 because x is ! subject ( has return$4 ,"h is su* money z ,i h4 ,z is 9 ! objective case1 be+ ! object ( h4 ,! antec$5t 7money7 is 9 ! nom9ative4 #aea4 ,a relative pron\n 9 ! objective case is (t5 omitt$4 ,"h is ! book :i* y want$4 ,"h is ! book y want$4 ,! noise t ,i he>d 0 ! w9d4 ,! noise ,i he>d 0 ! w9d4 ,! man :om ,i met 0 a c>p5t]4 ,! man ,i met 0 a c>p5t]4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli% a relative 9 ! nom9ative is (t5 omitt$3 z1--8,!re's two or ?ree ( u h se5 /range sights0 7,julius ,cs>71 t is1 8,!re are two or ?ree ( u :o h se510 etc4 ,! same omission is (t5 made 9 rapid or c>eless colloquial spee*4 ,x is approv$ 9 clauses ) !re 9 su* s5t5ces z 8,he is "o ( ! be/ m5 !re are 9 ! _w0 7 #bcb74 #aeb4 ,c]ta9 que/ions ( g5d] call = p>ticul> att5tion4 #a4 ,:i* is commonly us$ 9 ref]r+ to ! l[] animals unless ^! are reg>d$ z p]sons4 ,?is is true ev5 :5 he or %e is us$ ( ! same animals 7 #fi74 ,?is is ! dog :i* ,i m5tion$4 ,isn't he a f9e fell[8 ,we h "o c[ :i* we prize highly4 ,%e is a ,j]sey4 #b4 ,! possessive ^: may be us$ ( any object t has life4 ,?is is ! man ^: wat* 0 /ol54 ,i h a cat ^: "n is ,tabby4 ,?is is ! tree ^: leaves 7 de/roy$4 ,x is q dead4 #c4 ,9 ! case ( ?+s )\t animal life1 ( :i* & ^: are bo? common4 ,! t5d5cy is to pref] ( :i* 9 prose1 b ^: is (t5 us$ because ( its m agreeable s\nd4 ,9 poetry1 ^: is especially frequ5t4 ,a broad riv]1 ! "n ( :i* ,i h =gott51 =ms ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! prov9ce4 ,jack 0 fi%+ ) a bamboo rod1 to ! end ( :i* he _h ti$ a %ort piece ( ord9>y tw9e4 ,%e 0 gaz+ into ! pool1 ^: calm surface reflect$ h] features l a mirror4 8,! surface ( :i*0 w\ld n s\nd s well4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli%1 :i* is (t5 us$ = :o or :om3 z1--8,he :i* ha? y\r noble fa!r sla91 pursu$ my life0 7,hamlet74 ,! comp\nds :]e(1 :]efrom1 :]e)1 etc41 are equival5t to ( :i*1 f :i*1 etc4 7cf4 #abd74 ,?us1--8,esau hat$ ,jacob because ( ! bless+ :]e) 8 fa!r bless$ him0 7,g5esis xxvii4 #da74 ,,descriptive ,,& ,,re/rictive ,,relatives #aec4 ,! clause introduc$ by a relative pron\n is an adjective clause1 s9ce x s]ves z an adjective modifi] ( ! antec$5t 7 #adc74 ,!re are two diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! antec$5t may be ?us modifi$4 #a4 ,! ,italian1 :o wore a fl[] 9 8 coat1 smil$ at me4 #b4 ,! ,italian :o wore a fl[] 9 8 coat smil$ at me4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! italiciz$ relative clause s]ves simply to describe ! ,italian1 n to id5tify him4 ,! fl[] is a m]e detail ( ! picture4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ! relative clause s]ves n m]ely to describe ! ,italian1 b also to di/+ui% him f all o!rs4 ,! fl[] is m5tion$ z a means ( id5tification4 ,! relative clause conf9es or re/ricts ! mean+ ( ! antec$5t 7,italian74 #aed4 ,a relative pron\n t s]ves m]ely to introduce a descriptive fact is call$ a descriptive relative4 ,a relative pron\n t introduces a clause conf9+ or limit+ ! application ( ! antec$5t is call$ a re/rictive relative4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ example 9 #aec1 :o is a descriptive relative2 9 ! second1 x is a re/rictive relative4 #aee4 ,be=e a descriptive relative we regul>ly make a pause 9 speak+1 b nev] be=e a re/rictive relative4 ,h5ce ! rule3-- ,a descriptive relative is prec$$ by a comma2 a re/rictive relative is n4 ,?ree sailors1 :o 7 loit]+ on ! pi]1 sprang to ! rescue4 ,a clumsy weapon1 :i* ,i took = a blund]buss1 hung ov] ! fireplace4 ,i told ! news to ! fir/ man t 7or :om7 ,i met4 ,! co9s t 7or :i*7 y %[$ me are d\bloons4 ,no?+ t ,i h ev] read has mov$ me m pr(\ndly ?an ! ?ird act ( 8,k+ ,le>40 #aef4 ,:o1 :i*1 & t are all us$ z re/rictive relatives2 b "s writ]s pref] t to :i*1 especially 9 ! nom9ative case4 ,,note4 ,t is n n[ employ$ z a descriptive relative1 ?\gh x 0 common 9 ?is use n v long ago4 ,?us 9 #ahdd ,disraeli wrote3 8,! de]1 t ab\nd$1 liv$ "h 9 a _w z savage z !mselves0 7,con+sby1 book iii1 *apt] #e74 ,! omission ( ! relative 7 #aea7 is possible only :5 ! relative is re/rictive4 ,! boy :om ,i saw at y\r h\se has left t[n4 ,re/rictive4 ,*>les1 :om ,i saw ye/]day1 _h n he>d ! news4 ,descriptive4 ,,! ,,relative ,,pron\n ,,:at #aeg4 ,! relative pron\n :at is equival5t to t :i*1 & has a d\ble con/ruction3--7#a7 ! con/ruction ( ! omitt$ or impli$ antec$5t 7t72 7#b7 ! con/ruction ( ! relative 7:i*74 ,:at ,t :i* 0 said is true4 ,"h :at1 be+ equival5t to t :i*1 s]ves z ! subject bo? ( 0 said & ( is4 ,tom always rememb]s :at t :i* is said to him4 ,"h :at1 be+ equival5t to t :i*1 s]ves z bo? ! object ( rememb]s & z ! subject ( is said4 ,tom always rememb]s :at t :i* he le>ns4 ,"h :at s]ves bo? z ! object ( rememb]s & z ! object ( le>ns4 ,9 p>s+ :at1 m5tion bo? ( its con/ructions4 ,,note4 ,ano!r me?od ( deal+ ) ! relative :at is to reg>d ! :ole clause 7:at 0 said2 :at is said to him2 :at he le>ns7 z a n\n clause4 ,?us ! clause :at 0 said 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce w\ld be ! subject ( is2 9 ! second & ?ird s5t5ces1 ! clause w\ld be ! object ( rememb]s4 ,:at1 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 w\ld be p>s$ z ! subject ( 0 said2 9 ! second1 z ! subject ( is said2 & 9 ! ?ird1 z ! object ( le>ns4 ,nei!r view is incorrect1 & ea* has its special advantages4 ,! /ud5t may well be famili> ) bo? me?ods1 rememb]+ t gramm> _c be treat$ l ma!matics4 ,,comp\nd ,,relative ,,pron\ns #aeh4 ,! comp\nd relative pron\ns are =m$ by add+ ev] or soev] to :o1 :i*1 & :at4 ,!y are decl9$ z foll[s3-- ,,s+ul> ,,& ,,plural ,nom9ative :oev] 7:osoev]7 :i*ev] 7:i*soev]7 ,possessive :osev] 7:osesoev]7 ---- ---- ,objective :omev] 7:omsoev]7 :i*ev] 7:i*soev]7 ,:atev] 7:atsoev]7 has no inflection4 ,! nom9ative & ! objective are alike1 & ! possessive is suppli$ by ! phrase ( :atev] 7( :atsoev]74 ,! phrase ( :i*ev] 7( :i*soev]7 is us$ in/ead ( :osev] exactly z ( :i* is us$ in/ead ( ^: 7 #aeb74 #aei4 ,! comp\nd relative pron\ns may include or imply _! own antec$5ts & h5ce may h a d\ble con/ruction4 ,:oev] calls1 he mu/ be admitt$4 ,"h he1 ! antec$5t ( :oev]1 is ! subject ( mu/ be admitt$1 & :oev] is ! subject ( calls4 ,:oev] calls mu/ be admitt$4 ,"h ! antec$5t he is omitt$1 be+ impli$ 9 :oev]4 ,:oev] has !re=e a d\ble con/ruction1 be+ ! subject ( bo? calls & mu/ be admitt$4 ,he %all h :atev] he wi%es4 ,i w d :i*ev] y say4 ,9 su* s5t5ces1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to use :oev] & :omev] correctly4 ,! nom9ative 7:oev]7 is requir$ :5 ! relative is ! subject ( its own clause4 ,he ask$ :oev] came4 ,he told ! /ory to :oev] w\ld li/54 ,he ask$ :omev] he knew4 ,he told ! /ory to :omev] he met4 #afj4 ,! comp\nd relatives are sometimes us$ )\t an antec$5t express$ or impli$4 ,:oev] des]ts y1 ,i w rema9 fai?ful4 ,:omev] x (f5ds1 ,i w speak ! tru?4 ,:atev] he attempts1 he is sure to fail4 ,:i*ev] y *oose1 y w be disappo9t$4 ,,note4 ,?is con/ruction is closely relat$ to t expla9$ 9 #aei4 8,:oev] des]ts y1 ,i w rema9 fai?ful10 is practically equival5t to 8,:oev] des]ts y1 let him des]t y6 ,i w rema9 fai?ful40 ,no antec$5t1 h[ev]1 is felt by ! speak]1 & h5ce none ne$ be suppli$ 9 p>s+4 ,comp>e concessive clauses 7 #dja74 #afa4 ,:i*1 :at1 :i*ev]1 & :atev] are (t5 us$ z adjectives4 ,use :at 7or :atev]7 p[]s y h4 ,:i*ev] plan y adopt1 y h my be/ wi%es4 #afb4 ,a n\n limit$ by ! adjectives :at1 :i*ev]1 & :atev]1 may h ! same d\ble con/ruction t ^! relatives h :5 !y are us$ z pron\ns 7 #aei74 ,?us1-- ,take :i*ev] p5 is n 9 use4 ,"h p5 is bo? ! direct object ( take1 & ! subject ( is4 ,:oso = :osoev] & :atso = :atsoev] are common 9 old] ,engli%4 ,,int]rogative ,,pron\ns #afc4 ,! int]rogative pron\ns are :o1 :i*1 & :at4 ,!y are us$ 9 ask+ que/ions4#bb ,:o is y\r neighbor8 ,:o goes !re8 ,:om h y *os58 ,f :om did y le>n ?is8 ,^: voice is t8 ,:i* %all ,i take8 ,:i* is correct8 ,:at did he say8 ,:at is lack+8 ,) :at are y s delight$8 #afd4 ,:o has a possessive ^:1 & an objective :om4 ,:i* & :at are n inflect$4 ,:o may be ei!r mascul9e or fem99e2 :i* & :at may be ( any g5d]4 #afe4 ,! objective :om (t5 beg9s a "q 7z 9 ! ?ird example 9 #afc74 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to write :o = :om4 #aff4 ,:i* & :at are us$ z int]rogative adjectives4 ,:i* /reet %all ,i take8 ,:at village is ?is8 #afg4 ,! int]rogative adjective :at may be us$ 9 a peculi> =m ( exclamatory s5t5ce4 ,?us1-- ,:at a cold night ?is is6 ,:at c\rage he mu/ h _h6 ,:at6 by itself (t5 s]ves z an exclamation3 z1--8,:at6 d y really ?9k s80 ,9 ?is use :at may be reg>d$ z an int]jection4 #afh4 ,9 p>s+ pron\ns ! foll[+ models may be us$3-- #a4 ,he 0 my e>lie/ fri5d4 ,he is a p]sonal pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son4 ,x is 9 ! mascul9e g5d]1 ! s+ul> numb]1 & ! nom9ative case1 be+ ! subject ( ! v]b 04 #b4 ,a policeman :om ,i met %[$ me ! h\se4 ,:om is a relative pron\n ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 s+ul> numb]1 & ?ird p]son1 agree+ ) its antec$5t1 policeman4 ,x is 9 ! objective case1 be+ ! direct object ( ! transitive v]b met4 #c4 ,! corporal1 ^: "n 0 ,scott1 came f ,lei?4 ,^: is a relative pron\n ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 s+ul> numb]1 & ?ird p]son1 agree+ ) its antec$5t1 corporal4 ,x is 9 ! possessive case1 modify+ ! n\n "n4 #d4 ,^: bir?day d we celebrate 9 ,febru>y8 ,^: is an int]rogative pron\n 9 ! mascul9e or fem99e g5d]1 s+ul> numb]1 & possessive case1 modify+ ! n\n bir?day4 #e4 ,he injur$ himself sev]ely4 ,himself is a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n ( ! ?ird p]son1 us$ reflexively4 ,x is ( ! mascul9e g5d]1 s+ul> numb]1 & ?ird p]son1 agree+ ) its antec$5t1 he4 ,x is 9 ! objective case1 be+ ! direct object ( ! transitive v]b injur$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,adjectives ,,classification ,,( ,,adjectives #afi4 ,an adjective is a ^w :i* describes or limits a sub/antive4 ,an adjective is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits4 ,an adjective :i* describes is call$ a descriptive adjective2 "o :i* po9ts out or designates is call$ a def9itive adjective 7 #ac74 ,mo/ adjectives are descriptive3 z1--r\nd1 cold1 r$1 angry1 graceful1 excessive1 "y1 sudd51 ,roman4 ,,note4 ,_m descriptive adjectives are comp\nd 7see #fd73 z1--/eadfa/1 lionlike1 firepro(1 d[nright1 he>tsick1 ev]la/+1 br[n-ey$1 broad-%\ld]$1 ill-temp]$1 de>-b\ght1 f>-fet*$1 nev]-end+1 self-evid5t1 self-important4 8,he 0 a matt]-(-fact p]son40 8,tom is hail-fell[-well-met ) ev]ybody40 8,?is is an out-(-!-way place40 8,a da%+1 d[n-at-!-heel y\? answ]$ my knock40 #agj4 ,a prop] n\n us$ z an adjective1 or an adjective d]iv$ f a prop] n\n1 is call$ a prop] adjective & usually beg9s ) a capital lett]4 ,,examples3 a ,panama hat1 ,florida oranges1 a ,buns5 burn]2 ,virg9ian1 ,sp5s]ian1 ,newtonian1 ,icel&ic1 ,miltonic1 ,byronic1 ,turki%1 ,engli%1 ,v]onese4 ,,note4 ,_m s-call$ prop] adjectives beg9 ) a small lett] because _! orig9 is =gott5 or disreg>d$3 z1--*9a di%es1 italic type1 mesm]ic p[]1 a jovial air1 a saturn9e expression1 a m]curial temp]am5t1 a /5torian voice4 #aga4 ,def9itive adjectives include3--pron\ns us$ z adjectives 7z1 ?is opportunity2 ^? pictures2 ei!r table2 :at "t is x872 num]al adjectives 7z1 two />s2 ! ?ird ye>72 ! articles1 a 7or an7 & !4 ,pron\ns us$ z adjectives 7(t5 call$ pronom9al adjectives7 h be5 /udi$ "u ,pron\ns--demon/ratives 7 #aca-acd71 indef9ites 7 #ace-adb71 relatives 7 #adc-afb71 int]rogatives 7 #afc-afg74 ,num]al adjectives w be treat$1 along ) o!r num]als 7n\ns & adv]bs71 9 #bjd-bjh4 ,! articles w be treat$ 9 #agc-ahj4 #agb4 ,adjectives may be classifi$1 accord+ to _! position 9 ! s5t5ce1 z attributive1 appositive1 & pr$icate adjectives4 #a4 ,an attributive adjective is closely atta*$ to its n\n & regul>ly prec$es x4 ,! angry spot do? gl[ on ,cs>'s br[4 ,o y h>d he>ts1 y cruel m5 ( ,rome6 ,yond ,cassius has a lean & hungry look4 #b4 ,an appositive adjective is add$ to its n\n to expla9 x1 l a n\n 9 apposition 7 #hh1 #e74 ,,n\n ,,9 ,,apposition ,,appositive ,,adjective ,! ca/le1 a ru91 ,! ca/le1 anci5t & ru9\s1 /ood on ! edge ( ! cliff4 /ood on ! edge ( ! cliff4 ,b]tram1 ! r+lead]1 ,b]tram1 undaunt$1 refus$ to surr5d]4 refus$ to surr5d]4 #c4 ,a pr$icate adjective completes ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate v]b1 b describes or limits ! subject4 ,pr$icate adjectives are common aft] is 79 its v>i\s =ms7 & o!r copulative v]bs1 p>ticul>ly become & seem 7 #ag74 ,! sea is r\gh to-day4 ,burton soon became cauti\s 9 8 judgm5ts4 ,y seem anxi\s ab\t y\r future4 ,! air grew hot & sultry4 ,our fir/ exp]im5t prov$ unsuccessful4 ,! milk turn$ s\r4 ,our ag5t prov$ tru/wor?y4 ,,note4 ,! con/ruction ( ! pr$icate adjective is simil> to t ( ! pr$icate nom9ative 7 #hh1 #b74 ,bo? are kn[n z complem5ts1 because !y complete ! mean+ ( a v]b4 ,aft] look1 s\nd1 ta/e1 smell1 feel1 a pr$icate adjective is us$ to describe ! subject4 ,?us1-- ,y\r fl[]s look ?rifty4 ,,n3 look ?riftily4 ,_! voices s\nd %rill4 ,,n3 s\nd %rilly4 ,?is apple ta/es sweet4 ,,n3 ta/es sweetly4 ,! air smells good4 ,,n3 smells well4 ,! pati5t feels com=table4 ,,n3 feels com=tably4 ,= pr$icate adjectives aft] passive v]bs1 see #dib4 ,= ! use ( an adjective z pr$icate objective1 see #ajd4 ,,! ,,articles #agc4 ,! adjectives a 7or an7 & ! are call$ articles4 #a4 ,! def9ite article ! po9ts out "o or m p>ticul> objects z di/9ct f o!rs ( ! same k9d4 ,! tra9 is late4 ,"h is ! key4 ,! *ildr5 are 9 ! next room4 #b4 ,! indef9ite article a 7or an7 designates an object z m]ely "o ( a g5]al class or k9d4 ,l5d me a p5cil4 ,i h a cold4 ,a "y man answ]$ my knock4 ,! article a is a fragm5t ( n 7pron\nc$ ahn71 ! anci5t =m ( ! num]al "o2 an keeps ! n1 :i* a has lo/4 ,! is an old demon/rative1 relat$ to t4 #agd4 ,! ) a s+ul> n\n sometimes indicates a class or k9d ( objects4 ,! s*ol> is n necess>ily a dryasdu/4 ,! elephant is ! l>ge/ ( quadrup$s4 ,! aroplane is a v rec5t inv5tion4 ,res9 is obta9$ f ! p9e4 ,,note4 ,9 ?is use ! is (t5 call$ ! g5]ic article 7f ! ,lat9 g5us1 8k9d0 or 8sort074 ,! s+ul> numb] ) ! g5]ic ! is practically equival5t to ! plural )\t an article4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ example ! s5se w\ld be ! same if we _h1 8,s*ol>s are n necess>ily dryasdu/s40 #age4 ,an adjective prec$$ by ! may be us$ z a plural n\n4 ,! brave are honor$4 ,! ri* h _m c>es4 ,! /rong %\ld protect ! weak4 #agf4 ,an is us$ be=e words beg9n+ ) a v[el or sil5t h2 a be=e o!r words4 ,?us1-- an owl2 an apple2 an hone/ man2 a /one2 a pe>4 #agg4 ,special rules = a or an are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,be=e words beg9n+ ) ! s\nd ( y or w1 ! =m a1 n an1 is us$4 ,,examples3 a union1 a univ]sity1 a yew1 a ewe1 a eulogy1 a ,utopian s*eme1 su* a "o4 ,?is rule cov]s all words beg9n+ ) eu & _m beg9n+ ) u4 ,note t ! initial s\nd is a consonant1 n a v[el4 ,an 0 =m]ly common be=e su* words 7z1--an union1 su* an "o71 b a is n[ ! settl$ =m4 #b4 ,be=e words beg9n+ ) h & n acc5t$ on ! fir/ syllable1 an is (t5 us$4 ,?us1 we say-- a 8tory2 ,,b1 an hi/orical novel4 ,9 su* cases1 ! h is v weak 9 s\nd1 & is sometimes q sil5t1 s t ! ^w practically beg9s ) a v[el4 ,usage v>ies1 b c>eful writ]s favor ! rule "h giv54 ,an 0 =m]ly m common be=e h ?an at pres5t4 #agh4 ,) two or m connect$ n\ns or adjectives ! article %\ld be repeat$ :5ev] cle>ness requires 7cf4 #abc74 ,i h consult$ ! secret>y & ! treasur]4 8,! secret>y & treasur]0 w\ld imply t ! same p]son held bo? (fices4 ,i f\nd an an*or & a *a94 8,an an*or & *a90 w\ld sugge/ t ! *a9 0 atta*$ to ! an*or4 ,9 "s t[ns !re are sep>ate s*ools = ! boys & ! girls2 9 o!rs ! boys & girls att5d ! same s*ools4 ,he wav$ a r$ & :ite flag4 ,he wav$ a r$ & a :ite flag4 #agi4 ,a is (t5 us$ di/ributively1 9 ! s5se ( ea*4 ,i paid five doll>s a pair = my %oes4 ,! lett]-c>ri] calls twice a day4 ,my class meets ?ree times a week4 ,9 su* phrases a is bett] ?an p]1 except 9 /rictly comm]cial language4 #ahj4 ,:5 us$ ) adjectives1 ! articles prec$e1 except 9 a few phrases3 z1-- ,su* an upro> 0 nev] he>d4 ,_m a man has tri$ 9 va94 ,= ! adv]b !1 :i* is q di/9ct f ! article 9 use & mean+1 see #aie4 ,= ! preposition a 7z 9 8,he w5t a-fi%+071 see #ceb4 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adjectives #aha4 ,9 comp>+ objects ) ea* o!r1 we may use ?ree diff]5t =ms ( ! same adjective4 ,?omas is /rong4 ,william is /rong] ?an ,?omas4 ,h]b]t is /ronge/ ( ! ?ree4 ,?is inflection ( adjectives is call$ comp>ison1 & ! ?ree =ms are call$ degrees ( comp>ison4 #ahb4 ,! degrees ( comp>ison indicate by _! =m 9 :at degree ( int5sity ! quality describ$ by ! adjective exi/s4 ,!re are ?ree degrees ( comp>ison1--! positive1 ! comp>ative1 & ! sup]lative4 #a4 ,! positive degree is ! simple/ =m ( ! adjective1 & has no special end+4 ,x m]ely describes ! quality1 )\t express+ or sugge/+ any comp>ison4 ,?omas is /rong4 ,?us1 ! positive degree ( ! adjective /rong is /rong4 #b4 ,! comp>ative degree ( an adjective is =m$ by add+ ! t]m9ation er to ! positive degree4 ,x d5otes t ! quality exi/s 9 ! object describ$ 9 a high] degree ?an 9 "s o!r object4 ,william is /rong] ?an ,?omas4 ,?us1 ! comp>ative degree ( ! adjective /rong is /rong]4 #c4 ,! sup]lative degree is =m$ by add+ e/ to ! positive degree4 ,x d5otes t ! quality exi/s 9 ! highe/ degree 9 ! object describ$4 ,h]b]t is /ronge/ ( ! ?ree4 ,o!r examples ( ! comp>ison ( adjectives are3-- ,,positive ,,degree ,,comp>ative ,,degree ,,sup]lative ,,degree ri* ri*] ri*e/ poor poor] poore/ fa/ fa/] fa/e/ firm firm] firme/ #ahc4 ,,rules ,,( ,,spell+4 #a4 ,adjectives end+ 9 sil5t e drop ?is lett] be=e ! comp>ative end+ er & ! sup]lative end+ e/4 ,?us1-- wise1 wis]1 wise/2 pure1 pur]1 pure/2 h&some1 h&som]1 h&some/4 #b4 ,mo/ adjectives end+ 9 y *ange y to i be=e ! end+s er & e/4 ,?us1-- silky1 silki]1 silkie/2 glossy1 glossi]1 glossie/2 sorry1 sorri]1 sorrie/4 #c4 ,adjectives hav+ a %ort v[el & end+ 9 a s+le consonant d\ble ?is be=e ! end+s er & e/4 ,?us1-- dim1 dimm]1 dimme/2 sad1 sadd]1 sadde/2 fit1 fitt]1 fitte/2 big1 bigg]1 bigge/2 r$1 r$d]1 r$de/2 hot1 hott]1 hotte/4 #ahd4 ,_m adjectives are comp>$ by prefix+ ! adv]bs m & mo/ to ! positive degree4 ,_m adjectives ( two syllables & mo/ adjectives ( ?ree or m syllables are s comp>$4 ,?us1-- rec5t1 m rec5t1 mo/ rec5t2 t]rible1 m t]rible1 mo/ t]rible2 triumphant1 m triumphant1 mo/ triumphant2 economical1 m economical1 mo/ economical4 ,"s adjectives may be comp>$ 9 ei!r way4 ,,examples3 int5se1 int5s]1 int5se/2 ,,or int5se1 m int5se1 mo/ int5se4 ,s also--pr(\nd1 sublime1 unk9d4 ,,note4 ,! adv]bs less & lea/ may be us$ ) an adjective1 if "o wi%es to run d[n ! scale ( comp>ison3 z1--t]rible1 less t]rible1 lea/ t]rible4 ,?is idiom1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be reg>d$ z comp>ison ( ! adjective4 8,sup]lative0 means 89 ! highe/ degree10 & is n applicable to lea/ t]rible1 :i* means 8t]rible 9 ! l[e/ degree40 ,,irregul> ,,comp>ison #ahe4 ,sev]al adjectives h irregul> comp>ison4#bc ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative bad 7evil1 ill7 worse wor/ f> f>!r f>!/ ---- fur!r fur!/ good bett] be/ late lat]1 latt] late/1 la/ well 79 heal?7 bett] ---- little less1 less] lea/ mu*1 _m m mo/ ,old has comp>ative old] or eld]1 sup]lative olde/ or elde/4 ,eld] or elde/ may be us$ ) c]ta9 n\ns ( relation%ip1 or 9 ! phrases ! eld] & ! elde/4 ,?is is my eld] bro!r4 ,my bro!r is old] ?an y\rs4 ,jane 0 ! elde/ ,i %all we> my olde/ clo!s4 ( six *ildr54 ,eld] is also us$ z a n\n3 z1--8,y %\ld respect y\r eld]s40 ,next is a sup]lative ( nigh4 ,x is us$ only 9 ! s5se ( 8! v ne>e/40 ,i live 9 ! next /reet4 ,! next "t he comes1 ,i %all refuse to see him4 #ahf4 ,a few sup]latives end 9 -mo/4 ,) ^!1 "o or bo? ( ! o!r degrees are commonly want+4 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative ---- 7=m]7 =emo/ h9d h9d] h9dmo/ ---- inn] inmo/1 inn]mo/ 7out1 adv]b7 out] outmo/1 out]mo/ 7utt]7 utmo/1 utt]mo/ 7up1 adv]b7 upp] upp]mo/ ---- ---- endmo/ ---- ne!r ne!rmo/ top ---- topmo/ ---- ---- fur!rmo/ nor? ---- nor?mo/ nor!rn 7m nor!rn7 nor!rnmo/ s\? ---- s\?mo/ s\!rn 7m s\!rn7 s\!rnmo/ ea/1 ea/]n 7m ea/]n7 ea/]nmo/ we/1 we/]n 7m we/]n7 we/]nmo/ ,,note4 ,! end+ -mo/ is n ! adv]b mo/4 ,x is a v old sup]lative end+ -me/ *ang$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! adv]b mo/4 #ahg4 ,= adjectives incapable ( comp>ison1 see #bjb4 ,= special rules = ! use ( comp>ative & sup]lative1 see #aii-bjc4 #ahh4 ,9 p>s+ an adjective1 tell :e!r x is descriptive or def9itive1 m5tion ! sub/antive to :i* x belongs1 & specify ! degree ( comp>ison4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,adv]bs #ahi4 ,an adv]b is a ^w :i* modifies a v]b1 an adjective1 or ano!r adv]b4 ,! /orm ceas$ sudd5ly4 ,a v disa/r\s /orm swept ! coa/4 ,! /orm ceas$ v sudd5ly4 #aij4 ,adv]bs are classifi$ accord+ to _! mean+ z3 7#a7 adv]bs ( mann]2 7#b7 adv]bs ( "t2 7#c7 adv]bs ( place2 7#d7 adv]bs ( degree4#bd #a4 ,adv]bs ( mann] answ] ! "q 8,h[80 8,9 :at way80 ,!y modify v]bs or adjectives1 r>ely adv]bs4 ,mo/ ( !m are =m$ f adjectives by add+ ly4 ,tom answ]$ c\rage\sly4 ,! poor *ild look$ helplessly ab\t4 ,s(tly & sil5tly fell ! sn[4 ,! pa9 0 t]ribly sev]e4 ,! riv] rose surpris+ly fa/4 #b4 ,adv]bs ( "t answ] ! "q 8,:580 ,!y usually modify v]bs4 ,?us1-- ,! old ca/le is n[ a museum4 ,he 0 rec5tly promot$4 ,i h be5 di/urb$ lately4 ,my fri5d arrives to-day4 ,james 0 !n a boy ( sev54 ,i h already rung ! bell4 ,aft]w>ds he regrett$ 8 ha/e4 #c4 ,adv]bs ( place answ] ! "q 8,:]e80 ,!y usually modify v]bs4 ,?us1-- ,come "h4 ,yond] /&s ! culprit4 ,an old sailor came =w>d4 ,my si/] is out4 ,i 0 abroad t w9t]4 #d4 ,adv]bs ( degree answ] ! "q 8,to :at degree or ext5t80 ,!y modify v]bs1 adjectives1 & adv]bs4 ,?us1-- ,ar?ur is r tall4 ,fa!r 0 mu* pleas$4 ,fa!r 0 v mu* pleas$4 ,! task seem$ utt]ly hopeless4 ,t is h>dly possible4 ,t is n possible4 #aia4 ,"s adv]bs h ! same =m z ! correspond+ adjectives4 ,y h guess$ "r4 ,h[ fa/ ! tide ebbs6 ,! horse 0 sold *eap4 ,tir$ m5 sleep s\nd4 ,o!r examples are3--wrong1 /raight1 e>ly1 late1 quick1 h>d1 f>1 ne>1 sl[1 high1 l[1 l\d1 ill1 well1 deep1 close1 j1 v1 mu*1 little4 ,"u ?is head come c]ta9 adv]bs ( degree us$ to modify adjectives4 ,8 eyes 7 d>k blue4 ,comp>e3 v blue4 ,t silk is light yell[4 ,comp>e3 r yell[4 ,^! fl[]s are deep purple4 ,comp>e3 int5sely purple4 ,! wat] 0 icy cold4 ,comp>e3 extremely cold4 ,t d>k1 light1 etc41 are adv]bs 9 ?is use appe>s f ! fact t !y answ] ! "q 8,h[80 ,?us1--8,8 eyes 7 blue40 8,h[ blue80 8,d>k blue40 ,,note4 ,9 ! olde/ ,engli% _m adv]bs end$ 9 -1 z if =m$ directly f adjectives by means ( ?is end+4 ,?us1 ! adjective = hot 0 ht1 side by side ) :i* 0 an adv]b ht 7dissyllabic71 mean+ hotly4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ?is di/9ction 0 /ill kept up4 ,?us1 ,*auc] us$ bo? ! adjective ht & ! dissyllabic adv]b ht1 mean+ hotly4 ,betwe5 #adjj & #aejj all weak f9al e's disappe>$ f ! language4 ,9 ?is way ! adv]b hot1 = example1 became simply hot4 ,?us ^! adv]bs 9 - became id5tical 9 =m ) ! correspond+ adjectives4 ,h5ce 9 ! "t ( ,%aksp]e !re exi/$1 9 common use1 n only ! adjective hot1 b also ! adv]b hot 7id5tical 9 =m ) ! adjective b really desc5d$ f ! adv]b hot74 ,"o c\ld say n only 8,! fire is hot0 7adjective71 b 8,! fire burns hot0 7adv]b ( mann]74 ,! t5d5cy 9 mod]n ,engli% has be5 to conf9e ! =m )\t end+ to ! adjective use & to re/rict ! adv]bial function to =ms 9 -ly4 ,?us1 a writ] ( ! pres5t "t w\ld n say1 9 prose1 8,! fire burns hot10 b 8,! fire burns hotly40 ,nev]!less1 a numb] ( ! old adv]bs )\t end+ /ill rema9 9 good use1 & mu/ n be reg>d$ z errone\s4 ,9 poetry1 moreov]1 su* adv]bs are freely employ$2 z1--8,! boy l a gray go%awk />$ wild40 ,9 prose3 />$ wildly4 ,= adv]bial phrases1 see #da-db1 #dge4 ,= ! adv]bial objective1 see #aji4 #aib4 ,yes & no are peculi> adv]bs us$ 9 ass5t+ & d5y+4 ,?us1-- ,are y hungry8 ,no4 ,,note4 ,z n[ us$1 yes & no /& = complete s5t5ces4 ,orig9ally1 h[ev]1 !y 7 modifi]s1 & h5ce !y are /ill class$ z adv]bs4 ,! orig9al mean+ ( no 0 8nev]40 ,comp>e nev] z an emphatic negative 9 mod]n ,engli%3 z1--8,w y surr5d]80 8,nev]60 ,! olde/ affirmative adv]b 0 yea4 ,yes 0 orig9ally a comp\nd ( yea ) a =m ( s1 & 0 us$ 9 emphatic affirmatives 7l our j s674 ,o!r adv]bs or adv]bial phrases are sometimes us$ l yes or no4 ,su* are c]ta9ly1 assur$ly1 by no means1 n at all4 ,9 ^! cases1 h[ev]1 ! modify+ effect ( ! ^w or phrase may easily be se5 :5 ! s5t5ce is suppli$4 ,?us1--8,w y help me80 8,c]ta9ly ,i w help y40 #aic4 ,!re is (t5 us$ m]ely to introduce a s5t5ce 9 ! inv]t$ ord] 7 #e74 ,!re is a hole 9 my %oe4 ,!re are _m /rang]s 9 t[n4 ,!re rose a ?ick smoke f ! volcano4 ,9 ?is use1 !re is sometimes call$ an expletive 7or 8fill]074 ,x is unemphatic1 & has lo/ all its =ce z an adv]b ( place4 ,contra/ 8,,!re emphatic /ood an ,indian "u a tree0 )1 8,!re unemphatic expletive /ood an ,indian "u a tree40 ,,relative ,,& ,,int]rogative ,,adv]bs #aid4 ,relative adv]bs introduce subord9ate clauses & are simil> 9 _! use to relative pron\ns4 ,i "k a f>mh\se 9 :i* :]e we c sp5d ! night4 ,:]e is an adv]b ( place1 modify+ c sp5d4 ,b x also introduces ! subord9ate clause1 z ! relative pron\n :i* does4 ,h5ce :]e is call$ a relative adv]b4 #aie4 ,! pr9cipal relative adv]bs are3--:]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 :]ev]1 :51 :5ev]1 :ile1 z1 h[1 :y1 be=e1 aft]1 till1 until1 s9ce4 ,because ( _! simil>ity to conjunctions1 ^! words are (t5 call$ conjunctive adv]bs4 ,he _h a fev] :5 he 0 9 ,spa94 ,"w :ile x is day4 ,z ! %ip pass$1 we obs]v$ t h] decks 7 cr[d$ ) ,malays4 ,"t4 ,keep to ! "r1 z ! law directs4 ,mann]4 ,y />t$ be=e ,i 0 ready4 ,wait until ! c> /ops4 ,s9ce y came1 x has ra9$ con/antly4 ,z & s9ce 9 ! s5se ( 8because10 & :ile 9 ! s5se ( 8al?\gh10 are class$ z conjunctions 7 #cfh74 ,! clauses introduc$ by relative adv]bs may be ei!r adjective or adv]bial 7 #di-ej1 #cgi-chb74 ,,note4 ,9 8,! m y wa/e1 ! soon] y w want0 7& simil> s5t5ces7 ! is n an article1 b an old case-=m ( ! pron\n t1 us$ z an adv]b ( degree4 ,we may exp& ! s5t5ce z foll[s3 8,to :at ext5t y wa/e m1 to t ext5t y w want soon]40 ,?us x appe>s t ! fir/ ! has a relative =ce1 & ! second ! a demon/rative =ce4 #aif4 ,an int]rogative adv]b introduces a "q4 ,:]e1 :51 :5ce1 :i!r1 h[1 :y1 may be us$ z int]rogative adv]bs4 ,?us1-- ,:]e are y go+8 ,:y mu/ y g8 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,adv]bs #aig4 ,adv]bs h ?ree degrees ( comp>ison1--! positive1 ! comp>ative1 & ! sup]lative4 #a4 ,mo/ adv]bs are comp>$ by means ( m & mo/4 ,john came promptly4 ,positive4 ,ri*>d came m promptly ?an ,john4 ,comp>ative4 ,h5ry came mo/ promptly ( all4 ,sup]lative4 #b4 ,a few adv]bs are comp>$ by means ( ! end+s er & e/4 ,?us1-- ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative ne> ne>] ne>e/ soon soon] soone/ ,fur!r examples are3--*eap1 de>1 e>ly1 fa/1 h>d1 high1 long1 l\d1 quick1 sl[1 deep4#be ,"s adv]bs are comp>$ 9 bo? ways4 ,?us1-- (t51 (t5] or m (t51 (t5e/ or mo/ (t54 #aih4 ,sev]al adv]bs h irregul> comp>ison4 ,,positive ,,comp>ative ,,sup]lative f> f>!r f>!/ =? fur!r fur!/ ill worse wor/ badly nigh nigh] nighe/ next well bett] be/ late/ late lat] la/ little less lea/ mu* m mo/ ,^! adv]bs 9 ! ma9 h ! same =ms z ! adjectives /udi$ 9 #ahe above4 ,note1 h[ev]3 7#a7 t good & bad are nev] adv]bs2 7#b7 t ill & well1 bett] & be/1 worse & wor/1 may be ei!r adv]bs or adjectives4 ,r is n[ us$ 9 ! comp>ative only4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,& ,,sup]lative #aii4 ,! comp>ative degree1 n ! sup]lative1 is us$ 9 comp>+ two p]sons or ?+s4 ,! sup]lative is us$ 9 comp>+ "o p]son or ?+ ) two or m4 ,"r3 ,m>y is ! m agreeable ( ! two4 ,m>y is ! mo/ agreeable ( all ! family4 ,wrong3 ,i l bo? ,m>y & ,jane1 b ,i am fonde/ ( ,m>y4 ,i am /udy+ ,lat91 hi/ory1 & geometry1 b ,i dislike ! latt]4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to adv]bs4 ,john runs fa/] ?an ,tom4 ,"h ! acts ( two p]sons are comp>$4 ,:i* ( y ?ree c run fa/e/8 ,"h ! acts ( m ?an two are comp>$4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli% ! sup]lative sometimes occurs :5 only two objects are ?\ght (4 ,?is use is /ill f\nd 9 a few prov]bial phrases3 z1--8,put y\r be/ foot =emo/40 #bjj4 ,! sup]lative is sometimes us$ m]ely = emphasis1 )\t imply+ any def9ite comp>ison3 z--8,my de>e/ ,kate60 ,! sup]lative ( emphasis is v common ) mo/4 ,mo/ pot5t1 grave1 & rev]5d signiors4--,,%aksp]e4 ,ju/ice _h be5 mo/ cruelly defraud$4--,,wordswor?4 ,excessive use ( ?is con/ruction 7l frequ5t repetition ( v7 is tiresome & weak5s /yle4 ,d\ble comp>ison 7z m wor?i]1 mo/ unk9de/7 is common 9 old] ,engli%1 b is n[ a gross error4 #bja4 ,:5 two adjectives or adv]bs are contra/$ by means ( ?an1 m is us$ ) ! fir/4 ,su* indulg5ce is m k9d ?an wise4 ,?is s*eme is m clev] ?an hone/4 ,he acts m boldly ?an discreetly4 ,,note4 ,! adv]b r is (t5 us$ ) ! fir/ adjective or adv]b 7z1--8r k9d ?an wise0 or 8k9d r ?an wise071 b 9 a slightly diff]5t s5se4 #bjb4 ,_m adjectives & adv]bs are1 f _! mean+1 incapable ( comp>ison4 ,su* are3-- #a4 ,adjectives express+ a quality z absolute or complete1 & adv]bs d]iv$ f su* adjectives4 ,,examples3 unique1 univ]sal1 s+le1 mat*less1 in/antane\s1 triangul>1 ev]la/+1 inf9ite1 mortal2 uniquely1 s+ly1 et]nally1 mortally4 #b4 ,! adv]bs "h1 !re1 !n1 n[1 :51 & ! l4 ,,note4 ,words l p]fect1 exact1 /raight1 etc41 are commonly said to be incapable ( comp>ison1 b ?is is an error4 ,= ea* ( ^! words may v>y 9 s5se4 ,:5 p]fect 7= example7 d5otes absolute p]fection1 x _c be comp>$4 ,b p]fect has also ano!r s5se3 namely1 8p>tak+ 9 a high] or l[] degree ( ! qualities t make up absolute p]fection10 s t we may describe "o /atue z m p]fect ?an ano!r1 or "o ( ?ree /atues z ! mo/ p]fect ( !m all4 ,9 ?is use1 :i* is unobjectionable1 we simply admit t no?+ 9 ! _w is absolutely flawless1 & ass]t t ! ?ree /atues approa* ideal p]fection 9 v>i\s degrees4 #bjc4 ,an adjective phrase may sometimes be comp>$ by means ( m & mo/4 ,i 0 nev] m out ( humor m vex$4 ,i ?9k y\r la/ sugge/ion mo/ 9 keep+ mo/ appropriate4 ,,num]als--,,adjectives1 ,,n\ns1 ,,& ,,adv]bs #bjd4 ,words indicat+ numb] are call$ num]als4 ,!y are adjectives1 n\ns1 or adv]bs4 ,!re are sev5 days 9 ! week4 ,adjective4 ,twelve make a doz54 ,n\n4 ,i h call$ twice4 ,adv]b4 #bje4 ,! *ief classes ( num]als are c>d9als & ord9als4 #a4 ,c>d9al num]al adjectives 7"o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 etc47 are us$ 9 c\nt+1 & answ] ! "q 8,h[ _m80 ,i _h to pay ?ree doll>s4 ,!re 7 =ty-two vessels 9 ! fleet4 ,,note4 ,9 su* expressions z 8,! boy 0 sixte510 ! num]al is a pr$icate adjective limit+ boy 7 #agb1 #c74 ,we ne$ n exp& sixte5 to 8sixte5 ye>s old40 #b4 ,ord9al num]al adjectives 7fir/1 second1 ?ird1 etc47 d5ote ! position or ord] ( a p]son or ?+ 9 a s]ies4 ,c>l plays ! second viol94 ,y\r fri5d is sitt+ 9 ! fif? r[4 #bjf4 ,all ! c>d9al & ord9al num]als may become n\ns & may take a plural end+ 9 "s ( _! s5ses4 ,"o is en\gh4 ,f\r are miss+4 ,! n9e play$ an excell5t game4 ,?ree twos are six4 ,! m5 =m$ by f\rs4 ,?\s&s p]i%$ by ! way4 ,eight is two ?irds ( twelve4 ,s regul>ly 9 fractional p>ts4 ,,note4 ,hundr$1 ?\s&1 million 7 orig9ally n\ns1 b are n[ equally common z adjectives4 ,o!r num]al n\ns are3--twa91 c\ple1 pair1 brace1 trio1 qu>tette1 qu9tette1 f\rsome1 doz51 score1 c5tury4 #bjg4 ,c]ta9 num]al adjectives 7s+le1 d\ble1 triple1 etc47 indicate h[ _m times a ?+ is tak5 or ( h[ _m l p>ts x consi/s4 ,a d\ble r[ ( policem5 /ood on gu>d4 ,a f\rfold lay] ( *ill$ /eel =ms ! door4 ,"s ( ^! words may be us$ z adv]bs4 ,! cabman *>g$ d\ble4 ,8 fe> increas$ t5fold4 #bjh4 ,c]ta9 num]al adv]bs & adv]bial phrases indicate h[ _m times an action takes place4 ,once my assailant slipp$4 ,i rang ! bell twice4 ,! riv] ha? ?rice fl['d1 no ebb betwe54--,,%aksp]e4 ,! only adv]bs ( ?is k9d 9 ord9>y use are once & twice4 ,= l>g] numb]s an adv]bial phrase 7?ree times1 f\r times1 etc47 is employ$4 ,?rice1 h[ev]1 is /ill common 9 poetry & ! solemn /yle4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,v]bs ,,classification ,,( ,,v]bs #bji4 ,a v]b is a ^w :i* c ass]t some?+ 7usually an action7 conc]n+ a p]son1 place1 or ?+ 7 #ad74 ,mo/ v]bs express action4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 m]ely express /ate or condition4 ,?us1-- #a4 ,we jump$ = joy4 ,rabbits burr[ into ! sides ( hills4 #b4 ,:ile memory la/s1 ,i c nev] =get y4 ,?is m\nta9 belongs to ! ,appala*ian range4 ,a v]b-phrase is a gr\p ( words t is us$ z a v]b 7 #ae74 ,! leaves are turn+4 ,! money has be5 f\nd4 #baj4 ,c]ta9 v]bs1 :5 us$ to make v]b-phrases1 are call$ auxili>y 7t is1 8aid+07 v]bs1 because !y help o!r v]bs to express action or /ate ( "s p>ticul> k9d 7 #af74 ,! auxili>y v]bs are is 7are1 01 71 etc471 may1 c1 mu/1 might1 %all1 w1 c\ld1 w\ld1 %\ld1 h1 _h1 d1 did4 ,i am writ+4 ,we mu/ g4 ,y w fall4 ,he has =gott5 me4 ,we _h fail$4 ,i d see him4 ,! auxili>y v]b may be sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! v]b-phrase by o!r words4 ,i h always lik$ him4 ,i %all soon s5d = y4 ,rob]t 0 completely bewild]$4 ,he has h>dly ev] spok5 to me4 #baa4 ,v]bs are ei!r transitive or intransitive 7 #ii74 ,"s v]bs may be foll[$ by a sub/antive d5ot+ t :i* receives ! action or is produc$ by x4 ,^! are call$ transitive v]bs4 ,all o!r v]bs are call$ intransitive4 ,a sub/antive t completes ! mean+ ( a transitive v]b is call$ its direct object4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 ! fir/ f\r v]bs are transitive 7) objects71 ! la/ five are intransitive 7)\t objects73-- ,lightn+ %att]$ ! oak4 ,cl\ds d>k5$ ! sky4 ,*emi/s extract radium f pit*bl5de4 ,! orator quot$ ,t5nyson incorrectly4 ,look :]e he /&s & gl>es6 ,! bankrupt abscond$4 ,! orange sky ( ev5+ di$ away4 ,! words diff] 9 a s+le lett]4 #bab4 ,a v]b :i* is transitive 9 "o ( its s5ses may be intransitive 9 ano!r4 ,,transitive 7,,) ,,object7 ,,intransitive 7,,)\t ,,object7 ,boys fly kites4 ,birds fly4 ,! pirates sank ! %ip4 ,! /one sank4 ,i clos$ my eyes4 ,s*ool clos$ ye/]day4 ,tom tore 8 coat4 ,! clo? tore easily4 #bac4 ,_m transitive v]bs may be us$ absolutely1--t is1 m]ely to express action )\t any indication ( ! direct object4 ,,transitive ,,v]b ,,transitive ,,v]b ,,us$ ,,absolutely ,,) ,,object ,,express$ ,! horses drank wat]4 ,! horses drank f ! brook4 ,! f>m] pl[s 8 fields4 ,! f>m] pl[s 9 ! spr+4 ,*>les is draw+ a picture4 ,*>les is draw+4 ,!re is a %>p contra/ betwe5 a transitive v]b us$ absolutely & a real intransitive v]b4 ,to ! =m] we c always add an object2 ) ! latt] no object is possible4 #bad4 ,is 79 its v>i\s =ms7 & sev]al o!r v]bs may be us$ to frame s5t5ces 9 :i* "s ^w or words 9 ! pr$icate describe or def9e ! subject 7 #ag74 ,su* v]bs are call$ copulative 7t is1 8jo9+07 v]bs4 ,is 9 ?is use is (t5 call$ ! copula 7or 8l9k074 ,"t is money4 ,grant 0 a tireless work]4 ,macbe? became a tyrant4 ,8 swans always prove geese4 ,! curr5t is sluggi%4 ,lions are c>nivor\s4 ,?is village looks prosp]\s4 ,! consul's br[ grew /]n4 ,! que5 turn$ pale4 ,9 ! fir/ f\r examples1 ! copulative v]b 7! simple pr$icate#bf7 is foll[$ by a pr$icate nom9ative 7 #hh1 #b72 9 ! la/ five by a pr$icate adjective 7 #agb1 #c74 ,! copulative v]bs are intransitive1 s9ce !y take no object4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y are reg>d$ z a ?ird class di/9ct bo? f transitive & intransitive v]bs4 #bae4 ,! v]b is is n always a copula4 ,x is sometimes emphatic & has ! s5se ( exi/4 ,i ?9k4 ,!re=e ,i am4 ,t is1 ,i exi/4 ,:atev] is1 is "r4 ,! second is is ! copula4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r copulative v]bs may be us$ 9 "s s5se 9 :i* !y cease to be copulative4 ,! lawy] prov$ 8 case4 ,walnut trees gr[ sl[ly4 ,mr4 ,watson gr[s pea*es4 ,! :eel turn$ sl[ly on ! axle4 ,he turn$ 8 head & look$ at me4 ,,inflection ,,( ,,v]bs #baf4 ,v]bs h inflections ( t5se1 p]son & numb]1 & mood4 ,!y also h ! di/9ction ( voice1 :i* is express$ by ! help ( v]b-phrases4 ,t5se indicates "t2 p]son & numb] correspond ) p]son & numb] 9 sub/antives2 mood %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ! action is express$2 voice indicates :e!r ! subject acts or is act$ ^u4 ,,t5se ,,( ,,v]bs #bag4 ,! t5se ( a v]b indicates its "t4#bg ,v]bs h =ms ( t5se to indicate pres5t1 pa/1 or future "t4 #a4 ,a v]b 9 ! pres5t t5se ref]s to pres5t "t4 #b4 ,a v]b 9 ! pa/ t5se ref]s to pa/ "t4#bh #c4 ,a v]b 9 ! future t5se ref]s to future "t4 ,! pres5t1 ! pa/1 & ! future are call$ simple t5ses4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,future ,,t5se ,he lives "h4 ,he liv$ "h4 ,he w live "h4 ,! sun %9es4 ,! sun %one4 ,! sun w %9e4 ,i "k him4 ,i knew him4 ,i %all "k him4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,& ,,! ,,pa/ #bah4 ,! pres5t & ! pa/ t5se h special =ms ( inflection4 ,= ! mom5t we w consid] ! =m :i* ! v]b has :5 its subject is ! fir/ p]sonal pron\n ,i4 ,9 ! pres5t t5se ! v]b has its simple/ =m1 )\t any inflectional end+4 ,i l x4 ,i hope = ! be/4 ,i dwell 9 ! wild]ness4 ,i f9d him amus+4 #bai4 ,! pa/ t5se is =m$ 9 two ways1 & a v]b is class$ z weak or /rong 9 accordance ) ! way 9 :i* x =ms ?is t5se4 #a4 ,weak v]bs =m ! pa/ t5se by add+ ed1 d1 or t to ! pres5t4 ,,examples3 m5d1 m5d$2 select1 select$2 fill1 fill$2 gl[1 gl[$2 talk1 talk$2 rev]e1 rev]$2 dwell1 dwelt4 #b4 ,/rong v]bs =m ! pa/ t5se by *ang+ ! v[el ( ! pres5t1 )\t ! addition ( an end+4 ,,examples3 dr9k1 drank2 beg91 began2 come1 came2 rise1 rose2 b9d1 b\nd2 cl+1 clung2 /ick1 /uck2 we>1 wore4#bi ,weak v]bs are sometimes call$ regul>1 & /rong v]bs irregul> v]bs4 ,= a li/ ( ! /rong v]bs see pp4 #bia-big4 ,,note4 ,! t]ms /rong & weak 7 fir/ appli$ to v]bs = a some:at fanciful reason4 ,! /rong v]bs 7 s call$ because !y seem$ to =m ! pa/ t5se out ( _! own res\rces1 )\t call+ to _! assi/ance any end+4 ,! weak v]bs 7 s call$ because !y c\ld n =m ! pa/ t5se )\t ! aid ( ! end+ ed1 d1 or t4 #bbj4 ,! end+ t is writt5 ed is fully pron\nc$ only :5 d or t prec$es 7z1--?read1 ?read$2 attract1 attract$74 ,o!rwise1 e is sil5t1 s t ! end+ becomes1 9 pronunciation1 d or t 7z1--ent]$1 pron\nc$ ent]'d2 rock$1 pron\nc$ rockt74 ,9 poetry & ! solemn /yle1 h[ev]1 ! sil5t e 9 ! end+ ed is sometimes re/or$ to its anci5t rights4 #bba4 ,_m weak v]bs %[ special irregul>ities 9 ! pa/ t5se4 #a4 ,make has made 9 ! pa/1 & h has _h4 #b4 ,"s v]bs 9 -nd & -ld =m _! pa/ t5se by *ang+ ?is d to t4 ,,examples3 b5d1 b5t2 s5d1 s5t2 l5d1 l5t2 r5d1 r5t2 sp5d1 sp5t2 build1 built4 #c4 ,a few v]bs add d or t 9 ! pa/ & also *ange ! v[el ( ! pres5t4 ,?us1-- sell sold tell told %oe %od say said 7pron\nc$ s$7 he> he>d 7pron\nc$ h]d7 br+ br\ght buy b\ght cat* caught seek s\ght besee* bes\ght tea* taught me?9ks me?\ght ,"w has an old pa/ t5se wr\ght1 common 9 poetry2 its usual pa/ is work$4 ,= mu/1 w\ld1 etc41 see p4 #bii4 #d4 ,"s v]bs t h a long v[el s\nd 9 ! pres5t h 9 ! pa/ a %ort v[el s\nd be=e ! end+ t4 ,,examples3 creep1 crept2 keep1 kept2 sleep1 slept2 sweep1 swept2 weep1 wept2 feel1 felt2 deal1 dealt 7pron\nc$ delt72 mean1 meant 7pron\nc$ m5t72 lose1 lo/2 leave1 left4#cj #e4 ,"s v]bs 9 d or t prec$$ by a long v[el s\nd h a %ort v[el 9 ! pa/ b add no end+4 ,,examples3 ble$1 bl$2 bre$1 br$2 fe$1 f$2 spe$1 sp$2 lead1 l$2 read 7pron\nc$ re$71 read 7pron\nc$ r$72 meet1 met2 light1 lit 7also light$74 #f4 ,"s v]bs 9 d or t h 9 ! pa/ ! same =m z 9 ! pres5t4 ,,examples3 %$1 pa/ %$2 spread1 pa/ spread2 bet1 pa/ bet2 hit1 pa/ hit2 set1 pa/ set2 put1 pa/ put2 %ut1 pa/ %ut2 cut1 pa/ cut2 hurt1 pa/ hurt2 ca/1 pa/ ca/4 ,,note4 ,! v]bs 9 #e & #f might appe> to be /rong v]bs1 s9ce !y h no end+ 9 ! pa/ & "s ( !m *ange ! v[el4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 all weak v]bs4 ,_! lack ( end+ is due to ! fact t ! d or t ( ! t]m9ation has be5 absorb$ 9 ! f9al d or t ( ! v]b itself4 ,?us1 ! pa/ set 0 orig9ally sett 7dissyllabic71 & ?is =m1 aft] ! loss ( -1 became indi/+ui%able 9 s\nd f set1 ! pres5t4 ,= li/s ( irregul> weak v]bs1 see pp4 #bia-bii4 ,,p]son ,,& ,,numb]--,,! ,,p]sonal ,,end+s #bbb4 ,a v]b mu/ agree ) its subject 9 numb] & p]son4 ,v]bs1 l sub/antives1 h two numb]s 7s+ul> & plural7 & ?ree p]sons 7fir/1 second1 & ?ird74 ,! s+ul> numb] d5otes a s+le p]son or ?+4 ,! plural numb] d5otes m ?an "o p]son or ?+4 ,! fir/ p]son d5otes ! speak]2 ! second p]son d5otes ! p]son spok5 to2 ! ?ird p]son d5otes ! p]son or ?+ spok5 (4 #bbc4 ,! inflections ( p]son & numb] 9 v]bs may be se5 by fram+ s5t5ces ) ! p]sonal pron\ns z subjects4 ,?us1-- ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i walk4 #a4 ,we walk4 #b4 ,?\ walk-e/4 #b4 ,y walk4 #c4 ,he walk-s old =m1 walk-e?4 #c4 ,!y walk4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i walk$4 #a4 ,we walk$4 #b4 ,?\ walk$-/4 #b4 ,y walk$4 #c4 ,he walk$4 #c4 ,!y walk$4 ,f ! s5t5ces x is evid5t 7#a7 t ! p]son & numb] ( a v]b are usually %[n by its subject only1 b 7#b7 t "s v]b-=ms h special end+s :i* d5ote p]son & numb]4 #bbd4 ,! end+s by means ( :i* a v]b indicates p]son & numb] are call$ p]sonal end+s4 #a4 ,9 ! pres5t t5se a v]b has two p]sonal end+s1 e/ = ! second p]son s+ul> & s = ! ?ird p]son s+ul> 7old =m e?74 ,! fir/ p]son s+ul> & all ?ree p]sons ( ! plural are alike4 ,! simple/ =m ( ! v]b is us$ & no p]sonal end+ is add$4 #b4 ,! pa/ t5se has b "o p]sonal end+1--e/ or / 9 ! second p]son s+ul>4#ca ,! =ms 9 e/ or / are conf9$ to poetry & ! solemn /yle4 ,9 ord9>y language1 ! second p]son plural is us$ to address a s+le p]son4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! p]sonal end+s ( ! pres5t & ! pa/ t5se3-- ,,p]sonal ,,end+s ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 no end+ #a4 #b4 -e/1 -/ #b4 no end+ #c4 -s old1 -e? #c4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 no end+ #a4 #b4 -e/1 -/ #b4 no end+ #c4 no end+ #c4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,& ,,! ,,pa/ #bbe4 ,! inflection ( a v]b is call$ its conjugation 7 #ec74 ,:5 we inflect a v]b we are said to conjugate x4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,weak ,,v]b ,,walk ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i walk4 #a4 ,we walk4 #b4 ,?\ walke/4#cb #b4 ,y walk4 #c4 ,he walks4 #c4 ,!y walk4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i walk$4 #a4 ,we walk$4 #b4 ,?\ walk$/4 #b4 ,y walk$4 #c4 ,he walk$4 #c4 ,!y walk$4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,/rong ,,v]b ,,f9d ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i f9d4 #a4 ,we f9d4 #b4 ,?\ f9de/4 #b4 ,y f9d4 #c4 ,he f9ds4 #c4 ,!y f9d4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i f\nd4 #a4 ,we f\nd4 #b4 ,?\ f\nde/4 #b4 ,y f\nd4 #c4 ,he f\nd4 #c4 ,!y f\nd4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,copula ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i am4 #a4 ,we are4 #b4 ,?\ art4 #b4 ,y are4 #c4 ,he is4 #c4 ,!y are4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i 04 #a4 ,we 74 #b4 ,?\ wa/4 #b4 ,y 74 #c4 ,he 04 #c4 ,!y 74 ,,note4 ,! ,engli% v]b =m]ly _h m p]sonal end+s4 ,9 ,*auc]1 = in/ance1 ! typical inflection ( ! pres5t is3-- ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i walk4 #a4 ,we walk5 7or walk74 #b4 ,?\ walke/4 #b4 ,ye walk5 7or walk74 #c4 ,he walke?4 #c4 ,!y walk5 7or walk74 ,! disappe>ance ( all weak f9al e's 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 #aia7 r$uc$ ! fir/ p]son s+ul> & ! :ole plural to ! s+le =m walk4 ,lat]1 walks 7a dialect =m7 0 sub/itut$ = walke?1 & /ill lat] ! second p]son s+ul> 0 replac$ 9 ord9>y use by ! plural4 ,! result has be5 t 9 mod]n spee* !re are only two common =ms 9 ! pres5t t5se1--walk & walks4 ,9 poetry & ! solemn /yle1 h[ev]1 walke/ & walke? are /ill 9 use4 ,! plural 9 en is frequ5tly adopt$ by ,sp5s] z an anci5t =m 7or ar*aism73 z1--8,y deem5 ! spr+ is come40 ,,special ,,rules ,,( ,,numb] ,,& ,,p]son #bbf4 ,:5 ! subject is comp\nd 7 #ch71 ! numb] ( ! v]b is det]m9$ by ! foll[+ rules3-- #a4 ,a comp\nd subject ) & usually takes a v]b 9 ! plural numb]4 ,my bro!r & si/] play t5nis4 ,! gov]nor & ! mayor are c\s9s4 #b4 ,a comp\nd subject ) or or nor takes a v]b 9 ! s+ul> numb] if ! sub/antives are s+ul>4 ,ei!r my bro!r or my si/] is sure to w94 ,nei!r ! gov]nor nor ! mayor favors ?is appo9tm5t4 #c4 ,a comp\nd subject ) & express+ b a s+le idea sometimes takes a v]b 9 ! s+ul> numb]4 ,! sum & sub/ance gi/ ( ! matt] is ?is4 ,,note4 ,?is con/ruction is r>e 9 mod]n ,engli% prose4 ,x is = ! mo/ "p conf9$ to su* idiomatic phrases z end & aim 7 purpose71 ! long & %ort ( x1 etc4 ,! poets1 h[ev]1 use ! con/ruction freely 7z 9 ,kipl+'s 8,! tumult & ! %\t+ dies074 #d4 ,if ! sub/antives connect$ by or or nor diff] 9 numb] or p]son1 ! v]b usually agrees ) ! ne>]4 ,ei!r y or he is to blame4 ,nei!r y nor he is an ,au/rian4 ,nei!r ,john nor we 7 at home4 ,nei!r ! mayor nor ! ald]m5 favor ?is law4 ,b colloquial usage v>ies1 & su* expressions are avoid$ by c>eful writ]s4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces %[ h[ ?is may be done3-- ,ei!r y are to blame1 or he is4 ,"o ( y two is to blame4 ,nei!r ( y is an ,au/rian4 ,he is n afraid2 nei!r am ,i4 ,bo? ,john & we 7 away f home4 #bbg4 ,9 su* expressions z ! foll[+1 ! subject is n comp\nd1 & ! v]b agrees ) its s+ul> subject3-- ,! gov]nor ) 8 /aff is pres5t4 ,john1 z well z ,m>y1 is 9 ,london4 ,tom1 along ) 8 fri5ds ,dick & ,bob1 is tak+ a sail4 #bbh4 ,n\ns t are plural 9 =m b s+ul> 9 s5se commonly take a v]b 9 ! s+ul> numb] 7 #hd74 ,economics is an important /udy4 ,! gall[s has be5 aboli%$ 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,9 "s words usage v>ies4 ,?us1 pa9s1 9 ! s5se ( c>e or ef=t1 is sometimes reg>d$ z a s+ul> & sometimes z a plural4 ,great pa9s has 7or h7 be5 tak5 ab\t ! matt]4 #bbi4 ,collective n\ns take sometimes a s+ul> & sometimes a plural v]b4 ,:5 ! p]sons or ?+s d5ot$ are ?\ght ( z individuals1 ! plural %\ld be us$4 ,:5 ! collection is reg>d$ z a unit1 ! s+ul> %\ld be us$4#cc #a4 ,! ,s5ior ,class reque/s ! pleasure ( y\r company4 ,"h ! class is ?\ght ( collectively1 act+ z a unit4 #b4 ,! ,s5ior ,class are unable to agree ^u a presid5t4 ,"h ! speak] has 9 m9d ! individuals ( :om ! class is compos$4 #c4 ,! nation welcomes ,pr9ce ,joseph4 ,! :ole nation unites z a s+le individual to welcome a di/+ui%$ gue/4 #d4 ,! ,am]ican nation are desc5d$ f e o!r nation on e>?4 ,! sep>ate qualities ( ! individuals :o con/itute ! nation are 9 ! speak]'s m9d4 #bcj4 ,a numb] 9 ! s5se ( 8sev]al0 or 8_m0 regul>ly takes ! plural2 ! numb] takes ! s+ul>4 ,a numb] ( sailors 7 loit]+ on ! pi]4 ,! numb] ( tickets is limit$4 #bca4 ,half1 "p1 portion1 & ! l1 take ei!r ! s+ul> or ! plural accord+ to s5se4 ,half ( a circle is a semicircle4 ,half ( ! pass5g]s 7 lo/4 #bcb4 ,a v]b :i* has = its subject a relative pron\n is 9 ! same p]son & numb] z ! antec$5t4 ,= examples1 see #adi4 ,errors are especially common 9 su* s5t5ces z1-- ,?is is "o ( ! /range/ sights t ev] 7 se54 ,! antec$5t ( t is sights 7n "o72 h5ce ! relative 7t7 is plural1 & accord+ly ! v]b is plural 771 n 074 ,mr4 ,w9n's oration 0 among ! mo/ eloqu5t t h ,,n has be5 deliv]$ 9 ?is /ate = _m ye>s4 ,?is is "o ( ! f9e/ pa9t+s !re are 9 ! hall4 ,= ! omission ( ! relative1 see #aea4 ,,! ,,future ,,t5se #bcc4 ,! future t5se is a v]b-phrase consi/+ ( ! auxili>y v]b %all or w foll[$ by ! inf9itive )\t to 7 #bi74 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! =m ( ! future = ea* ( ! ?ree p]sons 7#a7 9 ass]tions & 7#b7 9 que/ions3-- ,,future ,,t5se ,,ass]tions 7,,decl>ative7 ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i %all fall4 #a4 ,we %all fall4 #b4 ,?\ wilt fall4 #b4 ,y w fall4 #c4 ,he w fall4 #c4 ,!y w fall4 ,,que/ions 7,,int]rogative7 ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,%all ,i fall8 #a4 ,%all we fall8 #b4 ,%alt ?\ fall8 #b4 ,%all y fall8 #c4 ,w he fall8 #c4 ,w !y fall8 #bcd4 ,common errors are ! use ( w = %all 7#a7 9 ! fir/ p]son 9 ass]tions & que/ions1 & 7#b7 9 ! second p]son 9 que/ions4 ,9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces ! fir/ p]son ( ! future t5se is correctly =m$3-- ,i %all ,,n w dr[n4 ,%all ,,n w ,i dr[n8 ,i %all ,,n w fail4 ,%all ,,n w ,i fail8 ,we %all ,,n w s9k4 ,%all ,,n w we s9k8 ,! v]b-phrases ) %all express m]ely ! action ( ! v]b 9 future "t4 ,!y d n indicate any will+ness or desire on ! "p ( ! subject4 ,contra/ ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 9 :i* ,i w or we w is us$3-- ,i w g ) y4 ,i w give y :at y ask4 ,i w n endure x4 ,we w all[ y to ent]4 ,we w h ! tru?4 ,"h ! v]b-phrases ) w d n 7z 9 ! previ\s examples ( ,i %all7 express ! action ( ! v]b 9 future "t4 ,!y express ! pres5t will+ness or desire or det]m9ation ( ! speak] to d some?+ 9 ! future4 ,h5ce su* v]b-phrases ) w 9 ! fir/ p]son are n =ms ( ! future t5se4 ,!y are special v]b-phrases express+ will+ness or desire4 #bce4 ,9 ! fir/ p]son %all1 n w1 is ! auxili>y ( ! future t5se 9 bo? ass]tions & que/ions4 ,x d5otes simple futurity1 )\t express+ will+ness1 desire1 or det]m9ation4 ,w 9 ! fir/ p]son is us$ 9 promis+1 ?reat5+1 cons5t+1 & express+ resolution4 ,x nev] d5otes simple futurity4 ,i4 ,,simple ,,futurity 7,,future ,,t5se7 ,i %all be eighte5 ye>s old 9 ,july4 ,,n3 w be4 ,hurry1 or we %all miss our tra94 ,,n3 w miss4 ,we %all be glad to see him4 ,,n3 w be4 ,,ii4 ,,promises1 ,,?reats1 ,,etc4 ,i w subscribe to y\r fund4 ,promise4 ,we w d our be/4 ,promise4 ,i w dis*>ge y if y are late aga94 ,?reat4 ,we w p]mit y to g4 ,cons5t4 ,i w h ob$i5ce4 ,resolution4 ,i'll & we'll are contractions ( ,i w & we w & c nev] /& = ,i %all & we %all4 ,i'll meet y at noon4 ,promise4 ,i'll nev] cons5t4 ,resolution4 ,we'll be rev5g$ on y4 ,?reat4 #bcf4 ,:5 will+ness is express$ by an adjective1 ,i %all is correct2 :5 by an adv]b1 ,i w4 ,?us1-- ,i %all be glad to help y4 ,i w gladly help y4 ,,note4 ,su* expressions z ,i %all be glad1 ,i %all be will+1 ,i %all be *>m$ to d ?is1 express will+ness n by means ( %all b 9 ! adjectives glad1 will+1 *>m$4 ,to say1 8,i w be glad to d ?is10 !n1 w\ld be wrong1 = x w\ld be to express volition twice4 ,su* a s5t5ce c\ld only mean 8,i am det]m9$ to be glad to d ?is40 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 8,i w gladly help y10 volition is express$ by ! v]b-phrase w help & ! adv]b m]ely modifies ! phrase by emphasiz+ ! speak]'s will+ness4 ,h5ce ,i w is correct4 #bcg4 ,w1 :5 emphasiz$1 always expresses det]m9ation on ! "p ( ! subject1 ev5 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons4 ,i ,,w g1 no matt] :at y say4 ,y ,,w ,he ,,w act fooli%ly1 9 spite ( my advice4 #bch4 ,9 ! second p]son ,%all y8 n ,w y8 is ! prop] =m ( ! future t5se 9 que/ions4 ,w y8 always d5otes will+ness1 cons5t1 or det]m9ation1 & nev] simple futurity4 ,note t 9 que/ions 9 ! second p]son1 ! auxili>y us$ is ! same z t expect$ 9 ! answ]4 ,i4 ,,future ,,t5se 7,,simple ,,futurity7 ,%all y be disappo9t$ if he does n come8 ,i %all4 ,%all y regret 8 abs5ce8 ,i %all4 ,%all y g by boat or by tra98 ,i %all g by boat4 ,,ii4 ,,v]b-,,phrase ,,d5ot+ ,,will+ness1 ,,etc4 ,w y write (t58 ,i w4 ,w y all[ me to help y8 ,i w4 ,w y be s k9d z to op5 ! w9d[8 ,i w4 #bci4 ,%all 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons is n ! sign ( ! future t5se 9 decl>ative s5t5ces4 ,x is us$ 9 comm&+1 promis+1 ?reat5+1 & express+ resolution1 ! volition be+ t ( ! speak]4 ,?\ %alt n kill4 ,comm&4 ,y %all h ! hat be=e ,monday4 ,promise4 ,y %all pay = ?is insult6 ,?reat4 ,%e %all n regret h] g5]osity4 ,resolution4 ,9 prophetic language1 %all is common 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons1 ev5 :5 !re is no idea ( comm&+ or ! l4 ,! sun %all be turn$ into d>kness & ! moon into blood4--,joel ii4 #ca4 #bdj4 ,9 milit>y ord]s & (ficial communications1 cu/om p]mits ! m c\rte\s w 9 ! place ( %all 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons4 ,y w imm$iately report = ord]s4 ,heads ( ,dep>tm5ts w submit _! e/imates be=e ,janu>y fir/4 ,= %all & w 9 subord9ate clauses1 see pp4 #acj-acb4 #bda4 ,future "t may also be express$ by ! pres5t t5se1 or by ab\t or go+ ) ! inf9itive 7 #cai74 ,we sail = ,havana on ,tuesday4 ,!y are ab\t to beg9 ! /udy ( ,greek4 ,,complete ,,or ,,comp\nd ,,t5ses #bdb4 ,complet$ action is d5ot$ by special v]b-phrases made by prefix+ to ! pa/ p>ticiple "s =m ( ! auxili>y v]b h4 ,^! are call$ ! complete or comp\nd t5ses4 ,!re are ?ree complete or comp\nd t5ses1--! p]fect 7or pres5t p]fect71 ! plup]fect 7or pa/ p]fect71 & ! future p]fect4 #a4 ,! p]fect 7or pres5t p]fect7 t5se d5otes t ! action ( ! v]b is complete at ! "t ( speak+4 ,x is =m$ by prefix+ h 7ha/1 has7 to ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,i h le>n$ my lesson4 ,he has conv9c$ me4 ,,note4 ,) sev]al v]bs ( motion ! auxili>y be is sometimes us$ in/ead ( h3 z1--8,my fri5ds are gone0 7or 8h gone072 8,y\r "t is come0 7or 8has come074 #b4 ,! plup]fect 7or pa/ p]fect7 t5se d5otes t ! action 0 complet$ at "s po9t 9 pa/ "t4 ,x is =m$ by prefix+ _h 7had/7 to ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,be=e night fell1 ,i _h f9i%$ ! book4 ,:5 ,blake _h spok51 ,all5 rose to reply4 #c4 ,! future p]fect t5se d5otes t ! action w be complet$ at "s po9t 9 future "t4 ,x is =m$ by prefix+ ! future t5se ( h 7%all h1 etc47 to ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,be=e ,i he> f y aga91 ,i %all h l&$ at ,naples4 ,! future p]fect t5se is r>e except 9 v =mal writ+4 #bdc4 ,! =ms ( ! pa/ p>ticiple w be /udi$ 9 #ccd4 ,mean:ile1 ! foll[+ practical rule w s]ve e purpose3-- ,! pa/ p>ticiple is t v]b-=m :i* is us$ aft] ,i h4 ,,examples3 ,i h m5d$1 tri$1 swept1 b\ght1 brok51 =gott51 f\nd1 sunk1 dug4 #bdd4 ,a v]b-phrase made by prefix+ hav+ to ! pa/ p>ticiple is call$ ! p]fect p>ticiple4 ,hav+ rea*$ my de/9ation1 ,i /opp$4 ,a v]b-phrase made by prefix+ to h to ! pa/ p>ticiple is call$ ! p]fect inf9itive4 ,i am sorry to h miss$ y4 #bde4 ,?ree =ms ( ! v]b are s important t !y are call$ ! pr9cipal p>ts4 ,^! are3-- 7#a7 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! pres5t2 7#b7 ! fir/ p]son s+ul> ( ! pa/2 7#c7 ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,,pres5t ,,pa/ ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple 7,i7 walk 7,i7 walk$ walk$ 7,i7 ?9k 7,i7 ?\ght ?\ght 7,i7 see 7,i7 saw se5 7,i7 come 7,i7 came come 7,i7 make 7,i7 made made ,,voice--,,active ,,& ,,passive #bdf4 ,voice is t prop]ty ( v]bs :i* indicates :e!r ! subject acts or is act$ ^u4 ,!re are two voices1 active & passive4 #a4 ,a v]b is 9 ! active voice :5 x repres5ts ! subject z ! do] ( an act4 ,ri*>d %ot ! be>4 ,mr4 ,h>dy builds c>riages4 ,dr4 ,wilson has cur$ my fa!r4 #b4 ,a v]b is 9 ! passive voice :5 x repres5ts ! subject z ! receiv] or ! product ( an action4 ,! be> 0 %ot by ,ri*>d4 ,c>riages are built by ,mr4 ,h>dy4 ,my fa!r has be5 cur$ by ,dr4 ,wilson4 #bdg4 ,! passive voice ( a v]b is express$ by a v]b-phrase made by prefix+ "s =m ( ! copula 7is1 01 etc47 to ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,9 ! passive voice ( ! complete t5ses1 ! pa/ p>ticiple be5 foll[s ! prop] =m ( ! auxili>y h 7z 9 ! ?ird example 9 #bdf1 #b74 ,! passive ( ! inf9itive is made by prefix+ to be 7p]fect1 to h be57 to ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,?us1-- ,,pres5t ,,inf9itive ,,passive3 to be /ruck4 ,,p]fect ,,inf9itive ,,passive3 to h be5 /ruck4 #bdh4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! conjugation ( ! v]b /rike 9 ! active & passive ( ! six t5ses3-- ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> #a4 ,i /rike4 #a4 ,i am /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ /rike/4 #b4 ,?\ art /ruck4 #c4 ,he /rikes4 #c4 ,he is /ruck4 ,,plural #a4 ,we /rike4 #a4 ,we are /ruck4 #b4 ,y /rike4 #b4 ,y are /ruck4 #c4 ,!y /rike4 #c4 ,!y are /ruck4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,s+ul> #a4 ,i /ruck4 #a4 ,i 0 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ /rucke/4 #b4 ,?\ wa/ 7or w]t7 /ruck4 #c4 ,he /ruck4 #c4 ,he 0 /ruck4 ,,plural #a4 ,we /ruck4 #a4 ,we 7 /ruck4 #b4 ,y /ruck4 #b4 ,y 7 /ruck4 #c4 ,!y /ruck4 #c4 ,!y 7 /ruck4 ,,future ,,t5se ,,s+ul> #a4 ,i %all /rike4 #a4 ,i %all be /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ wilt /rike4 #b4 ,?\ wilt be /ruck4 #c4 ,he w /rike4 #c4 ,he w be /ruck4 ,,plural #a4 ,we %all /rike4 #a4 ,we %all be /ruck4 #b4 ,y w /rike4 #b4 ,y w be /ruck4 #c4 ,!y w /rike4 #c4 ,!y w be /ruck4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se ,,s+ul> #a4 ,i h /ruck4 #a4 ,i h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ ha/ /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ ha/ be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,he has /ruck4 #c4 ,he has be5 /ruck4 ,,plural #a4 ,we h /ruck4 #a4 ,we h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,y h /ruck4 #b4 ,y h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,!y h /ruck4 #c4 ,!y h be5 /ruck4 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se ,,s+ul> #a4 ,i _h /ruck4 #a4 ,i _h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ had/ /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ had/ be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,he _h /ruck4 #c4 ,he _h be5 /ruck4 ,,plural #a4 ,we _h /ruck4 #a4 ,we _h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,y _h /ruck4 #b4 ,y _h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,!y _h /ruck4 #c4 ,!y _h be5 /ruck4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se ,,s+ul> #a4 ,i %all h /ruck4 #a4 ,i %all h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ wilt h /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ wilt h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,he w h /ruck4 #c4 ,he w h be5 /ruck4 ,,plural #a4 ,we %all h /ruck4 #a4 ,we %all h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,y w h /ruck4 #b4 ,y w h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,!y w h /ruck4 #c4 ,!y w h be5 /ruck4 ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,passive ,,voice #bdi4 ,any s5t5ce ( :i* ! pr$icate is a transitive v]b foll[$ by an object1 may be *ang$ f ! active to ! passive =m )\t affect+ ! s5se4 ,,active4 ,ri*>d %ot ! be>4 ,,passive4 ,! be> 0 %ot by ,ri*>d4 ,9 ?is *ange1 7#a7 be>1 ! object ( ! active v]b %ot1 becomes ! subject ( ! passive v]b 0 %ot2 & 7#b7 ,ri*>d1 ! subject ( ! active v]b %ot1 becomes by ,ri*>d1 an adv]bial phrase1 modify+ ! passive v]b 0 %ot4 ,?us we h ! rule3-- ,! object ( ! active v]b becomes ! subject ( ! passive1 & ! subject ( ! active v]b becomes 9 ! passive an adv]bial phrase modify+ ! pr$icate v]b4 ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice ,my cat caught a bird4 ,a bird 0 caught by my cat4 ,au/9 ?ank$ ,*>les4 ,*>les 0 ?ank$ by ,au/94 ,! bullet p5etrat$ a tree4 ,a tree 0 p5etrat$ by ! bullet4 ,s>g5t pa9t$ t portrait4 ,t portrait 0 pa9t$ by ,s>g5t4 ,! fireman _h sav$ ! *ild4 ,! *ild _h be5 sav$ by ! fireman4 #bej4 ,intransitive v]bs are ord9>ily us$ 9 ! active voice only4 ,! by/&]s laugh$4 ,! wat*dogs b>k4 ,sn[ is fall+4 #bea4 ,an intransitive v]b foll[$ by a preposition is (t5 us$ 9 ! passive1 ! object ( ! preposition becom+ ! subject ( ! v]b4 ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice ,ev]ybody laugh$ at him4 ,he 0 laugh$ at by ev]ybody4 ,! attorney g5]al has ,?is bill has n yet n yet pass$ ^u ?is bill4 be5 pass$ ^u4 ,he has tamp]$ ) ?is lock4 ,?is lock has be5 tamp]$ )4 ,! c>t ran ov] me4 ,i 0 run ov] by ! c>t4 ,o!r examples are3 talk ab\t 7 discuss71 look or inquire into 7 inve/igate71 look ^u 7 reg>d71 je] at 7 d]ide71 reason )1 object to1 insi/ ^u1 act ^u4 ,,note4 ,9 ?is idiom1 ! preposition is treat$ l an end+ atta*$ to ! v]b to make x transitive4 ,9 o!r words1 laugh at1 pass ^u1 etc41 are treat$ z comp\nd v]bs1 & ! object ( ! preposition is1 9 effect1 ! object ( ! comp\nd4 ,9 ! passive1 ?is object becomes ! subject & ! preposition 7n[ lack+ an object7 rema9s atta*$ to ! v]b4 ,! passive con/ruction is well e/abli%$1 b n always graceful4 #beb4 ,! passive ( "s v]bs ( *oos+1 call+1 nam+1 mak+1 & ?9k+ may be foll[$ by a pr$icate nom9ative 7 #hh1 #b74 ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice 7,,pr$icate ,,objective7 7,,pr$icate ,,nom9ative7 ,we elect$ ,john presid5t4 ,john 0 elect$ presid5t4 ,! ,roman p call$ ,! *ief 0 call$ ! *ief fri5d4 fri5d by ! ,roman p4 ,! h]ald proclaim$ him emp]or4 ,he 0 proclaim$ emp]or by ! h]ald4 ,,note4 ,9 ! active voice1 ^! v]bs may take two objects ref]r+ to ! same p]son or ?+1--a direct object & a pr$icate objective 7 #ajd74 ,9 ! passive1 ! direct object becomes ! subject1 & ! pr$icate objective becomes a pr$icate nom9ative1 agree+ ) ! subject 7 #hh1 #b74 ,,object ,,( ,,! ,,passive #bec4 ,:5 a v]b takes bo? a direct & an indirect object1 "o ( ! two is (t5 reta9$ aft] ! passive1 ! o!r becom+ ! subject4 ,?us1-- #a4 ,! indirect object is reta9$4 ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice ,my aunt gave me ?is wat*4 ,?is wat* 0 giv5 me by my aunt4 ,we all[$ !m free *oice4 ,free *oice 0 all[$ !m4 ,he all[$ ea* speak] an h\r4 ,an h\r 0 all[$ ea* speak]4 ,congress grant$ me a p5sion4 ,a p5sion 0 grant$ me4 ,,note4 ,! preposition to is (t5 ins]t$ 9 ! passive con/ruction1 especially ) a n\n2 z1--8,a small p5sion 0 grant$ to ,dr4 ,johnson40 #b4 ,! direct object is reta9$4 ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice ,we all[$ !m _! *oice4 ,!y 7 all[$ _! *oice4 ,he all[$ ea* speak] an h\r4 ,ea* speak] 0 all[$ an h\r4 ,!y %[$ me ! way4 ,i 0 %[n ! way4 ,exp]i5ce has taught me wisdom4 ,i h be5 taught wisdom by exp]i5ce4 ,! direct object aft] a passive v]b is (t5 call$ ! reta9$ object4 ,,note4 ,?is con/ruction1 ?\gh common1 is avoid$ by _m c>eful writ]s1 except 9 a few well-e/abli%$ idioms4 ,its habitual use gives "o's /yle a heavy & awkw>d air4 ,in/ead ( 8,he 0 giv5 p]mission10 "o may say 8,he receiv$ p]mission02 in/ead ( 8,i 0 giv5 ?is wat* by my aunt10 ei!r 8,x 0 my aunt :o gave me ?is wat*0 or 8,?is wat* 0 a pres5t f my aunt40 #bed4 ,! v]b ask1 :i* may take two direct objects1--"o d5ot+ ! p]son1 ! o!r ! ?+1--sometimes reta9s its second object 9 ! passive con/ruction 7 #ajc74 ,,active4 ,we ask$ him 8 op9ion4 ,,passive4 ,he 0 ask$ 8 op9ion4 ,,progressive ,,v]b-,,phrases #bee4 ,9 addition to ! t5se-=ms already describ$1 v]bs h s-call$ progressive =ms4 ,! progressive =m ( a t5se repres5ts ! action ( ! v]b z go+ on or cont9u+ at ! "t ref]r$ to4 ,i ate my d9n]4 ,i 0 eat+ my d9n]4 ,:ile ,i 0 quietly read+ by my fireside1 /range ?+s 7 tak+ place 9 ! squ>e4 ,bo? ate & 0 eat+ are 9 ! pa/ t5se4 ,b ate m]ely expresses a pa/ action1 :]eas 0 eat+ describes ?is action z cont9u+ or 9 progress 9 pa/ "t4 #bef4 ,! progressive =m is a v]b-phrase made by prefix+ to ! pres5t p>ticiple "s =m ( ! v]b to be4 ,,progressive ,,=m ,,active ,,voice ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i am /rik+4 #a4 ,we are /rik+4 #b4 ,?\ art /rik+4 #b4 ,y are /rik+4 #c4 ,he is /rik+4 #c4 ,!y are /rik+4 ,s 9 ! o!r t5ses3 ,,pa/ ,i 0 /rik+1 etc4 ,,future ,i %all be /rik+1 etc4 ,,p]fect ,i h be5 /rik+1 etc4 ,,plup]fect ,i _h be5 /rik+1 etc4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,i %all h be5 /rik+1 etc4 ,,passive ,,voice ,,pres5t ,i am be+ /ruck1 etc4 ,,pa/ ,i 0 be+ /ruck1 etc4 #beg4 ,9 ! passive1 ! progressive =ms are conf9$ to ! pres5t & ! pa/ t5se4 ,he is be+ help$ by 8 bro!r4 ,pres5t4 ,i am be+ tra9$ by ,ar?ur ,ray4 ,pres5t4 ,:5 ,i call$1 tea 0 be+ s]v$4 ,pa/4 #beh4 ,9 subord9ate clauses1 ! v]b is 79 its v>i\s =ms7 ) its subject is (t5 omitt$ 9 progressive phrases4 ,:ile wait+ = ! tra91 ,i b\ght a newspap]4 ,t is1 ,:ile ,i 0 wait+4 ,?\gh he 0 swimm+ vigor\sly1 he c\ld n /em ! tide4 ,:5 ,i am read+1 ,i l to h ! light %9e ov] my left %\ld]4 ,9 p>s+1 ! omitt$ words %\ld be suppli$4 #bei4 ,= su* progressive =ms z is build+ = is be+ built1 see #ceb4 ,,emphatic ,,v]b-,,phrases #bfj4 ,! pres5t or ! pa/ ( a v]b 9 ! active voice may be express$ ) emphasis by means ( a v]b-phrase consi/+ ( d or did & ! inf9itive )\t to4 ,su* a phrase is call$ ! emphatic =m ( ! pres5t or pa/ t5se4 8,i d see y0 & 8,i did g0 diff] f 8,i see y0 & 8,i w5t0 m]ely 9 emphasis4 ,h5ce d see is call$ ! emphatic =m ( ! pres5t t5se ( see1 & did g ! emphatic =m ( ! pa/ t5se ( g4 #bfa4 ,9 que/ions & 9 negative /atem5ts ! emphatic =ms are us$ )\t ! effect ( emphasis4 ,did y g8 ,i did n g4 ,,note4 ,d (t5 /&s = "s o!r v]b :i* has j be5 us$3 z1 8,jack swims bett] ?an ,i d10 8,y look$ z tir$ z %e did40 ,?is idiom comes f ! omission ( ! inf9itive 9 ! v]b-phrase3--8,jack swims bett] ?an ,i d swim40 ,9 poetry & old] ,engli% ! v]b-phrase ) d or did 9 decl>ative s5t5ces (t5 c>ries no emphasis1 b m]ely takes ! place ( ! pres5t or pa/3 z1--8,! s]p5t beguil$ me1 & ,i did eat40 ,,mood ,,( ,,v]bs #bfb4 ,mood is t prop]ty ( v]bs :i* %[s ! mann] 9 :i* ! action or /ate is express$4 ,mood 7or mode7 is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 ^w modus1 8mann]40 ,comp>e ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 not+ ! =m ( ! v]b 9 ea*3 ,ri*>d is quiet4 ,is ,ri*>d quiet8 ,if ,ri*>d 7 quiet1 ,i might /udy4 ,ri*>d1 be quiet4 ,9 ! fir/ & second s5t5ces1 ! =m is is us$ to ass]t or "q a fact2 9 ! ?ird1 ! =m 7 expresses a condition or supposition t is contr>y to fact2 9 ! f\r?1 ! =m be expresses a comm& or reque/4 ,! diff]5ce 9 =m se5 9 ! v]b 9 ^! s5t5ces is call$ a diff]5ce ( mood4 #bfc4 ,!re are ?ree moods1--! indicative1 ! imp]ative1 & ! subjunctive4 #a4 ,! indicative is ! mood ( simple ass]tion or int]rogation1 b x is us$ 9 o!r con/ructions also4 #b4 ,! imp]ative is ! mood ( comm& or reque/4 #c4 ,! subjunctive mood is us$ 9 c]ta9 special con/ructions ( wi%1 condition1 & ! l4 ,?us1 9 ! examples 9 #bfb1 is is 9 ! indicative1 7 9 ! subjunctive1 & be 9 ! imp]ative mood4 ,i4 ,,indicative ,,mood #bfd4 ,! ord9>y =ms ( ! indicative mood 9 ! active & ! passive voice & 9 all six t5ses1--pres5t1 pa/1 future1 p]fect 7or pres5t p]fect71 plup]fect 7or pa/ p]fect71 & future p]fect1--may be se5 9 ! table on pp4 #ajh-aaj4 ,= ! progressive =m ( ! indicative1 see #bef2 = ! emphatic =m1 see #bfj4 #bfe4 ,! commone/ uses ( ! indicative mood are 9 /atem5ts or que/ions z to matt]s ( fact2 b x may express almo/ any o!r =m ( ?\ght4 ,?us1 ,"t & tide wait = no man4 ,ass]tion4 ,h[ goes ! _w ) y8 ,int]rogation4 ,h[ x ra9s6 ,exclamation4 ,if ! riv] rises1 ! dam w be swept away4 ,supposition4 ,i suspect t he has abscond$4 ,d\bt4 ,i hope t ,john w come soon4 ,desire4 ,?\gh ,ell5 dislikes algebra1 %e nev] %irks4 ,concession4 ,y w report = duty imm$iately4 ,comm&4 ,w y all[ me to use y\r knife8 ,reque/4 ,,note4 ,! indicative & ! subjunctive 7 orig9ally q di/9ct 9 =m1 & ea* _h its own set ( con/ructions4 ,b1 z our language has gr[n simpl] 9 its /ructure1 ! =ms ( ^! two moods h become almo/ id5tical1 & ! uses ( ! indicative h be5 greatly multipli$ at ! exp5se ( ! subjunctive4 ,inde$1 !re is sc>cely any v>iety ( ?\ght express$ by ! subjunctive or ! imp]ative = :i* ! indicative _c also be employ$4 ,x is !re=e impossible to frame any satisfactory def9ition ( ! indicative4 ,its functions are too v>i$ to be includ$ 9 "o g5]al /atem5t4 ,! indicative is (t5 describ$ z ! mood :i* ass]ts ?\ght z a fact1 & ! subjunctive z ! mood :i* expresses ?\ght z supposition 7or z m]e ?\ght74 ,b ! indicative1 z well z ! subjunctive1 may express supposition1 condition1 d\bt1 desire1 concession1 etc4 ,h5ce ! def9itions 9 #bfc are z exact z ! facts ( ! language all[4 ,all ! ef=ts ( gramm>ians to devise m 8accurate0 def9itions break d[n :5 te/$ by actual usage4 ,,ii4 ,,imp]ative ,,mood #bff4 ,! imp]ative is ! mood ( comm& or reque/4 ,hurry6 ,lie d[n4 ,%ut ! door4 ,h pati5ce4 ,light ! lamp4 ,%[ u ! way4 ,wait a mom5t4 ,come to d9n]4 ,! imp]ative has bo? voices1 active & passive1 b only "o t5se1--! pres5t4 ,x has bo? numb]s1 ! s+ul> & ! plural1 b only "o p]son1 ! second4 ,x has ! same =m = bo? ! s+ul> & ! plural4 #bfg4 #a4 ,! imp]ative active is ! v]b 9 its simple/ =m4 ,= examples1 see #bff4 ,! imp]ative ( ! v]b to be is be4 ,?us1-- ,be brave4 ,be c>eful4 ,be sure y are "r4 ,be "h at noon4 #b4 ,! imp]ative passive is a v]b-phrase consi/+ ( be & a pa/ p>ticiple4 ,be tru/$ r ?an fe>$4 ,/udy y\r failures & be in/ruct$ by !m4 #bfh4 ,! subject ( an imp]ative is seldom express$ unless x is emphatic4 ,! subject1 :5 express$1 may prec$e ! imp]ative3 z1--,y sit "h4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli%1 ! subject (t5 foll[$ ! imp]ative3 z1--,g ?\1 ,g y1 ,he> ye4 ,?is use is n[ conf9$ to ! solemn /yle & to poetry4 #bfi4 ,! emphatic =m ( ! imp]ative consi/s ( ! imp]ative d1 foll[$ by ! inf9itive )\t to4 ,d tell me :at he said4 ,d /& /ill4 ,! =m ) d is (t5 us$ :5 ! subject is express$ z1--,d y rema94 #bgj4 ,prohibition 7or negative comm&7 is commonly express$ by means ( ! =m ) d4 ,d n op5 a clos$ door )\t knock+4 ,d n =get to say 8?ank y40 ,9 poetry & ! solemn /yle prohibition is (t5 express$ by ! simple imp]ative ) n4 ,tell me n :at too well ,i "k4 ,devise n evil aga9/ ?y neighbor4 ,seek n to le>n my "n4 #bga4 ,comm&s are sometimes express$ 9 ! indicative by means ( %all or w 7 #bci-bdj74 ,?\ %alt n /eal4 ,y w leave ! room imm$iately4 ,= su* expressions z 8,=w>d60 8,(f ) y60 & ! l1 see #ecj4 ,= ! imp]ative 9 conditions1 see #dah4 ,,iii3 ,,subjunctive ,,mood ,,=ms ,,( ,,! ,,subjunctive #bgb4 ,! subjunctive mood is us$ 9 c]ta9 special con/ructions ( wi%1 condition1 & ! l4 ,9 old] ,engli%1 ! subjunctive =ms 7 common 9 a v>iety ( uses1 z !y /ill are 9 poetry & ! solemn /yle4 ,9 ord9>y prose1 h[ev]1 subjunctive =ms are r>e1 & 9 conv]sation !y are h>dly ev] he>d1 except 9 ! case ( ! copula be4 ,! subjunctive =ms ( be are ! foll[+3-- ,,subjunctive ,,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,if ,i be4 #a4 ,if we be4 #b4 ,if ?\ be4 #b4 ,if y be4 #c4 ,if he be4 #c4 ,if !y be4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,if ,i 74 #a4 ,if we 74 #b4 ,if ?\ w]t4 #b4 ,if y 74 #c4 ,if he 74 #c4 ,if !y 74 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,if ,i h be54 #a4 ,if we h be54 #b4 ,if ?\ h be54 #b4 ,if y h be54 #c4 ,if he h be54 #c4 ,if !y h be54 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,if ,i _h be54 #a4 ,if we _h be54 #b4 ,if ?\ had/ be54 #b4 ,if y _h be54 #c4 ,if he _h be54 #c4 ,if !y _h be54 ,if is us$ 9 ! p>adigm because x is 9 clauses beg9n+ ) if t ! subjunctive is commone/ 9 mod]n ,engli%2 b if is ( c\rse no "p ( ! subjunctive inflection4 #bgc4 ,9 o!r v]bs1 ! subjunctive active has ! same =ms z ! indicative1 except 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons s+ul> ( ! pres5t & ! p]fect1 :i* are l ! fir/ p]son3-- ,,pres5t ,,p]fect #a4 ,if ,i /rike4 #a4 ,if ,i h /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ /rike4 #b4 ,if ?\ h /ruck4 #c4 ,if he /rike4 #c4 ,if he h /ruck4 ,9 ! passive subjunctive1 ! subjunctive =ms ( ! copula 7 #bgb7 are us$ z auxili>ies3--pres5t1 ,if ,i be /ruck2 pa/1 ,if ,i 7 /ruck2 p]fect1 ,if ,i h be5 /ruck2 plup]fect1 ,if ,i _h be5 /ruck4 7,see table1 p4 #cjd47 #bgd4 ,progressive v]b-phrases 9 ! subjunctive may be =m$ by means ( ! copula3--pres5t1 ,if ,i be /rik+2 pa/1 ,if ,i 7 /rik+4 ,! pres5t is r>e2 ! pa/ is common4 ,,uses ,,( ,,! ,,subjunctive ,subjunctive 9 ,wi%es & ,exhortations #bge4 ,! subjunctive is (t5 us$ 9 wi%es or pray]s4 ,angels & m9i/]s ( grace def5d u6 ,heav5 help him6 ,! sa9ts pres]ve u6 ,god bless y6 ,long live ! k+6 ,o t ,i _h li/5$ to him6 ,o t we 7 rid ( him6 ,9 ! fir/ five examples1 ! wi% is express$ 9 an indep5d5t s5t5ce4 ,9 ! la/ two1 ! con/ruction is subord9ate1--! t-clause be+ ! object ( an unexpress$ 8,i wi%0 7 #djg74 #bgf4 ,! subjunctive be is (t5 omitt$ :5 x may easily be suppli$4 ,peace be to 8 a%es6 ,honor be to 8 memory6 ,honor be to :om honor is due6 #bgg4 ,wi%es are (t5 introduc$ by may or w\ld4 ,may y nev] want6 ,w\ld t he 7 safe6 ,w\ld y 7 ) u6 ,= ,w\ld t4 ,may & w\ld 9 su* expressions 7 orig9ally subjunctives2 w\ld /&s = ,i w\ld1 t is1 ,i %\ld wi%4 ,want 9 ! fir/ example is an inf9itive )\t to 7 #caa74 ,= wi%es express$ by ! inf9itive1 see #cbj4 #bgh4 ,exhortations 9 ! fir/ p]son plural sometimes take ! subjunctive 9 elevat$ or poetical /yle4 ,he> we ! k+6 ,jo9 we 9 a hymn ( praise6 ,exhortation is ord9>ily express$ by let u foll[$ by ! inf9itive )\t to4 ,let u jo9 h&s4 ,let u h peace4 ,let's camp "h4 ,let is a v]b 9 ! imp]ative mood1 u is its object1 & ! inf9itive 7jo91 h1 camp7 dep5ds on let4 ,subjunctives 9 ,concessions1 ,conditions1 etc4 #bgi4 ,! subjunctive is us$ aft] ?\gh1 al?\gh1 to express an admission or concession n z a fact b z a supposition4 ,?\gh he slay me1 yet w ,i tru/ 9 him4 ,?\gh he 7 to beg ?is on 8 knees1 ,i %\ld /ill refuse4 ,:5 ! concession is /at$ z an admitt$ fact1 ! indicative is regul>4 ,al?\gh he is a =eign]1 he speaks good ,engli%4 ,?\gh he sometimes s+s1 he is n n[ 9 good voice4 #bhj4 ,aft] if & unless1 express+ condition1 ! subjunctive may be us$ 9 a v>iety ( ways4 #a4 ,if ?is be gold1 our =tune is made4 ,x may or may n be gold4 #b4 ,if he confess1 ,i %all ov]look ! (f5ce4 ,he may or may n confess4 #c4 ,unless he confess1 he _c be convict$4 ,he may or may n confess4 #d4 ,if ?is 7 gold1 our =tune w\ld be made4 ,x is n gold2 h5ce our =tune is n made4 #e4 ,if he /ood be=e me at ?is mom5t1 ,i %\ld tell him my op9ion4 ,he does n /& be=e me2 h5ce ,i d n tell him4 #f4 ,if he _h confess$1 ,i %\ld h ov]look$ 8 fault4 ,he did n confess2 h5ce ,i did n ov]look x4 #g4 ,unless he _h confess$1 he c\ld n h be5 convict$4 ,he did confess2 h5ce he 0 convict$4 ,9 conditional clauses1 ! pres5t subjunctive d5otes ei!r pres5t or future "t4 ,x puts ! suppos$ case d\btfully1 b n necess>ily z improbable4 7,see examples #a-c47 ,! pa/ subjunctive ref]s to pres5t "t4 ,x implies t ! suppos$ case is n n[ a fact4 7,see examples #d & #e47 ,! plup]fect 7or pa/ p]fect7 subjunctive ref]s to pa/ "t4 ,x implies t ! suppos$ case 0 n a fact4 7,see #f & #g47 ,= details ( conditional s5t5ces1 see pp4 #afg-agb4 #bha4 ,concession or condition may be express$ by ! subjunctive )\t ?\gh or if1 ! v]b prec$+ ! subject1 :i* is sometimes omitt$4 ,i4 ,,concession ,try z we may1 we _c swim to t rock4 ,say :at he w1 he c nev] conv9ce me4 ,come :at w1 ,i'll /& my gr\nd4 ,be t z x may1 my m9d is made up4 ,,ii4 ,,condition ,7 ,i ask$1 ,i c\ld tell all ! facts4 ,if ,i 7 ask$1 etc4 ,_h ,i kn[n1 ,i w\ld h writt5 to y4 ,if ,i _h kn[n1 etc4 ,i %all be tw5ty ye>s old1 come ,tuesday4 ,if ,tuesday come1 etc4 ,i w g1 ra9 or %9e4 ,if x ra91 or if x %9e1 etc4 ,be he pr9ce or be he paup]1 e gue/ is welcome "h4 ,,note4 ,! subjunctive 9 ^! concessive & conditional uses is really ! same z t 9 exhortations 7 #bgh74 8,try we z we may0 means lit]ally1 8,let u try z h>d z we c10 & ?is has ! =ce ( 8,h[ev] h>d we try0 or 8,al?\gh we try ev] s h>d40 #bhb4 ,aft] z if 7z ?\gh71 ! pa/ subjunctive is us$4 ,he looks z if he 7 ab\t to speak4 ,,n3 z if he 0 ab\t to speak4 ,i act z if ,i 7 crazy4 ,,n3 z if ,i 0 crazy4 #bhc4 ,! subjunctive may express n :at is or 01 b :at w\ld be or w\ld h be51 ! case4 ,x 7 saf] to travel by day4 ,x w\ld be saf]1 etc4 ,i _h be5 wis] _h ,i =d$ ! riv]4 ,i %\ld h be5 wis] if ,i _h4 ,?is con/ruction is old-fa%ion$4 ,mod]n ,engli% commonly uses %\ld 7or w\ld7 be1 %\ld 7or w\ld7 h be51 in/ead4 #bhd4 ,! subjunctive is occasionally us$ aft] t1 le/1 be=e1 until1 etc41 9 subord9ate clauses ref]r+ to ! future & commonly express+ purpose or expectation4 ,take he$ t he escape n4 ,purpose4 ,give him food le/ he p]i%4 ,purpose4 ,let u t>ry until he come4 ,expectation4 ,?is con/ruction is conf9$ to poetry & ! solemn or =mal /yle4 ,9 ord9>y language ! indicative or a v]b-phrase ) may is us$4 ,take he$ t he does n escape4 ,give him food 9 ord] t he may n p]i%4 ,let u wait till he comes4 #bhe4 ,! pa/ subjunctive _h is common 9 _h r & simil> phrases4 ,i _h r wait a day4 ,y _h bett] leave ! room4 ,he _h z lief g z /ay4 ,,note4 ,_h 9 ?is con/ruction is sometimes condemn$ z errone\s or inelegant2 b ! idiom is well-e/abli%$4 ,might bett]1 w\ld bett]1 & w\ld r may be us$ in/ead ( _h bett]1 etc42 b w\ld bett] is improp] 9 ! fir/ p]son4 #bhf4 ,! subjunctive =ms are (t5 replac$ by v]b-phrases conta9+ ! auxili>ies may1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 %\ld4 #a4 ,9 wi%es 7 #bgg74 ,may y live long & prosp]6 ,may he nev] rep5t ?is act6 ,ah1 c\ld ,i b live a hundr$ ye>s6 #b4 ,9 concessions & conditions 7 #bgi-bhj74 ,?\gh ,i y he %\ld fail1 !re w\ld /ill be hope4 ,if ,i y he %\ld fail1 all w\ld be lo/4 #c4 ,9 s5t5ces express+ n :at is or 01 b :at w\ld be or w\ld h be51 ! case 7 #bhc74 ,i %\ld ,y w\ld ,he w\ld write to ,*>les if ,i knew 8 address4 ,x w\ld h be5 bett] to telegraph4 #d4 ,9 subord9ate clauses introduc$ by t1 le/1 be=e1 until1 etc4 7 #bhd74 ,i w take c>e t no?+ may prev5t4 ,i took c>e t no?+ might %\ld prev5t4 ,! g5]al det]m9$ to wait until fre% troops %\ld arrive4 ,,pot5tial ,,v]b-,,phrases ,,use ,,( ,,modal ,,auxili>ies #bhg4 ,sev]al auxili>y v]bs are us$ to =m v]b-phrases indicat+ ability1 possibility1 obligation1 or necessity4 ,su* v]b-phrases are call$ pot5tial phrases1 t is1 8phrases ( possibility40 ,! auxili>y v]bs us$ 9 pot5tial phrases are3--may1 c1 mu/1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 & %\ld4 ,!y are call$ modal auxili>ies & are foll[$ by ! inf9itive )\t to4 ,we may ask him a few que/ions4 ,i c manage a motor c>4 ,y mu/ inquire ! way4 ,he might give y a *ance4 ,i c\ld %[ y 8 h\se if y w\ld p]mit me4 ,i %\ld enjoy a sea-voyage4 ,,note4 ,! fact t give1 etc41 9 su* phrases z c give1 are inf9itives may be se5 by comp>+ 8,i c /rike0 ) 8,i am able to /rike10 8,i may /rike0 ) 8,i am p]mitt$ to /rike10 8,i mu/ /rike0 ) 8,i am oblig$ to /rike10 & s on4 ,9 e>li] p]iods ( ! language1 :5 ! inf9itive _h a special end+ 7-an or -en71 ! nature ( ! con/ruction 0 unmi/akable4 #bhh4 ,pot5tial phrases may be arrang$ 9 tables ( conjugation1 l t on pp4 #ajh-aaj4 ,!y are (t5 call$1 collectively1 ! pot5tial mood4 ,,active ,,voice ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i may /rike4#cd #a4 ,we may /rike4 #b4 ,?\ may/ /rike4 #b4 ,y may /rike4 #c4 ,he may /rike4 #c4 ,!y may /rike4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,i might /rike4#ce #a4 ,we might /rike4 #b4 ,?\ might/ /rike4 #b4 ,y might /rike4 #c4 ,he might /rike4 #c4 ,!y might /rike4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i may h /ruck4#cf #a4 ,we may h /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ may/ h /ruck4 #b4 ,y may h /ruck4 #c4 ,he may h /ruck4 #c4 ,!y may h /ruck4 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i might h /ruck4#cg #a4 ,we might h /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ might/ h /ruck4 #b4 ,y might h /ruck4 #c4 ,he might h /ruck4 #c4 ,!y might h /ruck4 ,,passive ,,voice ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,i may be /ruck1 etc4 ,we may be /ruck1 etc4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,i might be /ruck1 etc4 ,we might be /ruck1 etc4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se ,i may h be5 /ruck1 etc4 ,we may h be5 /ruck1 etc4 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se ,i might h be5 /ruck1 etc4 ,we might h be5 /ruck1 etc4 #bhi4 ,c 7pa/ t5se1 c\ld7 regul>ly indicates t ! subject is able to d some?+4 ,john c ride a bicycle4 ,h>ry c\ld swim4 #bij4 ,may 7pa/ t5se1 might7 indicates 7#a7 p]mission1 7#b7 possibility or d\btful int5tion1 7#c7 a wi%4 7#a7 ,y may borr[ my p5cil4 ,i told him t he might jo9 our p>ty4 7#b7 ,he may accept my (f]4 ,y might n l x4 7#c7 ,may good =tune att5d y6 #bia4 ,9 ask+ p]mission1 ! prop] =m is 8,may ,i80 n 8,c ,i80 ,) negatives1 h[ev]1 c is m common ?an may1 except 9 que/ions4 ,?us1-- ,,"q4 ,may ,i 7or mayn't ,i7 play ball ?is morn+8 ,,answ]4 ,no1 y _c2 b y may play ?is aft]noon4 #bib4 ,mu/ expresses necessity or obligation4 ,we mu/ all die sometime4 ,y mu/ wait = ! tra94 ,y mu/ n be disc\rag$ by failure4 ,,note4 ,mu/1 ?\gh orig9ally a pa/ t5se1 is 9 mod]n ,engli% almo/ always us$ z a pres5t4 ,pa/ necessity may be express$ by _h to ) ! inf9itive3 z1--8,i _h to wait = ! tra940 #bic4 ,ought ) ! pres5t inf9itive1 expresses a pres5t duty or moral obligation2 ) ! p]fect inf9itive1 a pa/ duty or obligation4 ,%\ld is (t5 us$ 9 ! same s5se4 ,i ought to write t lett]4 ,pres5t4 ,y ought n to object4 ,pres5t4 ,?is ro( ought to be m5d$4 ,pres5t4 ,i ought to h kn[n bett]4 ,pa/4 ,y\r dog ought n to h be5 unlea%$4 ,pa/4 ,y %\ld be c>eful4 ,pres5t4 ,! g>d5 %\ld h be5 we$$ ye/]day4 ,pa/4 ,,note4 ,ought is really an old pa/ t5se ( ! v]b owe1 b is n[ always a pres5t4 ,its =m] mean+ may be se5 9 ,dame ,quickly's 8,y ought him a ?\s& p\nd0 7,,%aksp]e1 #a ,h5ry ,,iv1 iii4 #c4 #aeb74 ,_h %\ld nev] be prefix$ to ought4 ,,correct ,,incorrect ,y ought to /ay at home4 ,y _h ought to /ay at home4 ,we oughtn't to make s mu* noise4 ,we hadn't ought to make s mu* noise4 ,john ought to beg91 oughtn't he8 ,john ought to beg91 hadn't he8 #bid4 ,%\ld & ought sometimes express :at w\ld c]ta9ly be expect$ 9 ! case suppos$4 ,?ree weeks %\ld ought to suffice4 ,if ! tra9 is on "t1 he %\ld ought to arrive at six4 #bie4 ,w\ld 9 all ?ree p]sons sometimes indicates habitual action 9 ! pa/4 ,i w\ld gaze at ! sea = h\rs at a "t4 ,:5ev] we ask$ ,edw>d ab\t 8 adv5tures1 he w\ld beg9 to talk ( some?+ else4 ,,special ,,rules ,,= ,,%\ld ,,& ,,w\ld #bif4 ,%\ld is ! pa/ t5se ( %all1 & w\ld is ! pa/ t5se ( w4 ,h5ce ! rules = %\ld & w\ld are simil> to ^? = %all & w 7 #bcc-bci74 ,b !re is mu* v>iation1 especially 9 subord9ate clauses4 ,i4 ,,9 ,,simple ,,s5t5ces ,,& ,,indep5d5t ,,clauses #big4 ,except 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( subord9ate clauses1 ! di/9ction betwe5 %\ld & w\ld is practically ! same z t betwe5 %all & w4 ,:5 ! auxili>y v]b expresses futurity )\t any idea ( wi%+1 cons5t+1 or ! l1 ! =ms are z foll[s3-- ,,ass]tions 7,,decl>ative7 ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i %\ld fall4 #a4 ,we %\ld fall4 #b4 ,?\ w\ld/ fall4 #b4 ,y w\ld fall4 #c4 ,he w\ld fall4 #c4 ,!y w\ld fall4 ,,que/ions 7,,int]rogative7 ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,%\ld ,i fall8 #a4 ,%\ld we fall8 #b4 ,%\ld/ ?\ fall8 #b4 ,%\ld y fall8 #c4 ,w\ld he fall8 #c4 ,w\ld !y fall8 #bih4 ,common errors are ! use ( ,i w\ld = ,i %\ld 9 ass]tions1 & t ( ,w\ld ,i8 & ,w\ld y8 = ,%\ld ,i8 & ,%\ld y8 9 que/ions4 ,! correct =ms are %[n 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,i4 ,i %\ld 7we %\ld7 & ,i w\ld 7we w\ld7 9 ass]tions3-- #a4 ,i %\ld break my neck if ,i fell4 #b4 ,i %\ld hesitate to try ?is exp]im5t4 #c4 ,i %\ldn't wond] if he escap$4 #d4 ,we %\ld regret any misund]/&+4 #e4 ,i %\ld wi% to exam9e ! plans aga9 be=e decid+4 #f4 ,i %\ld be glad to accept any fair (f]4 #g4 ,i w\ld give five doll>s = a ticket4 #h4 ,i w\ld help y if ,i c\ld4 #i4 ,i w\ld nev] agree to su* a proposition4 #aj4 ,we w\ld r die ?an surr5d]4 #aa4 ,we w\ld pay our bill to-day if we _h ! money4 #ab4 ,i w\ld gladly accept any fair (f]4 ,9 ! fir/ six examples1 ,i 7or we7 %\ld is correct1 because ! auxili>y gives no sugge/ion ( ! speak]'s w 7or volition74 ,9 ! la/ six1 on ! contr>y1 ! speak]'s will+ness or desire is pla9ly express$ by ! auxili>y1 & ,i 7or we7 w\ld is !re=e us$4 ,,note4 ,9 su* s5t5ces z ! fif?1--8,i %\ld wi% to exam9e ! plans aga9 be=e decid+10--wi% expresses volition4 ,h5ce 8,i w\ld wi%0 is incorrect1 = x expresses volition twice & c mean only 8,i desire to wi%40 ,on ! same pr9ciple we say 8,i %\ld pref]10 8,i %\ld be glad10 etc4 7see #bcf74 ,sometimes ei!r ,i w\ld or ,i %\ld may be us$1 b ) a diff]5ce 9 mean+4 ,?us1 9 ! eigh? example1 8,i %\ld help y0 might be sub/itut$ = 8,i w\ld help y40 ,?is *ange1 h[ev]1 makes ! rem>k s\nd less cordial & sympa!tic2 = ,i %\ld 7unlike ,i w\ld7 gives no h9t ( ! speak]'s desire to be ( s]vice4 ,,ii4 ,%\ld ,i 7or we78 9 que/ions3-- #a4 ,%\ld ,i break my neck if ,i fell8 #b4 ,%\ld ,i be poison$ if ,i ate ^? b]ries8 #c4 ,%\ld ,i take cold )\t my ov]coat8 #d4 ,%\ld ,i di/urb y if ,i 7 to practise my music lesson8 #e4 ,%\ld we run agr\nd if we miss$ ! *annel8 ,,note4 ,w\ld ,i8 is conf9$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to que/ions 9 :i* "o repeats ! words or ?\ght ( ano!r4 ,?us1--8,y w\ld give five doll>s = a ticket40 8,w\ld ,i8 ,no1 ,i w\ldn't60 ,9 ?is use x is *iefly colloquial4 ,,iii4 ,%\ld y8 & ,w\ld y8 9 que/ions3-- #a4 ,%\ld y dr[n if ! boat 7 to capsize8 ,yes1 ,i %\ld dr[n1 = ,i d n "k h[ to swim4 #b4 ,%\ld y despair if ?is plan 7 a failure8 ,no1 ,i %\ld n1 = ,i h o!r res\rces4 #c4 ,%\ld y ?9k t t5 y>ds ( velvet w\ld be en\gh8 ,yes1 ,i %\ld ?9k s4 #d4 ,%\ld y be (f5d$ if ,i 7 to speak frankly8 ,no1 ,i %\ld n be (f5d$4 #e4 ,%\ld y wi% to exam9e ! plans aga9 be=e decid+8 ,yes1 ,i %\ld 7see note "u ,i1 above74 #f4 ,w\ld y we> a hat or a cap8 ,i w\ld we> a cap if ,i 7 y4 #g4 ,w\ld y /udy ,greek if y 7 9 my place8 ,yes1 ,i w\ld4 #h4 ,w\ld y accept my apology if x 7 (f]$8 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i w\ld accept x gladly4 #i4 ,w\ld y be s k9d z to l5d me y\r compasses8 ,c]ta9ly ,i w\ld l5d !m1 if ,i _h n lo/ !m4 #aj4 ,w\ld y all[ me to use y\r "n z a ref]5ce8 ,i w\ld4 ,! *oice betwe5 %\ld & w\ld 9 ^! s5t5ces corresponds to ! =m expect$ 9 ! answ] 7 #bch74 #bii4 ,! *ief occasions on :i* ,w\ld y8 is correct are3--7#a7 9 ask+ advice 9 a matt] ( d\bt1 & 7#b7 9 ask+ cons5t or p]mission4 ,9 examples #f & #g 9 #bih1 ,,iii1 ! speak] asks advice2 9 #h1 #i1 & #aj1 he asks cons5t or p]mission4 #cjj4 ,note t ! prop] =ms are ,i %\ld l1 ,%\ld ,i l8 & ,%\ld y l8 ,i %\ld l to read t book4 ,%\ld ,i l to g to ,rome8 ,inde$1 ,i %\ld4 ,%\ld y l to receive a copy ( our catalogue8 ,i %\ld l to receive "o4 ,,note4 ,w\ld is v common 9 ^! phrases1 ev5 among writ]s ( repute1 b x is /ill contr>y to ! be/ usage4 ,! reason = %\ld is ! same z 9 ,i %\ld wi% 7 #bih1 ,i1 note74 #cja4 ,i'd & we'd are contractions ( ,i w\ld & we w\ld4 ,h5ce !y c nev] /& = ,i %\ld & we %\ld 7 #bce74 #cjb4 ,%\ld 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons may be us$ 9 simple decl>ative s5t5ces & indep5d5t clauses to express ! w ( ! speak] 7 #bci74 ,if ,i _h my way1 y %\ld be prosecut$4 ,t is3 ,i w\ld take c>e t y 7 prosecut$4 ,if ,i _h ! money1 y %\ld be paid imm$iately4 ,comp>e3 ,y %all be paid4 ,if ,i 7 y1 %e %\ld n regret h] g5]osity4 ,comp>e3 ,%e %all n regret x4 ,,ii4 ,,%\ld ,,& ,,w\ld ,,9 ,,subord9ate ,,clauses #cjc4 ,9 "s k9ds ( subord9ate clauses1 ! use ( %\ld & w\ld diff]s consid]ably f t 9 simple s5t5ces & pr9cipal clauses4 ,! foll[+ classes require att5tion3--7#a7 clauses ( purpose or expectation 7 #cjd71 7#b7 conditional & concessive clauses 7 #cje71 7#c7 clauses express+ volition n t ( ! subject 7 #cjf71 7#d7 clauses /at+ some?+ z an idea 7 #cjg71 7#e7 indirect disc\rse 7 #cjh74 #cjd4 ,9 subord9ate clauses express+ ! purpose or expectation ) :i* any?+ is done1 %all & %\ld are us$ 9 all ?ree p]sons4 ,*>leton took great pa9s t ,i y !y %\ld und]/& ! details ( ! treaty4 ,scott is 0 v c>eful t no?+ %all %\ld int]f]e ) 8 plans4 ,!y took e precaution le/ ,i y he %\ld suspect ! plot4 ,&]son wait$ pati5tly until ,i y !y %\ld arrive ) ! horses4 ,we /ra9$ e n]ve to rea* ! cave be=e ! /orm %\ld break4 #cje4 ,9 conditional or concessive clauses express+ a future suppos$ case d\btfully1 %all & %\ld are us$ 9 all ?ree p]sons2 b w & w\ld are prop] :5 ! subject is ?\ght ( z wi%+ or cons5t+4 #a4 ,:at w\ld happ5 if ,i y he %\ld n c>ry out ! comm&]'s in/ructions8 #b4 ,if ,i y he %\ld miss ! /eam]1 our fri5ds w\ld be al>m$4 #c4 ,:oev] %all %\ld violate ?is law %all %\ld pay ! p5alty4 ,t is3 ,if anybody %all violate1 etc4 #d4 ,:5ev] ,i y he %all f9d an opportunity1 let u try ! exp]im5t4 ,t is3 ,if ev] ,i %all f9d1 etc4 #e4 ,he promis$ to assi/ y :5ev] y %\ld ne$ help4 ,:5ev] if ev]4 #f4 ,?\gh we y !y %\ld fail1 o!rs w\ld make ! attempt4 ,concession4 #g4 ,?\gh ,evans %\ld disappo9t me1 ,i %\ld n lose confid5ce 9 him4 #h4 ,v]non w d 8 "p if ,i y !y w cop]ate ) him4 #i4 ,if ,i y he w only make ! ef=t1 success is c]ta94 #aj4 ,edmund w\ld reveal ! secret if ,i y !y w\ld assi/ him 9 8 se>* = ! treasure4 #aa4 ,if we w\ld take pa9s1 our p>5ts w\ld be satisfi$4 #ab4 ,:oev] w jo9 u may be sure ( a pleasant & pr(itable j\rney4 ,t is3 ,if any "o w jo9 u1 he may be sure1 etc4 ,:5 a future suppos$ case is admitt$ or conc$$ z c]ta91 w may be us$ 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons to d5ote m]e futurity4 ,?\gh y he w c]ta9ly fail1 y he may make ! attempt4 ,?\gh ! %ip w n s9k = "s h\rs1 let u take to ! boats4 #cjf4 ,%all & %\ld are (t5 us$ 9 ! second & ?ird p]sons 9 subord9ate clauses to express volition :i* is n t ( ! subject4 ,templeton insi/s t y %all accompany him4 ,?is lett] directs :]e y %all /ation y\rself4 ,we gave ord]s t ! gates %\ld be clos$4 ,my wi% is t y he %\ld rema9 at home4 ,! law prescrib$ :5 & to :om ! tax %\ld be paid4 #cjg4 ,:5 a clause ) t /ates some?+1 n z a fact b z an idea to be consid]$1 %\ld is ! prop] auxili>y 9 all ?ree p]sons4 ,i am n surpris$ t y %\ld f9d y\r lesson r difficult4 ,t is3 8,:5 ,i consid] ! matt]1 ,i d n f9d ! idea surpris+40 ,9 8,i am n surpris$ t y f9d10 etc41 ! subord9ate clause makes ! /atem5t z a fact4 ,x is /range t ,tom %\ld neglect 8 swimm+ lessons4 ,contra/3 ,x is /range t ,tom neglects4 ,t ,napoleon %\ld h *af$ at captivity is only natural4 ,contra/3 ,t ,napoleon *af$4 #cjh4 ,= %all & w1 %\ld & w\ld1 9 indirect disc\rse1 see #dch-dci4 ,,! ,,inf9itive #cji4 ,! inf9itive is a v]b-=m t has "s ( ! prop]ties ( a n\n 7 #bh74 ,its two-sid$ "* comes out cle>ly :5 x is us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce4 #a4 ,to hope is our only res\rce4 #b4 ,to flatt] is n my cu/om4 #c4 ,to sleep 0 an impossibility4 #d4 ,to surr5d] seem$ disgraceful4 #e4 ,to *oose wisely 0 my greate/ difficulty4 #f4 ,to scale ! wall 0 ! "w ( a mom5t4 ,ea* ( ^! inf9itives 7to hope1 to flatt]1 etc47 is a n\n1 = ea* is ! simple subject ( a s5t5ce4 ,besides1 an ord9>y n\n may be sub/itut$ = ea* inf9itive ) no *ange 9 mean+2 z1--8,hope is our only res\rce02 8,flatt]y is n my cu/om02 8,sleep 0 an impossibility40 ,b ea* ( ^! inf9itives is also a v]b1--= 7#a7 x expresses action2 7#b7 x may be modifi$ by an adv]b1 z 9 ,no4 #e2 7#c7 x takes an object if x is transitive1 z 9 ,no4 #f4 ,an inf9itive 7z ! examples %[7 has regul>ly no subject & !re=e lacks bo? numb] & p]son4 ,h5ce x is n b\nd by ! g5]al rule = ! agreem5t ( a v]b ) its subject 7 #bbb74 ,f ?is fact x d]ives its "n1 inf9itive1 :i* means 8unre/rict$0 or 8free f limitations40#ch #caj4 ,! inf9itive is a v]b-=m :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( a n\n4 ,x expresses action or /ate 9 ! simple/ possible way1 )\t p]son or numb]4 ,x is commonly prec$$ by ! preposition to1 :i* is call$ ! sign ( ! inf9itive4 ,to is n1 9 /rictness1 a "p ( ! inf9itive1 b x may be s reg>d$ = conv5i5ce1 s9ce ! inf9itive1 9 mo/ ( its uses1 is prec$$ by to4 ,,note4 ,to sometimes /&s = an inf9itive 9 c>eless spee*3 z1--8,y may g if y wi% to0 7t is1 8if y wi% to g074 ,su* expressions are to be avoid$4 ,x is bett] to say1 8,y may g if y wi%40 #caa4 ,! inf9itive (t5 lacks to1 especially 9 v]b-phrases ) ! auxili>ies w1 %all1 may1 c1 mu/1 might1 c\ld1 w\ld1 %\ld1 d1 did4 ,= examples1 see pp4 #ajb1 #aad1 #abd4 #cab4 ,! inf9itive has two t5ses1--! pres5t & ! p]fect4 #a4 ,! pres5t inf9itive is ! v]b 9 its simple/ =m1 usually prec$$ by to3 z1--to live1 to tea*1 to b9d1 to /rike4 #b4 ,! p]fect inf9itive is made by prefix+ ! inf9itive ( ! auxili>y v]b h to ! pa/ p>ticiple 7 #bdc73 z1--to h liv$1 to h taught1 to h b\nd1 to h /ruck4 #cac4 ,an inf9itive may be modifi$ by an adv]b1 an adv]bial phrase1 or an adv]bial clause4 ,to write legibly is a valuable accompli%m5t4 ,x w\ld be useless to se>* long]4 ,!y all[$ him to g 9 peace4 ,adv]bial phrase4 ,to dive among ^? we$s w\ld be folly4 ,!odore promises to come :5 ,i s5d = him4 ,adv]bial clause4 ,no modifi] %\ld be ins]t$ betwe5 to & ! inf9itive4 ,i beg y to inquire c>efully into ?is matt]4 ,,n3 to c>efully inquire4 ,mr4 ,h>ris mov$ to po/pone ! "q indef9itely4 ,,n3 to indef9itely po/pone4 ,i expect always to be poor4 ,,n3 to always be poor4 ,,note4 ,c>eless writ]s pay slight att5tion to ?is rule1 & "s good writ]s & speak]s defy x1 hop+ to break x d[n4 ,b x is unque/ionably /ill 9 accord ) ! be/ usage4 #cad4 ,! inf9itive may take an object if its mean+ all[s4 ,i long to visit ,italy4 ,my "m fe>$ to ent] ! h\se4 ,to laun* a boat 0 impossible4 ,to grant y\r reque/ is a pleasure4 ,to give him money is useless4 ,money is ! direct object ( to give1 & him ! indirect object4 #cae4 ,! inf9itive is us$ 9 a v>iety ( con/ructions1--7#a7 z a n\n1 7#b7 z an adjective modifi] or adv]bial modifi]1 7#c7 9 ! s-call$ inf9itive clause4 ,i4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,z ,,n\n #caf4 ,! inf9itive is us$ 9 v>i\s n\n con/ructions1--z subject1 z pr$icate nom9ative1 z nom9ative ( exclamation1 z appositive1 z object ( c]ta9 prepositions1 z modifi]4 #cag4 ,an inf9itive ) or )\t a complem5t or modifi]s1 may be us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce1 z a pr$icate nom9ative1 or z an appositive4 ,to desc5d 0 extremely difficult4 ,subject4 ,to secure a seat 0 impossible4 ,to s+ well requires practice4 ,8 delight 0 to travel4 ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,! gov]nor's policy is to wait4 ,my wi% is to see y imm$iately4 ,to decide 0 to act4 ,! fir/ inf9itive is ! subject1 & ! second is a pr$icate nom9ative4 ,bo? alt]natives1 to advance & to retreat1 seem$ equally haz>d\s4 ,apposition ) ! subject4 ,my fir/ plan1 to tunnel "u ! wall1 prov$ a failure4 ,he has b "o aim 9 life1 to succe$4 ,apposition ) ! object4 ,i h writt5 ) a def9ite purpose1 to dissuade y4 ,i give y ?ree *oices1--to buy1 to lease1 or to build4 #cah4 ,an inf9itive 9 ! pr$icate is (t5 9 apposition ) ! expletive subject x4 ,x 0 a pleasure to see him4 ,in/ead (3 ,to see him 0 a pleasure4 ,x is easy to und]/& y4 ,x w be impossible to =get4 ,x prov$ v difficult to f9d evid5ce aga9/ him4 ,9 ?is use ! inf9itive1 ?\gh grammatically 9 apposition ) x1 is really ! subject ( ! ?\ght 7see #abj1 #b74 #cai4 ,! inf9itive may be us$ z ! object ( ! prepositions b1 except1 ab\t4 ,!re 0 no?+ to d b walk 7or to walk74 ,he w d any?+ except resign 7or except to resign74 ,we are ab\t to object4 ,an idiom express+ futurity4 ,! tra9 is ab\t to />t4 ,,note4 ,c b & _c b are di/9ct idioms4 7#a7 ,9 8,i c b ?ank y10 b is an adv]b 7 only74 ,! s5t5ce means3 8,i c only ?ank y--simply t & no?+ m60 7#b7 ,9 8,i _c b ?ank y10 b is a preposition 7 except74 ,! idiom is %ort5$ f 8,i _c *oose b ?ank y10--t is1 8,i h no *oice except to d s10 or1 9 o!r words1 8,i _c help x40 ,! inf9itive aft] = 7n[ a gross error7 0 once 9 good use3 z1-- ,:at sweet] music c we br+ ,?an a c>ol = to s+4--,,h]rick4 #cbj4 ,! inf9itive may be us$ z a nom9ative ( exclamation 7 #hh1 #d74 ,to sleep6 p]*ance to dream6 ,to suff] & be sil5t6 ,o to be a boy aga96 ,a wi%4 ,o to h liv$ 9 ! brave days ( old6 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,z ,a ,,modifi] #cba4 ,an inf9itive may be us$ z an adjective modifi] ( a n\n or z an adv]bial modifi] ( an adjective4 ,9 ?is use ! inf9itive is said to dep5d on ! ^w :i* x modifies4 ,,) ,,n\ns ,,) ,,adjectives 7,,adjective ,,modifi]7 7,,adv]bial ,,modifi]7 ,an opportunity to advance ,! m5 are ready to advance4 came4 ,det]m9ation to w9 ,john is eag] to w94 br+s success4 ,will+ness to oblige ,i %all be glad to oblige y4 makes fri5ds4 ,i wi% ,i _h ! ability ,we are all able to swim4 to swim4 ,8 anxiety to please u ,he is anxi\s to please ev]ybody4 0 laughable4 ,,note4 ,?is use is due to ! fact t ! inf9itive ) to is really a prepositional phrase 7 #db74 ,?us1 8det]m9ation to w90 is equival5t to 8det]m9ation = victory10 & 8eag] to w90 to 8eag] = victory40 ,! adjective =ce ( ! inf9itive comes out cle>ly 9 8no?+ to eat10 :]e to eat is practically synonym\s ) eatable4 ,9 its adjective use1 ! pres5t inf9itive sometimes %[s no di/9ction 9 voice1 s t ! active & ! passive are int]*angeable3 z1--8a h\se to let0 or 8to be let02 8an axe to gr9d0 or 8to be gr\nd40 ,9 su* expressions ! active =m is usually pref]able4 #cbb4 ,! inf9itive )\t to may be us$ z an adjective modifi] aft] ! direct object ( see1 he>1 feel1 & "s o!r v]bs ( l mean+4 ,i saw ! policeman arre/ him4 ,he> ! sea ro>6 ,c y feel ! gr\nd tremble8 ,ru? wat*$ ! tide come 94 ,9 ?is use ! inf9itive is practically equival5t to a p>ticiple4 ,comp>e 8,i he>d him %\t0 ) 8,i he>d him %\t+40 ,h5ce ! sub/antive may be reg>d$ z an object1 & ! inf9itive z its modifi]4 ,b ! con/ruction closely approa*es t ( an inf9itive clause 7 #cbd-cbe74 #cbc4 ,an inf9itive may modify a v]b 7#a7 by complet+ its mean+1 or 7#b7 by express+ ! purpose ( ! action4 ,i4 ,,complem5t>y ,,inf9itive ,! %ip began to roll4 ,! ra9 cont9u$ to fall heavily4 ,e boy desires to succe$4 ,! (fic] neglect$ to wat* 8 m54 ,! prison]s attempt$ to escape4 ,y promis$ to come to-night4 ,aft] d>e1 ! complem5t>y inf9itive may or may n h to4 ,?us1--8,i d>e n d x02 8,:o w d>e to speak80 ,,ii4 ,,inf9itive ,,( ,,purpose ,he w5t to ,new ,york to /udy m$ic9e4 ,he op5$ 8 lips to speak4 ,%e clos$ h] eyes to %ut out ! sight4 ,elsa lift$ ! cov] to see :at 0 inside4 ,! conductor signall$ to /op ! tra94 ,h>old wait$ to assi/ 8 tea*]4 ,bo? ! complem5t>y inf9itive & ! inf9itive ( purpose may be reg>d$ z adv]bial phrases modify+ ! v]b4 ,,note4 ,aft] "s v]bs ! inf9itive approa*es ! con/ruction ( a pure n\n & is (t5 reg>d$ z an object4 ,?us1--8,i desire to see y0 7comp>e 8,i desire a sight ( y074 ,x is simpl]1 h[ev]1 to reg>d all su* inf9itives z complem5t>y & to treat !m z adv]bial modifi]s4 ,= x is impossible to di/+ui% ! con/ruction ( ! inf9itive aft] c]ta9 adjectives 7z 9 8,i am eag] to see y07 f its con/ruction aft] su* v]bs z wi% & desire4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,inf9itive ,,clause #cbd4 ,a peculi> inf9itive con/ruction (t5 replaces a t-clause z ! object ( a v]b4 ,?us1-- ,i wi%$ t he %\ld g4 him to g4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! n\n clause t he %\ld g is ! object ( wi%$2 9 ! second1 ?is clause is replac$ by him to g1 b )\t any *ange 9 mean+4 ,?is expression consi/s ( two p>ts3--7#a7 him1 a pron\n 9 ! objective case1 :i* replaces ! subject he2 & 7#b7 an inf9itive to g1 :i* replaces ! pr$icate %\ld g4 ,?us x is pla9 t him to g is also a n\n clause1 ( :i* him is ! subject1 & to g ! pr$icate4 ,su* an expression is call$ an inf9itive clause4 #cbe4 ,a k9d ( clause1 consi/+ ( a sub/antive 9 ! objective case foll[$ by an inf9itive1 may be us$ z ! object ( c]ta9 v]bs4 ,su* clauses are call$ inf9itive clauses1 & ! sub/antive is said to be ! subject ( ! inf9itive4 ,! subject ( an inf9itive is 9 ! objective case4 ,inf9itive clauses are us$ 7#a7 aft] v]bs ( wi%+1 comm&+1 advis+1 & ! l1 & 7#b7 aft] "s v]bs ( believ+1 decl>+1 & p]ceiv+4#ci ,?us1-- ,! colonel comm&$ !m to *>ge t !y %\ld *>ge4 ,i believe him to be tru/wor?y t he is tru/wor?y4 ,! judge decl>$ him to be a dang]\s man t he 01 etc44 ,aft] a few v]bs ! inf9itive )\t to is us$ 9 inf9itive clauses4 ,mr4 ,esmond bade 8 s]vant pack a portmanteau & get horses4 ,comp>e3 ord]$ 8 s]vant to pack1 etc4 ,:at makes him cry8 ,comp>e3 ,:at causes him to cry8 ,i let him sleep4 ,comp>e3 ,i all[$ him to sleep4 ,,note4 ,ord9>ily ! inf9itive _c ass]t & h5ce has no subject 7 #cji74 ,! inf9itive clause is1 !re=e1 a peculi> exception1 = him to g makes an ass]tion z cle>ly z t he %\ld g does4 ,t him is really ! subject ( to g & n ! object ( wi%$ is manife/1 = ,i wi%$ him makes no s5se4 ,! object ( wi%$ is ! :ole clause 7him to g74 ,orig9ally1 to be sure1 ! n\n or pron\n 9 ! objective 0 felt to be ! object ( ! ma9 v]b1 & ?is relation may /ill be felt 9 8,i ord]$ him to g02 b ev5 "h ! real object ( ord]$ is ! clause 7z may be se5 9 8,i ord]$ ! ca/le to be bl[n up074 ,! sub/antive has come to be ! real subject ( ! inf9itive1 & %\ld be s treat$ 9 p>s+4 #cbf4 ,a pr$icate pron\n aft] to be 9 an inf9itive clause is 9 ! objective case1 agree+ ) ! subject ( ! inf9itive4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to confuse ?is con/ruction ) ! pr$icate nom9ative 7 #hh1 #b74 ,,pr$icate ,,pron\n ,,aft] ,,to ,,be ,,pr$icate ,,nom9ative ,i believ$ x to be h]4 ,i believ$ t x 0 %e4 ,we "k ! au?or to be him4 ,we "k t ! au?or is he4 ,! au?or is kn[n to be he4 ,he ?\ght ,ri*>d to be me4 ,he ?\ght t ,ri*>d 0 ,i4 ,ri*>d 0 ?\ght to be ,i4 ,we suspect$ ! intrud]s ,we suspect$ t ! intrud]s to be !m4 7 !y4 ,note ! case ( ! relatives & ( ! pr$icate pron\ns 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,a boy :om ,i ?\ght to be hone/ deceiv$ me4 ,:om is ! subject ( ! inf9itive to be & is !re=e 9 ! objective case4 ,a boy :o1 ,i ?\ght1 0 hone/ deceiv$ me4 ,:o is ! subject ( 0 & is !re=e nom9ative4 ,i ?\ght is p>5!tical 7 #ejb74 ,a boy :om ,i believe to be him j pass$ me4 ,a boy :o1 ,i believe1 0 he1 j pass$ me4 #cbg4 ,an inf9itive clause may be ! object ( ! preposition =4 ,?us1-- ,i wrote = him to come4 ,! clause him to come is ! object ( =2 him is ! subject ( to come4 ,!y are wait+ on ! %ore ,= ! b>k to take !m home4--,,noel4 ,i long = him to come back4 #cbh4 ,an inf9itive clause ) = may be us$ z a subject1 z a pr$icate nom9ative1 or z ! object ( a preposition4 ,= u to delay w\ld be fatal to y\r ent]prise4 ,comp>e3 ,our delay w\ld be fatal4 ,our be/ plan is = ! boat to %oot ! rapids4 ,pr$icate nom9ative agree+ ) ! subject plan4 ,i see no way out ( ! difficulty except = !m to (f] an apology4 ,comp>e3 except ! (f] ( an apology on _! "p4 ,,p>ticiples #cbi4 ,c]ta9 words unite 9 !mselves "s ( ! prop]ties ( adjectives ) "s ( ! prop]ties ( v]bs4 ,su* words are call$ p>ticiples 7 #ca74 ,?us1-- ,%att]$ & s9k+1 b gallantly return+ ! enemy's fire1 ! frigate drift$ out to sea4 ,%att]$1 s9k+1 & return+ are v]b-=ms :i* are 9 "s respects simil> to inf9itives3 = 7#a7 !y express action2 7#b7 !y h no subject to agree )1 & h5ce h nei!r p]son nor numb]2 & 7#c7 "o ( !m takes a direct object4 ,!y diff] f inf9itives1 h[ev]1 9 t !y resemble1 n n\ns1 b adjectives1 = !y describe ! sub/antive frigate to :i* !y belong4 ,su* v]b-=ms are call$ p>ticiples1 because !y %>e 7or p>ticipate 97 ! nature ( adjectives4 #ccj4 ,! p>ticiple is a v]b-=m :i* has no subject1 b :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( an adjective & expresses action or /ate 9 su* a way z to describe or limit a sub/antive4 ,:o ?und]+ comes on blacke/ /e$8--,,byron4 ,cl++ to ! horns ( ! alt>1 voiceless %e /ood4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,des]t$1 surr\nd$1 outnumb]$1 & ) ev]y?+ at /ake1 he did n ev5 deign to /& on ! def5sive4--,,macaulay4 ,%r\d$ 9 su* baleful vapors1 ! g5ius ( ,burns 0 nev] se5 9 cle> azure spl5dor1 enlight5+ ! _w4--,,c>lyle4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,p>ticiples #cca4 ,v]bs h ?ree p>ticiples1--! pres5t1 ! pa/1 & ! p]fect4 #ccb4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple ends 9 -+4 ,x usually describes an action z tak+ place at ! same "t ) "s o!r action4 ,tom came saunt]+ up ! pa?4 ,! begg> %ambl$ d[n ! /eps1 grumbl+4 ,rea*+ = ! fl[]1 ,i lo/ my balance4 #ccc4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple (t5 ref]s to "t prec$+ t d5ot$ by ! pr$icate v]b4 ,ris+ f 8 *air1 he b[$4 ,t is1 :5 he _h ris54 ,le>n+ t y\r bro!r 0 9 tr\ble1 ,i ha/5$ to 8 aid4 #ccd4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple is always associat$ ) ! idea ( pa/ "t or complet$ action4 #a4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple ( a weak v]b has ! same =m z ! pa/ t5se4#dj ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple ,i m5d *airs4 ,i m5d$ ! *airs4 ,! *airs are m5d$4 ,i sweep ! rooms4 ,i swept ! rooms4 ,! rooms are swept4 ,i seek treasure4 ,i s\ght treasure4 ,treasure is s\ght4 ,i lose money4 ,i lo/ money4 ,! money is lo/4 #b4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple ( /rong v]bs %[s a *ange f ! v[el ( ! pres5t t5se4 ,all /rong v]bs _h orig9ally ! end+ en 7n7 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple1 b ?is end+ has be5 lo/ 9 _m v]bs4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple ,he speaks4 ,he spoke4 7,he has7 spok54 ,he draws4 ,he drew4 7,he has7 drawn4 ,he s+s4 ,he sang4 7,he has7 sung4 ,he w9s4 ,he won4 7,he has7 won4 ,! =ms %[ great v>iety & mu/ be le>n$ by practice4 7,see pp4 #bia-big = a li/47 #cce4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple is made by prefix+ hav+ to ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,hav+ m5d$ ! wat*1 ,i s5t x to ! own]4 ,hav+ lo/ 8 money1 ,james 0 =c$ to walk home4 #ccf4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple is us$ 9 =m+ ! progressive v]b-phrases 7 #bee-bei74 ,! pa/ p>ticiple is us$ 9 =m+ ! complete t5ses 7 #bdb-bdd7 & ! passive voice 7 #bdg74 ,,con/ructions ,,( ,,p>ticiples #ccg4 ,s9ce ! p>ticiple has adjective prop]ties1 its con/ructions are 9 ! ma9 l ^? ( adjectives4 #cch4 ,a p>ticiple is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits4 ,rup]t1 miss+ 8 companion1 /epp$ to ! door4 ,! pres5t p>ticiple miss+ belongs to ! subject ,rup]t4 ,ris+1 %e op5$ ! w9d[4 ,ris+ belongs to %e4 ,i he>d ! ra9 fall+4 ,fall+ belongs to ! object ra94 ,tom's arm1 brok5 by ! bl[1 hung useless4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple brok5 belongs to ! subject arm4 ,hav+ climb$ ! hill ) great difficulty1 ,i /opp$ to re/4 ,! p]fect p>ticiple hav+ climb$ belongs to ! subject ,i4 #cci4 ,a p>ticiple %\ld n be us$ )\t "s sub/antive to :i* x may belong4 ,,"r3 ,ent]+ ! room1 we saw a /range sight4 ,! p>ticiple ent]+ belongs to ! pron\n we4 ,,wrong3 ,ent]+ ! room1 a /range sight 0 se54 ,s9ce !re is no sub/antive to :i* ent]+ c belong1 x has no con/ruction4 ,app>5t exceptions are conc]n+1 consid]+1 p5d+1 g5]ally speak+1 etc4 ,! fir/ ?ree may be class$ z prepositions 7 #cee71 ! la/ z an indep5d5t p>ticiple4 ,we f\ght e day1 &1 g5]ally speak+1 twice e day4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,note4 ,! rule 9 #cci does n apply to su* phrases z on ent]+1 aft] inve/igat+1 etc41 9 :i* ! words 9 -+ are n p>ticiples1 b v]bal n\ns 7 #cdh74 ,?us ! foll[+ s5t5ces are grammatical3--8,on ent]+ ! room1 a /range sight appe>$02 8,aft] inve/igat+ ! subject1 ! plan 0 adopt$40 ,su* expressions1 h[ev]1 %\ld be us$ ) caution1 s9ce !y are sometimes awkw>d or ambigu\s4 #cdj4 ,a p>ticiple may be modifi$ by an adv]b1 an adv]bial phrase1 or an adv]bial clause4 ,smil+ brightly1 %e ext5d$ h] h&4 ,adv]b4 ,he leap$ =w>d1 %riek+ ) all 8 might4 ,adv]bial phrase4 ,laugh+ until he cri$1 he sank into a *air4 ,adv]bial clause4 #cda4 ,a p>ticiple may take an object if its mean+ all[s4 ,i f\nd ! old man m5d+ 8 net4 ,lift+ ! box1 he mov$ t[>d ! door4 ,giv+ me a fri5dly nod1 he pass$ on4 ,"h nod is ! direct object ( giv+1 & me is ! indirect object4 ,! p>ticiple1 ) its modifi]s & su* o!r words z are atta*$ to x1 is sometimes call$ a p>ticipial phrase4 #cdb4 ,a p>ticiple may be us$ z a pure adjective4 ,a gr9n+ boy confront$ me4 ,a batt]$ hat hung on ! peg4 ,kate 0 play+ ) a brok5 doll4 ,we c\ld he> a ru%+ /ream4 ,will+ h&s make light "w4 ,he 0 /ruck by a sp5t ball4 #cdc4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple is (t5 us$ z a pr$icate adjective express+ /ate or condition4 ,?is con/ruction is easily confus$ ) ! passive ( v]bs4 ,! di/9ction may be se5 9 ! foll[+ examples3-- ,! ra9 began to fall heavily1 & e "t a gu/ ( w9d /ruck u we 7 dr5*$ by x4 ,:5 ! ra9 at la/ ceas$1 we 7 dr5*$ t is1 v wet4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 7 dr5*$ is ! pa/ passive ( ! v]b dr5* 7comp>e ! active 8e "t a gu/ ( w9d /ruck u1 x dr5*$ u074 ,9 ! second1 ! p>ticiple dr5*$ expresses m]e condition1 & is !re=e a pr$icate adjective4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is n always %>p1 & 9 cases ( d\bt ! phrase may be tak5 toge!r z a passive v]b4 ,,note4 ,! real te/ is ! foll[+4 ,:5ev] a p]son or ?+ is di/9ctly pres5t to ! m9d z ! do] ( ! action1 we h a passive v]b-phrase4 ,:5ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 ! p>ticiple m]ely describes condition ) no ?\ght ( its be+ ! result ( an antec$5t act1 ! con/ruction is t ( a pr$icate adjective 7 #agb1 #c74 ,,nom9ative ,,absolute #cdd4 ,a sub/antive1 ) ! p>ticiple belong+ to x1 is (t5 us$ to make a peculi> =m ( adv]bial modify+ phrase3 z1-- ,! w9d fail+1 we l[]$ ! sail4 ,"h ! w9d fail+ is equival5t to an adv]bial phrase 7on ! failure ( ! w9d7 or an adv]bial clause 7:5 ! w9d fail$74 ,x def9es ! "t ( ! action4 ,! w9d fail+1 ,on ! failure ( ! w9d1 ,:5 ! w9d fail$1 we l[]$ ! sail4 #cde4 ,a sub/antive1 ) a p>ticiple1 may express ! cause1 "t1 or circum/ances ( an action4 ,?is is call$ ! absolute con/ruction4 ,! sub/antive is 9 ! nom9ative case & is call$ a nom9ative absolute4 ,my knife slipp+1 ,i cut myself sev]ely4 ,! phrase my knife slipp+ is equival5t to because my knife slipp$3 x expresses cause4 ,two days hav+ elaps$1 we aga9 set =w>d4 ,! phrase 9 italics is equival5t to :5 two days _h elaps$3 x expresses "t4 ,ev5+s he read al\d1 8 wife sew+ by 8 side4 ,! phrase expresses "o ( ! circum/ances t att5d$ ! read+4 ,?is done1 proce$ to bus9ess4 ,! phrase ?is done is equival5t to ! clause s9ce 7or :57 ?is is done1 & indicates cause or "t4 ,,note4 ,?is con/ruction is call$ absolute 7t is1 8free0 or 8loos5$07 because ! sub/antive is n 9 any "o ( ! con/ructions 7subject1 object1 apposition1 etc47 :i* ord9>ily atta* n\ns grammatically to o!r words 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ! :ole phrase1 ?\gh /&+ ap>t f ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 is 9 mean+ an adv]bial modifi] ( "s v]b4 #cdf4 ,! p>ticiple be+ is sometimes omitt$ 9 ! absolute con/ruction4 ,all5 once mayor1 my *ance ( advancem5t w\ld be ru9$4 ,t is3 ,all5 once be+ mayor4 ,pet] /ood be=e me1 8 h&s 9 8 pockets4 ,8 clo?+ 9 %r$s1 he pres5t$ a sorry sight4 ,,v]bal ,,n\ns ,,9 -,,+ 7,,p>ticipial ,,n\ns7 #cdg4 ,engli% has a l>ge & important class ( v]bal n\ns t end 9 -+1 & t s]ve z ! names ( actions4 ,^! are id5tical 9 =m ) pres5t p>ticiples1 = :i* !y are frequ5tly mi/ak54 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is cle>1 = ! pres5t p>ticiple is nev] us$ z ! "n ( an action4 ,h5ce no su* ^w 9 -+ t is a subject or an object1 or /&s 9 any o!r n\n con/ruction1 c be a p>ticiple4 ,:ile ,i 0 travell+ 9 ,mexico1 ,i met ) an accid5t4 ,p>ticiple4 ,travell+ broad5s ! m9d4 ,v]bal n\n1 us$ z subject4 ,he enjoys travell+4 ,v]bal n\n1 us$ z object ( a v]b4 ,he sp5ds 8 "t 9 travell+4 ,v]bal n\n1 object ( a preposition4 ,tom's favorite ex]cise is swimm+4 ,v]bal n\n1 pr$icate nom9ative4 ,?is sport1 fi%+1 has be5 call$ ! contemplative man's recreation4 ,v]bal n\n1 9 apposition ) sport4 ,t n\ns 9 -+ are real n\ns may be prov$ by putt+ ord9>y n\ns 9 _! place4 ,travell+ broad5s ! m9d4 ,travel broad5s ! m9d4 ,talk+ is useless4 ,talk is useless4 ,he is afraid ( fall+4 ,he is afraid ( a fall4 #cdh4 ,f ne>ly e ,engli% v]b !re may be =m$ a v]bal n\n 9 -+4 ,v]bal n\ns 9 -+ h ! =m ( pres5t p>ticiples1 b ! con/ruction ( n\ns4 ,!y are (t5 call$ p>ticipial n\ns4 ,su* n\ns are freely us$1 ei!r by !mselves or 9 a s]ies along ) ord9>y n\ns4 ,m9+ is a dang]\s occupation4 ,pa9t+ & sculpture are si/] arts4 ,! ,indians ( ,massa*usetts sp5t _! "t 9 hunt+1 fi%+1 agriculture1 & w>f>e4 ,read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic are jocosely call$ 8! ?ree r's40 #cdi4 ,v]bal n\ns 9 -+ h c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! v]b4 #a4 ,v]bal n\ns 9 -+ may take a direct or an indirect object if _! mean+ all[s4 ,digg+ gold seems to ! un9itiat$ l f9d+ buri$ treasure4 ,l5d+ him money is useless2 x m]ely fo/]s 8 un?rifty habits4 ,"h ! n\n l5d+1 :i* is ! simple subject ( ! s5t5ce1 takes bo? a direct object 7money7 & an indirect object 7him71 precisely z ! v]b l5d might d4 #b4 ,a v]bal n\n 9 -+ may take an adv]bial modifi]4 ,speak+ extemporane\sly is good practice4 ,"h ! v]bal n\n speak+ is ! simple subject2 b x is modifi$ by ! adv]b extemporane\sly1 precisely z if x 7 a v]b4 ,b v]bal n\ns 9 -+1 l o!r n\ns1 may be modifi$ by adjectives4 ,extemporane\s speak+ is good practice4 #c4 ,to ! v]bal n\ns be+ & hav+1 pa/ p>ticiples may be atta*$1 s z to give ! effect ( voice & t5se4 ,aft] be+ in/ruct$ 9 my duties1 ,i 0 ord]$ to wait on ! k+4 ,!re 7 grave d\bts express$ z to 8 hav+ se5 ! ma/odon4 ,aft] hav+ be5 treat$ 9 s h>% a fa%ion1 ,i _h no wi% to repeat ! int]view4 ,su* expressions are v]bal n\n-phrases4 #cej4 ,v]bal n\ns 9 -+ are simil> 9 "s ( _! con/ructions to inf9itives us$ z n\ns 7p4 #ace74 ,,inf9itive ,,z ,,n\n ,,v]bal ,,n\n ,,9 -+ ,to swim 0 difficult4 ,swimm+ 0 difficult4 ,my bus9ess is to make %oes4 ,my bus9ess is mak+ %oes4 ,to see is to believe4 ,see+ is believ+4 ,n\ns 9 -+ are sometimes call$ inf9itives or g]unds4 #cea4 ,a n\n 9 -+ may be us$ z an adjective1 or z ! adjective elem5t 9 a comp\nd n\n 7 #fd74 ,! sleep+ c> 0 completely wreck$4 ,william has pl5ty ( sp5d+ money4 ,,note4 ,o!r examples are3--a work+ day1 an iron+ bo>d1 dr9k+ wat]1 smell+ salts1 m>*+ ord]s1 a walk+ t\r1 a swimm+ race1 a vault+ pole4 ,9 su* cases x makes little diff]5ce :e!r ! two n\ns are tak5 toge!r z a comp\nd1 or :e!r ! fir/ is reg>d$ z an adjective modify+ ! second4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is use & t ( ! p>ticiple is p]fectly cle>4 ,a 8sleep+ dog0 is a dog t sleeps2 a 8sleep+ c>0 is a c> = sleep+4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ei!r explanation is possible4 ,?us1 a 8hoi/+ eng9e0 may be und]/ood ei!r z an 8eng9e t hoi/s10 or z an 8eng9e = hoi/+40 ,b x is bett] to class ^! exceptions ) ! n\ns 9 -+4 #ceb4 ,:5 a v]bal n\n 9 -+ is prec$$ by an article or any o!r adjective1 x _c take an object4 ,%oot+ song-birds ,! %oot+ ( song-birds is =bidd54 ,laun*+ a %ip ,! laun*+ ( a %ip requires c>e & skill4 ,draw+ maps ,! draw+ ( maps is a useful ex]cise4 ,eat+ confection]y con/antly ,con/ant eat+ ( confection]y is bad = ! tee?4 ,my bus9ess is driv+ wells4 ! driv+ ( wells4 ,obs]ve t1 9 ea* in/ance1 ! object 7song-birds1 %ip1 maps1 confection]y1 wells7 is replac$ by a prepositional phrase :5 an article or o!r adjective prec$es ! v]bal n\n4 ,,note4 ,9 su* expressions z 8,i w5t a-fi%+10 a is a %ort5$ =m ( ! preposition on1 & fi%+ is a v]bal n\n us$ z its object4 ,:5 a is omitt$ we h 8,i w5t fi%+10 8,! h\se is build+10 & ! l1 9 :i* ! ^w 9 -+ seems to be a p>ticiple1 b is really ! object ( ! omitt$ a 7 on74 #cec4 ,! possessive case ( a n\n or pron\n may be us$ to limit a v]bal n\n 9 -+4 ,i 0 sure ( its be+ he4 ,,n3 x4 ,i he>d ( ,all5's be+ elect$4 ,,n3 ,all54 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,prepositions #ced4 ,a preposition is a ^w plac$ be=e a sub/antive to %[ its relation to "s o!r ^w 9 ! s5t5ce4 ,! sub/antive :i* foll[s a preposition is call$ its object & is 9 ! objective case4 ,a phrase consi/+ ( a preposition & its object1 ) or )\t o!r words1 is call$ a prepositional phrase4 ,on ! floor lay a heap ( nuts4 ,he /ood beh9d ! tree = "s "t4 ,f morn+ till night he rema9$ at 8 po/4 ,! fire de/roy$ ev]y?+ except a few articles ( furniture4 ,a prepositional phrase may be ei!r adjective or adv]bial4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ example1 ( nuts is an adjective phrase modify+ ! n\n heap1 & on ! floor is an adv]bial phrase modify+ ! v]b lay4 ,9 ! second s5t5ce1 ! v]b /ood is modifi$ by two adv]bial phrases1 beh9d ! tree & = "s "t4 #cee4 ,! foll[+ li/ includes mo/ ( ! prepositions3 abo>d ab\t above accord+ to across aft] aga9/ along along ) amid1 amid/ among1 among/ ap>t f ar\nd z =1 z to at a?w>t b>r+ because ( be=e beh9d bel[ b5ea? beside1 besides betwe5 betwixt beyond b 7 except7 by by d9t ( by means ( by reason ( by virtue ( by way ( conc]n+ consid]+ despite d[n dur+ ere except1 except+ = = ! sake ( f f among f betwe5 f "u 9 9 accordance ) 9 addition to 9 case ( 9 compliance ) 9 consequ5ce ( 9 consid]ation ( 9 front ( 9 lieu ( 9 opposition to 9 place ( 9 pref]5ce to 9 reg>d to 9 spite ( inside 7inside (7 in/ead ( into not)/&+ ( (f on on acc\nt ( out ( outside 7outside (7 ov] ov] aga9/ pa/ p5d+ reg>d+ respect+ r\nd r\nd ab\t save1 sav+ s9ce ?r\gh ?r\gh\t to1 unto t\*+ t[>d1 t[>ds "u und]nea? until1 till up ^u ) )9 )\t ) ref]5ce to ) reg>d to ) respect to ,,note4 ,su* expressions z by means (1 9 accordance )1 9 spite (1 etc41 are really phrases1 b may be reg>d$ z comp\nd prepositions4 ,sev]al p>ticiples l conc]n+1 consid]+1 p5d+1 are common 9 a prepositional use & are !re=e includ$ 9 ! li/ 7 #cci74 ,= a 7a =m ( on7 9 ab$1 asleep1 afire1 a-fi%+1 etc41 see #ceb4 ,p] is conf9$ to ! /rictly comm]cial /yle except 9 su* expressions z p]=ce1 p] c5t1 p] annum 7 #agi74 #cef4 ,a preposition may /& at ! end ( a s5t5ce or clause4 ,:om did y ask =8 ,comp>e3 ,= :om did y ask8 ,! box :i* x came 9 has be5 de/roy$4 ,comp>e3 ,! box 9 :i* x came4 ,,note4 ,?is ord]1 ?\gh in=mal1 is common 9 ! be/ au?ors2 b1 if c>elessly us$1 x may result 9 awkw>dness ( /yle4 ,sometimes a relative :i* is ! object ( ! preposition is omitt$ 7see #aea74 ,?us1 9 ! second s5t5ce1 :i* might be dropp$1 & ! object ( 9 w\ld !n be 8:i*1 und]/ood40 ,= 8,he 0 laugh$ at10 & ! l1 see #bea4 ,9 poetry a preposition sometimes foll[s its object directly3 z1--8,b>efoot plod ,i ! cold gr\nd ^u0 7,,%aksp]e74 #ceg4 ,c]ta9 adv]bial expressions l 8on ,sunday10 8on ,m>* fir/10 occur bo? ) & )\t ! preposition4 ,he came ,sunday 7or1 on ,sunday74 ,we sail ,m>* fir/ 7or1 on ,m>* fir/74 ,,note4 ,! =ms )\t on are good colloquial ,engli%1 b are avoid$ 9 ! m =mal /yle4 ,no preposition ne$ be suppli$ 9 p>s+4 ,! n\n is an adv]bial objective 7 #aji74 #ceh4 ,c>e is requir$ 9 ! use ( pron\ns z ! objects ( prepositions4 ,he has be5 v fri5dly ,! old h\se w seem lonely ,t makes no diff]5ce to y & me4 ,,n3 y & ,i4 ,tom's c>elessness makes tr\ble ,!re are lett]s at ! po/ (fice = y & me4 ,i h invitations = y & him4 y & h]4 ,he w divide ! rew>d betwe5 y & me4 ,:om are y wait+ =8 ,:om 7 y speak+ to8 ,,n3 :o4 #cei4 ,sev]al words are us$ ei!r z adv]bs or prepositions4 ,,z ,,adv]b ,,z ,,preposition ,i fell d[n4 ,i fell d[n ! /eps4 ,/& by6 ,he /ood by ! w9d[4 ,a big dog ran beh9d4 ,a dog ran beh9d ! c>riage4 ,keep (f6 ,keep (f ! grass4 ,o!r examples are3--abo>d1 above1 aft]1 along1 be=e1 bel[1 b5ea?1 beside1 betwe51 beyond1 ere1 91 inside1 on1 outside1 pa/1 r\nd1 s9ce1 "u1 up1 )91 )\t4 ,= words us$ ei!r z prepositions or z conjunctions1 see pp4 #aeb-aed4 #cfj4 ,prepositions %[ v>i\s di/9ctions 9 use & mean+ :i* mu/ be le>n$ by practice & by ! /udy ( synonyms 9 a l>ge diction>y4 ,! foll[+ gr\ps af=d opportunity = su* /udy3--at1 92 91 into2 betwe51 among1 amid2 on1 ^u2 f1 (f2 r\nd1 ar\nd1 ab\t2 to1 )2 beside1 besides2 agree )1 agree to2 *ange =1 *ange )2 disappo9t 91 (2 diff] )1 f2 confide 91 to2 correspond )1 to2 "p f1 )2 comp>e to1 )2 jo9 )1 to2 connect )1 to2 come up )1 to2 talk to1 )2 speak to1 )2 hang on1 f1 to2 live at1 91 on2 argue )1 aga9/2 cont5d )1 aga9/2 dep>t f1 =1 at1 on1 94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,conjunctions #cfa4 ,conjunctions connect words or gr\ps ( words4 ,conjunctions are ei!r cord9ate or subord9ate4#da #a4 ,a cord9ate conjunction connects words or gr\ps ( words t are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r4 #a4 ,hay & gra9 are sold "h4 #b4 ,w y take tea or c(fee8 #c4 ,he 0 pale b undaunt$4 #d4 ,! mess5g] repli$ c\rte\sly b firmly4 #e4 ,! troops emb>k$ rapidly b )\t confusion4 #f4 ,noon came1 & ! task 0 /ill unf9i%$4 #g4 ,we mu/ hide "h until night falls & ! /reet is des]t$4 ,9 ea* ( ! fir/ f\r s5t5ces1 ! conjunction 7&1 or1 b7 connects s+le words t are 9 ! same con/ruction 7subjects1 objects1 pr$icate adjectives1 adv]bs74 ,9 ! fif?1 b connects an adv]b ) an adv]bial phrase 7bo? be+ modifi]s ( ! v]b emb>k$74 ,9 ! six?1 & jo9s ! two cord9ate clauses ( a comp\nd s5t5ce 7 #dd74 ,9 ! sev5?1 & jo9s two cord9ate clauses :i*1 tak5 toge!r1 make up ! subord9ate clause until 444 des]t$2 ?is clause may !re=e be call$ a comp\nd subord9ate clause 7see #ded74 #b4 ,a subord9ate conjunction connects a subord9ate clause ) ! clause on :i* x dep5ds4 ,h>mon did n quail1 ?\gh he saw ! dang]4 ,take ?is seat1 if y pref]4 ,i hesitat$ because ,i rememb]$ y\r w>n+4 ,unless y re=m1 y\r c>e] w be ru9$4 #cfb4 ,! *ief cord9ate conjunctions are3-- & 7bo? 444 &7 n only 444 b also or 7ei!r 444 or7 nor 7nei!r 444 nor7 b = h[ev] moreov] !re=e !n yet /ill nev]!less not)/&+ ,sev]al ( ^! are mu* us$ = transition1 :e!r f s5t5ce to s5t5ce or f "o p>agraph to ano!r4 ,su* are3--h[ev]1 moreov]1 !re=e1 !n1 nev]!less1 not)/&+1 yet1 /ill4 #cfc4 ,!n is an adv]b :5 x d5otes "t1 a conjunction :5 x d5otes consequ5ce or ! l4 ,!n ! boat glid$ up to ! pi]4 ,"t4 ,m5 are imp]fect creatures3 we mu/ n1 !n1 expect !m to be angels4 ,consequ5ce4 #cfd4 ,yet & /ill are adv]bs :5 !y express "t or degree1 conjunctions :5 !y connect4 ,we h n />t$ yet4 ,"t4 ,x is /ill ra9+4 ,"t4 ,?is hat*et is dull1 b t is dull] /ill4 ,degree4 ,i miss him1 yet ,i am glad he w5t4 ,conjunction4 ,i l dogs2 /ill ,i d n c>e to own "o4 ,conjunction4 #cfe4 ,= & not)/&+ may be ei!r prepositions or conjunctions4 ,,prepositions ,,conjunctions ,i am wait+ = y4 ,we mu/ g1 = x is late4 ,jane is com+1 ,x is a h>d /orm4 not)/&+ ! /orm4 ,%e w come1 not)/&+4 ,,note4 ,= is sometimes classifi$ z a subord9ate conjunction1 b ! fact t x may be us$ to beg9 an indep5d5t s5t5ce 7ev5 :5 su* a s5t5ce op5s a p>agraph7 ju/ifies its inclusion among ! cord9ates4 #cff4 ,! *ief subord9ate conjunctions are3-- al?\gh1 ?\gh z z if 7z ?\gh7 because if le/ s9ce 7 because7 ?an t unless :]eas :e!r 7:e!r 444 or7 ,a few phrases may be reg>d$ z comp\nd conjunctions4 ,su* are3--9 ord] t1 s t1 provid$ t1 9 case t1 b t1 z if1 z ?\gh1 ev5 if4 ,provid$1 & 9 case 7)\t t7 may also be us$ z conjunctions3 z1--8,i w g provid$ x doesn't ra940 #cfg4 ,! subord9ate conjunction t is (t5 omitt$ :5 x may readily be suppli$4 ,he said t he 0 />v+4 ,!y fe>$ t !y 7 betray$4 ,i _c believe t y w\ld try to injure me4 ,,note4 ,?is omission is simil> to t ( ! relative pron\n 7 #aea74 ,x is extremely common1 n only 9 colloquial language b also 9 lit]ature1 :e!r prose or v]se4 #cfh4 ,z & s9ce 9 ! s5se ( 8because10 & :ile 9 ! s5se ( 8?\gh10 are conjunctions4 ,:5 d5ot+ "t1 z is an adv]b1 :ile is a n\n or an adv]b1 & s9ce is an adv]b or a preposition4 ,z 7or s9ce7 y w n li/51 ,i w say no m4 ,conjunction4 ,z we cross$ ! bridge1 ,i look$ d[n at ! ru%+ /ream4 ,adv]b4 ,t5 ye>s h pass$ s9ce my uncle w5t to sea4 ,adv]b4 ,! h\se has be5 empty s9ce ,*ri/mas4 ,preposition4 #cfi4 ,conjunctions us$ 9 pairs are call$ correlative conjunctions4 ,! *ief correlatives are3-- bo? 444 & n only 444 b also ei!r 444 or nei!r 444 nor ?\gh 444 yet 7/ill7 al?\gh 444 yet 7/ill7 s9ce 444 !re=e if 444 !n ,examples ( correlatives may be se5 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,bo? lions & wolves are c>nivor\s4 ,! culprit look$ bo? angry & a%am$4 ,william ,,ii is n only ,g]man ,emp]or b also ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,ei!r brass or copp] w d4 ,nei!r ,keats nor ,%elley liv$ to be old4 ,he ask$ me :e!r ,i 0 an ,au/rian or a ,russian4 ,?\gh ! roads 7 v bad1 yet he manag$ to rea* ,utica be=e midnight4 ,al?\gh he has wrong$ me1 /ill ,i _c believe he is my enemy4 ,s9ce f\r is ! squ>e ( two1 !re=e two is ! squ>e root ( f\r4 ,if ,all5's te/imony is true1 !n ,gilb]t's mu/ be false4 #cgj4 ,b is us$ z a subord9ate conjunction 9 ! s5se ( b t or unless4 ,!re is no d\bt b t !y are murd]]s4--,,%elley4 ,y\r uncle mu/ n "k b b t y are dead4--,,%aksp]e4 ,ne'er may ,i look on day b unless %e tells y\r highness ! tru?4--,,%aksp]e4 ,?is use is obsolete4 ,!re is n a wave ( ! ,se9e b is associat$ 9 my m9d ) ! fir/ rise ( ! s&/ones & =e/ p9es ( ,fonta9ebleau4--,,rusk94 ,!re 0 nobody b lov$ h]4 ,,note4 ,9 ! la/ two examples ! subject ( ! subord9ate clause is omitt$3--8,!re is n a wave b x is associat$10 8,!re 0 nobody b he lov$ h]40 ,9 su* cases1 b is sometimes reg>d$ z a relative pron\n4 ,not)/&+ is us$ z a subord9ate conjunction 9 ! s5se ( ?\gh4 ,i %all g1 not)/&+ ! road is said to be impassable4 #cga4 ,relative adv]bs are simil> 9 _! use to conjunctions1 & are !re=e (t5 call$ conjunctive adv]bs 7 #aid-aie74 ,,note4 ,mo/ conjunctions1 hi/orically consid]$1 are m]ely adv]bs 7or adv]bial phrases7 :i* h come to be us$ 9 s peculi> a way z to =m a special class among ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,?us ! adv]bs s9ce & :ile become conjunctions :5 !y cease to d5ote "t2 because is a corruption ( ! phrase by cause2 b is develop$ f an old adv]b mean+ 8outside40 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,int]jections #cgb4 ,an int]jection is a cry or o!r exclamatory s\nd express+ surprise1 ang]1 pleasure1 or "s o!r emotion or feel+4 ,,examples3 ,o 7or oh71 ah1 hullo 7holloa1 halloo71 bah1 p%aw1 fie1 :ew1 tut-tut1 / 7(t5 spell$ hi/71 ha1 aha1 ha ha1 ho1 hey1 hum1 hem1 heigh-ho 7heigh-o71 alas1 bravo1 lo4 ,:5 writt51 int]jections are (t5 foll[$ by an exclamation po9t 7674 #cgc4 ,among int]jections are prop]ly includ$ calls to animals 7l 8:oa607 & imitations ( s\nds su* z 8mew60 8cock-a-doodle-d60 8d+ dong60 8swi%60 8tu-:it-tu-:o60 #cgd4 ,int]jections usually h no grammatical connection ) ! phrases or s5t5ces 9 :i* !y /&4 ,h5ce !y are c\nt$ among ! 8indep5d5t elem5ts0 ( a s5t5ce 7 #eja74 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a sub/antive is connect$ ) an int]jection by means ( a preposition4 ,?us1-- ,o = a cam]a6 ,alas = my hopes6 ,adjectives & adv]bs are also f\nd 9 ?is use3 z1--8,good = y60 8,up ) x60 ,,note4 ,all su* expressions are (t5 reg>d$ z elliptical s5t5ces1 z if 8,o = a cam]a60 /ood = 8,o1 ,i wi% = a cam]a60 & 8,good = y60 = 8,t is good = y60 ,b x is bett] to treat !m z exclamatory phrases4#db ,o!r exclamatory phrases are 8,de> me60 8,goodness graci\s60 8,o my60 & ! l4 #cge4 ,almo/ any "p ( spee* may be us$ z an exclamation4 ,nons5se6 ,i d n believe x4 ,fire6 ,halt6 ,good6 ,i l t6 ,=w>d6 ,on6 ,away6 ,back1 villa9s6 ,i6 n a bit ( x6 ,b----6 ,su* words are (t5 call$ int]jections1 b x is bett] to describe !m z n\ns1 adjectives1 etc41 us$ 9 exclamation1 & to conf9e ! t]m int]jection to words :i* belong to no o!r "p ( spee*4 ,,note4 ,?us nons5se6 & fire6 are n\ns 9 ! exclamatory nom9ative2 ,i6 is a pron\n 9 ! same con/ruction2 halt6 is a v]b 9 ! imp]ative 7comp>e h>k6 hu%6 behold6 look672 good6 is an adjective2 =w>d6 on6 away6 & back6 are adv]bs2 b6 is a conjunction4 ,! foll[+ examples illu/rate v>i\s exclamatory expressions1--words1 phrases1 & s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,h[ late ,i %udd]$ on ! br9k6--,,"y4 #b4 8,"r6 "r60 a ?\s& tongues exclaim$4--,,s\!y4 #c4 ,! pale />s are gone6--,,%elley4 #d4 ,poor wid[$ wret*6 'twas !re %e wept 9 va94--,,campbell4 #e4 ,o he>tfelt raptures6 ,bliss beyond comp>e6--,,burns4 #f4 ',tis done6 dread ,w9t] spreads 8 late/ glooms4--,,?omson4 #g4 ,heigh-ho6 s+ heigh-ho6 unto ! gre5 holly4--,,%aksp]e4 #h4 ,i _h--ah6 h ,i n[8--a fri5d4--,,byron4 #i4 8,to arms60 cri$ ,mortim]1 & c\*$ 8 quiv]+ lance4--,,gray4 #aj4 ,o = ! g5tl5ess ( old ,romance6--,,keats4 #aa4 8,run60 exclaims %e1 ) a toss ( indignant a/oni%m5t4--,,c>lyle4 #ab4 ,c he keep himself /ill if he w\ld6 ,oh1 n he6--,,wordswor?4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,clauses ,,z ,,p>ts ,,( ,,spee* #cgf4 ,a clause is a gr\p ( words t =ms "p ( a s5t5ce & t conta9s a subject & a pr$icate4 ,a clause us$ z a "p ( spee* is call$ a subord9ate clause 7 #df74 #cgg4 ,a subord9ate clause may be introduc$ by 7#a7 a relative or an int]rogative pron\n1 7#b7 a relative or an int]rogative adv]b1 7#c7 a subord9ate conjunction4 ,! relative pron\ns are3 :o1 :i*1 :at1 t 7 :o or :i*71 z 7aft] su* or same71 & ! comp\nd relatives :oev]1 :i*ev]1 :atev]4 ,_! uses h already be5 /udi$ 7pp4 #ff-gc74 ,! *ief relative adv]bs are3 :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 :]ev]1 :51 :5ev]1 :ile1 be=e1 aft]1 till1 until1 s9ce1 z1 h[1 :y 7p4 #hf74 ,! int]rogative pron\ns are3 :o1 :i*1 :at 7 #afc-afe74 ,! int]rogative adv]bs are3 :]e1 :51 :5ce1 :i!r1 h[1 :y4 ,! mo/ important subord9ate conjunctions are3 because1 s9ce 7 because71 ?\gh1 al?\gh1 if1 unless1 t 79 ord] t1 s t71 le/1 z1 z if1 z ?\gh1 ?an1 :e!r 7:e!r 444 or74 #cgh4 ,accord+ to _! use z p>ts ( spee*1 subord9ate clauses are adjective1 adv]bial1 or n\n clauses4 ,i4 ,,adjective ,,clauses #cgi4 ,a subord9ate clause t modifies a sub/antive is call$ an adjective clause 7 #dg74 ,able m5 ,m5 ( ability ,m5 :o %[ ability c always f9d employm5t4 ,treeless spots ,spots )\t trees ,spots :]e no trees grew 7 pla9ly visible4 ,9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 a n\n 7m51 spots7 is modifi$ 7#a7 by an adjective1 7#b7 by an adjective phrase1 7#c7 by an adjective clause4 ,! s5se rema9s un*ang$4 #chj4 ,adjective clauses may be introduc$ 7#a7 by relative pron\ns1 7#b7 by relative adv]bs ( place 7:]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 etc47 or "t 7:51 :ile1 etc474 ,,ii4 ,,adv]bial ,,clauses #cha4 ,a subord9ate clause t s]ves z an adv]bial modifi] is call$ an adv]bial clause 7 #dg74 ,jack spoke ?\ghtlessly4 )\t ?9k+4 be=e he ?\ght4 ,! s*oolh\se /&s !re4 at ! crossroads4 :]e ! roads meet4 ,we pay our r5t mon?ly4 on ! fir/ ( e mon?4 :5 ! fir/ ( ! mon? comes4 ,9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 ! v]b 7spoke1 /&s1 pay7 is modifi$ 7#a7 by an adv]b1 7#b7 by an adv]bial phrase1 7#c7 by an adv]bial clause4 #chb4 ,adv]bial clauses may be introduc$ 7#a7 by relative adv]bs 7:51 :]e1 be=e1 etc472 7#b7 by subord9ate conjunctions 7if1 ?\gh1 because1 etc472 7#c7 by relative or int]rogative pron\ns4 #chc4 ,adv]bial clauses (t5e/ modify v]bs1 b !y are also common z modifi]s ( adjectives & adv]bs4 ,angry because he _h fail$1 he ab&on$ ! und]tak+4 ,! clause modifies angry4 ,i am unc]ta9 :i* road ,i %\ld take4 ,! clause modifies unc]ta94 ,f>!r ?an eye c\ld see ext5d$ ! wa/e ( toss+ wat]s4 ,! clause modifies f>!r4 ,"h1 :]e ! cliff 0 /eepe/1 a l[ wall protect$ ! pa?4 ,! clause modifies "h4 #chd4 ,an adv]bial clause ) t may be us$ to modify v]bs & adjectives4 ,he rejoic$ t ! victory 0 won4 ,i am glad t y are com+4 ,he 0 positive t no h>m _h be5 done4 ,!y 7 unwill+ t ! case %\ld be br\ght to trial4 ,,note4 ,9 ?is use t is equival5t ei!r to 8because0 or to 8z to ! fact t40 ,! clause may be expla9$ z a n\n clause 9 ! adv]bial objective con/ruction 7 #aji74 ,= ! classification ( adv]bial clauses accord+ to _! mean+ 7place1 "t1 cause1 concession1 etc471 see pp4 #afc-ahb4 ,,iii4 ,,n\n 7,,or ,,sub/antive7 ,,clauses #che4 ,a subord9ate clause t is us$ z a n\n is call$ a n\n 7or sub/antive7 clause 7 #dg74 ,agreem5t ,to agree ,t we %\ld agree seem$ impossible4 ,victory ,to w9 ,t we %\ld w9 0 out ( ! "q4 ,! m]*ant fe>$ loss4 to lose4 t he might lose money4 ,i expect success4 to succe$4 t ,i %all succe$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps a n\n 7agreem5t1 victory1 etc47 is replac$ 7#a7 by an inf9itive1 7#b7 by a n\n clause4 ,9 ! fir/ two examples1 ! n\n clause is ! subject2 9 ! la/ two1 x is ! object ( a v]b 7fe>$1 expect74 #chf4 ,n\n clauses may be us$ 9 any ( ! m important con/ructions ( n\ns3--7#a7 z subject1 7#b7 z direct object ( a transitive v]b1 7#c7 9 apposition ) a sub/antive1 7#d7 z a pr$icate nom9ative4 ,t ,milton 0 sp>$ has (t5 caus$ surprise4 ,subject4 ,brutus said t ,cs> 0 a tyrant4 ,object ( said4 ,cs> comm&$ t ! prison]s %\ld be sp>$4 ,object4 ,i wi% t y w\ld "w h>d]4 ,object4 ,! travell] inquir$ :]e he c\ld f9d ! inn4 ,object4 ,he ask$ me :at my "n 04 ,second object ( ask$4 ,my fe> t ! bridge might fall prov$ gr\ndless4 ,apposition ) fe>4 ,"o fact is und\bt$1--t ! /ate ( ,am]ica has be5 kept 9 cont9ual agitation4--,,burke4 ,apposition ) fact4 ,! old say+ is t mis]y loves company4 ,pr$icate nom9ative4 #chg4 ,n\n clauses may be introduc$ 7#a7 by ! subord9ate conjunctions t1 :e!r 7:e!r 444 or71 & if 79 ! s5se ( :e!r72 7#b7 by ! int]rogative pron\ns :o1 :i*1 :at2 7#c7 by ! int]rogative adv]bs :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 h[1 :y1 :5 7 #aif74 #chh4 ,n\n clauses are common z objects ( v]bs 7#a7 ( comm&+1 desir+1 etc42 7#b7 ( tell+1 ?9k+1 etc42 7#c7 ( ask+1 d\bt+1 etc4 ,see 7#a7 clauses ( purpose 7 #djf72 7#b7 indirect disc\rse 7 #dca-dcg72 7#c7 indirect que/ions 7 #ddc74 ,object clauses frequ5tly omit t 7 #cfg74 ,*>les said t he 0 sorry4 ,i hope y w come4 ,i wi% he w\ld help me4 ,= ! inf9itive clause replac+ a t-clause z object1 see #cbd-cbe4 #chi4 ,a n\n clause may be us$ z ! reta9$ object ( a passive v]b 7 #bec74 ,,active ,,voice ,,passive ,,voice 7,,clause ,,z ,,object7 7,,reta9$ ,,object7 ,!y in=m$ me ,i 0 in=m$ t ! tra9 0 late4 t ! tra9 0 late4 ,*>les told u ,we 7 told t ! ice 0 ?94 t ! ice 0 ?94 ,!y ask$ me :e!r ,i 0 ask$ :e!r ,i lik$ t5nis4 7or if7 ,i lik$ t5nis4 #cij4 ,a n\n clause may be ! object ( a preposition4 ,i see no reason = a lawsuit except t bo? p>ties are /ubborn4 ,comp>e3 except ! /ubbornness ( bo?4 ,%e nev] /udies1 except :5 %e c f9d no?+ else to d4 ,i c\ld say no?+ b except t ,i 0 sorry4 ,ju/ice 0 well adm9i/]$ 9 8 "t1 save :]e ! k+ 0 p>ty4--,,bacon4 ,%e c\ld see me f :]e %e /ood4 ,!re is a dispute z to :i* ( ! m9]s fir/ /ak$ out ! claim4 ,= a n\n clause us$ z an adv]bial objective1 see #chd4 #cia4 ,n\n clauses ) t are common 9 ! pr$icate :5 ! expletive x is ! grammatical subject 7 #abj1 #b74 ,x 0 pla9 t w> 0 at h&4 ,x 0 cle> t ?is adm9i/ration w\ld la/ b a v %ort "t4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !re 7 _m ext5uat+ circum/ances4 ,x 0 by sl[ degrees t ,fox became a brilliant & p[]ful debat]4 ,x 0 "u ! comm& ( a =eign g5]al t ! ,briti% _h triumph$ at ,m9d54 ,9 su* s5t5ces ! real subject ( ! ?\ght is ! clause4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 may be reg>d$ z grammatically 9 apposition ) x1 z if "o said 8,x 7t w> 0 at h&7 0 pla940 ,,note4 ,?is useful idiom enables u to adopt a k9d ( inv]t$ ord] 7 #e71 & ?us to %ift ! emphasis4 ,contra/ 8,t w> 0 at h& 0 pla90 ) 8,x 0 pla9 t w> 0 at h&40 ,9 ! =m] s5t5ce1 ! n\n clause is made prom95t2 9 ! latt]1 ! adjective pla94 #cib4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces1 tak5 f di/+ui%$ au?ors ( diff]5t p]iods1 illu/rate ! usefulness ( ! n\n clause 9 its v>i\s con/ructions4 #a4 ,t ! k+ w\ld ev] aga9 h receiv$ ,becket into favor is n to be believ$4--,,s\!y4 #b4 ,t 9 education we %\ld proce$ f ! simple to ! complex is a tru? :i* has always be5 to "s ext5t act$ on4--,,sp5c]4 #c4 ,h[ great 8 reputation 01 is prov$ by ! embassies s5t to him4--,,col]idge4 #d4 ,x vex$ old ,hawk9s t 8 c\nsel 0 n foll[$4--,,full]4 #e4 ,x became necess>y1 at la/1 t ,i %\ld ar\se bo? ma/] & valet to ! exp$i5cy ( remov+ ! treasure4--,,poe4 #f4 ,!re is no d\bt t bre$s may be made z diff]5t z species 9 _m physiological *>act]i/ics4--,,huxley4 #g4 ,! ma9 def9ition y c\ld give ( old ,m>quis ,mirabeau is1 t he 0 ( ! p$ant species4--,,c>lyle4 #h4 ,! fact seems to be t we h surviv$ ! trem5d\s explosion4--,,br\gham4 #i4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ! feign$ image ( poesy1 or ! regul> in/ruction ( philosophy1 h ! m =ce 9 tea*+4--,,sidney4 #aj4 ,i fe>$ t "s s]i\s disa/] _h befall5 my fri5d4--,,poe4 #aa4 ,i ?9k ) y t ! mo/ magnific5t object "u heav5 is ! great deep4--,,c[p]4 #ab4 ,aureolus soon discov]$ t ! success ( 8 artifices _h only rais$ up a m det]m9$ adv]s>y4--,,gibbon4 #ac4 ,h>old alleg$ t he 0 appo9t$ by ,edw>d4--,,temple4 #ad4 ,t we %all die1 we "k4--,,%aksp]e4 #ae4 ,h] ,maje/y has promis$ t ! treaty %all be laid be=e h] ,p>liam5t4--,,swift4 #af4 ,de]slay] propos$ t !y %\ld circle ! po9t 9 ! canoe4--,,coop]4 #ag4 ,i rememb]$ h[ s(t 0 ! h& ( ,sleep4--,,l&or4 #ah4 ,i _c see :at objection c ju/ly be made to ! practice4--,,reynolds4 #ai4 ,no man knew :at 0 to be expect$ f ?is /range tribunal4--,,macaulay4 #bj4 ,we may imag9e ) :at s5sations ! /upefi$ ,spani>ds mu/ h gaz$ on ?is horrid spectacle4--,,prescott4 #ba4 ,obs]ve h[ graci\sly ,nature in/ructs h] human *ildr54--,,col]idge4 #bb4 ,my fri5d ask$ me if !re w\ld n be "s dang] 9 com+ home late4--,,addison4 #bc4 ,a message came t ! committee 0 sitt+ at ,k5s+ton ,palace4--,,?ack]ay4 #bd4 ,jeffreys _h obta9$ ( ! k+ a promise t he w\ld n p>don h]4--,,burnet4 #be4 ,! pres5t age seems pretty well agre$ 9 an op9ion t ! utmo/ scope & end ( read+ is amusem5t only4--,,field+4 #bf4 ,he sudd5ly al>m$ me by a />tl+ "q--:e!r ,i _h se5 ! %[ ( prize cattle t morn+ 9 ,smi?field4--,,lamb4 #bg4 ,i am told t ! ,lanca%ire sy/em is p]fect4--,,k+sley4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,! ,,mean+s ,,( ,,subord9ate ,,clauses #cic4 ,subord9ate clauses may be classifi$ n only accord+ to _! use z p>ts ( spee*1 b also1 9 q a diff]5t way1 9 accordance ) _! v>i\s mean+s4 ,^! di/9ctions 9 idea are ( capital importance = ! accurate & =cible expression ( ?\ght4 #cid4 ,! v>iety ( mean+s :i* subord9ate clauses may express is great1 b mo/ ( ^! mean+s come "u ! foll[+ heads3--7#a7 place or "t1 7#b7 cause1 7#c7 concession1 7#d7 purpose1 7#e7 result1 7#f7 condition1 7#g7 comp>ison1#dc 7#h7 indirect disc\rse1 7#i7 indirect "q4 ,! g5]al mean+ ( ! clause is usually indicat$ by ! ^w :i* introduces x4 ,i4 ,,clauses ,,( ,,place ,,& ,,"t #cie4 ,an adjective or an adv]bial clause may express place or "t4 ,i4 ,,adjective ,,clauses ,! h\se :]e ! robb]y occurr$ is ,no4 #ad4 ,! bridge ov] :i* we rode is 9 ru9s4 ,!re is a po9t beyond :i* y _c g4 ,! day :5 7or on :i*7 ,i 0 to sail arriv$ at la/4 ,! day be=e y came 0 ra9y4 ,8 t]ror :ile x ?und]$ 0 pitiable4 ,,ii4 ,,adv]bial ,,clauses ,rema9 :]e ,i c see y4 ,t belongs :]e y f\nd x4 ,:i!rsoev] ,i g1 fe> dogs my /eps4 ,:5ev] ! bell r+s1 y mu/ take d[n ! receiv]4 ,esmond he>d ! *imes z he sat 9 8 own *amb]4 ,i h liv$ 9 ,cairo s9ce my fa!r di$4 #cif4 ,adjective clauses ( place & "t may be introduc$ by relative pron\ns 7see examples above74 ,adjective & adv]bial clauses ( place & "t may be introduc$ by relative adv]bs4 ,?us1-- ,,place3 :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 :]ev]1 :i!rsoev]1 :]efrom1 :]eto1 etc4 ,,"t3 :51 :5ev]1 :ile1 z1 be=e1 aft]1 until1 s9ce4 ,= z & s9ce 9 causal clauses1 see #cih2 = :ile 9 concessive clauses1 see #cii4 #cig4 ,clauses ( "t are sometimes %ort5$ by ! omission ( ! copula & its subject4 ,:5 he 0 rescu$1 he 0 almo/ dead4 ,tom 0 attack$ by cramp :ile swimm+ across ! riv]4 ,,ii4 ,,causal ,,clauses #cih4 ,an adv]bial clause may express cause4 ,causal clauses are introduc$ by ! subord9ate conjunctions because1 s9ce1 z1 inasmu* z1 & sometimes t4 ,i came home because ,i 0 tir$4 ,z ! day 0 cle>1 we decid$ to climb ! m\nta94 ,s9ce y w n rel5t1 y mu/ take ! consequ5ces4 ,we 7 glad t ! wreck 0 no worse4 ,tom 0 delight$ t 8 fri5d 0 safe4 ,s9ce is a preposition or an adv]b :5 x d5otes "t2 z is an adv]b :5 x d5otes "t4 ,bo? s9ce & z are conjunctions :5 !y express cause4 ,= z us$ z a relative pron\n1 see #adg4 ,,iii4 ,,concessive ,,clauses #cii4 ,an adv]bial clause may express concession4 ,a concessive clause is usually introduc$ by a subord9ate conjunction1 ?\gh1 al?\gh1 or ev5 if4 ,x admits 7or conc$es7 "s fact or supposition 9 spite ( :i* ! ass]tion 9 ! ma9 clause is made4 ,al?\gh ,i d n l 8 mann]s1 ,i respect 8 "*4 ,we won ! game1 ?\gh we expect$ to lose4 ,ev5 if y fail1 y w h ga9$ exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 if y 7 a k+1 y w\ld f9d somebody or some?+ m p[]ful ?an y\rself4 ,?\gh he %\ld read books =ev]1 he w\ld n gr[ wise4 ,,note4 ,:ile is (t5 us$ z a weak] or m c\rte\s synonym = al?\gh4 ,! ma9 clause1 :5 x foll[s ! concessive clause1 may be emphasiz$ by means ( yet1 /ill1 nev]!less4 ,al?\gh ! task 0 heavy1 yet 8 c\rage nev] fail$4 ,al?\gh & yet are correlative conjunctions 7 #cfi74 ,?\gh 8 reputation 0 great at home1 yet x 0 great] abroad4 ,concessive clauses sometimes omit ! copula & its subject4 ,?\gh he 0 tir$1 he 0 n di%e>t5$4 ,?is puni%m5t1 ?\gh p]haps necess>y1 seems r sev]e4 #djj4 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ! indicative & ! subjunctive 9 concessive clauses1 see #bgi2 = t betwe5 %\ld & w\ld1 see #cje4 #dja4 ,a concessive clause may be introduc$ by ! conjunction z1 or by a relative pron\n or a relative adv]b4 ,:atev] y say1 ,:i*ev] argum5t y pres5t1 ,h[ev] mu* y object1 he w c>ry 8 po9t4 ,weak z ,i am1 ,i w make ! ef=t4 ,gay z ! sc5e 01 'twas b a dre>y place = ,mr4 ,esmond4 ,,note4 ,! adv]bial use ( h[ev] is q di/9ct f its use z a cord9ate conjunction 7 #cfb74 #djb4 ,concession is sometimes express$ by a subjunctive clause )\t a conjunction to introduce x 7 #bha74 ,be x ev] s humble1 !re's no place l home4 ,i w help y1 co/ :at x may6 ,,iv-,v4 ,,clauses ,,( ,,purpose ,,& ,,( ,,result #djc4 ,a subord9ate clause may express purpose or result4 ,i4 ,,clauses ,,( ,,purpose ,^! m5 di$ t we might live4 ,i w take c>e t y are n h>m$4 ,john work$ day & night t ! plans might be ready 9 "t4 ,we ?rew our balla/ ov]bo>d1 s t ! air%ip might cle> ! treetops4 ,all our arrangem5ts h be5 made ) ! utmo/ precision1 9 ord] t ! %ip may be laun*$ promptly & )\t accid5t4 ,,ii4 ,,clauses ,,( ,,result ,he has recov]$ 8 /r5g?1 s t he c n[ "w4 ,! t[n /ood at ! foot ( ! volcano1 s t e build+ 0 de/roy$4 ,qu5t9 />t$ s sudd5ly t he almo/ dropp$ 8 weapon4 ,8 rancor aga9/ ! duke 0 s app>5t t "o saw x 9 ! fir/ half-h\r's conv]sation4 ,_! m9ds 7 s mu* embitt]$ t !y imput$ to ea* o!r no?+ less ?an delib]ate villany4 ,y make su* a noise t ,i _c he> ! music4 #djd4 ,clauses ( purpose may be introduc$ by ! subord9ate conjunction t or by a phrase conta9+ x 7s t1 9 ord] t1 to ! end t1 etc474 ,negative clauses ( purpose may be introduc$ by t 444 n or by le/4 ,= le/ ) ! subjunctive1 see #bhd4 ,take he$ le/ ?\ fall4 ,i fe>$ le/ ,i might ang] !e4--,,%aksp]e4 #dje4 ,clauses ( result may be introduc$ by ! phrase s t1 consi/+ ( ! adv]b s & ! subord9ate conjunction t2 or by t alone1 especially :5 s1 su*1 or "s simil> ^w /&s 9 ! ma9 clause4 #djf4 ,a clause ( purpose or ( result may be ei!r an adv]bial clause 7z 9 #djc7 or a sub/antive clause4 ,i int5d t y %all be elect$4 ,object4 ,my int5tion is t y %all be appo9t$4 ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,! result is t he is bankrupt4 ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,8 ex]tions _h ?is effect1 t ! vote 0 unanim\s4 ,appositive4 #djg4 ,a sub/antive clause ( purpose is (t5 us$ z ! object ( a v]b ( comm&+1 desir+1 or ! l4 ,! g5]al ord]$ t ! =t %\ld be bl[n up4 ,! prison] begg$ t 8 fett]s might be /ruck (f4 #djh4 ,= subord9ate clauses ) %all or %\ld1 imply+ purpose or expectation1 see #cjd4 #dji4 ,purpose may be express$ by ! inf9itive ) to or 9 ord] to1 & result by ! inf9itive ) to or z to4 ,he ab&on$ 8 pr(ession to or 9 ord] to become a mission>y4 ,purpose4 ,he 0 k9d en\gh to help me4 ,result4 ,comp>e3 ,he 0 s k9d t he help$ me4 ,he 0 s k9d z to help me4 ,result4 ,negative result is (t5 express$ by ! adv]b too & ! inf9itive4 ,iron is too heavy to float4 ,comp>e3 ,iron is s heavy t x does n float4 #daj4 ,purpose may be express$ by an inf9itive clause 7 #cbe74 ,! tea*] int5d$ u to f9i% ! book4 ,comp>e3 ,! tea*] int5d$ t we %\ld f9i% ! book4 ,! =eman ord]$ ! eng9e to be /opp$4 ,comp>e3 ,! =eman ord]$ t ! eng9e %\ld be /opp$4 ,,vi4 ,,conditional ,,s5t5ces #daa4 ,a clause t expresses a condition introduc$ by if1 or by "s equival5t ^w or phrase1 is call$ a conditional clause4 ,a s5t5ce t conta9s a conditional clause is call$ a conditional s5t5ce4 ,if x ra9s1 we %all rema9 at home4 ,i %all att5d ! conv5tion if ,i am 9 t[n4 ,i w take ?is book1 if y please4 #dab4 ,a conditional s5t5ce 9 its simple/ =m consi/s ( two p>ts3-- 7#a7 ,a subord9ate 7adv]bial7 clause1 commonly introduc$ by if1 & express+ ! condition4 7#b7 ,a ma9 clause express+ ! conclusion1 t is1 ! /atem5t :i* is true 9 case ! condition express$ 9 ! if-clause is true4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ example 9 #daa1 ! condition is if x ra9s2 ! conclusion is we %all rema9 at home4 ,ei!r ! condition or ! conclusion may come fir/4 ,! conditional clause is (t5 call$ ! protasis1 & ! conclusion is (t5 call$ ! apodosis4 ,! conclusion ( a conditional s5t5ce may be decl>ative1 int]rogative1 imp]ative1 or exclamatory4 ,if y g to ,philadelphia1 :]e %all y /ay8 ,int]rogative4 ,sit "h1 if y wi%4 ,imp]ative4 ,if y w9 ! prize1 h[ glad ,i %all be6 ,exclamatory4 #dac4 ,a conditional clause may be introduc$ by provid$ 7or provid$ t71 grant$ t1 suppos+ 7or suppose71 on condition t4 ,i w p]mit y to g1 on condition t y come home e>ly4 ,y may h ! money1 provid$ y w put x 9 ! bank4 ,suppos+ 7or suppose7 x ra9s1 :at %all we d8 ,suppose is really an imp]ative & suppos+ a p>ticiple1 ! clause be+ ! object4 #dad4 ,a negative condition is commonly introduc$ by if 444 n or unless4 ,i w wait = him1 if y d n object4 ,unless y ov]come t habit1 y w be ru9$4 #dae4 ,d\ble 7or alt]native7 conditions may be introduc$ by :e!r 444 or4 ,:e!r he goes or /ays1 he mu/ pay a week's bo>d4 ,comp>e3 ,if he goes or if he /ays1 etc4 ,he is det]m9$ to buy t c>1 :e!r y approve or n4 ,t is3 if y approve or if y d n approve4 #daf4 ,a conditional clause may be introduc$ by :oev]1 :5ev]1 or "s simil> comp\nd 7 #aei1 #aie74 ,:oev] (f5ds1 is puni%$4 ,comp>e3 ,if anybody (f5ds1 he is puni%$4 ,:oev] %all (f5d1 %all be puni%$4 ,:omev] y ask1 y w be disappo9t$4 ,comp>e3 ,if y %all ask anybody4 ,he w come :5ev] if ev] he is call$4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli% & 9 poetry1 :o is common 9 ?is con/ruction3 z1--8,:o :oev] /eals my purse1 /eals tra%0 7,,%aksp]e74 #dag4 ,a conditional clause sometimes omits ! copula & its subject4 ,i w g if x is necess>y4 ,if x is possible1 come to-morr[4 ,! if-clause is sometimes us$ z an exclamation1 ) ! conclusion omitt$4 ,if ,i only _h a rifle6 #dah4 ,a condition may be express$ by means ( an ass]tion1 a "q1 an imp]ative1 or ! absolute con/ruction 7 #cde74 ,we take ! receiv] f ! hook1 & ! op]ator answ]s4 ,we replace x1 & ! connection is brok54 ,comp>e3 ,if we take ! receiv] f ! hook1 ! op]ator answ]s1 etc4 ,press t button1 & ! bell w r+4 ,d y refuse8 ,!n y mu/ take ! consequ5ces4 ,we %all sail on ,monday1 wea!r p]mitt+4 ,,note4 ,9 su* cases1 !re is no subord9ate conditional clause4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ example1 we h two indep5d5t cord9ate clauses1 mak+ a comp\nd s5t5ce 7 #dd74 ,,=ms ,,( ,,conditions #dai4 ,conditional s5t5ces %[ great v>iety ( =m1 b x is easy to classify !m accord+ to ! "t ( ! suppos$ case & ! degree ( d\bt t ! speak] expresses4 #dbj4 ,conditions may be pres5t1 pa/1 or future4 ,,pres5t ,,& ,,pa/ ,,conditions #dba4 ,pres5t & pa/ conditions may be ei!r 7#a7 non-committal or 7#b7 contr>y to fact4 #a4 ,a condition is non-committal :5 x implies no?+ z to ! tru? or falsity ( ! case suppos$4 ,if ,james is angry1 ,i am sorry4 ,p]haps ,james is angry1 p]haps n4 #b4 ,a condition is contr>y to fact :5 x implies t ! suppos$ case is n or 0 n true4 ,if ,james 7 angry1 ,i %\ld be sorry4 ,james is n angry4 #dbb4 ,9 a non-committal pres5t condition1 ! if-clause#dd takes ! pres5t indicative2 9 a non-committal pa/ condition1 ! pa/1 ! p]fect1 or ! plup]fect4 ,! conclusion may be 9 any =m t ! s5se all[s4 ,i4 ,,pres5t ,,condition1 ,,non-,,committal ,if ?is pebble is a diamond1 x is valuable4 gu>d x c>efully4 y h made a great discov]y4 y w get a l>ge sum = x4 :y are y s c>eless ( x8 :at a prize x is6 ,if x is ra9+1 %ut ! w9d[4 ,if ,jack lives 9 ?is h\se1 he is a lucky boy4 r+ ! bell4 he has mov$ s9ce la/ ,may4 ,,ii4 ,,pa/ ,,condition1 ,,non-,,committal ,if t pebble 0 a diamond1 x 0 valuable4 :y did y ?r[ x away8 g back & look = x4 ,if ,tom has apologiz$1 he has done 8 duty4 y ought to excuse him4 =give him4 ,if ,john _h rea*$ home be=e we />t$1 he mu/ h made a quick j\rney4 ,9 ea* ( ^! examples1 ! speak] decl9es to commit himself z to ! tru? ( ! suppos$ case4 ,p]haps ! pebble 0 a diamond1 p]haps n2 ,tom may or may n h apologiz$2 :e!r or n ,john _h rea*$ home1 we _c tell4 #dbc4 ,9 a condition contr>y to fact1 ! if-clause takes ! pa/ subjunctive :5 ! condition ref]s to pres5t "t1 ! plup]fect subjunctive :5 x ref]s to pa/ "t4 ,! conclusion regul>ly takes %\ld or w\ld 7 #bhf1 #c74 ,if ,john 7 "h1 ,i %\ld recognize him4 ,pres5t condition1 pres5t conclusion4 ,if ,john 7 "h1 ,i %\ld h recogniz$ him be=e ?is4 ,pres5t condition1 pa/ conclusion4 ,if ,i _h (f5d$ him1 ,i %\ld h regrett$ x4 ,pa/ condition1 pa/ conclusion4 ,if ,i _h !n (f5d$ him1 ,i %\ld regret x n[4 ,pa/ condition1 pres5t conclusion4 ,9 ea* ( ^! s5t5ces1 ! speak] di/9ctly implies t ! suppos$ case 7or condition7 is 7or 07 n a fact4 ,x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t ! conclusion is n a fact3--,john is n "h2 !re=e ,i d n recognize him4 #dbd4 ,9 conditions contr>y to fact1 ! subjunctive )\t if is common4 ,9 ?is use1 ! subject foll[s ! v]b 7 #bha74 ,7 he my fri5d1 ,i %\ld expect 8 help4 ,if he 7 my fri5d4 ,pres5t condition1 contr>y to fact4 ,_h he be5 my fri5d1 ,i %\ld h expect$ 8 help4 ,if he _h be5 my fri5d4 ,pa/ condition1 contr>y to fact4 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli%1 ! subjunctive may be us$ 9 bo? clauses3 z1--8,he 7 no lion1 7 n ,romans h9ds0 7,,%aksp]e74 ,,future ,,conditions #dbe4 ,future conditions always imply d\bt1 = no "o c tell :at may or may n happ5 to-morr[4 #dbf4 ,9 all future conditions1 "s v]b-=m d5ot+ future "t is us$ 9 bo? clauses4 #a4 ,9 a future condition :i* sugge/s no?+ z to ! probability or improbability ( ! case suppos$1 ! pres5t indicative is regul>ly us$ 9 ! if-clause1 & ! future indicative 9 ! conclusion4 ,if x ra9s to-morr[1 ,i %all n g4 ,9 v =mal or exact language a v]b-phrase ) %all may be us$ 9 ! if-clause3 z1--8,if x %all ra9 to-morr[1 ,i %all n g40 #b4 ,! pres5t subjunctive is sometimes us$ 9 ! if-clause4 ,?is =m commonly sugge/s m d\bt ?an ! pres5t indicative4 ,if x ra9 to-morr[1 ,i %all n g4 #c4 ,9 a future condition :i* puts ! suppos$ case r vaguely1 (t5 ) a consid]able sugge/ion ( d\bt1 a v]b-phrase ) %\ld or w\ld is us$ 9 bo? clauses4 ,if x %\ld ra9 to-morr[1 ,i %\ld n g4 ,= ! use ( %\ld or w\ld 9 su* clauses1 see #cje4 ,a phrase ) 7 to may replace ! %\ld-phrase 9 ! if-clause4 ,?is =m (t5 emphasizes ! sugge/ion ( d\bt4 ,if x 7 to ra9 to-morr[1 ,i %\ld n g4 ,! pa/ subjunctive may /& 9 ! if-clause in/ead ( ! %\ld-phrase4 ,if x ra9$ to-morr[1 ,i %\ld n g4 ,,note4 ,! comp>ative am\nt ( d\bt impli$ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( future conditions _c be def9$ ) precision2 = x v>ies ) ! circum/ances or ! context1 & (t5 dep5ds on emphasis or ! tone ( ! voice4 ,?us1 9 8if x %\ld ra9 to-morr[10 %\ld may be s emphasiz$ z to make ! suppos$ case seem highly improbable1 :]eas an emphasis on to-morr[ w\ld h a v diff]5t effect4 ,z to ! subjunctive1 its use is (t5 due r to ! writ]'s lik+ = t mood ?an to any special d\bt 9 8 m9d4 #dbg4 ,= ev5 if 9 concessive clauses1 see #cii2 = z if 9 clauses ( comp>ison1 see #dbh2 = if 79 ! s5se ( :e!r7 9 indirect que/ions1 see #ddb4 ,,vii4 ,,clauses ,,( ,,comp>ison #dbh4 ,an adv]bial clause introduc$ by z if may express comp>ison4#de ,y speak z if y 7 angry4#df ,he brea!s z if he 7 exhau/$4 ,%e c>$ = me z if ,i _h be5 h] son4 ,z ?\gh is also us$1 b z if is n[ pref]r$ by mo/ writ]s4 ,! subjunctive 71 n ! indicative 01 is us$ aft] z if 7 #bhb74 #dbi4 ,z & ?an1 z subord9ate conjunctions1 introduce clauses ( comp>ison or degree4 ,y are z old z he is4 ,i am y\ng] ?an y are4 ,he weighs z mu* z ,i weigh4 ,i pity y m ?an ,i pity h]4 ,:5 ! v]b is omitt$1 ! sub/antive t foll[s z or ?an is 9 ! same case 9 :i* x w\ld /& if ! v]b 7 express$4 ,?us1-- ,y are /rong] ?an he4 ,,n3 ?an him4 ,i see y (t5] ?an him4 ,,n3 ?an he4 ,he plays a bett] game ?an ,i4 ,,n3 ?an me4 ,!y w miss ,john m ?an me4 ,t is3 m ?an !y miss me4 ,,viii4 ,,indirect ,,disc\rse #dcj4 ,a quotation may be direct or indirect4 ,a direct quotation repeats a spee* or ?\ght 9 its orig9al =m4 ,i repli$3 8,i am sorry to he> x40 8,h5ce=?10 he expla9$1 8,i %all call on ,tuesdays40 8,y mu/ see ,cali=nia10 %e insi/$4 8,elizabe? no long] lives "h10 he said4 8,i "k no?+ ab\t x10 0 ! witness's reply4 8,:]e10 ?\ght ,i1 8are ! crew80#dg ,an indirect quotation repeats a spee* or ?\ght 9 sub/ance1 b usually ) "s *ange 9 its =m4 ,an indirect quotation1 :5 a /atem5t1 is a subord9ate clause dep5d5t on "s ^w ( say+ or ?9k+1 & introduc$ by ! conjunction t4 ,i repli$ t ,i 0 sorry to he> x4 ,direct3 ,i am sorry4 ,he expla9$ t h5ce=? he %\ld call on ,tuesdays4 ,%e insi/$ t ,i mu/ see ,cali=nia4 ,a direct quotation beg9s ) a capital lett]1 unless x is a fragm5t ( a s5t5ce4 ,x is enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,an indirect quotation beg9s ) a small lett]4 ,x usually has no quotation m>ks4 #dca4 ,a sub/antive clause introduc$ by t may be us$ ) v]bs & o!r expressions ( tell+1 ?9k+1 kn[+1 & p]ceiv+1 to report ! words or ?\ght ( a p]son 9 sub/ance1 b usually ) "s *ange ( =m4 ,su* clauses are said to be 9 ! indirect disc\rse4 ,= di/9ction1 a rem>k or a ?\ght 9 its orig9al =m 7z 9 a direct quotation7 is said to be 9 ! direct disc\rse4 #dcb4 ,/atem5ts 9 indirect disc\rse1 be+ sub/antive clauses1 may be us$ 9 v>i\s n\n con/ructions3 7#a7 z object ( "s v]b ( tell+1 ?9k+1 or ! l1 7#b7 z subject1 7#c7 z pr$icate nom9ative1 7#d7 z appositive4 ,he said t ! box 0 empty4 ,object4 ,t ! box 0 empty 0 all he c\ld say4 ,subject4 ,my rem>k 0 t ! bill is a m5ace4 ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,y\r rem>k1 t ! bill is a m5ace1 has ar\s$ vigor\s prote/4 ,apposition4 #dcc4 ,! conjunction t is (t5 omitt$4 ,jack said t he 0 sorry4 ,i hope t y c come4 ,i "k he is too busy a man to h leisure = me4--,,c[p]4 #dcd4 ,9 indirect disc\rse1 aft] ! pa/ or ! plup]fect t5se1 ! pres5t t5se ( ! direct disc\rse becomes pa/1 & ! p]fect becomes plup]fect4 #a4 ,,direct3 ,i am tir$4 ,,indirect3 ,john said _h said t he 0 tir$4 #b4 ,,direct3 ,i h won4 ,,indirect3 ,john said _h said t he _h won4 ,b a g5]al or univ]sal tru? always rema9s 9 ! pres5t t5se4 ,,direct3 ,air is a gas4 ,,indirect3 ,i told him t air is a gas4 ,,indirect3 ,i _h told him a hundr$ times t air is a gas4 #dce4 ,! clause ) t 9 indirect disc\rse is sometimes replac$ by an inf9itive clause 7 #cbe74 ,! jury decl>$ him to be innoc5t4 ,comp>e3 ,! jury decl>$ t he 0 innoc5t4 ,morton admitt$ !m to be c\nt]feit4 ,comp>e3 ,morton admitt$ t !y 7 c\nt]feit4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 him & !m are1 ( c\rse1 ! subjects ( ! inf9itives1 n ! objects ( decl>$ & admitt$4 #dcf4 ,:5 ! v]b ( tell+ or ?9k+ is 9 ! passive voice1 ?ree con/ructions occur3-- #a4 ,a clause ) t is us$ z ! subject ( ! passive v]b4 ,t ,rog]s desires ! (fice is commonly report$4 #b4 ,! expletive x is us$ z ! grammatical subject1 & a t-clause foll[s ! passive v]b4 ,x is commonly report$ t ,rog]s desires ! (fice4 #c4 ,! subject ( ! t-clause becomes ! subject ( ! passive v]b1 & ! v]b ( ! clause is replac$ by an inf9itive4 ,rog]s is commonly report$ to desire ! (fice4 ,! *oice among ^! ?ree idioms is l>gely a matt] ( emphasis or euphony4 ,! fir/ may easily become heavy or awkw>d1 & x is !re=e less common ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,,note4 ,! ?ird ( ^! idioms is (t5 call$ ! p]sonal con/ruction1 to di/+ui% x f ! second1 9 :i* ! grammatical subject is ! imp]sonal x 7 #abj1 #a74 ,! inf9itive 9 ?is ?ird idiom may be reg>d$ z a peculi> adv]bial modifi] ( ! passive v]b4 ,fur!r examples ( ! ?ree con/ructions ) passive v]bs ( tell+1 ?9k+1 etc41 are ! foll[+3-- ,t 9 vivacity1 humor1 & eloqu5ce1 ! ,iri% /& high among ! nations ( ! _w is n[ univ]sally ackn[l$g$4--,,macaulay4 ,x is admitt$ t ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation is mo/ delightful4--,,%elley4 ,x mu/ be own$ t ,*>les's life has po9ts ( "s orig9ality4--,,/ev5son4 ,porto ,bello is /ill said to be impregnable1 & x is report$ ! ,dut* h decl>$ w> aga9/ u4--,,gray4 ,he 0 g5]ally believ$ to h be5 a pirate4--,,lytton4 ,pope may be said to write always ) 8 reputation 9 8 head4--,,johnson4 ,%e 0 obs]v$ to flutt] h] fan ) su* vehem5t rapidity t ! elaborate delicacy ( its workman%ip gave way4--,,haw?orne4 ,?is is said to be ! only *teau 9 ,france 9 :i* ! anci5t furniture ( its orig9al age is pres]v$4--,,longfell[4 #dcg4 ,a sub/antive clause ) t is common aft] x seems1 x is true1 x is evid5t1 & simil> expressions4 ,x seems t ,rob]t has lo/ all 8 money4 ,x is true t g5ius does n always br+ happ9ess ) x4 ,x is evid5t t ,&rews tells ! tru?4 ,?is con/ruction is really ! same z t 9 #dcf1 #b4 #dch4 ,! uses ( %all & w1 %\ld & w\ld1 9 indirect disc\rse are ! same z 9 ! direct1#dh ) ! foll[+ exception3-- ,:5 ! fir/ p]son ) %all or %\ld 9 direct disc\rse becomes ! second or ?ird p]son 9 ! indirect1 %all or %\ld is reta9$4 ,,direct3 ,y say1 8,i %all die40 ,,indirect3 ,y say t y %all die4 ,,direct3 ,y said1 8,i %all die40 ,,indirect3 ,y said t y %\ld die4 ,,direct3 ,he says1 8,i %all die40 ,,indirect3 ,he says t he %all die4 ,,direct3 ,he said1 8,i %all die40 ,,indirect3 ,he said t he %\ld die4 ,! reason = ! ret5tion ( %all or %\ld is t1 9 su* cases1 ! second or ?ird p]son ( ! indirect disc\rse repres5ts ! fir/ p]son ( ! direct4 ,! *ange f %all 7aft] says7 to %\ld 7aft] said7 is a m]e *ange ( t5se1 accord+ to ! rule 9 #dcd4 ,,note4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple is1 to reta9 9 ! indirect disc\rse ! auxili>y ( ! direct1 simply *ang+ ! t5se if necess>y 7 #dcd74 ,?is pr9ciple ( c\rse cov]s ! use ( y or he %all or %\ld to repres5t ,i %all or %\ld4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o important exception to ! g5]al pr9ciple3 :5 its application w\ld result 9 ! use ( ,i w or ,i w\ld to express m]e futurity1 ,i %all or ,i %\ld is employ$4 ,?us1 ,john says to ,*>les1 8,if y fall ov]bo>d1 y w dr[n02 b ,*>les1 report+ ?is1 mu/ say1 8,john tells me t1 if ,i fall ov]bo>d1 ,i %all ,,n w dr[n40 ,! g5]al rule1 !n1 may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,! indirect disc\rse reta9s ! auxili>y ( ! direct 7) a *ange 9 t5se1 if necess>y71 unless su* ret5tion makes w or w\ld express simple futurity 9 ! fir/ p]son1--9 t case1 %all or %\ld is us$4 #dci4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces illu/rate ! correct use ( %all & w1 %\ld & w\ld1 9 ! indirect disc\rse3-- #a4 ,he writes me t he believes he %all be at ,eton till ! middle ( ,novemb]4--,,gray4 ,direct3 ,i %all be at ,eton4 #b4 ,he t w\ld pass ! latt] "p ( 8 life ) honor & dec5cy1 mu/1 :ile he is "y1 consid] t he %all "o day be old4--,,johnson4 ,direct3 ,i %all "o day be old4 #c4 ,c\ld he b r$uce ! ,aztec capital1 he felt t he %\ld be safe4--,,prescott4 ,direct3 ,i %all be safe4 #d4 ,plantag5et took x into 8 head t he %\ld l to le>n to play at b[ls4--,,disraeli4 ,direct3 ,i %\ld l4 #e4 ,he answ]$ t he %\ld be v pr\d ( hoi/+ 8 flag "u ,sir ,john's comm&4--,,s\!y4 ,direct3 ,i %all 7or %\ld7 be1 etc4 #f4 ,he knew t if he appli$ himself 9 e>ne/ to ! "w ( re=mation1 he %\ld raise e bad passion 9 arms aga9/ him4--,,macaulay4 ,direct3 ,if ,i apply myself 4441 ,i %all raise1 etc4 #g4 ,he 0 pleas$ to say t he %\ld l to h ! au?or 9 8 s]vice4--,,c>lyle4 ,direct3 ,i %\ld l4 #h4 ,mr4 ,tri/ram at la/ decl>$ t he 0 ov]come ) fatigue1 & %\ld be happy to sit d[n4--,,h5ry ,,james4 ,direct3 ,i %\ld be happy4 #i4 ,%e v[$ t unless he made a great mat*1 %e %\ld nev] die easy4--,,?ack]ay4 ,direct3 ,unless y make a great mat*1 ,i %all nev] die easy4 #aj4 ,y ?9k n[ ,i %all get into a scrape at home4 ,y ?9k ,i %all scream & plunge & spoil ev]y?+4--,,george ,,eliot4 ,direct3 ,%e w get into a scrape1 etc4 #aa4 ,y 9 a mann] impose ^u !m ! necessity ( be+ sil5t1 by decl>+ t y w be s y\rself4--,,c[p]4 ,det]m9ation3 ,i w be sil5t4 #ab4 ,he ,swift tells !m t he w run away & leave !m1 if !y d n in/antly make a provision = him4--,,jeffrey4 ,?reat3 ,i w run away4 #ac4 ,! k+ decl>$ t he w\ld n reprieve h] = "o day4--,,mack9to%4 ,direct3 ,i w n4 #ad4 ,horace decl>es t he w\ld n = all ! _w get into a boat ) a man :o _h divulg$ ! ,eleus9ian my/]ies4--,,c[p]4 ,direct3 ,i w\ld n4 #ae4 ,i call$ up ,sirboko1 & told him1 if he w\ld lib]ate ?is "o man to please me1 he %\ld be no los]4--,,speke4 ,direct3 ,if y w lib]ate1 etc41 y %all be no los]4 #af4 ,we conclud$ t1 if we did n come at "s wat] 9 t5 days' "t1 we w\ld return4--,,de ,,foe4 ,direct3 ,if we d n1 etc41 we w return4 #ag4 ,) a !atrical ge/ure & ! rem>k t ,i %\ld see1 he op5$ "s cages & releas$ half a doz5 cats4--,w4 ,j4 ,,locke4 ,direct3 ,y %all see4 ,,ix4 ,,indirect ,,que/ions #ddj4 ,a "q express$ 9 ! =m actually us$ 9 ask+ x is call$ a direct "q4 ,:at is y\r "n8 8,:at is y\r "n80 he ask$4 ,! direct =m may be reta9$ :5 ! "q is quot$ or report$1 z 9 ! second example above4 ,(t51 h[ev]1 a "q is quot$ or report$1 n 9 ! direct =m1 b 9 ! =m ( a subord9ate clause3 z1-- ,he ask$ :at my "n 04 ,su* a clause is call$ an indirect "q4 #dda4 ,an indirect "q expresses ! sub/ance ( a direct "q 9 ! =m ( a subord9ate clause4 ,indirect que/ions dep5d on v]bs or o!r expressions ( ask+1 d\bt+1 ?9k+1 p]ceiv+1 & ! l4 ,frankl9 ask$ :]e ! difficulty lay4 ,direct "q3 8,:]e does ! difficulty lie80 ,! s]geant wond]$ h[ he %\ld escape4 ,direct "q3 8,h[ %all ,i escape80 ,i h n decid$ :i* tra9 ,i %all take4 ,direct "q3 8,:i* tra9 %all ,i take80 #ddb4 ,bo? direct & indirect que/ions may be introduc$ 7#a7 by ! int]rogative pron\ns :o1 :i*1 :at2 7#b7 by ! int]rogative adv]bs :51 :]e1 :5ce1 :i!r1 h[1 :y4 ,indirect que/ions may be introduc$ by ! subord9ate conjunctions :e!r 7:e!r 444 or7 & if4 ,! use ( t5ses 9 indirect que/ions is ! same z 9 ! indirect disc\rse 7 #dcd74 ,! con/able inquir$ :e!r 7or if7 ,i liv$ 9 ,ca/]bridge4 ,8 "q 03 ,d y live 9 ,ca/]bridge8 ,y\r fa!r wi%es to "k if y h be5 play+ truant4 ,direct "q3 ,h y be5 play+ truant8 ,i consid]$ :e!r ,i %\ld apply to ,k5t or to ,arnold4 ,direct "q3 ,%all ,i apply to ,k5t or to ,arnold8 #ddc4 ,indirect que/ions are usually n\n clauses4 ,!y may be us$ 9 v>i\s n\n con/ructions3 7#a7 z object ( "s v]b ( ask+ or ! l1 7#b7 z subject1 7#c7 z pr$icate nom9ative1 7#d7 z appositive1 7#e7 z object ( a preposition4 ,! skipp] ask$ :at _h become ( ! cook4 ,object4 ,he 0 ask$ :at 8 pr(ession 04 ,reta9$ object aft] ! passive 7 #bec1 #chi74 ,h[ we c\ld escape 0 a difficult "q4 ,subject4 ,! problem 0 h[ !y %\ld f9d food4 ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,! "q :o 0 to blame has nev] be5 settl$4 ,apposition ) "q4 ,!y all felt great p]plexity z to :at !y %\ld d4 ,object ( a preposition4 ,an indirect "q may be an adv]bial clause4 ,!y 7 unc]ta9 :at c\rse !y %\ld take4 ,! clause modifies unc]ta94 ,edmund 0 9 d\bt :]e he %\ld sp5d ! night4 ,! clause modifies ! adjective phrase 9 d\bt4 #ddd4 ,s9ce ! pron\ns :o1 :i*1 & :at may be ei!r int]rogative or relative1 an indirect "q may closely resemble a relative clause4 ,^! two con/ructions1 h[ev]1 are %>ply di/+ui%$4 ,a relative clause always ass]ts some?+4 ,an indirect "q1 on ! contr>y1 has an int]rogative s5se :i* may be se5 by turn+ ! "q into ! direct =m4 ,! sailor :o sav$ ! *ild is a ,portuguese4 ,! clause :o sav$ ! *ild is a relative clause1 = x makes a di/9ct ass]tion ab\t ! sailor1--namely1 t he sav$ ! *ild4 ,:o is a relative pron\n & sailor is its antec$5t4 ,i ask$ ,i d n "k ,x is /ill a "q ,x is d\btful :o sav$ ! *ild4 ,"h ! clause :o sav$ ! *ild makes no ass]tion4 ,on ! contr>y1 x expresses a "q :i* may easily be put 9 a direct =m ) an int]rogation po9t3 8,:o sav$ ! *ild80 ,:o is an int]rogative pron\n4 ,x has no antec$5t4 ,! foll[+ examples fur!r illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two con/ructions3-- #a4 ,i =esee ! c\rse :i* he w take4 ,relative clause4 ,i =esee :i* c\rse he w take4 ,indirect "q4 #b4 ,i he>d :at he said4 ,relative clause4 ,:at 8t :i*40 ,i wond]$ :at he said4 ,indirect "q4 ,:at is an int]rogative pron\n4 #c4 ,?is is ! man :o br\ght ! news4 ,relative clause4 ,! k+ ask$ :o br\ght ! news4 ,indirect "q4 #d4 ,"h is a pap] :i* y mu/ sign4 ,relative clause4 ,! cl]k w tell y :i* pap] y mu/ sign4 ,indirect "q4 ,,note4 ,9 su* a s5t5ce z 8,tom kn[s :o sav$ ! *ild10 ! indirect "q may at fir/ appe> to be a relative clause ) an omitt$ antec$5t 7! man1 or ! p]son74 ,if1 h[ev]1 we ins]t su* an antec$5t 78,tom kn[s ! man :o sav$ ! *ild071 ! mean+ is completely *ang$4 ,9 ! orig9al s5t5ce1 x is /at$ t ,tom kn[s ! answ] to ! "q1 8,:o sav$ ! *ild80 ,9 ! new =m ( ! s5t5ce1 x is /at$ t ,tom is acqua9t$ ) a c]ta9 p]son1 & to ?is is add$ an ass]tion ab\t ?is p]son 9 ! =m ( a relative clause4 #dde4 ,an indirect "q is sometimes express$ by means ( an int]rogative pron\n or adv]b foll[$ by an inf9itive4 ,:om to *oose is a s]i\s "q4 ,direct "q3 ,:om %all we *oose8 ,john ask$ :at to d4 ,john's "q 03 ,:at %all ,i d8 ,i "k :]e to g4 ,direct "q3 ,:]e %all ,i g8 ,tell me :5 to /rike ! bell4 ,i 0 at a loss h[ to reply4 ,i am 9 d\bt h[ to beg9 ?is essay4 ,9 ! fir/ f\r examples ! italiciz$ phrase is us$ z a n\n 7ei!r z subject or object74 ,9 ! fif?1 ! phrase h[ to reply is adv]bial1 modify+ ! adjective phrase at a loss4 #ddf4 ,! subjunctive 0 =m]ly common 9 indirect que/ions1 & is /ill occasionally us$ aft] if or :e!r4 ,i d\bt if x be true4 ,elton que/ion$ :e!r ! project 7 wise4 #ddg4 ,! rule = %all 7%\ld7 & w 7w\ld7 9 indirect que/ions is1 to reta9 ! auxili>y us$ 9 ! direct "q1 m]ely *ang+ ! t5se 7%all to %\ld2 w to w\ld7 :5 necess>y 7 #ddb74 ,i4 ,,m]e ,,futurity #a4 ,,direct3 ,:at %all ,i d8 ,,indirect3 ,i wond] :at ,i %all d4 ,y ask me :at y %all d4 ,he asks me :at he %all d4 ,i wond]$ :at ,i %\ld d4 ,y ask$ me :at y %\ld d4 ,he ask$ me :at he %\ld d4 #b4 ,,direct3 ,%all y lose y\r position8 ,,indirect3 ,i ask ,he asks y if y %all lose y\r position4 ,i ask$ ,he ask$ y if y %\ld lose y\r position4 #c4 ,,direct3 ,w ,*>les lose 8 position8 ,,indirect3 ,i ask if ,*>les w lose 8 position4 ,i ,y ,tom ask$ if ,*>les w\ld lose 8 position4 ,,ii4 ,,volition #d4 ,,direct3 ,w y help me8 ,,indirect3 ,y ask if ,i w help y4 ,he asks if ,i w help him4 ,y ask$ if ,i w\ld help y4 ,he ask$ if ,i w\ld help him4 ,i ask$ him ,y ask$ him ,tom ask$ him if he w\ld help me4 help y4 help him4 ,,note4 ,!re is a s+le exception to ! rule 9 #ddg4 ,:51 9 *ang+ f a direct to an indirect "q1 ! ?ird p]son ) w or w\ld becomes ! fir/1 %all or %\ld is sub/itut$ unless volition is express$4 ,?us1 ,john says to ,?omas1 8,w ,*>les die ( 8 w\nd80 ,*>les1 report+ ,john's "q1 says1 8,john ask$ ,?omas :e!r ,i %\ld die ( my w\nd40 ,comp>e #dch1 note4 ,,"p ,,?ree ,,analysis ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,/ructure ,,( ,,s5t5ces #ddh4 ,analysis is a ,greek ^w :i* means 8! act ( dissolv+ or break+ up40 ,9 gramm> x is appli$ to ! sep>ation ( a s5t5ce into its con/itu5t p>ts1 or elem5ts4 ,to dissect a s5t5ce 9 ?is way is to analyze x4 ,! elem5ts :i* make up a s5t5ce are3 7#a7 ! simple subject2 7#b7 ! simple pr$icate2 7#c7 modifi]s2 7#d7 ! complem5ts1--direct object1 pr$icate objective1 pr$icate adjective1 pr$icate nom9ative2 & 7#e7 ! s-call$ indep5d5t elem5ts1--! int]jection1 ! vocative 7or nom9ative ( direct address71 ! exclamatory nom9ative1 & v>i\s p>5!tical expressions 7 #eja74 #ddi4 ,! absolute ess5tials = a s5t5ce are a sub/antive z subject & a v]b z pr$icate 7 #ce74 ,by comb9+ ^! two indisp5sable elem5ts1 9 v>i\s ways1 ) modifi]s & complem5ts1 ! s5t5ce may be ext5d$ to any l5g? desir$4 ,inde$1 ! sole limits are ! con/ructive skill ( ! writ] & ! he>]'s ability to foll[ ! ?\ght )\t los+ ! ?read4 ,9 ! pres5t *apt]1 we %all consid] h[ s5t5ces are built up1 or con/ruct$4 ,our />t+ po9t 9 ?is /udy w be ! simple s5t5ce4 ,,simple ,,s5t5ces #dej4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is a simple s5t5ce1 = x conta9s b "o subject & "o pr$icate 7 #df73-- ,! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! framework or skeleton ( ?is simple s5t5ce consi/s ( ! subject n\n be> 7! simple subject7 & ! pr$icate v]b lives 7! simple pr$icate74 ,to make ! complete subject1 be> takes z modifi]s ! two adjectives ! & pol>2 to make ! complete pr$icate1 lives takes z modifi] ! adv]bial phrase 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,by atta*+ ano!r simple subject to be> we make a comp\nd subject4 ,simil>ly1 we make a comp\nd pr$icate by add+ ano!r v]b 7 #ch74 ,! pol> be> & ! walrus live & ?rive 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! comp\nd subject is be> & walrus2 ! comp\nd pr$icate is live & ?rive4 ,bo? v]bs are modifi$ by ! adv]bial phrase 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! s5t5ce itself is /ill a simple s5t5ce4 ,9 ea* ( ! foll[+ simple s5t5ces ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate or bo? are comp\nd3-- ,games & c>ols clos$ ! busy day4--,,rog]s4 ,! />s leap =?1 & tremble1 & retire be=e ! advanc+ moon4--,,george ,,m]$i?4 ,madame ,def>ge knitt$ ) nimble f+]s & /eady eyebr[s1 & saw no?+4--,,dick5s4 ,"w or worry _h left its traces ^u 8 ?91 yell[ face4--,,doyle4 ,cr[s flutt] ab\t ! t[]s & p]* on e wea!rcock4--,,irv+4 ,he ga9$ ! door to ! l&+1 pull$ x op51 & ru%$ =?4--,,lytton4 ,c\ntrym51 but*]s1 drov]s1 hawk]s1 boys1 ?ieves1 idl]s1 & vagabonds ( e l[ grade1 7 m+l$ toge!r 9 a d5se mass4--,,dick5s4 ,!re /ood ! broad-:eel$ wa9s & ! antique pl[s & ! h>r[s4--,,longfell[4 ,bo? ,augu/us & ,pet]s jo9$ ) him 9 8 design & insi/$ ^u its imm$iately be+ c>ri$ into effect4--,,poe4 ,wom5 & *ildr51 f g>rets alike & cell>s1 ?r\gh inf9ite ,london1 look d[n or look up ) lov+ eyes ^u our gay ribbons & our m>tial laurels4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces #dea4 ,if we atta* ano!r simple s5t5ce to t 9 #dej1 ! result is a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions1 b x sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,?is is manife/ly a comp\nd s5t5ce1 = x consi/s ( two cord9ate clauses1 jo9$ by ! conjunction b 7 #df74 ,! framework ( ! second clause consi/s ( ! subject x & ! simple pr$icate rea*es4 ,to make ! complete pr$icate1 ! v]b rea*es takes n only a modifi] 7! adv]b sometimes71 b a complem5t1--! direct object latitudes1 :i* completes ! mean+ ( ! v]b4 ,?is n\n is itself modifi$ by ! adjective temp]ate4 ,bo? clauses are simple1 = ea* conta9s b "o subject & "o pr$icate4 #deb4 ,obvi\sly1 almo/ any numb] ( simple s5t5ces may be jo9$ 7) or )\t conjunctions7 to make "o comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,! quiet ,augu/ noon has come2 ,a slumb]\s sil5ce fills ! sky2 ,! fields are /ill1 ! woods are dumb1 ,9 glassy sleep ! wat]s lie4--,,bryant4 ,/ates fall1 arts fade1 b ,nature does n die4--,,byron4 ,! c\rt 0 sitt+2 ! case 0 he>d2 ! judge _h f9i%$2 & only ! v]dict 0 yet 9 arre>4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,he s(tly blu%$2 he sigh$2 he hop$2 he fe>$2 he d\bt$2 he sometimes yield$ to ! delightful idea4--,,?ack]ay4 ,a mob appe>$ be=e ! w9d[1 a sm>t rap 0 he>d at ! door1 ! boys halloo$1 & ! maid ann\nc$ ,mr4 ,gr5ville4--,,c[p]4 ,8 heal? _h suff]$ f conf9em5t2 8 high _s _h be5 cruelly w\nd$2 & soon aft] 8 lib]ation he di$ ( a brok5 he>t4--,,macaulay4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #dec4 ,! simple s5t5ce 9 #dej may be made complex by means ( a subord9ate clause us$ z a modifi] 7 #dg74 ,! pol> be>1 :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions1 sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 ! simple subject 7be>71 besides its two adjective modifi]s 7! & pol>71 takes a ?ird1 ! adjective clause :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions 7 #dg74 ,! s5t5ce1 !n1 is complex3 ! ma9 clause is ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes2 ! subord9ate clause is :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! second s5t5ce is also complex4 ,! ma9 clause is ! same z 9 ! fir/ 7! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes74 ,! subord9ate clause is :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d1 an adv]bial modifi] ( ! pr$icate v]b rea*es4 ,,comp\nd ,,& ,,complex ,,clauses #ded4 ,two or m cord9ate clauses may be jo9$ to make "o comp\nd clause4 ,! pol> be>1 :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions & ^: physical con/itution is wond]fully adapt$ to t frigid climate1 sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes :5 ! floes break up & :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 ! italiciz$ words =m a comp\nd adjective clause1 modify+ ! n\n be>4 ,x consi/s ( two cord9ate adjective clauses jo9$ by &4 ,^! clauses are cord9ate because !y are ( ! same ord] or rank 9 ! s5t5ce 7 #df71 ea* be+ 7if tak5 s+ly7 an adjective modifi] ( ! n\n4 ,9 ! second example1 ! pr$icate v]b rea*es is modifi$ by a comp\nd adv]bial clause1 simil>ly made up4 #dee4 ,a clause is complex :5 x conta9s a modify+ clause4 ,! pol> be>1 :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions :5 x is at home1 sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,"h ! adjective clause :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions :5 x is at home is complex1 = x conta9s ! adv]bial clause :5 x is at home1 modify+ ! v]b lives4 ,,comp\nd ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #def4 ,two or m indep5d5t complex clauses may be jo9$ to make a comp\nd complex s5t5ce4 ,! br[n be>1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 is common 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e2 & ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d4 ,?is is a comp\nd complex s5t5ce1 = x consi/s ( two complex clauses jo9$ by ! cord9ate conjunction &4 ,ea* ( ^! two clauses is indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 = ea* might /& by itself z a complex s5t5ce4 ,! fir/ complex clause conta9s an adjective clause1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 modify+ be>2 ! second conta9s an adv]bial clause1 :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d1 modify+ rea*es4 #deg4 ,a s5t5ce consi/+ ( two or m indep5d5t clauses is also class$ z a comp\nd complex s5t5ce if any "o ( ^! is complex4 ,! br[n be> is common 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e2 & ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d4 ,! br[n be>1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties1 is common 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! ,ea/]n ,hemisph]e2 & ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,bo? ( ^! are comp\nd complex s5t5ces4 ,9 "o1 ! fir/ clause is simple 7 #dea7 & ! second is complex4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! fir/ clause is complex & ! second is simple4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,analysis ,,( ,,s5t5ces ,,simple ,,s5t5ces #deh4 ,9 analyz+ a simple s5t5ce1 we fir/ divide x into ! complete subject & ! complete pr$icate4 ,!n we po9t out ! simple subject ) its modifi]s1 & ! simple pr$icate ) its modifi]s & complem5t 7if !re is "o74 ,if ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate is comp\nd1 we m5tion ! simple subjects or pr$icates t are jo9$4 #a4 ,! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,?is is a simple s5t5ce4 ,! complete subject is ! pol> be>2 ! complete pr$icate is lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! simple subject is ! n\n be>2 ! simple pr$icate is ! v]b lives4 ,be> is modifi$ by ! adjectives ! & pol>2 lives is modifi$ by ! adv]bial phrase 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,?is phrase consi/s ( ! preposition 92 its object1 ! n\n regions2 & ! adjectives ! & ,arctic1 modify+ regions4 #b4 ,! pol> be> & ! walrus live & ?rive 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! complete subject is ! pol> be> & ! walrus4 ,two simple subjects 7be> & walrus7 are jo9$ by ! conjunction & to make a comp\nd subject1 & two simple pr$icates 7live & ?rive7 are jo9$ by & to make a comp\nd pr$icate4 ,live & ?rive are bo? modifi$ by ! adv]bial phrase 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,,comp\nd ,,s5t5ces #dei4 ,9 analyz+ a comp\nd s5t5ce we fir/ divide x into its cord9ate clauses1 & !n analyze ea* clause by itself4 ,?us1-- ,! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions1 b x sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,?is is a comp\nd s5t5ce consi/+ ( two cord9ate clauses jo9$ by ! conjunction b3 7#a7 ! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions & 7#b7 x sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,! complete subject ( ! fir/ clause is ! pol> be> & s on1 z 9 #deh1 above4 ,! subject ( ! second clause is x2 ! complete pr$icate is sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,! simple pr$icate is rea*es1 :i* is modifi$ by ! adv]b sometimes & is complet$ by ! direct object latitudes4 ,! complem5t latitudes is modifi$ by ! adjective temp]ate4 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #dfj4 ,9 analyz+ a complex s5t5ce1 we fir/ divide x into ! ma9 clause & ! subord9ate clause4 #a4 ,! pol> be>1 :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions1 sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,?is is a complex s5t5ce4 ,! ma9 clause is ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes2 ! subord9ate clause is :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! complete subject ( ! s5t5ce is ! pol> be>1 :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions2 ! complete pr$icate is sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,! simple subject is be>1 :i* is modifi$ by ! adjectives ! & pol> & by ! adjective clause :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! simple pr$icate is rea*es1 :i* is modifi$ by ! adv]b sometimes & complet$ by ! direct object latitudes4 ,?is complem5t1 latitudes1 is modifi$ by ! adjective temp]ate4 ,! subord9ate clause is introduc$ by ! relative pron\n :i*4 ,!n analyze ! subord9ate clause4 #b4 ,! pol> be> rea*es temp]ate latitudes :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d4 ,?is is a complex s5t5ce4 ,! ma9 clause is ! pol> be> rea*es temp]ate latitudes2 ! subord9ate clause is :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d4 ,! complete subject ( ! s5t5ce is ! pol> be>2 ! complete pr$icate is rea*es temp]ate latitudes :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d4 ,! simple subject is be>1 :i* is modifi$ by ! adjectives ! & pol>4 ,! simple pr$icate is rea*es1 :i* is modifi$ by ! adv]bial clause :5 ! ice drifts s\?w>d1 & complet$ by ! n\n latitudes 7! direct object ( rea*es74 ,! complem5t latitudes is modifi$ by ! adjective temp]ate4 ,! subord9ate clause is introduc$ by ! relative adv]b :54 ,!n analyze ! subord9ate clause4 #c4 ,! pol> be>1 :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions :5 x is at home1 sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes4 ,?is is a complex s5t5ce4 ,! ma9 clause is ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes2 ! subord9ate clause is :i* lives 9 ! ,arctic regions :5 x is at home1 :i* is complex1 s9ce x conta9s ! adv]bial clause :5 x is at home1 modify+ ! v]b lives4 #d4 ,he says t ! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,?is is a complex s5t5ce4 ,! ma9 clause is he says2 ! subord9ate clause is t ! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! subject ( ! s5t5ce is he1 ! complete pr$icate is says t ! pol> be> lives 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! simple pr$icate is says1 :i* is complet$ by its direct object1 ! n\n clause t 444 regions1 introduc$ by ! conjunction t4 ,!n analyze ! subord9ate clause4 #e4 ,t ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes is a famili> fact4 ,?is is a complex s5t5ce4 ,! ma9 clause 7is a famili> fact7 appe>s z a pr$icate only1 s9ce ! subord9ate clause 7t ! pol> be> sometimes rea*es temp]ate latitudes7 is a n\n clause us$ z ! complete subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,! simple pr$icate is is1 :i* is complet$ by ! pr$icate nom9ative fact4 ,?is complem5t is modifi$ by ! adjectives a & famili>4 ,! subord9ate clause1 :i* is us$ z ! complete subject1 is introduc$ by ! conjunction t4 ,!n analyze ?is clause4 ,,comp\nd ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #dfa4 ,9 analyz+ a comp\nd complex s5t5ce1 we fir/ divide x into ! indep5d5t clauses 7simple or complex7 ( :i* x consi/s1 & !n analyze ea* ( ^! z if x 7 a s5t5ce by itself4 ,see ! examples 9 #def1 #deg4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,modifi]s #dfb4 ,! v>i\s k9ds ( modifi]s & complem5ts h all be5 /udi$ 9 prec$+ *apt]s1--ea* 9 connection ) ! con/ruction :i* x illu/rates4 ,= purposes ( analysis1 h[ev]1 x is necess>y to consid] modifi]s z su* & complem5ts z su*4 ,! topics w be tak5 up 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--7#a7 modifi]s1--( ! subject1 ( ! pr$icate2 7#b7 complem5ts2 7#c7 modifi]s ( complem5ts2 7#d7 modifi]s ( modifi]s4 #dfc4 ,a ^w or gr\p ( words t *anges or modifies ! mean+ ( ano!r ^w is call$ a modifi] 7 #ai74 ,m5 ,able m5 ,m5 ( ability c always f9d employm5t4 ,walls ,battlem5t$ walls ,walls ) battlem5ts usually enclos$ m$ival cities4 ,cottages ,engli% cottages ,cottages 9 ,engl& are (t5 ?at*$4 ,! boy li/5$ eag]ly4 ) eag]ness4 ,i c\gh$ purposely4 on purpose4 ,! bullet pass$ h>mlessly4 )\t do+ h>m4 #dfd4 ,modifi]s may be atta*$ n only to sub/antives & v]bs1 b also to adjectives & adv]bs4 ,all modifi]s ( sub/antives are call$ adjective modifi]s2 all modifi]s ( v]bs1 adjectives1 & adv]bs are call$ adv]bial modifi]s4 ,,note4 ,! t]ms adjective modifi] & adjective are n synonym\s4 ,all adjectives are adjective modifi]s1 b all adjective modifi]s are n adjectives4 ,?us1 9 8,h5ry's skates are ru/y10 ! possessive n\n ,h5ry's is an adjective modifi]1 s9ce x limits ! n\n skates z an adjective might d4 #dfe4 ,a gr\p ( words us$ z a modifi] may be ei!r a phrase or a clause 7 #dj-df74 ,able m5 ,m5 ( ability ,m5 :o h ability c always f9d employm5t4 ,i spoke ?\ghtlessly4 )\t ?9k+4 be=e ,i ?\ght4 ,a phrase or a clause us$ z an adjective modifi] is call$ an adjective phrase or clause4 ,a phrase or a clause us$ z an adv]bial modifi] is call$ an adv]bial phrase or clause4 ,adjective & adv]bial clauses are always subord9ate1 because !y are us$ z p>ts ( spee* 7 #df74 ,,modifi]s ,,( ,,! ,,subject #dff4 ,any sub/antive 9 ! s5t5ce may take an adjective modifi]1 b modifi]s ( ! subject are p>ticul>ly important4 ,! simple subject may be modifi$ by 7#a7 an adjective1 an adjective phrase1 or an adjective clause2 7#b7 a p>ticiple2 7#c7 an inf9itive2 7#d7 a possessive2 7#e7 an appositive4 ,i4 ,,adjectives1 ,,adjective ,,phrases1 ,,adjective ,,clauses #dfg4 ,! simple subject may be modifi$ by an adjective1 an adjective phrase1 or an adjective clause4 ,ivory tr9kets ,tr9kets ( ivory ,tr9kets :i* 7 c>v$ f ivory lay scatt]$ ab\t4 ,treeless spots ,spots )\t trees ,spots :]e no trees grew 7 pla9ly visible4 ,9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps ( s5t5ces1 ! subject ( ! fir/ s5t5ce is modifi$ by an adjective1 t ( ! second by an adjective phrase1 t ( ! ?ird by an adjective clause4 ,mo/ adjective phrases are prepositional 7 #db71 z 9 ! examples4 #dfh4 ,an adjective clause may be introduc$ by a relative pron\n or a relative adv]b4 ,= li/s1 see #cgg4 ,i4 ,,relative ,,pron\ns ,! ar*itect :o design$ ?is *ur* 0 a man ( g5ius4 ,! pa9t] :om ,rusk9 (t5e/ m5tions is ,turn]4 ,a piece ( amb] :i* is rubb$ briskly w attract bits ( pap]4 ,! day t ,i dread$ came at la/4 ,! pla9 ?r\gh :i* ?is riv] fl[s is m>vel\sly f]tile4 ,! book f :i* ,i got ?is in=mation is always reg>d$ z au?oritative4 ,a fri5d 9 :om "o c tru/ is a treasure beyond price4 ,! boys ) :om he associates d him no good4 ,,ii4 ,,relative ,,adv]bs ,! spot :]e ! ,old ,gu>d made _! la/ /& is m>k$ by a bronze eagle4 ,! morn+ :5 ,i arriv$ 9 ,rome is "o ( my pleasante/ memories4 ,! ye> aft] ,a%ton left home br\ght fre% disa/]4 ,! l& :5ce ,scyld drift$ 9 8 magic boat w nev] be kn[n4 ,,note4 ,a preposition & a relative pron\n may (t5 replace a relative adv]b4 ,?us1 9 ! second example1 on :i* might be sub/itut$ = :54 ,,ii4 ,,p>ticiples #dfi4 ,! subject may be modifi$ by a p>ticiple 7) or )\t modifi] or complem5t74 #a4 ,smil+1 ! *ild %ook 8 head4 #b4 ,my aunt1 reassur$1 took up h] book aga94 #c4 ,! prison] sank back exhau/$4 #d4 ,exasp]at$ beyond endurance1 ! capta9 cut ! rope4 #e4 ,john1 obey+ a sudd5 impulse1 took to 8 heels4 #f4 ,hav+ brok5 "o o>1 ,rob]t _h to scull4 #g4 ,! natives1 fe>+ captivity above all ?+s1 leap$ into ! riv]4 #h4 ,alb]t left ! room1 look+ r sull54 ,9 ! f\r? example ! p>ticiple is modifi$ by an adv]bial phrase2 9 ! fif? & six?1 x has an object2 9 ! sev5?1 x has bo? an object & a modifi]2 9 ! eigh?1 x is foll[$ by ! pr$icate adjective sull54 ,9 analysis1 ! :ole p>ticipial phrase 7consi/+ ( ! p>ticiple & accompany+ words7 may be treat$ z an adjective phrase modify+ ! subject2 b x is simpl] to reg>d ! p>ticiple z ! modifi]1 & !n to enum]ate its modifi]s1 etc41 sep>ately4 ,?us1 9 ! sev5? example1 ! simple subject natives is modifi$ by ! p>ticiple fe>+1 :i* has = a complem5t captivity 7! direct object7 & is modifi$ by ! adv]bial phrase above all ?+s4 ,,note4 ,a p>ticiple1 ?\gh a modifi] ( ! subject1 has at ! same "t a peculi> relation to ! pr$icate1 because x may take ! place ( an adv]bial clause4 ,?us1 9 ! sev5? example1 fe>+ is practically equival5t to ! clause because !y fe>$1 :i*1 if sub/itut$ = ! p>ticiple1 w\ld ( c\rse modify ! pr$icate v]b leap$4 ,?is dual (fice ( ! p>ticiple comes f its tw(old nature z 7#a7 an adjective & 7#b7 a v]b4 ,9 analyz+1 we treat ! p>ticiple z an adjective modifi] ( ! n\n to :i* x belongs2 b its function z a sub/itute = an adv]bial clause is an important means ( secur+ v>iety 9 /yle4 ,,iii4 ,,inf9itives #dgj4 ,! subject may be modifi$ by an inf9itive4 ,eag]ness to le>n 0 "y ,l9coln's /ronge/ passion4 ,desire to travel made ,taylor re/less4 ,! wi% to succe$ prompt$ him to d 8 be/4 ,ability to write rapidly is a valuable accompli%m5t4 ,h[>d's unwill+ness to des]t a fri5d co/ him 8 life4 ,9 ! f\r? example1 ! inf9itive has an adv]bial modifi] 7rapidly72 & 9 ! fif?1 x has a complem5t1 its object 7fri5d74 ,9 su* in/ances1 two me?ods ( analysis are all[able1 z 9 ! case ( p>ticipial phrases 7 #dfi74 ,,iv4 ,,possessives #dga4 ,! subject may be modifi$ by a sub/antive 9 ! possessive case4 ,su* a sub/antive may be call$ a possessive modifi]4 ,napoleon's tomb is 9 ,p>is4 ,a man's h\se is 8 ca/le4 ,"o's ta/e 9 read+ *anges z "o gr[s old]4 ,a mom5t's ?\ght w\ld h sav$ me4 ,! squirrel's tee? gr[ rapidly4 ,! ,indians' camp 0 ne> ! riv]4 ,8 "n is ,alfr$4 ,y\r c>riage has arriv$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! examples1 a sub/antive 9 ! possessive case modifies ! subject by limit+ its mean+ precisely z an adjective w\ld d4 ,,note4 ,an adjective phrase may (t5 be sub/itut$ = a possessive4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ example1 in/ead ( 8,napoleon's tomb0 "o may say 8! tomb ( ,napoleon0 7 #ic74 ,v4 ,,appositives #dgb4 ,! subject may be modifi$ by a sub/antive 9 apposition 7 #hh1 #e74 ,m]$i? ! c>p5t] lives 9 t h\se4 ,h]b]t1 our capta91 has brok5 8 leg4 ,! idol ( ! ,aztecs1 a grotesque image1 0 ?r[n d[n by ! ,spani>ds4 ,_m books1 bo? pamphlets & b\nd volumes1 litt]$ ! table4 ,"h ! subject 7books7 is modifi$ by two appositives4 ,appositives (t5 h modifi]s ( _! own4 ,?us c>p5t] is modifi$ by ! adjective !1 capta9 by ! possessive our1 image by ! adjectives a & grotesque4 ,9 analyz+1 ! :ole appositive phrase 7consi/+ ( ! appositive & atta*$ words7 may be reg>d$ z modify+ ! subject4 ,x is z well1 h[ev]1 to treat ! appositive z ! modifi] & !n to enum]ate ! adjectives1 etc41 by :i* ! appositive itself is modifi$4 #dgc4 ,a n\n clause may be us$ z an appositive1 & s may be an adjective modifi] 7 #chf74 ,! "q :e!r ,antonio 0 a citiz5 0 settl$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,"h ! italiciz$ clause is us$ z a n\n 9 apposition ) "q4 ,! /atem5t t wat] freezes seems absurd to a native ( ! torrid zone4 ,! clause t wat] freezes is 9 apposition ) /atem5t4 ,an adjective 9 ! appositive position is (t5 call$ an appositive adjective 7 #agb74 8,a sword1 ke5 & bright1 fla%$ f ! soldi]'s scabb>d40 ,,modifi]s ,,( ,,! ,,pr$icate #dgd4 ,! simple pr$icate1 be+ a v]b or v]b-phrase1 c h only adv]bial modifi]s4 ,! simple pr$icate may be modifi$ by 7#a7 an adv]b1 an adv]bial phrase1 or an adv]bial clause1 7#b7 an inf9itive1 7#c7 an adv]bial objective1 7#d7 a nom9ative absolute1 7#e7 an indirect object1 7#f7 a cognate object4 ,i4 ,,adv]b1 ,,adv]bial ,,phrase1 ,,adv]bial ,,clause #dge4 ,! simple pr$icate may be modifi$ by an adv]b1 an adv]bial phrase1 or an adv]bial clause4 ,! l&lord collects 8 r5ts mon?ly4 on ! fir/ ( e mon?4 :5 ! fir/ ( ! mon? comes4 ,! old s*oolh\se /&s !re4 at ! cross-roads4 :]e ! roads meet4 ,we left ! hall e>ly4 be=e ! la/ spee*4 :ile ! la/ spee* 0 be+ deliv]$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 ! simple pr$icate ( ! fir/ s5t5ce is modifi$ by an adv]b1 t ( ! second by an adv]bial phrase1 & t ( ! ?ird by an adv]bial clause4 ,mo/ adv]bial phrases are prepositional 7 #db74 ,,adv]b ,,adv]bial ,,phrase spe$ily ) spe$ furi\sly ) fury lately ( late in/antly 9 an in/ant !re 9 t place rapidly at a rapid rate skillfully 9 a skillful mann] ) skill promptly on ! in/ant to-morr[ on ! morr[ unwill+ly aga9/ my w ,peculi> adv]bial phrases are3-- to & fro1 n[ & !n1 up & d[n1 aga9 & aga91 fir/ & la/1 full spe$1 full tilt1 hit or miss1 m or less1 head fir/1 upside d[n1 inside out1 s9k or swim1 ca% d[n4 #dgf4 ,an adv]bial clause t modifies a v]b may be introduc$ by 7#a7 a relative adv]b1 or 7#b7 a subord9ate conjunction4 ,i4 ,,relative ,,adv]bs ,our colonel 0 always f\nd :]e ! fight+ 0 fi]ce/4 ,:5 ,i give ! signal1 press ! button4 ,:5ev] ,i call1 y refuse to see me4 ,mill] arriv$ aft] ! play _h begun4 ,ev]ybody li/5$ :ile ! vagrant told 8 /ory4 ,my uncle laugh$ until ! te>s came4 ,! prison] has n be5 se5 s9ce he made 8 escape4 ,,ii4 ,,subord9ate ,,conjunctions ,ar*] resign$ because 8 heal? fail$4 ,i w give ! address if y w let me *oose my subject4 ,br&on insi/$ on walk+1 al?\gh ! roads 7 dang]\s4 ,! *ild ran ) all h] might le/ %e %\ld be too late4 ,i gave y a front seat 9 ord] t y might he>4 ,! t[n lies at ! base ( a l(ty cliff s t x is %elt]$ f ! nor? w9d4 ,,ii4 ,,inf9itive #dgg4 ,! simple pr$icate may be modifi$ by an inf9itive 7 #cbc74 ,he lay d[n to re/4 ,i /opp$ to li/54 ,! fire cont9u$ to burn4 ,! w9d began to subside4 ,jack work$ h>d to fell ! tree4 ,w did 8 be/ to w9 ! prize4 ,kate began to weep bitt]ly4 ,t draughtsman seems to be rem>kably skilful4 ,! inf9itive may h a complem5t or a modifi]1 z 9 ! la/ f\r examples4 ,,iii4 ,,adv]bial ,,objective #dgh4 ,! simple pr$icate may be modifi$ by an adv]bial objective 7 #aji74 ,i h wait$ ages4 ,we h walk$ miles4 ,ar?ur practis$ weeks4 ,! addition ( modifi]s to ! adv]bial objective makes an adv]bial phrase4 ,walt] ran ! entire di/ance4 ,he /ay$ a :ole day4 ,i w =give y ?is "t4 ,he came at me full tilt4 ,! w9d blew all night4 ,come ) me a little way4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! adv]bial phrase ! entire di/ance modifies ! v]b ran z an adv]b w\ld d4 ,?is phrase consi/s ( ! n\n di/ance ) its adjective modifi]s1 ! & entire4 ,,iv4 ,,nom9ative ,,absolute #dgi4 ,! simple pr$icate may be modifi$ by a nom9ative absolute 7 #cde74 ,a sub/antive 9 ! absolute con/ruction makes ) its modifi]s an adv]bial phrase4 ,! %ip hav+ arriv$1 we all emb>k$4 ,we %all sail on ,tuesday1 wea!r p]mitt+4 ,t done1 repair to ,pompey's !atre4 ,! bridge across ! *asm be+ only a s+le tree trunk1 we hesitat$ to attempt ! passage4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! adv]bial absolute phrase1 ! %ip hav+ arriv$1 is equival5t to ! adv]bial prepositional phrase1 on ! arrival ( ! %ip1 & def9es ! "t ( ! action express$ by ! v]b emb>k$4 ,v4 ,,indirect ,,object #dhj4 ,! simple pr$icate may be modifi$ by an indirect object 7 #aje74 ,he gave me a wat*4 ,he gave a wat* to me4 ,tom told me ! :ole /ory4 ,tom told ! :ole /ory to me4 ,9 ^! s5t5ces1 ! indirect object me1 be+ equival5t to a prepositional phrase1 is an adv]bial modifi]4 ,! objective ( s]vice 7 #ajf7 is also an adv]bial modifi]4 ,,vi4 ,,cognate ,,object #dha4 ,! simple pr$icate may be modifi$ by a cognate object or by a phrase conta9+ su* an object 7 #ajh74 ,! (fic] look$ dagg]s at me look$ at me angrily4 ,! %eph]d sang a m]ry song sang m]rily4 ,! skipp] laugh$ a scornful laugh laugh$ scornfully4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 ! cognate object 7dagg]s7 modifies ! pr$icate v]b 7look$7 z ! adv]b angrily w\ld d4 ,x is !re=e an adv]bial modifi]4 ,9 ! second & ?ird s5t5ces ! modifi] ( ! pr$icate v]b 7sang1 laugh$7 is an adv]bial phrase consi/+ ( a cognate object 7song1 laugh7 ) its adjective modifi]s 7a m]ry1 a scornful74 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,complem5ts #dhb4 #a4 ,"s v]bs h a mean+ t is complete 9 itself4 ,su* a v]b ne$s only a subject4 ,:5 ?is has be5 suppli$1 we h a s5t5ce1 = ! m]e v]b1 )\t any additional ^w or words1 is capable ( be+ a pr$icate4 ,birds fly4 ,fi%es swim4 ,! sun %9es4 ,! moon rose4 ,! man sc[l$4 ,! girl laugh$4 ,! owls hoot$4 ,! clock tick$4 ,v]bs ( ?is k9d are sometimes call$ complete v]bs1 or v]bs ( complete pr$ication4 #b4 ,o!r v]bs are n1 by !mselves1 capable ( s]v+ z pr$icates4 ,?us1-- ,! ,indians kill$ ----4 ,mr4 ,h>ris makes ----4 ,tom is ----4 ,! man seem$ ----4 ,^! are n s5t5ces1 = ! pr$icate ( ea* is unf9i%$4 ,! v]b requires ! addition ( a sub/antive or an adjective to complete its s5se4 ,! ,indians kill$ de]4 ,mr4 ,h>ris makes %oes4 ,tom is capta94 ,! man seem$ sorry4 ,v]bs ( ?is k9d are (t5 call$ incomplete v]bs1 or v]bs ( incomplete pr$ication4 ,,note4 ,! mean+ ( ! v]b det]m9es to :i* ( ^! classes x belongs4 ,accord+ly1 ! same v]b may belong to ! fir/ class 9 "s ( its s5ses & to ! second 9 o!rs 7 #bab-bae74 #dhc4 ,a sub/antive or adjective add$ to ! pr$icate v]b to complete its mean+ is call$ a complem5t4 ,complem5ts are ( f\r k9ds1--! direct object1 ! pr$icate objective1 ! pr$icate nom9ative1 & ! pr$icate adjective4 ,9 ! examples 9 #dhb1 de] & %oes are direct objects1--! =m] d5ot+ ! receiv] ( ! action1 ! latt] d5ot+ ! product2 capta9 is a pr$icate nom9ative1 d5ot+ ! same p]son z ! subject ,tom 7 #hh1 #b72 sorry is a pr$icate adjective describ+ ! subject man4 ,complem5ts may1 ( c\rse1 be modifi$4 ,if !y are sub/antives1 !y may take adjective modifi]s2 if adjectives1 !y may take adv]bial modifi]s 7 #dfd1 #did74 #dhd4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! def9itions ( ! f\r k9ds ( complem5ts are "h repeat$1 ) examples4 #a4 ,,! ,,direct ,,object #dhe4 ,"s v]bs may be foll[$ by a sub/antive d5ot+ t :i* receives ! action or is produc$ by x4 ,^! are call$ transitive v]bs4 ,all o!r v]bs are call$ intransitive4 ,a sub/antive t completes ! mean+ ( a transitive v]b is call$ its direct object 7 #ajj74 ,! direct object is (t5 call$ ! object complem5t1 or m]ely ! object ( ! v]b4 ,alfr$ has brok5 8 arm4 ,morse inv5t$ ! electric telegraph4 ,black foxes comm& a high price4 ,y h accompli%$ a task ( great difficulty4 ,h y lo/ ! dog :i* y\r uncle gave y8 ,he ask$ me ! news4 ,two direct objects 7 #ajc74 ,mo/ ( ^! objects are modifi$1--arm by ! possessive 82 telegraph by ! & electric2 price by a & high2 task by ! adjective phrase ( great difficulty2 dog by ! & by ! adjective clause :i* y\r uncle gave y4 #dhf4 ,a n\n clause may be us$ z ! direct object ( a v]b 7 #chf74 ,y promis$ t my coat %\ld be ready to-day4 ,! mayor ord]$ t ! /reet %\ld be clos$ = ?ree h\rs4 ,i begg$ t my passport might be return$ to me4 ,= fur!r examples1 see #djg1 #dcb1 #dci1 #dda4 #b4 ,,! ,,pr$icate ,,objective #dhg4 ,v]bs ( *oos+1 call+1 nam+1 mak+1 & ?9k+ may take two objects ref]r+ to ! same p]son or ?+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! direct object1 & ! second1 :i* completes ! s5se ( ! pr$icate1 is call$ a pr$icate objective 7 #ajd74 ,! pr$icate objective is (t5 call$ ! complem5t>y object or ! objective attribute4 ,! p h elect$ ,*amb]la9 gov]nor4 ,pet] calls ,ri*>d my %ad[4 ,! c\rt has appo9t$ y ! *ild's gu>dian4 ,john ?9ks himself a h]o4 #dhh4 ,an adjective may s]ve z a pr$icate objective4 ,?us1-- ,i ?\ght y\r decision ha/y4 ,i call t answ] imp]t95t4 ,! jury f\nd ! prison] guilty4 ,y\r lett] made him joyful4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 n to confuse adv]bs ) adjectives 9 -ly s]v+ z pr$icate objectives4 ,y call$ him sickly4 ,adjective4 ,y call$ him e>ly4 ,adv]b4 ,aft] ! passive1 a pr$icate objective becomes a pr$icate nom9ative 7 #dhi74 #c4 ,,! ,,pr$icate ,,nom9ative #dhi4 ,a sub/antive /&+ 9 ! pr$icate1 b describ+ or def9+ ! subject1 agrees ) ! subject 9 case & is call$ a pr$icate nom9ative 7 #hh1 #b74 ,a pr$icate nom9ative is (t5 call$ a subject complem5t or an attribute4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative is common aft] is & o!r copulative v]bs1 & aft] c]ta9 transitive v]bs 9 ! passive voice4 ,*emi/ry is a useful sci5ce4 ,bo/on is ! capital ( ,massa*usetts4 ,jeff]son became ,presid5t4 ,?is bird is call$ a flam+o4 ,mr4 ,hale 0 appo9t$ secret>y4 ,alb]t has be5 *os5 capta9 ( ! crew4 ,y are a fri5d ^u :om ,i c rely4 ,9 mo/ ( ! examples1 ! pr$icate nom9ative has "o or m modifi]s4 ,9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 sci5ce is modifi$ by ! two adjectives a & useful2 9 ! second1 capital is modifi$ by ! adjective phrase ( ,massa*usetts2 9 ! la/1 fri5d is modifi$ by ! adjective clause ^u :om ,i c rely4 ,= ! di/9ction betwe5 ! pr$icate nom9ative & ! direct object1 see #ajb4 #dij4 ,a n\n clause may be us$ z a pr$icate nom9ative 7 #chf74 ,my plan is t ! well %\ld be dug to-morr[4 ,8 int5tion 0 t y %\ld rema9 "h4 ,! result is t he is bankrupt4 ,ru?'s fe> 0 t ! door might be lock$4 #dia4 ,an inf9itive may be us$ z a pr$icate nom9ative4 ,to he> is to obey4 ,my hope 0 to rea* ! summit be=e d>k4 ,_! plan 0 to und]m9e ! t[]4 ,my habit is to rise e>ly4 ,! inf9itive may h a complem5t or modifi]s4 ,9 ! second & ?ird examples1 x takes an object2 9 ! f\r? x is modifi$ by an adv]b4 #d4 ,,! ,,pr$icate ,,adjective #dib4 ,an adjective 9 ! pr$icate belong+ to a n\n or pron\n 9 ! subject is call$ a pr$icate adjective4 ,a pr$icate adjective completes ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate v]b & is !re=e a complem5t 7 #agb1 #c47 ,l ! pr$icate nom9ative1 ! pr$icate adjective is common aft] copulative v]bs & aft] c]ta9 transitive v]bs 9 ! passive voice 7 #agb1 #c2 #beb74 ,john 0 angry4 ,my knife is gr[+ dull4 ,! task seem$ v easy4 ,! report prov$ false 9 e p>ticul>4 ,! boat 0 ?\ght unsafe4 ,! cov] 0 made p]fectly tight4 ,9 "s ( ^! examples1 ! pr$icate adjective has a modifi]4 ,9 ! ?ird1 easy is modifi$ by ! adv]b v2 9 ! f\r?1 false is modifi$ by ! adv]bial phrase 9 e p>ticul>2 9 ! la/1 tight is modifi$ by p]fectly4 #dic4 ,an adjective phrase may be us$ z a pr$icate adjective4 ,?us1-- ,ri*>d 0 out ( heal?4 ,comp>e3 ,ri*>d 0 ill4 ,ra*el seem$ 9 a passion4 ,comp>e3 seem$ angry4 ,?is act is aga9/ my int]e/s4 ,comp>e3 is h>mful to me4 ,! adjective phrase may consi/ ( an inf9itive ) or )\t ! preposition ab\t 7 #cai74 ,i 0 ab\t to speak4 ,?is h\se is to let4 ,i am to sail to-morr[4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,modifi]s ,,( ,,complem5ts ,,& ,,( ,,modifi]s ,,complem5ts ,,modifi$ #did4 ,complem5ts1 be+ ei!r sub/antives or adjectives1 may be modifi$ 9 v>i\s ways1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iii4 #a4 ,a sub/antive us$ z a complem5t may h ! same k9ds ( modifi]s t are us$ ) ! subject 7 #dff74 #b4 ,an adjective complem5t admits only adv]bial modifi]s4 #die4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces illu/rate ! modifi]s ( sub/antive complem5ts3-- ,h]b]t lo/ a gold wat*4 ,! direct object 7wat*7 is modifi$ by ! adjectives a & gold4 ,! duke built t[]s ( m>ble4 ,! direct object 7t[]s7 is modifi$ by ! adjective phrase ( m>ble4 ,my fa!r built ! h\se 9 :i* ,i 0 born4 ,! direct object 7h\se7 is modifi$ by ! adjective ! & ! adjective clause 9 :i* ,i 0 born4 ,i saw a man runn+ across ! field4 ,! direct object 7man7 is modifi$ by ! adjective a & ! p>ticiple runn+4 ,y h =feit$ y\r "r to vote4 ,! direct object 7"r7 is modifi$ by ! possessive pron\n y\r & ! inf9itive to vote4 ,i h se5 ,h5ry's bro!r4 ,! direct object 7bro!r7 is modifi$ by ! possessive n\n ,h5ry's4 ,i mu/ ask my bro!r1 ! mayor4 ,! direct object 7bro!r7 is modifi$ by ! possessive pron\n my & ! appositive mayor4 ,! guild has elect$ ,walt] honor>y presid5t4 ,! pr$icate objective 7presid5t7 is modifi$ by ! adjective honor>y4 ,h] husb& is an old soldi]4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7soldi]7 is modifi$ by ! adjectives an & old4 ,h] sons are vet]ans ( ! ,franco-,prussian w>4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7vet]ans7 is modifi$ by ! adjective phrase ( ! ,franco-,prussian w>4 ,!y are rivals 9 bus9ess4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7rivals7 is modifi$ by ! adjective phrase 9 bus9ess4 ,! au?or is ,w ,jewell1 :o 0 =m]ly editor ( 8,! ,pione]40 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7,w ,jewell7 is modifi$ by ! adjective clause :o 0 =m]ly editor1 etc4 ,baldw9 is ! man /&+ "u ! tree4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7man7 is modifi$ by ! adjective ! & ! p>ticiple /&+4 ,y\r *ief fault is y\r incl9ation to procra/9ate4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7incl9ation7 is modifi$ by ! possessive pron\n y\r & ! inf9itive to procra/9ate4 ,?is man is ,gret*5's bro!r4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7bro!r7 is modifi$ by ! possessive n\n ,gret*5's4 ,! fir/ to fall 0 ! bugl]1 ,john ,wilson4 ,! pr$icate nom9ative 7bugl]7 is modifi$ by ! adjective ! & ! appositive ,john ,wilson4 #dif4 ,adjective clauses are v common z modifi]s ( sub/antive complem5ts 7cf4 #dfh74 ,h y lo/ ! wat* t y\r c\s9 gave y8 ,?is is ! v spot :]e ! temple ( ,saturn /ood4 ,! g5]al issu$ an ord] t all non-combatants %\ld be treat$ well4 ,we h abundant pro( t dur+ 8 /ay on ! ,cont95t1 ,bacon did n neglect lit]>y & sci5tific pursuits4 #dig4 ,an adjective us$ z a complem5t may be modifi$ by an adv]b1 an adv]bial phrase1 or an adv]bial clause4 ,i am v sorry = y4 ,sorry is modifi$ by ! adv]b v & ! adv]bial phrase = y4 ,*>les seems r v extremely angry4 ,! road is r\gh 9 places4 :]e !y are repair+ x4 ,! :ole tribe appe>$ eag] = w>4 ,he grew envi\s ( 8 successful rival4 ,be zeal\s 9 e righte\s cause4 ,! *ief's face look$ d>k ) passion4 ,he 0 selfi% beyond belief4 ,! pr$icate adjective 7selfi%7 is modifi$ by ! adv]bial phrase beyond belief4 ,ell5 seem$ desir\s t h] fri5ds %\ld admire h]4 ,! secret>y appe>$ unwill+ to resign4 ,see #cba1 note4 ,,modifi]s ,,( ,,o!r ,,modifi]s #dih4 ,modifi]s may !mselves be modifi$4 ,! *ief v>ieties ( su* modification are illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 ,i4 ,adjectives or adjective phrases may be modifi$ by adv]bs or by words or gr\ps ( words us$ adv]bially4 ,a v old man came to ! door4 ,an exce$+ly dang]\s curve lay beyond ! bridge4 ,?is r odd proposal int]e/$ u4 ,! quay is miles long4 ,adv]bial objective 7 #aji74 ,at lea/ five diff]5t am5dm5ts h be5 (f]$4 ,five is modifi$ by ! adv]bial phrase at lea/4 ,! g5]al1 :olly 9 ! d>k z to ! enemy's int5tions1 ord]$ an advance4 ,! adjective phrase 9 ! d>k is modifi$ by :olly4 ,q at 8 ease1 ,john began to speak4 ,at 8 ease is modifi$ by q4 ,h] smile1 pa!tic 9 its we>9ess1 quickly fad$4 ,! adv]bial phrase modifies pa!tic ,?is sleeve is a good two in*es %ort4 ,! phrase modifies %ort4 ,,ii4 ,possessive n\ns may be modifi$ by adjectives or by possessives4 ,! poor man's days are numb]$4 ,hone/ ,tom's face %one ) delight4 ,! fai?ful animal's head droop$4 ,my uncle's b>n is on fire4 ,john's bro!r's "n is ,reg9ald4 ,,iii4 ,appositives may be modifi$ by adjectives or by gr\ps ( words us$ z adjectives4 ,joe1 ! old butl]1 met me at ! /ation4 ,sam1 ! cunn+ rascal1 _h /ol5 ! o>s4 ,h] "m1 a woman ( fa%ion1 sadly neglect$ h]4 ,! o!r1 ! man at ! table1 laugh$ rudely4 ,f]d9& ,oliv]1 ! eng9e] :o _h *>ge ( ! con/ruction1 prov$ incompet5t4 ,two ,engli%m51 fri5ds :om ,i visit$ la/ summ]1 are com+ to ,new ,york 9 ,decemb]4 ,,iv4 ,adv]bs or adv]bial phrases may be modifi$ by adv]bs or by words or gr\ps ( words us$ adv]bially4 ,jane plays v well4 ,rob]t spoke almo/ hopefully4 ,%e answ]$ q at r&om4 ,i write to him at lea/ once a ye>4 #dii4 ,an adjective may be modifi$ by an inf9itive 7 #cba74 ,unable to move1 ,i suff]$ torm5ts ( anxiety4 ,! sailors1 eag] to rea* ! isl&1 plung$ into ! sea4 ,reluctant to act1 b unwill+ to /& idle1 ,burwell 0 9 a pitiful /ate ( indecision4 #ejj4 ,adjective & adv]bial clauses are v common z modifi]s ( modifi]s 7cf4 #dif74 ,g]onimo1 an old *ief :o bore ! sc>s ( _m battles1 l$ ! attack4 ,! adjective clause modifies ! appositive *ief4 ,! s]vant1 angry because he _h be5 rebuk$1 slamm$ ! door z he w5t out4 ,! hunt]1 confid5t t ! de] _h n he>d him1 took delib]ate aim4 ,! fugitive1 9 a panic le/ he %\ld be ov]tak51 made frantic ef=ts to scale ! cliff4 ,! adv]bial clause modifies ! adjective phrase 9 a panic4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,indep5d5t ,,elem5ts #eja4 ,a ^w or gr\p ( words t has no grammatical connection ) ! s5t5ce 9 :i* x /&s is call$ an indep5d5t elem5t4 ,indep5d5t elem5ts are ( f\r k9ds1--int]jections1 vocatives 7or nom9atives by direct address71 exclamatory nom9atives1 & p>5!tical expressions4 ,ah6 :y did ,i und]take ?is task8 ,help arriv$1 alas6 too late4 ,y are a /range man1 ,ar?ur4 ,m>y1 come "h6 ,poor ,*>les6 ,i am sorry = him4 ,clo!s6 clo!s6 y are always want+ clo!s4 ,lucky %e6 we are all envi\s ( h] prospects4 ,! fir/ two s5t5ces conta9 int]jections 7 #cgb72 ! second two1 vocatives 7or nom9atives by direct address7 7 #hh1 #c72 ! la/ ?ree1 exclamatory nom9atives 7 #hh1 #d74 ,:5 ! indep5d5t ^w has a modifi] 7z 9 ! fif? & sev5? examples71 ! :ole phrase may be treat$ z an indep5d5t elem5t4 #ejb4 ,a ^w or gr\p ( words atta*$ to or ins]t$ 9 a s5t5ce z a m]e comm5t1 )\t belong+ ei!r to ! subject or ! pr$icate1 is said to be p>5!tical4 ,! m>ket1 inde$1 0 already clos$4 ,pet]1 to be sure1 0 n v tru/wor?y4 ,! h\se1 at all ev5ts1 is safe4 ,! road is1 ,i admit1 v hilly4 ,luttrell's me?od1 x mu/ be confess$1 0 a little disappo9t+4 ,ri*>d 0 n a bad fell[1 aft] all4 #ejc4 ,9 analysis1 an indep5d5t elem5t is m5tion$ by itself1 & n z a "p ( ! complete subject or ! complete pr$icate4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,comb9ations ,,( ,,clauses #ejd4 ,! use ( subord9ate clauses z complem5ts & modifi]s1 & z modifi]s ( complem5ts & ( modifi]s1 may produce s5t5ces ( great l5g? & complicat$ /ructure4 ,su* s5t5ces1 if skilfully compos$1 are n h>d to foll[4 ,_! analysis requires m]ely ! intellig5t application ( a few simple pr9ciples1 :i* h already be5 expla9$ & illu/rat$4 #eje4 ,^! pr9ciples may be summ$ up z foll[s3-- ,i4 ,all clauses are ei!r indep5d5t or subord9ate4 ,a clause is subord9ate if x is us$ z a "p ( spee* 7n\n1 adjective1 or adv]b72 o!rwise1 x is indep5d5t 7 #df74 ,,ii4 ,cord9ate means 8( ! same rank0 9 ! s5t5ce 7 #df74 #a4 ,two or m indep5d5t clauses 9 ! same s5t5ce are manife/ly cord9ate4 ,! fire blaz$ & ! wood crackl$4 ,two decl>ative clauses4 ,:at is y\r "n1 & :]e 7 y born8 ,int]rogative clauses4 ,sit d[n & tell me y\r /ory4 ,imp]ative clauses4 #b4 ,two or m subord9ate clauses are cord9ate ) ea* o!r :5 !y are us$ toge!r 9 ! same con/ruction1--z n\ns1 adjectives1 or adv]bs4 ,su* a gr\p may be reg>d$ z =m+ "o comp\nd subord9ate clause4 ,! tru? is1 t ,i h no money & t my fri5ds h =sak5 me4 ,n\n clauses4 ,! ,indians1 :o 7 arm$ ) long lances1 & :o %[$ great skill 9 us+ !m1 made a furi\s attack on ! cavalry4 ,adjective clauses4 ,:5 he _h spok51 b be=e a vote _h be5 tak51 a /range tumult 0 he>d 9 ! out] room4 ,adv]bial clauses4 ,9 ! fir/ example1 we h a comp\nd n\n clause2 9 ! second1 a comp\nd adjective clause2 9 ! ?ird1 a comp\nd adv]bial clause4 #c4 ,cord9ate clauses are ei!r jo9$ by cord9ate conjunctions 7&1 or1 b1 etc471 or su* conjunctions may be suppli$ )\t *ang+ ! s5se 7 #cfb74 ,! good-natur$ old g5tleman1 :o 0 fri5dly to bo? p>ties1 ,,& :o did n lack c\rage1 ,,& :o hat$ a qu>rel1 spoke 8 m9d ) complete frankness4 ,,iii4 ,a subord9ate clause may dep5d on ano!r subord9ate clause4 ,! horse %i$ :5 he saw ! locomotive4 ,! subord9ate clause dep5ds ^u ! indep5d5t 7ma97 clause4 ,! horse %i$ :5 he saw ! locomotive1 :i* 0 puff+ viol5tly4 ,! second subord9ate clause dep5ds ^u ! fir/1 be+ an adjective modifi] ( locomotive4 ,9 su* cases1 ! :ole gr\p ( subord9ate clauses may be tak5 toge!r z =m+ "o complex subord9ate clause4 ,?us1 9 ! second example1 :5 he saw ! locomotive1 :i* 0 puff+ viol5tly may be reg>d$ z a complex adv]bial clause modify+ %i$1 & conta9+ an adjective clause 7:i* 0 puff+ viol5tly74 #ejf4 ,f ! pr9ciples summ>iz$ 9 #eje1 x appe>s t-- ,clauses 7l s5t5ces7 may be simple1 comp\nd1 or complex4 #a4 ,a simple clause conta9s b "o subject & "o pr$icate1 ei!r or bo? ( :i* may be comp\nd 7 #dea74 #b4 ,a comp\nd clause consi/s ( two or m cord9ate clauses 7 #ded74 #c4 ,a complex clause consi/s ( at lea/ two clauses1 "o ( :i* is subord9ate to ! o!r4 #ejg4 ,! unit 9 all comb9ations ( clauses is cle>ly ! simple s5t5ce1 :i*1 :5 us$ z a "p ( a m complicat$ s5t5ce1 becomes a simple clause4 ,! processes us$ 9 su* comb9ations1 z we h se51 are really b two 9 numb]1--cord9ation & subord9ation4 ,cord9ation ( clauses produces comp\nd s5t5ces or comp\nd clauses2 subord9ation ( "o clause to ano!r produces complex s5t5ces or complex clauses4 #ejh4 ,e s5t5ce1 h[ev] long & complicat$1 belongs 79 /ructure7 to "o ( ! ?ree classes1--simple1 comp\nd1 & complex4 ,,simple ,,s5t5ces #eji4 ,a simple s5t5ce may h a comp\nd subject or pr$icate 7or bo?71 & may also include a numb] ( modifi]s & complem5ts4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 a simple s5t5ce ne$ n be %ort4 ,x rema9s simple 9 /ructure s long z x conta9s b "o simple or comp\nd subject & "o simple or comp\nd pr$icate4 ,?us1-- #a4 ,y leave ,glasg[ 9 a /eamboat1 g d[n ! ,clyde f\rte5 miles1 & !n come to ,dumb>ton ,ca/le1 a huge rock five or six hundr$ feet high1 n connect$ ) any o!r high l&1 & ) a =tress at ! top4--,,web/]4 ,! l5g? ( ?is s5t5ce is due p>tly to its comp\nd pr$icate1 p>tly to ! modifi] 7& modifi]s ( ! modifi]7 atta*$ to ! n\n ,dumb>ton ,ca/le4 #b4 ,he 0 little dispos$ to ex*ange 8 lordly repose = ! insecure & agitat$ life ( a conspirator1 to be 9 ! p[] ( accomplices1 to live 9 con/ant dread ( w>rants & k+'s mess5g]s1 nay1 p]haps1 to end 8 days on a scaffold1 or to live on alms 9 "s back /reet ( ! ,hague4--,,macaulay4 ,?is s5t5ce is l5g!n$ by means ( a s]ies ( inf9itives us$ z adv]bial modifi]s ( ! complem5t dispos$ 7a p>ticiple us$ z an adjective74 ,ea* ( ^! inf9itives takes a complem5t or a modifi] 7or bo?74 #c4 ,! arbitr>y measures ( ,*>les ,i1 ! bold s*emes ( ,/raf=d1 & ! intol]ant bigotry ( ,laud1 precipitat$ a collision betwe5 ! opposite pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 & divid$ ! :ole c\ntry into ,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads4--,,may4 ,bo? ! subject & ! pr$icate are comp\nd4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree n\ns 9 ! comp\nd subject has modifi]s4 ,! two v]bs 9 ! comp\nd pr$icate h ea* a complem5t1 & ! second has an adv]bial modifi] 7a phrase74 #d4 ,tw5ty ( ! savages n[ got on bo>d & proce$$ to ramble ov] e "p ( ! deck & scramble ab\t among ! rigg+1 mak+ !mselves mu* at home & exam9+ e article ) great inquisitiv5ess4--,,poe4 ,! pr$icate is comp\nd4 ,! s5t5ce is ext5d$ by ! use ( p>ticiples 7mak+ & exam9+71 :i* modify ! simple subject tw5ty4 #e4 ,%e 0 tumbl$ e>ly1 by accid5t or design1 into a spaci\s closet ( good old ,engli% read+1 )\t mu* selection or prohibition1 & br[s$ at w ^u t fair & :olesome pa/urage4--,,lamb4 #f4 ,! m]maid 0 /ill se5 to glide along ! wat]s1 & m+l+ h] voice ) ! sigh+ breeze1 0 (t5 he>d to s+ ( subt]ranean wond]s1 or to *ant prophecies ( future ev5ts4--,,scott4 #g4 ,) e>ly dawn1 !y 7 "u arms1 &1 )\t wait+ = ! movem5t ( ! ,spani>ds1 p\r$ into ! city & attack$ !m 9 _! own qu>t]s4--,,prescott4 #h4 ,arm+ a desp]ate troop ( slaves & gladiators1 he ov]p[]$ ! feeble gu>d ( ! dome/ic tranquillity ( ,rome1 receiv$ ! homage ( ! ,s5ate1 &1 assum+ ! title ( ,augu/us1 prec>i\sly reign$ dur+ a tumult ( tw5ty-eight days4--,,gibbon4 ,,note4 ,a simple s5t5ce ) comp\nd pr$icate (t5 diff]s v slightly f a comp\nd s5t5ce4 ,?us 9 examples #d-g ! ins]tion ( a s+le pron\n 7!y1 %e7 to s]ve z a subject = ! second v]b 7proce$$1 br[s$1 etc47 w make ! s5t5ce comp\nd4 ,,comp\nd ,,& ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #eaj4 ,e s5t5ce t is n simple mu/ be ei!r comp\nd or complex4 ,a s5t5ce is comp\nd if x consi/s ( two or m indep5d5t clauses2 complex1 if x consi/s ( "o indep5d5t 7ma97 clause & "o or m subord9ate clauses4 #eaa4 ,an ord9>y comp\nd s5t5ce consi/s ( two or m cord9ate simple clauses4 ,su* a s5t5ce may be ( great l5g? 7z 9 ! la/ example bel[71 b its /ructure is usually transp>5t4 ,a cricket *irps on ! he>?1 & we are rem9d$ ( ,*ri/mas gambols long ago4--,,hazlitt4 ,! mom5ts 7 numb]$2 ! /rife 0 f9i%$2 ! vision 0 clos$4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,! old k+ _h retir$ to 8 c\* t night 9 "o ( ! /ronge/ t[]s ( ! ,alhambra1 b 8 re/less anxiety kept him f repose4--,,irv+4 ,! clock has j /ruck two2 ! expir+ tap] rises & s9ks 9 ! socket2 ! wat*man =gets 8 h\r 9 slumb]2 ! labori\s & ! happy are at re/2 & no?+ wakes b m$itation1 guilt1 revelry1 & despair4--,,goldsmi?4 ,! pres5t1 inde$1 is n a conte/ = di/ant or cont+5t objects2 x is n a conte/ = acquisition ( t]ritory2 x is n a conte/ = p[] & glory2 z little is x c>ri$ on m]ely = any comm]cial advantage1 or any p>ticul> =m ( gov]nm5t2 b x is a conte/ = ! security1 ! tranquillity1 & ! v exi/5ce ( ,great ,brita91 connect$ ) t ( e e/abli%$ gov]nm5t & e c\ntry 9 ,europe4--,,pitt4 #eab4 ,a complex s5t5ce1 9 its mo/ elem5t>y =m1 consi/s ( "o simple indep5d5t 7ma97 clause & "o simple subord9ate clause4 ,! gas explod$ :5 ,i /ruck a mat*4 ,?\gh he is idle1 he is n lazy4 ,! c>p5t] :o fell f ! ro( has recov]$ f 8 injuries4 ,_! eyes 7 s fatigu$ ) ! et]nal dazzle & :it5ess1 t !y lay d[n on _! backs ^u deck to relieve _! sight on ! blue sky4--,,keats4 ,! %\ts ( ?\s&s1 _! m5ac+ ge/ures1 ! fi]ce cla%+ ( _! arms1 a/oni%$ & subdu$ ! c\rage ( ,vetranio1 :o /ood1 amid/ ! defection ( 8 foll[]s1 9 anxi\s & sil5t susp5se4--,,gibbon4 #eac4 ,bo? comp\nd s5t5ces & complex s5t5ces admit ( mu* v>iety 9 /ructure1 accord+ to ! nature & ! relations ( ! clauses t compose !m4 ,,comp\nd ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #ead4 ,any or all ( ! cord9ate clauses t make up a comp\nd s5t5ce may be complex4 ,9 t case1 ! s5t5ce is call$ a comp\nd complex s5t5ce4 ,,note4 ,comp\nd complex s5t5ces =m a special class or subdivision "u ! g5]al head ( comp\nd s5t5ces4#di ,old ,uncle ,v5n] 0 j com+ out ( 8 door1 ) a wood-horse & saw on 8 %\ld]2 &1 trudg+ along ! /reet1 he scrupl$ n to keep company ) ,phbe1 s f> z _! pa?s lay toge!r2 nor1 9 spite ( 8 pat*$ coat & ru/y beav]1 & ! curi\s fa%ion ( 8 t[-clo? tr\s]s1 c\ld %e f9d x 9 h] he>t to outwalk him4--,,haw?orne4 ,?is s5t5ce consi/s ( ?ree cord9ate clauses1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,^! are jo9$ by ! cord9ate conjunctions &1 nor4 ,! fir/ & ! ?ird clause are simple1 b ! second clause is complex4 ,h5ce ! :ole =ms "o comp\nd complex s5t5ce4 ,! complex clause consi/s ( two clauses1 ! second ( :i* is subord9ate to ! fir/4 ,tak5 z a :ole1 h[ev]1 ?is complex clause is manife/ly cord9ate ) ! two simple clauses1 s9ce ! ?ree =m a s]ies jo9$ by cord9ate conjunctions4 #eae4 ,fur!r examples ( comp\nd complex s5t5ces are3-- #a4 ,! p drove out ,k+ ,a?amas1 because he _h kill$ 8 *ild2 & he roam$ ab\t 9 8 mis]y1 till he came to ! ,oracle 9 ,delphi4--,,k+sley4 #b4 ,society is ! /age on :i* mann]s are %[n2 novels are _! lit]ature4--,,em]son4 #c4 ,we keep no bees1 b if ,i liv$ 9 a hive ,i %\ld sc>cely h m ( _! music4--,,c[p]4 #d4 ,! same riv] ran on z x _h run on be=e1 b ! *e]ful faces t _h once be5 reflect$ 9 its /ream _h pass$ away4--,,fr\de4 #e4 ,!re are "s laws & cu/oms 9 ?is empire v peculi>2 & if !y 7 n s directly contr>y to ^? ( my own de> c\ntry1 ,i %\ld be tempt$ to say a little 9 _! ju/ification4--,,swift4 #f4 ,"h !y arriv$ ab\t noon1 & ,joseph propos$ to ,adams t !y %\ld re/ a:ile 9 ?is delightful place4--,,field+4 #g4 ,i nev] saw a busi] p]son ?an %e seem$ to be2 yet x 0 difficult to say :at %e did4--,c4 ,,bront4 #h4 ,malaga possess$ a brave & num]\s g>rison1 & ! common p 7 active1 h>dy1 & resolute2 b ! city 0 ri* & comm]cial1 & "u ! habitual control ( opul5t m]*ants1 :o dread$ ! ru9\s consequ5ces ( a siege4--,,irv+4 #i4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 n to be tak5 by surprise2 &1 be=e ! b>b>ian horde _h come )9 _! l9es1 !y op5$ su* a deadly fire f _! heavy guns1 support$ by ! musketry & crossb[s1 t ! assailants 7 compell$ to fall back sl[ly1 b fe>fully mangl$1 to _! =m] position4--,,prescott4 #aj4 ,h] *eeks 7 z pale z m>ble1 b ( a cold1 unheal?y1 a%5 :ite2 & my he>t a*$ to ?9k t !y _h be5 blea*$1 mo/ probably1 by bitt] & cont9ual te>s4--,,hood4 #aa4 ,! hawk1 hav+ 9 spiral motion a*iev$ ! upp] flight1 fell l a ?und]bolt on ! rav51 /unn$ him ) ! bl[1 clut*$ him 9 8 talons1 fold$ him 9 8 w+s1 &1 ! hawk und]mo/1 !y tumbl$ d[n l a black ball1 till )9 a %ort di/ance f ! e>?4--,,trelawny4 ,9 ?is s5t5ce !y 7 is und]/ood aft] till4 ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,complex ,,s5t5ce #eaf4 ,a complex s5t5ce may be exp&$ ei!r by comp\nd+ ! ma9 clause1 or by increas+ ! numb] ( subord9ate clauses4 ,bo? me?ods may be us$ 9 ! same s5t5ce4 #eag4 ,! indep5d5t 7ma97 clause ( a complex s5t5ce may be comp\nd4 ,:5 !y saw ! %ip1 !y %\t$ = joy & "s ( !m bur/ into te>s4 ,z !y turn$ d[n f ! knoll to rejo9 _! comrades1 ! sun dipp$ & disappe>$1 & ! woods fell in/antly into ! gravity & grayness ( ! e>ly night4--,,/ev5son4 ,! eye ( ! "y mon>* k9dl$ & 8 d>k *eek flu%$ ) sudd5 ang]1 z he li/5$ to proposals s humiliat+4--,,prescott4 ,%>pe 0 s hat$ 9 ,scotl& dur+ 8 life1 & 8 dea? won him s _m fri5ds1 or pity+ obs]v]s1 t x is n easy to write ( him )\t prejudice or favor4--,a4 ,,lang4 ,z has be5 ! case ) _m ano!r good fell[ ( 8 nation1 8 life 0 track$ & 8 sub/ance wa/$ by cr[ds ( hungry begg>s & lazy dep5d5ts4--,,?ack]ay4 ,note t ! subord9ate clause dep5ds on ! comp\nd ma9 clause1 n ^u ei!r ( its memb]s4 ,?us1 9 ! fir/ example1 ! subord9ate clause 7:5 !y saw ! %ip7 dep5ds ^u ! comp\nd ma9 clause1 !y %\t$ = joy & "s ( !m bur/ into te>s4 ,x is an adv]bial modifi] ( bo? %\t$ & bur/4 #eah4 ,?\gh a complex s5t5ce c h b "o 7simple or comp\nd7 ma9 clause1 !re is1 9 !ory1 no limit to ! numb] ( subord9ate clauses4 #eai4 ,subord9ate clauses may be atta*$ to ! ma9 clause 7#a7 z sep>ate modifi]s or complem5ts2 7#b7 9 a cord9ate s]ies ( clauses1 all 9 ! same con/ruction1 & =m+ "o comp\nd clause2 7#c7 9 a s]ies ( successively subord9ate clauses1 =m+ "o complex clause4 #ebj4 ,two or m subord9ate clauses may be atta*$ to ! ma9 clause sep>ately1 ea* z a di/9ct modifi] or complem5t4 ,! bridge1 :i* _h be5 weak5$ by ! ice1 fell ) a cra% :ile ! locomotive 0 cross+ x4 ,! fir/ subord9ate clause is an adjective modifi] ( bridge2 ! second is an adv]bial modifi] ( fell4 ,! ar*itect :o drew ! plans says t ! h\se w co/ t5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,! fir/ subord9ate clause is an adjective modifi] ( ar*itect2 ! second is a complem5t1 be+ ! object ( says4 ,isabella1 :om e incid5t 0 suffici5t to dismay1 hesitat$ :e!r %e %\ld proce$4--,h4 ,,walpole4 ,z ! boat drew ne>] to ! city1 ! coa/ :i* ! travell] _h j left sank beh9d him into "o long1 l[1 sad-color$ l9e4--,,rusk94 ,^? dang]s :i*1 9 ! vigor ( y\?1 we _h le>n$ to despise1 assume new t]rors z we gr[ old4--,,goldsmi?4 ,:5 ,f>m] ,oak smil$1 ! corn]s ( 8 m\? spread till !y 7 )9 an unimportant di/ance ( 8 e>s4--,,h>dy4 ,z ,florian ,deleal walk$1 "o hot aft]noon1 he ov]took by ! wayside a poor ag$ man1 &1 z he seem$ we>y ) ! road1 help$ him on ) ! burd5 :i* he c>ri$1 a c]ta9 di/ance4--,,pat]4 ,:ile ,joe 0 abs5t on ?is err&1 ! eld] ,willet & 8 ?ree companions cont9u$ to smoke ) pr(\nd gravity & 9 a deep sil5ce1 ea* hav+ 8 eyes fix$ on a huge copp] boil] t 0 susp5d$ ov] ! fire4--,,dick5s4 #eba4 ,two or m subord9ate clauses 9 ! same con/ruction1 =m+ "o comp\nd clause1 may be atta*$ to ! ma9 clause z a modifi] or complem5t4 #a4 ,! tru? 0 t ,leon>d _h ov]slept1 t he _h miss$ ! tra91 & t he _h fail$ to keep 8 appo9tm5t4 #b4 ,! guide told u t ! road 0 impassable1 t ! riv] 0 9 flood1 & t ! bridge _h be5 swept away4 #c4 ,ellis1 ^: pockets 7 empty & ^: c\rage 0 at a l[ ebb1 />$ dismally at ! pass+ cr[d4 #d4 ,be=e ! battle 0 ov] & :ile ! result 0 /ill 9 d\bt1 ! g5]al ord]$ a retreat4 #e4 ,aft] we _h arriv$ at ! hotel1 b be=e we _h engag$ our rooms1 we receiv$ an invitation to /ay at ! ca/le4 #f4 ,my fir/ ?\ght 01 t all 0 lo/1 & t my only *ance = execut+ a retreat 0 to sacrifice my baggage4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #g4 ,! au?or fully conv9c$ 8 read]s t !y 7 a race ( c[>ds & sc\ndrels1 t no?+ c\ld save !m1 t !y 7 on ! po9t ( be+ enslav$ by _! enemies1 & t !y ri*ly des]v$ _! fate4--,,macaulay4 ,9 ! fir/ & second examples1 ?ree cord9ate n\n clauses are jo9$ to make "o comp\nd clause1 :i* is us$ z a complem5t1--z a pr$icate nom9ative 9 ! fir/ s5t5ce1 z ! direct object ( told 9 ! second4 ,9 ! ?ird example1 a comp\nd adjective clause modifies ,ellis4 ,9 ! f\r? & fif?1 a comp\nd adv]bial clause modifies ! pr$icate v]b 7ord]$1 receiv$74 ,9 ! sev5?1 f\r t-clauses unite 9 "o comp\nd clause4 #ebb4 ,two or m successively subord9ate clauses1 =m+ "o complex clause1 may be jo9$ to ! ma9 clause z a modifi] or complem5t4 ,9 su* a s]ies1 ! fir/ subord9ate clause is atta*$ directly to ! ma9 clause1 ! second is subord9ate to ! fir/1 ! ?ird to ! second1 & s on 9 succession4 ,9 ! c\rse ( my travels1 ,i met a good-natur$ old g5tleman1 7a7 :o 0 born 9 ! village 7b7 :]e my p>5ts liv$ 7c7 be=e !y came to ,am]ica4 ,"h g5tleman 7a complem5t 9 ! ma9 clause7 is modifi$ by ! adjective clause :o 0 born 9 ! village 7a74 ,village1 9 clause a1 is modifi$ by ! adjective clause :]e my p>5ts liv$ 7b74 ,liv$1 ! pr$icate v]b ( clause b1 is modifi$ by ! adv]bial clause be=e !y came to ,am]ica 7c74 ,?us x appe>s t a is subord9ate to ! ma9 clause1 & t b1 9 turn1 is subord9ate to a1 & c to b4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ?ree clauses 7a1 b1 c7 are unit$ to make "o complex clause1--:o 0 born 9 ! village :]e my p>5ts liv$ be=e !y came to ,am]ica4 ,?is clause1 tak5 z a :ole1 s]ves z an adjective modifi] describ+ g5tleman4 #ebc4 ,fur!r examples ( ! successive subord9ation ( "o clause to ano!r may be se5 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- ,i h pass$ my latt] ye>s 9 ?is city1 :]e ,i am frequ5tly se5 9 public places1 ?\gh !re are n above half-a-doz5 ( my select fri5ds t "k me4--,,addison4 ,9 ?is mann] !y advanc$ by moonlight till !y came )9 view ( ! two t[]+ rocks t =m a k9d ( portal to ! valley1 at ! extremity ( :i* rose ! va/ ru9s ( ,i/ak>4--,,beck=d4 ,! "y fell[ utt]$ ?is ) an acc5t & a look s p]fectly 9 tune to a feel+ he>t1 t ,i in/antly made a v[ ,i w\ld give him a f\r-&-tw5ty s\s piece1 :5 ,i got to ,m>seilles4--,,/]ne4 ,! conjunction t is omitt$ be=e ,i w\ld 7 #chh74 ,?ree ye>s _h sc>cely elaps$ be=e ! sons ( ,con/ant9e seem$ impati5t to conv9ce mank9d t !y 7 incapable ( cont5t+ !mselves ) ! dom9ions :i* !y 7 unqualifi$ to gov]n4--,,gibbon4 ,mr4 ,lewis s5t me an acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,arbu?not's illness1 :i* is a v s5sible affliction to me1 :o1 by liv+ s long out ( ! _w1 h lo/ t h>dness ( he>t contract$ by ye>s & g5]al conv]sation4--,,swift4 ,,note4 ,! me?od ( =m+ complex clauses by successive subord9ation1 if ov]work$1 produces long1 /raggl+1 %apeless s5t5ces1 z 9 ! foll[+ example f ,borr[3--8,i sc\t$ ! idea t ,sl+sby w\ld h /ol5 ?is blacksmi?'s ge>2 = ,i _h ! highe/ op9ion ( 8 hone/y1 :i* op9ion ,i /ill reta9 at ! pres5t day1 :i* is upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s f ! "t ( :i* ,i am speak+1 dur+ ! :ole ( :i* p]iod ,i h nei!r se5 ! poor fell[ nor receiv$ any intellig5ce ( him40 ,a fam\s in/ance ( ! use ( ?is /ructure = comic effect is 8,! ,h\se t ,jack ,built40 ,,special ,,complications #ebd4 ,! processes ( cord9ation & subord9ation 7 #ead-ebc7 may be s utiliz$ 9 "o & ! same s5t5ce z to produce a v complicat$ /ructure4 ,examples ( su* s5t5ces are giv5 bel[1 = ref]5ce 7 #ebe-ebf74 ,_! /ructure1 h[ev] elaborate1 is always ei!r complex or comp\nd complex4 ,i4 ,,9 ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #ebe4 ,! foll[+ s5t5ces are complex4 ,!y conta9 ei!r comp\nd or complex clauses1 or bo?4 #a4 ,!y pref]r$ ! silv] ) :i* !y 7 famili>1 & :i* !y 7 con/antly pass+ ab\t f h& to h&1 to ! gold :i* !y _h nev] be=e se51 & ) ! value ( :i* !y 7 unacqua9t$4--,,macaulay4 ,! ma9 clause ( ?is complex s5t5ce is !y pref]r$ ! silv] to ! gold4 ,to ?is are sep>ately atta*$ 7 #ebj7 two adjective clauses1 bo? comp\nd3 7#a7 ) :i* 444 h&1 modify+ silv]2 7#b7 :i* !y _h 444 unacqua9t$1 modify+ gold4 #b4 ,all ,london cr[d$ to %\t & laugh r\nd ! gibbet :]e hung ! rott+ rema9s ( a pr9ce :o _h made ,engl& ! dread ( ! _w1 :o _h be5 ! *ief f\nd] ( h] m>itime greatness & ( h] colonial empire1 :o _h conqu]$ ,scotl& & ,irel&1 :o _h humbl$ ,holl& & ,spa94--,,macaulay4 ,! s5t5ce is complex4 ,! ma9 clause is all ,london cr[d$ to %\t & laugh r\nd ! gibbet4 ,! re/ ( ! s5t5ce 7:]e 444 ,spa97 =ms "o long complex adjective clause1 modify+ gibbet4 ,9 ?is complex clause1 ! fir/ clause 7:]e 444 pr9ce7 has dep5d5t on x a comp\nd adjective clause 7modify+ pr9ce71 made up ( f\r cord9ate clauses1 ea* beg9n+ ) :o4 ,! subord9ation ( ?is comp\nd clause to t :i* prec$es 7:]e 444 pr9ce7 produces ! long complex subord9ate clause :]e 444 ,spa94 #c4 ,z we _c at pres5t get ,mr4 ,joseph out ( ! inn1 we %all leave him 9 x1 & c>ry our read] on aft] ,p>son ,adams1 :o1 8 m9d be+ p]fectly at ease1 fell into a contemplation on a passage 9 s*ylus1 :i* ent]ta9$ him = ?ree miles toge!r1 )\t suff]+ him once to reflect on 8 fell[-travell]4--,,field+4 ,9 ?is complex s5t5ce1 two subord9ate clauses are sep>ately atta*$ to ! ma9 clause3 7#a7 ! adv]bial clause z 444 inn2 7#b7 ! adjective clause :o 444 fell[-travell]4 ,?is latt] clause is complex1 s9ce x conta9s ! adjective clause :i* 444 fell[-travell]1 dep5d5t on :o 444 s*ylus1 & modify+ passage4 #d4 ,z ,i sit by my w9d[ ?is summ] aft]noon1 hawks are circl+ ab\t my cle>+2 ! tantivy ( wild pigeons1 fly+ by twos & ?rees a?w>t my view1 or p]*+ re/lessly on ! :ite p9e b\ghs beh9d my h\se1 gives a voice to ! air2 a fi%hawk dimples ! glassy surface ( ! pond & br+s up a fi%2 a m9k /eals out ( ! m>% be=e my door & seizes a frog by ! %ore2 ! s$ge is b5d+ "u ! weight ( ! re$-birds flitt+ hi!r & hi!r2 & = ! la/ half h\r ,i h he>d ! rattle ( railroad c>s1 n[ dy+ away & !n revv+ l ! beat ( a p>tridge1 convey+ travell]s f ,bo/on to ! c\ntry4--,,?oreau4 ,?is s5t5ce is complex4 ,its ma9 clause is comp\nd1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( six cord9ate simple clauses4 ,! :ole ( ?is long comp\nd ma9 clause is modifi$ by ! adv]bial clause ) :i* ! s5t5ce beg9s 7z 444 aft]noon74 #e4 ,t !y _h sprung f obscurity1 t !y _h acquir$ great weal?1 t !y exhibit$ x insol5tly1 t !y sp5t x extravagantly1 t !y rais$ ! price ( ev]y?+ 9 _! neighborhood1 f fre% eggs to rott5 bor\ghs2 t _! liv]ies out%one ^? ( dukes1 t _! coa*es 7 f9] ?an t ( ! ,"l ,mayor1 t ! examples ( _! l>ge & ill-gov]n$ h\seholds corrupt$ half ! s]vants 9 ! c\ntry2 t "s ( !m1 ) all _! magnific5ce1 c\ld n cat* ! tone ( good society1 b 9 spite ( ! /ud & ! cr[d ( m5ials1 ( ! plate & ! ,dresd5 *9a1 ( ! v5ison & ! ,burgundy1 7 /ill l[ m51--^! 7 ?+s :i* excit$1 bo? 9 ! class f :i* !y _h sprung1 & 9 t into :i* !y attempt$ to =ce !mselves1 t bitt] av]sion :i* is ! effect ( m+l$ envy & contempt4--,,macaulay4 ,?is complex s5t5ce1 ?\gh v long1 is p]fectly easy to foll[4 ,x beg9s ) a long comp\nd n\n clause 7consi/+ ( n9e cord9ate t-clauses74 ,?is w\ld be ! subject ( ! ma9 pr$icate v]b 71 b = ! fact t ! pron\n ^! is ins]t$ to act z ! subject 7ref]r+ back to ! comp\nd n\n clause & summ+ x up 9 a s+le ^w74 ,to ! complem5t ?+s is atta*$ ! adjective clause :i* excit$ 444 contempt4 ,?is clause is complex1 = x conta9s ?ree adjective clauses1 7#a7 f :i* !y _h sprung 7modify+ class71 7#b7 into :i* 444 !mselves 7modify+ t71 & 7#c7 :i* is 444 contempt 7modify+ av]sion74 ,all ?ree are sep>ately atta*$ to ! clause on :i* !y dep5d1 :i* excit$ t bitt] av]sion4 ,?us all t portion ( ! s5t5ce :i* foll[s ?+s =ms "o complex clause1 modify+ t n\n4 #f4 ,t ,i may avoid ! imputation ( ?r[+ out1 ev5 privately1 any loose1 r&om imputations aga9/ ! public conduct ( a g5tleman = :om ,i once ent]ta9$ a v w>m affection1 & ^: abilities ,i reg>d ) ! greate/ admiration1 ,i w put d[n1 di/9ctly & articulately1 "s ( ! matt]s ( objection :i* ,i feel to 8 late doctr9es & proce$+s1 tru/+ t ,i %all be able to demon/rate to ! fri5ds ^: good op9ion ,i w\ld /ill cultivate1 t n levity1 nor caprice1 nor less def5sible motives1 b t v grave reasons1 influ5ce my judgm5t4--,,burke4 ,?is is a f9e example ( a long1 b well-con/ruct$ complex s5t5ce4 ,! ma9 clause is ,i w put d[n1 di/9ctly & articulately1 "s ( ! matt]s ( objection4 ,^u ?is simple clause1 ev]y?+ else 9 ! s5t5ce dep5ds 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,,ii4 ,,9 ,,comp\nd ,,complex ,,s5t5ces #ebf4 ,any complex s5t5ce1 h[ev] elaborate1 may be us$ z "o ( ! cord9ate complex clauses t make up a comp\nd complex s5t5ce4 #a4 ,:ile ! k+ 0 treat$ at ?is rude rate1 ,cromwell1 ) 8 army1 0 9 ,scotl&1 ob/ruct+ ! motions t 7 mak+ 9 8 favor2 b on ! approa* ( ! ,scots1 :o 7 mu* sup]ior 9 numb]1 he 0 =c$ to retire t[>ds ,dunb>1 :]e 8 %ips & provisions lay4--,,burnet4 ,9 ?is comp\nd complex s5t5ce1 bo? cord9ate clauses are complex4 ,9 ea*1 ! ma9 clause has two subord9ate clauses atta*$ to x sep>ately 7 #ebj74 #b4 ,!y _h se5 me cut ! cables1 & ?\ght my design 0 only to let ! %ips run adrift1 or fall f\l on ea* o!r2 b :5 !y p]ceiv$ ! :ole fleet mov+ 9 ord]1 & saw me pull+ at ! end1 !y set up su* a scream ( grief & despair z x is almo/ impossible to describe or conceive4--,,swift4 ,9 ?is comp\nd complex s5t5ce1 bo? ( ! two cord9ate clauses are complex4 ,! fir/ conta9s ! n\n clause t my design 444 ea* o!r1 us$ z ! object ( ?\ght4 ,! second conta9s two subord9ate clauses1 sep>ately atta*$ to ! ma9 clause 7!y set 444 despair74 ,= ! inf9itive cut1 see #cbb4 ,! inf9itive to let is us$ z a pr$icate nom9ative 7 #dia72 x has z its object ! inf9itive clause ! %ips 444 ea* o!r1 conta9+ two inf9itives1 run & fall 7 #cbe74 #c4 ,:ile ?+s w5t on quietly1 :ile !re 0 no opposition1 :ile ev]y?+ 0 giv5 by ! favor ( a small rul+ junto1 ,fox _h a decid$ advantage ov] ,pitt2 b :5 dang]\s times came1 :5 ,europe 0 convuls$ ) w>1 :5 ,p>liam5t 0 brok5 up into factions1 :5 ! public m9d 0 viol5tly excit$1 ! favorite ( ! p rose to supreme p[]4--,,macaulay4 ,?is comp\nd complex s5t5ce consi/s ( two complex clauses1 jo9$ by ! cord9ate conjunction b4 ,9 ea* ( ^!1 ! subord9ate clause is comp\nd 7 #eba71 consi/+ ( sev]al cord9ate adv]bial clauses introduc$ by relative adv]bs 7:ile 9 ! fir/1 :5 9 ! second74 #d4 ,! cle> & agreeable language ( 8 despat*es _h e>ly attract$ ! notice ( 8 employ]s2 & be=e ! ,peace ( ,br$a he _h1 at ! reque/ ( ,arl+ton1 publi%$ a pamphlet on ! w>1 ( :i* no?+ is n[ kn[n1 except t x _h "s vogue at ! "t1 & t ,*>les1 n a contemptible judge1 pron\nc$ x to be v well writt54--,,macaulay4 ,9 ?is comp\nd complex s5t5ce1 ! fir/ cord9ate clause is simple1 ! second is complex4 ,9 ! second1 ! adjective clause ( :i* no?+ is kn[n has dep5d5t on x ! gr\p ( words except 444 well writt51 consi/+ ( ! preposition except & its object 7! comp\nd n\n clause1 t 444 "t1 & t 444 well writt574 ,?is gr\p s]ves z an adjective modifi] ( ! n\n no?+4 ,! :ole passage ( :i* 444 well writt5 =ms a complex adjective clause1 modify+ pamphlet4 ,x to be v well writt5 is a complem5t1 be+ an inf9itive clause us$ z ! object ( pron\nc$ 7 #cbe74 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,elliptical ,,s5t5ces #ebg4 ,good usage does n dem& t all s5t5ces %all be absolutely complete4 ,x (t5 all[s 7& sometimes requires7 ! omission ( words t1 ?\gh necess>y to ! con/ruction1 are s easily suppli$ by ! m9d t x w\ld be m]e wa/e ( "t to utt] !m4 #ebh4 ,! omission ( a ^w or words necess>y to ! grammatical complet5ess ( a clause or s5t5ce is call$ ellipsis4 ,a clause or s5t5ce t %[s ellipsis is said to be elliptical4 ,ellipsis is a ,greek ^w mean+ 8omission40 ,9 ! foll[+ examples ! omitt$ words are suppli$ 9 brackets4 ,i ?ank y4 ,i pray d n y move4 ,y pass me t book4 ,h] hair is light1 h] eyes are d>k blue4 ,"s ( ! /rang]s spoke ,fr5*1 o!rs spoke ,spani%4 ,"s ( ! patriots 7 arm$ ) old fl9tlocks1 o!rs 7 arm$ ) swords1 /ill o!rs 7 arm$ ) pit*=ks4 ,:5 he 0 a y\?1 he travell$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,?\gh he is timid1 he is no c[>d4 ,!y 7 amus$1 ?\gh !y 7 some:at vex$4 ,:ile we 7 drift+ d[n/ream1 we gr\nd$ on a s& b>4 ,if x is possible1 s5d me ^w to-night4 ,y %all h ! money ?is week1 if x is necess>y4 ,!y m>*$ sl[ly z if !y 7 worn out4 ,:y are ^! te>s8 ,:y are y s deject$8 ,he 0 t5 ye>s ( age1 8 bro!r 0 eight ye>s ( age4 ,i h m confid5ce 9 ,james ?an ,i h 9 ,edmund4 ,m>y is y\ng] ?an ,george is "y4 ,tom likes y bett] ?an he likes me4 ,y l him bett] ?an ,i d l him4 ,i l him bett] ?an ,*>les does l him4 ,?is racket is n s heavy z t is heavy4 ,y are n s old z ,i am old4 ,peace be to 8 memory6 ,?is is ! only p5cil t ,i h4 ,is t ! boy :om y hir$ ye/]day8 ,!y say t y are go+ to ,europe soon4 #ebi4 ,! examples 9 #ebh %[ t mo/ cases ( ellipsis fall "u two heads3 #a4 ,to avoid repetition1 words are (t5 omitt$ 9 "o "p ( ! s5t5ce :5 !y occur 9 ano!r "p4 #b4 ,pron\ns1 ! conjunction t1 & "s =ms ( ! v]b is1 are (t5 omitt$ :5 !y are readily suppli$4 ,"u ! second head come 7#a7 ! ellipsis ( ! subject 7?\ or y7 9 imp]ative s5t5ces 7 #bfh71 7#b7 t ( relative pron\ns 9 ! objective case 7 #aea71 7#c7 t ( is1 are1 etc4 7) ! subject pron\n7 9 subord9ate clauses introduc$ by :51 ?\gh1 if1 & ! l 7 #cig1 #cii1 #dag74 ,,note4 ,! s-call$ 8telegraphic /yle0 omits ,i ) any v]b or ) all v]bs4 ,x %\ld be conf9$ to telegrams1 :]e space is money4 #ecj4 ,adv]bs indicat+ direction 7l =w>d1 back7 are (t5 us$ )\t a v]b 9 imp]ative s5t5ces4 ,=w>d1 brave companions6 ,d[n on y\r knees6 ,up1 gu>ds1 & at !m6 ,,note4 ,9 old] ,engli%1 ! omission ( ! v]b ( motion 0 common1 ev5 9 s5t5ces n imp]ative1 z 9 ! foll[+ examples f ,julius ,cs>3--8,we'll along ourselves1 & meet !m02 8,%all we on1 & n dep5d on y80 #eca4 ,! ellipsis ( ! subord9ate conjunction t is v common1 especially 9 indirect disc\rse 7 #chh1 #dcc74 ,i "k t y are my fri5d4 ,jack said t ! boat _h sunk4 ,he told me t he 0 sorry4 #ecb4 ,_m con/ructions1 orig9ally elliptical1 h become e/abli%$ idioms 9 :i* no ellipsis is felt4 ,9 su* cases x is usually bett] to take ! s5t5ce z x /&s1 & n to supply ! omitt$ words4 ,?us1 9 8,he eats z if he 7 fami%$0 ! italiciz$ words are prop]ly treat$ z a subord9ate clause modify+ eats & introduc$ by ! comp\nd conjunction z if4 ,yet 9 /rictness ?is con/ruction is an ellipsis = 8,he eats z he w\ld eat if he 7 fami%$40 #ecc4 ,v>i\s ellipses are illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces3-- #a4 ,al?\gh 9 a fri5dly c\ntry1 !y m>*$ always z if 9 a l& ( enemies4 #b4 ,! aspect ( ! c\ntry 0 z wild & dre>y z ! climate4 #c4 ,d n s]i\s & e>ne/ m5 discuss ,hamlet z !y w\ld ,cromwell or ,l9coln8--,,l[ell4 #d4 ,n s ) ! o!rs4 #e4 ,?\gh r %y & di/ru/ful ( ?is new acqua9tance1 ,rip compli$ ) 8 usual alacrity4 #f4 ,arras 0 fam$ = its ri* tape/ries1 ,brussels = its c>pets1 ,cambrai = its f9e cambric1 ,lisle = its ?read & ! fabrics wov5 f x4 #g4 ,e day br+s its task1 :i*1 if neglect$1 is d\bl$ on ! morr[4 #h4 ,x is n easy to recov] an art :5 once lo/4 #i4 ,i wi% y w\ld g d[n ) me to ,new/ead4 #aj4 ,! m5 are all soldi]s1 & w> & ! *ase _! sole occupation4 #aa4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate ( irresolution1 %e 0 />tl$ by a l[ knock4 #ab4 ,! h\se 0 tall1 ! skylight small & dirty1 ! day bl9d ) fog4 #ac4 ,i little ?\ght y w\ld h des]t$ me4 #ad4 ,he is ! be/ ,ori5tal s*ol> ,i "k4 #ae4 ,cromwell 0 evid5tly lay+1 ?\gh 9 an irregul> mann]1 ! f\ndations ( an admirable sy/em4 #af4 ,he 0 a foot tall] ?an ,i4 #ag4 ,?is conc]ns y r ?an me4 #ah4 ,my fa!r lov$ ,sir ,r[l& z 8 s\l4 ,,ex]cises ,,ex]cise #a 7 #a-e1 pp4 #a-c7 #a4 ,tell :e!r ea* ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces is decl>ative1 int]rogative1 imp]ative1 or exclamatory4 ,if a s5t5ce is bo? decl>ative & exclamatory1 m5tion ! fact4 ,m5tion ! subject & ! pr$icate ( ea* s5t5ce4 ,note all in/ances ( ! inv]t$ ord] 7 #e74 #a4 ,y ne$ n answ] ?is lett]4 #b4 ,_m surmises ( evil al>m ! he>ts ( ! p4--,,longfell[4 #c4 ,"h ,i am aga9 9 ! l& ( old ,bunyan4 #d4 ,me ?is un*>t]'d fre$om tires4--,,wordswor?4 #e4 ,twilight's s(t dews /eal o'er ! village gre54--,,rog]s4 #f4 ,7 !re _m robb]s 9 ! b&8 #g4 ,h[ w po/]ity ! de$ proclaim6--,,byron4 #h4 ,at dawn ! t[]s ( ,/irl+ rang4--,,scott4 #i4 ,y _c recall ! spok5 ^w4--,,em]son4 #aj4 ,! b\ghs ov] my head seem$ %ad[y ) solemn ?\ghts z well z ) ru/l+ leaves4--,,haw?orne4 #aa4 ,s y don't l ,raphael6 #ab4 ,all ar\nd lay a frightful wild]ness4 #ac4 ,:y does ! sea moan ev]more8--,,rossetti4 #ad4 ,:at lonely /raggl] looks along ! wave8--,,byron4 #ae4 ,(f w5t 8 wig6 #af4 ,= "s m9utes he cont9u$ to scrut9ize ! draw+ m9utely4 #ag4 ,our /r5g? gr[s out ( our weakness4--,,em]son4 #ah4 ,rudely c>v$ 0 ! por*4 #ai4 ,:at hopes ! pr9ce to ga9 by ,lacy's dea?8 #bj4 ,tru/ ?yself4 #ba4 ,! re/ ( ! m5 7 morose & sil5t4 #bb4 ,"h are ! ru9s ( ! emp]or's palace4 #bc4 ,n[ rumbles along ! c>riage ( "s magnate ( ! city4 #bd4 ,wild 0 ! life we l$4 #be4 ,h[ poor1 & dull1 & sleepy1 & squalid x seem$6 #bf4 ,built are ! h\se & ! b>n4 #bg4 ,) :at t5d]ness he s+s6 #bh4 ,m>k$ ye ! y\ng] /rang]'s eye8 #bi4 ,"o or two idl]s1 ( =bidd+ aspect1 hung ab\t 9 ! murky gaslight4 #cj4 ,sev]al m\nta9s cr[n$ ) sn[ %one brilliantly 9 ! di/ance4 #ca4 ,foll[ me ?r\gh ?is passage4 #cb4 ,/op me n at y\r p]il4 #cc4 ,c>ry ?\ ?is scroll to ! ca/le4 #b4 ,write t5 int]rogative s5t5ces conc]n+ ea* topic4 ,reply 9 decl>ative s5t5ces4 7#a7 ,! ,am]ican ,revolution2 7#b7 ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs2 7#c7 ! hi/ory ( y\r own /ate2 7#d7 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 7#e7 hygi5e2 7#f7 ! manufactures 7or o!r indu/ries7 ( y\r t[n or city4 #c4 ,write t5 imp]ative s5t5ces1 ea* giv+ an ord] conc]n+-- 7#a7 ! play+ ( a game2 7#b7 ! build+ or sail+ ( a boat2 7#c7 ! c>e ( ! heal?2 7#d7 ! manufacture ( "s article ( common use2 7#e7 ! writ+ ( a bus9ess lett]4 #d4 ,write t5 exclamatory s5t5ces4 ,tell :e!r ea* is decl>ative1 int]rogative1 or imp]ative4 ,,ex]cise #b 7 #f-be1 pp4 #c-aa7 #a4 ,tell ! p>ts ( spee* 7includ+ v]b-phrases74 #a4 ,! ra9 patt]$ ^u ! ro( & ! sky gloom$ ?r\gh ! du/y g>ret w9d[s4--,,haw?orne4 #b4 ,make y\rself necess>y to somebody4--,,em]son4 #c4 ,i h a reg>d = e man on bo>d t %ip1 f ! capta9 d[n to ! crew4 #d4 8,an arti/10 said ,mi*ael ,angelo1 8mu/ h 8 measur+ tools n 9 ! h&1 b 9 ! eye40--,,em]son4 #e4 ,"t _h w9t]$ o'er 8 locks4 #f4 ,mu/ we 9 all ?+s look = ! h[1 & ! :y1 & ! :]e=e8 #g4 ,p[] dwells ) *e]fulness4--,,em]son4 #h4 ,:at hurrahs rang out6 #i4 ,he sneak$ ab\t ) a gall[s air4 #aj4 ,s6 y see ?+s g on z :5 y 7 ) u4 #aa4 ,rigby & 8 bro!r hirel+s fright5$ !m ) hide\s fables & ugly words4--,,disraeli4 #ab4 ,^! are prize pea*es4 #ac4 ,ha ha6 h[ vilely do? ?is cynic rhyme6 #ad4 ,o ,antony1 beg n y\r dea? ( u4 #de4 ,wordswor? 0 prais$ to me 9 ,we/morel& because he af=d$ to 8 c\ntry neighbors an example ( a mode/ h\sehold :]e com=t & culture 7 secur$ )\t display4 #af4 ,%ake h&s ) ?is knot ( good fell[s4 #ag4 ,he _h be5 des]t$ by ! ,mod]ates4 #ah4 ,! mod]ate ,lib]als held a meet+ v e>ly 9 ! /ruggle4 #ai4 ,aft] a dreadful night ( anxiety1 p]plexity1 & p]il1 ! d>kness1 :i* ,i ?\ght _h la/$ an et]nity1 sl[ly disappe>$4--,,trelawny4 #b4 ,use ! foll[+ words 9 s5t5ces ( y\r own3-- ,sleep 7n\n1 v]b72 dry 7adjective1 v]b1 n\n72 v 7adv]b1 adjective72 express 7n\n1 v]b1 adjective72 bell[ 7v]b1 n\n72 ,am]ican 7adjective1 n\n72 future 7adjective1 n\n72 to-morr[ 7n\n1 adv]b72 fl[] 7n\n1 v]b72 sov]eign 7n\n1 adjective72 summ] 7n\n1 v]b1 adjective72 d\ble 7adjective1 adv]b1 v]b72 well 7adjective1 adv]b72 fa/ 7adjective1 adv]b1 n\n1 v]b72 cont5t 7n\n1 adjective1 v]b72 la/ 7adjective1 adv]b1 v]b1 n\n72 d[n 7adv]b1 preposition72 = 7preposition1 conjunction72 d[nright 7adjective1 adv]b72 home 7n\n1 adjective1 adv]b72 l[] 7adjective1 adv]b1 v]b72 iron 7n\n1 adjective1 v]b72 (f 7adv]b1 preposition1 adjective72 up 7adv]b1 preposition72 high 7adjective1 adv]b1 n\n72 except 7v]b1 preposition72 inside 7adjective1 adv]b1 preposition1 n\n72 pa/ 7n\n1 adjective1 preposition72 :at 7adjective1 pron\n1 int]jection72 r\nd 7n\n1 adjective1 v]b1 preposition1 adv]b72 s\nd 7n\n1 v]b1 adjective1 adv]b72 black 7n\n1 v]b1 adjective72 all 7n\n1 adjective1 adv]b72 op5 7n\n1 adjective1 v]b72 :ile 7n\n1 v]b74 ,,ex]cise #c 7 #bf-cc1 pp4 #aa-ac7 ,po9t out ! inf9itives & ! p>ticiples4 ,tell :5 !y occur 9 v]b-phrases4 ,use !m 9 s5t5ces4 #a4 ,i did wrong to smile4 #b4 ,luttrell adjur$ me ) mock pa?os to sp>e 8 blu%es4 #c4 ,i begg$ my fri5d ,sir ,rog] to g ) me into h] hovel4 #d4 ,i 0 wond]fully pleas$ to see ! work+s ( in/9ct 9 a h5 foll[$ by a brood ( ducks4 #e4 ,a man's fir/ c>e %\ld be to avoid ! reproa*es ( 8 own he>t4--,,addison4 #f4 ,i 0 highly ent]ta9$ to see ! g5tlem5 ( ! c\nty ga!r+ ab\t my old fri5d1 & /riv+ :o %\ld complim5t him mo/4 #g4 ,he 0 let loose among ! woods z soon z he 0 able to ride on horseback4 #h4 ,plut>* says v f9ely t a man %\ld n all[ himself to hate ev5 8 enemies4 #i4 ,x gives me a s]i\s conc]n to see su* a _s ( diss5sion 9 ! c\ntry4 #aj4 ,x 0 8 int5tion to rema9 !re = two or ?ree days4 #aa4 ,e "p ( e c>riage _h be5 clean$1 e horse _h be5 groom$4 #ab4 ,lib]at$ f ! emb>rassm5ts ( ! city1 & issu+ into ! broad uncr[d$ av5ues ( ! nor!rn suburbs1 we soon beg9 to ent] ^u our natural pace ( t5 miles an h\r4 #ac4 ,! begg>1 re>+ himself aga9/ ! wall1 =gets 8 lam5ess4 #ad4 ,?ree miles beyond ,b>net1 we see approa*+ ano!r private c>riage4 #ae4 ,we saw _m lights mov+ ab\t z we drew ne>4 ,,ex]cise #d 7 #cd-ci1 pp4 #ac-ae7 #a4 ,m5tion ! simple subject & ! simple pr$icate ( ea* s5t5ce 9 ,ex]cise #a 7p4 #bbg74 ,tell :e!r ! simple subject is a n\n or a pron\n1 & :e!r ! simple pr$icate is a v]b or a v]b-phrase4 #b4 ,/udy 9 ! same way y\r own s5t5ces 9 ,ex]cise #a4 #c4 ,divide ea* s5t5ce into ! complete subject & ! complete pr$icate4 ,if ! s5t5ce has a comp\nd subject1 m5tion ! sub/antives t compose x2 if ! s5t5ce has a comp\nd pr$icate1 m5tion ! v]bs 7or v]b-phrases74 #a4 ,! ,que5 & ,pr9ce ,alb]t came to ,london f ,w9dsor on ,saturday morn+4 #b4 ,y & ,lockh>t mu/ n ab&on ! good cause4 #c4 ,i saw t he 0 weak1 & took advantage ( a pause to rem9d him n to =get 8 drive4 #d4 ,two or ?ree ( my ,engli% biographies h some?+ ( ! same hi/orical "*4 #e4 ,"l ,grey1 ,clanric>de1 ,lab\*]e1 ,v]non ,smi?1 & ,seym\r w fill up ! places4 #f4 ,e *ange ( season1 e *ange ( wea!r1 inde$1 e h\r ( ! day1 produces "s *ange 9 ! magical hues & %apes ( ^! m\nta9s4--,,irv+4 #g4 ,he look$ r\nd1 & c\ld see no?+ b a cr[ w++ its solit>y flight across ! m\nta94 #h4 ,!y sudd5ly desi/$ f _! play & />$ at him4 #i4 ,! sea fla%es along ! pebbly m>g9 ( its silv] bea*1 =m+ a ?\s& little bays & inlets1 or comes tumbl+ 9 among ! cliffs ( a rock-b\nd coa/1 & beats aga9/ its massive b>ri]s ) a di/ant1 holl[1 cont9ual ro>4--,,longfell[4 #aj4 ,a wide gateway u%]$ ! travell] into ! int]ior ( ! build+1 & conduct$ him to a l[-ro($ ap>tm5t1 pav$ ) r\nd /ones4 #aa4 ,! /range visitant gruffly salut$ me1 &1 aft] mak+ sev]al ineffectual ef=ts to urge 8 horse 9 at ! door1 dism\nt$ & foll[$ me into ! room4--,,:itti]4 #ab4 ,! fooli% & ! dead alone nev] *ange _! op9ion4--,,l[ell4 #ac4 ,!y w sl9k into _! k5nels 9 disgrace1 or p]*ance run wild & /rike a league ) ! wolf & ! fox4--,,?oreau4 #ad4 ,/rong w & ke5 p]ception ov]p[] old mann]s & create new4--,,em]son4 #ae4 ,nei!r ,ari/otle1 nor ,leibnitz1 nor ,junius1 nor ,*ampollion has set d[n ! gramm>-rules ( ?is dialect4 #af4 ,8 mantle & hood 7 ( ! be/ ,fl&]s clo?1 & fell 9 ample & n ungraceful folds4 #ag4 ,a deep fosse or dit* 0 drawn r\nd ! :ole build+4 ,,ex]cise #e 7 #dj-db1 p4 #af7 #a4 ,po9t out ! n\n-phrases1 v]b-phrases1 adjective phrases1 & adv]bial phrases4 ,:i* ( ^! phrases are prepositional8 #a4 ,sometimes he sp5t h\rs toge!r 9 ! great libr>ies ( ,p>is4 #b4 ,he assum$ ! g>b ( a common sailor1 & 9 ?is disguise rea*$ ! ,dut* coa/ 9 safety4 #c4 ,"s ( ! frigate's m5 7 /ill endeavor+ to escape4 #d4 ,0 ,milton ri* or at 8 ease :5 he compos$ 8,p>adise ,lo/08 #e4 ,x 0 a cold-blood$ exhibition ( m>ksman%ip4 #f4 ,he !n cont9u$ on to ! place ( r5dezv\s at ,spe$well's ,iron ,works on ,tr\blesome ,creek4--,,irv+4 #g4 ,! gates ( ,am/]dam _h be5 b>r$ aga9/ him4 #h4 ,!y he>d 8 confession ) suspicion & disda94 #i4 ,! /agecoa* always drew up be=e ! door ( ! cottage4 #aj4 ,! w9d moan$ ?r\gh ! sil5t /reets4 #aa4 ,! cl\ds are scudd+ across ! moon4 #ab4 ,/eele _h kn[n ,addison f *ildhood4 #ac4 ,a broad ray ( light fell into ! g>ret4--,,dick5s4 #ad4 ,! fate ( 8 insult$ & brok5-he>t$ bro!r /ill rankl$ 9 8 m9d4 #ae4 ,all day ) fruitless /rife !y toil$4--,,scott4 #b4 ,fill ea* blank ) a s+le ^w4 ,sub/itute = ! ^w a phrase ) ! same mean+4 ,m5tion 9 ea* in/ance 7#a7 ! "p ( spee*1 7#b7 ! k9d ( phrase4 #a4 ,he spoke to me ----4 #b4 ,! gr\nds 7 %ut 9 by a high ---- wall4 #c4 ,! fire eng9e ---- pa/4 #d4 ,! ?ree girls 7 laugh+ ----4 #e4 ,! poor *ild look$ ---- at ! toys4 #f4 ,h>old ---- ! bun* ( grapes4 #g4 ,! proprietor is a ---- man4 #h4 ,! ar*bi%op plac$ ^u ! k+'s head a ---- cr[n4 #i4 ,! book :i* ,i hold 9 my h& is ----4 #aj4 ,! ---- ord]$ ! ,conqu]or to op5 fire4 #aa4 ,! enemy retreat$ ----4 #ab4 ,! ra9 ---- heavily all day4 #ac4 ,! ra9 came d[n ---- all day4 #ad4 ,! ---- is 9 8 (fice4 #ae4 ,a ---- boy came to ! door4 #af4 ,my bro!r is presid5t ( ----4 ,,ex]cise #f 7 #dc-ea1 pp4 #af-ba7 #a4 ,tell :e!r ea* s5t5ce is simple1 comp\nd1 or complex4 ,if ! s5t5ce is comp\nd1 divide x into its indep5d5t clauses1 & m5tion ! simple subject 7n\n or pron\n7 & ! simple pr$icate 7v]b or v]b-phrase7 ( ea* clause4 ,if ! s5t5ce is complex1 divide x into ! ma9 7indep5d5t7 & ! subord9ate clause1 & tell :e!r ! latt] is us$ z an adjective or z an adv]b4 #a4 ,! great gate sl[ly op5$1 & a /ew>d & sev]al s]v+-m5 appe>$4 #b4 ,! victors set fire to ! wigwams & ! =t2 ! :ole 0 soon 9 a blaze2 _m ( ! old m51 ! wom51 & ! *ildr5 p]i%$ 9 ! flames4 #c4 ,night clos$ 91 b /ill no gue/ arriv$4 #d4 ,! black waves roll$ by !m1 & ! light at ! horizon began to fade1 & ! />s 7 com+ out "o by "o4--,,william ,,black4 #e4 ,mr4 ,nickleby clos$ an acc\nt book :i* lay on 8 desk4 #f4 ,by ceaseless action all t is subsi/s4--,,c[p]4 #g4 ,:5 ! morn+ broke1 ! ,moori% army _h vani%$4 #h4 ,at midnight1 :5 ! t[n 0 hu%$ 9 sleep1 !y all w5t quietly on bo>d4 #i4 ,=tune _h ca/ him into a cav]n1 & he 0 grop+ d>kly r\nd4 #aj4 ,i pac$ ! des]t$ *amb]s :]e he _h compos$ 8 poem4 #aa4 ,i /rove to speak2 my voice utt]ly fail$ me4 #ab4 ,! only av5ue by :i* ! t[n c\ld be easily approa*$1 0 protect$ by a /one wall m ?an tw5ty feet high & ( great ?ickness4 #ac4 ,! night fell tempe/u\s & wild1 & no ve/ige ( ! hapless sloop 0 ev] aft] se54 #ad4 ,! simple maje/y ( ?is anecdote c ga9 no?+ f any comm5t :i* we might make on x4 #ae4 ,raleigh speaks ! language ( ! he>t ( 8 c\ntry :5 he urges ! ,engli% /atesm5 to colonize ,guiana4--,,fr\de4 #af4 ,m51 9 _! y\?1 g to pu% _! =tune 9 ! colony2 !y succe$2 !y acquire prop]ty !re2 !y return to _! native l&2 !y cont9ue to draw ! income f _! colonial e/ates4--,,br\gham4 #ag4 ,! moonlight gli/5$ ^u traces ( ! gild+ :i* _h once cov]$ bo? rid] & /e$4 #ah4 ,:ile ?is brief conv]sation pass$1 ,donatello _h once or twice glanc$ aside ) a wat*ful air4 #ai4 ,pray = u1 ,hilda2 we ne$ x4 #b4 ,divide ! comp\nd complex s5t5ces into _! cord9ate clauses4 ,tell :e!r ea* ( ^! clauses1 :5 /&+ alone1 is a simple or a complex s5t5ce4 #a4 ,x w\ld be d>k be=e he c\ld rea* ! village1 & he heav$ a heavy sigh :5 he ?\ght ( enc\nt]+ ! t]rors ( ,dame ,van ,w9kle4 #b4 ,language gradually v>ies1 & ) x fade away ! writ+s ( au?ors :o h liv$ _! allott$ "t4 #c4 ,! talle/ & h&some/ m5 :om ,engl& c\ld produce gu>d$ ! passage f ! palace gate to ! riv]-side1 & all seem$ 9 read9ess = ! que5's com+ =?1 al?\gh ! h\r 0 yet s e>ly4 #d4 ,edw>d ! ,confessor di$ on ! fif? ( ,janu>y1 #ajff1 & on ! foll[+ day an assembly ( ! ?anes & prelates pres5t 9 ,london1 & ( ! citiz5s ( ! metropolis1 decl>$ t ,h>old %\ld be _! k+4 ,,ex]cise #g 7 #ed-fd1 pp4 #bg-cj7 #a4 ,po9t out all ! common n\ns & all ! prop] n\ns4 ,m5tion all ! examples ( p]sonification4 #a4 ,!re ,guilt 8 anxi\s revel kept4--,,scott4 #b4 ,! fir/ vessel we fell 9 ) 0 a s*oon]1 :i*1 aft] a long *ase1 we made out to be an ,am]ican4 #c4 ,y w be saunt]+ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s p]haps1 or /&+ on ! ,capitol :ile ! sun sets4 #d4 ,i am v deep 9 my ,ari/ophanes4 #e4 ,i saw a mo/ lovely ,sir ,jo%ua at ,*ri/ie's a week ago4--,,fitz ,,g]ald4 #f4 ,i he> !re is sc>ce a village 9 ,engl& t has n a ,moll ,:ite 9 x4--,,addison4 #g4 ,su* a _s is ,lib]ty4 ,at times %e takes ! =m ( a hateful reptile4 ,%e grovels1 %e hisses1 %e /+s4 ,b woe to ^? :o 9 disgu/ %all v5ture to cru% h]6--,,macaulay4 #h4 ,r\gh ,wulf/ane trimm$ 8 %afts & b[4--,,scott4 #i4 ,to-day we h be5 a delightful drive ?r\gh ,ettrick ,=e/1 & to ! ru9s ( ,new>k--! hall ( ,new>k1 :]e ! ladies b5t _! necks ( sn[ to he> 8,! ,lay ( ! ,la/ ,m9/rel40--,,m>ia ,,edgewor?4 #aj4 ,! same waves wa% ! moles ( ! new-built ,cali=nian t[ns1 & lave ! fad$ b /ill gorge\s skirts ( ,asiatic l&s1 old] ?an ,abraham2 :ile all betwe5 float milky-ways ( coral isles1 & l[-ly+1 endless1 unkn[n ,ar*ipelagoes & imp5etrable ,japans4--,,melville4 #aa4 ,! du*ess said haughtily t %e _h done h] be/ = ! ,esmonds4 #ab4 ,to see ) "o's own eyes m5 & c\ntries is bett] ?an read+ all ! books ( travel 9 ! _w4--,,?ack]ay4 #ac4 ,defeat & mortification _h only h>d5$ ! k+'s he>t4 #ad4 ,e>?1 ,ocean1 ,air1 belov$ bro!rhood6--,,%elley4 #ae4 ,! iron tongue ( ,/4 ,paul's has told twelve4 #af4 ,! ,indians1 br&i%+ _! weapons1 answ]$ only ) ge/ures ( angry defiance4 #b4 ,po9t out all ! ab/ract1 all ! collective1 & all ! comp\nd n\ns4 #a4 ,! poet b9ds toge!r by passion & k ! va/ empire ( human society4--,,wordswor?4 #b4 ,! c\ntry is n[ %[+ symptoms ( gre5ness & w>m?4 #c4 ,:5 ! public are gone1 we at once put up ! great iron %utt]s4 #d4 ,wa%+ton return$ to headqu>t]s at ,newbury4 #e4 ,! ,bruce's b& moves swiftly on4--,,scott4 #f4 ,he %all ) spe$ to ,engl&4--,,%aksp]e4 #g4 ,soon 7 dismiss$ ! c\rtly ?rong4--,,scott4 #h4 ,sickness1 des]tion1 & ! loss su/a9$ at ,guil=d ,c\r?\se _h r$uc$ 8 little army4 #i4 ,a deta*m5t 0 s5t aga9/ !m4 #aj4 ,nev] be=e ?is summ] h ! k+birds1 h&some/ ( flycat*]s1 built 9 my or*>d4 #aa4 ,! "y sudd5ly disp]se on y\r approa*1 z if a :irlw9d _h swept !m away4--,,?oreau4 #ab4 ,?is ligh?\se1 kn[n to our m>9]s z ,cape ,cod or ,highl& ,light1 is "o ( our 8prim>y seacoa/ lights40 #ac4 ,we h "s salt ( our y\? 9 u4--,,%aksp]e4 #ad4 ,?\ ha/ nor y\? nor age4--,,%aksp]e4 #ae4 ,! passion = hunt+ _h reviv$ ) ,wa%+ton on return+ to 8 old hunt+ gr\nds4 #af4 ,a circle !re ( m]ry li/5]s /&4--,,byron4 #ag4 ,! act ( ! ,congress ( ,vi5na rema9s ! et]nal monum5t ( _! diplomatic k & political sagacity4--,,disraeli4 #ah4 ,lee und]took ! task ) alacrity4 #ai4 ,a r[ ( surfboats & canoes lay along ! bea*4 #bj4 ,! situation he _h held z aide-de-camp to ! comm&]-9-*ief _h giv5 him an opportunity ( obs]v+ ! c\rse ( affairs4 #ba4 ,! gr\nd 0 froz5 to a great dep?4 #bb4 ,he 0 aw>e ( 8 unpopul>ity4 #bc4 ,! /]n old w>-gods %ook _! heads4--,,em]son4 #bd4 ,freckl$ ne/ eggs ?\ %alt see ,hat*+ 9 ! haw?orn tree4--,,keats4 #be4 ,fair morn asc5ds1 & sunny ,june has %$ ,ambrosial odors o'er ! g>d5-b$1 ,& wild bees seek ! *]ry's sweet p]fume ,or clu/] r\nd ! full-bl[n apple-bloom4--,,campbell4 #bf4 ,= 9 _! looks div9e ,! image ( _! glori\s ,mak] %one1 ,tru?1 wisdom1 sanctitude sev]e & pure4--,,milton4 #bg4 ,/e]1 helmsman1 till y /e] our way ,by />s beyond ! l9e4--,,campbell4 #bh4 ,say ,i s5t !e ?i!r3 ,i1 t h nei!r pity1 love1 nor fe>4--,,%aksp]e4 ,,ex]cise #h 7 #ff-hd1 pp4 #ca-ci7 #a4 ,make a li/ conta9+ ?irty n\ns1 t5 9 ea* ( ! ?ree g5d]s4 ,use ea* ( ^! n\ns 9 a s5t5ce4 #b4 ,write t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a n\n ( common g5d]4 #c4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ ! mascul9e =ms correspond+ to ! fem99e =ms 9 ?is li/1 & ! fem99e =ms correspond+ to ! mascul9e3-- e>l1 abbess1 s*oolma/]1 port]1 h9d1 m>e1 ram1 sire1 wit*1 sultan1 cz>1 wid[1 m>quis1 executor1 salesman1 tailor1 h]o1 bride1 song/]1 great-uncle1 nephew1 buck1 horseman1 ba*elor1 belle4 #d4 ,m5tion ! g5d] & ! numb] ( ea* n\n4 ,tell :e!r ! g5d] is %[n by ! =m1 by ! mean+1 or by bo?4 ,:5ev] x is possible1 give ! plural ( ea* n\n t is s+ul>1 & ! s+ul> ( ea* n\n t is plural4 #a4 ,(t ,music *ang$1 b nev] ceas$ h] tone4--,,byron4 #b4 ,grace ,crawley 0 at ?is "t liv+ ) ! two ,miss ,prettymans4--,,trollope4 #c4 ,! ,catos & ! ,scipios ( ! village _h ga!r$ 9 front ( ! hotel4 #d4 ,?is gunn] 0 an excell5t ma!matician1 a good s*ol>1 & a complete sailor4--,,defoe4 #e4 ,i 01 9 fact1 9 ! *apel ( ! ,knights ,templ>s4--,,irv+4 #f4 ,! luckless culprit 0 br\ght 91 =lorn & *apfall51 9 ! cu/ody ( gamekeep]s1 huntsm51 & :ipp]s-91 & foll[$ by a rabble r\t ( c\ntry cl[ns4--,,irv+4 #g4 ,! h>e n[ came /ill ne>] to ! place :]e %e 0 at fir/ />t$4--,,budgell4 #h4 ,! ,fairfaxes 7 no long] at h&4--,,irv+4 #i4 ,all ! pe]s & pe]esses put on _! coronets4 #aj4 ,"t is no long] sl[2 8 sickle m[s quickly 9 ?is age4--,,disraeli4 #aa4 ,"u ! humble/ ro(1 ! commone/ p]son 9 pla9 clo!s sits !re massive1 *e]ful1 yet =midable1 l ! ,egyptian colossi4--,,em]son4 #ab4 ,)9 =ty-eight h\rs1 hundr$s ( horse & foot came by v>i\s roads to ! city4 #ac4 ,! h>t & h9d w&]$ 9 a wild]ness ab\nd+ 9 f]ny cov]ts & gre5 & /ately trees4--,,disraeli4 #ad4 ,! %ip _h receiv$ a great deal ( damage1 & x requir$ "s "t to repair h]4--,,defoe4 #ae4 ,:5 ,m>y1 ! nurse1 returns ) ! little ,miss ,smi?s f ,ma/] ,br[n's bir?day p>ty1 %e is n>r[ly que/ion$ z to _! behavior4 #af4 ,( all our fleet1 consi/+ ( a hundr$ & fifty sail1 sc>ce twelve appe>$4--,,smollett4 #ag4 ,h9doos1 ,russians1 ,*9ese1 ,spani>ds1 ,portuguese1 ,engli%m51 ,fr5*m51 ,g5oese1 ,neapolitans1 ,v5etians1 ,greeks1 ,turks1 desc5dants f all ! build]s ( ,babel1 come to trade at ,m>seilles1 s\ght ! %ade alike4--,,dick5s4 #ah4 ,!re lies ! port2 ! vessel puffs h] sail4--,,t5nyson4 #ai4 ,i _h desire to see ! old family seat ( ! ,lucys4--,,irv+4 #bj4 ,! ,miss ,lambs 7 ! belles ( little ,brita94--,,irv+4 #ba4 ,"l ,cullod5 at l5g? appe>$ ) 8 daught]s1 ,ladies ,flora & ,grizell4--,,disraeli4 #bb4 ,/ill 8 honi$ weal? ,hymettus yields4--,,byron4 #bc4 ,joseph9e has be5 made executrix ( h] fa!r's e/ate4 #bd4 ,georgette cr\*$ by ! fire1 read+ a wond]ful tale ( k+s1 pr9cesses1 en*ant$ ca/les1 knights & ladies1 monks & nuns1 wiz>ds & wit*es4 #be4 ,%e 0 a vix5 :5 %e w5t to s*ool4--,,%aksp]e4 #bf4 ,keep a game/] f ! dice & a good /ud5t f 8 book4--,,%aksp]e4 #bg4 ,!y are %eep & calves :i* seek out assurance 9 t4--,,%aksp]e4 #bh4 ,a score ( good ewes may be wor? t5 p\nds4--,,%aksp]e4 #bi4 ,let ay's seem no's & no's seem ay's4--,,gay4 #cj4 ,%e clasps a bright *ild on h] upga!r$ knee2 ,x laughs at ! lightn+1 x mocks ! mix$ ?und] ,( ! air & ! sea4--,,%elley4 ,,ex]cise #i 7 #ga-hd1 pp4 #cd-ci7 #a4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! foll[+ words1 lett]s1 or figures are us$ 9 ! plural numb]3-- ,g]man1 radius1 l5s1 moose1 :>f1 index1 piano1 !sis1 #d1 #ejj1 p1 q1 &1 syllabus1 /aff1 die1 s1 t1 s]aph1 h]o1 /imulus1 crisis1 elf1 hea!n1 bro!r-9-law1 ,july1 ,m>*1 spoonful1 memor&um1 ,miss ,all51 ,ma/] ,all51 ,mr4 ,hayes1 ,g5]al ,raymond1 ,knight ,templ>1 head 7( cattle71 animalcule1 potato1 valley1 =mula1 p5ny1 curriculum1 dw>f1 man-*ild4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! foll[+ n\ns are us$ 9 ! s+ul> numb]3-- /rata1 ph5om5a1 alumn1 alumni1 c&elabra1 species1 *]ubim1 errata1 bact]ia1 ,japanese1 beaux1 v]tebr1 ,messrs41 !ses1 oases4 ,,ex]cise #aj 7 #hh1 pp4 #da-db7 ,m5tion all ! n\ns t are 9 ! nom9ative case1 & give ! con/ruction 7or syntax7 ( ea*1--z subject1 pr$icate nom9ative1 vocative 7or nom9ative ( direct address71 exclamatory nom9ative1 or nom9ative 9 apposition4#ej #a4 ,a we>y lot is ?9e1 fair maid4--,,scott4 #b4 ,at la/1 our small acqua9tance1 ,n$ ,higg9s1 trudg$ up ! /reet1 on 8 way to s*ool4--,,haw?orne4 #c4 ,! soil is 9 g5]al a moi/ & ret5tive clay4 #d4 ,rumors alone 7 _! guides ?r\gh a wild & desolate c\ntry4--,,longfell[4 #e4 ,"y man1 h y *all5g$ ,*>les ! wre/l]8--,,%aksp]e4 #f4 ,ralph 0 an ,eton boy1 & h5ce1 be+ robu/ & %rewd1 a swimm] & a cricket]4 #g4 ,"h ,h>old 0 receiv$ a welcome gue/4--,,scott4 #h4 ,! tall ,highl&] rema9$ obdurate4 #i4 ,! beams & raft]s1 r\ghly hewn & ) /rips ( b>k /ill on !m1 & ! rude masonry ( ! *imneys1 made ! g>ret look wild & unciviliz$4 #aj4 ,dea?like ! sil5ce seem$4 #aa4 ,sorr[ & sil5ce are /rong1 & pati5t endurance is godlike4--,,longfell[4 #ab4 ,fly1 fly1 dete/$ ?\ghts1 =ev] f my view6--,,beattie4 #ac4 ,"t mu/ n be c\nt$ by cal5d>s1 b by s5sation1 by ?\ght4--,,disraeli4 #ad4 ,?is is ! hi/ory ( ,*>lotte ,corday4 #ae4 ,! nabobs soon became a mo/ unpopul> class ( m54 #af4 ,be=e him /ret*$ ! long1 labori\s road1 dry1 empty1 & :ite4--,,h>dy4 #ag4 ,) ! great mass ( mank9d1 ! te/ ( integrity 9 a public man is consi/5cy4--,,macaulay4 #ah4 ,^! are trifles1 ,mr4 ,premium4 #ai4 ,my ?anks are due to y = y\r tr\ble & c>e4 #bj4 ,"h's my great uncle1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,ravel94 #ba4 ,r[ley1 my old fri5d1 ,i am sure y congratulate me4 #bb4 ,david1 y are a c[>d6 #bc4 ,"h come o!r ,pyn*eons1 ! :ole tribe1 9 _! half-a-doz5 g5]ations4 #bd4 ,uncle ,v5n]1 trundl+ a :eelb>r[1 0 ! e>lie/ p]son /irr+ 9 ! neighborhood4 #be4 ,up ! *imney ro>$ ! fire1 & bright5$ ! room ) its broad blaze4 #bf4 ,lib]ty6 fre$om6 tyranny is dead6--,,%aksp]e4 #bg4 ,! ho/ess's daught]1 a plump ,fl&]s lass1 ) long gold p5dants 9 h] e>s1 0 at a side w9d[4--,,irv+4 #bh4 ,horses6 c ^! be horses t b\nd (f ) ! action & ge/ure ( leop>ds8--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #bi4 ,peace6 sil5ce6 ,brutus speaks4 #cj4 ,! ra9s1 fro/s1 & tempe/s spl9t] ! *alk above & ! waves gnaw x away bel[4--,,geikie4 ,,ex]cise #aa 7 #hi-if1 pp4 #dc-dg7 #a4 ,po9t out all ! n\ns 9 ! possessive case1 & p>se !m accord+ to ! model 9 #aab4 #a4 ,james's p>liam5t conta9$ a mo/ unusual proportion ( new m9i/]s4 #b4 ,i live 9 g5]al quietly at my bro!r-9-law's 9 ,norfolk 7see #if74 #c4 ,!re is a small cottage ( my fa!r's close to ! lawn gates4 #d4 ,we _h f\nd1 9 t day's heap ( e>?1 ab\t fifty p\nds' weight ( gold du/4--,,defoe4 #e4 ,mu* ! mo/ /rik+ incid5t 9 ,burns's life is 8 j\rney to ,ed9burgh4 #f4 ,z to freaks l ?is ( ,miss ,brooke's1 ,mrs4 ,cadwallad] _h no pati5ce ) !m4--,,george ,,eliot4 #g4 ,homew>d !y bore him ?r\gh ! d>k woods' gloom4--,,morris4 #h4 ,! eye travels d[n to ,ox=d's t[]s4--,,arnold4 #i4 ,i obey$ all my bro!r's milit>y comm&s ) ! utmo/ docility4 #aj4 ,tellson's want$ n elb[room1 ,tellson's want$ no light1 ,tellson's want$ no embelli%m5t4 ,noakes ,co4's might1 or ,snooks ,bro!rs' might2 b ,tellson's--?ank heav56--,,dick5s4 #b4 ,exam9e ! n\ns 9 ! possessive case 9 #a 7above71 & tell :i* ( ! possessives might be replac$ by an (-phrase4 ,m5tion p>ticul>ly ^? passages 9 :i* ! possessive w\ld n be us$ 9 mod]n prose4 #c4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ ! possessive s+ul> (-- ,h5ry1 ,james1 ,?omas1 ,mr4 ,fox1 *ild1 ,*>les ,price1 ,mrs4 ,gibbs1 ,edw>d1 ,g5]al ,edw>ds1 horse1 ,hort5se1 ,miss ,bell[s1 fa!r-9-law1 ,major ,ellis1 comm&]-9-*ief1 ,?ompson & ,h[>d 7a firm71 ,eu/is & ,morris 7a firm71 ,messrs4 ,c>twright & ,robb9s1 ,apollo1 ,brutus1 ,ulysses4 #d4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ ! possessive plural (-- ,engli%man1 fireman1 wa%]woman1 fox1 %eep1 horse1 ox1 *ild1 emp]or1 empress1 rob91 ,norman1 ,g]man1 hawk1 ,knight ,templ>1 lady1 sailor1 heir1 heiress1 tea*]1 :ale1 walrus1 critic1 poet1 vireo4 #e4 ,9 :i* ( ! s5t5ces t y h writt5 7"u #c & #d7 w\ld x be possible to sub/itute an (-phrase = ! possessive8 ,9 :i* ( !m 7if any7 w\ld ?is phrase be pref]able8 ,:y8 ,,ex]cise #ab 7 #ig-aaj1 pp4 #dg-ec7 ,p>se ! n\ns 9 ! objective case1 accord+ to ! model 9 #aab4 ,tell ! p>ticul> con/ruction 9 ea* in/ance1--direct object1 pr$icate objective1 indirect object1 etc4 #a4 ,su* 0 ! n>rative ( ,jack ,grant1 ! mate4 #b4 ,rippl+ wat]s made a pleasant moan4--,,byron4 #c4 ,swiftly !y hurri$ away to ! =ge ( ,basil ! blacksmi?4--,,longfell[4 #d4 ,a pale fog hung ov] ,london4 #e4 ,s l a %att]$ column lay ! k+4--,,t5nyson4 #f4 ,!n s+1 ye birds1 s+1 s+ a joy\s song4--,,wordswor?4 #g4 ,a blight$ spr+ makes a b>r5 ye>4--,,johnson4 #h4 ,d>k & neglect$ locks ov]%ad[$ 8 br[4 #i4 ,imag9e ! w9d h[l+1 ! sea ro>+1 ! ra9 beat+4 #aj4 ,lay ^! va9 regrets aside4 #aa4 ,birds ( passage sail$ ?r\gh ! lead5 air4 #ab4 ,au?ority =gets a dy+ k+4--,,t5nyson4 #ac4 ,?ree ye>s %e grew 9 sun & %[]4--,,wordswor?4 #ad4 ,! s\nd ( horns came float+ f ! valley1 prolong$ by ! m\nta9 e*oes4 #ae4 ,h\rs _h pass$ away l m9utes4 #af4 ,y\r mi/ru/ _c make me a traitor4--,,%aksp]e4 #ag4 ,%e halt$ a mom5t be=e speak+4 #ah4 ,! room op5$ on a t]race adorn$ ) /atues & orange trees4 #ai4 ,! sun is com+ d[n to e>?1 & ! fields & ! wat]s %\t to him gold5 %\ts4--,,m]$i?4 #bj4 ,engl& is unrivall$ = two ?+s--sports & politics4--,,disraeli4 #ba4 ,?us we liv$ sev]al ye>s 9 a /ate ( mu* happ9ess4 #bb4 ,! old g5tleman's :ole c\nt5ance beam$ ) a s]5e look ( indwell+ delight4 #bc4 ,i am read+ ,selwyn's 8,correspond5ce10 a rem>kable book4 #bd4 ,i h liv$ my life4--,,t5nyson4 #be4 ,my he>t is l a s++ bird4--,,*ri/9a ,,rossetti4 #bf4 ,h[ l a w9t] ha? my abs5ce be54--,,%aksp]e4 #bg4 ,?ree weeks we we/w>d bore4--,,longfell[4 #bh4 ,x ra9s pit*=ks4--,,fitz ,,g]ald4 #bi4 ,! sublim] & m passionate poets ,i /ill read1 by snat*es & occasionally4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 #cj4 ,con+sby slept ! deep sleep ( y\? & heal?4--,,disraeli4 #ca4 ,?\ might/ call him a goodly p]son4 #cb4 ,my fa!r nam$ me ,autolycus4 #cc4 ,a c\ntry fell[ br\ght him a huge fi%4 #cd4 ,i'll make y ! que5 ( ,naples4 #ce4 ,y call honorable boldness impud5t sauc9ess4--,,%aksp]e4 #cf4 ,sir ,rog] g5]ally goes two or ?ree miles f 8 h\se be=e he beats ab\t 9 se>* ( a h>e or p>tridge4 #cg4 ,?is misconception caus$ ,wa%+ton "s emb>rassm5t4 #ch4 ,i n[ ?ank y = ,beattie1 ! mo/ agreeable & amiable writ] ,i ev] met )4--,,c[p]4 ,,ex]cise #ac 7 #ig-aaj1 pp4 #dg-ec7 #a4 ,write fifte5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a transitive v]b & its direct object 7 #ii-ajj74 #b4 ,sub/itute a pron\n = ea* n\n 9 ! objective case4 #c4 ,write t5 s5t5ces conta9+ bo? a direct object & a pr$icate objective 7 #ajd74 #d4 ,use 9 s5t5ces fifte5 ( ! v]bs 9 ! li/ 9 #aje1 ea* ) bo? a direct & an indirect object4 #e4 ,= ea* indirect object1 sub/itute to ) an object4 ,*ange ! ord]1 if necess>y4 #f4 ,write t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a cognate object 7 #ajh74 #g4 ,write t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ an adv]bial objective 7 #aji74 #h4 ,write t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a n\n 9 apposition ) a n\n 9 ! objective case 7 #aaj74 ,,ex]cise #ad 7 #ed-aab1 pp4 #bg-ed7 ,p>se e n\n1 accord+ to ! models 9 #aab4 #a4 ,p5non & bann] wave no m4 #b4 ,!y soon ga9$ ! utmo/ v]ge ( ! =e/1 & ent]$ ! c\ntry inhabit$ by m5 )\t vice4--,,goldsmi?4 #c4 ,our av5ue is /rewn ) ! :ole crop ( autumn's )]$ leaves4--,,haw?orne4 #d4 ,he is ! ri* man :o c avail himself ( all m5's faculties4--,,em]son4 #e4 ,l an awak5$ consci5ce1 ! sea 0 moan+ & toss+4--,,longfell[4 #f4 ,he aga9 call$ & :i/l$ aft] 8 dog4 #g4 ,%e wrote & address$ a hurri$ note4 #h4 ,! light & w>m? ( t long-vani%$ day live ) me /ill4 #i4 ,violet & primrose girls1 & organ boys ) milit>y monkeys1 & sy/ematic b&s v det]m9$ 9 tone if n 9 tune1 fill$ ! atmosph]e4--,,m]$i?4 #aj4 ,! blood left ,wilfrid's a%5 *eek4 #aa4 ,give u mann]s1 virtue1 fre$om1 p[]6--,,wordswor?4 #ab4 ,a great deal ( %rubb]y clu/]s along ! base ( ! /one wall1 & takes away ! h>dness ( its outl9e4 #ac4 ,i travell$ ! :ole f\r hundr$ miles betwe5 ?is & ,madras on m5's %\ld]s4 #ad4 ,"h we set up twelve little huts l soldi]s' t5ts4 #ae4 ,swiftly !y glid$ away1 l ! %ade ( a cl\d on ! prairie4 #af4 ,a!ns1 ev5 long aft] ! decl9e ( ! ,roman empire1 /ill cont9u$ ! seat ( le>n+1 polit5ess1 & wisdom4--,,goldsmi?4 #ag4 ,f\r times ! sun _h ris5 & set4 #ah4 ,speak6 speak6 ?\ fe>ful gue/6 #ai4 ,! oak rose be=e me l a pill> ( d>kness4 #bj4 ,ano!r long bla/ fill$ ! old c\rts ( ! ca/le ) its e*oes1 & 0 answ]$ by ! w>d] f ! walls4 #ba4 ,s\nd1 s\nd ! cl>ion1 fill ! fife6--,,scott4 #bb4 ,n[1 ,fal/aff1 :]e h y be5 all ?is :ile8 #bc4 ,s\nds ( a horn !y he>d1 & ! di/ant l[+ ( cattle4 #bd4 ,hom] 0 always 8 companion n[4 #be4 ,=give me ^! injuri\s suspicions4 #bf4 ,o1 pride6 pride6 x deceives me ) ! subtlety ( a s]p5t4 #bg4 ,i made ,mr4 ,wright's g>d5] a pres5t ( fifty sorts ( plant se$s4 #bh4 ,y\r "m & ,i la/ week made a trip to ,gayhur/1 ! seat ( ,mr4 ,wright1 ab\t f\r miles (f4 #bi4 ,b5ea? ! %elt] ( "o hut1 9 ! bright blaze ( ! same fire1 sat ?is v>i$ gr\p ( adv5tur]s4 #cj4 ,! c>es ( to-day are seldom ! c>es ( to-morr[4--,,c[p]4 ,,ex]cise #ae 7 #aae-abi1 pp4 #ee-fb7 #a4 ,p>se ! p]sonal pron\ns1 us+ ! models 9 #afh4 #a4 ,%e peep$ f ! w9d[ into ! g>d54 #b4 ,! little m>quis imm$iately ?rew himself into ! attitude ( a man ab\t to tell a long /ory4 #c4 ,x p\rs & x ?und]s1 x light5s ama94--,,scott4 #d4 ,ma/]1 ma/]1 look ab\t y6 #e4 ,leont9e1 ) 8 own & 8 wife's =tune1 b\ght a f>m ( ?ree hundr$ a ye>4--,,addison4 #f4 ,! ,tories c>ry x among ! new memb]s six to "o4--,,swift4 #g4 ,i wrote to him1 b c\ld tell him no?+4 #h4 ,on ! next morn+ aft] breakfa/ ! major w5t out = a walk by himself4 #i4 ,_! he>ts quak$ )9 !m1 at ! idea ( tak+ "o /ep f>!r4 #aj4 ,mrs4 ,=re/]'s surprise 0 equal to ours4 #aa4 ,x's tw5ty ye>s s9ce he w5t away f home4 #ab4 ,i seat$ myself 9 a recess ( a l>ge b[ w9d[4 #ac4 ,at ! la/ mom5t 8 he>t fail$ him1 & he look$ r\nd him = "s mode ( escape4 #ad4 ,a fri5d ( m9e has be5 sp5d+ "s "t at ,sir ,walt] ,scott's4 #ae4 ,s5d me a lett] direct$ to me at ,mr4 ,wat*am's4 #af4 ,i h lately receiv$ f my booksell] a copy ( my subscrib]s' names4 #ag4 ,we came 9 our fir/ morn+'s m>* to v good spr+s ( fre% wat]4 #ah4 ,we are bo? ( u incl9$ to be a little too positive4 #ai4 ,heyne's be/ tea*] 0 himself4--,,c>lyle4 #bj4 ,aspasia1 y h liv$ b few ye>s 9 ! _w1 & ) only "o philosoph]--y\rself4 #ba4 ,i got to ! side 9 "t to see a huge l9]'s dim %ape slide by l a /reet at night2 %e w\ld h be5 invisible b = h] r[ ( lights4 #bb4 ,! cat>acts bl[ _! trumpets f ! /eep4--,,wordswor?4 #bc4 ,i am he !y call ,old ,c>e4--,,peacock4 #bd4 ,! %>p & peevi% t9kle ( ! %op-bell made itself audible4 #be4 ,! h]oes !mselves say1 z (t5 z n1 t fame is _! object4 #bf4 ,he seems to himself to t\* ?+s ) muffl$ h&s4 #bg4 ,%e took c\nsel ) h]self :at mu/ be done4 #bh4 ,! head ( ! ,pyn*eons f\nd himself involv$ 9 s]i\s f9ancial difficulties4 #bi4 ,ha6 "h is ,hepzibah h]self6 #b4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! p]sonal pron\n ( ! fir/ p]son is us$ z direct object1 z indirect object1 z pr$icate nom9ative2 9 ! possessive s+ul> ) a n\n2 9 ! possessive s+ul> )\t a n\n4 #c4 ,fill ! blanks ) p]sonal pron\ns ( ! fir/ or ! ?ird p]son4 #a4 ,he ?\ght ! burgl>s 7 ----4 #b4 ,he mi/ook ! burgl>s = ----4 #c4 ,william is bett] at 8 lessons ?an ----4 #d4 ,x is ----4 #e4 ,^! are ----4 #f4 ,nobody volunte]$ except ,edw>d & ----4 #g4 ---- boys h =m$ a debat+ club4 #h4 ,mr4 ,jones is go+ to give ---- boys a baseball field4 #i4 ,:o is !re8 ----4 #aj4 ,betwe5 y & ----1 ,i am n sorry t he has resign$4 #aa4 ,if ,i 7 ---- ,i w\ld /udy art4 #ab4 ,ar?ur likes y bett] ?an ----4 #ac4 ,beh9d ,ru? & ---- came ! gue/ ( honor4 #ad4 ,automobiles are n = su* z ----4 #ae4 ,x 0 ---- t ,joseph meant4 #af4 ---- two are always toge!r4 #ag4 ,ri*>d dislikes ev]ybody1 ---- mo/ ( all4 #d4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* myself1 y\rself1 ourselves1 himself1 h]self1 !mselves are us$ 7#a7 int5sively1 7#b7 reflexively z direct object1 7#c7 reflexively z indirect object4 ,,ex]cise #af 7 #aca-adb1 pp4 #fb-fe7 #a4 ,p>se ! demon/ratives & ! indef9ites4 ,9 p>s+ ! ^w1 tell :e!r x is us$ z a pron\n or z an adjective4 ,if x is us$ z a pron\n1 tell ! numb] & ! case & give ! reason = ! case4 ,if x is us$ z an adjective1 m5tion ! sub/antive :i* x modifies4 #a4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( all ?is8 #b4 ,on ei!r side ext5d$ a ru9\s wood5 f5ce4 #c4 ,y h se5 t picture1 !n6 #d4 ,?is v ,judge ,pyn*eon 0 ! orig9al ( ! m9iature4 #e4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago ?is man 0 equally capable ( crime or h]oism2 n[ he is fit = nei!r4--,,/ev5son4 #f4 ,none are all evil4 #g4 ,solitude has _m a dre>y h\r4 #h4 ,e sci5ce has its hi!rto undiscov]$ my/]ies4--,,goldsmi?4 #i4 ,! same day we visit$ ! %ores ( ! isle 9 ! %ip's boats4 #aj4 ,none b pick$ recruits 7 enli/$4 #aa4 ,a long+ = ! brightness & sil5ce ( fall5 sn[ seizes him at su* times4 #ab4 ,su* 7 ,addison's tal5ts = conv]sation4 #ac4 ,ni*olas ,v$d]6 :y1 he is dead & gone ^! eighte5 ye>s6 #ad4 ,:at a lam5table situation 0 t ( ! poor b>on6 #ae4 ,sev]al h\ses 7 pillag$ & de/roy$4 #af4 ,ea* w>rior 0 a *os5 man4 #ag4 ,see h[ yond ju/ice rails ^u yond simple ?ief6--,,%aksp]e4 #ah4 ,our naval annals owe "s ( _! int]e/ to ! fanta/ic & beautiful appe>ance ( old w>%ips4--,,/ev5son4 #ai4 ,"s are too indol5t to read any?+ till its reputation is e/abli%$4--,,johnson4 #bj4 ,9 bo? sexes1 occasionally1 ?is lifelong croak1 accompany+ ea* ^w ( joy or sorr[1 is "o ( ! symptoms ( settl$ melan*oly4--,,haw?orne4 #ba4 ,su* voices h put on m\rn+ = dead hopes4 #bb4 ,ano!r ph5om5on 0 a package ( lucif] mat*es4 #bc4 ,h[ few appe> 9 ^? /reets :i* b "s few h\rs ago 7 cr[d$6 #bd4 ,?is 0 a v diff]5t camp f t ( ! night be=e4 #be4 ,alt]nations ( wild hope & cold despair succe$$ ea* o!r4 #bf4 ,! poor "k be/ h[ to console ea* o!r's sorr[s4 #bg4 ,ev]ybody has 8 own int]pretation = t picture4 #bh4 ,i /rove ) none1 = none 0 wor? my /rife4--,,l&or4 #bi4 ,sc>cely any ( ! items 9 ! above-drawn p>allel occurr$ to ,phbe4 #cj4 ,he w5t ab\t mop+4 ,none spake to him4 ,no "o w\ld play ) him4--,,lamb4 #ca4 ,ah1 t good ,k5t6 ,he said x w\ld be ?us4 #cb4 ,h[ easy is ! explanation to ^? :o "k6 #cc4 ,!re has be5 a qu>rel betwe5 him & ,hepzibah ?is _m a day4 #b4 ,fill ea* blank ) a p]sonal pron\n 7 #ada74 #a4 ,ea* ( u %\ld d ---- be/4 #b4 ,ev]ybody ?9ks ---- own way is wise4 #c4 ,if anybody has a bett] plan1 n[ is ! "t = ---- to speak4 #d4 ,x 0 an old-fa%ion$ picnic1 e p]son furni%+ ---- %>e ( ! provisions4 #e4 ,:5 anybody is talk+1 x is bad mann]s to int]rupt ----4 ,,ex]cise #ag 7 #adc-aef1 pp4 #ff-ga7 #a4 ,p>se ! relative pron\ns1 us+ ! models 9 #afh4 #a4 ,! lights 9 ! %ops c\ld h>dly /ruggle ?r\gh ! heavy mi/1 :i* ?ick5$ e mom5t4 #b4 ,i %all n budge f ! position t ,i h tak5 up4 #c4 ,! l& ( lit]ature is a fairy l& to ^? :o view x at a di/ance4--,,irv+4 #d4 ,i hate p :o meet ,"t half-way4--,,lamb4 #e4 ,! wea!r1 :i* _h be5 /ormy & unsettl$1 mod]at$ t[>d ! ev5+4 #f4 ,he t once indulges idle fe>s w nev] be at re/4--,,johnson4 #g4 ,! only =d by :i* ! travell]s c\ld cross 0 gu>d$ by a p>ty ( militia4 #h4 ,"o d>k unruly night %e issu$ secretly out ( a small po/]n gate ( ! ca/le1 :i* ! enemy _h neglect$ to gu>d4 #i4 ,i paus$ to contemplate a tomb on :i* lay ! effigy ( a knight 9 complete armor4 #aj4 ,he :o loves ! sea loves also ! %ip's r\t9e4--,,conrad4 #aa4 ,!re 7 two or ?ree indefatigable m5 among !m1 by ^: c\rage & indu/ry all ! re/ 7 upheld4--,,defoe4 #ab4 ,?\ had/ a voice ^: s\nd 0 l ! sea4--,,wordswor?4 #ac4 ,!y sl&] !e sorely :o say ?y v[s are frail4--,,moore4 #ad4 ,! fir/ great poet ^: works h come d[n to u1 sang ( w> long be=e w> became a sci5ce or a trade4---,,macaulay4 #ae4 ,! gu/s t drove aga9/ ! high h\se seem$ ready to te> x f its foo?old ( rock4 #af4 ,at its we/]n side is a deep rav9e or valley1 ?r\gh :i* a small /ream ru%es4 #ag4 ,a weak "m1 :o p]petually ?reat5s & nev] p]=ms1 is lay+ up mis]ies bo? = h]self & = h] *ildr54--,,sp5c]4 #ah4 ,z !y approa*$1 a rav51 :o sat ^u ! topmo/ /one1 black aga9/ ! bright blue sky1 flapp$ lazily away4--,,k+sley4 #ai4 ,to su* ( h] neighbors z ne$$ o!r att5tion1 %e w\ld give h] "t1 h] assi/ance1 h] skill4 #bj4 ,x 0 su* a battle-axe z ,ru/um may h wield$ 9 fight ^u ! banks ( ,oxus4 #ba4 ,i may nei!r *oose :om ,i w\ld1 nor refuse :om ,i dislike4 #b4 ,po9t out ! descriptive & ! re/rictive relatives 9 #a 7above74 #c4 ,write t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a descriptive relative2 t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a re/rictive relative4 #d4 ,fill ! blanks ) relatives4 ,9 ! fir/ eight s5t5ces1 at lea/1 use :o or :om4 #a4 ,?is is ! boy ---- ,i recomm5d$4 #b4 ,! boy ---- ,i recomm5d$ is a ,sw$e4 #c4 ,! boy ---- br\ght ! lett] is n ! "o ---- ,i recomm5d$4 #d4 ,i told ,anna1 ---- ,i knew w\ld keep my secret4 #e4 ,i told ,anna1 ---- ,i knew ,i c\ld tru/4 #f4 ,i told ,anna1 ---- ,i knew to be tru/wor?y4 #g4 ,i told ,anna1 ---- ,i knew intimately4 #h4 ,no "o ---- y "k lives 9 ?is /reet4 #i4 ,all ---- ,i c say is1 ,i am sorry4 #aj4 ,give me ! same horse ---- ,i _h ye/]day4 #aa4 ,a dog1 ---- %[$ 8 tee? & gr[l$1 block$ ! way4 #ab4 ,*oose ! p>tn] ---- y l be/4 #ac4 ,! policeman 0 lead+ a little *ild ---- _h lo/ its "m4 #ad4 ,take su* measures ---- y deem necess>y4 #ae4 ,take ---- measures seem necess>y4 #af4 ,take ! measures ---- seem to y necess>y4 #ag4 ,my hat is ( ! same size ---- y\rs4 #ah4 ,?is is ! picture ---- ,i am s pr\d (4 #ai4 ,?is is ! picture ( ---- ,i am s pr\d4 #bj4 ,! man ---- is talk+ to ,h5ry is ! "o ---- owns ?is h\se4 #e4 ,supply ! relatives t are 8und]/ood0 7 #aea74 #a4 ,x 0 a bold /ep %e _h tak54 #b4 ,i am n altoge!r unqualifi$ = ! bus9ess ,i h 9 h&4 #c4 ,8 ta/e ( books is a little too j = ! age he lives 94 #d4 ,c5sure is ! tax a man pays to ! public = be+ em95t4 #e4 ,:o is ! wittie/ man y "k8 #f4 ,morton 0 ! only fri5d ,i _h4 #g4 ,t sonata 0 ! fir/ piece ,i le>n$4 #h4 ,t5 doll>s is ! price he asks4 #i4 ,are y ! man ,i b\ght ! coat (8 #aj4 ,?is is ! book we are read+ ev5+s4 #aa4 ,take any seat y l4 #ab4 8,fau/0 is ! only op]a ,i c>e =4 #ac4 ,i h done all ,i c4 ,,ex]cise #ah 7 #aeg-afb1 pp4 #ga-gc7 ,p>se ! relatives4 #a4 ,:atev] wisdom & en]gy c\ld d ,william did4 #b4 ,:atev] is done skilfully appe>s to be done ) ease4 #c4 ,we mu/ suspect :at we see1 di/ru/ :at we he>1 & d\bt ev5 :at we feel6--,,miss ,,burney4 #d4 ,:oev] has be5 9 a /ate ( n]v\s agitation1 mu/ "k t ! long] x cont9ues ! m uncontrollable x gr[s4--,,irv+4 #e4 ,"t ha? reft :ate'er my s\l enjoy$4--,,byron4 #f4 ,! gallant major %[$ no hesitation :atev]4 #g4 ,:oev] has made a voyage up ! ,hudson mu/ rememb] ! ,kaatskill ,m\nta9s4 #h4 ,a recollection ( :at ,i _h se5 & felt ! prec$+ night /ill haunt$ my m9d4 #i4 ,h>d "w 0 :at he ne$$ n[4 #aj4 ,:atev] regrets ,mrs4 ,?orv]ton might indulge 9 secret1 %e _h _h ! /r5g? ( m9d to hide !m4 #aa4 ,l all weak m51 !y _h rec\rse to :at !y call$ /rong measures4 #ab4 ,we see 9 him a fre]1 pur] developm5t ( :atev] is noble/ 9 ourselves4 #ac4 ,sir ,rog] 0 :at y call a f9e g5tleman4 #ad4 ,sweet pr9ces1 :at ,i did1 ,i did 9 honor4--,,%aksp]e4 #ae4 ,he 0 really int]e/$ 9 :at ,con+sby _h se5 & :at he _h felt4 #af4 ,:at 0 to be se5 at ,naples1 ,addison saw4 ,,ex]cise #ai 7 #afc-afh1 pp4 #gc-gd7 ,p>se ! int]rogative pron\ns1 m5tion+ g5d]1 numb]1 p]son1 & case4 ,if ! int]rogative ^w is an adjective1 tell :at n\n x limits4 #a4 ,:o w\ld n s+ = ,lycidas8 #b4 ,:at t sigh meant ,i _c say4 #c4 ,columns1 ar*es1 pyramids1 :at are !y b heaps ( s&8 #d4 ,:i* ( ! two 0 daught] to ! duke8 #e4 ,:om next %all we summon f ! du/y dead8--,,lamb4 #f4 ,:y6 ,peggy1 :at h y br\ght u8 #g4 ,:at's fame8 ,a fanci$ life 9 o!rs' brea?4--,,pope4 #h4 ,to :at %all ,i comp>e x8 #i4 ,& :at art ?\1 ,o melan*oly voice8--,,%elley4 #aj4 ,pr\d suff]]1 :o art ?\8 #aa4 ,:at 7 ,swigby's =m] pursuits ,i c't tell4 ,:at ne$ we c>e8 ,hadn't he five hundr$ a ye>8 ,ay1 t he _h4--,,?ack]ay4 #ab4 ,:at does x matt]8 #ac4 ,:i* way h y look$ = ,ma/] ,caius8 #ad4 ,:at bus9ess _h !y 9 ,prussia8 ,,ex]cise #bj 7 #afc-afh1 pp4 #gc-gd7 ,fill ea* blank ) :o or :om1 z ! con/ruction may require4 #a4 ,he ask$ me ---- 0 elect$4 #b4 ,f ---- did %e he> ?is news8 #c4 ,to ---- did y apply = assi/ance8 #d4 ---- d y reg>d z ! bett] s*ol> ( ! two8 #e4 ---- %all ,i ask = ! key8 #f4 ---- did y see :5 y call$8 #g4 ---- d y ?9k is ! be/ physician 9 t[n8 #h4 ---- c ,i tru/ 9 su* an em]g5cy8 #i4 ,) ---- h y discuss$ ?is affair8 #aj4 ---- d y suppose ?is lett] is f8 #aa4 ---- d y suppose ,i am8 #ab4 ---- d y suppose ,i saw8 #ac4 ---- d y ?9k w help u8 ,,ex]cise #ba 7 #aac-afh1 pp4 #ee-gd7 ,po9t out ea* pron\n2 tell to :at class x belongs1 & give its con/ruction4 #a4 ,8 m9d n[ misgave him4 #b4 ,"u ! d>k & haunt$ g>ret 7 attic *amb]s :i* !mselves _h hi/ories4 #c4 ,passion itself is v figurative1 & (t5 bur/s out into metaphors4--,,goldsmi?4 #d4 ,he _h a wiry1 well-tra9$1 ela/ic figure1 a /iff milit>y ?r[-back ( 8 head1 & a spr++ /ep1 :i* made him appe> mu* y\ng] ?an he 04 #e4 ,x 0 ! owl t %riek$4 #f4 ,sl[ly1 sl[ly1 sl[ly ! days succe$$ ea* o!r4 #g4 ,say no?+ to ! m51 b h all y\r wits ab\t y4 #h4 ,he saw t x w\ld be d>k long be=e he c\ld rea* ! village4 #i4 ,i mu/ d myself ! ju/ice to op5 ! "w ) my own hi/ory4 #aj4 ,economy 9 our affairs has ! same effect ^u our =tunes :i* good bre$+ has ^u our conv]sations4--,,/eele4 #aa4 ,x 0 a cl\dy night1 ) frequ5t %[]s ( ra94 #ab4 8,fair sirs10 said ,ar?ur1 8:]e=e sit ye "h80 #ac4 ,:o w\ld be free1 !mselves mu/ /rike ! bl[4--,,byron4 #ad4 ,?is is my son1 m9e own ,telema*us4--,,t5nyson4 #ae4 ,ri*>d bade !m adieu4 #af4 ,ye m5 ( ,k5t1 'tis victory or dea?6--,,wordswor?4 #ag4 ,we d9$ ye/]day ) y\r fri5d & m9e1 ! mo/ companionable & dome/ic ,mr4 ,c4 #ah4 ,great is ! p[] ( ! man :o has no?+ to lose4--,,doyle4 #ai4 ,ea* hamlet />t$ at ! s\nd4 #bj4 ,look on me ) ?9e own calm look4 #ba4 ,mr4 ,rigby 0 n a man :o ev] confess$ himself at fault4 #bb4 ,!y 7 conv]s+ ) mu* e>ne/ness among !mselves4 #bc4 ,he he>d ! deep beh9d him1 & a cry be=e4 #bd4 ,:5 ,de]slay] rea*$ ! fire1 he f\nd himself surr\nd$ by no less ?an eight grim savages4 #be4 ,m9e ho/ess1 inde$1 gave me a long hi/ory h[ ! goblet _h be5 h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 #bf4 ,! uncle & nephew look$ at ea* o!r = "s seconds )\t speak+4 #bg4 ,we _h yet se5 no wild bea/s1 or1 at lea/1 none t came v ne> u4--,,defoe4 #bh4 ,we envy y y\r sea-breezes4 #bi4 ,:i* is he t kill$ ! de]8 #cj4 ,!re 0 ! *oice1 & x 0 /ill op5 to him to take :i* side he pleas$4 #ca4 ,!re is always some?+ to worry y4 ,x comes z regul>ly z sunrise4 ,,ex]cise #bb 7 #afi-ahh1 pp4 #ge-hb7 #a4 ,po9t out e adjective4 ,tell :e!r x is descriptive or def9itive 7 #afi-aga71 & m5tion ! sub/antive to :i* x belongs4 ,if ! adjective c be comp>$1 give its ?ree degrees ( comp>ison4#ea #a4 ,! old1 unpa9t$ %+les ( ! h\se 7 black ) moi/ure4 #b4 8,my v dog10 sigh$ poor ,rip1 8has =gott5 me60 #c4 ,l\d 0 ! lightsome tumult on ! %ore4--,,byron4 #d4 ,sweet are ! %y recesses ( ! woodl&4 #e4 ,r[s ( pewt] & e>!n di%es glitt]$ along ! dress]4 #f4 ,! major spoke 9 a matt]-(-fact way4 #g4 ,! %eep & ! c[ h no cutt+ tee?1 b only a h>d pad 9 ! upp] jaw4--,,huxley4 #h4 ,! fa9t1 foggy daylight glimm]$ dimly on ! b>e floor & /airs4 #i4 ,he wip$ 8 s]i\s1 p]plex$ face on a r$ b&anna h&k]*ief1 a %ade light] ?an 8 complexion4 #aj4 ,! yell[ moonlight sleeps on all ! hills4--,,beattie4 #aa4 ,! "y ho/ess seem$ to p]=m h] (fice ) a c]ta9 degree ( desp]ate det]m9ation4 #ab4 ,?is w>n+ is meant 9 a fri5dly _s4 #ac4 ,! h\se rema9$ unt5ant$ = ?ree ye>s4 #ad4 ,numb]less torr5ts1 ) ceaseless s\nd1 desc5d to ! ocean4 #ae4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! two bran*es ( ! legislature la/$ "s days long]4 #b4 ,write five s5t5ces conta9+ descriptive adjectives2 five conta9+ def9itive adjectives4 #c4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ demon/rative1 indef9ite1 relative1 & int]rogative adjectives4 #d4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! indef9ite article is directly foll[$ by-- honorable1 y\?ful1 yew1 ewe1 euphoni\s1 hi/orical1 hi/ory1 hymn1 humble1 hil>i\s1 univ]sity1 express1 horticultural1 oratorio1 automatic1 h]itage1 h>moni\s4 ,,ex]cise #bc 7 #aha-ahg1 pp4 #gi-hb7 ,po9t out ! comp>atives & ! sup]latives4 ,m5tion any sup]latives us$ = emphasis 7 #bjj74 #a4 ,! ,gov]nor-,g5]al is ! franke/ & be/-natur$ ( m54 #b4 ,! company grew m]ri] & l\d] z _! jokes grew dull]4 #c4 ,a knock al>m$ ! out] gate4 #d4 ,at once !re came ! polite/ & fri5dlie/ reply4 #e4 ,_m a poet has be5 poor] ?an ,burns1 b no "o 0 ev] pr\d]4--,,c>lyle4 #f4 ,! la/ tyrant ev] proves ! wor/4--,,pope4 #g4 ,! pr(\nde/ secrecy 0 obs]v$ 9 ! :ole transaction4 #h4 ,e>? has n any?+ to %[ m fair4 #i4 ,! natural pr9ciple ( w> is to d ! mo/ h>m to our enemy ) ! lea/ h>m to ourselves4--,,irv+4 #aj4 ,dur+ ! re/ ( ! j\rney1 ,rose 0 9 ! /range/ /ate ( m9d4 #aa4 ,!re's n a nobl] man 9 ,rome ?an ,antony4 #ab4 ,little he ate1 & less he spake4 #ac4 ,our j\rney hi!r 0 ?r\gh ! mo/ beautiful "p ( ! f9e/ c\ntry 9 ! _w4 #ad4 ,mean:ile ! ?rong )\t 0 con/antly becom+ m num]\s & m savage4 #ae4 ,va9 are 8 weapons1 va9] is 8 =ce4 #af4 ,%e might h be5 m l5i5t4 #ag4 ,y'll h to be m practical4 #ah4 ,h[ does a love ( ga9 trans=m ! grave/ ( mank9d into ! mo/ contemptible & ridicul\s6--,,goldsmi?4 #ai4 ,mo/ au?ors speak ( _! fame z if x 7 q a priceless matt]4 #bj4 ,lovelie/ & be/6 ?\ little "k'/ ,! rank1 ! honor1 ?\ ha/ lo/6--,,scott4 #ba4 ,( two su* lessons1 :y =get ,! nobl] & ! manli] "o8--,,byron4 ,,ex]cise #bd 7 #ahi-aih1 pp4 #hc-hg7 #a4 ,p>se ea* adv]b by tell+ :e!r x is an adv]b ( mann]1 "t1 place1 or degree1 & by m5tion+ ! v]b1 adjective1 or adv]b :i* x modifies4 ,comp>e ! adv]bs :i* are capable ( comp>ison4 #a4 ,a great "p ( ! isl& is r level4 #b4 ,!y _h work$ v h>d & v *e]fully4 #c4 ,:5 spake ,i su* a ^w8 #d4 ,we c ill sp>e ! comm&+ social b5efits ( cities4--,,em]son4 #e4 ,%e look$ up & met 8 eyes1 & !reupon bo? became v grave4 #f4 ,! sil5ce ( ! prairie at night 0 well-nigh t]rible4 #g4 ,f> 9 ! ,we/ !re lies a des]t l&4 #h4 ,! :i/l+ pl\ghman /alks afield4 #i4 ,swiftly !y glid$ along4 #aj4 ,he has only j arriv$ 9 ,engl&4 #aa4 ,fa/ ! :ite rocks fad$ f 8 view4 #ab4 ,:ole ranks in/antly laid d[n _! pikes & muskets4 #ac4 ,?ick cl\ds ( du/ af> appe>$4 #ad4 ,bitt] sobs came ?ick & fa/4 #ae4 ,h[ long are y go+ to be 9 ,p>is8 #af4 ,to-morr[ ,i int5d to hunt aga94 #ag4 ,answ] made ,k+ ,ar?ur1 brea?+ h>d4 #ah4 ,"s ( u laugh$ he>tily4 #ai4 ,!y _h spok5 simply & op5ly ab\t t f ! v />t4 #b4 ,=m an adv]b ( mann] f ea* ( ! foll[+ adjectives4 ,use ea* adv]b 9 a s5t5ce4 ,tell :at x modifies4 ,pr\d1 c>eless1 vehem5t1 t5d]1 vigor\s1 da9ty1 brave1 =mal1 c\rte\s1 blunt1 %>p1 ke51 we>y1 heavy1 true1 skilful1 legible4 #c4 ,fill ea* blank ) an adv]b ( degree modify+ ! adjective or ! adv]b4 #a4 ,ogilvie 0 ---- lucky t day4 #b4 ,!y 7 ?\ght to be ---- fa%ionable p4 #c4 ,%e made h] objections ---- delicately z %e c\ld4 #d4 ,july has be5 ---- hot4 #e4 ,c>lyle 0 ---- da9ty ab\t 8 food4 #f4 ,jack did n come e>ly ---- to f9d a seat4 #g4 ,! tide runs ---- fa/ r\nd ?is po9t4 #h4 ,! balloon so>$ ---- high t x disappe>$4 #i4 ,! fugitive rea*$ ! pi] ---- late to take ! /eam]4 #aj4 ,! be> gr[l$ ---- savagely t ! dogs 7 fright5$4 #aa4 ,y write ---- m legibly ?an ,i4 ,,ex]cise #be 7 #aid-aif1 p4 #hf7 #a4 ,po9t out ! relative adv]bs1 & m5tion ! subord9ate clause introduc$ by ea*4 ,tell :e!r ea* adv]b expresses "t1 place1 or mann]4 #a4 ,j z ! sun w5t d[n1 !y he>d a murmur ( voices4 #b4 ,on wak+1 he f\nd himself on ! gre5 knoll :5ce he _h fir/ se5 ! old man ( ! gl54 #c4 ,!re is no place ( g5]al resort :]e9 ,i d n (t5 make my appe>ance4 #d4 ,:]ev] he det]m9es to sleep1 !re he prep>es himself a sort ( ne/4 #e4 ,i ha/5$ to ! spot :5ce ,i _h come4 #f4 ,:]e roll$ ! ocean1 !reon 0 8 home4--,,byron4 #g4 ,:]e %9e? ?y _s1 !re lib]ty %9e? too6--,,moore4 #h4 ,he w look on ! _w1 :]esoev] he c cat* a glimpse ( x1 ) eag] curiosity4 #i4 ,until ,lady ,gl5more came to call next day1 we he>d ( no?+ unusual4 #aj4 ,:5 %e & ,miss ,pole left u1 we endeavor$ to subside into calmness4 #aa4 ,small s]vice is true s]vice :ile x la/s4 #ab4 ,long be=e we saw ! sea1 its spray 0 on our lips4 #ac4 ,z !y asc5d$1 ,rip e n[ & !n he>d long roll+ peals1 l di/ant ?und]4 #ad4 ,! village clock /ruck five z ,mr4 ,millbank & 8 gue/s ent]$ ! g>d5s ( ! mansion4 #ae4 ,:5 only a small space 0 left betwe5 ! armies1 ! ,highl&]s sudd5ly drew _! broadswords & ru%$ =w>d ) a fe>ful yell4--,,macaulay4 #af4 ,:5 he rejo9$ 8 companions1 he said some?+ to !m 9 ,wel%4 #b4 ,po9t out ! int]rogative adv]bs1 & tell :at ea* modifies4 #a4 ,:y look'/ ?\ s8 #b4 ,:5ce came ye1 jolly satyrs8 :5ce came ye8--,,keats4 #c4 ,:]e n[ %all ,i g1 poor1 =sak51 & bl9d8--,,campbell4 #d4 ,:y weep ye by ! tide8--,,scott4 #e4 ,see h[ ! _w its vet]ans rew>ds6--,,pope4 #f4 ,h[ wildly w ambition /e]6--,,dryd54 #g4 ,:]e h y be5 ^! tw5ty long ye>s8 #h4 ,"h 0 a ,cs>6 ,:5 comes su* ano!r8--,,%aksp]e4 #i4 ,:5 %all we ?ree meet aga98 #aj4 ,hi/ory is cl>ifi$ exp]i5ce1 & yet h[ little d m5 pr(it by x6 ,nay1 h[ %\ld we expect x ( ^? :o s seldom are taught any?+ by _! own8--,,l[ell4 #aa4 ,:y did y n br+ :at ,i ask$ =8 #c4 ,write t5 s5t5ces conta9+ relative adv]bs2 t5 conta9+ int]rogative adv]bs4 ,,ex]cise #bf 7 #aig-bjc1 pp4 #hg-hi7 #a4 ,po9t out ! comp>atives & sup]latives4 ,tell :e!r ea* is an adjective or an adv]b4 #a4 ,i ?\ght x ! mo/ prud5t me?od to lie /ill4 #b4 ,:5 ! p obs]v$ ,i 0 quiet1 !y dis*>g$ no m arr[s4 #c4 ,y "k y\r own feel+s be/4 #d4 ,he 0 tall] ?an any ( ! o!r ?ree :o att5d$ him4 #e4 ,! song & ! laugh grew less & less frequ5t4 #f4 ,! h>d] ,i try to =get x1 ! m x comes into my m9d4 #g4 ,! night grew d>k] & d>k]2 ! />s seem$ to s9k deep] 9 ! sky4 #h4 ,i answ]$ 9 a few words1 b 9 a mo/ submissive mann]4 #i4 ,_! sight is mu* m acute ?an ours4 #aj4 ,! natives came by degrees to be less appreh5sive ( any dang] f me4 #aa4 ,:oev] p]=ms 8 "p ) ! mo/ agility1 & holds out longe/ 9 leap+1 is rew>d$ ) ! blue-color$ silk4 #ab4 ,x receiv$ less damage ?an ,i expect$4 #ac4 ,long live ! mo/ puissant k+ ( ,lilliput6 #ad4 ,fa/ are ! fly+ mom5ts1 fa/] are ! ho(s ( our horses4 #ae4 ,nigh come ! /rang]s & m nigh4--,,scott4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ ei!r ! comp>ative or ! sup]lative ( ! foll[+ words3-- m]ry1 uncom=table1 ill1 joyfully1 nor!rn1 old 7bo? =ms71 f>1 91 out1 e>ly1 little 7adjective71 little 7adv]b71 badly1 (t51 wor?y1 wond]ful1 accurate1 f>1 nigh1 top1 mu*1 sev]e4 #c4 ,write six s5t5ces conta9+ adv]bs :i* are incapable ( comp>ison2 six conta9+ adjectives :i* are incapable ( comp>ison4 ,,ex]cise #bg 7 #bjd-bjh1 pp4 #hi-ij7 #a4 ,write five s5t5ces 9 :i* c>d9al num]als are adjectives1 five 9 :i* !y are n\ns4 ,use ! same num]als 9 ! ord9al =m z adjectives1 z n\ns4 #b4 ,write five s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a num]al adv]b2 five conta9+ an adv]bial phrase t includes a num]al4 ,,ex]cise #bh 7 #bji-bae1 pp4 #ia-ic7 #a4 ,po9t out all ! v]bs & v]b-phrases4 ,tell :e!r ea* is transitive or intransitive4 ,tell :i* are copulative2 :i* are auxili>y4 ,m5tion any examples ( ! copula4 #a4 ,little tasks make l>ge return4 #b4 ,we mu/ n[ return to ! =tress ( ,tillietudlem & its inhabitants4 #c4 ,?\gh ,i look old1 yet ,i am /rong & lu/y4 #d4 ,! sun%9e might n[ be se5 /eal+ d[n ! front ( ! opposite h\se4 #e4 ,he sat ap>t f !m all1 & look$ at !m ) a melan*oly1 haughty c\nt5ance2 :ile ! re/ halloo$ & sang & laugh$1 & ! room rang4 #f4 ,y _c relieve me1 b y may add to ! torm5ts ,i suff]4 #g4 ,"o ga9s no?+ by attempt+ to %ut out ! sprites ( ! wea!r4 ,!y come 9 at ! keyhole2 !y pe] ?r\gh ! dripp+ panes2 !y ins9uate !mselves ?r\gh ! crevices ( ! casem5t1 or plump !mselves d[n *imney a/ride ( ! ra9drops4--,,:itti]4 #h4 ,a l>ge lamp ?rew a /rong mass ( light ^u ! gr\p4 #i4 ,! b>on p>don$ ! "y c\ple on ! spot4 #aj4 ,e n[ & !n he w\ld turn 8 head sl[ly r\nd4 #aa4 ,! riv] sleeps along its c\rse & dreams ( ! sky & ( ! clu/]+ foliage4 #ab4 ,a sev]e gale compell$ him to seek %elt]4 #ac4 ,miss ,betsy ,b>k] dri$ h] eyes & ?ank$ ! ,capta9 he>tily4 #ad4 ,pray y1 look n sad4 #ae4 ,i am6 yet :at ,i am :o c>es1 or kn[s8--,,cl>e4 #af4 ,aft] all1 x is a glori\s pa/ime to f9d oneself 9 a real gale ( w9d1 9 a big %ip1 ) n a rock to run aga9/ )9 a ?\s& miles4--,,k+sley4 #ag4 ,we w talk ov] all ?is ano!r "t4 #ah4 ,:at is progress8 ,movem5t4 ,b :at if x be movem5t 9 ! wrong direction8--,,disraeli4 #ai4 ,!y say y are a melan*oly fell[4 #bj4 ,! valiant ,clif=d is no m4 #ba4 ,! wreck _h evid5tly drift$ ab\t = _m mon?s2 clu/]s ( %ellfi% _h fa/5$ ab\t x1 & long seawe$ flaunt$ at its sides4--,,irv+4 #bb4 ,times grew worse & worse ) ,rip ,van ,w9kle z ye>s ( matrimony roll$ on4 #b4 ,frame tw5ty s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a v]b-phrase4 ,use ! auxili>ies m5tion$ 9 #baj4 ,let "s ( ! s5t5ces be int]rogative4 #c4 ,make a li/ ( tw5ty v]bs t are transitive 9 "o s5se1 intransitive 9 ano!r 7 #bab74 ,use ^! v]bs 9 s5t5ces4 #d4 ,illu/rate ! absolute use ( transitive v]bs by fram+ t5 s5t5ces 7 #bac74 #e4 ,make a li/ ( six copulative v]bs 7 #bad74 ,use !m 9 s5t5ces4 ,frame s5t5ces 9 :i* ! same v]bs are n copulative 7 #bae74 #f4 ,use ! copula 7 #bad7 9 tw5ty s5t5ces1 sev]al ( :i* %all illu/rate its use 9 v]b-phrases4 ,,ex]cise #bi 7 #bag-bbe1 pp4 #id-ii7 #a4 ,write t5 s5t5ces 9 ea* ( :i* a weak 7or regul>7 v]b is us$ 9 ! pa/ t5se2 t51 9 ea* ( :i* a /rong 7or irregul>7 v]b is us$ 9 ! pa/ t5se4 #b4 ,con/ruct s5t5ces 9 :i* ! pa/ t5se ( ea* ( ! foll[+ v]bs is us$3 dr9k1 lie1 s[1 get1 wake1 dwell1 s+1 pay1 bid1 light1 b]eave1 build1 ride1 hang1 swim1 lay1 split1 %r9k1 slay1 wr+1 weave1 ?rive1 sp91 tread1 %ake1 bur/1 sl9k1 dive1 flee1 fly1 sw+1 wet1 fl+1 kneel1 let1 *ide4 #c4 ,po9t out all ! v]bs 7except ! copula & auxili>ies7 9 ,ex]cise #bh1 #a1 & conjugate !m 9 ! pres5t & ! pa/ t5se4 ,tell :i* are weak 7regul>7 & :i* are /rong 7irregul>74 ,acc\nt = ! p]son & numb]4 ,,ex]cise #cj 7 #bbf-bcb1 pp4 #ajj-ajb7 #a4 ,fill ea* blank ) am1 is1 or are4 #a4 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ---- at peace4 #b4 ,nei!r ,ar?ur nor ,john ---- "r4 #c4 ,ei!r a saw or an axe ---- necess>y4 #d4 ,ei!r y or ,doro?y ---- go+4 #e4 ,y & ,i ---- go+4 #f4 ,y & he ---- go+4 #g4 ,is x ,mr4 ,all5 or is x 8 *ildr5 :o ---- go+8 #h4 ,ei!r he ---- go+ or y ----4 #i4 ,ei!r y ---- go+ or ,i ----4 #aj4 ,! sum & sub/ance ( ! article ---- ?is4 #aa4 ,half ! %eep ---- miss+4 #ab4 ,a numb] ( ,italians ---- pres5t4 #ac4 ,! numb] ( ,italians 9 ?is t[n ---- small4 #ad4 ,ma!matics ---- my mo/ difficult /udy4 #ae4 ,! numb] ( applicants ---- n suffici5t #af4 ,a numb] ( reasons ---- alleg$4 #ag4 ,! jury ---- 9 agreem5t4 #ah4 ,! jury ---- be+ *>g$ by ! judge4 #ai4 ,! committee ---- compos$ ( five memb]s4 #bj4 ,! committee ---- always wrangl+ ) "o ano!r4 #ba4 ,i1 :o ---- only a beg9n]1 _c compete ) ,ri*>ds1 :o ---- an exp]t4 #bb4 ,he is "o ( ^? m5 :o ---- always out ( "w4 #bc4 ,i am n a man :o ---- easily fright5$4 #bd4 ,walt] is "o ( ! be/ fell[s !re ---- 9 ?is t[n4 #be4 ,is x ! k+ & que5 :o ---- com+8 #bf4 ,is x ! k+ or ! que5 :o ---- com+8 #bg4 ,!y made me1 :o ---- ! %ye/ ( mortals1 respond to a toa/4 #bh4 ,a gift ( f\r hundr$ books1 eighte5 maps1 & t5 pla/] ca/s ---- to be made to our s*ool4 #bi4 ,vocal & in/rum5tal music ---- taught "h4 #cj4 ,nei!r vocal nor in/rum5tal music ---- taught "h4 #ca4 ,nei!r elem5t>y nor advanc$ physics ---- taught "h4 #cb4 ,nei!r organic nor inorganic *emi/s ---- tra9$ "h4 #cc4 ,"o or two pages ---- miss+4 #cd4 ,physics1 toge!r ) algebra & ,lat91 ---- taught ! fir/ ye>4 #ce4 ,/ev5son's 8,memories & ,portraits0 ---- ly+ on ! table4 #cf4 ,! insurg5t g5]al ) t5 ( 8 foll[]s ---- said to h surr5d]$4 #cg4 ,james1 z well z 8 si/]s1 ---- com+4 #ch4 ,six mon?s ---- a long "t to wait4 #ci4 ,a s]ies ( lectures ---- giv5 "h e w9t]4 #b4 ,make a li/ ( t5 collective n\ns4 ,use !m 9 s5t5ces 7#a7 ) a s+ul> v]b1 7#b7 ) a plural v]b4 ,expla9 ! diff]5ce 9 mean+4 #c4 ,use ! relative :o 9 t5 s5t5ces 9 :i* ! antec$5t is 9 ! fir/ or ! second p]son4 ,,ex]cise #ca 7 #bcc-bda1 pp4 #ajb-aje7 #a4 ,expla9 ! use ( w & %all 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces4 #a4 ,we %all nev] =get :at y h done = u4 #b4 8,y ought to "k my milit>y secret>y10 said ! g5]al1 z ,lo?air ent]$1 8& !re=e ,i w introduce y40 #c4 ,i am v pati5t2 ,i w wait4 #d4 ,if ,i d return1 ,i w vote aga9/ !m4 ,b ,i w n return4 ,i h made up my m9d to t4 #e4 ,i w s5d y ,j5n+s's poem1 if y l4 #f4 ,y w ( c\rse make a draw+ & an e/imate1 & s5d !m to me 7 #bdj74 #g4 ,d congratulate h] = me1 w y8 #h4 ,ano!r ,a!ns %all arise4--,,%elley4 #i4 8,i won't all[ x60 cri$ ,lady ,niton1 8he %a'n't g60 #aj4 ,%all ,i f9d y at home if ,i call "s day soon1 betwe5 five & six o'clock8 #aa4 ,y mu/ be conv9c$1 & on reflection y w be conv9c$4 #ab4 ,be=e my j\rney to ,ro*dale1 y %all h due notice :]e to address me4 #ac4 ,i consid] myself a fir/-rate %ot1 & y %all practise ) me4 #ad4 ,%all ,i ev] =get t p>ty8 #ae4 ,%all y hunt to-morr[1 ,mr4 ,d]onda8 #af4 ,:5 %all y be at ,cambridge8 #ag4 ,lady ,/4 ,j]ome is a little indispos$--a cold caught at "o ( h] baza>s4 ,%e w hold !m1 & !y say t no "o ev] sells s mu*4--,,disraeli4 #ah4 ,w y be good en\gh to keep an acc\nt ( all ! manuscripts y receive1 = fe> ( omission8 #ai4 ,o re/ ye1 bro!r m>9]s1 we w n w&] m4--,,t5nyson4 #bj4 ,w y =w>d ! inclos$ imm$iately to ,corbet1 ^: address ,i d n exactly rememb]8 #ba4 ,byron 0 no common man3 yet if we exam9e 8 poetry ) ?is view1 we %all f9d x f> en\gh f faultless4--,,c>lyle4 #bb4 ,i %all be 9 t[n by ,sunday next1 & w call & h "s conv]sation on ! subject ( ,we/all's propos$ design4 #bc4 ,w y g d[n1 de>8 ,i w foll[ y 9 a mom5t4 #bd4 ,w n y\r trip to ,ba? af=d y an opportunity to take a peep at ,we/on8 #be4 ,nev]1 z long z ,i live1 w ,i speak to y aga91 nor %all ,h>ry1 :om y h humiliat$6 #bf4 ,yet he = :om ,i grieve %all nev] "k x4 #bg4 ,%all y let him g to ,italy8 #bh4 ,prone to ! du/ ,oppression %all be hurl$4--,,campbell4 #bi4 ,y %a'n't g on ) ?is affair1 ,i tell y1 ,h>ry4 #cj4 ,i %all probably return ?is ev5+1 b ,i w see y be=e ,i g4--,,trollope4 #ca4 ,9 ! int]im ,i %all leave t[n2 on ,sunday ,i %all set out = ,h]e=d%ire1 f :5ce1 :5 want$1 ,i w return4 #cb4 ,if my fa!r does n return ) me 9 ! spr+1 x %all n be = want ( urg+ on my "p4--,,coop]4 #b4 ,fill ea* blank ) w or %all4 #a4 ,i ---- be glad to see y4 #b4 ,we ---- be oblig$ to g home e>ly4 #c4 ,i ---- help y :5ev] y wi%4 #d4 ,i promise t he ---- n tr\ble y aga94 #e4 ,y ---- be k9d en\gh to take y\r seat4 #f4 ,we ---- miss our tra91 ,i fe>4 #g4 ,i mu/ hurry or ,i ---- be late4 #h4 ,rob]t ---- h z mu* z is good = him4 #i4 ,ar?ur ---- disobey me 9 spite ( all ,i c d4 #aj4 ,ar?ur ---- obey y1 ,i am sure4 #aa4 ,ar?ur ---- obey me1 or ,i ---- puni% him4 #ab4 ,if we reject ^! (f]s1 we ---- regret x4 #ac4 ,i ---- no long] endure 8 insol5ce4 #ad4 ---- !y return 9 season = d9n]8 #ae4 ,i ---- h to excuse y ?is "t1 ,i suppose4 #af4 ,i ---- gladly see y at any "t4 #ag4 ,y ---- n leave ?is room until y h confess$4 #ah4 ,he ---- give y ! money1 ,i feel confid5t4 #ai4 ,he ---- give y ! money1 or ,i ---- h no m to d ) him4 #bj4 ---- we all[ !m to d z !y please8 #c4 ,write decl>ative s5t5ces1 us+ w or %all 9 ! fir/ p]son 7s+ul> or plural7 to express a ?reat1 a promise1 resolution1 cons5t1 desire1 det]m9ation1 simple futurity4 #d4 ,fill ! blanks 9 ! foll[+ que/ions ) w or %all4 ,write s5t5ces 7us+ w or %all7 9 answ]4 #a4 ---- y promise to d bett]8 #b4 ---- y make any promises if he insi/s8 #c4 ---- we miss our tra98 #d4 ---- we g8 ,j ask u6 #e4 ---- ,i g n[8 ,i fe> ,i am we>y+ y4 #f4 ---- ,i tell y :at ,i really ?9k8 #g4 ---- y call a cab = me1 if y please8 #h4 ---- y be glad to see him8 #i4 ---- y see me if ,i call at "o o'clock8 #aj4 ---- we see y ?is ev5+8 #aa4 ---- y be k9d en\gh to op5 t door1 or ---- ,i8 #ab4 ---- y miss y\r bro!r8 #ac4 ---- we wait "h1 or ---- y rel5t & let u g ) y8 #ad4 ---- we all[ ?is evil to cont9ue8 #ae4 ---- y =give me8 ,,ex]cise #cb 7 #bdb-bde1 pp4 #ajf-ajg7 #a4 ,"n all ! complete 7or comp\nd7 t5ses & expla9 _! =mation4 #a4 ,f\r long ye>s 9 ! times ( ! w> _h he langui%$ a captive4--,,longfell[4 #b4 ,! adv5tur] has subsequ5tly return$ to 8 native c\ntry4 #c4 ,spid]s _h built _! webs 9 ! angles ( ! walls & ceil+s4 #d4 ,:ole fleets _h be5 ca/ away4 ,l>ge mansions _h be5 bl[n d[n4 #e4 ,i am j return$ f /ay+ ?ree days at a delightful inn by ! riv] ,ouse1 :]e we always g to fi% 7 #bdb1 #a1 note74--,,fitz ,,g]ald4 #f4 ,9 ! ev5+ we rea*$ a village :]e ,i _h det]m9$ to pass ! night4 #g4 ,i h s5t by ! ,gisbornes a copy ( ! 8,elegy on ,keats40 #h4 ,i h really done my be/4 #i4 ,our visits to ! isl&s h be5 m l dreams ?an realities4 #aj4 ,we are "h arriv$ at ! crisis ( ,burns's life4 #aa4 ,! *ills ( a long w9t] _h sudd5ly giv5 way2 ! nor? w9d _h sp5t its la/ gasp2 & a mild air came /eal+ f ! we/4 #ab4 ,! (fic] at la/ turn$ away1 hav+ satisfi$ himself t ! room 0 empty4 #ac4 ,c>son w h rea*$ %elt] long be=e ?is4 #b4 ,con/ruct t5 s5t5ces 9 :i* ! v]bs 9 ,ex]cise #bi1 #b are us$ 9 ! p]fect t5se4 #c4 ,turn ! v]bs 9 ^! s5t5ces into ! plup]fect t5se2 into ! future p]fect t5se4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! same v]bs are us$ z p]fect p>ticiples2 z p]fect inf9itives4 ,,ex]cise #cc 7 #bdf-bed1 pp4 #ajg-aab7 #a4 ,tell :e!r ea* v]b is 9 ! active or ! passive voice4 #b4 ,if ! v]b is active1 *ange x to ! passive1 & make su* o!r *anges z may be necess>y4 ,if ! v]b is passive1 *ange x to ! active4 #c4 ,conjugate ea* v]b 9 ! t5se 9 :i* x occurs4 #a4 ,! cu/oms ( mank9d are influ5c$ 9 _m ways by climate4 #b4 ,! door1 :i* 0 slightly aj>1 0 sudd5ly pu%$ op54 #c4 ,! l&lord h&$ ! /rang] ! newspap]4 #d4 ,aft] a %ort pause1 my ho/ resum$ 8 n>ration4 #e4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( t night my slumb]s 7 di/urb$ by /range dreams4 #f4 ,n a ^w 0 spok51 n a s\nd 0 made4 #g4 ,! great will[ tree _h caught & reta9$ among its leaves a :ole cat>act ( wat]4 #h4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ ,i 0 awak5$ by ! voices ( ,pet] & 8 wife4 #i4 ,he t is l\dly prais$ w be clamor\sly c5sur$4--,,johnson4 #aj4 ,out ( ?is /ory he =m$ a trag$y4 #aa4 ,! assailants 7 repuls$ 9 _! fir/ attack1 & sev]al ( _! brave/ (fic]s 7 %ot d[n 9 ! act ( /orm+ ! =tress sword 9 h&4 #ab4 ,?is fatal "q has di/urb$ ! quiet ( _m o!r m9ds4 #ac4 ,no g5ius 0 ev] bla/$ by ! brea? ( critics4--,,johnson4 #ad4 ,! jury !n he>d ! op9ion ( ! judge4 #ae4 ,:at cruel maxims are we taught by a k ( ! _w6--,,miss ,,burney4 #af4 ,_! dep>ture made ano!r mat]ial *ange at ,mansfield4 #ag4 ,! appe>ance ( a h\semaid prev5t$ any fur!r conv]sation4 #ah4 ,ea* ^w ( ?is leave-tak+ 0 ov]he>d by ,kezia4 #ai4 ,be=e n9e o'clock next morn+ ! two canoes 7 in/all$ on a light c\ntry c>t4 #bj4 ,an old h>p] 0 summon$ f ! s]vants' hall4 #ba4 ,he _h be5 w\nd$ at ,wat]loo4 #bb4 ,?is advice /ruck ! disputants dumb4 #bc4 ,?r\gh ! night 7 he>d ! my/]i\s s\nds ( ! des]t4 #bd4 ,a viol5t /orm ( ra9 oblig$ !m to take %elt] 9 an inn4 #be4 ,f> 0 he>d ! fox's yell4--,,scott4 #bf4 ,adams highly comm5d$ ! doctor's op9ion4 #d4 ,rewrite ! foll[+ s5t5ces1 *ang+ ! =m ( ! v]bs f active to passive1 or f passive to active4 ,notice ! effect ^u subjects & objects4 #a4 ,i 0 br\ght up by my uncle4 #b4 ,i h f\nd !m4 #c4 ,we 7 delay$ by ! /orm4 #d4 ,!y 7 w>n$ by ! pilot4 #e4 ,%e saw u4 #f4 ,t w9t] w nev] be =gott5 by any ( u4 #g4 ,y surprise me4 #h4 ,w y meet me8 #i4 ,0 he /ruck by a bullet8 #aj4 ,h y =gott5 me8 #aa4 ,h[ ! cr[d *e]$ him6 #ab4 ,tom1 ! blacksmi?1 makes horse%oes4 #ac4 ,! s*oon] 0 run d[n by ! /eam%ip4 #ad4 ,! old man has op5$ a little %op4 #ae4 ,m>y has invit$ ,ell54 #af4 ,m>y might h invit$ ,ell54 #ag4 ,m>y w invite ,ell54 #ah4 ,! /orm has made great havoc along ! coa/4 #ai4 ,! *ildr5 h be5 call$ home by _! nurse4 #bj4 ,he vexes me4 #ba4 ,! t[] 0 /ruck by lightn+ ye/]day4 #bb4 ,a policeman help$ h] ov] ! cross+4 #bc4 ,i 0 amus$ by y\r lett]4 #e4 ,use ea* ( ! foll[+ v]bs 9 bo? ! active & ! passive ( ! pa/1 ! future1 & ! p]fect 7or pres5t p]fect73--s5d1 br+1 tea*1 dr9k1 get1 set1 lay1 leave1 f9d1 =get4 #f4 ,use ea* ( ! v]bs 9 #aje 9 ! active voice ( ! pa/ t5se ) bo? a direct & an indirect object4 ,*ange to ! passive4 ,,ex]cise #cd 7 #bee-bfa1 pp4 #aac-aad7 #a4 ,po9t out all ! progressive & all ! emphatic v]b-phrases4 ,m5tion ! t5se & voice ( ea*4 ,note any in/ances :]e d & did are n emphatic4 #a4 ,?us did ! long sad ye>s glide on4 #b4 ,n[ pray d settle 9 ,engl&4 #c4 ,mean:ile1 ,i g ab\t 9 my little %ip1 :]e ,i d ?9k ,i h two hone/ fell[s to deal )4 #d4 ,i rememb]4 ,i d inde$ rememb]--too well6 #e4 ,n until x 0 broad daylight did ,i quit ! haunt$ h\se4 #f4 ,d b look on h] eyes4 #g4 ,rol& rea*$ ! boat j z ! gang plank 0 be+ haul$ 94 #h4 ,we are be+ ent]ta9$ by ! ,ar*]s4 #i4 ,! man at our :eel 0 sp9n+ 8 spokes desp]ately to avoid bang+ into vessels we c\ld n see1 b ^: bells 7 r++ ev]y:]e ab\t u4 #aj4 ,wild we$s are ga!r+ on ! wall4 #aa4 ,i did actually pick up a ,fr5* cr[n piece1 wor? ab\t a doll> & six c5ts1 ne> high-wat] m>k4 #ab4 ,i 0 loit]+ ab\t ! old gray cloi/]s ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 #ac4 ,! fri5ds ( ,con+sby 7 n[ h\rly arriv+4 #ad4 ,my eyes h be5 leav+ me 9 ! lur* aga94 #ae4 ,!y _h be5 = "s "t pass+ ?r\gh n>r[ gorges ( ! m\nta9s1 along ! edges ( a tumbl+ /ream4 #af4 ,we are j sitt+ d[n to d9n] ) a pleasant p>ty4 #ag4 ,! l>ge ,newf\ndl& h\se-dog 0 /&+ by ! door4 #ah4 8,d ?\10 said ,b]tram1 8lead ! way40--,,scott4 #ai4 ,music 9 8 e>s 8 beat+ he>t did make4 #bj4 ,ov] ! hillsides ! wild knell is toll+4--,,holmes4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* ! v]b tea* is us$ 9 ! pres5t progressive1 pa/ progressive1 future progressive1 p]fect progressive1 plup]fect progressive1 & future p]fect progressive t5ses ( ! active voice4 #c4 ,write t5 que/ions conta9+ "s =m ( d 7or did74 ,,ex]cise #ce 7 #bfb-bhf1 pp4 #aae-abc7 ,po9t out all ! v]bs 9 ! imp]ative or ! subjunctive mood4 ,tell ! subjects ( ! imp]atives & expla9 ! =ms & uses ( ! subjunctives4 #a4 ,& n[ dispat* we t[>d ! c\rt1 my lords4--,,%aksp]e4 #b4 ,i ?9k y _h bett] speak to ,lady ,coris&e y\rself 7 #bhe74 #c4 ,my de> boy1 ,god bless !e a ?\s& times ov]6 #d4 ,o t ! des]t 7 my dwell+ place6 #e4 8,re/ we "h10 ,matilda said4--,,scott4 #f4 ,g :]e ?y de/9y calls !e4 #g4 ,n[ ,hesp] guide my feet4--,,ak5side4 #h4 ,o t su* hills upheld a freeborn race6--,,byron4 #i4 ,p]i% ^? ri*es :i* are acquir$ at ! exp5se ( my honor or my humanity6--,,goldsmi?4 #aj4 ,w\ld all 7 well6 b t w nev] be4--,,%aksp]e4 #aa4 ,! di/aff 7 m fitt+ = y4 #ab4 ,rob]t hesitat$1 z if he 7 incl9$ to refuse4 #ac4 ,d :at !y might1 ! hook 0 9 _! gills4--,,george ,,m]$i?4 #ad4 ,f>e y well1 fair g5tlem54--,,%aksp]e4 #ae4 ,suffice x to say1 ! robb]s 7 defeat$4 #af4 ,disclose ?y trea*]y1 or die6 #ag4 ,let u n be influ5c$ by any angry feel+s4 #ah4 ,be t z x may1 ,kidd nev] return$ to recov] 8 weal?4 #ai4 ,i w\ld to ,god my he>t 7 fl9t1 l ,edw>d's4--,,%aksp]e4 #bj4 ,move we on4--,,scott4 #ba4 ,m>k t ! signal-gun be duly fir$4--,,byron4 #bb4 ,! hull drives on1 ?\gh ma/ & sail be torn4 #bc4 ,i am glad t y lik$ my song1 &1 if ,i lik$ ! o!rs myself s well z t ,i s5t y1 ,i w\ld transcribe !m = y also4--,,c[p]4 #bd4 ,i besee* y1 puni% me n ) y\r h>d ?\ghts4--,,%aksp]e4 #be4 ,if !re be *ange1 no *ange ,i see4--,,l&or4 #bf4 ,be x z ?\ wilt4 #bg4 ,weep y no m1 sad f\nta9s4 #bh4 ,if ?\ leave ?y fa!r1 he w die4--,,wordswor?4 #bi4 ,come ?\ no m = ransom1 g5tle h]ald4--,,%aksp]e4 #cj4 ,le>n ?\ 8 purpose4 #ca4 ,come1 g we 9 procession to ! village4--,,%aksp]e4 #cb4 ,! de/ruction ( prop]ty :i* took place )9 a few weeks w\ld be incr$ible1 if x 7 n atte/$ by witnesses unconnect$ ) ea* o!r & atta*$ to v diff]5t int]e/s4 #cc4 ,i wi% ,i 7 z ,i h be51 ,hunt+ ! h>t 9 =e/ gre54--,,scott4 #cd4 ,come :at come may1 ,"t & ! h\r runs ?r\gh ! r\ghe/ day4--,,%aksp]e4 #ce4 ,buri$ be all t has be5 done1 ,or say t naught is done amiss4--,,crabbe4 ,,ex]cise #cf 7 #bgb-bhf1 pp4 #aah-abc7 ,fill ea* blank ) a v]b 9 ! appropriate =m4 #a4 ,o t he ---- "h6 #b4 ,w\ld t ,i ---- !re6 #c4 ,if he ---- a little old]1 ,i %\ld take him into p>tn]%ip4 #d4 ---- y ask$ me to g1 ,i %\ld h refus$4 #e4 ---- y to ask me1 ,i %\ld refuse4 #f4 ,if y ---- !re1 ,i %\ld h se5 y4 #g4 ,i am glad ,i saw ! play1 ev5 if ,i ---- a little disappo9t$4 #h4 ,i %\ld h be5 glad to see ! play1 ev5 if ,i ---- a little disappo9t$4 #i4 ,i %\ld be glad to see ! play1 ev5 if ,i ---- a little disappo9t$4 #aj4 ,i %all be glad to see ! play1 ev5 if ,i ---- a little disappo9t$4 #aa4 ,?\gh he ---- to increase my sal>y1 ,i %\ld n rema9 9 8 employ4 ,use ! copula4 #ab4 ,unless he ---- to increase my sal>y1 ,i %\ld n rema9 9 8 employ4 ,use ! copula4 #ac4 ,:5 ,tom saw y1 y look$ z if y ---- angry4 ,use ! copula4 #ad4 ,:5 ,tom sees y1 ,i suppose y w look z if y ---- angry4 #ae4 ,i mu/ rem9d him to po/ ?is lett]1 le/ he ---- x4 ,,ex]cise #cg 7 #bhg-bie1 pp4 #abd-abg7 ,expla9 ! mean+ ( ea* pot5tial v]b-phrase1 & p>se ! phrase4 ,9 p>s+ su* a phrase1 describe x m]ely z a pot5tial v]b-phrase & tell ! t5se1 voice1 p]son1 & numb]1 )\t assign+ x to any mood4 #a4 ,en\gh6 ,y may dep>t4 #b4 ,m5 %\ld travel4 #c4 ,:at mu/ be %all be4 ,t's a c]ta9 text4--,,%aksp]e4 #d4 ,at times1 ) a /rong ef=t1 he w\ld glance at ! op5 door :i* /ill seem$ to repel 8 eyes4 #e4 ,no?+ c br+ y peace b y\rself4--,,em]son4 #f4 ,x 0 sometimes sad en\gh to wat* him z he sat alone4 ,he w\ld h a book ne> him1 & = a :ile w\ld keep x 9 8 h&s4--,,trollope4 #g4 ,o1 my fri5d6 may ,i believe y8 ,may ,i speak to y8 #h4 ,pres5tly he fac$ ,adrian1 cry+1 8,& ,i might h /opp$ x60 #i4 ,no?+ is impossible to ! man :o c w4--,,em]son4 #aj4 ,a s*ol> may be a well-br$ man1 or he may n4--,,em]son4 #aa4 8,i tru/ we're at lib]ty to ent]10 said ! eld] lady ) urbanity4 8,we 7 told t we might come at any "t40 #ab4 ,i s5t = y t ,i might h y\r c\nsel & assi/ance4 #ac4 ,i c\ld no long] d\bt ! doom prep>$ = me4 #ad4 ,i am z well z ,i c expect to be "u ! excitem5t :i* ,i suff]4 #ae4 ,i c become a p>ty to no su* absurd proce$+4 #af4 ,i c\ld sc>cely refra9 f te>s4 #ag4 ,come6 we mu/ g back4 #ah4 ,we mu/ be /rang]s to ea* o!r 9 future4 #ai4 ,z my horse mu/ n[ h eat5 8 prov5d]1 ,i mu/ ne$s ?ank y = y\r good *e]1 & pray y to %[ me ?is man's resid5ce1 t ,i may h ! means ( proce$+ on my j\rney4 ,,ex]cise #ch 7 #bhi-bia1 pp4 #abe-abf7 #a4 ,fill ea* blank ) c or may4 #a4 ---- ,i borr[ y\r p58 #b4 ,yes1 y ----4 #c4 ,no1 y ---- n4 #d4 ,i ---- swim across ?is riv] "s day1 = ,i "k well en\gh t ,i ----4 #e4 ,i %all ask my fa!r if ,i ---- swim across ?is riv]4 ,i "k well en\gh t ,i ----4 #f4 ,my fa!r is confid5t t ,i ---- swim across ! riv] safely4 #g4 ,my fa!r says t ,i ---- swim across ! riv] if ,i w wait until he ---- g ) me4 #h4 ---- ,i tr\ble y to give me t t5nis racket8 #i4 ,x ---- be t y w regret ?is4 #aj4 ,x ---- n be t y w regret ?is4 #aa4 ---- y take a vacation ?is ye>1 or is p]mission /ill refus$8 #ab4 ,:y n ask if y ---- take a vacation8 #ac4 ,y ---- take y\r vacation aft] ,i h tak5 m9e4 #ad4 ,! wea!r man says we ---- hope = sun%9e to-morr[4 #ae4 ,he ---- be ?ankful t he escap$ s easily4 #af4 ,:5 y are tw5ty-"o1 y ---- h y\r own way4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces ask+ p]mission 9 ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird p]sons4 ,write s5t5ces 7#a7 grant+ ^! reque/s2 7#b7 refus+ !m4 ,,ex]cise #ci 7 #big-cjh1 pp4 #abg-acb7 #a4 ,ju/ify ! use ( ! auxili>y 7%\ld or w\ld74 ,9 "s ( ! s5t5ces1 %\ld might be sub/itut$ = w\ld4 ,:i* are !y8 #a4 ,if ,i 7 y1 ,i w\ld n dwell too mu* on ?is fancy ( y\rs4 #b4 ,i h nei!r s]vants nor clo!s1 &1 if x _h n be5 = ^! good p1 ,i %\ld n h _h food4 #c4 ,i %\ld delight 9 hav+ h] = a si/]-9-law4 #d4 ,i %\ld h>dly wi% to g out be=e ,friday4 #e4 ,i %\ldn't wond] if ?is made him set 8 tee?4 #f4 ,well1 t's ov]6 & ,i'm sure nei!r ,oliv] nor ,i w\ld g ?r\gh x aga9 = a million ( money4 #g4 ,if ,i 7 y1 ,i w\ld turn x ov] 9 my m9d4 #h4 ,i %\ld be afraid to express myself 9 ?is mann]1 if ! matt] 7 n cle> & indisputable4--,,burke4 #i4 ,i %\ld l to rema9 :]e ,i am = ano!r week or t5 days4 #aj4 ,w\ld y d me ! favor to look at a few specim5s ( my portrait-pa9t+8--,,dick5s4 #aa4 8,w\ld y come80 %e said1 ) a s]i\s1 se>*+ glance1 & 9 a k9d ( coax+ mann]4--8,i %\ld be an intrud]1 my de> lady10 said ,!odore1 decl9+ ! sugge/ion4--,,disraeli4 #ab4 ,i %\ld n l to be out ( my seat 7 ! ,h\se 9 session4--,w4 ,j4 ,,locke4 #ac4 ,if ,i 7 y ,i w\ld n tempt ,fate by rema9+ "h a day long]4--,w4 ,e4 ,,norris4 #ad4 ,c&idates w\ld r1 ,i suppose1 climb 9 at a w9d[ ?an be absolutely exclud$4--,,c[p]4 #ae4 ,impey w\ld n he> ( m]cy or delay4 #af4 ,i %\ld n be surpris$ if he 7 "h imm$iately4 #ag4 ,!re's a plantation ( sug>-canes at ! foot ( t rock3 %\ld y l to look8--,,george ,,eliot4 #b4 ,expla9 ! use ( ! auxili>y 7%all1 %\ld1 or w1 w\ld7 9 ea* subord9ate clause4 #a4 ,) ?is purpose 9 view1 he s5t a skilful ar*itect to build him su* a palace z %\ld be fit = a man ( 8 va/ weal? to live 94 #b4 ,_! maje/ies comm&$ me to submit to :atev] ,bobadilla %\ld ord] 9 _! "n4 #c4 ,%\ld y f9d y\rself able to pu% on to ,braem>1 y\r visit w be mo/ welcome4 #d4 ,x's a simple affair en\gh1 if y'll j leave x z x /&s4 #e4 ,fe>+ to awak5 ,joseph a second "t1 le/ he %\ld aga9 haz>d all by 8 ?\ghtlessness1 he crept s(tly out ( ! wigwam4 #f4 ,i wat*$ ! grapes f day to day till !y %\ld h secret$ sug> en\gh f ! sunbeams4 #g4 ,if an old prophecy %\ld come to pass1 we may see a man1 "s "t or o!r1 ) exactly su* a face z t4 #h4 ,he kept 8 he>t cont9ually op51 & ?us 0 sure to cat* ! bless+ f on high1 :5 x %\ld come4--,,haw?orne4 #i4 ,?is law provid$ t ! presid5cy ( ,b5gal %\ld ex]cise a control ov] ! o!r possessions ( ! ,company4 #aj4 ,x is "t t we %\ld proce$4 #aa4 ,x is necess>y t he %\ld h "s "w to d4 #ab4 ,i %all be ?ankful if y w condesc5d to enlight5 my ignorance4 #ac4 ,x 0 natural t ! lead+ au?ors %\ld affect a /yle ( levity & d]ision4--,,jeffrey4 #ad4 ,i w take c>e t y %all n be tr\bl$ by him aga94 #ae4 ,t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton %\ld cordially approve is s+ul> en\gh4 #af4 8,boys10 int]rupt$ ,wild]1 8x is n[ prop] t y %\ld "k some?+ ( my future movem5ts40--,,coop]4 #ag4 ,we all /ood ready to succor !m if !re %\ld be occasion4--,,defoe4 #ah4 ,y are s well qualifi$ = ! task y\rself t x is impossible y %\ld ne$ any assi/ance2 at lea/1 x is h>dly possible t ,i %\ld af=d y any4--,,c[p]4 #ai4 ,! brave suff]] refus$ to pur*ase lib]ty1 ?\gh lib]ty to him w\ld h be5 life1 by recogniz+ ! au?ority :i* _h conf9$ him4 #bj4 ,i meant t he %\ld walk (f1 b he did n *oose to und]/& me4 #ba4 ,:5 "t %all s]ve1 y %all h ! fruit ( my labors4--,,c[p]4 #bb4 ,i %all be s glad if y w tell me :at to read4--,,george ,,eliot4 #bc4 ,i prote/ aga9/ su* a combat1 until ! k+ ( ,engl& %all h repaid ! fifty ?\s& bezants4--,,scott4 #bd4 ,unless some?+ %\ld g wrong1 ,i flatt] myself t ! p]=mance w elicit y\r g5]\s approbation4 #be4 ,a seat 9 ! cab9et 0 (f]$ to him1 on condition t he w\ld give effici5t support to ! m9i/ry 9 ,p>liam5t4 #bf4 ,! proposition :i* he made 01 t ,fox %\ld be ,secret>y ( ,/ate4 #bg4 ,t night he put =? a proclamation1 direct+ t ! po/s %\ld be /opp$1 & t no p]son %\ld1 at 8 p]il1 v5ture to h>bor ! accus$ memb]s4--,,macaulay4 #bh4 ,hyde int]f]$1 & propos$ t ! "q %\ld be divid$4 #bi4 ,i am sorry t y %\ld be bo!r$ 9 ?is way4 #cj4 ,i am sorry t ,murray %\ld groan on my acc\nt4--,,byron4 #ca4 ,!re are old brass &irons1 wait+ until "t %all rev5ge !m on _! paltry sub/itutes4 #cb4 ,%\ld he be acquitt$1 t1 ,i imag9e1 %\ld end ! matt]4 #cc4 ,a rumor 0 circulat$ t "s new pageant 0 ab\t to be exhibit$1 :i* %\ld put a fitt+ close to ! spl5did fe/ivities4 #cd4 ,if ?is new purpose ( conque/ %all be ab&on$1 ,ri*>d may yet become ,k+ ( ,j]usalem by compact4--,,scott4 #ce4 ,salad9 desires no conv]ts save ^? :om ! holy prophet %all dispose to submit !mselves to 8 law4 #cf4 ,pride n[ came to ,montezuma's aid1 &1 s9ce he mu/ g1 he pref]r$ t x %\ld appe> to be ) 8 own free w4 #cg4 ,god =bid t ,i %\ld regret ^? gifts6 ,,ex]cise #dj 7 #cji-cbc1 pp4 #acb-acg7 #a4 ,po9t out ea* inf9itive & expla9 its con/ruction z n\n1 z complem5t>y inf9itive1 z inf9itive ( purpose1 z modifi] ( a n\n or an adjective1 or z "p ( a v]b-phrase 7) an auxili>y74 #b4 ,po9t out any modifi]s or objects ( inf9itives4 #a4 ,to advance t[>d ,london w\ld h be5 madness4 #b4 ,to trace ! exact b\nd>y betwe5 rightful & wrongful resi/ance is impossible4--,,macaulay4 #c4 ,i 0 too "y to keep any j\rnal ( ?is voyage4 #d4 ,! b>on ha/5$ to receive 8 future son-9-law4 #e4 ,x 0 h] habit to g ov] to ! dean]y 7 #cah74 #f4 ,he c\ld n cons5t to turn 8 back ^u a p>ty ( helpless travell]s4 #g4 ,! fix$ purpose ( ^! m5 0 to break ! =eign yoke4 #h4 ,"h rise no cliffs ! vale to %ade4 #i4 ,!y saw ! gleam+ riv] seaw>d fl[ 7 #cbb74 #aj4 ,%e p]ceiv$ "o ( ! eyes ( ! portrait move4 #aa4 ,8 fir/ s*eme 0 to seize ,bri/ol4 #ab4 ,! fir/ bus9ess ( ! ,commons 0 to elect a ,speak]4 #ac4 ,! old man frequ5tly /ret*$ 8 eyes ahead to gaze ov] ! tract t he _h yet to trav]se4 #ad4 ,:5 o!r ?+s sank brood+ to sleep1 ! hea? appe>$ sl[ly to awake & li/54--,,h>dy4 #ae4 ,all 7 anxi\s to he> ! /ory ( ! my/]i\s picture4 #af4 ,i see ! lights ( ! village gleam ?r\gh ! ra9 & ! mi/4 #ag4 ,!n ! bi%op rose f 8 *air to speak4 #ah4 ,to dismiss him f 8 high po/ 0 to emancipate him f all re/ra9t4 #ai4 ,?is is n a "t to hesitate4 #bj4 ,burgh]s ha/5$ to man ! wall4 #ba4 ,i felt ,leslie's h& tremble on my arm4 #bb4 ,he he>d a mighty b[/r+ twang4--,,morris4 #bc4 ,mr4 ,ralph ,nickleby sat 9 8 private (fice "o morn+1 ready dress$ to walk abroad4 #bd4 ,i put d[n ! lett]s1 & began to muse ov] _! cont5ts4 #be4 ,waves ( cle> sea are1 inde$1 lovely to wat*4 #bf4 ,halifax _h n[ no?+ to give4 #bg4 ,! neighborhood seem$ to brea! a tranquil prosp]ity4 #bh4 ,x is always p]il\s to adopt exp$i5cy z a guide4 #bi4 ,soldi]s 7 drawn up to keep ! passage cle>4 #c4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ an inf9itive us$ z subject1 z pr$icate nom9ative1 z appositive1 z ! object ( a preposition1 z an adjective2 a complem5t>y inf9itive2 an inf9itive ( purpose2 an inf9itive us$ ) %all1 ) w1 ) mu/4 #d4 ,note any modifi]s or objects t y h us$ ) ! inf9itives4 ,,ex]cise #da 7 #cbd-cbh1 pp4 #acg-aci7 #a4 ,po9t out ea* inf9itive clause4 ,m5tion ! v]b ( :i* x is ! object4 ,f9d ! subject ( ea* inf9itive4 ,:5 x is possible1 sub/itute a t-clause = ! inf9itive clause4 #a4 ,x might seem irrev]5t to make ! gray ca!dral & ! tall "t-worn palaces e*o back ! exub]ant vocif]ation ( ! m>ket4 #b4 ,we h made y wait4 #c4 ,we !n w5t to ,pembroke ,college1 & wait$ on 8 old fri5d ,dr4 ,adams1 ! ma/] ( x1 :om ,i f\nd to be a mo/ polite1 pleas+1 communicative man4--,,boswell4 #d4 ,! doctor expects ,capta9 ,/>buck to recov]4 #e4 ,= a good sailor to f\l ! fir/ buoy 0 ludicr\s en\gh4 #f4 ,w y ask ,annie to fe$ ! p>rot8 #g4 ,i believe x to be a speak+ lik5ess4 #h4 ,i suppose !m to be utt]ly ignorant ( _! own condition4 #i4 ,hepzibah bade h] "y gue/ sit d[n4 #aj4 ,calamity & p]il (t5 =ce m5 to comb9e4 #aa4 ,he knew himself to be a li> :om nobody tru/$4 #ab4 ,i mu/ n ask ! read] to suppose t he 0 *e]ful4 #ac4 ,i felt ?is melan*oly to be infecti\s4 #ad4 ,no "o on see+ ,mr4 ,crawley took him to be a happy man1 or a weak man1 or an ignorant man1 or a wise man4--,,trollope4 #ae4 ,humanity impell$ him to rescue ! poor wret*4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ inf9itive clauses us$ aft] v]bs ( wi%+1 comm&+1 believ+1 decl>+1 p]ceiv+4 #c4 ,fill ea* blank ) a p]sonal pron\n4 #a4 ,he believes ! au?or to be ----4 ,fir/ p]son4 #b4 ,he believes t ! au?or is ----4 ,fir/ p]son4 #c4 ,i knew ! ?ief to be ----4 ,?ird p]son4 #d4 ,i ?\ght t ! ?ief 0 ----4 ,?ird p]son4 #e4 ,we ?\ght ! /rang]s to be ----4 ,?ird p]son4 #f4 ,we ?\ght t ! /rang]s 7 ----4 ,?ird p]son4 #d4 ,fill ea* blank ) :o or :om4 #a4 ,! man ---- ,i believe to be responsible = ?is accid5t is ! eng9e]4 #b4 ,i believe t ! man ---- is responsible = ?is accid5t is ! eng9e]4 #c4 ,my knock 0 answ]$ by a lad ---- ,i believ$ to be a lodg]4 #d4 ,y are n ! p]son ---- ,i believ$ y to be4 ,,ex]cise #db 7 #cbi-cdc1 pp4 #adj-adc7 #a4 ,po9t out all ! p>ticiples1 pres5t & pa/1 & tell :at sub/antive ea* modifies4 ,m5tion su* z are us$ z pure adjectives4 ,m5tion any modifi]s or objects ( p>ticiples4 #a4 ,! %ip is an*or$ safe & s\nd1 its voyage clos$ & done4--,,:itman4 #b4 ,ev5 ! tight w9d[s & ! heavy silk5 curta9s drawn close c\ld n %ut out ! s\nd ( ! driv+ sleet4 #c4 ,godolph9 0 n a read+ man4 #d4 ,mr4 ,sikes1 dragg+ ,oliv] aft] him1 elb[$ 8 way ?r\gh ! ?icke/ ( ! cr[d4 #e4 ,betray$1 des]t$1 disorganiz$1 unprovid$ ) res\rces1 begirt ) enemies1 ! noble city 0 /ill no easy conque/4 #f4 ,?us regrett$ & caution$ on all h&s1 ,mordaunt took leave ( ! hospitable h\sehold4 #g4 ,f> away1 an angry :ite /a9 undulat+ on ! surface ( /eely-gray wat]s1 %ot ) gleams ( gre51 dim9i%$ swiftly1 )\t a hiss1 l a pat* ( pure sn[ melt+ 9 ! sun4--,,conrad4 #h4 ,i set h] on my pac+ /e$4--,,keats4 #i4 ,b ! poor travell] paus$ "h b>ely = a m9ute1 & !n w5t on1 /umbl+ ?r\gh ! mud1 /rik+ 8 ill-cov]$ feet aga9/ ! r\gh /ones 9 ! d>k1 sweat+ 9 8 weakness1 almo/ tott]+ at times1 & calculat+ :e!r 8 rema9+ /r5g? w\ld s]ve to c>ry him home4--,,trollope4 #aj4 ,8 tee? are set1 8 h& is cl5*$4 #aa4 ,pass+ ?r\gh ! rav9e1 !y came to a holl[1 l a small amphi!atre4 #ab4 ,he f\nd ! h\se gone to decay--! ro( fall5 91 ! w9d[s %att]$1 & ! doors (f ! h+es4 #ac4 ,& n[1 sir1 :5 y next g to ! ,briti% ,museum1 look = a poet nam$ ,vaughan4 #ad4 ,a heavy sea /ruck u on our />bo>d qu>t]1 almo/ ?r[+ u on our beam-ends4 #ae4 ,he /ood *uckl+ & rubb+ 8 h&s1 & sc>cely he>+ a ^w ! p>son said4 #af4 ,! light /ruggles dimly ?r\gh w9d[s d>k5$ by du/4 #ag4 ,we sail$ m]rily =w>d = sev]al days1 meet+ ) no?+ to int]rupt u4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ ! pa/ p>ticiples ( six weak v]bs2 ( six /rong v]bs4 #c4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ a p>ticiple us$ z a pure adjective2 a p>ticiple us$ z a pr$icate adjective2 a p>ticiple modifi$ adv]bially2 a p>ticiple tak+ an object4 #d4 ,write t5 s5t5ces ea* conta9+ a p]fect p>ticiple4 ,sub/itute = ea* a clause introduc$ by :54 ,,ex]cise #dc 7 #cdd-cdf1 p4 #add7 ,expla9 all examples ( ! nom9ative absolute4 ,sub/itute a modify+ clause 9 ea* s5t5ce4 #a4 ,a c>riage1 drawn by half a doz5 horses1 came driv+ at a furi\s rate1 ! po/ilions smack+ _! :ips l mad4 #b4 ,z f> z ! eye c\ld rea*1 ! sea 9 e direction 0 ( a deep blue color1 ! waves runn+ high & fre%1 & sp>kl+ 9 ! light4 #c4 ,= "s ye>s pa/ !re _h be5 a difficulty ab\t ! r5t1 ?+s n hav+ gone at ! ,dragon ( ,wantly z smoo?ly z !y _h us$ to g4 #d4 ,he began to talk rapidly1 all diffid5ce subdu$4 #e4 ,noon com+1 & ! ,doctor n return+1 ,mr4 ,lorry advis$ ) ,lucie4 #f4 ,! second mate fall+ ill dur+ ! passage1 ,i 0 promot$ to (fic] ( ! wat*4 #g4 ,! dog n[ r\s$ himself & sat on 8 haun*es1 8 e>s mov+ quickly backw>d & =w>d4 #h4 ,?is done1 ,mazeppa spread 8 cloak4 #i4 ,%e 0 seat$ alone1 h] arms on ! table1 h] head b5t d[n4 #aj4 ,!re be+ "s "t ^u 8 h&s1 he left 8 luggage at ! cloak-room1 & w5t on foot along ,b$=d ,/reet to ! *ur*4 ,,ex]cise #dd 7 #cdg-cec1 pp4 #ade-adg7 #a4 ,po9t out ! pres5t p>ticiples1 & also ! v]bal n\ns 9 -+ 7p>ticipial n\ns74 ,%[ ! diff]5ce4 ,m5tion any modifi]s or complem5ts us$ ) ei!r4 #a4 ,! con/]nation 0 extreme4 ,"s 7 = clos+ ! gates & resi/+2 "s = submitt+2 "s = temporiz+4 #b4 ,a troop ( /range *ildr5 ran at 8 heels1 hoot+ aft] him1 & po9t+ at 8 gray head4 #c4 ,! wicket op5$ on a /one /aircase lead+ upw>d4 #d4 ,wat*+ & toil 7 to me pleasure1 = my body 0 /rong1 & my spirits w+$4 #e4 ,! l+]+s ( dec5t pride 7 visible 9 h] appe>ance4 #f4 ,8 deep bass voice _h a quav]+ 9 x1 8 eyes look$ dim1 & ! l9es on 8 face 7 deep4 #g4 ,!re 7 sev]al ,fr5* private]s hov]+ on ! coa/4 #h4 ,he does n l talk+ ( ^! matt]s to /rang]s4 #i4 ,miss ,matty c>$ mu* m = ! circum/ance ( h] be+ a v good c>d-play]4 #aj4 ,8 disc\rse 0 brok5 (f by 8 man's tell+ him he _h call$ a coa*4 #aa4 ,swall[s & m>t5s skimm$ twitt]+ ab\t ! eaves4 #ab4 ,i h lov$1 liv$ )1 & left ! sea )\t ev] see+ a %ip's tall fabric ( /icks1 cobwebs1 & gossam] g by ! bo>d4--,,conrad4 #ac4 ,! sexton 0 a meek1 acquiesc+ little man1 ( a b[+1 l[ly habit2 yet he _h a pleasant tw9kl+ 9 8 eye4 #ad4 ,! ra9 always made a po9t ( sett+ 9 j z he _h "s outdoor "w to d4 #ae4 ,i h be5 employ$ ?is morn+ 9 compos+ a ,lat9 motto = ! k+'s clock4 #af4 ,two m ( ! boats 7 lo/ by be+ /ove & swamp$ alongside4 #ag4 ,i he>d ! ripple wa%+ 9 ! re$s4 #ah4 ,aft] w&]+ ?r\gh two or ?ree /reets1 ,i f\nd my way to ,%aksp]e's bir?place4 #ai4 ,rip's he>t di$ away at he>+ ( ^! sad *anges 9 8 home & fri5ds4 #bj4 ,! fi% did n bite freely1 & we frequ5tly *ang$ our fi%+ gr\nd )\t bett]+ our luck4 #ba4 ,lady ,niton sat bl9k+ & spee*less4 #bb4 ,i _c help he>+ ?+s1 & read+ ?+s1 & obs]v+ ?+s1 & !y fill me ) disquietude4 #bc4 ,"h 0 circum/ance aft] circum/ance goad+ me onw>d4 #bd4 ,i sat />+ at a book ( my own mak+4 #be4 ,t ?\ght actually drove out ( my head ! m press+ dang]4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i* 7#a7 a v]bal n\n & 7#b7 a pres5t p>ticiple are =m$ f-- run1 hunt1 leap1 swim1 /rike1 f9d1 speak1 s+1 %\t1 play1 skate1 bl[1 sp5d1 li/51 eat1 move1 translate1 recite1 murmur1 :isp]1 read1 talk1 compla91 pa9t1 build1 give1 brea!1 tea*1 fl[1 %9e4 #c4 ,:5ev] x is possible1 sub/itute ei!r a n\n or an inf9itive = ea* v]bal n\n 9 y\r s5t5ces4 #d4 ,select ?ree ( ^! v]bal n\ns1 & write o!r s5t5ces 9 :i* ea* is us$ 7#a7 z a subject1 7#b7 ) a direct & an indirect object1 7#c7 ) an adjective modifi]1 7#d7 ) an adv]bial modifi]4 ,,ex]cise #de 7 #ced-cga1 pp4 #adh-aed7 #a4 ,po9t out & p>se ! prepositions & conjunctions4 ,9 p>s+ a preposition1 tell 7#a7 ! object1 & 7#b7 ! ^w to :i* ! preposition %[s ! relation ( ! object4 ,9 p>s+ a conjunction1 indicate ! words or gr\ps ( words :i* x connects1 tell :e!r x is cord9ate or subord9ate1 & m5tion its correlative 7 #cfi7 if x has "o4 #a4 ,nei!r wit* nor w>lock cross$ ,mordaunt's pa?4 #b4 ,b ,i w be bold]1 & d n d\bt to make x good1 ?\gh a p>adox1 t "o great reason :y prose is n to be us$ 9 s]i\s plays1 is1 because x is too ne> ! nature ( conv]se4--,,dryd54 #c4 ,all d[n t imm5se vi/a ( gloomy ar*es !re 0 "o blaze ( sc>let & gold4 #d4 ,no d\bt1 some?+ ( ,%aksp]e's punn+ mu/ be attribut$ to 8 age1 9 :i* direct & =mal combats ( wit 7 a favorite pa/ime ( ! c\rtly & accompli%$4--,,col]idge4 #e4 ,bodily labor is ( two k9ds3 ei!r t :i* a man submits to = 8 livelihood1 or t :i* he und]goes = 8 pleasure4--,,addison4 #f4 ,e>ly ^u ! morr[ ! m>* 0 resum$4 #g4 ,! camp 0 brok5 up1 & ! troops 7 s5t to qu>t]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 #h4 ,my att5tion 0 call$ (f = a mom5t by ! cries ( birds & ! bleat+s ( %eep4 #i4 ,?is is well to be weigh$1 t boldness is ev] bl9d1 = x see? n dang]s & inconv5i5ces4--,,bacon4 #aj4 ,at a little di/ance f ,sir ,rog]'s h\se1 among ! ru9s ( an old abbey1 !re is a long walk ( ag$ elms4 #aa4 ,!n ,i s5t y ! ,greek in/ead ( ! ,p]sian :om y ask$ =8--,,fitz ,,g]ald4 #ab4 ,r[l&'s all[ance at college 0 b>ely suffici5t to ma9ta9 him dec5tly1 &1 8 degree nev]!less a*iev$1 he 0 tak5 into 8 fa!r's c\nt+-h\se to d small drudg]y on a proportionate /ip5d4 #ac4 ,?\gh ?is lady nev] express$ an idea1 ,ri*>d 0 n mi/ak5 9 h] clev]ness4 #ad4 ,if ,i am tir$1 y\r lett] w refre% me4 #ae4 ,! "y ladies h[ev]1 & ,mr4 ,pecksniff likewise1 rema9$ 9 ! v be/ ( spirits 9 spite ( ^! sev]e trials1 ?\gh ) some?+ ( a my/]i\s und]/&+ among !mselves4 #af4 ,he w5t along almo/ gaily1 nor felt ! fatigue ( ! road4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces 9 :i*1 ! foll[+ words are us$ z indicat$3-- = 7preposition1 conjunction71 !n 7conjunction1 adv]b71 not)/&+ 7preposition1 conjunction71 s9ce 7preposition1 adv]b1 relative adv]b71 until 7preposition1 relative adv]b71 z 7conjunction1 relative pron\n1 relative adv]b71 t 7conjunction1 relative pron\n1 demon/rative adjective1 demon/rative pron\n71 b 7preposition1 conjunction74 #c4 ,con/ruct s5t5ces conta9+ ei!r & or1 nei!r & nor1 :e!r & or1 n only & b also1 bo? & &1 ?\gh1 if1 because4 #d4 ,con/ruct six s5t5ces conta9+ cord9ate conjunctions2 six conta9+ subord9ate conjunctions2 six conta9+ relative adv]bs4 ,,ex]cise #df 7 #cgb-cge1 pp4 #aee-aef7 ,po9t out all int]jections1 all o!r p>ts ( spee* us$ "h 9 exclamation1 & all exclamatory phrases4 #a4 ,r+ ! al>um-bell6 ,murd] & treason6--,,%aksp]e4 #b4 ,kipl+ is by f> ! mo/ promis+ "y man :o has appe>$ s9ce--ahem--,i appe>$4--,,/ev5son4 #c4 ,o1 to be 9 ,engl&6 #d4 8,c\rage60 he said1 & po9t$ t[>d ! l&4--,,t5nyson4 #e4 ,ah6 my "l ,ar?ur1 :i!r %all ,i g8 #f4 ,alas = my cr$ul\s fancy6 #g4 ,tut1 man6 we mu/ take ?+s z !y come4 #h4 ,o day1 ! la/ ( all my bliss on e>?6--,,m>l[e4 #i4 ,adieu1 fair ,cadiz6 yea1 a long adieu6--,,byron4 #aj4 ,peace1 si/]1 peace6 #aa4 ,fie1 fie1 my bro!r6 #ab4 ,h[ n[1 ,!rsites8 :at1 lo/ 9 ! labyr9? ( ?y fury8 #ac4 ,f>ewell = ! pres5t1 my de> sir4 #ad4 ,o ,jupit]6 h[ we>y are my spirits6--,,%aksp]e4 #ae4 ,guilty1 my "l1 guilty6 ,i confess1 ,i confess6 #af4 ,h5ce1 y long-legg'd sp9n]s1 h5ce6 #ag4 ,o mon/r\s6 ,o /range6 we are haunt$6 #ah4 ,fai?1 he is gone unto ! tam+ s*ool4 #ai4 ,b1 s(t6 :om h we "h8 #bj4 ,a ,tory6 a ,tory6 a spy6 a refugee6 hu/le him6 away ) him6 #ba4 ,:at6 ?is g5tleman w outtalk u all4 #bb4 ,up1 up1 ,gl5t>k96 r\se !e1 ho6--,,scott4 #bc4 ,& n[ good-bye1 my de> fell[4 #bd4 ,ahem6 y rememb]1 fri5d8 ,gr& triumphs ^?1 eh8 ,,ex]cise #dg 7 #cgf-cib1 pp4 #aeg-afb7 #a4 ,con/ruct t5 s5t5ces 9 :i* ! simple subject 7n\n or pron\n7 is modifi$ by an adjective clause2 t5 9 :i* ! simple pr$icate is modifi$ by an adv]bial clause4 #b4 ,tell ! con/ruction 7z subject1 pr$icate nom9ative1 object1 etc47 ( ea* n\n clause 9 #cib4 ,m5tion ! simple subject & pr$icate ( ea* clause4 ,,ex]cise #dh 7 #cie-djb1 pp4 #afc-afe7 #a4 ,tell :e!r ea* ( ! subord9ate clauses expresses place1 "t1 cause1 or concession4 ,is ! clause adjective or adv]bial8 ,:at introduces x8 ,:at does x modify8 #a4 ,?\gh (t5 misl$ by prejudice & passion1 he 0 emphatically an hone/ man4 #b4 ,:5 a prison] fir/ leaves 8 cell1 he _c be> ! light ( day4 #c4 ,z ,i walk$ ?r\gh ! wild]ness ( ?is _w1 ,i light$ on a c]ta9 place :]e 0 a d54--,,bunyan4 #d4 ,he po/pon$ 8 f9al decision till aft] ! ,p>liam5t %\ld h reassembl$4 #e4 ,!y gave a dismal croak or two1 & hopp$ aside into ! d>ke/ corn]1 s9ce x 0 n yet _! h\r to flap duskily abroad4 #f4 ,calmly & sadly %e wait$1 until ! procession approa*$ h]4 #g4 ,half ! task 0 n done :5 ! sun w5t d[n4 #h4 ,h[ev] ,i might be dispos$ to tru/ 8 probity1 ,i d>e n tru/ 8 prejudices4 #i4 ,aft] a little m conv]sation we /roll$ to ! /able1 :]e my horse 0 /&+4 #aj4 ,z we approa*$ ! h\se1 we he>d ! s\nd ( music1 & n[ & !n a bur/ ( laught]4 #aa4 ,8 face 0 n cruel1 ?\gh x 0 desp]ate4 #ab4 ,we aga9 set out = ! hut1 at :i* we deposit$ our gold5 burd5s4 #ac4 ,x w be midnight be=e we arrive at our inn4 #ad4 ,?\gh ,i 0 n p>ticul>ly well suppli$ ) money1 ,i _h en\gh = ! exp5ses ( my j\rney4 #ae4 ,! day1 ?\gh x began brightly1 _h long be5 ov]ca/4 #af4 ,z !re 7 no m5 9 ! company1 ! girls danc$ ) ea* o!r4 #ag4 ,al?\gh )\t fe>1 ,i did n neglect to use all prop] precautions4 #ah4 ,:5 ,i return1 ,i %all f9d ?+s settl$4 #ai4 ,clif=d1 z ! company p>took ( _! little banquet1 grew to be ! gaye/ ( !m all4 #bj4 ,! mill :]e ,w liv$ ) 8 adopt$ p>5ts /ood 9 a fall+ valley betwe5 p9ewoods & great m\nta9s4 #ba4 ,z ,i*abod approa*$ ?is fe>ful tree1 he began to :i/le4 #bb4 ,infect$ be ! air :]eon !y ride6--,,%aksp]e4 #bc4 ,s !y 7 =c$ to g1 because he 0 /rong] ?an !y4 #bd4 ,s9ce y w n help me1 ,i mu/ tru/ to myself4 #be4 ,:5 !y beheld 8 face1 !y recogniz$ ,basil ! blacksmi?4 #bf4 ,?is is ! ?ird day s9ce we came to ,rome4 #bg4 ,am/]dam 0 ! place :]e ! lead+ ,scot* & ,engli% assembl$4 #bh4 ,^! consid]ations might well h made ,william uneasy1 ev5 if all ! milit>y means ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces _h be5 at 8 absolute disposal4 #bi4 ,al?\gh ! breeze _h n[ utt]ly ceas$1 we _h made a great deal ( way dur+ ! night4 #b4 ,illu/rate clauses ( place1 "t1 cause1 & concession1 by con/ruct+ tw5ty s5t5ces1 five = ea*4 #c4 ,tell :e!r ! clauses are adjective or adv]bial4 ,:at does ea* modify8 #d4 ,see if y c replace y\r clauses ( "t by p>ticiples or adv]bial phrases4 ,,ex]cise #di 7 #djc-daj1 pp4 #aff-afg7 #a4 ,po9t out ! clauses ( purpose & ^? ( result4 #a4 ,! wea!r 0 s bad ,i c\ld n emb>k t night4 #b4 ,%e op5$ ! casem5t t ! cool air might bl[ ^u h] ?robb+ temples4 #c4 ,s int5t 7 ! s]vants ^u _! sports1 t we _h to r+ repeat$ly be=e we c\ld make ourselves he>d4 #d4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t1 accord+ to ! rules ( ! ,h\se1 ! am5dm5t 0 lo/4 #e4 ,!re=e ,i am go+ ?is way1 z ,i told y1 t ,i may be rid ( my burd54 #f4 ,tess's fri5ds liv$ s f> (f t none c\ld conv5i5tly h be5 pres5t at ! c]emony4 #g4 ,sometimes ,i 0 afraid le/ ,i %\ld be *>g$ ) +ratitude4 #h4 ,!re is su* an e*o among ! old ru9s & vaults t1 if y /amp b a little l\d] ?an ord9>y1 y he> ! s\nd repeat$4--,,addison4 #i4 ,!y dur/ n speak )\t prem$itation1 le/ !y %\ld be convict$ ( discont5t or sorr[4 #aj4 ,my purpose 01 to admit no te/imony ( liv+ au?ors1 t ,i might n be misl$ by p>tiality1 & t none ( my contempor>ies might h reason to compla94--,,johnson4 #aa4 ,x is ,k+ ,ri*>d's pleasure t y die undegrad$4 #b4 ,write five s5t5ces conta9+ ea* a clause ( purpose2 ( result2 an inf9itive clause express+ purpose4 #c4 ,write t5 s5t5ces 9 :i* ! inf9itive 7)\t a subject7 expresses purpose4 #d4 ,review ,ex]cise #dj4 ,,ex]cise #ej 7 #daa-dbg1 pp4 #afg-agb7 #a4 ,tell :e!r ! conditional clauses 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ces are non-committal or contr>y to fact1 & :e!r !y repres5t pres5t1 pa/1 or future condition4 #a4 ,%\ld ,hayley be ) y1 tell him ,i h giv5 my fri5d ,mr4 ,rose an introductory lett] to him4 #b4 ,if ! judgm5t aga9/ him 0 illegal1 x ought to h be5 rev]s$4 ,if x 0 legal1 !re 0 no gr\nd = remitt+ any "p ( x4 #c4 ,if ,i ev] saw horror 9 ! human face1 x 0 !re4 #d4 ,8 affliction w\ld h be5 insupportable1 _h n he be5 com=t$ by ! daily visits & conv]sations ( 8 fri5d4 #e4 ,we p]i% if !y he> a %ot4--,,scott4 #f4 ,c ,fre$om brea! if ,ignorance reign8--,,holmes4 #g4 ,if p[] be 9 ! h&s ( m51 x w sometimes be abus$4 #h4 ,if hopes 7 dupes1 fe>s may be li>s4--,,cl\gh4 #i4 ,if y write to ,moore1 w y tell him t ,i %all answ] 8 lett] ! mom5t ,i c mu/] "t & spirits8 #aj4 ,if y h any good news to tell1 x w n be unwelcome2 if any bad1 y ne$ n be afraid4 #aa4 ,i feel q z mu* bor$ ) ?is fool]y z x des]ves1 & m ?an ,i %\ld be1 if ,i _h n a heada*e4 #ab4 ,w y let me (f] y ?is little book8 ,if ,i _h any?+ bett]1 x %\ld be y\rs4 #ac4 ,i %all hope1 if we c agree z to dates1 to come to y sometime 9 ,may4 #ad4 ,if ,i c\ld only get to "w1 we c\ld live "h ) com=t4 #ae4 ,if he _h be5 left to himself1 he w\ld h :i/l$ life away 9 p]fect cont5tm5t4 #af4 ,if ?is frolic %\ld lay me up ) a fit ( rheumatism1 ,i %all h a bless$ "t ) ,dame ,van ,w9kle4 #ag4 ,i "k t two & two make f\r1 & %\ld be glad to prove x1 if ,i c\ld1--?\gh1 ,i mu/ say1 if by any sort ( process ,i c\ld conv]t two & two into five1 x w\ld give me mu* great] pleasure4--,,byron4 #ah4 ,i w\ld n say ?is if ,i c\ld help x4 #ai4 ,if y are dispos$ to write--write2 & if n1 ,i %all =give y\r sil5ce1 & y w n qu>rel ) m9e4 #bj4 ,_h n ex]cise be5 absolutely necess>y = our well-be+1 nature w\ld n h made ! body s prop] = x4--,,addison4 #ba4 ,no?+ w ev] be attempt$1 if all possible objections mu/ fir/ be ov]come4--,,johnson4 #bb4 ,if fa%ion gives ! ^w1 e di/9ction ( beauty1 complexion1 or /ature ceases4--,,goldsmi?4 #b4 ,write tw5ty s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a conditional clause4 ,tell :e!r ea* condition ref]s to pres5t1 pa/1 or future "t4 ,:i* ( !m are contr>y to fact8 ,,ex]cise #ea 7 #dbh-dbi1 p4 #agc7 #a4 ,po9t out ! clauses ( comp>ison & expla9 su* =ms ( v]bs or pron\ns z may require comm5t4 #a4 ,dull z a fl[] )\t ! sun1 he sat d[n ^u a /one4 #b4 ,he sigh$ z if he w\ld break 8 he>t4 #c4 ,! mod]n /eam%ip advances ^u a /ill & ov]%ad[$ sea ) a pulsat+ tremor ( h] frame1 an occasional clang 9 h] dep?s1 z if %e _h an iron he>t 9 h] iron body4--,,conrad4 #d4 ,x w\ld h be5 z difficult1 h[ev]1 to foll[ up ! /ream ( ,donatello's ance/ry to its dim s\rce1 z travell]s h f\nd x to rea* ! my/]i\s f\nta9s ( ! ,nile4 #e4 ,i w become z lib]al z y4 #f4 ,! triumph 0 z de/ructive to ! victori\s z to ! vanqui%$4 #g4 ,! public conduct ( ,milton mu/ be approv$ or condemn$1 accord+ z ! resi/ance ( ! p to ,*>les ! ,fir/ %all appe> to be ju/ifiable or crim9al4 #h4 ,!re 0 no "o 9 all ,clav]+ :o read s _m novels z ,madame ,fribsby4 #i4 ,no k9d ( p[] is m =midable ?an ! p[] ( mak+ m5 ridicul\s4--,,macaulay4 #aj4 ,! lead] ( ! or*e/ra 0 saw+ away at 8 viol9 z savagely z if he 7 call+ on 8 company to ru% up & seize a batt]y ( guns4--,,black4 #aa4 ,he %\ts z if he 7 try+ 8 voice aga9/ a nor?we/ gale ( w9d4 #ab4 ,! playgr\nd seem$ small] ?an :5 ,i us$ to sport ab\t x4 #ac4 ,! blood 9 me ran cold1 & ,i drew 9 my brea? z if ,i _h be5 /ruck4 #ad4 ,!re are few ?+s m =midable ?an ! unwont$ ang] ( a good-natur$ man4--,,mill]4 #ae4 ,nor 0 ,lo*iel less di/+ui%$ by intellectual ?an by bodily vigor4 #af4 ,he %[$ less wisdom ?an virtue4 #ag4 ,he 0 z c\rage\s an animal z ev] sc\r$ ! woods4 #ah4 ,z fi]ce a beak & talon z ev] /ruck--z /rong a w+ z ev] beat1 belong$ to ,swift4--,,?ack]ay4 #ai4 ,hom]'s description ( w> _h z mu* tru? z poetry requires4--,,macaulay4 #bj4 ,( all ! objects ,i h ev] se51 !re is none :i* affects my imag9ation s mu* z ! sea4--,,addison4 #ba4 8,somebody mu/ g10 murmur$ ,mrs4 ,hea?cliff1 m k9dly ?an ,i expect$4 #bb4 ,we d n s (t5 disappo9t o!rs z ourselves4--,,johnson4 #bc4 ,! battle rag$ z fi]cely on ! lake z on ! l&4 #bd4 ,! "y man look$ d[n on me f ! corn] ( 8 eyes1 = all ! _w z if !re 7 "s mortal feud unav5g$ betwe5 u4--,e4 ,,bront4 #b4 ,write t5 s5t5ces conta9+ z if ) a subjunctive4 #c4 ,ins]t p]sonal pron\ns ( ! fir/ or ?ird p]son4 #a4 ,y are mu* /rong] ?an ----4 #b4 ,y\r ang] hurts y\rself m ?an x hurts ----4 #c4 ,y are n s /udi\s z ----4 #d4 ,he 0 q z mu* to blame z ----4 #e4 ,i blame myself r ?an ----4 #f4 ,y %\ld r blame y\rself ?an ----4 #g4 ,h[ mu* old] are y ?an ----8 #h4 ,is ,jack m ambiti\s ?an ----8 #i4 ,d y wi% to please y\rself m ?an ----8 #aj4 ,y\r conduct 0 less c5surable ?an ----4 ,,ex]cise #eb 7 #dcj-dcf1 pp4 #agc-agf7 #a4 ,*ange ! direct /atem5ts to indirect disc\rse1 prefix+ ,he said4 ,?us1-- ,supp] 0 ann\nc$ %ortly aft] my arrival4 ,he said t supp] 0 ann\nc$ %ortly aft] 8 arrival4 ,be c>eful to make ! prop] *anges 9 p]son & t5se4 #a4 ,supp] 0 ann\nc$ %ortly aft] my arrival4 #b4 ,mis]y loves company4 #c4 ,iron floats 9 m]cury4 #d4 ,! grime & sordidness ( ! ,h\se ( ! ,sev5 ,gables seem to h vani%$4 #e4 ,no?+ is to be se54 #f4 ,/raws %[ :i* way ! w9d bl[s4 #g4 ,i rema9$ undecid$ :e!r or n to foll[ my s]vant4 #h4 ,re/ ( m9d & body seems to h re/abli%$ my heal?4 #i4 ,! =tifications consi/ ( a simple wall ov]gr[n ) grass & we$s4 #aj4 ,fire is a good s]vant b a bad ma/]4 #aa4 ,n a *e] 0 he>d2 n a memb] v5tur$ to second ! motion4 #ab4 ,! mo/ rigid discipl9e is ma9ta9$4 #ac4 ,)\t our cons5t1 su* an exp$ition _c legally be und]tak54 #ad4 ,! newspap]s w happily save me ! tr\ble ( relat+ m9ute p>ticul>s4 #ae4 ,! r++ ( bells is at an end2 ! rumbl+ ( ! c>riages has ceas$2 ! patt]+ ( feet is he>d no m4 #af4 ,my m9d has be5 mu* di/urb$1 & too agitat$ = conv]sation4 #ag4 ,:ile all ?is is tak+ place )9 ! ,t[]s1 va/ bodies ( p are assembl+ )\t4 #ah4 ,! spell+ & h&writ+ are ^? ( a man imp]fectly educat$4 #ai4 ,i h an unconqu]able repugnance to return to my *amb]4 #bj4 ,i l to see a man "k 8 own m9d4 #b4 ,*ange into a direct /atem5t ea* clause t is 9 ! indirect disc\rse4 ,m5tion ! con/ruction ( ! clause 7z subject1 object1 etc474 #a4 ,! boom+ ( a gun told !m t ! la/ ya*t _h r\nd$ ! light%ip4 #b4 ,all ( a sudd5 %e ?\ght %e he>d some?+ move beh9d h]4 #c4 ,?\gh !y spoke ,fr5* flu5tly1 ,i p]ceiv$ t x 0 n _! native language4 #d4 ,i soon f\nd t1 9 mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ! "y man1 ,i _h inde$ made a valuable acquisition4 #e4 ,i ?ank$ him1 b said t ,dr4 ,johnson _h come ) me f ,london1 & ,i mu/ return to ! inn & dr9k tea ) him2 t my "n 0 ,boswell1 & ,i _h travell$ ) him 9 ! ,hebrides4 #f4 ,i discov]$ t he 0 wond]fully fond ( int]f]+ ) o!r p's bus9ess4 #g4 ,i _h he>d t he _h be5 unhappy1 t he _h roam$ ab\t1 a fev]$1 di/emp]$ man1 tak+ pleasure 9 no?+4 #h4 ,i _h obs]v$ t ! old woman = "s "t pa/ _h %[n mu* less anxiety ab\t ! book4 #i4 ,i le>n$ t times _h gone h>d ) h]4 #aj4 ,i p]ceiv$ t ! objects :i* _h excit$ my curiosity 7 n trees1 b imm5se upright /ones4 #aa4 ,t no man c legally promise :at he _c legally p]=m is a self-evid5t proposition4--,,mack9to%4 #ab4 ,t !re are "s duties sup]ior to o!rs w be d5i$ by no "o4 #ac4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! highe/ obligation ( a citiz5 is t ( contribut+ to pres]ve ! community4 #ad4 ,reports _h be5 br\ght back t six ,*ri/ians 7 l+]+ 9 captivity 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry4 #ae4 ,if x be true t1 by giv+ our confid5ce by halves1 we c sc>cely hope to make a fri5d1 x is equally true t1 by )draw+ x :5 giv51 we %all make an enemy4--,,prescott4 #af4 ,he conclud$ ) ! assurance t ! :ole fleet w\ld sail on ! foll[+ day4 #ag4 ,p5 prote/$ t he _h n *ang$ 9 ! lea/4 #c4 ,write five s5t5ces 9 :i* indirect disc\rse is express$ by an inf9itive clause 7 #dce74 ,,ex]cise #ec 7 #dcf1 p4 #agf7 #a4 ,*ange ea* ( ! s5t5ces quot$ at ! end ( #dcf into "o ( ! o!r two passive con/ructions describ$ 9 t section4 #b4 ,write t5 s5t5ces 9 ea* ( :i* a clause 9 ! indirect disc\rse is ! subject ( a passive v]b4 ,,ex]cise #ed 7 #dch-dci1 pp4 #agg-agh7 #a4 ,expla9 ! use ( %all1 %\ld1 w1 or w\ld 9 ea* in/ance4 ,*ange ! indirect disc\rse to ! direct4 #a4 ,i believe ,i %\ld l to live 9 a small h\se j outside a pleasant ,engli% t[n all ! days ( my life4--,,fitz ,,g]ald4 #b4 ,! sultan said he w\ld oblige u ) donkeys or any?+ else if we w\ld only give him a few m pretty clo?s4--,,speke4 #c4 ,i ?9k t ,i %\ld l x to be always summ]4 #d4 ,he (t5 told 8 fri5ds aft]w>ds1 t unless he _h f\nd out ?is piece ( ex]cise1 he v]ily believ$ he %\ld h lo/ 8 s5ses4--,,addison4 #e4 ,d y rememb] once say+ to me t y hop$ y %\ld nev] leave ,br5?am8 #f4 ,i knew t he w\ld n h accept$ (fice 9 #ahda-ahdb if he c\ld h avoid$ x4 #g4 ,promise y w give him ?is little book ( draw+s4 #h4 ,i h (t5 ?\ght t !re has r>ely pass$ a life ( :i* a judici\s & fai?ful n>rative w\ld n be useful4--,,johnson4 #i4 ,%e said1 v quietly1 t %e wi%$ to speak to him aft] breakfa/1 & t he w\ld f9d h] 9 h] sitt+ room4 #aj4 ,lady ,annabel _h promis$ ! *ildr5 t !y %\ld "s day ride toge!r to ,m>r+hur/4 #aa4 ,"o ( !m told u t he w\ld make u a canoe4 #ab4 ,promise1 ,m>ion--pray promise y w n ev5 m5tion my "n to him :5 y write next4 #ac4 ,he felt t no argum5t ( 8 w\ld be ( any use4 #ad4 ,i "k v well t ,i %all sign my own dea? w>rant on ! day :5 ,i retire f bus9ess4 #ae4 ,%e knew v well n[ t ,gr&c\rt w\ld n g )\t h]2 b if he mu/ tyrannize ov] h]1 he %\ld n d x precisely 9 ! way he w\ld *oose4 ,%e w\ld oblige him to /ay 9 ! hotel4 #af4 ,!y 7 afraid t !y %\ld n long be able to put him (f ) promises4 #ag4 ,bungay repli$ t he %\ld be happy to h deal+s ) ,mr4 ,p5d5nis4 #b4 ,fill ! blanks ) ! prop] auxili>y 7%all or %\ld1 or w or w\ld74 #a4 ,y\r fa!r said t he ---- be glad to see me4 #b4 ,i told him t ,i ---- be oblig$ to dismiss him4 #c4 ,i wrote t we ---- gladly accept 8 invitation4 #d4 ,my fri5ds believ$ t ,i ---- n be will+ to g4 #e4 ,rob]t ?9ks t he ---- h to "w ev5+s4 #f4 ,rob]t says t ,i ---- h to "w ev5+s4 #g4 ,!y say t ,rob]t ---- "w ev5+s1 al?\gh he ought n4 #h4 ,i promis$ t ,rob]t ---- n "w ev5+s4 #i4 ,i told ,m>y t ,i 0 sure %e ---- succe$4 #aj4 ,m>y said %e _h no d\bt t ,i ---- succe$4 #aa4 ,m>y w say t %e has no d\bt ,i ---- succe$4 #ab4 ,i repeat t ,i h no d\bt y ---- succe$4 #ac4 ,he decl>$ t y ---- g1 ev5 aga9/ y\r w4 #ad4 ,! report is t we ---- dissolve p>tn]%ip4 #c4 ,*ange ! indirect /atem5ts 9 ! s5t5ces :i* y h j made to direct /atem5ts4 ,,ex]cise #ee 7 #ddj-dde1 pp4 #agi-aha7 #a4 ,"s1 b n all1 ( ! foll[+ s5t5ces conta9 indirect que/ions4 ,po9t out ^! que/ions & tell :at introduces !m 7int]rogative pron\n1 int]rogative adv]b1 subord9ate conjunction74 ,m5tion ! con/ruction ( ea* int]rogative clause 7z subject1 object1 etc474 #b4 ,turn ea* indirect "q into a direct "q4 #c4 ,po9t out su* relative clauses z y f9d 9 ! s5t5ces4 ,are !y adjective or adv]bial modifi]s8 #a4 ,w>r+ton did n "k :at 8 comrade's means 74 #b4 ,he c\ld sc>cely tell :e!r %e 0 imbu$ ) sun%9e1 or :e!r x 0 a gl[ ( happ9ess t %one out ( h]4 #c4 ,i />t$ ! "q :e!r duell+ 0 consi/5t ) moral duty4--,,boswell4 #d4 ,! pilgrims !n began to inquire if !re 0 no o!r way to ! gate4 #e4 ,he knew n :at to make ( ! lett]4 #f4 ,i h>dly he>d :at he said4 #g4 ,e "o kn[s practically :at are ! con/itu5ts ( heal? or ( virtue4--,,newman4 #h4 ,?9k calmly ov] :at ,i h writt54 #i4 ,!n %e ask$ him :5ce he 0 & :i!r he 0 go+2 & he told h]4 #aj4 ,:at to expect1 he knew n4 #aa4 ,!seus wond]$ :at ?is imm5se giant c\ld be4 #ab4 ,hack says x 0 ,mrs4 ,bungay :o caus$ all ! mis*ief4 #ac4 ,! "q 0 h[ be/ to extricate ! army f its p]il\s position4 #ad4 ,addison 0 a delightful companion :5 he 0 at 8 ease4 #ae4 ,i d\bt :e!r ! wise/ ( u "k :at our own motives are4 #af4 ,i puzzl$ my head = "s "t to f9d out :i* ( ! two cases 0 ! m applicable4 #ag4 ,i return$ to ! /udies :i* ,i _h neglect$4 #ah4 ,i _c tell h[ ,i d>$ to say :at ,i did4 #ai4 ,h[ long he slept he c\ld n say4 #bj4 ,fanny1 9 dismay at su* an unprec$5t$ "q1 did n "k :i* way to look1 or h[ to be prep>$ = an answ]4--,,miss ,,au/54 #ba4 ,:at my c\rse ( life w be :5 ,i return to ,engl& is v d\btful4 #bb4 ,i _c tell y h[ va+lori\sly ,i walk$ ! /reets4 #bc4 ,!n ,i told :at a tall1 upright1 graceful p]son _! great-gr&mo!r ,field once 04 #bd4 ,:5 ! bean-v9es began to fl[] on ! poles1 !re 0 "o p>ticul> v>iety :i* bore a vivid sc>let blossom4 #be4 ,i "k n :i* way ,i mu/ look4 #bf4 ,:y %e submitt$1 ,mrs4 ,turp9 c\ld n h told y4 #bg4 ,i began to become consci\s :at a /range d5 t sanctum 04 #bh4 ,h[ ,f]guson escap$1 01 & /ill is1 a my/]y4 #bi4 ,h[ f> he felt ! =ce ( ?is obligation w appe> 9 ! sequel4 #d4 ,write s5t5ces conta9+ indirect que/ions introduc$ by :o1 :i*1 :at1 :51 h[1 :y1 :e!r1 if4 #e4 ,fill ! blanks ) :o or :om4 ,tell1 9 ea* s5t5ce1 :e!r :o or :om is an int]rogative or a relative pron\n4 #a4 ,i "k ---- x 0 t broke ! w9d[4 #b4 ,i "k ---- x 0 t y saw4 #c4 ,i "k ---- y saw4 #d4 ,i "k ! p]son ---- y saw4 #e4 ,i ask$ if ! man ---- we saw 0 ,d\glas4 #f4 ,i ask$ if ! boy ---- broke ! w9d[ 0 ,ar*]4 #g4 ,i "k ---- x 0 y ov]he>d4 #h4 ,tell me ---- x is t ,i resemble4 #i4 ,tell me ---- ,i resemble4 #aj4 ,tell me ---- y ?9k ,i resemble4 #aa4 ,tell me if ,i resemble anybody ---- y "k4 #f4 ,turn all ! indirect que/ions :i* y h j writt5 into direct que/ions4 #g4 ,con/ruct s5t5ces 9 :i* ea* ( ! v]bs 7or v]b-phrases7 is foll[$ by an indirect "q3-- ask$1 tell1 inquire1 is le>n+1 see1 might discov]1 _h he>d1 h f\nd1 d\bt1 h p]ceiv$1 is ?9k+1 wond]s1 knew1 0 told1 und]/&s1 to compreh5d1 is1 c\ld asc]ta91 has report$1 w ann\nce4 ,,ex]cise #ef 7 #ddg1 p4 #ahb7 #a4 ,turn ea* indirect "q into ! direct =m4 ,expla9 ! use ( %all1 %\ld1 w1 w\ld4 #a4 8,i d\bt10 said ,donatello1 8:e!r !y w rememb] my voice n[40 #b4 ,i did n "k :e!r to res5t 8 language or pursue my explanations4 #c4 ,i clamb]$ to its apex1 & !n felt mu* at a loss z to :at %\ld be next done4 #d4 ,h[ we %all live ,i _c imag9e4 #e4 ,:5 ,i %all get to t[n ,i _c div9e1 b x w be betwe5 ?is & ,*ri/mas4 #f4 ,i sc>cely "k :i* ( u ?ree w\ld be ! sorrie/4 #g4 ,i c feel = y1 because ,i "k :at ,i %\ld feel 9 ! same situation4 #h4 ,let u see if %e w "k y4 #i4 ,i wond] h[ y w answ] me a ye> h5ce4 #aj4 ,i ask$ if ,georgiana w\ld accompany h]4 #aa4 ,y mu/ see ! c>riage1 ,jane1 & tell me if y don't ?9k x w suit ,mrs4 ,ro*e/] exactly1 & :e!r %e won't look l ,que5 ,boadicea1 lean+ back aga9/ ^? purple cu%ions4--,c4 ,,bront4 #ab4 ,ca!r9e _h no idea :y h] fa!r %\ld be cross] or less pati5t 9 8 ail+ condition ?an he 0 9 8 prime4 #ac4 ,mr4 ,h9dley w h to proce$ to extremities1--see if he won't6 #b4 ,fill ! blanks ) ! prop] auxili>y 7%all1 %\ld1 w1 w\ld74 ,!n *ange ea* indirect "q to ! direct =m4 #a4 ,tom ask$ me if ,i ---- l to g ) him4 #b4 ,!y inquir$ :e!r ,i ---- pref] to g or to /ay4 #c4 ,%e ask$ me if ,i ---- help h]4 #d4 ,tell me :e!r he ---- cons5t or n4 #e4 ,he wi%es to "k if y ---- recomm5d him4 #f4 ,i 0 9 d\bt :e!r ,i ---- succe$ or fail4 #g4 ,i d n "k :e!r y ---- f9d h] at home or at h] uncle's4 #h4 ,he is 9 d\bt :e!r or n he ---- get ! appo9tm5t4 #i4 ,we ?9k we ---- l to sail on ! tw5tie?4 #aj4 ,he ?9ks he ---- l to be a f>m]4 ,,ex]cise #eg 7 #ddh-dec1 pp4 #ahc-ahf7 #a4 ,m5tion ! sub/antives t make up ! comp\nd subjects & ! v]bs t make up ! comp\nd pr$icates 9 #dej2 9 ,ex]cise #d4 #b4 ,see if y c make any ( ! s5t5ces comp\nd by ins]t+ p]sonal pron\ns z subjects4 #c4 ,divide ea* comp\nd s5t5ce 9 #deb & 9 ,ex]cise #f into ! indep5d5t cord9ate clauses t compose x4 #d4 ,make ea* s5t5ce 9 #dej complex by ins]t+ or add+ a subord9ate clause4 ,is y\r clause adjective or adv]bial8 ,:at does x modify8 #e4 ,divide ea* complex s5t5ce 9 ,ex]cises #ag1 #be1 #ci 7#b71 #dh-ea1 into ! indep5d5t 7ma97 clause & ! subord9ate clause4 ,,ex]cise #eh 7 #deh-dfa1 pp4 #ahh-aij7 #a4 ,analyze 7accord+ to ! directions 9 #deh-dfa7 ! simple s5t5ces 9 ,ex]cise #a4 ,9 analyz+1 describe ea* s5t5ce z decl>ative1 int]rogative1 etc4 ,if ! s5t5ce is imp]ative1 supply ! subject4 #b4 ,analyze ! comp\nd & ! complex s5t5ces 9 ,ex]cises #f1 #ag1 #be1 #ci 7#b71 #dh-ea4 #c4 ,analyze ! comp\nd complex s5t5ces 9 #def-deg1 #eae4 ,,ex]cise #ei 7 #dfb-dgc1 pp4 #aia-aif7 #a4 ,po9t out ! adjectives us$ z modifi]s ( ! subject4 ,sub/itute = ea* an adjective phrase2 an adjective clause 7 #dfg-dfh74 #a4 ,/&+ 9 ! door 0 a te>ful *ild4 #b4 ,a tall ,scot %ut (f my view4 #c4 ,an iron mask conceal$ ! prison]'s face4 #d4 ,honorable m5 pay _! debts4 #e4 ,a tumble-d[n %$ /ood 9 ! holl[4 #f4 ,a ?ree-corn]$ hat 0 cock$ ov] "o ( 8 e>s4 #g4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians are becom+ ext9ct4 #h4 ,an exp]i5c$ /5ograph] %\ld spell correctly4 #i4 ,a deep fosse or dit* 0 drawn r\nd ! :ole build+4 #aj4 ,! royal army 0 assembl$ at ,salisbury4 #aa4 ,! mid-day meal 0 excell5t4 #ab4 ,! morn+ mi/ lies heavy ^u yond] *a9 ( isl&s4 #b4 ,con/ruct s5t5ces1 us+ ! foll[+ adjective phrases z modifi]s ( ! subject3-- ( great height2 9 a r$ hat2 ) black hair2 f ,cairo2 to ,indianapolis2 f ,india2 ) high gables2 ( brilliant plumage2 on ! re> plat=m2 9 a /ate ( int5se agitation2 betwe5 ! two %ips2 ov] ! m\nta92 on ! summit ( ! t[]4 #c4 ,sub/itute 7if possible7 an adjective clause = ea* adjective phrase 9 ! s5t5ces y h j writt54 #d4 ,po9t out all p>ticiples us$ z modifi]s ( ! simple subject 9 ,ex]cise #db4 ,write t5 s5t5ces conta9+ su* modifi]s 7 #dfi74 #e4 ,con/ruct t5 s5t5ces simil> to ^? 9 #dgj 7) inf9itives modify+ ! simple subject74 #f4 ,write t5 s5t5ces conta9+ n\ns or pron\ns 9 ! possessive case us$ z modifi]s ( ! subject 7 #dga74 #g4 ,write t5 s5t5ces conta9+ n\ns 9 apposition ) ! subject 7 #hh1 #e2 #dgb72 five 9 :i* a n\n clause is ?us us$ 7 #chf1 #dgc74 ,,ex]cise #fj 7 #dgd-dha1 pp4 #aif-aii7 #a4 ,po9t out all ! adv]bs us$ to modify ! simple pr$icate4 ,sub/itute = ea* an adv]bial phrase or clause4 #a4 ,! witness *ose 8 words delib]ately4 #b4 ,! old man mov$ sl[ly d[n ! /reet4 #c4 ,i c>efully avoid$ mak+ t promise4 #d4 ,d n speak s l\d4 #e4 ,i am eag]ly look+ =w>d to y\r visit4 #f4 ,t golf ball mu/ h hit him h>d4 #g4 ,allan has play$ 9 public twice4 #h4 ,i %all call y e>ly4 #i4 ,we (t5 see y\r ecc5tric fri5d4 #aj4 ,! prie/ %ook 8 head d\btfully4 #aa4 ,y\r fa!r b>ely escap$ dr[n+4 #ab4 ,! next morn+ ,*e/] awoke late4 #ac4 ,! accid5t happ5$ "h4 #ad4 ,! capta9 _h gone bel[4 #ae4 ,m>ion refuses to g by coa* unless %e c sit outside4 #af4 ,frank left home ?ree ye>s ago1 & has n be5 he>d f s9ce4 #ag4 ,look yond] & tell u :]e ! pa? lies4 #ah4 ,we 7 !n pres5t$ to ,gov]nor ,gore4 #ai4 ,i h n be5 !re s9ce ,april4 #bj4 ,bruce 0 aft]w>d a%am$ ( 8 disc\ragem5t4 #ba4 ,! sun w soon set4 #bb4 ,y are expect$ to arrive 9 good season h]eaft]4 #bc4 ,alice _c spell correctly4 #bd4 ,! ,indian sudd5ly disappe>$4 #be4 ,! girl laugh$ c>elessly4 #bf4 ,! moose fell heavily to ! e>?4 #bg4 ,he passionately longs to see ,italy4 #bh4 ,all =eign]s seem to speak rapidly4 #bi4 ,edi? li/5$ att5tively4 #b4 ,write t5 s5t5ces 9 :i* ! simple pr$icate is modifi$ by an inf9itive 7 #cbc1 #dgg72 by an adv]bial objective or by a phrase conta9+ "o 7 #aji1 #dgh72 by a nom9ative absolute 7 #cde1 #dgi72 by an indirect object 7 #aje1 #dhj72 by a cognate object 7 #ajh1 #dha74 #c4 ,po9t out ! complem5t>y inf9itives & ! inf9itives ( purpose 9 ,ex]cise #dj1 & tell :at v]b ea* modifies4 ,,ex]cise #fa 7 #dhb-dic1 pp4 #bjj-bjd7 #a4 ,po9t out ! complem5ts & describe ea* 7z direct object1 pr$icate nom9ative1 etc474 ,analyze ! s5t5ces4 #a4 ,! mo/ amaz+ wond] ( ! deep is its unfa?omable cruelty4--,,conrad4 #b4 ,music is ,love 9 se>* ( a ^w4--,,lani]4 #c4 ,! de/9ation ( ! fleet 0 /ill a matt] ( conjecture4 #d4 ,! reports f ! front made ,wa%+ton anxi\s4 #e4 ,plato says t ! puni%m5t :i* ! wise suff] :o refuse to take "p 9 ! gov]nm5t1 is1 to live "u ! gov]nm5t ( worse m54--,,em]son4 #f4 ,i ?\ght y\r book an impo/ure2 ,i ?9k x an impo/ure /ill4--,,johnson4 #g4 ,moses *ose able m5 out ( all ,israel & made !m heads ov] ! p4 #h4 ,! old gray port] rais$ 8 tor*4 #i4 ,?is y w call impud5ce4 #aj4 ,firm & irrevocable is my doom4 #aa4 ,9 return = m]e bo>d & lodg+1 ,topham became ,mr4 ,/>key's assi/ant4 #ab4 ,x 0 !y :o attack$ u4 #ac4 ,s]5e w be our days & bright4 #ad4 ,w>wick ?\ght ! situation awkw>d1 b he held 8 peace4 #ae4 ,if !re 7 n too great a risk ( ! disp]sion ( _! fleet1 ,i %\ld ?9k _! putt+ to sea a m]e manuv] to deceive4--,,irv+4 #af4 ,i ?\ght 8,aladd90 capital fun4--,,/ev5son4 #ag4 ,! faces ( ! fa!r & "m _h a sob] gladness2 ! *ildr5 laugh$2 ! elde/ daught] 0 ! image ( ,happ9ess at sev5te52 & ! ag$ gr&mo!r1 :o sat knitt+ 9 ! w>me/ place1 0 ! image ( ,happ9ess gr[n old4 #ah4 ,8 /ories 7 :at fright5$ p wor/ ( all4 #ai4 ,! old man 0 n]v\s1 fidgety1 & v pale4 #bj4 ,i am gr[+ old1 ! grey hairs ?ick5 ^u me1 my jo9ts are less supple1 &1 9 m9d z well z body1 ,i am less ent]pris+ ?an 9 =m] ye>s4--,,s\!y4 #ba4 ,i 0 uneasy ab\t my lett]4 #bb4 ,confid5ce is almo/ ev]y?+ 9 w>4 #bc4 ,he ?9ks me a tr\blesome fell[4 #bd4 ,at ! end ( ?is /range season1 ,burns gloomily sums up 8 ga9s & losses4 #be4 ,little fire gr[s great ) little w9d4--,,%aksp]e4 #bf4 ,z he rose to walk1 he f\nd himself /iff 9 ! jo9ts4 #bg4 ,noise _h be5 my native elem5t4 #bh4 ,i caught tantaliz+ glimpses ( gre5 fields1 %ut f me by dull l9es ( high-spik$ pal+s4 #bi4 ,"o h\se 9 a back /reet 0 bright ) ! *e]ful gl>e ( lights4 #b4 ,write t5 simple s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ ! direct object ( a v]b2 a pr$icate objective2 a pr$icate nom9ative2 a pr$icate adjective4 ,analyze y\r s5t5ces4 ,,ex]cise #fb 7 #did-dig1 pp4 #bje-bjf7 #a4 ,po9t out any modifi]s ( complem5ts 9 ! s5t5ces call$ = 9 ,ex]cise #fa1 #b4 ,introduce o!r modifi]s ( complem5ts if y c )\t injur+ ! s5t5ces4 #b4 ,write s5t5ces simil> to ^? 9 #dib1 tak+ c>e to include 9 ea* a complem5t modifi$4 #c4 ,write t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a sub/antive complem5t modifi$ by an adjective clause 7 #dif72 an adjective complem5t modifi$ by an adv]bial clause 7 #dig74 ,analyze y\r s5t5ces4 #d4 ,po9t out all modifi]s ( complem5ts 9 ,ex]cises #ab & #bb4 #e4 ,analyze ! s5t5ces 9 #die4 ,,ex]cise #fc 7 #dih-ejj1 pp4 #bjg-bjh7 #a4 ,write t5 s5t5ces illu/rat+ adjectives 7or adjective phrases7 modifi$ ei!r by adv]bs or by gr\ps ( words us$ adv]bially4 #b4 ,write t5 s5t5ces1 ea* conta9+ a possessive n\n modifi$2 an appositive modifi$2 an adv]bial phrase modifi$4 #c4 ,write t5 s5t5ces illu/rat+ ! use ( adjective or adv]bial clauses z modifi]s ( modifi]s4 #d4 ,analyze ! s5t5ces 9 #dih4 ,,ex]cise #fd 7 #eja-ejc1 p4 #bji7 ,po9t out ! indep5d5t elem5ts4 ,tell :e!r ea* is an int]jection1 a vocative 7nom9ative by direct address71 an exclamatory nom9ative1 or a p>5!tical expression4 ,analyze ! s5t5ces4 #a4 ,! k+1 ,mel=t said1 0 det]m9$ to be sev]e4 #b4 ,o ,m>y1 g & call ! cattle home4 #c4 ,p>don me1 my de> fell[4 #d4 ,betwe5 ourselves1 ,i %all n be sorry to h a quiet ev5+4 #e4 ,k1 inde$1 & sci5ce express purely intellectual ideas4--,,newman4 #f4 ,oh6 oh6 pictures don't pay4 #g4 ,to make a long /ory %ort1 ! company broke up4 #h4 ,true1 our fri5d is already 9 8 te5s4 #i4 ,to use a ready-made similitude1 we might lik5 univ]sal hi/ory to a magic web4--,,c>lyle4 #aj4 ,poor fell[s6 !y only did z !y 7 ord]$1 ,i suppose4 #aa4 ,! _w1 z we said1 has be5 unju/ to him4 #ab4 ,!re=e1 good ,brutus1 be prep>$ to he>4 #ac4 ,peace6 c\nt ! clock4 #ad4 ,excuse1 no d\bt1 is 9 read9ess = su* omission4 #ae4 ,! "l--= s ,i und]/ood he 0--look$ at me ) an air ( surprise4 #af4 ,lo1 ,cs> is afraid4 #ag4 ,delay n1 ,cs>2 read x in/antly4 #ah4 ,my c\nsel1 ,i ne$ n say1 made full use ( ?is h9t4 #ai4 ,my small s]vices1 y rememb]1 7 ( no use4 #bj4 ,i knew--"o kn[s ev]y?+ 9 dreams--t !y _h be5 sla94 #ba4 ,i knew x1 ,i say1 to be a fallacy4 #bb4 ,lib]ty6 fre$om6 tyranny is dead6 #bc4 ,/ay1 ho6 & let u he> ,m>k ,antony4 ,,ex]cise #fe 7 #ejd-ebc1 pp4 #baj-bai7 #a4 ,analyze ! simple s5t5ces 9 #eji2 ! comp\nd s5t5ces 9 #eaa2 ! complex s5t5ces 9 #eab2 ! comp\nd complex s5t5ces 9 #ead-eae4 #b4 ,/udy ! examples 9 #eag-ebc1 & expla9 _! /ructure orally4 ,tell :e!r ! v>i\s subord9ate clauses are simple1 comp\nd1 or complex1 & :y4 ,give ! con/ruction ( ea*4 ,analyze ! s5t5ces4 #c4 ,con/ruct five complex s5t5ces on ! pr9ciple ( #eag2 ( #ebj2 ( #eba2 ( #ebb4 ,,ex]cise #ff 7 #ebd-ebf1 pp4 #bbj-bbc7 #a4 ,/udy ! s5t5ces 9 #ebe-ebf until y c expla9 _! /ructure4 #b4 ,f9d1 9 "s good ,engli% or ,am]ican au?or1 t5 s5t5ces ( consid]able l5g? & expla9 _! /ructure4 ,,ex]cise #fg 7 #ebg-ecc1 pp4 #bbd-bbf7 #a4 ,analyze ! s5t5ces 9 #ebh4 ,expla9 ! ellipsis 9 ea* s5t5ce4 #b4 ,supply ! ^w or words omitt$ 9 ea* ( ! elliptical s5t5ces 9 #ecc 7p4 #bbf74 ,expla9 ! ellipsis 9 ea* s5t5ce4 #c4 ,analyze ! s5t5ces 9 #ecc4 #d4 ,write five s5t5ces illu/rat+ ea* ( ! foll[+ k9ds ( ellipsis3--7#a7 ! subject ( an imp]ative2 7#b7 a relative pron\n2 7#c7 ! conjunction t2 7#d7 ! copula & its subject ) :ile1 :51 ?\gh1 if2 7#e7 ellipsis 9 a clause ) z or ?an4 ,,ex]cise #fh 7 #ddh-ebf1 pp4 #ahc-bbc7 ,! foll[+ comp\nd1 complex1 & comp\nd complex s5t5ces w give fur!r practice 9 analysis & 9 /udy ( ! relations ( clauses4 #a4 ,de]slay] hesitat$ a s+le in/ant ere he plung$ into ! bu%es4 #b4 ,! m9d ( man is l a clock t is always runn+ d[n & requires to be z con/antly w\nd up4--,,hazlitt4 #c4 ,he became s5sible t 8 life 0 /ill 9 imm95t p]il4 #d4 ,a "y au?or is apt to run into a confusion ( mix$ metaphors1 :i* leave ! s5se disjo9t$1 & di/ract ! imag9ation4--,,goldsmi?4 #e4 ,ev]ybody kept 8 head z be/ he might & scrambl$ = :atev] he c\ld get4 #f4 ,! dialogue _h be5 held 9 s v l[ a :isp] t n a ^w ( x _h rea*$ ! "y lady's e>s4 #g4 ,! capta9 screw$ 8 lips up1 & drumm$ on ! table1 b he did n speak4 #h4 ,poor ,&rew ,f]n _h he>d t 8 t[nsman's sloop _h be5 captur$ by a private]4 #i4 ,?r\gh ! gr\nds we w5t1 & v pretty ,i ?\ght !m4 #aj4 ,he sometimes made doleful compla9t t !re 7 no /agecoa*es1 n[adays4 #aa4 ,lights gleam$ 9 ! di/ance1 & p 7 already a/ir4 #ab4 ,t few m5 celebrat$ = !oretic wisdom live ) con=mity to _! precepts1 mu/ be readily confess$4--,,johnson4 #ac4 ,d[n w5t ,pew ) a cry t rang high into ! night4 #ad4 ,pluck ! dog (f1 le/ he ?rottle him4 #ae4 ,i knew t ! wor/ ( m5 h _! good po9ts4 #af4 ,a rumor spread t ! enemy 0 approa*+ 9 great =ce4 #ag4 ,mr4 ,h5ry w5t & walk$ at ! l[ end ( ! hall )\t reply2 = he _h an excell5t gift ( sil5ce4 #ah4 ,x is a bright brisk morn+1 & ! load$ wagons are roll+ *e]fully pa/ my w9d[4 #ai4 ,! musician 0 an old gray-head$ negro1 :o _h be5 ! it9]ant or*e/ra ( ! neighborhood = m ?an half a c5tury4 #bj4 ,aft] he _h wait$ ?ree h\rs1 ! g5]al's pati5ce 0 exhau/$1 &1 z he le>n$ t ! ,mexicans 7 busy 9 prep>ations = def5ce1 he made imm$iate dispositions = ! assault4--,,prescott4 #ba4 ,z ,i rode along ne> ! coa/1 ,i kept a v %>p look\t 9 ! lanes & woods4 #bb4 ,e man desires to live long1 b no man w\ld be old4--,,swift4 #bc4 ,if my face _h be5 pale ! mom5t be=e1 x n[ gl[$ almo/ to burn+4 #bd4 ,! s5t9els :o pac$ ! ramp>ts ann\nc$ t ! vangu>d ( ! ho/ile army 0 9 sight4 #be4 ,h] he>t 0 happy & h] c\rage rose4 #bf4 ,!re is a report t ,clif=d is to be secret>y4 #bg4 ,! season ( w9t]1 :51 f ! %ortness ( ! daylight1 labor becomes impossible1 is 9 ,zetl& ! "t ( revel1 fea/+1 & m]rim5t4 #bh4 ,e log :i* is c>ri$ pa/ u by ! curr5t has come f an undiscov]$ c\ntry4 #bi4 ,! fair heav5s %one ov] ! w9dy blue seas1 & ! gre5 isl& ( ,ulva lay bask+ 9 ! sunlight4 #cj4 ,! greate/ ev5t 01 t ! ,miss ,j5kynses _h pur*as$ a new c>pet = ! draw+ room4 #ca4 ,my gr&fa!r made a b[ to ! motley assemblage z he ent]$4 #cb4 ,talk to a man ab\t himself1 & he is g5]ally captivat$4 #cc4 ,p5 0 z elat$ z if somebody _h left him a =tune4 #cd4 ,:5 ! morn+ dawn$1 ! k+ gaz$ ) admiration at ! city1 :i* he hop$ soon to add to 8 dom9ions4--,,irv+4 #ce4 ,no "o d\bts t ! slo? & ! ant-eat]1 ! kang>oo & ! opossum1 ! tig] & ! badg]1 ! tapir & ! rh9oc]os1 are respectively memb]s ( ! same ord]s4--,,huxley4 #cf4 ,! travell]1 a man ( middle age1 wrapp$ 9 a gray frieze cloak1 quick5$ 8 pace :5 he _h rea*$ ! outskirts ( ! t[n1 = a gloomy ext5t ( ne>ly f\r miles lay betwe5 him & 8 home4 #cg4 ,x 0 a sc5e on :i* ,i _h (t5 look$ d[n1 b :]e ,i _h nev] be=e beheld a human figure4 #ch4 ,he f\nd t he _h und]tak5 a task :i* 0 beyond 8 p[]4 #ci4 ,9 ! ,dut* g>d5 is a f9e bronze bu/ ( ,napoleon1 :i* ,"l ,holl& put up 9 #ahag1 :ile ,napoleon 0 a prison] at ,sa9t ,hel5a4 #dj4 ,! girl's 0 n "o ( ^? natures :i* are mo/ attract$ by :at is /range & exceptional 9 human "*4 #da4 ,mrs4 ,p5d5nis 0 sure t he w\ld lead h] de> boy into mis*ief1 if ,p5 w5t to ! same college ) him4 #db4 ,i _h be5 "s "t at sea be=e ,i became aw>e ( ! fact t he>+ plays a p]ceptible "p 9 gaug+ ! =ce ( ! w9d4 #dc4 ,! ,mac$onian conqu]or1 :5 he 0 once invit$ to he> a man t sang l a night+ale1 repli$ ) contempt1 t he _h he>d ! night+ale h]self2 & ! same treatm5t mu/ e man expect1 ^: praise is t he imitates ano!r4--,,johnson4 #dd4 ,tie a c\ple ( /r+s across a bo>d & set x 9 y\r w9d[1 & y h an in/rum5t :i* no arti/'s h>p c rival4--,,em]son4 #de4 ,i 0 on ! po9t ( ask+ :at "p ( ! c\ntry he _h *os5 = 8 retreat4 #df4 ,t no man c lawfully promise :at he _c lawfully d is a self-evid5t proposition4--,,mack9to%4 #dg4 ,h[ f> ! gov]nor contribut$ t[>ds ! exp5ses ( ! outfit is n v cle>4 #dh4 ,! next epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,russia 0 t ( ,pet] ! ,great1 ^: g5ius ov]came ! ob/acles consequ5t on ! remot5ess ( its situation1 & op5$ to its p ! c>e] ( ,european indu/ry1 arts1 & arms4--,,alison4 #di4 ,z ! *ase l5g!ns1 ! sportsm5 drop (f1 till at la/ ! =emo/ huntsman is left alone1 & 8 horse1 ov]come ) fatigue1 /umbles & dies 9 a rocky valley4--,,jeffrey4 #ej4 ,! ,l[l& knight1 ?\gh />tl$1 repeats 8 defiance2 & ,sir ,rod]ick1 respect+ 8 valor1 by a signal dismisses 8 m5 to _! concealm5t1 & assures him anew ( 8 safety4 #ea4 ,i /ood awe-/ruck--,i _c tell h[ long--wat*+ h[ ! live flame-snakes crept & hiss$1 & leapt & ro>$1 & ru%$ 9 long horizontal jets f /ack to /ack be=e ! h[l+ w9d1 & fa/5$ _! fi]y talons on ! b>n-eaves1 & swept ov] ! peak$ ro(s1 & hurl$ !mselves 9 fi]y flakes into ! y>d beyond4--,,k+sley4 #eb4 ,:5 ,i 0 at ,gr& ,cairo1 ,i pick$ up sev]al ,ori5tal manuscripts1 :i* ,i h /ill by me4--,,addison4 #ec4 ,(t5 h ,i wond]$ at ! tem]ity ( my fa!r1 :o1 9 spite ( an habitual g5]al respect :i* we all 9 common manife/$ t[>ds him1 w\ld v5ture n[ & !n to /& up aga9/ him 9 "s argum5t t\*+ _! y\?ful days4--,,lamb4 #ed4 ,by all means beg9 y\r folio2 ev5 if ! doctor does n give y a ye>1 ev5 if he hesitates ab\t a mon?1 make "o brave pu% & see :at c be accompli%$ 9 a week4--,,/ev5son4 ,,app5dix ,,li/s ,,( ,,v]bs ,9 ! fir/ li/1 only su* v]b =ms are giv5 z are indisputably correct 9 accordance ) ! be/ prose usage ( ! pres5t day4 ,! pupil may feel p]fectly safe1 !re=e1 9 us+ ! =ms regi/]$ 9 ?is li/4#eb ,a few v]bs 7m>k$ 997 :i* are seldom or nev] us$ 9 ord9>y language are includ$ 9 ?is li/4 ,^! h v>i\s irregul>ities4 ,a few v]bs are p>tly /rong & p>tly weak4 ,weak v]bs are pr9t$ 9 italics4 ,= ! modal auxili>ies1 see page #bii4 ,i ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple abide abode abode am 7subjunc41 be7 0 be5 arise arose aris5 awake awoke1 awak$ awak$ be> bore borne1 born#ec beat beat beat5 beget begot begott5 beg9 began begun behold beheld beheld b5d b5t b5t b]eave b]eft1 b]eft1 b]eav$ b]eav$#ed besee* bes\ght bes\ght bet bet bet bid 7comm&7 bade bidd5 bid 7money7 bid bid b9d b\nd b\nd bite bit bitt5 ble$ bl$ bl$ bless 7see p4 #bih7 bl[ blew bl[n break broke brok5 bre$ br$ br$ br+ br\ght br\ght build built built burn 7see p4 #bih7 bur/ bur/ bur/ buy b\ght b\ght ca/ ca/ ca/ cat* caught caught *ide *id *idd5 *oose *ose *os5 99cleave 7split7#ee cleft1 clove cleft1 cleav$ 7clov51 adj47 cl+ clung clung come came come co/ co/ co/ creep crept crept cr[ 7see p4 #bii7 curse 7see p4 #bih7 cut cut cut d>e 7see p4 #bii7 deal dealt dealt dig dug dug d did done draw drew drawn dream 7see p4 #bih7 dress 7see p4 #bih7 dr9k drank drunk 7drunk51 adj47 drive drove driv5 dwell dwelt dwelt eat ate eat5 engrave 7see p4 #bii7 fall fell fall5 fe$ f$ f$ feel felt felt fight f\ght f\ght f9d f\nd f\nd flee fl$ fl$ fl+ flung flung fly flew fl[n =be> =bore =borne =get =got =gott5 =sake =sook =sak5 freeze froze froz5 freight 7see p4 #bii7 get got got#ef gird 7see p4 #bih7 give gave giv5 g w5t gone grave 7see p4 #bii7 gr9d gr\nd gr\nd gr[ grew gr[n hang hung1 hang$#eg hung1 hang$#eg h _h _h he> he>d he>d heave hove1 heav$#eh hove1 heav$#eh hew hew$ hewn hide hid hidd5 hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel 7see p4 #bih7 knit 7see p4 #bih7 "k knew kn[n lade#ei lad$ lad$1 lad5 lay laid laid lead l$ l$ le>n 7see p4 #bih7 leave left left l5d l5t l5t let let let lie 7recl9e7#fj lay la9 light light$ light$ or lit#fa or lit#fa lose lo/ lo/ make made made mean meant meant meet met met m[ 7see p4 #bii7 pay paid paid p57%ut up7 7see p4 #bih7 put put put quit 7see p4 #bih7 read rad rad 99reave reft1 reav$ reft1 reav$ reeve rove rove r5d r5t r5t rid rid rid ride rode ridd5 r+ rang rung rise rose ris5 99rive riv$ riv51 riv$ run ran run say said said see saw se5 seek s\ght s\ght 99see! 7transitive7#fb sod1 see!d see!d 7sodd51 adj47 sell sold sold s5d s5t s5t set set set sew 7see p4 #bii7 %ake %ook %ak5 %ape 7see p4 #bii7 %ave %av$ %av$ 7%av51 adj47 %e> 7see p4 #bii7 %$ %$ %$ %9e %one %one %oe %od %od %oot %ot %ot %[ %[$ %[n %r$ 7see p4 #bih7 %r9k %rank %runk 7%runk51 adj47 99%rive %rove1 %riv$ %riv51 %riv$ %ut %ut %ut s+ sang sung s9k sank sunk sit sat sat slay slew sla9 sleep slept slept slide slid slid1 slidd5 sl+ slung slung sl9k slunk slunk slit slit slit smell 7see p4 #bih7 smite smote smitt5 s[ s[$ s[$1 s[n speak spoke spok5 spe$ 7see p4 #bih7 spell 7see p4 #bii7 sp5d sp5t sp5t spill 7see p4 #bii7 sp9 spun spun spit spit spit split split split spoil 7see p4 #bii7 spread spread spread spr+ sprang sprung /& /ood /ood /ave /ove1 /av$ /ove1 /av$ /ay 7see p4 #bii7 /eal /ole /ol5 /ick /uck /uck /+ /ung /ung /9k /unk /unk /rew /rew$ /rewn /ride /rode /ridd5 /rike /ruck /ruck 7/rick51 adj47#fc /r+ /rung /rung /rive /rove /riv5 swe> swore sworn sweat 7see p4 #bii7 sweep swept swept swell swell$ swell$1 swoll5 swim swam swum sw+ swung swung take took tak5 tea* taught taught te> tore torn tell told told ?9k ?\ght ?\ght ?rive ?rove1 ?riv$ ?riv51 ?riv$ ?r[ ?rew ?r[n ?ru/ ?ru/ ?ru/ tread trod trodd5 wake woke1 wak$ woke1 wak$ wax 7gr[7 7see p4 #bii7 we> wore worn weave wove wov5 w$ 7see p4 #bii7 weep wept wept wet wet wet w9 won won w9d w\nd w\nd wr+ wrung wrung write wrote writt5 ,be>1 break1 drive1 get 7beget1 =get71 speak1 sp91 /9k1 swe>1 te>1 h an ar*aic pa/ t5se 9 a3 b>e1 brake1 drave1 gat1 spake1 etc4 ,beat1 beget 7=get71 bite1 break1 =sake1 hide1 ride1 %ake1 speak1 weave1 write1 & "s o!r v]bs h ar*aic =ms ( ! pa/ p>ticiple l ^? ( ! pa/ t5se4 ,! p>ticiples 9 en1 h[ev]1 are n[ ! accept$ =ms4 ,*id & trod are common p>ticipial =ms4 ,beg91 dr9k1 r+1 %r9k1 s+1 s9k1 spr+1 swim1 (t5 h 9 poetry a u-=m 7begun1 sung1 etc47 9 ! pa/ t5se z well z 9 ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,?is =m 7?\gh good old ,engli%7#fd %\ld be avoid$ 9 mod]n spee*4 ,b5d1 besee*1 bet1 build1 bur/1 cat*1 dwell1 r5d1 split1 wet1 h ar*aic or less usual =ms 9 ed3 b5d$1 besee*$1 bett$1 etc4 ,build$ is common 9 ! prov]bial 8,he build$ bett] ?an he knew40 ,bur/$ is common z an adjective3 8a bur/$ bubble40 ,bid1 8to comm&10 has sometimes bid 9 bo? ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple2 bid1 8to (f] money10 has ^! =ms regul>ly4 ,bl5d1 leap1 lean1 h usually bl5d$1 leap$1 lean$2 b bl5t1 leapt1 leant are n uncommon4 ,clo! has commonly clo!d2 b clad is common 9 lit]>y use1 & is regul> 9 ! adjectives well-clad1 ill-clad 7= :i* ord9>y spee* has sub/itut$ well-dress$1 badly or poorly dress$74 ,dive has div$2 b dove 7an old =m7 is common 9 ,am]ica4 ,plead has pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple plead$4 ,plead 7pron\nc$ pld7 is avoid$ by c>eful writ]s & speak]s4 ,prove has pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple prov$4 ,! pa/ p>ticiple prov5 %\ld be avoid$4 ,"w has pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple work$4 ,wr\ght 9 ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple is ar*aic1 b is also mod]n z an adjective 7z 9 wr\ght iron74 ,"s v]bs h r>e or ar*aic weak =ms alongside ( ! /rong =ms2 ?us digg$1 %9$1 pa/ t5se & pa/ p>ticiple ( dig1 %9e2 %[$1 pa/ p>ticiple ( %[4 ,ate & eat5 are pref]r$ to eat 7pron\nc$ t74 ,quo?1 8said10 is an old /rong pa/ t5se4 ,! comp\nd bequea? has bequea!d only4 ,miscellane\s ar*aisms are ! pa/ t5ses sate = sat1 trode = trod1 spat = spit2 also writ = wrote & writt51 rid = rode & ridd51 /rew$ & /r[n = /rewn4 ,,ii ,! foll[+ v]bs v>y betwe5 ed & t 7d7 9 ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,9 "s ( !m1 ?is v>iation is a m]e diff]5ce ( spell+4 ,9 writ+1 ! ed =ms are pref]r$ 9 mo/ cases2 9 speak+1 ! t =ms are v common4 bless bless$1 ble/#fe burn burn$1 burnt#ff curse curs$1 cur/#fe d>e d>$ 7less commonly1 dur/7 dream dream$1 dreamt dress dress$1 dre/ gird gird$1 girt#ff kneel kneel$1 knelt#ff knit knit1 knitt$#ff le>n le>n$1 le>nt#fg p5 7%ut up7 p5n$1 p5t#ff quit quitt$1 quit#ff %r$ %r$d$1 %r$#ff smell smell$1 smelt#ff spe$ sp$1 spe$$#ff spell spell$1 spelt spill spill$1 spilt#ff spoil spoil$1 spoilt#ff /ay /ay$1 /aid sweat sweat$1 sweat#ff w$ w$d$ 7p4p4 also w$7#ff ,,iii ,! foll[+ v]bs h regul> ed =ms 9 mod]n prose1 b 9 poetry & ! high /yle sometimes %[ ar*aic =ms4 ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,t5se ,,pa/ ,,p>ticiple cr[ cr[$1 crew cr[$1 cr[n freight freight$ freight$1 fraught 7figurative7 grave grav$ grav$1 grav5 engrave engrav$ engrav$1 engrav5 m[ m[$ m[$1 m[n sew sew$ sew$1 sewn %ape %ap$ %ap$1 %ap5 %e> %e>$1 %ore %e>$1 %orn wax 7gr[7 wax$ wax$1 wax5 ,,iv ,! pres5t t5se ( may1 c1 %all1 is an old /rong pa/4 ,h5ce ! fir/ & ?ird p]sons s+ul> are alike3--,i may1 he may4 ,! actual pa/ t5ses ( ^! v]bs are weak =ms3--might1 c\ld1 %\ld4 ,mu/ is ! weak pa/ t5se ( an obsolete mt1 & is almo/ always us$ z a pres5t t5se 7 #bib74 ,d>e & owe orig9ally belong$ to ?is class4 ,owe has become a regul> weak v]b1 except = ! peculi> pa/ t5se ought1 :i* is us$ 9 a pres5t s5se 7see #bic72 d>e has 9 ! ?ird p]son d>e or d>es1 & 9 ! pa/ d>$1 m r>ely dur/4 ,! ar*aic wot 8"k10 pa/ wi/1 also belongs to ?is class4 ,w is inflect$ l %all1 hav+ w 9 ! fir/ & ?ird s+ul>1 wilt 9 ! second s+ul>1 & w\ld 9 ! pa/4 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,to ,,be ,,indicative ,,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se ,,s+ul> ,,plural #a4 ,i am4 ,we are4 #b4 ,?\ art4 ,y are4 #c4 ,he is4 ,!y are4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,i 04 ,we 74 #b4 ,?\ wa/ 7w]t74 ,y 74 #c4 ,he 04 ,!y 74 ,,future ,,t5se #a4 ,i %all be4 ,we %all be4 #b4 ,?\ wilt be4 ,y w be4 #c4 ,he w be4 ,!y w be4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i h be54 ,we h be54 #b4 ,?\ ha/ be54 ,y h be54 #c4 ,he has be54 ,!y h be54 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i _h be54 ,we _h be54 #b4 ,?\ had/ be54 ,y _h be54 #c4 ,he _h be54 ,!y _h be54 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se #a4 ,i %all h be54 ,we %all h be54 #b4 ,?\ wilt h be54 ,y w h be54 #c4 ,he w h be54 ,!y w h be54 ,,subjunctive ,,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i be4 ,if we be4 #b4 ,if ?\ be4 ,if y be4 #c4 ,if he be4 ,if !y be4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i 74 ,if we 74 #b4 ,if ?\ w]t4 ,if y 74 #c4 ,if he 74 ,if !y 74 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i h be54 ,if we h be54 #b4 ,if ?\ h be54 ,if y h be54 #c4 ,if he h be54 ,if !y h be54 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i _h be54 ,if we _h be54 #b4 ,if ?\ had/ be54 ,if y _h be54 #c4 ,if he _h be54 ,if !y _h be54 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,pres5t4 ,s+4 & ,pl4 ,be ?\ or y4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres5t1 to be2 ,p]fect1 to h be54 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres5t1 be+2 ,pa/1 be52 ,p]fect1 hav+ be54 ,,conjugation ,,( ,,! ,,v]b ,,to ,,/rike ,,active ,,voice ,,indicative ,,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se #a4 ,i /rike4 ,we /rike4 #b4 ,?\ /rike/4 ,y /rike4 #c4 ,he /rikes4 ,!y /rike4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,i /ruck4 ,we /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ /rucke/4 ,y /ruck4 #c4 ,he /ruck4 ,!y /ruck4 ,,future ,,t5se #a4 ,i %all /rike4 ,we %all /rike4 #b4 ,?\ wilt /rike4 ,y w /rike4 #c4 ,he w /rike4 ,!y w /rike4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i h /ruck4 ,we h /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ ha/ /ruck4 ,y h /ruck4 #c4 ,he has /ruck4 ,!y h /ruck4 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i _h /ruck4 ,we _h /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ had/ /ruck4 ,y _h /ruck4 #c4 ,he _h /ruck4 ,!y _h /ruck4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se #a4 ,i %all h /ruck4 ,we %all h /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ wilt h /ruck4 ,y w h /ruck4 #c4 ,he w h /ruck4 ,!y w h /ruck4 ,,subjunctive ,,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i /rike4 ,if we /rike4 #b4 ,if ?\ /rike4 ,if y /rike4 #c4 ,if he /rike4 ,if !y /rike4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i /ruck4 ,if we /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ /ruck4 ,if y /ruck4 #c4 ,if he /ruck4 ,if !y /ruck4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i h /ruck4 ,if we h /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ h /ruck4 ,if y h /ruck4 #c4 ,if he h /ruck4 ,if !y h /ruck4 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i _h /ruck4 ,if we _h /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ had/ /ruck4 ,if y _h /ruck4 #c4 ,if he _h /ruck4 ,if !y _h /ruck4 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,pres5t4 ,s+4 & ,pl4 ,/rike ?\ or y4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres5t1 to /rike2 ,p]fect1 to h /ruck4 ,,p>ticiple4 ,pres5t1 /rik+2 ,pa/1 /ruck2 ,p]fect1 hav+ /ruck4 ,,passive ,,voice ,,indicative ,,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se #a4 ,i am /ruck4 ,we are /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ art /ruck4 ,y are /ruck4 #c4 ,he is /ruck4 ,!y are /ruck4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,i 0 /ruck4 ,we 7 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ wa/ 7or w]t7 /ruck4 ,y 7 /ruck4 #c4 ,he 0 /ruck4 ,!y 7 /ruck4 ,,future ,,t5se #a4 ,i %all be /ruck4 ,we %all be /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ wilt be /ruck4 ,y w be /ruck4 #c4 ,he w be /ruck4 ,!y w be /ruck4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i h be5 /ruck4 ,we h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ ha/ be5 /ruck4 ,y h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,he has be5 /ruck4 ,!y h be5 /ruck4 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,i _h be5 /ruck4 ,we _h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ had/ be5 /ruck4 ,y _h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,he _h be5 /ruck4 ,!y _h be5 /ruck4 ,,future ,,p]fect ,,t5se #a4 ,i %all h be5 /ruck4 ,we %all h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,?\ wilt h be5 /ruck4 ,y w h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,he w h be5 /ruck4 ,!y w h be5 /ruck4 ,,subjunctive ,,mood ,,pres5t ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i be /ruck4 ,if we be /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ be /ruck4 ,if y be /ruck4 #c4 ,if he be /ruck4 ,if !y be /ruck4 ,,pa/ ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i 7 /ruck4 ,if we 7 /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ w]t /ruck4 ,if y 7 /ruck4 #c4 ,if he 7 /ruck4 ,if !y 7 /ruck4 ,,p]fect 7,,or ,,pres5t ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i h be5 /ruck4 ,if we h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ h be5 /ruck4 ,if y h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,if he h be5 /ruck4 ,if !y h be5 /ruck4 ,,plup]fect 7,,or ,,pa/ ,,p]fect7 ,,t5se #a4 ,if ,i _h be5 /ruck4 ,if we _h be5 /ruck4 #b4 ,if ?\ had/ be5 /ruck4 ,if y _h be5 /ruck4 #c4 ,if he _h be5 /ruck4 ,if !y _h be5 /ruck4 ,,imp]ative ,,mood4 ,pres5t4 ,s+4 & ,pl4 ,be ?\ or y /ruck4 ,,inf9itive4 ,pres5t1 to be /ruck2 ,p]fect1 to h be5 /ruck4 ,,p>ticiples4 ,pres5t1 be+ /ruck2 ,pa/1 /ruck2 ,p]fect1 hav+ be5 /ruck4 ,,use ,,( ,,capital ,,lett]s #a4 ,e s5t5ce beg9s ) a capital lett]4 #b4 ,e l9e ( poetry beg9s ) a capital lett]4 #c4 ,! fir/ ^w ( e direct quotation beg9s ) a capital lett]4 ,,note4 ,?is rule does n apply to quot$ fragm5ts ( s5t5ces4 #d4 ,e prop] n\n or abbreviation ( a prop] n\n beg9s ) a capital lett]4 #e4 ,mo/ adjectives d]iv$ f prop] n\ns beg9 ) capital lett]s2 z1--,am]ican1 ,indian1 ,sw$i%1 ,sp5s]ian4 ,,note4 ,"s adjectives d]iv$ f prop] n\ns h ceas$ to be closely associat$ 9 ?\ght ) ! n\ns f :i* !y come1 & !re=e beg9 ) small lett]s4 ,?us1--voltaic1 galvanic1 mesm]ic1 maudl91 /5torian4 #f4 ,e title atta*$ to ! "n ( a p]son beg9s ) a capital lett]4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,smi? ,john ,wilson1 ,esq4 ,miss ,all]ton ,dr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,wilson ,c4 ,j4 ,adams1 ,m4,d4 ,presid5t ,grant ,pr(essor ,:itney ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh #g4 ,9 titles ( books1 etc41 ! fir/ ^w1 z well z e important ^w t foll[s1 beg9s ) a capital lett]4 #h4 ,! int]jection ,o & ! pron\n ,i are always writt5 9 capital lett]s4 #i4 ,p]sonal pron\ns ref]r+ to ! ,deity are (t5 capitaliz$4 ,,note4 ,usage v>ies3 ! p]sonal pron\ns are commonly capitaliz$ :5 !y ref] to ! ,deity1 ! relatives less frequ5tly4 ,! rule is (t5 disreg>d$ altoge!r :5 its obs]vance w\ld result 9 a multitude ( capitals1 z 9 ! ,bible & 9 _m hymn books & works ( !ology4 #aj4 ,common n\ns & adjectives (t5 beg9 ) capital lett]s :5 !y designate ! topics or ma9 po9ts ( def9itions or simil> /atem5ts4 ,su* capitals are call$ emphatic 7or topical7 capitals4 ,,note4 ,emphatic 7or topical7 capitals are analog\s to capitals 9 ! titles ( books 7see ,rule #g71 b _! use is n obligatory4 ,!y are especially common 9 text-books & o!r elem5t>y manuals4 ,,rules ,,( ,,punctuation#fh ,! common m>ks ( punctuation are ! p]iod1 ! int]rogation po9t1 ! exclamation po9t1 ! comma1 ! semicolon1 ! colon1 ! da%1 m>ks ( p>5!sis1 & quotation m>ks4 ,! hyph5 & ! apo/rophe may be conv5i5tly treat$ along ) m>ks ( punctuation4 ,i #a4 ,! p]iod1 ! int]rogation po9t1 & ! exclamation po9t are us$ at ! end ( s5t5ces4 ,e complete s5t5ce mu/ be foll[$ by "o ( ^! ?ree m>ks4 ,! end ( a decl>ative or an imp]ative s5t5ce is m>k$ by a p]iod4 ,b a decl>ative or an imp]ative s5t5ce t is likewise exclamatory may be foll[$ by an exclamation po9t in/ead ( a p]iod4 ,! end ( a direct "q is m>k$ by an int]rogation po9t4 ,an exclamatory s5t5ce 9 ! =m ( an indirect "q is foll[$ by an exclamation po9t2 z1--8,h[ absolute ! knave is60 #b4 ,a p]iod is us$ aft] an abbreviation4 #c4 ,an exclamation po9t is us$ aft] an exclamatory ^w or phrase4 ,,note4 ,?is rule is n absolute4 ,mo/ int]jections take ! exclamation po9t4 ,) o!r words & ) phrases1 usage diff]s2 if /rong feel+ is express$1 ! exclamation po9t is commonly us$1 b too _m su* m>ks deface ! page4 ,,ii ,! comma is us$-- #a4 ,aft] a n\n 7or a phrase7 ( direct address 7a vocative nom9ative74 ,?us1-- ,john1 tell me ! tru?4 ,little boy1 :at is y\r "n8 ,,note4 ,if ! n\n is exclamatory1 an exclamation po9t may be us$ in/ead ( a comma4 #b4 ,be=e a direct quotation 9 a s5t5ce4 ,?us1-- ,! cry ran ?r\gh ! ranks1 8,are we nev] to move =w>d80 ,,note4 ,:5 ! quotation is long or =mal1 a colon1 or a colon & a da%1 may be us$ in/ead ( a comma1 especially ) ! words z foll[s4 #c4 ,aft] a direct quotation :5 ?is is ! subject or ! object ( a foll[+ v]b4 ,?us1-- 8,!y are com+2 ! attack w be made on ! c5t]10 said ,"l ,fitzroy ,som]set4 8,i see x10 0 ! cool reply ( ! duke4 ,,note4 ,if ! quotation ends ) an int]rogation po9t or an exclamation po9t1 no comma is us$4 #d4 ,to sep>ate words1 or gr\ps ( words1 arrang$ 9 a cord9ate s]ies1 :5 ^! are n connect$ by &1 or1 or nor4 ,if ! conjunction is us$ to connect ! la/ two memb]s ( ! s]ies b omitt$ ) ! o!rs1 ! comma may be us$ be=e ! conjunction4 ,i f\nd two saws1 an axe1 & a hamm]4 ,!y 7 s %y1 s subtle1 & s swift ( foot1 t x 0 difficult to come at !m4 ,x w\ld make ! read] pity me to tell :at odd1 mis%ap51 ugly ?+s ,i made4 ,!y groan$1 !y /irr$1 !y all uprose4 ,,note #a4 ,commas may be us$ ev5 :5 conjunctions are express$1 if ! memb]s ( ! s]ies consi/ ( sev]al words1 or if ! writ] wi%es to emphasize _! di/9ctness4 ,,note #b4 ,clauses 9 a s]ies are commonly sep>at$ by semicolons unless !y are %ort & simple 7see pp4 #cji-caj74 #e4 ,to set (f words & phrases out ( _! regul> ord]4 ,?us1-- ,seat$ on h] accu/om$ *air1 ) h] usual air ( apa?y & want ( int]e/ 9 :at surr\nd$ h]1 %e seem$ n[ & !n me*anically to resume ! motion ( twirl+ h] sp9dle4--,,scott4 #f4 ,to sep>ate a long subject f ! v]b ( ! pr$icate4 ,?us1-- ,to h pass$ !m ov] 9 an hi/orical sket* ( my lit]>y life & op9ions1 w\ld h seem$ to me l ! d5ial ( a debt4--,,col]idge4 #g4 ,to set (f an appositive n\n or an appositive adjective1 ) its modifi]s4 ,?us1-- ,i h _h ! mo/ amus+ lett] f ,hogg1 ! ,ettrick m9/rel4 ,!re 0 an impression ^u ! public m9d1 natural en\gh f ! cont9ually augm5t+ velocity ( ! mail1 b q errone\s1 t an outside seat on ?is class ( c>riages 0 a po/ ( dang]4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,note #a4 ,_m p>ticipial & o!r adjective phrases come "u ?is head4 ,?us1-- ,! g5ius1 see+ me indulge myself on ?is melan*oly prospect1 told me ,i _h dwelt long en\gh ^u x4--,,addison4 ,,note #b4 ,if a n\n & its appositive are s closely connect$ z to =m "o idea1 no comma is us$4 ,?us1-- ,my fri5d ,jackson lives 9 ,san ,francisco4 ,,note #c4 ,an int5sive pron\n 7myself1 etc47 is n sep>at$ by a comma f ! sub/antive :i* x emphasizes4 ,,note #d4 ,a s]ies ( words or phrases 9 apposition ) a s+le sub/antive is sometimes set (f1 z a :ole1 by a comma & a da%4 #h4 ,to set (f a subord9ate clause1 especially "o introduc$ by a descriptive relative4 ,?us1-- ,i am go+ to take a la/ d9n] ) a mo/ agreeable family1 :o h be5 my only neighbors ev] s9ce ,i h liv$ at ,we/on4--,,c[p]4 ,,note4 ,no comma is us$ be=e a re/rictive relative4 ,?us1-- ,i want to "k _m ?+s :i* only y c tell me4 ,p]haps ,i am ! only man 9 ,engl& :o c boa/ ( su* good =tune4 #i4 ,to set (f a phrase conta9+ a nom9ative absolute4 ,?us1-- ,!y _h "s difficulty 9 pass+ ! f]ry at ! riv]side1 ! f]ryman be+ afraid ( !m4--,,defoe4 #aj4 ,to set (f h[ev]1 nev]!less1 moreov]1 etc41 & introductory phrases l 9 ! fir/ place1 on ! "o h&1 etc4 #aa4 ,to set (f a p>5!tical expression4 ,= ?is purpose commas1 da%es1 or m>ks ( p>5!sis may be us$4 ,:5 ! p>5!tical matt] is brief or closely relat$ to ! re/ ( ! s5t5ce1 x is g5]ally set (f by commas4 ,?us1-- ,i ex]cis$ a piece ( hypocrisy = :i*1 ,i hope1 y w hold me excus$4--,,?ack]ay4 ,:5 x is long] & m indep5d5t1 x is g5]ally m>k$ (f by da%es1 or enclos$ 9 m>ks ( p>5!sis4 ,! latt] are less frequ5tly us$ at pres5t ?an =m]ly4 ,! connection ( ! mail ) ! /ate & ! executive gov]nm5t--a connection obvi\s1 b yet n /rictly def9$--gave to ! :ole mail e/abli%m5t an (ficial gr&eur4--,,de ,,qu9cey4 ,,note4 ,brackets are us$ to indicate ins]tions t are n "p ( ! text4 ,,iii ,! clauses ( a comp\nd s5t5ce may be sep>at$ by colons1 semicolons1 or commas4 #a4 ,! colon is us$-- a4 ,to %[ t ! second ( two clauses repeats ! sub/ance ( ! fir/ 9 ano!r =m1 or def9es ! fir/ z an appositive def9es a n\n4 ,?us1-- ,?is 0 ! practice ( ! ,grecian /age4 ,b ,t]5ce made an innovation 9 ! ,roman3 all 8 plays h d\ble actions4--,,dryd54 b4 ,to sep>ate two gr\ps ( clauses "o or bo? ( :i* conta9 a semicolon4 ,?us1-- ,at t "t1 news su* z we _h he>d might h be5 long 9 p5etrat+ s f> into ! recesses ( ! m\nta9s2 b n[1 z y "k1 ! approa* is easy1 & ! communication1 9 summ] "t1 almo/ h\rly3 nor is ?is /range1 = travell]s aft] pleasure are become n less active1 & m num]\s1 ?an ^? :o =m]ly left _! homes = purposes ( ga94--,,wordswor?4 ,,note4 ,! colon is less us$ n[ ?an =m]ly4 ,! t5d5cy is to use a semicolon or to beg9 a new s5t5ce4 #b4 ,! semicolon is us$ :5 ! clauses are ( ! same g5]al nature & contribute to ! same g5]al effect1 especially if "o or m ( !m conta9 commas4 ,?us1-- ,! sky 0 cl\dless2 ! sun %one out bright & w>m2 ! songs ( birds1 & hum ( myriads ( summ] insects fill$ ! air2 & ! cottage g>d51 cr[d$ ) e ri* & beautiful t9t1 sp>kl$ 9 ! heavy dew l b$s ( glitt]+ jewels4--,,dick5s4 #c4 ,! comma may be us$ :5 ! clauses are %ort & simple 7see p4 #cjg74 ,,note4 ,! *oice betwe5 colon1 semicolon1 & comma is det]m9$ 9 _m cases by ! writ]'s feel+ ( ! clos] or ! loos] connection ( ! ideas express$ by ! sev]al clauses1 & is to "s ext5t a matt] ( ta/e4 ,,iv #a4 ,9 a complex s5t5ce1 ! dep5d5t clause is g5]ally sep>at$ f ! ma9 clause by a comma4 ,b :5 ! dep5d5t clause is %ort & ! connection close1 ! comma may be omitt$4 ,,note4 ,a descriptive relative clause is prec$$ by a comma1 a re/rictive relative clause is n 7see p4 #gj74 #b4 ,! clauses ( a s]ies1 :5 9 ! same dep5d5t con/ruction1 are (t5 sep>at$ by semicolons to give m emphasis to ea*4 ,?us1-- ,mrs4 ,battle 0 none ( y\r lukew>m game/]s1 y\r half-&-half play]s1 :o h no objection to take a h& if y want "o to make up a rubb]2 :o affirm t !y h no pleasure 9 w9n+2 t !y l to w9 "o game & lose ano!r2 t !y c :ile away an h\r v agreeably at a c>d table1 b are indiff]5t :e!r !y play or no2 & w desire an adv]s>y :o has slipp$ a wrong c>d1 to take x up & play ano!r4--,,lamb4 ,v #a4 ,a direct quotation is enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks4 ,,note4 ,if ! quotation /&s by itself & is pr9t$ 9 diff]5t type1 ! m>ks may be omitt$4 #b4 ,a quotation )9 a quotation is usually enclos$ 9 s+le quotation m>ks4 #c4 ,9 a quotation consi/+ ( sev]al p>agraphs1 quotation m>ks are put at ! beg9n+ ( ea* p>agraph & at ! end ( ! la/4 ,,note4 ,= ! punctuation be=e a quotation1 see p4 #cjg4 #d4 ,:5 a book1 poem1 or ! l1 is ref]r$ to1 ! title may be enclos$ 9 quotation m>ks or italiciz$4 ,,vi #a4 ,sudd5 *anges 9 ?\ght & feel+ or breaks 9 spee* are indicat$ by da%es4 ,?us1-- ,eh6--:at--:y--^u my life1 & s x is--,*>ley1 my boy1 s x's y1 is x8--,,lev]4 #b4 ,p>5!tical expressions may be set (f by da%es 7see p4 #cjh74 #c4 ,a colon1 or colon & da%1 may prec$e an enum]ation1 a direct quotation1 or a /atem5t =mally introduc$1--especially ) z foll[s1 namely1 & ! l4 ,be=e an enum]ation a comma & a da% may be us$4 ,?us1-- ,!re are eight p>ts ( spee*3--n\ns1 pron\ns1 adjectives1 v]bs1 adv]bs1 prepositions1 conjunctions1 & int]jections4 ,,or-- ,!re are eight p>ts ( spee*1--n\ns1 pron\ns1 etc4 #d4 ,! da% is sometimes us$ to /r5g!n a comma 7z 9 ! la/ p>agraph b "o74 ,,vii #a4 ,! apo/rophe is us$-- a4 ,to m>k ! omission ( a lett] or lett]s 9 contractions4 b4 ,z a sign ( ! possessive or g5itive4 c4 ,to indicate ! plural ( lett]s1 signs1 etc4 #b4 ,! hyph5 is us$-- a4 ,:5 ! p>ts ( a ^w are sep>at$ 9 writ+4 b4 ,betwe5 ! p>ts ( "s comp\nd words4 7,see ! diction>y 9 ea* case47 ,,rules ,,( ,,syntax #a4 ,! subject ( a v]b is 9 ! nom9ative case 7p4 #da74 #b4 ,a sub/antive /&+ 9 ! pr$icate1 b describ+ or def9+ ! subject1 agrees ) ! subject 9 case & is call$ a pr$icate nom9ative 7p4 #da74 #c4 ,a sub/antive us$ = ! purpose ( address+ a p]son directly1 & n connect$ ) any v]b1 is call$ a vocative4 ,a vocative is 9 ! nom9ative case1 & is (t5 call$ a nom9ative by direct address or a vocative nom9ative 7p4 #db74 #d4 ,a sub/antive us$ z an exclamation is call$ an exclamatory nom9ative or a nom9ative ( exclamation 7p4 #db74 #e4 ,a sub/antive1 ) a p>ticiple1 may express ! cause1 "t1 or circum/ances ( an action4 ,?is is call$ ! absolute con/ruction4 ,! sub/antive is 9 ! nom9ative case & is call$ a nom9ative absolute 7p4 #add74 #f4 ,! possessive case d5otes own]%ip or possession 7p4 #dc74 #g4 ,! object ( a v]b or preposition is 9 ! objective case 7p4 #dg74 #h4 ,a sub/antive t completes ! mean+ ( a transitive v]b is call$ its direct object1 & is said to be 9 ! objective case 7p4 #dh74 #i4 ,a v]b ( ask+ sometimes takes two direct objects1 "o d5ot+ ! p]son & ! o!r ! ?+ 7p4 #ej74 #aj4 ,v]bs ( *oos+1 call+1 nam+1 mak+1 & ?9k+ may take two objects ref]r+ to ! same p]son or ?+4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! direct object1 & ! second1 :i* completes ! s5se ( ! pr$icate1 is call$ a pr$icate objective 7pp4 #ej1 #aaa74 #aa4 ,"s v]bs ( giv+1 tell+1 refus+1 & ! l1 may take two objects1 a direct object & an indirect object4 ,! indirect object d5otes ! p]son or ?+ t[>d :om or t[>d :i* is direct$ ! action express$ by ! re/ ( ! pr$icate 7p4 #ej74 #ab4 ,a v]b t is regul>ly intransitive sometimes takes z object a n\n ^: mean+ closely resembles its own4 ,a n\n 9 ?is con/ruction is call$ ! cognate object ( ! v]b & is 9 ! objective case 7p4 #eb74 #ac4 ,a n\n1 or a gr\p ( words consi/+ ( a n\n & its modifi]s1 may be us$ adv]bially4 ,su* a n\n is call$ an adv]bial objective 7p4 #ec74 #ad4 ,an appositive is 9 ! same case z ! sub/antive :i* x limits 7p4 #db74 #ae4 ,a pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & p]son 7p4 #ee74 #af4 ,relative pron\ns connect dep5d5t clauses ) ma9 clauses by ref]r+ directly to a sub/antive 9 ! ma9 clause4 ,?is sub/antive is ! antec$5t ( ! relative 7p4 #ff74 ,a relative pron\n mu/ agree ) its antec$5t 9 g5d]1 numb]1 & p]son4 ,! case ( a relative pron\n has no?+ to d ) its antec$5t1 b dep5ds on ! con/ruction ( its own clause 7p4 #fh74 #ag4 ,a relative pron\n 9 ! objective case is (t5 omitt$ 7p4 #fi74 #ah4 ,! relative pron\n :at is equival5t to t :i*1 & has a d\ble con/ruction3--7#a7 ! con/ruction ( ! omitt$ or impli$ antec$5t t2 7#b7 ! con/ruction ( ! relative :i* 7p4 #ga74 #ai4 ,! comp\nd relative pron\ns may include or imply _! own antec$5ts & h5ce may h a d\ble con/ruction 7p4 #gb74 ,! comp\nd relatives are sometimes us$ )\t an antec$5t express$ or impli$ 7p4 #gb74 #bj4 ,an adjective is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits 7pp4 #e1 #ge74 #ba4 ,adjectives may be classifi$1 accord+ to _! position 9 ! s5t5ce1 z attributive1 appositive1 & pr$icate adjectives 7p4 #gf74 #a4 ,an attributive adjective is closely atta*$ to its n\n & regul>ly prec$es x4 #b4 ,an appositive adjective is add$ to its n\n to expla9 x1 l a n\n 9 apposition4 #c4 ,a pr$icate adjective completes ! mean+ ( ! pr$icate v]b1 b describes or limits ! subject4 ,= ! use ( an adjective z pr$icate objective1 see #dhh4 #bb4 ,! comp>ative degree1 n ! sup]lative1 is us$ 9 comp>+ two p]sons or ?+s4 ,! sup]lative is us$ 9 comp>+ "o p]son or ?+ ) two or m 7p4 #hh74 #bc4 ,relative adv]bs introduce subord9ate clauses & are simil> 9 _! use to relative pron\ns 7p4 #hf74 #bd4 ,a v]b mu/ agree ) its subject 9 numb] & p]son 7p4 #ig74 #be4 ,a comp\nd subject ) & usually takes a v]b 9 ! plural numb] 7p4 #ajj74 #bf4 ,a comp\nd subject ) or or nor takes a v]b 9 ! s+ul> numb] if ! sub/antives are s+ul> 7p4 #ajj74 #bg4 ,n\ns t are plural 9 =m b s+ul> 9 s5se commonly take a v]b 9 ! s+ul> numb] 7p4 #aja74 #bh4 ,collective n\ns take sometimes a s+ul> & sometimes a plural v]b4 ,:5 ! p]sons or ?+s d5ot$ are ?\ght ( z individuals1 ! plural %\ld be us$4 ,:5 ! collection is reg>d$ z a unit1 ! s+ul> %\ld be us$ 7p4 #aja74 #bi4 ,a v]b is 9 ! active voice :5 x repres5ts ! subject z ! do] ( an act 7p4 #ajg74 #cj4 ,a v]b is 9 ! passive voice :5 x repres5ts ! subject z ! receiv] or ! product ( an action 7p4 #ajg74 ,! object ( ! active v]b becomes ! subject ( ! passive1 & ! subject ( ! active v]b becomes 9 ! passive an adv]bial phrase modify+ ! pr$icate v]b 7p4 #aaj74 #ca4 ,:5 a v]b takes bo? a direct & an indirect object1 "o ( ! two is (t5 reta9$ aft] ! passive1 ! o!r becom+ ! subject 7p4 #aab74 #cb4 ,! indicative is ! mood ( simple ass]tion or int]rogation1 b x is us$ 9 o!r con/ructions also 7p4 #aae74 #cc4 ,! imp]ative is ! mood ( comm& or reque/ 7p4 #aae74 #cd4 ,! subject ( an imp]ative is seldom express$ unless x is emphatic4 ,! subject1 :5 express$1 may prec$e ! imp]ative3 z1--,y g1 ,y read 7p4 #aag74 #ce4 ,! subjunctive mood is us$ 9 c]ta9 special con/ructions ( wi%1 condition1 & ! l 7pp4 #aae1 #aah74 ,= p>ticul>s & examples1 see pp4 #aai-abc4 ,= modal auxili>ies1 see pp4 #abd-acb4 #cf4 ,an inf9itive1 ) or )\t a complem5t or modifi]s1 may be us$ z ! subject ( a s5t5ce1 z a pr$icate nom9ative1 or z an appositive 7pp4 #acd1 #ace74 #cg4 ,an inf9itive may be us$ z ! object ( ! prepositions b1 except1 ab\t1 7p4 #ace74 #ch4 ,! inf9itive may be us$ z a nom9ative ( exclamation 7p4 #acf74 #ci4 ,an inf9itive may modify a v]b by complet+ its mean+1 or by express+ ! purpose ( ! action 7p4 #acg74 #dj4 ,an inf9itive may be us$ z an adjective modifi] ( a n\n or z an adv]bial modifi] ( an adjective4 ,9 ?is use ! inf9itive is said to dep5d on ! ^w :i* x modifies 7p4 #acf74 #da4 ,a k9d ( clause1 consi/+ ( a sub/antive 9 ! objective case foll[$ by an inf9itive1 may be us$ z ! object ( c]ta9 v]bs4 ,su* clauses are call$ inf9itive clauses1 & ! sub/antive is said to be ! subject ( ! inf9itive4 ,! subject ( an inf9itive is 9 ! objective case4 ,inf9itive clauses are us$ 7#a7 aft] v]bs ( wi%+1 comm&+1 advis+1 & ! l1 & 7#b7 aft] "s v]bs ( believ+1 decl>+1 & p]ceiv+ 7p4 #ach74 ,an inf9itive clause may be ! object ( ! preposition =4 ,an inf9itive clause ) = may be us$ z a subject1 z a pr$icate nom9ative1 or z ! object ( a preposition 7pp4 #ach-aci74 #db4 ,! p>ticiple is a v]b-=m :i* has no subject1 b :i* p>takes ( ! nature ( an adjective & expresses action or /ate 9 su* a way z to describe or limit a sub/antive 7pp4 #ab1 #adj74 #dc4 ,a p>ticiple is said to belong to ! sub/antive :i* x describes or limits 7pp4 #ab1 #adb74 #dd4 ,a p>ticiple %\ld n be us$ )\t "s sub/antive to :i* x may belong 7p4 #adb74 #de4 ,an inf9itive or a p>ticiple1 l any o!r v]b-=m1 may take an object if its mean+ all[s 7pp4 #acd1 #adc74 #df4 ,inf9itives & p>ticiples1 l o!r v]b-=ms1 may be modifi$ by adv]bs1 adv]bial phrases1 or adv]bial clauses 7pp4 #acd1 #adb74 #dg4 ,v]bal 7or p>ticipial7 n\ns 9 -+ h ! =m ( pres5t p>ticiples1 b ! con/ruction ( n\ns 7p4 #ade74 #dh4 ,v]bal n\ns 9 -+ h c]ta9 prop]ties ( ! v]b 7p4 #adf74 #a4 ,v]bal n\ns 9 -+ may take a direct or an indirect object if _! mean+ all[s4 #b4 ,a v]bal n\n 9 -+ may take an adv]bial modifi]4 ,b v]bal n\ns 9 -+1 l o!r n\ns1 may be modifi$ by adjectives4 #di4 ,a n\n 9 -+ may be us$ z an adjective1 or z ! adjective elem5t 9 a comp\nd n\n 7p4 #adf74 #ej4 ,! sub/antive :i* foll[s a preposition is call$ its object & is 9 ! objective case 7p4 #adh74 #ea4 ,a cord9ate conjunction connects words or gr\ps ( words t are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r 7p4 #aea74 #eb4 ,a subord9ate conjunction connects a subord9ate clause ) ! clause on :i* x dep5ds 7p4 #aea74 #ec4 ,int]jections usually h no grammatical connection ) ! phrases or s5t5ces 9 :i* !y /&4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a sub/antive is connect$ ) an int]jection by means ( a preposition 7p4 #aee74 ,,! ,,engli% ,,language ,engli% is a memb] ( ! great ,indo-,european ,family ( languages1 :i* is s call$ because x includes well-nigh all ! languages ( ,europe & ! mo/ important ( ^? f\nd 9 ,india4 ,)9 ?is family1 ,engli% belongs to ! ,teutonic 7or ,g]manic7 ,gr\p1 :i* conta9s also ,g]man1 ,dut*1 ! ,sc&9avian tongues 7,icel&ic1 ,dani%1 ,norwegian1 ,sw$i%71 & "s o!rs4 ,engli% ( ! olde/ p]iod is call$ ei!r ,anglo-,saxon or ,old ,engli%4 ,?is 0 ! spee* ( c]ta9 piratical tribes ^: home 0 9 nor!rn ,g]many1 on ! ea/]n & s\!rn %ores ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 b :o invad$ ,brita9 ab\t ,a4,d4 #dej1 & subdu$ ! ,celtic inhabitants ( ! isl& 9 a s]ies ( fi]ce w>s4 ,! mo/ consid]able ( ! invad+ tribes 7 ! ,angles & ! ,saxons4 ,_! dom9ion 0 well assur$ by ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 & _! language1 :i* !y usually call$ 8,engli%0 7t is1 8! tongue ( ! ,angles071 gradually spread ?r\gh ,engl& & mo/ ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ,wales1 h[ev]1 ! native ,britons h ma9ta9$ _! own ,celtic spee* to ! pres5t day2 & 9 ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 ,gaelic--:i* is ak9 to ,wel% & practically id5tical ) ! native language ( ,irel&--is /ill ext5sively us$4 ,at ! "t ( ! invasion1 ! ,angles & ,saxons 7 hea!n1 & ! ,britons1 :o _h be5 = f\r c5turies "u ! sway ( ! ,roman ,empire1 7 ,*ri/ians1 & mu* m highly civiliz$ ?an _! conqu]ors4 ,inde$1 !y _h adopt$ _m features ( ,roman culture1 & ,lat9 0 spok5 to "s ext5t1 at lea/ 9 ! l>g] t[ns4 ,by ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 ! ,anglo-,saxons also _h embrac$ ,*ri/ianity & _h made rem>kable advances 9 lit]ature & le>n+4 ,! language ( ! ,britons ex]t$ b slight influ5ce ^u t ( ! ,anglo-,saxons4 ,! ,celtic words 9 ,engli% are few 9 numb]1 & mo/ ( !m 7 borr[$ 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! ,norman ,conque/ 7#ajff7 m>ks a highly significant date 9 ! hi/ory ( our language4 ,! ,normans 7 a ,sc&9avian tribe :o _h be5 9 possession ( ,norm&y 79 nor!rn ,france7 = ab\t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s4 ,!y _h ab&on$ _! native tongue1 & spoke a dialect ( ,fr5*4 ,f #ajff to ab\t ! ye> #adjj1 two languages 7 !re=e common 9 ,engl&1--,engli%1 :i* 0 employ$ by ! va/ majority ( ! p1 & ,fr5*1 :i* 0 ! language ( ! c\rt & ! high] ord]s4 ,fr5*1 h[ev]1 0 nev] a s]i\s rival ( ,engli% = supremacy 9 ! isl&4 ,x 0 ! spee* ( a class1 n ( ! nation1 & its use gradually di$ out1 except z an accompli%m5t4 ,by ! "t ( ,*auc] 7:o 0 born ab\t #acdj & di$ 9 #adjj71 x 0 cle> t ! ,engli% tongue 0 h5ce=? to be reg>d$ z ! only natural language = ,engli%m51 :e!r !y 7 ( ,anglo-,saxon or ( ,norman orig94 ,/ill1 ! ,norman conque/ _h a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u ,engli%4 ,x is n true--?\gh (t5 ass]t$--t ! multitude ( ,fr5* words :i* our language conta9s 7 d]iv$ f ! ,norman dialect4 ,comp>atively few ( !m came into ,engli% until aft] #acjj1 :5 ,norm&y _h be5 lo/ to ! ,engli% cr[n = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,s9ce #acjj we h borr[$ freely--n f ,norman1 h[ev]1 b f ,c5tral 7or ,p>isian7 ,fr5*1 :i* _h become ! /&>d to :i* ! ,engli% desc5dants ( ! ,normans endeavor$ to con=m4 ,! effect ( ! ,conque/1 !n1 0 n to fill ,engli% ) ,norman t]ms4 ,x 0 r to br+ ,engl& into close social & lit]>y relations ) ,france1 & ?us to facilitate ! adoption ( words & con/ructions f ,c5tral ,fr5*4 ,fur!r1 s9ce lit]ature 0 9 ! middle ages dep5d5t 9 ! ma9 ^u private patronage1 ! exi/5ce ( a rul+ class ^: int]e/ 0 9 ,fr5*1 disc\rag$ ! ma9t5ance ( any national or g5]al /&>d ( ,engli% composition4 ,e ,engli% writ] _h rec\rse to 8 local dialect1 & "o dialect 0 felt to be z good z ano!r4 ,by #acej1 h[ev]1 ! dialect ( ,london & ! vic9ity _h come1 app>5tly1 to be reg>d$ z some:at m elegant & poli%$ ?an ! o!rs4 ,all t 0 ne$$ 0 ! appe>ance ( "s writ] ( supreme g5ius to :om ?is dialect %\ld be native4 ,*auc] 0 su* a writ]1 = he 0 born 9 ,london4 ,to be sure1 ,*auc] did n 8make mod]n ,engli%40 ,none ! less1 he 0 a p[]ful ag5t 9 settl+ ! language4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 at all ev5ts1 ! fact ( a 8/&>d ( lit]>y usage0 has be5 undisput$4 ,dialects /ill exi/1 b !y are n reg>d$ z au?oritative4 ,educat$ speak]s & writ]s ( ,engli%1 ! _w ov]1 use ! language ) sub/antial uni=mity4#fi ,meantime1 h[ev]1 ! ,engli% ( ! ,anglo-,saxons _h und]gone _m *anges be=e ,*auc] 0 born4 ,mo/ ( its inflections _h be5 lo/1 & /ill o!rs h be5 disc>d$ s9ce4 ,fur!r1 !re _h be5 ext5sive borr[+ f ,fr5* & ,lat91 & ?is cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! habit1 once =m$1 has prov$ la/+4 ,our vocabul>y has receiv$ contributions f _m languages1 & is /ill receiv+ !m4 ,greek may be m5tion$ 9 p>ticul> z ! s\rce ( _m words1 especially 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,b ,fr5* & ,lat9 rema9 ! *ief =eign elem5ts 9 ,engli%4 ,9 ! foll[+ extract f ,scott1 mo/ ( ! words pr9t$ 9 ,roman type are ( ,anglo-,saxon orig91 :]eas ! italiciz$ words are d]iv$ f ,lat9 or ,fr5*4 ,x 0 n until ev5+ 0 ne>ly clos$ t ,ivanhoe 0 re/or$ to consci\sness ( 8 situation4 ,he awoke f a brok5 slumb]1 "u ! confus$ impressions :i* are naturally att5dant on ! recov]y f a /ate ( ins5sibility4 ,he 0 unable = "s "t to recall exactly to memory ! circum/ances :i* _h prec$$ 8 fall 9 ! li/s1 or to make out any connect$ *a9 ( ! ev5ts 9 :i* he _h be5 engag$ ^u ! ye/]day4 ,a s5se ( w\nds & injury1 jo9$ to great weakness & exhau/ion1 0 m+l$ ) ! recollection ( bl[s dealt & receiv$1 ( /e$s ru%+ ^u ea* o!r1 ov]?r[+ & ov]?r[n1 ( %\ts & cla%+ ( arms1 & all ! heady tumult ( a confus$ fight4 ,an ef=t to draw aside ! curta9 ( 8 c\* 0 9 "s degree successful1 al?\gh r5d]$ difficult by ! pa9 ( 8 w\nd4 ,engli% has also adopt$ a good _m ,sc&9avian words1 ?\gh !y =m no su* proportion ( its vocabul>y z ,fr5* or ,lat94 ,dani% & ,norwegian pirates began to h>ry ! coa/ 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,p]man5t settlem5ts foll[$1 z well z w>s ( conque/1 & = ab\t ?irty ye>s 7#ajac-ajdb7 a ,dani% family occupi$ ! ,engli% ?rone4 ,^! ev5ts expla9 ! ,sc&9avian elem5t 9 our language4 ,despite ! fre$om ) :i* ,engli% has adopt$ words f abroad1 x is /ill ess5tially a ,g]manic spee*4 ,its /ructure is /ill ! native /ructure4 ,! borr[+s h enri*$ its vocabul>y1 b h _h comp>atively little effect ^u its syntax4 ,! =eign words h be5 naturaliz$1 & _! pres5ce 9 no wise int]f]es ) ! unity & g5]al consi/5cy ( ! ,engli% language4 ,x is a /range error to reg>d ,engli% z a comb9ation ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,norman ,fr5*4 ,z = ! loss or decay ( inflections1 t is n due to a mixture ( dialects4 ,x is a natural t5d5cy1 :i* may be se51 = example1 9 ,dut* & ,dani%1 ?\gh !re 0 no ,norman ,conque/ 9 ,holl& or ,d5m>k4 ,! loss1 inde$1 is really a ga91 = x is progress 9 ! direction ( simplicity4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon or ,old ,engli% ,p]iod comes d[n to ab\t a c5tury1 or a c5tury & a half1 aft] ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,its extreme limit may be set at #abjj4 ,! p]iod f #abjj to #aejj is usually kn[n z ! ,middle ,engli% ,p]iod4 ,f #aejj to ! pres5t "t may be reg>d$ z ! ,mod]n ,p]iod1 ?\gh )9 ^! b\nd>ies ,engli% has *ang$ enorm\sly 9 pronunciation & 9 vocabul>y1 v l>gely 9 syntax1 & to "s ext5t 9 inflection4 ,! almo/ complete ab&onm5t ( ! subjunctive 9 common spee* is "o ( ! late/ ( ^! *anges4 ,?is1 too1 is 9 ! direction ( simplicity4 ,! p ( ,great ,brita9 h long be5 fam\s z travell]s1 explor]s1 & coloniz]s4 ,_! language1 once ! dialect 7or dialects7 ( a h&ful ( ,g]manic adv5tur]s1 has spread to all p>ts ( ! _w1 s t n[ x is n m]ely ! language ( ,engl&1 b1 to a consid]able ext5t1 t ( ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,india1 ,au/ralasia1 & ,s\? ,africa4 ,9 ?is va/ area1 num]\s v>ieties ( pronunciation & ( idiom ( c\rse occur1 b1 on ! :ole1 ! uni=mity ( ! language is surpris+ly well pres]v$4 ,,footnotes #a ,= a brief hi/ory ( ! ,engli% language1 see p4 #caf4 #b ,comp>e pp4 #caf-cag4 #c ,9 ?is book1 well-e/abli%$ colloquial idioms or con/ructions are m5tion$ f "t to "t1 b always ) a note z to _! actual /atus 9 ! language4 #d ,9 ?is book1 sev]al old =ms & con/ructions :i* ! /ud5t is con/antly enc\nt]+ 9 ! ,engli% classics are treat$ 9 _! prop] places1--always ) an indication ( _! diff]5ce f ! mod]n /&>d4 #e ,9 ! te*nical language ( gramm> an adjective is said to describe a sub/antive :5 x describes ! object :i* ! sub/antive d5otes4 #f ,def9itive adjectives are (t5 call$ limit+ adjectives4 ,all adjectives1 h[ev]1 limit1 ev5 ^? t also describe4 #g ,! usual brief def9ition ( a v]b is1 8,a v]b is a ^w :i* ass]ts40 ,b ?is def9ition 9 /rictness applies only to v]bs 9 decl>ative s5t5ces4 #h ,= full inflection see pp4 #cjj-cja4 #i ,comp\nd complex s5t5ces are also call$ complex comp\nd s5t5ces4 ,= fur!r treatm5t ( su* s5t5ces1 see pp4 #ahg1 #aij1 #bae-baf4 #aj ,vix5 is really =m$ f fox 7comp>e ! ,g]man ,f*s9 f ,fu*s74 #aa ,halo1 mem5to1 z]o also =m a plural 9 es 7haloes1 etc474 #ab ,?is li/ is int5d$ = ref]5ce4 #ac ,! ,engli% ^w animalcule 7plural animalcules7 is pref]able4 ,! plural animalcul is errone\s4 #ad ,messrs4 is an abbreviation ( ! ,fr5* messieurs4 #ae ,:5 su* n\ns z *emi/ry ref] to textbooks1 !y may be us$ 9 ! plural3 z1--8,br+ y\r *emi/ries to-morr[40 #af ,?is section is int5d$ *iefly = ref]5ce4 #ag ,note ! ambiguity to ! e> ?\gh n to ! eye4 #ah ,! only exception is 9 reflexive action1 :]e ! object is a comp\nd p]sonal pron\n 78,*>les deceiv$ himself074 ,see #abf4 #ai ,! pupil %\ld n 8supply n\ns0 9 su* s5t5ces z ^!4 ,= example1 x is unsci5tific to exp& ! fir/ s5t5ce into 8,?is morn+ is a f9e morn+10 & !n to p>se ?is z an adjective4 ,x is ev5 m objectionable to exp& ! fif? s5t5ce by ins]t+ ?+ or ! l aft] ?is4 ,! plan ( 8supply+0 unexpress$ words 7z be+ 8und]/ood07 t5ds to confuse real di/9ctions ( language1 & %\ld nev] be resort$ to :5 x c be avoid$4 #bj ,! negative n 7 #aij1 #d7 is m]ely a %ort5$ =m ( naught4 #ba ,because ( _! use z connectives1 relative pron\ns are sometimes call$ conjunctive pron\ns4 #bb ,= indirect que/ions1 see #dda4 #bc ,9 "s ( ^! cases ! comp>ative & sup]lative are really diff]5t words f ! positive4 #bd ,! f\r classes are n absolute1 = ! same adv]b may be us$ 9 diff]5t s5ses & ?us belong to diff]5t classes4 ,sometimes1 too1 !re is room = diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,?us 9 ! f\r? & fif? examples "u #a1 t]ribly & surpris+ly are equival5t to 89 a t]rible 7or surpris+7 mann]10 & !re=e are classifi$ z adv]bs ( mann]2 b !y may also be reg>d$ z adv]bs ( degree4 #be ,_m comp>atives & sup]latives 9 er & e/ t are no long] all[able 9 prose are /ill us$ 9 poetry4 #bf ,_m gramm>ians reg>d is & ! n\n or adjective t foll[s x 7is money1 etc47 z ! simple pr$icate2 b ! nom5clature "h adopt$ is equally sci5tific & m conv5i5t4 #bg ,! ^w t5se is simply an ,engli% =m ( ! ,fr5* ^w = "t4 #bh ,! pa/ t5se is (t5 call$ ! pret]ite 7f a ,lat9 ^w mean+ 8gone by074 ,pret]ite is 9 "s ways a bett] "n = ! t5se ?an pa/1 s9ce bo? ! p]fect & ! plup]fect t5ses also ref] to pa/ "t4 #bi ,sil5t f9al e is n c\nt$ z an end+4 #cj ,notice also ! *ange f v to f be=e t4 #ca ,! end+ ed indicates t5se1 n p]son or numb]4 #cb ,! second p]son s+ul> is (t5 giv5 z 8,?\ walke/ or ,y walk10 b x is simpl] to reg>d ,y walk 9 ?is use z a plural 9 a s+ul> s5se 7 #bbd74 #cc ,?is rule is n absolute4 ,sometimes ! di/9ction is unimportant1 & ! feel+ ( ! mom5t (t5 det]m9es ! numb] ( ! v]b4 #cd ,s ,i c /rike1 etc4 #ce ,s ,i c\ld /rike1 etc4 #cf ,s ,i c h /ruck1 etc4 #cg ,s ,i c\ld h /ruck1 etc4 #ch ,= ! s-call$ inf9itive clause1 9 :i* ! inf9itive has a subject ( a peculi> k9d1 see #cbd-cbh4 #ci ,aft] v]bs ( wi%+1 etc41 !y express purpose 7 #djc72 aft] v]bs ( believ+1 etc41 !y are 9 indirect disc\rse 7 #dca74 #dj ,! only exceptions are trifl+ diff]5ces 9 spell+4 #da ,cord9ate conjunctions are also call$ cord9at+1 & subord9ate conjunctions are also call$ subord9at+4 #db ,comp>e ! exclamatory s5t5ce 7 #c7 & ! exclamatory nom9ative 7 #hh1 #d74 #dc ,includ+ clauses ( mann] & degree 7 #dbh-dbi74 #dd ,by 8if-clause0 is meant ! protasis1 :atev] ! conjunction4 #de ,clauses introduc$ by z are (t5 call$ clauses ( mann]4 #df ,su* s5t5ces are elliptical 9 orig94 ,?us1 8,! man acts z if he 7 crazy0 is equival5t to 8,! man acts z he w\ld act if he 7 crazy40 ,b x is n necess>y to supply ! ellipsis 9 analyz+4 #dg ,9 analyz+1 ! direct quotation may be reg>d$ z ! object ( ! v]b ( say+1 etc4 7or ! subject1 if t v]b is passive72 & if x =ms a complete s5t5ce1 ?is may be analyz$ z if x /ood by itself4 ,x is n prop] to reg>d ! direct quotation z a subord9ate clause4 #dh ,see pp4 #ajb-aje1 #abg-acb4 #di ,in/ead ( comp\nd complex1 ! t]m complex comp\nd is (t5 us$4 ,! t]ms are synonym\s1 bo? mean+ 8comp\nd 9 g5]al /ructure1 b complex 9 "o or m memb]s40 #ej ,or p>se ! nom9atives accord+ to ! models 9 #aab4 #ea ,= ex]cises 9 ! use ( ! comp>ative & ! sup]lative1 see pp4 #bdi-bej1 #beb4 #eb ,! omission ( a =m f ! li/1 !n1 does n necess>ily indicate t x is wrong or ev5 objectionable4 ,!re is consid]able div]sity ( usage ) reg>d to ! /rong v]bs1 & to /ate ! facts at l5g? w\ld take mu* space4 ,an attempt to include ar*aic1 poetical1 & r>e =ms 9 ! same li/ ) ! usual mod]n =ms is sure to mislead ! pupil4 ,h5ce ! li/ "h pres5t$ is conf9$ to =ms ab\t ^: correctness !re c be no diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,ar*aic & poetical t5se-=ms are treat$ lat] 7pp4 #big-bii74 #ec ,born is us$ only 9 ! passive s5se ( 8born into ! _w40 #ed ,! adjective =m is b]eav$3 z1 8,! b]eav$ fa!r40 #ee ,cleave1 8to adh]e10 has cleav$ 9 bo? ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple1 & also an ar*aic pa/ =m clave4 #ef ,! ar*aic p>ticiple gott5 is us$ 9 ! comp\nds begott5 & =gott51 & z an adjective 78ill-gott5 ga9s074 ,_m good speak]s also use x in/ead ( ! pa/ p>ticiple got1 b got is ! accept$ mod]n =m4 #eg ,hang$ is us$ only ( execution by hang+4 #eh ,usage v>ies ) ! context4 ,we say1 8,! crew hove ! c>go ov]bo>d10 b ,,n 8,%e hove a sigh40 #ei ,load has load$ 9 bo? ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,lad5 is sometimes us$ z ! pa/ p>ticiple ( load4 #fj ,lie1 8to tell a falsehood10 has li$ 9 bo? ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 #fa ,s bo? light1 8to k9dle10 & light1 8to alight40 ,! v]b alight has usually alight$ 9 bo? ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 #fb ,see!1 intransitive1 has usually see!d 9 bo? ! pa/ t5se & ! pa/ p>ticiple4 ,x is 9 r common lit]>y use4 #fc ,/rick5 is also us$ z a p>ticiple 9 a figurative s5se4 ,?us we say1 8,! community 0 /rick5 ) pe/il5ce10--b 8,! dog 0 /ruck ) a /ick40 #fd ,x is a remnant ( ! old pa/ plural4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon ! pr9cipal p>ts ( beg9 73 pres5t1 beg9ne2 pa/1 began2 pa/ plural1 begunnon2 pa/ p>ticiple1 begunn54 #fe ,! adjectives are usually pron\nc$ blessd1 cursd4 ,comp>e also ! adjective accursd4 #ff ,bo? =ms are 9 good use4 #fg ,bo? =ms are 9 good use4 ,! adjective is pron\nc$ le>nd4 #fh ,! ma9 rules ( punctuation are well fix$ & dep5d on important di/9ctions 9 s5t5ce /ructure & consequ5tly 9 ?\ght4 ,9 detail1 h[ev]1 !re is mu* v>iety ( usage1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to insi/ on su* uni=mity 9 ! pupils' practice z is n f\nd 9 ! pr9t$ books :i* !y use4 ,if "y writ]s c be induc$ to indicate ! ends ( _! s5t5ces prop]ly1 mu* has be5 accompli%$4 #fi ,x is n meant1 ( c\rse1 t an ,am]ican or ,au/ralian ( ! pres5t day %\ld ex]t himself to imitate ! spee* ( a mod]n ,london]4 ,! po9t is1 t :at we n[ call 8,engli%0 is1 9 mo/ respects1 ! direct desc5dant ( ! ,london dialect ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,,index ,ref]5ces are to pages2 f4 signifies 8& foll[+ page02 ff4 signifies 8& foll[+ pages40 ,a = on 7a-fi%+71 #adg1 #adi4 ,a or an1 #gg ff42 di/ributive1 #gi4 ,ab\t1 ) inf9itive1 #aje1 #ace4 ,absolute con/ruction1 #add4 ,see ,nom9ative4 ,absolute use ( transitive v]bs1 #ib4 ,ab/ract n\ns1 #bi f4 ,accusative1 #eb4 ,action1 n\ns 9 -+1 #ade ff4 ,active voice1 #ajg ff4 ,see ,passive4 ,adjective1 #e1 #ge ff42 descriptive & def9itive1 #e1 #ge f42 prop]1 #ge2 comp\nd1 #ge2 pronom9al1 #gf 7cf4 #fb ff472 attributive1 appositive1 pr$icate1 #gf f42 articles1 #gg ff2 comp>ison1 #gi ff41 #hh f42 num]als1 #hi f42 n\n z adjective1 adjective z n\n1 #i1 #gh2 p>ticiple z1 #adc2 adjective 9 exclamations1 #aee f42 z modifi] ( subject1 #aib f4 ,see ,adjective pron\n1 ,pr$icate adjective4 ,adjective clauses1 #bj1 #ff1 #hf1 #aeg f42 place or "t1 #afc f42 z modifi]s ( subject1 #aib f42 ( complem5t1 #bjf4 ,adjective phrases1 #af1 #aeg2 comp>ison (1 #hi2 z modifi]s ( subject1 #aib f42 z complem5ts1 #bjd2 z modifi]s ( modifi]s1 #bjg4 ,adjective pron\ns1 #fb ff42 demon/rative1 #fb ff42 indef9ite1 #fd f4 ,adv]b1 def9$1 #g2 classification1 =ms1 & use1 #hc ff42 relative or conjunctive1 #hf2 int]rogative1 #hf2 comp>ison1 #hg ff42 num]al1 #hi f42 9 exclamations1 #aee f42 z modifi]1 #aif f41 #bjf1 #bjh4 ,adv]bial clauses1 #bj f41 #hf1 #aeh f42 place or "t1 #afc f42 causal1 #afd2 concessive1 #afd f42 purpose or result1 #aff f42 conditional1 #afg ff42 comp>ison1 degree1 mann]1 #agc2 indirect "q1 #ahj2 z modifi]s ( pr$icate1 #aif f42 ( complem5t1 #bjf2 ( modifi]s1 #bjg f4 ,adv]bial objective1 #ec2 clause z1 #aeh f42 z modifi]1 #aih4 ,adv]bial phrases1 #af1 #ec1 #adb1 #aeh2 num]al1 #ij2 z modifi]s ( pr$icate1 #aif f41 #aih ff42 ( complem5t1 #bjf2 ( modifi]s1 #bjg f4 ,advis+1 v]bs (1 ) inf9itive clause1 #ach4 ,affirmative1 #he4 ,a-fi%+1 etc41 #adg1 #adi4 ,aft]1 preposition1 #adh2 relative adv]b1 #hf1 #aeg1 #afd4 ,agreem5t1 ( pr$icate nom9ative ) subject1 #da1 #eg f42 ( appositive1 #db1 #dg1 #ec1 #eg2 ( pron\n ) antec$5t1 #ee1 #fe2 ( relative ) antec$5t1 #fh1 #ajb2 ( v]b ) subject1 #ig1 #ajj ff4 ,all1 #fe4 ,alt]native conditions1 #afh2 que/ions1 #agi4 ,al?\gh4 ,see ,?\gh4 ,analysis1 #ahc ff42 /ructure ( s5t5ces1 #ahc ff42 analysis1 ) models1 #ahh ff42 simple s5t5ces1 #ahh2 comp\nd1 #ahh f42 complex1 #ahi f42 comp\nd complex1 #aij2 modifi]s1 #aia ff42 complem5ts1 #bjj ff42 modifi]s ( complem5ts & ( modifi]s1 #bje ff42 indep5d5t elem5ts1 #bji2 comb9ations ( clauses1 #baj ff42 elliptical s5t5ces1 #bbd ff4 ,see fur!r "u ^! sev]al heads4 ,anglo-,saxon1 xv1 #caf f4 ,animals1 names (1 g5d]1 #cb2 pron\ns1 #fi4 ,ano!r1 #fd f4 ,antec$5t ( pron\n1 #d2 agreem5t1 #ee1 #fe1 #fh1 #ajb2 unexpress$1 #ga ff42 :at1 #ga2 comp\nd relatives1 #gb f4 ,any1 any?+1 #fd f4 ,apodosis1 #afh4 ,apo/rophe1 #dc ff41 #ef1 #caa4 ,appe>1 ) pr$icate nom9ative or adjective1 #f f41 #gf1 #ic4 ,apposition1 #db4 ,see ,appositive4 ,appositive1 case (1 #db1 #dg1 #ec1 #eg2 ) possessive1 #dg2 inf9itive z1 #acd f42 clause z1 #aei ff41 #afg1 #agd1 #ahj1 #aif2 appositive z modifi]1 #aie f41 #bjg4 ,appositive adjective1 #gf4 ,appositive phrase1 #aie4 ,ar*aisms1 xvii4 ,see ,old4 ,articles1 #gg ff42 g5]ic1 #gg2 repeat$1 #gh2 ) v]bal n\n1 #adg4 ,z1 relative pron\n1 #fg2 relative adv]b1 #hf1 #aec2 conjunction1 #aec2 9 concession1 #afe2 9 clauses ( degree1 #agc4 ,z if1 z ?\gh1 #abb1 #aec1 #agc2 z to1 ) inf9itive1 #afg4 ,ask+1 v]b (1 two objects1 #ej2 reta9$ object1 #aab2 ) indirect "q1 #agi ff4 7cf4 #afj74 ,ass]tion1 #b1 #e1 #ac4 ,attribute4 ,see ,pr$icate adjective1 ,pr$icate objective4 ,attributive adjective1 #gf4 ,aught1 naught1 #fe4 ,au?or%ip1 #dc4 ,auxili>y v]bs1 #f1 #ia2 9 future1 #ajb ff42 9 comp\nd t5ses1 #ajf2 9 passive1 #ajh ff42 9 progressive =m1 #aac f42 9 emphatic =m1 #aad2 replac+ subjunctive1 #abc2 9 pot5tial v]b-phrases1 #abd ff4 ,be1 #f f41 #ic2 conjugation1 #ii1 #aah f41 #cjj f42 auxili>y ( passive1 #ajh ff42 ( progressive =m1 #aac2 ellipsis (1 #aad1 #add1 #afd f41 #afi1 #bbd f42 pr$icate pron\n aft]1 #aci4 ,see ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,become1 ) pr$icate nom9ative or adjective1 #f f41 #gf1 #ic4 ,be=e1 preposition1 #adh2 relative adv]b1 #hf1 #aeg1 #afc f42 ) subjunctive1 #abb2 ) %\ld1 #acj4 ,believ+1 v]bs (1 ) inf9itive clause1 #ach4 ,biblical /yle4 ,see ,solemn4 ,bid1 ) inf9itive1 #ach4 ,bo?1 pron\n1 #fd4 ,bo? 444 &1 #ae1 #aec4 ,b1 adv]b1 #ace4 ,b1 cord9ate conjunction1 #aeb2 subord9ate1 #aec f42 elliptical con/ructions1 #aed4 ,b1 preposition1 #adh2 ) inf9itive1 #ace4 ,call+1 v]bs (1 two objects1 #ej2 pr$icate nom9ative aft] passive1 #aaa4 ,c1 c\ld1 #abd ff41 #bii4 ,capital lett]s1 #bg ff41 #ge2 rules1 #cje4 ,c>d9al num]als1 #hi f4 ,case1 #dj ff42 nom9ative1 #dj ff42 possessive1 #dc ff42 objective1 #dg ff42 ( appositives1 #db1 #dg1 #ec1 #eg4 ,see ,pron\ns4 ,cause1 clauses (1 #afd2 nom9ative absolute1 #add4 ,*auc]1 xv1 #dc1 #di1 #he1 #cag f4 ,*oos+1 v]bs (1 two objects1 #ej2 pr$icate nom9ative aft] passive1 #aaa4 ,clauses1 indep5d5t & subord9ate1 #af ff42 z p>ts ( spee*1 #ai ff41 #aeg ff42 inf9itive1 #acg ff42 simple1 comp\nd1 complex1 #baj ff42 comb9ation (1 #baj ff4 ,see ,adjective1 ,adv]bial1 ,n\n1 ,inf9itive clause4 ,clauses1 subord9ate1 classifi$ accord+ to mean+1 #afc ff42 place & "t1 #afc f42 cause1 #afd2 concession1 #afd f42 purpose & result1 #aff f42 conditional1 #afg ff42 comp>ison & mann]1 #agc2 indirect disc\rse1 #agc ff42 indirect que/ions1 #agi ff4 ,cognate object1 #eb2 x z1 #eh2 z modifi]1 #aii4 ,collective n\ns1 #bi f42 v]bs )1 #aja f4 ,colloquial =ms & con/ructions1 xvi1 #ch1 #eg ff41 #fa1 #fi1 #ajj1 #aab1 #abj1 #adi1 #aee4 ,colon1 #cji f4 ,color1 adjectives (1 #hd4 ,comb9ations ( clauses1 #baj ff4 ,come1 h 7or am7 come1 #ajg4 ,comma1 #gj1 #cjf ff4 ,comm&1 ) %all or w1 #aje1 #aah2 z condition1 #afi2 v]bs (1 ) inf9itive clause1 #ach2 ) n\n clause1 #afj1 #afg4 ,see ,imp]ative4 ,common g5d]1 #ca4 ,common n\ns1 #bg ff42 p]sonification1 #bh f4 ,comp>ative & sup]lative1 ( adjectives1 #gi ff41 #hh f42 ( adv]bs1 #hg ff42 use1 #hh f42 comp>ative ) !1 #hf4 ,comp>ison1 clauses (1 #agc4 ,comp>ison ( adjectives1 #gi ff41 #hh f42 ( adv]bs1 #hg ff42 use (1 #hh f4 ,complem5t>y inf9itive1 #acg4 ,complem5t>y object1 #ej4 ,see ,pr$icate objective4 ,complem5ts4 ,see ,object1 ,pr$icate objective1 ,pr$icate nom9ative1 ,pr$icate adjective4 ,complem5ts1 classifi$1 #bjj ff42 direct object1 #bja2 pr$icate objective1 #bjb2 pr$icate nom9ative1 #bjb f42 pr$icate adjective1 #bjc f4 ,complem5ts1 modifi]s (1 #bje f4 ,complete pr$icate4 ,see ,pr$icate4 ,complete pr$ication1 #bjj4 ,complete subject4 ,see ,subject4 ,complete t5ses1 #ajf f4 ,complete v]bs1 #bjj4 ,complex clauses1 #ah1 #ahg1 #baa f41 #bae f41 #bai ff4 ,complex comp\nd4 ,see ,comp\nd complex4 ,complex s5t5ces1 #ag ff41 #ahf2 analyz$1 #ahi f42 v>ieties (1 #baf ff4 ,comp\nd adjectives1 #ge4 ,comp\nd clauses1 #aea1 #ahf1 #baj ff4 ,comp\nd complex s5t5ces1 #ah1 #ahg1 #bae f42 analyz$1 #aij1 #bbb f4 ,comp\nd conjunctions1 #aec4 ,comp\nd n\ns1 #cj1 #adf f42 plural1 #cf2 possessive1 #df f4 ,comp\nd p]sonal pron\ns1 #fj ff42 int5sive & reflexive1 #fa f42 relatives1 #gb f4 ,comp\nd pr$icate1 #ae1 #ahd f41 #bab f4 ,comp\nd s5t5ces1 #ag ff41 #ahe2 analyz$1 #ahh f42 elaboration (1 #bac f4 ,comp\nd subject1 #ae1 #ahd f41 #bab f42 agreem5t1 #ajj f4 ,comp\nd t5ses1 #ajf f4 ,conc]n+1 #adb1 #adi4 ,concession1 moods 91 #abj ff42 %\ld & w\ld 91 #abc1 #aca2 clauses (1 #afd ff4 ,conclusion1 #afh4 ,conditional clauses & s5t5ces1 moods 91 #abj ff41 #agj ff42 =ms & mean+1 #afg ff42 classification1 #afi ff42 pa/ & pres5t1 #agj f42 non-committal & contr>y to fact1 #agj f42 future1 #aga f42 %all1 w1 %\ld1 w\ld1 #acj f4 ,conjugation1 #be1 #id ff42 indicative pres5t & pa/1 #ih f42 future1 #ajb2 active & passive1 #ajh ff42 progressive1 #aac f42 pot5tial v]b-phrases1 #abd f42 tables (1 #cjj ff4 ,conjunction1 def9$1 #h2 classification & use1 #aea ff42 cord9ate or cord9at+1 #aea f42 subord9ate or subord9at+1 #aea1 #aec f42 correlative1 #aec f42 adv]b1 preposition1 &1 #aeb f42 & adv]b1 #aej4 ,conjunctive adv]bs & pron\ns4 ,see ,relative4 ,consid]+1 #adb1 #adi4 ,con/ruction1 xiv1 #be ff4 ,contractions3 x's1 #ef2 ,i'll1 we'll1 #ajd2 let's1 #abj2 may n't1 ought n't1 #abf2 ,i'd1 we'd1 #acj4 ,contr>y to fact1 conditions1 #agj f4 ,cord9ate 7cord9at+7 conjunctions1 #aea f4 ,cord9ate clauses1 #ag ff41 #ahe ff41 #baj ff4 ,cord9ation 9 s5t5ces1 #baj ff4 ,see ,cord9ate4 ,copula4 ,see ,be4 ,copulative v]bs1 #f f41 #gf1 #ic4 ,see ,be4 ,correlative conjunctions1 #aec f4 ,c\ld4 ,see ,c4 ,d>e1 #acg1 #bii4 ,da%1 #caj4 ,dative1 #eb1 #fj4 ,decl>ative s5t5ces1 #b4 ,decl>+1 v]bs (1 ) inf9itive clause1 #ach4 ,decl5sion ( n\ns1 #dj2 ( p]sonal pron\ns1 #ee f42 ( self-pron\ns1 #fj2 ( demon/ratives1 #fc2 ( relatives1 #fg2 ( comp\nd relatives1 #gb2 ( int]rogatives1 #gc4 ,defective v]bs1 #bii4 ,def9ite article1 #gg ff4 ,def9itive adjectives1 #e1 #ge f4 ,degree1 adv]bs (1 #hd2 clauses (1 #agc4 ,see ,comp>ison4 ,deity1 words = !1 #cje4 ,demon/rative pron\ns & adjectives1 #fb ff4 ,dep5d5t4 ,see ,subord9ate4 ,descriptive adjectives1 #d1 #ge2 relatives1 #gj f4 ,desir+1 v]bs (1 ) inf9itive1 #acg2 ) n\n clause1 #afj1 #afg4 ,did4 ,see ,d4 ,direct address1 nom9ative 91 #db2 indep5d5t elem5t1 #bji4 ,direct disc\rse1 #agd ff4 ,direct object4 ,see ,object4 ,direct quotations1 #agc f42 que/ions1 #agi4 ,d1 did1 9 que/ions1 #aad2 9 emphatic v]b-phrases1 #aad2 9 imp]ative1 #aag2 z sub/itute = "s o!r v]b1 #aad4 ,d\ble comp>ison1 #hh2 conditions1 #afh4 ,d\bt+1 v]b (1 ) indirect "q1 #agi 7cf4 #afj74 ,ea*1 ea* o!r1 #fd f4 ,editorial we1 #eg4 ,ei!r1 #fd2 ei!r 444 or1 #ae1 #aec4 ,eld]1 elde/1 #ha4 ,elem5ts4 ,see ,subject1 ,pr$icate1 ,modifi]s1 ,complem5ts1 ,indep5d5t4 ,ellipsis1 und]/ood words1 etc41 #c1 #dg1 #eh1 #fc1 #fi1 #ga1 #aad1 #aag1 #ai f41 #aba f41 #acc1 #add1 #adi1 #aec f41 #aee1 #afj1 #afd f41 #afi1 #agc1 #age1 #bbd ff4 ,elliptical s5t5ces1 #bbd ff4 'em1 #eg4 ,emphasis1 sup]lative (1 #hh4 ,emphatic v]b-phrases1 #aad2 imp]ative1 #aag4 -en1 plural end+ ( n\ns1 #ce2 old plural end+ ( v]bs1 #ii4 ,end+s1 9 inflection1 #be2 g5d]1 #cc2 numb]1 #cd ff42 case1 #dj2 possessive1 #dc f42 comp>ison1 #hj ff41 #hg2 adv]bs1 #hc ff42 t5se1 #ie f42 p]sonal end+s1 #ig f4 ,engli% language1 xi ff42 hi/ory (1 #caf ff4 ,errors ( spee*1 #cg1 #de1 #ef1 #eh1 #fj1 #fb1 #fd f41 #gd1 #gg1 #hh1 #ajb ff41 #abf1 #abh ff41 #acc ff41 #aci1 #adg4 ,ev5 if1 #aec1 #afd f4 ,e1 ev]ybody1 ev]y?+1 #fd f4 ,except1 ) inf9itive1 #ace4 ,exclamation1 nom9ative 91 #db1 #eg1 #aef2 objective me1 #fj2 inf9itive1 #acf2 v>i\s p>ts ( spee*1 #aee f42 phrases1 #aee f42 clauses1 #afi2 z indep5d5t elem5t1 #bji4 ,see ,int]jection4 ,exclamation po9t1 #aee1 #cjf4 ,exclamatory s5t5ces1 #b f41 #gd2 phrases1 #aee f42 expressions1 #aee f41 #bji4 ,see ,exclamation1 ,int]jection4 ,ex]cises1 #bbg-bij4 ,see ,table ( ,cont5ts1 v4 ,exhortations1 #abj4 ,expectation1 subjunctive1 #abb f42 %\ld1 #acj4 ,expletive4 ,see ,x1 ,!re4 ,ext5t1 possessive (1 #df4 ,eyne1 #ce4 ,feel1 ) pr$icate adjective1 #gg2 ) inf9itive1 #acf4 ,fem99e4 ,see ,g5d]4 ,few1 #fe4 ,figures1 plural (1 #cf4 ,=1 conjunction1 #aeb4 ,=1 preposition1 #adh1 #aeb2 ) inf9itive1 #ace2 ) inf9itive clause1 #aci4 ,=eign plurals1 #cg4 ,fractional p>ts1 #ij4 ,future conditions1 #aga f4 ,future p]fect t5se1 #ajf4 ,future t5se1 #id1 #ajb ff4 ,see ,%all1 w4 ,g5d]1 #ca ff42 ( n\ns & pron\ns1 #ca2 special rules = n\ns1 #cb ff42 ( pron\ns1 #ef2 ( relatives1 #fg ff4 ,see ,p]sonification4 ,g5]ally speak+1 #adb4 ,g5]ic article1 #gg4 ,g5itive4 ,see ,possessive4 ,g]und1 #adf4 ,giv+1 v]bs (1 direct & indirect object1 #ej2 reta9$ object1 #aab4 ,g4 ,see ,motion4 ,go+ to1 #aje4 ,gramm>1 nature & pr9ciples (1 xi ff4 ,grant$ t1 #afh4 ,habitual action1 #abg4 ,_h r1 etc41 #abc2 _h to1 #abf4 ,half1 #ajb4 ,h1 _h1 #f1 #ie2 auxili>y 9 comp\nd t5ses1 #ajf ff41 #ada4 ,he1 #ef2 = he or %e1 #fe4 ,he>1 ) inf9itive1 #acf4 ,hem1 old pron\n1 #eg4 ,81 z neut]1 #ef4 ,hos51 #ce4 ,h[1 #hf4 ,h[ev]1 #aeb2 9 concessions1 #afe4 ,hyph51 #cj1 #caa4 ,i'd1 we'd1 #acj4 ,idioms1 nature (1 xv4 ,if1 #aec2 9 conditions1 #afh ff42 9 wi%es1 #afi2 9 indirect que/ions1 #agi4 ,ill1 #ha1 #hg4 ,i'll1 we'll1 #ajd4 ,imp]ative mood1 #aaf ff42 9 exclamations1 #aef2 z a condition1 #afi4 ,imp]ative s5t5ces1 #b f41 #aaf ff42 subject (1 #b1 #aag4 ,imp]sonal x1 #eh4 ,see ,x4 ,9 case t1 #aec2 9 ord] t1 #aec1 #aff2 9 ord] to1 #afg4 ,incomplete pr$ication1 #bjj2 v]bs1 #bjj4 ,indef9ite article1 #gg ff42 pron\ns & adjectives1 #fd f42 n\ns1 #fe2 relatives 7:oev]1 etc471 #gb f4 ,indep5d5t clauses1 #ag f4 ,see ,clauses4 ,indep5d5t elem5ts1 #bji4 ,indep5d5t p>ticiples1 #adb4 ,indicative mood1 #aae f42 v>iety ( use1 #aaf2 9 /atem5ts & que/ions ( fact1 #aaf2 9 comm&s1 #aje1 #aah2 9 concessions1 #aba2 9 conditions1 #agj1 #agb4 ,indirect disc\rse1 #agc ff42 t5ses 91 #age2 passive1 #age f42 %all1 %\ld1 w1 w\ld1 #agg f4 ,indirect object1 #ej f42 reta9$ ) passive1 #aab2 ( p>ticipial n\ns1 #adf2 z modifi]1 #aii4 ,indirect que/ions1 #agi ff42 inf9itive 91 #aha2 subjunctive 91 #aha2 %all1 %\ld1 w1 w\ld1 #ahb4 ,indirect quotations1 #agc ff4 ,inf9itive1 #aa ff41 #acb ff42 =ms1 #ajg1 #acc2 object & modifi]s1 #acd2 uses1 #acd ff42 z n\n1 #aa ff41 #acd2 z object1 #ace2 z nom9ative ( exclamation1 #acf2 z modifi]1 #acf f41 #aid1 #aig f42 ) see1 he>1 feel1 #acf2 complem5t>y1 #acg2 ( purpose1 #acg1 #afg2 9 v]b-phrases1 #ab2 9 future1 #ajb2 9 emphatic =ms1 #aad1 #aag2 9 pot5tial v]b-phrases1 #abd ff42 ) ought1 t5ses1 #abf2 9 indirect que/ions1 #aha2 9 v]b-phrases1 see ,future1 ,future p]fect1 ,emphatic1 ,pot5tial4 ,inf9itive clause1 #acg ff42 z object1 #ach f42 z subject1 #aci2 pr$icate pron\n 91 #aci2 express+ purpose1 #afg2 indirect disc\rse1 #age4 ,inf9itive phrase1 #aid4 ,inflection1 nature & function (1 xiii f41 #be2 summ>y (1 #bf2 ( n\ns1 #cj ff42 ( pron\ns1 #ee ff42 ( adjectives1 #gi ff42 ( v]bs1 #id ff42 li/s ( v]b-=ms1 #bia ff4 -+1 v]bal n\ns 91 #ade ff4 ,see ,p>ticipial n\ns4 ,int5sive pron\ns1 #fa f4 ,int]jections1 def9$1 #h2 use1 #aee f42 z indep5d5t elem5ts1 #bji4 ,int]rogation po9t1 #cjf4 ,int]rogative adv]bs1 #hf2 ) clauses1 #aeg2 9 indirect que/ions1 #agi2 ) inf9itive1 #aha4 ,int]rogative pron\ns1 #gc f42 z adjectives1 #gd2 ) prepositions1 #aej2 ) clauses1 #aeg2 9 indirect que/ions1 #agi ff42 ) inf9itive1 #aha4 ,int]rogative s5t5ces1 #b f42 ord] 91 #c2 d1 did 91 #aad2 direct & indirect que/ions1 #agi ff4 ,intransitive v]bs1 #dh f41 #ib f42 voice1 #aaa2 9 passive ) preposition1 #aaa4 ,inv]t$ ord]1 #c1 #he1 #aba f41 #afa4 ,irregul> v]bs1 #ie1 #ii2 p>ticiples1 #ada2 li/s1 #bia ff4 ,is4 ,see ,be4 ,x1 #ef2 imp]sonal1 #eh2 expletive1 #eh1 #ace1 #afa1 #age f42 cognate object1 #eh4 ,k9d1 sort1 #fd4 ,k9e1 #ce4 ,kn[+1 v]bs (1 indirect disc\rse1 #agd2 indirect "q1 #agi4 ,language1 nature (1 xi ff42 ,engli%1 #caf ff4 ,less1 lea/1 #ha1 #hg4 ,le/1 ) subjunctive1 #abb2 purpose1 #abb1 #aff4 ,let1 ) inf9itive1 #ach2 let u1 #abj4 ,lett]s1 plural (1 #cf4 ,l1 %\ld l1 #abi4 ,l1 ) objective1 #eb4 ,limit+ adjectives1 #e4 ,see ,def9itive4 ,look1 ) pr$icate adjective1 #gg4 ,ma9 clause1 #ag f42 analysis1 #ahd ff41 #bac ff42 comp\nd1 #baf f4 ,maje/y1 plural (1 #eg4 ,make1 ) inf9itive1 #ach4 ,mak+1 v]bs (1 two objects1 #ej2 pr$icate nom9ative aft] passive1 #aaa4 -man1 words end+ 91 plural (1 #ce4 ,mann]1 adv]bs (1 #hc2 clauses (1 #agc4 ,_m1 #fe4 ,mascul9e4 ,see ,g5d]4 ,may1 might1 auxili>y1 #abj ff42 replac+ subjunctive1 #abc2 =m1 #bii4 ,measure or ext5t1 possessive (1 #df4 ,meseems1 me?9ks1 #fj4 ,might1 auxili>y1 #abc ff42 replac+ subjunctive1 #abc2 might bett]1 #abc4 ,see ,may4 ,modal auxili>ies1 use & mean+1 #abd ff4 ,mode4 ,see ,mood4 ,models = p>s+1 analysis1 #ed1 #gd1 #hb1 #ahh ff41 #bdc1 #bej f41 #bfb1 #bgj4 ,see ,ex]cises4 ,modifi]s1 #g2 classifi$1 #aia ff42 ( subject1 #aib ff42 adjectives1 adjective phrases1 adjective clauses1 #aib f42 p>ticiples1 #aic f42 inf9itives1 #aid2 possessives1 #aie2 appositives1 #aie f42 ( pr$icate1 #aif ff42 adv]bs1 adv]bial phrases1 adv]bial clauses1 #aif f42 inf9itives1 #aig f42 adv]bial objectives1 #aih2 nom9ative absolute1 #aih f42 indirect object1 #aii2 cognate object1 #aii4 ,modifi]s ( complem5ts1 #bje f4 ,modifi]s ( modifi]s1 #bjg f4 ,mood1 #aae ff42 indicative1 #aae f42 imp]ative1 #aaf ff42 subjunctive1 #aah ff42 pot5tial1 #abd4 ,see ,indicative1 ,subjunctive1 etc4 ,m1 mo/1 9 comp>ison1 #ha1 #hg ff4 -mo/1 sup]lative suffix1 #hb4 ,motion1 v]bs (1 ) h or be1 #ajg2 ellipsis1 #bbe4 ,mu/1 auxili>y1 #abd ff41 #bii4 ,my1 m9e1 #ei4 ,nam+1 v]bs (1 two objects1 #ej2 pr$icate nom9ative aft] passive1 #aaa4 ,naught1 n1 #fe4 ,ne>1 ) objective1 #eb4 ,negative1 nei!r1 #fd1 #aeb2 none1 #fd2 n1 #fe2 no1 #he2 /atem5ts & que/ions1 #aad2 comm&s1 #aag2 purpose or result1 #aff f42 condition1 #afh4 ,nei!r1 pron\n1 #fd2 conjunction1 ) nor1 #ae1 #aeb ff42 numb] )1 #ajj4 ,neut]4 ,see ,g5d]4 ,next1 #eb1 #hb1 #hg4 ,nigh1 next1 #hb4 ,no1 yes1 #he4 ,nom9ative case1 #da f42 subject1 #da2 pr$icate1 #da2 direct address 7vocative71 #db2 9 exclamation1 #db2 absolute1 #add1 #aih f4 ,non-committal conditions1 #agj f4 ,none1 #fd4 ,nor1 nei!r 444 nor1 numb] )1 #ajj4 ,n1 #fe4 ,not)/&+1 preposition or conjunction1 #aeb1 #aed4 ,n\n1 def9$1 #d2 classification1 #bg ff42 common & prop]1 #bg ff42 ab/ract & collective1 #bi f42 comp\nd1 #cj1 #cf1 #dg1 #adf f42 inflection1 #cj ff42 g5d]1 #ca ff42 numb]1 #cd ff42 p]son1 #ci2 case1 #dj ff42 num]al1 #hi f42 v]bal 7p>ticipial71 #ade ff4 ,see ,inf9itive4 ,n\n clauses1 #bj1 #aei ff42 con/ruction1 z subject1 object1 etc41 #aei ff42 purpose & result1 #aff f42 indirect disc\rse1 #agd ff42 indirect que/ions1 #ahj ff42 analysis1 #aij2 z complem5t1 #bja ff42 direct object1 #bja2 pr$icate objective1 #bjb2 pr$icate nom9ative1 #bjc4 ,n\n-phrases1 #af1 #bh2 possessive (1 #dg2 v]bal n\n-phrases1 #adf4 ,numb]1 a 7or !71 #aja4 ,numb] ( n\ns1 #cd ff42 ( pron\ns1 #ef f41 #fj1 #fc ff41 #fg f41 #gb2 ( v]bs1 #ig ff41 #ajj ff42 agreem5t 91 #ee1 #fe1 #fh1 #ig1 #ajj ff4 ,num]als1 #hi f4 ,o or oh1 #h1 #aee2 9 wi%es1 #aee4 ,object1 ( preposition1 #h1 #dg1 #adh2 ( v]b1 direct1 #dh ff42 pr$icate objective1 #ej2 indirect1 #ej f42 = :om1 #ea2 cognate1 #eb2 reta9$1 #aab2 ( inf9itive1 #acd2 ( v]bal 7p>ticipial7 n\n1 #adf f42 inf9itive z1 #ace2 inf9itive clause z1 #ach f42 n\n-clause z1 #aei ff41 #afg1 #agd ff41 #ahj f4 ,see ,complem5ts1 ,modifi]s4 ,object clauses4 ,see ,n\n clauses4 ,objective attribute1 #ej4 ,objective case1 #dg ff42 ( s]vice1 #ea f42 adv]bial1 #ec2 9 apposition1 #ec2 ( pron\ns1 #ee f41 #fj1 #fc1 #fg1 #fi1 #gb1 #gc f42 9 exclamation1 #fj2 subject ( inf9itive1 #ach f4 ,see ,object4 ,objective complem5t1 #ej4 ,see ,pr$icate objective4 ,obsolete words1 etc41 xvi f4 ,see ,old4 ,( m9e1 #dg1 #ei4 ,(-phrase1 #de4 ,old or poetical =ms & con/ructions1 #bh f41 #cb1 #ce1 #ci1 #dc1 #de1 #eb1 #ef ff41 #ei ff41 #fb f41 #fg1 #fi1 #gc1 #gh1 #hb1 #hd f41 #hh1 #ij1 #ie ff41 #ii1 #ajj1 #aje1 #aad1 #aaf f41 #aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #abd1 #abf1 #ace1 #adi1 #aed1 #bbe1 #bic1 #big ff4 ,on condition t1 #afh4 ,"o1 "o's1 "o's self1 #fj1 #fe2 "o ano!r1 #fd f4 ,or1 ei!r 444 or1 #ae1 #aec f42 numb] ) or1 nor1 #ajj4 ,ord]4 ,see ,inv]t$4 ,ord]s1 w 91 #aje4 ,see ,comm&4 ,ord9al num]als1 #hi f4 ,o!r1 ano!r1 #fd f4 ,ought1 #abf f4 ,ourself1 #fj4 ,owe1 ought1 #abf1 #bii4 ,own1 #fa4 ,pa9s1 #aja4 ,p>s+1 models =1 #ed1 #gd1 #hb1 #bdc1 #bej f41 #bfb1 #bgj4 ,"p1 portion1 #ajb4 ,p>ticipial n\ns1 #ade ff42 object (1 #adf f42 modifi]s (1 #adf2 z adjective1 #adf f42 ) article1 #adg4 ,p>ticipial phrase1 #aid4 ,p>ticiples1 #aa f41 #adj ff42 pres5t1 pa/1 p]fect1 #ab1 #ajf f41 #adj f42 con/ructions1 #adb ff42 object & modifi]s (1 #adb f42 z prepositions1 #adb1 #adi2 z adjectives1 #adc2 ) nom9ative absolute1 #ade2 z modifi]s1 #aic f41 #bje4 ,p>ts ( spee*1 def9$1 #c ff42 same ^w z diff]5t1 #i ff42 sub/itutes =1 #ae ff4 7see ,phrases1 ,clauses72 inflection & syntax1 #be ff4 ,see ,n\n1 ,pron\n1 etc4 ,passive voice1 #ajg ff42 =m (1 #ajh ff42 use (1 #aaj ff42 pr$icate nom9ative )1 #aaa2 reta9$ object )1 #aab2 9 progressive =m1 #aad2 9 imp]ative1 #aag2 9 subjunctive1 #aai2 intransitive v]bs ) preposition1 #aaa2 passive di/+ui%$ f be ) p>ticiple us$ z adjective1 #adc2 clause z reta9$ object1 #afj2 indirect disc\rse1 #age f4 ,pa/ conditions1 #afi ff42 non-committal1 #agj f42 contr>y to fact1 #aga4 ,pa/ p>ticiple1 #ajf1 #adj f42 z pr$icate adjective1 #adc4 ,pa/ p]fect t5se1 #ajf1 #aji2 subjunctive1 #aba f41 #aga2 progressive1 #abe2 9 conditions1 #aba1 #agj f42 9 indirect disc\rse1 #age4 ,pa/ t5se1 #id ff42 p]sonal end+s1 #ig ff42 passive1 #ajh2 progressive1 #aac f42 emphatic1 #aad2 subjunctive1 #aah1 #aba ff41 #aga f42 indicative & subjunctive 9 conditions1 #agj ff42 9 indirect disc\rse1 #age4 ,p5d+1 #adb1 #adi4 ,p]1 p] c5t1 etc41 #gi1 #adi4 ,p]ceiv+1 v]bs (1 ) inf9itive clause1 #ach2 indirect disc\rse1 #agd2 indirect "q1 #agi4 ,p]fect inf9itive1 #ajg1 #acc2 ) ought1 #abf2 p>ticiple1 #ajg1 #adj f4 ,p]fect 7or pres5t p]fect7 t5se1 #ajf4 ,p]iod1 #cjf4 ,p]mission1 #abe f41 #abi4 ,p]son ( sub/antives1 #ci2 ( pron\ns1 #ee ff42 ( relatives1 #fh2 ( v]bs1 #ig ff41 #ajj ff4 ,p]sonal con/ruction1 #agf4 ,p]sonal end+s1 #ig f4 ,p]sonal pron\ns1 #ee ff42 inflection1 #ee ff42 g5d] & numb]1 #ef f42 case1 #eg ff42 self-pron\ns1 #fj ff42 z pr$icate nom9ative1 #da4 ,p]sonification1 #bh f41 #cb4 ,phrases1 #af2 k9ds (1 #af 7see ,n\n-phrases1 ,adjective phrases1 ,adv]bial phrases1 ,v]b-phrases72 z prepositions1 #adi2 z conjunctions1 #aec2 exclamatory1 #aee2 9 analysis1 #aia ff42 z modifi]s ( subject1 #aib f42 ( pr$icate1 #aif f42 z complem5ts1 #bjd2 z modifi]s ( complem5ts1 #bje f42 ( o!r modifi]s1 #bjg f4 ,see ,progressive1 ,emphatic1 ,pot5tial1 ,appositive1 ,inf9itive1 ,p>ticipial1 ,prepositional1 ,v]bal n\n-phrases4 ,place & "t1 adv]bs (1 #hc ff42 clauses (1 #afc f4 ,plup]fect t5se1 #ajf1 #aji2 subjunctive1 #aba f41 #aga2 progressive1 #abe2 9 conditions1 #aba1 #agj f42 9 indirect disc\rse1 #age4 ,plural ( n\ns1 #cd ff42 irregul>1 #ce ff42 ( comp\nds1 #cf2 ( =eign n\ns1 #cg2 ( prop] names & titles1 #ce1 #ch2 ( possessive1 #dc f42 ( pron\ns1 #ef f41 #fj1 #fb ff42 ( relatives1 #fg f42 ( v]bs1 #ig ff42 plural ( maje/y1 #eg4 ,poetical =ms & con/ructions1 xvii4 ,see ,old4 ,portion1 "p1 #ajb4 ,positive degree1 #gi1 #hg4 ,possessive case ( n\ns1 #dc ff42 use1 #de ff42 ( measure1 #df2 ( comp\nd n\ns & ( phrases1 #df f42 apposition )1 #dg2 ( p]sonal pron\ns1 #ee f41 #ei2 ( def9ite pron\ns1 #fe2 ( relatives1 #fg1 #fi1 #gb2 ( int]rogatives1 #gc2 possessive n\ns modifi$1 #bjg4 ,possessive modifi]s1 #aie1 #bje1 #bjg4 ,possessive pron\ns1 #ee f41 #ei2 my1 m9e1 etc41 use (1 #ei2 "o's1 #fe2 ^:1 #fg1 #fi1 #gb1 #gc4 ,pot5tial v]b-phrases1 #abd ff42 mood1 #abd ff4 ,pray1 #eh4 ,pray]s1 subjunctive1 #aai f4 ,pr$icate1 #b2 inv]t$ ord]1 #c1 #he1 #aba f41 #afa2 simple & complete1 #ad f41 #ahc f42 comp\nd1 #ae1 #ahd f41 #bab f42 possessive 91 #ei2 analysis1 #ahc ff42 modifi]s (1 #aif ff42 complem5ts1 #bjj ff4 ,see ,complem5ts1 ,modifi]s4 ,pr$icate adjective1 #gf f41 #ic2 p>ticiple z1 #adc2 analysis1 #bjc f42 z complem5t1 #bjc f42 phrase z1 #bjd2 modifi]s (1 #bjf4 ,pr$icate nom9ative1 #da1 #di1 #ic2 ( pron\ns1 #eh2 aft] passive1 #aaa2 inf9itive z1 #acd f42 inf9itive clause z1 #aci2 n\n clause z1 #aei f41 #agd1 #ahj2 9 analysis1 #bjb f42 z complem5t1 #bjb f42 modifi]s (1 #bje f4 ,pr$icate objective1 #ej1 #aaa2 adjective z1 #ej2 9 analysis1 #bjb2 z complem5t1 #bjb2 modifi$1 #bje4 ,pr$icate pron\n aft] to be1 #aci4 ,pr$ication1 complete & incomplete1 #bjj4 ,preposition1 def9$1 #h2 li/ & uses1 #adh ff42 object (1 #h1 #dg1 #aej ff42 ) intransitive v]b1 #aaa2 ) passive1 #aaa2 phrase us$ z1 #adi2 at end ( clause1 #adi2 foll[+ ! object1 #adi2 omitt$1 #adi2 p>ticiple z1 #adi2 inf9itive z object (1 #ace2 clause z object (1 #afa1 #ahj4 ,prepositional phrases1 #af1 #adh4 ,pres5t conditions1 #agj ff42 non-committal1 #agj f42 contr>y to fact1 #aga4 ,pres5t inf9itive1 #acc2 ) ought1 #abf4 ,pres5t p>ticiple1 #ab1 #adj f42 9 v]b-phrases1 #ac1 #aac f41 #acj f42 ) nom9ative absolute1 #add4 ,pres5t p]fect t5se1 #ajf4 ,pres5t t5se =m1 #id2 p]sonal end+s1 #ig f42 conjugation1 #ih f42 9 future s5se1 #aje2 9 future conditions1 #agb2 passive1 #ajh2 progressive1 #aac f42 emphatic1 #aad2 imp]ative1 #aaf f42 subjunctive1 #aah f41 #abj ff42 indicative & subjunctive 9 conditions1 #agj f42 p>ticiple1 #ab1 #add ff42 inf9itive1 #acc4 ,pret]ite1 #id4 ,see ,pa/4 ,pret]ite-pres5t v]bs1 #bii4 ,pr9cipal clause4 ,see ,ma9 clause4 ,pr9cipal p>ts1 #ajg2 li/1 #bia ff4 ,pri!e1 #eh4 ,progressive v]b-phrases1 #aac f42 9 subjunctive1 #aai4 ,prohibition1 #aag4 ,pronom9al adjectives4 ,see ,adjective pron\ns2 ,demon/rative1 ,indef9ite1 ,relative1 ,int]rogative4 ,pron\n def9$1 #d2 antec$5t (1 #d2 classification1 =ms1 & uses1 #ee ff42 pr$icate nom9ative1 #da1 #eh4 ,see ,p]sonal1 ,adjective1 ,demon/rative1 ,indef9ite1 ,relative1 ,int]rogative1 ,int5sive1 ,reflexive1 ,reciprocal1 ,g5d]4 ,pron\n1 pr$icate1 aft] to be1 #aci4 ,prop] n\ns1 #bg ff42 plural1 #ce1 #ch2 possessive1 #dd2 adjectives1 #ge4 ,prophecy1 %all1 #aje4 ,protasis1 #afh4 ,provid$ 7t71 #aec1 #afh4 ,punctuation1 rules (1 #cjf ff4 ,purpose1 subjunctive & indicative1 #abb f42 inf9itive (1 #acg1 #afg2 clauses (1 #aff f42 inf9itive clause1 #afg4 ,que/ions1 #c f42 %all & w 91 #ajb ff42 %\ld & w\ld 91 #abg ff42 d1 did1 #aad2 may1 #abf2 z condition1 #afi2 direct & indirect1 #agi ff4 ,see ,int]rogative4 ,quotation m>ks1 #caj4 ,quotations1 direct & indirect1 #agc ff4 ,r1 #hg2 _h r1 #abc4 ,reciprocal pron\ns1 #fd f4 ,reflexive pron\ns1 #fa2 simple p]sonal pron\ns z1 #fa4 ,refus+1 v]bs (1 direct & indirect object1 #ej2 reta9$ object1 #aab4 ,regul> v]bs1 #ie ff42 p>ticiples1 #ada4 ,relative adjectives1 #gc4 ,relative adv]bs1 #hf2 ) subjunctive1 #abb2 introduc+ clauses1 #aeg f42 place & "t1 #afd2 concession1 #afe2 conditions1 #afi4 ,relative pron\ns1 #ff ff42 =ms1 #fg2 g5d]1 #fg ff42 agreem5t1 #fh1 #ajb2 case1 #fh f41 #aci2 omitt$1 #fi2 descriptive & re/rictive1 #gj f42 :at1 #ga2 comp\nd relatives1 #gb f42 relatives introduc+ clauses1 #ff1 #aeg f42 place & "t1 #afc f42 concession1 #aca1 #afe2 condition1 #aca1 #afi4 ,re/rictive relatives1 #gj f4 ,result1 clause (1 #aff f42 inf9itive1 #afg2 negative1 #afg4 ,reta9$ object1 #aab2 clause z1 #afj4 ,royal we1 #eg1 #fj4 ,same 7!7 z1 #fg4 ,say+4 ,see ,tell+4 ,see1 ) inf9itive1 #acf4 ,seem1 ) pr$icate nom9ative or adjective1 #f f41 #gf1 #ic2 x seems t1 #agf4 ,self-pron\ns1 #fj ff4 ,semicolon1 #cji f4 ,s5t5ces1 #a ff42 k9ds (1 #b f42 p>ts ( spee* 91 #c ff41 #ac ff42 ess5tial elem5ts 91 #b1 #ad2 simple & complete subject & pr$icate1 #ad f42 clauses 91 #af ff42 simple1 comp\nd1 complex1 #ag ff42 comp\nd complex1 #ah4 ,s5t5ces1 analysis1 #ahc ff42 /ructure & elem5ts1 #ahc2 ( simple s5t5ces1 #ahd f42 ( comp\nd1 #ahe2 ( complex1 #ahf2 ( comp\nd & complex clauses1 #ahf f42 ( comp\nd complex s5t5ces1 #ahg2 models = analysis ( simple1 comp\nd1 complex1 comp\nd complex s5t5ces1 #ahh ff42 modifi]s1 #aia ff42 complem5ts1 #bjj ff42 modifi]s ( complem5ts & ( modifi]s1 #bje ff42 indep5d5t elem5ts1 #bji2 comb9ations ( clauses mak+ s5t5ces ( v>i\s =ms1 #baj ff42 special complications1 #bbj ff42 elliptical s5t5ces1 #bbd ff4 ,see ,subject1 ,comp\nd1 ,complex1 ,modifi]s1 etc4 ,sequ5ce ( t5ses1 #age1 #agi4 ,s]vice1 objective (1 #ea f4 ,sev]al1 #fe4 ,%aksp]e1 =ms & con/ructions 91 #ce1 #ci1 #dg1 #ef1 #eg1 #ei1 #fj1 #fb1 #fc1 #fg1 #fi1 #hh1 #ij1 #abf1 #adi1 #aed1 #aff1 #afi1 #aga1 #bbe4 ,%all & w1 #ajb ff42 9 ass]tions & que/ions1 #ajb ff42 9 subord9ate clauses1 #acj ff42 indirect disc\rse1 #agg f42 indirect que/ions1 #ahb2 =ms1 #bii4 ,see ,%\ld4 ,%ip1 g5d]1 #cb4 ,%oon1 #ce4 ,%\ld & w\ld1 9 simple s5t5ces & indep5d5t clauses1 #abg ff42 9 subord9ate clauses1 #acj ff42 9 indirect disc\rse1 #agg f42 9 indirect que/ions1 #ahb4 ,see ,%all4 ,%\ld & w\ld1 special s5ses1 #abf f42 replac+ subjunctive1 #abc2 9 clauses ( purpose1 #acj2 concessions1 #aca2 9 conditional s5t5ces1 #aca1 #aga f4 ,signs1 plural (1 #cf4 ,simple clauses4 ,see ,clauses4 ,simple s5t5ces1 #ag ff41 #ahd f42 analyz$1 #ahh f42 elaboration (1 #bab f4 ,see ,s5t5ces4 ,s9ce1 adv]b1 preposition1 conjunction1 #hf1 #aec4 ,s+ul>4 ,see ,numb]4 ,smell1 ) pr$icate adjective1 #gg4 ,s z to1 #afg2 s t1 #aec1 #aff4 ,solemn 7or ,biblical7 /yle1 xvii1 #ef f41 #fj1 #fi1 #ij1 #ie1 #ih f41 #aje1 #aag1 #abj1 #abb1 #agb4 ,"s1 #fd2 some:at1 #fe4 ,sort1 k9d1 #fd4 ,s\nd1 ) pr$icate adjective1 #gg4 ,split inf9itive1 #acd4 ,/ill1 yet1 adv]bs or conjunctions1 #aeb4 ,/rong v]bs1 #ie1 #ii2 p>ticiples1 #ada2 li/1 #bia ff4 ,/yle & gramm>1 xvi f4 ,subject1 #b2 inv]t$ ord]1 #c2 omitt$1 #c1 #eh1 #aad1 #aag1 #aba1 #afd f41 #afi1 #bbd ff42 simple & complete1 #ad f42 comp\nd1 #ae1 #ahd f42 inf9itive z1 #aa1 #acd f42 clause z1 #bj1 #aci1 #aei f41 #agd f41 #ahj1 #aij2 case1 #da2 agreem5t ) v]b1 #ig1 #ajj ff42 modifi]s (1 #aib ff42 subject ( inf9itive1 #ach4 ,see ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,subject & pr$icate1 #b1 #ac ff41 #ahc ff41 #aia ff4 ,subject complem5t1 #da4 ,see ,pr$icate nom9ative4 ,subjunctive mood1 #aae f41 #aah ff42 =ms1 #aah f42 uses1 #aai ff42 9 wi%es1 etc41 #aai f42 concessions1 #abj f42 conditions1 #abj ff41 #agj ff42 clauses ( purpose or expectation1 #abb1 #aff2 ) z if1 #abb1 #agc2 9 indirect que/ions1 #aha2 auxili>ies replac+ subjunctive1 #abc4 ,subord9ate clauses1 #ag ff42 z p>ts ( spee*1 #ai ff41 #aeg ff42 analysis1 #ahf ff41 #ahi ff42 comb9ations (1 #baj2 v>iety ( use1 #baf ff42 special complications1 #bbj ff4 ,see ,n\n1 ,adjective1 ,adv]bial1 ,indicative1 ,subjunctive4 ,subord9ate clauses1 mean+s (1 #afc ff42 place & "t1 #afc f42 cause1 #afd2 concession1 #afd f42 purpose & result1 #aff f42 conditional1 #afg ff42 comp>ison & mann]1 #agc2 indirect disc\rse1 #agc ff42 indirect que/ions1 #agi ff4 ,subord9ate 7or subord9at+7 conjunctions1 #aea1 #aec f41 #aeg4 ,sub/antive1 #d4 ,see ,n\n1 ,pron\n4 ,sub/antive clauses4 ,see ,n\n clauses4 ,su*1 #fd2 su* 444 z1 #fg4 ,sup]lative ( emphasis1 #hh4 ,see ,comp>ison4 ,suppose1 suppos+1 #afh4 ,syntax1 xiv1 #be ff42 summ>y ( rules1 #caa ff4 ,ta/e1 ) pr$icate adjective1 #gg4 ,tell+1 v]bs (1 direct & indirect object1 #ej2 reta9$ object1 #aab2 object clause1 #afj2 indirect disc\rse1 #agd4 ,t5se1 #id ff4 ,see ,pres5t1 ,pa/1 ,future1 ,comp\nd t5ses4 ,t5ses1 use 9 conditions1 #aba1 #agj ff42 ) ought1 #abf2 9 indirect disc\rse1 #age1 #agg ff42 9 indirect que/ions1 #agi1 #ahb4 ,t]m9ation4 ,see ,end+s4 ,?an1 #hg2 case aft]1 #agc2 clauses1 #agc4 ,t1 conjunction ) subord9ate clause1 #bj f41 #acb1 #acg1 #aec1 #aeg ff41 #afj ff42 9 clauses ( purpose1 #abb f41 #acj1 #aff f42 result1 #aff f42 indirect disc\rse1 #agd ff42 omitt$1 #aec1 #afj1 #age1 #bbe4 ,t1 demon/rative1 #fb ff42 relative1 #fg ff42 omitt$1 #fi4 ,!1 article1 #gg ff42 abbreviat$ to ye1 #eg2 ! :i*1 #fg2 adv]b ) comp>ative1 #hf4 ,!n1 adv]b or conjunction1 #aeb4 ,!re1 expletive1 #he4 ,!re(1 !re)1 etc41 #fj4 ,!y1 indef9ite use1 #eg4 ,?9k+1 v]bs (1 two objects1 #ej2 pr$icate nom9ative aft] passive1 #aaa2 object clause1 #afj2 indirect disc\rse1 #agd2 indirect "q1 #agi4 ,?is1 ^!1 #fb ff4 ,?\1 ye1 y1 #ef f4 ,?\gh1 al?\gh1 #ba2 mood aft]1 #abj f4 ,see ,concession4 ,till1 until1 relative adv]b1 #hf2 ) subjunctive1 #abb f42 ) %\ld1 #abc1 #acj2 preposition1 #adi4 ,"t1 adv]bs (1 #hc2 clauses (1 #afc f42 nom9ative absolute1 #add4 ,titles1 plural1 #ch4 ,to1 ) inf9itive1 #aa1 #acb ff42 /&+ = inf9itive1 #acc2 express+ purpose1 #afg2 to let1 #acf2 to ! end t1 #aff4 ,too 444 to1 #afg4 ,transition1 #aeb4 ,transitive v]bs1 #dh ff41 #ib2 us$ absolutely1 #ib2 passive use (1 #aaj ff4 ,see ,object4 ,unless1 #aba ff41 #afh4 ,unlike1 objective )1 #eb4 ,until4 ,see ,till4 ,usage & gramm>1 xv ff4 ,v]b1 #e ff42 inflection & syntax1 #ia ff42 classification1 #ia ff42 inflection1 #id ff41 #ajb ff42 p]son & numb]1 #ig ff42 agreem5t ) subject1 #ig1 #ajj ff42 voice1 #ajg ff42 progressive =m1 #aac f42 emphatic =m1 #aad2 mood1 #aae ff42 pot5tial v]b-phrases1 #abd ff42 inf9itive1 #aa f41 #acb ff42 p>ticiples1 #aa f41 #adj ff42 li/s ( v]bs1 #bia ff4 ,see ,pr$icate1 ,transitive1 ,t5se1 etc4 ,v]bal n\n 9 -+1 #ade ff4 ,see ,p>ticipial n\ns4 ,v]bal n\n-phrases1 #adf4 ,v]b-phrases1 #e1 #af1 #ia2 to supply inflection1 see ,future1 ,complete t5ses1 ,passive1 ,progressive1 ,pot5tial1 ,subjunctive4 ,vocal organs1 xi4 ,vocabul>y ( ,engli%1 #cah f4 ,vocative 7direct address71 nom9ative1 #db2 z indep5d5t elem5t1 #bji4 ,voice1 #ajg ff4 ,see ,passive4 ,we1 indef9ite use1 #eg2 royal & editorial we1 #eg4 ,weak v]bs1 #ie ff41 #ih f42 p>ticiples1 #ada2 li/s1 #bia ff4 ,we'd1 #acj4 ,well1 #ha1 #hg4 ,we'll1 #ajd4 ,7 to1 #agb4 ,:at1 relative1 #ga2 d\ble con/ruction1 #ga1 #gc2 z adjective1 #gc2 int]rogative1 #gc f42 z adjective1 #gd2 9 exclamatory s5t5ces1 #gd2 int]jection1 #gd4 ,:atev]1 :atsoev]1 #gb f42 9 concession1 #afe2 9 conditions1 #afi4 ,:atso1 #gc4 ,:51 :5ev]1 #hf2 9 conditions1 #afi4 ,:5ce1 #hf4 ,:]e1 :]ev]1 #hf4 ,:]e(1 :]efrom1 etc41 #fi4 ,:e!r1 :e!r 444 or1 #aec1 #afh1 #agi4 ,:i*1 relative1 #fg ff42 g5d]1 #fg ff42 = :o1 :om1 #fi2 z adjective1 #gc2 ! :i*1 #fg2 int]rogative1 #gc2 z adjective1 #gd4 ,:i*ev]1 #gb f4 ,:ile1 n\n1 adv]b1 conjunction1 #hf1 #aec4 ,:i!r1 #hf4 ,:o1 ^:1 :om1 relative1 #ff ff42 g5d]1 #fg ff42 int]rogative1 #gc f41 #aej4 ,:oev]1 :osoev]1 :oso1 #gb f42 9 concession1 #afe2 9 condition1 #afi4 ,:y1 #hf1 #agi4 ,w1 9 ord]s1 #aje2 9 future1 see ,%all4 ,wi%1 subjunctive 91 #aai f41 #abc2 may1 #abe f42 v]bs (1 ) inf9itive or inf9itive clause1 #acg f42 ) object clause1 #afj1 #afg2 ,o 9 a wi%1 #aee2 if1 #afi4 ,words1 nature & use (1 xi ff4 ,wot1 wi/1 #bii4 ,w\ld1 9 wi%es1 #abj2 habitual action1 #abg2 w\ld bett] 7r71 #abc4 ,see ,%\ld4 ,writt5 & spok5 language1 xi ff4 ,ye1 old uses1 #eg2 abbreviation1 #eg4 ,yes1 no1 #he4 ,yet1 /ill1 adv]bs or conjunctions1 #aeb4 ,yon1 yond1 yond]1 #fc4 ,y & ?\1 #ef f42 indef9ite y1 #eg4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,v>iant spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 pres]v$ z pr9t$2 simple typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,punctuation has be5 /&>dis$1 & unbalanc$ quotation m>ks & p>5!ses h be5 repair$4 ,! foll[+ *anges h also be5 made3 ,page vi1 ,cont5ts3 ,p]son #ci #bch *ang$ to ,p]son #ci #bcf ,page #bf3 ,numb] 7,v]b agrees ) ,subject7 0 pr9t$ ) a brace spann+ ,numb] & ,p]son ,page #ih1 ,p]sonal ,end+s3 repeat$ no-end+ 9 ea* cell in/ead ( replicat+ ! book's r[-spann+ braces ,page #beh *ang$ ^w ord]3 ,if ! v]b is active1 *ange x to ! passive1 & make su* o!r *anges z may be necess>y4 ,if ! v]b is active1 *ange x to ! passive4 ,if ! v]b is active1 *ange x to ! passive1 & make su* o!r *anges z may be necess>y4 ,if ! v]b is passive1 *ange x to ! active4 ,footnote #ff3 ,! table spann$ pages #bih to #bii1 & ! footnote 0 repeat$ across ! page break2 ! transcrib] omitt$ duplicate note4